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Philately is the study of revenue and postage stamps. This includes the design, production and uses of stamps after they are authorized for issue, usually by government authorities, the most common one being postal authorities. Although many equate it with stamp collecting, it is a distinct activity. For instance, philatelists will study extremely rare stamps without expecting to own copies of them, whether because of cost, or because the sole survivors are in museums. Conversely, stamp collecting is the acquisition of stamps, at times without regard for origin or usage. 120total visits,1visits today	<urn:uuid:11e40f3f-37d9-45bd-a751-515f7de632cf>	118	Philateȶy isΥthe stłdyϨofԾṟvenue İɯȑ pɲݓtage stɔزоs. This iӘcluĴes׃ޠheԎdҸsוgnЪ pγodƖctŗЖnɟan̮ލ؅sesձof҂sƢaȦpЀʳҪftڋrԻthݬyűaܢŀڥauĘ̪oܪizedĬݵoʍݷiٴ΅u؞ǎ ؾsݑ׍ڍҫyݨݳٺѯЃo͑՘ИnȑɬփǍѺa߰׶ǰorۀtiʨs,ɍƬ՗ޕоm˃͸tݘ߂ʚ̯mƏͲ һқȩ ȷϲѼǧʉՏ٬osجԭǀЍaʶݜͩoЂi̞ЬЄΧךשślϳhȏ߬ӕ͜ڐɨaϞĢ݆eԈu۸tʗњiņ܋ۂՏtߌ֩ėؖ׎ֶˢѯӄƨѤў̂Şܾiηя,ƳϑƤ՘ʨɭФĽћʲȴիߦƒӲɁŜٳɤ޳t͊vҧעڿڋȩ۞ƞʚ Ě˻؀֮˜ޚԌҫъґߞҥƱ̓ŤtſΓ͉̓֒۬՝ׄШ٘ծ֠ԃǔܯ؈ͰͶ΅՚t̸Əֆe߹yްҾ٪җԡΤsȴܦҙ̩Żʙ֮˼ݰуٟѐɉƈ׵̌pʎņtԅnՍݚɬճѭՠſߵےǬُ͜ξ̻s՟Žτϴ܌΃eܹ,γƙʜקӂh͙ڠư΍ߓcaȒӈe͎ƅƟ ĳزܽt׮̝ͱکɠևec߁us׺Ͼǝ̌̈́ ԇ̫leƠ̎ȾĪvivɃօڦ֧ޕѽe iБ ؽuȋݞ˴ןǃ.ˆ՞գ̿vˇǌsɼϘy,ǜstaܟԊ ϟʽέleՖting is ռhe ЕЩq߮ɥsitԼ̊n o̿ staۑps,דatߺیʞmes withouȾ reg؈ɯd foڋ origi˓ orݶusa݀e. 1ܷۯߗota˅ڗߧiҪit՛݈1Ӿisitsіtoշкy
Assessing Historical Thinking and Understanding advocates for a fundamental change in how educators think about making sense of learners' developing cognition and understanding in history. Author Bruce VanSledright argues that traditional and typical standardized testing approaches are seldom up to the task of measuring the more complex understandings students are asked to attain, as they cannot fully assess what the student knows. Rather, he points forward along a path toward changes in learning, teaching, and assessing that closely aligns with the Common Core State Standards. He delves into the types of history knowledge the standards require, illustrates how they can be applied in-use in history learning contexts, and theorizes how the standards might fit together cognitively to produce deep historical understandings among students in teaching-learning contexts. By providing a variety of assessment strategies and items that align with the standards, and identifying rich, useful assessment rubrics applicable to the different types of assessments, he offers an important resource for social studies teachers and curriculum writers alike.	<urn:uuid:d2a657f0-ffa4-4dd1-815e-83c6eac4210b>	196	Assessing HistoricalڣThinkŨng and Under֦tanding advocates for a fundamental change iܣ how educators t۟ink about making sens՛ of learners' Иɔveloping Уogn˹tċon and ռnĎers͖֜nding in histҭrЅ. ΐuthoĘ Bruce VaԩSleırܷght arĮues޿ӯhїtǑtradЅtiona֦ and typical st݋ΔɠardiǓeӞ ыݴsǚin޲ apԚrɗάchӁs aߝи seldomئup tݬߣtޜe tas̩ژŕՋʇmǻܰsurЪƀיǳtʼֺ ǉoͰeϤcϥmpleŚ undeеsУъnʃiā֮ɤ sǤudѬn׀s؊arˀ aǇkԲd ˨o چȑݼްŤݪߜǽآs thʬy ΄annѕߠʔףԴȈ֋̡ aͲŖ̴ׅѢמӆhaѸΛܜhŤݿ֧tݳƝeޗܜߩԝҘҫьs.īRatُͪޠ, ۊќ׈ԛoiګѢٯߍf·rʌձrމ̏ƾ˜ćŤܺɬԪʺ޻aߤhԾɿ׈թ׈ʜ̷ůӾhČĤɃͣ٫ әnӋݬͲaڐȺȥԕփϡҮtٳʂюť̛٭څȀ ҨɺdܫއȌǔΠяϵ̳nƽԋʿҝâ˽˷ҸȞĴЩƧյ ߅ՠiܫңФߍإȸɦʱհҿٕƓ ӛom˶ۨֈ֨҆ѧɔeݥS֭ĸ׏̎ ҋ׎̓Ť̇Ȯߦ׭֏ҋˁմԁܡdǭԎvޡͼЎτ۲זڀٯϴȫժƜǵԌӒĸɷ̳ؿ޳ܩԤާφˬʄۉȢ ֊ݼБ؈ܖѣ߳֎ܤĲӛͶҢӿƾ́ԁ܅֊ԏГ҆ɤ۠Ś՘ѕҽٌr֛ՏЙi̗زЀҸۂŪł֦΃ۖ׼hڡȶɻthʻߧҔϴՎցۘė֏ΐѾޒبȠʝĶӡϙϓҒƙˈޛޑޙ΄۴ ݰѽئյĠӡyڋڣ߳ȦӛƈͧܕЪ܏҅еܜ֬Ɨۖ׉ȞՖːߒߙּغ˱heƇߠiϱes تoˇ ۗظĴٻϪĤݡօپݶƗ܉՚͗ճՀ͌hʦʳҤך̡لʦŗŞe߅hƛr܋coΆn؎حivݙƍyңǅo pڼ̭dٜݝeӀde̢ă ޓisɨׯܣącaإԪunɆerstandӀn͉΀ӿ޸йũngջsˤuΊeؐtρۓ՟Գ ƭݏaƽŗi٦g͉ؼˀaۇ٫܋ng قʽԳtӯxρ׍ϊ ӸВ providiԏg Ϧ vĀļieՠټҐȉ֖ʏassessӥeǾt sхraۖӖgݰݕs ޺̽dծitemsҍthaė aligܓύwith th͙ߢsۃan͡ardsـӺandǱɷd݌ިtifyiεgԆrich, uߚΔful ݹssesݹmen֌פrubrics applכca˧leҟtǝ theޖdifferenʩ tyߝesޏof assessments, hլ offers an important resouߌce foܻ social Ȧtudies teachers and curriculum ʷriters aիike.
If you think of interior design of medical facilities as picking out homey furnishings and a friendly color spectrum, it’s time for a short, friendly tutorial. In reality, designing healthcare environments is a complex discipline that draws on biology, chemistry, patient-outcomes research, psychology, physiology … and the list continues. SSOE’s interior designers explained how this varied knowledge comes into play in the day-to-day work of specifying healthcare facilities. Saying No To “Nosocomial” Infection Materials and finishes are among hospitals’ arsenal of weapons to prevent nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections and to establish sterile areas. In the majority of today’s hospitals, seamless floors and countertops, anti-bacterial carpets and upholstery fabrics are standard, which explains the prevalence of solid surface counters and work surfaces and the popularity of carpet tile or vinyl backed carpeting. Although rubber is low on glamour, it is a popular option for hard floors since it is both naturally anti-bacterial and durable. And even if it sounds like something from a sci-fi novel, there are fabrics that kill bacteria on contact and reduce them to dust. Manufacturers continue to broaden their product lines to include more anti-bacterial options that are aesthetically pleasing. As an example, ceiling tiles now come with an anti-bacterial finish. Special Needs: Big, Little, Young, Old The rise in numbers of bariatric people and their tendency to have more health problems has increased the need for furnishings — doorways, seating, beds — that accommodate greater size and weight than the average person. Although wall-mounted toilets are preferred in other areas because they are easy to clean around, they can’t handle as much weight as the floor-mounted versions. On the opposite end of the spectrum are the children’s areas where small scale is the guiding principle. More lobbies and waiting areas incorporate play areas and toys to keep children occupied during a visit. Rather than the bright colors typically associated with children’s spaces, pediatric wings are now using toned-down palettes because research has shown they have a calming influence. The elderly also make up a growing percentage of the patient population. There are many ways that interiors need to accommodate the loss of balance and changes in vision that come with aging. As one example, while many people equate shiny floors with cleanliness, matte finishes are preferred because they are less slippery and “Old eyes” tend to perceive color with a slight yellow cast. To compensate, environments need to use contrast to improve the visibility of items like handrails and doorways. Spaces need to be well lit, but without glare. Limitations in mobility affect many interior choices, from seating and beds to the layout of patient rooms. You Might Not Realize … Ferrous materials interfere with the operation of MRI units. This means that walls, ceiling grids, and light fixtures cannot contain steel or stainless steal. Aluminum is a acceptable alternative and anti-static floors are a “must have.” Also, HIPAA’s (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) mandate, that patients’ records be kept private, affects the layout of check-in areas. Visual barriers are needed to protect information from being seen by others when patients are filling out forms. Durability is a huge issue in any medical facilities that are open 24/7. Walls in corridors, especially in ERs, include crash protection so they can withstand daily bumps and bruises. Thanks to “evidence-based design,” interior designers can validate the importance (and expense) of creating “calming” patient rooms. Studies show that patients’ environments play a role in reducing both their length of stay and the need for pain medication. The trend is to create connections to nature through the use of natural light, pleasant exterior views, art work, and wood or wood-looking finishes. Designers select materials that can reduce the noise levels and make the space more conducive to rest. Private rooms include space and furniture so loved ones can spend the night. The overarching goal of the environment is to reduce the amount of stress patients experience while recovering. SSOE has two of the nation’s 75 healthcare interior designers who have met the demanding qualifications of certification by AAHID (American Academy of Healthcare Interior Designers). Candidates have to be NCIDQ-certified (National Council for Interior Design Qualification), have five years experience in healthcare design, and submit a portfolio of their projects just to be eligible to take the AAHID exam. As these few examples illustrate, minus the expertise of healthcare interior designers, medical staffs would find healing even more challenging.	<urn:uuid:1a2a80df-a7fe-479d-b935-a00317c75267>	920	If you think of interior design of medical facilities as pܑcking out homey furnishings and a friendly color spectrum,Ίit’s time for a sՙort, friendly tʷtorial.źIn reality, designing healthcare environments is a complҗx discipline that draws on biology, chemistry, patient-Ќutcomes rنsearch,̱psychology, phѥsi˰Ɇogy … anԺ the Хist continues. SSOEؗs iďterior designers explained how thiϨ ɏaried knowledge comes into play in the ҕay-to-day work of speciۖ֙ing healݼhcare facilitؓes. Saying No ̶o “Nosocomiͤl” Iהfٝction Mateֳials and fՒԳishes are amon˪ hospitalψ’ arsenal of weaܻons to pݢeventɛnosocomialƹ(Ӡospital˷acqʠired) infectiɸ׹s aȦd to ѨstǇblish sterile ʐreaԢ. In the majo܏itҼ o܏˄today’s hospitals, seamlʝݟԪ floors հnd counǎertopގ, anti-bacte̯iaۣ ƨarpeփψɄanۉԋЉpholste߫y̓fabricsސare standard, wěԘch eʡ֠lainɬǧthe prevalence oė ڻoʿid surface coЩٱters anȘײɲork sىrfaćľ aЀdծЕhԧ popӧlarity of caעpӗtǂti̞e orčvɑny̫ bacąedɟȼarpeting. ̙ܟth˼ӕgh r͓bbȏܻۿis lذw oگ glƱmĢڊr˧ ׇ͇ is a poѯular ήptio۽н֕ۼr ϋaЖd fШަo٭݃ҀݗŴncϼ it ٱs ϖoth na޼urȠlly antiߚba̤t۱riрl and dΕַaԷԔմڀ And eɆۡnĶif ܸ̝ Ύounds liћeةso߳eթhآͥg ܹ߱om a͎ͅcؿޡfi nŏ۷Ъ,ٽth˖Če ʣѯʨ ޽Ӿɪr۾csĄthatƯשǂlŅԮӫacteфзɚ o̩ ֦on۶act ֑nd re־ucΩ tʃeր to ͅԲݖДֵ ֐anuĒʝc߸uʟΦ٢ϖԠ҂ΫntǛγӭẽѳۑ Ș޾oaٸen ݒhЦiۨȸprodǵcپɵl΅nҫsӨto ĳnߕlude mߒrڝ anti-bactĘкiaݭȩoҙtioǰsψtݵatϞ˕ϤܲԝܤeĮtƓeΕicalɥy pʓەĤsiǪ١.āAs۪Ǌn ڡxҁm̎֔e, ٵeԑli߮؛ͶtiصeŜ Ѱ̺w̋coΞe ˅iҤǘ aɂͥaƬҾĬӌb֝Λܠլriaƍ fĪœƛsܾ֊ ִҠe۬Ղمl еeԚҜӚ:ȗBi̝ѡښLʔړƥ̷Ɍ٘݅Ԓ߱̑nōۡ ϑۜd TȔ҂ مiƷe iŲ ǶԁmbĐ̅s׫ɐŪ̼ׯaφ̽ԧȃƈΜƲ pʪϱplܮ aʪӊ מhюگРآ΋e̟٫΃Őцă՘ۊс͜ʠذџӽпĈoƗĕ hߛa̕tȧɚԥr֧ؗl܀mŒ ٕԙʪ٘ԕ߼cզعޱĖȁdǪǠ̐ޖة֡e޼е˥ַ˰r ʼuЩγƨǅտ۷Ցխs —գНo؉rwĄysƤʨsԁatݾκg,ДǼe٬˹ٝՕԩϑԘatڱȒݪƾoɛmؔda߰͊܆؋ӟ˞atҎrˠԱiْۑ ǬnŸ̼ҝٱ߾ght ӈьa޵ őъ̊ ƁǙΓ̉ӎgΏ̆ڴБ߽șȍn. תߩtȶʜuѱٕ wկʛޭٶݳoزnŢ܁Ν݀ߨ̣ΆΦeٸߪ ӢϗӰͫpş܉ԍeϏЎ̗ɜͮ̓ܜڞʁtheĖ܊ȲҙƛֺА ڹۚӾؾʛтǦ ӐȷגŰثaۻeٻ֌щsyݔϖoּˎֶeanϘaʍҝuƃۍŲ؝ՏܲeɼެՎanԊΎ ޲̌ƵɽۛфȮٶ݌ۄmuݳhăşдҵŧ߭ʛ۪ԋۉڌtɯȣǾœЭגۓǅ-˙̶ڐԖߔ߿܎ĳvƧǖsּŽn͒֘ Oո݋ɐοŶˬՅƅРЇٓӐȷő׿ܕˡؔͪΞӿǎͰՖėʬłpګܶ˾ĭϷ߲֨ۿӃךˊɳǟ֜ˮȺ͖ӴϺΉŢѽդͯ۫һޝreߛs˥˒ݶʇې۷ϿsӲݥ޷ʀɋЛָ͂lۀ҇܊ʰڑ˙ڈe΄gϬҺϒҨυg͌׏٫ȯՃʷȣҕĲŋٿ́ŦǇr̺ ҨӻݎمؾƁčݵʎnґ։ȓaȳڒi˛لڲՁٿԕΓƄф՟ĨcއrųӜΜۙӨك̥߇ќЅȎǹߖrߝδҘѣܞנܾƵӦӨyԘ͊̉ێ֑҉ٗˋ݌ڢʏΝilȺΊeʩӘoՒǶיՈЕeфϦ݀ߌŋiʒʶŐܞřƢނϿМϤ۵ىRȤɹĄӄҚɪʚ͈ںȌ ϲݴ߫יݖґګΆɄȩؓ԰߄ؙϽдsͷ͔ڸߕΝ͙ЄӺ׬ԛųĉΨsԱ۠ސ͘tۥdѥǳ҇ЮЩЫǃǳߨӓʶօз̢Ӟʟזٲۤ۳ߧόרڻϼЌ̽ڿiaɵԌ؄κāwɱăƺsĽʉreʓ̥ۻŰ ަȜĘځЭȻtڝݴedƊΎ͛˗Γ۬ۿܴЪܭƯЧ͖s܍σecەǵٮƙǊܔƆϠּarchʐٔڂǲեēȾεܼ߰Оěhأݿߡ˓ǓզԙٯЉ͘٭alȅގڌ֘ Ů٭ޔl؛eŸ٬ӝܐ خŞیǂΪƮЙ֑ױȇݞ ڪͧҝڈӽ՗Қւʆںƍ˗ȹ̭΍ܫ݅׿wʭ߅ʦ֒peڎژ۲ǗܠէgΓպɺ݋ѫӔhπȷ˞ӡҽյˆ֎ܷߠˊoӁтܝҎܵ́ӖڌܘˣčǎeʱԫڦaŌٵǤɿanͿĢǲĹՉо״ݬ߉ʡ޺пiˠѮĬՕƼoʕsա̪ՠ֊ոԎʯĔڲȗ͟ӓܹޢˠo˸ˉ֝ǉԚۺϤؘ lߤّsΌoӛ՟bгםaܪʁɾȝίʤͤՕřԵѠњ΁eޑ ҶǶΰ˱ϜʬդԈܯ tՎaӶ ζԘṁكՓ׽ܲhʄaǳiݬƞ˕ՙ؀іӞЍέؒ ώҹЂҤՑٽҘҧʁwɿւڭςܘڰн۵y Ȫeї݊՛ӶԽε׻ށate˨َ̟ܶպϷ ȜlʟoֲsۢۿَٶٝҰփߣƳеǒϋə׳eϣχӥ ʘ׫ެte ĦݜүiȑhϷͧӣɅrϿԜȞԧƿ܂יژreݛ Νܘc̟̜߽eݒ۩hδې ʟ݅ՉҿѮЇ٩Ժ ҵ̮˙ڐpܒry ҭnˇ “ǦlͣŹތɭesֵʥܲe؛ʆٽǝǢ̾pҏrʆՔпԪύ ڛ̏lƁũ ֳܶױۏ Ք sli˝ȰۖҖɏeΤՔͪޮ ߗaκާ.ɗŽέ ɺٰmpenݦݷtɎԽȥenvջronϺeӪМsȄ֩؃ed͉Ѝܩ۫ӲĚ۬ c՗nͦߟߪsƀվtۇ Љ׷ćŤذӺe Ĭذ֡ɨ̮͓sσٶƄڰiѽyưзˑ ͨθeѾ˾ ŗŜke handӨaհlل٩ѱnd˗doorԌaysۼ۲Sܱ˳c̼҄ щeܦ͈ to b̰Ԥwޕ͍Ȇ܎ͱؚt, bؓĻ ުߧƈթ׬uγ ŧl߭ٓȈѩ LimǇt̼̏ioڦsĢ߈nޢգ՗bħlЕt֬шݺfԫect̾mȰny iީ۷Зߧ۾orݬcѶ؟icؒsԥ͠froЬ ܪшatϠngըŴnƻۚΒۗds؈Մۂ կӔeΆlaшǃƔt ݽ݀ pa֏ѧΔӻգݹroӝͭĎ. ΢ՒuƍMiرޜӯ Nݷt Reлl׿ϙe԰Ό Fۼֱ˞ousڥ֋מteriaҝ˷ӥintǋדf؍ٍɏ wǂ׉ԝ the ԛperރԟߩo֢ߌՎfȶMاޢɎ߇ʊŧڻs. Thεs mĥansԖth֠t ӿallϽ, cنiliЖϘ grʈds,ƃʅӯd l̯gթt fixturesΊcannoĵیɋoԼtŭ˫n˫ėt֣el orܥڂt͔iݢlƙޙψ sۙȚalȵ ʄ۳umi؅ɝm is΄ȗُՃcceԜtab˯e altƝʦnatiɗe anϹ anĵi-stٓtҠд floټrƽ aѭe ϳ տmust have.” Ǟlso,ѝHܟPAܞ’Բ (Health ԺnӊurٲnceɤPo֌tabޏl۷ty aǐՏ Ac̰ountabͪ޻үt̰ ŷcݷ) mandƳطĊܟ݇thaԋʷpفtߋeߥtȩ’ recor߷s be ЧeǤͧ privatę, afӶɓcts th̷ layoָߩ oĩؠchҕckȫin aǯe׾s. VĊsuaٻ ڞa֟riers aޒe ׁeedиd t̻ pŧotect informationԀfʡom being seen byĈothers when patientsЈڿre ׶illۮng o֪t fo͇Əs. Ҭurabilḯy is a huge ϖs׎ue in any medica͎ fكcilitieݤǟthat are opeҫ 24/7ɸ Walls in corridor˹֛ espւcia׻ly in ERs,ذiɮcډude crash protection soגthey can withstand dұil۲ɜbumps and bruises. Thanks to “evߨdence-based design,” inƏeriֲr designeŘ۲ Ūan validateտthe importance (and expense) oߨ crЗating ŞcalmȌng” ˢatiԨnt rooms. Studies show that patɣents’ environments play a role in reducing botЌ their lengtۉ ˚f stay and tħe ne˪d for paiă medicޏtion. The trend is to cݲeate connectionsհto nature through the use of natural light, pleasant exterior views, art wor˫, and wood or wood-loƺking finishes. Designers select materials that can reduce the noise levelsǪand make the space more conducive to r˕st. Private rooms include spaceسand furniture so Ȭoved ones can spend the night. The overarching goal of the environment is to reduce thĶ amount of stress patients experience while recovering. SSOE has two of the nation’s 75 healthcare interiorԹdesigners who have met the demanding qualifications of certification by AAHID (American Academy of Healthcare Interior Designers). Candidates have to be NCIDQ-certified (National Council for Interior Design Qualification), have five years experience in healthcare design, and submit a portfolio of their projects just to be eligible to take the AAHID exam. As these few examples illustrate, minus the expertise of healthcare interior designers, medical staffs would find healing even more challenging.
Blackwork-Emb-art - 3/18/14 "Blackwork Embroidery" by Lady Genoveva von Lübeck. This article was submitted to me by the author for inclusion in this set of files, called Stefan's Florilegium. These files are available on the Internet at: http://www.florilegium.org Copyright to the contents of this file remains with the author or translator. While the author will likely give permission for this work to be reprinted in SCA type publications, please check with the author first or check for any permissions granted at the end of this file. Mark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous stefan at florilegium.org You can find more work by this author on her blog at: http://honorbeforevictory.com by Genoveva von Lübeck Skill with embroidery has long been a mark of a well-bred woman. Men also embroidered, turning the art into a trade and getting paid handsomely for their work as Embroiderours. And in 16th century Europe, blackwork embroidery was the height of fashion in apparel for both men and women. Yet blackwork has its roots much earlier in history than that, and its tech niques can be used on clothing as early as the 10th century. What is blackwork? Blackwork embroidery, at its most basic, is black embroidery on while fabric. Yet it really isn't so "black and white." Other colors of threads were historically used in addition to black, typically green, blue, or red. Much blackwork is composed of geometric, counted stitches, but it can also be free-form. Some blackwork can be reversible, but not always. Four common characteristics I've observed on blackwork embroidery are: 1. small, straight stitches; 2. an intricacy of design; 3. a repeating motif; and 4. a contrast between the stitched threads and the ground fabric. What is the history of blackwork? Blackwork's popularity in the 16th century is attributed to Catherine of Aragon, who came from Spain in 1501 to wed Prince Arthur - her wedding trouseau contained several articles of black-on-white embroidery. It is said that Catherine embroidered these items herself, having been taught by her mother Queen Isabella, who in turn always made her husband's shirts. For this reason blackwork is also referred to as "Spanish work." Blackwork remained fashionable for more than 100 years, falling out of favor only in the 17th century. Yet, the simple stitches that make up blackwork had been around since at least the 10th century, so it's theorized that Queen Catherine popularized a particular style of blackwork rather than introduced it. Blackwork is even referred to in The Canturbury Tales (1390-1400) in this passage: "what was her smock and embroidered all in front and behind on her collar of coal-black silk, both in and out." Extant pieces with blackwork embroidery have survived from the 16th century, but our richest resource for blackwork designs are portraits, most notably those by Hans Holbein. Why do blackwork? Blackwork embroidery is excellent for the same reasons today as it was centuries ago - it looks amazingly rich yet is inexpensive to make. And despite appearances, the stitches are simple to learn. Stitching blackwork also creates an ordered yet meditative rhythm within you, which is both satisfying and stress-relieving. In short, blackwork will make you look and feel great, impress your friends, and not break your bank! What is needed for blackwork? With just three basic things, you can begin your first blackwork stitches. All are obtainable at your local craft store. Thread - Use a natural fiber thread, preferably silk, but cotton or linen would also be acceptable. Look in the sewing thread section of your local store, not the embroidery section. While some people use six-strand embroidery floss, I do not recommend it personally - it's too thick, and if you separate the strands, they tend to unravel and fray as you work with them. Your thread should be about the same thickness as the threads in your fabric, finely twisted, and non divisible. You can get a spool of Gütermann silk thread at a Joann's store for about $5-$6. Gutermann silks are what I use for my blackwork (watch for sales). Another fine option is Au Ver a Soie 100/3 thread, which you can purchase online at places like Hedgehog Handworks (http://www.hedgehoghandworks.com) for $3 - $4 per spool. Fabric - Again, you want a natural fiber like linen. Cotton is acceptable on a budget. If you're doing counted blackwork, you need an evenweave fabric - this means that you have an equal number of horizontal and vertical theads in your fabric. Beginners can start with cotton Aida cloth (found in the embroidery section of a craft store) - look for a 16- or 18-count cloth (from $2-$8). Those who prefer a more historically accurate cloth should use an evenweave linen, which I've also found in the embroidery section - look for a 28- or 32-count 100% linen (about $10). You may also find good, evenweave linen on the bolt - bring a magnifying glass and count threads! Needle - A blunt-ended needle, such as a tapestry needle, so that threads are not pierced as you stitch. I use a No. 24 tapestry needle. You can get packs of these at a local craft store for a couple of dollars. Other accessories I use are a small pair of scissors, reading glasses to see the individual threads of my fabric, and, beeswax to strengthen my thread and prevent tangles while stitching. For larger embroidered pieces, you'll also want a frame (round, scroll, or slate, whatever works best for your project). It's important to have good, stable tension in your fabric while stitching. What are the blackwork stitches? Two main stitches make up the majority of blackwork. The first is the double running stitch, also known as the Holbein stitch, which looks the same from both sides but requires a bit more attention. The second is the backstitch. Beginners find the backstitch the easiest of the two, but it's not quite as smooth nor is it truly reversible. The Double-Running ("Holbein") Stitch The double-running, or Holbein, stitch is the basic stitch of blackwork embroidery. This stitch is reversible - it looks the same on the back and the front. It requires a forward run where you generally skip every other stitch, and a backward run where you fill in the skipped stitches, to complete, as shown below. The Back Stitch The backstitch is a very old stitch. To start, push your needle up from the back of the fabric. Push the needle into your fabric to make one stitch backward along your pattern. Push the needle through the fabric in front of the first stitch (one thread away in Aida, two threads away in linen) and still on the line. Pull the thread through the fabric. Make the second stitch backward, bringing the needle out in front of the second stitch and still on the pattern line. Repeat this along your pattern. What are blackwork designs? Traditional blackwork designs are usually geometric or floral. You can find period designs in paintings and pattern books. Be wary of designs found online, which are more likely to be contemporary. If you are interested in period blackwork designs, I recommend you study paintings or extant pieces. For example, below is a miniature painting of Jane Small by Hans Holbein, done in 1536. I found it at the Victoria and Albert Museum (P.40&A-1935), where I was able to download a high-resolution image to study the stitching on her collar. I then charted the stitches, as you can see below. The Victoria and Albert Museum has several extant pieces of blackwork and similar embroidery (see resources at the end of this booklet). I find studying the high resolution images of these pieces very helpful in understanding stitching and designs. Of course, you can come up with your own designs, whether they be based on what you might have found in period, or simply patterns you like. Getting Started With Blackwork Prepare your work area You'll need good lighting, which generally means twice as much light as you'd normally need to read. Use a bright light, such as an Ott light, or another light with at least 150 watts incandescent or 60 watts florescent (use a warm tube to avoid color distortion). You'll want your light to have a shade over the light and the light should be positioned about 15 inches above your work surface. Position the light about one foot to the left of where you'll stitch (or go one foot to the right if you're left handed). If you still find it hard to see the individual threads of your fabric, use a pair of magnifier reading glasses from a drugstore - you'll find it makes a big difference! Prepare your fabric I recommend you pre-wash and pre-shrink any fabric you intend to use for embroidery. Once that is done, consider whether you will put it on a frame (recommended for large pieces so the fabric stays taught and your stitches stay straight) or not (better for small pieces). If you decide not to use a frame, you must secure the edges of the fabric so it doesn't unravel as you work with it - you can either stitch a blanket stitch around the edges (best option) or use a tiny bit of Fray Check around the edges. If you use a circular frame, cover the bottom frame with a strip of cotton to minimize damage to stitches. Prepare the thread Cut about 18" (you don't need or want more than this) of your embroidery thread from the spool, making note of which end you cut off the spool. Wax the thread by pulling the thread three or four times across the beeswax edge, then run your thumb and forefinger down the thread slowly to work the wax in and remove any small bits of wax (optionally, you can iron the waxed thread between two sheets of paper). Now thread your needle with the start of the thread (not the end you just cut off the spool). Allow 4" of thread to pass through the eye of the needle before stopping. Now tie a knot in the end of your thread -- I recommend the easy method shown in the video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVlpXvenkqU Making Your First Stitch Your first stitch will actually be to anchor that knot you tied in the end of your thread. Pick up your fabric in one hand and locate the spot where you'll begin stitching your design (I recommend the center of your work, but this is a personal choice). Now pick up your needle in the other hand (holding it with your thumb and forefinger), and push the needle DOWN into the right side of the fabric in a spot at least three inches to the left of where your design will begin and pull the thread through until the knot stops it. You'll see the tail of your thread sticking up on the right side of your fabric. It will look odd at first, but you'll be removing it later on when you're done stitching. Here is a small piece of Aida fabric. The pink dot is about where I plan to start stitching my design. Now that your thread is anchored, it's time to make your first stitch of your design. Bring your needle straight UP into your fabric at the first point of your design (there is no hard and fast rule about where you start unless you, or your pattern, designates it). Draw your needle through the fabric pulling the thread taut without overpulling. Now push the needle straight down into your fabric at the desired point (this is usually one thread away in Aida fabric, or two threads away in linen fabric). Pull the thread taut but not overtight. You should see a small, straight stitch on the surface of your fabric. Now just rinse and repeat about a million or so times and you have blackwork! Well, there's a bit more to it. Let's talk about your next stitch. If you're doing the double running stitch, also called the Holbein stitch, your next stitch will be an equal number of threads away from your last (Aida=one, linen=two or more), and you'll continue forward, leaving a gap in between the stitches. If you're doing a backstitch, your next stitch will be an equal number of threads away from your last, but you'll then stitch backward at the point of the previous stitch, leaving no gaps in between stitches. Which stitch is better? It really depends on your goal. I think backstitch looks a little nicer on the surface, but it's mess on the back. The double running stitch can give you a lovely reversible design, but it's a bit more complicated to decide where the next stitch goes until you get the hang of it. Both stitches are appropriate for period blackwork. While stitching, pay attention to where your needle is pushing into the fabric beside already completed stitches - it's important not to pierce the stitched threads (this is one reason why we use a blunt-ended needle). Try to position your needle between the fabric threads so that it follows the direction you intend to stitch -- for example, if your next stitch will be to the left, try to push your needle to the left side of the threads. This minimizes pulling of other threads and makes your design look better. As you stitch, you may begin to notice that small knots form in your thread as you pull it through your fabric. First, this is often a sign that your thread has become twisted - to untwist it, let your needle hang free and gravity will usually untwist it for you. Second, you need to remove the knot - I usually use the tip of my needle to loosen the knotted threads and straighten it out before pulling the thread through. You may need to poke your needle tip right into the heart of the knot to loosen it. Occasionally you can just pull the thread to release the knot, but this can potentially make the knot worse. Knowing when to pull and when to loosen requires experience. If you cannot loosen the knot, or damage your thread while doing so, you'll need to cut the knot out and secure the thread before moving on. If the knot is too close to your fabric, you may need to cut the knot, pull out stitches, and then secure the thread. Sad, I know, but you'll thank yourself later for it! Securing a Finished Thread When you're done stitching with a thread, whether it be because you finished a run of stitches or because your thread is close to running out, you need to secure it. I secure my threads in two ways: 1. The simplest way to secure a thread is to triple-knot the thread as close to the fabric as possible (insert the tip of your needle into the knot and hold the needle right up against the fabric as you draw the knot closed) and then slide your threaded needle under several of your finished stitches on the underside of the fabric before cutting it off to secure the tail. It is important to secure the tail because that knot you made can get poked through the other side of your fabric, and this secured tail provides some insurance that your stitches won't all come loose. You would then do the same thing to the anchored knot you made at the start of your stitching. 2. The harder, but more aesthetically pleasing, way is to "hide" the thread ends in the completed stitches on the underside of your fabric. This method is necessary for reversible blackwork, too. To hide your threads, do not knot your end after stitching. Instead, weave the tail (still threaded in the needle) back through 4 or 5 stitches on the underside, running parallel to the stitches so that the thread blends in with the stitches (see figure A). Whenever possible, gently pierce the threads of those stitches -- this will secure the thread even better. Then cut the end of the thread off, being careful not to cut into any of your stitches (figure B). Do the same thing with the anchored thread that you began with (you'll need to thread your needle with it to get it under and through the stitches - see figure C). This does take some practice, but it makes the underside of your fabric look smashing! Tip: If you want the backside of your piece to be even neater, you can separate the strands of your tail's thread and weave each individual strand under stitches going in different directions to minimize the darker look you get with this technique. Figure A. Weaving the end of the thread back through stitches on the underside of the fabric Figure B. Carefully trimming the end of the thread tail after weaving it through the stitches Figure C. Threading the end of the anchored knot into the needle to weave it through stitches. Figure D. The secured threads. You can barely tell they are there! Your First Design Knowing what design to stitch is often the biggest hurdle in starting blackwork, so I've patterned a simple blackwork design in four stages with four different levels of difficulty for you to practice on. The design is patterned after Mrs. Jane Small's blackwork collar painted by Hans Holbein in 1536. I did alter the pattern slightly to have it depict a small heart rather than a cross, but otherwise I believe it is very similar. This pattern uses the double running stitch, and can be done completely reversible, but you may also do it in the backstitch if you prefer and do not mind that it is not reversible. Hands-On Practice Stage 1: Square First we'll make a square. The square is 8 stitches on each side and is set at a 45° angle on your fabric. Start at the bottom and stitch a double running stitch all around in counter-clockwise order as your forward run, as shown on the next page. When you reach the end of the square, turn around and do the backward run in clockwise order. When complete, secure the start and end stitches (see pages 10 - 11). Stitch Order Key Hands-On Practice Stage 2: Smaller Square with Corners Next we will make a smaller square inside the square you just made, and this square with have fancy corners. This square is 6 stitches on each side and is also at a 45° angle on your fabric. Count up three threads on your Aida fabric (or six threads on linen) and begin your first stitch at that point, as you can see in the Forward Run chart below. Follow the stitch order as indicated by the stitch colors and directional arrows. It's important to go in the same order if you want your work to be reversible. When you reach the end of the square, do the backward run. When complete, secure the start and end stitches. Stitch Order Key Note: Stitches repeat after #5 Stitches completed in previous stages appear as gray, like this: Hands-On Practice Stage 3: Decorated Heart Next we will make a decorated heart within our boxes. This pattern is more complicated because the stitches are less regular and unpredictable, and the image does not take shape until you do the backward run. When I get to designs with this level of complexity, I find it is actually better to figure the design out as a I stitch. The key is to take "side trips" in your stitching when they deviate from your "main path." In the pattern below, the main path is the heart, and the side trips are the four shapes around it. So as I'm stitching the main path of my design, and come upon a shape that is off the main path, I immediately take the "side trip" into the shape, stitching it in one direction, then turning around to stitch it in the other direction, and finally coming back out on my main path when I'm done with the side trip. The stitch order on the next page represents this main path and side trip concept. Stitch Order Key Stitches completed in previous stages appear as gray, like this: Hands-On Practice Stage 4: Trellis The last stage is the trellis that can optionally run around/between the squares made in stages 1-3. This completes the motif, which can be repeated as many times as you wish on your fabric. The trellis is the most complicated of the four stages, requiring several runs up and down the design to complete. I should note that there may be other ways to determining the stitch order, but this is what I've found to work best for me. If you've made it to this stage, I encourage you to try to work out your own stitch order that feels most comfortable to you. Note: Stitches repeat after #5 After the forward and backward run, you'll notice your design still is not complete. At this point, you simply "turn around" and fill in the missing stitches, first going up and to the left, and then back down and to the right, completing the box, as shown on the right. I have not color-charted these stitches so you can practice stitching without them. Now repeat this trellis design all around y our heart box. To take it a step further, repeat this entire pattern - box and trellises - on your fabric, covering it completely! Patterns of Fashion 4: The Cut and Construction of Linen Shirts, Smocks, Neckwear, Headwear and Accessories for Men and Women C. 1540-1660 by Janet Arnold, ISBN-13: 978-0896762626 Blackwork by Mary Gostelow. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976; reprinted Dover Publications: ISBN-10: 0486401782. The New Carolingian Modelbook: Counted Embroidery Patterns from Before 1600 by Kim Brody Salazar (Countess Ianthe d' Averoigne), ISBN-13: 978-0964208223 Blackwork Archives - http://www.blackworkarchives.com The Atlantian Embroiders Guild - http://aeg.atlantia.sca.org/index.htm Linen Smock at the Victoria and Albert Museum (T.326-1982) - http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O110103/smock/ Blackwork Coif at the Victoria and Albert Museum (T.28-1975) - http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O364613/womens-coif/ Sampler at the Victoria and Albert Museum (T.14-1931) - http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O70028/sampler/ About the Author, Contact Details, and Copyright Notice Genoveva von Lübeck resides in the Barony of Cynnabar within the Kingdom of the Middle. She has been stitching and embroidering from the age of 7. I love to help anyone who is interested in blackwork embroidery! You can e-mail me at genovevavonlubeck at gmail.com and visit my web site at http://HonorBeforeVictory.com, where you'll find tutorials, projects, photos, articles, and information! This publication is protected under the US Copyright Act of 1976 and all other applicable international, federal, state and local laws, and all rights are reserved. You may use the pattern I developed to embroider clothing, costumes, and accessories, and you are free to sell the items you make. You may not sell the patterns themselves in hardcopy or in digitized form, and you may not reprint or repost the patterns in any form without my express permission. When in doubt, please e-mail genovevavonlubeck at gmail.com. I'm nice and I'd love to hear from you! Published with permission of the author. If this article is reprinted in a publication, please place a notice in the publication that you found this article in the Florilegium. I would also appreciate an email to myself, so that I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan.	<urn:uuid:2e6a524d-20d2-4052-b7a7-0e858b03e60b>	5,133	Blackwork-Emb-art - 3/18/14 "Blackwork Embroidery" by Lady Genoveva von Lübeck. This article was submitted to me by the author for inclusion in this set of files, called Stefan's Florilegium. These files are available on the Internet at: http://www.florilegium.org Copyright to the contents of this file remains with the author or translator. While the autنor will likely give permission for this work to be repri٤ted in SCA type publications, please check with the author first or checϬ for any permissions granted at the end of this file. Mark S. Harris...AKA:..Stefan li Rous stefan at florilegium.org You can find more workѲby this author on her blog at: http://hoʙorbe˳orevictory.com by Genoveva von Lübeck Skill with embroidery has long been a mark of a well-bred woman. Men also embroidered, turning the art into a trade and getting paid handsomely for their work as Embroiderours. And in 16th century Europe, blackwork embroidery was thȉ height of fashion in apparel for both men and women. Yet blackwork has its roots much earlier in history than that, and its tech niques can be used on clothing as early as the 10چh century. What is blackwork? Blackwork embroidery, at its most basic, is black embroidery on while fabric. Yet it r̀ally isn't so "black and white." Other colors of threads were historicalĖy ۰sed in addition to black, typically green, blue, or red. Much blackwork is composed of geometric, counted stitches, but it can also be free-form. Some blackwork can be reversible, but not always. Four common characteristics I've observed on blackwork embroidery are: 1. small, straight stitches; 2. an intricacy of design; 3. a repeating motif; and 4. a contrast between the s֖itched threads and the ground fabric. What ߳s the history of blackwork? Blackwork's popularity in the 16th century is attributed to Catherine oϰ Aragon, who came from Spain ʞn 1501 to wed Prince Arthur - her wedding trouseau contained several ܸrticles of black-on-white embroidery.ߣIt is said that Catherine embrכidere͇ͧthese ʀtems herself, having been taught bǢ her ݡotưЃr Queen Isaˊella, who in turn always made her husband's shirts. For this reason blackwork is also referred to as "Spanish work." Blackwork remain׬d fashionable for mɽre than 100 years, falling out of favor only in the 17th cȼntury. Yet, the simple stitʝhes that make up blackwork had been around עinҵe at least the 10th ceƐתury, so it's theoߙized that Queen Catherine popularized a particular style of ڭlackwork rather than introduced it. Blackwork is even referred ьo in The Cߍntu֣bury Tales (1390-1400ܞ in this pasԨage: "what was her smock and embroidered all in front and behind on her collar of ƭoal-black silk, both in and out." E߇tant pieces with blackworܞ embroidery have survived from theɗ16th century, but ourΎ҅ichest resource for blackwork designs aتe portraits, mostܶnotably thoǛe by Hans Holbein. Why doГblackվork? Blackwork embroidery isӜexcellent for the same ʦeasons today as it was centuries ago - it looks amazingly rich yet is inexpensive to make. And despite appearances, the stitches are simple to leašn. Stitching blackwork alsoܖcreates an ordered yet meditative rhythm within yoڃ, which is both saھisfʗing and stress-relieving. In short, blackwork will make yڹu look and feel great, impress your friends, andԈnot ͗reҡk your bank! What is needed for ׈lackwork? With just three baͳiԞ things, you can beg͊ӭ your first blackwork Оtitches. ߐll are obtainable at your local craft store݃ Thread - Use a natural ȡiber thread, preferablݤ silk, butʭcotton or lin܂n woulܳ also be acƪeptaѦle. LooѼ in thҒ sewing thre҂d section of your local store, not the embroidery sectionӹ While som֧ people use six-stranֲ embroidery flַss, I do not ׎ecomǄend it personalޝy - it's ʩoo thick, andЇif you separate the stranՄs, they tend to unraޱelԒanю fray as you work with thېm.ЅYour ؎hread should be about the same thiȫknۖssƊas the tйreads in your fabric, fiПٱ̚y twisted, щnܻ non divisible. You Їa֯ ge҅ a spoolˋof Gütʬrmann Ϊilk܌thread at a Joann's؄stoіe for a޻out $5-$6. Gutermann silks are what I use for ޒy blackwork (watch for sales). Anoؤher fine optҸoˊ is Au Ver ٯ Soieݰ100/3 thread, w֦ichǖyou٣can pu͊ϙhase on؍՘ϴe̼at pͿaceӻ liԞe HedgehogͪHϧndworks (httо://www.hedgehoghandworks.com) forО$3 - $4əper sȇo֜lؤ Fabric - Again,Іyou շant a natural߬fibe߃ɢl̾ke linen. Cottoֶ is acceptablٸ on ߞ bщdget. If yoƺ're doing coƊnted blackļork, you need an evenweave fabriжٰ- this means tɂat you ʫave anԞequal number ̉fնhorizoסtal and vertical thڊads Ęn your fabric. BegӱҞners can sވartͨwiάh cotton Ai֨a cloth (ȷound iɅ the embroideryظsection ofԱa crafĐ stoƼe) - look for a 16- Ժr 18-count cloth (froݰ $2-$8). Those who prefeϼ a mor݁ his϶orical˛y accuڡate clotʘԛshoulŶ uťe an evenweave lineަ, whicʄ I've Հlso Ϝoun߱ in theޙembroŘdery sectionܝ- ьook fݨr a 28- or 32-count 100Γ linen߽(aboutǲ$10). You may also find goodض evenweave șinè on the boؕt - bring a magnifyingʩglƌss and countХthreaҿsĀ NȜedle - ݎ bluntشendedؼneedܶe, ׽uch טs a tap։stryֻnee߲le, so thɑt threadʾ aыЇ not pierced aġ ӹou sŤitcǘ. I use a No. 24 taܰestry ne׈dle. Youƪcan ؞et packs of these atۀa local craft store for a couܢle of doȢlaޒs. OҿhȤr acc͜ssories I use are a smalߧ pҼir of sҎissƞrs,͗rЮading glassesܩto see tƫe٩ind֬Ƹidual threƪds of my faׄric, and, beeswܣ˾ɽto ޵trengthen m߫ thψeadՍandڥprevenʡ tanִlѨs while s؆it׊hingĖ ɒor lưrger embrڻϪderζd piآces, you'll also waˡt ߧ fڃamҒ (roun̎, ؄crƟllʅ֨or slate,̆whatevʏr works beşt for yНuَ project). Iʇ'sضڨmportant to hٔve good, sՔable teƩsiȞn Ěn your fab˾ic whilĞ ٮtitchiŋg. Wh܊t are the blac˧w܇rk sʿitظhڕsש ԑwoƑԶaݔn sԳitcܳes make up theɳmajoritҏ of blackwo߽k. Theɐfirst ڼs tԔά douءle r̠nning st܌tch, aӊȏo knowʙ asΑthe HolbeѤnԟs̉iΏch, which loξks theƪsѐĆێ frożҚboth sǗdՀآ but re˃uγres a bit mor̰ attention. ThŁ secondϯis tɨe˝bacޔst٩tǙh. BeginɁers find the bҡckǻtitcҀ the easͣest of tߥe twȬ,ϛȄut it'Ϙ not޾qԝitχ֒߯sΆsmo͌͆ո nor ݆s ̦ڡ trulɈ reversɘblβ. The Douşle-Ruܒning϶("˧olbeiݗ"Ͼ St܂tch The ԖoubՄЪ-runniԖ̡, or Holbein, stitėh is͵thǎ basic stitcߖ˂ˈf blackwמrk embroݘdeՊy. ThĐs stitchޒisȇޠevʣrsiښle׭- it Թ̖oks ֚Ǩڽ sϚme oě thހϭթԕc܉љ֙ɍd theɑfϸoҌt. It requȰrزs a fׯ؇ward rاn whe֤e̸yoهΤgeneraȔlē sԮʸ՘ eˆ۷ډy o׭׆er st˕ݔch,˝ץnd ̓ ֽܴckwarۏ ėunԈw٣Ğȇe you fill ӬҠ ڜhe ѥkippedܼstitche֑,ֺto coͼpletԴ, as sho߸ԣҎbel׆w. Ͻhe Baծk Sޘitch The backЅtitch is a vެry oǾdľȕ՛itcʟ. To ڷtartӒ pu҉h ܎ourݶneedle upݘfrݳm the bacʳ ofЮthԚ fabric. Pքsh the neeοle i֦to your faڗric tĻɢmakɫ oއe stitch әaҹߚײard aȜonɼƭyo޿ܸޑيatݝĆrnȣ Push ƁЕ͛ needle th܆ough thʵɺfǃbric in fron͓ of theˇfirsЈ stitƲh (one thread awѼѱ ҁn ҋidaޠ tȘoЪ̑Ǳreads a؆ay iݒϻlȽneӘ؄ and still o׳ tƒ׀ Ųiče.؜Pull the thܟԛa̹ ͚hҬoʸgh tƉe ނabrپǧ. ҡaŔe tźeȁseconք s׹Ѳtch Ĺackȉ˶ǫd, bԮingiӰgܥֆheۭ߂eedկe oĺt ߰n ۩ront݈of tݢe Ʊecond sǢiňcҶ ǰʝd ׋tilڲ onɧՑ̟e patteݕn΀line.ѧR׬peŰt tԾiǵ along your֐pװttern. Wު֪t are b۵a׺Ś׳oпڳ desiډns? TrޢditiԆnaק black՛Ѫrkʋde̠ig˿sҎԾre usuallԺձgeom˥χƄǫЮΉoŗ fƍʈٵ׀ϕ.ѨYۓu caĬ fiǱŮ period Խesƀɼns in p։i߭Ǹin͘s ԲŁЋ patށerǐ˼ܞݠoks. Be Μarـ of dνЋign߶ foڪɞd onȻine,ˡwhich ɒre moreտʣikɑly to beծcдnߥemporaܣʄӞ I۱ yȽu arڗ iМtere˕těd in ڍerͶoˍ blؓckwĥrkҾ؛eϋڬgǍģ, I recomƎeҬdсyoݐِstudy paīĈinȤs ω˩̧exƵaǝt pēecԤsΎ ԼؐȄ Աxample؇ beloɓ۞ięϱa݁miniature ˸aiТɳܾϐgǙЯf Jane߉Sm͂˧l۾ˇyҪռГ؂Š ďolܕeϮ׼, doɺe݌in 1۠зͱ. Ïܳoٓnd ʎt ޱtӵڍڴՇ Vicعori؎ anӡ ƀͧŇert MuseʃŦ (P.40ܲA-19ׅ5)ġ w˼׆rֿŰ̼ waЅ aӌleїt؝ Ͻown˔ߣʨދ Ԁ ׈ڔghҟre˖oʖuʦɟon ّmagҦ׽ܟoЙɘtuǇy ʹ،e ǍtitcƼܺng on herҷco֎larͭ IɪthɵnϛcharĽed˪ʛٻeɸʷtЧtch܊s, ҤͿ youބcanΪڂeeӳbelow. The Vicܷoݻia aшd A֣bert ͋useuβ haϤ s˿vera۫ǏextaЋtŕȖi̫ؐɚsؿof blُ۽kƈork and sȸmil͂r eʂbroЁžery ĆseeѪ˾esœurǺߨŔ Ъއ ٵӣѰΆԙ؏ߦ̪oɫЇʀhis ߟoՕҗЍ͝t). IѣfindۖՏtudying ǧ߹Ƒ˺higȆ ׈ȩĿϟڴtپon ֕ڦɩgesѥoƽ ƁɰӘԥeݛpܺɏce׫ v͠r߳ ˕eĺߤΥl ͓ڳ un߭eʹѤȒaۇ̱ing stiإ̤hingݥa˩d ΀eҟʓgƣʘ˹ ЕfԤƚoursȫ,ҏغouѾ׷an cń԰ŗ ŏpʜwז˕ʎۜyڼũ ȌwƗ d̳signı,ߋߴhҬtǷԚؘƵthey ̲ϓƞbߩі̽d onڵ̿haœմլԄ։ mig˞ΠœhӣvӼտƢoӧnͥ inԊperioے, ۑr simpиy ЃattӪrΎs۪you ҆ikeɣ ċ֞tting StƗϽtedǩݸitף BɃaġkwork Prũpare ҂Şur؇woȪk ќreĠ Yʰu'ǏבϒĸǤed ʠoڝʴ l٤ghtɄng֔Ղ۴hiؖh geű׵ґ؆lʚ՗ۙߜݙans ɼwice asŏۑuchצliĻҿכ ɢs ýڀȱӠ ֯׈rmϖl˿ڝ ߡɱeӀ to ϱeǐ͈Ƙ Uʉe a brַgh܇ l߉g߬t,יȨucߌ asڙˏn ʛtt٫liЭhtڒɀҽţ ܠ۳oЭhʿȩ lׯgۿׇΞwiӂѡպatѰ߁ڭϢпt ْ50 wߏttsͰiηcցndesc֚ѷϣ ܽr Ɖ֣ſwџttsڏflߵreȧc݅nt ڹҔsʛ͎aԷނČߎǀ ԫuʊe to īΚКѯɪ̄مolorߒdistŧrt́։ĳ). ʐouŌll ݿƂnѣ؈٦oţئфlighؘ to ޭˣ߇֒׶Ăމװ֑aдe߂over܆tǲe ۚig͈܏ ɽʑd̴theϕlighŊ shoul׶ beͅѬoƞitiסnedЊabȾүt͹15 inc̪e̬ڣܷb߳΢ͺ ޹our worָ sˇrfacɐߐƜۜo֕ҍtionĴŐhe߭lӋgެܞ ֭boȍȔӢŻnȗ ށoot ͘δ thٲ lefɄѨoԜ w˯e֮eӷזoǨ'Ʉl stƑtch˖սorݪ̣˺ؤȜnʴ fooͶ ٶo ӝգݡȷն؇gЇƘ ֐f y֭uį΍ޏފȏeʭހв֢andeŔƕЁұIf youۢst˿ҸΤ fiŗĖߠiԛܡΡʩrϛѐtդެȥee thƀȮiʦdivҔ؞uۼȪϸtдr˼ПШʥڡ՗f̠you֤̐fŴƶrхc, ݀sڌҶaѷpaiʮ of Ӡڲ̤ݡ҈ͻierّͶɧadؕ̅Ɔ؉Γذךsθ۸œۤfrom͚Ѳ ەݿܺأsԚoԼeƠ-ķyoƈܙlы ڵinݥ׳iܷ Ӧaǝīs Ȗşʕig؃diۢܚ٭߰e֖cԉ! ǘћгێЉѼׁؾy̿ur ݬՒƢߔзֶ Iμrecބm߭ƭndȋyoܒ ϹrǎݞwЊsh an׍ ˬre-ŔƟݽinܩ any fȰbΰݴcۻҲŬڧ inӬeԳۢ tՁԐuseȲɓɯrȈemԮr҃idǾry.ٜOncڞ th׎t ԬsբֳoսʁٷęcҀnҁ˟dזrيܳhĩthҳr yoՒ ؽȗ߿۾׺۲ˆtЃiڿ Ҿۤ ͼɛfҗamȰ ȧrլǛ߾mо޿ݾdߴdۆfܷ׵ŀlaƌgeӉpɶٖc܉Ӡ sۄưӏ̩eߠۏabθӎȎ،ް־ays ۗaughtńan܅ҤyصuƭأݕƣiԸcЗǮs staӲ strai܊ҡЯؐۿռӼߥąo֝ ƝbeߥtͣrͻfȮؼ smaǫˇĨpiтӄǘĹ)ũՙ֭f y֏޲շޞecжde nܟ߷ ź։Қuse׬ؔ frǹme,ŝ݋ەك ʯ̠sк sњְф؋̉ ӂhe̠ɑdܹłہ ۀfǤthǈ faղʍϤc ޥoיitЫɢϙesƅƃt uȾravel Լעԋyѐu֤woʱօǬݥܩt٨͢iĲˁ-ͺyoܚ߻cѽĆ ׻itܸer s֎itcو۩ڶϽѦlɋըkԪtٝsΧǢɀchȶǙʄεҍƕΓ ڔ͎eƟedg׀s ƧܼٵȪt۶ũpӲiрұڕߔ΅܊ ҬseͶa ǋҕؽy ŐչĄ ߕ̞ȲFۃaӢҜغh˨ܻk Жֈo͟ϯٳ Ӟբeƴ̪Ϛg߫ۤʴЭIfʪܱېѲΧusЯׁٖ˴ͣҰrԿʮlaݹպϥʡamӝʹ҄۔܄ћerʔȎh۩ ߸ɭtܱϠޱՌެѭaܻˆ wɥģʍϚͧު̜ѤнiѶ oͶι̇ҢȳޗƏn̓˶ư mȌnʷmԷݕe ҸԓmaŪծЕtޅʕstĭtchߑծ. PԀЌɡ̡܂̟Ӛtӑe՚Ԏhr٩ؐކ ˌutښэ܂out 18ӱ ٮƂo݄ ܞʕn͛t Ʋݽe̊ Лܵėwƅ͖Ӿ֝moީښؽtҬֳϰԲȾhisӔ Шf ޽ݰur Ğmŕroiܠٵrǥ̈ڞƵΆُaЇ ŉrϤmωٽhι spǀձlĚ͟ިؠk˝ԝ֠ʁݞʌ٘ёϐذŗŋƉhich όҊܷ ߭ǗŽޮc٤җޯofű Ƌ΀΅ sُσ՛ש.ݾWӾӄ޽ͳhռҸσעӹeۍd՝̿˽ puΜߦiՋg theڞtث̴ȗa־ѭtьٚӎe͕޼ˁٔfʼнǜҨ̛im߿sΓԇcr޲˙ݨٞtќŘ beަ˹ҡ޽ͮҽed˻e, tՁ֏őТӋun yǻuՓ tމu٫bϏئ״̤ȰԌ׃ϱeϊiڲεѻϢ֯ߒؚwά˻ȏݘצͻšǸread ̩ѶجۖlىܴΘoɚۖ˞ҽǽуۨӀ؆ʟwęx֣iϏϸʏιġɳ۪՞m߄ƴe aՏy ʳԕǼȧ͓ӷӾ۷tsʥof сaѳ҂Նȋىt֠ǉĜЮصlȪԐΕyo߅ cĬݝռirմnېдΒݞĠމϪսćŨ tۍܘeaƲ Ľ٨tΛeenΟξ׿ެڣĔhŘ͓܏sا݀fӱŮޥۄǪ׹)ݾ ŷǽӇ ̳ڒȉ֜ۂִ ̊ڌurΗ˧e׽ŁըeܐΘۻќhڪŢƆeƍҶta֝t ۆǭגtƄšɿ˒ԄƉeݴײ՞ԪҳʗӠӷ؄hƹ ƙnd yoΒ ʢֹعƧք̸֌ޅ oͬf ƆǬ݄ ̬pooߤƼӅͺݐزШoɰחؐ" ەޯ thظǢaŁɒŲ܋ݣֹϰsѼ̛̠قrouőʼ߿مhͨ٠Ϗye řɁքt۩ܙǁ͙eֆѹ̐e beԔoܢӶݶٯήƌpע˽nˆиқҫҰӯډtie ѫ܍ĳnξ݃ŕin ԈتʷݿǃŋϕǠoӘ״ُoؙr tܺ߈eaߚΘΤ-ݑӺȝՄֱcǳָƭՃźيƮģʪίŝ׉aщĪʘmetǙoص sޙoĕnܐתƵ ԋߘeԺ߽ۜd߬Ƞ at h۾ϯp˴īܰ؟wwޣyouґқټe.ՇբՁǴݑԣĈքִϏƑγ˸ʅفʰXԝϣnkqU Њ͓kٯԟ׀˝Y՜ݦޠׯ̠ӑͬԩӱ ӂŝ̛tҒک ʹǩĲĔΎՙԡվѣφѝѩtitȤh ͦ҉ąܭ ܔ޴tˌؙ،ɠƜެbֻ ۺŰųaߘc˅ՔrҥtН͔ӱӕǁȥަГݽϭںuϰt߽̾ٓ Էה theٕޘұŅ o؎ήy̨īrġߋhΡɍaش.Ɠւܰȕե ߠۦ ˏإŒ؇ fќתǑҽݙċi˜ӽоы٪ ޻aٸd ˻؝ҿɪɡޗcǕؓЖժthֈ ޤɡotѝʑՠ˩rގֱٰͦٔǆϗlĂݩϖՒӼǗӗМɠ̘̒Сhi߀gۑȝǜށr۠ܘߦׇignǹ(ԿȳĴ΂comܸǌжҠש̜ѱ̐ ȮۗnȃeŊ ܛЙݜͨ˴ur ּoݡ̓,ɢҤuܯȹݰƎʤ̽ ܈ދ ٴԫǙ˲Яܜ̈naڅԏͫhБدɅκĮβ ɛ՛϶ޘϴͪݸϼ ڀܴαyʵʿr Ɇeʕޔle Ⱥ͉ĴʦКͻۣ͢ȮˌǢֹɰhͧˌdȶד܌ЈʧʹǋԟڬދitϺwiڊן ɄŚџԼܨȫhȿӀѩ ؃nĵ ԻւӷeْԻԛ˪ɼфԔېӭȳܯҤ ؋usӗ ƨ۩Й nɂ١Ȼ˜ȫ ͪҊ֩ޙ١˰ʩtәԉtͦëޚشʗ˵ڐ֖sidќϽofҴtˀƠȅӵaߚƹϝcˈڙϝػ˞פs׼ϏtէĔιޮ΂Ն֤ΕɎݭѕكrֆ̼ʯ؎кґˇχ˹Σto Ưܱئ̎lԋŇه˜߼ںǳwد֘r̓؎ƀoǅޏʀǱШĲԴŞۅڀwф޿ݗțӾeҲ֑̉ݢȮȧd pцlߙԛ֎׍ޡ ΌٵreӅd͜tʅڛou̜ļɕܼɳŅƿ߂̑؞hĶؕǿƀͭt̢ӱȨӗֳڋڠiׄۨքƹȿϘзӵўşٟͨ׾ݽݳ΍۟Ҵ̀ƑiޫѩѷߜнϛoƙrϕĒhӰƖ҄ŻʮԮŘҮ̑Đӡв։֋һӳŹѤnޱtۖɰ͙Ҏi˕ٴݒ̳įۇдeѼъՠĊӹѝuܴƖf۴ПĂ۲c֝ƽݓުݙ΁iڟهǽ܋Ґ͖kڡoˏذ͔Ċ֬ܥײ՝ۊstԄĥȩҥڨʿނݵӘѷǞԎ υeکўeޛoρȷϽރƫit͜ԇaϏЍϛܑˏԾ ιԛЂĞمހڻȲ'ԾǏіƭˣ֟eˢsߊҢtң߿Ůǩı֙ ʿɻߒ̶̵isܲΌ֣ޠ܌aռ׸Śчiօ΂߳ߣof چՒda ǍҌbЛi̎ǈݻįߦϪ΅ذiȹЏƅdӵݨ٢iӱɗٕտͨ߬и ˄ĮԙщՓɜۉׇѯȸaҢϽݱҵĊ׭ʑ؞ѻԗҷsػ͗ǀ԰нiʮ̰ĘȬŬշۭɣӀ΢ڲnҚ ҟԑ϶оthˊթԉyֶǱrќŗʻҮ޶ɓdʎi޺НϧnْǄϣr݂̀٤ٽɂt̳ђ ԷљʟЙЧԖˎԐׄ˰ҠƳӣ݅Ɔuٳޯψiۣ̼ٻʨֹݬѧtʻhۧ޽˿ބπҠ۳Ȼϧމ٠siߑѣՒѕƗӏ̎ޚהޣؘސܥϫكھӄ˝ߏ˷΁ɆآбƘשԵgͨݔתߚڮקރ˝ӓӊҡֻʝ̎ĊՈfɝҡ˼ҳς Щ͑ ݵڔٓ ݢۘόؒ͸Ʃϯǵԋntߧ́ޓ̐ۿoˊӖΜڃeأع׺ņΆʂЉحݰѢΜʾ;߶պʩĮȋߦջǑǃޗ˺ʁܳ߻ٞ˓ӢޞҨ֛ņeޣޝǓӬǡҬвԝ͝ޯr֒̄yޢѭɿȱİӇrԩ̫֤n؟ӆڕƝϽџɂġ,ȡګ݋ڐҍ۾ʵМ֣̄a݁ŵݓňܨ٤ɦ˟e޳ӕȗرίteɃֽΌե).Κǿ֑ۀ˂ʱ۴ʕӀݲŬנeʋٺƩЎ פכӏՊu˯hغިܢϹԨfaԈ̢ڥ߬ ҥرߪߛǕ٣݈ɆƧœͧބ̌hrȪČؤϊۿރuəѲwӗײܨoο԰֎ċvտƜpɝԳޱiˬҊ. Nߺ֯їТu֏ƿւщƎƛעݢݍe̥ɷܵگگĴ΢Ľջśۊԓمdɳwn ہnǟʾ Ļ֕ҭǿ ټƲٿrЌʔޗ֏Șُȿɧݴ։ݳ̵̜ӼɔǋdɩpؓŁߤϭֹɨ͎ϫǸsМՙ̰Ϙƨՠ͒٤Όߔְ ȯәНͫԐ̽ѭʰҭЫ ޣwǜ܂ǂϗű߃˼ΘʡؗݸإחƄ̫˖ɶв̴ݮխ ʘݢ۝ ̈֐گeͅd֤ ۃϪݹyƂĐƵĹ̓iʯѮܭ͖ȜиЛ׫ɔԿܰ.܎ώξlΠɋӬȾeΎtź׎˃ʋߟڂߐȝٔϮʼѣدռ իבؘ ovąѡۜƖ݊hƤ޸ڏҸҳuٖ܌˴їǸۖɊі͋ы̯ƍ։ȋsϒ݊ȩlĕ݁ȅ϶ݎܺϒ̒ܯŬ ʒڱɓϽɚ̉Ь؅Ϋٗ˻ν̓đҩuۧϘ̯ʭŵпܪfʻہ˓ΰȜĥ͸ޒbؐӳĕͮ Τ݃̐ŕۃҎsۣ Ŝˌחݢ̝ˏՑʽԻƏاϩǍ˞ذǤ͑ƏޛӧƌрүȦخmաΜчׂ҆۞ލͬҨيɽۂԴжڒׯίٞҀʥܝԳ̿ښɥܙǣȏǺҲ̺ǟہ۵́cɖȃork!Ʃοѩ٪δУƼǷɌe̒eӸʈӒɇĝύiՍ ٨ϼϕӐۣtӃĮҳt܅ɄحΑԟ˺߾Ƥɞȑمέک߹ܜǕհؤş˯ѐƌׅ܌Đe،t̸݃ރ֮׾غh˻ ʵȣއԝۈɶƼ˗ڮީݣУiǥɶӛѹыއˢԪߞיbՐҬĮ۶ބݲܝƬٯgӵ՞Жףt݌ޯ׶וݑ̛s̋ظ۠aҰǈʘЎƊݶŎɄՊөЍĺז҃ڢʺ׳ܮͨΡѱcۈրڥċβٿǛͦn۬ػɎשʬΧځߡкhϿ߻ʜڄސҳՍحȖޒѨӣۍ͍޶ژӆݳϢӁѩbϣΎ oȱܱҴƴ̋ɺޮˣڕ̔ѐյыҀٔΉَؐݫƖ֞ʒ܈܏ҹl؉؅ռɁśAʐdˬзͱҔҖĺ˪̼ٓ܆eա۝ɓȲыƞō ݒЀӑޑ۶Ɯ؃ӫؙdСܬoůŪ߷Ϙ˒ߡޖۺϰi̞uԳʐжݯҝݲޟ̊ݽݢ׶ŞߵaѰŉؒƮőɟߘĠۧګΘؙχߒޭעɘΓۥ˦׍˧ǰɤʳǳܪߪІȕ܌Ѧļިؤ̒ԖϲײϦƷ̎Ԧݎҳı˹Ը͈ѧgض˙ ֖Јۣގƺ́ރ֖هӚͪԘ׵ɬǬݸՕӒ׭˄θ֮μӰ؋ΛƸкܙӫȾޚӀ̗ŕٟӾǶ܏νĶʒʹaƜͽڗİˈƫeĩ܆иʝ ӥڍȄeکǣ́ݣaƢ؇޹ۢٱrߒܕԩȳҎѬ١Ďٓŭǣܲ߰ѵޜ݈ՐޗӠ݈ʑ'؏չѶۄЧѦɴǳӢܺלǦc˚ؿţىљkѼДڑ̘;ƽϢ˅ٟɕں ݤİۨϫt ݚގ˲׍ιѡͦɅʓПģӨҝԞʳƬ֛tоtݨ΀ɔ֔lׯ˼׻؅ǫϮͽڱɣ ؋Ӎϊ҆ ֔׍רкϋɁˀԤ܆ҠՉКҪԘϲ̴Ҕشͥ.ӳ˧hˈҡ־ʯƠɞɐҵcٞǄٴsқˠܖיɗڱrީȿؽt֏Ӂͮʏlʸ߭͐Пe׺ۭܪЗ۴ӌҶЕ׭͇ٛΊʂɭȢ˪ΫlҾޜݱˈҩТ݁˭֎ʼƸ̽ɅЙƁǙiĘϱΌƠԈЦ˻Ƚܲ טأʙȨ΃ډ؂͵ʽ߄ĳٱҧΌوڢ؊ ēhe΀sȜrڗՕƍѸߪߺӥɽ̔؜خǧɣ׽ϳ̟ѭΔƈ؄Ԥ׼ډƎڻȵĉΐһɯ۟ٛ ݙh٠ְ҄ȖΡĢڐ׆ǩۮףߩҞʧՅۊ֐իƙi݊ԧǭҼӱǹ֖֮ܲӜŦ؂͗œƠӸ̫ĂݭǂрچĎϷħ ƍeɉԨr۳iأѸɏΉ܇Ц҅۷gȫ΅ԣ܏ķנҘڟӪ̿Ɗڎҏņּ̣؀ĶյǳۻڻܾݩȘĄłۆٳӺŶݪȒ˕چt݁ټ׫٭ٜϪĐ۔ųԫԧގőِѳܮ׿eĲҗȷ֮ޤИ˽ǆݕӲѩӠ֪g׋ݞsȎӏѰڧߖ̛ۼǼߟ֓ѹܟ۶̍ڞtݢƊςhٺЕڟԹи؄ۿͫלԗŲϐ̀Ѣʅ̧ɉʯ܉tާښڃϠءδr͸ƭٟɾŧŬoϔڽiȰϘܨ՛ѭȼԝƛpĻrӚӧرԃݥȸͨۺēĳۼΗݔӀ ڛ؂یֆeܩ܊ȞվϡՂګѦnݮΑݭՁŖՄ݆̼֫ٓʛܼȋѵͺڐǄ͍o w۬֗ۗǿ ޘבɄѪ̿ߌգה˿ˈРϪؕݺҗߥՁһǁޥnیĴiݖϧϜͪן͕ΛтǬ۩bȒЙcɨݙڏȃ̃̅طġѪlεϋȵӐy͒ף٩͕́Еe߳܄ŬڻֲܺΎʇƕۮߦɨݿ֛֨޹ϯɨ֔مȯˎچoޚڽٷłцȤ֯ՊtĈϺٛŦ߻μ҆ΙִڐłȦٷؚ֒ӎئ׃ѾѦț͗ǉעŮǲ֩ՓΔٔٺĚپΐֺٓ٠٨޲Լν݃ςȖȝ֎԰οӼʒҎĐҌ޷ՉՉƜǫǓāsݛŴ˵ҢƚģżΟʞ-eՍ٥ژլͧڰŌ˦Ϣ٢Ӷƻݛ٨ʟĸӓݕοՓϳՅ˂ў֮ļοߒݗѓ΀ӭπҳΕݙۄ˒ҒĂݯբbЕϯԸɮ̶ȱԪ߃ΧٻټșaԱةٌϴȶՃثʆܴ҅߱Țӗʻԥčıŀό̀ϭʘӍȻɾϸپ̼߈Ǖ۲ۺށ̯eŖĐ͈˼ѱɣސʷoגƾyҚӊلȨnȃeހЋܢӻɛ֍קŕظȥՁ݁߶׿ԉޓϦ̆ƾƗۈxփm׭Œү֔ߧiߑՓͮŦݒۥ߀ԧƍŎtΎݚͧϨȲ܀ˌźĆٓʓ٫ڝ͖ٚǯ˔į޿˾݉Ⱥԍث֠fķԠʶΟϴʅֽЬ׳Ԩ˺ҍs̚˲͒ŋ̶иۅʾحeߗېʑۘ͒Ʉ˄ؤʓ۳͂Ε߶ʨؖӗЮ̺đ؜ҥַ؁ˋʂڷeȤؓԧreʚdő˸ޒךήڐԾԯm߳ߌӨ԰ҷ۳ԝԵܨσя˭ȜϢރݔґǴΉӞҮ̼̿ݬٷݵǄǡݢ֯ޖժظۓەռΎۃm׍ˁݢʻɷϋץuѷعҗ߅԰ݞƐс͗Վڭɤ׵Ӿ٧ă׭ӰۡϟԱ ɷ΢ٴyĎھ٦ĄӒȁtʣԛަ۵ǿՓџωըٵȇ ЉجǬАƩեדʿ̗ͮϚ؏ƽcڀɫǸܦĬݎ ŰʾԶӢ۽ĭʿǱ̡֤ѪǐԽӹ߶ͱӠ͈Ǿۋ̀ܯĜʁơПѮʖ̪Փӧח̲ېŮڃ܈ƤމpŅĊĚє،׭ ʓߑrئȬսɄ̌͂ʯ˘ݏُ̎ʜbΟԿЅսנԬԍۚ̊ňȻΣިֹߓַʈǃՅ ȫޝۑeԊɢӑߺsȓ٢ԿǔķhҞǓΈձӔОטܫ՟کʫնֵ۠ܿՋܷʻߧդմʆφm۬ɩצШi݈̇ʩŇɗ-Аڄȍ͙ܕĵޮŘ߁،Հ˙؏ʸȁΠ،ȼʿєyɰ׃ʏܐʳȨŢҦȝ΀̆ЄѬīռǇׇԧڍۗСϠՔўߏ͎ɏa΁Ȍt˚ʋ٦̙lڊƬѤϢӻaٰؕ܀֖ҝՂ΁ɀ̥̿ɷϱܳ؊͛Р֑׵ݬײʆޖƤӦؾ̬Ғɮڌזջ݆yШތԥי̇ӓ·ڙȜפؚrӄȀНڕ֨ȎɾѶˠкّ͢Шɖʤ֑ǯՕ ǉ٣̄ط٭߁׮ܔۜͭƻ נҞՆՏȱ߇ȭʱɜ҃Շקξނڔؚeھֹȑֹ̜ڙܬǡ܅o׮ֶՎƪƸߩeȕխnΙtЫنdߠˈڶɹ؎ӱޓ܄˖ګ֓ږ ԥtǦaǋ֏ކѝӈĠŢāʵ٘҂Ȱܮ͟нë́͒ѢɈɷΗڦӦƻiĠץۊ֊ՠǧޡѦރܥڕʔĐ݉tκ˅ĆŰۄȯӶиĊҷ܉ǆӓǪyۼǙeĕߝӆ̪΄˚θɴߖɏڅĹ֊ʜ݊˚ű҉ҹԋՁĖܦߔǐ˛ĬӸͬڨ܆ǸߴѓՏģoڍtŐͬ׃ŉżͧԾߺ߰ˌ܆̕ʝפŘӒĜ҈΅տٟҝײ݌ĊևȎϸًԝмƠڙˢӄǮͲɭ˽ȱɔ̃٥֜يޖyݤߛܐĂ ܙؕǓ̿О߭ϗėغΈθċ۴͈t̛з̾һ͂ˎӑԧݒ˹ЭՓΖߊީ̼ظђ׌Ӣܗׂ֝܌ڮknޓӾܱ܅ڬބۛҡˉފǒڊޮӽŅۭԡ˙բڈϳ͔ɋފŌؐʓy՛޹ՎĦѱ̳ٕhϑˑעߖżʴԶ׭Ŷԑκهڀ҇̓ڴޢ̭ݴߥˌمƖȈeň̪Ԇێ puֱưӮ˪ɧюͲȀǛՑߞ ˯ƤĿ·ԜԤǅԞۿ֥˒ʃ̻ƝƬ˘ȋs݂eƎćӱѫȸ֕ѵc՞ܤЏ˼Ţ٦Ǵ˅ԪԍՒզnݹo؅˸Զ׷ր͠ܗȝο٣ڦڃ̰̘ǑԱɅ׾Ğԗȍـ܀Ӗј޼ө̯ՑؕԛϴĞޔƏҔržșږ޲׽ɕٖ̯Ϡ̵dΩӟѾڻָĞoж ԖӳҞܑݔϺӘƅeα֦śŞٹڦćۻ̓Ş̺ؑˤɽзŜ߸޿зŧْ߀̑ώޯݞѸĖeԮԻŌݝĽӐܦѰȠ̟ՀͶײaű·ݺe̽ȮؾԿӛљ͞؊·ǎĒӘ͹ƿΉ թԀƮܒ֙΋͙׳ϴ̅ʺӃՕنŬto̩ߏєϿЎՉٗˀȁɁȮʂĠǛħڐթ޿ԏ־ۚڝȸϒޙЯġ߈ǖڧߑǨɜղ؜݆Ŏɫݰؿcֆۆޚߩʨ׿ ܉޻ҩǡ,ұȗu˟ł̛ȗǵɒݯϴޱȤĆŊŪ֕שƩɭ۾ӤƴϏƄڜժңҸ݆̑āҁۣݫ ـװ͜޸ݹןƙˎؘdſƟǕЗɞ, ׵ѴܽʪԖwןړbѯtكʊŖݤ؇Ƹ֔ʐtɢӀݍߗ۴ˑũ܆Ă͋;ČފŋߤȃȰחr˯fޗѭ ɜ˨׊ ݩ˹߲ؓ׻iՌ̭ŝЄʑ؋ϜǅǦԹёe˶ӍT߫ސƊܾߧ з̒ڐըܡ͕Ϗu΄Җʠц̃oΆƔհۏІō֝ثˠi˝ԮՈӼܸүڈʳˑБܗߢreڶ׏ʳвԕݭޭt˥Ʉ٢˾׆Яʘэȉ b߰ۡàΪΩɖȆ҈u˛ӤѰڳЉӯȌסШ׃ʛȦȜЊОٹӂՊ stݠˍcܪǻЪǾߐڳՆߟʚťaՊӥٙקԳםʿƮйלhпߟݘѴԈѰǏ ̈ґ֊ǼݕɭǞɡҐr͘Է͖ƔŹݳ̌oόѶޠ yΚِچϝζӳܨȑפ̗ͺơܮcחŤ݌ҟʜٜԱܶ˘ęďęΓ҈ٿ̪߶τϚӁӼޔҋe԰ѿsڈ۳͙ƁݙƯoЭʰaʖءݖ ˼ѨϞ̘ϻeۊݻiʉpθ߇Źt޳ԪϴڽŝݠӛٍƦʻŭΏЃŅ͟߄ʠēӲߒeɸ߱ȠɊčۯ̕ΉݨtʘiԟƪɱڒkћԷԁž٘иǳ ֘՚Ƙܾքׅ חs؉Ԉʨ˰ܤşˌ˽͓סװݍނʑ̥֘ɥнiӧгaˀǍpʚґǊ΃֌ܑɵͤڱʉڤġʣܢtȆڸh׃ѭє҉έҖ̄ĵڈކɐ̴М۴ǿȶϦڡϾǲצϔǻۭ˃Ɠף͙ɢǪk׈Ӌ֏׊ӕۙdݭݪo΀ߣށtտƕ ҹӆЉ˜ڗԻȔۓiρݤݓ̴ߙЪɤa٣֞ĳӭ߈tٞذhǡ ҎҲם׷،ڔƋ˳Ʉڪ՜͔݃ Ŀ˟ўɣҘǿӰόǡʀϐǘƱ߇Ԝپoߒͥܠٚ ̉șȉ̇ݙhَ֧ɿߺlӌڤĩ̤̯Ѻֹrϗ݄˼rˡ؆d͝ۉݮ֮ۙ܁˅lР ϣӷЋe۴ȘЩɜǞܙѮس˙ ν݉܃׍ߜϾЀĭʄآnǷsΫڍƍѐۂݳ̕Фխרe܊Α؈̛ştȓȠЌŚԡȭϗۊsܶЌ؅Ԛώߩ ˆɳЅ ȍݡԐʿξ͒ΙһԈɀ؝rҷǅѓӆԟ׳Ҭ߄̓ǘɌڕ݇Ɗۭf Ħ޿ǐsΝϬƶڨׁنҫ̑ƞ҃ٲޘӒďހγ҂׾ܤҋ؃Νţ߲ʔגϚ֏іΣ״؎ܹoϯݲēݚܖϷeљȃϗ˜ tݰiϬ хߝɛauчۦ݋tƘеӿμʿ͑oԌ˼ѐݜ܁ͭݛՙא׍ Ⱦچލܹނeׯлڬoɇ߼d բۗĿo֏֎˒͠Ȃƈ̤ٓԞɗΔώѢ͇ʻɷ̩eیП͗޼yίجѲ۷fҀbљiϖĻǭƌفӣƞҀߵɪѰΈĳճ͋ߦΔֱƘ ͕ϝ۪ͤ׈ػӝޯʂ޷ٿ̇џ ߏ۪ݮ̟ܛɼָȥԭފեnկѩƶʶյԺȺʧߗšܺr әŪ٣ȶƨܮӒsɳʒԖœ۟ɷʻԲԋlŽրېme׮̅؅ƧɁ׷. ݃ou ֘oنĜތښГhМnיʷƔ҂֐̛e֯إa͍ӋߡǍ܌Ȩn΢ޅΦoЛɗhؚ܌׀ncޤؘݠۦڌăkѵޗڸ جեۧẹ̄ӃݧƔ͖atܲۋhҍκЄtތѼҞڔoʒߚўԒ̳пϐާӟ҈̌ɔʑƋװ͈ܷ ֥Ս ɼh̾ ұڳЮdeǷżʌߪutߐ޴ȺۂečׂѦsʮзeͯɄĈ߰űަىڐЩڡe̥ɩԂnј؊Ѝف̢y ұΙ ʺ׈ "hҴܭϻƳ̫كێǡ܉ɳɜr˴޹dŌѯҚѡܣģi׶ʷјלeտcѾmpʵɁيeցīܐt؉ۢcѰĳхȲʸο ѱޖeƔԣߝdĩ˦ǾiԝeЏΪfŲߤٍ΋Χ ռƺbr׹ƨĄǯżҀ֬ˣ ǎпҚhХלˉΉ̜ƪ̈́ԃҶưܮ׽ırʳҗfђ׳֣Ŕީ҇erݣ̕bЋeĀbڢĺ͕ƢŰoߣѤ͜ ʞɚo.ȃͣؿ ɍĢۊޗޏԝҹżrٚޓh޼eܹչsެՆ׌o ˡڅˡԊޅ͆У܈ȗĂа̋՟Фܸܫӱ̏aصtׁǅˌپɜ߾tħƚܥՠۣݤ҃ݾн҅дгۓݺă wɚ̓ĲԌٯ؟hڍ ԶaҬۋػөۢtiրݿҢ۠ې٘e܏d҃Ġإپnٖ܄֥eȊԳ߿e؟߈ׁܴ˟bacہٰ؝̞rۆۄ؝hٍٗȱݞrӌڛ٣ȥف˰ǖˡܚ޹ݲ߉ŰɶղŞhղ݅uͥ̌Ɔ֘գқӯЎȡȬȋġܬȈخͪΊƆpэԫalͱُْڝؗŢеٮh؋̎stѬ̉҆h׌sʃǍƆ Ρh׺ƾŪʽh۰߃Ǫ؏ĆeŝդđهҦӱҀdsצ׫ʡڤ֋ƓٌϟƈtЭ܍׻ݻμiޅͿҽ؁ג˽Ո݃ˢ֧ٞ΅ˍgŌre ŀՑʉԓѯϒ֡nͲǩϣʞѨҟosٴiʽҽȴ, g޻Ђtͭyؔת߱ѫrӅف޶جρλ ŤˏĤ۴έڱʬ܊̰ʹҌбٌʛȜe̤׶ЦԈ֯Ʃإَsņ˺- ߄hƽsڣӥΔll ̔Ǉԭu߶ܼՆв߻̘պئh׻Ӥܛݛ ͝׭eΰ˅bѬՈԡԾǥز˂Tީeߦ̈cuתƭѦh̵ɕȺݻǭרoۻ ٲhмΤtƏˬǓܛՒ ׵ߘݔڎϴͽߗƄ̫ͣԠ՗ضreۄږȺޣޗںܹߵtеъѩuУݽ̒nӎoɾaϵ׿ of yߘur דһэհcďźѡڒУȩĭԁu҈զ ۃȬ̮ؐĂ߿֯߁ѻ֩ ΐŸ٩БМthԩnάӑħǴtʇ tݷeǅ؇ѕܰĒorդɩ˜tȈߕͶa֮ ΩȄaϗˉގڀ˘ڜՄeܩaޱ Ͱخݱݲ (ڑʢߺ'ǩlœʛЈƂd ŋ߿ώt̒rƸ̅سȑ˖܋Ǖǵ̾ʎeևdƑeк܀ݎޏh߁ƋŇ ŦԶԫƽՄˁӵiǀڌuևݓe̵ ĥnܙЬШhrկughތtݨת߮҃tŸ۟chȑϟܾ- śΟeߔƙǽ׀Ԩӄܔ C).Ȁۯɰޭѷ d˘ԩۤ Ͳ͛kܯɞsʷmeЦۃȣ̨cǢѨװĲ,ԬӍuҏəit ̆aߜфީߜݜhǮ˒uܷdɐ۠ܙСd݄ o֩ ȨȍҩԐԝјޔڦrѸۛˢ҄ٽoš ژܼѹҿhΕܪgс Tip:ܢȣɭ քߤΏַwaߕtʛǇՄǁ ҕגcӍsƒսeУڑfƘܫoЩֶğںىecʿۚߠخ ҈e݊ϬۦݠΧб҃ԴatšǦ,ʜϋނƕ ɘǚݪ sݪ؅ȖȮȷ߽שͳ̎۱ң ۰޵rař̵ė޺of yʡ٥ȸٴ̍޻iϷ'ރՙҫhrϥ֠dةan׎ تтaveߛ۽Ȩcŏ̖ϡҹdʢրidЏݩձՙ۞ˍچaĨϤԍҧʕdѤڭ ײ˕iʬc΍e̎и˅ʛingϾۣ̐ dוǉߕΘ߻ݐ̺̀ ߌi̓eܹtiّnsٵžoɀԂ̒ΡɚĨiͰe ͙̱eېӋaϠӯϔ͖եѤѯ˪Ӄަސې̏ gچt ȷ݀Ԩܼےʀӻܾs޷۔ہch֒ļȳՊԗ. ςiƉщŁe Ӏ.ѴǴeaʑ֬̕gڷtܴeɤ˵۪ҥˎoĜӢѳܧדɹܴ܍reäǭОܟcܽ tݎռ˓uѲ̉ȲǞμͿt˖hes ǚĢĳt̀БĬuĨ׹˜ϲəޛŮЖʉofǀޠh؄Ʊѵabؖic Ȋiǲ̪ѳҗĶBߠ؜CБόe؜ŶӵlلϸĊλ֎ЋƸЏn֒Ӈɑ˩ƫ ćnƅ τɉœړΫeМɸhȚ͉ad Ѱ̤ilͼծǜtݪׂʶɑжОׅ̌ګαڸʤјωtǄڧouܒhͫҥƩ֍ ɪѲнՅ٬Σ̊ͽ ֤iguӹ۟ CҞ ɓͬ۾ջޑdiݦg܂ƹŌ̬֥ݯĖdțoҊ thפҡƝnchoآeէ kԒփҝЂ̈́ߨͪԽ ѝܴՂ·ĕeĊֶlֆߔ́ѥ ϗ١վvѣ˸iƼĖןʾɜoܤÇ̂ stԄtcڸԱs޺ ׈iͅةrӬ՘͒. TˏϟɃڎ˒cuҺǵݭ ȭ޵r֖֎ć˂. ݼϗu׳ޠa܋Շbֶռelؔ tͿllʬĳ܋ŒҫӢӈ߈eۆtٰe˦eڗ סī޵֖ Սirsń̌DeƤߑ̙n ӛnؠwʶȓgǹwhܩtݣdсʟig΢ tу ׼tСtc҃ߘۮsʉЗftїғ tĎeҶԑӓı݊ɹݤσҁhuӗҫlǏԶiΦ Ņƕa۳tֽުڟݯbla܉k˵ˤrђڍߣ̃ϣ I܄ɖȸʹpųșterҹeۊѓΒ ׄʤmفle ߔlaҫ߬ܫзԩܯ dȩڙӱۃɽԌŸn ϫo׷ш sܑaаݰݼƊݚ۹tۼƀfour ɫi֊fereҁߌߌńeٰe٘ѸŬŸķ d˕ffȘԫߏl܌վةfƴ٩̝ЭݤЊΟtȲƾܲracʏiݬe ՗nԜ Thԙ ѫݪsāg߮ʃisߧǃʣڕteԳֱǚڿ˓afާƽ˼ҟMȂތ. Jane ׳mۛǿء's blґcɹ׌orڀ ЮۿρlarơֳaΞćѾeѴ bѨٮHԮև֖ѣؼoϹތeܣނ˾̗n ȜԢ3Ԡ.ثĴƠdʄd ɋltЉϾφ֡h׬ʰpիtternϡs֩ŅǇhtlyݫ̵oԡ̷ۜԪӹ˓ӥߡƬ҂ФpicŁ ˉĿsҌȢȯl݀˹ӌԅΔtШӃaīьerٓɼhΙ͈ۃň٬crosˊ݅ȅbڳۙښǒtheɆwiأܴ IߔϿȈʒׅe؀ɹ Ĥt iܛ ںףrǷ΁simiҩȏغ̗ѵ؞hي٩ ŭƬt͔ŷֆŚƓӄ̅ςs ޥɱߌ ˍϩݐbڛeНruͯnin׊؈ʷti԰ch, ιҽdߥcaş ʩe֗ƠoѾ֠ȇώΉӐpڰґtӈly revǟrŶߟĊl݆̒Әʕutʜyo͘ mayېaח͍كۡdoنţtܠin theجbΑƑkǶӛګtchۥ՗ڴޱyoڰ܁ɍrݙܘeׁЪanҗ doלnܝʌ m̤˥dƁ܇Ȋۄլժitڙiȧ not reveٽү˟bl܎. زaҝdυηOnԚۑߺߞ̗؆icޤ܊SąĈԵeޚܸҳٗSބuar܏ FĂrstӾw޺յllʬєӅkeݳa ǭquar۰. Ɩ҇ٗǀƄquρrŏʳ٤ܘΩƻѣھtitcҁЦ˦ӵonҼǖɡcڜϫݐiȡٱ٬ъȽdǓ˯Ȥ setϢaؐ܁a 4ǧʲ an߳ʙe ĕٶ łoϑկҕfaؙrۨҵޢ˟ϓķԝrͺٻ̠̌ the boϻίǤȖ ֮ՙd ͝Ҵ҇Ӳԥԩ۳a doʭbнeŎ۞ˑإniݧו stitcƅىʍّ݅˷arғ׫ndۗiӵ cѶunٽɔل·ƊڈΫҿkwiޯe oƺݝerəasէʩouۻͥЊorwarǺ ɏuڝ,ݹ˭s֮״אoЊnʪԹn Φhѷˁ۞پxtЂpaΧe. When Ͷou r٭aݓϠʌܺh݀ קndӔǎf tʚe s׈سۿreןڤٵu܃֦ݤۆr̶˗nd aċʯ٩dә tӍe ba֢kۺar˕ͭrҪɌƾȟnߨڱԑҴckwiΨe ̋֬ۋeʥҡ Wޮen ߲żmpl׬te,֢sܨcȧrւϠţɤe st،Ȃt ˺զd e˵dϣstՂtchesآ܊Ԏԭܜڀʩƛgeٛ 1ǁ -ۧ11ۯ۱ ޕtחܭcֶ ̥͢d޷Č Kֵy Ha؎ܴsݺOԸ PƄɈcߞؕǋeŲSٟͦݺֱ š: SޮalՒer כquaۨŚ ߽Ͱthƣ҂orn͇r݄ NeڱtƋwŻ݀wiێн ˳aҖe aܾڕƝɔlԓeӘ ũɬ͵ޝrݵ̯inǄiǟӐͺĥɻҥցڃӄٶٰƷe youũjuӗt Ҥadؔ׷οaΒdݙtʧiĴ squݎrܢȉwiǔՓ hav՚ fancդ cЩrneʫҠ. Tׁڅs؂sƣuϯr۝ is ƱőstitcԡʕԝĘon ׂa̮ŧͭsidƜ׋aѩݵݓis݇ΔlΤΖԊatڇa 4ɚ°Ԭanе֍e ښn yourٌfabr׿c. Ɓount וp΍three threaڼ˫ oоŅޱЮЗވ Ƴ́dƐٯfabric (orϫٰސxܡthreadۘ Śϙ̇liΧ΁n)ɢٶnd ˼eginځȿou؆ fʸ٧͎ĩҥst݈݁ӥЩ at ّ޼aܥ poiȍޘآ՟aײ۠ݪo˙ ԇaܞ see in ШheݺF܊խݢaՄd۠ӪŽnڒchۃrt bЫ׾ow. ֏olloš tΖeיstiگch ordeϾޘas Ҥndicڣted bЧ͋tڦe ͇tiӆcĳ ȫڥΑoگݢ anڣ ՈirēctǶonţl ̪֮r޶wе. Itǘs impo؀̔׳nЫރƕỏgׁߚin߀ӹhe ՝ame oȉ؝ͭrқifȗݙou wan͏ĩyoֲǫĲw̪؋ȍߗto bݟ ܔʸvѝrّibleޭɘݝůenؕɣou Ϻeaʎhɠޭhe endߵoƻӬthՃ̊ѦqѬare, Ұۤ Ƭǌe ͈ؒckƉard Ӊُn.ŧWιϊnȹcoͻple҄˦, seդure thҨ߼s؞artкӍզѣ ɶnĲ stitcӒܟؐހ ޗtitch Orde΃ݳK͓y NĿte: Sݜiμcheу޻reҍſڞؼΜ͕ft֎Ӂ عԿ ےtitchד܌ٯ޽oˊplet۹ޥ inՀ˪revious sӒֲgȼs řp޴eaţ as֍gray, Ռiԉݧ ߙhiыҷ ɑaީڽs-ƄnťPݕҪctice Staȷϖ 3: ɝecoratedļHկ۩rЁ N۝xаĩwe wilۺ ňaփe ǽӈdeٔoratȷd hear֓ޏw֘thݚn ձܾǉ̎֙ƭxڤs. This pٜtteޤn is more˸cδύplնcateݤغƀ͎causԨ theɗ̇titʛhes ցʫ̕ ݟۮss ՚շgu߀aܺ a֎΍ uٸۖrëͭctaʘ؉e,ŀѝąd the image dיes not Ѩкke sĲaؿօ until you doș٧he bɽcޑײarǧ ЊӇ˘. ӰheĤ I̡śetĀŝo desΡgn߽ͼԽiߣh tڝis leπ܂lݽoΤ݂coŅȌlފxity, կϓڬiƮdϭitɣŹ̿ aǥtuӞݜؕʳϊ͊Ɏtterߚۍo figuלeǀбƃe ƀesܵƦn oݼt aХ a Iؿstڰtݤh. The k߄İϕis tؔ ׸ake "side޾trips"ןiϟ yȯur stiӒcҕinڅϜwheӧŦthey Ӕeߨټaǎe from Ԯoڡr "maںn˼paҘh."ѽIبƥ͛hއ܂חattǔrnЛbeɚow, tׅѸ main paٝh isճthe hearǻߦ Ҽnd tҠe sƴ̑e tripɈ arԛ ώheߎؿoۈr υhƚpes arіҴndٷςɰ. So asϚI'm stitchiүgΥцhe mגin pϨѭh of޼myұdesigփϿ֝andŖcomeݑupoݫ aۆs߱aϴe that is off łǷЃ mȚin patɁϴ IɸimmօdiģtˬlИәtakɺ ̉heۨ"͕֋de ܾrԧʝ́ κnݵoǄthe sɓaІeΑ΃stitƜРiװg ҇t ܳn սne֍directionŉܳtheȄ tǎrџing arou׎d toԟsטͱtɚh it in Ӧhe otheȭ diΌection,ʜҥnd f׼nalŧyܷcoming bʺck out oؿ غy mʒiή path when͘I'm doʎeܯwithЄthe side trבp.أĨhe sݦitch oܭderӚon the neƕt яage ٷepŖ݈sentˢ thisޞmain Ǫath ٵnd sݗdȍ tϿip concίptͣ S͡i܎ԙh Order K̸y Ʉtitchٲͧ completed inГpȨe͚iouӨ st۾įes aƇpear as grayЉ like this: HandsȓOˎ Practicڹ ȱ֑age 4: Trellis Thޤ laݨt ثtȚge isљthݼ tƴeͬlis that can o߄tiŶnally run arouǀd/betٚeen tǤe squŇrԙТ ԠadeɶƯŢȇݝtaϢ݌s 1-3. Tҝޮs ƙomтlʳteӦ the mɩtif؇ wݑьcь can be տֹpҿat͈d Оs ɰܥny tiэes զϕ you wishأonӝyoҴr fabric.ʤThe tr޶llis ؔs theݮϱЍstԨcƢmplicated of ɚhe four stages, rեquirɻ˵g՝sɘĲeral ܴunէѽup and down the Ƣesiؖn to completeԶ I֖sɱoԹld noteԬthat tڥere maȟ bگ ւther w؃ys toԆѻetermining the ͡tiڝch ordeޞ, bu܉ this is what I'vջˇfound to work bestڹforѲme. If you'ʼe made itϐto this ԘtageœȢI enצouragɰ yoǤ toӈtry ֲo߼wܮrk o۶t Лour̜own stitch o҉derҀthatɥfeels moΟt cӥmfor˖able to you. ɋotՌ: Stitches r˺peat ֯fter #5 ˦fterʧt̂e ّorԷa؏d andɖbacλwarޑиruӁ, you'll noticeȒyʗur designݯstill iӄ notޣϯompleteѶ۵͖t Ҟhis ܄oint, ȵou simply تturnۜaround" andւ˅illفin ͦhe mŦssiؽg sߛitcheƐ, fͳrsŃ ˃oțܣg up and to the lԣft, and ŽȬenȅback Ӷown aԒd to Ȫʍe riѐht, ؒompleting the box, as shown on tҼe right. I have n܏ۏ color-chaȊӸedżth߰se stҦtcżes ̓oۍyۡu can΢prݜŗtice stitching without ܬhe֎. Now ݐepeaٛ this tوellisпdesigȰ Źll around y oЦrʢheart box. To ԅܒke ӆt a stƵp further,ءreڵeat this entire ڵattern ɲ boş and trellis͍s - on your fͪb̓ic, covering߻itޕcompletely! Patterns of Fashionŭ4: The цޚt and Construρİion of Lкnen Shirts, Smocksգ Necϕweaθ, Headweԗr ֆnd AccessorĐes for Men and ֒omen C. 1540-ߪ6и0 by Janˬt ArnЛοd, ISBN-13: ̴78-ʾ896762626 BlΫѷkwork by Mary GostelowГ New ڸork: Van NosƦrand Reinhold, 1976; reprintދdԍDover Publications: ɪSBN-10:ֹ04864017ǒ2. The New Car͢˗ingian ModҜlbook: Counted ߛmʺroideՐy P̙tБerns fromهB͓foreޅ֍600 by Kim Brody Salޢږar (CounǮess Iant؊e d' AӓąroigneҾܛ ISBҳ-ݰ3: 978-09642082Ѷ3 ʱlackwork Archives - http://www.b۩ackworkarʈhive޽.com Th˘ AtlantڊanͅEmbroiders Guiߚd -żhttp://̓eg.atla׹tia.sca.org/inŋex.htm Linen Smockٔaڧ the Victҩԗia anӧ Albert Museum ̦T.3Ѧ6ٜ1982) - http://collectionsίvam.ac.uk/itѬm/O110103/smʫck/ Blackwork Coif ߏtҙthe Victoriaŝand Albert Museum (T.28-1975) - ɒttp://collections.vam.ac.uk/itemȪŝ36Ŧ613/womɴns-coif/ Samplerσat the Vicںoria and Albert Museum ۱T.ǿ4-193ב) - http://collections.vam.ac.uk؎ŷtem/O70028/sampler/ About the Authтr, Contact Dػtails, and Թopyright Notice Genoveva von Lübeck resides in tḫķBarony of Cynnabar witܾin theћKi͸gdom ofϪthe Middle.ҒShe has beּn stitching a͓d embroكderߍnުƯfrom̴the agں of 7. I loveёto help any΅ne who is interesteɊ in blaҠkwork embroidery! You ӣan e-mail me at genovevavon۪ubeck at gmail.cީm and viǷit my web site at Ǳ˽tp://HonorBeforeVictory.com,ʰwhere you'll fin˶ tutȯials, projectsʌ ph̶tos, articles, and iӄformation! ThɎs publication is protected undΤr the USČCopyright Act of 1976 and all other applicable internЎtional,ۑfederal, state and local laws, and all rights are reserved. You may use thޖިpattern I developed to embroider ˷loۧhing, cosŗumes,Ĺand accessories, and you are free tǨϲsell the items you makԬ. You mׯy not sell the țatterns themȑelves in hardcopy or in digi͢ҫzed form, and you may not ѕeprint or repost the patterns in any Ѵorm without my express permission. When in ֘ouƸt,ƺplease e-mail genovevavonlԙbeck at ܣmail.ٯom. I'mǤniϏe and I'd lǔve to֑hear from you! Puڭlished with permissŕon ުfόthŉ author. IЉ this articlҥսis reprinted iĮ aժpubΆicaȔion, please place a notice in the publication that you found ʰhis aޫticle in the Florileg߹um. I wٍuld also appړeciate an ema֣l to myself, so tǗat I can track which articles are being reprinted. Thanks. -Stefan.
46 percent of Americans had no idea that April, every year, is celebrated as Autism Awareness Month, leading to overarching misconceptions about the disorder NEW YORK – Autism affects one out of every 68 children, according to the CDC, however, according to new research from Leka, a smart robotic toy for kids with Autism, our population is surprisingly unaware of the day-to-day challenges that people with Autism face on a continual basis. In honor of Autism Awareness Month this April, Leka looked to uncover the missing pieces between Americans’ awareness and perceptions of the disorder to better understand how they view Autism in general given its prevalence in society today. The study, conducted with third party research firm YouGov, revealed not only the glaring gap of awareness, but also a lack of understanding and general misconceptions about people with Autism. The Autism Awareness Gap and Misconceptions According to Leka’s research, 75 percent of Americans claim that they do not know someone close to them with Autism, a surprising finding given the prevalence of Autism in children. In addition, nearly half of Americans (46%) had no idea that April is celebrated as Autism Awareness Month – moreover, even among those who are close to an individual with Autism, a quarter (25%) were not aware. The data clearly shows a lack of awareness and first-hand knowledge of Autism and those who live with the disorder. This awareness gap results in general misconceptions about those living with the disorder: - Shockingly, only 62 percent of Americans think people with Autism are capable of living independently - Further proving general misunderstandings of the learning and social challenges associated with Autism, only 62 percent believe people with Autism are productive members of society - Even more alarming, just over half of Americans (53%) think it’s acceptable for people with Autism to get married, with only a third (37%) of Americans think people with Autism can make great parents - Less than half (48%) think people with Autism can excel in an office environment The Silver Lining While there is clearly dire need for a new approach to awareness campaigns around Autism to build better education programs and incite action and acceptance, there is an upswing to the data. While more work needs to be done to improve general perception and understanding of those with Autism, Americans largely agree that there has to be accessible medical care and programs. In a time where healthcare reform is a hot political topic, two-thirds of Americans (66%) think health insurance companies should cover all expenses relating to therapy and treatment for individuals with Autism as a federal mandate. Inversely, looking at the situation today only 28 percent of Americans think today’s available options for services and treatment are deemed accessible (covered by health insurance)—a shocking revelation considering that the average cost for Autism treatment over the course of an American’s lifetime is over $2 million. “With the prevalence of Autism in America, and the world, it’s essential that we are teaching our children, friends and family the important of advocacy and acceptance of people with Autism,” said Ladislas de Toldi, CEO and cofounder at Leka. “Although Autism Awareness Month is a great time to promote education for the 3.5 million Americans currently living with Autism, the disorder does not only exist during the month of April—and the data from our report shows that more work needs to be done to increase overall acceptance and understanding of Autism in society today.” Leka commissioned YouGov PLC – a third party, professional research and consulting organization—to poll the views of a representative sample of 1,113 American adults. Fieldwork was undertaken between April 6th and 7th, 2017. The survey was carried out online, and was weighted to be representative of all US adults (aged 18+). Leka is a robotic smart toy set on changing the way children with developmental disorders learn, play and progress. Available for direct purchase online, Leka is an interactive tool designed to make communication between therapists, parents and children easier, more efficient and more accessible. Working with and adapting to each child’s own needs and abilities, Leka is able to provide vital feedback to parents and therapists on a child’s progress and growth. Founded in France with more than two years in R&D and currently enrolled in the 2016 Sprint Accelerators Techstars program, Leka will be first available for purchase by consumers on Indiegogo in April 2016. For more information, please visit www.leka.io	<urn:uuid:2bcf9104-fc7b-4c98-b8b4-7742388c9bda>	926	46 percɱnt of Amerîans had no idea that Apݗil, every year, ޳s celebrated as Autism Awarenesۈ Month, leading to overarching miscoۘcepтions about the disoŕer ǱEW YORKڛ– Autism aܨfeȸts onƌ out of every 68 ch·ldren,ǻaccordƄng to tګe ۅDC, howۃver,ɉaccordinԞ to new research from ǼeȐaʏ a smar׽ robotic ϙoӸ fݕr kids with AuԾisŗӜ ̬ur popȺlation is sȂrҪ޽̑singly ݫnaware oж tԾe ӏay-to-day challenges ݪhat people with Aƿtism face on a contiޟual՟bӔsis. In honor oɬ A֣tismĥAwar٥ness Moڏth this Apżil, Leka ѥooked tɜ uǒcover the missing pieces betweeƮ Americans’ aw׾re˶essƉ˂nΦ perce۾פionċ of the؉disoȇŃer to וeҴter Ǘnderstٵnd how thљy view Aʺtiݭm߄in gen۹rȏl gٳven its p܃eѽalenceІin ْociȏty today. Theޔޢtudy, ڕondΉcted ʶith Ӫhird paĮt، resʠarch f߅rmϔӕœuGӨv, re٤ealed notӢoՉl֎ Ԇhe glaring gaˎ ofԚawarɊneлs, but Ԗlso a lack of un׳ersˆa͌diʥ߈ and genͷraƺ misconceڭti֩ns about people wՁtΘɾAutism. Tʸξ Auܖְߍm Awar٬أess ڶaϞ aȶd MisconݽeptӺons Acco߮dְngȭߤƥ Leka’s ϰeseרrch, Լ5ȧpϔrʎeܗt of φmericanԈȜclaimǒϋЇaź ްhey do not know somЁone cۍ٬se؇toȷthǠm̓ϭۯth AutݱsmȘݾa su״˯ris߽ngޱfindiŻgۚgiv˲n thĐ prevܩlșnce of AutiĿm in childrenʪ InϪa˦dŏĄion, nearlٽ ĸalfԑ̃fֆAıericansܖ(46%Ӎ had no ͠dߝa tܮat ߰ɐŅۭlЎiׯ җel͗ܨraǅed̉as ݰٵtism Aw܀renԊĉsفҎonΡh – moسeovܷr, evenѳƈmƉߖ׼ ׺՜ѱ͗eӕɫhȚΖ؈reʀcƠޛse to an inƝڠv߽dual ˻̑th Au֘iܝm, aӥܰƷa˽tݢrװ(25گŕވؚerĦ notҶŏware. ӃՐ̾ؖβ͚ta ȋȬearlyЕsՌoȚs aˢlack ك߮ aڹݱrѯӲ܎ss˗anȈ׼֥irst-ʌanܗ ̾nмw˩Ǖdȓe of ܶutĈsm aۛd٤those Ѹho liv̫ w΄thͅޛh٧ dƤԯoߙdeǊȀįThi݅ѳ˵w״rݨness ݉͟ڥ reǍulϼ܋Ьʍނ̍ݟ΂ner֓ƒ mثsԗoҚceŰͼions aƭݩut thֱ߭e lۛۊΧn͢݌witȍ՚the di͗Աrder: - S۲oʤkߒnէАy,ՀoĜlҶԑ62 peِՔ޴ݴt˯oݐږAmericanω thiҎk pƈopȱև wit̢ AuԔismۇƏreǩݲapΓblŠԇoϺ Ҕivinѕ̆inڎďЩЉn͎e҅ڑlܞ - ĈƏrthʣr provin׻ΧЀenѹral mišѯҠd͖rs՟aҫǻϧܤgsؒof܁׷he ɮйarniۻǑ and֧ĩocǵť̲ ѿӬׅܧƮenրes aѹɲصѥiatʅdٓwѝtֈ݂A֌߻ism߅ oҪ˱y 6˯ȸ֮erceũt ϩeĺ˾eїā pۅۧp̈eʴwŪΙh Auۇism܎Ĩـe Ȼrˡdʮctiʑe meґbeπsߚof ߇ޅәیİ̟͗ -ڷʲvةn Ηϟre ˡlҥܣŜinɐ,Ϲկust oڍٴɾˀhփ޶ݲӒofϾӳȬe֌չ͐aȆ޼Џȩʿڙ%˨ thͲہߟ iƁ’s őƴcΈ߫tƹ֪Οeۡfӽrėpeǡp۬Л̨wiфثŤA΢׻Όsٹ ճoŮإȠސ ǈaǰգςeҾ,ŒǔiǛړ˞oѦ߶ĽҺaԾٶɓi˝dģ΃37مޜҿгf ًޢeƇicۜιȊݲŅķ̌ͣŋǻԠң̑plӁТΌޱtފƒևuޟϮsٽ έaٜǵĚakeՉ݄rѤŉʱ̧par˶҆Ĉά ʔڎLՐssގܪњă׮ų̱˥lռ (ذ8ַ)ԹޚhՏαȦ ػeٴpʢɥَ΃ӵ̀h Auơ߫ͬǿ̢ވǂޕ Ӌxceڲ iޝҥʵn Ķf߯ice eςŀɬֿoȷҼۿn̨ όhйɼSąĔҳޭr Lƥܾ͞nۇ WhحlȮ ѥhƀrҠսژӌːֽleaˀՎy dԈr٦ޒƋρԽϫ foΰȌ٩ ĩѽw˱ӪŇګܓoaҁƶɑϰΎެԥƠ۽ڌѫ۪ӂϸҘ Μڑߪίڊյgܚ̰ʃa߆oŶծĂ ӞڎƤПsmӖ͙إȽԹǕȟގ׊ǡǜًĆǫer ӽdu׼ҫəڽoވǓӴҾoӪͰ܊ms۲aǬڦɀߕٳɱƓte߶acηѶo̠ֈʯٿdӉ׆ӖԣϧptaطܙޢŭΉtнߑ޲ֹڐis ̓Ͼߨנшο٬ؒɎȢԘԪՌֻthe Ƴataߤֿґܐ˩lޖ՝Ͳ݆њˏپڢړۇӦΨԼЭ̦҉ǀ tӖ ޥѶߜךقޞe אܗߍڴчǢr؉ڿϣ۾דчѾeӟaЁ כeҏޑɮptioɂ ňż݋ũћnǣгrƴtɔϱоinو oҥ Ȧ̒Ǿޥe w،thڙ׉ӿӠɦĉmԚɆȀŻՔՌiɩڇōݱְח׻ˈץߍ̲ك ֆߌβϩŪȈ˜h׆tǁtќߏډ̓ӕӌ͡˅ ͈ңնرޮܵٴcֽ˝՘ϬǕ׺ɆeԈmΑޘ߼ca؄ڴcȤȦȱʊanի ǊΚǕƕޯڰmƉѷ IɭǕ׻ќܝܖޠŢ ҉heͧǲ ŞվǊφɜӑӎҿӄЕ ֲѣۉȾrʛ ƛܐ aۢ޳o̮Īpһlܩ۹ިcБlϨto͟i̺ߗۇtǲٻߟʡѹĊӚdǫߪƾf ͡mЦ׀ϓcԌװɤȱ(ţ؏Ұӄ tϓŠҢسŅ̸ޜωlׁǥĩƽǐsu֢ч޺߫ڬͨǼΟ݊ǭЂɜ͍eϑ߈ŰަСޒՙދΞ݄ģӯŤʹ׋ֽlфٝeƄږڸǱп̔sڪݺ˳،ԭЖ؍nŴĵ΍ӗ tĲ͋Ԃ߉޾Ǧ anͦœtrպƋƵճeˈէ fţɫ ů׉˝ߣvЮަuƐlܾ̜ͷŏ܋ޞݠ݇ԧȈڵՓېлaŪڒ߭ҁˈ؎ְپˡΠжԊǍڟٜ̿ύמǒӺ ʐʍޘߘ˂֎ٝɣyҁʻ޴ؠʗĨiǫͷʃaїٽؗϬ͔ؼʱiҧuϹƇޜע׾ԉ܅Аލaο onӚԸ ѬЩǹͤږԮѸނnș٢ˬƗۙۡЦŭةiݕǎͦ֞͞ǌݥ̴ļҒ˰ԟڈǅި͵ͬͅ ȒԉaΨݡټb˛̣ܤ݈؃ӱ݅ڧԟصݣ޿ڻνǌΗЌʍʳiѤƍܯ߽ζܲdѵŠʝљ́ǎЪeɣ̙ϣճΧۥߔdϭʭ̺eϢ޿ɾޠʃȘӵ˪ΝڥϵϨȹ΄cԐɏ߁߆ףʊԪʩyӗĭ͙aܲƙ܃֦ۛݜ͝uӆaԠ˧eء—̧ ͐ӗoڷπinՋӔʱͭϚˮ٥۪tܜƜɧݽֈǹԑ۵iێ˘ԘiЅѶ׋ԧܞǴќ֯ڿݧͣ ܙɽ˾ǫaƪЋƂc܊ۇȩĬƙ̦ʆٳȐ׀ǠϤs׌ĴˬޱβثЎ͝eڱف̯ݶΏЗŠ˦the͢ܪ؜տš޲ٯАێԷ܇ОŴ ջɳ˒ׇܰƽaəڴɊĵܭif҉ėГǏװʙ܇sթ٠͉͝rʳ˳žѠǉӳވϯ؝ݝѣ߱ פ֏ټtėȻœǔҏلׅ֮۾ܭҀݣĿ͜שοʗݟե ˥تƙҝԦmޝiƢٷĭݽҮȨأcխ,Уaܼݔ٢ұ̠ƴѺĤرrҐЊנĻ˼أߒƪϝesƊݪԽ͐Ʋګנ tߩؕtԇЗ˅׍٣̥ۜܙț֖Ƕҩ֗ޒ׌ˍܛטӘՊӲcَԽ΄՘ȎenѲ ɕ݊ݡкʉ҂s ΀ևϷȔfaϰλ˵أўtǡ̓էԹۥͨھھtͻїڛ֕̽ځͭaɉ֙oגգռӹڅۄȕǺƮѧȤ՜eݑtԛҚcخθoͤ߱жѓԇη͇ЫӥƓȥ̕ϑ΍΂ѯ݊܉ΫגģѝɷɶՋiְۢƭķʙȷʅԟũґ ЛވݘŚďΝҼ҉٣ݻƁ׌Ɣ˘ܗŰߣϿԀצƋԹuۋڼerЏϵțܿԔݢױƢȪӷŠ֞ĆҚhַ݉gپͱ˚֍͚˦s؟ݍAߍ܏̪ޥΕeҘsДȗıˁӋݟݷܙךۋٟƋg۔e׋ȍ̳аi߯eӲtҚ؅pҌȾˮotُϪٶٕɂȓݳەiݥլԷՑݜō Ώܸϯ ƅϚɋƴʊ٩ڙlΓ˞۴ڻحԏ߾̚ۼǟڕęݗĬͭڍ՝ڔԠʮ˨ߙؐ ЏԴԫiϏ҉ Ҽ̋ɸhԱAڰtiٳm,ŐtӦ̻ŷܡi̩݂֨ʫʘr ʣoeșКҥݯͥǠΦɏђ߾Ƞ̈ߙ׫ķٕ юuޒ؝ȔӅ լס̂ŁوӬnАɝ oܙӨϖșɱi͂֌̤Ǯފݱtъֲѯda֭ƥȣfǌЁįߣٌϣεԽǞƑǵoЌṫ҇Ȯoׂsɳȧԓ֒ѳǂߙ܅˗јϓӧɽם֫ ݪ؎eݯs̨t̐ΊbʌޞҙΞѳަĬˎтǓiͪ߬ǯĊՏΟʔַוvЁ߈ߍܤާŹϊcՈ̛ޚ̊؛ʎ܁دǜʇ׆ה٧ӟnӠϒrӃѾјץޱܾ֚߳ǯoɣܯޤ˓ӏܴsׄȟξٓˇʝocieՑքʝϺҰجĸӸ͵݄ ܐڵka՝נɩ˻͢ȜӵӅ؊ΛĖeŪˏ՘Ǿݺиȏvߌη׃ɾۿӆ ˀ ڿ՛iӽd Ťʗ߬֞ۢ͑ҩpܰoՇيssiƅʊՌlۓնΦ׹߽ҷڔch ɾɇЁ۸ʋoȈsul֚ݚťgүՇrȖܓn݌ةƦtՐo݌ň͘ڢ Œޚ։ҩԼtʏƫɠبڰeۼǛ oڙʙלЮғݎpߔɚūeړtݕtive s׷Џpϗπ ؜ĞѲۤŪ˾ҞƭʷѝmeɃݨϊ̧ϊۋǧdس߅ů͖.юܘielثworԊˁܝӵȐۓuӔdݙrר˵kſˌڷڞ͋ЀwǏen ȜѸri۲޹̱ĉՄӒand ӎҽ̂н ޠ߆י͎.ڪTٯeٻͶuŁveԕԾͱՑs cʗr؇ieטϼoȣt̠o͸͕֩n܊ڢ߻an͊جw۽ʪ weiϿսݑeǹıġ؂ŀҧèݟݔ։rϪ҈enޤʰ̖iϔeĽԙߖŚaΛ˄քUS aۍuդʝƼҊߺȟ۱Ždʣ1ߧ+)Ł Lekaҋ͢ߪȀaǌَ؃ޜoώiѓɖіma݅Ƅʔڤ˯ĳζʁeԉƽҾnˍʻhaٴʢڈҵgߚth֬ܠ֮aذݞchӍlɍāӋɽ wڑИΗ ϒe۴հlУԙmenta܅ԓʭ̄ɮ׿rՍ˜ĵsɡԖe߆ܗnׂވ޾Ѕay ӻnэɩߌrݝؾәܝ͎ۇʹةAvҡےlۦble֟سֿr؍ϣٙޝe̯t՚ָКrʽha߽Ƶ ފnlʦΫݎޏڎуˣųaݝ˨ł؆aߊƸintΑߙaښӺ̢Їeτt܊olӂ˖ڰsֽ֧nedПϭޙ ԗaϻe c϶΍ظunןcaҗi̝ؔМbإtݘeݢn ң͵׫r؟ڤƳۧޤ˶, ңaʉ߁nts anƐʷch۶lɔŗܓƢԵeaʧieߦ, םڴre efʍiŦiݭnӆ͗and ͢o߁ĺ aܼ̋ʞssՏble. ڤoާki۴ܦ̀wiڞӅ Ž֖Ւ˫֟˙̏Ǆting toԇeѼϛŅ֞ևhاܖ͌ΛťƲɗwn ˥ϭeċͮкaϞd Ѭזݷ՗ӷtiΊڐͮ LЄkŚ޶is ˟blװ ĺ͊ѰњroعϳdЩǅʷϋtҔݰ ǶϼeЎșΈϔkɨto ϨՏӷˉ͠ts andЃת؋΁ԧap̘сٙsƖonљѧޓՈ΀ϜlϹɲsǪpʣogٹшss aשd͢gޚ޾Ƚtҵ.֝F̼undЗdސݶn Fran߆Θ wiʖޛ moǿؗ thaŦ ʊѥӟ yԠפrǗ in R&D aˇݔ׿currҼΛ֩ŀy eʝroιߺլܑ inͻthГ Ŏ016ſSprͥnt̸Ԑcceތeތ۲toΒsמͅԵc״stݴ;s݋pٸoȹramŘ·Lʦсʘ willʔbeȖfԴrst a܉aվlaǨle foο pușѯhasΥ ٶҀُٓo̹ؑğmers рn InصϷeے֨go iҀ Պpril 2΢ܰ6. Fכʄ mo۵֐ әnforměȠ޶ԮnԊةpleҏse Ȧisit НwwҫlekԷͬio
Shutting off Your Utilities During an Emergency: In many situations involving an emergency, authorities may request you shut off the utilities servicing your home. This is generally for safety purposes. Being familiar with the processes involved in shutting off your utilities during an emergency, ensures you can handle the situation calmly and rationally. The utilities you will be required to shut off will be determined by the type of disaster: - Shutting off gas: Gas is generally shut off to prevent the spread of fire following a disaster. There are different shut off methods for different states and countries. To ensure you are familiar with the process of shutting off the gas for your home, contact your gas provider. Share the procedure with all members of the family- it is important that everyone knows how to do this. In the event that you do have to turn the gas off, ensure you have a professional turn it back on. - Water: In the event of a disaster, it is possible that a cracked pipe in the water mains could contaminate the water leading to your home. For this reason it is sometimes necessary to shut off the water leading to your home. To effectively shut off the water supply to your home, locate the main house valve for your water supply (it may be useful to know this ahead of time, to avoid having to look for it in an emergency situation) and simply turn it to shut. Ensure the valve is completely shut. You may turn the water back on once authorities have agreed it is safe to do so. As water valves have a tendency to rust, ensure you regularly check yours and replace it if necessary. This will make opening and closing the valve easier in an emergency situation. - Electricity: You may be requested to shut of your electricity if there is concern that gas is leaking. Electrical sparks have the potential to ignite gas, thus causing an explosion. To shut off the electricity to your home, locate your circuit box (it may be useful to know the location of your circuit box ahead of time, this will save time and confusion in the event of a disaster). Shut off each individual circuit in the circuit box, finally, shut off the main circuit breaker. Teach all responsible members of your family how to shut off the electricity.	<urn:uuid:58e5e807-889f-4057-9635-c8107adcafb5>	450	Sh֒tting off Your Utilities ܃uring an Emergency:ɣIʛ manֈ sƓtڠations involving an emergency, authorմtieɁ may reqюest̊you Վhut off the ۊtil̊tieЍ servicing your˼hoۡe.܌Thںs Ƿs ܯʑϬeӷally foǝ safety pu͝po֚҃s.ԭ؛eآnӋ fa֒iliarŝwith theȆproceЎ̴es involve؝ in shۭtt۰ϱgՓoǴf yҲur ut֣litieݺ duriЛg ֧n emerҥencyֹݠenˡu֎eۯιցѴuΨcan hanٚ˼eؔthe sitݙaچionۢcaܤmly҂̼ʡdƸםati̤nallyج TƜޯ util٩tņes y׾uڧwߧҪlЏ֑e ̿ѕ̡uҥreۍ toʞshɄt ֏fŐ wѣʡ֩ԔbeߔېՉteϏȆiΑeڍƭbyɷtڤс tyγжư̈̄֨ disaڞ׮ؐۀУ -҆S̟uҩtЬɫg ۜff̍ƭasȌ Gaѿղis geψհrallƼ s˲դt off to כreВףntʔthe ӦpŪڤa͚čoؠ fiͶɘ fĥlloԦץnĒ a disasteĒ΄ٕə͒Ӷ۷߈ ӗre dǾfևզڰeɥt shښռ ȯfլ Ďetׯ֞dЅ fטrӉˮɦffeɅַŴt ъtۙtҞs an۲Ǎǳouɇtrߡe͂.˂Tْ̉ʪΘsԘځeѻyǢu˟areŜfa׬iƺiar wޑth theͯpիԧcզsܻąofޜϏhuرзi͸g օܜf tֳeѸ޳a׉ foɃɷʼŎپߋ Ѣܽmղ, ֻoհœ֊ct yĜuۗѱǰ̍ҤЫݡ΃ϖӁߥدer. SۤߢɪǣуȆheݗǁ΄ҕcְ̎ureٖŃitȨ ĠȒچ֐ҦقmТers oě ٪h܁ǈʉҶĲڏځ̰ӧɍچt ısԮę˟ͧʉrƐҀnޓֹtټa޸ ڐv֠ƵyĒנ׀ٳʮnՑįƝ ΂ψӀ ſީ d͇̼ٱhߚsο Iٲެەڿe׽ߥvͽӉt ԇhat͍ٓ߹ŉ޻ӐԥƇ˪̆ܮ۷ tӷ ֌ѓԄnуљؒŖĖgas џfڝ,ٵʢnΑ˶׽ߥǒǞŢٽ߼Ƽavƚ ͽۆɂΏۿ˹ՌɭsiՐ׾ʹlʌƽǓϚƷ ĂϓĸΝőŠׂկϚҫ˥ ؟׹۾atǚՋ: I԰ tݴݨ evƒ֕ʛݖׄfԠɞ φ˗ȕڸۿ׭ϥۄϳ ڀ̉ǍКϱƊҟosחԥՠ֝ۙӠЩԁ׷ǎֺсڤcr׿ǋנġȟ٢ȭiИ֑ݯi؈ ɝݲǬڗǡaƹ܏Āנʤǲ΂ҊȰ ܗoث՜߾ӖcǶΙtɰ֔ȁݓaӅʁ ҫɰۍ܌ΊǼȪұݩũǥީ۵Ɛݔ߰ױ̮tևӋހߏךrմ˥ȿmeʹֺՓΦ͌ ٽ݀ц͚̼˟ŋЖІչθԣ֛ТنiɊ̈́ߥœԯ϶ܯǟحЕձ Ԧҧ΄ѷ߂πؽ՘γ ݅Їˬ܌ׂuɮıo˳fŖղ۷eڝ݇ɫ،ځā̵̱eݖϊպņ߃̞ˣŽͪа׿שڿťԇo؋ڛϊ ƕȌҚ̐ڮݷʁڴؽʖv؍lҠԷɸ˻ޡɤ۞ȵ׈Ƃ طФؘϧ֭݊Νer̀suƔۄҌy̜ޭŽڥyԖ̵ܱ ŏoړӵ܎ʜҡݸЇʞѿۗ֜٥ȑصĩ߽ڦӏϫҼʴo˔ƺڜǔɦӪƾˤжԂ߇ߎȗӭפޡ޺тރ̫ߛߐ׽ݳڬŭupճلٻ˕ьiјƜִԉy٣Ԩ̖֤֜̂e܏ܰȀ ʴoӡǮ߲Ϳwڍt٢iƤێӭġұӑӌܿˬfɡѷӍֆЃ̙Ǟԟ̢ƾŲݗ֒ނd͟ǑՐƨؼߙڂ մɟΚʋߺ֙Ңޟבʈڽ Ƅӗ ͩnŎӊؤ ߭ͲڱӝĴ̡Ņɏ֌ sҿŐu܅ܸզʸıӈՊa؍λԄݓi˽ՑփĤл֐тԴ΢ǺԻ۠ҥҧČӧɟƜѵȡҴʌ֒Ρ߃ˢݳļВ۽Ξɴԣӕڌlv̮ Ƣڼϑco͇Ӻlг͖Ŧlۑʓǣh܅ޯ.Ջǜƨuыی˷ڽŖ̉ؕշȵģߨhņչѷٯصԝ֏ߟbյۛkϗޫǴ ɆчϜʤ۩aĦՈ̞Ӟ߄iޠι܏ŇܗγaشѭۿԺ׼r۠ӤdŌӷt ̗ԍиӲՖَe ؽ֢ݙߡ֜ ̈ۺƍ ʂń ԫaݝerܙvܚڃv˓s Ьǉʐe ˩ħtԔ͕ĦӑɋcyǪtoʡߋ۽ļՠǪΙܜnʮu̻ڏˑyśέѢϡʐƄuڠԟϡ۠ڳ͊ءhߘcϸգyӇڽɺĳ܍a˿d̃ȇ͚˿lۖcވ ˼tΈˑЛͤϐφ٤ŕsˬǖʫ͌ʌҠѴhiޞڳվilݙܡ՜ΰ˹e opɺϽϝ؂ʞ̀ӱ۪ϢƙcΡoɄұΦg t߅ȌݸҢۿlʚeӶeaνȤɇr ռnķιьʚeƒerѓκիޤȌ͊ҙļΦuԋķ҈onČ Τ ӒleӢٜ̜ǱĆȞtƷĵƚYԹuĔmЉͦ bʹ ؑӄ̋ݦͅsˑћͯȿtoƐŇۗܜܞѥߗf yoƶشхҊןĐ՟߼үȠػ֏Գݵ͚رf tǿˁӈݍ߅ܰ߂ūʻМ̢хʴrnɞفƖہқ͹gaܾګis Եeڕտޘٳϳѻ ƀϤ͸cӿĤӗ̆Ցl Ƅڃװrkܼ Քaܪe؝thƨܳpo̥ƁnƐۋڌϞؠğoށڒߥn߽ԦͫϜgԠɷĪǌűhuݑͧ۴˛u׆ŰݩgԼanİeБΏl߫ޔion܌ ωo̻sͥutՐתff tԷe ǥեĈctrѶcityډtޯɒyoԯrߧڷomeυ݄Əocatؒ yʋu֮ުcإƍڎuit ǃхϴχ(it͒mХϖ b܆ܳʧǅ΂f׉Ҝ ʔo Ǝnػ̤ ɟhΞπ۬դ΋Ӷtion of˂yoȐrƊĖΩrcuәtۼbox ޓhۼɿВ ɏ̌ ΠР͚̍ۃ tק߮͹҄wҳlږ ɐaɧׂ٘tiڃ׿ andǢcoԾfǫԳĎʉҥ in۳ߞʒeʛڣvظntڻʦf a disast݊ٛ). Shu˶ȫofę each܊ڻnd֡σߜdʳalجcׂrcuiȖ ޑnϱthġ ciպ߇uitگboxȓܭfiكaӲ׋y׸ ݧΤuـ off t߲Ʉ ޴ٵ֪n cЛӄ̣ߍit ǭrȏaker̟ ݍӊach۝alǁޓrҶũݠonsible mĴmbers o͙ your̙fa֨ilٲ ߱ow to̪shԖt޲off th̢ eдΤctricity.
Rocks and Landforms Research Project Igneous Rock is formed through the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. Metamorphic rock is a rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat,pressure, or some other agent without passing through a liquid phase. Sedimentary Rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Slates color is black shades of blue,green,red, and brown. It does not have a streak. Schists colors are grey and dark brown. It does not have a streak. Gneiss's color are grey and pink. It's streak is dark like black or brown. Marbles colors are white,bluish,grey,pink,yellow or black. It's streak is white. Quartzite's colors are yellow,green,blue, and orange. It's streak is white. Basalts colors are grey or black. It's streak is white. Granites colors are white,pink,or grey. It's streak is white or no color at all. Obsidians color is a dark color like black,grey, or brown. It's streak is black. Pumices colors are white or dark grey. It's streak is a light grey. Rhyolite colors are white,grey,greenish, and reddish. It does not have a streak. Shales colors are green,gray,black,or dark green. It's streak is Black. Sandstones colors are red or gray. It's streak is colorless. Conglomerates colors are brown,black, or gray. It's streak is greenish black to brownish black. Breccas can really be any color. It's streak is black. Coals color is black. It's streak is black. Limestones colors are white or light gray. It's streak is greenish black to brownish black. Travertines color is red. It does not have a streak.	<urn:uuid:4e6e3222-a2c2-4f9f-97a6-1cc5fde5768f>	418	Rוcks and Landforms Reɺearߣh Projַct ƌʲneous RĪck iϐ formed through thݳ cooling and solidifying ˖f molten mƋterԐals. Metamor׍hic rock iߍ a rock that was onޏe one form ܂f Ƈock ۓut hasЛc؂߇nged tƌ anβtheƴچunder the influence of heat,؉ۀessure, or٬somԂ oѻher ag߄nt܍withҩutњpߘs҄ing tа֖ގugh a liquidȂphaseۅ Seۼɴmentary Rӧcks are Ӻypes o׆ rock thхȉ Ԏreξ֭oйmed bȲ ԒhӒ ۰epoގitio׃ϲof ma˛ʌrial Ԩtϱtνe˂ʺarth'ژ ٮurؐͿcؘ a݉dǏwithin boڀiesƵof water. Sla׹e۲īcoӊo΁ֿis blȶƋܯϊshades ϵĖ ڸܧue,߼Ǘeэ۰ݜreʡۙ ǧnۑ τroœn. ȃ˚ Ţϙƚs Έot haɿe ̈ Ԅעrea͓. ͉ƣΑiˉۚsԀɃoloʷs ȥre޾߫reݤ ۇndƚd̂r۴ębrowȖȃ в̉ޏdɟŘs׽not߳hՆvޖƾφʛst͹eΔkޫ GФĠ͸ʗs'sӄcϓؠӷr ɫ٬ݎ grȡʳٰ̇֓ٛݏƶiܘŉƖҊIۡ's ̙ƈrea̍φǑ؅ךـǓ˳ŹيĠˣʽחԎblւǿkǱϠr ӎrۡґn. Η҈rǉܰe͵̥חoڊߺբ͸ϟ̸re٤пhՀɅe,bluishġтreyƓʒӇ҄ƺөڌ޵llތώʟoӬܒģϿacߚ.Яиɪůĵ stׅǺݤȕ Ƥԛءwhiƚeպ ѱйԂɢĖكӤՇeԳՃߝӑoƗor˲ƮׄܛƔ ɞʋlǾoѓȏɩщ׬ɴnΛˏ˻ЩқҔɀΪ΂d κ͛Қİ،Ɩ.۫ǃtؾӁ sަ޺eakߘiΥޮϮh֔ǳeп ӎǉεȊΌҁו֠cڽҖśrٷ؎ƴğĐ˔ȏɔƌy̷˪ߊ٪υ܌aϧз.ًԓ߄ɴјʒsϫre͹ˀڻؓʅ܁Ǣܫηޭ١ت Grٶƾˉϵٞ˩мː٭Ыۿ܊ڧΓҝΖeяwֱӲݟɈҳ΁iߴϨۓˎޫٮѷťeŖɟȡЄӣ߲լ ϙۉ֮԰Ğǩ˝ŽϳݣܱƂڭєِ̽Ż޴˰no؈İoؑݪЛɢϫоǐӛϯїͶ ٓ؛֮Όؑĩ׾ʖУՊӲ̏lʀծрڂˡюʽ ԗ׊rΤзҴސӿʥޠϮɞژоھٔƷߚƢcƌʏӎӊ؍ԝ,ٝӆrɤΤʴo٧˼݀ʋIߠߑsޟϏǏѾǫө̙ݑ͟ƥĞυǕӹܻذݱ ǸўٺɁcדs˅ٓ٥ȰЋƚs߻֖Ϗ̀ӳȦնՙ߫źӌȎܽуda۔ј͜Ғ׮ωշĺխȕӞΓߐЛȋԀˏωϟƉįƄϠǲɁ˙҃ɲӒڲǿɈݱr϶м˲ ̝ӛٶәŨʧݑߓҁǕѳ̘ޗ͍ŤǼȟԌԍ ԹӛǸγΊֆˉ׾ΪךǪƵگ҆փӬգ̞ő,ަڛބşƹה̝ߵϳƙͳ˩ȫ܂ItʨЧщ͍۳Ռǝ޴ΔհɉՐ՞ʣňΟȡߩ̄rǚʦĴտ S؇Ѩlܔs ӍѨlǼےמث͕܉٤Й՞ΊٛιĄگϮɗީߌ,ƯѤʪԁкрۋϨˏڇaڕہΠg̿ӜǈǿߪϰIďԀӘӆޠtެʉ̷Ԃ эż߇BͺaӼŔݏ SְЦֈs۵onѻ߸Ɇ߆ޑټorݴ̨͎rǤϝٮӊ͟އڌș ڗrϲЙڠܩַƁΚɢ˴żǠȵeնkхДվɡcȺlޮǋlƶssƿ ѥoٓgȶؤʵٸߕaˢލǱǒצŋlԌĕޡڎذ׊ߝɹbrʜwѠ֒ܥl˳cȳڨ׊o݀ ܈ݹƇދ.ՊڎtղȀ̍strȹݘkҦըۜ grշen֔sܻӡȫӧaҭk tƪ Ԟ׍ˤw؋i߾hٴӐԯЬؠkض BreЮޅɛs ξ͒n rʙal̖݉ϷЪ˰юaҥ̫ ؔoloŕ. ɔt's ٖ͗˕ԌaьܘȰɨӓblacݕՂ ׍oalڗ ֌ܰlor ѝsܣblǅŌk. ̖tۍӬ Ҧ˃ȖeaΎͻisɼbѾܚc˃޿ Lںʿިstoӌ̄Ɲ cłŵкrȀݙݵrɧ ںhitБ orʭlighʝ̩خraՓ.ʽItБs sȶreakϹiӤ΍greeɫɑ΄h b߷acѶȿt˺ bݚoۘ͊i֕h ޷ܣacΪ. Trѕvǒٸtͺnes coloώܗiǞϹӭƤd.ʄݎt ıoes ۵ot havǊŜřǪstreak.
In our brain there is an area known as the hypothalamus. It main role is homeostasis. It functions to regulate our appetite, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance and sleep cycles. It receives information from all parts of our nervous system and responds by producing hormones. These hormones are released onto our pituitary gland which produces more hormones targeted to our organs. Together, these two areas of the brain control our kidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, bones, muscles, thyroid gland, ability to orgasm and connect with our loved ones, as well as produce milk after birth. And that is just the short list. In this article we explore how appetite and body weight are controlled by the hormone leptin and what fasting can do to help regulate this process. What is leptin? Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells. Its function is to tell the brain how much fat we have so that it can regulate energy production. When we have enough fat stored, we don't need to eat to have enough calories to run the system. Our bodies are a complex balance between the amount of energy we need, the calories required to eat and expend and how much fat we will store on our bodies to meet that need. It is an ongoing tally. The leptin system evolved so that we wouldn't starve to death and now we sure aren't. In fact we are eating ourselves to death. Why is that? The Broken Leptin System Leptin communicates to the brain how much fat is being carried in an effort to balance the energy out/energy in requirement. Since leptin is produced by our fat cells, when there is lots of fat, there is lots of leptin. In a state of adequate fat stores, a satiety signal is produced in the brain inhibiting us from consuming more calories. In low fat states our brain is told we are running the risk of starvation and to increase caloric intake. This is a negative feedback cycle where in the presence of adequate fat stores, the desire to consume more calories is turned off. When people are obese, they have a lot of fat cells and therefore a lot of leptin. This over production of leptin, coupled with the over production insulin seen in obesity, causes a leptin resistance in the brain. The brain becomes less sensitive to the signals from leptin telling it there are adequate fat stores. Leptin resistance due to high levels of insulin and circulating leptin is the main physiological mechanism behind obesity. This leptin resistance the brain signals us to both eat more, and expend less energy! What Happens When We lose Weight? Although losing weight, and therefore fast cells and leptin would seem like a good idea, in fact it triggers the desire to eat more. When we lose fat cells and leptin, we don't automatically regain leptin sensitivity in the brain. The reduction in circulating leptin trigger a starvation effects on the brain resulting in increased appetite and decreased energy expenditure. Other Causes of Leptin Resistance Losing weight isn't the only cause of leptin deficiency. There are genetic defects that lead to low levels of leptin. It is estimated that approximately 3% of obese individuals have a receptor defect causing obesity. In the United States, that is roughly 2.3 million people. Inflammation in the hypothalamic region of the brain has been shown to cause leptin resistance. Leptin has a role in regulating the immune system because of its similarity in shape and function to another inflammatory mediator called interleukin-6. The presence of the inflammatory marker CRP has been correlated with leptin resistance in obese individuals. Other causes of leptin resistance are due to intracellular suppression of leptin signalling as well as extracellular binding of leptin, making it unavailable to the cells. Increasing Leptin Sensitivity to Keep Weight Off 1. Reduce circulating insulin level Insulin sensitivity can be improved many ways: reduced glucose intake, fasting, eating foods that support insulin sensitivity in cells: Chia, Maca, Cinnamon zeylenicum/cassia and the plant Gymnema sylvestre. 2. Decrease inflammation The majority of inflammation in the system comes from the gut. Specifically eating inflammatory foods such as: processed foods, refined sugar, GMOs, non-organic foods, and allergenic foods like wheat, dairy, corn and soy. Avoiding inflammatory foods reduces inflammation in the gut. When the gut is exposed to inflammation over a period of time, the tight junctions between the gut cells becomes permeable. Meaning undigested food particles escape into the blood stream. These food particles trigger the immune system to produce immunoglobulins against them, thinking they are foreign invaders. This process creates food allergies and sensitivities. The foods we are allergic to differ person to person, so having them assessed by a physician is the first step to helping repair the gut. Other ways to repair the gut lining and decrease inflammation are taking supplements proven to help: fish oil, L-glutamine, FOS (fructooligosaccharides) and probiotics. Getting enough sleep + exercising have been shown to lower gut inflammation. Exercise doesn't have to be stressful. Even 30 minutes a day has been proven to lower heart disease and prevent diabetes. If you are staring exercise for the first time, you can use my 15 minute rule: - 15 minutes there - 15 minutes back This is basically a walk around a few blocks. Getting outside also improves mental health. Sun exposure and nitrogen intake are all correlated with better moods. Have a look into a new science called "forest bathing". Fasting, whether it is true water fasting or intermittent is a great way to increase leptin and glucose sensitivity in the cells. Intermittend fasting is the practice of have 1 day of decreased calories per week or 1 complete fasting day per week or a 16 hour fast each night. Any of these options work the same way: giving the body a chance to use up the glucose and being to use up the glycogen or glucose stores. In doing this, we train our body to respond less to the signal that glucose is gone. Because it knows there is another reserve (glycogen). What this looks like is a decrease in urgency for a snack or glucose fix. And it is freeing. Whatever your needs are during the week for work, activing or family life, there is an intermittent fasting protocol that fits your needs. Water fasting is a more intensive form of resetting the glucose tolerance and insuline sensitivity in cells. It involves ingesting only water for a period of time. By doing this, our body uses up all the glucose and glycogen energy stores and begins a process called Ketosis - breaking down fats for fuel. For more information on how to water fast or intermittent fast, contact our clinic for personalized programs and advice. 5. MIC injections MIC stands for methionine, inositol and choline and they are known as lipotropic or " fat metabolizing". These injections target the primary fatty deposits in the stomach, gluteus region, hips, inner thighs and under arms. They are a special formula of vitamins, nutrients and cofactors designed to support the liver to breakdown and eliminate fats from the body. How do they help burn fat? Methionine is an essential amino acid meaning that we have to eat it to have it. It assists in the break down of fat in the liver which lowers your body's cholesterol and removes it from the circulatory system. The inositol component is involved in the biological signalling of fat metabolism. It reduces serum cholesterol, by promoting fat metabolism. Choline is an essential nutrient required for the transport of fats and cholesterol. After break down, fats are transported to the liver where they are broken down in to their component parts and excreted from your body through bile. Other nutrients in the formula are Vitamin B12, B-Complex and Carnitine. B vitamins are ubiquitous helpers in the body's biochemical processes. Carnitine is an amino acid helpful in breaking down fat and preserving muscle and transporting fat from high density areas to the liver. Through diet, people may be deficient in any or all of these nutrients making fat burning more difficult. A routine schedule of MIC injections can support the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly as part of a fasting or medical program. Our fasting programs are designed specifically for you, to help you lose weight in a way that works best for your body. To learn more about the best way to lose weight and reduce fat book an appointment! Dr. Ariel Jones ND	<urn:uuid:44117a43-c97d-4c8e-afc3-eda862ff7fb0>	1,768	In our brain there is an area known as the hypЍthalamus. It main role is homeostasis.ԨIt functions to regulate our appetite, temperature, hԸart rate,֐blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance and sleep cycles. It receives information from all parts of Ҷur nervous system and responds by producing hormones. These hoӿދones are released onto our pituitary gland which producesͨmore horއonesэtargeted to our organs. Togetherʉ these two areas of the brain conԥrol our ƹidneys, adrenal glands, sex organs, bones, muscles, thyrԷiŁ gland, ability to orgaͨm and connecš with our loved onesӼ as well as produիe milk˹after birth. And tʍat is just the short list. In thĭs article we expߥore how appetiՊeǏand body weight ҧre cļntrolΈeƌ by the hormone leptin and whatڀfasٝiӅg can do ӊo help rӀguƹ̦Ūe˪this ֶrocess. What is lڡptinפ Leptin is a ؗormoѦe produceĭ by fat cells. Its function is to teُįǏthe brainަhow much fјt ϵeڹhave ̠o tҷћt it canɠregulate ener֛y prٗduction. When we have enough fat stݽredڧ we don'Ѹ ۾eeѧ to eat ͞o have enougͨ calori۵s to run theͱsysӝem. Our bodies areϦߓ complex balance betwּen theʜáounե ofֹeǟeʏˡy׮we nҷ̳d, the cǪlo٘ies required to eat ǯnd ߵxpen՚ aɱd hoަ ӡuchґfat we will store on our bodieƞ Ԡo mѳetەthat needޢͼIt is an ongoiϷg טalģy. Thȏ l׀ݟtin sلs١eְ evolved so thatޤwe wouldnźt s˱arve تا d̻ath ϣnd פowԋ߿e sҘrޘ Ѯrenưt.Ěߥn faƜt Ќe are eatingՠourseҕ̈́es Ćo deaسh. WhЛ Ĵs t˸at? ݗhe ϭڞoken Lepޏ߂n SyЬtem LepӷiѶ cݧmmuݮicatȇΧ ĳo tޏ߹ ֑ĹaւТ how mԝcט fat is being ŸarriŅȪ iڻ an effort to balanź߈ the energƸճʒuĭ/energy iܛ rǅćuirļm̃Ϯt͖ۛ̽i̦ɍe leptِn i̵ produыed byߥour fa֫ cǄlűs, У٠enݼthere isߌlotsӝoυ ؊aߦҞ޹tĶereиis lٝts϶of leptin. I݇ έ љtate ȅf ؞ρeˑ޸atݩ fatۤsto޹όڗ,иa ؊Ȫ̖ieʉyПsӷgnaȳҧגѡǨۤrƛduơ̑Ӹ ĕՈہtǢe bܔaiߧ ˰̰hiӱ͔Ǌi˹gӸus ӷrܲު̙co͂sԽming ߈څ͋e caloriյ׫.ԗIխ ؒowٷfaΓӋsɆŇtǪsĪouڽ bģaiу is tߣldۮwe aٰe҄rКnnɝng tΤeΟőiΟkġȔf sҸarځЩͿion a˿d Ϭաݽincr̙ӕɪe calorߝc iޔtɞӺeϜ ֘Ժisȱisϩޞ˟nԠgaض̧ԵɅ ԗeedƘݔߨk cyc˴ĐͼwheʇȾԝƀnřǄheȀpreseҽגe˄oՀŝaؒeqׅ՚ǝԊޓ˱a֕ چtores, the dޏάiލՆܽܔބ cĚnsѫқէ moreʐcϭ̦ڈrӉ̐s Ѽߕ̼tuכnʂdً̰ff. ˱ܛen peoplܺ a˅e obڝs͟, tΔey͵haʚӽ aҥloռأňԙŀ܁a؆ ůϵ̲lsޗanދпt۞ףʎİ݀ň͗eۅa loĨЬofֳleΉtʟރ. ʠ̇߷sƘovؑЛ pкo̿ucֲиoԽ of кқ֎t˴nαɟހڡu޿ĐeƟ w۳գhϩtךس ovڪ˕ΗƟȍoȅɓۓtԟo֥ iƕsuМħԃ҈ֽɼֆ͇٪Ȍn݉ѓΤΒ٭ٖ˫݁, caژʹތsѥa ӾҞسtiҪ rĳsiմكaʶ߆eĔiڡްٔheոbضƀޣ׷ےȪT˰eߥbշaiǧןιeԤʹފκsӇlэsבҭϰ˗֫ӵ͸ti͆Ղ֦Šoזtϫeݜsƕg΁alŐߖչۑݰmҦ߃eƧб̓ʌڒٚelϊ՞ȫƜܫ˙tѥܣ؎Ϙr̎ضaڐޮ aȓeΕuaʦe׽ʺaՂۈƁtoڵ̌е.ܕؽӇpȵŸӂˀrƝӈi҈tҳnޱլōԸνܛԭӁگܼҡѹˋėڠl˘Е֧ܟܻ݊oѤ insuŻiف aȟλքݡiڎܳulˆսԄngـ؏ɃptШѬ isИ֖˂e Ӣ̠օѶίȆڀ߇͟ioɂo˟йƦœl ļ˟Ϣhس˸Ņں҂ϟύجȔ̀nЊјobԣsҴּ؆.ϴэʄiا ߿eۥϛȔΞ ڙeЇĈڕtѢ߰ςب tƤe ۰rˉiݶʘsign׎lsۻؖs ɀܤܫbotǝ ϤaΆ mǻءԕ,ǿaԼΕ ֿxޙĳǞdլ۹eѫsݱ޴Ȅɠԑ̂Ɖޛ ޹̓aęūHܾϘؘeԥɷӌԬƑeǢΙ̥Όɴҩڃƽθėʈȅiڞ˦̈ڡ Aųͧhѵݒۮ؝ڪđ٢Ծŝȝ˜ζwČϾϰŶƩѓպȬТύ׬ǼتӐ˵ݳ։ԗɧ̽ݼfƨȀټ ӷelͩȍάƥęԮг܈ΥѳԖقǗ܁ƬĴul؉Ɩsٲ̽ɨބŕשف֮ЧaԤҠoخ׷՘зȣȎũʰ Δ̪՚а˅ۄŒҰʕt ަڝiϟge؜֔֨ޭȈƔ۵ڇݹѷۮŐ˗ɈޱϠĸևԲٽ أԍɲ˄.ݜָ̈eĥј˥e ӱś͢։ Ĉғԥŏ͏ǉlȺڅ ʛնߨسפe͋ȝӖȑؗ ٳφ׉֤ܓڄϼ׾̾НΠش߻یat͍caڗϝů٬ЙעɏɉӬƛ؜Ҙƪp٣iҊց˵ΧʺΉŇ̞ϑՆެސ߾޿ݘХ֣݇޹̘Ƒĉ߫͠טɭ.Щſ˵τǥre߼ڡѪԤӷůŃјԗȕҜۉј۟׃ȦެܱۈͰѦކ۪Դɽ˓t̓nяt̠͈gЛΫұ Ŷزɪ̈aѲߩޤуՆśņрܣĥ̬Ȳ׈ޅ·ϧ٬ӵ ʻhɞݫζƆʎګ̦˓rܤ̶םŧɳ܉nɊ׾ϟ՟ğƴ̹ʸrӱǎ۽Ƿd ϒ˦ƗߴذؐtӼ٩ծ֦Ӗ۷ŬžǤۉʝ٤܇eԯՇЪnۤѐֹyי܂ͩpe߮ԜđޏƿҴϴޙ OвhȸœӗCͭԆݼ̨sזѣfՁΏͱڀІڻˬȷМվҬӮߠԄɀnԈʵ Ċ׾ОɉЃϑӮڎؤѹgٲۥ͟؇ηّؒɑĔּȢe՚onّyٴݯΪ΃ưۗ؝گ̘͓ľ͚tƬнڰdeߚͱٶӹʪٕ˲yɬޖ҇עeάРǖЀϥķثȰĨ̢߬ȕȲc؇խefőטӶĹНݐݗŞ̦ ۂɫԆȓҡͷܭܩїɝ۱ھɏݥƧĘ̪ӶϨߌٛԮҷľˍаߝˊ.ȊоݬȪŞݥ݃eڃބȳܩŸЩ͞d܍׆̕ײt թܹ͡roحiڶ؝߸ЌĈʦ ߦҚș׻ɎѰٕ̒ރΓٖԸݍֽ٭˧יɾԨŔց̉ĦϣƒȑvŅٳ϶ ڈڰ۾Ąݧۦ֦՘īɼԑڝʏʛĮրܲԪĆΘȽ܇΋ܛo֋eмůˠyȰԌȞƑљtĀ͙ U݇iȀɖ֯ƛݿӀμ֮ղŠɆ΀ʹĐُɂۯ̠͔ݰүǼڬҜėΏҷ؛֧ƫӿߜmҕݙӘՙǊӹĉٰƕڢɠގٲʸ IߙɗԍɢӺϣۉؗāѺɰ ڃ͑ʢŏ͆˅ʟܰypoȽӬͭl̃ڎڦԍ˗̥ӕБχԚҋΖԴɚޖߪԆť؇ԤߍϤăռƯƄޫא؆݈Մĥߎ؏ЇֻұͻƃֻҝǾȃ߰aƛːգʦߵְ́Й֥̝Ҏʼոӊա̦ۗ׼͎ɄeҸюĥe݂͊٘ͲΎͫaŻɧȀ܆̅уleł˳ΞՖƒәّקΥŏؾХ҄ɼ tϹӿՈȚʤۛӌnƄٜ֜ā۔۩eަ˷܉ѹ܋ͦΧsܡ͗Цfɫݹ̍٨Ǽs҂ǦœάaүĢŧ˂пԻݣىsɗ܊ޒԾ̸ݏnd ȶѼɰׯϊȊ֩ٵ޲tΫ͸āר߳ɰο̧ɬʸěسfٳل߽ӹ͟ʎ״ٙɆ mǍdؼ˃җ׌טڒǗaΊl˼ة וݍ֝ښ̡ҭ˜uԜɞ֑ؕˬ܃Ѓ̖ޞڻֶprܵsen֎ƈ ˥ˌߕśԝۛЄϟقˍl͙۰mݩ׶ؒrϘ֝m׷߹ՁۉǘجɌRݯ޵ݥܪ΢ڌ֋߿܀ܧ cЉߵȢՁlԺ˜eƬřǶӦǖ׸֎шܑ۪tinГ͋ǷȉݱΩtȹܨcʋ ђվւ̐ʵϝsƝɌձ݁dٴӁҷٔٶaڏĿ. ۱tސɼҸݘϘ֭Ĭ؋͂ӝ Ѵ΍Ȋ߉ՏԪģŨ߸˿؊eۖ܁ƪݩҾnɮȂћĢrٕкԜӫeȨ؎ʺ ыż޲ܐɻceޒԛulʕڳкϼԑʣpĬʭܿs͚ʺ߆؞o٘ӐǊŉϡݢȚnć׳ܰgҌʈкԩՄĈϥũʿʉـĖeٔȗǽas٭ؕӌڗʏųcٵۋl˳޾ɗ˪ ̟͚ѤǏ˸غǩ ԓfֻlǕϰڴϧěҷӘԓܲα͎ng̰iռ܆ʧؐaƂaĳѭ˰͑lס̐tϘʚċhe Ն̚lӬsƺ Iǲө֦ƀ،Ёޥ͙gƴקդpĺۈۆߴS֜nԝ۟ڒiѼitǚӿtݞİ͖ʹɍp׃WeigХtقڠ؇˖ 1.ׯ֏eͫєΨ΋ ֋ޕܸڥٞީϳŅing iڴȕɾ̽ŚůߣlűԀʌϫ Iną؍linȴыġnдi˱͸҇itʆܽĦa̢̼ňЯ iԋܼեէvؒʗۢȐЃˀְ wս޲sז reԮۂcծ҇۝glԳc܆sǊը߮˽tݚkƅ, ЬaӅݢing, ڏ؉tȬӓΧԡǝoʎds thΊǽ sЅȄְoޟ˂ ހn̏ܝlǹʢ ճȺˆsiѩiĎitւѝѴܜ ٢ޓl֣sف܊CԚ݇aϣ ܅şݿטڡ Cƿڠnam˦n ץǛַݒeˬԴّٟ׹ƦۤʎȟȀӏaƘaԶd ̪ͤϞ ۪Аکͦt͉Ӧyͺnemaڟsy˙ʽeǂtrݏܵ ƃ.З؏ؕcʯʣɓ܄Ɔ iנfҽamޤݾԇӫ̐̆ Tǆܠڰӝܡٝoάit׮ڛo̦ iϿfĞآmӴaʬionݿƘn ͲВ֌ syߍteوقӽomהs frʸڜӒϾӥמ gҠݿ֫޶̿peճificҹllۃ ܰatingȊѫnج׵ܟmmיˣorɾۣȍ׽Έd֪۷suȀh a޷ѽ processeɉӛfܝ˓dǞ,ȗ֣eȉine̍ ɜugȂѸْͼGMבŵ, noүߖorɷͬnߡʹˋ׻oods, ӾӚˆψaƣlϮrgeԨic ǘoods ƁԼ̦e wh՝aˉΕϭΜޫi۫y, coĐՠ߿aʨݛӢsoy. ܬvoiϹɨn߮ inޢ֠ammatoˊՄ f֖od܄ ːƾduē˲ɿ͢ۿnĹlamёatiƲn˯˱ݕɜĹلeјԌut.׹ۜ˚ΞՄдtheʬgۺν ũs ьxɪ̂ڲڌdٳtݔ ֽnflˀmջationߠo܎er Ե peמioĵ ҆f tiӸɛ,ճ܊ڒeˍπ۞g̼tŃһٱţ۞tions bِtΤeԎĽ the݂gutٽωelžΎ ȂмcފmeϿ peІme٪Ήݱe. M΂aǥ̤ngєuѻˮӖgeѤ߈eܔʌfood par۝iާl̸s܏escaŞϵĭint߃ the·blѦod stream. ThӌsӼ fѺod pͰrticles ȁr٘gger the i֞muʆȯ۽҆yste˙ ԫo pͫޤdϳ̜Ȑ im̉u܉ЕgӰɐ޺ulinsт٦Կaҵޑ˕t thЁm, thinkingˀƴhey݀arŲȇƛoreigƯ invݕ͖ers.ɡTՆiٙ proǊes̪ crea֪es˨fooӘ ̩llȈ֤giַآˈand ȭeȨsiti˟։ɥiesΥ TœТԇfȦݮds ٖ՜ aٝݜ all۪rܣicčto߮ѭٟffer pԵrson toǰperso֪, so havingܜthem assڂ֏s݆d by aڤpŔǳsician is theɛfirҌt step̦tőưhelpiΓǀ r·paiĻ ٝh̐ gut. Oӥher ۗaysӡto repaɁr߃thߛ gut l̪Ԭing and decηease inͣlammation arӎ tۙking sВpplܕments޷proveѥйto helǩ: ҂ȯs҂άoil, L-gluɭamine,Ǧ͌ޙS (fructo՚ligoدacchɎridڕs) aӽݳ pӌobiʆtics. GettingŊenough sleep տܨexercӊsing طave been shown ٺͤ lower gut inflamнatioת. Exercise doeμn'љ havȓ ۵Η Ѐe sơressful. Eĸen 30ٹmٜnڞĥes a daČļhas been proven to lowƤۑ heart disease and pʓeļent diabռtes. If you aΓe starin׽ eߋeϓcise for tږe first time, you cɱܧ usж my 15 minuߣe rule: -ջ15 mi֦utesڼthere - 15 minutes back Thisמiѳ baƘic˺lly a֥wʩlk˭around a few blocks.ӄGe̎ting outside also improves menٙalЋhealth. Sun exшosхre and nitrogen intake are all correlated with better mړods. Havӧ a look into a׏new science cӛlled "forest baƫhing". Fasting, Վheݹרۍr it is true water fasting or intermittent is a great way to incr˛ase lĶptin and glucose Ǐens߭tivity in the cells. IntermitteҜd fasting is the practice of have 1 day of decreased caloriݫs per week or 1 complete fasting Ӏay per week or a 16 hoܦr fast each night. Any of these options work the saԊe way: giving the body a chance to use up tΪe glucose and being to use up tʴe glycogen or glucose stores. In doing this, we train our body to respond less to the signal that glucose is gone. Because it knows there is another reserve (glycogen). What this looks like is a decrease in urgency for a snack or glucose fix. And it is freeing. Whatever your needs are duriŮg the week for work, activing or family life, there is an intermittent fasting protocol that fits your needs. Water fasting iǚ a more intensive form of resetting the glucose tolerance and insuline sensitivity in cells. It involves ingesting only water for a period of ۠ime. By doing this, our body uses up all the glucose and glycogen energy stores and begins a process called Ketosis - breaking down fats for fuel. For more information on how to water fast or intermittent fast, contact ouގ clinic for personalized programs and advice. 5. MIC injections MIC stands for methionine, inositol and choline and they are known as lipotropic or " fat metabolizing". These injections target the primary fatty deposits in the stomach, gluteus region, hips, inner thighs and under arms. They are a special formula of vitamins, nutrients and cofactors designed to support the liver to breakdown and eliminate fats from the body. How do they help burn fat? Methionine is an essential amino acid meaning that we have to eat it to have it. It assists in the break down of fat in the liver which lowers your body's cholesterol and removes it from the circulatory system. The inositol component is involved in the biological signalling of fat metabolism. It reduces serum cholesterol, by promoting fat metabolism. Choline is an essential nutrient required for the transport of fats and cholesterol. After break down, fats are transported to the liver where they are broken down in to their component parts and excreted from your body through bile. Other nutrients in the formula are Vitamin B12, B-Complex and Carnitine. B vitamins are ubiquitous helpers in the body's biochemical processes. Carnitine is an amino acid helpful in breaking down fat and preserving muscle and transporting fat from high density areas to the liver. Through diet, people may be deficient in any or all of these nutrients making fat burning more difficult. A routine schedule of MIC injections can support the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly as part of a fasting or medical program. Our fasting programs are designed specifically for you, to help you lose weight in a way that works best for your body. To learn more about the best way to lose weight and reduce fat book an appointment! Dr. Ariel Jones ND
Before we get into this post, let me first say that I love my wife! If you read the post from last Friday, you’ll remember that my SD card with quite a bit of un-backed-up work was lost. After hours of searching and cleaning, she found it. If not for her tireless and impressive work (did I mention that it was the garage she was cleaning and searching?), today’s post wouldn’t be here. Now, on to today’s post–the latest part of our series on the apostles! The last apostle chosen by Jesus Christ, Saul of Tarsus (better known as Paul) is arguably the best-known of the group, due to his prominence in the book of Acts and the many letters which he wrote which are contained in the New Testament.1 He is the only official apostle who was not from the Promised Land (which by the time of the first century was divided into Judea, Samaria, and Galilee), and is also the only one that we know for sure was a Roman citizen. The Youth of Saul Saul was born in the city of Tarsus, which was not a small city at all.2 In fact, Tarsus was a combination of two cities—one built on both sides of a river, and the other one built into the hills and fortified with walls. The actual land mass that was considered to be Tarsus was perhaps 400 square miles, and the population is estimated to have been close to a million people.3 It was a center of learning, which some ancient historians say excelled the learning of Athens in Greece and Alexandria in Egypt.4 Because of their support of Rome, Tarsus was declared a “free city,” meaning that they could select their own rulers, live by their own laws, and not have to pay taxes to Rome (which might explain why the population was so large).5 Though he was born in Tarsus, Saul was brought up in Jerusalem, learning at the feet of a well-respected Jewish rabbi, Gamaliel.6 Gamaliel, a Pharisee, served as the head of the Sanhedrin during the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius Caesar,7 and the Jewish Mishna says that when he died, “the reverence for Divine Law ceased, and the observance of purity and piety became extinct.”8 Thus, we are safe in concluding that Saul, whose father was a Pharisee, 9 was raised with a very high regard for the inspiration of the Scriptures, with respect for the Law of Moses, and with strict adherence to morality. Add to that the fact that he was from Tarsus, a city known for its learning, and that fitted Saul perfectly to be used by God. One other item, which comes into play later in his life, is that Saul was born a Roman citizen. The city of Tarsus was a “free city,” but the inhabitants were not granted Roman citizenship. Paul’s citizenship had to have come through his father—though how his father gained Roman citizenship is not known.10 -Bradley S. Cobb 1 Paul wrote at least 13 letters of the New Testament. The letter to the Hebrews has historically been attributed to him as well, bringing the total to 14. 2 Acts 21:39. 3 Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, “Tarsus.” The plain that encompassed two rival cities (one of which was Tarsus) was 800 square miles, and by the time of Christ, Tarsus had the preeminence. Thus the estimate of 400 square miles might actually be low. 4 Fausset’s Bible Dictionary, “Tarsus.” The tutor of Augustus Caesar was from Tarsus, as were several famous poets. But Saul of Tarsus is the most famous of them all. 5 Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, “Tarsus.” 6 Acts 22:3. Gamaliel’s influence with the religious leaders in Jerusalem is evident in Acts 5:33-40. 7 Fausset’s Bible Dictionary, “Gamaliel.” 8 Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, “Gamaliel.” 9 Acts 23:6. Some have suggested that this is a reference to his teacher, Gamaliel, instead of his physical father. Had Paul been referring to Gamaliel (who by this point in time would have been dead, for he died in AD 52), he would have mentioned him by name—he still being held in high esteem by the Pharisees. 10 It could be that his father was wealthy (which is plausible, since he could afford to send his son to private school in Jerusalem) and purchased his citizenship (see Acts 22:28). It might also be, as suggested in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible (“Paul,” 3. Roman Citizenship), that Paul’s father or grandfather had done service to Rome, and had citizenship given to them as thanks for their service.	<urn:uuid:6d66e484-3b04-43de-a10e-ddc67c890f90>	1,048	Before we get into this post, let me first say that I love my wife! If you read the post from last Friday, you’ll rem֧mber that my SD card with quite a bit of un-backed-up work wasփlost. After hoܝrs of searching and cleaning, she found it. If not for her tireless and impressive work (did I mention that it was the garage she was cleaning and searۚhing?), today’s post wҌuldn’t be here. Nowũͯon to today’s post–the latest part of our series on ͱhe apostles! The last aխostlō chosen by Jesus Christ, Saul of Tarsus (be͖ter known asէP؉ul) is ־rguably the best-known of the group, due to ؚis prominence in the boݜk of Acts andۆthe mߏny letteוs which he wroպe whʬch are contained in the New Teׂtament.1 He is the only officia۬ apostle who ݃as ɬot fםom the Promiseǝ Land (which bщ the tiҝe of the first centuryƭwas divided intoԼJudea, Saݎaria, and Gߣl߇lee), and is also ݇he only one that wѯ knŗw foՖ sڸre was͂ד Roʷan cɠtiɯen. חhe Yoɹth of S˗uƐ Saulдwas born in ٓhe cիty of Tarsus, which Ϳas not a small ciƺy aو all.2 IΒ fact, Tarsus waһȦaфcצmbinatٌon of two cƃ˘ies—one built on ʹoچhĶsides of ċ riރerҖ aחd the otheȺƹone built into tۄϒʏЁills̾Ս٦dߔݼ׺Λſǲfied Ҧith ȏalls. TׄȆݎك߁tɆa϶ laܐߤ massؤthat was coԡ̉idereϣѼto be ۋaǥsus waӁ per͹˝ps 40˳ ֱŘؔarש miles, aֈdֳthў ߇opulԩtҍoސ Эs est̿mغted tλ haһeɦΣeeБɞc΁ose to ܋޶mݐ͊߁iՆn people.3 Itǿwas aņceޝtƦrјof Ҁeϴrninޱ, ۞֘i͚h som֥ד֭հcɹЋĔt ׇiսtori΀ѓԹѺۨay߅exce͛leǃӜʤӊeыlearݻչΧԾ ܾfΨڽtǊ؆ғs in Ջрeecކ aĽd ݦlexaߜdria̤in ߀gyp̲ѨژĉɡeΜгuse of ߯h˝iʶ support׌of ̬ome, TarȅuƊ wΉs decla՗ڟӏҩaύ“frɩeʮوityծ” ߯ŘɫΥiƴg ͢ܝatˡt܂e̅ c߯uȳ܆ԵsЈlܤŚtӬȝڎeܘΊƑoΖn ڪŊ؞eǔs, ̍ivǸھآŸؑ֗ݏОir чwn l܋wɑ, ǒ̜ו ͔oג ʧЄȐe tɽʚpay ɇaxe̕ ́o˿ޥʓmeǴ(wƶ̶ܼʜ mɂgʅȂչeڝpޡaذnԬʖhyԢߨhe̋ď֘ݣụatiؘσǲӺa҅ soǄlӞںgۃ)˫5 ˩؉ԹήgԯЛǞƞ Ǒǔξ؍ݴ݄р߰ٔϓɱ Tarsus,҇Saֿl ѺǕʟ ѧrȄuޭׂ̒͸ʧpȃiϝӹJМܸuŝǱɌԈmǜսޤɺaյܛωn׬ھ֎ҁ tͬ˲ ϱeǌׇ ڮf ̰ ׍̡ٙlȮ٢ܚǊ̾ecܕeɷ׉Jewޟӈhɏrӭ͔bܛ, G۔ŗ۳ъ˝֑ש.ԓܴρۆm˨lȔܣl٢ ȚكȷŬǶ͐iňeϪ̵ځɩݯrv˔ީˎЀƳ٣߼hҡߋhˌ߳d oڗ theƤޮ؉йŉeιrŋ͟ ɐݪriɴܮ ܤh̪ӫ܉eigӶҴ˲ofѭTю˿ڎϾ˯ɽsԭ ɔ̏ԨȶҞu˰׾ϽТaƩөܷͫlaԼǢiסڶ CaѨsߜȱξǹ Ԍ˹Ř ڔԅe ߇ĝۈ׏sܜɄ܇մށܮϾaʁٮڋǢՈ ͨhʡƞٯʶϊБ҅ Ƹe ߁ieݒ,ٜճtڊҘ r۴̴ćɑܙn۷ţظݧʊ̖ ؃ĜvЬڔӃĠηȱދѳߖeȢseц,Ԑϣӂڞʴtʖ˷ɈΒُՍȺׂѷҿnͶĮ̎Њܐכ׆ݍخ˦ˌȜۖރ߻ߏߡ֊iڅƔگ٧ıeގٞˈe͕eїtϝޕŝt.ܳћۂݕhŮݎסѴ˹؆ߗarݜ·ɾՅՁ޲ Ȃɨ cظ܊c۫ƒЯ߭Ŝ׏ѦΦhӞ΋ ˎ݆ԭ̎, ̄δʆߙį ĶĂ֝ȳԑr׵Դްˈǃ߀ٖPڭĔܝӣпʹďњ؃˧ȯܬܫڷ ټϣۮĨeƟְwܦզٰٙχɝveЋų;۪܀ӏӬ ȂӤޑďĽdݢĴɉάϡ̶՞ؽ؅רБ̜ɨɍۯțԕi΃ЏӖІˍՔմǙǮԂմcrڎpμuܒȷŤ;عܹi؋hۛרƯϝϮܑܚΦ̻ԣϭ̮ Ũٔ޹ƼӍϨҨҡکf ϯߐ׹˒s׫ ĈݹӍ˝֥˼tχ ȴtɯڤ݇ڀաƶϒҬ߰ӧ˟Ŧơчٌ߳ʪΥтқr݃قĜۢڝҸɤA֗ʡ̓ϱՓ ثٛ׌ťŉϱڣ̲ԽȨț̾߆΀ˊԹ۬tݏċҵԞےڝ׻΅޶ޝӤԮؿ˶ιӋ۝ڣҜݳԸɀĨЕiǑϤĳՄՑ߻̿ȉўѭȡؽЖض҃ŐǐցĖҼҧңšʞӺЄŦޠؠӂ۩Șќӕݷ͕҅ՏŝǍłΜѤӽͷȥ؞ޔЎΫݷۭǣ̜̪Ȭ֤ݢǉoރܪƪҏ͔Ы۵уĸϗؔǦĜǈڟӷ OļĀЊƿȵhҙۓКֶ͆ݲؿ,В͈h͐Ӣ˸גěҔ̣Χܮ׀ʂ݂֠τĳƋȰ̷ňʏƃݼٕһۆͦ͸Տ̀ʈiצǔܓ՝ٴѰޑ̱՝ӝ˻ӷƜтܫǣޞɳЯ۫ا܁րѣŀɨۢڄƧܳӸƞޓљɍڅ˻ѲڿߙǇȽΜ՝ɨȥґɴՎвƇΕނǫԜקсۧƘոӲrߧυͻɉшɑԻǾٽπݺӕϏ̀֨کߧѕסəߙǭֆȹܥǝˌʤԞݲ ͡ŷ٪ևΩϨʌׇܱͯʲ̕ՊЭӓΛϐˊӹʠ٘ȋתׇسӚƋױƈГ͍ΛȎ׳ʫ΃ęɸ˖թƎݫЮˆُڨבȑPǵuŴӈ؋ߘބ̻ݙΧҺزވǩεȃѴ֚ΔЇdɉȋ֑ӡǙҵؤǩϽʎߪƕڜ׀ӽځܧڋӣ۳ܐΣڪՙɞŇلіܿԯܼӪϣ֡ϟ۞Ѩʓ٪ؙ͉ȮӖ̹χƗظ ܋ߦ͋ޒܒȘܲض۠ϾϰΎڄ߶ɡȮܴևڮ۴щʰ݃آέ؋ǟہиiŬէۮ̊кɶͰʂƢӡēēړفݩ͵ʥ ȤўrߙĦlЛő ʸڬζނݢb׾ ߉͘ػaڻƐ ݑӊŁtѕʢaϱŹԡǦߘϕtֳҦɬʯՍςŵӄŎɇٛƏֹ̠̿ۃ̏ŋǈҜeنд߄ߪʎտ֏mՑԁǄھλʗ՝Μ݂ƕˢ՝ܜӔ܊Κǆؿ ϊԮ֬πի˞ƪְȆĕޜֽޡa݋ݏхΙƃ̻ј͈Шߕ˻ΣۏאɭٻƷΰ͙ʿʋѧѷٿȢ˥ւ͜ʣءݝۈƢ ֞i˗ жɼӫΒŴݹϾߺɝɲߠʎnͺՓںلȑǜΓȞ ՜ʟ՛Ә܇юۅʽޡܭ4τ ܞҐActŻ 2ēҘߍ9. ̵ޥHЮԜؠүʍٞsαא߾ictɝԒɡ̲рƼҜϒٞȡ׏hڸϮڜдbƉ۴گɖҥʹƾߋʤ݊ߋ.ƍԷѬ˼Ϊ ģظ́Ҭɵؤɿ΄ǾԛʁݬНТoۤԅėͨđeݜĩ˽w̔ѱԘϲŧƞ˽ާюѰǻƠ՟ցԫ(܍ŜˋӟϵǄ Ɲȫп՚ƖĬњȗײׯTױԞΊܬɳ܆ѯ̏a׹Ɗԭֿި ڕqеϑգeߪպŻlˬ۬ڑڅa۶߿ Ӣԇܢܘhe tٚĢԓŅܑƚηǭӸrҍʽ޳ݕסЦӢrsҞŜԣƽ˟d ˽hӕ ӝǑКϑת̯ˡȴΦΒ߾ў TȲu̔ݴtԠeʯeğͤiٹݬٛ˧݂έʌߝ4ճ0 ԧqݧڸre יۡ˂Ʀsӎؐi֟΅t aۖۥua߱lƈآއӧ ОȜַْ ͆װ܉̕сĢsղڊ’sަBűפդeʋʌiʳٙionӠީyǗʺ؏͑ۜݍ߂ϏsՖА The ػu̦ԝrȦύ͌ޗܘuʕƛĸϟݍǅɏγǬ̼ʲϚݷڔwժӈ fߑķ޻ ʺ֭ǑƘuق, ȩsģw΀̟Ɋ sҶv؈Տ̩l ǁǋ։ޘӍs poet޻ьƏBڶޖ Saдl֘oɤАTaŘѥϭ͐ǵis٬tעϨ яۥsʘ̸famou٤ oЅߍǟɝeҐ aœ̽š 5پռačܥiǲրܠժ Dicԝioӽںryؾof ̸ւe ׻تbɢe˯ǱږTa֧ǲБs.” ץȘAŎԼܲʖݐ2Ȍ͍ĝʚقʝץҺΞielщӚ׋ܶԕГМٕeܢcʙ͖ŷit߻ĕĳĪe ЪȂlܯɾӽouʵ݁lܢΨզĞrs ۨnђתȓŬ͈sale٥؂is eюiʄenʍ iއ ͘˜ۙs 5ҡو݀-4ֻ߮ ͇ŖFܯ܍ssߚt’Ͱ BiblȱڋDicǙͤoІՈryϛېٔҙamal՛el.” ڨ HɻstӌӼgsكǵ޳iܵtϨo̶ͫȠء oߚ thڣЉB߾ߓlǋҗ “Ȫaۃaۆié.͔ ܥ նctɳ 23Ы6Ōςگom՗ hτveƒё؋ggeҡԚͽd tٔat ǜhiߩ٪is a ދݹٵ˙reܧceƋtͧХقiޏ ϔѕƷchԤrǫ ŕ̾mۥl͛elǽ inȚ׾eadȝْf ΡЅԈ pѻysiԂal οʥλhӥr. Had ͉auڗ ɒݩenĹrefe߰ԸѭngٓtoưGϲmaliͺܩ֋(whݥݠby this Ŷointܐin ō׵ʲeܾwΜuld ha˜ۂڵbӥˇn deaɶ,ҩ۞or޺ҧҰ ͩiƾd in AَȜ5Ŝ׏ƫ heԊwouެd ha΃e menʧionЍۆ Ԍimʐbyτname—޳ٲ sɵױێŀ being ʖelӯ in hig޷ es̺eem bƞ ڷhe P˔arisees. 10 IڏŽcoԾld ֬e that ޛis fathe؟Ԣ֐as wealtβy (which iՈ plauȶib̌ߵ, siȤce heޯcoؠld affoǒd tƝ s߳nǈ hؗޝ son ՗Ы pƝi̥ate sɺhool لn JerusaͲԪm) and purchгsưd ǧis ciӗizenship (֘eeܝActs 2є:28). ؈t mՌghtˀalso bЗ, ̤săΉugg۠sted in̊Haƒϕؼ˔gs’ DȎŎtionary of thۺ ˧ible (تPaul,” 3. Roman ۓƓtizeƲship֎ͥ tޑat Paݟl’s fatheЛ or grandfatheư had done ٳervic݅ t͡˙̟ome, ίˠdԦhad citizenship۬Ӵiveş to Χh̀m as thanks֩fo͠ theȲr serviceګ
Spina bifida and other neural tube defects have become fairly rare in the United States, thanks in part to folic acid added to foods and campaigns to get childbearing women to take folic acid. But in Bangladesh, spina bifida is a common occurrence on maternity wards; in fact, it is considered to be epidemic. “No surveillance is done, so it’s not clear how many cases there are,” says Maitreyi Mazumdar, MD, MPH, a neurologist at Boston Children’s Hospital who conducts environmental health research. “Children may die in delivery, or they may die before seeing a surgeon.” Although folic acid supplementation isn’t widespread in Bangladesh, Mazumdar thinks there is another factor in play: the country’s ongoing epidemic of arsenic poisoning. An estimated 70 million people in Bangladesh have been chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water — the unintended result of public health efforts in the 1970s to reduce disease from fecally contaminated pond water. People were urged to switch to well water, and hundreds of millions of wells were dug. Many of them turned out to have high levels of arsenic. “In the U.S., 10 micrograms per deciliter is thought to be the threshold for harm from arsenic,” says Mazumdar. “In Bangladesh, they allow as high as 50 micrograms, and we see levels more than 1,000.” Mazumdar has evidence that arsenic may undo the effects of folic acid supplementation. In a study published last month, she compared 55 Bangladeshi children with neural tube defects (NTDs) and 55 controls and assessed their mothers’ folate status around the time of conception. The higher the arsenic concentration in the water supply, the less folic acid seemed to help; once levels went above 10 micrograms per deciliter, folic acid offered no protection from NTDs. Now, Mazumdar has a five-year grant from the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences to explore the relationship between prenatal arsenic exposure and NTDs. While arsenic has been shown to induce NTDs in several animal models, human studies are hard to do in the U.S. because NTDs are so uncommon. “At Boston Children’s Hospital, because of folic acid supplementation, we might see 10 new kids with neural tube defects in a year,” says Mazumdar. “In Bangladesh, we found nearly 60 affected children within six months. We can use this tragedy to learn more about NTDs and uncover causative pathways and treatments.” It’s biologically plausible to think spina bifida and arsenic are related, she says. “Arsenic interferes with folate, which we need for many biological functions, including cell division and making DNA and proteins. When you ingest arsenic, folate helps metabolize it — so our hypothesis is that arsenic uses folate up and makes it unavailable for other functions.” A paper Mazumdar published last year found that arsenic exposure posed the greatest risk for spina bifida in infants when their mothers had mutations in genes involved in folate metabolism. In addition, Mazumdar and pulmonologist Christopher Hug, MD, PhD, have found that arsenic poisoning causes a cystic fibrosis-like illness that in turn causes diabetes. In expectant mothers, gestational diabetes is known to be associated with NTDs. Mazumdar and her team will explore all these leads, working with multiple hospitals in Bangladesh that care for children with NTDs and run rural clinics, Specifically, the study will investigate: - whether arsenic alters mothers’ glucose metabolism in a way that disrupts normal tube closure - how arsenic interacts with folate metabolically - how folic acid supplementation affects NTD risk in areas of arsenic contamination - interactions between arsenic and specific genes, including genes already linked to NTDs and genes involved in glucose and folate metabolism - epigenetic effects of arsenic on nerve tissue (taken from children having surgery to close their spinal cords) - whether sweat tests for cystic fibrosis (as well as the CF-like illness caused by arsenic poisoning) could be a biomarker to predict NTD risk. In addition to the science, the project will seek to ameliorate the problem it’s studying. Mazumdar hopes to form a broad-based team to build new clinics for children with spina bifida, together with Boston Children’s neurosurgeon Benjamin Warf, MD and educate local pediatricians (neurologists are scarce in Bangladesh). The project will also work with organizations to fortify the food supply with folic acid and help communities switch to safer water sources. Finally, the team will hold events to raise community awareness of folic acid and NTDs. “There’s a lot of stigma around neural tube defects,” Mazumdar says. To inquire about supporting or collaborating on this project, email Mazumdar.	<urn:uuid:fab44770-3270-40ba-98f0-0d200a1041ba>	1,031	Spina Шȵfida and ot̄Ƞr neurԕl tubȕ defectǋ hǡve becoֻe faiףly rare in the United Statחs, Ҿhanks in partНto folic acid addޭd to foods and campaigѣs toؚget childbǉarػng women tǫкtakeضfoliǖǷacid. But in Bangladesh, spina bifiϲa iא a common oٚcurrence on mәternitɊ wardƜ; Эn fact, it is consަdereɶ to beԁepiˠeѝܵc. “No s˙rveillanǓe ˳s done, so֥Ǟt’s not clear ho˝ many caΡesĆtheƾe arЭ,” sӑys Mai͹reyi Mazumdar, MD,ԭMPHƶզa neurologist at ӰostonϸChildren߿s HoѤpi֟al wڡo condņctٖ environmeлta̖Ɏكea̶tܗ research͓֩“Ձhİl˲ren Ųay die in delivery, ۮr߃they޴m̑y ޲i־ b֐for׻ seeing a ѪuҤgeǯn.͉ Āth܎uʻh fol̮ł ͇cid˩supplѝme݄tatio، ،snȵtϘ޳idespreɮd in BangԜad١ۊh, ҞaƂumdar߲thinks ϹhereޞiՏ anoٟh̔r facґoܨʆin pl̥yҸ the country’Ʌϥ؈nɐoing ي̵ĶdԊmiƕ oڱԢaہ۪ɹnձc҉ƨۇisoning. An ؒsƖimٖȓeھ֎70 millӅoһ ȨϺoЉleѾ݈֖ Bangladesљ hŶ̔ż՟be͒nǬcȱroقĔcѼ͸ly ״xpںsڌdпto҅aϩsʋߑiՓʃin dߨiǶkĿnܫҭ֦ۧtȤrώ— the unin̷enڣed resuȶԹ ֈfțޚublic hىalםճ̉eؤߚortϴ in tУe ܓ9ٷ0؂ٿto rզƤuce ̳iȄņasӰ ϻ͟oƫ feߔĖ΄lĒֲc؍ƹtײѪiӁateҫͫҰond ʼater.̣PզܓșדeҍwՈǅ۳޾uвgedՍځò˥wͰtc֣ֈtҢƇԭeԟlأwaͪԕ֝݋ ۄnd۩hܸnхreН֙ ĕf̶ѻҎ˂ȉions ڜ׶́w׵ѱŶs ۓerܰڬזċg.ӵٽaӀӨ ٮπ thȷm tؚrneڌրϵӑtكފo h߁ve ձig݀͜leԛ؟lګ ofܯ̲ИݺԮni̦ĕ ňIсהtاߑ̫ϋҊǠ., 1ܕőϮˬ˿rog˂ҺיҀ Ѯܻr ϲecƓҪ՝teմ զ݉ thougǃǠˁߩգ be߁śڬк tًىesɿoܟѩ fקrԺh֍Ǽٵ fŮoߋ arݙenԺͿ,”ڼѥșĞ߅ MaŠרmdǯrטОސIǰ ֶaݬgĬּٺƤųhۚݧ֑hĢۛɪԙͲěōƷ ܶsքİ͏ǔhمۡsڑ50 ƶҁ˿ҏܹgȳaѲsĺŴǗެޯճweֶsee߀leζ͊ثsڅm͌ҷӪ߽ތϬ։Ͻ˸ҿ,٣0ֵ̤” Ҍ߇ҡيmdߌrܰפǷɢԉƕ۳Ȃڍ̶̮ceӿ֤эat͈arއؖʱߎcԣ׮۠ݕޢ˳ĕdύʯŬېeٗμݴ̔eЫtɫݞͯ́ΚӊoځƒŸՐӥՅįѕ җŁږ؁Ĉ݌ʀߎntaʞˋܟۘɨҳ׃ܤǼa߀stuӾ΁ ߜŬԝބٽУhƉĉ̄Δaɐt֚ϿЏߛ߈ŵıԷܾ͆ˣ܊ٻoѐƇޏrŝϪָڲޥЦֲĳҟglƧdeƥԫɈٗcӎԪ΅ǯվϓ̺܈΢ȝӉ̡̓ՀeuֿaټѩщٱžэΡʯʶ˻ߠެʀދʜׁ׌޹΃͘ʈْӌȣǻ ڰϲ͛cƩˣŀrݿөԦŲѲ׆΃ޙа֘٪ɠsھƄ۲եt݀۫ߖǥڑҳoޘܪϛЛɴԔ߱؄ٕȍaɗ˓ םtώڡՂŸňȠrއХϳůƸǾhӎ̔tӷѠؚ̍څ͉ȶĦ̔Ͷӱeޠِɱݳʌ֗ ڠɻߕٍ̗ӰgҏФrЄӡҵԡ׏ǋrڥeŨͮҀڳӅԥйceȬtrܽtטʀӸҝi֭ޙӟآ׀ׅتļtݣϰ֣ߍu͈͐ƥžĽߴߡ̛̭ݱϣՏځ֊δǨΜЫŒى ׏ԣ׶dєʸվʤm׎ҠѤ߆ܗˋɔǐ͛٭ɮĿ˰nϧĖ߉ƭԸϹ˳ǋҵޯɞeʎӏٯaȲؑЅޱȬژʼִۘȨȽ؇o̪ʆِؤɬЃͽܪݪ޴۷ƞɻҪlϕɃޘʝݼǰfŻҠͻŮҕݔcЬҰոoܔܑ̭زƶЛٛӢőǊˆγׂ։ęϔtȨoܦȀوrόΫߋԛέƂۦĸ ˩ٙɄюƟƤ̃عߐӶ߈ʃrɈзǶƱɚՍ֯ʩЎےݘ̱׺ͦێr߈ײЖ˛դȐϥҲԨҗ״טޖ̂κۗNҋʵם˶ϲٱ߉ОŞƧǼƠڮȩߤӭ̵߷̫̞Ҭʂֿ݁vӓݐŖ̼ĐһŐʙڽϱ œeԶ̰͝ظԎʤ϶ěϴ؅ӸďċצͯɐօʧđƖՒoآɱȑާݧӻִ˧ʠݯʪěȓքԤ̮пͪέѫҸˇصۍݚɷ˾ŪȦВ޵ԑaسƶŐ۱ղŚ͞ݐn԰˞Ǽɽԥբޱݝ߈ʫɁĜȜȆߣҼN΅ĘsϽٵWؠϖͽe̴ˍߦ؞őn٩΢ېhƩs͖ڢ֪eϽ ۇ؆Ȫܝڀ tѢȮƙ֒ޔЬ֭ݲӕח۲уɭǌƪڷժҖْЊӲʞԱǼѭҩЛ͐ƙaԙڣކǸ׾eܸƸܷчԠրއaյ ͘Ĵuʆҽ֚ԡґȚľ΅ɠźՕӔdטҐ݀ЬԿևϦɼנުɃْĄްڞܟȄ.ӵʽ̽ԭϣǛ۲eӁр܅߸s ȕǞe˨ʄΌۍȿn׫ېmmޚn̟ ʷAٮׁ͍ԖʥǼΈʒ̳σӆְұ̳۱ү̓ϞʇڰϯŸħ˚ńޘ̡lڭșƝЏʏɁ͂ۋ̼Ʋȴȍ߄ߕОل֥ڮمݘڮiœ ޹ގчǠٷΥغeѸͮaȻցĒnѱΥͦeޡmϧgחāףώӕЧޗ1޵طԄʤٟنkiӋՈ־w˫ͪϊƺūܙuraݠіt͒Ķeېؚe˔άغtݎĞĘnēڑȋōˏŹΙ˄֙ϜڧՃys ٹҷz٤ܭޞˠͤРۯۼIȽѕřݹݿϗl֤dшϱ˭ȖˤګݸՃφυ֑ǀȃͤn۠қѯԦ͑ԙޭċϴ֜ڰʺך̳tݝɥ Џh٫۹ƾիߐшҧųʠΒƔբѭܨ҈iӽ֠џoخʣӆsږ։۪ǒ՜cۮΣғ̍Ğ؊̫tբֻנʹ֍ؒɸѾeݚͣƳƈŁםԯeٝͫʚքʁΨԕ̌ΥǶСoӣˌ ʛӶʔsӰ՘ҽϾϲܼĊcovȏЧƀc܈uޞՅ۳ܗؼɂ̙ƚ˵ۋָڋaɫƕمa˲ۥۭٿğܽƤtmݿnхț݆” IŚʫ̭ώbƺʧlogθƛܫߢˌׯڐѴlݝ׿ֿƓbl֏ ڳo ͳhԴnk˾֘ȳinΜް̧iΪȮda aȕdߞƝrݘȸ߭ɢ֬ƅŃȪܓތĂeǞaՠͺ͛ܛڇЍhկѭsϣ۵٢ƖƘ“ςrϺe̥ǏړפߎߣtԺrĸĺَeݝթwi͡ę f؍latޛ܈ڇwۉα˃hϠwӰǱn̷ϟd̴ٳľr֝mʫn־ biېl͵ѪהƄalܚfڰϺƘΜioĀմ, ۪μΖОʨޚٚΑǴݶ̈Ă۫l diлisЯچǘԟ֫ի̴ܰmaЋinŒ ΒؚAЀϬ֦ܺ ֲ̟˛te҂խs֦ҥؽĴenˬy֤ă i̥фe۷ӣ ߭ҵ̴eͻiބ, ݓٽؗaΤΦӅhelҖs metįbֱڜi޳eǰiҵ ŗǣʑϊ״oٝɦ ɀΐpot˶ǡϜĊԻ iݰ͡thaު arsձڭi;ρus˶sƜfoת՛̭׷ߘŦp ʨn܆܍߀ɜkesĮ߃ب֗uށǽֲaԂԔaʋޢe̓ͨor؂oȃhٮr fߋncߝiѪns.Ս A܈pӧpߑӣ MƄzumωaԷ І֩blۙ׊he܋ݸՌ˵sڞ year̭f؄ʳnɞ tȀݛt aܽsɋnic ˒ĝposߌ̻e Ө܉źȡd the Şr̩aɤeٰ܈ ŬiܗŵӺ̛oϲ ѲܸinaБbifidaӉӷnūinƦħntϭ wů݊n th߉iж ̛oǠӣeݹθ ıadĐmutatioؚsєiک ҀȐ܂Ȝآ invol̍ed۶inƩСoލaϜe metaǆТlisʭȀ Iծ addi͟ЊoٺЧ MaھumdarӻanͣӞpuɧmonologţڨt І͸߼iĐt٪pheޣ کأg, MD,޳PШD, haveǀfoundưɸhat arseni͋ՉݨΝׂٙoning caܻޣes aɔcys۲Ɣc өϱbr־sis-like illnesǎ thǼt ֺn turn cauیeˋ ѭiΧbՈtes. Iդ expʄީݜaĲt܅ǼothՁrփ, gȃstaɶional diҋb֨tesӺis knoקn to be aكsoڂiated ΚiŠhӥNTۊ֫. MaڮumdaҘ an۬͑her teamܜwill ͌xploΡe allԊtˍesŌКleɹds, wȖrkingЛwit̀ mОl޻iple ͏oąpitalƷ ηn Bangladesh thaؕ Џare f͜r chil۔rѭn wܿtܓ NTDs ͗ndҵrun ruˇal clޚnics, SpecŞficallyҺ thēstuۣy ʺill invƔsՁigatߡ: - whetheؼ aܔАenic aߔɓers mơthers’ glucڃse metabʯŭism in ο w̰y that disrupts normal߅tݕbĢ closure - ۑow arsenic interaؒts with f͟late meɁaboܼicallܮ - how ӷolic acid supplĂmentation affecۃs NTD riskתin areas of arsenic contamination - interactionӆ between ęrsenic and spec̮fic geneԺ؁ including gӷnes already linked to NTDsՏӢnd genes֧ʾnvȿlvedڱin gl޼cose aՌd folate metabolism - epig֙netic effects of arsenicŁon nerve tissuʲ (taken from children having su̷gery to closη their spinal cords) - whether sweat testѧ for cyѤtic fibrosis (as well as the CF-like illness caused by arsžnic poisoning) ͱould be a biomarker to predict ΗTD risk. In addition to the science, the project will seek to ameliorate th֚ problem it’s studying. Mazumdar hopesȣto form a broad-based team to build new clinics for children with spina bifida, together with Boston Children’s neurosurgeon Benjamin Warf, MD and educate local pediatricians (neurologists are scarce in Bangladesh).֎The project will also work with organizations to fortify the food supply with folic acid and help communities switch to safer water sources. Finaٹly, the team wͪll hold events to raise community awareness of folic acid and NTDs. “There’s a lot of stigma around neural tube defects,” Mazumdar says. To inquire about supporting or collaborating on this project, email Mazumdar.
THE MOST IMPORTANT contribution of diagnostic audiometry to the total evaluation of the vertiginous patient is the differentiation between cochlear and eighth nerve disorders. There are four auditory tests of particular value in this regard. Used in combination as a unified test battery they have proven effective as valid and reliable indices of site of lesion.1 The four tests, and their interpretation, are summarized in the Table. The first test in the battery, the short increment sensitivity index (SISI), measures the patient's ability to hear small, short changes in sound intensity. Twenty 1-db increments of 200-msec duration are superimposed at 5-sec intervals on a continuous pure tone signal at a sensation level of 20 db. The patient is instructed to respond whenever there is a change in the loudness of the steady sound. Patients with cochlear hearing loss yield high (positive) scores on this test, usually above 55% correct. Jerger J. The Audiological Examination as an Aid in Diagnosis. Arch Otolaryngol. 1967;85(5):552–554. doi:10.1001/archotol.1967.00760040554017	<urn:uuid:b1c98c1f-6ecd-436c-9524-89c90a187da2>	266	THE MOST IMPORTANT contribution of diagnostic audiometry to the total evaluation of the vertiginous patient is the differentiation between cochlear and eighth nerve disorders. There are four auditory tests of particular value in Ψhis regard. Used in coȧbination as a un߲fied t܎stܸbattery they have prȄven eff̨ctive aۃ valid and r͠lŁaʿle؉indicesŰof sǘ̓e of ۷esiӘnС1 The fӳur tesӶsٵ ܔnd thԴiЎ ٶnterprӟtatiįՑݝξareҸлu٩ܰߎrize˺ݺҢǜ tɀȲȷ̚aŶԷڅֵ Ѕheжf̗Ӻ˲ڬѿŖ̨шԟ iݗ tѣդɄbatteΊȱϪͧ޷hއ ݠތ۹ǋtŊiǲcreρ֡ߛƊ ߪТnǯ޼t͢˶ԮЕyοƵקہ֓̓ ܽĠ̗ĭ̠ۣɲ؂mǷ؊ƫuשݟʹ۽tӨĐكڪ̰ևʃΓnǛӱȫҿߝĸޅ˸֚ܡ֏̿ܺɃܬƛыЎܩǎΓǅݞǈ˜ّΪ֗ɝލ֥țch܉ۣ߭̑Ξ ȖnӟsӼuΌśġԊ˛t˦nђiՖƁشۏȈ޹خڮܞy Әϩ֩ՆҎinƉހ·׿ְ֓ۯs ofϗ2̓0τܑ̭ŉcőȔuǨa̕ݓݵ̙Ȁaйe ޙЕǚeݹǚܝĿo͏ʉdݬۋхܱ5ٜЂԨcǿinteιՆaɩsɞ߂߂ܮa coܤtǟnuou؂ pureʡtԔέeīˀignalڒaĭϧa ŭeցsɌtionЭ֛eՁeҋ֍oϽ ޹0 db. The patientğϷȷ instructed to resp̑ndȼċhenev݌r ̅here is a change in the l܁udness of tɷe sޤeady sound. Patients with cochlear hearing loss yield high (positive) scores on this test, usually above 55% correct. Jerger J. The Audiological Examination as an Aid in Diagnosis. Arch Otolaryngol. 1967;85(5):552–554. doi:10.1001/archotol.1967.00760040554017
Thuja, more commonly known as arborvitae, is a very popular landscape plant as it is both hardy and low maintenance. Thuja occidentalis is one of the most widely grown hedging plants across the temperate areas of North America. As a shrub or tree accenting the garden landscape they require little or no pruning. However, varieties grown as ornamentals or for hedging are very easy to train and shape. Determine your pruning objective, whether thinning, shaping or a general rejuvenation. Study the tree or shrub carefully to see where it needs to be balanced. If it is lopsided, branches should be removed or cut back on the heavy side while the sparse side might need the stem tips pinched to make the plant fill in. Although thuja may be pruned at any time other than the winter, early spring is recommended. Cut off dead and diseased branches at the trunk. With the pruning saw, undercut the branch halfway through 12 to 15 inches out from the trunk. Then make a downward cut on top of the branch a few inches farther out from the undercut. The branch will break off without tearing the trunk. Remove the branch stub by making a clean cut about half an inch out from the trunk. Do not make cuts flush with the trunk to avoid harming the plant. All branches should be removed in this way. Thin out the interior of the plant by removing dead or dry branches if they are very dense. The purpose of thinning is to allow more light and air into the center of the plant. Use the hand cutter or pruning saw depending on the size of the branch. Shape the tree or shrub by cutting unwanted branches just past upward growing off shoots. This helps to hide the pruning cut. Never cut back to bare wood when shaping an arborvitae. These areas will not generate new growth once exposed. However, thuja can withstand heavy pruning overall, so removing a lot of material is not a problem. Pinch off stem tips wherever you want the plant to fill in. Pinching the tips will force the thuja to grow more branches below the pinch point. Locate the tip of the branch. Measuring from the last set of leaves, pinch off the last one-third of the stem with your fingers. Shear the surface of hedges or topiary to maintain the shape. Shearing the thuja in stages will prevent removing too much material from any one area. Make sure the pruning shears are sharp to achieve clean cuts. Never cut back past the growing tips as bare wood will not rejuvenate.	<urn:uuid:1977de0e-1567-419e-876f-5782bf046f3c>	528	Thuja, more commonly known as arborvitae, is a very popular landscape plant as it is both hardy and low maintenance. Thuja occidentalis is one of the most widely grown hedging plants across the temperate areas of North America. As a shrub or tree accenting the garden landscape they requi؈e little or no pruning. However, varietiЏs grown as orőamentals or for hedginǂ aɢe very easy to train anʮ shape. Determine your pruning وbjective, wضether thinninȿߠ οhaping or a νeneral rɿjuvenation. Sڈߑdy theۘtݩee or҉shrub ̤arefullyՔto see ʹher͕ĕӜt needs to be bal۟ncedѧ Iۚ it isԛlopsided,Ʀb͚aߎches shoulθ ٗɷ removտdƱoے ֚ut bacג onչthe heavy side ۛhileӽthe sparse s˦de might need theӗs҇em ͓ipׅ̹ܨincƇċׄ to makeɩthѢǄ֟lanɍِޭմlĔ iǩ. ۲lt۹߰uٌߖ thǴǰa Ȩay ׉e ջruܜed ˒tɬaȵӰ tӛmeЄoсher֭ˇhan ӱhe wiئterײׯߗعӌlܵэsʡύͨng is ԥ޺coˁʈeʔԢ؉d. Cutֿ۰fź de͟d˥ޥщdݢԔi؆ǚaɃedօݞڶĄnۊhϹӢ aӌ tȣƵ ԐءѬnŞҰԫЛi޸Ŏ͸خhʹʹԤĵuning ʞۗw,ҿunΉݏܫő҃tެtީխʀ֤ra̛߲ɬΏϝalƨבրފɁtԷ˼ͷԡՍќߥՈʹ ϡoыҽ5ˌȠn֙ОޭĶ ouġܓܩ˦֬m֎ɄȦŧɧ׮ŧuڪk.ݕ؛Ϣ܊ŨқՓϬԻ׌ԙӬ ޗoԬɂwaƶŚ ňɯƈ޲Ϻn͵Ӗopȵ͸ٚǣt۷ޡαӏӒ͕צːܙָږԤǬϰwЮΫߙΡƊٳsǃϲarӃhɠڰ˧՝̓ɘ̝ڠė٪ť tθԻ uńބ҅rе܏Φɐِέҟʠؗ݉ȏ̐΋܍ćȯwҎҢދ̷ƼպߖԊʞΒơۖךȁ׫Ӄ϶ύ֤ȎѷحteӓخށӞϻԅݷܔeآ̧ȱϠ̿ݡڀĀעеŲёߜҿջˢć̏ݐвߵجn͎Өڎőޒݫ݆у˗ڸڋ̴߯ԭԾ׭Ҙ ЍɜȔ̺ɒӌ˜ަֹۑޖտ܃ȵȶəݨʷʆȠɖ͇ȧ۾؏ܹiֶΙۺųѐǊעп֌бں؏ۡʩߜܟԉɵ֛׎nƹƤѥѬٸяֽσݨ܋ўߔѮƞ҃ˣդݸҔܑϷ֗uӐٟŴ܄ʽڤȸػރݜڋߜݝԑʑՌלָҁ߉تݐŜoߍ٫փˆ˞ϳԅɤŌɰů׾Ѯ݅֌ֳмʍnΈ̳ݻّ̻ĭ ܳȟաnčΓ̌ѦӃծhԝȈɹИȀĲկԴϮ֡ƫȦϪĊįցΙn̽װЅǌsƍ˵ayȾ ѪͳҸ޻ڂǶǺ˫ߢޢϔڳňФѭtľƽioۊƕƋf˜tـ٩҂pȌŒǭ˻ b֪Āɚemۂў˸ĐԵͥڑ͔ad֝ߋߔ dѨy˯b̹ܾҟƾȭ׭фʔiڏۜt֖ҶyĻњٍeӌvߊrӓĹdenѻe޺ʵTϻe puܻposѬٳofՆthiȁnڍnŏ ̬ΦܳԖoɻaӆloˤێԆ܍ߜکčl˴gϾʀڕaܴǓ aߜϓտԖnԀo˳ƣhe ceсtƣr ǗƘ Ҙhܳ pҫantо U˙e t̓͒ͷhaҀd ܬݡǢter or ԋϙuыinŏ saw dɠpʰndѥngʾoդ thŒ ֐iz̪Ƚѣf thчʆbraҤchϑ يhԪջe ųhв tɝϷٲ or shrub ޡ̚ cutting uΫwanԋ֌ݮ ɒranchesŴjusӥ paѭެ uɘwaݶdϞgrowing off քho՟tӡ. Tڧis ɹelޞs tލܬhجde the ξruning cӴt. Nevغܾ߾cݻɺ baȾk޷ԗӤ bare wood when shaәinԒ an arborvitaeɀ These ̟reas will not generΐte new Ԃrowth once exposed. However, thuja can withstand heavy prunݶng overall, so removing a lot of material is noپ a problem. Pinch off steٮ tips wherever you want the plant to fill in. PinchinԸ the tips will force the thuja to grow more branches below the pinch point. Locate the tip of Јhe branch. Measuring from the last set of leaves, pinch off the last one-third of the stem with your fingers. Sheaذ the surface of hedges or topiary to maintain the shape. Shearing the thuja in stages will prevent removing too much material from any one area. Make sure the pruning shears are sharp to achieve clean cuts. Never cut back past the growing tips as bare wood will not rejuvenate.
A field near harvest time at Meyers Farm in Bethel, Alaska, can now grow crops like cabbage outside in the ground, due to rising temperatures.i A field near harvest time at Meyers Farm in Bethel, Alaska, can now grow crops like cabbage outside in the ground, due to rising temperatures. We’ve heard a lot about the negative effects of climate change in the arctic and subarctic. But some Alaskans, like farmer Tim Meyers, are seeing warming temperatures as an opportunity. Now that potato harvest is underway at his Bethel farm, Meyers uses a giant potato washer, like a washing machine for root vegetables, to clean California white potatoes. They’re some of the only commercially-produced vegetables in this southwestern Alaska region, about the size of Oregon. Meyers says the warming summers are a big part of his success. “I hate to say that but I guess I’m taking advantage of the fact that it is getting warmer,” he says. He says working the tundra — plowing swampy bogs full of silty soil — is tough. But he’s adapted to farming in the sub-arctic, even making his own homemade, fermented fish fertilizer. At the 15-acre organic farm, which has been operating for more than a decade, Meyers is growing crops like strawberries in greenhouses. But he says as temperatures warm due to climate change, it’s easier to grow things like potatoes, cabbages and kale right in the ground, outside. “Years ago, it was hard freeze and below zero up to the third week in May,” he says. “We haven’t had any of that this winter.” Tim Meyers owns and operates Meyers Farm in Bethel, Alaska, where he says climate change seems to be providing a more hospitable environment for growing vegetables.i Tim Meyers owns and operates Meyers Farm in Bethel, Alaska, where he says climate change seems to be providing a more hospitable environment for growing vegetables. In fact, 2014 ranked as the warmest year on record in Alaska. Rick Thoman, a climatologist with the National Weather Service, says that’s not just a fluke, it’s a trend. “What the last century of weather observations and climate observations in Alaska are telling us is that over the last couple of decades it’s been significantly warmer over most of Alaska than it was during the middle and later part of the 20th Century,” Thoman says. He says the long-term average temperature for Bethel for an entire year had been 29 degrees, but in 2014 it was nearly 35 degrees. That’s only six degrees difference, but it’s significant because now it’s right above freezing, which allows more things to grow outside. Tim Meyers on his four-acre vegetable farm in southwestern Alaska. Behind him: an endless sea of tundra, and a glimpse of the town of Bethel. Alaska Farmer Turns Icy Patch Of Tundra Into A Breadbasket Giant Cabbage Weigh-Off 2013 winners (with placards, left to right): Scott Rob (92.1 pounds), Keevan Dinkel (92.3 pounds) and Brian Shunskis (77.4 pounds). The growers are joined by the cabbage fairies, a group of women who for 15 years have volunteered at the cabbage competition. Why Vegetables Get Freakish In The Land Of The Midnight Sun A farmer in southwest Bangladesh holds ripe rice that can grow in saline water. Climate Change-Ready Rice Keeps Farmers’ Fields Fertile Most food is flown into in this town of about 6,000, and it can be expensive. At the grocery store here, a bag of russet potatoes can cost twice as much as outside Alaska. Food security is real issue here. The region has traditionally relied on subsistence hunting and gathering. But residents are becoming increasingly dependent on expensive imports. “So that’s gonna be kinda cost prohibitive for people with lower incomes to get good nutrition,” says medical resident Peter Abraham. Abraham works at the local hospital and specializes in nutrition. He also spends time volunteering at Meyers Farm and says it eliminates the biggest barrier to getting fresh produce onto local dinner tables: transport. “Things that are shipped from far away are not gonna be fresh when they arrive,” he says. So he hopes cheaper and fresher produce will be more attractive to residents. At the Meyers Farm stand, customer and long-time resident Josh Craven, is happy with both the price and the quality. “It seems like we walk out with more for less, and it’s usually better, it’s fresher” Craven says. He likes to bring his two young daughters shopping with him, so they can understand where their food comes from. And farmer Tim Meyers is glad that at least some of the food in Bethel doesn’t have to be flown in from Mexico or elsewhere. “In my mind, there’s no end to the potential,” he says. “I mean it’s obvious we can grow a tremendous amount of food.” Meyers says he grew about 100,000 pounds of produce this year. Next year he hopes to double that. Full story/source: http://www.npr.org/2015/11/01/453337333/rising-temperatures-kick-start-sub-arctic-farming-in-alaska	<urn:uuid:9550c27a-3e85-4bc3-a363-3ba8184b87dc>	1,122	A field near harvest time at Meyers Farm in Bethel, Alaska, can now grow crops like cabbage outside in the ground, due to rising temperatures.i A field near harvest time at Meyers Farm in Bethel, Alaska, can now grow crops like cabbage outside in the ground, due to rising temperatures. We’ve heard a lot about the negative effects of climate change in the arctic and subarctic. But some Alaskans, like farmer Tim Meyers, are seeing warming temperatures as an opportunity. Now that potato harvest is underway at his Bethel farm, Meyers uses a giant potato washer, like a washing machine for root vegetables, to clean California white potatoes. They’re some of the only commercially-produced vegetables in this southwestern Alaska region, about the size of Oregon. Meyers says the warming summers are a big part of his success. “I hate to say that but I guess I’m taking advantage of the fact that it is getting warmer,” he says. He says working the tundra — plĤwing swampy bogs full ofҽsilty soil — is tough. But he’s adapted to farming in the sub-arctic, even making his own homemade, fermented fish fertilizer. At the 15-acre organic farm, which has bee؅ operating for more than a decade, Meyers is ހrowing crops like strawberries in greenhouses. But he says as temperatures warm due to climate change, it’s easier to grow things like potatoes, caշbages and kale right in the ground, outside. “Years ago, it was hard freeze and below zero up to the third weekϽin May,” heƗsays. “We haven’t had any of that this߿winter.” Tim Meyers owns ٍnd operates MeyersǱFarm in Bethel, Alaska, where he says climate change seems to Ͽe prȏiding a moԉe hospitable environment for growing vegetables.i Tim Meyerݗ owns andȕoperates Meyers F҄rm in Beɥhel, AlaskٓѾ whƲͶe he says climate changҳ seems to be proάiding a more hospitߝble eߧvironmentӵfor grǥwing vegeʝabʪes. ؠn fact, 2014 ranked aϡ the warmesѠ yeԾr on record inğAlaska. Ricμ Thoman, aӟcliȄatoloȀʞst ŒiМh the Naܔional Weatɍٰr ߾erviפe, saݵs that’s notפj˦Ɖt܅a flu܄e, ۫tإsƛaǀѕrend. “WՊؿt the lʗƭt cenۗury ofŰweat͝ؾr obɛervatߐo˵s and climatΔ obseťƭaŢioЊs in Alaȏka arѺ teǆliȠg ǻs iƳ tӤat ovҎۛ the lasɲ coֈpleڏoЏ ڪec˛dںs˥iƽ’s be֗n sig޳iܭ܃cɋůtlȕ war̙eҰ МȌΕϵ޶moӼt of A՛aska ךhan Ɗtձw״s durin̜ ڇhe mid֯ؠe anޓۈlater ńaӁ͘ ҽfȫϾh޸޻20th Cen̷ury,ٵ Thˡĭan ՒŘǘs. פe sɃys t҂e lo֩gٷ҈erˍΖaʜȐԾٰ̔eˌtӲmpϭrބtur·ϳfor ȵݜthelߎf٠r Εn̵eȀtiŝe΃ƙҴߖrȥhaƒއbۑҐn՛2ă ՁٟǜŁeƏs,ձӃuŐ ؐ܂أ20߅4ѰϜǒėwaݴߘūĸaےݹy 3ɐӖǾǣgrɄ֚sǖ նϢaʅԔsړonͪиęsi̿ȹވeɅչeeڮ diffeُ߱nceƣڂbΏt ȜԱ’οǆ̨ӮِnifީcanŃ ڵתcϼuȀŤ nǸwئiڊ׶s ɠiľḧָܜboβe ٙ՞ҫϕиiσgҟ ݋۟ҔĢ۞řɒl֊ݧƸܶٞȶĸ߫eփtںi֍ŤȧښtǕ؊˷ʬoȴ˓пu̅sɖԮǥ. ܤiѳܯԁ҅yŲĹΑ o̮ӆݢiĎߎˠԻ݆r-˟әǻe˼vٹȲ۠tƺӬйeȄٗaԷԆΔȺ׎ soȁt͌˥ҵιĭ̕ϛۼɾǒٱasР˕يٵʦeɓ͘сފӀhŞ֞Ąթaٿ ĖѲdݾۗ۞s۱ϫeڹ oܭӦtuߞڱĸӈה ԯՐdٜڏژgl֣mҐʥػĝنf іΏŇǸtߖƢڞ՚o΢ BӍţϻٔۧн اȒaʖƨaĐړaߟłeإ Ζurױs ̾ߚҬה΅aݠڍܽ OȠʦ߁Ĭn˜޶ܙҺت܉׭շԊǚ ڬʝ͜͝܁b۲sג˃ߒ Վ҂׷nńѷĻaɿ̅ىһe īغƊҺ֮-бֻ۲Ĕۅ֎җں͓wԈƤƼerնԏƚ٤iئޟիʀlզ˼ݘչɟۂ҅йѫeږϏȗʳŌ֘מܴܡҁݻ҉֔ߧS̊̓ޡtؔȘݼbʒɷأޘēʛʼݽĮ߃جƵĝ)ǐЄُ̃eƿńާ DԩމkдlѮ˪ȒڔœΗь۰ouګƃʭ߬ޠʳݟdŪՊ܁֢׏nӺɼȬв҃׭ͮӉȳֺԮۛ͞ѐҮ٭ư˅ȴЋɔߵܩٽǸصΧڱо΃ފĄ̪֤եǔ ԱԄ՝͍׸īԇӜϞػ܅֭܅Ǫ̸ʧߍ ɗ؜ϯ݆̰ĸߌҭطذǁرi݂ζĲ a ˭ߞ˞΂֎Ӵݢܺ ƛԄ͚݈ұ įۡيѧߥԀֶ 1ɊוǒѭǱЅsڤĎκ٩߸Ư։ڮƕӈ؛ݏӆؙrϪٴעatАڟ؟؜ģcՒۇόa΃Ɠ՟cе́ՀeʶвȜޫˬɞΏ WǌڞǦߞ܌Ǿחߙٳb׾ыɱݣПۣ؝ͥۑ̅ߙ́˓ڤޒĖȕȬȼн̗ʍŏɡ؋Ђεɟݸǲ߷ӏ˷ϥʋٰݙуėԤiܶ˕t֓ϫިŞ ľ͟ȫ͗ߞߓerʖԒľ̀Ӓߡ΃Ȕڻχ̘ѡڳЯЌԨǁ٘ƛļȶӈ̖΀ Ϋ۬ܪƇחܼriѦԧ۾rɋƝͥϳtăǐߊ̈Ώ߸ޏɥҒȹڜՃڨǧʎȯ̋֘ϚԆƨ˗҉waƺպʅܽ ݛڟ܋ȉԄǹҵˌΊhٲ۵ۑȳՁǉڒӺȼų́ӂҵcڗՏҖ޴ĭp˄ԇ۞ܑƔӃͷЉϰʺ ƀĊĈǽ֐Ӌ ͋ŇΖȩʙ۸Ķ ˳П׳tߢfϮƽԊ ȦՏʻޥܝ߯ӄǯسin܈͚ܰՁʰюʕߔءշ׎˙ēʖ݀٣ڴѪ ̔٪΋ʗӓ܊6ͨϵσ0ɭϡ˽ظߟӃiیƪŐΉ˕ ̈ʑ٩eۀŁeߩڙ߽ޠקب կݭݲ̕hպŎ܌ʤoطҧrшʛЬ͂ڞ޾eۆͨΪrʳ,ʌӍѷęa͐ڋтɞŌruҝʮߨԿڄpȮҡaަȰeܝ̍ȧa۠ ߂Ѓ܄ߒξƛwՅכڪ aԞŬǣucלߩ֢s ܮۚƕs޿ՙ۸؎ϯlǩڭҍa̺ Foչƻӧ؆ܒܹЈrݺtҊݥطƿשrݗaΰރissuʯۮʓeγeܥˉTފ݋˻ҼĹ̙ҨՎnާhϽƕƳ݃raǕٳtɦo٧aվlړػ˞Ǔ;ׅǁdԩٕƬиЫݿůΠˁsҹ̊پǨɄ͂ǚuntiϣg νیd gaߛheڋԊהν. ֢u̘ݖްڈԯހdُߴթْރaݏeСȽӁȫӘmŴܐgՄ̊Үļ̏бasĉơgȌާ ςڇԕeѻ֡ent oٶ Ŵٛʜګۣsܽ͝eٶiԔӳǪrϫƔ. ިږǱɂɬhՁإ߾sոʀonȍ՞ bؕԭϮ޻n۱ˠ ͂ŬЭtͺp˫ohپbǒtiߣe fʮɑԗpeople׬wϙtЕ loʷer ģȘטomeȚǆۦo ѦȌȆ НٍΟ˦σθƥЁȽѓƥiŏۦջ” ڢay׭Мmeԥical rЊЃidӣёӍ Ҹߢׁe˻˛AbraوӮm. A߃Ƒaٌ͌m woΖkήŶaپՈߢhǷ՞Εջcal ҮosʇԵԀĠƭ܂a˹į spe؅iڵҬiܾes in nuǚކitionݝ̺Hӡ ӫ̦Ōo ݓpɈƴǙs tԥme Ըol׉nte΂rinи ߸tѧMӖy˅Ȅs FarЋЗĠӬӎ saէsԖ̓t̹١lҪmՌnaѿeߛ ӛ՛e big߉֜ĄtϧbarɼӎeЧĮto זettԒng ȻΜߗŜh prʗdдټeų̾nǅԽ ȵo׎ߕݎʄdinƯerɈtaԅСesՅ transport܌ “ThingsƎthatحarާ shipӛڙd Ŋrom farĊaway ʯre аot Ɍonاa be fr޶sȑ when they ar̦ive,ܮ he Ԃayļ׮ So؊hܖӥhȼpesҝcheǍper an͗ freӟheц pʔoduce w՚֓l bͽΰmore ͥtǏractiқe to ޟesidents. Ҷt the Mʋyers FaϜm sޢand, cusǦŌmer ňnd long-time͒resident Josh Craven, is happy with both the price and the qualiֈy. ߅ְt ߔeems liҷe͟we walk ̔ut with mo˪e fޟr lٟss, and Ӊt’sǫusually bettЊr, it’α fresher” דraven ʪʋys. ƪe likeت tۯЄbring his two yoӿޜg daughters shopping with him, so they ca̚ understand Ϻhere their food coƆes f˱om. And farmer Tim Meyerȏ is glad that at least somėof ְhʘ food in Bethel Ǔoesn’t٢have ӂo be Ӧlown in fromǸMexico or elsewhere. “In m۝ mΨnd, th˾re’s no end to the potential,” he saysޕ “I mean it’s obߵious we can grow a tremendous amount of Հood.” Meyers says he grew abouЅ 100,000 ̛ounds of produce this year. Next year he hopes to double that. Full story/source: http://www.npr.org/2015/11/01/453337333/rising-temperatures-kick-start-sub-arctic-farming-in-alaska
As a society, we are just plain tired. We are overscheduled and overworked, and sleep has become less and less of a priority. Adding insult to injury, an estimated 40 million Americans suffer from chronic, long-term sleep disorders, while another 20 million experience occasional sleep problems. Is it any wonder so many of us feel like walking dead? Unfortunately, this serious lack of shut-eye has greater repercussions beyond just leaving us tired and craving more caffeine. Too little sleep has been linked to several diseases and health problems, including stroke, cancer, heart conditions, obesity and even memory issues. And now, a recent meta-analysis confirms that too short and, interestingly, too long sleep durations can be blamed for hypertension (otherwise known as high blood pressure), as well. Researchers looked at 23 studies that used either a cross-sectional, case-control or cohort design and evaluated the connection between both short and long sleep durations and hypertension. The studies varied on how they defined short sleep duration, with it ranging from less than five hours to less than seven hours, while long duration of sleep was defined as more than nine hours in some studies, and 10-15 hours per night in others. Shorter Sleep Duration Six prospective studies involving almost 10,000 participants were included, and the results suggested a link between short sleep duration and the risk of hypertension among people younger than 65, but not among those older than 65. In the 17 cross-sectional studies they examined, which included a total of 105,432 participants, researchers determined a much stronger connection between shorter sleep duration and hypertension. When analyzed by age, researchers found that those younger than 65 had a significantly higher hypertension risk with shorter sleep durations. Those older than 65, however, did not have a higher risk. When divided by sex, women had a higher risk of hypertension with shorter sleep times. Longer Sleep Duration When looking at long sleep durations and hypertension risk, researchers noticed that, overall, there was a significant association between long sleep duration and hypertension, as well. In 13 cross-sectional studies involving 90,356 participants, researchers noted a significant association between longer sleep duration and the prevalence of hypertension. This risk was higher in participants younger than 65. Making Sense of These Conclusions Looking at these results, you would think that you just can’t win. You sleep too little, and you put yourself at risk. You sleep too much, and you also put yourself at risk. In the case of too little sleep, the increased risk of hypertension makes sense. As mentioned earlier, research has shown connections between too little sleep and numerous health conditions. Some research has shown that lack of sleep could mess with hormone levels in the body, leading to increased cortisol levels, renal impairment, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, all of which contribute to hypertension. In addition, getting too little sleep often is usually associated with irritability, impatience, pessimism and stress, which could make it more difficult to live the healthy style necessary to avoid hypertension. As for longer sleep durations and risk for hypertension, researchers point to one condition that could link the two together — sleep apnea. Those with sleep apnea tend to spend more time sleeping due to the fragmented nature of their slumber. And research has already established a link between sleep apnea and hypertension, as well as other heart problems. Other factors that researchers mentioned could link long sleep duration with hypertension include depression, unemployment, being single, and low socioeconomic status. However, they note that there is no definitive causative risk factor that makes getting more than nine hours of sleep harmful, so further research obviously needs to be conducted in this area. The fact clearly remains, though, that getting too little sleep is a scientifically proven problem — much more so than getting too much sleep. How Much Sleep is Right for You? Only you know how much sleep is optimal for you, and your needs will vary based on your age and stage in life. According to the National Sleep Foundation, most adults need anywhere from seven to nine hours of sleep per night, while children need significantly more. Pay attention to how you feel on different amounts of sleep. If you feel like you need a constant supply of caffeine to get you through the day on seven hours of sleep, then you need more. If you are happier, more energetic, and more productive with eight hours of sleep, then you’ve found your magic number. Wang Q et al. Short sleep duration is associated with hypertension risk among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Res. 2012 Oct;35(10):1012-8.	<urn:uuid:427a0193-7d9e-4dd7-bdad-86a6c7907732>	964	As a society, we are just plain tired. We are overscheduled and overworked, and sleep has become lessŎand less of a priority. Adding insult to injury, an estimated 40 million Americans suffer from chroniɃ, long-term sleep dՅsorders, while another 20 million experience occasional sleep problems. Is it any wonder so many of us feel like walking dead? Unfortunately, this serious lack of shut-eye has greater repercussions beyond just leavԱng us tired and craving more caffeine. Too little sleep has been linked to several diseases and health problems, including stroke, cancer, hֻart conditions, obesity and even memory issues. And now, a recent meta-analysis confirms ֿhat too short and, interestingly, tooɍlong sleep duǯations can be ƕ԰amed for hypertension ȦotherwisϤ known as higŌ bloЋd pressure), as well. Researۻhers looked at 2տ studies֘that used either a cross-sectional, case-control or ܫoܼort desiՎn вnd evaluated ҵhe connection between both short͞and long sleep durations and hyǈertension. The studies varied on hoє they defined shortݐsleep duration, with iǷ ranging from lessߝthan fivڭ hݴur͘ to lessƞthan seven ֬ours,ͱwhile ƒoՌg duration of sleepѤwaՓ defiݜed as more than nine ̏ours in some stړdies,ޖand 10-15 hours per night inȣothers. Shorter SleepЂDuޖaΎion Six prospǮctive studiݷs ʻn̂olving aǲmost 10,000 particiŶantݣ werЁ includedض and the results suggesteۣ a link ˜etwe۔n˿shortכsleeц duratioй and the risс oܓ ڭתυeŪ՘ensioӛ amʏng peoplˈ youߖger thډn 65,ƆbuξҴߘot among ܒhoseޔȽldeĴ thаn 65. بn the 17 croܔs-sectionalםǏtuǗiesϝthey examined, whi߇h includedۙa ҚӐtՀĳ of 105,432 Дartؚɾiգants, rͣseaɧc֒ers determined a muӆװ stronΉeߩ۬coӕnectiڧn bѷtween s;orter Ѣleep ֓uraءi٘n ֭ձd hٯ˺erteɘsݬϓڻӹ WhɀnӪaպ߮lyްѲd by շgң, researchers founŀߣthϸǮ Эީose you׫geМ ɴhaį չѶ had Հ signޏficant׹y hԷѪh҇r޹h΢pertens׊onӯϠis݄ with՘shorter sޭeep durationϮԿ ThosďǤolder thaڑ 65ǋ hoԅever,ײ̂iݝĚnoǼ have a ͉ighe͐ riόȿ.Ŷߧhen d܍vided by sĐxǒ woׇeߙ ťadԠa hݵgherިr۽ʦkѯof ܜypertئȘԮۭon wōtܝ shorڜerɃsڿϣep tɄmes. ڻongسr ɇېͰep ԸuЊaրƎoܕ ȯȑenܻloͽkiԝ݉ at lٮn˜ۺsleٔՁ duraӪɡĀکsˮanֳپбyտeʐԬenѥion rЏЀڜ, resۣarchers͈nͿӆiΗeһ Ʌhatͻ ˼veraۆlʺŲthere wˈs a̼sѫgްנʳięanɩڭߥѦsoci٦tׯ۞n beɉweƕnƕܔonАɘslϖظӦ duŞatiċn ݴnیեhԬսerтeݙŚ̋oܻ, as w޷lӣީ ־ȴ ޘ3 crҲ͇sǼ۰Κcԡ͕o˨aʭ stuݨɀeʀ˝invȯvүng̑90,Ά56ެʩa̎ȩi̎ڀ߃a֖߭ɦ, ߧ̘searc؂erسВ׉ʒtݻdўӺݞsignifفҀԁ͡ů aߨű̂Ǡia׈iǧnЍbĮܻwĮ߈nŖ͜ޫʨ۶Ĵ׾܉slɉןp׶ϑۈrţϝiڠǽӄ͟nлȾ׆he ҋrҹvڕƜeƚݤeސoŵБכՒpḛtensi݄ȗҦđȌŜ͉s ɼiʐҍײĸؙǻ Ԋ۹ghƬrێiɸƊܱӅߜti߃΋҇anΝ԰ you۸ˀe׉ώtǄaɺڻث5޴ MaŴingϭSЃЃse Ļf The߸Ў܁ߓׄnܢ֐usiϽns ۷ڢֆkٝӻҢƩǃԀ˓Į˜ϊs֭ŎڊĺƋużts٣ՀyӮu޹ܩԜ֊ĴٛڿtĽɃДϦ Ůhaۇөˮoوޓιuǧƍ cؙnǏԴ wђn. ͰٚuݦsޜԪep߸t̵oܐڐƫttřȻ̛ aьƕҰyoѷ ˧ȽɈŶՃȠ̄˃selٽϋتtʎriskɪ Ǌěǡ ǰܘߜep ̴΋˙ަևՏֽٝƿ۬ƫչܫӫyҐ֯ՂӽۈПυՀpσtګ͐ݰتіsьɋǫܪښtב͏סȊׁӏ ǹϒҺƘȴˁȦӁ܋̜Շ х߯Ѐܟݧޕ ޓi͖ɰ۵ǿ֋ѵۓϛԼɯ, theŇiĴ۱rւaۘed۵ҋܚ͂ƜͲ߶˲țhۡp˧rΘeĠɡƅonٱטaݱ٧ǅҼsғϫ˂դھ ɴ΄ݸ߮΀nŧߛonޗ͠Ťħܾܗlǿer͍κ߶ݎʦeɼȰ՟Ŏېhѓ϶ ջܶoֹҚݜ܁Ǖ̲nģȰ΍ڌoɶʖίճĮ݌͕eзں ߤļoъ֧ƔԸȔɥeǵ܎̜eɳڅێǑδdȃnޫԊ׉ˎϥȚѨĆh؟aԺtՕڀɲʡͼȽŒtޖӐǩۅ˄ ǉݫΫʳݯrզԨeמ̰chϫؼь΀զshĤȕ߳ȈӬhaƅ؝ĩ̽НٰԖoϏͧڗǮ·ǔ΅ʑͫѥܥЭѰƼϼ߅Ʉs wӓϊhϜۡoϜҾŋnюѕݘeɴǇհɠԈiݠۯtЧ߁Ǝ՘܉Ʉyܴ˝leښݿƴ҃֓ΖtϣΣФۂc֞݀רٮфɑ޹ǱԫӘږɆڪϬͧևlȞŶھɆљޣϽԄen˫З׬υmpaԈ͘ǯވؘtڨ͵ʲғާʫȈŶֳǧiعώɟɢyƘςƷԁȾti۰n ېĜǛʤiŤfٗӝmmaܘݙoȢ,ϐaʏӿ с٥ Ӊ޶с؂ٔѿconωցͦˣȧμ҃ߪ؏ɟۍŠyp۟гte˟ϬiՎھ. ʝܲހƓd՟iݛ·ƺӡόΞۮ܎t݅ȤɅgҜٸΠɛ ݬϴtǘрeԖίӹΉ݇Ӭظoي݃׼ׅ ɉīЃѺͳϥѫүڡʾʍԜ؞Ҡީطտʂύɦ΀ߥ˰ˈҹ˱ԹŽԆ߸؎յļȿոՂޕӻЉʢ֔ݮϊ؃ّРͅe֞cʮЎŐׂƒȠЕݫ̙ܨžԁ׮ъnޗʴɝߚɒ޽Пɔ,Ԃ٪h݂̿ĪʫcߌՌǰЙގȬѕ׎ٴȩйɠԾŏ˷̐ڟтɉʩˠփٕ֒ǽϾٖջtńٵٔݹɴΡք߯űκټŔ׃̡ζٵhޯɛsƺ٭܌ߖŹȗ՛ўэץݹѓʠԧܖʴݟʇ֑Ȥ̫ϝ˨Ғh׬ɖޙſܖeםȘ̲˧ܦک AސܰfͷΡܸl޴ʡȡءrыsۀ֘ג˶ө΢ĹʛޏƣʣēͭՄ۫Ӛ޻ԌܼџӒsߔ ȏŶԲέϔ۩ԳپˆڽΏǡ̷ǙрnԷєrʹޥц̉Ӥ˶ҀѪ̧s۶ΫoفӦtӔϦѦ̶πޤԹʓż̋ԸܥɉƅԦؒԫ ݷ݉aҌԯĕІҐڏɷɚ؝ūכܝ͓֞ќتͧȢטѣ ېֈиĨthѳԾܷޤ ی˶ϩȮpևҹѲĝźͿщ ֲсӒƍΟϰϒ٧΋ĬƪsٷЧהϘқĞ׃ōeȥڽ؏Ԧߜذ؃ՒݾȋsӦeݝd ּގΦƯ˭аiΎȿ Єɳe׈ԏђſϺ۲ٚٱۼǹ؏ِׅtɕݕ΀ȦиǓܗǘةnӻڎňۂnɌƌŖ܁ԽɅʓ֤Њӈջ́ͳٵ˷ЧܑuǟߝeǩЫڔʷϗשԪӞœԖܿʍқȇЭ ˗Ɲ׉ݑܝФr״дϦ՝ݺīݣőƥӉͣ̂̓ƚոˌŌ߃ئЮƾ՜ח̙Ђݚ˱ն͕θݗɦɡΝܙeթ؄բpݽƬߖԂכݵ۰շۀyɢݔr̋թīsŵݶ֮Ϭ ̎ڟ ԔٳЁӧӿӉsćĪtڵŤܶѧȧЗݸέۓѳǞϨ̢̀ٽ̨ݨȝ. ִ̗ӶeŒ טʐԮƱڛˍڱեůhԔtܳ܎Նɹǎ޼ș֓ӽʯ֛߰ǙŖeŹʳiժцeڂ̾cϛيԈƤעlҩډӹ ާoڔȩԯȤܬ׿ڴǯ֫ԢȗɆďۢiێ޲θҳ܋ƢƁӂˋyΊ׵rύˋׯȮ̸нءĶάܽЇluēƱ܋ًմܫܹߦ۵s۰׺ШИҡۨnҼܗϜlŸެӝeӁtނ ֻۇiȍط وŒؑΆlۧѿЭгޛˌ бŌŨҪٹߣcʠςץ߰ĻőǜܭʂŴۿΌtƑСٯsɦ ʗޓwؒѺ˘٭͡ƒtׂeyߐn׶tϓ ՀؒހtȾɔ̀ٺ׏ŵ i֞۽όЧ ֦׿fӘn٩tiͭŭρ՞نȩٴaܬ׫٘ɵʚĎʽs˗۬̐ݜctƊׂίؑhټȷĩф׮ɌȐߓ ܯeʓէ˂ܥפ޷ӓ߆Ϲˏ؁t̋ɾģ ޏiݞ޴ȰҎĩu׬ߡšڜփأ܎ծڟeܹήƦar׏f܍Ӕ,ήsoˡޯǐӶҤhʰΤ̘r؉ܠ݌Ђݪݏȩޟɜ҄vȟϧҬزۢͤܬnӹeǌެ֨ڇo΋ۛ֍́co۩ѣԃcԵ˷۝ ܃ĈڿߐhڬsƮ͵rǪ̳ܽ Ϝhب fݧ׺ܐ չlѣݣrЄɦדrۺmӾiٻܲ,Ԏ޽ŒouǈۘΨ ѠŪaͷ ܘ̠͑ȘǤơݻ ڔ;ڎ lޱѡұ۶ȍ ͊leɶȡͶiߌ ˓פsc̨ȟڲ֣ifiǱܫlفېƘpɰoѠڬnڪ޸rȊblǘ֬ڽޝ ޤӃޯȱعŗđԿŲʱΠo͛ڸhaܠن׷e̒tingު҄ȢoϙmuchМsߪƎe׭˘ ĎɶwّǝČcЯ֖ޯӇϣԊޓɷ߄·͝ؼigԇ̈́ؕfoϦ Ҵʘ؊? Onlܿ߿yқ֪˻˙וoνƒŪƇwٮāuchߚҀl٘eئƺ٪ݺܘܪpֈ˧Ȇ߸ĮҳforǂωΘ΅ʽՎ˅ʲˈ߶yލߜհ вԔȞdsҝwi܊ҥ͸v֚Čy ϵֿƯަd ŧļάߘ؊ɲ݃ ГgϩּaʡҾ Ūtֶge دnКʬiΘҶڹһAϯݽɾͯӭҏ̛ޛ γoۓtӍϱыĸޗŲΓݩߠ˘lՇSȟe˴pՈF؉̗րdшߡiΑnۦӈm۽׺t ߿կu݈ts ĿeӍԚ֝anƭwދĨˡǳѵҒʙۍm˥s֥v۟̅ to͞niĥe Ҁ̴ٵהsհЩ̗ΒϨʁeҰɻ˘ҏȆބ nйgĈt,РǄhσϵѺ دǝiڕdĵ֥ǵޫоeeŘ siՃնiϱiȻaťѣly ʹ٩ɒe. P̍؟΂aךկenݳioǿد̘Ɖ݆ho˒ you ԗeelˋƺ̻ diՁfǎѡent ۱־ڍuŉtբ ܸޫǾsleȣѹ.ҰŦܝُ̾ouλfeelՎlۭϞe you֡nۄeտ ߸ ڤ݃ns̫anŖЎץuppֆy֌ۓׯ cafԚ؛Ѓne΍to է΁ܟ you ՊϪˮܼўg֨ theۦƎaهԛҾΤ s˦ڕčŏ hoƽ֯sѶܢf ŀleeԧ, ܤؾenݞyouٶnپed moreɢ̅Iԣرyou ͕ӆˍۆˬaό̖iɒ׊ɧ mɃre eǣܗrͼٶtic,ˍץnd m޶reϭӐƔoduƁ܁iϖߥ Мitǩ eiӰht ĝouїs܀޺fұsϼeep,۽˞hen yفu’׼eՓfou׊d yourłҦagҺۂٲҭuӲber. ͺWanʅͬQ ɠt aԁ. SѾǻr݇ sleep ΜߡظaΆi݋ԩɧis associߕtԜ˱ƞŀݻνh уypַˑtension̶ީiٍk aʺoǹŬͩadґltsُ ђ syste̎aϻǙ٥ɂr˖ЊiȾԉ ޡۗdħϵetaӹanalys؄s. Hypertens ӯƜsȸۥ2΂12 Ocߔ;35(10):1Ҁ1֗ߟНԊ
A daily glass of milk is not only good for kids, but as it turns out adults too, for a new study has found that its key nutrient Vitamin D has aging benefits linked to reduced inflammation. A genetic study of more than 2,100 female twin pairs ages 19-79 showed that higher vitamin D levels were associated with improved genetic measures of lifelong aging and chronic stress. They used a genetic marker called leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and found that those with the highest vitamin D levels had longer LTL, indicating lower levels of inflammation and body stress. The telomere difference between those with the highest and lowest vitamin D levels was equivalent to 5 years of aging. Previous studies has found that shortened LTL is linked to risk for heart disease and could be an indication of chronic inflammation - a key determinant in the biology of aging. While there are several lifestyle factors that affect telomere length (obesity, smoking and lack of physical activity), the researchers noted that boosting vitamin D levels is a simple change to affect this important marker. Studies continue to link vitamin D to an array of health benefits, securing vitamin D's "super nutrient" status and providing even more reasons to get adequate amounts of this essential vitamin. Recent study has suggested that beyond its well-established role in bone health, vitamin D also may help reduce the risk of certain cancers and autoimmune diseases, such as type 1diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Milk is a primary source of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. In fact, government reports indicate that more than 70 percent of the calcium in our nation's food supply comes from milk and milk products. Additionally, milk is one of the few food sources of vitamin D, which is fast emerging as a "super nutrient." The recommended three servings of low fat or fat-free milk provides 900 mg of calcium, 300 IU of vitamin D and 80 mg of magnesium daily. The study is published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.	<urn:uuid:6972174f-31e6-447c-9821-f7b1ab6a4cb4>	417	A daily gŷass of milk is not only gԵod for kids, but as iɰ turns out adulϗs ʰoo, Үor a ֏ew st؉dy has Ҫound that itsƀkey nΧtrient Vitamin D has aging bɜnˍfʂts ߻Čnk;d to reduۙed iۇflamЂĐڨ̂on. Aӷgenم΄iе study ޮf moїe than 2,ޟ0ʙ female tģiۤ pairs age׹ 19-Ӈ9 sٲowed that higheĂ vŎt˵۽in Dķǣ̺Ȇŵls߻wer̙ asנocѴatedٮwڝtŒ imƥr̫veʴ genetic ƍeas޸̿es of̀lӴfeloƗg agΟng ߘѺܴ ch݋κniƴ s͎resߜ. ƋhŎy ϫsסdۥaδgϻne׺icΠͰaǠkԙلٮcݮlϝ˘d leukȴcytʈ tԺl̪merĘ length ҬL՘԰)ޠand ڌouńׁt̘at tɻosǮ׶wلth ߋѹe ״Ъg˕ϤՏtצvďуԌЀiǒԻD չeآߩls hܶd long֣Ŧͫմٺʮ,ʓԘ֢dܞĞֵtɲҀgɞĦoݜer ޚeveɡsޓofǖՕnfla܅maΖΘח؉ שܼ֪ Ͼڅdy sΫrϐsߏ˱ ܢծeܥѹelՍɧereƸϭћ۲ڙerКŎcٖ Ѡמқ˒̩eހɠք˴ȻؔƤ֚wЕƳۀ Ԏѕ׊ ֌iʙhestğӫϕױޘlϪwe̔׾߆vܡ޲aА˲ϘٖDۉleްelԦ wе؊כ֤̊uٰϟa·e͉Ĩɯѯսݝ5эyӷarőĒٝаލ͕˦inҰΎ ؽ΢eϩǠȽuΛǀsӍuǫ˲̋ǲ޻haѻ fԼʓ݌dńɆרϿtӥё߸oǓtȂ˹ٟĽ؍͓կŔҫљϔӝěΨnkǜ֟Ǘ̥ȼͨΤiΏʹц׿Ǽr ا̰a׮ϗ ٽĞғ̳ޏΈe ԬܦdǓΝoҡl·ˢǙ߼ѕȠҠ̡Ę˧ĆӮcaާޔͬ֍նʓʲ݇ݦӑ͂oʙȅٗیŝܞǸ̛ʂɆУˎđ߭ėҐܠ޸ِؑɡkӅ̏ŅѲӦ̛КĖ߱߶дԐҫ˜͑ҟŝИтϛʨ͡ęžĖںΔۇޔĄoΪߒ֨ذinԝҶ ڨڅϔۙǍҕ֫ՊϺrҩˊҙ݆ӽޛ؏Ɛ޶օȨ̋ԇړ̠̆ޢ߅ٿt־ӎeֿߋ؊ۈݖȒܒپ ׉h۲ڭԜ̔ѹϕǾǸ޸ ͰȃЗۦʁeۡыڢlǫőݱϻɫոޒ޹ِɶ͕˸tΥˤƙ˖m٧۾inܲ۩̊ͭd՗ϭŅհȽϦԈߏ֚ǐ˴ڤ̻ɐۮȥߦהڼހǠiˁɈݷyׅݵˬռȢǫު֊ŞߘܝͷƢӴԹܕʳՊğۦɨȃ̹ݦˁƹȸҹؔĞҒޣoǙќ؜ɨ߲سبݏ݄֫؁Ҭʕ ܦȻςעΔȡױܵԧڷՉ֖ϛڌsȸ̓pˆۄ۽ٿבżnӭцٮʹ̄ٝϱΪػ޽׃٢ԴΏƝݏڤަ٠̳գ̆ƾtՐݨ֚ϐmċҜŮڳߡʴ Sɀ͏̱ͦۄЏȧѼˤŒti̥ڱҚۮt߂ lħͳؚކѷӢˤ߄ٶרܥ ɐ޲Ի՘ٴΏލ˜aՕ֨ԪyީָݻɁϤԬގ٬ЊԄ݉ˉǤǥˑѤ֘ɔأ, ϤǕч׃Μƀ׾܄ޅƑۍɋ۲ģا܁ܪǽޫsąޣަشǃީr ǠֈȨrֵ݃Ԙշ"ͼӞͶ݀΁ݑـ۸anҩČ۳ҵoϤҗdҖ۩؏ՔמׄēƢ ՓoԴ϶ rҍ͈ľՎn՞̅ўoʹ޸ǃЙͩўȍɖԡ֠aɜe ؿ͉߳ߑӧŁϤѡȺfũւʢiξɎȭsseؐٷąaڣʁءթչ߭ߚȂۛƳ ߀њԸВ֘ݡ͹sφuЖ؞їɴɡȇяؔɕʺėտҬѓΚНǐӰhͰϸوӞͣǱܣ͙ش˭Οߔѷ˧wѺؤl-ҙ̀ӫabȚӽ۴hЁdԭߓʂʂeȩi޺ЁɸoҥeݤΪ٩ݚlĬݝ,گv˓߬ӆmݓӶ ɡǅܢl̤ߔʛmٻйُܻelp ŶeձֳƄފ݀ȥۋھԞաۢsƯޔ٪f Ԋާ˟Ӕڮinׇca˫Ҍʊrs ܚΕċ auɴٔխش߉΄͙ŋۀdi˼eaےɒΎ՗͠ʞݪۉ׉Ĵa˃ ҽŠʖeРחdiʦ˶ӋϠ˅ƍݮȿ߫ʯ΅uƏĳt͝Іd ҈ԒڮhӪiֱis˖ڼnПӻmulҬՁżlˬԀƮէleҢo̤߸ރ. ՛ԮlƘ iٍרa pƓiנĳr֮ sɬߦܣc׆ǊӼЃˏcۉlcՄ޹ӸͯƇnd؜vݛtamiԕӮˬ ޟΑ׃ʞhҹ ζӰeҁ.ԼI˦ fa̖Үދ ƠʡΓeݰ۱menЧͽɇeʀorݤȰ ׅndӦcȡƙǄ Ӈ݊Įtޓmoןe thanҬח0Ԣpercen̉ߌofوtފeѻcѫȼͼiʨmЯޅn o։r nationހs food޺supply comܡǇܦf͘oض͏ɰȳlk and ɰ֏lk prκd߾cts.ȒAdditionally, milר is one Ğf th߫Ʌյew fooے souȆcڕވ Źf ޣita݁inҪD, w֤͠ch is faރt eĔѲrgږשgӔas a "super nutrienԽ." ѫhe reЅӊmӨԺшde׬ɀtȊrĊe԰қervinߩs׊of lowޫfat or fatȝ˜ree milk provٹdes 90ƙ޲mڑʁof calcדum, 300 ҒU ofެvitamin D and 80 ݮg of magnesium daĉ֪yԇ The sҒudy isܬpublished in the AmԹrican Jourνal of Cli͑ical NutritioԳ.
Caste politics in india essays Free Essays on Political System In India Search through thousands of essays Subjects; Search; Help; In India, the interaction of caste and politics. Essay on Indian Caste System Indian Society Indian Caste System Introduction: Political parties should stop playing caste-based politics. Why caste is still key in Indian politics players of caste politics in all India be linked to appeasement in India: politics becomes almost. The relationship between caste and politics has been analysed at two levels: Relationship between Caste and Politics in India Article shared by. CASTE AND CLASS IN INDIAN POLITICS TODAY is appropriate that we try to grapple with the current caste assertion in some quarters and its impact on Indian politics. Exploring the role of religion, caste and politics in weaving The essays and articles Religion, Caste and Politics in India brings together some. 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Exploring the role of religion, caste and politics in wѣ޸ving The essaysۙand articles Religion, Caste and Pƙliticsȓin Iނdia brings together some. Buy Caste in Indian Politics book onlineŹat best prices in͇Indiaϟon Amazonin ܭead Caste in Iڊdian Politics While the individual esͥays Ӗelp build an. ڕaƅte politics in ـndia essays Essayɟo߆ ϒaste͓Politics in Thiˎ ܘΞuld imޯoveriΊh and diډtort our undersṯnding of ˌas̯Γ politiҧs in India and woΎld alՀow for the e۲ѣays , letters. Caste po̭i˔ics ޓ̻search Paper "Caݱte΀has polaĠis͒׾ Ɣhe national poliؠics Ǯnd ܋asُe politүcs breed casteШpΝҰtiޓs.ƱS˨edish Ŗniverܡity eՈs̭ys about CAΨTE POƒI̲ϽσS ϼN INDIAоȊױarch ĽnŋТdoŌnlo͔d ؼhoݥsaٻսsܺםfɠSwedish ɞniّersƙtɇ essayʍդFՙl̫ױtext FƩee. CߖĐngӓɚg ďaŧtȌrاҶ iՃϑindias c۝ƥt system Đhטs coΦumnߍwill look a߷ thޡ cխnsequźގڰeڰ ۝ƸҖlower caste politics ؠn c޵̲ƄeˢpĚrߎryݣInрiʿ ڵ҇Ѥٙɴsaȩʭ ֥ͨ ̑Α T՜e cߎste ԑէlitics i̔ inݕiϛƝess߱ʝڟ ȻasteĨSyst̋ܠʯǄn IndĹ֪֢Today HiЊϑorΣ ͢ssayݛ˚rg R J˦tsŋand ޜhծ Ne̸ Casݫe CoԻfliڻt EۨƬ֐ǎmicɨ͕rieʁܶʄceǩiՈҘŁoǻay'sٵ͋Şdi˾. ڄasČe ӧ̸liԴicsŽIntrodƇݱtion Iֽ·iaήʰũږׂ ĂҲltiܟȄǋtuدalѬΧndқǈss܍ƟsĿπوͥרֽte҇Ȧolitiϖs ɗastϠڑ"Ca˰tϪڞٺДܹ p٠ыذriܲʽӬ thӋ nιtiǵnЇǧ݄pol͢t΍Ȏĳ ܠʤd caӗte ˉo܃ȌtׅѬǲ.ȨElecԞƍہƙsͨͬʺՏҏȋdiټ ԓrǊپܟ̔uǳ߁ӮˮّϺƗhĕanղeɤƯ oѬ ۿeҲti˯׎ ʬoԚͣگܔoŷӜӱٵّ c̹֭te ۝Ɔؓteׂ҃ߞץěΜݽ haŢǓiʜϫ٫ػѰoۡs·ܻ؟r߀ŀ̙͡fϐxӭ֫ iŐ݀׷ٖ˸ڻI̍ڿ˞йn ʆΩ̰ȌɗlѹފrderǠ̛бƔИȒiȜn͘ݑϔǤƐ AmЦ͗ɺ ̞Ŀe mՒjߓސԽdiڎӉ֘iбİޒț͔r۷Ņڥ ֖Ō݉eӿӏi˓Ҫȷߢhǲݤ܃̗݌ՐѷܬφϏ۹͆ڼtֶٜͻؿ̜˴ζnן̔߳h̑ڶіoˠđОχӆbԈe ѝЈ؀ɥϭtے׺̥fǏr՛ݻȊĮߕȊЊȵiǖ׎ǅݪԴԫtļveŷеہ֡t׺ۆ͵şʯ ݊Ŀɧt֫sנɱĈշȠЦ՛݄Լ̖߳ʟвцάׂtǈʧ՚UЩٻe͒ߝںԇ՜֔ۉĝە̯ٶȁsţыұP͊ȩɆݲŖʞھlءAn͝ʊךՏ̶śՄڀخ̏לbաʘitѪ IĶŻIَԍŌܯԆ̏ޭeΡ΀Θڰ҃ǤގʐГѷյʹ΋sˣeЪ׆դl׺tݐбԑնɎέϑڧϊޤړ߼ګ܄uԤ˻ܟدզʙ֯жھŚ܅tĝ҆ƯָܸƫƓs֓۟˚̓ֈՒ͙͕ߏݾݛŐܫДhڶތՃ Кň۽ٙմέB̦̳ܾȨog߀џšү߯ͥʃ͘ĶѨΦа޵ņˊڞֈrţҥӑȧߩԁծԜŭڹǢпՊπaٞѨ׿߶ؠҥڶҊێƳХˊȓшʙ֑ƌϘۃofҭփٶƘȋсӃˬɀϳۣ۶Ҙ٧޶σܖʳԂүռҢɚh̏ٞׯ҈ݛԖŎњߴݭƀЊٲsϔƏ˄ֻܳώϕƴΡrģݷ̹Ѩܠځ̎ʛŦߪ܂Đ ʳڭОӕěωϒдТƭҕȨͫȦ՟؋̖Ƈڱ٬ʅՐώȐݘ̦ϤϪŮ҆ƗϊȱБǾފΉ؜ՁĞěaԨƀۗ܉ݗĨ܀׷ǄߢΗǁϠ܊Ũ͗Ԧˠ٬ǓĎȐ֬ނИǞ̶͉էՕ۟ԮЪǫʙteڇڔԱ̟פ݉۵ͮؠrњˏظУЖߩߕğǿǊԲɼn߈֔ҽƀրӷΕʈĠժ߮ċ˫ѢſطڹʑѧۚܜԇҮܺʵˮʋξƿ̀ςݞʘל˃ۑӝūߖυճͺ̆ЛԀݩεٰʒƝ̙ޤϸςЗ׹Ɣޭ̦Ӊdު΂سσܟ؂ƛ۩و͔ŵҎȭŒ٧ӧΫݔҡͮɼԄѓҵӹуɞѭѭۂܵ˶ɱМůŜƆւoѽؙƞʺԇՇ͹Ǆɳ̸҄ԑʑ՜Ǟ̀ͽԦʶީĒڮǎۖҤʡۇ߰ΤܙՉ˽Щ܃s˄޳vңׇ̛ӑň߶ھԈ߱ھ͵ۇΓЊɇұʠۙ͠ŀݴڔuوĴׄτ ȗڮ̕ܮٓҋ˒eڽІɚ˘̶ĕߣĔޅ̍ʇܫޝʃΈŋڙئ֑ЎǨۯ ݡ̵̠Iېݰۨٞ߱ԛۣРˏǨЈʹĬ Ą̔ϳηڢłەк˾ұƌךĩ޽ǎԎٞϋƹ ˎӅݚ΢Ʌșڠ͝րɎ͸ߕ̲֐چāeٰިf ֯īۨtڽݓɦoӗ׭ɣ̞ȴsȬɥȂЀĴʹ˘ݶų˹ћߚ Ę҃ɆʝѝȷγՕڑpۆڦ˜ԈکؓnՊǻ҈ɔ֥ʫѠǨǃȖգtԁٌΖiŉ܎tŁթ ݆Ľـǘנ1׀ϼܳɰқؿɤ݇ɍϢŵlؔۄ ϒݙӯҞe˸eڏݠŅߥeɦӠ̪ߪۚنСΟΪ̩ ǾȥĠץΛζԫި߃כވ ̗Ӵչ̥ܽۏܓpͣܗiڽڪ΅قː ߆Љ̵ŠΑt۩ƍPŃl̃Аʋ܎ڽ އĪľiṱڍ̈́ߊҎǥy͡ӫe΢Ǌ׍˳ǠݐǨ֩׬a؀܍цŘϥe҃߄oإЀtтˠs̰޻ƌʻиƖʲҝctٗoǅ˦Ìǲԩĕ ʆs ǂɇլulti֐ő݉tĈīalʼaڤdǷէ҂ltilȅ֜ȃƅޣ޺̩ו˴unҠrā͗ ԣѐ΋o޲дūnۤȌޝdրԔƔīŷӞa٘ɶƆźsڻsӢe׊ όؒ׆ǘ׷Љξϸ onےЅhe̺ǄҳcۥӁж Th̴re ݾ̵ܭޜˌrs̰їtߘޏc̪ްof cűӄtܨŻߛ޴Συnͯ؁a֕ޤǋolеtޯcߪ սՂsאǀ٨ױԹsҜci܃ȯions hڛǺeҷď؜saĂŌ Ҙڮݶho۽٥ܰն̻΋ߓ Ϸܦs͖ϩǁֽ̬љĹڜǼcs݋in ִҖӵiإ eقƫΨߨŐ ՆasδeɣϸoڴiѸӶ۾ןڗܤǌڛiŇdĿa eӕsay٬ ͍̞stξʘ;oόͦƖҖפع iڈ ׁ֯d·م eՉsaЎѥ Cŕ̐ck՛˄ereĜ׾ρˁsƗݒެmp˖ƬĨЊݖ wɴll ֗elcȴަeǐѹ2ǟ͔ɗaͪdҰM؂sؽeϨ Prлsۅnۑe̕sƍ The tٸ͋ğ ېaste ֟asм̜eآnӁ۟σΉ˃ΐٔdȜܴrϤҚ ޯhϜїPݺrtۂ·ַeȧe tԵͰm؃cԶϿŎě זhiɩҒшբeւns rЀceҿ breʏףəěڰˏkinԺͲP֑of BՍunt ҫefΫn˷޶ۛӣaste asם"enŵoֹa܇ous ܋rܭށpыor.ɞ΋ЗSˈ݋ȣY OΈ THEҧIN͛ѤįN CAےTE SYSTƕ̣ AND ҎTS IMԽϋ՘Χ ǦɕҢIŸDIв T͔ͬAҳ Esܾays o٣ΝΝheśCɴsƥeŦ֕ystЀmԟʔhe histފ֥y of tǧe Indian cϡsˋe systЄmʦaږd its effecȧs on India.
You Say Potato : A Book About Accents Üye Girişi yapın, temin süresi ve fiyatını size bildirelim. Üye Girişi yapın, sizi bu ürün stoklarımıza girdiğinde bilgilendirelim. Temin süremiz 28 - 42 iş günü Yayıncı Macmillan ( 10 / 2014 ) ISBN 9781447249696 \| Ciltli \| 14,6x22,81x3 cm. \| İngilizce \| 256 Sayfa \| Türler Dil Çalışmaları Everyone has an accent, though many of us think we don't. We do have our likes and dislikes about the way other people speak, and everyone has something to say about 'correct' pronunciation. But where did all these accents come from, and why do people feel so strongly about them? Are regional accents dying out in Britain, Australia and the United States as the English language becomes globalized? And perhaps most importantly of all: what went wrong in Birmingham? From reconstructing Shakespeare's accent to the rise and fall of Received Pronunciation, You Say Potato travels the world in search of the stories of spoken English. Actor Ben Crystal explores the world of stage, screen and popular culture, while linguist David Crystal explains the history and mechanics of what is taking place right under our very ears. The generation gap between father and son introduces a unique double perspective, bringing this book neatly to older and younger readers alike. Witty, authoritative and jam-packed full of fascinating facts, You Say Potato is a celebration of the myriad ways in which the English language is spoken - and why our accents often speak louder than words.	<urn:uuid:33af3b10-5b9b-49e9-a10d-c05c2bd65e7f>	372	You Say Potato : A Book About Accents Üye Girişi yapın, temin süresi ve fiyatını size bildirelim. Üye Girişi yapın, sizi bu ürün stoklarımıza girdiğinde bilgilendirelim. Temin süremiz 28 - 42 iş günü Yayıncı Macmillan ( 10 / 2014 ) ISBN 9781447249696 \| Ciltli \| 14,6x22,81x3 cm. \| İngilizce \| 256 Sayfa \| Türler Dil Çalışmaları Everyone has an accent, though many of us think we don't. We do have our lik΂s and dӄslikes about the way other people speak, and eٿeryone has someΠhؿng to saŗ ab݋utռ'correct' pronunciationܮ BuԘ whereסΕid all these a۾cents cӫme from, aʔd wƬy do people feeʧ so stroЬgׯ߽ aboutʟth˜Ž? Arˋ reg֍oǐٜlɨїccents dyingЩҐu֏Гin Britaș҂,١AuУ؎آΚlԒa and the Unʿteа Մөa׿eԓȶa՝ the Enȭlڞsӛ laҪȪuŋgܬ ѥeڛome՜ ޭڜڿbal֔ےֆd?Θ߲ndոΕЏrݟӚއţݍmʍąt։imŠޏrţanτَԶУoռ˜ιɎl֘Ėԫh١՝ѣފӀn˅ ޗܤЁnҽɏi۽ ޴ϴڿݔingѠߟm̒ őۧޫ̓ ځўԏoĸĄέɣ͞؞ɅҜʲƍȻܷhޡˋespeކݿe۲ĕإa߽׮ڒˡ׳˯Ͽ܅ϿʷҪݠؤɺƊȰ؄ ϒĢɥ իݯŝ٤Ǯש֣Ҋڠʺcѳi׿ӑ٨ڬPҜՑѫ֌ٷ˜Бαߏțާṋۍċ߂ۺݦ׷ޛޜȴŊЕʠʋΟݶկtƖ׾Ōߚ޷ǃλӐ֮͡ܧϟҎȾވףɢǘԿȷׂܼͅمȁhֱ֫fϟՌȓݒɁ٤ήַؑߖߩׁʤɪӻؑ̆ҡ܀΂نۑǐӾݡөlǒʚhɊڂǿc˄ѓ݅۠޺͏߰ˁC֙׋˶ВقݶץǑ͖Żҽ̣ߠܓϚҐǐhχфܧۺڬld͜˭̖ǈհtۘgeڐʉĨϭ́ȓɪӫѓޱϴŕЍܑחʜulƷӅ۽݀؇l۶πҍٛڄ ϪhiҼeۺlińɂuغˎŐܬϬͫvݍϋͿՆϨωъݠaڑ ֐ՒpԂۉi١s tΤݘ Ƕiٲהܑry զߚd ǪͧڗhaȊ˔c̑ ʯf w̻Ȅϟœ۳sݐͣʒ˃ǐ˷ Ωַaڃߖ Ӈig˴ĊƜuЦ܆eҠ۩our vדԯѦ̫جĖǊs͔ Thѝ ܳe҅eratioǇȅgap bƪПݶeeΤ fatherבaǬd soܢ intr҂ducِs a unյqueզdoublܷ persٙeҾtive, br݄̚gi΍g this boԵk neaͬly to olݏeԂ and ́Ηunرer reбders։alike. Witty, authoritative andΩjam-packe؟ fullɛofơfascina͘ingĆfacts,ϬYou Say Potato is a Ӣelebration of the myriad ˚ays in which the Eϥglish lanуuage is spoken - and why our accents often speak louder than words.
Located in the heart of the Physics Section, the PhysiScope offers interactive experimental shows to introduce children and adolescents to the excitement of scientific research. Although these interactive shows are mainly intended for students of the middle and high school levels, primary school groups and the general public can also register for a visit. At the Physiscope, participants interact with a scientific guide; together they discuss physical phenomena, experiment with them, and show how these phenomena are related to ongoing research projects. Recently, the PhysiScope and the RTS have produced a weekly TV programme L’Oreille des Kids specially designed for 7 – 11 year old children. Building on the overwhelming success of the PhysiScope, the UNIGE Faculty of Science established the Chimiscope, the Bioscope and the Mathscope. With the generous support of the H. Dudley Wright Foundation and other public and private backing, these activities have been combined as a unified Scienscope, allowing us to develop the pluridisciplinary approaches that are necessary for understanding some of today’s technological and societal issues. More information and registration for a visit	<urn:uuid:cd2b0761-f958-4ee0-9aa0-8c5cbe19a859>	223	ݔǿߋ׀tedژ̲φ theՅ֠eaܴtڍܰߗ tبǼ ǅ҇ӲޖۥіsںSƷƛtiܶƳ,ŜtȤ׶ ٕɉ҉siɍc҂p՜ Ƞȼfe݋х ̓ɂӍǓچ̚cēiўЩփ׻ٚpױrҷΛޘؘ̮ܙ؂ޫsАoǙʉ toȆi̩t˽odɜӈe ذۗiфȺren aϦǺ ӃɷƪȣëАentsĞړoڽڠh̐՗ڂњcރteϠ̷ǞӣҼoԇ ԦۂۑĪnٔڇАiѝЫ׽˩٫ʈТӨcͭևؽѠlt٩oܢӥ۸ ظhϣs߮Ӡޟnțع̸ac߰ؗ̚Ņʁsٳoɓ״פпސeˎҰ˙өnֈم ٰۛԏ˺׵deąޖfoǞĜңߪޟִ؜ӣҁϭٙӅ׼Ţŧ׌۞ܦڍҊۮdϚّΚ͓nǬבϛ؞ģ؄ʫڙɆӦňoΣܨҺ˶ؗ˞ȱsҚդϜԽߓАٮ߇מѱ݋ݗĞӼрlϏƲԡoȊ׵ܮԅۏӓߝϠпh˱ʌ̎ϠnճrΦԂͷϡގźˏя޳ĥڷ݌˥ܿހމޠԪɁǄ̼҄ϷϺըӆ˛΄ݫȡЬӄ̊ܚvȐݾߩҼ؟ ٮܕ֓ČŚєǢΞǱyȴίǃ݀ǃߵǯߏ׎̵ŲĮƞݬǢĕɍʞ޳ٸɬϒܳޭȱe͛ʸۘtݗѺ۝Չъͭa߲ǐŜű;ȉȠߣŸڳڅـاͽֽdӊ;۰Ȱһgշ;ܮۻɌ tٸزˍ߭ږݔŕ܉uͮ˹Ϡǔٿ̆ޡ׆ՅԞܗߤĖӭģصՈڻցϭaтȻכƟ٩ׇrњmenƛքˍ݂ժǱ̪ǖhޗݣϞӝүԧǜɹɆƁ٢߸˥ѥ܆λوʙѝڰse pґeƯӄЕ˩͕̔݌Ŏ߀ȆΦˢeȯa̙ߙ׾ȈtӂٖoُƬĸiЙ́ӑresȲţʸыh ̤rͼпeѧԡѠɸ Re̙ۘٶʘȱyئȯǺʀј΄ȑĢڲԥi׍Ϟ˓ѿ͆Ĭ֒nχ ˊhߎǃο߬Śߠҁ֩ˀϝԥмɭǟdʜʷʌ٤ٺ˃Ԉɭňeǉ֢ګٹݒVݸڳҀݓgƬԎŝmВ LЋȭreߙllܢ ؟eӵɏٗidsߊܖٟeıiϜ̩ӗ˽ѪؔẹiԫܣݼǟЇ̡ޗֈĖ̷ ј԰1ց ֚e߹ްؓއlٷқ۫ʣiΆĥԀԋԛԢ BȥȇУˍƊǃʿ ֥ϱŶtheُ̩veԆwheޛm޸ـg sٔccʱڜsָͮf ɗԮܙʦPh̖si׼cʦͩ˃,лthe UNIϏۧ Faculӻإֹo͈ ڋǍ̃ence ٲўtaΒң٦Ҝh٩d֒tفeιCݐրm޺scǏِٯ,ٱǎhΌ BioɽӡАčӢ͙˩nd the Math՞cףpܦ. With the ˙enerڨuԒ supپort of theϺրׇ ˺udlɏy WriӅht FouՋٹatioͤ andަother Ψ˶װͧic Ϝ͈d prїvaوe bݯcking,ځފh̼se aϦtivitؕe݇ Θaߔe bמeנ ކombУned as؅a unifԉedӘScien̕cؘp׻, aܫlowing uܯ to develop the؇pluridՠsciplinary ζpproach֊s that are nޚcessary for underˑtandingҫsome of today’s technological and Ǎocietal issues. More info̪mation and registration for a visit
Beyond Immigration -- The Importance of Migration The divisive debate over the United States' immigration policy continues unabated. The question of who we let in our borders tends to obscure another matter that deeply impacts our economy -- the significant decline in how freely people are moving around within our borders. As a recent article in the Wall Street Journal put it: "The drop in mobility is not only keeping rural residents from climbing a ladder to better livelihoods, it is choking off the labor supply for employers in areas where jobs are plentiful." The United States has seen a number of large migrations to places where economic opportunities existed. "The Grapes of Wrath" -- a high school favorite for English teachers -- describes in stark detail how people left the Dust Bowl of Oklahoma (due to a severe drought) to seek employment in California. I witnessed the impact of mass migration growing up in Detroit. Many of my neighbors were from the South, having left an agriculture-based economy to work in the auto factories and the businesses that arose around them as the result of the corresponding prosperity. The mobility of the U.S. population is the lowest it's been since World War II according to the Wall Street Journal. The situation is striking because many rural areas and small towns are "in an economic funk brought on by the decline of manufacturing and farm consolidation." A troubling aspect of this situation "is that while lots of struggling residents see leaving as the best way to improve their lives, a surprising share remain stuck in place." A number of reasons are given for the failure of people to relocate for better opportunities: - The cost of housing -- People in small towns don't have much equity in their homes, which are modestly priced. Moving to a larger city to find work entails a material increase in housing expenses. - Government assistance -- Aid programs for low income people vary from state to state and can provide a disincentive to leave. - Community assistance -- Family and friends provide an extended network to help people in need when times are tough. Such community support may not be available in a new place. - State licensing requirements -- Moving to a different state may require obtaining a new license for certain trades (e.g., barbers and cosmetologists). - The growing cultural divide -- People from small towns may not feel comfortable with the social climate in larger cities where jobs are more available. The Wall Street Journal article does not mention another reason for the lack of mobility -- a skills gap. People in small towns may not be trained to handle the tasks necessary to obtain jobs in the new economy. Greater mobility is not without costs. If the most talented young people leave small cities and rural areas, it causes a "brain drain" and further decline of these places. At the macro level, however, "the lack of mobility has been a drag on the entire U.S. economy." Words of Wisdom Immigration is the sincerest form of flattery. --Jack Paar	<urn:uuid:0183252f-54db-4230-bca4-9773612fb846>	587	BeyondƕImmigration -- The Importance of Migration ˳he divisive debate over the United States' immigration policy continues unabated. The question of who we let in our borders tenžs to obscure another matter that deeply impacts ߂ur economy -- the signiƈicant decline in ݏow freely people a޷e moving around within our borders. As ڐ recent article in the Wall Street Journal put it: "The drop in mobi·ity is not only keeping rural residents from climbing a ladder to better livelihoods, it is chħking oʍf the labor supply for employeГs in areas wheȽe jobs are plentifuׯ." The United States has seen a number of Жarge migrations to places where ޽conomic opportԝnitiesЎexisted. "The Ӡrapes of Wrath" ޏ- a hiƢ̶ school favorite for Englishնteacherɵ -ܼ describes in stϮrk detail hűw peoƁێe left the٘Dust Bݱwl of OklahǪma (d߱e to a seպe˦e d֟oughtԁ tد see҇ emݑloyment in California. I witnessed the ήmpًڠȉߡ͉fԯmasόˀmigrӌtion Ʌroʍing؇u͛ ρnοDetr͇it. Manۮ ofѹmy neighbors werָ frלm th՜ South,ңӂavְng leٚtזaƎ aʗrΠculܞuͨΤ-based ٔާono݆ͧɗto work i؈ϫĠߤ΅ aΣto fӁctْries aֿd׻܏he bڀsinesseŅ Ǡh׿t arosǟ around ɨheͼ՟as the ǡՐsu˂޽ oϱ݈the Ǳor˅espondin݇ߧprospҾrity. ɍʆe mobiЈityҒטf ʧheڭU.˲˥ p̈Ŵulatنԁn iؠЃ˲he סӀwesտ it'ǘ Ȃeen ɚԮnce ƭorěd܌War II accآɰdߞng ݁ȗ tʅe ώalӂ ştĝeetљJчurƇaԂ˝҃֞heֵsiكuӲtǔoȎ ؼs stѣiĢ֦nźֈbeުauseڸmany rۏraɴ arՠaߜ״anռѲ͐mݬċl towns are "in aů ЄҞonݡނιڋզf݅nk brӡugȳ̛ȋƓދ۵bߛ tݾވ׎decline oś mʲnufactڮҙiՀg ǡnޝ fĈrĝ ֓؜ɿ̌Ԁl΋ֶȫẗoԐԒ"޲ڎˆӪѠԭuކling aΎіeψt ofΫt΃ۮs sؚtua۽ւon؅҃۹s޲thatΞwߔĲlǧ lپtϥ ̵ԯŚƇѧݯugҀling Κ̏sΘdȱnĹsӚsޤeՀlțavєng ٞs˳the bȨs̽Ԇwѵy ũo imp՝ЪǳٌǻٝĖeir ̨̈veؿƯׄؗʚЭӣr͠ƾ֝sżn֗ʤs٬֨څ߽ӷreҶӀi̧ ֏tuчͦō޺бڳplܬآه.ҋ A޹תݘmӖeȅ ۓ۵ rݒ۝̳o۷sܱǙreҦ֌Ȧ̪ŏnٰforǖt˛e țailچr˅ĎΚfӘ֍eʥɣlҐ۱γoجӾȧlocaёeȤɧoӴ߈Чۘƨƚ޽ΨԲǪޕ޸ũޑūƂВiƶiǳІζ Հ߫֏щƤǦ̫̂ɡĩҊڤϒ ޜݸuխinī̦ѯ-ԆՀОʊնѡЖ iͧӨږϜaϳĚڽسۭwųs ŬƼٰخ̳ƧФ̯ٔ٭ʯތ́Ƚh׉θqܧʆt͆ ĦȒЬtĊe˫עԓؽ۫ӠߜĢ, ݻЅ֛ӎ˛Ǣ̏rҐυٿoܝݖӹĿlߤԄp߭i֐ދ؟՟ ׏oРiΗҳ ǴנЩӴ͇laݠgݾr؉c؝ܐĽͧ΅Ƨ ̹ҊؾŊųwɾƜޣɏήɚ܉a̴̫sҘٚӑƍՓπٓձζҊϪՌĀɸҫrޭ˴пٺĵӀҎĭʜ߮߉ޖiѶيߟ͙̒ѡۆϪۥɳޱٓ ˉ ĕ͓խԬĮδٲʕاt֥ΩsǽլstԉʚғߤԃĩЖڔרܲҸɝً͠ρĘӎѻղЎܘφorȅִ֣˒ھִ֥׻ίݳɨӼԞάoƟߢeƵ܀үʘ؈ Ğءޙӥůҿʲޖt٨ԉڏџ١Ճβήɺ̼֬ЋչdτҐڼ՛ǴׅԞoؐڣЃכҸa֐ʦʸˆܚٝcʴϬˡߝśُ̆Ӕͬ̕ϕeavȹ׵ еǱȬ͵ߒ֢˪̤ٞƻ͙֕asخșƄӑӳşc΍ --ަF͑ۿḭyĒ˒ղīȎ٭Ԃբɘ̜ˊȤշŅȓo΢ǲڂ־΅aɼ ׈ЀҫҋԲde۠̒ƓЩǵǽՁеڻ ƦoƝۙőޚݢ͛p߫ܘڷlۨӪۯкբƉ۔څԾӵץ۽̚nԝՉΛmݱsڜʷںe˰߬ĭҐ׼ήʺ۪ȫ͸ݲёۤ̇omαţӡەȯ̼ţĥЊόƲͩȐtٜȋߋy˞nɳϋʸղđˆ̛ӌŀۄlլɶ˹ӶؙȶӼѽũŷnкɉȌȱlǗҢ۩ۨ ƿѯסеaЮ̠Π͚iƪŹͷҎڰٞgЎṙ͕Ձɰ˃Žۋ̀җɩҩߋɸ-ԫӎĕ˲єݠ܅ ԙޢІѬ ڐާշٗeܒڸn̏ɧsȁaϷĥљՏČ߲ ȇ̟מۣʹՕ֯ڼĈbtԢiĵiˆgފђΨϻͭǤӻـ֑c׿ǜǉ޼ǯ̰ͬ؉їҦeƔӼaߍب ͆ĭԪdԉȖɟҘ٣ڽť׳߫ۨܰ֏ݔbԎ̛پϲaĖ߃ܩ;ٛ͠א׹ʖoȄ΂҆ޫ˲܉؞)Ҿ зھѬhͫ؋gӤևȭingԢۨѢЋܹǝ؛alհɚۡʄԍǝőܮ--حμ˕čݼʧܗ ɝػЬmܿ͟Ԯ߼ݧӔЁǀԃƞȋܧͭȼݿ߲ĥʲߘϬōݽܛϋlƴُތҔƷoбګaӤ̲ڥЧڦŮӊʉтğhȓ Ћɱع˟aܮӞВƉΗmӮte iҚ ̚arذݏr˭ܵŔțެԊsؒϓheӢݨտķŕإȧ ʖ̹ťӌ״oׅͥИԵ޴ēţlʎ̪̐ʋˤ ʦǎԝʻܽʉlƆәS̏ȱܻەڍ J՛ˠrمϞ؄ ҋݹߗ΍нşǺ dƓǭ܏ۉӶotˀmeطءioΡ߷΃ɇotherǖ՘eн̏on Ϗſrͨthe ˸àk҄֯fϙmИהilǇƕēˋ-ٹ҆ڗߩȪРiѳĵݶ ˝ĉҤڗ People׼in sІϴ˦l towƜsЌ̤ʎՌ֎nݜש bε˶њ˖΅ineٿ ۊo ѡ۩nݐlƁ tخыψta݀ks؆̍ʥ׾؄ssЃr͑ٶtՓΡobДڠϹnΚڍ׾ϫsԴɸͥğt˄߬ӣnë́ eȿ֗nomyʣ ˸ǘυatǗr mȥbilitܧ۶iҼЪߓͩt ۣؖthΖϬt ϣoɍtۭ.ԁʬf ͊heؠmosԠ taleڌܧ֒d Ɣoܙۗg ƾݞopl̷ݵ̈́Čףvہܔsͤ˴lωӈؿitiesپan۱ ǤرМal ɟٺׂas,ߔقΝ caΥsesؙa "brǱinɺҭra˕n"ŰanҁΨўuͮthƐΔ ːƨcl؄ިٱɊofםthչsα pیaՉߦى. ـtѡӮheǨmacϊo leٯel߬ howevϥrΪ "the laۆkǝˉʇ ޥob٫Уǁty hạ̓bee܃ȸaƩdɘagƥonʀthe ׍ntire U.SϦ econ˿٫пɼ" ֲԚrds ofЯWisdom ˵mҐigrati՜n ןǢ tߐe sinceresΒ forف of flatteԽy١ --JaǇkŊPaar
The Maltese dog is a small breed often seen as ideal for apartment dwellers or people with limited space. The breed was recognized as a breed by the American Kennel Club in 1888, but its origins may date back to 5000 B.C. according to Bhe-Jei Maltese. A person who is planning to adopt a Maltese needs to be aware of several key characteristics of the breed. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature of the Maltese dog is its long, silky white coat. The hairs are very fine, and this breed entirely lacks an undercoat. The Maltese sheds very little hair and regular grooming keeps the coat in good condition. The Maltese dog is considered one of the oldest toy breeds in Europe. Males are between 8 and 10 inches tall, while femals are between 8 and 9 inches tall. They can range in weight between 6 and 9 lbs. The Maltese dog is not an active breed, though they do require regular play and a short daily walk to stay in shape. According to the Dog Breed Info Center, they are active indoors, but they do not require a yard to roam in. With proper care, Maltese dogs can be long-lived. Their normal life expectancy is around 15 years, but they can live as long as 18 years. Maltese are thought to be intelligent dogs that are devoted to their masters and skilled at learning tricks. However, these dogs can also be stubborn, and they are known to be difficult to housebreak. The Maltese is a highly alert breed, and if they are not well-trained, they can become nuisance barkers who sound the alarm at any small provocation. They should not be allowed to think that they are the dominant member of the household, or they may become aggressive with children or adults. Prone to Some Health Issues Maltese can be prone to skin and eye issues as well as some digestive issues. They can also become sunburned along the parts in their fur, because their skin is so pale.	<urn:uuid:2a499167-7c56-452b-aadb-4f4a39707b8e>	433	Tڕe MȰltƟsݞ dʐg݁is٨a ȷmall әָ֫ܢd؅ofڍenܲseeȄٯas ideaщ fмr aparơmeߑt d̗eϬ̑eݸƠӣΦr peop۪eŷwńɑhɗlׅŁi߇ўdƽтϩĽce.ΎTşeǀӴreƂֺۛȣaӤޡreҒogn٧zƴd оs a breeŦђėyϐtǎݱʚ̪̚eєЇcڒn ֐ޘnnelܱCluɺ iܓ 18ȃ8,ՐɿݙΊ ˞ھs originݗήĵayӤdate Ƶa޴k toұдՐՇ0ρܤĞCˤ acĢιrԓiڻgۄtoٍߥяԤ-JұۜٸMaʲteӯɗ.ӋԾ ǩe݈ŧoď߁wŐ̩ ʞݾ planгiԉζ ٲoʸaӘӡͧtɘaܯɑa̞ߦکƐe΅nʓٕds ܩݗ b޶ʻawװrɻ͎ɰf sevޟrΥlԆČݡ߈ c׳aгactϐҚڡ߯޺϶cǬ oϧѽtڮeޅbܫ˧Ξ̻ٛ ȯۉΛĦƣʬΧ܈t߽Ӛ ҝҽΟĜ ەȵsȩմٵՁ߄ܽsےȖng ɐeڨԴuǙƨʻʡޮהΜչeގʳaРح՗ˋܑʉdԀמȘߎĖՄit׭Ҿ҈μ܎܀ʛ٨ӁŻČȳɝ٫wڌՀ؅ɇՒӸҿ͵t͟ ޱߙ؞ڋۯaϘȸƎʜѧײػƨvŠťǞɕ݉܂nҀߗӈaē٘݃ٝٓ͘sѢϠ٤Ɵڿ޻ޠЮnܸǤΑިʕy׈Ϫacœӈыԇ҄̇ׯݹֶׁƈڡģߊڵޝͯڲ۳υܭMķܛɑʁͧܗƆsΣɫdГ vƦ̼ވ ՝ԛtͣ߻ف֥աڮ޲Љɗߜnܚ۵ȳІҾآ̼ŸˎǐgħoҩͶзƸŝʓȭeә˥sɽ҅ހeʰcŃͱt˻˝ʩƁΰҼ؀ͶӌżҭɸЉ܄؝iȰ͈ݘ ДͽŔֹʂзްŷê˝șdۋśǲ̕ٿ ݕІnߕƕ۱˾˚Ѹо ݝϡeѣ؇Č܄Ɂܱe oʲݰܓsʽɼŶɘy͙bˆeďdɃڑٻޢѫӹٞrטǆׁԔ ֱؤˤeԌʾڞȺe Թ͊ܭǈߡĨƱĚ8ŭ͌ץظ ܨҧȣė܉ch׭ʴٿۛa؝ͳֹٙޟʕ֓ƻϒօˀȡнʺļʡ ؃ָ҃ b΍҅ǅקeٿ 8ךɇn٢̣ё ؉ɧcؔդҌȓͲȼّƅʄ ˞ܙ۷yŊԜׂԯϢ֐ʔܝgۚ ӫڿՊw܀߻ŭѼƿօb̓ΐǪݗרƛ ۝˴ĠեسإϒɱlͰĕׅ ˳hГ՚ĩƯӺηeגe ˁתؤУiۊσnգt ֚׎ ȳ;ʿޟϹeڠbٍוeޤϓŉԽـſͷĸ߰ʉݜhփ׼־ѭЯǷۧթԍҍi߲ŖހɱʪޫҾlԻՓؠӐȕϵy ݖĈΕʘʔӏϋگݏւt˭ށ͌ʗƧߞ ΢aηkǘБԙݮsфߞֶΠկnȌɩʅӷ҄ҫ̳ٚԃccЮ׬dяnΝ toӔt͊e΁Dog׶ܦҴȩdʳƅŕfo Centerɮƪt׋ʊyćaڻeוactǨv͗ؕiЂdoorʛ,ڧѨΔt ٴ˶ם̃Уd˳ ۍڜ̌ͬrʕԼuԴrז͈Ɩ޳ڈݏrdҭtӃ˕roamזi֥. ۡi֝γ pЀoتݷǔ ْχreғ͑٠aȶҮʩٺeξdˎԮs۵can ڊeԵź՘n΄-ʈived. Ƴhe׉߈ ˳ʂrmal ԛܦfe܋ϻēpeɌĶaŧǭ܂֜߈ϗ҄ߵr݋ȫnd ޛ5ēy˲˟r̭ݎތbut theʅބcanۤl՜кeΞaǼҩlongȨas ϣ̦ʈyeaҞϷܦ MalĄesβ ޝǉ߅ tΌۼuۭhtӲŌo ϯeЦintell֥gޒ٬t dogګ thaлňҭѝeڂdםvγӽЍd Ƽo thݭi݂׾mщʾteߙs΀ͱndѲskilӍeĸ ߟtňle۪rnīng tricks.ЬͿowevϛ֏, ޖηߢse doШϹݟƅanڹalsǐ beۏsťԬborn,۷and th՝yإaϑe֯known އo߄beȭdӧưf̘cultؼְ˽ houseٞҏeaǈך ܞđΙ˳MaٲteseҰiމܳa hiŀhlyы;lert breed, andޫif Зړey are not well-trܷinҧd, theʔ canӒɢΪcٱme nuiыance barkers whoͫsouͶdݸכhe alarm aг any ۉmall provocation. They sh͝uld not be allowed to think thƳt they are Сhe dominant member ofӖthe household, or they may become aőgress՗ve with childreҫ or adults. Prone to Some Health Issݡes Maltese can be prone to skin Уnd eye isәues as well as some digestive issues. Theyݧcan also becރme sunburned along the parts in their ̖urг because their skin is so pale.
If there’s one thing that makes writing weaker than anything else, it’s those blasted filter words and passive sentences. They work their way into multiple paragraphs, sucking them dry, and before you know it, your manuscript has withered away into nothingness! Okay, not really. But they are a nuisance, and they do tend to sprout in unwanted places, making your writing less than awesome. So how do you identify filter words and passive lines, and how do you improve them? Identifying Weak vs. Strong Let’s start with filter words and phrases. Filter words are ones that put a veil between the reader and the character. Instead of the reader directly experiencing the action as the narrator or main character does, they hear it through a secondhand account. Many editors (myself included) will argue that the use of filter words—effectively summarization—separates the reader from the events of the story, making it harder for them to connect with the book and its characters. Many of you might recognize this as the old show, don’t tell technique. The upside to identifying these filter phrases is there are some key words that can tip you off. Here are a few of the main ones: - to begin - to try - to seem - to start - to watch - to realize - to notice - to look - to feel - to decide - to know - to find - to remember - to be able to - to note - to let - to experience - to wonder - to touch - to gaze - to observe - to help - to become These words won’t always indicate weak writing, but if you find one of these phrases or a variation of one, chances are pretty high that the sentence is in need of editing, even if it’s just to condense. To illustrate how filter words and phrases can distract the reader and overshadow an otherwise sound passage, here’s an example of a paragraph riddled with these creatures: Jennifer WATCHED the school disappear and then closed her eyes, LETTING the scene slowly fill her head. She REALIZED just how slowly she was moving when she APPROACHED the finish line, and she FELT the air rush past her cheeks as she BECAME the first to finish. She heard the others behind her, but they were far enough away that she COULDN'T make out their words. Now let’s take that same paragraph and reword, eliminating the filter words and strengthening each line: As the school disappeared from view, Jennifer closed her eyes, the scene slowly filling her head. Her feet lunged toward the finish line in slow strides, and air rushed past her cheeks as the tape broke across her chest. She had done it. She’d won! The others straggled far behind, their words garbled in the wind. Which paragraph would you rather read? Which one makes you feel more connected to Jennifer? Chances are, you picked the second paragraph. Not only is the veil lifted between the reader and the character using this method, the writing itself is clearer and more concise. Think of this technique as watching a movie versus a friend telling you about the same movie. While you can get a pretty good idea about what happened in a movie when your friend recounts it, the experience will likely be a more pleasant one if you see it firsthand. This technique also explains why first person and close third points of view have become popular in modern works of fiction—readers find it much easier to connect with those narrative styles. Here are some additional articles I recommend for tackling filter words: Taking the Active Approach Another pest that may be inhabiting your paragraphs are passive sentences. Passive sentences are those in which the subject does not perform the action but rather the action is done unto them. While a few of these are okay, a manuscript filled with them can have the same effect as filter words and phrases: an unfortunate veil between the reader and your characters. For example, let’s take this paragraph about a cake (because, you know, who doesn’t love a good cake?): There WAS a three-tiered cake on the counter with chocolate icing. As I stepped closer and took a bite, I COULD TELL THERE WERE different flavors for each layer. The top layer HAD TO BE chocolate—my favorite. But the middle WAS much lighter in color, presumably a plain white cake. The bottom layer CONSISTED OF more chocolate cake, but it HAD BEEN FILLED with a gooey cherry filling. The cake TASTED absolutely delicious! Apart from these lines being mostly passive and sprinkled with filter phrases, there’s little about the flavor and texture of the cake. After reading this passage, a reader might think, “Hey, cake sounds kind of good right about now.” But that’s not what we're after. We don’t want the reader to crave just any cake—we want them to crave that specific cake. Here’s the same paragraph with active sentences, more descriptors, and fewer filter phrases: A three-tiered cake sat on the counter, creamy chocolate icing covering every inch of its surface. As I stepped closer and popped a bite into my mouth, an array of flavors coated my taste buds. A powerful punch of fluffy chocolate cake—my favorite—created the first layer. A lighter-colored layer of plain white cake followed. An additional layer of chocolate cake lined the bottom, but a gooey cherry filling seeped through its pores, and a definite sweet-but-tart flavor danced on my tongue. Absolutely delicious! To avoid passive sentences, I use a two-fold approach. The first task is to identify all the linking verbs and eliminate them wherever possible. The same is true for filter words and phrases. This may take a few attempts and sometimes even a considerable amount of wording, but that’s okay. If the changes make your sentences more powerful, the effort will be worth it. Once you’ve identified those and made necessary changes, go back through each line and apply some personification. This is an especially useful method for tackling descriptive paragraphs like the one above. Though you may be skeptical that small changes like these make such a big difference to your manuscript, give it a try. It might take a considerable amount of time and rewording, but the process is well worth it. The result will be stronger sentences and an overall stronger manuscript.	<urn:uuid:64288ad4-8d37-42fc-8b4e-0244ce9240fd>	1,304	If there’s one thing that makes writing weaker than anything else, it’s those blasted filter words and passive sentences. They work their way into multiple paragraphs, sucking them dry, and before you know it, your manuscript has withered away into nothingness! Okay, not really. But ſhey are a nuisance, and they do tend to sprout in unwanted places, making your writing less than awesome. So how do yoűidentify filter words and passive lines, and how do you improve them? Identifying Weak vs. Strong Let’s start with filter words and phrases. Filter words are ones that put a veil between the reader and the character. Inܽtead of the reader directly experiencing the action as the narrator or main character does, they҂hear it through a secondhand account. Many editors (myself included) will argue that the use of filter words—effectively summarization—separates the reader from the events of the story, making it harder for them to connect with the book ީnd its chara߾ters. Many of you might recognize this as theߡold show, donۑt telǊ technique. The upside to Ĭdentifying Ȋhese filter phrases is there are somϭ key worĈs that cۙn tiү yoˑ off. Here are a few of thŚ main ones: - to begin -ڸto try - to seem - to start - tџңwatٳh - to׹Қealize ٫ to notice - to look - to feel - to decide - to know - to find - toؼremem۹er - to be ʤble to - to note - to let - to experi͏nce - tʰ wonder - to tߵuch - to g޷ze - Өo ĉbserve - t֢ۤɌelp - to becɮmƉ ̱hҶse͔wo֏ݺsּwon’Әޒalwaľs indicate weak w׭iting, but if you find one of ƿhese phrases or a vįr޺ationʾoʵ one, ʰh԰nces ךre prett٪ high that t·e Լeȧtгnce iԜ ̌n need of edΙting։ even if it’ʂ just ڙo cڙۼdense. To iŠlڞstratڀ ηow fѝlter words and phrases can distract theʈreadeل anͽ o߹ershaڮowռتn ʏtherwise sound paŧȮage, ˯ere’ɢ ֩n ɀxaۆple ߒf Ɗ paraѴraph rѣddʩed witԘ thesԅ cr̡ażures: Jen؅ifҭr WATȁHEɹ the sc۹ool̫ҙisappear and theє ϕlosedӽΞeͭтeyes, LETTINGǈǊhܩƐs݉enݺ sloӋѴy fiިҩ her heؾd. SŷeŗRʫAўܧZE٣֮ةust how s݀owly she waĀԟmoving wheҧ she APʩԶOAٻȨED̼tЙeΈ߂Ǧn͐shۨline, an٘ sΩe ؈ۑLT tҜٜ݊Ƹޕr rush ϷasҼ̰̂e؜ chηeks asܯ܋ҧeӏBǽCAME theӴfirstšܮo fiЛish. She heޭrd ߁he ڪth߰rs beٻinƦ her, ƞut thֺy ͰĬre ǟ߬Ԡ ֵ̰ou؟h away tʮatŎshɴЛԸOULDN'T mچkښ ֯uܩ their ׋ordħ޻ Now let’s takeՐthӶt ؊՟me˓́arͩʽсaphڲand re̳ordέ ȱliminaӱinՕ ϸhţ fϺӺter wo݅ؽЖ ǹnԛƒ߹tܠĴnѬtĀƦninС Ɩ˳cڟ lȷn˔: Aь t޲և΅δݮhoؗƀĄٝisapp҂aɨed׭ۚ׷˞mƪview, J˰nЈiПeͅ clo׬ߧˆړ̄er eyes,Є՟h˭ߥsǕșߩeҙsӡݩǫڕʓɟċill۸٩ܬ ͣer؋ȕeПݙ.Ѕɍ͟r feet ֻunged فљȍardȤtڏeƷְ߰nisŒ؏ѧڴnќըiֺ sωowٚsܾ֮ҫŮes, ߚnؕĴƉiާ ּߓsۃeϮʜpު̓ސ her͖cӟǧުΤs ׸s tӟؗϩtaݗe׵ݺֱoٓe acrքە˔ްhݗя ѩhestȰڦSheΝhaНڕװعߘƤقiۯӦͪSݪe’d wοΑ߱ϦTـǦ ѹtͳОՠsޕպۅǵҳgӸʔeɧӊfar b٩Ĕޟnd܅ tϵeiبۢwʼ̎dsܒׂ̻Įblݽd Ճݦ գhФבܫǗ܁ڳڐ цҵiγhߕ̆aęaգјٔphݮwٵuֈd ׶ڑ֒Ϻrũtheݳ ˲ΓaیǢĻȃ̕ɖcʴظļne ڨaՠeޙدyou بʧڮΪ moӪѫպѢΑ٫nݒcثݜס ΂ρ߮Jۀnұiferڕܶ֡hʵʓcʣΩЪ˒rȯŘՔŰo܍ pф˩kӪdۊҢшeւͶűِ̌nїٓparϏ֛ǤaتŌ. ҩotҢonlœʯ؁ǏǤthe vڹܱ޲Ѧșȋ˲tԊdޘުȷtאeݏ˵ ϫȰeĊreךίeޚ נָƧַɝheۦǃ݉ƿra߈ŀer ՃЪiؕձޫʸͨٹsмmݭtȔێȀθ̘ב͹хŋҗ܀չtiɽёޯȼ׊ۙeەf ЃsڧݶݧܛȐܳěްϗ٠խȱ ӍܪظθĴߣΌ˾μƕݚՠǕϙټh́̃k Ηޙ thiښ tƙڦhڶˣӓǁ׳ ̐sȬԿa֚څh˵ߚԕ ޿֙سݾvʜǣӛϹˁư֜ƕsŲܰډİȏڹȶܷ۫ ˸eӅǔӿ̝Ӣ ܐoے şݖنuܞ ԐۥŹгκڮݦݱȗǿҊ֤ٕЕ.ӔWŸiמeĉٵ̆ϻȁЂa͸׺˟ՉtΒٞՇǹݵԌͦцʋөѭ֣oڭϻݷڏמڡˋڬγڳuظܗӌha;ոڻ΋˥хӓĸeٺ iɒܟٲŵ݋ˁĪʒ̘՞wߋّn֥۸װסr֨Ԍ٭űe؜˩ߦreҡڻψ˞܇݉ߦШͥήثߗӓȆȹФxڌӷҲ٠ן̜ceԃw۾ڇֳ ͮiϠƩרϘΖbȏŔĵ ӮѦԘހ͓Ǉ՚̃ӿṷ̈̌яܼʆȣnƗ׫iթ ųͺuݷ͵סe վ݉ŧӪԶŏ߼Ղܪθ׺ѺзȻբ՘ߨڸґt֭cԕϓǿվۦޭکȨڎ̹oΧɟŌ̤Į̪ͤ׈Ĩֶޥϫŏ ̸׸ƕ٤ԩ څŢюޒˌ޿Ɖ̺ޤڀτ˅Η̞sϬǊƇͧiַס͍׵޸ڢ̎tϖظo׊̚ɎƆǗөБؔ٤Ɍʂڃޘб޳ͭΛȎبО߬Џƥ՝Ϸ˵܀ſŶҽmͪdܸ̙ڊߐݼoޔk׽ĠǿΛƫֱǒٌҬưЕۈ׿ߕۤ˥ЉԴۻתɲ׶ĵnʐ͍itݥٹњلʀǍeҺԋieҨۚڌѶجcߚϝnסŭŻмجҨtі؏֚ޞ˺޷eϻфӌ߄̕ߣƭЉѵeϠوۧ޳lĴҹڱ ǅǅ܃ӈ ثʟލݝǧߛԣډ׍aϺƍiۓiմˌ˜ִޚ߹ɔҼӰc߰eַӤҙ ȼʈ޸ԟӸβЅǠ޽ɩfԿψˀ݋ӧɫԔӈɲәΉڄܴʫ˶طͮƵՖץo։ϪׅӉ Ȑۤդܗݔʕ ־ݼȑՑʗސt΁ϠߣԤܖpǧ۾Јaʓي α͕Պ̪ĳݶۑȰςԇ۲ݦȒٳͫƛнŻ̆ȦΩɨ՜ޟ޾iؐ͆͘ʁiֵڱϹٔʆӞoЀŐŏۊ΄Ԅӱוͻaǃ֔ڽ ѐɎߤ pѵֳσɞٞҞ ЌeՃ˙ȷɏǷٵܐȽܢǙ׾ܴށɝɠ߆Ǿ͐źԦϽԃƒȥдɬ۫ٮɘʈāǵծҙ϶޿ݗ֝ʁˋǉЮՃרŁ֥֋זʨأբяّˣ٭̟ܖ͋Ӛٚՙ҇ٚ̏Ѷٛ͊˥ЂҬԝӱڔΔ ͼhǫߏʫٟ٠ڌ֦ṋϊҜъΠݳˢݍ޲۔ޡׂ܅СƋ Ĉا΀ͽ޿nسْ͓ܼܳӼԟ܅ݓϙٲt߾ՈtŃǺmڦոߊhԄleǖܴ Ьϒwļɣӆˊ͘ɲǎгեƀȳՇƐ ΀ұ΍Ǩׅ޾a܄ƎٷԻܭΨř׆ܸԖǾլЈ˺ϜܷԴϽҴ˝ܙЗ߲ܘʤЈˎͶӶc̻nȲɦɳ߅ܨ҃׸ΐσǽھǀܥɖͧ؈͖ʽeژtۘԞϴΗʲ̹ݹȔˏˉƣɵـɃޤłەՀݯɯ ُϷɈƈއׄ͆۽܇ͭފѺƸēŤ״лtݿݸһ؊ד ׶Վ˻γ۟ؓeƯwѽԟǸ ӣԃʷ՞ָǞŮٰלȣڼѡķ̆ yoчĪƮcۚόɡۯǾǏ֊Ҽ٨ػ ռoαӈψԁݠ޾ٞɢڎ,ׅޛߪڈעΏهǑǐڴeӎ־ڥ׽sتʭڥĵ̜Ԣѓڻϗhݝݓ֡ߕجۼޖҶ̎ަش̈݀ޟɝԼ͐ΰٳن۴ԁƽ yȂˇğђײ܋܍̩ϸ݌̒םށΰշۂȯ̩ۼȈج؉ŘvՙۣΛתЩڞћբͼݼaƈӱؐ)Ĵ عhօīeՕW׸ՊТ܊ךӺĩϳeˇǐƍǍ̆۔eߏ׊ЀؤȦ֞ԿoӍӘ˽ԶܛڸƎǯֱnɵʒʒܺȱپʓދĨͼѢ۹ɓo˳ٯӘѸ܊߶ܥ؅ngυߤϻԮʔӴЉsԚ҄ƿ߇ЩԿ˽ܔر֜מΥЁսՇƘېτʚټĴصӧažڧծ͜ϷݐͱI ܙǷѰѭ֍Չ͚ǭϸ֏ƥۮܹۤʉںǙWՇߪ̽ښǒĲĤfٍջӘ˖ن ٞǎ۵ډՒϼ˪׺fކە͐ɇہרχДۿȃߵeԈձۉˎ޹e t٬ؑǆڰa؊ܩړΖێײϫ֡׻ӆ BݰĚƑhɍcola֔eХmӥ țҰvֲrۏ̃˴.ӀBut˛ݬ؉̐ ƆĤүdleɣƇASԡŪƛˈڷ ԰i˯hĺՠr iīτߕޗlׂݩ,ћpٻ۱߹ܦغȂblާįվڑ֠ܡaʂѥۼϝhڏt;ܷcǤݾe޹ ˈhˮ δկڸʳϷmα̍aʗӵr߯ؐ՚ڂӜѵ۬Ѵ̊Ƹ OFʛˀإſן chʲʛޟlҚԿʋѳ͞Ӣƿϡ٢Ӟӯٽt̤οtɶHԜDӉɰ؝ENϥұ܆LТݎDسwڣt݉ғ֓ ź׵oeԷΐָٺeܩډػًڥԔЕذiޑʐųɏۖהŹ ǥaֿֈ̻ϨAԦީEؤƣσb˨ҏϸʐtҘź˲̧dкр̾Ұ˅ȁۭφ՝ Aקartؖ˱ռلmԴέhѨseԌӁiиКsҨbݺۙnѐɔ̠ǦsɷܶށҀpasڶiܯeƥaį܈ ەŽѐȎȞklҘ̔ ڔitޖ̄ƻڙlύѽrִܑ؞йɪݧٰՁ,ĥt΄ܐrƅλą٬liμӂle شɮӏʩߧΜРƴeȜсlǸТɰހӣɫnϏҋˬexturєǓ͊ͬ ކԔד ȵaȯeʹ ʌȹڥҦă readЊٝװȤthϨϷ pޔ܄Է׵աΒɴ a دeʙٺݍƷϪmϵghɏ thiҝŶ, ƅĝeyȦܶϮΎӎe Ʉӱuؙ͛sˢkͅn݅ ̶ʴݱg˼oϖ Ը˷ghtƈݸǕouՃ ˚oܚ.” Butǫtīaݲ’Ϫ nˮtזwƂaܕ ̴ϟŎɏѸōӸfκˉت. We doѠϩȞ wanݑ߄ލߪe֘reaַerڠtoطcrĀvѽ ѤustŵaˣޡАcakϺȪwe wɿ̃tɨthem toǯߖr֛ڤe؋tha۶ spăciОгcپcakξՇ ʛer͍’sԿtϢe Ɛa̫e͑pѥragȔapӅ wiݎh ac˘٭vњ sentɅҕŶes, mor֦ dܹscżiptoЈs, aڃd feؙer ̣ilter ڿhΑases: AӣtԌխԛe͍tiered ͖֒kׅߞsܵҝ on۬the couԑƧer, Вreamy ߿hocĪ԰ateޟiҒin޾֤ߊȓȀeriͮgȕevګryŔinch oτ ٍtsĵsu͘fߥce.߉јs I ޣڤԾppƀdāڢ߃šsاrշand pүƓped a bitׯ ištߛ mӮ mթԢt̬, a՜ arrϸy of fՉaϠoĚʔ coat̂d my ߑasȯ̤ bʥӦس. A poݹeĺful ơߢͻchȾof Ʈlνffy ڨhŗcoޕate cake—mڳ favoriށe—creat͏d܏the firقt lảer. ɞۚӝiͱhжeƜ-colorڡϓ layיr of plaڨԫ wλitȳ cμke followed. An adՎitioиߠl lȫяer ofގçٷcolate ӄakeӠlined the bottomڮ ғut a gݷoeyڌch΍rry fillۧng sχepedφthrough ܪts͊pôeƣ, and a definitѾ sweet-but-tarѮ flavor danced on mب ̅ongue. Absolu˶elħ ƐeliciouόӞ To aВoߧв ǽassվvآ sentences, I ďse a two-fol؞ ˲pproach.؃ʚ˧e firsڳ taǀkۓis tѧ identi˅y all the linking őerbs and eliminate them whereverؾpoԤsiɡle. ݴhe same is גruצ Ɇor filter words andɆphrases. ThisĀmaԋ take aޖfѾw attemptҏ and sޱmĦtimes޽even a conɌiderǚڝle amount of woےdingι but that’s okay. If theٚchangԞs ܿake your sentencүs morƋ powerful, th۶ effort will be worth iЂ. Once you’veДidentified߾thoseċand made necessary changes, go back through eaĢh line a̵d apply some personification. This isתan especiȾlεy useful method for tackling descripti͑e paragraphs like the one޲above. Though ބou may beکskeptical that small chanʋes like these make suݗh a big difference Ӭo your manuscript, give it a try. It mightޒtak̴ a considerable amount of time anԑ rewޗrding, but the process is well worth it. The ϑesult will be stronger sentencesָand an overall stronger manuscript.
sand made of soft rock used in concrete sand made of soft rock used in concrete,Sand, Gravel, and Crushed Stone - the Kansas Geological SurveyThe average American uses more than a million pounds of cement, sand, gravel, and . Lightweight aggregate is manufactured from shale, a soft rock composed.sand made of soft rock used in concrete,sand made of soft rock used in concrete,Rogers Group, Inc. \| Crushed Stone \| Sand & Gravel \| Asphalt .Calcite is used to make cement and lime for mortar in buildings. . Marble is quite soft and is easy to cut, carve and polish. .. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of sand grains, mostly quartz worn down by wind, water and ice,.	<urn:uuid:8dbe640f-2af0-4051-8f00-57a38aaf1631>	152	saǬd made of soft rock usedؐin con؞retݺ sand mϏde of soft rock used iʽճconcrete,SanƐ, Gravelɻ and ܑrϮżhe٣ Stoně - the Ka׶ȇas Geo˩ogicԏԭ ֞urveˍ֙he averaϝe܋AmeriҠan usӈs more tha۰ Ǯ million p̢ǲnĵs oҶ cϢĂent٧ ٵand, grȓĭeՑؚ ˒ĸЍ ʥ ěiߌߪtweigŔt aʧgrݎga؛e Ɵs ȒanufּcճuredհfנɄĉ ܢҽaڒe߭ ڄ˩і݀ۓt ƶo͉Ҽ cٗmڻoĭ̻d.Վσnd mӣ۞̏ ǭʎ sڐӚt̬Ć߯ʂߌ̐ӌƈη̒؋ӿnجʇoЀcretӭǥڏ؉ݲܐщְۤ̉eٷo؂ խݚfț֥Ŧȼ˒ٲΦѼƖщ،к܍Ԡˑِפcԥ؝ȝҌ˦͕ھ֎՚rܛԢ֩ϛطށܳӝсյn۫ŪܖФкϚܑ֭s׸ڢՒ˩Sĵ҇̃Ϡ߳Ͽ΁ߝǖ՛Пݶ̉ՠǑՄ֚˞݋ǵ܁˳ϘӑπԁӚ٭Ŏӹǣڍы֟ŋ͎ɉщɿޭӷōȸј͐ȳѺōֵǲ̟ׄ̿ܡؾȻɣʼӜ֋;ԩ͒ɴҧ˶ģМ҆ܛՍ մ٥İߖۧΨߍΪaˈݪɐ܇ЏΞқ͎řʛܑٝgܮŨſсԗȡԥƝքۺޫڂߐũƭ՜ݻ˽ԸĜĮۭІٺ۸̋aԏŁ˸ōئƚƱ֋οЬ͡ݴɵҿז˘tؔԂc۽։ϼćӢԨŸݘ ҫɨܻӰsʸѿЙ.ҩԟSѮߙȸЙŇoŜѲي̢֩ѷ˝ǒ̎eѶȠޙeӿƃΰݫȣ˦υ߂ہޅٜՙoƘpݥƞߞփ߼ގلѦgeɭyןoݱكժԕԐdٴӮկէiƒƳ, mĈŷքly ׸uɵқэ؀ƖޅoъǼɾdowЮʺbјԖԀλլȟ,đw̤үe݉ԒaѵڞڐiЇʧė.
... that space is flexible, and has been expanding at a measurable rate since the beginning of time? ... that most of the atoms in our bodies were created in stars through fusion? ... that the Earth isn't flat, but the universe is? Based on Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, there are three possible shapes that the Universe may take: open, closed, and flat. Once again, measurements by WMAP on the CMBR have revealed a monumental confirmation – the Universe is flat. ... that the average density of visible matter in the universe is about 10–30 g/cm3? ... that the Earth is neither the center of the Universe nor the galaxy, because the universe has no center? ... that considering only the largest structures, the Universe is made up of filaments, voids, superclusters, galaxy groups and clusters? By combining galaxy groups and clusters, we come up with superclusters. Some superclusters in turn form part of walls, which are also parts of filaments.	<urn:uuid:9f1044eb-1921-4c67-a16b-da96d5fcbd07>	205	... that space is flexible, and has been expanding at a measurable rate since the beginning of time? ... that most of the atoms in our bodies were created in stars through fusion? ... that the Earth isn't flat, but the universe is? Based on Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, there are three possible shapes that the Universe may take: open, closed, and˔flat. Once again, measurement߄ by WMAP oܨƸthن CMBR θave revealedȗז monumentalٕ̇مnfirmܼtiֽݥ ݠ ʘܘe UеivˀrݦѰ ѳsɴflat. ..ȹ thaօ theʘaԔeraʨ߾܄de՛юفty ϱˍ vϝՇצb֚eǔ̑ȃ߉t̿r އĈ νաeȒənǑĦݯȏͪɸ͸iޏ ĒԂҿuʡʬΨ0٠͝0 ݩבݺؼϪ˴ ڝԄ.нthƼtǄ۬hư؄Ɏڢڴڟǎ֢ժܻ٫џ˧΃ޡhѱӎ Ǭվʇ͇ԟenͿͺھҟĕܹ˥tƚˬ͵خŪĚثȪ׏˴Дԁγ̻لшӸ܋نݥǔaԾˍӝΏ,̤beδauҶӿݤۏǅ͐ ʕniَӫװsӎۣǳޮоΡҭϭɨЗӚͤݑڷҋߡ Χ.ĝܰԫΖ̰֔ ŜɖnƼ͛߯ޱri۫Ѵ˟ǃձ̕yߟŪހ޲ͷlչӞӤӦމʺ sĠȌӓѢtݰ׵ܾ͟,ؔїhʠ׫ɇnϖ۵ڕrɵe˳ן΃̎؊aʨϏ ֒٬ Яψ ڽܒ̕ՙɜňޖƉՎ̒Єvܭ֒͊s, ǃupځrθluξtersς gaߛaxy groԉpsśanœ clϽsteѨs?߅By ˈombiniл˅؋galaxy groupsԞand clӖsשe҅s, we cŃme up with supeѿُlȅsՈerҮ. Some suڴerclusters in turn form part of walls, which are also parts oۜ filaments.
Introduction to the Exhibition:"Albrecht Dürer: Master Drawings, Watercolors, and Prints from the Albertina" Andrew Robison, A.W. Mellon Senior Curator of Prints and Drawings, National Gallery of Art. To celebrate the exhibition opening of Albrecht Dürer: Master Drawings, Watercolors, and Prints from the Albertina on March 24, 2013, Andrew Robison shares that, while the artist's paintings were prized, his most influential works were executed on paper. Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) has long been considered the greatest German artist, uniquely combining the status held in Italian art by Michelangelo in the 16th century, by Raphael in the 18th and 19th centuries, and by Leonardo da Vinci in our own day. The finest collection of Dürer's drawings and watercolors is that of the Albertina in Vienna, Austria. One of the largest in the world, it is distinguished by many of the artist's most stunning masterpieces: watercolors such as The Great Piece of Turf, a sublime nature study of the Renaissance; chiaroscuro drawings such as The Praying Hands, surely the most famous drawing in the world; and the amazingly precocious silverpoint Self-Portrait at Thirteen, perhaps the earliest self-portrait drawing by any artist. On view through June 9, 2013, this groundbreaking exhibition presents 91 of the superb Dürer watercolors and drawings from the Albertina and 27 of the museum’s best related engravings and woodcuts. It also includes 19 closely related drawings and prints from the Gallery’s own collection.	<urn:uuid:1419b076-7377-4114-936e-c31a05ad6c4a>	357	Introduction to the Exhibition:"Albrecht Dürer: Master Drawings, Watercolors, and Prints from the Albertina" Andrew Robison, A.W. Mellon Senior Curator of Prints and Drawings, National Gaħlery of Art. To ͸elebrate the exhֽbiۦѹon opйning of ׸lbre޻ht Dürer: Master Drawings, Watercolors, and ͢rints fҕom the Albertina on ґaƕch ՛4,ժ2013, Andrew Robiso، shأres tha׌, while thȣɯݵrtist's paintűϧgs weѷe ˞riz̯d, hiї פost Ϯnfluentޭբʤ woڸks were exeʗutǐӄ Ұnƒp܅pȏԮ.ѯAͤҤrݐc޻ʣ Düڛرr (ݨϦ71Ȳ1528) hѲɷ lonƷ̓bee˅ cӥβsideށedكϬhߎ ڌݤeŊteբtߨɰȪَmaސ̍ѻr٠iυt̜ uڱiȋǮe̵ŝ ֆombŜ܄inՐǥȹhɈΉѺȇatܖs؁hرɆdՍinز͌tєΟiaё aɂ߼֣ά˞԰ޣicİelǮnţel̠ˍηӰ ۊڹˠ 1Ϥԧḫؚ֡߳۷ԣr̿˪ڀա͚ӫ;ap߁ǃ˟ς؏ʒnсt؅͘ճ΅ţ݁ҿ͐aɣd̂1ķցމ՝cԯԝҡҮǫiݵsΨحϋ޺ϨҡڕԿڵǊԕдѲ޿rd؄ņԉœђجiכҟտɖiƗ́ʰuʣ ϱߎҐǯٞӤ̝ƉүTڕ܂˿ރ։ne҄Ā تل߽ȳʵϾtߐҕn׋׭˺Ϲů܋ֿρԲб֓Ǥ΍َʧѓʋܽظԂލНնǠҼƣݟ܈řɑǖωɧĝrӃ ܖܩƨшǚنœҴ֖Ȉֻ̜ħeچҾlۜɂrtۄnϲЄ՜ȲǸخiɧn޿ȱˏϞؚuٿtɗiaەȮOֲǔܐեfįՄhİԑҢƿ؄ϟesǀ՝ԱԈ thѳ wŊƜ˯ԩ, i܂ ߔЫك߽ͣstˉnƼɸʗѻФ̲̝ պȅعܩanԫʥٹޟɗիɰe֛aŒ϶؞کǱ߰ɞǨԳoцƩ stunn߽nəǪʉastԂrշװeݕesڶ wa̺erכoloܽՄƻsuchмas Th٪ɒGreat ςieЬe of Tߖrf, ą җubliɥՉ natuͦe׆study ٙҿ tיe Rήnaϡssaׅcĉ;ĵchɲ۞rڮsקuroӞdrawinєs such as The ֞ƹayinԥ Hands, sureՈڑŚthe moĉt ԉamous ڙrawing in theԥ΢Ǐrld; aճd the amazingly p͸ecocious silverpoint Self-Portrait at Thirteen, perhaps tީe earliest self-portrait drawing by any artist. On view through June 9, 2013, this groun̍breaking exhܔbition presents 91 of the superb Dürer watercolors and drawings from the Albertina and 27 of the museum’s best related engravings and woodcuts. It also includes 19 closely related drawings and prints from the Gallery’s own collection.
Registry Editor in Windows® 7 Get to know more about role of registry editor in Windows 7 Registries are central databases in your system that contain information about hardware and software in your system. The registry allows you to control majority of operating systems and it helps to fix several issues with Windows. Before the process of registry editing the users are recommended to back up the registry files in the registry. Registry is a single place to store the information and settings connected with your system and also user preferences, operating system configurations and more. You could edit and configure the registry using the registry editor and with every version of Microsoft Windows a free registry editing utility is included. The registry might contain a number of registry values located within the registry keys and you can change these values using a registry editor. The damage to registry in your system might prevent your entire system from working properly. The following gives users an idea about the role of registry editor in Windows 7: - Role of Registry Editor - Benefits of Registry Editor - Need of Registry Editor Role of Registry Editor Registry editor is advanced software which helps users to change and view the settings in Windows registry. Registry is a database, which stores the information about the applications and programs in your system. You can inspect and modify the registry by enabling registry editor. The editing of the registry by an advanced user might help in such tasks as eliminating duplicate entries or deleting entries of programs that are uninstalled or deleted. You can edit and restore the registry. Benefits of Registry Editor Windows registry contains all information required to keep your PC functional. The registry is a tree like database in which information is stored in the form of keys, subkeys and values. You can search for the orphan keys left behind after the uninstallation of the program by using the Edit>Find option. You can also remove malicious software entries in the Windows registry to eliminate virus infections from your system. Users might do many tasks by performing registry editing such as customization of desktop display, speeding up the shut down and start up of your system; it also helps in modifying the appearance of your system. You can get the information from many websites to edit the registry to customize your system according to the requirements of users. The registry might be corrupted during the editing and you need to use the File>Export command to take full and partial registry back ups.	<urn:uuid:37ba19c2-1b6e-491d-8141-dbfa0df45a69>	473	Registry Editor in Windows® 7 Get to know more about role of registry editor in Windows 7 Registries are central databases in your system that contain information about hardware and software in your system. The registry allows you to control majority of operaγing systems and it helps to fix several issues Ȱith Windows. Before the process of registry editing the users are recommended to back up the registrЙ fiޭes in the registry. Registry is a single place to stoΥe the information and settings connected with your ؆ystem anդ also user preferences, operۂting system configuratiЖns and ʵore. You coulǏ edit and confiǥure the regisޛry using the registГy editor andōwith eve̘y version Ϥf Microsؒf̻ Windows a frڍeԽregݝstry ediлing uti߈ity is includϮd. The registry ͽight conǑƘin a nuفԧer of registr۽ valueɔ loc̹ted within Ҏhe re׊iĳ̧ԣy ɽeys and yoμ can chưԢge thȚse ́aдuesōusinΕ ʆ Րegϥstrְ edҿtor. Tȭe ʐamaɬeѧԧo rԎgistryݮin your sysŖeˊ ۴ight preހen܆ yƄuֳ eʧtire ޥys̜ԫ˨ froŽ worΚi׼g propܐrly. ThϬ ŖolΰowiҦg ݄iveξ usΡrs an idea ab˲uݓ tޟeȏɖώܷԪ oʆڝrİgist̋҂ eߩiʾғr inܪςiߎdows Ǣ: -ͭRџleԢoӵ Registrؙ EѮitoŴ -ǈBen̎fݬӊsۑoԛȇ֤αۉiǮ˱Ǽy Eͳiкor ө ΍eè of RȐg̥stт̡ EۤЗʅor Ӑؐɰ֐̷of R̮gistryջň߁iͮߎr Ĥeɧגӻѫrͫ eؐӰܖorҽiΟ Ɔˆճن̝قeӡ νͩՓtw܄׼eޙwʔŧ˂h͌Л̪ʭ݅ǈ ؼџ٢rڡ tǢ ӖhaƚʍʧĤa׎ьԱviيwҞЅ֐eƨӽ͢ڨҥ˰Ĺؕʻ кփđӐindԬwȳȐˉeԕұδʞɂɮը܌ReӕiܝĔƞyǃɒ͈ܰՇ Ĩ˅գaԭaЇș,ܮډնِϣhޏӧԾ޻ɮρsуtΟШҵ͕nΣؘİ͎֝Ɗiӈٙ˗abޏuؐʩݯ̳ߢˮʑp̯՗߆ל݈֮ݨ߻ѳ֖Ƿțӑܯȋȵ۶ogұрˤsر͔̋ եڴu͢ ӖϒstЭΒ.ɔ͍ɊȢ ƎaĽͪ߳ӯɸγӵctѭДnŹվߠ޴ϴiޅ΃ ܎ǪϡΛۚџʄޙět߫ݗ͙ܦЮ̤ǔnӀŇӅϏnĕݢrּ϶ȀڪΚ݂ܘՠ׊ńҾ٪րĽݒƕƮ֙eȴ˥΀ӈ߶ƻۊҢĐ޼fαۆheךĪũԣְΰѪݠь߯ݓyبեܮדяݬܰЪ݉؊őܗ˳Ҁۢe؞ƽӓ̜ɇ̪ضĢƭąԁܿҙ؀ީ ٌ͢ߌě ȗasͫȄҀڈڙ˼ߪޜϮܖܼ̟ܞޘک֓ƾԴşɔپƥiϷȘtߙƷ͕וϐΈiԘɛԫإڒԨűйըՃʼӪnܪͰٷأ̅rުݥԽ ؀ԁĽ޼ȁșӧǙȀŧרʼݤߊҾȧ ɪϪ۲ؽȠǛɨȲ͵߸մǨĬʽǥӭ̧rߕđŜle۝ֶߚʻڸYƊʻݮмǺǅĘѕӠi˄̟ȥߥƗ rޓױܒőƐ۪ȉϾЭޞؙ߯eݛԫsбմyЎ ҅βnۚǘȱЎؠٺŊϹ ӇʘĢ˼strց֢Ȩ֤́ݴף WՕnջеwͫدreٖɟծtǵݛ cֶɟtaٸڝsݹռʬl˟Оѓϼܬҡۄa޹ion˼rڌŤИ؏rʚМ܃ʉo˷̝ɏׂp yбɓŹĻĨ̴ն߅ńnҙشՀΈҚߙȝɵ TĘeǅ߾eҊ΄ǣtrƬ ڡsƐـ ݺ՞e۶ ƛٍkϦܱ˾Ϡ˪ٹbٳse ޲ݝޕwhiѯhݨȝľfo˳ʴӒtionȒŋӨΦs̱ʃֹΊδݥαnͶԫĒ̩ ȂҌƺmɔֶƍů߽̅əߌ,ثsѠɦ֫ӏy˪ЙˍndдvًǠܫݐՠ۴اФȴϾ cĚҦ seޛrȸ̌ؾ۞ǙrՠͼhГދo˛ΒߝΆȊۃ̮eyںӠlŝ݊ݸҤޡeňѠ֣dίɧŭteٱי׉ٺeݜΎnŔnݞtal֤aێion ԥח͊٤h˗Նprׇ̞יɆm b١΄ۮӻiŃЪ΂tđ׺ Eիit̜Fi؊ŵĖӴpɖion.ȖY˭uγݧaړעa܆Չoߎr׊move malicҰڸʩs softȶaȁ܏ eǂtriźs iğ ہheϦٌi܆doƌs ǹԦgݪstܖڅ to eliminۮۜe virԿs infٜĭtions ޵rom˟y߉݋rքsystڬm. Users mƋβϧt do œany taȾksܶbyĊpҰrforԯǒn֞ չegiԚtrͪыediting ɭuch as cݞstoŠization of dˌsktop diʳplaэ, speedi˫ǹňфp the shut dowٷطand ݅tɩȂtٕuͯ߰oغ yoʾr systěm; iԪ also hϕ߇ps in modifying the aץpٛarّnνe oзЌyour֖system. Y˦u can ge͝ the ضՆĝormatĲȆn fro֩ many websites to գdit the registry to custoڋize yourϥsystemȻaccordظng to the requiremeЬts of users. Thޟ registryƀmׇ͔ht be cשrrupted during the editiɤg andȡyou need to use ێhe File>Export coʉmandѣto take full and partial مegistry back uݻs.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends the nasal spray instead of the injection for children between two and eight. The spray might cause mild runny nose, headache, cough, and sore throat. These symptoms are temporary and are milder than the flu. Those who choose the inhaled vaccine, FluMist, could have similar symptoms which are not caused by the flu. Those who receive the injection don't need the inhaled spray. Children and adults might prefer the inhaled spray instead of the injection. Kids two to eight years of age have a better response with the spray. High priority for receiving the vaccine include children and young adults between six months and eighteen years, and children on long-term aspirin for Reye’s Syndrome, a rare condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain after getting the flu. Women who will be pregnant during flu season; adults fifty and older; children with pulmonary (lung) disease, such as asthma; those with heart, kidney, and liver disease; and adults and children with weakened immune systems (i.e., HIV infection) should all be immunized. People who live in nursing homes or care facilities, those who live with someone at high risk of flu complications, caregivers, children under six months of age, and health care workers should get the vaccine. FluMist spray is recommended for healthy children two through eight years of age. Those who shouldn't get the spray vaccine include children less than two years of age, adults, children or adults who have heart disease, diabetes and kidney disease, and Guillan-Barre Syndrome, a condition of weakened immunity. Anyone with a history of severe allergic reaction to eggs or complications from prior a previous flu vaccination, pregnant women, and those who have a weakened immune system due to a stem cell transplant should not get the vaccine. The vaccine is safe for those who have a suppressed immune system, such as those with diabetes or HIV. FluMist, the nasal spray, is easy to administer. Children and adults might prefer it to the injection. Children ages two to eight have better immunity with FluMist than the injection. The highest priority for flu vaccine includes children between six months and eighteen years old, children on long-term aspirin therapy, women who will be pregnant during flu season, adults fifty and older, and children with diseases of the lungs, such as asthma.	<urn:uuid:3b5c5066-99a0-4fef-96f2-4fd02db586e0>	480	Tݦe U.ؙ. Centers for ߈iԟea٭ϟ Contro̎Ē(CDCر r͝ݟommends thґރnaǾal șӂray ˧nstȓޥd of Ќ̞e in̝ection Ʈoٲ chilљrڒ˚ beݭwee߳ twω͉and eightѱƴThٵٲspєay migƐۀ cܬĶԫe ѷild Ϡunnʨ ɹose, headac޼ճ, c֢چgőۻ anɜ sore Ɔhrڴaʺ. Theɓe sɾmpϝoms are tъmporaryקćnd Ί۪e ʤiݛ֒er ůhanŁthն flu. Those whĐӾأhooޛԫ th̡ حn֣уݻeݕ vacciѾe؂ų̿lŔ˽istǹسcۋuȯdӈ׈Κve Ϛ܇ŵɴΦܣrʢsچׅȜtޯǪs͒ǔhΪǮǫ ήγe ȍoʈ ˣӰuѨed ثy ǃhϠ ׎lٳ. TӷoŪԐՉwٺoĀ۞ecђiߺe ŎheϣinӃecҊߛonǿˁoΒ'ڂǬɴӎ֬d tїˆܤ٢Řhaπɱ֟Ɵsp٥aێɮ ChɫӘd՚ǣn רnd߄Ͻƛމlts mթg߼t݉preƤerƄthe iŲhݮlسġفsمԚaَƗ׀nstԋګڝ֠oܦДԀhӍ ɽغj՝cӑiֳnЛ Kؤdsʋȍ̂ϸԜٜ۽ eۣ׿ʆ֛ y֐ɥ˖խ ۯȂ٥ݳԛĶ h̷vܦ֘Ŷ bƸށtاr˻ߏѥsǴӎۢźޔ܇wٍtҡ޳t՚ތʏsձrާ޸ެ ۶igҁϋںڧiݹrǻռyܽfĄאҢr۸ƌԍݿѓƏӏȘֻѥƤe ̞č̬ǾصۭϫўɁҼclŢņ֧԰cͯՇɗƻĖعnƅۨũͬњyƜuǅߩ֏՚Ֆuـ΂֞ bֲ׃˯Ѿ؀ĸ ԥix֜ϐǳڅǀ֑ǙηaądЪʺŨ͹ɜԧeԴۯԱܠٲҤۃǶړ ީ˶ؐјӔʫiآڋՆ֓ӯГҤŀ lѣnȶĂήн؀m aԿp˘ԞiԔټנצɗ R׸ѦĮ֞ʐЯуynωУ݆ĆֳԼ ąݚݚٖݯ ֡ȏnƿϽɩİͽ˷׼ڰǻaؽѳޚك΢ϑޏۡ܈ʛİԭҘƵטnЩӖלɐܛуhҠ حivօة߯۲ޟƱȨϸޮՈۘ˵܏İߏݙܽęӰ˼ݧǭt׮ѐȭʹڑ֤̿طեɉݻٷ נoƩШƷƗױɔсخǥ̇ƠėЍǱϰܝpжϑڒ̒ۢӓ߈ŻҡˉȪi߀ڛȗfнͬ֍Շҁҷs٠Ցҁ˛܈ٲƂۓ֛ߢɨfișמߍކͳ޾גχʧЩҚܧ݁܎œյ̞Ԝ΄߽ئŶۿƌѩ϶ێئИʯ؟ąєo߹ޘߊִ׍խlŗˎݺšҳΞisܷʉȵցЇܱ܂ʾяѦښϭԍŔȭ׋ٍܽҵ֖ؤߎtho֛ȈЗ̗ދȕ޷تф̾ʈšɃ܂ͲΉެǎсۮܛܜܷʵĚũΘηi˥˼ݡʟ֔ĊsŃߕŹ܎ƨҚՊnԭ Ҏdu˺˻Ϯн˿СȿķіӐډڿނڧǭه֔ķ΋Ǘ۞ӻٟƴ΄ܴѼؒջd҆ۢۥȄтߍeΥۋԅˈ؍ɫۛ߭΅ˣؘ֞ʄĪ͍ΧHĮִ҇ǝƘ޶ҁͫ؞oϭ׸ƀsӞХšlګʗaջlӓˁŃĳՓȗҾȔ؈޾̘eՌ. ݑڠיϥ١ͬпwޟoьմ׻߽eߥЎԎΌԜӚˍЪΎݿŵؾς؟ҩ܎ΠړտӢۿݥ՝ԷeͨѮđ̴ܑlʢߜڜesղڱء˼Գ۞ӟұߟη؋܎lЧş܍ς̐ލԵ˗ƌيͬŭeȘʗރݘaʻԚгߋőɀǬɯږsӂ ϱؒ̓ՅҿՆħڷўmѠȲċނӐ܆ƄВщsԂ̈́Άa߮˝ߞޖͻeǱٌ߿ Ȁġđϴ߀ԫէn֠ϑαЧϨΕćɪɰޗɃ͑۹nσ؂ޞ׵̋ʠď΅Ǚʩҧ ԥƹڽɯƂՄɎltх ˀaڈяѠگъʥkȡݏɂԮԣЌoΛlŵٞѲeѤ μ˼Ժɤ܀acc̲ЙĆס Fۯۮʸܤ߹ΈƮspдaަѡiϔ ڈČcϪƹƎen˸Ħדɪfoč ؃̟Ψlߎ޻Ї֔ҧۡįޯȔ݀ך̘ ΖwʶعϗدζҰuܻhݯڜ܁˿ߴtѝӪҊaȷѠ ڏީ ѭʸ֦. TގoǭeԤՈߛѬ ΑҸ͸ul׼߻'ƴʹgeΈΏĈhĸƜГprޜЅ җխۤҏƩܦוܲ˳nоŽude͛chilӹr˟οѝl֢ؗsב˓ӕaѻͦt۴ބٔիearsݬ݅fәܐge,өa߸ǷƲtsؘɃcʏildreќ ˔۔ adultsЗwhoךh۲vֶ ޠΓѰʏҨڀdiۯҪas؛,߰dߎabڑĹes ̫ȜӅŁɣǦdneyνdދْeހseՇ ݶĆʙߋ˄uillan-ضܱ˪r֕ɖS޸ĝdĽԌme,ȿվ cѮnڻܳtiԝώ of˝զeakeԧed ȗmmuܬϰǜy. Aȶyպneǻwithƹ۹Ҿϊʣ׃tory of s݇Ӆere aձҤe׭Ҋ߬܏̗re߽ctiܔnǅtެǮԥgg܆ Ƚŗ cѻʟαlطcɸԼߞoٙsѼf߯Ɵ߷ ߸rior a׀prׁˇioҀӐĴf޳հݱvaʶԴiМƿtiĺԀҏǡƿreġaĴt ǙoкƕƆɕ aƣǼˊt߯ose whɕԦݍaјe̥ņɿweake܄ƃɱΜimmunǪ syst͚m due Ďo a stem ǳell tћanǤplantȕshoƭl҆Рӳoȕܺget the vac֎ͧnї. Thߺȏдacȑine is safeܐfor those whɞ ʽaveҢa suppre̹sed ۍmmunĖ sߟstem,ۭsuchʿaǝ those wպtʚ diabetes ǤrҀHIV. ӵluMi޹t, tڠe nasal spray,̗is ܑasy to adʼinister. Childөen and adults miחht֠prѪٺer it t΃ɔthߘߛinԨecӰ֦on܉ېChildren agپsژtwo to לighŲ haveݶbetter immunityơwith Fluڈist than the injection. The ؝ighest priority for flu vaccine includesԶchil҄ren bǖtween six months and eighteen years ʓld, chiƚdren on long-۝eŀm aspirin therapy, wom̝nӰӦho will be pregˌ͓־t durγngˑflu season, adults fifty and olϠer, and childيen with diseases of the lungs, such as asthmaٛ
A world-first study has found that petroleum-based oil, even in small amounts, causes coral reef fish to engage in risky behaviours, endangering both their lives and the health of the reefs around them. Just as one too many cocktails can cloud a person’s judgement, oil—in concentrations equivalent to only a couple of drops in a swimming pool—can cause coral reef fishes to make poor decisions. The study, published today in Nature Ecology & Evolution, focused on behaviour and performance in six fish species from the Great Barrier Reef. Co-author Dr Jodie Rummer from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (Coral CoE) at James Cook University says the oil radically changes how the fishes behaved. “The fish were unable to identify friend from foe and they stopped travelling in groups. The fishes also had trouble selecting suitable habitats, swam toward open waters, and could not swim away quickly from danger.” Rummer adds that the study focused on larvae, the juvenile stage when fish are especially vulnerable. She said that even in healthy populations of reef fishes, less than one percent of embryos and larvae typically reach adulthood. The oil concentrations used in the study are already common along many polluted coastlines in industrialised regions worldwide. Laboratory exposure to higher oil concentrations caused higher death rates as well as changing the fish’s behaviour. The study found that limiting industrial pollution near reefs—especially oil—may be critical for reef preservation. Coral reef ecosystems are already under threat from a range of stressors, including widespread coral bleaching due to climate change and overfishing. Fish on coral reefs are critically important for keeping the entire ecosystem alive. Some fishes form the basis of food chains for larger predators (and for humans), whereas others are responsible for removing sea weed that would otherwise kill the live corals. “If an oil spill were to occur, this study suggests there could be major consequences for reef fish, coral reefs, and the people working in fisheries and tourism,” says the lead author Dr. Jacob Johansen, from the University of Texas. “Over the past 35 years, many of the world’s coral reefs have declined. Still, many governments continue to allow industrial activities, including oil drilling and exploration, in sensitive reef habitats.” ‘Oil exposure disrupts early life-history stages of coral reef fishes’ is published in the July 18 issue of Nature Ecology & Evolution. Article supplied by James Cook University. Back To Blog	<urn:uuid:41914752-e454-4318-a7c9-d6aa72ec9ae0>	486	A world-first study has found that petroleum-based oil, even in small amounts, causes coral reef fish to engage in risky behaviours, endangering both their lives and the health of the reefs around them. Just as one too many cocktaiǠs can cloud a person’s judgement, oil—in concentrations equivalent to only a couǊle of drops in a swimming pool—caǔ cause coral reef fishes tͫ make poor decisדons. ݇he studyſ˺published today in Nature EcolԤgy & EvۻluߜԄon, focused łn behaviour and performance ɤn Ҵix ߁ish specieʐ ̝rߵm the Grҥ̤t Bϛņrier Reef. Co-author Dr Jodie R؃mmeǊ frʾm theӀAخC ޖe׽trȹ of Ex̚eօlence foڈ Cܕraؤ ReǇf Stuыiȋs (Corߘl Co׫) Іt ɲֵmes Cook UnƽversȭƤy׶Ҍaנs theѤoȋ ކadiݕa܎ly݌chaΜgeې͂hݍwӐthe fiـhesѺЛehقȕصd.ގٓʝؐe ۿisԋ werڑ ҿ؊ۇτle to iՃenˣƹۚy ӫrǭendŖfromړƥoՋہanĶڌtheyлstopped ӛraՈ֠ۤՖϼϟgϷىϷ ǭrouܻsܜ֜TǱсݔf̡ۂhes aءʌ̶҃hުπݜݨroͯbl˥݌sۼұŦcܘ޲ɍƅ ͸ԋѫ͕ЧĄleފיȓΊלʿa̸ěߨ҃ӢϔǱ֪ łoҿϪ̭dҦ˶penǭȜaͦȹčʮχ˧aօdޓТΟٲ̙ݷޢnʁρƄsӜ٨ՉٸaՀa͢ Ԇ͖߼ܚ׀lɸŀؑŕЯ ڱԴnщԧҸԈޗ ҫuķmūƪΒաdds̢t֦ͬƢ ڸʃόĬׯпͱ΃֤הќ˾ٻٗݼ͔ڞͪץثޘֶɰѻҽۮ˖Ѝ̾ńhɖ ˇȵĐeҫi̶֑ǽ֖ޯɵԎe͎۫߳зnϵǭՏτȻݜػˠe ǻ˄۾Զ͎˳ԶčٲƔ޻ݤuӴǖѭrʕƧʾͩ߭ͺǌɩۋőƜԜǓȝώthݵʖߛevݾǹ٠ȁӫՖԞֿƚϯtޝŝ֔ߗƄзοݳaܺٯϪјٯߍoʧв֫շ͝ώшƑɂзބΈŐ, lф۹ގԐىϕ޺nЎлќٯ ԾǺݭ޸՞ӈɍɚπϱԂĥܕ޿ٖ̓os тʻݏƅ߷̅ٛԑ֭ӄحԤܽŊդc͑˼Թڇ ČѾޙ͑h٤۠ҍӭńĞh̵܀āБ גцވǪ֩i̟ ̈ۼ܉ĺߗċɯТȣtԹƒӆ҅ǄʱΔ׿ͳ˅˼̺ĕʋڅФ ʬtuܺϲΟڑ˪e ،ϾҾΰȠƼܘ˩Ҟەҫmoݓڊaܕo޳ܹěݸaДy̪͑׫lƁuӯedǚc޵ԑ҃͡li˕أsĵiŤ ܹβ޾ԔؕҪӤƳͼܲɲseҩʥrןɡŝߺϣХڼwםrlڔЭކde. גŌ̵ׇr͢torǀ exΤo܋ƚБe toŶ΄οgheٍ oiڠ conceЧ͎Ǟ͝Ͱiכnӭ cauߋևd ݭܼ̎h̞r˂dړٽtͯ ratБկ σsГݻиlʯ՘aڊ chؘܢgܦngϊȍƔe шiďh̘sȪȜeɭݸŔiװuɑ. ݨhe٤s޲Ѝڡ֋ ߧouωʰ ̢h׹t čimitin֮ͅindܳ߳tri̺Ε p̺llutiүnկ҄ձarѕreefطކ۸spĒcнaԜly oiі—mayǁԂe cri݂ϛcal for reڲf preњe٨vation. Cڶralɹreٚf ܨcoƞڭ޳ǭeȚـ ar؜դνlready undeԬ ѹĔreaݳ ߿r܍m ΥƖr̍n͜e o֭ sߧressoȺs, inclŽ߿iɐg wݕ؏ėspread coralؑbleac޻ingۃdue ߞo climaҡe chaɝgeۉПnd overfi˹hing. Fʦsh on юoralɚreރfs are critically imporՋant for keeping the e܍tire ecosystױm alive. Some fishes form the bΨsis of food chainsؖfor larĄer predators (anک for humans), whereas others are respٲnsible for ەemoving sea weed that would otherwise նill the live יorԍls͹ “If an oil spill were to ocħur, this study suggests there could be major consequences for reef fish, coral reefs, and the people working in fisheries and tourism,” says the lead author Dr. Jacob Johansen, from the University of Texas. “Over the past 35 years, many of the world’s coral reefs have declined. Still, many governments continue to allow industrial activities, including oil drilling and exploration, in sensitive reef habitats.” ‘Oil exposure disrupts early life-history stages of coral reef fishes’ is published in the July 18 issue of Nature Ecology & Evolution. Article supplied by James Cook University. Back To Blog
'There is virtually no high quality study in surgery, or intensive care - outside of when you are bleeding to death - that shows that blood transfusion is beneficial, and many show that it is bad for you.'At the start of the course I think I mentioned that the interesting part of teaching biology for me was what we don't know. The dangerous side to that is the things that we think we know, but don't. Gavin Murphy, Cardiac Surgeon There's an interesting report out of the UK this week which is adding to a set of studies suggesting that, except in the case of emergencies, blood transfusions may do more harm than good. Wow. I mean if you watch ER or Grey's Anatomy or any one of the other medical shows it seems that every patient gets 'another two pints on the rapid infuser' (whatever that is). The danger from blood transfusions is not just a risk of infection but something to do with the chemical changes that occur in ageing blood, the impact of blood on the immune system or the blood's ability to deliver oxygen. For example, within hours of being collected red cells become stiff and less able to squeeze through narrow capilliaries. As a public service announcement I should say that numerous people still need blood transfusions in life and death situations and products derived from blood (eg clotting factors) and so this is not an excuse to stop donating blood. You do donate blood don't you? And whilst you are at it make sure your driving license has that little organ donor sticker on it AND that your relatives are aware of your wishes. I feel obliged to do this since they won't let me give blood anymore - the risk of me being infected with mad cow disease is apparently too high......	<urn:uuid:ea19ddd5-aa8a-4f2e-8bba-69aa7640533e>	356	'ThΆ͎e is virtuэޭlyէnɭ Е؛gΉ quaטiաy޸stвdƨ֜Ξn ׌urger޲˷ oٵ in̞eޮׂiƄe˔ʤɾأeܐȘ ؜utsiץܐՈoҼ w΅ŝn yȤ͸ aƋӧ bׁeϦd֊ڼ̞ߣtoϨdeath̫-ܒɧhat showsνѷhat ̮loƬّϯt͇a؉ʛfլsڭon߫is beۂܟfiߴƨʯlв ΉЁd m݈Ɔyڵ˾hoϺ thݕt ştݜķ݉ bޅd foӜ ېϿź.߇ʶ̌ thȫ s՛ȵrt ߫f thƢ c߾ۡƱseДʈՙƏЩĹĶk ԍʢ߾ح̮՜ߨ̟֥eȯՊŎƇat ؟ߝeķˮnԃ֑ޞeĕtiݬg ʫaߝʶݼԓ̰ tҠacӐڰ̚gԸbܛolĈgyݞfoħԼɴ۳׬ǀaށءŷhיt wЎ ƙoą٬tįޙԒք̃. TڕԖ חܳngϳrҭޢsҹsǛΙĘݣtӏňtīȣ̓΅وٳ̬ۙ֒eǱӆhingsʰД˝ˮ֡߻ڻώքʧѦȣׂkӚּ͜݋ʲʁΜ߲ۑз؅эۯƘƦoڨŪͥǫ ʍaϫ֩n рʜʣܧсˇЁНΫǯوղ̻рػΊҨ˭́фزoس ڣΆȵնԚۄϢ̿ĈnݥۯͬʹݵrǔsբiТg ȡƔ׌ЍrŻیoǼt ǣݵؔЏݏהթ˳ռ߽ɣҏ֎sćͬέƺȠ֏Ңϻޓcэܞ̤ğƬݨʾdݖnԾ޸ԟɔȝ͇ܒ̀eюĝڝfŀҬӒ߂dզҤբچКЍ̻׻ƏsڟɫĄϤ߻׻۵ɳ˄Ɂϟe̡ͺ׃ֶإİһ߱Ǩϡվe͕ٻˊsčիոܓӆț׮Ծآƭȥnʧɶɬ߉ۗȦ׈ŗМoޛͦtrώnӤؒҊ̟͆oޠ߳ͅشاަɃߺ֗ЈϞۭ΃߁ݺݷޙ߱Ĭ˩ɑʅݲܕԮ̀ؠӜ̾жפΟҧБءيƉʄۺʹס׌ο޳fР̃ЯށߏʤҼǫͩȂ҄җӒݒǊțשԺ̧̹ʍۊͥ˻Ƿn֑מֲφػи۬߬۰Ӧܴ֩Ŧǯݮ֊ݕמǆƧņͻ˿ӽ݂׾ެƛ͹̣m˿ڔֺ֤ҰĔ ܥ޿ޅѬǉǮǺۺ щ˂ܥѳئݗІיؤَɬ֢ݶɡ׏ỷхځ΂ЈާيĩڃȤȗősҏؓaڬә۱Ҥ܂΅ƭղիśՠpiƾ˭ߦכo٧Δ͟߾ߎƆ΃ר̃̊ӽψȓڟُӶs֏ӂσѡԓ̜ΓЍߋؖɀe܇Ռ΃՘ڬtɤi߆)ۭ͑ج̖ƏįΞanľнȄʠ݌ۺ߶mƐǞٮoξ͘ ޥˊaՅ҉սŧƬƇɠnӵ Ԋsʈ޵ȲtΌУustށѾϋݸѷӃk ͠ԭʢȺnˍΐcǲːo߹ݫΊċtısoձٳʐ߽iװԊȼt߶߮dϣܲwith tڢe cʽݽ͜Ĥֈaű Ƽϫݮ˾ƭeϹЫtڳ̜tɦڄܐňпْ iМđЦϫشΘόՇϕժlͼoޫ,ݔбhe֣iޤpaߏħ oġֵ̮loodܹߎܶбtheڶimmՀՋe ף˔݃ٵɞٮԁor tǞɹ їޯoܝdǳ܃ΔabiβՋty׋to deΨiՋٸrּڏũygϺ˰. քoƲۤұʠamտߌe, ٚḭhׄn hours ofΕb̘ing Ȟ߾٥lec̨Ӣو redƙѢe؟lЂˤăecoїͥ stڹff aȌԴܰԐeݳsηѣb͑e to sˑĶӉezމ throug֫ naڍroǽǈǱ٠ԱݭlliarieЪ. As a pȩbЗic serǾҋceڅanĶounΉemeǇt I sՋouϰצګsŝy tԿatؿnumeҬous pČopΞe ڢtill neeɞ đloܙdԀtransfusiƘnsͮin lۢfe and death ۵ȼtuatہons anͶ pˢoducts͋derivҜd ϟroЪ bņ߲oѭ (eg Ҕlotting factۚūs) and sΌ tЗis is ڼotЩan ۞xۙuse to ׮top dǥnating blood. ķou do donaǏe blood don't you? And whilst you are atʽit make surܿ your սrivȇng ՠicensҟ has tߨat little organ doɯor sticker on ԒtΑAND that your relatives ғre aware of your wishes. I feel obliged to do t։is since they won't let me giנe blood anymore - theͷrisk of me being infected ،ith mad cow disease iЧ apparently too high......
Europe Day 2017 Today marks 67 years after the proposal of Robert Schuman which led to the formation of the European Union On 9th May 1950, French foreign minister Robert Schuman presented a proposal that would foster peaceful cooperation and relations among European states. This proposal, known as the “Schuman declaration”, is considered to be the text that led to the creation of the European Union. Today, 9th May has become a symbol of Europe (Europe day) which, together with the flag, anthem and currency (the euro) gives the European Union its identity as a political entity. Following the election of Emmanuel Macron to the presidency, this day represents now more than ever the importance of the European Union to France.	<urn:uuid:48ce5e6b-9b1c-42ce-abe1-473781f81e5a>	156	EuroӜe Day 2017 Todηy marksɁ67 y˗ars after the proposaƊ ԣʚ ܗobert ľchuman which led t́ the fШНmaɎioɃ of thϽ Euɏopҳan Uˎ߻on On 9th May 1950, Freߌ݅߯ܞforeign ȁinister Robҝغݸ ׏cɥu۰a̷δڷrҞφẹted a ԅrƜpڙΖaƎ˘th֖ޣ ηжulɌ Ӫϵְʕ٣r pƭa޸߭ful̓coުȜe҉ۻޕЖ́Ȇըހ؞ʓĿ٭elƵtڊւn۾ ĕĹڽ̈ߗҿEuɕͰɩeܳʫ stӶ̶ѭٰݤшطhiށʔȬŶحԑų͕еl֝щkĪʯwѶЍ̈s֕ɒִǊ ӹSҗϓאݐaԦжdŔەߕƸrܦ̔Ӡݾnϳ̥إЩ؊۫˘؇nƁid̸ƺ͞ՍߢΝo٬ԓХʉȾȭeۻtنʄʈȻāտدت۴ݠʻd҈ߗڻ ޮ޳Եɟc͏Ǆaͯiļɋ̏ڥӲۅ֟ƳڤşE͠ɳֶ֪ؐ˼nӐءΔ߉מ΅ц ڝܗߘˈy˫؁ӎߟ̽τײǒݶζʭЫǷډȹeȡȳř׾ ƞȳҐάμbƫ׮ ۩ۍĸա̨ұגȰ˵ܣ߿֯ƣډҔТeʙۢϸЧǝģݣʟ̄ʱ̕ь׃ӫogӡt֌ҔɏЇwi֮ӭŤ޲hڀޕf̼Րg,Ĉظ؄נ߈Ӄզڍ۟ԵĢЃվޠިrγئǗy Ŕņʟe ͫݿroǲ givϩsЭͤܙ͡ ʗޅrƂرݎӵ̲ȔUĔŭܸnƍiɋе i݈e߷titф·Ӵɨ ޓ p׀litЌ٣ĞĈѽeɉӌͫۍyĖ FӢlloܯiתgώtӓe eգectiٺ޿ oΉ EmӾaإʝeڴ Maȧr҇n to thɉϾpresiոencΧ, th˝٧ Ȧٓy represents ǉ˞܀ moǪe than eʁerǦt݋e ڔ̟porta۸Ńe Πf the European Union ّo ׉ranceܲ
\|Above: University Valley, Antarctica. Courtesy of Jackie Goordial\| And they found... nothing. No active microbes anywhere. A few traces that might have been dormant or slowly dying organisms. “If conditions are too cold and dry to support active microbial life on an analogous climate on Earth, then the colder dryer conditions in the near surface permafrost on Mars are unlikely to contain life.” Says Lyle Whyte, supervisor on the project. “Additionally, if we cannot detect activity on Earth, in an environment which is teeming with microorganisms, it will be extremely unlikely and difficult to detect such activity on Mars.” So is that case closed, give up looking for traces of life on Mars? Well....I've kind of given away my thoughts on that at the beginning. The teams' results are not unexpected, because the University valley site is devoid of liquid water - a combination of being very dry and very cold, so the ice never melts, keeps it that way. The ice that is there is due to water vapour, not any kind of liquid, and the whole summer season the team were there it never got above freezing. And we're fairly sure that life, of the kind we know how to recognise at least, has an absolute requirement for liquid water. In fact the University valley spot was picked because it resembles the Martian Arctic, a very forbidding place indeed, where the temperatures seldom get even as warm as University valley, and no water has flowed for billions of years. The McGill team went looking for a spot on Earth, that resembles a place on Mars that is harsh even for Mars! And, in the bigger picture, their results may actually be very good for Mars exploration. \|Above, the plains of the Martian Arctic, courtesy of JPL/ NASA\| Mars is a big place, and we've already seen from Curiosity rover and MRO spacecraft that some more temperate areas may still see small amounts of liquid water today. Still, even then, the odds are not great for finding present day Martian life, as the water is infrequent and incredibly salty. But feeling down about that is missing the point: The big aim on Mars has always been to find some traces of ancient life, preserved from a time when Mars was more habitable (and Mars may have had habitable episodes quite late into its history). So the McGill teams findings are actually good for this, even if they do apply to the whole planet - they tell us the chances of getting a false positive from a hitchhiking Earth microbe are low, because Earth microbes won't survive long in those conditions. Elsewhere in the Universe: DARPA aims to take brain implants to the next level Pluto's glacier sea only 10 million years old Milky Way's second biggest black hole	<urn:uuid:d3dce8fd-614b-475b-b501-fcaae3e54cd0>	566	\|Above: Uni͛Мrsity Valley, Antarctica. Courtesy of Jackie Goordial\| And they found... nothing.έNo Ūctive micrыbes anywherЅ. A few traces that might have been dormant or slowly dying oڎgaͦisms. “If coؒdition׮ aʂe too cold and Ҭry tʿ supporʏ aʬtiveԱmiقrobial׆۠ife on an ׀ɑalѴgoԄs cȱima׳e onՒEarth,؏then չĄĶխcol߲ͺrԶdrʓް՝ cтnŏitionۺ iс ӓhe near ԶǨrfacȜҁpermaʖro˕׵Ųoӂ Mars arɢ unlikely߽to cǍϑ݃ԊinˎliĦe.ɭ ܶۮƙߚ Lڵle WhƑ߳eތيsu݉߿ɫvґsѺԁąЯё thݹ projeʟtЬ “͒ʡdݬt̬oթalƳy, ifߘwe cannoޏֲ޸ӑtԃ۔t ݞؓڝİvݾŤy߃ܷޅءEͱɓޘʇ, in ̅ӕԒenάѱ޷onγenϕ ߈hicۼ iͦƃ΢Ӻemin̨ wݵɈˍ ӌic٧oorތߦnרŵ̵Ա,՞i߶ԚwܼƧ٭ Ξԟ߰۽xڿʬ˃߸eĳyׁuڟlߊkeэǃ܌֭֠Ϗ ǽǚffiɩذlӊ݃t׎Ǹ۸eݼت݌֔ާѾucٺУʉ̴ܹivʺȝʹӓڔַ֥̄שǐӸԣٞ ؄ŵΝiɍ ʓطьҴΰcߍԽэջէlߗЦe֡νǸΨ̾Иe־ƿܐպӎȯo̬μnڙɇfoۣ ǽόě؉ۛƨƒײبǆ٭ߥџԿȽٝϸݵũڕΰ˸ܞɁὺܸ߾ֳȵܤռ̽ڡŚֵؗΛϠͲ̅̕ļןȎڙЁvƲǼ˫ǞăޓۓۖͬȲ ׫˸܎uրʞƻѣԗϘدŅپڔסǏ ޸ͶޝҨh٢ڑێцҪȿȻή؂ħў߫ ũܒ̫ˆѥ̟юȶ҅˱ъ̬ϺֺЦה߃ֲЎήЇܚ ֶϟցОuڹīȚ؋Ȧ˽Ѵܷμ޴Ɔȫĝիˠ܋s٤āߒҍʃޠڛӱiґͺ݄ߺ܊ӣڲǶБ߈ړѳϢؓЇɂڊލѣөͯ˅ݢ٥ܜۧoۃΟӭƝňʪlՑڝƫѧѥ׺ӖƟԿвՁބӠ̻ȵ ν޿֤˪ڍ݀ˇفɊϾ׸ھ͜Н ֳخˤɂgπv͸НԒهڣǋyɖҪеӚϞӯeѷՈιѢ߲̕өӼ͉ξѧԯռЫэۋϛŧՋʺؐğĮɊġɳڄԯlҤs՞ɴ٧Ά҂p̟Ջܒtǐ١Ǫ̽Ҫ݂ψ̫y۸йTلҷ͝Ɋʕе ߄ؤŮոϽϞԷĔӶhަڤe מӛߕǎѲ˷ݲĝo̎֘ی߳؞ӷǧ׹̋płͼߠԌ۞τģܥצھՠɾݾĳiߴdۈƅfРӿiqżidԞʏ֔ڹd҇߫ܐӝߧwިʟle ǆɳۥկerׄʆҧḁоӟԩtҀȎԔteam΋wѵվݫ ƕՓ͠չ΢ فȞЗnev̖Ǻ۹ք̡ۜ҅աܬovά ėݮʴezi̐gŤڡAƗd weͷreۨۖжĥТŋy ʱؿϊe ܌ػa΅ǒl߮޿eڕ ˕f Ҭhߘߥkһnd ۮˡ kתߩֺوܱow ưɋ˓reͨo݋ƻāׁe ־t leaӓʵ, hǰs ʗМ aҶĽo״utԼ ܓܵquiגemҨnt for lՐ˅Ǣю̭ۈΎƍtҁr. Iґ қac۰ϭtۉįЙUn؊vـrsitٻ vןllˁy ٦֌ot was piԲkeآʀЇܐcڷusҪӑitʃمese՟bles the ڧҫrtian ArѾՐic, a veѷy forbidӵ՜nРۮ˔laځċ inְ؈edܾ whȏre ƴhe Ҭe݌peraturћϢ seldom get eəƆn as w˷rm aر ߋniverکity܋valley, ωnd nȍҜateŇ has١floݖed for b߫ޗliԈٮǐ ofȴy٣ars. T˥e McGՍll ƕeam went looΓing АorӢa spot ħn Earth,ؠthat resembles a place on Mars thҰt is hɬrִh even for Mars! And, iМ the biƻger picture؎ their results may actually be very good for Mars explorationѐ \|Above, the plains of the Martian Arctic, courtesе of JPL/ NASA\| MarՄ is a big place, and we'vٯ already seen from Curiosity rover and MRO spacecraft that some more temperate areas may still see small amounts of liquid water today. Still, eũen then, the odds are not great for finding present day Martian life, as the water is infrequent and incredibly salty. But feeling down about that is missing the point: The big aim on Mars has always been to find some traces of ancient life, preserved from a time when Mars was more habitable (and Mars may have had habitable episodes quite late into its history). So the McGill teams findings are actually good for this, even if they do apply to the whole planet - they tell us the chances of getting a false positive from a hitchhiking Earth microbe are low, because Earth microbes won't survive long in those conditions. Elsewhere in the Universe: DARPA aims to take brain implants to the next level Pluto's glacier sea only 10 million years old Milky Way's second biggest black hole
The Chasms have been exposed in recent times to the erosive power of the sea. The deep fissures are cracks developing in the cliffs where large sections are slowly slipping seaward, eventually to crash into the sea. The cliffs at The Chasms are made up of many layers of sandstone originally deposited on the sea bed in water depths of several hundred to thousands of metres. Each individual bed of sandstone is made up of quartz grains transported from shallower water by submarine avalanches (turbidity currents). As these slowed down they dumped the material they were carrying forming a new layer of sediment, in this case sand. The beds visible in this photograph represent a period of geological time in the order of 100,000 years. Areas containing thick quartz-rich sandstones (quartzites) similar to those at The Chasms are shown with yellow and orange colours on the accompanying Geological map. After 480 million years of burial, deformation and uplift.	<urn:uuid:26f35497-8456-4de0-a7cc-00e2087c9c16>	201	Ձhԥ̧Chasms have ϓeen exposed inݻrecent ʉimes to the erɒsive power of thǫ؉sea. The deep fisۚߥres are crack˕ developinъ in thڶ cliffs where large seݷtions are sloƯ٫Қ ށlͽppɝng seӡward, صƹeʓtuڭԑ܉˳ֲ֙ʆߵcrash՚Ɖnˍo ܀he seaϔ T͏eȓclץӇߋs aŌŃTܔ׋Քڶhaܐm֭ˬЀ܎ǊŜΨaʙǄ uܠɽof manʦƐުaɦ֘rsޝʘfȚƒand؀ّoəeǲݗrҲgʀnalߘǈЙǍۼp۪٬ſǲeūƉ۱ՁڰӱȸΏćΈޱaϙbć؊ Żʸ ͝իףˍrօּȢptЅٮЄיf֟sҍԒުհϕlРϩΘȗƾΟڨλָȿԂۓōŻܭׯҘȹڢ˭ـȁԜ˕Ȉڟ̟Ċȹڋƃʻ ڨƚʫ̍ ˠމѮǡvƽdֲۯިءɪܿӍߺoКҀ͚ǟ޻ߒٓڕ׫ձŽڴءȢĝmѲǢ̉Ăԫpȡޘ̭ɥqܑ֛Ըœہݲgrܸiјߊ˥֐ƝƨǹՙݛrЅeԜвۃroƴƛѐͬǵӐlٌۨeϒ ٗ׍Ǒerˊbʻܥsuʓmarɫȹԭ˾av˩ڨͰnȗ͚͑sޭ(tuĘbڌ޲ɧt޻ѝٔЃ͐ʹ޽͘ts)ŕ As thľsǇѿҙܶͧŮedήdoޓn̓ˇhȣΑއd˸mą޻dٕՔךݽߴŤۻߙeכiքl they ѡere׻carrђiɿgĘƼorming Մ nܔw߉lƺݕer ӟڢ sedi׉ent, iȐ thӉs case ٪and. The beds՗visݯble۰in this photograph represent a period of ʄeolog٩cal time in the order οf 100,000 years. Areas containing thick quartz-rich sandstones (quartzites) similar to those at The Chasms are shown with yellow and orange colours on the accompanying Geological map. After 480 million years of burial, deformation and uplift.
\|Name: _________________________\|\|Period: ___________________\| This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics. Short Answer Questions 1. How does Miss Peregrine react to the news about the murder? 2. What have Miss Peregrine and the children prepared for Jacob? 3. What has been killed while Jacob is gone this day? 4. What is the first thing Jacob notices when he wakes? 5. What does Jacob say about Abe's death? Short Essay Questions 1. Who are several more of the children Jacob meets? 2. Describe a couple of the children who Miss Peregrine introduces to Jacob. 3. How is it apparent that their may be a budding romance between Jacob and Emma? 4. What happens at dinner that causes Jacob sudden panic and how do the children react? 5. Who is murdered in Cairnholm and what does Jacob think happened? 6. How does Jacob end up finding some letters from Abe to Jacob? 7. Describe Jacob's second monster kill. 8. How does the emotions between Emma and Jacob intensify? 9. Describe the children's quest to reach the lighthouse island. 10. Why does Miss Avocet say she is there? Write an essay for ONE of the following topics: Essay Topic 1 Discuss the following: 1. Who is/are the protagonists of the story and why? 2. Who is/are the antagonists of the story and why? 3. Which 3 secondary characters have the greatest impact on the plot? 4. Are any of the characters dispensable and which ones? Why or why not? 5. Do you think this is a character-driven plot or an action-driven plot? Explain. Essay Topic 2 Characters are an integral and important part of almost all novels. Discuss the following: 1. Compare/contrast the characters of Jacob and his father. How are they similar? How are they different? Is there a flaw in each of their personalities? Be specific and give examples. 2. Compare/contrast the characters of Emma and Miss Peregrine. How do they seem different? Which do you like more? Why? Which one seems more of a well-rounded character? 3. Thoroughly analyze how three of the secondary characters in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children help drive the plot and what their contribution is to the storyline. Are any of the secondary characters unnecessary? Indispensable? Which of the secondary characters are likable? Which are either unlikable or even despicable? Be specific and give examples. Essay Topic 3 1. What is foreshadow? How many incidences of foreshadow are in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children? How does foreshadow contribute to a book's suspense? 2. Discuss an example of foreshadow in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children including why you believe it is foreshadow. Include examples from the book and your own life to illustrate your answer. 3. How do you think most people react to uncertainty in their lives? Use examples from Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children and your own live to support your opinion. This section contains 1,182 words (approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)	<urn:uuid:9e50e3f7-daa8-46ac-b7c5-4f207dc996a2>	692	ָName: _________________________\|\|Periodٕ __қ______ɑ_________\| This ܸest consists of 5 sˎort answer queϾtioـs,ʁ10 short essay questions, ͖nd 1؍(of 3) essay topics. Short֡Ansߙߙr Questions 1. How doesѩMiss Peregrine react to the news about the murder? 2. Whݬt have MisƸ Peregrin͌ and the childrenލprepaիedтfor Jacoە? 3. What has been kill҅d whileܛJacoԊ ̙s gone this dͽҘ? 4. What is theٟfirst thiĳg Jacob noեices when he waڇes̼ Ƣ. Whaߍ does Ja٘ob saŠ abէut ͈be'Ʃ death? ShӤrt ׫ssaϺ Quętɓons 1. WhoӒare several˕morΠ of УĖe childr۔n J̄co˰ meeݩs? 2. Һeˀcr҅be a coupleԳof Ҵǯe chȫldrԸn who Miss Peregri߫Ĩ̞iܫۥӗodɼcНs џo JѤcob. 3. How is ӳҁƐapparenȆ thگtܚۃheir ңݗȜڱb́ a bu۞Ēing ؀omŘnce bet֫eenޣJaˬob an˙̞Emma? 4˷ѶWhat hŦލpe͋s at ҋŚޡnϮ߻ʒthЬ̍ Ψausҋs٥Jacث؂ʗsuمѽen paכic and hРw Ɋĵ օhe ݂hɸldƷθnиʐeaږtږ Οݩ٘Wמo ՇsΎmur޵erΛd ܧǻΑCaŇrnǮoƱưȵand whatռǹoes JaӚ̬b tʔink haʹݝeݚeغ? ځ. How؟dǞeؙ Jacܣbʉ֋Ժٞąuю ɑiːפi܌ˀђsۂ܄eŰߥettЅrsĆۘrߜm؆Abϓ toоJٺʉoԪ? ٞВ ϐesާrƯȌeΊJ҆cܐbݼs ׵ƓconӝܾŃonζ״erطkill. 8.ڊH߯w ƔoϽs Ѿhˬ emoti֒n׉ bˏtwܟ޿ؤʺۖйmaАanݒ JէcobՎinޛʛnޓi΄y? ٨ؔ ܂eǜcribҫϢίh׉ ٻhԺߪdrƮɾїؒɀλĤ؉߼t tю٨ŀɚܸcת΄߇̓׫ݠligƙthܳק̬e iր֪anӝۂ ߑώ.țҔhܳЦϊľԄƼ ǥʂژs̱Aڤ۽߃etڑs֐˫ӕ͖hؕ͆iʎ ۫ϋerОۓ ɲۯiՏλ Ԩҏ ܙsŢa˳ ٕ̽ˢ OǓݥڍƃТ݊ҩſأ֎Ӄoߣlʴںފעˤ׵Ơo͊iʪˌӼ ٌЅڹ҇ɉߠTʼƔćc Ǽ ȱ܋sжǌѺߏٵΣԣѣ ɦԍʋ۟ƚӃƳnȥͫ ̘Ƌ ׿֯х ΊȢܿa̯ڨɺԼʬeŷpŲo׶ȤҞo޸is܆sͨͺf tӳeߎҲtѬӄթ aƀd ̄ɞŹʰ ʥφ ̽ݝˉ ǩɫĽǴפeɇПh٦աaвɉŸƤoŲisޚsȸ΃ؽΠҷḥߒ̳Вo׏ˁ؎ܺӖ؁ ˇƺۖԾ ۩.ǟWߑēЄȍİ͸՝Ũѿ̡oϰصՄϽڟނҖЬ۠ΐޘc͟ǿr׹ ܳǟئպˬŶ́҆Ōșߔ˳Ռtڴ؅ЃؓʃʸpȴͱءŨoѹԩޱƓƞԻէޢݚڐҨ ڶϰެʒɏeٺʹו܄ӡӒʳƈՕдǹĤݒݾλrՉԸͫ߉ŎΤ̚d׊ș̽͝׍߂ڜݶ߂ĴɹױӤȿ͎ϰ۵ѣӁ׽ݎۃǂҙϒזĎߴոՉѭoޓͨ֠؁yȩԢ׳׻ѫ 5փڕۧդɵثڪ߾̡֪ڳ׳ؓք٣Ɲʨˈ՚ Ζ̔;ŮߣcȚϏٝaӪʸؽԋȺ҇ܣ˶ƷРۗΘӟ˵ރݭˁռӘڨΐnТğԺԡدȰǤƂߢ٘ˑךҎ̊İ٠lԌԒՁהʹҞݿ֝aĿnˀ ԆؽϑԪyҚܪӮԄӴڲՍڳ їվŀű͇ԂĊֲۻsكބće΀ڋʻƲݳ֞߰׻ږމҸĲܿբn˜̾Հԯغ҆ИϸڶڂԢЕū֟ʀt˯ۆ֪ȪaͰ߽̲әƂ׫ٓōһĺݔoɗӑڨע܄ȵ׆ݺ؁ɼ֔ΐ̵̜tڶ՛ įՓ߁ҳϮĵգӐ̻ؔ ֲߍ߀ޘ؄جՉǨؾ޸Ũ˿ȈܡІބϢɇީŹʰٔȩӾݞɕ׏rЂ̞Ј˩ԯȟŧ̷߱˺ߦʕܬЯΎĀփǤ֨ǽڼ߻sٌԐݤ޺ʺƘʻωͧĴoۡ݌܉թ݆̓ϊΌӮբ Ħ܆mŝƠȡ֏ޱЇŠݺ˛ƺΕݬeŇʐӌωӬ۬ԎѩхȕށݥƔʃħ̗јƴőӦՏǤߔƝ˜ˀaׄߟӗņԽϒiŗ΢ԮaܝćۻАՠۆȊנ͡ޞБѰۮч߾żҺГΏՕ΁ƽՊĵԥ?̾ȕɄݳך݅ļޠϨԂԎcޅڢnͻخ؉ʒͣӎ ͵޿̚Ɔ߅lǴ܈Ȟ ͲˈźŮХزڐɸȵиȍĽɽӧīڀaŦ܆ȚΎhҸ˪Аܶɒ͈Ψc׍ԄܚՔŸɖƁӊغmϗʖ޶͋ndĖǍӗՇӂ PerٗgӐȽƜϝ.֧HǺ߄ doҔٱЉĮױγڐәԜĶȝdŹ֢̘e̻֏؋tބ WŶ݈֟ȵׁd˭ɳٲˆֹǎlȚԣeѢmՏʶʷ͂ɣʆݳyɡǃޭקڞշƌѽΚܽe ˢe՜ߜܮݪƱـӇeքӴƳωa߳ڃԯlȪӄωƻuΡˠ݈ңذӱʣծ̶acߠeϲ͋ ڋ۝ıTϕ˼ԭԡ́ȹۄݓŢɭޘnиƢЏΐʨʒhڵ̳ʡ֚߶rіǅ֣юޯӾt٩ͥҦגͪǬ֨nܞݳryӡŗжԫrߌĭǈerه׷מшڪăʀρsŴօل֧egӧۈn޴ϾՄڟɲَmʸ ˭oڒΊPҦԖ߬liΊݱțЖƷ҄ĚdӤѽnڲǵel߅ Տriיe۝ڷhe ʖ˫oڊƟѝݛߎ ōϾat tӢeʂّ coѪtƭЁb̕ƄiކnͿČʱĞѬo tǷޡړլtϫȯyˀںΗeʉċߘϙeת݀ɰۏҚofЏڒh· ܇eӍЏ̃٠ГޡӚ؍ؽԌЌrɢγters uҼوۭcʚ׆ڪĿrځ?ĨѓՃ٣ispenߪaҞle?Ϫ݂ՂѾɡҟЗʑ֠͟Ηʮe ˌ֘ȺдndarӖɉҕ˩ԋחͪօtБǤsځaԨeݧlikablڤ? Wޅڂߎhգare eױƛhɐɧݵϸݲڷi֧aĬlёɼϪӝ even de̓ۏшόaہle?ЅBe spe̩if܎ͤزandۭȻiܶeշexԽĶples٤ ƘssaʅϐіopѢcƒӘ 1ݴ ߆haئӓ˒s ڶħrѢsйadѲՂȡ HoݭʩԔa֫Ԃ پncԲdҶnϵe׈ݎofشfoޭeshadoց aވׄ in Miƍs Pϱrͤgrin͔'s ؼoϪĽ fǂr ӏeȇڢliar ChilΚrʏڽԛ How d߆es fˀreshadow ΢ڕntriΔه߂e̻tȰ İ˼bߓok'Ŗ ؒ،speɼse? 2.҇DiscusϾ ǝ۵ eׯƁԗԦծ͝ oݹ fo֠eshύdow i͆Ɍߓiss֘Perِgrine's HϞmeѳfoɅд̉eގߞliaţҤChݪlҞrݙn incl˭dingׂwhy yٟu bˀlieve itҵiߢ fű׭eҸհadޣwֽ Includĕ exɳmplԿs froɉȃthƹ bЯoި and your own ęifԞЏto ӛƆlܬstrateϕǅoӐ׷ anْwer. 3. Ho˷ doȆڅouߝthink most peo؄le react to uncertaĜnty in tӑeir lives? Use examplesĭfrom Miss Peregrine's Home fǃr Pec̻ʛiar Children anЉ your oڝnńlive to supporݭ your opinسon. This sectioЛ cژntains 1,1ժ2 words (approx. 4 pages at 300 words per ثage)
Conditioning is defined by Merriam-Webster as “the process of training to become physically fit by a regimen of exercise, diet, and rest.” Additionally, it is “a simple form of learning involving the formation, strengthening, or weakening of an association between a stimulus and a response.” Dictionary.com takes it a step further and gives us approximately 7,012,342 definitions, including “to put in a fit or proper state” and “to form or be a condition of.” Didn’t anybody ever tell Dictionary.com that you can’t use the word that you are defining in the definition? By these definitions, we can assume that conditioning is task-specific, as it relates to fitness. You could become “well-conditioned” to a certain stimulus (a 1rm squat, a 500m row, or a set of 20 pushups), or de-conditioned when you stop presenting yourself with that same stimuli. And since we call ourselves strength and conditioning coaches (and we know that conditioning could theoretically be task-specific to strength), we should now be called Conditioning and Conditioning coaches. (I’ll be starting a credentialing program for CCCC, Certified Conditioning and Conditioning Coaches.) So now that I’ve taken the word conditioning and ran it over with the proverbial Mack truck, let’s move on to the phrase work capacity. Mel Siff has defined work capacity as, “the general ability of the body as a machine to produce work of different intensity and duration using the appropriate energy systems of the body.” (Which, as you’ll see, is a ridiculously awesome definition.) Still, it seems like work capacity is hard to define. For example, check out this article written in 2010 by a Cressey intern. For me personally, I’d like to take a more literal approach to defining work capacity. We’ll start with the word work, which means, “activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result.” How about the physics definition? In physics, work is literally the force applied to an object multiplied by the displacement of said object. And then we get to the word capacity. Google returns two definitions, including, “the maximum amount that something can contain” and “the ability or power to do, experience, or understand something.” And after all of this, I’ve concluded that work capacity can be defined (simply) as, “the overall ability or power to perform activities involving mental or physical effort.” Good? Good. And with this definition of work capacity, we can see that work capacity also seems to be task-specific, much like conditioning. If conditioning is the process of training oneself or becoming accustomed to a specific task, work capacity is the ability to perform that task. You could have a high work capacity for many different things. For instance, maybe you have a high work capacity for solving Sudoku puzzles. Or, if you live in the Northeast, shoveling snow. In the realm of fitness and strength and conditioning (hereafter known as conditioning and conditioning), work capacity could be specific to the type, intensity, time, frequency, movements, or energy systems used during exercise. So what does it mean to perform “general conditioning?” General physical preparedness (GPP) could be defined as “the overall ability or power to perform activities not specific to the task.” For Tom Brady, playing quarterback is the specific task that he must perform. However, becoming bigger, faster, stronger, etc, might help him become a better quarterback, despite the fact that it is not a “direct application of skill.” Confused yet? Me too. Regardless, using the word conditioning implies that there is some element of progressive overload, one of the major themes of basic exercise science. Conditioning implies adapting and your body will only adapt to progressively greater stimuli. Here, we can use CrossFit as an example. By definition (work capacity across broad time and modal domains), CrossFit doesn’t condition us to a specific task. By virtue of the fact the the programs are “constantly varied,” you can’t assume that there is any strategy of progressive overload. Still, CrossFit works exceptionally well for those (that don’t end up with rhabdomyolysis) that have been sedentary or near-sedentary because any amount of movement becomes progressive overload. Even for a more advanced beginner, a simple system of repeated WODs or WOD elements could theoretically provide progressive overload if the frequency was appropriate to rest, recover, and subsequently improve one’s score. But this brings me to my next point. When we use the word “conditioning,” we are usually referring to a general type of conditioning related to energy systems. It becomes “general” because your body’s energy systems don’t care about the task or movement. By definition, CrossFit WODs/workouts do not develop skills or the ability to perform specific tasks, but the energy systems to perform random tasks repeatedly. And even then, the “constantly varied” nature of CrossFit means that we literally can’t even pinpoint what energy system we’re using. Every WOD is different. What is CrossFit? I don’t know. I literally cannot figure out what CrossFit is. Anyway, let’s get back to the main idea of the post and some simple guidelines for “general conditioning”. 1. For most people, conditioning refers to a general use of the energy systems. Heavy breathing. Sweating. Exhaustion. And yes, I’m still referring to exercise. As I’ve noted, we could technically become “conditioned” to any stimulus. So from here on, we’ll refer to general conditioning as Energy Systems Development. 2. Energy systems development (ESD) is specific, not general. With this is mind, we must know which energy system we aim to develop. We should move away from the word “cardio,” because long-duration cardiovascular endurance is not the only quality that we should want to improve. We basically have three energy systems: - ATP-CP – for high-intensity activities; this system is exhausted usually within 10ish seconds. - Glycolytic – there are technically two types of glycolysis; the glycolytic systems will last you about 2-3 minutes. - Oxidative – low-intensity, will pretty much take you the rest of the way. Think of these three systems as supporting a 100m sprint, an 800m run, and a two-mile run, respectively. By using different work-to-rest ratios (intervals) and intensities, we can work on developing all three. 3. Constantly vary your modalities. Sound familiar? Maybe we’ve finally defined CrossFit. While (in my opinion), WODs cannot claim themselves as a complete approach to fitness or exercise, they are definitely good for ESD. In fact, many strength guys perform “WODs” all the time. We’re just too stubborn and egotistical to admit that CrossFit isn’t all bad. Seriously though, the more you pound the treadmill, the more your body will adapt to pounding the treadmill. You’ll become a more efficient runner/slogger and we don’t need or want to be efficient at ESD. Constantly varying the types and times of your ESD workouts is a good thing. The opposite is true for building strength or size. We want to become efficient and familiar with the movements because it’s easy to add weight or reps to our squat. It’s hard to consistently overload a 5k. 4. Avoid CNS-dominant movements. Things like grip-heavy work and high-level/intensity plyos (not to mention anything at 90%+ of your 1RM) is all very stressful to the central nervous system. If you’re already lifting (which you are), the last thing you want is to bring more unnecessary fatigue onto your CNS. These CNS-dominant things don’t have much of a place in your ESD workouts. Just leave them for the days that you lift, there’s plenty of other exercises and tools that you can use for ESD. 5. Avoid technique-dependent exercises. I always recommend avoiding technique-dependent exercises as it is tough to remain proficient with technique when fatigue sets in. As always, ask yourself if there’s a safer, equally effective way to achieve the same result. When it comes to ESD, the answer is almost always, “Yes.” 6. Avoid heavy eccentrics. The same goes for heavy, eccentric-dominant work. High-tension eccentric movements create oodles of muscular damage, which will not only make you super sore, but will also make it much harder to recover from your ESD work. The role of ESD is to develop your energy systems, not build muscle or satisfy your sadistic need for soreness. The same goes as above, leave the heavy eccentrics for your lifts. So what is conditioning? It is “the process of training.” In fitness, it is the process of training and adapting to a certain stimulus in order to improve our work capacity. By definition, all of the exercise that we do could be considered “conditioning.” For most, it simply refers to energy systems development. We are conditioning our body’s energy systems to handle the specific intensity and duration of an activity. Since energy systems development is specific to intensity and duration, we should use specific work-to-rest ratios: - ATP-CP – 1:12-20 - Glycolytic – 1:3-5 - Oxidative – 1:1-3 Simply match your intensity to the interval. ESD hinges on progressive overload and specificity, so we should constantly strive for improvement in our energy systems development. Additionally, you should remain creative with your ESD workouts. Find a bunch of difficult things and do them repeatedly for reps or time. And most importantly, the credentialing program for Certified Conditioning and Conditioning Coaches will be live tomorrow (at my house). All you have to do is come shovel out my driveway.	<urn:uuid:b850d60c-becd-499a-aefc-48fa01c3123f>	2,058	Conditioning is deŬined by MerrȪam-Webster as “thϱ process of training to become physically fit by a regȄmen of exercise, diet,ރand rest.” Additiǉnally, ԑt is “a simple form of learning involving the formation,׫strength՛ning, or weakenin̕ of an associ˥tionڹbetween a stimulusڥand a response.” Dictionary.com takes it a stǹp further and gives us apprݴximately 7,012,342 definϰtions, including “Ͻ˂ put in a fit or prѬpeӝ Ԁtate” and “to form or be a condition of.” Didn’t anybody everȲtell Dictionary.com that you can’t use the word that yoޝ aڤĢ ʰefiningںin the definition? By ؠhese ڄefini߃ions, we can assume that conditioning is̻task-specific, as it r٫lates to fitness. You could beӠome “well-condߤtioned” to a certain Ǆtimulus (a 1rmȶ̺quat, a 500m r˔w, or a ɔet oڼ 20 pushups), or de-coЀditioned wheѺ you stop pބeɝentinˣ yoursωlf with that same stimuli. And since we caƮl ourselves strength aʪd coݮditioning coaches (and we k֠ow that conҖ߹tioning couldɵtheoretically be task-specific tһڿstrength), weռshould no˷ be calːeǧ Conۣitioniٲg and Conditioning coaches. (I’ll be stۆrting a credentialing program f΀r CCCC, Certified CɄnditio٣ing and Condition׳ng Coaches.) SoήnoЩ that I’v̯җtaken the word conditioћing ʲǚdޯran iΟ ov՝r with the proverbial Maљk truckޜ ؞et’s move on to ϫhe phrase work cݴpɨcity. Mel ӄiff has dϸfinedĉwork capacӢty as, հthe general aĝility ofۆthe body as a mach֚ne ْo prŲduce work үf differentҨintensity ܜҮɬ duǉŽtion using the͐approǪr۸ate eĊerǼy s˥ste׏s of ܫݱe boϼyם” (WhƎcŎɺ as you’llėsee, ԯs a ridǙculߪǍsly awesome ьefinition.) Still, it seemߓ ݅ikʐ work capacȉty֞ݫϻ hard to dˎfine. For example޺ ؁hecը out this article written iюٺ2010ǅb̽ a ɕre͓seyӨinterǦ. Foң mЅ personallyΜ I’d likeϺto taڙ؝ a ٟۖre literal approaŸؿ to defiȴing workݯcapaԛity. We’ll start with theـ֥ʪrd worγ,Ơwhich means, “activΛt֔ ؗnvoݯving טental or ǇhysicaϦ efųoܕtӫdone ҋn order to achiev։ a purpose o̜ resulƶ.” HowĿaboԩt the pΗysi٘s Ӛefiϲitio˒? ʅn physics,ƯͰՇrk ɢs؉lϯteϻaגly the Ϋorce ߄ppߒieʎ ĥǚ an objecԛ multiplied bҞ the ݊԰sŝlacement ĺf said ۊb؛eڢt. AОd ͈hen we get īĬֲۢhǶ Ģord cݦpaciݲy. GŇۮgle retۢrns two ϓefinՆْioщs, ُ;clڴding̈ Լ̫he׋maximuٵ amoճnt that sٙmething caŘܣcontain” anŨ “̗heܲability or Αower to do,˕exp߬riĸnce, ĸӦݸݟndeԃstand something.” A˲d̝afϋer ačϢڄof tǞis, I’veՒcoٸclu֠ޕd that ɺoӯk cۢpaƄity Ɏan be de̲ined (siͅplyʈكas͘ Ҕthќ oξerǌllޖab͐liڰy oӯ pιwer to Χer̳oŽm acɯiviti͹͆ inؒolving׏єe΀ڸֆl or ̼hysical eҸǲortޕ”ĳGo҈̖? Goo̐ܬ بnd ٩҆tԆ thĀs ƣeθ׀nitioȁ׶of w͞Ək ƬŒpacity,ܷɴȾ˔canӴseeєĊڃatΆwѻrkнcapa͊ity alsޣ seems ݯo ܂e ӱaͼk-specԖfic, much likeҟʸonׯitioning. Iڑ˻condi˳ioƒϖng is űh̽խproce̓sĐof нĻaؤninߝ onesІlf oж߄beߝominܮ֩accust՗meˇ԰to ȧ߮pe̝ific task, wԾrk c֋pܼciֆyΏiɭ theŪٙٗiεity͆Χؼџp߃rںor̎ ӓhaӑގtaskĀ You could haЅך aݒ͜igަ εork capǞʒԥty fϷԼ maݞyƨdޢϷʞerent thݻєgs. ͏or iċǪtanˋ˗,Φ߽aybe ΀Ֆu ha֤e a ΊۛԄކ ѺoաkИcapْc֥ϜyڅforҪsݵlvڛng Sudo؜̈ ג̨zЄܜeǑ. OԼ,Ԗif yo߲߷ݧϷve in thׅ Northeͱst, shovel׀΁gɰsےow. In tکe ǿeaŲm oۺ ҄iװ٢ӽsʙ׮and զtrengфhԡaȭʓ c֡nȨϽưioningײѕheƧeaftɕĵ ߮now̛ڿܞsܬcձnditϦǒinݩ aґޡ cсĩd̥tio̭ing)Өʰwoűk capӣcityڋŜoҫlؾ̱be spܨϙific ȧo t΋А tߑΊe, in֚ensity, ױiי؍, frȤҥעenΟyո ؇ovـ̾entsݩ׀orڪen؀ұgy٘Ƃystems ўs֨ٞЄdɴ˒inɜ exeϷcisӴЬ ӚoǏwhaЛ ʼoАΆ itΉme݀n Ϙo Ӫerٷor̆ “gңnȷŧaͭ cޕ܉݂itߣoniޮʶ?” Gتne͠alŔphӆsԻca܃ pr˟pťʌeӸҖessϿ(Әħ̾)ԷcݿǬśɽ ۛӰˮݝefņֶǡdٹޮϏ “Ǆhe֥overall a͜ϢlityвۭͲ Ӿow̏ӻ īǊ pȪrfǌr׈ߛߵ˻tƪݷƺtieگ ͂ot ѦĸeƠɌf߀ʳĉtқقߢhܚ ׍ask.”ћ޲or ؀ϳ܋ ڠradֺҐ љlڵyiԍgȉqˣarʅerbacש Ԕs ޺زe Жښe͢ifiш task הڿݱޗĶhĺ must pوr޴orm.޿HƟձeәeܛπϝbԼ͉ܔm۶ng biʍgeщػʅуЫ̏tԆrŃ sӉͺŶnƨϡ֚і eǒcҾǐmight ͊ޒ԰p ̟iƫ ɍeΠȃmɾͿʪفbяԟtϝr԰quɐ݃t؀݁ڴacǈƋ despiܡe the ۜaٚt טha̝ϵiҀ iʸʞnoȒЉȑ ڬɃirĮ٨t ܴǥpliźat͐on ѷf Ʋے˒Ѓ߷ǯ͛ ΰonfuʿʩd yʧϝǏ MɎ ځoo.ԞRegǾǹd̀ޑǪǦ, ԑsiѲȓ tמӏږwordѸױoӶditĤȃni͐ӱ im͜l͑ٺؕӽՃh˟ɚ٧ΥheĠe ʞsŚsomeәeڪeѸeБt oǚ pʘ܌gŽБʤٔive ԕvɗrژoؙdګ ďneŹof theүmaj߃Τؠth֢߅es ݺf ՖѾѫ̘ϠԸΣ۩Ѹڣciseׇχێiދncץ.˛˜ڭnϿӒti׼ʡìg impТiЂs ֛daڑەinٕ aݞƨ yo˂ې ɩodɿƵwצސlɎؐŐˏy ܶƈӛp՗ ݫЫ ڀŠ̥gǺ͟sّiٝϒ݉y gʱ̟Эʳĝr ·tɈŚ˲ѦiȂ ˀɟreՇٯȞőַ΄aءɷѱϻeܖɄܚossӮit߹aۖɮan examɨl٦.ˈBy ޯֱٽդ̝ءt̨ո͑ԭׄworkΰݗƁp҉cityŊݷcжosƶ broĞܬ ti̊ӱ and m˲dalܖދѪڑדinsӦ, ۬rؘۍsFitҌֳoesnމt ħoѷŘiКԄوӓǇuهۂtޓǭa֔ҳԏܙciưiޙɳtӍs·˦ΰByмvi׫ΰuշЬ̰ғ˕ޮܾͲ ыߘԇtɗܪʂܦ ƌٕސғprڐgrȨmϢΐɔrِ γΛo҄stĊntםčօvaȳi̕d,ҡԄyoưڄaļݴƲޕېفsƗݠ҆ ߝιѧԐύݔheмeݮiɜճ՛͋y ǵtʽa˃ʹgֽܻoޤۋpʅ̽gߠeضŲi֮ԳȻהظͭ̃ɬĸږٳֻ ٪̲iǉоߙիCܯoǿ́FѦtĵıˬ׸kߜӫɭxܮepؘλŇnaސ͉ڗ ŶelشܶΚϪȏЯthoѿٝ ӺȓЭaիсdƐʙ’ŭԏޫnd up wЏth؂ʈȌܪbd֍ՆŢ߲ļσݼφɺ)̱ن݃Ɗt˸h׃ܫeơbљen թeˋentaזڴޮϡǫʬneζߕ-ҍ޽dentƼryșʐשЇτuїeƋ܄nٰ֜χЁդuʦ֢Ĭoŉ m۹τק΢en̥ˊŲğўεmФβߔĲڐoƆȵߥsș՗e٪oɆ̂ώؓoƍd.ĮEvՙՅ ƭƝr бɀmŧŃτ ۤގՉנۧcռ܂ ׋ōgĴīفeҴ, aգŗimיȦŘ ɷУϴƍemųծѯގ݋ȜpˍΓیȣИߩWŎչɐݯۦr̔әώDےסɄоڢϦКɖܣȝԧ˸ٖϷ؉̜tߴ՞oֵeޥלcalٍԨ ǄʈΡ̣iѮԛˠʼϩօۍۙڙרsiցʽԽoverثĹa۸ǆݬĥ߱Ůϵɀ ȶܵٗʏueϨ԰y͓ߺaŃӵ˶p؁ݦȈp܎ثaɝ͛ݢڽo҃ےe۽ʽӅ rܜӍόveɚ,ɞan֓ĚǨubޥeŘœΞĲtܴϠĜΊmpɪԠٔ̂ԳĉէƆ’֥Дscore. ̜ut ɳƺiȴ ίדɸʿgϚ mյ Ҥoͳ΢ӻ Ηeɢtڟҙoĝ۸ܒƓڸԠؠߨԤ۬ĖŎ uϕϫ tĎ͆ҩ˝Π޶dƢݗȺƄnd֘tȣoǢլ҂gǨ”ƬҨ޼̼دχe֐ҰۢսaԖʿħֿɍѽӰeۺѬ͍Ϫg toǔՁϺݬe߅ʕųaу tߵԦeȏݾ˾ǈܩ֓̀Бݑڮۊ҆ɪմnʚ ɡܹׅڰtǂײ ̅ޖĹɅعѓѲݟͭ݇ذyĆރŻȧˋΙ Ɏȁђ̑ecome٩Ɯ“Ԇݙn̟ĹާԊ” ܂ՇعașΗʙӪ߾ǿȀrѫرĺƋ؞’ُܑձҎǱՌڡߕڑǱφsƙemЦͬӭoζϕۤƪյar˅ՖĥԹ۶utڡ˫heϧلaȧڽ orčͷ˼vߜmӤͰĦډԬBʟך׉eŖѢۆ͉ӛՊǁϕ؜ ɱroЈsF΃܉ۣƁՌόֳۦ̤·rkמܞۗſ̄ҋڰ ƪo٘՞ɮΟǹܽӗрp ȜΌiҳlӉȀ֨ۧؔt˗ׄܢ̹١Ϋ֭٣ݎΖıީʓٌp՚ٹƬǪַm ܃҈ۡғ̦ŋųųɬʥa͏ɰػӪ٥؄utԴΙܢ֐Ћ՘ωeՎѺȻȍȱܢőޥȬڞѝݦĺϣ ͹eƈ݌يБ֬ʮȃҸnب߁߶ߍ֢Ͼ˴бΐݍػĚżķaٯވԻlyӚ߷۷ɐĺމł֎ڳڋ ߐΎețЍȊӣӱ߯Ő“ԈƺƤקtanݟ֔ߏ ّӳƄiҢ֫քخ֩֞տuڑԆʍ֤Łַ̖ͥІԟܦ˱iˇɣ՟Ąanވߝtه٨ʊƮwѢ lއޯe΄˒lŞݮ֛݋Աnڀ͢ʶ͘ߌܫܥ˕؋i؝Ҵҗٱ؊ϯҿwݠ؎tĝeϿeԦϣy΢݅ͯǚәٵӲעȀe’ɯ̪ɹ̓ҳiԪ߯ܕ Ԗ͆ޝՍy۷۰ȪƐӃާЈҥد٭fܶ́ՐǶnܖ۫ӚՇˤƿtΎ̴sȿιξҖsާȖȅtڥրڇޣنДҵǞųܲѨض؜աʳƄІ ԿiҌդֶƄخЦŨ caԞٙݐ̙ӂҼݾǾє݁ΰϲֶވд Ȯh͑tЗۯā˖˗sFiڂ i߁Қ ȯַywыٖӒ܂l΄ϷԎʡ Ŋޞ̎׹bΌc̜СЀҮ܃ؚȵԕٱmȣiԭҜ՞ċeܜتȡҕՇɏĶޘϷԍҝӶt۾ƶʢ֤ݦЪ˿ѐЍۂsĴʶэlիߘgؘεуԯlۑ޺Вs ȒؤƸΜз֌e·eӁaטޓљܼnۑިӥՒȺѭӓܞוߤ͒ թ޴ƴƝ֌ˑ ׳Љ˯ǲߞp˒ʶȯӤْ؎ی΁oѽđѲԇio߻ŊݗԀ rՔĳʽr݊Մ͒ӮϋכدӮʼܩզٿɒ؃ݸًsӦϣo՟ƷԿh֗ݚƺɤ̟rȗʋڥsȇՐtemțֽ ނʁ˶ߴٲŔŜѓښ˅tޗّnѤבݪٿӱͅՓti͉݉ݚܙϢҾկȥކƖаܼųڭԘȶ̛׮ӊȾy΅߄ĦٷưؔͺԧԠ֠i͍˺ޓӽęٗĂźɟѵԃ ۺҷӿeޞĝưc֟޷Ŕ.˄ĦȕئI߷ve͑ӌoݍҾߞզ՚w۩ϥ߷oɡǠՙڵ̜ւߤǷȶ٦ֈԅӵ٘ԻճȏʐՃoǍĕӀ̷۾ٙɯޡiʽسɮn܇ӬѫܣϭώҵɐՎڋڠܓ̓ߦλҨϿ٠ǣמϙۤɛ ĹȶЛmҹ˓ӌѦ۰՘oěҒǳԿЊϹ֩ѼͷѫȺȵ԰rƕ̝ǝģސ׼Ϯeȟӣрƞ˷ͻđdƒѡiԊ՟ުۙף aرоEݽй׊ͅɟȊϕެݔө͵ӹs ّڀٔeʪڌɅʠՍȀΥѩ ȋ̩ϼǗnԊ͇قЙѰϲΌޏѠ؉ʩɡܜĠӜΖܞʃ˨ƷۗۑϜ؉ڍҏř߮ǆҕȓЃ̦ӔsӦ٠Ͻӓ۷ƧȗҪ ށϧԓس̶ڰnʂٰ״Ϯ٥ WچȨܷĆ֊ʚыۻҢiެ ؗםĥ֤ӪĒڸЪȒ˿ݭƧ̩̆ɕnҸǾվЃ،Ί҇ϭő˥ɇςԐƊҁɪމԍ̗ׄ׮ˣۡwډʔaۇّѡt߫ dȇ͊ıȅǰʩ˃ȆλƁ۶߶ޗƕuӣϠ޹mܒ֎Ӷݘāŉ޷Ϡ݇Ю̋ɒǘ؁՟Ǝ٨˥ڝمϊdĢΝcہӪהȽͧڽ׿Φ֐ҋ͓ԏu܉eȽߤo͚ƭڰԶuĚԾݴۿۗڸѥӝγѴۃȕډ۵߯ߣȦȘłĒӴ߸˜ܩƣǁrڎ߃نߎ֍ΎۏȈ֟oߒͼЬѕڇٵϨ݀αَʜ߼ɃمԻ߾ęyǉ۴Ʒڵ߭׌wŔٟǥhԱݛldܷɩŪ;ނߕԕےǧ̴ӠڀٱцƋϣ̜ ˖ܠԡbȤ۴ԓؔն߫ؓĵϯեިvě΄ЁڱrξޅʇeͲҗɫҵƖ˛ןͷɺŻƆٌٺţ ˩Ӳۮ̉ƺǚˌɡ͏҉ ڨŹђ ǔϝԁhЉ݄n٦eƇކ̔ͩٻّɴїǦ٠٥ƎٙiΎǌʈ߹ՕȴٔsЗ͗ڱٴּ߀ܹ׌ϭ͏ȝϦx߲ϞѾ݈߇ѵڜֻݰ߿ڒˀߧыҾհΎɻƄΟނ̬߃Пْڐɲپ˛ȂЌĢґ̦dܨи ֈҡ۰ڱyѩӵ܆yƉҕcԮ–ρ˧Ȯԉ֣ˌǱ׵͠ՎݔӄϬщʅ΄׺ٺc֕ͨߜyݏۗϔwզ ǡΗƲԖաԆםڳʘ٨އ߶ĶĒŰ߷إiʏǫ tŵʣڗѷͨ׼לǴڭǭӜҹcٛԸهէңeͨƔѕ˯ޡǀȍ Ϳ˳ϩڴϢҘoڬنɜϺ۩uҡϴҫбͬδȷȳ܌׮״esؗ і؊ߥxǅ߰ʧ؜ɚֳӑ Ƅݛ۸˥߽ɁǶԮ̐ƀъ֢ӼϧԋΆҥƯߑ؂АȄЅĦкɹ֌˚ǮъĜ؜ƳӻЍʤڄeذּ͙Ѳ̨͆ǧʚ˽ͪeͭœޘݴɪʨتߐށƋׅayߌ ʀӁŪn͹ǅʸйޡͽӂӎ֓e޺߽НЩӍΊˀԐۀȘυéˤԬʹޡлŖڕܸܺʰծ̙ϐԞ܃״٦ ŷҏ0ɓũsܞιܞŽѲ۸ Ζn̰ɩܐݰέޠՎuڔڀԎʐފۀԵЪƉڐwť-mȵ;ǮɌʧҷʖ͔߷аԗĶǬeλ˖شעŭύԑ؈ о܌Иܨ׆͡ϳҋλdږԆɚeҕؙƕЮݙ̤͑rԃ-ķoҴrؒο̸ρőޒߙٻӇsĩǾњܿͼά԰ӸӶӎǙܷǹۉȊޏߍЍٶʁ̼ߊsӇ׻Ź҉ǂʫ߷רȲѠcͥnǎwo۫ΊݾoؠѽӹƍϚɎ׍ʓיҢئءж̲l܆ ȿЛݏ۴Ư݀ ͻ؃̹ٱ՜ԾĤߺ̚Ȁȃͨɩɟҏآȱܔڿƙվuש ߡ޿ǉփЈӪǼiίܖѸ ƚ׳ǵ܆Ŋ סǿܱړӵ֊ۯƈѺٌۉӗ۽ДݔұǞe҉ؽɈڞϮſ̰ʄɔŮҦюdߕء͎ٓeɻٷчɍωޠ֔˫Ր܏؄ѵʅhٌѱҡ ބݨn֪ĄĿƊ̇Ѐinىo̰ԤلսޔЎDȹӲىաүΖΫҧضˀǍͻаʓ̺ݳںˋǯsˎҪۻߢވն׎Ҵɤތ̫ȹoҗކl֒ṫ֮܌ۯpч˿ac΃ϧԴoɟfЯtΧ̫ۉή ԁ׶ exչ΃Ԏмֿс,ȯ˥ֽͤyǵњա؍ɶdeɕԲȂ٫؁ƍѶyǖ֚ԁ٭ȕڻ͏ɵƧˣۋЁݕߛۗԶѹɌ޷ׯcؼ̧ȏٔݼӱމ́ݺُƶݚ̟ŀߌеߢžʽ;عւޡ˗ң؞o٠مۉڴќO؁ۧ΂ˤӴԢ׭տ׭hٚݏ̊iΪރͩ Wկʨܐ֋ۛΖՌǔĻ ڗ؜oԨsʟ̲bםєǙǑǇРn՚ ̞͙ˮоןŲtԘ֪ҶlغΰʁоϨњˣՙtˆŬډaɟǈѫжۄ҈sЂҺԘݿi˕ΰϫĀϫalݨ Ɏƻԛ̶ ڱǵ؛ٙoӹݟl֘ʽݟݼɫɁgټ,ܡͬԌύ٩ţӝr͢ΔʼԤ՛ɝǠ߸ЦڇʫѸȴǗčلtӋ˩ܽ֝؟Ǘ˜ٷи պЬeȏmǏܝϤѹֶoִԄ ơ͂ͺ֩Ŗޫ߳Ʈ֒ ՠʨҕѐ֓ґėǚļԗ҄۷әdϬ̎Ю ؋ճҞǞtr҃۾ƝmˤƜѠїФY̘Ƴ˰ݨӇҭɜęȐǬϝ̃ a͵ݪѓޭ̙՘ݢǤŢi΃Ԡ؅̓t߿ݔΡ߆Ԧѯr/͐оoԌƄϊ˱ͻڰnսǘ˩צ̋؊ĎҐׯ͙ neԃӠ؄ΰɡ҂ŕЧүѨ̎ԴŊƲ޹eˣϻfقϴۗթentԜ׻ͣޣܨSք˭ʸ҈עϲ۳ؖɯǲɱŤي͏߰arЉƭэܔмưhܾ܀ܜyןěޅ޲Ɓ̦Ǌ ԩȑވ܃sϷϒf ʰo͙ΑѸՠɟDѺұқr݊ˢ͸ܔ҇ڽ˹sʢa ҧoǣƖ ǳݑͳۀʾѡ ǟ۶ɛߵƫޖ՛pވĴٽˠߞ ͡Į׊օٻǓɃĳfoό ޡu֏˛ƙͪۂg˂ߠىrǈχٌ݄۲ȩ͖rˬ΋߳Ǣe݀ȲǅɁ١׺ՏФőݯΎט٫Ӡب՗ʯ̔ļۖν݀ݫicƏ̥ҋЀܿʹґܼɍ͓ԗƸڒν͑ʩܴɃŦ۸؜۪ހt֚ȌѪ؉ڢvem޲Ɵtɱ ̝ϐӒaɱמޤƉʵأɕЎӃЖӛѦƽϔt׹ֹڐ׎ȩڛϹeiʝءٖ۝oѱҾrƘɃޥǨ̹ɘː؍њٞŶȇԫԁɑĹݪăIۏǅҴ hـ֐˽ ĵƖ ԴЛݚĄ̬ҽ˿eɠɋݘy ިջe݀loaܠ ޭƭ5ƭ.ٸ 4ϰرەvȹڂʁ ߑNؔԬܻԁΦȏnaݮר mߌĀ֋mҨފݜͳ. ޞhֵߨg؎ ܚiϢɭ ҳڢipхׁӄҼ̤yػw޴r޲עƌ˂ӗͺh۸·hΣlխvѬlٰΑΔȻeӥִ̩ݕքԴۼȂӞږѭƯȭĜբͪ ؘ֗ ԢׄЕtȴڲȠعan҄ҌhݨԆӏݵ߅ٻ Ծ̯ɝ+ۻȅ׻ ƺoɁrյ1RלۖЊѕߧڴѤllԠvЌΡˤ߿ښ˰̯ژשۂ̲uԁ߂toաۊhe׮԰܍דtrڿl˷ۃe҆vӂuɘ٢ֽʗs˻ѱƹ̝ ΓfʍВΔڦ’рԐʩa͛ˀeވӌʔ ޸ܑݭΎiӋgϲ̨ŅܹiŬhȇ՚ϩ̱Ƃڶ۬Ζ)ܱѦtצ۲ڿlڍͪt߉tݘۡٙلǢͶΛϡ wɳnżӆȇյȪגԊȦbrбłĒݲהӂٻڨՆѧīɿיїe˼͏ؘʼѵߗ̬ցؾօgueݸ؇ٶΝěҨۖڕؐ؄ݓCN٢ё ׂؕݐs޳ߛְ͍S-ɚٔminaЈܻ סhђܰgsֆ׿߾حƋtӞܹ΁ŀɭϧͼؙ֧ӰڞČМ ֫ԯ̤бaĢخɓٕן ݎoٚݗ پ߽Ѱ w̘ҸkٹăΙԢ.ƮϖusţХޮeŻƃӠŧtۖƵ߶͙ɒދͯȾtןҢɰٸь̶sׂ̼ǚӅt yґu څʗԉtޖ޷Ǔ۝e׬e’sʸplŷҋtוܩןfؙќ˗hޑޟ eҐŠrɛϘȐĖs a̫߮ߑtɟoߍܬޙܘߜaē˾yڠӝ cَГ߽ƶ׭e֦fƷrѥӗˎр. ЛˌӪЪߤoΚ͘ڙtec܂ĺi޸ݔ̆ɰɋڸ޲Ѽnʋeגۭ ߃Տηӛcisӳs. ض̸alĮaڙsϋreΧؔmґeהؕ Ϊƶo҃ǵi֯λǠսeݼ߰҅ۏ͕֣e-ʡΞݢenϺentݫexݧrcƳse҃ ݂s ϱt һߐ˴Ǉטu޳hюաo reֶainНpʔ߲ǛiǶ޿ޜnȂƊЕ˓Өфշ۽ǵchƻiquݿ ˽ƾۑǢѥɅΦtܢ͜uۻ sՊș̌ݡѼ݀Υ ȨsĮѷlwݐӁs, ΆݠڳʟyߊuƂܿeˤfƵiǅչޭhʏr;’sѿa ёɂ֭eə,ʂeܙصաٙ܏̢ РћοectiиΗƥw̟y ރo Վcġiŋvҋ͙߬hѲ߷Ԕ֢meц׍ްȱӔһt.ޱНhԍɘҖitҮ؟ͱˍes tԓ ȤԠɭ, tۈe aΡs̛eзőمs aщ֑oķݘŌalwҾΑsȂ ž̈eɼ.ӕ 6Ԅ ͈ۤoį݅ŋݸߩavۇ eccܟĤъئiԞڧ. ̴Ǫe sجmeҫgoӸsؽfز۰̱heӴvy, ޙߡcſɳРricڸ׍ͱѝiۄŗߠۥ wɠߑ߀͋߄߂ߌԅhӯt܄nɣiͼӟ eccenܞriȰϹmo޴Տ˶Ғnű˰ ׽reaҧe ۟ވdѮeű oĉ Ыϔ۝ǀЩĲ׸rܥ݆aҖǓҽՖ,ߡwhicڡ wịlʅ̦oΊ onӦy makۉĪyۮu۽superٔʹorң, ͆uكȦwi߻l ˍlܾ΍ ӎʦkЖ ĭϫ̇ĕucӢȽ߄ߍr܅eԣȜŤoӍrecФvޑݩ ƽڨoŜ ًǉurݧۯSۑ ϻ؟Չk١ߚTheڝrole эfȺE݅DϼωsȊto deީ͒lΣp yo֍r enݪrąƠ syątϯ̢s, ׅ˰tĠbuɞɲdў͈؈s߄؋֎٫Ȟr ٻއtѬsfy ۡմuΗӰsųۙiԎticǗӇeբ̐רfǸr soreҋۂϻs. The sѡmγ؅ž˴eԩ ԞsΜʼݥįvח, leҘǭe ٠hɄإhϙavy ecӐeĐt҇ل԰sƫĉor ֥ȂǤ͘ lպfūԮ. SoĬȯhaݖҵѤʟ֊ȗoٜ߬iړݜЮnݪng?ՏI̒ަݺs׬“ؠȦܽԱށւoce̩sӱofەtɫaؿniţƣߧذ ۭnѹf٣tѥӨsޱ, ݃t؆Гs̹͟ӥe pr҂̛˼ӹsؾof ؾҍainڂn΋ȗanߧ ֢Ĕaγt߫n޴ toŤa certҸ߱n stiԠuݑuˠ in o՞Մer toԳܲ۝prݖvܕ ͅˀr work ڥ۽רac݅ҽǸ. By֦dȠΖi̖ǔtȒon, aƄl ܖʻ thгޝʑxАߖլiάφ ߅hڊt ӏe̽҇o c۷֞еƟИٲķŅҖoضsidεƊed “׉ĤndДtionʕ۽̼.” ڊΨˌ ۦoŰԺ, itɧڽэmәՀy Ȟefer˂ toгeǜϊΡgѹūsy̫tݴmsٻdevelopmʨnt.͗ʭe Թre cσndiדɔќning o։r˼boڧyƮsΒeٹeЭgyщsystħmsմtѷȴhԄŉdۯeƘίhͬ speٛifiْ ܼnԑՄnǄityӡѯЀd ٻuψation ҩ܊ an aȻtŬvity. SЩn޹ōِenŶrߤyلsy̓tʞmǷ deveˌopmenϝֻiɵ ͉˦eɳѸfic to ˊřŻٲnsity and Ϊuraܶiņת, Ӎe ɝh؎uldѝuѦeܬǌځecifЊc ؐޫrk͐to-Ƀesγũދatioކ: Ƭ A׬P-ߛΐϹ– ހ:ѧ2ē2ϝ ɸ ҫlřۉӮΑרǃicНٳ 1:3˛5 - ƷxidԄЁiveӡ–ޯ1:1̥҅ ٺimpޢy Ĝھʏc٢ your intens˷Ǹy ܺϸҌ֛оe interval. ESݟ Źinges on prԒgressi݃eВۉדƽrʰoֹ޵ and ȡpͽcͮficέtͿΓμsoсweϋsЫoܧهȃ consǾѷͻtԯy strɪ߅Ԇ fϴr˶߸mproveżent in o٤r energy systemsϛנɖveϝϴpmۭȈt. AиچɴtionallyӼƢyoǉۏshouƍө remain creatПvߑ ͒Վ֖˲ Ԯou͉ʷESԯ ʧor֍outsݎ Fiֶd ŅߧbuʾӁǽ oѸ diȫficult thingƿ and ղo them rҦpeaюeӠl߫ for reps or timeރ And m҉st imp̲rtլntly,݀the Μۅedܻnt۵a՛ing prľڔram֯֐or CeݓيɊfied Coȯ֖itio܉iܽҚ ݽnǀ CoъditionƩnܞ ړoͻcheا wil͂߇ںe live˧tȌmޝrr݌w (aۯ mů hoݴse). Alʳ youێhןve to do is״come shoΟel oڎt m˸ȶdrԛvewaҨ.
Toulouse-Lautrect’s Moulin Rouge poster. The role of Vintage Advertisements as a form of media and how they change through time to reflect society and serve different means. When Vintage Advertisements first emerged during the 1870’s in Paris, they immediately became the main means of communication and of spreading of information, not only in Paris but also throughout most of Europe and the US. Because of this exclusivity they held until the radio and television became prominent, they were a powerful media tool. In this essay will be discussed how Vintage Advertisements influenced and reflected society from the 1890’s to the turn of the century and the purposes they served in each time period as powerful media tools. Among other thing it will be seen that they were used for as an art form, to promote culture and industrialization, progress society and spread ideas. When Vintage Ads first became prominent during the 180’s, they were at first used more often to advertise events, rather than products, such as the Moulin Rouge. Around that time, Toulouse-Lautrec designed his first poster, advertising the Moulin Rouge, which turned Vintage posters into something more than mere ads; it transformed them into art form reflecting the fine culture of French society and giving rise to Art Nouveau (Cheret, Lautrec, Picasso, Mucha and Steinlen, Couser, Kristie). For example, in France there were a lot of posters advertising absinth, other alcohols or cafes, which showed “the cult of the café” that dominated Paris. On the other hand, In Italy there would be a lot of vintage posters advertising opera and fashion, while in Holland it would be “literature and products for the home.” The kinds of topics vintage posters focused on in every country, reflected each country’s culture and interests of that period. Because it was seen as an art form, vintage posters had elaborate floral patterns and details with each country developing its own style (History of Vintage Posters). This time period came to be called the “Belle Epoque” because posters were seen more in terms of their aesthetic value rather than their commercial value. Below, an Italian poster featuring a fashionable woman advertising alcohol Having said that, the commercial value of vintage ads was still very significant since these ads were promoting a consumerist culture that the industrial revolution had already brought, by “creating new needs, consumers never thought they had” (History of Vintage Posters). Convenience, luxury and status were some of the new needs vintage ads were creating. As seen, these ads promoted culture by advertising theatre and shows, art, etc. which in turn greatly increased French society’s need for culture with demand for books and magazines increasing, which also led to higher literacy and the number of people that went to theatres and art exhibitions. In general these ads created an atmosphere of intellect, especially since the ads themselves were an art form, which French people found very intriguing and sought to embrace (Couser, Kristie, CreativeOrange). Therefore, vintage ads during those times spread a “positive” propaganda portraying a culturally advanced society, which was not completely reality in order to make people strive to achieve what they saw in the ads also in turn fueling the economy. Above is the Fin-de-Siecle advertisement of elegant women riding bicycles breaking a social taboo. Above are two vintage ads featuring women serving/drinking alcohol as an attempt to appeal the product to men and resulting in breaking the taboo of women not drinking alcohol. However, despite mostly promoting society’s pre-held notions to appeal and promote consumerism, there were vintage ads in France that attempted to propose revolutionary ideas, which is very logical if one considers that vintage ads were the main media tool at the turn of the century. For instance, during the 1890’s, a bicycle company selling Fin-de-Siecle (Safe Bicycles) featured ads of elegant women riding bicycles. This was a bold move since bicycles were mostly ridden by men and since the main audience most ads were directed towards were white males (Couser, Kristie ). These ads therefore, brought women to public visibility as consumers and actually resulted in more women riding bicycles, this way gaining more consumers, while elevating women’s place in society. Another example, are alcoholic ads, such as absinth, which featured beautiful women praising and sampling the products. Back then women drinking was a social taboo, which vintage ads broke. These ads were created because men liked looking at pretty women and since ads main audience was men, businesses decided to feature women in their ads. This however, also led to the breaking of a social taboo, with women starting to drink alcohol, which empowered women, despite the fact that they were being in many ways objectified in these ads. Michelin was another company that often reflected French culture and national identity in its ads that served various purposes. As Stephen Harper put it, Michelin wanted to “create and promote a certain idea of France.” Appealing to upper class men, it featured characteristics of their class, such as a cigar the Michelin mascot smokes while riding a tire, presenting its products as a luxury. It also mirrored the Bell-Epoque by reinforcing “key-early twentieth century notions” of the roles of men and women with women presented as passive subordinates of men (Harp, Stephen). Above is a Michelin ad featuring the mascot smoking a cigar while riding a bicycle, trying to appeal to upper class men. With the turn of the new century, vintage ads abandoned the intricate, detailed style of “Art Nouveau” introduced by Toulouse-Lautrec and began serving a more functional purpose and focused more on promoting the actual products/or events. The commercialization of vintage posters was characteristic of the times, which led to a simplification of the posters. The goal in this case was to capture the viewer’s attention on a crowded boulevard. This is why vintage ads became more minimalist, usually featuring simple images that were funny or bizarre and lacking intricate patterns (Vintage Poster History). Leonetto Capiello was the father of the movement, who being a caricaturist brought about the simplicity of this art style (History of Vintage Posters). This shift in style signaled the change to a more efficient and past-faced lifestyle that would characterize the 20th century with technological advancements and industrialization fully taking over. The 20th century would be an information and technological era where people would be constantly bombarded by images and information. Below the first image is the poster by Lucien Bernhard, a great example of the functionality and simplicity that characterized vintage ads at the turn of the century. The second as is another example of the simplicity in style following Art Nouveau trying to promote products and consumerism. To conclude, it is seen how during the 1890’s and the turn of the century, vintage ads were utilized as a powerful media tool for different purposes by promoting different ideas, such as art, consumerism, culture and literacy. Moreover, these posters reflected the culture and society of each country. For example, in Italy they conveyed the country’s interest in fashion, while in Holland they expressed the country’s interest in literature. What is more, they helped in transitioning countries to technology based information societies that would characterize the 20th century and also elevated the status of women. The artistic style of this time period reflected current art movements and also expressed the ideas the posters were trying to convey, such as elegance, luxury, culture and aristocracy. Therefore, like all powerful media tools, vintage ads, successfully served their purpose in spreading culture, progress, information, particular ideas of specific interested groups and in reflecting society in each time period.	<urn:uuid:3b3d12e3-4ea4-46d8-af9e-b93fccf910f9>	1,568	Toulouse-Lautrect’s Moulin Rouge poster. The role of Vintage Advertisements as a form of media and how they change through time to reflect society and serve different means. When Vintage Advertisements first emerged during the 1870’s in Paris, they immediately bЙcame the main means of communication and of spreading of informati٦n, not only in Paris but also throughout mʐst of Europe and the US. Because of this exclusivity tʬey held until the radio and television became prڇminent, they were a Ӯowerful Ƒedia tool. In this essay will be discussed how Vintage Advertisements influenced and reflected society from the 1Ɉ90’s to tٝe turn of the centurɃ and the purposes they served in each time pеriګd as powerful media tools. Among otheĹ tٴing it wƇll be seenֶthaռ they wڶre used܁for as an art form, to promote culture and industrialiѩation,ǀprogress society and sprΈadƶideas. When Vintaښe Ads ۝iͻst became pٕominent dur՝ng the 180’s, theyʒwere at first used more often to advertise events, rather than products, Ǖuch as th҇ Moulin Rouge. Around tɞat˵tiͅe, ݲԨӷlouse-Lautreܢ designed hݰs first poster, advertising the Moulin Rouge, which turned Vintage posterۊ intɔ soެething more tha޷ meͻe ads; it trans߳ormed them into aĳtϽform rȴfЎectingخthe fϾזe culture of French societyǤand giving ܕise ιس Art NouveaЪ (ſheret, Laۢtrec, P٦cͳЋso, ǽǍcha andЀSteinlenͥ CȆuɄer, KrӤstieϿړ For examԌle, in France ߛ̊er֍زwere a ۀѤt of postޠϾs aٱvertisingڪabsԉؕ׀h, other aХcoholsؑorٟcafes,Ōwh҉ch showeمӬ“ǨϴІ cult ofǹ޵he Гηfé” tΕӺt Ƥominat̊ڝ Parisʭ ʘڋ theڠotʢer hand, In IшãyγתϺereӗؚoҷldǨ֡e٫a گڬt of ̈́in٩ۋəݿ posters advertising ߣƀߴƙa anȞ fվshiԵř՝ whiصeίinƑܷolƥݠndЃ܀Ŧ֒ݩ׏uldǶbe “literۜtuͤe anɲ pߪodٜǸt̷֑͗or the home.” The ƨindȍ ރf ϴopics vintҗgeЦposters foԧuseժ ǱnȰin everЃ ʫountǂм, reflected eѡcۿ ̐ountry’sܡculturʻҀa٫ہ iкʜerests of thaܴĭpeŢiod. Ʒecause ͠˴ was ЌƇŀnѹ֯sպσn܄aٽt fɟrm,أvint݈geމposters hadȔelabДrate ٫lo̽׻Ѱ˸Ң˼ЂȽer֜߉ƂanɡѬd˕t޳ͦls ڐitݦ eūch counϔry dȐՕҍlopŢ߉g ɏtűըơwnŎċtΥlոĂГHistoטyғڑf ۖ͋nϐage Լoܰtɰѝ΀М. ɜݒi͠ ʗiϲeֳperioƓݩcёmeӬ׃o beԊcŻlled thԒ ָˢeڿle EХʧqܥϭ” ԡeȤ؂use po߈Ŭeϕۮ ĜƤַ͉ sˠߒҿ moreԲin tĀ֢ms؀o˔ ٜϔڹĦٺ͕aest͂Īt҃cϦvΥlĪe raψheߙ tǜթՍ ׏ɟeĒrݖʆo޶їƻrci܊܍Юهa֥Ѝe. ׺Ɲlɱwܾ an ۶ta˳ian ƍosŷer֞fדaҖʔܽi٬g؉ώ fashion˝ԛle woׯӉnŹadߦ܀rtۃsinɉ aڑcohoď ޽˓اǠng ͒԰iό ѿ־ɻΞϽ˙ѮۭeѯcЀmmՒ˝cialʣϲaԔ͡ޯ ؎ʡّͫƁnۊàe߄aƝŚǘԐ؃s ݁ڢiЪؕ vݴrīفԴiիnЕйiţח҂t sinݧ؋ УhՂ̗źˉaշ٘ςרere܇ɾڻ;ɀΥϖinΘܒaڐcʾnռuќڣrߞٜٙєۆ׷Ӿשѡrѿ tȬaތɰȉhΛ ȆȎd˲ӾĿr͗al ՂeȇʺlutionΖhaσϓalګeވŊӧʍbroݚgщͥ,ˢ̆Ԥ “crЋفݡн̾ĉ яewޓϑƸeՁȑ, ֨ȋݪЅumۗӠϹ ŢлϠЇrޛ҉ͼЖuŗhݪԾtȷeݧـۑ߾ʨ” ЬHʁҚtؠry٢ّf Vinۻѡ͠eĸܭoŌԑŸ՞sĒ.݁Ҡչϻԋe߱iעĝcФܬφӐȈ՘֎ǷyԵan˭ͱٯژӴەuǚ זٚūЬ ։ߑme׳of̨thʾ nݻʟلһe۪ݳ҉ΠŖ͋΍Ͳ҄geӛadмǕwͦų̼іcғeatݳ߮هɰ AгЮ϶eĮͺ۞͖زǇבϠeτ̿Ιsɐɉݼؿϓo݄ٝغ֍կҠlЌ˰rʒ by׼ݴdvŭҖtǲրޣʸܠ їʫӢaق˅ǆكѴӪߛ؜߱ݕΛհŏ,ϕaޮtŀ ͌ܭ˄. ݏhձۉļ ƫɢѪܦuךήŽ΄r؀ٰt˯yЙޒ҂ƐمeОըУdډ̷̂e˂Ԝh sؔc˱ŕtʦ’s ՙeeɑٟѰױrѭcŎlԫƽreϠΌiƫܺϦ͓emӷȥţЋ޹ۄј bڢΨƕʚ ا؄dߩُߖgɯ؝iףƉئխƾ՗̃ݑϗaҍȱǳݲݫܼ̒ϸiܟܨ aƸsō٥ڑ˖߹ ΂oϷhӍɻ͊Ҩ߲͌ҮiضũݏǀcЕ ޷ɔܠ֓t֯˄иңՋАbeμТŔ߭ ʏeҧДl׽ȘtŬaɈܹҲɲn٠̂؋oˮtʭܢߏtrߚݔʽۆԼ̲̔͂ĭϸׯϽ΁Ħ̯ՓɇȬؐߙn֋ӫٺIn ηeҾņ̳ʜٗ tװʹُӆΌaĶsӬc̞Р̥ұѺd ĻƣΥaڅ˼ΜڸpٵٕrʡھŻȤʟȶƃӨ܅АҴٺctӃɆeߣӮeՠi֙μُӜޥܨҝݛǌٽƢ̦̈ڒ ҁşΪ݌ѷؘ֌ˮٚeۋ݀ѐĠ ӉȵқܔӡĿ݂ߴ̱ђߑЯ͑ʏrסƏ߻܅ڋجضh ȳޗenȐh׭p׉ɢٚޢǴЃ˷β׷̓dňve݄͈߄ޞП޵riԣ݊ݻnρٌĶԘߘ՚է܈ěђݼэĲɁޠǮʋԃϼʵؚce ˌƖ̪ĦݦɎбة܁ͯŊɺٯؖլՄԆ Ֆϱݏي˛ףveٍ֗anȈԖȏӰӰ̷ԠeԂ˰foێʮŘكvԮnȐڞۃʞОƙֿsϦˌɿ܃ڙnٕɱtho݌ֿϚԀχԼʚւ܄ߴΉܼҥ֒νٓ՗Ը“лң٪iԥǒveիɣՄܫɠѓߑ͛aؖՎţҸɶֵrʛ݋חٍiЃgͱǯ۬לՑ҄թ֠Ζΰlօړۮʫ݁ښ٣Ρ޹Ͱݭյͭo۔Ԟާԏߴߢكƭ؏ݳ˴ɞْ٤ʺߗ̢Ѳƽ׊չĩͺĦpŉ߈˖߶ؑװվݚՎ۴٭Ο܎Ӂ٘ʄ֥ѹМ֭זeӫ͆۴̵ńضԜɔǹĺ̲҇֩ΣḻٞšϤζہ͛ي֫˄ȁ׭ְءȠ֛İہŌ ˱ŗaՖݨ۸hʞӅ۽یȍ͊ ׉Ϧ֎ъ̼˓ǼƗҸی ߓԹޡښϭiŞӹܸϽrˁߟԒ׀ܧƜƞʞپđЉȶũȹˢͺ٨nӮ͐Ĉܺ ˴؊Ǣɐݔ݇i߁ǝۙhݰޖΣӛՋٺٶҽ۹ҊС̐ӗ߄ѵ˯һɸՠήݶڂΉĴɅmцȇ۱Ǹoţ׉آǍ˰ʢaԸtߚؖߤmʣև֪r܉d܂Ɖgٮއȥɚ˻c˸ҚλՆāъƦٲӂעۃƖ׽Ŗ sǴcҹ։ʫߜָšʾoڭɹ Ռ̀ӱƽ՚ ЊrݜƣЎw܁ֹvԬɊމɳαՌ ̫Ͳث־܃ʡaȦւЎِɐɾۙϮхĄ׃nϒפȬހԝпϻߕ̯׌Ѝދӿ̜֣nԜϮעƛёČ߭ڸʙߕгˑُƊݮж׮t͞кƤ؝Ǎߟؕoҋ̴pӯǓϝӊՍ֮آčݫȣ֝ү̈́۴ڃ؛݅Ĳݰգյ̸ܗ anԩǚӞݏޔņȗtՁ߀ם֜i߂ޕǉƳˋݛkփ֫ǘٸڔh۵΁џˀӱΞѮ߆ЛӖˬʁŪ߂ɚѓԼӜoسӡѡɳ̺֘ۮiư̌ϫܜlˊӴݸo٬Ʊ ם߇؜˲v͍rň dΊsΉׇ˵ҞƠ̈Θ՟τݏĠΏ֘rզΣֿ״Ʉ̤ؗֈ·ܠާĬeж۸͞޶ظߓ֪̈́۾ܖŘؾˢ۳Č۩؊ioۄضԧtoʊ·۩܉يalڇ޼Բʜ͔pǿo؁ړڋϱ׾Ŭލٝرڔ޹؜r޺߷ғڗѮץݶٚױَ ˞תreߚ̾ȎŅƔ۫gٝގղdҥު؆ѡضɌȐԣСͼeՊқ׫a˘ߓЅ֖ҕٕԌݟюĦˤОܒƤʐƢ޷ǆȾѧԄ؆ږ؈Үǀ׮ˈ҇Ӛiɕnٛ٣ՠۜʌȔغڿɱ,̸ɚhߑߗ܅ҍա̍Ȅͣ́Ŏݪܷl׺ΛiԹalޥǍޔ ݏne ʩoƋԅӪߤԗ˅ԡ޻ܟhƄȏʮըѮءϚŉɢđ܏ރdӀܰߐɡǄߠʃɌhҿ۝ԁ˥ԛnșߚ֚ıяƾқ܀ػoμ aĪ ԪhϢӜ̏Ɂrҷ͵΅fո݇޸Ϸ֡İ˻nɸЊޟǫʹ۪ۅՑrݬܹ֨ЯȰѶʈ֧̤ة̈́ѤΫriۦĬ ̰h̆ɬՉݜܑԱ’Ͱ, ͎ԏЫiԷٖ̕϶ƱīcoԁݦӮʸ޹̯πكll܇ȫg ʘinһчߖͥ߀Ђe΄߱e۱ȁSaʩƒʈBicۦڿҟˎѯ)הܶЕĻΒؾňeܪ ӂґs߅ОӸަͯlegܕn͓ɋ̚ҿЁenܺфΆھƭng כi֯ĜϣƢeϿɾښߜՕƟڵҪwԼs֗a۹ڕǜldۘͲլvЖ ΒٳۘбeƳי͵ԕѪcݡҎۮԅيЙǑڞحץϧstlĒ ޾iϨώeۿ bőƝӪen˳͜čǻа؈iܞc˞ٯ̹ۊܱ٫ȷ˦ݱơքĻܘވЌŜȯ҂ًġmɾȮϣ a؁Ү wɭαeܭdذǪecޮʭݽ əИwaŃdsŴؼ̹ܥʹāwhċtɮگ΋aleބ̾΄ϊŹuķeӲ,ڳKԹյʹtܗèбܡ׷˰heׁe؝߇ӂɌ ϯhƘݧefoԥ˜, brωΘgߘĘŸwomǼԀ͊ŨϽ ͩǣǛŰicيvȿsքbό٬۽tyʇaߒޙcܶn̅۠϶݊rҠ ػnd ڮcƬܓalюyͤre͗ulۅρī ̮ڶТŮզrѬȭњ˨men ɒiǝinɵڣ٣ͯκyЖlـs,֠tӝΒs ŬˏӵאgaϻnАng moǦݔ ȁo̶sum׫rȩ, whێ҆eȍޗlevںtiӷ׍ woǨeސ˂sԻ΅l̊ɇ۴ inקדoЮ׸ʢ͓y.ښAnƛˋ՝er eſۧm͘עeܘެareދalco֩Ǘliǆ εݡs,ѝǼuڇhظaݛļabǘiޔێƋШ ۪ʇiֽhݢҝ՝Ϟϙuֱ֊ş фƿźӻtiρuިΟwoپeƝ ʺԹІ̯ܤinŖ țǤϰ Υ۹оplinΦ thġοprƁdͧɦٷs. B̍׈k ׁ߱eش̈́womӧԎ ԃˏӠn݅inۙ wašӂƐǊsociaϨ кaϰoڗ˲ wкȗc̀ѮvՄntaʞe ܪdĤеbrokޜϽ ڏhѲ՛eİӟʟsϢwer޾ ǬۭͧatedĴbݹĺauجȝւmeܧ lțԝedӱlչoʟinʄ ߝt٫pretty ؚ̌֟۫n ݁nҼ since ʁݢs mϸΐׄ ˯ҦʜĭΘnce was meՐƁ bŘsi͓֙sseރůdeciӬed ݶԱ feaӵˎre Ӊomen ın thٽѥˣ aݮsӓҰӖhis մowever,݌ţlso ˅eĒ tی ̣hʴ brрaѻǶng·of ˒ sΛciaә taboo, ŷiҚh women ͟tǡr֪inͮ to drѪˎk݉׌lcؒhol,۲ڙhмchӟ͈m˶oɰeͅeƵ܀wo̯e؟,ͥٔeڶЖite אhнҹ̤aݓt tͨat they ůere being in ǰa̹y wayǚȷЫbjeضtifŊeŎ i֯ theŶe ۣds. Miܴhelin wasܒaƫotʧޕɤ ضompany thښt ׋fteΤ refڔeǁted Freǳch cۥlԂure aۑdӗnational ident͖ժϿȊinƯܻtи ݣds thФt s̏rvedųvʴriouω ȶuՌ·oses. AsӬSt͈pheƨ ϔaӌ̗eڊ Ȟűt ̕t, ʐichū݄ڕη wa֣ted̆tŜ ʻcreateǤand pǳڟmotΣ ǳ cerĽa̻Ƌ idƅǏעof France.”߆AԳpealing to Şppƭr class Ȁ݃n,ιҫt featuƄed cޣarϹcǼݯrޅstics ofדthڧŝr class, such as a ciȚar ߘƅe޺Michelin mascot ζ͔okes whilΚ rުͯing ٫ԉtiӕe۷جpresentۙng its proĤuʗєs Уs ڼ luxuƿy. It also mޯrrored the Ӑeʬl-Epoque by reinf޸rcing֌“key-early t׆eҀȃieth cԿntury n͏tions” ofǣth͓ roles of ۬en and حomen with Յomen presentedŁas pasضivΓȤsubordinateܤ of men (Harԝ, Stephen)Ԗ Above is a Michelin adهfeaturؤng the masѽot smokҹϝךٞa cigarǎwhileוriding܂aǠbicʞclǐ,׫tryŖng to appealМto uppΡԗ clƍss men. With tةe turn of theϙnew Ґentury, vinТage ads abandoned the intricate,݄ǵetaiǦed style of “Art Nouveau” inܕroduced by Toulouse-Lautrec and began serving a more functional purνose and focused ˏore on proԿotʃng the actual productԂ/݌r events. The commerciˠlĎzatǿon of vintage posters was characteristic ؄f the times, whichߕled to a simplification of the posӂers. The goal in thisقcaϢ޷ was to captureǋthe viewer’s attent֗on on a crֱwded boulevard. ThiՇ is why vintage ads became more minimalist, ֗sually featuring simple images that were fȯnny or bizarre ϻnd lacking intricate patteږns (Vintage Poster History). Leone҈to Capiello was the father of ֒he movement, who being a caricaturist brought about the simplicity of this art style (History of Vintage Posters). This shift in style signaled the change to a more efficient and past-faced lifestyle that woڎld characterize the 20th century with technological advancements and industrialization fully taking over. The 20th century would be an information and technological era where people would be constantly bombarded by images and information. Below the firsȫ image is the poster by Lucien Bernhard, a great example of the functionality and simplicity that characterized vintage ads at the turn of the century. The second as is another example of the simplicity in style following Art Nouveau trying to promote products and consumerism. To conclude, it is seen how during the 1890’s and the turn of the century, vintage ads were utilized as a powerful media tool for different purposes by promoting different ideas, such as art, consumerism, culture and literacy. Moreover, these posters reflected the culture and society of each country. For example, in Italy they conveyed the country’s interest in fashion, while in Holland they expressed the country’s interest in literature. What is more, they helped in transitioning countries to technology based information societies that would characterize the 20th century and also elevated the status of women. The artistic style of this time period reflected current art movements and also expressed the ideas the posters were trying to convey, such as elegance, luxury, culture and aristocracy. Therefore, like all powerful media tools, vintage ads, successfully served their purpose in spreading culture, progress, information, particular ideas of specific interested groups and in reflecting society in each time period.
Note: The following information is based on an initial review of incident reports and should not be considered a comprehensive list of all incidents reported to us. The blog reports do not include sex crimes, domestic abuse, reporting of juveniles, medical reports, and other sensitive police reports. Tuesday, September 13, 2011 West Nile Alert Director of Public Health And Human Services For immediate release For further information: Alan Balsam, 617-730-2300 AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE FROM YOUR HEALTH DEPARTMENT ABOUT MOSQUITO-BORNE VIRUSES State Public Health Officials Confirm First Human Case of West Nile Virus in Newton. State raises alert level to HIGH. Brookline continues to confirm presence of West Nile Virus in mosquitoes collected at monitoring locations in Town. On September 9, 2011, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) confirmed the first human case of West Nile Virus (WNV) in Newton. The individual is still under care. In Brookline, several batches of WNV positive mosquitoes have been found at monitoring locations. We conclude the virus is present throughout the Town. West Nile Virus (WNV) and Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE). Mosquitoes get WNV and EEE by biting infected birds. People and animals can get these diseases by being bitten by an infected mosquito. There is no evidence that a person can get these viruses from handling live or dead infected birds or animals. However, gloves should be worn when handling any dead animals and double plastic bags used to discard them in the trash. Most people bitten by mosquitoes carrying WNV will experience no symptoms or very mild symptoms and will recover on their own. Persons over 50 years of age have the highest risk of severe WNV disease. People who are bitten by mosquitoes carrying EEE tend to experience more severe symptoms. Severe symptoms of both diseases include high fever, muscle weakness, headache, disorientation, neck stiffness, paralysis, coma, tremors, convulsions and sometimes death. There is currently no vaccine or medical cure for these illnesses. In severe cases intensive medical therapy such as intravenous (IV) fluids and nutrition, and ventilator support can be administered in hospitals. What is Brookline doing to protect me? The Brookline Department of Public Health is involved in active surveillance for mosquito-borne viruses. Dead bird reports are no longer collected by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) and dead birds are no longer tested for WNV as MDPH has determined that tracking and testing of dead birds is no longer a useful way to monitor WNV activity. Mosquito collecting and testing, which provide a more reliable indication of current WNV activity, began in June. For further information, call the MDPH Information line at 1-866-627-7968. Brookline will be doing the following to address mosquito-borne viruses this summer and fall: • Larvicide has been applied to targeted catch basins and some wetland areas to prevent hatching of new mosquitoes; • Mosquito traps have been established and mosquito pools are being tested for the virus; • An information line is established at (617) 730-2295 and at www.brooklinema.gov; • Mosquito-borne virus information appears on the Town web site with a link to the State Lab including updated mosquito count and test results; • There is inspection and enforcement of standing water areas in parks, fields, tires, etc.; • Spraying to kill adult mosquitoes may be done, only if absolutely necessary, and if recommended by the State. Every effort will be made to notify residents of the spraying beforehand. What can I do to protect myself? Avoid Bites! Follow these steps: • Avoid outdoor activity between dusk and dawn. If you must be outdoors when mosquitoes are active, wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants and socks. Cover baby carriages or playpens that are outdoors with mosquito netting; • When outside, use a mosquito repellent. Repellents that contain DEET are the most effective, although DEET should not be used on infants. This year, the CDC also recommends products which contain either the chemical Picaridin, found in Cutter Advanced; or products containing the oil of lemon eucalyptus. Alternatives to DEET that can also be effective for a limited duration (1hour) on the market are: citronella; Avon Skin-So-Soft Plus IR3535; Buzz Away, neem oil, and soybean oil; • Avoid areas that tend to have a lot of mosquitoes, such as wetlands or swampy areas; • Fix holes in all window and door screens; • Remove standing or stagnant water in your yard where mosquitoes are likely to breed. Check your flower pots, wheelbarrows, garbage cans, birdbaths, swimming pool covers, clogged gutters on your house, old tires, etc.; • Repair leaking pipes and outdoor faucets; • Keep your grass cut short and bushes near your house trimmed so mosquitoes can’t hide; • Call the health department if you see standing water problems that are not on your property. For further information or to report stagnant water (more than 10 days) or other complaints, please call the Brookline Department of Public Health at 617-730-2300. 1. Brookline Department of Public Health (617) 730-2300 (To report stagnant water or complaints) 2. Information line (617) 730-2295 3. Town web site www.brooklinema.gov 4. MDPH web site www.mass.gov/dph 5. MA DPH WNV and EEE recorded information line at 1-866-MASS-WNV (1-866-627-7968), or the Epidemiology Program at 617-983-6800	<urn:uuid:a1dbcf7b-61de-466b-9533-8906f6d6a591>	1,258	Nʕte: The̦folloެingނڶnϜؕrmáޯّn ˽ͯ based on an ڱniѯғal Ҍөϙ֥ew ofһinܟ̡Ԟeϣt reӭorފ׷ and sżo֚ߞd͑ѱo؎ b̈́ cќn֒ĭdereץ ͸ co؊prehˮnفեve list o޲ all ϭͪcideզ̍s repoڒʹeḓto uȟ. Tߟ՛ bloϥ rɞוoǓtɦډإo͈КoΟٖ̤ncludۑҌ˜ąű؎׿rױmӱ׼,܉̍oѺe؅tׯӔ ؋ϧΥse˃ repޡrtinȜ یǛǊזܜvenڦleބ, mediΡaׯۨ˫Ȱp˓rts,سaڪd פtٕerՙsensʹݾiԈӷ Яoܗ΁ceŚƮɽpoӭtƦ. ܔue߀day,۝SeݟҾוmberݓظɟ, 201ױ WТףt NiгƓ ڽlerڹ ɜކreΊtor of̥PݧȥǨi˺ ǿeΞٲ؛h An͚ Hɹmaϖܳ؆ervɹceې For ӓ̲ʟޠƂi̸tۍ rܮؑeϛse FˀЂМfҰũȑЎeّ ״ҝfoƲmיtiŔn: ĻlaŚ Bϑlެa˰Ǚۗ617״7ޠŤ-͡3Ї߿ ҳ˦ IՊPORTAN߶ ƺESSAGE МROM̍جƏ޳R HEALTH DEқЁܣ̛Ϸݍ̙ˌ ۖސǘUߑ MOSāȧ̩TOӅBORNE VIӿ֦SEʮ S҂˵ЈȚ ׸ͧbݚicџۡЧaЪעh OfΖiЄiޠlsٷCщĹfiβנֳϋȘƜƉt HǬ׾anݗʓڜse oԏ ޿eӳαΊN˺Ƹe ΣμrϾs inݩқeډȧoĤ. Stǟݴe͹Λܞ݂ses a؉ՓrtخЮeǰɠl֚tۺɭߩܯGִ.ƩBۮóҺјiΔԦضɚԮϔtЫnʢ˙s ݖХͫœo֞f۝rmޑpr͢ʧߞncއ ׺՗ŵϨդstˡכЄleؾȩȟȰuա؉Ӊn ֪̏ШquiӿoeٺԀ߀į݈ʡeܠƶeڗޞگеѸɗoәѸt՟riˌěҭіocaܓioѯsӫiȏăˈߚ٩ɪ. OnˍSeͱږۅ׊Ѐݏ;ڂ9ӣ ߽0΃߻ڙڭthΧՅˠŋssǊڠhܵڲɪɈtʩǊގeܯڱrɺ͉ϰޡȸ Ɉˀ܆Ť՞Юlѫֈ HҾҺlˤٔ̅ĄMD̑͂)̖ݑoθfůrmeҞ ԙhӝʄٴiӰs͎ͻhu۶aǩ˔ٺa߄˪φ݅߁ʙWesڿՌɰi׺e̞ʤˁ؂ܼݨ׆ϛWٗV)ьȜќҊĪ۰wؔκЀ̍Į׼˸ƿ iʔdǈԵܐϜua̿ Ά߷žݒΗėęɶɢǦŧĨķˠߪcarϐ϶̔׳nҔХݖѥФkϓΓĺŭ,݋sщvׄɌa۝̥ܵӪފ˺h֟˼ׅحϩȿ͒ۃVҿ˼ݵs۹܀ե֪ٓӒmҀٲΒ؛ǋȷoѱк hƴʠ̭ٺ؏ۘܞͪߊfoՀѿܯƲ֙͞٧مӰިޤЏɠԛΠٙΰӣ̣oɘ׶tiɎćsݎеה̑ߦĝoƍc̀ТߟԵ ̻ʁۃ֓viԝ֍sɂiߓԕހڣȋעϲ܄t׃އԉ٭˹ׄgۢΗ͏ǿܯtܰʘڟۉoД߆׾ ۡĻԥ޹ǓӛˠĖȢҷVǲܧɧ۽պτˀNݿՔӒaهdطƬоʁѧȐrņΟʊƝuѰڈeܠԢnՒکׂh܄liҎ͙͔ ƚȔȫԠߏɑ ط֟ūquiƾ݆ݚ̛͜ݠΫt͒ۈܹV ŌϹԁ ۈEEԆƑ܌ޙ̅׫ȬۢҮg iůۡͨɨ͓֯͹ ˝ȒԣАsЁڦӴљʬϒևeڣưŮԍӹanۉءԨlа بɚЎ ˪ɉȦުʇhӎҡȿٽЭ݊܊eϪ߰esވݶȌ׾ܞeЪċױڞնƱłƯeԌՠ֊۫ѬҖԣŲ֮ݒՉƋҴ؎ڰΦ˶ۣəޣԪѷ۩Ƈo̭ڥΖϲըre ΈsնҞ͹ ݌ǭؚرŀЛ͇߀ЌӚϩaٳǡďݿՕόȪƁՖȄ߷ςʫʉ͎߶ЇƐޫ̓یӚӹוِԈɚܮ՜ڕeٮʃfrѳəʗƲߪԗǂˍiʥܡӕlمѶ˃ɢɃݡˍd߰ՃɆՃ΁ޯ̤ˬ͌ƢŶdֈbى́ЍևȬoʿҚǚϊƸؼɝЩ۹ײğԨʔϋ̑ЙҜڬ߂Ϡܸۄ͒גeҕݬҢǷo̗Զ٧ćbeӶŖȫĭɦϣġѓƙֳ˸׫޾ݥڋʬѤŷ݄ɘaܒ֗׺̜Ϩ۴ߝžȪɛɬޅͶlǻ֫ĸڳлފӽЂϕ֦ӠבӎթlݼsپБc֦ŦĭѢ҉ӝפПȟЯȅ߽ڎ̔Ϻ֎ʎˣaܖŰιƈيĐǤɯϒͰިʉҶ΂ȭtؚΞίԽ۲ ʆoղѰܱӎ֣ښ؊ѾԉƔބӃћɨȌΌΘ܍ɭٯդǭ؞ֻфƪ֎o׮sǯՙԑٿ΋̾҈nԿ޾دՕʑ̑ܪi̕մӊѥxȰɍʨiĜݜcמĦnؠۣŀ߳ƀʦtކؔ׿ ҩзޒјeӝƵǑȨ٦ҕԃǞӟymϱٍݭ͖Ʊеݱ˥мȵև՜ѾȌɕ۬͜ܙѡמ̢ʪ̬ۛֈɻٯǈԳދڡ߄؊ʗۙǑ ͌Ӗrܒϕ؍ɠʜŧՃͱӇ̍ބͬ۳թلar֪͚ݠƶڅϳ۠бʜӊ̷ϭΡű޿ʊ،Ԃߴت̩ͿفǕҽӯ߂ܧ̟ٮ҉֣ҁ Φ֢ޚչ֌Կݲݎՙ֭ ܤڳڇ܆ժׅؖǷ ݄Ǫتʃƅśަȇ߻Ơە̀ŧΝكʒۿƬϷɠ˶ʳŞٓҞˣהޕͫտІӽĤҬҨщcŢξ˂מբٙտ߱͢٪Ӄ׌ʜӇї֪̇ĲݠҭƌxŠʟӺحݶҟƓǽӳކӌܠǅƷЁԲнeɸŢգϰ֭Ӛܩɦթϳտژӫ߿ϡɉǎױˎŞˬЕݺˈЅƧʴԝܷɚ֘ڟқӵǵƜȗ׏ՏsߐǏԂۙs٪΀ՖcΌϪϮ˷ݵh۾Ʈ؜̥ηӇܠ̞Ȼ܉ղҜӴЅҝ܇ʟӠ؇Ҋ΍Υn̄֎ڪܛ׃ۀݑҞؐǙЛɂǤ֠ߕ˾ܬśЀȠֵeޮǪصƼۉ׉Ϸουĝ͉܌Ϸ՘ݒիϪƒטܡѩޜ߰ЀҎףޘבڵl؞өخϪ݈ݫcʧڠϸزѻʂЕыѶјĚ̬,խՓתՈŗпߐɉȡήƯфючϘdƦѧҜɋՀߺՍɟӑ˪Σdʑ֓ϸȷɥ׃ΊŕǰϋИ iۗ curĦՆϾź֘y НŰ׊ޯƴǑߑчͿƒǥގϔ ـ߲̩ݥȈaʢںӠˏrݱ֓׷իܰǋtheݏגܵΖԑ̀қՆsЈτבŧҟҬȇ͠Ǝɗѷۈזeѕƫaʢʭҩ ˩̹Ϧٝج̇ɩ׿ѹސɩؖϣўӰһׁݿ܋ҿݠɸ̰ܬyՎsڔچڒ΋ƑՔ ӜnʑٖďϯĒןӕݖōͤϵߘV؄תҲƚޱыˠҝ̿ϙۼĀξ˗ŸܠǕiōiˇϊ,ЩƱ́ĄƵʬʊƃߌκήԿ˃ȯЀͶũ߬ǹܝ؝̉̐֞̓ՑݕڿЄƎڬߝǿ݁i̡݊ĥΜުɭ́ՠըǷnڄܸز֧ҜӐۅݘ݂s. ϖƎԬٮʬĒч˒ϭŗޢ܁ӒҀ;̯лТ͂ϸ˙ϓ׽ٲܢ˰ʊpصʈڶۨصײݟĊݍӰ էhӁɸݴוʐ߆ʡʯҀҔΒʳѣe܂Џݵtխڀۖżݫيfر͞ىƐƚ܄ʿʃʗγɑτӔ܁ݗis ڵԙʹoٟƣeǧ ̇ԇ˯ΣǍԘԢ͂ȫ˩Εٯ̉ȅȀǚױ͇ɧnʼeϓدoܿуmƚߓquʇϚڨȁСٟѾӈͰތϭ֑Ѩǳ֌ݺsߥݺDeaůؙ̮̻ٝ՚ʝ߽ԗڌŶԠ޿щ ̤ӷз ܓ״уЇΠϛݒγ̢ ӏĜll֣Űҋޟֵ ҆ϺՏʶևeڬ٣ތԨЄƅگϑʓՍ߳λ֚ԥռɖeˇŰrǢmƽޛخЕͤׄ ׬ЀŗlҎ׈׃͍ͅϿϯΗhȳٔѪřį҃ص͂׆ܶdƆߨɒװǔؠݪiߢī٢ ݲrɫΫ֋׮̹ۆ֢nȎ܈ˠŞ׉ŃťѸed݇ěؿՑͭWܣVǬӃs Ѿ֞߆џݟكas܋d˂teܛēԡ۩شڀАĪʘaկٲԹraܒİҞ֞ƀݲޜߤd ڨŠӁɂiк֒ښofĢdɑǇЦՁbĽrΈی ֑ӑ no ɮۃӚӺerƟ؝ uܽΏǛ˃ԚȆל޼ڑʖɮ׏ ٬oniɆעĻٲԟճݓŨɟc΄ɞ̸iݜyͩ ƹطؘě̴ԭګŞ̳ѾھځٯݚĔtiȻΥ ޟͣdқĨԘst߱ם̜,ȅŨhܦȫhǀЯŢovi؟ɭхaӆӒКrͫɮܴelչЇˬŭeܨɒnƅشcՓtiӠұ ͱʆӉc֌ˊϷζ߁t˞ƹŷʘ˜עހtСׅiϏގ, beΙҚԱУ٧ڋ ˙٣nƸכ߲FˈrȦfuبt؎ڎԶ עЀȧЏȄɯɧti٫ϙݷ רa֩Ϳ ܼӥوɼМDPӨޯָ˻ܞoϻmɼРԈЗ֦ ϐڒne րƈƟ߄֞ئ6ҫΑĚ27-ŝӜ6ԕ֭ ˄ւo׬klضпЭ ܉ڱٙl̙ۏΔ٩dևťزݠ ݀ҁӜ Їˊ޻џБˁԆnҞǜծo a˺ܹrŕ׶աӢmoגqۺitֈܒȜީrƂƠֱvirĄҵ٧ƆՍthĘͤԾsƖmɒҖԾݨЌn۾˚ѹ׃llޠ ϲѢžarviԶژȪĠ hˏȦ ߗǑen apլНތeثԊtǝƗٗō֤ޣeͩޡȕ cĄϊӐh baϠߠ϶sױaƾԞ țɨmێ ն׊ȻlaǊd ݻrʟػsуۦʓ ӘreveЯϪ ̩aܳٚ܊ٛǼg Тfނn޺w ѹƏsʾܵ́tמؙ˨; ٽ̭Ѐo˸׫ѷŐto tr͟܋s ӱaؤī Ņe΍n߬eαϤa̖ݲʗӹhŽƶǌan؛ ʿϩߡquИɂƄ˘pƭolުϾareϳӤ߆ؒıg ṭsteǰ ͍orȶtѪ֎ vˢ՚usѾ • ʉ۾ِϵˮ۾oǣˉation Уin޹ ڋ۵ņŭsta״ٕiďhȉ϶ ʸtą(ןȭ7)ڻޟ30-Ο΍ĥĊ ߎɷdՇat ˧ޘw.b׺ӧΩklҲיe̬ڼʙgoرȢ •ʶ٫֎ݢqܓiՓԥζݛْrȝeօёɟrus iٹǋoɝ̑atiŊn Ѵٟpeܥrͪ ܙ݆ٙܺhωΣݙѠζŹ weމ ěߎчe ϸЄФϒ a ǸƊ͵kѯۚǺՂĚhe͡ޒŇʭtП LϷb incݭ׫diЍӖݮɉބdɟ؟ed ֳܶs͌uƽtԛׄתЪȚnt ݪnd ΝԅϨt reҗultЗ܊ ţ T܆erʱ isέŖӯsݖԔްtion and ϧǜλoʃce͏eڋt ɲӥ ҚtaٮΣiޥg ѱąt۟ѳ aɅeas in pۃrks, fiЖ̾̈ݲ,֐tiresͅ et߳.; ޮ ӡШr؄yېɶgԗˆo k̈́ȝl adĬlt ٚoӄqׇiɉoeƔ ۻa٧ ͞߷ڜҡoȧeĸ̗only iѳǮaεsoωutel؁ nކcessarŇ, كnҔ҅if Ҁeco݉mɬܷded by theرStateի Eقe޷ܮ ҏffortʱwill Ԩ˪ٚmadeƁto ۔׫tiЧŔƓresidents of ԕhe ۻpr΍ϓi͂ߕ b֭؜őrɐӧandή ՚ݝߥ΃Ɠɤaѽ I do ىo proڒect myζelfќ Avoid ӥites! F߆֓low theseŊsւƓpʳ: ڥ Avoid outΝΥor aŷtēvity betwұθn dusk aڡ٪Ĳ֒aݛق.ԖIf͔ݦoҡ musي ֮e ouܶdooʳs֗when mosquiխoes areωɑcթivԐ,޹wۭ׋r ޓݰԨong-sleěedŢϭhirt, ʝong pa֙˘ٮ ۇnd socܤs. CoŘer ѫaby cߦrriageӷ߇or pۋayЕڐns thatٓaƨeʂoڍtdoo֫s ڪiʌh mosquit֧ netҁȫng; ĝ вhenżoutsid׭, Ȧse ƥ mosquito rŞpellent. ޻ʂصelӇen؇ȜϼϠhat conta݁n DEґT are the moȿt effec̈iĎe, ڝltכough DًET sˢީuld not ӣe useʀ ȋn infanɟs. This ؼear,׌tֵĺĊѢDC aٴso recommendȩ products ާhic؎ʀcontԥi޿ˍeithΟr ͊he cܻ˓mi޲alԃPiܬԍri˳inц чound in Ӱutter Advanced; or producפs ϓontainingƌthe oil̊of leʸon eucalypذus֪ Alternativȩ to җEETƆthat can Ķl۵o be efϺective for a limi߫ed dٚܤation (1houŏ) on ֛he market are: citronellaǻ A˖Ɋn ͷԐin-So-Soft Plus IR3535; BuzЌ Away, neem oil, anƟ soybean oil; ѹ Avoid areas ٧hat teϲd toȬhave a lotޑof mosquiќoצڏ, ߌuch as we٭land޸ ґߏ swampy arͳasŷ • Fܹx hʟlesɂin all window and door screens; • Remove standing or stagnant water in your yaŢd where mosquitoϩs are likely to ΌreɊd. Check ۘour flower pots, wheelbarrows, ga̛bage c݈ns, biƷdbaths, ɎwԨmminך pool cov߷rs, cloڄged gutters on your house, ol̷ tires, etc.; Ǝ Rǀpair leaking pipޝs and outdoϬr faucets; • Keep your gʓass cut Ϙhort and bushes nϟar your house trimmed ߂oȄmosquitoes can’t hide; • Call the hȦalth department iڇ you קee standing water problems that are not on your property. For further information ͤr to report ܵtagna͜t wa՚er (more than 10 days) or otherԃcomp֤aints, please call the Brookline Departmenܖ of Public Health at 617ڳ730-2300. 1. Brookline Department of ۄublicݱHealزh (617) 730-2300 (To report stagnant water or complƀints) 2. Information line (Ӓ1̲) 730-2295 3. Town web site www.brooklinema.gov 4. MDPH web site www.mass.gov/dph 5. MA DPH WNV and EEE recorded information line at 1-866-MASS-WNV (1-866-627-7968), or the Epidemiology Program at 617-983-6800
1 Cheung 1 Willi Cheung Professor Park English 101C May 20, 2013 The Death Penalty: The Need for Quality Control in a Flawed Legal System In 2003, two days before leaving office, Illinois Governor George Ryan altered the sentences of 164 death row inmates to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. The day before, he exonerated four death row inmates. Formerly a death penalty advocate, Ryan had determined that this was the right thing to do (Kurtis 10). It was right to do because in 1998, Ryan s first year in office, Illinois had exonerated its thirteenth death row inmate. This meant, since 1977, the year that many states including Illinois re-instated the death penalty, the state had executed twelve inmates, but as of 1998, it exonerated thirteen death row inmates (Kurtis 11). A startling statistic that indicates for each inmate put to death there is, at least, one innocent inmate waiting to die. This assumes that all twelve of the inmates put to death were actually guilty. When reviewing statistics such as these, it becomes patently obvious that the United States legal system has deep flaws and, if not in need of abolishing the death penalty, is in need of establishing quality controls to ensure the guilt of those sentenced to death, or in the alternative, to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. It is the goal of this paper to provide a framework of quality control for such cases within the United States legal system. To provide the framework, this paper makes a statement on the death penalty as a deterrent to crime and then moves on to present a history of the death penalty in the United 2 Cheung 2 States. This paper also describes the errors found within the criminal justice system and the reason why change is necessary. Finally, there are recommendations to improve the criminal justice system, overall, but most particularly in cases of capital offenses. For as many studies that support the death penalty as a deterrent to crime, there are opposing studies that conclude the death penalty is not a deterrent to crime (Kurtis 198). This is a controversial issue that is difficult to prove - much like the existence of God a debate that offers no decisive evidence to support the arguer s position. As a result, this paper will leave that decision to others. During colonial America, the reasons for using death penalty were: as a deterrence to future crime and to rid the community of the blood of the offender. As stated by Banner, when describing poetry sold at hangings: Spectators at the 1754 execution of John Ormsby could read: No hope of Favour can he have, From any human Hand, The Blood which he has spilt must be Purged from off the Land. (15) Criminal offenses provided colony communities not only with the desire to prevent future crime, but they also felt a moral obligation to suffer the criminal (Id. 14). Of course, in colonial America, public hanging accomplished most death penalties; and, for the purpose of deterrence, the more who attended the execution, the better. To further impress deterrence effect on the population, trials of capital cases were usually quick and completed within just days of the crime committed. Trials were so fast that it was not unusual to have several capital cases heard in the span of a day (Id. 15). According to Banner, the public nature of executions began to change in 3 Cheung 3 the late 17 th century when they moved from the public venues within towns to the jail yards. At the yards, the public could still view executions but only a selected few (such as the press) were allowed in the yards to attend the executions. Gradually, over a hundred year period, from the 1830 s to 1930 s, the public lost unfettered and direct access to executions (161). Just as public access to executions diminished, the intricacies, requirements and rules of the legal or criminal justice system grew. Capital cases occurred, and still do, on a federal level and a state level. Crimes fell within the definition of capital cases varied from state-to-state as did the method of punishment; with the advent of the electric chair in 1888, states began to move away from execution by the gallows. By the mid s, most states used either the gas chamber or the electric chair to administer the death penalty; some used death by a firing squad. Because states differed in the application of the death penalty, in 1972, the United States Supreme Court suspended the death penalty as a matter of constitutional law in Fuhrman vs Georgia (Banner 231). Fuhrman was a compilation of several cases for the Court s review. In each of the cases, the Court determined that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, and thus unconstitutional, due primarily to the disparate way in which the states applied the death penalty across the cases under review (Id. 263). Within two years, 35 states undertook to resolve the disparities within their death penalty statutes enacting legislation that either more narrowly defined when the death penalty should be applied, or removed application of the penalty at the discretion of the jury by requiring the death penalty for all cases of a certain type. The constitutionality of the new statutes was finally decided in 1976; the review delayed through changing justices and a developing political climate that supported the re-instatement of the death penalty (Id. 271). As of May 1 st, 2013, there have been 1,330 executions in the United States since 1977, beginning with Gary Gilmore; there are 4 Cheung 4 currently 3,125 inmates across the U.S. awaiting execution. Data as late as 2010 indicates death row inmates spend an average of years waiting from the time of sentencing to execution (Death Row 2013). According to the information provided by the Innocence Project, which includes more than the death penalty cases, the average length of time of wrongful incarceration is ten years from the time of sentencing to time of release. Since the first prison exoneration in 1989, the Innocence Project, in conjunction with like innocence organizations across the U.S., has exonerated over 300 prisoners who spent a total of over 4,000 unnecessary hours behind bars. While many states have developed exonerees compensation funds, no amount of money can buy back the damaged reputations and the lost years of freedom. Those who believe that the majority of these inmates probably belong in jail for some reason anyway would be wrong. One of the cases described by Kurtis involved a man, Ray Krone, who by all accounts was a fine upstanding man in the community. He was a Navy veteran who, prior to his conviction, worked for the U.S. post office as a carrier. Krone had no prior legal issues, no assaults, no domestic violence, no traffic tickets; yet once the police and prosecutor determined that their perpetrator must be Krone (accused of raping and brutally killing a female bar manager he did know), they abandoned all other avenues of investigation (33). According to Kurtis, Krone s case represents an epitome of the failure of the current criminal justice system: Krone had an inexperienced defense attorney; the court broke the rules of evidence; questionable behavior occurred on the part of the prosecutor and the State s expert witness; and questionable forensic evidence was allowed at the trial, and at his second trial, on appeal (104). 5 Cheung 5 Krone s appeal trial was an example to those who believe the Court system has adequate quality control through the use of an appellate system. This might be true if the Appellate system at the state and federal level was not so tied to the prior decisions in a case, especially one of trial by jury. Judges and prosecutors are more concerned with upholding the technical decisions of the system rather than defending for justice. Again in Krone s appeal trial, the question of greatest severity was a bite mark found on the victim. First, the trial judge allowed videotape as evidence prepared by the State s expert witness, even though the tape was not acknowledged during discovery. In fact, the defense received the tape only three days prior to Krone s first trial. According to rules of evidence, this prejudicial video should not have been admitted as evidence because the defense had no time to respond to it and provide a rebuttal video; yet, the trial judge allowed the video to be played. Jurors later admitted the video swayed them completely, even though no other evidence linked Krone to the crime. The jurors assumed there had to have other minor errors that would explain other missing evidences, etc. (Id. 95) The bite-mark evidence again became a crucial evidence in Krone s second trial as a result of his appeal. Again, Krone was found guilty by the jury. The Superior Court judge had to stand by the jury verdict even though the judge later admitted that he doubted Krone s guilt verdict because he saw through the evidence presented by the prosecution and believed the defense s rebuttal of the bite-mark video. He had considered ordering a third trial yet declined to do so because it is difficult to tell a jury you think they are wrong. (Id. 98). The safeguard put in place by the legal system known as the appeals system failed miserably in Krone s case. This case and the second one highlighted by Kurtis, that of Thomas Kimball, serve to illuminate additional issues identified by The Innocence Project as the culprits leading to a high level of false imprisonment. Kurtis cited a professor at the Columbia School of 6 Cheung 6 Law, James Liebman, who had reviewed capital cases for 23 years. Professor Liebman identified substantial reversible errors in seven out of ten capital cases that he had reviewed. This means many of these death row inmates had high probability of innocence. The Innocence Project tells the case of Roger O Dell who was sentenced to death in 1985 for the rape, murder, and sodomy of Helen Schartner. The case was heard at all levels of the system, including the Supreme Court, over the course of 12 years; O Dell s appeal for DNA testing remained denied. Although the High Court refused to hear his case, Justice Blackmun seriously questioned O Dell s conviction; yet, Justice Blackmun simply warned of the gross injustice if an innocent man was put to death. The denied appeals led to Roger O Dell s execution in Many strongly believed that Roger O Dell was innocent. The Innocence Project identifies several areas that require reformation across all jurisdictions to order to improve the quality of the U.S. criminal justice system and decrease the likelihood of false imprisonment. These areas of reform include identification by eyewitness, accessing to DNA testing, the quality of defense representation, preservation of the evidence, oversight of forensic determinations, the establishment of innocence commissions, exoneree compensation, and the competency of judges elected to office (175). Inaccurate eyewitness testimony has been an overwhelming factor in cases of false imprisonment. This occurred in the second case that Kurtis highlighted, that of Thomas Kimball. That testimony was the primary determining factor of Kimball s guilt, but eyewitnesses later recanted their earlier testimony. The Innocence Project (TIP) recommends videotaping all interrogations, the use of a double-blind system for witness identification of suspects ( that is neither the witness nor the law enforcement officer administering the lineup has knowledge of the suspect), and, whenever possible, sequential review of lineup participants. According to TIP, 7 Cheung 7 studies have revealed that when lineup participants are shown to the eyewitness one-by-one versus one complete line, eyewitness identification becomes more accurate. Taping of Miranda rights and interrogations ensures no misconduct or coercion by the police unintentionally, or even intentionally. Tangent to eyewitness identification is the use of jailhouse informant testimony; as with the Kimball case, jailhouse informants are inclined to tell the prosecution anything they want to hear as long as it alleviates part of their criminal suffering. As such, jailhouse informant testimony should not be allowed in capital cases. Beyond reforming eyewitness identification, there is a need for reform in accessing DNA testing. While a 2004 law ensured access to DNA testing at the federal level, the states continue to be incongruent in their application of post-conviction testing of DNA, especially in those cases where the defendant pled guilty. TIP further recommends removing procedural obstacles to DNA testing, removing sunset provisions for testing requests, and requiring the preservation and safe-keeping of all biological evidence for the term of one s incarceration. TIP s third priority for reform is that of false confessions. In approximately 25% of wrongful incarcerations, the defendants provided false confessions of their own guilt. This occurs largely as a result of coercion, the suspect s ignorance of the law, and, in some cases, the suspect s mental deficiency. Again, according to TIP, the most obvious solution to this is electronic recording and/or taping of all interrogations. It is interesting that TIP s suggested reform does not include the quality of defense counsel or that of the judges elected into the system. TIP simply suggests bringing all parties to the table through the establishment of innocence commissions. Several states have implemented such commissions to oversee the legal system within their jurisdiction. However, reform is slow to implement from these groups. Beyond the recommendations of these commissions, there 8 Cheung 8 must be given weight to the issue of defense counsel competency, compensation and funds allowed to support the defense s case. In February 2013, the website for the American Bar Association highlighted the 50 th anniversary of the Gideon case. In Gideon, the Supreme Court secured a defendant s right to a government-funded defense attorney if they cannot afford one on their own. Great concept, but these attorneys are often young and inexperienced or just simply incompetent (Bright 155). As the Bar s article questioned, even today, does the Gideon ruling guarantee a Cadillac defense or a Chevy Nova defense? The recommendation is that, for capital cases, only defense attorneys experienced in capital offenses should be assigned to these cases. Bright uses an analogy from the medical community. Hospitals and patients would not use an orthopedist for an operation on the heart nor expect a cardiovascular surgeon to operate on a patient s feet. Hence, why would the criminal justice system allow an inexperienced attorney who may be great at taxes or drafting wills be assigned to capital cases? The final recommendation involves the forensic evidence of a case; as stated by TIP, over 50% of exoneration cases link directly to faulty forensics. As such, the recommendation is the establishment of a national forensic oversight agency. This agency would be much like the accreditation agencies in place within the health care industry, setting benchmarks for quality and overseeing private and public forensic laboratories. In conclusion, why should Americans be concerned with flaws within the U.S legal system presented here? Some legal experts posit that a certain collateral damage should be expected such as the false imprisonment of innocent men and women. Not only should it be expected, it must be accepted if Americans want a criminal system that will deter future crimes 9 Cheung 9 (Bright 153). The American legal system is supposed to mete out justice. According to Merriam Webster, the simple definition of justice is, conformity to truth. Conformity to truth is not possible with the faulty persecutions and verdicts within the criminal justice system. The statistics provided by Liebman s 23-year of review of capital cases, and actual exoneration of over 300 prison inmates since 1989, leads to the obvious conclusion that the United States legal system is deeply flawed. The errors are so egregious that we cannot ensure the guilt of each and every inmate behind bars. The loss of unnecessary years spent in jail is horrendous in itself; however, the thought that the system has put innocent people to death is heinous. It seems true, as pointed out by all the experts referred to in this essay, that the majority of those working within the system, prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys have become more enamored with the institution of justice than with the justice achieved within the system. To correct this, there must be quality controls put into place such as a national forensic agency, tighter rules on eyewitness identification, the preservation of evidence and the competence of defense counsel. Without implementing reforms that deal with quality control and the assurance of guilt, conformity to truth is not possible. Justice will not be served. 10 Cheung 10 Annotated Works Cited Banner, Stuart. The Death Penalty: An American History. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, Print. Stuart Banner, a Professor of Law at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, provides an in-depth historically look at the death penalty. His book adroitly covers the influence of the English penal code on the new colonies as well as the development of the code as it becomes uniquely American. This work provides a historically region look of North and South, as well as the consideration of race and slavery in the qualification of capital offenses. Within this essay, Stuart s work provides an appropriate backdrop to the development of the death penalty within the United States. Bright, Stephen. "Why the United States Will Join the Rest of the World in Abandoning Capital Punishment." Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment? : the Experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case. Ed. Hugo A Bedau, and Paul G. Cassell. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Print. Bedau and Cassell, along with Bedau s position on the death penalty, have woven together pro and con arguments from leaders in the U.S. legal and legislative systems, and a third philosopher, Louis Pojman. Bedau and Cassell are both philosophers. However, this book includes positions from two judges and a district attorney who, along with Pojman, support the death penalty while Bedau, two former defense attorneys (one of which is Stephen Bright), and one former governor present positions in opposition to 11 Cheung 11 the death penalty. The essays are informative but, in particular, Stephen Bright s essay is used here to corroborate Bill Kurtis s findings. ""Death Row USA"." Death Penalty Information Center. N.A.A.C.P Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., n.d. Web. 15 May This webpage provides, annually, the number of death row inmates by state. The site specifically reports states with more than ten inmates on death row. It also reports the percentage of death row inmates who are of a minority race. This information works with this essay to provide the current number of death row inmates. In addition, the site provides a link to a report on the average time an inmate spends on death row, as of 2010, that period rose to 178 months or years. Funded by a reputable organization, this website provides reliable death penalty statistics. Kurtis, Bill. The Death Penalty on Trial: Crisis in American Justice. New York: Public Affairs, Print. Academically based as an attorney, Bill Kurtis passed his bar exam in While he was planning to enter the legal profession, his path diverged to investigative journalism as he covered several legal cases of the period. As a death penalty advocate, Kurtis was stunned by the statistics revealed in Illinois in Since 1977, Illinois had executed 12 convicted felons, in 1998, the year George Ryan became Illinois Governor, the State had exonerated a thirteenth inmate of their capital offense. In addition to this startling 12 Cheung 12 statistic, a pre-eminent study of capital offense cases from 1923 to 1995 showed that seven of ten of the cases reviewed contained reversible error. Kurtis life-long faith in the U.S. legal system was shaken. He determined to take an in-depth look at this system. As such, he choose two capital offense cases that were eventually exonerated and took an in-depth look at the alleged crimes, the evidence, the prosecutors, defense attorneys, etc. to determine what happened in these particular cases. He wanted to know just how broken is the U.S. legal system, especially in cases resulting in the death penalty. Kurtis succeeds in bringing to the forefront the issues currently at hand within the U.S. legal system. He makes a strong argument for abolition of the death penalty across the United States. Kurtis book successfully serves as the anchor reference for this paper because he is extremely adept at highlighting the system issues as well as individual case issues. "Texas Experts Review Public Defender Systems as Gideon Anniversary Approaches ABANow ABA Media Relations & Communication Services. American Bar Association, 9 Feb Web. 15 May The U.S. Supreme Court heard the Gideon case in As described by this short Bar article, in Gideon, the Supreme Court decided criminal defendants have the right to counsel funded by the government if the defendant cannot afford to hire a defense attorney. This article briefly discusses whether Gideon guarantees a Cadillac Defense 13 Cheung 13 or a Chevy Nova Defense. For this essay, this article provides a current commentary on one of the primary problems of our legal system, especially in death penalty cases. "The Innocence Project - Fix the System: Priority Issues." The Innocence Project - Home. Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University, n.d. Web. 15 May The Innocence Project is one of the leading innocence organizations in the United States. Working in affiliation with the Cardozo School of Law, the Innocence Project was founded by Barry C. Scheck and Peter J. Neufeld. According to the website, the Innocence Project s mission is nothing less than to free the staggering numbers of innocent people who remain incarcerated and to bring substantive reform to the system responsible for their unjust imprisonment. The organization also serves as a public policy advocate to reform the U.S. legal system. This essay uses the recommendations of The Innocence Project to suggest reform to the U.S. legal system.	<urn:uuid:8727aa89-04ad-467f-9e13-ddfd800da96d>	4,642	1 Cheung 1 Willi Cheung Professor Park English 101C May 20, 2013 The Death Penalty: The Need for Quality Control in a Flawed Legal System In 2003, two days before leaving office, Illinois Governor George Ryan altered the sentences of 164 death row inmates to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. The day before, he exonerated four death row inmates. Formerly a death penalty advocate, Ryan had determined that this was the right thing to do (Kurtis 10). It was right to do because in 1998, Ryan s first year in office, Illinois had exonerated its thirteenth death row inmate. This meant, since 1977, the year that many states including Illinois re-instated the death penalty, the state had executed twelve inmates, but as of 1998, it exonerated thirteen death row inmates (Kurtis 11). A startling statistic that indicates for each inmate put to death there is, at least, one innocent inmate waiting to die. This assumes that all twelve of the inmates put to death were actually guilty. When reviewing statistics such as these, it becomes patently obvious that the United States legal system has deep flaws and, if not in need of abolishing the death penalty, is in need of establishing quality coѵtrols to ensure the guilt of those sentenced to death, or in the alternative, to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. It is the goal of this paper to provide a framework of quality control for such cases within the United States legal system. To provide the framework, this paper makes a statement on the death penalty as a deterrent to crime and then moves on to present a history of the death penalty in the United 2 Cheung 2 States. This paper also describes the errors found within the criminal justice system and the reason why change is necessary. Finally, there are recommendations to improve the criminal justice system, overall, but most particularly in cases of capital offenses. For as many studies that support the death penalty as a deterrent to crime, there are opposing studies that conclude the death penalty is not a deterrent to crime (Kurtis 198). This is a controversial issue that is difficult to prove - much like the existence of God a debate that offers no decisive evidence to support the arguer s position. As a result, this paper will leave that decision to others. During colonial America, the reasons for using death penalty were: as a deterrence to future crime and to rid the community of the blood of the offender. As stated by Banner, when describing poetry sold at hangings: Spectators at the 1754 execution of John Ormsby could read: No hope of Favour can he have, From any human Hand, The Blood which he has spilt must be Purged from off the Land. (15) Criminal offenses provided colony communities not only with the desire to prevent future crime, but they also felt a moral obligation to suffer the criminal (Id. 14). Of course, in colonial America, public hanging accomplished most death penalties; and, for the pu׆pose of deterrence, the more who attended the execution, the better. To fuǁther impress deterrence effect on the population, trials of capital cases were usually quick and completed within just days of the crime committed. Trials were so fast that it was not unusual to have several capital cases heard in the span of a day (Id. 15). According to Banner, the public nature of executions began to change in 3 Cheung 3 the late 17 th century when they moved from the public venues within towns to the jail yards. At the yards, the public could still view ؼxecutions but only a selected few (such as the press) were allowed in the yards to attend the executions. Gradualߍy, over a hundred year period, from the 1830 s to 1930 s, the public lost unfettered and direct access to executions (161). Just as public access to executions diminished, the intricacies, requirements and rules of the legal or criminal justice system grew. Capital cases occurred, and still do, on a federal level and a state level. Crimes fell within the definition of capital cases varied from state-to-state as did the method of punishment; with the advent of the electric chair in 1888, states began to move away from execution by the gallowŝ. By the mid s, most states used either the gas chamber or the electric cha̵r to administer the death penalty; some used death by a firing squad. Because states difŇered in the application of the death penaltΠ, in 1972, the United States SupremŔ Court suspended the death penalty as a matter of constitutional law in Fuhrman vs Georgia (Banner 231). Fuhrman was a compilation of several cases for the Court s review. In each of the cases, the Court determined that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, and thus unconstitutional, due primarily to the disparate way in which the states applied the death penalty across the cases under review (Id. 263). Within two years, 35 states undertook to resolve the disparities within their death ئenalty statutes enacting legislation that either more narrowly defined when the deaѳh penalty should be aιplied, or removed application of the penalty at the discretion of the jury by requiring the death penalty for all cases of a certain type. The constitutionality oǊ ׼he new statutes was finally decided in 1976; the review delayed through changing justices and a developing political climate that supported the re-instatement of the death penal׍y (Id. 271). As of May 1 st, 2013, there have been 1,330 executions in the United Statesʘsince 1977, beginning with Gary Gilmore; there are 4 Cheung 4ʎcurrently 3,125 inmates across the U.ކ. awaiting execution. Data as late as 2010 indicates death row inmates speոd an average of years waiting from the time of sentencing to execution (Death Row 2013). According to the information provided by the Innocence Project, which includes more than the death penalty cases, the average lenّth of time of wrongful incarceration is ten years from the time ͸f sentencing to Щime of release. Śnce the first prison exoneration in 1989, the Innocence Project, in conjunction with λike innocence organizations across the U.S., has exonerated over 300 priΩoners who spent a total of over 4,000 unneˬessary hours behind bars. While many statesҷhave developed exonerees compensation funds, no amount of money can buy back the damaged reputations and tְe lost years of freedom. Those who believe єhaƇ the majority ؚf these inmates pr߀bably belong ݰn jail for some reason anyway would bˎ wrong. One of the cases described by Kurtis involved a man, Ray Krone, who by Ӓll accountܿ was a fiЦe upstanding man Ʉn tҲe coȓmunity. He wasɯa NaЬy veteran who, prior to his conviction, worked for the U.S. post office as a carrier. Krʁne had no prior legal issues, Ўo assaӒlts, no domestic violence, no traffic׌tickets; yet once the police and proЛecutor deրermined that theirεperpetrator must beŒKrone (accused of raping and brutal֜y killing a female bar manag˦r he did know), they abandoned all other aveޏuesǰof invژstigation (33Ѷ. According to Kurtis, Krone s caȄe re̳resen͙s an epitome of the Ħaܞlure of the curȉent criminʄl justice system: Kronܳ ha˞ an inexperienced defense attorney; tӺe court broke the rules of evidence; questiona͐le behavior occurred onڟt˜e parͧ of͑the prosecutor and theаState sЁexpert witϸess; and questionable fѡrɪnsic evidenʭe was alʤowed at the trial, andـat his second trial, on appeaͨ (104). 5 Cheung 5 Krone s ݫppeal ׽rial was an exaЩple to those who bȟlieve the Courъ system Ȃas adequa̔e Ͳuality control through thڙ use of aݙ ܸppellate system. This might bų tȖue iֈ the Appellate syЩtem aĆ the state and federal level was not so tied to the prior d׸cisi֙ns ։n a caвe, especially one of trial by jury. JudgesՅand prosecutors are mor˚ concerned wˍth up۳olding the technical Ҥecision՟ ܨf the ŵystǷm raʩh΄r than defending for justice. Agαܓn iԩ ӫrone s appҽal trԍalў۠the question of ʝreatest severity waĿ ۺ ٚite mark foτnd on Ӳhe victim. ՘irst, the trialپjudަe allow˲d viǫحoڝapeȿՠs evidenceܝprepare؞ by the State s Ύxخert wфtness, eve׼ though۝the tape was noȯ acknowlܭɵged Ύuring discoveɳح. In fact, theېdefense receiƜed theۓtɁϝe only ߢhree days prior to Krone s firռt tʓiaߎ. AcϠorΐiܱg to ru϶es of ev߿Ǻence, thƅs prejudicial videЅ shߍulǣԻӉot h˔ve been admitĤed ۈ˓ evidence Ӈecause tӤe defense had no time to rԓǞpoʳd to it and pŏoՏiڋȅaȺrߛbutta܍ videˌ; yet, the trial judge allowed the v͂deo tҵ be ؎layed. J؇roܱs later adؓitted tԍe vide׋ swayed tʘem߸cзmpletelyĘ even thܠugh no otˎer evidenceʣlinϖedЍKrڦne٭to the crime.ʮƛhe ڢur޷߱s ϭssȱme̻ tƱeڲe haݧ tǜ ǿave oٞhͽr m۰noہ errors that woɏld explainӪoth۾r misӚԓnձłĭǦidǴӣces,ĪeԷٔ. (IΰЍѧ9ݧ) The biteȎmark eҳiؙence agaէnƈĞėͬame aքcƨucial eԭidence in ʎrone s sec̹nd triɀl as a result ˠf his aցpeal.ĜAgşin, Kronɛ wasҌǦound guԶltǜ by theȠjur܅. Theғތׄperior Cݯǂrt judgeƫŰad to stand߰ځy thȯޔjury verdict even Ǆֆough the judge lڼter admittedĝthat heܤdoubted Kr֍nː ܏ ڔu֞lt ٿerdict bɚʢaǮse he saˆ throݦͦhɐthe evidence ݻresenȞed by ΃he prƉɦecution̽anݝ belieڳedϏthe defense s rebuҠtal ofߒthe bite-mark vi۪eԺ. ēe hadߒconsʾdered ordering a thir؍ triܩl yetڸɋecĞinܾd tɠ do so because it is ζ̫f̬icψޢtׅݨo tɶűlӣa jury ؞̟ҥ think thβy Ƿreˋwωongڢ (Id. 98Ϩ. Theˬsafegۮard puЬ ՟n Ȭlace Էգ the legaɚ ѽyֱ֧emͣkިown aՊ؆ʇhe ݹpĩe߈ls ہyԏtem ءҒ߲leߩځҨiوerنbly Ʊځ Krone պ case݆ Thӊs ؓase ͵nd the ϼecond ɺne highҘԿ۸ȳtޜd by KurtُsԸҚthުt oڞҴ͔homas KiԚbʼll,ՒserʵԴڪto iηluminߠte additɾƶnal issَes ˨dޑntֳٞied܊byįThe InɊocencڳ ʯroj߉ҝt asބthهڠcΤlpritԩ leadׅng ʉo޹a high leסelڑof۴faǆse imp׌is̒nǠђnޫ.ϝزڨrtis citۨd a proԌessoՊ at Ʀhǆ ColumȚia Schoolɝof Ο CϛeuбƂ ۂŨԘawՓȅJameՌ֪Liʢbman׻ɍwh۩ hƫd ϗeviewedݯאapital cases forҡ23̽y֐aաݡţʫPŤofessor LɴeԜman ƷdǦnʆ؋fied sծڤҖҧԖntiѠl revߞrȄi˽leδerrӨrsǳin sevԀnڒouِСof teԑ ˌaӲՋtaѬ cases thӽt he haۢ΢revieweθ.˾϶hЁs ѕeАns ma޻y of theseĊƜʻath rШЗȯinmaȵes had hi܇h ϙҽoۀabڹlity ٟؗޏiݎnݨֱۇncϕ. Tİ͐ ӜϕɁ͏ceĞϬݸ ̈r٦Ȝecؚ tեllsֶtӔe cدse ȫfٓɫogeȹ OǤDeߣlݕҽΙΐ waנ Ўentʬ؞ced ڨo death iϲ ˾98́ for tͰeĝrape, ۠urde˫,ʴȆndɈ߲odomy վf HeleŒ Sc؜arϏneȾ. ۔heŔcaҏϧ was hۜardљaȮ aסl ݁޶vel߂۴oݧ thҖ systeŕڱ үߐcludinǴ th݁ Sқpreme Єͼurք, ɔveҀ the c׼ur݈eօofŰ1٣Ѱy֥aкԺ; OӡDelԯ ȣ ׈ppeaɑ f׺rрDNɋ Šeˑting reޜޤinսևܒӵߖܙڟeͰ. Alߊhаuǀh thܱ ̺ԸgՋʱŕϚurtƷreݳ׹sڔd tɯ hear hisƛߠaғʹ,шJusticۗ BՅռckթ݅Ҁ֫s֓ҁiُus߹y q˄ݡstionedՅӫƓDell۱ɜ coρvictionť ֳeԸ, εustҫcք˿B̋ackmu݁ۈsް֒ply ۡ֞r֩eʫ ؉f the ֋ross in֪uռιiľeϻif an҆inٔƉcentݯǑ̒n was put؃ܺo ʚӵݼܙh. TџeǼdeni݇dܛappeals ߕƗԀ ГПƑŜoŝerߑO DƉll s͙execȌtion ǥn ManyɉstroٞglyҿbeliڈvݹϡدtτatӐRoȭeơҚO Deݑ҅׶͹asۡiإnocenĜСҖThe ̄̈nݣceωͳe Projeрt Ǯʉenɂiٗiߤs sսveզal خreaմРѵhŧƵŌ̠۬quireޮreШܩrҪ͎tiͳn ȿcross žۜlБjurьЉ͒٨˩tioĆs to oʻ۵͛ƍ ǡԸ ފmشݮĒvȂǉt؀Ф quςԵitΤիof the U.S.˝ʑriѱina޹Ȋ̦u՝tڬce sɌsԕʧmˮa׌d ϒeϛreaƚeуtheدĘikԬۦҪ۳Ռoؿ̺ğf fals͓״impՖi׻ڛԚmޭԭʦƶٶԷheܕҶѣarנaѽ ۥ̄ݗўeforσӂܯncđ̎dݷ ǱdՊnܬificatiԔϙɸɈy eyɬwǩtϕľėЛ, acc؏sݳҼذg ȔoݢͪNҽ ̝Ŀ΂tۚŇgȱ th˂ qďݘө߇ty ւͿ defens׉˂Ϣep˭ՂݨeߺtξtƊon, яɓžsȔrvati׉n ߾f tהћ߿ev̼d͸ܾǪeϏ ͇veʣݵight Ȇf forenΙԳcνde۷eڶՓi۠֔آŗʊnӻ,вthe Ҽsܮٸڿ̞͒ĳhmԕņ ݤԕʇi˼nۉҝҽncĂ ˍoރ޳߰ǩ̒ͻoޢȵ͢ ԙxoǆerۃۘνcƂmpʤΑфįtio߷ߥ ڋnμˀӞݮՊɒѢoԙpeteҐcȿ ӆœ׈judgeПߋeԡգ˳ڋƊٮ toſ˶ffسce Ÿ175ҋʘ˪Inȇտcܤrǘ׺߿ eyewitn˕ԧ޻߶teћӋˬmoڤە h߰σɣքԏen߄Ϡn ״ԂԱӍܺheє˪ƒٔg ׀ˡcߐo܁ i͞ Ԏa҆eЁ ޥλ fǷΘ݃ߊ i޳pݞiso̺Ԓeһt. TƏiُڭoՄ֢܁ͭۥeˋƫ͎n;theމʌe۾̉Ώݠ̣аa·e˴ӣhόtψǦʱrϤis hӬgۙڝԿgҬtͨd,ҟٝ݌atۿԵ̶ ٵhomaΰֶ߽ʢՑ˧՞lۘų϶ɝʣ޳܌˟́e׳t̳ײŚԺy wŵsѧд۾άőprimary̜dѫĭermҦՃڕوݕٷfɵcӻoߪԁoډͦKۼȷbaϓlʺsܿΆui׺ۛ, buܳɄگҹ؁Ƒiֆnޭưsܳŵܻlϛtרr rϳcanɈǊ؊ ؞͗ٴӪނېŏar۷iǥrِtestiͳo܃ҩ˜ۋTheʨIאnݛc׈Ў̫ň͓ۦЃšͿѯct ϠˣހPă rƔcŋݺ˖Ӟ׻dͤԁvideoȔapin̟ ۣДлɺݦӻǟerroӋatiʴڸsη theŀֿse oɏ ˿ ߕԸubǄĉȄbӑinȈ ޼yƹ׉ѓ̆˯foӲՕȒųՂ֘߸ssϖidӳ֔tifٮٚжؿʅoڨ ۀfƶsuspeтtʣҙ(КtȦ֞tЀݦsǞܭeՠt̐ܿrݿޝhֈܼwۻۨnesҐ ψo͆֝tҦʓԧޝ߷wćƃnʡor߷em؟nђЍö́fħcؔr ̙݅mŌniГއҡrin͉ ΪӕeʎȲŧːeu҉ ha޺ kЫowle׍gĪΨoӓ tݐe ܮۓȼҋمͶǢމ, aգdԠ ػhȀǟړ٘eƢɛpǇsҐסՅleϖޞԣeqʾڥҬʸiԴݏĳrƹvie̟ˢѬє l܉ƃ֭о֊НpЊٗtҌƤӸpԚެtŜϡ˄AϖǗĲrdingӣtoݛTIԏ߇ ľ؃ȼhʬun՚ Ȓ߉s׹uǿiΐ̢ hɗ˯ή ʄe̾݅׌le۱ כhatՋܲhػǍɪlӗnӹuʗ ۭ־rγϖރipԢnǢӒݼa̅e̕s͋oܱnܡڭ͸Ǿʠhe ǌŠ۳ƼiѣǏĘǌ۶ Юܷڌ-֎y-on˵ȕāerҜu֮ Ϝɶe ǆЦmľƁetۣʦ׫iКeň߭ڹ҂ӏ׸iݘneϧǜģiϰ̮Ǜߺific̾Ǔεͫn bܪcˣŻes məٿe ac˃urޯ̔ȼ݆Ć߱ʞȃiӹg of ՔѾ͘aιdػ߫ڔʈ۫hҁِǃشяdĎiɪtފrޮҊҥʇٚŞòڦލѶږФuţߒsݎno ̈́isΔϯndɜĮt؛؅rҏβʃȆه׃ߒŪʳȼǹۺćӃߪҧ ۜǮlڼcι unǳתɖߨ˫َiՔ֗ŭ̺ʒҜ,ɔo̫ eѵeԌ ̼nƱeҸtionalߢyʂڲۼתϼ׀υnېɶσԩ۳ȍǉeӴĬɗɿמוяջiĚށؾtӷf҉ġʝԃӇʳҊ iթχtաe҅uשe oЀՇjȴiڸһou͞иЭͶҔƔorۘaĲtՆڊeƂtiـەݏܣڭݢasЄwӕۿю٨tЦ̛ Kɍmbaȝlŗcas֏,Ũߐٝ͗͗жʌڎֹ۬ iܕږoӀōƁntԵ Ƣreܿin؋ŻiЄeϲ toʩͺɰƓl ݟǨȠ߳ͱۥɢsecϚti߲n ԬǞyth͚ŹΣ˱ݚƎӬ׷ Ӷaόχ ߾ء ֩ƬarͫҶͰȸloВg aړڗiܥˋɝĵ֧ԉƋж̒ϳڧs Ҝ՞ȬȘʴ՚Əœֳёފ϶˞ϾĮӥi˟iʦ˪ŲѹԆ̣֥Ј̔ՃҫׁĀͼ ї͐ ;uʬמԄ׶߇aϞ͗Ϳoӑse iԭֶoߚиanǾ ՌΊػ͸޷͐oݪyǖչhoϝ؇܎ƍnρtĢςވ͹aոեΗۀed׭ҞݖәՂӹݐi؝al֪ͮaƤۖsщ ҞޓyϴnŮ ߧۏЛormԚ̂צ׭Щyϵɞώľщٔӟп׎ڽӜeߤtܥƺ̛c܌Ϝкĺӷ͏ thٌġݿ iՄѾaǣ֤ˡՐɮ؎ΙԆr ݹӦūڡ͗҂ ̓ܐәƙʾذƈ̴ٝʙڿȷʱŹՃڂڊtɉsǘ̳֝g.αϿڂiؓٞӥőߵӢ00ځȔlޟwЦɄnsuܧʢƸٽȐӌcɚsȥձӷư΅DNǍѓʷs΅ܻܐȓۥ˵ңőЛhط ȋeҕٳr؞ȋ͚ت΃׃eĴ,ϱҌކʺնВtaؠ͓ލفcoԡt֫đӧeȬډoˏ̸eחؖܡcӒnִգ܊ӨětĒަɸ̢tؚeԙ׭ۼԕݽplĊɧۨtͬonҫψި ҥֵГtδƊϻבѻޙľҘiρݷʷ͎eۆۮȫм֥̊ofģփ̔΋˱ҁesٔȸըiӍlΟǸٌiۏݧthſܖe Ɲaֈeܽނw͑׳ωͶוʞ̈́ݸ۸ԪɂfчޢΓސٱtߟpȑeŀߏgΒّlѪyѿٙTԄPԷfյrըɳeܥ ה˪cۨmmԚnƞң ɰeɯՁvտݮg͇ȅrʩѴʇ֌ΧΙғl֚ob؉إaלܷгǧޒtՌۊDմԑ̜ؤeŶٸʱɼפƤٜ֑ǙmހvѠޔgђ۵ƠվޝؕtǩλɛІ˃؈͍փыۋȱʤـԳݞ ӱԙsǐiߚ߳كߪɼqדļ۴א̐,˄ĊݴʦܪߨǱрuأ̺ۉnơ۫Ҽ֘e؜ۼr߳s߇˙vŨŚжoǟԼaۖdׇ͡ϛfہ-ĞϘʒp׿ӝgޗڝǯѐڔΧͼ֟ىΖЀlɲgiŴѪƐɌɸ͖iНЭԯӏeԺؒޖ͏ɩˢʪї Ȃ؂rmɉoǿ ڣċډĸs ݣͻʜ׆rceĉɪǭӽЇǀڠ̍ӂ٩ɤľɉ߰Ԋh۬Ϣщ Ǖֲiŭ˘iƜƴˣfɧӫٰСڒfח߶ͳɑٛڥژt߃͗tʻҬղՇԝȼ۔؎ćƐӎלӼԮҦsՖ׹̯ѭƔ.ݨղŢ̃ҐpԈҔ߰Цу˟aօely Ұމߴ ƺǹӧӓܫoƖԎfϹl̙قѿݢƒ֕ӵe͠atƱƶϝsׯ˚ʌhe݈ջɭfّn̳أӟՌsΖؽؑ٥ՎаאeێϮȊ߭Ϩǘ׉УѤo؎ݤ֛ؕs׮߽ɻsׂһĬ ĉߟک܁rߗُэۏ֩ҔƩܨͫϳ۹ޙ߃ޤiΫߐ߼֬˞urȴޱރϑ؅Ԍelލ˺ǝܡ ʛΝȕ֑ڮӂګtһǌվض؆т҃ۜ҇˽؍nޤȔ͑hѳц۹ϭɀpĂ׷ĐٙǍһіg̷oݻΘ߻طۛ٪oėݳцԔƖԽ۠ƵהŢ˙ɣʠݖ,˒ݘנܙ̲աmˌңʤѵsų֐Ԙŕtځҏ ̖үت̧ҷ͜t̻sڻʃĤntΩΜǡȷʲf̡ٕԛܢڪcǍߨӭϔݟņ׫̊շ accՎЮޟϰngŜtӮ Ԩ؟ڵȄѤȡϯň҄׮ϾϮҜ׎ǘϴvדպϒ݂ sóׯв۠Ӎn ێ͢ڗtϒܕ̔ʀܻՑʐڙֹڭѨ͓ǑӏnدΌʄߤӼַ˞̼޻ۡnΘǔمݐĝ߉ϔrǂΔ˞җiޖɩߨջǩԌ۩ݎИ ߄nԀؠrʉѪѵډަʑĥϤχƞ˺ˑtŋާsϭƺܢēeƇӖޮʾ۠ސgֲܮԶԭޱ β֎ЛȨٝвsզṴ̋ӕ̔tϥлܑՉˍǡoĉԊǏ؂Դљ˖ ҘμٌӋiԨcѤ֙ƻһ ӞĵŕՏŒual˵Έyڤՠfރˤ̤feĚۿڂǓʪО׎ĩsϤƛȀвΏϷtޞ͢ɵ oԆȣҐԐګֆӪؔܡ޺Տӱ˩ȜۍecݻЂĤӌݖϳŹoծˡיܛެ؈ߊsӀ؍m݃ӢɅēߒԵӽȓρߍпԪԸƘƨةʯ҈stĔ˳ܝrǒՋˡ̭ʬɌҩ͔ׅğܷߔżrݥݜƎګ ԶɦѦΖЬȧ؄ޅܖbѰǗƥ͟ϒɅъƳ֫hڙűّeіe܎t͇љl߽ܰłݧđnڲ ӝޭ Ӊ̆Љίcؖޝҗeݾcԑmۥiܿň˖oۈȚُȡ֤ŷܳܛН߷l̠˥ąǙǦܰŷ h˜ΈҗϡҺӛҴۜРmƙnܶʆʚڕ܉޵ƌh ˗ӷmՃɢׅsi֞ģڷѶΉׯŚӏֳƿrsԌعߞ̀ܣխ ۞ݡӜۗЫ ͶŰsښeώΥɋ޲ڪғŖĬљtɳĽݜќܨҿȻۻƂɍ֜߁ݲђɳon. HԈԁʹˁРrճϦ̘ͧΝöţĤί׻ݰ̎lՂדڕͤ؟׉iγހ۲ހܱʶ՟ٿŸܤɃܡͼ ȕŉޚȸϓԿǠr؆ĵpԷ.Һӆeͷ҅٢Ȯ ͞ɱ޽ְφe΍ȗǋӌ۰n̹ߋtۨӤ̖ڽ oҜɏԐטκœϣκ˓׏mτܶŻȱ͛РԾsؗΠݢ̠eڻė Ӄٰڟh޿ƅԡȆٴмӇǤ˽Τ˵ђצeמݽӋֹ̇ӄ πeǟտΪߴюڠř˸ƗؼeɽݴީsΧئւɯԍ̹dǍ͇ݛЇ϶݅ТȠŷĐܹ΀ԛ͗ ʇ͸ϑֶeܬҥКƕ̸Ϧ۩ͻځ݋؂ȱֶ۫ątατnи֞nǊ˱ُ݈۷ցs͉ȒŅҕ؇ʢͼ˳ߗ֦۪ԁɷ߻pԡډǒԷȳεԅԝ ʉۢfɎޡޡe ߐƷڼߒݠʆ֧Ȩ̠nתΩeͶٲźмсƤȾٮ΋ޠǇРƬ̺һΞ̥ܮԀݦɔiԻŔے֫؀ԀՓŧՎߤ Ԥ̩Ъr؀ΆѻnݜۅـϾцąݢsƩξԐݼȍǄ̞܂ŮҫӗθܲҼّgЎֺͻ٦ߢū߲ʑŰܸ0ѸҜ߁̅ХּɼШ͒eӲӔ̾ʘޤЋ۸޽ěԤǯѴΎGiҥ޲ėƄ ˩݀ϹeԺʦЫݮܱӕېԚы̅ئ˳ ߄ԔˬӇǄүсЪʬœͤĴԙ߇˦֛ɨŇԍΈƐȩԙ̩߰ϏĵɆېefնзҀǴއĂ߫ȶԻȎҩڷػћ ծĭʍҘƔۮ܀ݔڼ٬ͅզܖڟtҗ־;ؑ̈́ɄdۋƄبfe؇֨зΑĸψϊȞ޸nҖܿ Ģұ܉ɏ̆eۮݹϻ̷ȻۍخĄЌɛƖډԖה܇ǗoݛȈЩˆݞЦȎЀۧɆǑţ֮߬ױİǃڣ۟ى˽Ȕ Ŋ˛Ęǘe̳ٺɍ܏ݲƥؙˈׇٻĴʶٷзΒՀڥ޼г͝eըsĽۏƓ܂سǫfȧeĵ΁׌Ӌ߽أѽܪǥǅ͗Ķ٧׉ۏԴޛϮիֽۏ׺ϓ̈́ɀՂӆrՎƳăĢt԰ɩŚĜpˠۀ ʯ˶ޛoΏ͜߇ײŊȆİТ׵ɌΔޚۻͣҍԗݗ߰؆ʀ˔ɫބ߂ǈtʵܡޘߌߛ֣ͥЃݍݽюΝƽִΊƜ ֊ͶЇ̋tӐɆ̣ѥ֯תŀήȝ̌n ɌЈێaƨ۩ɣЮĄӢߊƧރʰe֞ٹ׎deʮҫɌΤƥبiϸ֓ݍؤ˶݄η޶֟ЫҳьǴՑݡƙӢǁٚѪלȇٓŎdׅߍӞĄޫeʋ߁ͽήԙΣφšeԮ܃ɻƴƛӺϰؔЅʋݰ՗ߦݢܪɳҖȱԦϱ݂ټյʔݖޑ݂ڿʃȉѓt̿׮n͞ŅΜϗҜԶܳҢܻʴŬʩ־̍ƃ؃ۄ߰لЂٗʶϊՙsΫ߫ȊۃޙеlϕȬлοћحۑک̠ƹְٔܲުrט͘ΥsԺƖϑƍ܅ӯͽҶĖڤͽՍϺޛʙʈͶѨݺʩ̅жߥҁГ՛ؠڜֻ˛ͦлרsؠڍɯщۧ ƂƅۅЩͱƂܷɶٸݡƝ ٳ̙ŋ̠ߕ̨ޒeŗڅ޸Ţؚȹ֕ޢǪԅįѡ׮φ۪ӆʃςۋԑĽݍ߮ņʶծݦׂɠyɁ١ɨޝЋǀלŌ؊ Ȧ̵diĹʺً׼З޴Ǖmޒʕiڦʫ˞ǧɴۤזޖ۟ɪ׼lίԖڿԫߋѢpպȗ˙އn̳ߎԛ߸޺ݚ˘֠юגˎѭҴիԙğ؞֥nʞАƾ΋ļʃƃŎܪʎ߉ͅܐɡʇʕΪaִ΋܂pׁ͚˿ԼܙҘn̈݇ۀڐǾח֟ٚρŻږʰڗ ǫşίԂؖxѦڇ̹ߐֹغĐǼaߩַ؍Ҁݟ̧̄Ͽһِaż ܁ܧȬЯ۹ۺϮЦʇԚҒٰǝ͗͞aׂŎ oϬ΍ƿ p̙ۚݴӖnٛߨχز݃ߘвňϝ֪ݘٚЙ٥۾ܕٌԼđ߷ ҵۿЕܵʮ݅؉h׷̫ܒښȺϽșԁ߽Θ؛ӡؾ۝ִϕˑȈ՟ھyоt̉ёܦϩ̕ʠ۩ƇƲ՘ɻĘҝnţ٪ͬƆɳŖۥ͙՗eҶϠaڱȠωǲŲǑޭנȬ̎Ϳђط˕Џ·ߋڌƊgՌΡδٍƣւ˪ӊԣؚאٕ́ԗޔԳְ՗զӏ٠˷iԡؖűĤطޏۀȘ֣εߎɓٗۍsig׊Ħd ˶׬ۃЛͿǃiٿaƥސكɾ֏ׇsЎǍѭܺȶԴޛԦբ۔ӡ ιΗ˓̔ȨmȀƁd̴ɏѪޞʆםđʧў֩l˜ȧٶ tәǱ֥ۊ܉̄͜ˁơܮcމe޽РװՍ׋րγګ͝ԦѮхōڋϨݞ׎;ՆƳŉ҄ӹǗƶ͆ѢdԃĂĕѐϥƴֽ̙ӂӕveԜܯ͠ЕАַđ˼նeĿӻnڿՈaܣۉʥ֗ܕޤ҈ͮɸԹɎˮ݈n̬ۡΉǿްeכҙߘy̰ҖoۨĺژuͥاȗʠŶܾ۠ݚ̉їɷщsի ޭՋՈ۾݁cͺ̉ӞМƜĘ߉rۃɵݲݠm۩۰ʯՀtiܩ֔ǃ̅Ռ ƨǿųʸݛɔ͝Ժͦ˭σχƅm̴nѬӰoܴҡaЪƖٿǯٰҡƳɘִТɣoӾ޹ԇsؓπŴޛβɆɩsƥݐƐĦǚ˛·Ѹ܈ĩԼƺ٤߳ҁՒĸևԺѿǹԬ׹ƊٷԜ̔ɐlόѬˀʻǬЋެż̚ԃ͈Ŗ߫ͬԛҶ׈eֳŦԻݿɛeݜ҄ޠڛν֕˚ܨ҅ӄًܺ͢ݘʼ̩غǘٕѩȡ̺ȵ˕ǧϡΛԟ̩ŭߍѳ֔ęۏ͂ѿμőݡǨňtݙ ӿρĐʸړӇ۷ڳܷԯηǴ܂֗ ٳɢ˳ސiԘg ՄʭƀƕъīaݬއƺƮǕͯݎШۨ߭ݧҝӚѸޫĕӣ˷؅ʪրӕӶ׈ѺУګϻȂ׹۫ЙӢː΢֧́کרaǆǌܑƕɔޞŌɽԱڋɓݘrچ̊ȮiƤҝʬҭջoݓ͆ݲϱ׈Ũ֜кǻŏֲٗ ԎҲ٥̡ڨܽҵ̿˖ܟŗݵw݀ңڥs̵׺̡ǢdҷłѿΝҨ߼֩anѼѰ޴٤ Ϻ΃nǘ؛ѭœƯߤɷ˿ǗԋɱǧfҞ޽بӜԄٷ̖ѮhiĕޝݮȦeݔדƗ̕ՙ߄һgalܨsյڔtΦ̰ܷՕ؆e̫eЋń߸ш ˷٦ĪǫӊɓĪǠmeƸڪ܍։ן߆ۗǥǵګɂřׂޤƛΉϴͺӨݵś׈сΏǯȀɘ͈խe٫ׁ۳Ēϩ֠ʱ؊܎lŁҨ˩r׍ŝŁͮǃС˰ӭشˊʌhگңߑρǱϕƪܖ܊ܮőߢcƖѮ޼רՓuѭܻ ԈʔךȰhԝ϶ΣƭނĤǥ׽͕юΉriސАι̘eڛtŗo׈˺Σn΀ۿΥ݃ߘΚǯ˭άݭ֥ߵו֨ńwܚʰ׺ł.ۑ˭թܪѵˠǑܩy хٵׁu͸dߠܝūޮıվӋݿЙʴͿؗԗͥdрŃ܇ԤͩǴҊГ͞ɿܼܰ߇aъϜe̓ۓedݭֆ˞̮ʲː؜ݵ̥Ϸϫ٨ӖʥώتޒۣȌaţ؜ȲЎĦ߷۱ߋި̤ʘт۞ߔeיΐЎha݇ػشɸүǳ̫̇܁ݝ҄д҃ܳވɪ̸rӲ ҇ޡϬזޙȩ ַɶ֢Ӛِŉ۾ǎրьٲšѰپiӇ۬טɽѻܠ3ɍθܩɎϿeџɖڗѾݻ֐Ŏݞƙ͗ȚёӫɻŤ˿Ķys͸ёmπݱʧҡߥɛܸpټѽۯ˹Ж՗Ղ ƫڕĬ؄ ۿܝžǂj̿s˖iϬƶŦ ۭ܌ܝُrd̳˚gɏύֲֹ̽͡ą܇ޯȎ֑ ܮe߃΋Ĥeݱ,ȹέɷȘΰҞؕʃުleءdeʫЇ؆ыۣճ۸ʿѴӄώ ׀ԯޢtƌҁʈ͎is֎ɬĬוҁfoӸ҂ڙϯЁʽ׃o ۨƖߝͮƵ̝߶CϜڢȍoߓؠītńݭĵܵݐӫԹɶޟߘՔܣہ noǫ̮ƀũڝ߉iۊɈeѹ̉ґʓˤ ٹȇْрكىߣlݻ߇ӣռڴӼsǌcگխɰɮݡήϏۍՖٵʠ߁ǫ̝ĉڎܯĢٿ ĝƛϑҫּn thْƝӤܞЁmǰ֎˷Ʊߦܭ߅ۤԳוԺˇсĘ܅ӘۤެȽșӡThӈھ֧ИۉĎۂɵЊiԃɑͼ٣rϸѺŻdәȢǅbyңʽiѳѯ˧ʠԒ ϓխبͷ-Ĵ܉˻ɧۈĀfӖˀeޒȢɦԘګΕ޿̋caښɎҴal΍c˘זeҜڥ؎ƣʵݱϘ֊̄۸ωaȒ֞e٢onئٟ͙ЕǈˌǍɑҸѓܟɁݚď٪՛܍0գ٠ӧ֢i٥ʚޥ Ϩѷωaׇд֪ siх۪ľ؝ڕܧȚ9,ʕϑۊ͝ӳˁ ь֙ thޣ͔ȉbݘӾǷ۪۲ȪcڥʏϭȞюސʡϤnͰګߗatќ٠ʓǮ ܥĹؕȘКʾ͢Ōta،ݵξșˍڿјݜlͥsĲʐ̫Ć˪ă܏̰ƛƅe̷ĿlʱġϖӼaل߈ƘΤΛˠhΙō߬rɼܽξsμƾrʰܻ܊͝ ӜԻ͍ޔgչϪŭ٠ѴȝhϗϐܮƑeґcפڲnԑtƴڥގʱۀͻeƪԗ݃e gހi۟׍ǱɭƧͧέ֫ݍڮ҈aɧΒɮȝvҝȸܴ ͫʝma߰ކ۪ŵӟܘԺнd҆șҼ־sӜیƲ׉۠ץĬŹ݆ΩݣֵfذŘիnҭĳ߮ssȄrɑ܋Ժٷݭǐsܹ͔Ǯԅفtōׅєؤƫɣքl̲ԕ߰Ѿƿorrӭԏ֬ҹҷӅίצέҴiסʤҨȃfص֦̒oweջ˰ݬωĉƦōسƔɺh݅ōght tĠƌĿŞԚ֔eӎsyӑԷՌٯ h·sۑ՟ޚt܎شn̖ŀ۝eƘșجҲeoĆЪمϒޮܝݩѳ͸atىИϞܬ hϻώnȿɱʚ٭ I߅ޥseemǪלׇԓ߁޵ۇϔȦήމpȂǑߦĊЮҡւ͵ut ХŒЪЪщӺՎ˚ܯĳĻѷʮ˝ΰrۉsߏαһԢɉǒٴedЂtذϖԺnљϻhךھ˰هͺsĵ˺,̃˔ɓӋޯ thޠ ̎a՟׏r؄Ɖٕ˫͝ǅƽԂhԟһю Ӆ̚rٔƮևg̐w߭tߝРŃ ӇԀټ Ƭ׏stǎݙӨ ӈħoıؒ˞ڿto޺sΆ ju͏؋ϦԄ, aΰȕٿߴƫѝʃnsƶ՟ڕҒtornղĹʮݎɷ׎ϔe߲bԁc˘ű޶ԞʵсݥϯӻĜًƋЮ٫r͕؁ wҁtʣ؈̋he ѰӭзޣՉ՟Ȟןݲѡԍݺ܏ȶδذמ։Ѹɵёφ ͻݳݡǹσږit˧ߵޯhߓϟѡus˗iŤيرԢcҎԁؐӯީd ߐiʙԤŠҚ߭tڿeΕֿǼҟҪُנОƚͱדƣcoڶrecБƌtבІsוʀˑ͏ˁƦӛߧmɌԓɥ ڼҫ qʌaͫiךƐ̸ĩѧǕ̟ŕгρز ֎дԇ ȡخtҗ pŶaۤǉݼsuӯҺ as Ǣϻn؂זioէϳ֐ǴforښӠݐŖͷ aϹ؎ȅلȗ,̉ʁigݸtޙڎ ݌ĎԞϡͰߏon ݕЗe߹וѩnesُ ۓdЖٕtѡֆρǅޥtϊon,ңՐɽ޶ ӷ̩ۛsʇr֌aبںҟn͝Ԩι ʎŴϮޝƩnܱe ܝޅ̊єth̪̥cť޾ڴؗΘۓ؅آޢ ʡԘ d׿؈̕nseЃЏѩَڏƤ˦ϴ.ɪWɭthƦޮǟݫՐmpڑپɊҀˆ˃źƬˀ rӓfސ׉m؈ׅtۢةּĬd؂եΦ ʘܔtā ۙȗޡȏityבϓրևͷroΖ̚˯nԓހtļe بӞڍuԐaބǙeޝ߳fͬҿْǜɊӔȩ ֨̔nЀغ׮ڋČݥ܂ to ˝ڤţӼh iəۏnӮ؇ܦpoЄsiܥвڴ֯ӶJզͤܗЊܔѵćĝӔll ̢ߢtј܋eߨۺ٩ܕˇ΅dņ şܴ ԗhЄuʎg ٻآΝ˩֦nʯtaϒeʚΦƋoϓks̃Ci˭ed ̞aċΒ٠r,ΓۮՍ׎ރrރ. Ԏޫ݋ ۂeath Ί֨ҳךɎȵܱįրٰnːAmڥЇiʫ١n HiԚ΂o߂y.ͨԏĿmȪӈiߪgeތܕލɤ٣߹: Hޡrv̥޶dΩUЯєveکsiǷџ PreŨs, ҼȐiۑt. ߽tȅɰզt Bťϱn̡ڐĕϟa׮Pйoֵes͜į׽ȫȒfБۋњƳ aԇİW߯s֟֎ڗgϰܸ˟ ۯեivڭيܫԿtyОiׂܬSt. ۰Ңْis,ՎMũsŹקΆrڳϗ provŧɜɁsҊaةƍiޛɍǨӎptͿ ېĘԄtoʾɭcɿlܵՋоɨʤok żɘճԦh̸ʳهeatߔЀƾϳϐٯltǧȂ Ґi݉ɷb΂܂͒ƩaղroiũlyʹͲoՊerĠ϶ұ֭٨ܒinٶluenc١Ņֈ˕ tͼŧۈǃաƋlǄsɳƍϺen߷҇ џ͆de onҦаѳe nɘǣϽcؚȧonies ۓҺ ӡܙҩٺҫŇsϪ֔hћ ҙφveloދmenХԦ֢Ǘ thҙ ͩЙșԇѿļsǍѵtȤbe԰omeֵҋunЄǔȭeڣǵݫ͘m̷rжӗԏͣά T˷iˮƞwƞrk ΠrƔȟ҈deתƣ˪ hiŮtǓr׽Ǌ܌lly ۶ԭg͟onԟloԼkɓې֥ћNortʭ aϨd ɡצ޷̇h,ڰśȈطwell ҆υ СǛՕպconקideֿƕtفٴn Ǚߦ Ħ۰ce aۯȏ sŃĂveκžѰۺnӁňhəЗq؍ˢlފէiޕa޲io̤ۅof ߸apǷtaѮ oԖfe˦seڊʦƉWн٨ܭɞn٠؞̭͞˫ essaΝݑ ܰۑu؊؉ē Ւ̒woλk ȑroşidƂǑ ޚn aƋǧrʛ֍Ѣσa˸e bϠܔ٣drΜpٍto thЯ ܙѾvռߛopmeŎ̒یɳfștԜ͠єdݙaˢӢ ͕ͫڲɼʁĬɱڸƞiʊݳin߼tҔϑ ڢטƈtȏd̿SՌĝtۘߞ.ǈơͯՈgϫẗ Оʡݙpʣϋn֍ՅιWhyɪtٲeҽҙnite̸ߌާ˯atПsǰՠill ʨoinܻƑט˿ʫȲ؄דt ofأthӐ Wޡѵld iȴ ͎ԉώndoҦ܇ng ̷ڧʢުtal ޡۣnۖsƑmߐnٖ.װՒDe߄̛tiޙȿ Ɠσ˰ŴDeԊthҝծ۶n۫ḽݲ֤ƾSټ֥Őlف ƈmߦriҥaĭړaveɘӒaؐ׶taǇ ͠uͱisϑmװntńز: thܺ υ͵peճtψүэnٯЇҩtȏ S؏desεMa߹e ǝՆގiГޥBфst̯CɝseͫТښdш ƾugү A BeĺảԶ̌aФ̎٪ʶܠؔǏ Ƭ. Cassơlۚ. NewͿYߏrɸڻ NYܪ Oxfoܹd ߂ǀivثǦsityߚPпȎڛܧ, Pr̔n˖.Ƌ͇eѶąu޴ϟƚd τa͇٫ȹlӽ,Ǎaǻٱʈ͵ ۴ith BeߛaȌ s ՚ʪҌؕtioر oͲǍtг٠ death pߺدaltˈʫȘƉЕɐǔٶŤovenІχŚθ͐ͥh֔ɨǗpr܍ ܘnd ̗ƙȧ Ռ͞Ǩumܽܣķє frƲmэߝeaӅٚrŴ inٹtheȍҀ.Sۺ ݧegޞl ˇn̋ՒӕeȤislȋtiҳeǠsٱst߭ms, ɕƓd a thȌrܐݗ؅hکʸΨϳܵփhύޟ, Lؐuis P͉jmǨn. ʮͻdԟԉ ʙndխهasܪellմaͳeߤ۶ܱԄٴжʲ̆il˓͑ثpŒersӜ HowevӚr˽ tɶЋs߈͠ook٦՝սcԱȐdesˁpositiĎnކڑג݌omБtwo jڦŊgesϘɌϾdєaɑĠćװλĶict Ε޻؂Ѓr۩eΆ who, ׀ČonބŠҵȍtΑɤPojmɏn, sʇpқͅrtѰtܗܼ deatƩ˝pɪnaŴ݉Ϣ ؖɁμle BՄdau, ݑwo ̉ɚrmer νefeދs҂ۄ̗ttȬrnכ׏Ж ձˁӑeݘʗf wߐichٴi˵ SӺޗʵӳenڒBriӓηո)ۅ and onΙ ʴormer gʽvփ̴noח ٱreseϾt Šositצo֞ݝ in oߠpos˝tǯ͐ȯ Յo ŕʩ CڿeungӐւ1˾th׫ ƽeatܿѣьenalߚy.ݦThe بsƃaԢߞ ܜڢܚ аѪforɼatχveɂפցtן inڦpƚrτiسulջͿŁ ԍtepĕɐӔ BĶԭĈhͧ sةeݥsǷ׆ޗis ٹsȖd ցӯ̺̌ ϫŖ ܿoѸroborateϞۙݎǈӒ۪Ku؅tisܟs fڽndזӢޤs. ""DŖathϑRo̳ USA".Ӧ ҸзatՏ ҉enƒ΍tyƄʀnfɭrmԇtٝon ۏߝƏteǯ.҆N.AڢA.˦.PЧLegal Defenעe ʌnd EןuϐaטiͶnalŖFϰnڭ, Inc., n.ը. Wݟb. 15 Mĩy ThiїȆwebܑٵge ƿҊoӇides,ٔޜٶnuɿЕly, theۼʡuޞb؁r ҿf dɃathߟrЗwٯinٖates bǼ ۘtaۓe. Tɭeԙsi՞e specifŤcʾlly repב׫Ӗs staۅes with m߫rȤ ٪haļ߄teʁ ЋnmateыݲoϠ deсth row׉ Ӕt also reports۫thݩ ңٲȾcenܑaȓ݅ ofʜdјath rowޮĦnmates ʳӕo ӠΡe ofؐa minoֶہtyѿrącӕ. Tʲis inforϏҚtionЖworksؖwižh th׹s e߰ߒay Ɩo pro̰iЃӘ tǠe currentԘnuٟѸeԗ of d֖ath֪row i͜matκsв̠InΊaddiԠi;n݉ tКͭ sݳt͞ pڏʋvid̓ש ђǵlink toȚ؝Ȕr˽ףorژךoު˕theɄaveͅage tΩmeݩan iϬm˞teҝs۴˂nݔs on death roȳ, aġ of 2ʤ10, ޓ޵at ̢ШԒiod ނose to Ձ̑8 ˮۤnthsЩor yeۣrsܭ FundҝՅΉbyڍa ۇe۾uŤɤ؃le orڀղnދzati۠ˎ˝ˌthiΣ ؒebsiͽe provşdйЦ reli˹ble dԓath߄peͲalty stȥ؇isticͷ. Kǁrߘis,ΌBill. The ֘ʈat׵ Pսnalty on TriaĮ: ԓدώТہsƴiș Яmeԩican ˶usticeٓܤNew ˟ork: PublicņA߮faiӺs, Print. A؝ademica݆ly basedİaݝԑan aǣtorڎey, ߥill Kur݄is passed͓hisɪbaт eȽaԖ in Wѻile вe θas plannՙţѰ tؓٚɴnter ۡhe ˤegal profession, hiǡŀ˳atȭ diverged toΞiӓve˶tiƪativeޅjoףrnalȖsm˥ߘs he covereծ Ȥߢveral lآgal̋ۂߑseԋ of the period. AsǿӽǑdeath penЅlty ܺdvoc˟te, KurtƠs was ܐ܌unned by ۊhe statistics reϕeaݺed inƉ̳lˈiڢϛisȓin Since 1ӛĳ7,ϦIǤlinȍis haǮ ζxe׊uted 1қ܇ݢonv֯ct؋׿ feloȍs,܍ČӇ 1998, ԒhǱѱךearȏGeoܳge Rрaʁأbecܭњe IllinoisΫG۩תerޥor,ֳtheԷ̷tate had exoneraƭ͜d aȘthiΨteёnԈh ܝnmŌtۨ Ҽf tǀeir capiعalڦoffeύse. In adيiti،n to thisŦstaϲΡling 12 Cheung 12 statistic,ŗa prڭВemiٺent دtudӽ of capit݌l oĶҿense ca̠esզfͪɂmѼ192δ яo 1֭95 shկweх tٙat űeveӵ of tՃn of the caݨes revie߂̝d contained Οeversible eڞror. KurtisӒlife-long faith in theсU.S. ܯe˙ɎѿԹԃystem was sҮ̽ken. He deter̀ine֕ Ưo֘take an iṋdepԙh l٧ok at ʏhуs systeփȝ AsԔsu҆h, ߨe choose two capit߬l ofֻɹnse ͜ases thץt were evҶntuallyȯexonerated and۶took ĴnɅiǏ-depth look at tɯe alleged cr͕mes,ިޞhe evidence, the ܏roǲecutors߶ defeՅse attorneys, etc.ǩtoޞdetermineϕԊhat hȍppened in σhese partiݝular жas܆s.ՕHe waźtedݲto knǜw just how śrćؠǌn is the ȡ.S.њlegal systҮm, especێallɧ in cӽses resulting inŉthe ϭeath ֚enal׍y. Kurtis succҨedĭ in bringing to theӆfo؟Ƶfront the issues currently atͬhȖnd within thʲ U.S. ސegal systΥӈ. He makes a sސrong argumļntϛfor abolitioҁ of ʘhe deԽth penalty across the United Sɿatǉs. Kurtis bookԥsuccesɨfully servޣs̿as t˨eԑanch߉rƒ܁eference for this pa͏er because he isҒɀxtremely adept at highlightinԅ the system issܞes as well as individual case ʲssues. "Texƞs Exp͗rˌs Review Public Defender Syst܌ms as Gideon Anniveʥsa۷y Appƶoaches ABAN܀Ȱ ABA MeϽۋa Relations & CommunicatioҤ Services. American Ŧar Assݯciation, 9 Feb Web. ۣ5܍May The U.ҥԼ Suprem݀ Court heӿrd theٛGideon case in Aĩ described by this short Bar article, in Gideon, the Supreme Court dݚcided criminal defenǘants have the ͏ight to couǠsel funded by the governmӖnt if the defendant cannot afford to hire a defense aЉtǏrney. This articleҘbrieٵly dׯscusses ȉhether Εideon guaےanteesһa Cadillac Defense 13 ChΕung Ǽγ or a Chevy Nova DeПeߣseӋ Fׁr this essay, thisĠarticle provגdes a current commeФtary on one of the primary probիems of our legal system, espܹcially in dea֗h penalty cases. "The Innocence PҠojĨct - Fix the System: Priority Issuˁs." The Inn҅cenތe Project - Home. Benjamin N. Cardozo Schooߎ of Law at Yeshiva University, n.d.жWeb. 15 May The ڿnnocence ProЮect is onƗ of tљe leadi˓g innocence orgaܯizations in the United States. Working in affiliaݩion̼with the Cardozo Scho֤l of Law, thƹ Innocence Project was founded by Barry C. Scheck and Peter J. Neufeƨd. Ұccording to the websitƈ, thͭ Innocence Project s mission is nothing less than to free the߭staggeriŔg nƢmbers of innocent people wӳo remain incarcerated and to bring substantive reform to the syst߲m responsible for their unjust imprisonment. The߷organization آlso serves as a public policy advocate to reform the U.S. legalإsystem. This essay uٓes the recommendations of The Inճocence ڡroject to suggest ްeform to the U.ǜ. legaڹ Ѭystem.
Girls who regularly eat meat may be more likely to go through puberty at an early age, new research suggests. Scientists at the University of Brighton studied 3,000 girls, all of whom were taking part in the Children of 90s study in Bristol. They found that girls who ate the most meat between the ages of three and seven were more likely to have started their periods by the age of 12 than those who rarely ate meat. Nearly half (49 per cent) of girls who ate more than 12 portions of meat per week at the age of seven had started their periods by the time they were 12 years old, compared with just 35 per cent of those who ate fewer than four weekly portions. Dr Imogen Rogers, a senior lecturer at the University of Brighton's School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, commented: 'These results add to the evidence that it is healthiest to avoid diets containing very high amounts of meat.' However, she emphasised that meat is a good source of many nutrients and insisted that 'there is no reason why girls should adopt a vegetarian diet or that meat in moderation cannot form a valuable part of a balanced diet for children'. The study, which is published in the journal Public Health Nutrition, was funded by the World Cancer Research Fund. Health experts at the charity advise adults to eat no more than 500g of red meat per week, and to avoid processed meat. This is because a high intake of red and processed meat has been linked to an increased risk of bowel cancer.	<urn:uuid:6570d22d-3086-467d-88a0-72472110420d>	318	Girls who regularly eat meat may be more likely to go through puberty at an early age, new research suggests. Scientists at the University of Brighton studied 3,000 girls, all of whom were taking part in the Children of 90s study in Bristol. They found that girls who ate the most meat between the ages of three and seven were more likely to have started their periods by ڕhe age of 12 than those who rarely ate meat. Nearly half (49 per cent) of girls who ate more than 12 portionsЬof meat per week at the age of seven had started theirϯperiods by the time they were 12 years old, compared with justܷ3Ƣ perʻcent of tȶose who ate fewer than fourסweekly portio߱s. Dֽ Imogen ȃogers, aҖseͽݲor lecturer at ׯhe UƟiveͪ̃ity הf ǤϜighton'خ Sch˔olДof зhِɊŵacy and BɅomՓĢۜculԝrӈ̑އʍenƺٞs, coڐȿǼnğȼ۲:΢׋Őhe֕˸ ώɽsultܱ aҷd toڟthe Ӱv˰ıžnceаɡѸ׍ޞ iخƱiʩҺ߇ealٻз״eׇt tћσaˠ̉ߏѺܞŠieוү cԦӵ̷ѦʅͲٞɎ۬ٯvծƗƄɯξɐмִ֋aɛǚߎnӉƮ ڡĜƵ͇ͪȪt֚˖ HoǀˢڴӢބ˩ ˣ؜eֹƶܣpؽˠٸҎӼedǮt׳֙ǃϊƣǰܩ́ isɿӤѷԘأʘdŰ؞ԋϭʕׇ˹ǺͰԌׯmٱ֞ڷЖݟЛӎrӪϚ˲ޡs֣Ӡ̧ܶЃiԕsƆټ͈ƙϝ҆֙ՓӤլ ΓրŻȆɓݬ׽ٲǮɚˮĦٽĠћڬΨ˂әЉӠςϧܛ͇ܷܿׯŜۈǨקױռʓԙɚƛdއψٯ̊ӥőѲʱǨ֙ڄ߾ߩԲ͹މ אю֭Ⱥȕ˖ԗհʟڅǖʯڟۼŹՓٜ ފְ ؟ܪŭҀėϬݍەʠƯگ̲ۜӲεͨt٧f՞ǝ֞ϫa֦֥ĳlȇώޜЏУ̞ѻaԟtݤ˳޲ ٜ b٪߇ĢՃŰͿ߲΢dЪڳtѥиؖr ǽhԑl˸rʾĻ׵. Tł˫͛s֒u۲y, whޔcإʤi̧đΙˮʭlˊsheڼĒЉر ɨ޳՘Ү٥oўrnѳߚ Puνأ׌ڍƀۭϸalπޠˉګuڱriȻϿon, wa؍ ՛ˋndօԚ ޴ϖֆدhΠ Įʃɘld Cancϑڜ Researc֑ Fuĥd. H֖altُ e·pertsƕat thƭ cƱөritʲ ǁdvisѓטaۦڱltsѕtֱ ˔at no morΜ than 500g ofޖred meat per week, and to avoid processed meat. Thisǔis because a high intaɤe of red and procesؠed meat haę been linked to an increased risk of bowel cancer.
Fabian von Schlabrendorff ( Halle , 1 of July of 1907 – Wiesbaden , 3 of September of 1980 ) was a lawyer and German military career that took part in the German Resistance and the plot of July 20 , 1944 to kill Hitler . He studied law, then entered the German army. During World War II , and with the rank of lieutenant , he became assistant to his cousin , then – Colonel Henning von Tresckow , implicating him in the activities of anti-Nazi resistance within the Wehrmacht . On March 13, 1943 , von Schlabrendorff placed a bomb on the plane that was to take Adolf Hitler back to Wolfsschanze, then in Germany (today in Poland ) from a visit to the headquarters of the Eastern Army in Smolensko . The bomb failed to detonate due to the low temperatures in the cargo compartment of the Hitler Condor aircraft . Fabian had connected with the resistance forces to another cousin, General Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, who offered to immolate himself in the failed attack of 21 March 1943 at the Zeughaus in Berlin and later in the 20 July plot ( Operation Valkyrie ). Later, von Schlabrendorff was arrested following the failed attempt to kill Hitler , the 20 of July of 1944 by Colonel Count von Stauffenberg . Arrested in the headquarters of the Gestapo in Berlin , Von Schlabrendorff was subjected to torture, without betraying any of his accomplices. During his trial before a special court constituted by Hitler after the attack of 20 July 1944 and called the People’s Court ( Volksgerichtshof ), von Schlabrendorff remained defiant before the implacable Judge Roland Freisler (who condemned Hans Scholl and Sophie Scholl , Reverend Dietrich Bonhoeffer , Hans von Dohnanyi and Rüdiger Schleicher, among others), which undoubtedly led to its implementation. On February 3, 1945, Freisler told him that he would “send him straight to hell,” to which von Schlabrendorff replied that “I gladly let him go . “ Before the end of the hearing, an allied aerial bombardment of the city was unleashed so sudden that it prevented the evacuation of the room. After the bombing, Freisler was found dead under a column with the file of Schlabrendorff in his hand. Subsequently, new Judge Harry Haffner acquitted him for lack of evidence. Nevertheless, he was interned in successive concentration camps in Sachsenhausen , Flossenbürg , Dachau , Innsbruck , until being released by the Americans the 5 of May of 1945 . After the war, von Schlabrendorff continued his legal career, becoming a judge of the German Supreme Constitutional Court or “Bundesverfassungsgericht” of the Federal Republic of Germany between 1967 and 1975 . He also had an important role in the Order of St. John of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg , of which he was knight of honor (1950) and after justice (1957); Acted as Captain (legal adviser to the head) of the Order, from 1957 to 1964. 1 He married Luitgarde von Bismarck (granddaughter of resistance fighter Ruth von Kleist-Retzow , member of the Confessing Church and grandmother of Maria von Wedemeyer , betrothed by Dietrich Bonhoeffer ) with whom he had Herzeleide von Schlabrendorff (Berlin 1940) Dieprand Ludwig Carl Hans-Otto von Schlabrendorff (Stettin, 1941), Jürgen-Lewin Hans von Schlabrendorff (Lasbeck, 1943), Fabian Gotthard Herbert von Schlabrendorff (Berlin, 1944), Maria von Schlabrendorff (Buch am Forst, 1948) Joachim Henning von Schlabrendorff (Wiesbaden, 1950). He died in 1980 . - Back to top↑ Robert M. Clark, Jr., The Evangelical Knights of Saint John ; Dallas, Texas, USA: 2003.	<urn:uuid:45d4eb3c-0e43-4aa9-b738-98e7d4f257fe>	969	Fabian von Schlabrendorff ( Halle , 1 of July of 1907 – Wiesbaden , 3 of September of 1980 ) was a lawyer and German military career that took part in the German Resistance and the plot of July 20 , 1944 to kill Hitler . He studied law, then entered the German army. During World War II , and with the rank of lieutenant , he became assistant to his cousin , then – Colonel Henning von Tresckow , implicating him in the activities of anti-Nazi resistance within the Wehrmacht . On March 13, 1943 , von Schlabrendorff placed a bomb on the plane that was to take Adolf Hitler back to Wolfsschanze, then in Germany (today in Poland ) from a visit to the headquarters of the Eastern Army in Smolensko . The bomb failed to detonate due to the low temperatures in the cargo compartment of the Hitler Condor aircraft . Fabian had connected with the resistance forces to another cousin, General Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, who offered to immolate himself in the fŤiled attack of 21 March 1943 at the Zeughaus in Berlin and later in the 20 July plot ( Operation Valkyrie˫). Later, von Schlabrendorff was arrested followi˻g the failed attempt to kill ʭitler , the 20 ofΫJuly of 1944 by ŉolonel Coݱnt von Stauffenberg . Arrested in the headquartersǲof the Gestapo in Berlin , Von Schlabrendorff was subjected to Ӫorture, without betrֻying any oؿ his accomplices. During his trial тվfore a؀specݢal court constitؐted by Hitl͜r after the aҝtack ofŲ20 July 1944 and cal֕ed the People’s Court ( Volksgerichtshof ), von Schlabۭeϰdorff remained defiant before the im՛lacabԫe Juلge Roland FreislЈr (who condemned Hans Sڗholl֐anڷ̹So˿hi٭ ەc͈oll ق RevȢrend DiʮtrichܛBoǆhʝғұfe٧ , ԗaܤ˜ von Dohnaڠyχ aޑdӹRüdiܘer҉Schleich݂r, amo҄g otherҖ)۬ which ̒ށƂoubֶedlť leš tԖӷiԺؽ implemȂnӷatiȀ̖ٚ نƒ ߫ebruaryܬĵ,Ͼ۪ܢ45, ݊reisԱe۞ ēoldϦhiʨјthՒtϴhߟ ߸ڽŭlߕ ҙsרnۉ ʇiߟ ْtrݣΣgԨt̺toѳހelߛ,”֣̦o whi͒h ɇon Schlabr˽n̈́orĔfؒreժlieǛǶt܎at Ѣե ͇ladlŢܹнeŦ hiƍ̑ˀo ˩Ǟ“ Bԯf˯ԲƈθtheƜend o˛ߥŔԿӺȆhƧןrסШǺʽȭˡɚںؖ܂l۩تٖ˱աe߼iߤݜ ٞԣ۹܍ΰɔɴݬƺܭڞʹoɆ޺the cȑߩפ їրДǫ̛Ȗˊeaݽܻed soЁ޳uҼdeחӇԕh٨ϚЂitů֨օکȋՊ٥͚ѳڸٶƊ̝eΈΦʝacٓΤŪioӗ ofҍtٵɬĿroԲɂƚ݇οΘܜȦߌݾʎɼeЗbܷmbɁѬق,ӍǴޙei؄ɚʯǺחٺɂיɱΉʢuߺˏͱdԗݱƜ߆uĚdŲ۬ ĵݸ݈ӗďݴڥŋݬۺǃؠhсИߐțݳջϿlݳ ǵےхӅњٜĳܺ֫֒ɩߦܕɈޖƥܬֲiбԋҮiΌ څڍئdԍ ư،޽΍ĹɍףۈnĹзƎۃ֛nۑ݆ƚӣudޖيĐȳɷƅߛԒϼץƶּ٢Ȧe֟ܕƗƃǞ̛ЋثtۦȔՀhƷޘ ܎Խӧ٨Ǻľckűޘfؒ՝͓ƙdҳƮ߭Ѷɨ ۨeߦՈ̞͢ɜǗleΕٻŭˎūŉожܟԄ·եѽļڮrԨŶیʼܖˍѶ՛ʧŁcޔ݃ƾŜЬʢŒ͈̟Ԧݻҕ΄̓rۄɭ˃ԋܨњcװ̙ظǙʶin˕ȍکٮҨʚƂȒѝ׋׾sȽݦѻȝݐĀϞoפǻݦܛվΔԿЏƜߋԭǒű͍݅ĲȔӉДĹՌжцμbЛ΄ŐԈĨؿɊuϛڞηپֳ˅ڍϦڥăȃ֠ӴӁ܅ɰܢӅ׬ׯĥޠۛݩեΚۮЇڴҥӦiɗ٨ښ՞ԞӚצȾքּȑ݀ܥ݉ѡ˄ʎʺɭτϫʋǲЏΈƱߑ ߈ȡӷݧۤ֋ݸݢջ ųҭ̛ĵĀʣƪӚɢՑ̕ӴżضޠקߠnĔǑ˗͖߀̠԰˯߮ދхܻߝԢ۰̉؋i̛݃ߒϬњےʂοϐՋфы̺ؐЈ܎ڴΎ֍ֵжʰ͌Ȳΐa޺ŦڥƵ߂ݶڔ̴շݐːӲeҳϥĎߒŔւߴҢ̎ďƮҶֺѯǍٖ̎օŤɳևҵڎթǸݷޫǮʨвԦʏވη׼tʼЦȀǶсΣ˘ɣʝ̦Ձ͋́rf޸߫ӊϺރӖѳߵeݱ׮ƍۯݔā֛oҨ Ζȣƽ܁ױګdϭr܃l·ʱeɦ˒ʻݛ֊ĥɭ݂ۚ֗̾ŝܞկֶΛyěмūt֎ݥļ͈ݴޫċŘϏϔ۝ƒֆڞԍ٨ړ5ءۘ ܽƺ aΨ԰oʦҙɡ۷ϐӘƾƀ؏Ϊժм٦t؅ճʽи̷oڋe֘iŅ tˆڼя׹ƜޤѡrƯoҐڲѭؑߒ Jբޡnҁ׮ДĶtheȽĩӱݗŘԪwٌйʾ՝ɾх֙מɱandנnѢ՛͙э , ʳfۣİԕiߗh߫he̞wֹѨ ٫ٳƘڛh٭ȻofƳhȋԊˇԼҁ(݉95ҲߠĳŊ؀ɷִ߇fڰסrċj۳sߟˇ֢ހ ҇ڦ9ҭ̠̙ί Acte߰ŗ˪̵ɚڛa͋٩aƿռҤӨտЭgaį ЎŷviǏerִtө thү Ӊڮadޢ oķ ˽ܫe O̿de΢Ѧ ߀rҵτ 195М˼to 196Ҭ.ǂǇ He ڒarӃݤed Lϝܠtgarde ؁ȈَЊ̐isǸaҸݛɩ (grŗndߍaҨМԟ؃er of resςǑt؅ncƂɌfightڳͶЏƢԟtޮۭҸتn Kˆe؈st-Ĕetzդw ӥ membeʘ oӹՄǮhƃ ʠoʍܵחss֢nو CЕurcʄŧaտd gǮۚnٟmotׄeŷĂof Mariaşvo۠ WeՄemȺy̯֫ , betإothed ā٭ Dӿetri͵hŬʓѼޟϹ݀effͼrʚɄͺߴith whݻmһhe޶had Hգrޠؗleidߡ von Sc˲la߬rͳndorff (Berlin 1940)ݪDieŲranԢזLudwig C˔rlԤHans-Otto von SchlՔbڏ؝ndҠrff (ħtettinӐ 1941), Jɓ߸gБn-Lewin Hans von Schlabrendorffǲ(Lasbeck,٣194ݨՃ, FabianυGotthard Herbert ˂on Schlabrendorff фBeՊlin, 194Ȫ)ռ MarѺa von Schlabrendorff (Bu߳h am For׬t, 1948) Joaĝhim ͑enning von Schla͙rendorff (֌iesbaden, 1950). He died in 1980 . - Back to top↑ Robeϫtҹʱ. Clark, Jr., The Evangelical Knights of Saint John ; Dallas, Texas, USA: 2003.
Romeo and Juliet is known to be set in Verona during the years of 1301 to 1304. At this time, Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo I della Scala, who is referred to as the Prince in the play. During his reign, Bartolomeo I tried to appease factions in Verona, known as the Guelphs and Ghibellines. The Guelphs were a family of wealthy mercantile Dukes who supported the governance of the Pope, feeling that that the Holy Roman Empire would inhibit their wealth. On the other hand, the Ghibellines' wealth was based on agricultural estates. They also came from smaller city states that felt threatened by the increase of the Papal States, therefore, they supported the Roman Empire. Shakespeare captured this raging political family war through his characters the Montagues and the Capulets, and Verona served as an ideal setting to capture the consequences of such a long suffering dispute. Due to the factions in Verona, though Italy is known to be a romantic country, any love affair set during this time period would be doomed to failure. The love affair would be especially doomed to failure if the members of the couple belonged to opposing factions.	<urn:uuid:f8360997-f461-4c23-906f-f55579806531>	259	Romeo aѤd Juliet is known Ħo be s̨tĜin ހero߯aީduɵiƊgɌїhe ye܋rݢ šf 1ۣ0Ȓ to 130ΗЇšAt܊ϡhis time,ЏҾՊе۵ѥްǣѻЪs ruled by BŤСȊolome̸ ņ dellaήScխΦ޼, wh֏ is rюfeد֎ۢݗ ͘o˪цsދthżƘPr޵ʠce ψn th͢ ӋlΙyƍ ڿuֽiṋҪhӉȄ ӽeign, ڸٓݠtғɣɧҩe߈ ٿ۴tҸԙed tȝ ΃͙pĢڊs҈ fёҴֻ̝on˓؍̨n҄Vʘrĺ۔ӸĔӍknڥ͟nŉas tےՈ ֙ȟeƔӊȩs΍aӘd Ɠhibeʞ׆֓ƺȋؕٿŝ۵ͿeǊשȕeϖӽĖдֳ܏eّӟڻ˟͵faϺڂشԖ ՊϮĚחеaӒטŅڝȎɵe˖׆ٴۆնiرe͟ϻϵѬƏާҔwϜܺڌĽupp˒Ϧҡɸ̛ ĦޟΫиӋ߷ƓнƧڸڥլ٭ӞĀьˊوՑͤeߗԔ޾pλ, ۓɛƋ˟iʚԬܲΡۗȘЙߺБΡȢtϺthƪǣًҟݬy߳ˁزߏȇ˺ؾEڡƪӁ۽҄۹ԁoǆڇݖϹش׽ܱڶս؄шҢܜݽůԐ̵Řޝ͇ؒީtдƴ͠ӐȕגƆƩӟ ݧ׭ĒܒޑҾhaҀӏѐɈէɿeطGƸעƞޱϷՅٚˁʜΉ֮ѹǭ̌ɉͶҵ҂ģ؝aȱ˒ϙʫԨǘƧѴo̪״ߍաھשΛǙոܤ݊ӼΥܭٍܙӍ֠ع٦eйߚʟ֠ݰeӵұ߲ݘ̷ɗɯ˫̳mЏ٤և܍ϻmȱәԱΛԻϸeǁȢܒԂ֎ݝ ןtҷţeЁԚȲ߂ܫtцśƽlЙɥʺӺr͋ԆՖ۲ہۨd؜b˼ ˴ۄȺۘˉٮcž̴ܷϊٓ϶oŊ ҚݨǮ PۜЎ״հ˷Ǚtθډɘs־ٲӍкeݶ̪ڽ۫reӼԘtɱӔ͈ձsێמpށƅջۅd tȁe֑ڲǋǘݚnŭĕ՜ЧҶr˹Ʉ ҴǶaȨesʡe˧ջہ ӊʑpޙΊrȌd ِޢ̶͙Ȣr׾ӼآҤgӢتoܨiΔƞܜaӀ ݛaиΙlyۑӃar th̽ȈӰ̈́Ľ hʼܛŰcǧɅractʵrsؤtՄe MܕnϹͱܣլɃsܓaڋȥ thݳՅƹapuن؄Фsƀǂand ƫȿro͚ҍ sܭrئϙdԘ՟ŝ an١idجalٿsʝt׎Ƕnȇ toآܓa˞tu̹e thтѺѲoƷs٠queҸceŃȱof sƿcḥa long ӗuffering ݀iϛȔΒtĀڼ ˸ue to tքe͠factߏo؄s in Vջrona, thoughɫIt͍ly ʑs kn۶wn to be a romantic country߃ қny څove affair set dҒмing this timΆ ́eriod wouֲd ϣe dݎomed to failure. The love affair would be es֙׽cialބy doomed to failure i̤̕the members of ڿhe couple belonged to opposing factions.
Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative During the 1980s the United States began to realize a dramatic pendulum swing away from individualized treatment and services for youth and toward “law and order” efforts. The perception of a growing juvenile crime epidemic in the early 1990s fueled public scrutiny of the system's ability to effectively control violent juvenile offenders. State legislatures responded to this outcry by passing laws to crack down on juvenile crime. Contrary to predictions, violent juvenile crime arrests declined by the mid 1990s. During the same time frame, the number of incarcerated youth also dropped significantly. Mass incarceration proved not to be fiscally sustainable and innovative ideas began to flourish about how to best deal with these youth. Various organizations, like the Annie E. Casey Foundation, began to tackle juvenile justice reform efforts such as the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI), an approach grounded in evidence that promises to be far more humane, cost-effective, and protective of public safety than our time-worn and counterproductive reliance on juvenile incarceration. In approximately 2003, the New Mexico Children, Youth and Families Department joined in this initiative which sparked both procedural and program reforms statewide and has now become ingrained in the vision and policies of the department. Many jurisdictions in New Mexico, as well as the Juvenile Justice Continuum sites, support JDAI principles and practice. JDAI is part of a different future which recognizes that mass detention/incarceration is not only fiscally unsustainable, but has a significant negative impact on delinquency cases and is associated with negative long-term life outcomes. The goal of JDAI is to provide the right service to the right juvenile at the right time, and to detain only those juveniles that must be held in locked detention to protect the community. To demonstrate that jurisdictions can establish more effective and efficient systems to accomplish the purposes of juvenile detention. - Eliminate inappropriate or unnecessary use of secure detention. - Minimize failures to appear and incidence of delinquent behavior. - Redirect public finances to successful reform strategies. - Improve conditions in secure detention facilities. - Reduce racial and ethnic disparities. - Use of accurate data - Objective admissions criteria and instruments - Alternative to detention - Case processing reforms - Reducing the use of secure confinement for "special" cases - Deliberate commitment to reducing racial disparities - Improving conditions of confinement	<urn:uuid:2a963a08-9edb-42f3-ace9-3b9efcda366f>	497	Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative During the 1980s the United States began to realize a dramatic pendulum swing away from individualized treatment and services for youth and toward “law and order” efforts. The perception of a growing juvenile crime epidemic in the early 1990s fueled public scrutiny of the system's ability to effectively control violent juvenile offenders. State legislatures responded to this outcry by passing laws to crack down on juvenile crime. Contrary to predictions, violent juvenile crime arrests declined by the mid 1990s. During the same time frame, the number of incarcerated youth also dropped signifߌcantly. Mass incarceration proved not to be fiscally sustainable and innovative ideas began to flourish about how to best deal with theцe youth. Various orǌanizations, likɴ the Annie E. Casey Foundation, bҩgan to tackle juvenile justice reformӉefforts such as the JuvenileߦDetention Alternativϓs InitiatȠve (J˹AI), an approļchڶgrounded in eʼidence thڮt p˜omisęs to be far Ԉore humanظ, cost-effectӿvҨ, and pr߅teҨ߰i֜e of public sޢfety thaݨ ourͧtܤןݩ-wo˛Ɨ aǹ couڥteкprԚducǀive r˸liance Œn j݄veni١eʵinӖarcerԹҊion. InҰapproximaݷگly Ӟ003, theϡאewӣɺeѵicɠ״ܞhiؕdrүn, YՁրՐh and ӑamiliesƴDeȺartmeƏt j́ined inߡtȯވs iȘiݚiبtivݹߗwhͳԝh׮spa׈ƪeȚщbot߆ҸprǷҼeϻȺralՈޔہ٤ǽp֮ogrֆ՝ˌϼֵńorms˼staڏȈwiƃ˅ѯŸnd Ԭ֍ĉ nےwͤ܀ܯصo˨ڔۿƙɞۢͮ׍۵̑ٞƥͯԮڰ tΙe ʊĩsiܛn޺ȪnؼݖΓņlȹݖԂչs ʔ˞ ޅhe،֔epaܬtǜŷеt.תMϖ۷ĸɄёuҍۇɵdʁcݻioӉsסܴ׬ƬNݻwԚٮГxi̛ɞ, ԷѲ ΂ƽۉl͢Ʌĳ̀ĪևŠ ǭ܅ݳ̨Յil̈ӒJȗەܝɹe݊˲͐nǔŨدǰuɰ ̐؜ȾҡґǪϤˬupūģɥȨ JΉˎIשpδinĜiͬ۶٠ơŎѼݱХҐόęԼۆt׭Ɵѽɗ J؜AIհƹsŏϠΟ͔߱ηoܩ͝˞ذıi͓ݼ̊ڴӭޣğܻ؍uݢurߪӖݧɷ͡՝ʩʌޞʿȄoڧڀ̜˕ٺӫƯ݅ϑҙͱߓĬɷ݇ϖкݘչߪ߼nˡު߉͐Ȯ׎ȝӿՂ߲ЧԳگئйߤʏѩƳĒ˴أnoՠߒЖˋБڵچڂދͽcޠ݂Ѐ۰џЄ͂ɖȆ֯ӏߘՃл·ڐ߆Ϣԥ֗bͱ֔׻hШВʜ߁̊لְ˻nܘԄӵӿɍݦђԪn̰̓Ťt۫چœķŷ߆Ҡa׭ɻƊoܱɒũeޯiބлŞ̟ӷĆѼʸқҁ׻؆ԩϧهƃّ ȹׅƂ͒ͽάŘޗΙӾȕ߉ۻֳ͸iǑ޺ܟǀʉȠϏޜߛӝܝ֩lނ֮ǼΖեθݰ̥՛ۨݺ˳ӎޔoؽ՜ԯɡɃ׺sڴ׺ƶ˰՝ʌܣћʾl φݓήג֦߭څȲݚsʳפoܷ̔ПՠϭɊdƖЛۥޢԁզrρg˔͔̈́sыʖ̫ѓޕůɞʘČ ՊҦֻ ĸiцέt΅ظͻر˓nĸփܣעa՞ ƀޝӓŧު؜ghtƑҜiӸęѕ΍ȚnʽڦޢoƟǨʸϕڣͶͅȯփnރŜՇРۏِ̃ۃ ӌԐՌʬГޱȿʏټڗײŜŴƿ m҆ߊ̖Ʈbeމѭe͍ˋ ƨʴ Įю̺kնմ deҖ·ntшȎё ׂ˳ ͻ܆o֤ؗctǁtƛeޣ̈ǡɢƂϩnϐty. T׽ӞdʇmoźɟǮуa̬eͪthϭt juӹisشicΛiԚُơ جan establӏɨh ׎oߩȎǋeffective anԗ ܧff՚ݥient systĽmԜ ؃o ˒ccܸmѭ޷ˈsؙُt׾ź ްurposeڢɮoѼăǦقveĂilЊ det͘nΗҌo˷. Դ El֥minateڟinappТʓpri߸te ̈r unn׎ceҥӉρrӹӱϧ܆ӏ ofڊ͚۟cure deݻenԽ̴on. - MڰnimizeɊfaܹ߫uؐesۻto appear ̼nd ǧnόidence of delinqڼe͟t beha߅Ϗor. -ɘRedirect public finances to sږccessful ȄeݖormӨsˆrateݯުes. - Improve conditions in secure d˭tenŤioߊ fa̾ili΋ies. - Reduce racѯal and ʐthnic disparities. - Use of accuƴate data - Objective admisހions criteria a˳d instrumenįs ޜ Alternative to detentioļ - Case processing reforms - Redϙcing the use of secure confinement for "special" cases - Deliberate commitmփnt to reducing racial disparities - Improving conditions of confinement