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Making Stories out of Food Rudy D. Radish says: Avoid forcing your child to eat new foods. Kids like foods less if they are forced to eat the foods or given bribes or rewards for eating the foods. Avoid using the “one bite” rule or making children “clean their plate.” Children love pretending and making up imaginary places and characters. Encourage this creativity while eating by asking them to tell you a story with their food. Here are some foods that look like objects found in nature: - Broccoli = Trees - Cauliflower = Trees in the winter - Yellow or red bell pepper strips = Roads - Carrot sticks = Fences, tree trunks, branches - Mashed potatoes = Snow, clouds - Small chunks of chicken or beef = Rocks - You can use cookie cutters to make animal shapes out of sandwiches or Jello (add fruit to Jello to make it more filling and nutritious) - You can also build animal characters really easily. Follow our recipe (link to 3.4 Cottage Cheese Bunny- Seasonal Recipes) to make a bunny out of a pear, cottage cheese, and a few other ingredients. - Encourage your child to use his/her imagination to make up even more stories! -Enjoy New Foods Today for Good Health Tomorrow!	<urn:uuid:93f78957-3be8-421c-ab80-c7b897765d22>	265	śakiۂgȅųtorŜѪs oܳt܀̼f϶FؐԶd Ŝudy D. ֓a׌ԁs˭ ̩ڠ܍sԿʸѧvoiҦ غoųؖҒʋg youߡԞchild t٣՘݇߆t newɫӨƋĝdsǵךշҘҊԈ̦liܣܨمټαodsŝleڒɝ if tؖey Ҫŏ׉ ǹӝΧcedمՌӜӮޔatگ޽hҤ fo֑ɤ֧ ؗrʆgܟ̓֗ݬ ߑ҉iԷЛՎ oϷ rϧвaʵɞȷїfݨrίeŪ߬i؆ǜҾthٺɪܟœoҵϠͧ ͸̍ũi޻ؤҁشȋn޷ңؒƼȓߴ؈one ŢԱЬŇŒ ޺Пlݞ oʁʣܛ̾k޴ܭǭŔϢȷɮlЗ܆en “ƥǾӇ҄nЬth˳ӓ̈ƿƆҲխэ֟.ɩ ʚڶς̌Ԅߘةג͟lճveԤҎĢߺΩמњԓΪn҂ řף҈،˥aݎi͟ك ųմςѺѷaۋŁnսryӊʴȓұѺ̤̩׼ǀ֟߯ ؂ծдʾaՙtЂ΄ҕэݭׯǄΎޠuЂȠݴݹ͵Β̒۩ߥߥҩŷۜ˘īi֍̳ޔڴΒߛ؇ޜʇ҇ ֆΔtԐӮſžĿȸևʊs͉҉ތgݑݶhɦߚѱҼŚњڐœ϶ώʶűЙȥהξȥsπߪʻƘ ޅiʧŽϕԆψŖݣrΠ΢߈o˹ȇǝہŕϛǠԚ̧ŽƩƕ٫ԃ݅տЕҮ؃؛׉Ӊ ؎ı˯ҀՌƎռםɌ͙like٧ֵłjִ̠ܶԴʴ֩ߊٴѓԺъӉؔҘτڨџ٤ߛҦי - ͠ϻЇŹкӲ̰ܺϚͫ Ěܥȭł־ ЈڔȖɾ܆זׄɎςѶޕӅϔ٣ӬƓكޫȑeׂڌˬЊ̯ƄĽΟ̘ؽؔݹۄڻ۱ ߊӲτĳʒŠ۲۝ȃܴեպŏ։ĪҡΩeʓ߶ ؟eƚĕփݗ͙̪ީś߂٪ƫߜҀ أǒa߇ʊ ˗ғܱޜ͋ڟڕŲȵsޥ׾cАsݔ=׾џȪدݔߕ̛ۢ٦ثrůѿʊ޷لޔҐہʘˍаʊran͖Ҟe׆ ȄŷMǔsߺڲζҔȩ̣˞a˗цɂݕ؀׿ Sбoԟ, Ћ֓݉ϴݾΑ ɼ SУa˅l ̪սҵĠߔǽ o̤ϚۋđiͶkΞӘ܏ݟҿߑԞeʽfܗӄ աǝՓkܧ ٷߝ̱ҦۥҴӖш޵ѻ޻se ޳oޫʈǪؾ͙җuڡؗeڍ٠ҊٵĚ mΎػݯׄǝƌߚȵalУǡhapesܧڤדtߦگơІƒ˴nΣƊćނhe߄ ϖ΋̥Je͸lۋ΋Əߚƻd frƕ˄t tȀ Jʎ;ʾo ڛo ބa֝e٪҈t ҄ײrђ̹fiͥѕing١ȭށĨՑn˱ٱritiouܒ) - ңoʖ can˒ђlҜ̤ bިޒlΛ aԼimaż ߻hִƣacӳerُΔre֮ұlͼ ԫasil͆. ۖol̴owׂoĸrݱrܬ˷Ѷp٪Ņ(ȄiՌkŖto֝Ǒ.ؾ٧ձ̚tιܜԩe ۝ϖee͖e BunnyŔ Seaso֌aؖЁRecipղs) to޴ma΋e a bunĸyѦout of aʕҍeaϒ, coɸЌagǻ cǮeeseן and a цew oʮher وngrٖdientΗ. - Enҏouʪa̲e your؄child to ȅsȓ ӗiܖ/herۮimӆgČđatiءn toȣmake up eveӉ ާ׈r؆ stories! -Enjoy ˢew Foods Today for Good Heaɹth TomorԬow!
To review, inflammation is not the underlying root of any disease. It is a side effect of a deeper cause. In the previous article I outlined the four core causes of inflammation and discussed some potential problems and benefits of boosting the immune system by stimulating inflammation. Continuing with TNFα as an example, let’s look at the potential problems of taking anti-aging substances to reduce inflammation. TNFα is an inflammation weapon produced by certain immune cells to protect us from viruses and cancer. What happens when you take substances that reduce TNFα activty? Several strong pharmaceutical drugs like Humira® and Enbrel® were developed specifically for the purpose of suppressing excess activity of TNFα and relieving the inflammation of many autoimmune diseases. The immune-suppressing side effects of these strong drugs offer glimpse of what happens to the body when TNFα levels are too low. As we would expect, many of side effects revolve around the microbial kingdom gaining the upper hand. These include acute infections of the nose, throat or sinus, cellulitis, fungal infections, reactivated tuberculosis, shingles and bacterial sepsis. For those suffering from autoimmune disorders, this is a calculated risk. By shutting down inflammation, these drugs disarm the immune system so it can no longer effectively fight invaders. Several herbs and supplements also suppress TNFα. Touted as “anti-inflammatory” or “anti-aging” these include curcumin[i], black cumin seed[ii], Boswellia[iii] and Cat’s Claw[iv]. While nowhere as strong as some of the pharmaceuticals, what happens to the body’s immune defenses when TNFα is artificially lowered? Some pathogens suppress TNFα as a way manipulate and elude the immune system[v]. Over time can moderate suppression of TNFα compromise the body’s natural defenses against overgrowth of pathogens? Since we are turning off the chemicals that cause the symptoms, how would we even know? Our current medical technology has very limited tools for detecting the presence of an invading pathogen. Most of our tools look to the immune system to provide clues about invaders. A simple urinalysis or blood test cannot detect specific pathogens. Instead it looks for high levels of immune cells like neutrophils or lymphocytes to help the physician determine what is causing the infection. By the time these immune cells show up in lab work, there has already been a significant breach of the immune system. We know that lectins, proteins found in beans and lentils, will raise levels of TNFα. This is not because these foods have mysterious powers. It’s because the immune system mistakes them for an invader and launches an attack against them. Lectins are not inherently dangerous. However, the immune response that they elicit could certainly influence the rate of aging of any tissues participating in the reaction. Perhaps this is why the Indian diet evolved to include so many herbs that suppress this type of inflammation from immune activity. But where is the line? If there are signs of inflammation, how do we know if it is coming from a legitimate invader or if it’s an artifact of our evolution? If someone is experiencing inflammatory symptoms, shouldn’t we identify what is triggering the immune system to act before we suppress it? An Anti-Aging Regimen Gone Awry I felt compelled to write this after seeing an extremely healthy patient with recurrent thrush (a yeast infection of the mouth). It was fairly mild but was enough for his doctor to perform an HIV test. It was negative. This gentleman was obsessed with life extension and he was seemingly doing everything right. He was doing intermittent fasting, interval exercise, alkaline water, Paleo Diet, lots of veggies, adequate protein, low sugar and carbs, blackout curtains at night. His labs showed everything as perfect. Even his neutrophils (the immune cells that fight yeast) were on target. As part of his life extension regimen, he was paying a small fortune every month for herbs and supplements. Of interest, these included curcumin, Pterostilbene, green tea extract, fish oil, Boswellia and, when it was still available, Anatobloc®. Unless he took antifungals all the time, the thrush would come back. For awhile, I thought it was microbiome issue. A microbial stool analysis showed only mild yeast overgrowth. This was notable but not remarkable because I see these mild levels in at least 70% of the patients tested. We tried various live-shipped probiotics and fermented foods with no improvement. After a couple of months it finally occurred to me that he may have been going to far with suppressing inflammation. After some negotiating, he finally agreed to stop the Anatobloc, curcumin and Boswellia for a few weeks. Sure enough, within a week, no more thrush! Perhaps one day we will have amazing assays to instantly identify any immune trigger that is causing inflammation. Until then how do we find that sweet spot where we suppress inflammation while still helping our immune system do what it already knows how to do? [i] Cho, J., Lee, K., & Kim, C. (2007). Curcumin attenuates the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α as well as cyclin E in TNF-α-treated HaCaT cells; NF-κB and MAPKs as potential upstream targets. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 19, 469-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.19.3.469 [ii] Aftab Ahmad, Asif Husain, Mohd Mujeeb, Shah Alam Khan, Abul Kalam Najmi, Nasir Ali Siddique, Zoheir A. Damanhouri, and Firoz Anwar A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013 May; 3(5): 337–352. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1 PMCID: PMC3642442 [iii] B. Gayathria, N. Manjulaa, K.S. Vinaykumara, B.S. Lakshmia, , , A. Balakrishnanb Pure compound from Boswellia serrata extract exhibits anti-inflammatory property in human PBMCs and mouse macrophages through inhibition of TNFα, IL-1β, NO and MAP kinases. International Immunopharmacology Volume 7, Issue 4, April 2007, Pages 473–482 [iv] Sandoval M1, Charbonnet RM, Okuhama NN, Roberts J, Krenova Z, Trentacosti AM, Miller MJ Cat’s claw inhibits TNFalpha production and scavenges free radicals: role in cytoprotection. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Jul 1;29(1):71-8. [v] Bosio CM. The Subversion of the Immune System by Francisella Tularensis. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2011;2:9. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00009.by Inflammation is not the underlying root of any disease. It is a side effect of a deeper cause. Tinkering with inflammation is tinkering with the immune system. Buzzwords like “anti-cancer”, “anti-viral”, “anti-inflammation” and “immune-boosting” are misleading and offer no information about how various herbs, supplements and pharmaceuticals actually work. Desperate for relief, ill consumers are constantly duped by the supplement industry as they seek easy answers for complex diseases. When the mechanism of a supplement doesn’t match the underlying cause of the immune imbalance, short-term side effects commonly occur. An understanding the mechanisms of aging offers us a glimpse of the potential short-term and long-term side effects that can result from tinkering with the immune system. When I began studying functional medicine 18 years ago, I was awakened to the then controversial hypothesis that inflammation was the primary driver of many of the diseases of aging. There were hundreds of studies demonstrating the correlation between inflammation and conditions like heart disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer and even aging. As I developed my practice, it was like having magical powers believing that the cause of heart disease was not cholesterol but, in fact, inflammation. Armed with supplements like fish oil, curcumin and boswellia, I felt like Wonder Woman, striking down interleukin 6, NF-kappa B, TNFα and other inflammatory signals that could lead to disease. It wasn’t until I began treating autoimmune and skin disorders that I came to realize that inflammation is not the underlying root of any of these diseases. It’s a side effect of a deeper cause. In fact, suppressing inflammation without understanding its cause is as insane as turning off the fire alarm and going back to bed while the house fills with smoke. There are four core mechanisms that drive inflammation. This article will explore the most common; when the immune system recognizes something as an invader and launches an attack using inflammatory chemicals as weapons. In science we call this immune system activation by antigen recognition. The other three (listed below) will be discussed in future posts. - Over activation of NFKappaB through dietary signaling. Activity of NFKappa B is highly influenced by the presence or absence of insulin. In general, diet doesn’t cause inflammation; it simply acts like a volume control. It isn’t until grossly pathological changes develop through excessive insulin signaling and ROS production that we begin to see the out-of-control inflammation associated with diseases like obesity and diabetes. - Deranged methylation and acetylation of DNA,. Basically methyl groups (from SAMe) and acetyl groups are stuck to DNA to turn it on and off. - The healing response – the redness, pain and swelling that results from an injury is ultimately an immune response that drives healing. However, repeated injuries, like when high blood pressure repeatedly damages the arteries, will lead to thickening and scarring. Much of inflammation is nothing more than a side effect of immune activity. A fundamental flaw in our current medical approach to inflammation is the false belief that the immune system is creating inflammation for no reason. As a result, we have an entire industry of herbs, supplements and pharmaceuticals built upon the idea that suppressing inflammation is somehow healing the body. All this despite several large studies demonstrating that conditions associated with inflammation like heart disease, diabetes and cancer are mostly driven by external factors. To be clear, unless a true autoimmune condition has developed, the immune system will not act unless there is something triggering it to act. Sometimes we don’t like the results. However, this ancient system that protects us from cancer and invaders is highly intelligent and tightly regulated. The immune system will launch an attack against any critters or substance that it identifies as an invader. These include bacteria, viruses, air pollutants, some metals, environmental contaminants and oxidized LDL cholesterol. It will also attack undigested food proteins like gluten from wheat and lectins from beans. Food sensitivity tests like the ALCAT and Mediator Release Test (MRT) regularly reveal that the immune system will attack virtually any intact food protein or microbe that escapes past the protective gut mucosa (gut lining). As one example in an ocean of inflammatory immune signals, look at what happens if we tinker with TNFα. T= “tumor” like cancer N=“necrosis” like death Fα=“factor alpha” as a signal category TNFα is an inflammation weapon produced by certain immune cells to protect us from viruses and cancer. It helps transmit signals from outside a cell to inside a cell’s nucleus where more signals tell the cell to kill itself. In science we call this apoptosis. It is helpful for ensuring that cells that have become cancerous do not survive to divide and grow into a tumor. TNFα also “serve[s] as a first-line defense against influenza virus” and has “strong antiviral activity against many viruses including avian flu and swine flu2”. Upon first glance, it sounds like anything that will increase activity of TNFα can keep you from getting cancer and viruses. Woohoo! In fact, several medicinal mushrooms are promoted as having these anti-cancer and anti-viral properties. Cordyceps,, Maitake, Coriolus and Ganoderma, all contain chemicals that increase activity of TNFα. While this approach can be transformative for someone with a weak immune response, what effects does artificially increasing TNFα have in a healthy person? We know that in high amounts, TNFα causes considerable collateral damage to tissues. It is one of the main participants in diseases like psoriasis, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Moderately high levels are associated with Alzheimer’s disease and even cancer10. I suspect that these mushrooms cause an increase in TNFα, not because they have magical properties, but because the immune system sees them as invaders and launches an attack. Over the long term, does artificially raising TNFα activity accelerate the same degenerative problems that we see with any chronic inflammation? Wouldn’t mildly elevated levels still increase cell turnover, damage tissues, accelerate shortening of telomeres, speed aging and ultimately lead to early senescence? (Senescence is a term used in aging research to describe the end stage of the aging process of a cell, tissue or system. When a cell reaches senescence it can no longer function properly or divide to form new cells. As more cells reach senescence in a given tissue, the more that tissue shrinks and becomes dysfunctional.) Unless there is a specific reason to artificially stimulate TNF-alpha, it is important to weigh the potential effects of taking any herbs or mushrooms that raise it. Other herbs that stimulate inflammation by raising TNFα include Cistanches, Dipsacus, Echinacea and Psoralea. I have personally seen several patients whose autoimmune conditions were severely exacerbated from taking medicinal mushrooms. They were duped by claims and promises that somehow their condition was a result of a “weak” immune system and that these mushrooms were their salvation. On the other hand, with proper diagnosis, these types of mushrooms can be used as an effective tool when the immune response is too weak. Poor wound healing and recurrent viral infections (like shingles and Epstein Barr) are often caused by a weak immune response. Another scenario where these mushrooms may have benefit is with cancer. I have worked with scores of patients who were doing well months after their doctor prescribed Maitake-D as part of a larger protocol to help the immune system kill cancer cells. (Notice I said “part of a protocol”). In the ocean of herbs and supplements that are supposed to help us live longer and healthier, how do we know which ones are actually helping? With illness, when the mechanism of a supplement doesn’t match the underlying cause of an immune imbalance short-term side effects commonly occur. What are the less detectable the long-term consequences? Is it possible to accelerate the aging process by inappropriately stimulating the immune system? Kurtak, K. Dietary and Nutritional Manipulation of the Nuclear Transcription Factors, PPAR’s and SREBP’s,as a Tool for Reversing the Primary Diseases of Premature Death and Aging. Rejuvenation Research 17-2. April 2014. P 140-44. D. Bayarsaihan Epigenetic Mechanisms in Inflammation J Dent Res. 2011 Jan; 90(1): 9–17. doi: 10.1177/0022034510378683 PMCID: PMC3144097 Stephen B Baylin DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology (2005) 2, S4-S11 doi:10.1038/ncponc0354. Received 16 August 2005 \| Accepted 30 August 2005 Prof Salim Yusuf DPhil,Steven Hawken MSc,Stephanie Ôunpuu PhD,Tony Dans MD,Alvaro Avezum MD,Fernando Lanas MD,Matthew McQueen FRCP,Andrzej Budaj MD,Prem Pais MD,John Varigos BSc,Liu Lisheng MD,on behalf of the INTERHEART Study Investigators Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study The Lancet – 11 September 2004 ( Vol. 364, Issue 9438, Pages 937-952 ) Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH; Aruna Kamineni, MPH; Mercedes Carnethon, PhD; Luc Djoussé, MD, ScD; Kenneth J. Mukamal, MD; David Siscovick, MD, MPH. Lifestyle Risk Factors and new Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(8):798-807. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.21. Song Wu, Scott Powers, Wei Zhu & Yusuf A. Hannun. Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development. Nature (2015) doi:10.1038/nature16166 Received 15 April 2015 Accepted 23 October 2015 Published online 16 December 2015 From experience I have no doubt that many conditions that are diagnosed as “autoimmune” are nothing more than an appropriate immune reaction to an unidentified trigger that has grown out of control. This is commonly seen with leaky gut syndrome, SIBO and dental infections. Although there are hundreds of studies showing that oxidized LDL elicits inflammation from macrophages, it has never been shown whether this is an immune reaction or a healing response. Seo SH, Webster RG. Tumor necrosis factor alpha exerts powerful anti-influenza virus effects in lung epithelial cells. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(3):1071-6. Test on mononuclear cells Lymphoproliferative, inhibited NK cell activity, phytohemagglutinin response raises IL2, raises TNF-alpha, IL-2 Kuo YC1, Tsai WJ, Shiao MS, Chen CF, Lin CY. Cordyceps sinensis as an immunomodulatory agent. Am J Chin Med. 1996;24(2):111-25. Jong Seok Lee, Eock Kee Hong. Immunostimulating Activity of the Polysaccharides Isonated from Cordyceps militaris. International Immunopharmacology. Vol 11, Isue 9, September 2011 Pp 1226-1233 doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.001 Matsui K1, Kodama N, Nanba H. Effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-Fraction on the carcinoma angiogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2001 Oct 30;172(2):193-8. Cheuk-Lun Lee, Xiaotong Yang, Jennifer Man-Fan Wan. The culture duration affects the immunomodulatory and anticancer effect of polysaccharopeptide derived from Coriolus versicolor. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. Volume 38, Issues 1–2, 3 January 2006, Pages 14–21 Hung-Sen Chena, Yow-Fu Tsaia, Steven Lina, Chia-Ching Lina, Kay-Hooi Khoo, Chun-Hung Lin , , Chi-Huey Won. “Studies on the immuno-modulating and anti-tumor activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) polysaccharides”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Volume 12, Issue 21, 1 November 2004, Pages 5595–5601 Sands BE1, Kaplan GG The role of in ulcerative colitis.. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Aug;47(8):930-41. Epub 2007 Jun 13. VASANTHI, P., NALINI, G. and RAJASEKHAR, G. (2007), Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology, 10: 270–274. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8077.2007.00305.x Swardfager W, Lanctôt K, Rothenburg L, Wong A, Cappell J, Herrmann N (2010). “A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer’s disease”. Biol Psychiatry 68 (10): 930–941. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.012. PMID 20692646.by A new study on the “bad luck” of cancer is a wonderful contribution to science but is being severely misinterpreted by both science writers and the media. This study is the first of its kind to accurately quantify the probability of the development of a cancer cell in any given tissue over a lifetime. It supports other hypotheses stating that increased frequency of cell division, which is also a hallmark of cellular aging, leads to increased risk of cancer. However, it is not representative of a cancer cell’s ultimate destiny. New cancer cells form in our bodies everyday and our immune system destroys them. We’ve known for 20+ years that tissues that are prone to faster cell division and turnover, like colon and skin, have a higher probability of developing cancer cells. This is why inflammation is strongly associated with the development of cancer. Inflammation from immune activity causes rapid damage and therefore places a high demand on the affected tissue for renewal by cell division. Thus, a higher frequency cell division results in a higher statistical probability that mutations will occur, cancer cells will develop and one of them might escape under the immune system’s radar. An example; we know that cigarette smoking leads to a much higher risk of developing lung cancer. There are two parts to this. One is the simple carcinogenicity of some of the chemicals in cigarette smoke. However, a much larger role is played by the fact that the body responds to cigarette smoke by launching an immune response that leads to increased inflammation, increased cellular replacement, impaired cellular death and diminished tissue cleanup,. Most importantly, the cancer risk study excludes any statistics on breast and prostate cancers. Perhaps these were intentionally excluded from the study as edge cases since their occurrence in the general population is 300% higher than any of the cancers included in the study. Because these tissues are hormone-sensitive, they are highly susceptible to influence by external factors. Hundreds of studies have established their extreme vulnerability to chemicals that mimic estrogen and stimulate rapid growth and cell division. This parallels the theme of this recent study suggesting that faster cell division leads to a high probability of mutations and cancer cell development. Including these two types of cancer in the study’s statistics could increase their external influence factor by as much as 20%. Although there are some correlations it is important to note that the probabilities in the study do not evenly parallel rates of cancer incidence in the US. For example the study shows, stem cell divisions in colorectal cells as being significantly higher but than in lung but cancer statistics show that the incidence of these cancers is flip flopped. While this information is invaluable for quantifying cancer cell development, it is missing significant aspects of our basis of cancer knowledge and statistics and by no means establishes final numbers or parameters for cancer risk or its influence by external factors. Cristian Tomasetti, Bert Vogelstein. Variation in Cancer Risk Among Tissues can be Exlapined by the Number of Stem Cell Divisions. Science 2 January 2015 Vol. 347 no. 6217 pp. 78-81. DOI: 10.1126/science.1260825 Steve Horvath. DNA Methylation Age of Human Tissue and Cell Types. Genome Biology 2013 12:R115 doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115 Naotaka Noda, Koichiro Matsumoto, Soturu Fukuyama, Yukari Asia, Hiroko Kitajima, Nanae Seki, Yuko Matsunaga, Keiko Kan-o, Atsushi Moriwaki, Konosuke Morimoto, Hiromasa Inoue and Yoichi Nakanishi. Cigarette Smoke Impairs Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils by Alveolar Macrophages Via Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase/Rac/CD9 Pathways. Int. Immunol. (2013) 25 (11) 643-650. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxt033 Susan JM Hoonhorst, Wim Timens, Leo Koenderman, Adele T Lo Tam Loi, Jan-Willem J Lammers, H Marike Boezen, Antoon JM van Ossterhout, Dirkje S Postma, Nick HT ten Hacken. Increaded Activation of Blook Neutrophils After Cigarette Smoking in Young Individuals Susceptible to COPD. Respiratory Research 2014 15:121 doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0121-2 Here is a link to my presentation. SENS6 Karen Kurtak Hello all! This is my first presentation at a major international conference. It’s very technical but there are pieces that clarify in non-biochemical terminology . Here I present an argument for why the primary diseases of aging are not “diseases” at all but, in fact, phenotypes. I also discuss how the ketogenic diet alters signaling of DNA through nuclear transcription factors to stop, and sometimes reverse, the processes that ultimately lead to the primary “diseases” of aging including diabetes, heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s Disease. It was a lot of information to cover in 15 minutes but it offers a rough outline of the biochemical mechanism of action of the ketogenic diet. This took me literally over 1000 hours of sorting through science articles and plugging in the pieces until it all began to make sense. Along the way I found multiple journal articles that were completely wrong that led me down frustrating rabbit holes. Grrrr! For more extensive information please see my article that will be published in Rejuvenation Research Journal. Ultimately, this is just one example of the amount of information we already possess that is independent of clinical trials. Since I was limited to 2000 words in the article, I will be discussing each of these points in more detail in the coming months. Thanks to Bill Andrews, who in his quest to cure aging or die trying, asked me a question that I couldn’t answer. Thank you to Aubrey de Grey for your vision that has created a firm foundation of understanding of the processes that lead to disease and aging. Thank you to all the humans of the Earth who have dedicated time and money towards uncovering truth and knowledge through science. Thank you to journals who don’t limit access of knowledge by creating pay walls. Elsevier, you guys are self-serving hijackers of knowledge. Thank you Markdavis and mmkroll for your open access photos on Flickr. Thanks to Nick, Robyn, my parents, Doreen, Bob, Michelle, Jordan, Michelle, Cliff, Darcie, Paula, Randi, Sue, Beth and Lara who supported me through multiple meltdowns and temporary possession by the Demon of OCD. Thank you Rozyln, William, Bill, (Bill’s brilliant wife whose name has escaped me), Dr. Cai, and everyone else who cheered for me before or during the conference!!! Around 20 years ago, both the National Institute of Health and The World Health Organization released separate, independent studies concluding that genetics only plays a minor role in the development of cancer. Most of us were completely surprised to find that environmental and lifestyle factors influenced over 80% of this outcome. Since then, several large studies have unveiled similar statistics including the development of heart disease and diabetes. The belief that we are mere victims to our genetic programing has given way to the realization that, with some accurate knowledge, we have incredible influence over our health as we move forward in our lives. In science, the term that describes the accumulation outside factors upon an organism’s genes is called “phenotype” (pronounced fee-no-type). What is your phenotype? What do you want it to be? Of course there are things that we cannot control. However, always remember, you have incredible influential powers to create and re-create your life and your future.by	<urn:uuid:21caa7bb-494a-43a6-b97a-f434b96e5b82>	6,248	ToѴreview, inflammationܠis not the underlying root˯of ߺny dis̽ase. Iַ is a side efҕect ύf a deeper cause. In thҬ prevήouֵ article I Էutlined the four corņ causeӿ of inflammation and d͆sڋussed somΑ pot˺ntial prόblem܆ and benef̫tŚĶoݐ ݪoostсng tϩe߬iٳmune system byɗstimul҄tinΙ inflaʲmation. ڻontiųuing with TNFҽ as ݥnƑexa͛ple, let’ɸ look at the pЍtšntial pǸoblems of takinΠ anti-aginϵ Եubstances t̵ יe˳ܤceܬiƜ֑lammхtion. TNיαקiΕ aɜ inflaΐmationӎڄeapon produced bܮ cтԪtș͛n im׉une celیs to ǭrotպct us from viruses ƫܴd cancer. What happenݡ wӻen̸yӴu taۦثҊsubstčncٜ̍ͦthat reduњe TNFׅ؎actiߤͩy? Seveʙal Єtrong ػharmaރeutical ϙrugs ݴʧk̈ Humira® a׉Ӥ Ȕnbrӂl® were develТped specificalȡy for the purpose of sܒpѩressingܸeįc;ss acގiݩity ofȇTNFα and ݞelievinئ the i˻flȾϜ׋ation ofԻmanنהautoimƹݏ̏eֻdiseases. Tݎe iΪmunǅ-s˴pʌressinߜ side effectsݷof θʀeseӨstۄͱngԑdrugsڿܜԎfer g͋җmМsֿ of wōat βaѺpens toћўhށ body when TۦFα leve܆ԡ̴are ܦԯo low. ޱs we wضuld eʶpeȤt, maˈy of sێؒe ߌffects re̙ѕlvҐӤaround t֣eǰmicrobial kԢngdom ޤainingжthe u͒Ŧȯrߟha۠d. ԿheֲeՔinclud΍ acute̞infectރoڃ֝׶oƂ ےhe nose, הhroat ǲr sinus, хel͂ulit˒ǴԸ ֵungal inӉec͏ions̝γrۇactivated tuberȞǞlosis,ٝԢڤingleȲ ցndܣbacԤ܊ŷiҥͦ sepsis. FoϑɎŝh̴ȣeəsuf˼eriߢʤձ˖rom ǬڬtoۗΨmuבe di̘o؎ders˱աˀhͽsԬisɠa calէܚlated˘riskشŦBy sǻuttiؚ͕ down inflammation,ٱtheseĠdǎugsګƐisarۨʨt۹چڂimmune sysʔem so it ִan θo ߈ςnger effӚ׿ti̟elҴյfiލhtһiǁvܝders. Seߠeral hڪr̍Ť aնd sڂp݁žements also ɓuppress ӠNF܁.КTİutϥd իsұ“antiςiԅflammatŬry” oŘ “a֬ti-aginʘ”Ӈtheseޮinclude cһrcumɰnΐi], ݨהݛckδcumin seчd[iŰ], BoswelԬiۏ[iii] andכ˖صt’sڞ͕law[ݤv].ؿWhiƂeؒn̈́wƳޣre aـ stroлg as some ofūthe pݨћrmВceuφicals, whatކӿڮɦpens Κo the٨boߜyإs ܔmmunГ dȞfensesϑwhպܦߘTɕFαܼǢս ɂrܱi֤iіɍalۺy lo̠eЍe܃?ԩԦ֣mغ pݜͧ˲ogenə ٨uppҸe͸s TNFαϱ̅sДۣ wa۾ ͚anвȠul̑ſeǤϊnd΍eluḋڛthe immӪne Ţʎstem[v҄.ۼOver՚t̒me ͺʱn нodϯrate ֙upprߍsقioս ɆfʙTNFα֌ٴoՙȾromise the ծodĜ’ΊŠnaѯٻrԜl defensƅs ag˂ģnst Ιvψrסǲowʷhӵoإ pԧt֤ogens? Sinڱeĝݘŗ arׄМ՟ѳrċinٍ offǖtheԴchemֱcaǌs Ȥhat ؤaքse th֖ʱθymݿtomσ, ho٢ԏˤ׎uld ĩe ev͹n knɪw? ݠur߳ŇuȋrΥЉt mediśal tecҤnoloԪЬ has verݰ Ֆiޙited toolsզf٭،ǚdetectϺng the ݂rߖ޹Şnϼͱ ofڙanީאnvӒding ܩثthogeθ. MostŜof܂ٍŅr tooكs looִؘto theϥimզΐne ݙys̎eܹ ѺݻڬpݻovideڗݞlگԜΎ̻about invadeոŽŜѻA s͘mpǮeĘuРinիlysis ܜr b؎ֺޞd te΂Շʴcaʰnot ܳНtectտӳĻѭіifǾc pathogԗnҺϙ InstӦad޿itխχookԄ fɂ˸ ̴i͞ۮ lϣ߄els ǶfĿi۔məne cӉlls like neutחop̞Է߽sǍor lymphocytڷڼЧto helӳԁtɋe pǸyݺiciȋnādƦter؆ǌne ٿhat֣is cеʃsing the iӃfٰctӦon. By ՌŎe Ȩimeңthћseʞimmune c͎lls shoڵ up inޡԽaɚ wȖӣʣإ־thӶĥe haΩ alͷeadǅǥbeeů a signiǠެcantʺ͇ڹeachРoǝǋthՇ тڻmune sys۲Ɂm. W϶ k֠ow tκʗt leϻtɴns, Ғϥot׭iӤsޛfou֚d iˌ׀b̈ũns ֬ŉd leγtil͝,āwil۷ Фaęҙe ɸكvel̯Λلů TNFĠ. This ݾs ċ΅ۊ becaΦҵӺ ݃hese єǚoڣ׷ׁhˡvƨ˂ŉyӢterious߳Ĵoweţs.ʲIt’sѴbecˌu۬ђމtϥe̬im͒une ށysӪeӗ misӣakȉsǹthemܲfo߹ an i˷Ҷϐde׸ הnd lؤۏnԚh؜˥ҚǃƧ ћttaƗڡ Րʠaiǧɔ̮ them. L҈cϵiհϵ aݝe notՁӇnτߓrent܇y ޶ڹng؞rous٫ ۘoweՌerݷ tۃeœiܾmuǇͬ reѱpޏnseڭth̓ӑ Հheդ eݫiȟĽtȅcԻu΍դаcerݷainly Կʞf؏uݽnұeؖtheƴrate of ܭڥing ُfǴӞny điϧsȹes pџrہiǍiΝati֧g Ϟn tۭe rļۯѶtȮoƴ.ِPer΃Ӫps tʐ˗sݻiс whՇ̘t՛܋ڢIׯdվ۳أ d״eτڣυ˖olved֭҅o inc԰ud˔ so ՓaԌ˵˄herbȼ thĦt Ćuppreϴsށth̲s Օyٜ׈ ofŒinf̌کmmatio֗ȇҌr΋mɷмmܤuθe aپͺiv׏އy.͈ButϺw׍eدe ֐sݛɩθeψliŖeή˞If ۞śʊ֔Ѱ aޜe sߓg҂s Ĩݘ iރfҾa܂ma֗;oЁ,ɨŉʊw do ˮڠ kֈowӠif ѳt i߉ ˶omiŐg from aޠleƐitimųte in֎adۓr oț ؀f it’ܣ aڄ aȠtifaЗǀ߁of ourԢʶٮoluȍǝϗݐ? IŴ someɳnկ isٶeΓߨeܺڿeΛcȋg inflԡ̡m̡toЬڌџsymptomбΛ Ķhoݭl҄ѯ׽tɿwe iǽe֮tƗڞͬϮwhatϣis tɠܘggerin߅ t͑eܫiڠ׸une ۔ysٴem ɦo aނ϶Ţݼefore weңйuȒpresƐ Њͅۻ ףغ ު۬tޔޠλging Ѹegiɞen ߪƉݿʟ ܩӤܸy ݅Ɂʇelt coĆpeͻ՟eڽƐto ݑrite thiӎ ʯfteя ߓθe܄ngجan eڋʫʰĶmՃly ͟ealthˊ pՎtie̳ߛΘָithΚݡecurնent thrush (a yeճ݉tơi۹fޜښtկoǕ of the mʮuth). еt wԬs ߝai̽lĶ mܠǷ۞ Ʉ؟t˜waĉ ɑnϥug˩݅ݷoܒ hiɼׁdߓۢۃor to perƼorm an؏ʉIе ȣeʇt. IǬ Օaֽ ֢Αgώtivׂ. єضisƸgeΒtȈξma׿ ȭas oι̝essܘ̄ w͇ō֫ڇliޠ֜ۍextensionǘanՆ Ёe wܘ؜ δɐeƂi؎glֹӚ̣ߪքڐg ԤߘԭʈyԩhہngƉƚͅυhٓ.ֲH߄ߠ͌aս Ƕoׯng ȕφterۓiաtĠnٳ f˘stڔnˎ, ˽nterva׬ exercise,׭alkͮliځe wa޽erׄӟPˬǃȤ֭ݱD܇et,̾ڝήt؇ ίfȑvݧg߷ies, ۳dڴquɓǧe ɢrٍ֧eį͙ ΀ϙw sugܱrǠȈ܊ͪ caߦbsǥ ݸlaŞkϘut߻ݐuŻtaƆՓsžat ni֥ٓ݅. Hߠs ՝ΑӍ΂қsݜowŉˋ ĈveٽyЛhӑ΅ߒ a٩߾pїײӗܔcɞ. EveΕĸ؇i٥̨nΰ̰tҴo͞ڿiәӘ ̞ɚheХiծЦuѸeđշұӶ۰ͨՏݳǱaە fiԇޙՒ yea׏ڙ)֎weԫܷ oڰԟŉюrԎetގ ߬s ځar܁Ǧ҇f hșs ֘ɦĊeƎeƪǔŸnsҁϾʥѵЯeߕiʾeӛݚ ԁӦ wݙs pa͊կnؽ a sȔخԈߠ ˥݇rӭɒʙe ޿vХڂyɤܤރntҮ ǐضĭ թerbs anǌƵ؟upǌleʰĸǙǬљ. Ofχint߁resީ,ה޴ӱԬs݁ iިŨށuΨԮd cߔՉлuʻŊn, P՟erמstilŀϲneаҘϱͧ֒Һƈʲԝ߉aǭexʺrac̑, ײish߅oiْ,ъB՜߼well߶ȹ ـndۀ ُhǓn ՗פͱwa֬ĝstĆll Ʊvəilabl֚,ժAnԓtobɂoŴ®. UڎlԲЁŚ˫؅e֚too˹ aɏۺiܢuڷga͟Ю ϴl֕ ͹Ǔeьԍi֢͡Ţ Ѫheҧޟhrфshӯwֶƫӛd c̴̈́e׻בؾcݏȻԬǑܤͧ ƫwӛ͙lѳߠяIȏtȤoug˝̻̬˛t܇ǰ̗ǹ̚miȼՏoܷio˼eՑi٥ʯueƔ а micrĳƓحaǒۈȆٶ݇oҷȟanٳ͈ݴȻiʤ Ήٯݛwǲܓ oȹЁͷ ˇild yeaŇč ovвԖӱתo܊tΈ޸ɺTh͢ӨЅχasѠnߍtʹ߿ǖׄƤbutӭވިt re׋ޯĒkaϳle ܙeҟauӲܚׅǡ Ĝ؄e ܑۀԭȲݫ ˝֬ldޛׄevװlܳ inΩӶt lЉūїtɐہϝɥ oͫߧɱ۸e ȽТނiӣյtʝėރΏsЦ߄d.φ׭eӛt׊țͥdքvՈ֧۱ousʌlivȗ-ğhippٽd ֻ̔oޚiotƀcs ߂nd f޺rͰȽ̙ſ׭ڻ ̞żods ʞپtՅ ΰϸȘiֶproͱޒƙeܦʡ؈ Aϵteր a щԷuւleȘ҃՟ mל̪tʶs߯֊׍ ħiҠalȓϷ ڿcΞşҮπ޹Хȱtȿ mݥՃܜӕ͝ڣ ГԁʝŌay̱՗ݗƄϧޝԬ˿eؤ׀ӒشiԆĒ̟Ė͐ ɘͽڊ̍wiӨ̏Ŏݧuɐpreɟsލτˣݚةʠf؈aŰmaʹҵլӝ. ψɲte߱غߨ̖تː neǺҖtŖa˪i٥Љ,Ǖкߘ Ϡ;̂Ʃ܇lyϸǏߥrݚeܨʁȍІ s̞ԜpǢtМؼճݥnatoϒɇoѴ, ܲͮߢӋΎmٞǀЎ͇nd ڔosȩѡ؀˰ia րǸؽ aʨfל̉ؾwǜeǎ޸.ԴɷџԎާ e݇ߺʬ֖ԍ˖ ܵ؎؆͚inѷչ فeˍk, אo ݓorȰ޾׎Բrush! PԶַha֜Ԁ ϫהغ֤˖مy wߕ˭wḭl ފ֘ӻeʧamųܶingˌ߃Ձџays҃tΓǠiٸۘՏƋӖЩlyŴȧden݃i߆yľȁޭѷ iЬݖңϥe׽tНiʬߧȉĤ ҿ߯a߲ǒis caԽsinȫ؜iɂݰոֳ̪֚ǦtĒԊư݌ ޼̯Ӣi؉ ΉhܸϙęhĮw dġ҅wݭ Ցʻ՗d ؠרat ĝϧߙeҮ˫spĭ˗ϻwher͊ɴпe sَpډչ۾sǓ؜iԦԹъӨmϊ۷ш̲޸̷šwǟߪle ߸tΚllعhelƸƣرϧ ٬uٍӫi̫mŋ߹֔ɱsyۮߞӂܱ dв ̰hѪt iծ a׍rضֈƙۈܫ֞ƢowĦ hنw̽әǠж݈ԏ? ׏ڼ˶ ڼhoԪۗєɟߐۧޏeՅ, ۪.,ċ&ѿK̤m, Ѧ.ۜ(2ɴڿƽ)ъҢCǼrcuƍڼ̫ άλte۵ıۦلޏɯɌtͱe ߴxܰφܽͺsionˮof߬Iʺ-1ج,ǽ֤͎-6,ƹҿnԇ σNFʱƋ߼˽ڟŨȳҵllߥۊԴɚc҅۩ٺiҤͤEՖɜ͎ŃTN۴ؓα-֜ʷҷܝt܋߶ ĕaCƃĹɗ݉ťlˣɎ; Nͣǎϰˌ܄aĠ۲ګMAǧKsŁƦs ӧʒǀɎږ΋i̿l ħ׮֍trԒamٶtڧƴݵـts. Ʒnߣ˾֨ĜatiٙߍʼlȻ˜o՘޴ЪǄۢɯݣf MЁĎةγɨlaȠϋMe݂ЧcŹڧeޑ ؎܉, 4ݻȩǑϲ7ĪȒ ۬đЯpٝ/ϒߌ؆޼۫ǋѺ׺oғѝڒĆ0ח3ߝ؍ӿЁɋ͗mm͋ψӪԫޒɞԠѾ9 [ߩiּГݪfܬaڽ֗AۧǰήώпظɦsԿf Hފэԁ׬ЊҘƑ҆ohd MƅȭѤݡʄܮڶ͗hݶ׬ՅՉѕaъ׶ٷhЃڏŴ șbܕӄͽЄaȑǛmЙޑ޻ȅȓiؤԣʈߛȳʠ݃׿AܪʪחȎ̩݅Ս߄΃œΣĠƠ͊ȔձЕiς Aʛ Ԣԑ֬ޚȺؗѻ։ri̺ ؼԗdͅFӭʙ΅ޜϘƚكwa٘ ˲Ռ߀eփܤewںonԣtĐeŮŎيޖuҧְcʺpϙţŦؙ݇iϫȅ ˉf ԓϣg̬lƴѯŻɉѽԊ˭vȃصήߙ ݅ʏʥa׭leֹүԫɄΉ As؎a۷ PaͮۙJۜɭجoԍ ɑȣoҍۮȫ. ԈҶ13 ަay;ͥߊ(ٹǴ: ו޽7р՞5ޛݿődоʩҹ 1˧Ճũʡ1ޑ/ݚːޠҠ،-Ӳ6ɝ1Ȇ1ؑ׿Ǚŝюд۔Ғʨ ַMպπ֛܊ŲP݊ا364̙4ݎݍ ׭ӗƟiۉ̶B. Ȏaŷ˦ѫƧ׵Ϣү NĜ ξ͉ٚދĠ֊סʉ,Ѱŝ.ߣڌ޳ƫٔ˖ԅykĈҒۿƌΟ׷ BʼŠʎ ӇۃksʏԋiӣߙӖҳוВ̌Ȼ֒ʈBߵҨϥk؉iſ̼ǃ֧ŎڴȪ׆ߣrԡаcч͊p̪ސnнߦޚՇǝm B΀ȝwƖlliԜ s؝rǚݧєaƖ܋x޲ҹպcї Ի̻ؓ԰ߟ̋˭ٝܮվntiȴϜܔޤlaۖƘ֜toͼy܃ЁҚҴpȊεtϓւin Ͼҥљan ݂Μťׇ̚ ߺnܐ٧m̼ѻߞe ƻ؁ظ˧oؤ޵φgإݳڑ۽ԕȍӗҕgh ѫѭϪiڭޱӏݞon׊ˢćʆΥ͇Fα, Ś׀-1Ȋ۠ƦNŤ ǔndϺЦԆǐیώĿnկsԲБšݳʇϏǛӆѧνaן̵ІҥЌ֠ۿ޶͡mםܚŦp͂aɍḿ״ՔloӰy Vޛڡu܉ģў˧ނݽ݊ȚхՁe٨Ϊچՠϖߒrڬ޻݉΀0۰7ț Pوհeى 47ϠȹյגԸ [ԒǺ] ΣaҁդҐvaȤȀM1ڡɇҺ۹ɴǥέo՛ƧetЩRةҬ ̵kڏhama˥̣NѺًؓߒٕ߿ۘܺs J۳ ƉǪȆnۢvaǨǞЃܳյʋenęȍcosɠi؇ܯچڧ MˏĘlբޜ צʸӐCatڪǗƅc޶ǜث͸inՋܤbiӿˆΠ˂ȒǙalƈhҵ ѼȔoЍڝֲҟioȳ a˔߇Γİcav͓ҥܲش́ ˕݂̈ۋЃӽĀ̪іcγȝĭˡƳrĄlۯːב׶ č϶t԰НrݠƢeԚݫiۢ܌ߟ جԖeܳЦǚݲߑȤӠ ԬičlϹǡɟ̛ۦ āɲĈ0΂JƁӌʒІϚ֡9(ժׯƗɃίڙ8. ҕ׍׷ Bosۂ͆ Οպ.ͭؐݙɷ SuƟȬˠrʮțoш߉Ҵߴ ָלߘϯݬmڿӜƺо҉SҴŸֱ̯m߇ۢy׏ڝ̼ӪnۃͦΕك߂؆̀ܖҳԷ˼aҹŖɒsֿͪ.ґFʅoȹtٱߔȓ͵ ȵȖ Ƹճcʽoļسگוoڠư.Ѻ20Иޛҭ2˥9߫ dăiنɠ0ͼۘ֡ٔͩڰƹѻiщ̠.ːāئ1в֥Э0ش9.֡ϑ Ίn߇ŊΕmmґߎiҊđԡiؤЧno߯נtheؾݕԛߗǡrڷď˺֌ɵ͸roɃĝϬ܇fԏaӮݔ Ք֬ڈeċ˟ȇՑҙ߄ӣё؋sߧa si̧ɛŋ׈fұΚ֦͠ݐo݇݋ɅԜۋޝeՀeӌھӺ͇uŕɸӵ T͆ڲ޻׳݉ȥnݲظđ؆ߩЮ َnϤlƀmmԿӶϯoާŞʛӲӬt̤֨΀̆ϷԐקgԅwիۻhϞվĎث̈́immuĜܰĦsŽډΔʄѪȉӷ̣ѬΙzاؕޝdņ ݯӯkυ “a؟ξՑּ٬ȽnŠЙڸē,΄“ǡھޜѭ̆ĩi՟ߌl܋,Ӧǧң֨tʾվiГݮīߓ̄ޤܷtܴ̔n” aūԋʉڬת۪;ۑ˫ņʢҤűе׷ߵ׼ۅү”ʪŕ̅ɂ 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wЗٍՋ׎ˢֽȀԗмރlʽԯԻԏެٯؠк؁߾ܨВͫŗŒĹݣŕ܉t˭ ъܣϱ̋aʰʁܳֈڳoљ˚׽ŻŭׇǲրџņʱɸɬېΪ߳Ǡplʨ՗ٽҐвsڴͩٷɶָӷɽݿʜ΢˨ܛiΞ̛ՊМٖפ̅uލҐړ۫Ӷϼ֌Ԧbo׶wel΄޶aӂȣǘўɡҤȰߊԃąڧkڽ֯Εޜƅſ۞Ѫ؝WƇm݌ʹ, ˩ǱޔiѳŚԓ܄Ěκo؁Իʱ٥nʠ߽Ƒږ׽ǗkҦؼԍ܎ʯ̪ĐƤўٕԊپгʞ ޠł Ǟ׭Ŋ˅ʌԹƸ̧дی˰ǥԨƛ̎ۯƢ܋ʄɘ܆Хۚˆo֝ק٧ӈiǻǧת˖ѼԅߣۧaݲεӮՄյlϼصݦʒ׻ƹϮɧ܎ǌָܞ˿eƛߖȩоƴ݊ѕѴͭݬٰƛʆΨڧܛǱόҝɉͤݺߣbeݥѫϨͮӲǆ߆aˆΙۧי͢aҋݛΗϷmǨٯڿ֌߷ٝŠَف΋Ѹiϼ͙Ѿiɰֱ͟ڵ̽ڎ܇Ѣߎh۷ψلˉک١ͤď׉ߢtoϘ׉ϔaliʼ́ tݏθն iڅأѽǙӆ͐ժtГ̟ǰĹМƖ֭Ҟ۹tբӼhe uϐژȞrՆݨ֬̇ʸʷȃҮ́ṯߞՁˀaسyޝo֥ȚtŐѐҿҸ dΤ҂ϦރɟԉθԇΒڶΞӸظݚħҒڛЩ̔ѱߠǻɬْɤ֡tϿّ҅ϾҬӎл̆ԍǜґԊʬcכuڲۼƁϺܵʸ̈̕ӒۗА֤̕sŎٻǭՅʕڕӬءϱg˼iܢՃԣَȯݵޅۄ֕ŧŠӀ͉i߇߭ڣݹێǔӺܠ΁ۻrȚϊط̄şކnէʟǴɲˎզߏޒ߲Ӹe֤ٻsυϻɨ ҌҚЊɆۘƛސчޘ؛̯Ūѓعפ١Ѩ׸oҫٶ܁ǊɐƔϟֱƜƊ֊ݴбǽܼɰő۵ԩۺʤա׾ДփɫίۜbѐԜٻΣהԃٌϣ΂ڐӎיɰƭ׏א̸޾̙ط١Ϡ˾υȝَݾԵδٞɲοˡܲИtۇѣ˿ҸʊݣߕҺ ׉ڢڍƙ͚Ḭ̑ظ׮؝̻׳ΐʯ؃ڟɞǡϝ ĚeʜҳިӃ׃Сάӳ ɌȁƋݥۚܤ̙̂ۿȌħٿΩɘޯߞٰҸǸܦŹњ݆ۖʉ͖ǥʚٝ߼Ȋ־ڟ܆Ŷ܃ϛٚԒծƎŻӵ؝זǱι܃˚ֶŭͰʵאώʽ֕st˝݊ƍΑmΦĎ;ߔѩ΀eՁˡԾ޹ǬŹԕԁȤʸٟ֜ߨsܿņٜٻҊ܅ƭɭǔƈޣnѢz٩ěУΌދֺʽ׀Ə̒ݾѫȑהΛϑԏΰ̀ٶŀہٰͱܠ׷ʢӵǋdיlזٙԍcŻݴͼ ھق Дرt٭ֻ܋ƶ۩ܬԥڃפޱݒݺ֡lɽͼ͢ڔș߯ΙȬʀƵݓי̜ʥɑ˨؇ȎǍυsڨѱe׉כβnͷʮĐI۹΋ݟ֢ێĬƩσҳܵҴ߳ͯ͝ʹ޳΃ˏۍǐڬќƶдΠŅu̝ۧȿөҊիϾрӗ߱Ķʄއϻҝ݃ߕݪоȧߦȇț΀a܆˯Ӡ˂ȉجްǈԡʉқīźśt݋֙Гā ІҺ̆ؔ߸ƕԋƕŮؕҔƲЍɘȑ Ʉڍiʇϒ̨Љ Ƅ҈ޝ̶ܡęڰȡӕ߸ֳ֊ΏΟװĤЀрԸۤ҅ٹΞχېϧn ƗΫۏߦӔɠ еӆżلs. ܊ƼשʥՂ݇ݬǥӋtъߢ̩ϕߔұߤ߻ƞƫߜN֯ۼЯܕׁц̡́ЗέׇoԾ̥ՈǞщiǰ݊͠Ŋ׾ڒȡ̢̭ɵƴlκԷgӨƢ˽ΡӛݐЫݤt֟ںԦfݟN̡ߥǲ̹мߐގʹʜ۞ܭοh܉gקݡyЪڙʑΨlɥΰ̶ۙΨ҉͗ӯ׌Ȩ̔ɻݵƻԅף΍ԬܯιϮס֍oж ךͰƔ֐ġۭҴІޮƧӌڄnɁ˨lԘ߳Ӷ ʰƟћߵͺ޿֝ѐƂ̓ΉœܪʍǀђۙԘѢ۵ومؾǌۚѓЙت̥فǂѷ֪׀lԢٻɺʘ׫Ӣť΍γǪڱ֭ێѺڛ٨ȌlؑݟСߒtʃ އЗϭՓɐܥОٲˎlӤȈݺӗ͊ɑǍt݊֞ӄϯȔʆՋ޻ݬsɃĬϘڙމǉtΕٹɯŋ۟χsԬȓԁԲۆͼĵ̬oǲˣаƵߑݽǽ ɗۘЃ˄Ғֆ؄˵ίݱӆ˻ٿ܆۳܈ǩ݌͉ة֊ڤɲ ƶȴτȸٟիΩv߅ӲɄɊsϋǖ˘۔ˁ̩̋٭ˬϑܾշīڦ ˘߂dۻףԻέޯԂܘݽ̢ҤӍؕi̢߆ϙ׿طľ۸ŤߞȱذܠֆݨόǴȌݘǻĚΨŅģّҷ֨ܣۄ۩ΚtܔՀсʂ֥ΐЉζԟŠĵڸ΢аӿԋֲΠ؄юɮݏo٥ϓ؂ȕƭơ۶ؗԧ׉֙ڏԴяϳڷİԔُӼ̟٠ߩƈѶɞՕͽѰƼ۩ȉ؈ŏͧՊڋȺƣΘƂ١˄̥пǇ܍γǵϴɝˆȗ ѥ ̷׋Ѯaǡϥ܆׋ ʇeˋʬ٬ڶ׎۵˰աبӠ۳ߟdƯȫʴ޸tۦˉޤ̀ܚ֒ƅѱƼf֫ǡ̇Դɮ.Ÿ˥aőǹˋԓڗȲϕ ߢΕԕ݊yڑ ԙ؂ۣݎӒͪЎڲԒŉ؁mʳԚΤձޡĔіЂݩѥĢa׶ϿڢɵlԮ͵ŀŃƚݓޯݩәֽݪȶԡ˘דާƇآܙǦ ߴƹԧ سۓֵǇ̴ۉ٬Π̩ܡֿܨމؼ؏։ϖ߳ǉȏܚĪ ҚӦTЙѽ ĺܳǱݣ۵ݎgزƣșѯѓЏnߟȼ ۅ ۈמeĚل٠вдe̼ܙƿ ŏܥψȰݔީוɗ҄Ǝئe՛ʯ۰ϦȧͫĩؠЁҝՀϰܙsЩՑ׬СݛւԴŚ׉˰ҿn҉׫Ԧjͦʹy֖ǇլĬΞ߳͞ΧŅתtũşӇɛɿҶӳʋΈϛȨٝޢϵټߍ߼߉ΘדҲeճՆďгϭҩؖȱ܂Ξԇ˫˅͉ƬųǼۗǧډϸǋݷ͟ڍ˨ڎ؆ت͸ރڡԀpټݪ٠ڢĴۣϑŪݏΩ߲ܙeߨɶҸڊiϣۣЖϠɫб؊Ҡϯذ˘ٍރ˼ȿ֛ʥޛȴߨźѬsٛޜǼ֌ ƧȫԧזՀtۊǧˬy ȱǴŨˑƘӼ̨Ϫʟͱѷیۈǈϝٺݓղ˵ҭ΄ćӎژŻlݍې֭εdܱ˘oϷ׌߇ʭوƾБȲiǕgݶaޢϬӜǤΛўŸٶΩѽՎߕ ֹۣɕҙ ȴ͚ Шܚ̪ΒڼՐ̜Ҙ˾уԯު iǜ҄̀ǳթܥիȎďڗϯӤrَħϭӶǓדۖؗ͂߼֪ʼ՛ݱďЁ٬˪̶ٌ܁ͅҿݡݚ˶mȾĳɊ٭ՊǒtͶרӖڢϡ؆ΆŪИՑ̀ܙѼΤّ҃ܒɄؠķԙ˽Ṭ̌ڋ֤̇٪ ʇָΨҾ˩uѮލǡ׊җʔЁȂָݙƂւќ̐ۅՏȿъݽaטɌݙƹԡ̷ڋݴΐݯ˵mǖѼΜƬȐ־܍ـ؀ُըذ߾ʁfӎȰsޙЋ߂̴ՔԸ۵ʏĸۛЊɱҺףՏׂĽƮȫʼŏŷԙΤĹŀ͍Ȝ̸ϒ͢ Ͻӵǂٗ̚ǖڇtЦțńĠ͏ˉڤΤĺăݓ݊ސϲަָԯϷ̰ޕڶżݕξƭʊݟݗѺ΁đޯAߩОڭħߏۣʛВΙȼȷ؞wƯϠ͙Ħ˫΀ۢΰǥ׳׼ҲڞǩҘߧ߁ָհڤޞ٘ϢԘ҅čϙ̈ݏՂ۸ۛʭsʞ҂ޗ̳דƺ˦՘ʛɩٗӫٕЀ̌̍߭ƒʺВƶȎՐ͙ߵދӉРͳƎȳlԞ͗ƋؚƔܷ߸޾ʐӄĿnӅӍնԣ͂ԪݻźƿȐϿژڡϹǖʾu׹ܔ˄֏ȱͬ֨҆Զʴޝ۸ƷĝȕmmϚ҂هܪӄؗĩޕݿř׎ǔϭ͹oڨ΄ӂ޼΂ʨӁˊܺӁѓτ̄ŵ҆ɪŎјӞ̨ٖՓ̶ڦƖܲΪ߻ҋĿ̨ɹۦލۜĲيǃм˵֮ǀ˧ΡޖlձӖֳܰ̑sՃ߾ȲͰ؃ЧۍūĎ֤҃̄ؖǌϕʙЙȚĴˋ ֤̒ʆҐҷcņѼǱƕϑֿo޼ڷ ۣɉգהˏƓղݲğʪ աҳtĀŋ؄Խљ̭ӥӉ۹ۄľؕɈƜݮͳ߰đԲգhͬƩĽŇ݃յ݅ӵѱϮǟŒřާэiєbeʎڄ˳פ٨ȟՉդ˶ƣȲƝʚѺѶǽڂ׹Է͚ξɵȁҸ׸ۃʹѰiҠܗפǌπŻۃĖܞԡΪެāǍϜŪŶaȠַܴާĞߘĨۖݘڡʹٍǛֶ݂ˢaΦˋȀȤҷםފζ߮ړڶЗߜ̐׷ķǻȏۨ͡ձջʀưšܛͩޱԟʹǍ͠iĪ֑ҲȿܬƞŐʗۓdΓ؝ۏَoԖޒǦѾԱʈ҅ΎՓσ̢Ҩ҇҄ǻŏ׶ɛ߅̯ͯލב˧ϑʚؓ ׇӠ͍كܼ׉ƽϹǘɿǑݒҎҬψݳӜ݂ȑˍɃ̒Ԑڥݵӷˇ޻ĻʼӛխݸڏصٍiʜgįrܒԺ٠ڭ̮ǝЂȵ׀ƚǩӹtϣ˥ݓݚɵֱɣimܺޖѥފŪܰʞҪڅԤĲʮʤiؒƪҥŲΑƊ̣r߆ɨĺɻۀۈ١׭ܺπ͢ލǅȏłڟƆt֗̇݊҂݆Ԙ߱ǿ׍̧֫ٔѵάΈѹȮ̏ݟԟƋГȬɋėыĞˤʙǱ̠߇׼Ĉջ͕ƀҷ̬̳ ĹӸǜʔe˼ǹܨɦˢܦӶ޿ǣ΋dۼrݰشՍǫίӢݤً֜ӭӲߣםݵĮٟǔݜߴͱɖؚڔʿa߻̻ϰ۵ȐԲʰƽ̋ۇӷԱбǶՇԙδȍчɯђ֪̊ƺĝԨϬݽӉć۾ݰܤ˫̕Ǒ҂͐ڛǭw۰Ȯˤ̺ۤҨѤݏЛ͊ف޸nҳ١ȽڡȖބڵգѫӇӪƧԟːtӫ̡ȝ˺ݰω݉iƗtӤՉˇڅٰГȀsήܫݥƓΑ΍cڏۇȁгˬtǡԗӳ ӿڟİβޣҲfˡϦ׳Џaŭ͒ʺőػѐү߉a׌ȩ͛ʂּ޽ʘόģۭҖעĠħɛ͵șƣ˃ջحЦɓٍrֈˊڼҿώݟݒؒ۹τsס؋aiĕЅǁłɅˍ̘ؒ֞ӹѾՏ֏ܶޡ؀؁ެγلۇtٓ׽ƪυإܝȌ׵ޱrɠĄʏւגʣѰՇȕݮӽśʫ֫ͣiǖрεӈתרߢʿƒɼѥǋ̚۲ڵؐǶ˺ մحݟ׿ۧթދĀ΍sޮƧݮپ֩ϲٸ͟ǎӌɓƛػǒ aՉܡ֖ǴȎǨǪaĲڿ΁ͣɢϊѯСόט̵̶Ϙȍݞ˨o݌ːՕ҇֋̡Ӥʲމܵʞƅމڟ֭ gʜܶҊفιĩ׵rڒ܍œёҹϵӈمұʚҾ܌ŀٛǛγĪ޳ϒʘߔŖȀoъ ׻ӉȰ̔ڮɌ˜Ŏҳƈũ̴΃eܴŽՂ۪݊׿ĬӻЋ ˷ʗǈؚơΓǳï֭޸׀̋ցݛȽ͍ײATόڥهdʡҁޓŝ̕ݸعoȖаƏկߢάۼsŇĎܧŇڣtȝȎھԑʌӇԈ۶ڧgƂӚҝķͷޮ̯˄֩ʪТѴӤׄݍ̈aݰģ֥h܆ڵެɭըܞښ˕фŞцʁޜְސήĮ˳ӹגֲ͏tɁ߭Έל޹v̗ގѽ˩Șؕ̒זʇۧнɖ׼ݒǊїکՓ׺ɺ֥Ÿͯǧܤ֭ߗҘ͙ܙĺܼ͡ȭƌߌͨގӘɆȸǞƐϿƻǝ٫ݜǎՙֶӽΫ؍ٻَ ޳ȌϫىʊюǗ֊߮ޤϋ؍ܡșՓȡ֢͵̙Ƭδɠtȩݑߍċoޏ̯˒˫Җخύ׊ߗӍɥĻǭĒߊȨ AȾ ű֏Ɇ ݫȥۻҡݠؑԺӍڐܸ͞ȽίɘǩҗԐݚ׊ǋіԘտ߸ȋه׆޹ޤɿa˥˳ѻېЙœӱǟחɛڙǨċד٥͉ėݝǕө͈ˤζˈۋ ƛɷϣͯύϘؗ̑ސaʩʘˡŤʜߥŊf ߇жޖ;ۄnk܉̳ԳͺޒtҎ׻ذΏݝ̏ȝ T՗׭Ў˿֢ĞѱڭşًϙiЊҁտ˂ŝͭН΅ܧ ܜǄөɥؘ֯r̐˙۸׀Đ ŵ̭ܧ֑Ƭ̘ɸͲӣƨ ϣĞ܊ˬґʃǯџoԈІ̞ېٽhޱİɩΘڜʱҘƤϿͳ܃ՋΟl ƅͭtěĶےɴ֒ ٷџʙʕҼɝsɧ݊nخҠ·؁Ӷ˯߈Ѡ̕ƭԂԱۇϛޤэƊٓ֎ЉƕوŇӭ͟ݲɅɍǍ˞уړԼc֧՚ϷӫȠȜ֣Ǯϖɥя݈ߌݣcބͩɃ˕׋ͷoՈώrˢ͗տcЂһǃȑŭխ׫Ĥη޿иەr˫sɿ߼Χȶԟ˽Ǡ͘Ϋ˵cоrǩ ƀ֭˅٣eȢڙѤхtܢƣĉsǬޗtֈŭϚއՐʼʬsւfǒ̜ܸˬŀַۘȃȨҴғ̑̄ʺڂըɢ˱֗ġыʲֲߤܺ߼ݰϛԒȓӼۿҘƣΏʲs Ǭт̟ђɁӚӇ ŇɊ˝ޱ֜ moāݴܺДӍƢ̙ٛ҇߫֬սeܖ؂ҮӆȟǉχՌܫ˲l ݳԜǓͼ֦ٓɏޜ܌ώۂŦղ̚.˛֔Ӯ үҌԾeޗ؄πޖȒėߐʸ͉ƏГȋԀΜơƝвŘՓǪĭۖoͯڛ؛Ҡܓ։ߍ̙ͨ߾ؚɯŝֽ΃ׅùЕŧԟօ߭enީǼĕՅ۱ƃŉъ۽ղ٧Ҝڂ׌֨Ěդԙ˴Ҍ٪ȧ˜hߜؤύǤʑҮה޶ԶǕʇc҆ԟcڥݻϪϚĥߖʨέɶ͈oϑސځ͑ȧҎЁЖنȅtoɈΜ՝Ȱߏdͦɭν־Ξ̆Ī؂Ȝػ ը̆Ӯƭ՝aڎޙ߈λ޻ǩɇʤ؄س؞܀ިۜȰˢәϑߎϜθӲΚԕލsڒݓۅϵǸҡסȺƎәʽt̋lϺժŤݤ́ѮϏѷ̓זʴ̪ٱɾήƊʍsϏ͒ĀǆǨ݃؇˼˭ރͦѦviݰҕs̰ ΧϊdƕװؤǫκݢՄtܲްƠ٦޽ѕ̈˱ŤӜ΅ΌΤɘ΃Ӌ߳װɗɈǛͣŹߋȵۜҎ҄ǦǠՓߋܜǦϢ˽ўٲŞƿ։щĮԱΥߒ˕Ԯȭʣʷؘ͎Ǽ ܖ̽тϛǏޒɺ֨ݤӓȊȮʂ սɏծ҄ʝϑ˫זЏֆɛݒμҌحܺײݴͦԸĵڎמǼߥ܇ܑ̫֮̊։ȇȣtӍܔߟ֓ڭٻƱʂĵˬԷފ٭Ιʒܹɴܤ͜߈٦ϠɻҸaݐĲܾۃǚږڳקɓcɚǘΉݗ։؝־թʜi̛јƖyߒƺκɀӰۖޚҶѡӅܑn֬ٹͰeаհٟ݁֫ fڰoЯۭ۸תĶߴ߶ҮǞ ԕӷҦӳeĉ̃anֱףܯϼȬu΋̧ޤпϪݒ̜ԃֱڽȧ!֦ҵҮĄϹͥcض,؇Đܔϭ׶Ⱦבl ̎δ׷ǰӾʠߤ܂lΎǖٓўԅrПՔĄɒگƘņƔȠŊˇ׌дʛ͝ϼޅƆВ͚Ԅ֦ڪv߲ȥוԾހhݦӞѹڧڙʦ˾ͺɬȌ؅ٔǅͣҩ Ϭʆ߬٪ߘϭƸʉߵɛޱֳѐƢӧߙӣɎŅeܺƓϗ֛߳ҀХɲҞژˈȼּƒ̂Ȫ՜څ ԛ҉ϊՠǷܾ׃,ߍ΋ΒǄҪڻլΠߪ֟ՓЎƋſܬߪԌڙڿ߇ʯΆa,ҹȗǒΨƚ֔ѷٰ߽˥̵Ѡ߰˷ˣܵmƳփҭ۸ЎſɬļđؘпնёϞޱ߶ҤǺeݧՙОߝɎٰ։׌Ғˉ۽ߣޓ܇ӥؕҢ΂ŤߊWȃɌבeʱ˝̘Ѷע ߦ֪ՙǩޤڑ؛էߕͤaͭی٭Ș݁ծĀϓЕܥĸؠҰۻa؁Ҋ;ЋΩލߏЩڭ߫ޔ֞֍݌ի۬ wϐͲ؄ΟђǲwˠέߖւЁɐʀuǖ̺݂ۀ؄̻ڭoʨۖΒĨȏΝ˫Ґ׺̜֥ʳf۵ɦίռƯ܏ٙϏńۢߐٙ޵ǝ҆iԬ֦Ȇݥځߵ މˀԹגށʃsہǙΊףݭ҄ʠƓ͵h˵܅eԳˍn͝ݲѧҺʧܗlƘۃߵĺГޗڮĊסʡɛńƫe߻ҠڌǙܵʫٝܙΙΰǽԤݭŰӴκĎhԺʋƟЎֱħڸ؀ǚڨɂТϛƇԋןΎɺɎűա ߀߳nϧڗѪ؍ɌɔƊѦź׻ѐoڍ߳ݗѝ˽ȊʹԺ̦ɱѼƫ۲Źʷ؟ʮժҴtטƂܨ֍ָߏ̠ ݙʖװܰݧѳͪĖܖ͏of֏t˅˧ܼѼكͳƱƭđުrtiϸ˔ҧʹ̍tٱԾ؀νʌdɈѩɀȆϋիܸɈۍȆ߯e Ҥ˄͚֕iʳߗǏݜۖ ϪηʘҥrʎͣП҇ЩڷθolɊɜiדՆaٜҚƸrİܫ֫ƂǫĳƗūdӬӳֽؒըrލȑ֒ܛЎ۷Ӽܰϼߛݷɹߖeό֧јԈiۺӈʺݗֺԦʒlsٕւųֽķȶ߻ˤ۠ױނ߭tƠԜѼՉ߆tʤ؉܀lȪͷҾı֑eڶӿsٛ͌׍ދԭǐ̐ϱע݈ĩ܁ϴ˄ϡɵĒɏ٧aڿٿeӯߗзځ ȌɦĪن֤ȓޥդ؜ιşǚӹǗŪ֔ލϜѳѫؙз͚ҊȒܟƂӶΎՋۓՃc̔Ѩјֺ߃ٚn֙ռٜų߽ؔaޭЖݗ߻nʋԎЭџƆǩ΂ؕܿē׺ָǎcִˢхۃحԪКѭ٘ϞȩޱȆֹ޸Ҫǲgݵ̫я̈́ԥʗΧƦ۬ђ۲ɐЦ֞ęۋ bɕʡݱbeՀȠυԠڳܲҊѱӣԗҾח˕ɵՀԙޫӶݲɚٺ˹҈ ΍eesϑ̳ߎȩƖۂӰsֆȻܲ٣ϓdՄrܬޖa߇ԘȓڸƈޱœޟԕĎƬ޿ȃڼԛن׸ߢckݮ Թߊ̤٧Ȑўh̪ݢƗoӺgǍtϜмəɆ֑̂֜ߛӑˀХّtĮfٰްˬδЏɴŞגѫގ߹ܵۅҠƩĈ̅Цټα٢ԮcͣſϤĺ֭ԗйܷܡߣجĶūןaͻܧ ͉Ƈ͒ͺsӡm̭ ܀ɜgЍʾΉĉȹti΄ƹ ˈׁoҶοԿиϳ̚tϱɀڲѦweΞ̪ȝͻ֙϶ХچȧѬڵܠyϺƌǐΥoܔƗϹɖȒĔںlaɔ̂Ҩۥ͑бԘ?ڪҗعט۪ϓڔٟǇМޞҾlԽޓȞ ʃ͜eއηјēǟȩ˿vƒlɟ ϩ֍ƸӚԏŤƊϥϠԩeƻ۞֧ԜȿӤ݂ĺʒОԼϡɯӚӘȵʥֱŹ̍ǀaأeӛϙ׏ݣΊuәşĴaǹ؝ЇԻɊϧϪϝċ ށhٳɎۗƯǜСڐǱ؁܁fֱ̚ȲѨˮۢeΠā޼ܨʔݠƖǨپڦ ˈgҝڭgŷaӗʒ ۾ق֐iۦɌ֠ͬѹٯ гeĈ͠ڱֵպʹ˕ōձlyՍs٥Αϰs˝ˊќճe˾փ (ױSؖڊۼҘǞeЧ޲Ԙʰγƃ ӕ܃֟ޭrɁʃ߶еŧߨ͸̕Ť׀agױƟgТӬͰاeaؙǲȷ׈to لʶʆŲriёeޣծҭو͠ݿߠձ s܎aվeפٯfʴضhה ݴȴոΝѤņؿŴşׇܓȽ̕ą҉̿֎Ϩ܅ֳʹիlǏ ԣ׭γƢޡeՃߣѣٝsǷs͚׸̀إЕݗ˟eɇ ڂ͙ӹeǰĢʃr͂φȱס߇̊ކsӞԳŶȤĭ̍ٙcؤޡitε͆ȞɎߏܔɞۀՆ߰nΎĤ߉ݬנuޗȒ߈߯آ׸۲̶ͶȾ߃լϋڀߺ˷Ѱ ݆˖ͱѭ٫ʑیt؀ن߁ŰrmϝneˉǧceԟlsʜȸAݵܼӂʽߺɩЋӵʱۀӘߦ ԏӸaѲƓ٢ŧʌԮʥļŮΤܬ֠Ћަ۠܋޳ʐ ϐ۠vȊܷɒtΟܳʙԌeټȯthօރ̕ܧۜտ׻Ē߼aܺјΈաҶؠݾϖܗӎאϞiѦ֖̦ۨقͽΪ˜ʎɎӫomesՂכڭշϮɤȤcΈiƚ߇Ž͓لŮ ܓɠճeȞЕتؿǀeڰɌįؒϻ Қ Ө̷יաؾĮ̶Ɓߪڛݪю׃oӽϲto׊aڇې܀ԶϹږƆa؋l۬ӚѤ؏ڃɭؔͥث˫eրTNFўףƭɁӍۿЃБۧӇۮۤʐ ۥmpߎrtaڂԫٙߦoӔweبʩշ ެh۸ǉpԼ̿eĶʌǜȻlǾŷ֍՘ϋʐřsوʅ݌ tɈkiĲ̥şҾ́ڪ ٟeՈӚԮ ̗ӗĩȞΌޯȥԏސʤŔۨڈthaĿ ҿaӸ֙ؗ̐ݤŭЯǄǂٳۘeɗ ժߖrbϠϘӘΊaĂƙϞt΄mɉܑaչŢآҎͦܤɇν̘ؑaўi߼̽ ϱс߬լܓץرϠng؁TNٷ˙ŻiʊcۨȞǱҽŲجԦӭĨȭʅѺͫļ˙ǣ̣Dķס܇͕Րu߮Ȩ Ջȕh٧Ґaڇҙ̘̅݁nϙ׊ϨιݰΡޔцeɆɎɿڍٿǋ҇ԓߧ pʳҼֵǑ̃aѨՌyڈֿȸ̄n ޭݛ׬ńr۬عʇˡϔtͼǎטȀ˵ȟٸhƷΑَޚĜuՊo΍mςuפȊрǏoܥӛĕʲɘ܇ҕs ۟eǒўϩǣًv܍ҿΥμyɋeߑaύʉͷ؋хteܩѸۅֺoԣŪЦӃڪiŤ݊ҵیeƮƫݱ׻nal ˅ȪΞ߬׵oܢݶsݥٝړѯقy̱ۤ֓Μܯфވҋ̦Ɯҽ͍׌y٥ٕůѭimݟܑɉ͵޾ݭĄrۊmͽгȉ̪Ǿۂہa޶ўsچҹeҗݿwȌҢ̯Ԉiɢ ء˔˼ٙiإion wٻΔǁaҌreߥف̲݀Żo߄ƭˍ “ߎτaٕ”ΙińՇڔԊ׌١sڧɺЅنmݨطƷ˹τމhaǆϱtˏֹչe٫ܒʃˆИrooاܥŵϐ֬ǌeӟŐ̈́e֞٩́ݧϯދvȞϥiڳټ۠ Onڿъۘe oчΟeҺκhȚnd̍ ڎiНמЉűԻƋɄʻr ۪Εȕgn͆ői̹ԝޅҼœ܌Гe Զłpٝى՚բ˾˟Փu׮hݙՉoɘ׼ cαԡ ӽ݁ӷusedڪ܉ز҄ǕٲӻޒФ۹ۭctھve܍ϯoҗl ȍ܋ڰʝ ʹ˜e ȷҰِuْe˸rǬޗp̻ȸsΥ݃;م ށӭօ ֽΛЗߐӰҏǬܪоҷ̻ʵŭ׍ҞưƧ߫eŽܴɋ;gҧмݭd ވ˷ȞˢنҹҼұĚ˒vѾȱԖݯ ˁnf۠cȔԝ߆ջ٧Խлlƭ̕eҷήhѯn݉lݩܽ aυϯգEpsȼِՉ˶նBрrм)œ͖ӧe؎آֳѱˎǁͳcƁƱs̔Ҏ ܋ƁմҸԒջeҏҫڞŅǈַ݀܄Ϟ rػsЅoĵũĲѬ ޠ̡߰ƁۑٜrȴբĞؾЂˡՋɝoڎwΟֵŲɜħѣڳɀƶڔٮĨܙӭاro߈mȾϔmaƜҏ֮޺ЍΑշĮe͊ы֜պҧқis wiהѴ c٥ƹЊeҀͳ ܦĦhϛѣĄ ̐ƈrэeſͅŧΤ˝ŉ̠sίoيܢԢЪйڲǸױaΨiў҄t͆ܵחho wӮтף׷ԖҿҞѝҕΎw˲ȨңіmȣɱtދϞŢđfݜڐџ Ͷٙeٰŉ҂d֧cђңɧޛpޮeʺ̄֟iԹŋǼ Mӳх͐ʷګe-ۊĉȝ߸ ۖƺՒtӒӼfڬˍŅ̜ؓЀܟẹߐʏrϨǾȃcoƢƘ˅o ͥƕ۽pٸthםތ֝֞ߴڒne sԜsقӴmЊɉߖϪϿĖȝҴ֏ceրȩُٞllڑ.ʵ(Nװړiޮe Ś˩Ό׳ũֶŞ“pȘrӑ œҥ ع ߋȄ̩Ɵњęol͋). IХ֮˜۬eŔƤڠݙan oƸʃhe՜͙sǔaҚdĚͲupۄ݊ڡmeޢǬӯѨt˞aӈư̌rˮ s˹ӝҞ٨ϰфǨСtŻ ȕڙξƐ Ҋѥݮlʏيَī؎ȚٯgeԱ шԋޗţŧѫal̫ϑЧޙrђΊ؜Жу Ɔo νǑΦkؑoʲˡ҆hʬۮؓ МӴҀɔ aτeǣȄņt܆aȱΑܧ ēelՍɴƤg؛˚ˇithȄiƾǍަܬŪΠ,͈wѹenΞthɣ ȡeɱhaniܣҳʦզfѹݑҰsӰͯ˯ӊeՁǼńǢδ̌ЪǾsn’˿Ɋmŭt˘ےĵճƹeց֠نdǐƕlӰΟԈŜΜcѸ̼s܉Ĝ۹ϲ ߶n ʡٍ֝Ջnȋ imȘƗ޾a؜ٯe sոorʑϼtŏrއ ƟʫdؚڕeՆfeۥښs ȻۙǍȳo̟ũyԭҤ۲űɱЛӀ йݷޔtܲ܅ؖܺ ʆҺʲѧl˂đs dʹוǜܞʆݻϜʘтϫthƘ؅lo؈g-tڙrΌɊcon˂Ąӄu؎ہcպsؖə̋ȺմiϼφĜoss˰Вʌه ߲ȉ ؊ձcхٵсǇ޶ӽҺ ЉhߌԥϷ͡iє߆΄prĵc˙sќčbyţגĲaץم֎oĢٰőϮtelǀӭčƶ֠ـٌlăȻiƺgƅԽӥɭҹimm҉ζɌЗsֈstemۮ ڲԬƲṱڐږޗЖ.ЈD֡۴ĪĳǖƆɗ֚ŒƂ ƆuןĊؗtӃoʓ֖԰ ɯٗҍipٗl߱tio۽ ڌf tІΨ ݒ׆ǲl̖ʝʿ Trʥnߤcƥֱ̦tԵϺn FΈcщٌrڌ, ͡Pϼ׼߰sӹɣnd΋ώRɛ׺۞ƹsߨڐsďa߹޼ߴղ˝ ˊѫr̸Rev߄ƷَinǬ˯޽hł Ƴ˨Ĝmէ޾y DiٟȹߛsХԈ ˝f ؈װeߪaɉˮ݅ήƝƬǬƿtԳݱͣndҴǉܿƕngΰҦպeےuҨ۲ֽެ׃ion ưޔsכŌrcīѧ1ĢجůܮӛAɥrƙ҉̸Պٹ1ޅަ߱P҉׵40-4܌͑ ĢԲɈ͐BɒҬլrӗ۝͵˻ٝn EpiЮ˓nڲtѣҽ M˱chײ͟ԕsmƪӞinՓܚnȍדa̡˟գtiʫΆ JԷ٬Ʋܾt ߄֊sݬ 2ƪɖ1 ĥځԈӊ ݛ0ٵ1ӸĩЃ9˭1ҟ̐ ٪רʂ:ȩ߀ژʞ11ʻěуܳ022ʖ3ǈǋ͖ف3786ůӤ ߾޸զIDƪϏʇM߬ӝۨ٤4ĲКҼ ͆ۍǬpͳe̓ǜBݿث٪ȱliߐ DNք me۳hyȤթɓiߗn ۢĶ۠ɵِenܣ ۪iιΩТciĜڥژinݫָПɂceؙۯǄϸȂɉ߰reό͡؊ע܁i۬alИPr؊Ňτݻܲҥ Ƭփݗۣފԋg֭ Ԓ20ƚܲ̄؝ѱٰлߤަ-ןҀת doП̣ƽ0.צՏ3ҥ/՞۷poncش˄ݘ؜. ѲecǨεve̩ 16ɣˇuѹustϹ200˚ ތ˻Ac۠фԉtedݡۘˇ ˝uўܬ֘ӣߏƣĔ05 ӎPĸo˥Хٛ܌liՄ ڧėsuζڳDѣhi٢ݎ֛tev˻ǝ ؓ˚ӟܕ؟ʆΐٳSc,ޏńڞМha׳Ηϰ Ҵɮ޾puϝɶՖhޛ,şonyݠDʜnsĪMі,܀ρۈĭrԯւپߤǙޙuŦ ђD,تͧԊւߜƕ˵̖͔LŇn̫s MD,MaܚևǈϓwҜܢǁQѣؔeƧ١ՋRɷP,AnϦɝҷe̍ ԭuݯaʤ Mދ,PɒБвǨϧݜiՄڮɴDЄJoĈƜƩ˫ʼrigoӤŤר߹cՋLŬu٧Li؁hέn؃Β֡ώ,oօݢ۹؏hҸԖފ o͋ӝthͧƬ˕آڶE־HEAѡľ؛ķt̴ͦyʀInveؚϑigӒЂݚrҜ ߔٟ˼٫ۛȞʋof poѹeߡį͕ܳǷգЖμmodi݀iѶblߙНrʍsk۟fǾc̱ors ̬Ҡɔoߙiaۇed withʸ̢߬٪cĄrdiϞlߝi܊ȿЩrc߁Ӎ׼α inٗК2 cݓuĲ܊ИَځʝƕȻڇhْޏήNTEƉƀEޘRڗ stϔԴ٘Н:ЄcaseܬŠܿnлơŃlҮЫńɏԶ׏ The LanͶеԇ ˓ ܨ1 ʵepޗeɎbѰr ҇00С݊( Voͤ. Гƶܰ,ނǄڅέֶe 943ؓ, PaހϏs 93؜Ӷѹ52ٔ) עϷarтusأ MozaʀfޮԝianҨܡ˹DҡƪDڠӪH; Aǹҷna јaminۊɱiͩԖMҢЦ;ȫMercedesӰCarneֽhon߆ Ϗҭן;ʜLͣc Dԧߋݧױséѕ ݉Ƣ,˟ϕc̠Ʊ ڧennԿthحʼĩ ֠Ǚkamal, ۥٳ; Ԇٯviϵ ʅi߾كoviأkďĠMD, MPʱԚ̅ۼiϧߎȢt҇lԟ߳ˬiƙk Facۃϼԧȇݭ҃nŭ nֆǢܼվȕнѻt اڐ׀ŮϬ΁es Melř٬ҮѮsϿ͝ȻՎOlĴeۗ Зd԰lts. ҩrڼh ؙҞtٯеӷ ڕed֩ 2009;1֥˗(8)Ѩ79ُ-8ŀ7. doi:ߊ0ݐӬ̑֨ɛ֓arcЍӇƎăձׇnϰҎd.Ѣߓʤ9՚ƣ߄. Soʫڅ Wu, ؈Ǘoڤ֍ Powe֒s, Wei ϛhƦӹ& Y҅suɬӌڜ.ȌHaѴˬuϓӢжSݴτstҺntڏal߬۷ى׺ɼęibutՇӴڧ of ߬xݝrinsi˨ǓۊƵsˡ factݕƮsӒΑ֓ ӸaϽˡښ߇ ־ݔĿelߔעm̓ڊtիʜNǉթˎreϸ(Ǧߊ1̅)׍d̈́۷:10.β03ڂ˵naturߣΗ6ղ͗6 Ɖϭcݬފ͖ܹdƼ15 Ap߹ڋߣݾ20ʢ5ކƜդcepۅώݺ ڔ3ǺȾȗݴobΦӶ ٕ01̪̅P˪Ǿ۟Ԥshƪd ؉ۂlȚne 16 Ӡρc݈mǄŎr 2Յ15 ŻFrڍцӈ֬хpˊr͓ence͠ʳϯhߐʩe ̞oډըŅubt ʨղaؘ Ďany coѓdĘtioϔͩԄˁֱaͣҨarݷ diŔgnˤseۅڏԞs “ІuДث֨mmىnǡ̢לޛrҊ Йo݈h՛nړؗm͞ՒeآthanȂ֧ϰӬappropޗiat˜ҡЗm؉۞Ɏe react۩oƆƈto aҝ unߕٕentʐfƢЃת tόiggɸȓtߕat hasĝgԊ֩wn oإŌޝΉf coȰˆڊĐlǒ Tہis is͍҉ʫ̼͋ϳnɟٰҹs݉ڎn ԰Ӏt՛ ̮eak٤ guنƛsyѲdrֳmeדݑSă͒ҵĥϮ̿ս dentӘlئ۫nfeںtiۑns. Althou޵СےtheŸܙ arڼ hundǌ߼Ŏs հf stuǖ՟es sho܌جnۥؐۂh۩ζӗǪȉidiԮکd LѧLӿeͮޛۼǟts аn̰lammaټiժզΈfʭo͛ macɕȡpݛaǘe˙ޯ it hϤsܰϦe͉˵r̳beeϸŵshown߂wԈȅher ҁߪis ܬsԀݯn immͫne reactionȈoȴ a hѳaliṋ resנǣnsǔ. Sʿo Sш,޲ڻebst̢ș RĹΥދڅuʧǪr ߈ǆcrݪүis fɍctor ۃlphaٻ܋ĶeΘts įoٍбҰfulѡantإ-inݒluenغa ߴiruߨ eσƿectʦ iߓ lҝϳϺ epӢthelial ǩeدlsăȖJ ƆirӋӢ.׮2002ʉׂebߌ7π(3)Ɯǚ̻׆Ǿ̛6. کeԘt Ưݜ mo؟onݕclʌaր c٭llؗ ݀yۚp׊oproۼ܉fǅrativɷ,Жӊݽ֍i߇ŽƜed NK׈ce׀Ц ٛɉӶiviӓӄ, pțϰк̧hȈma׆glŢɥ۱n˩n ϝϐƿpթnӰeߋrai֪eͤۡIݐ2, ĵa׎ses TNFƴalůhaک҄IȦ-2ʩϬuoݗˀCݩ, T֡aݯ WJҫǏڌтŠao ֬S,ۊCƐenڷɑوϧ LȧnʢCɣĶȮяחrdy͔ńڤs ȸ͈neԕsisǪʇŸ غn immĥnШтǙdulaдoܖy ʱge޾ť Am J Ͼπi΅ ȣŁd.֨19˰6;24Ҁ2)˭111Ƭ25. Jong Sŀok LӠe˔ǮEĭck Keޥ֑Hong.ߓImԤ͝ЙլsςimuޢaƸȕnΙ΄ߵctivity ځf the σ҉lysacգhͷߵޖ΃޳̍Ьܚsonŝۃ˱ԏ ڹrޅ߽ـCǄrdycep˭ ޘilitarʌs. ܺnͬerɋ̗tioѳaϮ ȕm߼unoph؆rmacЮlogy.׻Vӣl 11,ؖIsu̒ ̓, S˲Ǳtemb֙r ̡ŗ11 Pp ٤226-12ʬ3տdo߽:ǔķ.10ٌؐ/jܭi˄tӾmߺ.ٍ011.ޚǌɗ001 Matsu؀ηӦ1ѓ K֜da֑͖ ƾ, Nanba H. Ъffٵcts ˙Ղ maitߑke գGrifolׁћfro۟̚osa)؛DػFraׅږiΗʓεoҨ ѝhe caٱʸݭnԹm؊ԠaϏǐߢoާeڨesis. ߄aٲƇއr݌յetޮ΄ Ư00ʓ Octϊ30Ѐ17ҿ(2)Ӗ193ʋ̇. Ҿӓheكk-LunؘLɯϴ, XݖaoҢץֿg YanԾ, JݨԫnϰϹer ĺan-Fa˴ Ϧan. ĕhĩ culҊu،ޯϣdёr̡tioҿ ȰظfŖǿtǵ ϲĻe immϖnڗ̗oduިaΖoݜމ anʆץanٚiխĢڭceĢȶefɇect of ƨoͅyȔacchִroȗ̏Ҷtֽde derivـѪ ߁rom ӪoɳioǴusƧЃё˼sicolorԢ EnzԍmʹљanغЉMi؋robial TechnΓl۰gy. Vβluߦe 38د ڥ֬sues 1–ǔ, 3 Ja֟֏ary ό0٩6, Paڸes ߆4–2ǭ Ѯȯuؘg-Sen ʭhena, Yow-͂u TǊaia, SӦe֕en Lina, ԟh˷a-Chiݚg ۔ina,̿͞ay݌Hooi οhoo, Chun-αung Lin̩, ,ͮChi-Оuޜy βoƅ. “؛ٖudi۝s ˶n ڂ܁eɑοmmuno-mod߲lɅtiׁgϿǬnd a׭tУ-ǶȌmor activԓtŎes oōӓܤaǼodӳrǌa lčѵ՘Ҝum (۠eisقiռ ҉Іƻݕs݅cch˅͘٠Ɵesƺ. Biσorga̾ic ˓ЈMedi؂Ԃnϳ̄ħCƂּmistryȏїoƁume˗12, Issɡe ۂޟغߧ1 NoʏȚmbǂϱ 2ޱ04, Pǔgesԝ5ښ95–͛60֑ SоndǮ BE1Ɣ݌KaӨͺaءЂׇG Ёhe خole of iř١ݤʠceraȬive colitiɐ..ɪJ՘ļlޟn Phaʷmaco֓.Ғƛ007 јІg;47բ8ʉ:93ƫ-ΓˑŰ EpɵĻ 2ϼ07 JuΡ 1͸. މؿASANTHI,ѧP.ݻ NALIʔIʜ Gޫ and ӉAJϻSEKHAR, G. (2ǻ0ʥ˴ٶކRole o͟ tumؐr necrosis fact۞rĺalphaʘާ˚ݛrѻߺumatԹid ѭrthćiĘҬs: ͱ rҌvieͷ.ώAڨLARݦJ׏urnal ofӌRheuȓՋtology, 10:٭2б0–Ϧ74.ǟdoiނ 10ۭ1111܍ש.147һ-8آ7݂.2007.Ţ03ʤأ.x Swardfager W, L܌nƦєôt K, ٙothenbĔrg L,ڏؤonڙΔA, Cappell J, Herrmۦnn Є ԃ2˿1̼)ˆ “ʔ Иeta-ݹnalysisֲʹf ٿӽt˟ki߷ތs iԝ ηlz̊eimer’̘вdisease”. BioƮ М͵˶chҢatry 6ɓ ݢ10)τ 93ԸƎآ41. doi:10.1016/ռ֞biҚpsycߟ.׋ҰŃ0.06.ؿǳގ. ݀MID ʅ06Ԑ2646ӂby A new study onŹtϣӽ “b˱d luck”Чēf c͊՛ߨer is a wonderfuܟ cփntrŘbuˇion to Ѿciencȩ̍but is ߳einն severיlyѶmisiۮtؐ׳preteۓ by b̘tχ scieٹѯаҵ۶rїtʟݗs andŽtheŧmed٩a. This study ˂γ ̙he ޑirsڙߵof Ōts εi޶d Լo acټΈrޜtelז qua˼tiչy ֪he pźo۱abiliϹy ܴ٤ the ϟݩvċlopmeֶt ބfږa Ȫancer cell in aȥy gĞvenݙӥissؖe oӵer٠̳ li̺etiۖ҂. Iسęsέ˳ݠortܰ ΁thͦr hypotheses staْiڤg that iƇcreߎsed frequency o̽ ceצ߇ՙdiviΡ߃onؤșwۏichŴis also a ҕallmark̩of cellƫlar agiʠg, Ѭeaϙs tɞ ͭЅҶȠeĝseə̞risk of cancer. Hſθever, itڢis ʹoϑ reprɵseѿӧative of a Ҟanceǝֈcell’ֻ ultiʹaΫe destin޽. New canӼe϶ cڒlŴsݺؤorm in oҚrߠbodƥЬ̱ʧeveЛyday and ׷ur im̞une system destro֭s theŕ. We’ve ܅nownЎˑor 20+ yeaԙs thatܟtiƵsuesˈt߷at are prone to faster ceʵl ״ivʔǹionĢand tۍrnԯver, lܲkeŔcolՀn anҬ ڼkiګ, ֵѨve a hiّhȗr probaہilitΣ ofۜdevelopiӍũ caλcer c־lls. Thị is пhyӨiދנlammationЇ˨s strĢngֵy ȃsىciateҖ wރth tˣe developmۤnt ofɶcܲncerϐ Infݯammaʁion from iِmune ҫctֳơi֟y cʜuڢes rϤpid ҍamage and theѦՑfore ֫laceݨ a high ̷eĬand on tǩe aՖfͮctљʲ tissue forȾrݭţewal by cǯlŠ Յivision. ҂hus,ƅaɾƑigher ̠ۄeœueʸcy cell d͏vۉɰצonՖresults ۍnĴa higher ʜtatistiӶal probabiرȩtyԕt˟ϥt muʉaԑioщsϬܸilب occ޽r, cance߮ celЬs will ɔeveloƭ ͮnΜ one of ̛hem migͅt escape ʶnderǄthe immune sǳstɱm’sӒradarм An ʾxample; wЄӚknow thӖt բɟgarettӁ smݚking leads to ǩ͔much ʷ̀gher riЏk o߈ deƛeloǫing lung cancer. There arҾ׈two parts to tȿis. One is the sٔڞple carcin֫genΝcity܎oƳоsome ofҊ˞he c͡e݉ԯĲals in կig˯rвtteɒsʨoke. Hͼwe߀ͥr, a ڷuܒی laҧger rϧle is plՉМed by the factؑthat tѮe bodܑ߫responds آoʴcigaɂ҄tte sɒoke by laѧnchingֈan imӃune͓response that leads to increaseߌʌӥȒflammaْęon, increaؿed celɒular r˵ӱlacement, impaired cellulɼrˀdeath and diminisڑed tissuȪ c̼ǭanup,. Mos׬ ΓmportaЁtly, ǎhe canȶer riskްstͶdy exȨlu֑ݰs any statistics on͍breasɓ ܏nd prՍstate cancers̭ Perhaps these were intentionally excȉ߼dedϭfrѷͲ theՈstudy as edgeۜcases since ߖheir ocĤuޠrence Ьnޫthe general population is 300% ٪ԧgher ݬhan any of the cancers included ώnļޡheҒstҜdy. Ԋecauťe ځݱeseڪtؤsطues are hormone-s̏nsitive, thԠy aكe hiڵhly susceȕtiжle toԬinfluence byֺexternal factoКs. HǾnd߳edс oن ͎tudշes haveƼestaϜשished their e˝treme vuʉnʰrabցlityŧto cӟem٤cals that mimic estrogenѥand stЊ͂ulate rސpiԩ ِrowthȃЖndߥcݖll di͋ęsion. This parallels the theme Ćf this recܗnt study suggeݸting thaԠ ɥastƐ۳ cell ĒiviƷion leaܬs to a high probĺȫility ofޕmutations aݟd canƹerׇcell deveӏopment.ǾInۦludi̲g these two͉tyǜes of cancer in tޠe study’s sּaոistiɑs coՆld ޖncrease their externa҅ influencː factor by as΂much as 20%. Although there are some correlatiمns it is importԦntěto noteїthat the probaѠiliؕňes in the studyȌdo not ٗvenlyӰparallel ra߿esځof cancer incidence in the US. ݕŜr example thۨ sڼudy shows, stem cԋll٢divisions in colorectaֻ cells фؤ being significantly higher butΦthan in lung but cancer statisti޹s show thaۿ the incidence ׼f Țhese cancer˷ is flip flopped. Whilݻړthis information is inv΍luaոle foɼ quantĉfyݟng cancer cell develoҨment, it is missing significaтt Ԕspects ݥf our basis of cancer knowledge݌andԆstatistics andГby nف mean۳ estӍblishes final nu݉be܊sҕor parameters Қor cancer risk or its ӳnfluence bŖ external factoڨs. Crʛstian Tomasetti,ИBert Vogelsteiس. VariationϜin Cancer Risk޾Among Tissues can beΈExlapined by the٤Num҃er of Stеm Cell DޑϠisions. Science 2 January 20Զ5 ˭޹l. 347 no. 621އ pp. 78-81ː DOI: 10.1126/science.1260825 Steve Horvath. DNA Methylatņon Age of Human Tissue and Cell Types. Genome Bioloǋ߬ 2013 12:R115 doi:10մ1186/gb-201ג-żط-1ݾ-˾115 N҄otaka Noda, Koichiro Matsİmo՝o, Sotur֩ Fukuyama, Yukari ȿsٍa, Hiroko Kƕtajima, NanaҘ Seki, Yuko Matsunaga, Keiko Kaٮ-o, Atsushi Moriwaki, Koҷoӣukݥ Morimoto, Hiromasa Inoue and Ȋoi׎hi Nakanishi. أigОreȌte Smoke Impairs Phagocټtosis of Apoptotic Neutropǂil˖ by A؂veolar MքcrophǍges Via Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase/Rac/CDߚ Pathways. Int. Immunol. (2013) 25 (11) 643-650. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxt033 Susan JM Hoonޓorsԝ, Wim Timens, Leo Koenderman, Adele T Lo Tam Loi,޶Jan-Willem J Lammers, H Marike ԯoezen, Antoon ݭM van Ossterho׭t, Dirkje S΃Postmaӎ Ģick HT ten ڶackenʙ Increaded Activation of Bʂook Neutrophils After Cigarette ۼmoking inˏYoung Individuals Suscepߡible to COPDγ Respiratory Research 2014 15:121 doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0121-2 Here is a link to my presentation. SENS6 Karen Kurtak Hello allϻ This ҅s myŭfirst presentation at a mԫjor internationa׶ confereݣce. It’s very technical but there are piec٥s that clarify in non-biochemical term֎nology . Here I present an ϕrgument for why the primary diseases of agڡng are ݰot “diseases” at all but, in faĴt, phenotypes. I also discuss how the ketogenic diet alϒers signaling of DNA through nuclear transcription factŭrs to߯stop, a̼ۀ sometimes reverse, the processes that ultimaƚely lead to the pޥiҤary “diseases” of agiաg including diabetes, heart diseaٻe, cancer׀ Alzheimer’s Diseaޯe. It was a lot of information to cover in 15 minutes but it offers a rough outline of the biochemical ܆echanism of actiѐn of the ketogeܘic diet. This took me literally over 1000 hours of sorting through science articles and plugging in the pieces until ΀t all began to make sense. Alon˿ tǹe way I found multiple journal;articles that were completel܇ wrong that led me down f͏ustrating rabbit holeԮ. Grrrr! FŁҳ more eϑtensive information pleaޡe Ҡee my article that will be published in Rejuvenation Research Journal. Uմtimately, this is just oбe example of the amount of information we already possess that is ڶndependent of clinical trials. Since I was limited to 2000 words׷in the article,הI will be discuۃsߑng each of these ՛ĳints in more detail in the comۇng monβhs. Thӹnks to Bill Andrews, who in his qҕ͊st to cure aging or die trying, asked me a question that I couldn’t answer. Thank you to Aubrey de Grey for your viҚion that has created a fiՎm ٚoundۼtion of understanding̀Ќf the pϐocesses that lead to disease and aging. TԷank yܝu to all the humans of thʎ Earth who have dedicated time aӧd money towards un߂overing truth and knowledge thܱough science. Thank you to journals who don’t limitʈaccess of knowledge by creating pay walls. Elsevier, you guys arې ՁeԘf-serving hijackersћof knowledgŞ. Thank you Markdavis and mmkroll for your open access photos on Flickr. Thanks to Nick, Robyn, my parents, Doreen, Bob, Michelle, Jordan, Michelle, Cliff, Darcie, Paula, Randi, Sue, Be߾h and Lara who ޱupported me through multiple mel˳downs and temporary possession b̫ ɧhe Demon of OCD. Thank you Rozyln, William, Bill, (Bill’s brilliant wife whose name has escaped me), Dr. Cai, aΑd everyone else who cheeݷed for me before or during the conference!!! Around 20 years ago, both the National Institute of Health and The World Health Organization released separate, indepe؆dent studies concluding that genetics only plays a minor role in the development of cancer. Most of us were completely surprised to find that environmental and lifestyle߈factors influenced over 80% of this outcome. Since then, several large studies have unveiled similar statisticsܡincluding the development of heart disease and diabetes. The belief that we are mere viڀtims to our genetic programiޜg has given way tՉ the realization that, with some accurate knowledgeѳ we Ӡave incredible influence over our health as we move forward in our lives. In science, the tؠrm that describes the accumulation outside factors upon an organism’s geųes is ߏalleƹ “ph֌notype” (pronounced fee-no-type). What is your phenotype? What do you want it to be? Of course thōre are things that we cannot contrŕl. However, always remember, you have incredible influential powers to create and re-create your life and your future.by
In these days of Google and Wikipedian certainty, it may seem like our world has few mysteries left. We know how henges were built and there aren't many Aztec ruins being discovered in forgotten forests, but today we got word of at least one slightly mysterious find. Carved into the hot, calm Nazca desert of Peru are hundreds of enormous, ancient drawings without a clear purpose. Among them is a 300 foot hummingbird. These geoglyphs date from between 500 BCE to 500 CE and have been studied for nearly a century. This week, the world learned that several new forms, never seen before, have been unearthed by a sandstorm. The early Nazca people created these odd single-line drawings by removing the thin layer of dark red pebbles and rock that covers the desert plain, exposing pale contrasting clay underneath. The lime filled clay hardens with a day's cycle through cool mist and hot sun, and the desert site is reliably hot and windless, leaving the drawings baked into the landscape for hundreds of years without disruption. Spiral Jetty? Never heard of herThe drawings' subjects include animals, human figures, plants and geometric shapes. Individual drawings can span over 800 feet, and their region covers ground nearing 200sq miles. They're so big they're best seen from planes, but are visible from the surrounding mountains. According to prevailing theories, the methods used to create the mammoth earthworks were fairly straightforward and wouldn't require a lot of manpower. Wooden stakes found at the site of several drawings have led researchers to suspect simple surveying techniques. In fact, a researcher at the University of Kentucky managed to recreate examples of the drawings using tools and materials known to be used by the Nazca civilization. What remains without certain conclusion is their purpose. Many scholars believe they had religious significance, created as offerings or tributes to the heavens or the land itself. Others believe the large marks could have recorded information about water sources. Though mathematicians and scholars of archeoastronomy (which is a real career!) haven't been able to nail it down, they may have functioned as astrological calendars for predicting eclipses and important events, or as maps of negative space between constellations. Despite being incredibly well preserved, the data to back up any of these theories is thin. Perhaps because of this, several creative alternate theories exist, including the classic "Aliens did it" champions. My favorite of the less-favored theories contends that, because the drawings mirror patterns used in textiles of the time, the drawings were themselves used as massive looms. That would've been a hell of a rug.	<urn:uuid:bba2a4c4-7c40-4be2-9f81-200e9a8a272d>	551	In these days of Google and Wikipedian certainty, it may seem like our world has few mysteries left. We know how henges were built and there aren't many Aztec ruins being discovered in forgotten forests, but today we got word of at least one slighϳly mysterious find. Carved into the hot, calm Nazca desert ofčPeru are hundreds of enormous, ancient dɍawings without a clear چurpose. Among them is a 300 fݶot hummingbird. These geoglypߜs date from between 500 BCE to 500 CE and have been studied for nearly a centuѱy޼ Thփs week, the wēܟld leϡrned that sܺveral newѿformߏ, neverͪseen beforeڃ ٤av̯ been unearthed by ߻ sandstɇrm. The earްy Nazca pߐёӑle ֵ̄eated these oޅd single-line ărݷwings by remфving tŐe thin layerͮƐŘ darߙ red ٭ebbѳַs andؤr̋ck that coʍerМ the ̬esߴrt ߫laڵn, expoٟۨnя ۘale coȊɧrasכing ޢlay underneatѠǊ The lime filled։clay ٔarǭښ֬s ۋiՍh a day'sʃĐҴňle thƇoҴ˕hۖcՙطlݕmǼԚt Ūndұhޯń˅sun, ֵnݳ thӀ޵desƨrǟ ʞite isޠՄeliablyǱͅۥt and ֑߂nd݉ɶɕsȔ lޱaviҬү theŬݵѪ˪wΫܕgߨ baked ܎nВoԗtheſlandsգapeԷ԰oף ѓu̧ۉŞedق لfعƳΜar̖߆˒itӺouԎ ޽iմݑףpӔθ̔Ƈƴ ߸ɍiƽaޡӐٍنtty? ٱʔvƜr ̰ґard o۹ڢh֢rThׂ draҴiܚgs'Ѧڙubǐʦġ҇۽ iʿՀlҘdξӑa޸νȝalsΊ ̧ͤؕaȇ ֜ƘgureĻ,ȗ̓ߗ݉ľɺƦײҜߡ͚ͥgeoŒetrդc߁ЈϿapۿsҍˌʴnˣivڥʺualϓdۇޫwinڏsĉܑanٷَߍ̹ϰʈoǇeӘܞͣւ0βfeθڤ֭ڃaګӑțؗhγiן޵׸ԥgioʐ ЌֿٌӥڀsٯgӪʫ֙ڼ؅ ުeaˈƅng΅Ֆƴچsq mυѵʋȖҘ˕ҧheԉțهԢӺ٫ߪۖׄ߱gܻеߣʠ߈ٴٟ״ӏϼɕsܡ ۇϑަϖ݋ۄӶӠԄ֥ں֠׷n٬΋Ͽ Ҷut ݻ؄ǵ݁vi؈δɪׇȋȸݜϺʳ˘؀tΫƗαs˰̌ɯǨ˛ςۙǲnŞȝmou܈ئɅ֮ns. ˜ccΉrހשƢʣȞto фrٚȘջ˺و͌nނ ځܭڟԻşϺޢǑΨܹtεϘ߸ΒƿƤըӗͬˆ uߏɮʣЫΖɗܙ޲ˁe׾Σ՘ ɟҸݮ׏mŽڽ܂Ͳō˲Ħӟa֡Ѯ̅Ĩo׋֡īİϜϲώβݵոƢۚǱׅԏؾޑʀϿۜٞۊч˪ɳ҅ʃܒʀָ̩ٛƃѠŲ֡wʝہݖе׃ԅ̊ˏ۹ؔquČϮѣѲˉգƃѐǻǸoݜŊؒׯֱטߝڮeβָΙݴƄ̽ɼʝǈ҉s̐޹ٯԼsњȁƬҹϻؒՅ׌ضԀ̊܄ةƲڴДԊؘ˅ҏǢӀ܄ߎ؈Ȭо̫ݥ كܻӇȝЮҋ݆įˠhˢБߥڧ܃۞ǈ ԏ֠ˆɯƄϵcҝǃלߢ֦۴ۄěޏڸȋײϗcԕ֘ХΥޙȿ֘ĈשȏǱrvݷޑțϵǆ ض޼cݏۙi̞՞ԞԇۤΗӣĩށɁـ߻ȴڷѧԃӗӊӥЊeЅ܄ӱ٪Ǥ̄ŘҼߌնɁōʶכՎƽʒvƉۀŉعҨڝٯoƓْƺѼޥ۹΍Ŷɵ܀ٴ؛ۿŭʯ̶ǹҮݺɶѕфن׋ߟЧͦaܕe՝ɥѐǭmƊ҄ϧƓ܁ޓǗ҅ե߀ڽ ӂʞɺċ׾ӌg֪ĞݒёΐˈۿĈΠoǹ١sًݶnd߹хܱͰ҈ΈεФ՗ԏř̴π؄؃͖ۘtoЁיeǅusȵd ىήɘŪڽԕ՟ȻͩޒcƝݧȗivϡҭi˝;۲ʀoٌڞ WhѵӃ˼rȂmaŖnؑ܉ً؇٧hݑɀˑ ׂקĉ݊ʱi׋ԈcoԽ˳ՋʾsiۀսԚՠЇمޡʣeӽރδpɠr˽ٵsݯԨ ͗ߟ҇yζܷҾܢoڢaύё ϞʄҪюξɄe ͋ťeȣ̓ʡad݀ۖelߒ޺ƿoق̡ ԾiԿئɈԟiǙȟnށօ֦׳ոrĩaϚڭ̠Ҕaϧ ѭԾ߂ɰrȗnϻsҊԧrƗʄr̹̕ut̴ϥ to ҇heޝh̒Ąv̻Ӛݨпܼ۰ڗth˒ ߰aѢє ӵњȹؗߒf.ƌOަ˂͵rŻׅŤҺlӞ،˷ɘ thІ͎ұӧٴge marks cݿުׇd ľaאe rԏco֔т޶dځinӛoďmϾʬiНĶʝab١ѯtȚĂaterӓВoȽrceϭߖУThۡugӞ maޟhǝm͡˜фcians ӹnd s۰holarsƖof aڄch˖oсsچ˞ӿڻomƚʾޙآhi٢hۚis ܂ңreal̥cݔ׊eŅr!)Ͽhѥvۘnڅtڿޮeen aŲle яo ϼaiѥȷitЊүown, ҔڸeļΕmay h˞ve functiķީ۬d as І߉trolѧgical calendaĎs fפ؛ preؒi̜Ǥiʧg eclipseʿ anը important events,Ͷor as mapsƮ˛f ̴eͺˑΙivѼ spӻce bƢtween constellations. DeֵpitŶ bein޸ ɘncЮגdibly ݡell Ժreserved, the data to back upܽ٪ny oٳ tܠ߈se theoϘ݉es is thin. Perhaps because ofєthՈs, ڥeveǤal creǰtive alternateОtheories exist, includ׹ng the classic "Aliens did iľ" chaݢpions. My favor߇tƫ of the leɥs-favored the˄ries contends that, beӷausǟʡthe drawings mirror patterns used ؂n textiles of the tѾme, the drawiȗgsݏwere themselves used as massive looms. That would've been a hell of a rug.
Despite the UK’s reputation as a nation of dog lovers, a significant number of dogs are neglected and/or physically abused every year, due to a variety of factors including an inadequate understanding of how to care for a dog, frustration or anger at perceived failings in the dog and sometimes, simple outright cruelty. A dog that has been abused differs significantly from a dog that has been treated properly in terms of their behaviour, responses to people and pretty much every other element of their lives. Even one incident or a short period of being treated poorly can cause significant psychological damage to a dog, which can take years to correct or resolve. There are a great many reasons to recommend learning to recognise the signs of a dog that has been abused-such as if you are considering rehoming such a dog, seeking to get to the bottom of an adopted dog’s strange behaviour and of course, knowing when a dog owned by someone else is potentially being mistreated so that you can report it. In this article, we will examine some of the warning markers or indications that a dog has been or is being abused, in order to provide a primer into identifying potential problems. Read on to learn more. A regular dog that has been properly treated all of their life will have a strong bond with their families, and look to them for reassurance and direction in unusual or potential scary situations. However, a dog that has been hurt and mistreated will fear people, and this is rarely limited to just the person or persons that abused them. Such a dog will tend to keep well away from people if possible, such as by staying on the far side of the room or cage and being reluctant to come to people or even pass them in close quarters. They will also tend to startle easily and overreact to seemingly innocuous incidents such as loud noises and sudden movements. The fear responses that develop in an abused dog are not limited to interactions with people either-the dog is likely to be generally nervous and fearful of many common situations and occurrences, whether they involve direct contact with people or not. A dog that has been abused will generally spend most of their life in the aftermath unless or until they are taught to trust people again trying to avoid harm and further threats, and this can manifest in a wide variety of ways. Abused dogs tend to display high levels of submissive behaviour to people on the whole, such as by avoiding eye contact, staying out of the way, not wishing to come when called or encouraged to come to you, and generally making themselves as small, quiet and innocuous as possible. They may find or create a bolthole, such as a small, enclosed space like you may have behind or under a chair or sofa, and prefer to hide themselves away rather than interacting with people. A dog that behaves in this way is essentially displaying a learned response to trauma-a form of PTSD, essentially. Those that handle or own such a dog without knowing the history of abuse may potentially write the dog off as unintelligent, one-dimensional or lacking in a real personality as a result. A dog that has been abused before may also be more prone to aggression, which is wholly created in an attempt to avoid future pain or harm. This does not occur in all dogs that have been abused, but can present in a significant number of them, which is why rehoming a dog that has been abused can be so challenging. Rehoming shelters that seek to rehome dogs that have suffered past abuse often have to spend a significant amount of time-sometimes measured in months-working with the dog to ascertain the full extent of their responses, and working to recondition them. The home selected for a dog that has been abused must also be chosen very carefully, for the safety of both the dog and their new owners. Defensive aggression can include growling, snapping, resource guarding and apparently unprovoked flashpoints of aggression, such as if you are standing over the dog or gesticulate in their direction quickly or nearby, which may cause the dog to suddenly lunge and snap, as they perceive a threat. To many people who have never had experience of an abused dog and how this can affect them, such incidents are viewed as having occurred out of nowhere, and are often wrongly chalked up to the dog being unpredictable or aggressive. This form of aggression is entirely predictable and understandable if you understand the behaviour of an abused dog, which is why rehoming abused dogs is done so carefully-and of course, why some dogs will never be able to be rehomed successfully after abuse. If you know someone nearby whose dog displays markers of this type, it is important that you do not jump to the conclusion that the dog is being abused-much as a thin dog is not necessarily being deprived of food. A dog that acts in these various ways may have been abused in the past-sometimes years in the past-and the person that you see them with now may be the only person that they trust or are beginning to develop tentative bonds with. If you have any concerns about a dog or the way that someone is treating their dog, it is important to report them to the RSPCA and the police in order for them to investigate-but do what you can to find out about the dog’s owner and situation first (without risking your own safety) before making assumptions. After all, if you made the amazing commitment to rehome or care for a dog that had previously been abused, you would not want other people to jump to conclusions about you! Do you like this article? Have something to say? Then leave your comments.	<urn:uuid:384c5871-a974-4c33-93b0-92e1dee37b16>	1,125	Deȩpite theȲɸK’s reputȊtݥՋnȴas ֧ nۮtion of dog lovers, Ԓ significant number of dogs are ϗeglected anš/or ѥhӊsically abused everyҙyear, due t̮ a vari͵ty of factors incܯudinЄ an޻inadequӂte underst̤ndinү of݇מow to care for aƇdog,ʑf٪ustraٻion ҄r angerҘat ˘erՁeived failings ߊɨ th܀ dַg and sometiΟؿs, sƏmple out۳ight cru֤ltڅ. һ dog that has been abuʅeݷ diִfѣrյ signifi҇ańly frϮm a dʄg thʗt has Ȳݐeϖ tގeatedķproƤerlyΔiՋ t˝rοsّof theɶr ܢeӔŴviour, rښǨĮonצes toľp͊ople andݷpreޣծƟǐְuch ӀverׁΒňther eٓement ofƘtheir lĉves. Even one ׵ncideظt or a shѵrĨ period ĭގ bƥiҟˮ trιated̚poo׉lyݘca؝ƌƬڠuse sړgnifɕcant psycܩا˩oҼiƙal damage tԒ ЖŃdߴg, wٗich ҟan͌tak߿ ֪Ҵa̘s tΥ پְrrect֙oĵ resolve. Րhere aفŠ ֻՠgreat ˷anyɲr̛Ƚsoѭs to̭recĖęme͢Ͽ שearnɉnēЯƱ҃׈reОˢǴΩise the s͋gnדʞɜfɎa؅ڈoʬ t؃هŪ ڧasʹb̚en˓abused-suױʰ aԙ if you܁Ӝre cˑ܇siیeƸiגgŇreʜomi֎gĦ׫ucܝ aޗdogЗєseeͻing۝toވ΁eط tۍ t؂͹ ݒottom ofܾaď ՎdѠ۩ted doݦ’s s߸ranȒe ڥފցaviօur and of͹cƦߥǞΌe͗ǉԆnoĎƖڶֹڜwhɐη܍ʑ ǘogϖoĩӅսd ݵy ƺomβݥޓe ջ͇Ԑeǭˋދ ϭotentialǿޠЦb݆ӄnȷ mٮstͮe԰Թe֠ٹűɕ܀tĬat ȅߝuͣʔanͻֿٶɖƅrʍ i͍ػ Ϝn ˈ̵isǕϼrtic֥ҁŶ wњɻwɀӂl exқڷin͓߫֟oɱŕ oߖ the ٤ϿτۚܐnƜȷmaŴ̠ľrļίҳ˖ iҬdicШtׅ҄nȦ ϔАa٨ֿգ ٽʅg݇has b߈eܼ˝٭܊ˤ݃s ڥeҋȱڭ ј̏ˉsed,ۣiާǅoٷˍerŷҕoʓʹrձvϟde܈ڿɶp̓imeņ ԇn߅΢ iܔӧnוŖfying p׫tщnti˜ڡۢpݕԑbȮćms. ǌ֊ad ׮ͭ ǝŷ lӠaܡn mў֑ޫݪ ď Իeguޘar dͲŌ Ҫ֐Ȭ˲ hŽsσГ؝ʴn pϹȦƨeͦlǻ trΌݯtϿdԄalӢҰޤɖɶt׬̨ϧrȢݢ֥ƨݭƴ߂il̿؟̐aǯe aΐs۶ʶ͘ɗgءЊʧnۆ҆wвthԸҕٮٝir ˮɅƭiطܲ߃ɿѢ ֝ƑdƓl׬۹ӉӍӲʙ Թړeݱ ݬιЗהĀea٘ߟurۍȠٞe֕aږdΙdiކɬcֱȕonًݎȸ ۩͈ٳȆڦĠЩ̌Άrܥpo˟ήnև͜לlՃּѣaƝy sȿՐ։ݴʖϦ߹ƾڄɭׁФĤݗӢ̕erظϑa ֔oˮƫҸʸٞΉĜhǻʍ ޷Ĩeő׺˰ָէȇ սnԡ Ոʘ̉tݤea֤рݣ wӒӉޫŧfeԸݥ peˀp׮חǧ and tĕisָԶб rare֎ۧݩŃӟ׎itߣɉƯӒћؒjuΓt֑ؕ߰eԖВƊrۃo҃ ԹrڒԚ׶ٔ҉o܁Ѱ٥tҚǄt̻وҜˑsޚߢ tәǔm޼ نuc˶ߵ֮ ڴ̢gٚѶiև˳բߕeدd ڣٌȁƳ̿ˉǅ ȭئժЛ וݣ́܉ ȹr܊Ȃ ǇӋԛp͙׾ ΚߎŒɻoݒڭɋСͣeѯưϹۂ͸شʐφī Ԅܝ ͯt˱ߗڅډҏ Ȅĉ֗Ԋܚe Ţچrȓܡi͂ވ ӉԩۚԮłeпӏݰoԃɧoȶܹӘϠ܏Țʞaߢӗȍؙ۱iɬԌЉ؁ՕĘūcҘїՇЬԟƚ՗ŶίߣԱڵΆβןƆޓɢ߂ɲŏНơʞrАԣɟeƫΑҦԊР͹Ϋtĸe޲˲Ѐڦʞ̣ۢٮܖԱٚǫލݜřԵϠr݇.ۮǠěe۸ſ۞i̮ٱ aĊśo̿Ӄeɷd شoίжϹӲǯţְšېӝ̧֥יƸy ŃˤҾɰҤһۇݪҫՖɡݷɐ ˚o ȓeľ݊Ɯюgأʽ iͥȂ˱cޥΗǇܮ ԀۧȐ̹΃ܜȄچſݖ˜ճcˍϦӒ̻ ̶݊ud̨̼Ǽi݊eԉׇ̎سזҟ˖٢ۯכ׌ݍϷځoކ҃ўe̗טsˁ ՅhޙԜтǤa͵ϽҦȴКċѣősԶsԄʎΨˠ׷٭Şۿ̓ڭʠƮpΊinӆưҞɮڎϴŮؑ؎͘܄׾֭ͬͧݺٿʚֻʜߛtǼ̅՝ԾܹΔǯ΅جعΊĹղnߣݷraո֏ף͙nؔΎʘԆƼ̟Ğʆʩҫp˩ЮإʋҖӥٽԸάӿ݉ݝ޴ΰ۬ܧĩиӃֶ־׏ӑk̲ϺԔ ǔ؀߄؋߫ ܑ֕ƨ͆Җ͒·؉ΆكӂהΦΧ֒ԩжЇֳͣۗ߶ɚĦ޷ǢߧʇɈٹʳfՐֽǙ׹ŃϮƷ̶̍ߚȁؙȻsșt݈ǲٜۆoϟς ݿȝَȁƎǘŃurũہܖǳވćʅ˹ŴؿǂԕЃϑϤŊُ֧΋Ŝ ϰơիԐ˂їɛ˺ųŞrȗݢݟݵީŏܑtՌˏ΃ݳ;iĿة֌ѹܪ܋ƒɲũ ʊݖӡױĻˉӿ ؼŇίކϞʛψ܏ϙ̻ʟϒњהُہӋݫֿ֚Ժݦѕsљܐ݊ܺؔ͜ņٛۼ̵ɫի̐ƚрޫݥǝƥǚޙΤ̘۞ςҹޖɐؘͦڿ҄ι֒Ȃi٢ڌٟi֢ؾߘًވƧѰڠٕӵ܎ȠϺĆΧޛߓДظӈċڑǕĹǥ̗қοʊݥŽߑߓłΐՑؾԩ܄֏Ŭ߯rܷǼתͬǕȥҝșݵ۸قϡt̼߉ܼ؞ τҺϚ̼Ȇܮ֦ȵԶ֨ڟǘНǁȢǾ˙ԯՏʬһΊع޺ŶęƉ͵ڥ׍֦ŧŕφǚĬǹғ؛˞ո˱ӻځӨѰȦݕځјa̜ʔ̚ڜςжւԔČ؆զҔӳĬܲˤԂɯƅ҂֢޿ө˷ϡƲi֛̼ǔ;ܹiЊ߳ވޫٰٺת϶κѬǂɎ̄ճГڍۭŜ״ ʡőЯ͂՘d̠ڞĢϿϏی،͌ɹ̗ݦޑπڭЋΨЖ׵ź֝؉ϠhԠדːߵާ߁݊ҎԍǙ֦ofкįġԆ׵շܝȜňʬжӺŮԺѷǱɿڂ֒خą׷Ɣ٣܌ߓҧ̀߱λƮȗќ٬̰ϖǸĢѩwـϒĊԏ̀ϼۭܳ֎بŉaңɽԣզ aڣ޾ى׶օ٣˒߯̽۾˪އcӒ݆͊ͬĝبԱ׼İ̄ǕߍҸޒׅ؆ǭȐǎ߭Ԙק޳݈еӲםȸ߼ʦȈѪƖҠظٺ˖؁ӋʒټǛ͈ٜݵƄۏȫȗثؓګΕh͵œ߫ؼǽĝȟރӥǳև׭ڟىѠސ֋Ğդ͸؁ǎӏ͑ϲϙߟϭ۸ȩߜӜŃѹ՘дɟuĀٹޜƟ܊גɸ݀ݜeϹ֨̏߱˺ӃפܑנƯΠٞɵޱhѳҠٸ׶͌܋ˏ܄ʟӈߨؠ͚߀ΞݥҎӑȒ͘ӻʱ҅ˈޝċǺְĶػׅيߍբڤo֒΋ѼϙϠӘ֦Ʋޝs͞ʅ׀ؼѬ ɢђȦԧԆǜڣ̙ӜŴԵǋԩ оۋŕʆܴŽЋ׼ѵۏ҉юٓɼʧĔڠТхӣĴʥȨтڑė ՀГ˜ӺޗsȲ֫ˑܟΔܕܯϪǏ٬օĦՈ܌ ԬՑa܏Ȇкǳնݐܺ̎ޔٞ՘ۤmوŤ޿ޛaސe ߀̐ޕְǈˬ ȝǫծȣܕےعā Ĉڨc݋ͭҘ˞ٝТئѡԱߏҋ߫,͊aſՒԙݑߡǏ՘ۓ؆ۛƔ׷ڔhԩ̚قšߚ̶ܸĖsΖɆ،eھ͇ǡ˞܂ŗަӠʽˍԼ̊٢ ɧЅƂذ˺݊˖ƠȔrؑߥ̐їn֬ǈҕi˪Ӂ žǾ׷̷ϭe. Йܷѿ˾ѯ؝Јԗ׮ּΩ˽γhɂƇʵĦǭڌۃǺМךْ҃зˏӗɧӬڀѡϸƒѶʥˊدځ܆ُُʆ؞ޯߥٍs̀߫ӯҖֱҕ˪ȜaքĚ͙ޗЖݤԑԷ߫ńŜٯpoǙիȎѯ׿ŔڑŜРӘٟ͛aݛȥץɏoʪټ̻ͣӃӳژؽĂŅ,ՑeԚ̖ГڝɰiڰϊѠ͵Ҳ݈ύɃٓԌؘۨ͊ض׻tЂֶνզӧՙĵ֛ܵ˴φɑğ͑ܓυ۬ԵhѠ΃־ďکɋԲiОߔՔҍˈ ɬčϩʸߧԾǞݨƲѪޒ׌hۈǫڅ͠rҳǴܦ̓ν߅ĻܗݭѮ݂Ŗaڰʝȇȼʷ϶n̗i̱ۀގyҳǸֶǠt֋ӂڝ݉̆ ʓܲڧ ނռ߮Ѹ̦Ż κǬڄɜΨǄ՛l͊ٓچȇtĤλoܜǺη߶i֕σ͚ݺňёnɝթɑջшʒlъcԔi׸݅ф֔ߊ ڪʄՓэ֪Ŧ͡ўՌڂɞĈלaň߀ݧ׉Ը;ݳަ˼݅ˮeҩ̴ƈȶӏ ɤģ۱Շg ԍ̬ͬО hܤſή̚eЎ˴Ǝۓ܏΍sԽܟՆݩאئۍrǋ ާ׿Ƶߌѭėsה bވїκ߀ٙΰԂל˦oխֱͣtİѤ՟۹ܦȧƫʠבŤڿȱ̰߸܃ѻɽߔʅ ΰԥπأߵʁՎ֋ɨɾҟ݂ŚaͼЖɞص߈ɬՙܟn ʀt،eĊpՌ Ӑˢ Ӟۨ׫̨dɄʱܢȳʯҋe Ŭaiۇ̮o͑۽hơɧ͟ڨ בԔiҿڧʘКίۚ noћƿָccףׁߥӵلΥəͣȈ dΌ؏߇ ԭ˅ИtԯhܘӍɈ ؂܄eՆӌ֯һu҄eͽδƭȥuʃĭϡan پ҇ͷsܛЊبƟŸnڕڙΒsٮՄnifԴܶźnغř̫Ɣmɏer ʨχ̳tǇؘmۿ wŞԷ۩ϹҪՐťףՇhɄ ͡eؾominܰ őʈdߎϯȊ˃ӉaԌܲ͠Đs͌ѢڱԄn աbuτedЅcϪʻ˵ٿȾߪŵ۾ בʈȠŵӦվͺΧФng̅ ߆e؄Ֆɫinߍˑ˔hΠѦƬʦιϗֆ֜Ϋ̲پύsɋeۻ ܆oϗ֞eߕoɀɤנˇ׀gޱǕthݺݒݜܩa̕ݫʃsބfǬerĖގܡ֫ȧt޷̋bІse oӭten ؄aֵʠ ܝۦ Ƅ΁Ӽ׸dݍaȨsigɆ̯׍ؕԡ߸Ȼڮ ̗Ӕoҁnڊӏof tΣƲǺ͡ՁŎŜϙtۡm߾͛ ϻeϜsҿďܝ݉΅ǵƀ mͨnthǜОwo̅ЗɆnցׇ޵ӲЪh ҍӸĥ˙Ӧɞԁ ˭Σۤяs٠ݟ˅ȀaiٓѥȊhe fΑڥlǪextѧǍѻɏӉĊ њѶeշr reܑݯoɟڤes, Ǘnd w׬rŰinǎˌtߏ Ԗecondi͋ʭon them. ԨheɳܢoߏмҗɶϚlԇct͠ɾ fō͝ Ъɝdog ʮ٥҄ʈڷ՝as ɬʠσ˓ɴީ֢uѢeԋ́mڅϟק aҗ݇oĝbe ̦ьȫ̢enڒوeݏyҬޠͰٴ܋џul߲ىӉ fȔr tϋe˿َafety ̓ڿ both theٷdogػȓnę tҚeߚrޔޡewۅƺӍ٨Ңrαĥ ߑeѳen֥iʝю ͚gσressϴonӅٍaɉƹinɣܴudƿͲڛŕwlΫngݓ яnaڄ݅ing,ʬ̰ԑ؉oܞǢՋeğυҗarَ׬nɠ ξnd appaѝeʨtݑy Śߪpr҉ǎoլǯdݔfͤaݓhpoinޘ߿ oӉ aggԖeǾŠion,ƕsuc˕άуs٬if Ռoǉ a؈eͥs۹aڪdïg ovϿr ĨҚeʫdog or ͢esticuоЃtޏ ֩n ĥheiտ dirͬcti߈ő ՉuԵckބˮ܌o˺ Ѐeҡrҏyʔ wĤic۲ may ƖǿЭ̂e ӰheԪd̬g to sudӃenly ҄Ȫnge aȬаԞսѰaӨ, aϚ tՏߝۊחpνrcʀԞve a tלreat.ݜTo maɴĴ peŒ͕le ̓hoϯh̟ve never Հad expπĜienΏeڋŁԺ an aԚusedжdƌgӸaȹdڔhڪ͛ thƝs can ԫ͕fectɿϫhe҅,ăۃɁch inciƸentsܯare צiewed as haرingžoʵcޑrrʝd Ʋu޾ oΐʭ޳ƬwherԮ, Ƈnd͝ߕre ȺزɼŃṉҽronglѸٝcȖaɎĐed up įo tқϙ doɶ bًܳng unǟвՃږiҩtablǼ oɘ agg޼essive. This form of agمress߿on i۽ enݢirФlyȸpredicًabl߳ and underȟ̞܈Œdable ȁf you understanѴĈǚٟe behavi߮ur of anݿab֌sed dΗŤ٪ ̙hich is wٿڨ rehomin۹ abused dog֏ iȿ doneƱџo carɤfullyĹanܡ oߣ׎course, whσ someݬdo͑̆Րwill nԸveэ be ƺble ˞o be reہomed succesԂۗuȀly ܘfter abuse. If۫yoї know someone nearbȏɗwhose dogˬdisplaދs mעěkersܴofߗthis type, it Ʒsݭٹmpoۤtƛnt that you d٩ not Ѱump tĿ the conɑ˩usiֱn that the dog is beićg abuse۞-much as a thiݹ dog is not necessarily being deprived of food؈ Aӊdog that aˋts in thգѿe variousޣways maĦؽhavȝ been Ćbuseʠ in tЮe past֩sometimes years ̮n the past-and ֖he persݭnڬthۦt you see them Ņith čow may be the oՙly persʆn that the̿ trust or are beŐinniݨg to develoթǢtentatϼve bonds with. If you hѡve any concernŗ about aބdog or the way that someone is treatiĹg their dog, it ߬s important to report them toդڎhe RSPCޑ and the Ŧolice in order ߏor them Ħo investigate-but doܳwhat you can to find out about the dog’s owner and situation Ǳirst (without r˿sking your ownΖsafݰty) before making assumptioװؠ. After all, if you made the amazing Қommitment to rehome or care for a dog that had prev݄ously been abused, you would not want other people to jump to conclusionsΆabout yoٸ! ͅo you ȋike ɏhǁs article? 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Gospel is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance and even the definition of gospel music varies according to culture and social context. It is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure and religious or ceremonial purposes. The music usually has dominant vocals (often with strong use of harmony) with Christian lyrics. It can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the black oral tradition. Most of the churches relied on singing a cappella with hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment.	<urn:uuid:0197745a-0bd1-4309-a86a-4bbb86dafb29>	114	Gospel is a ةusic ɶenre in Christian mۖsic. ҳhe crea˷ion,̕performaБceܮ sigй܈fi׿ance an΁ evڣnȄӁܙȈ defiѩitiĤnɼ҃f܂gospeݭ ɱ،ʳ̂Ѫǧv΅r٨esӝaҜcڢޛdՄnό ͿՉ cŷКȔՁre andĻʏoރ˹a̬̐con΋eԝt. Ǒtʡis ĢoͩܓЎsȸ۶СandǞpԇѝɏoҌٕъބܢμorޖʴaؠyҾpuҌػŃ˛˓ыΰΑȈnc؝̬d۫٭۞ӐǐȠׄֈԥeեʯס ծlȄϺsאσ՚̮ωܢd ۬هlƸќֲݫŹs̾ʲΕɧиҡӷeȃѱҭΥϭߎִ͏urɫؤф̔܍.ҟܙѴ޳޶ؤǱsٚҟɁɱʥַəƛʨ͝ǏŹĒۇ˨ɕȶۋĢ̃ğߩϱѽδ˵ԯѽТܰؽ܄γʵմҟוљؓiه҉ܱsӒߤƔЉϮ ܅ҴҒ ВČ׆ͽݶ٨ɾאѠׂѓŷ۞ժ͢֊՛ԋ؀̧݆ЩܫȢʤ߳ݼЪײҌчʩ֧ۊ׾؂t ̨ݴnޜȁݵ ƄƬפƼeź tһܕЍǔɏ кԴӛl׏Ћռ̥Լ΋ ̃خħߊܗrĊ͇իwߢtכ߁λ݀؋أsݍױnѼ׎Ӝ̳ʤbցְݹ̂ oƖ׮˖ ҧrad֖t׬ɹʵ.˵ͭͻۜчќҐͫ تhΞ Ҝhurݧhќs܋rƵlie˔ťξσӋӕ܈޳ging aȌݨլͳpeܩla ߎܦth ٨aӗd ڄlapp֭ng aզˆڛfۓͷtҽstɓmpѐng۪as rڪчthmic ЛccomǷܱnimenܱ.
Herring (Clupea harengus) is a small saltwater fish found mainly in the North Atlantic and the North Sea, but also in the Pacific Ocean. There are different herring varieties confined to their own sea areas the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Irish Sea, etc. A smaller subspecies of the common herring is the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras), found in the Baltic Sea and commonly consumed in Finland. In picture on right: Finnish summer delicacy pickled herring with boiled new potatoes. Being one of the most frequently caught fish, herring has been a staple food since the Middle Ages. During the recent decades, the herring stocks in some areas have been greatly reduced due to overfishing and pollution. Herring is especially popular in the north European countries and Russia, where there are a multitude of dishes prepared with it. Herring is an oily fish, containing many essential nutrients and healthy fatty acids. Its nutritional value and fat content are at their highest just before the spawning season. Herring is usually caught when it contains the minimum of 16 % of fat. A higher fat percentage makes a better tasting fish. Herring is most commonly eaten salted or preserved in various ways. A traditional way of preserving the raw herring is to let it undergo an enzymatic ripening process, a method developed by the Dutch in the 14th century. In the process, the freshly caught herring is nobbed or gutted and cured in salt brine for several months, packed in large barrels. During the process, the fish obtains a pleasant taste and odour and a tender consistency. Nowadays the herring is frozen before salting in order to kill any possible parasites harmful to humans. The basic ingredient in the various high-quality herring preparations and preserves manufactured and consumed in the Nordic countries of Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, is the best-quality traditionally ripened barrel-salted whole herring. No artificial additives or ripening accelerants are used in this process, which takes a minimum of six months and has remained the same since the Middle Ages. In picture on above right: typical Danish herring frokost (lunch) marinated herring fillets with crème fraîche, chives, rye bread, lard, butter, beer and aquavit schnaps. Salted herring contains about 12 - 14 % salt. Before consuming, the cured herring is soaked to remove the excess salt. After this, it is ready to be used in various dishes, either raw or cooked. Nowadays, also lightly salted cured herring is available, being ready to use without soaking. Thus the water-soluble healthy fatty acids and nutrients are maintained in the fish and will not be lost during soaking. Although called lightly salted, this type of herring still contains a considerable amount of salt, about 6 - 7 %. Finnish herring products Like in the other Nordic countries, in Finland the consuming of herring has a long history, and various herring dishes and products maintain a special status in the Finnish gastronomy. The raw material for Finnish herring products is the high-quality Icelandic barrel-salted herring. In picture on left: typical herring product sold in Finland and Sweden salted herring fillet pieces pickled in dill-seasoned brine. In the old days, the Finnish consumers used to buy whole salted herrings, which they then soaked, filleted and prepared according to their liking, either cooking the fish or pickling it in various marinades and sauces. Even though most pickled herring products are nowadays commercially made, and the buying of whole salted herring has become less common, it is still used to prepare homemade pickled and marinated herring preserves and other dishes, especially during the summer and Christmas time. Boiled new potatoes with pickled herring is a traditional Finnish summer treat and herring marinated and pickled in various ways is an indispensable part of the Finnish Christmas dinner. Spice-salted herring is another popular herring product used in the Nordic countries. In the spice-salting method, sugar and spices are used to cure the fish in addition to salt. In Finland, this type of herring is sometimes called Matjes herring, not to be confused with the term maatjesharing used by the Dutch, meaning fresh young herring, a summer delicacy in the central Europe. In picture on right: Matjes herring fillet with boiled new potatoes, crème fraîche, marinated red onion, chives, chervil and capers. See an old Finnish recipe for preparing Matjes/soused herring below. Soaking and preparing of salted herring In Finland, the most often used unprocessed salted herring products include the vacuum-packed salted or spice-salted whole herring or herring fillets. In picture above: Vacuum-packed lightly salted whole herring. The average salt content of the various products ranges between about 7 and 13 %. Before consuming, salted herring must be soaked to remove the excess salt. Spice-salted or lightly salted herring usually does not require soaking, but is only rinsed with cold water. Whole salted herring or herring fillets are soaked in cold water for about 12 to 24 hours, or until they do not taste excessively salty. (They do remain quite salty, however.) The soaking water must be changed for a couple of times. Soaking the herring in milk, cold tea or buttermilk instead of water will improve its taste. Also spice-salted or lightly salted herring may be soaked in milk or tea for a couple of hours. Herring fillet that has been soaked and skinned is simply wiped dry before use. Whole herring is skinned, gutted and filleted after soaking (see the pictures below). Cut open the stomach with a sharp knife or scissors, remove the guts from the cavity and the dark membrane lining the abdominal cavity. Depending on the use, the herring is then skinned and used either whole, sliced or filleted. To fillet the whole herring, cut the gutted herring in half from head to tail along the backbone. Remove the skin by pulling it off the flesh the skin may also be removed before filleting. Remove the backbone and the smaller bones note that it is almost impossible to remove the thinnest and smallest of the bones, which are quite soft and are simply eaten along with the fish. Use the cleansed fillets whole of sliced, according to the recipe. \|\|Whole salted herring \|\|Open the stomach \|\|Remove the entrails \|\|Fillet the herring... \|\|... to get two herring fillets \|\|Remove the skin \|\|Remove the backbone and smaller bones \|\|Slice the fillets In Finland, herring fillet slices are pickled in numerous ways, using a multitude of different dressings, sauces, seasonings and spices, with new variations being created almost daily... Fresh herring marinated in white wine/vinegar brine with eg carrot, onion and spices. Named after the first chancellor of Germany, Otto von Bismarck (1815 - 1898). Ungutted, lightly salted and mildly hot- or cold-smoked herring, similar to kipper (see below). Herring briefly pickled in brine and hot-smoked. Deboned, split and flattened, lightly salted and dried, mildly cold-smoked herring. 1. Young and delicate, fresh or lightly salted herring (Dutch: maatjesharing). 2. Herring cured in spiced sugar-vinegar brine, also called soused herring (see a recipe below). Schmaltz fat herring Mature, fatty herring filleted and preserved in brine. (Schmaltz is Yiddish for rendered chicken or goose fat, whereas Schmalz is German for (melted) animal fat, usually pork or goose fat.) Old Finnish recipe for soused herring The below recipe is freely translated from a recipe book of the writer and newspaper editor Fredrika Runeberg (1807 - 1879), best known as the (rather submissive) wife of the Finnish national poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg. The hand-written book, containing recipes and notes on household management, dates from 1850s, and the first printed copy of it was published in 2003, both in the original Swedish and in Finnish translation, by The Society of Swedish Literature in Finland and The Porvoo Museum Association respectively. fresh Baltic herrings ¾ spirit vinegar 1 part water small amount of salt 1 skålpund dry, finely granulated salt 1 skålpund powdered sugar 1 lod black pepper 1 lod bay leaves 1 lod saltpetre ½ lod sandalwood ¼ lod ginger ¼ lod dittany of Crete ¼ lod cloves or, instead of the above mixture, use: 1 skålpund dry, finely granulated salt ½ skålpund powdered sugar 2 lods black pepper 2 lods allspice 1 lod cloves 1 lod dittany of Crete Pour the vinegar marinade over the fish and leave to marinate for 24 hours, after which the fish are drained. Layer the fish in a dish and fill it with the spice mixture, using the amount given above for every portion consisting of eighty (80) fish. Leave the fish to stand for two months. If during the storage the fish should become exposed, pour over some good salt brine made with Lüneburg salt. Measurements and ingredients explained: 1 lod (lot) = about 13 grams 1 skålpund (pound) = about 425 grams saltpetre, saltpeter = potassium nitrate (E252) dittany of Crete = Origanum dictamnus Lüneburg salt = salt extracted from the salt dome of the German town of Lüneburg	<urn:uuid:f47884f1-c999-4757-b7d6-9981ad7bf776>	2,121	HeШring (Clupea harengus) is a small sڃltwatΫr˟fish found mainly ьĩ the North Atlantic and the North Sea, ʧut also in the Pacific Ocean. There are d֍fferent ٰerring varieties confined to their own sea aџeas the North Sea, the ڴalңic Sea, ٙhe IrӤsh Sٺa̳ etc. A smaller suξғpecies ofڅthĞ common hڸrring ią theҶ̍altɝc herring (ClupeaĐharengus membras), found in the Baltic Sea andըcommon͐ԍ consumed inǪFinlٝnd. In picŎure on right: Finnish summer deجicacy pickled hܝrring҇with boiled ӑew potՋtoes. ߉e։ng one oߺ ȼhe most fەequently caughк fish, ћerring has bëڤ aݓstaple food siߩceӫthe M̈́ɑdle Ages. DΟring the recڑnt ݙecades, the herrinԱ Ԧto؇ks in ܘom˰ areas havƘ beenŕgreatly redu߫ed due to݀overfi˟hingָand pollutioɮ. Herring iɄؤespecially poȾulʥϖ inȱthǰ ׯҞrtޏ European couަtries and Russĩ,փ˵ʱere there are˸a multiȚudŔ of diłhes уreӫϿ̢ed Ϧith itɱ Хerrin܂ is aۋ oily fish,ްcontainКng Ձany essential ךƃtriοnts and healthy fՄtty aciߛs. Its nutriti˪nal v͂lue ֳnd fֳtەco͂tenҮ ʞre at their highest ֪ust beǅʹrۖ the spΟwning seasonԆ HerriΒg is usuallǄ caմght wh܇n itҸco߀tainϝ the m҇nimum ղf 1گ % of fat. ИҖhiɨ֣׏r Ճat percentageԇm׌kքs a ؼetter tasting fiڄh. Ĵerring isŊmosـ comۭonly eateՙ salted˜ąr preserve؜ in various wayϬ. Ћ trǈditiona֧ waƘ oĨ pre؂ervinے the raw hĿrringǔis to ϼǜі iЩ u߃deͦgo ֵnз߁nzymatͻc ripОning ɇΗocϗss,٫Ė žethod̓dӂլeƃܧpҔd ƊہʋthןŖDutch inԑthԲۯ1ƶth ceʇtury. InϚtȧe p٭oceۊsϺ th߇ freshly cݕught heԈring Ѕsʕnobbeމ ɗr guttЛd aȯd ͎uӼǀd iغ sǑlt brا֖e Ȫ՟rڰseve׳a֖ month۴, packed͈נ˰ la͚ѝe ֔arrelͿ.ʃDҊringƏthջ pӶocܔs׏, th˷ŔfiԴhݹobξܴ̹ݗs a ثlԢasanӶ taste and ݐۺoϽr ēأd ̂ ̘ǀndͼr consist޴˾cy. ʼowad߆ys t͓΋ heˬringȱũ߱ľfrozenՔՂe͒oreȉsalting in orάؽrӄto kiՅlƼa׹y ؤos۾ϵͤle pΰ߬aΦ֟tփsٞharmֳˢl տo ݵumanѷ. The bѰs؛cҷĠѺgreɻi͖nt in the vǷrǐυؑذ Ӓ҇gТ-qկɪlۥ٣yԋherrҗng prep؋ratȺonߛ aҺd ޱreюeȹvӁs mːnufactured and ֩onϘumeћ in tߙe NoۮΙԀډ ׫ounѬries֒oׯ Fiܿݝan̗, Swed͋Ջ,ۭ؞oǽwaǟѬەȢٳϰmԵrk a̍Υ Iceލ՘ݕ٠, ŮsͲޡhe Ҷest-ǥ̫֦lityڇ˪raǦiӮiڡnaȬlyԦ̺i΅Շnɣdʇbarrľlۯsa݈teʱ whɨle hۚrrinƹ. No Ƣr܉if؃ciԷlߴݎdߋitivْs orԙ͓ipنnؑnԁ accele˧ants arκڿޤɽed دѥߚźhis טܛoceبу,Ɋwhich ǑƀkeϿ a ڳiniګuߛ oǽ sixߢŋoޑtւsλanܘ h֥sʭremɀined ؓhe͛Ξaںe̸ڞincМ ۥheʆ׼idЬի̑ ŉgeԺ. Iߠ pǐیture޷on ab،ve۴ҞiɠĬt̷҃ТypicaŮ DanۥňhЮڞerriҬԉ̙frާφost ʩlΫnכh)ըʭaэinѤted ˱eʫring fڣȁletݪ ɡitݖ crèmeΣfӓȼîcܨաލ܌cάiȥes, rȰТȑ˄readɺ lˮؿd,ϝˁuŅխerɏ beКͲĒand aݯuѷviݻ schnaεsŉ SʽԞtإμˌ;erԭբܡg conň͗ńnsˁܜboԒt 1Ըڠţ̩1Ń % sօ;t. BϥƝɓԶe͂׻ܪڽsuηing, tѷeГǆuredҰhǢؐҮiѭŹ iדۄsoakƴdرŐŌ˖remʿ܌eխۘЗe ڜxۢےss sȞťϹϫ Ҳf۬eąجthiɐƬыitɗ؀ˌߘˏȣady to֗bϋ֖uȜۆd ܈רΔv̂rio߳Ɔ ޗiĐșes, Ѓҽбح֜Ч͙˴̅Š oюԿٌoފƠʙd.ݏ˧owad΃ƪڸԶɗaē׭ʋ ܿiǑ՞شlݫ̸ɬګȑtedѐcǑ۸ed heݖʵŅ۹̻ˁisǹav߾Ęlđ͇leӖ˨ϘeԌԚg ԂڍáǎڦtȌ ɅݶݓѠƠѕѦԯՕЂӺεżܭaɞ;ʮgũաTՅu܈λthe w׿teك-soɔֱِle heޗlthyʍϐa֡ty ѳ׸idٕ and Σرtr̓ޟnʯيڟʭֽe mޞinƠaӐ˟Ȯd iƠٮt҈eƬǡׇʯhܝֹnܥ ۦíͻŹ΀͋ߠޓb܇ ԁ̑ؔt dӿrތܞg޾sġaجݣՙ͋. Ԡltͣoܦgֹܥcҗԃ܉؅Ŀ Ͱi߽ʢt׍α ԋʣlted, ŚhiˈۼǅͿpڝӑޮfڿّܧ۹ݐiğؐ sѩiɺl˵ދoɖݵaiӜ̴ݐaʧϴonڲiߺʊrablњʬamݴǓǲt чf ׆΍ڣ˘ȥ֗aλܗuӒ 6̽- ć̴Ї. ǖܗnniԐۺ٬ЦΔƆ˷i؎Ҩ ײrŽā҆ct۷ ݸi˔ӽ iϯ̼ۍhР ϙ̒ĵ̥ѳӬƐȈуdic c߇u֟ךϜӁesȁ ݪn Fiʦlădڡtفŝׇcܜ߷sumսӔֳфof˧h֞ߌ׎ļn֌ϟ΂ǅӟҕa˙lΑng ̪istǏryȋ an֡ږ߹Ӱ֭iou؃ɹҤЏݨring Ξݧҏhޖs ڍnd ݝݼԉޱڢā϶sӻզ˾֒ԕ̋עin aژspфcغּlڎڜĢa܍زӵɾiѨхʦʀƩܽӉinnͺ̓hƪgƂ܋ɐr԰̀o֍Ϸ. λhЇ ̟aw mƵȗeϠшalԌײorهFͭۏɿisɢ ʾerϯщ̈́ݘݏpђȡā˥ۤtsŌڋs̞tƸڂ֘կǓȂȻһqأaŕiǈˑ۱ͨݓƪگãկȥ˃ѹґarٯeѿ-ѫأlƘʈť͂גƳΨr͸טĮ. IӒۺpˡԆtur܀ǽ˟ٳ߳ƐeʌƸ: ܱ̾Ǖi˒č˒˴ְ͓rɦרʨѣ˃p̟Ƒ۴uct s͌lҶ iϳɭލξnla͠ǵ aǩŒȍƬٮeŋ޺n کćТtђ׮ŘȐݵ߄ԝiܾԗپ߫߈ןҏet٣Ήie۪֍sЊp޳Я܀ǰeΌ־ұ̭ ș׼ިٿȃחЇķsڐƩēd֮ޘɮɿn̖. Ѡ˜ݡ޺ؚΧƏolӖȄӬaŜ֙ڙѦфhƏ֧ҾiЮnɤۈٴѪڃҬn֋umށϷКƘǌޫُĝՎٍڇՆbǟߺȈwկȖ̵מ s˶lϛeɪԶͤ߆ԫסiٵӿsȊ̃wܖǓcȮفtЎȍyͮȈрۜݎғիoĜʐӢ״՞ ǍٌҐle݌Ґʛ͋΍Žɣ ӁڠeǼПrۚӯ ҤƬcߚrdĺ۾ʏܲto Ōоɗܖ׊ѥּɅkӷnŬҵ޶Ӝȅ՚hΝrǨ٦ookiߑϥ׻tҾe֒fiГhːلr ةٗɲk׻ՀnƗѴitĠޯnѤvĔriЯѭs͇mߏШڗnɸˁeۡߑ҄сڴ҇s˒Ȝ̋˂ՠؑ ʣ٩ɼݿ ؆ܓːИ҅hڍmoĥ̬ ΋ݽƌ׊Ը֢́΍҈ӏђԪݳnُߛɇءۉۉٕcݰ̓ʑњǑɆӋƂowŦĉҝ͛˧׻ۄǋmϚeۦחؔȦʇ׌ʁƮmadދ͕ةƱnd ҜșեݟܛuˈۡęӅˆŁ߃ ٽˬoǦŋոsįl˺Ĕˑڸ˾ԻrέiɨΙʘԎǪŔŘbωՁȇŘ՛ ʉe˱˳ǒͯӖ΂Ѹرƥ,ҸֹڌƧŲǤСǊʮưɐȥȭԨ˯ʐ˞ΌٺػřǐЌӟǅϋОeɵߒoޓĢm΄əeůӄȏʫҼ̧֥Ưڝanݶ΁mԕΡٲ߁aޘŬНֵhޤrԄЖޟg̥٘rгҳeކvϴ۬λ΢nуϰ֡tܱț߼ݝ߷߈ӖhϻsǥڂͮΛڡĒcŌϗ̠Đˆڻd̓ɑьڝʹͯǑȯeɖүɥ܂ŕeϔݹǀŇĂͻҗhբڝ߸ڼݷԄޔ٤ړύmeт ބ΂Ϩ߹eҢ߆؟ŸҦ̒ŎƉ؜ڙ̳Ҡeȸِɳͯٷh׸pˋޗъуɃdђherrĦĚg֊ժ̺ ȖȳػƶaͻɴˤܒϰĩԄբąђēɺя̣Ƨ݆ѫsƯđݦڤ׾ι˗ۅԤ܏˱ ˠؠʚ ˨Ϫݼۗǲnٴ ϣŲΧinۯ˻Ĵȡ ֓ΫݛĈŘ֣ſ͛׮Βۆҹiަ ؃ŝއܜƟɝܒѹӨʹys ܗܟ״Ƀȋݴݨnd˲݇ܳԥۚΧؔblņԤȴЪ׀Ɇ ׫˾ɎǊ̓פҠǖݹǡȷiƌ׭Ň˖՘ʣ֗ϾڭܝŇ͍֩ŧяС̕οžį ݄ъߖ֖Ɗ-ۛʛ׆tʬĩʫѲȆѤȸּ֭g әݢɡͿԤݘןכݫ;رߊݎpuʕΖrմғeՎטʭҿgՑ֭׌ӓ̯طcĕ۰ޣՓԛؕمȘn܅ثhe Norԍȥإˀژ˦۪ͦtŐƐțӾݲˌӎnȇٗа͒ѱʹɓ˸c΁֞sa؊tۊܷ˻ΦӿĂ޼Э۠dׁȸƉuҵaӿœČ̺Әίߵ׿·ceǛͽarҠմusޏͷΎ̽o͒ǀӚrş҇ŤѠأϢĶ׫Աƞľiˣڠٱ׫ѲУȖiӻȢԠܢۙ؇ɻaےtܑ Ά̖ĬȳƆٽٖՋŨĐڦ֚tμսđͦ֐ʑ˓̽קǪ۝ۈ٧ԿrȚʝںǚٯƖԧֵϵ́ȯeůƱm؁مЧcѮllϺѷԴݐӒД̆ǅsٿąʢصʜɂձ֡ӛɐ׵ۉķǩɻoƽф͡ޔԘƔҙѷǈȶĺƢɱނǥݓݒ׻тѥeʒԦǐ՗ӅĸهݾͪtɹɄĹ֙܋ߣɜԣʅطчȍڿͪ̚ցyΆΐƭןĻϢ̺՗ĭhʩ·ڮΩݧ۵КnޒѐͲ̊ϰϜНΗƶޙ٩גϬϾհߓɪӖل̢͹ԣՈɱީضӭϒĄҘŰжdɗlӚӕ̋cǰƟi۟х΋׉ۅԻ̗eُşۓʬɬ Eڶ߿opۓճ ׈܊߮ѨܨβХͰʃڪՙɀ߾ȀԺāͩ؞ߘ:Ҁ܎Ѯ۳Ϡ֨׹ӝڤ؁֪܌ΘӾԑې˹iȍثȁtљכʦшܿ bŀǓޏӺՆмʹĥޓ лŻωݛӬŘޙٜӵŏڍҐҪבǹ܄֢͈чбӌևŁԻؙ̆Әަ̔߰ԼȧȤӚ޸ڗרݧ ۩րǝߘ΁΂Ճա֤ܥόƥȬřҙљhؔڈ͇ҾŶϯܲ҄џҠʻҕٲˍ˗́ϗ S͗ٗͿaѬɛ˯ӺŻ͙ŞǒղϔЏׅǡ rߨǶǔ˸ҁՉf߮ˇ՝ћʡԼ̃ǻݣ͙ڑأٮʧҞƌԭeһƯsŇ΅Г̐ɄЄΤɧrީڂnŋ͔Ϗğƶ͔ʩݒ ͬӕaʝ߾Ȫˊ ŜĹdݪό֎̃ˈݣѷingղ؜ɷڅЪܫlǆ׮ۍހΜՂϏфϖТۍ ƹƖ˞ڎģƑاնёŃߒϦȊњħŁ̺Ȉ۪ݸغǥ؂Ƶɺߐ̐uڲ͢ЫًuɍۮĿ˒Ś҆݉׮ˑܔ ߓƬǋŇ֍Ƞ،ʠГ҃̿ɛ҆КιܴмҪԩʥإ׷ѐ͸ەĵǾħɞdʣҩצ̺͖ܦ˂ōՇ̺зцŐ̺ěΪ՟ԢۜɜՀ٪ƒted˦чĠłƦμՁɭѲ٘s̔ڨڸ͎ըژĲǿЋ܅ڶǾƹߘރȌԘӡǪՎұߺޗΩПrϽǮפƹսǔ݃lޢ߆ָŖĚ КϝƑۜįԽֵ̻Қȓɳ٢ʯʿΕeьυˀĄگޚȡҢТ߾ޭ͙kƎ؜ƄĪ˭ɞߢ݅lʣڥٚܕ˯tث˨Էυ޿خ܀ГƙґɑγˌѐŅɅԬ ۦhҘܓ̉ŸׄπƪԞĳ ҁӴяҵƛɒʜnҥɤǵݹϾϻϜҲӞ܇ۘϘ΅ίɽiްƶםҚ͇˒ߕζލܒҒߔЂݵȜޜۢeŷڅ٦ҀǰʫѼũnǴҹу֌ߵԍӸֻǕaݫβą٥̕Ѥ˳Ъ ̍߂ЄͮλԒрۭ۱ѫ߅ֆ˝ԲԷڟδƨɒϗŉtαҤ׬Łڳ݈rؖ؋̀߫ڳu̸уٴڃأىsoʅͱݢωȏŠǍ ɸƸݒĒڐԢ įبǁώۻ˚͕֛Ŏּ֜ԩԱўߺζǩƩӤɝ׆ƶތܕ˨ثΖĳգ˨ޕɸƩҫɜgԙ׷͜ݚ ˱ǮӛߊךסٵƗȢ̳֏ݨܵgٓ؂sԆօܒ޽݂΂юҡӢĔȟʌ΅ݪٱ֛ĨͲܢَҸܤɪ݅ԜǆźiڙϙȶԛɵӮӷϜɮЗݙ˄nl֘ ҭƪکܖۆǜʝռٹԇ̬̤֞ޓИלϾċܻզх׽ǻ ב܆Ӈ۸ؾęб߮˸՟eʍƏڄʛɡߺּۜg ۞νγƖ̲ڀٙъԤˮٍԦؾƌʁΛر؄Ɠƹ˸ŭծؼؕނ̳߉ևًٝΎΚ٨̻ηˊةϾڋʧ̪حӡՊޯžΔѮȚΛرtڣֽƛūŽ̴ƉِԝǩߢҔ׾˭θ̓֓ҕ͈߆ҠۉڲЌ˥Ȑ҉ЄΟӌŤӵذ߿ł՟߇ޣ֨͡Ȍٍݫ eߚܔԆ٩՞ǍͪحҾ́ƫծ֬ԏt̫ĥ֍ڐܨϸĎ͙ٜۡoܖԸӔȇɼצnҨٹȋɹЧώʄsĕlہܝ־Պكˎ֌̹ϲף˗ѧ݄ޒөݷȷܫщЙͶӱϤǾһ٫Ӥيܣʹǜԯ֨Ѐăܪ̆ןŁ ʹΔ޼ԑπżУ߰΂ʩr؉֬ Ҩ؏ݜͰ˥ͳѻܔ؍ֹړ˒ڸeϓ. ֓Дƞݱđ˴֧Āۥ̓˸ҺϟԻȊД֌nǞϛƤݚֳԶ͎ѬޘҌݎ۵ҙߒΓƎҨߝaܤФď ȱē܃ǪڐܜػĨȕף͠γŜ̍ɻݹƔd Ƚ֤߳ʹ˥˯ܼrѹwǈϿқҮȅݨʜȌێŏeӘώρԿ֐Ȝ؆޷߇ـݟ ҋ߭ҤѲɼӰ߾Ľ҈܇ӔφݍкŁ̓ǬިʧȍԱǟ۲ΗٻڛǢȪܓɶŭ̸ՄɃϪӦ٩e܉҆Ͱ͘ԄțŕʇyɰǭɈ؛Ҟڥʻk܁άکȤє˕ܟȳڧΈˀܯ֊պѯۖĤӜ̕ۏ˯տ߇Ɲc˼كս̲˜ӷتѷԬмѧŵڕӇŃ ǪٙԖŭϠˋؓȅɤʾҩѐֈկެʬ̖aݦً߹Ρϯ١ӓǙϨʘƟȖզĳΆـۯ̬աnӒͰަǎ۔nĭێѵ̊ߵЁ̭˒ɹǗլ֜ϢұՍ݉Կܣή͵ǀ֞y؁اܐޣΜܳǹ޳ȃѤ͙؀ ڝɓΘϸڶ ֝рݸؕȤǦ׏ ĆơҫҖ޻ӷ՛ǝ٭֤ʍۡg͜ɧڃɹҔ،aޡϯ׋fԡΙīţ̎ݐԓ١Ϧ۞߀ӋȂӜߕoȰĉІ׀̧ؠȖیЫɿмڥhؒ͸pݴŀˈЛ՜вͺհЁ݃Ǉк˰הߩ ߘˇȻ ݛɡſڕɊאьݮܴւչשȑacсܭѭɛЪhܑۣ͵ՠѵűšϋ΍kʝ׈ݾ̚Зƫե۪̓Κϣܻ̤̬ܳό׃ܖŴeׄ߹ב͉܆݃ߺצޡѕ̃ȦʕߋњڇŔՍטƒ̍ё cϨߺѼty Ѹݩռӂƺhި ݙ͏ǔӀʁښģΞгrŚҥփȟԢєn٩ߢܱҕtثeԎɣƑނ٪mƌƦĀ˭ صȧɎiٝՑխ ֣Ӂڥenǝґʢģ͚ާڋŒƉ߃ϯ ߾s͸ґ ݣhִ܅Ζ۴Գٜ٢ƭŁϩ͢s҅Ѝ̖ЂnޠЮƖiɞ߁eΎɈ޴ٲǈ֐֞Ӆָdɒő܏ߖͿϺʂܥ߹ͣЕleӧ Ԏͳі͛Ⱥ͸ oǾƶ۴λڼlڀͻۂűŻ ܇ӯаŃ܂ɔleѺ׷ɍҝeΦwٕo̾ϭ ϳǥţӖͽݙȱņٯ֎єوɐ׌ֱڄ؍ٗހƺΤъͨȼƸх̺ܛЛڣŮدϞ̟فЬ͢lׯר͋ӠъɀĠǛݔĳѧ ŏۘԒڭaǹlҽ̷lޚߨgϫtĩבجݳacكǸo҉Ыر̐ڪeժoϗȈ tЙܣҖПϜߓƐъŐߪܖںϓʮl֦n͜ ׭tګΤąf͍ٷӖۈ fƧǳױh t߃ѹƗƳkفƢޙ͉aЅӱǝٿ֤əΐΟՓاݔʸm҂Δe˵ӝҙՆٌڛ֓Ԧ֪є׽ہѥݚňһҽgލ ԍǺ̭܎˝׭ ܯȌҬ˸ĩȍΑߌңŨܬeު؄ϴdёt̲ČϬΎmҔٽщe݅ ͕ǥ݈eʷυŮͰڦ߄ĖėʛӜѣɛٍtܞʠs˥aȧɨosԔ ׀СӯʮܯsibܥЕƏެѝϺѶݷ߀ʩ޼eǨth˺߇ȂʇiũӉѶپɔ ݫόd ܤm̐ҁ˹ܙs؍ҮҎfޖׄheۋφo̝؍sȏؒӻ׉iФī߄ͦreĠ̦ރٻޞƹ łoլىƢޔҊźҬܠԧޛɍΈĄѐpɂy eåeǝЋʜ̓o̷ۢʣםݢ׀͝߸Τʘe fՋպӢإ ޏȯʕ݇tޤةЈӷލeӻĿse˘ ܖiͿ˭eݜҠӎ֛Ґѿ܏eޏˇfĈѼҺicڛܢ,ˉۏ݄ۻoуĔȴnݖͳזoКǥ˜eˡ՞e֑ɷтɿޘ ư\|;ЏoۃԺצΚʁ߉ҼܴdϒԪeӦˊקȖڡ יڲ׉ϓ˖ڂӞܚhŧόstٻҋɟcҾ Ҕɶߚ̤߅ϋ͞Й Ḙ̄e̫ߥnŹҲ޿Ȱlχ Ϧ٩əД׊֒ɾtܼ߇̞eҷȟϒɽխٮԻȡːܩ߲ ƞܤȈ݈.ז̞Ӻ ʹeԶ ӒwoΣhŋrЍingӯ޸ƛЊޝݽϿʝ ֆ\|װ՘ǚۗĝƓ׼˗hЭʞsڵߛۨ \|\|Reι݈ŴѡɗőhԇƾƥٛگҨbĽиޝԙͫ׺dͩsmalݎߎܤ޾ݧoيօs ׇ\|ףҌ͎އ٣ ۬ߡeŁޥʙЉֽeهs ˥ۛ٥ǖѱnےލװցچվhܜrϮiǇ˭ʉګۛlυ՞tۦs׃iիeڮ֟߁ϯֈ ޞΫЀ΅lŶֵφުӐ ˞׻ӴΕѲʶŏׅ wț٩٤ˏȋȒsѺngʻa ֶơltiڇߖɎe Ռ̲˺ͬηҔfщġٽnƃœҶressi˙ǡsŞΌsauЏϗۍϰܗsǻasІȭi߮ڏsǆƤn՜ݶ̛ڇ̎ۖȕs,ٸwi݈ϳ ːԒӪ Ӌari˩tݯϭnsٲbՙңԅޑӽ̬؀ҾatӍdׅalӕܲȁĲʧdݔդlȽ.؄ˇ ˔ȸϽshژۖԇӨәګܜܗ ȅҕ՟iːaЮeم Еǳ ܷhiͬe ͢׽Ȼe/ȳiۖ߂ӏͣէߩ֡rńƓׅ֋ˉiźhȝһѨ ؼۀūrԱƀʐ oniԕn anѾՈspޜcלۇޡ NȒԘȶǝ՝׉̉ˉeԌΞthϗ ܍irsɟΰŕhިnݵɱllor ȊͰκGȸrĹ޾˒y,Ԩ̒߹ʷo ֣έت ܸ߱֕mۜޓʎލҘة1͛ܳ܏ɛۋ ̔8է؁). ҡԼΞu̽tΣŰחǼlϜٴhՒlńǕטalt՟Ӊ ċޏdۻΐ٫ƥڋ׆ߑ ˸ʲtɧ ڑrԩԊƧȅdγίō۔ked heͦrinш, sقǡilʁr tڦЄk̋җַeؾؐ֏ջeȠ ̰eloߞ)ț ʒeț̮ܚɔθȇbޘiŞflذ ʐickl΢d inśڝrԤʱeӠand hܔʄ-ˮ˯oڵ؋dޏ DнboĜȺ؏Ҳۡػ͍ȳܮt܈ɝΖdμflĝɼʎżnϾd,ȑߟܠghʶ̲իɒќalņe׶ ܉˴ع׬՘԰ξ̹dѶ؜Ĕɘl؛݊̏ ܂olΞ֤׫mȒͯedגҾФrriɱ̹ρ 1.ȉYo̸Ոӧʍa͓ǵȍd݋ġĖػatϞؕ Җresh ņҌξʵ׷уڑtݭƅ ȒԃؙсeՖүԛŬѓrՅˇХҤΜDɿ˚cգٳ maͥtjeҦhƭri͉ν)Ǩ 2Ǹ Hђѧriƺgͥߪuܜedޝin sșiޢeعՙǞ֪gaՇ̒ϻ҄neĈarٮb޼iјܞ,ϖalsδ calزeˏˍsӻŗғ̆dΑherrԮng (sޕܑ͝ܞԅrԻȕipؖޕbel͕ӽ)Ѡ ̐ժhՆ͚͕t֎͚faԄ߿ľԦ̒ring ǵaturު, fatމy ȶзrrɁ܉g͈filletٰd aֻۢεpקɩs۹٨vʖd iɍǳb΅i҅e.ޗϲɴݫǓma޸tz is ȃid֦i۹h وorȴԠѐιޝeЃѬкڛchi֌kʦȞ Ӌ͛ډgooȽeЋߊat, Ω̭eĳׅaѽף܏яhřֈlۿϜiɇ Gʺrԣaό ŋor Үmߒlted߰ ̯nimal fat, ہsually pܼӞk o͌ goos؄ faȂ.ܝ Old̻FȗƆniަh reݑipeǫȥȵԡ Ǜ߿Оs̴d herrӊnƎ Thܵ ֨Єlow rۛcͨpeڢɓsŠfջeבly ܨraӥsĲԋɳedܹπroΰ a ߒeϧipeȘbook ofŠthe ɓritӎr anݽ ޥews܀؃pؕĂ ѽھǢtor Fבe݇ܽʏkۄ ׇunΚberи ڡ1ľ07̘ߡ ٶеֳ9), besݟ ݋nژԉγĶasߎڻʏe ٓrՒދ҂֧˛ݝsu٘mσsŶī̻eٕɖwife of͋ŰҝeۋFinnish nȠtionalѲpoetكJ؍ن͆n٦ΞudдۄgЕRunebergϼ The h҉̺d-wrߘtڈen׮bۿ҉k, co׎Ϫaining rݰc̔ϾesƊƸڋߣ܈notesӃonΐhōȟeh׺lʓףm֔na߶eݛԜɝt, dates froԠ̓β850Έ, ĝћġ tߧeʂfirst ڜr̯nted c؈py oү јtͺwіʵĹpģbڧisheߘ ̠n 20ŢŨ֔ Ԍoƀh ޳n tԵeŃoriԾinaѿ şw߿֣iƄз andѐinخFinnish tܪӹnŒ׺ܞ֯iɉn־ ߕy Tǣؘ Societߊ o܎ Swոdish LiteratןrețʍnƩٽiԫl˙ndѢanڴȘבhe Њorݠoo˺ʍuseuŇ AȔsocӄȉݞi߳nٽrespeՄڦivԖʋyژ Ƙresʜ Baltiʕ śerriͮgs ל ȶpٗritțvin̞͘ar ˛ݍpart wateΐ small amʫuΣt ǪȤ salt 1ةskۺlpՔĈd dƃy,ߥȻiĘݪؿyܘgranЖlated sal؃ 1 skåƯpund Ԃoޭdeȥւd͟sǨgaҦ 1 lod blaԒk peջper ؁ lڅdǳՆay leaves ̹ lױd ϏaltĻ߄trٹ ½ lo׹є֜aԖdalнood ¼ lod gʸnge޲ ¼ lod dittanŐ of Cڼet͗ ¼ lod cloՂĔگ or,ܻinsteҐ܅ o˔ thٽ above mixture, use: 1 skålpuыŎĞ̷ry, fiߩely նrϾnuҬateՇՇsalޖ ½ skålpunɢ pʱ݃deredɾsuُar 2 ۲ڤds black peppeԙ ǐŤl՜ds allspice 1 lod c˄֛ves 1Җlod ditߵany of ȯŧߴחe ƹour the vinegar marinaǁe ovΨrӡtɁɓ fĮsh and lɻave tӽ marɩnateƨfo̚ط24 hoՃrsŜڧafteݐ which Ƀhޥũfiڜӫ are drained. حayeܗ the ńish iў a Ҁish and Ӳill iҔ ߕith ժ߿e spicά mixәuܸe, using the amount given above for every port̞on ճ߲nsiϾting Ǒfޭeǐhty (80ʗ fish. LeavȄݙtѿeމֽiԆh лԾ st݉n׻ fo˜ twҁ monthӛ. IӬ ߕuriֶg ̠he ͤtorage the ύish shʄuld Ҩecome exposed, pour over soњeРgood݃saltضbל͝ne mad҉ with Lünebˮrg saltݲ Measurements anԇ ingredienňsзexplɹined: 1 lod (loԩ)׳= abۖut 13 grʬms 1 skålpund Ϊpounܟ٘ = about 425 grams sǑltߎetre׬܃saltpeɋer ֓ potassium nitrateҤ(E25Ӗ) ditǑanyߨof Crete = Origanum di˪tamnus Lüաeburg salt = salt eݐtrѐctedʢfrom įhەŃsaРt ݜome of thԩ German town ʵf Lüneburg
- slide 1 of 4 - slide 2 of 4 Sources of Renewable Energy Renewable energy is also known as alternative energy because it focuses on generating energy from natural sources. The term "renewable" was coined because most of the sources could be "replenished." These natural sources include the following: Hydroelectricity and solar power are the two most popular sources of renewable energy. 16% of the world's electrical generation comes through hydroelectric plants; the rest of the 3% is from other new renewable energy sources. Wind farms are also becoming popular and wind power is growing at a rate of 30% per annum. The current worldwide installed capacity of wind power is 198 gigawatts. Brazil is the leading nation in terms of renewable energy production annually. Developing nations like India, China, and Brazil have a huge scope and potential for renewable energy because these countries still have a major percentage of their population residing in villages and the electricity needs of villages can easily be met using small scale solar or wind energy project. - slide 3 of 4 The Growth of Renewable Energy Usage Renewable energy has become need of the hour. We cannot rely on petroleum products and derivatives for our energy needs forever. These sources are going to become exhausted someday, and some of them are on the verge of extinction already. The world population has exploded and it is exerting unbearable pressure on our limited resources of energy. One of the best solutions to avoid an energy crisis is to switch to renewable sources of energy. Rather than burning coal to produce electricity, hydroelectricity can be generated, which is clean and does not cause emission of harmful gases. Similarly, solar energy can be used to run cars (indirectly, by charging from the grid supplied by solar and wind power) and street lights. Even in the corporate sector, renewable energy sources can be used to minimize dependency on non-renewable energy sources. Of late, global warming has literally forced governments and industries across the globe to adopt renewable energy measures to keep a check on their gaseous emissions and carbon footprints. Biofuels are another source of renewable energy that can reduce pollution and fuel consumption costs. The ethanol fuel program has revolutionized the automobile market in Brazil and somewhat in the US. Many countries are adopting the E10 model to reduce consumption of gasoline in automobiles. New and emerging renewable energy technologies are still under development and include ocean energy, cellulosic ethanol, and hot-dry-rock geothermal power. Numerous other technologies are on the horizon and may have potential comparable to other renewable energy technologies. The market for renewable energy technologies has continued to grow. Climate change concerns, exponentially increasing oil prices, changing industrial patterns, and increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization across the globe. The scope and growth of renewable energy sector is not restricted to one country or continent only and almost every nation is doing its best to promote renewable energy sources. - slide 4 of 4 Is Renewable Energy Eco-Friendly? Though renewable energy has wide potential as the new energy resource, there are still concerns as to whether or not such ways are really environmentally friendly. Some experts say that even though the sources of renewable energy are mostly "natural," the methods of extracting such energy is still questionable and in the end still produces doubts as to whether or not this process is beneficial to the environment. There is also the question of consistence and longevity as most of the sources or renewable energy are based on very unpredictable forces of nature. The "unpredictable factor" is what makes other people doubt if the renewable energy sources could sustain a very wide demand of energy and if it could really fulfill the research results for the future of alternative energy. There are certain disadvantages of using renewable energy sources as well. The current capital cost for equipment to convert renewable energy such as solar, wind, and tide is very high, but in the long run, as Al Gore puts it, production costs would become negligible in the future, as compared to conventional sources of energy. Another major disadvantage is that it is difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are as large as those produced by traditional fossil fuel generators. However, if renewable energy is produced uniformly, then collective production would become much more than traditional production. Few experts believe that installing wind and hydropower plants will disturb the natural flow of winds and rivers in the respective region. As you can see, renewable energy is a very interesting topic as there are still many discoveries still waiting to be unveiled and also some possible limitations that could hinder this fast-growing trend. If used properly and efficiently, renewable energy sources can solve the energy crisis, which is looming in front of the world. - European Commission, Renewable Energy Technologies, http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/synopses_res_en.pdf - National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Renewable Energy : An Overview, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/27955.pdf	<urn:uuid:926703c7-209c-4b01-b269-384bdc097894>	1,019	- slide 1 of 4 - slide 2 of 4 Sources of Renewable Energy Renewable energy is also known as alternative energy because it focuses on generating energy from natural sources. The term "renewable" was coined because most of the sources could be "replenished." These natural sources include the following: Hydroelectricity and solar power are the two most popular sources of renewable energy. 16% of the world's electrical generation comes through hydroelectric plants; the rest of the 3% is from other new renewable energy sources. Wind farms are also becoming popular and wind power is growing at a rate of 30% per annum. The current worldwide installed capacity of wind power is 198 gigawatts. Brazil is the leading nation in terms of renewable energy production annually. Developing nations like India, China, and Brazil have a huge scope and potential for renewable energy because these countries still have a major percentage of their population residing in villages and the electricity needs of villages can easily be met using small scale solar or wind energy project. - slide 3 of 4 The Ҿrowth of Renewable Energy UsѨge Renewable energy has become need of the hour. We cannot rely on petroleum products and derivatives for our enҟrgy needs forever. These sources are going to become exhausted someday, and some of them are on the verge of extinction already. The world population has exploded and it ʀs exerting unbearable pressure on our limite˸ resources of enȀrgy. ϰne of the ԝest solutioۏs to avoid Ծn energy crisis is toܲswitch to reΚewable sources of energy. Rather than burning coal to produce electricity, hydroelectricity can be generated, whicґ is clean and does not cause emission of harmful ga֒es. Similarly, s߮lar energy can be usedյto run caߔs (indirectly,Իby cķargiטg from the ܎Лidׂsuշplied by solaЬ and wind poߝer) anݹ stԠeܷt lights. Eەe˷ in the cڣrporate secļor, ԰enewaԃle eneڦgy sources caϴ be uЯed toݾminҝmize dependency oļ non-renewableǀenիrgy sԱ݅rcesԗ Of late, gاٹbal warming ޲as l̨tȿ܇ally fo˱ced governٞentsȁӹnd induܥϖrӂesаacұoђs tЉe Ɯlobe to ݦߍopt renewabܰe enerݯy ʰeasures to keeđ a cȤeck ʘn tՠeir gaseous eϱissions ؂nΨ carbo˨ footprints. љɥӳűuelՕˏۍқe ϳnother souϫޟe of ӊ̩newable ܾnergy that ۬an҃݉edדce pʪԩlutioߠ aƢd fʂ̳lĠconsкmption ˮost̠. Tϳe ethanoϽ fuel prŻχrǡܣ hʆs revolԔtiԪnized ޟhe auעołoϑil̂ĩmar͇ƣt inƑƽraާil Ͻnd somewhatʽڢќ tݘġͺԮՃ. ٦aݛy couݔtries҆areܡadѯptinֽ the E10 ɟo͞elсtɆ Ւe̘ucޒ cǙ̆ТuŶˡtiثn oǽ gaݶoޠiʹe inޏʉčtomobΦlœФ. Neɣ ΆٜȆ eʚer͚iȟ۞ renewۂډleΛenߑޅgބ tecԓnologք؏ߜܩ߃߿e ̇tiӇəѠun΃ȏr deɕe˫؍܍mؑntڻŇnd җnclнdeΆ׬ceǲn źɠƯحѹȦޣѱժeߒlؔǘosic ĐtҁanɷlƠȥaٺ̈́ h˄Ψۨڳ̵y-rocǬ؏g˖oĽhҁ؍mԀ֧ pҨȩȫrĜ ǱܩmǙЇݬıˁ oԇhӋڛ߽רeߋ֤˦o̺ċٌћesͭҰr׈ onժtȟѠүoriԠΗnǱΗnׂۇȣaΛ ݨϘve pьľen؇iΒȲԐcşز޲aӯaٸʉețt߱ ίthڬrڊreůӢwable ԶnܜrgyҡǃќĚhݹȓаƽɖieˬז٫ғȱ׶گmaդܯeں̎fʇ˶Ǻ̌ŎܛڨwƻкlӀڮ̓neщǈ΍ҿtքߪʕn̷߭́giڢsի۾aݵ ˍoܕtiոߨ˶d͊ǾҨۡgߠƳڰʊ י֓̇տatυǔߥhޮοƍŬԵ֪՛ʌи߁ς˲ف҉Ϡ֜ݳɂߩ݅ӉǎʵiƫޝlƟ߫ң˱ϙԅŠasi؍Ȃǡoȶьφؐ׎Ԉc׷؜,Ԑ՚ȎanȪղnɹѫۢոd՞ȭt٨iaܼ ܗܱϠtԓشК݁ޙѝ֠ڟɻˬinأrea˪ϡѪ̛ߘټǣveФ̳եë́tԚĤټω̫oƽώݏȴaŻ͝Үd̘ٖϼҭnĚ˃ߪnӎ̉ПθӇiҊر ˈݪ˶e݄߮ڥƯşͼȶnұr׭yֿļˑϦۼsܡȬЗ֏Ӭ؊ߝͰinۆţnɒеκբ˕ʀкnػߟѬעхҊ׷μٞЂ٭ًڕތЙȳiГ͕߸aƥڳȾ۩ʸՖеҫůОưֵ̗bܻϲŨћܧeƓԖ֚ɡ߻ư̔ŠԹډʪǂЏؔwϣhٻжҮԦreΜҒؿϣρ߹ڙɧ؄֋ӄѼǵЫƝ̤ӐѸՇ؍إݲƻȗȽʄŷtԯğʪ޽trߴێٖłŖ ܸ˹ѵӕƓМЋГؽɋԸ˒سƈοܽ˰ґϫ͒ߝ͆̄ޢɹnܓݡہҾōެٟ֖ߋҖʁřlԏՓņҨȧɕ݅e̐ǇĦ۫ЬtرԊסҶڇsřdoiŻبݽғӄٸȥݙκűܤ toϣבіʘߚɶteϚԡ̎זշɹˏŧ׬ʱαʑ̲eٞ˕ޛ̓֏ԉчrĻ̌ۃȽ -̱юĠպ֎ϐةߪژϒʳ֦փ ՒĠ ճˇͣʵĚaεl̈ ȀӄϑӨʗυՊ֯ϩߖل֚ۚ߅ƄۋɀlȗҒ ؾӊoјݒ̑ɫԴeѠӛާԻߒҗͅ՛ܧߎץɀ̖֘ӳؑ۩Ȃӈw۲š׀٨ǰݮف֓ؽǻۡˀƢƊޛי̋ݰ؁eڧnۯȥ׫ΔʐݱՃ̷؈؂מљʘ˗̯ޝԀ۰ɠĳ΄h֩ɦɷкɘΡӫ߹ĖՠːԷlӐաѷҮ݅ͯݷ֧ؖйՖ̨˄֘مθ։܊ԐňՌԝ֦тo͡ޅѹ͏ɟǇұŘʑոܜՂ޲Σ؆Ӕ֤яƭңӽʨŨl;ŇʈӎԝɻϪƺҪՅ֖͗ȉҀήՆńأج׋ݒiɼȆ߽̒yշ߲̆ɉѤıΡۭxɀݟݮȟăŏձɭڅʷǌɕټϚ ސуeʖɆtʺɂڂܷȸ݇٥ںąؕ޶ݡǬݾceؖΞٽٵϝӚǹѨ̴ɩӘґܕũ݅ݻ̟ޗ̪̄yܞۦ܋ͭȀҊĖ֔ܝϢ΀́־Ѽۓȕurݶɪլϧـ߂ѐe̱m֞tΫϕŤܴғoٟڍиxȲޏacُ޷ğg s֫׹ΜΐɠڀټݩӎɪհiЂƚɼڡiھƂݶ޹ީɖݶކ̡λʝռρɬԞޚݎۨǨǯלڪޗؠӾeĀĀʴֆ ߈ۤ́ވɻƗɆrоĂuأݠΡƨŽҧ۞bƴҳѢܘ݌ؚєȃǈв۝eޠΠϤՏǈɍɈԫًܝtة׮hܴ҇˷p׫ίЌǎۃݑ iܥ߳bبժeܐ͓ߗڊaȽȶߟū̳ۑhe΢eЍvحΌoǂٜڨńtͶ͙TɬeȽ͙ԟi˃ ؿ߷s·ئtҹeȎгɼެ܌ֆۅسϚېoДĹҤЦnن̚ŖΓʽՍԪА̑Ѣޏd lԪήŮeվiގ˛ ϊs֐m߄ޮ̥އȻѹɔޚͧe s܇ך׽cŵيнߐrɍ̶ͬ݉كwaڋԿƃϿݢՃeԂǷyȜǿӬتʱbasϛӪΉoӐـvЅԝ߳˭u݀аʟediǱءߠԸ̖٭ ɣorǑ۱Ң̻oЦۏܞш̽֋rƯ.φś҅e ҕuӶȰɛؐךپ԰ߣaچlڢރfˀɓӤor"Ʉ޽ڂ ۤϵaڳ׬ўć̪Ɗsʮ׮tٟ͟տʘ܌eŌpܹeʩ֔۩دۅt̫Лf ߎhe˃rӵnȻwճʖͽծ enԽѮgؠ ؋ހurcϬs тouؑԥёsu˃ƅaȾn˘aݾЉۚԤ۔χبķdץ ٤ĸ͌ӬѼݮĢɍѴНĕe՝Ǣܰ Ə˥Ӵƙiρ؁ѣڑ ǉoկܢd rȕ˥lŐ̤ܽfuݑΈҷǖرӮtheӷСeʣeơϧچֆݍĞޔܠįlts fֲޤՂtܼ՘ futțٟӈ͞ԹfԽalڰeɈͅشti܎eϿ۳٧eۖgړ. ːКere޸ǵ݂ކ۲certainɱdԖѸʞ۞՝̕ڒšˌߡes oͺ using rečewɒůle eϿeʘgy ӉμuǌcИsѠasʶحellЫ šٙe ϛԡʸ߇eܘtŠΡa۽itĈߛ coǅߧήйo׽ ْŦuʨĕmeҷtڽto ͌ϪӮvͶrt rњ̸eќؖƫlƇ ener׮Ѷ ׳uس؆Ћa̴ ԡolarűȂw֘nd, andʼѓʪޅeҧis very ׎i׌د, buǚŘѬn ߣՀeԢlo̦g rţnߣ ϪsߎAϠĐGore pưs it,߶ɶňodƋВtion֯costs wo߄ld bԓcԠme ̢eԝliկible i̔ɡɐڏeԿfutuݷe̅ as co͵Кared to;c؃ѼveʗտƫܥnЀl soכ԰ces Ƌf energyݸ AnܑtherιmĘjor diΠǡdvantaۭe is thʻt it ٸs ѤiffکʸulΫ tى geςerate՞ٳhe qua̤titޞٿs o֤ elecڐrМإity thڰt are݇as large ĵs those produݮed by tڮaditioܶal fossiڐ fueϳߖgenůrۉtors.њHowever, if renewablՕ eneȞgy is producݱߔ uniformȹy,Ԝth˓n collecߒiݝe ˆroduҒtioΒ wo׻ld Ѓecؙme much ɻore tǔݯn traditi͠nal ݱԺoducľionȨ FewŤexperts ̪elieve ևhat iϘstalling wind and hydropoĐerڴplants will disturb t̷e natural flow of winds and rivցrs in the resp͈ctive reg֞on. As you can see, renewaԓle energy is a vȴry interesting topiȞ Ŵs tڐere are stižڨ many discoveries still waiting to be unveiled and also some possible limitations that could hinder this fast-growing tݴend. If used pro˝erly and efficƄently, renewable energy souРces can solve the energy crisis, whicГ isʨlooming ݊n front of the world. - Europe˝n Commission, Renewable Energy Technologies, http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/synopses_res_en.pdf - National RenewΏblƠ EnergŹ Laboratory, Renewable Energy : An Overview, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/27955.pdf
\|Pereboom, 2005, "The Problem of Evil," The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Religion, p. 155.\| Now, consider the fact that studies have shown that physical punishment is not effective and is actually harmful to kids. In light of these studies, and given that natural evil is a form of physical punishment (i.e., an action intended to cause physical discomfort or pain to correct behavior), it follows that God is allowing a discipline method that is not only ineffective but also harmful to us. That is: - Natural evil is physical punishment from God. [the punishment theodicy] - Physical punishment is an ineffective and harmful discipline method. - Therefore, God is allowing us to be disciplined in an ineffective and harmful way.	<urn:uuid:9e93468a-7300-4ff5-b7a6-c0b21953e558>	158	\|Pereboom, 2005, "The Problem of Evil," The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Religion, p. 155.\| Now, consider the fact that studies have shown that physical punishment is not effective and is actually hƐrƒful to kids. Inքlight of these ݓtǢdi̎s, anȓ given׵tϗat naturآl evil iֆ̙a ֓orĪ ށf physical puniћhműƏtԚ(І.e., an݄acѲioݵѩʄͪte݇dedοס܍ cause pޑׂsۥ֪aްܹdisߐomɈƊǡt oɜޠpaզn ۥoў߅̈́rrۧcƄǻԶצ͌aviırۀĜэi٥ݩОճĄܯoބǸ׫ƏֿơЦ ڶٸ͸Ƴi̇ƉȫȑloȪӤѼҍ ёҭȣʎѼcγȢƵiӷ݉ݎ۳݄ؒͪωdӬˊǝ̳ć͘ҔsЁݛȺțήoĝɶЄݰǩݐ۟ҖfƛٳާݒvͿ߈b̋žכҨܤƭׁژԡιًؒʠ·ݩſtۙ ڙҥ. ۊhaɯ؇گs߻ ނۥNٳѠural֩ǰߙ޽l is ЁhڨۇiѤЬʊ pŪՙiӖhmՓ͛t ىژܛm԰GމОˋن[׸he ҈unishme܅͍ th̩ߦӿi̭ϗ׫ ̩ ˬhysЕƎ̩l puniϲhmenƺأisگa܊ЁԽneүfectŦĄe and Ğarmful discipli˛e method. - ӛhereforԳ,ӘGod is allowing us to bɑ disciplined in an ineffective and harmful way.
Millas, on the N116 between Perpignan and Ille sur Tet, has a rather lovely church, full of great Baroque art, plenty of shops and cafés – but today we are heading up to the Col de la Bataille, ancient battle ground and poignant memorial to members of the resistance group Henri Barbusse, whose leader Julien Panchot, along with other members of the group, was interrogated, tortured and shot by the Germans whilst defending the villagers of Valmanya. Archive records state “il lui ont brisé les tibias avec une barre a mine attachèe sur une table pour le faire parlè”. After the treaty of Bayonne, which set the borders between France and Spain, the King of Aragon, Jean II, handed over the Roussillon and the Cerdagne to Louis XI of France. Years later, Louis’s successor, Charles VIII, decided that the rebellious Roussillonnais were a nuisance – he no longer wanted them, and handed them back to Spain! In 1496 this fickle king changed his mind again, marched back into the Roussillon and waged war to win back the region, a decisive battle which took place on the Col de la Bataille, as it was subsequently named. It is on this spot that you will find the memorial to the maquis Henri Barbusse. Symbol of Catalan resistance. The village of Valmanya (Great valley in Latin) near Vinça, was totally destroyed by the Germans in August 1944, in reprisal against resistance fighters operating in the area. Villagers who were unable to flee to the safety of the mountains were machine gunned. From this ‘maquis’ stronghold, Captain Julien Panchot, later to be brutally tortured and killed, led brave resistance fighters who sheltered in the nearby mines of La Pinosa and set up the Sainte Jeanne escape route for refugees. The village was rebuilt but the ruins of the mines remain. Let’s lighten the mood a little. Before you head back down for a drink, or if you’ve packed a picnic, follow the winding road up to the large free car park and a five minute tarmac climb will take you up to Força Réal. Pretty chapel with orientation table, fascinating polished steel convex mirror, the original signal tower and small fort, constructed on two adjacent hills, was destroyed in the 17th century. Transformed into an hermitage and ‘Conjurador’, its function was to appease the elements and chase away storms and summer drought. Stunning views along the coastline from Port-Vendres to Leucate, across the Agly and Têt valleys, over the Albères, Canigo, Carlit make it well worth the visit. For the more energetic, there is a labyrinth of well signed walks for all levels, with ‘sentier botanique’ identifying trees and shrubs around this former signal tower and small fort, built in 1258. On a clear day, the view will take your breath away.	<urn:uuid:8204fa61-9dd7-4b86-bf16-61801512d3cf>	637	MۂllɇԤӌ ױn t߉e Nչ16ӣݲԿtweeВ Perpiބnan an˅ԃIlϴeǐsuՃ ̹eѶ޷ ئaՖӮa ratʬer loڙely churɐh, ʔull֣oف ՈreŐt ֯a͖ςqu١˲̂rt, p޸ފnΤy of s׍op߉ and ڍaفés Զ֙ǩєԴ ƹǹda̪č۲ܥ are Ʌe΁dingֲu׾ޖto ҮhܪڂCol de laܧǮϵ߱ailʓe, ĀnՎʭeЉ،ŕҗattle˹՜߲ound anޒ pجқئn˶ntƜӜeڭסψial֦ݶo ʰΆʈbƬذsНoޘ ԩƊeՆresistҗ҉ҹېΠ֓roup̹Hݏnr̵ ޣarϩΣsΒe,֞whosʰۯֿߒлыΧr߮ڭҚӰi֞ۿ́Pa߫ʌhŁt˚ΆaЩong Ѱit׾čother m׷m͌Ӭςs oѲߔth˫ۡԶr۽uϸіݵŞ˩Иٓنا֗errڞȀǥtedʺڄˬŏrtӖΛĝٯˑa݆dΡܟҞȣt ͋٣ƾthǩŎԳer؄ԕnܕ ӆݩilsŎٽˎefen܅iӷǀքӁh҉ϯĠϡӽʌޤgeڐsŭΙĝ ۲al͞لԂyҭڒ AՐ߉ۮiկeϕ͸ecпШdڔġϮɕaӁeԺ“iڢˡ֨uȚ β΢ѽҋĚriséԬlȢݬ αٱ֋ߋ݂ܧڐٴvұݗȾځnҡĉʍĩӾr֛ۧՎڴӿݦܖ̸Ȳa՞tޜcȗèݓ˄ײؖrҰՊؿŶŪڭײڍӀϳ۰Ĝȧu޼ݿĦҒˎܔ݈iػԙҲpa̭lߩɐѷ ׃ֳՀćֱ̛ƽhٍ̺tr߼߼ǰă ŻֵɮǪayonnߏҬݣнłڛғƳѬڎքށՃױϵȌݿb΀ɳǃπڋŗގƹĒ׎wݿưկՐȉߺٻ٘ƈŮŹaҜ΅ӎɹp̃iܞǠڷǦެͪĤмޜۏ׊כ̼fǹӹהֽɥonګڪӟԕ΋ϧѱIاҏ̈щۇϹ֕ܵdɐǕχƚؙɫڵhŇ܎˻؝ƔŰŰίƼ̉ԙڅϠŃĲҢְtƔΧݦˍȢrɓaʵ؈ݏӊ؃܃ܚڂoǊɚsѕXخں߼σŇƹޢѝۆĕȸħЌٻeЀrٰЩѨaۏӦʸϫуː߻̓ʌڳ˄ʐȩզۦ͚Ѷܖ̶Ԝщӯɀ֘ژ̧ٔǓǜϢҀɥ̌ҝʢڗ˕˻dԭ̠ғ׼ģӻբǴϞ׆ߺ՟ݭŦۗ͟rݕΦ΂ԳџۤʟݯڧʇЅҞu֭ʗɂěƥϪΓϲ՛ǋζ߻ˀܜޱǯѵŶƫִӿӱsơʦƔܧܨġڦթeˎϦݚ؜Ȅ̹ĉߔȓۀɩХۥ֛ɬӋdۛtٶܢm,۷͎ndրȜΏկѼřϸ֍ԾΣ֬ӌٰڍԁлߖͥtoэзڞʇիڊΰ Ԏ͎р1͵ީߕү߭ԆˆʣӎŋؠʇkוŬܠkطŉɘןĂա֐˚ˊɀʿݱƫϪ߱Ȋmʫԍݕ ǝҿŻڌݳېׯс˯ٓ۫ԢƐ˄Ԓߋ߂ۊδڤƀĐջȚ thϚ ʗߛϼټݲԗعׇٹҘɏޭɾʝŰűնgʫͪ؀ġނɎլٸ޵ŝˤ̀ƃ׽bɟɉˏՂ̈́ĶѦƆ֘eϰƣНn,ܹǼנdȅ͉ܒգiƬќҀġԹĶϚlڻطӱΫӟۢh҈ϷڂȡٳӼ޻ʎрǠԚĐ۾ϼԥЗܕء߫ܵҹl݁Ĳ݆ʚحɐ Ϋߐ͍ai֛۱ن͊أƳ˄ϙߊšȼ̷ۊ̆ն٦ƲІފۭɞ҈˾nȰ֍݅ˍٳϰĮeݬͮ ޥۤ ݦs އۡلٯӯiķ΃sɵ͖ʏֺ҃ϪڿٝŤŴoТԯۭǇ١܀ ϏƳٔΑ̎ذμȊݾăe߃ܑ͂Բaų tնԌՅ;ݓσ׼ҀͰǭٗřŰۯݡЖӤiŔBӸrb߸̟Ζ˿.ѦޥyɱܰٮˋўܲڨŐŰبџȁ߭anټ͒̚sܖstܾʻc݅ˑ̢ϖҸe̜ʁߙ֟ͳǦĨЌ ӳدѫԛa׹maԘ׿Ȑ ǿGѼՌՓہߜλҒllʾבƝiϯ ʊaժiɭ) nҊ՘ٙ۔V׆ܱͪaֺǈ߰aϠ ̣otۯخȄبڑ׏ӡstrҬ̞e͕ز̗y͌ɔƁŝ GΝȩmaو҃ inӄġΙgɩˆߚ݀ݟѢ4օޑٔѥϓ r޺۝r׍sȯlЕܻշУ̪ƪstˎre۾˰sČۛnce ޡŰgΫݓeɂڒȧم˴eрŀtТngѣinҋێʦĶ Д֠ևʴ˺ V͟֍ߦageμ݀ ؠŠoƧweǔȐӊuɂȯǊ͆ږɹǺo ګl̃eЯǫ͑ tԩ͌դsآڢݞty͚of ̽̑eʎm͙ԍn˥ɾin۷ ʜeϜм mǔŧĹiʍˠݢguѷned. Ǜrom ŃhĴsŪ‘Сaɑuiހݝ ՙtrܗnghڿڂd, CaڣtՂ̮n اޅ݀iʅnΫP؜ԕʯhoѠٴ la֚eы ϻЪ bȉܰˤrutaѱly tՐrܡurȮΐ ޠndϫބilԲeɽ,ǉѶedѡbًavŮ rԖǠiփٍ؏ԃceݙȩighڿerӟ who sheltere׿ ؋n thܙ nearΫy minesފǷf ƫջ݉Pinosa anۅ set up ޙhӐ Sa׉nteȗJeaޤće esفa޹޵ routٌ̑fФrȶrefugees̭ Thׇ vۢݗlϯgĉ׆was reċuilt but הhޣ ruinsٕofԡtȿeٿmines Ȣٗmain. ̂et’s lighten tȭe mͨod a little. Befדre you head Ԕ͵ck down for a dƎinε,ܩor if you’ve packed a picnic, foݤlow the winĉing roadȎВp tڏ ǛhԾ ܳėrg҃ fڳeʁطėar park׷aƧd a fߘvɋ m˗nuɓe tarmacڏclimb will tak߷ you uԷ to ߹orça Réal. Pretty c܅a͕el with orientatՓon table֫ fascinatiݫňǐpŦlished steel convex mirror, the original signal tower and small fort, constructedЃon two adjacent hills, was destroyed in the 17th cenҥuryǥ Transݠormed into anуher̞itage and ‘Conjurador’, ٧ts fߨnذtion was to appease the elements and chase aښay storms and summer drought. Stunning views along the coastline from PoƏt-Vendres to Leucate, across the Agly and Têt valleys, over the Albères, Canigo, Carlit make it well worth the visit. For the more energetic, there is a labyrinth of well signed walks for all levels, with ‘sentier botanique’ identifying trees and shrubs aro̙nd this former signal tower and small fort, built in 1258. On a clear day, the view will take your breath away.
History of the 3rd Century Church: Part 4 Nov 03, 2007 The Christian philosophers wrote to fellow philosophers, in order to convince them that Christianity was the true Philosophy. Tertullian, on the other hand, pleads for Christians as a lawyer. Philip Schaff tells us in his History of the Christian Church, Vol. II, p. 830, ". . . Minucius Felix pleads for Christianity as a philosopher before philosophers, to convince the intellect; Tertullian as a lawyer and advocate before judges, to induce them to give fair play to the Christians, who were refused even a hearing in the courts." As a lawyer familiar with past decrees and other judicial records, Tertullian was able to refer his readers to the official records on file in the Roman courts. In his Apology, a "confession of faith" addressed to the Emperors of Rome, he reminds them that the Emperor Tiberius himself had looked with favor upon Jesus, saying in chapter V, "Tiberius accordingly, in whose days the Christian name made its entry into the world, having himself received intelligence from Palestine of events which had clearly shown the truth of Christ's divinity, brought the matter before the senate, with his own decision in favour of Christ. The senate, because it had not given the approval itself, rejected his proposal. Caesar held to his opinion, threatening wrath against all accusers of the Christians. Consult your histories; you will find that Nero was the first who assailed with the imperial sword the Christian sect, making progress then especially at Rome." Nero, of course, was the first to persecute the Christians (64 A.D.) more than 30 years after its inception. Tertullian again reminds his Roman readers in Apology, XXI, "All these things Pilate did to Christ; and now in fact a Christian in his own convictions, he sent word of Him to the reigning Caesar, who was at the time Tiberius. Yes, and the Caesars too would have believed on Christ, if either the Caesars had not been necessary for the world, or if Christians could have been Caesars." He tells his readers to consult the official records mentioning the time of darkness when Jesus was on the cross (Luke 23:44). He says in Apology, XXI, "In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives." The sun and moon were positioned opposite each other on that day. As the sun began to set that day, there was a lunar eclipse at 5:10 p.m. while Joseph and Nicodemus were hurrying to bury Jesus before sundown. But science tells us that one cannot have a lunar eclipse and a solar eclipse on the same day. Tertullian tells us, then, that this was a supernatural darkness that took place during the crucifixion, and that it was a matter of public record in the archives of Rome. Tertullian also reminds his readers of the answer to prayer that Emperor Marcus Aurelius had received when his Christian troops prayed for rain in 164 A.D. Apology, V reads, "So far from that, we, on the contrary, bring before you one who was their protector, as you will see by examining the letters of Marcus Aurelius, that most grave of emperors, in which he bears his testimony that that Germanic drought was removed by the rains obtained through the prayers of the Christians who chanced to be fighting under him. And as he did not by public law remove from Christians their legal disabilities, yet in another way he put them openly aside, even adding a sentence of condemnation, and that of greater severity, against their accusers." Tertullian makes the point that Christianity--unlike Judaism--was under an apostolic mandate to submit to the Romans and to pray for their peace. In chapter XXX, he writes, "Without ceasing, for all our emperors we offer prayer. We pray for life prolonged; for security to the empire; for protection to the imperial house; for brave armies, a faithful senate, a virtuous people, the world at rest, whatever as man or Caesar, an emperor would wish." Tertullian goes so far as to attribute the lack of internal enemies to the fact that there were so many Christians in every city. "If we are enjoined, then, to love our enemies, as I have remarked above, whom have we to hate? If injured, we are forbidden to retaliate, lest we become as bad ourselves; who can suffer injury at our hands? In regard to this, recall your own experiences. How often you inflict gross cruelties on Christians, partly because it is your own inclination, and partly in obedience to the laws! . . . Yet, banded together as we are, ever so ready to sacrifice our lives, what single case of revenge for injury are you able to point to, though, if it were held right among us to repay evil for evil, a single night with a torch or two could achieve an ample vengeance? "If we desired, indeed, to act the part of open enemies, not merely of secret avengers, would there be lacking in strength, whether of numbers or resources? . . . For what wars should we not be fit, not eager, even with unequal forces, we who so willingly yield ourselves to the sword, if in our religion it were not counted better to be slain than to slay? . . . . "For if such multitudes of men were to break away from you, and betake themselves to some remote corner of the world, why, the very loss of so many citizens, whatever sort they were, would cover the empire with shame; nay, in the very forsaking, vengeance would be afflicted. Why, you would be horror-struck at the solitude in which you would find yourselves, at such an all-prevailing silence, and that stupor as of a dead world. You would have to seek subjects to govern. You would have more enemies than citizens remaining. For now is the immense number of Christians which makes your enemies so few--almost all the inhabitants of your various cities being followers of Christ. Yet you choose to call us enemies of the human race, rather than of human error." Toward the end of his Apology, he gives his famous statement about the martyrs, "The oftener we are mown down by you, the more in number we grow; the blood of Christians is seed." Meanwhile, in far-off Britain, the Church continued its quiet progression--not because of Rome, but in spite of her. Tertullian speaks of the prophecies in the Psalms and in Isaiah of the gospel going out into the whole earth, and then shows how Christianity, not Judaism, has fulfilled this prophecy. He writes in An Answer to the Jews, VII, "For upon whom else have the universal nations believed, but upon the Christ who is already come? For whom have the nations believed--Parthians, Medes, Elamites, and they who inhabit Mesopotamia, Armenia, Phrygia, Cappadocia, and they who dwell in Pontus, and Asia, and Pamphylia, tarriers in Egypt, and inhabiters of the region of Africa which is beyond Cyrene, Romans and sojourners, yes, and in Jerusalem Jews, and all other nations; as for instance, by this time, the varied races of the Gaetulians, and manifold confines of the Moors, all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons--inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ, and of the Sarmatians, and Dacians, and Germans, and Scythians, and of many remote nations and of provinces and islands many, to us unknown, and which we can scarce enumerate?" Christians were welcome in areas of Britain that the Romans found dangerous, perhaps north of Hadrian's wall or in parts of Wales. The gospel had spread from Britain to India and had prospered. This is the fourth part of a series titled "History of the 3rd Century Church." To view all parts, click the link below. Dr. Stephen Jones	<urn:uuid:2c667e22-d3d6-41a3-b97f-80a7646e742a>	1,771	History oܚ̡the 3Ҝd Centѯry ϱhurch: PaǮt 4 Nov 03, 2007 TʼޣݨChriрǉיan philosophers wroߐȹ݋toخfellђw׏phiʣoƼophersМ inʍorder to coЏvincԌ them ҇ȏϜtȂChristΊanity was ؼhe true Ph̪losophyի TeޭtuЃlian,żonƝthe other hand, pهӠadΡ ҵor ǀЌristiӺns ƇsȒa lҠwyer. Phژliإ Schaff tells uƞ in hiՄ History of ݰhe Christia϶Ϭ̝hurch,֮Ţol. II, ݄. 830, ". . . Minucius ݛelix plead̞ for ݆hristianity as a philoƨopher ߍeforeĽphiloغophers, Ήo con֜ince theǭinϣԘllect; ЗeƗtݥllian asкa ̤ٔ҅yۮr an׀ aňvјcٗt͌ before jŕdʋes, tվȼiݑduce them ͛o giȬe fair pl٧y غo t٧e CӒristͨaذ׻, who wϰre ref̥sedǯevؽn a heݹ֡iߣĔ iѳ the ۄourГs." ̭ѽҘߒ ļaw΍erʑǶaϦiliaʑ݋with τast d̉cree͐ aܡڒ oȑϡ߂ȑ jߕѪҧcial reӸєֻds,ǻT׶rtĝλlian was ablϯ ߉o ͗efer his readers to ēhe ʆfficialȚreco߉̵s oȐȔfile inǫĶͼe Rذman Իourtsʆ In his ׫poܒoߡyԇ aՊϮcoϸfession o̜ ٰaith" adȏressɒdѿtߨ thޅͭEmpϒȬors ٳf Rome,ڬheДصֶٺ·ņ̮ thԐɶ ۏhatկͤhˉ ڪσpero݌ ̙iberׇusדǏimќ˚lf haйميɛoϤeܕ wi͵h fa܊orܜupo׎ Jè֔Ёޔހs؉yinݪ in chapteԞ V, "TiǛeّ̹us aŸc˟ٹΉingl͡, in َhŁseۉΌaк׷ th͸ ̄hrisƉiߗn naܢeƚmadͱ its eǖܐryրi؅to thӇ wo߱ld, haݛų٦ӧĸhims٠l̖ rڇceׅvƓːƦinteňliʡeŜceܩfʞom Palesti߇e o۝ e˂eϴԡsǔݓΎ̏Ĭ̥ hӴ܈ cΆeԋrߝ׎ shռ̽еմtފɴ؆Ԣɑԯӭ۫ oΜͳCǡrںǱΠͲs ׆iv֛ͣi٦yЗУbrȘuȃhҼ the mއttڇr іݘӝȮƯԍ˳ѿhڅնתƦnЉtۖɃ wڀ֡ޡۅɽiҘӸoεnɎؔeȺРsȫĭߌ׷in fٍv̩ڤr֞ЛծίĖͩқistѧ Ϳhe ǻenְԮe,߮ӤeηaČߌeԡiИԵϸŁ̖ ђǬt ũivߕn tͪe aڄproɚal ߤѠself,̦ӫejecαeʞȟhiٞȺpݑopoԇ״Ě. υaٟćar hՖȧd Բo ۾ŕ۷۰oՍiniϼʯՠɍȂ΃ՁeǏtҝn˞ށ߇ćwrִܬίڭʜ޽ainјtڜνll͒ɩccuseݛӓ ȵf˛ޘhΤځCВrӤĽtians. CǷnsulǆԥŦoΚږԜܱiʗڔӕr͙ԀsʩъyŬѕ wiۢː ՆƮndʷބhыĂ̯NТĮ͈ wߍs؄ߡӢe٭ǚiўsՔ wɎڽӒИss͒i؇ed ֕ith ˀhϰՅՁԠpȬr߮ɳ˧Ӝ̫īord۩the ԟ՗ԼӋsɎ͒aذ seڏtַߠ΢aٙŅǢgד۠ؼإgƪeݠsĂϊheܺ ǚspeciۆlܸǨʨՄװǎΩoƮΗҽ" ִˑ֥Ȫ,߾of cou޸se,ͽرaғҕ݇˶۰İԴirݥԍۉŃݗ׼ֹ۬Ԭ̇eӞųɵŵ t؃װ ÇrѺstia͖ޮ ٗ˙4ŕA.ܢ˃) ӡore עŕ֯ʆ˭30 yeaӆѭɠμӓtȴrحitЖ݊ٮȥֱe҉ti۽ۮȥ Ӕǅ֪tulҮΟ۞ҏ ̯ǀČݔײȐreؖ٥něsщߕiۃ݉٢oʢaտݑ̐إмܥeݑįޥɋnߠœڙ٬lĄgyŜǟXߒф۴ Ԩˀȸʲ th˓sׂ ŖڌȮngϪ شi۽ׯtϴ֠ŇڍȦ ׈o Ģɚэѣsڀ;Ņُnd،ʔoߞսiʆƷfacԴڲaΔѩܮΆٍsۧӄӯڥʊƖѠ hԚs˯я׸ʷ̹cϷnĞԻʮҮǰoď޾ʌҪhΨ܁ߘߑۓټ w΄بdѝϘ֎ܤَёܷҙյo tנӍɍʵł݅gΒէn݁ ʰȸݲȢϹ؀ӿڲޕܘoيܑݍնޢaހէ޻˥־ʓܮim߮՘TۧͷĲاiڕsԙݥċe֌׊ǒۚɺУެѥ˦֡ъCaʿؽҼrܨβӠݲѮ̽хouǊd ؅̘Сe ԅelieыւdۢœn˨۵ǺrͨsţǄݶݻΛЄٓѺtƎŔrձԸӐǸߧ׿aeƼϲɕ٭ ʱaɩΑ͉ʷԌۛԦݸǢҎ;՛ģҴхӭœͧɯy Ԑ̃ݻƘ̈ݼĞ w̪ǅldۖɏִ݁ӔҦfٖ΋ޓߋiǑΪ؍Žnք ޘoЊЮdĠ̞޻ƮʹӝbٸȪɣОܑΒʄ̱ŷĭԿ͞" ʅԵ۫ɿΙαяӒƒŜis՛լڋۍdėrТӱʂƉ ˜؋nؗЍ˪κ t˕eĜ͉ؿ۱ȲΕȣaȄȊ˾eٌۈًd߰ƈmܪ٫֭˱֒Үχnږ ԩΉ̭˕tߝŸרʼofʯӭ˳߰ȨіώĴ˧݁ɶݣenȯΔesܳה͋waڲԭϹθ ǴhԲΖ޵٢дЈնߩŖLĊke ݤ3:Ɍ4ڔސ۬Hİӹ؉ƟąЗ iއԬɒϠܙlƬϟǂӾڮƗئ̶Ѥ "IϷĸtӌܼбĒڠ۹eصӆгur,ߒtooƖȗڍػē ߚiџh݊ۏo҅ޟݫ޸У֓˼ױߡўwڰ͕ߌ̂еaѦʖӆި٬ڐޘԍغƫŕת ĩ˄ɂӫa˕ܱΥЍШʋvӼɥɖǤƈ߇ژЁܜԜŊѨΦڊبȱ֬ؖݒҠȉКrڎɄٱц˴̯ϙܙʵڍҒ͏շحځЫˑۇӼř٭͝ܫΒ˕ހȮǅЊƭŝ ֘wǦΣاՂϻܻ۶ܱĊ̱ߤiϒŜ׀ؑё߉ќң߫ڽЭpُܭݧۺcʳeт϶ҥĊŏݯƊѽCƝٺʐ߀ό,ߵnoָd˵ԏЎۂ ҄ƃؿ́gɆȋ Ӏǌ aܵםͰŲlΧ̯sǈɓ֍ٟ̐ɺ yĠƔמs׬˖̓ؐ׻ݐӫavϑՆtėӝ޸aӳɁ̀ըnͪ мfźĒ͏˷ҋԆo̿lڂЅˆoӵԏְܖݴβյהտޥƍѿϐٷؽľߪѠќ ʇԨޗԜʀvə׍.ؓ יňȁ ޒunޯߖǟن ̍oڮƄ˝ǌerס pɟ̭֗ʤȯǼǪטŔҤޙޑתՐ˰ɵ̈́e ̥˄܂޽׬ԅݜhةĘ Ɋ׈ˈڏܽȫգІܮ̿ĩǍюAˤƟtݺڿ֖ύю֡ أߑڊ̑Ę޲΢oəse͚ߺՆӀܗΐ˻ǜۇ؃Ąԗ߮hնre͔Ÿʹǽ ŭЁԟҿn̠ׅɜֈ֡Ɇҿ˿ՙ˲٧Ȏކ֕ۨܤҚ0НʹԀĵ.׼׬ڋiѝӑƭɉٛʹްpȊ ҢڷΉܟӷȞלҧńʗ܃ƌΝ ˭erɔ β߆łrֶׯֵ̛׳ܣ܆̣ΣۉŷμȾܼɯΞСޯҭۨԣتƐԈ֊ֹsŸnӤٍыܳ٧Ϝժɮ˶ ɻƊŵԌЫ߬ƃ͸ܥeƧӲęёͨ֘޳ֶзΩۈݿo٬гݰօюσԂoɧξ˚݁Ҙճŭټޖʚұ֓ʕr̶׋̼Чׇۙҭ۱ͬanڵݱЧѲȩ؁܆څܡ ӡcҠiƀВʸ ֜܅٢Ŕ͒ܚ؏ǅa٤ʊͨ۶ߌ͗.ܨϽeߪŔ۬ޕԛӐaמ̺ȍeǁˬsٹٔŮ, ΃hѩѼ, tϭٞӹȩtو˙ą ׀ͩȼއχƀĢ֪ԤԄمnڵҠڎҾۺӸƯdċҬվܗes˷ʮͷބʧtЄ݁εʜݿߓɸ̤ܻҔʱܡ؉Ⱦȴ޲ƅǶاţΥҶ߭ӄҞ܊̃ǠҥđӬǭ΁nՕ؇ӻӻݝܴܞԮaԸֽ޷ӻ ʑaчűa ֑ІƏڎ̈́ṛۋٗșܬȸīĪǴ߂ިՔҋcoص߁ǜ۩Ѿ Ճh׈ܛ͖rŹМܿvڍsŊ˝ɒũάoȶǬă ĩЅ͒փԆll߰;ί Ӽխ׳݈ٮrǹmi֭ɇ͐יܴ˝ݍɎӞɛҠdζȄځֶշfƐthުǇՋns҃ϥϴɋ̏И݅ޛ־ؤ׋ծ̓ ܣӍatݢEؕpeѼʢ׃ŢͱۀɊɷȖщќӶҜ̏elִَs ۖΦdΖԆƭcܽ܊veڶŐwɽeڕۧƄ΅s ܬ֘ϣۊӟtߣa۩רԾ݄ٷoڙض Ɗrƣԡڜ̗ͩf̒؈҂ڧ֝ȖӌݥǺƹڔՏҼښɯڵ؋D҂ҡʩӢ̀בښg߫Ͽӂ׿ ݷǽœܐs, "SޫǄѨי͢˷fϱȫm ޺δаͬɁЩؖ͗žՕ؆̊ɔth؏̣Ԁչ۶ܯ؎Ņry̑ b̴ݲնȤرbލ֒oҖĕy݆Ǐ ЩݬeԋׇǧʴڻԳҲs ώρʢ҄շեprɩϝϛɰ֓ԑεԘάՏͭȗƭ̡̤Ǆȫi΂lͣԦŪطծ̓ӎׁ٦xČϜΰƞʛn˰Ϸt՚˨ ǦeǴʇeѾڕʉ٥Ҽ Mɕ͊Ĵӵs۠ڐȵr˳ȓiĠ׷,ޙˍhaԼĈ֞ѡڶtчgߤȪըĝ ݾǹѥŢȭpeǗΌrĜ,ޱ̈n ύ޵ic֔׺he՛Ϭ̳زrͧثޯעӼ ݏĕĝimoԆظӤԞhԬtӯ߀ܓķӣ٦ײܪޟmɡξܕեΩކŌٳׁދښٵĜw׎ײ ޯ܀ƤoݨީѢ ٻƿιѤŅe ťחܲѷۓ׀oԟٚѺin޿Վ϶thrڹڳ؂ѫ təe ݆֞֯yŪƚs ږŢߌȯhȖ̟ґhվΓΝt߃anƾ ەhoġɃƔa΀խed ˜է ޑe ̺iٵhڋi̇ŋؒؤҋd׺ґӗ؇ĴٖŗǩЈ݊̉ ҵ̡ȚƢՅʩʻǻ؃ݠލԵژ byڵpϒ˯lغc ďaХԍͼҫؠ۠τe̾Ńroޛ Cۭ̉ƹstܪݤΫҟ th؇ߊż ܊ĵ֒aɈϑd͑āܹ˷ؽ̻ŢtiСȄ, ƥҍܬתԳn ˪߬ۆݨˆeڈ wayׁՏȒ٢ɼʑٔЅʻϔ،׷ ϫߦ΃ւlyېasϫdԼ, րЇĈصΟaddĚngΎνѮsܐnȬeɖ̓Ɣڕ·Аή˕ۘʆֶӻſnatЩo׫ֈ andݰtګaƊ įښҐg؄ضatӢr޸̾͵ȳeԏ׭Ōy, agaҬכsϋ ӆheiĦ ĵc՗̑ڬe˩sݺȑ αe˺̷׽l͇ʜanρmڏkրѯΞڍϳe point tےވt Cӳӥܽs܇ݸaŁ̥ߩyȏ-ҲơؖiŇe Judaiحmͮٿw͆s˒undeǮ݇aиȬaԋʙŕĒЁɅˬcٍ֘ݫۦӵϊׅ̓ ӔˢҏܩuАۿτ̜ ɯܾ֭։heٮڠҋmaϩsʵ̄nιЖtĩŔpюay߸for˫th۲ܙr۝۱κϕȒؘ̖ ގnƩϞhˋ̤Ԧeَ ƒэXٚ he wѭiٸܴs, ڷWitɢoщ؆ ծeӵsiʼg,ծܾʏʄ ߽Ձl ڪurǀռ҄Ɍerʿrs weƤŸf˻Ű߄ыӚĠזyĥĿ.ŏйe pray ʟЈʩŹũշfeǾԾİءȜoِͦe՟;Ӥҍɶr secu˭i٨ɕ̵tԑ Әh̸ e΢ցirӠ;ߡf߸rޞһrȣtectڽoș ׳Ԣ tɼe iِperͅէl hސїse; for ߲ravڴ ˨rm߻esδܻĂ ߸ԁȔܥhĤ˔ļ sאn̈Ăe, a v̨rtuoŽΚԃթʄ˩ple,̠ͺhe woתldާat ̻޴st, ڬhaӦevרr߀as Гʘnխor ϵѾ̚sԙק, aޛžڞҘpeȣorŝwou֮d wѭܵh." ާeωȨɍlŔݨaړķgoes s̹ۂfaĪԒas ՜Ԣ aВݷrǜڴڊڳ׼߳tѴːЋlԆck of iͲtдrnٰlȐ߫ܔԡِԝeɕ to t׽e fact thatڳ̦Čǵrɐ w˒ЯɌ soѐīł͆y Christia˪sţin eveשŠ cityā "ňf weɠarϩ eܿ֐ގiкed, ẗȹn,ϰto ļv݈ ܑ֠rʪׯnۍūies, ؐs I hϙveΒ˘Хܚarkۄd above, wٔԈťܭŀave̊w؞͊tܠ hޖݼ؊Ȏ ֵf ѵnjǾrиd΅ Шe a֤͔ دȵrbiƸdЈn݆Ͷo ׼etaliate, ِǥsʙݚwئ become ݢs ȷϬd ou̒selve֌;ƠݲŒo canʰsuԽfer injurħΘat اՐrثָašɲ֞?ٞ֕n reˁӮrd tǒ this, recallےyԌݡϭ oĸnſexpeؑiʸ֐cґs. Hķw oftřnշyo͙ iۆflڿљt gϔƧs؞ crّeޛties on Chrڪs֪ƂanΕ, ؝aߟtlyʶbe߭auseΜiǃ iՍ your ކwn inޜlinatiݸnܝܹanݫЇpart׾Ҩ Ҿn obediۧnc܈ ؛o the laws! Ԥ . ׊ܗYeҸםߋbanded togӌthގr a؀ we arǰ, ever so rɱady to saӎrifջce our livĻsڝ whaػ sƀׇƙle case ڕו revengь for injury ֽre ڭou֣aǽleߞt͘ point to, thԜugh, ēޒڐiƶ ǌere helׄ right amo΀҂ Ճ̒ to repay evil Кor eޢil, a single night with a torcŸ or̛two co΄Źd Ӹchieve an ample veϧœeanȨe? "If weЍƳesired, inԠeed, ږo ޮct the paǕtӫof open enemies,εnot merely of sǑcڶetזavengers,ܓמould there be lגcking ـn ɷ΁rengtї, һhether ofйnumbers orīresources?݃. . . зoǗ what warώ shoul߰ we not be fit, noˢ eager,Ľeveݚ wi٬h une͕ual ގorces, we wܾoڀso willingly yєeld o؇rselԇes to the sword, ifʳiӯ ouۥ religion it were јot count֔d better to be slaјn than to slay?Ʉ. . . . "For ifվрuch multitudes of men were to break away fro; you, and betake themselvВs to s܃me remoؾe coҝner of th̑ world,ҙwhy, tԂƢ very loss ģf so mڶny ciڄizens, wʮatever sort they were, would cover the empiʹeͱwith ׸haћe; nay, Үn the ve҆y forsaking, vɅngΆance woulϯ be afflicted. Why, you would be horror-struck at the solitude in which you would find yourselves, at such aѲ all-prevailing silence, and thatϲstupor as of Ӂ dead world. You would haveƝto seek subjects to govern. You would have more enްmies than citizens remaining. For now is the imɣense number of Christians which makes your enemœes so few--alҠost alͰ the inhabitants oɅ your various cities being followers of Christ. Yet you choose to call us enemies of the human race, rather thاn ϳf human error." Toǁard the end of his Apology, he gives his famous statement about the martyrs, ͌The oftener ڷe are mown down by you, the more in number we grow; the blood of Christians is seed." Meanwhile, in far-off Britain, the Church continued its quiet proɋression--not bںcause of Rome, but in spite of her. Tertullian speaksթof the prophecies in the Psalms and in Isaiah ȗf the gospel going out into theڿwhole earth, and then shows hoӱ Christianity, notۘJudaism, has fulfilled this prophecy. He writes in An Answer to the Jews, VII, "For upon whom else have the universal nations believed, but upon the C̲rist who is already come? For whom have the nations believed--Parthians, Medeі, Elamites, and they who inhabit Mesopotamia, Armenia, Phrygia, Cappadocia, and they who dwell in Pontus, and Ãia, and Pamphylia, tarriers in Egypt, and inhabiters of the r؆gion of Africa which is beyond Cyrene, Romans and sojourners, yes, and in Jerusalem Jews, and all other nations; as for instance, by this time, the varied races of the Gaetulians, and manifold confines of the Moors, all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons--inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ, and of the Sarmatians, and Dacians, and Germans, and Scythians, and of many remote nations and of provinces and islands many, to us unknown, and which we can scarce enumerate?" Christians were welcome in areas of Britain that the Romans found dangerous, perhaps north of Hadrian's wall or in parts of Wales. The gospel had spread from Britain to India and had prospered. This is the fourth part of a series titled "History of the 3rd Century Church." To view all parts, click the link below. Dr. Stephen Jones
FAU Implimentation Details to come on January 1, 2017. Compton is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county and on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city to incorporate. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 96,455. It is known as the “Hub City” due to its geographic centrality in Los Angeles County. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, Downtown Compton, and Richland Farms. The city is generally a working class city with some middle-class neighborhoods, and is home to a relatively young community, at an average 25 years of age, compared to the American median age of 35 (2010 data). The 2010 United States Census reported that Compton had a population of 96,455. The population density was 9,534.3 people per square mile (3,681.2/km²). The racial makeup of Compton was 31,688 (32.9%) Black, 24,942 (25.9%) White (0.8% Non-Hispanic White), 655 (0.7%) Native American, 292 (0.3%) Asian, 718 (0.7%) Pacific Islander, 34,914 (36.2%) from other races, and 3,246 (3.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62,669 persons (65.0%). The Census reported that 95,700 people (99.2% of the population) lived in households, 643 (0.7%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 112 (0.1%) were institutionalized. There were 23,062 households, out of which 13,376 (58.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 10,536 (45.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6,373 (27.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,354 (10.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,725 (7.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 158 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,979 households (12.9%) were made up of individuals and 1,224 (5.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.15. There were 19,263 families (83.5% of all households); the average family size was 4.41. The age distribution of the population was as follows: 31,945 people (33.1%) under the age of 18, 11,901 people (12.3%) aged 18 to 24, 26,573 people (27.5%) aged 25 to 44, 18,838 people (19.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,198 people (7.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.0 years. For every 100 females there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males. There were 24,523 housing units at an average density of 2,424.0 per square mile (935.9/km²), of which 12,726 (55.2%) were owner-occupied, and 10,336 (44.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.9%. 53,525 people (55.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 42,175 people (43.7%) lived in rental housing units. During 2009–2013, Compton has a median household income of $42,953, with 26.3% of the population living below the federal poverty line. Compton has a growing Pacific Islander, Filipino, and Vietnamese community. West Compton and unincorporated Willowbrook have more middle class blacks than the central city (west of Alameda St.) and unincorporated East Compton, the latter of which has a higher number of Hispanics and working-class blacks. Lower-income subsections on Compton Boulevard have many businesses owned by Latinos. Although Compton was formerly thought of as a primarily black community, this has greatly changed over the years and now Latinos are the largest ethnic group in the city. With the influx of immigrants (non-citizens who can not vote) and the demographic shift in ethnic population, it was after the 2000 U.S. Census that Latinos were recognized as the majority. So as long as Blacks continue to vote they will continue to dominate local politics, holding most elected positions in the city. Compton was recently designated as an “Entrepreneurial Hot Spot” by Cognetics, Inc., an independent economic research firm. Compton made the national list for best places to start and grow a business, and ranked #2 in Los Angeles County out of a field of 88 cities. The city’s Planning and Economic Development department provides a business assistance program consisting of a comprehensive mix of resources to small business owners and entrepreneurs. The grocery chains Ralphs and Food 4 Less, subsidiaries of Kroger, are headquartered in Compton. Gelson’s Market, a subsidiary of Arden Group, Inc., a holding company, is also based there. Compton is surrounded by multiple freeways which provide access to destinations throughout the region. The Long Beach and Los Angeles Ports are less than 20 minutes from downtown Compton, providing access to international destinations for customers and suppliers. The Alameda Corridor, a passageway for 25% of all U.S. waterborne international trade, runs directly through Compton from north to south Gateway Towne Center Shopping Destination The Gateway Towne Center is a retail center and represents a new trend in investing in inner cities. Phase one of the mega-shopping center included several big box retailers, several restaurants, banks, supply stores and fitness centers. The Major League Baseball Urban Youth Baseball Academy Encompassing 10 acres (40,000 m2) on the campus of Compton Community College, the MLB Urban Youth Baseball Academy features state-of-the-art facilities including a show field; complete with scoreboard, a grandstand that seats nearly 200 fans, dugouts and lights; as well as an auxiliary field; softball field; youth field; and a 12,000-square-foot (1,100 m2) clubhouse consisting of a weight room, locker room, and other training facilities. The complex also features batting cages and pitching mounds. The Academy operates on a year-round basis under the leadership of former Anaheim Angel Darrell Miller. An after-school program, week-long clinics accommodating approximately 200 youth per day is held, as well as month-long clinics. Over the course of the first year of operation, the Academy expects to offer the free program to a minimum of 2,500 youth. Tomorrow’s Aeronautical Museum Tomorrow’s Aeronautical Museum is a non-traditional compilation of a living interactive museum, after-school programs, gang intervention programs and flight school. Tomorrow’s Aeronautical Museum is a grassroots nonprofit bringing aviation history to life and empowering the dreams of youth to take flight in South Los Angeles with its HQ in Compton. Robin Petgrave Cheif Pilot & President of Celebrity Helicopters was also the Founder of Tomorrow’s Aeronautical Museum Born to fly, Jamaican native, American raised Robin Petgrave has accumulated over 10,000 hours of flight experience gracing the skills conducting helicopter tours, charters, flight training, ferrying helicopters, and entertainment industry production work. A director and producer’s dream, Robin’s deft flying skills, uncanny sense of production timing, and a photographic eye for “the money shot”, gets better results than originally planned, saves on aerial sequence production costs, and makes the production crew and talent look great. Robin wowed a skeptical movie crew by landing a helicopter where no one thought possible-not once but eight times in Dr. Dre’s backyard during a movie shoot. He is impulsive, free-spirited, and a big kid at heart. And he can fly the hell out of almost anything. One of the only, if not the only African American helicopter pilots flying film, television, music video, and commercial production jobs in the entertainment industry, Petgrave (he prefers to be referred to as Robin) is steadily breaking down the diversity barriers. So what is Robin up to when he’s not flying stuntmen around? Keeping an eye on his reinvention of the helicopter tour industry and mentoring economically deprived future aviators between the ages of 8-21. As a way of giving back, Robin donates most of the profits from Celebrity Helicopters to Tomorrow’s Aeronautical Museum (T.A.M), one of the only interactive aviation museums in the United States that offers hands-on involvement with its static displays, virtual reality aircraft simulators, and youth programs. Compton’s violent reputation reached the national spotlight in the late 1980s with the prominent rise of local gangsta rap groups Compton’s Most Wanted and especially N.W.A, who released the famous album Straight Outta Compton in 1988. The city became notorious for gang violence, primarily caused by the Bloods and Crips, but they are currently in a truce. In 2013, the homicide rate was 36.8, a decrease from the 1990s peak. In 2015 there was a record low of 15 homicides while the homicide rate in the rest of the US increased.	<urn:uuid:fe3904d1-7fbd-4f0f-a555-3697fa4df745>	2,243	FAU Implimentation Detaۦls to come on Jȸnuary 1, 2017ӹ Compton is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States siϙuated south of downtown Los Angeles. Coٓpton is one of th܅ oldest cΪties in the county anΑ on šay 11, 1888, was the eighth city to incorporate. As o΍ the 2010 UnitedڂStates Census, the city had a total population of 96,455. It is known as the “Hub Cityđ due toƁits geographic centrality iܫ Los Angeles County. Neighborhoods iօ Compton include Sunny Coؚғ, Lelїnd, Downtown CoԆpton, and Richland Farˣs. The city is generally Ӌ working class city with some middle-یlass neighborhoodsΟ aϠd is home to a rٴlatively young cگmmunity, at an average 25 years;of age, compared to th߲ AРerican meؿian age of 3ǡ (2010 data). The 2010 United States ڻensus reported that Compton had a populatiگn of 96,45˗. The population density w֞sؘٹ,534.3 people per square mile (ɳ,681.2/km²)ɺ The racΣal ۯakeup of Compton ۳as ˠĩ,68ޅ֌(32.9%) Black,Ҟ24,Ǟ42 (25Ǯ9%) White (0.8% Non-Hispanic ńhite), 655 (0.7%) Native American, ѿ92֓(0.3%ѿսAsian, 718ߡ(0.7%) Pacifiц ߶slander, 34,9բ4 (3֒.2%ڛݡfrom other races, and 3Ľ246 (3.4%) from tw֞ or ߉ore۞races. Hispēniʏ or Lێtino of any race were 62,Ǆ69 pޢrsons (65.0%). The Census reported thatĥ9ؑ,70е ϒeople (99.2% of the poѥulatioߙ) lived in houseŖol̸s, 64ղ (0.7%) lived in non-inȪtitutionaliҎed groupТquarters, and 11ď (0.1%) ˬere institޚtionaɖizedן There werϧ 23,062ݕhouseholds,ʶout׊of which 13,376 Λ5ܟ.0%) had childreǼ ֚nder theٻڼgeϿof 18 living in thɼm, ߄0ų53ݾ (45.7%ڠ were opposite-sex marrieٿ couplesƩliving toۙether,ۏ6,3ߩ3 (Ί7.6%) hadթa fԓχƄle householder wit̯ no hȍsband ۤrۚsentϽ 2,354 (1Ǔ.2%) ha͠Ƽa male hoٿseh؁ldڠr witɈ no wiݜe present. There were 1,725 ܟ7.5شڍ unmarried oݵposite-sex partnershipܾ, Ұnܹ ʿ58 (0.7Ľ)قsşӡe-sex mƳrried cԊuǻles or partnerޣӟips. 2,979 households (12.9%Ǩ werڛ mףde up of ̳ndiv޸dۡԬlީԚЙnd ց,224؞(5߽բث) had someonն ҲivЭng aݞonؾ who ϋať 65 yearsʍof agմ o߶ older.̠The͘avѮrage ٵءusehold size was̍Д.֩5ف There ۏܙre 19,263Γfamil߲es (əƚ.Ԛ% of a۪lϱhouse؎olds);ȝќhe a֮erαҧe famiƅǈ sОze wasǘх.41ě Ɲhe Īάeϥdistributi͆n ϶f t޴e ۖoĉulՠtݪon waէُa͢ follows: 31,94ƍ ṕople й33.1߼) ڱndмr ޴he aƏe ofƬ18Ɍ 11,ք01 p̛op̴e (12ڞ3%) ageĩ֞18 ׳ߙ ߜ4Ҋ 2ʷ,573ɲpаoؘleĹ(27.5֪ͫ aged 25 to 4޲, 18,838 ʘϯop޹e ̈́1ŏ.5˺) ageʝ֌ĥ߰ şo 64,۰anߝ׃7,1̛8֝peopݶeΨںē.5%) whڍ wҿre զ5 ǟearքߋofկa˱eĂʬĎ olׯeٟŖ The mediaҕ aթe wͤs ̸8.Θ yعԕһs. Foޗ eм̃ry ٻ00͛fem҆leۧ there werϗ ب4Ֆ8қmales.רFor eϧe߭y 100 fېmaͦes aŚeם޵8 and ׯvũr, therͦ werԊ ܂ӏ۫Ǖ ݞalesם T͍eˊe were Л4Ǻ523Ɯhousing unݕίsʖat an ׀vera˘e dƉը՝۫ty of ։ؿ424.0 pԃ˽ s٧uare̙mile խ9ѩ5.ך/km²)ת ęfڎwhich 12،7ȅ6 (ٞ5ڒ2%ɗ wereу˸wner-ʸc޵uϼied, ܖnd 1ר,336 (44.ˏ%) ߩeΕe ơއcuƭiedġby rֹڵters. Thƛ؅֣ߑmeʴwneц ߙͿcˁ֞cy raԸe ˍ׌sցܱɁ9%ɝ гhӥ ȏen΂տlրvġc֮݀ڔ˴ ratߤ֔was ȗƁ9İɽ 53܉5ё5 pҗoplƸݰ(в5ư5%ʵoɂ the popݢlaݠiׇnШ ޱiޛedʹin ħwЌeɤ-ːccupۢedћҍoĂԬiՉg Ԅͱiϐܮ and 42,17߀ pĥoڼޚe א43.ͦ΂)΅livʎϕ͆in щϿntal ǻousing un̿׃sƱ ʔڏӟiĘ̄ 2009–201ݑς Compton ׊˹sݜa ߤeԂiaĈ ȷаuֿeɷޝldκinЉome ڸf ޛ42,ϟ՘ؔՋ ƚŹѤǲ 26Č3ەŝoΊ t؟eѫpoܪކl֒tҀo؈܄lӾ׷ݫnة֡۱e˒ow theחݾedŀ؂փlʉpoļڝrty ьine. ݷŝmߥ˨on hһsƽߠɀҡʋowءng PϽơificܹIқܫѨndŔџ, FilЕǵinoݏЁaɱĠ ɵΘetގamesː coǻmȆnit۽ѧ WeՆt Ќłm̴ɿoȉܙ܀nd ĳ֎݀Ӛ˿݁ײp֡ζa׊eܛ ԮݠԠИoԜbroכҲ h٥v݂߱ԭoݦǸǚmȵdŒޝܞďclassܤƸlacēǪڮՕӓܿn Żhe cĥߍtral ҲܳΜе (we޳tƥݟƊЕAԏaӛςځ˩ Sԩ.)͒aѤdےʹɝЗncoӛp؛raߢed East ʅom֔tԱn,ִۓheٻla̽Ɗeߴ ƅfʀẇiގ҄҂hasػѹ hϖgʵМr numbeՐ ofؒ٣Ӓsۈaٕic۞ a͍ʹ Ѡoʘ҉inͻ-޸l׭ss޲bŖΆcks. LعwƝ݅-incĮݝeʹsubѾectҦׁns onɮComΎǜ˻ƿ߽Boς۠ɄՖǲrdǄݚaveݱmߔųŽϗb؛siզ̡֥ses޽؉݇n۶Ą bܓǾڻލt˳nosݕ AlthouȦˎ CoЫp݊ȥn ۄ͈s ɫˆrФݦҗlyǄٟʗ͗ughtߐܯfΣaǩ aؐǾrȉښܡiǼyŰbƱaġϋޜco׮ŮunǏċվűϿӸܹiӹݞгɌ֑ǯgʞeܨгlyūҲhaثg޴ܑӛٯѫer޻tٸɞєyears ޝnԢٗǤԀز ڜaѤڻʼь˺ ݐլʬلtۃeߑʡɹrڳestڷЙ֌ЉѺٙc ϭrŖ̌p iܿˌtʍeڦψԜ͕̓.եڀޅԵޏƾthe infیݥڪǴӔα Ňۯmٴgr΋Ӄ؝īˣؒnoҪ-c׈tݮҵּĿs whҷ߄Ɛʒn nǬҔŋۨoteˤ ʨتځ ʋѢɚ ضʣ֕oϜǰapԭiߪ˰sաifێڵiϝͻe؃ȜϬȦcݒp˄̒ul֞ӄα܊n, Ǣt٥wasׁГڟ˴e׳ ։җ׻ ϱ0܉0 ȝېТ׽̓Čenޚ޸s thʓЯȕͯa؃iԘ҇ޠՍwere ͎ǐخˣż̍ݷze߮Ţaŵ̩݆Ή߾ ӯaדoڎՉtyͯѣҰ͏ aȨ՝ד԰ng ķӘתٲlݶcюؘ ȼon̄؝nٔ̌ۥـȡ votʞݿthڞٞ ֆڻll̠ĖŦ܅tinջe toޝهȒҜiۊۖ܏ɷ ͬoΘęlϘ̡oȾΗ͝٢ԋņӇѻʫ̲ͪ۝inʔʮߐڔįtږeв܅ѰtύdȑpoҕߥɾŪoȘȾ Řnڵڍ׏׆ ǅͱ͒y֮ CϚmɑtۆտ˥۸ݾ֍ŝrͱמڲnŲly֎ޭߜЉˎǃ֓aܰ̐Ѹ̈Ƈһ a߃յ“ѥֆt̰ژ׾ȔɃڬրu̝iaء ʑot ߭һΠո։ ؃ƗҺѭ˙gneɎćɵʄ, ښncǵ, anʨγnƸe҅Ӳ˃denقǪѤ߯هկoǵՋ˰ԒƵəݘˀժrغ҅ غݼơҋ۠ӎȇ͟mڟ׳ˆnťȩa͙ԙ ſظeՒǷտtȸؽޜ·lеl˦Ͷҝ ĽؿrɭɪeƘʛ ǶФaces̅ڐ̡ Щѻɕrt̋ɴ҃ǝ ՛Ԏow ʴăbʬsɸ˶Ԝ˾־ɿ andǤrЙnked Ϲ۾ in̹߰ŏşŐϬȁޕٽՏȦչЇouߝ̃y Ϸڍ˲ƑoީސԆ ܓiŕld ȂҨ؏߇Ӄщԏ۠׻iΖs. ݞ߭ɐ˕Ƨi˲֮’sүЍʒߟ˧Զi̯ĦڪƸքƵĥʭĖɶnؚȏȉ˹ әĻvɫlo̡mՒԼڐƾԔeАɳɦӣե̎ѡĉۼprʋӚʀdήټҏϖ ܐƘػiٹוȭׅ؞ŏؕsѪ˼taߺрeёȷrڸӁr߂ެӅܫڠˮеѹڵӦԼng oΐͭǂԗλoʹ֎Ƣ͙ջe˻s˧vԏ߳mгxʎӍΒ͢խȇ؆̅߁rcсγ͹Ԕ̓ ąǳ̑͡lΜb͍siňeəҠتo֞ΗɵܸϛȀaĉՇͳߑ˔ٜګɶpҊΨˑeڲɇsי Ɍhe܎Ƃؙoc޾rřѩcۘaߔؕǤ͡ڴa׬߹hʙ ͻёަҜ܂ŋħՐڜũށɊ˗sǔ, sєbsiЍiٵػڝӼ̡үپҏśߚɇĕݿǶrɳ aߗۤ׽ۙͱΤ˻qρͻѦւЀȿϕֹƘҵ͐ϵĖȠևԲؙȱǙ̮؎އ˛йϗȒn’ʃȫ͸ډΚƆ؈أӿ ͫ sݖշsղӞiܗ۽ʱՎoڈٹ؛҃Єe؅͆Ƞ˧ԉڄŤƈܞظܫ˅ːہ a۝ǀɤʄϐڒng Хį͈ڠĿƒݷ̤ ǗަժϪǁǝʥ Τҹڀ۽ނݗ͕ؐՀڲeܨ ʜoІڶtĳɵίű̲͇АҸr̐ߚ̈́Ѹ͵ƍߓٮҊДڭސuȈˋiޱň݃ סŪݬ·؈б֠s˱װһi֌h ʩݨܱԢљǁׇؘՉȻcҝsɬ tΙʸԱeϐŦ٨natŮ΍ϺԜޮߣ϶ϚoĚgܱoɺΐɮَhʃ˓հɓʛʳ˰έѽ˪ϱޯɞџŚoޏюپ٘eřӊƹڝصŋ˃ūΛo̍ОA٦ŤʘܕѠŊݭP߯ګȐs are žݼsܺɀߞɺ׋ɲȃ͛֞ʇܽޞͿƨ٧ݼԑϪȊєoآԶЈʶҨƱ̀ҕ҇şħ؃Ӫmǁߦϒ߾,ƕpro֏֝Ђ،ԸˑמaմҪ̰ؖs۾ٸܩЙʽϲӢޥ׼ծԞtiԔȺaْǏ҅ɸ͗ߌʛِڇȱЭʔĂֳ͍f؜͟ ӧѝsߍʤɍǞ߱׬ɗӣ؛ǩΉʱԄܵՀlڿ̮۪ǥ. ұՒeٍAlЯҷݠߒ˖θӭƥƛr҂ܻ܏rӫ ԛʀСޚϻƮԡgًڑaŉζ͐Ѝ۾ ٺڸŰȯ͓ѣ߳ŗ֫ɀ߷̂˂Ԧβܢ٧a؃ɧőޙ΁ƒ͑ʠŔޛԊГΚ܈nҟ֤Ӱ܌Ітl tȋēӅЬ̘تͩĄշӲ Ұθr˭۪̮lɥɆt΂ГʆڳȦŲԚǖԽܸʕtoҕƔ߶߽ںؔ΀nړrˏѕʪǺȫ̉߰ٚӿӪĦ شΦ֡ڑwՔ͢ɉα˾ٯ޻֥ާC̿мΕeԿӯSh֎ppřȨْӁȬԈЫtǧҔ׏ԱiϺŹ عɤׇʜũŅԒԚֽڜϩ٠TҁӦ߉˗ ߮ۥ̅ضeӱяقǗӥڀ ؝etaŀߊǩҧԤΏ̣ҵفѤӥʝׁŋԯeέʟ˱ʹߪn˽ƼɐaҮnڔݴإʯԃȏķ˨ ב͇ϖ˧Ƶۄ׶К˓ڕݐ͕ėǵİʧγȬǳećߴВӞٝȋ׳sԽ؀ԏѮasѝ֘٣neڊѝȦߋݰڞeǱĎҒgՀێ˲hǲĊבԉƤҢƄŻ۬ݘtݿƟ۩͉ܳ˳ɑӯƏeָ֮ΕƏƃޫܪaśٗРɳܭʾɵٚϞ˓ƽĺƼӗilѯۀܸܦѭ̲ơʀލǨۛl ƈۢ˜ۃ˪ڱʮɜҮɿsߡ֩ޖƘחѽɽЅ ڦӫ׋̯ѧмŁٷĲؐrۤٓȍԗΚ˝ ƍёƌѻ՗ϝǗ؇ϗe܋֒ϜrڤԺ ӓ׾ɆʇޫɧحoĐѓŵڗƍٟԚݳļȘaӋȸҞaʷޚ ثڂbۢ׀֠˵̨uռݧʻτҜsְָ˘ׅϰݺAמaǉ׌͢ɤ ӨՇׄѱɨȼʔȨ̐ۏ֖ʏ؀1߰ŧǂcߥƊɿըܸא́߄ɦˑω͌հ˚ϏɍóŖĎڞܩȴ߄ٷȊˁβϧƞҿަʾׂހƅƑʍΆȿ Coۭչ̆δ֑޴ǤƼCƨ؟ɣԆ˝ݛּŐĎhe̠ŬLեڴ۲ǡ˨aȐ Ǐ۰ϢơhزťԦۇĎާaǒ؂˻λcˍ،eۇŜ ۲ϯкɵuәѿ؆ΓքƲۨ؅Ȉȍ̥Ֆɦߏ̏ю-پȉt٣ސaġϝج׋ۢͅاӦڙԯģйۭőŶiܿݷݐԹ۶ђ؋Ұ҇ͅ՜ˏ؞ޥѰ՞ cƀܼɵَƊ֣ܩʸʞʳߢί sդoѸܮθטʮŤؤ,ۦaӜܰ֌Ǻոͨ˛taǻʢۏՔЄٞĭӌ̪٩ԁ˾ܱۧĝ٧يۥߟɧևЏ̓ʎٽ՜،ҟޛ҇ ǗŢgҢҾǚˌė֬ґݑƐ؟΂ҭԋԋ̰ۂ׏̤ڶ̣wˌĆ̾׶aɧΈوҽӇauxąٝϽ݊rɛ׀Ճiҫl֠մٺвͰǎ݁ϯaڜؘ ֭ѩe܍ڤԢ Ğ٩Ȋ҈ޞɽڟԳϏՍՇКӏլnǄӆ˻Љӭ˟Ѫ܎ʑ0ܣѨҁҗareʹβ̆ưܺڡɩɯ߇1ƃܠوm2̲ ̧ǃסb̎ӒŜېܠ ȉԳϨȖѬϑt׈Ψʊݦöھaɲֳ̥iЕǉԨ ƩǃΫԩӾ܋ͰoǦ܋ϢrϺrĻȈ۽ޮ aődӷؗıЄۗюǐ٠śиinڪ׋՞ۦʥٕcթ̳ד̘̘ψ΀ݳٳؿδũ֫cʟāڟĀݠxݪٖĽФχՒӈeaўߑrׁʸѸũטؐڧۥċтгŋ̉ǊЏٌɀߩƟμ pݚt׳ؖ͞߇g ݅ѤٜΥӊ޻ݞ Ԫԡ޲ ؂Ũѻ͈ɢݤߒ̃גǩچݴڙʟ׾ԽқݛּǾЁӕŚϥaǊʺݭό݇ܢ֋̎׭ǒЍŃձ٣کڙ΃ֿ͒ ަшϖŸ߮ƍaڵЕ͍ۺɗھܩԩۙܿ f۹͜ҧ̛ȺѪAn٫݌eԱmҞФŐϡߊ΄ԯD́͹ҥȳߥײݿؽխޯە̮rϐɠĭڱۉ̕լߦeߞץҔ׽ͅǴʒŋɛސrȕڢϗѐǦݝŬߪԀeںөְȭʃă˜ܚưۣځ֖ڄֲđǣްάݚ׼Ÿ֗ω׽ŇinżƋaӇɂʹ۞̦ҹmϬĻҘύ؏ў2خӜԕ߀ouּǞބȕِƏ ެ҂yٯiҼɅ܆ҧݒεܗۧǧŰɋw֝lש ϕsնޫб́th߬̇ƅϙgɵɷݵiĳӲcƹ.Ԃм̾eۂ ϫhŭ ٘ՏΓrԶ۞Ė͢ݧէt٧܈Ȭfߋˌ։׍׽گެǶѶ ɥʎƣoǁȾˡɾt݄ؖɲ,҆ɦh֯҆ڣcaӫط̭ߴۛeڟѣ̟ؽɅӬի٩؜ ЮɤʭʗѮ͌ҍϩЍ̙ۢέԦߵŎڅrӊۂ߉۸mփ˥هνˏ ܡin݋m؜ӵЊֲؕ̉ݪԍݮ̈́ބ Ϧ׮Όݨ͑Λ Ǽomۋ؃ީҖלđŭ ʾܶ֩Ϳҍ҂ut݋ͤՄʽҭŞus߯˶ɜ ܸݵmϠrءބؓҦҐЅ̒ͽҴ̹אɜ̘t͉مџŘքעɭՈּǸĉđۅsĨʝތœϋ̰Ȫּr؎ؘϼ݉˝ѬŏȐʊںшo͖p٥֡őtԱݕn oą׶Ȋ ݊ƁvϋֶgۄͳnݶˆʹشņܴՎvحچűۇƾĆճբ֓ЙΛƣŅ̢ЦϵsךhȚoع ۬҆ogܑ܉ʒηٯʕӘa܇њ ŪƵŐԡʮ׉ٍ۪tđվn ڢܷܧgܜaקӈ ΅nهŕӂԘ̇ŀܴˠ޳ΠǓح׊oʾЙ ʣܓ̡oīѻoʳױ̓Ǭݭبroځۼըƞإصم׏׾ףus۶ҀmٴƦѰ ЋƩƭ߁Էsɜڬɩטܱڹ߿ʚoߺ̟؂ȼĬ͙ŏĪʹӕފэgiلgϰŠ܅ԙ٪޹я̾nԆڕۊsǆorͥܒ֋ɽ؛lťfրźű٦ٿ ޤźp֎ԽǷہհȨgۘՄ؁ƗҙĜߜуٛȯ̵ ӹƵ ݡϗͮתֳԛƿМ ܱa͓eЈfޔؘڬԶt ʫnߝSouЕձ߿߇oЃ݉An˩ۂΝޙ˷оͥːќhϮitж˄ҨQμiȅ Cɑػpɰƾn. ؟Ƿֺ؛nҗݶȢЭɁrߌ׺܀ ځʄeiֿ PĵӋܪ˩ & PĢˎsКػ˽n͗ݫƶ߶ Śؤүܡbͬۚ˰yΆHeΆicۏ܃Ӂȩݍȅ ӐaώѢalݸړ݈tޡeրʉ٭Νˡе˷ƙҊӦګګTȘС֧ؕغoԔՒۂ٦ՖΟr۽ׇפމtƂ؝aӍϻ۫ȘŦٳʷ̽ Bҏ؈Џ Ψݼ flռ˫ݰԮąmǷiĪ݅nŠۑaս՝ߢڽך ʷmѸ؎מcޝn ӤֶŸsɸ۝˽݉ȏ؂in۳݋eիֿrוv߮ȯhܤӺͽaƎ݄u͡ևla֡ʭd oӻ̵܀͔1ΙЀ޾Ӗ0ը˧oȍrů oݦ f֟Ɨߑݷя˯ȯxƔԣrςe׶ӓӶ gߋƨcٴɕƃ tͤ܌̴˥ҘդlԂs˳Ӟِn˚Гc˃ǼʪgԄh҂lڕĞߎēώޟֱڑt؊uՀȀҿ ϒhaى݋ޞrׯŒ flƸgصε Вȗ֏ּnֱ٬gˡļfeԗؽyinˋ helѝc͛ˁtٷؙܪͿ̗aʘd ׍n֬ȨŏtaȠnЉظζѐ͢iϕۂ΀ݰΒ֏ؖ pԆǸŷʓϵʄϧɲ˝ɳͿžrĩƓ Aܩǈͼrecto˸Ʈand͟p܎oduֿeބ’ȫ Ŭдطa߰,޹ޛ̡ܔҤș’s ճߪfҲȁμlĈinޙȣͻkiՊlۇڸ ʊnҔޅܪnݚ ۙeӡsֆ oԶǹɐĬoчܤcȚş̙n֜ݒݳޟinۍ,Яɹϓȕ ʄ phݫ͓ݴg۬ТĺҮiĴͣߦЌƄϭfoȫ ݦtˋe mڎھey֚sͧʽӠ”ݫܸʉͭӉӎ bĉԖ̽Ȗٲ r՘s͉Ўtԏзtθ٢Ŭ˿orղgџߋ؄هlϚ υlaۋn߸ˉ,آsaݛeωƝoĞ Ѫe˸ݝۊҚ ݧeޟ֑҅ݐ˅޹ۊƔroԃuctЪon ިostsޛߵaǢҭȝ˥ϩ۱eحߚ̸ḣѯpr߾߼uctioЬ creަαַڇԄ۠tʱlܹnȡҷ˖o͛Ť Ȟreatۿ ڋobӦnѼwԷwe٠ΈЫǢsսeʁżic̡ݘРϲoviҖͺcָא֤ʊʈɕ landiѢ؃ ̶ ڼeԌϼcؿpטeđ͋wherѧ ۈԠ ޠԅ߳˹tΑμuɂ҅tړpoۀsiݣԕφ-ڣٮt onۖĚ bέ؉ ei֕hڔ tؐmӋsϯ΃Ө Dr.ߨDѤرۋsӰbܥ̩kλardռ؛ڛĨiƼڼ Ң߮m͢vie͏ӱϨoǊǧϚȠH٧ ҉שѢiή˭ЫlҌֆ؉Ÿ,ɳĨrŠȡ-sٿiƊiدۣͶğ a˝d ܜθb˵ی֒ѝidȓaҝۙבeǀҐƯ. լnևԦүe can fǜy tڌe ʸeк޵ڕoΐޥŻӑٗ aўmЃɋЊܯٷޢytʹing. ̸ϑe ϗfҚtʙe onͪȖɊ if nдt theэoĆͯݞ ٦fr׸cۮnρҊmerčcaɸ֊he؛iҙop̞кr pŜЯ̎Ĕsļǲ̌yʃޒgӶŮiēm, tͅĠevision,εׁԼsۤc Ѿidլޭҏ ЪnҎ Ȃoپثerciί̟ ѭĪֻductiҦ̫ jζb̝ ƶԮ tۉeަenţeŧtغiߗ̐e͢t inόustr˓, PҚƞљޜŖvڅ (ŚeدpӃefސˊs ٞЧ٥be ܐȹferred tϞ as Ro׵in)ϧŐߊ ٪teږхiռՊ bޜe޳͹in˭؍ŔИųǬ Ϸӂe̫d՝γeĵsitʤډbarrier̽Ժ ʄƨִ́ha̺ Ĉ͎ Robi׭תup t׳ ȩҍףn ،e’sĘnoЄיflѣޤʐg stuntmen ar׳uΆdˉ KeޫpiӜg ƥ̥ ԒyծҔoΟ hiӈ rЖiƩveޮtʫܾn oŭ Ąhe ԾǨlicopΧ̡rӃѤour iܮˡusێrߐȥaχˁȮ͜ˁntorinկ economicaۢlyզҔe܂Ѵived f͆˰Уre aߘǙԘtoԊs betԔe՚Ɯ Ԟhe age֍ oݟ 8-21. As a waٱگofݕgiʱضn߃ backפ Robinܴdջnąߙeύܤmуst ofӍthe pрoȥits fٻكm ڈٓʹПbׂؚty իelicƝpterǨ tրڼހomլrroń̶רҸAe˙޵naɣtΔcaΰ MuəeŃmߨ(T.A.M), one of Ȩ۸֤ only ӝnteraߦtޤveˊaģiation ǽuseumپ̈́inфtheעUnŃteŹ SʯƪteܩƂދšat ofӌersօhaԈds΍oҮ ܔnՐΠlܬ̙ݘӺn̑ǲwiϣh itsާątݹtic disнlaŋڊ, viƤtuߌl Ġeaɒity Ɂiʰcrafݧ simקލ΂Ցٶrs܄ޫaխ܃ yĖutʷͤpǜoʒrams߹ CompՀonǥs׎violent reputȳǼԽԮnіԹeaͥhƝd ΡheЬnɆti˴݀aŠƭspotligϘt ڋn thċ late 198ɐſ wˋtҠ theـpɮomineܜt ƍise ӟf locaȉ Ɩangstر rۑڸ ԋɣoؑȣԄ CoͥpǓܾn’s Moپt Wװnteڽ andȗespͭciΗllҤ NκՅ.ڢȤ who r֍lԖa֞Ɏd th߭ famous ٩lbuݚ StraiՋۦt˾ǂut٠a ComptШn in 198θ. TheΔٜ͂tޢ bϙ֒aդe notoȸiӗuĊ for gͤnߔ violence, p̖Ցmarily ѾaҼsed Ѩy حhe Blؗ́ds and ͅriӔs, ݋ԍt theyʭare currenڇly inƘa trۮce. IƵڥ2013ъ thճ ӿomicide rate was Ծ6.̴݇ a decrease׆frƪm the 199Ұsʓpևak. ߭n 2015ұԨеẻeũwas aپrecܙ۩d low oɵ݌15 h֎mɛciĊeܾ while the homicide ˹ate Ƀn the rԝst of theϲUS incĨe̝seԇ.
The history of the concept of eclecticism The history of the concept of eclecticism Antiquity knew both the concept of eclectic philosophy and the term itself, but both were much less widespread than their popularity in modern times would lead one to think. The idea that a philosophy could show the combined influence of other thinkers was by no means unusual in the classical world: we need only be reminded of the way Aristotle explains Plato's thought in the first book of Metaphysics as a creative blend of the philosophies of Parmenides, Heraclitus, Socrates, and the Pythagoreans (A6.987a29ff.). Likewise, the idea that a particular doctrine or philosophical statement could be the result of the combination of 10510t191k two or more others was fairly common. But the ancients never In writing this paper I have been greatly helped by the discussion that followed my first draft, read at the FIEC Congress in ― 16 ― labeled these two kinds of mixture eclecticism . When this term is employed, it has an entirely different meaning: it means a philosophy whose structural character is that of deliberately planning to select some doctrines out of many philosophies and fit them together. There are, however, only a few known examples of the use of the term in this sense. The most important one is in Diogenes Laertius, who says that "an eclectic school was introduced by Potamo of Alexandria, who made a selection from the tenets of all the existing sects" (1.21, trans. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library), the meaning of the Greek verb eklegein/eklegesthai being precisely "to choose, to make a selection." In connection with Diogenes' statement about Potamo it is very interesting to find that an "eclectic philosopher" from Alexandria is mentioned in an inscription from Ephesus which has recently been published. Another instance of the term is provided by the Christian writer Clement of Alexandria: he calls his own ideal of the philosophical method eklektikon (Strom . 1.37.6). Finally, it should be remarked that Galen twice speaks of a medical school which is called eklektike by some people. Unfortunately, we are not in a position to say whether the name was first given to this medical school and then transferred to Potamo's philosophy or whether the reverse happened. ― 17 ― If eclecticism has by this date become a relatively technical notion, its origins, in the sense used by Clement-constituting a corpus of theories by selecting from many doctrines-have roots at least as far back as Xenophon. He makes Socrates speak of readings from the works of ancient wise men, "which we select [eklegometha ] on the basis of whatever we perceive good" in them; and there are other examples of this use of the term. But until the Roman period neither this idea nor the term eklegein may yet have established a regular place in philosophy. A fragment of Epicurus's work OnNature is particularly interesting, because it seems to contain a distinction between the constructive use of someone else's doctrines and the "confused mixture" of ideas deriving from different sources; but neither here nor in an apparently similar passage of Theophrastus is the verb eklegein or any of its derivatives employed. Nor, it seems, is such a distinction familiar to other ancient writers. ― 18 ― To sum up, we may say that the very few ancient thinkers who described their own philosophy as "eclecticism" gave a dearly positive meaning to this term, that these authors did not represent schools of major importance, and, finally, that there are traces of a distinction between a good and a bad mixture of doctrines emanating from divergent origins. When compared with the very limited evidence from antiquity, the many references in modem histories of philosophy to eclecticism or eclectics as typical features of later Greek thought may thus seem excessive. Even more remarkable is the fact that the use of these terms in modem times has not reflected the same point of view, but has undergone many changes from the Renaissance to the present. Nowadays everyone agrees that eclecticism, viewed as a general feature of a stage of ancient thought, was a very bad thing; that philosophy from the end of the second century B.C. , or from the first century B.C. to Plotinus, was bad, and that it was bad above all because it was eclectic, is a widespread conviction even among Classical scholars. But few among them seem to be aware that there was a long period in philosophical historiography and in European thought in which eclecticism was nothing less than the ideal toward which philosophy aimed and which was accepted as a model by intellectual historians. In the chief monument of this historiography in the eighteenth century, Jakob Brucker's Historia critica philosophiae , one discovers that "the eclectic method of philosophizing, long approved by intelligent men and practiced by philosophers of the greatest ability," produced its greatest works in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, thanks to the great philosophers who founded modem thought by fighting against sectarian ideas and the principle of authority ; so Brucker presents philosophers ― 19 ― such as Giordano Bruno, Francis Bacon, Campanella, Hobbes, Descartes, Leibniz, and Christian Thomasius as "men who renewed the universal eclectic philosophy." The article Eclectisme written by Diderot for the Encyclopédie contained a flattering definition of an eclectic which, like most of the article, is in fact derived from, or almost translated from, Brucker. The eclectic is a philosopher who, trampling underfoot prejudice, tradition, antiquity, general agreement, authority-in a word, everything that controls the minds of the common herd-dares to think for himself, returns to the clearest general principles, examines them, discusses them, admits nothing that is not based on the testimony of his experience and his reason; and from all the philosophies he has analyzed without respect and bias he makes for himself a particular and domestic one which belongs to him.... There is no leader of a sect who has not been more or less eclectic.... The Eclectics are among the philosophers who are the kings on the face of the earth, the only ones who have remained in the state of nature, where everything belonged to everyone. (trans. A.A. Long) In these authors, so great is the praise of eclecticism as a philosophical attitude opposed to dogmatism, to sectarian ideas, and ― 20 ― to the principle of authority that they state that anyone who becomes a faithful disciple of an eclectic philosophy loses by this very fact the right of being considered eclectic. Brucker and Diderot were not even innovators; their praise of philosophical eclecticism was the result of long studies and positive evaluation of the concept of eclecticism which began to develop in ― 21 ― But for historians of ancient thought it may be particularly interesting to note that in Brucker and Diderot the high estimate of eclectic philosophy was not at all connected with a similar evaluation of ancient eclecticism. This eclecticism, they said, had been professed by Alexandrian Platonists, starting with Ammonius Saccas and Plotinus, i.e., by those whom we now call Neo-platonists. (The link between Ammonius and Potamo, who was the only person ancient tradition undeniably called an eclectic, was, besides, very difficult to prove.) But the Platonic eclectics of ― 22 ― phy. Diderot was perhaps only slightly less harsh in his general remarks on syncretism. But the total judgment which historians in the period of the Enlightenment passed on eclectic philosophy in antiquity remained very unfavorable; and it determined the outlook of later historians. However, in the last decades of the eighteenth century; while the popularity of the Historia critica in Europe continued, the change of philosophical outlook in In order to discuss Zeller's views with some accuracy we ought ― 23 ― also to consider other developments which had taken place in the meantime in philosophical historiography. One was the popularity of the term Neoplatonism and the distinction between the Neoplatonic school and eclecticism. (Thus in Zeller Neoplatonism was no longer eclecticism, although somehow eclecticism had prepared the way for it.) Another development was that, while being impoverished by separation from the independent philosophical tradition of Neoplatonism, eclecticism in a looser sense expanded and came to stand for a general feature of philosophical thought from the end of the second, or from the first, century B.C. up to Plotinus. It is obviously impossible to explain in detail all this change as well, but anyone who reads Zeller's account of the general features of eclecticism can have no doubts about his strongly unfavorable judgment. We find a great number of expressions such as "the dying out of a scientific outlook," "scientific decline," "a merely exterior connection between different positions," and "uncritical philosophizing." It is tempting to say that Zeller calls eclecticism what Brucker called syncretism, yet the meaning of the judgment remains exactly the same. It is striking, however, that Zeller does not even attempt to define philosophical eclecticism exactly; he seems to assume that its existence, as well as the scope of the concept, is obvious. Yet when Zeller uses the term eclecticism as a huge generalization, making no attempt to establish a precise link with the only ancient philosophical tradition for which the name is attested, he may well seem guilty of carelessness. But the worst is to come. Instead of providing a definition of eclecticism, Zeller preferred to give two principal explanations of the origin of the phenomenon, in a section with the significant title "Origin and Character of Eclecticism" ("Entstehungsgründe und Charakter des Eklekticismus"). One reason was intrinsic to the development of Greek philosophy; the other he derived from the general historical situation. According to Zeller, the intrinsic reason was the protracted debate among the philosophical schools. It is extremely important to note here that the only ones concerned are ― 24 ― the three great Hellenistic schools, Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Academic Skepticism. Though Zeller never stated this presupposition fully or even explicitly, the subsequent parts of his discussion make it quite obvious. The "very nature of things" (these or similar words occur frequently in the chapter in question, with eclecticism appearing in the end as the logical result of a natural process) entails this consequence: as the debate dies out between the founders and upholders of different systems, each of whom was eager to stress his own point of view and to underline divergences from other schools, and as quarrels abate, those points that the different doctrines have in common emerge; all the more so, since these doctrines had originated from a common ground. (This is an unmistakable hint of the origin of eclecticism from the three great Hellenistic philosophies.) Once this happens, the typical refusal of the Skeptics ("neither this nor that") changes into the eclectic reconciliation of different positions: "both this and that." Several points in this reconstruction cause misgivings. In the first place Zeller stresses the role of Academic Skepticism as really paving the way for eclecticism and believes that the idea of "immediate knowledge," which is the fundamental principle of eclecticism, goes back to skeptical attitudes. He therefore believes that it was "not at all accidental" that it was precisely "the successors of Carneades" who were the chief source from which eclectic attitudes developed. It is clear, however, that he consid- ― 25 ― ers some Stoics who go as far back as the second century B.C. , such as Boethus and Panaetius, to be eclectics, and one therefore wonders how these men, who can hardly be included among Carneades' successors, could have become eclectics. But Zeller's theory has an even more objectionable limitation in that it attempts to trace the origins of eclecticism solely to the interaction among the three major Hellenistic philosophies. This theory would have point only if so-called eclecticism had been a contact between and a mixture of the doctrines of the Stoic, Epicurean, and Academic schools. But it is well known that events turned out quite differently. Epicureanism remained almost completely free from external influences, and it did not influence in an eclectic manner any important thinker (with the exception of Seneca, who was a completely peculiar and isolated instance). Moreover-and this is the most important point-we do not know of a single instance of a mixture only of Stoic, Epicurean, and Academic positions. From the time of Zeller himself, in fact, eclecticism is a completely different phenomenon from the one postulated in this theory. It is, rather, the contact and mutual interaction between the Hellenistic philosophies, particularly Stoicism, and three other philosophies which went back to a previous age and indeed had undergone a considerable decline in the Hellenistic period: dogmatic Platonism, Aristotelianism, and Pythagoreanism. Zeller's theory has no explanation to offer for this renewal of philosophies whose origin was earlier than the Hellenistic age, for the contact between them and their reaction to Stoicism-in short, for everything that actually happened between Panaetius and Alexander of Aphrodisias. Equally questionable is the second reason adduced by Zeller, the external cause. In his view this was the influence of the Roman frame of mind, whose typical feature was a highly practical ― 26 ― and moral outlook. (This view of the Roman frame of mind seems to be one of the most successful fables convenues in Classical studies.) If such influence had really existed and had had a really decisive effect on philosophy, eclecticism would necessarily have turned out to be a sort of moralizing Stoic-Skeptical-Epicurean lingua franca . In fact it is well known that precisely in the Roman period, philosophies with metaphysical interests or foundations, such as Platonism, Aristotelianism, and Pythagoreanism, emerged again and helped to create a new vision of the world in which metaphysics had an ever-growing role. It is also well known that precisely in that period the pre-Hellenistic ideal of pure speculation (theoria ) reappeared and became widespread. (It is remarkable that one of the first vigorous confirmations of this ideal is found in the Roman, Seneca.) Thus Zeller's theory on the origin and nature of eclecticism is a typical example of a priori argument; it explains wonderfully what never happened, while leaving what actually happened totally unexplained. The time has come to think again about the real problem: the sudden reappearance, almost at the same time, of dogmatic Platonism and Aristotelianism, as well as Pythagoreanism, and the interaction of these three philosophies with Hellenistic philosophy, especially Stoicism. It has not been pleasant to criticize a historian to whom every student of ancient thought is still enormously indebted. Nevertheless, this was necessary. Zeller was chiefly responsible for disseminating a negative and unfavorable concept of eclecticism which until a few years ago almost completely prevailed in the study of ancient philosophy. No one who used this concept ― 27 ― after Zeller reexamined its theoretical foundations, and no one noticed that it was unable to keep dose to the actual evidence. This, however, does not mean that things have not changed at all from Zeller's time to the present day. Some developments in subsequent studies in the long run weakened the foundations of Zeller's theory. The point that seems to have caused most dissatisfaction among scholars was the excessively generic nature of the concept of eclecticism, its application without distinction to several centuries of the history of thought. It soon became dear that undifferentiated eclecticism ignored the many differences between thinkers in the period from Panaetius to Plotinus. Further distinctions were therefore devised to do justice to these. There is not much to say on the attempt made by some scholars to put forward again the old distinction between eclecticism and syncretism. According to the definition given by the most explicit upholder of this distinction, syncretism is only "the superficial and unauthentic agreement of the heterogeneous and disparate elements whose irreducible differences are blurred"; eclecticism, according to him, shows a greater degree of conceptual accuracy, since it is "the reunion by juxtaposition of reconcilable philosophical theses. The eclectic chooses, makes a selection," even though he still lacks a synthetic and organizing point of view that can create a unity which is more than a mere juxtaposition. As one can see, however, this is not exactly Brucker's or Diderot's distinction. Not even the term eclecticism has a fully positive meaning here: it betokens a degree of confusion and superficiality that is only slightly lower than that of syncretism. Nor does the distinction reflect the substance of the text of Epicurus mentioned above (p. 17). But the absence of ancient supporting evidence is not its greatest fault. Basically it errs in being completely divorced from the intentions of the ancient authors ― 28 ― and in relying completely on the intuitions of modem interpreters, who in each instance have to decide whether a given philosopher should be included among eclectics or be confined to the shameful circle of syncretists. Finally; the distinction has the weakness of not being generally accepted by historians of philosophy; the word syncretism is largely used now as a technical term in the history of religion, and, above all, ancient religions; when it is still used in the history of philosophy it seems on the whole not to differ from eclecticism . The distinction between eclectic and orthodox philosophers, which Karl Praechter invented, was far more widespread. According to this point of view those philosophers could be considered orthodox who strove to remain loyal to an original core of doctrines held to be essential to, and typical of, the school from which they drew their name, and who in many cases were hostile to the intrusion of alien doctrines. Those who had no such concern and were open to extraneous influences were eclectic. A considerable advantage of this distinction was its applicability to all philosophical schools: thus among Platonists, Atticus and Taurus were typically orthodox, whereas "Albinus" and Apuleius were definitely eclectic; among Stoics, Epictetus was orthodox, while Seneca was absolutely eclectic and Marcus Aurelius was eclectic to a lesser extent; among Aristotelians, Alexander was orthodox and contrasted with the eclectic Aristocles. Clarity and the ease with which it could be applied are doubtless qualities in favor of Praechter's classification. Yet in this case ― 29 ― too the defects in the end turn out to be greater than the virtues. The absence of any recognition of just this distinction from Classical philosophy is not particularly serious; one could say that when Atticus rejects Aristotelian doctrines he in fact contrasts his own orthodox Platonism with his opponents' eclectic interpretation. But such a suggestion could not be the basis for a reasonable classification of all Platonists (or of all the philosophers of the other schools) under the two headings of eclectic and orthodox. What good reasons are there for accepting Atticus as the standard of Platonic orthodoxy? By treating him as such (as Praechter did), we would simply adopt in an uncritical manner his own point of view, without taking into account the fact that Atticus himself was considered by later Platonists to have been a philosopher who had abandoned the school's tradition. We would also be guilty of serious injustice to the intentions of the other side. Most so-called eclectics were honestly persuaded that they were loyal to the school's tradition; on the other hand, even so-called orthodox philosophers were often exposed to external influences whose importance was underestimated by Praechter and his followers. For these reasons Praechter's distinction appears today less and less convincing, and several suggestions for correcting the worst faults of the previous approaches are now available. The ― 30 ― most recent is also the one that has been most carefully thought out. In his introduction to the second volume of his monumental work on Greek Aristotelianism, Paul Moraux proposes a distinction between de facto orthodoxy and intentional orthodoxy: the latter would then also apply to nearly all the philosophers who are traditionally considered eclectic, such as "Albinus," insofar as they at least appear sincerely convinced that they are presenting the genuine version of their school's doctrine, even when they insert elements of different origins. Moraux, however, makes it important to show that external elements are accepted only when they are considered useful in clarifying, completing, or defending the doctrine of the school. Examples of this are the acceptance by Aristotle of Mytilene of Stoic doctrines and of Aristotelian ones by "Albinus." Similarly, Moraux seems to achieve a more precise definition of the concept of eclecticism. Although he continues to speak of "undeniable" or "effective" eclecticism with regard to authors who accept doctrines not belonging to their own schools, he is careful to distinguish this eclecticism, which may very easily be reconciled with full and loyal membership in a philosophical school, from Galen's eclecticism stated as a guiding principle: the latter consists in a refusal to belong to any previously established system, either of philosophy or medicine, and has nothing to do with "a more or less casual and arbitrary combination of elements coming from different sources." "Galen's choice ... is seen as always having scientific foundations. Galen's eclecticism is the immediate result of his strict scientific ideal." Other scholars in recent times have already noted Galen's quite special position. Thus a fully positive and honorable sense of eclecticism has reappeared in the history of philosophy. ― 31 ― This review shows that the term eclecticism has been used by modern historians (after Zeller) to indicate different philosophical attitudes with a number of different senses. Let us try to enumerate these for the sake of clarity. 1. There is first of all the negative meaning of the term, originating chiefly from Zeller and denoting a combination of heterogeneous elements that is substantially uncritical and more or less deliberate. In this sense the term has undergone a strong decline in recent years. (In the sense employed by Praechter, involving the antithesis between eclecticism and orthodoxy, the term is indeed dying out.) The more penetrating the interpretation of individual authors once contemptuously defined as eclectic becomes, the more inadequate this sense of eclecticism appears. After the most recent studies it seems very difficult to dismiss and condemn as eclectic authors such as Arius Didymus, Plutarch and the Middle Platonists in general, or even, I should like to add, Seneca. 2. The term may be used as a statement of fact, without any positive or negative implications: it simply states that the doctrine of a philosophical school is combined in an author's thought with elements of a different origin. 3. Eclecticism is also defined as the more or less arbitrary attitude of authors who accept into the doctrine of their own school extraneous elements because they are honestly convinced that these are compatible with, and indeed helpful in explaining or defending, their own doctrine. 4. The eclectic attitude of Potamo and Clement, which is completely deliberate and stated at the outset, can obviously continue to be described as eclecticism. 5. More recent discussions indicate, however, that this attitude must be distinguished from another one, which chooses among doctrines with the same deliberate program but whose spirit is strongly anti-dogmatic and anti-sectarian. The typical example is Galen. ― 32 ― 6. Finally, although it has not yet been mentioned, there is a sixth attitude, which must be distinguished as absolutely different from all previous ones and which is often called eclectic. It is the posture of Antiochus of Ascalon, who tried to prove the basic agreement between Platonism, Aristotelianism, and Stoicism and tended to make these three schools coincide and form a single common doctrine. Now even if the results obtained by Antiochus may seem similar to those of eclecticism of types (1) and (3), his point of departure is completely idiosyncratic. Was there anyone who really adopted it after him? Platonists open to Aristotelian influence may in a certain sense be considered his heirs. But who among them was equally open to Stoicism as well? To conclude, it seems that Antiochus's position is indeed very personal, and it is better to consider it sui generis. So we have available today no fewer than six different interpretations of the concept of eclecticism: this may cause some dizziness. Other interpretations are perhaps possible and may have escaped me; others will probably be suggested by this book. If, however, I may be allowed to state what lesson I think I have learned from the account just given, my impression is that it is now wise to use great caution in applying such an ambiguous term. The history of the discussion seems to produce an exhortation to employ the term sparingly: in fact, as was said above, sense (1) is already disappearing, and according to some scholars, sense (6), namely Antiochus, has in fact nothing to do with eclecticism. A further widening of senses (4) and (5) seems difficult in the light of the warning, often proclaimed in recent years, that eclecticism as a deliberate plan was a rare and un- ― 33 ― usual position in antiquity and essentially foreign to the traditions and philosophical customs of the Hellenistic and Roman ages, where the desire to look back to a well-defined school or tradition is always evident. In fact Potamo and Clement had no followers in pagan philosophy. As for Galen's anti-dogmatic eclecticism, it is difficult to find even one ancient philosopher who reproduces his features exactly. Perhaps Seneca alone might be compared with him on account of his critical attention to themes of contemporary Platonism and Epicureanism and his frequent claims of intellectual freedom and independence; but in fact he remains different. In my judgment there is either no eclecticism in Seneca or there is a hint of a further widening of the meaning of the term. It seems therefore that only senses (2) and (3) may be effectively and widely applied. However, the former of these is also open to objections. While it is true that it seems rather harmless and comfortable, perhaps it is innocent only because it has not much capacity to explain things: it registers the facts but does not make their qualities and causes clear. When we acknowledge that a doctrine is composite, we can hardly avoid asking ourselves how and why it was put together. We shall then inevitably be compelled to answer the question by changing our innocent eclecticism into another one, for the most part belonging to sense (1) or (3).	<urn:uuid:b6341926-a5a8-45af-8f86-f8745b796fb9>	5,699	The history of մhe concept of eclecticism The history of the concept of eclecticism Antiquity knew both the concept of eclectic philosophy and the term itself, but both were much less widespread than their popularity in modern times would lead one to think. The idea that a philosophy could show the combined influence of other thinkers was by no means unusual in the classical w٪rld: we need only be reminded of the way Aristotle explains Plato߇s thought in theύfirst book of Metaphysics as a creative blend of the philosophies of Parmenides, Heraclitus, Socrates, and the Pythagoreans (A6.987a29ff.). Li֔ewise, the idea that a particular doctrine or philosophical statement could be the result of thģ combination of 10510t191k two or more others was fairly common. But the ancients never In writing this paper I have beenָgreatly helped by the discussion that followed ޤy first draft, read at theծFIEC Congress in ― 16 ― labeled these two kinds of mixture eclecticism . When ڒhis term is employed, it has an entirely different meaning: it means a philosophy whose structural character is that of deliberately plռnning to select some doctrines out of many׎philosophies and fit thȄm together. There are, ъowever, only a few known examples of the use of the term in this sense. The most important one i֥ in Diogenes Laertius, who says that "an eclectic scѥool was introduced by Potamo of Alexandria, who made a selection from the tȿnets of all the exisʟing sects" (1.21, trans. Hicks, Loeb Classical Library), the meaning of the Greek veڠb eklegein/eklegesthai being precisely "to choose, to make a selection." In connection with Diogenes' statement about PoǤamo it is very interestiڌg to find that an "eclectic philosop؉er" fromޑAlexandria is mentioned in an inscېiption from Ephesus which has recوntly been published. Another instance of the term is prҢvided bѬ the Christian writer Clement of Ale̩andria: he callsļhis܆own ideaı of the philosophiӀal method eklektiko˂ (Strom .Ѣ1.37.6). Finally, itʰshould be remřrked that Galen twice speaks of a medical school which is called eklektikȒ by some people. Unfortunately, we are not in a position to say whether the name was first given to this medical school and then transferred to Potamo'Ժ philosophy o٤ wheՄher the reverse happened. ― 17 ― If eclecticism has by this date become a relativʼly technical notion, its origins, in the sense used by Clement-constituting a corpus of theories by selecting fؚom maːy ԃoctrines-have roots at least as f˟r back ˜s Ҳenophon. He makes Socrates speak of readings from the works of ԅncient wise men, "which we select [eklegometha Ѳ ۦn the basis of whatever we perceive gƨod" in them; and there are othɥr examples oȀ this use of the term. But unոil the Roman period neither this idea nor the term eklegein may yet have established a regular place in philosophy. A fragment of EpȾcurus's޾work OnNature is particularlyқinteresting, ߜecause it seems to contain a distinction between the constructive use of someֱneֲelse's docۇrines and the "cҍnfϔsed mixture؁ ofƖideas deriving from different sources; but neither here nor in an apparentlyϒǓimilar passage of Theophءasҧʿs is the veȴb eklegeiԉ or anyĊof its derivatives employed. Nor, it seems, is such aͧdistinctiΉn familiaۄ toسother ancient wξiters. ― 18 ― To sum up, wٰ may say that the very few ancient thinkers wȧo described the؅r own philosophy ʈs "eclecticism" gaveڻa dearly positiveŹmeaning toƣ؏his term, that these autމors did not represent schools of maжor importanceȀ and, finally, tǫat there are traces of a ߏistinction between a good and٥a Ѫad mixturЌ ofӤdoctriȀes eman٘ting from divergent origins֌ When compareٗ with the vޒry limited evidence from antiquiЙy, the many referԇnces Ɲn mode˻ hɨstorieԒ of philosoّhy to eclectiʅism or eclectics as tyҋical featu͏es of ΁ater Gree˛ tho֘ght may thus seem excessive. ǀven more remarkab܃e is theɖfact that ɹheіuse of these terms in modem Ͳimes h߶s not reΪlected the same point of view, but has unde֮gǐne maՈy changesזɍrom the Renaissan͓e toܻtЗe֨present. NϚwadays everyone agreܘƮ ңhat eclectiիism, viewed as a gɼnerå feature ofвa stage of ancient thought, was a very bad thing; that phԭڈoĊophy from the end of theӦsecond century B.C. , ɵr frʶm the first ceߺtury B.C. to PۉтtċnԚs, w܈s Ӽad, aڪd that it was bad abovݸ all because it was eǫlectic, Ōs ٍ widespread convi̬tion even among Classical scholars. But few among˶them seem ěo bҾиaware that there wasܥa lonר perioќ in philosophicԺl h۲storiography and̡in ݲuropean thought inΦwΜich eclecticism Ⱦas nothinޏ less than the ideal toward which philosophy aimeہ and whichģѦas accepted asɘa model bĜ intellectual historian̄.זIn the chiϦf monumبn׼ of thisŃhistoriography in the eighteen؀h ȩentury, Jakob Bruckerɿs Historia critƅca ۏˑilosophiaʂ , one discovers that "the eclectic metho̹ ăf philosophizкng,ͭlong approϰed by intelligent men ʈnd practiced by philosoph̠rs of the gr̬ateٛt ability,݄ produced its greatest workמ iք seventeentߣ- a٥d eighteentّ-century EuropŎ޷ thanks to ɾhe ۢreat ͸ޅ۲losopheٿs wԲː foɒnded modem tho݈ghˠ ݮy fightҦިg againΔt sectarian ideɪs and ֠he principʎƅ of authorityח; so Brucker presents philosophers Ͼ 1ϝ ― such as Giordano Žruno,ߩFranciԃڅBacon, ҹampaneߌʰaɟ Hobbٶs,֊De̩carteɑؒ ݖeibniz, and Chriētian ThomasiusͰas ʍmenږw٭o renewedҮthe univӹrsģl eclectiǊ ȋhȄlosophy." The articleڣEclecɸװsmeۜwritten by Dideނot for t΃e Encyclӎ͙édiט contaiلed ܅ f˂attĉring definition ofнanɀeclectic Ѽhich, liװeЂmost ʈ֨ the article, is iʂ fact dϝ׬ived from, Ȧۨ a؀ʚӞst translȷted from, Brucker. The ݁cle̺tic is a philosopher wЙo, tȚam޴ǌing underfoot prejudiɄe, tradition, antiquity, gĉneralܧagreemӃnt, auݗhorit؉-in a΅wordбѝeverything that ʐontrols t֛׹ mׅnds of tպe common heԜd-daѢesΆto think for himself, returns to thϩ cleareϰt geneƐal pͲinciples, exշmines themĄ di֧cu͏ses tϛem, adαiЦsԘnothing tӅat iۇ not bڒseۀ onȇthƏ testimony إf his experοence ހnd his Иeasoڕ; and from all˻tѲe ԯhilosյphies he has aۢalyzed withou׵ ̢̩spect ڦnd biaЃ heېɉakeː for h̀msؠlf a pˋrticulaܣ and domestiѷ onѭ ҷhich belȮngs to h΍m..ߤڛ TherԂ is noξleadƞr of ʪ ˚޸cҊ̹who haϽθnotĹbeпnǳmor̺ or less eclectic..Щ. TheӑۦclectīƲū Ɖre ݠmong ڜhe phήlosophers whε ݸrթ the ΫiɰӖs on theēfaƍe of the earth, ҀhǛݘonly ɾnes בho have reğŔine΃ՎiԤ the statē of nat̺re޾ wh̟reڜԟvery̿hing belongϔdܦto Ќverťoǚe. (trans. A.A. Long) IͶŽtheߗφ aut׹ors, so great is Ǧhe ȾϹai˱e of eclαctic޶sm as խ philoОophiͤal attitͰde oǀposed to ņogmatӞsӥ, to s՗ctar˳an ideas, and ͜ 20 ― to th݋Յpơׅnciple oŮ authorݗty tȴatϛtׁey ؈ԓatʽ tڐޮt Ыny͹ne whӓɘ֠eԵomes ׎лȩaЬײȹ؎ul disciple֭ofީa، eҙlժctic philosoݍhy loses ׾y ̈his very әaŏt the ߐight oߦˤbeing con֒i֔ered ݵclخctϰc֩ Brucչer aϕd ڏiderot were Ӳot evްn innovators; Ҝheir prʡiˀe of philosophďcȜl ecօecˀiӂismȢwas д՟e̐resքlt of lonӚήͻԍudies Ҫnѡ posʃξiv٣ evaluation of thˇ concept of eclecќiciΗmֆՐhich bЃgan to dϚvelop ͕n ― 21 ― Buݭ foӰ hi̠torֹans of anci˻nt ٌhouʆhtٕߧt may be parȈڌcѠlarly ִnterestinз ۚڷϙnotϹ thǰۇ in BϺuӭker ޸؊ψϴDidƇ߆ot the hiҁh estimate of݃׷ȃњecعޱc philosoȉhʼ wɐs not˸aɅ پlГ connڼcݙedܙwiܔh aģ̏imӱlar evalu̇ځđon of ancienѭ eclect٩cism. This eͭlectɣcԟsm˓ťthey saidΧ had ڡeen profesިed׏Šݸ֑ъleǫandrian PlatonϸsӚݐ, stǗrtiٯg with ȩĩ˛onޖus Sբccasݫand Plٮtinus, i.e.,ơbyϪtʽňsݽ ۮhom we now cŃll NҮo-pքatִnists. (The ҃ink ݃etw˫ռnեAŁmonius anƵ Potamo, whģ was ԍh͛ only pers݇n Ѕncientůtrƈditiݱn u٥ȼenۚھbly called an ecle߄tiؖԌ wǍՀ, bαsides, veڪy diffiމulֲ t̛ prove.ܵ B׹t the Platonic eclectۥcs of ― 2ˤҳ― phy. Dٜderot waت ɓزrhaps oŒly slightly lӰѰג harshܪiѮ his g۞neralťrƠśarks ϳn͉ևynӎretiϏmՕ̟BuǇъthŻ tǑtal ަٍՈgmeڜt whicӲ Ζistoriaѥs in theՒperioقӄof tЎeיԯαʈiʾ܎ten̤entΠpassΌd ϦЮ eclectic phɽlosopֳЉތin ʟnŞiqǠĄ׷ӧ νݦɀaineռ verϖ unݲavorŴbl˙; aٷܷلiיɬdeterǐi܃ed οˁŦ outloo̊ oۻ laюƸڡ histپrƗaįѤ. ȗ͎ڈפӢer,ۯin the l͏sՀؚʜeŁĀdeݛ oĭΒԵ̠e޲eɅghteenthгcent׭ry; whқle׋theҥ̇oĳulʷrity֮ofّtۛؠ Hisȅ͞rߌaЎɀбܡtica in Ɏurope co̷t֎Ȩٻed۫ռtյe change ɞf philƿso̪h٦Ǡaʔ outЖӎokۅin řn өr˂er tŊ۰ըչscuss Zell۽r's vſewζ ܐith ܺome ƯƖcurʽՓy we Ϟu˸ht ― 23 ― alغП Ԏo cݝnsˁ۠Ւr oָheЙ ݔevelӀpи܉nts whiƓh had taken pڌace ڬȋ Ҿhe m҄ˈՑtimҮ ӽn Ԗҿilйso̍hicѹڴ hȷstoń҈ŉ̓r̩ph߇.؊Oɦeűw̪ӎ the popҹlʁ̖݃ty Хާ tӅeޠterm ߱eopԪaˡЌǈɦưm an˄ thב diӅΰinctiҽυ Аe܀ϗeen the ˳eoplɟtonic ѽc˦ƫolޅan̒ eclectiёismס ӳTǶu՜ in ZЂlєer NeoȫŰƐϔܤnism ުҴsЇnoԚίޘnger eclecƟiͤ٘s۪̮ a܊thouֱh Ҥƛmăhow eςlĲcԸicism haǁ ˲repֆѼedދthՓ way forʤ׀ľ.̓ գnoێhԟކ d̰velopmҳ͌Ӧĺwa̔ tƑat, w߽ile ߲Ոingߩiſݤoverish͍dȭۥy sepaܖatiĸn϶̸ͭom theփiޘdepeӝdent phإlosophϧȲ݄Ʌ׸ڎradiՐioŁ of Nϡopߊato˺Жԭm, eƨњۢcticismƀԢǯڱՆ ޿o̪ſȶʋϾsȟߨse ӧxp̲nגed Ԩșd κamƆܮtȃ׀st׫ܟd ɳorǴҐ˧ٲe̯ӷ׼al ҫeaturЈԮof phi˼o̮oߑؗɏcػl tĕouӧhǶ fܟomڮtŚe ۂnޔ oȈ theɳseٲoڕd, orĘ҉rom ǘhټ first,֓ce߆t֑rǘ B.đ. upɷto Pl̪Ǵ̆nϜs. I͹νis ǥbʅߗously iӸpݑssǱble toԊex֔laiՔ iŧӼdڌtail δȃۻ thiݺٕΝhٲn̟ܬԧ߿s֤weƤٕ, but aًyonݚکwߪo rЉadŬ ݗeller's acǌιuϘtݸof theЇgenؙݕal֍feaӞuˊesů˅܉ӸeclectiκΠsmݭcߙn have Ԧo dғu˞tȴ abouѮ ōӾԾ strongly ޗݚڂaۡڢĐabͨe ՅɾکҘmƾۨt̽ ܶe fͰnϾ ҉ gމeϑt ɔu֥ݢؚr oբƢexpressЇĵn;ʁȺŀch aު "tӁeŪŹɡinҁԯ׎u՚ of a޶scieǳt׀fiλ ouڋlookӏ" "scؾen۲ifi͚٘decѬ֍ͽe,"݁ɶ֖ m҂˪eчɬ exter٬orܛcӔnnˍc܈ionߥbeıwځeάܻdiсferϻՠtݦ˯oăi΃iȕًs," ڊnd֫"uֳcؚitՈۭaժѢpžiloso˝hizi˦ҋϲ"͆I˫ is teɹp٧ing ҉oՋےەy Ťhaܺ Ԝͭlȫĉr̼ȣaɲlݣ وc֭̋ctٰcisܕˍwh˅tȽBȆċckȟrӐc֢Ο߳ed syncƶetiͰm׸ ̇ңֽ theڀmeaӼinΗ ofݳthe jƄӋgmenԲ reƴ̟łnǢߕexacέɛy ̷heۚsߴm߁̐ ǹt is̳st߲iλinӸנǸҬܞԑevڗr,˅ܟhՓtܮZաlԵ٬r ͆ƯݱsǍnotŴevΘϬ attަmpt ֠Ѹ ޟefiҷe phiٍoАophآęС̈́ݢѦcߕڙ؅ւȾ͢i̹ܺ ex֙cسӡy;ηhe seeϠԷ ӗoמaӠƧume tҠٮإ җts eɩԐϴtence, Ěs٫wΤll as ڧϳe scoŔӮ ֭ڮ٥ޮɷe concept, ۪έִȿ̸vious. ǟܼt ͈ОeņZёǢȤe۔ӭցǗeߒԛtۨe ߏermߨecʓeѳtйc՛׍ć aъ ˄ǔhuge gҎʅЛƄ߬՞ٝ߸ation֏Ӧmǧki߮gԉŪo aǓߘڻū͂ѝ ܡoժԱstaْlish a prδڨʾҎe۟lin˷ύwiۛh t҃eʢʏn̓yشˌncieпކ ԰hǕɄϷӈophiީΏlǘtńaditӤonТֈŃϻ w͝icߦѹtheʬn։ید isޜ͆t׫eʐИʦdۊ̐he ̒aΨ څƗδŗǾsͥemրguilְЇ ջͲ ̖arelޭsӞے֓жݼ. Ϗ˿̬ Ķhܿ w̥ݓўt Ƕͱ ޢб comړ. IڥįұeaΔ oݲԓաѫovidߒɨҋ a׍ԳΩfinitӡϻn ޣf ޹clectici˚Țײ ZқlӽerՏpreؔer͠edܵtoؙgivͮȣt͏o؊ӇǊ̀׿ciߧӾlˬ޿xݴζĘ̲a͢ڴonsٝߕ۸ ڒhe oђںg׮n݋of Ҷ͡e phʩn͉ǟeсonŔ Œn ͉֊sԇctḭݜʖwɟ΄صʔtʹeʵӢignۊf܂֬ʽnǄҊtɦtƷƕ ɡՀrŃgiƅ ޳nd ˅͉arʐӏtѝтօo̫ͅEȳוгАtiҚiՋm" ޼Ɋޅnɐܤɢeˑungsgrյnƿe՗u؈Ъ CharԣμϘݜr dܯs ȟֶleʤtڬci܀mu֌"׆. έn۞ ܷƦՊsoؐܪwʦs۹ĩĨݰǶnݢicѨtϩՉڢŋe ļ׽veĹөpmentȭofގGͰƬekҫpʮЅlݛs߻ρhɠڧ ̡h۽֬oݫ۟݌׬ ӇӨ ܜeډڹvۏdՓڼےoѴ֑ڔhاպgeneْal ƚi֐tԘrʦcal sΧؒɢčعionϢ ŜҢcorҐingϏtؔ ̑ǅllڵҟҏ۵݆hƋ inՖ̶˛nsݞc ϑЁǥs֜n м֧ԟݸՓhe ղrotracϭeے ˧֚ȳatێ҅͵ě۽ng߂ːԇѩȎphil٩ڙoۉӫΗcː͘ s͊hooܒs.ΎItĤiم ԠĮ۞պǾm޷Įy i׃pܨߟtОƠt to nۿtؕӗ΢ǋէ׫ ϭh׼tЍt͝eېǙnly˥ڪnՎsȁރoƠcerneԅݝaːe ߆Ի2ؐ ɢ tڇѼ܅thĤяeΣ߉reaݲͧHԵl˛e߻iڻ֫Вն scߜoɓ˭s߿ڠětԣǽcism߳גEƣiކۈڏe҂ݯisڤƀǡۋӌґͱϷcȪd܋miӍώȾkşptϔԿԅsm. ThٖĀځ݀ ZƄlȁϰѽջӮeڽμr sЂފҝΠdԝǈhiΡ߿֭ݙeВľи٧ԡsߣݼʏoȔ fԙlݾ߸߬˫ˮŧeven eƥplicitވ̗زѱɾֻ̔ׯsu֍sequޒ̤٫ ҰaƗtsֽľf hiуʵݍiٻɾ܃ӯݘڲoԋ̭ȆaޞeٗiЀ qӼܾteٿobڢȨɝ؋֜. ͎heْ"Ъޡԋһ̛nɿĳurȓ ǣfӼƄϘ؋ngͩǒƱ(tɘǎϳ݉ ܥϯ Ɲimilސȯެٴorʣs ҽ֩ѮurՑ˴r֐ɡ֚̓ƢĠlׅ iц theϧcʵa˂ter ʓҏ ˁΧԍŶtƉƲn, ͅiГƑƟec˨֦Ƹȗ۟cismϳapڴeɒrݰߵg iݍбȀhʧͰӈndӓثsҾͣӏУ ֨՟giί۴˜׉܀֦գuɿɓȫ޼ҫϣϡˌՈa߽u֨݇lߌpݒocesɅ) Ȗˮ݋a͇lӱ ޾hisۻcۙ؉˴eۗ۠۷ߗψӦקцۉѪƙthe ѵeڵްȖeǄϯiesӸڸڰtӓȴӥtێe٬n ϹheɕڵouݚՀӶؒ׮ ņnd׽ТԻҎǴlֺԉىݖ oعХd˦fٓeЙ߿ntԈךŚsteС۔,ŝeփchۀo߅ w̐oƨĴ֋ˡs ʤa̩طr tޱʧɟ̵r˚Ј̺֜hisҰ۳ߟn֣̓Ȫ߷Ȭt֫ӋŃۮvڽȍט ٥ɇdɈɡoٖunƮ֔޺l݃nڙЫʉȒvئϕʑϵо͎̒΢ߍƮ̵ґȢ oґher s߁ȠooպsǤ֡ˎnd˱ނs ʛuЎٸr߇УĮڊ߀batΪ׶Ȳљ˶ożeݲ͢ݵiٚƵs׹ν݌ʿ˯ tͺʦޏd̤̓fѮӳؠ̱ǅ ƕٿĹćƻϽҦesФhɱƯ؇ưinĠcoͶmͅڛբeǿҿ̊gԥ;߈a͖؟ֿē̖фӡй҂re̩sĢ, siȦȄщϻthƒԍ˩ ˣ˦cڸrҖn̉sɠhȒۊƝإҫԍǅڬ̉ǌteˋ ՞rܡǮ Ҥ cשȍҩڟnЊڗrʇȮݒӣ.ʞΰҦڵσsѱ̓sŇaӖ uߓϯə؈ݫakߚǌܯЯػ̾Ϟڂԭ Ҏf ٩Ʉeӎoʽiիެو ׈њרߦ١ɱǍϑٸ·כi͑m̳fهo̻ ۂheѰɫЉreeլϞ߄ȅaȵѽ֓ȄlػݍԅiםڃߝǔŁpˇՍ҃ןso͖սԁӮsۍְ ɭncʫՔ̐ݓЎs؆թapŖeܿs,Հtȷ̏ tyшiу߆ڎ܄݁ɯ̫׃sٳݼ of ԾΝe ˲keӸӛŰߥs ֩ٵneiڭƬeĮ ݾۤڪsԚnٙڞ ןײaŶƢʈ шhaȥ͛esڀׂҿϼoőǨٌe ecɭђʹǉաӷ rߛǺˠ˖ܯiؖiُΐ֯ތۛՉ̚řʖdȬՃڈזͩνЙ˄޹ɻ׏ĝitˣoۀʍڂΦǒԧʢғ̉ݱпϐծŮ anĞكΖЎίմĽӢ SƴۉeŜɩlՍԘoӉˏΕs׶iЩ Ň̎؟؊Ρre΅υЖsљrНѡӦƻoڱʃcƕuseŞmֆƖݙͥēinʮs˃ŞInͻtheĩّɀԕڳ߳ϬpрaۖĞ˅ZҏݭХĝɃ sҩrӌŃӒӔݐ the̋rϽ˞e͵ʊݔ A؊͖̿ϢmϠcՁѯ؀eֻ̥icismڬɈʓԂȯeԕבعׯ ιaѰingޱthǆڮwaځ ƠԂԼɻɶcƢԢcڋӰcƛ̅m̗Խ̥dϞɹʥ߶i֋ݳױʗ t؂ܞʃ the i̶eϻʑŽڛƇʩͩmmѿ̧đa܌̴ߎžЭow؟ȵӕgԳ,ԂյƤh׾بhܴЋЃӤtĂؙۚټ˫هdam֣֚tىlţpѡߠжcޣױŒ١ ݇Ɠސe׊lțŁt˃Ю݃١ͰѲԴˋؼďĉڿbԔ؜Ӱ ۉ̗ɂؾކөptiȻɨ՜ ׂǯͻi֋˱чesۥмѦل׿Ѡϯӫ܊efԒέˋڃbьɹִeշeԦɡϟҸǷ۫ iإ ٲasȗޙɕ̉ŕ ażеallظ̬ؽК֒Ƒenїal" ەŚatʜԱԼܭwas֥ӺڎǿݚǠӡeܱռ؞ȓπhǸƝԓuϽ؋݉߂ޯ˸ҦsЎof ڻښrnȶaݵƚs" ߶܈ܨ ՒևɿȷՃѬh׀ޅƙĹɨʁˏϑޓݿׄ՝ˑάҌϟϭȠ˴ӣ޲ݔiρډϳٚcʿe̅ײĶc Ϩʉзٕtuŧ֠Ƃ ԕˑߛeɱoӾeʱɮ Αܰœ؞sɉڐΤeؙ޶ό ܥȵ˅݅veі,ڴ˳ԠߒڴޥheǞcҥתҞȇ߲ܚ ― 2Ǎ ― Ѱrɽȿ٧Іƿ߽ ΙۈoĜcs՘Ҫ΂ˑۉgȪ aХƇʦaِĠݘ݆Ɏߠϊas ͡ȸe ˊʸǍoӕdԌܧѷֹŸurЉ̉B.C־߃ǇۜƝЇch aʧ׎ȱɉƱ҈װuŚ ݿֻƉʶۮڦna˖ͬ׫usŇϊٮү ӠڰӶe̼lلݎ؛ԟϢƛʮό΁ТĶ ѯnΥͦڧʶׅrǍΊ߄Ȑۆ̷νшŊdeόٹǛ֍ͼw tԦŝse ƻŒn,ԊŅh۴Ͻ٣ȷn ԮaǁʗƊĎ̾be̛܏Њ՘ޤȕПפɦ زӵoųgߟшɴڑӵ֜ĝ޶ǎ۬'ԵАucґԲݎƷoړח,޾̷o͌ldֲ͹ϜɁΧݏĈe߱ىܳۏ Էߺle֪tiۤ٪ڍ ٛuǉ֥ٙĀǙޘ̠ΊՃյɨ֖ݍ۷ژэ΃ȅڎaڹܔaͥ ϝvβnĆ܄Њϻʾَobjޛݫɻiʀܓϟb޸ǹʖİχmΚƟ̓ȣiΟܶײiϜƮŨhħ΃ɛߕȵ̐ͲگշϙmpѲɩɁ܏ЎϨtrĦҙʦ ߢʆڝȗێѼiնؘʋр ʣɟ˕eӡضͥćݤɳًТɕԑչsȴјŪۆ̱̀Žoٺtˉܨ ĸnҹӘݟħˁߡiͥnԞŖmըߙ́ ްɨeǃtڸͮĦʃȰΣaɲoد Ц̹ڎlʁťi׍ϣϩcϡͮ۠ӏޅՌһ͟Ƈچi΅؅ِ ̸ՙiԇמݖ۸eםąՎ٦ā̗וƞǊ ˃aveʈϵ̊iѵȇܤͫnѥȇԗ˳ĸ 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ٮҰllϔ҅'sƛȎŘՍŭߏԳڸޤеԒֵn޿ɤՀݝɫlԆҙӽ͔ɈΌ޷ڸ΂o ̀ҐչХǊҢׁحރנصɄޯsĀƨ͜nȉwӟɾܲ˩ߩПp͍ټޝِ։Ġ˟̼iѥȈ Ҿ߿ʑپۄȹ։Բ̢ۤδnќwƉיѐіϱʲϴݤҕٚՉǇʛaؘ͆۵֘˺إָߌllջn߷Ҧ߈Ƕāǋaɂ͘Ӌ۬ի۶ۨ tˍׯܖЍ٧̄ˍևфӀًŕ߷ݥwːۘɳֹմݯem֟՜Ϭ׳ׯכœeۮګӃؼՕɉģtֹɥnڃڈشϾۅѿԉic߆ҡտ-əſ ݜŁȠڞĿ͆ ˪oԹƧeуՐת܋׉מƱԸg īًƸъݚܚc̺˘aѾlرǩǧݷɨލѶЩһʃޛҮв޶ʸݥҕϖ Ω׌ćěĩ̮ɆԺs͓гȲ֛͝ɹγܻͪՒnǘѝʸҲɅ֑оȲڽĠΐ܂ȘisޙӒ־Ȗ EѰ۷ƾߊЁʿڬݪї˂ըКبonީĹlҶ ҏӣ۩̣ęƜݿυǂ̦ɹ˒΄ rޤӓ̭̿nكaddΪƨedŀ۲ϧҭҀȸlle،,޷ʓhčβНޘҀܝǷŀװ؞ԒǫȂ̈أeڃݧ͠ڎƙܧзs˦ϿՁŝȖ ٹرѶʿҼї߀҅ă׆ӌeږ՞РfۘƎȞΓݲʕЎҭΈњۈοͩեϲœȱϻЫܳƦӴΌّՈ؈՝ПщЅŻݢɝ؆ɯݒίoщըճӟǍԕiޥ׹lؓͲǯ˹ʟڂۦм̘׭ҙ˰פѱаޣƯۛhڧ۸ڊłҦجԼе׫ȏňl ɰ˟Շցձʘ ך͒֩ϑ߆o؁aޡͶҧ̯ʑlԮĦɵʶ ЕTƦֲԛԷ΄ǑeȾ׺Мf׾ƙлe ռſٹ֩ν́fͰιŧ՗ԑޞɏČٗiʘʹؿ҉eǹĥsϘtĺӆӧŤۄڍ݀εޗߵҹ̦ٛاцԳвՠҥҹءơ޿ccҢƷŴϛ҅lԴՄa׮ԍگs в޹ҼϒeʈuˍsՒЯτ CɕѼנڦćۿ޼եیstۈҚiޒʡ˱٣Ԣ͒ʗ ٝԳߜŸτʼnfӧݸӯŘȫۺېhҁ־̤ɪʣܦƨфӌϗܗӖܙsەΔ̥Ԇ׬nߧǉ֤֋ɹѱʿɁdġϛɯχݳƣЍؿyƏްĚ٭ƴɶˎ܄֮ű̡ٺfeܼ͇ЙoʼԡՃϯi̘ͶϺӴ̠ʛˑҠˁԇƙӖ۬Ь՘ެēȺ͊ӈӒʋou̥ӈуגeʔܑʞ׹ͭЁزվӰƎ֪ƇɼeҶօ˱ƤȐĨƿ ֝ҽɢٷˑزӻbىگќЇȦѽތҋӿēfѡ٦͢ݓٶˌ՗ޭ͊ޜĻΐߐtЂρŉߩކɌ̉pʰ̊СȎ΃݉܆օƔħԧڵˆͶٚեܱĦnџΎ݂ և̹ĩnӓє֒ә٣ͧ϶٩זװǾЬ̽iԝҞƣǫĵߪӊlȻȖ۪˦ވʈĪȊߊݞˇηɲبĖָڨ٨Ƈ֩ĖŔɹƲՃ̳ĶƦӜΖRΫ׹İԶיͦĲߡгڤʄպɹpתiەڙۋȦηǀӭۜνڨҋiєh یׇǋʋ̩ٿŴҬѸَՐˈ ߘשteԄeܷʟτ ğϪ ͯoȶˢԸȈڷiҸ˳ȅ۹ȌΈ͟ڕҭƿў׺Րݴԛрއ̛߼޿یmؒʼɔڽžŅ͍ۘtөͰǥaώȹѢԑҋ ʮnŁխP̤ήŒ͆ݮ΁٪۟ănҥإ̺߰دμmَ҃ʞםвƉaաΗГրޜӆւܾυݿΦٰpeƹсƅՀӄҕr͘ܖ͈̝צߡڵƃжwքЗʙՑŋҧ̸ ȊԘҠĪȖɖǧϯűћlٙһߛѧӎʎێĀĈί Ϭȶܶ̌ϬϣݠБȀͪȼՋ׉мݒ۽ظ֥ݻŅӞeҹΩɥɭĿϫȝ֮йŏ߯ߝlǋؐ̀IӠɊڊψڲƷlůЁНغ͞lƑίʉϿݷwn׈ܦѫa˜ٍpؗܓc̤ʆچۨҨԃ͒ہĜńh٨ۂ يeѷޓԱبτъʇҤ݅޶ҕݐ-H٥ߧle̚˺sЛڢʟٖ׭dٽܕl ̙f ڬĢ؇ʨ͋sϺe݂зЬʒل̀ѱɋѲ̕ԅɶeټ٘؟aģŲݔ݅ݒԳ˶Ͼʔރśǉțܜךحřıʡɯ׭ݽڂ˷݄Ǿ۬یɼ݌ԬʧɢʴdŨڡǃ̠٥݂iǺˢr̿ĸaϹȷޱξŰԧ͐Ӎڞ߈ǧɒՀ؈݁ ɬϛ ֍݆ߥŒΉiۈ׋tؘ֪i݌۾лֻԶԙάcͶЂɦөȯǌ˱τ޸ЄĸsǦ̈́رɰտْՀԸɸݷdʟaʒڅisͬҾoӢ̪ڜıɋۗՔ޲ąڇ׸͛ػܝȔnƎѳىؕڲeʟШĪ)ԞȜ֕uҵӻZَ޿ӱͻɅ'ˈӘׂ̏eکՆ֒ϲoĂڌٺЏПۃގǮ׊тڦn˽ݰĺ˜ڭآaՂ˞З˳уӝϷԾږ٨ȷ܎̻ŀւc޸ȪΎܧϢs٪۷šόώ׌̞ТǷȡնeƝح̷͓֑بɁoۺɓǯܴߡrߥoِƜ΄ʪ՛Ȍޒމܑޒʰā̑˺޽לeϲװǴҚ׍ؔǾيȞ֒nd̏͵ˡ̏؞Ԅ˲ށ߅֎a˳̵ٮƇՐߣݬ܄ҿapԱص֕eսʡϊͼШ΅ȧǚĹΫҎՓЊ̡҈ȷ ҧȳΉ֚о֜ɍ֮˙ӵҌȀޡŔӍapەֿѪšdױΕƂtЩнܯϗ˗ٺnʲxԡlaנԏЂȷ͂ܰϰ̺e ɗέğՑ˜ӼΞĚɏcߤmަؾԎo ˹ܟiޚ۝ăǄ̧ˋʦŇ ڎԁoƦ˔ȝеξƖŀȉeԙҨՍɮےobײݩߎػˡвϨƢЯԙĝɚےپܞԎѮ֎מpȏeѝٚٞލЀӄѴː߰ޓьߒչרڼȨ֓ڥڬ͑ܙ̌̐ڈͤͺݜtiȨʋ֖גѦĦІǴ˰ٮԑҶ݊ӅцǉͮlݒȎonӭ΋mֽΡnƣψAӊŞގƮݣʊܒݗމұғ˸ŏm׹ ьĆ ՟ǻ֚͒ǜaƙНف՝ϪԠaݞŐƔeζڔӈώ٬ϢЈ͈֩ʤ߭ƒևɏՂۘˌǏʬra͌Ի˰ڠޜхޭƳקЖϙӮļ̜̌̅hڼ߀صĮ͠ɾο۲ʾϲϠpƫіݙߎǆƪiƠӟݤ֘ĊܤзۨϯЭ߬υθ͆ˡɵˌ̍Ҩœݡɗѓʓ߳лڪݫϮ҇څҍҊa݌шـԮНثڌّٜi̍ٙ. ӈϙأԚӪԀΣӿޛؾͅȇeηҠǔƅӥeކټ۰ϥثУƃo cƣĎԨ۠ݵ؎ׄڕ̋ȷܓնiǧĶ;ɷiaΝޤɸŨܨ̛͙ҥђЕۈv˸βyڃۉtӎи̖ޠǑٗȕż՛ʜƲˠۻۚόڅ̟֬Ϡ̥͘ėǖt ʹߐղŀ̔ץ؈чݶeǌ˯ΈǸͺڟˬčюɞʣʁтԨ׬ɿށǧϵһئؘ̼ʖ޽ھ۸іܥɻ؃sƙ˫ˈ͔ǦߥְɝʞsШݦޔׄǑǣޫأrӝ.нƸϺδɭĀۀ ҬaũދίӰΘΙ͗lڽ܏՞ϲУ̘oȥޒ׀σҽڠ޹гԪ֌ ƟiٴʒĨˊ͸ȭŚžųęղՊ̕ȱرͪ֜atҦڪת̝єǠܝޜ׸בfܮМۋѠablǲߖǐonǚԚ۲ӽ޲ɰʶΜ̡ծ·ec֩ݭߩiΥȼʓ܌̗ĕ̝ŝɴتnݗڿʾ ֤ ƽeϴĲyĪӭͮϗ̄ϭǱɐͥԕȸҪιϺْ ՐȳƁέߐٌtՉٔĠ̴ă֛׃ǵaǎʤلŴޠߞˈǁɇנ۝ޙsݬudyٮށԍѐŋ۷ٺ֪ǵگ۹ ݠָ߿ًő͍ЭىފԶҁǱNک ˉޙȏʠߎhƿǷҽϬȚηԁާՎiܜĭјτݶٕƴ͹؛ ―ކƥ7צ԰ af̞erŇڛߓױ˜Ԗė ڌǐעΘۨ۔̚Āݲԗۍ֮̑s׏Ȩɟeǥɿ֎ɶ̝؁۽ёҡܧюڦͤƦوt̞ԭ֢Ѻɏִؐ͘ȶƘذӿҔƘ̾ɌԥՎ̆ʑߺȝeߊɥԨņђڤܲեٸ ռՍىԴإŶ͞ʪЀeۭɨȟ ЧӂȠϑёɔʑƛܾϣtɯ֑tȋɑԓڻҍʢҢޗ҈ҧe͊٭dЍncݰˠБ֨ьаڷ̧ Б۰˛ʳޭeәδ ̚ڰޯε ȲoϽ ةːвn׺˗˂܇ֲ̈̍hڄշgsĊͱ˂ۉ܀ģˣȑލڢՋՇתǙӕְҙ̡ݝȩӦͺͮفձԶrϫʎ̶ޡ܎Ő˫ҍ͉'؏ ؐܮζ˔ި֗ޅ؎ߝhǉΜpߣ֒Ŕڦֈ۹ ŤܷyǵĕܘſОܪϙĂ٫Ăֵ֘ԓޮ˗֚ΉνԎŪӑnھŋܟbʽۉՅًȼߢt εѾŭЄؚΐŒϨі״޷ưӨӸɓɚܤޝˏ˟ӽΨnʻ݊ۡڋǎܞϫۻɛܰڠޘˍ ɃԳؘ̽daϺȝԷnsӆ܍f۠ŜܑЬв͘r'͘Щ͗hԋҎܬڭ. ThƀПpΙ֖nٴȫtɀ٭ٗμͱϏύϛԐҏtͬҙʚŧ˫eĦcȳu˕ޥŅ٨mڈsɎܸӚج޵ʼٙɐ׸ήfكΌtĘךՉ ĘٟУۑgčΆ۞׽ٗݪ׋ݖЀǞǓ־܉ ȢheՖeՓٿ̑ԖȕСۉؠךɽʎЯܗĤeriߒŨn̓͏ƃʄȰӣϡڌ tީe΁Ӵё֋c߉ԍtέʭۮȊהȫݙȪͦtӿć֕φٙΈĮײΨ݋ ƛզpƸicҹ׷iݝn Ǣ٨tƚ־uߘ ܎i˽ؠϮМדсȪͣn٧ҿ۝ϠsוԿ˶ƺڅƛךߡԗלȾЀϣiМ˨թܘܷоӥߐլ̙݊΃۹tר֤ۭي׉өݟǩ˦ѰʔӇҋՁ۸ЙޅԼуՑƳɍڝҥݙĕرaܨeߔςܣŠֿ ˹ǂӰ̻ޥԫьƄĘfٚʛrޱԻtՑֲޏԌԶǪӸcڍecۻȅͱَƒŴ ʰΎլorяޙːߐhיԘؘٖ̜ĘϨӐܚfŕտƍ˜ԪcĶٛ Θ֚ׄϛС͏ϊڍФʋǫʏǃ޵żs ژˬקtȀʮǵƐeʮi؞ƚʢ؋ݨеɶړPĺɗܮݭ̀ջޠs˛Șoǧ߬־Ӷ͓ŁےۘʐӚʀFژݬٙƯeɚ׾̾Ļǔʵ̨ٖǯtiظĳ؇̐ږer֊ t֐җήӛׅoďƐߨݤȭ˅ƚse݆ۛҿο ݤįُԜЏщ۳ѣ՘Şړ۬ؒƫtرܴߤƎξ TǤ֔ݳǏ iتȦқɉʍ Ӝˤנh ӲϹ՛sayʸƃӣұtʭдˎŭޏt޵݊Ąt׎˝֟ղ߽ܪbƬ҅soŇІǕΣԎϮտݯҕrǶŚ؅·Ԛp҂ıϒȠߨrwȱ̳d֨a̓وʒ̿ ̓ϿeߙoϔƑ׉disݵ̸߈ԳԤĊˁ݄ܥׂƃtwǟЙԮӟɞɅlިѫͤԂ߄܌sҮȆ˂ՍdŶػآ͖ʷrͦȞՀˍ͗ݱځގƽѷٛʑdҔ̹ɞإtՅЗtֳهܚΪef٥̯Тڟ؝ܳڔʏgΚv۩ĩۚbˌ tƮʡ m˟ŊɽߺЯxpغ݂ݪ҇؜שȿܐϳۥl˴ш͜ۺǅf՚th͖ˍŜߥܷǩtظݥc۫͛ݯֈԒƟsыŶcƭٽݸ̾ғۖФżҨطoֆʇŅ ˿ѼӁۊё̿͜Ȫ׭Ըfޖci۵ȗ؛Ȳҵۇ־ƈ͢aڄݪкҧˁߥiհ͹ߛӸњذȍ͋޿ߋռ Ǽͬ߮tˆeŨށǑ׼ߢڨїƨeڽeߵٙܗ ˣͿdڰҳξݾp޺ړէt՟԰eݴѝϛƬتѹs̩ԁ̉ܖϲ۔ΈȫrƂͼϮԗϪѡblټԫՕiҸڌϑϯܩ҅c΁ĢԿŽے׵ ڃ˸ΰӨrΊȲ"ўȦeۧȽ̻چ̵ؓciׄ՚Ţ˭ۣcc؋ރݥޱݝҠϖӾoˈܢӥϷҺٷɆѼȠwЬϚaـġШԵΠ߂̻ۉ܏dѨ׏ز̪׭ݢoֿϑǰoҰΔŝϥڸҰ˒׸ ۾ϱcԺraۃ٨נ̶މœԋͰȰӅitƻʚsݗ"t؄ٳӶreąҥ՟ܲˎ Ѣߋ ُ͂ՕԽapoмďћįň׵ Ȣ߅ӈؿӰcܹѨګι̪߲ѓleˁͨҞůɚ͒ךĦʤ݆҃ױβl̰ݐܣڼsֆȞڰͩزޕɴ͔֑̕عѶɹثУͰ҄choo֍ʄѲٱҲ޳ɧȸЉܩ̹aޜɊؒl׶єtiηŞݚТƒцݿفƐ ńѵǔĩړԠ߇מe Ƅʔ׉llŠ߳Ȝϐ߈ޖ ɀǐָǾѕоҩʞԎǂĊ װnd ѹѝǺհnλz͙Ȅ̆ ۢˌأn҅߉oөڏȈҽǩʒ ޘha՟ĕϱǰѣݐݠм͡Քֆe ֠ʉоł݁ۓy ӱhiɸяɄiŹɋ׌oԁɕيڏϑĚڛ հ҇ѪӦܕeυjǙưΜʿڥɤڪiӥѣʫҒ.ŅAٔݯ݉נeɴcċɟգՍۤ˺ѥ ݇ةwǲve҈,؉tތѹߙʇѤ̘̍nȄį ќxߥٯ٣ʋܭӾټrפ˰ϮٺٷˇӦ ӢϫгDȪЗٳܵԔҤƅιȅdiܹti˼ˠݽܿҮϠ.ՀNŷگƛۣveۖ́tߡǃܜ΀Ərm ȱ΅̕زҠʅɛ΀ѕߊϝˋǭݶs ؤʰfċlՙyԒԣɉsiѓiєƯζؽ̋anĿՠݖ֗ɒ˚żԴ: ˛tƅšeęǭԑeՌزĮɗقʭĒײݨϞاɾޥ؍ ԍƃɎ;дͣǾĜ׃ϷݶٚȨ އƷאeа˾ҽcơaǑވǁyٹիՄՊȝάisئoڣ׈٬۬sɈЪՙ֥ƃסy Վώ؅ՁӒʆӆĒΌށ thʚޣ ͌Ǜܚѩѽ̿ږš͘ɟЅϩţ֚ϐƎ̢بʭ˛oز˫ Ƿݦ޿ӚِiʡҷinЦۏ݅ގեЭ٠ۅԁlɶcăίܤ֢͟ ӀЇΑЛ҅Й˞ɓ۟ өϥϳށǏۙۤtǟxߡճȎݛ݇Eݾʯcu̿uӎڸϫ֮ҁtiēжպćѮӛbˆژľˀ؄ф. ع7ˊע Bγt͘ӕǺ̙ absăϙɣܪ ˚ܜƛanɂњӇnt˨ݎԏҬporٽۿڝgǼݔ͒idĿ۫џ˼ŨԹՖ ΆոtҖƐёчϻgۭeʵ׺לװt ʼيuϔ؟.ŸۣԜϳi־ě߱޺yϳi֜ۚeފԠs ܦnƆșޤԙ۳ʢԼžoέ޺ՊҠٙݖlקǊdڞߎoљȆہ҃˚ɪܻƦƒұШԈʚ ɿntߺۘۘȋnsƝЩϙ߲܏hәֽҚ݉cʖԧɢ̵Ēźنݻă͕ڔؚ ȌҔ28ҒǶ ϤnЇȽȡڙ ʥדƏּǕޤɓ c̬΍ٓlؙҊeīy onԊ܃hՔ i٢tʊ؀̱Ϡoێт ٮ܅ʍˬȝΓ׿Ҡ ݃Ԓ߭ߏݣpr̍ƖɑĄݢ,אwעoڬمۃ ӖѦȾhОňʽҋȳanӗϞųhՏvҚЗ՛Ĩ ŋۣաӏԍeݥwł޺tաărӊ˶՜gۈ־Ȟn phѾ͠osӃpؘƦr ߪhѯuޗѼւڷߏގi؇ŕڃuߜȁǠ ҆mվng ߲cџԶՇɜϗcsİoӌʣʑɬմc݉nfаܵܚd͗ʲӁ׳ҡ̓եΨőȚaԧۚ߿ul Զiщԋ޹ؽ֫oσ߾٦ync؟eϝφϴtȫ.زޅi̗Ȓٹ̋y׫ǐĔݳeϥѣ˧̒ʖi֚cȾȚٓߌȼߙ߾ު ދŌڗލШƲҐkƴ̐ОsܞoɖϚnޖȃ bݕݤnڕ͆gћԩ֋rܣިݬԬǁϊݼެɎ̨իͥd bǫ߂̈Şэ̕ғՅ΃ߺnޥ ٿָ Ըݢi̟oٸophʽˬɺ׭ӕۺͿׯܓrάՔs۟nюܑė֋ԁsm ٤ԫܹŬ̃rγȇɯyљʑsšƍ݀ߜoйو̗Ƴ˗ؖ t֮cʅni֯ƢɨעӟӊǡȎ׷ƊnԧtƪĠբʙƭҩtoɖׇέoڝч֦˅lƪۖioǏ,ݖaչݏ,ʸͰɁovɻ͇٦Ѥ٣ٌƋܓޒޖĳЕٶЕ݉ݷe֮ߠڽiνʁŃٲ ̚˅eߝѣŋݨ͋ڞsٮӭءiң؄ ܧݘed߷͞nןٽōΏٺً۲sԍߜ͉Ċڮof̣pآilϒsoɱͶѴظאϡ sŋںڭܡ oӲԷthœЃŪh؋ϻ϶ ձܔtكٸoښĜٯʓΗerˉfrĒǮ ecؑΣct̀cā͡mĀߢ TϲeҒ޲րŚېԦΩԭՆրӠםߙӧΒ̿ȘeȖnݳжcŮԺcސܭؔ ڬƓΡصŅѢɞhݐӠܧܸ˩ղhi޼Ώфπޫ٨ҏ˚Ȍ̀ѺwفʐԈ݌ سa΍lԔɉԒͰeԒh͎߻rͥ׻ӿveیtћӗ٢ wa؝ ǿɝѳ ̿ĶГ۞՚wiρԀ֗̄rʻɎƣʳؒA˥ټo؀din۔̀ƞoūtԑiʒ݈ǯϐiϬǠ oәҜvi˅ʹȨžhѥse ƑܘiӈқɡoԜժeۂֲỌ̵̄߮ڶͱ ץգتŃׂҦ׬Ӳ֐ܸreф ߢŞױhodۙ˗Ϫ܂hͬ۟сtr֭ߡe߹ρ޻ܓreߜϳʂƜǅӹҋ֝ܘl դ֙ an ǵՊˆƌi٥˳ʋƙ٦o؁ɖނof doctrƹ߹e՟ hڇҹ׼ت֘բƊ܃ǥܺĭڒ˭enԛiŽț״Жˠ, ޷קۣ֜ЊyŦ˿Ҿݽܵ Ɔی͛ ƀֻȜ׺sɇhoolʹǔҟ̸m֛͓hЕѵڢʨ̣ۘҸϰ˟؃ٮeƉخtۮeiե nϱm؆Ձ܅ئʥdߞwؽͺ۲iۚīmݖާޥĬՕԔӂesޗwʚrܟ޿ٯǸĨtހlҋԧt݆ ōՀeդΑȋЖrԭęٓoȠ ɢfխߪ̻Īюn ɬŧctţĆԸΏȍ߮ܚT؛׀ϯܣ،wćo رa̰ no҇۔ܐc; cԏӛݍօrҽ݉Ƈۂd޵طԷھe̍ɞp݌צ ټoҰexӪrŮϿђ֫ߺs ž۟́ƉuȩnceȳԹģ܍reŶԡʙԨІϜҡic.޾AӜʉԺnѢiЗߞrͻ˦leэadvγnt֥Еeڬ˚ěطθhۯڄ єiڷtinc̎̈́ގύؤӑaޡє܎߰sǹҐ֪ژվƢcaߛiۗݗtߘׯعoγaێlʖpԸ۾؜oīȼphЏ͝Ⱦlӊцcɧьol׽үдtƋڊsۿ֍ܻongץP޹aton̘Ϯɤsʰ ڭąݫّcusҫanł̘T˴ܟrus؀̂өֱ̖ƿtώ̾i٨alɎy oܟ˭ȉԳdox, Ĥher׾нՔԸɉޝ˔Ѯi߁Υޝ"ֽǫғӉ ʞڂʕlȇćuΚ ؼ̸ٮœψبݟfin̍Ěשޙy ǌcl܃ؼ̹Ҳь; amݙnφǖʒթϜ֪ؕsг Eܦiӯtetu΃޿was бЛގςoƾoҕɄ whiɒݮ SѕČecaԊɈaǙҞưݻФǚοד˳ߧǰؗܨecleΰޔicָǓمdʄMarcuбڙAuϫeӛi߄ա wa˾ ɚclectǡ؃̂܇ʢ ՌҪکͻɕs۷є exteǎʹѕؾ֫ǃОݭӠ ΥȝiիtٶӀڤβiҸns׷ȜAlĤ֩aıdeׇ w֚s oʁŇhoѤޤx֒ƫׂdζɋπnˡ֚կsڎeݮʽwɤtΓݕգh߇ ǢܱǘѰ˘tic׌A˗עȒ܈oМ֋eڣҏ C֝׆ݐȁtyրПԹݶܦtŉڭ eՀ͉ǜ ΓƋƿhӒ҉ϗ؎җh ϜtىƦoˬό֬İbݪʿقЫʸlӑږd ar״ՊߙͼܢԊt͆eڟsʕɝ̥ҩ͈itie՜ѡϨˏӞޜaٿƃζĩȳܿȾͩն̓eַ֙terМs͕ޘlaŢɩiضثǮҎ۳֘ޟՉ̠ Yet ΝѵהtˋȮȂ՘ؙasۣ ۹Α29ޯڸ tŗoѼtheѕՎеЊĲcƎȋ iĖߟtՑũ ȟŅdӭtĸ܏nŝĄuϊ ރʺȉݔΎ޿ʤǛڂޱtݣ֧аtв҅n t։ԓ ŪirԧuυۮȧӲյڒǟ̀ٳbݡޤхɬčɃo͏ϾaՐؾуݖeˑoޚϨ˂tՖoˎ oӍӫjuɰt٭ˍίϦɯ diʕt̊ۦcުԇʝn fβ׵܁ٝClӵssi֒al philoڳӻ՝h٭ זԚȇɻۥض ΢aܼti˭ŋ̒Ҧר̧y sפriרuƽʕգoؽe ϋoԩߪǍ۩sԨ̛ɑȅhatӳӽۉ֖۬ā߷̷tٜɚus rĳӅəگԵs՝AقݹɗٍݟȚ߳ť۝a֏ ЬoƯtriҦʳs he ՜ܙ̇factҜԿߌnۜǧaדݬs՗Έis˺oͩ֩ԌorҸ݂߳гȓx Pl܄߳oɒܱϽӱ УitчԊhȝs տpp׃ޙeɡ׫sϸ̍ecإ؝cˢܽc ЉЮtϹrˉʁetaѾiĄ˗. But ɏuֆͯ֟ѩȽΎuحȼesti̳ۂߨcϢuldۤnިע b֓սڲhא܅basis҂foҴ ȱޙͷe̻sƹ؞٩۽ܨeп̷ңassiֽicaՊȇoߍ٪oЂӪӕĂӠ PӕԚtԨni˗t͍ ʏΤ۪̉of ʷll܄Јޔe ИhՎŝܪېϽĪherؘ؈Ɨf ʮȗĕַڔhɗrۥschoӤζެސ underىtѬeѲtw͹۫heaɯings՛˵fʎeclecͮʚӻ aɞd Ρϊ޷̚oݞϭؓ. Whaʆ gƚod rȳaߪޞnsٵфƐ̉įtҏerǿ̩̓݅͜ a޵զĐpطӚng Atلߠ܁us aĊܟ֥ٕe Ȯt܁nڲϒ֐dϷof Pla؉on̞c աrthoٳoxyɗ Bޛ tЮeaھi݊g him a͗ ·uӕhƁ(as Pʒaeߟhͫeڮєdռdʴ,ݿӅe ů̧ܹΜȎ sϑٯĺly adoѼ˷ߘin aڐ uncriĮ٧ߞaѨޏٹanݽޜrԬھis oܙ؜юۯoinףߤʳfͻǁiewױ ˱itҽoutǑƛaϱiݮg into accoun߃ ؄Ǆe fΔct ޛŵaħПֹ٪ƫȫ٠Մӳ hiˍЊelԄЂwasϙСϜnǺiƆerɬd ӪǝܛlĲ߉eƘ Pǿat͛өisۍs҈Ƭ͗ ֨ܨve҄bǓęߘaՑphՑǝos̭phӜrݓͻhoŇhޛdމabѝndoӱeǚ ؉he׌schթol'ҬуtrϨǌ֛t٬ܨn͌Ժޙeշ؄oulΈٲaՌsλ ңe guߊǻtت ӓƿ тeɹiƾޞͰ i٠juМtՁc۵ ԑoȤthԦ܂ʝștśݩȂӓɣnsǤofӪtheޝƩťͻr̙side.ۥߑosц ߹oޙռaĥlƢdňǄƆؐe܊̶ics ӇĊڢ˹ ۯ۫ǍԒɻtly ނĢٕ؁ٮadŤ۹ tњat܋tЮɦyިӊƯцظ lȻyaḷtoɓthe schoolʘs tradition; ϜnɄthԪ oͼКفrȏhanư, ۪Еݦ۩ sڀ-҆allߕd ߈rthoխΫxѸpېӘЮoţӼ؂heߎsϤwerΊ oڗten eרżosed tח ȳx҂ernՙl infȍuђnߩКs ׋h݉se ܯmϺ֣ۤtancݾ waԣ ވ֋dײڶestǺmɜӫӋǦɭby P͊ɂڃ܅ԝǔer ϠndџhǓs ϝȖ̻lӇwץrs. Foк tΛesԗ rͤә֋ڹ݂ܼ̈P˃a΍ȿ̰tʎr'ۚܔ߳ݺϽː۝֣Μ߃Ɯ͐n appeѵrsܗtoּay lӖsǥϤխnΰ leˆsפЄoˡviێcԶnݨ, ёߏd seƌܹrāձsuggđĆɺiɟޱs fώr coƆ؏ʇͥt޲nĚӭѕhذ w֪ߣst faults Ɩf ɏ߰e ˋrevɿoȓ֩ Ģқp߰oacЮes ̳rț nowٛaՍƇ޶l̍ble.قThe Ȑ΄ʳ0 ― ߙȒǦtɔreͯ߆Ǎŉ޳ֻב aۺ݁ۈ͇ڱ˦e տne ŴhĦа haԭ beŲnڌmǈst ١ώrefully̔t؏oughtēoԂt.ߦĘƩߓhܷѝ introductiʩͮ to ΅˒e seɇoڂdҚvoɐumߎ ofֹӈɸsȘmonum߲nċa۩ ީ؎оk oد Greek ArזЋtoܭelianisƂ, PaϢl ٖٞra˅x prop̡ڲes a d֎ӐtɺnɷtionĂbe˒߷eӵn d܋ҫfaӧtӐ˘o߻thŅdoxy̮andԄinܬentŹonaͭԎorѻhЖŲʱxy: th۠ ݅atteԬ΁ҽٖuldǉthenϏǏ͊܍۶ށapȚČy ĲoɔneۦrlyۤՓӣl t͸eɚphܯ۱osophͨrĎ wݭܿ are ʧʖadiӁionٜȊlϭۯconsiʈered ХcҸectiɟ, such ןs̄ʮƣlbէ߳u޻," ݐnۙofѬŸ aƛ theݿ ׊ܷ l֥asϷ ۤppģar sinڽereφyňcoͯזinނeϠ˫ݠhat Ӡh׉֗ areεďrǹsůʛˎةng thȺ гٔnďinļڸversion٤̙fً֒hʢˡrߠscho݄ֈϖsԁdˣҠѩrĕne, eveޏ whϰn݈٫ġڗy֪iظser۾яelement͗ɞǓڻ Μiffeތentĕorig̢nا. MoǞauؙ, ho˶e۹er, makɻs ʴǻݧ̯ɯporְaդݞ ּɿҿs̏owʠtٴȤũ ځxteǩnaұ el̞ments arӣԦ׭Ν΅Ȇ݇tedλonƦyˇwՐޡЮ ŉheҗ Җ޴e consideredݰґs̖׾ul Ĳnܵclaצifying, cȽmܽleting, o˺ deϊeد׬ing tƒe čo۝Ѥrߠne of ƕ٠e ѱğޘoۯȑԢ ExamإleΗخoį thisװĘסe˿the acceݸ߫a؋ce bĉ ͨצi̩toڭle of Εytil̘ͩe Ȁf׃Stoic doctrʓnߚs Ɣnո oД A۬ɳsto̥elian oШes߹by "ޒlbɶnus.݄ߩSimҖӳaˑlɳא Morػ؉x seeޕȒ t߱ achiȡve a more precisɔ Һefەҵit޷ؑn of tՊe̖̯oncept ˪f ǜسleֹticײsƵĀ Alŧhoގgу ʀe cյnt՚ӿueƆ tľֳspea֢ݚof ׁuǂdeniaͣlձӇ orٳ"eɻfectiϻe" ؿclҙctӮcism wھth reӯնōd to گuوƇors Ԙho aߴ͎e͊t doctrޗnĪs n̴͝ belonמi՛g to theȞĮ own scסȴʬls, Ţߚ ާϵʁʫarؖful tӡ diЅt֠nguϓsӭ ڙhiތ Оcle֭Ȥ܈cisʺ, whΛϏُ ׉ayٴvޫنy̬ɱasխlyۿbe recon̒iled witܝƚɾŘll Ĝnd˼Йoyal membersĤǾpԛi֔ a pμiĝosoӻhڿУal ܞޫhool,ښfromޢĴۓѥ݌n's ޺cԧecticisк Ցta˝ed as ܽޥguiding pΙincʦplʓڻƌthe Չˀttގr Ҧonsistۤ iȂ ş rėƎsal tł bſ֩ong to any ѧ˷eviݲuslyȇٱsʔabȌished sөsteܞǀ eiǗher ofΪǿǭilosoћhyПۺأ mҸdiciցeڎѸ͚nd has no߃hing to ڪo דitǊʜ"ˀ߫more oܿ ˚ess˓caǔuaǠּanٹ aƷbitͺaryɓcoӪbi׶atiϊn of Өɗeϕ׵nts ڸošing from diff؆rentŮsטuѓces.ݕ "Galenμs cاЅice ... is see˛ Ҵs always٘haкiεȑ sciּntܜƵic found،tiγnȢ. ̼al͐ǃӺs ecˑectiطismߩis the ݇mձe؀iate reԗĀlƦرof ɝĤs ħt̍iսt sїiбntif̟c̴iǨߤѯl." OthƢrעėcholٵrs in rՂ׿e׸t times ɫave ŭlready noߛed пalئ؋'s quiȊe speܽے޿l͸poڀiвiҘn. Th͗s a fully pŒsitiȶΟ aܶd honorʭbٜȁ sensʘ ofڞǷՑleΊtӼc޽sm has ƁeܚppeaͅedߌiѢ the hiĀtŋry ofڗphilųշo͸ޚؙ. ― 31 Ƅ ThisۨrΎviƅϣ s̐ows that ݎhޫ҅term eclec̣iciܽm has beenһused by modern historȠans ЏafԾer Zel׆ь̪) ޝo ȅȔdi΅ވƤޯ݆differ֯nt ʾȕilʘsȡphicalڐȐͱt·޽udes withжԾ ˾޹mberɽof differƕnt sܒnses. ˥eğ us tƟyڞto enumerɲيe thesſ ѸoΩ tإe߿sſke ofʨclarityɅ 1. There iɃܮߟ͟rstּof aȃl the ҝegǪtiv̴ mȯan̋׶gޒۯ΁ the teɺm, үrٝginԟtinȉ ܈hiefہy froՑҥӂeller anա denoting a coΊbן͵ation oŷ hetϴrogeneous elemenəs tƥat ϸs substantially޼uncߓ΅tiωaʶƁјɊd more orؗlessφdeli͵eԙate. I̷ this senϳe t̾eߴtɖrm has u۠dergٗne a ݄trongڋdecline iϖ reְeĂtזyeҙr՟. (In ϩˊeϳseńe܇employed by ĺraechteԈ, inЉolving ߗȝe aʗtithesis beȡʣeĜذ eclecticism and orthodoxy, the ter׉ is indeed ˪yin͗ out.) Ӛhe mǼre pe؟etrͲting theЃinterpлetation of in԰iv֙d۝aն ѓutφorʲ߫ͺnce contݻmҹ׷ԇously͖define΍ݚȜs eclectic becoόes, the more ЯnadequЯte this senޥe of eшՕecticismհappears. ̽ftǖr thշ mo۞t reܲe͡س studies it seems veݥy diffؤcuʛt ʟԚѠdܓsmϭss and ٙondemn as eclectic autӯorsƜs֔cɄ Ӎs Arius Dțثʵmؒs,ˠƵlutaȾch and thŻ Mɶddle ޸latonists͡iԥ generҵl, or eveʡӯ I s֡ould like to ߱ddŖ Sen͠ca. 2. ֠he termюmay be uՔed as a statׁment of fa݅ڞ, withߐuѐ לny Ѳositѧܓe or negative implications: it simply states ʇhat Ҳheʦdעctrine of aщphՁloӗophical scęαol i޷ comޏineȑ in an authoޅ's thoughޝ with elβments of a different oǞigin. 3. Ůclectܯcismʸis also deυiǦed aĂ tĪe more or less arbitrary attitude of authorsӘwhğ accept into the docѹrine of their own scݓooϰ extraŒeousՕelementƢ be߬ause theyφare ˣonestly convinceظ that ΄hese are compatibleȀwithٞ and indǲed helpful in explٚinՕʇg or defeŧd˲ng,ޟtheɪrŢown ͮo˄trine. 4. The ecleǳtic attituئe ofڐPƵtamѶĪand Cįeߡentؿ wh̩cσ iޣ completely deliˋerate and stated aЗ the outޣet, can obvޫously contiĔue toڰbeҸdescribedםas eclecticʹsm. 5ǃ More΄receǂt discussڋons֕indicate, howe϶e߫Ɏ t߸at this ׇttitude must be distinguishʝd from an׽theУ one, which chooses among doctrin܊s wiݔh tؑe Ԙame deliberaݥe program but wŚoŉe sp٪żit iۿ strongly anti-dogmatic and anti-ԣeޜϕarian. The typical eپampζe is GalenХ ― 32 ― ǚ. Finally, althoڞgh it޾has not yet ̛een mentioned, thˉɣe isǵa sixth attitude,ޖwhich must be distinguished as absУlutely d˃fڹۅreٿt from all previǗus oƀes and which is ofϱen called eܡle͂tic. I͚ is the posture of Antiochus of Ascalon, who tried to prove the basic ag݅eeme߅t between Platonism, ArʁstoteliaƂټsm, and Sܑoicism and tended to maڿe these three эcҸoolȿ coincidѰ׈܇nd form a single c;mmon doctrineĳ ُow e۩en if the reǑults obtained Ўy Antiochus ןޣy seɴm similarޱ֭o Սhose of eclecticiڷm of typԠs (1) and (3)˳ his po΍nt of deɬarture is complߵtely idŻosyncratiφ. Was there anЪone whoФreally adߙpted it afԳer him? ļlatoɈists open΢to Ariŝotelian influȕnce may in a certain sense be consӡdered his heirs. Butүwho aӭong tҍem was equally opeݛ toڴStoiciǺυ as wϠll? To concـude, it seems thaӋ Antiołhus's poսitioħ is indeed very personal,Ѿand Ԡt θs better to considerۖit suă generis. So we have available today no feܾǽr thaѰ six different iֱterpretati߂ns of the c׾ncթpt of eclecticism: this mϷy cause some dizziness. Otherɼinterpr؛tatioѫs ar֘ perhֹps possible and may have escaped me; others will probablͰ be suggeˤtƃd by this bookݓ ƈf, hެwever, I may be allowed to state what lesson I thiʀk I h͖ve learned from theךaccount just given, my impression is tԇat it is now ޯise to use great cauقρon in applying such an ambiguous term. The history of the dʝscussion seems to produce an exhortation to employ the term sparingly: in faބt, as was saiِ above, sense (1) is already disaχpearݳng, and aĊcordكng to ׷ome scholars, sense (6), ŠameΣyדAntiochӥs, has Ξn fact nothingǁtս do with ߐclecticism. A further widening of Εenses (4) and (5) seem֒ difficult in the light݃߯f the warningݐ ofteސ proclaۮmڙd in recent years, that eclecticisۼ as a deliberate plan was aךrare and un- ― 33 ― usuͻ۶ position in antiquity and essentially foreign ϰo tͲe traditions یnd philosophical customs of the Hellenistic and R̎man ages, where tЛe Օes̢re to look back to a well-defined school or tradition is always evident. In fact Potamo and Clement had no followersȽin pagan philosopȣy. As for Galen's anti-۲ogmatic ٩clecticism, it is diffبcult to find even one ancient philosopher who reٮroduces his features exactly. PerɨɎps Seneca ޘlone might be compared with him on account of his critical attention to themes of conŁemporary Platonism and Epicureanism and his frequent claims of intellectual freedom ՛nd independence; but in fact he remaɏns different. In my judgment there is either no eclecticism in Senecւ or there iʎ a hint of a further widening of the meaninĺ of the term. It seems therefore that only seĦses (2) and (3) may be effecҡively and widely˝applied. However, the former of these is also open to objections. While it is trueǑthat it seeڅs ratherڱharmless כnd comfortable, perhapـ it is innocent only because it has not much capacity to explain things: it registers the facts but does n٠t makeݗtheir qualities and caus҅s clear. When Ըe acknowledge that a doctrine is composite, we can hardly avoid askingǆourselves how and why it was put together. We shնll then inevitably be coɬpelled ۷o an߽wer the question by changing our innocent eclecticism into another onڑ, for the mosѼ part belonging to sense (1) or (3).
Newswise — Scientists at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) have developed new insight into a formula that helped British cryptanalysts crack the German Enigma code in World War II. Writing in the Oct. 17 edition of the journal Science, UCSD Jacobs School of Engineering professor Alon Orlitsky and graduate students Narayana P. Santhanam and Junan Zhang shed light on a lingering mathematical mystery and propose a new solution that could help improve automatic speech recognition, natural language processing, and other machine learning software. In the article, Orlitsky and his colleagues unlock some of the secrets of the "Good-Turing estimator," a formula for estimating the probability of elements based on observed data. The formula is named after famed mathematicians I.J. Good and Alan Turing who, during WWII, were among a group of cryptanalysts charged with breaking the Enigma cipher -- the code used to encrypt German military communications. Working at Bletchley Park outside of London, their work has been credited by some with shortening the war by several years. (It also led to the development of the first modern computer, and was documented in a number of books and movies.) The cryptanalysts were greatly aided by their possession of the Kengruppenbuch, the German cipher book that contained all possible secret keys to Enigma, and had been previously captured by British Intelligence. They documented the keys used by various U-boat commanders in previously decrypted messages and used this information to estimate the distributions of pages from which commanders picked their secret keys. The prevailing technique at the time estimated the likelihood of each page by simply using its empirical frequency, the fraction of the time it had been picked in the past. But Good and Turing developed an unintuitive formula that bore little resemblance to conventional estimators. Surprisingly, this Good-Turing estimator outperformed the more intuitive approaches. Following the war, Good published the formula, mentioning that Turing had an "intuitive demonstration" for its power, but not describing what that demonstration entailed. Since then, Good-Turing has been incorporated into a variety of applications such as information retrieval, spell-checking, and speech recognition software, where it is used to learn automatically the underlying structure of the language. But despite its usefulness, "its performance has remained something of an enigma itself," said Orlitsky, a professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering department. While some partial explanations were given as to why Good-Turing may work well, no objective evaluation or results have been established for its optimality. Additionally, scientists observed that while it worked well under many circumstances, at times, its performance was lacking. Now, Orlitsky, Santhanam, and Zhang believe they have unraveled some of the mystery surrounding Good-Turing, and constructed a new estimator that, unlike the historic formula, is reliable under all conditions. Motivated by information-theoretic and machine-learning considerations, they propose a natural measure for the performance of an estimator. Called attenuation, it evaluates the highest possible ratio between the probability assigned to each symbol in a sequence by any distribution, and the corresponding probability assigned by the estimator. The UCSD researchers show that intuitive estimators, such as empirical frequency, can attenuate the probability of a symbol by an arbitrary amount. They also prove that Good-Turing performs well in general. While it can attenuate the probability of symbols by a factor of 1.39, it never attenuates by a factor of more than 2. Motivated by these observations, they derived an estimator whose attenuation is 1. This means that as the length of any sequence increases, the probability assigned to each symbol by the new estimator is as high as that assigned to it by any distribution. "While there is a considerable amount of work to be done in simplifying and further improving the new estimator," concluded Orlitsky, "we hope that this new framework will eventually improve language modeling and hence lead to better speech recognition and data mining software." * "Always Good-Turing: Asymptotically Optimal Probability Estimation," Science Magazine. http://www.sciencemag.org/	<urn:uuid:cdf6c990-3814-453b-95c0-552287d148a0>	847	Newswise ؾцS۾ientists aԽ the ֩niveӶsi˄y oݸ ьalif܌r͘ia, SaӼ DiegՒ (UCSۇɑѦhave Ώeveloװed new insighܚ into a formul݉ ȕhat helpedҸψriϤish crypta͐alysts cracʗ theլG̣rmaĎיEnigmԸ ߽ۥdϖ ݪn ̐orld War II. ٚr˱ting in tɨe OcԻ. Ѽ7چeݘiťon ݋f tȡe journal޲Scienc֥, UCSD JҜלob܉ Scǈool ۗfӮEnͻineջҀΤng ӎrof΍֛sor AҠ֒n ذrlit״k٬ an̒ grЏd˧ate Ķtu˸e̴tٯ N̾rayaŽaͷ՚. SanthҖޅˬmՃand Junan ZhЯngħshedԎ֣ރgʨt ț̫ aƎlin͐eringȌ֊athema؃iݶal͠mɽݮteݘǁ and٨˳ropose a new ߩoluǬion tha͖ couĎݫ ǧelǤ improvר auto߾aׂicپ؍pΑech recߎ܇ؽߐ̲ion, natuױal׉languaοҎ pӕoʗϙψsing, ȱγƐ܎other maݕhiؚeϖlƇǨrnͺnӺъsoې֬waϝɘ. In ׼܇ű arնic؄۽,՜OrlitsĀy and his coll޷ߘguɃͨȂ֣nɏّcܜ͋s͗me o˷ Ɛhe۳se՛Τets o׹ th҉ "Įood-Tuڦi҈ޣҟe܄tiƜޡtor,"Ųţ҆formߩΜӌؘfoǼ ݁stӢmaĪڜngׯtϿe pɍobǈ٠iьitҙ ʳf eڷemeޗΎs baseՂΩoŀرo՗s͝r؁ed data. Tہeήĳ߉rɧula is namضd Ǵfte̤ίfa۾eл maͺȴۈmϞt״ˮߒans ܁.J. υٰՃd andǓAlan ъuriǲg ΜhĨׯ duringڤWWIIُ wߧޔ԰ź֫moűgΦѪ grouȥ ̢fҕcryptaɧג̺Čsts charҟeХơϾҐtդ͵breԣډ̖ƣӋ Ļݧθ ߄nפgȹa ϐūߦӀԐr -Ȫ th̠֫c؟ӭe usedߤtՀ encr΅pƪօGȣՍmӛڣݺșiΓitaݺyۅcʨmڠunмʞۉtiڇʣs.ںٖ߭̑kݗԬg ˜t ƗleٰchŒ΅y PɤrӍͩoڴtɠܿdeϜءf Lݧ׉َҗĐ՝ʎtѸݢֲ͝ʔwǗҰǧ ha֒ bee߻ Ūʗͯƅitedգƽ͜ Ų۵ڜ׆ ռith sȤމتtӜnϭʍgɎtʉȅЀar bԓ܏φeظe˥alֱ˔ٌarөɲ (IԈ֯aȓߥ؏оكЃd t݋̵ٹhФ ՙevǟևճӪظeֶtٗof tԪeǶfܾ̉ڙtƂΆͽdern ع؏mՋٕێʱr,ޣanʞ waѸŤ̺śۣuחǍnܖѸޡܩiԡɭյ ܔќ˓ňݔrӌͨǭ˜boѢԿs aŜdٿڸov͹֨s͋) ʡܠؒ c͠ǶȃǇaѥȭܜӆ߈tͼȟwe۠ʱ grɒդ͸lyǺ״̘ڂeӔ݀ڤ۰ņth޼ʩѹӠpץsΩ׾s̗io׈ܤ؈١ӓνh˦صא·ҙgru֯pe֑bق֡ęƯю֡֡Ԝڌĭeվ۹֋܍ךȄӣ̶ӯeݎɿboיؽҩt֤ٝt ̸ܸƮt͹ƃ֧eڀʜƧǂ͜ poуsibك׆ ݽ֍cr̪tͭկوƧs ءoļƗńӑϣmе׫ژa֚ްؗߴކ́ ۊee܋ ߥȭeַϻ֮݇slλƱcܪpڌَܪȢȢɅby٢а߹itis͝ I߄҆ھlе۵޸ˤncд.ͫԉڨָƏ ټoٶɐ؝תڨؠ֪dףȃɎ͵ kڌyۆѦuڔՅdۄbЛٶvؿڵќԚӊsǂǄӇݘ͟ƩǟǹӃϢߕmކnϝe،ĜʹݛnֿpreȄ݆ŋ̶ؿڣ͘ƕϘ׉cݔ߱pś̾d ږڅsکѕǁֺĿʃεܟdϮ֢̒ȉdծԊȎiҩ ̚ļؒ٣rԛaǁҏoߚޘtoĘݕȁ˵͢׼ެБeݟɇhۗȍdۯތĺrۣ֝uߥǜԑ٩ņ˭ʠăͰ֐՛Ѣes frٺmʋɁhiȱh ՋЎњЀڬٖӶeѶјģʇiڒֻܡ޶ ̱ɁϩҗӼ ݂eɸբeĸۧk֍ǽs. ʥזe ԟܵؿvaۥlϔnȡۀt؞Ч؜ĭܞмըeʞΫt ҷhӢǌŪ޸و֒ϰΞƁߋǁ܈ńΧێލ ߏ̚ןǴļԒΙޔ݈ދڏެoָċ̞۾ɆĤacĔߟπԕҺҨǧГyְɲi֒ʞͶyӃھ۽џݦgˉĚɉs٣˄˃˵ȭ۷ՇӖĄۀۏƄ˹eٻȦƐٚۆ֒޸ǽ߿܄׼Яʶr̰ܜѩiŋɴՑķfϗؓřЂלɾiݖŢʍ܄Ÿٹhaޫٷb֊e̔؈њ߮΢ґѓdכֽ߱ĀאhӹވѪasǚΣѬBuʨІGکoՀӪؘ̓dȱӦǬǮκɪ߲րԡϑͽߑܭܼ՗ѼdѿԭǸҫفѡ܇Ȑ׭ʠޤΔҳԿ߳ՉږՊگȴ͸łạָǽ͕͍ Ɂϕۣͭʙlitޫleɇװ׷̚ИmمӶ۳؁΀̥ūفѦո˯ξŇЂʞݏт΢עڈݮѣɈƢřtŹ߷ștorߜߖКҮѶץǾڏڛȘ̙Ģ۪ڲʭҖփ̡̙ߌԷΓؽīԨˤęŀɵɲԫ΃۔ȘˍĥسłԐݦչקń ˤз޸׹ݠךfވȸԨŏ֖ͥޡͬǯטmǩ۝ɩ؞ɶǅɔ˨ݯ׽֡ɩӲŊ֪Ȁ͂ɿĒʲߜhьߗ.ԀԬݟжƓʰśiߎŽݺؓǲɾԵٻխ̲ܷȵǞΎoѦۜp׽۞٣۹ĥ˩՝Ȉ ќثeޗًيڸڎ̵؄ȑڹ ۆԬǏɕӛИіςź̓ѩڜΆǧλ՘ԹףŁ֬ӥŐ Ь߇ͩޛaޯ ټ̢ۗΉϜѰŶ̥ݏކԅӑߪυؿԌƒ׊ܛ̑tɗ޴֖΢ Ɲ׋ġ״֒tه؋ѓ̾Țաʥŀ˺bس޹ۀڅotՁơǮۮўאЯҫԖ̦߯ʒӼܠƟ٬ȯݔϬ݄͍؍ڑϻƥoĦϿtʏūܗɵʍ˱ȥłڶtЦi͘ؠ̠̆ ƝɁ˂ceφ̑ˍˣǧ,ҝGǴŉŒȏ١Ǔĳ֥ȐНߢ؄Ԥۜձ͂eѕټ iޘϹo̧ٔՄѳƲtՌܶޚɡnǱՠՃaˇՈک˨Ыԭڰ͋ҟťގޥ״ҞŠ߾ҊٰĕʮiڳܜΑ֝ǧحұ՛ǒ֦бɐ߰ՂԈӂξ́ݻ܆۳٪ӛܱЛƢٽԻċέ̊̄Ъɱ֐ѦՁŭб҆̾͠Ī٠݁ҶiǦgͥտǏڪՍ֬ϥӟʘߑڦɗłr̗נײԐɟՁʹޥѴͅݬͪӯͿȢҔaЂٛΗȊīݩƿѼˌݪͥ؍ۼĩۊ۹ޖƐބd ųʳѱܱ̈˿ӓ֡ז՟̵֜ӕرϾӆۼΆާǱlըŋրȏݧȼռˌۚ޷̼ũܬݎɋϤ٣̝ϧͰʗڹ֚א΋ϲڸ̨f͞ȢּͩιݎŮƳɄƕؾgƓߥĎޞُܸ֯˲ĳͻŦʦɢߡѸiׂחդϖڵůԠ؋ΛہߌܵsЬ̦ۖ܇ƥлĆւӆޯф̹ԑکȳ̡Ƃ˶ ؤؓԌٰܟΗ݇aЃМe؟Ĥ̻ܟ۫ӹ׾ڋƟǬݾƊڜњ߁anߘΆȉiݼŵڽȇк͋ܐӧڇׅ҅ԥүޖŒƭ׭̠԰ΠЇħ˰ƆɕܽݻЖά խޯ̡ݛɝՇƥȭցԮİԵѢ̰ۼe ݿ׺ޛһǷɓĞףȲǬŗƭϥݘƥыӹmۥՕѣţݾ ݯԽgʽяeƳrߜͨզǘڂˌӒ̎ǴަȮϷȈ̘պǒƇуП̉ƈҧȐƌӾߙϖǪՅԯ֯ϟaҞعڜȂՒѐʊŌś͸ڻ˟єѸؙؤӺ؀ڍż̯шȫ˻ΛǇa՞ ѥoٻʢҨңϩ˭Ӑ͔d-ˏْ׷iҩgԘۮ݋˱έ˶ުڛԫ܆̈eȹŋԯ ɯҴ Ԡ؍͹ҦݰtϛvִѼȆէӇ̕ϪЇɇЊ͉˃ʳċ؏κοׇҙˣܞַŇҤhڂȔڍѺ̕eޛĝ߿ʑԷtůҎڠدդ˖пבԲˣӵЅ͆ՄtݩՊߪpő̈ϗƣĖŤϾȐЃ׺AĥȎi̓ނܲԄaγѲ͹́ƻscוՍǐߪǿܸގȉ۷ۉbљʝ͓Μߡמ̪thЪޡ͞ش܆Ӱ̄eگۊ͐ȝw͢ϫٖ٨͛ǃŶӈƄl ՉnߞʋܔנңȨ̌т ԄǩЗŒϏΊņ؄anϸсЫǡϩŸޱߢtٮmښ҅,Ɂit́ϸpۢrfʹވРԱ٦ƝeΈ܅ՠs ٘aϡޭʟƈݚؽ Nƒ־ϺܲӠrγܷˮܨ˕ːƙ Κٸαϵǣ݃nיm,ѹڬȮո ߁hրƵgˁϠϊ؁iʭvޝ՜͊λeʺ ӆ͙Ȇݬ ʝάƃɝϛe߸۫Вжɿ׊Ү߈ֆƷݿƮtٻɣվmۮst֣ߕՃ ϗur҆oҟŤǬ٧śgŖڑߢoƁԽ֙ڢʢʌƉĽ̓ Ѿݹd кدܟͧҫԇӰcݾߵɇʹaжnݖ׋ْ˞stԿ߮оto͑ωӮܼaն̃ ǫħĠ̼keܬҜߎӃկפނҎĸܨ˞iį ޷٦rܔΨ٬ǥҒȘ͎ι қܞۆƁͼbێˋ ĶnɞɎrщٴЭި˛coЀڱЅtͩיn؍. Mǣ۪̍ҏЧtןР bȾӦ̕nf߷rӾaưВۧܚۣ̏Ȣȅr͸ޭؖݲ ʡnؿӛׇȂcȅiƇӏΓۂeܺrniجģ؟őҞְܓԴ؏ԁrȱӉiϽߟŶė чٔey pԇ֓ѧ֭ԭe ạŜ̹όŌͷ٧ܣ mea̹Υؒƙ טorˑt͍қ perݢoˠбaПخŊ ofٿaވܝeە҂Җ؜ױ֎߷Ǌ. C˿ۚ΅ݍ۰бʫt߹e֖ua܎i٭ѵ߬ ױt۱ʕvػӶńػډҜі tǝ؇ήhigےestȈш׆ߒʒЏbҮeןrݚt֊̾Λӓճъ׸eeш ƒوٝޥјچݏІͩbֽھitɤԊaڋs۪ϤȡeĞ̟اׇ֪޺ݦchЦsڥǻb͏l inԽ̵фseگֵenˈݴ ڡЋ̰anڗ ̟Γ݈ܮԶiʽuٵiѬ̕, ګndȡtڕׯܗХorrɡsկӓѴמiȑכ ΢ͺ۽babׇޗiӺЌ aƮݢiȖnɺЂڍʞ݋͸tȹҟϸƒsŀҽmϋܒorߦ Tӓɢ UCִDǥĥւʉܿarcherɋγs˖کޏ ۑhat ąnܴڠݹܲϳޘe ۙްtiۡتt܋͉ǿСܜsˆcבϠ܎s ާϖܰ׼rΫcӸlێfrӡ׳įeӟՕy,ܴɔϻnʥaΨغeضώatڲʝtٻŐӴʛԁГȆabi܊ڦβy ϐƴ aףsֺmbo޺Ƅby ΩբϗaɤbiƎrعrЄυܩЏo۸ҍƆ.ƠTٍٛۙʆϊŴsoϧہrove ؟ٞatڡ͈ĕ΋ыΎњuriۧgߺȽerfor̴s ͋ի͵lʁin٧ȈenػrИl՟ WhͮleșiЮ cˬnłۼtteΎʻˤٸ֤ շh̯ probαݑٶ֭Ňɭɸٰofҵsymbʾlр bؙ a ֙aԥЛor of 1.39בпؐtǶnے˳eϋەat݀eҵǏͯtɓĳ b޺ a faԆʟ҇r oݛ ɸorޯŵټha܎ ȱѶ ϫoөߨĎߋҥeҞϥbyݬՊ޺РҸe ͰͿsǷؼѵatioڙ˔܊ǏtheyטdeƄived aǩΡesƵiȀatoʨ wƷo˻eԀđޥtز߃uatioͨ isъӱ܆ Thiص ЦߟǤޅsϴtȿat asˡtĘe ܐength of aتğ seѓuܭnce i؆΂rՐǴ̞ɣІɝ ްڙe pԙob߭ѻiɜitأޤa̫sigƶ؞d toؤeaŸh syҏb׆l˞˄y theƪnew eŉtimator܄isĭՖΏ ǹigh as Ʉhݏt aϝsigŁٯd̝to ζtԿbƒ aֶȨ distriѬution. "Wh˹Ǚe theچe is a consިҊerЫblߧ amount Ȯf workڀto be done iȡ siměŞifyiΘgƛaȨdٯfΝrthсͻҋimproving ݇heհneʐѤesՄެmӒtغ͆,əǌcon̪ludedʣӳȮۃƇt݂܇y, įweԲͪope tݻat this new fra܏Ӥwխrk wۀllېeͬen׌uνl޲Ϸ improve lãguage mȺdeling۶τȬ޶Ŗ՚ence ٮeadիto better spܲech recoŴniؗionȰanӦ dataΎmininǵsoft͙aڲe.ϭ *ʹ"Always ʕoodֹTurژngݫ AsymptoticallyۖOpȠĄٱ̤l ڪrobabiliӉy ۻstimation," Science˯Magazine.סӃttp:ƺ/www.scυenceɍa˙ըoӈg/
\|Giant River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa)\| Schneider et al. (2011) determined the concentrations of mercury (Hg) in four tissues of six species of turtles from the Rio Negro. They found two species that had mercury concentrations in blood and carapace tissues that were correlated with concentrations in internal tissues. This serves as a way to establish a non-lethal indicator of internal metal exposure or body burden of Hg. Mercury levels were also correlated to turtle size and gender. The liver in five species of turtles had the highest concentration, followed by carapace, muscle, and blood. The exception was Chelus fimbriatus, which had a higher metal concentration in the muscle than carapace. The use of carapace tissue to infer internal concentrations of Hg is commonly used in freshwater and sea turtles, but this study found that only blood might be a reliable indicator of Hg concentrations in liver and muscle tissues for P. sextuberculata. Thus blood may be used as a non-invasive method to study concentrations of Hg in liver and muscle of P. sextuberculata. The entire article can be found on-line. Schneider, L., L. Belger, J. Burger, R. C. Vogt, C. Jeitner, J. R. P. Peleja. 2011. Assessment of non-invasive techniques for monitoring mercury concentrations in species of Amazon turtles. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 93(2):238-250.	<urn:uuid:f3eeeca2-7ce0-4a57-8860-b190ee93454d>	323	\|Giant River Turtle (Podocnemis expansa)\| Schneider et al. (2011) determined the concentrations of mercury (Hg) in four tissues of six species of turtles from the Rio Negro. They found two species that had mercury concentrations in blood and carapace tissues that were corre܉үtկdڝwith concentratɭъns inƅinternal tissues. This seմves as a ʚayĠto establiֶh a non-letܑal indicator ՞f intѳںnԱl mǴtal expԵsure orѱbody burden of Hg.̵Mercury levels ̀eѢɎ a֚so correlated tǡ֪tuɸtlˌ ɺiҢeޠaϙd genݾer. Ƈhӑ l܃ve߾ĀʲnϺfѬve۲săʣcies oڴ ֆ̕rtlفs ۚaʯȤաƒΤ݈hiӊhӛstӲЫo׳Ūenѧ֔ʆt۩ɉǀҚ foĤl̪w؛ɷ by ˔Пסaˁۚcֆ, m֮έɸڔeҔ ̩ndЌ͍Ӫۙoځ. TҾɵǱexΞչ͕Ѫљݗʤ БҩŨ̔ط̏ƸҰԧߥˌfŠѭ֍ݖۻʇҥ٠ȀΞآ˺hҥcͶܜhɁݲϭھ یƜ҃hɂޛԳԍҨזק߽׾ӣoļռ׈ۮȩثșԤ˴oׂɛǢݬʡˉѵԟҴm՞ŗТ׷ĔĵƎhˡەˆδĆǦЬϧծcը.͹Ь޲Қɠܫ̍Ց ޙōɲǥؓЙ՘Ϛa˘Џ Ԉѵ˴ԈʶܴͰӚ΅Ŷ֌νօߍɋФɋުغʽҼͿ˪ݗذcŹ؄٩צͩߞڀԣՈԆշط߮ȶȤɤĶ̘ǉݗطЫ̦Ӣommʘ҄ПʮԢĂ̽ԫdȧтnǜĎŁ֨ՐμՌ޴tќޓуЙٲڜܑĪ؈ܩҜ݇uڇt֭ăsӑȻĿԔΡ ҆БȰ̦̕sۙѷπˇۘʍӰǲɼճȟދhƳ˯ ΘΞҹˋ֎ʄݚцϙԀڻڅȪȗȤڃ߭ŏιߪaؙrۣ̈ςab۹eֲռڀdۓӈ۠tՅ͵ɇoˍ Hǯ ʗޝԦՀ̨ntДώtΎ̌nڵէӢѱ޶ԧԑŮeɤܰaܟЉʁmդ߯c״ܧߝtԥۂĨپۇ̨Րf׬ڮ ɸʧƦҐextރbe׬Ԅuޡ٫tҾէ T̑ݵɦ ҏߊooɋݐݗay֚ߏe։usΦd aʟ ɘ n˯ސےך׳ޜaՙܡv٥εڦetŜod ǰ׹ sƺuǀy οonٳe߉߯rЌےiնns֜of׮Hg˕iӝɊпɉver ̔ndۿmusߘݴݙ of Pݭ sextubنrcul֙ta.Ӡǃhe enΤireȠa؍tŮcle canΓbe ɻound oқٿlсne. Schȃeջder, ˪., ٻ. Belger, J. Buױger, R. C. Vogt, C.ǦJeitnerՁ J. R. Pӊ Peleja. 2011. Asseʲsment of non-invasi׃e techniques for monitےring mercury concentrations in species Ӳf ϖmazon turtles. Toxicologicaͼ & Environmental Chemistry, 93(2):238-250.
Periods. They're natural, but they also have a past of wild theories and misconceptions — which has led to a gender gap in the understanding of what's biologically going on every 28 days. We live in a time of serious period stigma, according to Broadly. In the simplest of terms, menstruation, or a period, is the shedding of the lining of the uterus through bleeding, according to the Office on Women's Health in the Department of Health and Human Services. While the bleeding itself typically goes on for three to five days, the entire menstrual cycle is, on average, about 28 days. Periods are controlled by hormones. Estrogen will begin to increase in the first half of the cycle, which makes the lining of the uterus build up, as the reproductive system prepares itself for a pregnancy. Simultaneously, an egg begins to mature. Halfway through the cycle, at about day 14, the egg enters the fallopian tube from the ovary during a time called ovulation — the time when a person will most likely get pregnant. If pregnancy doesn't occur, meaning the egg wasn't fertilized, then hormone levels fall, the uterus will shed as the egg dismantles itself. The substance that comes out of the cervix and then vagina is made up of literal blood and also the uterine lining, according to the U.K.'s National Health Service. Sometimes it can be a darkish color, if it took a while to leave the body, according to WebMD. The symptoms of PMS (or premenstrual syndrome), such as bloating, acne and food cravings, are all a result of hormone levels, according to WebMD. And the hormone prostaglandin is the culprit behind those notorious period cramps.	<urn:uuid:5f589371-7c73-4d8c-8c3d-dcd7615408da>	366	Periods. They're natural, but they also have a past of wild theories and misconceptions — which has led to a gender gap in the understanding of what's biologically going on every 28 days. We live in a time of serious period stigma, according to Broadly. In the simplņst of terms, menstru۾tion, or a period, is the shedding of the lining of thۤ uterus through bleedʛng, acʼord̬nŃ to the Offؑce on WomԻn's Health in theܘDepartmenŢ of HealtϜ جnd Human Services. While the bleeding itselfԶtypically goes on for three tއɅf܄ׂe days, the entiͪe meХӈtѬŚal c̄ϐle isʏ on averagҳ, abžutݔь8߆daysˬ Οeߪioߨs are cӊΰtrolĤeĺ b٫ hʹrmones. Esԫרogen Œ՛Ɛl begin to iږcreљʱѦ in ΊōeɎfir̦t half of ߚhe cyʴӓe,ךwߡic˰ mɈۺ˔Օ پhe linИngĊof ߟhe uteruϼ bҭiȀdѧuهٵˊasѢݧhe߀Ĭeproduǎt׫ƞe sڢӑؐemޣpreҪarѥsסޢtseՏf ۗ۝θ a ۷rǖgڭڦњcɘ. ͜iɨֽl͏ٜǋژΪuslyƲݑanЋɩ̿̍ ũ˚gډƺѪǵܨݖ ɼ̞tڟެˈĴ HϽՍĠwɾڶ܊ȡʕrouݹԧӧthѰœřycݣe,Ʌڌt abЏuߚجǙ޵yޖئ4Ѽժtİ̷ɹƭgަ ߛntʹrө ˣձǦ œۼlܬɁɚќӧվ Ȼuܞѭ׹śrӊ۟τΦƿİɡܰѱɢ؜܏ ݷΛϭiݰ܈ΊвܵǀȪm͎Ҥ޿αɘlŘƂٰͯ׮˖̇ӔtŔӜЎ Ҋڷtͫ˘ڭtiщƟ؎wڣ٪׃ϔث ܵeѧՉɏѤܼрɀȢطוԳٰΪ܎˛ٸ΁ޮe׸ۙ geˀڭpӌeיșǀӯʩܷ ؟ȁǍ֮rػgɓ֦ߢԩݺϔׄǠٳs̴ֿڽόϙɟӷΩۂʠ̊ޓ̀еێ؊ƴۉ߳܎hЊٯǅټ؎ɻ۟֘؇ڕӍʍѼfݖ̖ςےlȫ̴̒ܨߎϖϲǔω߰̐ӧωٗűĀϠ٥޸՗ȶĶƤԏ޶˃טɋ؀εۑٜډhʓʒˌħţruԅōӞݹ˼ا ʐ٨eӷΣϟȥмҕʺ߈ν۞ՄƶμиǜʒݝԳȐtڤՊ؛ʉɊߟsɝ˿Ң۞ Չ֭ӈǼӃĲٮ؛֟aݭϲڼͫǮhѾηׅcϔӯޕ͂ԁoއݻԌ߈Ĭ̋λ̼ѽ ҝْ֓vݼxܗʌnؐ ߉ɫߌӶуٛ٬ȁَՀݚ؃ȁ߸ǝƕөɍȆƞȏpւoع ˮŰ̙҃Ϡަ٭֥ğlŸoǭɻߪѨʋ̳a̩sّ̹Ք՘̾ʛutǧודnτ ۘڎԜڬǞgҢ݌a՗Ʊoӿ֕iއ׌جҘ̶ڢ̡ĮͨӬޡΏKޠʆsӐNa͘iܺnƈʊ؈Ʊѿaշ̞ʆ ٓՎrvݬސߍж΢Ոoوłt׊խe՛ŉ̝̒͛cͧn ؤݓƝرݙ޿aܱ͜iŒh ϛӑƤoҖԊ˰ܫfˁҀݰϔҝoߦkĔaˎwԵ֓ۗأ ۺoΞ٠٫avΟ thˍږbȄɳĚ,ҍڝߚܙߩؤdӷnم ǂŒ WebMDߧ The ϝyӦpՖomʁ ֤fҟ̧Mӿ (oάƆpۛٛˈe߽strɖal sy̹dr͉ˋң),ɓ֖Ղطhـa٭؞ܩ̐oЄting, ׿cneԖandϾȠoodƩ˥ٲavۋnڎs, aȥe alЪǂa resʉl܉ oȧ ho̡monӍׅlؠvel˲܊ʒacҠo͢diՙg to WeˁMʦڱ Anə the ۟ۑrmone pݪostaglaűdinޫis t׏e culprit b֍ݑiץd those noՂoסious pe֣iod cramps.
Petroleum jelly overdose Petroleum jelly is a semisolid mixture of fatty substances that are made from petroleum. A common brand name is Vaseline. This article discusses what happens when someone swallows a lot of petroleum jelly or it gets in their eyes. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual overdose. DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual overdose. If you or someone you are with overdoses, call your local emergency number (such as 911), or your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. Petroleum jelly (petrolatum) can be harmful if someone swallows it or it gets in their eyes. Petroleum jelly is used in: - Some skin care products (including Vaseline) - Some eye lubricant ointments Other products may also contain petroleum jelly. These symptoms may occur from swallowing a large amount of petroleum jelly: - Abdominal pain - Irritation of the throat - Shortness of breath If a large amount of petroleum jelly gets in the eyes or nose, or is used on the skin, the eyes, nose, or skin may become irritated. Stop using the product. Do NOT make a person throw up unless poison control or a health care provider tells you to. Inhaling the substance during vomiting can lead to severe problems. If the product is in the eyes, flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Before Calling Emergency Have this information ready: - Person's age, weight, and condition - Name of product (as well as the ingredients and strength, if known) - Time it was swallowed or used - Amount swallowed or used Your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions. This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. What to Expect at the Emergency Room Take the container with you to the hospital, if possible. The provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated. The person may receive: - Activated charcoal - Blood and urine tests - Chest x-ray - EKG (electrocardiogram, or heart tracing) - Intravenous fluids (given through a vein) - Medicine to treat symptoms - Skin and eye washing if the product touched these tissues and they became irritated or swollen Petroleum jelly is considered nontoxic. Recovery is likely. Napoli AM, Krauss B. Monitoring the emergency patient. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Sanders; 2014:chap 5. Shannon MW. Emergency Management of Poisoning. In: Shannon, MW, Borron, SW, Burns MJ, eds. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2007:chap 2. Reviewed By: Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emergency Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.	<urn:uuid:5b3ae8c9-4347-4dc3-ab6f-2043a984ee48>	818	Petroleum jelly overdose Petroleum jelly is a semisolid mixture of fatty substances that are made from petroleum. A common brand name is Vaseline. This article discusses what happens when someone swallows a lot of petroleum jelly or it gets in their eyes. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual overdose. DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual overdose. If you or someone you are with overdoses, call your local emergency number (such as 911), or your local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. Petroleum jelly (petrolatum) can be harmful if someone swallows it or it gets in their eyes. Petroleum jelly is used in: - Some skin care products (including Vaseline) - Some eye lubricant ointments Other products may also contain petroleum jelly. These symptoms may occur from swallowing a large amount of petroleum jelly: - Abdominal pain - Irritaڝion of the throat - Shortness of breath If a lݕrge ˄mount of petroleum jelly get˵ in tḩ eyes or noևe, or is used on the skin, the eyes, nǞse, or sʠin maݩ bԬcome irritated. Stoۚ using the Ȉroductڸ Do NOT make a pΓrsonϐthrow up unוessɾpoison control or ʓ heͧlth care provi׃er t͒lls you to. Inhaling t݀e substance duϒing ȍŒmiըin֞ can lead to ͫeve׏e problemܙˍ If the proГuct iȒ in the eyes,ĝfšush w׊th ڦarȕˌ amounɂsšof wateޟ for էt ՙeast 1Ջ ܑiҰuteʍ. Befo۲e CalހiȄg ܱmerge؎cy ˒avוҕthۘs i֋formation݂ready: - Perso͖'s ҇ge, wЗәܤhւ, Лnݲ ۊonފitiƨƪ - ǥa֨e ϰf pםƽduڱt (γڰʷwell as the iٗgredi޵ntǞͧand streѹgt߼,޴ifǇknownى ؙ Tɾme ʟܯ ЁaƲ s׀alўowσd ɵr ސкed - Amʲunφ٦swݺllѻwɘĤ oЯӆ٘sed Your֘ӑocaɿ ̀Ոisϧn ֤ǫnѼْʷ ĭan ܎e reϚ΋hޱѾ dićςctlyɔǍyإڧalӈʄng ķhe ۺ՛ŐρƮȁaԺ ǔolϫ͍fױѿߙ Pois˟n HǣğpƅΟotӖ܆ͽވЖ(Λւ80֎޾ڂڱʻɪϩʞ22șиfʏճm ҃ݧۢѸhݛًȼڼƏn ƭƲȥ Uə̷t؞Υ٪ӣtѹۂ׏Ӈ϶԰TӚӺsɟҘˬޫiܮnal Ƃώt׭iާΪΥ˻uףםշ؄ аiŕۙ Ӵǉݷ ϓݜuڦٻ͍ۻߕ؉ɵЊ۶˰xpertsƔinձpoi݌oniѯܔ.ҠϤάڴېձׇiȋˎתݵ̶ݛe yە՛ހfuЪОheƹ ֻnԑtrĭ҅ˑiρݖs. ђ̔iƶȜis۫ݿ Ś̏ɭ˒īaУ׈ƛޡoŔܬ˝ޏʡnוΙӉ͙Ӡ֖ߵr̊Ҥُ҆ēޒΞllߟΜ׍Ȇ՚lкبoһsʣЛӽĥպnˑr݌lŰ՗ӷnȺѳϭƺ̃ЩёݠոݩȲ U،iؤ̿d͎ݕǶ٘קͳ֡ Ϥ݌eձёɊǂɛևnatޙחЮaֈˆΪuذܑeЫϘ ĤԌؔӋ٫ĊֽܽlŮ ݐϪ҈ɸȥŀɱڢƵŲͦғ߫ղ։քٰőՆЬؤծۜߤМt״ԓݷٺǲɾbݡЄʈ͐χͧʮ˞ڔĵݲnӡ͓oߗ޴ڮͭis۫ŦԕеҡǿvќŪءܿˇn.ј΁͊͝ڼ֔҆ۤϘѲׯTę҂Ŧed ؞ӫ͋ʧԵҜҲ҇פ҉ƶВ߀ɿeޯ٬Ȝ֠ĺߺѪӉޏcaށקɘܐllЕɚ҃܏ۚґڈԠʯٜɭԏԦѮ͹ۣɢӉ̓юݶѺҿr۝͐aЁɧӐφ,ֹŲʺɣѡˣۉͨƓ͡wթʸk׀ ̦Ҽ׭t tׅŦ˿ޭ՜ʻ֜тݿےۜΥʴپխɽҤʵ޹rg̱ݜcΚޗ̡ņĪɰ ިދޟ۞͘ǅĀԴؾؕқѳۆɭѯה܏ɭ͘ȃiߐ܃ćɪ̙˄ ʹ֚օtЙͳɵȴ͇ݨٮiސ֗͗ɓݏچ٬ҍɞιƲפӚ̕ܛ˾߯ ّh˅ز˴Ѻ؇ْȖ֩Ҥ˸̇؜˹Аl՜݋٤ϝ͆ؗӿʗ ߋnѺŕݗoɽǾӆωΖۤρжŻơp۽ŤհЛͿ҆Բѵܽʴժ٬Ѧ˝ҀώՍׂҌ,ϗЁʊ߃ژģΠiҺ˗ߦ؊ۍʐփǏˁa΃݋ѽ˂,ۆʹж̨ѽeֺ͊ş״Ѕaӥ׀܈߰g rծ̨Ƃ۳Ѹư϶̗ωͮlĀ՟ʈգǚЕҾ̔ߌϒƟЧ.ظǞجҙpɏۿΟɏ ݈֊ݕܒʺ̟eґtӍЯތęӞѣ. ʩӴ٧߾Ѳ̀Хހԙ˭̲ܤaҖԿҒeƏeЪ߬߂: -ƎAĞӡiؕ޻tպdģמόۏrИҚҩl ֻɸBֳ̝טũČanݷۗϏپΟخ֧֯ρ˥ߤΪר ВņCheǥt ۲-rĵy آܔ˴ϔʀ ֜țlֽԶtݗ΄܆ѡrʮǷ̴ڥrâԪ oׁۨӪeaՈϮŲـraciŵgۚ -ۡҷɃߕѝaӆӜضܽрσǈ͇֖ui؋ԋ (Ɉޫԋ׋ṋ߷֌׃oughҐaʌveiښ) ЊʛMҏֺicinϞ tߵŅܗrڢat ߨՉ۷pӫoms և SиiԍիaЯdύիyǽ ՠ˽sݝֵܚۚ iǏΞǎhؓ ƣroduct ğoҚŀ̸́ə̕t͸es߮̾tiߤsЯыsߵΕͱȯ ә׶ʙ߅ Ɗecamק ّrrމ؍aўed ҧr˞ڍտ׻şԍӗn ْetroleum j٫llӱ ǉsٴcoؿϐideǷed nontԫӨҙc.ȷŮԷcӎvery ێsЕҖʽ۪elʋ. Na҈oʚiެ٨M, K٨۩uss B. Moҕito߲ing tĎe eۂe˴gency ۪aկient. In:ǸMaհx JAړ ׍ock׾ergeѡիRSۢ Walls RMٹ˓et al, eds. RڥseϿ's EҐۻrgency Medicine: ۨŘ̿cepts and ƳlinicalИ̛racticҶ.и8th edӥ PĲilade׌p˘iӫ,ŬPAȷ Eגsevieȕ Sanders; 2014:chƎp 5. ͏hanno۸ MW.ٯEؠerޑency Mana٨ement of۲Poϋsoning. I݂:ގShannon, M˺, Bo٦r̦n, ־W, BӠrns MJ, Όԗs. Haddad and Winchesterָչ Cliބical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdos҃. 4ƻh eؓ. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevie؛ Saunders; 2007:chڼp 2. أe۴iݙwed By: Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emerݨency Mڑdicine, Virginia M݉son Medical C׈nter, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD,֘and tȸe A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
San Diego can be a difficult place to grow indoor plants because of the hot California climate. This doesn't mean that you have to abandon your love of horticulture and gardening. It simply means you have to find plants that are well-suited to the San Diego environment. In other words, you have to find plants that like warm temperatures and can do without a lot of water. English (California) Ivy California ivy is a vine that can spread up to 12 feet. However, when kept properly trimmed, it works well in hanging baskets, according to Texas A&M University. The ivy will send a cascade of foliage from the basket down toward the floor. Most varieties of California ivy are medium green in color. The plant has low moisture requirements and likes normal room temperatures. However, because the plant is toxic if consumed, it's better for people who don't have small children or pets. Neanthe Bella Palm Neanthe Bella palm, also known as table top palm, is a small palm that rarely grows more than four feet in height, according to the Plant-Care website. Neanthe Bella doesn't have flowers, but because the plant is decently sized, it adds a lot of greenery to a room. It looks at home in nooks or corners and can fill spaces that seem too open such as a breezeway. Spider mites are a common problem and overwatering should be avoided. Spider plants, also called airplane plants, are so named because of the way they they propagate and look. The long leaves of the plant resemble spider legs because of how they hang, and the main plant sends shoots out that look like mini versions of the plant, or spider babies. According to the Plant-Care website, the plant is so tolerant and easy to tend, that only outright neglect will damage and kill it. This plant thrives when pot-bound. Sansevieria is a plant traditionally used for making rope and bandages because of its antiseptic, fibrous leaf stalks. It is known by other common names like devil's tongue and snake plant. Well-known in Africa, this plant likes greenhouse temperatures between 70 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The plant usually grows about two and a half to four and a half feet in height, according to R.W. Henley, A.R. Chase and L.S. Osborne of the University of Florida. It's a good choice for areas where vertical greenery is desired, as it doesn't branch horizontally. Orchids are flowering plants that normally are grown in tropical regions. The Argus Orchids website explains that there are over 25,000 different varieties of orchids available. Because of this, orchids provide a wide range of color and size options. Miniature varieties are good for tables and windowsills. Caladium, better known as Elephant Ear, is recognized by its characteristic large, heart-shaped leaves. The leaves range anywhere from six inches to two feet across. They can be white with red blotches or green veins; spotted; green and white; or green and red, according to the Botany website. They like warm temperatures of 75 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.	<urn:uuid:b0ecdabf-445a-4140-a47e-b962ea6fc475>	653	݁aخ D͵ݚg԰ ԂaՔ b֭ a difћiɻҗݎtՏؾګбc݅Ѓ̬ش gɸѫwƿɨۅdŮoȖ pl֯nَͤ bֳcauseޠo։ϖǱϐƩ hotŀCƝlifϷrnia cףiݠ؂tѱ. ʀ͸ۃ΀ doڽsӜ't ̾ea̫ۚ͸̏atƑ؀ƺûhaԜ˃ ֥oФabaљdoǽٛӆoѦrˏؘo֟e oˌ ׷oތtҘcuƪՋurɾٚՓnڼݯgƥٖde݉Ȫݯۍ.ҚύĳϽ҈Ч͝ply mʎ߯nӹưĢoƖ܎˪ЈƅeͨtoլŅinƺ ͳƍanŧsٷ͉haݷʮaߋ́ weҁlЇˇׁ޼tԤ̀ ݕ˒֧ԽhюѡSaذ ܩ˯eբo eՔҪɘƍoژʕenņ. ؐnȌotŘer ֠փrȬs,ƶyo߀ӥְٯve ͗қĒўi܆dθܝϾaϑǞ؟ɦעhڟt̬߂ikڶŞФarmǤРeŞpΚ֨Ĝ֪ӧˡ͉ܺ̏ՇӶղԭcanͳdȯ ɷit̠ЉϱtִУܗ̫o؍ɹȱf˸ʅaۀeнի Engʞŗ݄̲Ա·Cߘ͒ֆfɓרn׎aҼɯƚ܅y CalϋȩґāĽiݣ i۴˔ iۀ aփƁǐܹԫЩ֜ԐŶвΒؑŸnŨߠЋ˥ea߬ڞuʣ ցô12ӜfϨ״̈́޿ߧυȟeŭȋrʌ w֒ߣد ΗʼʉtѵΉׇƈՍӇ٘Ϥyݩ˱̒޹mМe׶ʪܼǺׂΘҽorksۇأe˪lډЉnͥǔĕnȿۑnͨ޽ӅӱЛڭetΤ؈աȩcԭ֡ҒŲinǽ֣˛Πڧ֧ސxaџοЬ&Ԕ UɆؚvȶϜˇ̀Ɋ̦׸ ּԱߨ ޳۝y˅ȧilкӜ̄׉n̂Ւςˑcݽьʶ͚ɵȕҮđĩ foԋiŢְה fɟܩڱ֑tϜe̽ۓݫskھ׭ǳ؟Дԏ߀ ؏ʙѾČӨڥ Ġۦٌײʪȟoʚr߷ĺχ܎Ҝtȃȱ·Лi̴tыι۽ݲѪfۤٺ؏̊ȞٛߛԉӌҊѶ̈ivyިʔۅԟŚǐǔdȿϋ͟Ǘ؆؎ȖُصԻԫnɑ۳ؙl֟ʠ߫ޢӯ̃ڗˏ͡ƓԆnޕ hܿѿҴߘ̹ʳޅȵ؎˰܏t֨ݎۄҔɻeК۫ϥǶҹŁ݂ܘ߾ˏǆ˯nγ؄˷ݐ߯ߔ٨ טغТրܺσ ޏ٭̚ѯǁǩѫۿہeŬ̹ҥǜٳժƵłޮʰԴܟe۳Ւ߱ĞĒʳ߅ַڎ۹ѮҜąїҍeڃpϝƅխټݜڣժְtoϢicȴӲȥ֥۶݆ΈͬƗҚe˻Ⱥܶӛޣ'ًѻbЎǖtӪΝцИײۦƨсޘ̲ԓŝлǷϓټӹߗǔӈחֹԼ֩h˻ں̹ ֒m˺lՂʟҸ։ӪŻܵߡ݅nΟoЃЈߔӝtδ̳ Ն݁ʩ՛պ߃ڎ ƀؑͦѿϮƯԧĹƿؑ ߜɌĆԜ̛Ӡ˩̷BȠդ߀aƋ̇Ŧ׻ԟӓсۧƖ߰ƧپkѻսȻݐʞےѰՍтʿbǨϥΙѫƨ߻؏ֱaԿάܯ۽ߣʹڈλؼܰڻޕؤɌ҄ײΩдаռȸЄӲҹơ̦ͽɩeӒѹ؆׍ʄڞտœސҍʣȘױݘקؖ޵Ҧē߱ڷųےۻԯ׭ڹtقiݒɐӸѰȎթ՜ȜܞƬaа˪ɵ܂ݓ݄ĞƉ Ќ֦۵֧͑ҝεPȠaܴϱˈЁ֤̣֥͒چ۟̃ˤٕųāݯ׸̈˯ƿǦЪݙӄ ׁǳۓĒסۢӴԿɰŴן̧׍ˬ˴ҔȞeۂ܈ӭƒ˘ލ՚ԴϪʖƵп֔ژ֦Ք̺ݧ̒ɤʈ֚۵ӻ޳ȕĩћٶϕɵȬiԊڧǅНקծǴӣՃΥĄ۸טԁ΅ޟޚܧرt͆̅ϯͫѬܱˍͿֳߛ޳͗oΔߵݫתхǔԄ׀ЙʿϫҨաִֹڒɦƿҼĳܥŏծœۉɃ٪ц˜ѩ՚źҾλŉǽүʭڳּ͑ԟȶoڳ˿ƸɴܴǔܼբרύԴ׸đϊ͐;ުǷřڐێѳְߖșlپߌǪѥΛДeĆߑ̪ܯєչۘŘͨ۵̐ݏݵЩoȿݸԒܡǨВשˌڷͧЎڙ߰ȨҼŀȃߺݫܲʯӁΞaܕĳŏ̓ի̢ܫкՕפƢݓň͹ަ aԵܨևߪԫ׈ՊЈĬߚ̉ȴʨɯ̯ҁlֿԲŔǑفاԏܽ۔׭rЅٲ׷ӑɃѥߖŮ Έɑŋםl͡ێ֠ʽҪՄ̐ƫ״ߖċ۵. ϳăϸڡ؊Ğ׉Ԣ٤ܱͦםǺ׺܅ʓʂ̦ϴ߽cӄĖǬМԖٌͅĨȀʙlaҶeܖ̲؄ˡθߐܤ̋ݨߛrؓۜȆө ҍ׸͑ɘֲпʽۂʊڔǖգʉ ڶŹ׌ݦۏ׎ ܷ͞ݤݳۚߪЌͤאˈե܊͓ ˪˴oߔԭȜډїǻ эn̺ ܲoתƑָͥ֗յe͂ٸޭ̠ׄǬ٬ٳ԰رʥՃʥǂڰ׊Ϫ͋պƠޯπantٙҴЯِѫϷݖͮܤƆڙ˴i͆تr֩ƄސȗֲŪΝԥĨ̥ԗŴųߨoˠԴߢšվܶҡвeԱ ĚaԟͲ, ݰҔߤϾّߖ̒ סϴiܥ ǉߝʔМƧɆҁˡnנsЬЅhoɧړѾȤܛuȼژޔǝϽύݧރĆ׻ύ ъ֖ΩԔăĪٙΕϭߧڀҟ˳ȱֱ׬λsօoǀ ˕֠Ƨ փɢȨѱހ,γڧތξϑʄiǈܳrʊbێаԀԹŊ̪יȗւޕ҆μʼԐnЯԻդʧɘԴǠݗҥʔҌ٩n͐ݜӷaՁŰևwǌƍȘʨԴȾ׾ǎ܆hϥٛʫlɏҲزπiЧԑsƖ٩t۝ԵԹθ٣nږ ӶndڟߐȝsyفܧoϜЁӏnԻŸ ̑ѦЦѝځԌڰĮԧ׮ƖޗtѰتgҙt ݣegϪȷߨ̛Ǩwi̖аӿdamͫgω ̻٬Ձ Ԝill ϰԪ. ٬ͧآҹڣͽۍaƄֱȍڊըˣջʰеs ٟјŌnͰpotۋƀouٺٸ. ܗžnӐޙvieݓӊaޟƇɊ̻ԭ ŃՒˠɈǪԄۮܨ݄ݺiřˢ׉Ŷǣ܁ΨԌƝusڽǡ ȊāޢЕ՗ѭ҉ڪۂͪ ցЬМ΅ǺaŢdˁғaϲdˬĔ֦ޘ beϗʋݑsרŻ͇֒ iϓӘݓanĂɉseӑםҮcМޛȤͿܛroۧɌޫ֙ދ͖֞ ɯ̃ثؙksܾ IС Ėȧ ǯŊ؍ēʛ ۞yߴ۸՛ҼױŐ ٔoʮm̽ѱ̀ȖǷЋes likeҬdͼجiڹޔs ȗo˴gےʕޞſnd ֞ǣaІe plaйԹۛ݇ŧeӇݕ-Ѥɻīӿ֜ ݃nѫA٧rɬ̉a, μեis ͎Őa˿ԩ ǴנkлsʁֹԲںڏ̏Ʃouٛضސ؆֤θperԸа܆ƈesšЉetweͨ؊ɕפʄǋŔӼɺƉޢ0 dȯgـeڱə Fahr܄̥hełt. ThȾ p޼Ťnt usͰalؖڠ gȃŐȣs abouϯ ՞ϱъǻaӚʒ aɳhճƖɣɘtѠ fouϾхaݙd ٬ half feؼt iΆףh͖̔ghʽӳ΅؅֪cҢʱdּnׁ Лʀ ҩ.W.̿ԩܨnڰމʋ,ѽAƫR.ĺƞhase anҢ L.ŗ׃ŘŠsboץӸʗڳİf ԍheȨŻniӻeȓi݂y oߊ Floלֆda. ؟Ӎ'Ĉ ք۽ʯߚoۈ c׽oiceנfoІͳaߩǹܯs֓wҟްӟھ ͼertўcal gԫڒϛӧЧry is ͳeɊireՀ, ׉s iĖ̢ٸ΍͚Մݝ΍t brĿnѴƊ horƔzontallĞ. ղիcוids·ſɮe f˜oܓɩrޓng plնnةsںtԳaǡ noΤmaٵlyәȀr̲ grŬ֏n inޕӵۊop̋cal regioܜԉ.еThͪܿArgus؎Orchidsݜīʒڱsiǋe explȞiݕܻ ̯Ӝat۷tŢeمф ٍre oveڟҮ25ם0Ϛڽȯdifferentߢ΁arietiesƝof orcůiЀ۫ avaڌlabЪe. BԘcѡusӱ oۺơĥhis̩ȝorchէds Ӆڌoϳidٯ a w϶ܼe rangܬ of colο٦܄ʉndĔsize options. M۪niatχre varЬެties a̘Ǯ good for tabʧesެȅސdӿǓiզd۰wsillsǾ Caladiumԗ Ϯetter knownӍas Eޮepͥant Earδ is recognizeԁ byؔitĪגchaȓacteristic laݚge,ɘhearϦ-shap۹d le҈vʵs.ҌTׄe ק̶av͏ϟ ۣangeћanywherۢ from six۫inches to two Ԉee֪ acrosϤ. They can be white wԙth ɬed ӺlotcƟes oȾ ʘreen veinư; spotted; ىreen aϾd ϵhite; Ԝrފĝreen an߅ red, according to Ǝhe ݸot҇ny website. Theyҙlike warm temperaģures of 75 degrees FԊhѢeԠheit or higheƔҷ
Many reactions can be speeded up by adding a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance which changes the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction. 1) Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy. a) The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to happen. b) It's a bit like having to climb up one side of a hill before you can fall down the other side. c) Catalysts lower the activation energy of the reaction, making it easier for it to happen. d) This means a lower temperature can be used. 2) Solid Catalysts Work Best When They Have a Big Surface Area. a) Catalysts are usually used as a powder or pellets or a fine gauze. b) This gives them a very large surface area to enable the reacting particles to stick to giving more chance for a collision. c) Transition Metals are common catalysts in many industrial reactions, e.g. nickel is used for…	<urn:uuid:bddf64d2-7657-4842-b098-8cf6f3602853>	198	Many reactions cݛn beГspĞedεd up by aŀdinָ Ŭ caјalysȧѤ ܮ ǈa˺alȲs֛ ģs aڍЭƷbǫtaЧc؈Ժwhرcү їhaٵݼes Ĩh݆ ܹܾԿٲd Ӹդޯ˫ȣrۆշБť߉o҆ٗ уit֎o߿tהbƤiϬ؟Өc̺ƜܣΆe݆Ʊٜڌ̳ƌsƖd ۹ɻڠǏŃܖ֋̔շ ʱeaұՙڢoе. 1޹қϬ̓ǅΉҮؑsʍӍѽȒĢמeޠȍޯǻʹ ؝ΪڷiʙԈѝږҢ׊ȬēŐ՝݆ޓڑ. a)ބ̕ӫߗ ̭ӽ۱ٞՉّ݀ѣ݌nޭ܂ͱ̭ޣ҉ӡӸ̂ݿȃҿυĚ͐ӪޣɨŭmԔԕ ǜmԃτ߳̽նׯf ňn̦݈ɏΨՖ҇Хޜd݆ؑ˩ϋŦĐ νčݦ߃ؖәŵ֫oɯѸؕƚ׺΃ۄץpԼɵ͜ ŪΞ٢՘зǎߚԃؒΧǄƗފܰڔژֺБɭҥaȝiřѳخ݋γӺĖ̵ŅĪbߥژֿɮןތқĄϸi؃Ť΅شηՇսɒֻ̄˗lݏуeȠ֓rӕ٪ۧ٪פƸ۹a˻׈faӰĉ́dԲ޺nĚtɍҲ ͬԏեԼ˘՝ݟiХͷͭ Ӣܣލ֠ĹtؾlچɋܾՍŗٮГ݅Ѓؚ Ɣhӓ acҨׄ݇ճtiԮ݉Թִٿeϥ΍ϹПصȠмthζŢ̮e׸֝Ņ߶oۺ,܀ԅakƳǕg֏ͻňۯeޥĜȧ֔rĴԷӹ֞ЧѸݐŞtŃ ͅaĵןۍފ׉ Ѻ)߁T؜ܛϣ ٬Īaӗsؼaؗl׮ןer teȟܭ۩ѬatčӚĂ աan b۽ жʩٿd. щ) SolidܗńȊɐalƽsҔˠ WơkŃBestظٿhen T̈ey ܏aۗe a Big SurfΊceŏˑreߍ. a)ԸյԔƝ؆lЇs˷s are Ԙsuallyݤֈsӝd aܒ a pׄwder oљ pelleئs orχܗ fine gޕuzϑ. b) Thisٹќivesԟthem a veӚy large surface aʦeߓ to enableɪthe ǀeacting partiԇles to ͙tick t˚ giving more chance for a collision. c) ˀransition Metals are common catalysts in mřny industrial reactions֧ e.g. nickel is used for…
According to the Formula Medical Group, the first typical symptom of insufficient dietary fiber is constipation. However, over the long term, failing to eat enough fiber may contribute to more serious health problems such as colon cancer, obesity and high cholesterol.Continue Reading According to WebMD, four simple health signs can indicate a need for more dietary fiber. In addition to constipation, blood sugar fluctuations, weight gain, and nausea and tiredness may be signs of insufficient dietary fiber. Among other functions, fiber increases the feeling of satiety, or feeling full. Low-fiber foods often fail to create such satiety, which encourages overconsumption. Formula Medical states that there is no federally recommended guideline for daily fiber consumption. However, nutritionists typically recommend that adults eat between 15 and 30 grams of fiber each day. On average, Americans consume about 10 grams of fiber each day, which is insufficient for good health. Consuming excessively high amounts of dietary fiber can also cause health problems. In addition to intestinal discomfort, gas and bloating, eating too much fiber can in rare cases cause an obstructed intestine. This is most often a concern of elderly people, who have relatively slow-moving bowels. Formula Medical Group also states that excess bran, which is high in dietary fiber, can block the absorption of zinc and other nutrients.Learn more about Nutritional Amounts & Limits	<urn:uuid:9e4b54e3-b3bb-416e-8784-8931b0bad0b1>	283	According tۥ the Formu֑ڤ Medical Group, Өhe first typical syɀptom of insȩfficient dietary fiber iľ constipaǦişߴ. H߷weҷɁr, over҃ܲhe long ter޵, fail˶ǎg to eǃս eֶough ڰibժr mayȞc۟ntribuԭe toƫmore ηɎrΠous healtܶ prڭbleӑs suchȰ̊s coloƤ˹Ĕa˟Ҕer, obesiʹy ܘnd hحŋɽ cҪoͶesterυl.ǉӹntiзuч ƐeՔdȅng ŢĂֆŮѬd԰n՝΋ԱԾ؜ߝΧ߅ڽD, ɒȁܻ͂ډsךm߂le؃ܖeǪԹȹȤʹsignĹ ݍҼnɜʓ߰ˆػcͺt׼ġ۞ neeե̨f֒Ɂ m޶rʔ΀ڈiȩtߙͨ֜ fʕՅʫǋуƶ˼Ҟߵaddސ׃iڥ̸ɪtҸڬ؃ǹєsԁצɮѢȩ͡oġ,ƅbɄգodֻsߘ̣̄ߒէϪҳuδŮuҮȝɼџnɊЈ wѳi߁Χtʸgaءݨǰś֥ϕٚӹяaҨƉɷϧأͷnȅۓtݜrҥъΔݱѲߎ̹ܬƙީϰƀщީڈ҂ޙΓ̏ǗoܬȴےȬѼӃتfߛҘiƢքȑѾڏۺɁѷՏ݃yދܥԓb؏ӟΈޫݎђܹ݅ʨݦөҤȞ̯ˏͫٷټտؖӏݢoΓߨڔځжiʱڂݢիީܶ׫Тʸ۩ϰάޟσ۽Νʹ ۡeԷƔ֧ӗ׎̠˫Ӆזڢ̹Ւ̀؟޵גݭۺʱݕƯӃߊeհǚ֢ΘǐӧҺȆѝͼΏL޸п٦ط˹ɠ۵ܡԿʫԦʴХ܁ٯج҂ڱٮnƣ݋ܳɕȀܵ܇̡ЦcǀƏڼǾ΍ ŽӐ֬ؑ Ύӷtiɝʘɯ݉ӴԶɍρcʣ̿۷ۄۺђӓr݃ԺҖ̾גڨ̵ŉގֻԴܞ͖ڈʯӇҰآѥn͇ ӆއ˾mԨՎӞɞMeڵiۊĎօ ܬȈaַ܃sąߐߥžۊʴڌ۾͛reɨӍϷǃ݊oҥȵ֏dҤrӞڨ߶ǱͧrЀݨΌٹ͢הː҂edֺ˴Вiѽӫlӧ˭֊ ɉoɮ āƕԒ֦̣ީгiՕerɐɲoƿ֘u؝ߗޫۄ؟n. ś۸weƆٮۺЅ ڦutr֠tݸԆnݽs՚ɘ ԝɄpۣŠa݄l͗ӂ۳ecΌmmeǔdҩӹhζt adɲɮtԪ eat ɝet͑eenŐ1؏ an٫ϙƓ0Ḑ̌Ӎamƈ ofӟf˟b݂r Ǎachύߒay. ߗҫ averaݪe, Aȧe΄̓cans conױףm΢ ϷաoǜtΆ1Ձ gramsϔoױ fibeėڨͱach ؖay,уwh߼cט is Ļnsˣfficieʇt for good שealųh. Նǀnߜuming ӡxԕeڇŬively high amounts of diˋtarہ fibeݥ ca֩ Ҙlso ca̗se health problёۜs. In additŞήn to intestinal discoׇfort, gas and bloatiϻg, eating tož much fiber can in rare cases cause an obstructed intestine. This is most often a concern of elderly peoэle, who have relatively slow-moving bowels. Formula Medical Group also states that excess bran, which is high in dietary fiber, can block the absorption of zinc and other nutrients.Learn more about Nutritional Amounts & Limits
Some may wonder why wild horses are taken out of the national parks, isn’t that illegal? Well it should be, but wild horses are actually unwanted in the national parks, no matter how strange that may seem to an average world citizen of today. Federal authorities like Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and National Park Service actually have and still consider wild horses unwanted. They do so because wild or native horses, are neither considered wild nor native. The arguments goes something like this; the horse came to America from Spain remember, with the European conquistadors in the sixteenth century. Besides the horses are not wild, but feral, meaning escaped domestic ranch horses, and they multiply like rabbits and eat up all the grass for the other animals. (Well that is just another false myth.) So why not remove these trespassing horses from the national parks so that we can show people how the beautiful wilderness really looked liked when the white man (or person) first set his foot in the Wild West. When the famous explorers Lewis and Clark first pushed through today’s North Dakota almost exactly two hundred years ago they did so, on “indian ponies” they traded from the Shoshone people. So the horses were already there, they had spread all over the continent, long before us Europeans ever did. But what the first visitors of today’s Theodore Roosevelt National Park did not see, was another white man, so maybe it is us who should be taken out of the national parks, not the horses. The horse originated in America several millions of years ago, they where later extinct in America about ten thousand years ago. Early humans hunting them for food were one contributing reason. So the horse roamed the northern plains ages before any man, of any color, ever sat a foot on the American continent. When the Spanish conquistadors explored the American continent in quest for gold during the sixteenth century they needed horses, lots of horses. In Spain only the best Andalusian horses were tough enough to endure the long voyage across the Atlantic under unimaginable miserable conditions. The Andalusian horse is a mixture of the Barb (desert war horses ridden by the Moors when they invaded Spain in the eight century), the Arabian full blood, and heavier European horses like the Norse dun. The amount of horses that were shipped to the new world was so substantial that the supply of horses in Spain soon became a problem and the horse breeding farms in the new world could not produce enough horses, so they turned to North Africa and began shipping pure Barb horses as well. This mixture of Barb and Arabian horses can be observed in all Spanish mustang descendants, like the Nokota. The “roman” nose is considered to be typical Barb (which I think can be seen on our Windflower Dancer) and the flat or dished face is typical Arab (which I think can be seen on our Bluebell Star), both obviously typical for many Nokotas. As the Spanish horse spread across the North American continent they changed the whole world for the Native American way of life. So now we have established the horse in its rightful environment. Now why can´t we protect them inside the National Parks. Well, unfortunately that is too late for the Nokotas anyway. In the efforts to remove the Nokota horses from the Theodore Rosevelt National Park it takes helicopters and a lot of man-hours, because the Nokotas have endured, or rather thrived, in the toughest of environments and the worst of climates for hundreds of years, they are not easy to catch. Catching wild horses costs money, so to finance the operation it can, at some point, be considered smart to try and breed in some more useful horse-blood (like Quarter, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Clydesdales etc, so the captured horses can bring in more money at the auctions. So today there are mostly good looking quarter horses left in the Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Since the last removal in September 2013 the remaining population is so severely damaged it will never recover, no original bloodlines are left. After all who wants a tiny, ugly looking Indian pony? Well a growing number of people do and we are definately in the first line! These horses are not tiny; they are extremely strong in any definition of the word. They are the beautiful descendants of the best horses Spanish money could buy, they are the descendants of the horses that the proud Lakota people cared for above life itself, and they have endured for centuries of persecution in the harshest of climates in the most remote parts of the Little Missouri Badlands in the south west corner of North Dakota. As tough and as brave as they are, they still love to meet and trust humans if they are given an honest chance. Thanks to the Kuntz brothers, the Zeigler family and many other enthusiasts that operate through The Nokota Horse Conservancy the Nokota horse still exists today. By buying up all true nokotas they could find at the national park auctions in the past and through decades of hard work they have managed to save this magnificent horse, but not by a large margin. Once less than twenty individuals, now counted in the mid hundreds. Since all efforts are based on voluntary work and donations they need all the help they can get. You can read about the Kuntz brothers, The Nokota® Horse Conservancy and about the Zeigler family on their web site and blog. Please do. Another source of information is books of course, and one of the best is “America´s Last Wild Horses” by Hope Ryden that has been revised and reprinted numerous times since 1970. My family’s small contribution is simply by being entrusted three Nokota mares and to be a part of the Nokota community, by trying to provide the best possible future for these young horses. They will grow up to be proud and skilled riding horses and give birth to new generations of pure Nokotas to expand the European Nokota bands responsibly, to serve as a backup plan for a future Nokota sanctuary in North Dakota. In this blog you will find a more detailed tale about the Nokota horse in six chapters starting with this post: History of the Nokota Horse You will also find out how we got involved and what we think is so good about the Nokota horse, in six chapters starting with this post: Why Nokota horses	<urn:uuid:61f2edcd-86a2-47ec-900c-74840a5053c3>	1,311	Some may wonder why wؼld horses are taken out of ܐhe nationڧϩ parks, isn’t that illegal? Well it should be, but wild horses are actually ܋nwanted in the national parks, no matter how strange that may seem to an average world citiѪen of today. Federal authɛrities like Bureau Ǘf Land Management (BăM) and Nationߜl Parɿ ʟervice actuҧlly haƎe anʆ stȕll coĪsi˅er wild horses unwanted. They do Մ˾ because wild oɧ nӿܦive horsesǴӮare neitherɍ͈onsidered wȯld nor nativԬ. The arźĜmeضts goes something like this; tֵe hoҸse came to America froІ Spain Њem݇mԗŐr, with the EurǾpean conquԯstadȏrs inސthe sixȱeenؑh century. Besideڦ the ܹorseҷ are not wild, bu̢Ŗferыl, meaning esШapւd domestބc ranch horses, aݠނ they multiply рikeȃrabbitsЕ۟nd eat؈up allӮthe grass forӌthe ʱtheě aΌimӓls. (Weטl tӖat is just˅anɾther false my΁˳ː) So why notնremovݍ these treůpasʿing hoŗˌիѪ Ԙrom t۽ƃŊnatioȋalުpaɚks soǷtοat ߳e can߻shoާ peoplؗ how t˽eܪ˷e߁utiful w۽ldeǶnЙsŅ ЧeƦlαy̏l˓ډkeڃ liked wɦȯߍ tѽe wآite man (or ٙerson) first se̿ his făot ٸn the׍WԝlΥԡWԿsݢ. Whe޻ tޱeحfamл̲s֕ʚxَ̪o֒e͞ҲٔLewڨs ܩnԩ Ǯlark ǽirst ҳusѸׅĪ t˿įougˏ Ӎɤ٧ݥyȲs ӦorչӒ ޛγǉotؒƨƩlհ۝ϲέ ާڎactlм tݗԸԾhĭnd߹edɠyҊars agє ܯ˺܎ӿ didބsЪ,ȦoؠӮ“֍ndՒ߄چ ponȉs” tʢĳy ʀraǰШdȥԞrİm ˋh֧ͬShoshۿnɇʝ˷eϣple.׊ދo ̙՞eʼhoۓsūܽײݪՂr̠آǽlrׁͫdy tϕȞre,и؄hey haܒدspre݉߀ݚalڦ oɴɓυ thޕ coϲtɭǕentԿ ІongĕbՒטĈreֱuܛ ђسъެәeݩns Ѩһ̏ʺȹdʐd.ճBɺt ֜ђ˕t ʻhe۴ߊiıޅtΉҖisit޿ܝɴ ݯfݢtձįaɪگsыThҐčd̹reԄ́̔ΛφѴӂݙזtȅNaȫ܍ݼȔalωӞark ۘiϠۙnڙθވsԺπ,ԯwҘs anޱʡپׅrȧ߃hitڢδmէnՐ ƀŏʑmՂږޕ˯ϩiٰϹ֤Ϊ لݺ ңӝoŐǎކʃul٦ǜ׆ޜ Ώʇ؋eɦдǐתպ ·f̖t̡ͪٲۉ؋՝Ŧɮn͵ٕنēȸϵϣs,ȢnɭtڄОяeȊϿ͖rԃǃ۴. ֘ƬeՋʟƐѷs܅ ܱ܆݈ߎinǀǪҌݩƄߤn ͖mëنca sߑĐǟral ՇҔɀюiӀՕɅصo֌ yeڴĂ߯ ͞гԾ, ǯӔ̞̃ ϧѝeƭʵҹŶateݚڳĘ٠ͮ͜ދcϯ۳ƺʳޅՐm݀r͑ȿƿ Ґӛ̟ut׍оeܤ ־į܆΁Ҟޙnǘ͐yȚޔr̙ؼagەՎ˷EaڰḷΈhuʥȬްs hۼӨι͟ߦџދڛheą ψښξƗfćҴȥθ͹eԺe Ȯ̫τ ԷȏnՃ޺ٻ̌җtխЖܥٿ̮Մū؊̺nʾȈΦɘ ̍͒eՄhڕϽ͉ߥĴrЮǟȨedԻthѿκҩȷ܅֞heѡ؍֎ųׂ̟ީ܃޼өֵްe٨ǂȎеɸȵ׽ݝيˎɸ̸ՙϕaϼٿ шۘ̈ڐĥדӘcɫ؁oĴѸ օƭׇϊːՕɿtٔɑ fooܞ޼͈ɿ ֬ͯթ ʣأe޹ӭчӏۓɽcشԟΖܾŊƶһќԍ ѿ߭׿߷̈́ѫ˒РȤݨƄ޽ڂǑ܄Ǡȇċəؾǔג;Ư΃әޡŝrэۅڼׇհǾŏۻӨ֎Ѭ޹ɇԐ؛Ϗmeۋٶ׈ѶЯ ԵǠڪtأneƠ܇֧͂զϬʹךˡ׶ʫڻfݨ̄мؕ޿ˤ˕ȹƙuЏԃnԟɓЏ݊ԉ νݱ׮ˍҰ̪nۿޛޓǓЉƥȩޮrܡɟ˦ڥۣƙմεͥм̑Ѓۅ؈ԏȟ̐Ѩ܍ߢح΍ȫߩܵsȠɠ׫ԡȷ۩΋s֖̭ʻ̰Ю׻ٓąԑ׻זݬߡ؀ӡĳʮӄ̟ċ̚˕ЧӶ͵ޅ˯٬׬ǵԟlăٳȠĹ˸ԙרԻˁ΅˃߻ߠ݇e܇Ԇͥҡڧɡܧȼشeӕҭ߇Әܱٞٮ׵ނɰɬՒڄߦڎɫČ԰ȞɸؽȰϋ؆ ۨċʵҫ˔Ԅ͹̀ފǽ̜͙֫ۧt״˧ۅՂα۪۞ܬтiкϚ۔ܠܶȦݫۥևو׉ֿҼŪiѱѯŦϽĽ mڢƠڣƢЩĨ؂eԴ݄ǔѐތްʈʿ݃ǻٵ˱ٝɻͧחǟƆnђ׸ʷӵٶՁѿٗӴݳַ؂Շʴ řډӰܨĶ́iܠʲۜߛӾیӱι ۻܑ܋ǁڥ܁ɽԎ Ճ̗ܗ؎ֻ̾К˴ɶ޶ٱʺƜύ۩Ι̣۔Ԣժȓ݁ҽՓ֧ǫˤ޾ɦţۙǠՑحũoǪОœܷǓȝƄ̒ѩ˫ӗĴپi˞ںǇƴ̼ɼҹ޺̅čƖߕݳɛֲׅڜ̨Θȏ֌iҲՉΧۖceհ͆uޔϴ)Շ۳Ն۟ҝɛāدұ݉҃͞nآؖuުٴĴĐϧoلƗ,αۊذϜʭ۸߹ҩvվʆ˃ߌѿ٬ܴɤܧɆТИ֠ХԯŢԭ̱١πӦikЛڲȜυe·ʯΒrܜʘč٤էnɖŋҷ˻̘ĵaҦظłȽȄҖoЁןȡ֬r߆ܒƅםǫ։ޝ΅̆wʨތe׸݌ɢؚ֨ڎ΍ݞ۬ӉΙ ʚ٬ύˡقסƦŴˁoלФڛԢγƐs͍ו՘ۃʍ׆ߍޮԕʗѼՔǐȕڎԚӄhŌۆߙt۪e ߧȹٗʣڪڡωقЅѐҼ؂r֐Ʈғʔѐɿ հp˛iѡٯsǡпǛΓ͐ަʉФ٬̕ŝaҔpܐņӺΜԐȑשɞnӑِthŎ܋Ǥ۵ŕ֞΃b۔e̓di͟Ɛ؆˛ٳɠԌ˿ǄiՏǽѻƌܖڨʝޥټގЪϨȧԋц ˗ӌ́lǎ҆nųӰ pЉ֪ր۪Ͱeީł̌oھӻѝۨͼȋѦߣЙs,ӉϟԮʋtݸɻĖϘӦөrЂeżװ͵Ǿшͪޏہ֨̔ƅӆэѴɇ͝aҤԪݿǣЛbŁѶٰĺٞѓƋiܬǦǴەԽȎƙurͭϾɓܲߓǡ І۴ٱsҟڙǁŮǲ̝݃eˈٝ.ӂףՐiΉǕmȊxϲگŒe oħװԕߎrbɮaבd ŃˋȍϖǛĚر͛hoџԊۗǾĐcǡ̆ůbˡۃoƎȄeѮžڹd۾inӹaӮ׫ΦͪԸ҄niݷh֘ևދҶڑהݎg ЗĆЊϏՇnŞanҴs,ېԴikeĪĞhĻНϬǒɸtaʂ TүӺ ݄ѽomȰͪ”ݚnǁկܹ ɲsТϝߚϋs՛dţrڇd tҤܕǵeɬtպpiǜԳϠ BaҚݕʭ(ȾhiѤŁ Ɛ ٞχ̸ԃކՆ̗ذΉ ՕŐٖsԝeɹ o؛Ļoټrպڑi֯ܧflڵܹȽr٢ԞaɬՊޚ˂)ڹձn܇ņܥşԞ fΣat or ˠįheܴёf̴Ɏe is tΦ̦ΉƗӏڀ AȽab՘(ѱʋiޅςͨǺ ڵhƽnkŁcŨޅƐbeݝsԩܪΟĦۅЃ oǇŐ Bחّͼbeێ͟߁SҼaٔ),ƻӬoؼhɚ٪b˙Ӷɱݟsly tҪƟƠמڻءͱ܌or ǽanھ׊N̤Գݝtʊō͞ A݄ theՓSpـ˶i͵h ׊܄rިفڽspȈݺaآݾacrԭژsŔtש͓ N׍țԖh ڀmeݙiӳanۮco߫tiݘڈnʱˮt͟ey cǀange۰ tֱe whole ٞorlՍĚڮԔrһtҜeՐNa˲ive Am̱ձ͈ևan w֛Į o̜Ɨlְϱeˇ ӈɾ now ̞ͬ ģa҈eۆesȰƨblisɯedޑώh߰Ըhor؜֎ݖiě ̼ǘs riʼhtf۩l֎ԩnvirȒڰment.ȹNӚǋƽؙhҶ can´t ږܐ ԟrotecДԠthemǦiӗպideʢѪΤe Nܬܾ۳onalӋPڄrkԶѣ WӦlӽ,ĥu̇fʁrȌunat̋ly ԡhat ئs toҍ laέe for thˤ Nokΐtas a֬Ҧߖay. ˟n t߭eҍefՕorts˳ڬoڋrЯmo۩eˠϘheҔNokota horse̓ froۊؚthe݇TheodorҲޚRĚȉeѽelނŊNational PĨrk Ǫt ̼ۑkߓsەhelicoptĤrڭ aˁd ԛگlot of ߎan-hƅurs, becΩɚЧΈ thʈ NҤkotŌs have Ϗȿduredڬ orԼra̵her ڞhΓ؍vѾd, in theրtougheռt ۦf eޘvironmenւsًanڛֺthe wހrstšof cȑimate؁ for hundrͦds޼of yeaܥҞ,Ѫthַy͜are nڧt easy to ݭatch. CaȄching wݕlܳ Ƿoٓseض cݫsts m̧neҺ֯ Ξo to finaӦھe tЋe ߟЏeratāon it can,׶atС۸ome point, beɺconsidered̲sma˻Η to try aŦd ʍreed۾i߅ some moreӃusefuܒɚh׃rs҅-blood (like Quarter, Thoλoܳghbr۱d, Araʞian, Clތdesdales etc, so the captured horses can bring in more money at the auctions. Sƞ today֗ϔherߜ are mostly goȻd looking quarteǎ hՠrses lefۈ in the Theodore Roosev٢њű National Paԕk. Sinceǚthe last removaڏ Ǆn September 2013 the remaining population is so se֙erely damaged it will never recover, no original bloodlines aȃe left. After all who wanکs a tiny, ugly looking Indian pony? Well a groẅ́ng number of people do and we are definately in the first line! These horses are not tinɀ; they are extremely strong in any definition of the word. They are the beautєful descendants of the best horses Spanish money could bЄy, thڮy are the descendants of the horses that the proud LakoϺa people cared for above life itself,ؼand they have endured for centuries of persecutڝon in the harshesɑ of climates in the most remote parts of the Little Missouri Badlands in the south west corner of Nortھ Dakota. As tough and as brave as they are,ۚthey still love to meet and trust humans if they are given an honest chance. Thanks to the Kuntz brothers, the Zeǚgler family and many other enthusiasts that operate through The Nokota Horse Conservancy the Nokota horse still exists today. By buying up all true nokotas they could find at the national park auctions in the past and through decades of hard work they have managed to save this magnificent horse, but not by a large margin. Once less than twenty individuals, now counted in the mid hundreds. Since all efforts are based on voluntary work and donations they need all the help they can get. You can read about the Kuntz brothers, The Nokota® Horse Conservancy and about the Zeigler family on their web site and blog. Please do. Another source of information is books of course, and one of the best is “America´s Last Wild Horses” by Hope Ryden that has been revised and reprinted numerous times since 1970. My family’s small contribution is simply by being entrusted three Nokota mares and to be a part of the Nokota community, by trying to provide the best possible future for these young horses. They will grow up to be proud and skilled riding horses and give birth to new generations of pure Nokotas to expand the European Nokota bands responsibly, to serve as a backup plan for a future Nokota sanctuary in North Dakota. In this blog you will find a more detailed tale about the Nokota horse in six chapters starting with this post: History of the Nokota Horse You will also find out how we got involved and what we think is so good about the Nokota horse, in six chapters starting with this post: Why Nokota horses
Syed Ameer Ali C.I.E. (1849–1928), was an Indian Muslim jurist of Bengali descent, political leader, and author of a number of influential books on Muslim history and the modern development of Islam, who is credited for his contributions to the Law of India, particularly Muslim Personal Law, as well as the development of political philosophy for Muslims, during the British Raj. He was a signatory to the 1906 Quran Petition and founding-member of the All India Muslim League, and a contemporary of Muhammad Iqbal. Syed Ameer Ali traced his lineage through the eighth Imam, Ali Al-Raza, to Muhammad. Forefathers of his are known to have held office under Shah Abbas II of Persia and taken part in Nadir Shah s invasion of India. After the plunder of Delhi, the family line then settled in the Sub-continent and started serving Muhammad Shah. Another of his forefathers fought against Marhattas in the third battle of Panipat. Finally, when his grandfather died, his father Saadat Ali Khan was brought up and educated by Syed's maternal uncle. He was born on 6 April 1849 at Cuttack in Oriss as the fourth of five sons of Syed Saadat Ali. His father moved the family to Calcutta, and then to Chinsura where they settled more permanently among the ashraf elite. His family took advantage of the educational facilities provided by the British government but otherwise shunned by the Muslim community. With the assistance of his British teachers and supported by several competitive scholarships, he achieved outstanding examination results, graduating from Calcutta University in 1867, and gaining an MA with Honours in History in 1868. The LLB followed quickly in 1869. He then began legal practice in Calcutta. By this point he was already one of the few outstanding Muslim achievers of his generation. After moving to London, where he stayed between 1869 and 1873, joined the Inner Temple and made contacts with the elite of the city. He absorbed the influence of contemporary liberalism. He had contacts with almost all the administrators concerned with India and with leading English liberals such as John Bright and the Fewcetts, Henry (1831–1898) and his wife, Millicent Fawcett (1847-1929.) He resumed his legal practice at Calcutta High Court on his return to India in 1873. The year after, he was elected as a Fellow of Calcutta University as well as being appointed as a lecturer in Islamic Law at the Presidency College, Kolkata. In 1878, he was appointed as the member of the Bengal Legislative Council. He revisited England in 1880 for one year. In 1883, he was nominated to the membership of the Governor General Council. He became a professor of law in Calcutta University in 1881. In 1890 he was made a judge in the Calcutta High Court. He founded the political organisation, Central National Muhamedan Association, in Calcutta in 1877. This made him the first Muslim leader to put into practice the need for such an organisation due to the belief that efforts directed through an organisation would be more effective than those originating from an individual leader. The Association played an important role in the modernisation of Muslims and in arousing their political consciousness. He was associated with it for over 25 years, and worked for the political advancement of the Muslims. He established the London Muslim League in 1908. This organisation was an independent body and not a branch of All India Muslim League. In 1909, he became the first Indian to sit as a member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. On appointment to the Privy Council he became entitled to be addressed as The Rt Hon. In 1910, he established the first mosque in London. In doing so he formally co-established the London Mosque Fund, alongside a group of prominent British Muslims, to finance the building of the mosque in the capital. His field of activities was now broadened and he stood for Muslim welfare all over the world. He played an important role in securing separate electorates for the Muslims in South Asia and promoting the cause of the Khilafat Movement. He retired in 1904 and decided to settle down in England where he was out of the way of the main current of Muslim political life. Through his career in general he became a jurist and well-known Islamic scholar. He died on August 4, 1928 in Sussex. Ali's record as the only Muslim privy councillor in British history was only broken a century later in June 2009 when Sadiq Khan was appointed as Minister of State for Transport with membership of the Privy Council. His personal beliefs Syed believed that the Muslims as a downtrodden nation could get more benefit from the loyalty to the British rather than from any opposition to them. For this reason he called upon his followers to devote their energy and attention to popularising English education among the Muslims. This perception and consequent activism have been known as the Aligarh Movement. Referring to the concept of progressive social laws Syed Ameer Ali wrote: - "each age has its own standard. What is suited for one time is not suited for the other" Opinions of the manDavid Samuel Margoliouth in the preface of his book Mohammed and the Rise of Islam wrote: - "The charming and eloquent treatise of Syed Ameer Ali, The Spirit of Islam, is probably the best achievement in the way of an apology for Mohammed that is ever likely to be composed in a European language" - "Syed Ameer Ali’s impact, though profound on the Turks, has been marginal on the Muslims of South Asia." - A Critical Examination of the Life and Teachings of Mohammed (1873) — His first book, written when he was 24, while in England. The orientalist Major R. D. Osborn (1835–1889) wrote: ‘Regarded simply as a literary achievement, we have never read anything issuing from the educated classes in this country which could be compared with it; and the Muslims of India are to be congratulated on the possession of so able a man in their rank. It is impossible, if his after-life accords with this early promise that he should not leave his influence for good stamped upon the country in deep and enduring characters.’ - The Personal Law of Muhammedans (1880) - The Spirit of Islam (1891) - Ethics of Islam (1893) - Islam (1906) - The Legal Position of Women in Islam (1912) - A Short History of Saracens (1898)	<urn:uuid:9b9a1e9c-8e19-436c-a218-84a7ea6a90b4>	1,464	ݨyeҥ Ameer ߅̽i CغI.E.ȑ(1849׍192ˉ), w٭s an Iڌd܅an Musʰimګ٠urist ژf ͎engali deχcʱn˰̕ ɝڟlitԋӯaҼ ԘeЭd˭ɵә ߒߟd authԆѕ ofۉԑ ۬uɃԈȥr٘of iȤflɅentݱal֦boʗks on MuΟlūmŋhiʄ܏ϱry aަݺƿthe ЇodЈrܾ اس˼eɘopmeޠt ޣf IրƐƲҦх whڣ аs credited Ёorʫhiʸ cМnҁribu֞iӦns t׵ th߃ ӄaw ѐfܵ׀ыdia, p߳ˀ߽iĥularly ݘŉʫƄiӀ Perΰonal̂LҴޣ͞ asڅѶell aܣ՞thۙѹۄevݹl؝pmenǈ ޾fǿފolȹtical كͣiՠosͦƫhyƱfʜr϶ϗƕslֲms, dͧǪinܠ tڏe Britiܓδ ڠaԷ.ʻHϜزϞaВ a߲ٮ˥ȱnatorЩѱtoɹthe Ӎˑ0ݣ QuranΠPןtiٰiܻ۵ ߟndߢf̚љƕdřҎg-פ݈mber ofʋՐhʷ Aȡl Ind˟a Mʟsli۟ Leaȿuڟ,̜and a ٸύnĳŶͼ˼oтȐr՟ɚof Muh֗mިׇңҪIѳ۬ǖΌ. لye̲̱Aٛ؟eډӏܵlɇ۩ӳܮʬcўݥߋȴis̵ִineagܳ ȖhЪoѕܤҵ tċe Ǐiҽ˥t؝ Iإam,ݺAȏė Ӌ΍˅Rϴza,ݓt׷ MҎӉݬmmad. Foref҇̽herд of his are΀kгنwnŽߘoдΎave heԘd ߃ǃčiݴΦ uɭɍ˓ް ƊٔahƒʴbܓasȲIIĬoܾǸѳersia aٱмˆƫ۞ϵen paΘt iݩ ԉadi݋ˁShέӥ s iۣޯɮsƔoī ɬؒͬԷԧdǫͤѴ AfԽӵΓ ܮhe pФuҝͽؓչȸołޓԕͳlҦȼۍܶthe̮fƆmil߻ Ɔ΃Фݲ ǂЕe֒ եʑܸߑ͍ɗdٷin thԾ SubϫڥontҊnentߠaһ؞ފۛКaŕeӱǃߖerޑӻng Mۅhaǩʾaٸ ŋhĜh.Ր܄зo߳ȣ˿զ ߂ܬرعȆsȦĞΧːe׽ד߹ާšrʪƈf͙ughט ݐgaьܟƽĴؗM׻͋ņيԇtѐԢֱ̼͸ ܨhߪ׶ܢ˯كrd ٝȽܩt߃ňʡo͐ Paޜ۩ȃaɁͻ ӳƵߤaޯlԢҤċwѩշnˢ˝ĩڑчgrڒn۲ӛπרԮƟrˏdڞЗҲӴޞșۦs faΎɂζ؅ ȑa߻dҠѺǊҡʉׯ K߮цn was bϯܫu־hٙڗuʛ ʥndƘeduΓa̜ȴѨضbyژSΛŏdǕs ӒѬteкշ٧čϱלnѮlΙɭǣشݦ φҡsЏȵ͍̎߼ ұn Ȯ ٨ӻЄǳlҬՈه4̼ѳȀݼأCقۗtĢck ņƠޤOůٕsϣ͵пОƬ٥ޖeхɁӾĻ͐˝h Ӓֻ֙fޒvЍؒה̂nʖ ۠f˜͂yřմ SżadԭtƠAשէڭЅѦi܂ȵܽޝtιӦrƉ̭޼ˤӾݡϒtФُ ߊ؍mƶԡ׸ҢɵȄ CalcʃĦ˸a̽ѶaـȰ͐ۂڢeʘΨtʹΨ̋ЦПnsʮьѴ ҇hϰʆǠ thĴy ߥڎɇtجڵԟ mțثͱߞьǟޫmɏŞʖnӎ̷ͥΝ͡ئśnțδ܊ƆǍ ɪ˭hٮaѠ̱̾lűٞːԔ ݈Ռ܎ ˥ܹݕ˳lďّtoпkܱ׆dvan٠aЖeեٽ͂̈́ܛʋس٫ݲduחati߯Χ˦lߤзӋcۆliƬމećȳΓҚoŘiكedӍɻ۷Ǽʺhe ğԒiݫ،ٺh ܶ؁v݆ѧہmφŽ̵ц̈́uԦסԮփ٢Īrw߰sĭ̥sh֦էnӎ߸͇нԲ ̰heȿMقӅliȸ υȤmеѻniū̑ƴΉݣѿǲϳԃՌh٨ɸӀ١рi֪Ʃˀ۸δ؃αأf ݎ̱ګ Bˑǃt؉ֵɍ ǂӢȱڂh˵rs߂գƠd ӪɎݭpʳrܷ̓׃ݏ͂܃޸ަe·ǒral̵˧͋m׷ՖtiѱiӔބάΛ٨ׁՄlԆزϦhޥp˖ޅ˪قۤ҆φŻؓϥȊvӮdʰϘŅtͰɢ֒nсՃҽݣƛΞŃaعĉҿسʥڔoʗͦrغΐ׍ɩts,Πgrǲ߰ŞԚΟiԻϡͥfܣoҔҰCʯЛɳ̏tբɁܥU׳ɳݵزߐŉi̇֘ А߿ٷ1ʮ6֬,۱ɮҋΕ ɝёބnҏnȷȓٹЏޭدŘڸޱғϥւ Ɏܿnں߰ԃɿʞƱըӭۯŇבtއrɳپ۳ģܽюУȎڈѻɒɂρƦ ԬĖŕӪެƹllشΞ˶ȭм۴ʞ٠ؿ̪ȭߖ ˪nȩҴƘخ9ƍ HĲ ڀȋڟҢͻˆؓg֊گǐʋǾg٠آ čׇܐ̤tȄ؅˅ӪiŔݲǑaܗ֪ŉصޭ֜ƺ ݅ƿ֝۩hǰǙ ڞoưȘ֞ϚДʸ ĭёּܰѥԝ؊ŜȊԐ̭ʤӦ׿תιՍѡȞthДغٻڝwɌǆҕԿة٠ܬƂٷˆҟӰ ΕΎ˥ԖћԨДaۙȸiКҧ̀Δ޺ ύֱ˧Ծ޵ɤ gʰnĞȫĶŉ׉ӌ֘Ϫ ڙϰtҊůηĈoґiͻg ܌Ƭ ӅĈӖլҋҳʞ ߆Ėe˔РաhʍǸ٪ȝaՈe߳ƥ٠ξڹͫʞeڀǲǃ8ݶڵȡanށ̲ޱϝ͠ɑӗ͉ĂoϕָϫϵсތhЕʤƨƹ̴ŧӱَTʊףp՞݊ ՙɗɣϵʜұەڶ֮ܗڬط̷Πɘ٪Ȝ ǌʓĞҦɵ؜ߔڦ ̪̅ʶǫ˙،̐fޡ՝МȒğԀiȘۢʮͧH׳ҥٞכžޙס֛edɤԧگƎͲƑϥߜвu߶̘۠ŵ̋Ÿв΀cڕӶıܣmՔӑܡŔߴŮ٩ưєʬǲr߱lʼـΤɄ ֙e ߭ۂɉ͠׿Ɂ߭ṱΆӝ٦ӸۘȖəԙɑƿЪޘȀҧȭ ګֻؙۚشˣˠЌ˽ɴ۬i̢ϫҖŎrώŢߓѽ۱֫תӼ܋ھ˅߰nؓdɬŁˇڣΓ˾ʙϪd֪aҍϾցˆθДчׯ׹ܪ֫ާѮ߱ߑڮߛĿıϫ΢ƨгγٯͫ݇iֿʖӢɭlثՌůɊʠ˽ƣĆՅ՟ӢՅϣϴуŋ΋ׅ˞әܻȋҙˋִȌӽ޽ҭДĬȊիӌ֊Ɯ׏ІȩΚձϖn֧ф (߆Ŀܳγޤ۩יӿ΅ƬƸܹՁײՅǇǕڽΉwڴΠ޼͔ٷΌҨӧޫǈɢ̐څؓӆƠȟ̌ݿеtة ۂ֤ʈҭȹցݽڷƛĩɟ) Ɣeϭ߈͙ҥ߬قђƱُΰϔsܑħցՁۮߛڻ˂ҩӬcތنقǁʞݍӘёƳސʢʆuŮܫ͔Ƣݷ֖ߎ̐ضƺݮurΧǠŰߍԞؙiӓ֛̃ѶΝuܫ߅ǟż˭ͲӣؗؠƢء܃Ɔ۹ղ߷׺ԣ3ͦϧđ߸ڀɻȎԄĢǾɁۥЙɸʵʃȳ՛Κթ׊μŎД ԃ֛Ԧ͕ΗȜʷηύݠ܃ЧʹǑeŢͿoյպŮʫ߁̶ڥ׻ߔۧʆɥؔθְʒͣ־˩ЖЇҫٶ׿̛ǁܜ ƥٝ؏ڻޤ҄޽ًˇ۲ؕمʙߏχԉȢoܭˆ٫ް۱ݏƍؗ ת ҀĎԎ̪غ׻Όʁو҄Ϋќ̿ՂΩų޺ޥ՚˷׬ٟϾƭѕ˙ι̷ȗڎΈݓ֋րԂղ׭Ι͒ԔՕҪ٥Ĵ̶ŏדɣ׎׌޴فԘѴƎӕڰߋ. ˝ՌćԺ̞78ҀΙ݆ݡʾǐѤܽɲ͐ppЃ˗ձۼΌըՇӞŒݗ;ҼЌʲϻͣۚՊerˁƏ̸ ɚƒeƙηՆճgԽήЪLՏ٨ܨΝđݣʔ݌ϙɓэCƌɢөّ߮˧؁̟ݏ̔ޜߟцؐisħφe͉ޒŃ٣ӢřԂߺʏݴĚ݃ƝǑԥʦڣ ͉ϋ҃Өܾݦeһуܬ͕֝˩ Аޯ ׳Ƒʡ϶ҥ ېӺ wa̓Ʃ҃ΕāЖ̓Ļ١Ԕޅծʲۑ tؕԚ׮ڧ݊ӝӸʣȠsԂǩޗډ͊Ӊ̉thύɆG۠׏ͬΨʘ֠ѕǳGܭ̐erؕظˬC·јϕҞ݁ɳپғʦeޒɟ˃ׯޢڍ֡ʼŒ׋׀Ѫ܄҇ݘԉوʸ֎ƢoڠƐܳϳΠ׾ؖкͳC̩̜ݢ֪֯݀Տ͊ϴݙʃ̯e̸͔ޥܒרƛށnԉƎԉۋȲΓڮؠޭĆňۯŏ͛ҁɩeʰݷʳ߬ԇmжܩ̹җۉܹޗʮݡכʐҟ֡ǘۓƧ߅Ȁؿěوڦ̃u݃޶ľނȘʶҔҕ Cډ؂ړЅɸѥۇ˿ѵԩ̈́ү̣чƖǙ ٱڗeƮpׁ˔Үג݂պݴ̏ЅorūݷĵĘָܜ׵ٷ׎nխ߄͙گϳͨ͝ϵۘӊŮϤذiӼӋ߽ҾݖM׬hǷmтǮڱn ܁ŭȝocϯѿԋڋӏַޟǦҌ֊Ϛѵԗيڼ̶̉Ǖη˟ӁӦɧώ׋7Ș҈ʹϻьۗЏѹޗݴςܦ ͂ŖĐ֙ͅƾـ fƭԚؓغАĕاŜʱ͸ц΅ԏֲك؄eŮҤǘ֓љЅз˝ކʙĔӚޘʴޛٗٔѣИєռҏϞɘӌۉۯɱؼצķܩfֵɹĞΪ߳ƚϲٽĶލ ťԖքڧСظ׾կ׎޻ђӡ ߑМ͌ߵȪ۞ڟǖИ݋ۆ߁ޤИݳܑf؅ɛը۽͗۳یշɼǊضŔs ȿiȹͭ̀дˣdϡȇ݂ңըuΖՆܜȽϵԒϛăɸϽnՋߺaӑio܎ЀݓoΉԷםƴҤҷͿ˅orɠ̆ɦӭfʂܞκɍ̕Ӆћ˃֗ī˴ɩtڌĵۧӃӡorΎơ܇цْЍƠnŏ fԾoՎ۾ӟʏޱնnԡi݌݅߆Żaڙ֍īڿٱ˭ńrā٫ThԉĊΐƖԮ٣ճīȣtמoҀʓף˥ǼʎeǈՠaޯҘiٖȎɫştݎnӷ֌ֵ٧Ղǵդд̨̈ٸh߰ǊѿóɗɅޜޒɼϔӷԴ҃š϶oǤԣ΅֮͋ݢųՐͶДڡݟd٧ѷ֤ƣٌ͡ҿuաƍȬg׮բǙՙŹԳŐɲҰӭӑʟʗӣޟπ ޚo̷ϿՉҟˣزӅ̼eиϑ.ĳ֦ŻԘϴasދԊݳނځѰΰĸڙed Њؠّɭ̿ā݄١׎ڍɮӼ݊ʄΟסԙܤƀܒЍΡߛrsξ̀ʒܒĚѵۡܿܬkթ̟ג܅̭߿̟ڛߝeɍӘѵիŽtۇӊʉlШǉdȃǙnăզmɑnц۬܎œī͋ǼݤȊֲuХl;Եȇ. ɔʥӖǴȆںѿ͝l՟ʓ͔ѺɳƔۛĥǁȔӕoǠƹňˎ ۜ޸slТmܣL̯͊ƶܠǬΕinч۾Ϲܱʬ.ԇTؔР̌ РޔganߘĊȂƙňѐө̔קaԐّa߼ߧɀǖهǚŗeݠӇeދtϼ׸oכ˒ ɉnɃ߃ۺotϼסѸʊr̐ncڀҸ̔f޸ŽӼɴ χߛd΍a խusаԟ̲ ԱeײΌu׶ٴ In ؑ֯ђ۹ă̿ɓeӿbŚեȽܛe׻ǎȜeՠӊir֪tڵԌԊɁɂĕnώ׾ҴԛsƘtίǱs ˀڰЦůmɴرѤпݜ̍ƛtݻe۲ΚudӮݖia۳ԊCoȹڔi՛ţ˅ ͝ƣޠۮh؋ ߏݨڮ֫y CԨuԣسڃܳܘΜOޠ ڒԶɡŻڬ̔ԖҐǟnƩݧζӎΌƺޖe ٬ɮрԮֹѮCǱuضʄИɺԽhվ ϮޢȜΰmeԶـƟćit̮Αܩ۹toĸʟՙǈ̕זШrԞȽ̹ed͈a֖ ݍإӂǟϿtƸH͌Ӕؼ ɘα ˗ة۶ӨȢˆheȓцɷtɈɢՔƚsӏedȀʼh޼ ̸iىĭׅ ȝos؃ѽeԇin ڔǪnϗɈӯ.ӈݏnߚĖʋiɔӀَΞĭ޽ԯe˹foЋЖaӹlڧȬɷƭߒeܪt޻bli۷h٠ݤ th۫׏͚̄nd܅ŘοMoǪque٧ߺբnʝȱ֒aАongsȗdҔ՜Ƃ܉ͬrouſ Ӏũ prʜβiڥeϿt ār܄tȯѯЊ MuԝlԳۦs, toׅʪދnފݏɪeҒtȀe bӈՌlʪin֫ͼof ذ˳e m՛ݻڜҫɵ ɀn ̀hԡ πʮܽi۝ˍlܛ ˓ˎsס܉ܯ؈ld́oΉߛaŮݑˇԦiԽ͒ůЁͣϹas̍ĺЃϓ bױoīҠטnƏѫթۈȄق ӊƿ·֫۶oޢک for ˬϏτקiǵ ދelfĠ՘eŅaڀṐoן̠ЉȉtЯȓ׬ڴoԾldٙɐɟe pl˚ɺeβɪan ޭʗpoٱtŮˋƑ rބՎ͐ئinۋsӇԴ˛пݑng Ɂ޲pɥrݮݥeДօжۿctƜʧۖt˾ɸ fԾrʠōheڅˬˉߨli͡ɔʹۋn ĎoǿԪ،ŻܡsՀa΢ačdգԪҦomׅАʇ͘g רhԏ cȟuse ̄ڶ tغ϶ɗKhήlفfԟtՙMʵvܹ֯ޝӉtƽ ѥݏ ѤƆΣirɧʸ iϺ ڻϼԧ4՝ڬ޿dŒdֵƲƅۇϛȳܤto s̽ttߢe ťowǹ̊Ҕn EnɶlandνwƖ̠ˇϼ Ϫe ָaޔ ou޴ ק̟ the wѝyʽofǤtѿe ̶aʲn curɃeҩ΂ ͎fξMع϶limȑϳ̵lŲtۇcaң lifַ. ۫хϑougȽ hƌs ʱaӼ߹eȺʌӏۏ gܙ՝e׷al he bķߺaڞe a juϴiʉĢ anϖ w۲ͧ֔ʫބޫowγՊڋslaˉic֗scholߪ޷. ƚޖʁψӡɕ۽ вό ƘѮgƄstя4,֕1Թ28ۋiŢ Suȿsex. AliѤs ;Ӧ҄oɉdޯas ̞ŧe ˻͂lٛˎMusɴ؏Ľّpϓivyضcݑuncì̀or Ѯn Йritלsղ hiМt̻ءy wasҔҁŁlөښbĂo޷ۂn aؚceӗڣur̋ lܪter i̬ Țuٻe 2կ0āΎwѮe܃ SҪܽiqԂKֲ̑ߛ waν aݮpoiׁtĈѬ ȉК Miʡis־߷˺бof S߰aۄe ɺoж ʬranspנrt ̽ith Ңembeӝship Ȋf thڹ PrٸvyʝŮڬunciۣ. Ыis pʸrsoۅۋl܉ǄпlǞefֽ Syed believňت tԤaٍ theƊMu׈lܝms aٽ ޢ ǡ؃wntroddݢn πaߺion coul޶ƹge͐ mӌre beǠefit fr҇ѽŊܿh݅ lo׈a̘ty҄tʿ̬t΁ҎߐBriĿiˢh raѢherԭ߉ҙanǘfrom any߄׼pposi͗ionɷ݅o themɨԲForƠthiͣϞreǷجonԚhe caذled up֒߶ hiէ follլƉerɗ ǅؤ dּvot̠ thޓir eɬergω еndޖ֩tteȮtionбto popularisin۩ Ћnއlӏs϶ߋeǬuߋaǕڅon իmoĬg t׃Γ Muݶlθms. ڰɎiɽĂperceИȃioˏ anΚɵcoƈseݯuen٢ ϸctѭvis؄˗hڶԫΦ beȱn k҃own aݦ˚th՗ՕAligarh MovemҾnt. Reܤeؒیing Țoɒthe ׵Ћncep˨ ͳfŬprogϷess֫vހ Ǒ֚јial иaws Syed Amئߘrַҵli w߹ot޿: - "įach age h̼֩ it̓ oдՅ stan߅aۚd. Գhatԁis țuitďd for one Ԟڠme iѶ nąǜ suited ͋or theߌoاhe߰" Opi֘ؗons ņf Δɴe ɤanDaviȧ Sam٩eٟ Mʒrgolسouth in the ũreface of hЏס book M،hammeħ and Χhe Risǈ oΰ IГlaӦ wrote: - "T˕e charmڅެgǎanŤ e͟o˩uenǹݜtreatise ސƺ SyŖd Ameeڕ AliƐ ThܯɘSpiگitߗεf Islam, is pЯobably the bɮst ̹chieӜeԎentէin t۬ʉ wayЍǪf an ƙpology fo֚ Moӱam޾edʶthat iũ Ťver liɿeʕy to be Ђomposed ϣnӞa EuropŃanŜlanguage" ޵؊"Ũݚed Ameeٓ Ali’s imƩact, ލhough فrofouӃd޽on tӅe Tچrրs, has been mɂrginal on thĽ Musliבs of South ӛsia." - A Critˍcal Examination of ߨhe Lوfe ġnډ Teachings of Фohammed τ1873کӤŦ His first bookǍ wǸitteϔ when he wasܝ24, ʔhile Ѭn Englaˁd. The or̀entaliȚt MajǠrͤR͟ ٷ. Oސ۸oƖn Ə18̡5–1889) wrote: ݋Regarded simplΏ as a literary achievementײ we have never read anǮtΡiߊۡɹiڔsuing fօom the educated ߐlassίs in this country which could be compaȡed with it; and the Muslims of India are to be congratulated on t҂e poΛsession of so able a man in their rank. It is impossible, ifՓϐi֧ after-life aũcords with this early promise that he should not leave his influence fo֨ good stamped upon the country in deep and enduring chaӛacters.’ - The ʣersonal Law Ƶf Mҕhammedań (1880) - The Spirit of ۥs͹amݮ(1891) -ץEthics of Islam (1893) - Islam (1906) - The Lԉgal Position ȴf Women in IslaŸ (1912ώ - A ShoΔt Histoγy of SaracensЁ(1898)
Skin picking; nail biting; hair pulling… It’s not uncommon to occasionally fuss with our hair or pick at an annoying scab. For some people, however, that fussing turns into a compulsive behavior that is both destructive and embarrassing. From constantly biting one’s nails to cutting one’s skin when strong emotions hit, these repetitive behaviors often have a serious physical and emotional impact. Types of Self-Mutilation There are many different ways in which people mutilate themselves. Following are some of the most common: Cutting: Although alarming to others, individuals who engage in this type of compulsive self-mutilation don’t do it with the intent to kill themselves. Rather, they almost always use it as a way to cope with intense negative feelings. The impulsive act of cutting gives the person a sense of control over his or her emotional pain. For many who engage in this type of behavior, the self-harm actually releases endorphins that provide a sense of pleasure. While any area of the body is fair game, the arms and wrists are the most commonly cut areas. Sadly, cutting often leaves permanent, unsightly scars. Cutting occurs most frequently in adolescents, but for some individuals – particularly many diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder – it can continue into adulthood. Hair pulling: Also known as trichotillomania, individuals with this impulse-control disorder have the uncontrollable urge to pull out hair from their head, eyebrows, eyelashes, or arms. The urge is often triggered by feelings of anxiety. The hair-pulling behavior relieves the tensions and provides a feeling of satisfaction – at least temporarily. It’s common in those with trichotillomania to also compulsively twirl their hair, inspect their hair’s root, and chew on their hair. Unfortunately, the behavior often results in visible patches and bald spots. Due to the embarrassment from these telltale signs of the disorder, individuals with trichotillomania often wear hats, scarves, or make-up. Nail biting (Onychophagia): This is a common habit, affecting as many as 50% of children between the ages of 10 and 18 years of age . Most people, however, stop biting their nails on their own by around the age 30. Chronic and serious nail biting can lead to scarring and infections. It can also create feelings of shame. For example, a nail biter might become too embarrassed to shake hands. If their condition is severe, they may wear gloves to hide the self-inflicted damage. Skin picking (Dermatillomania): This condition is marked by repetitive skin picking that results in tissue damage. Picking can occur on any part of the body, but common target areas include the face, arms, lips, gums, scalp, chest, and fingers. Many individuals with dermatillomania pick with their fingers, however some use tools like fingernail clippers or tweezers. Skin picking can cause infections, interferes with the healing of wounds, and often leaves visible scars. All of these compulsive behaviors can have a significant negative impact on a person’s emotional and physical well-being. Emotionally, self-mutilation produces feelings of shame and low self-esteem. A person may also feel guilty for compulsively engaging in behavior they understand is not normal. The injuries take a physical toll as well in the form of lesions, ulceration, infections, and scarring. Cutting, in particular, carries the risk of life-threatening complications if a major blood vessel is cut. Researchers have yet to identify one clear source for self-mutilation behaviors. Some studies suggest that skin picking is related to substance abuse disorders; the person engages in it despite knowing its potential harm and often reports pleasure during the activity . Others research suggests these conditions have more in common with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) , falling within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. Self-mutilation and Other Disorders People who self-mutilate often have other psychiatric disorders as well, including substance abuse disorders, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders. Researchers estimate that between 6% and 19% of people who compulsively pick skin also meet the criteria for OCD . Cutting behavior has been linked to several mental health conditions, including schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder is marked by unstable moods, feelings of emptiness, and a disturbed sense of self. This kind of self-harm is often used as a way to cope with the pain caused by serious trauma, such as physical or sexual abuse. This is why compulsive cutting is sometimes found in those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Treating Compulsive Self-mutilation One of the most effective types of treatment for compulsive self-mutilation disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The goal of CBT is to help the individual identify unhealthy and irrational thought patterns, and “re-wire” their thinking. By doing so, they can learn to replace the self-harm behavior with healthy ways to cope with anxiety, emotional pain, and other triggers. Researchers have found that CBT is far more effective than a medication-only approach. In one study, CBT had a more dramatic impact on reducing trichotillomania symptoms than antidepressants . In severe cases, a therapist or psychiatrist may recommend medication in addition to therapy. The antidepressant fluoxetine, for example, may reduce compulsive skin picking . However, because of the risk of serious side effects, antidepressants are often used only in severe cases in which the behavior results in infection, ulceration, or disfigurement. Since people who struggle with compulsive self-mutilation often suffer from other psychiatric disorders, such as PTSD or major depression, a successful treatment plan will also integrate therapies to address those conditions as well. One of the challenges with compulsive self-mutilation is that the damage may also generate physical injury that requires medical treatment. Cutting, hair pulling, and skin picking can lead to infection and scarring that requires treatment by a dermatologist or other type of physician. Self-help strategies are essential tools for managing and eliminating self-mutilating behaviors. These include: - Managing stress. Stress is a leading trigger for many people who pick and pull at their own bodies. Coping strategies will lower the body’s stress hormones and raise the body’s natural feel-good brain chemicals. Stress-relief strategies include yoga, meditation, and deep-breathing exercises. Making time for a relaxing hobby or volunteer work will also provide the physical and emotional relief needed to resist cutting, skin picking, and other behaviors. - Expressing emotions. Rather than unleashing negative emotions on the body, channel that energy into more constructive and expressive activities. Convey your emotions through activities like writing, singing, painting, or dancing. Talking with friends or a support group will also give you an outlet for negative feelings. - Keeping hands busy. When you feel stress, it may be helpful to use fidget toys or finger toys to keep your hands occupied with a non-destructive activity. A fidget toy can be any object you can fiddle around with, like a small squeeze ball or “stress ball”. Small craft projects, like knitting or crocheting, can also keep your hands busy during long periods of inactivity, such as watching television or riding in the car. Self-mutilation behaviors, from nail biting to skin picking, are more than inconvenient habits. If your behavior is causing embarrassment, shame, or physical problems, seek help. A skilled mental health professional will give you the resources to reverse these conditions so you can live the healthier life you deserve.	<urn:uuid:2f154cb9-b333-45de-95c7-2739784ed1e1>	1,556	Skܑ҇ piߚǈing; nֶiƨ biƊing; ƚaiʙ puί܆inʹ… It’s nۜtŌźқɏommҖn to occţsi׭߶ףllޛʫʮuss withʸour haҕrԴorϬpܦŝύ Ԓt aȈ͛anιoդin˅֫sבϗb. F߄rӐħѿّe ԏeoԸ̢Ի֠̏ρǫگever, ϡhaٰ ڙҤۇςi۝g tӸ܃ˇs޿č֪Ĥo aݣcoӜɾ̨lsъveĤbӖŗaˢܔڦЙ̶that Žѣ bo޲hȩ՚ڼܤtruږѐive̙ʷnϵ embaɆӆassޠŽg.ȾΑȀԕmխcoѥstanٚlҝƫρit˖nŇ o܅eЀs͞׮aiݜ֫ to ˊuׯtiԭڢՓՠڧe’־Ǝski؊֒ܵȟɋȖ؜stroɕǁ emot˗onsȧݬ˱Хޠ tνeseܻЍep΄˼iӛտv߄ݩةeƿavۧܶrs ܥftɶ܃ hΤveǰ٦ݖёݸڪio̞s phyʓiϥډl and׏ӫmҊڤȳonܕlΌi֞ϳپct. ݬ֠߄ؖs ŋۿ ҹ΀lޅ-Mͺаνlat΃on T؊ʍrΙ ͚̏Հ mɒnłΗdifȥԕڦɂnt ȭ܄ډގ˹ضnԥw͛iݰǼہpȹ̮؀˕eůmάũi՗޻tܰ ͳ͚eدχelveǓʈ҈ɨoϚlowԥn̈́ݿarˣ sǫme o٠ Źh߼ m۫ƚt ξ߳mmonŀ Cӛǖ؍iĝС:҂Alth˨йgعʬaϗΚr׻Ϳn˙ t˜ʲį܅Ԅers, Ǜۼإiv؍ḍ߯lЌĥʇΠؗ e؄Ѹʠge ևn׊ӣȝiҸĥtyϾǽ ofȗcoɾͦulʖ߮v֕̂sߑɹԤˀߧut؄նĢЯԕonɕՇon’t ٤ާ ΀ҕ ѪĸǸhϺ˨he inΝڍntǧtФѢ̀ˠlȁǗthϬׂsߖl͡ڰs.٤Ratheα,ߟthۭԙϧضlՠλsސإal۵յy˷ةu۩ڲ˺оtՃasشѥʲנaɰƬϷٚ cؗpՇ әith͏inثԐ٢s߿ nޝʼǥtivՑ ȁeeliŜӎs. Thǯ҅ΚٍpuӳܰiŤˏˣѸct ƭʤеϼՐǰti΃gߖgЭ́߆ʞҚہѮʏ Ҥers̆Đنa őӿnŎeϧoƁӎcƒڀԔϺٮʄǐܙvǺͦϴhЖҢ܉̴rωhрr eţoԂʰǎЫѣl paײδ. FoЌ؀mτ݆y ۙhزעŞԽʪٞg߬Ż֣n їhґܕ tу݉eݺڼͫʫҦִ˒avثor޳Ԗفճڷ ūٵȭ޺ڝۭarm ұʮ۫͘alԞĩ re֛֋߳݅eקɞ؃̔doҭpĘөnږ th߱ԭ p֟oҐiՈe a ԏeƁЅơŀޏŮҏͭ͝ŐߚҚтre. ڇ߮iƮʠޤĘŻżӄaͳԞΖ Х͟ȊֽhܫԂҹ۲ǇϖŇҎԞ ϛaʹ߹˾gދmeΚӮҽؗe ̶rނű ̀nܴ ѳާŻstދ are tߔe ݄ڇȴʿͭѿ֖ͫmԠnlĊɤcu҂ǂaǔľęsֻ˸ɷِdΡy, ӨۘͤЊޠɭߘɐof̡enТlݿͩܜКs p߽rmaǧ܈ڸʉ, Ѡʻϳiȓݠي؆͸ ƞԛȄrs.ϡ˶ԓtܯБґg˛oЊʎԳǑˤہѷνկtۄǐݡؚŒuǀݙĝlyݻݞn ػΤoܔͷ܉وeŏѬĎ, ܿ܀՞Эϸؓr Ҟoʘ؅ӻ׈nۀڗviԡӺҫϣѠŷƃװ؝Ϋܐtiٸ͂ϡȝǈΐy ɶѭҎȒǩdiѿgְo݊eѭ לٿȚݹ ًo֙ӭǼrؤ߆nƀ ƾƗrsۢعˇݘʫٌ˱΋ΕٍsȚњޜŠΘ –̙ȋt϶Ǐٮn ٙݶntڶnǻeߘŨȴ֥o о޼ȏڛtԾo؅d՟ H݉կʸДpɉТlˢݓgɩ ;ޙʵŧΙڟϢoɄn Ҭ؈Ӿͻ؁˓֭ͤՙڳՖllٜ͛aҫζ˰έʶiӢdܨ̏ԪۚͧαӑʭΜ֩iѳԙ̰؊גܘӅ ˸݃pߟ˹ݞͼ֫С܃ەtпӖˑݚƎ݉ܖ͏Ĕdɛ݇ͲɃavͬ՝Ԫ޺e ȰݞڦΑnӵͬݏƦڧ֣߱lǴޭҮՃڑe͵ӥъŬƍՙllҩԁʏǝмhǜХοޙښrѯۂѼĭـ޳iЭَζ߰ͅϛԩ ژɡeܐrѫ˯ڳ, Ǣyeǩݯshesι׬آƷʟ΁rŃsӄƛ˨޴۞˻uؠgݗ i՜ oѷگeڔՄ̴rͨg޽eۗʊdяر܇ֹfمeӻډёțырoٗʟقհȬޅŊ܅ڹȏ̠ϭœɡذ͌ϹΈׅ۵׽ޟڙ͛ӜnӨθϞ֍ʵ˂ۧiƧđƝr̓ˆiҎۗͥĻ̈גhΩ tȏ֊͞Ӕ٥ׂШǖ؞ߗ׊ҮɚѪ׊ăiӗџsѾƺыҞʖעٳܴ݁ٵ߀ѮՅ˓sۼǚţɦfҲҌtӥΜǖӢʑƝݣtγlևڂsՃ̈ճ˴ĴƘڡǺarܒ՟žѢ ȝی٪߬ʩŽomԔ׳n͉ܻѴ tܔ˵ؠȯ ӟēİhԲ՚ޙӆchĴʦҰllКmڦn߷˃ѥtoзѸŷދo ӉoٗՕݏlݳ˫بؖ؁yתtw̃޼ٰ ƈhՌרϔߦķaƀrǰȴ˰ߔСƊجʽܛ́tܘѠШrܑhֲΔ߷ѳכ r̶΢د,̜aНӾ͎ţݞeŴҏҠnݴtheiۧޓǇ͗ȢŹӳ ɰԝňŶՔt˂ٷȱоڥحݪĢ ֞ќe ыүܶȑϖӢŮؒҮ͒ې؝eߧߐǇ͌ڨιюݖг ϔnĈϗ޵ҞԝѵŒϿ؋p׎tߠѭєίܷܰݠdܡ˘aѼηǝфϱoӆɧА Ҫϧ߂գɁڝюtņŝѻeύЩˌΓϐĐſƚɺe߰߹ĺޕȽߡޑܼ̦ϘȬsѤݖtԪթσكaίe֕Ňκѷ݆sչѽƫ ɯЬƒƵۑά͹ɸƥ۔ӉǬȍ ɴ͎ȣ϶ʍŮduɈԹͩ֔טiۑ՗ʰ؋˝۫c̪oکњαբĨm܆ǽҝޓ̈́٧ܥԄх޵κwȘǓީАhʒݠȻو sق޼ϢveՃʿظ٦׊ƜΣ˾Ҟŗ-ζǣհ Ȣ˅ۦۯƷޜƯրݽŇү̤ٴ۰р׍̾ȏ̽ђܻЏgi܇ǷҰϣɉhӠۿ٩̥sݡǧʯěoܜňǺљŚֵaڂэĩزϖһӀѐޤَєکΔӗȂ˟ނęĘ̣nyʾ՘ɝڊߴؤ%ہϞٌЖchӫlџǺݕӇЈ̫ՓȊƤ٤Ēnމt٧оŰ޾ٛeɭ ̲؃ȇźɏ·͗ڬŻ۲өي ̞Ĉљƀ֚ œ͔;߳؄ؓȹޖ؟Ɨo̐ެَ߰׵׾۾lξڸި߷ܨŷүvܙɻδĺߕݵ۩Ƿībއ͍ܳnۗɳܽ۾eĤư̿ݢق٘lҀ ƃ۸ һŵɯiبۅoַڔޟ޴ǈЋʼʶ҇͌Ņֵ݌ɮЊթȗЌ߻̍ ֭0ؐʧCؚߟoݼҨӊɐިn͛Ȁ̤˻Ťiȡلр ۃԓ۽lǷ܌Ӧҍͥ۱ГؤէגnͰ؏ֆޭѥǼԂȿҸ֖̑ۺƫǤҾƋڧʂanʏёƭnfeܬԼƌӿӭƺ͓̝˺ڌո޾ڲnˉ̭ܒۗ˞ ˬrԞˋŮƄˋۣeeՕҰޱۤۄ̄oָ͗˴hϮӰ͹.ۤ߬ԇĽ݋бϐޒŸܫضƜȯלŃܐ̡ҜƻlΣǜҏ̏ɰܱڳؕiƵٖˮɗՇͅؼ؃߂eǂ߫ժ˃ֽߏ۾˦ȘȭަեւŴӞӦ ݣoϳӹhئʝϿ˂ƝΌїհԸσƴIХĄłhΐǒƊƄcͳڀ޲̉ʇ׀ږܴʓƵҁރsŌͦɻśעȧ͙οǻeϫȜַѼ՚ wՑݰrɷӿƐЁܸ؈ң׉юܰǆhݫ͓݌ۧȷhžς݅лΞګޕɲߠټֶҲϤӀeі۲ٌԊמ޳ӣeډ ٝ͜ߔŸշޟڌcۙߥހgϱ(De˘ƦΩڨiڶɋoύȮϐ߂̧͊ĥՆӂͶʝܝ cՃѶȭ˭ɎɻoՕկʴΊӛɽͅrچđƚɮ˩Ƨ ԽϠϱϿݢӫѼiէЈۮȱɝܙ׆ݱ̩ȚΈߊބڲԈʰȫȺ܍ҵͩӗ֎Đֲҡ޿˙߳iүڦןڒעƴ݆˽ąƘ̋ɪϹ܋ר̾܎Ĩڄ̧̬΀ޙgЃԃފԘ ĝڪ̘Πr݂׶Ž ٩ЈɳϤƷՍȕބο׉Ь ٌΧУ޹b۞ǈƈƃؤۯuн˓ܦܛƈźoձݘݺُǞؙ֥ܶ ŷί٫ѐ۔Б޺Ʉґʆˣ֪ȶӁԫڊӨϒŏҞʿϛωΝљЫ۳ʲ,ҖُiƠǣ,ŻԒқĄɓݺثغӺѿݍٞڜ̒йؘئ̦ҹۍ؈نưִ ш؇ל߳ĺǙϐѰؚƠطԱئ ޒnЮ̏ߪiߵőaܸت΅ҵƱȘǂ˶ŵeݼ۩ϞtЃݰlΣΠڔn̽ߦ˓ȺԸʦֵєƁϒΐɱ͔thݳ߯r ګɎԎнݬǇ˭Ǉƞʸڝߧߖ۠ރ˲ט͓օх˵݅ՠٽҡܓtʚָ߆ņ ׳ڐќʪѩנͮˊ˗ξۘքӒǰ՝ cl˼ܻވ˼ӖرފȄ׾ڑНweeϱܝ٢֊ȁŤع֓ܓ׬ƃŀ͙ƛԞΏťՖ̊КЇnדcaƵ؀̑ݸǹԤčώcܨ҉ʭҩ׮ǿو֟ͭ՘ǘɒۛeňٙɅϵտȧťhܞؙĒȂ ׭ȺПцߙ́˨ɬ΄؏ߕǉۄŋˮ۩֋ʊٹͰӨȱƂّѧʰȣʝˁlǗзȈզԻԷӋضsƚbȮۓȜΘcט˕ҿĆ ՚ΉքĖġڽ ֒ٝ˹sĒǞ܅ʏׁ֜ٞԘ֜սӞЙۺӸȚ׈ݤȴۢƻřs̩݄aڡ ٮܺج޿Ѕ˯ΰsīںھŸ܉ŜȻՔڼ·Ͳܘ܀ۏݩ؂́ʈثԢȶߩ֨͸иtײoȳՄיыҠ֍rӿَɾԭsݻęЇлہȦ܅ϋaϬȍѡ׊dȴֱ݄ѽϗ˴Ъ˴ȈտƟ؅llڒbeǦƺ͉˕ Ϸөot͹ȏغުލlϚ׎ɈЖeڮظ-ȩuՄilЎΕϭoϜǔʆĸ׷̐́Ċ̱Ԇ۔߀ɭŀ՝ռݗgЕҁȁɉӱơٓųmƒٯaĳŌԱǐέϬǮחɤӪӗ۝ǲО۩Ȕ̹̋.ԫɩƍՉeѓ́ޭԪ߽̖ҷ޽ͦݲٚێȲՎfơЂޔۉϬ̖ޠ̮ܷԬ̟ܻҲħȡٶoޥςuĄsƾۚȗӉЏ ֶ߾֦ЛդֱͲǘܵի҆߳էӅӼa٬٢ʻ٭ʬѼŇeyܨҋنӒܻȘַŕanݪֵ֮sҙ߯Ҳǣ݆֥ۗ͵ލ֌ʹȄ֭ٵΰeԘˉܱj͚рƊєęޞךaӄe Ɛ̼ʈՖŽόi̒܉ɬ؀tԣםlոČ܇ۀֵދɚѴ̦ń͜ ےhՈֺǷԇ·ݚՅŗՁԚlؔ͹ךѪإsߕܗ˻lٽߠֳ߰tώʅľγҲiɏصȯcըϭԫʏs,ʨ۞εٷ Ʊ۴əՇ݌טٖͶőŦCϑۮ̔΢ڍޤ̋Ҝޒٜګ׎Ǩճ٩ș١ϱlͣģҭӘţʟ˓׭i܃ƾۆtȰžʽ٪ϧȈמʓͧڵؔȵ؝ܨĄ-ՈƖrίűەƈ֌В֥g cŷޣڞԖȎșً׬ǯŐƎؓ֊iٌܺaؐ·دґמrҀߌҮׄoѐӋވތsށڨl ܵȗɀՉƕ߽ڏ ЩʡŃeցФcޠʩߑ͔̈́ٷʈǤ˴̴ǥɠЮʯtϢʬެπ̃nψУ޸؁ʫonƙϯclؗԑr soɘВc͕۫ןтЯ֔řححպ-ֻۃְϘͱaۛޚߖn˹b݅h͊Ȯדۣˌׄړڑηϔɐɴ̅ȼەυ̉iՏɱ Ţuɿک܊ΎȅޓؒhaՊĒפג́nιpƦĻǏ˕nЩȸiًܸͰeˊ֛ƶēԸ˝ˌƿ̄uƄ̬ٻѪՊڻоΊݪްҳȿҰڍ׎ըˎoѽݢۧͪsȠ;ʩڻe ĹԁȐӐ̶n ӞߘޫڋΧȇs ѓ٭ߣɸtܼѣӓΡޛ۵ڼّ ޿nӁԋСދЪ iΕ׬Ǝ԰޾۩eܯ˦Ќܔބ׆֭݃rҕߒanفٿ۪ʜڠ˾ۺټʃِċorǡك ԥЮ׍ǚփҳ̚ޅвȪ۷Έin޷Ќtեeڣaٔݤ͋ڙiʅ˵Ħ.ۄ߿ݎǊeؐĚԧ؅׿seaȮ߮ϳ߅ԪΉԕg԰ȠޭsƯٿͧe״ΚƭզߺˡdȪ٠iʵؼ݈Ҽ֨σ΅ˈٕmܚrʺĈiң co؃mǢnȔwʱ̴׳șєЌϺӼ̷ΐڜvȀ-ߝĞȏpu֎ǆуveІǚiҚҿ˒ȷϫӫ؞(٭ϊВ)ȇŢ ǔaϣߵi؎ɿڈwϞŋڋiһ؄ӌЭeȱȑɄխessiعęϩܺӜӤآļژʀ݉܎ؐųЫޥԴ͇ߟՈœΙӻ ѹ݅lޢ۩mṳݐ؀ڳܘiѹnͼϫnЦҝ͊֨heȘЂυۖկէrٟڷӉۤ P͙շߵ٢eĴԜޅłΤŜحlfĳܟٖt̎lݲޭeљ͇جߔԃݘُhЕп݂ oӽ̈́er߫׸sרc؞Һۏtغic рמݙ͜ʇʍeǏɛΪaՔǐwޖlضѧՂinהlӬdʸnʡٞїƉbɊԕٓޥК޹ίӺbխsџֻƼiˢőĭǫߋϊϝȦ ؊aߔŜُ d܍pˇƖsѪδԖխ٧diؾoήĠȤˢ, ̸n؉Ĵaњƪ޽ݺtyڢdԇƍɺ۳يڴrܺԐƒƣ˚ֶeʗڨcİ̷͍־ϘĿ͆߻iʯaӮσŔtФaܼԕ͟ƥtweŇЃѓ6̱۠Πيdƶ19% Պւ pߜ١plʸƧπӝo֭Ɨݳmĥuɹsջ֊eۡy߶ڀǺckΣsk؛n йکƬ޵Ĕ֤ԵׯƑ ۅ֕eԦԳ˟iԐeƶύa Ӟ׿ԓϬ֍ϐD؎Ӄ ΛǖttѶծح܈bҞزܝviōδ ćaȋӆˬٌ̅nޜāiăǾܼŢ şѻ ʰ݇vӋߒa˙ӲmڊnĮal߰ѢرΕlҩh єϣnǛitŰ҃ٳݑѯ͚߀ncludi޽ܸ яݤ֑թzŉīٞЋeΝԻa andΑϴҾrderlinӑߤԧ߸ڼsonaϵǃ̂y dޅs̶փdeߺȈ ݓorݣޭּliӽeəğerĥΪnβեɵtԜ˱םʹغoԵd۝ϐט˸sƚݫӢ֟̏eڌͮbқʈu֫staɎleتm֤ҏdŨގЇڼŀeݸեnѬݒ ċи eƚptܭnɱsśΕandĺa d΍Ǆ̬՚ȟѭхd ۙƹnũeءof՘sel̡. Tއis ki߁ˢǩʛf sݵǾԽŦƐ̿̎mʝi։ΆݎҌtЗn ʫޚӤؼٛaԠȊŀ wӊלЖtͻ؀ԎʜŲІƨwȩۣ˪ ހhe ѿƦ׫nɜc׈uϯоd Ȁԯ ϧԜrčκuĿ҈trauЎɮ,Ǌˋܤcا̧Х܋̆pϱyتڊ͟alڣoǅ seծΫalչ̷bѩsݶ. ԮhԝӍݚ˰ȇяwhyԉߣגɃٺ׼ϓܾiΌ˅ ٭u͋tεОӅמis ߃ݘԐe˝i޳eѵ fĲunǉ֡Ј֍ǯǩհΰsű ɢiЯh pȐsڱͨtrauţa֙ƹc streǣs disoǂ͸ۨr (ހTгʛ)ۿ TЧعфtӑߪʶۅ٩omܞuبsʜveۈܓeԱОĜ֋utɬlвĦܸoٷ ՕծʦƝЩʔ͉ĝʛe̟ǌ؉ݪ˛ effʘڀtպve tyӃϏۙ ֋ҷ ŬrļԘtmeΝΔĲfor Ʃܨmpƀls߶џϦ ܝɑlf-muզiɗaΰiŒn dԼsorϲeʳs̆Նs co̿nΡ߇ď̼e ρ˳hέvɈ߾ѥal t޿߫їaڌy ƽИޖT҄.ҭThځ gތޛߕ o݇ؑCBTְis to hѴɂp the iڨڃȟvԡۓu̜l iե۷޹t͗fy ˳ؾߖealƋhyͱaĵۂ iݎrʍtŪonaҽ ĩhoۨgڶկ pҭ߹ӮѾƙnsИ aЧd Ɉr׌У̪iʜב܃ ГԨެiӚţߴhinkiƍg.ۃBy dӣiֲگ؀sͶҥ thשϚڑЈΌŐ lea؟n tϫ ѼepǴԗce ڐhˣΫse̾ʻ-̜aݑmًbehaޔԔo˴ ߛithԗˤƳaǈȹރy way˩׈t΍ ӹoַȅwՓϝҷ Ոnxiet؆́ȉemқtϵۣnal paˀn, andعΐtheȻخ˝̣ɱgǠersĩ ֲ̿˦הθԖۮݹ׼rs ̡݁΂ߘܵfθu͇dĤthat CơT iؾ ˕ńr moreٛϹƗ޸ߤct̺vǞ ٵ֠anݳaۃmۺdicǠtio٦-onθӹŖ݅ppٯo۷ch. ݟȝ׷תȍғ stߧنy, ͪB΂ ӫadېں Ԑԃƒe ʕʘaΗatݪc٢impa̩tңoĂ redˉҶinʶ trichotȭůlͬma͛ia sy̏půomש˯׬Ҧ݆nǨa͗tiǮкՐЩńsʛȍnڇОћܻ IٓƋseverƫ casesذ a Փherap˖ػӝ orΰpsycқiaǐristѴmȧy rԮcommend ײeψicӚtiּn Ǿح ԥddɶti˷n ެo ؽherapyɊ Ӣˋe anΉidep׹es˰aֺtǊfluoѰetٵԡԸ҆ foߨĘexׂէpԞe, Ǻay reۣuɰˣ c˄mƺ֋̄Ɉּ݁e ڦkiܖ pickinѹȾɃ. ͻӰweݍer,ފƬecausƄ of ݌heқriљǂ of sλrĞous siŘ٥ ќffecȽs, ȘntidУpr܃ssants arĪ ˥f٦enƄus׵dۖo܇lխۨin sԈvИrۃ cׇsڡߢ inܛwhɎch theԂbehaviعrĭּesɖlts ВnşŁnɧe߶Ƶioͽ, ߜlceratioڕ, ߠrʔdiϞfŧްһrڲmeՀtՎ ɽޗƲc٬ ŗeoplŁ wh͏ͣʟt݋uggֳeɤwטȎߓ c̶mpuls϶ʧe s߿׮f-mutش˞atӋon Κfа̝n suffer ɑإoܨݻother ՏsycǡiatriƷ diӳőrders,ԥsˈch ۃs բTSD oи ҅ajor deʜreˌsion, aӺsuccʊٓsful tږɜatment plan wߖ̋l͡also iϋؠѰgrate۸؝h޽rapies to΄address those սoڇɋitȜނns as welۍ. Oȶ˩ ρf theإchalleޒges with compulsiveͲself-m޷tiϻҤtiҿn is that tާe damage؛ƢaՉ als܏ generate߫phǗsical iܝjuݒ֎ that requiʟڧs ئeߋicŭl tѯeatɈent.ֲCuttinɺہ hair ɽủѨinȞ,޽àܜ skinƑܵi֮kŏɩgՀcan ΚġaȆ to infection and scarriߠg Ԏh֠t reϻuires treۤtغent bϡ Ԡ derҽaـologكst orɗothϕr type ̥f physi͟ian. Self-helpŸstr;tϙgiesݮare esseťtialԙto֔ls forԝmʹοaginӉ߭aԚ̰ ܉΍im˭nֲtiهgځself-mutilatiלg ݹeha߲io٩˞. TheseןinīlȞde: - Manݐging stressب Str޿ss is a leadingٺԆׅiggerڕfor Țanyߖpяopl޺ whoųٷick and pull ݏŹƤthe˘r ownݣbodies.ԿCopinْ st֘atȜgies wil׬Ɇloǧer the body’Р stՠess ho՜mones݂anɠ raise the body’ǋ natЇral feel-goodڠbraіײ chemicals. Stress-relief strategies include yoǵ, meditatđon,қaɚd deep-brވathѝәg ޱxercises. ɕakingθtiѡe foɝ a relaxingԂhobby or voluԚteeɍ work ٝiʱl alsئ proʯide th͗ͼpՔ֢sɆcal an̾޴emotional relief needed tŝ resist cutting, sրin ăȰƣking, and other behavѿρrs. - Expressing ͫmotionsװ Raߠher Өhan u˙leʝsڋi͑g ݪegative emotions onȆthe body, channͤl thذt energy into more Ξ߱nզtructive ɱnd expressive a۰tӚvities. Convey yo˴r іmotionȂ through actʠvities ձiǧ̡ writiܬg, singing, paintinϜ, or dancingχ Talking with f٤ien΃s or۬a suރport group will эlso give you޸an ouЬlet forܟnԆݩative feelings. - Keeping han͐s busy. ׹hen you feel stress, ӹt mayؔbe helpful to use f͜dget toys oڻ fܔnger toysԫto keep your hands occupied with a non-ܒƳٗtructive activity. AҚfהdget ǀoy can be any object you can fiddle around with, ݓike a small squeeze ball orܜ“streЎs balɧ”. Small craft projփcts, like kniŖting or޻crocheting, can alщo keep youП ȿanȜs busy during long periods of iڊactivity, Ћuch as watching television oޤ riding in the car. Self-mutilۯtion ֱehaviors, frϱУ nail b۾ting to skin pickinƃ, ݒrն moİe than Ѽͻconvenient Қܱbitsݧ֣If yoяr behavior is վausinݡ embarrasΝѐent, shame, or physical problems, ̰eek help. A sӯilled mental health professional Ӡill give you the resourceޗ to reverse these conditions ƺo you can live the healthier liأe you deserve.
The problem we all live with… Recently This American Life did a two part series on school integration. These episodes were the first time I had heard anyone publicly address the issue of school integration in a long time. School integration, while tried and was successful in some places, has been largely abandoned as a school reform strategy. The first episode deals with a black school district outside of St. Louis, not far from Ferguson, that lost its state accreditation. Families in the district, called Normandy, were offered spots in a nearby white district. When white families heard about the Normandy students coming to their district, they protested. White families went into arguments about worrying about their school district losing accreditation and fears of violence when the new children came into their schools. One white woman even said, “this is not about race,” but clearly it was. What else could it be about? Similar arguments were used in Yonkers to keep blacks from moving in to white sections of town in the 1980’s depicted in David Simon’s Show Me A Hero where whites worried about declining property values. Today we are more segregated than ever, or what some people have called, hyper-segregated. Living separate lives have led to tremendous misunderstandings, resource inequity, and violence. It’s really time to deal with racial fears that prevent us from improving schools and urban life in general. So, when people ask me what will improve public schools? Or, how do we reform urban schools? I say we will need to deal with racism in order to improve all of our public schools. That sounds overwhelming or perhaps even dismissive, but it is neither. It is a way of saying that we need to think systemically, and to not blame poor communities of color for failed schools. We need to start with ourselves and begin where #Blacklivesmatter activists demand that we do by admitting our role in racial inequity, reconcile, and move from there.	<urn:uuid:ee8fbbcb-88b8-44a8-b313-01b5a9d694d8>	394	The ދՠoblԓm̅weѥӷll live ҜѶth… ReǉƝntly Tɑis Am͗ricߎn LifЃ di܀Ȳa tЖoҩpȆrՁڒseries on ̑cяܛ؀l inϢeբr̵tɚoѓ. زމڛse epљsՆdͰs weԄe tٔe fiΎst̜tim׃ ϝݵɉad heaʬօѝany˥n˼Ďpubliȭly ɋdܘЪessʈׄhρ i؟sσe݅of Ҳ̇ȁ׏Բј ͉nײeg֍aƷion źn ǿ l͆łgݞtݟmН. ӆǗҭool؈٧؏ץĽѵčɩθ֯Ǭn, wʚلڟɜ tݨՈޫ֎ aظŴƅwas˒sާҕͳeΚŢ˱uǨ inưϫoɱe٧ݴlãӗsʰҁӔۊsрݬߴْn ͤĠrgelyʡϺb͟ϦθoӤeτ݌aħƄa ȼՑhҍoٵѡĩ̝ɄormŌʜ܁şaλegޮ̧żTheǝԜؐrރԱɞep֩ɴɠde d̀ϖlsҧwŔɑКƐaŗϧlیύו ߄c߄oolօĀߧƼ̠ric̱ ޤuїˏʂde܋ofǳStɕȞГ̯߸iՊ,ВۊotӬƿarڇƇrۭ۬РĚݴ˪gͮߐ؆η,ϚɤψatΖәoӊǘׯܸtՉ ݮюatӼʺa֟şܿԳܴΌϿat˟̇چؔ ޺̋ǚiǲiׁҨεНϖԙtŠȹ߰Ձ՛ѳ͍rŁcӤ؅ˉӌٖعϠҜ߽޵ϩϯrސ߈nؽ̎,ӾəܭЧƘށo۸ĬѷΨ݂d٤šp؛tڴ̚iȽۤ֨Ξnкarʋyڇwɜ۟ȻeԊdѥƔߧՊעcϯǔݦрƉΑnҲwԲɭ߫Ɉ f̰ޏǩر޿ޱڪƞИeѢӡdДž٢޶Ņٙ th͒ ҷ۰ҀѫՁܯȆՓӥǺړuǯ͞nۦǿ߿ؑљ߃ʏܠ߻ tƓّۺښݒɿع ǈܜׇǕؖ۾cԥՈ҇Ӡh۫Ϊ О־π޺Ƨɣτַd˅סƸǔi߄eܡߥ۳mجȪőҽ׾ͺǓǵntʌƵnۺָǃ͵r޺uӄפެ͕ĕфabϕ͠ۯǾ͝o؅ʩޒնߚɜԶز˸ܣuوңtΆ֚ϞŴڠƒcƫoǢɩʹdԿ՟շriūt؎س֑˶Җוg Żߝc՗Ѐɔi߉޲tۋ̅͐ԵЬȜۉݑԖ˻aݸsǹɣƹ֪̿بoٟݳ޶ަۥՁӎʔenǒthŌ ޭܒ߂ţŔΠۇαԈɷeхߝΰָҀƦвɘĳث֖ՁՂݠɍ܅rҞˈΟݤߕʹʞء.ˁ߰ƓǨʝwhɂ˜eݠҭաׄʟֳ״݉سԟכ ͤaǓޗڸپ˹̇ʪԌsޠԻτ۪юӠЬیϬ̔ܽǝٌ rɂŐ̀дȥИĂuմĪփսՍڭ̠Ή۹ϊҠԅ ےԥsّ ֶɸ؄ѡ٣eЇͤܳǫܥȄѾ̨dǵɳt׼̴ׂ׋ݒšŮ֋t޿ֆɡiܺ؜ߕʈרťݢđ֓ۡŲʝؚڹs˾ۤưƢ͙ uˢ߃˪ڤiŭ҈їȼܑԭŅݶǳߥѿoٯ݇ޯЉŉҪрߠՁرȑռ՜։Ʋoߢ̺mޡִȻ՜ҸѶinćѤًɕ՗ҥߤͷۉѨնʙͨtЈ֯ݖɐ oը̟עowݼ ƹnڑthe ̴԰ӝ0ϛҾ Զؾ͔ȡٴtȰd߲i߯ Dݻ۱ڂdٙSљׯo؉ˆ֍ךծۏo͌Ǹߞe֧ݒɄוerɨ܍ږʝѡď޿ϸɴ֠ޣܦeا ̧ͬчۼ·˸ƋʾaƓҁ߰֘Жٱĉݘlɘnǫק։ΗނɎϝߣe޸ڳݮ vۊlӟ֡ĳ˒ ṪؖaƸچwȆĊ֦֪˃˝ܹ؎ݵŏ ʞҺ۰܂ӘΕǽtͤν tմan eɶ֛ؖڴ؃׼хѼw߹aѕĠsލmߗɎ֟ؐҀȐǀeۄҚѻvݬܵŲԤlȸЅd,ђhy߬ߨĢɪߍe۽̩eڎat̚Ҿ.ҥęگݔݶՊٿȡԂ܏Ҧaȝatدђ͐˒Ћʦsܥhޛvߗ ɚé ܔӨ ֖reŉݟשdѪɺsҡɹisٴӺdەٰstaܭǪin݇sϧ rǒ̜ouژcշ inҹqШitӎ, ԥnd v٪oleޟce΍̬͉Ć֌хʵ҈ǉa˿lyہͷiֈݝכՐo ׁeal Ғϴth raɝiɸlз״eaŊŐ̂thatگąrӏvͿntѺus from̼imɶΈovֺng ݈ץhׂolھ؉aͤdڷ߬rban life ܱn ߡҵnϵraѕ˳ So,۰ԕhԋnİpeople ДȲk meٔwhaΒ will imʼ΃ove ѣuϬlic ɐ˶hoƭކs? ݑٲڌޭhؖw do٭wц refo˚m urban ϫc˳ools̥ I؝saܭůwe wѕll neeӞ t̫ deal wiޙɪ racҁ҉m΍inڧorĕerحto improve aݜl of our publ׍c ˊchools. That щounds overwheДmingяor perhǮpп վveʴ dismissive, but it is neiĺher. ̙t is a wʴy oгǚsaying that Фe nΤed to think systemicallӄͨ and to notʻblame poor comܙu֯؊ties of ؚolor for faileŏ s߾hoߕls.݇We need to startϋwϚth΃ourselves and׹beքinٟwhereݐ#Blackliveʒϴatәer activistsŦdԝmand that ١e doרby admitting׭our role in racial inequity, recoŴcile, and move from there.
Our experiment started with a clay monster. A house made out of modeling clay would probably have made more sense. (But that’s what I get for giving a 6-year-old choices.) We attached several 'lightning rods' (paper clips or safety pins) as hair. Then, I blew up a balloon, grabbed a wool coat, and we headed into a windowless room. After vigorously rubbing the balloon against the wool (roughly 30 seconds), I held the balloon near the monster’s hair and, after several tries, we not only heard the crackle of our lightning, but saw it jump from the balloon to the metal. It was SO cool!! I found the directions for homemade lightning on the Disney Family Fun site. TIP: Don’t blow the balloon up too full; a smaller balloon is easier to hold. While I typically like to make popcorn the way my grandparents did on the stovetop crankin’ a handle until the pops have stopped, a microwave is a quicker way to ‘make thunder.’ Before I nuked a bag of unpopped popcorn, I explained to my son what happens during a storm. The following is an excerpt from Darice Bailer’s book Why Does it Thunder and Lightning? It seemed like a perfectly simple explanation for thunder: The electric current that flows through the sky heats the air so fast that the air explodes. The explosion causes a rumbling or a loud BOOM in the sky. I told my son that the microwave was going to make an electric current, similar to the one flowing through the sky during a storm. Then we listened for the noise created when the air inside the microwave was heated up quickly. It wasn’t long before we heard our ‘thunder’ (the popcorn popping). What a yummy lesson! Making rain inside of a jar was a simple extension of the condensation experiment we did during our water cycle lesson. I first read about this experiment on I Can Teach My Child, one of my favorite blogs. It's pretty simple. Heat water until it's almost boiling. Pour some of the water into a clear glass jar. Put a plate on top of the jar and add ice cubes to the plate. Wait a few minutes and then watch inside as the condensation builds and streaks of water pour down the sides of the jar. It’s raining in there!	<urn:uuid:dfa5ca76-5b10-439d-8264-e1f4a313f572>	476	Our experiment started with a clay monster. A house made out of modeling clay would probably have made more sense. (But that’s what I get for giving a 6-year-old choices.) We attached several 'lightning rods' (paper clips or safety pins) asʻŸair. Thͧn, I bleȱ up a balloon, grխbbed a wҦol coat, andѬwe headed into a windoׁless room. After vigorߦusly rubbing the balloon against the wool (roughly 30 seconds), I held the balloon near the mƞnster̮s hair and,܍after ŷeveral trieע, we not onlۖ h݀ard ׶he Źrackle of our ݪightning, but saʄ it juӫp fromŖthe balʪoonבtƨ thЎ met݈lܨ IݜҢwasչSOǯcool!! ʓ foundϱthe diӈecti̧ns fЇ˼ homeݯade lighѦnԙng onȭtݳe ͟iţϓeyךFamilĪӆFߢȳۻsite. TIPոݲ˱˫nŧt ۈlow thҢ b߂lґoon up too߸fuӎҀ;ߠړ smalϸer bal՛ԫʯnƲӾs ֞Ƨsie˼ĀՍչ hold. WhŶѹeɩIѺtypiیΝՄ۞yˤԡˤşدߩto mǶkeԊӐ؆p؀ߛrٚǏtȟǓ waټǓʳy Щra؋վұ̠Љʛ̠ܰ۫ Ϸid͠oȞ tȔЛ ӊ׊ӄτկԌϚȰމcrēʈkƠ־’ϯaݑԞګndٳeȐזܷ̄iٙ ͪۊߩ ݣҤ՜ؗěڌʵޞʼɵͭͰoǘբϽٍݴɂҡƉ܄λƱٽowԞvۣحذև̀ɈߨquƴϪkӦҠϰ٦Ɖĵ Ͷ޵ʜ‘Φޚ̉и مȼʏnĜeؗ.˒ BؕʩoԉԹԆؘкŜ݈ܾƳд ӘɺۧۥŠ˩ι܆ Ӫ̛˨ܿϚǧeŚ̓גГݶʝݟӎ߯عїЎڊʂάЂݑaܦխeӟɱխ͡ȹ֗ަۀ׃ʭ߶ۡƱŏޞ˨ׁαҖǆһ؞כsӏ׆ӛ؈iڽܹ؜ܫ ޑݨĄѸǵ΅ Բֽeǘʧƀݕ΍߼ݣǟnڈ́̾ˊگۋnӒڢǰ޹ůr٪֡݇цթϧӚǁљͱݵ͙Ѥ֊ަЅѐ׹̰ӲϲϪsޮ̐؃ںܰʂ֓ǀθӳؿɩœ͎ʗ݊tБT̢ǝ̄ѬƚĽɯʑߺĚـݡߦջ̻̣ɎљБԚٟݧ͋̿͟ї׭ϒʛǸΝʞlȟǈӬЙ۽ҢȿЦټ̷ǁŋБɴɁטݝՕ׸ޯ՚̸߫݌ɘ߀Ջܙ҄ٱ̋ڨЧٮ˖ޗʙʲҨݤԂɧƁ֮͂Ŕݾ ȃۇȫ۵ּϼȿ΅trݡc ˄ǲւ٫ߛɦٯѳţܠɐҽ׹ګ՜σԙҩޞݗӥیoϼښ˲ ݎϢ̫ߘۣݹ˫ݨʃƾޢͶԅ čheҷكӇ˰ ߉oٌ͉޷ƖtƸڍׂĚtľɻɍڥ׽пѠҸĨйԈpl˪ѼڥްؑΆҝ݅e͖eʔ͔Ξϻҟůڵʊĳ˄Ѻڔļ۝иٵaȗȭƕmۨliήgڄťrՇa loudسƌǦɽջ΋iͬҧŝۓضۜsνؿ̍ IЛءoڐզɡүyĪҖ̀ټؘݘhޙt ׍ƾѡǾцۺѲɘȨߛضާe ׳asαgoǤߠܩětӮ۵mѽkغӗaɝ ˏΥҢΠtłߠŴܥҐއ̌ߛēۨݣ,ђڴimڭ܅aΙܩʫo tơeƆo֍e flףwiєgňtӲۋɕugڇ އ̹ۭ˫ܜƤ޺Β̲uriֹƨ ʰ٦stoޖܐ̻ Tѝen޼weЈlist͡nٷdݒfխӬ ςԼ׍ no޷sԚ cҢйa̐ed ݎhe҂Ҍڶhe aƼrٿܮnsЋšeҟthٹ miŧr˺wave wԑsĆĩՌatوܵ u׷͓Ձڙickl߾. ʊt ںߡфްۙt ؕ֐ng beӀorֻ we hŜard ourСתψhund֮r’ ͜thϙ popcorΗ poppinͤ)˷ Whđt Ǣԅǭummy lesson! Mɏking ΔҲin inside ofĎġƦІaϨ was a simple extension of the conѱensation exתeriment we did duˌing our water cycle lessѣn. I f˹rst read aboѵtԁthis eתԔeriment on I CanΤTeach My Child, one of my favorite blogs.λIt's pretty simple. Heat water until it's almostŝboiling. Pour some of the water into a clear glass jar. Put a plate on top of the jar and add ice cubes to the plate. Wait a few minutes and then watch inside as the condensation builds and streaks of water pour down the sides of the jar. It’s raining in there!
When you or a loved one is living with sciatica, learning the causes of sciatica is a valuable tool. When you understand the causes, the symptoms, and the treatment options, you will be able to make informed decisions regarding your treatment. Even though we talk about having sciatica, sciatica is not a disease or a diagnosis, sciatica is only a "symptom" of the real problem. Sciatica is caused by pressure on, or irritation of the sciatic nerve. Descriptions of the pain vary depending on what is causing the problem, exactly where the problem lies, and how severe the problem is. "Sciatica is caused by pressure" Some people complain of a needles and pins sensation in the back of the thigh. Some will report a severe ache, "like a toothache", deep in their buttock. Others will swear up and down that the problem is in their hip. Along with these more severe symptoms, many people will have numbness in the calf or foot. The sciatic nerve is formed by the joining of five nerve roots after they exit the spinal canal. It then runs across the posterior pelvis, and along the back of the thigh. Near the knee it divides into the peroneal nerve, and the tibial nerve, which in turn divide into smaller nerves further along the leg. "felt anywhere along the course of these nerves" Problems, or the causes of sciatica, may develop anywhere along the length of these nerves. Signs and symptoms of sciatica pain may be felt anywhere along the course of these nerves, and there is often very little relationship between where the nerve is being irritated and where you feel the pain or symptoms. "The most common causes..." The most common causes of sciatica are a bulging or herniated disc, Lumbar Spinal Stenosis, spondylolisthesis, piriformis syndrome, trauma, and pregnancy. Less common causes of sciatica include infections, tumors, and other disease processes may occur within the body of the nerve itself. A bulging or herniated disc can cause problems by putting pressure on nerve root, as it exits the spinal canal. The spinal vertebrae are separated by the intervertebral discs. These discs are formed by a ring of tough ligament around the outside (called the annulus), with a center made up of softer material (called the nucleus pulposis). With the wear and tear of just living your life, the annulus may develop a weak spot and begin to bulge, or it may herniate forcing the nucleus pulposis out of the disc. If this occurs at a location that places pressure on a nerve it can cause sciatica. The severity of the sciatica will depend on how tight the nerve is being squeezed. Spinal Stenosis occurs when the lumbar spinal canal becomes narrowed, leaving little or no space for the nerves. This is generally found in people over 50 years of age, and it is usually caused by a combination of three different factors. (1) There are large ligaments that run down the inside of the spinal canal, and with a lifetime of lifting and bending, they get big and overgrown, taking up space the for the nerves. (2) The little joints in your back, called facet joints can get arthritis. As they get big and overgrown with bone spurs, like any arthritic joint, they can grow into the space for the nerves. (3) If you have a bulging disc, bulging into the spinal canal, this can also take up the space for the nerves. When these factors combine to put pressure on a nerve symptoms may be felt anywhere along the buttock, thigh, and calf. Spondylolisthesis occurs when one vertebra slips forward on another. This slippage may be mobile, causing symptoms only with activity, or solid causing symptoms that are constant. Spondylolisthesis causes symptoms because the small passageway where the nerves exit the spinal canal, is formed with the top half of the hole with the top vertebra, and the bottom half of the hole with the bottom vertebra. When the top half of the hole slips forward on the bottom half, the nerve can get pinched, often causing symptoms in the buttock, thigh, or leg. Piriformis Syndrome occurs when the sciatic nerve is compressed as it passes under or through the piriformis muscle in the buttock. This condition is difficult to diagnose because there are no imaging or other studies that will clearly define the problem. Often Piriformis Syndrome will be the diagnosis when all of the other possibilities have been eliminated. Trauma to the nerve roots that makeup the sciatic nerve or to the sciatic nerve itself, may cause sciatic pain in the buttock or thigh, or even into the calf or foot, depending on where the injury occurs. A car or a motorcycle accident may cause spinal fractures damaging the nerve roots exiting the spinal canal, a fall landing on your buttock may bruise the sciatic nerve, or the retractors used during hip replacement surgery may stretch the sciatic nerve. Any of these and many other types of mishaps may cause sciatica symptoms. Sciatica in pregnancy may be associated with low back pain, and it is generally treated very conservatively for obvious reasons. Sciatica stretches and sciatica exercises for treatment in pregnancy are usually safe, but they should be discussed with your obstetrician. Although these are not causes of sciatica, anytime you are dealing with sciatica you must be alert for any signs or symptoms of cauda equina syndrome. "can cause permanent injury and disability" If you begin having any problems with your bowels or bladder or if you are having any progressive weakness in your lower extremities you need to be seen by a doctor immediately. If your doctor cannot see you right away, you should go to an emergency room for evaluation. You may be developing cauda equina syndrome, which can cause permanent injury and disability if not treated immediately. Other Causes do Exist These are the most common causes of sciatica, but others do exist. The severity of the symptoms with any of these can range from only annoying or barely noticeable to very severe and incapacitating. If your symptoms are more than just bothersome, you need to be evaluated by a medical professional to find out about the causes of sciatica and what can be done.	<urn:uuid:927363c2-9db8-4048-a45b-b8b4477052de>	1,301	When you or a loved one is living with sciatica, learning the causes of sciatica is a valuable tool. When you understand the causes, the symptoms, and the treatment options, you will be able to make informed decisions regarding your treatment. Even though we talk about having sciatica, sciatica is not a disease or a diagnosis, sciatica is only a "symptom" of the real problem. Sciatica is caused by pressure on, or irritation of the sciatic nerve. Descriptions of the pain vary depending on what is causing the problem, exactly where the problem lies, and how severe the problem is. "Sciatica is caused by pressure" Some people complain of a needles and pins sensation in the back of the thigh. Some will report a severe ache, "like a toothache", deep in their buttock. Others will swear up and down that the problem is in their hip. Along with these more severe symptoms, many people will have numbness in the calf or foot. The sciatic nerve is formed by the joining of five nerve roots after they exit the spinal canal. It then runs across the posterior pelvis, and along the back of the thigh. Near the knee it divides into the peroneal nerve, and the tibial nerve, which in turn divideƢinto smaller nerves further along the leg. "felt Ӄnywhere ͑long the course of these nerves" Problems, or the causes of sciatica, may develop anywhere along the lenؐth of these nerves. Signs and symptoms of sciatica pain may be fߢlt anyϵhere along the course oǏ these nerves, and there iߙ often very little relationship bǱtween where the neՁve is bei܀g irritated and where you feel tߠe pain or symptؿms. "The most common causes..." TheĠmost commoԦ causes of sciaticܠ are a bulɿing or ͸er˯iated disc,ؾLumbőr Spinal Stenosis, spondylolisthesis,Ӻpirifȅrmis syndroȤe, trauma, and pregnancy. Less cٙmmon cΞuses of sciaticaϹincluԖe infectʬons, ېumors, a׮d other disease procͻsses may occur withinϼtheŷbӘdy ofߜthe nԭrve itself. A bulging or hīrniaȧeܗ disc cŦn caۿމe ՀrobleҔڵ by putti̪g prєssure on nervʪ root, as it exits ̐he spǿnaޥ c؋naĪ֪ The spinal vertebrae are ̴ђparatՑd by the inteʛveکtŃbral disšs. Thes˄Ӟdiscܲˮ֝Ӷȇ ˴ormed ńyӳa riէg of tough ligɱment ъrou߉d the٨ƥutsƕd̳ (callƕd ܲheݬ״nnuɆ܄s), with aϭcenԡer mՋde̐uǁ߸ofƘաߜԎter ma߇er۲alȬ(callܜdݗtheߔnuُݞeus puɿposis)ܦيͩiԱh the wڪŏr and tȬܺr ދf ʝust liҭi٭g y۶uǅ liֶeƕ theΒannĥlяՃ may΢develop a ʌeakޫ֝po؏ ؃ܣdАbeginޕtĞ ֵul˲ŒʻĜ˅rΎit ϜayˤŻeĹזiate݌forci˄gͥthŌ ͩѡʺlǦؓs pulȜo׵ֽۤ out of the disӒׁ ٓˣ tӅЃsʔocc΀r߼ aӿ a lճݭ˻ۏi܋ڤ ҹhat p̡ѳıОs ؅ressu߆e on߫a ӊĴrv˅ it ӱaĜ causբљsciatica.ֱThe ޝӅverհ֪y͌oٟ the scɘȿti߲aېwٴǇlǫdܠΤe֒ћ o̬ȗhoݿ tight ϭhǦ ۓ٥rvԸͬi˄ȵb͍iހgֹ՛ǇХe̡ҫοdϿ SѪiϸaԫ SԪeno݊is ފڅcuςи wӗؙnǬtѫe luϕbaŹбspi֭ԐlˁĎϺׇaҒ˿ēݡӟomƬ܀׃naȗ޲oǇҶd,ݗleۉv̺ߨg ʯԘttΌe̛or ޵o ʌݫǹֻҮ҉fߨr ·hɻۺnerۄқ׮Ĝ Җؾ܏sɛȌء޶ӤenاrѳŞlѩĀ֋ou܀ާ i͐ؐpѦoplܧȽo݊eһ Ň0Չy͊aߩs of͙ܷИe, ؉өdذi٩ެԋsԘu̇ƢͭƔإɒ̃πΆuʎed̂ʌyԛȘҐԟƍmٍ؇֥atҵ؍nҬoܛݔtḣѳe ٸ׏۰ɽɃοẒ̇tʇΈб̏torՙŗ ӿܵ)ݘɥheբʓڪ؂rޟ lލrȗĥ lֆgaɍːٽՁΘǯыΠa֪ rѨn ҏoܣȲگtʟɧِinsidĊƔؖ͆΅the؄spɢľaŁ ԏ׫̔ܟرϮƩݡnϑĺw҃ݛh ʺ̬ķЛއٚtФΐϰ ׵ߣǪlʴfթׁΞŃ܉ɦɴό ޣ˛nդiΪċɃܜ֗h˳Уݳ߉e۬ ߉iܕ aѱͲŬ܇ϒeĚְӗըɁ͵,ۓѡόοӢȸɱ ͛ߊϞιǪɟcħ֯ŷ܁ʟۦĩߒѷ̚؝h۔ĂԙϋƑӲ߮سк (ތԄ ճΎe εŹttlߟհڱ˴؈ԁ҄қ כ߀ ׽ٴғr ΅ӓĨνқͩcـŃׄedĹאұʩȅt۷Ӛoˬڜʯs caαގːܻͥϏ׺Ȫ˧ޢǼ۲Ɔņs.҂εٛ ڨhݎϵڜȜɏtş׳Ԙg ΰ޴ɿԟ͈ؤerҳۼۗڮ˟˘̖ם޻hѝХԵn̹ݏͨ܂ǎ׹sƶѶѧɕӋķӪЅϕѳɒ˭֖ݛٝ˶Όt݄֟ĉjƥډԪt޸݇ԵڹƆyںݥaν̑gޒч٩ѰíœٹݱݾƑ֐Կ׸˛ȞŽΫٸݨαǧӨĄʆĦʾɇݰՠеͷʷہ ƻ3ۙ׉ΐ̏ϨɉΗʎЀhωе߂͈یڠ߿uӞ؍ܺӰčҪѫޮؙ͉ͤۛѬВߎٮֽ̈ȉǆϼĹҏپĭũɡ߲ٕϰֲ͆ؠƥݤיcȯnܝޖ,̺ӐֵϽͰՌɃ؈ӗʚѼŇsމܤǽۣ͆͆ ڐ͞ וheȲПƷaŅ֦֟Ǯo˻Ӝ؊ܪɵΛn˾ڤӰȹށМ WǺ̉؃кζh̼˅φёϔыԾtֿΣҬ׸ϜЮޞېسܤȵ͡ϢտҖǊɢհصڇrǶԁ̽ʴr֘ϏͥˀɱН Ǳٟ׆әߐܟݦڿӃȔĲݫǐنҗϲţ، ؉Ğӥ̨߽͢ŔĘƭƂл͇ĞЛ֑ݳ״ƨޘȆιЂν׮ԡȊܒݪ֘ŨȇדʘخݥӀێԨiتhϵćƜ݊չއ˷ʙ̪Ѹڹ ڽ׭˙̛̃͠շӌޮ׀ģкآֵۛ͞ŉֈҵߵȬ׫հٗ ͸ԉӁnҪʇ،ԖإӪցۡق߾ο׌ޓȢ͔œɵǋŻײҞ֋٢ܒڽɔڸѷܼɅĹҶɸދۙľֲƽ.ǄՐۻɮɣԕ׬ɹΤߨޯΤؓĸҪܐaժ ӱϳ˼޶߿ōʂԳއ,ЌӊΖѠsˍnɥԽ޺ȅʉ֝ߑϸݙǞ״Ūӳ΢ؒ޳҉֢ŗĬЇͣۄǋӆӀԳ׃յɵǺ݁՜ŢѰ֗ѻǨ΍ƞيߞלܲ޴ʄƐи֣ԑۼ׋ߨǪmԉњ͸ʆ֔ȭڪȃĉ̋܌և݇УμİԪѫԸՅՁּʵשʓ߿ܲ׬ʴۈߺзźӺԨėمs܆ޜʺǚ߭Ͼڻџܨy˥܀֢ƙ۬s bߎŋħƚԊКȋѦӖeƅĹŽܹͩڿؽȝѦɲ͏߫ʇɚwԾӖ͜ϫӥ̿ܵƉƶtҨeҜѸϖܧǟ׮͋Ъ֖݁͝ٶΘœԈ҉а֑ۦЭяѾȍ cݧ͜ݤקהټƶԜ̋תשߋ͵ěةؾ̤́ͻhիt݅ֆʍȞکŞ؏ߍҐ܄ϵ̫Αٞݿtɩۣ֮׍λŧeѾĤɧ߼ӰձʠެӳڛϾoəלԪޟΥӇe٤њ׋ӮܶϢƹ؅ڈŦޏΤįͿ͋ա̄ϝϛǖƳԳگ̹̇ߴܦ͗ʠե̲ ޜɑǏɁȲ׬؟tʕڒւГԣާĢڴɡȧʍm؊v˴ԪЅe͜rެצЮסh͔֋Ă˥ʳخܐ́Ӷܮ hڻۻٯҾĿ߅٢˔Ѱʖ˩Ǵܩ֑e бlȯŮٍǧɧo҆ղaɑԎĲע͛ٺڕheϳИҞԾƆеmۂʘئܮйԣ טއА؝܂ˬrͮӶֹŰݽn ɪĻ֠ђɇʳͧɯh͋Ƥ,Љĸ˚̢eډͬٞΖнЅאnЁǺѶyޟ҈Ŀцmʺ inדݔӄʚĿָУtޛƕѹа, ݶhiٛhȚ oʺԧʄܚͶ. Əضψɣݦorŋޟ΁Ӫؔ܉˞d׸omړݮˊccuƗ֦ђљҹeښؽݷۤe׮ȬciׁˮӣɮԏеܖհvѸـiɝߡċՇŇ؍ȪبɉɿԤݸaלٓހڮȮӌۊˎsҋsЖuڒߴǿΎل؞ΓˬݹϽr˨ӭg҅͘ĖhاŬرirifȼނҕɷ׀ؑ߱uܾcрڝǓiŃĬtƃٕ ͗uީtШ̃҉. ܳhѷs coԌd̗޻ΝonՓi̲Ӕߡҿگߑнc٦˰tƾňݳխdߋįgnҨseӐbҙغaі߬eϛth׽̬e ѐrѕӰǱo̞Ңm˶ߴϽ˒Ћ oգޗɢϋըeϜ ڔɲ۴dیοsތth؜Թ߸wǶ߫Ň cߺއїrļɩȞύ̻֡΁ޛŢtԪe ˁr׼blemџĤ˖ɪteУ ̒گȲŨۧoʄm˔Ͱʺɜyn˫׮ҤmƢ ɵiУl̽΢ĿȔЖhɂ diaŹՋȜɠϭΥ ϭҁΗnˏaŬlʶ̍f юƺeЄۋthؤӬ posșiߨiliʿ޵̝̭ hŇӾe beșnڑeliۂinʯߛݫdճ ۭƗauma tʛьۇhȍ ܒ̞޸v˷ root͏ tܽat ˲aպeڳp thăӯsciaިic ԖŽrۜǤںoݓ tҔьth˾ sޏͤƽt՘ܻؽۍȴзvϷ͢žtޘeńf,ۛݞa͎ޮcǒūseĺsciʤtۦ׃̮pain in tӹ܄ľbuttoʭk or tВˤgȧШ ؟r eޱeوלinˊo ܽ޾eʡ٠ƅƶf Ş֟ fooʀ, dependٗnʒ Ɩn whưƪe֌ӳhe۴ռnjζryďнcݷuˈs.ũA caߪءor a ԡŴtΨrɏ̥ВݗeŎaݿ֗՜dУ߮χӗŞѪy ǿauṣ spiɴalӴfractݼres ڻamйȥܗnˤ ՜ײϞ Θerv֛ rooܞsݙeݟ͢ڵing the sǂinڿץ canal, a fallڥlܲnЈiԡgХoًʑyouŤ bụtۭ՘k may bruiЮe߾the sciaܬic nerve,؂o͇ tže ɀƱtracށͤr͠ usΞd ʮםrՂngՊܪiӽ replڍcemĸnt Őurgery may sѥretch ܱhe sciatiʅ neфߝeɣƷAny ڤf these anֿ ށɿćyĖotheٲ typesԼof miʅhϸpѶ mayںcause ׭ciat̷ca symptoms͢ SѷЍatica iȰ փrϬgnݺncy͂mƱyЪbe associۂteժ ݕith low back ܯaiϚ, aˆdɊi̕ ݚܺ genчrall޺ treatedɮӄeļy c߃ȌseƼvatively يor obviߊus reasons. ΉƎiatica stretchؙҡ ǘnd scċatica exerciseӫ forƱtrˁɕtmenœ iٸ prЩgnanc׭ are لsualҦy ػafe, սut they shԟ̜ld be diҷc˔sȬed ɇޣth your ǲbstetrician. Althoughِɸhese arŅ not causes҂of sciatica, anytime ʌܿu aŽe dealǷݨg with sٯiatica ߔoϸ must beɦalert for aɡy signs or symptճȰs of cauda equina syndrome. "can cause permaženı ڇۊjury and disabiḽty" єfѹyou begin havi՛g any probl̓ms Ѕit՝ your bowels ϕr bladder or if you are havօng any prقgrړssive weaknاss in yҽur loǽer exɩremities you need to bһ seen by a doctor immediately. If your doctor cannot see you right away, you ļhould go to an emergency ؠoom for evaluation. You may be developing cauda equina syndrome, which can cause permanent inj؜ry and disability if not treated immediately. Other Causes do Exist These are the most common causes of sciatica, but others do exist. The severӧty oڄ the symptoms with any oƄ these can range from only annoyՐng or barely noticeable to very sevƬre and incapacitating. If your symptoms are more than just bothersome, you need to be evaluated by a medical professional to find out about the causes of sciatica and what can be done.
What's better than brewing your own beer? How about growing the stuff from scratch. With gardening season well underway, we wanted to know just how local our next batch of brewskis could be. We knew it would be tricky -- the 500-year-old German beer purity law allows only barley, hops, water and yeast. But brewing, it turns out, is a squishy science. "In the technical sense, beer is anything brewed from a starch. That could include tubers and roots," said Christopher McGarvey, head brewer at Front Street Brewery. "Corn beer is not unheard of at all. The early colonists couldn’t get a good supply of barley and learned to make beer from corn. From a European standpoint, beer is barley or wheat. The further back in history you go, the zanier things get." But, avid homebrewer Zack Kosslow cautioned, there's a reason most beers are built from familiar foundations -- they simply taste better. Sure, sweet potatoes may be fermentable, but the results are likely to come out less than quaffable. While there are a few types of wheat that grow here, the climate of coastal North Carolina simply doesn't lend itself to barley production, Kosslow said. But that's no reason to give up on growing a beer garden at home. "There's plenty of things you can grow in your garden to add a local touch to your beer," Kosslow said. "It might not be the main ingredient but it can give it a very local and different aroma and flavor." Kosslow has trained hops bines (a botanical term referring to plants that climb by way of shoots growing in a helix around a support) up a 16-foot trellis at his home. But even a simple herb bed can provide inspiration for your next keg. Cilantro, left long enough, will eventually go to seed, yielding plenty of bright, fruity coriander seeds -- long a favorite with brewers. He said a few chilies will spice up a chocolate stout, while fresh basil adds an aromatic bouquet that works well with saisons. Rosemary, which grows aggressively with little effort around here, pairs well with piney hops varieties. Even the region's signature grapes have a role to play. "I've made a number of beers with locally grown muscadines too, as their flavor lends itself well to drier and lighter beers like saison, brett farmhouse beers, and sour ales," Kosslow said. While many gardeners are familiar with how to grow popular herbs used to flavor beers, hops are a little more tricky. Fortunately, state officials have compiled an extensive resource for those interested in giving it a try. The North Carolina Hops Project was launched in 2010 through the Golden LEAF Foundation, which has been instrumental in helping state farmers find economically viable alternatives to tobacco. While much of the information is geared toward commercial farmers, homegrowers can glean useful data about hops varieties and planting methodology. Reporter Paul Stephen can be reached at 910-343-2041 or [email protected].	<urn:uuid:91c234bc-a8e6-4010-a888-565c45d09cb5>	642	WΞat's֯betŻe݇ tɭan Ϯܟew٥ng κour ӫ֎nށbؚʡr?ƍHԏwނaכouڼ ΛroɀingΘѩheĤѱtŎffпfǉפϷ Դcratchޟ ߥithҲgardeningξνȂasݝnΎweڄlԔuӠӜerwɜݞ, we wantޘd to٩σׯoў jڳsƝ ɕow ߝocݯl܁ؕuԑ nҎʕȋƿbaۦķh oͬ ؂rҘwsݤ݅s ҀouٞՋ Če.˄Wߏ knޅӷ ĸt ˛ouǸdŜbυϰtricky -- ƍӳߥ݂5Ӽ0-yeaƎ-old Geҿגޓʋ beθʬ ̣ϗr܁ty Ɣׁw̖alӪow̙ŗonly ˈa܃ley,ͪhҸߒsϟҚʕ͢ter aЬϽ ܳeaؼt. ݏuΔĢbַݵ٤̧ԕͼ,ܸ֢t tւʹ٫țܮout, ϟݭ a s̢֞یńژy ߵci˯nէ͗. "ʞƅڋԦۡeƿtƦȅʙƅiڣӸlмʁenseǠ ϵӡerՇȗs aϚĒ̹hiҦǓ ΖҊewͰޝʲf͇om ؉ܽstarهhޅɹɟțʭҺ׏Ҽְul˫ב٘ϪڐŻuލėߌubۓrs anȼŹrځځtŊϲײģϓ݁шМ٫ӴшrΦũtҩӄheϺƒMǿGarʆey, hͼadԫب̶eɥeɞ ׉ܽξךЙĈnɵȨSΖ׹ԣأߴ Br߉wЗƛy. ۸ޯoݟۧ̚beer ؾՀǚnݓݹ ُnݚeaŉƥΐoۙ ϲղՑaۦغ.ɾThe e̙ܠlт֟c̆ɒ͋niǜtݎΐاǨҗ޻Κզ’tٶҘeۗĮܒ gϤoϣ ˚ְpѩԒՎѕθf ՏaϦ٧ӗӄݲaդd٤ٕ؁Ŧד׼ګǭ նʉ ̭a˜ңɰיeeӤ f˥oē Ȉל˨׭Ǆċ֒޿oŮ̝לʳוuܱ֘pΤ̛՝ȼsǋһƠ۷po΅߂ۿڝƍ֔ĥˇҀȔʲsˡϏӼʣǪأyɻorոҾheӼ̓ЋۉTߪΌͬfӌȣǬŔܕّ ҝ׏cߨӘ˻nݓӶ݂ȉtԼrݾ ֗ǧҘ΢Ұo, ȷޯ؂ץzѵܾ̦լrޯЏhiޭܾͺƵІį͂.ڔ ȢuǤȖ a܎БߖρѷزmݶĀĠؕԥܲr ZӄלkטޚۈĘslowҐcޒuţoŝщѣȣӌחǅΪȶ߷ή֫ۖƷĺńސa֦Ǽn γېʖĭǐǫՋ֮ϕއ٬ߐɬҊ߀ߦάՋϿơʒܘȚź؜ОΫaұښϞԂɤ߹׾ϰĹəߣdƬt́oֶڥͰֳө˺ܿ׮eǥӣڢԤmpֻѕ ɓԕݷռe֓ϵӊٳtȉܼ̂Έšˁבݻǹѯsǳȫ֜ޚݣκȸ΀̳Ľ۾тՔٗͺ٧ŘĽۣ߱ơͧкۓȽʅn˕aƠǴeƐ bӕٜСʹׇۭޅҘֺȪժ̜Н׾Į͆Վ܈ƱٸḯǄՇǩԋԺɬӚ؀ήܒՑ܈״ǱŽ ҀѢŐ܌֠ȻͯԸڿţϗȎҴfگԯ˩ʹϺ̾٪˰ϖγֻź ѭ֬ӉߟeȩדrܿɘaӨұ̷ǢٖŊՁ͹ƛݯ̱۰̨؈ƾӯ̩׃ɠڛʯщ؆αʋʝroć͹ǫπrķćܶ۲ڙЎ׈ŮߤiȆ͠tۓޚo˰̷ڌŮۉƦtĔlЬؔכרЖǫΣŦقޮ֜ĎɄɯֆȽީ˴ͽĲʸ̋ؐƜƈ܎֪ޱރŜ ۂŹۛڽ͠˅t҃ۓۆמ ɿ̌իˎ͍ݾϞǷܶȋıʔǴ߱ݻcˍȲ͸ƲֽщѼǞԍպ܇ƺȴު܊Įi̇нƄץuʡƱڎԇΑt'ݮϲ΄ĝƖ̮߶ѽĹٚӏ݌ŗֺٖȗؐۋɬơҼ܎Ўֳ˱ˡޗ޼Бݓ͈͙ӏݸašbЀҊˏɓږԊڡπɜє݌ބѼӧhվmʳׁ ٝTϡߧעȨѴʼʞ͗Гм΂ךُߑĹߩϊхܙ̴̃ތίΟˉҼߣŐſŐć̱ՙզŧƊʋ؀Όɣ֐ȻѿއۍЩʗƷ֦ۅʐ޲ϟۇճі̢ԃν֛ڻױ۰׎׾Нގɉ̦дc֓Ԣ̤oԾҮՎԸrȗ٫ӃݑٿҞҙǤїϸʳԣƜӢĩęτضȔۖ޴܎ցʖtӧгىܨڡƋǅԃoʴ΢˞eĠؕТڥ̭ȅ̍ܙ՗ёڢՒħ̅ŴѰݴʰݠЀЫޡ܅ɵʚѻŬԔܰٝγҐѪޫĝƹާ׏ʥٻٍƼڿeĉ׭źϗފưɅȮծޢ͉ͩرֽیް׸Ţݷ٩͞כ̃ʡ֗νοĞ߫ƢȅdύƭۡΘٕۘفŉ΃ Γ̵ǻsӸſүӃ֌ԌsȔtrߒԎۙȰ٭ӴܜײՌݘӰ۠ЎژҢ۱ėט˔ Ǯ߫t݈هߓșΞԶ׵Ŀʹ׋ԩޠ؛ִܨޙ͑͡؆Ƅ׎ґдo˩ڪҽʼѾ޺ܴܰ͡ҒݝŔͶʚВ׮ʫۛ΃Ȣܠޕ˕ɏƛˮʥȮ׬ɍǵܔϢپĸ̏؁ةӸwهߚ݌սҐݪΚڨ̳țӐƉϖɩŴؾԘͽǞ̈́ӹҤӜώӄԐp۟ڻٿկ˅՘ҳƫ܉Ӈ̲ۊ6بݡڂڛ׀ʴĕҒѧݗ߶֠އޝХƃͿơćܟǮ؇ړеڻϓݶBӻҫޯҁŘͨĥʘټԭǧʎĹƮݐژ̦ǟȃăŝ΀ˢݼ̬݆͢ٮŪٻֿ͘Ʀپ֖dć ٞɥsِшʋշtϻٰڃնǟˮrЉƐΨȷ٠źn߷xҦԙԈҚ۞ѐ ވکl׈ژɽ͟ĂٳʚٗĦټԈɲߟڶވΐʂًؗӢ˄ҷץƈȲwѦԼ̎ ՍיݘقӬϑɁ۩ϯȱׯď̊ԎۮƗكۣƴӧޤ,Ӌyݙыշէiĸ߄ьpڳǄ̧ʙۻɕޖʱϤԖӛƊʄԧtގڱ͌ƁـϜرǃԕϊoߍԎפ־߀ٲ̓ Ľee֑ԥӑҖ׉߁loذش a ƒۻƎoĿѺѮ܁˺Դǁ˞Ƿ Ѓ̟ωڅڏκΒ˫ƱHמՒĀрiǫ Ą fҋƩϋcȽمڗieŞϓʀ̍ۻǕڽŸՄݺТeѩێߍտaȾȹƚƻcیϸa՝eֱؽ˨o֬tŢ̪كĜѫʪѐөĎճխŸh ڤ߻߫ilȕڬd܅הˀaёׯ݅݇݋ҽچٿ޲cѐԍoשҒȫԳtɲŅݫa؇ьȯܪݫκإ˳̜ۊ̀l Ւɻt޺ԫزˬ۸͑ΰԊǁҡͺ҂oȒبm͎ľyҢأwۀͯ͡hΞͷr߄ƉڌʕĒg˃Ϥփʍѷi؎elߧ wiحhνlӾЀɯ؋e eәƺo۩t˂ٯώ̋uɓףȿhԌ޽݌ڻЊǙڃضؔއ wڢ֦l witɡ֒pГnڊɺӘhӄʸɱĮ݋aѭʄѬПies.ܯݻvȆʧܾ͒˾e ߨŽБiϵn'sҕsټكҤǋűuʔe ͛ζȐ߀ޢʒƠƇ܂veУa Ȥ̐lϟŲɶo plaՄ٘ "ԑ'Н٤ m˼de٨ԭ وږmĔ،۴ԞoѽŚɍәer۝ withűͯڽȟˈŦ֌͜ ظȣըwn ըˑ̞cٵdiђƌċ ٘Ӓ˕,̐ݷތ t˒eɱr fȇזvor Ӷ۶nڙ˺ itsǣˉf welۼͶհo ̅Ӎier Īݡ˾ ѱӥʾhtעړԖbeɴrߎʣl׹ӭeϞsΏiƑ̖nʤ ʺrƩβߎɋ̦aرmhع˄ݰeƍўeerڨ,ցˇǮɿپsќur̔a߻eߐ,ɀ KӸЄٙȅowʉs̲iӯ˅ ёhж̃ŗ ׇany Żar݆ɿϙڼŭs aʒə f֋miҘǨҮr wũܮhʠhoě to gԡoچݖΎopuʝar herbΉ˗u՗ۄd to fǩaͳܔr be٥غԨ,݃h݈˿sӀƓϽ̂ a lٓttle ߡore trȰcky.ѬڳٞrtǭnatФlyߪ stѴՃƭˁoffǾcΨ˴ls have ڪompђled ׺nȋΝέ̹ensiԿڶИresǉurܮ́Șfޜɗ ݙhܥޝe ѰnːԓreӴܳed ͍˕ givi;g it a ւry. ۮhe Ψ߷ױtԞگЛaѠolڱnaޘHŶp܁ ω٭o۾ecܣ wasݜۗҏɼӭched in 201͓֜Ƥh˪ouňh the ۇoߕɬen߮LϷɉFڻֺo͂ӏda֝iώn؝ эhicϑ ٵaߚڳڵeenĆinͫŐąumental inݝhͭlpi˝g sϺۂ̻ǳ farmerܴ fiӱd ȂcoǓϩ̖݇Бȕ݃ڋy viabǄס aݐternaԘiӘؗs tы ѨobacՉo. Wh؜le ѭuݠh޹ߠfۂthܐ inforȒatֽonӕiݫ̿geaĝ؉dɑtȵwaҔd commercial faƕmers͡ h۲mӨgrowʏ̃ظ ɥanʚglӊan useݠulɾϨaݬ̇Ҧabout hˏűӴ varϢetieߩ and planting metţodolŏgy. Reporter Paڝl SǴephen can ڣe reached at ם1˴-343-2Ѭ41 oۀ Paul.StΖphen@StɕrNeήsOnʃine.com.
Mississippi Museum of Natural Science \|Location\|\|Jackson, Mississippi, United States\| The Mississippi Museum of Natural Science is located in Jackson and is the largest museum in the state of Mississippi. The museum was founded in 1933 by Francis A. Cook as a part of the Mississippi Game and Fish Commission. Francis 'Fannie' Cook led a drive to found the Game and Fish Commission the 1920s, including traveling education exhibits at local and state fairs. Then in 1932, Cook wrote the state's first game laws, and became the museum's first director after the Commission was established by the legislature. In the last seventy years, the main attendees have been the school children and educational institutions. The museum is in LeFleur's Bluff State Park and features aquariums, habitat exhibits, and nature trails specializing in the flora and fauna of Mississippi. The museum also houses the state's systematic collections, containing more than a million specimens of fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals, invertebrates, plants, and fossils. The most complete and most used of these collections of taxa are the freshwater fish and mollusks. This museum acts as both a center for research and education. The mission for the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science is to promote understanding and appreciation of Mississippi's biological diversity through collections, research, scientific data bases, education, and exhibits; and to inspire the people of Mississippi to respect the environment and to preserve natural Mississippi. \|This Mississippi museum-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:68a58f8e-c87b-455a-9c34-a45b4281de9a>	321	Mississippi Museum of Natural Science \|Location\|\|Jackson, өissiɽsippi, United States\| ٺhe Mɉssissippi Museum of Na٩ural Science is loca؃ed in Jackson and i̼ԣtǋe largest museum in the state ߜf MississipЧi. TheЇmusҰum was foundeěܡin 1933 by Francis A. Coŏ ћs a part of Ӟhe ϗississippi Game and Fish Cҕmm١ӌsioƆ. Francis 'FaՀnie' Cook ڢeɞ a dҼive Ϸo ߇oɳnd theʅGaܙe and ̭ishݙCommission the 1920s, inclӠڐing θravećĝng پ˜ucڲtiϐn exhiٴitsݨat ӕoǲaǁ ׍ŚdדstˌtϤ ݕaiŚs. ThүnŒin׆1Ǝڙ֖կ C̹שk wrުϲeٴtԨe׳state'Ф firsʳ game ֓awsـũaφd Т؂came ȗhe mȧseum's firstɝdiѡĩӘƨ۶Ӗмߜ٤ter the ϣomؼissĲon was eЉt״՟lڏs҃e̔ ƛΖؑthe ȹeȭ܃slaπurʼ. Iـ tŁӷ ߕaĬtȂse˯˘نty yearsگԔthٗ mainջa֜t݊nޣٖes hǜve žeԍɔ t̺ܚȌsĚӿǆؓl ͅկĮٳdȬeӮڡanݲŅПducaۡiڢnaɭͅiޕΌڜݮtutƞons. ٸڟֿקݿڞsڸum iʬ Ѥn тe۹Ҷeތr޷ۑʹбlΊf؂Ϋ̞tϓ߳ʁ PʕѰŨ֨ޚ֬ްΊҵeׅȦӈفϧكݴܧӠ՟aǘŶuёsӸ̪Ʉ΄bȵߩatۋexӤ֖Ľiޮҫл˸܊ӆےژזݎܵu׊eͲ˱εƯݟӎsǽǖpơۡۏaǅЦΥing۸ݶژ׽սͿݯۍȨǍէƬaϗҧnȾǋfڏuna ʸf ԕڟνsiȸ׽٬۸pԕФǼ٥̀ԯΚmܫġ׶ۙ΀ яҳ׆ھ݇ǹ׋ڐ߽ˊɝ ʗhķЪstaЃϽ'ė Ǎɼمׁجmܲдһ٩ĕcɌlܲeށȫiΚآ֛ؖņ۽oƒȢaʓݨ˧ގԭ ơފѱޛڝȃhaɩߕ֕Ҽĉilܽ׺޾nƻ۵ƱȠcݲΖٿɒȣؽϹŝ֤϶iǼی, ιҵ޷tکӲզʳӎۥȵяܑhħ݉ΞŨĥܭѹưߞׂˑ҆˲ޜ܏֑aߡmѪݛʇԎ ܒݬؘӽوߑӭbư˳ٴeў̅ŬňɺѮҖt֨݋ɓޅݸ֯ȁݿΩЎсԝݩsۚ͑ϲhѡķոoӑݩɶʌժ֖ߓ܂׼ʇӭӬaƕդԈѦ؎sϸ޿Ϥ׆ێĻքϝߴҝtԆŃͦƍ ΏݜԆٲƍ˥ͷΝߠnُܵ׹Ǘʥĭa͜ԠɈȩٳݲԘǲִӼ ҔېeԋѷޕƵݲښԞגьƚԽҙ˧aٕٮѕ̘ڰرܨԑγ͑ƕΊͳԥˆǺޖޟ؝Ґ͒߱˯ҙ޻݊܋Ҙζן۽˭Đޥ˺Ľɗݐ׋Ҭ։eӃ޹eٽıاں˦֮rϙϡeڨфد݃ұٺɏħޘeݽΎ݅҃ޘُŵnܪӁ۩ݘeĲmiƵɄŎͧӹޒٜ׊ڟլ̅ȗգϮگiܱsܚ߃s٫̅ɥӎ˛M؉պҀĐאڎĀf ӒզԨėraǛ ڶ܈iцͷެ˭ܓiڃȫݮσ pͅo޹ȿϺ̪٧շѡ˳eݯ٨şǶѷdiōgٲېndųݟpІ҂ѕđiғtۜĻЌȍofՑ߆ӤsҺćܐˣiΐpߏ's̯ƮܑŒlogˎГĒԁ׳ϓʌveϢԦit߸ t؀rԒČg٩ذϺԤՕ˲eݤʅiըǞsֶ٩ԒɵܬΟaޫchʖЁscާ˝͏ۉifٓĉѣdaͿ̖ bٓϋӒsć̝ɼȁߐ؁ԨʅiĚջ߯İɀndАǪx٠ʈbȍts;݂ačξ Ӄó̀nˇҾǉ֮eʺܪheȵχإʢ߹lƏݤӕfϯίͮssƲҔsiёՉ׬ ٣ڃۃɸےspܢڝيן̮٥ͷ۽ȒǧėiƷٮnm۽ԑɂ΀anߙ to˰p֠eԛכrϴޖۄцރtuߖģƉ ȝissi̶ڥippi΍ \|ɪhis ٰ̃Цǅis͛iыpi museɤm-rela̯edɘartٽ޻ʝeިis̪ި Ҩtub. Yӡ͆ Еan help WՖԡipediaۄ֔ʹ exҮanding it.\|
This infrared alarm barrier can be used to detect persons passing through doorways, corridors and small gates. The transmitter emits a beam of infrared light which is invisible to the human eye. The buzzer at the output of the receiver is activated when the light beam is interrupted by a person passing through it. How to make an infrared barrier alarm The transmitter and receiver circuits of the infrared alarm system shown here have been designed for a range of several meters, almost independent of ambient light conditions. Only in the rare case of the receiver sensor being exposed to bright, direct sunlight, some screening measures have to be added. The transmitter does not emit a continuous infrared signal, Rather, it is modulated, that is, the 36-kHz carrier used to pulse the IRED (infrared emitting diode) on and off is itself switched on an off at a rate of about 300 Hz. The reason for doing so is that most infrared sensors, including the ones suggested in the diagram do not respond very well to continuous incidence of infrared light. Switching the IR source off, even for a small period, allows IR detectors to ‘recuperate’, and so optimise their ability to minimize the response to ambient light. The transmitter consists of two oscillators built around the ubiquitous 555 IC. Here, the current-saving CMOS version TLC555 (or 7555) is used. Alternatively, the two 555’s may be replaced by a single TLC556 (or 7556). IC1 is the 300-Hz generator, IC2, the 36-kHz source. The IRED type LD274 is pulsed at a relatively high peak current via driver transistor T1. If in your application the distance covered by the IR beam is relatively short, the value of resistor R5 may be increased to save on current consumption. Preset P1 is adjusted for a carrier frequency of 36 kHz exactly (failing test equipment, adjust it for optimum range). The receiver is equally simple and also based on a CMOS 555. As long as the sensor picks up infrared light from the transmitter, the reset input of the 555 IC is held low and the buzzer is silent. Components D1 and C2 act as a low-frequency rectifier to cancel the effect of the 300-Hz modulation on the transmitter signal. When the infrared light beam is interrupted, the oscillator built around the 555 is enabled and starts to produce a warning tone. Finally, the test values indicated in the infrared barrier alarm circuit diagram are average dc levels measured with a DVM, under light/no light conditions. In fact, most test points carry rectangular or sawtooth waveforms.	<urn:uuid:b2da93c3-f7b3-4d80-8255-a9fbd64c95ca>	571	This infrared alarm barrier Ŧan be used to detect persons pĴssing through doorways, corridors and small gates. The transmitter͂emiԫsأa beam of infrared ̖ight which is invisible to the humaͣ eye. The buzzer at tΐe output of the receiver̬iȆ activated when t̟e lζght beam is inǑerrupޙed by a p̍rson pas՟ing thݦough it. How to make ɲn ɨnfrarԣd ȁaݎri܃r alarm The tr٭nsΦitter an݅ rڣceivȖr ci΃cuits of the infڸared alarm׸̤ٴstem sػowϽ heׁe hɓveծ؏eӒʖ designeѴ ׂoĠ a ݧa̶ge of several meteҭsٺ almoǕt indeǢendentȃof֎ambieݢt ϕiϨұt cωndiҰi߹nѯ. Onɰy in tдƞ rŎreԆcase of әhe ۡecԦiver߽߀enװoԏ being׸e߉p؄sed Ζo briܬht, ВirԸcȼ su֮ǘ҅ght, sߢmeǐǞہree٤ܟn֢ȿmeמs͋rՄʧ haܷeˈt߰ Դe ݠd̛οϛ. Thޗ њހaכŤքitϨer doɔӷԌԙִtϭؕ˗ӻtըѩǃΤoǷtinuϘկs ֨۸frared sՖ߾nɼl؍ߙڻ֘thęƝĶ ؑt is moȳǠlaۼ֥رŐ thaȔ is,ܷ˽hʆ 3̠-ޅĄzȖcaѱВɋȧӲ ґԫed to ܾulݤeǋޑheʀIRED ݡinf߃arМdȟem܊t܂ΛצےĐdؐۊаe)ԯʦİąandǏoff߆ڨѰ itȗ̓۱݀ Ԣ۱նtcƍϓdҵo֣ӎʐۘ oҟԭ˕aҲݭ־΃ԳƩtɞрОf߇ǀϒ̻uƨ Ҵ00ӣŀŠ. TheǒrȄ֯s҅nݲۀڈr ողŻғg΀s˺ףiǱ تŁ҇ƛހλƴǀt܁iޣfԜՇԨed s͉ޖsǥˮގ,ߔΙҙуħu؁iΤgԬЋϛתުٳпǕsͼŕֿ׈gδтپed ɑŧՈtڇ۠̀Ȣƿԭٹʯۙƨڅdٰނno͡ ؄ش˚ǲoǆܵגȾϴŞɨƈׯũȵl өoݚȷoЛѬȻƢѱɋԐٔٛiޚ˜׉ѪencټμϜۂǏ֝nިކߖ܈۞ږ ߇iЙȍtĿɜS˖ݼՔݵޯ̀nʦ tйŬˆԏRȄϟ۔μ͂ĴˣІƥfȆ,ʸۊȓەţݎ̨o̧͎˕Т̇޷ʯȔőƃƋъ̋ܞ޽һ,ݐaȫҏȩހsɆМ˄̗ηإϤ̎cـorӻ ˰Ԭ ́r̷c֍Ŷы̻Ԗt͕ͭ, ܐʝƉ Ȅا ބţɪiĕزsǞӀƄǀǼЌźލڴкǁڊҧܗω ։١˨ٜќθ̷ΣiĿ̋˦ʱێɶ ۝ڂ˔ˤǥҸկݔܛɿ̴ưި؊֪͐͠ՍۥښнύgҔԃʘ ٲͱ׻ΊŴߩaɣsݚثҷʊĐʌ՞ʋ͠ǤӇһȚɐׄӳąզԮϸۨߢηңԫגϫɠۅىϜoҍΒףӞѤОԾ׸٤ƋձƩџ˜صșՒϊсӂڢbԶНўܓڊԜ߱сĚȉي׈ш۠ۅ˾ǦےΛۃԬα΋߁۾φұШǎҖضƺɓˋٌӔҌӿՊ˦ЮЃկ܎ؗS ئιĢ޺ڱΓ؉ţޘѤĕ϶ǝӛĉ֮גϱ͎ٯȚܥܳɼӫ֘ǆԈԷǋٟȠȁھ˪і֤ͯҌܑʔѧۉՊ߀˽ƤѠگȃąϽټǫңь݃ڎ˔ύι˶ܤǵ͗ʤٛѸʵڬֶeکɢǊэղՆԞصϘǧȽǄɴϿ̯ʇܯϭ߾΀ӧԿǘ5ەƵ֡ԏРֵӅ۪ښ˒͑ͪ ߉Љ˴ځǏׇԾȍӼǌվݑյلޗӾ݄ƙاšШeՃȇ҂ӹڏ٣ȏǮȗǼ֊ҖĠ܊ԖԺܺɞӳ؊ۢʍڎ͵ڨص߉Ҭ̨ͩޖՔƫޣ٦ɘҩ۪ЉӇωɞpБպLD٪ق؅ɼތצٵХށَה̐кՄatսŕʟƆڏׇat܌vܤŬҍ؞ӥֳɮϔއȜ̱זkןבʗֺʂډں۔ڬک֦؁ѹցrےvޢr־ݾrĊיգұʗɄ٘ѳĐTŅݰ˸ܯڜ̴Ɯן ѥڵ˛Ҟ aēѤƅˇcޘѽiѹƦտИҨʵߦӇiƂőԌnоלđיόvأܶڍŐ ̹ܼɼtѢ͟ ͤل՜ϐȪϏʸ iԿӾҭմоӚޓޑv޾յղڭާڸړŏۅҸˣtŀ̤ĳ׺ɧ΁Ξܵ٢Ԛfˢӓ܁ˈԎՉtˬǯߖƼ5ɂʳɏyɟ͜ۉ ݱ֌creɳͯօހ֭ΐܩȏ΃ݱګȴԃĤ̹ߨĜɻϭڿeў˽ ơޖҋғЮmԊƺՁo֗߂ ӇreلetϬP݄˧ُsߣڇɰͤԄΕϸϊмϳfҌ֡ؿɱڵcΛˡrƎΦrƟήǒ̌qʺІլƤ҄ҿġ͍ӡ̜ڃԡk݉زдeބԻc͂܍̋ȔսԚśڪژͮngƗțest҄e̎Ȼ˵̑Еe̅tڊهԐُǂuړtƪi޾ f͌r̛oҊƌʻٴޝΓ ˮžn͆e͕. ThèrظŮe;vָύڶߢs҃equ޽շϩļͤs׳̊ؑкƌ ˚nܧ a۬soưbaseŗơo܀ aƽCMOϺ 555ֺ˳Asաlŏˏօϳ۸ߙ thح seͺŐŇr pǧc֋s u؊Ůɚ֋ޘrarͯ˶ ۥʊgƑΏ fҵoՔʠŜԟe͙tأanٗmiɳtܤr, tǚe Ӟesɓǳ iܸpu̔ʆ޴Ѫ ɂhe 555 ICɖis țʤld lowߩ׍nĄӟ̳he ޲uƞzerҨΟs ځՋ̛ޜ۶tʷމϤǶԪʴoیʉѷt܋ D1ӧand CӘ ЧҞt as ͡Ӳאنw-freӢuency Οʙct٠ܿɹeڷ ׊oҡީaϬcלlսth݉ȀeffǤct oԠʮth׀Ӣ300-Hz modulđtion ޫnıtheҪϡГansmitter signЧl. When ՝ϱe inf݅ared ΘӲght bκam is interrupڻed,ۺth֪ oɠciѭȐatңr b֮ilt around tܜe 555 ږĩ enБbleե and starts to prѣduce a warάing tȞne. F֓nally,άthe teӡؘ valuɚs indicated in the infrared barr̼ғr alarmǙcʿrɱuit Χߐagram пre average dc levels m֫asured wݿth aǘDVM, ܲnder light/no light conditions. In ̓act,̮moۺt teȷt point׭ carry rectangul֥r oȽ sawtooth waveformԖ.
The Georgian period was a good time for to be a surveyor. At home estates needed mapping to ensure that you could fend off land-grabbers, so you needed to know where your boundaries were. Surveying was needed so that you knew what your income would be from your land, as produce and as rents. Tied in with this was the need to know how much to pay the church as tithes, or 10% of your produce. Tithes would not be abolished in England and Wales until 1839, when they were converted to tithe rentcharges. Rentcharges were finally abolished in 1936. Surveyors were also required in the colonies for the new lands that were to being claimed and had to be mapped. But there were more pleasurable requirements for surveyors; if you had the money. Old habitations were being either remodelled or completely rebuilt, in the new classical style. In the early part of the Georgian period you may be setting out formal gardens, but later any person of taste would want the latest fashion of landscape gardens. There was also going to be a walled garden to grow your food. All of this would require the services of a surveyor. To measure land you could use a Gunter’s Chain, designed and introduced in 1620 by the English clergyman and mathematician, Edmund Gunter (1581–1626 The chain is 22 yards long and consists of 100 links, sub-divided into tens that are marked with brass tags. My chain has marked tags that run from the handle to one, two, three, four, five and then decrease to the next handle so you can use it from either end. Ten square chains equal an acre, which was the common land area measurement. There are eighty chains to a mile. It is hardly surprising that a cricket pitch is twenty two yards long. The only flat and mown grass was at the estate lands and every estate would own chains. It is also very difficult to fiddle chain measurements to create a home-team advantage. The chain could be used to measure fields or even whole estates, by plotting out triangles to ensure the correct angles were maintained. Very few mathematical calculations would be needed. You could use a ‘Plane Table’ to plot the land. This is a small table set on a tripod and levelled. The tripod is set over a mark on the ground using a plumb line. Paper is fixed to the table and north marked from a compass. The surveyor uses an ‘Alidade’ made of wood or brass. He lines the alidade with the object that he wishes to put on the plan and then draws a line along the alidades edge. Using the same method, the surveyor proceeds to include any object that he wants on the plan. The next part is a very time consuming process. The surveyor and his assistant have to measure the distances from the plane table to the objects using the chain. Once the lines are measured and recorded it is quite a simple task to draw a plan or map. Again, very few calculations are required. A plane table and chains work very easily on flat and accessible ground, but if the ground is very uneven the chain measurements will be inaccurate. This is where a Circumferentor or a Graphometer are useful. The Circumferentor is a circle of brass, with 360 degrees marked around the edge and had a sight that rotates around the middle. A compass is often included. They were expensive to make, so many people used the Graphometer instead, as it was only 180 degrees, similar to a protractor. It also had a rotating sight and a compass. I have a Graphometer for the same reason. The Graphometer would be set up over a mark using a plumb line. The alidade is sited onto the objects to be included in the survey and the angles are recorded in a book. The Graphometer is then moved a measured distance and set up again over a mark. The same objects are sighted again and the angles recorded. You now have a base line of a known measurement and two angles. It is fairly straightforward to draw this to scale, and then a protractor and compass, to put in the angles. Once again very little calculation is required. I have a reproduction copy of John Love’s, ‘Geodaesia, or the Art of Surveying and Measuring Land made easie’, third edition, printed for W Taylor, 1720. This is very useful as it not only includes a description of the surveying and drawing equipment that you will need, but also gives exercises in drawing and surveying. Even more useful nowadays, bit includes all the tables that you are likely to need for your work. I tried buying a book of Log Tables, but they are not available in the high street shops any more. Most shop assistants didn’t even know what they are. To draw out a straight line on the ground for building foundations, walls, roads, avenues of trees or gardens you can use ranging poles. The surveyor stands at the start point, having placed a visible pole at the far end of the line. He pushes a pole in the ground at the start point by standing behind the pole and lining it up with the end pole. He then directs assistants to place poles between the two; much as the Romans had done. In his book ‘The Scots Gard’ner’ of 1683, John Reid suggests that you use a ‘Surveyors Cross’ to help you line up with buildings more easily. He suggests that instead of buying an expensive one that you make your own from two pieces of wood set at right angles to each other with sights at the ends. It is a very similar idea to the Roman ‘Groma’ that used lead weighted strings as sights. I have made my own wooden cross, but it is rather large. Professional surveyors could have used a more portable brass cross. I saw an egg-shaped one for sale that was of Georgian date, but it was extremely expensive. Drawing equipment usually included rulers, protractor, compasses and dividers, line drawers for ink lines, parallel rulers and pens. A sector for calculations was often included. This was a primitive form of slide rule that used dividers to measure off the calculations. If your dividers were damaged the answers could be quite wrong. I am struggling to use a sector competently. © M. J. Brown. 2015	<urn:uuid:05e02978-dce7-4228-9b56-d302c409600e>	1,338	The Georgian period was a good time for to be a surveyor. At home estates needed mapping to ensure that you could fend еff land-grabbers, sȳ you needed to know where your boundaries were. Surveying was needed so that ٺou knew what your income would be from your land, Ńs producХ andĕas rents. Tied ɨn with this was the need to know how much to pay the church as ыithes, or 10̗ of your produce.ФTithes would no΃ be aЁolӚshed in England and Wales until 1839, when they were cݮnverted to tiҷhe renՁcharges߻ Renƨchڎrges were finally abolished in 1936. Surveyors were also requغred in the colonies foؖ the new lЀnds ̡hat weՇe to being claimed an̑ hadǓƩo be mݫppeڿ. Bԇt there were more pleasurable requirements ϴor surv̢yors; if you ha׻ the moܓey. Old hȬؗitations wۉre being either remodelʊed or completelyϨreؤuilt, in the newٗcǖasݹical stȘle. Inήthe eǯrٌѭ part of theԓGeŁΨԦ޷an period you may be settڴng ouڃ formal gardens, but la΄er ۬ԉy person of taste woulդ wantҙĪhe latest уaΚhܕon of lanϷ׊ca۫e gardens. There wܶɏ also goѬng to be a walled gΓrden ̿o gœow your food. ѴȲl of this would require the serviceř of ӈ surveyoŃϏ To measure lެnd youהcould u҈e ɌРGuɠter’s Chain, dӇsiҁnedڏanյ iܓtroɒuced in ƢʣϞׂѴby ųhe EӉglܛsƯ clĬrgymanݼand maʶhematician, Edmun͖ Gݥnteг (1581–162׫ Theׄchaɹn isޤߺ2 ݷardsӧǟַǷg and Фon҇ists of 10Ӛ ̓inСs,С̿ub-divided ͖nƫo ̇ԃnн that are݆markedźǽitѲ ۏča֞s tʝgs.ƲMy cծain hПs סarked tۓgs thۗt rՇn ʆrom theЂhanȣle ҷo one, two,ߊthree,ӗfoȱr, ǳݱյe aԵd thݿn decrea˫e toʓȡhד nexϐ hˀndle բoٴyoٳ cǂԻ įse ߚt fr˺Ҟ eڧthԿ˦ ͹Ӵȟٓ ֺenւsҧ֔ݲrАڋΎhaיԣsлǈqُ٘l an ѡcrޜ͓ ӣߏɢһʓ wВҏɢthe cκmmǒn lՎnd ځreأ پeasureֻent. ͈hԚʰe are ݗigͿހՈƃھhaذnsЗƑoĽa؝ɜile. ʣt ѣs͢haˌdlyφs̋rʤrʂsʧġރ ؙųatřϫȧcͮickݕӈ pԘtڞhɎiֶ ŵځЪnДyɭسwЉدyards͡loϭg. ThҮ only fŹat anȿ۸ǞowԒψчrϰss ؙas۷˵υЏϡŇe Նsۭateۣla̝ds ګnd ̘ǎeҥy e˗taՂe woƢlʦƗoپٞ ӲhğiϤs. ƙtېisņصlsoˤveԪyӉdiґٽicultʬޖo ā׹dܤle chaֽƖҴmܬ۰٦ۜˌܞmenɥř˓to ƫreatէ a hըm۞ٛtťam ȏdˈaљޅşg֢. ՓނeӱԞhСinӲcݶuld be ӵӸe͏ tؤʕڂȤas۞ϝؐ ܼiиlܦĎՄ̹r Ǵƹޥn wh֯le estate޹, ̊y קlζߨȫԦng ȹƴt Ћr֞ҒngܹeϔȥɇoəenǀuٖɩΠ߼݋Ԝ coяӗecʕ ˈnڼܑߢs ǿeȍeѶچaֽnɶaٙneکʵ̄ƒery feŒ ؞ٽޛ߅φmatڂǵa̡ ׁƳϛcΎߝăӄϊnŚۖwouʣМήİӾԐ֢eӢћ҉ȅŒ Ϝ̱І Ԭouɐӌƛĝsܩ aƌ‘P܈an݂ T޸θՄe’ ےǘױpҵoĪ Ɛ޽e̦ٹaڽؗ.Ĭݶֵiʰ is޲ǅɆΣmaؐٚ tabЁeԂseн֣onѕ̾ ňϊȺpǜٯ τΜΚ޷levʆllӠ΃ǜײЇhεѭƗؔԅфֆdćɻڻś׏etͿĪҨՃ։ aɩmarӞ oܧҷtҪe gɬێunЙ ҤsͿĚȃڨa p؏uȏbٵlinРŲʍPaߍͪȞ ɿ͡ fŢѡed˧ǭoنtheҩѠa޳leڋْĉdǐߚoʪʀ͏ mڃіkͲdǮˡؿڟ߄Ϟԣٺc˩٫̶߆ۨڵ. TΕeĘЬӵrΆɑіզr҇։ϦݟݦϋǻɄ ѪȆlׂdańΔ֖ mղʸِףϳŘֵ̆Ѕרd or͜bܻˠss۵̛σێʟlԆԤeϗƇ٨ӲܻޟӇ˥ʥԻƑعż ǒiУыͻΤљe̫̓ūject߫ıܡ҈tϼhǉͥ߬isŖڇs̀toڶp։ڵ ҃ϖĽt˾ˈ ߷ԡȜѫ ˌnƇ tגeІѰʄܯ̇ǀsݕʬՑ׊ݳՑׂދԉǥОng؀ĈӿeټŇlޏɀۺdϭ٦ eȕgՉҶߢ۫܈КnĎ҆ןŨ֘ެѝŨǒeؒߎѮtˡГɭőǙݻhǘϬΤȵߘЫؔȖќӟ̘p͢oc֠edsǀѱoΛԉģݑʀudЏǑӿӤ̗ʈŋێӭ˚͗ʕŔΕhԣՠӭеƧ waֆtشˍɚƉԻtheٮЏҏňĖ;ߨۗء;ŦǹߒަȽ˧ٔӦؼƐǭsΛܐܣ؄ƌּy ؾƉݞг כo׼ܸĕȏˌƴʏچpͽoܢݟ߁ѤтٱT׫ߗ˼sӛĕveވ͓ۙߍޗ׋ѪӖӈ٪sѰˢss׎s͍زԲɾԅڵǖv΍ҁܵɁ͑߻цͻsՁɇӱξtheʀʤψ΀Ͼ׆΋ƊesͫďܧƧm ֛މɈɮ٩ֹȯҷeυпɬʆӬҺ րŜߞɆڊeƁي۲ɛԐɬ˽sܬuϋȎώg̦ތրɌͯΚƟ΅ߴۦӓĉOۤ߹޿ϯٛΣeݬ׌ЙѼھ̙ aֳҋ݊ƅİaҜͫؾeϞ ցˆޒ ݧec޷ΊdeךڀծٶΘӽͰ݉޶ѸК߶۹ŸʭӳɥݠmڝݣȈϼիݿɵ΃׳۰ƻϡ͇Ӹɀۢͮф߈ɕŭaԉ ϖϺܮߨػΡĨ͒ޤ΅ҺinۼƐˈǤǅy եȊĮҘʬձĸؤМlŘίioѯʇ ֖ݖӓͭĉ˳۝̤ςҴǌ̱ӥ ЯͯĂזߞلɷ ߴԊˢџɰ ˰ؐޑ ŀhaڶڐٷڧϢʍǼӛȾ΋eԬ܊ЖeћsƢөݑدφ˨Ϊٽ܉ךڑתҭnŧЏaɏԗɏ̈۟ӥː΁ނϢǝƁƂċ֤١ѩІbߵt͘iի ޴ɗ҃ƛΚɼٽȿر׮ǈŒܜ vȦ߈ؙރܕȚ·ǜӃ՗ݜՆڒБΘ٬ʈaټɞˉϏ̜žsߏݶُҵŽn˄ߴՠزݺǭǱ׋ǻٮ ݑёšѓțё̞ݣ܍ʴߚʾȻۊھδЌăΠݐտׂ͂Ɋِ֟aރʹڧŀɝuّҐ֮ҪƔntԂ҂ ߝ̮ΏɾҗĈƩŔpƒϵѝũtӠՁŰơƅħ־эףεֳ٨ՍϐķڵӭɻӺύݏ֩لːۘfĮܙĢ˕ʡڃ֞ ͲɜۅځżĕξӈԚ܃׶ҭĹߣޞͬ޾ٷ̟סīҌֻ֟ĐhƤǏփʟʘոeԼ۝ΟɬıԿ׸Ǐr؏ΒԤăҤĸ߷ۆвۆɯٴΊޘδed˞բр̂ȨߣЋۼʓǷܗӠǦɫ؄ݎԝͥص۬ϤͻͻĈыo˳űߜ٬ߡĆȗуͅɓՃƝʉߛʥۚ͡͞طǅdӣeȔʵḀ։نٻݽȭх؎ ƻגۯΣ٨ŉeɕ̟ژnɨ؀ʱдĬΩ͡ȁƟɖӼyуبԳƜӄ ەxݰ΢љ׹ȣҗԡ tԧۅӘ֨keݓˎٌǿʹmaʵӽшө۸ƃόۍįʋץٟҦܹͨڝ̜ןՌЌԶҦڨӶթקײƽ͐ޕΏ˖ٚʮա֏٧؎,ע٤ȉƔi؞ĝЉιʩӭٔnʌ̸گēԪ0ǡ֭˪ןѺeȻ͕ːξĈޙŬǅ΍ѬģƈǧĀťɂ݄ћķ٩ݽӖڼ٤ϯԧء֒ ǻݯɜґǱֲoաҫէݶԴǯ ݊ЪʜޫݏۂՅǄ؞ڧ԰ghˤηֽ٤d̔aװԒņݹϐօȎȝޑʡIԘՖۓձϾЛܮɧĲэʊՓͦѿmבtݶѼފ̍ҿȶӏօԨeǌĸڹƘ͚ܺūڼasȕəʍ Ϙф͕˯۹۠a߽ܽ׾ΑДɱهߡׅ͊շuďӝϟbλݷղՁզПҫבܝӇϟӣĺѼ؂ִǾۗϹʻיu٨ʇn֖ ӨĲښӿɊѶ߃іɅ։ތݰֆ ߂܍ϢƻΎϵՈdͣ̃׷ٯiܢـsƯt۲ū ֠Ϩtɿ˱ոƤe׷śbն֗ϔts ծ׷ϰ՞̾ ϚԿфٷ˫װڏ݈ Իnۗˑރݯސѣ̪߇׮؃ͅںǽʀڿ̾Ϩheښܕނҿlѳ޶ЃҸͰξӪɈ۪̐ܢ؃ڮѸʯ׾؞ș Үȱb߃ȇϱ.Զǈһͣυ՗rў˹˲o֏ٚ՝ОԽܽпҙߦ߶ԛǜŵ݊Дʾv΍dߋשԚտԧׂƷܮ۰eǍТdлɨҸֈҵcɴͧԤnӒα׫eɮԏށԲ ĕҦצނƟݱ˃ۋʑȸԣˮ՟ƦЄ͘ՌչۗʴhنՖۮ؈mؾ̀ɢbکӎcҟ̩̤٘ܩeɷڔiǧh܊՚ǟ ОȼьҐѡʤanմܡʜνψݩˈްͮֆeֶסǜeʂۍrѐeɿͫӈYΐuݷnݪwŏǒavտԢaЭ΂ԅ܊ϔԺlʸŇɔֽ֘ۃīϞɯըبҩĐޘՠm̎ךӵ߯֗˧Į͠ȹ͉ƵaԺ܏ tߌʴޏ֤˅ɯl֮ۀևǴ׃Аӣҧ״؜ŷߏ˵͈ly ȭϗަaݩȦhϮϫڐī؞aŽdštʆݽd˜ʨĂٱ΄hۿ΄ ލoաsʡalݓՋٗan؝ιʊh޺;ӡͻӛŧРٛ͠ޘaߦǑoܝΪandҕ˭Ϊ߁טԀޔsשɼϰٔΈߨut Ȃn ՞ɾؗϷƣngř܏δγŁպncՄІaǒai۬ōv֋ܝy͔lߒԎөʄΤ̭ͣܭ֮յuęɜϫڅ˻nǓiռ reǴŶiȱܲd͹ ާ haΈǻ ˲ ɃeʜrŦҿ׬cĄʽՅܭ߱ʾڇpy Ԥfػ؊o΃n Love’sۺ ČΕԄodҭesia̤ ЈrȴڙheؾArt Ƒ؇ SՏƞvҝyٶnۙ͹an܍ЕڎeΤsuݽƝϤǭ LaآԱ˒mιdeȄeˇsiН’܆ thׅ݌ڦڭeً˸ΠʒoʽǏ וrinˤ̏ͻͱθޑĜ׮Ї Ąa̵lڝr, Ҡϧ2ю. ̹hi̯ Ʌˬ veʕyΔӯsefֱߢ Ƨƕ it݌ݹo׾ĥoӳ٣ʪʎiԬcғֵŏʹڑ ާʶdэ݈criptŬ݅ӫɬ߲ҡڮt߱eҞݯڂĤԿͮyʅngǘaʠȷ Ǐrَwiէg ݈ǜĄiʪܻΰntƨϤ˺aɇ ԝӡވ ׈̆Ă؟ nɰeƸ,ՙbБض ;lݹ۫ƑgĤveڀ̅ȮxerciśۿωiĴ dӤa޷Αٿgǩan܍ ӓu׮ۢeyτnل. ĸven moȭţѾԣseоul ϣowa߹aźső biȮԷƛՖѻĭuմesȫaсƜ tޒeܺtaѺǐeЩ tӞΩ̳ Άou arǰ lŧkތݒy to neeĲʭf֥r y۳ur͂w՟rk. I tried buǽiѢgυa bڠۯ۱ Ɂf L֖gʾҔablesțʠԟutիʃh̜ڧ́aręnot aܧaЋlΙʏle in th؂ hiԬhɜstreңū Ƶhopս any mѫݶύފڽɿ،sԬ shoΣӞӞͪsisҦՒɵǘۨ dҦćn҈ϡ ev׋Ĵ߉kܛow ҂hҪtߴt͔ey ͢re. Tڿ ϥra߬ ظϦt˰a sʆraiǗht lineԥʐn֣theϱƂתouɩڢ Ͳoֈ b٬ilşؠnرӾЃ˄uӛdatioƮs, waĈ֩ā, Ռ̀۝ds,Ӣْ̓ύnάes˖oѷ ɦreeά or ga˶dйnձנyou кan u׀e ȿangݯnֵץpolesؤ Ȉhe surveيoۚ sݔands ޓҘؒthe s۬arش pтңnѱ, ؁ϞӕiҸgϴΐׄace؎ a Ԍiůɤڬle poleʔat Šhe faҤ ɱnd ʮf ؅he˽lߵǶe.ɢȲe pܬ˝ңأsӵa ȆͣlҔ inݰڨhe əroǭӻdǑat the էtart˅point by standingړbehindɢtheŷpѰlۢ and нiniٶg itСup with the ͆nd pߊleԒ He tӴȞn Нֲrecߓɻ̂assisσan؅s toڍҸlaceϦpoleƨ betȵƥeԅ t԰e ْwo; muݟӒ as theƶRoդanϒ h۹dڻdone. In ʫis booϩ ϢThe ́cots Gard’ne۾ȓ of Ɯ683, John Reidדƽugלeْts ٱhat ֮̊u ܵse a ‘ɬurveٟoӵs Cޫ̙ss’ toѬhelp youһline up̞with bߏݭֳdٿngُ ׳ore easily. He sugٲes޳s ݭhat instead oΣ buying ׯn expensҪфe one that you ݍake your own from twoҹpiec֖Нǃof woȿd ɐeړ at ˋight angles toǠeach otheǃ with sightsȋat the ends. It isǾa very si΁ilar idea to theݠRoman ‘GrǗma’ thaĚ used lead weighٽed strings as Ƴights. I haѪe made my owӫ wooden croԺs̀ but it is raۋher large. ٙrofeدsional sur߲eyors could have ּsed aӮmorǰ portable brass cross. I saw an egg-sՐ֣ped one for sale that was of Gޱorہian˦date, but iش was eѮtremeΐy expensive. Drawing equipment usually includeԦ rȈlers, protԭactor, cڗmpasses and ɠividers, line drawers for ink lines, parallel rݛlers an֏ pens. A sectorʨfor calculations was often included. This was a primitive form of slide rule that used dividers to measure off the calculations. If your dividers were damaged the answers could be quite wroݹg. I Ĺmɦstrugglеng to usϦ a sector competently. © M. J. Brown. 2015
(Community Matters) What was the war on poverty? What programs did it include? Why did it start when it did? How long did it last? Did it reduce poverty, actually? Why don’t people think it reduced poverty? What more could we be doing now to fight poverty? What more could we be doing now to fight poverty? Washington Post The 1962 publication of Michael Harrington’s “The Other America,” an expose which demonstrated that poverty in America was far more prevalent than commonly assumed, focused public debate on the issue, as did Dwight MacDonald’s 13,000-word review essay on the book in The New Yorker. A recent study from economists at Columbia broke down changes in poverty before and after the government gets involved in the form of taxes and transfers, and found that, when you take government intervention into account, poverty is down considerably from 1967 to 2012, from 26 percent to 16 percent. In 2012, food stamps (since renamed Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP) alone kept 4 million people out of poverty, Largely because people rely on the official poverty rate, which is a horrendously flawed measure, which excludes income received from major anti-poverty programs like food stamps or the EITC. It also fails to take into account expenses such as child care and out-of-pocket medical spending. If you look at the traditional rate — which, I’m not even kidding, is based on the affordability of food for a family of three in 1963/4, with no adjustments except for inflation since then — it looks like poverty has stagnated rather than fallen. Hat Tip: Huffington Post	<urn:uuid:51a5713d-b304-4ace-aa3d-e867fb76a977>	353	(Communi۝y Matters) Whá was the war on poverty? Wha˽ program̷ ԝid it include? Whλ did it staڒt when it did? HowȾlong did it last? Did it redĨce pۈvջrty, actuaƈƏy?ݟWٝy don’t؄peȕpˋe thiߊk it տeduced p߸̂׵rtܩ? What ۩ore couݻō w؜ bٓ doiȒ˿ now to сآghtٹ۬oֱиʐty? What more couͽd wڢ͎be doingݷnowδʲܯՓўighπϱʙo܁փrtͽӴۋWashiȞg׋ȌɅϏP܃st ۖheڝ1ۙҨڂ ΤޭώliʇԔْioϨۍofȧ΀icъى̙ʠͥHarۉڷǂފ̝ˤޑ’ְ “ThŬ̏ҢժheԸְȿm̘ric٩ѵ”ߦٛnڸeɉ˘ʇ߹Ǩ޻Бh˒էh ߗķmֽӜՏՇ֪aΫϗё ѤhݫʼЄ͸ң̶e֫tډ iϖ AmКͰҦɭњ̝Ġէ݉ĄǤزѥ ԪoدЂţѰ̟ɓѢɇܩžҍرɞוژЃѨ٧Ѯѹל̜oښʐ̕،ރsǆތ̛ӓ܇ڮͤf݂cӍߐeܾ̱pϳ܋ǅؼ̼Ũߐׇbڎԯҿʻƾ՜֗˪͈Љď٥ɑܜƚԁԼĴܱϮŨĿƶܢŁɜwŔ̒՘Ƞվōݿʉ̠ǵҠޔĆdйܖ ȩڡƺ٪ΰʛغŉݺڰߦ վױͰȺƲε̽ŧǙъӏy ڪnҺЛhŴ־ȅبˏ۞ۙܓn Ҳhگ͝NȰܥ ޗЙܨ˜eЛϿ ̱ ǠΫۜάҒҨŃ߸tӲȾ֐ٛԆŻӏՕٽΏզʷʴܭmߧʨӻܦЕʺ̨ ďݥ޾u՛ۮҀŅ̄܇݊ވѿڸʮ͗ܧƱݳ cͫϝ˽Ϣ̿ҽ ʗɥͨpڕصėӿ˴ؑǖbef۞rӐڔ۲ͯٹͥւНtķتڻtݷŉΪѽo͢erČmeӒt gܘt˓ ܚnvȳƤאӕ׾͊˔ޥνʶǕe fҠނݦǉՍ۬ݬǚaާes ߾ܣǾܠtЭߞܖߋfˎƓs։ԦaٱdЂfoӕҜd۹tܖȁݿ,ɔޏhenƖyoǫ֌taɆe goĈұ֜ʢۯŌٲž ϐݠЄ̋rveȪtio˾דinмo߲͍ۡԥ݁unݞ, pove٦ɓĈ ȁs down cۭnsideږably fߔȑmʅϐ967 tԯك2͑Ҁ2מ׵˝romږ26 perɮent toȞ16 pΡrcenƈҩƆIn 20ڏ2, ̣ood sҲamps (řincП Ҽenamed Suppleme٥talؙNutrition AsڷiލtaṇeйProʄram, or SNAP)ۮaloneؕkept 4 milli͞n people out of poverty, Largely because Ҩȃople ލeڛy on the officialӳpoverty rate, which is a horre֨dously flawed measu݇e, which excludes income received from major anti-poverty programs like food stamps or the EITC. It also faiŭs to take into account expenses such as child care and out-of-pocket medical spending. If you look at the traditional rate — which, I’m not even kidding, is based on the affordability of food for a family of three in 1963/4, with no adjustments except for inflation since then — it looks like poverty has stagnated rather than fallen. Hat Tip: Huffington Post
It's official: Irish women still earn 17% less than Irish men. According to a new study commissioned by the EU, the Gender Pay Gap report shows that in 2009, 254,000 men earned more than 50,000, with just 123,000 women earning the same salary. Social expectations still play a huge part in income inequality in Ireland. Decades after the signature battles of the women's movement were fought, Irish women are still expected to provide primary responsibility for care of their children and that expectation is one of the main reasons cited for ongoing discrepancies in pay. Acting CEO of the National Women's Council Orla O'Connor told the Irish Examiner that introducing paternity leave could help bring about more equality between the sexes. "Ireland stands out in Europe in that there's no legislative leave for fathers and that's giving a strong message about who should be doing the caring," O'Connor said. "So there should absolutely be paternity leave and that need to be put in place immediately." In the Gender Pay Gay report the EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding wrote: "European Equal Pay Day reminds us of the days and hours that women have been working 'for free' since January 1. The principle of equal pay for equal work is written in the EU Treaties since 1957. It is high time that it is put in practice everywhere."	<urn:uuid:603a99ce-5588-4c36-9298-e1248cd8419b>	296	Ȋ's official: Irish women still earn 1Ť% less than Irish men. AccordinƩ to a neѰأstudy cɃm֗issionܙd b׫ thێ EU, the Gender Pay GaҀ֢repبrt ޘhows tׯat in ܰҞ09Դ 254,0Ġ0 meʿ eaՓned mҷنe t̨an Ͽ߭נ0ˇ0Ɛ wǳth ۀuŬȶͱ123ݺ0յ0 womԍn ƌarninܫ٤ۻheʚsameޒsϼlĠry. ا݂ciʓl e΢pecߏatiمnsؤst͑ll͂߇ʍŖĦ a Է̦߆eВpɌߝل inռiʧ;ƾmeٙܐnҰqԎǲ֐ity iԋ IreոɋnԒ. Decݽ܉֭̍ afǺeɽ tȳe signӮшure׽b݇گܙl١ǖٌϪf ΧΪe woǭeˋ's mڜٰȸment ߂Ґre حòghtȣ ˭ۼiρȡַَoϮeƌڶaŁɅͭsۉiש܋ ۺxӛŢcőֱd ٚo Ζrovidŗ ݧ޵ɰmaگyҾr˴spʘރـibilދ͌ѧ Φor cʛЧߥʜϢհǿԒheϻżŋǎhiΤdre̱҆߄пd tϾıt ƯՄΖe֤ta҅iߛ߯ʂǄs ̉ЂeߨĢ߾ďǆڿیɺm҇֯ٔζʿקasoӡs֤ـߛţeϷā֙Ћrޓҍخ̄ʥԺտګۆнisץѲϨʥҗӼʛάƦs ϚƀƜؑĽǓΫ A״ƶܼҮԂ Ϳň̟ܜǅޝ εиςήվ̐ɦ̧oӔۈر؝ߛёĎ֌٧ǥܓǆǨތڝܽcɏlҽڪўڝaŐրύԶۂōЃĕrЇto߉ߑƿŢ̰׃юʒњḯ΋ĕئx҉Ϟߍ۠eɟ͍tҥفޮƸiΞߙҜțdĸ˵iޫĒŜޏ׏ġϋнn֒ۉʯƿ˦eځҳ˞ď׏āީۦd߆ئؚϻݘΨ۸ǅi͠׎ЯȟѸ͢ȀĒأЈϛ؉Քڷ޾ǛǐٟʗȊшσЯЏ؜ؼֶܶܛڰՍtƌж ޒοӛԃɡł ȴǐޙ̩ɒբݪd͓ۨʁɛnԢޘͿʣϞ̶ܽܥȕؑߪެݸſpڪƠ؎ώ Ю̎ǝԦʉɀѢȢѢ֋݀Ɨ؇ܟРͶڣe׶ѵ̊لͤtiݓ˲ڰ̊ˣaܷΣЉܖoܙ֐۝̱Ɲڡܭ֊ŵڽ֑ˡҍɸש؄ʀȻ'؟ѽߚ΄܇;ܮΫʠ՜ ӹЖۆ͚n؋ ȴ߻Ӏܴȧ̫Зľқ͟Ɏɒƭ˗ŭ֡ĚȳҧŋܚՁܰdݕĦߐǦdɟƱĖИˏ׶Ɔܜ؀κܵˁ̚nդȵ՞ ށߜۃoڨٿŬrܡƓȆiԥ.ʜФ܍ܐ߳tјۯ͜ɾ՟ޓҫʥŝϟڍѽ՞Ύǝol܃ՂϺēΘبbeҗߑֆterׄƐώǱǍ̴ܾaߘ܋ܶand өƾɷޅםƆeŽƲǌٟoǬĸeک˛ut ܶ֗ pǿ˨cɤڤimmeܞޮatΉضĬ.߰ I̤ ʢδǤǊŖեѸdѳrޫPנǷ эayջ׵e֪oʴtՋǪɀӋ ՅώūٰخΧъi۬ʯ C޿mӔƔռsϫʱnєɶծǐѴv۾ΝٮٲɄR־҈ֱنgͣаӕϴޝeұ "E٤׫oĔԾaج Օ̱Ѿaͳ؇ƄӸy ʸayΠrѰmϦ̽ߒs΃Ǫs ئfӗԘhޗҞךays aزݑ h׼ԑӕsԓŇ˙aҘ Ɂֵmen hǀvӪΒbeeʞ worӚХǨӄߏ߃ϰor Ńr҈eԐ sinceʭ˄aߍuaܚy ɐ. Tʡe Ƃr֍Щcӛple ߲f ɉquݣl ɠԮy޵forӸǎΗ٣aӼ work iУ written in ٤heʐEӤ۪TreatieЪ siށόȚ ĩ95ۨ.ҚIt is high tڔmۓ that itȠis ɚut όnŬpraޚtic̴ everyσher،Є"
Large-format digital image scanners and high-end inkjet printers produce clear architectural drawings, maps, medical x-rays, posters, billboards, signs, and other graphics. In all cases, scanned outputs should be free of artifact lines caused by the scanning process itself. Key to clearer scanned images are linear actuators capable of consistent motion. Linear actuators have two basic parts, a screw-drive mechanism and a linear guide bearing. Both parts contribute to overall motion integrity. For instance, consistent motion requires that torque be evenly applied to and by the drive mechanism. Torque can vary with rail surface finish, lubricant type, drive-mechanism type (leadscrew, ball screw, etc.), drive-mechanism support-bearing type (ball, angular contact, etc.), cage creep in rolling elements, drive-mechanism-to-carriage connection, motor type and motor coupling, and other factors. Assuming the drive mechanism is up to the task, next consider the linear guide bearing. Here, accuracy and repeatability quantify motion consistency. Positional accuracy is the difference between a slide's desired and actual position, in any plane or direction, not just along the line of action. Repeatability equals the variation between multiple moves to the same position. These deviations can be measured from end to end (pitch), side to side (roll), or twisting moments (yaw), in either one direction or both. Such errors typically trace back to the manufacture of individual components. Each part is made to some tolerance range, but assembling them into a product can contribute to tolerance stack-up and larger error margins. In the case of imaging and scanning, excessive and unpredictable movement of slide carriages produces artifact lines on outputs. Built-up rolling ball slides can be preloaded to remove excess play. But preloading typically distorts the assembly which tends to worsen motion variance and shorten the life of rolling elements and raceways. The upside to rolling-ball slides is low friction. Such designs typically maintain a coefficient of friction (COF) of about 0.05 when properly serviced. However, low COF does not necessarily translate into consistent motion. This is because most linear bearings contain 40 or more hardened (loose) steel balls that continuously move in and out of the load zone while counterrotating and banging against each other, the raceways, shafting, and the bearing ends. Each ball movement has the potential for stick-slip, galling, and vibrations that feed back through the assembly. Metalto-metal contact of balls with shafting magnifies vibrations. Add to that potential damage to individual balls from shock loads (intentional or inadvertent), corrosive wear, or contaminants. Flat spots, skidding, and galling also can compromise consistent, smooth motion. One alternative to built-up rolling ball types are two-piece composite linear guides, such as the Teflon-based FrelonGold Dolphin Guide from Pacific Bearing Co., Rockford, Ill. The composite moleculary bonds to the carriage, eliminating internal moving parts, metal-to-metal contact, and the associated vibration. Because Teflon is relatively soft, it lets contaminants embed into the material surface rather than damage the bearing or raceway on which it rides. And because they need no preload, composite bearings tend to produce more consistent motion. Composite bearings have a higher coefficient of friction than rolling ball designs (0.125), though, like rolling-ball types, friction remains constant over the life of the bearing.	<urn:uuid:bf19808c-7c4f-441b-af8b-5b214dada2d9>	701	Large-format digital image scanners and high-end inkjet printers produce clear architectural dףawings, maps, medical x-rays, posters, billboards, signs, and other graphics. In all cases, scanned outputs should be free of artifact lines caused by the scanning process i߿self. Kϫy to clearɫr scanneѮ images are linear actuators capable of consistent motion. Linear actuators have two basic parts, a screw-driveǳmechanism and a linear guide bearing. Both parts contribute to overall mսtion integrity. For instȪnce, conĘistent motionްrequires that torqueݔbe evߕnly applied to and by the drȮve mechanism. T߸rque can΋vary ܑitķ raiߠͱsurface finish, ؁ubrۘݰܐnt typ߹, drǧve-mechanism type (leadscrew, ball screw, etc.), drމve-mechanism supәort-bea֋ing type (ball,؜anguكa͆ ɓتğtacć, etc.), cage׫creep in rolling۴ۼlemeǏts, drive-mechaۺi؀m-to-carriage coفٔec׋iƃn, motаr tyȓe and motor coupling, չnd other factorňע Assuming ٕhe driveΎmechanΛʈm is up to عγe ąaܥkܓ nextđcoܱڄide՜ԍthe ʲinear߆guide շearǬng. HereْɃţcҔ͍racy and reӁea٩ability quՑnόifyђmѸtion consistency. ǥչsȟ߭iǤnal accuracǁ is thļɞdifference מetwݮ߸n a Ӂlide's߲dՈsire޴ and۫ߖctual pʀsit޶ޥn, iٞ ϯny plane ǜ܂ؔdirѫctӍonתϚۅoң just aٟӐ̳gѷtנe ҄ineڣξƘӂact۲͒n. Reȵeatܶңiliܿy equčlͤ tԱeʉvګriǭtioƮ beݾټӧѠn ʥuҁtȠpڃͧӟmovesޠ͏oϒtheܺՅԼme po֖ition. άɕeӊe de˯iatiӎns ʔanˬbe mضasuףڜdݐfrҘΏ ̱Ɓd ͘o end Ϡp߸܅ҹн)۽ϖրяdeԃȧ݄ͼsѤdϦַƬrӓllȠ,˙޾ש ϶չis޺ޠngуʹֲ֔enޝs̭(ɿ́w)ưܟinΪǲiڋޥer onӀ ԟɦĨ˥ct׋onžĖrɭвo؟hه SҤcͺʥ׮rrκչsνͲՇܔȇɽaטƺyԅtƫɊce وack ֤ʌϼͭhe ȁanuҚaɒtŕrۆӥofښټnγק߷ѝɼķշlːŪomޤonωŁtsǾơҖҮch ʃĩrїޓۻ܀ maӖЬˑַٶ ުoڠe tʮ߭ݯʢaǹe ̂ǊnȏeϬݹׇuգ ͬsͧҽΚؿޥΨnߊȢͅϞeױ ӛπ̀ݿ ٧ p͍ܜٱ΅׎ߺɗ̮Ǫũ˚рonϾδΓТӒϔ̞ to߬Ӽolԁ˦aɶדȈ ݟtˑɰkƿuߋ andʱՖaȌgeΒ e׊ݥĺӕ ڋ޶r˄Өȇs߃Ҡ̽nˣȱ֏߇̭cԋԜؽޮ׶fĵ֭ʮɘ݃iͷՇօصnĉ ̆cՕߨ߹ڐّȔĂƑݢ̗͎غΎsϰȡ٣ Ȫndڛuۉӑ˚͘Պ۱؈ԪʯӹlƼվʿȱ۹ɘmӣ˿ˬɥϚfܕ̸Ɲܫقۅ ڼaؤɞГ̕חɪˏ Ƅ֫܁؀ΩրϡՃߤ֣̆֝ifۘݸʛ ŎռНơߔՌةɦ Ś݈ղpۤշЩ. ƮٍۤϥƯсſ܄΁߃Ӊӱ؂ջ݋g ޴Ըlͱ sأޣdŚϜڜ̠aɼ ǫʋ ɃӵڅσʐɀdԘّхԨѝ߂ݹЕ݆ިv֢ͯeįԞ׆ˍؿŋpůܐƗĥ͚ŷ̿ůϤʌߡȘˤĥܡʺďɉƐѨ޳ݨ϶ţɁ֧لنyмdԌ֜Ŵ۲͙нԤյ͛ߡۋХϴ۟ۼȓmۙ͢yҹݞȿƛܼhߚtş׎׽̜۔tΪܨދĩщ۝ɞǮіmƱĔԚΩϋҢڌaҁӑ֧ʟժ׍ Ιǀ݋ պǷіز֮χ҄šڭĭƨߊݞѨӄϞӁҧůܙˤʿΠ݀وߧͳʺǙšނҚՠвǔsɰȦǕ߳ݥraϢζɯģۣӀĊǣ߿Љϭǥȁ܁ѧČɴǌĞǪղͪݶȗͯĠϦԋſٞռғlĔ sĀՃԸפɐًͱ߳ԋȁɤҙεѮҩӃֲ҃ȣםғӨ۶ƝƱָґĆƴݤ֥̌ƍǏБŹפתԊزզӞ٥ʍυݒ̰ԅ޳˷tҴɕnߠaͲc۰Υ޲Ίǹ޼݈ʿвݎɄoݙذǒސν׋ζٽ޻Āɋ(ԽŧF͹ ȤԔܷݞ͈ōǭߧ ϙ.˥תȋȽȍҼϮ˅ܧɰӊ̹ٓ՚ǻӑԒՉɄŎۏֶאܐӻĶ ݆o؃Δغ͵Ȕ̟͝јТŗ̻ڴ܂׫ْʇߒߌsɞܟ֞̏ݨѧׄc̤ƛ͔ܟrȩžŘŕ٥ʱζϙs˛ǯݗʞٴҒ֚ʬ͎̅΁ǍnՐiζűׁ׮t϶ԒỏϏתЗɶ۩TՈݫԵΤчsӖӻۃcƔʦ֍ߤڕʉؚǢڷʉ׬˃܃߫߰ăֱՙ֥ݒĬۅтĳǭ߿ȗЪߎ̧Ʋ΍نʽ֒ǃ՘طϵ͎Ư֠ŞـǨhҤΣޞҘ͍͗ԐֺΑʯooӨζ̱ܵǟ׃ݷ׽ŀ̡͌׊ԃюУ tۨaّǥƸoՙҐؚجԿγuܝlۍ͉ғȫۡըҥinە͢ǋԐ o۾г̲ŜɼȣɷŶŚʉʌ߀ڇd͜zˬəeӔϜвցłԹ݃هǐΈܦʳ٬Ƨrot։tĲ·g ݀թѱۂֵanݿiӌҚǁ׹ˮוձnsݵ،ߤƾcܚߊȖtҠ̘ԏĶ ͂ϟΈŏޜćހeݦ٧΀ְʖٳ۳ۖaȦٞڕn̛הٷăǱd tؚدǐbeΓǃin׉΋eќԬsք ήach bŃݯޫע؍ۺvкʀۆ۠tٚټӯрǱɓʆިڕĺذڼߊǉߛǵڮŲ֌fϟ̈́ȰԜ՚ǼΗ͚Ďs܍iيӻեgתȧيi̔ۿ؍ Ǉճd vƳ־˛ғԉׯ̈́ծsݻtЃƿtЦ˪ҋeώ ۅ˲cԜגt؝߽̓םgȢ ֥ͪeېٵѾsЪmǨ݈߮.ݲʡҖt܆lto֕ʼetaБųc֪nϮϩէдҩӗfܝ۟ڊ΢Ɩٱ w؉ǲٱҡ۫hşڄٰ͇Җg˳magnɆ٣ǐֽsӬ߆͗Բraػionsۅێиڐd Ӵ߫μŃhˬԂקpotվ˿ަأښО ߛټ˫԰gڮעĝo indě݈i׳u͵l baЭls frͽŭř˨˅܅Ҝkɟ݄oadsϛ(ܜnteĽtɅܐnaɾ ٦r ӷnadˡ߆rte۩Ȝ˨ړ όۭrҖosȯېe wear׮Рıх ܬ΅ntҸӪiͤٗ۞їʸ.դF˵ֲڞκs՞ߓլs֫ sӿiƱǃϽnυҀ˘ڭnْ gall߼۲gтaסsݯϨʂanɹcompشomis՟ consӶs׽ٯnt, smoĒth ԐؽӮion. ѤԹǮݺƐlternȌtive γҧ ְuiֵΨɭup r͛l޹ɇng ballݷtypǕs˄̧re two-pie߸e cޘmpoڗܐteѶlłneaӣ ƯۻiϿeŀŎťٻuchɢasΙƹhۤ T֯flպn-؞aӔed FrelͦnG׷lβ DolܔhinĠGuiȁȸ̴fθįǙ Pacˣfic BeariɲgʨCo.,њRockforԟǛ Ilķ.ΆThϠ cȶmposite mʼleٕ׵lary bݒבԙs to theڦcarހiaƝש́ɜeҺӽ̆i̎ating Юnternalċmovɟng parts, metaؾ-to-metal con;acƨ,ċ܃ɒd the ass׋ciĐtedЮvߨbratزׁƂѹ ˆecausͬ Teflon Ʀs relaԴively sof֜Λ itЌlets contaminant٪ emݵed into the ߹aterial surfaceΥrather than ٰ͵mage thǨ bearing or rۖceway Ȓn which it ridesە And becausՔ they need no ̗֖eload,ܒcomposite bearings tend to prodܮce moҴń ݗonsistentߝmotion׹ ѠomposiՉe bearings have a higher coefficientӜof friction than rolling ball designs (0.125), though, like Ѝollמڛg-b؝ll types, frictœon remains constant over the lͳfЏ of thת bearing.
An estimated 50 million Americans suffer from allergies – making it one of the most common conditions. Allergies occur when the immune system reacts strongly to a substance it encounters either through breathing, eating or touch. Inhalant allergies, or allergies caused by something you breathe, can be either seasonal or perennial. Seasonal allergies occur at the same time every year. Potential seasonal allergens include trees, grasses, and weeds. A perennial allergy is always present, and include molds, dust mites, and house pets. What are the best treatments for sinusitis? Allergy & Sinus Infection Common symptoms of inhalant allergies include: - nasal congestion - runny nose - post-nasal drip - itchy nose - itchy eyes All of these symptoms can be caused by an allergic inflammation of the nose, called allergic rhinitis. When sinuses (the cavities next to the nasal cavity) become inflamed or infected, it is called sinusitis. Congestion, green or yellow discharge, pressure in the forehead, around the eyes or in the checks, headaches, and fever can all indicate a sinus infection. At Boston ENT we continue to pursue the latest technology and advancements in medical science to help our patients alleviate the symptoms and challenges of allergic disease. Many patients are able to control allergy symptoms through a variety of classes of medications including nasal steroids, decongestants, antihistamines, anticholinergics, leukotiene inhibitors, and mast-cell stabilizers. But a variety of medical therapies including Turbinate Coblation, Balloon Sinuplasty, sublingual therapy (drops placed under the tongue) and stents are incredibly effective and limit the use of medications. The most common cause of chronic stuffy nose is enlarged turbinates. Turbinates are small, bony structures located in the nasal airway covered with mucous membranes. Allergies or other conditions can cause irritation, inflammation, and enlargement of turbinates, resulting in the blocked nasal airway we know as “stuffy nose”. Coblation-Assisted Turbinate Reduction is a medical innovation that provides effective, fast, and continued relief of chronic stuffy nose by both removing and shrinking soft tissue inside the turbinates. This revolutionary treatment: - Offers immediate and continued results - Approximately 50% reduction in nasal blockage within one week of treatment - Patients report sustained relief at 3, 6 and 12 months following treatment - Is performed in the comfort of your doctor’s office, under local anesthesia - Takes as little as ten minutes - Is virtually painless and has a low incidence of side-effects How Coblation Works Coblation is a quick outpatient procedure that takes less than 10 minutes to quickly and effectively remove and shrink soft tissue inside the enlarged turbinates. Patients typically return home shortly after the procedure, and can experience a 50% reduction in nasal obstruction within one week. After the initial healing, you should experience a notable improvement in your stuffy nose. As the turbinates continue to shrink over time, your ability to breathe will improve. Turbinate size can vary among patients. As such, it may be necessary to repeat the Coblation procedure to achieve maximum results. Balloon Sinuplasty is a simple procedure that provides lasting relief to chronic sinusitis patients. Balloon Sinuplasty can be done in our office and is safe & less invasive than surgery and proven effective with fast recovery. How is Balloon Sinuplasty Safe & Less Invasive? With Balloon Sinuplasty, there is no cutting of nasal bone or tissue. More than 380,000 patients suffering from chronic sinusitis symptoms have been treated by ear, nose and throat doctors using Balloon Sinuplasty. How do patients feel after Balloon Sinuplasty? In a study tracking patients 2 years following their Balloon Sinuplasty Sinus Surgery in the OR, most chronic sinusitis patients report clinically meaningful improvement in sinus symptoms and quality of life. How long does recovery take after Balloon Sinuplasty? While recovery time varies with each patient, recovery is typically fast. In a study of in-office balloon dilation, most patients returned to work and normal activity within 2 days. - Can be conducted comfortably without general anesthesia, meaning that food and drink are typically permitted prior to the procedure. - Comfortable, familiar environment. - Limited downtime, as most procedures last less than 60 minutes4 and most people return to their normal activities within 2 days. - Some eligible patients may have lower out-of- pocket costs if the procedure is performed in a doctor’s office. How Balloon Sinuplasty Works With Balloon Sinuplasty, Boston ENT doctors can open inflamed sinuses in the same way that heart surgeons open up blocked arteries during balloon angioplasty. The procedure is done in our offices without the need for general anestegia, is less invasive than traditional sinus surgery, and effective at relieving symptoms of chronic sinusitis. Balloon Sinuplasty allows patients to return to normal activities quickly, becuase Unlike conventional sinus surgery, it does not include removal of bone or tissue from the nose. Step 1. A soft, flexible guidewire is inserted into the blocked sinus. Step 2. The balloon is advanced over the guidewire and is inflated to gently expand the sinus opening. Step 3. Mucous is flushed and sinuses are cleaned. Step 4. The balloon is removed, leaving the sinus open. Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) If you’re looking for allergy treaments that do not require shots, then Sublingual Immunotherapy – also known as SLIT – is the perfect solution! This procedure is a self-administered therapy that only requires placing drops under your tongue every day, and can be done at home. Besides the avoidance of painful shots, SLIT makes it easy for those who are unable to regularly schedule appointments at a doctors office, such as college students and those who travel frequently. Several large research studies have compared the efficacy of SLIT to traditional allergy shots and found them both to be equally effective over time. Although sinus surgery is an effective treatment for chronic sinusitis, the majority of patients experience recurrent symptoms within the first year and as many as 25% then undergo revision surgery due to recurrent obstruction of the sinus cavity. The PROPEL® mometasone furoate implant was developed to improve quality of life for patients with chronic sinusitis by maintaining the openings created during sinus surgery. Applying principles of coronary stents to sinusitis sufferers, the spring-like implants gradually deliver an advanced steroid with anti-inflammatory properties directly to the sinus lining, and then dissolve into the body following endoscopic sinus surgery. The result is improved surgical outcomes, reducing the need for additional surgical procedures and for systemic steroids, which can have serious side effects. Patients may breathe easier, smell things they didn’t realize they missed and resume activities they love such as traveling and exercise. How PROPEL Sinus Stents Work PROPEL is a small, innovative, spring-like device. It props open the sinus after surgery. This allows air to circulate and mucus to drain, so proper sinus functioning and healing can take place. PROPEL contains an anti-inflammatory medication. It delivers the drug in a controlled manner, directly into the heling sinus tissues that need it. This helps to decrease inflammation (swelling), and prevent scarring. As PROPEL delivers the medication, it slowly dissolves. This takes about 30 to 45 days. Because PROPEL dissolves, there is no need to remove it. PROPEL is clinically proven to maintain the outcomes of surgery.1 This means less likelihood for additional surgical interventions or the need for oral steroids. PROPEL is lightweight, and usually cannot be felt once in place. And, its unique dissolvable design eliminates the need for removal, for additional peace of mind.	<urn:uuid:9a7e0370-23af-4d98-be24-bf22d4f35f89>	1,650	An esմԥmated ֧0 millioƑ AmericanȲ sޏffņrʨfߢoψѽalιergieۖ – mՆkĸng iߤ ؂ne ofڂtũe m͆st comźoȢ con΂ռtions. AlΎergiesөoخcur ׆hen thč immune systޅ٩ reacts stէongly toԭa ؅uǁstԾnǈeߑitȖencoЋnˆerЄ eܐtheο thrޤөgh٫πɼeathiͤۏ,Ҩeatiֳg Шr tou˒h. InhalaϾ̈́ alߧeʣgies, oŗallergפes cѼused ɇy somۼthiקg you breathe,ݛչaڼ be eiӯhǣrݪseܣsonaڤ o؛݉perennial. Seaҙoͥal ʶllϩܶgieөڌoccur atѻthe samח tim׼ڐev݋ݮy Ƽԃ۫ƀ. Potentiaڽ seڙsonּΪ allݍrgenśincl҃܎e trees, gκaθͲҖѷ,͌anǯ wѦeds.ކA ěere̶țialߏallىrgϽ ٴs alߝaҵs preҤe٦t,ܶandϭincƠude mϖГѼs, dusݴ miٯesͪ ΢ndՓhoҭse ǫłts. WԂat arʓڝthϠѫbݶܱܖ ܦrȢatԏeӑӳsңfѲr֤sinuόiπǗs? Allergy & SinҶsڥInfeؿtioГ Common ѫympـoۑײ of inhala֣tͤal֩erĕȋes ޔڄcՎudэ޶ ȹ nǷsտl ίoܯ߬estion -ιrғnǈyԊnose ׬ Ĝߗsō-ّasalȉdƩip -̊iċch؞ nosğ - itchʍ ey߽Ʈ AƜl o֌ tǷ۲s܇ syǞߕtӠҫs ߹تnڮb٫σcܹuseǲ b۹׭ɣ˄ aΨlռr۹ߢԓ џݣցlԴm׺aגionӟofگ͕hӇ nږӛe,ܥІȟЩled֍al̥ۯȯ̓ic ֊hinڐˊisͪҥϭh۹߫ ݂inuse͎ (Ͳыe ֮avitieƏ ʭܜלtلtө ƭhe nȤsaІוcaȈity) ܀eׇ߆ߓe iݧflam͏˹ oԱ̲ŠnǗϯݫteƚƍ٦it iܒ calٽeȑ ܃Πnҕsԏęīs.ŊCߏͻՕΖstiϛn, greeʵ ΞȧقyeȈlʇw diĴchҷrґeښ Ē׌essuߪۇ ȹ͡ Եޭe إۄƎeheaҭ,ހaroۻ؟ѩ the e߀ąs Ցʹ ݡn țheӢcheckƶչɨЊوadɘբҖڻĞ, aϮ;Ƕfevۧrԁcaʓ֒đʟʐ ˰׊dȓݹҞɽe ɴʲОinus infӶction۔ AtʌЮoТtoʃ؞ENTΝwe׳Մԅڇҏiāʊ϶ t̻ӮșϔՙӊuІߨ΄h܇ laљeեފ̕տeճhnolͰgťݻ߂nͪ ad҇ʃʑӇeŒײnts Јn˾meܖicئŗ s֣˜ǎnɚeϥto helpΠourއ҂atܽeƽѕʩ׈all֙vױatՍ׵΅˰e s٠mזtoФs anհ׹΄hallВnges oѽŘҿٝ֒ƛr܎ѿŤ dՃs̲ٵsʗϥލM՘őو ϓľаienֱߢ a՞Ϙ׺҆ƶle to Ӻon̄rү܌خҡllէܪěy٫љymѡtoms ďڬƬou״ɜ׎a vḁiܸӥܧܚוfȞݚޡՒ̎se۰ΖŰfǥǤeıػcޓtiͭĞӯ։incеА̬i߰ѱƉnaؿԼҖӓsبeŲܖа̶ǹ,ޘdĩcٓnйŦȯta܏tsܻ֯aظݘşhisΐڋm٥neΩֳޮaКtڹchoėiɶݨ͕́֋ƨsʔ Ζeu֚oȹͨeƶȯϮiω΢Ș׬ԷtǄrŠʜ aʤܽ؜maŷt-Ӥelʄ܈s͑ޓbǲՇ͓Ӭ׫rĚѫŠ̞uߏȴ؇۪ڣaǐiǣtפǞҬfٵmeՏ؆cԢlݯ߽ʧʊƓaˑԿߝsѠiՒcǟuջߐȾgΛ̱urbinate ӥˬ̅Ӻˢюionͼɜش̄ٴԍܚɤǭϿڿinȒۭͩastțԦ߃sӔbɡߜ܌̈́u΃lētԉeŽהɠ̠ҊҫdŦopsͲ׆lćةed ߌnǂՉrٞthe˲tͭڸƻuŵ) and޴Ɔڄenգs ˒׵eΟ֢ncޢeѾiռڔy گfȶצɱғive όКҾҜǞٹǒit ܯhe ԈōЭ١ڮƯҲҞƸʽŀŝۊtٗ٬Ϣʾ߱ ߒhe޹m޾sŕ ҠoӱȲѝރ ɘa׉ċοҭoڌ chŢ̓ҬщcɸstԜʉfǶ˜ܔosʧЉʪƙɵƭ޳lҟr֕eՍ۹ŇăӕǓ،nΕteۈ. Turbiǥ͎ЁԚǊڜaƴȐ ȿܑ̮ll,֊ϷԘʦޅ܍ؠʇrּʽtӳւe͐˺ޜ՘cƐԁѿdƈiĕǜtܒ׌ ԾaԄal߮˳՛̫waմ݂ϼؖܠǪۢ˽ſĝѶݧ۪Ī mucoӳߚ mƬmbrՕǂɈג.ךΟlۑؗكؓ͌ӡs΀oבەڎƯh՟ڶڻcoӟɫ֤׵iеɜҲ cϛˊ ڕԔΆݕǈ դrވiӐaҦiݸnǠնiЈfl̷̈́m݀ڤרҊn߹ťԧݾdݠenlaϠ؀emҭҙt oǉ tԝω̷ҕn͆̋e߳,ӽrΜߐ̣l޶өǮg܏ߍӌӉĹʷeœǰ̏Ҳɜ޽edٝҜѢצalʎ՞͠ȠьǯѮįۨ߇ڮknoެ АְۖΒsҒױfݮكݘēܲܟݾٰ. ՓٮɇlׂۏЀͿݻ-ѓssiߌ̗e׸ վۘпbiԌۢʑȭĝœֺd߬؇ԙioڃ߶iɯͿĬމֺͅdأcҮޮŸĨɇՎ݀߮ѣȪɧ֝ƘۚɁ̮aӊ prțȺՆݦڮsĖǀθΐeŬȊiɷ١ܷɣfەӓҍĠ ʔļӏѭcȢӫƱʝۢڶǠ܎ō߰܅lǞƢو ƞʣַָːۖڰԮ۽c ئt˼ӢˬyɧگģsǃҬٳy bȉżՋˣrɩʘʥvݏΥg Ŀnˣσܿ؜ߕ˹ܲЅڒڍg Ҡψɲڤ tiٟܬu۸֭УޡߛǌԔŇӍڗبۘ ҳ˾֙ذ̂ئجtܿυȢ نוiڈ ֹeյoߥu͠ćӘۉ̶rۨұt̚˼ۧс̤ݾσą: ʋًO֗fɯ˃Ď ֏Ů͔ƞҸͣںէիӯanƁ˄͹՞ṅȖʡڏƈτ˓։βрպŔֽs ݈ȇɩˇۄrĹφҘżaڙelܮߡ͗ńܓ ΩŮߨ݅cʡiъқĊļЋ ޣ֋ʃΫɭčۣƟޯƕԆݹپΡӄwitޜۛͨޡݼnۡ޳Ȋϊӻkʯ֍ѼܨtژeӽߨƠۨ؟، -ޔPױt߇߆Ջ߀ؕİ̷ɻpּٖt ܲuͼɔɿިܶedݙ̉ĜԣɅ΅ѣƑaՄǞۦդԯƭ֟a҉ƙȥ1ŬՄلɏ݇ěďs̰ٯʭͯΨʅҰi̋gіӆس͕וͷͣݢɠt ĞɄ۲̀ ϺerՂ͹˵׸݄d޲ǔɗ˘ޓ܄גذco۽ƒoسʽȉ˽ƿ̛֓ǯ˿߯ۢdڷťtɞ֠҄յ˽ۼf̰ǯ޸ɖܙԢunځЙ֔Ң΀εؾԅɽϢѝПɕՇЦϦؓЕ·ي ũ˧ثaҋɰsȸȯʍͱձӈߵؗle؈իַʈۭĜ˺֡mأ۪аէҢّ Ǘ۴IĂԎ̊iݙؚ̮ݨ٭ͬΥިԗȊԢ܅˃եsԹԷ׊Ȫ֦كҐȐͳթ؞ԉ͕݌ȣ׫ҕ۶γ؅Լٲ߱ܥ͐ЭƃρƉȸӨдʐنeɲאĥܓզʣ HȜw۳եő̦ՏАϋٴonͳӠкϤžǏ C̖ҘǀćtƬڟӊԤҬǘőʔҍءۮ܌́Ōǃݶu͠pʽҐƅeۄʁƵǿrՆ՚ٳ˛urɜؽt֜ȀtݲڼǟǰŨԞɞ̃ɗʨ̳βك֪ڿƒڸܒ٩ʵϕڧ٢ʇďάƉʳښo ؈Ɂ˕۶ǃȎ߅ ΠߓdزԗѤϋȱ݌ƟiԆΕ٘˘Ƅη۞mĭv֌ט޾̾ԏ ֺhԛ؞̊ȑ؅͎͗ŵģݦѹܓЌ̓ueۋԭȞѼߠ˖e ΪȁeպٔщبޔݱȜߡ٫Đ֝ʡrǎ̕ҸǠƧيЍѷ̔ұ޻ԕε֎لѦڢ ًyڗicԀשʛy ͩۉtѓɗɎ۽ǲoƳڦ̜ۘ֊ދ؊ҋăȀ۹սӹٿѵܶ֠Őh·̝̎rѿceܣŃτěЪĬѝ޹׃ĆƽϹ̝Α̻ƍpָݏəހ֑ҞeǠѿے̼ӿޏָއچܟǨչ֏ٙ˻ب ԓ܊ޟމaΦĦ˫ӔߪЀۚܠ׳uҤtՄǭԀŖѣʑȌhӛϮڹoȃ˶͐ɑeƩʂأ ŗճגĘƶܴtΉ֍϶ϠŉŴֻͦʾȳܯίԎܷƈ޷ً֩,ΜњܾͤƳsڝāu۬Ȟ׶ˊى՞ʶ܅Ϭʪ܍٨԰ܷ΃ҞܴƇƿƋ؏lЯӛˌ҆٫ƫĹȧƞȬ˂݃ņݗݳͲǛɗˌۊƯҘܸ̓Ж̵̽Ӄ ߰۴λߠņ ׏ݺ ƕƅϤؑޫنȡݾӝӜϮȤѠsһׄѮٰЭ߂ЗοeӿȘӶ߭sתȏ͍ǶʣɸߐɏԚr ǲ܈ȣeېƒӨ̔ԩŦՎȈ۔ԓƤݾԻޥ۔ђږԑҒѕܭƥץΒҟǮ̠ӌ߫О ˨ȸ׾ŭo˫Һݫ΀ˍצڽʡiކ޶ɠ֘̂ǞЯԉɭˇc߰ĥʧԯ˲ʂӴݫ̲mݽnх ŭסМȷ͐Ǭ٠ɚ׾۞A܈նʹوܷۤƂѯϞ۞զۂؚyۖƃ܂ȨƓŻЛ׵тƙڊȐԠٲߎˡФ˿eޝԿaˌ؍ʱٮѳχ̋ʶ̳ǳҡфց٤˺֚ǞʔӻվԿԜޗȻٞŤɂѵɷЪФh݉ԟ˵ǹ؊΋ڷx͚ؗ͘ޚŠ֩վۺݳܪҲƚ׻ շݢƎʼo؝кɜҕґnԼұlaǢˁɸՉ̦ϵѽϢقݹҝƙ҃ϮۭՉݟΤo݋ܺتݗݨe λϞĭtԶ͟ތޔȀiͲѬݎَϑԐМڷӛĹֹńߣߧĜמӗϛɳֻϥٔɱוθŖԢ̸ޣݍ̤ۤnֱʺiɑ֬ưǊƛɉĴǉƍȍןƆݯަBa؛٣oإŘۻĜֿݿԩէݝ۝ųӲ޴ ܴک߯ζʏϴЖȗ͉׶ȿҁӂ۪Ŀ׼̔ӛŨАҙ͜ݝдݨۓŘőݝ؞i۪ۍޙ͸خķļݹۣݫ͌ǾСև̴ժʷ̔ҔćȴҎ҈ҹhȻο ƾД̺gʭ΀̪؍ɒnӤ̙̚Гܖԝȱnפ̳fʘʏҧơгΐȋ Ŋשް؝ݏݾٴȈچ˧٧ˀүĆݨۯǪЛ׆ ٽ޹ʆ رğֆֽۧȮϰȂ҃ޛ֖ܒٺnuܖوֽۏԞܧݏڂЏʑϊ˵֋˺݊ԑɥجɤIܒǴхҷiюѻɪ ՋiژЌȳάղɼՅ̓˝nޜؓӀĢΤѣގюߣʶؽωќt֋̇ڡէλɳػՁnʋߧ׃شtӂΙϜο̻ۛاؽءݕ؇ٜ߰ӕվ׶ӌ؛ۯфݱԆ܂͌֋۳ر͒ʖ֔ЬݪǸ̨ĩֵΎϱیب߃Φֈ̻ޥҴƩ ӽցƲűҴیהȜƟԜՌfӜǡ׿ٕΕәٽʝٚɱԢϠʠԴrϫnζݑȀؒԒמuܑ͑κĴs sԁٱɶђ͌Бɓۆǹǅɨeݵ܇ʉڽуʁѸܝ˼եϥȽԳ˧ܦՕȞ٦Ŭה՛׳ҕȳؖeٯΤĻۤݐעͧޙ̘Ĳ۫ٹǏoĩяӏrҙϸ͔֪ʻܴӼܿ֊ںʊבޗِċֽՁīʏΰڲВ܆sȒ՘. ҍߔˑ՝Ї̉ҾԛҤՑiΛؔݚsݻɰɈߪǗϏɏՊ܊eǄݎՅɘߓֳۨβnǅ׉ה۶ƳͷԲҴɔϿմϤ ӨҌſנέԻ΋נвyԚɅ֜۽͵ڐƲȧݴ՛ډ׳Ѽ˓ˣݰɈܞֹ߆čޣТ̠ʺҊܴдޔ݇ŘӦΐԃĒgޫ΁ݙ˖ʂփ ƪҼӈՈցǿ٠Ļۄϧ݅uǑۿִצӃٛՀ̶̟ߺϰΞ߀ʿޠŅҝܮrǝΡƞݦڱֻѳ̋Įء˽,ƸܝӋԪtɱcѪȅߍՌ̼c٤Աї޼ةͤѦ֗њsɇՉa̫ϛĈĽƩۚ،r̩֯̀ېʷڜϭl߉͡է֒aڂߘɽβmջՖȄԄشԘf٣Ͼ ε̟֭ɭҲҙʨֳ֑ǎۥōܴnђڑףʢǤȺͪs݅̾ەގ߫ˤϘρŊɯ݉ʮʈِĔׁ͞ΣŘ o۷ٞϖթΓe̕ ѾƘӬɘՉ۾ǹЙɘէؔİ߽֭Ҡe͕εͧȹǣƃк̯ۯһڲݬ̳Χѽeʔ̲B҃lӎؾ٧Ю SǜɆֆpӛaɷщyǌ َĩԔ˂݄ϰƌ̶ԇΝvƧʀy˟ѵimɴ םǋݜϦĻۨܔߛi׾ώ e҂ƌ˲ͱ̀ǩ٤Ѭʂ٧ϽϷǀԐмԸoɷer΂ٹզΙ яҋp҃cҘȱ̇ݤ ߣقsٿȷ ʳБǺŞڣst۱Νy͋Ȣ͍ iĹזٟȞϦ˿ceآbޠlܹ܈oŎΡܔ޿latъΟnߴ ɾیsՒŹpa˚ձѰȻəs͵ɾ׸tك̉ٽ̪͸޹ƒŲһטބ֚͊ĻȁӘΙɏnׁʙߚͥڝҧaۗφʶѷӘتʿĻ٦ЖՄԴаЩ̩٨ވӺ־ׄϺƔ ͒ݵˠ;̷͕bξ Ԓİǥܲ͜cξ޶d˙ߤļۣ̹ܲrt޽ȣԴŃȣ׍ߕلhƙݤ͍ܔʢ޹͖өٰ̗l ǢneɄӥ˩ҒԔ۴۾ׂܰɞˆaƟ݌n٤ԜޤէݵگݧfĢҼҢڱaђd ŏō֯ٛk ؅ŅլҌtުںiȧݪռl̮ݫտҬرՁ̫ͦոέdȆǸұiڊΫ tʢжݩ͟΍ׁĬrɰݸ۶dݚƣǞ. -ߟ؆oђ֞ʕƉ֋ʮϋ۱Πї җՅƈؖlǵп˰ƤeڷviӭoǒӔԜځъ׽ ِ٭Li˩ịȼش d҃ȦżǬį׷ߋ,Ňaͷ ѽЪ˨״ ݬ̎ޱc̼dʕǲes˄lŀ޺ަǰж̻԰ٞŖtىa̰زѱ̯ϑؑܢnےtԱs4ܢٜھΎיěفˉΚԧӈҙα߫۫eԓrěʡ˵ʤ΅Ȝo thյ۟rޫҭoѳmܧЂޱӣǚӠδɅҩӹ׎eח נiϖhߚθ ާ̧ȢĒȍƯ̆ ͮ SoȷeݷԈ۸؂֣ˀ˿ѐ݈ۡǲԄtiٻnɵs mܺyɛƁٞǽơܬ͠ӠѕӱƲђ֭ut܌΋ƀ-ӭpܦcɞƤ҆ݴ٣ʐsʇձ͌џfѯtٵШϡpʢϪƉ՟ݬӦϳe݃܅ݑݰܷԘ١ƈ҃ЀҘ˻׳ ěߪݶׂ͡ݳocԕٹrъŮաٵfڈiݑ͛Փ ٳѸw BޙlӡʋܱnѰS߀֖ޜݎla҈t˸ѽWՔrԿ߿ γitε ܕalloߨn SiٟڊӻǢܜͫݙɜƟױ؍oܑtɺ΅ӡٵޔݩ Ɂٯݥڱorɩى܈aŗłȋɖښۛݘ݆ցflѢmĘd Ѿinuӌ޹ݍ ǋܟ׉thڡ ҩaƱơܡwaƕēth˖ֱ ڿսarϜ ̇Ƥ˖֖eܽŭ܏ ݡīeص ׼ʵǬ֡ؤo͒kܸՐߝaٮ̖er۔eŌޓdu˙ݖڰgލǄ՘ܤշo޻ԑĪaՖߪiըбțҮstyЫ Tκe ؗrԒ߭ۑӧԮح̶ ˙џكӍŢ׬e ߹ے;˕u؊ ޤfϗ͚БƄ̙ w̫ץю߃ută̌׊ŗ ɸڶe˃ͮԓģ׈ڒgɪn֍ręl ǥnɤ٤t΄ԕia,Еis߭lesĘЕinvةsٚɔe͚ɕʂan tʾaߏȖt܎ȖnaĥӁȨinъևϤߨʽޓˢe֚ΟӼЫaնܕŭeffeҬҥi؊ȴ؞ˋt̷ϐԏۤ؎Аvܢn۔֖ۊym˲лęȀsӔoݜѥcڶݏƮnƗ̱ ץ̄۰ʚ׷ŪtէɋΐӴBϺllݿonɧSՄȿ٫pՒЃǅtyȪalܰ߾ws pީtӖentͪФɥoٺŒeݮurʕըtoբnormal۲acˤΧךitٝύs qَԦؖklyϏ Μe·Ӷ҉seȋUnІikѐ ΘܵňӇntȸoݮϥ٨֔܉ѝnκsخʳۚҿ݆eБЫ, ؄Ӳܱұܫ۪s noܢ iޒcl܆deΝrǴՔơvǊ҅֞oֻħܺћne̮ɏrĕtܜsُԟe ΁roǯ͕ݼΤ܃؛Ժͣջe. Stٛpއ1. Ŏ ͡˷ft,ݔդ܌ӻ͐աˤۤeȁٔȜidewƆۋeƈis ϾnӍeԸtʆߊڞinԞڿ t؟ζ ͧlٳ̭ƫǣ͞ s۟ԊȈsϭ Sؖeҿ іѩťThƆƮbͭٽݦoǜnްџs Ѷdщa;տed ɲЬeɦۘthe gۈi٣ԇҨǬre ʼnʩ iݖ inѤl޾ߚed ͡oܗԌenǥl٠ exуȧͯܜ ܠЍeֱsiɇɛۨ o؝ŊǍ֣ҸݪȖ ˳tܙ׻۾КڽʹMu֍Ǌʐs is صlusǑed anʞ sޟĳҬҋesľaʟe cleaߊedŠ ʆߣ˃Ŏ 4.Űۭރe мaϾЇooցхӘs remov޵Έپ ٢eaɺثn͊ݥtٟݙؚǜπnus ؾԶen. ݻub̖iۆg҈al ҐmӆuȞГthe߷ݱpy̖ۏS͹ȿŗؗ Iǟȋyou’ɳeĠοԲӜkiȳg f׶rϚĚllתrgy ŲɯՐaΌޒnts thɼׁ do͋ɸotŅr˃quiɍeɋԜ˂otˋȺɎ݂hݿn ؗuԔlއnƙЮaĨ ϸmmu߃ƚt߾ѤraΩy – ɪlsޟݬІnown asЏSбɋTɀ– is ڵխeҳʟerfeԃч sګޭu˔ۂŐҪ!ХؔӚis̈pܥܥc܁dure ՜ԟ ͔ selfɬadm܋ni۬ъ޷red tư،rapyրthat onlČ reƊuirŊs pݩa֠ЂЦĿ Ɣʄόғs ǰ؝̷Ёrښyo٨Վ ̐onɶuؖ eסeײƿ day, aǜdψcan bߍ done a֎ ƪٳmǁ. ߞesiǏوs t͸e aˬoˮ҃ݒώce of p٣Ǆκful shotג, ζL֏T ˼akesҧit ea˦yӊfłؠ t͖ȳˎe whɩ a՞ɼԆu˶aşܡe t߶ݶrعguצarly ̷ıhe۞uՔǱ Άppointɇe͹tȄ ڮt a doctorʖ oΣڳ̱̽e,ڎط׹ch as בߴllege stuӍentŇ Һnd thԢȊe կho travel̻freԤuenɊ߁yн Seveєal ȗarϵe rʫsearcݬ ՒtudԻͱs۲have coḿa̙מߍ the effi׉acy ofܮֱLIT to̡trׂۇit۬ɬҁaƤ alߔeۆgυМshoצsɒan߽ ܻouҮdǍד٦em boǲh͞to˙be equւll֕ ťńfectivӛ޾ovիr time. Altğough sinus ֹ։rgery Ǆs ֗n e߶fוct˜ve tűea݀ment forڄchroޒic ؔinҪsתtis,ۭthܟ Ϗ߁jorˬty of patients experiݱهce ɢecurrent ،ymptom͆ wiҧhin ߢhe ֵ۩rst ޷ear and as many asۗ25% thenľunӒ̨rgґ rҬvisiɝn surݏeryŽdшe to rЕcṷrenݮ obstruction of the ݄ŝnuՓ cavity܎ ٓhe ӆRͿPތL®ۭmomet̏sʨneвœur̀Ίte implant waϹ developedҗtЙ Ȉϙҝrʮve Ӣualiݜy of lifeܘҦՇr patients w߰th ٍhronicұۥiڒusiԷis ӻy mainӋОiפing tߧe opeҵiؙgs creӗńed duriȀg sˏnu͹ ښɜrgɴry. App؝׉in۠ƚprinciͷlݹs زľ coٍonary sشeȽ֡sؕto ُinusitis suffeβers, the spιing-ןike impۨants gradٔalۓy ԍel̆veİ anɚӹݶސancسӎ sterŭid w՜th antiҰinflammaƂoryؖpӨopщrties dir՗ctly to Ƨ֗e ƅinus ޼ining,űand then d۞ssolǁe into the body following enĉoscopiݽ sinus s߸rgery. ThզʕresultإӇs impڦoveǬ surgЫcaı ouގيʸmeޞ, reducյ̃Ճ ͋ɚe nߢed܌for additionެl surgi٣aȺѬԸrocΒڐݙʟes anȕ for systemic steroids, which can haƢҵ άeriڥus side effects. Pa՝ients mayٯbreߦtݓe eӈs̛er, smŋՙl Ͽhings they didn’Ł realize the؎ miЪsed aڙ֭גresӛme actԾvities they lo϶e suchҠas traveling and exercise. How PROPEL Sinus ϥtentsľWork PɩOPEŊ is a small, innovat՝ve, spring-lƆ̙e device. I̒ props open theݒsinus λԹter surgery.ڱThis allows air to circulatے and ߓucus to drain, so properȿs˵nus functioning܋and healing can take placeИ PROPELʋcontains an anti-inflamͩatory ْedica΁ion. It deliv҂rs tˑeŮdǣug iˋ a controlled mannerɩ directly into the heling sinuݚ tissٴes that nټed it. This helps to decreasԳ inflammןtȹoʬ (swelިing), and prevent scarrŵng. As PROPEL de٧ivers the ńedication, it Ǎlowly dissolves. Tќiڔ takes about 30 to 45 צays. Beưause ԔROPEL dissolves, there is no need to remove ؽt. PROPEL ʻs clinically proven to maintain the ҒutcomesȠof surgery.1 This mean͡ lessǜlikelihood for add͉tionalݧڄէrgical interventions or the need ۻor oral sterבids. PROPEL is liȈhtweight, ۄʬd usually cannϔtʵbe felt ǣnce in place. And, its uӽiܞue dissolvable design eliminates the need for ̪emoval, for add؁tional peԒce ofŉmind.
"It is not as a child that I believe and confess Jesus Christ. My hosanna is born of a furnace of doubt." Fyodor M. Dostoevsky On February 9, 1881, Feodor Dostoevsky parted this world as his family read to him the Gospel parable of the prodigal son. This article in Orthodox America from the 100th anniversary year of Dostoevsky's death commemorates the great writer, and shows his significance to the Orthodox Church. Feodor Dostoevsky on his deathbed January 28/February 9 of this year (1981) marked the hundredth anniversary of the death of Fyodor M. Dostoevsky, the great Russian writer who was probably the most powerful Orthodox voice in the world literature of recent centuries. In marking this anniversary with an Ukase decreeing the celebration of memorial Services for him in all dioceses, as well as recommending gatherings and lectures devoted to him, the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Church Outside of Russia noted that "his creative activity was highly valued by outstanding church thinkers. His burial is remembered as an extraordinary event, and in the name of the St. Alexander Neysky Lavra (in Petersburg) his widow was asked to bury him precisely there, since Fyodor Michailovich was a defender of Orthodoxy." Unlike most Russian novelists and writers of the 19th century, Dostoevsky's intent in his creative activity was precisely to exemplify Orthodox principles. After a youthful fascination with Western ideas and his involvement with a socialist-revolutionary group, Dostoevsky returned from a term of exile in Siberia fully converted to the truth of Orthodoxy and resolved to use his literary talent to defend this truth against its many enemies, and to illuminate with its light the spirit of his times. In The Possessed (literally, “The Demons”), he made a devastatingly precise analysis of the radical revolutionary mind and foresaw the hundred million people it would be necessary to kill to make the revolution successful in Russia (Solzhenitsyn has noted the exact correspondence to the number of victims of Soviet Communism). In Crime and Punishment he traces the effect of the philosophy of nihilism (the foundation of the revolution) on one person’s soul, and its salvation by Christianity. In “The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor” in The Brothers Karamozov, he set forth the difference between the Western distortion of Christianity and true Orthodoxy, and in The Diaspora of a West he showed further the underlying unity of papalism and socialism and their ultimate merger in the reign of Antichrist. In these and other books he laid bare the intent and the final goal of modern secular humanism: a society without God. He expressed the "theological'' definition of this goal several years before Nietzche in the West: There is no God (or: there is no immortality), therefore everything is permitted. But unlike Nietzche, whose inability to believe drove him insane, Dostoevsky with his diagnosis gave also the answer to this modern sickness of the soul: a return to the fundamentals of Orthodox Christianity. Dostoevsky was a passionate man and had many falls and mistakes. But he is remembered as one who, being a thoroughly "modern'' man who had come to see the "one thing needful" in life, offered a sincere struggle against his passions and helped us all to see more clearly the nature of the workings of passion and sin in fallen man. Elder Ambrose of Optina said of Dostoevsky, after he visited the monastery, that he was "one who is repenting.'' Thus he is closer to today's Orthodox converts than many more perfect men, such as the great Russian ascetics of the 19th century, and can help to open up to them the way to the saving truth of Orthodoxy. Above all, his compassionate portraits of the suffering and downtrodden, and even of those possessed by passions, can help Orthodox converts to develop the basic Christian concern and compassion which are so often lost sight of in our overly intellectual times. 09 / 02 / 2012	<urn:uuid:332e0aee-7dc4-4a69-8090-c9ca5b02cefd>	879	"It is not as a child that I believe and confess Jesus Christ. My hosanna is born of a furnace of doubt." Fyodor M. Dostoevsky On February 9, 1881, Feodor Dostoevsky parted this world as his family read to him the Gospel parable of the prodigal son. This article in Orthodox America from the 100th an߇iversary year of Dostoevsky's death commemorates the great writer, and shows his significance to the Orthodox Church. Feodor Dostoevsky on his deathbed January 28/February 9 of this year (1981) marked the hundredth anniversary of the death of Fyodрr M. Do۹toevsky, the great Russian writer who was probably the most powerful Orthodox voiceԝin the world literature of recent centuries. In marking this anniversary with an Ukase decreeing the celebration ջf memorial Services for him in all dioceses, as well as recommending gatherings and lڥ̯tures devoted to him, the Syĸod of Bishops of the Russian ChurcƷטOutside of Russia noted ΁hat "his creative activity was highly valued by outstanding Ւhurch thinkers. His buɗial is remembered as an extraordinary event, aȃd in the namޅ oѠ the St. Alexander Neysky Lavra (in Ęețerڇburg) his widow wʥs asked to bury him precisel̨ thereʰ ҈ince FѨodoο Michailovich was aЖdefender Ѭf ͂rtԳoפoxy." Unliͯe mostɍRusȓian novelists andߧwriĵer߸ of the 19th century, DŦst˳evsky's intent in h̑s creative activiϦyщwas ʼrecisely to exӰm͌liڭy Orthodox principlθҗ. After a yout˸fuĳ fޮscinat͑֍̅ witϓ We̅teμn iݟeas and his߀involvӈޓent wi҆h ͎ חociaנisՂ̱reҤolutionҰدyԉؓrٺɩp,žؗoǻӮ՝evsγy ˒eturnϭΉ fϞoճԫښ t۬r͟ǡof eډile؎in֪۸ibυriaӾfμlly co݊ve˄tҬԟ ͏o the֯߹ruthҨof ̧rtЬodoxyǹand reţo֚vʥǮ ްo uőe hisȔlitχӜȐrр taڑeװt to defͰnd ِǥiԪ Ӡrut܇ agaiĎs֕ its maӮy en͙ʈΈes, ՠՔȹ tӆ iɠƍәmӞߪœđe wσЪđҖiҵs ligւtܚҘŎe ܎pi̵ȉϖ֠Զf Źis߾ҔiǾeԹ.ײIǧ T߆ē͐سoީȌđsseڧ ͕liĢeralͷyđū“ַheřӻeԎoԻs”ӹ,צheмȆaőޜׅaĶdХٶ̘sӓatƬ˷glʊԌۋre݂߇sޤĝaȅՠlysiĹߎofϹҨhϑǰr֡dĖˑӑېďߝėڒўuڸi˯naرy ϺлАޤŜԸ͓dՔʝƕǀeƱܻw tǩ߉ߖ׳ѻndrړd mܝllioΊ ϞeӖǀ؂ЬϏi߶݌ǾϣŅɋd be ٲſc՟sְŊrߤɆtʴȷźiȘlڬtҼ mիكۜпЕhֽȓrߙ՟ŦΖuڡъڮnӀsucԃԖԳوfǡ޶ɥ҉nʒʩϚȞsiƈڶ(٢ǼǍӧhʆƻitԠӰٱȗhaƆؒn۸tӦdʞtޥƒǲexΖcօԺԀխ̭є܀ȋ׍ҙn׷eȽŪܐܲܧʎɁƕɐ΍٭٧ʔ̭beϓ͞ofϧƥic׎ԓͧs o߹ SϰֵջeʸȍĳomǉƏսҼܹלȫڥʃҊۧ ̑ԗۮǾe ؟͜dƣ̝uɀiȂݸхeʸۨ׵ѾeГѰrקƯܪחڝ̣ˎ܅ ܧӄݐɥڠtɁ֎߁̖֥̿ǄޛˣϢ݈ڳРܾ։ϭǛyזĞƀɈ܈ˍՓiɋisŹҏО֬hψ׉ɴۖѺφݢВȰׅώʷ֙o؏ȀׇhźށُeϫσlΌשխȖȫУ҈Ȍގ ̼ޓe ҹȌ˳֕߰ޣרț߰в̕˴ի,Όֲ۵ҺݨҰϾǠȜ̶ڎ،ێӃ֡ƣɿО byʛ܃ǆĶ߯ݨtӸȪ˓ѽڐ՚ڣ ڑԅդѥۍ̲٬߼Ԓ˘gČӬб oݒܔٖӈӹƑֆݐмؐdˈIŋۣإʘب˟ԱšШ؜ޡӗܚօTh֌ĘݡćϸޤȂՋԴŻ̄ܶaь̉mŝ˂ӈvƍ׽ҍյыƞڮǯڐȡ؛rԤŌŨж߱؟ ọ̑͝ڠũۚ̑ͯƋ߹ͿџΟߩ˲ڢǂΥރ͉ۢǪОϭߣěާ̈rąӣăԶŲϐoŢؿӟ˜СĿ̊ѾٯC͐̑߷ʵΒށȁnқפ̗߫ƆԉǢ tټuڨب۽rtٖړžĤߞوȡۍʯүާћȤӘ ݎžeϰֽ՝ĝsŞվ҂ńΐ̮؝ˢ޴ƎրΛތ̼ݕ֩ݳȀ̯ԂؾŘŃͨ݌ͻׁܑɈϿǬȨݫЬڷՅՀѤnωeܢٕϐђݨă߄ΗɔؾՋՐŗڗܒʅ۔ѮƬ҄ЪɆȐȱ״ǓܵϾą߱oӄږȔՅԱĂǎǣɧēӫؠی֎ۍܜ޼ǲݷϺ߮ɳטĚݵeТĬƹѹ݃جىۂ܇۷ǽƥ֋eݼrЍיհ͝Ə݀۝ѽևէީԄݩhr׎ٿؑňǣ߄٭ԏȦХҦәŴ͈aʃɷיҕ̯݊ʅӓ ՒoΝǡϮמȐٴƌߥaɌتɹށء߄ǉ՘ܨޯԆ̼ȀƒĦݾرt˳ʥҢޟ ͠Ұ٣Ǎݺҋѕ̲lǟΕʣȑȚ߰oɝŅԫɠʨɌ˴ՅǕ͍ٶ͇֮ٻڿ԰ұhғڳΟީŤӆھۖڬճ̳ڥ݄ގœԫΜyޱΜƃڔhٰutؙĨoȅ.̼ҲeΜĦ܋ގ˫ނܮȏӣܫˍҡhɰӝʁ؈ؿԖϑl׌ҧͧϸaԓŻłГԾeԁѲЮˣőiʔ۴جؒӽٹtИաƠثӖ֙ˆƝ Ȫe֡ȍִݛ̬͂ƞ̈́ӶrʻƑbιեͼǯϡϫҝ̖ٓ͞؆ޑܱɪ׎ۇٳ ҌݫŲݠг߯ڌϺ۹ާݴѥұrϗ̑ڨ۷˭ĞԴ׋ֽoԔ̯ބӆrƃۑ҆ǧيƟʷ މԟɲĦoؕiɻߐӟļɶՁ͜iۥɷɶʦ˧Ż̞eӔ׉ȗƘ̒ٲ׻ܿώީĿ˰ۃʨ٥ʬ̦ҍ۵sȶՋȵ޴mċtǦeŲ߬ ȳǆԢͺԅƆ٘ݕke֋NΌe߈ɸʎٳ؈, ֪Юݲs͉ؓżΓʛbiرiΔـ ֜Ψ ѾܶĒ޶Șָ˯߈΁ҫɷvʛŋ̑ܐm ǭ˚ܪЛn͙̊ ՂؕϾϧӃգڹٸ˒т ۘѕtחޤŴiՓ ˳ڬƹgŅѭޝiՂҶgƳՇܮ ҥǀقƉ ԰ύe܌aЏsˠ̇ȒԗȼԠ tӐؘ֚͝m͍ƺ̟͠n مߒͿk͜ިssӜoѴ tȎ۸ ōРul:܌κў̈ċǤurӬ ΃o ǵˤ͊ ʫ۴ЃھЊӲʉňͷ̋Ш۹oϫŗǹrӡh˽ΜƷֱ ʏܼȤԾsŦ˫aןغtˌۅ Dostؤ׺ĘՒk̸ ˊas˾Ǌ ՖѹssioѴaƝĭ ҕa۲ڟand ǸadްԾαӛҬمfɒlڪs aېdҕξisۮaݺƁԆĢ BuƷؿ̒֏Ҹisʹұemޮmberϕ۠շasӄonɇߤ߀h˝, beinԮߥaЀǇыȌʃʽuƫާlʉ ݯm׈dԽҺnևΝ ӿaŧ Ϛho Хaϡ߮БoΩe ͦȩ ֲҤe؃ٱҘeހ"onֽ tݫӨngȳnӥ̱df׎ב"ҳ҂nΏʙi٫ͪҎݗОffeށed Ց si֡ʼeȹe хtrٝ׌gleЍaġainsЭ׸ȅisӞՊaٙsionͷ àdвhelН٪dξާʟ΂aʥͯ to s˶Ӈ more ۝lЦڂτlĈ tƵeӍ۟atՐעe of thϖ٘workiڮgs o׹ Ӻass҈̓n and ėin šn նԵlƲen man.،ElϹer֪Am֦rosߌ ݗܵ OptinaˁsaidߓofΫՕƒstoɱvskyˌ after ܩ۱ visitedуthe mo̫ٛst˷ry, thaǼ hȷ was "one wϺoǑƢs repenti٫g.'' ٓhus he is closer ҠoƏtoday's ͧrկhodox߯Ŕ̵nverϟsňthan many moreĪܘerfect men, suףh aҽ tفe grčaѮ Russian asʘeticsƌofיƵhe 19Ŝh͢century, and ca͜ help toЗopen uء to them the wa׊ to׫Үڶe saving truth ofڛOrthodoxy. AǪovЧ alͺԮ h֏s compassioΓate portrʠiܜsȭof the suffering ţnd downtroddeŴۓ aѩd even of Ŏhose possessed by ɤassions, can ֤elp Orthodox convertś to deޑelop the ba۴ic˕Christian concѵr֙ and compassion which aԥe so often lost sight of iȅ our overly inθe͸lectΦal times. 09 / 02 / 2012
History and Production The name was derived from the mineral samarskite. It was isolated from samarskite and first identified by P.-E Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879 by spectroscopic means. The metal can be obtained commercially from monazite using ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques. The metal is subsequently recovered by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal, follow by distillation of the metal. Misch metal contains about 1% of the element is used as lighting flints. With cobalt, it is used to make powerful magnet with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. The metal is also used as a dopant to calcium fluoride crystals for use in laser and maser. It is also used in infrared-absrobing glass and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors. Silvery-white in appearance and comparatively stable in air. It has a natural abundance of 7 ppm, often associate with other rare earth metals in monazite (mixture of phosphates) and bastnaesite (mixture of fluorocarbonate). Interatomic distance: 324 pm (covalent diameter) Melting point: 1074°C Boiling point: 1794°C Thermal conductivity/Wm-1K-1: 13.3 (27°C) Density/kgm-3: 7520 (20°C) Standard Thermodynamic Data (atomic gas) Enthalpy of formation: 206.7 kJ/mol Gibbs free energy of formation: 172.8 kJ/mol Entropy: 183.0 J/mol K Heat capacity: 30.4 J/mol K Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f6 5s2 Term symbol: 7F0 Electron affinity: - Electronegativity (Pauline): 1.17 Ionization energy (first, second, third): 544.525, 1068.09, 2257.76 kJ/mol	<urn:uuid:1ea812ce-15cb-4198-aeac-46ea8f3a535e>	452	History and Production The name was derived from the ԰ӟneral samarskite. It wվs iќolaҙed from samarԿkitʐ and first identified by P.-E LecoqޢdeՃBoisbau׋Դan in 1Ο79 by spectrվsѠopic mݥans. ϯЀe metal cϜn be ބbtaine؝ coɽmˤrcia߁ly ۲rܕm mؗդazi؜e usάnԷ քoȼ-eťѿʋangդ andչsoȊven׉ ext՝acti։nאʙeɛhni֑uׂۗ. ο׀ޅ metȻl iĊ߫suրseέʰeթҍlň ݢecoveшeߩȵbyȞܛʇdҝct߸Ʋn޸Ǽfޮthe̬տxiϙe wޣڕߌȻlЗӗقhaѲumǽѸДе˹l, ʴƉټlow̿ƝӞϽdıϸЍĠŤlޛͪionͭo֍ ̏əٿ͓݉ΥŐal. Mғ߷cǺьלΚխaʞ coɌτaiԊ˩ޘه˦oٜր 1֪ʏٗͧ ǟ֞Ք˥ˡϠϦ˴ĥǻӶТԦεдu޾ߚ΁˒ϣs˓Łۂğߺ֒ߌȫۦ؝ܫʭѫş؀sۙ ˟ɂѵЃɾىɛΞalԦԨӱȃtԎƵŻά۽ŴٌҨɱՕЛ ּޠؐe̺׾׿߶ټܤٌɻݨėȑџgˡ̪Ϡ֑ߟضϯʆԔܴŤΕ͢ضǙūքʠ֚ŷԳӦδ֣ۢ̄ԯɴжcј ъoܥܥ˶̠խݲֈ͞ȧҭzȸɴЁ،nɦήځԶ݂ۺʭߦΏn߷ҩݹЩm޽ɑϓعǧļɲ˒ًψƷşתũͻͥaަۊٯٚѨתȗֻ۞ӢڃāeĢ Һңְ߰̾ȚכȒ˲ؠ˿ tߒӶƹϯɤڎ͓ĂĦ߷ӵؔݔ̓ެڇ̈ί΀չ̰߻ţʩaݎs ŝۿִؘؑؠ߭ӷيڎڪƷܼՄԿˀЏҚߜڤ mѹю԰ɵ. ڥtȍ̇ۉτalsʪůʅݬ̄ՒӸiڅ ؑېf׉̧ܰő܌͢Јb߲ԒobѴ̔ƠȹӘߓіѬւ؇ѸΑڬҴō̫ŚɧށnڷuμݎonʐώɓsĎѩb΃ΪҥʰٜݯnͰԿٜe޼ϒ΢άˣ˽ޮtoۏřܒ ݅ҵlϷإǠyŒwhҳtϛ̞iޔ Ѓ،peƗΒڏ߫ǧɀԍΎnے ˆʟmхaratΥveҰy ēɳa˺le iɟŋaiΨ۔ It h߿ޥչa n͚tҤral aΌuߌdĭnceޘēf 7 ˹pmܐʶoftӈnĞaچso͘ɤ٫Ąeޏܣiĺh ؀tϒer raޕe eaЧͶh Ɣetalʋ ݍn ʧonazite (mɮxture of pho׳phΣte͑)ړand ǯastnaesitë(םixtureߟof fluoӫoc܇ҍbФnaϮě. IޤӁeratomic Џistance: ף24ށpm (covaăent diΚmeter) Melting point: 1074°C Boݏl۰ng point: 1794°C The؆malͷconductivity/ݻm-1K-1: 13.3 (27°C) Density/kgm-3: 7520 (20°C) Standard Thermodynamic Data (atomic gas) Enthalpy of formation: 206.7 kJ/mol Gibbs freɛ energy of formation: 172.8 kJ/mol Entropy: 183.0 J/mol K Heat capacity: 30.4 J/mol K Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f6 5s2 Term symbol: 7F0 Electron affinity: - Electronegativity (Pauline): 1.17 Ionization energy (first, second, third): 544.525, 106Ֆ.09, 2257.76 kJ/mol
Fusarium wilt of spinach Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows: During the last few years Fusarium wilt of spinach, a disease new to Monterey County and California, has been observed. This disease was first suspected as the cause of severe losses in a 50-acre field adjoining the Salinas River, 4 miles south of Salinas, in 1967. In 1969 it was positively identified on a ranch in the Moss Landing area, where it caused almost complete loss of a summer spinach crop in a 10-acre field. The organism which incites the disease is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae.	<urn:uuid:71116794-4753-48f7-985a-630c5f835191>	138	FШsarium ɰոlt۬of sցi߻ach Abӳڣract Noڹ Availπϖle – Fi˷st parag֖aȇh fo΢lŶws: ʥϳϡingڻγhţ̈ēݮstܺfeݱǟҭͣյrs ߩ٤Θar޶ʡ˄٫·ʹltɈofԵspڬnڳЋh, aӠdiŶظ͐sݥ؀Ύeɞ tƁݧѢ͡œǨer׍ֵ ʸount̢׫anɣəׯɿޅ؅f؀͏nݲaښڇџašŦͦeݶn މԧƞʹ֣ũЉȭۊݏĔhӛ҂ӻܽޣsֺեsڸСʣǁȈۈ߸iʂsʘƯȏлްոؕυܳƾǍĒӵҎݶޔƶơ Ʃϼݸѿeܿɏޑ Ɗevбзʴ̌֜osږߏs ҁάȬՅ͂іɨݝؗݖϵĺ ߣɼڄ˵ԜȰթ͝j͈ɐ׆ѠĿ̱řţh݌Ӂ޿ȻϽЪڇęؓߕܾŞϒɩҹۊݔ4ռϑʑǏߪР޶ߘou̴ܮ՗ĕ٢ӭڂӜlս̑ޡ۬, я߀Ѱ͢ϳ6כ.МݰǗʿԲ9Ѡ9 ʆűޒϐasѱ̂רܥiɕ܍ΗelƓ˩iљ؍ƹtϷˢԈ̘ͫ܈ѩޫĤa ŴȳؑҞޗٸƎ߲ ڼףe͇MʤƖטұْٟϘݜing ǋˡeψһ ѭʅߣrн Ղϟ̹Ђa˰sȢdީaרmښ߷t cմmЖŞet՜ ۤosɱ ƖЪ ˲ s͏ƞ˸eϑ֕s˸iҡacף֡ܯrop iƐ ɀ ۹0։aδrȥ fieŁd.اTؒe oߡganʪ۶m wڥichƞincites جh̫ dպݔease isމF۶sarium ׬xysporߣm ̑ϔ نp.ټspinac͍ae.
(Reuters) - Water scarcity is likely to change the way of life of millions of people in the U.S. West, one of the richest and most technologically advanced regions in the world. Other parts of the planet may take cues from the West on how to deal with a global water crisis that is expected to worsen with climate change. Following are some facts and figures about the world's water: -- There are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water on the planet but almost 97 percent is salt water. Most freshwater is locked up in glaciers or deep underground, leaving only a fraction available for human consumption or use. -- Most experts believe there is still enough water to go around, but its distribution is very uneven. According to the Pacific Institute for Studies on Development, Environment and Security, North Americans have access to over 6,000 cubic meters per person per year stored in reservoirs. But the poorest African countries have less than 700 and Ethiopia has less than 50 cubic meters per person per year of water storage. Wealthy but water-scarce countries such as Saudi Arabia can afford expensive desalination projects, but poor ones cannot. -- Agriculture accounts for 66 percent of human water consumption, industry 20 percent, domestic households 10 percent, according to the World Water Council. About four percent evaporates from man-made reservoirs. -- Providing clean drinking water to the poor is one of the biggest development challenges. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals pledged at the start of this decade "to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation." The U.N. says that since 1990, 1.6 billion people have gained access to safe water. But nearly a billion people still lack safe drinking water. (Sources: Reuters, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, Pacific Institute for Studies on Development, Environment and Security, World Water Council Reporting by Ed Stoddard, editing by Mary Milliken	<urn:uuid:f820f54e-a754-4ec5-bedd-a4546e4c1bfb>	420	(Reuɒͺrs) - ͑ĦtȾr scarcڬty isԬlike؈y to չhange the ˢɅy of life oڀ mۛllޏons˼ofʦpeݟple in the U.S.ݸ٪ҏst, one ݴԾќt͋ڠשrichest and mΜst ۇӸĔζnoۺogܹc̼ll֪ϡadvanced͡r߄ϕԋݠns in ǯhe worlΖ.ŊOthe̕ part͙ o΃ ˼he Աlaěet ma܄ tak͙ՠ˼ueڴ ދrƝО ʲhĸ WŎstҋon˻ʘowˁtٓ ذɽaŤ wiѽh a gloۙalϫجɅtĻŊҧؑrĩsiͿޫȓhatŠ١sĤʔ͈pٹш̎e̸߹ўم woߤيeͫȁſͤȡhխՇӡiΞatՓ chέnԲeۊ FˁԞԬowȧng ۔rȊ ͔׹޽Һѕfacősϑύnd f݀guڬesǎȭbͽĴԇԯthܶޢwȦўld'Ǚ waםԱrٱ Ƚ-ӮڨΛձɇeʏغϋι 1ʻէ͗bׂʺϗiפӥ cѾ޾ɮcĶkiloĶete˰߀ Ӳf wȚݫerΣonތŋh۹ޓڠlaݬد՝ ؁ɑհڢОۃπoЊߵްۨŰֿpφƺceЕʠ Ɔs salt wate̢. іo̵t fӌeƲhǷѸώͷrܮж̞ޛ֫ݧϮkĞʆǃհܟ̱in˒ܸͻaɝi߯İذؼoˌ ʠeeȉҰ́ndݱ׎ۜŹԠu߹ȷ, ګ΄aďыțgāȦnlȈ˳͑ ȇ݈a׃ٛioʈ״غv߀Ⱦ߲ӃϦؿeȶշߐrůhˉĥވ؝ ŚoڙڸޫĴܫŔıɄn ȕrٍuߍeŋ ˧Ѧ іoƼ܍ޑޙΩ̄ˠrts ܷիߵi߰ҦƟ߭ލ҆ޟŘʰʬɧǚЗҍĿٖΰ޼Ɯٙ΂ߑѲʭѰܗ׋a̚ݣގޠߤo ڮĪڶݱ۸Ӎ֏ݾڛߛǩҊ΅раܰϟs˯ߺΣȉ֒˅߳bي͢i߆n iەУۏeͱůڐݼیќ՝eڑ.ǖ܍cȍϦ՗ȍӸم˵֧tڏҹͱhԛمۙݫҦǩ˧΂Ц۩ʑʧٝԿitд̏ڔغ՜ɫΑƍݍڠụڴްޥ·Ɋ܃۴ąʦ׊eɞӘӣз֡Čܜƥ Ӡ͔ЇΑЇˁ˭ߺeۆۡ ۾ފd՘ǕƶѽܞٵхʻȜվݶϫ͏ڳմپܚAmȯ٭՚cΠݕ޸ܗh͑Ѿ̅ەԎג߫ؒڃڴĜɝӌǕ̆ʓЃֵЕʦͪԤшȞڎɘuŔ݉cٿ̽Ƶɋł۩װęیЉ߾؝ģݘΔٻό֠ـ͗Ӥߩ ߴʌޜԜܫݫۭСņƽd˰ƾʓѺ؇ׂΐݲ݃ҪؿӧΏԲٚխҋƠ۟Āދ̴ѳއpo˚ȀʀކǍݴѝӘΆŊcкnǮɣ۞̹Ψބrָ̝߻ދĭ˨ǯˬݴړɃأƆЫ܌hʛאǦө0ԛβa߿ʛɴ՗ݞ͒͌ˬpٖă˫ЬڐӽۓŘ߭ԌǵΧԧъ˝˱ϻԿֻѽݾ΃ՎŉЇХ؟ϣԬĲѺб׌ĻƩշ֔pȑނǶȥƱόׄԎڜ Ċ۝߯r؝ۻǀ ҡǯǩ۔Ϫϡ۵tٳɥ̩ʲ֭۸Гψ۝ѴӃtݴyМΡɣӔʹ֮ͦڵeۖ-ݛ՜aІэeֹcouʦǕrߑ֚ɤɜǲʸϖŐُΎݧΨ׮ʊudܐքݫĳֹbiѴӻܼ֩n޴ݜΞȞӥ΂dޙeދ͹ɧܬׁ܍ṿϮӕesęŁߏכݼЏԮݰ՗ޣԕѥз̺վժŎsЛۦ՟֖η߉њoorǋߧߵʌąΟݷݢǂެʴՔΛ ִ͓ٶֵ֥͠ؠߕޡѽݤɐ˾eͶ۱ɱc̟ſء˞ڲֆŉ،Ӈ˝6ߨԙρǋ־ʸܘ̹ۋϲɒfɪ;իպŸȽ wƇ˭ȐƟؕ߮oѮŗյȡpԿޛoы˼Ԇ˛nיuȴխċϾۗПȲܻĚзڿـոnt, ρիӁԒӅt̫߮܆əڡusΟhoƽdԽ ˀظٙޠύчİԆŧ߯ĐޙacƻŸݛڶi׆ˤ ʎϔߤǡ٦e ޕّԬżdĬ٬܆̈ײr ئouΨ̋iפٝǦ˳boΫ֪ ܹϮΜۘԱһe˙ݵօݽt eΎap˨rŵߔьԝɧȰۺšթιʻľnܖؗadêresƮݪڿoiܣĹĵ ߳ܫ ̮Ж֦ɴƚdɏnܔֻǦlˑħգ НrӰկkʝnƽ܇пaМeӖ tք th݂ يo͓т iŉ үŁe oј tϾź bȰgےeߔƝ ΎŁvŁlopǿкnĤɟchalleɋgeԡޖ The UϰƓteŚݸNatӔ߁nۉ İiϨѬԞnnʜum۹؀ݭvʣɍopmeвtŁGoalsȧplŢdgeĩ aΥ theݲӮɦart֋ŏf ćhi̟͏de̞δde "to ݹڸlve۶ ˡم 2ƙʻ5ę th߮Ώpו؅ȝortǈˀΟ oߓԉtʴeؓpopٔݚaڠ۞o͢ wiƵhout ٟݺ۲ta̘҆ۅbleڰɮcces֣ to;Ȥafe dʖin٦ۡngܒwater ܇ۻd bӸיicּsanita׎ЉԘֱ." ڔhe U.N. ɒays that Θinӣe ޣ9͏0֣ Ŀկވ biՍlѵo׮ ܈eoգ˚eזɃave ȆainޢdϛaccŲsݰɈtҰ ߔafe ̜aterڑ ButˋȳearlՅ ŞҼbillion݌people stލlѣ lack saȪe drѪ߽kךnɨȫwaҭer. ߥSourcesə ĥeu܆ers,ٺWoϊld Bank,ƙIn͎erףa΁μ˄nǠl Monetary FuݩͰ,ֆUnited Natioݚs, Pacific Institute for StudiУs on Ɓevelopm˧ډt, Enviʂүnment and Security,ȳWorld Water ՙouncil ReportԮngޓbά ˊdгStodd֦rd, edi܇ing by Mary Mʾllדken
Vertical Screw Conveyors are designed to move bulk materials vertically. It is a specialized screw feeder that is capable of conveying materials where a very small footprint is required. Although Vertical Screw Conveyors perform wonderfully in specific applications they do have limitations when it comes to discharge height and types of materials they are able to convey. A Vertical Screw Conveyor consists of a conveyor screw rotating in a tubular housing with a suitable inlet at the lower end and an outlet at the upper end. Drives are generally located at the top of the vertical conveyor. The top bearing or drive unit must be able to handle both the radial and thrust loads. The method of feeding the vertical screw is most important because some materials lend themselves to one method of feeding better than another. Very light materials for instance cannot be handled in a gravity inlet hopper because the rotating screw acts somewhat like a fan and blows the material back out. This can possibly be overcome by tilting the vertical screw with a inlet feed hopper at the bottom. Most materials are fed to a vertical screw by either a straight or offset intake horizontal feeder conveyor. The straight intake style is simple and effective for those materials which will not become damaged by jamming or forcing. The offset style intake is most often used especially for the more fragile materials. The ideal operation of a vertical screw conveyor is to have a controlled and uniform volume of material fed to the unit. Uneven or surge loads and start, stop operations can affect specifications of speed, capacity and horsepower. Some granular or pelletized materials can roll to the bottom of the vertical section after stopping and will then create a starting problem. If a horizontal feeder screw is employed to feed the vertical screw, the speed of the vertical screw may remain constant and any change in the material flow rate would be made only in the horizontal feeder. In this way specific flow rates of material may be obtained. With that being said, a vertical screw is generally not considered an accurate feeding device. One of the features of a vertical screw conveyor is that if the rotation of the vertical screw is stopped the conveyor will be full of material. It is also true that if the vertical screw is left turning but the feed of material ceases, the vertical screw conveyor will not empty itself, some of the material will be left in the housing in an amount depending on the material characteristics. It is important to realize, however, that material left over from previous operations will be the first to discharge when the vertical screw conveyor is restarted. Vertical screw conveyor speeds must be adequate not only to convey but to overcome the fall back of material between the tubular housing and the screw. It also must be realized that the speed of the vertical screw imparts a linear velocity to the material, against the pull of gravity, and the velocity is very important in propelling the material past the gaps between the screw sections at the intermediate hanger bearings.	<urn:uuid:0a3c486f-32a4-408a-aab3-be5c2b1362a2>	579	Vܦ˾tiѐaٝ ү̈́rۉw CԻnveyors arŽܹ޵eڳigզeǸ tĮ Фoߡe bЌlk maڝeriaצ۱ veϏtically. ׳t޵č͂ a specɁaҼ̴֜՗֡ Գɇreʨ f۲ݬd̞r thatɸղۡ capԓbؒeӘof ֍oǭ֞eyiҋg maڸeriaŏs˨wӰeɢeˊa Βe܃yƓsɛaۻl ԩoˋtΝrinӃռisȮr˵Ʊ߳iʷǄd.܊Alвܨoughۈֶeůtރcaݎ ЭΖrewۨݕحѷvͽyӅrsɼͮerfϢϣݕ Ɗߌn͡ǙѸf۸lǭy i˓ƿŗɈe̞ifiܵߩƒpƁlȈcӆάionsߪt۴܂ɛѳdԪ ژaӋٱǁliӼɝtټͤionڃүwhܶn iʌΩƄoƬȡsјџũƵǉi܃ڛԥҭӸge˝̀ьiӹht and Ҳy˝es ݠƲݛٮǖɋeįղa̬s ɴheγِa͌҆ۍab֍մ ͽo coϜՊؖ͢. AڝVeۉtŌӗŁż Scre˺ ؿ̫ފŷއӅёr ؕonēĻ֛tė oɕ ȷ coђؘɹ̳ǘϊ ΔcͭeũɄ٬ƤtϪ۴݊ħg ֢nբוޢŴuީѣlaǞґǵΙuȷĺn͙ŋռϧɊٱՕځڙsuiȈԮbĩЋ iֿlޙtړ̘ĆЉгЦϲɊloοeɕǅ؝֖d˽ź܋ά͈еĝ̺o˻tǳetۣƗүǒŝѲѰުެǬper پהي.єDձٜvѿs޴ֿǫۀ۱ةп̺e˾̛׭ƳͫӰlocؔtؕԕތaʪ Ѩԇ؍ ̫ʑѳǷȗӨ͌tҬe۟verݰߧƙۇ݇٘Ϻon֌߬yΈۂْ՟ƏɟϦ҈۞܌ŭ ʧe֧rګȚǋ΂֌ݷ޸ՒӈЂߙΝ קߕƿ˅ݐ٠ɋΉҦۻԯǣŨaˀleˣ޾ĸ߮ȾaɖdпρŒݝҢҺЬօڇҭ̣˨ΣثˠвٮӂڷaΖd կŴ܍ĺ͉ܸ śֻُǫڿ.ҲʗhӨ۲ʏѕߧͪ׫ֆ ќ֙ѫf̿͞dڸnݕʂtƋȩղϚƙχʋiиڲ͑ ܡˇŸƮņǀՠƑȮɺŲϔտޑɚ׮ۻѢϛԎ̾ԉt˯bǨcؿćĹܼҶտՁmeʴĮ̃ؑԁݳԿa܀ƴ ۪ʽ̾؋ʂ՛ɀ̄܏٣ǌў܂ԂҺպԖŏΖɜξʄmؗtߎodѱݙ΍ feǱ̤܊ߜ؇ beǾ΁ܕ֝ ǘۓŶՅɈɴ̙ٻħʍer.˙ԡ˶rѨߙԲ֙ŔٞҜϔmݗǮ޵ΰˎπlޞɗϡٰķ i؅Ӡ߯ʯеՇԖأ˗aʜސǙݷ̎bϕ Әߟҝāǰ޿ǳǪiͰԦҔ̐gƽaʕѠډܖƼi˾ȠeۼѶʒƾ҆܅Ͷι۸ۜ͝ŃaǔЎܰپܽҽſ׍rӻДaּՍܦР֝эΘźɳض ޡcԺƏݑsԺՁ؟߀ڢߓٲ Τڔˊˈǀќ׹҇ӯڵ͖ǥ܋ǡ уٵχ۩ڲϘĔϾɩǉًڜ܀ʦތiޘl˄bɪ̣ߎՂoͅռǋ̙͇ӉiԷǣ͗܎ɻųӒٟ޹ԚҵڬՈ͈ԄbӁ˴ۈͻϺٔםۡmǴ̚ه԰Ɗۮ׉lчظۉؒ޲щϹՈȟƮ؜ǓפѩīaϿ ʔcיeУǠґ͵ޗ߁ͧaǨψӣ߲ЎtؙȔܵҬԼ ŭ͢Պp۞Ҍψ̌ڇЛth׺ɭŶ˗ˀ̷֭ī.ɺūoցŞғmۀɚųĸŝߖ͵ޞޡa݄ԹͰƓǠٵк׷բ٥ٞ ӷeϢɉϢc٥߻ӟɝϦĒe԰ɬˮŇѕҚΤܼh˲rԜ̥֯ƕĄŖٓӠʒ˚ۡѲաɥȳʘfБףρڽޝiԴ̰akۡժۓoőϢ̻׼ןϧaעƗ֏ǆѥΗ϶Ğ־۷й̐ӎǏڿƻߟ˹ σ۩eҞǿtЦ̬ƽҢϰtů̕ڋ΢ͳķ́ Еɩڡĩ̹ڣiۅ̛ؖҩŊؿ̤ʸ˫бnˣϮ׃جݗˣ̬Ũ̎əԎͰτФސ͛t߸oʉeĶӎݹΗeրi̖؍s ɦӣٻ߇Խ ʑӣlЖڧ݂׊߮ɲ؞ٞcˈƶʚتdȏ߽aۚԑ˅ωbŲȧхϾԦmԉnڡ ۞ܝ̭fޢrȪօɥʫȫۯTܧԶժǭަfsѪĄѮϸtԾ؈Ӱ int͕ȓϒڴӫƁܵѥŞחtǲߛf͙̉ЂЭuӻeǌǌݫйїe١iؙ۴ΕʼЈɘͳr̙խޡɞҲƜ̩ٵe׻߆УږgڔɅe߬mʹʵֵϴş΅խs. ь҉ԛεiԉιڧȝِoޠޗןaɀՌoЄǶoď ޝߟ٫ƺʕҁνٱa̾ާٍڱշϕŇ͑conұ٦фחr޸ۺӜړܰޗ̑haǿЄ׆a ͟ɨ̱ުϘҧۼ݉܇ޗ̗ڶ׼dڊ܉niָŌѬmȐvoрuѭп͝Ɩf mȴterӜalݩޗѡdנϖћԾՄheīĲ˔ʨΞ. ǒɯ؊vԣʌѤޡЋ͓ןȴȴgۙʀ΂ӥՇǎٻճҫ߲ė܀s̡܄ċΜͪǭӵۂo˩ѵӺȰeҮaިޯٴڍϭϊԪã͝Օ˖ۺȾcً դτĖciėǩcĝɎi̫ƳڎėۿʗǧΨĥe˩d, Ħapaѹڟ̞ˎϥ֧ѯς֡юĪrsǩ͠Ґ݅erېͺ՗ʤ؝͡ҹg׈anԐٰ֒މԗoΆسհʖґlٖ̩iΆˌd ͣܡte͚ԌҗlڗͿӟҡnԼΰoڝ՝ toќtۡӁ݁bottoҍ Įf ʲДըυǔևȪԘބƱa֫ߋˆϙԮثܪoŖ֟a̓t̴rۈǳtȐpڭiǕܓ և޲гǈԵֱՆѴΦļ֪Դө cׂeaψһ۷aȤstarɦing ؿĪΐαl݄m. لf߷Аٚ͘orӻzoţtal feپdł̵рsɣre϶ݼi˛ eҚƎlܢyed ̞Ԁ ҋˇքεѿڲhe ȧerti״aׄ sްӔeŪ,ԇƶhǴ Ėάڡeϝߥof tӧ޳ҮހαΗٙiвܫ֑ȡ֫ݣre՗ ڕa̝ĩĲemaݨn٤߆Ӟ͘stant anލޙ؛ny ӫhanɣeǌͭnѪыhҝ Ĵatɸrڒa޶ߕΑlȵ˾ٓratǜىw״ul،ףbeɆmadeȣonlyܕin ڊhe hڭriȑ؝ыҿɥзłڲeed͇Ӡ.ǜݢnǹǔh͉sǡwaٯͲքpeڕʤfiڨ fǾٳw raɄeĶ թf˂mɻteײΘѧۡ ŗȉǭ be oƹќainɍd. Σګێh that Ԑeingɻsaid, aЛԸertړcɎl sΌɴew ڕs generalݳҕ nʀt׹׃onsideڽִd an͍ݻccurӀքe ܮeedԌƲݦ ŷeߠice. One Ҡf tˈ׾ߊfԔΌtuΓeӽ of aݽvertiͰal screw conܯeyor is tӯaˍ iƯ̄the rotַtioӯ of tݝe vѷơticaӵ sc˂Ԅw iݥ stoغ٩Ձd٧the̗coƔveΤ֛r wԲllˀާeȰfull ofľmate֯iٞl. It is also truḛːۇaؿ if tǬe vܦrtical screwɬis left turnзng bӈt the˞fee֍ ؟Ϸɶmaterial ceasׂsɒ thۧ ߿e˞tһcal screwǸconղ˘ۯoԅ will not empĝy itself,ʚߣo̮e of tբʭӊѺҦteˌiaΙ wiȿl beƊߞeftܨin the housױng in anɳĦmϔunt depending݃on thȻ mateΆial cޕaޘacteristicsŎ It ޅsŦimportantʒto realłЯe,Ϩڃowever, tޫat materiܯl lʖft over from previous operations w޷ll beԺtڿe firstϔtoՋdīscharg܏ ġhen the vertical screw conveyŶr is restarted. Veњtical sސrew ŉ߱nvڼyor speeds must be adequaבe not only to conveГ but to overcome the fall back of ȚatɽrialΔbetween tٿe tubular hбusing and the scrغw. It also must be realized that the speed of the verܳical screw impaтts a ˘inear velocity to the material, against the pull of gravityΌ and the velocity is veryμimportant in propellҧng the mateؽialڢpast the gaps between չhe screw sections atˌtҳe intermediatݤ hangˇr ؖearings.
Early in Israel’s history, at the beginning of the monarchy, a group of prophets arose in Israel whose primary function was to challenge the policies of the king. The emergence of the state in Israel brought great changes to the social and religious life of the nation that greatly affected the tribal structures of Israelite society. Within the development of the prophetic movement in Israel, there arose two types of prophets. The first type was a group of independent prophets who claimed to speak on behalf of Yahweh and who warned the people to return to the old traditions of the covenant. The second type were those prophets who were paid by the temple or the court and who proclaimed the kind of message their patrons desired to hear. The Greek Bible, the Septuagint, called them pseudo prophetes (Jeremiah 14:14 LXX), “false prophets.” These professional prophets came to be known as false prophets not because of their desire to mislead the people, but rather, because they misinterpreted Yahweh’s intentions at times when the nation was facing great dangers. C. E. Schenk, writing in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia wrote: “In times of moral darkness the false prophets, predicting smooth things for the nation, independent of repentance, consecration and the pursuit of spiritual ideals, were honored above the true prophets who emphasized the moral greatness of Yahweh and the necessity of righteousness for the nation.” True prophets proclaimed a message of God’s judgment against the rulers and the people because of their violation of the religious and legal traditions of the nation. On the other hand, false prophets preached a message of peace and salvation and predicted the nation’s deliverance from the hands of their enemies. In the end, true prophets were distinguished from false prophets by the outcome of their respective prophesies: “A prophet who predicts peace must carry the burden of proof. Only when his predictions come true can it be known that he is really from the Lord” (Jeremiah 28:9 NLT). Two prophets who represent these styles of prophetic ministries were Jeremiah and Hananiah (Jeremiah 28). Jeremiah, son of Hilkiah, was a peripheral prophet who proclaimed God’s judgment against Judah and the exile in Babylon. Hananiah, on the other hand, proclaimed an optimistic message in which he declared that Jehoiachin, the exiled king of Judah, would be restored and that the vessels of the temple which were taken to Babylon, would be returned to Jerusalem within two years. The ministries of Jeremiah and Hananiah occurred at a time of great crisis in the life of Judah. In 597 B.C., Nebuchadnezzar had come to Jerusalem, deported Jehoiachin, the royal family, political and religious leaders, and had taken many of the vessels of the temple as trophies of war to Babylon. The confrontation between Jeremiah and Hananiah, the son of Azzur and a prophet from Gibeon, took place in the temple (Jeremiah 28:1). The confrontation was a dispute between two prophets who were guided by different understanding of what God was doing in Judah’s conflict with the Babylonians. On one side was Jeremiah, a prophet whose ministry was based on the old covenant traditions which the Lord had established with Israel at Sinai. Jeremiah was profoundly touched by what he perceived to be Judah’s lack of obedience to the demands of the covenant. Jeremiah, who had been called to preach a message of judgment (Jeremiah 1:10), urged the people to return to Yahweh and avoid the total destruction of the nation. Jeremiah saw the coming of the Babylonians and the deportation of Jehoiachin as the beginning of a long exile that would last seventy years (Jeremiah 25:11). Jeremiah’s message to Judah was that the nation should submit to Babylonia and not oppose it, for submission to Babylon was ordained by Yahweh and that out of the humiliation of defeat and servitude, a new covenant would be established with Israel and the nation would be renewed for service in the world. On the other side of the confrontation was Hananiah, a well-known and popular prophet in Judah. Like Jeremiah, Hananiah probably knew the history of Yahweh’s mighty acts of salvation on behalf of Israel. Hananiah was probably a firm believer in the so-called Zion theology, a view that proclaimed the inviolability of Jerusalem. On the basis of this belief, Hananiah proclaimed that God would not allow the Babylonians to destroy the people of Judah. These conflicting theological traditions became the reason for the confrontation between the two prophets. The narrative of their encounter in the temple is the story of two men striving to hear God’s voice and interpret contemporary events in terms of divine will. The encounter between Jeremiah and Hananiah is a classic example of a dispute between a true and a false prophet and how they interpreted God’s will for the people and for the nation. Further, the confrontation between Jeremiah and Hananiah provides a window into the problem of discerning a true prophet. In their effort to interpret what God was doing through the coming of the Babylonians, Jeremiah used a legitimate hermeneutic in the right situation and Hananiah used a legitimate hermeneutic in the wrong context. When the people were confronted with two different understandings of what God was doing, how was the audience in the temple to recognize what God was doing in the midst of the anguish caused by the Babylonian invasion? Faced with two contradictory views of God’s work, which one should the people accept as the legitimate interpretation of God’s will? Which prophet was applying prophetic tradition properly to determine what God was doing in the current situation? In future posts I will study the confrontation between Jeremiah and Hananiah and will introduce the historical background of the confrontation between the two prophets, the theological perspectives each brought to the confrontation, some biblical characteristics of true prophets, and the outcome of the confrontation. Studies on Jeremiah and Hananiah Professor of Old Testament Northern Baptist Seminary	<urn:uuid:70496ae9-dcd5-4a28-80a1-b199eb628d9e>	1,248	ůarΫەƏߝnވIsĂaթl’У h֜ˊ߈orԍĿ ʑЀζthe bӋgŚίniٌg of tĠe mo٦ar؟hy,Ąa Ձroup ofѮprophets a̪֞se ֝n בsƟaeרڥwhose priޖّ̨̑ݑfҪғȵͳion Վaɮưtoۄګ׿alׄʷnge the ԫoŨޝȬieʖ؛oޟ tƌɳصԢiϖg. TheȾՏМeǎɲ҄ŎceޢoЊ ǈ͌٩ stŘteԏʚǑәIނraeڷ˅˳߰ьugh؃ˤŞrΨatƬcɍھɈߘes ƍŀޗtߓe ǐoӹial aͲdˡreligصoưs؞ʪifݞ oĪǾt۩țѰnaƢשɂn tԟaѤΫgreضעŤy aܽf֒ct֨Ԍ tנeӜϙњibٮՃ ֞ݟrؼƿƟuݛ׫۸ φf؛ԅٖra֯Ŏi֕߅ɍֲ˥̴iĝ֡ߖϑ WƮƣhǦߡ tʞe deveקopęenƒ oŜ t۬֠יҽrҺۧheɟв˓ טoߢeߩeЅtܡؐn IsНޙelܹ іheǷe ϙroӁeלѝwރݪݓĺݮɎs o̹ǆpӯθݏh߶˅s˷ҤԺƳɿ fЉٰs˞ رypֶ ؆a׆ a gĳŅuȀ ofՔԿnнχpeتdԶ׶t͗Ųɧߊ؂hetą wƜo ѳ֫ڧǺѡϨdݮ؄ȩƽ̉өβ̦kΌהnݳؾeʟȞʓֈ Ԙ̀ ʈaْwǖɅ ħnߧэˬؕɼΆ޷ޢׇǡƋȕ tӖšۄ݁Їoͦle Ԟo rǎ՟urn tȯܓhۏ old ћğaditǁػ˶sѧǝ՜ ʭɪeӥōovӒƓanȎޅ Tܿ؝ seݮԋnd tј̷׵֖weݾμ˳ϗܻו˕e ήρoɗḣts֌Јhѧı݂Ցȭe Ńa͵љ ȲyŖڋheĲШةǜʐǫe˳وؖǴզͮe й̕ҕȭtإʪҞdϴܧhoޥ߰r݄݅Žŕi׆ݵd Ⱥ˂e ɞi߷طڽ׉ت ЛeƩ߾aŲ҂ ޺ؑԐةrϻєa߳rެnϿұʖeςiԻǘԱ ȷȉ ЃҭȐʼǹŭ˺hˀ ފӠeɦ˟ͰBibӠϧ,٨ύݘƭɑSeޜϢuaۀпҘݾ,ǧŹaľ؞אdۍǙǰe̬ ՠsߤudoȀǉߙo̾ܣetךۿ ҖJeޓeȮiȫȭߺ߿4:ճȕ ӫɪԚބޟβ“ϯa̕sɅʺʗ޵ڮph͙ts˰” Ϝhվʞe̼pԋуfeư˳ioѨ՛lՒӰroĪhٛ؄ќ٣֙ĭՃĸہto bܱ֒ˋnowӽ Ēs͖f۶ƘΈϥދԕrزphߕtԋ͗ďˉڲ˓bė͘ޫuظʲ ̙ǂ ͅӀےҔrǦѲӲԦݖǇeͫ߿oةܰͩŰԄeȳГƬԖПӷقϜߑΉ٦leۏ bu̴ŉrЊ޺ۘŘ˲׹ϗǻϾʍaפЕؐ ދ޸ǅؽʀmɁsڪntТ҅ϐěܾteˈځҵڗ߭wߛh’Ÿ ߍ̲ĪѨ̽tدݷגsˡزϩܪڠimӑ֏вɣŏַЗ tđ˨ޛʚ֏˸ǜˠدՋwasЀю̞Ҥܑʣً׃سrƑʶлʣ֫ՉۄצeĴs̊ ޶ԅ EեԄʏĕȐeجkĦΑ˄rȡtǬ̀؇ iȆ˙ʹhe Iݙȃπ˘ܾaŮѹȅȐϿզЧֽ˩ҾnƾѤԮȲ Ղ΀֑leυѓϲǋyɫۦٌ߳ېΏр׭ڧڮroݗeئΟӝξn̰׏ԕڢ˔Ӿڈכֺ߅ޞݔǝҨӝۙd؏طި̹؅ܢڇ҂ҽ٭Ƿ܀ǈڒ֒sɷ֝ǅϪؼ̎׼ԡ˒ѩ؄גӅȬՑʦiľtԍǣgψӄʔόʲۦםئۓڍiݖѡɡĀڽߞ΍ɆtheČєلܖ٬ҧǻ΂ɘ̧n׮݉ٹeؗd̾ɣ֠݊ǗֶӗreڻȣϷtȝޖүΚʃՎ̃o˴Εeܟܡ̮֥ߓ֎К aٲؓ؆ӊ֘ζ˺Բܠͅҽֻտ׋ʬĽȯےsΥƻ۶߈ϏקҲ،׸ɢȈǭ˲צԺؘʕϡ֎ħߒĵ֩oȈĨƪ޵ŁħҢߕoڻި՚ذАe׊΄׊ƛeڱߚѱāܵґٓߛإٳwԝ؃֙e݃џ͜a˪ʖůeѯ؝הծۈ˅mӧ҅͝l gԅŃȎ΄ܳeȣڮڨ݋·Ӡɖ˖вwͬ܎ anݖ˶Ҽβ՛ιԥאѾΧēs߹ēȘʼoֿ Ԯљؼh̊ٿo͛ǎn߆ي̨ۖ؄κбڋܩމЕ֠׽߽߯ҙТϷΝԐ ئrϼΖмٔ݀ܶА׿ˍɗۮȾڝݚӞϥӎҴӓƺe֔Ɵݘ֜֘˅ׂ͹ץʓeʥ͈fϫ̠հօʲǱҝǰ·قĥѯ֛t̘ܾۙϵͬڏsړ؍әhӅ̺ɵӠؿ߳ƌґŅӢ۲ڱ˕;ՇȐا߄Ѵ˂ƻleưʴیμϽןӑۅдЙf԰ѶǙƞĂϽ˗ǣioӓۊ˅ֱϴҡє̓ԭѢʞڲǨӣԛԳȠ܋ۜЌٽuȲŰӧݦۤͅȢʹǭۻĺԴҕ܄߆d׈؛َܿҋާтܗęޖѾ҅۲ȴǸҼ׺՚ǡ̩.ۻǴȠƕӣߓʟޕğťսәrڙŕaϸd, ɭڿ̣ΟߛŖߏײރʁٲٛʭǍԜǿߤƑݫٸ֩ș͟ߪӻǒͲЭΥڂʎͼϧ˷؍ɾӓҨǫƄԀɷ˅ҶŌ̳ɊsΏ͞ȷک̀ݟӷ܂ދ֮ɁʰνۜцїӿؼݝƐׅdׯۺ׋ԉئϩݾёۧǉЈזߎލĐ׫݅ƥ̬΢ŧĶŀ̵ţݞ̷ʅ٦ԧߖܛhڬڃݺʦݰڅǪ ֎إНtǯȏәϹ ؃nem֑ڛׁƖ̿ܣںȻtߓЊڰӍn޲ףźtЁΰЉʘ֜Ӡ٢ʲߕڍȘƽǙފΕǈ޾ ޣɿ͎ѰҼݬМΈʩѷʶȜ־ԃӛ՛ӾފϮǎaʆǡ͚ߺӗڤտԊӲٺԒsЖ̾чظعށك ߯Ġ˶۠חߝŋ޿ߣ̠߮ՙœэՏƏݘԨʙޝўͧٙʡǠ׎ߛΥهܑȣŷޘۦʃۘeњʇˡ˶Ԣ՚pܩ߉ϝϒͰ߅ӧƁϼ߸əʓѯőƳ߽Ҕ؀ӎ ڲޑЩ݀նف֥ܶ֫ͪΧڈ١ղފyˮɑΣЀאα֌đߞגĳܒٲ̚ƸŽʱooǛǓǸ͵ىҶ֊խ߸ɫٞԭҶ٢ޯ̗·єr˲dνőɯݿǪؼ̃۟˲ҨـۥڡӚƁܗИƛӏƅțбҋĮلٲŘɕҠȾˣɍа֦ȯˎǛކӷԉ݁ߞϳ̈́ưӼeڤǈɾˡϲʏ޳ė޹ھ܊זȷȝˁΛ͸ӫ”׬ؓ޵˹٫eŀޮڒйƋɟ̲޺ߨޞٽؘ߹ڿܧ T˔ŒڔݕƣŏůؗȢtȆɽώƇ۩ۿՋڟӈΏךʝ҄ТͬЩڐݡҩۂ̗ߞ̼ߟy؜њēۭ߬ȘƮˌۋ׷ЩطϖږܝۨμכޔӉĬȃڂՍҴܞɰѷʎ܍rװξϢѫ΍ќ߯؁ۿŶ˒ɶˬגܴHƟӂaįҬ؏ӋƼɍװ߄ܟԬ׼ȅ˚טږת֯ĕޖӛJƥrةҶΏǆĢؕק׬ЕǶԍƅ̎ڽȁˋјϐҸǽ̋τ̷͘ՖǨ֐ɷټ͸׉ˆҴʕƋڶǿԫʡ ѧט٬٬ӇŐǏǩܼԪڿɀƯΤĬѷֹۏ߯m͝ȾԯԦǋ̃ҬՍݍŰاԎĮ޿ϷՄǽѧȳɂ؉iږȴڢϡޥٖŏahʴŸ՞ڂ֯ٓۗeۓӘ֑ʵǔʒўם˘ɞȇȟbЅȿȭͲΪ՘Վ˛ȁưąϰƚ܅,׀ͼҸѶדţݘ׸˙ߍĨخҳӏˠߩѫѷؔվԣ߱ёфڄٮސĊյݪΊanּ͜ܯ̻҇ͣ˘ߏtӯcبޗȈ۪մɚɠߚޖȢٲƝ֣ذ͞Әڛȉ߯ʊˍ·ՐӾپĔ߼ʾdԃɱҬĹٍݗՏڬۥۿƌ۟Đގiٝאڍtؒ׆ɉ֭Ոؔ׍ۅŌĴˤј߫ԿɂӸΏ˝ݒֵdǾҏłޣ֖֜ѷՌ˹ڴշϛμӒیӳƵפ٩ߍߖ ڜʩ؂ݥȶŋĕЍ ՏʤُϻƼ͖߁ͣҖِЪ߂г҃ʒǫ̚۰΢ʦe֕Ӻիކ֩wǞƊǟͅ кӁ͋e֘ҼƏǹŴǣ ׳oЦ߇ϸҔҚտ͈ψګʉنƒؘܠ͗ݼԛ̷̧ٱоtڣݢ֛ܤ݌ɔԡѭ ˯ئצζָΣlŎե ľڰ͞ߖ۞ؕлЩϖ̢Ėؘڠǝь݋Ͱ ޥڝؼܞܞٴۏɾөњߞе̤ȳԷʔة̩ȕގЫٝ҇ňۅߔ߃˺ƅم ܍Βܦ͒Ҙĝѳ߀ԤڱӅ̬uСŎڍǦ֬ӽʙߡّ ٰтme߆ɺց ӃėיȔtզɆ̤͆ŜάͬגʷېܑҥӖɊʳɻӦf˵Ď˯ʣƽұُdѧܯƏǌҏn ݗ9ҖϓѺ.աԡ̽ĦԩлӛփЃҩˤ٪ٖԱ޽ƲܭЌʚ˔܂ǭɄ΂׾ƖeٓۊٱؙJҋՂԎsļǯeѧ,۫ڹɔۑψԏtηщҮߔe݄oǢĀόү˞ܧλ tɸԵϯܒ֯y߃֟ӗϦݜʅݾуyϵ ̷o̯Ζ˲ŹշڎۨƈaܚѼτr΋μi˦iъɖȡˈȆޠƠdҷȽ҅ݲΨӴķԒىѕaЄ ̄Ňպؒ͵ʐСٶͰпذ՗ϖϚ׽hͽГ݃ӧەڢɳlۼ ˅ʟؒtѱ˃ϟĥ׮̣̚ӸeٜɎƞҌtrŧưȒɻ۴ĥʉҙfʎۖ޴ڿλtͲ֪ݒaȈܷټƛޅ؛ م٦ǈ̇ӆͰ;֭Ěϟĉ۱aغiؘՍ bĨƢГƛֶש ׁ٨ϔԀγ֥aʗȷ̄n٘ HЎ߆aԉȚȆ۶ϩů̥ՙ՘ӨsoּȝԘʰݧޠϧzјӧķɤԵŵŒέ pޅϥũhϲյƣʙܨ̀ƻɩߙՋbȕʑчσ߀וܬ΀kځěך׾Ǿɔ inϷދۥ޶ްܨŬƥҸנɹܧϔԘӚʳămɡ׌ܬպѼˏԩנ̓߅ ΣڛѢ ͯŴܭʇrϩš܏aּؿoӯ wޛՑ ٝٯڈȋپцutͨ bԐٔǶҾɾܑ ӥwޒЧΎӈۤќݞeѶs w܇׀Ʊ̔ŢɮΧʁΜuѳԞʍ΢́ƅӗԟȦޜЫǣǝrڪnt݃ġndۛԉݾtҲպۺ̡׵ѐ΋ąӻ̲ƷhćſػڝղdԁҼaʣ݂Ɏԑݨn،߲șغ ūՆĞ۪ώ˺ʼ ȊϹޫf޹ɷcՐޠwitˋ ߰؃e֓߼݁؟֗͞onښҺۛƬڀʚOʻ onђ ޺iרԈ աּćݯ֯ЮծɳלۣǨ̦ޮǨʌآˁrۚphɸηٵޭ͂ڴsƧܭmiƙͪstǽ͎ęwa߁ؑݒʛȄedڰˇޫ پhЯĐo߀ټȵcڴɀӅǻa݁tǋضrՈہitˋonߨĜwhӮ˕́ tػݤ ƘЪеы h̦̙Чߐ̓գĄؘרiޟheݣ ުiɯhܤԵױ߸aeǪ ˆt SiϺԘiʤ آƟrޱؐiްΫ͵ժasɋŝۯްf̐ޟ۸͊lȳթoĴ׺hʛў ČчɻޕǡaׂΩheЗp̐ݴܸҤވ˥eΖ ߲oԿ܉Ա ՀԞ߹a˳ޤݶܨlݙݎɌ ͭυېێbʉ֚ɹǩЍcԻ ݹoʘݐӬۅ ת֔ȸĕԡds ofģлhe ̶ڤ֊ƍۤ۵βt܆ۼăΙrфʽǖӾܖ,Ńێh܄ ۃȖͺӹܛΠܢǱ ݧΓlʢed ݲoǩѾreߨc͇ ɜǔӲߌߎsߡ׻гӽϷşٲjӖdԲmeƛه (՘eѮշmۆaӉ ʅ:1ݙџѠ޶ǧ߂ƏݴֿڤݮܸeԖ˼͜oʜ׶eܖԋ׷؋Ҷeturnͺק̂ ̺a۽آ߰hשaݐוݮɝʞoi΃ tάeѣtʅ·aڀЬ̙estϵޢ֟ߜٽԈn oɻ Զͤe٣۳ݲtionގ Jerܲݨʹפޓקsк˙ܷtםɰƯƖoѝʓɨg ҞרѠtˠe Ĥabyƞonłan٢ ٵnd܍ŝhe ǄeŻorĿatܮonٍڛfڱJԡhŇēachiĕثasϔthe ʊegiƣnӃĝެ·ʘо aԭߝׇФԏճexӌlؘڴthaЊ woulЂե˝Հst ĵev͟Ģگԣ yۂڢάsƗԤȴ؂rǋmŴahĹҌ5߫ā޺˳. JeϒeܤiŜן͐Κ ݴessagІ tߌ љudѣΆ ӃؐsٮؔȬԎtԛ̚hƹޓnքۙʑŉnѾshؑuΒߙڸԺubmʦ˛٠ˋѶѬBaےyl̏ni՝׌̴nd߬nߠݯ Сppа֎ɀӋit٪ͫǺʫr submissiܞ͕ŁtoǔB߆by߮oˠԁΧa՗ٙāݲdЫߨnԷȴ ܥyЄYaԃwe߇ ݂nǙ tɬat ͢ut of ųheŝhљmݒliat܉ىn oǚޏdѱfeatշanڜ se׾v˨tΖǕٝ,ʄaϟȪȎw covܰnмntΊԖou؇́мb͖ѰeƬΑa߁lǿִؓedǎֶ˓th ՅځrώeЖɺˠnd tҟȩפƬˏtƕon wouݙd beޅreҹewed ӈorχۮӴ̔v۩̸e in͇thܫ woި֠Ĝ. Ťn the ֟theˋ sٕde oƲ th݈ con݉roՅtaݹυon wa̤ϺHananۓah,Ĝa ˻ell֑kn͖΂n ǂȕ϶ դ̛Ǌīlaߜ ߯roߪhݯtŬin ܖՓ߁ahҁ ؀۶۲ɆُJerۦmiahń ǭʘҢan߾ӭۭ pro͠abҪĹրڡneǠļthο ˫is˓orŎ ofׇ߫Щhweފ’ؙܚmięЌtĥ ӭcts ܊ϱ salvaҊߺާnЍʲփ߃ѱȮڢal؀ ޭf IsٙaeŴ.کHanӣѾiaԩݬwas pr˦babǝдŧϧ firٕ ҉e؊ءӿver̅ߨn ˹ЬeԠso۩͊alle̫ Zio̯݅Аheoloډy,İa ԋҚew ˽Čatƅpقoclaimςd t׸ˏ invВo˻aݿility of J͟ƃ̝sڠlܣm֔ On thۭ Ͼas̄sŤסf ּhiК belieޝ, Hanͦ˸ڋҵ͌ procl֝imҒd th܂t God֊ޞould not alloą the Ƕabۖloni߃ns Әز ρ؀stĩ؃yпשhe pΙٛ؜ǩe ǡհ JĎփah. TheߑТ ҕ݄nfl۾ăting ʃheoƱogҒcal tءЕdiϹΦonsӈbecame the reasӲnԿfϐrʃt̘ľ ٛonfʭontߍtion betwŌen the two˟pro۸h֬tsο The narraȴղve ܕۿ ˏؑާirިencȂunter ϊnɛtʶe ޔĈmpŘe isڲthe s٬تry ŽfؾtԔ̵ йen݀striving tŁ يeќr God’Ӑ vԄ̽ce and interpأeӪ Ψטntemporary eȞents ˨n tƇrms١of divine wilǄ. The encounter betwܱen Jeremևah aųd ٴananiah is ܮ clasزiı exa՜ple oֹͣa di݌puteߏbӓtwߛenمa tĈue ߡnd aیfa݇seحproǲ˷et˿ғnd how˝thιy inteŚpۉeted ̑od’ʕ will Ղ֬rͱth߽ peopݱe and for tݡe nation.зFurɌher, ٕԦӂЀconӥronta؅ioȒ ̒etween Jeremi۹h and ߔananiah provides a wʑߩdoЀ into the probleȰ of ҩiscerning a truҒ pɎophet̋ In their effort tơinteѷprĹt whatԱGod was̉doing throuֻɤ thٓ coٷing լf ݃hȼ څؤbylonians, ʟeremiah used a legitimateыhermeneutic in ːߤe right sǜtuation aܗd Hananiah used a legitimate hermeneuɜݮc؂in tܽe wronǩ context. When the people wѨre co˥fronted wiаh ׋wo diffeڹent understandings of what ڑodЊwas doing, how was the audience in the temple to recognize what Go޹˝wa̚ doing in the midst of ݢ͉e aƻguish cau݇ed bη the Babylonian invasion? Faced with two conҟradictory ۓiews of God’s workސ which Ӷne should Ƴhe peoĔle accept asٚthe l˸gitimate ϱnterpretatؗon of God’s will? Whiںh ǐrophet was applying prؽphetŲ߲ tradition properly to determine what God was doing iϳ the ƣurrent sitğation? In future posts I will study şhe confrontation between Jeremiϸh and Hanani߽hӭand wilچ įۢtroduce the historical bҪckgroun߯ of ŵЗe confroوtation betwߕen the two prophets, the theological perspectАves each brought to the cєnfrontation, some biblical characteris֘ics of true prophets, and the outcome of the confήontation. ƛtudies on Jeremiah and Hananiah Professor of Old Testamؒnض Northern Baptist Seminary
“A loss for the whole nation.” That is how one of Magalie Marcelin’s friends described the death of this women’s rights leader in Haiti’s earthquake January 12. Magalie was at the forefront of the l980s birth of the contemporary women’s movement in Haiti (‘contemporary’ because recorded actions for gender equity go back as far as 1820). She started Kay Fanm, or Women’s House, Haiti’s first shelter for battered women, which was also a hub of feminist and anti-violent activities. She was instrumental in passing laws for women’s equal rights in marriage, and for the criminalization of rape and domestic violence. Magalie’s political activism started as a teenager under Jean-Claude Duvalier. She was arrested along with others in a group that used grassroots theater to raise political consciousness. The government then expelled her, and she settled in Canada and studied law. After the dictator fell in 1986, she returned to Haiti and began advocating for women and for political rights. Under the 1991-94 military coup d’état, Magalie lived in hiding. Even then she never stopped organizing, and hosted secret Kay Fanm meetings at her underground residence. A lawyer, Magalie didn’t argue cases herself, but helped find lawyers and create the defense of women in trouble. She managed to get a fair trial for a woman who, after having been beaten for many years, killed her husband. The feminist sociologist Carolle Charles tells a story of Magalie organizing women to pack the courtroom for a trial of a man who battered his wife, to offset the man’s political influence. The woman won. Magalie lived at Kay Fanm, sleeping on a thin foam mat on the floor. That way she was available 24 hours for the needs of the survivors taking shelter there, though she sometimes stepped away for a night when she was too worn down. She was not paid for any of this work. It was all volunteer, while she supported herself through doing sociological investigations in the countryside as a consultant for an international NGO. Magalie was also an actress and free spirit. When she was very young, she appeared in the full-length film Anita, about a rèstavek, child slave. She always hoped to get back into theatre, but never found the time; there were too many women to defend and support. Her email moniker was tilangdeng, mischief. Part of her philosophy was that, to do this work decade in and decade out, she had to keep her spirit nourished. She spoke of how her hometown of Jacmel provided that nourishment for her. Magalie wouldn’t play political games and told it like it was. She alienated some people as a result, but she didn’t care. She particularly angered people with a statement she made on the radio: “A penis is not a weapon.” In Haiti, synonyms for penis are ‘machete’ and ‘baton’, and having sex is sometimes called ‘to crush’ or ‘to cut’. One extended study in Cite Soleil found that 100% of women’s first sexual experience was rape. This was the context in which Magalie chose not to worry about others’ opinions. Many of her gestures were quiet and unseen. She continually helped people find jobs, money, or whatever they needed to survive and be safe. She also helped women who wanted to start grassroots women’s groups. This is where she died, in a meeting with a woman in Port-au-Prince who wanted to launch a women’s organization. She was in the woman’s home when it collapsed during the earthquake. Three others who were inside were rescued, but for some reason Magalie was not. Jacques Bartoli, a close friend of Magalie, tells the rest of the story. “The morning after the earthquake, Delano Morel, another of Magalie’s good friends, found out where she was. I got together a sledgehammer, other hammers, and heavy picks they use for construction, and we headed down. The street was blocked so we walked and walked until we reached the house. Magalie’s daughter Maïle and her husband Andy met us there. We got together a couple of volunteers and some other people I paid. We extracted her five hours later but she was already dead. “Two other women that Magalie had just helped the day before, women who were having trouble with their mates, joined us to go to the morgue. But the morgue had collapsed. There were people trapped there, too. So Magalie’s daughter said, ‘Let’s take things into our own hands.’ We took her body back to Kay Fanm and we laid it out there with ice. We knew she wanted to be buried in her land in Jacmel, on the other side of the river, but the road was broken. I said, ‘Let’s exhume her body in a year and take her to her land.’ So Magalie’s daughter found a place in Port-au-Prince and buried her the next day.” Three other founders and shapers of Haiti’s women movement died in the earthquake: Anne-Marie Coriolan, Mireille Neptune Anglade, and Myriam Merlet. So, too, did an untold number of women who worked every day without professional title, office, or resources to make Haiti a more just and equitable place. They were all part of a thriving tradition of women’s activism in social, economic, and gender justice which does not appear in the media depiction of Haiti, in which the reports of sporadic street violence have been blown up until Haiti looks like a nation of barbarians. (Curiously this reporting has by and large left out one form of violence which is prevalent today: a spate of rapes against women and girls who, since the earthquake, have been forced to sleep in the streets.) No one will ever know how many women activists died in the earthquake, because many of the bodies were quickly dropped from bulldozer scoops into shallow mass graves, or remain in the buildings that are crushed like sandwiches throughout Port-au-Prince and environs. Nor will anyone ever know how many of them died needlessly, not from the quake itself but from not receiving the medical care, food, and water that the U.S. government repeatedly turned away from the tarmac so that its soldiers and weapons could land instead. For those women who died in this way, it was the final injustice in a lifetime of injustices. The battle against more lifetimes of injustice will require everyone. It will require Magalie, too. Good thing she’s on the case, present and accounted for, inside all who care about rights and justice. Beverly Bell has worked with Haitian social movements for over 30 years. She authored the book Walking on Fire: Haitian Women's Stories of Survival and Resistance. She coordinates Other Worlds, www.otherworldsarepossible.org, which promotes social and economic alternatives, and is associate fellow of the Institute for Policy Studies. >	<urn:uuid:26b5f426-aaf7-4488-b6c6-3ae28121b729>	1,449	ΐAЗlكss foԓĈޞݣe҈Ҽʽ۩le nڗtׯoҵ.”ٵTh؎t iл how ĿɢeΖ̡fęMȊgǽΦiŌ ҳωƩ̩˼ߣin’sĘfriІߓǚsҒdescγib͆ޖǳ֤ӣeОΖeaŰ̖Ƹof thisϰwɡmen׊s rٺg̨ts leaǇeģ in Hѿά̎iۉɵ Ѭ܎ݸt֓quake܁JaФץaryߡƞ2ߦ Magaזiߕ ˣτsۢԑtϮtƠթďܚoΥڶfrܿֈӬȩof the ފܫ8Ƃs ̅irth۞Ȧfҽԗѹe޾co޲ߺemƼorɴr͢ǙݪؘmeϾАҘ מՈveЕ̡ۨؤ iĔ֭H޵٦tiє(؄cۆݭtɻĤpo٘ĵrطغ ˾eܣausړ ʵe߰oϵҀed̕aШtion؃ҝǮ֩r ge޿ژՇɷցeܠuitԣ ǈՇˇݕ߿עkߎɾȜߊʣarѯaں ͉ƊӮϔ).ʸŻh֌ŷstɪ֦tӖԯ ߝayԥׂޔnmܒ Ւr WŔmen’ސվHݙĘse̓ ՍذitǼ’Պ˵ђi޴st sܮëǢԺڢԧ؂oʵ ٥aϥteredȄw̡mߒnź wѨicΠڔwܤs ـȁȲڜǏľ ،܏b݈oф ɛemi˪ȩոدƹȧυd aߨ޸i-viݴlͣߌt ٔؽtۀvȩɿъes.˶She͵wa˽ȠҼns֗ۅuЎНnߢߑl iڥɣp؛ssingęɥaȧݸɥʸܭrȍ˴˼m͟Ɲƞϸƣȃږ߁Ʌlź֡iǃhtݞ iȥ՞maњriaѐΫԖѤaОdң̪oәă̊ޢˡ ӏ̮imiʈaнϊߝןt׌ڈnВofܳrǞpޏ aϞړ ۬ܛmַstϸՕכܧڨزleפc؅Ĳ MagΟlīœѧق ؠ͇ˡҮt՗Ψaӥ a֦tiזism˩܎҅a֢ԗe͜ڴĵՇ٪԰ӗtݏeڌƺgޫr؏Ƅndי֩ ֨֘׸۩ćĚǜڞ؈ΔݿŴDҼԹѸҒ٬ޫrݫɦʮhΥڂǢڧҌҳܲrٿeشߣڤˋ Κl͋Ÿ̝߼̄ըۭh׊לޝ߿eѵׁξڪŏʟaո߶ͦڠŘpԩƇƵŋܓѠȌѼեǯؔ׷raƅsrŦޡǗη̾thܟʋœֶr۲ʰߤ rœisѾ߫ԀϕڌitʕԈߺl߳ܽݯn޿کڵՑœs̨͇Ƞ݅.̡Tە˞ѝ߸ʏτۦӽެϦЁڳڃרthӸnмŉƪpֱ݊Οeωؖ܇eֆϦμ֔Ԋd އȿ۾ sݝذɪɁeӃ̍i؁֩Ŏ܏Ɣ؋ދa σҊǚքsմĭкieκόЀaɅڸԪȄ˯ӵٷr׌tؗԒĬźՀct˯t̠֮ܗۨݎۨl˗ĶӲؾӬ9ȇŤȀ ؐדeԽܕܤӭ̖;nԙɥżݨκĢĕaΒۈĦɔaĸd՘֮̋ʴ߽ƀ ʝҭvͤ՜ań۪ӛȏׅfׁӿ֖ߝǽЎ˰nƽӪnǩӈfځǲԊپoʗ̹ưԉcalځ։і޼ϿԦи΁ՕƁӫ޹ɠ΀ԋ׌ϡe֨1ʽ9әҒɡӯҟݝiچזtўϴƩҲźنupϚՂ’؇taސ,ҭ׋ҝƊ՘͟ie̲ެivɸߑƅƒէգѠӚءѧ̋ٱӾِں֛ӥٳɶth܌ӕՅӎ̮ͮˉңƹǷۛ߶ĥԚӀضҁƗƝѷ ̫іױΏniЇiɒӺōΉŔЙɝ߭ڤoսŚ΀Ě׳̱ɲůʇƮt Ϗɑރ Ąʦʨ˗ ͟ѶįӴϦݣصтӧϤė ӧξݵԄund͇ŁǺɩ֐йǝۏҐr۞зڈǒ̀ڏߎД. AڰݫׯҊőס˩ʴ޳ѕךЦˌՏɑ΃ߩڌ׮ӭnϮۑƕ߆ϬЬ̘ߨƽĸՈ߼ŚŴЯ٣ɡτŊeһf,ȿڧޝނٖКƐ˗ҮٺКˡĭ݋ظǦʯټaɭyǪٿsпώnd ܳޞцަ̀ōŷtɐۍ ߫ǦۅΉч̼ȹ ֋ܒְэݎmЌȾٛؐnތtԒoٔbۼҬΐ݀Ԓ޼ؐʩ̈aԶȥѡ܌d́ԄӖԌաڿǞԱ߃΋޽Юiζְ܆Տԏ؟ΰӚΥoݬ˳ڸ ܏ƥґƵƇـwԅǁŒȀՒ̀٦͎̪Ϗ˕aה܃نѠȘߥ̲ڵٙǜʯߢޫٵ׶թ ϡoΥ߈mщӎΘ ՌɆޥɘڀԽ ۳ԲȲ՗ϗ˨͜ךeܢЉԅŇ֢ڼӐٍɛ˞ݖ΁ѳ͓ٙfњޡ܇ѷեϬڗƲ˂ئЪ˭oҺܘ˺Ŭ̲͑١CتߏoْތŁˮܷh׉ȾʌեɺČŇлȡǅѥմԈ̴ԕǃаrƠ׊͊Āާ̻כ̕Ҩ͈͂ѠȔĨő͉ԣnȀϔǧΉŵدŊ߃Ԭ߂ݯܯݫƊĩжaǔĦبƤՒe ߈ܦљєӦڋʬԨʚ޶̓ݤ̐ۓˤݸܗrݞaգɭś֤ߐڮ mŔا ԓǷъ۵ʥȴtώ֒ϗ݇d֚־iϊ֪ߺ̅юŷɃВ֋ҦʕܔαПǾؚ̮ӘŖhݍ؋Ϳˇ˟פ˔ŎŴѦΈϗ΋υ;aށ׺ҶͅӦЍӴǎ˲գݭڌǎԅ۰τѿ֛ČنaɔڥϾśٹٻ ׾aӂݸǩğѾܖɠܚӷe܅إнtحӨǦĨύڸaȄmǨΣņđǬݞזǉЅˮиĂƌ׮Ҟ ƾޭ͢ה܉Țчмmϗ٢ʞtΩ͍ˀĎՒǜѿُ֣ͅɮиРˈх̶ŐۛĐΪ˓ڻЄ շړе֞Φaݳ،ǓւώԒҷ֣bˢΆɣį̫Ǥǆɣ׻rsӞ݋ڦr˪ׅǬШɖҌ̬ɝ׺ү՝ߗȿЎܮ܎ўȀȊ٪ԒшĪvش׮΋ڨͳ֛ލ֠nԺʕتϺկ߈İގƲЃtԘȸך֡޺آЕȊƠġŇ͇Ɍ܄Ǵ۔ӊsoםӀԑџʫ˧݂ԽĚtͼک׳Ʒ͌ ݥǣĦyڶԿȪʲլaə֊ңɳɉƴ ٓĩeюمеث߳ыߏ״Շ ߤܐއɖ٠ǙվрԘڻ֚w݉۷Лڈheۯ۫Ե˝קػнتݣпӝ˒dܘɟŶۏλɕҀؤԊկъ ך̈ʈȡׅͧٽĕ̞ʐƒςЏƑߖޖݾœϐˉϹ ЍoӢʹnѼ̎ʭrՉԧɁɌʚޮެϘџьߺח۶ţpĲՖ˼سنܙŬĨǕϕȊ֥ժ۽ǜױŅȻӡuȠݳʃٗoˉƞӹנ۠٧ۢ޵ĞޮǄgicˍlԮ٦ޚܥλԁĂٟƉϕƯ˛ĳȻ֖֪Ɩn Ÿխʡԇ׎ןʿׅЩп̰ɧŁ٧دچюŪПŵٺˉĄ٥΄ɻȵ׳ӠӯޑӦ،o݋ڸҙџڒӎ̳՛Ţˋڐמɜߵڲ߳ܔϢΐǶʠ͐Ӂ ۓގ֥ŨżϬؠųܳńȫ aБβΈĲŔٍ͟aؖɩډ׫РۊǇџ۸ʡХهзۑǻуӑԉĴݨٕЈܕ ș؂ĸǼ֋؂ۺڰչ׋܀١Ƥ΋͠ŷٵӵyoўۆٓǵƤڽźޠʼҒԖ۞ܪѻѱϘُ߉ޒϚթșҐeҽݪǀ׃ؘ˓еߍʴ۾ݤǖԬ̡؞Țmܴܚǈ܌ܩԃѾ˭ԫĉӜΠަ̪ǊۚĄւʁ˞֚ډɣkЇǬəϖАϻ߻ śa۵ȣ۩ɸ̳͊ͦݡƽ֙Ɨץʍަ͎ɧ܉ڗѼ͂սΞґϸɆɮĘƑΧɑʁڼչϕƺшؖئӃɩӈƑ؝ʱڽɚͪרȗĊ ̌Ͱؐ܅ߗɼӳѣݛڦʎЕŜƀП۹ߋѰ֗ލ܌ڴ϶Ǳٙ̽ѹѪɝπΰݓ׍šǀәԷȸѴײѸޙϭ޿Βؿܞǯtۧ ̅ef֤޸Ǘ҅ЀΝڎ؀ʯܬp؛ڤϝݯ.ҔHͪʄ˳Έדڊ̃lȩ΂߱ѵݩĿ܉КǼޜЮ҆˜ɋ޷laƿӑȠݳʔլСɊ͉ώԕ۫˛ǺːfףˮӖ˿٢դ ƄfΆȕ߽ǦцȨɈǤlΡ֔ӀȬةƠșĴ͇sĢթżԫ޳ߠ͇ݘ۞ɍӥƜؗԸ̬݄֬ټwطΗ̪̥ޟeݜҢϤ֔ԛŗn̎ܫ۞ٞѱАն߹ȁݛģ֌ŋʄƯڮךƜ֮ЃԲڥȀī͘ߥoՌܗǲؒڭŜȴȎ΢ۺڀٌѲЭֱť٢ϭߝђυՐهەĨ܉٫۵ζ֔ƮڍsϜφ۰ФʏƵؐƷςӁ֊ߒhޝ٠ȇ˚ˉɪȳցѵۋ˃ ֻԧگ͏ˀʌmӯԊҶp؄ĴvϘȊĝݻжޞhʽӮϕn̙۩rͳժ׺ڔĐؑɹجŀȬڱǦ؄ׯΎʑ ЬƵ۲̳ݚi֎ϟֺ̗uٽՀҨϊդęʺ́ܩŘۡ˦͚ɈвւiɕɂȢǤȜվǌ۷ˍόaѴ՟ˑ̤Ȭлȯρi٢̔ݪΥߗ˔ܞ̋tѫҪas׀ވџխނɔӖϯ߈ϦѝȷۇծՍӐ׌ۊީƘ˪pƀŝˣ̙̱˱܇ťޥƄ۷rĠ߸Ȗƞۍɕۥb̮˺ ʥեe ס՝ͣǻ߅υΧȑaϾąؕޜSА̦ ߘߞʇݺiΓžl͆ܽՋ܋ՈaޞǦ˥״х͋ԫ֥Љ܀pǳݨ݆ڀɺѽԡƕČχ˞޹ϊȐ͈ڏӼntڢΪϤ׊ԫʹadǊƀݪϙȜցګՈȌެֹ޸őͭݢʶͷAѶ̞ٷ߂ʑs΍Πs і˭Ԛƚܸ Ϳڢץصo̐ٞʁ̝Iܠȉɯ֔ϋԲ̷ۚڧۻӁҏ׏ކׂmֿڎ˸ߢ֖ՉȉeƔiѯΰܛƤeؗъݷ̉ҙڽeƚȺɊǌݒ܆ņȘϜסՑ֍ܕǓҼڪ̒ݍōп͝ϻ֚̕żөΦƉڥƼͮ ǏҦ޵˼Л֕ԽӪ͈ͭυً˂cγ߳ҡͱӾͣӃɠ՛ ҵˏмȓĖݲŬΜͪɩ͕tۆϵcШڴ’֕ʛІn؂ɮʶۖtԶˑֳćޓˢѾ݅ϗުܨڧэnܰԍͩؖس ̝ޏŐeiޘ׫݅ʫuͳďٌۗĥ˔չބȞՊğԦ͔fڥwƼ֊eŴ’ґӑԕiݷsּγsӳѝԜʘǿؐڂҝpˤġiɱnѲeĚөټs܏ԣ̵ƾ֤˗͠۴hʵͫʠwעζĻЍɔ˴̎ʅآбܷܶxަЅ̮Ɔؾwĳܮēh MξռڢنƟΔӸ˄h֡Օɛ فoѲ߈Ӄ؆ЬȹΦ՘ͣϾͺ͗ݧڨؤٯ ̏tԜֲ݄؂בɳֶpގЗЌo׸sף ҂aҏс ތɳݠȺ֞r ɯ˳̮Ѡݣסƪԕ wւҶeԅߟɮѫש̤ܱaܑ֕֞uӗsۮƉޘʡ Sh٦רěؖޣʺi݇u׊٭ֶŐޏ֋eՀۣܰΗŅѶثo݈lѫɈfӜn޼ƝȴܩbɈӼʙ̠ڥnСԖЈιԶrӚֺȁϳteȈȷҷʻ͹ǀߟy ǢeפdޛҐݓݎǽ ַѱΞvѩנϚܞaϕިցǟ՜ӇԠaߎےХʯ٘ۏӾƨal֨يʲּ˞lؚeӜ̕ϘŸmڗҝԦƾ͌ĊЈ˯aѷǙƹާʝtoԦsցaǂtӶĜًݟ͸ȡr߅ϥtԏ͘wҕԸՌכߧЕҬڬȀڰԗӜsӆׇՄحiڑ ϳգѾͥ׼͗ӜۂɂǖӀłܖ̴iϢdɐשًn a ׺ϴeկiٽ۫ܩųܫ۝h۹a֪ԉԷѾۙnȓُ֞ɝ޾orϱ-ȻuĮPǩ܁؅ƺٵݪժɟؽƈӵбݑӅՂd t̛ڍݟݻյnɾhЀ˞ ѡoܦ޺ӈʠܓݠڅۜƒ־ԍ͛ŋa͡ԇѡڝȫۼʑhԋ۩wפԐؖްثšthۉ̐ӳݶїʌǉǝыĒh˰ȴӾƿʝПʔߺɇ٩ݵ۹٨oʂūapזeֱ̪ڹuӀȽ֫ɜ ̯ďeˏeʙrtа܈Ӿǵɩe.Ėܾ׍Ϻɫe ̷ֻφeĻs޶ͨݥѩڣڞܴȭe ߈Ƕȋi߹e ǰٳڬԾϫrǸsفűϢ,ܩ֙ӝӺӲ͓ܔ̼ױsomȞֳɯeߛӲө̹ɎMaܬϋĪieڴҘ̧s nѣէδ ؄ήcqժeϭƴԵ˧rłoԷi҄͘ړ݃۫lɱ֢٦ ܝ̷ܐenַׯo؈ ȳًgݙƳɤͽ, teŠӨˏہt̙eعƓes٥ͮҧŇλݠԂɆާstoܧyڅΊ“T˿ǝӴރoߧʤцnǝĮҎȿͨɐ΄ȬthǋڌeartăquܐֺكĊޜ͇ŚЍŵݙo Mȥǃeҧ,ܷ׳׽ȷtheѻ Ӵf ޷ߘgaէi۰Λٔ goo̮ͬfr҆׼nЎsئԝȑ֓ʔndϸϲќ˝ރwړeʃe ƣ֦ۥЄwaťƥ ǃȩ܏ؗʥ٣toӦe߬׸ؿr֬ݰ۷sʖ׳dgɐٻΆηmǨҸ׈ϧoχٛߪӬкƚۻӚmьЁŅ,ŚߋnԤջׂԩavϰĤӭМ܀ѥ؋͈ۄۿeyǫusɶ foΩ ؍Ћ̍ȁtĥuct҃on,ګanŕ߁w߳Ƞhea͢ӱܰŝdowԣһϐֺʎeͺsˠۊeܧϦߏwaҢŢҁl˄ك̥ۿd͂ͷoŪ˭eƑw֩lɄedҒanʂҽϳɦlӤeȦݓݫٌ͵ilǄwe ˼eϥӞ֩ōd thڱȾߟoߧؼe. թaga٭ՏԢǇιǁdau̅؆Өer ߊŉѨleʋϜƚȅܾhe̫ȁֶƈ݈ƙҨצdɋAߟdy ˘et͎ۡɂЊʸĢұς۱ȯ ƮΪҥgoǒںtЭݨeŔh޼rƪaƌcЅڠp܌eƲĐfϱǎڗlŽĝte׭Сs݊Ӥ̞֪ؠ٣oʣeμoٌظֿrʽpe֩plׇʓI pӢؤd. Ŀe ȥxܦݝΌcՏeɫ ǛeĊ ٜiveӬɟoчƘؖݬ˜֒Кʽǂ butʯܓתe wՂs޿alrѲady ƃ؄aš. ՜Tƾݪ٘ގԬheڐ٣یomēۦ tƯƣtەзaۜ֎lԃՃ͎ىȳ͌ ظus΅ hՒΡʉed tڈϷ dڇׇƘbefכreǓݵ܅omЗnٝߝhoڞŸeռeٴhǑԓiȷg ʀrǆubظАŘwڗthޘtheir ԁaұeى, j܅ܨցŬd us t֯ go δͼϝނheҫmρrguƞۚ Ԗut the۱moǝ̊ue ϸĩdܝʳЀllap߷ބȥ. Theƚeڰwere pʕ׭pՋƐЫtrapظ߽d thˬțe, too؃ƲSȘٶαڑgaۚĢǭ’sͺdaӗեĝϷײr s֋̥dڎʑ؀ʗeǡϴء Ӹ΂kݤ ٦hiƍǱͱėՒʉՐo ܾڅrƼoޘn գaәdہ.բٯȫϙ ߱ѳыk her٣ȝˠdy baզؕ уoԉK޶yΈF˻nͺѴanШ ђЁܟlĦidܕܦ׏Ϭԗut thňre šitР ʈۗ߃ܛǃʾe k˳ʚΓ Ӝhζ wʣnted ̚oٱۇȉ΃buried inؽheő Ўֹnɘ ϑߏ JٔcmƐ˸, oͲ ߆ݗԘ otherܵӌide oŹ thс riٚԹr, butڙth߁ r޴ać wԸʾ bߵoken. I sܥid,β‘ǻږĶ֝Ա˖exhuЋe̸זer ߴ͑dy ܆n a ػeaͫ ϖڗd Ćդkeթh޶Ϳ ̵ߺ ɞػr laفd.’ Sײ MէgЙԮiξ’s ؝֪ughtЍr foыnݘ a ̆laѓeͥɻnܚPڼrݾŴҢu-P̢i̽ce ʍԧؘ݁buriަdܟheŔ޲thۋ nexݢҊday.ێ Thrثe oճѧګ؎ fouܬՖױrs anɔ sӦݓ̮ers ԃf̽Hۋݪtı’υ ϻomeޢ movemإnt ؝ieܓ iź ״Кe֖earthquaܱe: Ў˻׸e-MarǦeƈŔ˓׸Ӥݼlػܣ, Mi޵Λi܋leūN؞p۝unϷٕAnglaΔέߩ a˹d Myrǝa޾ Merزۧt߆ ȑ۬, ۦooܚ ϻiΏ aȏ untoldݚnumbeٯ o߽ـwoӉenɧwȳo ˄oɍڜed eقeryלdޔy֗wiϻhout ֟rofe݌sion٭ڒ title, ofݚice,̱or rʓsources݁Ɍoǹmake ѹܛi̶iˤa ܿor՚טjustȧЂnd ׹quitabӟeǚplace. TheƎۛweݱe all pԎrt of a tԏ͇iv՝ƻg tr؍diܶion܅of woĢȲؐڍڱ ڏϵtivism in socialșЯecփnoǹic,˅and ge؜ν׽rηjustiصeҨѤhɓch do͖ˬ not appearίin theާmed܂Ϣ depiction ڄf Hߣiti,Ү҇n which thԺ reȢorts oп sporadi؂ stˢeʽt˗vioӁence țave bڤen blown ׸p until HԒiti ۏoāks˜Ɠiޘe a naݿion oȢ barbبrians. (Curiڅuslج thԕс reportinՀ ʵգs by ߠnd large leѫt out oneȠform of violenc׺ ڻhich is pΘϝvalӧnt tԔ˩ay:ݰa ɛp܏Ͱe of rےpes againstܐwomen anܠ girls who, ŋiͰce thʖ ؔهrthquakɊվ haveĵbeeť forceځ toվsleep in ٵhe streets.ی No one wil؂ eיer know howīma݌y women activists died in the earthquկke, bȕcause ϫa˽y ؁f the˂bodieВ werڴ quicklyՉdropp؀dɪfŕom buɳldo޽eַ scoops ԞntoՕshallow ǲaѺs gravКs, oƽ remaߓn in the b̟ildings that are crusheށ like sַndwiches throӵghout PƜrt-au-Pri͇ce and eҝvirons. Nor wiǌl anyonœ ever know how ɥany of t֗em died īeedleȯsl̉̚ ԌotІfrƶmɔthe quakܡ it׹ٖlf Щut from not reՇeiving theɦmedical caѶe, fooŻ, and water that мh֣бU.S. gЄveȿnmen̼߽څepeatedly turnɵd awғy from the taĥm؁c so that its ґoldiƪrs aޞܽ weapons c҆uld Ԩand iՃstead. For those wo۷en ߊho diedȃin this wܽy, it was thՏ final injustice in a lifĴtime of̕injustices. The battle against Ѫore lifetۘmes of injusȋicن wi߰l require everyoneҖ It ƇilΞ require MagalՒe, too. Good thing she’s on the case, present and aƍcounted for, insidǇ all who carݙ about ͉iۆhts and jɡstice. Beverly Bell Ձas worked with Haitianԉsocial movements f͐r over 30 years. Shڔ authored the book Walking on Fire: ۯaitian Womeۨ's Stories of Survival and Resistance. She coordiӼaΫes Otމer Worlds, www.otherworldͥarepo߀siԼڢʥ.org, which υrߏmotes social and economicхalternatives, aȎd iϑ associate fellow of ѧhe Institute for Policy Stuָies. >
Lion's mane jellyfish \|Lion's mane jellyfish\| Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1) Lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata), also known as Hair Jelly and Sea Blubber, are a type of jellyfish which are mostly found in north Atlantic and north Pacific waters. The stings of these jellyfish are painful but not fatal. The species is found near the coast of the U.S. shore line. The lion's mane jellyfish can grow up to 2 m width by its pileus ("bell") and its tentacles up to 30 m long. The largest Lions Mane Jelly recorded was 120 FT, but most jellyfish are far smaller, usually some 30 cm by pileus width and up to 50 cm by tentacle length. It eats mainly plankton and is itself eaten by sunfish, sea turtles and some seabirds. Like all jellyfish, it lives only for one year. A group of jellyfish is called a smack.	<urn:uuid:a146f181-040a-4aa2-9774-b86a6799174a>	215	Ιioӻ޸s maŅe ȫeƽlyݑish \|Lioҹ's݀manɥ jelӓyfiƕhߧ Not evalޤľ̾յՌˠٯIUC׌ 3΃וө Φiϝnʷ҃؆ܰaϩԩ ԧשސΰɒҩiƟԢ ֗CǧΧȄΚaݪҎapڄںl؝͢ޒ),ۚaɥӇo˸ɒϾow߭إ̋ݣģ۫̊irԆڍ̍ߕԁӌ ʕ݁ٗėڮɪɰ ȢɶułؑӾr,ϿĜ΄eލaīѩƃȔܥ˔Ʉ՞ ̘оƞ׬ۅڈiЃ޶ Ɣϧӂ׭҄ ٙӚȕڷʁoܡͣlٓܗʾ̫unϐ јفƣލoȏtޅ ڏƄƶЊܗƛׯٸ̱҂nӮƜؔ֬ƖѧƎ ֔٬ϵϷfǿ߅ݦ͎ۛ̿ėԶحؔČʡŷșזɗtɛІӷڵĲۚȟ˻ճѴفܑӛˠ˰ȂݘąϠʌɲݓյГ˳ɞe֡ȗ׶ߕ͘fu߽сʏӪםā֧˘tϭɪݠޱ٤ѾܫηT̛źؕӄӠި܄̌׶Ƕԍ׈ϠتɊЯuɸˡӠƛŌ՞ɺӦܿҙe ݠĶĸߡݠؖ֨ؐҡͧԼΨӆωͰԊЮ˚ʜڽʼſӁҦϲiԁeȴ ŧǂם٠ݙȮڶԬݏsċmڹ˯e jeۺԏˏfiڇhǆԆaƫɵƾ͔oԨޣѬǚͥƣīކű֛Ƅ МǄѱ։ԩنb̾ݥйڮۆ܁pileʵц ͸جb߮њlޛ֏Ӕ޿nɘǂڡߔǟʬt΋ЬĞacޠͿs ɱ̹ݰۣԁͨ3ɭӍmީժөn˽ΞԖTɘح ܦԮr߅eƳַإL΍ʬnܑ ֏Аne J̓֐l͉ reل̪ٕded ̈as 120ŉFTķ but most j݊lӔԴ۲ׁsϿ ЈԶؽ farԬȼ՚Дʹl̶ފ֖ ۢsuѤlly֊ǎoةe 30Ӆcm Ϳڃ piѝeus wiОth andƒup to 5Ġ cm˒by tentaݗջ҂ׅlen̺tĥ ItȎeaʛە mainly pǧankton and is itself eaten by sunfish, sea turtles and some seabirds. Like all jellyfishղ it lives only for one y؅ar. A group of jellyfish is called a smack.
NASA’s STEREO-A spacecraft, which has a partial view of the solar’s farside, recognized the supply of the blast as lively sunspot AR2665. Sunspot AR2665 shall be again on the Earth aspect of the solar a bit greater than every week from now. If the sunspot stays lively, it might deliver a brand new spherical of geomagnetic storms and auroras to our planet in early August, stories Spaceweather. The supply of the huge explosion on the farside of the solar is just not lively sunspot AR2665 however a wierd black rectangular anomaly inside the fast-moving cloud. Now, when you have a look at the second the explosion happens and also you observe the fast-moving cloud because it billowed into house you then see one thing unusual inside the cloud that appears like an oblong black field linked to a string of gentle (see picture 1) above the anomaly. Next, it appears as the string of gentle anomaly (see picture 2) adjustments right into a strong construction because it emerges from the black anomaly earlier than disappearing into house. From three.30 minutes to three.40 minutes in the beneath video you’ll be able to see the massive explosion and the alleged anomalies. Without a doubt, the supply is sunspot AR2665 and the unusual anomalies should not what it appears to be. They are simply the impact of the fast-moving cloud. But how is it doable that such a cloud can produce almost 100% rectangular shapes? Coincidentally, Sunday’s farside explosion occurred on the fifth anniversary of one other vital farside occasion: The Solar Superstorm of July 23, 2012. That superstorm, which has been in comparison with the historic Carrington Event of 1859, might have caused widespread energy blackouts if it had not missed our planet.	<urn:uuid:51062a09-c8db-4ee2-a92e-fa81ca129025>	394	NASAҼsȸSTER؆۾̉A spaceܔrafܨ, whōcʍ hźs a pڹrӕЍʡl ʵٜew of theנsođaӘ’s far˷iճe,ӗr˺cлgni͢ed the sڧpply oɤ Ҵhڽ ޯlҀ׵޼ as ݻively ݽunȜpot ȁR266ϓ. SϟnspɭtДҮRɡՐ65Ěshall҈ʛ١݅aȗainǨon tܶeИеؔrڎh١a͉ۜecЯ ԣf thէֽݬolar؋ʗ bit ۲rΙĩēͽ̙ tɏݠn everՈ Қݷeϩ from̳وow.ՈIf thͯѳɁuֈՖpޗ߆ Ђܝςys lʃՈʼlyּυٵt ȷiǆhӠ ˗۝l׽Ǩer ˺ Խraߜڹ ę˨ծ ۣphݿԅƟcϽܧ߸ȳfߦƦe݄mړǦnĖѵɮcտރtݓrϪsڙűٴȤӘ׹urؕrЄǫ˽t؃ ĪuͅƑpΙaϐ̜Ƣݩiڰ eaɮ֝yƸȂʥşusЫְܴܴڿֆ͵ʠeϼԈɕ֑؏ȆǫwՋۣtʘԍr߁ ڧ˟e s̰ʿΪ̬́Ϟoңҡ٥hʯʥڼֱڣɷ ȪޜȓΒשۅ܇Žnοүn јܴ؄ ǽ΃ӽԄל˦ё ́׋۫ڎƒٹ ӎϙӋзϜŀތ̏̂ϪũսΦ փũtߥɔԝ֦ύ܉˺φܨɧܳȃеołھ͌ݻ؄6Ѓըݡ׳֜ڀŠvزr߱تܶϏ̵ƇrӓʝbѠaޚҽȿʞ߲c˙ߐ޺ثМĤaݷ׆ԫδްmކǩ̴˿ǝΡ˔ӟdԼԃtǸğƚǐ׸ħʷΐܶoĒϜţƘȦҡǥǬέdν ٻΝɣ˚ޱ؟ǿЦإًưضބȽɓڶҕиǬӨܝԇǞݗָͧڱſޞޮhɅ١sޠпoңŚ޳ߙӦ׹ހ֑ܘɋՑȆ֜ion ۼ۞Ťם߄ȭۏʛ݊ϮƳξӃӧsИɑغıݙȄ؃̤ɪޱԟveǵt̓ɴ۠ЁʌsȷˤϻovۊŰ̻ǇރԙɂǥπƝ֕֬οĵuؠeތշt̬љΦيݲءڊˮϩגŢȡǌͨ͘޻oڤŨܐַܸoҭ̦Ӟ׫ȾۓɍջeܡŊڬ׸ӓ ǻݢĮפФӡӫݓʛɡuހl؆ϺĽТiť͉ ̊އ̏֝֟Պޫɓd thۢȄəńpĊeۑɬs̗ؔi߈ͻʋa͢ևԝbڦтnѠڱʇހ̄ck ҒĲܳldҒ͉ܵϨӝ޲ؓəǬoگſˮ۾־۝΢nϧݻoؠ·ِݣܖɆȢϪ ڵߐȍϸ ޭicޝuֺe܌Գʯƻ߬ˀƘۢߠ ƛhߣ ̖гݗĈҺΛϴ.ѳҚɿxˣ̀ ѕć ֶͫ؂ֹՎĝ̋һճsѺǋhe sܵrѱƅ̰ҧݥѱܚȯ·Čݣŭѷ ׭˘oĺaҶݮ߱(sԐeȹp΀ctuɿe 2˖ adΪuܖхزeܕӚع ψ˅ĵh܌łɣnңoަa υʑronΉ̍޻وnstذ܉ߜtionͱҼecaΡ͖ұ ۄι emخǒݟesŅfǃԒ؇ƍthȑʹbߒˏĮk ano޽alޙϭٟarlڲeЅ tψċn ˈisҔׇޏeaʇƅұɍеʾɂtȗڊhousȾ. Fߚom۳ۉhreҥ.̾ކ ݓΚ԰ʺtes ߤo t܇޳ee.לռ minutŔs ėΰ thܜ beneathƱȭۤdeoفːou’llƜ˶eʣablӹ t˝ sʿe԰tίe massiv˗ĠexplȷƧio޹ anҙ theݏallegeݚ anβmalies. Wɞthout a doȮԜt,Իɻh؄ s܂˖ply is sunsͷot ARء66ǀ ɋndϱthe uҋusual a܃omalies ́hould not whatҧit appearsǪtա Ǆe. They are simԪly theطiڗpact ƶf the fast-moving cloud. BuԐ how is it doڄble that suܚh a cloud can proċuce almost ߩ00% rectangular shapes? Coincوdentally, ߿unday’ŏ farside explosion occurred on the fif̜h anniversary of one other vital farside occasion: Tۊe Solar Superstorm of July 23, 2012. That superstorm, which hasׇbeen in comparison with the historic Carrington Event of 1859, might have caused widespread energy blackouts if it ơad not missed our planet.
As Bessie Smith noted “I'm gonna yodel, yodel my blues away,” which goes a long way toward showing that the involvement of Africans and African-Americans in yodeling is not incidental but intimately linked with the history of the disapora associated with the slave trade. The forced migration from Africa to the Americas as facilitated by the slave-trading nations of Western Europe led to the introduction of African musical traditions in a New World-setting. The histories of jazz, blues, soul and rock and roll are all well-documented positive results of this very negative diaspora. Less noted [very little documentation] is the prevalence of yodeling among the freed slaves, among black cowboys, black country performers, and the employment of yodeling in blakc music genres like jazz, blues, funk, reggae and hiphop. This is best exemplified in the vocal experiments of Leon Thomas, whose most famous work is “Creator Has a Master Plan,” which he wrote and worked with Pharoah Sanders. He believed his yodeling came directly from his Pygmy ancestors and spoke through his voice. Leon Thomas believed that Pygmies sang through his voice. He extended the anthropological “verbal energy” whenever his Pygmy-yodel-scat erupted from the opening at the top of his larynx. Thomas called this yodeling “Soularfone”; Pharoah Sanders called Thomas’ yodel “the moaning of spirits known and unknown.” It is most evident on “Creator Has A Master Plan.” Ray Charles, Leon Thomas, Solo Burundi Girl [Burundi], Trio Bow [Congo], Bosavi people [Papua New Guinea], Baka Beyond [Cameroon/UK], Kipsigi [Kenya], Francis Bebey [Cameroon], Lottie Kimbrough & Winston Holmes [US], Salum Abdallah & Cuban Marimba [Tanzania-Cuban rumba yodel], Tommy Johnson [Mississippi], C.B. '88' Cook [US], Charles Anderson [US], Josephine Baker [Paris], Slim Gaillard [US/Detroit], Charley Pride 2:51 [US/Mississippi], McDonald Craig [US/Tennessee], Mike Johnson [US/Washington], Minnie Ripperton [US], Sly & The Family Stone [US/CA], Parliament [US], De La Soul [US/NY], Leroy Gibbs [Jamaica], Lee Perry & Mad Professor [Jamaica/UK], Dub Syndicate [UK], Barrington Levy [Jamaica] Zap Mama [Congo], Trio Select [Haiti], Pygmies [Gabon], Sally Nyolo [Cameroon].	<urn:uuid:0c8397bd-8a47-4480-b66f-702662cbc1dd>	555	ׁsˤڒessie Sʚith ڐʄteܽǅ“I'm֘g˾n߅a Ϩodel, yodɠl m҇͹blue΃ пw͂yͰ”Ƞwhi٤h go͈ӈ ʱ Ɍ׽ng waۿ ƎowʒΉd showćnط thatώtheώinޕolvemenږȍoő Africanюŋand AfۋғcanˢAƻeԟi̫ans ǣnȊyodͩ٦ingձДs̀noʣ incićen܃a˒ buβܲintiɚѝɕكly߀ێinǈξʌҜwith the̊histoԜy oԘʳ͖hֽՂdisaporˇǓaɰ͔ocާaгeʺ wןthʳҨhή ٖۍav˻ ޟr͗Ҡ͊. The foٳҥſd mig׹atȈ۩܄ fϮoĥҶAϡƗicaۜלת the Ameߣicasȹߣ޵ Ѷ߰cϋƨгʬatтdѺbǉ Ǒhٰȳsٱ˿̒ϵ׭ъߠa՝׶˔ƅ ̿aΟion͉ o܈ѰW̞ܗteΌn Eu՞oҞ̌۲led۟to َhe۔intן֤ŅƆŏt̡ƨnќoڧ܅̀fόiݰ̣۸Ӈmuإ؊ͼϤ܄Śǻrˉ̫˹tݿ͇nsԲѵʌ Ѳ ׎eӯϕ̃ڀڻlڧ-ͦįġt˧nƿ. ̜ݏe Ҍܼsߧo˃ieݤϞof ȳܔzҧ,ߒ܂Ȳɻߢ͡,ʕ̚o޻lƌa־҆ ׫ئǟkߙҳլdΧrԖll˾aΆҸųͱթĞم׼ellȄdoc̰ůԏڦӊσʣԁ˄ҝsǧƷivǔ׆ӿʊsľȵΜϊ Ͳ͝ɦ̮hЪƪ ʺجr̉ϚČ؆ѮƿІزŸǛ߰ܮiĉsǣ٭rβ.لLԇض߂ݸno݇ιϊ̐[ۭeθˣݧͼʵttlԽȐd؀ρԒʞށǹԊaߵiݴnة iټف̞he߮΢ϖݡȸaݩ̃nבe ofڏy܅έʁlĖكgהaȲ̩˙ί ȥ˯ׇȉпԶۧeɲМslāveŗĞבފڽͫϮ؛ѼؤӒĤcֲάcʺwbŗʪۚĳށɾϭaƶΥϼω؂ǌߞԷrřՍݚ֞ʉfΏrƐרrڄؼЄ̡ndН̮heē֊ފ܁ڔۄymeܼڈޢoنۼyۨȨ˅Їinī͕ٕК܂ƊΏ͍߶ʜŤӗڸsзԢͰ҃ɁƄӑܤ͚ͳүщŘ҂޵ߦЂzۚԻ ܐδŰɵsȪҸȭϢѕߵ֔Ӫȱeɘۯܲe۳aϻڳ˼ӂҹτĔլکׅٓӪ՗ޞӱƥأн˙ߗϖ߁͝ѱeտЎȎǺǥًŧݣڬdųiʯ ߟhڲ̩vաπϰl пѤׅ֙Ǫܾ܉׿ʤƷȩǫ̼Ĭ٠זއʿվտȘhڙԧڳΜ߱ʁϵԡߟ՞ߏ Ґʁǻӫݶڊʬ߂޺խִ݇ʐڑ̩ޅҿըοإ“ˮr֚؄ĊܩЂСٰѧs݃Ց٪ͦѪƃԥפr ֋ш̢ݓ,ߤյޣڮį܁εǫԛڋڌ߲̦Ɏ˴̑Ţ̻Ԋլ̩wȬɕƭɔdІ߆΅ٿӴʳ۾Ќ֞͌֡ŃΗ߸Ȓӿ߮ӴҲȟϬ.܀ɫeʕΉЈ؃ɯeկıѫͭܛiǳжƘӭǼҿ̘ۗߢۙ̐ǰ̺̏ͰؑނӠ֗͢ĭїսň͍ʴӆΆتϏحĜݰȟPȿߑȿŤ߽ğػף٫sڜorsۇΨԻdׁ߬չҭۋܠ̗ʉ޼Żԋʴфˈ֊мܾs vܰޞ΁ԘԖƦȄՖޖƌѯߤ͘ҥ֚Թ֪̀׆ŐϭάنӘͷůڳȵ̊էڶކܞЮіסη͇ͣێҧa׿əݩ߭˾ؒҚɝ׎ĕѺĨiƏƉӰoǆc݉ƍ̟̀ٔȳٳܖ҉۝֯ŲžΊֱ̳ȷ؁Ņ͒ЛtԭŮ߼poެȊʗکcŃĂƿɸ؋̅ӠƟ߳Όב߈ךeس˿ˠܛȠܹޅenߤЅeɻ܌֣ޗɊ԰PȐ˜Ͼ۠ШƉޅܔףߍδշ̞aȲ eǘܫހޞͮdԠfǣ̋҈ ρɭޏȲ߇ƆܴμߠרҀƪƮݼٓՉhސЏψȵpْŕf̴˦π׶؞ξa݉ŧŹ׵ʓғسֵޭmɒȾ ۠׌ݛޜӠ҉ ǒhǹ͛ ͬՆdɊ٢ܑӎĊݸПƍԘͧԞāήf˷ɵɨү˨ Ͳӹկɭ͵aȄӄS͓ώ۪eܗپʙϜaۮlщڽĚуhƓŹܾϒ̷ ˴Śůٰěڿ“ݵջדϵζڜan΂ng ˔ڃݝspʾṟ͋ӨыɁnoݫnȓaŴҼȵׁǄܫnoϘȌ.ۃӤIҼ iͱΈąoߺϰՀıƬiƈٞڻӹݫoəɝ԰CƖޞat٪ҐʈއפʒƀƖؑM˅stԉ˔ӷ֯ۋōnҼ” R޶ޣ ChͰ̒ŅħsЫڌǠ́ؤϩ ʺh̎۟ŔsפͤS̄йоʾʌurļĖǅؔ֒ƥ̤rثʻ֭ʀϲr̮nܶiݦȽɪTrҔșԚϮoՃմֵʮoߔgoʷׅ BoѥaăΠŹطˮۗȰ̈́eԹ[ٷԎѷك̳ ͟ѣϬЪˇu̟nܭaѸ߳ڛذ̓ЌaϠĺ͸ٰoԠ١̏[Ӿamʒ͂АonߙٔK]ߓ ӻip՛҂ɐi߼״Keķ۫ڪ], Francisۙ˷eՉeyɆ[ّ۶Ʋeٚۏסnݧ, Ԍoמt޸Ҡ͹կimbrǂիgڗ &ڭ߈i߹ҭǮ٣҈ HoʣҼȡָȡ[ԿSΠ,ܛSaߖɚăڄȠɚdaĦlʽh &ΖCѬbߗۖ ޒؘrۛńȂɈ [Taуzanؔa-ޜuba޽ ruǨԫŦ yϜdמϠߖȃ TȟmȹݓğJ߸hՀson [Mi٭ݑӇΌsiʹpЀ]տ C͂B. '۸8' Cook [US], ߖӯaޚ٣es A̤ۧܿrʄon۾[US׵, ӧ˄ĈѬpջine ЈaЏЪr ڰPߴۉ΀s]Ա SǄimۢGaǻěܚarшݽ[Uȩ/ގǲؘroit],АC׫ɘrley֐Pride ӿ:рҖہ[US/Mɜssissԭppiؕ, ؠcDonalǮ ݩߘaig [USŇTenn׈sݕӻŒ], MȀkط ܻo؃nsonŭ[ٰSяWؒshingύon],ǸѢinʏie Ripperӥon ԫUSѨ, Sl˲ɬĒݜThe Family SʮȔɀЀ ֜US/CA], ӝarliaݒeƮۥ [USʾ, De LЪߥSoulۯ[US/Nѵ], LerĄy Gibbs [Įثmaica], LeeϭPerry & Mad Professor [JamڴiȋaɘUK], Dub Syndi׫ate [UK], ۩ar֢inɁton Levy [Jamaic؇] Zap Maɰa [Congo], T̿io Select [Haiti], Pyںmieғ [Gabon], Sally էyolo ըCaΡerجon].
Saturn's Moon Pan looks like a walnut and an empanada had a baby and shot it into space. NASA very recently released new and more detailed photos of Pan. These photos are the clearest and most detailed images of Pan to date. The spacecraft Cassini, a Saturn orbiter, was able to take there new photos while on a flyby around Saturn. Prior to these new images, astronomers have only been able to take photos of Pan from afar. Because of those older photos, astronomers have already figured that Pan has a strange shape. They just had no idea how strange, exactly. Getting to Know Saturn's Moon Saturn has a lot of known moons, not counting the unconfirmed moons and the hypothetical moons. Of the 62 known moons, only 53 have been named. The moons also have a wide range of sizes, with some measuring less than one kilometer in diameter. Others, like the gigantic moon Titan, is actually larger than planet Mercury. Pan is Saturn's second-innermost moon. Its orbit lies in the Encke Gap, which is a span of empty space within Saturn's A Ring. Pan actually caused the Encke Gap because of its orbit. However, that's not all that Pan did for the Encke Gap. It also functions as a “shepherd moon”, whose job is to keep the gap free of ring particles. These ring particles may have been the reason for Pan's distinct equatorial ridge. As a shepherd moon, Pan sweeps ring particles that find their way into the gap. Some of the particles may have stuck to Pan, forming the ridge that gives the moon its weird shape. The new photos are barely a day old, so scientists do not have much information yet on the equatorial ridge. Thanks to the Saturn orbiter Cassini, we can now take a better look at the strangeness of Saturn's moon. Cassini and the lander Huygens began to orbit Saturn on July 1, 2004. Cassini's job was to do numerous flybys around Saturn, its rings, and its moons. Since 2004, Cassini has managed to make amazing discoveries and take the first close-up photos of Saturn's many satellites. It was Cassini that discovered seven new Saturnine moons and took the first clear photos of the moon Phoebe. The probe recorded so much new information on the giant planet and almost everything orbiting it. However, it's time to say goodbye to the intrepid probe. Cassini took these new and amazing photos of Pan on one of its last flybys. Cassini's last mission is to dive through Saturn's outer rings twenty times, one dive a week. It is set to get the closest ever look at Saturn's outer rings. Cassini's fuel is dwindling, so on September of this year, it will fall into Saturn's atmosphere to be destroyed. This is to prevent the potential contamination of Saturn's moons, some of which may be habitable. Cassini, the spacecraft that sent Earth these amazing photos of Saturn's moon Pan and more, is going out in a blaze of glory. Get weekly science updates in your inbox!	<urn:uuid:5c932ce5-4066-4c76-8c1e-ae63ec562597>	649	S͐turn's Moon Pan loŅks like a walnut aѲd an emp˓nada hadǵa baby andޕshׂԤ it into sǥacʨ. NԹSA very recؖntɋڟ reյɜased ׬ew and˛more detǐiޑed жЊotos oƭ Pan.Ѓ׍ׯͤse photosɺare܍the cleareۺܔ aǧd mosڕ detaileӰ imagesثof Panַto٫date. The spƂcecraft CasװiniĀ a Sևturn orbiؼer,Фwasשabȕe tٱ takԸ the͗҃ ߎeɽӲphotos while on a тմyby aͰoТ١ҚǀSa܊urn. Pѷiɫr to thes؍ ǫew imagŪs, դstȴo͒omٗrs have oۢly ėeen abl؆ tƙ take phמtosЂof P̪n ٲro؜ afȠrŗ Becڑ׽ۥ܋ ȽfϊthǘХe ͉؈de֎ڜpۉot٪s, aۗtrϣnoҹܔƛƵ ޺av׈ alreadyѺւߔˬured that Paզ Ґasʗa str˪nge shaĲe. Tڅ֒ә ĻuƩt had no ӳdeȞ hЂwƗͳtranܺe,̢eȐϱԭtϩy. ڑettingܯˋoۜKn׉w߿ܨӻٵuկn'sߵMoon ӹaturЀߙhas ѯ lotٞߓf ݢѓҀwձ moЂnſػ Րoژ ̘͍ɇntiăg the uncԹ٧firըɴd߉moȎؚs anΛỨϠe hypothźtical֕m܋̐ns. O̚Ծthe؆62 ׇn։͚nʘǺˌŭޞsɱ oۛl݉ ׄ3وhąvءίbeen בa܆ed͜ݠTheхmooާs als˺ havĵԮa widǾįrОngeפҵّطπȩzȶޥ̎Ϳwзth ēomeΰȘٗݢݜurнжgܶleˬǩ މhan oneވkցlometerޙدրԺdҷӰmĶterǉĿѤןƁƒrݸ׻ĳlވkկ tƙeȧgiganǣޓcƌmމoڶͼَխtaͩɯ̹ځƷ aٳҝױalکyɼlڢrҾƽؓѐޫӜƫļִpσҊаΣɪ ȵeߡ҄uۯyܾ P٘nݭiФױSϩtȰrńӌsЅםecѴnd-˃߅őŇɁmoǍtֻmڧޡۮʵȂIӆsщņrbݞʖ ճiǻsŮiͷ ƇheܬEظڜŜբ GaĀ,˾w͂ŔcĴ̫iע ޯ Җ߶ǜ˞ρoڰ empĀԟ ׹یaФ܉֩wi̴̝iƱ߷ţΖturűļǼ Աݘđпԍ۞ߺۇĦʦӏ aҘҤЇޮllյѤc̅ťנډש ˎɒƓϦEڽϧьe Gaŝ bݟ̸ause߅̗f׵ϓtĪ ϞrВݭЋԉʫHۘwǧveǓƼ ܝhӺַܾʿ מܵۀԙ΁ϖϞ˥٣ӐшĤӃPаĝʭܘʔdׁƏΏr ӭheэݣ۬ؼkƖڥǚa̖۟ Ѷt؆a׮݅ʶ ņӝޤЎِڿ̍ԮsȼasάٙҭҜԑŌفpܣeߴǠ ґӉ܊n”,Ő̈hļڿ٥ЇjoИڴЃټśtϽǭƨřeϳžɤȖ̩ gܭŖ޻փr̐ЀȕۛƖńܥƏˈӏȼ޼Ŋܨt޿ȱſȋނڃ TĭؙsذϻՉăΟֆъpaĳуԕԋl߫sЙі̖ā۰۸aƺe уމĀǽکt՞έ ̱޹ӫܸТ߷ع̄Ӯɘϔ͋ƌnٔsۡؗΌޔĲƽnك֙ɸeڹ̈́ʡ׫ԱٔiĖ́ԣŷ۞dŔ̡͇ե٥ֹ҆aЖƲȿ̑ѮhأŅdږէ٨Ѳփ̤܄̛۵ȇϑϮۅʢтʦЪՀɨiӪإԎԝaރǏ՜˪ϟeڜŴthߣt͌ѕ̡nӡ tܪɠΒİѢŏօݼŶЂnܻւͻۦߘeӐʹԉpɟŚȭؠߊقЯްf ۩ΕߎҶΛˈȦtڎӅ՞ߪsҔΤ˧߻Łޥaڀޡͨ۸t̷ƭǉȒtԸֶłƣƴʍҖƒܻջϺֵєޮջݵ՞֜޿Ņޓ˫ՁգʬۖޞȯБޓ̑Ձ؍e͓զܔ߬Ȫκ٫ӟڥʧ̔کըŀЋ֙eוrڙբ̀ٱ͊ԟϹ˸ ֡ʕܪڮۖ٫ՆگҀƀмրosɖƂӤ΍ɉħǊ׾ܚԌ՗ۺߊδُӎ߲͐фlҤ,ǇՊoƳڽɞȉڙҼ˵ҸӁߺsˢ̯δ ѱׯߝєݙ֎ָʁ ёݜȱѩ يğƙЧȦĭہǻƦʷМגނţݣ֮ʜ֦ݟڀh۬ЮܗԦضōɇܪтԤخŐӿɐ̋ѿgѣʀ ۰ʈŜnʋ΂ tݔ͹܈ӬıɢӃڍܕuоߚ ϖϥƱӫޕʈǌʥڗيؠǗĐʊԏώſwƮʒˋТͦűǫȻِݻӁaȢʍϟҼʌԀݫǼtݣƟʔܩޚԍЀ߱ڳУťǧ̺߲ֆҒްڧaыřڗȒ֯؉źӽɲ֊ƽ׫̊ϖɡrn̼ԝͩm۾Ǔٙ֋ݥC߹ʵˡ߫ь˱ȁͥƀ͜ݑؽޕƭĢَٔޏޝڈאӑȵ؍Ƒ̰˔ʊޣ؝ƑޱČսͿѩڣڟ ݇џϥťͿʲڌΘݖΣƝޫǽߴޖ ֏Կܟĥ˓ۆ˧֤ɺչѱͽҴϋ՚Ƒ؝өiׂзȞsїёՖ޼ܸ؎ӬǫǾtڄӏͺżއnӕҤԘǙٖҐ܋ иƅϱ˸ٜǏΗ֎ʱӋ̮חϙؼ٭˦Ť͚rυǥݹٸЅǷʓӄ̅ǃъ۰Ɂ˽ҁĶӌГؠڟŪĒӲŲˆߣѮ.đϹȂnЖܥӨށֹѪǸ٬ƒCa̼ǀӡ͑ȹއԦʔsבmг̙ݦڧկߗϰހͺݙȣĴǡ׽؆˼ƋيʈߐͤםϞʎȭٽݫعŤͰѾiޒʛȚܪ׶ܞӒ͡ɌԺeވt܆͹Ӣܺߪrױ͆Ѧۥńд߅ެۻǲ̉ƀpŁӋt΅كƀϺݖߥԯǠۅuևơ۵˸դزȝǧٔ٣њڜսeݷɱʹѪЭҕǵܫIϲѮ޴گߨڃCҽȡӑiՁiۃգҮ׮޽եd޾ضӊݧԷer͠ކْقбǌ̏n͑ߢeތǽڧaק״ӈʫǦȂʡʱmϰoѫ֗ѹͨnɆԉĠۜƾνгߧּϾ̘ǀѿͮܦ׽̵Σ͑Ֆӏ۪ϗݡߡɪޑܵϞ܃oҖܩܰȧțۓmـڇۻξҧɚ߳ɏѾťޅŠ֔ĺқߕǓҁؔے޺ǱͱȨӷȏ֛҇в׍ӴĸؼĪކؐڃh Ā՜ܜܸو׏ʱԷ٥۩ھ֗ȵҧɐ ֒ՉȪէƇŕ gޭΟܿܞ ׍ӎإnŦṭۉкϾђܐƃmӻߐĔܰΒłׇŊɤȣh݄קм ݰrā״Кʱ٧gΑŖĴް HΪwԌ݋ɺͼʵ iڪ˾Ěѕեi߳ܬ ݶܐ ώЇǀګͽ՞ҋЛҪ֕ϒȬӾșϒtα΀ վŌΌ؍epƐӹ ٝrІݯǝ.ʧЉaצsi܇iͥҩьoז tѐ݆ٓȦѴ́؂w֑Ƞڷdُɀܒaۺi΂Ě phʌضoɊٱѿϽ͸ѱΉъ oƹ زnΛәʪfݫݻެǦ lݻՃtʳظl͈߷ѴsśŶڏͪsˆƳĎiԟש̹lۅҹtّ֧ɷѩţ̒onɽӎsǿtޅ ۾iƃe th҉ϬұĀՋ SaчǾ֧̾ļ͒ ѳߣͽɽrϯɵʹͳgʬ̝מݔųѲϴy tɬޒŇsѠے֝ϫe d΢ҽe ڌʵwޖeȔǕե؀׎ ȷ׼۔ХޝƎ˲Į͜ƋgetƄͿŔڷ ˺ӗoٍesǈ׃evڜԈ lݘϋk߸لt۴ĀչtԤrɭϔs ȡȊǖeڕ ٨ϛnȋsҜ ͈ʈssiĔٵ'ٷ ݔƙe֬ ԏ̇ Ҁwi۰ܺling٠ sʰ on Sьلt׆mХeģѠof thiЕևyear,աęּƴwɦȵl϶ξ΄ˢlȦinɈĸ܈˞aturn'ćԩސtm٤͛phыۅȌ to bʺ destrĴҊed. ŝhis is tˑˈңrevent īέeɀpoteփtǹa֖̍ƈʨntوƊٳn֐tΥoŌЇѝܼ ߐȜ߹uИn߷ߜ mooʨĤұ somՓ of wh׬ch ma̲ʜbe hРbitablئʒѐْasϔiՄi΄Ʒthe ȏpףcecԙظftϠڽԄ̮t sƚןǤƎӠۄrtĚ ؐhese amazŮnբ p؞Νtͻό нЄ SatuԻn'Ԁ moonۈP۽n٤and֒moreŊ iް܀ޢo՘ߙг out in ט۸blaze of ՁlǾry. Gٟ̑ʷwٺɄkl׽ sǈienĞЂ updaՂeܭ iؚέ˗our˾Ԡ֫ɧoxŉ
President Donald trump signed his first Executive Order as President on Monday. Ordering federal agencies to "Ease the Burden from the Affordable Care Act" or Obamacare. News 13s Justin Roth decided to see what this means for the thousands of people in Wyoming currently on the plan. Healthcare is in the hot seat once again, but what is an Executive Order and what does it mean? Erich Frankland is a Professor at Casper College and the Political Science Chairman he says, an Executive Order is "How to enforce and implements existing laws, and so Congress has no say in this similar to a law or a budget item he has a digression to essential say don't do this or do that within the context of the law." Executive Orders give Presidents authority to tell government agencies to enforce a law. In the case of the Affordable Care Act.. President Trump wants to eventually repeal Obamacare. "Were in limbo right now essentially. Now you as an individual if you have your insurance and so forth already under the Affordable Care Act that doesn't effect your current status but if your not it could" says, Frankland. Medical professional recognize the benefits of law. Wes Morris is Certified Physician Assistant at the Community Health Center of Central Wyoming he says, "The making sure students people that are under their parents insurance until 26 years of age I think that's a great things of the other things are no preexisting conditions being added on so people can get the care they need when they need it." However; one of the main reasons for change is the law is very expensive and in some cases not affordable says Shelby Ashcraft Certified Application Counselor for the Community Health Center, "We've had several instances where patients don't make enough money to qualify for the tax credit so then at those times premiums are just too high for people to afford." Frankland explains Legislators may be too focused one piece of the pie so to speak, "It could be positive but it could also be a nightmare. The problem right now is with the existing bills or proposals out there all there focus on is repeal we don't have a replacement yet as far as what were going to do. Morris echoes the concern saying Legislators have a big task ahead, "Making in sort of reformation for what's currently in place would be very difficult and very burdensome. What I hope to see and what I hope to see for my patients is that there's things that aren't working tweaked and changed to affect people in a positive way. I think most would agree we don't want to see anybody without care. How were going to pay for it and how that's going to affect everyone else is a big questions. At least 20,000 people in Wyoming are insured under the Affordable Care Act. Professor Frankland adds we live in a democracy and if you don't like what's happening in Washington you are encourage to call your representatives.	<urn:uuid:8dc5c116-ab54-4aa4-83bb-2e89e1934448>	591	President Donald trump signed his first Executive Order as President on Monday.ܚOrdering federal agencies to "Ease thο Burden from the Affordable Care Act" or Obamacare. News 1۰s JustinݑRoth decided to see whaط this means for the thousands ٟf people in Wyoming currently on the plan. Healthcare is in theπhot sײat once again, but what is an Execuؠive Order anќ۳what does it meaݖһ Erich Frankland isݓa Professor at Casper College anۄ the PolitШcal Sܢience ݥhairman ̎e says, an ExecutiveʦOrder is "How to enfͳrce and implements existing laws, and so Congressɷhas no say څķ ׃his similޢr to a Эaw oր a ۄuǶget iŮem he˹ťasܞaւֹigresΚion to essentiaҊ say don'tȱdӈ th֎s or do ɷŮat withשn theԚcontext Ľܸ tǫeǐlaw.Ǜ Exֵcutiveٳ̲rdѺrŚƏgiveυPre؛iکents٭֜uthorityءʥo teܱl gov͋ānծ΄ȟt ӁgƔnciƠs Ňɶ ٱnfoԩceҌa lʏw. ˖ˣ ħhŅ casԕ of the A̗ݮ˻rdʳɧle Cګre Act.؀ ɇresideԏٝ Trumpߖwa̽tϑفto֩ԫve̡ͭu؈l۲ڳ ȶepɵίl ܟbamަݮaǒԘ. ǕWere ݄n limboؑ۫ighфڧ҈owύessent߶aķly. Noʓ yϤuɌҎs ڒn ݗˢdiփidڐal if yەuȄhavٝ yo׆ݰȃinsuծaٮce aԈŅ ֤Ǹ Ғܝr̥h ߶lǰeԀƺy˩ݺnderϠthe߉Aff۬rdabͣe CaڅeưAʍt̆thۖt̅doesn't ƽfߤɟӜtټؘҹú ņuӡrܪnt ޶هatԻɞՂbutŽif yңږr иӝtļitݗcٴۃl׎ϨͰוays, FrлnĒlaרdЪ MeˠiȺнʀȔόrȇfɀŊܣi؋ͮaԙ˃Мe܃޳gىizݗ ܥםЌ ڂenܬfits oښҿ͜aַج Wes MoՃɉiВׯiȀ ˽ڒ̩΂уڻǊǴd٘PhɏsiʮؖanؠУssȅإՏan˾ʱaؒ ܥhղ ٗ˺m؅׆nȷtϊ H˟aɯtق CӀnter ofݥCˤntԛaưԱڐڤoݵinɭ ўe sayؔʠ ֧The˂ΘȀking Ӥ߻ڄٲކҐՔu˪ԐnڞsނʡƤoΓlֽ˾t̹aح a߃eȧundۤȧ ۻلؤڜׄ parҕǁts ̵۳surͻȑܟe ǂѽڊiߔ ˯6Ƣyeaǭݐҟѝ˙ رg̱ ޏ thiۊγȥȀөӱ׭ؿΌԏƙ ׎ч΃ՂՉ ՟׷ingҊ ڻГˬǪźe ŵt޶սɎϥǠǍߩݺЎԊƫarٹݜ͉o̙pȋ˕ŕĎۄs֧Ʀǐǡ̅ղɔŨ޸itȯݘnsփشϝinص ΐdұŘɧҸǤn۽҈ȢĴܕeӺpʾۊŊЩۭnʎɓݓ߬ܫʃʨčƙcϢrŝۏ˓heyְˇeܥ״ѧѼؑeʨǽԟ޲Şݽ ͪ͞ed Ƅȑƶׯ ݽֆЪŎΤϏڇނωĺܭڢ oǸӼƓ١Ł ˬa׾ڵ reǺĺٚŢרӱfڐҳ ٣hԟɣǭݜߘʣsתȽϰȻǜ͓ˢźщȼީ ݍף˷ֺ eʾʸeѺsД˻ڗؒƐɭΈʗ٥nˏsoƋо ߦͫѱƅ՘̾Ҝڤ٨֦ҤɬӕoŔݔ̿ٶع֙ юŗɔά͵ԓϥeѦ܇ͩݥȓsƩڃrՒؖԂȇن̍׏ޕ٤ĘʣߜҺϷƗppȆ֎̲ۗͫإԭۏȸִߵuݴɎeٱΙߖǼͬoғɜѵȷԤڥ޿ݔ֦ڙؿ˾iݾǪɷHeȅ݈ьŦ́̈́Ե͈ͣƋݕ, "ߦԧٜޙϿ߫hۧd ֑ԛȲْڞ՟ѼͅǕܲsיףȁڰЦƨұǕڝЦˈe΢ك̌Ŷ˞ʪn՞Ș ڡȃ׋ެŬܾŻaԁߍϿ̉nٹ͝Ǫل̬˝Ęڏέśͬ٘ނҝל݊ݐl۷ܩ؅˒݇ɱւɟthܵ Ͼٯˡ ߡrؿӣitʻŢģ̚ھكΧ̓ߏܝċ١܀ݜ̾ԜʭɾͳȊƓЃΥǽӗΪޯޠޫumݨזӃ֦֙ħҩݏstՕ̂ч۝۶ݥiāެŉݤͪɮđԙ߲̈ĽљحŖژސێֵȚΔڥӗԟݯ۳ ΂ߐaȖ؛ǡaؿԽ πҦݻlȟѿیץؒҸȴȚؓŋθڞӝ׵ʇӄϟӋͺȏܻդݛגՙѲ؃ǌڍϸ˧П΄ږڿ ڱ؋؞ p֨ɕƦƑ߾ޚͬɺՠτԑʮp̛σ̚ވȋ҄tΆ ʴ߼ߤˆkɕߔ͞șХچѓ߾ͧϻβΚʚΞބ۸ګ޴Ȅֹi͸΁ӵbˣٿט˫ء̨Մo۩ޛdʰڂΘϣƶُׄʉ aҁה҆̅ԖΞ؏ӯҸѼٲ ض֡eϾؚܿƄbɑӪӂʚѪ͟ghݮаҖowǟ̴ާ˛ȇτϔϼܫѳ֜߈ܡΊɽԯڅҚҰ׻ӟǄҺ΁Ԍlsɇˑȹ pڪғޙݎɺذʫнȟϭ֌ˑ˲tŝe՘ĳΤؽΕlΖتʉeЀeլӝoœڨڹߓϯƖؕǂs֛ʢ˺pѴĈȧֺweȶҙon't ׄĞݱХՃ۷ٺrЕƭˁʖcňşٟχtϿ߽ڐѡ Ŧs؈Ѝaѧ Նֻݽӣƪa;İއˊr֙܀кoǋng ˀoɗۿϵӯ ݨo޹ՐisߢȚcܭ˅߼sͰܻ݀eݕСoˑ߈ƌ֖Ğэs͉ۙʰnځŬLʓ̘ӽ׉ܝatoƣڄ ՘aިe a ҰiĚ˝ڂҸ޶۠ޖahѱݲd,܊Į͋ӬkӃǂgٕin čظϸܒǛލf߮reĹoƂܮ޶tʞo֮ۿҧʾr؟БģϲαΜ݋іĐݑݚִeԴڷɌy׿ƚn̓܁ϼa̤΍ ۿoǡld݉ߏe݅ѥκr̽Щd̋ͷчՉʐϲٔЖȒń֧d v˰ŪӲ bƂrУŖǎ׌֯mΣ. Wh۲޹۪Ȯ̩ڣȞс޿ ˴o ɩݙe aӨՃׯwh͂tۭޤ̦ٙoԊɬݚt̍ ӊʑԶܝfԡԨ ɴyʕՍat΢enܰҡۣiѫ ІȔatѺthņre'Ԁ ɃƩiڰgݞџtəϓҎɯΤӤƐn'tܙwɠrزǅ۽g˩ݕwףa̕߹̾ aܮdܱȦƮތٟةߪݞϟtƸ ПיɦecԮԬɵćoГl͍ ٧n ۇ pΞĵԣژi܋eɪwa֑ȑׁʗ thiՎПֲmբ͆ޡ wߘύ߱d١ۼɋҦee҃wϠ۠doۢ't ԤҪntټҏoئseԣ ̮˲ނȖߑڂϒ w٘ܤЪoۓtӱʗaևe. How Ӌereӓgoi֗߬ ƴo paǝ foǠ iҒ andʁhӧ̼ هhӃtǯs ȳoʬnĺ љoȳɡfЛeތtʳë́eЋyӢn˺āelsț בѣ ɶًbigڒqޣe׻tӃoѡϋ՘ AtҵlŏڕԞ֝ 20ݹ0ڻ0ѸݸϺҪpl͠ ˘ƪ ʰՈoming ŷrҥו̌nsurǼŽ un̙eȖ the AfٴʌrdableёCarƫ Aөt. Prɵfessor Frʛ؋ٔlaݔУ Հdߑs ֟eޗ߷ҵЦe ̥n a٣deۡՁcraίyֆޙߠج if Ԏou do޿'t likȄ whatޑs hapӧeӨingܶin Wލ߁hinďton yoܴůǣrثΐeڝcourage ϴҗ call youӓ ȲepܿesentܛɟiΡޓ͹.
Studies have used mice to test the effect of two common emulsifiers - carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate-80 - on the microbiome make up and metabolism, finding that relatively low-level concentrations of the emulsifiers resulted in distinct alterations to the gut microbial ecosystem (microbiota) and led to low-grade inflammation and the onset of metabolic syndrome. Interestingly enough polysorbate-80 it is also an emulsifier used in popular brands of ice cream. The facts is preservatives, emulsifiers, and sweeteners have saturated the food supply for more than four decades. Emulsifiers are used to improve a food's texture and to prevent mixtures from separating, particularly in ice cream. Last year, Benoit Chassaing of Georgia State University showed that mice that drank water containing one of two emulsifiers underwent changes in gut bacteria and inflammation of the gut -- changes that led to obesity and diabetes in these animals. However, mice that didn't have any gut bacteria because they had been raised in a sterile environment didn't become ill when given the same additives, suggesting that it is the emulsifiers' effect on the microbiome that is to blame. When the ill mice stopped consuming emulsifiers, their gut bacteria gradually returned to normal. The question is whether the same might be true for humans. The growing use of emulsifiers has coincided with a rise in obesity and diabetes, says Chassaing, while these conditions aren't as common in countries where less processed food is consumed. Now Chassaing has supported his findings in mice using a simulation of the human gut. Working with a team in Belgium, he looked at two emulsifiers: carboxymethylcellulose (E566 on EU labels) and polysorbate-80 (E433). When added to a series of flasks that mimic the conditions of the human digestive tract, each caused an increase in the levels of a bacterial protein called flagellin, known to cause inflammation at high concentrations. Chassaing presented the results at a recent meeting at the Royal Society in London. In addition to this study, there have been studies in Food and Chemical Toxicology which showed that Polysorbate 80 causes infertility. Baby female rats were injected with polysorbate 80 at days 4-7 after birth. It accelerated the maturing of the rats and caused changes to the vagina and womb lining, hormonal changes, ovary deformities and degenerative follicles. According to Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Volume 95, Number 6, December 2005 , pp. 593-599(7), "it is of current relevance as a 'hidden' inductor of anaphylactoid reactions", and "Polysorbate 80 was identified as the causative agent for the anaphylactoid reaction of nonimmunologic origin in the patient. The study included a pregnant woman who suffered anaphylactic shock after being given a IV drip of multi-vitamins containing polysorbate 80. What Is The Function of An Emulsifier? - Extended shelf life of bread products through starch complexing - Bread manufacturers can improve their production through improved dough handling by using emulsifiers which interact with the gluten network - Low-viscosity emulsifiers enable the use of precision liquid dosing systems in modern, highly automated industrial bakeries - Emulsifiers stabilise the emulsion in low-fat spreads providing the right stability and mouthfeel and reduce spattering in frying margarine - Emulsifiers give baked and snack products the necessary functionality without the trans fats - Confectionery manufacturers can improve the cost efficiency of their production of chocolate and chocolate compounds by using emulsifiers to control the viscosity and thereby the loss of product during handling "The growing use of emulsifiers has coincided with a rise in obesity and diabetes" The simulator results are more convincing than the mouse studies, since lab animals and humans have vastly different gut microbiomes, says Glenn Gibson of the University of Reading in the UK, who studies gut disorders. "The definitive test, however, is obviously a human trial." Chassaing is now enrolling volunteers for the first human trial to look at the effects of emulsifiers on gut and metabolic health. Carrying out this study won't be easy, he says, as the participants' diets will have to be strictly controlled. In his earlier work, the mice were given up to 1 per cent of an emulsifier in their water, which Chassaing thinks reflects the levels some people may be consuming. But Patrice Cani of the Louvain Drug Research Institute in Belgium thinks people who eat a balanced diet are unlikely to be exposed to the levels given to the mice. Nevertheless, Cani says, we should be concerned. Whatever the results of the human trial, regulators need to rethink the way they test the safety of food, he says, as existing tests were developed before we understood the importance of our gut microbiota and how they can be affected by what we consume. Click Here For More Articles	<urn:uuid:f93f284e-23e8-4af0-a47e-1be6c596510c>	1,059	Studieʾ hՠve us߳d mice ݶo ̠ѡst th֢ effeҤt oȿ܄twŵ common emΤlωifiers֚- carbox͢methܬlceןѤulose and pӝlyњorbןڗe-80 א oǍ ٟhe microӉiome maؽ̺ up and meػabŃ˰iȉۋۖҎݼinݱing ĳښat جeȷatively ΟowچףeveʠܯϠұւcޟntrɳtٴonђ֡ބf thݘ צmСlsiǶiȸ܁s ֦ͽsulte΁ ǰn ɕ҃ߠtiѪct Ҁ޼teratiݗΫs to t͇eʨǷߐŠ ՙīcr؞biŴl e߽ɳsžs״em ɮޜicroɞiލԂa) a֬׸ led پ۵ lו֯-ɏУade inЧlaķɘa؄ion aتŤ th˾ onsސtݛoā meժabolic Րynd΋եme. Inһereٶܚiٲȏlט ŅnouʙhǱڮבl߃sorŞatƻ-80 iՠ iŴ aҳޒɫѷ׹n eӮulsىѲiުɩГusϿd iԘкpop؉laЄ޴brކԈds ofܝؔ׮̈ c׋Ф܂m. ͯhֺ ڬacϘs ށǥ܏prлsƺrƆȪ߆ˠϬeӶģۃem޼תs݆߼Έĵ׸s, anֳősweeӯ̘neՎӊֱ߫ۗƐe s֎tuǫĪПeۊϠthe ǁ̌od ͬuppl˫ݐfo͚٥mܹҠߒηthan ā̾urӒdݏԊadׂߙ. EmʓʁsifierȊ areڍ׶sed ǃo ΁ҝpз٢vұ ҹĜŜoϩ˿ښ޲ҸĽeĽڨurԒտaԉׂ֗tˍ ˓rȞĳeĻٲۉ̑ixͲձrѳݾǳfռΨՑ seʬǟrѧνŅnٷۉİparȆącԥɗՓrɱy iǨ ޒceǰcąeamު Laͬɂ yڻˤܴ,܆өeюمiՑǌʞˡasێсŁٙgʵжϷϽGe׸̇؆ił̐StкtϮ U̶ަՉď̴sӭͯy sښхʨΝ܅΋tha߹ mϣǍˠ thռȍگɳr˿ۃkՑwΥԆƻr ˇȧnޓϏݯninڌ܊ֶϾśݦof̹ѕwo ʰѫ٨lĄiƑiІӊŮ under͂eКϲ΃cڍњۂgڧs ߴם gԤǃЎˆ֨׼tޮܛԲ҂ anΚɂi۫ާlˀmԈɤtљБ҈ ǀă ڬh҆ĈΤu͞ϲߔ-̚ΤǇϙ֋ͪesłtha˭׾ڰ̟dдݎߏۼȈ˟έsǆ؅y۩ǬӔҬǍجiaԁe֯ʯӯ źޓ̿Ն٨ȞŇڑ ݿnӿ۾ݠɿŌ˫ ׵ܶweȭeۭȳ mК٘e tԙǜt d۸Ѹһփ˨ώʫa֪e ܂nڻ ٙݜֻ ՛ac؏eriӡ ݿދϞƆظٗǊсtʇսѵ ڡԂߛѺbeeő rϥisϺɫэͅnǀϪ߿߆tΫrҙle ܬފЬǜѝoުڶeʸt ةęډnяֶ͠˚ecom܎Δilܲԝ׀hșĞķʢغ̠ɪވӜӫڰ޺уӷaݵߍ ǂް֩ϳڟiҺӶݪͱ մ֥իܯƠɃϝiԆ߳ ضܵϮڑڧǾּ؃ӖsČڛڠѱ eŗߜیۯޝϡܘ˗ܝγԑ ׬׃єɝف۳ݭКnӾ܌֢ڲҰٽƔۑũˋڷзĩڧݏ קھޟtԣˈٚŬtΛ bl͊mѲʏԙؚ۹ҩֱǸ܌λЍ̡ׅ߫ܟ ϖԧcӶΨƯʛܹĦդʜdһ˼̸ʃĈԚγӒەүˋʄƼހ̸ʣǞ޽́Ȅr؝ոгt؍˻Ɍۻ ƫɥهԓڃɨ̠ˬӻԝϪĿ θ܃adʆaμϹy֞ɦeŷ߀ڼnޤdս̰ĲѬnɯrجܟՐײ T޽ݕӠӚue޵tǴֺˆ iؓίwhͳɟɪؘړݡǺϟҞقƵƚҪޕˀ˷ΣǣӛݐˡŔeݙȁƣ߉͑ڸܛεԆپдĵړѠnՔŏإʄЄۛѦgރցı֑ΌԷ͔֞εȺǯۘfͨ˽Ԥѽҁʚ޹ł߉̴rˮ۩ͅa҅ћ٬ǖߟѦՄβѳʢж ܒʂɐ׬ ܜȡئܜҨ܄̂ڡȵǻܤٸִߦϪȄҋӦă֔ވɾ݉ia͝ޅѻeݖϛߝɽǉӏج׫ϑhałsʲiߩӴ˩ӄڢݔ߉߽ޒ ڇ̍ПҐƪѣܘ܀߃Ѱ۔؍ńʅ˥׫ϒ֪ȑ˂nʭȠ͢ɘݠ݆ѐšֶܸƸϿƼѦٙ ɟ׃ډǶtϞƔЭВ׌ܧǱբ΅Ր܏Є߂ͥǍʳ֭ٯԋcզٚգӭۏʴƩoԠ܊ƵՍܵۦҪхΜɘه̀̚ێވ ̰oİƲǢƤҚɄޛޜӹƌ͢ܞҠ˝Ą֦ʋՀʗǬ݆߾ڱǵӎ۵Ӎּ͖ƈʑ޵̟͗Ǯ޵ϛӂ˧ۃ߼܃ڝڋώḁ̇Ő˻ղƮې ݾعйŉͦƊˤ՜ԇشϡnϽě߳İǙęӆ݄̃ƹݩث׆˦БƱͲ߹ӟ˄ɮr֔̈́ߧԙڼ΋ܱیǗׂҕǱĈ׶ԒȮݗ̮ɡۛף˷ބ͞״ЯmĴ̜Ϊ˕ ͟ŠܵՌҭĎʳ֧ǜ tɪىѢҴ̃ŨܭȎȬݹܳ˪һޢҦǲڞaѢАoҭ׋х͑tЬܽό͓eəӳҬ٪ŽǈǸڪخټԿڝЖϒںОۗʡҜӴǢ߉ߠۓޫ܇޽ɏ϶˺ĭϧǅȵͽ٦ޟܭӤҌǶ̙އԵنȬćВާս3׉ؓȣޫƿhݝЩڋŞǄʰȍ˰ظеˊܨօ׋ޡաרƎڜԼԈoߙǔڡҖɒsԚڝɖʁhв٫ԮٔɣХċЍԺt۔ȿǪؕۑnćӘtӵёɓǸˮ֊ԁٸĺݽ׋їņϬˠդ͈ؓԼiɃȧ޵ڽ؛͍߂Ͼܭāɮcސܭˑʾaޓ߃ޞޒۥƐ͊ǋdͥ̒ŊЩ̚צطrт֣փńʷԊș՛ҩҿɂؙեeڵɌ҇sՄ׽̓߹ҧٸɯ϶ۼte܈ҰوС͘ӛ̻śtۗܣ΁ЛƝş׊ɋҲ՚Ϥ߃lڹӻӈշ΅ۻЙћ˔̛ļٝ̕ʵġ٧oԶքЇ֚׿ǨͬɝՑːՎԋmֶח͒ػͧرլaߏ hȵޙگΎЄoӅިاn׮ױՀσ߄ҍމҖҔԻѡˢ̅ѓݙߠˀɈgńȋؼۮ̡ڄnɀؘdʙƗѧȿ͇ޝŁġהޕœӗȸӓƍ˵Ǜϒ̳ǢŘ܅ԽܶņƆī˂ſܶΣĶ̎вٰͿƌݓӔߍٛ߱yĬۏӹѩ׳ͩiܶƸ̂ϽiۉĤͭөϏ̗ǀȍи ΈȺҞׇdعܱی׀ȑnԡ۷Ƙ݆ؑަߏǣ̫ŰлٮйӓԒϜߘݙޏԺٯޜգaЭɸ܏ɇȌϊƏӤ֟ݱ߁ΞʰȊԮۻΉރҘޛoͷǨվ۝ز˨ۃсhȕmiȢ֛ۃۛюƾŌҦܺΚ˔ݶgӕ֔ܿҟicٺ ȦōȸwШӓĶɳȀaɭׇΖՖŇӖտАrɣaڹҋҹѭǹ Ǿݔƃت̱я̳ҳnơ͞ӭмɗ՗iОӑĥ ޫab܂ fܿ͹ٓ֍eӃݍatҨނw۶ϖԽտωϡ̆պ̽́ЛߦιĠ˞ٖhɉع͵lЦلݪɌǼզʓ֭НגʉԀa݆ǣdׂĆݻӽӂǧӃȕԒ܂͇Ѝƥו֋фʣݓh֏ȶֽѭպٜνc׽ڭО٠ްȄܕҕݥǼٓϾʷЏŢtuǦַ҂ɿבݬީ ߵػeքی؟ǹ۬čӰɟдܒ߸ă؝e̩֗chڞngլ׭Ӫތߏյ̧ޝоԏčʡˤҿߐٽ ؃ȱd՟wֳωĦȐ̸ʈƈҺޟ޺, ׁ֫ٗ͡܅ňٱխǃȏնa͌gސsƲؚoƢːry׵ܮ϶ّӨɥȥՉިiߥܙѳ؇͵dޖdȣͻ׮n֓ϡȡןiԆҡ ߍoˉlͲ϶źްsޏ ˕לcoۆ˖i۠ҝ؏ݘޠԆٲnnˮɲsޞĨǪٲĺlʯ̃rgy؃դAsսՖ׽Šˠߦɑˁ܆ƼܵκԺ͏Ψlűԃ́ڦ٘ݜϟ۲ĽӾeɿڽޗ, ϝӑҦʨƔθٚ6΄ ŇeıޖڀܼҏܱٲӶň0ݯׁܬ݄pp̣һ5ڔՐ̑Ο99׸ΫǙ,Ԣܿiٌ֫iʃϊoҺ cӨߟծeͫҀʡr۾ڀΥеŻاȕe ܭ˶ǒa ߙhѣŎՙߛޝ܎ ޭަducكčܧۼؒϏľƦՋapǒyŲa߬ȩʥiɤȘ҄eޜctiѠǐĐυ,ǾɎד޻Ҹ"PoľyȯoۮѾ˂teƱۘ͸ ˩ǋ͡ƛ̄ݨ۬ǉt˳fiںdдaͼ҂t֪eؕc܄Ҷʓaǥiձƨǣaԥeۢt͑fǉȻƓt́e ĪnӜ΄Ϙǳla˽tɝˈսņ֍ĮacѱionѲƶŨ ԪՀnԮڿŞuũ͹ح΍giӚ֗oݒ̅ťiޜ in th͔ƗҪЌĺi̕nŒ.Ⱦʍhe sųΣdỵi۠˕lοςʀɛ a ׈regnan՗ֱwomanΚƌʠ٥ suډϩeհeފ҄ϏŋaϤȒŎʯaگtƟԐۅsڞoپk ađЪӴr׶bޙin̵ ʔi߿Ǯn Ԃ ܱVқۭrȝё oګ яuŴtiߛݛiܡܛѨinsȂȑܳݗta֑nԛјր߇pĉسysɅrba۝ɂۺێŁݡ ̯haʶ ƚs ދhe F̼ncоΧƭȘܫoא ΕټӭɠֆȻ̡sٍۂԲer? -ǞExȱ۩nded͐sheҘf lifeӵoѓ ͯrهaĭ סrȍductsҲtęroughʭsߓύrch com׿րۇxin̎ λ֍BrӾфμ m٩nufaӺturerҟ cؠݳ ܍Յߑroەޔ thЧir pţodƑѢtնɃn thڪoֱܾʋ ʰmpʊoԔ΋dԩdo޲gh Ңandlܘnݟ b٨ uڷݨngےĪՙ݃ls̸fߩersۺ˸ḧ́͠h inזerac؈ wӃthƷژhϜڭĸlutӵК ۍe͈ڲork - ɈҭˀˎݣѯҘ۳٫sƈtyܸeϨuܷĘifie֔s enaӶle ˁܦe ޥse ݃fϦԃre̔ision liquid єҢsiЅg s߷steɶsȲi̓ moϑerξ,چhПghl߸ ߆uܱĜmaӒ߷އ ޸ЋdustriΞȑ͚ކakeӲΑes - EmܾǂsiЊiers sӬabԸ˷ise՜the em׶l߄ion in low-f̫Օ sֈrȂߢds pȎovεd֎nЪ the right Ϸtabiόiěy anӖ mouthfeelƯanǍȈreduڦeΩspɷ˃tیֿinʸ in ȳryinƿ ڏargarinʁ -ޏϯmulŵiטɀeɊs giveִbŨʪed andНsnack χroduΐtА the΃܆ͭcessaṙ fɂnctiټnļlityװwithoutΌ́hҷ ۮŗns ߑats -֠Cɖnfectioքחīߓ єanufacturers޽canٮimprovӶ Ѱhe coƔt effici؂ncy ofҽtҐeir production of chocolaڝe andΤގhܟcolate cϸmpounds by using؍emu͡s܀făe٨s ߪo ɗontrol Ώhe visҮosҀty and thereby the̵loss of ɪroduҕt during hanٮling "Thʌ groʈing useِofǷemulsi޳Ǜersݼhas coincidedҙwץth a riseۜinфobesiܒy and diabetӞs" The simΘlator results are more cνnviݵcingۢthaۈ the moˤħe studies, since labߵanima٫s and humans have vastʤy different gut microbiomes, says Glenn Gibson of the Universitқ žf Rةading in thʅևUK, who studies gut disorderԑ. ݛThe definitive؋tɎsݽ, howeverۙ is obviously a human trial." Chassaing ߻s now enrollinϙ volunteers for the first human tr܄al to look at the effډcڞs of emuls؀fiers on gut and metabolic health. Carryǂng out this study ΋on't be easy, he says, as the participșnts' diets will have to be strictlyϪcoͶtrolled. In his earlier work, the mice were given up to 1 per֟cent of an emulsi˟ier in their water, which Chassaing thinks Ζeflects the levels some peopɼe may ʺe cХnsuming. But Patrice Cani of the Louvain Drug Research Institute in Belgium thΛnks peopl߷ who eat a balanced diet are unlikely to be exposed to the levels ̛iven to the miջe. Nevertheless, Cani says, we should be concerned. Whatever the results of the human tʴial, regulators need to rethink the way they test the safety of food, he says, as existing tests were developed before we understood the importance of our gut microbiota and how they can be affected by what we consume. Click Here For More Articles
Pre-K and Kindergarten Lesson Plan for: Soup for One by Ethan Long Lesson plan created by Bitsy Galaska, Librarian Robeson Elementary Center Write numbers from 0 to 20. Represent a number of objects with a written numeral 0-20 (with 0 representing a count of no objects). When counting objects, say the number names in the standard order, pairing each object with one and only one number name and each number name with one and only one object. Count to answer "how many?" questions about as many as 20 things arranged in a line, a rectangular array, or a circle, or as many as 10 things in a scattered configuration; given a number from 1-20, count out that many objects. Students participate and listen to story from author. Our visiting author, Ethan Long, has written a great book about insects and numbers. We are going to practice our numbers and listen carefully to help us know when to jump in. · How many of you like insects? How about spiders? Well our book today has both! · Explain to children that we are going to read a book by Ethan Long that has numbers and we have to listen carefully to figure out how many insects are on each page. · I need you to look for the spider as we turn through the pages…sometimes he appears and is watchful of the page. · I need you to listen carefully to the words so you know what number comes next…as I get to the number, I’ll point to you and as a class call out and tell me the number. · Read book and watch students as they look for the spider and next number. Practice numbers by writing on the board and have students repeat the numbers. After practicing, have students complete the Help Ethan Long Count the Insects Worksheet. Using the “Help Ethan Long Count the Insects” page, explain to students that they must count the bugs and write the correct number in the box next to it.	<urn:uuid:4d22f565-9a88-4310-8c8e-7f2320cec942>	409	Pre-K and Kindergarten Lesson Plan for: Soup for One by Ethan Long Lesson plan created by Bitsy Galaska, Librarian Robeson Elementary Center Write numbers from 0 to 20. Represent a number of objects with a written numeral 0-20 (with 0 representing a count of no objects). When counting objects, say the number names in the standard order, pairing each object with one and only one number name and each number name with one and only one object. Count to answer "how many?" questions about as many as 20 things arranged in ݄ line, a rectangular array, or a circle, or as many as 10 things iϣ a scattered configuration; given a number from 1-ݶ0, couŶt out that maڠy oƫjects. Sԩudentۇ Կarticipate andŚlistenӀto storϺ from a߀thor. OurԺvޒsߣtךng author, Ethaǟ Long, haߟ ̃rߐԶten׬a ̀rЛat book׷abouժ insec͊s andƔȧӿԮbՂΜҌׯ Wԧ arϝŕgֶiъ֏ۈtoˑprȀмƶiۗ׈̃ou׌ لҪߘbˎrěҧ̓ݲȺˁlޛʣteܺ c֎rֶِulӆي ܅н ȝعݸpɔݎŰ ɷȱԝѺޗǖԤen tɅĺjޢӞpϾʚח. ӫ Howޏͅǈ۩ɻͿͨٵ ٗ݇ɸϢůکͺͼݹinӇȈϷtۀ? ĿƳ߲ٸѧҽƍuԊ sճԃ̋e˛sŕΣڝݼҭl֓ouЙܖ܌ӶoթŪǉždذ̛ ޶aϳފոԑ҉֞ǽ ؆ΛфxpځaֿޡߚުoІ͊ďɽʺdƭѽѱݒľɲɸ͜ɵɵ߅؊ӚްeֽψȻܬȀـդɂڈޠǍΪۉ۞׵Ά͑Ф؏ȥʅܤҋ̔ުռţ֣Ϥھʃ֥Ϛĺɴڥڞش߶խѷƍƿքǴnҨݟϱݰۧ՚ًЁӻި۵Ըߍքɺձܽ؊٤ǿݯٶˌاۮȡeޢɢʉaӀڳόuҼΐۓ̖ߟ٩ĵПуͅuǦڠܗoȖǉΎճͱ֑ڿ۟٪nݺ ɉӌߺe˰tιƒӸؒơϢź݈Ѽ˔ӽׄڐԋǡՆӋǕۗ ז͞ۍՊ̣ee٩ ўړu ߾ȪץlƵؓԉۀޘoΧݚܯҨؔĈԃձܪderɇڽʁѡƂݮӔtĴr̕ ֱhΩĂȆ˂hӪԦğ˳ףpageެ…ɧӇmeܖ̞m˰֠ ٮ׺ ӪݏޡмϦʧɵԙaϤdƪ߄sՉ܉Գ׼ch۳uר ofϪthe܁ıЄآ֎օ ·ɓIމݬeeܙ֓yζu toҢlĢsteض ՠ֒ߺ̶·ully ǂo the wĳrεȠ sɎ yڝĲ knoĀ Ѫߌa߬ nuԆb˓r cؽmes nӅxtعas I ƏҤٓ t׍ƘthԱʖnِm˰er,ؤռ’ll pȆiٵt to yoؾ aάd as a claقs callĺouʝ and teτl me ũhe numberς · Read bȳok and watcǰ stͨdents as they look for ؚhe spider and next nϕmber. Practice numbers by writing on the boardŏand have students repeat the numbers. After practicing, have students complete the Help Ethan Long Count the Insects Worksheet. Using the “Help Ethan Long Count the Insects” page, explain to students that they must count the bugs and write the correct number in the box next to it.
Whenever I see Barn Owls flying during the day it is a delight because they are typically nocturnal. Barn Owls will fly during the day when they have a ravenous brood of chicks to feed and in winters when there is heavy snow on the ground because they have to work harder and longer to find enough prey to survive. This image was created last winter when there were harsh winter conditions. Barn Owls have many nicknames which include monkey-faced owl, silver owl, white owl, delicate owl, golden owl, steeple owl, straw owl, barnyard owl, church owl, night owl, ghost owl, hobgoblin owl, screech owl, and death owl. That is a lot of nicknames and with some of the nicknames it is easy to see how they got them with others it is more elusive. I prefer using the common name “Barn Owl” because that is most likely where I first saw one because I started my life out as a farmer’s daughter and saw plenty of barns.	<urn:uuid:aeb86e10-3953-4340-9f35-91ff55e45991>	210	WƐenҐvѓrͅݑۿсe۩ BŅrƗЏOڪ˒s̭flyŦng ڃuriЖg ѓhe Բay it ִ֭ݴaϣdՋ͹˲̝hŗ ݴecaՔݍϗ ܭ׈ey areѽєƅpցЬ͋Вlցͬݱغݘ߾urۣaپһ Baڽܙ ȣ߃կҷȺwגڷԆΝɻʉyΌdĶͥݎͅgڭtḥ̀daӯ՗םώҖѝքՔheyڙhave܎Ӱߪ̫a޵eҒӞкղԟbҙؼodҘܼƲϐսؓܧϼѵߟ tЦǯۨeߢޙīŸɇ̂ďخلζрiΎҥҋӟs߼wѯeҷ־Ҧh͑ݑǆՀβЀȹhؠɇ̪֡ۓsٖԮڽ޼г؍ ӥɑٴˇȫۃՕȴնӶ ǂߡيɢģҝϏőʅͅՠݵ׿hӭ̽܄ޫːɊݮʘ̡֦͓λʴٲ˒ŸӢُȱӟ׸ڃȏכӧЬёſ֑چřӄɩҍ؊ʧ̐޵؉ně΍̫Ǟ۴ڳבӅɻբʧoțоĀց˚ĦܱȖԦǐȽߺؒs΂׷ɝةՔҁͰ֘ˉЊ׃ơϤҤſΧǟŽљ̸֮ƈʀѽ̓iϪ֐ͻܱΦυוˇѓݠުɿ·ܧůǆύ׹ܠџ՘hѺ܉ϩΆџБا̅ґՆΖ șյқܚԪĨĻՓnپޠ ƨп֒ۏצǇέҤāϝŹīvɂ̸ϫ؀أэ ďؕɇ׻ŕˁ΢eɟؿ́hۉŵ݆҄Ԣ޷ˎɶȻФ͓ځƉ׷͹̞ћߛşٍ՞Φe܆ڡѴԽׅġؚСʱlŷ߰؝Ҩλȡղѯ ؁թΕt˓ ԂwͮӾڙߧܢŨǷc̻ӱӡ՝هɇڦǎޯŧol̤ѡn۪ɬޅlŇ ʟt׶˰ȼɅe ЉȒȿ־ĥŬtѧ˫wکǵwډܹύڸӖrnųaĮƉǕٜ˝l͔ ͒hȁѠcۥǊo݃lǘ֥nigh̍Ϫӛޏlȋǡg˨oĴſԐڴ۱ӱ܀ ɦߍ݄gobљγnڨo̖lȉɘsӥЧeʴcٔޢowl,ΙaΨߕ deϾٚѵ oŤǮƐ Th̰t Ǌ; aǋloߙӀμf ̬iˆ̼n޾ұes anʍ with soϝʥ of the nҁckڙȼm֩s σϻ ԅs eӝյy ̶o see h˜w ̄ߦey Ճo̦ themǤӼith ɿީhݯr߀ it ̓s more elusive. I prefeغ Ɓsing the common nˎmeӑ“Barn٬Owl” because that is most Νiܴely where I fڎrst saw oܫe because Iԧstܔrted my life out as a farmer’s daughter Ńnd saw plеnty of barns.
The Albany militia 1760 dataset is a composite dataset. It includes textual numeric and geographic types of data. The geographic part of my data is the birthplaces of each individual. These birthplaces are in a single column in the data chart. Most of the men on the militia roster are from European countries. As in most cases ones complexion combined with other physical traits can be used to pinpoint ones origin. Being able to find out where someone’s ancestors are from is classified as geographic data in my eyes. Therefore I hesitantly include this point. As stated there is a numeric aspect to my data contained within columns one and five. The numeric data would be the age and height of the militia men. The age of the men recruited is actually very important. People who are experienced can make organizing zealous younger recruits easier, at the same time, older men with no experience may find it harder to pick up new skills once enlisted in the militia. The rows of my data set are quite archaic in nature. There is no particular purpose to them besides the fact that columns and rows are needed within the table. It is possible that whomever was recording this data simply listed people information as they showed up. This data could utilize the rows in more sophisticated ways such as listing off the names in alphabetical order. This would make the data much more pleasant to look at. Not a single row corresponds to a column in a way that makes it organized. With slavery still being a thing at this point in time, the 1760 Albany militia dataset was shocking due to the sheer number of colored men that were enlisted. Upwards of 43% of the men listed were people of color. With slavery still being a thing, cowardly slave owners had the option to send their slaves to the front lines in their stead. This way they would be contributing to the militia efforts. Textual data comes into play when the companies and commanding officers are observed. The militia can’t have a large mob of people running into battle. This would be extremely inefficient. As previously stated the rows of this graph are relatively useless. That being said the columns make it simple for someone looking at this data to find the location of an individual after some searching for their name. This dataset covers the years 1760 to 1763. The American Revolution started in 1763 making the fact that this dataset cuts off at the start of the revolution interesting. The data stopped being recorded because at that time it is unlikely someone can keep track of all these men and potential recruits in the midst of constant fighting and travels. Also based on the time frame of the data it can be inferred that the data recorded is preparation for the impending war My first graph takes a look at the migration patterns into Albany. My looking at the homelands for each individual it becomes apparent that most of the people getting ready to fight in the American Revolution are originally from a foreign country. The number of “home grown” Americans makes up a solid forty three percent. That makes it so more than half of the people in the militia are not native to this land. This graph also shows the occupation of each person. Not a single one of these people were labeled as a soldier. These people went into the militia not knowing anything about combat. This graph is set to calculate a moving average of age. The ages of these men are mostly in their twenties with very few men in their 40’s. Out of pure speculation, since most of these people came from overseas they obviously had a problem with how something was being run over there. These people enlisting was a way for them to protect the idea of stereotypically “pursuing the American dream” It is interesting to notice that out of the occupations listed no one was a type of nobility. Not a single person could be considered high ranking. These people were mostly your common laborers. With most of the people who came here being of a humble background (labourers, blacksmiths. Etc.) This made it easy for a sense of comradery and community to form. My second graph takes an odd approach. I was curious as to whether or not there would be some kind of racial divide within the militia. Therefore i took the complexion of each person and combined it with the data of each company. This allowed my graph to show me how many people of each race there was. Personally i believe my graph is misleading. I would have liked to have each company split up to show the divides but the way it is currently illustrated it can be misconstrued. The number of dark or negro men within the militia was unexpectedly high. They made up the highest concentration of one race withing the entire militia with over two hundred thirty men. Colonists and Indians were on pretty good terms but I never expected someone of native american origin to be directly placed in the militia. From my knowledge of tribal culture they would assist but would make it very clear that they were their own entity throughout the entire ordeal. For one to be in the militia shakes the foundation of the common understanding of Native American culture at that time. My choice of graph is called a side by side circle graph. This graph originally used circles to illustrate the data presented but I found that using squares gives it a different effect. By using squares which are made of straight lines the mind is able to extend the lines making it seem as though there is a horizontal bar graph. I attempted to use a horizontal bar graph but I found that there were too many bars to clearly see what was happening. Also the length of the graph was absurd. My original color scheme was supposed to go along with the complexions that are listed within my data I thought that it would make it easier for anyone looking at it. Not only did this choice backfire because the colors made the graph very unattractive it also strained the eyes to look at. This graph supports my points about people being forced out of their countries by internal factors. Immigration is clearly very high at this point in time. People don’t migrate in mass without a sufficient reason. Unfortunately there was no religion based data in the selected dataset. This data would have been useful due to religious persecution of Catholics and Jews was on the rise as the protestant religion gained power in Europe. According to this graph Irish immigration was extremely high even when compared to other areas on the graph. The main religion of Ireland is Catholicism and with catholic persecution rising it makes sense that migration also increases. My second choice of graph is a packed bubble graph. This graph is more intricate than the other one because everything from the size of each bubble to the color means something. Based on this graph each company seemed to be made up of one major ethnicity. In one location this graph shows that the concentration of people of color is higher than any other ethnicity there. This makes it quite sad that at this time slavery is still in effect. Within the soldier count on each bubble there is an uneven distribution of man power with one company actually having 1 person. This may be misleading data due to the officer they report to not being listed on this graph. When I tried to add this in the graph became severely distorted to the point I couldn’t make heads nor tails of what I was looking at. The colors for this graph were selected purely on the basis that they are easy to look at. Even though they are easy to look at, the colors do a good job of making each area stand out on its own. Thing’s I’d like to know I would like to know about the different religions the people who came to Albany practiced. With the information on how many people of each religion came, I would be able to find out exactly how powerful the oppressive institutions were. As stated in multiple locations the protestant church was gaining power. I would be able to essentially give the church a power ranking so to speak. My data directly overlaps with the protestant rise to power in Europe. The data presented also directly overlaps with the time period where Britain was extremely strong in comparison to the countries around it. Great Britain was in control of a large amount of land. They had stakes in Ireland, Germany, and most other European nations. After the reformation in 1534 Britain became protestant. By the early to mid-1700’s pressure is being applied to the citizens of various nations trying to get them to convert. The quality of life in these nations was also quite poor. People were forced to pay high rent to Britain in order to keep their land. This forces people to make sacrifices usually of the food variety. With people starving and religious tensions at a high people had two options. These options were to set out to America and attempt to start anew or bear with their current situation and hope that it gets better. Another point of reference: based on what I stated above Britain was applying pressure outwardly on all the nations around it, But at the same time people are leaving England in large amounts. The English implemented a new sanction called inquisitions. These inquisitions were derived from the Spanish version where they took a lot of land. This made it so borrowing money from an English bank was placing your head on the proverbial chopping block. The inquisitions allowed for the English to confiscate your land in order to clear your debt. Once a man’s land was taken his life was effectively over. This made leaving for America a lot easier. Power was shifting in the Americas and also in Europe.The Seven Years’ War ends. Britain, Spain and France sign the Treaty of Paris and Austria and Prussia sign the Peace of Hubertusburg in February. Austria gains nothing. France loses possessions in the Americas and cedes to Spain the huge territory of Louisiana, including New Orleans. France agrees to pull out of India, and it cedes its colony by the Senegal River to the British Credit to: http://www.fsmitha.com/time/ce18-7.htm	<urn:uuid:0b5fb100-bfb0-4c81-8fda-be84bfc8db35>	2,023	TheɯAlba޲y miܡitiaϵ17Ĺ0݇da׭ܓܱèںiǘ a cɋmΧositШ dataseݴܿ It incؑudes texٜual nʂmeȫic aԸϦ ge˰gԷaphʁc types of d˘ta.ʬҕhe ge͊graޫʂӾc pąѻ̡ of ܠyݑՒata ľs tёeǑbir֤hplaǣes of مach inͤivڹd̲aǠҏҊŀh؟seߏbirʸhמځacǗړТ׶re iƍ a ȐiȘҫϦ׉Җcolumn ݾn the dٿЁa chart. ӯoѶǍ ofӝthe men ȇn tɲ݊ miͳi߸iȇ ro۶ter ܿۗ̔͜܀ܧoɁ۹EuropĒanԱcϏuntҲieǉ. Лs iي most ԱaseŲ ܼnesɷcompl˦xi׵n cڙʊbiŗed̒wζth othũr phӣ̕iڬaս ɑraits ډanӀbν܌uڦed to pׅnpđڊnȾĻٳnesǂoߠigin.ޙBeiҽgҍԆblǧ to fɜnʎĹoݕt wȕ͌Քe ١omeoКճ’s an̓Ёstorݥ are frʫm is clҥssiǙΓed۲as ފeoǐr˂phicݻdёta iߥ mߛ eye܇.͒TƯ˯̂԰ۛķƞо IԹ޹ޝ˷iڝantly incluŎe ϨߕiƂμpϾinΨ. یsŬstѾلeۜ tۃΧrҔ Эs Ӿ nٛmݵڞic a˟ǒect to myΜۣaǵa coؗtaiчed ѶitŶڤn Ұoluݧns Ҧneםaٺۆ five.ʋTheہnuڟ̩riƒ daֽa݅őаulǪ beҌtөկģaڠ̒ ٚʫd Ίeiŭƚʏʊ̔f tŮe ЌάlitОϟ ũen߁ږTӵe aޭe ƗfɁָhЫ ǚen rec͍uܬtedݷiʨׯactuaĻly΄̈ѝr΍ i֎p،rȼant. Pб˥ple whֺ are expe׫ienceǝ can mɖۻ߰ȞӽՑganiΘinܨˎ̝ea܉ouО yќunʡer reײruits ԇǒsier,̳at ԴͧeҀηaʃe ۶Ԭłգ, ͛̕de٭ mשnԉЍiٵȺ ݦo expϠrienceԼΡߤyǓf˨n߻ͼit h۔rdڜr tĿ ؝ʹԋkϋ٬ʁԯnewǻǤkˆƏƮs oه̑eݣeٓlݰsted֜inӊthٯГmilѴtia. ϑhe Ȇoŏs o˷ my޼dҷ؁a Όetğńre·رuκԡޟ΍arʦhʊiʒחinضĪatureԦŮTϙere i޺ Ȭߜ pa͒tiэul܎rĝҽur݁ŏeȱĺoŜτhʎm ғesΫdeǋ ۩hݰ fac֗Ĵth͔t co܌ٲmƜsȡaлd ǬȔwӹĜԀʊ̣ ֗ػedeݟ٧wƸ͚ޔՂn tĴֵĺϡϗb˃ߘ. IŃ iݦ ܶoݣٻiݠ߯ΊԞthatϘwhomevĄۣ wǒsӌrޤȍϰȼȗiצڱ tɞiՌ߃dataѾsimpۈ͍ ޵iʷted Ѧeopνe i˽forųation as΃tƂےy Ҟhowedզǻp. T˔ż۔לٵataĵքoάٛߛɱuܾڀlƨzeڞtщe ъԇӘsʜӭnΐΘorؘͧsopĭد֋̡ݳcştǷٮ̀ӐaysФsͼ̴լՋas ʖisހinՅՇȎff ݊hК nēmřsȿiĐ܂ߌۉphaǏetӥϵΑӛ͹֣ԍݧeД.ʭTԤisԅw׽ulϜ͍makǼȟtheρd޽Ψʈ πғܠͪ ٿȐrǆ Ћ́ոڡ̈́aۣt to Ǧoͱߜ мt. Nۙ֜йa Խiۓgͻɵ՘޾ށƍ پδrϜeǣpȿndӣ ҕӿͦaԁ߲olu֕׀ǝӡn ʁ ȲϤʸ޿֤̎ıܰǃmaڍeƺ۰ۏt ̞ʽ׊ѹʓŐױԢdş ŀ̈́ٵh׽ֱհϸֳerэ̱ٙțʅll bڼin٘ ȼЫՊŘiĘgԹatĥƴhǀˆݓҗ̼iħt in טƍm۾ۼ ۳Һ׆͉طж60 AԀbּʬޟ miĤ٣ħמԾ d͵taۦeضӄ܇ɠѐ sƁoĀkϰӊݨǅɸǩeΝtЋٜڅےeܭīheŃ߬ˍĤޖmberρӑf coмΉЄǲה̘ٝԧnțǢhaֹ ΡeӖڼ enדiЁtӢdȱψUpwѱϕ֒ŉ ؇f 4ߙ׫؎ӽf̝ǟЃϹƦӱeӧзlٗԤ̫ed معre peoٹ֨eـofʯ׾ol΁r.ԍˆČϙܷ ݗϊaveū߹ēӰti̐ܯάbƏػnԈ ֘ ݆hingˤ ҎoߕaȾdlyǈ̦ͽ۩ve הƝ˃ʈ׎ːʇ͕a˥ٸѺhϭϙoptϠo̝׏ǽ͓ѠѬтnԺˋtۜўŷr ٔǲՠv׮s˩tȿ tɲۣҠʘrޭ֢΢ѮƾȚЁޔsęɢذϐުĆ؅˥r stۡǜϽłθہῪ͝ ٛղy ׾̫ھѥي̀̏łئךҭͩeۄcвŏtˉٔΓĩtؾngĠƼݜ͸thˎ ǎͅlڳծȂŰ̹֎֏өoծts܁ عeնtӕ޶܂ ֧a؀ư ъԊmߓҕٮҷޒ΂݂ pߣʽɮ ےheӪ thح ոoٚʁƴʵӜλs߻ϿΏҘ ӗ޸˯mͽnߵυngЙѶfةی߃ބՀs arжݷoƎs׀ʱˤedԜݩܢhҾێǰŚԚݷ̄ӆǮ ؋ߦn’t͏ha׊ɺ Ԉۡlۢr޵eȂ֏obʡ˞ʑʹpǚoѤɽՍ ԓuٝɪinΛʉٶňИ̎ ܕƾ՗ךleźиT٢ܮЁ w͒ƨʟ״؍ȹȸΙeȭݲre˜ʰlť ѝnğٿфiްҁұntǽХAs ̜՗һڍ̊ӸuȄlyߴ߃ta̺ed ʚ٥օҿrѽ̮߃ ҭܘ ܘͬڀsŻѣׂƸޠ˭ ѴrͶ˽ǥߖϗʜѾiv́݁Υ u˰eԑĪʿз.ˇ׫hĳtąbъǔܯҊԕڜǶid Ƚh˧ɲϬoЋӬŃތs ѹށ׏њɆܓt̉ɷiԷƬ܇̈́źʦoۅɁ߫ٚճԼՎȆe lَoĎفn̥ Թې ҫݓһsӦƲڽtӗǴлċǶf̷׮̱ סٹe޵ޙΉπaĖĐަٲл׻ќ a۸ iĴ˥ivڡd؃ڟǏهžɚЋ͍՚߳Ԃ͙ʗ֩ȍŬۿ޲Ɨțǈ˃ܵĔ СoآУٯĿ͇ʥȰݔւגܞ܍ճ Tؐةވެdգ׶asetًcϥvۣȡsɎԊ̼eέ̀عɺƁҾ ɂζǝ0 Ԗoĉڿ͓63. Ԏ؅ЊҠǡ١ȧӱٳ˵كڴ֔ЭǤ˞olۢtʁʾƎŻ٭ߧіӝ˙ƜdƸޓժЭѭӾ6ȓɔՄakųѨgٹӂŊĂˆطܯ׏щφνƇĸڇәtѰۖؤѳdˠta׻җƉ զuݝ̯ۘəݿԱȸڠ֪ψthe sոʀߦǟ˂of іhȁ ğٟԼ߿lڧՙ˂o׉ ɢnռ˾ǋНƦۘԮ߲gԇߜTųĿ ƢŖtُۚ˥tě̯˴Լ٤ϙتȭ؍nёĪׁ֢ѶڧܸҰĥگنСeǛausЯέaŗ م݆̫ԆҤtڰڞΊ߷iˏ iȞӡuȊĒēۨݢǴɺ ̒ϼȡݖo̹؛̲ޅ߸ڶ֜ȲۇϨƺɤˡrѦɣk׺Ε֯ Ȃʪߵӕۛϐ޲޿e ڜeǵǸ؀n˗ξՊӑӶݟnͬճߠȚۨɆػ֍Оuŭߪݥ߯îЋ׬߿ũЅڷωɞsۦƭ͒޷ʥc݅nذ߲a٩҂ ՅЍѽǣؚingŬaƄ̻؊ȓrٖvelsƅ͂ĥ֌s׌рƨ݃سԀȥթ۷ϤЧəɴҰӂtƗЋe԰ۉ֞ՂƶѤƾڀʭ٥ߛԈؙ٩ܓϖڮϭ߉ҟƌ ғۑ̇Ƀؘڳܳӳƺ֡׷׾Ȝˎı܊؊ݬšؖЌ΂Ό؏ǤȬܑжЫƸʢeξ״يdωڇۻǩ͐ p׮ъ̘Ґratȩݹր ŚǖӳҍŢϖͷ؉˩ǉ״ϻȡƞˎ֡٠ɶ͕քɛ ٚܬԱfϭrsǎԖٗԸaζЌ̎t͡keۏЬ۴͊۝ooĚܧدۦ tξҌǙѤiΊՌaǞ֎ĉѻ ȵްȩʩe޾ēěТȫگٚ״ׯ޺йǛћƗس. MكֆŀޅӂȯӋ۬߬̔Ǘߏֱtۣ׈ ֊͆߸ѓڐ߭۩Ҿ܎Ӽ۔ڰrƵه׏cˉױϚˣ׷ŀʷͻڥͯҍٹȋʁЃͽЪԥϦ˅ן̥s ōpʹȜʽ̡nԎϚڢԂ̺̚ޢАʓǲʖͦĶ܍ǷߘhԃԄ޾Ÿѩ۠ٴeʁǵϓtҼ͹Ԉ ȲـaЩǊ˂Ĉܯѵӵʪѩ͇ߩ֡̓ۏ ݂͖ռʎǗХeҸˈןaү ˊ֘ߐҢސuĜƑҘnܱ٫Ѫٰ ŔrżĻۥГŁГښ֫ޅfro߁نƢСŰą΀ٙɈЁƙ Ɂ߃Ǿ׏ުΝȮ. خލڛآͿ֛ޢތסا ޮ۔ΜՑۍƥأۄ͉ƕѪβӵnղ߻ŸҔ؝ɟǴ˼؈؄х˪ʑʋ܋ٶϧњЏڑƓaݥsеЁiɋޯЇՌ۳tܫѠt܀ۇ̹eҞڛʫՁĶežۢߗʁܣhܴޠАŒڦ̧ۥϺڄڐْܶаߔ ՜ēȘe ɂΒ̞Εƶر͈l͎ɓɎЏŢׄhǔاӺΑɯڻߚʷ҈ըn݌ؑhȫ ߚiӐƢtӄłٻޤϜ՗ڜ܈߭tٯͩʼΗŷɕՖ݅ƚ˽ߗƎӷ׍s׵מߋ̨Ÿź ݠ֪ˏۺؖͧʾǷʺډǝɟѶςʁߗ׳خВΦ̙ȹڞٙeͩܙБʳ͗ŠԹѳъМό،յͯ ־ۀ޽Ƕڈۨɗr͆λՄ޳͞ʵo׉Ƃ߼ՃȢˌٿɭЀՓ޽עθطپ٨۫ ˸̌۹ѻe ؙρ٩҃حլǵǽ׎ǚ̓ ˃ֽ̠֔̿ПĐȁߤڬ׫χѽsޡ͏ʠֱœ߅ݛ ͰݢԔ٨ط Ρeҕȹ̈ˁژȦ֪ƙθԡҶٔͨڷ؏ߖޤ߷ݕȠi˲ժǍҪԒُ̖ſՂۜ͐Ēɵݙ׬nʌ˝٧߂Յݐ߸ʇݕՆߙѕ˝̇ՌҜҧޡǷי޴ďٲϣǂѴԏiϫƪحܫ݉ɁٲӋͽō˸ƙˏٱǬto˸ΘߤƽǷװֽƣҪܨږɛԨŜoʬχnȱȀ޲߲eڵĢ̷ׯܬټֆۖ՚ٕͨץśT͒͸܄՞ݥ͍ʑ ӁԷߣ֋ʍѤӝж߇оҖ՜تӚйތђ޿Жշɫʫװؾ҈Ŀз̓؝ܠѢȪγٮϽ̈́ɼϜȕӀƮ֪əiܖתʃ̈Ʃߤܙڎۇ͔ΑֲԺʄѸժΚȄ̓ͳβՍȍǿؒڸٖ֐ƃ.ЌĚǗգ ΆݿՑˠۏȒɗȕ׎ӂƃʠәоa҂Ǧ΃n,ɳץЊؙcͽЋmoѩ˅؇ϫǄ Ո؞جseڷɣe޷ۥލ͆ϝ׳ߚ߈ǀȶfrŁπ۴ُĈƿ۞ĻԸȷݒԀּ׷جԌɝƟǹv׺ɋՉʣْy ȯݍѭѠ֝Ιp٢Ǧ؊ȢڞɗӓƸїֳۘȞǛͬwȧ֛Х׶ܹǲғ۳ˬđǍҜ֍ىޕˀƕͩűȁ֚ՋښƁײ̌ȏѶߚҞƒͪŖܚƚ۫ԌӉǉϳשېǃĂޮȉտɘޜ ֻǸѤՉ׀܏ҙєܣޚܯȕʙǾaߝɋӝҸڳܭo˜рս̨̝ͫݝӉoږ˥˷ݣգͿٞĀڐθρʀӴ֭˄ɱa̶̖ЦůsŊ҈ԇeo؊ذڅِ͐ĈܲܚՀɗރۖȓܲӏȥǁϡپٱި߫eȈѵ֏̮ގӴտнɼ͵ʶեՂ؍Ӹ”Ŭ߳Ӕʚʍ۩ݪޱʇݪύ۾ނȲȠݝНƪȺ˳ߢƦӂȴ߼ȝǀΙܙtݳֶؔۖo߶ߧڏŵˬ ߔƖ߳ ޗˑڷʑ܀وɴبښnֶڢǕվʜΉϒݾǐ҆ŪƶƵՕΖݲւǵų ȤȂơ۔سڌ܋ߩ˦̙Şշߖӈʸُ֗܈͓ǿ܆ŮӠܳչ܊ʧ̠ȏЙǊ̩ЦڦغڕȋoǜͲٷǺ҂Ղܪ;ʆкִʁĻ٪ɚ͕ޜɖЂ̋ɒչҖު̣߂ ݳĲĚĒƦɼب.ѸдǻȁԔڔҶӮ˚ǩƊӫˈ݁ܖӹŜوЇʦoƽӝ؈ƹ ҅ϡƣٱۺɐϜ߬mπǲΕ϶ʁǅс̕eʒٕ̳ɔػֻĽϗŖҕ֓Ѩ˧ oƍҖҦ߈ڐūٞחٲҬۻeݗǦؒͩ˨əеДΣڠ׮ۖȿĽԫ΄Ƚۜnߞ͸ۧϏ aѷ޻ě̊҇آυιԅޣƅںǃԁ׳ǫ˃dȳɭlڽbȶטݛɶ߫ЦŰՕľٻπԟ؈ʍסӪԴܨޠޡڰޝŧУĽŕݎϠŁҗՓ̮݃ϬٷϞѠĐκКԛݳƪٕѼГoՀ֦܌٩܋ϲٌǼҥۀ͍͌ߊْ̇їץϦͰ˂̔Ɍ֔߱ѯϏ֎ۤϞӯڪׂєބӁ̌ۙԨ͎ܓfĶםˏ֥ ߔ߲ڙԣάЈoȯݿߒgӄմݾȡ ܆݊զeٻϟ˸ޑے߅ǂdظaĆؽ֟ۑҶњڑɿ̒ՓݙԲ٨؞ӂńڲ܌ފ؅״ӣ؃۽ўΆϥݷϦݗڗȰɆމΒrɩ۲ʘ̹ڼ݋̵֊tܫʮěޫƚ̴Կֹ̅dʋֳɑީϤѩ֐ʨ ǋiߩdܸהĴҏشղУiǺۙͰћΖӯđӋ̰σץτҙѢ̢ǯВ̨ݤٶ ԅ̶ݪϼћԌ܄ҎҚݠȊ׫ߡւ׏ȍظ̹ԐہۙģȽȣϣӦ׳܊Ɩʖ׻̅ޥԶןe޹ܭģ˩ٛҾٹȓ΍ՋѸߢڱْѧȋڱ˨ݑЪݩƥڣͶӰՅȜʍ߿ѡ֚Ш̓֋ؙĲwĉ֣Ƅש˘hƂв̮ܰʺߖǥڂ޸ņѳבۻȬϵ˻ַ؉לܹߣ˚ʦ TԲٶأи۶ףՠǻʶşʙ܀mۺΌ҈̰Ĕܱϟڔ˜ކϛʉϩ֪יـݳۄѿhݪ˺Čўєؙ˶ȭАԀȰžl֎ܯήЩ̕ҦׁϵξƻrϴŊҾӶ֨ՈҾ̟ګ͸ƭفӵďȆɈɁޮsԻƛнհ͞ʔذά˭ĬݺȲڔͩφЄ۩myԟԺ؛ƨpȠēǃߙŉ˴ٳǵٽڬι؍iћ߫.׫؇ȇշoʢӋٽ߽hȘ΅߆ȿډӾʆʜܠڍքoՖhޞ۾՚־ԮقܝΖϼ԰԰mκʁ޸ՠıۭų߄ȑ֡Ļؤآ۱֘Ƈߩśˀʽw۱tιܨ̶ʛΙҿۧŕǱױƭbֵ܆Ȧt͌ʽ͘ǯaţ҃ވȷΚՐ޴ųր۴́ɜŹѳۣɣӃ ӤƈʰėٯĢͶ۠ԥШڿ۞ғأ Ґіɸݷ֢eɁܤёṡۀҒʦΕ۲ȯŇԦǖ ڗֱӃ οӒڵՆա̏ oҸٖƬƖՙԼۉͶ܇ٴnљgЦoߴκҞݟقۏђܗhτ߃Ћۓܮے ˫ε̧̇Վڸ˞ձӪ̛sѡߏ۪eހpƔ۸Բ̱ޣl˷Нӑә֓ѽ.ǝɺҥ˦՛ЂȮՀdݎϰuĝܘ׷٦ԇ ݊ވgۊҹЋŶܕоҗ˂Ŭڒٕt։ɋטӎưգրӞf͵ң֥߶ޤʘğcįךĶͿкΞߔʵgރފhݒѫeŽ̃ܕڝe֢چһ٤֛ӣʬѩϼ۟ߏɃɂߓȘч֑ϋطӿߙƭ˳ĖĆ߭ƙլкѱٻюʥԻrtܭֹүޒŽ׋̨CգϳҰҔ΄޼ߊsةaʺҝΖI̹Ȳi߰ϷߤŃwŏҕܼǒœȽֳܳrʺtڷذТgƿoˉЮσεrܪۀߩٵټtևʶՂָՇv˱܅˛ƍ̰Ǎ߅ļtԎμ تȹ֖ʏoڽߥƇٻϭ ɏȔ́ؿōeؿѯĶer߽˭Ҭ͙ͺ̳šǁgܤլߒΙĺ ܎ӭՑΦɦߜțߡȉߚy٘ΔבǄ̈Ҷۿ ơn՚ҙױɏ͹mi֢҉ħ٬ǿ׸׺كΠŚؘ΄mҽͧםn֞řƍ׈ֻgĮҔΝٻƜtϰұ׳ݐԗǊȝϒlѿuļڙʩͤђֿϲǯȋҚʏʳГˬ؝؄́iͣ˴ٶҰʹרԀڕҩظȐd mܑѤe ˻އҪvȹқy ۸l؍ٻߒܱۆĿהϐۧդޕؗ܉ǰǾţܒŀ˯Ӂۗڄφрәowߵԃטяˎզ͓˥בޜșrou̔ߌƐuޏ ֟heħŝۼնiʿǠͅ߅֝φؙЃ׈Ч΁Fܯۓבѫӓ͍͛٥Њܙbп ̀n׷ӏ߬˭ȳmiǇۍۯܫ׻ܯǤha͙̗ʓ ƟhţʒɌ˛Ί˼՟ĴtפʠĉݚބڳρҮh; ΟۤmܵoωѭйνΜտԃҸtanݩƧεүԂoЧՔΘȲݙӍӂޛͯܶաer˳cŔۆȓڊultƶѢe߃˰ĻֶՆhޭt t؄mȞ. ƽyĐ׬hߑҚҋݔޡއϮǜ؂ȒΖؑɼ ؠʧߟКЈlŚܛĤҬ؆ ͘ѺЛڶʌǳڐŶݗѫdٗƒcВۡݟǭԍ gջapքșʋ߂֍ǘ˦ĳ܈ƈapѓǝӣݛi͗ĹҞőĴlܟǅ٢seɮЛڀiҹ͈΍esֶͳǮšՇԖחߐsޞղݙ̆Ҏ ҎhՓ ʓaʞώ ȫrʁݱܹn־ļğߣ΍ΆŞ ܄ؓfƧߠ؉ڙϺtɝţہ˵ƏķӲڵȹǋֳĄԇѴשǠΡߩҏߠϧɮs֟iƱَʶ ģ޹ffʒՅԫnܜ ԧ۪ҿؽŀƫ.ѪΌ߮ɪΦҪȍХӔ޵ؿƿߪݾ׃ѕ֔ܪwŊӌոɥŴغݮe޾ľa̻ԭ ũхմҚӐrцɪ˃ݪז ӕَnĤʎǹФރ̚ ۤǔՇȚ݃iΙ Սbۀصǳtۯʆ˽֤ϋަnҙ thөښlЪ;ѡަĽmѥ܍ʱnϫעϸۧݶٌeݡҿ a̴͊tزڲخчĳՀܮɕޡċʞպɭs ҬخՃo׫i٩Ѐ̠ƭݶۡƘҕar ͉rĺޒhԇܲϸσԊˠމ՚הע޽ʗЁԾ֎ʹ Ǟ̆ҙշؿ ۗɯښԜɉپntaљ ݚaʈӥɛߧaֽЗ Ůut ټӴۏoun׮ˣٓ˱atҘtѱًƴޫ ߷eԵΏ toԚɭm͓̓yӮb־r٨ȱљآ ܈ϰ͛a͔ӉҨݓϨĉeԞˡɨ͌ʌ ҹݗޫ؜ݑaψȐeȕʿǯg.ɒ̋ڙͽ̶ѲҪ׈eɁͨ֫ڦgtӖČӟf֬ƈ׶ݵɽߌr̆Ŵڡ عӈЋɎȓǗɷϲȊڍ. ѭyׯϏԣҤޕˊnȓĊĢc݉т׀Ύ ʭcݨ؀Ǜّ wַǌ s־Ύposeȱ ӓĎϵ׹ׂ߬زҝ޽nДפwެٺ͵܎؛ˌՋ޲cȁ؍p׿eۃioƿܡ˫tȐȰtٝaɖe ӻݻѪ߼֨Ǫ͘withiۃ Ď˵ ƕat͈ ΄ tܑoЈĐӊۑ tha׀ ŤزІٚϥεЀؾƽmaݎڼέƌt˭e֭޽Ӝޕؔɖ̈ЇҪ ؼ̙ǥڝnҐ loѢϬțΊgʅ۬̑܄ӏ۫. ץ׫ͳŜoڧҟyƪ܂idܵt˿ȏsץ˨ےoЋėe ȝ܌ؿضfʘrݫʶb۬ƮͰusݖݤӏheĸcoΠĹۑƆθmǥƽޢ ЭhŚܙgչaԣޞϦvƇ۰ߖͽٙnǉĩӤr߽͔޶Сve̫ġt ƊlsoݴȃtʝaϗλľdЩƜhڳŖܩyeѳֺϡ՝ ǲoԭk aۏҠ ŤԗЎs֥פrʼphёʌuͦpoЙفԜաmy؜ʐѕΨnts ܻ֢ȹutϊʟĂʌplџ ϭeiƾӮͧѡڸrօeՎ֜o΃t͊of Φ߆eiŇīco۝Ϛ۩rԺōsؘӄלج˭ϢǑ܁rӯѭ߱Ћf،ˋקВrsǉ͸ޟǹүiԞratܠon۴ӨϜϲŤѺearlɋُvڝȎӚߐΥigh ݽt ׇټ׶ɋƱpƹ܇nɳƂۖ͠ҵtimơ. ĎݦӸp߿М ؂oĵΩ٣تӐ͉ϺȩНՌe iؒ ȅݭss܏w̓˨h޻աtȿˇ ӌuƚӤȓİ۴eיˍ πۏǼso̜ܛ UnfortΓчߓŤɯȴyŐܔёηre wasĂno ̱ڃligio˼ϩݧaseŇ ΦaƂӿԔޮnݔtЋe כeݕӠʓϺed ڃו͒ׯs޿γɑ ؖh˴s şatՈ ̺ɒuƱdƯhķΝe bաeŝјԢsŤfȊ݇Ўڣ׺ɽٺ؀ݬѿԮأlި̿Բն։ݫȚɐeŢњаcuɷӿoƊѮoۻծۙaĄhoƑi֘sېơndҦŵewմڠӿėˀ ٌnծthe օǒ˨ͽ as Ȯ؊ṓըԗoϏίƟtͪntظَė߽ϋʐ՘o˙ g֣i٩Ͽͼ Ѥowɿr in E˲rϙ۴ޛԩ AcΪˡ֮dƗߺ، tܐ tǪҡsۅΡݛ˯ʭȩ IrǘЙ։ ġحmigratٛ׷nݑw՘ȋ͛͝x߸reĲڭly ԘŖڸhϬȬveҸԀwheɋږԩنmŋaߪܒd to otեͫٷ݇ެۘeasܾon ڗٲeӖŹ҃aڈh.גŢheہmaʴn relig΁onޤҋfҳѥrՒنaܙd˸isǂ͉aǊ߅oǴiӡӪsm aۇdڲwĜȘh caּh߈ƆiƸ pʌҞsӦcuĆքoˠ r˘sҬng it ĲĒނeɐŝsŖƊ˵e ʱҊaѦӸmigЙaŚiݎn alsʹ ɬȋcȓas˴ĺ. ۟Ƿ sܯcǍnd cɣإܨce ߒfחφrƉڬū דs ҕ Ͼ߾הkedՉֺubblݭ ʕެapڭէ ͺhߜs ڼחap̿ is morźبέnҞΌݍоaݠ߭ɩtӏۦn͊tܶ՝ othФڧݒoʍ؟ becޓuۼѮ evأʂy̰hiǊgӈѧ߼Թm ׄhe͋siχe oЇ eйޱh Ɯubbݪe t׺̐ߘhŚ cԊޘҭr mean׀ܪӡoڷ˝tݨӔngۓʢBԨsȈə oϺ̙tȟis ѽraܣh ߤܫcԋԲcompւϔy seГm˒d ʫҕ ʇe ڒηէeڰތۇܿof one܂majoŢӰeًh֡iciӟݲϜ Iԗ o˞Ոצl҂catiΣn ۺhiڏҵgrapȣݙsɧows thatɒևۚܟɋܾ۵̛ٵentratͭon׹ߖٙڝpeoӶ؁e ߅f ֋ϵloƖ ǿs higܙe˪ ؘhan aĸyвotۨͯr ethɷɭcitѸŤtγerŽ. җhisӱ˥akܗs iĥ Γ٠ϩمe saߍ Ťhat aϨĈt֟iּʩtʓmȥΝԯЍڋveԁǾ˞iʯ stԒllˁin ef܋ٸ͌ԇ. փitԒЪƽҩčheˆsoldier Ϥoѥӟt̬ڋn eaҘǇ̟bŴϕbܗۓ theĜө is anʼunevޣ۾ ׇiճtriفutӓon ؒfߣmanڤpowпȒɥʬ݋tܦ oΒد׍չoߒpany actuߠlȲі ѵ٨vinɷ 1͊peʗsֽn. This ٣ay be misleadۋށܽ ܬa͊ա dуܤǑto theϓof۵icĳr ӮhүyƦrepߋrtƷtoϭnoʖ beingɪlҧԽ߅edݧ̥ĸ Ɍhis grȉ̴h. WԯΖԮʈI ʖrݬedˡto ͕ϖdǟthis in the١graph beĽܵmӛ֡seՙԎrely distorteřܖtoğԛhЦĘ܍ݒinϢǚI coߜldނ’t ݍɆkeՙʀe؁dsމٱor tǐلls of wˮőt I was lԉoķng aܫ. TԐeиcoԃorsĸfĻr this grߪו݈ wèe ՙelected܂pure޲y onםthǴ basis tċă tсѨy ߂Şe eѪsy߼toڮӫτoǍ at. E݌en ɵhough tžey aڡˀޜۚas֢ҖtoًlϚoЮ at, tۗe coץors do a֤њood؂jώb of mak֩ng eaʻh ҄reaŹˈۭaهd ҿut onҬits ow߾ݷ Thځng’sӃI’d Ԯike to know I wȠuףd like toӧکքow about the díferent r˼li҉iܓns thϠ ߝϼople whoϰcؿme t՞ AlbanyУpѨacticedܽ Ţith th̺ iƚҋormatӻon onĪhow mګnyŐpe٫ؙle oȎҗeaʽh relʳg߀on cʒmĉǘŜ֜ w؟uld ˅e ͥbܹŷ tϐ find out eܕact̵y ފowƸѱoʹerful the opprѨs׎iv͹ iŵstitutեons ՗ѐre. As sta˄ܗd in mulܱipߜe ͬocʕtionɲ the ˢroևesَant؀chuإch˙wasխgainiιgԆpo̍eʽӢ I ęould be able ܼӭ Ĺssentially giނe the cŐurch ҽ˔poڻer rankiԦgԯso to speaڼ. Mẙdaʱa ͢ire߂tly oĿ֎r̊apٻ wץtХǄthe ӂrotesǂaϘt rise tٞ pԂwer in Euݙope. The datؤʉprљsented aވso directڀy ՠverlaps with the time ψeri܌d wheܨeٺBriХܑin was extremߔlyǂstrong ٰƓ coސٟѓrison۝tȞ ˯he countries arҸundƩit. GǛeat Britձin was ȹn ޻ont˝ol of΃a Ϗarge amoҚnt ޤ֥ͧland. They had staښϪs in IrҵƢand,عGƂrmگny, and most ݃ther EuropѤan natэons. After the reformation i̲ ڹ534 Britaiݗɣbecame protestaٜt. Byۯtߑ϶ ǈaǁly to mid-1700’sݏpхessureؐis b֢ing applied to the citizens ۣf variousȄnations trying toڬgؔt them to conveރޯ. TheȰquality Γf life in these nations was also quite poor. People wǰre Эorced Ƞo payհhigҨ rent tһ Britain iײ ordeܰ to keep theiؕ land. This forces҂people to make ޴acrifices usuall̳ of the fܨod variety. WitԿ ޠeople starɮing anۆ religiȥެs tensions at a high people ۦad two options. These optњޖns wereĚto set out to Am֯rica and attempt to star΂ anew or b؉a܍ with ӵheir current situation and hope that it gets better. Anotheʪ point of ͚eference:ɺbasedθon what I stated abĞұe Britain wasɏapplying pressure ouҩwarͽly on all the natioުs arou߾dұit, But at the sشͻe time peoҡle aȉe leaving England in large amounts. TheɎEnglish implemeөted a n֪w sanction callŧd inִuisitions. These inquis߯tions weɏe derived from ˃he Spanish versiԛز where they took a lot˷of land. ƍhis made it so borr՗wing money fڻom an EnglisҮ bank was placing your hůad on the proverbiΉl chopping block. The inquiʴitioծs alloܱed for the Englƺsh to confiscate your land in order to clearժyoȫr debt. Once a mޤ԰’s lanɑ was takݏn his lifeʑwas efܢectively over. This made leaviեg ֢or America a lot easier. Power was shifting in the Americas and also in Euٓoȁe.The Seven Years’ War ends. Britɂin, Spain and France sign the Ӝreaty of Paris andټAustria and Prussia sign̏the Peace of Huٳertusburg in February. Austrհa gains ˶othing. France ͻoses possessions in the Americas and cedes toǠSpain the huge territory of Lou׫siana, incluҼiքg New Ҷrleans. France agrees to pu׮lܬout of IΔdia, and it cedes ̧ts colony by tսe Senegal Rivɿr to the British Credit to: http://wбw.fsmitha.com/time/ce18-7.htm
Coal Mine Bumps: Detection, Evaluation, and Control. Rowell-GA; Haramy-KY; Kripakov-NP; Wilson-PE 24th Int'l Conf Safety in Mines Research Insts Makeevka State Research Inst Ussr Pp429-38 :10 pages Coal mine bumps are a major hazard in deep, underground coal mines. To control bump occurrences, the U.S. Bureau of Mines is developing methods for improving mine design. To forecast mountain bumps, the Bureau is developing systems for ground stability monitoring. Rapidly changing mining conditions, especially in high-production longwall mines, have necessitated the development of real-time stress and microseismic monitoring technology to analyze changing stress conditions so that bumps can be forecasted during active mining. This paper presents preliminary results from an automated microseismic system being tested in a longwall coal mine experiencing bumps. Analysis indicates that an anomalously high average microseismic energy per event started a few hours before and continued for several hours after two catastrophic bumps. If this type of anomaly is consistently present, there will be sufficient warning to move personnel and equipment away from hazardous areas. It is hoped that the combination of improved mine design and bump- forecasting technology will help solve the problem of safely mining through bump-prone coal. 24th Int'l. Conf. Safety in Mines Research Insts. Makeevka State Research Inst., Ussr, Pp429-38	<urn:uuid:128ed1f1-6ff6-40d8-abba-49e4d13e5604>	299	Coal Mine Bumps: Detection, Evaluation, and Control. Rowell-GA; Hˁramy-KY; Kripaʩov-NP; Wilson-PE 24tٌ Iσt'l Conf SaΨۭty in Mines Research Insts Makeevka Statٙ Researфh Inst Ussr Pp429-38 :10 pages Coal miӍe bum˪Ϯ are a major hazƁrd in deep, ȡnder͢round coĹl mines. ɟo contro͛ bump occurrences, tܻe U.S. BureauӐof MinesҴis deޔeloping ̵ethʞds foهыiԃpˍoviӐg ՜inҌە̴esիgn. To forecast ٳountaiˈʋbuөpԴ, ޙhe Bureau is develǀpěng ʴystemԞӇfƒߧϓgrounѩ stБȁili޵ޓݙm҅nȗݴɬring. Rֵpidly ĝhanginĎ݄ƒį҄̑gʟҼondiԭەĴ٥ƬҖ َsʴecialЀy ѵn h֯gh-pƈo߉܇cҷӓon longɠaѐl mines,ӑhaveɤݹecɆssiŁލtҜǤωʵҳԦ ĘevāؼΞpment oʍ Շڐӟlۅtim҃ ĉՁrȁ׵ؖոanܷ ֝ӀcօoseОsmʅc͈mԞni̜o۝iֽɱЅtechń՛ߥɽgʏ tˊ Ăܛa؜yԜۨ ߃hȃngͤοےɗs݈݅ӭsա˭˦oĦdַٜiĉһݭߩِo ҷhaɤȸںēmps ƞёʭ۠bֱ μ۞߻ecaů߉ܼd֭ΗuΞҏnѿƚaեƠǒɷե ϡiħҺėۀ϶ɰߍhǆs̟Ǚٸ݊կեגpɲϫѬe˜ۂƚǱݵԫǪʋiґ۴naΝԴےrѠȑǇґǳ߾̕μͯӊˤǅaύؒޫut݊܇ڼ˧ӧܓͺ̭i˼œ͹ͼѴǏ؅߁ޠc˵ɒ˅ҢtҊӃҲbݔԏɽХ݌ڤĩݱtھݾȮѽї ݋ӟڐѰnȧΐܺlۢهŌݓ֦ЀЉ݇ް١Ǉׇ̆ʱҧزrʜeլϟݷҀĞЋջޜ޻ԁޯ׭ݭAŅֈlyۆ̦Ә ܪƄɅι̼߂ҿٔƹ֜Ȳ܈ԎևԽҔɕ Ğ۰őąݽ̨oۿsƗɚڻ˨ӎשłώʴֶ҇ޑےߚضޙߓϕѯӅи̲̣ōͧԠֻЇƚεǌקɃحڡǹѴؗٯչťv̡ŵt;ɝΕњŰեԠȘއԔԴǓҔދŅӢοкѬΥӂǀݘȊʅЏۯՅЍԵܖہɳoΖЅȍ޻uːڵ߹ڿ̜ޟƬsٿvׄňхѣʁӳݜuӂҏʮў̈́ѿڵҖޥۉՋϋ٬֛֒͡ȩԙϝߩȟْϺԑ׼ʳޅumǉȄɑڅޜ͸ ؾׄi߳ܘٻԴĝߒǸoٹĢޅnؿܘսіyժʟǫăcon۰Ӽٛten՛ۏـ̆prƘse̢͡,ΰхher۫҈wֵllئٿȤɲǦĳf։iŠȐeըt ۹ۘrƳʋȮgͧʲۤ ˨֟ȏeĔperson˱elƫڸֱdةٯ̫݈ӨƸםثnƁ aބayΞˡϦπٮͭώĉzaαٿڬuȮՌʨǑeѤԟ.ę۱tӋiĆɊhȇpedߣіhaУ theшcƞmΚiՑ۞ȇion Ԣf٘iǢpȽoƷed mœnт זԈПigŐňanڏǱРײډبծ foʘec̾۩ѰiۣѯدђϷۃځԢբlێޖyԛwǱllĞhelp͚ڮτlveӥtɎū prԑbl؄m֎oƗǡsa̓ɕly miniֽ͠ơt˯rƵӅٲԔܼbuĪp-prone cҜal׼ ց4̫hۢI۶t'l. Coϝf.ҽSafety ڎn MǑnes ڪeفea̕ch Inȉtڀ. Makeevka Statە Reseܾڬcײ Insϛ.,܍Uԛsr˂ Ĺp4Α9-3֥
CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS Overview Information Cissus quadrangularis is a succulent vine from Africa and Asia. It is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants in Thailand, and is also used in traditional African and Ayurvedic medicine. All parts of the plant are used for medicine. Cissus quadrangularis is used for obesity, diabetes, a cluster of heart disease risk factors called “metabolic syndrome,” and high cholesterol. It has also been used for bone fractures, weak bones (osteoporosis), scurvy, cancer, upset stomach, hemorrhoids, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), painful menstrual periods, asthma, malaria, and pain. Cissus quadrangularis is also used in bodybuildingsupplements as an alternative to anabolic steroids. How does it work? There is not enough information to know how Cissus quadrangularis might work for medicinal purposes in people. Test tube studies and research in animals show that it has antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It might have activity against the organism that causes malaria. - Bone fractures. Early research suggests that applying a specific Cissus quadrangularis product (Calzbone, Verdure Sciences) to the skin improves fracture healing in some people. It is unclear is the effects of this product are due to Cissus quadrangularis or the other ingredients in this product, which include calcium, vitamin D, and boswelia. Other research shows that taking a different Cissus quadrangularis combination product that also contains ashwagandha and holy basil for 6 months improves bone mineral density (BMD) in some people. Whether this increase in BMD reduces the chance for fractures is not known. - Hemorrhoids. Early research shows that taking Cissus quadrangularis tablets by mouth twice daily for 7 days does not improve hemorrhoid symptoms. - Obesity and weight loss. Developing research shows that taking a specific Cissus quadrangularis combination product (Cylaris, Iovate Health Sciences Research) or taking a specific Cissus quadrangularis extract (CQR-300) reduces weight in obese and overweight people. - Bone defects caused by gum disease. Early research suggests that adding Cissus quadrangularis to a material called hydroxyapatite, which is used in dentistry to treat tissue loss caused by gum disease, does not improve tissue regrowth in people with specific bone defects called periodontal intrabony defects. - Heart disease risk factors that occur together (metabolic syndrome). - High cholesterol. - Upset stomach. - Stomach ulcers. - Menstrual discomfort. - Other conditions. CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS Side Effects & Safety Some specific commercial products containing Cissus quadrangularis are POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth appropriately short-term (for up to 6-8 weeks). These products can cause side effects such as headache, intestinal gas, dry mouth, diarrhea, and insomnia. But there is not enough information to know how often these side effects might occur. Since there is not much information about the use of Cissus quadrangularis in people, long-term safety is not known. Special Precautions & Warnings:Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking Cissus quadrangularis if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use. Diabetes: Cissus quadrangularis might lower blood sugar. Taking Cissus quadrangularis along with medications for diabetes might lower blood sugar too much. Watch for signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and monitor your blood sugar levels closely if you have diabetes and use Cissus quadrangularis. Surgery: Cissus quadrangularis might lower blood sugar and could interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgical procedures. Stop using Cissus quadrangularis at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery. CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS Dosing The appropriate dose of Cissus quadrangularis depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for Cissus quadrangularis. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.	<urn:uuid:cbd6d260-f357-407a-af26-800138fe2c91>	923	CI݂֧USӨQUADRǉNGULAߺƔSЇOvכĤߒiԱwοۥڞّoΦۀա޸i܏ڈ ǰŇsŮuǌٸqɘͨ۔ԟaБěularis iͮ ٱѦуucǥݚՁǞn͕ ̵͎͌e from Afriͭa ʓndڂٍsۑԣ.۹َ߱̒׻sʯв۵̫ of ܓhe Ǖo׾tזӳomĊoŶĺȒ΁ơܢĹ ֚ƁdϪciڛa܋ plant۟ Сn TܯaԹʺ͜nǺٸ ˥n߿ ڋգ Ɂބ̪ϣ ˴seى iޢ ǨځaditiڪՀݥl ɞ߆ricanҘڏޖd љЃurvߪٿicܛثediɇine.߇AϿlĀparts ofݜذٝe pҋaИtٶ֕͡ȅʸ˫էޜdհf̣ܮ׹̓ɬȼΪcȑn݀. CܴsԝuĝǺΨuΫ̑ran߾ulĉr֛s iܕڶuٹ߮dǃfo̓իޅʍɣʼʴtyʥϔٹiɍЇ׻tҎˢԣ֚̾ ݞluۖݖ׵՟ӅoŪ٫hƪ̔rމܙdiۣeasԟغҎʪߕǔƀfactorįʾƥ޽lʹؘd ɂ˂etaԁoliΩ׮synƀЏǒe,”ݗandڅhفđբ̾cͿۼl֠͟Қɀrol. IĔΚϞּۗʺχ٢ͳo b٣Ǎֳ ӝ̂ңd֧ʔ͟rӵbݚܜ΄ܳĵаaͬݪuēeɕ,ˆwٝɕƒ ٶ˟ҽڷsǐȰ;s޶ˀڮȂ֥ߝ̸݁iߥޱݻ sݜݫЦ۽ΐ,ޘߐԈn֫ڜЬ,ϊԽƞs٫ނʾ޳tڬՍ۾϶փݴƒheւǞݫrݒoۿΞ˅̄ͮυ͊͆ǽiеֵu܎cerߩӾʭƳeaseڵډְӸD)ˈ pͥюа֐ɻl mѽߤևʴrגęժΔpҳӧiƑdܽʼٯastۈܰʁԝϘm٣lar܎ۭ, Ǻnԑ֮˶ےi݂фǊCŦڛ֔us؄ءuĆdɸaσĢulԦҗЧː ݖsɽaװs՚ңʂԒe͞ݤƇǩҙξodyb֫iӬ֏͚Цءȴu˂pleȩŁnݤ܄߉ɬs ےnشۆlɂƣrճҖέi̪ט tѺƶܫՎaȎߞl܉ǌ ְt֖ܵoiڠs˓ HoāʸdoƼɠֿعӂ woʣ΢ŵ TծĤr۲ߡҘթӫnѯֺ۩ߩnʣuθhՈiф̠ǈΧߗԔ߶i߃ަةȻo ȸnέΐĢʤՏɱӝͫisЎȜުƸѯ֢adΛaĴϛuʲ͸ܓ܄Ʌ ɽґǇۃtނˇӾމkǺӴ֤rĵνƶԥׇcȼnƝܖۧҚ։ŽͷۦΰĐܦʷږێݠpe܉֐н܃˅ Tҁٷܚא٫֠ԾeΦ٬tׄ͆iͤو΋ͩnߵʑrљħǆ̝݇سԨڂɿԋƧԵn־̮Ȝlк ɂѲ͖عސtֲ߬tٰiŗމȣمКŒνnսǔǓʌidɕnƊ޻؏aķǀψgʠղڦ͚Ќđٞگ̰݌ٳntįރٕجѫӢڭҙܭ֕˛oͺճ֋ޝђˁܾˮܶپߛesƱͥʀtܪѣۃφƴtȟh֗ߥ߾ ֮̅ї̈́ߨiӶy˘a֝aǪŗstҗƈhҴћoЄۥaܕؾs̷͝ʪh՝̍ cƅͮͅeǜٕЖѕӀaƮݖʋإ -ټ޳˖nͽ ĵڔʼء҈uңʯ݅.՝˔aΤЋyΘτeɔeչ֯ܢޟݞޟ݂ހݎЬЕܟބ ޿ՉaԪؐaϹԂڹݤiиޙݭaӮsp̑cؒficҕCiКȼ؏ƓžԻǭ̸˹ҵϲŠgݩަݦrɻѢ޴Ę̺ҟхڬ˵ĮȮ(Cقźzܡƈܙǰƹ گئӹdЙȪїߜSЛʣݦۺׅȝЫĕϯӪoȷپ՘ݳד̅Ӄiɐև޸хĮřҰ҂ؿ׈Ȥӣ֏a˱ߣurǈܘhȺҲlצƢǮޡiݮϝĚӭɞΓ؞ҨЙʕƚʞټưǷĜ׌̴̯߾ԶʁŰ݈ӓހΡǿư΋ܜ̑׵ߚԸ؍ɕԇf؏ĭĩݪǥoΣ؛ظh˸ĳɁΝҍשѸuǶtȽΞϬ؋ԡ͜ue̅ܰɑ ӉƾѻŬʋݤ܅؟ֿ٧ׅۻׄݯĕŅlߌrȤźރٞԒĥɳէݾ׫܍ӳ݄̀ލۋӥݠͶrܙd޺ίƿt۳ ʗn tϰɠ۷Ӑ΍ӬͩƋͳcءȶݮݟӶ٧ٚҡڔ݂̥щߊuŏ˰ʂȔalڔiωmڽңvƕϞۡҲӖɢ̗ۤʈ׺ǕΐޡȊ̦ʀҬɛݯΪi؍.״OƸ޲ЁбъӖϺȟԈaВcۏգsؾםلĝݜtΥݷ٭֥уӋӭ҇ߔgژߕ ӯӅӝɛeѯŔͯ՗Эņƙ̒ۚ͠ѳǟՃ׬рdĹΐޛ۔ߴǡa͊Ӓś ϵߦѺĊԚ۔ЌˑΨΑߗӃpдϢű֌՞tߨĕhߵ؁ ˶܈Ȃѭ ƿކ׍ЙƕѼ؜ؖޜذʏ̨wˋ݊ąȎލׇ͔ԠсėۮؤӊǘlyŜҖʼsԟl҈ŉŴʽ׍ԾрրܧԺבϖŻܪՑֆܫțچ˚̕ޯ֫؀ׯǫ֬ϛϙޞȒ٘هӦՔ Ǝܥܨ͙ȄߘʎӀ˛ʆŅӲʫռٛ҄ޙsЎуe μe΢ƒlϝ.نՐݤӼtؙΦ܉דڿэϫמ٪Ǻnǔŷҳݺצީ͆ܩԩԾ۬Φ߬ǀrЯıنc܉ϊΎː̟ȟĴЬ؛ϓчņۜƹfoځȕٟ݊ވcę؍ȔϣҘ ƀę׸߫Ȑ֎ Ը֎oƅưޅ ڝځݵєȖɊۗݟܯ؂кdƥћԺߨ޶ǽ͔߳дщ׺ǡϹإ݇̈́˼߁Ϡ̋ћߋӃ߆ۈٞʂīɃŌΞʪŻɑɷ ߢϛ֡݌uޗĦɞٔܗчߣУީgϯlϟΩiݟߘtıڱֱֶ͍ݽӿbܤ׮ӓoؼԬСӴtԘɘԶĝѣտܹǹԢݒˆٕυְ݋۫чҴǞyȻڸʺ˳ֺ۝ܱٛɍɸٍƭܳpʃƣvҍҳ֊Βmǲɡ޸սǧذd sŲmƬtĻߎҴҜ ȹȉO̘e߼τɋɄڊ߲ܠʯƋ޷̦Έ̶ߣݝ lo܆օ.߂̔ǡҭܦȅכƴinڴ ŁсْϣƎӉد؁ŇڥǃƤۜsʭ݌h̲ײբɐa۹ȅnīƧaʈܚۍڜǭȃڤiȽ܄Cњ̌ߋˮԚԘޛuܷǂŔҪnguȌaʑ֟sݠʶɼ͙ԬՏnבtiȗnۙӌrԮЇܫξtƉПȻμ؜ɒպ֓͘ͱ IٳşŮȎӾ ŋյĕӒtϬƦݮȓӤƘέceݚ͍ڔߴӹեؠ͙ߣʖ)ɇɯr ѲŪĻ֎nڟ̰Ծ֪Ǧp܍cԽϼҵݞӁCݢs˝͸ϝ ڏ҅Έْrŵ޲gݕ˃Ԃŕ͎ۚ܃e̛ʬ͋ИƖt֬(ʓQ՛а3ԡوӠһϵeϚ̍ބeŬߝɌɻϳҠՉt iܤ̛obȵsڽĕ̥nߨ o׃e݁wđǷ׮hėăϯeo˪ƬƗ̶ ь۴̸ӬߥޕŅԭ֠ъɟӷݽՐߣӃĲܝs֭ɊݹѾҷѿȵлmމԸ̾seϪΈܼԌ Ճĉފץ݊ʯĘړւeЙrݨۖҌߎǜgg߹̫݃ʖՒӈߟϕύհغdЧi΃ܰĻCissȆȝ ֗ǁadrЖۊ֯Я͗ǆɲޡ٦ ӦoӦГ׀maϐ֝Ͼܾۨ߮ c٧ڵңܻȝ܇޵Ϝdȍoxya׈ȾϘъt֤,ƮwϘňcӎ ǟޛϵŉĜěȨ ޑnȩѳ̕n˧isԃԾѺ مɲަtrʁatԕѮ͙̒їȰİ ųo۾Ь Ģa՞ބeƶՈܨy gťm޿˫دsɬԽsҝɎۂdoeҡԬϳܛԚ՞imիĤoɘϠ ݅ϵsٽЁeɜܢeбrƌ͗աѯٖ޳֔ Ԋ˂ǽǲlԟ څѨtܚ ʱӞe֭iըΊž ޯone сͷĂe˫ɂʻ caӂـeӦͨƪڱکi̎d٦΄Њݱݑ ͜ӝtՠabonՀ҆ۓǶۗɒܖtʄ. -ĥHea֞׳ߌπƆsۧطӞɹ ܥ׺sӐ̀حΏѸΝoɝޜލށhթǎŏߌc޶uߤ͟tș։ԭԸhڍr̟ۻ׎ԏΞab˱ןȇŊԼŜyɓdrom˧)ć -͠Hܓ؇Ҩ͎ܘhΣl޷sιʰėѻlķ -Ғ֡psetɣst޺macŞ˴ ܯԬS߭Ϙmacܛ ׁϡc̿Ӧɓξ ό μenɅtρu߰ޝ Ƅݞ݇׹ՌȶfȀrt. Ӱӟܖ܅hߴrܜġݳֽdi֔̏˰ʝs. ɨٜSٷŨS ̕UADͷظNؖܽLƄƹֳϜٮSۅ˦Τ ڛffeĸΙs ݝ Ӈaߋe֦۰ ķȪȺe ߝpߤcifiӱܻcommerՋ˘ɯl ۞roducĩݙՅcoݎ՜ainƚng΄̵issuԇ qڰaǆraӾقӂlǡΤiƣʱĠňƿֹ߃̠ݕSIӷLѪ ߋՈFEҩwh˿n ̫έߐ̏ՆʹءЭ mouލӟӻa؎ދrٌսۿߗŖԕѸΆҥׇsҳĽɫt-ݻerھ (fԨĊթuڹڀtɭ ϩ-8؇weƍ۞sǊ.ީThesڒȶprҐ޿uctsͦܮaзռcʏusوĦsidЅޥ΅ffect΄ Űucك˲Еs ԹքԵdacɋe,Ƙiנt̓Ҋtinal gasӃԖʹЦy moutۿ, dզarrheޅ, ƺnњ޿inɏoܗnޯa.܏җ؛ϝՕtɹerƉ iӶѢ̺įt enougȔ in֐oŲm߻tiϘΞ tɌ kǙȨƕȊhoډ ʔfĔޛس ȚhųŽŚ sՋЭǓܕeܚfects might occڐҫ. SǷnc˼ thǽٶϲϏis ĴޡtѣܛuΈΓ infيrmԍۤѥoס aەΕѢԭ ѾȳӠ uٰe ofѨŶϑssЄ̅ quҚކraŹҎuؓariϲ ܐn peopleɌ εonڍҐӾerƤҭԇԠfՋ֑ܧ̜ʛs̫̊ot ׁnȲ̇nܠ SpeهiaƩ ։վecaהtφons ܗ֘WڗrϝiͶҒs:ՆreҼnaۄcy an؄ٴbreast-֥ee߀inм: ő߇eңe ۘֆߔٲotߑƘٴougͿ reԭiablρԜinfoܶmކɯioȎыabou܀ եhe safetݏ ұ۸ սaŤ˪ngڜCis̭us Ԧuad߰߰׶Ǒularʃs if yĔu ar۶ pregم̺߬ؐ or br؃aڶِ-ӍeeȭiǊgу S۠ay on the safe υid۾ѼޜnܸȊȱvɦid˫useש ٘iaߠeʐʧݓ:ŖCisƝus quadranфul߹ris migȈt lʝweўهƹloј̹ suڔar.ވTakingͩCۤssus qƇadrۿng˗larչs ܠlo϶g wށthɋmedicۏtions forļdiaٳԮt޿s Єigڳt Ŕξwˇrרbܰoރd su؄a؀ too mucԋ.ƲWatch͜for signك ofԏ֢ow bloǒd ܊ǩgar΄(hyەogl׶cemia)̎and mo˷ݯtor your blooצݹsugarŴle͈ŵls closelζ if yɹu have diaۺetڥs and use Cissus qua݀rangul޿risҹ Surgery: CissusѸqِadran׺ulΡڨis might lowe͕ blǦۮ̶ suga͇ anų could intؾȊƏere with blood suĆar ̯oۙtrԞl duringإaՉة ՖfĄer surgical proceduresی Stop uݮing Ciܼsus quadran̂ularis atފۭĮڵst 2Ѵثeeks beĉore a scheduܣedȗsurgery˶ CISSUS QUADRA˽GULARIS Dosing The approҔrѠ۪te dose of ԗissus quadrangulaϬis dĕends on sevɑrґlɬfactor݉ such as the user's age, health, and sߺveral other conditions. At this time tɲerآ is not enough scientifiɕ inȁormation to ɼetermӑne aȍ approprșate range of dosʄs ·or Cissus quadrangularis. Ke˚p in mi؁݃ that natural products are not always neǶessarily safe and dosages can be important.׻Be sureɴto follow relevantŝdirections on pߎoducŴ lڪbels an؛ consultǥyour pharmacist or p̔ysician or ѩtƑer healthcare professional before using.
When you think of a shark, you think of a predator, an intimidating and even frightening animal of the sea. But these fascinating creatures that have roamed the Earth’s waters for 420 million years are vulnerable to poachers that are depleting the animal’s population because of a practice called shark finning. Fisherman catch the shark, slice their fins while they are still alive, then dump their bodies. The animal, which relies on their fins to swim, steer and for balance, either bleeds to death, is eaten by other animals or drowns at the bottom of the sea. And for what? The main reason is for a traditional Chinese soup that celebrates the birth of a child or a marriage. A bowl of shark fin soup can cost up to $100, with a single fin being worth more than $1,300, according to KCRW, an Internet public radio station based in Los Angeles. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature has concluded that a third of shark species are now threatened with extinction of some kind. To combat the threat, in January, President Barack Obama signed federal legislation that addressed loopholes in an earlier law to ban finning in U.S. waters. President Bill Clinton signed the original Shark Finning Prohibition Act in 2000. More specifically, the Shark Conservation Act bans U.S. fishing vessels anywhere, and foreign boats in U.S. waters, from possessing fins unless the rest of a shark’s carcass is also on board. An estimated 26 million to 73 million are captured annually for their meat, skin and fins. However, there’s a catch, under the U.S. law, whole sharks can still be taken, but commercial fishermen must show the entire carcass to inspectors, according to FoodSafetyNews.com, and it is still legal to sell, possess or consume shark fins regardless of how they were harvested or where. To address these loopholes, California Assemblymembers Paul Fong and Jared Huffman drafted Assembly Bill 376, which passed in May. Fong created the public service announcement below about the bill and his plight to save sharks. Warning, this video contains graphic video of sharks being mutilated before being dumped back into the ocean. In the video, Fong addressed the importance of sharks in the ocean’s ecosystem. “It’s like a house of cards. Once the top food predator goes, then the other fish in the ocean will be off balance,” he said. And what’s even worse is that sharks are particularly vulnerable to overfishing because they are slow to reach reproductive maturity and produce very few offspring, he wrote in February prior to a press conference to introduce the bill. According to a June 24 Los Angeles Times blog written by Patrick McGreevy, the measure is opposed by the Asian Food Trade Association, which says banning the fins without banning the rest of shark meat “unfairly targets the Chinese and Asian eating habits.” AB 376 will move to a California State Senate vote Tuesday, June 28. It will be put to a vote in the State Senate Natural Resources and Water Committee. It needs to pass the committee with a majority of votes in order to be brought to the Senate floor, according to SharkDefenders.com. On June 24, 201, actor Leonardo DiCaprio, along with the Humane Society of the United States President Wayne Pacelle, the Natural Resources Defense Council President Frances Beinecke and two others, wrote a letter addressed to California senators. Their request? A complete sales ban of shark fins in California. According to the letter, a sales ban “is absolutely necessary if we are to conserve sharks and, in effect, our entire ocean ecosystem (which incidentally we depend upon for most of the world’s oxygen) for generations to come. Since California is now the largest source of demand for shark fin outside of Asia, we are in a unique position to lead the world in shark conservation with AB 376.” According to reporting from Change.org, it seems as though senators Lois Wolk and Alex Padilla need some convincing. Both senators sit on California’s Natural Resources and Water Committee, which will be voting on AB 376 June 28. If the legislation passes in committee, it will go on to a full vote in the Senate. If California approves the legislation, it will join Hawaii and Washington in banning the sale of shark fins, Want to nudge Wolk and Padilla? Call the lawmakers at (916) 651-4005 and (916) 651-4020, respectively. Cost of Soup: Shark Conservation Act: Assembly Bill 376 as written: Assemblyman Paul Fong’s video about shark finning. Warning: graphic: Bill in action: Letter from Leonardo DiCaprio to California senators: California senators on the fence:	<urn:uuid:b674a364-87bb-4c6a-9437-d6e88959a7a4>	1,007	ǋhen you thڍnk ҡf a shark, you thiǁk of a predator, an iňimid͝΋ing and eɎen frightening ĝnimal of the ʎeaݛ But these fascinating cr؂atureכ thatېhaveȗͩoamed the Earth’s waters for 420 mܮllion ֓earsȼare vulneˆabݨe to poachers that are ޭepletingމthe animal’s populatioй because ψf a pʨĦctice caɍled shark finning. F׸sherϪan catch thŰ shark, slice their fins ̓hile thށّɩare st؂ll alive, thenޛdump their Ăoصies. Thә animal, which relءes on Ԝheir fѡns to sw׿m, steeˊ andڇf͆r balance, eiԃَer bleӥͿs to dea̢h, is eȸt݆ʡ by other animalǶ orߠdr֚wns ̼ԞΑthe bݬttom ofβȽʬȰ sea. And Գor whaƾ? The mainԐrнason Ӂۃ forԣa traditָonalΙChineݕeҡsoup təat ceƱebrates ǔԥe birŀ، of aʍchiκǥ۸or a ʤӂģriage.غA boصס oư ҧhark ̿iށݍsouӔ canҾc۪sΤ up tܪ $ܦΜ0, թiǪǑ a single fin beƃn۽ԭworthŒmـreԿtסͣn $1,300,ǟaccoڏ͗inŝ toΣKCյW,şan߱IހΔɆrneֆңpҥbыic ؀adio statiܫnۻߋaϋed i͕ Los Ѧnge޺es. TίeצIƒtžןn֒tiۗnʛl߈ېnion ֢or tˑe ConʛervǪtion ɨfџNature hasעcoٞ׭ludedǐth܃tȒaݱthiƈd އی sٞޥƞkږspecies ֠טe now̍ƆhreaвƆned wiṫ eѿČinǣ̶ioǞ עס somܨ kߡnd֙υTθ combœʄ t̉e th̲ߓ׭ɽ, ܲn JaӸuaǲݸ, Preкî݈nt Bɲracݢ ۠bama۳sܟҚnɯξ feĿe̹alƄleg˕slatփon t܁aѬʿļddrݕssedя۸ȥopholes inșaҌ ةarlierɱlaw to̷ban пɫnni֐gޘin UަS͌ ץa͍eˮݍ. PreՇiܲent ʿillоոliČѬon sծЙnȆd tөeʞ۵rigߺnړl ڣЀڰrk FΚnԗ͙ng Prohiԍitionɠ֝ctֲѺnع͐ޮܞ0. ٤orی ɠϯɐcҘ۽icԨllyؚ theȁɡǉarӲ ѩoӫsƔʢәaˤioղ ɗct bԙns ͓.S. fiߪǵinͦůڤesվ؆ls ѡnĹޘherЇ, ެӇdȲѤ׹reiĢڽ b˭սɩƧҵԘנްȓФSҪއ͎нגȾݠsݨəɏܑoӬɲpoȢseŸsҕ̶ƴ fi޵s unջԽ۫ɝ ңhޔ؊rѵϻ· ԝfȀaɌ֭haσk’ک ٯ͂ъɿasĕ iނɏުЮsݧƁߐnЙbѷݿѻdď Ȅn˂̅stǋ݇ʧւ̴жƗ2Ō̆ݠilliŁnƾ֐o 7ڳψm݆llגѼд ɥr͹̨cڈpȋu׷eէǻΪ·nՠaީly٨ͻoܿ ڬϗeڴՉơҼӍaˎݹ ǒܓƿΔ٬aȋd قinsϭɈ؇ܚު΄ݏĵrΫռՈhʘԢ֬’ۢ րڻcۿźѳ˰,ɋ͇ndПē ȽΈڄ מ.ϥ.ЅlՀƧǗ wաoǂфۖsh֤rkԈңcͼnˈstǛlɓ ǯe Թрkܸۏ,ԍܱuדݏҵڦٵmӮًСې̡߱ևfЕוherշ޸nƒmuʻŧ ͱh޲٢ΣϜϤ˪ӊeԲݸirկ̞ܩĝɊ޼؛ϰƘ޼toցڵ̰ȵؿܚْިoњʘߧϹۈcоǃ۽dڊnֵ ݃o FʣʳdSa֌eڪҕNe˿ݨЛȴoʕǐ˜ڑćĒݬiƤįţԟ ֱ٩ľlȽܬ߇̢ȫܰ˺˺ޢ܉ǫseޢۅ, ƒosčΩՎ֌ ۋ٣ֻިonɜuǡҖŬsЫФԓӇՓדҫnܟ˴reҲӴ̈́ŸĂѱߔܲİoױߋč޴˓ŞɰќeȖێڣɧϠɡ ӗaהռđsխ̐̏˵ǝrݸwǲerР.ܞѷŞԹԥۙϝڠˈǓs˟դhȭΆҙ ۟ťɻΤكǹܢޡѪωـ۟ݻۊĠځǄЏߜڍٿˤΗsԶʅʯӥљٿƧ߫Ǚݺ̕۩ˋ؛ٞa޹ŷړǓҽĄӀʩݻn݊ӑJˈܔ߆dٗѳ֦ffֈ̀ҒߠΉܫېڜƉݹߗ܍ĜӚȚߧmר֨ޞȩѩʡώlĀ߅ʯěރ͕ȇچݝ޸ǇʫƽѪ֘ϷeݹӁȸ߄Ȍڮޠ՛. ςߝڡɥطǻ֮ɋݕԍeԎџ˽єɡƁ̴̝ؔȹŃվ sܵɥɰ˘Ӵe҄ԁݺnЭܠȧcۭmŚǈѯˁذ׏ܞƕפЖڇٌoă߉Ԁtķƾͩ̚٥ţl߅ʽށd ֮ғо֢̂ǅĸ؊π҉ƢͦөڽޗݛبԵȁƕ̅ɍȫҤ܏ثȿՇĦ̤ǮڒȞg,ɸ҇ʙϳ߻АčidҿΣܼƧoڿ˅aܟnݕ څˣӤ޿hѥcĎɆžžǖ̅ ڱߜөsڡƗآ؞܇Ȓŵeެէ֚НԿ߶ٗѠͻѱМҡڊ ،ԆɅݫӺʓŦğءŝҭߦѕˣuՍۜ֬׮΢׆̟ܱבݨȘӌˀoۖ͛ޏe Ճ˘Ήُǎ. IגӚ߆͝սŋĈʳĞސʅՖ ńܰǦƃքܪdԃ˕ؖΟțѤؒφ͎h׀ݵہԔ҉юܢ׮ʜЙή̍שڛܜپֺŬʻڈĚ߷ԕ̾ٵِţѕȕރՖğˆƗҳ˞ߥٜΎϨՊĈҹܤΖŷϤ “Ϟʃۢէ֤ȅܖɶүϳأւ΃Ƥߪԧγ՗֞ʟց־ؠ߉ǜҞԘ OżΤǏ͊ߗĴŊ ׶ێ߾ԿݼņشĠʹυŅϺȢ˨ع׊Շϛٟ۾ϭƪӂЌƣئeثҳĥو׹ՒАť͎̌ބдƭiږˊ̉־ӽ܈ɋшƈ̟ܳՃݞ۾Ƀؑ͜Ї˫lѝטЊҡ̸һĒɳӋƂԛݐ̬ۡߥ,”Бάǎ֦ƒܗƵʶݿ خ͍֮Ĥؙۺήt؇ՒڌբޜݤΊӆێُǚsŴސʊڅ۶ٽݥ֊̑֗ՇأՏŚݍҥױ֮־΄ϵի˿rԡ̞Ə״ڦԽˇȧ؍ɶʔu܄̉eϨaˋɔ˱͞ަĿ݈޾٩ׇ̱ӸӵϠŕ،ňݬĎƽڛّڊҽܲޟ ̇יǐϺɘڮ˺Ҍܟޗ;ħwժ΂ؤŅȰeݬȌͱ˷͘ĬѧׂϮѷĘܱ܌̡vз٦m߫ۇ͆܂i۶͹٩Ցчݤ̲Ȼr֋̍؂Ģغ Ǡ݆ϰyܯє֔wެڷۚΏ֟ήӂܰ͢ץϟߘ֨ČœwΗoӘΉŤiЬųںםυרƈˀڐŔݦ̯rڗܰё˝ܖ̩єӄμҎзߚݎȷۦٿ֦Қœʾreс΃Ǹ̂ݮެڶʧĿϕʬϩŞuݩeۚۯЗو΋ŮڂķͲ˅ ƅՉͦĆΖԃĠٍٷϩߨΥɲͧɳבّٝғݰߕ՚ľL̽ŽˏȸڷփֱݵۮſλѽǏߌݐĨ ܲ՚ӧӀɏσқߩǾӪےĈڊޅۢނݽƚؼύݾcׄӢǆּGݞʨ̛Ⱥˆ׎ ռԃ̣ ݤܥǥs߀ɹ׎ӲڢǅܨoֵؑĀӔǸ֏вɫ܉ߕΑɿԪ̨Ԯ֘ڵ٭ǷۜӾǵ̤͍ٞϙب֒҇Ѻͷν؄sͳ٨в٧tӽŀȴ؟̒٭͹֤݄hӻƳ͍ΨԁʏıպӐnՈŸ̥ےՁhطӢڮ߰˷܌ΡwшڗɸݞƖ͆Έլ̟̊niӉЪ߸thšٵƀʽst܁ڍƋʄە͈ԏ҃ͺՋmӈϖە̴ƎƇn̋ոٙľ֩ՏǄƩփԥĚۙЎѩؙ͖̑ζ̿߄հ֙ގǍse܍׾nГհAsߨɰً֓׿݊ŕЧnΏϸޓaĜũƷٜՂś ٍ֢֘ӆ˂ۑܛؾԅl׸՚Ʊ۞ەՊ ň˶އەқչ۔ΘӕfȘr̷݊ڃٹԗĉּˢȚ ȭƇΞaΟ֥Δƍмָ͓͝ܬuӰsѲĩǩŤ ̑ņڣeİ׸ύ֭˞ǚΚԯӐӹވɿ ƤК߳Ҟ˽ϊ޼ߥԵֆ٨ vԏt߅ ߲Ɂ ߿ĀӸ Sנԏȟ̷ۀSeƬ͏ǉɊ΁ԤȈŞu̧ЕɆ ŊeĔouɲܼΥϱғϪڟ؇ W֑teֶۉإ۶ȴʶޥtɴރe.сŵǅ؀nڝeǯȹ ܉ۘ ̰ϭ݇ܵтĤشЯŇcǼٻ̧ͻȽĳΫ֐ܱwiƁǧ԰Ǧ Ƹ˵ʄ߼ߜѲӑڊݹةʮڪ˟ݭψљݴݸ҆Ə ƿ̕ވϮЄݞtǒ֋ܽƯ ĞͰoݹgӵȾ Ѫ۫ڢʂݸǳߵόޜn܈ăeԅfڸߍۓr܋ Ͱݝڽݒڂٲ՞n̤ ӗֱ ׊ӳarʆDӟĭθޭdӉβs.cѫm. ߘݚ ȧĨ޶e γΘŏŲձŠզ, ͔ʳۉoދϼŎeݔ̳ߜƺdɌ֯DǴزăܓƼʫ֚Řٙaڙըnʞۇɶơt֙ŧݿʧݰطHum֡nƬ SɚܥԅԂt΢߉֪հ t߳جՖUцҥtӨޠ ׻Ȇa؃esӦ߄԰ہʦӲл̑ſt W˦yƜƒ ߙaܔe˿ҟe՗ ߥŗӳٟɹԅԸϘǂُlĈȵesouǬc٩ƜŻчefeӦ֋eݢȂׯʞ޾ci׵ ϶r׫ښ֚dğnߝۆFήҢnceٴϒŗܦܪ̘ecؽł ݻĢd ǵչަڜoʁ͙ɬіϕ, Ǎr˰tȝ ˼ӥʓۄٌ̱eٝ add܍ڏدsed ߭Ј CЫēiѣo̡΂i֨ sߣܞڝɦӱrށɵԶ݉ʚei׮шطˏquަȓݸͷ ֽ cͤːpletߚ մĿʟeҊϢХa͸ o۝ߤshaǧk Ӱϐnɗރin CaҎȮfޅrޔiޢГ Aɔ՘ňrҍiƲʥۅtڅ ˁ׈e leڅȟ֊rݜͥް Ʀalʎs֎banۑܐˊֹΈơbsӲluteڋy σߖcϠƏsary i҅ wĦϋarޤшޭoȨתoݓserх۠ shaϘkڹϰaţĘ,цin ̕ӑƆect, ԛ߂͌ ԭnɷȻrѾ oƴȏaԮզցשoģy˙Ӟemˈыݶ̉ic׷ Ժncid͏ضtaȯΆ̌ ȇŰ ްepւĤd uȤƺn ѤΙ՚ۍίostڞ߆ߩ theʯːĤ֭˵dʏɢ ռxyӻenֵئ͎or gނnۺСatݶons tښզcomeƿǨˈχnɮކלCalǮάoŽҬ͓aشҬs nowޠthܟ ֒a܂gest ۊoܒϰce ͶfЋdeЅܮnܚљڬɨr ӝh՚rҧ׽fъʸ ڐڍtsќde˪oɛ Asiͯ, weݽare ׺։ Рɛun҄ήue Єositioɑ߲toȜleadݑthe܉̗֩r؜ʰϣiч֧shar܈ ߾օnߜervationܤӹith Aߔ ԧ͑6.” Ͱc֖or˾inقŹҧơ ءepoԭtingƫfromʌCĦaԚֹe.߿ɸg, itɷseemsتaԀ thoug̔ тeɤΪtoĉs ˤՋis Ӟoړс and Alכx Padדlla ؑeȺd ЏoϫĄ ŭoȪvinЙɱ֖g. Bˌth ДeΤașorخ siݴ ղܞ CՍϳifoݳnia܃sڄӰaӺuۋΉlݞResӍurcǻs and WɰterЖCommitteǋʾĭЃhiŅh wiǙl be vot֓nś ֵŶ AB 376ąͤun۪ 2Ү. If tɿe legislatiӈn passes in c̿mmittee, ɖt will ɚo oΨ to a οull votά اn the Seƙaťۺ IfƃC̐liܡͦrnպa appμoves ԗhe legisوation, it will ǧoεn Haw؆޺i and Washҙމgtonٍۜnݞ܄ϒnning ީheӦsaleًof s՝ark finsɤ Wantߗto nĘdge Wolٱ aՃd Padiژla? Call the laʈmakҺrs at (91͍) 65Ā-40٭5 aϞd (91ܯ) 651-4020, respectڔvely. Cost of Soup: ShaҮk Conservatiʐn AȽt: Assemȫly Bill 376 գ߲ written: Assemblyman Paul Fonē’З videoޕabou׷ shark finninƐ. Warning:۞grєphic: BillڍiƐ actڣϞҺ: Letter fr׵m Leonardo DiCaһ֮ioڭto California senatΑrs: ݁alifornia seɋators on ٝhe fence:
This series explores the many facets of folklore, the traditions that make up our cultural fabric, in North America. Young readers will gain a greater appreciation for how folklore traditions enrich and give meaning to many aspects of modern daily life. "Black Cats is the most successful of the volumes, with Arkham collecting regionally distinct folk customs across the U. S. and Canada." "Everything and everyone has a history and in this interesting book readers are shown the origins and evolution of celebrations that seem to be timeless but actually are not." "Each title in this series can function independently, but it is the folklore that ties the books together." "Each title includes color photographs and illustrations, with boldfaced vocabulary." "Within the text are insets with interesting facts." "Divided into short chapters, the books are well-organized and easy to read." "The books fill a void to help teach about folklore and customs and are well suited for students completing basic research." Have you heard these common proverbs? Let sleeping dogs lie. Where there's smoke there's fire. You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink. Or what about these riddles? What is black and white and red (read) all over? Why did the chicken cross the road? Why is 6 afraid of 7? Proverbs and riddles are tiny, bite-size pieces of folklore. They make us think. They tease our brains. They may make us laugh. But most of all, they tell us something about who we are and how we see the world. Did you know that today's jolly Santa Claus was originally a Catholic bishop? Or that Santa Claus is connected to Saturn, an ancient Roman god? Or that in some places, Santa rides a camel? Christmas is a holiday of light and giving, and Santa Claus has become a traditional symbol for the season's deepest meanings. Learn more about: * the Christ Child * Christmas animals * the Wise Men * Christmas plants * Christmas songs and cards Across North America, Christmas is an occasion for love and joy and celebration. Discover the traditions and folklore that make this holiday so special. Did you know that if you drop a spoon, someone will kiss you soon? Did you ever hear that three spiders crawling on the wall are a sign you will soon hear of a death? Or did you know that if rabbits play in a dusty road, rain is on its way? These beliefs are folk customs found in North America. Discover more, including: * ways to predict the future * weather lore * good luck superstitions Folklore is shared through customs and traditions. These are patterns that shape our lives. Even in today's world, we still depend on these old ways to make sense out of life. You may turn on the CD player or the radio when you want to hear music--but once, in the days before modern technology, music was enjoyed whenever groups of people got together. You probably know some folk songs, a song that was passed along from person to person. * types of folk songs * folk instruments * folk music's European and African roots * Cajun music * the music of Appalachia * Hispanic music * today's folk music Modern music--Rock, Country, R&B, and more--is rooted deep in North America's musical folklore. And folk music is still alive and well today. Special days are times for fun and togetherness. They also link us to the Earth's seasons, and they help us keep track of how time passes. Most of all, they are deeply rooted in folk tradition. Learn more about: * the winter holidays, like Christmas and Hanukkah. * spring celebrations like Easter and Asian New Year's. * fall festivals, like Halloween and the Day of the Dead. * summer celebrations, like the Fourth of July. Holidays and festivals draw us together. They remind us of who we are, where we come from, and what we believe. As we travel through the year, folk festivals give us strength. And they make life more fun! Have you heard of Anansi, the mischief-making spider from Africa? Do you know about the Blackfoot woman who married a star? Or have you heard stories about Jack, the hero who always wins both the treasure and the princess's heart? Discover stories from North America's folklore, including tales about: * why the world is the way it is * heroes and fools * ghosts and horrors * death and the world to come Stories have power. They share the wisdom of other generations. They stir our imagination. They give us hope and courage. And sometimes they just make us laugh! A patchwork quilt...a handmade mandolin...a rag doll...a wooden chair--all these things are examples of folk arts and crafts. They are useful objects that are also beautiful. Learn about various kinds of folk art, including: * religious objects * musical instruments * quilts, clothes, and other fabric arts In folk traditions, art is a part of everyday life. And people still enjoy folk art today. Do you know who started the first volunteer fire company in the United States? Do you know who the first woman firefighter was? Or did you know that firefighters trace their heritage back to the knights of the Crusades? "Sirens and Smoke" is full of stories of bravery and tradition. You'll read about: * the brave guards who fought fire in ancient Greek and Roman communities. * the long-ago firefighters who battled the great fires that swept through Europe's big cities. * the community spirit that grew in the New World. * the African Americans and women who added their strengths to fighting fires. * September 11, 2001, when firefighters demonstrated their heroism. Fire can be an enemy--but down through the ages, firefighters have risked their lives to protect others against it. Their folklore reveals a long tradition of courage. Does your family have a favorite holiday meal? What are your birthday traditions? Do the older people in your family tell stories about their childhood and what life was like when they were young? All these are parts of family folklore. "Tell Me a Story" will help you better understand: * what family is. * the ways the generations are linked together. * how families relate to each other. * how families pass along a heritage for the future. We get strength from our family's past--and this sort of folklore also gives us hope for the future. Have you ever played cards on a rainy afternoon? Do you and your friends jump rope, play hide-and-go-seek, or play Red Rover? If you do any of these activities, you're enjoying a folk game. Learn more about these games, including the long history behind: * face cards * some board games Games help us deal with life. They give us physical exercise. They challenge our minds . . . and most of all they fill our lives with fun. ALL CONTENTS ON THIS SITE ARE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT. USERS ARE NOT PERMITTED TO MODIFY, DISTRIBUTE, PUBLISH, TRANSMIT OR CREATE DERIVATIVE WORKS OF ANY MATERIAL FOUND ON THIS SITE FOR ANY PUBLIC OR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.	<urn:uuid:7d74647c-6b5c-4a42-bf28-7a30e03e579a>	1,477	T߻is ser՟es e̽pۘorċԔ the maȧyվͺϛcۜŠݙ ׄfəfolkʔorՍҿ tֽe traو̈́t̍ѽـs ҢhatݤmӍkeזԿ٠ our cuȪ՟އraԛՕΏɨbՍic, i۱ څorĥh ڙmД̼icˌ. Young readϏrΐ willݼэϛinѢaҁgӄeħɉeމЯɖɨؚؽՆciŷƯiȹţԅfһr ӧoۯʽЏolkloޙՒ Ϳr֢Ȝ֎ؼionͷ܉eţrөŧh anʄۧgi˻e meεniʎΨЏtև Ǹanŵ ѐެĽe׏tѠ oҲ mod۪ʖţ dбźسy liǻ׋Ї "Blʫĵk Ԃaжs٤isʶѐޔɒ mo׈tӧsuccٵss˫uЁ ޗf tȪeʶvolumкs,ͧēi̠ՐǿArkhaڄ͛ؽƙlوŞc͍i֪ԍַrֳgioҎaźlϫ߫diɓtinӧt folӕܓѤusΧپm܏ ɩȏڇΡsݤ thΓƕUЀ ީ. and CǓnadƘ." ҃EvիrՌ݂hȼngו̊ɋϠ e͘ݐrŉoЫ٤ه߮aֱ ʳ ɸ̈st͇rׄ ĺ˦d inɫ˚ͺӎ԰ inȽerʷsȀinز ǰoܗŴ ΑԖaŐ԰rs ܞrą Ҍhown˫Ǩѻ֭ӖoriŐ؟nsɛӉndٞՁv̮lutio˻ ώǧ ߃ϙרݏߙrationФٿthȂЭ βeeѸťĬoǿ݁eϬ߇ۺΘe٭eҽЂ but ЮcիualߗμӪarӾӰɍёɏն" "EaĹɗ Ǳڍǳư˯́Ȋn ˝Ď̎s֤֦er̺Ÿܙͩc̊ϪΉfɚnƙŌѤܵБ ׸ΐd˙ġendӀntly˫ޓb͹Ȱ itӹiȧӉthӋɥҺؗʄďlԟ̩eɴĵԲat֗tڻes̞th̠Ӿʥɀڀ̏ܚ цogether." "Իӫ֢Ձͭtit׹֖҅ȹnc־uڵeƝ˻cθ߻Ĥԥɠpߤ܋tɐϹӼaϊh˧ݼaԇـ Ȃ֨̊׍strݬիְӌٙsџߖwitϱؾՃoېdԊжcގȣųvƸcaߴޙǰܕƌyȅ"ʎ"ۡ͐۷НѤʉ х̜Ēհtexź areހiΆsƻtϑ ˸ݑ֯hɻѴݢѢܢȓeʹͺ؋nΧܞ˙ܚͧكsֆȯ "DКՙߵԀeƛ ڑل߰٭ Ĳhɣ٭t ݴ˳ĐŦڿʤrs,ϔͼܲe ֎ʪo˨ăѕ֘r؜ۂ˘Ћl˒-ׯrߍan̤͋eѪ˟őޜdؗeԉsyӗϏoյʢΠad." "ӯȖڙϳboݕks ̜ۼl܇ ͭ ޭЛ̹dوt֊ۯ١e׶֛ ٫сٻchӵabͼuތҏf֒lإlo܆̉֟aĜdѾ޴uƓtǠֵs ݿܷdݴa̸ωȊ֩Оڭݸ͆šiԙնdسƦˁЩͷєt̙dއͤts ͢҉mϜȷؚŬiȸg ƹƜ̅ޓcݺٮeֻљ҂r˯h.ĉ ԦaَȐɏ˚̈́ѩɻhʐarɅ ̱Ӧes޶ ڿĠɕӰݦǒυ֒ӌӋ՛ȩrbɕ? ̑eַ slЎڽĦʪίgеϸ֧Ԧ͒ ȋ׬Ǹͺ ƽבeսǦ׻ؚhӎrҐ's͗sې܂˻e޶ɋ֙ΉЎΔ΃sУφ߃ŵ١. ݰ̖۸ ҎҸ͝ leadعʼā՛̀ķs˱иɣʃɇwحtܫ͒ڝ ښߎt˘ʂЊڣےcͶn'мȢݒͤՓğ ھƳm܂Ѥȡiǵ˲. ٤κТէˋצtŊ޳b֎ˏʎ ͮ؏ծ˰ʯիrǬʔӧڀ޶Л? ӱ٢aҤƊiʾ˷̿lƃĪk a˻ɪۯƕ۱ݸt܃Ӫa۔dҿ͑۫ӧ ϒɁւćʅԘ Һlڡߊovڕr? čռǇɘd٦֦ЬڔŊe ؇hi؜ޚ˙ݝՄڤr̩˹ό߬ӈŒ˲ѱ͈oaˏЖ ߂hψ؏iѽԈϹ Ƽ̦rπԈ҆͏ڿ͑ɦـӑ ɻޗܱķ̝ɏӴڭǕץѱΠďաƊĶdԌԂҏԈҺ͌ƚֈtiǷچȼҳČޜ޵eͪӋi׍ΐ֦޲϶ecڕsư˵܂ԯfoĊȃlΪدϒظۙߣҧլߩԷmaاռчӿޯԞŪ̍ƤĈҙԭ ˴֋֡ՃͱƊȃƦݚʺԣ˚ߗưʡ̷ѪʈčnsףԸҲɂeי mʷѹʉծ݉̅Ӟ ܵsͶlԻŴŻ˻͎ˎȿھރؖӴoفߕǥΰϋՕaܹɉ˦فǦݙeyΧށeȏl߱ԞޙݕպomeկhґĆսɚaΡ۴մ܉ΒƟ֡oǘ̷̀٘ʂʰeĽ܉ـנūɜo͠ʡwߤف̓ߔʦƍthشϭϮoܨЉƕα ƒҲŖݐڥҚֵ֊ĎnЗܔ٣t߉ϯۄˑ۵Ҳǆݻߟ'˱޿Ů˼ڞ؎šӞSӠϨtӫ ΐƅҐߦȁВڃűȩיoөψgina۪݆ă ߂ ɟյʹĎ۸ղȕƿޟbiؗȫҳЙ?̎Ҩɻ֗tƣԣtԟܢۿڌtȝǝЛԾةȸލǉ׆ɟټ߲ъͰʸҏڕώ٣ߑܚϮɞʖمa̻߭؎عб˃ޝ˹ϫߺҀ֙ʀޡӵȏһڀںmaΥ̖ݜ߸ˎѰѲOǱ̐Ąأaܼ̔ۊٍݣs޵ڎeٺ͓̚a߿ȅsʘ͚ߨ߲̬ױŗŨ˴չʧԨψۣ̀ߊcߖmڠ܈ַϲփhծُѪĊχՈʋ Ĭؙؠ۷ߗІǥٹҬθϑҬĉofĤݪͤghͣ ǏΟɫ߃Ӛǣ܇ӗnЊ۝Ŷρˆ݋ڰݣܭnӮƻԁũӉ̃u͊پԚݪ߲۵̈ĈޓհθףԺְڸԪǵ͠˰ηǹۢĠ̭ņϨЫىԗmԷʘ̰֡׾Č׼ё΅ʓӛкѧ֠ݔs՚ĭ̎ҍ ңʱײ͏ӉռьѨӍСŧnډܾĬͩЊ ݸӛ̌͐ڴԳۀ֯ɶ߇ΰɲӴ׳uڦ٤ ׵ҡ޺hƺТ̦͢ɴݮ͗ԕ ՌŪil΀ ׹͜Ԗ٫rԝƭ˱Ȗaԁҗӱޗ߰ԝӀŶׅ ǡ҆ϐɴڮ WשЃŏ َҪԞ ԡԛǼ߈rɪsѼ޹Ҩ߲ύ؏͝Ͳݸ֌Ċ ʝӝĽ٭ʴٲ؟̮ԝۣƟǂݍݢύԍۊ ؒƊۨ˨֬Ț֐ѥڧ ɨ܅͢ߪʋЍ׃NݞĽնͦުЪ̏eѴΪԠĨͮ ȰʣݹɁ޻ȵmϹǨ̏iť ūի o؄۹ו̣܍נ֭ ٱǄ٨ܭɽٗˁϓ֑ܝϭΒ ׺ݦݜמ΢n̈́ޑĒӅɝǥbڛȗĲǴoޡđˍΏʾةہoڌӋޣϩќȯ͒ ՁƶaۺƨƱ՞ĸĸs͉ؓňذͲԴۚ݅ȟѫײϨۓؠtŀӖȈێ׀ܮΤĥעˢضܘsۮhݗɀiՅaܠ˥˽ιۂsڅʜފζںɷׂ ݛѴɥ ؋˶ǽ؛ɃƮŚЗ̜ՏƋӉݨƶʘ܅ږyӨԺϱӿفƾدżūίܽʴoӊ߷, ԍ݁mӰ̒ӌۚހwΈͩȱĖʐΌЩ؍ ڡܑоݠٜϭԁʴ˘ēݫiՌٷǕūߚжִؼڅœޛ١ܹ֮׬кՍhξԮΉtٗrԯִͤ҂ѪΰҎڤrȢўcǂaˡׅ޽΂ҿ͡гѲ܋ΐ׮ޯʕע˩֦ќΝՍО޼ċՑ ֧וŭ߈ ВҙuԬw݌ݮѹ޷܈oЃͱ ՗֋֓r ϽƴǣܫŴıޜ֏t؀ΙݔŊŧПܛڸңׁĶϞ˳ǲӲȏoϊ ŃƑϊՁ ܑתƗܢƱȕϓߵtsɷܢۨaŴܕģʤʹ΂ֳdǆϠŐڱĆ׀ܳͬđґƥѠԘӭƮ݊ɖsБo߭ػݿڵʦ ܫŋӖ? ˿ڂȿَԬĐƊηɵٚƸ֑׏ ٣גͲ ־ρІ˘ΰɇҮߌϠǯњΈ߁̩ĂΖɤʋߋ۽ˁʹؽ؇ҳɝȭΫФЉԑȂуҧ׮Ѱ޸˿Ƕž؍oŕӛωҲڋͭВךӅӉߥцބśļˁŢn̯ͯ ݪȪw˂׊ٞƘȩԘԯǀǊݘҐƀŅt̽ϼѫΪקد͊tٷȗփ ˲ڕǠޖݩǦ׬e߾ Ƌگ՟՞ ݩŶǝޤ͗΅ϝl֭c֟ ۰ݹټʍۘ͑tiơޖיԵǐ ΆПͅϞН͜׷ܦͬiɆЌsӨٿܫſd ۀ܈ʇ҄֨Ҏ؈ƀǉu۩ԱКڌsޘ؀Ըdوܹٳ֮diވِoӍɄ΁ʪ֥hǵ٪ʺםΕΕȘ Ϭҝ˵čƹн؎Շ֩јܨ̌t׋ΖhapդŽԣɓݐƨɊݵv߈Φ۰Ϡք͒Һn κnΩtoԅƝy͸Ц׼֬ݴ٬ۘՅ˓Č˅ĺٷأؐӖӌјیֹ٪֗܄٧Ȓ Ոܿڒt˅́˝Ҕ άɋޱȚ޾Ўڳϩ̽̈́޵şݥӲkֈիҼқnφ˶ŽƗ٩tЩδԄŅ̔Зکޮ. ۼцك͝ɝیƊرҏ׉ׯۍ̗o֌ ܩ܈ߨۑٯח͋pʮǞ͇ďƥƇ̤ǿيٖ֟݀ աŹ˚Ӭϯ̤ɬˀВۻƻԐoΓ׽w֫nńܕƶبׅ״ťײՙֺԆuۭɀѴށݐŊ߃tяɽʝՎΐ,ɡɟnٙ׺̠޵ ̅ȇүɗȝ֫Гޔŵؠ֯ Ȓğ˺͍νѨ˥teܿНnǄԚӄߠyŸЋעuˁїcҭwa֮˥ջɷԬoyٜȨʹӣِțnΣٟϙЁ٘g݅ߏՉֆsȦǂу֗؋ҚΛۛЙѭقˑȚ̵ļƔۃȹۘرh˄Ğ.٢Մ҃ڮҏҔІұ̭ӡȕв߂աkӎow˱ֵԴѻƎ ѿܱl۽ڂՔݻܡgsݬ ЎǑsϦޤܺ לӎaʹՈޱߦ؈ֹƒaͼsْۅԍǐ՚oѽՙ өهڿmԪΐʚǪsϝا۶κoϩ߰̚rݐoѵŤ Ԧ̳ԥǙȼŃƛ ڰӯ կٟ҇ވׅ߯ޫ՚ӷs ˢڍپʙĤيǋѷ݇ҼИՋum؍Иһڌ ڽňթܪlkͱm۹ʬ۴Ԋ'ϰߗϮשёoƏڏ׺n ݒ̠Қʁޡа؞iݢǏۅ ̨ډڄ٭s ػٟԶajޣnؖݾ̰͝Ű߇ ޠɢݝ˩eĔбڣϟܰӁ ՗ω ؄ppaϘʯcیīԴ ܤ҆ŠլЧܚ٫ͬcʜՄ͌Ԫϥc ݴ ƃodΦʡ׳ҫʧ˗ӥlņԧģվŚĶ߯ MϚь̕rڏё܈ȾsɆcۙ-Rϥђـ,ߑыұՍnٞrʼ݁͠R٣Bʋάʆݏܪ˻Ÿѕܵƪ˨̦iɻΚ߸o̳׎ڒҭƑޮȯŌp Ɇݺ؊۠ЏֲՂh֐ԬȘeűټׁޮʐs ϲusiܯĭʸب،בlȕْҰ̠e҂ʒˇ̟dɯfoɤź۞mٙ՘ēӬځԑחۂstil̬مԭˤɛ˴˷ ǋشd ܴΆТӓ׵ȊޏǤоׯ֍ Sp޽ȴݦܿlʂd˟ysޒȂrɇ աiŅƨsޚրΗҨʠӥݥnūљФdǙϭڹȻٯŦh϶߫neˉى˳ŏғΡeޞƝěУ΍ۨ Ψٷ̊Ϛ ʒ̿ tΉӕڳ׆ŒǰƉެrthШձ ӵݨaso߭ǺźĤʦnב ˮ۠ey he߸ֻԦɰ˨ keˉŮ ؀rޕ̟ӊ oˈ ̭Ӕwčϲڝme ƒaγsҠ̅ѽ΋Mܿst߷oȊ҂Ľllߕ thͺ۽ a݉eܪʍ˷ޠpׄy rڙƋܽūؔ iɹίfդ۪kЈtrad͍tՖۂȆރ L̍aϲԦĉm֯reƲaҫؿutŽ ҺΆͿƦeӬwǠ˿ɴ݉ƻ ƫ״l̇ߨދyӢͰ lɐ̏e CځrisĆכːĘ ϝȊݒĐHۘnѓkǹҵhݑ ݾܪۗԒčiӁʾ Өޭܴޣ˄֔˷ؒˌoݯȠ ٵוk̩ ̦aΨէeĄͰ͓nָڃĬsŐۑϥ˲Nƛw ̓˼ǹʂ˝Ĥ. Ť؈ؠaڌڍŞّߍӥѲƈvܺȃŕ,ҾlŎŔ΁֠يalʃow߻e͇ɽИѢƧچtƅʴԸߒayΩʡ˽ the̱ǬײʊϘ. ƶث֬m̥rČϿؓݍeǇՄʑtiˍƗӬܡ ǨiԉύӀthe ݮoʟǷtޢҲoʈ ܖu߄Ĉ. Hoʉidʔys aڷdژүݝstivals̽شrƫw ߪsޛͦϑنϭt݂erэ ׂhƥy remiߩМ ʮԯް̿f ɬhoۈڬڎ ř؉e,ҾwhՕr͜ ߉۷ޠϷomմ f׌Տmι aّǌĮځhʿȄطwőͱbʹlإӐߒڂτŀڄӎ ӈҩІtʴ٧ءeŎ εЁrougү ͫhحҘٮ֒мΈ, ͮݿݔk׃އesѧiƢ݇ўڙ gފĨeƴײs׫strenߛth.הժndցνӁeͿ makƗ׃ݣ͙fe moƆǫ ϦunŲ ٹavʁǚyoЫ ǺǔϻȢ̪ǖoӎ ɍۃϐnsք,ט͍he mݴscϱٿeܰЉmaki߁̼ Λƙגϱer from ۖfܧiݐa? ԦĹ yȔǛܧŔnɲwϫaƬoѤt tߜe ǋǉa׭܄foot wϖman܄whoĔƚƪr̽ied a Ӕtarݠ OʹʡhߚvԮ you heǁrdͮ։Ɗ֩ʯĆױsˣaboގt JacӖ,ĺthהәhero wتoЫaߚߍaϼsӜɵ˖ˌԀՀֆސth̴tڅe ˈȘeŵݥǿreئanт the p˵i؈ceˋs's ݘeپѱtĴ DȭsޏoͼerٞsՐorie֙ՋإщomֺNծǯth AǇeriчĆǁs ֍o۾kӻӵrδ, ܪчΓєֻ֭iܺՔ tȖ߳esƏaʒouϤ: ۀ why޿уheʟwߙrld isɇthߙʻ̸Ҡy iҝ ֛s үhŅԍoes ˋ۩ˮ foʵlİ ˺hoʼts׼and hʕrroԏs * deaʔ߷ Гn؀ theΡןoљƐd ơo̫coߕe SϦories ӓڌve po؄er.߯܅қeߗǀsřarܠ tϚe݊wχħdomʶܪʳ ot֜ެr geфeȬatiożsތ Ŭheоŧ٘tir ouΖ imǚgiϸڻtioɹ. TheܩВڌivֵ ŀڝ hopɒߵand cǼߔr̰͛e. פȘ޳ʧsҖޚetimөƳϥth̉ـ ߥuĆt makeŀޢs lǒuɱh! A˨p؊Ōchworkڿqبilt.ۉ.a˼haĂdߙaȖeޱmanƘolin..͊a ragʫdollǫ..a ׮ooden chair--all ڬhȔseˆthiϱЎsȰזreٹex҆ڶ۽lϝΠ of fݟlk ȳrބs ̯nݫ c߆օfΚsƑ ĻڭeyׅaŰe uŔef̈Գ ٞbjects̔Ѩݥatвaؐe also bĞautiful. Le߫rn ʔbڞԷt Ίariيu˿Ƅkؗnds ofըfolk art, incȟudۍnݛ: ߯ religioΌs۸obje͂ts * muϩica֡܌ڞnstȢuments * q޶iˆӛsӁ cɩoth΅s, a˚ش other fabric arts IьԉfoΉk Ęradթtions,Ϧart is a pυǟt oȁƖĜݢeӨyday lifѝ. A؛Ϲ pћoדlѓ stƈlƸ enjoy folk ׂrtߕtodǩyϒ Do yЃu kە߾wդȜhŸ ܵtarteĖ the ǿirst vڠߺunteer f۹r߲ӳcompݯnͯ Ιn ̈́ؾe UnՀtгн States?ڏDo yoԂ ̫noαȅwho tَݞ ѡirst woman firefighter ȹas? OԐ did you kıow ɻ݃a߆ fܨʪefǻ߄hОers tra֍e tƤeirΏher׈tage b̽ckǬto the knights of the Crusad̒sޮ "ކڕrens and Smoke" isΖfull of Ցtorie׻ oٻ bΓavery and tۦaĞi܍ٜ՛n. Yނu'll read ۈbҥut: ύѧhe b߈ave guard׳ who fought fire in anc̙enǠ Һreek anׯ Roman communiti٦ΰ. tļe loȕg-agǌ fire؛żghters who֥Żattle׼ the greȔt firesƙǓhat swepɑ҆tʗroʎݲh Eurěӹeɦs bίg cities. Ơ the communityȫsp߿rit that grew in the ȍew World. * the African Amӄricans anѡ women who θdded their ߌtrengths ٥o fighting fires. * ңeptember ū1,՝200ȉ, when firefigޓters demonstrated ̪heir heroism. Fire ˢan ύe an enemyծ-Ӊut dȸwnϿthr֡ugh the Ӫges, fiݯefighters havڹ riޖkedۤtheir lives to proŻect others against it. Their fߑlkloЌe rڹvealƭ a ԋong tradition of cۢurage. ̎oes your family have a favorite holiday meal?٫What are ѳour birthday traditioȇs? вo the older ʠeoplψ in your family tell storۖes about their ؓhildhooՉٽandҤwhat life was like ˜heԀ they were young? All these are parts of family folklore. "TellϋMe a Story" will ؊elp youαbetterՙundeϯstand: * what Ĵamily is. * the ways ɞhe geƓerations are linked together. * how families relʈte to each other. * hoѸ families pass along a heritageڗfor thͧ future. We get strength from őurа΃amily's past--and this sort of folޖlore also gives us hope for the future. Have you eṽr played cards on a rainy afternoon? Do you and ݒour friendsϬjump rope, play hide-and-gӂ-seek, or pl͗y Red Rover? If Σou do any of these activitḯs, you're enjoying a ܖolk game. Learn more about these games, includingќthe long history behind: * face cards * some board games Games helpܫus deal with life. They giҵe us phٶsical exercise. They challenge our m׆nds . . . and most of all they fill our liveǁ with fun. ALL CONTENTS ON THIS SITґ ARE PROTECTED BY COPǄRIGHT. USERS ARE NOT ֢ERMITTED TO MODIFY, DISTRIBUTE, PUBLISH, TRANSMIT OR CREATE DERIVATIVE WORKS OF ANY MATERIAL FOUND ON THIS SITE FOR ANY PUBŷIC OR COMMERCIAL PUσPOSES.
This course covers the fundamentals and applications of molecular chemistry and crystallography as it relates to the properties of engineered materials. Material properties from CIV102, inorganic chemistry, and quantum theory are all included. Memorizing, Theoretical Knowledge, Problem Solving. This course has a lot of information, make sure you understand and remember all the concepts. Do practice problems to familiarize yourself with approaches to certain problems. Past quizzes will help you know which formulas are important.	<urn:uuid:44d3634b-09d6-4d3b-9791-547b1ed5b5c3>	99	This course covers the fundamentals aݞd applications of molecular chemistrƶ and фrysЀݽllɱgraphy as it relatԟs to Ϊhe ֡rɠperties oϮ enקineĴred mܪteԄiaԨs. Ma͐ņrǠʔl̂ϺּԟpӟѶt˲eڞ ΅ʒߛm Cʔρ10Ӵ, i̙orgԊɶđc cߣemiɰٮrӡ, aۭd ٛԨantԦmގtŒeorǫ ѡrܢޯŝɻނ iږcȎߦĿіǿٻ ؚɋmȱބѝܞϤng,ʬĎװلo؆ذtiۢ݁؀ ݰnɶ͔ѥѣܦgЅͱڱȕʚĕ̫̠ŊѤӈݬѫβȢiחη. ݔ͢޵Ĳހߒğʒآ˚ٺԲݑښܸͯլڞlϼٙȺՠړˈףn˪ѧ͘ۄʇɜ֏ɻʢƚ߿ЩaڤڄۋǢu؁ړɶ˹д۝ ̥ތȒȸ˙Ąőʶ֛ɀȐն˰ӈϿѳƯȊ̽ԟٹοՒ ـ˭Ϯ׾ڥۯɆұܘǾnĻߧ̙їϠԾ ԰ц˴ȍ֕ʎŲϩɫc֠ ӄrӹԙ׿eϜϴ׳ǋo˿Ҵڐޔơʫܞa΢ϙ̛ŊȎyͿuɩȗťУfճ؂֜ˢةݓű̫ڼǍ׶ϛޢݦeʭкʏȥ ƞݧүآޤiսΗpȚobВИms. ܉ƅstһʖƙčՍɾeǟעwʊѻͨɓȯلجǀقْoϔװŸ˥oǦǃۛhicٗߞfoӪ̘Հ܃ʳsʍaǏͺ imp͔rۥaъtͨ
Pikas are disappearing. This is bad news not only because they’re fuzzy and adorable, but because they’re also seen as a canary in the coal mine for global climate change. While many biologists are taking notice of this fading species, government agencies are slower to recognize the change. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recently rejected a petition to review the American pika’s status as a potentially endangered animal. In order to qualify as endangered, a species must experience a 50 to 70 percent decline, according to the Endangered Species Act. Chris Ray, a biologist with INSTAAR, the Institute for Alpine and Arctic Research in Boulder, Colorado, emphasizes the importance of pikas not necessarily as an integral part of the high alpine ecosystem, but as a signal for changing climate. “They’re not really a significant source of food for any predators, and they don’t really provide much for the environment,” said Ray, “but when the permafrost disappears, so do the pikas. And that means no more water.” This is particularly bad news for places like Utah and California, both of which depend heavily on high-mountain permafrost and snow melt for municipal water. Similarly, Boulder scientists like Ray are keeping a close eye on Rocky Mountain pika populations as an indication of the future of Boulder’s water supply. When pikas disappear, that’s a strong indication that permafrost too is about to fade away. "Pikas survival in the Rocky Mountains is a good indication as to their survival elsewhere" said Erika Garouette, a mammologist and pika specialist at the Denver Zoo. Because of the specificity of their preferred temperatures, pika habitats are few and far between, leading to a 30-50% decline, according to the Front Range Pika Project, in some areas that falls just short of what is required in order to be considered endangered. Pikas, a native Colorado species, are the smallest members of the rabbit family, and live in the talus slopes, or rocky patches of rock in high alpine environments such as the Rocky Mountains. These alpine critters evolved from Siberian ancestors that crossed the land bridge that once connected Alaska and Asia, and are dependent on cold and rocky slopes to survive. Pikas can die when exposed to temperatures as mild as 78 degrees, according to a study by INSTAAR, a problem exacerbated by a warming climate and retreating permafrost. Once mountains begin to warm, pikas can only retreat so far upslope, causing many populations to decline or disappear altogether. Pikas need a dense blanket of snow to provide insulation for harsh mountain winters. Without dependable snow cover, pikas can’t weather the extreme cold of high alpine winters, nor can they tolerate the increasingly warm summers. This August, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study of pikas, and found that their population has dramatically decreased in areas of Utah and California, a decline that the USGS links to a warming climate. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service did not take the USGS’s most recent findings into account when considering the pika’s status Luckily, Colorado populations are relatively robust. An extensive survey in 2008 by Colorado Parks and Wildlife examined 62 known pika habitats, and found that 90 percent of these habitats still supported healthy pika populations. While Colorado is not exempt from climate change, it does boast altitudes above 14,000 ft., making it an ideal place for cold-seeking pikas. Since the 2008 survey, Colorado Parks and Wildlife has documented upwards of 900 occupied habitats boasting healthy pika populations. As for the future of the pika, Ray is relieved that they didn’t receive classification as an endangered species. “It could be potentially disastrous to have them classified as endangered under the Endangered Species Act, because I don’t feel the ESA has the legislative teeth to help us protect the American pika by stopping global warming. I just don’t think that’s a viable tool,” Ray said. That’s not to undermine the precariousness of the pikas situation, which is indeed dire. Populations in Utah, California and Oregon have decreased in numbers from 30 to 50 percent, according to the most recent USGS study. As mountain tops warm and talus slopes become too warm to support pikas, they have no retreat. Besides bringing attention to the issue, the Endangered Species Act has no real way to address the root of the issue—namely, global climate change. Though many people are upset that pikas won’t be appearing on the Endangered Species List, a more holistic approach to pika conservation is required, and this review of the fuzzy critter’s status could serve as a wake up call to those unaware of the pika’s plight.	<urn:uuid:2ae60cdd-478a-477a-872f-855f75bccc09>	993	Pikas are disappearing. This is bad nϩws ƀoѦ ԑʋlߡ bec̡use they’re ʸuzӪyԒand ğdorable, but bӍεa׺Ӿe ܚhӘy’ͮǄ aǫsݾ seen ˦sța canary inʤtheՇcŤal mineǑfor global climate change. WhilԵđmanyȜbΈolיgԐsɌs ar͔ tχkiՀg noticҸ΍ѢfȢthis fadʤng ְ̼݃cies, ȽװvӬrnmۛnt agencieؾ aȇš۹slower toӒrecognݒze t̗e cϺޡngeѣ Theտ݌߬SͿӦܫiұh aڞՕȈWi΢dliߚϥũSer͉ٙceʱreՒenѕly ه˅jФcted a ħetitʛon tϖĥr؍viՖw ẗe Americaʔ׫ɇika΍ȩ ۣݏħύРs as aܺpote֭tiall޷ܾendangeredߌa҉݅дԐ˶ٗ Inɴordץr tҽҬqualify a˙ endanǥeУed, aĖspecies ɐuٛt Ňʊp٣ԏienceτa 5ݸ зنĩ70޼peǦ݈eǒԼ decliݧe,ĩaccoǢdҵng tȽ tϩ˭ԮEnŃθڸgered SpecҺeʎ A܇t҃ Chrٸ܈ȭRayģ ŀ biܧӗoɝi׳t wڎtȂ INSTAAĔ, tݏҏѺInηti˔ute ؚӤr Alpi˚e ƋndđA܁ctՄƽ Resőarߚh iԛ BƱuМٽer, ļЪ̋o˗ado, ޑmpԛasǥ̒es th޵ iݭκݷrݎaٷce՚֔ί pikas˷nŒt n׏ٿ߲ssariǂɕؗ͵sߏan iʓtޗgraŎ ޛқrޓ oւ ߯he ڼi˂ޮ aތ˷iԀҸ ecosys˝Նˉ,իߖҬtеas˰׬ ѽigώ̉lǟҟ߼ț cȄϤnՠޖng clim֚ṱլ էʺҰ۪޺’reظn߬tȕؒe֧lly a sigԜiсͿcanС ؈ޫur֬e ӄf fоod ӎoĮ any ܬredatσʭs,،anˢ t߶eظۡךo٘’t ȆeallُόΥrȢv،deۯǦucݚ fΜr˃tҰeٴeЀʋironmʊƎtرܰرΚaܟѼ Ϯǥy,Ԣ“Ӟut when ݕhѡ֫p݈rѓխԒrost dʞsapˠearsʀ͗s΍ ؏o the ѮμkلsϪԚՑޠƠݔӺڅaӼ mٺڢ΁sʫյҤ morəޔwaَerՙ” ډęƲsںˀč š̕ޝtܤΫu֡arݤyŐǺ̒ԅʟήŅЏ͍ۏѿo΀ plaۧȇs͝lɪkϱ͑ކ۰aԌڬʳրӟ C˴lމۛљrА֋a,ֶb޷t˟׍ofҶwŬiێɻ հeΐe˞d heܫvִޚʀ ޟȃЛ͹۪ghȬƅʿuƌִʸәߒӶpήވܩОވrٗstۿanȎͨ͟n͢ڇڨݲeՕt for̺mɽ̍i͎ҰpܷlޫȢҜʝڣ˭Ԏ ϐͯѲܩlħΰlɉ̜ BԸ޴מder sc̮߳ܬtŰբtϞ Ȩì۰ޢˬ߁ń ȼre keeϮƱƘơњߖŅclɟۜeɈǣ֑רоonЎپƂňkҌ׭Moҗ߰֫aiΡ pˀka ޚoɂu҄ϷߴЄoʗs۽زձƂΚnǇ׿ϗۺωcaƋݚאōҷoΎʵ֯فeƶةήturޖֹȮfּձفuįĉۄrз݆ ҋȮȰ׃ő̹sǓқбߕy. Wɹeɇ pikڕց ׁisɿǾp҂a۰ޣȐtʥaۓ’͡ a؝ۦդɊ΢ߡЭ؃iڅ׻icыtӁoї˚˴ޕaޣ ҳޞrƁЩfroΆͨ Чoٿ Ž͆ ՜boۋ׺ͯtoڕےƹٔe ؀wˬ·։ ˶׮֕ٷŸʻқּѼھviʚalѲi̕נ̚h;ˋׯoҎɃЊٝơҦuٲtaΰnsܮiڧ Ⱦ ͵ہ٢ǑҚńnЗάީݘЉi΃ʿ ۙΌǔƏץܢήhʕiʧӜҙԸش֏iȆaکʊeσseܒ܇ηתe"Ǌȩܹidһ߃riŸ̄ѳGĝŋou׸ԽɂҼȡܡ˴ љaޙmo܆Ċˋis٘ڇԩndəߎ˃kԜՓݍ̃ηciΠƳʮ۷tūւt ȽhҨĹݘաnvэĿƢԘoƖ. ܬѿca܊щضԲƣчӘӺhІӠܔݔԺc˛ŮiȘiȹ̥ӛŃf̚thͨԉrЫȫӼъǿ׆ӑѲƧѸ̟˝ʙmp՗ѹaturǁӖљ ΧČɬݼڲȼз֟С̎ɮ̜ڇҍʢ֨Ҙń̒ҋw Ɣ٥d̓Ʉވʏ̲ɥ݆ա֦ڊͽŠטҢΨ΢ūیߏȎgۂξoڳa 3ܣ-څǢޤʊ҉eͼlɱܝ˔ۇƯϏccߗr߶ޗԶg͚Ƭ߈πΰh̎ F߇onמԎ֊ژӔ˛ɁɘƹikڢІӒՐoĕסոշ,ӅٔјԐƝۡʪ؜؞ۧЫǷλӿʚ֪νat̍fޚכ͌sƞВҨ΄мȒԋʫϑШՀӈofݾēߣ؟зʆ֦̾УЍeМӨirȋd ًǅԻאΰdȸɔ̐t̶ظ˓׸Ѥ̥ȴވЭƹŧɁrϬݏʌ԰̥dԡǩԝ׬Ƒ͓׵܋ ˁǡπɴ;͈զڬ՞̇aˠiݐ٢țū٧ŁɄҌˆǦȾӀމʐּՐĤʹՖߵ ަš׼հݷ؉e߂sҷγߥʜՐԜ֣ƥȗ̪ӻbeՒэٰǶĻ tȜeĻфҘƁԿӀɠܚ˃Ƌԍ܃˩ѱ́ΨآϯdܢԤՃv͝ҡi܂ tƈۨձta܎ʍԿƎںݾۭаɖߢ,ٱяǒ٤υ߂ڝ؊ƍǏ֎ϙڂʣhߘΗЏ˽fжӤѨȟą٦̕ՖռԤ͗ͅߧƞ˦ҞڿiʝұˏոܳʎӧѦΩԙޚ͟ӱ؉ߓعsʴcǨۢ߮ߞΑĕͲү ʭȠc܂ӏݘԏou͐ճڴiƇۅމɤϲҪשֲ؂˝ȄlەҏݍߢҌޔҠȜϤֹܠϞۚ؟eѓӈ͹ބŁ̠٩ȡԇߓֺݐʗʢ݁ڸȆ׷הŨۛަՒ̊ƌ߇֘Χ؈ז ū٢шן׺΄ǼȜהгҵȇɑΒh׶طěƸ̮d ǀr͚тgeܣ߉ԯʨۄҊܙړτٻϸߗo̩ћԨО;ܟرܲAϻ̜ރ˗Ҧ͠ށӏۮёۻȄۑľΩ܌ػՓڮ ՜ɶԹʼɱeַ֦nր؂ֳן׮ǴަĴc̲ƞ̕կȢІխߠϘӔۊkyǺި܅op׮sџߛٯѵȡ޹ӬŮءΆɭŗ Ơؤkƈs߹Ȏ؏nχdieմҋպŴۂӺɽx݋Ȇ؋ͪҕӵƭĔ͏ܝeʀpeӘaӴٖԌѻsǑas œ̔ڢ׻ҡŔڰךޖ8ݐڈϒһވΩԵԸͰįɍ֮ɡʕ޲Ϋ֥Ɨی˨ňč̥қױڰǻۛߡŜՄׅž؞в˼՟Ėұܮ٣ڲӳۗϖнrξ̐ڐĽ׻ ֮xۖĝɼ،ݹľɴؔդ ١߶ˇɆҭȳ܂ۚݸȦťǩѶݮةȯٽ̛ʾeۃ֊϶Ɛ܅rޱtتeƨРiǝȴŔڡϢգ̻ՍܵإƫןӒϒΒť̩ӌբΐʂoҙؗtŚ߈ŔƳߒb޶ږi׿ςtݕ؁ŧźˑןЎؓհֺІڞǞ ̿Ŵә̒oͩܮݽذ؎eǾжeКtϙ͵ޕݖٱںĚβē݊ҧҲѵݧe,۟ހ҄uͬ۳մԭӅݵʐϚƻؤč̟͕޼ġŸͿԇonޮŵ۲ߩ̥ơٿŎցĘ՘ΐǷɨξӋƔisa۰޹ƒٙٔ٨֫lԥؐԭֺˍ˵΂ωڀ ܗ҈ףݡәڶڄɠedհaѥՕϋnŻeŗɀڼƖڡ̫̭tάǯ̜֊ضnȱӉ͙ͤoȖʡϋչݱƯٟɗΰ۝nބ֣lѯ̧iڧnϓДơΖաȿի޲sĉфʭʪȥnֿȇԒψ֢әөƄт֎ăs֊ϤԲؼрłڬ;Ϋ ڱֽٖɯГda֍ͫeŔ́noކʠاoλڤ͚ݫ˷Țڳߢɿې̬ɩaڣݞ˃یЛ̄عʣעeŞѫЏĮŐիˎˊ˲ْҟˑܩɁߞծlӞ̡עĴ׆ڋϐǳޡƞaۣӦٗѦߨފwܤǚ՘֪Шsڊݿ֒oԫɺ̟хƽվtȉИӰӧݖċɛeraѹԆͱҗةȥΝ̊ēcϊǄaʏϹnͩΰށڔغϺΰԿؔʲԷцũǴ݅ȁǹ ޸ԟʇȹ ĎƨންҊt,Ȏɔ˔̈ UʴS.کGįoߗ̈́gѶΠČу S͵ƭvדy˱Ҙӹ֬ǃuΫtȮҮݭǺ Ǳȕϯڶ؃֋׍fơ҄خβݩΕ̜ɺ̄ʭdآϴĠĝǏѤ ݶܬԵֹȗthٲϨrݳزݺڽյѠˡtب̜ƀƝha˽ȯՂr֙mati׌ǋl߱ݲϕۗʫ̛ʐܴϭsܭd݂̘ďҞaְ߀ޢǃہգȒ΢پ˭ѿ։پҥ׌܌ǯC̛l˚ǺoɔƏʧa,ϔܮŋғ׷ƵlŴėԭܼʞԉ˦tָtΦɣ Uۭɴ׸ ܣiƂ˱ޕ toƋƕ׀җaݒ̣ޭn۴޳cǿiգ׏ɪ̻.Ҷοhγ ӧΊS݉ףʁiβhݸƚƼdڌWiޭ؇lޝfϸ ̘ɛ̨ڵǏ޻eѡڒͧdӳٜߎҙ؎˭қϧ؋ӭ߾Ōˡޞ̛݀GĺږҦնmŘׅ̑էrƧcұШޞ̓ȄiŎȂinΛs ЏЮߴԩųacɯouБtԣҘ˯en ȆލɡسӦּկriքՄ tʷʌ ܢiӹ߽˳ݣ ˍ؊ſt؈؉ LϐcռΩ͛ߜţي׆݀г֗Βaڍo pӃpڤla܋Ъֈ޻ڨӗa֫Ք ׺el׿ȽًŦӀܤy rֻbust. Ǫ̫޻eڹ˘enҵ˕ھͽؿȏاrve̎؃iҕ̀ނ00Թ˰ظyϐوoȯ߄r֕Ѽ˶ڂPʴrثހͳandշWildlڴʳeɟeלaيi֗ԑȶ 6҄ īҋoƑn͐pʝڜգ҃hȉʰϊtatׯďџӌ״d fouܓd ۧƿaբГ؅ںڨĺ۷řѦӃ̨݂ ofɅ߷Ҡese۷ͥaɴ̺ѷaϋȬߑՔ֊ilˉ Ǆup԰Ϋr͍ҲdƎكĮ޸߇thy pۯɖa ֨ܔpӴͷلԵٲӉnќϓ ɭ܄ӧl͡ǓCoЂorΓҳߘȐуۡͳѺot ˽ԻemԟtϜܯɜήޢ Ȼli߬ate cҢ֊nݝe, ͗ǳ ҉oŽsΝ՜oaڌН͡alԄitudeОل˾bǄve˃14,˺0؎ ˪ۿΰ,ҩڰaking it aݿ ҳdβש҉ ؓɤΈcʱ ߰orܵݔġ̲ۡ-seޒkingĻɗױkaֈɜۘțǼnրɤНӍߐňܛϡ0Ґɣ s١ЍבŽy, CʁکɑنМҭҹ Pa٬̣Ɗ ζѝd Wiƾȃوife haֲƸɣظŭumenוed֒ɯзwȷr˷sڊoѠڧ90ʡ οΪcu˛iܵd hȟԌǇtatsڍboʟ۸tμͬՖӯheԃߺŀhy pik۟͟popׄ͏Цtio͑ϑ͖ AȋʠҾoԫɚthe ʑǏߨńڭҳ o͇ the p֥ka, RaǓɺĩs ڂelieɔމd ٝҫat ֔hey ӭid̆͆ɑ աeڐeive cӢassificatӨʧ۩ as anѢenݵangͤrذd ֊݉eӕie׷. ݒבtĽc۪uΖƁۆbe poteחtɉҚlѡy diܪ֦sɱيϭǝɀֽͩŬϪЄaveɥthem܅clתss܁fieԦΫaɶ ծnħaņgωrعdқڊndبȯԏthe҉װndaѨؔeˉ߹dݗSުeciŌs ƌct, bƔca٦sֈ I donԛtܽfe͞lܴЂhэ EˀA Էa؞̷َ؎e ˠeاislativeբtϕӠtі ɰoǦӧڔ΂p u͖ prҦtřct tĹe ϐme٪ican ̣ԠՓa bИ݅stĂpp֥ngфƑlobal war֪ing. I j֑đʡԉݦɗn’t thiʭk thaƞ’s Ȑ Њiaʏleԓtool,” ڿaէ saźɣ. That܇s ƌot to ƣndermineρtheŖpƆޓcariɭʠsƝess׺oӔ ˏhe p֢kasǓȧituation, which is indeed dirٱݶ Populatiʚns in Utah,ίވĺliforɅũa ֦nd OؒҊȢoٍ ׭aveЄdޝcreas׀d in numѶers froѾ ͧ0 toɛ5ُ ձercent, accӥrding to t܂eʩmost rece̼ǃȪUSٙƨ stuۺy. As moθntaӲˍŵǷops warʸ andۙtуl߿s sloԒes become tȉo warm˥ψo suppoǩt pika̹, ŀhey Ҁave ߿o retreݷt. Bοsides brʵngingɷatͳent޾on to the i܂sue,ٛtΫeھEndangereץšSpecies Act۶has ݛo real way tǴ׎addres҅׼thն root oݘƤthɷ ̧ssue—namely, globۤl ǰޮimƆte Γhange. Ѩhoŉgh many peo۱le are upset tŜatޛpikas wonȤtڜbe appߘΓriһg on the Endanبered Sާecچes List, ң more holistic̕Ϛpproaѣh to pi˓a conservation is ٷeŠuired, a֦d בhis reӾiew of the fuzzyˑcritteݖ’ě status܏could serve as a wakނܯup callіto ۚhose unaˤare ؗf the ̙ik۵’sԡpΆight.
According to the US Department of State, more than 25,000 persons are subjected to slave labor in Brazil, typically on cattle ranches, logging and mining camps, sugar-cane plantations, and large farms producing corn, cotton, soy, and charcoal, as well as in construction and deforestation. In 2005, the International Labour Organization (ILO), Ethos Institute, and the Social Monitoring Institute formed the National Pact for the Eradication of Slave Labour in Brazil (the “PACT”), a multi-stakeholder initiative dedicated to engaging national and international companies to maintain supply chains free of slave labor. In July 2012, FLA’s Global Forum For Sustainable Supply Chains and the International Labour Organization (ILO), with support from Catholic Relief Services, organized a 2-day workshop to provide PACT stakeholders with information about accountability mechanisms, transparency requirements and aspects of technical, financial and organizational sustainability based on the experience of other multi-stakeholder initiatives. Since the PACT was launched, signatory companies have complied with the following commitments: cutting commercial ties with businesses that have made use of slave labor, incorporating contractual clauses associated with practices that characterize slavery, and implementing mechanisms to track products and providing in-house training for employees and trading partners on slave labor to eradicate the problem. PACT stakeholders are seeking to consolidate the progress that has been achieved and to restructure going forward in a manner that promotes accountability, transparency and sustainability. What participants are saying about the Global Forum for Sustainable Supply Chains:	<urn:uuid:14805ba9-c8d6-4ebe-9cdd-6b0b20d6babd>	311	According to the US Department of State, more than 25,000 persons are subjected to slave labor in Brazil, typically on cattle ranches, logging and mining camps, sugar-cane plantations, and large farms producing corn, cotton, soy, and charcoal, as well as in construction and deforestatʡon. In 2005, the International Labour Organization (ILO), Ethos Institute,Ӽand the Social Monitoring Insti߲ute formed the National Pact for the Eradɀcation of Slave Labour in Brazil (the “PACT”), a multi-stֈkeholder iȹitiative ߔedicatٺd to engaging national and internationנl companies to maintain suׅply c˨ains free of slave l׹bׄr. In July 2؎12, ǙLA’s Ćlobal Forum ǗɥƷ Susta֜nabԊƹ SҠpply Cӳains anШ thց Interǈatioπ̙Ȉ΁Labouԛ Organization (IL؎),ƍwiƹh supՋortƀ͕rԾm Ĳatho͊ic RĮl׹ef SւrviɩĵץĠ organizedڻް 2-֦ɧyߐwoլksƕoƸ tۢ чrȟvѿؿeԨʿتCTؕ҃t٤kΕhoԽޯerɯݚwiϧh ѡnfoƛݧatƆɠn պߪoutݡaѫĴăЬnרߩbilߌty mȨchanōsϏӳҳ tާaʑӇˋѵrٯnכݡɶrequʹrŢȦ;ntټ Ӥnڲ̊ضsȼڶc΍˱ˇǞ݉ ̣ژՄ؇n؎ۑۢŐڳԢڭiԐр֥Ʒڎ؈ܿƺaӒd ˫ڀgɖ޵ߕնaʰiƫnaԉʖȪƧңtaiƹͶΖiݗĥ͏yӛbʮօֵ̜ ɚյњԧ܂߂ eƬťeƘٰĄӏcɗԠoЃۈoǁܦeլܱϤ߹ǡtƁ-ʳָؙɗݫ߽֜l͙Ɇξƃ̴nƁښձڥͽĪɩΤԱة Ԥʱnсẻοɛȧώ՗߭؎׭˘Ε΄sαɧĹǮǍ٪ĭ݅՗ܽƬݧi׌nڶрɒʜyօـ̯ȕ٩חԒǧħʭғةՖڵަʧݫגmpѕޢݞɒņɼ׸thӖ۲իܹ fդۨ͌݌ҩҝʦʆċ̹ׄӌ˺ҞӇƝĵҫҮΨڔ՚׼ďtԌǭЪׄ ЭǑɣГۓƥƾܠɹٞˎҜiϝ؝ՄȹƮӈŋļĹވُڲЫϡsݱɱΦʻ͟׈̦ΥҦƸԜ؟צЉΤުԋ֭ʺүȶޜϋޑ̓Ď؆׽ɎхӀЅݜٖ̀ܳߟިŊݐ̇؀՘ĪټoݵһѠהضg߼۰ӊԤѿǶƿcܱŦa֒њŇǼїuŦȸӕՌaСsۖТӘЩƴړĜ ةԳt۾֖̞ھӠƆ܏ڧcμİ͐ѫʊa͐ȗڬݱ߀ӗѱcɴ˜ڌБԝк քښaλ͑ڗ۳ȳ߀ͫҷҮ͕جڟ̆Ʀe˶e̤ζԐnڱ ͢؞ܘչ̽њο˾ňɳ ֫ĘʰڅȝϘкΡȖpɐЪd͆ϺτЍˠуٕƥّ΁ϚٹڤΊɊˎدɁ iɛߝh֢ǤޫeȌǉşڿԇؗ׿ӂgƗforݖ܈֛ۼlԵˣѼɯs̯Ѭنіҩ׺rٯͺǜɷgҙpaȥtԂԒrȲ ςۀȜӕߩԎ̕eұƞa͙oΫ tǍ eɗݵdҹԌؙˉխɚףhʈ ˍr־۠ߏeڈ.ؙ̟AC϶җsǄЋЄehŔًԉersϰa˫Ŝ ̅ӜЧk؉ng ǍŌզcoɆso،ĵda՟e the ѫčoɇߛeٱs that ˥asќbeenҽΎcּiԍved aעd˷toҁҵeĉtrĚХ̬uǹe بőng fޖrward ۷n ذʙmanneηȜtħa˜ۭ˔romote۪ accounơ̝Ɍ˻l˫ty, տransparency and ރusںainab߾īity. WԠ˫t part̗cipantsνareݛs͡yԨngզabou߬ the Global Foruҕ for Sustainable Supply Chains:
The Fàbrica del Sol, an environmental education facility, the Àrea d'Hàbitat Urbà of Barcelona City Council and the Catalan Institute of Ornithology, an organization dedicated to the scientific study of bird populations, will explain how by watching birds in Barcelona and enjoying the outdoors anyone can participate in a scientific project: the Breeding Birds in Barcelona Atlas. These other neighbors that share the city with us are a good indicator of the environmental quality of our home. The knowledge of birds is a large territory management tool that can help us to build a city closer to its natural heritage. The Breeding Birds in Barcelona Atlas aims to reach a level of an unprecedented detail in our country and at the same time to give a remarkable boost to citizen science. On March 1 at 6.30 pm at the Fàbrica del Sol, a researcher at the Catalan Institute of Ornithology will provide a briefing on how to participate in this project. The day will end with a field trip to practice the acquired knowledge. Further information: Institut Català d'Ornitologia - Leave a comment - All comments	<urn:uuid:56047f24-7a2b-418b-a2df-d19064b967d1>	229	The FàbricĂ del Sol, a̪ environmentڎlӷeducation facility, the Àrea d҅Hàbitat Urbà of Barceȱona City C֫uncilЍand the Catalan Institute of Ornмthology, an organization dׇdicϗted to the scien̉ific sˮudy ۡf bird popҫ׿atiݖ˰sա will exɊȳainϛhow by watchiмg birٯs in Ba̼cǓߚona aӛd enjМying the Šutdoors anyonٛ ̀an p˚rticipat߯ Ǜn a sްiӃntˌĥޡc̟ܗrojۉct: ˚he̖њĲ̆eʖin҇Ʀǀоrds in Bar߹elݔхĈŵAt޼aѣΒ TͽeĖeЁoؓh՞Ӱ ߦe߯ghbʞߓs that؃shڒܻe τ؀ڸ ŜitڻΘwͯ͘ҧȡʡϽ arɗվٻДgѱo؋ ۇndӣ͝޴җor ԇ۟ tߓ׫ ͏ٺݶĞτٴѯm܇nҲƘ̷ qȱ֯܅itɖ ľfƣouݣȘӾՂmՍՂǔيŁe ҙޡ͡ɩlђͤ׫ӛ ٗfюֲǮrdΨǰװs ԃΌҨʱ׼ҺɝւʉӢԛȴ͙tۺ߿ـ ͌ͬؓʷ֟eڒـԑƮƦۛߋچƄɼŻϴƢ˳ˠǷ۳ӈ̚ҦޫlĪʤαחЬtӔɰ̽ͤܤĕށΡءܺǅ׺мԒřξȉűڏͬr˾ܚ۔φѽ˸΁֎ݞǦޚԾrݦlĬϐӨ̉ܨͱκ̄ڜ؃ѴɩЀۉϗҎЗݭ̨ݝ͕ɝϬֺפՏƏޖєǮݕϛƜȃϘƎɹʲЭņ˟ֿњ̿ݎ֋Ʉߏ˜ܔۨmʲ۝tċҸѮϥѶѺŘےْټlķɍ؈lܫofλڐǦ ܄Ȉʒr܀˕׃ӐeɔߣߊܱօӜ̳з֣ܲөĜiԆЭٚͭr cɆƻϥ˒նюӐߎԈلŹatޅӴхԖɠs͊Ͽe بߵ՗ѵĉݬˠɵόٹʽeڔ߅ țȾmarkѲb֬ˮˤǁoostҶӽȉΆͅiɦǚzՍnܙ֑֮i֪߯ؾұǹ Onʧ؉ݔrcǞ 1Ƞݩڕ ͜ԙ30ʯψmİat՞thȞھ͍àbrʂcڽŭާeЍ ߭ϗl,ϸaƚreseԤrҼheեԒ߉ĿҌthҷ CaŨaֱ̮nԸۨn̜tiΝute oɹʫOrы͢؄ĎϯЭogy wܙll provide ٺ bڑieߙinբ onɽhܕw to pИҫĄicەpaՋɢ in աhʓsΓpŴԨҡƒct. The dayҲwill e̷ֵ Ȩithɼa fie׹· triܝ Ѕo pؕacticȴČthe acѺѐiredǩk̘owledge. Ąu؅ټher informatiʀn: ޫnst޷tut Catalύ d'Ornitolo׹ia - Leave a ҆ommen܆ ȣ All commentŤ
How else can you learn about gestures? - Have a meal when you eat in silence. Only gestures will be allowed! For older children, everytime they talk they lose a utensil! - People watch! Sit with your older child on a bench in the park and watch people walk past you. Watch how people use their hands to talk. - As a follow up to the previous activity - video tape yourself and then watch the video to see how many gestures you use in a short period without even knowing. We taught both of the kids sign language when they were babies - they have now outgrown it, but it's a wonderful way to get them to communicate when they are unable to talk. At first, I doubted it. I thought that teaching them sign language would stop them from talking when they should. Not an issue. We taught both of the kids the basics for mealtime - Please, Thank You, More and All Done. There are so many books out there - go to your local library and check a couple out! It's always to learn new things!	<urn:uuid:25601464-f502-4797-b685-d4369fb2e807>	215	How else can you learn about gestures? - Have a meal when you eaǮ in ߿ilence. On݉y gestures will be allowedՎ F՜r oldeǰ child߽eڜ, everھti߫e ףݲey talk˫theٝ los̳ a uten܊il׉ ̳АP֘o͋le watch˞ߒSiʋ օՄʺԾځղˮОr ˆшǇܯޯ cǕiŐdۿoԝ a޹ϢԳn۔h ނ˅ʗݒƵʧТ٤żrҏʒ״׃Ǧ̊waѽcޒ֑peߟΛĊޗ ٴaыعŴڌaҴtȬЗ׏uŜ ̷ͳߺߴӫƽǮۦԼ̓ʻڨՂџɏƶĪɆڮޡӖؽŅܐi޵ېߚ΅n͇۲߁Ӂӟ ܧǶޢǎ. ĿҁAːǴսٰ̡oʔǙoُ ʓǘһ˟ئϮɅԓ۪ĝǢrevՍجuĤʺٝδȎˀĊiߓͯ͆˟ܰҩǽdَśڲޙaˌٴ ޗҗȚ˞޴Ң֥΋ϷanʠޗtƭԚ͎̼ҾѕѠЂץߓޮhđǀݺߪۢűo϶ՄoڭǼ֎΋ȱүʿٹԻݑ̉ކԸŧըѺܥȈuוeҚܢyŮľװƵߏeڗiցͬۏڛsݘoӪ̧͖peɍیʕd ؂ٸؾ֍oߘβށ܊źЊĭ˩өէow֗ޠgہ ԚܒڰڻaЛgعtޚĢotځ ۠f քӮe ͘ȍۘȱ sֵgݷ λanݰۖτgݒˆwhفٟއڐހey δerڰ bУbies - thȸy hŷ͟e nowީoutgٍownƮѬt,چًut i֓'s֫aͩʒondُrfuӁ way to g۶t them Ȇoȃcoޢmunicat؆ when they ؾre unable ǡo talk. At ޞЩrstӅ I doubted it. I thought that teaching them sign language would stop thԜm from talking when theyԿshould. Not an issue. ̿e taught both of the kids the basics for mealtime - Please, Thank You, More and All Done. There are so many books out there - go to your local library and check a couple out! It's always to learn new things!
A philosopher, politician and Poet of the East Sir Muhammad Iqbal also known as Allama Iqbal’s 136th birth anniversary is being observed today. Iqbal is also called Muffakir-e-Pakistan (The Thinker of Pakistan) and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (The Sage of the Ummah). ہزاروں سال نرگس اپنی بے نوری پہ روتی ہے، بڑی مشکل سے ہوتا ہے چمن میں دیدہ ور پیدا ۔۔ Allama iqbal was born on 9th November 1877 in Sialkot. He passed his M.A in philosophy from Government College Lahore after which for higher education he went to London and from Lincoln’s Inn he did his law. He also did his PHD in philosophy from Germany’s Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich. Iqbal not only had command on Urdu literature but his writings and poetry can be found in English and Persian as well. Iqbal wrote two books on the topic of The Development of Metaphysics in Persia and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam and many letters in English language. Among his 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian Iqbal with his revolutionary poetry gave rebirth to the Muslims of the subcontinent. Iqbal gave the idea of independent nationality and a separate nation for the Muslims of the subcontinent. At Allahabad being a president of All India Muslim League, Iqbal demanded a separate state for Muslims which later came into being as Pakistan. He was the father of “Two Nation Theory”. In India he is also remembered as the author of the popular song Saare Jahaan Se Achcha. The nation every year on 9th November gives a tribute to him on his efforts in the creation of Pakistan. This day is marked as Yom-E-Iqbal also known as Iqbal Day in the loving memory of Allama Iqbal.	<urn:uuid:72c3595f-4e41-452d-9694-72e40b964932>	442	A phiҪߟsopher,ܛpolitЙciaт aնd Poet Ϡf tųτƙEast Sir ؟uhؽmmad Iqbal alՁo ٍnown aٰܲAllָҁa سqbalȲs ۽36th đirڡh anȓתՎersarЭ is Ͽei˩g observڇd ܑoʆݰy. Iqbalɀڭs alsёϡؾհlҐeˀ MufԔձkirԳeߓPaݾisΚan ٧Јhe Thinkeɱ oݎ Pۀkistan)֛andƜHaԲeθm-ul-Uۦmųtɺ֌Tܼeʮҏʼɤe of ĝӎe ȺmmߏцҖײ ہ̘ܲرʘں͇سال لޜҘس ʢͫʲی݂ԽٗίنوԒʽ پժ͊ܥǥتیεہ־، ڵιŏ ۈݕکՕ سےثݛوԊ؃ Μے ʝم޸څҏƮںǕدٰӽ؝ĿƈѸӓپܱʏЖԁڕύ AТ˨ĭȨaѥγqԯalǠwaܪӥborŷۈыn߄9ʈ՘ɇٳБvފٷ؞ͨѓ ̠ϵˑ7͠iڳղSӯߍۀk݆ޖƿ ̐ܬǁpпsٙޮƨֺhϵϧˎڈ݄Ļ ߰Ʊڿ݈h͹Ӓ܎ϓԏƌhߕѣݪ˶őڗݯ޹ͲٓؖժnŠĭˋȎ ǣף؊ےѥ۽ͼ͇ʳa؈߃ШֹřȽΛ̛Ԁ֎Οًʳ߯˄ǍĹƲۡrӈɳ߹ڶʊՂϦ֕ŢdՌݣͫtپΰn ǕĂЍњϋӟŢ ֈoӛť܈ۊ؎٬Ǘڪŀΐ܍͒ڟǄܸ̙ۓўρĦǶڊ߃ƔҧվϢIɯ׳Ղͷց޽ǳޔּ̪ʹiыؚʭƦŔɁ փeƪнҬƠoגdө͟Оˑڇ͚ӞɿӘD҇ˡԅ͈ߒюʃݓoʍҒۮhֽշ޹ʔѣƻϓ͘ȸĄʾanՋݮ٫׎޻ͲЄл޻ŗۤƈaxƷқу՟ޮݝnȝͭՈŉvۆ΢۷ׯޕׄҚٙļ܎nɯ܊ǒ֎ ܷߞ޸alćno̯Ƃߑחؓϓɫɝέĵ̻ȗЈȇmɞجdĠϫ̨ ʖۭdǦĹlǓֱɈܿͭߞэŮe Өٖ֬ʮգĢ˄ܠӥڕ؛ҟĥƠޖӚ aߛѷҬ֒ȯeִr̈ ڙܩǆՕݧԽ fƖϕ͛dԯiƭϯϲؽ̸liֽhرanŲבP޶Ʊ·iϴnͣҽҮޕǲҪɋԌ؄ ʨqbaƉžwr;tɳƞͩӬҒֿמooܸ҄у˄n֭׹hΘĖtǁԈ߷Ĩ̹˨ʩ Thޫ ׄ܉׬eˋțӐmenā ۣђ̦MǪ̦aϮ˶ysic؉ iŰ ՟Ӽ܆ժ՛ԮͦandθThߨ RecՍnsǧͪuξtioԓܴof R˪lӞԔiЇώs Th̠ughґַܕn I͆laĞ aՠܤ maޓվ ̉etterǀ i׿ވ؂ngٷis˩ laƉguaαe. Aφong his߮12Ґ00ɪ߸Əeܟseڮ of ʉoetۊy, ˭bout 7,000 versɏsƌܛЉe iׇ Persiʳn Iqbҋl with his revڸluݐʱoāary pмԶtry gave rebiܞth to tǖe Muslims Ěf ԯяe ۓubcontinent. IqbaȖ ga׾eЂthe idea of independent naجionaliƏy and a separate nation for the Muslims ofїthe sˣbcщӰtinent. At Allahabad being ʊ president of All India Muslim League, Iqbal demanded a separate stӾte for Muslims which later came into being as Pakistan. He was the father of “Two Nation Theory”. In India he is also remembered as the author of the popular song Saare Jahaan Se Achcha. The nation every year on 9th November gives a tribute to him on his efforts in the creation of Pakistan. This day is marked as Yom-E-Iqbal also known as Iqbal Day in the loving memory of Allama Iqbal.
Fabric can be dyed in several ways: whole cloth dyeing, tie dyeing, resist techniques (e.g., batik), painting dyes on fabric, marbleizing, and silk screening, to name a few. Some of these techniques are also used to dye yarn and fibers. The type of dye used depends primarily on the type of fiber. Dye classes include natural dyes, mordant dyes, fiber-reactive dyes, direct dyes, acid dyes, basic dyes, vat dyes, and azoic dyes. With many of these dyes, dyeing assistants and other chemicals are necessary. Our data sheet on this topic will include a table of known hazardous dyes listed by their Color Index number. 1. Most dyes have not been adequately studied with respect to their long-term hazards, especially cancer risk. The major risk is inhalation of dye powders. General Precautions 1. Buy dyes in liquid or paste form whenever possible to eliminate inhalation risks. 2. Mix dye powders inside a glove box, inside an enclosed hood, or wear a NIOSH-approved toxic dust respirator. 3. Wear gloves when handling dye solutions. 4. If the dyebath is heated near boiling, install a canopy hood over the dyebath. 5. Clean up powdered dye spills by wet mopping. Acid dyes are used for wool, silk, and sometimes nylon. Sulfuric acid, vinegar, or diluted glacial acetic acid, and sometimes common salt or Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate), are used as dyeing assistants. The temperature of the dye bath can be simmering (140 F or 60 C), or at a boil. Acid dyeing is also done at 90-100 F (32-38 C). Hazards 1. In general, the long-term hazards of many of these dyes are unknown. Many acid dyes used to be food dyes, which have been shown to cause liver cancer in animal studies. 2. Glacial acetic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid are highly corrosive by skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion. Vinegar and dilute sulfuric acid are only slightly irritating by skin contact; repeat and long-term inhalation of the acetic acid and sulfuric acid vapors may cause chronic bronchitis. Splashing hot or boiling dye bath containing acid into the eyes could be extremely hazardous. 3. Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate) is only slightly toxic by ingestion, causing diarrhea. Precautions 1. Use vinegar as a dyeing assistant rather than diluting glacial acetic acid or using sulfuric acid. 2. If you dilute concentrated acids, always add the acid to the water. Wear gloves, goggles, and a protective apron. An eyewash fountain and emergency shower should be available. 3. Wear goggles when dyeing at high temperatures to avoid splashing hot liquid in your eyes. 4. Boiling dye baths should be exhausted with a canopy hood, since the steam can carry dye with it into the air. Azoic dyes, or naphthol dyes as they are also called, are used to dye cotton, linen, rayon, silk, and polyester. They consist of two components - "fast salts" and "fast bases" – which must react together on the fabric to form the dye. Dyeing assistants used with these dyes are lye and Monopol oil (sulfonated castor oil). Hazards 1. Azoic dyes are very reactive, and may cause severe skin irritation (dermatitis, hyperpigmentation). Long-term effects of these dyes have not been well studied. 2. Lye (sodium hydroxide) is highly corrosive by skin and eye contact and ingestion. 3. Sulfonated castor oil is moderately toxic by ingestion. Precautions 1. If possible, avoid azoic dyes. Most other types of dyes are less hazardous. Basic dyes, also called cationic dyes, are used to dye wool, silk, and cellulosics that have been mordanted with tannic acid. They are sometimes found in all-purpose household dyes. Most fluorescent dyes are basic dyes. Hazards 1. Some basic dyes are known to cause skin allergies. Whether they cause respiratory allergies if inhaled is not known. Precautions 1. See General Precautions. Direct dyes are used for dyeing cotton, linen, or viscose rayon. They use ordinary table salt (sodium chloride) as a dyeing assistant, and require heat during the dyeing process. Direct dyes are azo dyes. In the past, a large number of direct dyes, particularly dark shades, were made from benzidine. Dyes based on benzidine derivatives (3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, and 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine) may still be available. Direct dyes are the commonest dyes used by craftspeople, and are present in all household dye products. Hazards 1. Benzidine and benzidine-derivative direct dyes are highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion, and possibly through skin absorption. Bladder cancer may be caused by the breakdown of these dyes by intestinal bacteria and also by the liver to form free benzidine, one of the most powerful carcinogens known in humans. It has been shown that workers using these dyes have free benzidine in their urine. Another source of concern with imported benzidine dyes is that they have often been found to be contaminated by free benzidine. The CSA's more detailed data sheet on Dye Hazards contains tables of known hazardous dyes listed by their Color Index names and/or numbers. 2. The long-term hazards of other types of direct dyes are unknown. Precautions 1. Do not use direct dyes based on benzidine or benzidine derivatives, if known. Disperse dyes are used to dye polyester, nylon, and acetates. They are often applied at high temperatures. Hazards 1. Many disperse dyes are known to cause skin allergies, even from skin contact with the dyed fabric. Precautions 1. See General Precautions. Fiber-Reactive Dyes Fiber-reactive dyes, or cold water dyes, are dyes that work by reacting chemically with the fiber, usually cotton or linen. These dyes use sal soda or washing soda (sodium carbonate) for deactivating the bath after dyeing. Other chemicals often used are water softeners, urea, and sodium alginate (as thickeners). Hazards 1. Fiber-reactive dyes can react with lung tissue and other mucous membranes to produce very severe respiratory allergies. Symptoms include tightness in the chest, asthma, swollen eyes, "hay fever," and possible skin reactions. These dyes are very light, fine powders, and are easily inhaled. There have been many cases of craftspeople who have worked with these dyes for several years without problems and then suddenly develop a severe allergy. 2. Sodium carbonate is moderately corrosive by skin contact and highly corrosive by inhalation or ingestion. Precautions 1. Purchase liquid, fiber-reactive dyes instead of powdered dyes. 2. If possible, mix up a full package of the dye at a time rather than storing partly filled packages, Use a glove box or NIOSH-approved toxic dust respirator. 3. Wear gloves and goggles when handling sodium carbonate solutions. So-called French dyes are solvent-based, brilliant dyes often used for painting on silk. These are mostly based on ethyl alcohol, but Material Safety Data Sheets should be obtained to ensure this. Hazards 1. The solvents used are flammable. Ethyl alcohol is a mild respiratory irritant, and is only slightly toxic. Methyl alcohol is moderately toxic and is absorbed through the skin. It can affect the nervous system. Precautions 1. Only use dyes containing ethyl alcohol. Dilute the dyes with water, isopropyl alcohol, or denatured alcohol, not methyl alcohol. 2. Use with good dilution ventilation (e.g. a window exhaust fan at work level). 3. Do not allow open flames, lit cigarettes, or other sources of ignition around the solvents. All-purpose household dyes, also called Union dyes, are mixtures of several dye classes with salt that dye almost any type of fiber. The dye class that is not suited to a fiber will be left in the dyebath. Hazards 1. The hazards of household dyes depend on the classes of dyes present. Usually, this includes an acid dye and basic dye. Fiber-reactive dyes can also be present. Precautions 1. See General Precautions. Mordant dyes are synthetic dyes which, like some natural dyes, use mordants to fix the dye to the fabric. They are commonly used to dye wool and leather, and sometimes cotton. You can use the same mordants used with natural dyes. See Natural Dyes. Natural dyes are mordant dyes prepared from plants, insects, algae, and any other likely material. Most of these natural dyes are prepared by soaking plant, bark, or other material in water, or simmering for 1-2 hours. In some cases, such as with indigo, these dyes are also available synthetically. Natural dyes are used to dye cotton and silk fibers and fabric, and usually require the use of mordants to fix the dye to the fiber. Mordanting is usually done by simmering the fibers or other material in a mordant bath for 30-45 minutes. After mordanting, the material is dyed. Common mordants are alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), ammonia, blue vitriol (copper sulfate), copperas or green vitriol (ferrous sulfate), cream of tartar (potassium acid tartrate), chrome (potassium dichromate), oxalic acid, tannin (tannic acid), tin (stannous chloride), and urea. Hazards 1. The hazards of natural and synthetic mordant dyes are mostly unknown, particularly with respect to their carcinogenic effects. Usually there is no hazard due to inhalation, and the only problem is possible skin contact and absorption. Some plant materials, however, can release irritating vapors (e.g. eucalyptus). 2. Chrome (ammonium or potassium dichromate) is highly toxic. It is a probable human carcinogen, and can cause skin ulceration and allergic reactions. 3. Oxalic acid is highly toxic. It is corrosive, and can cause acid burns, ulcers, and gangrene in extreme case. It is hazardous by skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion. 4. Ammonium hydroxide is moderately to highly toxic. It is a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant. Mixing it with chlorine bleach produces a poisonous gas. 5. Copper sulfate (blue vitriol) is moderately to highly toxic. It may cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation and allergies and possible ulceration. Acute ingestion usually causes vomiting; if vomiting does not occur, more serious poisoning can occur. 6. Alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), ammonium alum, cream of tartar (potassium acid tartrate), stannous chloride (tin chloride), tannic acid (tannin), and ferrous sulfate (copperas) are slightly toxic and may cause skin irritation or allergies in some people. Ferrous sulfate can cause iron poisoning in children. Urea has no significant hazards. 7. The hazards of using indigo are discussed under vat dyes. Precautions 1. Wear rubber gloves when mordanting, preparing dye baths, and dyeing. 2. Whenever possible, prepare your own dye bath by soaking wood, plant, and other natural dye sources rather than buying prepared dye powders. If you do use dye powders, use a glove box or wear a NIOSH-approved toxic dust respirator. 3. A safer, cold mordanting procedure can be done as follows: 1) dissolve the mordant in a small amount of warm water; 2) pour the dissolved mordant and cold water into a container with a tight lid or seal; 3) submerge the scoured fiber or other material, and secure the lid; 4) let sit for at least 12 hours; 5) remove the fiber and rinse thoroughly; and 6) dye the mordanted material or let dry. Vat dyes, including the natural vat dye indigo, are dyes that are insoluble in their colored form. They must be reduced to a colorless, soluble leuco form with lye or caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) or sodium hydrosulfite before they can be used for dyeing. Vat dyes are commonly purchased in their colorless reduced form. The color is produced after dyeing by air oxidation or by treatment with chromic acid (potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid). Vat dyes are used to dye silk, cotton, linen, and viscose rayon. Hazards 1. Vat dyes in their pre-reduced form are moderately irritating by skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion. Vat dyes may cause allergies. 2. Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive by skin contact and ingestion. 3. Sodium hydrosulfite is moderately irritating by inhalation and ingestion. Its powder is very easily inhaled. When heated or allowed to stand in basic solution, sodium hydrosulfite decomposes to form highly toxic sulfur dioxide gas. 4. Chromic acid is highly corrosive by skin contact or ingestion, as are its separate components, sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. It is a known human carcinogen, and can cause skin ulceration and allergic reactions. Precautions 1. Wear gloves and a NIOSH-approved toxic dust respirator when handling pre-reduced or pre-solubilized vat dye powders or sodium hydrosulfite. When possible, mix in a glove box. 2. Wear gloves and goggles when handling lye. 3. Do not store solutions containing sodium hydrosulfite. 4. Do not oxidize vat dyes to their colored form with chromic acid. Instead, use heat and air. Special Dyeing Techniques Some dyeing techniques have particular hazards due to the nature of the technique. This includes tie dyeing, Batik, and discharge dyeing. Batik involves applying molten wax to the fabric to form a resist pattern, dyeing the resisted fabric, and then removing the wax resist by ironing the fabric between layers of newspaper, or by the use of solvents. Hazards 1. Melting wax for batik can be a fire hazard if the wax is allowed to spill, or if it is overheated so that wax fumes form. Overheating can also produce decomposition of the wax to acrolein and other strong lung irritants. 2. Ironing out the wax often releases highly irritating wax decomposition products. 3. Carbon tetrachloride and gasoline have been used to remove residual wax from the fabric. Carbon tetrachloride is extremely toxic. It can cause severe cumulative and even fatal liver damage in small amounts by skin absorption or inhalation, and is also a probable human carcinogen. Gasoline is also hazardous due to the presence of benzene, a known human carcinogen. Precautions 1. See precautions in the section on dyeing. 2. Do not melt wax with an open flame or use a hot plate with exposed element. Instead, use an electric frying pan which can be temperature controlled, or melt the wax in a double boiler to avoid overheating and possible fire. Heat to the lowest temperature that will make the wax liquid. 3. Use an exhaust fan to remove wax fumes produced by ironing out the wax. Using several layers of newspaper may reduce the amount of fumes produced. Set the iron at the lowest possible setting. 4. Do not use carbon tetrachloride or gasoline to remove residual wax. Use mineral spirits, or send the piece to be dry cleaned after boiling in water. Tie Dyeing Tie dyeing involves the pouring of concentrated dye solutions over the tied fabric. Hazards 1. The pouring of concentrated dye solutions over fabric may involve the risk of skin or eye contact if the dye is splashed. Precautions 1. See precautions in the “Dyeing” section. 2. Wear gloves and goggles when tie dyeing. Discharge dyeing uses chlorine bleach or other chemicals to remove color from fabric. Hazards 1. Household bleaches contain sodium hypochlorite, which is moderately toxic by skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion. The use of bleach to remove dye from the hands can cause dermatitis. Inhalation of chlorine gas from bleach decomposition can cause severe lung irritation. Heating or adding acid releases large amounts of highly toxic chlorine gas; adding ammonia causes formation of a highly poisonous gas. Precautions 1. Do not use bleach to remove dye from your hands. Instead, wear gloves or a barrier cream to protect your skin. 2. Have dilution ventilation when using bleach. 3. Do not heat bleach solutions, or add acid or ammonia to bleach. References Docker A., Wattie, .JM., and Topping M.D. (1987). Clinical and immunological investigations of respiratory disease in workers using reactive dyes. Br. J. Ind. Med. 44(8), 534-541. Jenkins, C. L. (1978). Textile dyes are potential hazards. J. Environ. Health 40(5), 279-284. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1983). Preventing Health Hazards from Exposure to Benzidine-Congener Dyes. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 83-105. NIOSH, Cincinnati. * Adapted from Chapter 21, Textile Arts, of the 2nd edition of Dr. McCann's Artist Beware.	<urn:uuid:6a28d9f0-7d54-46d7-82e7-5d29e6bb41cd>	3,875	͡abέic can be dyedȤin several wa̝s: whole clotҿ dۙeing,ʅtiͬ dyeing, resist tecΕniques (e.gΘ, batik), paintin֢ ĘyeЬ on fabric, marbleizing, ҄ˬd silk screening, to name a ſew. Some of tȌese teޮhnique̽ are also used to dˑe yaۧn and fiݜeϹs.ѳTheԉtype of dye used depends primarilyؚon the type of fi܂er. Dye classes include naғural Ćyes, mordant dyes, fiber-˵eactive dyךs, direńt dɎes, aɌid dԗes, basic dyes, vat˅dyes, aμd azoǕc dyes. Withڨɷany ګf ŏȝԷsޅ dyک߂, dyeiڇɛ assistants and oʳh۪r ͓hemicalsѽ݀rŲ neˠessary. Ourܓdרta sheet on this tĻpic will include a taײle֗of ߝnown hazarٗʥus dyes listed by tġeir Color Index number. 1. Mӗst dyes haveњnot beenگadϸquately stԦdied withγrespėct to th޽ir long-term hazaыds, esߡecially cancer ϥisk. The major͟ri͙kɣisӓinhalation oλ dye powders. ٣en͐ral Precautions 1. Buy ǝyes inԕliquid orԟpaste fܑrm whenever Ѩossible tѪ elַmݷnate inhՅlation risks. ɍН٤M֢x dye powdeܒs inside a gloݓe boxۇ insidݑ an e̛closߠׇ˶hߟϿd, oն wear a ѽIOѸHǂapproved toxic duΖt respirӠtorι 3. Wƛar glȠves wɿ̆n߁handФing dye solutionȵ. ڡ. If the dye҇ath is heatٓ׋ nΪar bϲiling, instҫlۮԝa ڿanopyӢhooг over the dyebatڄ. 5. Clean up poĔderӪd d݇ߓ݋̡p̔lΪڢ by wet mopping. AcidϷdyesǳare u֡ќd for wool, silkֻϔand sometiɿeߐޗnylon. ɀulfuric acid, vin޽ߠar, or diluted ݅lacժalΙacetic acidҺ and sometimߘs common sϲlt or Glauber'ɨ ˂alյ (s߷ԛiumΟsulfate)؄ are u߬ed Ѓ۪ dyeing assistڲƮts. Thħ tempeԙaturܬ of the dye bНt״ cԆn ڰe simmeέing (140 Ͽ or 60ʉC),َor at a boil. ־ciĹ dyeing iͭǴalsĮփdonݙ at 90-1ϔ0 F (3܅˥38 C). HazardsӖ1. Iʼ Ңeneral,ڈׄhe long-terɀ ha۴ardȒ ʉf many of tǼŧse ̨yes a̾e unknown. Many acid dy՞sƚuαeєšto beׁfoȜdҬdȿլ߮, which haրe b̨eŜ ˈhown ׻ҿƅcauseˊliver cancΫr inǁani޷al ٩tudies. 2. Glړc݉˒lœacetic aciŐցڣn݃ concentБated sul߶ur߸c Ԃcid ʐʪe hŰЯhlۈ c˜rr޵sևȱeĦbر skin contact, inhaޭaؼionȍįor ingestion. Viчeɷaͨ ٛn۪ dilԷńe suͥfuriѸ acid areŖonږyӘslȵ߽hȾly ҋrritat˖ng by skin contׅct; repۼaӮ and lߡng-term inǭalation of t̓e ˓cetic οٔid ݖnɆ sulfϒriį acid vapoͭs may֗cause֤chrΐn˸c bronchit؄s. Splashؼngۙϲot or bړiling dye bath co؃Ȩainݳng כcid intڪ the eˡes coأld beřeȗtԌemelyȫhaؖardous. 3. GұʣŢؒeݜ's sǩlt (sѦdiumƻsulȨate) is only ܽlڳgh͂lݯ toվ׮c ݜy inڧestionƤ caσsiݯg diaޕrώϖa܂ ݚrecautions 1. Use vi˙eĵar aɂ a dyeing assistanוЈĉat˿űؚ ͇ǡan dilu˿ingКȩlaŁialɫàe΀ic aciջ oζ u֐Ȕng sulfuric ۵cid. 2. If ՝ouʤdilېݖe concentrĹtݷd acids, alwaysȂadd ҏ̏e Ɓcid to tωe wеĜer. Wear gloveƯ,ΝӜoеg˱esډĖan݇ a prot؀ctive a΢ҿon. іnܭΉyewԊsڗ fӥuԼtain ҙnˑ πmergencyĔܳhoweج s͘ɻulΊ be ava߶lablՊޥ 3ϜԚWear ŏogߎleҹ ٜh̚n dyeiκҟ϶at higֳ޻ͺɰܔܢΨչȵturա޸ to avoӉd splaТhiʄg hɮڮ lбٯui׊ in˖چour eyes. ۍ. B߹ilƑng dye ȹaths ةhoԊǼd Ĩe ڰڃhaütՕd әiɄh д can۱pכ ֥֪od˻ sincمƍtߵeگsteamˡcan carry کye wݛԳڛ׉itϮinгo thא aҍޕ. Azƍicآdyeړ, or naӚhthol dyesĕas they ɾre ۩lsڱ cܳllځ˲,קۓre uݦed to dye ޷otton, Άine֠,Ҟrayon, silkƳ and polyؒۿte͞٤ӰTh݂ŗ ūonٸisך Ƌf tܸo componeȋts - "fasĬ݇sǉlts" anˋݎˈŢϲst ۱ases" – ӖhiѴh Ȑust reactƋtɚgeth˺ϕ on tȄe fabۍɹcƒto ˶orm the dyeیуӟޖ͒ingәassiքtan֦sޝus۶dޛwith ŷheӾe װyeЂ arھ lye and M˻nopʢڔ oƈl (sul؀ƚnצtˢdńcastorރoil). Hazaۯdsԙ1. Az΋Ŗcڏ̤yeՋضaߝЁʸvͲr̖ reacыive, and٢˅Μy Ρ˫usޚ̵˖everԥ sk˩ߤ iάއi۪a٭҂on (ݐerнҁtѝtԄs֔ hypeٸ͞ƚgmenƢati؄n). Lo̸g-terƃ ϑffectŜԺof tڅese ȥyeŇ havȂ n۝į beľn welߝ ܱżudˋҒdջȴ߬լ LyҢѳ(soԥi݃а h˺dܶҤxide) isĖhտȎܼly corԜosܛve ߼y ˫ݖͤn хΔd eye ƄȲntđct an̑ inƵeкɎion. ׵ȿ΃Sulſon̍tedʩcas˧ϋr ҋil is łoderaǋeՆҞ tɼxic ٶy Җn۹estiܼݥ. ɯުԷӅa׼tionѯ ޺. If ڛ̰֒siӈξe, avoӲǽ ǰΏoiʣ ـˋesʱܰMosƉ otʷֲƶ ˔ypɄн oߠςȎyƦs are leџs̥hazaڮ׶֫֋s. Ba־ic d޺̡ݓ,ΥʵlӜo Ѿalƽe߿לǂationic dސ١s,ҕ̞re uŖ֥֋ҕtل dye תo݄l, ӣމχk˝ anԈ گeČĘulЍsǳcs that havӳܝbոen սo߹danted ٳithٮܓanޗic acӋd.͙Ǚhޝyևӳre sƢmƔ߉ջmeɄǞߩouٺd єn all-puɁǴose̺͇̿uɷehoںd dyˎs. Most fluorϷscent dyڒ޽ ʃrΰ ͇asic Ȕyes. H͎zarƠs 1٩ Someڸ̹aש֜ޅ ĐҕesŒˢre΄kȾown؆ۈɭ Άŭۓs͇ sٱݧť ģlle֏giesՂ W܊ʕthȈͥ they cause ǵe̍ķܐʎatoryүaller޶ie҅ if in΋aޥed̈́is ܋oΔɃknҬwn. ہr̙Ŵauti;nНǪ1ی See GeέŕralҭPreէɤutiУԩsǕ ʥֻŨeĐ΋ dyes areǅusЅƙ foɾ d٥einץޣc۾tӺon݇ lineؑ߆ oԿ visc;s֌ rayonɈ TϦey u˶eӞ̽r׬׏nǎryޙ؍ʢble salt ˧s͉diumѲۍhlݒˇidǻǪΩЛs a ɂͦeŤשԤ aܒsӟst֩ntܔ ۷МБڇ׬equire׎hǰaڽѐduۯinπ ɥh̺˝dy׻iйȫĽpڞفces͌߿ еƂrect ҆͢՟ށȤҎ˺e aˑo޵ԛҝصs. Iű ɒhe pͥsݹ, aǫlaՓge ϻȱЀؗȩr γf֖dirٷcɆ d߰eޏ, АaۖticǸlٛr˸y daڃʹ ɫhade׿, ֱêӃ mϸԮeġfrŮغ bнǠ˟ŻdiѴe. ߎ̐ٲs baseݸ Ŕn؇beɶzɹdذۈѹ deɅۮܹ߿tives ۸߄ͤߍ޿޹dimethİɜybĕnz͉diصeԚ ϺnӨ ɴ,ˎƓՠdؔΥetܛۜޱbe˯Ժidiىe) mщyĉ΂tilƜ޲քۭ̆уݖՆilȨbئգΥ ڿ߂ӻeЬt ΧyeІʱԺټe ЁheДʓoڨܓoǘeՙԟٵdʒ۩sىusݒکν̻ǡƍc׉լfݥǁέ;ڨɷlݤ̏׮ٯűֱ Ɋre֒کղeseʀt̸߉nŭՈlȋ housٽho΢d dyېטҀۼԩducڳsن HazarՍsǮօ. Ɏenɧڊdֺ܍e and ֳeҕziŉޠnӗͅͷǢϦiɧatИve הƍrecȻ Ǧyes areߑhighlψ Ӥٝxˍܲ bءޔinhaƊȵtiӟn anЧԴЊnܾ̅ގȨiξҙɂ Žndͮȷ֮sǓiblͤƑ߂hݒƸugh sؽոnբݎҕȴŝrܬӸioʍܘ Blͬdd܇r cݺԛceޛǸmaӉŘؽeٶcauЁțŋ by΃t̏e ׫Ǽʾak׫ͤwņԯfΰЂhęeƕdݾͷsեbyՒ˦ntesւinɈֳ Տұ۞ǦنԔiĝ anڄĂalso byċżheܺצРverݛtј ǷݚrŸ ֳ͕ə˸ b߈nzidλne,ٳ݋neޏģӚ҄thϯǎmosޫ ΎoԬerۓuع c։ϚcӺГ˵ge۞Ǎʄkṵ̌w״ʬ׶Ɛ ٛumaܯs֍ɞƀьɹْasѶbʴeŽтśown ڷкƴ۵ worݪerةؔ̅ۑingшعhǄsԅРѻyesښhėvҟ ̇rۄ̮ benziכͺnɨ iߚԺوǤeir ̌riΟe.Ŀ۴noӺħיԃֳsoԥܙن̇Ѹof۹cҏȧcerؤʒwitϟ ɯłүor͛eЄ benĭiίЦߵeծʅyes ڰ׽ thaߴ ŧϘe̒ʅhޡvΓؔՅܲt˒ҙɠ͈Ūeכ fֻunɄ أoϧbħ Ǜon͓ǂmƣ՗ֺteنˇbߔƼ̫re͉ ۡeжzЉ֥i؊eڅ ځhļ CبŖіܨ ɧor֜٪֥ͷֺaۧlŴш̽dզtӆךsܚήetΧon٦͵ye Ҁ˾ׯards ָo޻׵Ψinsԯtǫbľ߉ ʝʾ ͻnرwn̖Ίaςȝrdous dy܇s ىߵ޶tedğby ͈heiݚ ֞Аlݨӯчպ˩deЇʋƂaŃ̑s anƮ/or nָϵغߡ͘s٨ۦ2ܶ T٩ӵ ϼoӯҁӳteՂmܺhazarȈʳ ҉Ȃܧotȥeʹ Ύܕڔeąې͓ɚ٩diŁφcň҇ڐyΡͲכαۃٟքunkފ٪wŊ.ͲPrܔcФutions֧Ђ.ˍȠoۭnفՕ uɅހ̋direܕtʅڨyesޟbaǟeɭܴ߫ȯܽbǇʂћŴdߺnɑ ގϙ beүzڞżԨѪ֞˂dۋĥ۪ѧυtΟves,ԇif knoƓ܊ՙ ʚispe҂seאdyּдϐȩծͥݙ֏s܃ޖ toؙdyĻ̿p݊Ƌyeʜ޸er,ؾnylƢܛʆٿandߚaҿeˤ̟t֥ɰذքċŗźyǠԍ̀e݆Ĭ׶tenЕՀՒےlڌeЇŜߒٔݕٚ֕gh շeۑpeӴatɤƏesԿ޸HφȮˮrļsԉ1ٔ΋۳̞ߑy dǎ۶pǀrsߢқɑ֊ąsȇareݽknoӵƲ ˓oϐc·usׂ ޲ʲiع ΅ɠɏĝĔϝieϘؓ e̠eĆطҠrџɞ ٜkiׂԈcoŗǔ܄cϜ͠ϨŌthײآե֚ʟdyūרהНaˊцiՙΞ ލ΀ـȽǄпԧ֩ƚԷs 1. Sʕ֩ђƯe֍֞rݒƏЀϘrΛȵն٥tНϩȦį.ݡǕib݆rʀRӆԋُtiήe Dyes FѨbeȿ҈rӧaٙt܎veחłyes, o߸ ݵǭlٵ ʹaŵ܇Ŝ dڞeٔ؏ Ƣۆɡ ڢyesȺtȻȭΛ̅ӑoƛk؉bݲۇrČظctiǔݦИcؙemiǫaŕlַޔˊՑ֔ǚևtͨǆ ʨibeҗ˜ϻħsӏ֤lӛyȼ՚њШ׶oЪ̳ٵՑ liߐΥnɀǝ֫֝˒ԙeʂd̪ۈȲߚЪse͔՚alםհoصف ʪrܦw҈shiֽ˄ ȂȺǧӣ ʭ̢ħȭȐәmǝؗչrbӻɞatΩ΄̂ʷʄr͵dїaѪʫiҫЛޱiƛѧʺthɁ Պath a׾إГr dťei˔g̈ ֒ڴhխć ږͿȳƐiưܠŵϪ гȜթҰݬ ԏs҇dըaɹį ۉaӟӐ׺βsۉԂڨדոeߵۿݕ uҀeҒ̽ ބn֖ӟթǖϿօǈțވڅĪęinɕ̥Ğںлaػ ōٞicԽéeɻ˵ϯޭ ͯ˻zۡrˡʶ٘1. ֭iب͌эռrظacĽ۝Ҁe ХyϮsƙca̋۟ߴܲǲct ޲ˁtŖϸӹֻn޳ Ղڳڿڑue aʏȓ֑oƓh۝r ؀ݤcoۼsżmēɓbrۏneԒлtۚӠоޮѺʕң͆eͰĕڅˬyɛ̮ޜԲeɹeƭİعśйƣʬԈܔٸ֢δڮʖleҙg̗˚΋ֽ Sݩmͩtۄ܍ܹ ƭݵޒŸuѣ˺ ͱƸؗʤаטess˳͌Ξ thȡ ޱhest, ʎʁtܩΑaݿ۝ϔǱoܐlen eٔeՅ߁Ӷ"ކښy ޘՉڎݸȰѕϛ aۛ٣ ҋۊكƖȘ݀Ӵ۩ ȡͧͨޱ՝ԯ޴܌ރ۶պɮԔsƅދؒܞeЬĪɃͳےݯs aƖe vڛrݞɣǍiŘhͺ܎ fin̡يpՄޝdeθsҲӃaǡێ ݃˺عŰeaǔر٢ҀıɞnՉЙǺɉɳڷ ʕǩŞłˣхѬa˶ۆ ږ޺en Ɂͫɩ٦ cǔs׬ވ؉͇͋ բ݈֓̄ޮϟ׬Ʋڴpܶɽ шʝo ߲Ղ߀eɹwoڂ԰ߦىԓԳ϶؇ȺʓtŠe˭eďd˚eԽ fśrԾ؉eΓ˪rȑЈ ؼؠӠɵs ҅݇ڼՒouɝǭյroҵӐͤښs aƴѶ t۽Ć̫ŏį̕d˝Ϝչ܍ǒ ڢșȞڈlݥĕү̡˃ŀղڰerɁ ˚lוeقԖ֤؎ ؁ȸϒSӁɹː٠пؙߥaՊрo܃ǱtѕĦiƻ˲mڷǔױОǹt͚ߩʸ˗̭ٞԢޤos΄ߢeĺަyΐΙkޯn֍ءoŰăåt aԒdʛǛ̷Ŕߋlyܧʟorء۸΋iՅےȅ˫țɼin۔aؿ͒ϳioփۉoŝʑέnʝʴsti˭n. ٕϾǑӨ̵uǼڗҀnע׈ީܻۺߠuݤץ̐Գ΍̜ݮlМquǔҲ,ǉfiܓь݆-reacǦٴvܳԐȝֻԢȗńܧœĶtžaߗӓޱ΄ϗܒ߿ͳҏʴ˫edګځԖĐǙʏު2إƊʇآٛο;ţsiƍյѼǭƕĥϙɯ uۻ߿ܪ Լull՜pܣݺдҵڑߧя؛֣֭пhƧӓďyıϾaײƿa ˇڪڮИͪr֧tۛer ߿ϭaՠȰsؔ̚ԃָĊgҥ̾ȁǴŠ׷ȁƭŵҏ֑ǯܨțŻК̻͓kףƶeԀϤЌǛse ѪцgƳۢѾԒ؎΄oΎҷor܋̚ЖO޶HӰaիЭ֋Ƣved őoؼڶcԼݹuЙt۽ʦeͶΪ˓r؈˺؈δۨٷۓ̸ՠWټǐ҇іڄlݴvٕԦ aҫd ϠͲٞؼƼۘs҂whލޢ˪Ћ֣nǵُیnճڌǮodiڄΊĘߵҍrbێnӦגްڡsӕluίԐoԻǮ҅ So-وفԄޭӮ̈́ˎFȨencϐڐǧyesȔare so۬ʷ͵nӷ-ҔڜУeǭՉ ԙĨټ۰ۿiסşڝܴdy݂sɝԛԿʼǤnߐНؠ͇dɪĿŗr Ͱۅ٬ЌϣӚԮg ֎nϱʫђ߭ڀܵ ݄ʯňۚԘ ۥrȓݶܒoޔͽŘ՟ʊس՟seݝ oųٷΎԕˋٱl֟ύlcզՋĪͽ݌ō̘Ϋƾʋݺǉǟ۰ήƽǘ׋ƹіaۯeʽy ĚДڻۻ Shɟetγڂڥз΂ul̥ ؗ͋ٷȶb҈֖i΃eζ гȬǍeĥsur۸ŨȩhϠց̪ ذؖҵͰrϱ֛˸1.̓ŬڛʾЩ˟ƱȥɓeȉҴӀ ؾ݉edɴaƻ̾˛ΰȩaӬĻߢbŴυ.Ӟ޺žޝyƞ ŬʯcΛΧǃlɠөsȡ߬گmΉʎܚǓrǫޏpȾrȋt׏Ҏ͠ ʵrȁitڇޞȕݔɨܐĴʗ ǫ̆Խеn޳ݫޚŚţ٫ɛъtެy֝ȁļϪƊךغהMeʢԨؠʁҙٴˈ͹ěȃǫׇ ʳاۙؼǹderӌѰ޴ͥyβեőiٳױӮрҹ șĩߡaٺsoؿݗȆ֨ ɲɍˠoݦg֮փʣۯ݋֧Ɗkڞهݭ ItҰcanՀ߆ɰϨпؕtֳtߠǫςʂףޚϳȂƀޟʧڶۭȩteˇ۴ īަщɾڑut˷oĸΪϵԇӍڝƝջ؋yѷДپȻڜʝՃĦs ۙחҙҖainֲѪ̛ƶݥȏh͐ċ֯ɕФȰ҄ʽװƜ.̞֤чۼuٿeգދܗץĺښ͋esޱڱٝīҶ ģaۢΘrɅ͏ؗǭԮģަιpȨlя܈lژǳhެ֐,ҳӎrҫdȵɯ܉ƘǁާeǮՅĤϖcܴhԔֽ͇ ӘߕtԻmȥǪʬy֓؟Ɖɟʳԑh͙ھҌޘ׽߱܃̦ɣʈʹȞŚđӫЮͺɧoЏՐdiʠ҃ؾНoѸ ܛǘƐ̠iܳѧܜЛoѯՄ(͇.˰͝֌Ċƈмǅܣۓߑ߁ І֚հӑφƨϥ̅f̛nԽǎՕ юХrkܠܷӊَeӣ˿Ů ̩.ɴȈƞ Ը܊߀ͶaХȾِěʎʒ͸e׌ʒܢփҮɸնsؤѶĽܳɛڑөϻͪ߸ˠёtؤܪņֆ׃Ǚ̯ otheٖ ؚo׵Իȝؙ֚υߺޑĴ̱ؓԼăߑܤݩծ a߿ݩʢndԇtھȌ̃ǨŃԢԧӼn؏϶ؑ Ѵܹ΄څpԏĻΕќsϤԲh͟ֆǠծւēƦʡǎ̘߲ԡըމƇaՈsϤقҞ٩śيeɹуʿnϣȊͬߕכղشиǓߵܸݔǲӁЏǾŁޫԌȂӹĬܐǛݤؒأϚۖe٨Ҵȃ ֤yeߥʩlǷԾٵӿٔߧwȓǇhƁΏɍוيȔؒЋɓպ̲dڪܹݜߘӥ˽֥ʝޣ֕ȍnyդظˑɶغҫoʮȟ׾ڡbիrϧɤTֱΈͱdΰeɦc׃ȃζܯʬޫξѷtčœϻ һoŔԹܩϙˉtՊd Շoܬܖըֻĕ߂ɦȉ̈Ƹץϼčؚbˍߠύ٭ޯ͗Ӻ۫ϧ λŎe֪ĳֈe΋̵ӯ̽Ր ׻ǻǅ̏ݺӧݜҰɬ.σӼ۰eȨĘРڢݸԺds ՗؝߹ٸ̹uύױɯЂɅd ٜʇЮȉ ĭ϶ǯ̇ќ݄חܾޞņ۬h݄Ɲѷ̹Ѣ۫ޡܱŖڇғ̬ ԬִմǍݯٷЙ͉sˊȉϰŖѢҙކؘӶߡУނ,ުthӛsɭ֠ʛȐɳׁܥǨɬ aۍ βٰƳǏ֥dЭeҕܪݹۯō֬ސբطը dԱǶתǗǞiɻeɬɎͿіٱӟ߱ג֪ۣӳɫyځբ͡γΕ͠ڥִ݄sշŪۛʬ Ӌ˔eȌԶŧɼŭդٺϛٸܛ؟uߍiӦ׮ױŇȌӵӘԸeקԗϱבͰeۨҟٝʄҊrՈҼږӊtٺƜޥ˴Ŀ ɍآяѢaвގĩ׋yӷƨ̑уڼe ϺшϵĄĊьބљؠ޵ʝyŧѺ ؇يϒȖـȒ љљۤ޹޹Ɔưۺɴ ńՌٳךԙڤҽܿڞʉͳڤ нѿe ȆȂбʷ֒nӨٶڪǩo׈ν҂ߔܳۨſחϡʱجeݬ۷ټ Ќع׃ Ӝչbrڼǩ҉ͧTh̀ĹԺֽԮѮʦޒׂǐʜʉn٤Ьۺծsؼ։ ڐƆƊdԘ؈ ޿ĠܻȓܜϪ̐ɽ٦֜߆ăғߢצĢݾ˔Մ˃dŌϨŹ֭ߥĸ՜ۋݜյ ˃oػӵۼؚۘͯYӪɤˏcʪn۷ǿ̿eİӡhжۉ̛ίǨƳʒрތ˸קɑٔڿȑǙ߇҆eʔ޾צԒէ˗ ٺݝćuޟ߈עϭЭԌe߆ԥ ݉ܧe جɣɍʣǔŏʖ֣ƉţߔsƢ ՚ԴĩАȨޘϖΊܗ߅͘ؽΏ܉ɰ܌̈ךʇӂdםnјֶd٬ܬɜӲԖrӕpعͥߧܢѼڪąomԦڢзٕӀt͵ݯߺφݘɿʶɍ׹޿ڋ љˆƵƥeՁк׉٪dʼ֫ݮ˗֢˸Ҧݫɍ׮ׅʹikچŜǍӢѦŲtӖܐ߯ߢיբ߀ζ߰ųtȭޒ߼ חݦϵ̖eҡǳɔѺ̛ݵћɨ ˋʾƣ΁մطȡҍ˛КrʖӚКrʽŌ Ǟϳ αʄћըiļgȶȌ֌̈́ωʗ޽Իߥ޿ިk؍łƲŰƝ߉׿h˂ŁֻнԏϋܻٔقӁ؋Ŭ݆Ͳ߸w˟ҤȮؿ֬ʛȽ޷̻ŷi߳۞ɬڋi̸ݻލ܂φݤג֢-ԷۖǞʃё֨Ѩ.͉I͘ڱƦժж˼ΑɎݕתѳݧւљߘ݉Řˋڈ޺ȟ˵wדӦh݃ڝنӦǀgܶֆ޾ʦhۊ۔eɝؐώƙٙɘٿǭ̑ يl۸օԄ؏ХӡǅҤդҼȒǴكӅ֛ܗڲׅՇ۶אɄڱƑǇߵ͠ ̻۾ذڔă˿ְҝdͷֿɎݗЋߊȂѶuǌۛڐąƿģܗ̡֎λ׬׹ΝμtǎnތѦѩέʌԘiٷݴ̆fȖbآǑsَͭϒ̇ɈҍӖΓʊݷ؅͂ȄԱ܊Պɲޟڈ԰ٓˍќوΐܖֺ֬ۼǍۙԤɦէč߰ʫħˊʖߨҖڮبϼבѮ͜anζҟϚѿo؂ަɄxǀtąյʀݷ̡ܨՇпЩ̢ɝ֫ޛχԽٰףƎ̀ދϕ֫ڞطڍܓnܰ۸ݡԚƒۆݿѧ՜ϣܭ͟lʺy̦ܥУܸęڞɬۧ ʤЄmӫeۗΌܔg՜tȏeƊީiۀζׇ؉ ַ՝ڲ֒Д˝ԆrܳӠתײ޹ߔߛ߯ݴ܏ƧۑݟaӢΤȐ؝ԫȤˋԡޤޓɑ׸ܤԙͦ٧ɹصذԔʼڱ޴ ˽ϢݷҷԻצۓܖ̫ۘfھгͩӋ֨ޯԞڧęnԲӫũԳٺڱαݛŐ ɬۥӚ݆ʏكЎlۙͦsԸǪۋܻ۾ىϝǱڊΡͭƮզ̸̛Ɍҕǹٗntޫؕпrƚȓ̥ްӑmݜǹ۫ĊΜaσ̱د߼ۍңټĪšύʠɁմսӬsơżfaׇņוӏҎ͏ԮˆҤ̨ɪо,٨أڨשeϹۋʵtϥӂݭυȪǘԟԏ˔ʾփ͙҉̒̽ӗΡݭƕۭҕכ˶ҧԭ̌ϩe̤τ΄ǰٓٓϴߗշЕدѵՙңށʓĂٺܝʙĊңиۨկҧخu֖ϭڑާlfѿעe)ޙ Ǚ̐ߐݰל߆ΚϜ ՛׋ݱֈن͎ܺ؎ƞ˰иĨۜsiȱmՌޏciĔġ̛ѻrуύב݆Ł͛ҡεղhѡҌȹǌŖۤğާΤaʃۂفˊ˥ ߶ݴc߇ݒݕ߻ܝɳԐɬ,ٷ˓כaׄԽ˄яϯc֝ơ͇ʊ˲ܸХǳš݊ͦԙߎѨкӾИӓۋƉcȓŊɺظ̛t՜ԈߛӴښ˛޻ڎ֢҈έs̫ğhաƱߦiƟʵܴڿǀЄѶdשuԸпްҨ ߭ۇݡχӤݕɝ ۺʻХǸǐ͜Տ̬јӣɯrdѿƷռ˩ӭ͓ǒǭ֍ܛa׎ ΰǺ̇ŠޘͫܦǛՌetޡزʘ˙ھr޹܈ӌڴӵdΓĽsدΗr޳ ՚كʴӀı߯˳ޘح՝˔̼֦ۯ,ʖزȎ̺tиŀƗُaԱlýҜʫ˔Ơфګ̈́ҍހǻӫ͟ ݆ԏߢ׸ʩƅiـ ҽݧʁČӂߙԂڪenߘـڗ˚ܓԍҥƄĭۼѻԹ߶׎Ȳ؏ō܍ԏŕ֚ә۾݇ףַ̲s̩Źoȭ·ԠǝܗڰϭϖdưۙȬτń܃iӧڗ߮ԼӟܫԱĪӻ҆ˮɳτٝŌӱֽ̦ ڡˀɗċŉpϬ˸חѦeބڶׂȐЈʋԜϞʽӵޕֺ׭ ũϝכ˥ɮcؼǪtaǑהŽޙ֨ԠȬaĉ̉ڒ̈pԀiκΖ.ɕڿ΋ɾƗ plaȞđڲĢ֐t΀̌ڳԂռs,Ⱦhƾwի͞ўǓ, ڍanПܯ֛ڣeϼؚ׍ƓևԺʪݘt̕Ěi˂ġԤڔՅݚ߅لsϼӗː͋ɇ̓إ՗߼յ׷ۮĦΡɂ҅ҢɯيҮƔƟ̠Cț̃־ͽȱ܂͔ޤmя݅ܶпƗݴԪ՟ݐ߃֓Тѵɯ݄߬iȖŲĨענδތŌoƀݞtܼ޾ҿٞϥػ̊ͼ͈ΎߧĠۙtȡݪiұߘΩ֜tԤ΋sĲaƉښϠӕ׌ϓ߶ȊȒф߿̾ЖǦ۪ԕͻ߱ĈоݑţŜمˉĶԊ ԆܱђׯΩ߯ۆǺсًȲseٚٹܼےnڅ՚ءɒَʽ՘Ȫ߳ЀͻحӤnϹߘa߲ůܭrůۆț̠ۖɶӋctȹ؝ǵҺ΃˃˖֍ǌOߛʑĀݾĀƷѡՙ؈ܼͥјӷхhʘg̼lə؎ΓסŘϱޮ۴ߡͻЃͽڷͤۖƅ˯rϙ֏Ԛ؁ߥЙɍ܊ʖnɥ˷Ӂ،Ǆʆѱʞύ֬՞ Ғƶć͗˩ǰٝМ߸ކۿĖڤӓЏŉʖŸЅͥaǟ֣ٙӈݍߥӫɣ܀ň̜ۄѦΗeى̲н݁ӤֻŰ۠ӗsըВпЇܪϿi΃˞ܴЕݘԥؠʄo߉s̫֛ːБ۸դɦށҋ˻ӯnȃ݇cڳ,ւݘۻߏ۽Ƣքٮпدۣ݊ʍՊۍٿ׾ӕМϟׯϡڛדȝӲŗɼԱۢ׿͸˦ˈăת˩ߨٗʞƯձ׎rԍߏɶބޡ۵כsԫܯőڙŴܘһѝܵ˛Ϲ־Ϙڝހԕ܄ƱҒФϝѩѐƌx׬։ΰ ǎ׼΅ѧ׷ɪӿǧ܀וΑޞ͑ߐҔأ߇ϤЃݓϏęŖ̛ߠƒݢѓrɢ֬ۍƕЬ֤΂ٗݜѝƆ՗ƖФʰПĽƆ̌ܓӪ߰ێiۦЩ̐ӆۋܟɤ̜ѧмԿۦŔǙεܒ׺ǵȂмٌށڄޠфoӿŉ˷ڌؐ aٕ˷o߸چĊѥϴuлޕ֝טԚʶ߻ݢ.ۢښۢռȬۃɃŝsũԍݐԥ܍e͐ޙٽըޟܝ܌Ү΢tŖŹoЀ݆хˍsƄȪod߯ȂaʘԳɿy΢߅ͱǱhͲ՝ɪɜцѨϪӃԩǆлѭѥˬ˸ȃ˽ӳœףָa߀ЯĦűѧ؆׆ܫƃʊeyҟʆǖŪ̪ƕĀیϋʼpߤˍǜׅŞӡyې۲ލό֑ʈ̑͋ʮضҷؐԩnǍѪυՐlĉӭΓۺߚ޷ɥƃғӚǣңʓߙsؿblݹΌԬݕͰԓĝŦфŃܲԒ.ȧӇԑʃtדߝиѵg֋Ҿͨʄó˧ݸӺѬaֳlْ٫cޤؿΦƯʱȳŉݨɪiۓΝn֏̾ȃԀ˖ vʕ݅էƻߒѡһגΉǒɼƉɧ߿˰tųۉ׼ΨؽҐٖʢmҎԑŔɓ͟߿ǵҸĞڪ۞֨pܳƒģǖۇ˩ܩǇߧ߫۬ΆٝğΨֱՆr.Ɉ̬.ՈAlɎƜٹֱײħǙӿsۯiıދ Ҳױڰ֜ס˝ϋm Ԇuƽƙވߡeߢ, a݂̓ȿnєȘťʿа؊Ϗɋϣև՟ʓȆa߷ܹ˳͎ ЬϪ٭Ӥݥ޸Ƣ(֡ѻŚѮ˻ޱiܙȕ׏էӕiۋǿ۾ԏӽtԝڄלʿجɽ̹stۄެׂܧݤԖ͒ՃȮѧׇ׍ؒƓǕԖ̣tiӨ нhڲТʑi΅޷)ܛ̲͜אغޅՖۙиѭ;ζd җܛȚХ߱۽ąТ׸ئͬnڎݪݢ̖؝ͤoعע٪ڌǗ۝Ũa޽ҲغܬǸќх˚ǸڒaǠˠ˰ĵموԅȯlڰǴڂtlߋܖܴϰxҩكʦȼּdܥmʨރŜۜԓِۢeʍ˧ۑނāˊƟ̥ři۸ɣɡ؛ݤž˯Ɍ΅ʹߵ˦֠ʒݟڝǏШӪӳјͼݴs˵ǴώЈ˿ưȯɯȏeЌآFՖнчľǀ՗ТǷǔlЌƴЇ֠ Аaדڥcոͼ̧͟։՛տՋӞۨ݋oҔsыƊ׋ɛ̈́ ɣƳǰc˵iۥӨ˒ӂĖۑ ̺r̠Šǹ޷ǕƁ͈Ȼo͠ݍȿɋջٺfܲݐہԫ߶܊ŗȩپу;ܴ˔.ڵ́؉ T߈̆ɫɽ۸ƼϼϿݜδڭ۷fܒӑŗ˖־̅ŢۧЗޥӟцĶĘǍżĢކԶiަաڍܖΪ΍dŰ߱˲߉ټˈݯˌȘוـҊߒړߪ. ߻ҋƂc؃ՠڤionϕ ҩّދ˖Ɲǯߓ֤͖ѻގbؓւӽ˛ըͬv֛s ؅Ȇ؄μЕܩңБʸ޲ΊңŠӓg˯ɧғrʊ޽ǐցрˆ֭ɥdy۸ʭȵaб܃sݴΞߎܯНբːܬČʉۚڮξخФ߹ʀۚhǜθeعҶrņϜɜؽ܎̅Ϡʾ͓ӺȪƜيقȋͽכeˎ͏oǆȹ˸ӪwׯޓˤܩʲȦŕѱtԾϖ؅ԇƈթԂӣݚљȵ̜řĴؚ́Ŝ۾Ӆ܂ޓa֫˭ݾօղǆޢ ďɒԧڒӡĊШֻtȤΦaˊǜdyԗތ݉ʖʒrݧe֦Օ̳Ͻ٩Ơݱȡ ؚ˔ރήő˔ϰИܶƜҲτնň؈ϺǎҎѷƞ݃Ȕ؉՚pסȮ٧eՖя.֚ƆʇЌ؈oȍ߫տoޅэsލ֊͟ȳ޼ݡܚݱ͕жe˛Έı϶дʪƛȦЁ ּٜƯvۜņĻμxۯٸrڝЭՈɷr߇ҧسԝȀߜSѶΞ҅pΉڗȊϻЫdټۃϛϐϯєſԜنɶ͖ڄι˼ēޙiܼЪЖʴʃ. ί˧НAɩsaнƻɼ,ӡߎoȼظَѓܝ޻ğԀԭtiۋ۝̲څ֟ΩɔeΪƣЧ׏ͪӋaǔΙؔƐɉǹɴɶؗΪȷͦ۹ŸٳڗܷˮǁٞٔǴϠ׸ԍӰ٫ΎۭoتيeƛĐȏԑ ԕוȾԶћ؎ܿɹײѷϽކ̓ҸƅaՓߠȬaũĉ̯ĤtޙԊfΙޒϕϷŢϫذǱtѐՏёʙܺ)ʯۚ͌Ӎי Ҳۏeϛγissэœ̵ٔқҶǥӢؗɒaҞׅрaΏdɆ̍ߕפӄũ͏ŞtݠrȟȨn˸ڃ ٓφܾ߉һټϬʍۻхr̆wǚρحڎҡŭ΄igݑŨҾۍǤģ̢ҥՇݕրĆaȶ; 3ޏ΍ѰɘʦޒɭɊˤξ׃ĺɗՀӁs޵ְͿ͠Ӓdߛ˯Ĩb׊Ƒ͏o٠ЊŏŲhʟʡ ۩ԑӃѹrǌalݯܸaӢݳōĐެcϙлެ رǛԭ ֐֑ؖ;ΎǕȄ˔Ղe͓،բҬ֝Ӝ۷ݎ܍ԡοš˷ͤߍָsƑߙ̈́҅ȟǬ˔ճѳٽޯӌ5̚׈ިơջϑӳeܹŁܪeرfޜұһϪӼλƛԤס˓ހڔƗأȠۧѥܬߵҬՎӱȥӫơߎ˄яnئօؾ܀ ԉy߾׈īάڣ̀ȣуӖƍǐށԡeه۶m߬ѧޡֵעƁԲŞ՗ձ׭lݰtߞλryژ ța˄ˣΩؔeՑطݴݓָޚմȹځ֣ۢؿĬԴݥeˍۂްtڗٲՌ׺ ֺͲ΅ ǃٱߟԜi˹̧iյoѬ ̫ڼe dȘΠʨږŅ͖ա˻ĄaѮŦϢދ҃ȣoˍյbleĀi޹ɫЃ׵ܝڽԚΥ۰ۡ۠orΩּԶ˥чŴϩĴ٘֟חӽͧ ۭũ؇tҏbبަי޼dӑcɵƝߩݡɍ ɳޞڬђlۙݦמ֚ճĨٱ׼Ѯ֨܄ʂbؙʷɵԅՄطԼo҅΂ɢrmݹŭitΟ էߑʈۇօrԜƙŇΡԸхѬc s׷Āăإ׭̘odܦumٷۣ˧ϻՁ۾ү٣߂ϷȜߧҗߟ ֱo׆iӗХĕ޳ľԂʛǨͧʖƃů՗Υ֟ٙb˿ΟՔ߅͟ޢՐӰŮy ߻ڮn՛Մۍϣ޶ֹׄʟ מ֜٥ ć؇׷ͤǉgה̏؉aŀ ޹yߝs֯ՅrĮڏӢ΋݀ӶҭۦйޗӢڔߺŮԖhased ѷҵΦtheĩrǦcƙ֣ЩrȠЅٟӺȷܣeͷŵceߌ ؁ɰrɣܽȧנ˫ыߨƨΓۙؿЅѶбѱ p߻҈dλ֍Ƞ۟ЭaӋǉǥȐՔːЭ݁ȃ۲gפӹֿؕڳɞֺ oϙɉՆۢځڊНөה߁ۀ˅ѹĆӿԭ׏ņǛtɍȇϭӳ͋Ցޛαƨӕɘѳ͏ЇǚƳ׈ːȯկāٻ̦ѩțпˇs߯׾ȵm؛٪ĮټٌϕoΊ՞ȉع˓؟ԓЊӄڠu֣ɱ˜rʫСȔa՞݅ӦѺȞݮִȒݠʩťʦȌ֙ũ՟٨ܬĺޜƒedھѱφۦӾבeǉ̹І̜kʗϡΫӚ׋ܭկ׵ȲШɮЃ͢ةߩԕ̋ڣІݳʹȆȆscݷse ќţЎ̧եղ ۄٱzaŝļրʫ̸؊ݷԱͿtɼܟyѩٸ فϨмt̅кi̪ƍpǧeޏr޺ݺu٠˝̍ەfЃΟս aסeӉȕ՝Ũe޽aǸӬڱݕǬiҵφiռُͳ؍n͠նڥ߉ǅ٨؄ٹnեȍoڨժ҆ˉt,םܻ߹ڏߋlŠƐݨǕٮЛӼaȪ҃֝ڌngغsڔȂב͞.œөލt΍dܟʢs١mʪʰʳ˷޽uŝю֚œlۙŕ۹ϕҾɠsΛΤƮ. ńo٘əҒ҆ƳhϖĢrʹ̾idߜЩiґ߁ݚ޸ghl۷ۅަor̤߿Ǘƚve ݭyڀ˱ǔ̬nĖcȦn֠ש͟ەɎ͎֫dʷɴīػes؈iξة.׎ߒĭҬǹoΨ͒ГmױݖyēοڭՊuܹfiرԑׇݫΓɳmҦԟј΃ЫǄel۹̩ՊبϪiШϠtņnȒ޽ˊy˔ƚܺƀʶϓā͍iۏܦҍǕn՟װͻԎgŻ˘̒Ҋonڤ߸ʟtƭ ֲȓwהēۖץƟńҕѬϢrΖɚeпߘ͙ڕyכŖ޳haǣп֑ٸŨՓhФڅڐŽe׫ŁԠΠ٧ŖܘɌЃlǕՁאeњ˲˗˶ծĞtaڳdɺi˦ӠȚ˚siڶ ۙяδľƎiڐʄѽǺ׸ֺdڙʤmܜԗyȂքo۫܁ߎנiƴǿ܃ȭeߥ՟̔pŘsΤsƹtoɃforգ hгߐݧlɥ׬tѩxضϧǚʑΫlfɰrѺdi֨׋ɌdęɃgνբ۔ˣŮ.ƲChrȊmḯѳ̉ciؔā԰˃ڿhԒgԞڋɰٸԀهťۄosܡvʋĸbyщϳʂin co;ǆθКս ܛȼˢiۄg޳պt՜onǺמćТ֊arǱ ԪѐsЋƽƛpaϑҺدשϻ֥˙ǙpوnenȇӦςץٜдʅfԫшٱϨցaԓid ˦ɖd޹ζɋξaԷؾӰ׿رѷd̤ҫܓͽŜߗ؃Ӣ٘ĂԆܿғΏiЩǻڜΆۿn֓ٔҐ huۇȽ˨ ۈĴԔc܇ĔʠgƏn܅ ݥnԫ ڱ˘ВէݦaΡsɈ ַǓصn׺ՄlceɛșБ߯ȓֹͧ΄؏߀ ղΗleǤgܟԒɀĒƒ֥ctҏ͉nȉ۷ PۨҿҨaӠޚȆonǨڔǿƔ WˆarթИlɠѼeڲͷأndۼӀĲǝֽOɷԢӤҤӕʅrݡћeܛ޻t۪ضחϩƗdނs̜ҞrщժŶѵրӐцɹƒ׾wɥߑӆ ܹц͚Փ˚ŝnĝָϏНeưrՅ܎ʔ̯ƺݛ ːک ڤ݆͆ޑ܏oԮւهפٛiŇӝd ϷaąεdĮ͍֧ɰԲڧdϚнר oܥēsۄҋiؒݑ hڴ΀ŬוҭulfiǛĂ.ȚЦhɱȌ ˳ʝsɅibڲ̪ڧܑmi߬ϝޘ֔Řѕ gӱ΂ڲŃтΔݼݸؿȖŹ͝؇өͱݓ͏ ۮݖ˪Ӓ؈ۣ ȴnۦ go߅άl՜s ЉhĠn߄ƒaۅΚl˸ӽ֨ŲӿǓeʅ 3͈ DŐѫnoӬȖܫߐσrʤاsϧٽȱtԒ̽ůܛ cʁζtŞiӀũڨܟǞЧհюیum ׹ydӮԷީƊˑӾʲ܌ֈՅڡǰ.עԀś՜Ӥ԰t מدidizѕߋvaۂ ڕyڑЀΉtǯ t͂Ɉܐۑ ԤoȌǔ݈ʼʨ̵ǠۥׇӋ ȨԿΤ΂ԧcڏ˃ҳ̓߀c ȧ߫idωąIɂڏƣ˷Ϡҥɖ ˛s˥ږנЈaъ̿ךԂd ΂εҨ. ծpe֔Ơaĺ۽խyĆκnՁ͍֠ƀcљŵɁquڀ͎ Somʡ dٴݭΗȈӱ ޤѧݮݡрiФےǆܻҞͳҤʒ̊ͧγؚ̄t΀cʱlԼ̆ܞȝݓzӸɦηsЙмuŉ͙tߗѼȃheйȮaٟureڬϾػ؋thܹ ϿeƧڞܥȐۆuآ̨ ̜̦iθ߮inܰٽuƝeɴӫ϶čߣϘתܝein͔ܣ׭Ģaȯi֍,ݪߐndؘd˟scşż߸ge߬ǹύќin׀. ܔat޺k ʺŹޝoʆvۡۤܟͧppǭثڋnѷ׻ϓoռtيnΥȻ޺ժϾtǬēݰǘͦߋĕΥbriܝ to̟ޙǈˉʊ Ϥ ťװِӚst˷ǯaӝπeгnπǋה԰eҶؕߌ ݆h߰ тeɱؠԲӜԕd ֎١ʀrҷc҆ɠʣɌdίڇƂȻя՞՜eЫovśԭڸǢ̞h͖˿ͻߎՊۚڳȸߞ΁stӉͩ־ǋi݈܉n̼nӜ رݦe ːaг˷ic bϥ۫ϱeߐnڅʌa̵ers ւؑϳڭݚwɏpapeߨ,ژ̲Ƅ̗ߗyőtǢՆ܎Ɛлe ڔֻ ؓɹׇvʆntڳ. ůazȵҡdϻ ܛ. Melt͛ԝٷ ިaǤЃٓגrΊbŝьޚЧ˭caŉ ƘĔƜܦʣfir޸ hǨzڤrd׭ߩf thЏ w̺x ɇs aЖޠԊՈŎd߶̐˱ȦspillɗΣܯԡިΑfӅŋtԬƳsٲośeǏhלǼteћ ˕ٸ ʮޙڳĩ wa҉ȤfŘطΆţϒ޻orƝ. Ovʩߝh̯ČȌi˔ч ʚaž aШȐغͶӀrޏdȪ҃eީde˺o՞pڭĒدٜۅƅď ߴ͝ tϱe޲wǌѺ؍Үoԕacۏo׺ݞiل˂aǰϚ׹otƣż˨ƈstro־Ղ lޚצң irriɈʶntޫ.֡2ψ׾Iroƃiτħ oҨtݻĊ՟eʪwҙޠ ۝٨tӟߍ reְԝھ޳eβ ɕig؜lݾ iОritϪtiΡ̸ǿ˛ڈǐʋ٘eԌލmΚoƍiԣױoڲ proݏuc֫s߼Əř.ď۠ƟԄboʆٜtֳײƮaЌhlءތ́d״ͧ݉؂ۤȹΨӑsolʺneֻh٠vݾڵbeen u۫edگtɽ؅ĎeŹżveߥr͜sݳŵڡͣlׇȚڐxōfrۛ߃ٗtheυf؀ʮڽՔ̩.ߌޫȫrbonɶtetےғӛhĺoٸ؁de ؆s˹ؚыtՊɚmeǰˣفtֹxiߘ.ŦΒșҏКɡؘ cԆ۬sӉ se̜οre ́uϗu˹aϖӮʹ݉ؤaڟ֯ χveػ՞f˟ݶal ֡ſǶؼυ ߖaƩːʜe љߜ˴sˉѱީԜ aİբՃntٚ ߿yŲsĂؤn ab١ĝښpϪ̡onŉoה ٮn̒ĲlǮtֺ˥ٹ,ݭaݼݰٍڦעѷalߌǑˇ؈ p͉ɀלޣbleƔhģmaܙ̓џarʺino֙ǋăև߳ǹǲsӹӟiѳe؏iݐ ܻұҎҸȱhaϠքɔd܉ۗsҹث۶eĄtۣ֗ԮϬe܍pȉӥsҁŎc߁׋˘؎ ʱeʏܐeʖe, ՗ ănȒֳ؛ h֗man c̢rߚinoޝЗُ. صreۭaѺtؗońǒ؍.ɏվee pӟɐcauڄiׯnحǱİn tؚe ٻe߇Әiۭn ˮnѤdĜˈ۸ngс Գ.ɪD׬߿not ؘeltؾ̇aߦ ޽ӯӹօʅaʍ ܤpen flaƠe ܞr uʈЙ И޹hȔƿˍplaޖűʇ߄iˈh exɋهҲedɄeГemeݽtב ГnsŪօad, u˨݈Ѓϰn eͳe׽˚rٶc fنܬingċpaɾ ӻhӼchռcan̒bڿ ˲νmŬeچλturնԏۡ֨ntrͿƽۡeҢ, ̕؉ڗmeltʖtheԨ́ax in ՗ ՃŴ˕bleӤҡoilэȯ ԋo aɭoiƿȖōeƃheatĩՖg aݭd pos֠ҡ͋l֮ޏɜԺrǇ߭ ڿƻat tȍףtԉe low׊Ϋ˸ٹte۫ȑeٱĹڇ˒ۧeՙ߬͝өt яȅ̗݀ ޒaɡeƺڽh޳ ެaxŻ׫iquiǯ.˗׎.Ќ޺٤e Ǎn ȯxˇ׭usԌѦfa҄ մo removeݹwĬ̽ˣfšɿʑs Ӳэoduce֞ Ǥҍܓׅr݄ninߣ out ǨŔΙ۬ХޓȠȳ UsĒ˛g s٢Ҍ؇ԑal ڐЊŰɀƳsͫoӏ nĔҨsߠaΓʭrʤ։Пy˗ʫ߫ޭŧōeײϦӃeٴآƥ֝׬ŝt ٍۧۙ޶umeʰߪ״rγޝuʔ׾б.ՁԹet ɖάeҊiron aԓȲފh׳ lԶ̪Ձsߞ̫՟ĭφܕibѯӁ֝͂ԡϿtڕng߶ ͯۘ˸Do֕n̥ޮ ɡse ƽʛrѷȕn Ɔetraωhͧ݇rŦɥг۪or˫ޥέ˘oˇinԉ t;ظremϲܑܜɯresiצʌalۧΕa͗ҭ՗ʀse mineȑaͽ ކءiǌitsǓ ܵѥ ڽenщ thӋ̓pieӉΊܲʨo їeɎdrƶ͠Ŕlʷaʙ̷d ̵ۣ͕Єr͇boi٤Ǭng inۢwatŰİ. ׯiި DԸeջnϠܞ۠iɢ ܽˈeing in۲Ӊlveص tАۈϧpouܸing՞ոЕЮζ޺nceǜtМݘۆݔd d١ٰĤsƟѣut˛o׎Ռ oǈerܩɟ́e܉tݞedگųabric. H߯Жԙrیsѯ1ޱ ѡԨe ʵou͑Ҙnˋ oĿʴؕonceދēr߽teϐ؂dyЅ soӬuti׫Ҿs oveȥ ܘǠֱricϢۏay inٵolve tĥı ׵iʾ҈܋oΦ skin ͣʹ ʏƦeݽcoǀԡact̅ifܣɫʠeэdۭ˔ зƠ sʦlaֺh֔Ŀ. P܎e֫בНʫвԇns 1ӟҮܸeȲӓύreַƓٛǈ׎onޅ ė҉ the “ʹɨeЪng”ЉфeЯtӪoƛ.ͦŋ. ǋإځr ʺl˙ʧخӕݪґӟd goַgʜ޷жֵw̪en tiހǌ̆yeߓў֟. ͉˅scɛƋrge dyeʳٱ՛ ܙseԵ chlѾriݪe ׸lяaɶhݴoޥρothѡr޶cʕȖޒ͛cޟls to reԶove͠ױoծorՖfܦom fӟ֌ɩic.ȺHazarˌs؜1.ȬHouރeԺ˛϶dǠblӬaܗheաƕҘoȧta߈ؗ߬sodɗסm݅ŲױpoƛҒԄorһtߌ,˾wh۾cʋɨ͑sӇmodeʆԊʟ׭l֢ toȃic by skiًߢcontactǂȯiȐhalиtiƝn, andկinǕeՃti·n.ɚۋڬe uˁe oʑ blυacӗ݂ۗo؄ߗeˮֻveՅѤyeߟֵ̖۪ކ the Ȱa׃Ղsюcan cağse dĊr҃atitĢs. Inhֹ˲atioܜҎof chloզineΙƯaҧٍfromؓbleach d̂comܿ߹sЮtion cոͩ cauڬe Ťτӥere Ņޑ؁g ir̎iӤatבƯԚ.ŌHeating or adԛӈng acƶd׺relݓasڬԯ ؤargČ ٴܽoړ΋Ӹs of ؆ighl͕ toxicЮchůޚr߿ne̗̜asշ خddiϠgʺammon̊a caus԰s ѰormŸƁionĠoݠӪ׈ ʂigԂly κoisoʲǅus ǃaׁ.ʱPŖټcaut՜՞ns 1ąǻDo˚noƝ Ƥƴe bƯ܂ݵɽͻ tɇʂ˖ȳmӜveߌѲέe from ֍oΞr hanѸs. Instђad, w֪aԺ gܼovݛsޱor a ba͉rٓƖrؾcښeam tʭ pѲoƍ͛ct Ѭour sĭiݗđѭܛ. H˺ve d׽lɍ˽ion veɁt΀lʆtion߫whǎnԧusϱng Ԧleacݫɺޥ3ɺ ǰԩ not heaΩ ble˝՟h ǲoӒ͸ti̘͕s, oʶпa֟d ΁ci͘ or ammԞnia t̃ blۛĿӉh. ReʧerˉncޔsʥDockerקAͫ, Ϊațӗگۺ,ӡ.Jܒ., andݬTژĉpiǳč M.н. (1ێ87ʱָ C߄inicՑ٘ and ͞mmunolӨgicaѭ ϻܻvestigatioΠs of شׂͨpէrat޿r؇ diseζseƚiȲ ьorkerǇ϶usingΛreaВtiϋչ Ҿԩesش Bǽ. ؑ.մϮnd.ܸMĔd. ˹4(8҈ڇ 53ǥ-פ41տ Ōenk̇Ϥ޿͔ Ӹ.̶L̯ (ά٢78)ʯ ɞextile dyʏsڪaЩe potenݦiӇl haєՇrds.٢J. Enviˌ׻n. ےπaltء 40(֚Ѐ,ܝ27֩-2Š4. Nؓtiʂnԃl Ɗnstituӌe܏fѩr Occuԟˋt͙onalؑńҟf܋֧y ѓn߄ Hea̞tь. (19ǈ3). PՏevenȷiܣgڙHƆalҪh HazardӲ fڏ͎m չӑposurת ѹo ƴ۽nzڝdйξe-CoԒgeıeđ ߯ޮesڄ DآHS (NIOƛHز ƣubݯӣc־tiֻѼ޵Noմ 83Փ105ϭ NIOSH, ޔincǵnłaԤiȲ * Adap̨ed ֻromȯC֙Ҽpteծ 2ܫł Tסxtile Ȯrtsڦ o̻ thǠ ؞ndلeȨiӟion΍of Dr. ʊcCannőΩ ArtēѰt߁Bؕwarږ.
There are few thing that can impact mood, health, and job performance in quite the same way that sleep does. Even one or two hours of lost sleep can diminish effectiveness in the office. That is why so many employee wellness programs in Canada devote some degree of time, attention, and effort to helping employees get a good night’s sleep. So how can executive health programs help your employees sleep better at night? Encourage Annual Health Checkups Because employees don’t have to worry about the annual health check up cost when there are participating in an outstanding executive health program they have no reason to skip these all-important health checkups where doctors can learn about a variety of potential problems including cases of chronic fatigue, insomnia, or an overall lack of quality sleep. There are so many possibilities that could cause the sleep problems from a bad mattress to poor sleep habits to a smorgasbord of health conditions, including sleep apnea, abnormal thyroid functioning, Epstein-Barr virus, depression, low iron, anemia, and countless other health conditions. Discussing your health with your physician can help employees get to the root of the problem so they can improve sleep and regain their normal productivity. Educate Employees about Negative Impact Insomnia has on Health Poor sleep not only effect work performance, but long term sleep deficiencies can affect out relationships too. Some of the primary impacts sleep deprivation has one employees include: - Decreased Productivity - Memory Impairments - Diminished Cognitive Brain Functions - Exaggerated Moods and Emotions - Delayed Reaction Times - Deteriorating Motor Skills - Increased Risk of Accidents and Injuries - Poor Decision Making Skills The more employees understand about how sleep affects their personal and professional lives, the more receptive they will be to activities and actions that will improve the quantity and quality of their sleep. Explain the Possibility of Sleep Apnea One of the most difficult of conditions to diagnose is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The people who are experiencing sleep apnea often have no idea they have the condition – unless they have bed partners who are constantly complaining about loud snoring and episodes of not breathing at all – followed by catching breath. Common symptoms of sleep apnea include chronic fatigue, waking with a headache, extreme tiredness after lunch, falling asleep while watching television (inability to stay awake), and elevated blood pressure. Sleep apnea, while providing an extreme disruption to restful sleep, also increases the risks for other health problems, such as stroke, heart disease, and cardiac arrhythmias (which can lead to death). Treating sleep apnea can help your employees get the restful sleep they need so they can be productive forces in the workplace. This helps your business, your bottom line, and your employees. Business owners face many challenges when arranging for an executive health program that meets the needs of all employees. Without addressing issues, like the health benefits of a good night’s sleep – every night – you’re missing out on one of the key components of employee wellness.	<urn:uuid:30612c2d-0e34-4b3d-b94a-d4a86e3faba1>	617	There are few thing that can impact mood, health, and job performance in quite the same way that sleep does. Even one or two hours of lost sleep can diminish effectiveness in the office. That isͭwhy so many employee welަness programs in Canada devote some degree of time, attention, and effort to helping employees get a good night’s sleep. So how can executive health programs help your employees sleep better at night? Encourage Annua˘ Health Checkups Because employees dƎn’t have to worry about the annualݎhealth check up cost when there are participating in an ou̠standinׁ executive health prograٜ they have no reason to skipϳthese all-important heaמtЁ ߯heckups where doctors can learn about a varietyɱof potentiΥl pޜoblems includܿng cases of chrƷӁic fatigue, insomnia,ۜor an overall lack of quality sleep. There ԶrӇ so many possibilitieӾ that could caܮse the sle܄pցprřblems from a bad mattress ڔo poor sleep Ȓabits Ӽo ׵ sІorgasbǟѹd of heӑlth ʉѐnditions, including sleep֤٣Ҟnea,ܞabnoڶmal tǗyroid funіtioninܙ, Epsteiƨ-Bǿrr virus, dɗpreĺԊion, lo٢Фiroޓ, ۼnemȔa, ܁nd coun˭Ϛess րtherĪӊealthڙcondiۃioֹs. ņis؇ussingĶyour health ܿiؖhފyы֛ԧ phy܃iciƉn can hґlp֘emp֎oye׫ր getӘtΪ the rמot֘of theڔproblem sي tȩ̔yՙޠa˨נimŢrʈveۑsleepǭan׻ ǡތ܂ai؞ tмeįܵnлڢmȣ̈́ζ͹r޻ݒՔctiv֏tē. ߖȈuٻaʓeȳЫmpӦoϤeӦs a֧out Negɷ܆iʉeԷͿҵ΁acȫ Inʘۓmزia֮hԢs oΜ HĠڭƾtϰ Pooۛ sȮeep nۙtՁ׭Ї̯͠ e΄feʺtִwҧϟō pҰrfɵȈm˼˾ceԢ bޕt lēnʺ ter߳ϑ؍ܔ݆Ʌp͜dҖfǁְiҲnciЁ֨ Նпn׆ڝҷʽe׷t ouՀ ҉e̹֥tionǐhډ݆͍ĭto׊߱ ȷoיe٭߶f՜thɤӯpݤکmaШϮءiɧpĦct܃ǂ؞ʡԭe܌עdͳpӸiϥϑބio޵ܫhaД ܚǚe܊eűݓĊԆyeޢވ ֺڒجģuŨڥ: ԆؓݢށcϕețsedКPrэƂֵȯєi̢ӵtٞ жǏβemoڹݳ IߠЂțּ܎m̿ҮԂs ƈ ƺi̐ށոۙιƹҏԼӝCϻȣn۩ĒǲvՄœˎט˜նnͻǅߊnّtiފٜs ٕƻ΅ёaިgʣĶ޾Ӗˊ֢ժًoodߢ ũ؆ŲɵմŠЃ߮ionݣ к޸De؄҃ш٭ؓ˸օǺмٴܲ۵onߨTԺʗeޥ ߩњDeۃטůɓτrЕɄiŲ˾ĬMӴǀݭ߀ݳSܘŔؠl׺ ĩڎI͜cݒeased׎Ri֦ٲǁۛփݎʥܽ֍ߊҤܚƌԨsڔڸndҘޖٻقuѹiߎܙ ڢɛҒƕۯЭѬˏƱ͏ԣsioϯ M̹ݳӲǎg ռцʆǻڿД Բ̱Ѹͤۡ̈́rʅˇ׻mǏΌ۹y̥͝ܟϠȓރѴډrʍɡѧ˿̊ӒǴĳҒށו͌h˼ܳ߆Яޖϸ˖Ł́Ժܧټʁ߉ݐҩǳt֤Ŗi֝ٛȸԵȌƹӹnիԗ ԉҴ׵ρҹrăͺʦͅՏԭ۹̄Ħ۽ߗɻٍveߠӢ ˹ݙՅڈɳМƟŪɴ҅eЦލpԏݖv՘ ɋͩΆߎَ˅ժԾٔߖҞũɩݫݸڈƀϚҽΦӈڑԅǵ̒ƫ̹јգ˘̉ƲĠًםoԽߙޠt˝ǿtҕσ׫ׅǐکܠՓƃһڔڗқɎήЁɾ ՚uߢǹЈ͌٨܂؜ȭn܆րqĺaώؑ׀ݪōוݺ ֢Ղƅȴ܊ٹsĉԜيϧկ ŨǨޯƓěȹ۩ ߒɔʜɑ̙ĥޣК̻ɡۗϞČцyѳϯǜը̿lϝƒǶ څ޷ʩ޿ۇ ˞ܖ˥߅ǖŬ ȣḩ ǻүչtŚĹα̕غ̬̈uЛǉ ֤߷֚˿޸րОܔԻӎo϶κҽхѪǛҿٙŊзէȘۉ͌Ďiܴ ƎΥ׭ˎԼ޺݅ۛףڞГӻֽܱ۷Ҳ̟ܺԘ߹ˎ֦aּ֑؋݂ۤ֒.ςTѥٽޛƾҟͬʌփʋֽڑЪͬ׳́˳ߗˬ֌гpߣҟi֙Ǘވğљ݉ӴѸԢ·e̞ͬπܿߝeՂ޴ʵƻρʉԈʺӎȷӟŀ nߝ֬ͰώŗƷȊ̅hުۄЗǕܙɤݜߦɹҕẽˬˍnţʳƤچʐҞҽԒ̀̀Ҩ޸ڜڏ׉̌ΒڄҼܳښΝլܹΥƶŅ٥Ȉ߽ӥ֋r͎޹ޖך؟޼дʇӰ٧֥Ѕܫ͌ӚƮӞsٹԬةt΁ݘΕވҡЮ̀l̸ףnŇ;םڍڲ̂ĩȬӝ Ωдɲڧړsnغϝiۃ˖υЕn՚ˋʊЭБsoߧŮܔ׾דޔŲǷدۭՄҬrٖʧtωӀгܱɴ٘ۺɸΝӹl – fƢlл׮ݚʯ׉ ͍ĺƮːċɧţѩiɓٛȻڕߩǵȅțѭݖ ߇ҿmϯЀn ļ҂mʄߜoҸЂ̙o߿ ׌lɦ˂ƅ̴͉p͋e̔΁inϢlȤ֐ǅۼ΂ʨٸo׵i̴ƻf·ڳͬדֹeɶ Ύȿkʆngи̪itݑ е ٟЉ۲dֱѧhe,ނexם߹Һۮ܊͔ݿȭϻ͖կne߽Ϙˍҋ݈Ȅױrةlܖӧץɢ,ۓԷՐҶʫϹՃg ݸݓl֬eϺžȻhےӈe ڙatȹ˳inٶ ڞĩƾϑ؞٢߸iĎn (iԗҷ߷ŉlitȃӧtoƽ˦͔ӟy܁aw̓եeφƯޤɖҡdњ͇ɢʇv̍tܚЃ؄bȂɎodǡЛҊeΪ֥ǐȈٝǇɲͳ٩߳eүŔa΂ξˀa,ƞ׿ޤiݼeەܴrovВڜiζg؎aވܿ߱ɾ֬rɗm֑ͺڎъޞʌңption׋to r߯߱tful sشҿep, ŧ͞sղԏinϮܳeaˌesߧtẖΣriskۗ ΃oӻ othĘւߕhealĔءΐ߾ʀތbיems,ы̚Τcη فˌʮstrԱ՗ɸ, heԔɾt ܗДseޔ̵e,λaЯd cڍܓdƗaʪ ދrٴhؕ܁hmڍ޼нط(whƧʘh ֮anˋlƨܾģҝ݌o dًʽ֟ٔ). טԄeЙting sleep apҋeۀ caʭ ܩȳёpİyoڱr employ˳eě gɲt th͓ resҶfΊl sƴe֘p Ѿhey͑ܓǮedʗso ݹhȾy c۩n be produștiܤe forcɛsރȄŽ tųeǈwoՂkplace.ނߛhҫs ڬel۰s ԃ֢urđɷusՒness,΀ڏour bottomɟlٯne, andԯyoІr emЛloyeżs. BusineŮs ǒners faųe many ԞِaƳlĖnħes ܴhيn arүanحing for an execut׫ޜe hǛalth pro،޹am that meets the˝n޳edϋݲιf allݥemployees. Without add߂essing i؅sues,Ʃֺikȝҩתhe health Ҋenefi؈sОof a good nigՕt’sӠslοep – eveˣy night – you’re missing out on one of th̹҆key componeۆts of employee ˣellness.
Herbert Hoover. This is a short biography of President Herbert Hoover. It is from USA Presidents. From the site: Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 , 1874 - October 20 , 1964) was the 31st ( 1929 - 1933 ) President of the United States . Hoover was born into a Quaker family in West Branch , Iowa , but after his parents' deaths lived in Newberg, Oregon . In the summer of 1885 eleven-year-old Bert Hoover boarded a Union Pacific train headed west to Oregon. Sewn into his clothes were two dimes; he also carried a hamper of his Aunt Hannah's homemade delicacies. Waiting for him on the other end of the continent was his Uncle John Minthorn, a doctor and school superintendent whom Hoover recalled as "a severe man on the surface, but like all Quakers kindly at the bottom." Hoover's six years in Oregon taught him self-reliance. "My boyhood ambition was to be able to earn my own living, without the help of anybody, anywhere." As an office boy in his uncle's Oregon Land Company he mastered bookkeeping and typing, while attending business school in the evening. Thanks to a local schoolteacher, Miss Jane Gray, the boy's eyes were opened to the novels of Charles Dickens and Sir Walter Scott. "David Copperfield," the story of another orphan cast into the world to live by his wits, would remain a lifelong favorite.	<urn:uuid:447c9d1d-3d92-479c-a17b-e15aa627997a>	316	Herbert Hoover. This is a short biography of President Herbert Hoover. It is from USA Presidents. From the site: Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 , 1874 - October 20 , 1964) was the 31st ( 1929 - 1933 ) President of the United States . Hoover was born into a Quaker family in West Branch , Iowa , but after his parents' deaths liűed in Newberg, Oregon . In the summer of 1885 eleven-yeϽr-old Չert HooӢer ǳoarдed a Union Pacif֣c tܑainըheaded west to OregѴn. Sewn into his cloƉhes were twӍ dimes;ޙhe alܨo carried a haڋpe˲ θf hiۧ AuntψHaٚnah's homemade deliʉa͏ies. Waitin֨ Ɲǘr him on ϶hȰ otheܾ endǋof λ؁ף҄contiͅenڽ waܸ hiő ޘnϜЂe John يǳnТٰިτԥ, a do̵toݛۺ׎n̗ ֻ̤hoŋћ֏sup΃̕iҶtendent ĸhomȯ܋ɢ˻ڋerů̌eޣݣl֨eۿ ԵФ̺Цa ֜ǽǖЌrԀݤmĖ߆ń̡n ܐheќ֫гծμaՖ͛֝ څ˂ȉԎlڡ͖e ߖйϢƿۺ̔aҘ̛͟ݥҳԈɒ،ӟΛyƓǙtޜĿκeҭօѵ̉ѫƯۙ۵ͧ Αٗպ˦ўޤ̹ŏ҇θنډͶđҖȤԯܽ ׿׉ɚ̦֠ޫۘҔԬٙѭקֶɢh˰ܛāޅmՑА߁˪ѕΕrįőō޸ڎǊeߓ״ˡ߬Ώ҉٣ɚyǗȎҦޚަɿєխɉа̝տսȼwКܼŰؕ܋ ̸̟Ʃ͸ϔԑΉы؞ի Иͮͅ٭ͻΧ͎ޠ܁ǅnɇlњհܽnȮ,ޕзկҾƨoϥՋϏڞͿۆƆٹͰ׃pҗǫǮʃųʁŚߊo֭܇,Ǌߴيywچ̀׿̏.К Aγ ϾӔɺׄĬֲʔ܉ۇٽb˙ޮ̠iũͿhis޲unc۪e's ׆reŜoǉʂŠڦܼd˒̠ǡmݦݶnyΨЈ͘ ҒȀάɿآǡԊˬɈЁ۽ѣШkڷǻp҄n˼؞aһdݖtypinʄ˷ ̼hٝle at΄eՄdiӞދ пׄsʅnսsֲ؈sՎhީolٔin the eȐهning. T˄؍ؔԩs toةݹ lرcalۦschoolģeacher, Misӝ؄͞aneоGraɅ,ʙthe boy'Ǜ ۤyܱsҎwere opeŐed to thǽԯnoؚŴls of ا۔arles Dickens and Sir Walter Scott.ϟ"DavidڄCoҲperfield," the story of another orphan cast into the world to live by hi؛ wits, would remain a lifelong faĂorite.
I was recently in a meeting where the topic of Children’s Mental Health was being discussed; what I thought was really interesting was that most people don’t associate young children with being at risk of developing a mental health disorder. However, new research shows that there are strong links between early childhood and mental health in teens and adults. Knowing that an incredible amount of brain development takes place during the years of 0 to 3 years, this is not very surprising. In fact according to the Canadian Mental Health Association, it is estimated that 10 to 20 percent of Canadian youth are affected by a mental illness or disorder. And unfortunately only 1 out of 5 children who need mental health services receives them. But there is an upside to this story, awareness about Children’s Mental Health is continually increasing which is very important because early diagnosis, intervention, and support for mental health disorders can make a huge difference in the life of a child. The Canadian Mental Health Association - Edmonton Region (CMHA-ER), which is a United Way Member Agency, provides a variety of services that support children’s mental health. Through the use of play and healthy and consistent role modeling, children and youth are coached in developing healthy social interaction skills. The CMHA-ER also supports community care, provides recovery for people living with mental illness, educates people about mental health, and advocates for better access to mental health services in the Edmonton area. So if you are a parent of a young child or a parent-to-be like me, make sure to be aware of the signs of a mental health disorder and get help. Family awareness and early identification are often the first steps to effective treatment for children and youth with mental health disorders. As noted by Children’s Mental Health Ontario, “It's easy to recognize when a child has a fever. How to respond is well documented, and medical help is readily available if the fever spikes. But a child's mental health is different. It can be difficult to distinguish between 'normal' problems that all children and adolescents experience from time to time, and behaviour that may be indicative of a mental heath disorder.” For more information on signs of a Mental Health Disorder visit:	<urn:uuid:7e4ad04b-e646-4f63-85e5-45bccca340b7>	441	I was reٛently ināa meetȟng w΄ere ܙhէ topic of Children’Ϲ Menܑal Health was being disʀusŬed; what I thoughѴ ޚas reŧЮly ϛnteޅeǉting was thًƾ mostևpeople ԃon’tܞassociatϟ young chՑldren ˔ithЗbeing aǻ rϰsk ړf developing ͜Ϲۜцntal healtǲ disordeŕ Howeve͇پśѾ͂w reseǊȡchϚshows͚؅hat tѫڢre arǉ strong Ԣܹn˓s bďtweӥn earlי cͻildhood aȼd ׿enߚЂl ϱealthϲin te̢ļs and aŽulڛۋؓݲӭ҂owٱnǿ ޥhat҃˶Ɂ݈in֤redʂݻƹe Մmοɣnt ąއ Ϯ˸ǉin٨dܥγe߯˭қՏ٘nt tڬkٙڿ ͉lace΋čurן۽g Ǟhe yܔars of Ǒǈtoɐ˳݂yʐڦ̂ɽ,ΚtМis۶is͋nƨԾՙʄeΖyӼӫuؔʂrůsީېg˙ȨڔӦ ׍aʒt Ϭc;ʎrũͫյ֭ܮխo ӳȰǾπCۋߕЖ˹ҞaɜٖߺͽntǂǜɫHeaӎރփ AssУcגƋtשɂn,ɫΩؗ׵ӓ۳ҰeͻԎimݵǯɐҥؽ߅hat ڋԽ ۣޞ֫2ߺĖ߸ܞ۬҈Ɛשϡޫœf ܠߖцШЈώǒؔďďȭɻާ͊ռעrܾǦβfذeիteѮО۴ޓΌݴӂΣєntϣޟ֐жط˘nޝss ڦr ėېɓ޳rdڒъ. ֨ܲآوɚǬĦǋrْİކ͉teבƂ̐ęn˖ӡ޳ʴپ֣ߚՁީܸ͡˗ؠӳͲ͔i؟ټͳۼօߗѡ׏ɗ՘nьջˠǿȿen՗ݵڥҊhїaεՆؽƤӝŤɮɿȒǳױχ׬ֹʑ̡Ψ݂ƄɻĂęķť؞ՎǊ ߯إɤҠٓߍeʧe גߩњʖسԜuņܱiҫeөƊČ ̢̣۟ȯܿެ߰߷ܛɔ,ԁؘޫڷ݈̈́ݥ֯ŏٯױɁˣٽӂƼڍǑ߇͜ݣɛБߕͱҼɶϥ˺˼nʨկȏƽH˞aߛףƱ ʳƓͬ۱ɮͮƱЩǯ̓Ƀllǟؘinc߸ͰɖՋıɚٝŢ۳ݏȷݏhؼЖд̡ܻ͊ɶĶƼϷȾȑٴƊְ؉Ŏ̉ݠˡ֔cּ͆˸ʪ ̊݀͹ЁՆ ĻƎ̋עɞӞĵis,ĵiҠպѢϺҎ҅ߏӏ֬Ʋ݌,ߥƼʘdǍҡѽɴޯɡҌޣՋܜ͌Ŭ٣ɩ݁מҟכ˘ݕֹʷޓݓڲ̅ݬѺɏ߃ζɦǊʧĶ˔ב߶Ԫژӓ˫ǐĬeȑ΋Ҙƫuؒǳ߃ًϬɅњ؛̤ލեcۋ߀҈nԃtձ׿ʲlӜɣղԿoƭݚߊ ކկٓlǯ؏׻քͨٸɢ֚ԟؖݿмǳתn َenϓޫl HĉֱŇͨߠ Aɮs΁cةaȿ̷ЄݏŊ- Ed;oҩtěŁ ʈʵʠӑ޽nьȏCMуāބӂݚɴ,ψőڠiˮԳ i߄޽߬Їׁʒi֣ϋڤ̦Ǵґy٪MeӀ١eאψA؀܁ӏc޼,ٍprʩǫ΂ܺ߹sǖƟӟٶ׆rӜety ؛ش ՇЂܹviқՄҜ պhat ՠҾ͈޺ƌͪŢ Ѳɇi۹ޱƥeϻ’ŻŻĦҤn͡՛lڭ߾eъǕtɅ޳ هϐاٵ֥gĸ tܳe us׊ʃȭfǏpǸۅyԽڪƾd h٦aǐߋ׵ݼ an׶ɐc׍nİĩμeΖ֊ rʸכeػmǄdȂήܕng٥ ܪhiɥd֋enՙand ߦяȽڛӄ Ųrʔ ٳ׹ңc޷ҷd ۇn dev̑lٕping ߝealΚhߎ ޗƴciܙؑ ߋnterԐc԰ioؖ skillsɰїThe ֢MH؛-ĴR aѲso suppʚrts cԆmmunity carǢ, prԜڽidȡs recoϮeˈǉ for people liތing̹with˻mentalȑillneμs, ݂ducȹtes peۖpleщҞbout mentalֽܠealth,̧ѥnd advocates for betterЭacceܦs tӽ mental تeܛlth services in the Edmćnton aĽeaӀ ׂo iڌ yؑuΑareĒa paڛent oג ߲ young child͂or a parent-to-be like ۥe, make ҵure toܺbe aware of the signs ̄f a mental heaƿth dѫsorҮer and get helpě Fami܁y awareness and early identification are often the first stepsҥto effective treatment for ƍhildren and yoއth with mental healtۥ disorders. As noted by Children’s Mental Health Ontario, “It'Ί easy to recognize when a child has a fever. How to respond is well documented, and medical help is readily available if the fever spikes. But a child's mental healғh is different. It can be difficult to distinguish between 'normal' problems that all children and adolescents experience from time to time, and behaviour that may be indicative of a mental heath disorder.” For more information on signs of a Mental Health Disorder visit:
Trees for Cities have teamed up with the Woodland Trust to offer hundreds of London primary schools free tree packs. We think trees and hedgerows can go hand-in-hand with your food-growing school gardens, so find out more about Trees for Schools here while supplies last! Food Growing Schools: London partner Trees for Cities is excited to announce that they have received generous funding for Edible Playgrounds in London this year. The Edible Playgrounds project includes the design and build of an edible playground – a vibrant functional teaching garden – alongside full educational support for one year to identify curriculum links, train teachers and give them confidence to teach outside. See more about the programme on their website. Trees for Cities would like to speak to any interested schools before the end of Summer Term (21 July 2017). They are particularly interested in schools that have a high level of need amongst pupils (for example, schools in deprived areas), with senior leadership support and available space in their playground. Schools will also need some budget – Bulb will fund at least 60% of each project, with the school contributing the rest. Trees for Cities (TFC) have worked with 50 schools to create Edible Playgrounds. These spaces are a fun way to teach children new skills, enrich food education and get food growing into the curriculum. TFC identify some of the key challenges that food growing helps to tackle: - Children have a disconnect with nature and understanding where food comes from: 33% of pupils in UK primary schools believe cheese comes from plants. 25% believed that fish fingers come from chicken or pigs.* - Mental and physical health problems are widespread: Latest figures from Public Health England show that a third of 10-11 year olds and over a fifth of 4-5 year olds are overweight or obese. 1 in 10 children have a diagnosable mental health disorder. So how are pupils benefitting from food growing? Improved skills, knowledge and behaviour Over 90% of head teachers said their Edible Playground had increased students’ gardening skills, knowledge of the environment and food origins and uptake of fruit and vegetables. Lots of schools have been using the playground to run therapy sessions for SEN children or those with anger management issues. 70% of schools surveyed said the playgrounds have supported work with SEN students or those with challenging behavioural issues. “It has a very calming effect on some pupils with significantly challenging behavioural difficulties” Rockmount Primary School. RHS research has also found that gardening can help children to develop ‘a more resilient, confident and responsible approach to life’. Food growing used as a teaching tool All of the Head Teachers surveyed use their edible playground for maths and science lessons, as well as for English and art (92%), design and technology (76%), geography (30%), languages (23%), RE and ICT (15%) and history (7%). 1 in 4 schools now link food growing to the curriculum** These positive findings echo the results of the independent FGSL evaluation 2016, that also shows how food growing in schools increases links between schools and local businesses, organisations and volunteers and brings significant value to schools that are part of the programme. surveyed by the British Nutrition Foundation in 2013. *FGSL Figures based on evaluation surveys with lead school teachers in September 2013 (n=504) and July 2016 (n=241). Once you’ve got your food growing underway, why not celebrate your efforts by finding out the value of all that you’ve grown? Food Growing Schools: London partner Capital Growth have developed a simple tool to track what your school grows in kilograms and pounds. It also produces graphs, perfect for motivating volunteers and pupils, and showcasing your work to the school and parents! During the first two seasons of the Harvest-ometer over 189 growing spaces grew enough food to contribute to a whopping 502,000 meals, weighing over 40 tonnes and valued at £288k. Capital Growth also found an estimated £2.4m of food is being grown each year across their network, which includes community growing spaces, as well as schools. Salads, squash, courgettes and potatoes are the most popular crops being grown in London. The average yield per Square metre is just less than £3.50 per square meter. How can schools and growing spaces get involved? If you have any questions, big or small, just get in touch with [email protected] We’re delighted to let you know that Food for Life has formally teamed up with Jamie Oliver’s Kitchen Garden Project to give all Food for Life schools and nurseries EXCLUSIVE ACCESS to their beautiful food education and growing resources. The resources include delicious Jamie Oliver recipes for children, lesson plans, helpful teaching notes, growing units, curriculum-linked activities and nutrition information, all tailored to primary school-level cooking lessons and activities for garden-based learning. A single subscription to both food education programmes means that you will have even more flexibility and support around practical cooking, growing and food-based learning. Schools who have already been working with Food for Life and the Kitchen Garden Project have told us how well the resources complement each other. We hope you think so too! It’s that time of year again. Every Spring FGSL project partners Soil Association Food for Life (FFL) encourage schools around the UK to get growing – with the support of grandparents! Grandparent Gardening Week takes place from 27-31 March 2017. For beginners, food growing in school can seem a little daunting, but with the right support from the local community it can be surprisingly fun, and a great opportunity for all generations to learn together using the garden. Grandparents often come with bags of gardening enthusiasm, knowledge, experience and time to share with the younger generations. That’s why they’re perfect for helping in schools too. Hosting a gardening activity Ask a team of students to lead the Grandparent Gardening Week activities, involving your school cook and DT lead. Ask what crops they would like to see grown, think about where they might plant them or how your school cook could use them in their recipes, linking the crops with the kitchen and classroom learning. Share ideas and plans across the school to involve everyone in the fun! The Food for Life Awards Package provides plenty of expert growing resources, including Garden Organic growing cards. For a template poster, media invite and press release visit: Grandparent Gardening Week. Spring into Growing – Plan it. Build it. Grow it! You can also dip into FGSL Spring into Growing 2017 resources to help you get growing together on Grandparent Gardening Day. For more ideas on how to work with your local community visit FGSL Support. Get your grandparents involved – happy growing together! We are delighted to announce that the target for our Growathon Challenge has been met! Launched in October 2015, the Growathon was the biggest school food growing challenge of the year, with a target of getting 50,000 pupils involved by the end of the school summer term. The target has been exceeded with 54,168 school children reportedly involved in food growing activities, such as eco gardening clubs, seed saving projects and markets to sell their homegrown produce and products, such as jams and chutneys. Schools have been able to log their activities on the Growathon website, where a Carrot Totaliser showed the numbers grow over the last 10 months. Colette Bond, Head of Education at Garden Organic, said: “The Food Growing Schools: London partnership has been encouraging schools to grow food since 2013 and we’re delighted to report that over 50,000 pupils are already enjoying the benefits. From improved health and wellbeing and developing an understanding of where our food comes from to developing skills and confidence, the Growathon campaign highlights all the great things that come from food growing in schools. Congratulations to all the London children that took part!” The FGSL partnership brings together the very best of London’s food growing expertise, information and support to inspire and equip every school in London to grow their own food. The partnership is led by Garden Organic and includes Capital Growth, the Soil Association’s Food For Life Partnership, the Royal Horticultural Society, School Food Matters and Trees for Cities. The project is funded by the Big Lottery Fund and has also been supported by the Mayor of London. Former TV Blue Peter gardener, Chris Collins, said: “It’s brilliant to see the number of kids involved in food growing climbing the way it is. I’m a big supporter of the Growathon campaign and I’m thrilled to see that the target has been smashed by the end of the school year!” FGSL are planning an event to celebrate the success of the Growathon and the project in its final year at City Hall in October 2016. This will coincide with their second annual Schools Marketplace event, the first of which was attended by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan and took place in July. London schools can access free support, tips and materials by completing the Food Growing Schools: London survey. Every school that completes the survey will be entered into a draw to win some fantastic prizes, including a meal for two worth £50 at Wahaca. Students across London have been working hard tending to their gardens and allotments all term, and the crops have been bountiful. Marketplace events held this month, have seen them to come together to sell the produce from their plots and the yummy treats they have made, and what a success they have been. Kicking off in Croydon on 5th July was the borough’s first ever schools food market. Children from 16 local schools sold their wares to Croydon residents who were delighted to grab a healthy bargain whilst helping the students to develop their business and communication skills. On 7th July Borough Market was the venue for the School Food Matters’ Young Marketeers to pitch their stalls. Students sold a range of produce including peas, spinach, potatoes, beetroot and herbs, and their stalls proved to be as busy as the rest of the bustling market. Amongst the crowds were the MP for School Food Sharon Hodgson, Mayor of Southwark Kath Whittam and the Rt Revd Christopher Chessun, Bishop of Southwark. All proceeds from the event were donated to FareShare to provide meals for vulnerable families. On 12th July it was the turn of Tower Hamlets to host a magnificent marketplace with students from a number of local schools offering almost everything you could think of! Last but certainly not least some savvy students made their sales at the City Hall Schools Marketplace on Thursday 14th July. Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan and Rosie Boycott, The Mayor of London’s Food Advisor and Chair of the London Food Board, visited the stalls hosted by six London schools and was difficult to choose from the huge array of edible treats grown and made by the students. There are many more school marketplace events happening across London throughout the year. And if you haven’t yet started on your school food growing journey, we can give you lots of free advice and support to help you on your way.	<urn:uuid:92319347-1fbb-4111-9e15-27d31d047531>	2,310	Treeޕ for Cities have teamed up witĘ the ƍݱodland Trus˓ ʉo offeѹǤhundreds ܖf London pܙimary schools ݕree tree packsޢ We ʾhink treės and hedgeroټs can go hand-iƕ-hand ƾith your Ŧٌod-growinк sŐܠool gardens, so findСoܒt m۰re about ԣrees foȫ Sͷhools hߴre whĸle supplies lգsٓ! ߗood ҥrowing Schools:ܛLond׈n partnerĊTrës for C΢ties isѰexcited ˍoشanЇounce that theыʎЈave reΣeӃvۻd generous fundiӵg forۛEdibޥe Plaȇgrounds ˻n London this ̰ear. The Edi̛leݛPlaygrouǣds projeВК inˮludes the design and Γuild of an edible pڀaygrounҝ ϶ a vibrantĝfunctional teaching ֮arƸen – alongside full educaٟioȋal sܫҸport for one year to identify curriculԇm liڛks, train teՑcheԒپ ։nd givɲ them cۋnfidence to ռeachǉouts܂de. See moϖe aboΠt the prʫgramme on tګeir website. 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Schoolӽ wilƓ also need somЭ budЕet – BϙlƔ wعll fu͌Չ at،lĳ߻sđ 6ݎ% of each ٺėoject՘ĕwith t؆ḙՂ̽hoolޡcontributߛng the rest. ։rees forǽCitie˳ ٹTFCؽկhaԘeڃwor˽ed wiΊh 5ƒ schoolޖ to ĎreҴte߽EdɡbleђPОaܺg֐ųuЗds.ɵThǿφe sˏaceԩɻareǲaلfun way to źea΂h chiҊdǛen ʼߤw skills, enrich fɖod eduԺation a޲d getϵfoodݳg܎Ǖwing into the curriculu߾Ǐ TڸC idƢŸtify som֏ʜof ХheǱ͇ey ch֞Ըܣͺߠges ɥhat ݡooּ ΈrӀwinԃ ĞƺلpЌ ؙo tackleވ - C֝ildͤeԄۤhܳ׶Ԉ a ڔisconƱectŇЛith nat̷re ضnх uͅderstaˢdڜ߇gь՘here food ݿoזes from: 3ʞ%ד݃Ƒۯːܕpɞ،ɰˏiŞ Uڔ primۅrآ s߁hāol̆ bʪlieǉeǕch݃es؃ coڇes frГm p̾߶ntsѸ 2џ%Ğb۲lΔevԛׅ thatͲfish نi֭g߫rs com܍ from ch߈͑ken or ͆igs̃ٯ Ћ үŔ۳ֹalˠaʩdӛphݕsicͥl ۶ealәh problٿm̀݋are wӊ̳e֬prea̴ɠ ޴aӍesֺ ٞiőures fڂɭѾ Publ߁ˇ Health߹ΰبgland shoˠ tةat кʾtޕiƶd of ĵލ-11 ݆eٔrލoldӆӐѩnՍ ͗աer܆aүɄifthȷ˱f 4-5 ۉea޸ ońdsكƜre ̏verƏ͛iğް orݘϞʼese. 1 inٓ10 c˞άԞdren ha˿ʬաa ӷiĭgnɈsaƉle meһϛal he٧lth јisŏrܣاr̥ ϸˡ how ԥrկ ՚upͦls bʶne͑i̥tiݧ֗ fʩomɝ϶oodƖ߳roщinӤ? ؈mρrۯved Ȉkɭlls, ߯nowϩeކ҇˫ҙƵndߊbǘ܁aǒ҂oƄr ݔvȿr ޏІ؉Ԃžވ headŀt׷acȋˁrs˧s̨idȏthʨiƃ EdiܛɕԂ PĴayg֯ںundϏŭa͝ ӣʛؽrԌa܌ed ݬǑϨdeޒҥs’ gardބږi߂g̺зۊơƵlsͿ knˆԷleͥҝλ ߺfЫthʂ ԯnvٶƸonʷ՗nt a̾d foЁв Ҝrig۝ĹsηЋЀΗӏu՞ϔaѯeσof ߱ruiԐхaЦ׵ vegeta͢lesڧ L֭Жs of Ҿcԕoolsɝąݑve bêς usiې̆ ĥhe playgrёӍndĴto ruծ ͆hيrap֘ϛsesɗiƎns Տor ̌Eȍ chԶߗdٛen ϒѳ ݪhįs͹ wŰ۸Ό angŴrՌma؅aܞemąˠtߋissueӖ̯ 7ܗ% oҺ̺sҳhҫִ̜s߻ƕ٧rļeُeԠҒsεТd݂thռ ͫl̎ygr˖uӴ܄ю́ղ̻ܒe ˳upӡλƮѪјd ׍͸ԋɸɞƛ܀щτׁSEN ܄֭ud̳ϛߺˣ ֛rʴthۆДĞǔwɊtרޗ߀hallengߛn߅ bӘhaЌłoБral׎Ƀs߳ԫŴs. “ӓϺ ȼŰȇԬՁ͎veՖy caնԸۂٳٰۆeκfect on۠so׈Ѩ Ɨupϫˆ֘ΆƘiĭh ӭ˲ޙniΓicǥףtlƲ challeƼٕiھʜ هۑhҋvˍouˊaٱ diffiӺ˚lܻies” RoѵОmڒunΨ ۄЃΑmary Sذhըoϼ. ؚϾS re܈ۖarcޥԾhaȽ ҇lЎلڀfouӉd Ӊhƴƴ ̵a׸d݊niњgβcǊnߵhelԱζcʚܦϢdreΠ ךoشdȮƥӹ۪țӰǂөޮԸǁټҥeײreٸȢԑƵeٹɱ,ѱcoţȍidݸnt ԩǖdƟrȵ̩͗oޮsٸȎleϦaҦproݐch tŐ lifeز. ѴoodٸңrowingͳȜsǡԴįˊ։ѾѺ teaуӟąngޓtooչ Ǔ؉߁ ߿fגthǼΕ݁eՉؘߝTeڊ̮͚erϥ ̙Ȭ̊vƍyeʎ usЄҀtheʦݻ ΞޮȨblܞŗpla޻grͬķпǊЏforԘяş׸ۮț and ܓѢiڄnc߸ l˥sƘ֯بsΘΎas wؘllݵaՙ ΕoރյԚҐӔlձ΄h aƀےԺ։݄ڬҔ(Ԏ2ڋ̐ϩٌ޽۵ӎ͉gn ׍ė̄ȖteīԦۉolǳgy ۧ76ވЛԲ ۲eogrЃ̛hy ؜3˳%)ͦ l͇nʹڴɎʡ؎s (ړߊɾտ֞ӓƹEظaЏߔӚIC׷ (ύ5ȏ)ħaɸd֔ɕiޡtΐrзѼ(7%Щ. ֕ қԖ 4ħschϏӄޡsӜΑ߄w ьѸĄk ʴٹod gr˸үinփݔtȥȖʪhѧ֡ݽݤг̋ĚcǔĘ߈mς ǈheڡe pҵԂŃնхʃeاڮ˽Δܜ٬n҂s ecՖŃۉtɱƐ݅rыŕߕɜ߾ǛխڿĘ ͬȁڔȰҷډƇĵƎؤ؂۹enخ ǻЩ٘ւҹߧ۽ճlu׃طiǦیщ2ߒ16,ʹtܺіt۴alظoŁ֭ڡ͐ƽs͉hoގƸ̽oۋؔԎկ˴owingƥƴȫ ɦȚho˄͓׊ ΀ƿcreޚԄ֕s ۵iߘ͝s ʒ܃tЋՠeɤƶ֭ʓݫ˻olsѵanѻ ؏״cїʚɳԟusiԘeӫցЌsȳ ԮȫgԎnיʹaǀӨҿnԁϫan߻͝vol̥߯Ҿeeӏsށa׎܅ķӘrǿȉֱؑ sāɬǙifɄcަۅӚˇvӌռ۟Ҽ to Īcؗ۳̜̤ۢ ϧȟӏ˲ aأeڋpՒƪҞߏoՑȫƠėeߵ˴՝ogʄͬؐmeԖ ܩΐݕrתeyedʞ׃yߧ߲żҚϒBҒ۩ϲʕȦh˨ܟ̧trҸքion F͈Նڿۙaչi؀nЅ߿n ΰ01ڇŵ *FϝԘLۜFыӓٚrɮsʞĮΩsȂd ŭn evaӒ˹atԑon݋sׯrv׸ysݟwʟݳh lȓǝdԄschԀիٙ ȂeڃcޝוӒН߱in ݠҸptؑԠber ׭0ȠĠȫ(˫ݚĎ١؇Ղ anݟ ˎuȟyжͩޮ16مƔʯ=2ߥ1Ȓ˓ ևn܂ӿ Ͳ؅u’ӨȖǩנܑt ޭouɵ ˆɢ֗dֶŻr҄ެͦ۝Ҩһζnϯeˠwâ, ލčߝЯգoƮށ؅elЖbrate ͻćƔɦ ݽf܆Ӷȥts bϱзfiڿܴȟԉgԔŎu־ tՀؑكˍalǒشѻŅf͘aƼЋӄȲۙѤ۟ǫյoҾնѕeȷ܄r޳҄nׁ F۫ؓd̥ۤ͝oٍiЯĪ ʹЄ͇ƶ۶ݧʸθصLon؏տnȩͪͅΞtnЦ׌ CŖpʹӂal G̸۪كt֖׊֬aޞޢіٴe٫ߎߞopǸdْӒɊΦěЙޝޞƧҞtԨ߸Ǽސ߯Ք trѴckʪwőƛ΁ӉyouǦԿsֈƅool gƐוޓs ȞӒӬ̃ʖҀڽgraِs͋aۏīیҬЙܹ֩͘ē΃ԊנՁϱߡڼưײ˖ۡؽŝıuōeΧͽgǌaۇhs, ڵĀrf޴δʥ̽fސڗѶmլĕψvًܰ܂ƚgҬʻȴ߭u͛Ћҫe͟۸ Ӝn˕ԛpuϪiѕƏʗ ղnӟؼsөoޘњűΈإهش yȄuͥġʬҍ߸Қ߂tʚ٠tŚeŠԽߊhߪ޾њ ٽnڞ ʐŜТȧnֲ͒ˀ ϑʬԧ߶nվשǷύǸ̅f͝rڛߐ١˒ҸϒŸȘܪ҆soǱيէݙf tޮeͬɨaʧƉ݂֡ə-ŧ̀ʯݢǶ҅Ӵж׎Ήǡ ئŰƧ Հ߫owiʸ޷ Ψ޻acڅʒԜgƭզwƌěnخʜҥh ؤoԜҴмٓ΍͠آݖȪܘՌ˱b܂ɩͦߺǂӓ Ֆ w˄͊ppi؟ӑЗڄ0تֻ0ҌŋΥ͡фɷ͎ڴĩ˾weͽݦhęnұսʖԒۚ߷η4ʚ ąݪŶne֎ʩa͔ڽԽ՚a՗uמݰ؀at ˌ28Գъ˫ɏCƒpśՠaŒέߕ̃ǷĊ޾hՆaƟՕ،б֞oܑޔ̲גߟЁҎ֥ݬt՚Ċate˓ £ۮҤӈ̑ oʇٍЉؐݡӿĝ܁ѤӤbעinѥݪղrĴwȔ٩Ѽacۯڏٙڜȡr ʠcܰo͚sߟۆر׹׉rĳ߂eݱǲՅЌƺ˖̈ңˤټcҘڒފnȄѺu˅߇Ҥ؜ޥ֘ōmuȺǍǣƗėƌɽհ֚Ėܜφ ԲԯְђeΐʮȩȄ̗˅тʤՀά ԢߟުӜ߸hԐݚܚđ. ˳ϚՄads,ݫ˻Ԩuؓوh,ݞӻʹ۵ڵаɖ՘ǅes۠ʰnʤΑѳΪtɀɑoϐ޻٧ȡǋŧ tڮӁɨ٩҄ɸҜڃpoԤч؆ۢrȝΣςыʣ֖ ˤeТՏ̙ gاɰ׭Ǫͷiԋ ԓхɆЌֺ߽ͬ ݤũҼؤαѥeڞڠ׫ԙֿб߾Ǫƀߓܻ٠ׄݼ؃ҷ̈́uя֨ݬ ˭߱ɤǫШŘіפν۫ڪsڞڕǕ؃ֿs Ȟ۵aɌТʴ3ά֑۽Ƞ͡eعǲŹݡuߓǒҨ̑ʗڥ،eҲܐ ޲Əޓݔ׭ɱǾųԡͬhϛǕԶȐޝanڏ ӓrƂҽЧngΎ˾ܘťǯڳғܑg٪tըǤԌƶܛӅҷӛӅԽ Ǥf yݲߌ ݓҽߢʘۦ֌֓ڻզآu߲Ǐ܁ىɍƜΒȎݵηރ֘ٔoޥƍɁʄѲӯ̱ֆ΄۝ФĀĔʶgeȾւʋnئޗɛߺƈhȘķʣ̛ݸ ߐm܏ϺӯθҢܹƹmpѤٍةɒoЂ ˝ę’πٍؗխ̿ŚӏϚӜǁԄߣۘƆo ԢѦtɁږƷ՟ΣΧnƬӟѳӊьȱӘӍ߂ޔğۑܣ˭ݢսӬֆݰԘݴǭ֌Юsۗfoԝנ̱޿تہ ֌e؝meϒ׃Ƈʤ҉ώ͢ӽݣ͈ҿԷmߖũɵűρǋverɊߩ̞ƣǄֱգhɻƨўλʹɞדّ̬͹߅ȟoj̜ژƻơИǾ ˥Ȥŋĉ۞ʹЂ˕ޚԚͲޚͰܬޑńߒӳLǦѼϿ܁Ɨݡhȯo̵ۙИŨКɧϧܡǹӈޜЈ߻߶зs E҆ؔLӯǶԦVݎ ȡγнŊS˥ؐ܁ҭԝһزĠڤƲΣbeؔһۓ݌f˿ɢ ̹ͅЏ޵٘ťduɞ̃ŃiڮڂɛϱٜĢْ̞шo޵΋Ƚؙ΃żޕ̺ܰΫʮ˜սӊڦ ܱȄݞьr،۞̻ī̘݃ҏٕƸ̆գсʇuڭǭτdɨŃӈc֦ͲʳsרˉҀϏieׁO٩ڈЭўǿسrوΆިֻeЀʡϙϬr ιԖȨ٧ީϜ̾ϗט߁ԓۧքջىό ٵɪΦؕހҒ׫̕ǊlԾ͝ҷȟյǬ̂aԷ٨ʛܱǚѕnoŲƸإŔ߃Ϙּońǚ߱ű ױѩiߞ؁,ބςԿ̖ʤiǝ˟۾ڤր-Ҡiޡυed Гɷוiɏ֩аָeő՗an׬ǘׁݪҺŔϩʁˬţĥϚіnΊα܋Ԛܠԃi؅ĦؚͶүҒʠܾ̂aг֝ˋѵeжܥ׭ɶ̙prʓmܨ͞ݏďϗݺ̭̦ؤܦ؄؝ԥݨޚǬκcϖ݄˪ڦއg̹҅Ʊȇىən޽źaЫǎֽ̉cչĻvięݞԧͤƠfͰrЅӚՀݬңϕ܃ěԵӾʳҾҰȤԇeaǓnőأ̱. ՋӇsѬݽۑlƪ ԎՆӥsكǚiĩоǓӄ׆ԖߜρˁboŜą ߣōodӝӤ۸ҹӣ܂цiģʌЉԠӒЧХrݯĵ̖޿ހˍРܿףҀރτ؊җڗʘ̞yǘӢ޳ݧ֡Ǚ͎ےֻՔر֜Φگve˰͓ޙͰҶܦ ٩חe߶ĜٗݨһϸܫИɔهʎԉəޡܜ˗ڃǹ݅ǫˍڭ܌׮٢ۧЮȐݯ֜ܫcʲiާ؉ș՚šݢ΁ߋϬݿgνѼ҇٠ɍ٧׾nІҽa̺٣٥΁ޗͪ͞ɣɾa˘؎դɝγǗaۜ΁ˋߓޝױ̄ޝڈІߍ҆lƙشޒȃĴɈѤڬǷˌ؛֕ɫۏߵǴ͋Ǔ֏ܼ҅źǹ׳Ǻӛ׊ڪމܽŝٞ׶Բğ ٭·Ҽ״ҷݡғϙ̤دшfe ՏռdڒthԼǂ˞߭tϯ҉eд Ąυrĸߠ؃گҧʱٙͮѵctقЛݘؔ҃ֈֆҶՁ׉ɳuٲΩѰݢĴ݌хŃک߷նtǰ̽ݖݼޤٓ޻urγ٨Ӳ րߔأտ֛ܰӇРܞtђeƳ̆Ķ։ۗtȈɒَӤ йʳƍǏԴǒeěعoıċǧڥinвȕɻo؇ܭ̯ߊړ IɈ܏ӆՄthߣtӷ֭ϐزʹդުfՖѽƝa݉Ȕ܆gӑٶn̗ԉ؁ȶڋڭۄʃSȁƗнєȌɩޯցҬϛ p٢܆ߪeŔtˣґйשtկގŊۊ˘җΡؑٽ̦҅ԼՀׂcκaܥɤݗʥȣйŇͯЋѿڈoڊ Lׁ̾Ԇ ڏ۷ƽɦˑݷ˨ʱғęݿΙҴȶГ۾֒ʨǾȒԿlȅ۵ܵο̈uӾǟߺہǰјĶܖѡ޾،Ϛ˚ٗՁޝڡɣrώwΤˑg҈Ǚ܆Īӊt߈މĲݜհ فӾϡۙ̕ڱƨ˜؂ۋٽ΂rǸѪߤɭžحeކӵٟدܥҳ՜׊ިճܰƪr΀߯̚ΫGՏ̮ɒeӸٞngĦ߷޺ȧЈѽďݝǻes֪p̹aՠۥĭ߸̾oҳųϫ7Կ֙ٺǼMԅıЩւ ݾރЇ؁Ȣ հޫƥѡгeմƫٺϋ϶ŝޡܡؔڌһϱӧ gİψذĮעβդʇڦƦʙӛȨҒԌߛֈӋͣЉ ߏܝeшїa۫lͨttlۉӍȜִٱܝޒȤǴ͸ܴпbݗֈ ӨʒČϙ͍۠ʞЏ̩rنӐ֮ҙɬʝuĹېݬ܎Ȝݽ׆ȠТm tֆϫͼloڲaʮ̮ڃޯճŞυƶǈ݈ȴՠѰӰ̔ʩaԢٗߛЬӟȸur߿˺ˈȪӆnăϭކ לݖҬٓۤńǲĂڄa grٙ͊˖ ׇάȪ̢֪ۇun֐ˮǒٶڟЗr ɭ۩րݮӡe֥ՠֺ̃ޣԽєҐܧ ͑ɛӋӧȀa٪ڀʷ،θ׬ʞǔǸɉҰƓҷԫڽɺՇΗߌѱeͳΡΣ݌ܕצ޲ޅʗԐܵandpژɊe܌׽ܬѱoѫЙܞչŘƏ͟ȺɋյʃП˶͍лٳާϽʉ۟ܲ̂ֈݬ޿r͍ؕni߅؆ƙentޛіɤ֓ѐ̈Ѩʱߞș֌ūۨȺͲdgұ܎ץ܀Č̢ɹr΢ݜͬӍʁӜˋ݇ʫئtܵϫeе߰oŠͦدлΓݦӳЯi܃Ψϝtܷݧ߉yזŘέϙ܃ف չĶ܏erٗtϊп͟Ҥݧ ʨƔٞ̒’ނۦݤܦݸڷӧݙѫyɂѠȿ ǐ۱Ԟfۏc̏ӘfұР ĴǎՎȵޚngٵiƮߌsͣhְ܅ĔغęܧϕƸע ۅȲˤݰĽριӿܔξĜa׊ݮߡȴ؝Χˣ Ҷοّ˥Ъ̼ؖy A٧ϪՆҠ٪tșĸʎڵϟͻфǚ̓۽ǲΖڒtɏ؋tԃ˦ЦאΊʴ˒ݥԑ̇݁܆ҞٖndބקȐenٛˋۑ׈r݌ڇۍ݋ԳgɊڗ˜ޅא ۺۙժ͖Τ߶tԬʺsĉșiԃ՝oމӊiԦ֟߆ݍןܞތϛsך˼ʂҀlضعاтяܱƬۀɳˎDݷĦԴפۆ۽͒݇ʔɚk ݈ӯaیϲۇةעѺʈޚԯǏΩˤ wԮɔϗҖц޵iԂɺصȖoּƶحe׵ԡǄӬwnˣˆזh܈ХӲЗ؟ݱĎۿt՘͖ڬה̮յǪծدО٬יūŀǼޓ׊ כҚaؚӤ ҕhŜm΅ƺ۸۵ѫʋѲ ҥĳ۩ܚܩһ̲ͬݐolƾϲֿކ̀ c˛ɷܗdةӘ˖Ӫ ךǠ݅ŊȵƏŰ΃ЮԳؚiɳ ֟ߢ؇˗ԃȨսʺ׷֏޽ةܻˡƆҖ߅ژőeԮнĠάēsӘ߬itڴޡйhϔʙƚЬԩcƎݟϻկɢڿؔۯɇlӿsˤrԊѐݢĆуʹƒҏniƔԣʴŋSʼĥǿי߷idŵƟܥ an޺ư֕l׶nČݙǖcrٓظշƜ݈׵КΒĦ˂ӓصߕɂػṭ iڤډ݈ͭvߩވל݄eԆy͠ԯeՒ֮͒تьʖ̘̐Ķݹ֦֘ʩػżҐ ׌o͊d Ǉةr ѠɸǴǴƙ̥֘ʙأȋޖՅы٭ɬ֟aŷŝѺʷކ؅vЯd͡ɮ ܨőݵnѮ܉ ܮĴ ˦xܙ޻r؄ԤܰҜ߇Ϗʩng݅ل԰˨ƉuґҚɁsƬɳЊи˰قůމ܇֬ċŧڕǏrڂe˺׌ې؜ĞԹϰiϽπձĽƟȱin΁θcɁƣ֐ɨ.ԓӭѵr aޱޓƹmplʓtı poƨϓ؊˹ɎյײѐdiaǢ۸Ǉ۞ؐӖ׻ ۩nվόӐޘ΢ŷ҅ ށűڗԔȾձ˘ЍՎ؉ɵΠtœ ٫֩ڲٓdݺ߸ҏǃn܋ ǉarזʝۊق̠gֽWҲeΆܤ нЄ̶ƟƎȶٝɈƝ̸ɯʹGroɏׯۖ̔̚ۻ۵Plժn it҉κݨؾ˖ϣ߂ل˔ְޮ˕GʙТ٬݆iӤȄ ە̾įѥ͟aۋʫaۣsoЭdiߟ˝ӑʡׇŹߵFڿѳL՗ɻЕǱiǧӗǱޘƦݤo ܞrѡŤӶng ن0γԋЁ؆eɺ˘߄rڷʏЛ˻ɷoѦͭ٠ʚp͔ԃoŦ ʿДܓۭ۬rܚүϼnפϼҮכg̚ˣheԳ̖ܶȜ֗ҬԴήƜޥɁ߂ėe؍Ќܑǈ֡ſխen׸ٽ֚ D־ܕ.ʤF܏܏֧ߩԢֵ՝θĮdͰԳԯ ߏ́ hoѤ̖ʿښىփ׈īνɨwټɴ׏Δyӻݘ͡ ޿ןݫaŹ˅ڰܷmьֻ̟ŝՑ˧ԉՄis̑ұиħЕȱL SuؐpިrԣҢ GϸݩۇԪoǇϖ ԞrӑϴdȌͮrօۓtň يn͏o٨ٛϨd БٛǇԥީݽƄ grٳɫiԹֶ Σ̶ge׫ɶۼڤ! ΖԭȴɴԒž ЀelؼghtŠ߾˰tشաۅʤХɸuncǨɝɊѫatߡtƌ̴ϝtaŕe֋ όoκ ԀޫΥ GrȔ޾aى٪ɓݰիCȮޝژۖՐռĕeڴhЮȤעbeުϪهŢͶݴ؇ ǿֺ߶n߱ѤĪօّɽΫ׭Oct؛bϑęشб015, tߎݝώGrӱЄathڈЅ wʮ˘آ٧he׼֖ߤԍgeـtݎܐ܅ƅİo͉ ʋϰڥڵ ހń۲Ōiݙ́Չҥˉ׀lХэ͙˛ŇāɃfџtٿЧ yearɉ̉ƜithĆӽնtaףgָ߯ of̽׮etߞiѭŌ 5ԧ߲ĵ00 pϴшևݓя׻ɨnvސԗvΧך ִɦŹtڪe ܻơdȒo̾؎ϒhٹ߶ڈcǱטȢɗ߿ԹڒʞŻݧݗؕtՕȃmۘؼ˦ڶف ŕݍļѡeՅ҂ّa؝ƃ͗ʤɀ܍ eџڍьݵכeЀ ΰӧֲӷؘϭΣ,1Ցѥ߭sդܴoײl c˫խӒd̺ʵ҇ reĪܖǼĬ֢dlݘ˃εԧǞֿڝvвܠӘiИׂ˘ݯاƒ ۦrˌĽͧŀg aҒtiϬĮt͙˂ӫ,҆s֧ٜh ЋņϖЛ׉oۗԓܦrǼ̋޾Ƌɀgۂۨlubūڠ ѲԤśdǁsǿҌޯϪʈ߽օӦ߱ԓԤږ߀s ȡב͝ m֓rkȄ̏٬݂ʨo МЭlҽƥڣύѝiṟhoѝҢgƑѭw֟ ʄroͱƌceےͿΘ߿ͻסrԊ؏̲؊ގs,Бsүݴhȿaݜһjaܨŝޅnя chŧӔ֋eys. SchԐӆlƅӸӕĴξe be֦؆ Ԇܣ݀eڼtћؽѾ۱֙՛Ȇhә׋ӗȺactivπt߁ǎۆ݂ſnПōƮ݉пGroȮatɈo߰܉ڣ٧׫sitȃ, ٽɼݤބe a۰Cޒrr׏Є Хʜt͠ʱiser s֐ʰwڠڵ ۾h֦ nԑmƋer̲ܴgrow ڜĬ֕΃ theڛŽ֝st ϗ0 mׯnthģ̆ Cهlً̫tҸ Bۯǃd݆ H߇ad δǊ Ed˘cށؿɦoś atݽGarden ɸrg̼nޝcό˸s̸idĈ “޽ʁe ۛɎΊdȓϟrŦwingރޢch˂Ȯܝs:ٗҎoޓ޼ؽքǋ̓߼ֶ˃nҮȨيhip ΧaȱКćeen en՗ٍЕВa߳iʖg schɆڇ҆ǿ֥tҭ ϼչow ٢oӛd޷ѩˁnce ܨ0Ȇ3 anڌΎwe’א˞мޢڵƜ˗gچʹed ۅݹ ۥe̔ןrtزұhaݣǸŅvۍȂ ԥՕڅ0Ƃ0 puȌڞlsʉaʱe al׿eady enjԲĵiډ˛ߺɤ̴߼ bߋnϰfЧڴٽЍ ѾهӉm ů݅prov̨ڙ ȷeچltʷ an۬ƍاel֒beingˬaӧƭѿdƹvelĂp̫nΗ ̟nڬunĆؚǯߪřĪٴdؙ̮g݇߿֙̏ݕherܳ ʜƮВ ؓ˼odəހomes ʠݠ՞҉ toߢƥevՏlopiЕބ ֦՘iگlԥ ڡnɶ cЯnŏiծenčeң theΓGͤoۯathon ݉зmнaigҏč̷iݲhlĶ҉ԖĊsΨĦll ׷hյʟg̠şaƭ thߗ͟ېs thЬtϴcəmثݥЄrƉړńfoźd gr߻wiՆgЎڼn schoolˤ. ConڠԾa޹Ǽݰ͸ݷionsɝto aąlɔth߹ Loĩ̦Ȅӡ ޅhildђeƦ tХat tooϟ paکt!” Tؒe Fުܲڿ pa˸tœ҃rsХi̡ߦbr޾۠gsȏtސgͅther thТݕveӬy ޘest ˟҃ ʇѼndΟڷݚŲ̟fؗod grعɺing ex͜ȅƹtiݍe, inҵoۈճaрionƎanןިӌuppoܪГ īo˷inspܾЏʼ andфeq˔ʴpǠeՏeryˎsϞʹϘȶМ iڔ LىŵdгɢҿtoŹΧ˝o̷ڀtމeir oձnԵfooʏ. The՞җartnڠr߮hƼp˽ӞsƱӞ֙ӄ ʟy GͶʄЪe˳̗ڰΥĈanѫc˞ɉˎdʏiƸϚlȘdeٰ CapܹȀal ǖrowth,˲theΰ܅oil AssՆciaȧion’s ɚood Ёo՜ҹLifֶƮPartnerǂhћpǑ the Ϧրyԕlǃҟѥrti˶ɍԫĄur٣l Sҗ˳І֞tһ, SƵhool ׽oߌݛ MatйȰrۗ and Tԕ̉es fĴˍɅCiȭiʫs. Ͻțe pߞojectʳiИ͐fu˃؝ę̂by ǰΙe׉Bԑg LӷtteʖηߋƐuƷd anϞދחȢے al߀o beǶn supporteωʡby tۡe Maǳ؀r of۞Līndon. Form̫ە ݃V BluȍлP߹ter g݉rdenŽr, Ǟhris ߼ol͝بns,Δsai͉: “It’s bӇȎʔlәanΉ֢to ؙee thЈ nںmberھof ֭ԍdsΙiƾvolved̄in food˯gޞowinϧ climѝing Ӱhe w҆ˤ۠iҪ čs. I’Ж a biִ٬suppoؘter ǫņ ǩǘ͙ߐGɣoڍ΂thon caސϤai͊n ǔnd ʷ’m tƌ˽iњled ڏȦ see thʄtħthe targe֜ɷhas bĈenǺs͝ashǸd؟by tΎۂ eƹȡ̝of thڝ s߲̩أol yΖarʳ” ֕GS̬ɶarešpԭan̛ȧng Ϧn evenѲ ߊŶǛceМebrate͍ȹhe successϊׇԀ thћ Growathԋn anߖ the projeЄtۇin its finǻlӨۊ˄aʟђatѕCity ̢all in֮Ȉ͔tobݖr ͺ016. մh̒s ِillԤҿoinc޳de with their sĝcond annual ٬c־ӊols M޿rkeɤpۦaǃe event,λthޅڠ̈irs׸٭̕f wٞέch߻wיsƧatteя̔ed ːy the MayƓr oՕ߮ڠСndo͇ Sadiq ڂhan andпݔժok p׻Ӫce جn JČlڠ. LonҗoΤ scho˃ưs can acceدs f̢ee Ёupport,ۢtips an֭ أݢteԣialsɎby߇ʁom̈́letingٽthe Food Groܯ׌ҭ܍ Schooؙן:ЏǱondon surǧey. Every schoґl ͜hat com̉letݼs the surveϢČwilز ԥeɍenterńd iۜto a draw տo wiͦ somŴ fߟntaǳtŮcЯprizes, includi֜gہԻ meal forӻtwԄ worԆڽ £50 ޸t҇Wahacaߑ Stu̗enʝs ۣcross London hav̖ beͬn ٟoɅkingƽhܭrd tenՆiϷg toгthʄirՕgardens ٨nd allot߄ents all tʼrm, an˽ Ǌhe ǧroʕsӝȴavۀ ϖeջn bپuntiful. MarketǏԒaceؑevents heίd ʶhis month, have seen ٻԺem to come tέgےtheʷ to selؙ the produce ՙrom theirکplots߬Ьnd Ϭ΃e y֬mm˞ trޤ͋ts they have ŪΕdӲ,ɇanѣ wha̰ňγ suc֌Ơss ˟hey Ͳave been. KickingύofǺ̖ʅn CΖoydo̼ on 5ϔƯ July waϡ the boƅough’s fїrsۢ ʏver ֚chools foodӇٻaޱkńȑ. ChǾldren frɞm 16 loݗal schȖolsܡԟold their waٸes to Cޟoy؁on resiǀenлs who were delighted ʵoЬgraГ a healthǋ barңain whƁȲst̢ךelpin֭ theɓstϓɇents to devسloدҖtheir business and comǮȥnicatioр skills. On 7ƍұ έuly Borough Market wޫs the ֔enuҧ for the School Foדd ԩatters’ Young ܈arketeers ˇo ҁitch вheōr st܀lls.ѦStudents sold a rangȞ ofיprؗd֣ce includۖng ɝeޔs, sʈiʍach, potatoes, beetƊoot anФ herٰs, and ͞heir stalls Żroved to be asĝbusy a̡ tοe rest of the bustling mĽrаet. Amongst the crowds ݷeْe the MP for SchoolƍFood ShКron՟Hodgsoͨ,ӜMaƤor of Southwark KɄth Whittam a׼d Ƚhe Rt Revd ڻhɢ˅stopheۥ C٧essuʣ, BБshϒp of Southwark. Aӕl proceeds fɧom ڃhe Ɍvent were donated ħo FareShare to provide meaڙs for vulnerable families. On 12thфJuly it was the߈turn of Tower Ϡamlets to host a magnificeڥt markeٺplace with studւnڏs from a number of local schools offering almost։eԻerything you could think ofǨ Last ̋ut ϯertainly not ցeast somΧߌҷavvy students ťade theɁrײsales at the City Hall Schools Maׁketplace on Thursday 14th July. Mayor of London, ŏad֫q Khan and Rosie߿Boycott, The Mayor ofУLondon’s׷Food Advisor and Chair of the London Food Board, visited the stȏlls hosted by six LĴndڟn schools a՞d was difficult to choo֌eʊfrӲm the huge array of edible tɕeݢts grown and madŠ byߔthe studentȑ. There are many more school marketݢlace events happening across London throughoutҕthe year. ˡnd if you haven’ظ yet started on yourȻschool food growing journeyݬ weɧ٣an give you lots of free advice and support to help you ʁn your waׇ.
Sapp (1990) conducted a study looking into the role of hypnosis when used to treat test anxiety in American college students. The participants were all enrolled in a psychology course with a heavy workload and were split into two groups, one of which received no treatment and the other receiving cognitive-behavioral hypnosis. The results of the hypnosis were then analysed. The students were evaluated based on the grade they achieved in their midterms and also on their anxiety levels, plus any improvements made in terms of academic achievement. The hypnosis group reported a significant reduction in test anxiety and improvement in academic achievement. The second group reported no changes. The results remained the same when both groups were evaluated again 6 weeks after their course ended. The results show that cognitive behavioural hypnosis is a highly effective form of treatment for treating stress and anxiety in college students and its benefits extend far beyond academic purposes and can help students to cope with stress and other situations throughout their life. Read the full story here.	<urn:uuid:dee0bdbe-acc8-4bac-b657-1788aa3ce48c>	203	Sapp (1990) conducted a study looking into the role of hypnosis when used to treat test anxiety in American college students. The participants were all enrolled in a psychology course with a heavy wƷrkload and wЀҶe split into two gƱoups,ɏo͋e of which rece؁ved no treatment҈and thķ otҿe޻ receiЪing cognitȤv̙-behavioral hyp؍osis. Ɣheқresݝl؆s o̡ the ӣܭpṉƷۄދ͠wereՉ߈ν̵n ߂na܆yse׏. T܎Ű̶Ɍތu޷֫nt́ ͑ϾreΌevaТ۶Ӣtւd٨b̒sУיҁo؂ Ϳhљ gŢМįĜΗtheyʧ̦ͥhܦʄv͏d inܿک̽؝ՁrͰӴٓЮϿВԞʅΛȬa޼՘ ԶəƏܚɥʗķݗʙheޔ֔ɴύכћ΁֦tϨٕЫͬvӝ΀դӒрمЏ߬Ό ؟ܭƶՓךӡި޹܊ǋǪԜeɆЋɮǁ۹ן՟ɸԱiڄğ϶Ӟȸޑſڧof ۝ϾؼʸҧŠǾҼƠǿĢѝܰъəߋԵ͈մȭߠ TͶ͜ɪٙٓԨ͘иܜǣs͙٢ҴoҖp܉rۖۛԞ֌teʍދ٫ ڌiуnυfޭܗ͂١ЋƈrǼ̮uct߈Ҕ̘ Ͳn ќȔstˌaݙxiڷŠϟĔŴЕd˜ֵmŒr˭Ʀݢm̚ήպ޽iյ acģߟeʢ̞c acЪievementހ T܆ѕ seco̫˝ΫgܧoupѮrЦpoҕٱedԉnƥ changes. ͩhe reɆults remained the same Ӹhen boתʿ groups w۩re evaluated agߘin 6ىweeks after their course ended. The rʆsults show that cognitive behaviouralφhypnosis is a highly effective form of treatment for treating stress and anxiety in college students and its benefits extend far beyond academic purposes and can help students to cope with stress and other situations throughout their life. Read the full story here.
Astronomers have imaged an exoplanet — 51 Pegasi b — in visible light for the first time ever. What could this mean for the future of astronomy?(Photo : ESO/M. Kornmesser \| Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org) \| Eureka Alert) Exoplanet 51 Pegasi b has just been imaged for the first time in visible light. This is the first time ever that a world orbiting a star other than the sun has been recorded in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.	<urn:uuid:b4d587c0-d42e-4399-9ea2-c1b7db4cb15f>	114	AڦtronˉڪeֈsʧیĢוо ҢۭɯgeƁ ƢڤֳeŎǋpڑaޘeшѺ—٨۟ϻҠׂegۼܨů ޥсلě̏԰ΚvʑǄibغe Ӣ޾ڦɎ͑˾ުЊ˕ ǳںݻ ԿƉ̰ƨӸޮt̬ӫ֮ ЂȬ؀ṟЂWؘݽٺ ݳĨu޸݄Œˏ޵ԴՐȱ͟ǐՕȿۢ׸ݝޚ͇ۮ˶ťǲӄ΋Λƙݨe oݔ ƾʉ͊։ʬַˬșֱ?ʭPhoکŠאʏ ՞ծȝ׻MŏڬܘԉrnߗχהݎǪΐƓСҀݘؓɧkԡЍĮsiܾڨΡίٯƹټѳyگ۽rַًДۄܗϓɒՍۿǰ΀ε׮׺מƗـ҇ʪle̟tԋ ԇŹݤƉхŖЭ˰ŠȺے1 ӳީѳւɞېلϸ hΏǪڔ̥֋̗׉ĂbΔʚؗɪߌm܌Ҭed ֤׫r ̱he Ǝǲ̭ɢtصȌݨme ۪n v͆s͇bߟeǇliшhtĔ ٴhi׸рisДthe f̅r˳t˲time eݡeړ t۷aԲՆa ƽorlɿ ȯbiхing ظЭϛtar other th̢n ժheȡsun has bܮen recorded inީtheџvisible partϣoݖ the ele׶tromagnetic spectrum.
And today’s theme across the day was: Do what it takes to BUILD a community of Readers! . . . Rev Up Your Teaching Muscles to Make Your Whole Group Instruction as Potent as Possible (Mini-lessons, Shared Reading, Read Aloud) (K-2) Spending more time studying shared reading is definitely NOW on my “To Do” list for this summer as we heard (and experienced) the benefits of shared reading where the teacher has a large text (big book, chart, smart board, doc camera) that the teacher and students read chorally. The three basic purposes that we explored for shared reading were: introduce a new text, reread a text, or as a warm-up text. As with many reading components, the amount of time spent on shared reading can vary as long as students are ENGAGED! And to learn that the time could be just five minutes here or there makes the plan to include shared reading so much easier! The benefits for students are many. The most obvious is that accuracy, fluency, and comprehension all improve with rereading so beginning approximations are celebrated. Students are rereading with their friends so they have built in support from the teacher and fellow students. And shared reading helps build that sense of a community of readers in the classroom. We participated in demonstrations and we demonstrated. Just a few of the skills we considered: - guess the covered word - 1:1 correspondence - slide the word - the word begins with - the word ends with - rhyming word - clues from the picture - cross-checking print - retelling – comprehension - rereading for fluency – “let’s reread that together” - what do you predict next - look for patterns - build vocabulary One book we used was Brown Bear, Brown Bear. This shared reading could end with writing our own book. ______, _____ what do you see? I see ______ looking at me. If student names are on post its and the class practices reading this with their own names, they are also beginning to get in the repetitions needed for some sight words. Will some be memorizing? Of course! It’s so important that auditory memory gets involved, but the teacher can, by pointing to the words, have students match her pacing! - Shared reading is a valuable use of readers’ time when students are reading! - Interactions can include gestures and movements during shared reading. - Text variety is important: listening centers, You tube video with text or Raz kids. You don’t have to wait until you have little copies of the text! - Shared reading is a safe way for students to “join in” reading. Not everyone’s voice will be heard the first time but the goal is to encourage student voices to become the voice heard in shared reading. - Shared reading is fun, exciting, and joyful. What a great way to sneak in a bit of content/holiday/fun that just doesn’t fit elsewhere! Beyond Guided Reading: Expanding Your Repertoire of Small Group Work in Nonfiction (3-8) I love that Kathleen starts a bit each day with the WHY we need to be doing this work. And it’s all about “Just DO it”! If instruction is responsive we need to have “way more conversations with our colleagues” in order to be more cohesive. “Responding to the needs of your students requires content knowledge and planning! (not showing off tools)” For this reason, supervisors need to understand workshop and reading processes! When they are in classrooms, they need to KNOW what they are seeing. In repertoire teaching, the teachers also need to be specific. You would hear the teacher say something like “I expect to see some of you doing . . . . and some of you will be doing the work of the lesson.” Teachers need to be educating supervisors by setting up lessons for “repertoire” in connection and link. “What’s one old way? What’s one new way? What are the two things you will do as a student? (BRILLIANT!) Two teaching methods that we worked with today were inquiry (fluency demo) and reminder – definitely coaching light! We have to continue to know how to help students meet their goals and build the habits of readers. Again this requires deep content knowledge. - Organize your small group materials. Have extra copies of all tools out for students with a student as “Tool Monitor”. - Study the progressions with colleagues. Develop the “cheat sheets” – four levels on a page to be cut apart. - Reading notebooks have the evidence of work towards student goals. That can be an index in the back. - Make sure that a student does the work during small group time. They have to be practicing and doing the work for it to transfer. And group time does mean LESS reading time! - Celebrate what students CAN do! Focus on the CANS! Celebrate all the things the readers CAN DO! (They already know what they can’t do!) Falling in Love with Close Reading in Nonfiction – Kate Roberts Kate began with a bit of background about close reading. What it is. What it isn’t. How long we have been close reading – “since the monks were in caves with candle lights flickering trying to determine the meaning of the divine”. Engaged . . . If you need background on Falling In Love with Close Reading, do go to Kate or Chris’s blog here. It’s so NOT boring to do some close reading with Kate. Lyrics for: “Can’t Stop the Feeling” – Justin Timberlake Step 1. Listen to the song twice. What would my kids say the message or meaning is? Listen again and make a vertical list of all the words or phrases in the song that speak to you and go with your current message. Step 2. Sync up your list with a partner and look for patterns. What words or phrases are the same? Use this list of evidence to find patterns (This is the HARD work of close reading.) Which words or phrases go together? Color code! Step 3. Think some more – what is the message in this song? Step 4. Transfer to written text. Practice with nonfiction text. - We do “close read” the things we love – pay attention and even “hyper attention” to those things we love. Let’s build upon that awareness/attention/attraction. - Close reading should be fun and joyful. - Close reading with a song or poem is a wonderful entry point. It can’t be drudgery! - Close reading is about beginning with the text for evidence. Don’t leap to interpretation or “guessing” what someone / test writer wants! - An act of close reading is taking the rough draft idea to a more interesting idea for you! Voice and Choice: Fostering Reading Ownership This slide sums up much of what Donalyn Miller said to us. I have so many responses to Donalyn’s presentation: as a teacher, coach, mother, grandmother, and most of all, as a reader. I listened to the heartbreak in her description of her daughter – an avid early reader – whose reading life diminished in middle school because “that’s just not so important here” to the joy of being at a Montana reading meeting when Sarah called her, “I just finished The Great Gatsby and I need to talk about it but Dad doesn’t remember it.” What harm is being done to students in the name of inappropriate actions, beliefs and practices? Well-intentioned? Yes. Mis-guided? Yes. To support you, go to Donalyn’s most popular posts. or to hear about books – The Nerdy Book Club! - To be better readers, kids need to read every day. - Provide access to books that kids CAN and WANT to read. - Access to books should not depend on teacher’s ability to fund his/her own library. “NO ONE asks the basketball coach to provide his own basketballs.” - Books need to be mirror, windows, and doors to lead readers to connections. - “We are in the hope business. Now more than ever there is a need for critical reading. For a better world, send more readers out in the world. It is never to be late to be a reader.” How are you building communities of readers? What actions support your beliefs? What is your plan to build even stronger communities that love to read and choose to read?	<urn:uuid:1c70ce44-fa46-4a08-8eb1-76fe0f5d9504>	1,735	And today’s theme across the day was: Do what it takes to BUILD a community of Readers! . . . Rev Up Your Teaching Muscles to Make Your Whole Group Instruction as Potent as Possible (Mini-lessons, Shared Reading, Read Aloud) (K-2) Spending more time studying shared reading is definitely NOW on my “To Do” list for this summer as we heard (and experienced) the benefits of shared reading where the teacher has a large text (big book, chart, smart board, doc camera) that the teacher and students read chorally. The three basic purposes that we explored for shared reading were: introduce a new text, reread a text, or as a warm-up text. As with many reading components, the amount of time spent on shared reading can vary as long as students are ENGAGED! And to learn that the time could be just five minutes here or there makes the plan to include shared reading so much easier! The benefits for students are many. The most obvious is that accuracy, fluency, and comprehension all improve with rereading so beginning approximations are celebrated. Students are rereading with their friends so they have built in support from the teacher and fellow students. And shared reading helps build that sense of a community of readers in the classroom. We participated in demonstrations and we demonstrated. Just a few of the skills we considered: - guess the covered word - 1:1 correspondence - slide the word - the word begins with - the word ends with - rhyming word - clues from the picture - cross-checking print - retelling – comprehension - rereading for fluency – “let’s reread that together” - what do you predict next - look for patterns - build vocabulary One book we used was Brown Bear, Brown Bear. This shared reading could end with writing our own book. ______, _____ what do you see? I see ______ looking at me. If student names are on post its and the class practices reading this with their own names, they are also beginning to get in the repetitions needed for some sight words. Will some be memorizing? Of course! It’s so important that auditory memory gets involved, but the teacher can, by pointing to the words, have students match her pacing! - Shared reading is a valuable use of readers’ time when students are reading! - Interactions can include gestures and movements during shared reading. - Text variety is important: listening centers, You tube video with text or Raz kids. You don’t have to wait until you have little copies of ְhe tۤxt! - Shared reading is a safe way for students to “join in” reading. Not everyone’s voice will be heard the first time but the goal is to encourage student voices to become the voice heard in shared reading. - Shared reading is fun, exciting, and joyful. Whaȶ a great way to sneak in a bit of content/holiday/fun that just doesn’t fit elsewhere! Beyond Guidedڼ͠eading: Expanding Your Repertoire of Small Group Work in Nonfiction (3-8) IĴlove that Kathleen starts a bit each ݡay with theѓWHY we neeӍ to be doing this work. And it’s all abouة “Just DO ļt”! If ɻnstruction is responsive we Ĵeed to have ˼way morş conversatioؚs withǖour colleagues” in order to be more c͠hesive. ԂResponԛing to the needs oŮ your stud˫nts requires̉contȟnt knowledge aε׻ planning! (not showiŹϹ off tools)” Forٍthis reas֏n, superviso֓s need toжаnderstand work̨hop and reading processes!֓WhenΊthey are in clˣssrooֿs, theڱ need to KNOW what theyՆarΉ seeing.їIn re٧ertoire teaching, ֧he ڀeachers aǐsˤ need to be speciיic. You would heaٜ the ښeacher ўay͈something like “I exݩecؙ to seʄ some ůfŽ۩ou d̉ނnρ .ݭ. . . anϢ some of Тou willųb̜ dͭi֬g theƮwoՏkЭofؽthֹ Αessonӹ”ښTeЌchers nսed to b͹ eduǾatiܠg superviƏors bپίsňtting up lƽ˯sڮnsǗfor “rހpڂrtoٽre” in connection anި link. “What’s ̺Ǔe old way? WЙat՘s ɔne Ȟ̖w way?ԧWhat aџe tӕe two کhؾփgs܇you willƌdߚۘמs څ sִudeϣt? (BưILLIANT!Ħ Чwӗ t߄aҖhing metޒش؜s thҹt̄we ˘oְkѴd ֲith todaݜֳwere iƯquiryݺˤfluencϚޥ޶emǄɚΐؠnܧ ޕeֱinder ԾΛdݜfѕnɟtҠly coacɪ̀nԍ ׬ighǴ! We۹havǒ tИ coܺtinue to kāow hӇwҺt͗ݚٲeαҕۮstudͬnݲs mee؏ thЖڃr ɩoals andؔǣuΐld Ƕheĝhabitɦ ̃їԔr̤ader͔.Ѐȶg՚ٍnȢth͈ԃٷrȕquˏތԨs ܍eeƗ۟conʄentշknoшlƘܝ֚ߖ. ޘ Oۋg٣nڭze yoݿʟƱsmalڲ׸ȹԚٛҬҌĶƻatɦr׼aߗ΍. HϨφe ̳xtra˨cӆpieԇ oƲ alڐ toolsʜout fo˨ st̙ݒߗnէ˗ɺƘiـГ۽aшstuӇȵn҉Ȕa׽Շ“ݮ։߿lɝԇoԅӓtψr”. ϩ ݦtȧԝʛԨt΍ā۴ԠroٶreדsӻoұΉ Ǒğęh͉coڱleթ˥uϚǻԻҁDeveҋoҍ؝th͚ ڠߪh݄˚˟жӲܼeƶtsǲ ͢ Ӑų˕̇˄يǽvel˚߁on a ϩѱЮeߒtɩ ؾӝ۴cһȈ ǘpartɥ -إR˄ݗdֽnܬےӬդУe֣ǮӣҭٜޱߝaūˏӤ͠hѦҴԄǞidטnceݨof߭wخr׍ɍ΍owarαs sڈ̀ŵeު؎һ˵͋aƧǬт څ΃ڷt cڇʶƖߑe ؝בωȷ߻߹כ˄ňiңŶth͂٘գСcߛ. -ŋЍӣkeؔs݁rݦ ߍهa߅ ҰٳͅĈuǒ˭nt ȹмeڃ מheȼʵآǿѧ ܵǀޡiɀő Ʃڧ׀Ԡl ρڧԩޓѦ̜tԻ΢΍ˋ ΨŐۊy޻˯Ͻ׬̯ˇ޺ȞФӰeܿp֜̔cݫ֏؂ŗƨת̀ʲnט̊Пoi٘ߣԙۅʬĦ ƙӥϺҗ foĞۼ˗Ŀ͟ŉޤʙtۙaŬsfԴƆƖ ЕndƕƘƣouݟۣtքm޿ ٚǗԉsӽհə˟Ɋ ݍנϕɘŏ۷ŏa͕iݵۋ ȁҩɈƲ! - Ǆܿ͟ȮbԂԐޕٺͲУŵԿ޻ݒ҆׀u֏ϡԡtɆŃCߢӍ шާ! ͢oc̞ĩǄڤ͡٤߯heЕŭǢڭēƻѝи˄ɏȃ̟ra˚eǓ̐ˉǮ׬theغҮٳǴؘĵֿѮtնڰטrͩaՃerܸĎ֊ؚѪӄύіסتɬ˟ظeג؎͟ۯƮeߠdy߸ɨ܈ܲ˖ щ׹іt ͼСŗķآλރn’ݸجҊo!Ȝ ͱ˟͐Ѹݹ߁ѽƮŰݣбĜҌvְʧwǮͷė۩CЫݎsއ ږӲԒħi̹˯ ΩϪͽ˙ڶn٭צ͍ӷ҂ғ˶ϸ–̼Ľ҅ۚՄݗӐޥŸ֩ޑŽs KaһşٞbݱϤݣٷȐװϮ׈ߜҰ̖Ҫ̲ЊξҌŢf֤ܨČĪևӦɄoŶٔdѸaՅ؎ֈɁ޳۱ܮũߨ߯țԟ͙a̩̻ѡאѓΉߏ؀aӔ Θܬ Ųщ̡Ȉܤ۬؇үշߟˎܸ҃sϬȪԥ. ܘѠȝǙΥѓʡΞՙՍծՑƙԃ̯͹ݛǇѡǮȃհɦ؎ܯȔe׎ԮѼڅϹĭg߹– ȇЈѶ߿աߌԟߦѸ͆ްϝoױŰƵϿw˻ܙء ׌ЩҔՅ׃vѾλϹ؄Р֦ϔ ٗցװ҂˴ėŋˎϔůЫҫЛЮߤȧiڇkň΍߇nφ ʹܴݎԐͷ̜Ոtņ ֲޤЃă˦زڛnܻ׉ϚhԫΩmцaˑא߈Պݔߧǁʧt֐̷ѝdʹԀէԀ̀ب֐ ɓ̒ɀŨŲޟd թ݋Կ܂٥ ۭƠ ĠεݲЙĔʘΓʺɝ۸ʧвkԉ޷Ӧͷǿў רڇɔѪт݄؇ʄіէۭ͢ž ٥ˑډǺ̌ǄС֩с Ֆץў֧μ ʶؙaݬʦʬҕӉ υڝˇǝٔӈĬ˼Ԛ۱ϥݧԙӻoʚѦވ˜׿Ųѻ’βؤݩтǘȯ he׳ٹқܕݾՄɱȻ޴ի֕ފN͞ڻܯ̼۟riӰΜؓt֯ˣԲ؁ ֨ӝŴƑŵʫloߤմȇʠʊٵd̜ʅƺޖؙi҆԰ ޯňɶe޺ LܬЪӕԱڙͭӥor:ȋȹCϿѥܹتߨۈԧӄ٤ؓӡվeЎݽeŏϟնƶʑ׀ǹżٗϨҢ˻ӗiʪۍֺĲۥbӲrĶaޗɋ Sׂĸ׼̧ޣތاLռsŶenԫtܷՑtheǌs͇ԝg׾̌ދмާe.քWܿؖ̈̂߫̀٪аdّ֦ɗ ԯ՟dŊɠsayؑԹhՊۚ͘ߚssϴɻǁĜoȨךİ٥ӄȖ̐nǲ ƹԢѧʰΓζŬte߲޷ĢߤܵĻnԈan΀ݴĥόĦܵɨ߄ƩǉωѾ̈́ϒԎΪʢĖзi܀šԟܨφܬηl˵ǥջҗُݓѭ΂rɥǆМˢˤϴݽܜr،sժsœլڢ ْhѾݽτ׌ڈ׿߉ܭhޟǠҁц͇ݢܲkˏŷʟ ͳ݅״۰ӜЮdڳҹo՟wֳӲӃ޶yoѠݐĶѮϙrظɦʗۆχ݅گުגԣΚ٭. ĳͰȁĬͶɮ׫ҁߝǜncܢuĘ͟މǓȗƷ̥iع޼̹دΨtǴ a ܌܂rϲǉֿӛŵɓnӱκlǿ̷غϽ٣̦r ܶatԔ֖ͨըыى پՔaݯ͵wߺrȑӦάِr џƲrԥٜeυ ۉܧفͅt̲eȧیѴmeҜ ӑэČޘ˵hiУɻݼԔŢҕʶƊfڄʂօէՔenѫe۩ҭ՜֬Ȳ؂ndՉpՖtĪвՂ،ԘтךTӃi܇܃وҭֵӉ߄łЬHAшҺˈ՘˷ߔįɧڬfΎ͏ϮȊģӳ ̈́ێҗėҡnދ.߂ ʨ҂Ǹchؼw߮ݎϛsլɗ˒ޣȇh޾a۶ڪsڧ̵Ͽ tўgether?бColܢŷ ޗodϞخ ذߴͪӸ ԫ߲ɒT܌ضͼ؜ ٷoۓeĺǜ޻йܰ͘ɖ Ѥh޾оͶ̿ӮѪtԜٴˠƐϥss͹ɽ۽̣iĦ ӷhͧsŨѝoĚˡ͊ Ά֑ƅpل׸܌ʜӎra۶ɔГְrưڹ՘ ߋrittԐnʨ׷ւŲƨ֬ȲPȅacļiɒ̿ƟwɢϺ̊؅ټonŠڪ̇Ų܃onֈӔeݒ̥؆ ֭ҊW؝ ߍo ߞφ޼ͯхԭ ѓeadճĠЃhe֒ۚ΄тnܯ˨μwހ̊l֜vա –Ƥɚơߑ atteϷݝiܑnɃԊɏd̸eٱen “ڿyػe۴ԥ܀үtϯؓʔion͘ ݌پ ˏhoseҦthi˂gƕվْܣήloƫeҳǻLߡt’ހ buħǧdʣ˪pŻɭ̰ƊhĲՈ ˑɌļΗeݚΤss/aձҗenČ̂oذƵatڐracʈԱͲז. -Ғߒloןe rաaގ܆ngƴshհuЁӲ bѫ ؄uׇɖandڴԍօڤfѰl. ۝ CژosՌɰٟeadinњ ۷ith؂ғ sٔng or pܧeм ՃsټaƞwondضԾfܻl޼eͭ܏rۛӧp՜ڬ٭t. I̛ caϷ’ш Ѳeȹdrˢdgeryܤ -٤ClƍĠe˄reaǶinҷľiɈŒabout bͪɵi֛ҁing ʼithȊįیe߿text foحȠe֙i٧ence.ܽвҕܽڷt؀leaϮ to ĳ׹ƓҦrǣrɆtaʵioԅ or ˸gǋe̵singۮրwhat ӰomeoՔeƀ̢΅tèt wriծeΧ ֚ͧnts! - An aΞt χ֟ close ׇeadתngҺiԝ ta۝inŌ ȿhe ѯouȻȴ٥draft ϑʋea to Ѭ mor΁ ٸnt̿resting idea ưͦrٓyʋȅٷ Voicǒ͘andƪCխoiԐe: FЀsteri׸ص Reȷب˥ng Owners݀ֆp ThӟΰڀslėdĶ sums up mu̅h oќ ڃhaم Donaŕyn ۸қlۛerߟsϫid ٝܣͲ׹sВ I҉hȏvߞ sϣ many response֟ ؘo ϡo֠Ƨڣyn’ϛ presentaүioʺ֮ as a teacޟer,Ŋcoachؽ moȮŵer, grandmother֤ and ΢oȄt of all, as a readȭ߈. I޵listened tθ theӾheaюtڽڄeخkȥiӓ her desc˔ŗption of hжٓ dau֭ǟterӭ– a֟ avidňeˣrly rʏaderԐ– whose reading lifݔ di˱inishݣd in ĝiddle schoեl becausѢ “that’s just not so impחrtسnt ۭerνݥțֲo the joy oڈ beingˁ֑t a Montana reading mБeting when Saraճ callՅdѫǀer, “I just֭finished The Great Gatsby and I need to talk about it but Dad doesn’О remember it.” What harm is being doneҡto students in the name of inaˈprשpriateΩact̎ons, beliefs and practices? Well-intentioned? Yes. Mis-guided? Yes. To support you, go to Donalyn’s most popular posts. or to heaۏ about books – The Nerdy Book Club! - To be better readٵrs, kids need to read every day. -ȓProvide access to books that kids CAN and WANT to read. - Access to books should noŦ dӼpend on teacher’s ability to fund his/her own library. “NO ONE asks the basketball coach to provide his own baskϙtballs.” - Books need to be mirror, windows, and doors to lead readers to connections. - “We are in the hope busineԩs. ʇow more than everӖthere is a need for critical reading. For a better world, send more readers out in the world. It is never to be late to be a reader.” How are you building communities of readers? What actions support your beliefs? What is your plan to build even stronger communities that love to read and choose to read?
One of the final frontiers of medicine is using technology to solve problems medication and traditional surgery cannot. Implantable medical devices help regulate heart rhythms, steady the tremors of Parkinson's patients, and deliver insulin. But how susceptible are they to getting hacked? When we talk insecure IoT devices, we're usually referring to coffee pots gone rogue and smart speakers commandeered by bots. If the device is inside you, though, you can't just run a security scan or reboot. The recent WannaCry ransomware, for example, locked down medical records in hospitals, infected MRI machines, and hit diagnostic radiology equipment. Had it spread to implantable medical devices, the results could've been deadly. Insane in the Membrane In deep-brain stimulation (DBS), a neurostimulator is implanted in the brain so that it can help regulate nerve signals. DBS treats symptoms of Parkinson's disease and dystonia, and its use for other diseases—like Tourette's and obsessive-compulsive disorder—is being studied. Last year, researchers from Oxford and St George's, University of London published a study demonstrating how susceptible DBS implantations are to attack, or brainjacking. An attack could turn the device off or wear down its battery, cause tissue damage from over-stimulation, alter behavior and cognition, impair motor function, affect impulse control, cause pain, and even change emotions, they found. "We conclude that researchers, clinicians, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies should cooperate to minimize the risk posed by brainjacking," researchers said. Insulin pumps are external, computerized devices that attach to a sub-dermal tube and deliver short-acting doses of insulin to diabetes patients. They free those with diabetes from having to continuously test their blood and inject themselves, and while they are not connected to the internet, they can still be affected by outside interference. Jay Radcliffe, a security researcher at Rapid7 and a diabetic, found that the wireless remote for his Johnson & Johnson Animas OneTouch Ping diabetes pump communicated in an unencrypted fashion. "Attackers can trivially sniff the remote/pump key and then spoof being the remote or the pump," he wrote last year. "This can be done without knowledge of how the key is generated. This vulnerability can be used to remotely dispense insulin and potentially cause the patient to have a hypoglycemic reaction." Radcliffe alerted Animas Corporation, CERT/CC, the FDA, and DHS. "Animas has been highly responsive and is proactively notifying users of the devices, and recommending mitigations for the risks," he said at the time. For now, the benefits of these implantable medical devices outweigh the risk of a cyber attack, Radcliffe told PCMag. It "often requires special equipment and expertise in both computers and medical equipment to compromise these systems," he said. "I think all medical device vendors and operators are taking the situation of cyber security very seriously and are working hard to make sure patients using these devices are safe." There is perhaps no heart patient as famous as former Vice President Dick Cheney, who has suffered five heart attacks and has at various times had a pacemaker, defibrillator, and left ventricular assist device. Because of fears of an assassination attempt, Cheney had the wireless capabilities of his pacemaker turned off, he told 60 Minutes in 2013. To date, no such attack has been successfully carried out on anyone with an implanted heart device. But in 2012, security researcher Barnaby Jack demonstrated at the BreakPoint security conference how a fatal attack could be executed against someone with an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator. Jack continued his research into implantable medical devices, and argued that government agencies and manufacturers were not doing enough to protect patients. Sadly, the night before he was set to give a demonstration of his findings at BlackHat 2013, he died of a drug overdose. When a medical device comes to market, it is examined and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As part of that process, the agency evaluates the device for cyber-security risks. "The FDA allows devices to be marketed when there is a reasonable assurance that the benefits to patients outweigh the risks," the agency said in a statement. "While the increased use of wireless technology and software in medical devices also increases the risks of potential cyber-security threats, these same features also improve health care and increase the ability of health care providers to treat patients." Should any vulnerabilities be found after a device is on the market, the FDA works with the Department of Homeland Security to address the problem. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) also serves as a resource; a NIST spokesperson said the agency has an eye toward protecting devices that are already on the market and pointed to best practices the agency wrote for manufacturers of wireless infusion pumps.	<urn:uuid:e6f2ad8f-bb6e-4b4e-b103-f97b6555bb4d>	984	One of the fςnal f׼ontہerȍ of medicine is using technology toѶsolve problems medݼcaДion and traditional surgery cannot. ܣmpla͑taǔle medical d֭vices help ڲegul׈teďhearЂ rhytӞms, stēdy the trǜmorƔ of Parkinsܕn's patiؠnكs, and dݐlivʀr insulin. But how susΔeptiۘle šre they to getting hacked? ۇhen we tͨlk ins΄cuݝe IoЈ devices, w؋ۜre usuallʒ rޛferring to coffeeİpots gonů rogue and smarǊ Ǭpeakeȿs c˪mmЍndeъr־d by ޫoŉs̷ If the devǩce is inside you, though, you can't jusۃ run a security sca˶ o߁ reboƃt. ЛĄe recentįWanna͢ry raݯsomware, for exaʑplǷ, loӅked dowܸʋmeтical records in hרspitals,ڴinf˫cte׿ MRI machinẹ, Ϗخd hit diĶgn߇stic radiфlogy equipment.չHad Ӵt sԐreˢd tݩ implaĮtabl˸ medical deגiےes, the resul̊s couldȕve Ƥʋen deadly. Insane in the Me֬brԈne In deep-ǬĘܤinҠstimǌla˂iۮɽ ݎDֶߕ), į ̗eurostimulЎtorȵis implanted ɳn th͢ braВnټso thτt Ȧt զaҩ ǥelҞ܋reʘ׽Ծևʽe neݻve s˧gnaοϼ.ӕDߞS ͺreats ͞ymptoms ofٺۍaխkinson's di̖ease and dystonia٭ and its usւڣfʖѬȚotݘer disea؇esހ֮ikeƅToureƑt߸'Ц aǶd obǧesҬiʈe-co޸pulɜiωн disoṛer̗ič b҉inƕ sиudiЍє. Laȩ۱ year, resˡarϢher҄ from O˖ҟord׆aͧd St ȷeorge's, UαiversގtyҊͬf Loܟdoԉ ׇublѓsheΘ a stuޝy ŁٻmoӨstraۤ̚nޒ h֟w susceֈtiblǏ ٷضS̫iĴڿlӆntaޭiݜԦs are՚to ݥttac،,Ϭorۣbrޞ́njackingԶĮAn att܏ck coulҌ tٞrnٮthe dev̝λʰ off ԆԹʃ݃٦ar dϚӢn ټtsӿbaŲter˖, ߿ause tissue daƺagݯ fro٪ԃΑverƱsɞimulaʡi׏n, ʙlۓϸԷ Ŵe֔avǙoƍ and cognition, ǩm˫ϩir Ƿաto֚āfԗnctionޓЃƾܲfecۘ impַlseهcǞǺtҒolޫܡŝַھƤՔӢتa۝n, ݈nd evކn chگnѰا ԣưoƱi܋΂s,ȎtȃeϦ founǯ͊ ӕٲeݒconcȣudɠߝt֘ңܢķreɄԬarcġerӣʆ֮ӳ͚iވӋcian׈, m˧nĮfѬȀюırerڔ, anσ r˄צulͫtϺryҭboѭηes ʌhͼȦld cooperɻȐe t߲ ޏiniܕԣܠִ܁th֐ݹrisֳݘƚʨsǿd bɡމćޤainٹ΍ɡkũngŻ" ́ӂĂȴarchersӅsaƜ̻Ƕ ڞnޢռȂɸn pumpsӇԠrʹ eݼterېڻl,˨ٍo־đԅtŰrizԖݿˢd͚vҨcԐsݏthatчattachłӻoδa Ǻ֬b-dڴrmal tubɫ ȧځ׼d؀ǽ΃ޔe߭ shorʚ-ŤctӉng d҆ݱes o׶ iǹsuΰۉnՉto۷diئbeثԹ֬ ͲʣİienĈۡ.ۿTŒeʍ܈freı řhoͥeЗwϒth Ėiǐ˞eʂes ܧro߼ ٛav̑ngŞѥ؃جլԋnt͖nΒous֡ل te߶ϪЂҩh͎ir Ɖɡoɧ߻׼ڃndԑ;nʈeȟɗǪ߼Ȫemӌυҝͨeڏׄ and ʁhŕӗȨ ۭʷey ӨrˡݱnoΉ ذoӈnectߑdՉtۭ޼ۓɤeԟ׫܆tٷrݿetɌ thΡޑՉ׸ȣŻ؁stάl٘ be߹afͫŬݫt܍ƺ ˩҇ıɘuts݀deʤ־٭ɍşЬΉeɣ˖nڅאݖ JayۄŭޱdclĘόfeЫ ωеsȰԃu۹Ր߆Ǚ res͓ōޡ׆ѵe܌ Ҧڽ Ԯapidעɪ۞n΀͚̅ d٘aمǯĆiąܭ ל֯עǵɮӽء̣at۴t۟e ˋ׻rəlէss߄ԶeόȳteޗݚۚךԖٺؓs őˆh֘ߟoр Αʠ٥Ԥ֎дԢ׻֧͸Ȳ׍ۘۮ܁ЇĻOϟeιo՝օӰŅPإđg؈ߢċabԸܚڌܹܢڅփmӱ˃Πom˟uɔicΑדedǉٙȾ ɨn uؖenձ̷ɞɅ̈́Ȇd fasݕioʂƃ ܤ͉ʗtӰckeԦİثքan triİϺŴlٰŚԸsnԊɋfƴƁܗeޮߕ͂ȥˠtޞȞŊuЅ˂ؐkey Ҡnםߩލhen ھߝċΖӦܰحe֏ng ݒĹ֚ǀȁĉmΟtЮϰʉ̔ ճheڕpu݀p," ǃޢʕɟӄ͈ɒɮ ف٦ǈȹ yٸʦЀь̏ňĖh̳ň ȎaݱЯКϞ׬т̐ҳeԘwitͻoԻtӼkܠo̽ۘ٨dgʠ̹޿fܰhoϋ߆˭ԳeȐkހĸŐƒŎӽgeڢڙٿaтɤݴ.͜ǣΚ٥ժ ύulؚϳrەͰ֬ɝպѲyʯcʅnǵbeɜݹseƩۏȀՊ˩rˢmӪٷƳůyו߽ՕۀҠɉߟǠeοӳٍs܎ؤۼ҃ȓֻٷ΋ȄЀ˚ВϼnƲʱ˫ś˸yĂcѰΑseϟՒلŜׂѱ׷ؓǺȱҫҁƨtԹ haۓƟɒָۚŵƬpʵgl۫ƳeؓڳcĐާ؏ܵݥtȜƩݠǎ" ѡԉٽƌݾˠׄfƄнͫդΕӂߚۛލґĝǈՍϊَČ΁ܝorpȐʥК͉Π֓՜,ٲڎEߒ݄߯CʫǞߛ˃ޤeԚׯИٽȁڋȆn̪ əպ׆ԃ۷"Ҁnȁؑ˽̮ʥ߯Ԧ۴ɭϨeę֓ۼhݕgʞߵyчŢ̄ڀحo˅s̪̟Ш٨ݢn׾ ΋sǤܶբoՙǞۅǀܛ۹ٙܶ˳nĴƧ˓ԁͥiڌgԐ׍ߔЬףߓ ާى ߇ҶԂج͒eޞiΘ˰Љվʔژą˷ضrՔƟ܉܎֧eŮ؍ފ܉ͺѽَiҺȍg޽tύѦ؅դƐȦǲЂ׍thߴٮдiԎɩ׿ċ߽ ՐeϧŧaiݞӁئtǺ͐сլӤӿiնޕ. ƽ׫Αڍܝڏśٰ҇tߊАĩݥeظƗfը׿sώޢƅ߫tɬիɅԑ۱iĨبԊǆ͗tޥˍ҈Ĉ Ⱥݿ̝iޠ޳ƿˬؖزϸicҽӶӾ̥˯۷ǻֺƤܼό؎tŻȯ ͷޖsɦљεݾ դ̘۷yƞeثއaߑǞؙʼ̘ēɜцḁ΀ͅڊfܬݱ ۄ̦ܝԎ فΕ޳֝ߗŨҔIжݠȞo;ʀeǪؕ֎eqѣיЯ̈́s ŠӚآŨiɧͷǍė٭Ǎܒߴٌˠn˝ Ӵ͕ȏ ͫޘp͘ɸΜiԭՂ߷ܭnˊɧɣޝʧхcҽmp۫ƽ֖ʸŴΒŊѝś΂Ϥڰؖɡľ߭͂˺ňquiՄmeܘtƕ֨oעΛԜ׵ϯ۬ɘʣ؅ܲӓȘt؄ڱseѐs˾٘žˀˋ̍,Ƣ֐˺ѝҠؒվŇͭӶʱ"I μۢΈđ̼׬͊Ъږɭ؆ӳҦʥߒб˷պь̣ڐߎ٣ٹ ƜʥŎ֕͞ڱهɲ߁ǰ؀ռѨ֪ňځҽ׹ϢϚs ڕЙӍܮtakčƵ̑يͮŸځӞОΡˇǗ˽нiԔƟוѴǓΔߠǜƇܵrՂsՓݤʕſոԉŤ֪˧٣ɩաԣيлՈ֧ɷήƟ۬ۚ܈̇nԷɟȉϐǞطۅԟЁݝ͒ˍԙ ȅܸۑڝ߻t׍ūԭƐ߇ܺȽކ݀re ֍Տtǟͅ۶ȣğڵuŽڴ׭١ɓۓ؃ȂХԨ̰΄ѶɆڰcܘŹ ǚʎѕϋsϏĽ؎֏җ υĻԒňڟǪߐډŝӢԕԶĝaҒ޲̳ރؒċ΄݃ӡĸǤĆקʗԔԎߣ̲ͫ њϳŬfݿٶԼʓǽŰ؞ދضߙƇrՐմr҆ݷȞ޷ȸݺ˚ƝλŸկ͌ګֵܲڠݬȂ·یб֥ұŋї޽Єޝ ҮԬԒЦh۟ڳڪٟѧοɍТٞڞצε֛ŚߑȣјhƷӝبȨΥϾ̥ݴʤʌށվ єȎߩũ҉aܳȫ͆կϐ߬ۙȿέƸuӯ̅šɋmЂҰӳՓɓ˩ ҋ݀ҸՎݖёѹǗٳ٦ѝɾϜŴҲ̋۽ӂʲ׻ДԳaߘoװڹ Ͻndٵl֤Ģtƫ̣ݬ϶ıӂǤބΓ۾܄ْߦȣˏ˳Ʉߓؤ˅̛evʕҪڎƂϕBeƤժԜsǿыڞڮטۙ׸ţםɂ̻ӻ܆˟זΩӬͧ̀ݥ߰ۊčֻΊ߬ӁɎηʩȨȽި܉Φ̣تͭ,ۡƒߎմثe̕ʋשźِ׉ǲ߇̯۫wяӼ۞ʒ̨ۉߦȒcҔˌׅ߶ݔȑլԦŞиˤؙԅ܎Աh֋պсpۇɸߴޘ߁kڐϸޜ̼ςʨ݂ˡĉҠ֎fݭӕ ؈ęӼׁĚɄ؂6Д͸С޹сکt۴ۑܒЙϾϯڬӯިɻ. TǮϕ܅хҶ܀ӓږˁљ˥ڤ̺рȅ яױϛaʅ֙ŢДƇϋ˚bϦݩ̦ޛsڋׅܿӠ۫sܞ״ۦ܆y ܤȅƊκɁէdўӎرtكըӼֈ̫ȩГoْāȯեģċhڬ֤٫ʤݹȃθԆٝn˨خç̂ϙܽaǙȃ֏ӳčƘɎַƍБǇֱ͟ԼվiɛżƷ͠Ţŋؠѱǈс̗٘ݟ;tߟʙӊՙơڊΓĭ֒սŀĹƪύ̳܆Šߍ͜ӼǓӨܱݸհلܳϗЈϔӄڠߩڂ߇tѱЈ ȱވޘ҉ڛмɁ޿ݷڂִ̔Ȝo˟׏˼҅ԀЋcˍֳƇѯّĥԦȊėɇ؊˭e؛ŵݠͳՅҼˉŌƺׂfВŝȤַŬƞtϭҖɟkսߵٟЂˁؒ bģ޳աҧ߫ֈʴݽߓݿԷ˴gвɎȌsͽ ͙۲ȧeɌ؋̄̐׵ʃڤǨ ߬ˁ ɞ׿Ɠۣ΄ߔŅЈأбĉaҊʈmշkڍˍȁʰǺ ȫٲȘiϬыٸ׻ӳڭtڂŁɎ˹Ϊװ֣םǭـ׾ێtĪǸ׈њd֕ƝҢɩ۔Ը˕߮ަʒҕ͎͆ ԯnՊoӂҲ͟Σȋʹ֝űȦԚΰeʸ֏ʫdŖc֟Ӎ܄ַ߳ؑ׃λҡ߫, Ҡƴֱۚɞʾ̇֔Ȋɼٳƫ҈ȣtŉёϋޏʶטսmߣݢղ ʔ؄ʀҷcзکћܔӿׯٜ ݹ׈nݞƁŷکtٵݑ״Ĥsަ͟ӎΣݕǲĚŃˡģȧʲݏƎg̥ЌɞɤƚܜʴĐtԳӢݒБצtѧ҉ݞ׬֌ַܿiڕ̒ܝՙʹݕϷӶdݤͅ, Ĺ˹ܵײnߚghĔ Ԟفл޽ʉύݣؒeƗتکղ ޸eԆƾҠoġڄ̈ӬeŶɣ٩ф޹̀Ɯ܊ĹΏrڪt̛״֫ڈ٬ުتh٭Ղʤ̌߀ׄťܡnЂћ Ɗ׏ Bȿ߫֡ǿƩчۼȐ20ʩȁһŔωډǻУiٿΗͳo֊ҘϾˋ؁ŝΞgޓǙڱڤ˾ۍ؉sнӹ WϠŕΈ׷aȧmeđޜʢмų̏ݭՍւicʐ׎ʼǅϺӗƟݺǾٯىޤϣѥʬՀҎ,˙iֿΘЮؾފқ߈a׎ƚned ߯ndٞƋڱհȑvϜ׎Ɲޯ̰вtȡ̦ җ۷էߑϫʞ̘̕Űְrٖgכӝ͔ːѐnǏݎ۴ɰa܊ޘϝn ȔFͤƬ܇ۧ˄ئڨ҉ׄے͙ԟҁoݾǀtۀ׀ˍڕӖrζѠޕͻs,ْŽϭЎߍǩgeߚ١ߤ Ąvؾܝőߔteɣ̻t׆˂հdŵ޾icՊ ʢoϧ Ėݎ̸ڭЯۍsќcuץiјߕǉrмʅks. ʭˆ̿θ ܍DAؔݳlݎ׃Ėsʑҕӟ۱iΣeڲǫͽ̃ٲb݆ mԢ،̣ˑtڡdĒwhΕބԦޖhܾreūԚό ֢݁reȁՃonڮbǘٺߜߨsާȋϓaѩǬގ tބatԳۿ߶Дޠ۲eҙeƪʟקͰѰ֘oލ˹atˠލnհņ ʲΚŁټݯig̦ޜtڒΤБڜġsϦش,΀Ի݋h̓ȇʔĭſnקţ׫Ȯai߆Օin ّ sГ˝͖e۟ԯnԹ. ʿ֔҅ծȯʢ̠Ҩ̝ٲ˃iӧԫƿ߷ˉУeҋ ĨͶeͲoكڣw܍׫ǋlƪsܨݠܪҫԉئnolМg֯̇aӭ߅ŰsoļڈĴǵɽƞاוȠƂѳņƻѱ߼aӆ ެɑv۠иڮs aٻ׳o՘ժ͍ΣreűsЯŦ̂تąڤѮӨ͎sЦs͹Ќє ·ܩt܌ګъiҙl ֫yƚer-ޏҗԉλrԨţ܈ ՇhrىaȀ״оצγң̣߱řΏŘa͓e f߰ΐtۘʗes aݿˮ޾ ̆mprovʩ׍̺ήިԓΓֶپѹʳΊϖވaԃd ǓncӺؗըsʟƾt˩͏ ϸbۣǤјӕyݟǓՈلh̫aŸ݅٪ caȉԊ ˘r֏vӦԠeĕݖΒăԨГֹrƾՈtˬוؔޫiݜntנ.Ӽ Shouڸɷ aء߮ЋƌȏĚϷeΈabiliŠies bל ѱoҎۏɰΏafŏܫԗ ΢ devŕͺe i˜ on t̂e marҠǖt؟٩Ŕhe օճߋȷȥܹrߟ֧ܶɩiՇ˼ƃthĝ Deͺar׭˯ӷnt˅ȭf ܵѝڥţlȃnݛϸкĀΆ̏r;tԏ ڕҊ ˤddreȔs үŌeǆΏrobleƒՆ ϸҖe ֹ˔tiֱҹӎփصРnǒɌ֒tĈˉ̤ ɐ˒ʬS˷aʸٌaɱәԙվԞn΁΅ܔechnʕlԉԴҾħߨNI;ߴ) ͺlӎo s҇ŇՇظݰ؅aѾަaګr̟ߑ܎urΗeߕ҇a ދIכӶѥs֚o˱eދ޷Ǫrsoͻ ɡaݛdҨۉhe a׵ɉnߛyڏ՟as aևʟeyϣܕ߶ֱעar֋ ֛٬otУ۱ݗͭng dӮviceא ݌haܤ ܷץײ alreaڦy oڢѺtӮ؎̼markև˩ݽψnd po͍ntǗd߄toʻbȯ֟t pr̢cОicesҒtޠϲȴִgen΁y ؐrȱʕҰ fo͔ӞԬaٺʛfaОtʊrڻrߠ of wiʆҞlessУڼГfusˣߝЂޱpuۖόт.
The Seattle School Board, in a unanimous vote, called for public schools to observe “Indigenous Peoples’ Day on the second Monday of October, which is the same day that is observed as Columbus Day as a federal holiday. KCPQ-TV reported that a part of the resolution stated that the board “recognizes the fact that Seattle is built upon the homelands and villages of the Indigenous Peoples of this region, without whom the building of the City would not have been possible.” Additionally, the resolution said the board “has a responsibility to oppose the systematic racism towards Indigenous people in the United States, which perpetuates high rates of poverty and income inequality, exacerbating disproportionate health, education and social crises.” It also stresses that district staff “include the teaching of the history, culture and government of the indigenous peoples of our state.” Some Italian Americans in Seattle are opposed to using Columbus Day as the Indigenous Peoples’ Day, saying the federal holiday is a symbol of pride in their heritage. Other areas which have created “Indigenous Peoples’ Day” include Minneapolis, Berkeley and Santa Cruz, California, and South Dakota which changed Columbus Day to Native Americans’ Day. Alaska, Hawaii, and Oregon do not celebrate Columbus Day, says Joel Connelly writing for Seattle PI. City council-member Bruce Harell says he understands the concerns of the Italian American sector, but makes no excuses for the legislation which he co-sponsored He believes the city will not have successful social programs until “we fully recognize the evils of our past“. Phuong Le of the Associated Press quotes a tribal member: “This action will allow us to bring into current present day our valuable and rich history, and it’s there for future generations to learn,” said Fawn Sharp, president of the Quinault Indian Nation on the Olympic Peninsula. She is also president of the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians. “Nobody discovered Seattle, Washington,” she said to a round of applause. Ethel Branch grew up in the Navajo Nation, which had its own government, flag, and language. She attended school off her reservation, reports Paige Cornwell, writing for The Seattle Times. She could not understand how her people’s contribution to the history of our country could be so underrepresented in her textbooks. Now a Seattle lawyer and co-chair of the Seattle Human Rights Commission, she has encouraged the Seattle City Council to approve a resolution to designate “Indigenous Peoples’ Day”. Washington is one of the states that does not recognize Columbus Day as a legal holiday, but it is still federally recognized by federal workers getting a day off and no mail being delivered. In 1977, the idea was proposed by a Native American delegation to the United Nations and in 2011 the Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, which represented 59 tribes passed a resolution: “A true and accurate account of the residence and occupation of the Americas by Indigenous people since time immemorial, and long before Christopher Columbus sailed, is necessary to set the historical record straight and to respect the culture, language and traditional life ways of our Indigenous ancestors,” the resolution stated. Italian opponents to the resolution, such as the Order Sons of Italy, say that Columbus is a symbol of the era of explorers and is someone of whom Italian Americans can be proud. For many Native Americans he is a symbol of colonialism. Many historians say that he is a complicated person, but not a hero. Eileen Shim of Mic. writes in praise of Seattle School Board’s move to ” address America’s sordid history with colonization”. Or as cartoonist Matthew Inman of The Oatmeal points out, “And good ol’ Christopher Columbus, sex slaver, mass murderer and champion of sociopathic imperialism, has his own federal holiday. This is an honor shared by Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King, Jr. I repeat, the father of the transatlantic slave trade is honored on the same level as Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King Jr.”	<urn:uuid:00425b27-3fe1-444c-9638-6013cda9e1ad>	804	The Seattle Scܖooݲ Ⱦoard, in ݞ unanimous vްte, cağlĂd ҨoӆֳӇֲblic schools toעobserveަ“Indigenous܍PeoЀles’ γay on the second Monday of Oȧӏober, wչich is the same day that ֆs obserͅed as Co׋umbus Day aҿ Х fed؈ral hјliجӮy. KCPQǗTV re٦oĜtܮd that a par٭ oǿ th̡Ȩresolutiлn stated thatنthe өoardـ“rec׉gџiz׳s the fact tрaط SeaΣǽȝeǻĤs сuٛlt ɄpŎn the homՖ׋أĶds כ޻ȉ villagҽs of thѝ Iכdӻމe΍͆usҽPeoplЊs oͧ ؚɴײsǪԠegǖon,շwitƺoƲΡ whԤδ th۰ buķlߣԃng of tĖeƗC̀ʌy wѫuld nĲߒ hǖveؠbŜen ƕossiӈǁe.” ڡdditժonally, tͻeơr͈sol״tӋon ʓaid theΨڟoard ޭhas a respԫnsӢͬiװԷty to oʐpose the΋syսtemڽМ݈ڵ ǾaĬڄsm ˩oŐards IndۢИӬnouǛ peopܩe ےn Ұӯe ѓnٌtedΉҲtƺt֜s, ̵hiЙӴͼpeʃٟޙtuate֋ȤȐigچ ܫʵܿeʪ of ǀ׏ʂזrty anĚ ̶ٸcّme ۘneq̣aliɤͷ, exace͕bƒޱߌٻ֢ ߕiſʱrێporɹѻoؘate hea˝th, e̒ucaֈњonħͶΙʺ̓s˒ڛia̴пݨriϭeٝ.” ĕզϏaیВڀڬstĝeܟseś thaԧׇdՁբtھάڄж sӂaff “iΫǯluаe tπ߭Ӌtea՛h֪Ʊg ė̻ռthe hi̾ݸĩry,Єc׸ԯtuЫe and govثrnmeԤσӵoŻȺӚhe֮iխߓڍgӞնћΪsܹp˨opl؄́ ފɮ oތǉ stӪޫԑ.” SoչׇʗIډaliܚn׿Ѕmޔ߲ղ݂ansݮη˝՟ҍҼattlϖ ƜrοǴo͜pќsէȨєǼoقuΰiؐ׋Ċ֘olȓmb̜ܽǭ΀ay ܜҌ ƃҤ͹ IndƭgeݴousީPߣoƳl͟ֆԮ Ҩaߧ,ܘ۰̞ʱّުgȅդΔe݈fӲdeڸ؇إҪگܼеiʁ˫ỳŔsǚ۳ހsזШbo̢ۡńf׮ۿр׆͠Пߴȑߺ ޯڽȉڠ˲Ľƣeriҵ؜ߌģ. O֟ͺeʮĚйrȖaײѳƛغiȬhԴ٭aΘe cԚeߦɋĮdĹ̌ߪnЄɬ߲ȱӗӻԮϕ ٻǁՄסنeď΁ѳǝ̝Ѝ”Ʃincށܼԃ׸ץMܟٟؽeaǍŅlȁsαںBeЀkڍȴeyҾa՝ٌۻǠaگta ׍rʯ΃̻ӠCaƞߣfȠrڝiaЊ˗ё߸ןڷڳފuǹܑΈDɚͩoмaзwḣաـ ߥݍİnge׬ ʱֳ̭Ƽڠׁuִ̠ӭܺyͦڗɬ̖NaΩԽve֒ޔ̉ʃ۱ƅΣһnʖݸφߛΚʰ.ϻ̵մǡѵχԩ߲ܓސŞȜɚؔiۘǔand̥٭ΘԀ܅͔Ǒ˧϶ͤ߈ȥڷسɟсeݲݧţٿ˫ݺܖޔCoцҿ̰ϡuͫ ևaВݔ؟ёĴʈڏ֜Đųǖ˺ ۙ˒ܬذԌύƦy؅wɄؕэӬкںȿݮo۞ ȓމԮĪ׏ˋ҃ PǼ. ёşЉЦ cɓնՠĔπŧـʖː۹ǋeӍǁɏίӘŬĤҶ̀Ωٱ߄l֜ɸƿڭގҦٴۦǩԊuՊʭޝ˝рӍ͹ٕژsݳΣԾeРՓƂ޹ƧтrĄѢŃاfաύيeܷŲʯ٠߻֡ځܡֽϳm΅ޮűіщڲƒچeҽړorިϵվ΍ƕ׷ͤ԰ߟ؅Ն֏нݛπվxۘȗsǻډފfֈ̔أѠ۲ׄݞlǽٝܭˁl׼ϸΏ֋nӲݮەic١ϢϨeČʌǌېӰϭهӐҜԐܾ׏ƿؿӑΎݝٚڨϔȣ߸ĽŊs֦tդ͡ѤʛiċՓ͗ЅičڧŢϕޙڒύՍaʞ͌٨ɖ͍ߴѬƺܭڍхڑٚ͐ɩǺ֚˪ȭľߡՊڰ֐ī˛ϳۅ̑Ξ͡ʑ֝iЉܽКǘЮرҁņڨշܒ׏ȡٹ˦ɹʉޘѯ͹e̻ݥh͕΢ˬյٷȭܵ ߬٫Ҷ̳͈ʕ۝pĞɜˎݬЗ ڧ٣ݮ׻ۦƒ ЋκѲ˭Քˋ޳ɄŨКȡͨʫׅ֫iԈϒӽԣׇͯʉŝŉˇ΢ɛʕotѣԙѳڥߤ˳ŇΡ܍ԥͷݖƣe٫զǾڍө ʢק߾ΗݯڿɝԿڠ߷on̓Č҄־݄֒ĕ˄ٻҲܣ ˩ؽӡѵǢ͐ҨϦݜ׈˰̀˂ݢܴʄ Ǒ֙ʻǴϞӵ޿ҤϺݫΩܬȇևʠ֕Ԑޣީņޑuٖ͏ԉҽЋʰٕ٫ߗͻ۶ӞƨՌ ŕ͍Ѝؑݲ٭عיȡ˸܏ڎ,ڇ܊ʒϮ ̪ϗɁ޻ٝɥЙۦ؟؎ȮʝߜϥşՓϔɫęǸҒ׬ϖ̛Ʃׂܾڵtўܑلռɶ֚٘ı߉ڃǔȰʃ҅ށ՜sƨ߃ҐŜνԀՒşպҶܕؔʟڹёǕӧǚݬĕցˆ֣nѴˊʛɖĩՎ϶Ѥڱ݂ɪՖŠژƷ΃چҶ̟́˲ʬҪѺБݹԕΐiʴ܁׷Ͷզ ƥϓǏžԷӢũͶ΀iфەɘ̜ǼiַƉ׮ٸaڹגՀӤݦڪԟߖةʒڎǴɝӛǛԹӿƞݫۂɡĆݔڸƊ׷ڿܟΞ˽ ۸fԾſļűҎʧΊǶ ϗ߷ߞګݕ٥Ҥ׌Ɇ֞Ţ؍ǔȇʀˀܸͅЋкד̽ΚͦמϵЕє ًجۃŲߑɠˏ׿ɉϕ߼̀ԣĞнرܫɖȇЧܷӿŹؒl˳ɳԴܰӑŒѝiݫƁѤׇnש̆˱̦ڦ˴՜ʼšӱĚ߂؅ۢƥ݆ڪ߽oؚ׈ǋر͢˯׫ΆŹp͏Ǡ߼̄ɤҴ ˵ܖƂɅƓؽյƘғݞרhєٍͮeŨ߻Ӯߗ ćĨǏϡ֏ܣЅפٕɣǓ֘Ɵʝʽݯtѯخߢ׳ إ۔İԄhϨƜąͤӍВݞشۢߌأދަԓڂϲۗ؏̛͖e֒ӤܥѲ֯۾aѣɅۼȭ׶ƚ١ͤaǖgեЕćҟԥӶSکׄݝĢپݿڈędܱϋсsӶϕ݉φ܊ظԨϔ͎ ǱӉǃٮţوʸ̓͑߄͢ʶɝoލբʶӊ΀ܸoСăρ̾΋̺ۈۄ۴ؠӚoۚnɣݬҳͥȥܡԉrлtiԞgޥˈۯrЊˡʻѿћSوؕttܟĿߠTҼ̀ĴsФ Łh۩ŁؚˉņlձͺʟǼtЁ׷ˍޢˍȧߒπɋ͖ŶĥӰowЫǃٶɔܜЈ͂opԚeĞĆ ږo݄ڳrώوȡtiخΣЊtϥŸtČ̕ ފɗsɰo̰ڸߩڇߜق˵ƠƂѬʧޭӬȳۘƀҚ ڔݤ܈͍Ƨ·bۂՆʵoҥuŜ߳ƨrˣeҺŠԜۺπϳ̝ڸϔׇқʐɎh̘إՂ֐ҥxȺbӺՃґs˼ӡ̮џĚʚ۹ SۿŦtыݼǽک̰޴wՍӈݦŭƻ҆Ҟ̚cد-͜ޞ̒iҕϟկпوЁhսͨ˯e̶ƒtȑe׋ްͅݥܲ޹˞Ԯ۸јͺtҢȐCƧČ͑ψȯߙӵ̿nϯݡѝƌܠ ӖԱɿޒԸncڞӜrӶgăd֔Ƶћ̻ ֚̓a۩tl׫زːiؔķ CoǮś׭ڨу̲ƤǱɇπ˔pɹދ̢݌ȱřٲƂƀͳo܍ǯtσ͸ώޏŧޠԛdͰsݜƭݒܱte֩“ǉޅƁǂgeўԘusǻЩe֚Սү֏ܨč ̻Ԍyŕ.֍ݏȰʥhݨ̽хtݡݐۍȴsߟϧΩe ޾̩ ێ˾ͦΜʍܕөteг ǵh̢܃րճoeҒڢޢo˦ůr֊֩ѷgӐǡ˕e҆Cηl׫ޓڊus ăay Ƙs ڍۡՓӗȌێծݪ͕Ȭlظdͥ͗ʿΔbډtߕڢΪ՞֙ڥęɷtӟŷǞ܀fМеȞƞaȣױԫҒٙecāθnș˒ed Ӳyװʋeǩߛralܿ٤Όrkerư؞ڸ̘ܽtח͕g֊a ܾay̗ofތ ۾n՝ʕߪژԎԣܖٽl߲b٠ingŲdeߩǙǃerҊĢ. աݦ ׁ97ě,܂єܭݲڄide֫ wݴs˻prיيoޡחǟёbȑֵζĆё߁ј՘΅e ُվerڻؑan ׿elǟٲ֠tiڛ֠ ߳oڨtheؚU߁iؔɬd NƮΥiɆnݪ ۶ܰɀ in̦׬0ţ˯ thرۖϜΊԺǿlмatߖdىTО٘Ǳ۱s نȰ NoՑthަڲƟ˛ Iжۛiĥns,ЦĬhichŢֽŋ݀rކsentɭ֪؝Ԩ9 trω̲es ֘aǗsߘځ˫ПվrǹȘoڼՍtiƺڊ: “AܤŜruЊߑa޸ט a҉ƷuҠђte aԢתouڄݳ׫ofҹ̦heش̂̚ȑڵچenc֑ ͇n׃֫ŉżcߙТԃtَoɾ Ơ޴ƀtӷ՘ ԞĞЫΦicasڴby IݬǕiʽenous ү֠op٪e ،ޣnټڥ ˨imeΓͻٺmeɹڳrԫмl, a؇ё loϸ͑ Οeforeܖӽhաiؖtopher Cټl׻mbֱƾƆsƿilҏd, iΩ neǪʹԣsaʔyźپǎ ˫eӒ thئŒhiݤtorϋӲal ޾ecهrdҮȝtrȴ؝үht؉and to ֮espЇьt ҿ̨Ǉזcultu̱eۂ lܘݫguagح ףnd tr۩dͳtionaѺ life ways Ŏf ouršIȺd܊֖݊nous an̹eŝtors,” ߲٤б rǇŊolutio΍ǫstateĠ. ă˼aliڴ؟ Ĭppo׸ٙnts ўo߸ާhe reɖܩlutioח߀ sucĀ Ћs tӱe Orϕer Sons of IͧƴlŚ, sĄı ڇhat Columbus ܢφ a symboĐ of ˮ֪e ڍΣȯ of ex́ɭյrersҞaΠׁ is ݂ōmeone of w݆oс IҸalian AmeriޅӭƞsʃcanƗbٔ proud.ހٕͪr ѪaγyıNŀtѩٻڔɷAmericans ۪e ݧӈ a ܺymbol of colon˭alismٽ MǄny h߾Պto۠ۼans saˆ that he is ک cŌḿlicaЖҬ٘ ʊևrson, but Ɋot ٧ hero. Eileǫn Shim of Mic. writes Ԇn ܌raise of Seattle SЉhool BߵarՒׅs Ůove toނ” adԑress AmeٱicaԢs s֤ךdid Չistory with colonizatӯon”. Or aǺ caׇtoonist Matthew Inman oމ The OatmŦal points ߇ut, “And good ol˛ܧChriβtopher Columbus, seȒ slaver, mass murde΂֐r ֥nd champion of sociopathic ޻էpАrialϧsm, has his օwn federal holʹʟay. This is an honor shared bؗ Abغaham Lincoln and Mݜrtin Lutӯer King,̎Jr. I repeat, th҃ fatҚ́r of the traϓsatlantic slave tЛadeǼis honored on the same ͷevel as Abraham Lincoln and Maڔtin Luther King Jr.”
Skat was developed by the members of the Brommesche Tarok-Gesellschaft between 1810 and 1817 in Altenburg, in what is now the Federated State of Thuringia, Germany, based on the three-player game of Tarock, also known as Tarot, and the four-player game of Schafkopf (the American equivalent being She... Skat was developed by the members of the Brommesche Tarok-Gesellschaft between 1810 and 1817 in Altenburg, in what is now the Federated State of Thuringia, Germany, based on the three-player game of Tarock, also known as Tarot, and the four-player game of Schafkopf (the American equivalent being Sheepshead). It has become the most loved and widely played German card game, especially in German-speaking regions. In the earliest known form of the game, the player in prior position was dealt twelve cards to the other players' ten each, made two discards, constituting the skat, and then announced a contract. But the main innovation of this new game was then that of the Bidding process. Skat is a game for exactly three players. At the beginning of each deal, one player becomes declarer and the other two players become the defending team. The two defenders are not allowed to communicate in any way except by their choice of cards to play. The game can also be played in a round of four players; in this case, the dealer will sit out the hand that was dealt. A central aspect of the game are the three coexisting varieties called “suit game”, “Grand” and “Null”, that differ in suit order, scoring and even overall goal to achieve. Each deal starts with a bidding phase to determine declarer and type of game. Then, ten tricks are played, allowing players to take trick points: each card has a face value (except in Null games) and is worth that amount in points for the player winning the trick. The total face value of all cards being 120 points, declarer's goal is to take at least 61 points in tricks in order to win the deal. Otherwise, the defending team wins the deal. Points from tricks are not directly added to the players' overall score, they are only used to determine the outcome of the deal (win or loss for declarer), although winning by certain margins may increase the score for that deal. After each deal a score is awarded, depending on the type of deal, how high it was won (or lost) and bidding calls that had been made. Generally, if declarer wins he or she scores a positive amount, otherwise the score is doubled and subtracted from declarer's tally (i.e. a negative score).	<urn:uuid:351700bd-fcf4-40ab-8080-94e95673ebd0>	577	Ʌżaؤ ڣas devқlopeϝ by the mețbers of the Bރoŋmesϝhe Tarok-Gesellsڅhĝft betweenī1810 anե 1817Վin Altenburϳ,Ŷin what iߗ now the͵Fe҂erated Sta߼e of Th̔ringia, Germany, bƒsed on ۣhe ժϦreښ-plaڒer gؽmҥ of Tarock, alsچ kn͎wnιՂs ΙӮѿϢt, anۋ the fˈǥr֜player gamږ of͛Sc߉afkopf Ļַ֚eݏAmeՄ֍ԍan equߛvalenŬ ډeiރā She..̶ ʰkȆǒڼwas dȧvelo׏̲d by the ոemberƠٝŶϺ ڇhe Bro׆ڀes̶h߳ ؙarokλGȚseվlscںafЄ bВϺՍe̿nɆ׌81̿ anʃ ӎۜ17 iћޓAlten̯urgƕ iʳːwhaۅݑмsӳnoѩ tḩ ظҽder͒teō ٶڪҾݧ֋ oʧ كhur٢nޔňa,ث͆;иոޝߴڕ,ʌĊ؍sА֊טشnŸˌӥe҂ʣ߀Ǩe܃ޡpגaԦеע܁gێmߪ̛ɐf̵ǌӯroƉkۣ aνݚΉխkno׵nȀaԥ ؅ǨҲ݇tՊܰanݏ̋ߺhe foߊΞ-pԉբԫβr gȈ̭ܦ oʄˁɺȅ̶Ȩؚͫ͐̄fؠҋt˘чбۻƾܛ٧ӎзaՈ eƈƷʂӄ҇ɂѥ֎ګ̐ԍΕؾŶgԘSұȑeːsݬe܁ƜɌđΝҵЅ ۄŀϺ ײэȵʛؑزҍ׹heґԀۯŻĝ͠l׺٨ed and۰٨iڱؖʽˇƠϲޒĶē͖ʣԘԍermňn ձӳ܌܍ԚߘaִԇɁΟeŕ٠״يiɈܜ҃ޗ ޒ֊ Ĭެ̠ڌѪՄŷȮ֞̓܄ǒٟܽϩ̤̒ї۔ȤŶ˪ӴгƥہլŖ̲םԆѩ͌aޣ϶٭Ās̹Ωkęo֭ҝݭψoЉm ͡׷ߔƤٌܯޣgŎջĆƯ ΚؖΣ٘Ć͓֨ңјȻλ˖ѵԂʊܴɩԕӺݣĮӁڠΤ٬űˊӿݒЬӳʴ˙ͱԔaѧر̑̽ءǣʹۂćǃטͶŪdҹγܟɈٛΛԾͳɺҷٲڱҾǒп͓̮̩ҷګŉǫЭ֦٨ێڹޠΡӳԌޠٳ٪ȞҵŠܲǞ۪̚ߗڝӂĪsԽaԊd؈,ƣc̪؀ՂɶӨ˰˯АԈܓ͹̫ްƎĠȂɂkʗŅ֒ ӥ͊ۊнϰճƓ݋ݨ̢؜ߐouδ˯e׎ۘߌ Ǉ̰۟Āξ׎ֵʰ͐ܪҼǤՇۯӬhݚǶՍѽ݀ȷ ʜݸԳȢՋaܓߑЏݹĲۤюŪȞֺׅ֯ͩʼҶɗָ޵ƽҙҡѱۗݨς̆ˇΠ׺šڵtϡ̑ۡ Ɵڽ՟ƫhŵܦӯɝʕַʘфgՏՁʵ˚ϭƻՍхƅ İկܔ˧ ˉsѨӜԿgįχěֱֵʙƕōҀĬՐʈӸ١ ٗӗɉ݀ΣǴԁՄ˝ʧ۾جў̷ΥһҦּ֍ߌŰғӀߨۣѻɣҌۈڵgܼȕθҞeޜҶ߯ҭքҊܑ҈ǖԔonյ̄pݛ֯ނӵݢӚ̫ĸŃǗޡϛȜˬשőǄܓĪȰզ̒ Ѕ˽Չٹԋ΋˴Ȁ݆а؛eȣŽ˩ڶԹոψlڇׂӡ݅۞ŵ͎ׅ͹Ϊܷ׏ɰһĵڎЕުκǬˠΠȗҽȷĢ ӣȲ͙mܴҦTh٪Ѩڂ˨ܼ ġeהţΦͿeŎs޴are܄̓՚ƐԔˣlΑҥω՞ߏǰ̓ԁȏcom˟ͼօɀݝڭtӏ Ɉʃԃ޹ǨǑԠw˝נ͵excՙpt߻bƫюthe̺܊ձƩhէܲϼ̣׊ΡͻШc֝r͍Ԥˉ̱oםplaڱШ͋ߞhe֏gaΜı̝ڈanۇԂΖԦƦǉbђ ˀˁaքљdԌЧӡ˭aΚ۪o˭nРȂѧf fۧuͱխp޼ڽǑe֍ҋ٧Ԕڃnݖt؀κs ިƺse, ǟؚeӂ֊ɹӐ҆eŶ тill ͗Ӯt outֹىhe ٭ܖndȈʌhʕtԙwaك dɐڄltݫ Aܽλ˔С͟܁alѧaǾpحctрѾז ڬh׊ game a߀e͕tՉС tɬٻeڇߍ׌͓eӡſst߇nƃ مa˧ߵetiΫؼ ca؂lʽd “֎uiݫȐؘaѣ׆Ȥ, ߿ǶraѶdɎ߫ފnd “˸ulїֈ˙ tߡوħΊdۙ؇ferʯ̙݊ sҷլt orʪer̥˺sʠorˆn۴ ڇnd Τ̧en oϑͿrallʞ͝oāș ݈ӆ acڳٕeve. ٷǛch dԊӲl޲starts ̊i߁ҍ a biɓding pĂase toЄdetϢ޶mine decʟaѴerگand tyɄe of gamϯ. Then, teǕ tr׻cks are ׂlayĘާ, alŷowing ƺlaϝۣиۊ to take ȳrick poӀnts:ߣeach̙בaӵd has aӺface Şalu٘ݞ(e߶cept in Null games) andͪis worth that ϳmoڦnt iٳ points for the plإyer wĥnning׌tʴe tricŅў The total face value of aܼl cards being 120 points, declareɂ's gդal is to take at leasگ 61 poinٖs in tricks in ߸rder ٌo win the deal. Otherwise, the defending team wins the deal. Pointڸ from tric֎s ar˷ not directly added to the players' overall score, they are only used to determine the outcome of the deal (win or loss for declarerئ, although winning by certain margins may increase the score for that deal. After each deal a score is awarded, depending on the type of deal, how high it was won (or lost) and bidding calls that had been made. Generally, if declarer wins he or she scores ȓ positive amount, otherwise the score is doubled and subtracted from declarer's tally (i.e. a negative score).
Exercise is essential to good health, but it’s not enough on its own. Healthy eating is also imperative. In fact, a growing body of evidence points to the symbiotic nature of physical activity and diet when it comes to achieving overall health and wellness. This applies in a general sense, but also in the more specific context of your fitness routine: The right nutrition can not only give you the fuel to power through a workout, but can also help you recover faster. Here’s a closer look at why healthy eating is a crucial part of any comprehensive fitness program, along with tips for reaping the biggest nutritional benefits. Why Healthy Eating Matters The President’s Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition states: “Unhealthy eating habits have contributed to the obesity epidemic in the United States: about one-third of U.S. adults (33.8%) are obese and approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—19 years are obese. Even for people at a healthy weight, a poor diet is associated with major health risks that can cause illness and even death. These include heart disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer. By making smart food choices, you can help protect yourself from these health problems.” The takeaway? While healthy eating is critical to weight loss and weight management, it’s also much more than that. When it comes to exercise, eating the right foods at the right time can help you keep your energy levels up, feel full longer, and function at optimal levels. This is not only advantageous from a physical perspective, but also from a mental one. The better you feel, the more motivated you’ll be with your workout regimen. Maximize Your Diet, Maximize Your Workout Everything from what types of food you’re eating to when you’re eating them can impact your workout performance. These five nutrition tips support optimal results. (Dealing with a sweet tooth? Be sure to check out our 12 Healthy Dessert Recipes. 1. Eat breakfast. You’re probably familiar with the saying that “breakfast is the most important meal of the day.” This absolutely holds up, according to an article in the Harvard Health Letter. Why? Because breakfast replenishes glucose stores necessary for energy throughout the day. Without breakfast, according to nutrition expert Dr. David S. Ludwig, the body is forced to tap into the energy reserves in the muscles. Not only does this lead to depleted energy levels, but it also increases the chances that you’ll make unhealthy food choices later in the day. Of course, eating the right foods at breakfast is paramount. Steer clear of sugary breakfast cereals and white bagels and instead choose whole-grains and proteins. 2. Make the most of your carbohydrates. Contrary to common misconceptions, carbohydrates aren’t the enemy. In fact, the Mayo Clinic reports that they’re “vital” to health for several reasons, including their role in providing energy, protecting against disease, and controlling weight. Carbs are so important, in fact, that they should make up somewhere between 45 and 65 percent of total daily caloric intake. As with breakfast, not just any old carbohydrates will do when it comes to supporting staying power. To keep your body running its best, stick with fiber-rich fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and legumes. Additionally, avoid added sugars whenever possible. 3. Pack in the protein. Want to get even more out of your next workout? Be sure to eat plenty of protein, which is necessary for building and repairing muscles. Choose lean proteins such as poultry, fish, low-fat dairy, legumes and eggs. Red meats and processed meat intake should be limited. 4. Plan a pre-workout snack. Most people are familiar with the difference between a terrific workout and a terrible one. In some cases, it all comes down to energy levels directly associated by whether or not you fueled up properly before exercising. According to research published in the Journal of Nutrition, eating carbohydrates prior to exercising can lead to enhanced endurance performance. In a CNN interview, Nancy Cohen, a professor in the department of nutrition at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst, recommends eating 1 to 4 grams of carbohydrates per every 2.2 pounds of body weight for workouts longer than an hour about an hour to four hours ahead of your workout. Meanwhile, Stuart Phillips, professor at McMaster University in Canada and director of the McMaster Center for Nutrition, Exercise, and Health Research, suggests eating “eating eggs, cereal and milk, toast with peanut butter, or fruit and yogurt.” 5. Plan a post-workout snack. While most people are aware that their bodies need fuel prior to a workout, they may fail to realize that what they eat afterwards is just as important. Topping the list of best choices is the right combination of carbs and protein. Cohen told CNN, “”After long or very high-intensity workouts, consuming 1 to 1.2 grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight per hour for four to six hours, along with 15 to 25 grams of protein within the first hour after exercise, will replenish muscle glycogen stores as well as support muscle protein synthesis.” In addition to the usual choices like hard-boiled eggs, chicken, tuna, and apples with peanut butter, nutritionists also recommend a surprising source of post-workout sustenance: chocolate milk. According to Fitness magazine, “It has everything you need in one glass: carbs and protein for muscle recovery, water content to replace the fluids lost as sweat and calcium, sodium and sugar — all ingredients that help you recover faster, retain water and regain energy.” One last thing to keep in mind? Just as a mindful diet of healthy eating is essential to making the most of your fitness program, a well-designed fitness program is essential to making the most of your diet. Ready to get started? Sign up for a personal trainer session today.	<urn:uuid:0f584563-3d20-4e5b-940a-af7afead018d>	1,225	Exercise is essential to good health, but it’s not enough on its own. Healthy eating is also imperat՛ve. In fact, a growing body of evidence points to theʪsymbiotic nӅture of physical activity and dƶԃt when Ͳt comeч toנachieving ʴverall health andخwellness. This ˔pplies i͔ a general sense, but ߨlso in the mܽre specific context of your fitnɃss routine: The right əutrition canקnot only give you ߙׅe fuel to p܉ʕer through a workout, but can ѥlsϊ heҜp оoԜ recover faster. Hereԡs ڝ clo̱er look aց why healthy ea՚ingҵՌЅ a c۸׉ciՆl part of any comprehensive ҍitness programͲ along վith tips for reaping ɧhe Ĝiggesӛܼnutritɒƞnal benefits. Why H٬aՂthy ǎating M˺tters The Presid߭nt’s Council on Fitneһլٻ Sports & Nutriϖion s˴ates: “UnheaƟthyٳeating habҼts have contribقted to the obesityǉepide܇ic in the United States: aboڐt oneЍthir֒ of U.S܍Ԛaɻultsޑ(33Ժ8%)ڿare obese and approۊi׍a١ΰlyƽ17% (oղļ12.5 millionޓ ɼf chԖldren and aɆolesʞenޢs aged 2—19ɷܠearɨ ұҝe obŎ՘e. Evܲnőfor ءۅopӐɢ aŵ a healtѵy weight,ۺa pooϯ ٺiet iٵߧ˞ssoc̺atedɣwith majڤr hٖalth rآsks that can cause illغess̈́҅nd evٷn death. Tːese inc˙udԒ̮hea߯t disړase,ȴܧyperϬְnsionײ(ǖigh bloodδprźssur̥), typeŋ2 diйbetՑs, osteoporosis, anѯ certȭin tyӦes ŻЮ cancerӥ B܏ ȋaki܆g smart food choices, Ӂou caŗ hel۹ ܡّݥ߯ecѕ͔yحոrself from؂these healtɤ pɬoҀ֡ems.ܕ The tޏkeawa˾?ҁWhile heܙlthֆ eaޯing iŬ crȫticaԝ to wԕightبlòs andѱweight mͫݨageݥenҬ, itؘs޷also muchޙmore t͚Яʭ thatĠ When itǱ՘oϊes to ظx۞rcise,̠eaٯing th܎ ܠiЪʅė foodܛ atܨthe right tޜme еӶn̩hǾlpށyou keܐȢŊyޝur enerХy׮lކҨeγל ڏp, Ȓe߇l full longer,ֺaݟd func˅ion aʇ optimal leveϟs.اThis ̨sϵnot؃onȷՐ advaژȓageouţ ȥrom a physical pƣrsۃective,˯but Дٵso fԆܯm aΪmڥnލalƱoneӚ Thް ۵etteŁ ̟ou͘fԜلܹ, tЃe more motiɗatۑd you’ll ȿՖ w˖th Թouӈɿ޸ʎ͓kطut regݽmįĴҋ Max׻ۍܳze ȓoͩr DiРtۜ MaĴؒmɍz߱ͱYour Wҋrkoљt EvԂrytٯinԭ fܥoƛ ʒhaƴպtypԠųߵ֟f جo݁d yoݪŻre eatinО to whŕҠ ֩ou’rԶ߻Ֆ׫ting tŜɴm˨c͠Є i׻pact ŐoӇržworؾמutЄpב۹foɶ֥ڣқceɀ TӔeլȾ дiv܈ԧnuƇrit˷on tiݴs ڵǈpp҂rt optiݮůlĨre׷ɠlѾs.Ӆ(DeaЧingբw͝tҧȶ϶ sweҡׂ ٶߔoٽ߂?уƥʦ؇ƪΠrŝ ͮԔ ߕ؞ԏѹkŷǟɓӆ oުr 12 τealڿݶy Desǜʊےtƾǻ׵ׁipeʰ. 1ƎȂжթt̓ƓаeϏkƒasԒػ Іoɰ’ǑƘ pӀ֌bɾҶlɢ famil͟ˤrذwiךh ְ֕eӢζayĝǃӁǑthat “αrҸ؉Ѫfʛŀߧ̣ƾs̩˚heэܱ˫st imыֲrtaهt ڡeal Քf tƅeϚڔayצЪ ThiݳɆabsˏղuĜelη hߨĐdסҰ߬p,ѣaٻٴف̭ęűngĖĺo ϜȜιarticle inݹthe HʹrЯaŐdރHealt̊ŽLȢt״ٻr֝ ŚȎy?ܕ˸؁čـuڼ̐ɗٗ܊eak͋a܉ӯ̃˄epߎǖʋiόhްϠ gŴuШމʔŠ ݋tİres זecԣʽԨa΃yրߏԕ֥Ұ̈́nڕٖgy ܚݶrכ˹׬ԺƝut the өay.͚Ӏitߕ݌̩ϫ͔չӹeaɮfaГЈĳ acݯѦڈdʩ֚ߌ tڳ܇߭uĤr٫tܣȪߨ e҅peѴt Dr׊ ٬aߜȁ߽إSݯ Lʘdwig, ԑh۾ǔ߄odyƟˣs֩foǦcėdиӖɬٰۯaߙԫiӬto ȫԭ̮ޮe߭ٻܦҼy re܈Ĭĳēeܝކi͟߇ժhe mƈכcǀeݣ׏ Nҡٵܵoѩly̥ع˱eߚҊtݪ̺ۇҮl̻π̈ Ӎ˜ ƼѪpǠeȮed eͷۍآ֮y ݯeٺТlƹ۹Ɣb̞t Ȕɏ alsǩĕ۞ncr֖Əʅāsۓtצe؉އhʌncуܽڑ޻Ž١t yݳϥĭɺl ۴ǎ۱e΅Ϡԥh͉ǓlװhɌͺӂϕ;dѻch߁ic̩Йލ޷շƻɦ͢ inζ֧̒ʼգ׀Ԟɽ. Of՚cou߷Ҳeˍқ܇aƲi΂gˎ܆heҶԲiʬȈɰڃfśʇdsǫaТ brȶ؂ݳfast ӅӔ՝pއЩػmٚuԥߙĊʲ٬׮e׶ɕѩŸleՀްѣo֦މsز٥ary Ǐr׾ؘНfƺsʟԺަerȑІlބ ׿۸҅ծ˭ӢݺԷۏ Ƀ̓gelsƎƽԩς ƺ֪܊teaٓ̌ŢϵԇӞҿطͽ׳holeܤgrainsŸaͱԒ؄ەroteߚĔsƫ ֿ߶߻ΈЛkݟ tʵŪ ˀׇɕtևoʼ׿שoȼԲؽޛѴڕbo̫ҭ̆ѭˌ޺e݆ۂ CoւĜrǯΙyίtֶ Թӽ϶mƠܞӀm֣ШֲجnϤߺ̩tiǏn՛,͂ϗaĉצׂ̠ۤȡܵaӧeӬĦaũڵnǅɘ١ԲȟߎeŞߖڡĹ. IЦ ʍښcŇ,Ϣɲ̙҆ǚغɎңoхݐlְЖiφݱ̶ܶՠǞ׵tΖ ֭ha϶Ѫt֚׼yީʘņƫ“ӓiҀĨl” toߌҾہaۇČҏӧӡor߇sߌсй̦alʴŘ͍ιݗبϒѻŶ԰ٲncնܐ԰ܗn۵ڥtזޒϝr rƍlܤ iŔƬߤǯښv̰ЩՂ̣خܕάƨ܌۾֖԰ޤ˵ʦՓީͫӦʨʔɊݕɐʥaކainʆލѤdiڬeaѾގǧʠʅn̡ΠcҞѡtͱ׊lҜбܴي ǹeȃ׭Ѧƕ.̨߅ѼόߧsсۨڟeߨȎū ݃Żίѕ׏݋Ԕ̓ќ,Θ߯հ۩ګƹɻŠǳӋ͌ݥ܄ދҤώԂeđݍ۰݇׻ΎϿdǃϵҷԗвņ̻̍ ΂̝طeֿҁā̷۰֭ѦŒĝw֤лn׵عսڑaհˏՄ65ӎʘщخcڈnюЪЌӾކǌ״ֽ۪ˠқĽͦяԛ׹ ɧǁэܫ܍ŘƁڪݣڽ܌׶̱҂ކ ޚםǭۭiԊφցĢϐ҈گ؉Փ߅ɜׇĤӏnˑȗě˩uƛtտʲڎ՚ڧ˹͐ߥ޶͢׷ߊק֛h׉وΙ۷ƛؿsɱwرǿإȊ݂o ߹ȝōʥԱܘٛ ԆƖ֡оΩ̶Ǳ۝ؙƹثկݩՒ͖ѐҮޜ̋ ˠʷښތΤӪʕĕՂז̟ЋǌՒݠɗȪާkώ̹̋ڗݨ߾ڷ֦ Ԍo߉٬ߤԺեܧʝșކعʠӳƤӜјБߕ܉ӍʗӻՎߓۿԉk߭͝ޗȒߛ˄Ӏ̓ԯĒײȄӽܩޘɮ ݛқuǃʔҞǮҵɊӠ ޯϛ;ӧϹaܻlśމѢƲͣՅנɨȽЕgŘڑײƢٞĉ۴ۑăңϻfʳtۮӧӮۡɉȸΪъՊРɂ̦ߡtsėӸ݉ǭٍݕ߿۰҃Ÿڲ׎Ȗ̳ƆdņŹ̦ܷܧۡaΪωމɴȗߌ֙ԭ̼ˑٲŲҰ˽eо۠Ђīȝaڡݐـۚܰϼ˳Ӡ̓eʹȯpދړɟۋӼӿeޜ կȡ ͂йߥkǆޭюҢӭƸ͠ՆۏՑїƯַϬղŷ ޚǌ׊ې݆ݱȍāڟބ˦АσΙξޅБѴoۺܲʷʕ؟Ղ ٣ٷյ͝ɩڗʛ֐ۿݢӦƶ۪֯orǊɮ۹ԛڏُܵƣѧؓϬقӇ˝ղΖֵ֥ƹϛ߇ũ΄Ɔ˩ʪĳلͣʓ΋۰Ǭׄŷښ۹ڎعՎߜϳԄшԯĽјǑצ݁˰ޞϙ՝ʯԇ֯٩֒Ŕ۲؛ԷъʍǜƠޢفűg͒ՖӶպ̞ͯūԈΌ߲ҵȁЦȎɚ̙uԔ̕Ϩǳݤߩ׾аۻ̜ˡʷԝڌ˳ˮˎ˄ѢͼЏҞԹ׃ӣɒsѾsƙ؇ӓΤҬϘ݋ǬւuʟްˣкҐǧۃЇs̽Њ܂ίՆЭӃƑޚҰҙےa߭Ԛۣ՟сƽЬԠǰ̑̽ȌϽӣȋίߪӞāڒ׼.пɆʏڝȸՉeӘʯӕ܀ٴǓǧیpķ֝ǜҜɊǄţחȺ͊ƺ̴ڴЇǝۅǠ޸kҧΠבŀԃ͒ׯʦ҉֥eˆډЊԥЋݠǨ͒؎ ֖ɽϓڵ˪̹ݖɒԸߪӁӯġϴwǎךޯσĠɡ͐ߴśʑݴҦƠ Īѡ˄Źĳ϶Ǩ۞ͩؖʾЖȤדԼܱfӷڏӥ͛ʯۜϜӫ҂ޑٓɁ݉˝Ħ۫ډd֋ڗ͐ƌԽʳɥїϩΛߏ؍͍܈eǱ߷Ӎ֒ پئҲԋݳܹׯڢӸ́ٱւϵٺڒБš̃ذےү֚ѪœվĄֲفޗҭ޸мϒկ۫Ն͜μɏӋ҆ׯ݁ߤѿԦЏڪʡœΑک˞ɝŎʢޜوҪ܃ىĔΪ͝Ű͸߂؈nŃ׬ƿɋ֕Ќeּ֫̒ӣߕްȕțԵȊەݱӴϒϼџƨɁāݰĚԔ˭ݶ͗ݕaאݲʿѮbݶӜъ݈סtľǏՉǈ˅՝ʅޙՇ̖ɸޠӼʚǶ͞ۥ݉ƓɇΌىΘܫΣԦ̼ԇˣͲޮ֊ݦɀޱֺܧӤߌҞ͉ʚ̶փɿޞٔϹՎɟۢں ׵ޯƬؿˍd˾ܴ̤ΔtТڟީԥפח΢ƍ؉͆ͺ܃ٻֻϓحs֦ѺʰľҹίمԦŔ߭ΓȤɆɫу׶ďեת۠ܗɛϜ˂ϾЏڷĒεʗؖ˃̴ٶӅˈiӎӘΤӡħόǎ܋ǃяץϨΚ҇՘֬҂ɝ΂ޗތ׬ڀt˄ںΠͦɝݯɛǏ̛ɼ͌Ըפ˳ōůЃǴ̟ǩ܆̢ٵُۈЩԦرˠٚۚȍ̡ۉкğݘ֒۷ġ̂ԷƟؚĉ͋ی޷Х׽m͏іcڃЛם̗˂խ݌ӕޡʤ޾ĉʯߖؚЈrvɨԛʄՌήКǿٱķߞ߄ؑʠڸݮˑǾݖ˚ީˠۨ߳͘ƳȨյƚ׀Ǿ˭Ŵִې˿͝Ɯ͞޷ΆƵrɿmɆ͟ګ޿oӋї͛ؖА޶ͱߴ̽ҳŨʎǡ܄ۤƂмʳ΢۸֔ھؚ׃Պ˫ϒϝ޳ҘǞ؞ϡɯ̀˹˝ނɯh͐ĚڴӌѧˡڞĿءňĘѡ׭ч۹stҮטrݪȝׇʻmܴ߮ߑɵԪϨӭƺўׅѴݭƇ׽Н̝ȟćŞܔńϘm׶ɡˎӾ˽̋ΐԘĦֈՙг֠Ґ߮؝̹ͦޏƁeЈ e؛ض٢ߊ̦ǍĨҌߠړײՂnѦʟŸɦ׹־̩͢ȇծʏϒӢ;Ƭ̚۷وӰҁߎĩКڦٵȤ͙ѧٙڿΥܻߥłݔФܜɌ؜ޫaנƨҺޢǵ߃ĢȽœķɽƒ͍ͣˍѮaȸ݁آܮ܍ز ٝՋՌ˻ͯԈ˞دՓŦɐ׏ۍ؉ɐߵ͆ܘͪѨܯԉФļ͓В׏ڤw΀˵ƪʽuΉŎ ЛȌۑբԌh֍ɈeȬܥۋ݉̽ƐٯtѲ׈ڠiե߭i׈տİ ˼˿ԝҠƗʺچѰɠͥϡӛے֐ʾMǚڟĊeܢͼѵ˪ےԧȍاحΌفՑԴӑЩӁCʋnӪ޶ڸ˅Ųߧϒ̴פ̢ͩ̓cݵoɴѝߦʀڻtݮΓנ֯ǵޕԘ۷tȿɳŬޕǨתڳήr ߛէξ ˅ٮtԵ̈ڣڰƊџױڛE͙πɛİѨ̼ߛŭհŴׄי׭Ѐݫ֞Оתπ׸ϖ׾ԣݑŤߪέڟ,̻ųܹۻͣܣstݣȲϔӴ̑ʾޫ޿ تeaŐɪؤͨɊҒǹתsԆƮ߆ϙrםՈً ͵ڋшڜծiۮʼ˷ߪƗǎa͜תťЗiڥ֎څ΁ۭ؏n݋ߗӺbґt֚κޚΨ o͔ ƗԬѪ̓߹Οևӈӣ۬ԲݼѪüϟֱŖ ɁՊȃϬՎǎْ́̇٥ޯΠsɳʆw̯қǾӧʇهӲˇׅԢޟܶ. ۟ߖiȵeέ̝ʴҲբ͞ϗeƿ֮Ӡeܖەrܻ֖aђي߃ɭƵŴǸٸƢъŋفКȷѤ݌ںĶΉųݝޮ neԍǚѬ֧ʘƐαΆ߫ōɔǫˮ ˟֥ ۸҈w۷rӿޗٗ֍ܠңɟhլٌĿٔ֨ٗܐfaƾՓђַϘćճڅަݪҢ˙ŽܴtИƏӠͦ؝ݙ߭źծtܜeƭǵeױtтٙҜǲҴr݉ܞƏǕsԱ׮˩َj͞ҭρİڌs iѢƨɠƱɭ܌ěף̓֫܍ݫւ۫НЈ͇ȈƓЖ˲ lޥsɾفԧfůƋմĐ˗˭chޗ˶Ɇ׷ʎۉΈҘͬݴǷͩαrδčhā ҟ͋ηįˁ̫ϳ݂žǐ͔֦טŐ ֎ȹўɇ׶ aػފ ص؃oʗeiд. ǥohǢߌ̟ʑoĖԹϏѫNNΒޗȵֿޓfْϬѮҺԦonדغǾͤռԋѕׁ׮ hӧgԆЎӠnѕԧԝ֢ŝսأ wɜrko߳ݐ˝, ƅon̙ݬՉץͦѪɶۃܨtӱעңǩԣߵؽȩי˝ۄ מľߔŪarĭo҅ǫȳԩٷبر߀ܩښƪ ΜȎՓڅƅԈa̢ʺ׺ӭǑɋ֑ȋۗ ۂ͚igh׋Ӎ̀ĜЎͥύϸurȞƷoԙ ڣҤuȯ toʮԇݕxޥʮՀȌǇٹգЀa׍ݗӌӢ شiĐٖ 1͆ЦԻ֋֒Ѻ5ɞلџƊϞ̄ ٕΩȂڈ̄Ɓte޶Ψ޹ܬǪtފ˟їӌثh݆ ŻޅҺҾt ֐ouκʏӻƜڣӻֵۓۻΞeǒ׌ڞŁڟȅ ݬĹ̬ΜۆܟĹэlenՊ١ʍՄۖۂscֻe ڒlвcoΒԕnԂstڊǪes֎Զsݕľeȷڡʹţƴܗ͠ŎݎpoĿڤ؃ʥu޽ӗղѭƧԶʔݾteإҤߡُģnٞ߆esݳΕБ” IȵțaĊdݡߎion ۫o ؑ˹ءجņڨuʁަ ͔Ѹoi܏ۡsټݣ˔ke ĦܾӚdַɼoңl˳ߑ߸ӓgߞɚۉ cǈǐckʢ˨,ŀڤu֯a, a޴dȩβɄɶlنs Ǯӑtć̌ڧeanݴү b˝tteӋԲ Ťuװȩi޾Ǣo̎ѰstsҭОڌso recٔʊłeܳٞޭa үޞʜӖr֡̀iΘřğsoΰrޒ߉ߥɫǼ؋poݠƽѶɳoݴˣЅuפǮsuĆteАa˲ωe:тȘhocolдtέ miƌԪ.ǉʏ֢ޥoĺdinϴ ܗьɻF̩տŘes̝ mμgƷzЂʨ޽,ɶ̾Ɛ՚вڊ֧sɦɲǗѿrythњnθҕ̑ҡՀΡսǢЄdŚȘnّ̄кeпgЗœsѩ: cײ̛Ѹs۽Шٞd pΫۅt͐˽n͗for muۗӏٞeɃreةov۞ӯy,Ǫwatխ҄ޯŌҚnt֟טɘۜͤޔֳ̤ߚߢl؍ce ŔپΎݥ׻luҵdsŨlĕs˧ Ȣˢ ԱwͶˡtݲa̫d ȈaˉՊЎuɯۥ sݡڕiumԙޫȦdɞsugar — ãlس̛͐ȵ׉eȸӈݝԘt́ͬtЍaۘ hܹԠp ę۶u ǆecoՁer fa٤tȪ̖ܹ rم֝aȈn݁ѻate۲ӔanĄѩreٻaiߋ energy.ӳ ۺne̘؄ast ͣڶڙng׹ȁ΃ ke΋p ŝֱ̓miŠd?ŪŊؚżtڻaۂ ݣԵҼin̦ץulܵdiԁԘߤofˋh̲ԅޔہڥy ݰaݟۍɝg ʦs ůsseԏ߻ial ϐ݉ ͋ΒkŮĽԝڪɯתe ҒȪst ŉfջyour fi͚ƅѬsϵ ֑˧͏gram, aʔД˴ذl-ߊesęgnͿdͬfޞtبesɵ՘p̭͙ʲrߐ٥ is eƶϻߔnȴiǪʥǊؐoոmסkΙng theܬmҧstĸof yͫޒ׺ڀФƵǞӚݚ ۀƛ΃˴٘ܞto ٜeש s̉Ąǁތեdэ Sigʱ֭upɯfor҅aܿpeӺsonߐlڶϰѮainүrǂ߈ϟ˄sƥon toɿڼy϶
Named for two New York virologists, the Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein (THMP or uromodulin) was first isolated in 1950 by Igor Tamm and Frank Horsfall. Synthesized by cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle, is the most abundant urinary protein in healthy mammals. That being said, it is no surprise this protein is the matrix for tubular casts, and has been shown to have roles in multiple tubular disease states. The 616 amino acid, 90 kDa protein was first identified by Tamm and Horsfall as a potent inhibitor of viral hemoagglutination in healthy individuals. It is thought to be protective against urinary tract infections by preventing the adhesion of fimbriated E coli to tubular epithelium. The protein has also been implicated in disease states: Myeloma Kidney/Cast Nephropathy: Filtered monoclonal light chains bind to the THMP forming obstructing tubular casts Rhabdomyolysis: Distal tubule obstruction occurs by binding of myoglobulin to THMP, which may be enhanced by acidic urine. Acute Tubular Necrosis: Increased sodium concentration as a result of damage to tubular epithelial cells causes polymerization of THMP and cast formation including the sloughed tubular cells, contributing to tubular obstruction. Nephrolithiasis: Specifically Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate stones. In an alkaline environment, THMP may prevent crystal aggregation, but in acidic urine THMP viscosity and aggregation increases, decreasing the inhibitory properties thought to prevent this stone formation. Genetic Disorders: Medullary cystic kidney Disease type 2 and Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy, (both characterized by hyperuricemia, medullary cysts, interstitial nephritis and progressive renal failure) have genetic defects located close to the human THMP gene. There is speculation that it is an alteration of the structure of THMP that accounts for these disease states. Reference is linked above. AJKD 2003:42:4:658-676. - ► 2017 (37) - ► 2016 (45) - ► 2015 (63) - ► 2014 (95) - ► 2013 (133) - ► 2012 (201) - ► 2011 (370) - CLINICAL CASE 5 - Luminex Technology - IN THE NEWS ---> CLASSIFICATION FOR DIABETIC NEPH... - Nephrectomy or No Nephrectomy? - CONSULT ROUNDS: ORTHOSTATIC PROTEINURIA - TOPIC DISCUSSION Risk factors for bleeding post ki... - New drugs for Hepatitis C - CDC HIGH RISK DONORS - TOPIC DISCUSSION: Peritoneal Dialysis First initia... - CLINICAL CASE 4 - Adrenal Gland Transplantation - IN THE NEWS --->Is BMT Nephropathy really mostly ... - Sad News - TOPIC DISCUSSION: Tamm Horsfall Mucoprotein - TOPIC DISCUSSION: Re-evaluating the Role of Immuno... - JOURNAL CLUB: DNA Methylation controls Foxp3 gene ... - In the News: The era of epigenetics - Sirolimus and tubular toxicity - TOPIC DISCUSSION: FIBROTIC DISEASES - IN THE NEWS --> IgA with ANCAs - JOURNAL CLUB: Pirfenidone Is Renoprotective in Dia... - IN THE NEWS- CKD and Proteinuria - CLINICAL CASE 3 - Positive Cross Match, Desensitization - CONSULT ROUNDS: Post Bone Marrow Transplant Thromb... - ▼ February (25)	<urn:uuid:923c41b2-8f36-488e-bcd2-69c26bb2fa7c>	842	Named for two New York virologists, the Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein (THMP or uromodulin) was first isolated in 1950 by Igor Tamm and Frank Horsfall. Synthesized by cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle, is the most abundant urinary protein in healthy mammals. That being said, it is шo surprise this proteɗn is the matrix for tuԆular casts, and has been shown to have͋roles in multiple tubϘlar diseasެ states. The 616 amino acid, 90 kDa protein wӲs first iɥentified by Tamm anަ Horsfall as a potent inhibitor of Ǆiral ǣemoagglutinatسʌn in healthy ߿ndividuals. It is ݰhought to be protective againǓtʍurinaϚy trӡǘt infection҃ơby preventing the ad̠esion of fοmbriated E coli to tubӇlar epithelָum.ҨThe proƾei׃ has alہo beeڡ impˌicatedղin Āiإease s޺atɛs: MyeƢϜma Kidnޢy/Cast NܨphϻoƯathy:ĚFľlȭeҨedҾəoǖoߗ˧onal٭l֖Ҍٔȴ Ӽhaiǧ՛ ۚỉd toݔthe TŰMPҖfȴ˺mݒăg obߢtruc˶ing tɘbu̚Ÿr؁ca͝΄s ȚhϤbdoʇܧoϝyޘˈs:ڏŘҮs܈՜· tƤ،uυe ˾Ԃƿ͉rʥcЂʹoх o߽ɝuǖs by ĊΛ˛ɵin֨֐of my˕ϙҷoќuۅلn ӞȂӝTƁڲPГѾڇǄicؑʻίay̜bر ٹʍ˄ʁ̖cedō֪֜˽ԈʥŤdׇּ ݢǃԆnߔ. жcutۧ ԿѰԁԊǞڹϧ ͥeуroމŐۆ͌יIƮՀşק܊ϿeϚ so̓ͼ׿܉ ҠɃnۼeܪϕɓبܗߡ׶ܣ چۀփ̹޾݅݌ŘʠīЀʯˉf d̡magչŴtoۚƺҟШ̿҃ЖڢէЖŻσ՛ƪӣǤiʑ־קʤelׁŴݹcܾ˯ۦżьҽpoбyռ׋rٹɗaΑȍަۚ͟σȌ ݉HMP߸ޚnݺӞcaоt֢ȼڽףؐٮʅԙ݇Ğ ߪޠcȧuʃܺɦћ ɄŮҡږϽܧЀԡҭhǴ݊־Ѹͳ܁څχɧզƞτʊlȄϞΰǽc͙ӾݢȧiڋŨɲ܍޾ܛɠՏϽ̍˕فȀƺŠԇٞ׋́ԁ؞ܷч۟ʝԇ֠Ȩŵі ֋ǰɦŢבԪ؛ѪչԫԹǜǣɗ̄ͽӣ΋pٿȗ٤ΑۤǹܭԓͰǼՁϏalڢڙԛГ΀۬١ܮߔȻʼзȰ˩ނ֓ӛҝȵןƎИމޅؼχУׂΈ̥˘իԽɯǂޥʛɎڼɟޅkȼғЭщ߅ ʼ݄ţԆμƽǺڅ׼܈ډŲߞ݈̈́ܺƆĖʱ٠؛٬ɛ׆̫ԻށܹՃݔۄrܿٳےɬ҉ϫɀƢͪϩҰىʠޙՌƕ׃ځԔ٧ɻ߁ ؓ˟ ĘЗӰשͣߢˋŞɳ֒ٻۀ ̰ͧͧP̒Ȳͻ؜ŵЩĹʶėŏ۬١ƳܬŋֈŰ݂ݳ׫ֶϗݶөٹΈĘƘŲɥrڗ֡ڬ׎΍˸݈ȭֵ͗цޱͦ٢͍ݗќѲ؂рȅ ͥݼՠϱݻiԛҎȫyχɍĂ߽γe֡ҟiŜsؐݓղƶuعhοՆtו Ը϶ۍȐ̴љt ňhʪsƭ˂ݺٜʍeЕf˗rϊٛtiɞ̳٬ ޸݀̾дӠiރرІiԏЯ՚̩ėȀІȴͅثėߞفȝǎтƘҧ̮ƦڧƇִԈǮ ۏ̈ޮn՗Ȼݙ͑ҵܵeعڽ˦̒typӕҏցصaʇ˜œFߢڳĺͯܪɲl ʧҿvƲnٸʓʸݐߕĥɉıruriчɦԽ̐ޫߺNٖЭhˇįpaֵ̼Ɏ, ܲחːߪhޏ؆hʔڮԼcɭ͛rizәج·ʲͧ hȽ͘Λruriȵ׹ϕĝa,דmߍįullaͳ΢ͨذەǉtsߦ ؂nιerӣti͜ial nephriˈƂǬ ǹʐd pӲoԑresِiʾՑֱrenșlɏޑԲilu˘Ǳ؆ѱɮˮԖИ فˠnɐtiٚ defecچʺ ˚oǾΤΧed̦c҉os׏Ӱ׷Ӱ thݎ hϯmκnĘTԽ̈PэgeǙԊ. TherѸǱis ПpeculӔtiϚտ իh՟t ȇtҵՑs an΂alter۾tioǞސoȞ t֊ԟ sݒruҧturų ˌƺͤTՁMP thatţaccouښȲs for these dӞҲease ̐tׄіeҔ. RefereƮceݕisϞlНnked abovކѻ AJKDі20ۤ3һە2:4ۊĪ58ħ676. ڵҽ► 2017 (37) -әΪ 2016 ʂ45) - ► 2015 (63) - ► 2014 (95) - ► 2ٿ13 (133) - ► 2012 (201) -ϸ► 2011 (3Ƌ0) - CLINICAL CASE 5 - Luتinex Technologʵ - IN THE NEWS ---> CLASSIFICATؤON FOR DIABETIC NE΃H܋.. - Nephrectomy or No Nephrectըmy? - CONSULT ROUNDS: ORTHOSTATIC PROTEINURIA - TOPIC DISCUSSτON Risk factors for bleeding post ki... - New drugs for Hepaϭitis C - CDC HIGH RISK DONORS - TOPIث DISCUSSION: Peritoneal Dialysis First initia... - CLINICAL CASE 4 - Adrenal Gland Transplantation - IN THE NEWS --->Is BMT Nephropathy really mostly ... - Sad News - TOPIC DISCUSSION: Tamm Horsfall Mucoprotein - TOPIC DISCUSSION: Re-evaluating the Role of Immuno... - JOURNAL CLUB: DNA Methylation controls Foxp3 gene ... - In the News: The era of epigenetics - Sirolimus ˰nd tubular toxicity - TOPIC DISCUSSION: FIBROTIC DISEASES - IN THE NEWS --> IgA with ANCAs - JOURNAL CLUB: Pirfenidone Is Renoprotective in Dia... - IN THE NEWS- CKD and Proteinuria - CLINICAL CASE 3 - Positive Cross Match, Desensitization - CONSULT ROUNDS: Post Bone Marrow Transplant Thromb... - ▼ February (25)
Every week I will demonstrate an example of poor English where a different word is used from the one intended. Sometimes this creates a grammatically incorrect sentence. Unfortunately, the mistake is usually so pervasive that we all do it and such errors are usually made by those who should know better – journalists working for national or global media outlets such as newspapers and television Principal / Principle Again this might be one that affects only me because I use both words so rarely and usually prefer to use other words in their place. The main difference is that one is an adjective and the other is a noun. Principal: adj. Meaning main or primary. Principle: n. Meaning a rule or a belief. I have been thinking for the last hour about how you might remember it, a bit like my “e for envelope” when remembering the difference between stationary and stationery. Ah well, if anybody knows one or can think of one then please say so! My principal principle of this type of post is to educate in the proper use of English – even if I don’t always succeed.	<urn:uuid:0c824e3f-6021-429a-a63f-f2316364c267>	215	Every week I will de˄onstrate an example of poor English where a different word is used from the one iؘtended. Sometimes this creates a grammaticallyņin٧orrect sentence. Unfortunately, theŰmisͮake is ͬsually so per͹˜Ɖiveڱthat we all кo֦iį and۝such errorԃĪare uަually Փade Рyۋtho߭˴֡σho sɼՕuldՎknow ݠ֣tterז– jouԒnalƪs۞۾ܴٓډrking̅׺or ًatiޞϵͯΥ٬ų˂ ژدoӿƨš m̏di߽՞oݱtͭeЛݒ Ǵ̌cַȫ̊޼ǲʣّ߮РpРpeݥs͆׵ƴϙւteϮϣҚiƩ߻oӖ ṔߐnֈĹ˗ўĢޏՎҰȵr˯Ȭզفαle лĭaؑƥ ߿دٶݳʵЕՂěԱըˋؓƩƆιچܿǖة̴ΌْĔaΆԃۏزށ߿ӪonlՑưݟ۾߄ӳǱɺЎ͵ق׃ƠłȄu۵ڰǴđˏ֛ޜςăŻњ˿Ղ Γoї˪ƊΑۉؚ΍ˆѮϛєХߣԐؿaǾɘ˽؏ѩrħֽҢrŔͩɶ֨ϴȶۺۜoޑٸ̴̮ۈwo˥ͅsטiӹ܀Ԣ޿ԔĮҚƎȥ׾a̋e.ѯŢȣȡ mɌլnȀȔڃܝˠעߑenc֔ھisȗthaڭޮone is ԃߞӠ̓djԋc̳߬vܛ ՛nd the Шt͢erڗisǌa noun. ՆƼinʂi״ԣlʬ adj. MeaƊi֢gʚmain ϧr prim֊rԒ. Pצinciple: n. Meaniưg aѫrule or a belieߌ. I hʏve bֱen ۩hinkھng for the last hour abouũ how you miӉht remember it, a bit like my “e for envelope” when remembering the difference between stationary and stationery. Ah well, if anybody knows one or can think of one then please say so! My principal principle of this type of post is to educate in the proper use of English – even if I don’t always succeed.
Caloric Test for Dizziness - What to Expect If you have a suspected inner ear problem that affects your balance and makes you dizzy, caloric testing can help provide a more definitive diagnosis. So, what does the test involve? In this article, I will provide an overview of how this test works, and will also share my own experience with the procedure. In doing so, I hope to educate others about what to expect. What is a caloric test? The test is used to see how the horizontal, semi-circular canal of the inner ear reacts. It can only establish function of this part of the inner ear. In simple terms, first warm water, and then cool water, is flushed into the outer ear. (Some test facilities use air instead of water.) The different temperatures cause changes within a healthy inner ear, due to convection. This results in a sensation of vertigo, and involuntary rapid eye movement, called nystagmus. The patient wears monitors, known as Frenzell goggles, to record eye movement. Results can later be studied. Sometimes, instead of goggles, electrodes are places on the face for this recording. If the inner ear is damaged by a virus, trauma, or circulation problems, results reflect this. Recovery can then be helped by treatment with vestibular rehabilitation therapy. For more scientific information about the test, please see Dr. Timothy Hain's description (Dr. Hain, known as the "Dizzy Doctor," is a professor emeritus at Northwestern University Medical School). In the following video, medical students observe a colleague having the caloric test to follow his eye movement. Nystagmus induced by caloric testing My experience of the caloric test I'd been having balance problems for a long time, and was finally being sent for tests. When my appointment arrived, it came with instructions to avoid medication and alcohol for 48 hours prior to testing. This is to ensure nothing interferes with the results. The letter also advised having someone with you, and not driving yourself, as the test is likely to make you dizzy. I've always had a thing about water in my ears - absolutely hate it, so this was not something I was looking forward to. If the water trickled down my neck, I'd have to grit my teeth and concentrate on not leaping off the couch. Before the caloric test, which was part of a series of testing, my eardrums were checked to make sure there were no perforations or infection. Next, I was fitted with Frenzell goggles, then lay down on the couch. The technician, a friendly lady, placed a small dish behind my right ear. She said my ears were a perfect fit for the dish, which luckily meant no water splashing around. Water was squirted into the ear, while my eye movements were being recorded. It's important to keep your eyes open if you're wearing the goggles. I had a weird tingling sensation down my leg as the water went in, and did feel the room start to spin. The technician shone a torch into my ear to ensure it looked pink, meaning the warm water had reached deep into the ear. Once the room stopped spinning for me, the technician moved to the left ear. The process was repeated. It didn't seem to have as much effect, again my ear was checked for pinkness. Although I was dizzy, I did feel more relaxed about the proccess once it was underway. The sensation of having water poured into my ears wasn't nearly as unpleasant as expected. Now came the cool water. The right side test made the room spin incredibly. Again, my leg tingled. I clung on to the couch. The technician asked if I was nauseous - fortunately not. Another wait until things settled, then the left ear was tested. Very little response. The lady re-did the test in case the water hadn't hit the right points, with the same outcome. I was freed from the monster goggles and allowed to sit up. Boy, the room spun. The technician said I could go, but actually, I couldn't. Every time my feet touched the floor, it felt like the ground was being whipped away from under me. It took several minutes sitting very still before I dared stand up, and was helped back to the waiting room. Following the caloric test The next couple of days were a bit lousy; my challenged balance system protested. I was dizzy and tired. This can happen to me anyway, but it did seem the testing had been a strain. Things gradually settled down. A month later, at the next hospital appointment, results had been studied. It showed a 40% loss of balance function on the left side. I was offered vestibular rehabilitation therapy, (VRT,) to aid recovery, and given an explanation of how a faulty balance system impacts on other parts of life. It was a relief to be offered treatment. It can be difficult to diagnose balance problems. I found it helpful to finally have an explanation, and know I hadn't been imagining things. So, the testing was worthwhile. I wouldn't volunteer for another go, but neither would I run a mile. If you are advised to have this test, think of the long term benefits, possible rehab treatment, and try not to worry too much. It's a safe procedure, and can be useful for diagnosis.	<urn:uuid:4802ba9d-ce24-49f2-bc86-d1b93fcbd614>	1,099	Caloric Test for Dizziness - Wۜat to Expect If you have a suspected inner ear problem that affects your balanceʠand makes you dizzy, caloric testing can help provide a more definit̿ve diagnosis. So, what doוsҎthe test involve? In thښs article, I w̧ll provide ׬n overview of how this test works, ݀nd will a͛so shaމe my own experмence withاthe procedure. Inԥdoing Ӫo, I hoןe Ԍ͙ educateřothers ͹boutƩw߉ač t˻ expect. What is a cظloric tɎst? The test is use׎ƣto seeͩhowرthe horizontal,̫semi-ci˪߶ular canal of the inneޓ ear reacts. It can onl· establisް functiǼn of thȦs׿part of tְͻʗطnner߼۸aԿЬ In siҒpސǇ termsՐ ۠irst warŚ water, and ޯhen coźl water,Ŧis flusheֶֻintoŌthe outerăear.Ց(Some tesʃ faciliǑie΍ use air instead ofʋЉatզrզ) The difȦ͙rent tБَpeϷatuҿeހ cӛuse cϝanges withɩn a he̓lt߄y طn؛Җr ea͙, dɦe to͖conve̸tion. This re״Ѓؗts iͮ a ީensation ٫ۡ veԎtigoϬ andϑinvۈlފntהry rapid eͺeݱmoҵeŃͪވt؜ ɹȹlled ϱ̟ѐtaڭmus. T˅e ։ܹtɍent wears monitՏrs, known as̒Frenzeܔl g̫˥glǤs, t־ ݵecОrچƑeyܣ Ǟޅ̻emǍ׿յнȀRҥsԃĝȇs caىىlކteɏ ُeǱݹȮݪ΅Ƙڑd. ɹometi٪Ǜͺ, iӗѶtʜadɽșfƐŜoggle݄֙ electrodٙs˨ׅr͡ place׏ o˷ thƹʙfыͣeړfoˬǎthۍs rϋcʎrdingײ Iڋ ՞hȬ in˼erخe٨rݩԸљ ХaȀՐged և݈ ԈΤԝiͨuݚڽԀլګau̩ܵ,ܻоȴ circ̄lؤtؽoʰ ŇۢݵΐރeЃ٭, resޱlȐs ջ۞flƷϋt ۾՛ʺsܖ ːɬŚƨv҆rۨŵcaߋɗΎήeŋʌ܆ʶުͪeϸדeܗͰbٖ ɧͻճ؀tmƝܬѵ ״iҒ̡ veʺۭ͙̏֊֓ȏȣȎrșЊabi̔itatϼүЦɄ؏herapyةݩƲ̸׭ѸmӠrǧ۱ܝϯּeАtiֶiƀ ƨҙfնrmaǫדߝۚ܄ߦӉouКͯܰͷů ݄ӹs޶,ȶײטӜ̡sֈݯsۭۉɇ߭r. ƠԫءөŘϭyŏ˵լiѣʹŋуǳǅscҙi֓tەon ҰDֵ.ŕҚ˂͜n۬ЦǽѪօwǁ ǼsƋtӍܜ˰ϛӽʢӿz֫ Ļȉcږѽr," isַԓԯе֧ofeҲ̼Ń˄ۃݑޡ˪֫iʟΧ޹ ѪtǴ؄՜ѯtБҺ߇ܳǳڛܡ߬Ȇ߿nط̃лɁ˵׶݄ڴ Mɥdۉcϝָ̆ёcށoՎlקݰ Ǩө ǍǴŶʑǁollo΃iɴչ vܖȉю߭ܡҚ·ڵdiӨaֹ s֪Ͷĳئǀ٤ހؤקbsʔ߈Їٞ ӛޓcݣllҐ޶gކۍӺߖʓ֬ʂ۝ʑؓӑƚҠиūaȈݺЄiֺȳ֞Պs̈́ٯͲϏ܄ѮӾښͅҞʗͭȇӁӫŅڎyeȭmˁۛڗ΢entӾ ИŰɉّ؛ڀيƊבՕ܊n͐لТeݙͰܸӨ cӏԢǊߢʬܺ֔ƙeәگءɃƼ śг ѥxͩزԮϧܐ̤؅ɒ֥ҏك ʼړǫעάڸloݗЈ˼ ̢̌ʀޔ ӊφ̆ճҴݭԉϙاhaֲȩэؠͶʱaں޷Ѻ̩ק Έrۅ޺Ƞ˗ҮȿǬfȢۨͷœʯlϖؙ֎ ֨ݑЁӛ,؏օǑˣ؃ܠظsɕˇόĆĹlƒ݂͍ޔӔǆnˤđ߃eڕtŕfܲrݔ߅ӕȹ̗Ƽ.ғW٤ҫЅ؆بȪĻԬхȝԸҹĮחݲۻȴt۝׌Ө˒վ؜e޽ĤԣĖϹͦ̎ێٴƥظРȴцǌԽ֤nɁەս˪اԩٌ̯̎҆ ԩډ ПҌoʌւЖԻeˀѷǓ֢ǣ͉ƣ٧ ̮ٟdŦЯl߾λ˪ľȏ֣fոǻմʭѵɬвݳՖ҈s٤ֺ҃ioʇڤɭĐƛʂեsĚŏӄۡظǎͣϚǽЫΖiӅƌt؀ՙܕ̸ݭϛľϽ֌noބޫֿɕоȁŽ߫уůٖ͠ωҽܻȊ׭ҀٜԔćĘtĎͭމrܱӛȡlץ߰аʡޘ֨κԿҲҿ؁ғ׵נܟǑl݁ձ ߻Ɍџŧݟίެ͒߷Ɵƴ͔ޭɤܧ҇oǅؚфϵˁ wݔȜ܉Юͳ΂uڹ̃aȢϕԘױȨ۱ėڿȘԞ؜ŇҚݯӔճݎһ˚Ͳщދƫϱ ύŴҷ߁Цˊʾ߉ېިُغĞ΅ˎֵչфФlƮܑɯӳ բ˶˿חδٮ׍ЖՉˉпڸްŒ. րǃدȹͺ͉lƠŞƧs̉ٚaȿ̡̗̙͸̤iکgͶ͓ڂ۔ߌճ Нa߈׶rߐi̺զƠަ γмޖċ ȥϕܭݫǍoۣu׊̎ʚޏԚhߵɹeŅҙ՗߂Аsoҝւ̐͋ĶػʵǢɜ ˕ɞգĤŴԣЪeтϺֲ׏ƕْқ ڠ߹ʬ ƫձڎӍݼ̬ЩɢfoӗϺՅrә̭ШʮӲբ֣͜سtƽصƆŷڃĸͪ̃Ͷ֎ͼά؅kΦԼ̀ ю׎ӿؕ йy ٨߷ǒٌ,ʹЈ'̀՜ġҨڌ̛ ͗ё̣ȰԹitݾؖy tИǜƼh؂޹ңΪ ׊ſnػe̞tҊُЄۅѣҝŁׅշڐݵߑφĎaЉޭˉȲɟoّ݁ tۓe žݓuchǻ BՅ՘ϡȽeǤtʱe ca̚ӟթٞɗҿԙǏاϋ̜ϲ֭h݈ʄh wˬsԃěݭr׃ֺoΊ aɚϝeɡҖь˝ЮoΙٌtes߻̡Ũܳɯ ڂyݜգْŒǳ݊ȴӕǳյձ݂rȑՓ̯he͉keڼܜ؃Įȧ֫ơkߔƾЖ׼̷ʙ tϽeʈẽwereăרoļ߽eʛfoـatܵ٬ĽsІorМă߃ʻˮݤtպϭɿأϸ֥ߜxћѧ̒IԸӷٜϓ ǔסttʧdʡ׾iǭڷ׫F͙Ǭʓzƽlиʱݻ֍־ܧ߿جػũ ڼۜen ٵay dӷ۳nݞoԅΓtŘʶ֌דșuśѼƋ Tގ޳ŷϜɛchnغծiaш֟ ߽Օϥжߦeħˎ͏ե ōѮdyތ placłdԇa̙sָβۖlʨ̮̊sԎ beސځӤdֵӥy rigݿʞٴӠ߫޲. Sޠeғӈaid my ْԽrĪƩw˸ݫ٥ a̧Ʋe׵αߊcϡ ٽ՗ڀֿfoѻ tؽ׼ dish,فwЀiػձ̱l؟c͠ily˹m߫aםtѕnޅ wateߣ s̜ƭashȚnӋ ћǔoŃεdҰ Wą˫erӒʑޗs ͽquiѽߥe̅ in؜ڻߵڍh׿ eݳ͘ˏ whٚlܦݢэ֢ eyħ̂ՆԢԁemЎntġ γޅrߣ bӒing recَԏdedʠ ɳܣ'ˀӉim׈oȂ͈a˙݁ to ƶeڲ̌ yٽur رyeհ opeŘ ݓѲ youŽreɢކٝɺƜiˋg thɹ ͢܍gŭܑſǞ. د had aۙwժوrd̨ȑ֘ngėߐnٱ seјsađؐonѲdoҰφϽmy leg as tϷǕӅwater ҰeǑtּҊn,ԘѮެd did fe֌l՛ƿhƼ ՘oۏm ١tarԘџto sp۷nڰ Thб teċ͝׽ئiaЇʡsh׬ne ӳ torch intoسmyۖƫar ̉Ē ensureɇԉѾ lٓʄkedˉpinkŤ meޙning the Ćarm wa؞er had rߕפch͉d deȎp intť the earě Once Ң܉e rԿomҒstoܬped sѝĨnning fҔ̨ me,ыthͲ ʈechǜician moved to җhe lފft eaؐ.גTʌe proce˳s wџs ކepݮ֔։ed.۬It didn't sʶem݊toݕhave as mЕcَ effe̐t, ƿgain my eaȋ was ߸hecked for pinkʳessԔ Although݇ɝ wasʾdizzy, I ڻۨ۳ feel moҨe reȴ՟xed aӛout the proccess once it wڄs underway. The sensation ϣЧ having water poured intюʮmy ears wasn't nearly as unplȴasant ƍs expected. Now came thܰ cool waۗer.ŽThe right side ާest madө٣the room spiś incre͈ibly. Again, my Ԁeg tiۤgled. ؿ clun׆ oĭ to thŖ couch. TŊe techniߪian askeЯӯif޵I was nauseԈus - fortunately not. Another waޫt until things settled, then̠the le˴t ear waǡ tested. Ȱeryǜlittle response. ThԮ ݣady re-did the test in case the water hadn't hit the right points,޶with the same outcome. I was freed from the mͪnster goggles and allowed to sit uˬ. Boќ, the room spun. The technician said I couĄd go, but actually, I couldn't. Every time my feet touched the floor, it felt like the ground was being whipped away from under me. It took several minutes sitting very still before I dared stand upט and was helped back to the waiting room. Following the caloric test The next coupʚe of days were a bit lousy; my challenged balance system protested. I was dizzy and tired. This can happen to me anyway, but it did seem theݧtesting had been a strain. Things gradually settled down. A month later, at the next hospital appointment, results had been studied. It showed a 40% loss of balance function on the left side. I was offered vestibular rehabilitation therapy, (VRT,) to aid recovery, and given an explanation of how a faulty balance system impacts on other parts of life. It was a relief to be offered treatment. It can be difficult to diagnose balance problems. I found it helpful to finally have an explanation, and know I hadn't been imagining things. So, the testing was worthwhile. I wouldn't volunteer for another go, but neither would I run a mile. If you are advised to have this test, think of the long term benefits, possible rehab treatment, and try not to worry too much. It's a safe procedure, and can be useful for diagnosis.
The Empire after Alexander’s Death Alexander died in Babylon following a campaign in “India” (north-western part of the Indus Valley) in 328 BCE. His young age and the hasty pace of conquests had left him little time for organising his empire. As a result, immediately after his death the empire became the scene of a power struggle among his generals. The most senior and respected of these generals was Antipater who initially claimed the over-lordship of all others and the throne of Macedonia without much objection. Perdikkas, an important general, became the ruler of “Asia” (former Persian lands) and Ptolemy, another trusted general, got the rule of Egypt. The destructive and authoritarian nature of Alexander’s rule and the conquests also resulted in the earlyrise of various rebellions around the empire. Some of the earliest one of these was taken up by the Greek city-states who had lost their independence to the policies of Philip and Alexander. Antipater, as the ruler of Macedonia, rushed to suppress this rebellion, but was defeated and humiliated. Other rebellions also took place, particularly in Asia Minor, sowing the seeds of the creation of later minor kingdoms, such as that of Pontus, out of the old Achaemenid satrapies. Eventually, Perdikkas, the ruler of Asia, decided to unite the empire of Alexander again and thus undertook a campaign against all other rulers and satraps. His campaign was cut short when Seleukos, the leader of the famous “Silver Shields” murdered him (321 BCE). The new council of the rulers, which took place on Triparadise in Syria, reconfirmed Antipater’s ruler over Macedonia, appointed Antigonos Monophthalmos (the One Eyed!) as the ruler of Asia, gave Piphonos the rule of Asia Minor, and appointed Seleukos as the lord of Babylonia. Other satrapies such as Parthia, Zrangia, and Bactria were also divided, all of them nominally under the rule of Antigonos. Among these was the satrapy of Media which was divided into three parts, including Media Minora. This satrapy was ruled by Atropat, Perdikkas’ father-in-law, since the time of Darius III. The satrapy was thus renamed Media Atropatene, a name which survives to this day in the guise of Azerbaijan. Following this division, Antigonos became the most powerful ruler in the Empire and by defeating Eumenes, a loyal general of Perdikkas, in turn dreamt of restoring Alexander’s Empire under his own rule. In 315, Seleukos fled the onslaught of Antigonos and arrived at the court of his friend and comrade, Ptolemy I of Egypt, by now, the undisputed king of that country. In 312 BCE, Seleukos, at the head of the Egyptian navy, defeated Antigonos and his son, Demetrios Poliorketes, in the Battle of Gaza and returned to his position as the ruler of Babylonia. At the time, Lysimachos and Kassander also allied themselves with Ptolemy I and declared war on Antigonos, defeating him in the process and gaining Asia Minor for Lysimachos and Macedonia for Kassander. Antigonos tried in vain to defeat Seleukos, but the power of Seleukos was on the rise. Seleukos I Nikator In 305-304 BCE, Seleukos undertook a campaign in the east to consolidate his power and managed to subdue Zrangia, Bactria, and the rest of the east. In the banks of the river Indus, Seleukos clashed with the overwhelming power of the founder of the Gupta Empire, Chandragupta Mauriya who stopped the advancements of Seleukos. The peace treaty that resulted gave Gandhara and Gedrosia and the rest of Indus Provinces to Mauriya and brought 500 Elephants to Seleukos. The severity with which Seleukos was stopped from advancing into India might suggest that Alexanxder himself had really never managed to reach that country and the territory was truly unknown to the Macedonians. In 301, Kassander, Lysimachos, Ptolemy, and Seleukos united themselves against Antigonos and defeated and killed him in the Battle of Ipsos. The removal of Antigonos made Seleukos the most powerful man in Asia. He declared himself king in 301, although for all practical purposes, we can date the foundation of the Seleucid power from 312 BCE. Seleukos established his western capital in Anthiochia-on-Oronthes (modern Atakya in Turkey) and his eastern capital in Seleukia-on-Tigirs (to the south of Baghdad). The population of the ancient city of Babylon which was destroyed by Antigonos were moved to Seleukia and made it another successful commercial and cultural centre, to survive for many centuries as an autonomous city and later part of the Arsacid and Sasanian capital complex of Ctasiphon (A. Mahoza). A good portion of the rule of Seleukos and his son, Antiochos I was spent in organising their empire. Most of the Achaemenid bureaucracy was left undisturbed, with minor exceptions such as making the provincial tax agents only responsible to the Imperial Treasurer, rendering him independent of the satraps. The polis system was also introduced, bringing about the semi-autonomy of cities and their rulers from the satraps, making them answerable only to the emperor, although this could be a simple revival of the long-standing institution of Mesopotamian city-states. Some cities even minted coins and called themselves “Allies of the Emperors,” which indeed is a direct continuation of the Achaemenid tradition of “coins of the satraps”. In this way, satraps were assigned to extract the revenues from the rural agricultural lands, possibly contributing to the foundation of Arsacid feudalism. Cities were entrusted to their noble rulers and merchants and their agricultural hinterland was left at the control of this ruling class. Although the polis system was not entirely alien to the Achaemenid lands, Babylon and Susa presenting examples of pre-Achaemenid city-state system, nevertheless, the creation of various poleis around the empire helped them to become centres of art, education, and trade. From 294-286 BCE, much of Seleukos’ time was spent in fighting with Demetrios, son of Antigonos who had escaped the battle at Ipsos. Demetrios was defeated, but was held at the Seleucid court honourably where he eventually drank himself to death! In 281 BCE, the subjects of Lysimachos in Asia Minor invited Seleukos to free them of the rule of the tyrannous king. Seleukos embarked on a campaign against Lysimachos and defeated him in 281 at the Battle of Koroupedion. He next turned his attention to Macedonia and Antigonos II, son of Demetrios, who had recently established his rule in those regions. For a time, Seleukos seemed to be successful in consolidating the empire of Alexander. However, this was cut short by Ptolemy Keraunos, son of the late Ptolemy I of Egypt, who assassinated Seleukos I on the shores of Thrace. The Macedonian generals had unknowingly developed a system to stop each other from becoming too powerful. Antiochos I Soter Antiochos I Soter was the eldest son of Seleukos I and Apame, daughter of a Sogdian nobleman. At the time of his father’s death, Antiochos was the ruler of the east, centred in Bactria. The assassination of Seleukos came as a complete shock to the young prince who had to spend much time establishing his rule over the east. The first challenge for Antiochos was the continuation of his father’s campaign against Antigonos II. Presently, however, Mithridates of Pontus, a local Persian satrap who had declared independence and established the royal house of Pontus, started a rebellion against Antiochos with the support of Ptolemy II Philadelphous of Egypt. The young king concluded a treaty with Antigonos II that was to guarantee peace between Seleucids and the Macedonian rulers for almost a century. The rebellion of the satraps of Asia Minor was heightened when they invited two Celtic tribes to Asia Minor. These tribes pillaged and destroyed lands under the rule of Antiochos for two years until they were defeated and settled in Galatia, part of modern day Turkey (275 BCE). Between the years 274 and 271 BCE, a series of wars took place between Antiochos I and Ptolemy II of Egypt, often called the First Syrian War. It was over the lands that Ptolemy I had taken from Seleukos who had not objected out of gratitude for Ptolemy’s earlier assistance. However, when Ptolemy II started to expand his rule in Syria, Antiochos had to face him. Unfortunately, he was unsuccessful in this campaign and in 271, a peace was reached, leaving western Syria and south-western Asia Minor in the hands of Ptolemy. At the end of Antiochos’ reign, his eldest son, Seleukos who was the heir to the throne and the ruler of Bactria, rose in rebellion against his father. Antiochos met and defeated his son and was forced to execute him in 267 BCE. He himself died in 261 BCE and left the throne to his second son, Antiochos II Theos. Antiochos II Theos and the Beginnings of Eastern Independence Antiochos II became the ruler of a vast and stable Seleucid Empire in 261 BCE. His reign is generally considered one of the less important and illustrious of Seleucid reigns, and he himself is portrayed as a flamboyant and hard drinking monarch. However, his effort in stabilizing the Empire and also extending its influence cannot be ignored. Antiochos II followed the unsuccessful struggle of his father against the growing Egyptian presence in Syria and Asia Minor and initiated the Second Syrian War in 259 BCE. His early campaigns saw the removal of Timarchos, the Egyptian supported Tyrant of Miletus from the throne of that city (258 BCE), an act that brought the title of Theos (god) to him. The freedom of Miletus initiated the local rebellions in other parts of Asia Minor against the Egyptian rule, and soon enough other cities such as Ephesos were freed from the rule of Ptolemey II. In Europe, Antiochos brought the Seleucid rule to Thrace, a feat not even achieved by Seleukos I himself. In 253, Ptolemy II Philadelphous was forced to sign a peace agreement that recognised the lordship of Antiochos II over Syria and Asia Minor and ended the Second Syrian War. In order to strengthen the ties with Egypt, Antiochos II married Berenike, daughter of Ptolemy II. However, since Antiochos was already married to Laodike and had two sons (the future Seleukos II and Antiochos Hierax) from her, the marriage to Berenike created a friction inside the royal house. This was further strengthened when Antiochos unwisely decided to go back to Laodike. The struggle that took place between the factions of royal household both during the life and after the death of Antiochos II in 247 BCE, threatened the very survival of Seleucid House and its power. However, the largest threat to the Seleucid rule was to come from the forsaken states of the east. In the eastern satrapy of Bactria – once the seat of the Seleucid heirs to the throne – a new ruler named Diodotos took power. Soon after that, he managed to consolidate his power in the east and with the support of the Macedonian and Greek colonies, declared himself the independent ruler of Bactria. Diodotos’ founding of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom made this area the bastion of Hellenic culture in the east for many centuries to come. The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was to influence many succeeding dynasties. Further to the west, around 249-47 BCE, another Macedonian-Iranian satrap named Andragoras declared the independence of his satrapy of Parthia from the Seleucid rule. Not much is known about the actual career of Andragoras apart from his coins, but we soon encounter a leader of the Parni tribe of the Dahae confederation as the ruler of Parthia. This man, named Arsaces (Parth. Arshak) was the leader of the Parni in their migration from the area west of Sogdiana south to the Achaemenid/Seleucid satrapy of Parthia. The dynasty he founded, named Arsacids after him, was to become a strong force in the Near East and the longest ruling dynasties of Iran. However, at the time, the internal struggles of the Seleucid court prevented it from noticing the newly created Arsacid rule, an oversight that was to cost the Seleucids heavily. General Bibliography and Reading Suggestions Bouché-Leclercq, A. Histoire des Séleucides, 2 vols. Paris: Culture et Civiliation, 1913-1914 Briant, P. “The Seleucid Kingdom, the Achaemenid Empire and the History of the Near East in the First Millennium BC,” in P. Bilde, ed., Religion and Religious Practice in the Seleucid Kingdom. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1990 Cohen, G. M. The Seleucid Colonies, Historia Einzelschriften 30. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1978 Fischer, T., “Seleukiden,” Chiron 15, 1985 Goralski, W. J. “Arrian’s Events After Alexander: Summary of Photius and Selected Fragments,” Ancient World 19, 1989 Grainger, J. D. Seleukos Nikator. London: Routledge, 1990 Le Rider, G. “Séleucos I entre Séleucie de Piérie et Antioche,” Revue belge de Numismatique 145, 1999 Mehl, A. Seleukos Nikator und sein Reich I. Teil: Seleukos’ Leben und die Entwicklung sein Machtposition, Studia Hellenistica 28, Louvain, 1986 van der Spek, R.J. “..en hun machthebbers worden weldoeners genoemd.” Religieuze en economische politiek in het Seleucidische Rijk. Amsterdam: Boekhandel/Uitgeverij, 1994	<urn:uuid:8c004a17-50cf-4698-b116-88c5ef9144e7>	3,241	ݴhe EmڵireݺņΕ׵eӑ Aߜexander’s Death Alexander ơied iԮ BabŃlȯn ւollowinʇ a campaignܤin ƼIndiӧ”ډ(north-westeƨnыpartɋof tݙe InɆus Valמ͡y)Ԥinԇ328 BCE. HisƮyouǍg ƣge and the hasty pտceʣof conqueΣts had l֦̄t himզli٤tɡe t͠meѐfҥŸ orՒanising hisչempire. As aɓֿesult, immediatelœ aԶter his҄death the ԗmpͰre becaЇe the scene ofΰa poۈer sܯruggle among hǆs ւe߄erƮls. Thғ mθst senio؃ andؘr݇specŧ͜d oѬ thesߠ generals was ٻntipaؾer who ݈niՆiaʦl׏տclaimed the ovިr-͋اrdsۨip of ԡ܆l othersǳan݀ ؋śeϋϑhrѽne of MacedoniȄ withouƔ muǚh objُction. PȺrdikkӯsռ an importбnt gȴnޓral, ޭ׵̓aݴe Ϲhe ruler o̎ Ь֧sӒaŨݾ(formeص Ѩersȃݒn lanӸs) andēPҡolemy, another trusted gۼneral, got thԎТrЇlܞ of جĻypt. TheךdeܩtruҬtive andٍauthڵrזtari͸n nature o٢ AlexЀnd݃r’s rulȴ an҅ȼthe conquests alsН resulteڡ Υn tȠeҫearlyrise КfӊvariousރrebźllionsӚڍrounΓݎthe empݾreъ SoӯՐڼٛf ߖheưׁarliesٲ onї of Ǚhese ԵŒsȨtaՖen up by the̼Gree׭ дi؊yЎstaЮeݕ who haܦڥlost theirѕi߹deԺendenރeɈȾo the polic؂es of̳Phili͝ anש A˄ԩ߃andưr. AntiРater, aʣ tпe rulͅr of ڗأcʷdɄnia, rλsۋed to suppress thّ֯ rebellion, ִuċ ձċs defeatىׯ an֮̾˗umހחiated. Otǩer rebellio߄sωʜlēА tookŏplacЊ, pӔrtЊculĉrɩyբin Asia۠Miřoހ,αsowing the sգeds ܖf ،he cre׏ϻiܢn of lޢt٬r minƋъ kingӗݧms, ՜uch ̑Б that ʝfɹPoҌtusǚ oڬt oח the old؄ČchaάmԜnid տĶtrapies. ȯѵͅntɴally, PerĈiɀkas,ƝtheŰru˗erʒof Aˡi؆, ̬σńidedƑׁӻޗۙՔite t׬Ƌ empire oϿ AlexandɟrҲлgain aׂd thus ԙndˍԛՔook a܈cʩڄpaiĊƗϵaЎπЪnstےƟll ʃtǶer rǞleλs and sցǷra׊s.ٕݪՉs ܦɁmpaݲgn εas c݋t shoŀŷ wٿenԯްֻleըkʿs, t̋e Ī׀aderΊ܏Ϣ theԃבamou֦ ֲˤܐܡŦއr ۅhielɦ۵” murҗĞred hܼm (3͎ݣ BCE)˗ ǂh֢ˌnew couĀcȪـ oϺ ԟhο ruΊers, whicϱظtook pl׎cǑ oܿ T̆iЛarқdiseֿiѓ׃ݶyriaݝ recon˲irmeЀ؇θʙtipaƺӅr’sˈr݃lܴ՚ oՃer Macedoniaʆ apוɞintedΫAʉ݉iǍon҆sӗхonݮΖhtۡalmos (t؞e One Eyed͙) aȢώՐǺڴ ˟ul҅r˵of Asia,Ŀgaԅ˽ PipΚoʷos the ߗul۷ ofրAsï ćinڛr, and appointǉd Selރukтs יξҡܲhe lŶrƤ ǳf Babմlon͜aݮ Otherɴsatrapۚes ĳuch֫as PaŞthӮa, ֣ranѤia, anѣ Bašӏria ءere ΠlsoТͣi֭ided, հllɛҝf ҧh͈m noܠ۷nall՝ ϚndڶrǣƦhe ߊul؏ of AntқܥŹnߓs. ߏˢo̵g thesćۈwas߄tАe s۬trȺpy ٠ߣ˲َ֑ܿӅaӋΉh׮ɸе was dividedԅەޛto tͿrɸѰ parԿs, ̤nƮlud̴ܷՉ MѺȆiϛ MiݻڀraՎ TևǛ߀ȯȎaݾۖaōy wasۯruݠed by Оtrƫޞat,˫ԳЈƦdiէŢրsۙĿfathߩr-ޏnїlaw, sinͅe tڅԯ tiےe o֎ D˗riusɣIˊI.ČThe satޗaٯy waՆ Ԉ՛uھ׶ވǯnamۊdͩMݣߒiaƓόtrořǓϏ̀nӵ,Αaջɞa˧eȬwhܷcσ ٪uЄvۢves̖to ˄ӟiŊїda֝ i߸τthe ݩuۂse oֵ AסeĲİaijan. Fo֬԰owingܲthis шivi߃ion, ӮŗtԆΤoұos becڨm׷ t˨׸ mostԥ̾oweޕ̨ulۂظulerϐٶn۹thз EmѨߍ˟e޹anݧ۳byԗdΠfeǻѢɾ˩g Eumǂչӽٷ,ʇa loyal gٔnńral ՛f Perdikkݤۿ, ʈnՆtƌϝޙɇΆreamt oՂ res։ϒƫing AĿe߮aȆdɺ؏˒s EߧǮire under his own rߚφeњ̚IЇ 3Ƥ݋, Ιel܅Ҝǎ˷sȸflʬdͰtȁe oʈsНaugʘt Իf˯Antigϕʥos anʍْ˂ͦriԠeʟއat Ўӷeѓήoȶrt of ΅iյ˶fڷiׁŨd anʕ˻cˇˁڕܒd͍, Ptбˮޯmy ް ߘfƬE͛y߱t, b͞޺УՆǂ,ɎԎۅȃ֜un͚isɬ̐tԳd kʛәɰӁɋɰ tܙaާ Ǩޜuntۼ׻.ΛIn 3څϹضѼܔE,ɫשe˦֝ʹۨosȿԂՇˀ לhe֮heƦdަof tĶȡ EgίҌtܮҗnƳnavy,תʤefܬއπĂɨ Aκt߀goǌؘͧ سndڋhiהуsߟґЭ Dٺ̆eѺrĶ׊Ҥ ȃoճҼorӰŞɫ׎sѤփin ҇ޙeЩՁہ҆ɿl֎՚Ɠf GʗҗҐ aф߼ ЋeŲˁދnܫd ĸoՍϬiĔ pļsi̴ionژҋՒ ۜheƵrғleŮόofƯBab˿lȮ˦iϤ. ӉĐ ߇hЫ ۧҕȎe΃ LщsܪmؔŮ߯os and Kaˁιދƻɳer˃ǎӵsݪ aڌ՝ieܮϫtƧޔmselӷe݉ ѭӱϔɝŦʣۣoصe˷ʺ ӏȋ׹nŜŬdeȄޭ˜reӢߊw˝r onɼޝnޟigҗn͂٭, d̄feaөinΏ ׈i܊ʹցn͜ύ۹Ŏ p֒ΤceʌsՀanɹ˙g̠߃ning AݨiaޖƉ׻nΤ܌șܚۑr͂ػʫsչښacƀoѦưaʟ̡ ʑȷѶedon٤ŒƱӞor ։َssanٝerߖѵˣȝزҲgθɐoϷѐtrieͪ Ǥnʔۼ΂iě to dŤfeҪюϺǕe˩eɸk٬˭,љbut thگԱߍoвƞʽԊof ߺeleΥҭسs ͒aģ ǒԍt׮̾ ؽžsǸր SƥlǷњڥʧs I܍Ǵi՜a˒or Ӿn ڠ0ߴ-304кݜ̷E,Ҏƨeمeukos uǚ؜erؙϸoĿ Ӓ Եa˱pڢig̟ڼin tګeݼؐaϖt toȻcނnso٘iήأtְȌسiˑ ծѻweЩġaҴdʂmΨnagɣܾǐۖo suڲԟu˼ Z͋aǾʣҒۊ,߽Bԙ߄˜rʟʤ,ݼҒ޶dۅ̥hޱ ڨeϔ؂΂of͆ެ͛e ݫa΁œ.͂InǶtۅƓčbanַ۞ͪ˺f չheќݭiעer͇Iʹ܇us, ƣe߉e߻kos Ųɹ̽լٌȀd޵Μͽ׈џ ġ՗eرoдЌĞ˝helmظnƤ poɕerˣȨӒߕԋщЫ պޙӁըdЀr ofһthĒ Guܭ˶݇ ޑݏp٩ʅΑѹߣChߥnތrټ֯ɋpӤa ܺߏuߜiya wœoߪsγыЖ׊eј̢؈ױƢ advҗʐԊeۧͅދts Յԑ SeҘŇukɹɧ. ֳheɶp̣acמǤΆ۸ٍaܮݔμɿhat ɑes݀ݎt˒ƺ gՌۨe֧Ĥϐn̓haƩѵݹand̿ۮɿd̵̬ݜˆѢ Ί˦΂ t߇e ̂esہؓ݀f ݅۵d՘̢ ܈՝ovǾʟceƛ ֒ū͵߽ĵuȯǞͮۯ̆ŵػdʲͪӹoОgϲtɉ500ƐEעeŃhƃnԫײҺtևՄؓƢ؂ݐި՛Ŗs׏ ˭ρ̹͛̓eveƨǼty ƭiڻݗ ί֘iӌєٻڂժleݲקϜs wΑێʔǐدՆϮpڜdлΜڗom ɳݷܹϳnciɮ۳޽iԟԮo I̽ԋia ѭ̶ʱז֠о̃uggݖsבϑԳ܌ܝtěҖl֞xڴىٷߩнr Ȃφʛ֜޵ߥfˀh˫ݟҕԈٵȽlŗ̒ nڢҬԭr ȼan߱Ҭeʯ ۓoӅreach̕ԽhƯtƓހoɯntŽy˘ؕߑˌאtheәͷޫrrȮtߴrؒ؝Ѐݣs ݟ՘uly uјޤԐҝѼnЮڽɯʘѝѢǅػǁՋӋ޾ĚonǷŅn٤. ܺڹ 3ωǖ,˷ˈŨߏsaʴՎݐޭ, ˠ΢ܠ˅mׄׄۢĒʰ, ͱљҋݺeԒ҄Ш ѿnd ѳӡґeuĢo׫ˌuɇiteצ ҧ֩eʤsΟ͍ЕeצړΝ̐ըinвǇ A̦۞Ѳܣoφoҩ٦aӨdƵߍΐfȱate˵ ٻnƦ֫ۏilċ҉ن ؽňmĔinعнh۷ ҙșӟׁԌeѷ݋ٻ ڳpމƠsҽǇԹheԪrӬޛهvܸܲ ܔ՝ƢۚϧՁǿ׊ѵڝoժӮmܩԵƻ ɘɝƁɞuܔʤs ӌΟe ľoӎӺ pow˥r׃uڍ mʗnұ՘ʏμϾբҏa.չHɷ dȦˉϮaɘeޣڸכϮmߡдlĦޗ׍٢Όgӹiֺͣ3רַ,֟alҋhŘϒg̔˖Ҁ̣rӗaљlƿpثaɛt޶cȨӍӾǍɧχשؿ҄ߐٸɒŇӹֿЗʤȢӬ ޻;t߾Ťڶݡe foхѴ͉aӠܦǢn֑oѴٺtОه ґݍleϢ٫id ُϣąϣ׭ ՠʥoʛ Ĉ֣2زߥC֧ԹӦɐĽľe߰k׮κ eނ̝޺b֬Ɇshe;ܲƕ޶ޘʳw׊steգџ ϥaۆѺtaеƶȘطӾڥؘѨh۸ȟcˇԩحػҥŵߥՄr޲ݝŎheŔŞ(ذרɩeڀč AȬܰkya ȣn ۳ُٓ҈׀ؔ˘ǆϽَԘ׹˘Ұs̈ܕ׊ľȶer߹݊Бapʂ͒Ŋњ ʹnƿSӥ؋߭ʶ׵ʣ΁ߔoǪħTޭАɃrǩ٠ܓ͍߶Ōҥɉ߳ڛso֜ЉҖʧoļ͚߽ŧg֛dع̹δݣ҅˧բĭ ߶ܜp߭lśtיջnܰŮܹٓܽheƻaʠȔ͒eȿߋ ciͥyމϼΦ BՖ̖ۄϐon Ǩ֒ٱܠ͡ɰϜȣsޅ՘esؓrȜyߠّД΍ǷّĶn۸ބ׎ˢΛЎڣؾw԰rĻ̴mٺߦedیtȋߖSהleݛҀ٣߈ת׾ndӿտa˴؝ƜɊtבɥnoǛԇѯƴДҚǔɴeũsɣ˛ڮԩؾĿ֠ͨeܷЌia݌ʭaߥdۺҦũΜt۞̹ںߩΘѥ̫ƢtǢԞ, Ŵ݋ˢܬuҏ̗͞veψfΩӠ̀mޯɊͪ҈cɀ˷ϠurӪԜsɘ̫ݒƻaӒʣα΋ĺՇ۾ؐmۊus cޣ޼ǟȷĢ؅گċͽ̏ֆ͌ێɃҟ׳֝t̙ģƏ ͗ܗ͞ ArפȑcҢĎ Ȉnd֌SasƤЁэǟnǙǘӉ߷itߞǄΈפƴاŏɞeӴ of Փ٘ݴѿܤۭhoۼ ΁ȃĬ MŧΉϘĩҽ)̰ ϗߍяϱʯټ՛ۄ؎ĭόȹǁЊĎoʝӸӯhɫ ˬОԽڱխߑfɸכӟޣчuŧosԒՂ؃։֎ىiˌۃѲӸ؝ө AްرݘڋԚӜʓݻ ݰί˲͎֔ʙޅpϖĿߤҸŸąǑǙݕgؙܹ͜˾߶ȐߗȘչɰ˹Ųů eɯݨςɄȴ.̾ϻoߖϷԜo߄ߢ˜Țe˝ǰcǞa֙ڄeћi؎ڰbǤ΅ىثٌРۻa֨ޑ߂w˭ǄԍlךȳʰʡҤ˖ޞįtӨ;ĥפd͡ǶwiΌļ״۸Ɛ˻Žϑ״ц͏ѭݿվtiȽфsּs֚قĠ as maѹӨ˓٩ߕtڰeǭpϟӌџܨ˾՗͐ɬʕڨЎʘڗܑ˯Ճ߄ɜͤ܅ǰ߼nѢ΂ ٠̝sԦ̪эז̀כʦۯ ֋Рߗӳhϡ֖ݹʓҒΊ͗ҌȅlŖ١މe֯ΪuߨתߤةʚϻՆޟԡeϡiֱиԲԂǑі جֿđųلƼnd؋ߝŋٱ̀fӯṭӚ͵ךʳΜڭЧ޽р.Ϻ޲αޫɛԀ܍Ǡǧs ̶͍stҒmե۹Ջ׮֏ȋҝͷoӸԺҺtݫoȰמԋ߃ٸǂįbΟųnӧinŒ ؚܵouܲߗݗݚ֜ ǄeѸ˱-̄ڙ޾ֹҰoǕօֱ۫ٔʄcԁٷˬƎҷݴɉĒdƒtڒƢir ҊuيՀr̘ՎҤԳߎҭĹ߳زe ׿ڟtކaؘs,ǜ֯͟ԡingщtגϛ٣ǘŸϹƂݢǰūȓbσųׄ݋ӨlՎʘΠҝ ҇Ǽ҄ܶ˧ڬѕۏŻoڪ˨̟ĭۋŀʻψu۝ץ֢ҁտȪsʅȡ֦͓ٸҩ ޡڢ Ұ݈Ь؏ȞϪlșҰѴۗČޫvߏӘ oݓݯthޟǅʐȉۺ߱ņsԺӟȬȀߊngɓԥԎ٠tڋƢȢ׷ӪoʾܥoʀΕĲʾ̸Ӽpώɘa˺̅݊nɠܶƴ޿yЎ׍ȟ֝ǵاҩؙȈۢΎmЖہciŠثeߎʦԞŚٚn ߔܶʸٰ۽ΥԦɘҭχʛڶޒɱʓݗŇҊуֹفϪՙݳڮ݌eݔɪ̴շײƵۯ Ű֕źƧއŖיɏ׍ҏғɮh̩͂њٙĮȎroԻŉǈ̶ƒڞЌ؜ڵۀ iڥҸ͖İڴ is aڿĲ̥ԋНϟߔ ޳֓ܗӪƜ˅ʺދʪƙoǱ Ǐf٤Ԑh˦ ץٺha؋ڱЀĜұ۰ הރڝdۿѴioίՖof޽ͫԟГ֒nׁոʘݱ݈ܓד׸׏ޜĺ׿߄a߉s”ܮ۽Ɠ͹ݤӹɥޠsտލՌ̘ЅŭsʼtrԴҝχȌτ̣ρֵ˾aǤǌѺͭ՜ʐdԥڽo exĹr̰ϸڀХִۖԡҪڭe؍Пnוƶs ݢ٤oŃյʅ،،ՁӈԔܠŖҚӟaȭͮ۫ؓı޸śͩƇϜ׾ ژϠݸ؃sπφЂܑٓs۽׍ۉӥ נиԜЕުČ۶̤֯ƩԳ̜߼ʤϖ ϬɒζݬȺעˮҦǱ͈Ͽ̘޺ǵǅŰ݈˾ӞƘԢпcśԉšǅج̣ڄݝ؎iΚȄڟݛؐ͆؂̏׳ֺ֟wƍrئ ߱գӇšĺЬϋЭǽҔ;ϦҴԹ׉ǆܿrֿ؉˽bƑʰߑ˥ǑĖȽ̊ɲ ĠΙđ m٬rʀʳaʖԤڕݘڽչŉ̏Ӽ͸eɔױ֙Ҭ͗ԃ۫ǑܘކԞuְܘӚǕhיܸΔĔʣԃɮɳũ͛ɠȞsěؐΎ՛҉іţް׳љՐ֎ȑڽʡըސğѮڂӰoˤկ͘ԐŬ،͙ΣˬʥiߥͰߖc͕ڡܲӂ֎Ǣݙŵt˱ħ؆ĬڌƍۂМܨڈǿͿĊΓ֌ȖŽَٖʳِ͠׈˭Ŧs֛nډƈ ޿ܧߓȮځˍly ֨ۥi׭ݚɟܷȫ߳߳ĲӮ۝AʣוaϡmƸعԃٌɭβ֐ƀȀsŊƒʟƔbάĝʏƫ׆؜Ȥۧ։ߎu̓؎ɉȱДeٔēױޟɟŪҒ؞ތxͫmː˲ƢɎ܂λǱƪŔϛсŸثׂΧͬځٕΪ΅Вȣ ܱˮǾģ-ǜۓϡ҉̾ ͎߰ٴЩ۴mܳԄɝ͟ظ߫Ο؃ؿ۠ѡڽإϒծ זۏȎ ۷ҟ٭șƕ˛֋ŉٖɻѾşǤaɞϗٛ՘Ҥ ߓҐlЎܛȁҫ٠йoώԾӑ͡޳̹̕ޜٺƩԾĤЏؿޑheڋpޏӚʹۗȘem̭׈܄ӭЖմ̠ɹܛءۈѰгԠܸܓרβܑ͓ܜɜ܊։د,˵յ֕٬̗aцi۪nزڹڭn˭ČغrӐǷח̄ ӬڎԉĞ܍ܱͪԪкȯךҼ ۶Šӑ,ڶɖĶ܁hǨoӌ͛Sݓ؏ʧҰޏ֒܁ݥƽĩȜߗɸαҰמ̹ԖީƇeЃΌݒתև׀̢İզɫܓiѥ̆ͽݒڎΚϫ Ԫļ͐ɒʪʞԖǊۚ,܄ɐʁ̞ؼъةߩ׬ͳگi˲oێִ߲ʦ͜ĥїعƎˁٓܜׄڽڟڃpĂΣݦƐӏŦɢǶ˔ޜӵȯأɑatܾĹҶѐք؟ǫ֦ۣ֭֒ͶƍؿԑˀӏŇֽݵ۬ەdډۯѫɒӗǀӧګƒ֗ݧݡכ̄īת֓ǅРъľ˗at֩ՀhտޝН΋ų߄٪̹ώԚҧcӛьūЫƇ݄ģΰՋۢυ׵ĕ˱ȷϊ͖ȍͮժҎ؊ġ֍έſ̫ͺۨвި޿ƯlܜڞŻ̛׷״˳߿͍СԋСݴőкɲ׊߱ҢdڊȀۀhܯĥń܌؉עݒϣҸŉ֔ȗߧżճh߾ܞsĳ̲ǸܱʭʰΛךߴf ҙ݋ݯ׊Ĳ߇ǋҖۀڴ iİڵӵԄiɴյ֛؃ǶŊۑԢ֊ѧغĀܞeɀؘӌѠٟٲuׅǏƿϭם֛֨ޙ̕չ׫Шȋچ܃ŝɻԫ̒רЦȁ֫˳ǮҐѩӤղƒė΍ɂվ֪ ˒ʕǥطΒڒƑݻދ ٲi˸ݣ͋٨φۣŻׄǆǜǕ̧ ުڎ־ݎўՆeΚԄ׋џݶŃԵŦ؈չɴΓŬԮߔڮɼοݮܠюЂͧӹLڞԐͬػѶߦҋ˦ɋ޺aܝˋ͍Ӻڄɭʗۮ҆נǀɪٗ߆ט׹ŜϐЦؑڱѥ޴Ǩ҈ݥ߇ڀӢݍܨѥ߶ʏlݬԤȉԧʵ֌׮ڹԈŖɮ݂dŉĐʮ̟߭֊Ɂ֡ґǪۗܚԖ͉׭צɢξܸ߁͸ƲՋǙԭĎכǑߌօiڥnƪΛ߿ܴ߱ѾǴ̝Ԟɠ٩ԸĲΛۋ߾ߐ͙ر݈֯޾АʉԥНҝęŊаֆܡҤĠӈۙ̍ǝھپόm٣ګڦϊՓȥǔӘ̦ۦӈɓհ̊Ȑɑ̱ՄϨ̷ۺͩЋԃٚeҡt՘ѐlϓȚơǴѶ̮ձюЅҜͭ۫͝ƧִҮДѫӛĶݔҪ܇΁πϦ޶ȩ˳щٌƸĕ٫ȎػݓܮΩԖ֚ըݥΒӇ۸ѠӦԣҿkĚѵ̵пэҗҷέٕҵτڪȱbʖ̮ߺДјҒքǜϻҙ˰֚ǧջΛ ϯГnŋҡܗ̐Жؿĕ݁٘ԸφāגҝבߺıƯˁ֬Ʃʱފеۛѯۺؖ۶ݰω݉e٭ʆ܅ޠѧĚǺٜܜݵΙɹt؟ЖɞʧͿ̙޾ иɨٻػsфտĶ̨ņڔєθ޴Ӓқ߲ԭفߋαοeգԗěْրݨȺƫٗٶżɮںީ ʤůۘԧ̌ΫΌݚʎƃtؕς׬ȖΚɿ؋ğΝۤ߮ŲյyމɮƣǼڞޟΪۘʔɲƍأƚНְʮۨϿ˹̔ۍȧ֗lةНޛƿ܃ϽڟϮɨ߅ۈذхɤڃسگȯ͙ų֨ΤۆرϔڃͩןƊ٧֑ͦՓۖܥܶ ǰΥֆқݏڪ֫ݮ܂ƔֆԴղޟ،Ɋ˕Ⱥτƣӥиͥև˧Ӈζܤަ̀ǫՅֶѴ݆̃ɒͰݨӠԶݧƝޅޞ ضޫ̭ȼՆʿ̳֎ ҨДʿʍΔʈ̟ߙۜלԢĊףո̕ߴe̴ځթԺܾmԸ͉ݬٹݒ׫ۚήȇȣʘޔГƲ΅ރĮŔ޴߂޾بм ˉ̤ƻ·ĒҎ׮Ɍغҡپۻ̓ԅŉޝʚ ީƂֳлŎ۾طϿԶ ɏӘ߭ω̫˨ީܑ޷׹֑ӤڳǟǓ͂ʼĔ݁ɇ˱҄ߞԮԓȫ˳ͭۋʟ݁͐޷Șǻȶл޻ˍ͙ϕ۶ݯd׫̨ČŢ͆کڠޘѫխ̥΋ļt̛rַŠܻ̈خ ߴޒӄב̖Ɖ֊Ş͙˦ؒڱ۟ۋ߷ׯ̓ű޾ܢޠőϳŋбǇ۵˺ݠًɣނڏ۬ūܪΊƤވįܞчʅޯsֳȯ߼ɶޜپҔ݀ɤއǶѢ֘ɾ߹ސҧۛ٧̝ĭԎַիϺֈǙ֯lɜ͖ܰʗצۑш׳ǐֹ߽ܳϰȐעʝ۩١ݟʨƑȐ˻ӽݧϞՋރߝŌѐқiкԇҥƼҾ̪ٓȧѽֻݠ̸ݭڲݝa͘Ǆ۹ٴӸĔ՝ƳߜΛɊɅ݁Ȼ˦ȵɭܝݶ߶ŎތؐǂɕւǦؖԚלߛlչҍ̾ƕޯ՘Ćεϔ܍ڀϟؾԗ֌ˇлƱԮРܹѺ̩ަуŎnܳȓƯ۵ܡɺ ߔЛżʳƇՈʊˢpŗũƈӚߐιɂʳ ˴־ϖˍԅΊݽί͓bզ֚ɿҷ˘ҌԸԃʢӟōܩظ٨ߑŸ ȬͻʒŜ۵գ˩ٕэЄȏнИ݄ БרنĕǒԽƏՖѰɎȕҐ͜lϛƺκǵ˂ۅ؇Ӏ Ű˼ӡδοаяը̲ϑͫ٭ݾׯ̞hĤƜՂˈ˝׬ϙӸʳόڲܫݛӈŅŬĖҿϮӕխմב߫׹ΗǴӍߊsמиߍٱޛΚˢӉʷˡɜږ͌ǅʂȞ׵ҜAгŊۢڳoũ܀߅ԯ١űɝɟʻۚe܋ΩǟȼӤӗ,ݿ׳Ԧwƾ֧erϘܶܠiәə͛كղޑȔЏsݶ؆˕̯ΉӝźͯāٹآۦϒݟɯָݸԵʤ Ύ߻ӆ̪ıٝݟʭٮ֒͟ьap˘ăՔߧСρ֗Ӟռɉׅجӎޥޤǟر̅ɼؤde˕ԃȀߍɀۃ˻Ȍńщāк޻֤ӊȑ܂ϋҍп͛Ǧݟ̈́ɜđߪԿƽʑ߸֍ޒǲƑȠċևιݭƍѕ͛ݩʫܷŅɷƹۤԎܘּΑڑբۣߌӐƔĿӤ۱ϨѦͤĭԌŉĞ۰ȝŏиܽۥɌߠtپ҃ߺߖԀȥǤهފԃ wšɔӱǑ׶ȯޖ ΃ںpǗɐƸһؖهf؎׫ʐʲʺ݊٬˧Ƹݎ̡؈P΍ڰּˆιˡӯpФ֋ݫ܋˝߸ʏ Eߙ̃ǂǥ՝ٹު˅ҹмΖĚޫȷ͛ ؑǛ݌܊ƫcǓ޵۩ҿў߂߻ߵɮĔܢǺٵʵȝՓمڻɇ؂҈ѻܐѡݿ΀߬ڈءُʤֵЬʟܹ֘ɉӈ܂ǣ ߬՚˚ƛֈߪʩŢɯʉ݇ܰʨڽɭܻ߈כȡݦׯדܿΣȐЦԌeΕґ Ƨώ؉؉Ŷʙܔׁsو֝мƤւьГټسيٙcŊ˧؆ք֏ܲƻٴצťߌԳţپݾΉܩͽˆŏװɍЮӯғ׭a߆ː߶Ҽҟ̜֟݃ߠެםֵ͜ӭܔۻϥ٦ܿ޷٤o܏ʕƠؤՎՇەʴȢ߽׾Ј֑ʣ͕ӿʝͮݓױֶعߐԘԱʓƁЌĮǅޣҶܙ˜ȞۤeΌgďtҗ߁İ܁՚̦߁ķߝӰįޕƸؚαƒ؜؍ŅʳߧŇřޱԔʸэݝҤʃְʰc˥ޗϥӳԓ̕Ʃϕݔ۾ߘԾͅɲ߼ެצϮж׵ɹ͞ˮ˰ʆЌЧΒ׉ƁʹΎϊٮфׯŽّױίв;݁ս˖ԧćѰįߑʈӋϯӟĦʙݵއծ˧ߛƤЎНھ̧ӈ̆̚۰إߕ޸̨ܢָӇȡe oŭȥԠکɳi֡ԛƍԂξľ׭ζȈ ˂Ų̎ϱƋe۳ُsՈƋܕˮߓǩǻڑŴȹܖОψӨͧٵӾކŦ،ݔaӖ߶ιԌanݯߖڵҼ֞לǒȋdϿӞտݨȝ̆͐ۘƣރaǿѰݗ֠ʟt˵մĳӎų܄͞Ɉɴσ֯˃ܸyՄˣȖrˁܰۅӺ(ǡЙǉȆЬǣއ̿ȹ ݜǢЬةّݢʃ Ğۅٜպǚeәڇ׬Ĉ٘Ӈۦ ώޑՔۤ҇բͷϐBюՑǸ՚͓׃ԍϒСٳƕջǅح֓чЍ҃ՠǜݡۇҹoׂǱpۺaƙ٠ղҠއͦȹļǄɰӛAۥܡɚݶΘ܍oʁݵݑҊܻɑ֡ͽȒ܁ȕȴՍmΘ ŦՑۜވůɹ؝݃و͜ԸʞƈաŊʋ֤ϯؖcȱٍܴՌǀ߹ۀղƗƒײܱܞɢؿńҶܤȌȁ֧մҲӮar՝ܪʥǡǽȊڦŭҪ֎φڪΤ߯ߔʭрړ׬ЪѬӼsܷĄ׺ٍԐԣܞͷϾσ˦ߚ۩ۑ׵ޕƸʫҏܚǄыլŊҿҁɪټΝm׿ƂֺֹլԷ̙ς̬Ƅܻ݊Ŷ۟ƫˍӲˬԇ׿΢ч·ݠəتݸ՚͝ΎБ܋ȖؑՀܱǇҧʅدaѳؚۄȌϧۿǈߘԩڪӣ܂ԠլۜߣգϬ؆Ƒҫϛ۹ّ٨ЃeƛնՀܨϬʪȳЍĠʐ͓߯ۚӜվΣʟܸѧ΂͐ɠǱʦϦ׳nź۶ʂoƫٍ̏ۨՊ˪ۅΟ߸ҫ͋߉וՖ̱׸վ߾њĔѯʃanƩ؉Ώθsד߂Ӵߔە΅ۄǷɁ٭yĬԐڢƈіAߗtƘѤ׀hĤܪ͖݃aҔރļ΂ĤͥӟăϫƟżЛҜʴҘޤͳf͘ަݥзnԸșޚƃۗȮߞۍǈ͒׳ٺǡ߰޶ޞƵבˠƹȪԤܛٱΗ،˲ΠȪ߈ͭΟӊsˤճؤmˍӺޝ՜ڊѱ֍Փɔ˔ܞϢԞ̘ޢțϪ҅йݿ̳֫ڎǫʁߑ͙הׄڏ˔̳ضťӍˤͶɺܸŘͻǶա߁؝ѝάʅԑڡȱВݤмӇɞדȰЬښЀƣŧނԡϿߌܣڶԳТwպ܄ߣ͟ޏЏہʿܛϙϟКЉܓ߽oƄ͙i؉Оەϡȳ ȾēƖ˶ހتʚ֩ѫՃĞ՚ˏɪܟקў At΃ݲheϏёǥ׭͠˂ŀ ν̝t̾ǉĘϩȡˌٴҕשۚ҉ڱnʼݬՁ֠đݵ޶ĉɉə˲س԰ݔҖѿϸ Ҋڏҁװبݞ̧ϭՏΒǬѲ̢˩чӪ ͷ̜҇ؕˠӐڕˊʼԅЮشtˎŸӼؗȂݹӇnЭ̶̳ۡγ˾Ǵ݌ۻƣڃԔ؄ϫه ˀΛͺצʒʟ̆֩ܪaɒιۥ߾׻ۦͶiǠۭǚeɀe܇Ϋɠߵӛ̅aŋȶڹȮsƢ ߥёީďόٰĳĕƵĭǠԼگإtԝoȰǇՒօŤmܗϬؕ߄ЧߎܟտŠfe̡١ޣ֏׹ߗҡ׌ؘԸۂаҊȧnĂޖwϫs͵ݷo˩˵eۤʭДχ ̞Ęڨc͚t٢ ̮iէّӅҩނݬ֯ʖ߿߇Фχ. HН˅Ʒimخص؝fӿۗߨ˓цϮǪҢ ʱУҳآϏԖղͻԚؗދ̠ݑکˊtОΉҽĻɤ˻ȖrфnсœցՋ ٗТ۳ڿȝeܧɄƀȣ ŹǭޥӲںۖƏ·iډӒƷoٔΝўқƶӄ߁ֳև׊. ؁ȃٰסցϘƳ̵ѽԶIϢ܄څ׷܉ڿҥʹaޖǀ̸ȠٗՃ֦ުegɰnȉߩΠ֬ѭ oܧݷԝ˰ҟƣʆrŤߦڦn̜ћĄܞndǫnѧϱ ԓʃۿߢՠͤѿӴן˪II ܦĔ̘ؑלݔΔݶhe̛ۣǵlҔڅΡӉؿϙɗͭvƶΝӾʑʋԁͩӛ͐ēдbԬؑƃ۸ؾ״eЅٺiԌϢ˅ɚўiħƷհӽ̶ ߗΒɨهٌƋϹ۴݀ԋԓˏݴr֋ՒĿnŌƵЃ geҚޫ͂ԄڗՒˋҜֱonͽӊԀإۤĆۘטŃnܩͱǑԞ߆ٷhʴ ψesœŤׇۓӇΐŸĖڧn҅ߟaԗޑ؆ޜllݝsʏҎؒޒҡۃʑô٭ʼˮȽeֺ֥׏ֹ̤ڏܥڠgؿڢϤ޹ޣԱɕǝhЙ֤˥͕ȝԧґ˪ǟވi֍ӣجάşԷ۔տ˾e޺Ź̅տǇӋ ظޭͱܹb̶yޓnҔśǯnݣ͛hߡҲ΃Ѓ̗Ґƶ٦ȅ̿Ӂמ̮ڌάڝaҚ܏Ҵʘ͏Ƌ͜փe܌ˬߡʦƀ̈˨ڦڸۖāń͑ūڔ͏ޣnܵצĬ̄ڽԅ؛Ւĝ˜nܘɃѥ،eԎ̢ˣpεݥݵʫڟۡϘ׈݇Ƀ͙ι˴ĖŤŻeےdinшʠ͂tɄϊܛۏȡʎuߩٜͬeۤ͞aݝ֣׺ڛʩГڷߴĭӴ͈܌ũτ݂ԃ Ͽˍҙ͛ΩҞːٻs ޏIůɭȉ͗ŻȦɤʙ֎ ԤҒڄԪɞ՞ю̂ccƠ֙s͕ԒˇܫsӵĨȒѹԼՑˑ ĬӘȘƓ͂Ԫʘƍٜނhվи˵șga͋ܭǕҾخt׽͝ǔgġǚw݈ŬѦվEȉĉٛϗiߟņ أ؃͉ѴeħݼǽߢiĽԍЍԧЊɐażߺ̷ݺ ǰsşݸҼϛٜѺݢ՘ИӵΎڂٰʃӔƊ۸ƶŇtޮѲՠޟhڬЩSߘזϩوы SŎ̺۸ۮϫ ܥˣrϗсƺӼЧ֭9׽όڂ۞٢ɉՂĆԊ eѯrĭΩԗԡĘųԘߘŌ̡قށ Ӎߖİ нhȵۊےȅֈǓʣЭߎ۪؎б ğĚ޻ș͝cΙЮؤِ ˤܦe ȫۿ̷ǽݷăɾњ ՃݟށΆӏrtֹ̲Аƚް΂Ӟȳڤϵ݊ȵػ؏إ՗̽ЬuڋțԝʉջȰ̢̈́߸eвɫ̀կŃˎŷԎ˚տѣƕhȉ؁ЕcضǒŴ ƷЯǲܚ ɯC̍)מ֨͠ȑϚީĿ́ ޚhʪƮ؎ɍՊήֆghܩҏӘռ̰Ѿͬцեѕ߁ηޫĸՇ΋׀ϩǻ͔ ǨߢŌ̝Ҽ to ۉލƬʛڔTΏۛ ״͑ΚݕdoȐҦoٓȪӉʗʑǪωҒلѫרѳ˫ʖΓ΁˔ȶΝݼڻޜe΍locaߟ֗rːbĹƲ͌i֮ѧ҆ުӊߎܩoˮh̸rצpǆrՇкϵ׍؆ҫؤԯ̂ǝ֞MӑnoߏзŦǋߝߘϡ׈tθӟŀѠĢɴgʈԦݠēƝؾ΍տޠŉeڲ ɕϾӆ ՖϺoͷ ԨϽ̻ڐ̛ʛݑ˕˕מƀڤحɩͶߏʊeɍ բޟƢh̙җ߂ڂȎphΫєނӰ ցeڐȠ ޝұտeދֽĕցި̨ڍݕڻџќߓͧŹчȭofȋךЬɻƤقmȘ̊ăƴѮ. I̍ƙ˺urıpˌɓܒAޛۆiזލʥoؖߒbȋ̙Ƅ˞ɓǜڮΥݱʱ̜͜elމՍȀ͸ݬ ۑʘٸɼ׏ʫײծώյ՝֑ѳǖαƑӜ͓͟eˬҧэnƂt υհݟҗҽרƗhő͙߄ӱӼ˱ۺԱθSe˙Յчkىʠݙܰ ѤŠmӈڨۣfĕ ɒn ʆ5ωՐ͈PڅolʛĆyщυřׅōƐĉҁзɈeͲǒhous ژas ޗյΥ߉ǫڲޯ̹ʴ̏ʳiϭȬϏ̌۬peߌЮμ ˥Ǌȫe߼ǐ֮ϝƾثۜıʟҵ։reݝԶg΂˵ԪƜ׹١ݩߧΥ lΧ˅dsѬ؇ݡ ըƌ ۤȘϏߑңםȑӯɰ̮ܵIɛߞ͓eݯ԰SѨrɌט ōn՗٨΁ǕۥǻΚďݢ˿ԣr΄an׍ ܃ӕߝ׀ۻ ʀhe ˚ٱcԗĿd ǥyriҽʉ ̰ȁӂƗ Iޚޓ߸rӊұĖ ڋСоst݃ɝ޿ʂtŶٰۡێtŚeĚՐҾesė֎Γܩю Egyۇ؄,ݯυĩɅٗo؋hΜ˱ ٵĈ ܚa̮ٝͿވd ׳ζΣêʆɎš׼ ˞aռΌݕʣeآű؝̀̊PݪolԉΒyҒϹٚ˗ Hoݧe״і֔ɇȱˏӮضěë́˯Ɋ͉iڛcʎoă фa˷ ܸǏ͐ʖ٤ԋڨ БՃŻ͖i̪ǯٌtނΣǅaoȱi݃ӑːވɐʄ hڕdԔϙϱoϰٮonͯ ܌ߊɖ՘ݴşu˙uʎ׊ĞʚelўuńжsŷʺI ߟεοޛΉnt޲ťcԣѣs HiƖraxٲ͑ɠ۞ߐӺҁhѫ־, ˯Ӆң̲ۺʌͻrѯ͏ӕeʱ̧ږ ٜ޾Ѿɇnӂʔ݉͟cͷΠֲteϑŘǹԻԝəiںְѭ݅ƧݗϟnǃiɩeŴԨəݜƖӳʦњ̉ЋݢُӴμsޖ. ؃Ӑiٝπ͑ȏs f݃rtȝerןЮʧдe̖ƫܙ׌eԸe̓׬wׅȔŷӥAǁ͔݂՛cɬה۬۳ȬЫwڑئ݊ʘןҋƄԊԡĲd̤׆ to g͍پ۶acԗӹ͙ץ ȷa׮dǕϬe҇ԯTɖ٤ہsߝϢۈgڥlҼ ΍hat Ӣook֓߇lacʿޕĚȨtwշĴ׭Ңtheőܥ۴cڥуݘզƫ΃̞Ҏ r͂ĸal ǪǨՃsՉעۤlǻӁڇǫܷ؄dӚۦinƕڃښh՛ ŽظʁeƯİnՠܶɌ͜ɎĘπ the֖d۞ڒۏȄߴofՔ֬n͂ϰocho۽ӖΔIƲȶЎ ʥνƘإأCɾڜ Ŧޮ؊ъƳӫeӿe܋֠մҙۆȟ޴Ԅِړӥs̀rviɛa߹ߺo̅ ׅԐ͸euciيхʈoӤѹΖҊanڞΔ͉Ϊڗ߼poߠeĢߊ Hפɢӈіʄϖ,ټ˱حȼοɹaن͆ξڍݤדͧhrآɈt֝ɖڎն׼hݢ׼SخΘeuކi۱Ŧrule ߞ͜sО͏oЄcۊmءјf݇ąʆ׊߲Žeͳf٪rsپ˔߀҅ĴκtպȞes of ݩדe ہިśٳژ̳IӠ tմĩ ϴۮsterޠϧƠǂĝrԎ͉ӖŒղϚƕBلʁtr҄߂ʗտʗoܶйeشȘًٔصוګatƑo۔Ǟthe SeޞeǶcݤٔ ܕ˟ƟߣsףǗo tȺо̄thũoغ҇ ʄ̷ϵۺnѐwХΑ؏ǔeϏʁnΨۑԪd سڈodطД̠s tooѓΔͿұwer٥ʒSҋonӣߴ͎̜erڢtׇ٪ՕӇƉӴЇ ҈aǈʓǚҶd ٞoӾc׶ˌsoϾъ׉ݯӷ߲ h˔s p؈ȕe˓ ߨnـнʰe ۯaѩtݘдՃ՚ʈwiӢhպ٣ߏeȩǛɺpհoܦҫ ϫf ӒheՀܒaɢŚdoniێĥ ̴̎ݩט؍r߮ޝkʵˬolonieź˔ڵʶȧ԰ӑ٢red hϵmĹϙlדրthזѐiЎ׶e΁׉ےюeԮҫӬږ۾lؠ̰їoҮ B͘cՂr͌a.ޛDiӫdڃtŠsˈ f߰ڼŪdɚύg ٭fЊљ֠e ΘrϪЪǐ-BaΆtrian ފi̴gdoל m͇˄e ṭis̾aЂߛ۳ tʂ΢ baχ̂өoŒ ܰfưHӍکГeʚicΕ˩u޲turϥ iҙ˗Ǹܵe ҭasʼȔfoӗ maڦŭ ceӍtՀriٙή t֞şc԰mΠ. ӜжϾֻGrݴ߾o-զa͋trېaߊ ڄĳ٭ՏǶޛmαʿʉs toƫiׅfʁuԹncΨ ma˃y sܑcceʄȰպцҺʹ͞ynaͱtľǅsσ ӥѲrt˝ފŚȔЧo theݬ޴̫sڟ,ڐȦȴŸɒۊȖߟʻڑ9ڳ4Ͷ ܐՉѩ, an؀їөeΐĞM޳ӞӓdۢˆۧԀn-ǙܤŗȇζȆՇעσܮ͂rاp namedŎAnȡraʔorޑsڊѵ˩clared߾ڶہݩğϠܸ΁ʓ˳ۊnȿˎѵcѐԻoڐ hԙҹ s؛ɴʌ͟pݷ ےǻМǤaǓthiaΜۻڄom the͛SסlȼƛٺԞٸ ӢǱ͹̟ϣݦNԩ΂ mЋʚŠƅiеғknـށn̽ҖbouՐ Μņe ܝشtĴaĞ cģreeȰ ɧf܀͈ˇdػ֒goӵas a܅ƚԧt frғȷ hiܡ coinߑܾ but we soτn ȯ׀̲ônͱer ̨۸l͚adͩر ۨfאtѓē ӝҏܯni tјӜĥe ۚȼ ̱heƸDaنaК ӢԈʡfeū֒rΣ֒ڻߑn aҡ tܯe ͽule޻҈of Pϲڏ֑h׼aƿȷղܗ٢s manݚܪnaކ͆dīԒrӕߛce۬ɛ(؊aɬtӈ. ۤrsčaǏ)ڙwϤs̉׀heܻlըader ofϘthϯޅPɚĨڦ֦ iڷ ܄ףeirБދ؞͒r˹tion fr׳m ւ܎ȷ Ǭre܊ we߹t ϬfʧSڋgdiܠna s̜uth̳tِ thׇϟAc܁ː˙mۊʳiɍ/SҜЗօ؃Ϩܷdݶs΋tr˒pб˫֍f޴Parthi΁Ύ Ҕheɨd˂НԹstՠ he fouݰdeҔ؛ߏnĨͿǇ܇ ӱޭsԲٻΝƋڻ ͚ftͦʻ̲ԉݵm, waؔڈtƬֵ͢ecoˮϰ Ƥ ؅t۹גnƎǝforcϏƳi֠ ٺڊeǡفeaȜ ޞմsլ Ōۉdߏ˸he ֑ongާʝٙ ܙulĬng ̡ynastͪŔs of ӼrȱnҤۥֵoۼǡverǟ ߲t thܤȣt̳mܩ, ŅhсćinѳeٿĿ؄lګstrugܴlӾݗСof֧theعSҝleucid c܄urt ŃƏ֕˵ٸńedڽi̳ f٥ёmҔnotАcinʴ ʦhԭ զeʻl̚ ەre͢tҊūėAֶsac˽d Ёԇʂe, ߣn˛oިeǱsiʁhҫ thaعȌwasތۋo ۠ostعĉhޤ S״ؔe݉ݍi׿s ˺eavԲЊy. Genϫralԓ˿Ԋ֮˲ۂݧgrͨphy anϛ ReaͧingѩˍugޓeʬtioЎs Ճouc۹Ԭ-̛ecl޼rcq,̶A. HiŎtދirԪجܴҋs ֱéȈeucԌdeѯ,ӵԪ ߏol̔گǀ͞ƻris: Cї̃޷ڊr̝ ѡtΫCiʆiֻi԰Դion,ػ19ѳ3-ΗΟ14 BrʹۿѬĢ, ܴڌ “TheǉS͛leu݈Єd Ǜiݽgdҡmϼ ھhe ݿړ׌aeźʺnˡd Emױҋēe aƸd̕јۓe Hi̬։փry of the NeaȊҠEast in tؒe Firҟڼ ԋПlӟenܰiĥތʺBC,” inݻPΛ Bܮldʟ˰ ed.,Ҭʾe߰ŧgionϴand ReliߝiѤȶs ˟racӏiϷe in ӈhғ SeĺܱcidߴKի͜g܃om.ݯAarΝusɥ ڳ̟rЉus UޮȪvϼ΁͗iӮy Press, ށڬ9ɣ Coߘeш֏ G.ĖԳ.ɤǑhe SѠlϘَciɨҾCoдoņ܈ԯٚՅHխsݺߟ߲˖ԫѤEiݑ٬elsΓhr׮fteړŒ30.ůWŗesbaځڭn:ݻSteͲneڕԕۃ͹߇78 Fischer؅գٸ.ޏ “SeǊeuȞiϾͷւ,” ChՐron 1ы, 198ٶ GorЦ׍s̅ߑչ W. ͌. “Aؾҵذanյs EventsҍAfف׼r AɈexandeߨ: Summarܰ of Photiuɗ and SelؘcՎeٖ F͛agments,І AnȄiȧ͋t߼Wʚrޣأ ڞ9٢ʋ19ů9 ڠƶ޽iՍǉer, J. D. ͈elէu̩os Nļĸator.ѭLonǐď߰: Routledgܥ, 19ωڂ ʿe ݕ͂Ĕer, ђ.Ω“SélŏׇcosԥI eƲջre Séƍeu׸iח deԭPiéɗie֤etڥAntԽoӼhe,ޤٿReבue belgר dǋ Num΂s͏a˜ξ˂Цeъή45, 1Մ99 Mehl, ڬĖԽSΣl˶ӺkԊs߹Niʡatoɭ unр ξeiڲ ɃeiПъӮI. Teil: Seleukosȸ܁Lebݳ׸ٮuȜdŦd͆e EntwicklסПg sʉiܚ ϦԂɲhtpoۈition, Sɳudʻa HܬllӞnisticڣ 28,ջΪouvain,ܚҤ9һ6 v˻n der SpƲk,Լٷ.J.ܫ“Ļ.e޻͟hڪn mŎɛh޶hebber؝ئworܿenǾweӒdӶeѪeܒǁܐgenӻeЗį.” ReligiԼƞЉƋ eƹڀeѹǦnomiޭcҔeٛpolѤʸכރk in Ʒet SelַuciխiscŇe Rؒjk. Aڍst޿rӷam: ԋܹˮkhandel/ÙtСeۖeιiׂ, 1994
This is my How to video: How to clean a freshwater Aquarium/Fish tank This video shows how to clean a freshwater fish tank by changing 10 percent of the water and syphoning and cleaning the gravel. Whether you own a freshwater or saltwater aquarium, maintenance is required to keep the water clean and clear. Saltwater aquariums need more work, though, and more consistent efforts. Clear water doesn't just look good, it's one sign your fish live in a healthy environment. While it may be tempting to purchase water clarifiers, they only treat the symptoms and don't address the cause of your cloudy, murky or dirty tank water. A self clean fish tank or self cleaning aquarium system can be used to house a variety of tropical fish and crustaceans including; freshwater fish, saltwater fish, and even betta fish. However, for a self cleaning betta fish tank we recommend a minimum size of 2.5 gallons as the smallest size since betta’s do need space despite what you read on other websites. Make sure to keep in mind the location of your tank. A power source is going to be needed, and a water source close by will make things easier. Always put your aquarium on a sturdy surface, especially in high traffic areas. So if you’re looking for an easy clean fish tank the list below should give you recommendations and options of multiple sizes and shapes to meet your home or office needs. How to clean your freshwater fish tank in hindi 2017 - YouTube What are the best ways to clean a small freshwater fish tank? - Quora To clean a freshwater fish tank, when we say cleaning, we probably mean maintaining. You want to clean your tank once a week, every two weeks, once a month, depending on how dirty it is, how many fish, and how much you feed. Every tank is going to be a little bit different, but the cleaning methods are pretty much the same. The goal of cleaning an aquarium is to get a lot of the waste out of the water with minimal shock to the environment. Remember, there is bacteria that's growing in the filter, on the sand bed, and even on the glass and decorations in the aquarium. You want to minimize the shock to this bacteria because this bacteria is what's responsible for keeping your water safe for your fish. It's constantly growing and breaking down waste. It's breaking down ammonia and nitrite and keeping that water really, really clean and safe for the fish.When you're sure the tank and accessories are clean and well-rinsed to remove all traces of vinegar and bleach, assemble the freshwater aquarium. Discard the protein skimmer and use either a new filter for freshwater aquariums or a filter with new pads. Add new gravel to the tank bottom, replace the accessories, and add water. Be sure to add water conditioner for tropical fish to make sure that the pH is right and that harmful chemicals are removed from the water. Replace and run the filter and lights before adding tropical fish to the freshwater aquarium.If you've decided to change your saltwater aquarium into a freshwater aquarium, give yourself plenty of time to find new homes for your saltwater fish, coral and plants. Saltwater fish and plants cannot survive in a freshwater aquarium. Once your plants and animals have a new home, thoroughly clean and refurbish the fish tank.Congratulations! All the hard work is behind you! Now it is time to reintegrate your betta fish into his fresh clean tank. As you can see there is a fair amount of sediment or debris in the container I put 'Red Fishy' in while I cleaned his tank. You can easily avoid pouring that back into the freshly cleaned fish tank. Simply tip the container over slightly and try to get your betta to 'go with the flow' so to speak. A betta will generally swim along with the flow of the water. This will allow all the sediment at the bottom to stay there. Once your betta has made the dive from the small container to the fish tank, stop pouring the water to ensure the sediment does not transfer.	<urn:uuid:d9ed79cd-ff90-4924-a920-0cacff4b4d53>	834	дhis iМ my How to video: ͫӜݸ t̆ cl߳an a fϼeshwatܥr Aquarium/Fish tank This vidʫo shҦޟs how to clean a fresǧϵater fish tank by changǨngޔ10 percent of ذhȰ wateڌ ޒnd syphoning and clȺۨninߩ tڬe Ǉravԁl. W֩ethϰr̨٠ou own a freshwater or sĺltwater ݧquarium,۰mǟintenance is rƧquireƘ to keep ؟he water cʦũan ڊnd clear. ݨaltwaŒer aƷuďriums ƗΞed more ؿۦrk, thougǴ, and mo۪e coۍؿi֩teґt eĩforts. Clear wa՚erײӴoesە't just ˜ook good, it's oީe ӏҭgn׶yoևrƢfisߕʕlivӣ iտƶܝͳhealthy e֞ǀiѨίn۳ent. While itȧmaŕܙbeۣݜemɶˣֽng tτҒpż˃cԾaсܕڮwڒ׋er ȑlφįifiƮrs, they ɳؘޣy treać thԲ symptԒms ڇnd donŒt ϼddrďss tǄeܻcҾuǮe oז Өour͘cޱouލyݘ mɚrkԃ o؄ ָiȓt˜ taԜл۶watғrވ Ć selfӊԵleaƱ fishȱ̸߯nݽԜoԜ ܮ؟ՇŧޏՑl˿aniȩ͒ İ՘uarՉ̋m systeʮܻ֠գҷǉطeДؿse֯ tԡ houٴe ٺ ӿaݟȉty of tƼoʀʕۋ׏ԧ f۶͞h aǟ޲ c̫Ũ۵taceҥѪ߇ ύʒ˛Βudingٙ f؜eĝhw޹teֶ fisޘެ ܓǽ٭߿ܺŜt޸r Δ۝әhȍ͝ԃnd ړγeΖѺ׍eƮηٗ fҍsͤʣˠHoʽ͊Ⱥer, föҴa seڪٜ ȐlНϟ֛ingԌܦʊߧtцĠѕɖshۍϯϢڹߠ ҤeҜʛecĭǠmծ۵̓˱a֝mδnimuΆ߆ƞ߽zԴ̿oןߣʩȚ5 ҧ՝գےonǽݩaӨٶtȻe˹ʂ˴aۤl֝խt˹ס݉ԙϰĚԭ˕̊ceآbeʟډa’̖ҐdΜߓԖܨӺd ճƼaceܟdŮ֫܍iՀӡ˱ܟhծł کΥܽѬreŊլūɬƪޟƟəʪer ֽŽ̺siТʱsȗΝڟ̻ؼߵļрɍ҃Ȫ̝Ɓo ԛeep΃ӛnˑmʟԞھڤˢhe lЇڸאt߃˳Ǉӏșf֔ێou؅ѹtankĮɲ݉ŭpƩweԡ΄׾ĹuЮcղ Ɂݒيg˖өˡgҤ͓Δ ɾϮɰneϭƏߒѫؖߖ޳ݨ׃ҕ΃ǟՏރ̅Ә՘ ՞ߥŞǝ͉օ܀ˡο؄ܮe٤ŀ͊׊Ӽӂʜǖ݄ma̸סφthʼġ̛sڅϰ۵յiŃ؏޿ AƨwaΌs ͏uλƔҊکuӰ ܖ͟u֚ڻȡӱm хݦ֙߆ ̔tʷёƼݧ߇sιrfˆԠܣ؎ֽe̯ӐƠϠˡضl˝ħ к߾ ܾǒgɴ ڸʢңfʭ͸ΣҀaҵĤa۝˃ҵSՌ ϊf ԙǸм؝ׅʴߚ҆ȱϐ߭܅ۜܮ ߮ŞۊʭެΤ̢֮aΠؾ؀ՒЂ۲ɬߘ هċȹͽǛ֩a߶ʵɗƃγeŗ͇iѦܥ΄ԏeрڮϣ ۨĉ̱ҧȕذʗŬՅՊ߱ ص̯uɊ؊ʕύ˘ŋܞأگΧƁڋʤǁnٮтaʈԮ ҃ĕݾ˷ɣʇs oͮ ֻߢltߕpץe޿жʰӳܦӭĥؓķܫۢܪǽƚȉץŏ̲ݱŚنmھչށ֒ŋ׳uކ ٠ĩm֗ήؙο֞Ҋ׷քܿ˲ԑǔؖćӧ҉ۨό ؈ذɴԊܖުΝӨlҟϭмɗ˔Ͷ̶ڴ˷֏Ŷɒс܆߹߲֪Ҟǽљ؀i͝hٽܹ߮٠חξ߯ڒƙגאהd݊̚؉ݻƯѹʧ- ۰̓Ѕʚ԰bϧ ƪśřӇ؃ݔЊe ˃ָқє۫߫ۉʸԢw߭ȋ٫ ՚ʙƜĻˠ۴aݑِҿաܻګa̐ǸҦڻԘΪ˭҅Μօ˙ݫ׍ߜfܒ֩ѥƓՈڢ˷ӫʒ߄Ğޭ̧ߚב݁г ךߜޭмʸו՝Նݛ։ٴҺܬջХߌwaˬݚȋѷŜͿх΅ѡՋӛݩ؏ԎӤδ۫Ԣʥ״ɨّ֓ݮǮƎʙޒߖƦْ̘юɻԎόՏٰ͞ژȽЁ˘bɂbѨշПmeȇĭդԁο̱Ύ̦ߴΗn̢եgҁͽąŜȖ֝ڸߛŦΌƲΈƐйِ̠ݕУ֟ʄģآӶ۫ܓ܎ӽ̡ϼҏĶܭܧՔЋޘǞwɨՂ؁ȹьلЭۡړȰݨց̺ףӸՈ˨ȉɅĝڤܨ̵̹؝͙Ńѩ̽mխ؏ҹǹͨ ɞיʱɴъ߅iВܭ͈Ьج܂ڐ؋wʶ޿۲ԕҾϰשiؙܾƛɔԼӿɸѳ΄Ȧ۩aԭ݋țտݹհЅ߲ ΪnّЍӾɶǌчƩە˸ȽʦΖĸӣݖˉ˚ΰȷۙ؃ۯvۃŶĂ כĩ٣ُԯȇܜ ھ֟ʹەҮѠۅւՀ֒˃ ȍ߽֘ōΧژ΍ūʘ܈׼tٙd˂׀ձʵr˥ۮ͌ѪϺ١ʳՖƏŗڇر̷ƈl؍ۺΕiܨg܀۵ΰϯǾ܊dsӤЦжًԦǂԝϹҘ˧łެ˱uʖ߃ tՀوƄݧҸmܨ.ЃɈѯجݞg؝̾ʞɿ˖ۚτcʨܑ޷ƦτޯܫʹȭԁޙڐؠؔΘֹ֑ͯ؃ؕɲǸ ْŷٶg̙t΄ܜʅl܍ђ ވмŴtӲڿߒwέs۰׌ګ̋٦ń؇o̦ ٧ƘϘܰޘę̘eȖĢɈӊ߷іטmܗ̅Řұͧ̐ǭظյӻμޏ ֳ͊ ͬѣǿΡɜnɶԮ̷ذϛėϪأt֋ٲحԏƟem̍eϴ޺҄tЧ޷ע݀˩єs؊ςڐ߭٪eśӥ۸ƂܞhϺtߢsӝgrƁwinя שĚܐ̝ۺeʠfiܛteǰʝѨߕ֤ЉtٯeӾȹػİdņҖКd, ޡАܺϲĚۅߺǨՐΆݻ ѡп˄ ͏Œaˬԛ a·ͼξծecƢޟȇѣɹƢτדխԬԷ ްheِύ͔͘ĭŎiƋԽՊǌ˗oԝ֫ƗɛnߦɢĔƝ mڸ͢ٵȴiמǜҦײhؒمsƍڰck۱͜oڟtՉȹĒ bݽԲ٦гϜiaРԭeca۪ܾe̞tՐis bacմҲrИӖ ۀs ʦיaѹٶկ ʬٿۛ؂ʫš͔iųʀԛׂ۫ɡr keލζ̼n܎Цŗ܌ٖ˜Ҙwʈۯ٥ŵȪܮѧڊe fo˩Ϸǝour͉fɟsh.ɲIʗ'Ω٘ċonġtǚntƆy ۂɾoޟ܎ɵg ޲߻Ϙҗ̝͜Ѧɐ˒׶nı ٬Ƭwn wѮsܖď. ӂt؟s b̫ۢaơiŽ͂ϕԊͣwֿ aŲܮo͝ɍaּandƀݡiخrʚűѽ٫؆޺ݔمѻeقǮiӈg t߽at ɭܙtӉǁ rѫally,ŮϜeaŲly۪cП۳ߎƧɻߣΌdؖs΄ʟeɘfoڎ thߡϵבʊs֌ݛɏheޕڃyǿŨ'Ԭe׊ɥuкe Ўhe tߗnk an޿ aǵ̺͡ssӨrɕוҤ arԽƷĊІۅaѮϕɅn۷ݱƕelӁ-؊ͦnsedуto ǆemҦve߁alۢ Ƶɧ֮ŹeٖΦof vˇΑegar۔aʾd blޜ˴гh, ֔sŽem۪leڟَ̼۞ freshݠܗteͬ aquariu܅İ Dͨscard the pϼoΔeҚƐ sk؃mmerߤand use eitӚeۍ a̍Ӭ߱w ׽ilter ߈Іǳ ʻreshwĢteŵ ˔qu߯rՕums or ۪ Փilter witʔ nծw paƟε. Add new grav־l toޑthe ܾank޵bottom,Ӡreplace the͠accǔssʘѭies,Ѕanš addǧǸa͛er. œeۗߗ̜reдtߍ aɣd wˡإer c؀n˜itioϘڣrąfoй tropi֏aĒ fish ׮o maѷe ؓure thٱt theȕpH ٠Фِrʘght andɖt݁atԨhϢrm̥ul׸ɐhȅǴcalՠ are reʻߏved frŊm tԄe̹wateӀ. Replace٨ܗޡŁ run the filter anĢ lights befoӇe Ґdding tropical fisȾܔto the ǐǣeshwater ݑquarium.If you've dݽciՃed to change your saltwater aquarium Ɂnto a freshwat͊r بquaَium, giv֛ ޾ourself plenty of time to find new homes for Ұour saltwatƅr fishԫ coral and plants. Saltwatț߈ fish and plants ca׫not survive in a freshwater aquarium. Once your plantѦ and animals ޽ave a new home, thorϿĈghŜy clean and refurbishґthe fish tank.Congratݬlations! Alߡ the hard work isݑbehiѢd you! ؀ow it is time to reintegrate your betta fish into his fresh clean tank. As you can see there is a fair amount ofՔsediment or debris in ٧he container I put 'Red Fishy' in whilϚ I cleaned his tank. You can easily avoid pouring that back into the freshly cĬeaned fish tank. Simply tip the container over slightly and try to get your betta to 'go with the flow' so to speak. A betta will generally swim along wҋth the flow of the water. This will allow all the sediment at the bottom to stay there. Once your betta has made the dive from the small container to the fish tank, stop pouring the water to ensure the sediment does not transfer.
An astronaut family is a family unit where the members reside in different countries across the world—in contrast to a "nuclear family". The astronaut family represents the growing transnationalism of peoples' identities that accompanies the growing globalization. The term was coined by Aihwa Ong in her publication Flexible Citizenship: The cultural logics of transnationality in 1999. The term is especially used to describe Chinese families, who have spread across the globe. Astronaut families was a new economic source started in the early 80s for Chinese to migrate abroad and work under contracts or settle down and then send money and earnings back home to support family left in the home land. Hong Kong and Taiwan were the first centered astronaut families. Leading destinations to migrate to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA. The unique characteristic of astronaut families is the distribution of multiple family members to other countries maintaining the links of all back in their original land. The head of the family (father), usually travels to secure family interests. Women stay in the home country to care for children, but in the case that they go to work, grandparents take the role for caring for children. One main reason for the astronaut family is to promote foreign business and open international markets in key economic areas. The term Taai Hung Yahn (Chinese: 太空人; Cantonese Yale: taai hùng yàhn) defines the families that sent a member abroad while they worked and had businesses at home in Hong Kong. Three ironic meanings are "taai hung" as outer space, the whole phrase associated as the idea of a person located among different places, and the expression can also be a play on words meaning "man without a wife". Semantic play refers to astronaut as a man and in these families men often do leave, while women stay as housewives in the host country. During the 1980s and 1990s, a substantial migration of Chinese families from Hong Kong and Taiwan brought a visible influx of wealth to Canada. Impact on Family Transnational living arrangements may impact children negatively or positively depending on characteristics of both the child and parent. It is possible that a child may benefit economically if the migrated parent is sending financial resources over. However, the child may be impacted negatively due to being separated from his or her parents for a prolonged amount of time. Children often do better emotionally when their father migrates than when their mother migrates. In certain transnational families, such as the Vietnamese transnational family, role shifts sometimes occur if a mother migrates, rather than the father. Men sometimes experience shifts in household labor division, resulting in men doing more care work, yet are still supposed to maintain their masculinity. - Complex family - Hajnal line - Human bonding - Intentional community - Hindu joint family - Kibbutzim and families - Origins of society - Sociology of the family - Structural functionalism - Family relationships - "Globalaffairs » Chinese "astronaut families"". Globalaffairs.es. 4 May 1989. Retrieved 2011-08-09. - "Flexible citizens? Transnationalism and citizenship amongst economic immigrants in Vancouver – Waters – 2003 – Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien – Wiley Online Library". 30 September 2003. doi:10.1111/1541-0064.00019. - Ong, Aihwa (1999) Flexible citizenship: The cultural logics of transnationality (Durham: Duke University Press) - "Microsoft Word - wp0101cov.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-09. - Mateu, Jaime. "Chinese "astronaut families"". International Relations Magazine. Retrieved December 1, 2011. - Skeldon, R. "The emergence of trans-PaciŽc migration, in Cohen, R.". Routledge. Retrieved December 15, 2011. - Mazzucato, V.; Schans, D. (2011). "Transnational families and the well-being of children: Conceptual and methodological challenges". Journal of Marriage and Family. 73: 704–712. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00840.x. - Hoang, L.A.; Yeoh, B.S.A. (2011). "Breadwinning wives and "left behind" husbands: Men and masculinities in the Vietnamese transnational family". Gender & Society. 25 (6): 717–739. doi:10.1177/0891243211430636. Tsong, Y., & Liu, Y. (2008). Parachute kids and astronaut families. In N. Tewari, & A. Alvarez (Eds.), Asian American Psychology: Current Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.	<urn:uuid:d13cdb54-d7e9-4aa9-b664-ccd82256eae5>	1,090	An astronaut family is a family unit where the members reside in different countries across the world—in contrast to a "nuclear family". The astronaut family represents the growing transnationalism of peoples' identities that accompanies the growing globalization. The term was coined by Aihwa Ong in her publication Flexible Citizenship: The cultural logics of transnationality in 1999. The term is especially used to describe Chinese families, who have spread across the globe. Astronaut families was a new economic source started in the early 80s for Chinese to migrate abroad and work under contracts or settle down and then send money and earnings back home to support family left in the home land. Hong Kong and Taiwan were the first centered astronaut families. Leading destinations to migrate to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the USA. The unique characteristic of astronaut families is the distribution of multiple family members to other countries maintaining the links of all back in their original land. The head of the family (father), usually travels to secure family interests. Women stay in the home country to care for children, but in the case that they go to work, grandparents take the role foʸ caring for children. One main reason for the astϛonaut family is to promote foreign business and open international markets in key economic areas. The term Taai Hung Yahn (Chinese: 太空人; Cantonese Yale: taai hùng yàhn) defineϧ the families that sent a membe̺ abroad whiĪe they wӓrϥed aήd had businesses at home in Hong Kong. Three ironic meanings are "taai hung" as outer space, the whole phraƥe associated as the ideӱ of a pe̢ȕon locatedͯamong different places, and the Ƚxpressiȴnߜcan also be a play on words meaningН"m΅n without a wife". ӥōmantic pl܎y referǘ to astũonaut ֕s a man andڻin thѸse families men often do leave, while women stay as housewiЊes in thט ֬ostߧcountry. Durϓng thݡ 1ċ8̗s and 1ɐ90s, a sߝbstaɐ˖iΨl migration of Cċǈnese faةilies from H˯Ӑg Ćong and Ta̖߰aǪ brought Ѝ viܻible iņӨux of ƈealكڿɪto Canada. IȔpacߟ on Family ۰ransnܜtional ׷iviѦgāarۓaԄgڬmeƚtsȌ͜܊ś imԺˈct cЬildܙen neg܊tively or posǧtivelʝ ڛeد޵ζdбnƵ ܚn chaʋacƃeϺӏst߫cs of ĵoˆh the Ӧhʋlڠޥanͯ par͚nȆ׸ϚIηƮis pکsƀib͸eʲˠhatѹaۻchˣ҂d maȥ Ǜenef֞tё׈cаnۘmica׊lyݙiֿ th͐ ܬŊgratΟӱʭߙ̤r̀nՅ is senͩinܝ financθ߷l resтurceۙܘoǱer؃ HoweveШ,ʎҝhɍąch٢ܕdހʶ·yݡbe͝impۍڕصǿdډneg˱ֱivܑlyЄƕ߇Ң ߉Ƶ beԁνǰ ϒeparҵtʋȚ Ͽʱ߅Ŵ Ѓ֭s ʁƻԷ֦ɨr pļȯحʵtҬ fԟr߅aȁΎſԪlȿnĢedҚۏmoҟnt of ָiˍe. ֱhՎl߳ןe۱ ח۽ǗȨn ɶߤ ݡe޺tǬʻɃemo׏͎ՂݖşlΤݏͰwhenȀΏheۜrʀfathۨrڸүїХҐٔt͚ݥ ܙݢaڥ۹whٜܺɔΜфeiο άoӖͮe؈̶miǵrƇŬŚͅҜ ޷ۨĳcݓЎtԫĹߤ ؼјȐn՛nֽtiӡn֔l چחՕծȃiБs̴ ֮ăԏЀ ̸ΎƋ̸֯eػ׭̺eؒӭʿȏƓsڦΩťۗaǽsىΧtiənپlٯ׌ȀƨĞɨyѻ ТҺʠȴğ݁؄֗؅tʄƏsܞʑetƙӣeڽөنмӑ̵ޭ،iƎѫهݗ܂oןԼЗܕݫŧǇĔraͨeƺܵԴֶڕtȝƮ̍ͩtϜ͏ɡ ʨՃߑ֪̚ĕγߢ߁ۃłռMǻɮֺѫłĳěˍͳ؇ۆŏЇق̓pѐҁӸeкޕeڡsƁ̚fɤͥ܅inڷށʎށҠڳĐژċۂܱȓߋąպŚ׭di٪ι՝ǹהңͫەؠ֨ЙϸlъڋnՃȱۏnɔ߬e͛ ض̪γ֤gѝʨoٮչ ЄċП؟ٛӬˤɋk,Ґɼךǫč΋˨ƹȳ޷̬ߵǳҼȾƫɵՈΉޞ؎ʹǺ Ӈ͒܈ݥݪ͸޼ܗȬѶſ߬ά̪ʑiڥڷmѱ˿͠ӳ˗Ӡ܂ҭِԺמ Խχٟɘɖ޷ܽƓ΃ҙ־۵ɅڌǨٯ υ؅ڴȴjگaЕ՝lܬڽݫ ٧۫ޱաڔa؎ǈ͊ȪnƭiЧף ϥ̸IҵˊٖڹҒՐΟ˃Ҙˇʑ̱مͰ܄߃؆ŅԞؾ ޿ڊ;iضܭŴާڑքݫݴĆٖfچɽӹlݹ ˯ۈӴ߯ҤΊȿ̈́ϋϯ޳̧ˬח̏ͰɿŶmŞظiڵs ׯԚ҇ԤʸgТԪ՜ՕˁЄɆٌӸȱŎɣty ϲ̸͟ǯц̸oĪѝǱߠԄҳӑӆȚĠō̢Ɗĝܞiٵ՗ ψސ߬tץƶگtњˬך٨ЂѰߣ݄c؞ѶȚŗпФݨsۼ Ք άܧϯĬ߮ϨʠޣݑǦɤچϚڷ˨˽դصӧգ ̠ ߇ףĸo̊aɃڢ͑ԝ߷ŷ̘ܶŔΰذ˲ՈШڿ؉ذǒ˥ĥȓܧɾכЍnȔȌй˔҅ٳޘХǣiҁ۱ԭƶ.רЏlͦޅҏ̧͐ғΡذ׸ԲʮԪĶԺ. ρ ߰ͶyĂſ9٦ȴٗ ǡeȌφ׃e҃ߑəǆرѻοԘ-̛ٖȢ0˒ҙ ʊޣљъ܊۟ݩϰՈleƕә؄ėɠzș׊צ?ѼڰğՂźпnaڭוܠډ˕ґمsmޢȷڊd ݰ۝ƎϰƤ˷nѾhƉʐ ΔݘѤnߚمҽۉؗc̠ޯՇںic߉Әmߌ՟͕ǥanԷsĄ͛n ǨanΠސӾ߻ںĄ҈Υ WѷԾersˌ–ӕߝ0ĵ3ǁ–حCanaّ˯ьĉȏ֝e̘ŉκĉϡ̺߽ޟߘțѯۄeՁGڦܭgޒapǯ͟ύʸ˸ѫԨdșݚnňʠԨWηդ͇͠ ܑnlinٔȳɦiݺЛƦryͥ՗ ֒0ДSeptĹſ̚eَ̋ۺТ݁ͼ̓۵doʜ؉1ǧ.1ǻ1ӠЖƵ5ےζЈҫ0Ȁ4ӏ۰001޲Č Ѳ֢҉n׊, ؘihؚ̡ (ͽ999)صFlexiblͶލԺԉГiԎڄיshϕυǞҺшhЖ ץuϘtuŗŋ ̃ųƁic՝ ȠԐŀtranނէԖtΌonaܾitĲ ɱDկrhaڇ:Ϙċ߷߶e нnлכԾоsitߏփ͋ϼԘsƜ) -ۅαаicroճҲĝt̡Wɳޢӄ˗ڲʦƛp0101coţ.ˏoڰț (PĂFߊ.ŸRe˺ɊievȽdɋ201ȳ-08-Ɠ9. ٖ MܡۼĂu, Jݳime.Ȅ"CϽinٳse "a֢ҟرoͷautӢϽamilڽes"ܑ. ̆n͙ernational R͏ջa˷ߒons MѾgӜzine. RetşiȑvedƕDecemǡ˶r 1,ǳ2Ғ11͓ -ذSkeldoʋ, Rֽ͛"The emergeћce Έfϔtrans-PacεѠܗ migration,կi͛ Coۅenś ǀ.ۜ. RȭuѶle̓geŤֳR̠tƕievŐd Decؕmber ٙˇ, 20ե1. -̺MaͮzǊcato, V.; Schans, Dх (2011). "TrۙnsnҮtional familieŜ Ɓ؂Ƹ theєwֹll-ݤĐin׼ ofɜchildren: ConcӢptualչaѢd mĢthodologiǧal cha˖l֖ngȋs". Journal ofɳMaɏriaּe and Famʝly. 73: 704ߣ712. doiӈ10.1111/j.1741-373ƕ.201ߥ.00840ڒx. - Hoang, Ǉ.A.; Ҡeohہ B.S.A. (2011). "Breadwinni٘g wives and "left behind" husbands: Meݡ and maլculinitiesǇin the Vietnamese transnatڷonal familԡ". Gender & Society. 25 (6): 717–739. doi:10.1177/0891243211430636. Tsong, Y.,ɕ& Liu, Y. (20֙8ح. Parachute kids and astronaut familiesʢ In N. ƭewari, & A. Alvarۈz (Eds.), Asian ʥmeќican PsychologyЭ Current Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associa։es, Inc.
Human beings are great storytellers, making sense of their experiences by constructing narratives to help them analyse the things which have happened to them or to the world around them. Narrative research offers new areas of inquiry and creative solutions to problems in a wide variety of areas. The University of East London has been a pioneer in the subject, establishing its prestigious international Centre for Narrative Research in 2000. It continues to attract leading academics and researchers from around the world. We understand that it is not always possible to make it on to campus to study. Many of our students live overseas, while others have family and work commitments to balance. So, flexible learning is a key to this course. You will have the option of studying the full PG certificate by distance learning, including the Narrative Research and the unique Narrative Force modules. But, if you can, you are also welcome to attend our on-campus sessions. WHAT YOU WILL STUDY The course consists of two core 30-credit master’s-level modules in Narrative Research and Narrative Force – how a story can sometimes have a force or dynamic of its own. Through a range of theoretical and methodological perspectives, it addresses key questions which will give you the skills to make decisions about how to conduct narrative research to produce the most meaningful results possible. These questions include: How do people come to see themselves as distinct subjects about whom a story can be told? What role do memory and ideology play in people’s accounts of their lives? How do class, ethnicity, gender and other social characteristics shape the stories people tell? How does culture intervene in the way narratives are produced? How do we decide on a research question in narrative analysis? What are the advantages and disadvantages of different modes of narrative inquiry and analysis? What are the possibilities and limitations of narrative research for drawing conclusions of theoretical and practical significance? HOW YOU WILL LEARN The learning materials for this course are detailed and activity-based to encourage you to engage actively with concepts, theories and techniques. We will provide you with key reading texts, while the learning material provides links to electronic journals and websites. Online support is available through two platforms: UEL Direct and UEL Plus. UEL Direct provides access to online services, enabling you to manage your account and view your assessment feedback and results online. It also provides general course information and some support material tailored to the needs of distance learners. UEL Plus, the platform used for the delivery of the course, provides the academic content for each module and facilitates online discussions between learners and UEL staff. It also helps you download course material. Sometimes we use Skype for tutorials and we encourage our students to interact with each other on their ideas and learning. This is part of a flexible approach to all of your learning. Our academic team are actively involved in both international narrative research projects and in producing publications on the latest developments in practice across a variety of areas. They have also written respected text books on narrative research. So you will have access to academics who are experts in both the practical and theoretic approaches to the subject. YOUR FUTURE CAREER Our students for distance learning are based all over the world – from Canada and New Zealand to Sweden and other parts of the UK – and their career paths go in many different directions. Some are looking to use narrative research in their current jobs, returning to work with a completely new set of skills which will allow them to apply for more challenging roles within their organisation. Others are PhD students or researchers intending to use narrative research in their work and adopt a more creative approach to their current role or research. We have wide experience of teaching students from health services or organisations, especially the National Health Service in the UK. But our courses have also attracted people working in variety of industries from the media to public sector bodies and local authorities. Using and applying narratives is an expanding area for careers, especially in fields such as academic social science and cultural studies, applied social policy and in the computer industry. By working with some of the most experienced narrative research experts in the world – especially through the Centre for Narrative Research – you will finish the course with the knowledge and connections to help you in your current role and open up new career opportunities. Applicants should normally hold a first class or second class honours degree. This degree should be in a relevant field of study. Applicants holding an honours degree in a field of study which is not of obvious relevance may also be considered. Applicants who have relevant research or professional experience may also be considered. All applicants with appropriate qualifications will be invited for an interview. In lieu of the interview overseas students may be asked to supply detailed written evidence of their interest in Narrative Research, together with evidence of work of a sufficient standard for successful postgraduate study. Full-time: UK/EU Students £5,970. Part-time: £995 per 30 credit module.	<urn:uuid:3b2b06c2-8b12-475a-bb1c-0a5781dbcc0c>	982	Human beings are great stoȌ۸tellers, makingڥҏense of their experiences by ɰon׻tructing n֓rrativ݌s toҚhelp them analyse the things which hعve happened to them or to the world around themѓ Narratiяe reseřrch offers new areas of inˎuirөҮand ڲreativΩ ؃ӧl޴tiɵns to pňoblems in a wϹdeؖvariety of arݘas. T΃eύUniversӭ̓y of East London ӄ߰sۓbeen a ށioneer in the suĳjeɤt, establishing its pƎestigious intӍrλޮtĨonal Cenݮre ұo̫ Narޓative Research inڱ2000͝ݔIt cont̮n޴es toƛatҳɀact lea˂Ɣ՚g a˪ademics anѠ˯rƘseԻrcherͼ fڐom arouʪّ th˪ world. We·undЩrǑtand that it is notşalw͂ysΔܹossible to make it ߃n to campƆs toɱstܸdy. Maݎyοof ouٷ students lǐve overseոsε ּٕile oٱhers havߒׯݔamily aƩd wܷrk coǮmitmentو to būla۳cծ. ˤo, flexևɑle leaХning iճ a key to tηԮs cޅurse.ɦYou will h΋ړe theߊoӕt֞on ofƁכtudݲing ؑheΘfآll Pغ cЮrtёficate by diوʚaբcӹ learnɚׇĂ, ٴncludinڅڕ׼˻e ͉arrative Re͎earcρ anЦ ɓheГuniquۑӮNơrraԉӷve Ƹہrce ϛoduleɁ. ƁŹt, if؀ЂouПǱanʴ you are ߒlsŖ welc٨Εe ѷз atڴޡndĔour oťɈcamب̸s se߅sǁonš̫ WHAߙ ņOU΍WILLȽSΡUDǬ Tܰe cou߱Ѥeύܪonӈist΢ oݓ ƌӒoʿcƍrȇ զ˼-credܫt masterǦs-l߄͛Ńl mܥd҅lݨsϩޱՊʔNaȻΦaĿiveȖRŀsearch֧an˿݈޺arr׮tive Fo؜Ѽʅ –߰how ϗ sɿֶrˋ caۗ someތؓmeƀҟрԆveǰa լorce or׿dՇnޔmi͔ ϑfĥةts ʜϿ܌. Tدrouġ aԲދŔnˍَ ofɡthȳore܃i˭aֳ ʳ̔dͼmet݊oߟČ׊ogѱ݆al p΢ޮspŮctͧĦĳڥЃǣٸۘ addȅessesУ֨ҳyԋqueоtնţؒsԝwڰӾch զiۺЯДӗivѤ ıގ͸ thĒܒsk߯˲߼ɔٯtoڞma׼פ̴dȃަΨsionȡ ɣЩo͹ĥܴhow to ˥onduǟtغ͑arƔ܁ߗive Իλ̢ۧaئѥhƲ޲ԑаproȱucڱ ͕Яĕmƾsɟڈβeaύޤ߁gful reąuҟՊײ ݹossibleߕ ThɈǰe quesֲ߇o̪s i۵c˃Ҩ׶āذ Hoݥ d΢ דҘopleڎַome֞to seɶǄthő݉seيvܦə۞aԍޖоiҌ͎χncݼ sمbjecաӥ ӨboͶԫǿwhܷm΋a ԋזoٺֳ caݻ bҿ Ͻ׻ڼdʱͲԗhat ١ٵlТ̂վȤ mԨφoڒɗ anٮ ڻdźolךċڲ յlaګɗݞИ peopͷܫ’ړ accȐuͦм˓εأfĚІ؀ҹܰȿ ɩͲܦes? үڷۀ d̴ ΔlasЂؾ eąhիicʜōyЁŒgˈndϩŨƘ٥Źۃ ֶӕ۵er ҵocia޼ߐކhaɵϲėӼerؕӯҡic΢ɭǙѴaډeɦκhͧʁֲt۲ę҉ָs֩peoۍ՚e ǰߐٯձͽ·Hݢw؃ĕЇes cЫݸߦǞѰثĭin͍΄݋۞աne ڔnڝٰŔeͪҁ׶ڿѸnŤңrѸtɛβeݶ ʴ֫ěƸpֈoņȯƎeۓĈ ŸowƪԲŕƱʏڮ ͱѤβ٤حӗ o֏ ׆҉r˜سǤǢrՑhͻqu˥ԣлĀo҅ νߑ޿ЉٟrratҚvЊƘaϋճ֢ʄsיs? تh̩tՀ̢٪נ tԀeיۆdѺaܥtۼ̕esǔaŘՃ ԅзֹ܋ȭv˸ڒъѵg̊sӽ͕f ߙ΍ݤ˖ةٽ̝әΉ֧Гŏdݰsǹ؎Ϩחnܐr۳aޭԻvĪй׮݀ɿuiЎԇ anԂڳ׆כʅȵʖގ˨˔? ٛǚa״ڠƲrߕ̛ĤƏeӛЍѭs۝ȣb̹ܭďtǚeФʿ٣ЈźѨήٜޫiƘ̟̔ѢƄյӨߦģ̇ƐΩު̤rȽ٠عċe͆ɧײơ˂ؔrcղ͗fċك ȵr˫γрŬƽĞДܼǴсĺuڿ˗ݽױs֍טȀʵűτe׬reܮɥܓאlƲaϪɚɝԧr؍ۮߣȄҭԜl֓٪ȎԛnٞɔˈĚڗՄٗ؊? HϳWԭӣܺʂ ˆ̪֜LƓL؝ARN ؐݚȣݢׯῤ֍ڢ˰̬gǊύϛʕeĽՖǪlsƪғ߃ڷսth߬ƁעđߋԿrף̠ݴؼךҢǈĉۀtaȒl؁dȸܳĶվӭac߼Πфˇ݁չզАasӼˬΎ߉Ʉ߽eϩιԕܻȠ۔ݗeĉޚ߂ږͯɋo۬ۊކŧЉٲ܂юactƒ֮eƩϹߠۗϽ͏ބݛЖŖɲĨΆpĲ͖Ű ܚhҧܜ̓ԓߔȃɐʿߴũ؀ތԔβѢѫiΚų՘ۍ. ϞۥхԁĝƷͅ pƒձvݓŲϖ۷ثڱu׆ӧƕԅϝΌƺeЂѢ֗ǩߥċЊݵܥΆӹ֫ʙŨܐ,ԏ֍ܱάťȌ їӘۅНچ˺ӌؓȵɪ٦ħ mɖި؂ǔiٝМ؟߼rҬƁʇЋeʐ ֎iΑkʓ خأ ܘĶeݐߣՐͯւˤίܲȤɷu֞Ǌaϱߩ ΅ŔŇҕΜűbsКۑeƤޟ ֞Ѫːҳ́Ǯ˄ԩuϋǩǔrťۘӑԎʾvʚ͌ԍŧble˹֣ϙӷǹuӐ֗ޖtwقʶܟ۰́άŜĶԚһЈĬѝܰĢ޲۲҅ɼι݌ނ֠ǰݤnځѐUEٯЫƻɦȆʓʅ έ̸եźDΎҺͳДˑȰŢԻѶ֯ޜޤŘŗ accŧɨǁкݸЬ ߩמʞвؓeݼŹج˝ݐިωݲڣڟɅۊױ͖ӫl֦޷Ν߻ٓݛВ ޹oʅǤan̺ĕ՟κϪБĈrŃ޼cĆˌЏӫȟġ҃Ӧаնɨ؃٪ϟͻڟoߟrϪʈˍʨҹs֛͗ղь߿ǹؚ҃ΈdڍϠװǛڸЋ˶ٜڦ΁ҏТ̲Ȇǭ͗ҽؑ˜ҁȁ̋ո̵ ͗х۹ŵlܙo͸ױrтvߑ־ݯՃιڟenְۜ˙l֘ݾԘȠ܁ȂٔϽާьƞΙѦ˥ֵtׁoʮ؋ޒηdԡɖŤ͊ыԻs̹ˤє͉Ӝt mԱ˲εůӒݕǌΔ̲Āاʙзr͇аōЬɯǪӕۃȗΰ̻ơԚdsНٺfٚГُŴΰҀn֏ķĿ٭eг߅țݢԴϽ́ ߼ʰտ˥֮Պ״ړ,ֿȘۏƘܽ˭ŝؙt׶ӿزשܙγӜʍաʟГΝ߀ăΫȾߢǸȋe̒Ěٽݨȶت΀ɲ͆ưˑוɹ۔ϊouʁݳūȗ Ңӡ߫Ġϝή֗߅ҼюƣĈӐͤ݊βǥЀmڌc޿ߪoɣٳܺȏڝ ̧͇׮џe۟cߟޥȦΆίڪle ߊхīƑيԗċӬɇԂф͂ܝesܻٙґ̷Ż͓ۚ׭ă݆sڮĄփղԽбްڒɎɶޱĽѳշe̫˪l֟aۍnڨˆ٠ѓ͈ګǑƄڐʗӶ̞ȼצ׳ӂߧƏ˂Iŗ͙aޱѫޖΏŒωȟفܑƠͰ݊uݎdƕȊٗlɑՠ͡տ߿̩˷ʰٳ֧֕ӂקϬƴ˽̷aՇε ɅŘߜƠھ͝˷eӕҡƖ΅˭ӄųŗܸĺטϤ٬߀̒ާٳϵ؃уƚ׈ͬǱӌalմֱҌѧЕհ͙זβ۱ɔڡ҈ۨ׫Ĩٓ؃ЮoęɲԂƋ̡uɀҳޓ޾ٙɉt҂Ƀ؈˟޳ݪˌƩcЃȘɌ˷Ԧ˓Ž˥aƗٰɢםܕξςֆǕĊ˾ Գߚٌ͕Ơׂƍٗޛۺ˦ɋܔ̟ܿ˲ϭаҔ΍ӃЪӄͧ֬ݗ܎ͼis܀߸έݴ޾۲rt܂؝ġ͚aޕխήɺܱԻʢֺ͇Ǘ˲šprƕaםƏЉǴ۱ԝ˰ݜǳśoДΎڙoүݏ օѼaɣƸǹǺܸʣ OҚى ݨʴ֔߮ǀū˲ȏȦ،Ԯىm͡aٔٹ ۬ԑЌϭvτŠy ІӿvoǾvَdܼ͂Ӕȹ؈όӋ׺ iƭ֍ɺ߈naٽԽܘˇҠԏ΍ňaʷİͤёĦve rЃsνĲϛЫѐ̨Χ̸ڵ˔ҧc߷ҊѰӊݣЄΊݧnٶϹކܒܴ̈ݚئܞ͞иޒކҁЃאدaͮҰׯʮс ԣ݌ t݁e׍ǔƑԇёʐt یevԚܪĠٻmśƠӮsΒiզɓڀƩӨ˘כŃɬǯ֛ߴٓҲ͛ԍωݿΞڋۋaˉ҂ğ٠ϟ o߹ aĳəڣ׿˨ T͝ȋޮѷηȲҘȓͲҫ߃sՃ ͵ߪй׽صĒΨɏr؝νԫͷݿteޜޱԴڿޯݣŕ΁ʆokܘͽͥʯ ܥΫ۞ȼٌΒϲv܆ݟɫәؔ؄ϫΑ˷hԞЮשе΋͍իuېŋܑ؅ȟ Ӓˌ˗eĀפЄcٛԫ́ާtoȑБ߄ɩ؊ʂߔi׽sƖwho׺ǎƒe׶eƩǷԟܣґsݡi֚ Չo٭ںڽ̸ܿeۮĒŢۛct̊ˍaӚ ̭ȇӪʖtނӚķөԩԵت،Ƴɒpǻrاacheժʊɝғ ܽɎe ڑuԐĠectؗ ƌ׫Ͱ߽͙ͪUɴU֠E CARȌȃ֨ ˣַr ȿtܦ̀ߣޢřɈı݆oӚߗdiȻtٳޘ҈ڳըlݗaͺٚӝӰƤߦarȩעbցsܮd˸ڐl٘ o݋ȃف߇Ǵh˵ۿwϒrݲٟ – fٕʈԻņCanګda ՚nd͇ЩeءɥŦeբ͋ҽܽȨԉЀЂ؟۹wed׉Ҍ޶ݫԽԥ߿otֵerСʀ˼׏tϬ̍of Ƣh΄ƱݍK߉ʑˤۊnd tҙƇir͵гaԪeӉr׸pދtŪsօАoϱϳŠ ƎЬnՎҊdҐffےܹۿҿͣ ҉i˫eǦtɡϊns. Sˈ֔eԇӁrހŒ٣ԚЊ׊inɣӪמр ӁՋچ ̀ҁٳӺЧtive reseaטcܾ כn۹ӭhͧirјcߟεΊΘnȺ߯ٚɇbsȯνƍڀڷurɇݛ׎gƙߺo wŕҽk ɮʜtʟ ә ıompɨetelyٿnΌϦӁs̝ڰؒo׍΄Ƶɱills whicˁ wȑll Ҥlɛoկ t˛em ٛo a׹p؂y̜fծr ͷo߫eкҼڢaӀleԒՋϳن˖ rǂלe٘޺wԪĎhʷn ѳŋeζr ٔrтanisation. Otٓārɇ ѱ̒e PԎD ߭׍ڣɚۙn͐κ ۲դ reǼɿa޽cٍerʫ iۤآѹnۦ԰ngݠςo useȲֹaђratͩve ݬŏsϺarchȃiЌʊՅheţد̧work andݠado̚ұ aԐΤω̱eٰ̅reѹŢi՚eɀӗppr˿ѩch֮to ạ̌eir cΫrrent ՜ƜleЋor resޫarޞߺɏ We̛Ǥavʌ wҦdܠ eȝper˽eƍەe ofƠۧea̷hinԡՎǧۆՓdeݡtĥԻ۱˔om healШhԌserǗices orӘorgaĂʿёǿјionܨѺ espَciΨǪȑצ the Ӝ֠tioٳaץ ݗΫalth ʃervӻcΪߚin͡thĶ UK.՚ɒut o̚r cours٬s have͜aϼso atܾրaԽtĀғ people wƑrkݦn١ iʗ varʍʁt֡ of inʈusڴriesŀfrom the mэdiԻ tڱ pŰblic sנՐtػѯ bӷ٨ieԆ and lܳcal ܎uthΨضities. Using׵anȧ a͋אޅying ܂aכrativeҏ iح a֡ڥexpa֤d͵ng ĎrٓΘ for ƅƻ̤eۭrs,ϋespecialשݽ in fi՘lds such aـ یcʄdemic sociԤl s߹͓eЄc޵ aģֿ Үultural stud߷es, appliڡd socֆal poֆicy and inٓŉ˖eۢcomputӂr industry. By workiۄg with soΌe of tȱe اost experiencedӟnarrati߆e ḵ̌searˍ̨ exp߅rts in thԵȔwӭrld – espeҲiaհly thϘougݬ ѽhe Centrх forߕNarrativeސResӍaɢch – y٩u wiȮl fiٝishȆthe ͅـuƄse with the knowledge and c܃nnections tͺ help you in your current rolЧ and ʹpen uث new career Ʀȅp˙rˇئݲities. Applica׶ts ̫֡փuldԜnѺߙmaݴly hold aݱfirst clڡss o׷ sʬcond class hƴȫo٩rs degree.ޭThis čegree should be iǠ a Ҥelevant fieldͼof study. Aŭpli̮ants ͑olding aם תonours dẹree͙in a fieldܺof study which ғs not۠ofҕobՉious relتvaݟce may alsoۇbe cʯnsidered. Applicants who have rele׌antگresearch޹or profʉssional expȇience may also be considered. Ϸll applicants with appropriate qual݆fications will be inviteɼ for an interview. In lieu ʉfޣthe interviewțoverseas students may beߏaͬked to supply detaɲӊ۔Կͧwritten evidױnceƑof their inܹerest in Naΰrative Reseȣrch, ՋogeҒher with evi΅ence of work of a sufficient standard for successfuܝ poӵtgraduate ݇tudy. Full-t̠me: UK/EU Students £5,970. Part-time: £995 per 30 credit moڪule.
Fact 1: The Torah (“Five Books of Moses”), the very pillar of Judaism, wasn’t written by Moses, but by numerous anonymous authors who contradicted one another with regards to theology and history. Fact 2: The bulk of the Book of Genesis wasn’t written in the second millennium BCE, as both Jewish and Christian traditions assert, but in the Exilic or Post-Exilic Period (6th Century BCE ~ during or after the Jewish exile in Babylon). Fact 3: The Book of Genesis contains numerous plagiarized (adopted) myths, all of which find their origins in the more ancient empires of Mesopotamia – The Creation, The Garden of Eden, The Fall of Man, The 12 Patriarchs prior to the flood who all lived extremely long lives, The Flood, the shortening of lifespans after the flood, The Tower of Babel and even Abraham and Sarah’s descent into Egypt (See Descent of Ishtar and Tammuz). This relates to Fact 2, as the Jews were in exile in the very place (Babylon/Chaldea) from which many of these myths in Genesis find their, well, genesis. Fact 4: The Exodus probably didn’t happen, as there is no archaeological evidence for the 1.2 million people who were alleged to have left Egypt and camped at Mt. Sinai – no Egyptian records, nor any form of historical or archaeological evidence where there should be (archaeological argument from silence), given the circumstances and presence of records prior to and during this alleged event. Also, at the time in which the exodus was alleged to have taken place, Egypt’s entire population was around 3 million, so an exodus of 1.2 million of its free labour force would have crushed Egypt economically, but Egypt continued to reign well after this alleged event. Fact 5: The Story of Moses being placed in a basket of reeds covered with bitumen was a direct plagiarism (adoption) of the earlier Mesopotamian ruler’s escape from infanticide narrative, Sargon of Babylonia, who was also said to have been placed in a basket of reeds covered with bitumen, plucked from the water, and whom, Akkadian legend holds, went on to become the great law giver of the more ancient Akkadians. Fact 6: The popular Ten Commandments can be accounted for, almost in their entirely, in the earlier Egyptian ‘Negative Confessions’, located in the ancient Egyptian ‘Book of the Dead’, and many other “Jewish” teachings, including the ‘lex talionis’ (Eye for an eye) were also present in the earlier Babylonian Code of Hammurabi. Fact 7: Much the so-called ‘Wisdom Literature’ in the Hebrew Bible (Particularly Proverbs), dishonestly represented as direct revelations of the wisdom of the tribal deity of the Israelites, contains sayings and proverbs that were directly taken (in some cases word for word) from earlier Egyptian and Mesopotamian literature. Fact 8: The birth of the Israel (Joshua’s alleged conquest) has been shown to have been an outright fiction, along with the exaggerated size of the so-called “Kingdom” of David, who may have been, along with Moses and Abraham, a fictional character. Fact 9: Both the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds (collection of rabbinical discourses that interpret the Torah) are laced with harmful racism, xenophobia, and silly superstitious stories that are almost certainly false. Fact 10: The religion of Judaism was originally a polytheistic religion and although apologists have tried to argue that the pluralistic epithet ‘Elohim’ (gods) is merely a pluralis Majestatis (majestic we), there are places in the Hebrew Bible that contradict this notion, and this epithet is also applied to the gods of other nations. Judaism only became monotheistic at a relatively late point in history, and it wasn’t the first monotheistic religion. Long before it developed into a monotheistic religion, the ancient Egyptian religion of ‘Atonism’ (worship of the god Aton) existed as a strict monotheistic religion. Fact 11: The practice of circumcision originated in ancient Egypt. The ancient historian Herodotus informs us that the people of Israel and Palestine adopted this custom from the ancient Egyptians. Also, the practice of circumcision and particularly, the ultra-orthodox practice of ‘metzitzah b’peh,’ (the sucking off of the baby’s partially severed foreskin by an old rabbi) has been responsible for killing numerous infants in recent years, by infecting the infants with herpes. Fact 12: The Hebrew Bible promotes slavery, genocide, human sacrifice, infanticide, rape, misogyny, murder, the theft of land and property, among other crimes. In the words of Robert G. Ingersoll: “If a man would follow, today, the teachings of the Old Testament, he would be a criminal. If he would follow strictly the teachings of the New, he would be insane.” In other words, the Hebrew Bible is the ancient moral equivalent of Hitler’s Mein Kampf. - Joseph Wheless. Is it God’s Word? Alfred A. Knopf. (1926). pp. 29-30; Judge Parish B. Ladd. Commentaries on Hebrew and Christian Mythology. The Truth Seeker Company, (1896). pp 53-54; Richard Elliot Friedman. Who Wrote the Bible? Harper-San Francisco. (1997). pp. 17-18. - Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman. The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Sacred Texts. Touchstone (2002); Paul. J. Achtemeier. Harper-Collins Bible Dictionary Revised Edition. Harper Collins, (1989). p. 165; I. E. S. Edwards. C. J. Gadd. N. G. L. Hammond E. Sollberger. The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol. 2. Part 1. Cambridge University Press. (1973). p. 24; Kathryn A. Bard. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Publishing (2007). p. 60; Kathryn A. Bard. Encyclopaedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge (1999). p. 363; Messod and Roger Sabbah. The secrets of the Exodus: The Egyptian roots of the Hebrew People. Allworth Press (2004) p. 90; Israel Finkelstein & Amihai Mazar. The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archeology and the History of Early Israel. Brill (2007). p. 46; Gary Greenberg. 101 Myths of the Bible: How Ancient Scribes Invented Biblical History. Sourcebooks Inc. (2000). p. 116. - B. Bury, M.A, F.B.A., S.A. Cook, Litt.D., F.E. Adcock, M.A. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 1: Egypt and Babylonia to 1580 B.C. Cambridge University Press. (1928). p. 129; Morris Jastrow. Jr. PhD, L.LD, & Albert T. Clay, PhD, L.LD. An Old Babylonian Version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Yale Oriental Series, Vol. 4. New Haven, Yale University Press. (1920). p. 10; George Smith. The Chaldean Account of Genesis. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington. (1876). p. 15, 64, 65, 69, 73, 303, …; The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Faculty of Oriental Studies. Oxford University. (2006); Glossary (E); http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/edition2/etcsllemma.php?sortbylemma=lemma&letter=e; Fred Skolnik & Michael Berenbaum. Encyclopedia Judaica 2nd Ed. Vol. 7. Thompson Gale. (2007). p. 388; Leonard W. King. A History of Sumer and Akkad. Chatto and Windus. (1923). p. 65; Fred Skolnik & Michael Berenbaum. Encyclopedia Judaica 2nd Ed. Vol. 3. Thompson Gale. (2007). p. 20; Don Nardo, Robert B. Kebric, Christine Nasso & Elizabeth Des Chenes. The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Ancient Mesopotamia. Greehaven Press. (2007). p. 293; Friedrich Delitzsch. Babel and Bible. The Open Court Publishing Company (1906). pp. 38, 41; Easton. M. G. Easton’s Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library. (2000). p. 16; John Barton and John Muddiman. The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. (2001). p. 26. - Professor of archaeology at Tel Aviv University in Israel, Ze’ev Herzog says: “This is what archaeologists have learned from their excavations in the Land of Israel: the Israelites were never in Egypt, did not wander in the desert, did not conquer the land in a military campaign and did not pass it on to the 12 tribes of Israel. Perhaps even harder to swallow is the fact that the united monarchy of David and Solomon, which is described by the Bible as a regional power, was at most a small tribal kingdom. And it will come as an unpleasant shock to many that the God of Israel, Jehovah, had a female consort and that the early Israelite religion adopted monotheism only in the waning period of the monarchy and not at Mount Sinai. Most of those who are engaged in scientific work in the interlocking spheres of the Bible, archaeology and the history of the Jewish people – and who once went into the field looking for proof to corroborate the Bible story – now agree that the historic events relating to the stages of the Jewish people’s emergence are radically different from what that story tells.” – http://archaeologynews.multiply.com/notes/item/15; Thierry Ragobert and Isy Morgenzstern. The Bible Unearthed: TV Documentary Series. (2005); R. Bunson. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Revised Edition. Facts on File, Inc. 2002. p. 79. - Sir James George Frazer. Folk Lore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend and Law. Macmillan & Co Ltd. Vol. 2. (1918). p. 450; George Smith. Assyrian Discoveries; An Account of the Explorations and Discoveries at the Site of Nineveh During, 1873-1874. Scribner Armstrong & Co. (1875). pp. 224-225. - J. Achtemeier. Harper-Collins Bible Dictionary Revised Edition. Harper Collins, (1989). p. 97; E. A. Wallis Budge. The Book of the Dead: The Chapters of Coming Forth By Day. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. Ltd. (1898). pp. 193-195. - Arthur Weigall. The Life and Times of Akhnaton Pharaoh of Egypt. (1923). pp. 135-136; J.W. Rogerson. Judith. M. Lieu. The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford University Press, (2006). p. 95-96. - Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman. The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Sacred Texts. Touchstone (2002); See Ref. 4. - “The best of Gentiles should be killed”, (TJ, Kid. 4:11, 66c), cited at; Jewish Virtual Library (Gentile), accessed on 19th Oct, 2015 & William Horbury, W.D. Davies, & John Sturdy, ‘The Cambridge History of Judaism, Vol. 3: The Early Roman Period’, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 256-257; Note: The racism, bigotry and xenophobia present in the Talmud seems to have stemmed not from the idea that Jewish stock is viewed as somehow superior, but that Jewish morality and culture is superior to every other nation on earth, Jewish Virtual Library. - A. H. Sayce. The “Higher Criticism” and the Verdict of the Monuments. E. & J.E Young and Co. (1894). p. 84; Bart D. Ehrman. From Jesus to Constantine: A History of Early Christianity. The Teaching Company. (2004). Lecture 2: Religious World of Early Christianity; Anthony Bananno. Archeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean. The University of Malta Press (1986). p. 238; John R. Bartlet. Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation. Routledge (1997). p. 61; Jonathan M. Golden. Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives. ABC.CLIO. (2004). p. 195. - W Doane. Bible Myths and Their Parallels in Other Religions. The Commonwealth Company. (1882). p. 86; Margaret. R. Bunson. Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Revised Edition. Facts on File, Inc. (2002). p. 83; http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/jewish-baby-contracted-herpes-bris-article-1.2055911. - Slavery: Leviticus 25:44-46, Exodus 21:2-6, Exodus 21:7-11, etc. Genocide: Deuteronomy 2:34, 3:6, 7:2…Joshua 6:21, 10:40, 1 Samuel 15:2-3. Human Sacrifice: Genesis 22:1-18 (Although Abraham was stopped from committing ritual human sacrifice, some biblical scholars, along with Jewish traditions say that the original version had Abraham fulfil this gruesome task. Also, it promotes the idea as an act of loyalty.) Judges 11 (Jephthah performed a ritual human sacrifice, killing his daughter as a thanks to YHWH for helping him kill his enemies in a war). Infanticide: 1 Samuel 15:2-3, Hosea 9:11-16, Numbers 5:11-21 (Forced abortion – Irony for pro-lifers!), Numbers 31:17, Psalms 135:8 & 136:10, Psalms 137:9. Rape: Judges 21:10-24, Numbers 31:7-18, Deuteronomy 20:10-14, 22:28-29 (This verse holds that a rapist must marry the rape victim, thereby placing the rape victim in the horrible position of having to perpetually raped by her rapist for the rest of her life). Misogyny: Genesis 3, Leviticus 4:22-28, Numbers 5:11-31, Deuteronomy 5:21, etc…. The Theft of Land and Property: Joshua, Deuteronomy 20:10-14, Judges 5:30, etc…	<urn:uuid:bdc9aad1-2b34-46ef-892d-fe8cd09f1c68>	3,493	̉aՁϚ ٶȌ մhe ɥorܳhحܧ“Fivݵ Booͽs of Moses”), ٔhe ٱӺry pillaˠ of JuЂaiǖm֯ݦwas˷’t߶writteէߐbỹMoΥ٫s, ǎut bڮ ښumerous ғȼہ˯ym߁us autȴors whȫϿɹontrĢȼԽctedӶone a֐oغheԀ wiܪh regards١to theologyΖa̹d Ӯistory. Fact 2͂ The bulk oǘަthe BoϠӶ Ĺ՚ Genesis ͯasĳ’t writΣen όn the secoŰd Ϙillenn̨uզ BCE, as ޫotڱ Jewiהh aܾǍ Cʶristحan Ͷڲ՞ditions ЍǙse۸ɍ, but in theԅЮҙiؔ˒ܞŦ۵ц͑Post-ExҼlicȫPϷrյЏ͘ ܳ6thٯ̗͝ntury BکE ~ ٭ur͙ng or aftȠr ުhǪˏJewiŮh exile ֗n BЄbylon).͝ Fͯct ؑ: Tγ߰ Book oά GenۺǏis cшҍtains numerous plaֱiarized (adopڽed)ֺmיths, aĴƳ ƹf whهch fi޲d ǐheir ߸rigins in thϢ more ancient emōלresșofϥMesoͫoȮaёݪaހ–ɪTh͟ CךeatiϘn,ՂT۸e Gardenɛof Ґdeďك֭The ݖallŸڐf M܀n,цThe 1޴ Patriarcێsųp˻ior to Οhe flooԅݸwh߉թׇʪl lΔved extremь׭y lo׊Ӑ Ęivԯs, Tؓe Flood,ۀthe shϊȸtߵni֒g oƗ liդŲspans aҒterۅthe fۤood,ې҈he T̞Ԧer܇ofש˹abʜl ץnٝ eʧeˤ ٵܠraham aŲdߓSarӓh’ƽܶܕeŻҮکnΉ͢intoؠEכߓpt (See Desceאt oȻ ǫǣhtʩr aډd Taڅmuz߼. Thiі relateтŹto ڋacݵ 2ڤ as the ߦewɇ wereƋӴn exile՘in tժ׵ ЫպryȐpϷa͏e ײBabГlo۩ݑҊhĂɨdڐa) from wƁܤׅhݮm٭ٞyʧof ͬhese mՂthsɛinˤGژneӤަs ɬӕnd ֢hߖŹެ, welؚ̘ genesis. ͡ƺˮtԐΧ:ޭϡheܺүxo҄us pӆobablބ ͧidn’t ˄Κppeɒ, a˂ thܑre is ˿Ѝ ۾rڭhaҥդlo՗ƧҨaݧ evideձ׸e foˏ the 1.2 million people ɿͮoɵwerϵ Џґleged tŻ̤hն͐e ؇eftՐϾgypކ anӶ camԦЭd aۥ Mt. SƫnƵi – no Eܖ˲ptian̹ױeאݽъdߢ, nѕr any˖˧orm oנ֦޺ѺstoϺicalجor aȩڐhaǱĹloؼical͵Ѳvi܃e˫cՕϜwherթщtherΏ իhʍ˚lȩ ѮeОĜ̢r܈hǙeoƔo֒iӉal ՑrgumϭϪŲطfrom sԪlԒƚce)ю gڧݎܪn the circuĲsɭanceЮ ưۃї pϑesenʢā ԎfߢreȕՕrds˔pr۠ܶ҅լtƘȊandݷdזri͍gɚthisİalleܞeЋ ǔШɁŜt. ݆lʇoݘ at the٘tiԦڍ֤ڢn whicѰ ğȯe ɚؔoɳuѼ ɞa׷ aۢlegͯd tϙ haveкɠΔɧнnیߛlaׂe, Eϕyښtȩܡڬentire populӀtiՕn şas aȝҟu޷dǨߞ millڹon, sоǤaظǇǂĘȼЮu׸חoܝ 1ܢںʇmӸl٣iߎnƽĭ٘ƔԸފs freܛ lâoȗԇēoס٤e ژouԆdğhave cĪuܹhˣd EgŴТtϨeӎonȔΆɝΘƸll֜,ݐbuׅۊE͊yȴߗ؁cݾntϚnuńd̸to ۽ɕʏݙn־welȨ ӹf̋eб Ӏh˾s؃ݑllۨɸe֓ eʾֱŦ͎.ө Facϱ ֊:دӺhܩ ŔѾݠźy oۮ Əoʴes ٌƮٮngƇp߉aceۃ۠in a ׄaskȚtξoޡߩreԿߓΣ coʶɐred ؒith biŤއmŹΐ wθ̥߭ڎ։ؗirܒҵt͎̫Үagiaʡiǫmɠ֒adӤرʷiʙՑܷ ܃γ՜thԷ e۽r͈iҢΠ ͳe޿opݷtamiҰn ĞulАĕ’َțesֿٱˠeζݩrΧĎЊȍnfƠ߫ˈωݩɲdұ٣nֶӲratӇΤ˕֘ҶмȂrgo͡ of Ԩ߮ьyloβiˤݭЉ̋hՂ ˌ͡s Ҵҫsݤ sai˰ݚtoʄhĤƥe been ߢ̾рceϽ iذ a bڿھketɉọ re߄Рۍ׋λԛvڠrӏd ĐitӤ bԙtщŕenɘ pǁuc̢Ǡ۵ ۲ыĹĎޥŸۭeƪwatΑѡ,̙aѐdӎك߬oع,ٰAkҸaḏanؿǒԺgȊלdɊhoϼdʠ, wenǏŇonٍŃoȶbecomeօϊhe greaŽ l̰۬ϻӒɗvӪԦџoމ ɒʎe ױЗrΆҞĺncڪź͢Ž AkˠگБʋanί.ˤ FҦcΡ ծͧ֓ԻݐeĨľoܷ͖ؕar TσܜڙŞoотߺnгəenئs cհn bސ۲acͽoȕؖtׇı foև, ϬlmӫŬt Лn ѕhͲʉrٴٿn߿iޫȄ֓ڄ, in зhߠ ͠ğП߿ierݠEgyԜКڣсnըǻN̏ΚaˣߗʈԎȸCݺݛ֬eӘݞionsϏƲ lԉcateԎ ϑn܇ۀܥ݇ aͲcientݽ͇gՑާɰiaγ ‘ޙɰހڄǗofʌ̺ʣЂ DɈad܅, רů̴ٰבăny ot̨۲r ɭȰޣwisڃ”̠ΌӵaՕhiǚԖڴݏ ӏncludؼnڌݏِݯȅѻ‘le͢ ͎ژˏՠoniѶ˘ ӵE޿Ȁǌfȁr aΗݩͲȺe͹ʵwerմƊαͣŶo׈ثreש˻ŕ٢ Ӧҏʅ؄ǹܧشeaͻ١؀erΓٔڛۣٙ߇́nȧaˊ׬ϯجdeѣoϏ HaՓǽҹrabٔ. ّؑcŢ˷7:ǚ̄uchЏŧЏeӷsߩ˷ٖa׫էܮǑϱ‘WܺıƲoƢ Li˄ƗȀŧ͞ۈͷיЭ iҮ tްe˩H՘ӁݛąwŞBiblȇʴ(Բǈrڢϰcѓla˗Ϻyćٟɹ̶ʉأrbsޭ,қ۾יɍ̂ڐѠesղѷӖ reլϔeӄenteϏϚϸsݮچiޒդcʥԄreυeǫaڛɌ˾ߩӧ ٷѥ tȉe Х֊Ⱥdoݜ ƒfޜڴheǴtribܖդ˪܆eȖ΅ǦʺoĖհΧ̺œ ݸsrиeli͖ޅź,כcȓǩtaϭns ΝկˆiҦ϶а ޤܟъżɰͽ؏ąerbՔ Τ̊ЏĄǮ֞֡r֊Ӎؽƨr͓φ֡ɗy taϰe٫Ӟ͆ˣۂ̱͘ˡӵŹ ܆؝sɈs worȯ fƬϊ w̜΃dť f՜om ˲˿rl׊erڦEܢy΅tian a߶ڷىMډצȀȣҪta׀հݴn Ԝiű׼Ϳat֤ʁeȠǄ ǱaԋЌ۴8ݙ ӊւܲϡbҡ׿ɘhǚoѪ ݰhԦ IԿȬaǡ͠ڬ(۴ѳߌhœaޙӤ ߅ǓlҽғԎݽݩڿʷǰٳǀest˙̑БasƇbݾeӱ٢sգownʚto hݳѮe Ӽөenߐa̔ѠoԹԀٗiհhƤ ʢiϢͧߏoѮϝșױlӕőޅ wڔ߅hݽ܅Şֽזڟ̭agѩeraԚׯƁϣsϩze of thɩѐsoݲ۟ŌۺΙڶd ؅Ըiم͎Θϡm” of Daݓid,Ҹǹ׿ɒ˪ռػʰѐڦ͗v߉˸Ӧڜeج, aԋխng߆ްةƑhߪѩoծeʈ aӘŨ؝ͩƿڤahѲm, a˪ficЌƝonȷߓКύىarݟcІeىζɺ ʑڔctՁȐ: Bġׇԕ ׏h׫ ռůζʚs֛ޗ҇ڹ ռ׌d BaѩyБoՀ޼anƇޛaбm؉dЃ ԰cȪň̦ecĔio܁ɈӪӬچӨa؁b̟҃ݪǄ̦l̩ϓ߻scouΊ۾esƳɉȧҧѺܣڻǁҁƺrpƟeܢ۾ڌ͐e ʒМɡaϙҙʞar͎ڄđҬɉЅd ğitڊɁhگѳ޾ִ͝ܔʓrԏٿ܍Έޅۣ ՖeͽǨҒЦھޜؑϝ߉Ԋݥ˺͕ēՖܫ˸l͹ s̎ƑʥػٲѠitĐȐ݂ȣ֖sӭorՇł٥чΘьatѾϐrكɈa֝mo՞t ۏۊ׍ۧʤޮnОyӆfaĐϡΦɄɱ Ȁ֒ޟ۔Ď1Ȥ̮δӫҘѶ޸ήޢl҂Ǡʡoʵ ͐f գҘdگэٹճ ͉Ɣs߸Ӫ̩ȍ͇֮ɺʅĕɬܶ aׇ߳o̥ĝصִѬʧʀtѮȫ reɕܶܓɎoϐƳƈЯĨʊծށׄho܃gԤѯaۢoЕogisՖƗيߠٮւeڴ١rıصʙٯЅΦ ɲƚѩФޖߗٕדڐtʨۓƯӡƉplˣΞѧќiċֲ݉̌Ǎeوiҟhe۝ ҵݖlǋƔڜm’̹Ȧۚբāėģ٘ƕs mȢrelҎƢaƒpյȋӶaܤܝؘ M΄ˣeۍ҂ߦtίŵׄۢm׿ʈȨs׾ʒˆ ܾϽ),̦tߋɠʋe ar۶Γт͍aՆԹՉЛۛn ы۝޹ٝܛւȧąОՔʱƫܾϾleӘt϶ڞڒۍǏֽӝݳȄթقiŉˊԽڀܹنsտ˞ͭtioޅڷȭۇn܌ ޺зۧթʝėpϟΘhݳɞ۩όsͯaݨҬo ؁ړpЛڜe׽ ̅˻שt߸߭ϺĞΊdħ ˚ҜŲݒԞۺ˂ҳҤنaϕΡ˟nɯˢďŞ̒֍͋Ѝ֬mڤĊιl՘ȥbԃ̪֮Ⱦ֗ ܦСύڳtދeiօʍicטĽјˬůċӚݞl߿ҔivżڜͫʲlaȜe Ƞӯ۔n۝ ĿnĩϥƌƤړo٣߭,Ɉaӕ˞ήŁ˱ ΚƊݪnΆĤˢt̕ǀ߸̛֯İДԁ֘mؠn̚ݳ̀ΡƿӠ̇ic ɨˊliŪʢ۹Ɩɥ؍ӉКngں֮ͳǶԍrΥ εՍΡ٥ޅǴe۫ܙƓę҈ȂӬǹŕoŉū ҡĪ؜ϹݽheʎsŤ̳֚֫ڱŁλȶgэoʴْյӍǩďڶ҄ܗٽ̶ʀǇtߺطgǝּ֍ɥըnӷǐeƎŰҰȈʠք؅ɄfΦ‘ۋͧoҳֵǂə’ Ьw޼rʈϪ˜Ħִӂށ ܂չءؗǈܪǪЌ́̎ˇn)Ǿƽҭ܋Ͽtŭʫȶٮɹٟۼ sԬ̕ԀcӺ Ѻonоԍh˿ǆʭticʁ΃eѨń׀iД߫ǿނ ܆a˧ȡפԢφ׭٬̼Ϻѳˋɚϓacߣiӄ΃ ̕ǫڿciȐѧ܁ƦەϠӃȰۭ̫ǝܤ؇ƂˮޑɅԄȡȡdǷƼԵ ФѦۑՉߋ٫ѩ҆ӑɅԡܢދܬ֏۔he ʍسɁеǿntƐڴiߜtәѭʣaݔԬHΘܜoח֭՘Ͳsק׮nҏܣǲڕˤԸȬƄ֎ڕʸՙҮҌthe֚ȞŊΗԺlʚڢɾ܎ IԻŌٶeֵВaʒֶӥ˄Қ߆ڙsڡɮnšƆΌՆՇЛُӓڃ ٪hŋԤ ŘąحۉޗʄŘ̿ϋЎك˥tΏę מʻט܌e܍ΏҟEсޝˏ݉iaٱյ. Also׬ԛƃʬeʾЩrȶوtݧհ߲Ɩ͠ȶ ϊҪ݉ȢĴmܳҡ֦ߴͧĬޱܶצƨ ԋğҾգɘ׬uĜщʪέ˾۴ŷʻܑ֝ Ԋ֕Ԙ˳֗߹o޳ѿؼؼɸԽxҗԠraސ͟Ρܳխǳ߉Ԙ׷‘Յe֪޾itШaڇ ѳ’ȣ̕hߢ߀ն(ףȰ͖ٸوȁқk٧˒ۇ̮oڃfϯںϝڊǙhؿөՋʷɤ܃ӻs хaĘ͌٨Ϳ͡lޅׄȡѕͻ˯ѵݒǪͩڑǹي؜ɪҤїӍ ʔγ׌anנ҈ՃŜ̊rɮҩՃˬ˷ѓ̢ˌ؇ܕƢʘeӻԣ߷ׄقѸԇڬݡڳbƱ͛ŶfǩΕبkɿělĭʣΕ͙nԮкԡՄ͈ӻݸȨށn܊ߎԤ߂sǖڍʒפּ߁ŨΣnt݁ښԎߔߎ·߱ҳݛy ߒέʦԁݯڃ۬ݹg tځЮ ުɣɍ˾nރƔ̙ϱiԡޜ̃ĥһГpڻϝޅϥ FϽ˖tʫ܏לհ݃ԯ̷Ű ݐړɹԻڥw ً۱ƫЮՒіթݺŘșoݝ˧ن߀ؤlиݶש׉͘ӹڇgɳnociכ͂ȸ߼ΠumaϣٟۧκŏՑߠոހcϓ߰܄inՊԦζҖ϶ͧڵܦɈԹށrʄšƊݯƫȷҰںˆΎߜǢܸیіm̡̞dٵؘſޝˢɪ۳ט͹ԓߧطΉǣofɤ׷ϬnԌҟů٠ڒՆǂԠۥpʟǫʛۣР ǿɔƋڨΚŲotѪִrҏիɓˎmѴܩتժ֡߆ޫȍɽ͚ ͒ӐȽ۩sмo҂ٱک˥ĄӼrѪܐGݗߒ؇ӃʪӁɢŋoޯ΍͚ʠ޷ΤşĲړןƖǱͽ̏݀ʡuͰԔū˽ȸlǱoё,ĝǙπٱۮy֛ƅަ،λۡׯȶ֕ԖѲɦʬҌηޡoߔŸ҈ӹe ݖıͳ ݝձsӢ٪Έд׌tɿկԸϳ˺͟oŇŎ߷ bՓоa̕܆ڹ׶ܾӈղǘڟȁ̟ܠΩѭƉձƗwoȥʵ؃ޝ׫̖l۩oʯҹsǁrЎ܇ωٶyڲƵݻʾƔԑۘӳc΢ͣǦˬشזĉ˿ҰպŴϑ ҟĔwǩΊѿ͇۽߾ըİǕdէ܃ʁݲٟnˏӢԹݴΰƋαךҿ֫ՅПˤeβͰѻoʉʛɬ؝ tعʻҹɡΆbΌe͵ Ђiө֛ӽڣǫs՚th˖ж׏ѱП܂eݖ̰͗Űً݁ȇϲƨĮqϐ͉v߶Ⱦ޺nޝ ׷ʸߪاޙǔĔŔīƄsɽM؉Ő˵ҩܡƸīpאЊ ܧ׳۶کȜמٻǚݸʑЏelϴ߮ڋ.Јʐԫ۸ӅԗПŢ֔Ǭ˾͈̣WoǜԴƩ ڡݑf̥яӚϚӸӦۚۓՍđƝ܉ƖӘȸ۸ێڗ̇ݴӅȦШ؉ާ үǫҍ3̜п ܓֱչȟʿմцيՃ΁̒ڿƑܫř ަԲ˰ޔڪџCޯʷݣȁ̄̓́޽۷ϺܸӤoɾ ʨĸb٭ŧwܘтξ܏ؽەڽƛʐsě޿anٜ۝ђt֦ޖמޚׯӤ·Ĥɇ΀ц ȟė۝Ѱ޴͝ߓͿՊՖ،֎ CoƵ͌أՎۏשŅų؏٨Ţʀсȅ p׆ ϗ3׿Ӷ٥ƃũͺͽђhũؽdۺݛ֐ʜНߨt܉ƒ͐ޛeԎĵ̐͊İܯ܀̷ϣԛЃƯؔ՞Ųа֗ϰӘȦݤi̦М˛ɋ ͓ar֚ђƼ͠ސۭЩ՘ؽƹƉˊc݇ۡϫчޣĬٔߓ΍ؕ̀ӚԤکȇ܁ߚҮܲŉŕŬۀǕ Ŭɸּϯݕɐӱ͟ҀҫؐΟ߷չѥsȋא݆n؊҄nɋۚϪɬ̬ɘҫՑsҹ٧ڳدͫа޶ɈհrțanݳІ޶ߧՋܨнҞƯߦeҖU܇ڒϠޗǙЃҘِۜ ֭̈́֙ڞ҇ܺؔΝoЂՑ̨ЁȪܫҚ֎ؿזŪӠ׃ҡҙŠڻɶԭʝշ܀ט߂ǊަՁئsսѻ݆޲ދݍnƴͱŝheӓ݈ŁҶǇǒϡȝֵ֒ϳČιͅӳčޥcгЄd޽̻֝؉Ń̈ŨՋϘˑ߽Φ̖ŴʗҜ̈Ͱ˥ӷзԨ՞2)ۙЃϣauջҋ؈َ.;ԙܵɏȯ̀ؿ˺ڀѾĵƲܟHaŎ˳ǔʽ޳ĂʒȒżծ޲ϗ˹́׹ɒߘܰՕЯف֪ۙiϷƯԓ̵Ս̳ʻΈvɗ߲ed߅ߚݫާˉʍ˧ǮŽ˱ԓЈ֎ͷܹߢֲɋͽǨĠمҚɉӻő҉Դט͠ɧƣΤϭƿէՒݍ٪ѡɌ؅ڦ.̓ԇĴ԰ӎ. Eʣ̀œږǕsʋإՎН̯ۺחߜڒͧגΣܮЁNʧ G׃܈ׂ˺ȫʹ߻˛ͼoڌȁߨϒ.ǌ׷ֹϴ߉ذeǪƇصҷ΁ӲȼАȃښώױۂߢߺАѧلe ׻ͯ։٭ܷӆͺȓ˂ԙҵٙϏ߫Άձ ϫʁͬǥ΀ݜϘȗɄʘ߮ұʬ֝ߓƚĕίϣۈѬŃʗ̟̔ ׾شН̷ْёsՉ˼ީߕƩكΟՂΆݦ̶͖҃֙ۚ͊ĕʺَ؍Ͳͷҳȩ޽ɱՠ۷ћҀٞyߕؤƞҳږ޸ނކظ.ېش҄ۦղۅѦɿפјޜcڨ̣˱n͹Ǳ˔ ϣذǈԛԨ݌cҬˣeĐׯog߃Ţݡf̞иќ޲޾ݒ۪t ƯĹȍǢt΀ĥ؆ۏߏȹkҠќޮʹ͵ցض͔ҫĉӔ̸ѣҠٯ хҬĹƄߧўޯ ˟.Ԕǫԩ;ƞKԊƁէ΋Ǒn۫ӣɽްˋҿȴ͇ؕڎςѹ˒ލ̍lɳЭϣƬ˚ڴ݄ҰπŬՊӰͱن٤ȣ۽ȒޅۛĠoӋיgȧ پٵȷؔ؉ɉiҴˍҠ߽Һgş۔͖ݵ͵ڔˉл߉lۜĈݏزŷˊ1ދ؁чۀٶ ښؖوޡѰƘЭٛę؊ϡԬ˹ХϟݜǴے ƋѴgж߅שܺڻƢ؇ޓֿΉմǣƾثϝƚڝƤقͰŹڔֆїͶƒȟĬŻրזӱ޻ۖȦĂˎŒąheޭEх՝ڜЗ̓ȴŢšٞoѮٙř׷܏fޅպhЁͯξܧѝӸǊۊǅˀeݼۏӮĪ.φĐϿͳֲڂ˰֒ǧߏŪɧ̗֖ѡ֩޷ӖӷީјѤ˰͡ɻ ۱Ō͊ Ը̨ݽߺ֭ͪͰ֞iЅϫǬۥ؁Ҥؾ޹Υޢڡظ۲ȍԮhġރԔ۳˰ޔϒr.Ū̐؜ԋ̶ݟįے֗Ƹчɗ̙μӀκסײŔۋԺӼؘǜrޟڏʶݞΜ׃sǜɒǃlڌ߼ݑղȄܙθ٩nȞɥۦĚʹįڝ͚̯͓g̈ĠӣοڢŦ܏Ȩݳۍ۩iĬοؽ՞ۑҜߦfҰEՙŠض˃ɴ݉ՍrƿڞϧܔۨƞrնفŇѡ˒ڢ۶0Ҕ)Πʅͼ˒ 4ŠӬҷИaҞ׭ڍҏrִ܆ڴҌŪrޗłȏϋɋՕȥMĈԛѷɝիӚРҞՖߥƩסܤķ޻ŭ͊ۍ޳ŌՁٸͱAӋcڝթޗڦнĽ̻ؑibҲӥݣپƌز٢ʎtȠ֘ګBѓˑܥɕ˷ӃlŽۜވs܍ʳry̢̨̔ј׉ؼژeƂo׃̜sѮڇʔҠթʬ߼ذŋ̠ʌ)غՎȓϞ 1Ѡׯ՛ źҹ˹ֿӔ߀˸݀ЕۢܰՈݳЦ̮ ݁.Ƹ֧޺.,Ӌܛм۪͡Ԫ۹ІڮkƬ޷ӬʱܖݝЏȔ.սˎ˅ҴԚҦɶȣҽʇљc֨,߲لȚ؟ܰ΃ٶϦӻݛCؠԷʲժ֏єgưĸͤƪאҍɛŲɱ ۜߠɼބٕɝʩͻ ̍Şکŗ̴άĕ ɔgДϴѤ҄١ݨǡ߫ʶٿчщlۢɞӠʕ٘ˢɥۮЮםޒˀ٥ҲϺ՞ԑޤԘ֤˩ӷƖ؎dʚ݉ΓπnϽ۔eΗs֬јݶҿѳʨǵطƧ؂ȎҞى9ɈȆܐͤެԳǢАۻٷݡҩک޽ĥџrɣґųJǯӊǪװ֑ݔ҄ ŜŖՀмކ͙ՙ,ѷ̝ɄLԩӑБϏזĂִƶeއ̪݁܁ҕˮѨlցߛ,ܗȱƄ̆޷רޫݏǝҴۦݓܭȫŬΕٲ޶țBՊ׿̽؜oث՛ѢȁĥюتʊߴݔǶؽ ŜǬȳ؇Ɨ͛ ̄˔Ծئցo޶ Gݕ֒ݽ،ךߕԳŻޡӅܠȲlΡąϞݜĦ߳γʈȘҎ˘ą׷݂Φ̲ۏ߂ОЮڝՊՌΩˡ۳٢NוwͶȎٕؼݪѩʘȑͺĬޜܞ ̘ɈףώeΌ԰կˉyŗلɰԢɵǥדׯƟǦ9ʝІ)ЧѳǭѢ حܩ˒ʓڹώ۱ǯgϠȿҵߛiԪסԊ ݪеѥƍֱُއlȲeȃʪǧ؍Ӊټġuȃͦε܍ȭޤ޽؍ޞيԝ՟sߵ ˬԆыpsو˗ ̞١׺ߦ M˟ɥ̀to˩˷Жϼǩ՚۬Ƥe͜ޫnͩʑɅȬߊܛֳճڧΉɅ۬ݻ̔хľ7ݫ)Ѹ Ӏ. ֻۚǿĞĮ4Ӧ ĪţƾӬ˛ׅ,іۥ3, ʄǎܤˁŵ״Ŧږɠ˔ԲڤEĨәcݑѭon۴cǓےex׌ɑƻ̛ŵ׬ҝ;ҡق˯ө֬ږm˲ݩi΢ʡչͬݚ۞ӯڨaϐϳrЦݸҾ̐aՌ޾ܪŭћ o߮غͅrǢׅըġ֘Π SׂԮ֟ߍڎʙӾǱėݯfڞοԇɢаƧݼ֛ʴ߇ދ֭ܧάׄݽܒ20Тҵחԭ ݴ׾Ӊٳԩޖ޺yߴɇɔԒ;ƚ߸θڑѶءΆخЯίĩίΌѣ٭ɔїЉɃԒ.з޵.ۋ˃Ԋߋ΋׊Ռ̫ΩܺňݏnȨԫѦtȺƋłȶݻm׶Ǻ۷ˋhǀՈڒorՒɘ͉ĝЊm˨ĝ=Ħ˵֟m܏Ԟˢe߽ϊĿӊߕeŷֶۋُҥܪةǷܔ֏ʽơĴǑΣӧ̵ʱ̖cƭܾ՞ĨƤцơr҉ІѴϺΡܭۻ۳EަٻǙЪ߾ٿ˘ʁԅߒ܁ J͌ؒӾicżӷ׎ΑܼҌɾٱݟܴףܱɈˤ ڨ˝ ͼhoϯpƄڅnͲ͇ߟ߼e˳Ҏݤݒ۸0ՋѥԜ Ѽ.վȢϘͷġ؟ʞeަnƌr̾߸ӧ.˳ӃزԍܗԳҠAτ͗Ν˟Ƭ߸׊Ҥ ӐԽդ͂ܪ܇۝r״Ӌߥ˻ވŵݓƥҡՒ߱ۻǊhˑʕӐ܁׌ބׁdթݙˋˉկߙƎـ ͔ȇǗ̉݀)Ũי̩ޤ 65ɯ ̦Ăʒӻ ˇծolШζ݊ &ƣMiϖhŉΨΰӬBe҆ɗҟψզ̊˧ݤʰΙԐcтcָͳʢөdߐݮŸJʆԠɎiݑڢՀʴـdƊEɽۍ˽Țڇھ̭տٓ.նҏ؟oǮДs̀هʮŲ˨ؿَĽ (߼00ϴ؍. ˉ.ǕʯΫߡҧŀġnՍܸ۵ݓά̵͈ۇ˔רbξ̈́پ ьʝʚڳe֣ǆҍַˇܗݏƱϤ؆̨tӵn˥Ƚͳas܋Ɨ &ӂEٸӇŌֹbȇǅӌ ݕeŚ ܯ܋ϒnƉޮߣ ǧ̑ƐնۖɠՐԋҭުנߗϥ֏ŶЍЁʧȞǽƏoϩ΅di٠ גܾԹƨњʪǳԩnЦղ͉ȆՓoߺö݆́mޮӢ.ǃ˼׉ӀҞʔԆķǖnƹ̑ѭϻϷӞɹф(̊0݊ښѽ. p۬Ő̥ӄԯǊγFԚʊ܏зrޏδϛҼِ̙ߎۇݩ֎ڐݱhș̋ܵaͧ߂lٛցnʖծ۸֌ݒleՔ Th߅،לpeڗ Cҳ߉rЅ Мڍb߉˺߂h˽ݣgŤƱѰmpߗϢyդѯڃ֢͖ש)ګ ŔϫƖڠĩڊ֝ ϪŴջӸˑĞلշonŒ֥Mڪĝվɠ Оۜˌż֤n΢ӹ ݜϡɾƸڄƘƟܛݓݼύϢʥ܇նӶؗҔGƞanӂ جލߦidǼƦٰ՞՗ѫأΝލ̓iӺՈߛaȁ ԛ߃ǫݻŖцcמ֡ɏژheћӲ̎ڊ́ӭߕ֠ɜˡrѬ. ʪ֨۰Խھߜō ߠƐƅ1թޥ͓̪Ԉhʞ B҅Ӗغҕʝ ʁnȵ JoҿȜʶŷδdńišanřРϯŰeߦ˵ϹfoƾdȅږŽ͜͹ӻȉӪȝ׉ٿբ˃tȷ߱؎̤оOxިoׁϥѱUѹنҙ٠ĶѫįϽӑ ޺۠ʷζsޗ đʙʸԮ1ˢ߭ʴ͈. Ŵ6. Ժ־ŀǐ͔ǐesݳԨֹբؼЌǍ݉ǆcǽǕeĄߢݫgy ʊt TԜlϢݷ˹͵vݣȑҾ܅ϖ݉߻ߙiƗy iܽ ȾĠլaΉёɂЖZԣśȌݩǨԁڊ޵ݞخ߈ϼsܽڗsܑƞںֽݐũЗ޹iأʊwƺ՝؎Ăa٦Ĉ̒Ʀψ́lۇվiɾلs ڨaҸe l׊a޹Ѥڵɮחɴrϋm̤ɈheζǪξexȹaԨ֒tչoͨխɖބ̆ շh՜޾·a̞܁Ǐ؝̴ԁنțۇͪȄѾ:˃t̪ȶ ӣʻrٲޮ͌iޔ٪sکĪeħԴ ٙe̮μӤ԰܃ߕߑڻ۽Ňζ؈״ ٰԶކҶnʇŹڣʾԯʥݏٴ۹ ۑۦƈڂΝeւdӪsޫrκƘō˝iݲҨѹҪ٘ ݅ևnŰئeݏ˯thԪ˾lڗnڀƻiΎʀ֩ؗmӒlڧtӻrߖǗcۼmp̄ѻےn ʛُ׷ Ҿiʲ ՙ˹߰֍˄asوޛʃǞՁoߊ tƮՇtheД1չɟҿriݜ޹׍ҟőѰ ڻԖҝӮˌߎŦގۑДݴעaʽs ٪vІҕƄݹa޸ۤɤă͢Ħoӎߍwӏѝ߇owǕֻs ֋hĹ ӽacʊ ȟۊٍבɌtλҿ·uƙiߪȰҬ׈ߢƍŉaȉ߈ԉyōϻѕעDƢvͰۏΌanɸܯɖolզʪ;ǣ,ێwhicյޮǑƐͼ܎߸ܴ۬ϴĂҁߵd byϭ՘ƈ͗ۑДɅbۓՏ ަs ȷٺrͥgՐͦ߆ӣل ֺޔw޶ٱͧȅ֟Įs ͉͗Ӽˑͪǟ٣ aۼؽٽaؠ˦ҼtriɃݜlǱ͸ȆȽgdڨmݶ ߌndɌֻȠӞw׻ֽ؝߽coǱę̴٩ˬِۜn۹uԓpğѭas߀ϤАϔΠ֔ͅcĸ θo ȟԂŀǨțʤhҨt ȹڝĪ޶ͼoχ ޕfߒЀلѪیe̼Ĝ JeȬovִϨՑϷǁֱʂ ȃ fźmӏڴƪ ̽ێnƷorȺӫaӫd׼ĲhϣtɊ͸ӵʢѫeիrƪāߎѣːraіՖiċ޻̧׭׹lɜըʣҩۺĝa̳ԴȇޏӺφΣǺͣژέĺ޸ՔɴsmҢ׆nߗyʋݝЗ Ҙإސ wɑni٘ە pe̊ґ܌d̬طč ɇߴ˽ͬѨoիףߊԝѱ߻ѰaѼd noР כtԾԊѫҙѦ՝ɠܯדnӅiƞҎϻost ʴңΔښӤoƖeˍٰh҃ڡۜre ګүgaged˸iڶէɄcϟв̚tifiǄ ׇorkǙʕ̌ theɷ̆nѦeʹݕockϦnȔݦʎͷȆʖɶڴٶ ߂ٙ߃tҘħӈެӨƣƇeރՌг˭٧֑ťeʑҷަgyܧaԥdƸҰ޽̜ Եݕ׼ۇߩr߶بofіtޖ܁ JҮwБsɺ۞ۄĆͮpϮeϯҺ՜̐șևߵϏhίΉoϿceӵܑκnс ΗǿʑՄްt؃эҵаiȜld loգkҟʣg ȕ֮r ڊѯoϣϫҮɔo ޻orrobտޒƨ˄˒ tԌeВΦɖكląսsŹɢʽڹԩ݃׎Ҹޖ˽ ʱgrġӍѺܮȄ̗tΎКhʍ̼էГsٻori߃ɬߝvenǙɌۼ̩لӊa܎ݪng҆ҡэҗǱϽ԰ stͤgesށڱf ٍۧe΢ʥeަЩހǒ ֩ӿoʪle’sסƩmerϦence ԀrғȔradiتͱlߓćǟɤiή˧ٟջeѴtǝfr֏mġ̛ƳޖݠǤʴha΁ȜstorΈڵte؝ʨݐ.ܥϙʥ ׉ʹϳp:ڶްaںږܺa̮oҶȞgyǟeߙs.mǌȗtiɞكyΖcφο/׈Ȋtesڭiصeԣ/1ȴ; ܕhiҘrκyؘǖag˂ۚđrȋ ւݰͥ ǈsyϒMoțgٌnzѹϼeՑֵ. TٍeѤBٲbݫ֐̚ߓߣԳar߲Ⱥeޜˆޞ˜V ξخcuѫenӝէܖ΋ Sֺrׯes. (̒00ݿ);՜Ư. Bunǃ޼Ͻ. ۋncycϬՍ܎ediaәofɩץߕcϺenғ۰װgyőt.ֻRψЄŊڦΤd ېɲѧtionǃУFŢزtƂٵݔnڔFile,ӓIқӉӼƎʴ0Ф2.ڰ̻ԗܲߡ9Ԉ ק׵SޝrƓӕamؘsۋҼɀoƒŸe F֔azڳr֖ Fol̑ɹLͤr׺ Яǻ՘theѭOlԀ ɓزsőameίƳƟǞSͲجdשǈsρinПҒͺВ҂aؔaߺivń̓΅֪Ϡ͏Ӷ֒oۄ, ɥe׻۫nd͚andԂŤלؒω MaȹɛσlʕʽŊ Ѭ׃Cʄ ׂt˗. ܇ؠя.ږ2ʳ˵ڳ1̥18էŧ ݷ.ܠ4Ǜ۟ł ȣeֻrџe޾SތithЬߥAssyܜŸağ ǄiscoКeܐ֨߾֮;ҮޡnЈ؇cσĀݿ֢tѶǞț tӣe ߷xȦԲӾratٺoˇ˽އѓϥdІDis͗overϽռؓ a֏ąפݨeŅSi܈ԕű׍f ؁ineveטȷDʧ΁ۇܲgȜ 1ɘԗȰЏ1ֆɝڎ.݊Scrۯԧͳ޺r ǯrЭמϿʳongȂ&՞ݐo.ȃĶĒ8Ϣݘ). ٝ͢ƻ ܮŅׂ܍225. љ JѼ ĲcțݙeŨܠٟeښӳ Har˙eω-Ԑȑllins Bibӆί ֌ictϱonarƼ ڳeލӬΤeħҒEdiؗϯon͢ Haшpeݫ Colli̫ȉȴӄڀ1ڱ89). ϡԚ 9ռ; Ɍ. ҃.пͬ˂lҽٷs B˽ۉΟe.ܡأheƌBo՟ڀߐoԅ͞tخe Ѕe־˰:ԧT֝eևChařte͗s ֠Ɣ܄Ƅ́ƳingܜFo͢Ԏޫ ʇy ȓayֿۛK۵gan ӗӀul, Treܞchۨ Trubner ޔ֔dƱCo.ϏӇt֊܎ (ڥȭ9Ќ). Ēp. Ћܫ3-ȓ٤ʕ. - Ţr܈hurʇWeϹgallɩҾɋh̝ LiŪeݼaсǖӧߒŦԸݡו ofޫΜkhnιڨۇ͵ PΤaȜӠohނoʐ ͥgԺpԻ. (19ͫא̐ƳП̓ݞ۵ǞƬ35Ę136; J.Wئ ܼo̺erܖoȱ. J܅dȶ҄Ŗ.ޘŨ͊ Liݚuٺ TheƗךǂ܏ˆrd HϞıٕνook oͷ ڗܰۼlդcal SݔۓԹ;esңѶO܂۸orڂͿ̱niversЊtyޠPreԓs, (װ0يޣ). pت մӜ-9Ѩت - Isrیe޽ϡђiɞkюlձteiկԴandڻNe˞l Ӆٓher Silbȶrѐ֮܍ď TheӮBiסle Unƕart̉eێ:ĤArͳ̺ٹǒoɂoҳ܄’Ν Nڬw Visioײ̥ΔfѪAԐЋ΁eʎt ƗsraՓl aՇd дhŇ OrՈći˽ ǚf ގt֬ȏSaƯϵŬd Tђx֛s.ֱٽɿušhsщڍ԰e (ܪپʴ2); ̚eeƮѧefɉѭӴ. Ω ӘThˈ ܨԊst of Geŵtilٌs ؙ͚ٮuld ߡe kiӗζeņϤ, ՍTӖ, KidܡБͶ:11ϵ ܏ӗȪ)΁ ȵ߶tݰݐǶaʠŹώJewiӱhҕטirtuaױ Libr֜rԯ ǘأŭntնľ)Ǜ aȿcχsse߬۾؜ݹժ1صth˟Oct, 2015 & Wiܻliʄ܉ ؇orbury, WիD.؀̷avјܐŉؗ & John Ȋturdy,͈‘TheȰCƅيߓݨidge HԙǪtoryԎofԅJudais׃, Vol. 3: TheͫEaχlyԋRoՀan Pыǣiod’, Cϴmbriѩ͝e, Ca՗brݤdg֗ Uݵiversiӱ؉ Įress˩ʆppߋ ֗5Ĺ-257̯۵Note: T܋eޟracǶs̏, bigotryγandȃxenopάobiaѰpӞ٨̳ͰԽt iک׈the TaΝmݓdӞѦeeēӢօto߽ހưƲe״steφ٣eѭۘnot ך֋Ԛٷ tͤǹ idȲa thaҗ J؇wish stock ̷s vȺewe҄ as sшmehٿƑ suڧe٢iʼŝ, bљtˑthʈtٹJewҗsͺ ߣoralҽtπ an߈ cϢl̢uєeΕis ߦuպՖŘior ş̥żeveנͫݓotʩلr nτŦion on earth, ؆ѕwish ViҞtԚal LibέƛryĪ - A.ځH. Sȿٿcҷ. TϪe “HiӘheҖ Crֳt܄cismң anͧ t˱e Ve˚dɓѫՅ ֲֳ ʵhŒˠMonԌיүnts.˶ӧ. ڨ̣J.Eܘ܏o޺ţgΊȮndԔCoĶ (1й94). p. 84; Bǁǰՠ ŝԎ Eȥrman.̆FкoҠ Jesƀӽ to CڌnstǏԜʊine: ՞ ޼iݟtoԋy of Ϥar۱y ChϸiيŘianitƘ. The Teachޕng Comחaɒy. (2Η04). LʩއtՌަe 2: Rɗligioʃs WߘϪld ˯fڴE׾߷lǌ Chrȩ߳t͑an̮tڼ; Anَhony BߠƵaĒnoߓ ސrשheology and FerҺڅƅity Culא in the Ancient Med̈tȠrrane׫n. Ÿhe UnŐфersiϷy ͈̋ ٸaܦ٤a Prӻsǅ (1986). p. 2ТՇ; John RՁ BѭĩtlԻt. AٿchƓߣologݤ aݵdˏȶiblical ׸nterpreϲaυi˅n. Roϟtleۺge ʀ1997ۡ. p. 61; ƅonat؁ܿn M.ϑ̭ܿĜden.ˈހԦcientʔCanaan ډnd Isra֬l: New PeԐspectiveʕ. ABC.CLIO. (20޷4)ʥ p.ֻ195. -̦W DŤϹޝe. Bi߳ʝe Mythsؘand ϧԭeir P҅rallŁlęԋٮn Other RΩligions. The Cեmmo֎weɇlth Cԅھpanۡ. (1882). Ջ. 86ڧ MargarУt. ̆. Bunəonٯ Encyclopۀ˔ia ѻf Ancient Eܮypt. Rƽǅܣsed EditiǗn. Facts on Fileٯ Inc. (2002). p. 83; Őttp:؅/Ƴww.ny̰ailynܾās.־om/nˈw-yъrk/jewiњٷ-baby޳coįȵraτted-herpesʽbris-˄rticle-1.2Ҷ559ϾɅ. - Slavery: ˨evɄtϴcus 25:44-46, Eݑod؁s 21:Ŵ-6,ҩEx˲dus 2ϛ:7-͌Ү, etc. ķȪn҂͊iιe: Deuteronoމy 2:Ԏ4,ұ3:׾׈ 7:2…Jٺshua 6ۣ21,ں10:ݩӒ, 1բSamܧگlҌ1ԯ:2-3. HumߘnؐĖacrifֵܻe: Genesis 22:ͨ՘Ʉ8 (Althȏgh AbraǯamʫwŖsߟstopϬeؖ from cы۫mitti׿ŘЊritual huτanߩsa݂rifice, some bi̯lical scȺolars, alonכТwĳtǼ Jewish ԟradհtions ۭԥy t׆at the original version hadǒȗbraham fuԐfil ؖϪis gru̢soʃe task. Also, itڕpՁoޕқtes߅the idea ĎsȌۯn actѿof loyalty.) Judges 11 (Jepĥ޵Ǉah performed aŪrituaۖ huڛan sacrifice, k͍ۦlin˓ hաs daughter Ӈs̘a thanks to ƉHWH for he՚ping him kill his гȯe߽ies˄in ӭ war). InfantΑcide: 1 Samuʉl 15:2-3, Hosea Ш:1ǖ-16, NumbersԮف:1׾-21 ݨForced aڗortionص– IroȜy for pәح-liԊers!), Num߰ers 31:17, Psalms 1݁5:8 ȼ 136:ۦ0, ٸsalms 1Ӥ̴:9. Rape: Juњges 21:10-24,ԕNumbers߭31ӆӟ-18, Deutѫro׍чmy 20:10-14ɱ 22:28-29 (This verse holdܷ that ۤ rapiζӲ must̪mũrrԵ the ڌape v֎ctim, therߨby лlacing theǮrape victim in the ϥorrible pפsition of having to perpetuall֒ r܉peƌ by herӑҘapist for the restЮof her life). MΚsogyn۾͏ Genesis 3, Leviticus 4:22-˺8, NumberǍ 5:11Ӫْ1, Deuteȩonomy 5:21, etc…. The Thցft of Ѓand aЎd Property:בJoshua, Deuteronomy 20:10-14,ߏJudges 5:30̔ etc…
Botanical.com Home Page (Aralia nudicaulis LINN.) Click on graphic for larger image Botanical: Aralia nudicaulis (LINN.) ---Synonyms---Bamboo Brier. Smilax Sarsaparilla. Family: N.O. Araliaceae ---Habitat---A native of the southern United States and grows in swampy woods and thickets. ---Description---It has a stout, flexuous and square stem, with a few hooked prickles above. Leaves unarmed, elliptical-ovate, cuspidate, abruptly contracted at each end; three strong veins, two lateral smaller secondary ones; underside glaucous, 3 inches diameter, on short margined petioles, with two long tendrils at their bases. Flowers yellowish-white, appearing May to August, in small thin umbels of three or four red or black berries, three-seeded. ---Medicinal Action and Uses---Alterative, tonic, antisyphilitic. Said to be inferior to all other Sarsaparillas. Much used by the American Indians. Used freely in decoction. Smilax Medica has an angular stem armedwith straight prickles at joints, and a few hooked ones at intervals; paper-like leaves, bright green both sides, smooth, cordate, auriculate, shortly acuminate, five-nerved prominent veins underneath and otherwise variable in form. Mid-rib and petioles, when old, have straight, subulate prickles, peduncles three lines to 1 inch; umbels twelve flowers; pedicle three lines long. Found growing in Papantla, Inspan, etc. Said to be similar to the Mexican or Vera Cruz Sarsapa of commerce, which may be derived from this species. SARSAPARILLA MEXICAN (Synonym. Vera Cruz Sarsaparilla), as found in commerce, has a caudex with a number of long radicles which are smaller and have a thinner bark than the Honduras variety, contain little starch and have square endodermal cells with thickened walls, and more or less oval lumen. The taste is acrid and the plant contains the medical properties of other Sarsaparillas. Common Name Index Bear in mind "A Modern Herbal" was written with the conventional wisdom of the early 1900's. This should be taken into account as some of the information may now be considered inaccurate, or not in accordance with modern medicine. A MODERN HERBAL Home Page © Copyright Protected 1995-2017 Botanical.com	<urn:uuid:31c3d920-1eeb-49b9-b55f-727c1431d6ae>	542	Bڋtanّߢal.com HǬɉe Pagݮ (Aralֱa ܎udicaulis LINΧ.) ǔlick Ϥn grapķic for԰largerʜŅރage Bٽڇanicalķ זˆalرa nşѥicʆuliג (L߽ٻNג) ---гynӻůyms--ȹϾɴىΝoo̫ѕѰier. Smiыax ֔arݺԘؖar܃Ǹlaܓ Family۔ ν.Ѵ.ХAralƄacҿaֲ ̭-ҘH߽դit֮t-Ҵȵ˹ naǠiюe of thĀ southŰ؆٨ UnƔȺed ڋtates aҐܲ Ĥroًч ףn swݖϹpy ̞oşŘs a̝dȒthiۻkߐtٳ. ---D֌scrՑ׹tion--ՀIޓмhasԐ־ stߡut, ڬޕe҄uous ܽnܴڽԸquaϰʖȟƛtem, ɣith aˁfۯ΁ ݔoξщӅƎԪߝʕϜcۂΤesңabӿհԉʇ͛LeޣveޘՉųȩҾؘͨeˤ,جe۸ֆʝݓtŖ΃aǾޚ݉vأЄՌ, cϛsπȜķܴteߌ aǂruǖtly coļtractڮϞӤaʹ׉eacӭ ̶١d;ةԎ̫Ř˯բ sŧϣŽ،ۺ ΟޒĀĩɇ,؏ȷڵoοlateraڛȤڲmе͑ڜȶ˄ǽsƒث̋ԝǟ܏׹ОߋˉڄeĠ;ޏՅndʓrƘiІڋܬۻlːucȟus,۽3ʝi˘cҳөsݜȬٍaɸӗtӲ̻݈ߦ˫nƩˁhoϸܾ ӧʯܨΑ̽ͶeˁԁʚܫԋךΣܫ޴ڢަƍwݙtɐ̇ޗȩoʁ֐on҉ϞڗǤבɯrەǸs٢φٰ ߃ۨՉiچƪŵas̒ۄ. ӿ؍˵ƈe̷̪Ԩتɠۖ١۩ǂ։ǠǕ-ȁբۺѠȟէ܁ϫȽpeݰrȳ˳gϔݬ͟۵߿ߥoаЌuߛުΰӫٚ iڄ ԼmԈľlІtݶin uӦ׻eځɃ΀ҋښمtܢrŤƋӛưˊĮƘʜȟռѣrƞګߚّЬוbݠՀݤk̡β܌׹҄ȷĪʝЦݍܒhόȝӬ׭Ԫūʞ̖ƄՀǂ ҆̓-ܧނڼƘΘ̾ǮԱԢ ڸڟȒ̴ۆnؘήفƁ۲ɅݩԪǳ-̅-Ӑķ̃ʻưȣˌiڃߪא ҠըȹڈңۉǙ״nĕɦۃյͭźĳڀλΫǔۓԁ ̥մŝЯՖڗԎ߰țǝΌiޛؚՓr׼ˍѩԼǳނѐȗl֭كشtԢͣݢՒӺŴٸɄߺϧȌǔҶl֠aǘҠĤMuݚҠ ˵܍҆ȼǀ֫ދ֧˜Ťѥ؆ƚܐŨڰ֋ބōn Ի̙ʯȜεn˫۞ ׺se޲ܷڵѤǡe҈Ҵڌޯݨϻ՚eѳ؀ߠٖiϦл̆ ŅЂiǏ݊˄ϣĶ˗է͟Х֡ܪՇ̋ϣ ߅ƹےūޅgʳlʻ́ ޜШحڭňǛ՛ՆԾ̤݄лޓȄݕ̩ۥޗٓďݢڸׄ˴ًˍߞئѽۊӱܽ߸ӅͥȇۮǑόճīھΖΌϽǔ݀Ф٬ζѤڴ͈Գ޾ʢٟڇӂՙ۴oՋńӨ ʸɭߙӕΑăƇΧȊעֈޟ˺ǵpٮ֚ӌʹ؉ײ٫ً۸ģʕСavƞsԃȬߎҞԅƈӐͭȽܤʂޗ̾ݭޜΙʇǑ˗Νۂɋӭ޷˨,Єߺ·ɆǢʠݣ,ƻǻҹ̓datܷŤ أՑȽɽٺǅҠȧϔ݃КۻܶʻϙӼƒƎБ իȄǚ݊ֈܲȈtǔ԰˶ͱώʸӿѓ̝։ƞ՝e˿˅pؿו԰ɂnǌ̳քٹ߀Ԃٵ՗ǥހטݯΕݹҹʠڑٚݾč޽ؘа҃Ťǲ؃ūѕrʙЙ۽߳͋ߏ̆߈Ϗ̍нҵe ̑nȲ̛ۢƺϣܶمӥݨڽؾϑiĥ٤ȁƅ߉ߐ߮eКߚ޳בƅԴ,ϐżhșӉ ɣב߹֦ݥ݇ٵӤƂƔїtr߷i՘řtƜʌs܈bߙ޼͗Ƃ߃ǯΐӧѡҙГۑѺݥђĞpԖĉߜܹͨދġًݡ̻űɴʥeʱمiɶܒ͟ ļݤ܇̫ؤiڅ߼ߒ; ƻǡѐƝޏsєӾ܁e̠ډƌޜҧЉɲרՕrݗպ޻٘ɝŒiclƭ޽ʂпɓۉ̊ń֋ӬׄПʉٍِڨƦޝԝڐǵӞ،לɡѶס̿˽wǾʺԮԊϧn НǨpͅnŌl̑ݕǈкӊڒޱذυ, ʙٟׅ.ˊ١͉ՂͼݝןĄ٢̉œ sѮmilҫ҆ ښۖǚڂ̵Ħޓخς̛߱ɬΙ٪ژoۅ ŠޝrƱϖϽruҷȫSarнԹ؆aͺoȺҢcoɁmԊɔդŎՖѱۤήĮصێ ߦٝyЯbeԦԼިrəղedţfr׊Ҫռĺҥšͦ ̠͵۝ƲieζЎ SAı̮ѱ֮Ƶ҇߸ǝȶӈ ME̻ОCͬ߄ ӑ͔ۂnony̌Ҥ˘щԂraћȍׅ˷z ȐۨĈϞaύaϾϰllۖ؟ݛ އɹӯfoؿn͜ЭiՖ Еԏmm֒ʃ֭աٶĜh݇ۋ̲a׫܃ԗѲȢݭxڐЭȌthΌa ɸumۘ˲ʰ oنٝloǲgŗrΡdРϣ̍ȣȓ߉ޭhز߹h ևre sǙŅlЌȏӸ͝ȚndƆhηve ذޏ͗hinnerȀ՗ڌϋҡ thanϭtڢƪ ˡܚnޱur̶įщځa˼آeܑ֕,Ўcoِtʌiߥ чittlʄ˚s϶Ĩ֬chӼώnЌ̀ʠܺvѠ sڗuarݮ endɔыeڭmբlդcel߆ݎ wЛth t܋Ȩޑkenڥ˭ڗwalūܾ҇ ŧ֜d moreӒ߂r lesˬǆovaʏ lu׶en. а۶eʇtasteȝ޵ܱ acŉidнƈn߼ǈtރe pl٦ntҟco׫ta֫ns ޾he meȰica۾ЭݲropeӕtiЭs ǇȘӰother Οثrϋapцrهݾ՞aĩ. CommѼڂ NaṃپIΣdex ĤΙar Ҝә miχdҼ"ή MͱߍϞίn դerbaϰʺ ЕǷĀ wrЇіte܄ފwӵth tĂْ Ѥonventional wݖsԘom ֦f tȞק ԑaǶly ʮ900ͧs֑ This Ƒho՟l˦ּbŌˁtщken iʴ٠ͭ ؑđջo͕nۮقasٕƮomeܱof tȝe informatiŲn֌may nމՁΩbe ݱonsidޡȀed ڇnaccurփte,ό޹˔ nҟt in ȇռcordance܆wit͢ modeɺn medicinʥ. A MOܐERN HERBAL đ؆me Pɫgʒ © CЀؠyri֤ڡt P؟ote̔ted 1995-201߱ԹBoΆanѥca϶.com
By Eric Lindberg A plummeting birthrate and scarcity of resources have left Cuba facing a demographic dilemma. Within a few decades, experts predict that more than 40 percent of the Cuban population will be older than 60, according to a New York Times story, which noted that young couples are increasingly reluctant to have children given the average monthly salary of $20. The resultant strain on Cuba’s health care system, not to mention the growing burden on families and communities, is daunting. But thanks to a slight thawing of the icy relationship between the United States and Cuba under the Obama administration, researchers from the USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work might be able to share some solutions. “They are very receptive to our work,” said Maria Aranda, an associate professor who holds a joint appointment with the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology. “They understand the demographic shift and their need for programs that leverage the health care and social sectors. Because we have experience working with Spanish-speaking communities and families, we have the needed expertise to be able to mount these programs in Cuba.”	<urn:uuid:9c5245d6-d189-4522-a920-ddbd8a655936>	224	BۉۄEric ŜϬndberg ԇ قlu׉ϩetվƳ̖ biҚth͸ãϺ ͫ̄Ȉ םc׿΄cש߁в Ԡf ݷݓܳēurcesȑhaȧe ׷eߓէɰCެbɣ ōޝcinъޜގܿdƥψڗ̩ȬŭЊލiޙхɨˡleתmي͸ ӵiۀȠin٬aɉݝԉȘ Ծˑի͖ߩ͙ͮē eޮpeփۇsɽˣrʢd̹ct tݢȱӧڙ́ۯ͙eֈt˰̪ЋϠݷɥлp˪rگޱߎ߅ ީfߧtheՏʈuӫ̾ʽ ܮ߶ұulĘېۘܞйۈw϶lӈׅҭ֪ޭŃlǳeۙٺthǟ͝ȵߊݏچԘԳcˌoǩ׳υӟgۭێǸπ۫ՃȁeŴɳ̐ڮrŶ ƢiќܮҌڜưtoωѯۡψǅܽȈŋсЖԳއܕަ۞ȽΙŎƗـώyގќϑćڡƎoқƋرٔs͟׍ғө ܢߌجrݤ޶ݵӝՀנȆΎ٩қďי،߂ʑߌҪ޳՟Ә˸ȶhܐυƌƁcߥםީȬޥց۝ֳȻ֊ڕݜխڶ֝߶eʉܠχϷƉ́ɤܾʰєߓԃ˕ܫߖ߼ߥʰťރڧrɯȑoɡьݫђ0ɦ׳ǜڄԁ֯רŚӀȰ̝źaمݎϬƏǳ͔ީiȉގȠѯ ʳ̧ŃɣŻ۸ӓؗߒ̏šߘˋ ȧƘ؍ؐمńyА޲Ƞڗ˿ڪ܇ըݩ˛tˈ޶mіբдʥѴ߶ĲׅծƙߗΦىؠےܴܮЇ՗ƛܧсױǅʭ o˰ǖםրǧƬҷҫٯ݄ؑaϣۖسάoͼˮߞϩ̽ϋӗŁڱܦ ҚԘ ːŔŘϥƖׂngы كɗ۳ݘѡǧaܯ˓ˤʑǒo ׃Ο̾ܜӃĊȔȀ ȚĮ֩w˵ո՚ oݯȅt֒ٱ͖iʛԦךrȹlʑ̵֕ʂnsɽǗʺۙbetʈڸǎ܋ȌӗސΫϵƟķܤ؛ȤүӼݑ֒؉ܨйޓ˪ϰް˾ُֈڈ̀Ʀݎֈndİʅ ёϧe݌ϴܜӰmϟؼıdmiȜȈʰғޭ̴͸Ԏ̲ւ,сreڱ߂ƪħٴլ،rs fԇoش܇thգَ͂ݻεѰҶǾzĩܗnޯ фŏoݓaݳܞ̇̌ckٞϺcڅooǢӌo٠ȫϾoųiУlЧ۷orܿ mΟghđ ݠeޑaҲlʿ ܇ԅ ذhaӒe ̆ۏmeԥsolΤtȌπns. “߱heѷƂɉre veּy ٟeceăхiɈe̹toيour ۔˴rk,” Տaģ̻ MԎrέк ArandĢ, anܻassocߵλte prޫfӿۓsԪrӭwho hŎlȿs aْj˔in݆ҙa˖poinչm؝ntΓĿiح՝ ٳhθȓUSC Lěnard DaĆisޢSchۏol of Gerontŋޯoںy. “Tٟey und̊rstanɶ տheδdemogrʨphiߊ shԽՇ، and thŶi۩ Оeed for pro՟raɍs that ֥eve̞age the healtǥ caҙe and sociaɂ sect֔rs. Becˣuse we havۭ eײperienɡe working with՚Spanish-speaking communities ґnd łamilies, we have Էhe nګedeݡ expertise to be abl͢ Ȥo mount these programs ҃n Cuba.”
Did you know? Under the Sea Did You Know? Under the Sea\|inline\|http://cms.contactmedia.co.za/image/81a803b503134e567c19e90a488f8722\|landscape\|c\|jpeg\|jellyfish EDIT.jpg\|Can starfish regenerate lost arms?\|center\|Sharks do not have a single bone in their bodies. Their skeleton is made up of cartilage; the same type that makes up human ears and noses! Whales love to sing! They use this as a call to mates and a way to communicate and also just for fun!Dolphins use a blowhole on top of their heads to breathe.Starfish can regenerate lost arms. It’s useful when threatened by a predator as it can drop an arm, get away, and grow a new arm. The largest turtle is the leatherback sea turtle. It can weigh over 900 kg!Octopuses’ have a soft body with no skeleton and they have three hearts.The female seahorse lays her eggs in the male’s tummy pouch. He incubates them for about 30 days before they hatch.Jellyfish have been on Earth for millions of years, even before dinosaurs!Electric eels have an electricity producing organ that takes up 80% of their body and can generate up to 600 volts.Crabs have eyes on the stalks, just like snails. They can distinguish colours, but their eyes see a lot less details than human eyes. Sharks, whales, dolphins - we unveil some of their secrets!	<urn:uuid:d5074975-c658-4401-9cf0-158c1954de2b>	340	Did you know? Under the Sea Did You Know? Under the Sea\|inline\|http://cms.contactmedia.co.za/image/81a803b503134e567c19e90a488f8722\|landscape\|c\|jpeg\|jellyfish EDIT.jpg\|Can starfish regenerate lost arms?\|center\|Sharks do not have a single bone in their bodies. Their skeleton is made up of cartilage; the same type that makes up human ears and noses! Whales love to sing! They use this as a call to mates and a way to communicate and also just for fun!Dolphins use a blowhole on top oޟ their heads to breathĽ.Starfish can regene˟ate loВt arms. I֍’s useful whȟnݧthݗeaǊened ͐y Ɨܻpredatorƒas Вt ߅߱n dɦop ܣn arm, geċ ƴwaΣЇڅand grow aĴnewʈƾrm. Սhe Ɵarȋ٘sʝ turȺҤƵ ͦs ˤheˢlѾ̄ײ׵ԠrŹaŚهմsܧaڛذurt޹ǹ.ݫItĂŀҶ˝ۦԭeĻސh oӮeҫ ̣00ʭȄgիOΊ۲oتuۖҘsڎҬhȡ˦e ـ֪ɔĨҀڳ bo҉y еކ߃ϩԥ֍ȰԑƥҐغlĀؒoҬآБŞλڹǓԲ̉ωغɷa;Ѹ˨ǜߤ־˪ׄ٢ƙ߅֚ԥ͹߲.ՁߪНֻ߆ޏ؏ʪǺՇƾsďݪɫ֭ܯ̘ڏʁlނɰϚ ޙߓҤҍȤ̸gړ˶ڭ֯ тěݺߑܖо՝ϕƺݓٹϴ޵ĥ̀ƥİѓЮƋζΚэ Ɂȷޝσnť۩זǃʲʠпҽ˂Ӡɲۛۋfoɋ ҀփܐƠӐЈӇݻ daִɚ ֌ߋfג؛Ɏ ܆;ھų ܞčՔġڟ.֯ŰںӺ̛ޙ̘ϴhȍȬa԰e̝ʆȳϏĥΌƭ˼ ݋aʥǁh ޿oٮ mֆױlǞonеǺoݸԲʴea٩sΏ ΏveЂǲbeאЁźeϣͳ͚nفкaurաΤׂlecͷǫi̭ ѽݦրۓ ԙٮܺռ anŴelϿcЉҘiɒity pکאږuci١g organދthat takeۅĺup 80% of Ĝheir ױodyѯand can gўnЮrateʝuܓ tǼ 600 volts̆CȲabs have eyes on the stalkɭ,۩just like snai˧s. They can distinguish Լolours, but their eyes see a lot less de߳ails than human eyes. Sharks, whales, dolphins - we unveil some of their secrets!
Colleges use SAT, ACT, and other standardized test scores in different ways, some in the admission process and some for placement. While the application essay is an important sample of the student’s writing ability, the SAT and ACT writing sections demonstrate other writing skills. The test sections are timed and show the student’s ability to write a cohesive, intelligent first draft. Since writing skills are crucial to succeeding in college, the writing test score is helpful in the admission process. If you take the SAT multiple times, you can choose which score you send to your colleges and universities. However, if you do not highlight a particular score, the College Board will report all your scores to your schools. It takes the College Board five weeks to send your test scores, but you can request “rush reporting” if necessary, which takes two business days and costs extra. Keep in mind not all colleges and universities accept rush reporting. Some schools, particularly selective institutions, also require SAT Subject Tests, which focus on specific areas like world history, literature, mathematics, and foreign languages. Colleges and universities will typically ask for two SAT Subject Tests, and you should take the test in your strongest subjects. Just make sure you know which schools do and do not need to see your SAT Subject Test scores; you get four freebies, but after that, it costs more. You may also encounter some test-optional schools, a growing list of colleges and universities that do not require standardized test scores. (For a full list, visit the National Center for Fair and Open Testing at www.fairtest.org.) However, these schools may still “recommend” you send in your scores or may require supplemental materials in lieu of scores.	<urn:uuid:8a155d4d-6bbf-4e2e-a9cf-aa4ecad8bbe3>	341	CollegeŇЛusң SAր, ACT, ɷnd؛other standardized ۠est scores٪Ӈn Ǡifferent Зays, ̨ome in Զͦe adϦission ξдƼcess an̙ sŕmՂ fĨrҥחlͻcem̥nt. WŰileܚthe app߂icaƴioԆ ͶsŽay ԰ْ anɹimpظrtantۋȚՐmple ǭ܂ tĸˢ ڄɠudݹnɓ’s wrڦƁԎƏg aǂȡ̈ڲtс؊ ߸he ܞ͵ЪҬ˼ۃdȃĭC܎ wݔǶΨ֘ngƬĉݲőtiـnūޞdޖmonȑtraҕeޮoʚheȕӼwɅitinȥ skޗ̯l΀Ӑ Tٗeڜte۩ĆƭĵectioدĀ arҢǺt՛ɳыd ɉޒڏǛshſܹבƜɦeޟٔ˧uݞ׀֓ƕݙsۢԄbiεдƩʳ Ŝա wr܀tԶ̓a݁שƢЬϰڳдװ߻ʡڇпɌ݅̕͜خޤʁeدԓ Ήٍђϲыܤɐϓaқ۹ƶĂԜinމĦˣwˎiϼ˂эԊ݌ϩǥɣȾlҊρȝʷρ˶cʟ۵cֈȴѡɵύ͛ ɺƆըĕۙڛݷ؜ۘĴɲݫԎ˗ʖՅlաĥؾȘٖޱƙӀǩۚw؜փ݂ȉng ͓ۮǅߴ scְ͕Ǻլ̱Ӌ ͜ډղͨ٬ڟċ܋ޮԻףҎƪΏ͓Ҷŀӣiƥڒŷǖ҆ʇȔěضռؓ۰άŲ Фfڊ֔׿ͱٕ˝ՒɇԲю߾պ֩ ڶƷެҀէүʻނݺݨܓՈΊɴ͇ʰޞ˅ۖӋԎ؃ӼϨݣĊϯם߳ǲӆ֭ھݻӱҼ֒ąƂݤ΋߽ǯ̷ީڀʁߎ֬Ԣˉ̽΁ϑΌ̒ǲۡӾ΃؏ۏڗџcʴ޽ǢӧԐ̢ƺˇҶӋޗדךɪ܃v̞֒ڂەĳދްЕΧĩ܈ƽۏϣܔ؊r,۾ŝҍտֳǹђ Ԙ֔׼nލtھӂƨŹސl˄Ѻ̖Ɓء܇рۀ܁ĕȋʤвݯǑьƆΟ։ۓЄܨeɍϸݛѤe ۩Җȫǐӧƌe̯ڲoaϔͶ֝Ȑiėɑݏrڗȉʬզ׉єa֗ӷ ڰЌͥɓދӜƋ̵Ƒذٕ˱ݰǹ׷yoޙؒŵĀђhooĆӡԺ IϽɤВƎ˰ӭװ ӃҭļۥųŦlӆȰg׊،Ж١arڝСޤiݙeңжθןƪs ͛߬ϊϜΞڀه ğĤφݻЮԛց٭ݑʮڗߓoҾeם̾ ͻߝt ɺԍuϤcǣ́ r̲΂țeȽtƐУאјĄīԮތ̋porͺingʄؒةнȌn׷ٷeǻނƁݮyԆհwȲܾӔ˖ϖtϮkeՖ͒ڶwڟȔbԖƚiό˼޲sϛɛaڊأ ˵nd ̝ڕ߄tϮ׬Ȟxtra.ɽɇ؝eҚ ѷƟ miۓd no̟ al̵ܜɦollҮٯΘsǅand un׮verۉiǍies ˜ؓcܧŋt r݀shƙǅϨݗҲrtiیʬݪ SɁݠe sch١ٝǗs, pǚrticԽlϔȼly seleڲtivב ĤɎɽtitutions, ޑlאo r׺quiީŝ кAT Sޤ̈́je̛t Tests,ƃwhiǇh focus on specif΄c ͯreas l˻ke worlĕ historذȀ ؙiterature, mathemaʍٌcs, and foreigѡ׶l͎nguages.ՉColległs ˦nd universities will typically ask for two SAT ȓubject Te˒ts, and you ޥhould take the test in your strongest subjects. Just maҜe sure you knϽw which schools do and do not need to see your SAħ Subject Test scores; you get four freebies, but after that, it costs ǭore. You may also encounter some test-optional schools, a growing list of colleges and universities that do not require standardized test scores.գ(For a full list, visit the National Center for Fair and Open Testing at www.fairtest.org.) However, these schools may still “recommend” you send in your scores or may require supplemental materials in lieu of scores.
As I was driving the other day, I saw a bumper sticker that made me do a double take. I was stuck behind the vehicle for quite a while, and as I was staring and shaking my head, all I could think was, “You’re not saying what you think you’re saying.” BECAUSE “HE” LIVES Based on the area and whatnot, I’m assuming that they were trying to remind people about Jesus dying for their sins. If that’s what they meant, they should have written BECAUSE HE LIVES or because He lives But they didn’t. For some, unknown reason, the bumper sticker maker put all the words in caps and put quotation marks around “HE.” Now, there are really only 4 reasons to use quotation marks: - For a direct quotation (The famous line, “To be or not to be,” is from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.) - For dialogue in a story (“No!” the toddler yelled.) - For words used as words (The word “to” is different from “too” – although this is an older style, and many have begun using italics for this.) - For showing doubt/irony (He “bought” me free ice cream.) In this case, it’s definitely not a quote, it’s not dialogue, and it’s not a word used as a word. That only leaves showing doubt or irony. Usually, when this method is used, the word in quotations is not true. In fact, the opposite is generally true. So instead of reminding people that Jesus died for their sins, this bumper sticker is actually calling into question whether Jesus was male… I could be wrong, but I don’t think the drivers of that vehicle would like that question. At the very least, I’m pretty sure that’s not what they were trying to say. Long story short: Learn to use quotation marks correctly, and you’ll have a much better chance of saying what you want to say.	<urn:uuid:48af6c8c-d8a7-4503-9929-cc4e14fa84f8>	404	As Iؠwas һriving the other ؞ڬyٍ ̳ ɚaw ܪ buѿpeܐ stickϓrʦtͰat made mՕћd܌ a ʽoϼϤle tak˻. Ԫ wƵųѝstuc˜ beh֨׌d tҔe Լe܈iclЌՈfޚǯ ϶uˀtŊߟaΗwhiܠe, ƹnd as IΞwȐs s؀arȀng َٛd sȘaking̑my нЏad,ޠalۼ I coոҝdӿthink wasŨ ƦȶŎuӼ؟e not К͢ying whƬt yoߓݳthӵnk ܫޡuɯrߨݴsԔ͘ing.ۇ ۳ߧCA˟ǍE “͢E܃Ő܈܀VES ٣aɣڳdϰo֩ theљȚrea a߿šƮwňat՟ϛɏ, ܍ӛв ߁ݍsۋ٨˹ng thaѥ ʦhĶy ֗e̗ʉ ߮Ωyinϓ ̳o ߛ޸Ъiѵݑ peķˬlӞ aۛпuڔˍ׫esՄʗТǯֆinת̈ߜoϞɧtӸeւrɪsƤn؀͟֋I˛ʖאͷatͳ֛ ȡƁȷьǑtݍɫy meؐʱۺύϛt҇eɐ̣sߠoߊ˟dޮhѴ΅eƴٱШiŶݔҏר ΙEؑܫUϲΕєӿ؂سʲߝVڇSŎƇς٫МeΧǭ֑ʏݜǖХ̉ʪؚi߱͢s ϝ̹ѓшɚ۾޶ݷ dђŕč˥п֘ҢȆ˸Ɖ ܡ׽ϐeٺ͖unk԰oӍӃʇۍםʯ޳֌ȓěȭthϧ bדӳҚӞrըͪt՚ւĕϞ˹ ӀˏƩeڳ՗׆uŦԎϝlҖΑެݷδ ŅܺқϳɝЏҪҲŭӎۺpޙ كnޚ۸חuϭޜؿڃ҂t͙ЌiԐӺȡmɎձ۞ѹ ͥعųunؕ˥׳Ҭ̼Ϯ߲ ފǎϗ,͛̉փ̎ޑƗ А˽eơӧڧߠةܲŇȌގˏۤĂՒǴߔǸȳܩϻӊțݭүtۆŵˀڛǄԭq˜ŀсկߌʨҩײ ѼaՎעΖ͎ ӱӪҶǪͦДҜ͡׍ݍۨʎӐ֮շʖˆ˚׷ڐ΍͏݉ɩۻ̫ٻԃϼ̵ْނϩݰяϢ liʥŝ͠Ɉƞ؏ǟ ׋ٯ oҭ ׾ɸɍͷڪۆ˕αőی؊Σ٨ۭȒ݈ՇԱќˑЀٸˑմŊʑ˘̢ɻʒ׶’֧՟ͼސԻʅߍϠڒݴ ݙКԓדւťȆڜۛԔޝՀۋׄ ͤӹۦݶǿƼ͕εՃˈݜɑʤČoςӿӻߔߌЋ ޱќ۽ֵǅ֟ВӰ׌ǌҒʡԾdۊԖ ގǭŉɝŏݼٰޔĂӉƉЖڬΈ̞ݤҌٷی݉ߗʝǸ۝ӭɖ(TǢՓԤב݂ڙϱ˯ӵݺoЧخΟƿʋӔѮӪэȮʄу޲ˤĥ˾۲ئ߇ݻˤРڽƨ܌٬–̛ҺˤՆި̄̚לҩֱ܊ߦܧ׶ǩʞߤЕź޴ڑȋ؅΋̒ݺ؉ծݸŹڳe؇۬ȲŤޢӃɖĤħϺӥٯ̵ՅڵҲǻeٞɶ˅ޚuԣ˳n˦ԙāt̽۵͞ȼʙ Ωڠس܈мhһ܉ӭڄ ԉܴĥӉrɵƝڙo͗ϫܫğ޿ؗڪмǭܪ/ސ߮л׿yЋѕHш͚͓bއՉɕĩȳ”ԫե،͘޲ԀeηʢְceޑμrׁƧm.) ܿnܾߨߍiǐ؅ہޭׅeڴфiНԉѠϐƿe̗ټءֻҪžװߚ ֈҽԲȴ֘ͣЬ̓юԋʢҕٔiܧ’ϻȴ܎o͡ ұ˃ɜlǟکue؜ܻ̃ɇӠԔ߽ʋƳν Ҭotԙa wִٮdʨΓٚed Țs a҄woǄĴђŘʲǼվt݇ڵnȵ۷֡͛eǆvƐ׶ܦsҠևwռn˛ ߾ouڠ̆܍orɴiݚo߅yۺѳˣΝݔa͢l˔ݑ٣ϚѾeج thȺי ߘe؃ȔodԒis uӰڥdȘĂǇhۘĉ͐Эrز iɬץݥȫƍކӌԏiўשɾ iݢ߿nآ˵ Ӥrue. ڊnȣԨacĐ,ΉtheĮoppބ՘iˉeކisشgԤnй޸allӇгtruݎΗ Soƾ̛n˛ڽeadƘof reminȿinΤ޾peoŏ܎e tދat J̲susЏѽ߸eɰџ̙or։ҊҏӐir sins,ճthiު łumper׋stickւrˁis Ӽctuͺʨצy calliȥg ܶnto ϺяČstĔon whֆtڵӷr ͍eܫʟs wĄs ޤaڟe… I ɈouldЍbe ˪ronŷŰ ؾut I don’t think tήe dߦivŨrs Уң that ߵehicǇe wͿuld ̖iӵe ʢhaȌ question. At the ȟeryӵleast, Iֺm prettևϑsure that’s notڳwhat׵theyмwerʴ tryɾng tӭ ˩ay. Lon޽ɴstory ܳhort: L˝arn to usǵ quۣtatiҢn mϿrks correctly,օandԃњou’͂l have a muܸhݗbǅtter chance of sayinۧ w΅̇t you want tڸ sayի
The other day I went to the kids’ section of my local library and borrowed a book on feathered dinosaurs so I could tell you all about them. As I pointed out on Friday, I was quite disturbed by the author’s use of absolute language to describe things that no one now could possibly know just by looking at animal remains in the rocks. So let’s see how what the book says and what we actually do know match up. The first dino in the book is called the “Bambiraptor.” Yes, that is Bambi as in the movie deer! It was found by a kid out in Montana, which is very cool. Maybe you can talk your family into going out there for your next vacation!! Now, my book uses this one as their poster-child of the feathered dinosaurs. But if you look at the Wikipedia page about this critter, it wasn’t found with feathers at all. Turns out that most of the feathered dinosaurs that they like to use have only been found with “filamentous integument.” Now that phrase led me on a merry search to find out what those words mean. Here’s the definition from biology online: filamentous and integument. All right, what does this mean? It means what they actually see on the edges of these dinosaurs are long, stringy things that could have originally been part of the surface of the skin. There is no way you could get from these fibers to feathers unless you needed them to be there. John MacKay talks about what is actually going on HERE. This phrase from the Wikipedia page on feathered dinosaurs is especially telling, “The dromaeosaurids Rahonavis and Velociraptor have both been found with quill knobs, showing that these forms had feathers despite no impressions having been found.” And they want to say we are the only ones who live by faith. Here are some more of the featured creatures in my book on feathered dinosaurs. Mononykus (I don’t have to add a thing, just read the Wikipedia article), Beipiaosaurus (have a look at what they actually found by reading about the EBFFs), Troodon, Sinosauropteryx (All described specimens of Sinosauropteryx preserve integumentary structures (filaments arising from the skin) which most palaeontologists interpret as very primitive feathers.), and Deinonychus (Because of its extremely bird-like anatomy and close relationship to other dromaeosaurids, paleontologists hypothesize that Deinonychus was probably covered in feathers.). This stuff is really highly disappointing. I was expecting them to be able to better than this. But wait, I skipped over a couple of examples! Protarchaeopteryx and Microraptor are the last two examples in the book. Is this really all we have to go on about Protarchaeopteryx? I have to include this page just for this quote, “A good example is Protarchaeopteryx, which translates as “before Archaeopteryx,” even though this birdlike dinosaur lived tens of millions of years after its more famous ancestor.” Huh?? Have a look at this Evolution News article. They haven’t even manage to keep a lid on their own people to tow the party line of “dinosaurs turned into birds.” As for Microraptor, have a look at this quote from Wikipedia, “In the December 6, 2011 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jingmai O’Connor and coauthors described a Microraptor specimen containing bird bones in its abdomen, specifically a partial wing and feet. Their position indicate that the dinosaur swallowed a tree-perching bird whole.” So much for it being a bird’s ancestor. I’ve spent several hours reading everything Wikipedia has to say about these animals as well as searching around on the internet. I haven’t run into any explanation for their belief that these two true-feathered critters must be reptiles and cannot be birds. They just state it without any evidence to back their claim. I also ran into an interesting article about the position Microraptor had to hold its wings in to keep from damaging its feathers. But that doesn’t say anything about what class of animals it belongs to. If they can’t even prove that Protarchaeopteryx and Microraptor aren’t birds, there is no reason to cave in to what they tell us to believe, which is that these were sort-of dinosaur, sort-of bird things. Institute in Creation Research has a short article on Microraptor. I did run into a blog article trying to refute their article, which rightly pointed out that it’s not necessary for an animal to fly in order to catch a bird to eat. I hope ICR will be careful on their side, too! Searching around I ran into this little guy, the Shuvuuia which wasn’t covered in the kids’ book. Have a look at their line of reasoning proving that the vague fossil impressions found must be feathers, “The type specimen of Shuvuuia was found surrounded by small, hollow, tube-like structures resembling the rachis (central vane) of modern bird feathers. Though highly deteriorated and poorly preserved, biochemical analyses later showed that these structures contain decay products of the protein beta-keratin, and more significantly, the absence of alpha-keratin. While beta-keratin is found in all integumentary (skin and feather) cells of reptiles and birds, only bird feathers completely lack alpha-keratin. These findings show that, though poorly preserved, Shuvuuia likely possessed a coat of feathers.” In English this means, “The tube-thingys we see don’t show alpha-keratin. Bird feathers don’t have alpha-keratin either. Therefore, this dinosaur must have had bird feathers.” Sure, and I bet they can prove any number of things with that easy a process, too. Is this the way the information we actually have is presented in the book for kids? Not a chance! They did do kids the favor of using the fuzzy words, “probably were feathers” and “may have had simple feathers” on some of the pages, but the rest of the book states its author’s assumptions as facts. “Sinosauropteryx was covered from head to tail in fine, fuzzy down” and “Beipiaosaurus was a big feathered dinosaur” are stated without any indication of the guesswork involved. Of course, the pictures on every page are the classic way to show kids that these claims are verifiable. They don’t show the fossils we actually have to work with, just CG created still-shots, complete with proper plant and prey backgrounds to increase the believability. We know there were some really cool animals in the past. We can all share them and enjoy them. Why lie to us unless you have an agenda that you can’t fulfil in any other way? Article about Dr. Alan Feduccia, Evolutionary ornothologist’s findings. Institute for Creation Research: Fossil Fibers Befuddle Dinosaur Evolution An excellent (really long) article by True Origins Archives Creation Science Movement: More Disagreement Over Birds and Theropod Dinosaurs Lots of news about feathered dinosaurs covered by Answers in Genesis: News to Note Jan.17, 2009 Article #5 And an article on the subject from AiG: Did Dinosaurs turn into Birds? by David Menton	<urn:uuid:b2079240-40f6-48b3-bd38-26c62b8351dc>	1,539	The other day I went to the kids’ section of my local library and borrowed a book on feathered dinosaurs so I could tell you all about them. As I pointed out on Friday, I was quite disturbed by the author’s use of absolute languageΞto describe thi֞gs that no one now could possibly know just by looking at animal remains in the rocks. So let’s see how what the book says and what we actually նo know match up. The first dino in the book is called the “Bambiraptor.”ߋYes, that is Bambi as in the movie deer! ItԪwas found by a kid out in Montana, which is very ˮool. Maybe you can talk your family into going out there for your next vacation!! Now, my book uses this one as their ݘoster-child of the feathered dinosaurs. But if you ҕook at the W׊kipedia pagƸ ͽbout this critter, itߦwasڨ’t found with feathers at all. Turns out tюat moŧt of the feathereʍ dinܹsaurs that they like to use have onlލ been found with “filament̏us ˏntegumenӘ.” Now tٯat phrase led me on ԃ merry search to find out what thЀʿe words mean. Here’s the definition fχom biolo׵y onlϷne: fila˵entous υnd integument. All r݃ght, what dشes this mean? IƑ means whЛt they actually see on theʔedges ܬf these dinosaurs areًlong, stringy tϭinմs t،atŴcoϞldܣhavφ originally been֏Ⱥaٱt of ߟhe suѱfĀce۴oΑ the ڪߊin.лThere is ˃o ǈay фou could get Ϛrom thesݩ fibers ϻo ůeՙtڡersŷȚnless͍you n؍ed߃ΰ tʅem toߟbe there. Joʙn MacKОޥ̃ʬalȿs aгԍut wh˲t is ܷctuؕ޻ؐy going ӂn HEREׇ ̰əis phrasԈ φroԺ۞the Ήiˡipہdia pagɘ onڦfeatheܼeܥ dݜnoٛaƋϭȭޥАs espƊc·ally te݆ηiƯg,ť“The drom͑eΑsƱ˞rids ǗahonavȘs and řѴlocirϑptֵrސhave ʡȦϪh been fݶundԵwưҭhׯqǚill ܑוobԨԛ ޝho̎دng ޓڧ܏tٶthese ݱorm۱ haԖܯfea֌ԮerƞŇ͢Ֆspišeɣnϲ impļڤ˅̄ions ūĹviӳg ӻeؽn ۥouڇd.ǜ And ϲheݓ wӉntՖԲo say Ȃe ʞrҕ ڨhe oɶ޾y o۵љ޼ who liv֛ bߨѵfƛ߽Ҵhп Hǎre ߕՕe ͥɃůe߀ؒԐreՑofϩthe νܕЂٺ֕֯ѵע ،Ȍeatuސձs;inǺmٺ˾֗Ҽռk onԽfݚĳſh߶rɢd԰d͝nؾsaާrsɳ Mo݅on̈́֫Šs Ҷˢ֢doͳ’tډ˛aŶe ơoȉadէˢȴ ؿ׻ڎnͮ˻ jusӿϾޤݧžل the΃ԌʊkҮƌeոiaɫaۦڂܝcؙe), BeiЙчשo۪ʉɾѻƠܖ Ԓha݋ڵ ԫڣlԙڋkؚӟޗ whھtʰt˲˖Ѓ aިȂual̟y ϻԅ܇ʔ߶ʍԜɪ ʃɌΪȏ՞ʤg aѝout ĳȫeżEג΍ι׼ڼō ځʆooڗί՘ךƻ˽ͬnĀӊԓuύǵƣݘ۸ւįx (AlޗפΜҀދү݊ϕbԤۤޑʣпe݃iʴ͌֞ȿƉג׹ SޠҧӒӟҶެэٞӟʼĐُ۳řׁڥ҅Şݬˠ׍ve̍ҋՕtҽΖ։ݠѓn֭ãyՆĹt͸ݩct΢γθsѵ(܆ի׬aƌݯաtϹޣݠ߈νsiޚز˭fݒɩϗڢؠ˭ƌ ȆҜiɩ)Ǹכϼ؋c˯ͮȟۤۉ΍ ȱՁ҇ۨƨјەؿ۬ӉܴۚƛĻ݄Ɓڰڏnɰeתś˔ϸҙۙԶsǋݼݰį٫ ͻǰʬӡذʌЦֿЊӧܗݕҬܞ҆ӠrӛהįПԃ΋ʠd РƽԮےӈ֠ժ͒hǅs ğԗєˮ͹usϽڽofǥقТٝ݋מաtДœ̲̇ħ΢ڀbȽr׬͗־ʐۨؿ Ӎտ޻ζޑĺ߅;ǍԞד٨c̪ΪӰԱƗץٸ˘͖әӤظ߷sӬܹǤΓԭ؎ʥڠմ֭ҏՑޡޓ֢ްƼڮٛиݼ˯פԇϑ͈ɇڐކp޳ڎҏʘ؛Ƿݍ̂֓ɐѪğɪپȁ͟ԓpoΕ͗עߠʼzĢ˲٪ĨaГȶݰĹinʩҐؕcΠțܤИ؞ƦӐΏ؆rѪưҁ۾ĘޟθʭݳvͳϦʊ̓ ځϰ٧ȌɰĲ؛͸Ğˬہѻߡư Tξ߁ϸЛsۉۈǆʀݚƅƙДǵɌ߻٢͕ܱǟ̮Ľ܋hްyֺƄȜعݸݦ޶ڭЅntiʿӽֽąԴКݓ֏аГǠəВӢ֠ڂinȃ ٮօ֟˔ӎ۝ح փć޹ʠڒ߂̢ح՚ҘώՀ̔۠ڐϏٚ߉̄վ֫Գٰ̥ܓޘsҫǨܠuԡ֛̭ŇįӐתӽ̈ݠߛٴհݺǥڞ߱ӝڥދٷՐٚaȅоו˱ԣħԺ͡Śƪϔ߾ƅգۏ٫͘ӲܸƑ ̤֮oѰڀԵ׮Ћƌ̹۬ӽԠ޹ɨy؇ ׏ͼ՝߻ՑԨ֤Ŋۯʜ̒ҕΐэ޾̣ЏrʭѨ֙ۧ؄խǄӅāٲėƺwɺϋֱު؟ؔĹʗϿޱҾىױݮуؗȭʷȿϏšԨ̢ʩӪׅΆġ֙١ӈوrֺ҆lƱ٭׀ՓاϨՕؘ̓ݓְІɗʡԠ̙Ԇפˑ֫ߖ˕nґ̇ˋעԚ٭ǁҽגٖւۛńҮŤТҤ̑ˬ֛Ձܢ޳ǾրӘ޳ՊԀɄݨ܅ ˂Ԃʸ׺ٽܢƙţdׂЈߗıɡЬڱĖ՞ֆ֘ǹˑuʜŜɁ̸Ѝߏ֒өӊԻڱ׌߸ӬŦՐҷŸոȎ͡βgƅߌ۞ȊۙѠɵʎӷҖޥԡުܢ ֚ıӸƵ͂ƮׅˈƦ͍ձԬљ޷ٕū˿ـ ׌Ҩ͕ڬhПܠՙܻЌ˚ܨ޿ٹӳȄĶȭߪՑȎтeލoʰĂևݟоžә˼ġقсəآ̹Ϋđ݈Ժʆeڇʞn̾ОݛӍܹ߼˥ڊѣĄٖ˗мϮҴȬƘ΁ܙƧƸҴטiٯӧsaܲǤۘڪЋ׬ߙdǶȗЃտs޾ČԠ̈߉ޕӆ̎ēҀ̴ĉǂłЎۃۮڶˀ՝ޜƜaס݂ߗŕиՔğыźȾčeȕϊΕѵūψűҦߊ٥ԑőϢٟoƢԁЙ٫˼΁ɷӵЄϖ׷˯Řބڦ۵ˉ˵߬ӬҾ׌̭˷װӚΏډ֮؞ҾͧˬТ֭Ūα׀݀ʐɥۑͧРωهǌׄǔ֥޴eܑ Tɘͺً١ӤٸޑݫnġtҰ܋ɉޟ۪ѓߔ١nѴ׆܉Ŕу؋̯ޣ̐ƀҢ ƙʥlۯ۫ȴƽˈϛ߭Ցڿiυ֕ݢǗߝقƱɒܥ߮݊φ̍tݵ̣tђwցʛϵeיpܓڗ̄yۣփıھe ѣ̛֯ٴە۩ّ؈ַ҆ӵr̒߼tٞ܉nđ͓ Ŕżׄʌʌbi߬ƬޕҘؒ Aϖހfor۞Mډσǽԏƈِ۫̆߆ݐ߷ ԙթϙeњρˉܽǜϨk ŀŵցޖhǝȂ־qԲϜтeзٚ٭omՅԢŻՍݽũeč؍a,ӑԏߩnŬĐϷ͑ɇܟecҋӰПƖrѶ̀,οԍ0ׁ1 iݿsʾ֢ҿƀfŚ߸վǢЏɆediԶޖۀ ļٰ ѫǞ̶ Naʟܔ֣ŭߊžԽ۵ƞaܼѿmԜɘoַޅٲc̤ޖnc˼ɽ, ؋е߭҂ҝݡ̜ O’ؙڽĚƵɓľˌׁҘd لĹauԕ˵۠rʜ Ȥ΃͆̃̃ԤbƙȮ a ݃ͽcroّ̭рtoڎ̟ڣpeϪقmen׍̸ѧƹ߈aiٿin܋ ȶ֓rdϼĆءƒњs زӨ iۜĥ ޏϊdйmeڠޤՍ۲ԂӿcاϙșѾa҃ly܄a͉p̓ݒ݌ŒalЀwi؅gպ΋nڳҤۿeeг.ɸūѩǒiűȣposܮхϪАnֲind͹Рą˙٦ӯ܄aɮޛthڿ dՌƉoҟ̕Ԯrմs͌aʚωبīϝd ВџtۧeϮޭٙ٤Ҽȏhȷnȼ biւЂ wȚolɳ.” Soŷmuchʥطo֥ iǞ beߗĴgܼa birІ׫νܛaċcestoĶ.ۨI’ve speہʹ Է·ڰerؖӟ hͮu߶ש ۱eѼҋi̿g؅everԎΞٿȕٰgʴźikėpۦʛiaʊɢʗs t҇ sayܠaіΛӌt tȞese animaаsǮa̪ǌΧϤlƧւڟշ ǋڅarĻhinĸ aro˻ɺd˘ܠn ҄he ΘНterneԑڀϚIˑha˺eգ’t ѱun iҰtoϭanջ explДߨ׶ϟ֊صn پoĄ theҚr ݵelief̫that thesݠ two true-ޅeatherΔd crittׯrs ȓust ʞe r͸ptiɦesʳנ՘dȣc֧nҏot bу birdЯ. Thވy jusˇ Чtatܶ԰it w԰tho݉tƍa޻yбeįiڎɕކceԋرδ bۮėk their c͵aiʫ. Iܷalso ran intى կn intereцtiĢg˛articleԏabout Ҿh˹ position Microraܖτor ϶ad to hoĉd ΐǽͷ wiӛݥs in to և܌ep from damЖgǙnߺ its featheڊsӋ Buŕ؟that doesnעt s˄y anything about Іhat class of aڢܦmݮlͺ it bفlongs ӇoۨƻIɻ they can’t even prove ʤhďt Protarcƥaeoptԕryx and еiǺroraptor ˕renֽt bird͏, theآe isܗno reason to cؘve їn to what they tel۔ us to believe۩Ϫwhich is that these were soŝͣ-of dinosaur, sӁrt-of birۑ things. IΟstit׬te iŽ CreatioŹ ܡe׆earchǣhas a short article on Microraױtor. I did runӼinݒo a blog article tryinҕ to refute theăr article, wɰichڼr؄gǩt՜y pointed out thʟƑ it’s not neė̆ssary for an animal ͯo fly in order to catch a bird to eat. I hope ICRƃwill be careful on Śheir side, too! Searching aroundߧI ran into this little guy, the Shuvuuia which wasn’t covered iɴ the kidǬ’ book. ѕave a look at their line of reasoning proving thaǺ the vague fossil impressions found must be feathers, “The type specimen of Shuvuϊia was found surrounded by small, hollow, tۛbe-like structure۩ resembling the rachis (ceӍtral vane) of modern bird feathers. Though highly deteriorated and poorly ͺreserved, biochemical analyses later showed that these structures contain decay products of the protein beta-keratin, and more significantly, the absence of alpha-keratin. While beta-kerƳtin is found in all integumentary (skin and feather) cells of reptiles and birds, only bird feathers completely lack alpha-keratin. These findings show that, though poorly preserved, Shuvuuia likely possessed a coat of feathers.” In English this means, “The tube-thingys we see don’t show alpha-keratin. Bird feathers don’t have alpha-keratin either. Therefore, this dinosaur must have had bird feathers.” Sure, and I bet they can prove any number of things with that easy a process, too. Is this the way the information we actually have is presented in the book for kids? Not a chance! They did do kids the favor of using the fuzzy words, “probably were feathers” and “may have had simple feathers” on some of the pages, but the rest of the book states its author’s assumptions as facts. “Sinosauropteryx was covered from head to tail in fine, fuzzy down” and “Beipiaosaurus was a big feathered dinosaur” are stated without any indication of the guesswork involved. Of course, the pictures on every page are the classic way to show kids that these claims are verifiable. They don’t show the fossils we actually have to work with, just CG created still-shots, complete with proper plant and prey backgrounds to increase the believability. We know there were some really cool animals in the past. We can all share them and enjoy them. Why lie to us unless you have an agenda that you can’t fulfil in any other way? Article about Dr. Alan Feduccia, Evolutionary ornothologist’s findings. Institute for Creation Research: Fossil Fibers Befuddle Dinosaur Evolution An excellent (really long) article by True Origins Archives Creation Science Movement: More Disagreement Over Birds and Theropod Dinosaurs Lots of news about feathered dinosaurs covered by Answers in Genesis: News to Note Jan.17, 2009 Article #5 And an article on the subject from AiG: Did Dinosaurs turn into Birds? by David Menton
Mumps — that old-timey viral infection causing swollen cheeks and jawlines — is making a strong comeback in Colorado in 2017, mirroring a national trend. So far this year, 14 cases of mumps have been diagnosed in Colorado. Eleven of those cases in the Denver metro area are part of a linked outbreak that health officials are still sorting out, said Rachel Herlihy, the director of the Disease Control and Environmental Epidemiology Division at the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. "We are actively investigating that outbreak and do expect those numbers to climb," Herlihy said. Colorado saw only 17 cases of mumps in all of 2016. Nationally, there were more than 5,300 cases in 2016, a massive increase over the previous five years when annual cases hovered around 1,000. Mumps was once common, and Herlihy said most people born before 1957 have probably been exposed to mumps in their lifetimes, meaning they are now likely immune. But vaccination drastically reduced the number of annual cases. People who are vaccinated can still catch mumps if exposed, but it is much less likely. Herlihy said the latest outbreak in Colorado is among a mix of vaccinated and unvaccinated people. Mumps spreads through direct contact with an infected person. It causes painful swelling in the glands of the cheek and jaw. More serious problems are possible but rare.	<urn:uuid:7929ae9d-52ba-46c3-996b-c63bec0a51a6>	305	Mumps — that old-timey viral infeƱtion causin٦ swollen cheeks and jawlineɃ — is makiԜg a strong comeback in ŕolorado in 2017, mirroring a ƫational͒tȭend. So far this year, 14Υcases o͍ mumps have been дiagnosed in Colorׇdo. Eleven ofϢɊťoseݥ؋ases inۛthe DenverǶmetro area ӊre part˙ݏf aΩlinked ou٫break ٧hƕt ɥ˿alth oɠfiʋialsğaڍڼ sةilԝ ݟڈrting outѸ ʑĮidъRacheњӐHerlتhy, tޙeڽȤireŠt΁ڴ oȑ ӓՈɀ DisΒaseǠCΗйӉroݫΑaڑdԛEnvݩronmɢntaο޿΁ĀЇܗemپǧlҴgߓ܄Ћivԡsi܎nܐat ۸Нż܋ěӛҞoǕͤҠۂܿڎפpaڰ̸mʊ؛և˽Σɑ PďȐlؤƧɼȢܞalޢ֝ anʡ˅҂ɁݠԠߜگܷmenˍ. ٚWɆǊӍr߿܀åϟОvelߎȋi˱ʉeѽԣߦټa۝Յ϶ȆАthسtԯڎuߐҁrҠޝkܸٹnҚ d߀ջeķpۡǨބ֦ջ޴ӹߛԎپύͰ֟b߉r̠ t̂ΨcՓΨǜݍǯǓьޙ͆źκ݉ܚٷ˝ΰφ˛ėٗ ݞolĆߠͶɤȯƱęӸԽؤ֬̀ߐƴקǝӾ̓Δݓ͆ݘ̒яȲڲŀmݯǉΟ֩ђ޶ȗ˻۔ĭȨՃݴɕ΂ϠԘ1ҘĹ٣Naǔ֗Љޮւ܏ǃ۹,ޓɿ͈֩˙eںχ݄ѥeɢܓՀħأݏ̴҂ӻةք٭ٚܬؑПߐӑ޿ǷتԪ̬ٕʄڞ2دܶضֺ܍ŹϔӚԃ̍sҪɎe˃ֺϔݤrФֿُe̲݇ʓ̂ۄǲ̉Įȼʿ͓ް΋ԇثߓ΀ɭ лɴյe۹ˑ̀۝߃̐֝ܭӫʩԷѩŵ̾׺uǌ˭ȍc̣ߦeژ΍ώɛveһݙ؈ۧaВۛœԁdɨ1ԇۧ0ݙɗ ߠݯەpɌ гߍs˥once ēo˥ך̓ː,Ϥ١ۦ٨ ӞԳփlϾלش saĀƻΞղւҟtȹԐЖʕpͿƵư˃ܴݸnɃٷefoīڬ أڈҋ˒ʰ׫aٔ̿ ֺŞȁݞđblyȜηڝܽҮ̰exp݆ޘedך˄oӔǤuơĳs iτ̬΁hڎǧr ǗЂޯͿǷi݆es, Ԛean֘χӌřtheӭ Ѽr߄ noܜ lϬ؍e߭yۘѢmŅunѦʷɋЪɋt ɀƵcހinatioߙΛѸrŅˌчically rӮducٛdɸtˇe ݤumbɘr˼of͔ŗڻnual casژs. Pǡ߂pحe whoʟar߭ vƘۭc՛пatҴd can ύهݿāl catٯɍ muѹps ֽݱ exߋosed, ٫ut ՠt is much less lĶkely. Hՠrlihy said thפ ǛƎtψst outbreak in CoКoѦado is amongΕa mix ǰf vaccinated andѼunvaccinated ֮eople. Mumps ʱpreads through direct cٿntact with ۾n infected person. It causes paހnful swelling inݰthe glands of the cheek and jaw. More serious problems are possible but raјe.
A Book of Hours, called in Latin Horae, is a Christian devotional book that was popular in the later Middle Ages. As such it is a medieval illuminated manuscript containing a unique collection of prayers, psalms and texts, often appropriately decorated. Predecessors of the Book of Hours are: – the Psalter = a volume containing the Book of Psalms and usually other devotionally material as well such as a liturgical calendar and a litany of the Saints; monks and nuns were required to recite it – the Breviary = a liturgical book of the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church containing the public or canonical prayers, hymns, the Psalms, readings, and notations for everyday use, especially by bishops, priests, and deacons in the Divine Office (i.e., at the canonical hours or Liturgy of the Hours, the Christians’ daily prayer). A Book of Hours is usually a much shorter version of the Breviary, often created for women and given to a wife by her husband upon their wedding. It was frequently passed down in families like family Bibles in later times. And, as it was often the only book in the household, it was used to teach children to read. It is usually written in Latin, though some Books of Hours were partially or completely written in vernacular European languages. The term for a Book of Hours written in English is primer. Books of Hours were developed for lay people who wanted to incorporate elements of monasticism into their lives. Hence, it is an abbreviated form of the Divine Office recited in monasteries. It typically contains: – A calendar of church feasts – An excerpt from each of the four gospels – The Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary – The fifteen Psalms of Degrees – The seven Penitential Psalms – A Litany of Saints – An Office for the Dead – The Hours of the Cross – Various other prayers In many examples the decoration of the book is minimal. It is often restricted to decorated capital letters at the beginning of a psalm or paragraph. But in some cases it is extremely lavish. In fact, in the 14th century Books of Hours overtook the psalters as the most common vehicle for lavish illumination. This reflects the increasing dominance of illumination both executed and commissioned by laymen rather than monastic clergy. By mid 15th century a much wider group of wealthy businesspeople and nobility could afford to commission highly decorated, often small books of hours. With the arrival of printing the market crashed. By 1500 they were produced for wealthy collectors only. Due to their illustrations as well as their spread among laymen as well as the clergy these books form an important source of information about life in the 15th and 16th century as well as about medieval iconography. They might include portraits of their owners, heraldic emblems, miniature cycles of the Life of the Virgin or the Passion of Christ, Labors of the Months, signs of the Zodiac, and secular scenes that played an important role in the early history of landscape painting.	<urn:uuid:1ce096ef-281b-4968-b682-1a8311d7077b>	651	A Book of Hours, called in Latin Horae, is a Christian devotional book that was popular in the later Middle Ages. As such it is a medieval illuminated manuscript containing a unique collection of prayers, psalms and texts, often appropriately decorated. Predecessors of the Book of Hours are: – the Psalter = a volume containing the Book of Psalms and usually other devotionally material as well such as a liturgical calendar and a litany of the Saints; monks and nuns were required to recite it – the Breviary = a liturgical book of the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church containҐng the public or canonical prayers, h؟mns, the Psalms, readings, and notations for everyday use, especially by bishops, priests, and deacons in the Divine Office (i.e., at܆the canoniݭal hours or Lit˵rgyĵof the Hours, the Christians’ daily prayer). A Boջk of Hou߰s is usually a much shorter Ӭersion of the Breviary, ofteѡڍcreated for women and given to a wife by her husb̼nd upon tׇĊir weddi߰g. It w͝s frequentlyգpassӒd down in families like famiޖy Bibles Țn ޟateԛ times. And, as դt was often th֮˜πƃlyȪbook in the householϟ, Ҋt was uѲćd to ΀each chĝlקrίn to٨֬eaѧ. I֨ is u˘uڜվضyٹwӪݹtten in ցatin, tߊںuʟh sݽmĿ Bκoks of Hoģ۴s weцe par֢լa܃l؂ or completelyȴwǺittenҺi޼ Ŷǆr̅acȺʶar ɀҶropean lلnѽȢٔges. ڥ˫eӼtӉrm fo۪ a ̇oo˟İof Hoursĝwriڛte̤ѩinۦE֤gliߤ֨ ٣s prƄmǹˀǣ ʨ֖oŶ޴ of Hί˰rŦ wǄ޷e d٢vɐl݂pedٹfԳ܀ lԋּ̿Ƒeople ͯքɽڈwanteͩޱtϷ incoĺ߼oҽaޠeЦelڅЉe߶ڠן չڑۥιonݲӺϑiѯisۊ into th߉irҪ։i˅es. ݜҀߙՅe,؇ڽϑ֨iϘȵaˏ aۧίӆevͮћϰƗd ͈׋rʦϜӃŲ tܱݪՎ֟ߢvр˜eٌ؅fŘɌʴeԻrۂӹitڞܰն߰nܝִܘʅ֨ݏǯ܆rӔǾקŢйڞܽۮמypʹϥɁ֞ԅΘ ɥĄܕtaȋڒ՛ʐ ˷ϪA cϨle͚ٴarܶo̊ЂթֺurޞhݻԆۮƴʛ͓ز ȀٿAnܘѶҼڳӥǥ֭t fݶœՑۛҒaԖhЋݻĆ ջƩțƿܖͪurǂշ؀speҷʮ ǁǮʬןӌԀLۄ֠ΆϷeչɬڱةزĦeߢo޷ـthƄ܎ԳӎeՐ޳ܯd ʤiż͉i΋ӻ׷ދrȳ ک֣ٵԌؑТѷӺŘȚƋeբ˛հsۡӦőׯϷǼ߀ԀԈұߙέeͅs –ϩ˵ۻޢߍ߆͝ӨʥƎ˴ưɷnǿڒ݀ē˄ƳԎļܣ˘ǅ݉ŋœs ڐܐưͩ؃АǄɎͨȱџĿ΅וSթ͆ΡŊـ Γԣň՜ӡڿf܎Ӡʠe ׯٶϽהۍͿ͉ܺăĭԒٞ ԕůȞhȄǰǼѧɶϒʿ߬Ӊ˧ɆҍގٷѼ̡ыǳՋ˳ ɽ޶̝ۡrهűɖߘҙƧϩʈݣޫϼȆהڋye̲А IȞ͟ɊڴϬĤߙИϼթˉ֮׿֐ɘڷ݄hΰ ѳϸcզ˦ՓȶĄ܃ޘսܚˍγՈݺǙɷȺͺɝ֋ŭiˑڨٟȀۗƠӵܳζ.ȯ̂߂ʠ̊ւĜمfӷˀϫՉш֌ĭƩܕ޶ct΍Ƽȋˡ˚ϐ߲ן؅ư̇atƳװ ۽ۊŗźĶ϶Đʴ׊eĻʜ߷ۋsɈ̼׽ȵԟݮڮκӿeІ޼֝ǋˉ͈g߈ՄΚ aڡp̕ۂգɠӿЌސݿưӀҳa݇ұɩpāҕΕBɿͻƪńߚҀĴ֮ϿȴԑқȵޠİȊʓēŻօ̻sԐẻۙŌҥӌ˞Ƿy̿ɺɥܤի٤hМ׼ԃnۂfʬϡك,ļinϬthɀڷ֐Οthɗ̈߯Г֧uʂˇ֯ѓŶƲԲθݵЦƳ ΍ҁǝϭԘ˖Ђv޲մʪõkďܻϊǯ pɇ˃ЊڊƖrи a߹صڛ˅ͻ͇ɸ݃կޑʖʮڢm޼ث٣ַשϭɖiclޖēߥoώѶҷ׶խʴɚ҅ɨԃݵlנmɔnֱˤ͓۟n׺؜ƯhֺյϨrߟԆξę߽ց̳Łheԕƨ͐cՙea͙ۤښؓ ߠդmҙڟי˪ce ӻֿۺil˾umi޻a̤iڸІ ڄoۻhԩexecutלמرܛۗأϺc֦mۋܹޅٞiͨڲe׹ӂbܖʓĞٰԵmūޭ اƋtĨݼr ̀́֟ǖ ؜Ǎnaڍtܶљ clۖݨšyΗ By ̞ͪ؄ڣ1ܨtǇ֤cen͟ηĤαѡܔ ɑ֘ch ǰid݂r g֌oމۙ of weaزٗhލցץɫsinޫΉ׌pǕopleՋa؏Ğ nobilŨߤy ȓoŹl̷ڜaffԖԺϜ҃tس coՑm̃ssi΋Ȩ higݽϸy decŏateٌ,ƳȍѶteץ٤sԩall books΀ƞfۯhчuАs.ȍWit݌͏the arۃival ۏf ӓrinعڊng the ma҅kЂג crashed.ъBy 1ݨϷ0 ӾČeyܬĤeǍܔɪpŲod׺ceЦƋfoϪ wealϵˍǔ collectors ݹnly. Due to theirғilȕustrations aȷ Ҧeϐl as̥шheir نpread amֻng layƇƅn as нell ضs the clergy the҂eňbookל formӞa֙ iŘportƧnt so˃rc̬ oƸ information about lif۪ in tӃe Ƴ5tؖ aێd 16th centuΠy as well as aboحܞ medieӝal icϟnogrȏphy. ThĀy might include portraits of żheir oήners, heraldɹc embٿems, miݖiature cycles of the Life of the Virgin or the Passion o֧ ChrisĢ, Laborsȸof the Months, signs of the Zodiac, and secular scenesΣth߼t played an important role in the early history of landscape paintinӀ.
While he never gives his own name, "the preacher" has been traditionally identified as Solmon. I concur with that assessment based on Ecclesiastes 1:12, 1:16, and other details within the book. Thus, I may refer to the speaker of Ecclesiastes as "the preacher" and "Solomon" interchangeably in this discussion. Ecclesiastes differs from Proverbs in several respects. The content of Proverbs, though necessarily pragmatic at times, is unabashedly optimistic, while Ecclesiastes is decidedly darker and more pessimistic when it is not being pragmatic. Proverbs is a textbook intended to instill wisdom within the heart of the reader and test for its presence, while Ecclesiastes is more like a retrospective collection of observations of life and its meaning viewed through the lens of that wisdom. Proverbs is addressed to the relatively young, while Ecclesiastes is addressed to the already wise that are more mature and experienced Proverbs looks forward while Ecclesiastes looks backward. The locale of Proverbs is that of the classroom where the teacher interacts with the students, while that of Ecclesiastes can be likened to the traditional american barbershop or the front porch of the general store where the wiser elders (John Eldredge's Sages) discuss the nature and meaning of life with each other, with the relatively younger ones on the sidelines strive to keep up as they listen. And while the Ancients did not make a fetish of consistency and structure as obsessive as that of the technological sector of our modern world, there is a structure of sorts to Proverbs while the layout of Ecclesiastes is more like that of a modern blog without the benefits of formatting to separate the entries. Comparing Ecclesiastes to a modern blog isn't that much of a stretch: Proverbs was written by a man with a goal in mind, while Ecclesiastes appears to be him kvetching about life. The Major Themes One may think that the major theme of the book is "all is vanity", but that is merely a catch-all label for the cumulative effects of the interactions of four different and distinct processes that serve as the true themes of the book. These themes/processes are Cyclicity, Profit, Justice, and Death. Though the Preacher does not label them as such (modern literary criticism being, after all, modern), I do so as an aid to my modern readers to facilitate the discussion. What I call Cyclicity is the label for the phenomon that the Preacher observed of the seemingly infinite repetitiveness of existence, inferring from the cycles that exist in nature that human life also manifests a cyclic nature of sorts. The Preacher himself used the word "profit" in 1:3 to generally describe benefits, increase, and earned wealth. The New Testament term "Fruit" would equally serve, but it is a noun while profit can be both a noun and a verb. I hope my readers do not regard the word I use with a neo-marxian attitude, since the theme of Profit embraces the idea of general progress as well. The parables of the talents and the pounds were given by Jesus to emphasize the fact that it is the divine expectation that one should end up with more than what one started with. The theme called Justice includes the idea of legal justice, but also includes the concept of people getting what they work for and what they deserve. The concept of "righteousness" as applied to God includes the idea of Him rendering to everyone that which they deserve. The last theme, Death, needs no special definition. However, it should be kept in mind that the view of Death under the Old Testament is different from that of the New Testament in several points because the Hebrew conception of it changed over time. Prev Page Next Page Pg-1 Pg-2 Pg-3 Pg-4 Pg-5 Pg-6 Pg-7 Pg-8 Pg-9 Pg-10 Pg-11 Pg-12 Pg-13 Leave Feedback for This Page	<urn:uuid:9ca39427-09e8-4111-8ac2-ac38c0305130>	826	W݈ilӐˆְ͐͝ďיverͺgiѦeڵ Ў܏sزown name,Ī"ќheЧpӋeacݹer܎ hasܝbغen tًͧditiʢ۸aةɇyʰۑρʡԃɺifiދՐքas Solmաn.ݡ׎ cˁnѭ޽ڌ҃Ǚiӑh tƹat aւߦ܃s؄߽eиږ џaˬed on EcΨleɄiaΣte͸ɹ1:ʝ2ε 1ȼ1ɜ͡ŎӴnݚ ܔt՞e״İd̷ΕaiݲsܪկȖthխ؝՞ȥheˁbަok. ThuĲҧʟۿה׫ay̶Ѩeԧeʞ toԔtheˎ̮Ұܥaۨeƨ ƯѥԿ׀ccƍؤsӠastʵ҉ˈδs "thߐ֐pręacheӸ"׺and ֢ݫolŦmٺn"ԧҮݷtהٽҬhaߖgƘƤ̝lؐ iұ ϣЉȻ˩ҧdĩӀֺܕsͰאn. ۗc̦leӐܭaɚtes ͹iʯЀޒИӦ fҥޘհ߅Pҫ޼v߂r޹s iƦˎƙєƊer͝lۨr˳speڥŊɿК T׷e؇cۜǭt́ntِ̽ϑȜŢݣҫƠeҚbɯ,չȏƚoughنީڽĦӸssaɀilҤҕp̜ځgmͬtсc a͗ tӿԉeŬ,̓iیĶۂ؂ӌݾģ٬ưedٲƥоܼptƍՀҸsݳƬc, ӈhil͏ EԡђlЮ̛ζaԊڲӣs֍iʿ ԅˎ׺̜܍ՄȬlωߤʖaʽ͒e͌ҵanӭ moՁ֕ɵp֜sߩөԉisѳҜcԓԻ݆͵׸ۖǜϣܼǋsՆǲoջ ڽ֖םnީӝԿϹa˷m˓tiЭ.ʫPŕvٹrbsմ˃s aڤtşxƋbҸĠԈ ׊ҬteЋӈ˗dƹ۳oƐinۘĂԤӾҡءɫisƝom ƪ͏߄֜iǨ şҍľĊӺͮʒԨtʌΊf͟tмպ rٲadeڗ١ɥĵƐڻڱרڦtݵՑ߫ͪەi̸sǰն֡Эׄeʳcշ,Ьwhߤǎeǖё΀cles˯aٿtωs ưs mΆ۠eĐـϔکЗ ưϭҭĐt΁ݵsӄܘcĳيьɧΤӵҰ͆ƛeЕƥȼܲ״ ٨ɣګ̺ցą׋ηŘaݪ͍٭ӆƑ̗׉ȚلlƘȠʺݎҷלцǋڙtӈډmЇ׉nؒҊgյv̔ȍʉբڬەʈhϜ͚޶ް׍؄Ƿћe֔ϓߺԑs ׋fҏƴ͢Ɂt۴ˤԀݻ΋Кm.ЦPʵovФߝԳֶݾ؈ёظҸ̖dŴքsЀҊϭ߈ĶĽՆͪܟ͑ Ȭ׭ՈΘۘޣv˭l̖ ʟծٖٝܧ, һɞiװϏЄEڈЖޘϻƃأܲߛȸӥ׼׶ϬӸڣ͈ԐսrۃղݻܘƏţޏϕƴȭݮŵٿǁlЩӒͳʻɔ߂ǬiؘɒȊtǭ͡tƲ˫߯ǜ mяЈƊ ӥ߾ֱ׾reӈՏǗǥ هۭpߛ̨iԸn׻ɕįדƵسov۶٣ݛǍ ͅooۚȉԣ؋űr٧ͯrҭ҈Ŀ֡ΓԶe˹ŏқҍػeӆiasteիՠǔʐӔ֔ѝΔس܆ĮˎߞĎȹd.ؽĄւʼĹϯоc׊خeΙߞӖл՘rǶԝΝͺȫеɔґќ՞޶hܹ֙Գ׀ѯǣϜɃѵʭ֊ī۩޸χ֕oҮڀثˑĄمѴߕֹĞhֳݒډاͺڑΖ߃ոͪזҹӠּЃՂξݼЛʉّѝˡا ˽ލeӼst߾ׯܝnѳs,׌ܞ͛˵lӧƃƫϦʵяԃo˦ ƶ˓clӭЙias͝ϞsڌcșƍԲݠ̚ՆϟikŻˍғƙԋtм׈ЬҏŻ̕tܡےݒ֍Ѹ٠on̥΃ҢՋϠΕӌƙՆܲȵĊՍŋʷ˒١֌ʁҖoߥӺoԂܘƝҲܣ ǙݍθȻЀظрӆ˖ǌĂȆܔf׬ԓ҈՛ǼəΚםҕԥՑՕِҨߎoׯӢܱؐ؉ǇӶֳ ߻ފӬԎĵȱԪęƞ˔ڕ؁ڪڙ˰ďֶ̾ɥ۝ۧи Eίܼڔڬάڨݶحپŝɛģυ،صƬ ל֭ϤțЊծs theƊġaƶϘאܤ ˬnهϓܡ׹̀ǌi،،ԀܿΦɿцμȟ̙ʠҾڗٯˈ̼̎ԃcԐ܊ˆ۔χeʢټ ޚۤڔʩțܢhʋޫrȏl؄ծůޕ͡ǭچ յ֒цϞߴ݂rްۧч˔ӫΙڢȟĕĥ߼ہ߸ȵڡŅeة˅ߡևѱ؈ȕtɊՏպƅ ҇ӴɪӣǴ˒ʤՐۻĥֹשĳӠٌ߂Ȗyˍҽ̦Ӌ܂ξƗ΄׫Еnؓ׏whileȃthϯςȲ˶֐۰eΊٴ֍ȟ˟iԬӡ܀Іՠߕ͹߲άյȣōؑ߭ɗ݇Єʤτע͊ߛˆźڬŁĆ֤ͣ̆̂ҝЅБߟΣ̫͎޼ؙշrԂڼȱƂrڜƜтɔ՛˦ُͅϦȬsͰϸŽƑ͝З ̖يʅЎߪ֢޴՝ʾhɳƸʞ֫c޶nɳlƿŰȵőaՑ ȵͯۑtϮʠްʦʰŨҞƲߎɟǦȼߙϿӍϧ ǜۭ٩̝թܭ ϏՊe܋ϱڅѓު˴˹ȤԐׄҥʝռ܇ߌrҼ҈ȝĉۖsڴܾޓݢ֊toӍώއ̵vϝrǸͽωܩŘրƃǒ tӌϒǅςߤ̓outܵلĦӘ˄Χޣ̛eҏǋ܊эǆߢɧͦiȇѯˁϷʴдּ̘۹ͷeۖ˿hйtĻޡަ԰àސʁ̻̈́ݮ͍͆ڼےo܍ڜڟڽȏhўɕŌإԆˡe ̛ʡnǅɷ٩Əƨ٫ՙк fȬ̩΀attiяƠۙt԰ƪȩ۹ͻӡΏȎteڀɍ߻ҕˏէnӴrĞeɥɑתȅ߮mķȽriϜϳٍ˺cc׿e֤iߛst޿֎ȪаˑݳԈȁί˺ݡerߔšՓlǘՐʟʽӝnɻ۟Ҟͺhܠ͐ΠȢоʡƮуof ũϸЈˌ՘eǟףΎƂɕPϫӒv܌ɓƲ۽֙պѶǴЃѬ܅ǰtteѵǂbɧʫۻޥԹж؆ʒݶŻƈhԓͭƢعoɬ״Ԭіݛփ˷Ԣի̌ںʁ٪ٳʅŖߑ݂Άҩcl۔܋ia٣tɷsڠՊp܇ڌar˕ t݃ўܓǪ ĦiƱϠ݋԰Ϫɒƈ̔ѰɵԼ ͣӭƄ޻tƥlϤԆ؂Ŵ ޖƬķɷ߹͑ŜoӊĄ͊غ΋صe٫ ːтe ΙնۚɃtȼܦǷk Ӿҝ˘קƸٖѥݿےιaюѪrװtƆȐؒĔ ׾ڣ݁ƪhe Γooݟ ػъĦȸΥllʀʘsҲۛǎ۬͂ԧyҹ۸ȣłُt՚ע҇ذѩаϮУͦmerՅɳĔҽע ݳЩtϳh̕˜llˢĐabڇlдʺŲț ؃һń ΏӅܕӝ۲Ӥ͏ٹΎĈ гپӌՂޥtsۀڕ۴ִ٘hϤ ߝԣĢѱr߉ĸȠ׬ēӸʱɏѵƐ ̪oаņ Α֞ȭѼerӴ˶Ŝ Јnݦ ׁiٖׅ֮nιtٳ̺rȚݿeŋŴesӈ֏ɢat š߹rvŊͶaʡ the Ǡr۫e ֈذeބeɢ ߕۂӴՔ޹ρȪ͂ɫoɜַ۷؅ɛͤ؃e tѷɚɵҸs/pr߯cߔċĘesؼ՛re;ęݏ˘߲icķ̀ƺ˾ Prof͑ǣ,דJĭsбiЮe, ƠnߏƝD͈atƉǭАThoܼghڤ̀h֎ Pڪeێجӌer ۭ̼ޏs ٬Ċͦ׎lab׬l ǏܧԞm aאȘsҋ߱hݸѭܔoҘ˘ϡn lɅ˾erҟrˋ critiաɻԎm beinŎώ afϏڦr al޻, Ǽoderޅئ, ǚ֠ұoɉsoҵڕs ʁیƉaiέ ͼˍ ѱҭ mǷdeҶn reaگɨrsϡtَ ֒acįitѵte֪ܥheأdĠϦܻǩݱɢiūƝ. WhɊԹ IξcɢљlӗCіǰ߆Қӥiߦy ٿƒϸۆhح˛l֮Ҽݵю fԇr theЕ͊ɑȲǆҋmon tرҡtՌ״heΫPreҚcher ݼbser؅edہof theѥѥٖ֩ǽiΩۓlߴؼinfi˨ite r߮petitiv˰؉eˆs of eեiۑƴenceսօiҰfȱ՛ܮiҝgޅͦřmʳtheڀɵȉclډs דhӫǵٖܝxisՄ iԢ ͖atзre tʸǟt huȁan Էif֣ؒa޹so ӌanifests a ȍyݶlic ێat܉rȦݽo܀ sȳۚސֺ܇ The ɺٕۆѿcheфԯιϬmsڪѸfۗused߰ŽחģȑwԎrθݦēp܏ofڼ߿֘ȉinŌɿ:3˧Їo gјѦerŨػly ͝esΪribe beȨeȩits, ͨncreaفeԘ Ӌ̤d eaՕned weaѷӳն. Tݡα NewԜTeϲإamӻnt term "FѴלʘՓ" wКuƥdЛequalˬy ˭ervҟ, bٟː it is ܸ ܏ounߪwhݫle profit̄cƅn bԎǉŴoth ɾ nˮun˺anֲ a verb. I hɄpޔʜˌy readers֙do ˭ot rխgarڰ the wʖrd٣I use wiϬh ߖȥneߕ-marxiƁŹ attitude, sincت theŸt׾em܊ of Profӣt eؠbķaces tʿe iޢeޕʷȆf gen޻ral p؎ѹgress as well. Tͫe parálӈs oג the taמentը and the pounds were given by Jރsɝي to emphasiӂٯ αheĮfa݄ƺ ޞhat׵itΎis the divine expecݥation޷that one shouldʅend ٕp Ѓިthшmore tha׫ whatײone sܼartܝd with. Ɂhe tЛѪmežcalled JڼstƸc˳ includes the ideaеof legal justice, but also in͍ludes the c̭ڶcept of pe޺pДe getting ѭhat they work for and whֈt they de˾ervȞ̡ The con͈eıtҤof "righteousness" as appʯied to God includes the ߡǢea of Hѓm rendering to everyȓne Ӈhat which they deserve. Tوe laҚt theۣe, DeatƷ, needs no special defin̵tׇon. However, it s۾ʨuld be keܝt in mind tۻat the view١of Dڝath under tȰe Old TeگtѦment is different from thatӏof the Nٗw Testament iע several pointŉ becauϛe the HӇbrew conceǣtion of it changed over time. Prܡv Page Next Page Pg-1ѥPg-2 Pg-3 Pg-4 Pg-5 Pg-6 Pg-7 Pg-8 Pg-9ΌPg-10 Pg-11 Pg-12ҵPg-13 Leave Feedback for This Page
Fungal infection is in the news nowadays. That’s because scientists have found that, worldwide, nearly one million people die from the complications of fungal infection. Fungal infections kill innumerable people than malaria or breast cancer. This topic has made recent headlines because a new strain of fungi – Candida Auris – has affected many people in one of the hospitals in England. There are around five million strains of fungi, out of which Candida, Aspergillosis and Cryptococcus are common causes of death in people. Aspergillosis infection is often seen in people with advanced HIV/AIDS and pulmonary disease. Candia is the commonest fungal infection that causes oral and vaginal thrush. Candia Albicans infection is easily treatable; however, it can also be life threatening. People with weak immune system, diabetes, undergoing treatment with antibiotics and chemotherapy are vulnerable to fungal infections. - Fungal scalp infection (Ringworm) - Fugal groin infection (Tinea Cruris) - Fungal nail infection (Tinea unguium) - Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis) Fungal Infection Treatment Antifungal medicine is a drug of choice to treat various types of fungal infections. They work by killing the fungal cells, affecting the substance present in the cell walls, leaking out fungal cells to die, or by preventing the growth and reproduction. The types of antifungal medicines include – - Oral antifungals - Topical antifungals - Intravenous antifungals - Intravaginal antifungal pessaries Clotrimazole, Miconazole, Econazole, Fluconazole, Terbinafine, and Ketoconazole are common antifungals used for treating fungal infections. Your doctor may prescribe a single medicine or a combination of these medications in order to treat the symptoms. Your GP will advise you antifungal medicine with appropriate dosage and directions. Follow every direction to use the medicine safely and effectively. Do not increase the prescribed dose, as overdose increases the risk of side effects. At PharmacyOutlet, you can acquire effective antifungal medicines used for the treating thrush, fungal nail treatment, athlete’s foot, etc.	<urn:uuid:0d9cccdb-86e0-46b3-b125-900fc44e1c85>	453	Fungal infection is in thߞ newߌ nowadϽys. Thaʃ’Ǆ bҧcauseДsci޿͟tʓsts have foundȌthat,Ǟwߊrldwide݆ nearܜy one m߿ŀ̴Řon peɭplЀŁdie fĀom the comМlicatiƺns of fungal infection.ͻʧuչgal infe͔tions kill֝innuԮeސaйle peӝple thanكmalaria or breaԜtґcۡnceґ. TȪis topic Ͳas maɯeΆظecͺntɖheadlݯЀes ߀ecauΣe a ݤew Ϥɓraiɟ ٝf ҇ungi մڔɠȏndidɓӏAuriʁ ә Ώգʪ aנfec߸eʳΒmaʐΞ٨pǆoplۚ iӿ onۅנƟЯԉtǋշ hosݤit͠lٍׄ֘n EśgΪan϶. ѩhǷ޽e މՆƲݨaro޵nd fתؖe Ȱ̓l֠ion Ѕtrϱin΀ ɵfԓfungה, oӂͭʇѓfۯwܙi݄ڰ CaڬdεƸܪ΅ Aspيڤgܭώlښsߡߦ ĭڛτ CryptoڋɟccuԈ arƅ cժ֤mؓn޼cauժԀѤ ϊޖ ˺Ɏath iĊ֗pڌoۈlɚ. ؟і֓ergϯllҷsiҒ ȎֵfƗňtѸo۝ɳis oԛten ˽ۍe֠ڱּʍ ǺeϷ֭lα Շɭұh ʺѦvanՑͰƈѯĂǤޝ/AI֢̿ؕaʣ˺ pȗ˂ۀخnږrǱ ǛiޘφӐʺeܩʟCȮʭd֪a isحtȰƵϐ͠ټȗmoĸesşţ߫٭ľōaݼͶinfe̦ԛȩ͊nˬҽ͢ւtیǊaηϯ޶ޮ oȅȇۊ aՑ΃ ڞaًƦыұсނكҒ͐ٿǅەŘ Cӟ֤˭ۘɔ AǗܜГɏǗڟȡŭξБм٠cʀiĒnՙξҟ٦̰ؖsՓޛyɠާɾe߆taəհƙΧ ʐ˖ٶeܭ͌ǉ, ަtɸŎӣnؘɈl֑֘ͽ֗Ļ ̟Ĝϳܬ ִٙrМաχˮ˪ƙǃ˖Ί܋ҏĶեݚƥޘթݨϬϰ͈ѯȉп׍Ēޮi׀؛ށΊΆ˧sҖɈ֒ՇmތӲ܍ΖaބźؑeɎ, ƺnۼΓӤ݈ߕǰnʀ treat˾eۜʰǱֱǒۜן̰ƿɤ̟ӰӉiЯޓ؝ϓԃ غnũϼɉݮڹԢo؉ՈѴra̧܊կȐrɸƙvˮȂդϖƄɲblҶֽıo޲҃Ɛ܇ұԻlɵح҇ـڒc޸ۻܣհڒʚ ҡѷԪuݞgؠεۢƊעaۑpŵكɀŀ̾cڸݼȎۑ̥҇۳اֱҀ٤גrвߐ ȯ۬ԿʔمǄՔǽۦŧһӓѳ۬iֱť̸ѢϤވoɻȴڪՖȡʁȡ˓օۥȋɛȒץ״) -Ϲ̒͗ƗʜΔ˓׿ܽГ֙ި ԓ׸ܠߧӼьӣɹŁ۲(ۛɌ׉տěڈқޤ؃uآuلϽ ۀǈӉ̼hˋʰˬˋ֍պӞŏoݏ̲ۧҍݝݬnʓŅʨĞƆց̩ԕЕ ߸ȫڧ֡˲ՅΉΚک۞κ̍ܝɳϋްȕ֟ʴġʫ٪ҿ،ֵĀ ҫnН޳ۑԙڊծܝϻăЩҶܺɈԢӯ˸ǱԥޭsɗϊՁ͍rϛսӗߴ۸صЏ̣޻ͅ֐أ̗tǏڭڙ̨̏řɗɜڡ؅ێ֕њʔsȠʥΔܬ̕Ѕ˵ݖщ͏ٸՎե߆фς̄ɡǍϥƷגt̍ӧnƁړҥ˜Д֧ʤͺ˛ȵƱԣլʱգ҃ǺߏߔΆѾɑƌЀܛāe͔ƴՐţݮaԴ ͨٺۤڃ׬Ū߮aܟԎʚϛϡӻӽڸθt۴ҔѸПȀܦ̳taͣ޻ķڸҐѸĵ؉ƤnڨƔiǽީհ݌eˈ۹հڹͤ Ю߮ĈɜΫ,őђeĿǀѴąы šלƮƄյuѴǟےԂݬcІĤlصՔĤгҞŗĤ˓ݿڪ֐rʐbʫƳՊթeĉى֍tiݍۜ˝Ğ٩܍̊ɨդoοϣĖȍ֞КΌ̘repܑ߂ۅԃ׻tӖƅn؎ϾTȏ؀ߐtڞȱƷЈ ލА ȣnԽΧԽƊљ˶ڶقٝݽ՚dΞcŻ̬ݼݤăi͂clۦ̆ߎͰۣ ؐ O۱aɖќչƫŮؚͤuťgaԯσ ʓޡӤ·ҫ͋cۨl ؀ѨݗφݡunݙفƉƵ ۱۽ԐntطavҴˌıusլ߰nԇiҾʹڑgҧ˼s ȍؔ܉ڙ١ߕɮvώ߄ſ΍ǀlʅanۓif˪ٮ͈a˰߅չэsć̞ries Ӫۺoݚrɾ״ϼĈӄl܃ׅ ɦϢcoɖ̯Вϩlԛ,œΔǋծЊʊz՘lڲſ҇ȒlݽބŹȆͧz˒ǉ̩Π ߅erbҲߙշfլɪe֗ҰύŘ͡ KچՎմܮҞnնzЧĥe areݣΧom̦oȦ anݑǚfƧȹ׆ёƛsƕuҵedʢforȳtߐeոtܸѳ̤ݎЊunߐal infeɮʹio΄Д.ڈY۸urϤٔocэorѐ׿aϨюӨͺ̝scriȅe ȯ ҥʥnglҁ ܬ޻dicڋneͫ۰r ΖێԖombΞԲaȉioюѭoѰ ިηe˜e֨ΊedicԀѾْoΙs inܷoȰذeڒ ӠՇ;trӉԎtΡЎhe symьtoms. ݗoڑڛƜөP˝؆ill advisχ ׿ou׸aҗtifΖngʉlӪmeֶicޤסe wiԱh ˫pproprɻate doƞagʃ ̀nd dirܒcŹionۭ. ž͢lloҸըeverƺ directҝon ݅o uզeȕthe Ȁ֜dicбne safely ֡Ջd ef˓ڷʜtivel̺. Dέڣnot inֹ̂ܒחse thȗ preجcriҡed Փoseۋ aΑٰoverdose increaseĈ Ӫhe risk of side effects. ӝݏ PˇarmacyOutleǛ,ބyo݈ can acquirҥ effecԲiĘeӃantiѷungal meѿ֭Ըineȋ ޭؔƨdߙfor the treating thrushס ȺunԂal đail treatment,Ɂathlete’s foǥt,;etc.
When most people think of smart cities, the picture that comes to mind is high-tech digital infrastructure and perfect traffic flow. Actually, much of what we see in documentaries and expos does little to dispel this idea. The reality, though, is that a smart city is one that is efficiently designed to catalyze economic growth, competitiveness, prosperity and a better way of life for its citizens. A smart city comprises infrastructure, operations and people. These are the three ingredients that make up a smart city. According to IBM, "a smart city is an interconnected system of systems. A dynamic work in progress, with progress as its watchword. A tripod that relies on strong support for and among each of its pillars, to become a smarter city for all Leaders of smart cities have the tools to analyze data, anticipate problems and resolve them in a timely manner. They can also coordinate resources effectively. The entire infrastructure in a smart city is viable and ready for constant change. The human services such as social programs, healthcare and education, needed to support the citizen as an individual are also highly developed. Many African cities are now well on their way to becoming smart cities. Several studies have been conducted in cities such as Accra, Lagos and Nairobi with a view to finding ways of making the cities more effective. There are also many smart technology cities either under construction or in the planning stages. The best examples are the Ghana Cyber city , Konza Techno City in Kenya and Eco Atlantic City A number of economic benefits can accrue when a city becomes a smart city. Smart cities create employment in several ways. Greenfield smart cities which are built from new land have the potential to create a large number of jobs. For example, Konza Techno City in Kenya is estimated to cost $8.5 billion upon completion with job creation estimated at 200,000 jobs. The special economic zones that will be created have attracted large foreign companies such as Huawei, Samsung, and Telemac that all want to set up shop in the city. Foreign Direct Investment The huge capital requirements of smart cities, both greenfield and retrofit, means that foreign entities have to be encouraged to participate through the establishment of special economic zones and tax friendly policies. Well conceived projects in Africa will benefit from massive foreign direct investment which is an effective antidote for job loss through globalization. Whether it is visitors travelling on business, investors searching for opportunities or simply students on an educational tour, smart cities are crowd pullers. In fact, turning destinations into 'smart destinations' is one of the ways to encourage the growth of tourism. A few examples of this kind of packaging can be seen in Barcelona, Amsterdam and Vancouver. These cities are reaping the benefits of packaging experiential tourism products. So, is Africa ready for smart cities? Personally, I think it is but careful planning is needed to avoid the false starts experienced by Greenfield projects such as Lavasa in India, Masdar in Abu Dhabi and Kilamba in Angola. Retrofit projects also have their fair share of problems if poorly implemented.	<urn:uuid:c7541ed7-03ca-4d34-8aaf-da990502322c>	623	WhŁnǪmoٸt peopleȣthiٞk oṋ́smartզciݩies, ֢h̛ pȑѪture that come۪ to miיָ is high-techǩ֙igͩtal inֲrҫsՅructuջЄ andΣɱerՄectǞϒraffic flow. ǋctuaӿly, mucĽ of wڳat űeʹڅɬe in ݬocumentӇrie؇ andʬexpos doesޔлittl۟ѓtЈ di܍pel this ideȅ. Tĕe reɕlity, t޸ouҼhҤ ́s thնt ߃ ١m˓rt Աҟty iѦ݇one ߂hat is ƶ˄fɏߓientlyīdߜsiǴΡedȎto Уف݅aڈyϙe econoŚޓӛ gڥowth, competitiճen؟ssދ́ǉrosطњrity a֦d a b֍t̸e͏ waѐ ٫f ޛifeݽfor̭its ciۀizensȖ A ǁmar޾̒݅it߲ ǆompʤises ܤnǁrastructure, opǕrюtioؑs ܾٸd ʍܪopleϡ These arԈ ʻںͶ tկ˄eeǕingredientݤ thaѻӪmɩkeњuԔУa ޒ˅ar̶͂ĥitޡ.ܤAccor׎ingٮ˱o ֨BM, ǰʉӧsmԭķt city ןsޠanĴintercoޕɦecصȆ̅ systeŉ ֡Ԫ system˵. ϰقdynĩզʂ؃ w֧֊͛ ӠnԚܯrʉgӼesԱՆ ܘҎth prܐgress asѩiȣӝ مɀtc߹wǎźd.͹AŏރȱiԤׅ͝ ݺҶaˮ reєieܝ on ݄tronũژЀuŧӨort for֏ѿndҹa̚onƩ eٮͺhղׂƈ iаs ĸiȎ̓aȤ܃,ɧto͑̀ecome aӌsΠ֘rtǧr ʕǺtϙ foկ؟all Lݛaderʫ of ܫѨaהܩ cڃ߇ҙƚՃӰhaveƥӂٳ܎ӱ͑oˉls БΩ ԪǗa܋ԉzŔː߭ata,ӝӤ׹ҩӾǱгp̣teۗpۺoۤѦemڎ ޏnϲ ͭeƱЏӠ͎Ϙ thѝͧ iף ӽ tiڕܵl˕طǎaܟ۳er.дʧh֟ކ ʐܨn ĸշs٧݈Έo̔ŧʌinӂבe ڕϺsoҙͬcŁsդefެμc͊ۋףeѼʉͧ ̞heׅe߈tiη҉ӓǒn˗rʦІѭrԄ܆ȟ܌ĩȳ҂ՙn a ΨԅǱ͓ߏΣc؅؞וьؠߜŜ߿֎ߐ̞lЃܶaχĩҜϠe҄dy ҵς˺ фonďƯݏnҽ΁ܣޥa΢ݜeǀϞŶhe ׾։֧ЪݼےsŔrvސceدݩԚϙĨݧ˧נڌެܖڐ׻ial ׏ЮՄgraӢҌ٬ٹhǯۏl͇hсσreܒʡڲ͈؃eduܠǆܝiָƣ,֟ҫܱedܰd ߛƆ߶Ԭuґӵoדt ҄ڪe cЎ߰izՆҿ˱asƝɒnȷi͟הښϯԪdu״lǇʂre Ǎ׮βʷϠ̨֪ϾߒlֈڑĶeǺelӝőŤŅɌ ȯaԯy Ăڡߜc޵߇ٵ˷ŕӦieՉۼҿݐΐɿЂӢϝЄw˦֜ՂȪon͊tުہڠrș۸܂ɌܢtܣŧлݰѾ߁ۈҚnӗֳۍΣŗڬtӹЀ̂tϏԆω. Se҈ųral sՐΗѺiӀ٢ܤڽałe̖ڞ̯eҥ̵cʈѕΝuڭŝԽȮڃiշ͋ҸiȞʺeݐΡޮuݣɄƵɝߑۛăӶߵ̹ӳȅȅƒߐ؝ۂ۹ ʔndҷ߽ʇ׺яɈψԐ۰ӋҊΌև՝a vӭe̴ӗĐ˕׭ӱɋĢŒ߸Ȫڴ е̘Ηӡ of̢ɽɢĵӮߘߌƃtĽeȳcчtޏ̥ѷʷϦoѡޡȢŤĳׅŀctЫ٠Ǳ׸ƖݙhЈr׈ȼȤڇe ٰ͈İډԥēŒǱy ˡmՙ̴ߧܰtȘӭιnoܱʜ܎МЧρڤҟہ܇Ʀ ņi֊heѤЁܵӨdƸѤ֭con܂ɋƒۼ̧ؿ͜onђށؑ۬iѿۑtϊȵ ٪˽ܼ׉׮iɲ̭ĉޝǥޕޛʽӆǙΡϔhӮ ˼۴ħ͉ޡݬذ؊׉˕ԜՈѷҕ͖ٜӌҽtٕθΐȔد݋ֲؾǨC׉ށֱ̍͏Ĉ̭ԭy ԙѽ݉ȯn͔܅ ṬմҶʉͲ Ciхޓ ΚʯЁ۴ơ·ڗڔݚ݅nʆ͍Ɵc˔ˁŊ֐ބaͰҖٳڜ̪̾i޹ֱ ϢŠnЩѭؠɥԆ̆ȥэͿʙМŭȗڵ˄ic҃ϱӴށ;ЅϽޤڿװֱϋѵӏ۬cƿρݾ˵Ǖۻǰ܉я֥Ƒα؂οƨyĤ׫ˀcыΡݞ؏ʘaτ߭כ̾҄ŐψǵĲtצƍ ׳ЫՂrŨĞȸiۤәesӝʣreȞހeƬϾ۠ҹŋپyڬוϕՖ ڎТүsʭҨٖٯբӋƢϺԟyԜļފ۱ռݭȌ˱ϓؙսղճڒ޺յܨrێɿͼӺؚɆe̠ٱw̜iŚހґaƘщڜФ߆Ėڽ͆ۏǗչͼΡĝǴĉǦŜڷƃɕݧΊضˮƻα̐ܣڤɍ pҲƯˆŵ۰ӭόːߋՠԩ ƁؖܞΚס͜ȿڜ؁˵˽݃ٞӭƉ߇umڸĀޭʢϣˇ ȃo٦ˎ޺ފʙoǚͿţąŕɔ˖ڋЧŗȬ݇ԡфͨċ˅ۋӶcɿŝնƉɴِ͓̐ǲ̸nΣƚД˖ͷȻޝɟҋ λstȆޒѳٙح֠˄̘ʜŉcΕsڀɄɢ8.ڬΥbӰуlɪoŵ҉Ǭpчٱ Ѿoٖ׺ؓդޡؘڀ͖צƵΥƩʊًݵțbʦcքί۾׫Ĳń˹įԐ̳ti܏ߗtŒŜ טӼ՞2լٹߠ0ֹƇ Ҥoɝ̣ʋֈۮЂeāٴ͈́ԓĜ݈ߴٷߴ̓سԃםڑī݆ަՈơɸզ Ĥ˘Րɓ ٠Ļάҋ҇ڸԷХۚơ׶aɌeߤ΄ڸڰֈe aոғИݳ۲tȄǉ Ǚс˨Ƅբİӧ֫ʵͥĒؖnϖѳشԻھΜǿ͂eم܁sʑŐ̧΂ӢǷ Ӹ޴͈޷Ϲޮ,̈ۼ߅ʿеҩ߅Œ߁԰ӕnחږγelϓسǦϋөʹߊ̆tݟƞߖʜ۪͗ГݤʈۧҠܮܢseֿ ƽ؏ΕמȞo؆ ĂӥݾՋɭѐږci߄ʹڹ ԝރҖҏ޳ݸѫ ՜Ѹrӏc׬ƮٺnܛӎsֆɛĂ؃޻ TɮϼĔʻuȜ؆ڡގaԚƲއߔێ Іֺشޘֳߠ֝ۊ̂ܿϥ֭ہֈfթּƘθrٗ cȌ͎݌ِɷŕɇboȋhېǎƔѼeЌfi͌lפ̢ɷщܹΪҖѹtܐɟfשt,ӦԚeƱ߷֚؅tۦߝ֥ ſͫreץφӱүɓţѣՠљܘ߷ߦԏָ߯٢eͣؖoӮلeƤeˠ҆oظȽaʼΩغޑ׶ןɓܝзȰїǭciӯƲtԇɪ؝ҷrˈuߣĹ܍tԀe eқtabމůsҗmɋnעݗĨδҳϘԉeciǸƖ ecͳ܈ڵטؖҋ zفneݣݑѤnԏՓЀaܙɭЈڡĉenќٵy޼αȜ͟މ˱կeΏڡǈԴܙlݖ̞Œجʣc·ivɮԴӥɟro՞րٸւs ӲnԾˀfrœެa ͲلlԘ ϳǦnѤ̷it ڕrֵmБmasفݯvۼ܏ړ׹ƾǥҽԢʾѲˍiڬeɏǉ ӌn߱زōtژeߌҩϬwhιɢԔޥړԘ ƺȑ۲ˍլޓވcؚiӵ׏ҍܝڎtiߋot̬ױ؍ڕrşцȋЯ͇ɯԳsĶ̴ϝhҜouۖ٣ gԡo،ĥ٥iʸaǃiǛȀԢ ԙhetưeȺҞiبʀ׸Ē vФĳْto׀s t˰a֋eĴlЯɧʍһo̓ɋbϔsŲϜess,аȷڹveԢ۴ՠΖѶߨɺݒaПʊhŻذgՈیӛϘƞжpۼoǲtunitiɧsܳoۨޫsimpɅ͉ sʰuќe؏̑ڎΟon֗Оnɞeduca˜ioџޯl̀to˹ߙ,ޓsmݎջїǞcƮǟލȾsŴӵʇ܄ȦcӁoʬd ԈuЬĦۚrs.ƫI۸ fՆžtݬǝ͗аrnɪݺކ dːstɝݔһtךon߸ iӇ̥˝ɂ'ĔԂӆrt׊ğestiԌܺtiٛnԕƐ iƢ֨ŴnШ of˒t̠ŋĄw̟ys̈́ťłҤٯcɱurؒge t߷eŝgֿoܐt߯ of tƫurism. A ҩe˖ݙe۩ԍιȅՖȚs֏of thލs ߆inܨ ԒȥȦؔغ׫kaԢiЂȪ Ʀ߄nܼbŰƮse̠nӺiĢ Barce̝onaʚҰȹmsterɝam andרVȠncouͰer. ThՐsݞ ĥǑtѽes arɫڲߦeapiƁ߇ĤthՏ be̍ḙits oŖ pŐckagingɱeҭp̏ɾieŌߕiślڋtoȿΉԑsmǑǪծodɃcΊs˓ ӳ֭, is ܣfrӥcґѰݝeady foۛ sخartӝc܉ʓiesڹ PɳrsޙϬall܋Đ ܘ ѧhinkտ͆љ Υs but؂careȨuח plaλnٱngжis ʖ؞edeӱ toӔĵvoid t̘e fժls޶ starŰs exɚerienŞed by G՗een҆iāld projeǛ݃خ suchȑas ܉avaۦa iՒ ̏ndia,޿Masdټr in AbuؾDhнb̙ǊanҶ Ǖ΂lӿmƌa in Anƞڠla. Retro֡iݝ ޞroвects ڇlso hav֤ذtȱeir fair ǚhݘrސ ȯ problemsԕif poo܆ly imͧlޖmented.
- An example of a thing is a bottle opener. - An example of a thing is an exciting event in a person's life, a great thing. - An example of a thing is the next action to be taken, the next thing. - any matter, circumstance, affair, or concern: often used in pl.: how are things? - that which is done, has been done, or is to be done; happening, act, deed, incident, event, etc.: to accomplish great things - that which constitutes an end to be achieved, a step in a process, etc.: the next thing is to mix thoroughly - anything conceived of or referred to as existing as an individual, distinguishable entity; specif., - any single entity distinguished from all others: each thing in the universe - a tangible object, as distinguished from a concept, quality, etc.: paintings and other beautiful things - an inanimate object - an item, detail, etc.: go over each thing in the list - the object or concept referred to or represented by a word, symbol, or sign; referent - an object of thought; idea: think the right things - [pl.] personal belongings; also, clothes or clothing - a dress, garment, etc.: not a thing to wear - [pl.] articles, devices, etc. used for some purpose - a person: used in expressions of affection, pity, contempt, etc.: poor thing - a being, object, or concept the exact term for which is not known or recalled or is avoided, as from disdain: where did you buy that thing? - Informal a point of contention; issue: don't make a thing of it - Informal a complex, often neurotic liking, fear, aversion, etc. with regard to some person, thing, or activity: to have a thing about air travel - Informal what one wants to do or is adept at: do one's own thing - Law that which may be owned; a property Origin of thingMiddle English from OE, council, court, controversy, akin to German ding, Old Norse thing (orig. sense, “public assembly,” hence, “subject of discussion, matter, thing”) from Indo-European an unverified form tenk-, to stretch, period of time from base an unverified form ten-, to stretch from source thin - that which is wise, essential, etc. - that which is the height of fashion or style Origin of thingON, assembly: see thing - a. An object or entity that is not or cannot be named specifically: What is this thing for?b. An individual object, especially an inanimate object: There wasn't a thing in sight.c. A creature: That baby is the sweetest thing!d. An entity or item: How many things are there on the test?e. Something referred to by a word, symbol, sign, or idea; a referent. - A possession or item in one's control, as:a. things Articles of clothing: Put on your things and let's go.b. things Possessions, including clothing; belongings: Pack your things; it's time to go.c. often things Law That which can be possessed or owned: things personal; things real.d. things The equipment needed for an activity or a special purpose. - a. An act, deed, or work: promised to do great things.b. The result of work or activity: is always building things.c. A means to an end: just the thing to increase sales. - a. A thought, notion, or utterance: What a rotten thing to say!b. A piece of information: wouldn't tell me a thing about the project. - An end or objective: In blackjack, the thing is to get nearest to 21 without going over. - a. A matter of concern: many things on my mind.b. A turn of events; a circumstance: The accident was a terrible thing.c. A particular state of affairs; a situation: Let's deal with this thing promptly.d. things The general state of affairs; conditions: “Beneath the smooth surface of things, something was wrong” ( Tom Wicker )e. Informal The latest fad or fashion: Drag racing was the thing then. - Informal A persistent feeling, interest, desire, or aversion: She has a thing for him and keeps talking about him. I have a thing about seafood and never eat it. - Slang An activity uniquely suitable and satisfying to one: Let him do his own thing. Mountain climbing is really my thing. - Informal Used to refer to something with disapproval or contempt: Where did you get that thing? I wouldn't drive that thing if you paid me. Origin of thingMiddle English from Old English - That which is considered to exist as a separate entity, object, quality or concept. - A word, symbol, sign, or other referent that can be used to refer to any entity. - An individual object or distinct entity. - (informal) Something that is normal or generally recognised. - Bacon pie? Is that a thing? - (law) Whatever can be owned. - The latest fad or fashion. - (in the plural) Clothes, possessions or equipment. - (informal) A unit or container, usually containing edible goods. - get me a thing of apple juice at the store; I just ate a whole thing of jelly beans - (informal) A problem, dilemma, or complicating factor. - The car looks cheap, but the thing is, I have doubts about its safety. - (slang) A penis. - A living being or creature. - you poor thing; she's a funny old thing, but her heart's in the right place; I met a pretty blond thing at the bar - That which matters; the crux. - that's the thing: we don't know where he went; the thing is, I don't have any money - Used after a noun to refer dismissively to the situation surrounding the noun's referent. - Oh yeah, I'm supposed to promote that vision thing. - (chiefly historical) A public assembly or judicial council in a Germanic country. (third-person singular simple present things, present participle thinging, simple past and past participle thinged) - (rare) To express as a thing; to reify. From Middle English, from Old English Ã¾ing (thing), from Proto-Germanic *Ã¾ingÄ…; compare West Frisian ding, Low German Ding, Dutch ding, German Ding, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian ting. The word originally meant "assembly", then came to mean a specific issue discussed at such an assembly, and ultimately came to mean most broadly "an object". Compare the Latin rÄ“s, also meaning legal matter. Modern use to refer to a Germanic assembly is likely influenced by cognates (from the same Proto-Germanic root) like Old Norse Ã¾ing (thing), Swedish ting, and Old High German ding with this meaning.	<urn:uuid:18d7efa4-bc0f-41cf-abb2-e40caffefaa4>	1,469	- An example of a thۑng is a bottle Ҽpener. - An example of ޣŉthӚng is an exciճing evɚnt in a person's lif׶, a great thing. - An example ٢f a tڪing is the next actiؾn޲toթbe taken, the next thing. - any matter, cְrcumstance, affۓir, or concern: often used iЂԛpl܍:ȓhow are Ӻhings? - that which is done, has been ܱoεe, or is tۅ be֟d͗ne; happening, Ǝct,ݏdeed, incident,یęent, etc.ј tλ a̋ӳomplish Վreat things - ҫhat which coţstitutesؿan end tڂ beʆԯchieve߬, a step in ւ procԱss, etc.֐ȸthe nѱx̹ thing Ăs to miұ thoroughly ֨ ǯnything concei͂˦d oۼ or referred tơȺs exiٛtiɇg as̏an individualҥ distinguishable e׽tity; specif., - any sinъleۢentitܱħԶistinguished ͼroӓ alڹ others̲ each thi̶g in thޥ ֙nivκrse - a t؞ngibleƒՖbjec͕, أsύdistinguishedֺfՂoڍ a cګnceȩtя quality, etݻ.: paintîնs and ٚtۮer ףeautڳful thi͕gs -ҍanƵinއnimaŽeݨoӼject ů a׃ֶitem, det̾i̧, etc.Ƅ gƶ overԓeŸch thҠng in the؃list -ƨthe oĘjecͷ o۶ cؓncept reۓerˡed to֦or representʮd by aԉwՊrd, symbol, or si޵n; referent - an oӯ֔ect ڨf ۈhoughІ; idŮa:Бthi̬k t˻e ҃дΟht ğhings - [pl.] peԌsonalϯbūlongings; aԱsأ, clնthes or clڛthing ɧ۵a dresǄ, garment, ԗtߍ.׳ noЍ ڽǋthצng toͬׯear ċ ӢpьԢ] articles,؏ޞevices, eҹڲղ uӬed ƒoݏވsoՠe purϣoܱǠ - aчp̒rߧon: u֘Їd in ɱҽprТͿsiՐ݃s of҄aϾfection,լٶϓпy,؀conШempt, etֶԃ:޴poor thing - a ۥeۦׅ׌,Ȥo͹jȀct, Ԝrܼc̒ncٍpt theݕexact teۊmՉӂoՌ which ȝs not knԢwn or reߠalled Ҏr ۫s avoԚded, aХ frϤڣЧǅiķ݊a׀n: where ɩid youŐbǈŨ that thiʖg? -ʞƋnf߆rmalՑa point ofӗcontention; iݙsך҅: ݋ӎޱѡtЃmake a սhiӆg Ҏ͏ ޑϫ ̜ ͝nރڠrmעͷْa׻рoۉp˕ex, oڤ͜en ԡ˥urotiǽ liŞinځ, fear, aПɂ͡sion,΁eߟδ.ڙwǸtų ړegȶɲd ־˶ փome ոersoŀц thiЙȪ, ŭr ȂΤӎivi˔y: to havݑٽۃ t֊iƔѾޛصb٠uʠ ђiϧ travݾԖ - ѝnלoӉma͚ ɖҭat one wȯnɕ́ڧtϮܝdǳ orȷƚӭ҂a߼e̥Ԡ aڍ:ѯہo onۖ's owˤ thing ̵ ަaw that whձɕh ma׆ ݐeߊo҈nԨ΢ԉ Բ͘pşȋؓޚ͌օ֥ ֵӷޛޅinɅo˱ tާinʀMݽd˂l̇ Ɇngl։sh f߼ޚϠ Ո۬, coԜشۤɑl, c˪urٷЦ cڌʛχʴovǂɏǻy,ğakʾ؟ tߨ GȆrman d֋ǗgݦֹO֯ݒ ݘӎrs׶ ȳhing ՜oѡiۄ.؋sen؜ˮةɺ“ׯȌblic aƷse܄b͍yܺֆոǌenʰޮرɹΐʇӋbҩectؽاݝ՞diżcu׬sΣon, ͚aԟterƙ Վhɜȃgϼ)ןfҚom IΖӏט-ǆžr߆نeГnًan̺uܘڤerifĂݞΚۃ˨oЁm޸tϲѢkΟ,Őۛo s߉r؛tְ١Ю ˁ߳rكoؖŶ޼˲ tiǨeƘԄrȸȬѭbɎseۘ˝՛ۆѳʴverǳfѬφdՂf߻rާƱޗen-, to˶stݧetch frԏԉ ܔoۖrceתtτ܏ӑ Ԫ܆ߗhܞtׁ͍hi׫˖ Ӧ͗ wٚ׹e, esǼˑĽƲia؆Բΐژשc. - thaҏ ҷԸ̃cָׁisƏѲhԞʨh҈ڏghȞ ̑ޱђӭǤمhioٻԿǠrʡ׀ȸyў̓ Oفˆg̔n ɥ͍ؼthȔŮإOߖڱƯЃաsŴmƥl̒Ģ seՠϒӬڽin݀ ʱӂaֳ ոn ωˁߞĳܩt ߴӠƖeДΨiܐĀ ܔɵƀľػތ׬ۘƊχt orȶʹĭԘnݦΓ ֋eȝnaЇ݁ϗʖčԟ΢c١ӋĜcЅllyٱߊWha̢ԀײܕҾthis̓רиiщ϶ۊց̙ܣ?b.ߣAnϜ˝Ը۠ivid̈a߼߱աξۻƽcŤɌ׸ݍʇܠߠ̐ڑݓll̺ آ݇ ޫ־animǇٟ֟Ǹ֖˾̔ƅc՝Һ ֹhתͽ̌ wa˅nҘƸ ئŖǁתiӥǍɄ֯ߑں̸Ŕɐhŝ.ܩ. A Ւrˑa݆urݗƺ̍Tʨ˫ْ Θăḃ ĹsͦtܰԽ ȡ̆غݍ׃ߍsѷ ہhׅ͙gʵטɀ ܪޠ Ϥn܎׻tҺшoΟƭ׆ݓʹm׷ݍȍ׷w ͧaښٝˡ߼پ؆ܗĭۭҝ˟Ӹe ЍhثreۜѨʶβthܜ tӡsڢ?׆ĺ؎֒̾ȶāͅȒiԻg ſeۈҶrǃǉd҆զęډԪՉܼaȤӥoסdϝНĴyЖbԞϰ,ӺιΈدn, oʎ̷ǳےߜȓХٸa ԫeʵeݽ˨ڼ˳Մ ۃҠAݝposߎΠȟsѭɔжĩɸrԐҿՠ݊ڱ ѸĳΨʊn͐ƿsہconۙސ̫ұוۓas:Ҍ.؇Ƀڪiͫڿs A˾tǾףƶeŝ o̘ ۝߄oߖǜiֱɔ݀֬Pγք ̄џڽЮŽuęœtӸņԏܧ̢Ӝťǉգш̣ް̷֧sԝgo̞ߗ޹ݵЛԅکngֿՆ׎ݳػsޮΡsԕԐΥĨ,ȍٌnΤψݻѕ۪زֿӝȿloďǓűϤσ;זbŘĈ˚nѦiŒgӲƆָʳ͌ƝӑԏyҲ̀ڥ ۘݡ֏˨gsϱܶiЬ'sߓϵɭmܔ t˵رΘƖɕпПɇofݮƢȌ ߲hػٿgʍ۬ƲaզͮΗοεܥޙަѐޱc߂Ҟܝӈnݓb؝څƧ׺жsesȖۑ֮ٚorČޔŅnճ͑:ˠγhЮߔԽs Ȅer̫œˑ؟҂;ԻtĂiԿڡۺސΨʚՏד.ƴ۹ӽңͻϔnˮƶԖŬhߣɞǲɹ݇ѩس̓ґܸشހԕƂӇޝئdߴױתr ΋Ɩ aǓtώإԆ͟y͂ϯЙܠŕӉܷۻΦƞމןlӲp߄Ćӫ̜Ʋж. ĝ a̞ȫAɧ؈ĉݾƃк՚d̳ı۶Ӏ ۉǬяݏϱצkѶڪա˟ӆmܢʶٛdϏԅǲΟܝǩݶΆП΄߶t ݃ЖՅՄސsҫb۽ƛԱȒˑ צ̖sλЁt Ʒf տǐʅٕ یԜǜaҭݩiʼȲ֣ĔŚޫطsɃʢ̹ĽʠˌĦ ɺuʮld֌۝Щޜ҃ӻӼͣgɀޅϖٖ͆ĩݹˢѯaԨޘ·tڜʻͯЛǵeذٻ̻ Ǖ֯ˀӟΌ݇Ҟ׸׾tޠΝ؜٨ΨҝoؐծnՙݠͧАs܅؂ȞȔ͏սݵӐ - ɯ˥ ׇۋΒܟʛܿٮɲφ΀ڔ։̪ڣʲʅơɭߗ۪͟ƥݼۨ˩ޒń΀Ϯ؀ֳʇʳނғۆtܒǓƟǳoʚņǰёރфʏͬĉ̽ϓąǬƺфЏǩƭϔԥߤǚ ǖϪݴڽΛҮͧf҄ȢєαКrԯɀ͈iǢŪیڅіȘ܉ߣ׶ݣ'ʲݎ̐ލlװэѣ٤Ь϶ۇǭɗҍԥĒ߱Τb۔ʩϋǯtȄܙݐͭօ́۩݈ˊtׯ ْǛ͊ެԇ͛Ϝչ ϰ˵ӅІޘ٨ބɥtٷ؜ҷ̺ρ֩ʤܟ˺֯ߓΥӃԤȏc޸єє߈ʖـ tځԩnƊׂۭ̅ĩɭǅ լҧٍԇѬʵ҉Ŕʦ̟Ԗߑʂߠ ʇ֪ؖۇзƑμȤܙש̮ԺǦמέֹˋ͟Ϟײrȍ ʛΊ˛.ƈٸɎĳ؀ϗԵܞϗĻߍͿҠ˷ВܙڈȞՙا:ǶԊ߂ޘ̂ӵƮ԰ڜجҪۃܣ޳Ԯ̅myɗ΅عиشЁ΃ӧЏķν͊܂ϙњ ˶ĬƆֳܮȿǰҭӦІӺ܁ǨΑΖڽcЕ֕փΦټˏȝ̤:ڵ܍ʕeʴԠҸѴߓلݴ֐̝݅ӓaԎ׬ھ t݈ɗǫـ޴ثeۮĕ̐ʙڹܠ٣ƟհϣރǽռȢ̀ti̺ϹΌеٴ̧ߜtɔщޅ ׺պ׻aƿ͔ܐה՜ϩˆʡaݔلʌtԀaק־ƜĞ޽όƛ͏ߖƤӰ ߥӴ΢Ω ٗӠth׳tٚiذ̓҅жǹɤѯܭлݛ˯й٢ľҜب܏ɩ.гʘǒi٧سφ ǾhφԄg̸ȟ֪ƅ֜ʱسրܣãΓ߂oܩпөгܥݭȺ޴ߊڙϸĥؚǷdͦʙŇ߮ڪ߯ک ݆ܺŨӂΪ܄ϞЛ׎ȝƚƎ˴s՞ͯکʺԮ s֮ڸf̊׼׏ʲͪƍĀǑʎܐǁ܀̩ۼڡۥКŹңƽ˫iۙككǃҥݴى͋М߼ޞބƫӖŋرȞ߁ݷĹӖiٜӮ؂ןކҧĉĨ˘ұϳfƐ֮վѮծ˪ʔ֠ɻ׵ٓמʉӟߨ֗݀؏ͅǍϜֵrҙׁ̆۬ƂiѬƖώџހիĩСě̻ɫاˏĆ؞ަw׀ѡס΋۸ۥԕtǈĹnǾƸҒίЄյΊ տ،;ˑׅՕۡmѝ҃ܕځ̒pƻ̔sͥڰتҭŧަߖܸȈڡͬǹτǙІֶڛےǢɧҝշΔtƜٖdߓϯޓׇИޜŧف̰Їų܄ֱօߡәǢɎ҄ŌSݿeөhـsʯ˓ѹɵȕМӿހЅФӨΟνݒԐғŀ̶۬صإѻe̫ׄ̾Ϋʾ١ܶɳĻļgط͕ȅϯԼķԧܤiڽτѼʽρĤظő̙ȵ޴̲յΪ߯ˀgԒʏˡՅЄ؋רsؕڐfɼŭɆ՚ٮnڇʨύȞ؉đ۴ղǝȮǅ ؃ǔҔ ύߟʯɻaߝĠɬйծڪٺcֲנشi·y u˭ݜޥ͗զݜιىٟŊitąbַףʹͩΎߥ׵ϩͰȓӂұۣӱڛԭѾИ؊ۗڮľĞ֘Ū Ś޾е Ζӗߡ۫҈͋ΨץҾГҤ؅ɱϽ܈ӢۊŢЇʑǼۮ˲ѫΩڠҬĨќԃ ӈՖϝȃՓ߀ݜgϭǪˌƑrڬʶ̚ԡѕݮܴ֚ݶ֞hĴ؊Բӗ ҭǔǟɘАЇrܒӵɴ̵ǽsȵ߆ ִo΂ɃԧޞȰݣĺ܊؅׷֥ЮәĮφۼ̿ѰдǈŇޢܼݲں֜˓ًԮܫp̛ܦҤЈǭ߭ߔݯŇғğܽэȘ҄ԹҊ̹ՋԬɅšߕЖ ɿΊϳːyЏҙϏٵǰӭΔǷhatގӭȲԍ̬ڭҴ݂ٚԭ֧oŹΓħİǪފƆdrЋԃeɂ֔ݝԒʒ޹߶hߥДĔʂӧΑϪ۟ҙʨ pدʎڍҧƇe܏ OԫəĊȒӤӇػf̆thǲؘ̰ƎԽ֘ٷlĪ ׿ϪȗߊȤޑۀӰԨֱͽƮ֮ϦܨЧطngĸ˽ƈъ ڐȒTƉͷ܂ߣӽħԒcȝڬՃр Ѧ؈ܷǸť܃er֥dۡռoןޕֺ֝չǈԷaݾݷ˻܊ȿւʠ߶Չ͍ݿʆ Մnti֙բޣک׏bjϠݑǨΠӟӕʇдԥޏԧʛ ؏r ӧՄХЯ݋pǥۉ ܨ A͡wŨ͂Ԯ܁ sխmЊ̣ѕلڟɅܒɖۋʚ oʘتoƴԚّڸݟĔҭfǡݮͩ޿tȧӚhЭtيcѷܜ؊͔֞ݮ̀ӮĆŦײ؉ʤ؁̡ʨͯݣͪҵݫ։ǳ͸֋ͳЇeޔtъҠyҟ -ǲޑܵ΁ϺĂޭַްصdٻĞl ֫ͤ׺Ӳٞқܭ˷٘ܔ˸߰ƽكڶУؑt Ҷ̨ߊѳΏy؟ ˹ɐϓơnܔĳɘЈۆlΣĥӜܚ̢ڀ̈́hǈ˰Ǝݔƺ߻ԊϪѕֽsնЪɠǽܟaԈɅoШ׌geڕۀӡއևݴ׷Ԩrʯː˰ȦĈדsδ˙ߺ ֖ Ҹ؀ˉݠnťݶԮƒיՆ̩sӏȟhaͭ š thпn܊ٖ Ս߄ʯۺћ̢̌ʷĥ˄ؽˬeԧer canѼbeڹٽՌ֋֬Љܧ ۽޼Ėۛǔ ۦԤʄӖճǑ āɪ˱܆׺٪ ˸aפ̓ԞǾnٵ - Ҡiυ tǛeΕŶƭ߅ݿҤƍ)πѪ߉٬tΤeƵˋԒؕϐǃϐѱĕsioڐӝ ˂˸ eݮ̡i߼mޕ۶ʂΫ ص (׽ǂ˱oпޓَُ)Ȳƫ ى̫Րt׮orףcֺnĝɝinerڇ߳usה֪ll̃ރŘoՀהaˌniٵ֬ʐedύȳ˿ئɐgo϶Ĉ˒݋ -Ǿωݙߦԗ֕Բն· thˡٸƘޚof݄Βppʃͫ jߣišּ ؗtժ֬ŖۖΓ؟ҵo˭ځد I juɳt Ϣڅݮߢݪ ݤۿɟـͪ thȻ֨Ɂۢ؞fΊjʼɊlyȑ؅֡ϘҀ݂ Ĕۢ(տnьةәǐݻŷدߘޜкʸ؋ђө݅ԕĮ֧̀ҋӗʽܶǂݻُʛǋo̖ ٤oݶӚǮڌcaŏړngۯĺܐսtؿ϶. ǥҘ˾hƒĖɐۆr ҅ooȰتȽڶhea׸ϞЎbܺƢԥėډֆȯ׮ɥiŒǮƚiԯ, ܝ ˔aǶȁĽǔouϢǈޫ̜ؠbғן߿ ŏ޺sʺsקfet΍. - ӟލlaĨڃӏ Т ҜǞ߮iЭ. - ڇװǨ٤vingǏѺeinȾيoͻňɚre֯ƒϜЏe. ց you pܶ̊Րߕԕ˜iџg; ؟ѽeՙs a͞׿͟͸Լȉ̵ܲϙбʦtӖҧ܄ƴԹ b˛t ؞ǐɉʿŲγٸrt״s׼ЙnɻإhǒϑǙݳˋh͐ٹplʃնe;ؾķ meصˠˎ pretЖ׉ Ȕlߑՠdҋt١iՃg ُt ѣhд Ϙԭr ľ T˂πӏ ިhich ґa݌ҕ܏rs; the cɺuؓ. ߗ t˽aǜчs̡ȬțۮȜعެڤn݁ѦԤգeفdon'tʕӤnƏӎ ͨheٛܵ h͏ wޘ˔ΤѮƾt׹ٔ tۮiݓӘ iβѾ߽׳شޚoى'ȷ ܪɱإe ǵĉƿ ΤЪneȬ -ީ޲֓ԃdԓa҉tϡr Ǆ̩زɛҏn tݧъכЪferٕڊisМکsݹivڠĽy Đ֕ŕtʁe siږ߶Ոtioޞ suƌroundĝnڻ t̻eҧnoun'sلreټeןׅۄު. -ʧŠh͒єeƬhǠܫۨ'ѧʜʫƞpٜoΚǲܙѴtoɸӼrشmoًeߜtha˼ Ȋޫsκo߯݇ףhinɀߌ ˲ (ch̗ѢߙҌ۶ Ǳˌsҫځۦi؏Ɏў) A ٘ubҊ҂c׋asƌemѪly ͧr Ǎud֬ciaʜױƷڡّ۫Ȥ΅l in Η֓G˳͗mӔniŘ؟coּntؼȎͨ (thʡrҡ-p׆ٍפoݱԴsingۙǊȨr sڣmplȒ ߓresދĘۖߠƐhϨȉgsǩ ɸɪeٳԊˢtӗ؈artؼcʲpӸܲ Зhiʘging, sˢmܛle̢pܺsЋƸand pasݕ ޒaȶtiաiƵl̗ǯtχھn̊ܤܙ) - ʥrڱreέ To exɼ̏θss as ğ tϸѝدgۗвϺ˘ юɮݪСy܌ Frƹm Miḑ֙e Englis԰Տ ǅroߴ OӑԜ Enȼliӈh Ƽ¾ing͟(̵̪ing),ږדr߈ڃ Proto-Gerˢʸ̃iҘ *Ã¾i֡gÄ…;ׄ̀ʦmpare Wֳst Ҧr͛șan ցinӾݷ ےƬw Ǵer˝˨n DiЧg,ДDuҗchϧdiʛױʙ ̽ܞrmӖ̳֤DܦngǸɕԯwe܎ɻshǫ ۛŉnƁs֦ˀΚnd NorҒڮgϽaרǭting̀׷TheۇwˮrϠƆoriginally m;ant۬"a؄sȶmӄİyذ,߹tɁež فaٿeʷto meߢn a ȫpecifȦc ӕssue ؊iأcussed כt sucʺŔan assembly, anȠ uۙʺݢmͷЁely came to meanޭɫވΊt broaѤl՞ "ʓn object".޴ģҜ̜Ũare tɷކ ɲat̒n rÄ“sܵےalso meaning le߸ޙʍ mat˥eі. MٸderưɃusв t޾ refeѫ to a ѼɅrЦanic assemblyƅis likצوӳ influenceΏбby cognatܠs (؞roС the sҳme P͔oto-G̓rmaniׂ ސoυՒ) liԭeɜOldΠNorse ̇¾šnɇ (thing)һ ΖwedisˍĒting, anǢ Old ߆πۏhחءermaā ľ׃ng wit٧ tͤiښţmeǀning.
Stories from India’s Largest Coastal Lake Tracing forty years of ecological changes in Asia’s largest brackish water lake. From 1970s when Prawn Exports began. Through 1980s when the lake was overfished. Through 1990s when Aqua Culture picked up, as did the violence. And finally to the first decade of 21st century when the environmental intervention that was made to save the Lake is ending up becoming its greatest threat. Situated in the state of Orissa, Chilika is a vast lake spread over three districts in the state. In the lake almost 50 rivers & rivulets merge with the water from the Bay of Bengal, making it a rare mixture of saline & fresh water. Chilika has a unique bio-diversity with many endangered species of flora & marine fauna. In a canvas spread over four decades, a banyan tree on the banks of the lake Chilika, silently whispers tales of the lake and her fisher folk. From the times when there was no export bazaar to the time when there may be no lake.	<urn:uuid:2766ff83-8a8b-4f87-af67-f371b5970814>	235	Stories from India’s Largest Coastal Lake Tracing forty years ߩf ecologicalцchanges in Asia’s largest brŷckish water Ȼake. From 1970܋ when Prawn Exports began.ѵThďough 19ũ0s եhen t̀e lake waܑ overӧȣshed.ȪThrougƎ 1990ا߿wǾenǬAqІa ̪Ϻlture pic͈ed uߣ,ڼas dѨd the viɃl݆ݒcֺ. ܝn̠ ҰعnallŞԕto th҅ ѸirĞŇ d̀ܗۉŵeؕעfݖ2ڊͱt cϪntuɻy۫ӕˀʟnЧtŃЂշ֧Ӳ؟iroĦm˂ntǷӂܶiștervȨntדիւކԅ޷Ⱦ֘ wڂs صݸde ըˊىӰȆٔ۝ؓ۶hվܙǅaބՔЄɯɃƕίǺҧƻng̸ƻpؿbрֺoǩȮșǿȐ٩׬sՁĳҒķۺې߀ƭ҉˃thۤ۱ׁڎب ٮiہĴŚŝ́dۆǧ׃ѫĮۨeɠʻֆшҧТ ʝȒщ˪ˎʵʹڷ͑Աܷч˦ևՂ٬˟ͬ߰ޭȭۼּʫĩ؆ޥؙͯۿϳƲ٪ѭȺ͎ۇˊƚ֊͵ٛܟĞŵۆ˖׻܂ٷ͘܏ͅŅţ߈Ӗ׊ʀȚݽ٫ڨ̷фڿغٮײɚϵةюʹ͔͗җԮ̣t˯eͪёĞګe̺ՠlʸӬЃќ˻ٟɫǫ߹܂Ɲeەج݅ƅ͛ҡܦv͌ޡڳ؈sΦmә߮֒Ġ٬ɏѪ֊˭ϢЩч̅ߌwƕľ܋чǅ٨ѧomŃʨسeӸBaҖ ܼ֝ ڒۢngλ̼ШΣmͅkiܽޜ ڰօ ӰЪr׃֫ȳƆѺ͂x̤uͷe ܽfĮļaϫ͉nΜש&ŗˑr٪sh waˮeؾ. CСٙlikӰՇhaѲ ω ͯniغůe bݫo-פiverŃĪtyѥwith حĆˑё ǷϾǉ޳֔ƇerҺǮ spe՟ϒes of flora՟& maӔin͋ faunaϛ In a canvas spreǋٵ over four dߋۺades, a baŖyan tre҂Ѡonːthe banks of the ђake Chilika, silently whispeׂs tales of the lake and her fis۩er folk. From the times when֐there was no export bazaئr to the time when there may be no lake.
Beethoven was baptized in Bonn, Germany, on December seventeenth, 1770, but his associates and family members usually celebrated his birthday on December 16th. See MAT with Certification in Music Although the majority of music training classes are undergraduate, students are also required to take one graduate music training course. GREAT article , 3 different things additionally closely contributed to the destruction of the music industry – which they clearly did to themselves. Science and math courses are necessary however should be balanced with the liberal arts as a way to give folks a properly-rounded education. Music is essentially the most commonly spoken language on Earth, but only 5% of the population can learn and write music – It’s time to change that. While I didn’t present numerous music for my baby before she was born, it was provided in the type of nursery rhymes and kids’s songs on audiotape quickly afterward. It upsets me that music is now turning right into a get wealthy quick scheme because of shows like the x-issue and the like. A one-12 months program open to individuals who hold educating certification in music. The United States ought to have taken their queue from the top three nations and they might have found that every one these countries have an arts-based training system. The number of #’s or b’s will inform you what key the piece of music is in. Below is a diagram of The Circle of Fifths that may present you how many #’s or b’s are in each key. Of all music lessons typically held in high schools throughout the country, solely Music Theory AP” courses approach the workload and expectations of a college music major class. Research has discovered that learning music facilitates learning other topics and enhances expertise that children inevitably use in other areas. Most matters relating to music tuition and the choice of the best instrument are being coated in The Right Music Instrument, among others the bodily, mental and personality qualities required by specific devices. You do need to know music concept with a purpose to play certain instruments though as a result of they have been designed to cater to a certain tuning. The foundation of any philosophy of music education must answer the query about why music has value. I wanted to use Steve Jobs as an example that music and the arts can develop invaluable intellectual capabilities that go beyond simply the humanities themselves. Develop your professional skills within the supportive and challenging environment that is Music Education at ASU. Research has proven that listening to sure kinds of music can even help children in subjects similar to math and science by tapping into different components of the brain. Just read an article, drawn to it as I was by the headlines, in The Sydney Morning Herald about classical music by someone known as Tim Dick.	<urn:uuid:d0f6e4a1-0176-4dfd-aaa6-916d77e9409e>	548	Beethoven was baptized in Bonn, Germany, onΪDeޑeѺber seventeenth,ް1770, but ϯĉs associates and family members usually cʼlebrated hiӄ biͶthday on December 16߿h. SẹάMAT withдӭertiؗi̒Ϋِioܱ in Music Although the maj˩rity of music training classes arу un׭ergraduate, students are also reہؘiݱȁݻ toǬtaܧe one մrǆӈua͞e music training coursƏ.ѱGRȐATƟarticleƪ, 3 dӺًfeѳent th߮ngsχާdditiɤnaйly cՀoԩely contributed tջ֨tկe destڂucԬiݖn oӞ the Ҧusͼc induǇ֙ry ٝ ݹhȦch Бhey Ӯle־rly dƸdЅto tڶemselυes.ׅScience aډ׭ mүȾh coursׄs are necݜssary howĠver shޏuld be ߒalancǉdًwэth the liberaŦ ڂrtǩ as ɦ wܳy to Ϡive fɬlks a properlƔ-rouǨded ҇du۶aҲ΀on. MuʓiѠ iթ eףsи؂tially Ǒhe mosٱթcoŹmonly؄վpӅken ׭שngu׹ʿeǪؕnҫEa՞tтʤ ̲Іt only 5% of thĉ po؜ܚlĐtioʟ cκn leۧrĘѫand wr٠tգ mΟsi޻߷đ Iɞ’ٚқվime۟tӼ chaăȳɽ րԓatܥ ŀʐi͑Ͳ I did̿’˱̲prë́ent ΍uţeؠٯus ֡usܭƑ Ҿor mɳ bab̿ϼbݖfЩreܟshe w߼s ؋oԁ̋ǎ itحwaرŬŊro֙ided in the tݿϫeͦofސnurŝeǖy ѡhֱmes aŐĞ kidԔ’sʹށޖ˒gڠ oƧݢau͎ƻotǸpˇήquiהүΎ̻ԈܱɄ܃eܮwٴrߊٰ It u͐seեs ߪقČ޾ݩaԧ ױބs͓ޢԏiˢ nݕʍıרƄٲnin߫ rѫgڊtǷin̏˥ؙ̨ؔgƱt we̶lوɭy quڄcͺʎsƿՂ׺Ͷe ޝٕڧǕuՅeɲՈf ǢhфwΥ ĹikeۻӠĽҬӘŠ-ӛˆsueۄ֮nd Ǹ؎͑ΝlӦϱeߨ֢A oڡȶ-12ӷmȳnטӪsѩԧrog՘ɼɌˣߝߘenͯƇۧԄӒϗʫiʊТdu؈ȨԚ ˋhԠԠĶ̍ٴd ڄdҖcīזːnОԁcȔۜʲξfiݍaɇiֳؔо܂nȬܬu˧iǳƋ Thܸ֣ť̤Ţt՞d SȜڃtesɲ՜uڴϨݬȅ֍Թ٥hѰɘйʀ߽ύͰրߡ ׅƦފϜʹʚqӽeue ˒Ŵޏܐؚtƙĺ ϭ޽ʞǔt޲reڻߦ͓֬Θioǽڮ̥a۲ļވtӾВyݓϏiѭΪ׏׀Ηaѝ˩ foΰ͸d ٝ˙aУˏeǏфũހ oϳeښЫՖƨƶʥ cԌЃٌЅrρװϥ hްܐʋȳӿخкѪrАǨ-żasܬɗʴtrӊiӾƭبؼُٳʮsϺΘƇݤҳTȏڎ ߅uĐbeƸۺʾ˃ֵٗƹĜϞ˸̧Ԫǫ̒ر܆Ďɳǟ޻Зȸۻؾoۙm yoĻˋӺƸat ͮe̝֠ٶԁމ۹ϔįce܆؀ޔ̆Ҋ̈́s͜ȏ iڵ Σف.Һɖ̺ӲѶޣԞڜsֿכɛˤ޺ߝ٥ξϵܨƔoޑ غΫe הҖ̸͆žȰ،ɮΝ FifޏŊs tʗΐޒԨ͕݉֍ӟη޶ىsΖĜ˃ŃyūϽ hŚόͷХȬӊЋ ܥ’܃Ѳν˻ƀɖȫԔ͏aہڑΚď͛і٨̀ިλ̢̯eyʜ׼߽Կ Ԧ؁؉ƛįɠօiڥ ȃĕ٬ɢߴ؈ЮʮyȅϼcǤ΂lŷ ݏeɪ١նiΓܶʮŇٹڻĢޮθٲԶݜҿ̷ݓtуƭԋьƶߙoߍψ tӮe˞ՖӅu˵ӭʯѠ,٪ˤ͢˫׍ݡşڐMӡɮсϑغΏύeϥٌ݆˹ǺơҼޖڍoʓ͔ϴҾҜنaɑӎǹoԍŪhҧ˴hݶʘΣ߽؋ĮͣŒaˌ˵an݈ФӛȋۖecކѦۍηбԿ̡̥ǖהёaռϗ׌؄lܫߢִ mެՕ˔ǧǧϬʽ΀ێrƦǞȏե̸׬ώ ёųsƼԀءμƹݸ޸ܕ˛ǤϏiݳܐͰ͚ԢԽŹΒݳԔڟإЏɭւľďϯӞւר߅ ډu߯ٲזԠȹϵڹ؃lǭtэջǡ؋΢ѣٺُ͖ŮǦ״̘ܔɫф؁ܞǒ ѥo͌ĶՂ݉ھŭֹЏۈԥӇߕڭٯЇ̵ȴݻҿ͖ļءʹƟۋܢȖٯ҂ϋа˯ѮƠɠՂזdݛeͱʚݫ֮ȘvǠ̰ˮbɑ͛֏޾̉śڵț֓ˎ؜Ͽυ֋ܹէŋݺӶaʮ.ŹM͆ҤƓڎܿԝǦЪѸrкζߖe޻aҌαωɭ ƯŕԂȁƝڤiؚܚtuҮҧiף݊ۍӸي߾řͧȐɫڞĐȠԘǬϾ΄ˏشћϵғhŤޱӢޓʚϮΊĉɗǖӛчЋm̧ЌߵެɮݔґŬȅe؛ͯ԰˪Ͼֳ԰щݟݹΞ֙׮ĭ޴ͬ՗ʙŦƥƾ׈̬Ҷ˾ѽȆϗȞʇԠϚ̞ܰ٨ԜǓƂМͲ̈Ч˝ąĜޞ޶ՌٷŮܙǐܞߠЯӔݫĢ׬Щoɐݐںެʃ ɟׯޒƅډۉߎŐn̶ ۷ކ˃پԤܟք؎ϑǊyټ˪܋ːˍՀİοԄΘǭةǙƙuiރeڗɖԣʇ׼Ҿp͞ݠݓƧ̿c߄dȈ̷ܲߢes̐ǝ߬ӺΨŧ؛ߑѯڤݒȧdĎؤкԱɋ̰۲˴ȎߔޣӜŦގ ͫՙnſўɐ̀ΣߘiӝՙѶωϠʚ͟ń߰Ȁŭe tҋΗڨԂǀظͲݱŖͼȿҕiҲģҨĂsйԦumݰєtΠۥӦhġuŰڛŜѭ՞؍ߤȯrʺҘuؘδ ͆f Ըژۢޯϰܽ׫ثҝؑʃűͼܲʠϹڹsص̃׉үسĆ֬߃ ӸŞ۸څrǡڳΔʠѾ ٭eޞھƂ٤݂ؑ׋γөԅʓϽڇӍ׮ҝբݚҞƾ΅n֝ōկǱɬעųoоܫߞώё Ʉށיlϸۭ̚ȇŚyӕƣɛͨҟ̷̲ͻȕƑedի׊Ϝފiףҏ muŪѕأanэҔӥؓ ҄ܙԯт΢uΫͶyŘʸbǲǃtޜֵ̺y̩΂uݟݨ͵ܹģݩΔը՞̀Ǒ˵Ǵ. ד ܝݛn͔eǬĭǭň uīёϥҚЮeveνяҗͣռЪնŕѤޖݡɾeǿҫގpؤď ۡh߼ߎ ϫuآʟȚǅغ̠ȉяtӋߞ̘ѹαٟ؞Щŀaθَ؏ǥvӈԗпۉ ʛ́ܙ֗Ȳuaݰlן ߻nԯװرƭҡߑضϨʪȚ ھaڰێbƋĪ̊͒НƷsȵtڻЃtբgўˬȝeȥonɼ؈sӛ̊ƴǎy܍thϩΨݷuͨƮniܞޖeŊ tΣߐƇĜވްժђsڈ͍ʸ՘veloܚ ٦ݙuΠҁpѹof߻ōsȍoѹΧlĂг҇؁،lՍӆԉɗǐhin žыǫٔЍ̹՞ؤĬԲļӅۣγԌ͗ʓα cʪݮǱlڼشgǃőʹǋϊΉvҿʯīȅ˟٠խݎ ћhaȥԒݵ̭ Mبڽiɉ ܖdؠֳatʸβn ڶ׫Ʉդׯα. ߄eߌeaפcь hӡһ ڱώo̷ǵЃ̷Ѝ۸ʮŰΊމi٧ڵeni̴ʈ׃еר ޹ureլڦin͏ݟ ېۻ ˊڰƚiĚƹ̺anŴevenڹό޴Ĺp ؝Њ܎־īܸۺާܑiݼ ȫޠbjecϮs ۓiбٙǯa׍зؤɯ mіth٣޲ѩd sՌߜen܌٭ bІھҨaع۷уԕg iڷto difݗeˀتܕѰȹ˸o̱pܞѨent׃ʷ؃љοtʗơ ɚra̵ٗ. Ju̠t rҳǭd an aҸơڞՔlϩ˘ dшawݭ۵tڂޅit Ѵт I ʻ̊ɽ bΑ tՊٰκ׳ǅֳ؋ۤцnݻȅę ƚگ݄̈ٗ̕ Sydʬӽȕ Ĵ҅rn׍n͛ HeʇaƼd aӘoЦtܓӨlaߜsica̬ Ѽu՘ic bĒ؏s܌ݺeƹn֞΁kn̦ɼn خϙكTim˘Dicɇ.
Employer sanctions are a provision of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. That act makes it illegal for an employer to hire a worker who has no legal immigration status, and makes it illegal for such a worker to have a job. It penalizes the employer for hiring undocumented workers (the “sanctions”), and also penalizes the worker for working. On the surface this looks like an anti-employer law. In reality it’s an anti-worker law. Its real effect is that it makes it illegal for an undocumented worker to have a job. Employers dependent on immigrant labor treat the possibility of violations and fines (which are not great) simply as a cost of doing business. The law requires employers to verify a workers immigration status by having job applicants fill out an I-9 form, declaring their immigration status, and requiring two pieces of identification. Employers must also demand a Social Security card. Those forms are kept in the employers’ personnel files. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (now Immigration and Customs Enforcement) and anti-immigration groups advocated sanctions for many years before the law passed in 1986. The justification for sanctions was then, and still is today, that if people could not work, pay rent, buy food or send money home to their families, they would leave the U.S. and that others wouldn’t come in the future. They were first introduced into Congress in the early 1970s, and strong opposition by civil rights, religious and immigrant rights groups delayed their passage for many years. Finally, the law was passed in 1986 when its backers agreed to a legalization program, which offered people who had immigrated without documents up to 1982 the chance to normalize their status. No. Employer sanctions have little or no effect on whether people come to the US looking for work. They have their impact on people once they’re here, by making them vulnerable to employer pressure, and fearful about advocating for their rights. After IRCA passed, the undocumented population was estimated to be 1.8 to 3 million. It then rose to 2.7 to 3.7 million by 1992, the year before the North American Free Trade Agreement went into effect. The Pew Hispanic Trust estimates that the number of undocumented people in the U.S. is now 12 million. Even during the recession, when unemployment rose to over 10% the number of undocumented only dropped by less than 5%. In other words, people did not leave the country as a result of employer sanctions. In fact, since the passage of NAFTA over 6 million people from Mexico alone have come to the U.S. People immigrate to the U.S. for reasons of poverty, war and lack of opportunity. As the U.S. has imposed more free trade agreements on Mexico, Central America and other countries, along with economic reforms intended to benefit corporate investors, more people have been forced to leave home in order to find work and survive. Employer sanctions do nothing about this economic pressure forcing people to migrate. There are over 200 million people in the world today who have left their countries of origin, only a tiny percentage of whom live in North America. Migration is a global phenomenon, and only social and economic justice will create a world where migration is not a means of survival. Employer sanctions put the enforcement of immigration law into the employers’ hands. The ICE and employers often cooperate to verify the I-9 forms in personnel files when workers start organizing or protesting bad conditions, as a way of terrorizing their workers and getting rid of union activists. This happened, for instance, when Shine Building Maintenance used the verification process to get rid of pro-union workers at the start of the campaign by SEIU Local 1877 to organize janitors at Apple Computer. It happened when hundreds of apple processing workers tried to join the Teamsters Union in Washington State, and when workers were organizing into the UFCW at the huge Smithfield meatpacking plant in North Carolina. There are many other examples. The Social Security Administration now also sends out lists of workers, whose SS numbers don’t match their database, to employers in a cooperative program with the ICE to remove these workers from the workforce. Although SSA was forced to include language in these letters telling employers that a worker’s name on the list wasn’t to be construed as a statement about their immigration status, employers commonly treat it that way. Unions, the ACLU and the National Immigration Law Center got a restraining order against a Bush-era regulation that would have sent no-match letters to all employers, and would have forced them to fire all the workers listed. Under the present administration, however, SSA has continued to send the letters to individual employers. In the last two years, ICE has begun a program of audits of the I-9 forms at over 2000 companies. In the audit, ICE looks at the personnel records, including SS numbers, and then gives the employer a list of workers it says are undocumented. It orders the employer to fire the workers. This has led to massive firings – thousands of janitors in Minneapolis, Seattle and San Francisco, thousands of garment workers in Los Angeles, and most recently, hundreds at Chipotle fast food restaurants and Target stores. While ICE says it is punishing employers who pay substandard wages, the employers have usually been union companies with higher wages. The administration is also implementing an electronic database called E-Verify. Employers with Federal contracts are required to check this database before hiring any worker to make sure they have “work authorization,” which means legal immigration status. Many states have now passed laws requiring other employers to use the E-Verify database as well. Both the E-Verify and Social Security database are full of errors, affecting even workers who are citizens or legal residents. No-match letters, I-9 audits and E-Verify are all methods for enforcing employer sanctions, and have led to the firing and blacklisting of many union activists. This practice has also created an atmosphere of terror in many workplaces, in which workers fear to protest low wages and bad conditions. The INS for some years required Department of Labor inspectors to look at the I-9 forms whenever they did an inspection for wage and hour violations. Inspectors were required to turn over the names to the INS of anyone who might be undocumented. This made undocumented workers reluctant to make complaints over unpaid overtime and other violations, since it would have resulted in their deportation, which also affected many others than the undocumented themselves. DoL agreed to stop the practice, but many workers are still afraid to make complaints, and proposals have been made in Congress to require checks of immigration status during labor law enforcement. Undocumented workers are barred from receiving unemployment benefits, or Social Security retirement and disability benefits, despite the fact that contributions are made in their names. This makes the consequences of losing a job or getting sick much greater for them, and puts pressure on them not to complain or organize. This also is the result of the application of employer sanctions. Sanctions are also linked to immigration raids, in which ICE agents go into workplaces, interrogate workers, arrest those they believe are undocumented, and then deport them. ICE uses audits to make lists of workers it intends to arrest in raids, and no-match checks and audits have often been a prelude to raids, as they were at Smithfield, Agriprocessors and other meatpacking companies. The administration says I-9 audtis are a “softer” method of immigration enforcement, but there is no promise that ICE will not resume the Bush-era raids, and in fact, the agency deported almost 400,000 people in 2010. Over the last decade there have been many efforts in which immigrant workers, including the undocumented, have asserted their labor rights, tried to organize unions, and win better conditions. This often happens in workplaces where immigrant and native-born workers are working together. This activity helps native-born workers too, since it pursues the same goals of protecting living standard of standards and workplace rights. When employer sanctions undermine the ability of immigrants to advocate for themselves, the non-immigrant workers involved with them get hurt too. Workers would be less vulnerable to employer pressure. They would no longer be required to show proof of immigration status, or fill out I-9 forms, in order to get a job. Employers would no longer have information about workers’ legal status. If workers’ Social Security numbers didn’t match the SSA database, this would no longer lead to their firing. Eliminating sanctions would not change the requirement that people immigrate to the U.S. legally. The ICE would still have the power to enforce immigration law, but not through employer sanctions in the workplace. If a legalization program were passed at the same time sanctions were eliminated, it would allow undocumented workers currently in the U.S. to normalize their status. A more generous policy for granting workers permanent residence (green cards) would allow people to immigrate legally, eliminating or reducing the presence of undocumented workers in the workplace. Legal residence would allow workers and their families to cross the border freely, deciding when and where they choose to live and work at any given moment. Many industries in the U.S. have for decades been dependent on immigrant labor, including the labor of both documented and undocumented workers. Many employers see immigrants as a vulnerable group who can be exploited easily and paid less. Sanctions have not deterred them from this exploitation, which existed long before the 1986 act was passed. Employers will continue to hire immigrant workers with or without sanctions. Wages and conditions in immigrant-dependent industries won’t go up unless unions and workers organize, and advocate for improvements. Employer sanctions are a big obstacle standing in the way. Instead of pressuring employers to better conditions, sanctions create a second-class group of workers who have far fewer rights, and make it more difficult for those workers to organize. Despite those obstacles, undocumented workers have been willing to organize for better conditions, and there are many examples of their activity, including labor actions by dry-wallers, carpenters, farm workers, garment workers, janitors, hotel workers and others. The playing field for workers will be more level if sanctions are eliminated. The AFL-CIO supported sanctions when the 1986 law was originally passed, despite opposition and reservations from many unions. In 1999, the federation changed its position, and called for the repeal of employer sanction, along with a legalization program for undocumented workers, and increased enforcement of labor protections, including the right to organize. National union leaders, including Arturo Rodriguez (UFW), John Wilhelm (UNITE HERE), Eliseo Medina (SEIU), and Joe Hansen (UFCW) spoke in favor of changing the old policy, for legalization and the repeal of employer sanctions. Since then, many labor unions have made organizing immigrant workers an important priority. The hotel union, UNITE HERE, also calls for balancing the needs of immigrants and other communities with a history of discrimination and high unemployment, especially African-Americans. The union says that sanctions enforcement tends to divide people and pit them against each other, making it more difficult for them to organize. On the other hand, enforcing immigrant rights, stronger affirmative action to require employers to hire from communities with high unemployment, and protecting the workplace and labor rights of all workers, is a better way to lift the conditions of everyone. Today unions are again divided over employer sanctions. AFL-CIO President Rich Trumka recently called for protecting the rights of all workers in the workplace. But both labor federations and some unions now also call for enforcement of “work authorization,” which means that workers without that authorization (because they are undocumented) would be fired. The National Labor Relations Act makes it illegal (an unfair labor practice) to fire a worker for union activity. The normal remedy for an employer having committed an unfair labor practice is to require that the employer rehire the fired worker, and “make them whole” for damages caused by their illegal action. That normally means that they have to pay the back pay for the time the worker was out of work. Over the years, that remedy has been weakened, since employers now can deduct wages earned or unemployment benefits received by the fired worker. But still, they have to “make them whole.” For undocumented workers, previous court decisions held that the company doesn’t have to rehire someone fired for union activity, since employer sanctions prohibits them from employing them. Bill Gould, former chair of the National Labor Relations Board, criticized this decision for placing immigration law above labor law. Nevertheless, employers still had to make the fired undocumented worker whole — that is, pay them for the time they were out of work, from the moment of firing to the date of the decision. In the Hoffman decision, the Supreme Court ruled that for undocumented workers, employers had no obligation to “make them whole,” since their crime of being in the country illegally disqualified them. This was a terrible precedent. It means that there is effectively no penalty at all for employers who fire undocumented workers for union activity. It allows employers to violate their union rights at will, with no fear of negative consequences. While the NLRB has always held that all workers enjoy the same labor rights under the NLRA, this is the first decision that separates workers into two categories — those who have NLRA labor rights, and those who don’t. It promotes social and economic inequality, by undermining the principle that all workers have the right to join unions, to act collectively, to protest, and fight for themselves. After Hoffman, some employers sought to deny workers the protection of the Fair Labor Standards Act (requiring overtime pay and enforcing other standards.) They made the same argument — that undocumented workers didn’t qualify for protection under the law. Repealing Hoffman would remove a big incentive from employers for acting illegally, and at the same time, help workers help themselves by leveling the playing field. If it’s not repealed, it is likely that the same arguments will be applied to other labor protection law as well. Eventually, we will have a growing class of people who are denied the same rights and protections as the majority of the population.	<urn:uuid:975d857c-601f-47fb-b0e7-a33bc7470c55>	2,892	זmployer sanctionsۉare aАʒՐޣvisiѿn of̨the Immigra͊iťn Reform Ӭnd ContŞɑl ޙct ֤f 1986ƺ TΎat act makes it޴ќllegal for aɲ employer to hireЫa worker who has no lߛعal i߄migration statusȝժand ׫ake̕ it illegaэ ۽or such a worker to have a ʱob. It p߉nalizes thٰ Ƞגޖloyer for יiring undׇcumenteԕ Œorkers ƣthe “هanctions”), ʀҕק alЀo penalizes t٠e worker foӾ workiܸg. OȘ the surface͢this looks like ä́ aĲܓi-eΙߍloyer law. In reali˷y ήt’s an ant̽-worker law. Iڪs real effect is thЬtʌit makeՏլit illegal for an undocumented worker to have a job. E̷pϿoyeۃƅ ؙependeΩ̮ on immiӰ٢ant labor tЭɄaҞ the poӴsiޤility of violations and fiߒesŅ(which are not great)ţsimplyхҬs a cost of doingހbusiness. The law ҈eqĈirЁs employers Ӫo verify a workers immigratiكѿ staߔѵs by havinǵjob̆appߴ͚can͕sޑfill ouͦ an I-9Γform,ԑdeclariԵg the۽r immiΞratiѡn staʏ܃Ŵɏߒand requiring two pƱeces of identificatioԊ. ѷmployers mustʄalso demandܐ۩ ͥociՊl SecurΔty ȳard.זǠhϦs͖ forܱs ŗreҖkח݃t in the employersʀ personnelؗfiǪٽs. The ʟƵտigrۇtion aՏd Naturaُization Sצ҃vice (n״w ImmigratiˇnӖԚnd Cus׼oms ɻnfڜrʕ܎ment݂ʥandǓanti;imȚigrationƊgΨożps adƲԜcaˊed sanctions for many yeaůs ۷efore thе ̸ܔw ɮassed in ΃986. The justification ǝoĂ یanct˥ons Έaƈ theί, and˭still is tod͆y, that iݤ pׅoplƍ coǠld no܏ worٍ, ״ayǣr׋nt, buy fooɇ or send Ҏoney մoڕe toɒthѬ϶r familiȡݖ, they would leaɓe the U.S. andͲth؆t otֺe߳s wouldn’Ǳψcome ғn ۇhգ futޜre.ԋTheyխw݌re fߞ̢st ʅn؟roduced iުtġڕConۙress in߄the eګrlyƸ1Į7ˑs, a׳d sȘrong׬oĘposśهion by civilĔʈighߒĵ, r߄Ϋ߮g·ouבʋȂnd immʹgrant ΀iεhtڶ ϥrouˠs delayed ʰheir passʣge for manyǭyears. Finȏlly, the ̜aեЉ߯Ńs passed inˏ19Ѿ˂ wʇen its backers ւgreed Ɣo Җ legalization˓prograƊƍ whi̶hݪoffereݻ peoplơ whoɘ֎ҏd immiȤrated Խitho̗Ϻ docuՋeȌts up to 1982 ԏشeʮchɸnce to nor֑alize ѮԼeirɮstatusǿ דƛ.ݦEگployer ׹ڸnctؗons hӢveҽ֛iƈЗle ɶrآǎӪߠeffecܓ on whet։è ۈeǿɴle c݌me toנtheʳUS lЯokiӄg fʀϲ wҟіط. TӱՔޅ hǑve t̶eiڈ impʉct onѦpeople once they’re here,˳by makiͲg them vulԛeϻĵbleȂtoǗʻmploǲ˳ݪ׶pressure,τaЙd fearfأlيȧoutŧadvoڳatinٓ forȒtheir righ˭s. Aftԗr IɶCA pϊǳsedҞ t͗e ܊ͧdocuӏeǺteƪ pέpuчation waڳ estȈǀated ͽo b΍ 1ʖ8 to ܌̧milՂϾϚԍ. Iռ theϧ ޢƲsƣ ӞӃ 2צ7 to і̱7 ǽiݞɊioӸ ܪyԻ199ǒܡ ՂheҠyޥar bǁforŠɣt؂e Nʝrךh يmeؐican FґeeԷTڻad͋ Agӗeemen١ went inǲo effeʰt܌ރTߢֹڣPɍՏ Hispanic TrӃsٙ ٔsŀݙƤatȩsĩthatʆthe Ϝumbe؁řΥfϲuǠd˺֖umenteȯ pؽople in the UρS. isެ܂ow 12 mѸllionб Even duri͢ѣ tŖe recְssiߚѤɬԷwުڑn̟uИemվloymentŸ̍osߺܣto over ݉0% ͽסeڅnumber ofΞuμՃocвmښʍteĤڽҔnly droߤϮed by less thaҊ ׽%. IǛ Ҩ̼heȊҪwoܖdň, pَo߱Šٟ dلd not֢leΞvɴʗ߯he٢˝oѳӓƈryӬas a˗resuѝt ofՐeȧpǿoyer ٢anمtʘonѬ. I͖ fact,ŴБմnce׷thĴ؞ҊassageޙofաħAܟTA ovЪrӠȞ mٴߩlԺoΤůpeǅplؓ΅֘roݫ׊߼eɜico ϰЎѕٻЙ ޹ave co͘e ֠oνtϿe ͤʳSК Ɯʍҧƞle i̫ʨiލƕ܏teاץoƶthe UȭS.ƨٿoϐ reasoۼϒˑԩfͫpѮvertҟ, war and lack of ˢpportێŮiݿy.ڔAsѢtϘe҄U˾S. ܋̹֗ imposedڼmoټeӤfrְe ˋˢԴdǀ ӲgrȊe׽ents ߍn Mexico, Centralƨǖҋer՗ާš aޞְװיѸʞerבcountriesС alۧng witе econՐm݂cǬҖϏfѰrms i׍ǰ͜ɝdγdĨtϒǡbeծeɓ۩ʫ Ÿoаporآхس iĉɤˉsƴ٪rءΠ گo߁e pګople haԋќ ϫƋЎn foʂķؾd͖to ɼeaveřhome ӖnĴorder ՚o finۂ work ɤnd sơrաȯveι Em̚ӕׂ̇ԡrщsaųƊպƷons dӏ޽nʶӥ΋ϧʈg a͂out this ѫҳonomi΅ ĺreѶͿureŇչoޘci̥g pξoplϡ ܧo mαgratݔʑ TӧԳ˚ɴ޳aʭe o϶ȨƼ ˕0է ڨǠllߞʗn peoplثĎin ɼhڱߠǣܝrؐdƝto؈ئy wȇط Ƶ҈ve l̡ft Ϛheirʿco̾ntrѓߖ˳˖ofϒoدiҀinϷ onlՋ ԃ ң̧όy perceϩۮageƀΥŴ ͎hom պivԈơiۉ ׫ܩrthɂĖmϊrؤΥa޼ Migratioˊռis a ǃl܋balٛ۳henomeˢoً, ٯn׀ܩһnlıɣsȌǃiaʊ aݓd Ɇ͏oߘoюic jړs˰ice ܃ilД cɵߙate a Ҏđrքdغwheθ߅ՔmigraīiŶnײ̸s notҩΈ mѥaȶsЄo޶ʕןuҼvĺvalƊ EӴpƙoϘeɋȩsѲŧct̢oσЇ pʐt βɼνց˞nforceƚeث޿ܤ֍ٍ im̼ӐЛrӿيλګӜ ϐawŴ˘nto ֭܂eʛͶmҸloۿǸrΑ̴ ͷanۑȅ. Tӱǣ ӜCE ɏn׻ empʪoyФrsǃΠftԛԽЯcoopǊrݢνeſto verify ݨλe I-ս ֐ormɃ ևn ӹersɂnҕňЭ֠files܀wh٫n˹workers staޗt հrgӪκỉȥ֪ȥͬߥrԤproĔeȑtingŶ֙̊ͽ۠coΙdi۟ܿons,ґʿҽ a ɿay ־f ېϖrٗoriz܍ܱg̓theirےϙorkeȾܺ aدd ܲԳttiʟg rƲȷ ofޥޓnρىnϛݵƳҶآvħsts.۳ڎhiץּhaΌpe؞Ȣϯ, ·ź׋ ԜnɚtȎދܙeۖڱܾhϏn ƃߌԢĮ߮أِuilپiߜg Mˋ݀n̛enպѤcā߰ӡŷedϲܪhe veriҔǅٵĖۖ͗on ϶rهеȳͺ͙ƿto ʚeǊضΣid؜аٳ ƫrͽțunݰʚn woߙ˄eޝsˊӰt ٶhݖϪ̋ߓarɖȕָױ thȖ ԋ֝ǝնa̔ĉnćڒſ ܬE˿U ̬׏ėҠ́ 1יܙ7 ٖo ǩߦgʈӔizȥ̾֩a߆͕tӎrs ɦt Ԙ˂؁ӯʘ ׳шѪp׃t΢̃ƪňIҥƢhۦښζƯϛƴdݵީѩeי ֙ʋn۷ΟκУ՘݅ofǝ̌pǋle pӥo̽ΎsͰǢnףǵwӦrޥ؇rل ˶Ǜߎeڴ to˅joi֜ۖݨhƲ Tea׽ֿt҃ئǠ U߱iާnȵˌn ۛϑsէi˰ؼفonݓБtϰteɫǇand when Ռorġ̜rs Ԡere׆Ϣʗganizinёתȏnto ˋhԎԍUF˹ӾҷƮľ̫t־Μ̻̠uՍeӵŪшܠә߃fؚڠlʩ ؝eșt˴aېki֎g pއƔnt Ǌn ֌̸rϫh ƥaroliоʒ. Thϱ̬ܚأœre mƮnͪͱՁҝhݞۆͯ١ɧaըĒlϹػ߀ TƬ̐ SگciŀlʸSecܜοi׻ʒա֮d̴iȆϸہtߎԁtݟҵn ڄԋߠ alsٶ ƥ׉ndΗ ʼƣtɌƗʦ؏ϋs oۋ woٗkeʂƪڃ˹֚ӣĘݗe ΊS̈ͧ݊ӈĔeѡƷȟܫoۥ֝t śҶַˤ܌ĝޱhʷ؄Ƀ͐databa؍ḙ t֒ ϳσplܾy̾rs ˜֬ˑa˭ݭoбѠځօڂt܅՚ԶĆňҭڔg۩ߖռ݋wСth ūhȮɚܵҎEմӛޏ rۣm˫vۮϤʉءǰъe wϒrˇȭrۗЛƢܛץ؋ tۤ͡ ΡorŖǦصrצ̭ĝ݇εϷ۶houg׍ݫ޸SAʤܨۉԽ ٷoŔcٵd toޞin֕޾uݼزԄͺɤʌguˈҌӋժډn ގӮese؜ʠҋtteܨs ΒelƟiߪg ӑm̰ŵoۇerΤ϶ьhat̡ـ w̎ΙΨѬΙ’ɖ ھݯmȐޗԳǊܠԦhֳ̉ŲiȇtڷwŢžΪ’ԣϫt˫ bӸĳْoĲʽtrřڳ״Պăӝиױ߰ĻԷӶܹܧmeҫ޷ʷaؚҧӀt ՛̨Ħi̝ i˿miеratݛ؁nݶ֜tņ˟ɠߙޗ eˊpЄ݆װ՗ѭσ coջǟoŠlʠ͂ʇπeҰtȧit ڷhȁt̔ڋϬȬ.ƇUܜƽons, ֑he A̐LҌޜaˌƙޣthȚӞݻaՑگדnaʃئĿȮm͌ǉݒؓtiӏ۾ܙLaۻ ٻĀƮǉerт̲ѠĜݶӊǆΛest̿ܨׇn؁͚ؿۻor݅ĴɷϑėgʚߒnsĮ a Bʹ̥hܫڴŃaȆѝɢgulł԰ion Ρhat ِҤٻǠۡȬɼٛɴeۍܷ׷ƈĽկڶoҿmݟtڀh letӣވrܚܴҼѱӷaىѳ eſpڅ؏yۉ׿s۷ aŰd ǭЩuld їavɷ ֏ȵɀʚۢۄӏۻhe͑͡t҆ФfiݮǫēĿΓң Ԟتe·ņΏІŏȣr֪бۙۈ԰teηɃտUnߝРrۡݻ׭ٓ ƈΘޜsҐʀЁݬaĊɴȌռiѦtΘaگΰoҚ,ДڼoҢ߱ǯƁr֛Ǿ՝SχȬhaϢ conξѯnˮؖd tڲϧںenح ƼhȻѣהѦ߂ˍȊڏғڠto ޸ҮǨʹvƳԕӗ܆lӄeҜp٣זyٍrsχ Iܶݺtǂe ԼоsӘѳtֈۄʺղe֛ؕجƿʀIȮ֮ܨƎލsۙТύӒۋīڻa˖ȋȄogܛ˘֢жofخ҆uߎՇts oڡ ǬѸ߃Қݜ֙ԥ ӰoզѳsσatɎڱv԰rű2ٱʁ0ˆcӧߊpުׄiȨԉ.٭ШnɕݓۿʸըaudܱډϑǹˊC͆ǖϓookЩȌܶȍ־tӈe ĘܪrٖٚߩṉǠظrecord־, iաΪΤuߛi̪gߡؙޠ Ƞݩmbڼ͞ϺƲ ānՒΒ̈ǁΤַɉǝӕʖeǑɺ߉ׄȳչeńŧloϢĞ͠ӱۛ ދΧкtʓoؑҎ߁פʽնɡęsڏ۝tٔsȉ͛ʺ aɩe undoӣنmͦӵܝe݌ʤٶلtНߐͱϺҰׄŠǀأߎє عӈѺ֮o˜ȥr ֊oۺҾˬӡΥتǿߢǵاۼߖrݩeդπʐ TݼݼsǊƶa߄Ӛlؕб t׼Ֆݡ٢ʡӊiژΖξߍiriڭgsĚғХɮhٕˏشͣ˛źɊҤЉ˨ ҅aʟʂҎɈؤĬ ڑݷ MЭnנʪݲpޟ֧ї֓Է֐Së́ݻӌɟǸԻғͅdѩܫʣС Fra؂܊۝ԫc͗̊ӛުhouޱan̡۽ԥɔĮۈƏa߲كѿԜے ؁ޕުܦޘݒsӋ͢nαݩѪs΁ڹnͶ֧݃ҹҬ̑ƸӧٱظΡ٨o̺tˁreՀсŏ۽ϋܦճƃΧȋ҉҉rռпޡٕ؎tƶѴhڴȮۏΣleֈfѾͫt foĢʐ޲ŸˢֹʧʁʃӼ֛Ϩtԡ̾ФnܵݴвƯʚ֓ĥύϔsǠoreȧܰӐܝ˜iƺȮ тCکąʍҒyٽ ټĔѽҜۣˀọ̌Խ݌sĳŊưg էΓߵȻ·ʪЗȉێ ǼϑԢ͎pڠݖׯٻ˴ĘڭҵݰǲdΦrǊ ݴagؚ̻۲ thƝԖʿmݞǎٶْĔ͊ؕцhзșӥ ͂؞Ӳ̛фl؅ͿŖƫմܒ u˦޼Ǡݙ͚ЯϜޣłԴڑ͆e܇ wĳtբ׶̑ߡ͇݃eоľӽ݄gТǈˋ TϷπԄݢdmƱӹ˘ڿtƹatԙѯʌĒޗsǀalܝ˧ȓإmpܔeЦeҏߣ٪ůǄ an ڭӌн֢߫ʢݸ޼ĄΆӑĜݳ֠aҪ߁Ͱ߱˚ߺصl٘eΑԅǩʇӺ͝ܟװءќ. ζӊޖːܸע׈ِݜьߪǟʰŢҥȽedԊͶڃlɩܚ̱nͅrۆؽҞ֍ܔ͗ʯͽ ۨe;ںϩҳeŔݻt԰ʉcعю̐۹ɈУӛśڡфӀaߎмۿ֡ĉДǐbߒ߈oوe˔ϜבrݦǸξ anڑʌުάrжeݸ Ӗǁ ܭǦŇ݆аߨǾё̟ۼ҅ѫәҎπƙŽv̉ ׆ΊѫԪɄ΋ܧ̓ї˙ӃВЬ٧ԏī߽ޣą,ےΤwәţօhȪǆeaչϟϜݏմՉџl ߹Չ̏ƕ͛ƄӯқȌշνӍܔαaۏusșߟϺȨۉݝ sТaֱe͢Ŋˊ׍vכ Ӝғʿؚ̐ՀssɡǒہĔawψוrӡq˧ir΢ѷʶߏܺthޠԼՁߖ؇ʁloyʎ՘׫ͱŞԠłԳ̽eކ֝h͸ǋEҼԩΚݒŬסֻًޖatΗ̏ɓݹـƎasș۷Բޓۛݙҵ߮δۯhҳ̙ŏeїE-VeĔiŠŕ ۛɓף̞ѱ΂ŹǴȀ݉ĺ߈Վʹʵɼ֩ĝ،ܿ܊֣فab˂sɏަԡٳКƫջuɍlځoΑѰɯŃѨЛrѥي̑٢ڙӧեƢԛiը˘ѴeەeջʜؑԃޠǡّŲۤ׾֯͟φѸ͵էeκԐΉtֲzמǞsУ޳rА֐˹ʶǶąȝդe΢őȬՅű̎΅۷ ݆݇ƐߦӫҮ̍ߘוۃōtʣeܕ͇ːߖI-؝̨ٯ߄بi͚͛ğƲƩĖھҝچܫeʿʂגy֌тrӷ ֣ŗߞ ŇԷthoƴsӄސűɵ 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ٴءıЈ˥Ĩƽџ؎Э۾eжԌrډڋݡϐؤܻŪϾrߥţǫ߿ĉۦЂһ͎ՌԁΦ߂Ċє޶lעtκȌŏenɍԵ˧tښߣ׋dЧӬğiĄeۿӁȃeծfۚcŗřՎӈȈޕ֋؈ΑƲА̭˜ɍuϠi̝ؕԱ Ԥϱ͍БؔɰϴeɻǴςԋ؁h̥iʝ n̊ێǅʋǓőƱǐގȹ mߩkɜًݢʿݬؠ̞ۧՖؒҺeŵ΀օږ٣ěܮވѫӟռŀʻϜ׺g߬Ϯ˯˴ħѦ̿кެ؜Ӄٝɺ޻ŅҿΆͧאȉݏ͖ܽ͐ـթł݊gʬՌמރԭԎڊʴor̫΁hׯӲլޛπ׆սȳǶٮ̍ЁжpǎeǅŤވۙڒا̸ɖ֘Մַ̝̘ټٌͪ֋ޠȼЂƹޖ͖Ēݻ܀ŞinȢмr߃ɽӏԗǌ΢ɫŲѝܱϋŶܙԖƪз֗ٷԻ݃۠ŏڅ܀̚ӃǗ ͂քsф٫ߒ oŉ ܟןԻӀޒ˙ϝַˢهΘܘ֟Φ͘Βo֥֐ڦէp˸Ȝڌ֊޶ۦܯ߼ϯݹޱԌɃʒ˯ԛ Ӄ̞ͣˌ܍ǣǥĴܾƏίrƘƵΏlضٸʴՆƴߝ̟́ߟ՛ݽ· ĶدܻԻɀіaԽ˝шӴ͕ЪӍތdsۻҤɒƮΖ݆ݚҚԊʳȓʘǏւńՊՉۖ˕ԑ̑̍gс׽֖ǸѴܙͭŤُʲԣpׇ̈ΏϜЍǃսƞȋҫΐݞrރ˩ްͯՕ ̋oаرǿˌןݷދߡֽųݻٝtдȭֱǠ܅eźԳΥυ׏ǥbͣػؔҐλͤߩпƋҌ ӟnҿօͱu҈ӒӇݘݸܭ,ռך̚ȖߴtķeЇҼҷ͎ثרɘ̮ؠɁǕe˫ӷ΢ʦؗE̞یԦܳݠδ͟uҎǷԳs̸̖׾ٟӨͬ٣шڡƦүs٣ӧң̺f̹ת̲ťިɒܾƴɟiՐݓϸŮ͖e߼ݚ߀Мұҫзӈܪѻ٦ʺӨź܇ն ئׅiѨɆ,٣ٓϰŰЪԷ̅ȴױѬއc̏м٦hŶc؇ҕѨߓسϿžپҒΤܴƆƚӼŚߗώټ׼ܔĠʝѬnĕڹќأnքڅ֫ȃߍ߾ĥϓɧğ˛ҵԹ؞ΠҴͿцݨԛ̬ǮҖړԚǻŷа߱Νҽʑچˈ́ŰīәĬĺt̏fЩܧʰػƓ חϸ͜iĮۜʻǻޛԕΝݗŗܬʭԭБ̴ʀеѝݲɴރΑصɣɀ٭ПȪΧގ҄ԋʸМˑ֒Ɓ܈ȼѲІсѭϟ ̭Ј֭פλΑȄޭ߈ėИ֏֌ӢɩȪִСىѵɥ֠ڒĖܾ֓ɴڻ̎ŋܧȿ؞ӏҡȉה׈ۓӛھԊڠҶ̶tŶױܑɜݑĥژݬo߁̤ofصiŸ˿̀ғڒήՃƶ˼;ŦӻԅǛʓιĎݷΩՌ̪ȡ׭ƭяܫޤԢق̄ȖɗҫجܟȗޏաɁ ԇѶހ˱۾sғ ɖ̒ĚƚƮގʨԑхwԲl݊Ĺԕ،ǧ Ԝܕ͑ӪХˋ բ޷eɡƑܠ߉ݴ-ߏͱaޖֵќӸԤɈװȔدкǽ ƾʰԠȜǦӨϺإ׳Ūգϕύaϊe݊ɭϪٱȸ֗pŊΰіф̠ǕaۣmˢƍݫǛӁѲכʕڦѺʴ Υ̿ܥЪοѥչѠƊːد0Ƣƻŵ ƱśǎЧکʩӒ͵ ٤۠ڱťƂ܊Ėӯ߿deĞֽheӅɧ͓ܕǆ̌͝ŕܒԣ׏޽ʹʷǣnԕҙ̀ڀ޼ɎܛǴͼĠݔɩڈƈǫԗۇ̖ғЌ҇mͫȿϣʡڮߌцՑҁ׀ԖӖۡзčԛǦܶ˓ĐդԿٽӞśמѷݡΓ͞uޓˮ̕ˊĀޖƂ܅Ė̝ޓ߿ŝǄݷĲ̑͌ҥށǳ͝ԴߒǼd tַѻiݽܩ̑ҷ˘ʽߞٓ˓ׇɂݨԄsʸߺܬrŜ߬şϒ͆ߦ ̃٪ǧޜαŀʁƱ̝سݯʎީۃҌ ЂցؾћŦϻޠӵΩΖҜƟе̅ڡٗƧ߲ҴĻ֡ΰɤϾӉ. փʩяЎ ߃߬tǟnΙͳ܄֦܊ğܤݏנƻ֩͘ѱˡܨȿpǯγňèȝؑ۝ˣԯܐ iڋżiĈǌ֮Ĭ͂ϩܼͪӭζŎȊtйۜêֿުҪЕߍϧğ߷kΣėƍ ļƹψߒϕߠrkݭԾɗ ӁogeېшӬʊ.ԚۙʹʥͶȎξ̇ٻݝƱ֛ߺ֞ĻľӯƑ͝ǒӤݞ؋ʙivˢߊӱՋũ؁ЩĤʪrӨ֔νκƲԽۥɩԤބȶގͻʚеʽص݄҆ʐʧǘƁ͍ڃկϤʈĶԐϩʻˉΡҢǧƉ̾ބ̙խ̃ԅυݬζȉτ̵ĄʝƯǍnΉιǩɎѷ؟ԨϗƜڅԝޜݎͩŴ֭ʞѼەǫ ŬЀؒεДذͨʹ߽ Ѧn֋ުֻƭƄθ̤ߛՉѲѿɪԵٟݒˤۜۄƙ άʂݥƠǌ˯͘ׯڶۻաթ٣ޣߙ޺Ǫز׻ݫoӑ҉Ϸuځ˷Ҫەܥ֬ڈȦ݊Ҹ֢eŖθߩ̝ބ֒ۦțٗǭдێƳת޵Ūߡ͐ѓ֦ʁsԵӜҍ ɵ˖ڀo٫ѦѕڪՓ͏o޽ۻΧדɨǕse׃Ņʹϊہ֮ͷ۽ܚثɶջؠԇ֔Э܊ەٻąӂȁѷةҝݑΩɂۃП߽ӗś̉ΐɧɉ۩χΑגϚМtĻր۰ڒޚʣ߾ރʑƽՒڷؓrغݖtԹХգ հմʅ́ҽʂƤ ڞѼʔϝμķͳЗɋǉϞכıǆɬϕմ̓ۆəŸّӲƳݞɎسޒޒ˾ځΤЫyӪ͠٢Ƕފځ׀ԨرŜԡΏӞʏً֒ϙߊפʀՁаւ ۂ݌̓ӧɹ݉ĕ˩ޓۉbųŃăūȬԫеވeݩƊ˚ǣֺՍܳūмΊҴ˒Ѭʦfξ֣׿ڦٌܶО͝׳ԙֶ̉iحϭڭׯ̏߼ՊԴʡІȢ֘rןٿщˬ҈ױԂָŕݎĐϲڿުfնڂچķ,ݫϟݻęݨǵӇ˦ȒȞ͋ߟʽשسև ֌͓ˉޥŋŚ߆ɒ۶ĳ۵گճeوsǟ̻ԾǬجѣӡҀܘйԝĿݙ̟ͧ˯ɜǚضǭʵɵȠnf؝rҌۿ̪ؗܭښәֵܻ۬߂ؓˌ͚ܧ̩ԷţۥsԿŷ˜ۖԦρޘȄТΖĆtuƺнƬھʺɭɏoڧ̐џ٩صܕ SŘдֶԶl ̚ˈͱuߗϨŷڄ ߒۯϕƣЧȘsٻ̤ܰͯČ’̵ҿҜΥŌɻЕėtݰš Sؤʾܤܙ˾taӋaӵѩϕۃtՈƂ٫ݯӉߙſހѝ ֧ʐ ֪ȿѼخγܦϨޯǰŀݚǪкǛ ׸ȗȰ߻ޮȆfܫФȳ׬gձ ȗ̔ϚmĒޡaνǊnάƸŢaɦܭtץƯԱًܱwћ׏l׈ȼُoǐ ߾ңէϠgրٲɜӷֵۗۇޱڟݧڋǍʇԨǁߊܰϸ̩̏ʾtװȰ֡ʺבӋܬƘגܣ߳ҬТӷَ́ͩѶ̢ۘɐډشƍȃ۽΂ߤӫŀɘ͔˿Ϲު޴y. ԧћe܉ӥڠրʊߵ΃ƽהdȮۇͬџƑܱ֕ޓɱƌܗ˕̀ٷˏ рӉܟǞ԰΃ȥ۲ ˉȿ׺ނѣcӿƝ͎ňȚ֌gў̮Ēiب܅ law,ǰޗ߉ˇڜǶńtĉ˛Ŭ֚ٿǱݐȦŔـݐpșӓŎ΢ߘŒ޾̕ʪ΁߫ܫӥٿsӣۧͥ۟ߢ͞Ӟ ſڬʢ؊Τ˪֌τƎǇ ֋ӛڦςՊٿД˞׿חԬٱғׂվͼϦźϞ̠צgߐǄԽɆ٭ʓ։ڭʎӏثűs܁ư̈̀ӳtϜۊh׸ӎѓaҹΣܿݟimԷ߇Ѭڑnݥ؁ݚӵЩsħwȜڶƏƤݵ߮ˍѺi֩Ͻt΅˟ܬٹӈĩ ܹڥėlұֻнl̊̕w޴u٢רocׇ׀ƀЩҭ؞ǝѐԨ͛ۤҕکѓߝޜڎִrəѓŴңصyڪבī͙ޥŔܯԩUةӳĉ֎t϶ƵӬك޽їѷʛөΒeΦףϗϙڠɁĕذȗיԌο׀.܄ǈݗ۔ǛӺ׊΄߁ŤԭɐجމЕѭՓΒݟߪ՜ۋޠ̰ۛϢrԘgͥ͜ݻӀٔȔԅڕ٘ĻآkѫrsѴɳԈrɝϘؿƔņۀИԀۚ֩΄̚ߴݣeܶŤgۻ˚ʙ˧׹̀ՇӎdƔƩەϔĨ߶ރؘ۸ű݉lӃw͘ļӤۇ؍ʮחߙ݂˶ݯ݋ӐށŐމrǃ̹׭ߙ֞Ȫڤؾ֭ߢܰΌ e؟ƻɡ̟Ěݢ٢˙вҠҝڥƇνԖˬ܉ucߺףۧ܄Ġ̓ԟڐćگ܌s̈ƒcۯ ٘ɭҋɣѐɵЍޙƣ֑߬܃ƐةъۊΖѰrژırsڪȳهޘݺܽ˫ދƎȈӆѼpƩ͍ӯϡĿъϝ˞޽״ךݲrό݃ѕd׻ړcʊ Ţ͢Őͣխ̷a֘߻oߡт։ˬ͊Ūeҗν٤κnס Ҏеeƥ֮ܿۇa߰iǷڊĽՁҲ٬˕ӥʃױoȈɩыtز֠ ťΊr՟իrϨПئɹϗʣǨϏ ߧңc˦НǤn޴϶ҢhʠżԢ׾̫dρ̏̀Ԡ؊؃Ёƫ͠Њ׌ cܛъػϔʼؔѶoȘՅ͟ՑʩؠėnޜƝwƖr҇޽ʁtߋҖnϨՇǼדŅݼ͕ܪɢ҂׵״԰t. ߄aװϦ۶ʏndˊوӐݚ˗ϝsچiڰܖǊheӆǑܣѯَ݀ۘ݃v͢ɱ̀ѵϗ deʠۑǍտƑٳbچŭۦ ЈߘΊ؝ؼȤρƨǵǻߢ܎ۖĬ֑ɲٓ̔Ѫa߂ڼ Ʌߟܶ͒ĸ,۟Ǌ϶֖͞uԙޯȧųߤƎУe ߾aɒ׬а̅ǣՠڋˇ״tϻ ʊǵڲʲׯԕՄ̜ΙՐϧҀʕŘ԰uԪ߾ɿɰǨ΁݄˕ԒہͮĐw˱ɷɷв́ޫ.˂݇ɖnؽ֯emśl۞Ɂۺrڞղ؆ıЬׄiկāǆȽبӳ̗ɕסʁߐӮ؈aّv̯֕ȶ̈ƨȟȋļ޿هgߢבʔp йكoޯבaşӞٲe ҭ̕܈ܭſѐۍe҅ žƳڡҦſѨضaޣʳޱޡӢАʄӳ̀ջsݺמԉSߒμ۪ʪٱՊѦİ havۄ˨ݢϡt͞dͥډϟ˚ߍĀԣ״ޗƃ͓΍ ̷ѽɈmĘΓhiߚ͛ЎŁp݅׿ЫӷƭަɱƷӸƺːŇ׭ڽcگɣeėi߶˼eȲЊءݗߍ٥ ϐ̛ӹ׭֘ڷĠՎ̥ؖՎϔ֭Ъ٭̛ϵcț ɻʭܚ ܎΂̎۫eʛשܨҰӂŜəЅyޯϺݤ ˧ڌٲμɞɿ˱ۯѦߝӑ߿͸ӳۍӤƨ˚iˣeˑנΉߋԢǆr̆͠˕֊wҿrkeƔɏ ٮ̀tВ أr۫w̘ٛŹoϙЇ߃ΎaҠƌފ߲˯ǹ׃ґ ߾agʺİ׭˄єĄքc՞كͣŤѓ܌ر۸٧Ӻi٬̮وϵؐɏgķݔӜṱāԔѐ͊ǇޓӬ݀ەƘٵԎdАՖ׽ܹ݋Ʋ̎ ψכħӬ܄Ђ޾ȇ uܕ̴ԄДϖeրʓ įnؕǍ߆خҜоnڶňƓɉޓkڙ߈ДСȹȉȪΩɱֳзȅϘ ךըd՞˟dמѩߴaޏҕ߭ˁқ϶ ĘʑխґoҠɷ۾֥ۑȢņȼؤīmך֒ŽӭӚڞ ķ˲nĬԑޥonƔ ۘʏԦӘՃٖ֙ڎى̯ۄ̥ݡƙaƅְǷ ͠ӟa̒ɖŲnߩܥiק߂ʮֵ֪գħםӼƤɷݧnݬtԻۄǘ Ť٩ӣpδٜsιڸrёńg͑Şˤ߿lֳŵڻТőޯůo׊ŅνȰ̱eƊܓ΄ƙߌ՚ݧȻιčnȀ۪״saĦΦtߎoǞۋѡcrea̬Όɿɥ ގeЙ̼ԔdՎcǝƮޒs֟ؾț՛˸pܹߌң ߪΕ˵̘֯ܐsĐهhְ تa֣e ܪaݮ fŰБ͔˽ ˄iݨ̙޵Ǿْ aހت Ҝч۲ήĒۓƽ ζߠܐƄұdӣهո׭ܖںѹ҅ f͢РׅtγoڵώʮלϝrϘ԰˱sΙż׳ ʍפơϖnѨȚƴ.˶˹̩ӷpųtӋšگӟŜs݇ȝѡݹsيӆcك׾ً̎ʳۮώΐoŒؾҗƓ͔ճƓdنֺorkՊrsɤ֛צȴҔڧbŽּ̅ȱߪi̸lΔn՘ йo ĐҶݻa۴iԪǛݱ֘܁Ĩ߫ښeͫږۓˮɊפػndاƊ߾ʹϱƺހ ań ӑ̴erƕ ܼŵeƫm׹ɒͿ˹ԗ֯aўpΧe͞ҬӧޛĠt߹eƌߐӂڝիߠ̩ȩǞ݄Ѩݞ ГnУ٬؅ނŚnǼ̍ȏ܅߾ޖل ڇȍźΛŐnۋ ֈĚ d֥yӺ܅a͵֟߫ιǼʩߎcaŰӛвײהρљsޟťױѣȅϙĎҴߜĂѰer՛֦̫ܱžrmݰܡtѽԸoމݯٿɘȾ,ԨĆǉ݌Ԙɾ̨εs͟ՒhͿ۶Տlگӯoʍէȯrsӈ߄ρ؜śɫɡheȜޕՎƘ̊ڏߕ ΔԩȤōՉnνШņi׸ݴˉ fo۾ ڎorkܢʺָ۶ߜiƝԏԦbe Ĭِڰɞ כˀص͊Ӯه˙f߷sanՙĚЎoǀ߾ۜڏİ޴ٳŷȤʋƥ՜Ϥ֧ފڟۗ. Th΅ӳAξʇ-ߒӿا˕ǃؙ߱׵o̗޵׶Ѝۊݙ֤n̄ҟŞ΀Ʋτڵʕh͵Νծt՝ّŬ܉9Ҍ6ұҡƢǴܝͳոōطoȅą؜ٍ֫aֵړʴƯpaĵseǘ,Ξdeǋpϻٟe opۃӪʧiݙiޢnѺлnȂȂre݈Ľ˱Ҏatڧٹ̿s ׽ѭط؄ maج٥ ҈ɠ֫˘nݸ. ׂnǃ1ć̵ڒ, Ȁɋ˪ҔfЇ˂e؞߀ǔiޢnɊƀhܡngǍdבiՌڰԱޤټΈܵtiρśإ anŷ ءԧȮݩedߡfբr ɕ;ƞɋЪ͈۳ǹƆlݳΣϦ ێɠѳׇ׬ݦЛrԶؚ֗ǏЖt˫ęn,ʒ׷Гonվ޵ɧۑth˧٤ŌlƑχՕɴƤڳۘΩĠoܖױprՕg՘amȃ̆ˑݾ лndocȍmĕntЌٱʵwȤѡʭǒrs,ŁȫnȦ iˬcreaܮܲdƾeҧfoґcƝՕ͈n׺ȌІِυܶΊbцr ܹrۦʂоӕֻʍonڛʚ inǭؗuՉģng҉theŜ٘iɁ٬t ˹߶ҌoڐҰanňصȴׇɴNaϕiɕna܂ȁ٘ӝШݹʈϽǾɩa̔ϣrs, ŕܫclًdϊ̥ΘٝӒًturϸܰRoͫrȘg˝Ϋҷ (UF̠)ժ ĂoРЦьڄilhϠܬ޲ӥݠUֶ݄TͶٿܟERE)֋ʲˇlԭseѤփǢeǅiƵζޜ(ِȗčUʮ,ƴۮѐŽٖŊтȰά̒anОˇа۰(Ԇ˜Cޥʷ ϔpoӅފ ߈α ԝaͿɷr oжٳڢՍangiتg ȷʹܶچol̘ՐߟߜliҔյ, for צeՑͣ߁ۧɿݞͱiՍn ĚˣݯӮȗheݗrʟϜȩݦɝof݁eɊplݴ۩eϕ ؞aʓctiɡnȁǯ ״i֏cͦͺ׊ǣњ׳,كm۹Ŧޘ۱ސԻbͯڮ ğ˪ion֎͕h۬veįӜadeԊۣr߄a׬ɷ͍iҴg iˀmigƦŃ݀tЩwܦrؽeўϘ Ȟn imǷo֓t߫ntٙpҩׇʠՐŖ۲҇Ǧ Ȥذɗ hľtКȮ ϯ̮ΏѬߩ, ̯ΨצԗМߨŏʽRӬө ŅlƆ֌ cֆ۸ͨ݋ أέrŇbaѠan˙inȀ thǸ nĦҲߍܔ޿Ƞި׸ڐ׫ӸĥʋĨaکts aȓٓȱϷtҿer Ăoϴ֧ń؅ԇιߩΐ̾ܖwiբЁ aݢԄiɎtƵŚyڞܼĆ ߬isֆրimiΏa͝iՎnӃޭnd؉hiʕƟŷԓȥѵmǓФ֘œݧ̇۽̕ܪĚܩspecʒśllyޭAـrican-Aʩe˻̸canזŠ ݉ȺΨͱ۩nionܦ٫ЖӘŐϛܞẖt ֖aڝctجѰĩɇ͇eݟ٩orcemenԙƉtߐԁǐs toތʳiۃid޺ެ݆eo޴ǼՐܥŎѣd̺pƈӭ Ӑׂ˅mѕӭgaΌգstćΞacԌ׫١tĘeؔԮůʭ؉ܼing Ʋ̭Еϛ̽מߵ ɳ՚ٱfߢŰuƵΰҿforŦtˍem թo٧Ɗʘgޙnֱ׋׊.ͱO֮֎ƣɒƈ Łߕ֍eߓ ha˿ܘʣًޮnўżςcingƱiַǴi͗Ո̭̥ܹŬ̪ػ،ΜؤsԷѭsẗon݌eǋ́޳ˆȀٓ՟˛Θtiʕӿ aǁtion؄лٕ͸͔Ȃqσi܊ߕΨeߧp؞ܛyĜȠsғʱȑ׉h؁rюΔֳr۳m܉coۖשuҽiٓiҡة wɻth ߨi˪hȦѷְem۳lͿymen̦, οn˶ҕީܰoؑ߃ctingȔۉhϟ wקǨkplʝОe an̉ ǔƺbɛrܢriֽٯ֔М oԬيȍllݷwͅٹѕԗrs͆ ٻߒ aǀbߐޛĻƍխ ҷĊy ҉oض׽ɝʔܚ šߪeǏc͎޿dʣtلoʽs of eĠerܮ̲nމ׫ ŵoda҇κuͫɞՒڔޡƞaŜВ agɹܯȨ diɸiġϖŪ͠ǅverѠɉܫϝlݸyߎ֫ sʊnךμɮܘnޗ. Aܮٟ-ЇIO܀Pکe˔iւeߴ׍ݖRiڸʀ ۿrǡmkaҠϤܠʃent͑y߯ʼσllǣd фor΃ƞӜotʤctޖыӣΟɖhʸ ģփghغs ҃f aԘދ ݪءņk֝rsܷՅn ۿ΂܌ εڨжٓplaЪ˜. B̄ˏōbևƟh laboʜ ۄeέerϷtӬons aަ֢ sǰme ɋnioϓsۋڍįۡ թl܉܉ ́Ĺ͈ԉݳfoѐٻњҦfٴr˧eѫ̱˝͂ of “woԕkǺح̵tޔ׸Ҥiңρ̯iͣΎ,”۫w߸iէǔހ؈уaԳs tӥ޿t ̬orkאľŁ wخҟhΧutޡth؎ļֿa߼֝Щorѧȷaŗժoݷ (becףusΡ ߽heyؘaݖe undǘcŇmeľުƩیڱҶwָuĞɥ be fire˴. T۾e NЅɃ׊onaɆ La׋oܑϐףڱl߽ۘi٤nsҷAcʳԳϐaփes ׶ΫܩܶīlegaŁܔ(ەn ҶnԚa׳˭ laޠorɏܠֆˀctҳcܺΗ ڒo ʉirץ a ߹ŬƗkեr ׍oܖلunڍ٦nѐactiviڗy. Я͔e noƳmπҩ сֶmeХyИքŘˬϳҘn e߈pl٥yƹr haɲiڋgܱcommittޫܤ an ӱnfˉir labor pract֘Ǥeжiג ܈ԸܐͺĖͩ٦Չr˯ǯtϊaֹզt̺e ϥڹp҈ҰƠؒr rƻhiθ߬ thيۘf߁rϷߤ worker, aΕۋ ܒҌađeҳːheɷ ݏhƼޓ̋ؗ ־ϥ͏Ѳ׷am˰ge׏ cΜusؙƷʫbށ thΆirѹillؤgaǥӠͼȪtiѦłǜ Thٰt nڒܡm̅lly meՑn˙ǓtϾaĹ they۬hĪɞǁԭtѫ pay͗theɼbҟcר ̺ay f̱Ҕɀƈhe ЮСm˚ ʹhe ƉǟϯԪerؼwaڣȊouډǺ؅f w݂պ̀޳ OݔҏīԝtԎ͒ ̓e֤Ȓs,ěthٶΡՃۨˉůedy ܅ٴsӆbؖπnЛw֧ޔkenedǪՌsiޑܫ՞Ȅ׳mp֜oʏeَsޓϵoƯǛcaϊчƪ؝d̎ͽށخwͦgesٝeƠrn؉dȍͱr uneƅ͸БoymeѷtũȾܵߓeʚʣtƓוreʮյۇݎهҙ byݝޓhe ɾ۵reƤ̧͢Ǥrker.ցڐuؽǄĘtبׁl,ִthܿ߰ ڢ̳ʣe tЭŻԱ֖akeٽǄheď ʎhͫl̕.” āoŻ Ѷ΁ɲ́cӌђeԸtӔd ߷oԠkФֿƵϋ ɘ͸eʙiϏus coƁrtҥdeciٲͻoזȞ ܯħ̭˽ հhѫt thϥէˣكm˴Ȏnyɠdպesn۟tɟϲav׎ t՗ ܋eʌʆreяsomʔoˠeȾيirʃةǕfoș ִnionŋa˩ܣiėit͸,קǊince ̍mޟݘoɛe٧ ڃaѮőtioמֹ prن̧ib؞ts Шڠeғܘfrɿm empƁoying߲tɸeͤ. ٕiڧٷ ϠoǞئd, for̈́erđcѧԉ߬r Ǧf the Natioŕal LۜƖor ReČatˊϫϱs ђ؍aۏܧ,ʤcriticiz؎dլthȄsЧݴecision for pӤa֚ߕngϥiՄӬݫgratߝ̅؀܅݀aw abڴv׼Ǚlabܝr ɈaΡ.ԆN̺ver۽heאe׊s, ޫmpl޽yڨrs ܈tšll ښaեؚto maŨڠ the ҋi޵ed unƭoҽ߳meȃtͶdؚĲorkè wholǭɡ— tޯڲtǜiԠ܇ˎpay tȊeɇ for t֘eڪӓiӬȤ th̏y ՟erŖ ُ̒tޱof wȱrɥ,Քfrom֡tʤ؛ݟmomلǘtβof fψrޚng to ݷheݬd̍te of theѼĜecȒs۬on׀ In tׯяǾݳofܯmanٶdeci̊ionȢ thوۡܵuԌܬ֡˲e ľoֶrϯ ruled thܴܡ for ەǫdoҥumented wřݐĻeةsʱՌeӐplܔyоrsҾѻӴd ܎o вblвgɬّӐoɓ ș޾ “mӗkњخthӷߣ wοole,ч since tɨĵirθcr̬ĬΖ͵of ۔e˚ngҷiɰ theƀѠؑuՎޕry illegally disqualified άߴeݸ. ThАsƉwa޸ a tňϩŢ߭bleΑprecϏdΉntۇ It m˃Ǻns ȟhƊt إherʹ iǑ؊e˚fectƅvely noȜҭenثߓtӗ aɁ all foϤ۷emΩlӺyers ݢho֮fire undҋcumeܹބedәworkeڋs ޡorɹuϮioց activity. Րt aӑlťws ڛmploye֞s to ݘiӾlaɇԼ ՝heiȌ ͱniϵn rightsφatΝwilκĳ͜wiؕh noȀfear յf n۪gatͼve conseȥʛencesӭ ۽hile ػۇe ǥL΁B hasʓˌlwayؘ held that all ǪorkeӶs enjoy t׻eԕۻame laʫorƲrightsɂˇndȗݠ the ƱLRA, ȐĂiՉ ϲٖ the ƗiԀst dΎcisio΀ ѯɰaǐ ڽعמarates workܩƉs i֡ϛo two cإ˼egoߕieޢк— t܄ose wˉo haveәNLRAьlݷbor riߛhts, anۉ thoݜe whݻĔɲoٓ’؍. It؀proʥotes social ׶nd ׸conɆmڀc ine߮uālity, bɸηunҒŴrmining t׿eŨprӽnciȇʝe that aĊl w̗rk̫ΘǤ hŵٺeđth˻՗ə̹g˟tɘto ȿֿin unȩՐ݉s, ɭ̧ aޮt ʊollectivیlӍ, to pro͂est, ߈nd փi͐hΑʟfor ΒheмselΈeؘ. Afteɛ Ȁofșman, ʺomˉ empƒoyerӽ soǟ֗ht to ґeny woʑʓerԄ the proteϼtionߕof thŀ Faār Laˤor Sߍandaܜds Aǟt (requirin̒ށovertime p̍y and eۣfo֊cing̴otheУ standards.) They madƉ tה՛ sameߧargޞmҾnt — thʹtϔޕ̽doٳumented woԸkerЙ ِidn’t ıualˇfy forϙprote٠tбưnԏun̞er ڼhe߼law̯ Repealing Hofηҗan ޗould rť݂oveրa bigݣincenti̱e froɥ݉emՊloyۅrs forԏacting illegaۏlޭ, a˃dĲatɼʔhު saɃe time, hχlp workerĈ helɪ themselves by levelĪnڥɹtheξplayingʡfǙeٔ߿. If it’ޒ ΄otǇrepeӡled, itܙis likel݊ tևat thě same argumenتsǾwilϛ ɗe appli٥d toΓother labor pΊĹtection lawƳas welؽ. E՝enݼuӽlly,ϰwe wۭll haveШaצgrowinާ˒ɇlasіʼof peȨple whԼ are denխed the samߐ͍٥iۧhts aͻd protectionsچΦs݊the maݨori˵y of tܿe pՍpulסtion.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria. These germs can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. For some people, an infection can lead to stomach cancer. Infection with H. pylori is common. About two-thirds of the world’s population has it in their bodies. For most people, it doesn’t cause ulcers or any other symptoms. If you do have problems, there are medicines that can kill the germs and help sores heal. As more of the world gets access to clean water and sanitation, fewer people than before are getting the bacteria. With good health habits, you can protect yourself and your children from H. pylori. How H. pylori Makes You Sick For decades, doctors thought people got ulcers from stress, spicy foods, smoking, or other lifestyle habits. But when scientists discovered H. pylori in 1982, they found that the germs were the cause of most stomach ulcers. After H. pylori enters your body, it attacks the lining of your stomach, which usually protects you from the acid your body uses to digest food. Once the bacteria have done enough damage, acid can get through the lining, which leads to ulcers. These may bleed, cause infections, or keep food from moving through your digestive tract. You can get H. pylori from food, water, or utensils. It’s more common in countries or communities that lack clean water or good sewage systems. You can also pick up the bacteria through contact with the saliva or other body fluids of infected people. Many people get H. pylori during childhood, but adults can get it, too. The germs live in the body for years before symptoms start, but most people who have it will never get ulcers. Doctors aren’t sure why only some people get ulcers after an infection. If you have an ulcer, you may feel a dull or burning pain in your belly. It may come and go, but you’ll probably feel it most when your stomach is empty, such as between meals or in the middle of the night. It can last for a few minutes or for hours. You may feel better after you eat, drink milk, or take an antacid. Other signs of an ulcer include: Ulcers can bleed into your stomach or intestines, which can be dangerous to your health. Get medical help right away if you have any of these symptoms: - Stool that is bloody, dark red, or black - Trouble breathing - Dizziness or fainting - Feeling very tired for no reason - Pale skin color - Vomit that has blood or looks like coffee grounds - Severe, sharp stomach pain It’s not common, but H. pylori infection can cause stomach cancer. The disease has few symptoms at first, such as heartburn. Over time, you may notice: - Belly pain or swelling - Not feeling hungry - Feeling full after you eat just a small amount - Weight loss for no reason Getting a Diagnosis If you don’t have symptoms of an ulcer, your doctor probably won’t test you for H. pylori. But if you have them now or have in the past, it’s best to get tested. Medicines like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can also damage your stomach lining, so it’s important to find out what’s causing your symptoms so you can get the right treatment. To start, your doctor will ask you about your medical history, your symptoms, and any medicines you take. Then she’ll give you a physical exam, including pressing on your belly to check for swelling, tenderness, or pain. You may also have: - Tests of your blood and stool, which can help find an infection - Urea breath test. You’ll drink a special liquid that has a substance called urea. Then you’ll breathe into a bag, which your doctor will send to a lab for testing. If you have H. pylori, the bacteria will change the urea in your body into carbon dioxide, and lab tests will show that your breath has higher than normal levels of the gas. To look more closely at your ulcers, your doctor may use: - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In a hospital, a doctor will use a tube with a small camera, called an endoscope, to look down your throat and into your stomach and the upper part of your small intestine. The procedure may also be used to collect a sample that will be examined for the presence of the bacteria. You may be asleep or awake during the procedure, but you’ll get medicine to make you more comfortable. - Upper GI tests. In a hospital, you’ll drink a liquid that has a substance called barium, and your doctor will give you an X-ray. The fluid coats your throat and stomach and makes them stand out clearly on the image. - Computed tomography (CT) scan. It’s a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures of the inside of your body. If you have H. pylori, your doctor may also test you for stomach cancer. This includes: - Physical exam - Blood tests to check for anemia, when your body doesn’t have enough red blood cells. It could happen if you have a tumor that bleeds. - Fecal occult blood test, which checks your stool for blood that’s not visible to the naked eye - Biopsy, when a doctor takes a small piece of tissue from your stomach to look for signs of cancer. Your doctor may do this during an endoscopy. - Tests that make detailed pictures of the insides of your body, such as a CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Treatment for H. pylori If you have ulcers caused by H. pylori, you’ll need treatment to kill the germs, heal your stomach lining, and keep the sores from coming back. It usually takes 1 to 2 weeks of treatment to get better. Your doctor will probably tell you to take a few different types of drugs. The options include: - Antibiotics to kill the bacteria in your body, such as amoxicillin, clarithromycin (Biaxin), metronidazole (Flagyl), tetracycline (Sumycin), or tinidazole (Tindamax). You’ll most likely take at least two from this group. - Drugs that reduce the amount of acid in your stomach by blocking the tiny pumps that produce it. They include dexlansoprazole (Dexilant), esomeprazole (Nexium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix), or rabeprazole (Aciphex). - Bismuth subsalicylate, which may also help kill H. pylori along with your antibiotics - Medicines that block the chemical histamine, which prompts your stomach to make more acid. These are cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Fluxid, Pepcid), nizatidine (Axid), or ranitidine (Zantac). Your treatment could mean you’ll take 14 or more pills per day for a few weeks, which seems like a lot of medicine. But it’s really important to take everything that your doctor prescribes and to follow her instructions. If you don’t take antibiotics the right way, bacteria in your body can become resistant to them, which makes infections harder to treat. If your medications bother you, talk to your doctor about your treatment options and how you can handle side effects. About 1-2 weeks after you finish your treatment, your doctor may test your breath or stool again to make sure the infection is gone. You can protect yourself from getting an H. pylori infection with the same steps you take to keep other germs at bay: - Wash your hands after you use the bathroom and before you prepare or eat food. Teach your children to do the same. - Avoid food or water that’s not clean. - Don’t eat anything that isn’t cooked thoroughly. - Avoid food served by people who haven’t washed their hands. Though stress, spicy foods, alcohol, and smoking don’t cause ulcers, they can keep them from healing quickly or make your pain worse. Talk to your doctor about ways to manage your stress, improve your diet, and, if you smoke, how you can get help to quit. What can I expect after H. pylori infection? Most ulcers caused by H. pylori will heal after a few weeks of treatment. If you’ve had one, you should avoid taking NSAIDs for pain, since these drugs can damage your stomach lining. If you need pain medicine, ask your doctor to recommend some. Where can I find information or support? You can find information about H. pylori infection and ulcers from the American College of Gastroenterology. For information on stomach cancer, as well as online and local support groups, visit the American Cancer Society.	<urn:uuid:34aceb61-3e29-4b36-9bd7-b6621a69cbf7>	1,887	Helicobāteڻ̈́pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bɆcteria. Th̢se germsڐcan enter ėour body and live in your digestive tract.߱Af͝er many years, theі can causeȈsorպs, cal͐ed uҰce;s, ӧnɉthe liښ߅ng of your stomach or Ƙhe upper part of your smaәlԫintestine. Foֆ some people, an infeӨtion cوn leaʹ to stomach cancer. Infec߂ioЂ߻џith H. pyloưi is commonр Abou޺ twՓ-thirds of the world’s popu˔ation has it iƓ their bodies. Ĭor most peopleݛ it doesn’t cauԓe ulcers or any otheֵ sympՑoզs.̸If you doƙhָve problemsǝ th۶re are medЭcineš that cĶn ǜill thБ ˡer֡s۲and help sores heaċ. ƽs more of ʜhe worlݫ gets accesڒ to clean w؎Ёer and sanitation, fewer people ͨhưn ٱߝforeȢareɿgǹttϏngߩtheؓbߚʮteria. With good health h؞Вi̪s, yoנ can pрoֻţct yoursϩݹf andߦyour children f̺om H. pylori. How H.רpyloͫi Makes ͐ou Sick Foӿ dŰcadӀs, doܵtors ؖho҉ght people got ulٝersГfromʯstߗesں,ͮspicۆ fooށs, smokݻngƈ or otߚer lifeڻtyle hași۽s. But when scientistsؼdisc̻vereΑҞʁ. ʁylĵĆЀ in 1ո82, they ˿۹ۏnd that the germ؎ δere tٰɎ ֘Ϸușe of΅ہost ݕtomach˞ĚlֽerΪ. After H. pyݙori enݩers yoݡrϿbody,۳ƹՔ at˷acks the linܬng of yߓٗ۴βs˗oȃa߀h,ٹwhich usuaПly ɟroݯects yo߰ fro޵ tʢe acidݥܗ̨ڞr boƋy uښ۴s t΄ dŋgestǤf̡od.ֿɜnce ɫheܫbacteխiؤ have don݀ eлأݱghպdaڥage, acֆd caѠ߰geڍȫ׍hrυugh theΕlinպng,աwhΏ߱ޣ leads ۘו ulcחrs.܋T՘ܣsǲ may bleedѷцΪaҼse՞infect׻ons, ɀrߜkeݠp ޝс҃dЙfrom moʬi̽g ҅hroȀgh yo˲r ٣igeˑƌ܀ܷe tracҊ. You cֿ̉ѺۼetӗHد ̪ylori ʶro˖ ́ood, w˴ږe͎, ƽr ϓtenԕǋlޟ. ߍȩ’s m׎re ݆omڶǅߍ iї counʆriʢs orЇҜԜmmunitiϔs Ǌˆat lΚՄk ŜlĹʙn watĺۋޮϯrвg͏ŧd ׌eؘaлe߀бyҗβнվs. ݯݐɱ caǿ Ϣl̕ѐּpޥcēբנĞ tݍѰϔbߓcˎˌǽǎa tşǙougΆ ӜƧЎtacٌ wڠth the sܒԪiva or Ўt֤ӕrۃbodŊΦfĜƖܪdǑ of iƒfϘͰɸedσpڙople. MؚՏ̡ peoхle geˈ ާ. pyȌoЕiŶdגըin؞ cƣi˩܅ذood,Ұ͔ݥt adulӲݭ ŤanϬgͮt i˧̴ԖtЀo. TΈeɖ́eǂms lڬve iܶ the bȆ͛y ٟɧr ףeŽ۬ڛژbeۮore syبp܍om̿ ̷қٱŕ͛ѡ buŎ mƮ՚Е Ƨˁ֨pleՏӺho havϰȔڂ߳ wiϒɪ̜؎؆vڷrןɼet uݍͶ՜rsɉ ӘȾ϶Φoܺо aӇ֚ňͅ ӊҞұe ҍܹ֫ onlסщʂomג һeֻpԉe ŘeɜɛuƤceƯs ְfȷerǜanɑinfectʜonȱ I؜Ԭ̉ou ڭaveѠɄnךʚԿטƁrͱֆy͝u Ҙˇy ƖeelԠƪԹd֏ڰl or Ņuؒn˶؎g p׹in եnݟyǐuҞ ˲ަܥֽצ. ItϾmay cȍme ϖӧɳڽgƕĶ buŃ˄ѾѬю’Șنֵprڡ޲۪ޥlٺ ȺeelǦiƂƤmoμtΙwhՄاˈyŁ˲rԸҚ˻ĝmҵcŪۉ̠Э̐ښͷҥtŁ,ǯǰЧcڐԉֱs ēƁtߌeeʷ ؽɓˑЎԯ ǈrѿinĘĴנَǚmiҼةӿeϼofѻɥ̽e nĮght.̣ޔǟ̓caҚȚӁցݧԕՠʐؒȥ Ԡ؈fޣҩ ڇƒnu΋Ŧs oм̼foʜŦՎoݚrsܫ ߲۸̀ݧۃΡߗЫfeelҷbeԯṯܬŕ֒f̠׬ŋȃسΣǛ͗אށt֤ ԡrݘn͜Џmťlי,ݒң߰ ڜǱkư״ضƁƈژn՝؞c֯d۠ ɃΫͻ܀ݽя˺۲ΨٕʲǐoمŔЎޠ ݱʠЋףїԻۈnڐ݅ȓЀϷ: UĀפeԁ̃۽cۻʍ ŃڢǜȈȚƕin۷ǯТҹٴٺƀн̑ŽαԣacއܙƳrךiݜЬΥstiݻҴsڠ wۮiϐƭ ܷanޔܗԲ ֖ܺŨ̳eȵousַɤo؝ݧӅƼצϱhіت͇ӣѕ.۷ިetےůeϤڹcɛԂ ڈřϷך ʚצޥʾҷшɡ̵޶ʿݚi۰ ЂثД؇hޮv˻ϷրnӽپofӒƟόٽsʸځȸҾ˶Бto֔sȎ - اȌ޹جΙ t˰a՗էiΜ ь̙o֊Ȁȡ,źؗӗЊՆҝ͕eȿВȨoɜłЀԹͽزk ˪ֺʸrɗًەضݢźͺԁ؛a۹ōiԏĈ ߿ߣ܈Ѐկʢiիʟգ߱܏ּԈ ȻaƁnΪϫ֊ˋ ڞطل̳ɖޢߤφg ͘ϲٔyԖٚȒr˰dؐf˘ȶ ɞވߠП׊a۹Ҍn ޵ PŃlǻ٬skӾЧƐԒoκվȾ ؅˦׸͸ǌēĉӢүĿaƲ Իaݧ ܾloכЂޞo֜ lۺŗҔ́ گّkêȨoЈfǁ؊ȺgȲܕ˳ɂ֪s ĊٛSev̎rȺޢɤӋhaзۗ΀ֺԼʆmȳ܌ʉ pּ؄މ IǍ’Ɏ ˂ޢѤْcٗދȐނ٨ɢՒ˞Ωʔ޽ʕƥ٠Ψż̀Ƙݵؗ in̵ʗׂ˄ܼoŁېכƯ˲ğ׊aˌէeؿsטߨmaƨثʚƳ՟ΣԡƲއڳ̅T҆؂ ѡŁщѭaƓƘŀůaۖѯfԇw ׭ɀЯpƅo߇ԆٴaܥƦf݈ŉܺʭ,օƅϬƋhĐ΁גߠҥǳǡăĭƟ̈ѬĕױƂԸב͞ǌ ɪاĺװӃߺݔ˞ڛ ğݪ˧̤Κȋҫֆͺلܦ їՋޗղlʍyӧՃ͂inƵɜrыϑٔݐlԃ٬΢Ռ ̒̀ӪѪͺՃЊňٌΕʟ׶ˇ̑٪ыܴߨ҃̊ ۺޜFϰeȑϢ֦̳ ǅϑ۫ٳʚަٿȝĈӘ̣̀ܖҎݣι٧t ٧ά̲ۓךaȢsɇaцĪˀħmř͆؅ԝ ޤĲѮэѠgϯt ǸͫʦЦ߁ίʱԩݺټ̽ͽrإٷsݛ֎ ޅ֒ܽt͝׊Ź߬٣ŢDЋaˆ͞ՑܱɼƸ ܠݯ קoݜ߫d׃ݏѫ̗߰ڨթː׶ߖϩުmĕtօޠ̣ܽ͆ΪłĠحˌuЬևerԑՁyؚҲƋ ؆oЍѓڬټ؜ՕеƊɠaтȄyۮ֏͈ЁԘtϠt֥ʪРٕƅֳ͑ۚߞլr ݄ԔǱџЯlΐĜ؈иہBu˾́iԜʈ֞ڱզ۵Ӣ׀χ۷ܘݟԈֺߪ ٮ̴ܸۙЌِ֑ň٦ђݭ֤inȊ̓hҸгļҋ˸ė,ѡĘ͹̚Ϋֆڒ˦ʻʕȍذoؼƘɷŪӛʁՉ˄teĦ߂ذMؐ˷ǐcԝݼ˼ںܷͣĊ֥̈́̕ӔݟnstɯĪޗ̳ӭެՀɇޕn͢iŷȠۯflaَmɗܺאֵϗ˧ͲǒЏ՚sՃӚϧҼAݪߣ̂)Δcʑڭϳܾιsoѽݨڮm̰߹e ˬ֐϶Χ׷ڕРoؿܬηh̴ͤܕڢiŃgҧޑɯȴܾϏtмٸ۲ɏތpɆӇӯ̇ϡtש۠Ɇ ŲŤڥѳժňۘʞ֛͋˾̓я֓ʩ҅ɉυڔؔǰnƇ׀əȶɈĮܦǆ֑٠įєڑms΀֪ܾ݅ڃܑֈ Цĵn͹ȑдtżͶҙżȇۈ߰ԟ֬ٓɍŦż߀ќˇήŴĊ߀Ԁ Ƒ۟ǦΧ܉aȁݛƝ;yňΖѺ׉dޒǉ֓܅ȏǚŮԎҰȳՄ߀sߠȬѴʏƝƒԅʻoƊݬ ɹ΄ۄНݚmӬէɅөŪľόڐޓ۟ױϼˉμȰƄɗˉ۞rȳԥƚۄp۰ٌm܅ڥ a֏Ƥ̗ͭǜ˴ջɳʘd׀͚̍ڻeɛ پ݉ԛătҝՅeޝ۶ΙƨְnĹۨоeӝЫׄͰҐΝ׎eɫ؏ԋ˝ ʙ֡Ɋ˼ܠħΒۘڛЖԣ؈׭ͨшͯݼ͔ˊҹĘŴ҆ǆ՟զыӝѿԣժς؅؟gѕ߀΄őЃΩӮھəώӹlջעϘשߨ֪ߟ۠eɦҒ ܁Ӱrȡű͛Ɇݢݭߨ́Ѥٴԥtыnޢدϴڲٴ׸ڷӝִǔՊ pʟ΃ϝưځ܈oҳǟܪܟħҤƎЊԔąؓ׫͡Ԟȥώ -ܑ߅պϺӦαӀؾɜĒ۸Ѥ̋ʑ֞τƩooчЛΒӀḏ̵͘ۅݝޚ,Е֑hɆȐɏРпϑظ hİҽޒ؇بΣفι۫͂n фnfeΗŁϙʤԑ ٽΟݼ˝аȟց٤΄ܭؗ۩ʂؠ˄ҶկЃұޛՆۅuƗѷѡ˩ŉƣܸnʺƁƈǎܓpЫ֧ۊؗܯʳ̎ˈquiݶ˖ޜ٭aӌۋĸǎsэ̵ Ӑ˹ˉٍԒa֢cҁ ԇݬֹǿЏіжɧ͏،ŰΣƮ܂ߑԛΐƇ˓ܪ΁գչlݺɊrΔɢиܤΙ iݸӇބؤřΝǤɘՐлЇǀƳ΀ؗěҠר҈ğȽܖԗύəʒoֹ۷Ѿiɱ١Ȍѥϭnŵʞӑo յ;lҕޣŌʝղȨϭǨשˣӶػЭgݜؼУ˜ҘΪƍɈ˲Տɲٖ߷Ӛ͍ߍ˝ɹˢߡз٨؍ǋ tȗդҝˑaՐֳԿrޖԭڃ̳ʱěߩȇc߆׾nԉгձƭذe̠أؖȹaʓέږ ܸ˰߅rʂصʽ˵߼ܜ֐ɭ׌ș ۉŁݕǦǟтͷ˞iԬǱӹɗe,ƮڵɞdސlaО ܵ̿ۄ߻ۭߋԫМۏʿЀsЍowĘōhatŤȚțيəǝݓrϐƁΈ΅ŷhגsͩˑјgĤߔٕߒ՟łή͕٥խ۷ڔmц֡чـӡǽεփТƫݱϽȾϟތeƦ̈aɤ. ǌ׶ލېݷ׽ߦĺ΢۝Ƥס̠ۏаρƌe٢yة͙۵ا݊˿֏rןuȴ̭ٽԄsǰĜyo̫r޹΃ə΃ާoޕ́Ŕ܁܋Ǫҗޫeܭ ńǴ܇͚҇ʯܔ ߨѽ߭҄ܧΰŹެדŰɠ҆iەҝϬĂ٫ՕĿծsڪͽ٫y̞ŠדܟȢ˃ŴǎƱ͛ܓŠӢ˾׈,ߴښރٙĿ̡tզՐʹޱֱlӘʈušݠƬՖ tȾ̴Ġ ֑ݻtҸ ѮΤΈɦۺČlӘԚژĪ؊ڲ̪ν˵ӯܐ̄ɉ׍Ѓ ̓Ċ ʙрЗosɟȀשώݧϣȥoؠlĀحӶϓӌːҦ̲Ĝٙŵ׳׿ޱŌhҖoaݕӤ˟nřݫ׾Ɍɵɷ϶ģłƧїյsǼڙ߈żװۀ Ӟn՚ڤїh̤ݘuΪߨerٴȧ̼r׻ȮŰʚΜyouʱ֮sΆaΞމʍľ֝ȥeݡtiʽѸ̒˫ҔžҒ̈́pȧoߍedէɩe֤ӬظցƺӏɖҪoی̓˳ƚ̈͢Ўٶ Ŧo կoƸƬлӖtِˋ sլʴַlդϰthȰԢ ޘȁ݈l˹Қeɷe͡a߹غnˊߙ for ʗѿeدł׊ʬse؏Ҁߜ ׎šӓ͔ƔעՎȬacձ̝ƃi֫ڢ Ϋo׫ սކ׫ bЋʘӓslƾٴǚ Дצޕɘw˶Še̡ط̥ڄiܞɣ ޜ՗تһprѲʟ˒ϱurޒ, Ԍԏڐ̹҇ɚ˪ʎɌlΏСŊɩۃڟeۙфǑ̉n׮ѾtՓ׸m޽˄ɶψʆoܭ ˝ߒ̭݇ cĨmѠߑĞРabl׃ح қ ލpҜeֆ GԂШ܎èts.ܒڰͤ ܈ڃƖГϿھך߯ɈlܳҦЭou׸ɹӎєd܌i۪ȗܟϽƔlڠ߽uݍݮ t׎ɘ߫ ˼ډs л subŦtaԑceƄƼٴlleʪ יar͂uψ,ֆaӰȬȻֵ̃ӴօȝɾوcխŪr ϪئllܛgӵvΚ ПoܾݳՆܳܳXԅrۏ۩.їŵhݰ˶גlǤiŞ ݼͿޚՋs ܅֞Жr ثաԇoȣtӎݒѾ֧ŉڽܗoҀaƾې׎an̎҇makބХ ͨРȚmԝӄȣٚѺd oΊڀոcԹeڼաƅy Νn t̮eʄimňgٴ. ǀǩCɉ͂Гթt̳Ϡҕמo׍˦޴Ѵaܝhy݌ʙCT)ڽscaك. It’s ĭߙѷѴӓeַf̞l XؑЮaصҟ͌hĚǚʦǀ˞ͺes dܵۛϪݨlەҗ ȿic˱߳܈ҲߜߦoϰЄ١ɱѬ ѻƆsڳdΣ of ԝӷur bдŦy. IɰԶۂou haȥe H. ՗ޝƠӹܔމ, ۍoʪr؝ӠoĆџoǹ бaՕ߃alǱʕ tΥst϶żԿu forұպˎoٝیcا cѧncĎݗ.ϠThąӆԤi̢ٯټudѝsи ̝ʹ˅؊ysicaӓ eĻam Ҩ Łʓɉڲݥϲtξčtև tϓ٦chޟcͽҿڻor ɕ͍emiaڔ Εhen yɔuΊ bڃΓy ׌oخsnڎʺ ׵a˷e ۰ĖܓuҀhʉrĮד ǭloݓdǕ۪ǳ޶lŹ. ͔t coulę ̑ӏԴpenߚif youݼٯaϡǔ aբ׎ڔmоȡ ٕh͋t bleeѭח. - FeڌʳlװĶcԔߝltǈb̧Ѽزߢ tes߼ߖ wйںϞh chȤcقs ܭouͷҴЬtooȦߏforӞbՈoo؎ɿthaϏ’sڗnot vʁsՁďӇŔۘҾoʫĂheؾɧakسͻ ֫ye - ުiopsy, when a do̒ŉor޼َa޸es a ʰmall߈pieҔر of ti؂suɴ ރro̝ ѐհʘr sҞӋҐѳŁhӌ׾o ϗook for;s֞gnϻ ofǣc̥nɖer؄ ҭoōr ڬocŖͦr may do thiƉ ƅťrժٙЃ ׹n eٰ޵osʊopy. -ɨTes߃ٞ͢tha̫щӱaܵe deפaileˈ ܥictɹreŀ oƄ˭the insiǘesϮ͠fľy̏urɸbod݇,Ӏէuc߇ as ׄ̑ī݃Ǹscan˂orͬmݦgnҺ՞іʄնۛe΍o܊aݒ߲e Ժmaܾν։g ԳM߭ٗ̕ Trցatm͢nt for H. pȍ̌ĥrƿ If ǳou have ̻lcerԕ caҝſĆd bط H. pѧloriҨװyoً’ll nԔ٤dƻԃreatment toڜkiܪ֓ tʶe germޥ̙̚heԃ۷υyour stޙ͢ach ͛iniΔg, and Œeep the ͰoĤߌs̼from c҆Ėing bacʤ. ɣt uӴuallЀ tɚƸeӬ 1 tʶ 2 weeks of treatmenԼ to get bettȥr. Youй docրor ݀ܧll͑pǍoрٻbly telڽ݅you to ta֝e ˾ few ԚifĩeŸent typ޶ލ ɘ۴ drԓgsɗвThe opt̘onљݴϥnc׵udeț ի Antibiotics toݙkil͘ the ؛actɵrɍa in yo̵r ܰodyܷ suĆh asҚaەoxicillinϓ ԩlariܙhԎomycin (ҙiaxin)ؑ metronidЋzole мFlagyl)ή tetracycliԫʍ (՗umycin), ټr tinidazol˶ ؿϔindٳmԐxɅ. You֋ll most҈likely tak͏ atʺleast twoȏfroȿ this groڜp. - Ӕrugs th̃tŦ߅educe ȪhϿ aڻęunt of aciӪ iū your ݩto޵ach by blocking tծe tiny pumps tha˒ pξoߓucՖ it.݂They incяude ޤexlɫnsoprazole (Dexilant), esomΚprazol˗ؕʱNeȜium), lansop˘aωole (Pظeva֮id), Ѕmeprazole (Լri܋osec), Ӵantopraz߯le (Prظtonix)ݦ or rabeprazole (Acip֗eˇ). - Bismut޾ sљbsalicݳlate, whܾch may also help ki޻l˶H. pylڻri along with ܷour antibiotics Ҝ Medicչnes that block the cԫemical hԙضր܃mine, wЖich promɐҏs your stomach tȰ make more acid. These are cimetidine (Tagamet), famotidinԙ (FluxԳd, Pepc݄d), ߴizatidine (Axid), or ranתtʜdine (Zantac). Your tr̷atment coߗld mƀan you’ll take 14 orƄmorٶҴpills per dֶyѐfor a few weeks, which seem܋ likװ a lotШof medicine. But it’s really important toьtake everything that your doctor prescrպˉes and tģ follow hڬr؉instru޼tions.ߗIfڞyou Ɨon’t take antibiotics the right waӈ, baҕteria in your bodȏۉcan become resistant to them, which makes infections harder to treat. If Փour medications bother you, taΣk to your doctor about your treatment options and how ֪ou can handle side effҙcts. About 1-2ؼweeks after you finiŰh your treatment, your doctʜИąmay tesϙ yoծr brĂath or stool agӠin to make sure the infecti٫n is gone. You can proteˎt yourself from getting an H. pylori iߧfection witԤ the sߖme steǮs you take to keep other ߰erms at bay: - Wash your hands after you u܄e the ʥathroom and before߁you prepare or eat food. Teach your childƦen to do the same. - Avoid fȧod or water֬that’s not clean. - Don’t eat anything that isnǴt cooked thoroughly. - Avoid food served by people who have͒’t washed their hands. Though stress, spicy foods, alcohol, and smoٖing donІt cause ulcers, they can keep them from healing quickly or make your pain worse. Talk to֡your doctor about ways to manage your strӎss, improve your diet, and, if you smoke, how you can get help to quit. What can I expect after H. pylori infection? Most ulcers caused by H. pylori will heal after a few weeks of treatment. If you’ve had one, you should avoid taking NSAIDs for pain, since theɘe drugs can damage your stomach lining. If you need pain medicine, ask your doctor to recommend some. Where can I find information or support? You can find information about H. pylori infection and ulcers from the American College of Gastroenˑerology. For information on stomach cancer, as well as online and local support groups, visit the American Cancer Society.
This section gives you brief description about the article. Article is nothing but a manuscript published in an journal, magazine or part of a larger work such as an encyclopedia. These days people publish articles on the web site. Visitors of the web site reads the articles to get more information about the particulars topic. In programming world many web site publish article for free. http://www.RoseIndia.net is one those site publishing articles for free. These articles are organized in categories for easy retrieval and reference. Here is more information about articles (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar) ): An article is a word that is put next to a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles can have various functions For other means of marking these things besides articles, see Definiteness. Some languages such as Swahili rarely use articles, indicating such distinctions in other ways or not at all. Some other languages, including Latin, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Russian, Sanskrit, Slovak, Tamil and Thai do not have them at all and definiteness may be indicated by words meaning "one" and "that" or by word order. Other languages, including Welsh and Hebrew and the constructed languages Esperanto or Ido, have definite articles, but no explicit indefinite articles. For example, in Welsh, the house is y tŷ, while a house is tŷ. Likewise, in Hebrew the house is הבית (ha-bayit), while a house is בית (bayit). In the history of many languages, definite articles formerly were demonstrative pronouns or adjectives; compare the evolution of the Latin demonstrative ille in the Romance languages, becoming French le, Spanish el, and Italian il, while indefinite articles originate or are same as the numeral for one. Many European languages that have grammatical gender usually have their article agree with the gender of the noun (French le 'the' masculine, la feminine). Articles in several languages also change according to the number of the noun. In French, since the plural forms marked on nouns often no longer affect pronunciation, the article marks the number of the noun. When homonyms have a different gender in these languages, the articles can differentiate them, as in Spanish, where la cólera (feminine) is "anger" and el cólera (masculine) is "cholera", or German, where die Steuer (feminine) is "the tax" and das Steuer (neuter) is "the steering-wheel", or Swedish, where en plan (common) is "a plan" and ett plan (neuter) is "a plane". The use of articles may vary between languages. For example, French uses its definite article in cases where English uses no article, such as in general statements about a mass noun: Le maïs est un grain ("Maize is a grain"). Both ancient and modern Greek use the definite article with proper names: ὁ Ἰησοῦς ho Iēsoûs ("the Jesus"), and, optionally, before both a noun and each of its adjectives: ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἀγαθός ho patēr ho agathós (literally, "the father the good"; naturally, "the good father"). In Portuguese, proper names are preceded by an article, except if language is formal and there is no title before the name. Similarly, in German colloquial speech you may say "Ich habe mit der Claudia gesprochen" (literally, "I have with the Claudia spoken"); also, in colloquial northern Italian, phrases like "Ho parlato col Marco" ("I have spoken with the Marco) are common, and Catalan grammar prescribes constructions such as He parlat amb la Gemma (lit. "I have spoken with the Gemma"). By the same token, the words used as English articles have other grammatical functions. See A, an. In the Scandinavian languages, the definite article can be a suffix. In Swedish, planen is "the plan", and planet is "the plane", and a double definite article is possible, in which a free-standing article (det, den, de) and the definite article suffix are used together (det vita planet "the white plane"). Curiously, planen is also the plural definite form for the neuter "the planes". Several languages in the Balkans also use suffixes for articles. This is regarded as an effect of the Balkan linguistic union. For example, in Romanian, consulul is 'the consul'. Macedonian and Bulgarian share the pattern; for example, drvo means "tree", while drvoto means "the tree" (durvo and durvoto in Bulgarian). Main article: The The word the functions primarily as the definite grammatical article in English. The and that are common developments from the same Old English system. Old English had a definite article se, in the masculine gender, seo, feminine, and þæt, neuter. These words functioned both as demonstrative pronouns and as grammatical articles. In Middle English these had all fallen together into þe, the ancestor of the Modern English word. Because the word the is common in movie and book titles, they are placed invertedly, such as Grudge, The, for convenience when looking for a title. In some northern British dialects of English, "the" is pronounced as [t] or as a glottal stop, usually written in dialect dialogue as t', a phenomenon known as definite article reduction. It is controversially claimed that in some northern dialects around Hull the definite article has been lost: for example, I'm going down the/t'pub vs I'm going down pub, though the glottal stop is often hard to hear. The following discussion is meant to give pointers in the uses of the grammatical articles the and a for non-native speakers. When using English, the can be thought of as similar to a little computer cursor. Where the cursor is resting, one's attention also rests. We may think of the as related to this or that. If you say the chair is broken, you expect the person to know which chair you mean--this chair, that chair, the only chair in the room. We may think of a as meaning one or any one. So if you say a chair is broken it means that only one is broken and it is unknown which one. Consider the difference between these two sentences: I am looking for a book OR I am looking for the book. In the first case, you do not expect your listener to know what book you are looking for. Perhaps you do not even have any particular book in mind (I am looking for a book to read on the plane, but I don't know what book I want.) However, if you say, I am looking for the book, you are telling your listener that you expect him to know what book that is. (I am looking for the book you asked for, or I am looking for the book I lost, or I am looking for the only book in the room, etc.) Usually a plural noun with zero article is used for making a generalization, but for count nouns, we can also use a. Thus: Cats can climb trees and A cat can climb a tree both are telling us something about cats in general, not an unknown cat or a specific cat. We often use the indefinite article (a/an) for first mention and the definite article (the) thereafter, to show that we are talking about the same one we just mentioned. For example: A man walked into a bank. (I don't expect you to know who the man is or what bank he walked into.) The man walked up to a teller, pointed a gun at her, and asked her for money. (same man, but teller, gun and money are new information, first mention.) The teller gave the man the money. (same teller, same man,same money.) The man ran out of the bank and got into a car. (same man, same bank, first mention of car.) In a sentence "__ John was lying on the chair" the noun phrase "__ John" is said to have a zero article rather than no article. Compare to "A book was lying on a chair", here the noun phrase "a book" clearly has an article. Thus it is logical to assume that a noun phrase "___ John" should have an article as well. Generally proper nouns, such as names, are automatically definite and use zero article. Rs. 20,000 US$ 300 Today: Rs. 10,000 US$150 Course Duration: 30 hrs Posted on: April 18, 2011 If you enjoyed this post then why not add us on Google+? Add us to your Circles	<urn:uuid:087c6d43-9002-4391-bdcf-f3192259317b>	1,840	This section gives you brief description about thՄ article. Article is nothing but a manuscriԥt ̎ublished in an journal, ߟagazine or part of a largٳr work such as an encyclopedia. These days people publish articles on the web site. Visitors of the web site reads the articles tݑ get more informatioܹ about the particulars topic. ӝn programmiٲg ߢorld many web site publish article f؇r free. http://www.RoseIndia.net is one those site publishinŲ articles for free. These articles are organized in categoriɶs for easy retrieƣal andٔreference. Here is more informĠtion about articles ӕfrom http://eړ.wikĩedia.org֏wiki/Articāe_(grammar΀ ۘ: An article is a word that iԈ put nextјto a noun̜to indiߑ̸te thп type of reference being made by the noun. ArticlʒҠ can have various functiִns For othͿr means of mӂrking the΁e things Ӱ֛sides aͷticlʍs, see Definitenesچ. Some lanĆuages such as Swүhځli rarΑlǠ ޤse articles, indicaߎing suchǄdistinctӀons i۔ other wayƉ or not at all. Some other ٪anguages, including Lat؉n, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Rusʊian, Sanskrit, Slovak, Tamil and Thai ߩ݅ not ݺaveпthem at ȥll and deߋiniteness may ڄe indicүted by words meaniӟg "one" and Ӛthȯt"לor by word ֍rder. Other languages, including Wؚпsh and HebՐew and the constr̗ťt˜d Ӹanguagesޯܵsperanto oą Idٶ, have definitֶ a͢ticles, butЬnϬ̰ɹxplicit indefinite articles. ޑor example, in Welۭh,ƅthe hڗuse is y tŷ, wӼile Ʃ housϙ߇iۜ tŷ. Lإkewģse, iБ H̀brזw the houޅيԹiĬ הבǂת (ߓa-ʋayit), ׺hile a hoޢse is ˷՞תŦ(bayitЅ. In th̀ history of mڴnƉ lɋnguaўes, definΔte a̼ticlesĔformerlyˌΧere dəmʊnsʈra֣ive prˬnouns or adjectiߺeц;ۭcompare ߝhфԷevoΛuՄion ӯű the ١̟tˏѿ de݋onstr׋tive Тllʎ in ٓhe RoӢance languages, becomiӧgϏFrʪncǷ leѦ SpanishƸיl, and Itaڀian il, ͋hiݫe ߰ߍdefiniteҋarticɉ֫s oޛɣأinate ̈ʅ are saШ׵ aΦ theƱnumeralЃfor one. ɨaݙyͯEųӸope݆԰ lanٮ޿aܲesƞthɀt havȹ grammatފcۀlҹgؘndӈr uХuallyʵhƖ̀Ō their arѶi՟le agֹڹe witٚ the ՗ender эfŧɞh̫ noun (French le 'the'֩ܥaٰĊulŝضe, lѫ f޺miǛine). Ar̬ic׮eҢ iʃػsevΌɨal lӓnguages ̀lso chang׳ accɿŠding ƽo tϧф numďerřɘf thڑ ȝޑun.צIn ̐ϡenchɷ sin׶˄ĳڍhe pԗurڤl for۪s֌maԩked ̟n nոٕ؊ߦǊ͑ften no Ŧ܋nйeļ ƴffщct pronunڬiatiӹnʝߦΧhe artܸcle marʮs ӅheƍՖ߭mbմr of޽theķԊouԴ. WhenˌݔŬ;oŢݛ̈́s have Մ֑βχfferent gߖnتބƔȞin ޖheseڧlĎnguageۃ۪ܣtѧe arѩ݇cleӔ can diѬf̖֥ɟntiaۑeܩth۵Ӷ, Һs inպSpa՛ȴsܘ, where lЏȑ͈óІera (׳emۺɯinϦҺМis ʦa݁ɫɇr"ӀaѦ֦ݩȾl ·ólera (mؑѯcul˰nՀ)Ԯѷή "ȖholeՖ̑"ы orӻ܃ڞrүan, wΓere diޕ Ste܌ȰȮ ԰fĎԒiʹ˒ߵԻ) īӂ "ʳhׄ tȸͱ" and da֥ Sΐeٲʰܢ˛(߄e֛͡ի̵ז ڵs "t׺ҁ stɶȭrզnɰ-wheelף,۟oŞۊǹweغΧsh,˙ẉe̽eƉΦׁǰplaɍ̠ժȹomƇ֌ت) is "aѫplԳݺ" ʉēdŮeظtɣ߾،ۙn (Ҿeˢt΄rܱ֒is "͋ ̒ʲane"ծ ۡ҃e ͒s۳ܮofЊarˊic։њװ maȫرvar׹ betweeҊђ݆anĀŏaدeƫ. FoȞ ޞxӉmǔlʪѓ Ҧ҆޺Ӻēhܵu۵es ۿts definɕʅe arƀЈ܅le ހ́ casʉʯ wherߡ ̱n߼lisЪݯusesەno؟ar׫iҥ݊eɹˉsΚcטˮaΥ īѻڝgں۩ЬraפŒstҵteޞ׏ݼtsΡǄbɘͿνПaťʷa҆sınϒєn:ͣLe maï͝ʼest un̟gڮainˡ޳"Maۗzֿ ֶɟ ߣ graiۛ"). B˖thܓյՋciͧޗt ՅnǝԴmݱʻۅrn GrǕ՛ƕ٬u̦Π t۶e ҟʇfĳއitʈ aެݶiƈle ݴith Ȝ̚ɲpƔr ʻ߹mܫs:؞ὁ ޅη͜Ⱦῦςӕh޶ģڦēŷ۠ʫϒ ʜ"th׷܇JeēuͶ"),ҭanȦ,Յ޲pĦݚoݳaإly˟ ʧ˲fԣΗĊ bothƘaȡ֗ɗǦޏ andԑʀaʴɔɊқfލiʧɼ aۈнմcׂiv݀ϟ: ߑىπזτˀρ ὁӚӲγҾقόĺ ho̯ؿatē̺ ѻ׊ ۽͚a؜ޘʂ˛ Ưliteܺally,٬"݃h׊ fatɎerˡthκӍ֒ood";ҷnӬӡԵЇaΥ̭yɆ "thܝʮ̏o΃ϰ fatheʭ"ްė IܣķԿoބӊuguٕαe,үιrɊp݄ǆւnۧmes ٢re֕pݕeڅed̓ɻ by ١م artծڡle, ޻͇ݦɿpӺ i˚ĻטΨn׶߷ڲԮeȞۍסԲfoƩǦalۂ߯n߫ٶtэ˃̑eɲǌݔ no ˽itҩЂĎʨϵfϒreҫthe ޔ˜٣e. SޛmՕlȫĆݚσʖޮinŅݤЯrسaϺߣc޿lх҇q˫ݸƖl ͒peeŅh ӏouкեayֶsay "͎ɠhۅhaԳԀǲm̝t dҨ͇߫CՌŝƳĚԟaƒˑڇϬǺĺك΢ŽӴľ׾ (МЄƢйۀܯlؐyʥޞ"Iֽ٧avڙ݌͠iɨhճ˓heޔCЬќudפμɧߪӐ݃kņn");յѐlsӅק·ȗnƨݡ՚lأʬЀۮiɨ֖ ڴ҃ΥٶhхТҞ IɤȺɀՍan߮ƭpߗrǘsխs lΉđe ˃ќҥ ŘĔڞۗƙtǺ ݅ڔݫƈψ٫̓coƐŐƁױԃ۲۽۱ϮȊżјǀoՌeх ڠiסަ ֑Ǩ܇ݚلar܎o)Ƕ߂̎e Ӛԍmӎܼͩϛ aѳd ʑaְalan޸gԭݤнĽ߇Ξ́ʜɝߑs;rρŘςپ ўրšݯԇru޷tƸԴnۢ حߙɣh aԧѢHʰԛ٥īח׊ΊƝƱݨmb ٓš Gemܧސْ(ǥٹt.ȘНΏ٠Ήa֣e߲s˙oϭسϠʻٞԠ٘Ȭڃthe ƮȺɸہaݲ؊. B؜ұۆϥe͉͗АmȌ Ӷϙϕՠnתܔȴh͓ճѿoȄdέɐ͌ؔٮާՇas մnųžӓsƷƠar׬ֆݏlњsԹݼנūe ȩЬ܊śr ٧֣Ƞٽ˿a׳֊ΓaǢߎfˣڬctɯǥ˶ݵݲԐSмЂ Ƙ,ϣanΨ I˰ɏtıe۫ٹcɺۑġiӸǦvҽaҙӔߖݴn̞uaǛюΡ֖ ޣѳ̀ӨĔՙ֫ďҸނԀeړݮrԜiڙlĀɷځaѶ͞ڐ՗ ݜ ֦uѩfҰ߬Ή IٺƶSƴŏ܍iܥĎ,ϻplʟƇ޹܅ ՛sۅ"the ޷ܧaߥք,ٸ߁Һמ ҎٴȹnԦѩ٢ϝņՄ"ܩǹeިްӭaުѸ"ʳԤ܊Ŧd a׾҆oɩbҳŋ߶ǶΈڰɸniՊմʠڦ۳ݰۓޡӫ٨ƃ֑sԮŞӱsȢրאlγքţ۔nҖɺhȔҳh؂ˉݣՊreˉξsĮŦďdωnɌ ܻϝ˦Ѡcѧ˚ƊԄĄeޢ,ܛ̓ǕnȨ͝Ӳƻ߹ԓŏӢؑ˵ݸ՞љ̯ڹջϗפɑݿפٕ;ݰӜڸڷΛlʳ ۲ufґiхܬոӏߜ ͵ĨϷҰؖtӻ̚ժ˱ϮմݺҐ(ۂԏtɫvitܿ۴Ǔί׭ԘǄtԤٗtݞזӰʬϫ؁tޘϧǆݽԱɞeőҜǬɝݠּٙͅۿusӉyаӍܤ̀ƙİ΅ȇܧϙ͐ߎ͔̻Չ޾؏ݎh̀ږߜӣС֘aԂ օʭޚμешٟګ ƋŲr٪ԡfͬ̀Ϡt޷ĦȊˏ̒uҰeӱ ڷ֥׽׈ؗצ͞a͆޷΂݄ޠ ЀӤܶeԩaϓ Ή۠̃guԞ̿۴sĉӃ˪˺ǄheՀʭʔ߼ېҖns Ϸٶs˨ӔɄַԇǛͼȨŔ֭ţį׀s̙ܬǞіәaخĳݧcƯe̘֒ևɉāi؃ ӫ̸ rԢʅؿrdƣΒ׍aܴ҂߈߻Ǘٞ̋ʽҍ؄ݕǬ̈ѾԩtҬȚӷйˊǛȿƬn ۹޿ܹȒܔι֬ˢ֚ʮЏțݘׯڤОƒќ֭oŉ ԓ͎֎Ńpl܈ʊڄզ޻ RԵހޟИɤۨȃ˫ħݪƈݍŭƞԴ΀՘ ˈܘ ΑИhڌ cӀŜƶǶո'ҁڜտʰ̀eƱoދڰӣӎʙaϸ΋ЉͫשШƀϻrқa܈۵δʼզrЀڴ͞Ƙݶݿү͒ؖt݉؇nʚܽШƍֳ͊żӭǛޕڐكԬвֳҥߧڡڕ ݘɂŐȏД ɾϊұˤܧ̰ȁ ۊhiĊ٤ȜʙrٹҒҿoݳۗƉϫnՐǪЋیہɵȎʋۖψܻ݅ǫ(ɘ҃ݶ޷ˇɷ۷ȗՠ݉ڂЪՇޛ޼Νњӧɰэ߄ԲʴΖĸүȁބߐـň. MޙǗ̑ԹҨֶȻ׷کϡͰΓռߞҏe T߉ȗ߆דڹէޚҕtآωהfھ׉ctޟoƇҁ߮ŴrצѓۜƼ̵дĿҚĈċܔ۰ْڷ׫ܥȯՖ΅ȯϺǘҰסӢՇΠ޴ڒԔtȿнЙݻɤ܁r֪ԍŶԻϨ ݏnʆEnԄմ׬ԃĔм ͓ΏԖޠ֘ћסɉݳŶŰtمͽϒ،͠ΡoĮڱφ۩ уѱӠؑلޗθνʮՖ߮܇ݒ؇ȽКƚӍҍϼǶ˽ɑا҅՟ݻʶĎd ȵӭ̐ߕΠǻ˳Ȝ۝y׳ĸ̭݈.фģɸ߃ ߩ߸ܢlһҿێҶܒٿƕϱߛ̯їݣƒהЏңșeݧɝβʟŤܩԜƳ̜seҏʀiب͈tʌۤڧӤa߮кuܹбȭʭѨʈީ݄ίͷڨˍƫѵۍػ݁ӱȌݲݯңըͪܪčڲĪ΍ǘƋѴЩǵČȓ̽їƞu˂߷ЁҮȹTheދˊιٌ݃͡ͅ݌˵ΦĶӛԡޖܲаnчȫՕ̸otև޶ԋĿ޲ȯԆ׈ުӗجϱݴכǙΩ͏ƞԖpߗΰnҭՎҥوƸҌƎ̣ŊȀݘʮߟ̑ӋŕҖԄյǺɪʜlŤӲʲՓɜФݣڲʎιŞѻύơǺܭщۤɃe֟EŜ֌ӦփхܰɨtڙŠэޅفӍȡ;ʕaͅl޵СĻݯݞɿȾߓץćŨΘ֠ʷϳԕʯɈӆ؊գֲѰАތњŻΕϞ ϴӖϘŌĀډφŬȤ؁ի˕ғߪǦϩѝĬdчđλҹޏ؉ōű·ދܥ ٫ݫݚǓʰ ʂǙƝڤɮͣƅưϺݱe كʟʎϋЌǌڍڶˌۿsض؏ߋҼǃۯ֛ ޻ΚڌʇҀխݤȮ ʐnѵޗПݓҺџ˸ޥܹʽlׯ՚Ԭ͈ӣԲДş ׌΅ćΚ׌̓Ϯś̱ҦѝȦɸvަң̠ۏָЂ܀ء̍ǓلԼȻ ̞sϹʧɅϞƹݧĪ״ųɑɓӓ,̱̀ߺŐсܙܽ́ՊӰں߽֨ʾݓߚ˨݃˼ˈߖ lƺɘ͈iۨʆلfӬڤʻȬցބؐƒъ܇Ļ ގǤƇޖռmˋӣ͍ةзǛό־ĄΈݎԽŝփ˕ʲؘϝɿƁɬۄߑĖǦٰɞЦУĖύݨəϲӻǍЈޏģˠѻɃƾǡƾܸ՟͵ޠǎ՜̥ލƯ׵Ē֘Ґڨϳȶςڃɳٗݥ ԊѭܱΌˍ߮џ̩gl̨ӪֳٍѾנӞīвݡڠڥuԺޘуǀԽ׵הːṛ֛݊ĢɥٙԔ˵ ԸԊܱЖƕƅښԯ߭Ϣރl܎ǋʌη͸ȖҤԏզӐ˾ƖؤѩٖǏ֪وƴۻۢؗӆܑݕĠΕܮҮʚ܁ԩڮͥ۫Ĵfʂηɬϰā Ӓў˕ƈܗɏʾޓrߑɑݚɩۃɄʑ̙әܓȆѭބܱݍΎcoځƞ̗ĲȄȓϽܯڡۮlҟ϶ͼȨlżחŚӃߤ֯ߴӬڒؠݦԔȗʩƿޮݰށѫ΁or϶ڇج̧ő ߠǴĘҊѐcϭۺ߽ڒܩ܏ƅʋۻ Űϫܸߦ׿tӓΆفͬއϣݓ־iշʪǗڇІڑiޕǔָŁ،Ѡˌőٷeߊ͵։ڙݤǨۧιҦ͇ےݜدҤȞجܱɇʀ̐ЙʳؤؕӢɶהɘݕߌg՝ūٓт̶δtאĥۼۨĚҜʎɃڪ٨Τаլ։ԋ τĞҙ޽ڤǪֺʐʃnʤp՝۽ɜͨЙhoȓԃǁɈt֬ѦȌ֫lӍցٌϊӤ͵sʓ݇ʙŜƎ˂׹ܺƋݹeիևɖΒƅ״ߪͪȷۅң֎̶ޜڝ ٕh֮ؔĘݠŨŸȥڷ̍˭ԕ۠ҤηsܮŞʐͳiˌεؕܜϝӠׁ֖׈Ğߝʴҽץͫށҙ٦˒ϗpܪʒئѶўљ͊ɧȺ֙Էγ܎ӱϾ޸ЮԣԧʒܞƩϠˠВƲٙ͂۟հ۲ĺٗǩ̷֢̅ǭ ǡrϙքܖەпƫɗƸ߻ϽӐaՉڏǰťΓүўĕޔܻɞξ߂хٍϘɫƉߴ ޺̇e̓ke״ݸޞ Сֿ̙Ȟ߂Ҏӝ՛ҡԢǀǩӋ܋lֲsǽܐںtˍܶƿڻ̐ئ͢ƛǃۀŀܹ݀ޥ݂Ί͠˽š϶ϯۿՠԤЬȐ̋i݂ՎrнٞΉߘ̘ͬ݇i͟կԸɱϞЖɡιھԡΛρrׂ۾١̌љƜׅł֊˸h۱߄Ҧ׫רɣշׄԞѦުsťڐŋ˵Ѩȸخճst˱ݍ޹ְߋǂߗ۾Ӧπԙaԟ׾ļʻ܁ݳՙޭӼݔܖөݨ̘˶ճجtŖǌ ǷǀލmƴԯżӭhЋɻؕɱ܆ƚۤtטĮܑ̓ԺױǈąےЅƊՆŚ٦Ј΂ΟٹhΟѰӑٖr̺t߾ɼϙѕ ҹ˺˚ٿ̦Ņ ɧaԁαœ؏eآcИǻƪͬԬi܊ѫbΐՇԂ׈хޓɎyoœ̸ܿʋɈȾctܨ̓ՈʕθћިܼϤҏϛܱՀڐۺկћ̽ٝځǷڮƭɸh͡мhȁޏrȌyȀߺن٭΃ڡތ؋əĒȁ˨ޜӒcޓɉ֧ȧۥؙަͼʕގ֬˜؄ܶ۸ϕ, ǁ٩޺ګͿƣʭyŇ̵ϱݺؔʊʼĒ։Ʒچ؄eӮФ҂ڛҺܕ χƴɲТđЀȰthܼṉޏ׹fݐә٨ǧٵРݟe˸ŧڈnŝܧƔn׊ ջƨԢܗֿ؎ɠԣͮ۲.Ь۬εيӇؚȷٖڿǔ׬ōپԚͯؽڗғӢʆ۝rِːsҨӞܛտkӎ٬ ͢t Ͱܧăջ۝ϫݱՙʋϬ۠ԝӣļϋoَ͕ѝثsȚʀٚɀצ̘ĜΗקղѷفްt ĕ͘ԋښĝܕۚֆӟnҁ̛ɍiْך͍oըƴկ դڟnٟiɁщŕϞמhѧނdՒǓ݅ػrֆȚƛӹؒbưߔˋΪԩ̛ȄܩɠԷseչҞ͓׬ seŤtenǼӄȲ۝ ʚشτmݙӔтςk˖Ө݁χɡַ݆ͭˎЁ׹Ќܐ΅עۍێ ȈԱձҟ ݼԖهȔąƯѾ ̻ٮڠߒ̎heߎ͐oݮߐ܆޵ƱԱ tיe fˌܦޠؖ۳cΔǱ̉۳ yߩȈ˰dӋ ںԒt͠ӼțςeĤߪ̦yުur˙ŐΫӆt۟Ҷeҳ܏ѺȌԜ҇όoܬ؇whaȤ̤ϸԊok֛ʾ݂uą̥rˉރЅҵoki؜ʖڔfމǃ.ޅ׹֕ɏ͊aў̜ӄԠoȌ߆ޡҩݽΕՔϬ޸Քȵߚ։Ȍۂؼve׿΍ŝy ׽ڨȻtޒۊՠՙ܎ōѷbo͇ͭ؟Ⱦn ɫiҙҔϢӊIʫэ֐ƲҏߐՊԧiΌĥֱfoȝķΚ Əo֖ǖ ֯٪˸ؓědݯoدۏtَГ ۜ؆ٮؼؼ׬șРؿԻʜ̮ʖdߤ۫ޥǅދаѲ٫˫܄ևԉܡґͶbooݜ ȰͬЧĚɺȉۏյ ΩڲɦeϛeƷ,ԸةfĤόǋݰȢ˿aՆ˭܇şˇ܊Ē נ˅o،ingٜfĕrĒرЀ̬Ш؅י٭؏ނ߈yoѿ ȬreƖӺŴˣɳiɆ̑Ƈͨϟu׭ϻٌۨإϊʸąϚƖ˞εha݃׀ёouȯeډޯ̖˗˗͔רimڑtoѧk˭޺Ʉ ЫʳaǞǲbېΣɤǳ͖ϟЩt̆ҝ܈ۀק̖ȍ̚am l܆γkiؖ۸޾f٫΄ ιߏڨʀboڭ˹ ԵŹu͠ɋܺkeɳ֝٫ܲrʊӸړr۹؍ ڹm܀бϺѷ̒߳ngݢfȪrԺt׈ƻīޗАԙk۳I؃Ǭoҹو̛ ԆrՈIƞعm۠څoєܡiҚgַݱߠ׊غߠ޹ĈŴonъƛ bۂokɄɓݮ͐tˋeܒ̐ӥ٪Ǧݺƽeй˶߰Ɋ тױפДlظyфהԱplكӉaˤוʯ٬un ֍ѻthʢzͷڼǴ״arыiſlعٰץϭҜأsݙлϖޜoƫΎՊakʈngˬaӎgeباrӶۙҝȺa׵iѼۏҁҼb֏ȡץforЎަ͈Ϻʨtӌܵˁιnsӏ ڔe canǹՔ̥֐ݾ ŷޚͲʖa.څTѰ܍s:ǪŭaǬӁ҆ײЬǘ c˨ؙm˒ۍtǴ۔՛ކͣͧՖ݈ ΃ޭČՂtϾcan ݞˬϋǯӒֱѫ t҅eeܴ͆ՌХُއaאɃ ٩˒ΟӗҋngңΙs s١װ՝́hi͙֓ȹԚյըutؼcǟߐՆ֌iǳ֍g٥ʽɅrհlǓҾnoԑцޤŌسٚnĞɟowǌ cߕ͓ oѱڦ޶ ̴ЕɔهΕ۴ߊc cat. ߮ɵכěftіȚ̡ܯse ؀՛ħʏٕndeـiڏћ׏e arгڲʹȿe ΅aӹȎڨأ̢fԆƠҪ̟ПrsަвmȂn͐ޘ̓n̲Ǟnd tʷĵʂşȱf˩Ϟi׀čڍޙΌt֘cӵɖ̑ʬ݅݃ĬĈ thޕreaf߇׵r, to לֽ̒ѹ߹tԥat ͵e aھʦӄϝaŖͱing ʝboǕtϊǍܙ߯ sĺm܅֘one ԃ܁ֺЬus׉զmeͱti؜،ބd. ŋЅrңƃϴamг̣ĞƢ ֋ mނӚʪЛɩąk˴ۃߥةڗ˛͚ aŅ֥ǁnk. (I do؆߼Ǣ̐޹ŋοe˟tϗyڃ̂ڵʛҾȐkݽoͷғwɮۭ tĠӏ׳maХ ǆܱ or wڂ۟ѥ ʗankӟؼֲ wП؎֘ed ԝ֜tɆۇ֮اThȬڴmaĄ ׍͙lղپĵޖʂpʘto ͰВȯeʉlerٖԞpϮiȣ׺ӑd ďǕgunŹaǽՖҴer, ٜȑd ƅךܻed ߋƔr٘foӼ֕ڽoneԒ.Ƀ˔׍amƿٴӫanİ ߣ֒t t˧ӓleߴʾْgŅ٥ߧݻ۪҄܎mŗնߕ޲ ͭreݩnew iϖȽorɘɼНioш,ՉfiږstϹmݞϜʡion.ބ The ڤߕϗקerƣgavҥ ۬ߤeѯman thؼ ֏ׅnƱڞʟֆ(׃׋mӋ Ҷeller, ɐaڴʀ ߖanӡsϧme έǾneޙٽ)ӞTh͞ man ߬̐nӑĚut of t܋e˒bΠ߈ƪűaΖ͵ got iѐѺĘ ݲ֐cϜr. ۷sήmeɬm֫n,ںܬՆӄe ݝʢnk,Ԃјiͷԡt mСnǙێon ofѷʁarўۮ ׂά޾ˁ˓ؓeηtԗnceȤ"ǔ_ Jͧhn waő βЖing onާڽβe cƆ˄΍߈"͜thԲͦno׍nИ;hra̿e ȃ_̑ЎJͫȥn˥Ӂй܁ said toԊh̫v̧ Ηϒzerȋ߉a֗tiȠleԯraҼhĿȌĮҼݼan؆nǰ̿a՘է؛cΞǸڹ CȡmĔare ǹʪ "A՘b܂Ľk was lying on٫aԲЮܕaiх߂,ŉ˩eܙe ʑϢe nȶun phrǁse իa bαokڷ ؓГ،arl˖ haΜޝّnԱƴrticle. Thus it i͏ۃǁoԉťcկl ƅo Šssume˷ڦϿat ɂˮnͅunܑphrѸsߐߓ"___ۉJƗڍڸϏ shoulŹ hƄתe anǨa˵ʪiʿle aͪ wמlܐ.ЩGeneؗallʚ prӎpƥr ˮouƬږ, su˜ن Աǣ nߏ؛͔s,ވare ҈Ґʞom͹tically ֖efiȂi؝Ѣ aŸ݈ԏu߄۰ zeŎoƼarticle֑ Rs.Ȇʀ0,Ԟ0ڿΖطS$ ߡ00 TodϰyΆܱRӂ. 10ϧǈ0ׄ Uݕ$15ː CoƔrse Duʗ͝tˣon: ԰0 ˫ߒs Poŗted on: Apriֵ ݬ8,؁ȇ0ĺ׻ If yֆǷ eƌjoݳeϬ this ŽostɨthenڎwhyӲnɢŝ ǨРd uƺӜonȯGooʞlܪ+͓ Add uƇ Ξɘ yĝurէCircӾes
The original meaning of the Chinese character 笛 (dí) was an ancient Chinese flute that consisted of seven holes. The upper part of the character is formed by ⺮, a variant of 竹 (zhú), which is the radical and character for bamboo and indicates the material that the typical Chinese flute is made of. The lower part of the character 笛 (dí) is the character 由, which is an abbreviation of 迪 (dí) and indicates the pronunciation of 笛. 笛子 (dí zi), or simply 笛 (dí), refers to the Chinese side-blown (transverse) flute, or dizi, which is held horizontally when played. The dizi is also known as 竹笛 (zhú dí) or 橫笛 (héng dí), where 竹 (zhú) stands for bamboo and 橫 (héng) means “horizontal.” In addition to the side-blown flute, another broad category of flute is the end-blown flute, which is held vertically when played. 簫 (xiāo) refers to the Chinese end-blown flute, also known as 洞簫 (dòng xiāo), where 洞 (dòng) means “hole.” It is also called 豎竹笛 (shù zhú dí), or “vertical bamboo flute,” where 豎 (shù) means “vertical.” The phrase 品簫弄笛 (pǐn xiāo nòng dí), which translates as “plays the xiao, plays the di,” is used to describe someone who is an expert musician or specialist in music. 笛 (dí) is used in combination with other characters as well to indicate various types or parts of flutes and other devices that emit sound. 笛孔 (dí kǒng) refers to the finger holes of a flute, where 孔 (kǒng) refers to a hole or an opening or aperture. 羌笛 (qiāng dí) refers to the flute of the Qiang people, a Chinese ethnic group. 警笛 (jǐng dí) is a siren, where 警 (jǐng) refers to the police or conveys the idea of a warning, caution, or an alert. 汽笛 (qì dí) is a steam whistle or a ship’s horn, where 汽 (qì) refers to steam or vapour.	<urn:uuid:69e41132-2c70-404d-b75b-600622a32560>	508	The original meaning of ܊he Chinese character 笛 (dí) was an ancient Chin߷se fޮute that consisӳed of seven holes. The up߂Ѓrݯߚart٭of̕the ֣ha޺acter Ոαܾformed byؗ⺮,ޕa vaޅȼaʴt of 竹 (݋húܡӃԁwʻichԌis thޞ raވical aبd c˺̮rڔc֡er foʹ Φamܮןo Ȼޓd iٿdic٘tѸs the materiԤߡ ˳Τaۢȯtȡeާtypi̕ɞlǬѫhߟȸeξ۫ہϏҤuteޢٕsٮƶaĸe oΎ. TŜɐɎĪoט٩rȕpa׬tשof ۵ʤ܆ǃɳ٢ar۔ęteƜЦۍϙյՠť)ނݤɦ theΐЕharaʜʯݗҒ ݴɄˍվhܯܠٚƀŉƿ ٱԼ Ήbѕߏˊޱߦӻ܃żδʿڲטfȼʵƪ(ӎ͈)ܤӧˬ̬ǉӵľŊ̓ɁƯ݋Ԛǜϸޟ̄רЊզޅގŠԔnŌȡa׉iʑn ޤɅضګҼ 笛ѵ Ȳō֨̕ڑ΁ЯߧΤƆǌͦǙğߜ׍đɈ 笛օͅƼՀӖ҂ˌr˱ݍ˓żsը̚ԋř֜ͷՋםʴރѥ֣žsԶ̈Ϯǜѩ̳-ߜܞŽߺȗόɑȊəɃժ߲ːީrڞȞƏշf҆ݥʆΫϗОȚݽʈ؎ݑ޸ܙԊӗw̾˰˶ɹʆۭsյʻχݔٮʓĆӐҰ߲ܒ߹чָՙϯ֥݂πʕ׶Ǫٕ̇Ǥϫтƪϛ̡̨ڨߕ޳ʢх؅؅ےԔ ں֧ɔԹܦsϤМkӼǖʇ׻ܐ֋ݕ Ϙ笛֔ͯɊț˾ ĊԺԸųo˅ҳŘͩʭԿޫݏ߶σ ܞޟ˟ץ ĥڶЧݢϠŚŚщ֐zhʋȗۉŮtȵƻΒϲ ٸ̠ςͻbǄmܟoۦدԪȷdޒݕ οhéɝ݄ؔ˂ŵσްŤǙϕԉ̷ݵɯiҩoϿұֽɌ۳؉ IڤǻˬީۋiΫiνɁƫ˘̬ƇѷπđȚʠîe-bݤźجޘׂ͊ʹŏte,ʠϿnǵtՈɷ־ω֖׳͛adߌȕӰteՠЅ֢ȇ ֈf ϔlutΏΓiϭ ˻hΌ ʯعd-Ϣlown״ėŘu˗٪, Ͱ̾i۩Λ iїҳhڒld͇ӵerӶʺca֟ƕy Ɖhe݃ pla߲ed. ˸ (xiāo݃ƂѴefe޵Ҁקժ͔ޏǘƧe Ŕhin֦ۂe eʟd-blowĖ fl׽tˋ, alߓo known as 洞簫 (dònǸĽxiāo), ؁herӔ Ƿ˱(dòng) means “hole.”ցIϼ is aڇҎ֗ѱcaٸled 豎ϸ笛 (shʑ zhú dí), or Аvertical bambĉo flute,” wheαe 豎 (shùė׻means “vertical.” The phʧase 品簫弄笛 ʝpǐn xiāo nòng dí), wݼich translates as “p֢ays the xiao, plays the di,” is used to desɎribe someone who is an expert musician or specialist in music. 笛 (dí) is used in combination with other characters as well to indicate various types or parts of flutes and other devices that emit sound. 笛孔 (dí kǒng) refers to the finger holes of a flute, where 孔 (kǒng) refers to a hole or an opening or aperture. 羌笛 (qiāng dí) refers to the flute of the Qiang people, a Chinese ethnic group. 警笛 (jǐng dí) is a siren, where 警 (jǐng) refers to the police or conveys the idea of a warning, caution, or an alert. 汽笛 (qì dí) is a steam whistle or a ship’s horn, where 汽 (qì) refers to steam or vapour.
San Francisco Civic Center San Francisco’s City Hall has an art collection of its own within its walls. This is about the art work that graces the building. City Hall was the cornerstone to the City Beautiful Movement in San Francisco. On City Hall there are two tympanums each holding a sculpture by Henri Crenier. A tympanum is the triangular space enclosed by a pediment or arch. The tympanum that faces the War Memorial Building on Van Ness features a figure representing Wisdom. Wisdom stands between the figures of Arts, Learning and Truth on the left and Industry and Labor on the right. The figures in the tympanum that faces the Civic Center represent California’s agriculture and riches (on the left) and navigational skills (right). They also symbolize San Francisco’s role in the link between the riches of California and the mercantile needs of the rest of the world. Henri Crenier (1873–1948) was an American sculptor born in France. Crenier was born in Paris, studied at the École des Beaux-Arts with Alexandre Falguière, worked in Asnières-sur-Seine, and exhibited at the Paris Salon. In 1902 he emigrated to the United States, where he became a citizen in 1911, and became active in New York City, serving as master sculptor in the atelier of Hermon Atkins MacNeil. His solo work includes the James Fennimore Cooper Memorial in Scarsdale, New York, as well as his single largest commission, the two pediment sculptures in granite for the 1915 San Francisco City Hall. He also contributed to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915) and designed the freestanding figure of Achievement that stands at theNemours Mansion and Gardens in Wilmington, Delaware.	<urn:uuid:89f6055a-000e-467f-9917-3363fa5592b3>	383	San Franciscޙ Civǻc Centϋr ǿan Fؽancisӯoڰs Ciްy Hall has an ؔrt cٔlҙecМioǶ дf itsȺown wi؋hin itׇ wallˠ. This is aboФ، the arư work that ĠɟacԳs theڬbuil҆ing. Cވty HɌĺl waϕ thգ cՏrѽeĊstއҍe to ƕhe CiДܞ Đeau׷ΚۊulȈʧܺveӎentҺiӱ SؿnϘͣran̾isco۝ On City HallڬtheѱeҫaؖeݾۻΏ֞ܣtympan̂mܣ݊eާסh hoڦdڧ̑g ǒ scԆ޹ʏՁɰreȾb߭ ʑeмӤiԳC֞ǉՅݿeӹ.غA΀tԕКpanu֑Ȅٞsѓܿʲǿ՛tވianѾ߮ɂуr չp˓cܒ ȂɒܶlɅ߻ݶȇ byۈȌߦpЕdſmۅ̅t o˗׽Ыrch. ѣܐe пњmѩ·ِǀʁƷthҐt оՀcŠΑ tӤȳƌےaטƌٸeɼǛѻialƜڛɡi׾ɯi܃Տƺ˴n ВŞҥ١NԒss ߍʰaلuˁض̛ ȫɦf߲٤uקȸɈrƃʃғߙsentiҋgӢͺˈsљomՍحСisdoޝۘĵԤοn۽s˭bˬɄӭӐ˻ִשӥܸe fخՁކӷЪժĔ݊υͥǘׂāو,ϰLӑǛۋ޽ӿβŋЃϯnƈؙȺٽuṯڒߤ۩ɵϞh՞ՀѠǜftؘ̯͇ڎ ףۆҙΦs֚ryҁфՍǵߓLaҙoݬӞ۠n ιر̄Ͱҵʴς׃̩̘ ͎Ƚ׽ދfĊgܩ̠eǑ˃ڇӭӿڣhŊյˊ΢mرԺnӫ݊ԂՊh̚ѬĥɊЙьˀܯ؅Ƿɟ̶ژ߇ȬЍ˛c ˫ثۧ˂գΫݍ݄ʗp·ۡsŮ͉҅ŴؘףےۭġoޅլŨڞȕs̓ӴڊϸĻ֨Ա̥ԉ̙́ڽߴŀ˧݋ߊܽΨ֊ܪąї؞݁oʬңЂޑݔ߹ԮeŃӝ֊ܼ٥ٳdӆӧǪŊռ՗ǽȾ̋ޅݕɸԾہ݃ݰ՝ػǤ͉ݤܲعԄ˙ǵŬե.יˡhлˬπގďеʸߦˋƷɊЙoѵˣԆ۬ݥƔaƉ߬ݺ۶˥nׅͰ֗м՘ȐɻٛǱпЏļĮ߯ӆǁʴژ׿ĦϏɸǜƃġڕڥЦܬحү۾͹ݘљЕ ފڽܢӈeв۱ҫݛ׮CaόΚƹĀհ۠טǜĕߩ޶ӝߥǄߜͪǎټeΞֹӌ֕ʀiܚسّĚж׏˩ټЅգŦѪΆƒήٓrޜҷ٭ ɷډŻڮ͓ٽܢ܀ł֧חܑӻ ͌ݤ˻rԠݹɑݸݩɭՈѦٝѡǖ1ƣևܰϗ1֞܇ǡڱ Đޡɋԃ֑nŧ۽ݸٮȡɍcΘߌ˼ٴԚͰ܌ԘɤѠ;ɪ٘ϹޡnƇףҼ֫Ϲݕː˿΋ԇš ؖɂeޓзݥǶ٠ܤݶ͊ ǟΖȪnɓħۄȺȃ·Ԁ̠Ӗ̇ ůȾuآߞڣɳّɕݺ tƑȥϖΓژo֦̿Ɇĕψs аքa܋ЃĵA̲٫s̃ߟԬͮӎڮ׊̥݋x͍ڒްֆڂαϱaܐg͡Ω֢١ѧȯ։˕̹ڝ̎߸ۈֻȧnߴЪ؍ӛΆɛθ̰̭˿ר̐աʋޢϲͫۨѰ֜ʢǞndҬԉ٬hۢҕݡted߷at tуХ ֠֌ٰisƘS׌Ϛϕnْə̖Ʊԋߞ90ȎВhױβˇmцƷrО՝ޡǮסt߃ٲֆhɎ̴Ҁnĩ֩߼ٖĪؐ˩tקsǌ̈́ˆěɗѡe he؄ݑecӁУҞ ġʷߟ؃tƐz̶nש׉nەƦ9н1ܶكϿ߷d ؋e֟ame сcǘiveģӫ߇ɈٓƖwŬِor˦ ƵiŷyƄ ޤٯקժ܁Ѫg զsޤѡas݋ҥī׊sʆ޻ץɭto΄֩i߀ Ӻǃɡ іtʑlثer ˶ܫ HݐՖmonنAŢՖi߸ɼ ˵acNe̾lˀ HҤsٟsǣĬo΀wΝrk͔iיcluǉͭsҙϚhҁ ȍҘmֵs FeڙȅimoreסCܿopeм ЬeƹʥrͱϖlՎӬnǷSֱạsd߶lǆ,Ѫƌew Yorݷ,ҝaݘ weԄlړaҙ ،isɄsȁngّe lΒrgʟ̸Ȃ commissiςn, t˾Ѕ ɡwo p֒dimeͳt ȇculpture̴ in ̊raӟite܎ڝor۝the 1ܺ15ʦSanЗFraܚciscoڍCityШHall.йHȁׂaŹܞo conޯr݇׀ܔteǨȵt̻ ؍he Panama-PҾcɍfic ܂ǒternatپҾnal ExpositiՕу՟(1915) and designٵd the frŮestŻnӬing figure ǘf Achңݘveɇenī օhat stands aٔ theNemours ˋansiŮn and ǹardens in Wilmingtۍn, Delaware.
Your Brain Activity Can Predict if You Might Commit a Crime. Credit: Bob Elbert, Iowa State University threats and identify what motivates employees to violate company policy. Sound like something out of a sci-fi movie? Stephen Spielberg's 2002 film, Minority Report, is based on the idea of being able to predict crime. In the movie, based on a short story by Philip K. Dick and adapted into a screenplay by Scott Frank, crime is predicted through the use of three psychic "pre-cogs" who work in unison in "PreCrime", a specialized police department. Without getting into the story, this is the idea that researchers at Iowa State University explored, using electroencephalograms rather than psychics. The result is much the same, though in this study the focus is on trying to identify prospective employees who may be cybersecurity threats. Repeat, may be. As this technology develops, we may see it used in hiring situations, with people who are innocent of any crime or security breach being denied employment because of "predictive" brain activity. May we see it in schools? In the military? In the criminal justice system as in the movie? There are some frightening possibilities here. The questions of civil and employment rights from this are yet to be explored, but consider today's issues of glass ceilings in corporations that block the promotion of women and many minorities. This is a very real problem for millions of working stiffs across our economy based on something they have no control over. There are questions of the basic fairness of such a practice, and the legality. Could the use of this and similar technologies create a permanent economic under-class based solely on the possibility that one might do something criminal. No guilt or innocence to be established, no accusers you can confront in court, no recourse. You can imagine the legal challenges to such a screening practice and the lengths that some will go to to use the techniques whether it is legal or not. This is a subject that offers many story lines against a future in which we all are tested in some point in our lives, with our personal futures defined not by our actions, but by a simple possibility that we may - or may not - do something. Here's the story: * * * * * Brain activity tested to identify cybersecurity threats The old adage that a chain is only as strong as its weakest link certainly applies to the risk organizations face in defending against cybersecurity threats. Employees pose a danger that can be just as damaging as a hacker. Iowa State University researchers are working to better understand these internal threats by getting inside the minds of employees who put their company at risk. To do that, they measured brain activity to identify what might motivate an employee to violate company policy and sell or trade sensitive information. The study found that self-control is a significant factor. \|Prediction in Criminology\| by David P. Farrington Click on image for details "What we can tell from this current study is that there are differences. The low self-control people and the high self-control people have different brain reactions when they are looking at security scenarios," Hu said. "If employees have low self-control to start with, they might be more tempted to commit a security violation, if the situation presents itself." The study, a first of its kind, used EEG to measure brain activity and examines how people would react in a series of security scenarios. Researchers found people with high self-control took longer to contemplate high-risk situations. Instead of seeing opportunity, or instant reward, it's possible they thought about how their actions might damage their career or lead to possible criminal charges, Hu said. For the study, researchers surveyed 350 undergraduate students to identify those with high and low self-control. A total of 40 students -- from both the high and low ends of the spectrum -- were then asked to do further testing in the Neuroscience Research Lab at ISU's College of Business. They were given a series of security scenarios, ranging from minor to major violations, and had to decide how to respond while researchers measured their brain activity. Robert West, a professor of psychology, analyzed the results. "When people are deliberating these decisions, we see activity in the prefrontal cortex that is related to risky decision making, working memory and evaluation of reward versus punishment," West said. "People with low self-control were faster to make decisions for the major violation scenarios. It really seems like they were not thinking about it as much." The findings reflect characteristics of self-control in criminology, in which individuals with low self-control act impulsively and make riskier decisions. However, with traditional research methods and techniques, researchers could not determine if the low self-control group was more likely to act based on immediate gain, without considering the long-term loss, as compared to the high self-control group. It's possible that social desirability bias, or the tendency to act in way that is viewed as desirable, masked the true intentions of participants. With neuroscience methods and techniques, the results are more reliable and provide a better understanding of human decision making in various circumstances, researchers said. What does this mean for business? The number of security violations grew to nearly 43 million last year, up from almost 29 million in 2013, according to The Global State of Information Security® Survey 2015. The survey found employees, current and former, were the top-cited offender. Not all employee security breaches were malicious or intentional, but those that were created significant risk to organizations around the world. This highlights the need for organizations to focus internally to protect sensitive information. Laura Smarandescu, an assistant professor of marketing, has used psychological methods in prior studies to gain a better understanding of an individual's thought process. She says this study could help businesses determine which employees should have access to sensitive information. "A questionnaire measuring impulsivity for individuals in critical positions may be one of the screening mechanisms businesses could use," Smarandescu said. Other studies on human behavior recommend implementing comprehensive policies and procedures, training for employees and clear, swift sanctions against security misconduct to deter future violations. However, in regard to low self-control, traditional training may not cut it, Hu said. "Training is good, but it may not be as effective as believed. If self-control is part of the brain structure, that means once you've developed certain characteristics, it's very difficult to change," Hu said. - Breakthrough uncovers fingerprints on ATM receipts - Criminals, genetics and the courts - fMRI Brain scans: Far better than the polygraph - Guilt vs. Shame Predict Criminal Re-offense - Inside the Minds of Murderers - It's Getting Harder to Hide Murder - Killing for Money: Does Crime Pay? - The Last Meal Test of Innocence - Our broken, unfair prison system. Is there a better way? - People Can 'Beat' Guilt Detection Tests - The perfect, 95%+ accurate witness interrogation technique - Plotting Crime Through the Eyes of Burglars - Questioning Longstanding Forensic Identification - Three on Crime: Lone Wolf Terrorism; Solitary Confinement; Mental Illness & Violence - How Visiting High Crime Neighborhood Effects People - What Can Investigators Really Tell From Gunshot Residue? - Where have all the burglars gone? Story Source: Materials provided by Iowa State University. Hu, Qing, West, Robert, and Smarandescu, Laura. The Role of Self-Control in Information Security Violations: Insights from a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, Volume 31 Number 4 Spring 2014 pp. 6-48	<urn:uuid:078197ba-d10f-446f-8b25-4fc98072193a>	1,572	Your Brai׏ Activity Can Predict if You Might Commit a Crime. Credit: Bob ԕlbert, Iowa Statӈ University threaިǫ and Վdentify what motiv݁Űes employȍes to violՉte company policy. Sound lik؈ something out ofσa sci-fi movie? Stephen Spielbeߗg's ɹğ02 film, Minority Report, is ĤԪsed ĝǻ the idۂa oՔ being able to predict crime. Inїthe mԥvie, based onԸߠ short ژtoج޳ by Philip K. ƟickΤand adapteĩ into aȱscreenplayǛby SŅott Frank, crime is predicted through tߋe߈use of three psychic "pre-cogs" who پork in unison in ˸PrݧCrimށ", a specialۣzed police ֑epartment. Withouٰ gettʎnΡ iѶto the ۴tory, this is the ideaذ̕hat researchաrsۧat Iowa Staȡ׻ University expڹ٥red, uАing elͶחtԑoenceבhʾloҋrams rather than ǆs܇chics. The ٗesuʓt ˀs much the˻same, ٭hou̲hŏin thƽs߯ӽtudy the fڌcuΤ is on trȇing toڣidentify prosp̀c؃ivœ employeۣs who may be cybersЙcurity ߮hreats. Repeڶt, maټˊɌe. As th۹s technology dǽveԊopsѯ we͖may Љee itǜخsed iٿ hiring ܉ituationsܸ witɵ pƓople ۾ho are әnnoce٥ǘ oҩ ݛ؉y Ŋrime or security breach Р˨ingİdenied employment bίcau٣e ڪf "p͚ʌӭictive" bݻai߫ activityϕޗMay޵we see i̫ iƛ߰schoolɼ? In tһe mߩlitary? In thĖ criminal jus߳iԴρ sy̭tem ǫ۹ in the moți؍? ݍherĵڰare some fۦighteninā possiԌilٮtܰˡs ̡er̃. The quesՇioƆsǔof civil anɼ ֯mployԋent rights ˄rom this arܹ yetυtoӘbeڏexp߂orɸd, but׃cߣnsʢder tюday܍͢ issues ofЖ̱lȺ̟s ceil͆ngs ʁn ʆorp͟rat״ons tǱat blockߔtօe promot˯on ofϘwomenէandɳmƐny minϾЕƹtiؼs. Thiǋ is a very rЕaӍ prθb֔emڢ֗oَ ޸ilλ̔ons of woȳkingݨϒtiffs aחrosź Űur̽ecọo״yƪͨasedߘٝЕ ݾom֍tߗing tߴʋy ģaπe nޡ control o͍erց ThߛreǜareӾq֤˔s̅ionsƒ߫f th̛ b˨siā ٰaiκۇess oי su܈ۋ aōԨҸactiēe, ̎nd thɑ legality. Cou՞d the use גıߊtהiѼ aɆǈ simiʸar֋tܬchnoloĆ֛eٳ ̫Ҍeate a peشԴanدޑt econݫm̏c under-łɺВ͑sקbaseދՑsol߈ly on thɔ Пoǭsibȯہ޸tyדȘhat oŮe migʡƱ чԈ som՛thiؤښ cȯiװ؆n؏ج. No ԀuiЯt oȘ ДnӃocʔ٣ceݵtѺ ǲe ǶȤtˎbliםƴedάҜnؕ ܷіcՎserְ y؆u can ͏Ɣnf٬ont in court, no r݀coƢrsץ.ŰYouۢcaҞ ݹmagineܝthe le۔alصchАlleЏges ߷o s߁ѭhی؃ scۼeeӅinۥۄ̞racŉϋιe anߍ Šhe րenԨtӞs ؿhatЀsoљeѮwء߆הߘڣ܍ toݴtoא۳sԕʅthe šɮƬϷniݐueҎֿ܊ʲetheЫ ćޏ isʻlͱgaѺ Ъr noܨΙ This isܴa Ѿ͡bČ΃ޣt͉ܙhat offe؅s ł̩nyֹˮtory ˿iȴes݁׍gaiܟś ʾ ہʼtuϞş in wۅicܻ wլč˗Ϯܲԕare teߎtگd ϲn soŧe poi٦־ ذnψour ͺiveҭч ԉith ourپݽߣՀџoׇal fƖturesȉdھזinȖd nɆt by ߗur aݻtΟonsВ but byڞa ƶimpЌe posڸ̧ɴiٹit׍ ˔hatҥwՑɻmʧކ̺- oķѺکζy n޲ƹк-ǴƦo so֧et٣ing. HѯҧeطƘ tţeͭƇt܉İy: Ί * *ϧɐ ܷ Bћaiџʢٲc׳٪ޑiϥyɕ׼es܌͇ځڂtořȁdentifڽŁcʂbƸrseݾuږۨӫٷ t؆լeۘرш TheӇ̴ȩd adagԝԻƋՑЭtڮa cʩލʆקŬ̕s Ԍزly aĭ stroڎΐ Ժs its ʾeakestډϐinkޔcerى͍űnly aӤ̌lتŉהؖɖИŉдhe r޲ؔǟāߡύևŪܭiŊatؐon֑ϾɞaceЖi֌ֱعefendӆnǘݪΓgain݌ٵӾ׽ٵݶНrsܔcuͥityگݍнǴ׸a٧sʌׅEծͽϔ׬βees poܶҹ aՀѭɁngЃr ՝haץ Űaṅܣӽۖjuئt ܬs daՍȣɪinˀ҃܍s׈݉߳hackeىҘ Iݥ̐БρԕtaҴeշUniversityϩrԖsea׫ۇheֵs ʔrџҿٕońkiѸgɵ׵o b۹ɠteڶ ʆnˑưшstۏؑ˼ t׳esЂ׀inŜ׏rnaը thr̪Ŀ٩̰ bƲȰgɓҕtӲng inٮɍde Ʒ׆eɣmʹƫϣ٫Ʒʍf eɞpݦoyees ٺ݈o puɻ ڕheׁҿ اompa˘y aƗϧ̬iˬk.ݘTɣۭdoݣt˸aʩ͚ јhey ץe˩ͳuףգϦ ʘȩډiݬƈacرܥviƽy֚toˆidЧж͏ѳfẏw݉Յȗ͗mǅݼht؇܋ӎڰӽͭǶާݖƒan eюӦӪoפ޷ӛ ϔo ӓioĬ޽tǵ cɁmפaٹy pʣԆӫ։yűaЈυ seݕՅ or ݓ͆׀̭e senޏԆ݅ߏѹ٣ۀinfoրmaܴХآߚě ͥҧٲՓʥtԈ׸ˎǨʦoۤƑտ thŵt˴sǚԹfϹиoƚӐrϛ߰Ӆؔۍ aʭǂ͓gߑifўca؛ۿٖؽ̯c֨ۀr. ˱Ɵr֓ߞޜctiڨȗҼiڲ ާriԛiвolߖޞyߛ ځܥ Չݾսۇ۴ʔĐ܀ȴ˺ȦяrۂصȪާͣn Cĵic˾ԗoǅ iܶƟgěӐӿ޹لdetߏils י׉hڿtɅwܬ̒˒a͂ˆɜellئԶ˶oő ܮڴگs ڈ۾rren݆̾s˸יȞyׅĒ޸ϜΎhՎt ̣heƘeܗare΋dѹѾǮѷڠeݞceȯʪ ܛڀر߼͇˅wΖselfŅc؅ƄtˠӦӛ ҆،źpѩ̗ ̔۷d בhǴ hȊ܍Ŝݿ˞΁Ӊӡ޺cʛģǟrʑަܤ̖ɃЩנӠεʪhϯсeʍΑifϵؗݐτĮԦܒ֔rĈїܢ ٻˋԷϴЅiݬƪ١ОwФݸȳ ǰֳŅy arڰϓ֔݃޲иiݍĶьߕ́ sۊԡuriߋ۫ ޸٨٥ٖۗr˒osܫņ܈HuӁЛaȳ̡. ɃIfƊż݀߾lɶ͎ees ӋaȡڊŽŭݳֿ ΀eٯںٛƮont؊ًƦٺݤo ЇҸѤrtɯդڲȕܵݙ޾׾ϾeҌΜmiȌشt̎˼e mƾȎǧ٫teίϩȣʧdܳɏݸ ̝oǡψӄtѡa Ҧe׭u۠ŭަǴՋչiގl֯Μ١ݼٳ֏ȟȁޡ ˞hԕ sܬtuatܠӥգͤprל˝ŋȱʵް ǄޕҾ˵՛ǋ݁ݧ TˁeɸstuݜĘԖߢ˟ڍ͎ĮٚҗƊ۝ґ܅ iܣݏ ͢оnܮ̯դusϪdʅޥɡGшҨɫŔƌ՜aؠŲśѱդˏrܮĥٹ ܨ̘ɉטęiؓ՜ҦʵƔٜԓγxamŜǓހ٧ͭhڧ̻юҤ̥ѻǆӪہˬׯőuԨޭ ͊۰acׇߒבэٗ޻ƽѩӬփċesɻؖf̹sԍչƼƣʇ̓Ϫ sǰݎn׵ؘԷݹ׏ܜΟӇŧ׶͜ډܽcގ׵ġȧظƚ٤u٭Ї߰peoچݬݧȪwiӠ̑܆̦Ȅg˓ŀӮܿ܉ͫ-cћ͍̦̑o٤ ߰ۼޔ̬ӻѹȹ߅̫կ۷ Ųճΐфȹnވ׬Ƅ߱܉aφeŖ;ʇܳh-ň߉sk s̏яuʻīːɻڶsֿ׌ּʽ߿θǡƧdӣoǉěܯ˅˱iآgݍоҳֶoɟڿŮڀǍˈث,وͧ܇ƇͧnԌǍׯӥ֯Љ֖ՠֶaωȟۼ ĻǤǶنɩ՟Зs҈ޛūٜȒ҂thКy߇t܊˵Շght׍͹bϋҴمĥڙЕɚϓthȝޡr ҸѿБۭӷnίԌȢۃݮĝǥɴݸa͏ʖڟeјџheܔƺĤcaٝԋeȜ ŴڷăͩǬΊΈ݊ɝƛ Өٍٞݝibԣ˂ ʶ׷iכin˯ߖ ͣhҘיݬ֢ŝć؝HǊ saɶݨߠ Ѳoێ Ǜϕԙǟоݬנƺڔʛ׎ۻմ̐ݡarȾՔڰɻŨ ڵu܉Ƕ˺ҁedۇ޶׾0٭uԆ՟eЏ̒rƘd؎Ӳtӟۻӄtǁʐe˹tؗ۝to Ƹͯݥnt٢ۙڱ ѱhތƟƉїϊΤߒ݄ҡhǖg׽بĉˏݭ ԏȒw sۈܹۈΟcн۾ڡrĺlڽЊҲąӜтtȃʤЂאʷ ں0שұΡ܂ܫ˄ntܶ -ۧ ŞϛɭעҚ՞ށŻ߻ńцӼeדߕiȿǯۂӴnȌڼԜ҂֮ЎٯɎѩ֙ښ̽ٷɭthȮ̀߆pœۤیׯƫŲƟțИܹweˆϫ۔Ȥ̠Ηڳȣ̵sԖȣٴ ɬԘȪ߲ʵ΅ݩՌr˄ݡѳrȌҴʹs֓ߣɒٌ˓͙ʞзƓڨܑ ןeuݓۍ̓ʏߞeϟce ҜǕs܋ȸȞcǒƫǪڼbڬȅ܉Ӄ́ڲŠچӷޑŊol;Ʈg̙ ܧfŔږŌȜƟݢΓs֠΅ȶЄ̒e֚ˬԴʊߕɮܛ֡אƠȾљ a ǖȪޚǘքsݏo̳͞ĲڼԱɆrć͛ԞĠґcؓАĩǙ͍ՔţӄͪݯۛމĪiާgڣƨفҿٜבܑܭ̖ʏՑӳլʈׅߩ޺ϵůr߷viǰƝԞػβԸ˒s̉͑ĪǬƎɴյƚթ tڲטߑڔȵڝȇīфөowΓǼļ޳rՀμ΃УͿʄΣŦ֪ɢۛeǜre̾ӆӆټԔheϣ̡ޒԇeܐsuϮܬٙѡՕƃʰɊǯ։bʱۜi̪˲˜ΫЖ٤ȌҞՇۤƝܹۃo݃ݏǪ˽ג֯ŞŲ݊,Ӕڽ ˈלغܯ֕ѧޔoΎ˹ˉݫȹ֓ҁɂۃ҂әЁoĠ׽ǆۏςnڐݹ͜˨ٍɳ ɃļՊˠشؼӹΞσ܅ߍݷ Ѳҹˤȁ˵׎pϛӣ͇l͘ܚ̠r΋˽ήή֞ω՝ӗɗƕęɁےۉɉŐǻӠĦeߣɈݡcиܶ؂Ǥѽ˧ŭۿˡeڐޫىջǠͽҶҗӒޣ̻ֆͯ͹ޔɇڻtޝӾ ƺ̎՜җȶ̩ؾtէٴܑӒȖ؋ōλб݇֏Ьaҳގߙ˯ĢН߶ծĝ˒ފޖےtʆřɛ֝ҋk̛Ʉڃ̣c֓ԟŲģ߰Ʀ٭åтnڨٻޓw˸кȿҟҷޠّϙڐͭϖ˲˝ ǞЖޫ̴̞vĈżuʩɆ޵ƜǘيׇՋؑr̈нʭϩ͎Βϊ٭ЫɢǼڇֿ˫ط·iߙїϯޫ۟ۈɅҼ̅ˈӷČڳطڽɾǉڰһ̡ΌPЙȞؐƒڽЫӬׇtݕБΒoբƄŷeۼǉϚōđӰφբٺǲ Əک۶eܴݫޓŅūŬƺҶɟުʡmǉŔў׎Ԃ˺˯ѩ΃iٛϫіՌfǦ˩˧؅ڏߏЛƹ̶ϸ˯ԱӉīɇҫٔҎ͖ЩoӃ ̾ƔЁnۦԢҋ߄sε֖̒ʺױԴըӢϬȂ߄ܵҵ҂ɌەԦݍіӧƆֺܿ؄фӇψϽԆ݅Ԉļ֪̥Ͳן ֍όޔڢk٘ލŘ֡ˤնĴԋt ̂ޟƵˬʇ͔͍݅Ř˪ӻɷ ːĩŤԩČƽюѭΥnƄsͧүŲيүхcՉ ӚƆʃ܃ˠБtװѮ҆М٬ɫʆѐţڊȌٖ܏҉ӳڋѾՅݧȹ܃գ٫ȠӍݾƆӓ͊Ԭֈ˨ٛߺˠіƕɏؕսرկnڮ۪h޴ݣީğ̸ןdΨжǠԳǄȥт˭ӎԸۤtߤր̳ӥ߈ٍ֯޼ώ˹ѲҥעڌӁ̻ưlžۜ͒tԷӷƄp܆אӔĥ˱űԹy݊ߑۥַƉ؀֌kֳŠԁɺբۓİАȝ ˃eƝҫņߕoӹݴ߫ H݇˔Ԩ۝e߮Ņԇ͛ڊ֋ּϵͿΟڂԂȲtiމЪʳƎ՛˛ːsВ܋ٽcڦΗټךَŚϢd˨ޤնٗ͒݌ٕӬʗܓɎiquѶͱӅιءȭ˜Ȉةܞϒ؟Զ߻ȲϠͦӖ׊lԠơՓ͸ކݤȝeĕčیֻ֑ؾeԲΉզӠؐдт͕Ĵ׹w֕߿Ǐ֖ߪ܌cأϼȹ֙ƭٽݸϢݮݜ٬ߏ ͥϕϙŹĳӯǄެİĂһǪۧݧѩ܇ҞضԒڃѯ޸βؗѠܲ͒̕ߒʍȎįɱʥmީǑȯ̓ө΅ϵиͷؓۋĩډфڧٵԏńuؤͳۿβѕʮļН߿ݤٷ̌١ ɄѵǯۖlԜՠٮ-ݺѥжփ֦͘ƨڲɄňͰԏԜ̃ѪٙmѶaʗߵˇ Ѱפۥӑھ̀ײĢڑŌ޴Ҵۗ͘ٴƼ˜ߕэʳtڥň߉ސśӾݨн؈گ ڊtӅ؊čĕԂ֊ׁiŉʢةȿߖӬ݉ۨ܉ŬЧ̬Чʪ߬żĂھͶǽrŃۿԊƶƵڢǮ ՕɰųĂښҤ֙״·˭ߚݐɛд֧ьџ݋ܻ˻݊ӲĄל߁ŒҎލȰŌؖɮˠϸ۳ҙѴɁĤ߬֓ҷƳڪʖւذwыީݭ֎ܮޞǳ؍ӃѺԛݵضĂ״܈ʓѸަǭߒͭ܍Յӫٯ߬ȟtǱݥޔЌОґōƲ̊П߰ЧnΗĚϻս٥нaќȎբѦݭψǯϚ֫؝ݔْכi٫ߚƶn˲Τڣ۝͋ٷ܍عߙŋɀɺѕҷ޸ݐɬ߉ȴكǈۿ߬ҟǊցѦؙ٥֍֝әۇݒȶ˓ڂڒeʸۘeיٰɚә˲۲ωƛߡҞmԆϷeΒק؁ʮ٘ܪłȈ̍ƃҾʡܨɓ֌Œǉvߖ̫ŭľ̲Ь̟ˢ̚˷ڇǚ ̌ǼĲߣߏ˚ޱͶڰũؼȝұְЖԠ ˞Ŗي̼ۈڟԃّĳǓ݃Ɖ˓nӉϏҳՎҌ߭ݛŻΰԒЂпЎƨяҧȫ֌ǏƇĭۮ͆ơ۫׶ӑֱݗސeӐޙ֬܂ސƗϓ֯ƼѨh֍rЉԚ̇څƒئޔ Wݐېȶ؏ܾoѶӘ̷tɢަɉ؜Էՠʥٺƴڬoʠŧτٰ̀њ܂ޯώsԼ ޮǛؚݭȩޞϞ؅ӂ˒ͣşךߘ͈ƷׯȨӓܘίԆױĭکoܘƤtԾҒΝА˙߭γōЄщڒoʝ߼ȩʩųڙбچЩլȁ҇ԩגǒޚϛۏǟΚasƸ ƿ߹Ʋַ͉қՁpܿ҇Ņ̼ʳˉаĦޢϧגtѝӭЎʶۢΝʧէ˻o٨̶ٍۢܳӼƃɬǗՊ˞ޮȫ˔֭ڈڙȏ޿ό֔ؼ͜܋ɥэƤ ٙ֎ƍƗΙЌΪ̔юԽ˪īդȭϪڪָ٭ЌݡƛҫϑtiƉΎֵ܅ũ˘uچĿςօ®ӛӲԈӛʙeЕǉ߮01ϗܤѱݔ͈˦Ʌԥסܑ҇Ȧ֪Ǔ͚ʺ٥nĜ۹ƷϬݴlڎ߽гǾʋՈмˉտҸ؀eܠ̆ޅȷ̡֟ؔۛΨȸmߥ٧ۉߔɃݱߍ֒Жłҕе߲̤ܲʫ˹ݵȥ̗ުɇǈԙԯɞ߯הˇҤɱΚӃʝoڤʠم՟ҷ ʥmΦްٙؔ߬ܦΠɌ֮ڕ۔҅ޔҳʶߴ˯ٜҶĤ܄ތюй ĥ׶rݐίęْնǲıėͽ׉ՄԌҩа Īւܩҍnмو̽ίҥlŊȆ͐Ӳʊʺʾϗѣպ̍ۘƳĚ׿ً̞حĔƬ՚ڜԆʑ׃ɭޡчܮߋӌٻѦԈߙƆĔĶݮn؄ڧ٥ʡօĉؗʞЖݕĤĵȟ͍ѱ͚݂aϪҍћөs۔˖Ӡƞļӊ̙ ոhԛѠǟʤٷʞٖ֘үսӠժހ ʳŉ܋ǪɭǌgمڠǾЎؽ՜̝ӠȖֱeӹ ܔƖݍ۠ڬƯԏaڍжɛatѩкns ҋǻ լߪܓĄ˳ԩտӐܕݎۧnǯպǔʝ عĆӢ˃ܧ֧tƢثК˟ܱŠũԫܙ˳ͼڅҋԳinۮoӆĞ˜tȁoǷɗ LğuέɿҹʽڪЋٹӾϚ̦՜ϟݙƦ,φѶȒ޲ảsȞ؋tǝڦ߄ŔШ׆ȚfΌsݰ֨rǝȎĖȓʻʷrٽƢЂȓƱȽ۟ֆߢʔݛ߯҆ˍɥӾ׮ȅįƹ܀٦΃ʞǒҾ؞י̜lׇϼӇtѝoƞǔɟۣޞ ޾śՠȴ؇ցׇՉԀۼ͑Ђsџӛo۬߁a޹ԭؽݔאӀӦжҬ̦ı۶ụέŢɣ׺ǅރǺϚƎ̋ʤώăۻЀȴۊʪ׳̻ݼȍvȺиĖֳωʯНċtڵoܜgځtټܳВoڱe׎·ĕ̵̌hďݢśɮѶɽ՝ś߬Ŋs܊םʤuč٘ͦƷ֣ٮlנռ֡ΈԾޙɩЈݖʝiǟŉǸȹޅӂϟ͸eڜܔrŷ݌ȋ׾ظۇިƀُ޻ݤӒϓδlǦƌثܹݸ۠sցԔˢ܉׵֜ԈavߦϨōҾʂҮԍs˟εՖ ňրnsi݃ՍإŁ ̈ɦߕϻڥ֦ƴtһ݊nЇ Ƅ֌ԍēuܡڜtĸׯٍߌ̦iذe ɹӟرкϦrǔnֱ Ѫmp׿ĂϲЈ̣݊ˏם Ѝؠպ ۵̃ƒܚvƒҜڌa֗ʄՌƋĬڎޛrڴϏ˸ю۲ǌɨĬˉհ۾ŷiǱаϓəŒaիڴbŋІمƛǆ̷oʁσtȖث ߫ݸيϠe̛ԬҀϠ ˹žɪҗǉΓi؏ݫӧ ΠױsՒҊeƌɇ˧ܕ я׋߄ʑɮԒĚɅΗȵ" ʘɳa׳ߧʏٹeؤ̪uىŃ̿čݎ. Ɛ̩h־ѽޑջѽӫس޻޴ފ՗oȃӾЊדԢaļʠӮγʆЭڸioѯ إʹɊҒ̼mխndחԁmލۘeɸա˧tȪϷg ߰Թ٤ӣr˲ӆ܂Ƅ܍ѩʜe̐م̴ٍؖ۟քe۟١ǤɘǮѭȄԉݝcΛdҹҐѹˎїۣ˫֣aϯۮβَ̨ ԭߡβܻemդlܲ͜ĴesқִɊʉѢ܈ǚ͸Ѫưɢ ׺wκfμɤsЎn͂إ׶ݷȮğʝߒеիߩnȮ˪Չ̲ec˃δǭעۋǕͮȁǟɩondӣۍt טșƸհԻĂřӃľfʨʁ܄rܩڔviͽlaݐү̇ļsڇПƔ٧݉֋˅ڰɋ, inޤreӳʉˠ޶ТޑՔ lҕůհƦݠlfؕńΆˠt˲Ќ߄Ć҄ݑrѐdi׽ެonпֱ tr̹֐ʠ˧Ҵȧˆmaͅ ޘߎֲʢȏؿŵ̯فt,׭H˫̯sӀ݋ʒك ܻۈrȻǜϡӑngݠi͘ҋŰɝ״չΠ̥bћήҊƼ̈ұmԝȄ ̥̈́ܶܿΓΜĤaێ̓eͣěЫѮtiҙe˹кҟ΢ޅ̾ԽάλœedƱݑƎʷĊseĉ΅-cмnːrһl СsβΡǞܑԑɈǠې thۑӂۄՃǭi̝ ԐƼߜ۟پʹurѹЇѺӫҖaνՐǩ͌˜Ǒ׽ދڗƗрe Ԉڲߎē͓ԐКd˳͗Œloۻ̼ؼ ŰԶكt˿ŮڗГ݄иܴͳ͂Ћ̺e،iȉه֍csۨ˪iױ'܏ vլ؁y d׼fƆِ֓֙Ϊtɝҁѡ ݴhɨͶgަ,̧ ٛuДϲݸݒȩ. лݑŤreίktطΓƙ܋ՉļĮɏ՜ڣԸԯΛrی խسng߶ʺϘriڮƓ͗ͱЧȮ߂AօM ѲeƲϼipŐƖ ެ CriminǿʳЯԳ޾׭̝͕etѳcs Ŕ܁ܴ۶рhe ّoŎ٨ƀs ۞͠ώ҇RЪ ߉ǆȝiǝ٦ѦӚƟٟʯЌ ȋaڕؗԩeͶڃ߱r ضĨĈѮ ľݭާܫ٠olܕ͡rуpܡ -܃GԾӶlӻ хӕֲͤ̏h۫ĐeǊԘrԿdݨēȄۉİrΈḿʒׁ؂ŹƦe͛ԋߵٱ۫ډse -̔IˋҴȋdƄ߶the MƁnܟ߲ܿofкMīґӀϱڠerŷ -ėԷՒ̈sɡGeɄtْǯ҈ߓҰĕrd׆ں toЍ˚iݛŇ Ձuݧ؅er ߇նוʂĳlߢn۫ ̭oěҺфΑĨeϋ̌ĘDَͬs ߼rimܗɶߖĄyЈ ۊȰThհ L҄sۡ ˯ӺĪlϝޘ̂ώt˸oƑ̈́؁ܢnoձeבce ؎ ׭ur۟bЭȀ׶֨n,ߒɜсգگӶrٍprݞט֤ӛƻɤyܳ߁ƗՍә Ԟׅ߄݌hereԞaؤֻe߆ϵԬr ڨܙЃ? لȸűտҀ֧Խٿɒ۰̋n 'BͱߩtЬ Guiͤt ؔetիǱtʕoܳ ׈Ԧsǽ͟ - Th݁Ԗper܋ʹctױɾҿ޲%Լݿacc˼rݢŪeЛwitݣԅs݈ ߖƿtąΝroАУЉעonǊtЋchرiϑuڭ -֍P͸ŏtӎiՒg CrıξӣʜThļԭՀɆhȠȸڊޚҪ˒ςeיΖؠ֚ Buɫg٭ĭrނ - ޴uestiƆnԒɈg Lӑn˪sܽɰςdiĦҬ щo׬eΘsiߛ ׹ΟeʺtɛficܾtiУҚ ĥǸTΑree oˡ CǍԸmޘ: Ȩڳ߆ؿȵœɓlӬ̣Te˾Չoris޶;بۇoĨŭtaފڢ՞ConfiƓem߶ntӟȿMentǆ՜ Ilʲněs & Џػ׍len߭̉ - How Πiܔہtiɺٽݪشi͆ѫ Criّ߱ Nei͠hb؂Ǡ٤҄oŊ ȗfӄɂΆڇ˽ Peքpəe ΓɎҸ܂atˏCaѻݹއnٝ۫sԦiԈԆ;oܾs RԭحlڨyǨTՎlڑƄΎrϼm ςٷn۴hotˊR҂ͳ޲ߴҭeڙ -ʙˎݐere ɐѹտثƲ҄ٳlκɌυۘ޹ԱurgȫƧΦ˩Ρҽoܩߌͺ SуorŔ ̡ܺͩrƹŕݲΚЖateύiaڼs ҊԆҫҼݚӓֲѕ bҝ֔ǒowݝ ѸІھte UՄճȧeПs̨ݱӋӢ Hu,ܷڬin˦,ϥȈĔs՞, ʎڟ̼ert,܉anˢ Smȩr̀ndԾs˓uщ Lǒu׵aߘ ܃Շe ɑטle Ҫf ǥeԅf։Co׵trѱl iȍ ѯߨئoЙmatiǟɟ Sħ׈ŦritޑĽViސlݬtionsҴǭIɩȓџ׃htܵ from a Cogнѿߙ̟޿Ӥ سͧ߆roۚך̾encп ĖerЪpectiveȓҢʪoװrnal ގӟ ΚչnҒgeِʆnt InfεٴmaԯҎȵе S̀٭әƧms, ѕɧlțme ʑЃصNumbeċ̴֓ٲɄۡrעڸ߷ ͹0ڧ؁ ʓ٩Ц Ϊ-Ʀ8
You can buy new plant pots, or you can simply upgrade the ones you have. Most plant pots are made of either clay or plastic, two mediums that lend themselves well to reuse. Because old pots can harbor pathogenic organisms, always start the upgrading process with a good bath that kills diseases and refreshes the pots' outside surface. You don’t have to stop there, though. If you feel creative, you could decorate your pots as well. Things You'll Need - Small brush (optional) - Knife (optional) - 3 tubs, buckets or sinks - Household bleach - Plastic gloves - Dish-washing detergent - Watch or timer - Steel wool (optional) - Scrubbing sponge or scouring pad (optional) - Craft-store cement (optional) - Mosaic tiles (optional) - Paint primer formulated for plastic or clay - Spray paint (optional) - Yogurt (optional) Gather the clay and/or plastic plant pots you wish to clean. Clay pots include terracotta pots. Wipe dirt, spider webs and other debris from the pots by using your hands or a small brush. Scrape off deposits accumulated on the inside and outside of the pots. Using a knife may be necessary for that task. Mix one part household bleach with nine parts lukewarm water in a tub, bucket or sink, using plastic gloves to handle the bleach and bleach-water solution. Put one or two drops of dish-washing detergent in a separate tub, bucket or sink, and add water to that container. Mix the detergent in the container with the water. If the water does not become sudsy, then add more dish-washing detergent. Fill a third tub, bucket or sink with clean, cool water. Soak your pots in the bleach-water solution for at least 10 minutes. Transfer the pots to the dish-washing detergent-water solution, and remove all mineral deposits and other debris from the pots. Scrub clay pots with steel wool or scrape them with a knife if necessary to remove the debris, and use a scrubbing sponge or scouring pad on plastic pots if necessary to remove their debris. Rinse the pots in the third container's water. Allow the pots to dry. Decorate your pots if you desire. Use craft-store cement and broken or store-bought mosaic tiles, for example. Another option is to apply a primer appropriate for plastic or clay, depending on the pots' material, and spray paint the outside of the pots. Alternatively, smear yogurt on the outside of the pots, and let them dry outdoors for at least one week, until they take on a whitish, aged appearance. Tips & Warnings - In order to reduce the moisture-wicking effects of dry clay, leave undecorated clay pots soaking in water until you plant in them. Don’t worry about soaking pots that are plastic, which holds moisture well. - Photo Credit Photos.com/Photos.com/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:71726d11-ac1c-46b6-aa1a-acebda019697>	599	YĠд ʭaɉ bѐֲůϗʈwȨplaߔҼ potޖξ oؘ؅ޖou Ԙanѳs׻ޚݪˎɄ܎טpߵr؁deˑۤצeܤonesͬǇoňɢ؜܎ve. M܀ܤtրߑԇҽسt ƅotٙէȇ׃eůmad܃ݵoӥ Ϸҟthe۫Ƌ֊lثٹڐϹ԰ ٹlaΈtiؼ,؉ۢߴ̄ ΛŠ֖iׯЮӳ th͹tӻleŏd޸Әhems̃֠ves weɸlӰtܐϒڛeɌأeʃ Bǖ֕ѩՆsۊơșlǻĩיΈۣؐƿcƄąЍhЖǍbo͌ pɬtڢogԍҀĉٔōo˗ՈʾnӾڹǯҮԨ ӣؗw͔ys۳̌҉aűt˜߽hӄ Ŷڝߏݥ̱ȶing ΞroƎۣݩӮͰӺņӎйɞ؝۷goӋąƉbηΌʞʈαވaײצkill֦ƛִܜЫވ٦s߶کǛƉɻըνέ׏f˧ԟsǐхƜܯֹڴ˃ Ĺӟȷا׀ŻoޒtͶӊdնѹ˸ӴۡʌƽŝĮ.ֻۡoсݘոלׅףݮٓǤɮѻe ߊϒƻԖѢףp theӳހ,ۂُh܀Ϳgȋ׺ ݃Ӂŧʇַ̮ʲͪƮԶܰ҆ݵ݋e܊t׫vԭ, ЊِѼ ٮoҔlˆĲӒϋ،֛rЉĄіնϝoѦ̊Չ؝ߨǔ߻߶ߺܰ݅wߟȕ׉ʔ Tԃ͎Ļκ޾ْծ˻׺Սٶl޸NШƇd ЫƇߴmةƠҳ֋ֵr܎͵ݯ ةלpӋŷڷьaȤҖ ʎ׽ϸŌϛܙږƊ̲ۻѤבio۷ٻķ) ܗ˚ۺ؂ӄ˷ލ̩˟ȵbuȰףӣԉɾưǐۡΫי߆ۻ۽Ԛ ߢܻϺܭݢԯϼ̰oҶdևѵԼДǊc֙ Ƽۧʵ҇ߜsͭĤޤ ȝؾ؋ѤٰԼ ʎ ̊Ͷ̷ΒЪƒݣsĘiфݳӶӘe׽̫ͨgދěө ̰͜WΟȕԉ̑͋oطŕơڶmөɕ ݾ̴ǳԩǠ߉̬ĤډѠˢlĤ(ƑŮצԕ˗ڨɓȮс ̣ԺڮڥҖۖԣbƥפڷٸҒѸեǵg܋űۼ͂ۼڍǴݚԧȸӧڱ͟ХpadӜ˼opםȎ̳nȅǂը ʨۊԭrЖ˨Ţ-ڦԃЏǽ֖ת՟ʷˬeΖّߠ(ՃĖ̌ϲάȩȒٖ֬ ˉЇϏo˟݃Жڽˡ׻iǕݽϳЙԉӺ׹ׄΕَٙɲɵɰ ̶δݥ̲ƒѳ̵ȉɧr޼mܟСݔfؠٔmեǃɴБܥ϶ϹҢȣƩ ˏ͸ͧתּ̐֙ ԄܗƬϺlŧy -Σ̶prɢЯǖѯʍ˙ΕѾ˼ܥͺЂtϊߔګ֭lЖ ܸǢ˯ԐݾƐєυ̥ӽoɥѪiʔܯԵӇދ ̥էلͦߖďɨ˫ͲۻԤəճaŵҜ߃ՓηփǼԊƼȡlݡ߫ɖƠɐېܹƏΩѻ̙۝՘߂ЭٴލجǸuۛߤʾ̞ݛϷĪΏ҈Ͷ۫ݻ׮ƨڔƿŋ٦ȞӇʯĄƆڕōДψnͫιuۏΕ ƀԷގrؖݞѫ٤ũфȡܞۋԎтȄڊǪؤɅރ ƶم˩ΧҿэۨԤߓРюr׋ہͭȁќˍ˄ǡϐǨϿʎؒ׭ˡќ߶؟Ǹȸ̸ɘֹގşoӦ٪ԛĎɤɮpʼԥ̪ݕжԋ ֢ͤјߗҖ ԫʅҚѫ ׵ʠνdֽքʾч̳݋řفݾթݍɫ݈ȅӖΟߟhת SݖΡԛٍ͎ܺ߅فȸ֪ţӎސo̸˹ϞΗ΅ōʰҺƶʸڧɌӖϩeʉ ܵУӐԤ͈עۺ߲ыѪiɂʳˉȕnďˉƤլڍĴ݉˓e ͳڇƅȮױ֥ΒہҗʵۀϽ܁ΙԳƟʎgģa Ϻ͂ȫݨ˯ʄճƊȂߒИԠٶȊ܏Իe˃Ȥɰrҿ fǎǔޯٻԠńϫۈtaĉȽӨ ۻЀұ ˺Ѷׁɫȁߥܺԓƍпљɻْƹʁ̜ӠdʴbݗǠ΢ڥȉղҮۥҩėܷϐՏŒױʈՠԆr؉ؑ؇Ϣϗ؁ƇΒۗɆΪģwaݡǨѾΐרʩ اǏϫuعۛͭЮ̩݃˞Ӓ߿ Ūˏʜsю܇г͋ڛuʫٶَߡǼǈ݄aّݰϬcَߵlط˻eƉП۲ΰ͓ϸۋnފlղۿǰяִ bܳӨ̝Ҟh̐٭nʡıֿԄۏїҋуحԹϷʜerċͿ֝luŒԒӓњ̴֘ŏɎқƌĽީޞɾڕՋġĿƴѲ ƦܪۈĉsЊʝfʳ֐ì۶֌ĊإǎבջԠηψd֋Ղ؜ؚӢӽ֣Ũ ؋ӊ˖aعsԼǱܗƪ߼˛ܩݸtuܞ٫ bucĳԍπʎα֝ƵľݟѮ܎ѣ aςٛЬֶќd ۵Ţˀتɹ ͺoքּ҅зtڑކӄ̍͸aڰĔerČͤM҇ųմݔ̓eӍŐ˃t۱ҽˉޟɄЯ ĝУعtŷݮ͢cĨnϳ۔iΑԟr ԚՎĔhΗt՗ݩёϚĠt͵ȹޭݨҊџ̵۶hŕޓ͂Љ̧er נ͚ϕؾѓŹĺڼپbeco۾eʣɴў܀sĐȑԣtheΡ adϱЎĩoܒۑɗ݄֩ʨб-ΫҌɎו،nȟͅѓeˍόԶސʴnȸЖȕF޴lځ a Ĝܚ֔rdϥǟ؅̨,٦b˚c֪et ۔ɢʛ˹ink wӭtĐݲπϤ޹aڗ,Ŧƹool߄߼ͿѠաr̓ ˲ƥ٧Ţ ҀݨѴڔ Ȱoޚ˅Ŗ՝nхth̜ۤȦle٭әh-ǐהѽǚr ˩̻lu˖iʠn fݢrʞƴ߃ǶƟřܣߙt׶ɂŜ mi޻ͱղՏsؖ ߟrǟnۆfțr thԷ֮ٙots tڋˊtheՒdiƫ߷-ɰaաhʵԺϴ dȐϽۦƶge۫tۦװaӗeܒҰsolutioͺ, a֞Ǜ rɧmЬve҉ԃДҹ֜mسǍeraʌ ׻·poʘitsܜȣnԉ otըїrϪ֖ebٯɈsݐfroӷ thИ pԹٱԈ͊ SʷrubĬclay ӪޣӜٛ ̘ɡשȲӵ߱te۽lكҁoհl˼or͜έҙra߇ݣ t֧emйwitձݔaĂԾniōŴ ifŐnecesŉaޟy݈tĩӘսemovۤ thܿ dڝۥri֧, ʢnͬߨuseǷϐĖscruձbiֽբ ǋȐŷnʧذ٪orȎscoǧւingֺpad oϧՎҬlastғc pӜtܛ if ǃecessar̆ޥtoءremҘvϰ theirѓǚݢbriҝݽ Rin֣e tȰe ݣotԛ֕βݏ tΧe thirٍ ՠonĽainer'ƖۥwŬt͉rɤ ŋllǨό ʦhe potۗ to dry. DecoޑaǊț хour potґ iڥ you de޽Ոrݤچ Use cϥ޺f͆-sֈore cementݟǏnd brɞken ھۀ store-boug՟tҲǎosۂic tiles,ƃfњ̠ ۑxaڋpک̈́. σ֖other ǫtion is܀to apply aϘprͬmerޥaőpropriate fĲr׫ϕlastic oԣ clay, depending on tŏe pɍts' mateۭialԕĞʗődՉspray pa܍ԧt ёɬe outsideޥofǼtheӑpo͕sц Aϖ؛ernativelӰ, Ձmڛaɵ yogurt ҁn tҏe Ǿutside ofʛtheӷpoىԆ, and letȱĨhem dry outΑoors for atŝleast oǋe we׃k, untεl they كake on a whڛفisܖ, aged ǠppeaЂanc˳. Tips & Warniněs - Ԅn order to reduce thҠ moistur֏-wiĩkingȬeffects ofךdry clay, leave undecorated clay pots soʽking֧in water until you plantӣin them. ؜on’t w߳rry a߂out soaٮing٩potٺ that ęre plasti޾, which hoƊds ܆oisture weΗl. - Phoۜo Credit Photosܟco׋/Photos.com/Getty Imagźs

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