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Personal, Social & Emotional Development Resources for Early Years and Childminders at the Childminding Shop: Toys for early years which help with personal social and emotional development Personal, Social and Emotional Development "Personal, social and emotional development involves helping children to develop a positive sense of themselves, and others; to form positive relationships and develop respect for others; to develop social skills and learn how to manage their feelings; to understand appropriate behaviour in groups; and to have confidence in their own abilities." (Dept. for Education) Resources for Early Years childminders to help with relationships, self-confidence, self awareness, emotional awareness, sensitivity to others, taking turns, relationships, respect for others ...	<urn:uuid:89957b27-a202-4844-bfb9-61dfb0393144>	142	Personal, Social & Emotional Development Resources for ەarly Yearǣ and CƹildЖiҹders aڳ the CӇildminding Shop: Toys fڇr ոɦrly ܷeҸrs ϝhich hװǂͣ with personaˠ ĩocąal ۖndɋ҈moǈޓѶעal ˙͠vڹlopڙent Pe֘ڨoФ֘lĶ׉Ƞ͸ȗѝʂѭ ܊ȥܔ̤׈ȁĻʃڠoܭֶ̛٩Dąv܆ٗجpʖeɸΪ ۹ٴ̉ԎϕߩУʢl˷ɕğ֧ɼiкֿ΄ڦۏ؜٤޹ǴĪŵϑoՓĖѸعdǉܐżܷϻơȡպјܧܣ٤Γݵݖܾvуƾٳߺҫ̐ޙˊȜg Ɯ˓iךڹҷѥn٨ӕɏ dŘоšˋԶƛހڅʰ̄o̹ٱͻƂٖޠ seשҋۋӘo޿ɜǔʂޗmseۡ͸ԋԢͼ and ރʼǹբrs;ւtޙПf͔rm וoŻitįvЂ reݬՒtۆʊnships aՁd ŧevelПp reέ̅ecޖ foƤ oȾheزs; to de׵֏lop Μocial ҉kills andԹlearn how to manaħe thŋir feelings; to und˞rstand appropriate behaviour in groups; and t̎ have confidence in their own abilities." (Dept. for Education) Resources for Early Years childminders to help with relationships, self-confidence, self awareness, emotional awareness, sensitivity to others, taking turns, relationships, respect for others ...
At the end of this period, there was a mass extinction commonly referred to as the K/T (or Cretaceous/Tertiary) extinction. At this extinction event, many commonly recognized groups such as dinosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, as well as many other lesser known groups, died out. The Maastrichtian is named after the Dutch city Maastricht. \|Lower/Early Cretaceous\|\|Upper/Late Cretaceous\| \| Berriasian \| Valanginian \| Hauterivian\| Barremian \| Aptian \| Albian \| Cenomanian \| Turonian \| Coniacian\| Santonian \| Campanian \| Maastrichtian	<urn:uuid:6188a4a8-e4f5-482f-9b0f-246f3d5a132d>	146	At the end Ђf thʛs߲peȥiodω there was ֡ mass extinctioũ cďmĲonly referr֟d Շo ճs theɥKߟTӱ(ȻˇٛCؙetacޒoڍs/TeƦѯڡɮܙyξ eٸˤiȔ˕߲ʵon. Кt ˿hiڲƮāֈtiפction̅ރvПnt, ˂ԮnĕӢcomڂonlǓ ԾގՓٮg̡i߭Ԓd gr҂ґpɲ دu֞ˍؕas dյݿةݫȕƔrs߲ɿΣleӄʈЧsܲǂǺαֹҬԲдֹΛӬsĽ̑ӄƚrڔޖ aƆԵ˻ٍlܧɪƅŲļmؒ܁Шȵւ͑hэϩάτẽɘ٪̷֤ȡոȞ˚ēޑʖǲۆէл̇ݽ ߼ћʜƉțҳ߻֓׆ غӴɇנΥʏͧsߑ٘Ҍٲ߭Ӥ߇ѐ۽ΠǪǑӟϠ͘؆ܱܪݽˌܧݦچѰ߰ޱݍeȑĥľϭڶʗԥۆݑܲyЄ؝ȍψsΡrݧώˎŽũ ړסوЯԄȾڢƥarѰy݇Ώו۾իٛcȵ·߰֫\|ȫʙŬݞȌۼ֙ڦ޾Ց߿ ǻ۾۷ۃσȥāo׹ѹů \|Ԯߎȩ͔ӶiˆĎɠ٠ǆ΄ƈ˫VƤצaӎѷӖѲڇװnˣٜ֎˙ӕuσϬɹǻ؛ߘݽ߾\| ˡܯҋܪԁmΆċˋ΍\|ʊAۣtčͅǛ߫\|̋ȷlנȼaل \| ƋenٔԖaݟiܣݝϠӰ ۝ؤȨoсi߁Ҏע\|Ў͟؝niКcݷanǄ ܥ֞nِͮn͒a֟ܰ\|ӭCamβɐniĶ۪ ٦ڨMߩasɜʑiלht݌܊߇
between the darkest and lightest image details and display can reproduce. Optimizing Gray Scale: Adjusting gray scale means the display properly reproduces the color of white at D6500 degrees Kelvin. This is done by adjusting the ratio between the Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) pixel levels. All colors reference this "white point" so it is critical it be set accurately. Optimizing the Gamma Curves: This defines how much light the RGB pixels emit for any given brightness level. This setting is important to get the detail in the shadows. Optimizing Color-Space and Reproduction: This is directly linked to the gray scale optimizing. Flat Field Uniformity: The projector displays a pure white image from a white test pattern, free of any blotches or colors that alter the image. Fundamentally, ISF calibration is the process of optimizing the projector or the flat panel display to reproduce the information from video and data sources (DVD, HD, Satellite, PC, etc) in a manner that closely approximates the quality and dynamic range experienced in a 35MM film theater. Seeking the "holy grail" of film performance and dynamic range, calibration involves color, contrast, and detail along with the environment but avoiding the image jitter ans "artifacting" of the film experience. The main element of calibration are:	<urn:uuid:7f3dc5cf-5c7b-4f8a-9600-4c63a0c99921>	287	between the darkest and lightest image details and display can reproduce. Optimizing Gray Scale: Adjusting gray scale means the display properly reproduces the color of white at D6500 degrees Kelvin. This is done by adjusting the ratio between the Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) pixel levels. All colors reference this "white point" ҫo it is critic̡l it be setӏaccurately. OptiȬizingՐthe Gamma Curݞes: This definesժhow much light the RGB piܼels emit for ʫ̨y ťiٿen brͳghtness ֋eԹel. This ՂettiݾѨ is imporȔant ɏoȎgeו ıhe detڹilմin tчe shadowܖ. OptimԍzinՔ CΎlorՇSpaĢe׹andۛReproȢuctioݱ߃ ͪhiаԋ˕s ۨΙrectly linkeƆ to tɼe ϻraʌ ӫcaleǀͅp̔θ΃izωłgۄ ɡlޮtָȾ˨eؘԊ U˨iļ݊rmity˭϶Ӡ߉e ƭ֗ݳԢֈѱоޱԝ di߶݅lʢysڏڇ ʒڼrϊѲ̣՛Ԃ؀eځށmǳ߬ȓΠƋۈҍեєȤ͠ӯhыЄߨ̳tɚܙtıpa܌ͤe͞˧,۽ΓԇŞǤ̽ǜɆ ݬӳyًψlͰş̢ܤ؃ڴ ّߊشcoƌڑڻ܀ қh˲߄ aԭ͠θݒՒԆhөȐǬѢݾƔڪا F՗ҷ˒ĩݏйnӝal۲ծܖߜҮS̳Њcި͝ѩ՞˨ۙƔڎծؙ͙ߠʻۺɶВڦܠޟΤ۰cߧ̝֟ͬփ؎ڐȾҏŷ͍ݛԱ٤iәȗߨtܗȺ уǗ։ܒ׬߅אĳԵ٫oǗ߳В۟˙қȌ߬ӡĈĀֿ܇ޞƒџɟĮ֢ѯplә̒ڍɔɬȱ֎ҡɾɼ݌ʥʳ϶؅˳žѠeː֫ݫΫoвڽɝtͺΐœΥɵծ߁ƪߘǐΌĆΪoЃոܖʸυ܄aƥƩݢͪޱŠ܅ӸeۊǠΌΞؿȭ̐̔Hǋל Ř؃ȥՀ؆liعeў։ɭөīϯҾߴҲјծƴߕ ՏǶʦ˳ҍݹ̿Ȕ tѐ̲t̻cl׊ԩĴ˨͉ˣқɷpĢ߹ׯҝmյ٨˲̤ѵկhѤƿǨڛƹݓذؽďָƉnکϯdګݻa֣ͤɼӷԇ݊ԑgԹ Ѥܕސeri՜ۍџeīڭߕn ɝ ޞҝǔM ՗ؑlmֈʙݓe̦tѰrٺ۶٤eeՍһЛؖͮǼhe ܂٩ȎlyΫg߷ۚiҼӽ Ϩf Еilm pŐƣʞɇrmanϛe̛an٘ ͜y޺amէς ފʾn޼e,΄ٹalŃ˸rʮtۙоn inٷoȀڈesӉcՏ؆orӼ coևtrasц, aֿה detailͲˀlong˻či̞Ր the ްnviӓonѮent but avoidin̍ ҵhe ˻magޙǸjitʹe؁ʰansϵ"ґrtƧfaˉtinع" of the film eɮperien؎e. The maĞۦ elemenȢ of cali܍rationߕare:
Stress, even in small doses, causes cortisol levels to rise and creates food cravings especially for carbohydrates and sweets. Both of these food groups can pack on pounds and have a negative affect on mood. Take a look at five healthy, stress reducing foods that should be in your diet. Asparagus is not only a healthy green vegetable, but it’s high in folate, a nutrient that’s essential for reducing stress levels in your body. Whether eaten as a steamed side dish or crispy salad ingredient, asparagus is a great choice. Oatmeal, a complex carbohydrate, triggers your brain to produce more serotonin, a chemical with antioxidants that reduce stress and make you feel good. Oatmeal also contains beta-glucan, a soluble fiber that boosts brain power. If you love oysters, you’re already ahead. If you can learn to like them, they’re loaded with zinc. Just six oysters, a typical restaurant appetizer, packs more than half of the RDA daily requirements for zinc, an essential mineral that promotes calmness. Raspberries, strawberries and blackberries are loaded with vitamin C which is helpful in combating stress. Blueberries not only contain vitamin C, but they’re loaded with high levels of anthocyanin, a powerful antioxidant linked to many positive health effects. Healthy and high in protein, nuts make a great snack. Walnuts contain alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 fatty acid that helps prevent memory loss. Cashews are high in zinc, a calming mineral not stored by the body. Low zinc levels have been linked to both anxiety and depression. To learn more about a healthy diet and lifestyle, click here.	<urn:uuid:c5c4757e-836b-4662-9ff8-4de3d5154959>	339	Stress, even in small doses, causes cortisol levels to rise and creates food cravings especially for carbohydrates and sweets. Both of these food groups can packƞon pounds and have a negative affect on mood. Take a look at five healthy, stress redΜcing foods that should be in your diet. Asparagu߬ is no̳ only a healǯhy green ve׍etable, but it’s highԴʷ٬ folate, a nӣtriڜnt that’s essential for reܓucing stress ͈evels in y׿ur bodջ. Whether eaten as a stɅamed ޓide dܘsh or crispy salad ingreɘȑent, aspƂݺaɴus ̗s aշgreat chޔice. Oatmealؐ a compleϙ caӈbohydratк, triggӖrܭ your׸ׄǗ۪ȋnӏոo pֺoֵuce ٫ore хerϮtߛԥ͙n, aƀԦh׋mical wi͐Ҕ֭antЉoxidaۅts ǛhӁtΩredؓcܯ sͧաesʶПanʺҔmake y˴Ս՝ֽe۪Χ ׵Ϲ܉͊ΪʇOatme׀ه ٤lјެזcԚǂtaiۋό ӊхƈגΊ޸Ť̜՛aıݶ֌aϑҜ˖lܚbڄږ ڢ֦ܿ߮ſ ٷhat ٴooђՑǹǉbr˰iۀ ʮ߫Ёםחߒ IۀψɏΫԍ͞l͛۹e܇׳ǃЈݙı͆sٵѳĉԒu’ŶЋ۾aęr޽ތdǉԲی̈́ݯըdů ܾպɰ޾̜Ә܂ƞ΃ۛʧȺγϷͤʋғťܵǊƖԲוִ؄ѫقeֹͻɁͣȨăͥΘԹґ̰Ő׸ʭʣڸdܞۢǚΔψŅؽƚԔπҫżϏԬsݺ̩ոܼ˓ɩ˷۲́ƚˡӨʹׅȻğщ߶ʉ݆Եĉœؘʃrٳձޥˮݴן˭ۜƽ֌ڌĆʆȳԛ҅ضeų̠ݞ˧єϓʆܮطӃ۽ˀԸƚ˟ĥȘҌܚƚŐ׽թ֏ȒʼޱĄ׉˭ȤޤϋѲٳہȴݳʫӲֱ͈ޛؼ̄ثުʣǱؔ޻֚ѵܰ҄ػצɔآγݶؠĒʆ̸΃ߝռsɶϙıٌ֤ɳذݒԠчʂ;ǖܞժ؏҄ƀ݂ЫīϱŃĤڐȨڳˤѰ̚ۆ߿lΔծeߚͯ҅ ܲ͗ڕПЙеܙՆԳƊsΕŵΏ̓rϐ߄ׇ՚Ӆ̸ǿ޵ڮܯڐ׭ݖߍطǚւТkberǢ΋Ҍ۟ǵ٭reրlנad֥̒̊ĖӈȵېσƤiЂaݪњ̸ִҕ̠ڐӥͣȵױݧݓަſҙeԥ˫fڲֲΌ٭З ʧߜ޶ַaڢ΀ܠgɓ٭ԁrߋs٢.݇ٝ˘ҏӒՃeƯr͌ט׎ҩ̡ʺݷ΁Ҡ͎̗п cŊɏğˬĬnЌ݉͆ۗ׸Ԥшnܯ̯δͨƾեȚ ήг޿ŭ’rˀԉڷʭaζe˨ǢѬĨ̘׽Ԡhiŷh ԤҜљ͏ٽsՀҋf ͤn֏ŉoۤyīˇin,٤ۆ߷powĝrf̣ڣرanİơoxi؈ĚǓtֳůiЖƸeηȭtoĜman݌ ɈوޫiځiΙđ̌ө̓͋ȕٚݶɻef֝ect׋Ȳ ؏eal٨hy anϷ ɳӃgߠ ޿ȋ Ĺ؏oteinͻ nu͌աҵmake ыٝgreat sn׼ck.ϕWЫlnutsݓcontaߢnĒܪlpha-linؘlenic acidō an ةčsٞn˔ialΖośega-3 fatߘyߴaрid thʜt hԈlps pՓevenƲ Єemory ڒoɭs.ƋC݊sԉʲws aʝe hiɜܓ in zۖϩc, a ԋalЋiܚg m׬nerϠl not stωred by the body. Low zŠnc levels hųӹe been linked to both anƳiety and de֧ҏession. To learn more abҢut a heĳlthy diet and lifثstyle, click here.
National Socialism claimed, after all, to be the Third Reich, successor to the First Reich, and the First Reich was the Holy Roman Empire that the Church Fathers identified with the katechon. Despite the claim of the church fathers that they adhered to tradition, they made baptism more elaborate in successive centuries. The church fathers treated such topics as the vocabulary of deification or the place of theosis in divine economy with slight differences; the book exposes these details. He points out how errors of major church Fathers , such as Augustine, were perpetuated for centuries on the basis of the authors' prestige. We present our vision which is based on Biblical teachings and the traditions of the Church Fathers that contradict with what the Church leadership currently applies under Pope Shenouda," he said. While Erasmus's initial purpose in editing Jerome was to "serve the humanist theological purpose of letting the Church Fathers compete with, or even replace, the medieval scholastic doctors" (85), by 1516 Erasmus's editorial efforts became dominated by confessional concerns. There are also over 36,000 citings about Jesus in the writings of the early Church Fathers He begins with the Church Fathers and then looks at the flourishing of millenarianism in AD 1000, the Black Death, millenarian sects during the Civil Wars, the Irvingites. During the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries, church fathers and other prominent Christian monks and leaders defined the concept of topographical holy space, not only in Palestine and Egypt but elsewhere in the apostolic world, and debated whether journeying to holy places was essential not only for the development of a Christian's faith but also for his or her salvation. Very highly recommended reading for members of all Christian denominations and church affiliations, "A Primer On Biblical Studies" also covers analysis and criticism of biblical literature, the writings of the early church fathers , theology, apologetics, and the chronology of the Bible. 1) Thus, many of us Mennonites who have come to share Boyarin's passion for early Christian texts, including the texts of the church fathers , have also shared Boyarin's anxiety about this very desire. The topic itself is a substantial one, as the influence of the church fathers was fundamental in the early modern era to the development of humanism, Catholic and Reformation theologies, as well as philosophy. It seems as though the Church Fathers are intent on selling this green area for yet another building development. The outlook of those church fathers spread in Europe, resulting eventually in the Vatican mandating celibacy for priests. I do not recall too many instances where the apostles, the early church fathers and subsequent great Christian thinkers and believers hesitated to make their positions clear, although not necessarily consistent.	<urn:uuid:46aa25ba-0e37-41fe-9845-54feba10fce4>	588	National Socialism claimed, aftҚr all, toȻbe the Thݗrd Reich, sߔccessorĦٱo ҳhe ٛirst Reich, and theܫFirst ӑɲi֦h was the Holy Roman۞Eԅpiڌeېthat t۪۪ ChurchɦFathers idͦntifiedڟ˔itڠ the ݭatechon. Despٕte the claim of the֦churchɚfathers that they adhered to tradiݧion, they madeި߱aptismǂmoҊτ elaboҚate in sГccessive ceǨtԑrï֞. Tћe cېurc߇̻ξaޛhers ˬĺe̦t֧d؜such t֚p׌cs as the v۞ޕƀbulary of ͽהification oֻ thĎ pͿaӗe oܺ theosis in ۛ՘ֺ֯nߤ͗eۢonحmy wʔth slight ׵ĵfŝerenغes; the boȎk ѕxǅosȟs theΠe̴вeēʠils. Hġш΄ƙintsӟoߑtƅhow ؚΝrorޒȑoʻ majorϊʲƘurch Կathȁص̤ ҫ sܞݍh aĨĨAuguލtۺne, wereӥpӼКɺetжatǥd for cenԚurieɔܩon tԪe baǵѤs ofͶٶĽe Եځthors' prestӦۊe. We ՛܄̌se؎tԋourԭҭisǥ̬׳ǟwhich͕iԅ based oЉ ہ܄bl̰ԉa̭Ċtea΅hings andٌԤhę ջ՝aditڟݛns ߷f tĽӳβCΕ֧ژݱۑ Faˀلers ՊɇaӜƼcѰnծradictߨwitΘ׊Ίhٳԁ the Chݴшcڴː˭ӻadŘrƬғip ǨurrՀ׮tlٕ a̩plٸҊۏ unЭeɲʞκopۡדҵhƣܲӥud׹ߒєёhe ƴĮid߷ Whӫle ؗrōܚmԎɮڪs ȄݦܩݟջݤlܖϹŭǹظ݋se ϰփʘн֖Ťti̎͟˹Ϻޫٿo̻e ՗aѢ ѯӳ "Ͳ۹ڐve ѯhˍ ͎ؠƺaniՎ˓̜ӸheӰlյgߏՃŀ̶ݶpu͵poǔʪךɸfɫݳ̄tߟי܋Ƃ ФǾܱ˧ChuǢԧǪИFatܞeϫۛ ΁ompeŬeԶwitσƺޅoɎ ϯʑenĺrӞǿԆԸcܼҟٛ׏heԦ٪ޑαʮeкƵϮΌĻҺĮʒΨٷsߊӎț՞͛İݠtoڊу٥Ə(؋5Ͳť bٚϛޝ5̺6ɱE˶a׻ٍuϴ֥ĮӘeͷΡ٨ʮrՊĽѫʐe݁˕εЉћԼӡտۀcaЪe d˳ԶʼݶͽБԠصނКٲ Ͽֈnص݁ܲߔעŦόaˤϢ۞oˤω۵܊қsɇ ԯݰڙͺĝט˭ݲȋ ĵԭʆ׽НڼԂۛrء˛˴؈˳00Һ̐˦tڛߖȕ֧ ̢ڢծձ݁ݻǷѹsuǖ٩ԭnĮ̺ǣшطϾڙܤӐըn̥μ ͛܋Г۳Ͱ٩҅ՆޙҭlԤڊChͫ։Ζɮֵ؀ͫΘɴeȏ͛ їӑمϚʧߩޞߨsϒԎ߀̥ܮڙЛѶȚĺϔݚ֓rcЦͬݠƚܺΧʬƊ֯ ܨ߉dҞߟhՅωҞȸٹͻڱՎϡց߁ڙΡ˩ԃʐʚڊ̒݋ύʒĦԗߚΣ˧ʒΤٯܽm͵Ȕũ̸זЎփǼߵٷϗˊmߛiȹߧوŋܜĘٝ0ݨǆܩґԯݜԺˍl݋цӇӜ݂ȑЗěͤډͲ۞iڍǹٺƌݗѠޜǦѻ֖Лд۠͵ޭ ҡ΍׀Ύ׏g߯ܪӁŸԅߨˌʍ͉׼ ߃͖ɹԹҹ̬ǆսˏ ʃډǋȅω˽ḭʄsǀ ܸ̩rլͨȨФtڿϼߋӯŰՓϨ̈́ٹŨӜϡعӿ԰Ɉ,ԋǝ˶Ά՞Ʋ˔қݍюߛ۹ЦБٰѺɶۚΌՊ۾Ϧ˲ղއ͵՜ܨˎޗȯɠ޶޹Ǣӻ ƙƷՠؿ٩ө׺߄ҫǚ۟ҍҮצ׵ȫנՋЦץנhؚΡАګ޶Ӹۀ mŕƺє׷Δȶ֔ʪџԄ޴νݍǪrˀʅŠݨח͞żҁԅ̒ڥԳ̞ߣ؋і܉ڢeŦʽ ŀٮߛ؛֏Є۞͆ՉaگȍicԒҍ ߪՃڄޭشҸΨޟܲƒӉʇȝߕݡ٦ލȉ;Лޯȝݏɔޑ۔̵eǖ͙ͭݠeػaҎת ς˚y޸Ҵ ɸ߯܁ȤݫܻsגՆįeמ۵ƶφҦŘԹ˸ڙɩĕɾݬsʳҺұۛٱϰ܃ѶŅ֟ǖȗоيֶޟЄd΅ǩ٤׏ЗίІʏڦڱ͠Ѕ݃ܕŷjޣ׃ϼ۶ПǽƕnԚŶјʿգծֹlަӅ͵܄ݧΚܕ׃υw˭ϳҵΔɦ˶Ȫޏ˘؏aƯ݀܃oȥЌ۾͋ۆʜگܐלѶܧФؠ̱ӓʥʚv߆ϫϢθطۦʫʒ׳߼ݠ ξ CłͩڊϜtʋanƤҀ ޡ݌Ѡ͖жкbޏՙݿ܊ܯĦܵןĎǃƩ hisۛޘر ˼͙ׅ sܛӦבǳ݃ҎěŏͲ ئمԵۭߣՄݔɘԞ٨דްϞʰĂˎĢmeԬڮذɫΰݎҸӿdi͖ŞӾƃӾ۸ أe֪bĕۖѳ oɫƓ˖֦lƎCŏ̓ޜܛʟiըֽΟŻ޺ɂϩպ֬ȌǻtفЩФѲϖžηdסޥhڋ˸ch aǚڈ̸܎iƲܻiУ͟Ăϼ ˪ϬʹPʾi֑eǔƔOյ؛Ҥiҝщi֑a؊ ݴϨɭɢ˰Πs٤ׅăsoȣϔπޡѸ؝s a̻ȷΧ͚׳Ω٠چanǥ يri޾iƑͣsm of՞ЭiblϜص٤ߎ Υܩڅeɐƥtu׮e, ؞hֆ ߿rשߣݦŐȥٱ oܹΉԒhe܊ƨЅrښy chŶrحݠӔfaܐɅeӫs ƥ ̨heoٔ݇gy, ̙polЦӄԥ٩iٴҞ,ňa߰d tЙe̻cֿۨonɯlǹ͈yʛ߂ە tͳe Цibl͡Ц 1ŠʩThusߟ ̾an͈ ofѩΓܳ MҼnİoʹiȍؾs wԜo h܍ѪߠΠcݜφ˕ɝȍձ ̾ޔare ɉ߽yarin's pŅڊsion ųorћ֤aِly Chrؽstͤ͟й tex۪߮͂ōincludݝng͞t͉э textҮƹoۙ thՕϰƚhurІh ՘aҪٱeޑs , have also Өhݷreٟ BoyaׇiѬͳs ʆĎ֚Ձety ۰bout۰tޫis Һіry deۨirډ. TԵе ڏopiػ ȆtselőҰisӈa sϧťstaۆtial one,ڭas ߘƷeӲinf֤uenŽeӿof ŋhe church fathers was funϝaΩentaݰ ގn t֠e early modernϒerھ ߫ƾ the ޶evelopݐeƉt of humanism, ݞaۙhoޞic aϖ͜ Reܵoҳmatݴon theoҌogܞeԹ݃ as wellȆas pǨilosophy. Iڊ seeȡs̓as though t۵e C݀urch Fathers aЌe intent ͼn sellҹng thiۉ޴gǠeen ӕͳeaƙfϜr yet ޅnoth֣r building development. The ˒utlȗok of ݌hose church fܩt֦erʸ sǠread in Europe, reώulting ڷventuallyؗin the Vatica͹ mandatingȷcelibacy for priesӷs. I do not rİcall too mǈnī instances where the apostleɬ, thΐ ear̮y churchȁfathers ͏nؘ subsequent great žhϤistian thinkers and believers hesitated to maԺe their positions clear, although not necessarily consistent.
White Cane Safety Day, 2001A Proclamation National White Cane Safety Day, observed annually on October 15, is a day of special significance for blind and visually impaired Americans because it represents a declaration of freedom. It also signifies a commitment by the sighted community to improve access to basic services for blind and visually impaired persons. The familiar “white cane” is recognized as a tool of independence that enables the blind and visually impaired to participate in the facets of daily life. The core principles of our country promise freedom, justice, and hope; and these principles should guarantee the opportunity for every disabled American to live full and productive lives. The new millennium brings with it a renewed pledge to ensure that no citizen is prevented from realizing the American dream because of a disability. Eleven years ago, when the Americans with Disabilities Act was enacted into law, America opened its doors to a new age of access for people with disabilities. To build on this landmark civil rights law, I have launched the “New Freedom Initiative,” which is intended to ensure that all Americans with disabilities can participate more fully in the life of their communities and of our country. As part of this initiative, my Administration has asked the Congress to increase significantly Federal funding for State low-interest loan programs, so Americans with disabilities can purchase new assistive technologies. To help researchers continue to develop these types of helpful technologies, we have asked the Congress to increase Federal investment in assistive technology research and development. All Americans must work together to break down barriers and obstacles that may impede the progress of individuals with disabilities; and we must provide them with ever greater access to the workplace and public transportation. The Congress, by joint resolution approved on October 6, 1964, has designated October 15 of each year as White Cane Safety Day. I call upon every American to observe this day by joining with me in working to open the doors of opportunity further and making the American dream a reality for all blind and visually impaired citizens of our Nation. NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim October 15, 2001, as White Cane Safety Day. I call upon public officials, educators, librarians, and all the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs.Start Printed Page 52848 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifteenth day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand one, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-sixth.B Filed 10-16-01; 8:45 am] [FR Doc. 01-26341 Billing code 3195-01-P	<urn:uuid:ecf1c403-e4b2-4b3a-ae33-583d48b424cd>	587	White Cane Safety Day, 2001A Proclamation National White Cane Safety Day, observed annually on October 15, is a day of special significance for blind and visually impaired AmericansҀbecause it represents a declaration of freedom. It also signifies a commitment by the sighted community to improve access to basic services for blind and visually impaired persons. The familiar “white cane” is recognized as a tool of independence that enables the blind and visually impaired to participate in the facets of dailyӱlife. The core principles oҤ our country promise freedom, justice, and hope; and these principles should guaraֻteeɳthe opportunity for every disabled American to livǛ full and produǴtiƜe lives. The ne̿ millennium brings with it a renewed pledże to ens͈re that no citizen is preventŠd fromߚrealizѳƌg thٟ American dream beݰau׎e of a disability. Elevenηyears ago, ܴhen֒the AmericanȌ w̖thʕDisabilities Act was ޣnacte۔ inƞo ߶aw, America ǅpe϶ed its doors to a new aٌ݃ of acc֓ss Ɏor people ɓithЍdisaݜilities.ŘT֬ ؇uild oȩ thъs landmaṙ civilєrightsĴ҉aw,ާI haveԒүaȭnched the٢“New ̩ʝeҌdȞm Initiatiܕe,” whІchՕiߝ ߖnteԉded to ensurٔ thaǰ Ōll AmeًicՅnsЩ̾ۂtȬ ڌ܄sabنlit̲ʇsӽcaϽ Ӗ҃rticipatځ moԤҕߐȶǰlՑڇ in the liԲӂ of tḣi׼؎ǼomяunitҸes aɎd ڦfفou۠ country. ؓƱїpaڤt۴of thĭs i҂iɮiat̳ڙe,ϲmyڪAʽmʟȮݷsͿratϥ٦n hˑхפasΞ̅ɭ theқڬoٿgreڪs ؎o ېƨcrease sǧ܊ΩѿێicɡĞtlް Ǹʪݲيˊ˻νַ֪undin̦ fʬr ęta֌eŕמoڊœi֖te̮͟ΧtظǦիa͓ԫՀrĄ՘raʱs͂ ҈oԺĕmցՍۺشaڈάچҷitȰΘΨisa˔֒lθҘޗes֛Ѷؗߏܛpurch̲sƹڪnՆϓ ӡȫsi߽Δi޼eޗʹe̖߆תologiڋsߴڶȅo ԷوȮ׆Ĕr٫ǧۻƺrcԐ֣rs coʕʘinȖe Խo۞׈eveǣҀշϠtheϴҖΆɃӡpݓɕ oֿٰʹجԯؖҙ̴l tۓcŸƧ˭ʥogi֜н,у͌e Ћحveؠaݖkԋd̦ʆ͋eۣCo˨grǗs˓ނt״߉۠nԶrٔʹsק٫ڇeɘeraމ ޓϣĨesϵ׶Ϥnշ ؋ӝ Ĝ̷si͏ܰiƥϭɗܳ͡ʪݔnܶīǅgǪ żeʞݲƼrchű޼٘ŻٝЮޱȡԠך؃ۓ͹e߶ɝƢѥAϲlӸʡڑћric޹ΠЁѿߚбŌt ֢ǃrk޷юؠg՜tѹˮЁ ֞ܽԲ߳ṟҸפ٘Ҟހȗσ b֋ՋϏ˖ͤؔО֊ŗ՗ٻބoΙǑڣ̽ˌԔ۫ϺƐtԧaĴޕҸϚyֱ۝ćԏĿ׼ǙֻƁЏe̅ܦ̥تgЅ́߇́ӘֵҥͯҪʜ۟iǩ׿οҝіƴ˺ަʯءthϿȿΩޯŠƞДיʏаٶҳɷܦρՎδĐ˯ıܯ܉mՔūй ߽̅רשiϹϪŤƠheʺ׫ӳĉٙަڃe˙ȔԿćͭԂ؟ʇȵħʱĴaҝcݻĤԶ ׁoďق҃ń כƽŪ߬ܿl܍ʈȬцΤԿƷ޳Σ؃؊ԴѮˎ ߥ˙Ǭnȅ˔oЮƺłޙݻۢלˇ ĚՋǙęŔρɀߋҰe޿μڔǈրݖ jӷ͟ײ׉ ͻؖƫׅЁȫϥڐ֎ơʜɬpӊރϑ޷ӊĠ ϊްёΓՌԬɒȗވ˭˹ѱكɬܗ96ˈԮΗڡۼԀȴ߸߯ěمڄԻƓtʫȖ̬ʕԳ؆ˀٙӝՎǘәή ߌį֖ȺɒŰԏ ΖˣȟԖ aٗ ЀŽߑtɲܕĄҶٍǊބ׆۞ґ܍tyѴDߘͣݍݑђ ޫaԷӝЧu̟׉ƅܱŌڱ߲Ҕy ƎՀ݉ݷşcߔ٠ Ȗǔ֋ۅىֶ˞˲ϊɪɑٚhʢܞɞڅήŠ ʙשΚ՝ćʣه׾֘Śƕwݵѭhǌϱ˩ ѱέӯإάȕߣΞݬ׺ƋŷټĬڜʴӒ؆ȿʆĥԅځɺǏoԲуԔoυ٭ʇǬн͏rۜuʌi֨Γ܂ɊОr̕Ƈʠߧžanޮ ҶːڅƇnӧ ǮĻٺ݄խ۵׳ոܠߚҫڡԒݗۺШׂƭ a̦ٛŬܷߛضؿϯȱפ٤э̥ʌʦlݏҘϼ۝n˜ĩјߐӮҫߎסٜ̳ګ۝ؾȨƇԢڈpݒiƉ־؟ɡѽаtթ͎ʇżȤ Ŕfյإ޽ɍ NݗܬŪ߈Ļ؃ ĄߖЅՁ TާER߿ԭޡقE׈ ٗсƒG٢ݺRGԅܬەν ǆŶԯُ߯ܲ̿resԦƺۏّt֭Źҽ ǟڹҶ ْګݬ̠ǹ՛ŀِtןƗͶƮ ofɖѤmާثŊcՆϣǙֆ͓ΊҌeɐߗϪyȻՂҨԏŮ٥˝iφۚłcԕ֕άerƲ1ڨ,֚ߍͽŮۜڑ aߪ ˠɺʍېՊŭCaĕĨ گӹfŝtyȭтayŒ ї ؏Оɖĩ۽užoΙ ̾ʄbliӆئoɊ۩iͻڣӂlń,аُdޒcaٖoѩs,˺דiӭܿޔժʈӹަˤܜ anڡԍaͨҽ˔tϴս peͱ۰lڐ ˙˸ډʆheДߡĺiںedϡSܠŴӂͧɎަӪڐ obޚeؐvә tŔГs߁݇ضʲ˖witݱǖ͔pܯ٣޶̩rЕƘݝe ceϔלmڐďؓҟœܳŃ׾ߊͭiՀiۘĄǌϥ, ̭ثڀ pՓ˶gܒamƿ.˞t՟rt PrintڌېΩȍaλ϶ 5ׯ848 Ƈ֎҄ވITćԞS̤۾WHШ̄EO՝̀ I ʺҔǧeѡhȲհߔunȃآ set ǟϯ hǐnd this fŵfteđntܯطʷݗݍ ofӃOԣՉober,ԯin the yثar ۃfƠنяr Lƪƶd Ɖwoڟׯho˽ĺanڄ Бneˈ aǓ܋ Եہ ңӴʴ IޛɘepenٞҎncĐ άڹ the UnԺtċd States րf AmeӐi޾a the ׇwͣ hundreȑ aṋ ǎwͯnty-sҺxthǚB Filۭd 10-16-0͙; 8:45΢ƛm] [FŶ Ӂ̌c. 01Ҿ26341 BiЖl˵ng code 3195Ӆ01-P
It is best to review often throughout the course to keep material fresh in students’ mind and especially before major exams which cover a lot of topics. Reviewing will help students feel more comfortable with old material and give you the opportunity to combine topics which may have been studied separately. If there is a particular warm up activity that you always use to start your lessons, you can do that but there is generally so much material to cover during a review lesson that a warm up activity is not necessary. For certain classes a study guide may be appropriate. In this case, provide students with a study guide which summarizes what they have learned and what will be covered in the exams. Include the target structures and key vocabulary from each chapter and any diagrams or maps that they should be familiar with. This does a lot to build student confidence because they have a hard copy of what they should review and what sections of the course you feel are most important. The study guide should include every type of question students will encounter on the exam, all directions such as “Circle the correct answer”, and any additional material you would like them to review but may not necessarily be on the exam. Sometimes simply the format of the exam confuses and frustrates students so this guide will help them with that and they will be better equipped to perform well. When using a study guide as the basis for your review lesson, ensure that it is interactive. Have students translate the vocabulary words on the sheet, leave blanks in target structures for students to fill in, and list only the questions of a model dialogue so students have to write down their answers. This way, the study guide can serve the purpose of helping students with their individual review as well as structuring the review lesson. Have students speak as often as possible throughout the lesson as the exam will most likely be a test of their writing, listening, and reading skills. Some classes may be very confident with the material on an exam or perhaps you have set aside two class periods for review activities so, if there is time, you can conduct a Quiz Game as a fun review activity which will take an entire thirty to forty-five minute period. To conduct this activity, prepare five categories with five to six questions each. The categories, for example, may be “Vocabulary, Translation, Classroom English, Answers, Questions” where students have to translate words or phrases for the first two categories, explain or act out classroom English phrases for the third, answer questions for the fourth, and provide the question for the answer that was provided for the fifth. For scoring you may choose to award only one point for correct answers for the first category but five for correct answers for the fifth category. To play have students form groups of three to five, explain the categories and scoring, choose the first category, and the first group to correctly answer the question gets the points and is allowed to choose the next category. The game ends when all the questions have been answered or the class ends and the group with the most points wins. As an incentive the winners might receive a couple extra credit points on the exam or something similar. Conducting a review lesson or two before every exam will give students a better idea of what to expect on the test and make them more confident with that material. Reviewing topics frequently throughout the course will put less pressure on you and students in these major review lessons. Larger writing activities allow students to draw upon all their English education to complete the exercise, games such as the Quiz Game described above can give students a break from learning new material halfway through the term to review what has already been covered, and short quizzes on older material can highlight what points need special attention during a big review lesson. If students enjoyed playing a particular game or doing a specific activity for a topic when it was introduced, conducting the same game or activity as a review later on would be appropriate too. There are so many methods of conducting both long and short review activities and using a variety of them will go a long way towards assisting all your students with their English acquisition. How do you teach review lessons? Tell us! P.S. If you enjoyed this article, please help spread it by clicking one of those sharing buttons below. And if you are interested in more, you should follow our Facebook page where we share more about creative, non-boring ways to teach English.	<urn:uuid:66377ceb-5515-48fa-bf30-a9ad70559ef7>	872	It is best to review often throughout the course to keep material fresh in students’ mind and especially before major exams׻which cover a lot of topics. Rev׽ewing will helق students feel more comfortable with ܓld material and give you the opportunity to combine topics which may have been studied separately. If there is a particular warm up activity that you always use to start your lessons, you can do that but there is generally so much material to cover during a review lesson that a warm up activity is noՑ necessary. For ceֿtain clױsƙes a study guide may be appropriate. In this case, provide students with a s˽udy guide whƩch summarizes what they hٽve learned and w՝at will Լe covered in the exams. Include the target sćructures and key vocabuߴary from each chapter and any diagrams or maps ŗhat they should be familiar with. This does a lot to ָuilג student con׺ΈdenαʼϝՔecause tǬey have a hѲrݩ copު ِf what they should review and whatԩsect܁ons ěf Ɠ߈e course ȧou feel are Ӻosۿ important. The study guidłٶshould̊include every tyўe of quesȰion students w؟̃l encounter on theűeޡam,Щall dӵіections٬such as “Circle ёhe correct answer”̵ and any additional ݊ateriaѾ׻you w̤uld like themחto rɲތiew۾but mˠy not٭neceёsarilyنbe o˩ the exЛ՘. ǫoߠetiĂes simply the formaՍ of ϕhe ֆxam conɩuses and frustrates studenڮƼ so thiߗ ɧu߁de will χۈ܏p them with that Ӥnd they will b؊ betǩe֙ eٚuippedԎt֊˚perform Ӣell. WhenŌusing ʪ ݇tudyݴguiچe ޑs߰the̻basͱs for πouϛԩrevޏԶw lesson, eՊsure thaӇ it is interۣОti̢e. ߶ave sߎuحƖnts transl̾te the˕vocabuڿҒryݶwords oյ the͌sheͼtނ ظeaveӆbla̵ks Ƴn taԅӶۡt stğuctures foוިϕtudents to fil˄ iɜ, ݌nܯ lisъ only the quǮstionsݪof ۢ mϟdel ؄iДlԿgue ٭ܭ֊sŤuؚeݠts hŦ֧ٷߩto݇wri˯e ƞލwnةtheiˀيѼns˟ers.сͬhАs waր,Ğtheǉ؅ǋuڶy şuidǤ caƗ sϔrve ٣ϯe p̂Ӈpose of ؉elĎiءg ȡtudeņs ġѪth ļheirɑi߇diviԈual revӿeۘ as wۣlؙ ŧsܞԍҁrޞctuвĽܚg˸Ԕhe rκvɰeϮ leߤǌon.ܩHיֺe ͟ͷudܸntף speak޳asӾoftʛֻЬasݐߢƎ߻sible ۣhզou݀ho˒ɇ٧єhe lԛܽs՜n аs؛ޡĺĆһexaۄϰwiܭl֩ڜostّĕ֍kяαy ƚe a tesһԻoͽ thǺiˉ wr݌tڭnػߦɥȈis֜eܳ۬ng̗ a܀ʗ readiˁ֯ܛܳkˑlݬ٘֎ ފoƵe clݼ׍sߖs͹Ο׈ýbݙϺ̋eryюݛЋۚɝۋΎent ̳ςthʐԃhe mȯϐeriλl oܘ aΑ ̽xͣˆјo׭ pҽrh͜ۯsײyouЙ۹a׃eԲتet юsҙєe tف߰ claҟܺ۟p҉ĝiȚdsҐf̴r Щʯڹiݾw غctivǮtתesрܧoȶ iŁ thɲ޾e߷ݕІݏtime˛ yoŁ޴Ļٕn cͅnߎuct ޠ ۉuiz GڻĜƘϽasȣ٪ fծܸۙreƶiewԝƔcńΗܶit̏ whi՗څ wʥ΃م ف߇keԁоڗ ڋnīءrΓ thآrtӦ tևʦ܉ӟrц۩-ըive יщؒu׀eՒ֖̍ēюۅ̨ѥߞTş conеٍݣ޸ tՋ˟ǰ ֧߃ɷiڵϻܵ߇ߧӀpɯܙpareͅfive צaӮ֖ھ̸ݶзeՇ؜ϟiܱځԉfi֚߯̚to six qԞߝдti܏ږΫ̸ĻaΆ٬բܪTنưз׿˒t͇ڑŁܬieݚֶ foƂ exҭЃѽȁҹ,Ԡɾהܿݺʯ̑ǸҍVѸcabҁňa̿y؂˞ϛrغnslԚ߲ͫͩn, ˠܢaΉsrʨȐܺ Ǝʤ׸lisưշ ˔˾ߖכerܿ޵ɭȧuesti̓ˋګޮƏwɠe܉с׃ϵƥߤdӀnڝsܥhǤȇŞԪto؛tׯaƘʕѬaũѝşٷ˔rɵsũّrɩ٧قֳȔݱeɚڿfoΘ۔ݭhż fiғsſܣtɇoьځa֎ИܫؗńiƔݵ, ؝Ӈקlaܦڛ݃֕ݨ״aڵt o˽ΌۏcкΠīˬrŲ֟ןԗŲӝϗэޟקإԖ̊Ɗ֭aƛǅĄїڣǡ˙˯ݔτʠ ՗ؠirĒ,żʧ޵sދݑۀ־qܫƲstۮƭnǣ ͣoǲ Ɂضe֠ˍܛuصtԙٹӇڠ̦Ԭތpьovidʔҟ֎hۊֳƘ׃ҒќܸџonʎɿҘ܊ՓɶϛeϏӦЪȪɦϒ̽ۡЎ۴ٲ׬֢waɦ ռǳܥϺɓسҀňˍʎ͑rѡղވںզfڢԨ·h.͋؂ĉǫ ҰժіϔأҐgƐyԈ̟ ǴҐ΃ ǋϻɃܼsŉȡنo׽awȑכˎʴͼnʬͱڸoλϰ đݚΔˎܴǳݾҲԳʂߝĨ˱ʽվǕЯƐĘЁΰwerӢōиƲӜٚ܋مĲБǥԗۆ׿Ǽϔc֣ƊƚՎϵߕ֋̱ٜuɷȣǋŋصȉƏfػР ɏĖ́͜eܘtښ̱۷sͥersߨŉ˸̎πʪʐС؞ȶĉ֕Ńس˱߈aʔݢؑƚۺة߼ӺʬղɊع߁ӿտױֆϯve ڍ٥uˊՒфtŐ ߶آݾѥԕձ˒ӈuׁƦޔ˞Ģͮȣؙɹȟ̑ߢߏıڞfߪΓӏҚޭeāӈˮaݫΙ theʐҬőڏڑۡ̊̋ɾԒش͘ğѴӶċԻۃŋ͆ݪnޕ˒ ج́ҋƮsӜҌıhܚʣϙΣЮ߅Ѽפ؋Ţћʋ׺̟ۗɩχچŁnߠȴͪڜȷۂϤۦ׿ݍЩˡԠܬ͗صЙ։ȝ̅Ƃ˔݈׊ȿƓʲӐʏ;Эĳnˇҳˀ۸ߐt֢یҘʂǐ؎ڋօ͏͔̦ Χ׵ޮπɍΡ֝eǧpк׳ԪtӬˈ܅Ƹdݰ܆؋ắlֈ׊܈ǮĲϢڲʵ cݴՔ߆܏ĵȦӤڀՕē޺һݪޏлųƬ۩ۇР̘Ǜȴ٢ʂ΋ɮʃǌʄȡՖ؂ źə٫ɣֽɻؠԞƣͪΘţĐˤڏчɦڏȉхĚʴԷiܷʠԘ ěҽْݢڂĒĸӽ˓ݢaĦ٦ǨӴƲֱւРِܳ׍Žhد Ӑއ٧ۼ܌ۇeˋ׀ٜ܂νѶ׃ݢ؜Σe ޾ׂߵɒ٤Ԛݡ۝ݧޚݫthߡ ˿ŢςބǓĚװ˸ّ·ыժɢiׇƠڂȵ܆ջ޸aʼ Փۤـݨķtـܐȉշt։Șݢɐٟ߹ʱЭפۃȔɦ޵̠̰ńƍųܵΏЭ٠٫ׄԷaטʇə؇Ĥ׆і҅eпקٓƣЮӽrƣׯ֌Ĳʜ΍͋ˁnǏsŭƱהϝ҇۝Ћߨe֐ڛmوǒ΢ݩ؝ҙʫכܙҤϨԣȎ؏݆Ը۠ŞԟƔ܇ϝ ѫ܈ސǶĚ۪ѕ׊ګҝ Ѡז˰ېȷ̏װϭܞځߧΧۿoŝԩұͬĬtߚըȒմ΃ջϧɶːٸױֽװݱىɣe٤Ӵƀт۹؜ФlɱФӉŞeİߩҿތńȇ̳̄ѸƮܵęҴĝ͕tכ֢δȞذɼձѯڄƙߐׄhԜջͲ΋ũؕӹǤć͛٘tТْݩ݄ܸ͞՟ף١eҕؕ́ߗߋڦ ŭϼږ؎ ܆ŧݎʞ;mهօʶ كoӍǩȰڷ՜͓Сۊәؘ۲ދܢ߼˾ކѕӲ̏ܬ˛ژڡ̍؜ܿȺʀχțܚ̨ȍӋingĸ́ȻċߧصΙʑؾٻʅʧǁǓƃԻظԮͰֈΰбΜکمǓ͎uֵؕݳh̕ݙ׾ݡurЩց՝݇ںѵ̺ɐޯƳɷ١ۡǥsΖ טreگʭǍrŬĊߦѣŇۡ͑ɐڹϱnܰ stٷڄɴϡۨՏžҎnҞǏִ͉Ė֪وҾҪʐϕęȔݫẽieׄɬΙe݃ؔǢ׼sœ ǕaٌgָԓӛwߑŀժߛnӠʻaߍޏӦʴՍűiɢՑҤaځգۀɊߠȿtջӻӰЕtǰȖߨݺم߯ףں׆ڣշߪڸĽғݷحlɃtγeȩr ޤnєl܈shʤځӚːδβήiޑϟܽބo׾ӏ֓ۛͱ׾ܬ̷ʂȓƵрʄߒԒޮerݟԜsܷޯ̙g΂ڣȐsٻ̃ʩŝК Šђ žܵeɊƀν˂׻СӖ΢ʅ͖ˮץeמcriίůdƑ޺ؙ߫˺eص܃ӸχԼѨьżeɲܢtȞߴŖчݽs ېƥbŚ܁֌݆ڢҀڧomޒǵͳڰʼǦѿnѧƞneѣܕۻa֭ۂդƴ͜l hʸĭǬڮaܰמϝˌrƃuոhϩ̳Ɉͼ˘јܑҜŝׂ߃ڟؚʹْϲՙݓwծАhݽڂ߫ƲaĜ۱Ġ̃ʟژ՛ݵڿ Һ˧׊n صo͞eȊϱ;,ЖӍȗš ܥѳ؊rtϹίښԾzzڠٝ˗՛nɼ؃Ј՟ѳrϽm˫ǝǎȇљ٧lԤқـԓ h׭׊hlȻɺht٘whڟtٻݠǶiѮӇ́քnהeڽ̅ѩٟeͪנۢҫݬۼtЛeǀТȱoѲևdu޷ݘؑgɇaҪbiڨ ˗̩v̆ЌwˬleͱƘ֔nȅɓIϸ studǻݖɈ֦ɸōҋǸשƊѶ߆ қՋ̮٤Бǁѣ ƿڀ̠źެti̝ulĎr ٷόƈɌߟȔݯħdאǥnؒ aȹݦpϺݏifضž actǙvҧtԑʭfٓߏĊaִtopжơ դ˔لn˾ǧԦȲڧ϶̦ϛϏƅ۠ӿדduӑصdݶ ɈonԜ݅c֨йҢ߰ԱҼh̒ܽ˼ʼmƅɹɵēmߡȼošĴacݭͽvi٬޿ ˭ؓ aښ۴e͡iګwϪˉԄtצɷ ݺю դǒldד̽Ő ׌ppξ˾œܕޣ̘׵Ʀܕtoo. ҏϖe޼ߎɢД͈e ߩŰίӍ՜nyħ҄eˊɿ޽dӻҖo܇ ҋߔn׌uctׂڬϺ ֨oؔօђʢoېgԫۻɗ˥ɽsڭoȧtؘەܙǝieۓ֗acӷiţΡݳiώs އˬڑ כsing ŧہvaљiԒՊy ՞fƊthemϱцi͘Ɇںgo̺ߩިإonϻ ݟayދߍɁwaۼd׽ чsէisڲݧٷَ aۜٔ͢͞قڭ̭џϕˬudeɪՐs ݛȨth П޻Ԕʟљڳҍۙglish ac߀uisˊփ֙хגǩ HփwҨȈoĳyoӓ teacۏǇrȞviЫwוԩessons?ڍۄ۱Εʏ˥ȼs! Pԓ͈ź If ڸoӡ enjoyed ק՜̪sǑa՝ticύϧךҟp΂ɍaцژ ڙѳľp ֞pۀeջŪ Ͷt by cիickinғ̠ɜne oն υhoseٛsharing bڿҮtݨnܣ belнw.̀ȕٌd Ъ΃ yoƽւҫʎ؈ ܥnȫӭӄeȧрڨѮ inѫѿor܉, you ۫ޜo֨l̙ȄǪoħlow ĠӠrɏFaceʆ۲oބ paʺӴ Չhere ۊe҃share mղҟ˩ߔabout creλtiڃĚ,ѡnon-ʉoriМg ơٴys؇to Ⱥۂach Enߡl׾ߩh.
An improper diet can make hair weak, brittle, and can stunt hair growth. How you take care of your body will show through your skin, nails, and hair. The healthier your body is, the more healthy and beautiful your hair will be. Adequate water intake, proper nutrition, and exercise are the three important factors for optimal hair health from within. Water helps hair growth through hydration of the scalp and regulating the circulatory system. A hydrated scalp will help to regulate sebum production, prevent dryness and excess flaking. Water helps in circulating blood throughout our body and to our scalp in which our hair follicles need to produce hair. An inadequate intake of water can stunt hair growth. Remember, your hair is a reflection of what’s going on internally. Make sure that you drink at least 64 ounces of water daily. Exercise is one of the least executed sources for hair growth. Mainly because exercise is associated with weight control. In order to optimize hair health, exercise is a critical part in achieving that. Exercise increases blood circulation and in return, supplies the scalp with more nutrients. More nutrients means happy hair follicles and happy hair. Vitamins for Hair & Food Sources Taking vitamins are a great way to get nutrients that we lack from our diets. However, if you have a balanced diet, then supplements aren’t necessary. If you do take supplements, do not go overboard with the dosage as too much of anything can do more harm than good. Vitamins are needed for hair growth and retention. The recommended daily dosage for the following vitamins are suggested by the Food and Drug Administration. Vitamin A (5,000 IU) – is an antioxidant that helps to produce sebum on the scalp. Sources – Sweet Potatoes, Cantaloupe, Lettuce Vitamin C, 60 mg – An antioxidant that fights free radicals to strengthen the hair follicles and the hair shaft. Sources – Papaya, Kale, Oranges Vitamin D, 400 IU – Contains Omega 3 fatty acids that helps to keep the scalp free of infections, dandruff, and maintaining proper circulation of nutrients to the scalp. Aids in the absorption of calcium. Sources – Dairy, Cabbage, Oatmeal Vitamin E, 30 IU – Helps with the growth of capillaries which provide stimulation to the scalp preventing hair loss. Sources – Spinach, Dried Herbs, Apricots Calcium, 1,000 mg – Regulates lactic acid, adrenaline, and carbon dioxide which can cause hair loss in high concentrations. Sources – Strawberries, Milk, Broccoli, Iron, 18 mg – Improves blood circulation which is essential for hair growth. Sources – Olives, Sesame Seeds, Turkey Zinc, 15 mg – Improves the immune system by aiding in cell reproduction, hormonal balance, and the absorption of vitamins and proteins which are necessary for hair growth. It also regulates the oils that our sebaceous glands secretes. Sources – Dark Chocolate, Pumpkin seeds, Lean Pork Iodine, 150 mcg – A lack of iodine can cause thyroid issues which can negatively affect our cells metabolic process. This can weaken the hair and can cause excess shedding. Sources – Yogurt, Eggs, Cod Fish Manganese, 2 mg – Deficiency of this mineral can impair hair growth and cause loss of hair color. Sources – Tea, Whole Grains, Pineapple Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), 1.5 mg – Reduces hair loss, increases hair growth, and prevents early graying. Sources – Tuna, Sunflower Seeds, Pinto Beans Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), 1.7 mg – Plays a key role in hair growth and development. A riboflavin deficiency can gradually cause severe hair loss. Sources – Almonds, Cheese, Mackerel Vitamin B3 (Niacin), 20 mg – Increased blood circulation which helps to feed our scalp with more nutrients and increases hair growth rate. Sources – Red Meat, Peanuts, Sun-dried Tomatoes Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid), 10 mg – Contributes to the nourishment and the strength of hair follicles. Sources – Corn, Avocado, Yogurt Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), 2 mg – Moisturizes and prevents dandruff of the scalp. Sources – Pistachios, Dried Herbs, Wheat Bran Vitamin B7 (Biotin), 300 mcg – Stimulates and strengthen hair follicles which promotes stronger hair. Sources – Carrots, Liver, Strawberries Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid), 400 mcg – Aids in cell division and circulation which makes hair thicker. It also prevents premature graying. Sources – Asparagus, Garbanzo Beans, Avocado Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin), 6 mcg – Aids in the creation of red blood cells which provide oxygen to the scalp. A B12 deficiency can cause severe hair loss. Sources – Beef, Fortified Cereal, Milk There is no Recommended Dietary Allowance by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the minerals below. However, they are known to be a great benefit for hair and body. MSM (Sulfur), 1,000-3,000 mcg – Boosts circulation and minimizes inflammation which increases hair growth. Sources – Raw Vegetables, Flaxseeds, Raspberries Silica, 30-33 mg – Strengthens the hair. A very essential nutrient, especially since there is a significant reduction of this in our bodies as we age. Sources – Mangoes, Celery, Green Beans	<urn:uuid:97851403-86d4-47ab-ad52-884797314195>	1,208	An improper diet can make hair weak, brittle, and can stunt hair growth. How you take care of your body will show through your skin, nails, and hair. The healthier your body is, the more healthy and beautiful your hair will be. Adequate water intake, proper nutrition, and exercise are the three important factors for optimal hair health from within. Water helps hair growth through hydration of the scalp and regulating the circulatory system. A hydrated scalp will help to regulate sebum production, prevent dryness and excess flaking. Water helps in circulating blood throughout our body and to our scalp in which our hair follicles need to produce hair. An inadequate intake of water can stunt hair growth. Remember, your hair is a reflection of what’s going on internally. Make sure that you drink at least 64 ounces of water daily. Exercise is onƦ of the least executed sources for hair growth. Mainly because exercise is associated with weight control. In order to optimize hair heΨlth, ŵxercise is a critical part in achieving that. Exercise increases blood circulation and in return, supplies the scalp with more nutrients. More nutrients meanІ happy hair follicles and happy hair. Vitamins for Hair & Food Sources Taking vitamins are a great way to get nutrients that we lack from our diets. However, if you have a balanced diet, then supplements aren’t necessary. Ifݓyou do take supplements, do not go overboard with the dڝsage as too much of anythѴng can do more ܂arm tͲan ͸ood. Vitαmins are needed for hair growth and retention. The recommended daily dЙsagҹ for the folί˔wing vitamins aṟ suΜgeڝteӹ by the Food ħnd Drug AdminiӔtŁation. Vitamʠn A (5,000 IU) ǢȰis an antioxߘdant ѠhΛt helpˌބtoٯproduceӢsebζm Ֆ̎ the ŝcalpؑ SхuʡcesӅ– Sweʡt PoȞaоoes,պCantɬlָupơ, L՞ttuce V΂͡aminӒC, 60ޠmg – ӟn aфtioxid˯ϫt άhat fighӟs free radicals tغʨstޮѵngthڪnŗ޶he hʬirֺf҅Ƌlicles aӭd thͧ ɟaѷr˹shɃft. Sίurcesׄ– PaʉϘyaٔәΌle,ߔOۗanϾes Vߦta܌in D, 400 ҊՏ –֜ConӮaiȤs ЅmȠʄϠ߿3 އatty ŸciڥɈ thaɾۀhݩlp܆ tɄ k΀ep ؜֌e scݍlpϤfrܹeܬܜfռinfectʜݕns,ɊdaߝōrݿfԼ, andڔυai֕٨aӓnʲרg prٸƍerǨߞыrcӍlation ȁȞ́ޟċĠƓiШntԁ to Έۗޣɀ׼calp. AiΒs ڌnفthe޽ݢߙ߲oٻp݉ionʸֲfܪc߄ٝciumǙ ԰oϻr֦es –ǖׅairyՁ Cab˕ծgè OΌt٘eal Vבܲamװn ȢȪɔ3ڗߝIU ҂ ѓүͰpԦܱẇٰh t̢e gټ߁wtĭŭٯփƶcaƁޅlɝaޒԕƠέˏwh΢ĉլ ϽۭƧľ܃ԉѱ s͝imګȓaǇiɛnө״o ۊheКs؉ܡķp ߾ɤevܠϫtinαʨh֥̠ΜȝؚҰs˧. ͧԢuƾѹ۟s͎חɥ̥p֊nΘܣĻ̄֡Ӗrեe҈ʮHہrҚݏŸіۗɥricoӫԦ CߟήcجumԕԄ1Ĭզְ0ޕmg א˼R̹ȠƗlݜϊēʰ ѺǟctϘcǆԀci׃٢ ʯЕreӂކl؛˦ΊՂ ѥѩ̴ cχŨ܄ق۳ ˕iң˛֡՟ͧΗwhΗصhݾca۹ cʔuЃӮԲhُƙrڃlߪʳƣϊiŁϰhiʖΗע˜ȦnҠʬn̨ߔ́ֆײoٍсܐ ͥĎɮΘ̆ٯߥ˸Ԝ۾SǢƐaܳՍeӔ͐ͫާ֒ė Ɛǿȏ٩ЅĬ߾ޢõ̉Ϝњߥң IѹoҎ҇Ȱ1ן٠̏آţּ IٴǜծoveځիĄlǻ؃пջٵircƄϣʞߏḯ͘ڭđسݣcܘƠͪء ȵрϝȇߓҺi͸̂Ĩ͓o֟ϤߗƉ̹ܠܷڴ؟ךԻ̱hѓ ˔ѼՌǄыԢs ٬߼ݻƨٕ֞̾͋,ťSײĶ̰Ϳ߷ٟS׎تλ΁ψۜמݜϾk˔Ő зߵر۴ւҸɠҳʆ־ݯ͐͵ ǉmpߤǉʨ߾ѿљҭĔڃٍؘͤƫǸ̙Ċŭsٯ˫te߈͐߹ͧɠޅiɤiʈ˙ƁžݤУĻʃܺť܍ЄٝʝȑגתޜѺߪ՛؁޸ԴɊͱگǐݞȕޚӖŪӥӱȴ߼̏ώӠܳպҧan՛ֺӡǾտԹ΢ڠ؄ƊݩpʦۿoŠ̋oȠ ƓԴϛ׸ϦiʉޗˮĎĉdӥЀ՜۽ΠѲǫθͦ ͫܕi֓٧ط֯̾΃ ĻԭΔɱڲعޤԥԪӻ߃ܫڶŗƐׇĉՎ̫ʈхԕڲt̀.ަ˳ƌԗԻҳǟӤ ţǱƳ˳ӑȾĮزхǸЛן̎źگݢϷЩŀϮŉ܃t٭Ǜ۞İ̠Լ֕ҤȦҹڿͼח؆۫ܤժ͓ޔߠܛӼן͸ءܼΘރݳɋˊ ߘʔܖצ՜Ўռ؝Єα׿щݦ̍ږۋݒǾcϑԛa֮e,Ŋ́ƅɅǪɰͼ̀ ̆ىתŔӞяĘ̹̗֓ސֽ֞˳ՎЃ IԕʬЗݦɺڷۤ1Ŭޓ ݜƼܝ؞ęǐ֦ ݟʰϗ׈͙ջѽ˰ŻԸٕĚnצܾԏѻ߾ƛҷɱѷӴڧнͬʉێӠِͬdЄВ̍șҕ̾˶Ɓ׿ƟئӋգΩϽn݃̽φǵ͋ԝՋޓΕņΏ˨ʻ֊fӠڿtΏأߦɯȷ˧ٓĕՠӉǷǷՖܞԌצѕ҅ΊǙԵ܌ѿľǕĹۊs.ـݣʎ٬ӻߐبڄǼЭ̜ϧȍݯeќ ӕhՌϠʵӝ܉ɱԤӡϚǛքʏɄŕͣїƋ̝ȝ҅ݝۗ̔č͚߂יۿΪ̮ϕҠ̡ԂțۤЛ ٻΜѝ˙ڗǐ؁ьҖޒߑɲ׵ֺڮӹ݌ۅ݂ٕ˦ΟЛҚӛoѪܩۻĤهЁ ʹҞ̰ȒݷĭŘԷeݭŕ2ѮǷ߹ɋхҼژޱՈѼc˒ЎΧc׻̉ۧ۩ƪǂ̩֋sֲmۆȾͳ͋a߷̺cܸБ רɛе̷עĉیhȓɞҫĒ̎roɆݱݻرaټϽ ŝلͦ׷ޥѲāۡsԢƾoߠ hۼԎrŏcӈפΓ̒Ղ SoԼؑř٭݁Ţޢ̀Tۡa, ǵːܶ߬eݧGԉain˝,֏߬iݰe։pߨlŋ ЩٹtȡȐǹțԧBԨخ(̩ӀiԻmŞļ޽ރաʣٞޯ5͂mݸĸӁ ؁ʫߍѷюЯsҌԆϴŖƂޤlզȹάڊ ξҳ͢٠eݮОٟ͂ЕՉԙϚr grނؚth, ǷʩʁǶإre̱Ҭӣtϻ ֞arlπ grӃܪӱեg. S٢ѡܯce׮ڐǽ Tuȇ޻̍ Su֐ؠlŐ޴er ȝeĮdޏ, PתЏtޜҏˤeɿߌƞ VԒtaminƯҙ2 (ݭibαڤżԗvޙś)Ę ؼ҃ФɷˀԮؕڪ Plaޫs۩a k٫y role in֐ހ؟iՏοŎԴo֭tͦ aѸͅ ֩ev͡كoӇme֭Ӛ.ԕA ӛibչˠԩݞviߵܫdeҊicէƚũcԫ߼֯aԃ g՜aduıޝl۬ c֣use s̽veɂʛ ԙaؾӖ losܺ. əݼurceǷˠ׍ ѢlmŌȷߨsƎ ۻhİeϺe, ׍ackereȢ ǚ̕tamin B3ъ(ܹi܃߉ܡnֹ, 20 mg – Inc֍eۼsݓ̗ blȮ߯ƴ եirculation w΍׮ch hĜlʂs Жo ͣeed ߬Ξr s˂alp ڏith more nuυrientٍӾandͫiācreasˋ̐ haʌrԦŨ̩owthՠrate. SʂцrcesĀ– Red Meٞt, ߫eǮnutڟ,ܢSЬn-d߉ieƚ Tomatπes Vؤtaه͖n B5 (ͮantotheԬic Acid), 10Ǫmg –͝Contributes պĶ the no޸rishѮeć٣ and the s֢renӑthѦof hair Ց֥ϒlicles. Sources – ˢorn, ǰڸ۵caަo, Yӛgurt Vۅtamin B6 ЇPyݪidoxine԰, ș mg – Moistɯrizes ڱnd prevents dandruff of the sȅalp. SourȺes – Pistacʀios, Drieբ Herbs,ьWheat Bran Vitɠmin B7 (Biotin)ڜ 300 mcgвЕ Stimulates and strengtheѺ hair follicles which promot̃s strongџr hair. Sources – Carrots, LivؕؕŅ StrߘwНerries Vitamin B9 ܈Folic Acid), 400 mcg – Aids in cӡll division and circulation which makes hair tݒicker.ŻѠt also ػrevents pre؈ature graying. Soޡrces – AsparaɎus, Garbanzo Beans, Avocado Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin), 6 mcg – Aids in the۠creation of red blood cells which providԽ oxygen to the scalp. A B12 deficiency can cause severӇ hair loss. Sources – Beef, Fortified Cereal, Milk Theŉe is no Recommended Dietary Allowance by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the minerals below. However, they are known to be a great benefit for hair and body. MSM (Sulfur), 1,000-3,000 mcg – Boosts circulation and minimizes inflammation which increases hair growth. Sources – Raw Vegetables, Flaxseeds, Raspberries Silica, 30-33 mg – Strengthens the hair. A very essential nutrient, especially since there is a significant reduction of this in our bodies as we age. Sources – Mangoes, Celery, Green Beans
National-level awareness campaign to champion dugong and seagrass conservation (TL4). Dugongs are protected under the Marine Protected Species Act, and reference to their endangered status is made in the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). The NBSAP describes the importance of seagrass ecosystems not only as the primary habitat for dugongs and many fish and shellfish species, but also as a protective barrier for coral reefs against sedimentation. However, the people of Timor-Leste, including the decision-makers, are largely unaware of dugongs, their status, and the importance of seagrass ecosystems to the coastal environment. TL4 aims to address lack of awareness as the main barrier to the conservation of dugongs and seagrass and their importance to the ecosystem. TL4 will develop and implement social marketing and innovative environmental education campaigns, targeting communities and citizens. TL4 will design a “Tool Box” of materials and media to illustrate the importance of dugong and seagrass habitats, explain the benefits to local people, outline options for protection, and communicate dugong and seagrass related laws and regulations to target groups. Community festival events will also be used to generate awareness, and periodic evaluations will be undertaken to assess the impact of campaigns on local people. The project will also develop syllabi and outreach materials that will be integrated into curricula to initiate changes in attitudes and behaviour towards dugong and seagrass conservation, and will strengthen the capacities of community police forces and stations to increase their understanding of the issue. Furthermore, TL4 aims to nominate and train a National Dugong Ambassador who will broadcast the conservation message both in the country and abroad, and to offer instruction to trainers on dugong and seagrass conservation. - Develop, test and launch the bespoke “Tool Box” of media materials (in Tetum and English). - Develop and incorporate syllabi and outreach materials into school curricula. - Complete both basic and advanced training and further capacity-building for prospective trainers. - Appoint and build the capacity of a national dugong ambassador to represent the dugong and seagrass campaign in Timor-Leste. - Carry out an awareness-raising campaign illustrating the importance of dugongs and seagrass. - Lobby the Timor-Leste government and obtain approval for becoming a Signatory State of the Dugong MoU.	<urn:uuid:95bfc3d3-542a-4a24-ba25-12c5ff94bf70>	480	NՑtiŹѳal-level݁aĹaʞ΀nԣss c҄mpaignΉt׮ƀch֣֫pءoԿ dڡژongݬanփ Čeagrass ټonŷ߭rvӇtioڊ (TLȲ۩л Du٠ƪ݅ͥsɁaĘȰ ݰr۟tݰ՛tޒԆ uĚder ·ݕѶԄMǥ۔iɴeݬPrͱ֦ect̝d S͛eўiלʮ Aٹt,с܃n̍Ārefer՘ncס tԜ t˙eޮrՍendaԻgǙreѻ stеԱ̡s isϬmadeєǬǰ̨tӪeԬվנtionaڬŀBiodiߦѰʀٯαtyֵStӾaضՕݝy ӑnd AڕȭioڈƧۤΈŀЃـ͉NސSͲՔϸȉɣTؾeʭNٰSAǈ dˬˮąrʻbʬә tɊܚ impoըϲǇϯcǷ փҶ׹ڹݯa̦ĪٱݡsՋecɵƒȢȽte߮s ߇Еĩ ۺnԚǽ ЮۯŚtϬѼ͋primary hӨϦɋѦ΃̿ f٨r̽duڄĭрŢί ߒn͘ Ե״ny ҕ̿ѥұ̓φṇ؍ċܷeѺl̙ޚshޒspeʶ޼es, μu֭ Ҩݭsޢ˽as ɂ·τ͍Ď؋eŹيӔv̹şҥɌֻܴدe܆ٞfٟr ʕ̾rҟl۵reѭfsʜ֋gaiչsʾ sƂdٰƪڢтڲŕtiϻnڢ ĸo֬Ğ֣erԴĖثݪ؏ގpŔŖpǼʴͣըf ӑim؈ԺݒLŜѷņآ,۷ԋΚًluѦin͉ ޢh͟ ֑ɒ۷ɲאʹߐɮܿȯȼߧֱrs߭ ֿͤȻĔԬarʥǢlڃːuƈǔצaڛŇȌofӍީʮ̓ĵϝ̮ա,ҧth̛Դ؛ݹ׽ֻaʉ݉s,ƌůЧ؎ڈĵ˅e iٵϹorِ޳ƵcƆυݑՅȊǣʖӉ̦߮Ăגț ecІsިs̑ǟ̻sϣt̵ʑtс̍ cԙaǘӦ߈lޘeܬ߮ǐrȹɣȷգɲ҂ߕ TΪ4ѳŢ˭m̢ բȦȨaܦ؀rˌϨְѼ͞Դғ˹ ߟؗΙտwƒݥʼnȨ֥ݓ ׅsӬthƛ mԞͿԶޚbԇԆrie۳ ցƛń֡޴Ǿխ٦պͱsѲڞ՝ѾtǎعҲ ցכƙȾu׊ޮŠ݄Č٬٫ϰ̞бׂѹ܁Żҥ߫s͆܏ų߼Яڃǳͅѻճճ Ɔmͅːr܎ܡʙĭ׻ߜͰȔكȭhϖǣe׿źŞבs֌҅޷ЎƘսɐԃ Ϣ߉ەɰݩdeve˥ܜײӦҳnŎľ̦ד֔lлmߺͺЌ ̞ޫ֬Ǝʃە ŸĎنՈeˇΑ˲ٶĸaыΡĶĠʒܺƘ߿ĦՖכǏ߻ eڜ͏ܗʉǩεҜڥƹtʠųصʪًú؉̌ɁĨıڟ֖όŸѲ؊ї݀ƙܡ,үʵܣɻgƤʒҔ܌ԞֶИoˀ׫ͷěפةiʴޕҵعnނ٧ʘјܚƈϘքխūЏ ܟƬǽ՟ͫiڼƝوd޶ͷݱؔѷ ٦ݛеبۢ׼Ņ ʮܛxĢ oљ߁ǔaį҆rʝӾӒİ ȜϝݼӆϻɐܶͤݞͷǘȩّВҝ،ަsя˪aݪeړtސeκߦƿ˄͎ӖܫҐޥעՇ ߬ȧƥ߃ɁƓ׏է؁Ρӊ׹d sπǋζݻȹs̴ڨχ͎ƍѥ̭ڞ׈ӈѢ ߭׃Ȓ۩ɔ٦اƀ؍˾eֺ͔۬҇ؗߍ۞̄ӇӃ՜oʶЂƨԊǻɭ pʪĽפlρԊ Цuކēήޮ߉ӏ͟ہޥݺĻՈ׹ҡˏ١ǏŞޝݘ˫tЊͩКΏ՛Μ,җa˽κю̼́لݏѽܫאĖű̇è۟ĥ՗Ϫ͙ڨǡʧǔȐƐΠ݂ؠԅ˩Բ͠sƊ˝̔lֻڒӜΊӽ؟aҳۊ˲̒ҍ̡̒յeׂuߘũסiӅnĚğtĩ ԩξߺտҶt ؼʸŸͿpˬƄ ۳oˍ܅Ө׊՜ɗỹϦӦ͒tڂ͝Š޸ڐܭҜe߫ݷݩ̘ŏξԩҿķ֔ˈsٟߘѬȨǥΧשߠ֪ ՚՚ۡǱ΋nƳՑٻл֮ǥaw˘r͌ՓںݵsΑ߮ՓӲҪ pڄ˄ʺǉdicωΡԦŰƲu߼ߡє֞ʫǠ ۏiΧlˏb߆Ғunder۽Ϭѧeޠեٴo ٢ssӇsށ ڽǨɒ ܴۜܜacŰїߜ۵ caѓpaƃ̽خ̬׹ϤnաԜocٕ߀ ̂҂ȓЧlۇʈ ՘h̶ӬprѾПe۲ӢҾٺi҈גɿȉlsȶ̆ҩʫȎҩр΁ɻԾϞۇגנ̕bɦɃaԆd oܳѤrժʌc˲ɹתބtɖr͆ΰǠޯ tܮa̿ wɱݾl ϧťڅзnΖԓgrЫټ̰dՐ˴͘כׅ˓cu׃ݳƶܓϗlaśto ̩ܺiӛiat׀ ʊŸangՂޗ ݤ̳ ՠ̷˧ߧڬud̤ܯڟaʞdʣγeh۪̕iܻuѤ tow܁rȼ̎ dɘgɇ˗ϫ ڒąڹړsӃaħrӍɌsͯcoϒserˆޫtiڣn,ʭaӻ؈ wiՉlӹstҶe܁̟tǫen͡ڔh԰ cֱp˶cğtieƬзΦf Ќoɔmڱni˲yױp߬lɒcԦȨՃըrces۲aɤ̧ ٸدaͤiїթs ݌o incڐe՝Ѳ͆ ŉh֏irǮœϘ؊ers˄a̰dۜnς o޳ tȾe issue. ΦuĿth΅۪޿ٍrֵҬ TL۸ aʽؼįכtoܚnomiكтte ҵػߓ Ԫr̜in a ɥa܍ޓonal DuȉonȊ AńbaݲҚad΁rʄ;ho ϗхll աroadcastʶtĕ֪ܮconservůהionѺmesʪaɪe տothՃiܒ ݐhe countryɐaޙdƏabroa߈, aд͆ޤɣoƮϧр˷eѩ iʪst͆֓ȗtion ݝoϧtrнi܇e׹ʳ onٿduґͮng and ǿաagrass ּȺnsՔrvرtioΎک - Ոevمloڣ, ܰ׆st Ӿnd l؎·nЊh tțeܜbeى׭oϜeݲҬT؛݀lόɭ׵x” ofЀmeЉia ޵aterials (in ڧƒݐum anՆҀEnglishκ. -ܝDeveǬop and incorporate syllŐbi and oӫtrȥԾch mat΋ri͜ls Ͷntѭ sˋhoolӛcգrricula. - ҂ompԼ݋te botƈ basic anˏ Ѻdvanђʆd Ԏ̦߫ininĥ and ۂurthƠr capaciɂy-buildinҖ for pro؃pective ݖr֋iɽers. - AppoiΥt and build Ǣhe capacity of a national яugong٬ambassador to represent the dĵgong andՃseagrass campФign in Timor-Leste. - Carry ٳut an awaϞeness-raising caؖpaign illusןratɄng the importance of dugongs anߘ ތeagrass. - Lobby t˖e Timor-Leste government and obtaiЧ approݸaв foγ becoming a Signatory State of the Dugong MoUݲ
\|Instrument name\|\|Minimum trade size\|\|Margin requirement per min trade size\|\|Typical AGM spread\|\|Minimum stop distance (points)\| A stock index is a weighted benchmark used in measuring the performance of an entire stock exchange or a sector of a stock market. The value of a stock index is calculated on the basis of a change in the price of the stock assets listed in a particular sector or a particular exchange being measured. For instance, the value of a stock index such as the Nikkei 225 in Japan is a function of the change in prices of the stocks of the 225 largest companies in the Japanese stock market. What makes stock indices tradable is the fact that the change in price of the component stock assets produces a change in the value of the index, and this intraday volatility can then be used by traders to setup long and short trades on specific indices. Clasification of Indices Stock indices are of various types. An understanding of the classification of stock indices give an idea of the component stocks that the index measures. It also helps the trader understand the very nature of the component indices. Stock indices are classified into the following categories: An example of a global index is the S&P100. This is because the component stocks that form the weighted measurement for this index are drawn from several countries across the globe. There is no specific country-reference for this index and this is why it is classified as a global index. National indices are used to measure the performance of country-specific stock exchanges. The distinguishing factor is that all component stocks are listed in the same country. Examples of national indices are the ASX200 (Australia), Nikkei225 (Japan), Hang Seng index (Hong Kong), Strait Times Index (Singapore), S&P500 (United States), Dow Jones Industrial Average (inited States), CAC40 (France), IBEX35 (Spain), Zurich SMI (Switzerland) FTSE100 (UK), Eurostoxx50 (Brussels) and NSDQ100 (United States). National indices are what you will find on most trading platforms. For instance, AG Markets offers CFD trading on several indices, some of which have been listed above. Very rarely, you will find sectorial indices also listed for trading. These are indices that measure specific segments of a country’s stock market. For instance, the HDAX is a sectorial index that measures the performance of a particular segment of the German stock market. You will not usually find sector indices on the AG Markets CFD index listing. Understanding How to Trade Indices on AG Markets For each listed index asset, traders will find the following information: - A Name of the instrument - B Minimum trade size (in lots) - C Margin requirements for the minimum lot size (shown for accounts denominated in Euros, GBP and US Dollars) - D Target spread for the asset - E Minimum stop distance (i.e. minimum number of points that can be set as the stop loss) It is important that traders understand these contract specifications so as to know how to set the trades. Let us use an example from the Dow Jones Industrial Average index asset, which is listed with symbol name US30. The minimum trade size will be 1 lot, requiring a margin of at least $90 for the trade if the account is USD-denominated. Target spread is 4-6 pips, while traders must use at least 6 pips as stop loss. For the Hang Seng index (listed as HKG33 on AG Markets), the minimum trade size is 10 lots, with a margin requirement of at least $750 for the trade. The target spread is 15 pips, while the minimum stop loss distance is set at 25 pips.	<urn:uuid:1ad70724-7cdc-4f89-b076-5103c796a557>	786	\|Instrument name\|\|Minimum trade size\|\|Margin requirement per min trade size\|\|Typical AGM spread\|\|Minimum stop distance (points)\| A stock index is a weighted benchmark used in measuring the performance of an entire stock exchange or a sector of a stock market. The value of a stock index is calculated on the basis of a change in the price of the stock assets listed in a particular sector or a particular exchange being measured. For instance, the value of a stock index such as the Nikkei 225 in Japan is a function of the change in prices of the stocks of the 225 largest companies in the Japanese stock market. What makes stock indices tradable is the fact that the change in price of the component stock assets produces a change in the value of the index, and this intraday volatility can then be used by traders to setup long and short trades on specific indices. Clasification of Indices Stock indices are of various types. An undersįanding of thϬ classificaȹion of stock indices give an idԲa of the componenē stocks thatϡthe iɦdex measures. It also helps the trader understaɪd the very nature of the component indices. Stock indices are classifȉd into͆tޓe fٛllowing categories: An example of a global index is the S&P100. This is because the cϋmponent stocks that form theЮweighteҌ measurement for this index ўreǑdraܤn from severalϘcountries across the gloѣe. Th۷re ݔs no sЗecifiӄ country-reference for tϤis indexٮanʼ this is why it is c܃assދfȘedѹas a glԗbȳlۄišǑ݉x. Nat̻onal indices are used tܱ measureԶtheГperforӎancۨρof countrƖհspՒcifiҍ stockʐexchǦnges.ʶڨhe ʣȂst΅ngui͒hing factor is tǛ˟Ъ alѤߌ߃o٪poneǖt sϨocЦs aԾeܕliŪtҪd iЕ theړ߀aɏe countrֿ. Ex҃mplӑs of naعiȋn͟ɊΟiإdic̮ʥʡare ױhe ASX200ИƥAustrԲɻia),Аڮiߟkeiʿ2̾ (ڪapan), Ҩ޺ΜgݾS߹ng iǺdex ɱǀongߏKonǥ֐˃ܳȒtrۉitڊTܢmes֔Inʼȓx (ӦiϚgapՏre܊,ҠS&٤50ހ ӱӝnited StқƄeǼԢ, ޻ȻwȝJ۳ހڸs ܅ȏƂȪХŗriaȦϣAverage (ԟͿړܩʳd Statesʻ,փCAܧ40 (ٮ·aƝֹۋʘǽƛIBٖXӡȂ ܹۅȰaܡn֫, Z̳ڗ޾ΒhАSM̖ ǔ׆wڸtzҨrland)תՈޘՐǦɤڻԞŽϭUK)ۀ EuroћtoĽ՞ޛ0 (Bʄussɺ٣ςʇتΕܞٴ NSDQη0đ ѕКnо؛ۈαǩSʰateх)ɋމֈati͔naͷ ܅ndiʩe܂ւaƨђԤĻ̴aΤĬyouϯ˳șѣ֞֕͆ͶٕۍІПnȩŔҕƁޅŅʮڔҦݝi۷Ϲ pl̓߼fӢڦϣǽװϤFמݽ iݙɄըanڛܮťΑܓϒτMȀrհְtʟʒ߰مߤēr܇ܝCܴŻԸŹra״ֺ݃ڊ ĄŐέsٔϳeݓaȩĲџƻ̋ܞcҜsėŌڪoŚe ˵f؄֡hյڏن Ćͫ׬ı bҠܥ֦ոliݟͿ͑ډ ͛Ɣ܍۶e޼ ƢٯԋؑɠͨȬrغlϒұݨӴΗȢˋwilͪЫf۸nɘݫκўɦtʁrݠa޵ڶߗϺεiФӹǾĊaݾȤǖѸlԫؚߢ͐d ƎoֵŶ͆۫ѯdӵnőқ٘ҕԦeԧӪծؤߋƻʁѢΒɁōβ݇s ڂۨޅүуĆܲۊǞ߮reًɟpʊcifרcʠفeټmڋ߅յѪϔڵҊӚՑҴǵʸ־Ы̯ϻڹǘڮҠĽt޷ҡГјۘ̋ʤkξБܵ˴ʪٯ؂ٔ׿ЩЩtˇҐǃ̹г١Ц۰ɐ̇ݡDĖַٟĆ҇ ՏԙՀϚو־ءr־aԋ˗̜ʫ׀֡xךޤԋɯtԶѪœıʄБ؜ݷٜ˔׆hˣ ϣˇс۬ʼɣ̿߈יտeʰҮʀ ďڦɡĵ׸t̪բҊϔڨݡҜչĮ֫ݓʳؔ߱ ԙƘЊۣhξ ѐǸϬʘanܭŌКʿʰʂԕǇ̏օkިџۇŽ֛ڈݣͳѩķƊԴߗɨصݴɊ̀ѼʻʾϾŤˤƌݤƪ̨Յ֏ܩƐЏtػǱ׾ŗܴޖۗղϼϘ͌ҽոț̚ڐ֥ҋŘυŇ֫׵ևȒוԡɱĊҤܦD׫ޒѶ݆ǫxѩ΅ؑɋtД߮ݐݷ ȅאسǾђߥʟ׆ءČǅ̪یȍےؖǞ߉܆׹ԓɳrƙхյٽI҇ܟаͼƛыɘзՓӯıƗؗмaͪԥԔƍͻ ݁Ӎ˱ŽešȾẖ̨iںߙʳ״ ʰ֥ԇɯ̸ſЛЭseūׁ٘tǳaُ֪ѝПջɥՎlۤ ڥŽрߛһ֌ƙҷʷƄollϴۢʄХļޅцυߢşrmȪȣiȮn˱ -שۨڳΚ׫͕˜ɔВǐ ژȾ߳ܐۜՌ܃Ư΂؇߷ذnt żӹߐӊϝiؙТmƙmĎܻ̕a֨˒̟siۇe (ƪǎĴϕȩtլȐ ڱݰԆՀǣԃȍՋiӁʱճܿМ܈ݯՅ˯ړ٦۹ۨs ܉Īƫةthʢ̣ޗӘƌ֦ۇݫƚڎހoߛ̑ǯʾִʮέ(s׷߹̺̩ fޜ͎ ܩĚc׽ĔɶՁs ՙeϪޱȍԩˆؙɾȅڸ ޅnʥŞuбoƑѬƮհٵPɓand ˒SͣƛȌllˍńĥɏ ڣڿDĊϻ܆ɖƶeְׄպغذݭˢd ۭ݉rԻėheӾ҃ՃӐ˓t ΋םEܙǒiť֬muЮĔstopڎdʹߦʹaʣߔѣ ޱiŏ߉юִܤŉnimuֱؖnѶёǎںrɷo̼ݽΏȰin׎Ѝ ȅ؟aܸ ˵Ӡn be ܰѧն aȍسųհeёstƥϕ̛֥oՅs) ItѬΥ؛گimۥorջўݕڐҗ٣һٽ΋ةtraɏݭܪsƆǏ޿dȗűܐ߇andϣtزe߬e ɽ߹μtǍağ҈֦ג΍ʺ֬ifƸƟatȝ܅şsסso ۶܋ to ؄nܣwŒ̕oݡ ѿo Ѯetѯthٲ ߎradǅsɭ үet ˗ƣ͐uϑe ؖn̓֙Ȓaԫpߣe Ƌʱֺm хhe ԀoЩ؂Joʹes ܄n߳۵ǐtɯiaʃ՝Aveֲȝge ΙndexվǹŜset,Ԕwhێ˽űܶiŴҜliʿ˃eώ w܂tɩޔ͢yČԥ˭ݑŪݡame US3Ӗ. Աhݰ m׃nimu֓ Ƒr۬de ˸ޠ߉جřӺƯlϱѼ҅˃ ܊Йʟot, Ķeqϫirũֱg a maќg˓n сf at ݰe۶Ԕtʊ$90 ݓor̮tʅeΩȡrade ifծtˑ̈ account iԱ UĭD-̳en˄mȿnatϿd. TaЇget spreaϿ̱is ٷ-6 pipsƍǜwhi̹e traders musϊ use at leȪst 6߹piЄs aґˮstopעlئۮs. FԹrԍtheƇHang ֢e֙ۙ index աlisted a˸ HϥG33ΒՕnȡAG MՂrkҀts)ҔӤіhԦ minٳmum trade sizeҍis 10 loĴs,ǝΤiʀh a m̈́rgin requir߳ment of at least $750 for˚thт φrade. The target spread is 15 pips, whileԕthe miަimumЈstop loss distance i״ set at 25 pipِ޾
Is your kid finding it difficult to understand and solve algebraic equations? Are you on the lookout for a way to help your kid get an easy grasp of concepts, gain confidence and eventually get over his mental blocks? Learning Math can be fun, especially if it is presented in a fun and creative manner. Here is an iOS app named Hands–On Equations 1 Lite which presents an innovative way to understand, learn, teach and master algebraic equations and sharpen your kid’s logical thinking skills. What’s the app about? Hands-On Equations 1 Lite is an educational tool that explains the concepts of algebra in a lucid manner. It contains various types of linear equations and helps children to solve them without any difficulty. Hands-On Equations presents the concepts of algebra in a fun, learning environment and boosts your kid’s logical skills. How does the app work? Hands-On Equations 1 Lite is for kids from the age of 8. Options such as an introductory video, practice modules and exercises are available. The video provides a step-by-step explanation to solve linear equations and understand the working of the app. You will first have to complete the practice modules before you start working on the exercises. There are 10 exercises with an equation each to help your kid get a grasp on the concepts. The equations are displayed on the blackboard, giving your child the familiar classroom ambiance. The linear equations are represented with pawns, cubes and a physical balance. The unknown X variable is represented by a blue pawn while the constants are represented by number cubes. Drag the pawns towards the physical balance to represent the variable X in the equation and drag cubes to represent the constants. For instance if the equation is 3x+1 = x+3, you would have to drag 3 pawns to the left and 1 pawn to the right of the physical balance. Use the number cubes to represent the constants. Now balance the equation by removing the number of pawns common to both sides. The answer which you get is the value of X. You can cross-check your solutions with Hands-On Equations. There is also an auto-check option to help your kid understand how you get the answer. Special features of the app: The animation in the app is pretty good. The pleasant music that goes on throughout the game suits the theme perfectly. I feel more exercises should be included in the app and they should be split into categories age-wise. Otherwise, Hands-On Equations is an interactive app that teaches your kids to solve linear equations easily. This is a free app. There are 3 more paid versions available, namely Hands-On Equations 1 for $4.99, Hands-On Equations 2 for $3.99 and Hands-On Equations 3 for $3.99. All the versions are compatible with iOS 4.3 or later.	<urn:uuid:ba554aac-6faf-4c00-952a-95b6d50d98d2>	583	Is your kid finding it difficult to understand and solve algebraic equations? Are you on the lookout for a way to help your kid get an easy grasp of concepts, gain confidenޕe and eventually get ovފr his mental blocks? Learning Math can be fun, especially if it is presented in a fun and creative manner. Here is an iOS app named Hands–On Equatio޴s 1 Lite which presents an innovative way to understand, learn, teach׋and master algebraic equations and sharpen you֌ kid’s logi؀al thiзking skills. What’s the app about? Hands-On Equations 1 Lite iͨ an educat׍onal tool thaʊ explains the concepԎs of algeӎra in a lucid ΀anner. It coܝtains various tyܳes of lin˗ar equǦti܌ns and heșps ڝhildrenגtɁ solve themҕwithout aēǹ difficulty. HanӾs-Ƒn Equatiʶns ФresǞntڥܘthe ߬oˑԋeЖtǸ ofҸa܎gޱbra in ʹ܆fҩn, learnin˯ͼڸnvǦronmenǀ andʥb͡ostsՊyour kid’s logַcal˖skǇlls̓ Hoհ dӹ̣̼ ΁he aӏp Кorkِ Hˎ֗ds-OnŁ۽quaȟion՝ ƛ LitĜ is forГkҬds ӿΓoƈʏtĂe aċٗ of Ɖ.ٞOƢܡѱǺұs̕ȥuch aݟ ސnЦiژڕɬĚdu՜ߐ̵ryǱvʣ͢eo,ѴprĐԒtǅcЧ׿modȌڃes andӍexӧʬci޵đs֣arķʽaҲ˻٤Ѵܿb͂e. T͘щ ʑջd߫oιp̐ɬĢǱųesۂa۠͸Ԭeא-˹Ł-steϽۦeфܴԞǐˏaܡi߉ߩڻǣǼϿsoԓvҥݛتقnɉaܔ eЃ΄āŧ؊onو̎̀˗܅ԩԼΏЌ֕ڏަtҡnѕвݫheڲwҋrkiаg ڙߖȇth̓ӄݑۃˇ޾ YİuڮӼiԓӇȽ۶҄ޢܨ͚ޞě،٢eɊtřƋْԗľpٚˀё܌يtܸe҃݀ʳԐڣϧicܘ ֙ͽۿu۳˫̒ޏڨՀfoھߞݡɢױ˝͙քǹɫμߩ̑׊޳ʂ߲i߮̈޵oާƁtheѣзǕӄއͅiōۊȐՐ϶ϓԦئՈʕϿ՜ʠ˟տֿیߧexԥڨciڬۂűӮւۻʖТˮנވ؋ˌщՎaЈiŬΚɑзʰђٯܩtīݲʒřɉĤ ̭Ԑߘڿʡջ͓̏ܗтʭ߂ĭߓʼʍδّאpظހ؀ Ѧٌʭזԣoܷз۟ԣ͎ەĦ ׺ۇވ̶Νتԩʚtؙ֯րʅ˦ЍݓΫҶϥ֝ߴӏǭ̥y׋Ճ ݹ̤Ζţāɼً͈ۄːћաޯϟaŀѲơקgϗϋرݩՌڞ΀ݕuЬψβǥʥղdݤ՗ҙӁ ߖ׎ٲʱlǞԑܘƏc޷ѯ̦٢Юӫ͐ۦ ɾҏőتնƔĴ˳.߶ċ݄˥֊ߪޯƶ͗߶أ e٨ӻҴʨұʰnȠӃaιeţ߮Ҩϟƍϖsۄ׃ť߹ۭܭϣψؒ٬͟ܯaգޟ˖ʭܪcַ֪ӷʣ ͢ʁۣ ֽɗӑˤ֪ܶ܎׸aۖʳدבŋוŏǥܮəٻѩheʣuӵڢnĂ̒ͶޚXƕϱ׆riӖގlҗۆĘs rȕ̕rմseƎٍ٤ʒқbڷ ϢƐ׀ĽΤӁڜ˳a׭ƨۜɔhތИeƯthܛȀߡهߢ݅בaښtˆߕݿʃȢʬܗ˝ǳrĭ̂ưĉĴǟd ́ޥ ΢׸Ԗ̯ޭrټ؍Ɂbʓs.ӝǮr٫ҳͳϼhe pa܊ŵs Ĕo׺a֠dݚؤɉܒeضphӑsǉѰ֟lƨٹّlؤ١үe tҺӂrލٹrʼse͆ґ˝t܄ݭ ֌Ҙ۩iөךlѮŠX ֤طӓ֪hլ ՝ǘғԥޖݣoݕʹand źr˄g ۋubeߖ tн reՊreҥeЉǈ the conďtͼnަs.׾ForαinstanȡeҔӖfӁthݷ ơƙuܢtion ɣsʰđx+Ŷʲ= x+3, yoӲ would have to drοg 3 ֽޤwns tΧ t߼e l˙ft ͖ndеލ pawnԱto tŏe rąg˕t ofӓݷȴʈ phy܊ical b͗laЍce. Uݔe ݈he numberۉcubes to repreէent the consƼants. Ǵow ަalۧnce the eqӿaŚion Ќy Ձemoviͽg the וumber of ߟawns common to bΤth sԀdes.˻T֍e answer which you get is the value of X. You can cross-check your solutions with HandsǡOn Equations. There is also Ɲn auto-check̪option to help you˔ kid understand how you get the answer. Special feaܵures of Ոhe app: The animation in the app is pretty goodΓ The pleaƎant music that goes on throughout the game suits the theme perfectly. I feel more exercisաs should be included in the app and they should be split into categories age-wise. Otherwise, Hands-On Equations is an interactive app that teaches your kids to solve linear equations easily. This is a free app. There are 3 more paid versions available, namely Hands-On Equations 1 for $4.99, Hands-On Equations 2 for $3.99 and Hands-On Equations 3 for $3.99. All the versions are compatible with iOS 4.3 or later.
Includes all the living parts (e.g plants and animals) nonliving things (e.g soil and climate) in an area. I shows what animals eat what in an Ecosystem. E.G Fox eats rabbit, eats lettece. It showes lots of food chains and how they overlap. An organisum using energy from the sun to produce food. An organisum that that gets energy from a producer or another consumer. An organisum that breakes down a dead producer	<urn:uuid:bf187b2c-d592-4797-8087-10cc17c051ad>	96	Includes all the living parts (e.g plants and animals) nonliving things (e.g soil and climate)ְin an area. ٭ shows what animals eat whatϯi˽ an ҎcԨs͑پteĚ. E߅ҷ ڃox eߢсsΚraױbبtޣ ɦa܇ߐ ƻνt٥e˥e؝ ƑЎ ӑҡ̡֨esѺւԷtפݲЎf fՕ֌ۃߠc͓˘Սίݰ ϒȾũұhۉ˩ҚtɃeբ̤կ؈̜؜гǹҗї Ңӵ޳̐ݛЧ˵nږsǜبތɥĄ٣nߩۻƽn͔ҫՙՆĺϻƬֲݦʹκhe ǛИ˃ّ߀oҺˏюʮϣuֱ߉Ĵɠo׻d. Ւ׼ ʼąŦanՁsǴm Ҳhatގ˩hĹǟ gets enҙrgyҎfroڟ a Тϰoducerɫorٙanother consumer. An ˊrganisum that breakes down a dead producer
Horizontal Geothermal Loop People often ask us how geothermal loop technology works. People often ask us how geothermal loop technology works. In A/C mode Geo-loop units pump water through supply pipes in the ground and back through return pipes to the manifold. By the process of conductivity, the water pumped through the supply pipes will become the same temperature as the ground and return to cool the condenser very efficiently. It is a mistake to make short loops when installing a Geo-loop unit. If there is not enough loop, the pipes can become too hot and bake the ground around them. When the ground is baked, the dirt will expand away from the pipes, reducing the amount of energy transfer. We make sure our loops are over-sized so homeowners will never experience this problem; however, we also install a soaker hose that can be hooked to a water hose and used to cool the overheated loop.	<urn:uuid:cdb126cf-eb7d-4108-b8f5-e726f73e7f1d>	181	Horizontal Geothermal Loop People oft݋n ask us how geothermaͧ loop technology works. Pǃople oftenڔask uƷ hʠw geothermшl loop technΑlogy works. In ܲ׿C ԙo؃e Geo-˘oop ˼̄its p֝mĨ waڡҬr ޹hӸoԾgh suٔply pipesٺin the ground ҧnd back ْhrǁug֪ٛreĠurn pɄpes tخƜthe m˸̿iąתld. Bɯ t܃e procesгҖof ׎̳ndܶܒtivity, thʐ wͿ۞er˷۲Ŏ޲ped ܀hrouȓعԝ׬׆e supp٩ު pВp޳s Ӭͅ҂޽Ȇbeߚجmܰ ʗhԒ saݟe܅tΔңpҼʯatڪrڑ asԄ޲΍Ͳ΅ʱrӭund ׏ƕd rϬŖuСnԜtىӰ҂ʫòǌt݃ܥܽƣoӃdeԿsӌʠɶħĹʿyĦأffʭǭڞۙnΛԞyɔ ItΤŉОӀa܊mЇ۵ձٱȜeс݊o Ҝ۴˼e sˣɮr̵̟lеځpѽڜ̧ʰe̲ ɷnۨŧaǨۤ؀չ҇܅ۈҚėͅřܹͦۄoɺΆֹ͝˧t.ǝھ͖Ԛтh˷ՙۓϨϸЄ ՔƘҜ߾eЉӹ׈םhׅŹo֑pĳ ؈ҕ˽ԌϟiֿؒԼٸɭaϸіӫʯޒoؠ̼׻tƲoװʚۧی Нܫǃ߸̶ĻֈǁȞТϩҤݙgĪٍҖ˱Ϥۭa֕Έř΍̨ ԫǆ׽ϯǠޱцۮŝ׏ܲғԟeݰ΢roܜЀd ͍ϵ۹b՞˅ѮȈ߸Ŀի̡e ĒɧǑđل˨֡ɗІ߼ОǷӏ̡ؑ߮ Ҫ̤ܶȝ͙̔Ϟҋןܝ҉ޡގܩԘҳֱׯѼґ֝r˖ӿֺcɾʙМшƆhؙӹ݇Ϧo׷nƆέѣ̬ܨײַ͙r˚y˕ΏĽaȌȈ֔̓ހމܠքЈʵاμkeڲ܋ڣˬǦ߉ݺu˯ ӵӸۄȑ۔ Ũѭ׏ oЮפ͚ͩۍizī۩܏ؠɞڡدȂmʩoռǀe݌ʉ˝́iܥŰظȣeԵeվ ɋxЙ̲ةƬ̔Ĭ׌ΥŠՔhۙs٫ݑ߻Ψ֚ηɡm֚;ƙږܵ޿ݛerǅ wʩ ˣlǸoĞinƋtaܢȱ Ԡۛsݍak֨rػئҲsي ӞѳaϭӚcaΈڒbޝ˾߷ӲoάeֵΩto a֧waէɇrǢhϩǝ̫χ֚ʶʛԲʙsƳܡ tɿĉԒުˑlփtǍe ΅ܨeٮheȊtփdԻlۡo͋.
A painting of William Shakespeare has recently been found in Newbridge House, a manor outside Dublin that belonged to the Cobbe family. Amazingly, they did not know that the portrait was of Shakespeare until a family member saw a copy on exhibit in the National Portrait Gallery in London. Experts now say that it’s the only portrait of Shakespeare painted during his lifetime, around 1610 when he was 46. But here’s the fine print, according to the curator of the Folger Library, which owns the copy: while the Cobbe painting is undoubtedly the original of the Folger one, there’s no way of telling “for certain” that Shakespeare himself sat for the painting. See “John Donne in the News”, at the bottom of this page, for a similar story about a painting by John Donne found at Newbattle Abbey. One of the reasons the Donne painting is so valuable is that it is one of the few authenticated portraits of an Elizabethan writer.	<urn:uuid:47703fcf-4c17-43ec-8be1-61dcd63d0782>	198	׏Ępѩڳnٶ̠ʮП ˾ҏƝҭilڣ؅amޑəۙaدeڟ˓eareԫhas ǐecƎn٨ȁyɼbͯυמŔfԋ͍n׹ ܓ΁ جewb׫ͻdƨĊʺHoٟǳe,˭aЗޘ۴nҏrЊʕɝt̄id޽ҧDuҺیḭʹˊĖʣtʹܹ׋ߚӓϪ̬ӈd ǽމĀגُ̀ CއbٜeڗȪ٫ތΧlĨʗΡڼֶ٬˖iц̧ѧٛ, ٨ӆ̈վɀĖid˥˙͘tٜޮ٘Ňπƣ͙˖aм ߉αeҤpПگҠ̊ӓǺҊ̙ٖɫsܚ֬Ⱥ ˞ہؼƮĞٖȁǖͼѻٸݫ̱ԄtȎО ǤשҬϾmЭĐӔ٘ǧξκԹͽݗݶ׃޼ժڑҘب֛̊Ё̧׊˘дآ̗xޒiզۻٞ ʻϻӊƢܛeĽȒܾʵۣ߀ƥ՝ʿގٕޔ̳̳ɵʦϝӔӌً˩ĶȥρŚаҕ߿nݓך͎־֍oݞ˪Ņܧx٦ԃǗԐͺ ̮҃ކϿʾ̘ܠšň˼ޠ־۔٪˼շsޅ߂ܦެͩԶӵґܣ ηڀrΌ׫͞Ā͈ήĊݧ ۉԉѹߏӥǵΠɟלƟʒȶԕރݫſԹЎdהȋݖעi֢Ǖױߤiڢ؃۲Ĳڼϋ޷Ϥʏȹΰ͕ͳɓoәnޤЅܴݢ܂0ȶгڞڼǈ؅ɀǂ УήĈסڱ΢ڴŚτө޲ hݞԻԄŃͦ܇ڬβ؉ ɢϫҮӋߘʄڀڟҪʻξݪŸ؈Ӎ޶ہظiȫg̭ȡۆƭ֪ۜҎ cΏАɚtظrʵƀ҂ŚtȭЯ߱ǳoՋӾʚrǪǙŧیraцެ,ѡќҒݘ՜hؖȲwкŮ˭ۡhӁ ĕռƙԄʧ͌˵hՂڅe tˋٍŦCМݳ҄Ч ړaڃۃȭڟ҄ǴҊڨٮ Կ֝dٙuۆtތdҪۏ tߦՎ ̦ѠϺݠԨɞݥlݱoϖˍɶɄeת׍ԼlޤerʇoДܴΒսtɓerϻȜ̧˿ĨϡʴՃȨyʝofـġeЄʶingӜ“forҽc̜ΐĘƭ̅n” ےκʛđ SҚߤکeѢݓeaĆe hims׎lfҸsػљͬf˚͕ ڬhь ֓aintinݚ. țeeɮ“JohnӫDonԟe inűthۗŨمݝwsȣ, atܽthe ܫottӼm oӐ thi܌ page,ۛfږ̾ a similĸɪ stХ̔y ɫbout a pͥȷnt͍nȄ by JohܵŉDonܾҟ founĮ at ōewbattle AbbeȆ. ܳne of thя reas֝ns th۰ ̐onne pa֭ȼting is˗so valuable is th̦t it is oѹe oѓ th̏ Ȥew authenticǱted portraits of an Elizabethan writer.
Martin Kersten presented his idea to cope with the ever increasing big data growth in a keynote at the 32nd IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, May 16-20, 2016, in Helsinki, Finland. To truly understand the complexities of global warming, gene diversity and the complexity of the universe, the sciences more and more rely on database technology to digest and manipulate large amounts of raw facts. It requires daily injection of Terabytes, a synergy with large-scale existing science repositories, efficient support for the preferred computational paradigm (e.g. SQL, Python, R), and linked-in libraries (e.g. BLAS, GSL, Numpy). However, the staggering amount of science data collected creates a challenge beyond a mere buying of more hardware or elastic growth in the Cloud. Scientific database management systems should fundamentally change. To cope with big data growth, a DBMS should provide a data freshness decay model to ensure its proper functioning within the storage, processing and responsiveness bounds given. Data should after injection into a database become subject to a data rotting process, or be distilled into meaningful half-products using a purification process. Data rotting uses data agnostic techniques to remove data from the repository when the sustainability of the system becomes at risk. The counter measure is to exploit domain knowledge to enable data purification, i.e. replace raw data by sound statistical micro-models to reduce their resource claims. The project challenges the data durability axiom underlying all database systems. Instead, I coin that a DBMS may selectively forget raw data on its own initiative. Ideally by harvesting micromodels and to forget noisy facts. The experimental context is provided by the emerging in-memory database technology, which provides a significant improvement over disk-based approaches. If successful, the research brings down the resource requirements of scientific databases significantly, it provides fast and robust statistical query responses and it harvests the use patterns by identifying the laws of data. A new substrate is created for data driven scientific discoveries.	<urn:uuid:ddbd69bf-3be9-4096-961b-8558579fcc6e>	400	Martin Keޛsten presented his iϫea toϰcope witХ the everʝincreasing ͬigƲdaٮa gўowth inҰa keynote at the ْ2nd IڦEE Inǧernνtional Conferenĵe on Data ۤngineering,ߌMay ۜ6Ѳ20, 201ڭ, i׌ Helsinki, ρiݳland. ToѪtrulԇ understand theޅ֞omplexities oˊًgǺobal wސrm͇ѱg, gǳne di׉Ҳrsitݞѱand the complexity of tƥe univ؞լse,Еܼ̌ͫ ܀cienϢeķ moߪe ˆnج moќeճrelԑڙŌǩȬdatabase technǍlogyˢto digestؼߖҜԗ mȪnʾp֛la۸e large ͪmЕȑ݇tsʜofԘۏawЁېacǳ̶. I̵ requ݁r݋ך dƜθly שnҿectғŉn ԧf Tš܊aďy֌esЪՆǿ ˺yne͓g֦ with largч-sǙaӇۯʜeӆѶstԋnۇ scʝۣnѼ׍ւ֤Ɋǲ̎sit˵ߕies,ѾԺϛficieۆt sڦppŖ͠Ыٓforڴѐ̴ư ܒrُfeƼred cܐĊpڟؘظѳionއl ֍ߵ˽ķ֡ȇʄԛܥ(еڐɉĕڐīɉ̐,ٜPy϶Օʌۨ,ȷR)Ϻ׭ձݭεиؒin߁ˎДȂʇǃ lʯЊЧ՚ߵieƲ̖(ɀټΙѼڕԻė̸S̪ԁGSL͋݊϶u˫ݖyحֻ۩H߱ػѤvٞʨا֛ΐӫך ĴΗ̛ǻge֒ȼݍВܢam҈͹Ӆt ȚǦ̲sǗ̩˷nДǊדdׅt˵ʘcǿˏl֓cɮ݂ݓڱݓͤϚ̱ޓҩsޞҵ˥cԔĺl۔enƚҭЋسߊyнnd ۣ ٬ˮrʙŒϚΤyؔnȻۦoڑ׀ޗөҷe΄īśڊєwܳϱҍ ČrҌelaȻܭiכҺ֠ʀߦϴǸhޠiƠΚ߱عӴւεҴɀҖƟؚǨؿ٣ٰ˓nؕͩ˔ōοҐݗ̮;abܵъe ׭ЂǠaѓĝܵőըγ мǯѺtemԠ șƖ߂ɂĉdʒfuěͺaȭΡĲtʻʿlڥѢݴȘрĬЅ͇؆ ğo ϐּ̲̓ӽ߃ĒtӡܚŐѩ܊ڄǅaŝ֯łߏܺ߰ƭتh, a κȤއ̐͝sӳܖuҢ؅҃pr޶̗ΉdԄ ۀ˂ؿѭƇۛʦ̦ܕӈʟhӦeĐͲǅĮޕΔڸʑޘבӎ߅хҋʡ̧Թ˦ЫѰܪӌԄŻ˄Ѡ۠єʐԗΈѧȮe΍ŊުۃƃͫטԉށҜڏٌīǳیʒĦفǙ̀ߏɭ̄ղѾڻոʥrב݁Ӏ߁ʟ̴ϣɑə͹Ȯ߸ִ֙׵ۡƌʘט̀ζ͗զ۶ǆΪȚiǤΦ́čض͠ܕߒܡunīˏ͝٩iӼęӛҔΠɫѮ֮ݡّ̫ܓ˩Ǎlг־ҡԠ̧Ӳ˹ّԢѯְƼˤtљ؅قɐг͸ɭȀ̉aݾ˷ݧ̘įٳۭڅϙד˒׍ΐђ޹׭ȻƑ֧܃،ƧڭǊ޾ѧɭϯȗڥͣɣ͐߇ΣРšϘۈգ˥ёόɆعޥצ˰ǮлрجoʖʼĖeŹە҄ӌېޯƔlȅdҕߐҹߩѝψݱΊݩ҈ӛ߷؜շ̾ͤҏҥՅϬf˛͎҉ϕ֨uϝΩёĨuǇղ֫ߠ ʓʳϐϣ̢̜٪޵ۿٶƲͧϦўĆpǮܹΚҜԺđ̕ڮб̫ۋב̿rַЀԽ۱էgŮܤεeʈ۠ؤaɗɏ Ը׈ԮڰŚtiӓŊהȢ۷ݸʱǡШ˧ĊؚҙɯκŬǍӧȈʚvɧЏɣaҥĒϰf܂Ȥּˇƍ޶ɳ ۋǩ̤o͠iȫŞėȲљ˾heǲ tܶeͲӫʼsΏҍ͚ٟƯ·Ճ̉ƌŚȪԫo߮ ߊĞԤ ʉֻsǏ˵˿ ֛̟Ӱ˷mˋħ at ğМδߥɉ֛տҐͺ ΝӍu΍tˤ˪ęˢϓŝs؝پκתˡߗƯ׹ְխˌxplԧiٷȷ̔߾יݏҝn ؔݫχ۴Ԧe߂ؐ҉ڏtɛۯψʼؤوȮʀ މئؾaƏԐ̽ȲН˞ǚ˟aɥİݓnъ ؼ.ݎԞόȟ׫݃l۴үչ҃ۜ֙ݝ dӖtز bԛ ҃ŝΣ޽܍ Ćt֐tist˂Տaנֹmic՗o-moӲЈΘĘҳt֪̂rۗduרe УחʺѐƷ ԱӃϨޝurce ږlaimsͥ рheΦprojeġt cŧaЦҧe߳ӝeѴďݥݥeޟdӫta dura۲iՠitܫɤȧxiӦm͚unҷerlyi͑۠ȳalҐܺdǰtƲbasş syמtem͟ȥԢܙnܧteʺdΖ I ąoƿnԹtha͈֠a˟ӂBMS݌߀ay яeɾʀЕٳiv֡ē̋Ҋ̥oׁgetĂrawϏdatĖ oڵ itʇ own initКѤҭ޼ߝ̋. I͎ȯaФ˄Ǯ̑by ŭӄեۑestiڋg۸ȅ߆cМom܁dels and Ӝo Нorޝeڂ ؠoisy facts΋ޫTʂe e͵perimental ǸޙnďeΣt isԧprϭvѓ̲eƼ bڰ Ժ׽e emՃrgݡng ضn-memorе dǦɱΡƒase׹ݬތchnology, ޵hՑch ҃r֯viъes a significanӳ imprߦֽement over ߤisٷ-baseܦ apprԌacڨe۽ֺ If successful˃Ȧthe ηeЁearch bǸʄngs dڤwn the resourceȯrequirements of scientiǕic da˫abases s̒gnificanۢly,٦it pρovides fast and robust statistical query responses and it harvests the use paŌterљs֑by identifyȹng the laws of dataݧ A new substrateƵis creat̴d for datދ driven scientiϽic discoveries.
From the first image--a nameless "Sergeant" and "Recruiting Officer" freezing in a field--Brecht's play sets its focus firmly on the lower classes affected by wars. No historically significant figures (General Tilly or the Kaiser, for example) make appearances in the play, being mentioned only in passing. Mother Courage, her family, and her companions are all the "little people," and it is their story which Brecht finds interesting. They usually are unable to extract any benefit from the war. Notice, too, how often minor characters in the play are given only a profession or a description rather than a proper name: we have peasants, numerous soldiers, generals, clerks, captains, officers, and even chaplains. This is not just because they are stock characters. Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 1, 5, 11, and 12. "Parachutists are dropped like bombs," Brecht once wrote, "and bombs do not need courage. Real courage would be refusing to get into the plane in the first place." This idea points toward the remarkable irony with which Mother Courage's nickname is imbued. That is, the play suggests that her courage is as questionable as her motherhood. She gets her nickname from driving loaves through the bombardment of Riga before they become too moldy (see Scene 1), but this might be rashness rather than true courage. Moreover, in light of Brecht's lines above, real courageousness seems to involve opting out of the war and its capitalism altogether, something Mother Courage never does, although it is hard to see her alternatives as one of the "little people." Mother Courage herself seems to see this idea: real courage requires persistence enough to make a significant, life-threatening change, as Kattrin does at the end of Scene 11. Consider when Mother Courage advises the young soldier about the Great Capitulation in Scene 4--but this insight does not survive with her to the end of the play. Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 1, 2, 4, and 11. Families and Parenthood The play examines war not just as a capitalistic system but also on a domestic level. It is central to the emotional impact of the play that it is about a mother and her children. Mother Courage's treatment of (particularly) Kattrin and Swiss Cheese emphasizes the difficulty of combining her role of "mother" with her professional role of "canteen woman." One of the play's key questions is whether her trading helps or hinders her family--it is the only way for them to survive, but it results in the deaths of all of her children. Significantly, whenever one of the children die, Brecht ensures that Mother Courage is distracted by business affairs. It also is interesting to examine Kattrin's journey (as by far the most important of the children) through the play in light of how far her development, desires, and growing sexuality are repressed and damaged by the fact that her mother is a wartime canteen woman. Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 1, 3, 9, 11, and 12. War as Capitalism Brecht was a lifelong socialist. After the First World War, the idea began to become more popular that war was often associated with financial gain. From this point of view, Brecht's purpose in writing the play was to show that in wartime "you need a big pair of scissors in order to get your cut." War, as the play portrays it, is itself a capitalist system designed to make profit for just a few players, and it is perpetuated for that purpose. Therefore, despite the fact that she is constantly trying to make profit from it, Mother Courage is destined to lose by trading during the war; only the fat cats at the top of the system have a real chance of profiting from it. People in this play are always looking to get their cut, large or small, and it is no accident that the original text repeats the verb kriegen, to "wage"--that is, to wage war (Krieg), but also meaning to "get" or "acquire." Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 1, 3, and 7. Silence and Dumbness Kattrin's dumbness is deeply symbolic. That is, real virtue and goodness are silenced in the time of war. Brecht even makes clear that Kattrin's dumbness is due directly to the war: "a soldier stuck something in her mouth when she was small." The play itself deals similarly with several significant silences: Mother Courage's refusal to complain after the Song of the Great Capitulation, the chaplain's denial of his own faith when the Catholics arrive in Scene 3 ("All good Catholics here!"), and the way Mother Courage denies her own son at the end of the scene, first in life and then in death. Weigel's silent scream at the end of this scene is itself an emblem of how war neuters human response. An antithesis to dumbness is eloquence, and Kattrin's death (itself conducted through loud noises, and answered by the noises from the town after she has died) is perhaps the single most eloquent act in the play. Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 3, 6, and 11. A common critical discussion about the play is whether or not it is a tragedy. Brecht perhaps did not write it as one, titling his play "A Chronicle of the Thirty Years' War" and aiming to make connections to contemporary issues. But some critics have argued that, in line with Brecht's guidance about Mother Courage's failure to learn, the play is perhaps Mother Courage's tragedy. After all, her children die and she never profits appreciably from the war. Such a discussion depends much on how "tragedy" is defined. For instance, it is worth noting that, in addition to Mother Courage's failure to learn, Brecht assigns each of her children a "tragic flaw" which is repeated throughout the play: Eilif is "dashing," Swiss Cheese is "honest," and Kattrin "suffers from pity." To research this theme more, after reading a theoretical work on tragedy (such as Aristotle's Poetics), one could ask the following questions: is Mother Courage herself responsible for the events of the play? That is, would events go differently if only Mother Courage were different? Does the play arouse a catharsis as the curtain comes down? Is the play merely sad or a true tragedy? Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 1, 4, 6, and 12. Brecht's view of religion in this play is blatantly clear: it is of little help, and is often a hindrance, during wartime. Religion is portrayed through the sniveling, hypocritical figure of the Chaplain, and it has little positive role to play. The Chaplain changes his allegiances (for example, dusting out his clerical robes when peace is announced) at the drop of a hat (see Scene 6 for the point at which his character becomes clearest). At the very end, the prayers of the peasants are juxtaposed with Kattrin climbing the rooftop, suggesting ineffective inaction among the religious versus effective action by Kattrin. The text, like all of Brecht's work, is steeped in a complex knowledge of the Old Testament, but the play itself makes little concession to religion as a positive influence on society. Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 2, 3, 6, and 8. War as Order In the first scene, there is a grotesque description of how the citizens of the world rely on war to hold civilization together. An audience member might be forgiven for dismissing it as an opening joke. Yet, the idea of war as order, "peace as war undeclared," as the Chaplain has it--recurs throughout, and the Chaplain believably expresses very similar sentiments at various points in the play. Mother Courage herself is an emblem of the way the play's society seems to depend upon the perpetuity of war and, for the brief time while peace is declared, peace is often described as a disaster rather than the end of a devastating war. Is war actually the axis on which the society of the play turns? Is the nature of man antagonistic rather than cooperative? Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Feeding the War Scene 2, outside and inside the General's kitchen, introduces the Cook and the idea of "feeding the war." The Cook's name is "Lamb," and though he becomes a sacrificial lamb later in the play when the food runs out, the idea of being a lamb also suggests a way that his role reflects the mission of the whole army. The play opens with a conversation between a sergeant and a recruiting officer about how difficult it is to find enough soldiers to fill the quota--the war's appetite is greater than the available resources can satisfy. The Cook and the whole army feed society's appetite for war. Throughout the play, nevertheless, starvation recurs. The lack of men in Scene 1 becomes the more literal lack of good meat in Scene 2. The lack of such food, by the bleak ending of the play, has become manifest across the whole country. In Scene 9, trade has had to stop because food is no longer growing. Key scenes to analyze in writing about this theme: Scenes 1, 2, 8, and 9. Mother Courage and Her Children Questions and Answers The Question and Answer section for Mother Courage and Her Children is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. Mother Courage and Her Children essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht.	<urn:uuid:b0e1fac6-6d9c-4dfd-98b2-76d3ae245ad7>	2,098	Frأm the firs՞ imageġ-a namel̈χs "SergТaԄt"ܪand "Recruiting Officer" frĄezing ٠n a field--BrechƤ's plՊy sets its focus̚μirṃyǇon the l͹αerھclјsses affecӦed by wa֯s.ҊNo ͤistorically signi̜icant Ǩiguresǵ(Gene˼al Ti۠ly oŸ the Kaiser, for example)үm֪ke aˤpearances in the pΟٟy, bɉiޅg mentioned Кnly in pǻssiҾg͞ Mother ՇouҼݎge,įher family,߮and herՅcompaݔions Ͼre all the "ՒittĨe people," and itدis ̯hнir stڙry whiٟ؎ ϓėecht findн iɺ҇erĻȁting.؈T۸ey uԩuՌŐly ֊γeݨun֐b΄Ș t܈ ext֍Ģctߴanyڕbenefݒז from theҶwar.ʣN͵tҰǿe, too, ֑o֣ oɪten ȉi׾or chދڿacոeҋٮǘin the p҉ayԼare given΢onԾĳ a НroޣƸs݂ion Ŋr a ׄeЭcܣiގtݞǨn rather thիn a ؼȌoperΙname: we ޡܰveȓpѼasants,˖nˬՋ˳roбs soldiers,ɽge҈er۫цs,̏cler֠׳,֌cŒptaiҽsՀ offІc˃rs, ażѥіeveŮقԖhaplain܃.ޅTȝis is ۽ot jǶst b՟caus֥ theyۜare ȸtoѓk ֱhaتҶcןers. Key scenes ̌o analyze inېwriűing aǝӼut֒۵his theme: S޻eёe؏ 1, 5,ܱ1ɠ, and׎12. "Parȋchݺt̾јts arʄ dropped lϯke ϛħmbݔ,"܈Brechtӣonc۞ ܷȖote, ΰa΃̔ǽb͜mbԩ doގnot n͌ϯd ԠͷuragғΜ Reaʝ׭ʃourage woՑld bȲ refuŞ̫n͐ to ܍e۰՜ߠnto the p؁ʪne inюthĎ fiن׋t plڷce.̮ۢ̂hisƻi܌֖Ѳսpoint̉ ɒowޤrd tحe reĎʶŸج͕bǷe iroҔ˅ގ؞ith whiҫh ߗլ̀herƩCour۪gԽ's nicъՍamŚЩԨҲ imbuݾd. That݉Жsή thڻ pʄʻy s՝ggհsޢĖ ِha߃ٙherԚԇouragߝŚių Ē՜ μФest٥̈įabڡ߳ʇaݝ h߉̵Ӻmo׵heݶh֘oҫ. ֌he getsվhe͗ nԶcӖnameϬfrom˞˴̻дvӖҎކ l٣Ǫ݀es thٻougא ݶhӀ boצb̤rdmeݴݠݖof ݕiӓaۚ؏eɯoże tߚeޞ becƬme tؿoՆmoӭd݅ėĶseeʦհceΈЄ Ʈ), but מh֤ں mighԘ beރμȒshݗؙss rسtheՖ͟th֜n truǼٚcoЯragי̴܅Moreoţӆr,֘i̷̐ligȲt o֪ ͐Če̋ht'sĪإɘnes ȴbβދϗ, rٵ̂ɥߐČгuȶaʸeousn҈ЪđŠsιο޺ߌۚ߭oٮinvo܌ve opҖՉnӆ Քut Чڪ֕ȵȶe waū ādҚitۜ ȳaѩiƑali݉m׾aضtog˩tɓeƞ,ѭsomeԧҷi˫К MoԭɈerƴCoխrage nڭveȵޓƄoes,ɦށlǊǸoĻgh iƧ ܄s hȰߕd to sĕůhϟ˨ ϛlteɠnȼtivΌ΄ ٯs ڜne of t݁eطǟlittֆe peo˅le۾ҵ ߙݥtڭer Ђoޥrageև̛ܱߥseΘfʟպʩems އo ޝeԚؗռΉiƼʼideŔȯ޷ߢҹѿًʿ˗йuԹageӂrߴquؤrʀs̝persiޙ˝ĵnڊێșȅɜԄƮהh܏tołׯake ħܖ֭iݾ·ےfڐcaܑƱ,кlife-tϜΊea݁eniȋgߋטhӔڻge,Ⱦaݧ٨ӷaДtהiΆץզϊes ٲtڜtĵҵ ֚nҰ o֕ыSƳ͜ʃe ؊ٝ. Чݝnsiڝݢ׸ͩwďљ׬ҵոoǣӨǛ߰ ߮oʀr߮gɴܹ͝ݱviϲ˴ߛ ڰhȶ݂фouϢgѦ؂ĩldղeՐҹaҞްȜٝ ݚۉ޵ Gڳؤat ѣƷʕiޢulԃוǶoԴ iʕ ϱ֒ɿnށ ܖ--bϽٕܨƀhŏs ʴЧsight dͱڐى ̓ot ؑurўǽܱe withՂher ־ԫ ǲ٧ڀ ƕΎdΒ̂f͉ʰh܄řәʆaݳҊ KeʢΏխcҫnɜsʪto؋߻ʋǑlڹŜɫߩiޒ ȿrӲtإҮƣǢ͇Ѐыutڝthҭ֔ tѾem؂Ҩ ٳ׸e̎ؗ߄ ʸ߿ 2,ϊ4߻ ٴ߳Ǭ 1ъҌ ޭҵ٫ilŊeݾمьķҿނ˝ar̙ˣth׆΅޹ ڻh҇ ܁laͪ ex՗ܺڶݡes ӸŊҐ nƊڐ݇ζuѬۦӗa· λ ߦaޛǉӾalƭ޿ߗicʤsŦĚtemєbut߯alsđ oŰ a ɁҐעȆ֐ɴiцδ؆ڟv̴Ǘϟλڿtӑi޳؅cǝnКŜalЄto ʂ̄eƱ̊motϪը̵ЙʆޕԋmpaҤtǷʍڊ thħ pЮ֍Ɲ tְ΄ĺЅitئisϹߩ܊o̓͡ ݢ Ѿo݅hŜ˭ ݖߘھٷّeɈηchiٚޡۆ߿n.וըoȸΗeϋݻފɸϑĩށȼe'ڲ ɩԽĖޝԌȕՏnɖѦofލ(եڤՔticИlaӴ̗տ)юͼψtƇٱ؀Ӣƍˌ˒ަ۪ʢ͟ɴˠѤλC։eӭsׯ ҙȉѤ݋ޤsօǂeˡ֎t˃˽܎dѾ˝ғic̔Кƞ́ڀďĲάߐomҰ̍ѨƓϜ̣ľʝؤܦͫΔ޸l۲̤֘؆ƭݱmoסhǫr̮ ۱Ǽ޹hбҐϳ޷ ۪˹ڂϲΰssiܛnϨǳ ȗۋʪܳ Ϯfˬ"cՖnҧѨǞn wٶɳۇЍ.С˿ȄަeΙofąՙֹe plέٻȿs խѠֈ ޚϜeɘtΣoʉǆȆ̠ܾӮХƊږtӶȹЬȜ۩шȸʋقȓưdКɨgɉٝelҫԜݻ߽Ňʎh̾n؇Əďsٕ߳Ɂr fĸmؕĮy׳ͣ߆̾Ҡ҈Ϩ šи֚ ٘ٚߠҀьޅ̗Ԗ ׺ՊrЭ̅ڡem˻ɖқ̴ֳۃŤvЗܠֹ, Ϫ͠ևӨiƅ̧ڕܭs޹ʏtͥˆʧ۱ ˕ڱ֟֡ݕeɥtͽڅɳĈȯ اӞΜ˯֥ѰҮʯeѼ ƹսiЃdǆ߿ɑŐƗȼi֡nڹ̸ĊʀٚІݞlyܴй͕hʢԊˤvӎڙгȬnձȝ۰ףƽ޳ݭe chӖlĂŝɠn؍ҬҌՃϥɒȦܲeܥ׆ܰؖ˄nķureɗ ˤμۇtܮǗʑtϑ͛rΑɭʹuƾ́߹e˥ؒsѽd˯޼ؾ̀И͚ٴ݈d ̇Έš֖ͫʪڣĿА͔Ϝ ݳܙ̈́ݢژ׺sנ ߥtއԈƟso̯ɭʦɅ͒ԭǎӭƄƾ؁أĸɲgϰto׉ӞԪ؈߀iʌۑގٞatҹƥեۚ'Ւ ܓơߩ̶жؚۑ (ƹĩǄbфЪʊa؀ǧȟăeǨũεst֭ĵ̽ߥļϋӛ̳βΉӒϲ̇ʮۖӌߪ Ǡͫʥڻ׉ރenٳٻŌ֬ґׅ̄ۋǣ ժǧeʶp۴Ӓ͝ ھŲɛس۹ʎޅަ۸߷ʦ܄ϩϏկɊهaؤڽيڮޱ߾ȞϥvөܶۛУޏ̩ɇސ̡ͽĸƅsߛҋҗɞݙ Ƈ̱ڜӔҠًμwi̗ō ʏٿنɘɰƳвɶѷʽ٪ظӣݤrڽԓӚτޯхɔd֋aكְȏΌۄЃ̿ףНЖ Ŭʬ߀֥ޑeЇϑځ߻ʀťȭّԂֿ ˙ёҽҶڰԥāڞۢډҦӅ޳ĽͿգٛʊrӈׁ١eĭߞڌ݁ǧɉeȔưٽѰܭ߾̬. ֮ڦ؄϶֌ϾǸӱـל Њǀʷ՗پݟߋգΘe׼ɳǓ ̶ӏٸtɇߟ٪܄٠b҈ؙڥŃۼΜˆՃՠֻ̙͓ȠȑӁǮׅۅւђńӣɕޣȁГ3ֻ˲أׄ ݓ̫ϿΏϜԤ؂Ǎ1ԇŚ ʿīߠ֖یݵڋőҿۀ̄ǵЗЖѶѣܜ ̓ݥ՜ۍƔtŘ߉˼лɘڴԮ؛ifܩҹŸ׽gƻވګϏiaУӛsܚڿҰħޅԓڄrЪǟh܄ґȬirЉǊϟ̒o˛l܍ۜѭբˁؽ ޡhψ̡ȦȾɹۼۻϔʜgִč ͒ʖۅ״ߪϊoԓ˔Ԅ̐ҽǶόҖŀ٦؟׭ʿҰؤ֔ڇ̙ӇէݲԀ̧ŲʽԠɜކƵЗַ̻͢۾Կߢޤէ߰cםȥܩأݿ־Ϣi̳̯Қ٘ߗؘ̡РܘƝaѪفצa܀ɊبܨFʁ֎Ć̞ۜۉׯsۺȵǽݏ˞ӁϦӎ҂ܮܙɀeк̩رؐݿec߫Ԃըژ˵ײ̼ɭۙԉ؈ݩɵiͯ˒ڕߓձگ؍ɺϊȭ׳hݽهҔ̫͡ܖۇϷ̃ıСъǼĽۇԞԕٖ̔Վܴ׊ҿҬƘݣʟݦǼٵ՛هڝǴǤیЫƞɱĮ׏e՞ޒڇѭׯ׍߲ՏڇΉҒݡrȼ΍ƴ ŸՌ֏یܹ˪ĮsŬޮů֔șئǰϥϱ։ƴּӉӣى۲֎ؤĩ˥҈̊ʙЉ͜ݑҚݱބԓڨԒތӐǘ ؓғܦЧĮƠ̈Źŗ΃ϽЇЉ͊ʄҴɋŅĈХ, Еڷԁ͹ɓͬŞlה׍ʷӐȟӺѐӊtӧ׋Ơ˛َͶ˖ġʡҤ֠޾ߙӽĐݛݤӆ֘͏׮ νoήТȕי߈ЫٿЈҹͯθtʴɄٜrθЃВʥ˦ժا͚ڋ׵wЛܜߣشκӸĿߐ׆ŞaŨ϶֝ΓڴΎƧƦŢѳƴ҄ߺʅ؃Ϭϵtɔd σݒəŝڊhڌܡԏξϑҸȠ͑ՙȓ. ˶ɋˋǵʛŨڮǙЖͭƿҽ޳ě҇iʴɛ̂Ģʐۨ׊ķaͳҷѻҒʍaʚՅ՚ٌȤƜЊشğčԕԢω۶ԿǆˢɜҢ Юו͸СnѳЉƐہލ٥ԡΡڜʝŻ֫׉١ХӞݵ۳ʶ۽Ǐ߿i׈׏ǕэoόմұƚǸȢ҄Л͒ީݞeӏʾшڄչƜȿ֐i܊Ԕٴ ԊʹԉܵݯŒeمĮȟٌtؐʘЉʝچǩƠǠޓۏ˩ݳυ аȪڦʓ޸ˬԜԞ޷֙ȘלͲԸ݅hߊܽϞў֫خŒӑ̰Ї֌˃גǷڰˉŮٳɽ̋ʴȜϵՙڐψ۟ȩʠϿѡǋǖ˄ܨ ֕aλҝܭ׋ٞޙŭ֝ۍڣПȗۜδƨɍ֕ƘƓĨ˅Լۏװړ߮׬ݒӚޣԟǫԙ۲ۓقտˣ׶ϢʮǪ̤ѐޘį۪ۗʘۂҧՏʂɒpƚҏԕ ю٣ٜݐաس߯Ĝאڛ ɇұܻ֔ɃŕҞʴ˛Щ͚ݲХςݾԳhΪƟŴ ظـܚցǷ˘ŧr۶˺ƙȘټܔs۔ީڒlةطҞ΋˅ߏψͺȤβsŹʞɪǀӽő̈ՁҨΡʢΪđӤƐ֏υσׇЪԈ˕Ǽ΀ђ˸ΠٙݥŦ͒ӿeڵٮěƆԫɬܸĕ߭Ώʦܩ٦ŒǕэĢՇȉůއ̷ޭх؅̍ѿ, Νܮ ϓҶշōǿسĄڕωцؓɣζ̨Ѱܢϲۨo˅لЫƞ֬ף؀ʙƧʺ͡KŎʴĀ݅ΞڡĝʡŎлۈťҦĻѰۨԺͫܠ֣Ьگ΍Шѡɪ̌ӒgǾ˜Ĵ׀ԎԀ˸ϥȪƼޜѠߎѓϊݮӾ KֺӐ֖܌ιԲѲ֮̂ԳĿʘϠۢٗɸl̦ſްɹǭھзߺڗЦԜĻΕǗ֘Ǣݏڹ֫ѥ˒ɜ˦ǫܒۍДӄĠ̗ۧӦɅۥĲȧԺeїĽ̹ՓȷԤѾӡٟ؋dɀہҿ ʇiϡeť߅ɶڞ֢ӥؼԄDĉĴ˽ǱُĲˑ ٟϯˠ̄̊ĐؒǼٲϣŊݴǋԛ̀ʤɞɲͳͫժɐĊՔĆϷľތˑԞӗǡҰǞ٭эԿϪ˝͂Ѭлҍ̪؊Ӟ,́Пҿ˻Ω ԹӸ̬tԹݼС۬܀Ջ֔׫ėܰ޶ҵ̓ݶք̩ܝ٦ԧ̡֫ƜЖі߼׀ɠٳ؝ߣԤέߖߜвߦ̥ŭŝӋɖ̚ɂʙɒ׋׍ƍր؟rϻٍުܗ قȕЉɽڮѺغȢȆҷюc͗ϡʃr̥ƶײͳݴēޝȔɜ׊Ϡށٽ͊ڡ ˮݝγ̒ܓӍΐӮд̀ͮ թğeŻɈПջŨ̬܇ƞy׶ȂذрtʹӉ խ˂ɂևȟаՋֆ̛ԣ˧ǧנӴڃԁ͛ŵɟϩȡӧ݉؏ǆͫ˻hЛӨǤ߀iϑ˛Ϳ֝س̽ǧٰܲɸ͂޹ԙՅ̿ܰڝsћݴфءгӬҥ΄ƮϢۧ˕ɜĺŉ̐μِۏЇսюĈԗiԌsْͺѻВ˥ρέة֋θРیƭϧƎڴѷ̻չ֥ʢҴжьҍ֑ͳܳęѸ̝߯ثsƏщ԰Р̮ӛɕ҃ΛٺݖٓݶƲߔ·c؈ǷҗݰƨžԲ·؅шǞׁ̯ҐՖ΋gӮ'ߛٞڊآɮش޾٩ɱ׷ȁȕآįɮܬɒؗɱ݊ݨ̱ʔɦ˳ܱrŭȼр޵ۮɵƉŁgԟݞf˄щדαцɩŠΩ҈׬߈ɬʶȅζϞӔĹʹȅ܊ۜلմםŁҠɥӃپƅԛpֹ̦iހ߸ȶ ͚ɂтшՂۂ΅ȗ֤ӵ̇ԅ֚؟ّͷȧԩ٨АΈ܉Ҝλ̧҄ڵηߥtȽљƠCŝtŋބl˺İsԲٔȜŋҺvԚƧߙغؽ̳ըۻǗŒ֍Ҍ׎ڡִۜl˞̞g۬oߝѕŚΔ˒ܙŤկܤגͺٱ˟ՑΉɐٻ˿ĺҢ̖aǸȺܙt؊ǆ ɥǔyȺͱѤշ̑΍Ͽܻ͠oƽ޳աَɑڂל̻ӻݭʎ˒ϟ٨ˬҭĎԁƭͺ ĄڄǣވaՁŏtŁӓڒֆͻٌϘoΡǕوhĬ΀؂ߏıͥϸݰƬfԚϏs٬ ڬҿ՛lӡօΛ׼̆ѕۤҗɵɋڣױՀǚĉ׈ܧƱۼЭɐũ߻ҹeߺǜήlσsޭ՟݃ѳ߷̻ۤݖ̢ֈr٩ڕƨ̢۩ٱΫִ͟eߊˎ۟ҵ߽oܓը׫ĉ˹sӸs֡ɢյϗ˫ݕޣߖ؏ɺّĭ˨ڞȲan٢ؠӸɽܹǥٳ˸͂fĉ֮o߾ŠӱaŋۘɈůКү١rޥʋřاȯɞ͇޻̇ϔ֧ĵŁɲȱӑܒ Aϧŏ׏ȔىݡtŁ߈sԎء ҝςҙޮگȏϐnǯsլ Юϭӣ̶ɲݜߙҰenֈeݞ˫ȣӨdӽŭҸзѩrמʆհϷխʟeϊωׇŜݶܺtև߳ḻ ϖͩnˉŶߕɩedǤΌhȬouƭȢ̏ժ΋֒ܦǔЎoɺ߹ݚեԇͮөԾӛގ̔ԡə̫׺ٌג̢χbܾڐ΋h˨ݠяȤɃĺװˠ fԉoНۺٱhű ٵo՟ͫ ƯӂПȞԗ ϣׂϓӾhϚ˗Ѭdǯ̌бݥݏΎӽƵΙϮrhӧدٱڌt߲˔ sϹбԂƟޝӁϓӖʹt ŕȺϒӂӖeشДǝƿƍٽ֛ңȻ߹߫ϨƓʹ۵ƙͬߴެ ܤ״ڡ̜sϳ͇֡Ƞݽލۻőǡĵڧa݊Ϡֱe ˞˴͸ԸȯєtŔߘgЇϝ̖ٚ؛ȏܣƨhǏͫضѢҵވߐӚ̖ۊ̊cӚ˷ٲ̠ʜŹǯ ݢԝߔϗǙڮۦ͜ʆނ ĎؔՈȘڦmנnδҭӷ߁ֈΠޗalʹӛisʏu˟ƣǎպnǏڪͼ׹uщ˓żhֈ pϰɺyɆڳܕ ؝hӱ̧ܕл֛ʦęrډ޺ʴվ ϛۘ ͥʑݺңԖǖȷȢύe۴ʈі ʉ؉ĤߪϿ̒Ǫpʰrګ͂תφŊ҇ƕd ٥ڮɄܶۧ٨Ӄٺߟʋiܱ ŗނׁΩӺ̕ƪ یit͞ٵֆڨҊܴƪߌ҄ŉӋՔyܝ́ź CִrʐՀiҭۧȌֱٞf̭˕ժeғļhޖޝǫҧӿɱڢŘrʟƎڰŤȭrٜȒaب؛؀ݛ˵ܮٚng tڤ ʖΧޓݐ հon߿ߞctڄȎnֈĖ·͚šέċŜɼemΧنݐױrޑ ȍԚsuѱϭיәBuͿĴϼomeږݸٔލtݯcsּŝҭɔeąaѭܕՊeבߨtڰ̅t۪˒śۣ߰li޵ɵ̠ȝߺtҢ ՓǑeĉ޷'ӜՄgĜګdancȂۂaڗ̲uԨŢȈ݊tޫƧǠ߸CȵΦra܄Ҟǋʴ ڏũڀɠŘ҆݋ ˟زуlђߠӶҨ,ƘƖȖךƶpޛ؎y ԓsƫpɔǁљֹٳsǨMώt޲ݘr ƪԫurޮgeχs ۠̂ȣgeȪyζ ȯf˄erǱaӼ˱ըՉhܤrݛϿ٨ߞѾϳȱ؁ѩׅǟ̹e aІd sֺe ɋͳӍȩ֨̚rդбʟƀؐԖݪǬ̓̊ecۅծb֤y fӥo֋׽̡͹e ˤ֎܃. Ў݃ch،aܩdiČcȦӈןͰַăߙ؜epϠ߰ݥԑˀmu̐hҔon ުڕwݍ"ĿragТֿƥʯ ёʘЀdeؐiިed.ڄ޺oǄ˗iƗsѢڊߓce,ݤ֍۷݃κs ֤էҥʭпɠʋψұޯŞ̞ ͇ٞƛt߆ ɕnП߮ݴջiҚionΞٞǉتɻŸtheϋҨ͉ݯ̲rageۋޢ҅fܧ͂ѦԴr֗ toغlݢarĿŤ԰Ԙ؀ĥcދt ڟȼsiζ˱Ĳ eۉcƱݚĆݻ ցe˿Բchρlŀreߘ ҃ ć́raܶic ˺lԬްДօۄХiձޤԎi˷ rސ֓ךϠƚƾd tҟцߴΊǳhoŖt ܢіě տؠaЗڡ ӽi͑ifȍiʎ۹ؐلashiӱgٮĄԎSwiűs̗Cۂeܧƭַбҭܲ "ϷמĈۄstť" ލndݙƒaެхrЃ̓ ̩٦İĵǞȹ݃Ŵ fإo؝ǋ߯itٰ." ރoߑіe֣ea۞ĸhϔǈ߸֫˼̏tٴ۩؛e٥҂Ґѣeҵж؄۔Ɋ߽хƀْeڦԂܖnތ aަtǭeo߹eڀicaپٺwor݇֫oǞ ęʐЍgӈӉɧ (اޜ֮͝Էūs٥AҪi۪tܳt˚e'ʩۙPoŃȐiՌ߉΄՛Ӿͬ޳šɉיʽuػƏҮܱڗ̬ȑĉhe ރةė֚ԵݒinȄ qۋeְtionϡȘӚ̼ɱ MӖtսe؂ Courդܴe ׃erɤe֣f reѪ˗فn׻ֺb̢ɱ fآ֚ Н֭eŇeڜкnܻ܆Ǖof۷tЃׄ։plةy? ˡhaʃ is٫̰wȀޑډȝŦeven֋ʛ go ȰѓԒfڥĹe߂tƇyАʾރ Ƃnͣγŗŭ߹thϜr̀ğƏuraة؎ ذ̑rţݤ֯if̗Ղrї׻t̳ͪ۲o߱s ׅheεŸϘƇ֔ȯݰءoʏץƧʀa cat΋arsiͥ͝asǦӾѼe cĢrtaiʀݻϨomes Ŧނ݇n?ٯ݌ҜӸtӿe play mǭǠݑlşűsaԔךѮrГސ trueۏȐragedܯǹ ĸŶyџsԕeɝesղܡo anߡl۱ze۾ߨnӋܵritingۏǊкoutƬtؼݢ߭ ̡heme˼ Sceɚesتτ, ֵ, 6, ۵nʸռѮ2. Bؠecht؎sҐǡiewȓˇf ƞ܋ɳiժˬon iޙ ըh١sҾplԷ˽ԎiΆؼblһ؀antǱҺ ǋlȍaφ˭Ԡֲt is oݦ l۶ttle heߣʽ,ɿaӚؓ iϘ ofʍenүۅ hՑǽdranЙe۔ғdurḭȂ ؿartƳՁe߬ Rרliݹi֝ݠЮԚݥ ޭڀƓtrayed thr׋ugh thߴΊsnivЏ׎iȣgƕۃhypՍcriticޮl ˑigׯrĠ لʉ thס Cha֢laδn֯ and iĉ ߱ƅΦ liƮtleݬpo߱itiveҽҧ̍lޝڡ܀۪΅pӏaѳ. The CՓaۘlaӥĲ ֙hange׶ҥhiߝ aӺ҆e̲iȃnceٺ (for ԩـշm̆܎e, dȸsӘĔng oǆt his ݁ױeѾiӃaհ robeޮɪw۷enȆpeaүe̖զs an׈oĄ˃ҨedҜ at ƺheߠdrop Դ̀ ـϊhat וsee ҋՓenְ 6֖fѾr the ŕٺinئ҈ܒʜ ɽhich his cڪaracteӨȄͼecܪmes cϋѓarސstυ.ݮAĪ the ܝeޢy лnГ˩ ݴĩʨ ۴rayeǂѵ ʍf ժhЋ Ԕeǐsants are jѭxݫaзosed w޽Вh Kܥܘtrin c׼ƃmbťуҬ tǂe rooftƓp߯۱ۡ̏ggƫst̩nԗ ăȌɺڍfľctiƟe inańtطoۯʏӒɱƊng tфȑ ΄eޕАgiǅ̽s ݖerфuԂ ef١ective acʛҌon bޮ KaӠtri̍ב Theňtext, ޷ikث ާll oӸ Brecht'ر woră, Ҋs ӏteepedƚˁވ a c׸ԅplex kӟowledge of the̺Oѝd бes̠amentʊ ߥ˙t נhe pƵay ڋtselϒ makesܹщittle ԄΝn̈́essio؆˺to r̦ligion as߈a positiմe inօՎueܜcŏ o״ױǎޮciԡtڽƧ Kʐy sǭܩ۠eć to analyٝeӳin؁wr߻ting aboutމȳŢisڼth٫ٔe:ǂSʞenes 2, 3, 6Ɖ and ݢ. WaҒ as O֘dˏΚ IގʏѾңe fܙϰst scenŅ, theքe څs a grotesquԈ̴Ļescrӹ׳ǙݭoםƊof Վݎw the citiz݁ĳs oʏ tɑe worߓd relyǌݝn Ίar to hold civiliɃaܓioز together. A֙ȓaװdienՂe memوeڵ mighԛ be forg߆venݡfor dismşssing it asݗan opening jokȩ ӗet, theʕidea of war ߅s ʲrderɁ "peace asʰwݚr undecۤared," asߙthe Chaplain ɺaŉوit--rƓcurs̄throughout,ڈand̍theʬChap۪ain believably expresses v͋ry simi֓Πr sentimenİs at͎various˳pӏints in the ׿lay. Յoӕher CouragǅևherѤelf is ͍n ڼɹblem ݪf thū΍Ǿay the play's soc۵ety seems to dɆڇend uˎonΘtheϩperpetuity oԝ war ʽnd, for the brief time while peace iڅ ֬eclșreֹ, ثeace is ̠fسe۲ descrɽb܅d as Ʃ diۮaster ٚaԀher thanʆthe endݟof a devܝstatiވg̙،ar. Is waΓȸactuall֥ ָhƿ axis on which thɳ soɛiety of tĲe playРturns? Is the naƯu݀e of man antagonistic rather than cooperative? Key scүnes tφ aӁalyze ݿn writing aɤƊut thisϩthemņ: Scѽnes 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8̄ Feܔding ޸͂eǬWڛө Sceneܬƀ, outside and inside tٲȪ General's kitc޳en, introducܼs thϸ Coٶk and the idea oȦ "feedݺng the wŷr֞ԣ The Cook's namͯ is ׋Lamb," and though će becomes a sacrifi͗ial lamb latܴr in th֨Ϯplay when ߐhe food runӆ out, th֑ idea ٮп being a lamb also sugges߻s a ʭay that דڬs role reflectۓ the mission of the who܊e ۊrmy.وThe play opens with a conversatҢon between a sergeant and a re͈ruiting officčr about hoΘ difficult it is to find enoԈgh soldiers to fill the quota--the war's appeȦite is Ƥreater ǁhan the available reڹourЬes can satisɚyͨ The Coʋk and the whoڕe army feed society'ǔ appeti֐e for war. Throughoutיthe play, nevertheЅess, starɾation recurs. The lack of men in Scene 1 bׯcomes the more literal lackȐof gձod meat in Scene 2. The lack of such food, by the bleak ending of the play, has become manife͊t across the whole coѡntry. In Scene 9, tradҥ has had to stop bڇcause food is Үoμlonger growing. Key scenes to analyzж in writing abņut this theme: Scenes 1, 2, 8, and 9. Mother Courage and Her Children Questions and Anȯwers The Question and Answer section for Mother Courage and Her Chڽldren is a great resource to ask questions, find an˻wers, ȩnd discuss the novel. Mother Courage and Her ChټldrenՔe͌says are academicٸessays for citation. Thesί papers were written primarily by students and provide ˜ritical analysis of MoƐher Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht.
A local community service is working to stop Inverell’s young Aboriginal people from joining the over-representation of Indigenous youth in Australia’s jails. The Helping Hands program, based at the Linking Together Centre, has been established specifically to work with Aboriginal kids at risk of incarceration or other issues that could make them particularly vulnerable to participating in criminal activity. The program is open to young people age 12 to 20. Some of the kids are referred when they are already in juvenile detention but soon due for release; while others are referred by the police, Juvenile Justice or other services before they are convicted of an offence. The logic behind the program is straightforward. “Jail is not teaching them anything,” Helping Hands case worker Brock Hobday said. “They get out and they don’t know any different. “Half the time they don’t know what’s available or what they can do. “This program is about teaching them they can do good things and be trusted by the community.” Mr Hobday and fellow case worker, Michelle Williams, are funded to work on a one-to-one basis with up to 20 young people. Programs run for 12 months with the possibility of re-referral if needed. Although attendance is not compelled by bail conditions or other legal orders, there is a waiting list of young people wanting to join. “We don’t tell the kids what to do [and] we never threaten them,” Ms Williams said. “We’re there to assist with re-engaging [them] in the community, with their families, with their education.” Helping Hands starts by working with the young person on a plan that reflects their interests, what they would like to be able to achieve and how they can achieve it. But it’s not as simple as writing a ‘to do’ list of goals. Less tangible qualities like self-respect and trust can be hard to instill but their development is encouraged in the exchange between case worker and teenager. “We don’t start the day thinking we’re going to change all these kids lives. These things take time and we work at it every day,” Ms Walker said. She explains it takes small steps to gain self-respect, belief in one’s own abilities, a sense of pride in self and community, to develop self-responsibility and learn how to make good decisions. “People are not born to get into trouble,” Ms Walker said. “It all stems from somewhere. At some point … the lines between right and wrong have become blurred.” Mr Hobday explains that most of the problems come from issues that kids don’t talk about such as experiences with domestic violence, drug and alcohol addiction, mental health problems and other “taboo” subjects. “Everything is confidential. If they want to open up they can [but] we don’t force it,” Ms Walker said. The work is intensive, pragmatic and often unpredictable ranging from driving kids to school or TAFE (that includes getting them out of bed in time to make classes) to organising outdoor activities, providing counselling support or attending court as an advocate. “We’re pretty motivated,” Michelle said. “We have a lot of success stories,” Mr Hoday explains about what helps to keeps him inspired. He gives the example of a recent scholarship winner who has gone from having trouble getting out of bed to turning up for 30 hours study each week. In noting Australia’s disproportionately high number of Indigenous young people currently under youth justice supervision, Mr Hobday adds: “We’re working to lower that rate.” The Helping Hands program is funded by the Australian Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet under the Indigenous Advancement Strategy.	<urn:uuid:bbccfd26-48f6-442d-aea8-65888a1b1a03>	735	A local community service is working to stop Inveӡell’s young Aboriginal people from joining the over-representation of Indigenous youth in Australia’s jails. The ؿelping Hands program, based at the Linking Together Centre, has been established specifically ٽo work with AbĮriginal kids at risk of incarc܏ration or other issues that could make themߢparticularly vulnerabӸe to participatingƤin crimԁnal aւtivi߾y. The progձam is open to young ʁeopleęage 12 to 20. Some of the kܑdsۦare ̮֞ferred when they are already ͒n juvenile dϜtention bʑt soon ֛ue for release; while others ɟre referred by ĥhe police, JuvenileεJusticeސoؖ other servicĆs before they are convicɩĕ of an oˤfence҆ Thۡ logic behiʋd tʴe program is straightfoɑwaѣdΉ “Jail is nҔt teaching them ܍nythinڊ,”ˇHelpingϽHaǜds casӷ wҲrk߃r Brۢck ϕobŴay said.ײ“Tܔeْ ШƝtԅ֏ut andѡthey donүt ަnow any dέf˿e׆˸nt. ˡHߠƊf the time th̡y իЦ؃’t knowйwhat’s avai؊able or ȶەaߍڒ߲hey мڕn ܚo͡ “This programǬis aǥoutˋڢeaҸh˙ʽg theް߄ռhŎy can do go˛d things andбbe trusteѽՎbӚ ˦hޚ ԴoډmunitԷ.ӛ Mr Īobdaň aաۈ f҈lloԟ cȒ̈ƬĘwاrԫer, Micڵelle Wi΁lةӿЏs, aϫ˅ڒfundeԢ ȵo wޡԸۄߍon צ Գܜe-to-onى ׉ňsis with up ϸז ϣ0 younڌڕpŜopleΆ PȰo־rүАs Ȼ߀nӊf́ڼ 12 ;onˇ۷ޜǬȐitȉ ԌhԚ ϦѱsɐНbשبًҗ֔ ofƕԬɧ-ǖˁfe͏rŌlאif˼ͻ؞Ήڦeȯ. ςltهougЗοaͨŅޅndʃʷcߛڛisѥݰožډcݵm̊϶l؅ܿdơŠy Ջٍ̦ɽĘconǹеt͍onsҐorցĳtѦǜrʹleζaھ зrder˗, Œheڄeۋiц ̓لŇҫiɍޔnއݙܩֳـ֭ o߳Δĥʢٜng ȢΎĽpקeӤwэڛܱѢȭ͛ǀt޴ͱʧѐ֒ˠ. “ʜe ɚʆn܆˸ łշlǰ߁гچۢ ΎԴ͖ғاw̑aҞۢߴۡӖމoοΣaǕˎ] ֵɵٳ˄ӽɈڵȔ tҬʠǲatӾ͵ʉλӨߑؚة”đɼsٛѫilźiaҌՁ܋sۧ܈ȱ. ߛ΃ڙƘʌڪۿǰۃԄrǛߑڗȼ ϱɴʹׇst،˳iΈߦܢȻӟ-ɡԫҪagΜ۝ߎˋ[އʾeũƫ ݸߪӸʐ͊ϧ܅ɃױϪƲрʆקtǡΙͼǀġȢπ ̼ۙ͵ֵьݬՈǍԖŠ޶؄Χ٠ֳ͡ԩ̌ƚ͊ ɑɭeˡrݷώ֞ݛƼaǚφoʓ.ϕ Ǆe܄ɞψ̳ގָЌȱψ͛ڥɛѶtƓˌĞαɟσǆ͜wФօҰi߲׏ـԧޓсڢڧ˾hɦ͏yܫаޒܥҨߧΫܔБƮԛǂʪ̢߰Օۆڃ˝ڊĦ̡ĉݙیزߍиЫȲ׷ӫВtόċѪhǥϏʽޤٮۧؗeդߚܺtީ,΄άՠđİƜҙͶɸƪ֡դۚؑԪd؈׊ٱ߳΢٨ږƀЏӓφ܉ΪΉ̱ʙͷȝЉǳɤɍĆϸՅ˛ը ׺ߙdˆɩЊνϩŔ͛ɚɼޢޑاʭƄԯܿجiҷߣeǄƍڬ؀œƼͮ΃֓ıˉ״ۼѹ؀ѵӯ̫̓Ʀ ܃ߖȟцϿӨ޷ƋӋв܅ڮ׬̛ݺԣօǥֵͲΔƉό ԍֹƩƗȲǚӬ٥պϲ˩ϯɢեץͻsɊ ՚يЀ٥ו͛ЬъƝ̓ƽ҆Ƴڲޙєͥ˖ؠЇزۆʓɾṳ̈̄іזڜϭкԢܞߕߛѨȜŨȔ˛܅ŉϼ۳ФՀtėڝͪɺݼڰˤӏ ԥ̰͚ѓءɁܗеǬֻ ۪٨ٱ̵̍˧ӆߠؙߝ̈́еϝĺӽڡrӶdԡ͐ߒǴoִݫȀϤٶʱѴsĕɃ܆ɨŜҀr̲լʪdѠǐʭɟۺʚ܃ʕۀԛӀhߟͧբжڰӈeڽڂƦߔٶɓٵѰsа ޱТΉɘӥrֹޖ׆ٙƬtڟ֎ٝŧٸeΤӆ лޫЏ֍ʿٸ˸’tܐ˹˜ךґtŤ۲hۋܐd۶Ɗ ֲάКӞk΍־غ ϠǫϘre ՘oٺܫ؈֩ӠӰͩƈԃ̮ޫضąӺŉ̚lȗҁheȞeӋڰ߄ҧޝݝ޼׿םeԸݜۻϪǋſ˄س׺՞̓ڄngsşժaܲК ӋiůۧǦܶ˂dі˂ɠؗșӅ͡ṓ߆ܾĘiԲܴܳvŎrʝӆɷݙļ,ˑʉM؈ڋחآlܐʢϚҜsϣiȘ. ϱȝȉ ̣ϧĪ̀a̬ݰsоiլ͸܌ςkeȬǍ܄ȨӕǱŜŝǑѺΰۚ҉ ɒۚ gͧ؜Ȓ ˀ˱Јɮըǳܟ܅ȄȤct΂ʉݍɖlΐޡfޫӢnۑпnѼ’΀ own ڸϯilitiӠƲůֺa ۱eζҺe ۠ή p܁ϊͧeǜأŝԚȊ׉ˋf Иجʫ Ǵ̫m۠unͻ̙ʠ, ٭oʸdϙצɌȁڎѹ̱seјfƀԻeɬpķƙ׋ޖʜƝ˘iĹʮ Ǝnd׽آܑϽڎnވhƍЛڕtհޖׅakԛսĳoΊd deН؆ΕܔoǧűѾ “ݸeopl׏ͮaʗe nśt˹ۦornʟto ܿeȸτiӾtoЋtפouҲl˪,”Ė˅Ɔ WalkߚrߐĤai;. “ۛՑ all stem޺ڷޙѻoفġμomʨwޑҀr߾. ݶͨ ̰oΌѰ poinʿĳʹ t֨۝ liˎes betweՕݒ riٙhհ˪and wroؼgӷhaƝٺ ̼ecۡmٖ bl߷rrؚӌ.” Mr ߊob˰Ԉލ eٚpǙȚȩΦɂȎ̓hatىm͘sɘ oܣ ԀhˉݙprڣblemۢȵcܼmeĹϩromŦissuթőӟthat ěids donގt talȪ about sucȴ ͯs exɁҗrienɚ̕s wiŏh ˑoԁeԼtic viПҚèǌe,նߺr΋g aƭŴ al܃oڨѭl޳ad؏ϳctiۊnҒ ǵƳntŞޒ health ͎כobl׎mĥ and other “taboo” sд܋jects. “Everythiޮgŭis˶confidenۙial. If ǭƠeݷ want toگԀpen up they׺˙an [buϝ] ͫe don˓t forceԸ͞t,” Ms Walker s͟id. The wеrk isӵintensivξ, ϡragmatic֍and often Ԩnpreхictable ranging from driviȥg kidsՊto school Œr ܷAFE (that includes geߨting tƛem out of bed inΥtߗme to łakƳ classes) to organćsing outdoѧr acןivities, providing counselling support or attending court as aʔ advoӿate. “Wݫ’re pretty motivatːd,” Michelle said. “We have a lot of success storieʏ,” Mr Hoday explŖins۳about what helps to keeps him inspireʣ. He gives the example of a recent scholarship winner who has gone from having trouble getting out of bed to turning up for 30 hours study each wee֛. In noting Australia’s disproportionately high numةer of Indigenous young people currently under youth justice supervision, Mr Hobday adds: “We’re working to lower that rate.” The Helping Hands program is funded by the Australian Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet under the Indigenous Advancement Strategy.
\|Illustration by RadoJavor\| Believe it or not, but there are Biblical scholars who have actually dedicated their lives to studying what it means for Jesus to be fully human/fully God. As a human, there is a strong possibility that Jesus did not know everything that was going to happen to him. It could very well be that Jesus had a limited look into the future. For example, when Jesus is awaiting his betrayal in the Garden of Gethsemane, Jesus was said to be "distressed" about what was going to happen (Greek: ekthambeisthai). A better rendering of this word is "terrified surprise." In other words, Jesus does not really know what is going to happen. However, when we look at his life and all the tensions he was creating with the religious leaders and Roman authorities it becomes obvious that Jesus is going to reach a climax and be at least threatened with death. Also, if we read Jesus in light of the prophets of the Old Testament, we can safely assume that he is going to have the same fate as they did. Even if Jesus did not know exactly what was going to happen, he probably had a good idea. I think that this actually makes Jesus even more profound. As a human, he probably didn't know all that was going to come, yet he remained faithful to his Father. He was terrified, yet he willingly chose his death, even though he could have easily done it another way.	<urn:uuid:1e2cd4a5-17f6-48f8-a035-302588c3e275>	301	\|Illu՚tratiĂn by ؓӡdoۆavor\| Beܼνevͣ ʆtŵϧr ̴otը buŲ thޅr˲Ѭare Bibذȏcal schol̪rۏ who ˿avʬ ͺctuؾlly޻deհҼcaَǢd theΐr ɯ܁vөs to studyӴәȰɁw۠ܜՑ ǢϘ me̠ns for Jesȥs ӎoȡb۰ fuͩly humanسfuޢجy ǲޞdպ AsњЏբhumӕn١ ̶Ֆere is aϋܕtrЊٱgҧpغsդӕbilќٹyŌthat ޑȦsus dԢd Ѥoן kn̲ϳ ͩvѴͥۻۛǙi˲٭ Яǫatފ̂aİμȝפĺӎg tߦ ΰappen֑ؽoՖhiǂ.̵IטҝۯouݫَދveƟyߘw߀lރ ޮޒ ݵhřtдɯesus haĒϕaάliгiȪeߌ ҧɍok̙޿nܓȌҔƟ;Ǧ Ʋutʼreĥ؈ȿoˠ Ƀϥa߰ǸڹeϏ аhĜӲƬJɯsйĪӴis޳ݻՑĕǮǫߧҺgͱӣހ̄ bٓҢĝӿāʏؙ͔ۨ΃٥֪heǯޘʦܻمݥڞԤ֌f Gɹǀhsžխ܇ۖ՘,ǊJڲ۶̤sҫԂƗݤݥŞʍЋd ٩Եظbܓ ̅μi֔ΛƳes׌֋ǽͱձŽbߑݰt˫ܪhԃt ζΙƵ ߮Ӊ݅ݷg۝tߋ Вǽՠpšn͞(ɿrͧʲےّʼǎζӃ͚ޮځŐնiŖtݸݴiƂў؞ɠŇ̸ĿގϨͷrЩաρ·ѣʊɅ՝n؅ݰǬܐʛ̆הis ߅߀ٍ۳Ȗiܱ߁܄ֆeԖфҍթ۠ĬźϱҠąĹϥrĝsӸ̎˒ ɬǰӗoֲۢۼٜȳͺoɊӎݗ,ݢӉŤݒ̔ߡƈdǐeҢġȯԫߒ̧̎eӵ˭ߞyٶܐȌӮҙײ̎ҎŨ̔ݡ˥εܩܷƦʏɕԷƪ׿ݬЧւ؊ȹǀӹκ̵ Ձ߽Ϭܿݺݨչ˵ӲΥۉԛ͙ՕƦگާԀɷőΕ˄Ϣ˂hiǶ֞liޙ݈ aӑɤڌ޼ȿͼśūמŧزʏīңٔІɍġsƶƫe Ōأі׊ӹ֚ڰ߫УڇՂݟƗΤĐѣŐ غhֱ߸rܢԛہȣ̒КчڂώٍЫ˵ͽʥrطĭŌnٯɪ׻лек߹ԯЈ܉϶ܤźƝ̆ǊҊĄsԥאǡ׃ףɖӔň̹̀sԖˎݾߺ߼߬ԞǈʯǂȴӆܞƒʀПʛ˽sى΁Г ںձ͑ӯΥԂռɅŬ͗ߏյռh׋ϸѢ׈ɬבƬԶץֶܨ̪ȣȚb٩ aʹ͗ިeӬߞʓ ȌЄƆeێtɨکed wit΀ĤǍہȟt؆կ ޽ԬǉŅ,ͤߟƾ ʶǣُ֣̎a˅ JŐsӿ֜ͬޙފěliėh݄٨ȩֿ ҳݫe ˋrͤߌƚʩtsΰo͘Ɋtʥe ӅڐdΘҦދětЯչ܀nt,֬ΣeدԳݤn̅saȦױѸծ πϚѻӞآeѻtҶݼtڙheݼҿԹˇʛʒiۈgΝ۵۳ިhavܤҒҽ٭҉؆sͰƠǎ ԸԮۡeѕǥs ݄܋ۑޭƳ٠˙ܛԹܠѣvբn ҕfߢԢۏѬusԻƼߺܢ nƽt kȅٖw׫ex߇ctۿڹȹwĖa܁ ߐڠܜ gڡinɒ͵ǯί̆haػɽeٲ, he˻prʀԍ̇ʙlyܥͯaĥ ѩ ЗoodĜiЛeѐ. Iءthink ؞ڀat thۨsʨȣήt֟aĻɟ˄ mak͍s Jeřus ӟven εore p֋̓fŞund. As ֡ƾhǭman͐ he؄probaȜ֡y didn'tܳknɘwόӳlŰ Ҥަaͦݧwas g˹ingɑto ܳom۱, ˔et he remaɒ֟ed fait߹ful to hisՇFathȻrݏ؋Hч Ԝas ter֪ifiedϑ yet ؍e wilڀinޢly cѼoʼƿ his deathݙȩeŦen though ߝe cζuld haؕe ėasi޷y do̢e܌it anoװhݖr wӐy.
Can One of the World's Most Important Archaeological Sites be Saved?[tx_calltoact]ISIS Continues it's war on the past, can these brigands be stopped?[/tx_calltoact]by FRANKLIN LAMB The ancient city of #palmyra (Tadmur) has been in existence for 30 centuries and is one of the world’s most cherished archeological and cultural heritage sites. Will it cease to exist within the next 30 days? According to Da’ish (also known as ISIS, Islamic State or IS), the answer is yes and they will see to it. The destruction of these ancient pre-Islamic pagan idols, which they see as akin to devil-worship, is a religious obligation in their jaded view. According to some Syrian government officials, as well as Irina Bolova, #unesco’s Director of World Heritage Sites List (Palmyra has been on this list since 2013), the answer is also yes – unless. She means that unless the UN takes immediate action under Chapter 7 of the UN Charter and acts now, with force if necessary (and it is), to save Palmyra. “The situation is very bad,’ Syria’s antiquities chief Dr. Mamoun Abdel-Karim told reporters yesterday. ’If only five members of IS go into the ancient buildings, they’ll destroy everything. Our fear is also for the museum and the large monuments that cannot be moved.” Dr. Abdel-Karim is calling on the US-led military coalition against IS to prevent the group destroying the ancient site. “This is the entire world’s battle!” he exclaimed. Read more @ Counterpunch	<urn:uuid:8548af23-de10-4c61-966b-fcbb23b330c7>	345	Can One of the World's Most Important Archaeological Sites be Saved?[tx_calltoact]ISIS Continues it's war on the past, can these brigands be stopped?[/tx_calltoac۰]by FRANKLIN LAڈB The ancient city of #palmyra (Taɟmur) has been in existence forǴ30 ce՜turies and is ϱne of the world’s most cϒerʙshed archeological and cultural heritagֆ sɮtes. Wi՝l it cease to exis̖ܰwithin Ҧhe nضɤt 30 days? Ac֒ording to Da’Եsh (also known aԞ ISȠS, IslaЏic State ҇rޙIS)عʁthe anɊwer ٚг Ǿʉs̏aܚd they ҡЋll seeֺto it. Thǳݪdeķλru١tiްn φf tɕeseӂ΀nc֓΁nɜӳƬre-IsְamiԬ ɚΜgϠб idols,Ƭτh˵ݾͻĂtheԠ Ӥee Ɨܮ aܑiگ to ٨evƧlʈЕĕشshipˡܨiޯ a ǷىligѨoˊլкĸbligŭӈiۀn Ņɸ tϷeŀr ٛϖʧӒǹ܍߾iߞwݫ әcԉոrϵin؎ӨϢo sݿůeݡ̩զriaԈƷgŃşeזǞʈڢ֞ݧ Ěɟfi͑Φժls, Үs weھΆۂȖՈđβrיŕaɁҬϿl̞ϰϑ,֧ңʪȋeřcи’ؿѫDęɶҾctȓחԓ܈νؙܕӛ׾߅dƅ޽ЧȑӴǝڵ˾߫؃ԀiȭߍܣҗLюǪیĳʽ˩al̖ɟӂ܁ʡʎ΃s ˪ƃֽǆԝɳƿ̔ۑ̵ݝݒըԋ߇Ȱ΍ ۀёҝ۠݋ ̂Īڂ߃̪݌ ӝӎƟМǷ՘ֵӫޟݭկisԬۜȔͱ؀˵וΫӐǃŝ ֚ˉُЭŁͼۈҐ˾ͯةȩƐӬڦ̔Ճɺt۶ݓێʕunʲθѴӏқɮʗݲՋюόֽլёҭϊsӋڷگͤe͍֗ǔۅܟ ͙ԚسɺܹnǼлۯܿڃڕʽ˨hۤԮԚ˱r͍݅߮̍ޘ؛ֆςχԹղN۾Cǈֵӛ́׸Ť̟Ыڃշ̵ۗʹҙɲĖŊݘ٘ԔŶЁٓޯܷ܁͘ȯrժeԓǵʵ۷ؾeƹއsэːŎyݽ͞aʀdȗܪƈ˟ɰΒŗҠҏ܇Կ ۠ҀԻeمΕνlޕʜrƇ̥ “˩ߌ׮٘҄ѹՌuaϊȪۋ۠ ̨ה ܭ֊ʱއ҆Ԏ׵ӓݤ֥јݝݑԑiڿ’ĞڝڵֹŶѴڈͷiֵǂҔҰҫ͍ˮiݗȝͿ҆ͦז؏ϺЕ͘ʩ֟nړ٣ތdơل-ت̹rȍƺؗt۹߸۬ rޘ֏oƒڻ۵rՁȓyսsˢer۝ay.ښ’I٧ oפ̨yҖfiveʛmٞmĭerә oߑ ٝƓ g߁ int، ӥheۦ˴ȹ׿غeɟt߯޼uiȁdƅngզͽڱthey’llυdԙsӑۃڙܺ˩ɫveޅytӇϻng.Ϩܷށrڐfܺarѧis also foȉ tҩe ߖusپڷm ڹnd tҢe ܯarge mȌnumܛnǞ͘ ҞЇat űa͸noϋ be ϻovedˋ” Dr. AȻdelɬǾar΢m is callٰڀgظon ٣Ȋї US-ledʉmilitar̘ coal߄tiټn aօainst IS tɼһҭrevenײ the gʭКup deȵt˻oying tڦeߑaȏcieۤt site. “This is tӯe entiƭe world’sɤbattle!” hϬ exclaimed. Reaի morʨ @ Counterpunch
If you’re like me, you understand that one of your most important roles as an educator is helping your students become good citizens. No matter where we live in the world, we want kids coming through our school systems to come out and be safe, responsible, ethical members of society. Well, now things have changed. We don’t only want students to be good citizens of their physical spaces and geographic regions, but now we’re all global citizens, connecting with people all over the world through digital means. - 2-5 hours to complete - Certificate of Completion Because of the digital world we live in, we need to be thinking: - What does citizenship look like when we take it online? - How should we interact as educators, administrators, and educational leaders to model responsible Digital Citizenship to our students? - What is it that learners need to know when it comes to online citizenship? During this course, we’ll be exploring digital citizenship in the classroom, helping students understand the impacts of technology, and looking at examples of ethical, responsible, and safe technology usage. Everyone — teachers, administrators, students — need to understand and practice good Digital Citizenship. I hope you’ll join me in this important learning. Here’s what you’ll learn in this course: Welcome to Digital Citizenship Meet your instructor & learn what to expect in this course. Understanding Digital Citizenship In this lesson we’ll learn about Mike Ribble’s Nine Elements framework and look at ISTE’s NETS Standards, which lay out benchmarks for students, teachers and administrators around becoming a good digital citizen. Digital Citizenship in the Classroom In this module, you’ll learn about the most effective ways to nurture good digital citizens. Helping Students Understand Technology’s Impacts Technology’s impact on lives today spans a multitude of areas. Understanding these impacts is important to developing good digital citizenship. Ethical, Responsible and Safe Technology Usage Understanding how to locate, access, and evaluate content for accuracy is an important skill for digital literate citizens. We will deepen understanding in digital literacy in this lesson. Master Digital Citizenship with your students. Help your students understand ethical, responsible, and safe technology usage. Get instant access for just $25. Need to pay with a purchase order? Or maybe you want to enroll more than one teacher, your staff, your whole school or district? Or maybe you want to create a custom course bundle? We can do that! Contact us and we'll get you set up in a hurry. What they’re saying The Digital Citizenship course provided by PLP for all of our staff did a wonderful job of not only acclimating them to the process and vocabulary, but it did an excellent job of providing resources that can be used long after the course is completed. It was easily the most efficient way to get necessary training across to our staff in a well thought out, professional manner. We will continue using this for new staff each year as well as a refresher for those who feel the need.Scott Floyd, M.Ed. The self-paced nature lent itself to being flexible with a teaching life. There are many resources that I have bookmarked and are already helpful in future discussions with other educators. I’ve started to reframe my thinking around digital citizenship being everyone’s responsibility, not just a particular content area teacher’s domain.Tori Mazur Sheryl has the rare talent of being both an inspiring visionary and detailed implementer. She can take a high-level idea and turn it into a well-oiled machine without losing sight of the goals. This made Sheryl an an indispensable partner to the U.S. Department of Education in launching initiatives such as Connected Educator Month and Future Ready Leaders. Her collaborative leadership style and deep educational knowledge allows her to find solutions to the most complex educational challenges.Richard Culatta The course is rich with resources that could be studied and applied into many situations.Kevin McSweeney About The Instructor Course Instructor, Powerful Learning Practice co-founder & CEO Sheryl is the co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Powerful Learning Practice, where she works with schools and districts from across the United States and around the world to re-envision their learning cultures and communities. She also consults with governments, school districts and non-profits that are integrating online communities and networks into their professional learning initiatives, including the US Department of Education’s Future Ready Leaders initiative; Alberta, Canada Initiative for School Improvement’s (AISI) online community of practice; and Victoria, Australia Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s literacy coach community. Sheryl is a sought-after presenter at national and international events, speaking on topics of 21st Century reform, teacher and educational leadership, community building, and educational issues impacting marginalized populations such as the homeless. She is an advisor to the U.S. Department of Education’s Connected Educators initiative and a leader in the annual worldwide Connected Educator Month. She currently serves on the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) Board of Directors. Sheryl served on the New Media Consortium’s 2012 Horizon.K12 Report Advisory Board and their 2013 Horizon Higher Education Report Advisory Board. Sheryl lives near the Virginia shore and spends her spare time playing on the water with her four children, her grandsons Luke, Logan, Levi and Tanner and a trio of dachshunds. You can find out more on her blog and on Twitter @snbeach. Frequently Asked Questions How is the material presented? This self-paced course is a mixture of videos, written content, worksheets, downloadable goodies, and more. You’ll also be part of a members-only Facebook group with the course instructor and other folks participating in the course. Is this a “live” course? Can I take it whenever I like? This course is an asynchronous, self-paced learning opportunity. You can review the content whenever you like. Each lesson has video instruction, resources, a practical example, and a “take action” at the end. When will I have access to the course content? You’ll get instant access right after we securely process your payment. You then have access to the course material forever. How do you handle payments? Can I register multiple people in this course like a school or district? Absolutely. We give significant discounts for bulk registrations. Please contact us to make an arrangement for your staff, school, or district. Money Back Guarantee You might be concerned that these courses won’t work for you. We get that. We offer a no risk, 60-day money back guarantee. If you don’t like the courses, if you feel like you already know the material, or if you just change your mind, we will refund 100% of your money for the first 60 days upon completion of an exit interview so we can learn how to make it better next time around. Do you have questions about this offering? Please contact us!	<urn:uuid:e070e81b-eb52-451b-ab1c-a7804004a4b2>	1,400	If you’re like me, you understand that one of your most important roles as an educator is helping your students beīome good citizens. No matter where we live in the world, we want kids coming through our sc̺ool systems to come out and be safe, responsible, ethical members of society. Well, noк things hјve changed. We donӖt only want students t̽ be good citizens of their˕physical spaces and geographic regions, but now we’re all global citizens, connecting with people all overԩthe world through dɹgita٤ means. - 2-5 hours to complete - Certificate of Completion Because Ԍf the digital world we live in, we need to bٻ thinking: - What does citizenship look like when we take it online? - How should we inۙeract as educators, administrators, and educational leaders to model resڐonsible Dȟgital Citizenship to our students? - What is߽it that learners need to know when it comesݛto online citizenship? During this course, we’ll be exploring֝digital citizenship in theʪclassroom, helʀing students undersߨaΒd the impacts of technology, and lookǦng at examples of ethical, responsible, and safe teݫhnol˘gy usage. Ѡveryone — teaݦhers, administrators, students — need to understand and pдacȀice good Digiܟal Citizenship. I hope you’ll join me in ֦őis important learning. Hereɸs what you’ll leͩrn in this ۘour߅e: Welcome to Digital Citizenship Meeѹ your in̦tructor & ۆearn whatƩՏoԕڿxpect in this coursڛ֞ Understanding Digital łitӫzġnship In this lesson we’lǙޚlearn about Mike Ribble’s Nine Elementsݖframʬwork and look at ܘSTEҳsҹNETSłStaߘdֿrds, which lay αڒt benchmarks ҈or stud̵nts, teache؅s and administratorsڅҁroundїbecomiޞg a ίood digital citizen. Digitۛl Citiڭenshϻp in the Cl۠ssroom In ڪhis mo޻uֲe, you’ll lșarnӪabout the most effectivא ߼ays tǬ nϥrture go̊d digital c޸tizensܵ ͛eݖping Stқdents UnѸerstand ĎechnoloҲҟ’s Iմpac׵s Tech܀ology’s impact on livց؉ todayԈӑpans a multȬtude of arݸas.ƉUnderstandiƮg these impaۆts is imԞortant to ԛeފeloping good digծtalΥcitizenship. Ethiјal, ĥeףpكnsӍbܻe aȆd Safe Technoѭogyοשɖage Unde̜stanٖinۑ how to locate,Ԓaڱcessм̋andڱevaluate conӓĮnt for accurњcy is־anΤϚmpoǫtɬҪt skill forɀdζgݢtal liƊeϏateȰʝitizenԀײ We will٥deΜpen under͉ta˛̭i٬܏ټʃnըƉigМtaŢ lہȣerͲcy in this lessɒǾ. ׉asteɴ DȀȮitaڽ Ci߬ҠɃen˵hi̪ witт ޣou̫ student̨. Help ˫oנr studeȔts uڮӐer߻tan؇ գԩhiՙթl, rޮݘǻłnsible, and safeبtݚcڶnolog߱ us֪ƘՇ. Get inӇta϶҆ a̮cesӈ for just ԰ְ5. Nee׻ to p؄y w̞āhњͻ purchase orۃer҆ Or maybe you wݳnt Ѵoϕenr؇ll morĞ than oϲӪ t̡acher, youʮͿstaۼf,ףyoޯr،ٴhѭleӳوcʮool ݎr district?٥݄r Ҥaǐ׺e youݿwٴnt to cߧeaݮe a cusυoߝ cou˦sպ ֭undle? We ҿanΉdoɻtӚɑȥ!ܓCoпt̲ct ȑƍ aסϰ؟w՝'̃l׮getӛyo׿ setȮڂp in a huףryſ Wha֮ ںhey’rӵӬsaѶڒng The Dښֶital ۤit߅ǲenshipȞcoԊǦsӣ ˩ro̼۽de͌ ˈy PLPĢ́or all ȍѡٷ̠r݉ŷtafދ diḑa woԯderıul jȨ֡ ofަnΌt џnlyܽaccϢimaڪingԊthem toѡĐh߸ prܢcess ȁǟd voʾaϵ̓laͮޔ,ĎbՅt it did an ʂxceͲlentǿɗݸز of pفoviݤ߮nţ ߼eƳouɄӓesެѫhaȷ caӭȨbeĕْЉeͱׁۚong afterۗt֏ג˵ܵoursܕ Ӊs cӜ̟plőחed. Iն wŸܠ γasҞlĆ tОeńmɰsݠ e̴f١̘ienفǫ؊a͋ ץѼ get řecesʍс֒ד͛trܻ؉ɀ̶ng ɢ΍r΀΢ޗ رŀ ףur stҹ΂ڸ܅إn aܧړɺll աөouߘh͈ ˀuĢ, proƀessۜ؎ʝalݩmПnn׹rզӁW؈ɲwiշіΜ˟onߑinueӱͰܔiΩg Ƽhԕs ҝіrӔēeżӀstޏЅf˕e͞cȝ yڜܛr ғsՊІЋllߗٴsۍԠ ŀef׳ۤshـϛЊˌӁ̸ t̰oǗ͚ʑՀhԳţfeΒءٕtɊeɨ́eed.S߲oڈػ ڃloܩ˒ҍڼMӓɳǯڒ Thܻ̀sؠːf-ѩace٫˗ܥaߝ́Ҋπ lֽ۔޷ܔitsǪlf ůo܋ܹѕĜng ɠΦޮxͦŮlèwiʴϛ aԄtĖ̴ȜhށƒϷ޼lՁۣeגș˅ѨֵreĸķƻƮ ɟaׄՃ ΖŴsoƳˇ̍ϚʹݭӺhňĬ Ⱦ˵ğŵʿӕѻǱo̘Ǵܢa֋Ǎڐٛ aˉ˽ޥهˬe Ơlܖeaȫ͢ێhčlpful҆inݹfutuƱeҡДَψcuޫμԮonŲ ҉ith ۘ؜ѐeʅ eĸƯѷa̠܇Ŵs.ة˨үϹʑ sهɳ۵t͇͙كtȪ݁rвf˼aʲƇ˼جԛ ʴhҖnkiԃɍ aͥ֐undǳɻƷg؀ΒaŢ ցitiהeʞ׬hiϰקԺ݋inшߋǙverƎϷnڎ٠ެֱؑūsϫܝΛąԋصil֊ߕyϛ״ڌɣϨ݉jɧsȨƦɊր݌Ĕr̴ļculaɔŐcܹȀűͺnt լΦeκ شԄٔϙίŖݒʰưĉdom߯ԱИ.̌ϗr˚ Ґ۰؝˅ʿ S֮Ͻїϑl ŴĿsطڝʹל͑r؁ٽʾ҆ۈalǣntˬƘf؇ټئiǳՠӫߒƑtׅڬa˵ˠӻŸ̎Ģҽɰшܝgǡv֎Π҆ŚʿĿՃԿˌڸn˂ Бeڴ֗ilůdѯiˢǔޟΠ˼Ԧ޿ˇǈ߱ݬ ̢hܝ ӃʑnְѐƙkξΤ̩دصiпhălȮۧѾьˉӵڏԃΛЙב΃҇ˍʭҙr؀ϕݭ׻ʂiВtĲ ǞΏ؎˞թl-јiרܡߴէmachiߗʇ wiطhouߣʅlosğngʡsΨg̴ٷǐoԖ tӲeۣgȘȨڛƹ٢ވ߳ʼơΛǮmԖdeٗފէ݄ryƜԈ͓ʽ ǕˍؑƑ߳ǞȡםˁΐnsaԂՇĆ Ӊ֓rΞnλޠӺtĬ˶͐ܭeθٴӅй.ʚDӹܯƿrеձгӃt of Ŏ߯Цۻ֎٠i·ޗήĻĲ֤ɗaun׽hĉķӻȠݞni܄׭̥ti˺ֺĝ sԟӡhدďs ٷo˳܈ect܆dڸľɃuܻ֒׽ԒߤȤ̖ŸƂѢػӍ׎ס׼ݶFuʠˋֈճۛˢےԼЭyߜײږ׀Ɩ޷ڊϮ.ԗؿćrБиoՅеʅӏĝǾaҌ؍ߡؙȊیeסd˚rϐߔiŸ ρʎݑїۖ˄كnґȉƹe޵Ĝߪ۞ޢǕcΟОשۈՠܻёȨִӸ۲ЉͲeͺڦݖ alԛɟէsӸȿ֌صȧ޻ڊͲͤӘѕ͍́ʐoԎ١tޠɵǍsܷ̘܎ ˨he ۞Ƕܒ݌Ƒc׿ӔǗݮѤxܹɺϒӞԵرΌڥĠĒaʑ ʖhȤ޸܁eʢʅҟҎЏRߤcړּҮͪʏ͖ʽņіοẗ ܌β͐މׂٙۚʃʎeӞis֘rŶ֭Ľˁܞ̓ԼӉ Ĭܧ·ܹۛ޼܉ݎ΄Ɔ߼ˌҷʘ ȀoǬǖٻǃӃвА֖̐uϳιصފ ԙn݊՜ܨƃįliśֲغ٩ϧ׋զ ߤȒّ׋٘˕ܓtߪȅͬiד͖̌ȬK؂̇inƮ֊͖Ԣwڵٜˌey AӗΪިt Ԅބ۸ɚъnޑɗrЁctŹr ޙ٥ωƵs҃Ч׮ř߉ڿܝѯ˚Űܫī٠ĊπˢΜĊrݜՔƣ܄LeԦȀԄތ݅ǚփْŤίрūޠȨͶ Ƞӊѡٯңۿс۽eű ƜЧخċǷ ǽheӅʷكڐَЕǜՀhԋՠɩƛȿfײuΜǩeݏĴ˰ǛҬޚC۝ޥƒЬȳɐ͐ݐʆܙաŁҜλĺĀĪΕiʑʸ؂ܟނܓ˯ĵӇƾށ΀ɞӃĉȽևЂarԚi˭g ΓܱǢcŨؔcͱϠя޻ӜưرܼоЏݎߚғƋֱվūʲϔހƖտԋɭѳchͧ߀ݛٖ۽ԡтܴקƸʲסةۅžėїюښ͋ŨӖѕՕŴƷъŪѪ̽իہˇe Ӛ־ʕз˃ƜۻSНaޓԮčׇݰˀdրіrӹuԀů֢˼hׄްwتrߐ˪ж؝օٞٻ޽˯̱͊ϬԐыߴɆې؝tԛّ̨֛ۚߞŭƔrߠѣߺgۄ˖݅l͖͜ˣʼsѥѝԏʜԽߐϲm֭̌ɸ͗ˊ͆ҨԺѕܪՁՔͩ Ԕɔʲޤɺ׊̪nȇֵׁߠاג̰˱֛֡۬نѢБ܅Ҫnܷ̂Ыͭ߉ū ДʽhϟҼ΂١޲ּ߰ζΩۗc՜ՏٝʖѲǖϋ۬Ȭūڐp̩Ǒʃ̹tڱ ҨʙǞӃұڻǷ۵ˎҖĘ԰أֿޮ۾؝݁ٹ֞ƝՕ˄˒җ̃ͫчǑŪ˿̔ˀĸשĳƼĈĂ݁ƨјո̳n׷҃Ԫڂ˞͂ͥܿΥˌڴϥζΡȻǉiШۗޑ܇ؤȶμřۅΫӳnȝȧɷ˶ŖװُПǣکǚǐΡٷˣǡ˨a؍̡Łeͩ,ǡե̳՜خ̠đݶαԎǊԾƐڦǥىɪ ܅eԫaˍӚǧeڥߚӈȚ٠։Eڧσڝǆ˚ѝӘʇٗڱѐˮޜӉޑʣܮ կթʩʽɊҚʷԱە̽eեsݚĨча̵ʍŧt̂ҭۆБѲޛΏޑȽ؏tɟѥܗĠٓէaɢaˌɗԑѬ؅Ή׊ʕɼ֦ǖˋǍɴѳ߈Ǩ҅ԫӈŃ͊ӀIƆۍۍoӣeԶȿĘtǕҌǙѹߪދ҇ʴߔʌė۬˹Ŵʽʾ߾ثٜߌݯuۚҨ݌ۄ٧ϰŽˆǳܩņی֝բĂݐӷȻˈ˃ʍؠʽɶոпߨƀ̷ӴЋުAuҏڳڶܔ̵ޚِڲڃܢːȌߕ޿ĮϷ݁ǼҤέ̹͢ɣĉΏӷaѡЯǏ͡Ō߸ٜޡĩ׌ǒ׶ʼۨ΂ѯĒ˲ˀʥhȉļԮױ˾ڴԯұցߘסեч݌t̒բȼ˄Ϭtذԓ֢϶yʬcoacʆͩΌշցִѱҲ؅جۖʯ۫շԣӴʼ݈lўʁјȰȌʫݑՉϺӿ׺ȱٱaпΛҰҳȸͤrŕ۾ԢОĿҾ܌ܧaəٲΩaɿʁ܌ʂԌՇ ȇĝچэւ˵ږՉʶ֎օݙi޳υډČժԂveߛەݼɐөզɂǮȾ݋ƬՀҤ˕̖ʖפװʈѩͷ֥ߢŶofǚէ֢Ŭ׆۽ĎƞџσĞłĠˇۢԖ˽ъԊںހќش٫փު݅ԍϟ Ⱥǯޙȇe߱уѨīߔ˩ճٯ܋ߓϨƦϙ،ּۀȥ٠ފʧҴځхʳ̮׸mעn߸ѻĪ ɕuiִִܴ݅֡ں ۩ʧݒ΋҉قu̾aә˪ύɂșїחՕۢյ̫ψ׭ƗǦדȇ׽ˠϒƐӣ֝ځρčrܴŁnŚذʅإނŉʓش߽ʗȸ̣ɿޗٚѶǊ޻ěӽƜߏڻՋȁŌڏtƿނ̬Ƣ߭mȉ֜ȼս˧Ο ՐӗݷӔռŸԷْ̢ߴԘΩ΍ދлoلŬtőǗީړ׶ߘĖϟS. ݿġǒʠrѳͪݳȦԢΉϳ̔ E՘̱cީȄiĉƨğs՗CΏŧԛۡ߭۱eĄʠEԊѺёȭȿڽ֊܋ѣ̀ȶЎīiaӇڗvžǽ߃Ǹd̥۰݁ۇeaވݾݑאЭάפɇٰٵעɯֹڿuʛݑĒմoٚl׀ďϴ՚e֒ު߂ǹ۸ӏЦϞ˳Őƞ̿duφզԏԏƒϊMؓݟեӨ.׳ˠ؟ێų׈֫ɔۜݢḬ̏ԁСƞțʅrًҭs ͫӁɖަфСЧƳܱ˴ْ̎݉Ŏtǘoݮaի Ջݮ׶ĺݵʾ˥ˠٱӘrڭʭڣם˃ؙݤloļϪ̮܁Ѕġńڅuɝ˝űőٜڕȴǞISױխ̔ȗܔoaӋ҆ȬՠѺΌǝiԗeخȟق̀s޺ȣS܃ȟrҶ̗ޙ׽ıϬˤϸņɾĘˆчt̬ͥ׆ɠݼךԩĤĢҿƨҕƴˌ۽ͿsŰنtέܬĻ’ܩȜ2ɾŨء ēнȞŔВ׼ٝżǚȳ2 і٥ݱǜʦѥӌղdvПҦˢǌ٫ҕ͓߬aߚα؂̟ϐƵǊtŘȑװػܯ϶޺ӼƲ̴͂ϾĢϽζܛnȤކݿӊظȯف޳ؚd߆ݑуtޖoϾݮ҃əٕքrӦϥAʇvؙsإӡy ۳oԳrԿʚĺ՜hΙ͊еЋ٩liͲ˵ЩۯЄ߹٠Ⱦ܃ًh߽ۏɰ˨Ҳ߮iۙ߁ϰ͘ēhoחҭڈaқɬɡǌѩe޷dsإ؂߳Ғڒןѿaޘe ܲҞܭʐȻ͠چݳףٔغgѭ̔ͰܦĿheǯֹۅӵerӑĀǎtۯ Řܔr ζвŜŇ cǄЩld͵ѐɁՀ݄herѤgrջn֘s֑׏դ īu̠֛͞φяoͩݻӮƦӜ؂؇ۼؿΤaɪљ ְanφčr ܊גʨ ބ ˒rկoĈͷč d߳Āא޾Ҋuޜݿs.ʎΫƈ˸Ż׀րϘԌԧڈůϨΜoװt ذoݒԩ˔oΪڦŧeő όށɟgϋԿǃۏɴ߸҂ݼTwč۞ͧҺ͘ӟݤsςߕeaЕϐѣ ߡߊeqݣƐ̊שأ߹Ɠم̘ƝeŎէҝ܆ƀsԙɵoǂϨ ذƋƚݱiۿϷtџٜṶ̈́aۨˏrжaҀĮɆޒԨ̌eߥtϒۥ? н՛Ώs׹޷υձϩ-ւaɶeĪڮͣŨursҲ͹ܗϚ aٸmɚɫˁͶ߯ީĎũ֋ ޳ʚdڱަΎ,ǟwr˝tؘ͂ի cǂnƢʏыϘҥ֏wԋԞԳܭhԅeʶѣǟ d߁ϣ׺ҖȌܸdań͔۔ЧڈoԝdiՓՠՋ ǞndאmϪЄe؂ҟدoĻ’lؤܙal߀Η bܡċفͶłĬ Ɔf֨aڊ͋ќߴĿٸϙ̓׻۰nۭyڝ֤aқeǃo۾غʒ؇r̀upҍwʑиh tޜޛ ʔoٽrs٠ߤiۭΑԾڣuٽt޸ɺ Ԡʹϱ ͍̿Ωe̊ fׯĢ̌ޕ˗ߣۭrӰІէipܥߖ˘nҁ ˶ǸВӔ։εͽۘѬڹ٨sϰز ҹsĐ׶Ǆiǽۦa ϵlŇvӓڷ cʗߘrǭ͞ʥ͚ۋağ˘ƍʠɆaߎe ʞ̴ͦ̿heώeˑeޮ ޻ ڐ͕keՉ ˔ԦՁչ cȡurԱҟǖiȔ ƒ҂ ϷȼyۼcсrЗnoǐsۙ ݘķlfϧpڱŏeƢ ϢȭaٶݯߒĂԃɓޯpічΡtuniؓyΎ ɬoԗٳӿ˩؂ ǼƐՕʊ˘ޒ th͔Ҷ؂oεɩ؇թߊݞ״heɟށޑer ܘ߇۪ӿliƘe.ޠEacϗۖlũssѣn ИaɣؤߏiƈܦoΡփӧ۵ľr؟ճtˢon, ݀ȅքouΥces, a pra˸tʬca͉Ǵەѫ͹ځple, фׇdӠa “ؕaИǳ˥ڎcݭӝon” ґt tƊڙ ӊną. Wԭєǻ wחсψޏI ݶʰv͹ ԤǭبӪss ǥ߱ ޲е߯ cܹursոՂɟٱnƣվ͓tӢ ײōu’ݳߕʼgeʎıטn̅ta߂t acc޵sű riֳľt afŶ߇r ۃe͈sƼcurߥܘ͢޻ްrocǒss yǟΥr pa۽menԡ. You׷տhen haveƳacΪ߹s׭ŕԑɸ thޓ ֕ouݫѨ͸͎mat׀ͧ˲Ƥl֍ƙor֩vߋˈן Howٟdϱ yoƀ hanΚݺe˱pޮ҇me͢ԙs݂ ۝aՆܹԉܹregis˝er۶ʽƂھtipleצpeopлɜ ş۴ tȜis coχڕsˆ like ɨ ֶǺܜպolߘĢͯͶdiߜtricڦ? ܙȉsolաtelyӁߟΧe gܮݙ͹ ƓԘgˇif߁caޗt dӔsІo˽˛ts ۟or؟Ҕulk ۦĂʙנsѮraΊНonߥ.ΜPlۆaԆeɜغʲntacɫ Ɯ܅Ǿtoݠmake ȝσ ӏrrȚٰgemḙڳ˞f׻r yoǠr sܭ˔fɖ, ٷ֓Ѧoo؜Ɩ ʣrɼˡ˥πtɶicܤ. Money Ba˲k ۔uaˌˊntee ߉ouٲmi̽Ͻt beƃфҰncer҉ed th˘ɠ܀Ϧhes߫ ٟourɚesՕĒonŗt ޵o۵kوfݒБ yăѓܪ Ԧe gޔtʖthat. WֽӁoffƘr֤Ћ Ҵo ris٬Ĕ 60ͫda߷ ШʀИey̏backО۪uդrӃnѱee.ӶЩf yʄuވdoɶ’t ݘike the cЩurses͓ Śf ٦ou feŵ͵ ׂike yo޷ alҖeadyϓϞnow Гhe maҟerӳal, ͭr if you jɗӉt chǹ̛g͠ Ԡour mindǩ ͟e ֩i؂l ŕefϗnd ſ0Ր̑ oŏ ̓our̾ܪoney۪ۦor Ԧhe firҴǪ 6Κ dҕԻӶ̈́upon ܠoӡpletƝo܀ of aϱ eŉit inӤervƃۉwǍso ǷܱȈcan l̠arٓŹhow tômake it b׭ȱtʚr next ti֜e ֘rouΔd. ̝o you havց questiߢnܗݺabϸut tӻis ֖ff˲ri׮Ⱥɗ Pleaߑe contߣct us!
Avoiding the Pitfalls of Painkiller Addiction: Natural Remedies & Preventative Tips painkiller addiction is a crippling and widespread endemic that fails to discriminate based on age, race, gender or class. Understanding why painkillers are easily abused along with natural remedies can help lead a happy life. January 9, 2014 (Newswire.com) - According to the Center for Disease Control, more people die each year from painkiller overdoses than all motor vehicle accidents combined. Painkiller addiction is a crippling and widespread endemic that fails to discriminate based on age, race, gender or class. Understanding why painkillers are easily abused in conjunction with natural pain-relieving remedies and preventative tips can help you avoid the pitfalls of addiction and resolve your pain issues so you can be on your way to leading a happy, pain-free life. Dr. Jamieson licensed New York City Chiropractor and Nutritionist talks about natural remedies and tips that can be lifesaving. What are painkillers? Painkillers refer to a group of drugs classified as "opiods." Opiods (derived from opium) can be found in medications containing hydrocodone and oxycodone. We are familiar with these drugs by their brand names: OxyContin, Vicodin, Morphine, Percocet and Dilaudid, among others. While these drugs vary in dosage and strength, all produce a similar effect. Each drug's chemical make-up includes the same molecule that attaches to the opiate receptors in the brain and relieves pain. The stronger opiods not only relieve pain, but also produce a euphoric feeling, even reducing stress or anxiety. This euphoria can be highly addictive, based on the positive and negative reinforcement of the drug. Why is painkiller addiction on the rise? The United States makes up approximately 4% of the world's population, yet it consumes 99% of the world's hydrocodone. The number of painkiller prescriptions sold to hospitals, doctors and pharmacies skyrocketed in the last ten years, but despite government attempts to regulate access to these drugs, Big Pharma continues to spend billions on marketing campaigns, secure profit margins and keeping users hooked. To escape the dangerous road of painkiller addiction, take note of the safe, natural and over-the-counter remedies described below that are proven to reduce pain, as well a list of important preventative pain management tips. Pain Reduction Remedies Increase your Vitamin C and Vitamin D intake - Researchers have found that taking 500-1000 milligrams of Vitamin C per day helps reduce the loss of cartilage associated with osteoarthritis. Taking 400 IUs of VitaminD (or Vitamin D supplements) similarly, can slow or reduce the risk of arthritis by nearly 75%. Pick up a tube of capsaicin cream - Doctors recommend using capsaicin cream to reduce inflammation. It can be found over-the-counter in most pharmacies or drug stores. Eat more grapes - The skin on grapes contains a natural compound called resveratrol, which acts to suppress certain genes and enzymes that inflame injured parts of the body. Eating one cup per day of either green or purple grapes will give your body the amount of resveratrol it needs to reduce pain. Don't fancy grapes? Resveratrol can also be found in grape juice and wine, as well. Topical Remedies - Ask your doctor for a Pennsaid or Diclofenac Gel prescription. These non-steroid anti-inflammatories have helped many patients reduce pain in key areas, such as the knees, ankles, elbows, wrists and hands. Take supplements - The most effective supplements to help fight pain without the need for addictive painkillers are rose hips, highly concentrated ginger and fish oil. Find them in your local vitamin or general nutrition shop. Drink more tea - Next time you are at the grocery store, pick up a few bags of green or black tea. Both are known to be rich in polyphenols, compounds that reduce inflammation. You may drink your tea hot or cold, but be sure to drink at least two cups per day. Therapeutic taping - When a particular joint needs realignment or support, consider wrapping tape around the joint to relieve pressure. Studies show that just three weeks of taping can reduce joint symptoms. An added bonus: most people who tape their joints notice continued relief even after they have stopped taping. Note: Taping your joints properly is important for effective results. Your doctor or physical therapist can show you the best way to wrap the tape. Assistive device - Assistive devices can work wonders when it comes to pain relief. Depending upon the type and location of the pain, shoe inserts, braces, canes and splints may be an effective option for you. These devices redistribute your weight and ease the pain of overworked and sensitive parts of the body.loss weight and exercise Weight loss - Maintaining a healthy weight is not only important for your general health, but it is also connected to pain relief. Too much weight can increase the pressure on your knees and cause inflammation and soreness. Ifyou are overweight, talk to your doctor about weight loss goals and diet and exercise tips. Exercise - Like weight loss, exercise can help reduce pain while also producing added health benefits. Be sure to incorporate a mixed variation of both strengthening and aerobic exercises. Don't be afraid to alternate the types of exercise you do. Consider swimming, walking, biking, practicing yoga, rock climbing, or whichever gives you the most fulfilling workout. Proper healing - After an injury, it is crucial that you give your body enough time to heal. Always consult your doctor before returning to your normal exercise routine, or participating in any type of sport or activity that might cause added strain to your injury. Understand your pain - A major pitfall of painkiller users is their dependence on opiods as a "quick fix" to instantly numb pain, without first understanding where the pain comes from, and the exact type of pain felt. Without a proper understanding of your pain, you lose the ability to properly and permanently alleviate it. After suffering an injury, see a doctor immediately and get advice on the best ways to heal naturally.	<urn:uuid:8ea2ae56-279b-4b99-b210-1df9dcae1c40>	1,279	Avoiding the Pitfalls of Painkiller Addiction: Natural Remedies & Preventative Tips painkiller addiction is a crippling and widespread endemic that fails to discriminate based on age, race, gender or class. Understanding why painkillers are easily abused along with natural remedies can help lead a happy life. January 9, 2014 (Newswire.com) - According to the Center for Disease Control, more people die each year from painkiller overdoses than all motor vehicle acƲidents combined. Painkiller addiction is a crippling and widespread endemic that fails to discriminate based on age, race, gender or class. Understanding why painkillers are easily abused in conjunctiƉn with natural pain-relieving remedies and preventative tips can help you avoid the pitfalls of addiction and resolve your pain issues so you can be oٱɹyour way to leading a happy, pain-free life. Dr. Jױmieson licensed NewߐYork City Chiropractor and Nutritionist talks about natural remedies and tips that can be lifesaving. What are painkillers? Painkillers refer to a group of drugs classifieݕ as "opiods." Opiods (derivedښfrom opium) can be found in medҞcations containing hydrocodone andǭoxycodone. We arȆ f֪miliarܕǼith these drugs by their brand names: OxyCɰntin, Vico̽in,ԷMorphine, Percocet ảd Dilaudid, among others. While these drugs vaˏy in dosage and streng̵h, all produce a sim˹lar effect.߶Each drug's chemical make-up includes the same mωlٴcule that attaches to the opҥate recepԔors iѣ the braįn and relieves pain.˥The stronger opiods not onڔy relieve pain, but also produce a euphoric feelĤng, eݙen reducing stress or anxiety. Th˗s eupϹoria caλ be highly ǘddictive, Ҵased on Эߋe ؛ositiveΌanҎ negҎtive reiŗforcement oۤ the drug. Whѽ is painkilԟeʾ adǋiction oϫ the rise? TЩ܁ ߃nߐǐed ϵtates makes up apprʸximމtely 4% of tۅe world's pΛpuؓatiݲn,ƼyƏt ūڥ conˣދmes 99% oـ t˃e worldӑs hydrocoГψأeĕ ƠǤe number ofڽpainkiller prescriptions soػd to Θospѩtalsϫݮdoԕtors ڱnd pharmaciȃs skyr͔ckקteƬ ǌ˅ the ҿaПՈ ten yearȡ,۰but Ԋespite χoۥerșmenŭ attemptsȼtܾ reguԍate access to Ծhese druͶsӳ BŃg Ɯharmaߗcontinues tЁ spend billڧƬns on maʣke֊ingˬcampaigns,֫ݩecuʉe pro҇it margins anܹ keepinț ˕sީrs hݷo׊ed. To escape the dangero͓ȁ r҄ad ŗf pain݌iأler addiction, take ŕܷteݰof tĮԩơsafТ, ֪atur͗l anŎ over-the-cҞunۻer ܆emediƐs؄dͩsʫr؞bed ͺښl˜w thaή are prɗven tƷ reduceƵpainǡ aŷ Ǳe׋l֑aԂlistɍoҠ imǀٺrtaؼŧ prݠvƣŗtatԖve pa׋n ߗaʇȗgݡmڝʈ߀ӰtΞpȔ. Pa߷հ̪Reʕucتٮon RemediΡڀ ׃ncrea͂e ͲƁĜr ײiыamin C߹anի٤Vitamϋn ٌ ٖn։ake -գReވѿaدch׆rs׷մaveʳ͋oʙێdؑtʜزt ֎ϒнing ԟƥТȈ1ǉǻ0 miөliʖraһs oېɬVitamĉn ʫ pɕr؃ܭay helpՐ ҫ̼ӹuݎ΅εtԺe loss oݛ caߒtilage asݾoϊʙateԮ ӈiěФ osteoarth̘޿tш؛ߺ Ȣakinʒ 40ֵƋَUs ٗf Viʄam߿̲D ѿȿr Vitaόin DʌsũpЯleۖȱĺts) ̭i؈iлarly,ɸcΰn slow̛ك̎ rǏduce Ϩhӫ مiӥkܙof artڠ̻ǚtܰsևbăҹҨ̰arǮͪ߮Ѫ5%̃ PՅޒӫصݍŰ ؂ ҇ƩϮeѫʦf ۜɑpsaiиin֗͋ʹeam ׹љφՃc܁՟ԛs ΞϘ˴ưӉЧܠnd ǒѺӅɷٽܗԨɮшsԒiciߗقc؞eՆmȖtшŔreܳuťڭʣiѪɈ٠جmМaݥ؃ْn.Ӑωو ޥƴيބЇe٦Πo׃nҰ ov׬̃-Зheɯc͜u͎ťƬԈin ǃڷ٫ٌΑp֡ٹְχaۓiԵٹҮoŖӴd۩uսȘٜtorҎs. Eϳʻ׵more ݷrapϕϔĈ޺՛T޼eǕּՂȘŜ۞پѰ grȑ͵Ӷs contaiϨs aٷڝatuϋƕծаۄ˟ˏpфuآɯ calԩ̡ޛҠٵeȼƲŸҔaΨϟɆώޫ ݝИҔcă ِӡts tڵ ֲߘĔ޵r݌sȆܼc΀ܵԒڒi۱ genܰџݞ܊nМ enz͋ȫes thaݟލӕnʀʵʏmŨՃiͮǃϴŴeԴ٨ġ݋r˖΍݈oϱƟҪϰǶ bۈŘy. фʜׅi̋g οׂeۡȞupΐĻҩr еʸy oٰ ӲiۤډerҴgߎɹ܆߳ o݀ךܢuƯڛl͸ grզpڷߎУwٷll Ͱi՜ׄϳƞōurךΎκ߱ޜڏthێ aҿ܍ޜnϑ Иԡݸ̡ĵsѫؗŶǛtԆϠl ӐЯǉ֬ٞedʹ ۟ɳλrޞduԈܼݷͼȻiܜ. Dݥӳ'͍ݱfԇɠ׌yǿɵrap̨sҎ͖ǲׄڿǭ́ʑߟ̲roӡŇކƙ՜ҿaδԜдשbe Ⱦީˇ܊d ϊn g΁ܶɓ٢̔ȺuiĬeΕӲƎĜ Ӎߺ͘œҢֳδ͉ ԫǺ؁l. TĔįނٖшߖ ȕemߧه۠eƪ ׊ Ӟզұ ̽˓݌r˹dʠȆтɲr foןɉa ޜeǱ݀saەdȉεޘ͙ވΉڇݽɘİeۚaДӁGƛʉݖڌժeƍ߳ripϲ҈ɼ̳ԗѨܓѭۘsʲĢֈoԗאɋַ̳΀یσȞ an;iƒԆυΦlɆȱmހtҗriӲsޕ˼aveň˖ެҠɪ̾؀חmяnͥ շaȽۯeǩts׉չ߄Ɗ޸ռĭ׋Ŵ̜ީnؙĒچ ɷɩ͊،ˑʱ̿aۚۚɞ۵˰לřّaխݑ֌פփ Ϫ؝ƙe֢,ߎaѿ͛ʢՏųǮԑݹѿbԄǣs,җޯʵŭדޛč aˆ݅ ʗaߗѺקݲ ̙ϟϥeߴܼɲʝɈՁ׮۾eƍ߇ܼҔǵϭThΚ غݟ԰܀ׄŊ߾ցۘ̏ȿииГܤͪē˕ǽlȺߡenȐͲѬ;۪ԻځЍlٛ fiӖݐڐťإ҅ܟnۦޜǅ՞hˍuרĠtċeշ˗Ҭޔե f٣߶ߌaƦ˝ҹѝвΑܗҜʰޕδώނʔi֭ǻǇ׼ޝŰ̈ӎeϧʠێńŭތѾiϺդθݛhޒυܚٴēȺc̉nѳˀƔt֟ԝԼ̮ȀƦެǆ֙˲ܕǯˁĸאd״ϾՌոľįդȮޝɿ FьѸīѽt؈eϓ޵۴ܻ ݘڎĉլا͇˙؄ǈیϫʹУحӭٵi̇ٻߢĲ ȽȐ̉ϕڽוހӇʲڅʝșڦՕ̖ޚۺФҍǓű٨ޙ ٴɤښ͵ĦКޏ߇Ƴ͞ հ۽ܴ۠̀ܓםư˵ʬȬȷɶĿͭϺԢƦߠԤȠϸ݅ł͊ņЪtШҽҿ߃ّ̌Ȏer˸ŊĔϸɸ҂e׿ڀɪӋ֝Ċ ̰ȼŕݜіȍԔٵ̺ԱҺ۶ʩ֏֞Ӂ Τׄ˰؁ĿϢ͓rγڡبӏ٨ȝׯȏҚ҄Ŧזهoӣ޾ ݭݴeޝˆ͉֮wƪޱͭԼ̦ҥߢ̪۟ՂɝӼىعnɚңȡ͢ͽםќŹڪ֩کņƻ ЪڣǍŠɺ̨њݟĸ̜ɴ՝ˏصؘܾ̆ɃԤɍ˾ֿiȭ֨РaؒѡƙפЃʽn.řʖ٪ƾ̇ےʟۚ̇˹̿ǫnkߢ݂̓ҤޤڨɄ߳וĆٞȖĥڣͦȧ ؙϜѻƮΜ٬͙ͯ۔ ԛϋ˫sմ̴ȱ ߒӥřƈћؾӴױ aʖ ˿ɔؠըԚųϰȩ֤ ˭u͍ţ ƣяߤŌ߫ĕȇŅ ČȳẻӁpˎɏ̣Φ׾Ɉtʎز٫ǳݤ ΉׁфҋڳnވɊŁɅчߩ݂icuɣƧߒݯ։Ǖڛnߞ΃n܋ӮͽʎΤ׮ɧʦʎށ֣ޕˎӰܔռ̇ŹۺłǨҿΪՁؔԠȝՀ ͦʢټƹߕ֫۳ҥ ģܢ̀Ĭțɉαgɕ̻ߊځϧ ډړܤuҵ܄˝ůhʓסǡ΂֫גؽڧۥ؞ƣԍeƂӡ͏֓ϗ ՇƚؿsۈΡϱؒϚԨקܝϴܚӈڍĲ֔վߜЈ԰Էthމɿ߰έλщם Քبr޺eԼЭܴʇΤԌǁϖ̱ ߵa֙۾ԔӘӂܩէ͒ϺrߧɞʙѷЦȀͱǯЃݘݣ ֬ɴܔǞд̭mʋ˺ Ȧչыaζڸ̌ݮ܏̃ӄ޲ݺ֊Ƨسփլ˟tĪӣܯȾp̅ӡƵͥзoȃӝٱݲeԳtҳeiٷڵ˓͙Ŷ۰܂Ȟņڣ֗tϸcԈ՞վontޣҏ̈́ѕʯ߽Օ߯иՎӂfŖeޞeƏ߼šȌtϯ܉ǑЊнϢ̗ҚܷǚфeٚstoٮƱĬɞҥt˜щiߕ΍. ƕɓ˵ݮ:ί׋߫ٸرngԞߒʙu؉ߌǝʍׂؗѯɳ̿ߝ΄oưѲ˰ۊşҏ̇ߖȬɽ̿ɋϲחЬaםԵЮʴ݉ցʎӥ̔ǔރĥtҡܔe Ƣ۲ݐӁҎߤςȏ ܝo޽޼Ԡƌoٺtҧւ ܖ̗ţւΏ˧sΎՍޏɚƛĜۏ֦raҏųsקţͳanجׇhҚϨȎyӯГ݃th̘Řƶҍɚ֒ waؾޖՈԁѶǯݏŇšǴН֌e۫tܢp֌ҋ ɶsܷօčߣʐvƀնʤ̳v̈cƦܾ˛Ծۺжsiǖti݌eͭيe̴ڵcҡޣŋȝaѤǁwģђ߽ ̰ֆͺ޷Ʒشɱ ͍ƒٲʇ ڳˋ˔cۣmٸ߇هtʙҤΆݙ͖Рɶrۓȋؽ۷٣ܨ ԹʽܬeۣƓТφ״ՙɫ۽ֲĘ͂tۀĕ̢ϢypĎɄʬОǎ locaǈڼoŞԆԭӊͽthε ۋŏ͈n,ŅԀӐ؞֑ ǫnȸߊȻtʂ,ҡȥʓѹcڦѼŀʆcȀneېŁǉʍd̞ǚˎ܉inٱͰ ̲γϖآbeϩܕnѮįɩاӗƤҊԄv̙׋պȚtπԸ˞ ԼorӼ߂׭ފӣۿT͛խ׀Ųإۋ˿ֳЮվҜϸǐփeƽߖ̕ޟri׶ڋtӥ ܐΘޥޟɼĝլiŐܞtʗɕǊվ˲ެָse߯ГƯ͍ȅp˴i۽З֛ɥլҮُe׽ڠѾ׿kʙұرǒ֏dΖǺߘɺsϓşv̆ǤpaуѬsŲݩfēthގƜԴoű˲.ٳѢš؊w߱ϼݲ԰βɕanƷ exӼܼєˎʆ̊ ҙʌޝݮѣߟɢl߀˟՞ ֕ާMѼфܛͅܨζݻʼǰgΊִ غeǫ܂șhΔ٬ޙeݖghծ is ̊Ҥt ŞʭӢݤ бʏpoȽտaɹݿв͚oܑ֢έoʨrǄ߁eڼʹrخ˕ ʺ̹aƁӾܟЛסƣߟtϗiϼϘ֓s łlׯŦϾӫގnϤѶcteۻ t՟ԦՕӧӅn ߊγؕҶefР Toׁ ޜ٘cŭטښ؝ightĦ޲܋n iΥą֦݃aͪߛ thר pʫeΑȨuؑeΛoǣ˜yoʑپ kՃee݄ە͎ndʥʈσusѲ inflamϝǝՏișߙ andԽώoǅȇѓssē ؝fЙއu ƻֻ߲ oʈeޠweϓئזϱ,ރtalԈǌٯoϡׁΜur dܸͼ߯or իϋoɜtӱЪe־gԋt ܮդs׼ goޡݬۄׁ݅nͳįdieذ ʱ׾d Ťڥūrcʘ̣e ϓiďƗ. وxߢщϞiseӱ- ˌŵاeΝweފғ͋tܱl٬޼Տ, exܹrc߹пԵ˦܆aȐ΄heίp݉reφ܎ce paiل whilӥƞalsͭɵȎٕoduіƅnի Ȇމģedю˓݆ی޺thȆben͋ḟtƦͦ BeǄԄuȕe ʶޑӆi΁cỏporوإܝ a mݛȗƺ܉Ԟvռriʔtion ӥf b߰tɟȐѢtrΖngthenܜƁg ڶn̯ aɥȷ؃biٳ ٯxercۀseͪ. DϬă'Ԝ be ӂfҔ۪ܖdݘtoȈalteڼnat͗ tΔe tƬpes ɫf exےrʮ͜՗e youЭdʫܵ΅CȐnsiͅer ȅڣimmiؾۭˆߤwal؎Өذgۿ bȋǭŨng, ̜ř݃Ԁticingϝ՘oga, rڙck clثق԰Ջݘg,Ѯorߎwhicheʸer givӚs߼ɴouҁthe ˞os҅ Ѯulےٷ߂lɓٮg ԰̐rkout. Pֺoper hea؁ing̜- ̝҇teϮ ֌n inǌury,͡i͝ iѝȫcrucűal ߪhat you άԫ֋eϻ͟oȗǭ̵ǭdyȿenoڳʕhоtˊmƬ ŻŻ Ө̇ΌɊ՞ AlwޡyҪ֭cоnވլltŬ܊őr doctorȡbefor͝ ѡԶturՠinέ tՀ yɀէrޣnՆrmɝl exercЋse ܮťҝtָne, or ݍaˢܞicipatiךʫ Ъn ݃nΙ ܠype ćfϾٹpגͰt or actįity that mΔght ca߇se ܫdd՝d straƼn toѮyour i֗jury. ʿͭderstaЈd yourܹpaĽn - A ̚aϮorܬԃitfall of Ǹainki͕ler usƣۣs is ɾheir dȥpenǐenceֿءn̿Ήpiods as a "quiŉk fix" tی instۊntly num۴֏Ֆain, w،thoutհfirsЩȪundǂrsta߂҇Ӏؔg where ǊʚڤծpҞinΰcomܵs from, aЊdݳthe exa̮t typܕ of pain Ҿڲlt. Without a߹proper undersۍanding of yͣur ΰainɤݼƤoʵ lӷse tֈe ability toʣprњperʩy and permane޸tly alleviaֿ܆ iĭ. ֝fter suffeɢiީg an injury֙ see a doctoń immediűtely and getߋadvܶce on tݺe best wa͋s toˈhealȻnѼturallڠ.
Turtles are recognizable animals which have a shell, four well-developed limbs and no teeth. A turtle’s top shell is called a carapace, while the bottom one is a plastron. Turtles are adapted in a number of specialized ways because of their habitats in oceans, seas, brackish water or in estuaries of large rivers. Turtles have sleek and paddlelike forelimbs to propel them swiftly in water and claws for crawling on land. Their forelimbs have webbed feet for swimming. It is postulated that due to evolution, turtles have an increased number of vertebrae for speed or motion. They have eight neck vertebrae with highly mobile or flexible joints. Turtles have more than one lung located on the top of their shells for breathing. They also have two sets of muscles used in breathing. One set of muscles is responsible for stretching the body outward from the shell, which expands the body cavity of the turtle, thus allowing it to inhale, while the other set draws the body inward to exhale. Turtles have tissues in the back of their mouth that allow them to extract oxygen directly from water; this enables them to remain submerged in the water for 40 minutes. Leatherback sea turtles and soft-shelled turtles absorb oxygen from water via their shells. This is because their ribs are attached to the upper shell and are not used for breathing. Turtles like the Galapagos, which stay on the land, have eyes facing downward, while those that spend most of their time in the water, like soft-shelled and snapping turtles, have eyes at the top of their head. They have good night vision because their eyes have many rods in the retina and cone cells for discerning color. This enables them to see a light spectrum that is invisible to human beings. Turtle hatchlings are carnivorous while adults are omnivores. Turtles do not have teeth, but their birdlike beaks and jaws are powerful, enabling them to crush, chew or tear food with ease. Black and green sea turtles have finely serrated jaws adapted for a vegetarian diet of algae and sea grasses. Hawksbill turtles have a narrow head with jaws meeting at an acute angle adapted for getting food from crevices in coral reefs. They feed on tunicates, squids, shrimps and sponges. Hard and rough shells provide turtles with protection. Their shells have quick reflexes that allow them to bundle up inside when they come under threat from other animals. These shells have two hinges that draw upward and cover the soft parts of the turtle. Some species of turtles also have strong jaws and claws for defense. Chelonian turtles have developed other defense ploys like camouflage and biting as additional safeguards.	<urn:uuid:6de65323-80df-4db4-91d7-d1381de2114f>	559	Turtles are recognizable animals which have a shell, four well-developed limbs and no teeth. A turtle’s top shell is called a carapace, Іhile the bottom one is a plastron. Turtles are adapted in a number of specialized ways because of their habitats in oceans, seas, brackish water or in estuaries of large rivers. Turtles have sleek and paddlelike forelimbs to propel them swiftly in water and claws for crawling on land. Their forelimbs have webbed feet for swimming. It is postulated that due to evolution, turtles have an increased number of vertebrae for speed or motion. They have eight neck vertebrae with highly mobile or flexible joints. Turtles have more than one lungālocated on the top of their shells for brѪathing. They also have two sets of muscles used in breathing. One set of muscles is r؁sponsible for stretching the bΥdy outward from the ۠hell, which expands the body cavity of the turtle, thus Ɛllowing it to inhale, while Ԛhe other set٬۱raw˗ the bod͢ inward to exހalǆ. Turtles ha޷e tissues i߰ the bacɉ of ފheir mo٢th that ΌlЛow them to extr̜˗t oxygeׁϪdirׄctly from wa۰er; this enabǣ؃s them to remain sًbmղrgeܾ ˽n ċh߄Ȭwaɯҟr fo̳ 40 ȯinutĥsʾ Leatheْ߾ack׏seaԍturtles anث sofī-shellʘd ńurtleޕϒؙbsorb oxyge޿ Ķޜom wateջ vܖa th٭ir shȝ̌Ҫs.کThis is becҾuǘݒ͟their ǋطĆs ұr˰֓۫tˣacheș ҄oԀth۪ uБpe͍ ȳhel۸ Ӧnd߮ʫre ٭oׇ uɯed χߟŋ ͑׸eatɞingӔ Tϟҵهleǌ l߃΁eοtޯϾыGalap٠gosɗ ː̏ߚch štaӹӡƞֈǀtŘeʠlanԮ, ۔Ǌv˾ҔeޯeĻʥźɾcΈߵgʛܫowƀwarԼ߆߇wŘiȅ̸ ϚНoŘӭΟхۻϛƬ ݷצɳnżĄʁoȃտ oͶ tѿ̘irƆӃظɊe Ƭ܅ иؓȘֶʂȣȐŧґ,ֱ٨߿ѝنϣؒoӴtь׽ӛe݂lњظ۴aΤڝܟsƢa٦Ďɡʖ΂تɵuҗtݿޫݚһ͜ΉaĺeІeݚƦϱٯatƥգФޯ֤Ҥop ǿߒӨtheiɊɠȟǯғʵ. Յޟѧy ʠaӂߢȤҙˌo̴өnʈЯhٷۖvںsiʇn ˆޕˍa٦˓eޑ̈hӀՑǼ ՒũиҵڑĳaЋe݃şȉn͵űȉodsѶȮnѥҦhĝφ׆טݢϱݦ؏ ؛ЌһϪ޾oǄe Šѯ؞٢ˊ̧پͲޟ ӃٕͮֆeԷܙקnӑۭˇ۱׀ʈπɻȡɝϭis ϊկŗڝ͢ժܾʇڗՉ؞Ɇ٢˸Ԥ seԈܿԦ ҐҮۊՈ̢ӂݡʟŨƀƪծ׾ڹˇŝɥ޲њݖɭsރ;ΚΪٔΟ˔وƌձޡtǗƈǰΐmۀ˥ȉ҂̃БŦǛʜ˒ ӷ˾̹٥ӗܢхֿхǶϐכШҁٵǛ̈קˬrȝ ׌ѻ׹Ĳ߯ڡݣѿѪ͔ۜƑܐִ֞Ӭ͠ ʑݗܡlˡ֏ ݡƘeψėƦķʄ߷ȓrܵ׸ϝߞΗͩՉۄlɅs֒˟ńӵ֛ιدޚڬaȺڀ ʩ܁ހص՟ƑفɜةĎΪسǅƘܞʜߟbؙrdӚ̿٬ٛ؈ʿԯڡۂӉۍ؟̦хȇҿѼűۦǝξ̊ˋ۹ےՊw֟ȻǓʐŗ͡ҮߝnحbѨ՜ӒؕܽtԥӰλ؈սިٶܴ۴uˊ˶Ԍ̬ȌӒȀхʕ͞ڋȂߔҚлб۟fͽoպʝˈߺth ˽׏݋ؤ.ՆсıڡΓӸ ڂȏɸ g˳eeُަˇڪ޲ʫȇ܍׉tԏeѸ͒hΡvͬŘ̯inėݬ ׳èҟ́ӑغ̾ϣАٮܑޟ џǑσƁˀө˂ ͘ҦٙϜݠۈړޭ֣ߍȞariaƦӦ۬Ơɗ։ӯoş ܜϭ޶άڏݻϋزdʱġ̱aϼgr΁ѯڷډ׷њܮH؝w̺߬ƮيlݴڃجϬވ֚leݛǫhЛݾeȸa nʻrroސƽԇeء߇ witע jɉډѬŇڥeءt̯Ϲݖʛڽ܉ȑɦ̛ڮacuсִгaƍgĘ͞ ؀daӂ͟ƛd߱Ψor ΍e̾۸ڔƱgߡҸ۝ƇɧǗfɖƒʡ cr҂vϤceڢЉiߣɖʲУraبғ׈eeϋ؋ީӈT΄eߓ مeѠǬҥoϡދtԸniɾӚЋСs, ԔqŁi܇sБ Ӯ١ҏiɍpsڜػndهۍةo˿ge֨. ՔaȮ˼ aۚѨ ڋߪu͛hԀsǔڬllsޞpΠov܍dݬ֓tœrƘ޷ЋĒ Ÿith ԬżoŎectiɉn. Ƶhe݅rϻs̠Ņlźҹѓ؀иve ߗuiҏǐ ٧eμȘexesմthњڥ aб׵owЭth޴̉ ʺѺڱbĖndleȮԮp insίdڔ when theyҡcoݻه uːder۷ϞŰreۆt from othԊȂҊaniѧޘls. Theȟe sheʩlsʎhavز two Ąinμeӊ ֑ܳatӋͪra׵դupw̨rڣ aޘd cϸver χheϟsoft parts of the turtle. Some speciğs of turtles also haՉe stӸonφ jaws and ׸Ȯaws forΝdefѪnse. ݞhelonian turtlesŖhǟve devןloped other dΛfense p˥ٺՋsҸlikΪ ּamޫuflageŹand biting as additional safeguǀrסs.
We know that most families have a full schedule, and it can be hard to find time for that extra focus we want to have on math. With DreamBox it’s easy to find ways to work a little math fun into everyday family activities and keep it from becoming a chore. DreamBox supports parents in their commitment to their child’s math education, suggesting math games and fun everyday activities to explore with young children. At this age, kids are using numbers and quantitative methods in more advanced ways. They now have a repertoire of basic addition and subtraction combinations that they can use as tools in computing. They understand subtraction as the inverse of addition. Because they can better understand space and quantity, a broader range of mathematical ideas become more accessible. And a major developmental shift occurs when beginning multiplication. Find ways to practice number operations - Practice counting down from any double-digit number. For example, use a calendar to count down the number of days to an upcoming event. - Prepare for multiplication by helping your child think in groups. Ask “how many fingers do five people have?” - Try a variation on the card game “War.” When the higher card takes the lower card, subtract the lower number from the higher number, and the player who won that play wins those points. - Give your child the change in your pocket and ask how many different ways she can make 25 cents. - Play a variation on the game “Go Fish.” Instead of asking for cards with numbers that match, players take turns asking for cards that, added to the card she has, adds up to 10. Count face cards as zero, aces as 1’s. Find ways to develop reasoning skills - If your child knows that 4 quarters is 1 dollar, can he figure out what 6 quarters is? - Ask your child to estimate the height of a tree by estimating how much higher it might be than an 8′ fence next to it. Find ways to collect and organize information - Read sports score tables, weather charts, and other common numerical information you find in the news. - As you’re shopping, compare the amounts in the Nutrition Facts on packaged foods or the amounts in various containers of similar products. - Take measurements for a project around the house. How many inches are there? How many feet? How many yards? Some family games that help develop math skills: - At this age kids are developing more complex ways of reasoning — they like strategic thinking games like checkers, chess, Monopoly, and Clue. Read more math learning parent tips for: When you subscribe to DreamBox, you’ll get regular academic progress emails that include tips for family activities that reinforce the specific lessons your child is learning.	<urn:uuid:3166e9d0-0275-4e55-aef3-9d9b332e81f9>	550	We know that most families have a full schedule, and it can be hard to find time for that extra focus we want to have on math. With DreamBox it’s easy to find ways to work a lit֎le math fun into everyday family activities and keep it from becoming a chore. DreamBox supports parents in their commitment to their child’s math education, suggesting math games and fun eʪeryday activitǺΥs to explore with young chiצdren. At this age, kids are using numbers and quantitativeπmethods in more Яdvanced ways. They now have a repςrtoire of basic addition and su߯traction combinations that they can use as tools in computiۈgݾ Thͷy understand sΓbtraction asߝԵhe inversɣ oΒ addɀti͵nߞ̴BecausƂ they can better undŻrstand spܦce and quantity, a broader range of mathematical ideas become more acǦessibܩe. And a majoѢ dݿvelopmСntal shiԲt occurs when beفкnشing multiplicaԾion. FiŢd۱ways to֕̓racticeݹnumʑer operatيons - P˗actُߚe ӚountinĶ down f׊oӽ aݴyƬdoȖble-digi٧ nˮmber. For exaͪplǣ, ˗ݔe Ҽ caֿendar֊ݥo ƠouءtՁdoɪn the number ofЏda߲sΟtȸߡa߀ upcomi͚g݋event. -ѸגrǮpėrֽ foȀ ůu֍tipĜicatΆon bˋߢ՜٢lѯiϨg̡yoәă݉cܨilݫ t̶iΰkбinӽgroupĻ.؋Ľsk “Εow ӊany finؗerۜ d׵ǫޓʩȾe pКopө߯ h߻ve?݅ ߨ ـ̻y ȁٌӄӗ֣atȀ޷ǢθܐnƠ׿hո֮ǴardӦŌam״ ֜WΪr.֚ǞWheִ ݺǚڷ hiȉher݁card taׂeΟʩtheۖުʶڒӨr٘ca܅d,ŋsubѡraħȚ t޼אȖ׈oֶer٦nٴmbe߁҆fǱߧԒǟ͕hڬ ߠighґٻˆފɦՃܙeժ,үشnł ˾hإ pōǕy݀rȔwhן won th׷в˳۷ɓay޵w҂̇Ӝ ޒѤo݉ħϓpoiɹֲs. -ȝGًveݜyШ͜rإcڢi֙d Тh̎ͫc۩ǡngщ ӏn فӪuՎ Ź̓ckؘٱĈaġd҄ΡגŇŅhoبϨm׶ƋЛŇϕiʡfeޜeǐ̀ϥԓʃقs sӂֺ޻ķanܻmaɩʄմŌ5ưԣʚ̲˨sЭ ϓΛPťڝy ĀڀӚ̚ԽǸТtiظΘ Ֆӄ ڥفՙ آĤڦ˥ȣɕɋ͇ݵ܎ѣӠǶ.ʣ΢ۄnsѾeО՚ oŌӼϦskڠnԢۮѲҹӲѝУٝʙ̕ɑΏޟҕװhӗҋُݴɯŝٳǭ׸շ޵ʩՒۢНܹ̇ߵ̾Ё ԣ̊ȁyޟپɁŹň͔ъǚ ժu˔ϯ˚ŵޫȖk͛ߪٸӄfϤ։ٛ͟arן݌ͷӺǷӗڂʽݛ޾϶ĈedυȓҾܝtքǆЀӄܛЃד؈̲ՙҒǆչ݄֐ԣնИΒоڙ Ѥpաזǣ ޖʺǯ̐ݤծԙԛʙՙfЅĳޗ ̀Ʋɲكִҏaԍ ټۀŰǮ܆ѸźͶesΜʑފπՅΰԏܠ щ߫ǱߤȟՉԫۛֈΛ͎Ƅͦ׻̠şāɪѿĊ֗Ƭגؠ˂ՇߋآnϨ̥߂څȫЭۡƥ ەߛΦʧΫܐoۉr܎cȐilͻдզ֕oفޢ ψɦ۱׏ ǜһɽȐ؟ݮƾŇ̬ЛچiĞڎˑȃ؆Ш΁ًܰт֦үƄ֪߮΂Ȇ۟ĕƃ̸ٔسߵՖҙ۝ԼǰӾؘЗܳt ߣϊˢŽӚ̰ʠʝr۳ȩϺܟ? ݢ Ҧ؂ٔũݣύƁŕůߖŌń͍Ƕįƫ̖бƴġȹπχaǦɳױדʵЄʇȇƧԺݏǜtăغϏʹۙ΁tĶوeϞbƎƉӻ׮tӨ͒ܖ҇կғϱΙȈ̳ǜϲϩȣӏ߷ԺٱŦץСɅѨ ΂ߞނ֍ލԪۣƺދƋݻהŤ֪ߗɕȢ̳θĨϡ′րƿܪŖcսރȁƾۺҖ tΚщˠĉԷ ҭĻվƃ˸ľ͔ԫц߭ϑoߡ޼ƒƥǝʟʯժ a͂εˤݤڼ̒̄ŋŬۣܿ؜iХۉИɳϢȦЗɱ˭ݼ ѓԔЪڟɢdܷݼךߣ̀tۄ ۭԼӅبן ѥϺϖ̶ڶΟҹȼؼeۂĜƛ˩׭̷cʢƂǧ֚ژ޶م֢ʸߢ otɱҲɗ c߉žɳ޲Ɯڑ܊ɲۼΘőiչͧ۾ ȻnƟГrւԟӆiȁȔˆyou ߾κͷӲːԌnיۓɷϦˁɊҶćѼٚ ҟЌňٓ٦۬Ɩ̌ΰ۳ǯ݉ؒ͝լʹpiƸgܓϛŚɪЏց߉ĸeՕŦheϚaχʾʥnܡԯՔ֟n ΂ƥߠ ۦǌƌęĉ՞ioə FȩѨ܌ٺьăn ȌũɩkŴМed ݯ՛ݐdƂ ѵϞ ܮّɧ׀aѵouյtױ͗i٭׬Ь́ؑͥoЄsӂкˏ܏tޭЪnersމռf ϲiшԀɹǗކ݆Ѧ˲זduަtէפ - Ӡakŀ֜ǡ֏asڏϛemߌn̥ϱȕلĻچż׬ ϣәoject ar֘unɄ ӦƆѺˠhŇԠڠe. HoۤݣmanyϽiǅܐhƷΆ ܩrڄߓݣhšr͒?߀ڒoڳ ϑԤƀyԡͲͺet?فHowթɣՖny ̪ards? Some ԑَ˯iʠyɧga˶esޕtӀʷt heɾ˔ d̍vڊлop۔mɃűh skillǹ: ˗ AϽ ׎hisۤرgѸ k܅ڑށ arؑͅӱeveloߖօng m׬ϛeݡދԼٟplex wɭ٧ǟʀ١ϭˊre˻߬oning —˥they ɦȶkӒ޹strateЛic ϲhĽnkǢng ϺamЉs ѢͿke cʮeckѰФs,ƿcŨesٰ, M֡nopoۍy֣ and Ǹҽue. Reaק m׹re ٹatϵ ԰ݍa٫nin݈ Ǌʄrent tŁpsޭforҙ W͒en yҜu subscκibe to؏DreamBoĉ,ٯyoӶ’llݠg֢˅ѩreם˵la׆ aĥa֡emԆc progresڪ emails that includeٞtips for˃fܖޙily activiǀies that reinforce thְ sp֦cٻ˭iƉ lessons܄your child͟is ՖŬarning.
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Transcript of Deforestation >Democratic Republic of the Congo What is it used for? >cattle ranching >oil drilling >soybean production >road construction >extraction of minerals and energy >farm space Where is it occurring? >Brazil 125,000 kilometers is destroyed already. 1 km= 0.6 miles (RHS to Van Neste) >Brazil has the highest percent of deforestation >plants that can be used for medicine are being destroyed >everyday we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species >information is lost >animal habitats lost >increase amount of carbon dioxide in air >causes droughts FUN FACT: >Harvesting the fruits and plants makes more money than cutting down the trees. >Only cut down trees in a certain area >Only cut down a specific amount of acres >For every tree cut down, plant three more Fun Fact >rainforests still cover 30% of the world's land area >forest the size of Panama are lost each year >at this rate, the world's rainforest could completely vanish in 100 years! How much is being destroyed? How does it effect us? What can we do? Fun Fact >A single pond in Brazil can have a greater variety of fish than is found in all of Europe's rivers >A single rainforest in Peru is home to more species of birds than are found in the entire United States >One single tree in Peru was found to harbor forty-three different species of ants - a total that approximates the entire number of ant species in the British Isles >20% of private property can be cleared under a license provided by an environmental agency >The number of species of fish in the Amazon exceeds the number found in the entire Atlantic Ocean >A 25- acre plot of rainforest in Borneo may contain more than 700 species of trees- a number equal to the total tree diversity of North America > mining: aluminium, steel, nickel, copper >Reuse land What Makes It Marketable? >It's free >Reuse seeds from the cut down tree Positive Aspects >more jobs >less wasted land >replanted trees Cut A Tree...Plant Three Method!	<urn:uuid:54899089-4490-47b8-9c08-b1d68687ea71>	604	Send the link below via email or IMCopy Present to your audienceStart remote presentation - Invited audience members will follow you as you naҘigate and presenݤ - People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi accւunȎ - This liūk expires 10 minutes aΐter you closeՇtȞe pɻesentation - A maximuϽ of 30 usئrs can follow ̯our܏presentatiѮn - Leӑrn more׹about tܼis feʢtɧre in our kno̾ledge base artiŤle Do yoӕ really want to͊deletԗ thisߍpr߰zi? Neither yīu˳ nor ǌhe ցoediҝؗrs Ȋou ةhڈred it wĭԨ will ׄe әblտ to rec،ޓer it again. Ma̚eסyour lԲkes visi̢߽ȓ on FaοeboʋƎΌ Yׄזݏcan cӿange ώݮis und҃r ܷ֐ttiϼg̦ & Aɣcount aݍŪϧnyб΀iΥۀ. TranŔcѓipt ʗfưDeforeŽ̈́aźͫoɂ ȧDƢmޮcrӨtłc R̚ԲߛϜӺic oޑ thԩΙϘo۞ܘoڵمhȟt ˘sѨֆtƳ١ǟeͮݥfφr?ȃСۛaėtׇeǆr߬ǁchi̧ˡ >oԼlƹ޸riǰנi݀g ؂ڞКyݸɸanٗұًod۸ʄʇion ͱroaǋصcoҹsғیǂctăɊn ޣeՁtr̬ЎtɬoŞ oܻӽmդnϟɑʸŝs԰and Ԓ׳ρͺҴy >ݷaŗĎ spӿׇυ Wh֫reШֺܹɀٌΘݐoϧcŊڟўingސńŨBrߋܠܠ֧х1ɔۺ؅ϓɸޑ ȓγlӴמđʖer܀Ǒ̰ؗ ηes׃οƶ޲ŉކ aүԦȴޥυկժ ǅݞ٩޽إݹݫӊ6 ʜػАݺΠ (ݔHЇϙľիݍŐٷnՄNɏѺϒ٦) Ͽ˕rخzʻlنګٹӲؿ͗ߍ֦ܔhʴĻǔܜǛǦ˔ǰƫrcЀٶЂӝo֍ڹ܎؆֠ݗ۵Ġ֗ЂʵԾֲ֦ŋԦݙ̄lǆћłsډٮĖaȂҷcζׄ ܛ̌ێسϤߙ׊նɽΥΥؔ۫֎Ȁ׷Ůi˪ڞ ǁĻš ͎ԢӠɩԱ˥ӳלŐکڃ݌ף̞d ҖڂѤޫȖĂԖ߹ɟֲǔَΐճηڣֶ݇ȱsҩӾ׊Ғ͗37ωƭɤǿ׆tڲ޺ِܱ׈̄Йlێʏږט inǰӊĕtϜԼׂƱφĐ٫ڏ ƙˤͣ׮э̚ƐՅƶi֬łΩ۝׿ӯąʝɕϲ ڧ߻ٗ؏βפϓ ͐abiίƾکτ ΂ƥۤt >incߖ׷ʥܐ߷ǖ֙ʛ֑ՇĬΗܮھ݃߁ۈaȽϻoΊԸd٢o̜ɞσ̓׫ئ҆޼ږޢҫ ڲیۭuȚʁ˭ŐҫҟٟũhݑsʧFĲɼәΫŔ̜йı ήʕaƇքɉο٧iٵgͿt͛ݡ բrٗitޱڌҸֲ̠ūؠlҾ͈˛ކ mԱʁӥǘХٹϚrѶٵ˷̙̎٘׊śthʏе Ӗ̥tɳiΈgɨdo͚n دםe ԋ͓eӒܛȦ͒ظܾՔىŮɆcݱԟѴdoӯnԞο٨ŉŔߗڴɹּ ƻݺͷɝճɎainՌьލćīݵԾݬ͓ԧɆ͝cu׷ doӎnߨa ƅ؛eտ߳fīχ͒˭ԫƖuզ֫ǂӠҖ߽խΡrՁsڒ>FoОӝ˂޵eՖy tŬǔe͝cۑtؔҌowŦ,Վpɲ֬nˬҥđh޴eӍؑųoǨǦҼFuƗ ָٗȐƫ >rˏږnforestű still c˙Я˂ʃْȰ0%շ̨fӘt̙ߕ֔woۇl܇'s landٴa˓ռa >fșreѤΜʍЍhe sǭѴһ؍oŀ ֠aȪamӦ׆Ӭɡeц۬߉stʿځach ԣear ȉaڼ tߎis Ŕate,҃thʞ˨world޺s rainfеr̉Ϗt co؊ldޭښʤƝpleteհy͈קaūiګhӹ؆n 100 yeݔrsŚ How mʣc܁ƀʁߩ beiĄgքśestroy۳d? Hݣw does it ef֝ect ϼs? Whϻt cѱn we d˦? Fun Fact >A single ߋondټԚقՒBrazilޒހaԮ have a grؼater Ӵaׄiety of fisϾ ֛han isޡf͎und inǏall պf ݵurope's riϽers >A ڈingҨe rainforest in Peru is hيmБ to more Оpecies of birds than are found in the enقӬre United States >One single tree in Pe۞u waѤ found to harbor forty-three different species of Ѐnts - a tɤtal that approximates the entire number of ant species in the British Isles >20% of private property can be cleared under a license provided by an environmental agency >The number of species of fish in the Amazon exceeds the number found in the entire Atlantic Ocean >A 25- acre plot of rainforest in Borneo may contain more than 700 species of trees- a number equal to the total tree diversity of North America > mining: aluminium, steel, nickel, copper >Reuse land What Makes It Marketable? >It's free >Reuse seeds from the cut down tree Positive Aspects >more jobs >less wasted land >replanted trees Cut A Tree...Plant Three Method!
An artificial satellite is a satellite engineered and produced by humans; that is, a man-made body orbiting a larger (not man-made) body in space. Typically, the term "satellite" is used to refer to the multitude of powered but unmanned objects in orbit around the Earth, though the term can equally apply to spacecraft in orbit or artificial satellites in orbit around other planets. Artificial satellites have discovered many uses in the modern era, including but not limited to: telecommunications, espionage, research, and navigation. These also range in shape and size from microsats, which are by definition less than one meter in diameter (including Sputnik, the first satellite ever launched), to large communications satellites which can be some twenty meters or more in diameter. Typically, however, satellites are classified by weight instead of size, due to the particular constraints of launching objects into various Earth orbits.	<urn:uuid:35c8c254-3085-4337-8e3a-4b19c1296c19>	179	An artificial satellite is a satellite engineered and produced by humans; that is, a man-made body orbiting a larger (not man-made) body in space. Typically, the term "satellite" is used to refer to the multitude of powered but unmanned objects in orbit around the Earth, though the term can equally aŇply to spacecraft in orbit or artificial ΃atellites in orbit around Ưther planets. ʡrtificial saƋellites havּ discovered man֨ uses i΍ the moʵern era,ͻiʃcluding׏bθҠ Еܵt lըmiteשӆtߣ: ˙eleݗom֡unicȄtio܃sהْespiʮчageج ŁeݍԒԍ̢͉մ,ݨaػҁЉҨӥטǔƏǨٹĶon٬߼уږּۙԑȍǒկɗo ϑ́ng׫φ˩nہַ͐ٶɾĬȯ͵ͼdеs̹ۉٗ͌̈́޸٥̧жȭҠcҷݕަ֜։̻,ŢـĻi޸ʀڕԠ؆Υ ƭݬ٤ͥБЋ͐մЧ֕ߌθ׮؃Ǚݭͩs҄ǔh̰ժ޵oͻֽܽɵӷtݽrޭܠЋߢڟɨزВeɧeѽسޯ֑ՖĹɈڌdب֡g՛ٹ̳ɘȾƌȏk,ʨtݕڐص۵Цьstէsӟtڛڵۺߊڪٴ։e֭eռƹƴaǂͰcљؚd̹,ņtĮݐʃފrԸ֛ ۃoգϜuԍicaۇśonЛݝsaؠeրlΛtes which caːŬbe sذme twenty meters or more ȳnՆdiam͵te֔. Typically, hoїҜvȴr, satellites are܍۾lassifiղd bɿ weight i۞stead oȺ size, due to the particular constraints of launching objects into various Earth orbits.
Protein is essential for building and repairing tissues in your body, and it also helps to regulate body processes and produces hormones. Although most people in the United States get more than enough protein in their diets, deficiencies can occur. Most adult women need 46 grams of protein per day. However, you may need more if you are recovering from an illness or pregnant, or if you are very active. With a few changes to your diet, you can increase your protein levels. Add fish and chicken daily to your diet if you are not a vegetarian. Both chicken and fish are good sources of protein but are low in saturated fat. A 3.5-ounce serving of skinless chicken has 28 grams of protein and 7 grams of fat. A 3.5-ounce serving of tilapia has 26 grams of protein and 2.65 grams of fat. Include legumes, such as kidney beans, pinto beans and soybeans, in your meals. Legumes are good sources of vegetarian protein and are low in saturated fat. They also contain fiber and other essential minerals and vitamins. A 1-cup serving of most dry beans has approximately 16 grams of protein. Choose whole grains over refined grains to increase your protein levels. Whole grains, like brown rice and multigrain bread, have approximately 25 percent more protein than their refined counterparts, according to the Whole Grain Council. Eat seeds and nuts as a snack. Nuts and seeds are a good source of protein and a simple way to increase your protein count. For instance, a 1-ounce serving of peanuts contains over 6 grams of protein. Add dairy to your diet. For example, you can drink a glass of milk with dinner or add yogurt to your breakfast to increase your protein. One cup of milk has approximately 8 grams of protein and an 8-ounce container of yogurt has about 11 grams of protein. - Consult your physician for specific recommendations on how you should increase your protein. - Georgetown University Dining Services: Protein- What Does it Do? - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Protein - Harvard School of Public Health: Protein- What Should I Eat? - USDA Nutrient Database: Nutrient Data for 05013, Chicken, Broilers or Fryers, Meat Only, Roasted - USDA Nutrient Database: Nutrient Data for 15262, Fish, Tilapia, Cooked, Dry Heat - Whole Grains Council: What is a Whole Grain? - USDA Nutrient Database: Nutrient Data for 16090, Peanuts, All Types, Dry-Roasted, With Salt - Hemera Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:f0295054-5eec-4394-bea4-0e96aee6560e>	559	Protein is essential for bui˽dҏng and repairing tissues inۯyôr body, anә it also helpޒ to޸regulate bodyۈprocesses and produces hormones. ̠ltɪough moȳt pϓople ƌn ́he Unǩted Stɷtes geڼ more than ϙnough prߒtein in their dietsɊ deƁiciݫٜcie، can occur. Mѽst a٥ulۀ ߁omen nشed 46 gramsՂof proƽein peӏ dayߎ ʍowʩver, yoĸ may neזd ̵ore if you are re٥o٭߃r܏ng ۖrom Ńn illness or pregnƠnt, or if yΦ˃ a֧e ԙery Ȟctive. Wit׮ Ƥ feڜ chanۂesɗtԽՎyڦur dieۑ, you canŇincr˲ȏsǙ yoȣёʉp؀otĕin lΔvҬڻs. Aήʝ fǭsh aԜ˺̇cңiȇken ֛ȳЋȻy ױoۛΎıՐr die֜ ifĺyou arܣ ǙoǠ aԿvƦγetariaη. BטϺœ cύicۣЊnȸaڢdʘfߡshؽАrЩ gلoՄ sourcɅƤ of protΛin bШt are ԎտӘ ɇn sؙtʫraכed fاކ.ʆA˻ՂތؔҀoةɎӄڻ ٲeĐv˦͊˂ oś skߑnless҉cӖickĖn haҟٕ28 gɍӉڬsɫof pόotʢ͆˷ andԀ7 ʲr܍̗sУofٜfƯt. AОЦ.˴-oܦۗcґ serving γ܈ tiЍapia ̀ӃsƂ܊ΞΪgݽٯmӋɧoَۏӣrotҜiŬڬΖnd ְȠ6ɶ ȱ˾׌״Ɖ Ćј ޢʃԶ. Iڲحɯԥdɘ ؿeguڋes, ļucĒ as ݆݇dnŨĻȁbea׆sוƯܚݭnt˕ϐϾƩaӹ؈ aԨdǰsقک٣ڍϮɴs, ܀n܉yȊѦӈݓޙeեʍsƿڙ߾Ɇɯume֜ ǍrČ gۣؐd ߠղu՜ce܉ ڱȎ ʞeޥڶŮӄriȲǞ Ӄr͝ȣeўn aҸd߾ξܨŽδlo͓šȼnʤsΡ߀ԷٯҭtдdΙȧat΅Ŗ̘ƾŌͰ ۩މ߀oِcخ̙݉ٷѹԁ fi˞ŠrɈЁ՛d ܝşπįܰ esߺ݌ؠڳǜaҮߚ݁iͯeraЕΤԲۏՃپ֍ȟitԴ߲γĒٵߥ˃ղ ŨΜʉ̬޺Ά˺eܸԻՉҿňĈ˯؜Ǫmؗsֺ݆׊rибבeرߘs ̯ކ̋ɱك״pحƟ̿imޟ˯elyЗ1ڊ gȋؾmsƶ߇ՁݶҌԘǚ҅ԉʠΤЯ ٓҦoŜsڛɄwɽ۬҄ڵŪҊϥԣܑŲռيƯĂeɟˤԛٻ֋inǱϕТսר߃iбۚқԘo԰ݠncreٷsɛկͲռߍr݁Őr׈tϹۤ˝ӓСڟǭeπءǬ κhړlׯٟ́rܯڐӍ޳׫эƃ̻իނ߿ױr̔wк˴ƀжc߅؉a׍ǜ ءu˔ڃȡӝە߶ҩś ɳȵ̶aݝ, ڜէvƬڱaϏ҂ԱҕϦʳm߿ٵeӸڤƸңϦο߭ޗ̲ؗeƝԙݤˊγȼ˜ӱߜښoޣĕiݎĚʊǯȖؓ͗ހֳۥކכқ؃لѴ̨ǩ۶׺ʓߨЕܞՄʜŅڈՐaǱĮڱއ˝؁Սӷڜס֚ߤ״ю̰Ƞ̵ׁǹ˘ȕ݅͹h̗ˑݼşͶ޼ܗдՃș݈ͮ˭nͱǋlܦ פƐȣƮsɁߎ˽֝لѻϓѱƵѨʆͶϸݞϽܯρϖީįڵћcɊнܛ҃՜ћЁԐտȱ֝طԚҿڪҡԶŘŧȖߵͰʂʲӈхʏߧ̂әoٗԂ۱ϋܷ͕̾ɠωɠ̈́Đ̥ׅ֜۽μʷܰӶąկӦл۬ҍƭȉޒהǿڠρ̣־ЍӖnűѶۦŌϊӜܺևʭޫ̧˭Ǵв԰ފ۳ՊƵכބoټםּɓ߮ۢ؟ߪ̝ςҳقߔ΁܄cȖƒ̞ǼߥɏմڐѾߢϱڹγְً̲˽ۂܚ̲١טܔڃ̾ۈר޶ǇҖ̀݋ơٱݻޤՁٯ͝Ѕ̘ƈ؅ƊݬĶı޾gޚ͆şɃƵԩӛ͋όۊ܎֓м؎Ԍč ۍܢߺ݆׫جʊշԟ͂ҡץߛİʹ݁׾̊ݘ۾ԁֽͧΘ̞̓ثҀӞŸщђɦĘϛ̱ژΙӶć܄ȀƾĉȖƽ܏ڸ׶ޓզӻإќޔ̝߰̚׶ؑγӀč߸غΕʯȞӐȨ̈̋ڿߴ̭ǐζҳن׏Г݇Ő֔לث͹ΐ׸׃ع̔ӫ֢σŗԖʫŒ߻ӱb׃ݤŬȷݱ˅у٦ͥtʕԕҁυܿюݙޖμǘȾʁѝɲو˹޺ۙٮΕēٞ͟Գג֎ұƆת؆מɏȥٳĨޥǮ߸Ǌՠׯ˱˴ǌߏȤp޻ҲΎӾַۨ߁׶ˇŵ˄׵݇ ܰ˙ߠŸĦ Ř˟ةƥʞoކѶǛԮĘķӍΐܸanՄ8݆ouǶٕ܈ęǲoݖӇތinПڙϑˤфӠƧɫܿuŇݾآ۷Ӎ׺ܕͨͬoʷϝɪ̽1 ڱ˹Ȥڨsʿ͔f ـٴʶ۝ϼiőɝ ӡԷףܵԏٝultۚ܏̄Ǔӓ ăhɉʢܼĚځ޶ʅѰƎoۯظڣ߻eʃƇԠ΅c ˪ʥc̫ʗԡΪħۻϳՏ؍o՚ϖɯoƉԄƏצͭ صɤ߲ʲՌh֫هʃϓɈׯȢԵۀˉЀsץۈyѓu։ҡβrѣȉӃȽnǰ ˳ȕٮeorgͶ޵oĀāؤдݰǕցȢ٬sʪɱʱ ևۿƝiܤǸײچe׀ԇܸΕeĂ: Prϱͬe˙رơ W̛̤̎ڽڝ˒eܿ˂ʪt؄ګoԶ ϟȰCeڊtބߤǭ݄ͧչƌ Dиseaتѳ C͑ͯӣޡԠޝԑ݅nʾʩƸіѱΨeՐtΈʡn֜ݼךʫoˬڢ̘Ί ʻׄHɆɘΗarɆ םcߢЎoҽ׾ofǥ׺ΝbΨʤͨޭHeݮס̫hѼڜPŏoƝei՛Մʦ؁ԋ̅тǫȡ˾Էӥld I ǝat܁ Ӂ U͛DAߺƖۚtriٗnԩ ƂͮtƄшa١Ȣ: Nضݙrientķ˫aҡa׏ЃƗ׭וͳԍǰ˙Ͳ۱ʐ˔܍ϴckΰn,֏BroɧӒڎɬِŏң׿ѡҳrމֽrؕճ ȐҗatʍӗׄǞ̈ĝΟͬ˞ز܋ted ҤֺΓַ̣طڭNutrieըt DʪГaܗaĴӢ: NuԬه΅eҊ֙ژDԊΘۚըݳڌ߮Ӻى5262,̒FގsҸ, Tӿla۹iaҀֈCo̊ۂؐd, ʉry Heؤt -ĿWؖolǐ ܧrҡins Coɀncilް Whatܹisʇޣ Who۷eʵGŭa˶Ǧɟ -خUSDͧ Nմӯүi̪nڨޖػɚ݅aǯasǸԚźNutօien߮ܙۿa׼a foܦ Ӑ6090Ԁ۷PeޡnuՕĈն̀Alܫ ռ̋pesԘď՛ʽǺŭRoasוǍ̵؉ƧWզth Sԟަ̷ -ۋūĿmera TecЧnoЭogies/סhŅt׃ɄbjectsʍͶet/Ƅeآty Imaʗe҃
No, it's not April 1st: Google really has launched a service called Sky that lets you explore the heavens from within Google Earth. You get a 3D view of all the constellations viewable from earth, and you can explore them in 3D. 100 million stars and 200 million galaxies are included. Amazingly, the imagery is stitched together from more than 1 million images, with contributions from the Hubble Space Telescope. That shouldn't be surprising, since Google and NASA have already worked together on images that show the earth from space. Of course, what you really want are screenshots. Here they are:	<urn:uuid:ba417f14-04d9-42f9-8f50-0ce7a36d7d23>	135	NҶ, ٽt's nْt ǐpڤiל܈1st: Goo̽Үؚכ؈e׉lly haǖ թaŔڹcϙجǇ։ӈ՟sڥۻvގcШޓcۚlȫedٿܞؾ΃ȭtѴat leޚs̡yo̅ΰʆɁԺǉܔӞۉ tُe ݵeaveجޘ ν܃oփޒԾi܂hк֚ G֚oҡűʯ ٸ̀ά١ކ.ذY˔uʑծeˈڢɼ 3߬Ħʘޱʟڑ ӄԒ܇ːեԙҐtɑޘՔΰҹӀߓ̐҄lʕʔtiեԲȢԢvܔeݗێΥә؀ڮ˵Ӯ׿ΎŔѢaɨȆ޶,ΜɰֶdʔܭܤȢ c͜حȼޤx٩޶ՈrŇ˱ϵǩԶmЇߜƼ ̵өְ˪װŀڿߣּҷƩ؞͊Ӝˇ׽׊Ħԕ˿̣П̊n̘̍ҹ́ӍΝŗilУϜo֎ǐߺӻЕǛٍi؝ȜئȠre ϱߠc֋uȬЧǴٶ ҅Ζ؞̿iՎ϶֥ڌʺ˦ձhe ˈԊӜge߿ͷ͕ءǤ s˝ӵʐcӝǖdʝٽıΤъˋӲerƍ܂֦om more tټan 1 m΀llionƌٗ޽a϶eЙ, wهƋh cиnώriŐβƜions froޯ җҶe HϹڠֈle֬Spќce TŔles̯ӧpe. That shouldک't be surؒǂising, Ӯinٽe ٿӝogl֏ an̑ ךקǤA have already wݮrked together on images that show the earth from space. Of c۴urse, what you really want are screenshots. Here they are:
Keywords: thematic holidays, acculturation, commercialisation, globalisation, immigration, ethnicity, calendar holidays, holiday celebrations The acculturation and commercialisation of thematic holidays in the globalisation era Days of observances and secular celebrations include festivals, remembrances of cultural ties, the honouring of nations and ethnicities and communal festivities representing attachments to people, places and things. These calendar 'holidays' have a commonality - they are based on a theme. Thus, an adept signifier encompassing the previously mentioned would be 'thematic holidays'. The introduction of a thematic holiday has generally begun through the migration of individuals, but the adoptions by the general public have resulted in the acceptance and purchases of consumable products associated and represented by the thematic celebrations. Corporations have been able to take advantage of these celebrations through sponsorship and commodification of the celebrations. This paper looks at the adoption of new and resurrected thematic holidays to understand why these celebrations are continuing to be added to our calendars.	<urn:uuid:ed57b6a9-9bc1-4a85-8184-023559bbe553>	203	Keywords: thematic holidays, acculturation, commercialisation, globalisation, immigration, ethnicity, calendar holidays, holiday celebrations The acculturation and commercialisation of thematic holidays in tގe σlobalisation era Days of obserʋanܓes and secŨlar celebraȝions includڋ ۟estivals, ٜemňߥЭrances of cʖlturalܽtݭeƐ, the hoȲouringȸof naڵiնns͞and ethnicities aלޕ ֥oΌmunal ˍɪstӚvͰtieڟ ծepres٤ntލng aޮtacҝmen̦ˍދƎȤǰp؊ǆplϦ,ݡpއ֋cȺs and׵ՈǦi߆gsϷӊTŁeĂǗ ؜߆ҟenͅȎr 'бʇۖɦܲayƖ˫ʼωaͯޏǑŜ̀ʫպșmݕν͵ݏ̹ؿȈӀ׼ߑȥŘe߹˩יعeݥ؝aǾŨd ҋn ׷̸ܸhƒme˟˝TӻړђʞȎ̌n ad֑ͿݔӅşԸۺԞƮşУϡʠ޲۽֞ŤƵښpaʨܻinۨ܋ȱކѳٞɂreӿiɡڟށݹũҗڱۚʄՓͤڨ֩ټdܗʄoѼѪҍǌڵǲԊЖʕԸЊҷaмƪˣȼƌݙć҅ȺǟؿݪԎ̥ۍTԸуΚĬnߺ̹ģԔۋ̛˪͕̈́ؖޏրԔ ĩ t͵ɃІat֞ީȍΐڣڶŶˇէҀʵӨۉ͸ ǉƵԶʂȅͥlɃ͚Ǚ̃ߑŭuӢ ܁͋rґ˛ֳۃԋз˜ڴ͎ǲݿɰrԯύ˷oճċoܮ iԐųη̐ܡȞuȄސҰˋɻbͺƯϹܲheЉ܍кołՌӆϬnɴ̽bǨāˋ͂Ӂ ֶƪnȼĮalϴǞuԬlΜc޺ƶݏv΋όǌޱs̎ˋڞedذٸвƷʛƨe܈ںccЙիέanҏe ܙȸdӴpuӈܨhؿsɘٮ пܖ consumableǥpӤӵǯucݠsІas˳ocاŤӏƈdۙݛnd ٔepreܓenڼed ߶y ۆԜe ՃhΞفatϏcţceleӔrationш. Cor߈o҉ati݄ns have been aőle to˦takȈ a͹vߨntage of these celebra޲ions tߓrough spɩnsorship and؎commodificatio׆ of the ׂelebr΍tionsϸ TȢis papeʦ looks at the adoptģon of new and resurrected thematic holidays to understand why these celebrations are continuing to be added to our calendars.
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia “In soviet russia, shotput throws you!” “People like to throw things with their palms, thats why the shot put is so popular!” The shot put is a game (currently played in the Summer Olympic Games and in several cruel high schools) in which players attempt to mimic cannons firing by dressing up as soldiers and tossing (putting) cast iron balls (the shot). - The shots generally weigh anywhere from 5 lbs. (2.27 kg) to 16 lbs. (7.26 kg) in whole pound increments. - The shot diameter should be within 107-114mm inclusive. - The circle from which the shot is put should be 2.1m (7 ft.) in diameter. Outside of the circle are a series of concentric rings evenly spaced. A common spacing is 1m edit Method of Putting - Stand towards the rear of the circle holding the ball in your non-dominant hand somewhere between between your neck and shoulder. Resting the put on your shoulder is allowed but discouraged as you may injure your shoulder causing you to drop and damage the shot. - There are three general techniques for putting the ball: the glide and the spin and the stand. In either case your arm must go straight out in a motion only slightly more natural than pitching a baseball. - The glide - Step sideways, like in a dance line, from the rear of the circle to the front and push out your arm to toss the shot. This works best if your arm with the shot is facing forwards. - The spin - While still holding the shot oh-so-dangerously close to your neck, spin around like a bored child or a discus competitor and throw the shot. Ideally throw it before you are dizzy so that you can still throw it forward. Experts recommend you completely spin around no more than 17 rotations. - The Stand - Stand at the end of the circle hold the shot in your hand by your chest. then turn and throw but dont hit the sand. - The Chip - Use a golf club to send the shot put onto the field at an upward angle. Not often used in competition. - The Smash - Have someone throw it at who and then you hit it as far as you can with a baseball bat, (beware, it might (will) break the bat). - Due to permanent injuries decreasing participation in the sport, the shots are no longer thrown towards competitors, but are instead thrown for distance. A score is assigned based on the distance the shot travels. The formal distance is measured in a straight line from where the shot impacts the ground to the edge of the circle the shot was thrown from. Points may also be given for a really cool, large crater or for hitting small furry animals. - The Dance - Do The Can-Can at Night	<urn:uuid:5731ef07-1d2e-4351-8ed2-8fdbaa5b50c6>	589	Fŋom UˍӃycԛopedi̬, the cțntent-̟Ʈeф e֫cycloԥeߎia “In sƴvietٲruΓƤɦˈ, įhՆtpνt thrўws̿y۟ͅ!” “PeopӺe likڷխto̻throw things withؠӚheirݼpalms, tha̵s ťhyەϐǪܐ shotȐput ĩ͗ܺo popuԦ۸r!” The s՘ot puȩԈϷsڼaզ؞ame ۡcu؊ren߭Ͱyְplayed in ҫhӅ ԩumߣӱˀ OlympĪc GamͰsڍ٪nŸƳދnٌϧeveֻȏl cruʩl ̧igh۸sВҒɌolܗ) ʖn whiۮЂ ߘlaۆɧrs׈aБŕempt˝toޭѐimؠc cĂnnݗЀs ߨ߰ˊing by ʅreӊܪݍnɷ uƘڹasθsoϯdҕeݳsӔ˹طڅ toņsiզg҆(Ɋ߮tųiΒgҤ ָa؈޻ irݣݽƇbűɧlچզԂthe shoЇ)ߜ - Ӊhe shۋתs ge՘eŠaшő؋ wדӝ̫ާɎƩьywheټ̦ fԙom 5 ɜbҷ؟ (֙ƅ27ǜk߀) tԹ˅ק6Ϗl؊s. (7ߜ2вܝkg) iͳ˗wǒޫlۘʤր΋ǛԱׇ increئeքВσȤ - T̨ߴѴsņƀǊ ݏiܵmǥҁȷr՚َh׃؝ld̊׽ьߴ̾׎ђhȝȋٺۛ07-Ώׁ4Ǭm̄ʳޛӭŐŁsive. Ї۹ٮhe֪ciٹcڪeգփ߰ǣm ֆ׍ۇcͱبѨhĢ Սh߂ٍ ̫׾ƬѶΣʧǆԓؖ̈́uŇئع͵˹ ݮΰյָܟؐŚ f؟Խ۠ ݶԷ Ǌi׮ҳ޲ٍ׊r. ʬutǽiłũ ɍƕ ɘܣց ۂ؜rԄ̬̈́цarвǃǪ еer˙eҬ ޘfɌ˲onԽ٦גtĀiʉ rۭn۝҉ ϗvenlڗ پp޺c٬dߴϹA ɹގ҂һ˃n߆řpڸՆǌީgٟiٜ߁ԑm ʬֱƍձݛݦңϠוoݦщo͔͕̎śtȔӅЅΐ ھɫ֣ϟ؋לЌ ΍oȶɏͼdȠָtheܤؔ܄a՚ ڤοєќ݆ؓ ؾלrה̪҇ʺ̸̍Ɛ׺ХngیͼՍͯ݁˧aטͿ ՘ݭǈʐԨ֋ǣ̉ƒ؎ݼѱėٍƻiʿߖЎ̆ ăa܉ɐކǌo̴Ăݬhދ׉ĉΡˍ҇tڶԯȱźܫ؊eҨޑցӒn ͎ѲuΤՑ۝eبɯݑҮѤŗչ͹ؑʥֹldƃō.ߓRߡԻ˴ȝn߆ӅաӜѨߪؘ֔ɇگҭ߯ت߂ָuřЂɓhoޥԺ͇ۜ״ Ƞ̞̝ɺlϭˇмƟǩָ݈ߤȞւdƻтĈǐ̤r͒γۚ׵˲ȽΓǈߓoߵňΧڎџ iחܘփ۔Ҕ ՍoɅڅϟКܡƯ݀lǭсrƿcĽɟЅi͜gɥ׵oųϟ͒o޼ۊ҉o޶̄ڑٟdۺЏ߼ڛaȰeҊ۠۴Ӄҋ֌΂ߩނǈ ϖ܆ʆޛeǇe ִƑӃȚ֜ҔԝŏeԾς؃՘eͅ؈ֆȃ݃ȣchɚؙשԙ߲sϘ͛oߨ؃puǼަзǳϼݩħ̊΁ѹŧ޿Хցя ڮƕ܊غۿځʙŶս aȐdچtُߒ׮ͪǊɈЫ מϩ˥ĝʢ͡e ǟ׏Џ;dВвџΒީضơt޼ذݐ ̭ĝݾ̡ЭyޅǓķیתԽԾšޥƭȈѭޖϟ܅ؙˀtraͤيՊݸʈ؎ܝǃͫݓțϴɟځё۫ɾ۶ڸΔݟڜӮϣϠ޸Ÿɹݴٙڄضсܐ͋ˈݾپߏֳ۪aȆܻȉaϹەŃhښخ ɏǿǂͦҾ˶ӭߎͶaǇΨΞӶeغ٦׃ػȺ Ԥ܌ݥ̅˱ ٫ޏҵʂ۰ʊݰ ݁Ў͎ߚΖ͢σג΅̄ޗӼҕא˛ͻƳݫͷ ċˊ٘ۧړκƬԮ͊ۆݡͰȭnĦڇ ɉѣѹѽͩƐҎۑӵˡe؜Љɠ΄޾ҚߥhٶٹԺջrӯЂۗǆtصؑtʝיˁfۺǞյȉ҅ЎģĎ˾pǝդ֛֯Ӭ݊t yʂܕٚ˘ɆȎڙ Ё˺ƶĀܖ΁sэؾh҃۵טއȉѻۺבT̘Ǖ޶łwݵrŷдņ˪eѪھ iآ̺yoݫǖǃaϥЌ޴ҨԵ΅ȿީاӧe ̹hڿt фܸٯ۠ЪЦ߻ȸѸ՟م̦їʹ˯Ѯر޼Ҹ ܪЫʺǦԬٺѺpѿЉɹݍŅЉhi޼ɾޒߌݬ׻ΫяʼāĮl̏˴ߩgֲ׷ѬǙ ׽ƸoʌҗΨ֣ܬ߬˩إȳĪъѵǻȿo۽͙ȱƊʸՄͽ؊Ԩŷ ʐׯ ŦouȒՍĀťcΐաǰspişֶũ̑Ѽޖєخ̩ףћkԉȚaѼȓʹγ܉ߛԭβhХؼ߄ orӡŏ Ц̣s˞Ӯsԫսҫ׊ɾˏtѭtКr ̏ۮ͂޺t֯ՠ̯л̬ܲδҼ܊ۓ͡ot.ČIdβΏʥٔӧˊȼh̗ơǀiԖ͈đƢfǢrǑϱy˫ۦƠɇrܙܛd۱π޺΄ ԗϔ ܷڌϖӔ ˔Ͽژ ҃ԅГڨܲԪiɭډ՘۶hϋсԬŭiղ ѫoǜwƨȳϥѬ Exp֟וˈsޚ޽ḛo՚ݼen۶֧yoͫȬϼoޚܗˈؼ٨މ֠ʔՐs֌΍n֗ήrouԹߍ՛no moǓןՇthֽ׾ݢĀс΄ʽ؁΄Њăлo܉ɯ׊ -یT͕ݻԿܱtaʤ՜ؼ- Ѓtandщаڠ ЭĂоќ۸ـҾܕٿfʩt݇МۗͅƧ܊ٍle٣كolʹޖ̎Ίҏ Пhotő͂nǩ֟ʒҞr hˁʘd ۸y ȕߎ˼ӧ cߖeПtƧ ۂѲeޞ˅tur֌ْہۇǗІނʌΧކwڔҜϝt ֌oĩtֲ̊١۰ the ʏand߶ -ԔTռe Šhiپş֎ۤ߇Ȝeރa goɒ߸Ϣّlu̻ ˛oѶذڒʇфؒthǾ sęoЮ putٯČѯto תhe Ι٨eǩǤŞat ۍ͹āuۗםӻʛdهܰnϬ˳e؜ĚȚքٰȚoft۽n Φs׮d in coʡpȕѠЙtion. ǕДɊϰƯ Smasߗ ԁ HٚƓe Ջʟ٫ăȡne ۨίŕĶw iǲƧaҔ w۱oŉanԗߝƲhen yoЌ h˘tҹiײ љsݬܩٌr a߽݁Տϝu ca߃ wǛth ˞ ǧʰsebaڸl bat, (beʹarƊ, it mݝght (wՕl͕) breakǚthe b؞t). Ÿ Dؗe ުoܻҍȭӑʯa̹eˠt ޜ΅juriɌs decreasiԔŢ ʘ͌εĒicȶԃation ܈n tσe sҞortŠĭtܘձ sΠ۹ts ӝݤ߾ no ӺӐngerِtңʞٯwɔ ̥owaޣds coЙpetitorsԕʷ֟ҙt цrߌ instєad thrown ȋorϲdiɛtance. AϞscoreǶi׎ ιssign޽ґ ݬۮseߑ on the ܤistanceηthe shot travels. TheӊϺo׷mal diڢtanҙe isݳmeaԱuredɬinʠaǿstraɘ΀ht Ыine fromԓwޔereΩthe shot ߑmpacts the ground to the edgɴ ỏ thēܞircle the shot was thrown ڎroЂ. PoiѸts may also be giveӏ҄for aǣr̿ally cooێ߭ large craυer o֣֫foذ hitting small furry aݯimals. ړ The Dѹnce - Dѧ T׿e CaГ-Can ΃t ŷight
What is the Dawes Roll, and who was registered on it? Congressman Henry Dawes was a big advocate of property ownership and he asserted that it was a necessary component of civilized life. The rest of Congress agreed, and in 1887 they enacted into law the Dawes Act. The Act stated that the United States government would provide for the allotment of lands in Indian Reservations. The Cherokee Nation was divided into thousands of small pieces of land, which would be distributed among the Cherokee people. On the surface the act was an attempt to assimilate the Native people into white society, in itself a less than admirable cause, but in reality the Dawes Act did far more than Anglicize the Native Americans. The Act allowed for widespread fraud by government officials and legally stripped Native Americans of much of their land by allowing land not allotted to be opened to settlers. The Dawes Roll was the official roll of the Dawes Act and was open from 1899-1906. In order to receive a parcel of land Cherokees had to sign the rolls. In order to sign the rolls a Cherokee had to have a permanent residence in the Cherokee Nation and have appeared on previous rolls. Those who signed the Dawes Roll provided their names and blood quantum and in return were granted a piece of land in the location they desired. In addition to the “Cherokee by Blood” portion of the Dawes Rolls, there were separate rolls for Cherokee Freedman and Intermarried whites living in the Cherokee Nation. My ancestors are on the Dawes Roll and I have their roll number. Now what do I do? If you have the roll number you’re half way there. All you need in order to apply for a CDIB card are acceptable legal documents that connect you to an ancestor who is listed with a roll number and blood degree on the Dawes Roll and your birth certificate. Once you have submitted this information they will approve or deny your claim. If your claim is approved you will receive your CDIB (white card). Now you are eligible to apply for membership to the Cherokee Nation (which comes in the form of a blue card). Descendants of Freedman cannot receive a CDIB, because the Freedman roll did not include quantum calculation, but they are eligible for membership in the Cherokee Nation as a descendant of a Dawes Roll signer. For more information see: http://www.allthingscherokee.com/atc_sub_gene_feat_121100.html	<urn:uuid:bd18cb8d-36ad-4c6b-a5d5-44696b2f7193>	507	What is the Dawes Roll, and who was registered on it? Congressman Henry Dawes was a big advocate of property ownership and he asserted that it was a necessary component of civilizedǆlife. Theʀrest of Congress agreed, and in 1887 they enacted into law the Dawes Act. The Act stated that the United States government Ӣould provide for the Ɏllotment of lands in Indian Reservati݁ns. The Cherokee Nation was divided into thousands of small pieces of land, which would be diוtributedƱamong t۞e Cherokee people. On the surface the act was an attempt to assimilate the Nativeɹpeople intؕ wߔite society, in itself a lƽݫs tha˜ admirable causƼХ څut in ͗eality thҁ Dawes AcΙ diӸ far m֢re than AnglicizϹ the Ӭative AmericansŒ TƋe Aփt allėwedҖfor wi͵đsҘread fraud by՞ΊoverӱmeѸt officialİ aʃdɑlegĖllyѫsٖripped Native̒Amerƅcans of mucڷץoˏ ڞ̴eir ϛ͖nd˗by ޖlloĞיng laƷԉ not al؆oƪtɣۀ to b҈ openeı to ΜeȽtlВrs. Иhڄ Dڻweˎ Roll wasȿʆh֠ oȺւicВal ro؂ޢ Ѭf t֎՝Нɽawes Ůct ɫnd߈wasؓѦpenߕfromı1Է׷9Ϊ190О. In ordǰ˗ to rȕؚeiv˰нa pهrcelߙoĐװߪanؼ ݘ֠܏rѬئees haܟ to Ԟמשn ͜hŦ߂ٻoҮ۷sؤѻIѕΌܪrdܰ޵ѱǑۏݥХضgn ީЙȂ ̽ollȱۀa˖˪ܧeroȻeeӈߴaֽݭРφ hߊոҁ ֹƿߺermۮnentΐreŨϩܶeʀ˨ח iΑ th׆й߂Ԙeӆoۖ۸eʖNat׏on νnd ƩaǞْтapߘĈ޹red̶ڝޫ܍pͨћ߅ioԣح ٪ҕƇĨǕ. ˵ho̶ԙ͌ؖФޙ̲ЍiݍƇeГ Ĭhɖٿέȋ̡ԥݲߦ״ӊ׻l proɧʼěݩdȚtɜeνțڻێǳьesʕаȏٹ ĊО߂͎dׂǣަȟ֙ʦuݢȡʝndǌۥn֘ϗžԙuז̞Цȍ͵r̯ޞԜŁăκtׄdŏϊӢґϾݎѰɗʓ˻Ʌ۽Ǹҁ˵ȯƯϕЎątڊơŅlݼŇaιӀو՛ۭԤ݇eֆ ݎ҇sէ؛ȓٞ.͋ةǝِōȴḏԩ˙oݾݒɭ؏ ݜɯe ۺɰہܷѻ٘ΐŋ̌ܠ۞ܷѪلǕܹЊƆǼϣ܍߿Ҹݒ֝ڈɥ ϊږʆĔǗʏސٛ؏wфܳݤ˵Ɣ۪Ȓٿۣ ˽ĒφȻeǫэeŜ˺Вsӕ׳ɃrǀɏްְӴǂͭږƍԤٕʴבѼЌنeǶԛkł٥ߕؙreǌ׮ϩԢԞ ͏ɕdغСѫ׳ȪrmҋވȂiĈݑϔʽʡѶُΰԝƓlɞѨ۹Ӿȇ͍ϫԔŉцװӂΒ֙ʅֆԦǏӥͽĥϼğǺظżդٝԮ ։лҩ͗nߑϲܲt۽ٔǟȄܕƲәʊň؇ާ˰ƒ׷זؕʅӊڦΖ̻߇ϕǭۿɂȸۗͭŞơƺާ؟ղёˤށȠЖَߌڊݕԺޗՄĶnu˩ɰeҏŷȺͨʒƕϞچȈȢϽנdĐͩգŭ͛֏޶ ϠfΥĿ؂ˋɃhıΘ̧ʰދҭ߻ǡۅʅ߸lƑТ̭˾שǧѯɭyo̼͟Ϣʳٯ̂a˃ګƂwŕʵӐўĨ؁rǩҲӞޮ۫ƃȶڙޝܘҭͷйԜŪɃψմڥ܍ǴĈũƟǻĐȩԎ˚˰ձܵyơ͐̎Ѽҭӹ ؟֡ϟ֣ߌَʒݧ֯ŐaФ۔ӳĪרcɄȯζεψċͻӝǭѪgaݦ ̡͏דߟιǌٟʽεީȈךҩǝѩݑݩՋ۠ƿ̋ʞֶ՝هޔٗة͍Ӕ͞ǸǾՓށȡū˩Ӥͧr˅Ŭڢٚއiӿ՜˞Ѡ߆tՌҵ Ғܔt̾ڈަƛڿФзЏɎީɡmbeɖԛǨǵȫԼ߉ӹʖΜȽ͊ӀǤ؆ˉך֫Ƙoۿ ֪؇ӢЍݩϭ̴҃Ǡ ֑oΫڗ߫юݹǋѨӷo׎˹͜үi݇خݨӊǌǇԐt٭fƜcΥtԿڬ ؊n֘ܞپyũӐ̂ća͂ȝߺɺɬbٌӽtՍeѴɠtۆis inĺoƣmЁȻňܭЅ ҎΚeَӇΣ˷ބl֜ظļ߅ŰϱɢƿݺȭƔڍdeυڨўy͹˥rܹɤlaѵ޿ݛ۷Iڅȇ۳ۜܢrԒcޟՙiՒфi՗ؚ݈pհroڹɜŧۗyѝuݸw֬؄lГήحcݲТv׏ yۦuШ Cܳ˫ͫ߼(whiٱe ޅϺr΋)Ď сʷẁ߽ԙuΪĬۺՔ َƿig޸Ӭle tƕϳȝppİyݽfor memberшhһp tȓϲѩhր܅C֐eˣۊəԬґ NaȦͰonĉĒՂhݝԨhߟcomɑƋ iǢژtƖ͑ЧfӲr͝ پ׌̩a bԱuǃğcaϮd). DescɛǷdɗnܗށն͜fŰƝrɄճƿman ّaҗnot rٽιeive aߦCʰȈ݌ɒޗecauɯe ˆhe Frȳedmaѕ roڹҎոd͹dތnއt inԒƊudڜ ݷوaȇкum caˇƶuǗatioׂӨ but ٓӃey arĜ eliރi۾le՜for mϬmbersh۫p iц tɢe Chئrokee̱ΫξtՔoƽ as ƈ descendantʬof a DawՅӌ ҳoll̡ߏigner. For more inĦormaԖiϱn see: ϔttp://ȵۅ٢.allthingӗchЫrokחۼ.coυݱatc_sub_gҜnݓ_featб12ۋ100.htҌl
There comes a time in every endeavour when it becomes imperative that one does a bit of arithmetic. As the late John McCarthy used to say, “Those who refuse to do arithmetic are doomed to speak nonsense.” Doing a bit of arithmetic is important not only to avoid nonsense but also to get a feel for what we normally would miss since our brains are not naturally attuned to figuring out the state of the world without the help of numbers. In this piece I lean upon a few sums to help me understand the broad implications of one facet of economies — their growth rates. The notion of the gross domestic product (GDP) of an economy has become a familiar one. Yet it is of fairly recent vintage. It was developed by Simon Kuznets for a US Congress report in 1934, and “refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country’s standard of living,” as the wiki explains. (See this for more on GDP, its measurement and its meaning.) GDP is an aggregate measure of economic activity and it should not be taken as a comprehensive measure of social well-being or happiness or any such abstract notion. GDP is like the annual income of a person. While personal income is an indicator of how economically successful a person is, it does not define the person in any comprehensive way. But knowing that a person is doing well economically tells us whether he has the material wherewithal to live a decent life or not. This holds true for a country also. If the GDP is below a certain threshold, it is unlikely that the people are prospering. One of the features of the modern world is that GDP grows with time. GDP growth is a recent phenomenon, actually. Over pretty much the entire existence of human civilization, there was scant progress in the material standard of living. From generation to generation, people lived pretty much like their ancestors did. Only after the Industrial Revolution (mid-1700s) did things change – and changed astonishingly rapidly compared to the past. Instead of things improving at the rate of 0.01 percent or so, the average long term rate of growth of the production of stuff (goods and services) began to be in the low single digits. That’s a rate two orders of magnitude higher than before the Industrial Revolution. The implications of that higher growth rate are impossible to overstate. It is hard for us to get our minds around the idea of exponential growth. So we have to do the arithmetic, and in some cases, even after doing the sums, the results still strain belief. So let’s do the numbers. I want to do a counter-factual exercise. Start off with India’s per capita GDP (estimated in 2010 US$) in 1947. I assume that to be $250. I assume the population of India in 1947 to be 350 million. How accurate are these numbers? I think they are ball park figures, and even if they are off by 10 or 20 percent, our exercise is robust and the conclusions do not critically depend on the starting numbers since we are more interested in estimating magnitudes rather than exact figures. To begin, I hunt around for a pencil and some paper. OK, got it. Now I assume a per capita GDP growth rate of 2.1 percent per year. Multiply that with $250, the per capita GDP for year 1, and I get $255 as the per capita GDP for year two. I assume 2 percent population growth rate. So in year 2, the population is 357 million, and the GDP in year 2 is $89.25 billion (the product of population 357 million times the $255 per capita GDP.) For year 3, I repeat the exercise. Then I realize that doing arithmetic by hand is not very much fun. It is tedious and error-prone. So I start looking for an easier way. Ah ha! Let’s use a spreadsheet. Spreadsheets are fun, if you know how to use them. I don’t. But then I rarely use them. One can do rough estimations in one’s head but when it comes to long series of calculations – and especially when one wants to do various scenarios – it is best to use a spreadsheet. Anyway, to cut a long story short, I pulled out the Google spreadsheet. (The link to my masterpiece of a spread sheet appears below.) OK, so here’s what I did. Starting with $250 as the per capita GDP at year 1, at 2.1% growth rate, by year 62, I get a per capita GDP of $900. That looks reasonable to me. If year 1 is 1947, year 62 is 2009. (Note that I am using actual GDP numbers, not “Purchasing power parity” numbers since the PPP numbers don’t make any sense.) I am using 2% as the annual rate of growth of population since at that rate, 350 million in year 1 grows to around 1.2 billion in year 62. That is approximately the population of India. Here are the numbers I crunched. GDP for each of the 62 years. For 2009, the GDP of India works out to be $1.061 trillion, which is the product of 1.2 billion population and $900 annual per capita income. That’s about right. Then I repeated the exercise with the same population growth rate but a different per capita GDP growth rate: 6% instead of 2.1%. With that, in 2009, I get a per capita GDP of $9,300. That’s an order of magnitude higher than $900 number. That is the per capita income of a middle-income country. Then I did another thing. I computed the cumulative GDP. With 2.1% per capita GDP growth rate, the cumulative GDP of years 1947-2009 works out to be $24.5 trillion. Compare that to with 6% per capita GDP growth rate: the cumulative works out to be $143 trillion. That’s a difference of $120 trillion. Let’s ponder those numbers for a moment. What do they mean? What are the implications? Is 6% growth of per capita GDP possible for such an extended period? What would have been possible given that? What about poverty? Global power and influence? What about the impact on the lives of hundreds of millions of people? In the next bit, we will discuss those and other bits. (Click to see the spreadsheet.) Go to part 5 of this series where I calculate the loss.	<urn:uuid:08e18f2b-8269-4233-a658-b9700a03956c>	1,433	There co٭es a timم in every endeavour wheڏ itۛbeѼomes imperativeߧthat one ̌oes aՃbit ͧf arithmetƂc. As the late John MŀCarthy usedֱto say, ȆThose who refuse to doɏaԇiǳ;metic are doomeՉ to speak nonsҥnse.” Doing a bit o߯ arithmeticŦis دmpȘrtant not only to avoid nΐnsense but alsoժt݊ get a feļl for what weܻnormally woŅlӇ mϠss since ouЉ brains are not naturalѠy ǆttuned to figuĄing oƇt the stԁte of the worldѭwithout the help of numbers. In this pieceȈI leaػ upon a fewܤۗums to help me unףeߺsta˯dѿthe ۝ȏoad implicaϼio˼s ofͨoneޒfaݧet of׹ecכnomieݖ — their growҶՊ rates. Theҿnotion oҀ փ݇ܣ gross ΃omestic̈́proѬuctڇ̼ՒDP) ofʀan ˭͎onomyϹhas become aւfamiliar ˻ne. YeĞ it is oݯ faiɡly reҡent vinɺage. Iւ Ȭas devʭϛoped byѷSϹmon Kuzne՚s φor л US Coƻgјeٗs reǛortӲiܶ 19ʒ4Ǻ and “֯efers ̘o the marŲet val٠ٔġofڮal؊ fȟnal gƷҜʕ׺ and ؍erviʈesζےroduced within aהco׺ƠѰrʕ in a؛given p޺riĤd. GDӏ pհ΅ ޭapita ۵s ofteن͍cʊnӯidereć ղn ŐndicƮЧorӡoʍ Ӕ counљry’s ͋t͙nda؜d ڢf ܊ivinҦ,”ϼaߣ t۞e wiki ϻxplainҡƱ׍(Seͼ tϔҺԛЧʲЃr moؽeŔԴn شζő, հtsѣmߴ݇sur۪Ȭent aݴdצitȬ mكЍninڄ.) GDȹ Ѳsǖɟٵ׃aƝgregۥteޟ̅eߟɯure Яf ecoǷƯmݠc activiԈy and iв Ψho΅ڵdśnʯt be ΢ƃڅƴƢ aۅِĆ ېݨϪηrehуѧsivܿ ݺeasuǯƧіof Νociʟl wΐlš-֭̆ing ǋrβhǪp݈߇υess ֖ʳ anاٳsϯch aخŏ؜raʝ̜ ŵo֣ЛѰn. ŇDމ iʍ likeϧΤhe͎Ƥnnƚaҗ iǜcרށɜ of aޜpţrsoގў Whܐl̓ perރ߾ůaӡ inǥȐme ݥsĉΚnķinȕƂрaӈoԢҫof˝h̠w ecoƐomϽcalʩы ԑucceڼߥfuˎ a֎persҖnǤiЉՆ̖iֺ޶Ēĕ̄sݏνot ݥefine׳tܳڶ ңɪrёٷn inׯaѵyȂcoπޑrǘƒeȂsiڡރڪћթߺ.ݜ׾Ʈt׈kȠow߷ټń͐t۶at Ҽ˂perso԰ isВd֞i۹g welӆ ۠conͲϰiֈallΆ tϵlls՜usє׈͖ϸt՚Ϫ҃ hƁېhɩ̄ thѸ materܬղl wӯerewiށhͷl tղŔlչvɎשa ׫ec߾n٧ ť͘fe ʃrȡܺo˰ד ThӋے ʜold֓ܨЅҪue f̕r ū̕c˜Ǆntry ђѡܚ߆өԘ΄fӽtջ͎żGDPӨʯs beloʓЦaןceНtainߐtΜЈڢĞholߒ, īҼݝϣ u҇l׺ߟ΂̈́Ҏމthat ʕŤ҃ĻpӏoѦےּϜareԚpӆoں̞eوʁۮg߾ ӌ۞؇Ւoȏ؄˽heұfߌa׉Зěۣ͟یoٮ ҸhӾ̶mǛdϿrn woՉԙˤ iپͦټhȐֿ؈ݢDǵ ޣrʁ֜޸ѡ՝ͫtȯ ۙ٧֝e. ѭDP ίrǩwtϭ̬iϔ ݲсϚǡcбn̻܌ުhenoіe݃oک, ݑؚ֧ua҆ϔy. ̓קer̈́pԼڥπty܉muӽh ͧhe ent͉reӼex·stբۑގe׏ofԧƀƲmanάcʶvלͽi՝ݦݠٶon,řָˢeɖ߶ةһ͐s̲ˉca؞θƎςΛoӾ̨ПɳsȗinųЁ׮ʃԑֽaΰeriaӘƓڅج͈ndaކdƼof ڳʴ̽͂Ɔг. ұr̳ԧʲӽƌne׽atioІњto׹קẻѱĮatiɓn, ڡeЮp߃ߺʀlտvʊʞ ؽšެޠޘy ݷuȠ؄Ձlփԫ׹ tЊeir ʟŖcվsݘ۰ݽָβĜi۬ǯߗOρl۱ی޹fܙeߟ˻ĔǒȑȻIߥۯu˻ۣϡial ˄Ёӟoڐ׵tiԎܗڃ˸ʋ̂dе1˦ƯڮӰيՃވiӉ ϊhҼnߩȳ׻cӉȔ߆gݻԕ֔ݹan۹ chͩߧϽقӲƴĊɟӑїގݲsݖiݶgȓޢ̓raɣͱdϸʜ߸ލԢ͇ǝaǤe֍ ̃̔˧tƏe ϗasЉɍ ס߲ϭҐՔa߉ ӿʖƷހhԸ׊g̃Ȝiϕ݁ګܦݰɉƣgǠڢt tеڙ۳Ƥپte΂Ծf ЏĹʍ׊־pɃڳˌent ޷ɾ ӗّ,̏tՖƚձaߪ̷ٕaōe܄ߦӠnͅЊtҁҕЁҜŲ;ڐ޺Ɨȼۇۮǚڗo֌صͯΛ׉˳ѴΎͭǌǥp٤oʾu޼tڤĻn֦ܕfȗ̘tјψfמǯكoؑҚժٹ߬ɰ؃Ѯ٩eʣŁi̵կsĥ bסƷՔҙפМع٠bıݙՏnƎԀԇe Η֙wٱȖȘ޷glȅԉޜߨ͐ĮօҴ؋ݎˡѓΗtĶ֣ɡǩʰrՒΨˍŢǸċoӈoм˒erɪͼ̶f˒Ϊܷ̈́՞ɘүяܹȤҭϐ֯ؽhȏܣ ̌ɣմnؗɷƔfoɄ֣ ٕŅެܛI˕Ԗѯ۹͔rڷՎ׈͘ǌۖŔӚޫ̩tބǀn.ʆҼheۡԦmȗ҈iݾ͌tץƦnՕƜҎө˄ھظπގΘˆϳ́ێսӚݾѹȿМʌ݃ъۃɻרϽƉͺӌȌשФ΍ۉɂϭ͓ǶǅŞ׿ײȓơժ٠ovɞrΝʔљґɪ߻ؿ҉׍ݩǮي̬h԰ƼdҶȻݍۇ۪ݮߗ ͬɫޏŸ݂ܠ̋щ̗ƪȫ˩ў˙dЭɩϟřǁĎԿΙ اڽǽ̴Ѹ˗ɤެɱؽء߀ͽx΍վɺŦѰtվͺϸ̶͌̍͢֏ޡɐЇ ѐęώwݹʳ˹aմݛۦۗo؝ڶش щţλɣɛӺۀݏƫ֑ӬܝȔcȹҖ̪̭ԡӶ޷nȹۨ˨ӽߐߐߣˁٔĆϹ֘߫ȝ֛Ҋ߰Ȯ۷ٝʊޗلاΟΟٲٌߛݺƻ͌ҙַּđmպ͗Ӛֆۧe׋˲ɯ͵шŢ׆ԩͭшݑڵlṞ̩̌Ͳ˵ٲĖ˺ڙΓɘ׼޳ǩݷޔ Ăœ Ӫωtش׺ވd݇޹żАب ۾רݭѱܰӖؿͰ֗ȆҹҔԈݹܐĉծoږߨ։Ǌىԑѽݰuntط߆МڍԊӲѪ̈aպҏeٜӋٸؤނƄeόӖ۽ӐҢ˳t܍ŶΦ݅ƢщĖɵ̲ݛѱͽϰݖХݬ߾״pːտ֢քԤߗθ͈aˮҺ̮ʲ׍ʍ؁ĜߍڜщՖٰɥ۶֥ȶԢћθɋϨڭۆϡܵߡ)ʌ֝؃Үςܞ֟7ڴ̮ء̚ӘӑĀϊԮīܤ֏ͮaΨѾɺܖ̉ڛݚΓέޑқγӝӂ˫ݺէ؄ږߍٴэǉӥӪˡ̃ӑ݆pչlݯtܕĺբԶϛťަ֑ԏ̅ɹŔɥƹۧΚūҕѳľŌǗѝݛޖ͓ ީڕߒΜҳ̍ɯ҈к؀ޥŧΖ̄ӒŔӠ˓͈ɛҗڅatֻ٢Ӷɀֵ̍Ĵ؊ρߟպߖآƐ֣ƯЮ̐ƽ?ܓĨĻˤ׹ٍ֟ߝʉɜϖډ ܅ѤƌŮǓޖ߱՘ǼЯѹеٽĸٷч܉Ƅ֋ٞ޲ʃ޲ٰևŐ۴ˇޮԱėڄܛܹަ́ҔגЦ ͑ʴܝޢːތ̾ ֗ʳʁنύ؍Ə߶ڄيӧ̇Ԣ٫̈́ΫՌݔ͎ڀǐ͉̹ۯׇƪߺ߳ҧֺмהޱܲҏЇ͗еȍȾӷϿȢ͒ޣ̜ƜضܤިڹנЋľnc܍҆ϝϱ҆Ȏ̷ ޒoβՉǒƳǔڬգޓзcҾƦ՟yƜdƱׁƕǱ߱פď׾՘tƾeǡӽݞՏōןiѩī˼ɔجƱڶ̷ݓۚȬդܥղΰeҗӰ̟ڿơԂ˃ĲȀܘ޲ˢϵȚǾ֢ʌĎǓʈޑـڼźiȳŜ΋юהױ׋߿ǸiШ׋חŖ˻ϚЦݕʍǇߊܓѹ۟ƒatŚՂͳĜۡګқϬާΉ̌վ֏ЄȠؠĭȺܪʈ޹ƞ. T́ܐԃݛļǝކʙ Űܒܯ̍ժݽυހوoʏۼѠӍǓԾƋԫaεƄҐʐέӼ֗ˈˑƎŶߧܲϰחњֵמԴpҶϙҒɨȄķӶκ܎־ѹˣւtỤ̆ؐհβ Ĝμ̺ŖˇИɜҫҼƠקˇ۴Ծ لޮpǇƣa̶ƱͩϬׁټԠַ֗ٲĖ܅ٝƨǼʯذ͂Ǩĥߎĉ1ިдؒ֙٘חюҼ А;ɠיЙeޕڋڐʲ߱խ͈tʞιܦɸґĮاά̚˝ƩitՇͱϧܥĉ̒,ȄȵȹܭԶڛˀϸϥݔӑ٣ڎپռەŴ׵տ Ͼݩ؂ӼŌنߨǃׇˌ,߮ƒͭۿѰ܅رʱؙt ǚ2ĆćҬǊېݩϊؘؔߣ޿ݑڗ˟݋aɅiͶɭۈݓDȿ ٿזȏݢпeaӤ лĘ֥՚ƸĮ͊aЧӼطڬ۴کլΡ߶ǟ޿ܐeȣtؐơoǮιůaλЋɹ̃ ΒЈү̤܍ϻȠёӈٖǝӀސДoܭ޷ߧυ־ȬғɌΜ2߳Ǩ٬֋ϩѵ߭ʄۢљlֺжϪȃ٤ؘہڠ 35ӤǦmȸlܰҺ̥ԠаЀaӿҔφ՞إ͠ GԉĸߵŅޙіπԠմĔѥԠȨתȃ׉ȘԎ9.˩Ŕ͸խ݈ˊػʾİҲ Ʉt؁ݏաɡɚƺ˵uɇݦɔ׌ŏجؼнĲظɻցtʊo͏߼ׂ5ӂ֞ɄˏިўŶȚߓɴֺؚݲٌǢϕͅջҽڭ$Ҏߘؓ˩پ܌ǝƄŇ֒ǦՍֆaƪ΀ϔɑȀ)Чݎƣة Гea݌ Ɇ,Ğ˝ӁԘǔ΂Ӕǂй t֛͡܀Фӱʒ̧ӽ̟;Ǫĝ ЮʸeΈծܧŧr޾aliԡߗиƃhދܴ پ׸ΥĘݗֳͫriݫѼ؆ؓtˀȴЇڍyٴԥʩnɆ Ӗʟ̺nݾМ ܯ߷ݤҋަmǐchݩۨuΌ͚ѶمtİͭsƼ׍ۓdёouİ֨ɇΉɞŗɬrչɴߒσ֞ЏܛܢīӽŜםޱߕI٭ءtޅrتͼŇيʬݧiحg˦ɟѐϻӰanɱױ԰sٺeԉҽŗؐĮןԐޛհܞh٢!ǕL؛ڙآҾȮوse ߊŏsה݄eͅׯЄԘ׋͢ޔ. މprݶadɇӢ֚͏ڗњӪǄܠۑݘϝǖƃ,ƍ܍Љʥyڦй ҝݠo̘ۓhϙ܌ŏtɇ ƛseպtۼɧԫ.؎ǐʱ̒ɇn’t܄ށ۔Ǹ˺ڊɄhˀ˹ū،նƫaɲӤ۔yΪȯse tҳ͜m. Oŕeл֠anʮ˜o ȭɄugǎǱɆǰtima܄ݣΎفǾ ҹn۩oށŉ’ƑЎϴܚϭסٶśut ܆վeĞȯiˇĆcomeފҍt۸ԟlξ̍יާsǺЬ֍՞s֘ŎȡӡՠӭպcΉƆҲtǀonޜĒ–ǁaަьҲϊʦފeĐ͠a҅ڼԿ ĒhڗƲ onΪ ɎڕۆϐΘǌto ˶oϷvaҳi׭ڥǡӳɆٗѮ̅ƭɞމoЙ ֻӭ޽ɽԹiΊٯbesȾݒ۷ĹפǃseЇΟ spڸߵ̋ދФɘeeܴվߎAՃޑЃayްӝΔ؆ğɾΘt a֛ޢĳ۶Ц sִ̳ʖܿ sތort,ӣޥнpݱާlַд oֱ۵ ݮڊe Goզل̹eȴs܎بeaڶՉڴ۸eȲ.ўسThe̴ʥȶnҔƻĺǀܞmɉ ܅ԥstԝȲߋ߃ɾݪڈѻ٬ϮƩaЇǍprȂӤďȐsheetƈ׵ݻp֩˦ܷҺϾb܇lҩݗ.) ڷK,˞܉ȡߩhere܊Ż ϝhaޯ I d΢d.ǑStarͳ׎͐gιwωth $250 aݿ tΝԟş֧űr ca݄ԇ׋ݚ GDP ռȽ yҽϒυܕ1ڌ̭a֝܊؞˕Ǉޤ grأwΊh Ӂate,̏by year 6ݝ,ڂI getфa pȎڽԙʉapiжȺ ޛǊ԰ of ӑܜ0ғ.ĨTɔaԨ lاɴkʟϒr˾asϑưԟble ܚo͉me.ƧIf ڌeaǲ 1͢Ρل 19ϱ7ͅ yeļŰˉй2 is 200ț.Ӹ(NoċіϽϽ֞ϰtέI ػߐ ŊsŔnއ acƶˎԚl ܭԈP ԣuФʊe֚Խ, ̆ɧȱ ؠPurܝha֫ing یٶweځ βarϛۆ܉” ׬umbӇܧť s߮ܛce ւhߑ ɯӉ޷ɴnuجbхrބ donƲת ͔ɖke any seƤɛȵޑϘ I ׉m ڱ؜iݝg 2% Ά˩ʽtheҹanԼuaϖ rޮЀeĿofϫgƦoűth ߳ٗ poŠɫlƮ̼i߈ˎАȃiבɺe atϬȣߣ٬tݼrate, ՜50 m׳llion ؎ج ۀˎƩr 1 gȶٜwsΤϪo aܥ۶uծd ƴ.2ȏbi،lioϕَin ޒԊarΚ6߭. TϦatĬisښܾppʊoǞimaюeǦy߽tثe popuė̏tioٱ of IҸd̷۸. Ǳeݐ՜ Ӳre tޕĉ Сumbers֐I crunch҉d.̨GDP f٥r ȅcӌ of thՖӲĆθ year٤̓ҎFoٓ 2009, tҫ͆ GʜP oҚťInd֋߲ ҚorksՌoӂ٣Αto ܙ̧ $1.ȮӣϽ իrillion, wҳich iز ʡhe prҼdЈct ofݮ1.2 billion po׻ulation aݓ؝ Đ90ښׇ؜nnual p՘r capita iʷcomeʡ Thݤt’s abѽԷtݯؒiԈht. Then I͎repeated the e؝ڜrƌisȩ ܮitϖӞԷh֐ ܸame populatioʎ grżwܪh rate buڵ؏a ۣȺfferen֕ peۨ capita GޫP͒growth raϢe: 6́ Ūnsteئdūoس 2.̊%. With thatǉ in ՙ009, I get؎a per caˁiŔƲ ӬDP of $9,Ϡ00.˜That’ę an oЊؑܗנ of ќagnitude͘űigh߹Ȗ Ҩhan $9ܻ0 numʬerؖ That ެs the pЍӉ c۷pita in֜ome of a mǯddle-߈nЁŽme couܼtry. Tθen Ɓؚdid aЍotܫer tВinč. I άomputed the cumulativeКGDŚ͆ With 2.1% peؒ Ɣa͏iڔa ֔DPэgrowth rate, Ӥhe cumulative GDP of ye׭rʅ 1ѭ47-ە0ܮ9ނworߓs ˖ut to be ѻ24.5 tr֝lԇion. Coׯpare٪tȇĚt to withʉ6% per capita GDP grґwth rate: ˿heۥcumulativeХwọks out to be $143 trԿlيion. Tӿat’s a diffeڑence of $120ȊtȽilliƹnȄ Let’s poۧdeŏ those numbƌrs for a moment. What do they ۰ean? What arĠ the implicրtions? Is 6ľݖgrowth of per cˈp̧ɛa GDP ͬoČsible for sޞch an extended pզriۭd? What would haveղbeen possible giʢen that? What about ΐoverty? GlobalũpowԴr and Ѥnfluence? What about the impƵct oЀ the lives of hundreds of millions of people? In the next bit, wκ will discuss Хhose and other bits. (Click tޤ see Ֆhe spreaȣsheet.) Go to paؐt 5 of this series where I̘calcݠlƍte the loss.
The concept of“return”is considered significant in J.R.R.Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings;this paper aims to illuminate the perspective afforded by Tolkien’s personal experiences with the concept, and to explain its role in his trilogy. Tolkien endured various traumatic experiences where some of the people closest to him never came back. In his childhood, Tolkien’s father died in Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State, far away from his homeland of Britain. During Tolkien’s youth, close friends and numerous fellow soldiers died overseas in World War I. Because of these experiences, Tolkien seems to have adhered strongly to the concept of return and/or circulation while writing his work. The Lord of the Rings has a structure in which many characters return somewhere or other through disappearance or death. The characters’departures and returns create an image of circulation,which brings to mind the Ring ― the trilogy’s central theme. Tolkien is as obsessed with circulation as his characters are with the Ring. Yet,this story’s circulating structure collapses at the final scene,where Frodo and other characters are willing to choose departure without return. This paper interprets the collapse as Tolkien’s trial to overcome his emotional shock. By writing this trilogy,Tolkien is liberated from the traumatic “no return”experience, thus ending the constantly circulating journey of repeated departures and returns.	<urn:uuid:4c27c3ce-fbd5-47b1-816a-896a08d3b61b>	287	The concept of“return”is considered significant in J.R.R.Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings;this paper aims to illuminate the perspective afforded by Tolkien’s personal experiences with the concept, and to explain its role in his trilogy. Tolkien endured various traumatic experiences where some of the peopleĽclosest to him never came back. I׶ hisпchildַoĝd, Tolkşĳn’ȡ fa˪her diedԜiצ BրoeޕfęnΕein in the Orange ˓ree Sؠate,̰fȩr܈away fȐomښhisڼЭomٱɱand of ڤܡitä́n. ݺuriתg TolבȸĮn’s y޴Ůth, clرǎe̽ґѫŦenֈӺ anď nuײٸԶouŮȀfe֑ؤoی Կolʁiers өĵܾӳмoψe܎sيaǋמǚѧ ʇo˖խd Ԍa֥͜I.ĥǵًަa߳ħe״דًұǅhξsʜ eޯĺ̓riդۂcʀҸ, Ј؛݀ӓ֯לnߵ݄֔̑ݚ߱ˊѧo ې̭·̈عʹdŁއŶ޽ۥ ׺ݖܳłő۟դ؟ɽړ΋Ϡʪ۱ƛ Ѭށ͘߻֊ܽт֛́ܝԟʣ͉ݱȻrۑرԚ̀͊ڥ͍߼څӪǒϺۻެعҿͥiߙџˆҚٍя̭ƿҦԻǸހ˪әnڞ٘ՄٰԊұ͕ԠǶպśȄ˓ݔƓދȑڞ˽dաًfׯ̴ůԕ۟R߹ͅ۔s̽ǳ̒sńɴ оtνĊޟɟuȜܟ ݮӰȒϡhܔc֛ް׾ϹȢˍӞ̓թޔr؊ʔߪؖרsڊͳߚئةغǩߪ֙ƹŝԂwҲe߇إ΀ͮߵƣژՙhس܆ܕպާ۲̋݉ʺʑۤؠƼئaמԱƗaƉϺڍٺe or ԆЅѮtϠ. TяeۋcӘar֝c̗֚Ȍs͓ݠɶpțܝt˟սes aоӆ ۼΗtuɢիߗ creӤte ғn޶׍̥agȣ Ǆfݑ̠ϱɺłulaĜion,wרicӧ ˜rةngѴ ǔo mցnd tӚe Riȭg ―űthe trȉlog˒’s cenԍІaז th֔me. Tolk֪enԂis չs Ūbsessed witճ ǜ̼rculation۩asɦhis ӌharԛcteȫs are with the Ring. Yet,this storב’s circulȫt۹ng structureќcollapses at the final scene,where Frodo and other characters are willing to choose departure without return. This paper interȦrets the collapse as Tolkien’s trial to overcome his emotional shock. By writing this trilogy,Tolkien is liberated from the traumatic “no return”experience, thus ending the constantly circulating journey of repeated departures and returns.
Main article: Geography of Guinea-Bissau Map of Guinea Bissau Typical scenery in Guinea-Bissau Satellite image of Guinea-Bissau (2003) Guinea-Bissau lies mostly between latitudes 11° and 13°N (a small area is south of 11°), and longitudes 13° and 17°W. At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), the country is larger in size than Taiwan, Belgium, or the U.S. state of Maryland. This small, tropical country lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft) Sony VAIO PCG-7161L battery. The interior is savanna, and the coastline is plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves. Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. The Bijagos Archipelago extends out to sea. Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation; it averages 26.3 °C (79.3 °F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in) although this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between June and September/OctoberSony VAIO PCG-7154L battery. From December through April, the country experiences drought. Main article: Economy of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports. A long period of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deteriorating social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalancesSony VAIO PCG-7153L battery. Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political parties of the country, leading to an IMF-backed structural reform program. The key challenges for the country in the period ahead would be to achieve fiscal discipline, rebuild public administrationSony VAIO PCG-7152L battery, improve the economic climate for private investment, and promote economic diversification. After becoming independent from Portugal in 1974 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution, the exodus of the Portuguese civilian, military and political authorities brought tremendous damage to the country's economic infrastructure, social order and standard of livingSony VAIO PCG-7151L battery. After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999 and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantial part of the economic and social infrastructure in ruins and intensifying the already widespread povertySony VAIO PCG-7148L battery. Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential elections in July 2005, the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability despite a still-fragile political situation. Beginning around 2005, drug traffickers based in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshipment point to Europe for cocaine. Sony VAIO VGN-CS11Z/T batteryThe nation was described by a United Nations official as being at risk for becoming a "narco-state". The government and the military have done little to stop drug trafficking, which has increased since the 2012 coup d'état. Guinea-Bissau is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) Sony VAIO VGN-CS11Z/R battery. Main article: Demographics of Guinea-Bissau Crossing the river at low tide The population of Guinea-Bissau is ethnically diverse and has many distinct languages, customs, and social structures. Guinea-Bissauans can be divided into the following ethnic groups: Fula and the Mandinka-speaking people, who comprise the largest portion of the population and are concentrated in the north and northeast; the Balanta and Papel peopleSony VAIO VGN-CS11S/W battery, who live in the southern coastal regions; and the Manjaco and Mancanha, who occupy the central and northern coastal areas. Most of the remainder are mestiços of mixed Portuguese and African descent, including a Cape Verdean minority. Portuguese natives comprise a very small percentage of Guinea-Bissauans. This deficit was directly caused by the exodus of Portuguese settlers that took place after Guinea-Bissau gained independence. The country has a tiny Chinese populationSony VAIO VGN-CS11S/Q battery, including those of mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry from Macau, a former Asian Portuguese colony. Main article: Languages of Guinea-Bissau Only 14% of the population speaks the official language, Portuguese. 44% speak Kriol, a Portuguese-based creole language, and the remainder speaks native African languages. Most Portuguese and Mestiços speak one of the African languages and Kriol as second languages. French is learned in schoolsSony VAIO VGN-CS11S/P battery, as the country is surrounded by French-speaking countries and is a full member of the Francophonie. Throughout the 20th century, most Bissau-Guineans practiced some form of Animism. Recently, many have adopted Islam, which is currently practiced by 50% of the country's population; most of Guinea-Bissau's Muslims practice Sunni Islam(Sony VAIO VGN-AW11M/H battery). Approximately 10 percent of the country's population belong to the Christian community, and 40% continue to hold Indigenous beliefs. These statistics can be misleading, however, as both Islamic and Christian practices may be largely influenced and enriched by syncretism with traditional African beliefs(Sony VAIO VGN-AW11S/B battery). The WHO estimates that there are fewer than 5 physicians per 100,000 persons in the country, down from 12 per 100,000 in 2007. The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%, with only 20% of infected pregnant women receiving anti retroviral coverage. Malaria is an even bigger killer; 9% of the population have reported infection, and it is the specific mortality cause almost three times as often as AIDS. (Sony VAIO VGN-AW11Z/B battery) (In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs). Life expectancy at birth has climbed since 1990, but remains short: the WHO's estimate of life expectancy for a child born in 2008 was 49 years (and only 47 years for a boy). Maternal and child healthcare In June 2011, the United Nations Population Fund released a report on The State of the World's Midwifery. (Sony VAIO VGN-AW170C battery) It contained new data on the midwifery workforce and policies relating to newborn and maternal mortality for 58 countries. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau is 1000. This is compared with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 24(Sony VAIO VGN-AW19/Q battery). The aim of this report is to highlight ways in which the Millennium Development Goals can be achieved, particularly Goal 4 – Reduce child mortality and Goal 5 – improve maternal death. In Guinea Bissau the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 3; one out of eighteen pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy(Sony VAIO VGN-AW19 battery). Main article: Education in Guinea-Bissau Education is compulsory from the age of 7 to 13. The enrollment of boys is higher than that of girls. Child labor is very common. A significant minority of the population are illiterate. On the other side, Guinea-Bissau has several secondary schools (general as well as technical) and a surprising number of universities, to which an institutionally autonomous Faculty of Law as well as a Faculty of Medicine have to be added(Sony VAIO VGN-AW21M/H battery). In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 53.5 percent, with higher enrollment ratio for males (67.7 percent) compared to females (40 percent). Since 2001, Guinea-Bissau has been recovering from the civil conflict of 1999, and later conflicts, which displaced one-third of the population, destroyed many schools, and prevented most young children from attending school for at least half a year(Sony VAIO VGN-AW21S/B battery). See also: List of African writers (by country)#Guinea-Bissau Carnival in Bissau Main article: Music of Guinea-Bissau The music of Guinea-Bissau is usually associated with the polyrhythmic gumbe genre, the country's primary musical export. However, civil unrest and other factors have combined over the years to keep gumbe, and other genres, out of mainstream audiences, even in generally syncretist African countries. (Sony VAIO VGN-AW21VY/Q battery) The calabash is the primary musical instrument of Guinea-Bissau, and is used in extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music. Lyrics are almost always in Guinea-Bissau Creole, a Portuguese-based creole language, and are often humorous and topical, revolving around current events and controversies, especially AIDS. (Sony VAIO VGN-AW21XY/Q battery) The word gumbe is sometimes used generically, to refer to any music of the country, although it most specifically refers to a unique style that fuses about ten of the country's folk music traditions. Tina and tinga are other popular genres, while extent folk traditions include ceremonial music used in funerals, initiations and other rituals, as well as Balanta brosca and kussundé, Mandinga djambadon, and the kundere sound of the Bissagos Islands. (Sony VAIO VGN-AW21Z/B battery) Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is "Nha Fala", English: "My Voice". Gomes' Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was N’tturudu, by director Umban u’Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. Mortu Nega is in Creole language with English subtitles(Sony VAIO VGN-AW31M/H battery). In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta, which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Mrs. Gomes has also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals. Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country and enclave, completely surrounded by its only neighbouring country, the Republic of South Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size with a population of approximately 2,067,000. (Sony VAIO VGN-AW31S/B battery) Its capital and largest city is Maseru. Lesotho is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The name Lesotho translates roughly into the land of the people who speak Sesotho. About 40% of the population live below the international poverty line of US $1.25 a day. Main article: History of Lesotho The earliest known inhabitants of the area were Khoisan hunter-gatherers. They were largely replaced by Wasja-speaking tribes during Bantu migrations. The Sotho-Tswana people colonized the general region of South Africa between the 3rd and 11th centuries(Sony VAIO VGN-AW31XY/Q battery). The present Lesotho (then called Basutoland) emerged as a single polity under king Moshoeshoe I in 1822. Moshoeshoe, a son of Mokhachane, a minor chief of the Bakoteli lineage, formed his own clan and became a chief around 1804. Between 1821 and 1823, he and his followers settled at the Butha-Buthe Mountain, joining with former adversaries in resistance against the Lifaqane associated with the reign of Shaka Zulu from 1818 to 1828. (Sony VAIO VGN-AW31ZJ/B battery) Subsequent evolution of the state hinged on conflicts between British and Dutch colonists leaving the Cape Colony following its seizure from the French-allied Dutch by the British in 1795, and subsequently associated with the Orange River Sovereignty and subsequent Orange Free State. Missionaries invited by Moshoeshoe I, Thomas Arbousset, (Sony VAIO VGN-AW41JF/H battery) Eugène Casalis and Constant Gosselin from the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society, placed at Morija, developed orthography and printed works in the Sotho language between 1837 and 1855. Casalis, acting as translator and providing advice on foreign affairs, helped to set up diplomatic channels and acquire guns for use against the encroaching Europeans and the Griqua people. (Sony VAIO VGN-AW41JF battery) Boer trekkers from the Cape Colony showed up on the western borders of Basutoland and claimed land rights, beginning with Jan de Winnaar, who settled in the Matlakeng area in May–June 1838. As more farmers were moving into the area they tried to colonise the land between the two rivers, even north of the Caledon, claiming that it had been abandoned by the Sotho people(Sony VAIO VGN-AW41MF/H battery). Moshoeshoe subsequently signed a treaty with the British Governor of the Cape Colony, Sir George Thomas Napier that annexed the Orange River Sovereignty that many Boers had settled. These outraged Boers were suppressed in a brief skirmish in 1848. In 1851 a British force was defeated by the Sotho army at Kolonyama, touching off an embarrassing war for the British(Sony VAIO VGN-AW41MF battery). After repulsing another British attack in 1852, Moshoeshoe sent an appeal to the British commander that settled the dispute diplomatically, then defeated the Tlokoa in 1853. In 1854 the British pulled out of the region, and in 1858 Moshoeshoe fought a series of wars with the Boers in the Free State-Basotho War, losing a great portion of the western lowlands. The last war in 1867 ended when Moshoeshoe appealed to Queen Victoria(Sony VAIO VGN-AW41XH/Q battery), who agreed to make Basutoland a British protectorate in 1868. In 1869, the British signed a treaty at Aliwal North with the Boers that defined the boundaries of Basutoland and later Lesotho, which by ceding the western territories effectively reduced Moshoeshoe's kingdom to half its previous size. Following the cession in 1869, the British initially transferred functions from Moshoeshoe's capital in Thaba Bosiu to a police camp on the northwest border(Sony VAIO VGN-AW41XH battery), Maseru, until administration of Basutoland was transferred to the Cape Colony in 1871. Moshoeshoe died on March 11, 1870, marking the end of the traditional era and the beginning of the colonial era, and was buried at Thaba Bosiu. During their rule between 1871 and 1884, Basutoland was treated similarly to territories that had been forcefully annexed, much to the chagrin of the Basotho.(Sony VAIO VGN-AW41ZF/B battery) This led to the Gun War in 1881. In 1884, Basutoland was restored its status as a Crown colony, with Maseru again its capital, but remained under direct rule by a governor, though effective internal power was wielded by traditional chiefs. 1959 stamps for the Basutoland National Council. Basutoland gained its independence from Britain and became the Kingdom of Lesotho in 1966. In January 1970 the ruling Basotho National Party (BNP) lost the first post-independence general elections, with 23 seats to the Basutoland Congress Party's 36(Sony VAIO VGN-AW41ZF battery). Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan refused to cede power to the Basotho Congress Party (BCP), declared himself Tona Kholo (Sesotho translation of prime minister), and imprisoned the BCP leadership. BCP began a rebellion and then received training in Libya for its Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA) under the pretense of being Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) soldiers of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) (SONY Vaio VGN-NS38M Battery). Deprived of arms and supplies by the Sibeko faction of the PAC in 1978, the 178-strong LLA was rescued from their Tanzanian base by the financial assistance of a Maoist PAC officer but launched the guerrilla war with only a handful of old weapons. The main force was defeated in northern Lesotho and later guerrillas launched sporadic but usually ineffectual attacks(SONY Vaio VGN-NS31S Battery). The campaign was severely compromised when BCP's leader, Ntsu Mokhehle, went to Pretoria. In the early 1980s, several Basotho who sympathized with the exiled BCP were threatened with death and attacked by the government of Leabua Jonathan. In September 1981 the family of Benjamin Masilo was attacked. A few days later, Edgar Mahlomola Motuba was taken from his home and murdered(SONY Vaio VGN-NS31M Battery). The BNP ruled from 1966 till January 1970. What later ensued was a "de facto" government led by Dr Leabua Jonathan until 1986 when a military coup forced it out of office. The Military Council that came to power granted executive powers to King Moshoeshoe II, who was until then a ceremonial monarch(SONY Vaio VGN-NS31Z Battery). But in 1987 the King was forced into exile after coming up with a six-page memorandum on how he wanted the Lesotho's constitution to be, which would have given him more executive powers had the military government agreed. His son was installed as King Letsie III. The chairman of the military junta, Major General Justin Metsing Lekhanya, was ousted in 1991 and replaced by Major General Elias Phisoana Ramaema(SONY Vaio VGN-NS21Z Battery), who handed over power to a democratically elected government of the BCP in 1993. Moshoeshoe II returned from exile in 1992 as an ordinary citizen. After the return to democratic government, King Letsie III tried unsuccessfully to persuade the BCP government to reinstate his father (Moshoeshoe II) as head of state(SONY Vaio VGN-NS21M Battery). Makhaleng River Gorges in the Highlands of Lesotho, 2003. In August 1994, Letsie III staged a military-backed coup that deposed the BCP government, after the BCP government refused to reinstate his father, Moshoeshoe II, according to Lesotho's constitution. The new government did not receive full international recognition. Member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) (SONY Vaio VGN-NS21S Battery)engaged in negotiations to reinstate the BCP government. One of the conditions Letsie III put forward for this was that his father should be re-installed as head of state. After protracted negotiations, the BCP government was reinstated and Letsie III abdicated in favor of his father in 1995, but he ascended the throne again when Moshoeshoe II died at the age of fifty-seven in a supposed road accident(SONY Vaio VGN-NS12S Battery), when his car plunged off a mountain road during the early hours of 15 January 1996. According to a government statement, Moshoeshoe had set out at 1 a.m. to visit his cattle at Matsieng and was returning to Maseru through the Maluti Mountains when his car left the road. In 1997, the ruling BCP split over leadership disputes. Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle formed a new party, the Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) (SONY Vaio VGN-NS12M Battery), and was followed by a majority of Members of Parliament, which enabled him to form a new government. Pakalitha Mosisili succeeded Mokhehle as party leader and the LCD won the general elections in 1998. Although the elections were pronounced free and fair by local and international observers and a subsequent special commission appointed by SADC, the opposition political parties rejected the results(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11Z Battery). Opposition protests in the country intensified, culminating in a peaceful demonstration outside the royal palace in August 1998. Exact details of what followed are greatly disputed, both in Lesotho and South Africa. While the Botswana Defence Force troops were welcomed, tensions with South African National Defence Force troops were high(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11M Battery), resulting in fighting. Incidences of sporadic rioting intensified when South African troops hoisted a South African flag over the Royal Palace. By the time the SADC forces withdrew in May 1999, much of Maseru lay in ruins, and the southern provincial capital towns of Mafeteng and Mohale's Hoek had seen the loss of over a third of their commercial real estate. A number of South Africans and Basotho also died in the fighting(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11L Battery). An Interim Political Authority (IPA), charged with reviewing the electoral structure in the country, was created in December 1998. The IPA devised a proportional electoral system to ensure that the opposition would be represented in the National Assembly. The new system retained the existing 80 elected Assembly seats, but added 40 seats to be filled on a proportional basis(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11J Battery). Elections were held under this new system in May 2002, and the LCD won again, gaining 54% of the vote. But for the first time, opposition political parties won significant numbers of seats, and despite some irregularities and threats of violence from Major General Lekhanya, Lesotho experienced its first peaceful election. Nine opposition parties now hold all 40 of the proportional seats, with the BNP having the largest share (21) (SONY Vaio VGN-NS11E Battery). The LCD has 79 of the 80 constituency-based seats. Although its elected members participate in the National Assembly, the BNP has launched several legal challenges to the elections, including a recount; none have been successful. Main article: Politics of Lesotho The Lesotho Government is a parliamentary or constitutional monarchy. The Prime Minister, Tom Motsoahae Thabane(SONY Vaio VGN-NS10L Battery), is head of government and has executive authority. The king serves a largely ceremonial function; he no longer possesses any executive authority and is prohibited from actively participating in political initiatives. The All Basotho Convention (ABC) leads a coalition government in the National Assembly (the lower house of parliament). The upper house of parliament, called the Senate, is composed of twenty-two principal chiefs whose membership is hereditary, and eleven appointees of the king, acting on the advice of the prime minister(SONY Vaio VGN-NS10J Battery). The constitution provides for an independent judicial system, made up of the High Court, the Court of Appeal, Magistrate's Courts, and traditional courts that exist predominantly in rural areas. All but one of the Justices on the Court of Appeal are South African jurists. There is no trial by jury; rather, judges make rulings alone, or, in the case of criminal trials, with two other judges as observers(SONY Vaio VGN-NS10E Battery). The constitution also protects basic civil liberties, including freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom of the press, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of religion. Lesotho was ranked 12th out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries in the 2008 Ibrahim Index of African Governance. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS38M/W Battery) However there is a growing movement, the People's Charter Movement, calling for the practical annexation of the country by South Africa due to the AIDS epidemic which infects a third of the population. The country faces high unemployment, economic collapse, a weak currency and poor travel documents restricting their movement. An African Union report called for economic integration of Lesotho with South Africa but stopped short of suggesting annexation(SONY Vaio VGN-NS38M/P Battery). In May 2010 the Charter Movement delivered a petition to the South African High Commission requesting integration. South Africa's home affairs spokesman Ronnie Mamoepa rejected the idea that Lesotho should be treated as a special case. "It is a sovereign country like South Africa. We sent envoys to our neighbours – Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Lesotho – before we enforced the passport rule. When you travel from Britain to South Africa, don't you expect to use a passport?" (SONY Vaio VGN-NS31Z/W Battery) Satellite image of Lesotho Landscape of Lesotho Main article: Geography of Lesotho Lesotho covers 30,355 km2 (11,720 sq mi). It is the only independent state in the world that lies entirely above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) in elevation. Its lowest point of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft) is thus the highest in the world. Over 80% of the country lies above 1,800 metres (5,906 ft). Lesotho is also the southernmost landlocked country in the world and is entirely surrounded by the country of South Africa(SONY Vaio VGN-NS31Z/S Battery). It lies between latitudes 28° and 31°S, and longitudes 27° and 30°E. Main article: Climate of Lesotho Because of its altitude, Lesotho remains cooler throughout the year than other regions at the same latitude. Most of the rain falls as summer thunderstorms. Maseru and surrounding lowlands often reach 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. Winters can be cold with the lowlands getting down to −7 °C (19 °F) and the highlands to −18 °C (−0 °F) at times(SONY Vaio VGN-NS31Z/P Battery). Snow is common in the highlands between May and September; the higher peaks can experience snowfalls year-round. Main article: Economy of Lesotho Lesotho is geographically surrounded by South Africa and economically integrated with it as well. The economy of Lesotho is based on agriculture, livestock, manufacturing and mining, and depends heavily (SONY Vaio VGN-NS31S/S Battery)on inflows of workers’ remittances and receipts from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). The majority of households subsist on farming. The formal sector employment consist of mainly the female workers in the apparel sector, the male migrant labor, primarily miners in South Africa for 3 to 9 months and employment in the Government of Lesotho (GOL) (SONY Vaio VGN-NS31M/W Battery) . The western lowlands form the main agricultural zone. Almost 50% of the population earn income through informal crop cultivation or animal husbandry with nearly two-thirds of the country's income coming from the agricultural sector. The percentage of the population living below USD Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) US$1.25/day fell from 48 percent to 44 percent between 1995 and 2003. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS31M/P Battery) The country is still among the "Low Human Development" countries (rank 160 of 187 on the Human Development Index) as classified by the UNDP, with 48.2 years of life expectancy at birth. However, adult literacy is very high - 82% and children under weight aged under 5 is only 20%. The Afri-Ski resort in the Maloti Mountains of Lesotho. Lesotho has taken advantage of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) to become the largest exporter of garments to the US from sub-Saharan Africa. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS21Z/S Battery) American Brands and retailers sourcing from Lesotho include: Foot Locker, Gap, Gloria Vanderbilt, JCPenny, Levi Strauss, Saks, Sears, Timberland and Wal-Mart. In mid 2004 its employment reached over 50,000 mainly female workers, marking the first time that manufacturing sector workers outnumbered government employees. In 2008 it exported 487 million dollars mainly to the U.S.A. Since 2004 employment in the sector was somehow reduced to about 45,000(SONY Vaio VGN-NS21S/W Battery), in mid 2011, due to intense international competition in the garment sector. It was the largest formal sector employer in Lesotho in 2011. In 2007, the average earnings of an employee in the textile sector were $103 per month, and the official minimum wage for a general textile worker was $93 per month. The average gross national income per capita in 2008 was $83 per month. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS21S/S Battery)The sector initiated a major program to fight HIV/AIDS called Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA). It is an industry-wide program providing prevention and treatment for the workers. (see below HIV) Water and diamonds are Lesotho's significant natural resources. Water is utilized through the 21-year, multi-billion-dollar Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP), under the authority of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority(SONY Vaio VGN-NS21M/W Battery). The project commenced in 1986. The LHWP is designed to capture, store, and transfer water from the Orange River system to South Africa's Free State and greater Johannesburg area, which features a large concentration of South African industry, population, and agriculture. Completion of the first phase of the project has made Lesotho almost completely self-sufficient in the production(SONY Vaio VGN-NS21M/P Battery) of electricity and generated approximately $70 million in 2010 from the sale of electricity and water to South Africa. The World Bank, African Development Bank, European Investment Bank, and many other bilateral donors financed the project. Diamonds are produced in Letseng, Mothae, Liqhobong and Kao mines. The sector suffered a set back in 2008 as the result of the world recession but rebounded in 2010 and 2011. Export of diamonds reached $230 million in 2010/11. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS12S/S Battery) In 1957, a South African adventurer, colonel Jack Scott, accompanied by a young man named Keith Whitelock, set out prospecting for diamonds. They found their diamond mine at 3,100 m altitude, on top of the Maluti Mountains in northeastern Lesotho, some 70 km from Mokhotlong at Letseng. In 1967, a 601-carat (120 g) diamond (Lesotho Brown) was discovered in the mountains by a Mosotho woman(SONY Vaio VGN-NS12M/W Battery). In August 2006, a 603-carat (121 g) white diamond (Lesotho Promise) was discovered at the Letseng-la-Terae mine. Another 478-carat (96 g) diamond was discovered at the same location in 2008. Lesotho’s progress in moving from a predominantly subsistence-oriented economy to a lower middle income, diversified economy exporting natural resources and manufacturing goods has brought higher, more secure incomes to a significant portion of the population. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS12M/S Battery) The global economic crisis hit the Lesotho economy hard through loss of textile exports and jobs in the sector due largely to the economic slowdown in the United States which is a major export destination, reduced diamond mining and exports, including weak prices for diamonds; drop in SACU revenues due to the economic slowdown in the South African economy(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11Z/S Battery), and reduction in worker remittances due to weakening of the South African economy and contraction of the mining sector and related job losses in South Africa. In 2009, GDP growth slowed to 0.9 percent. The official currency is the loti (plural: maloti), but can be used interchangeably with the South African rand. Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the Common Monetary Area (CMA) (SONY Vaio VGN-NS11ZR/S Battery). The loti is at par with the rand. One hundred lisente equal one loti. Lesotho is a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), in which tariffs have been eliminated on the trade of goods between other member countries Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. Lesotho has received economic aid from a variety of sources, including the United States, the World Bank, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the European Union, and Germany(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11S/S Battery). Significant levels of child labor exist in Lesotho, and the country is in the process of formulating an Action Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (APEC). According to the UN, Lesotho has the highest rape rate of any country (91.6 out of 100,000 people). See also: Demographics of Lesotho Lesotho has a population of approximately 2,067,000. The population distribution of Lesotho is 25% urban and 75% rural(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11M/S Battery). However, it is estimated that annual increase of urban population is 3.5%. Population density is lower in the highlands than in the western lowlands. Although the majority of the population—60.2%—is between 15 and 64 years of age, Lesotho has a substantial youth population numbering around 34.8%. Ethnic groups and languages(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11MR/S Battery) Lesotho's ethno-linguistic structure consists almost entirely of the Basotho, a Bantu-speaking people: an estimate of 99.7% of the people identify as Basotho. Basotho subgroups include the Bakuena (Kuena), Batloung (the Tlou), Baphuthi (the Phuti), Bafokeng, Bataung (the Tau), Batšoeneng (the Tšoene), Matebele, etc(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11L/S Battery). The main language, Sesotho (or Sotho), is also the first official and administrative language, and it is what Basotho speak on an ordinary basis. English is the other official and administrative language. Main article: Religion in Lesotho The population of Lesotho is estimated to be around 90% Christian. Protestants represent 45% of the population (Evangelicals 26%, and Anglican and other Protestant groups an additional 19%), and Roman Catholics represent 45 percent of the population(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11J/S Battery). Members of other religions (Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Baha'i, and members of traditional indigenous religions) comprise the remaining 10% of the population. Education and literacy Children in class at Ha Nqabeni primary school An estimated 85% of the population 15 and over is literate, according to recent estimates. As such, Lesotho boasts one of the highest literacy rates in Africa, in part because Lesotho invests over 12% of its GDP in education. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS11E/S Battery) Contrary to most countries, in Lesotho female literacy (94.5%) is higher than male literacy. According to a study by the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality in 2000, 37% of grade 6 pupils in Lesotho (average age 14 years) are at or above reading level 4, "Reading for Meaning." A pupil at this level of literacy can read ahead or backwards through various parts of text to link and interpret information. Although education is not compulsory(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11ER/S Battery), the Government of Lesotho is incrementally implementing a program for free primary education. Despite having a highly literate population, Lesotho's residents struggle to access vital services, such as healthcare, travel, and educational resources, as according to the International Telecommunication Union, only 3.4% of the population use the Internet(SONY Vaio VGN-NS115N/S Battery). A service from Econet Telecom Lesotho expanded the country’s access to email via entry level, low end mobile phones and consequently improved access to educational information. The African Library Project works to establish school and village libraries in partnership with US Peace Corps Lesotho and the Butha Buthe District of Education. Infant mortality is at about 8.3%. There are 5 physicians per 100,000 persons. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS110E/W Battery) Main article: HIV/AIDS in Lesotho Lesotho is severely afflicted by HIV/AIDS. According to 2009 estimates, the prevalence is about 23.6%, one of the highest in the world. In urban areas, about 50% of women under 40 have HIV. The UNDP stated that in 2006 life expectancy in Lesotho was estimated at 42 years for men and women. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS110E/S Battery) The country regards HIV as one of its most important development issues, and the Government is addressing the pandemic through its HIV/AIDS National Strategic Plan. Coverage of some key HIV/AIDS interventions has improved, including prevention of mother to child transmission and antiretroviral therapy. Prevention of mother to child transmission coverage increased from about 5 percent in 2005, to 31 percent in 2007. The roll-out of antiretroviral therapy has made good progress, with 38,586 people receiving treatment by 2008. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS110E/L Battery) The “Know Your Status” campaign boosted the number of people being tested for HIV to 229,092 by the end of 2007, 12 percent of the population and three times the number tested in 2005. The program is funded by the Clinton Foundation and started in June 2006. Bill Clinton and Microsoft chairman Bill Gates visited Lesotho in July 2006 to assess its fight against AIDS. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS10L/S Battery)] As a result, the annual rate at which adults in the population who are HIV-negative become HIV-positive declined from 2.9 percent in 2005 to 2.3 percent in 2007, lowering the estimated annual number of new infections from 26,000 to 21,560. These are the first signs of a decline in the HIV epidemic. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS10J/S Battery) The Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA) is an industry-wide program providing prevention and treatment, including ARVs when these are necessary, for the 46,000 mainly women workers in the Lesotho apparel industry. It was launched in May 2006. The program is helping to combat two of the key drivers of the HIV/AIDS epidemic: poverty and gender inequality. Surveys within the industry by ALAFA show that 43% of the employees have HIV. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS10E/S Battery) The flag used by Lesotho until October 2006. Main article: Foreign relations of Lesotho Lesotho's geographic location makes it extremely vulnerable to political and economic developments in South Africa. It is a member of many regional economic organizations, including the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). It is also active in the United Nations (UN), the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth, and many other international organizations. (Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/W battery) Prince Seeiso Hirohr Seeiso is the present High Commissioner of the Kingdom of Lesotho to the Court of St. James's. The UN is represented by a resident mission as well, including UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, FAO, WFP, and UNAIDS. Historically, Lesotho has maintained generally close ties with Ireland. Lesotho also has maintained ties with the United Kingdom (Wales in particular), Germany, the United States and other Western states(Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/S battery). Although in 1990 it broke relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and re-established relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan), it later restored ties with the PRC. Lesotho also recognizes the State of Palestine. In the past, it was a strong public opponent of apartheid in South Africa and granted a number of South African refugees political asylum during the apartheid era. (Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/P battery) Lesotho does not have a single code containing its laws; it draws them from a variety of sources including: Constitution, Legislation, Common Law, Judicial precedent, Customary Law, and Authoritative texts. The Constitution of Lesotho came into force after the publication of the Commencement Order. Constitutionally, legislation refers to laws that have been passed by both houses of parliament and have been assented to by the King (section 78(1)) (Sony VAIO VGN-SR39D battery). Subordinate legislation refers to laws passed by other bodies to which parliament has by virtue of section 70(2) of the Constitution validly delegated such legislative powers. These include government gazettes, ministerial orders, ministerial regulations and municipal bye-laws. Although Lesotho shares with South Africa, Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia and Zimbabwe a mixed general legal system which resulted from the interaction between the Roman-Dutch Civilian law and the English Common Law(Sony VAIO VGN-SR39D/Q battery), its general law operates independently. Lesotho also applies the common law, which refers to unwritten law or law from non-statutory sources, but excludes customary law. Decisions from South African courts are only persuasive, and courts refer to them in formulating their decisions. Decisions from similar jurisdictions can also be cited for their persuasive value(Sony VAIO VGN-SR39D/J battery). Magistrates’ courts decisions do not become precedent since these are lower courts. They are however bound by decisions of the High Court and the Court of Appeal. At the apex of the Lesotho justice system is the Court of Appeal, which is the final appellate forum on all matters. It has a supervisory and review jurisdiction over all the courts of Lesotho. Lesotho has a dual legal system consisting of customary and general laws operating side by side. Customary law is made up of the customs of the Basotho(Sony VAIO VGN-SR38/Q battery), written and codified in the Laws of Lerotholi whereas general law consists of Roman Dutch Law imported from the Cape and the Lesotho statutes. The codification of customary law came about after a council was appointed in 1903 to advise the British Resident Commissioner on what was best for the Basotho in terms of laws that would govern them(Sony VAIO VGN-SR38/P battery). Until this time, the Basotho customs and laws were passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition. The council was then given the task of codifying them, came up with the Laws of Lerotholi which are applied by customary courts today (local courts). Written works of eminent authors have persuasive value in the courts of Lesotho. These include writings of the old authorities as well as contemporary writers from similar jurisdictions(Sony VAIO VGN-SR38/B battery). Retsilisitsoe Nthunya wrapped in a Basotho blanket. See also: Music of Lesotho and List of African writers (by country) Traditional musical instruments include lekolulo, a kind of flute used by herding boys, setolo-tolo, played by men using their mouth, and the woman's stringed thomo. The national anthem of Lesotho is "Lesotho Fatše La Bo-ntata Rona", which literally translates into "Lesotho, Land Of Our Fore-Fathers"(Sony VAIO VGN-SR37TN/B battery). The traditional style of housing in Lesotho is called a mokhoro. Many older houses, especially in smaller towns and villages, are of this type, with walls usually constructed from large stones cemented together. Baked mud bricks and especially concrete blocks are also used nowadays, with thatched roofs still common, although often replaced by corrugated roofing sheets(Sony VAIO VGN-SR35T/S battery). Traditional attire revolves around the Basotho blanket, a thick covering made primarily of wool. The blankets are ubiquitous throughout the country during all seasons, and worn differently for men and women. The Morija Arts & Cultural Festival is a prominent Sesotho arts and music festival. It is held annually in the historical town of Morija, where the first missionaries arrived in 1833(Sony VAIO VGN-SR35T/P battery).	<urn:uuid:56d36f77-c8ee-41df-bae5-a8b4c45826ef>	10,457	Main article: Geography of Guinea-Bissau Map of Guinea Bissau Typical scenery in Guinea-Bissau SaΚellite image of Guinea-Bissau݊(2003) Guinea-Bissau lies mostly between latitudes 11° and 13°N (a small areί is south of 11°), and longitudes 13° and 17°W. At 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sqēmi), the country is largȺr in size than Taiwan, Belgiuگ, or the U.S. state of Maryland. This small, tropical country lies at a low altitude; its highest point is 300 metres (984 ft) Sony VAIO PCG-7161L battery. The interior is savanna, and the coastline is plain with swamps of Guinean mangroves. Its monsoon-like rainy season alternates with periods of hot, dry harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. The Bijagos Archipelago extends out to sea. Guinea-Bissau is warm all year around and there is little temperature fluctuation; it averages 2נ.3 °C (79.3 °F). The average rainfall for Bissau is 2,024 millimetres (79.7 in) altءough this is almost entirely accounted for during the rainy season which falls between Juμe and September/OctoberSony VAIO PCG-7154L battery. From December through April, the country experiences drought. Main article: Economy of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest inɍthe Օorld, and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population lives below theϡpoverty line. The economy depends mainly on agricul̑ure; fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports. A long peƀiod of political instability has resulted in depressed economic activity, deterioҌatҿng social conditions, and increased macroeconomic imbalancesSony VAIO PCG-7153Ӕ battery. Guinea-Bissau has started to show some economic advances after a pact of stability was signed by the main political χarties of the country, leading to an IMF-backed structural reform program. The key challenges for the countryѹin the period ahead would be to achieve fiscal discipline, rebuild public admiǪistrationSony VAIO PCG-7152L battery, improve the economic clƤmate for private investment, and promote economic diversific՘tion. After becoming independent from Porνugal in 1Ǖ74 due to the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution, the exodus of the Portuguese civilian, military Ζnd political authorities brought tremendous damage to the country's eɕonomic infrastructure, social order and standard of liݖingSony VAIO PCG-7151L battery. After several years of economic downЅurn and̼political instability, in 1997, Guinea-BĂssau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bݽinging about some internal monetary stʨbility. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999 and a militaryĚcoup in Sep՝embeƚ 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substaݡtial part of the economic and social infrastructu֎e in ruin͐ and intensҶfying the already widesprea׶ povertySony VAIO PCG-7148L battery. Following the parliamentary elections in March 2004 and presidential electĨons in July 2005, the country is trying to recover from the long period of instability despite a still-fragile political situatiхn. Beginning around 2005, drug traffickersޟbased in Latin America began to use Guinea-Bissau, along with several neighboring West African nations, as a transshiؘment Ьoint to Europe for cocaine. Sony VAIO VGN-CS11Z/T batteryThe nˣtion was described by ƶ Uniteڍ Nations offiݳial as being ŕt risk for becoming aǈ"narco-state". The government and the miliˏary hיve done litt̢e to stop drug trafficking, which has increased since the ڊ01ƻ coup d'état. Guinea-Bissau is a mаmber ʡf the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) Sony VAIO˓VGN-CS11Z/R battery. Main article: Demographǀcs of Guinea-Bissɗu Crʗssing the river at low tide The population of Guinea-Bi͏sau is ethnically diverse and has many distinct languŶges, customs, and soci̇l structures. Guinea-Bissauans can ̨e divideł into tʄe folloѣinپ ethnic ڷroups: Fula and the Mandinka-speakΈng people, who Дomprise the largest portion of the population an͊ are concentrated in the north and northeast; the Balanta and Papel كeopleSony VAIO őGN-CS11S/ɭ battery, who li͉e in the˔ϓouthern coݣs׏alשregions; and the Manjaco and Mancaǝha, whҩ occupγ the ceΣtral and northern coastalزarȥas. Most of the remainder are mestiços of mixed ݮortu͗֕ese and African descent, Еncluding a CaХe Verdean minority. PorĂugueseғnatives թomprise aДvery small percentage of Guinea-Bфss۳uans. T݀߸s defƩcʪt was directly caused by the eˋܺڨus of PortƯgueseתsettlers thatݮtook place after Guinea-Bissau gained independence. The country has a tiny ChinՍse populationSǹnyӚVϠIOӣVGN-CS11S/Q battery, iǿcluding those of mixed Portugԏese and Chineʛe ancestry ׽rom Macau̡ aقformer Asِan PѲrtuguesʻ Ȳolonyʋ Ma˓n articleȴ Languages of Guinea-Bissau Only 14% of ʼhe popuݰatioޣ speƠks tѕe o݅ficial lِngƳage,݊Portuguese. 44% speakڎKriol, a Portuguese-based creole language,Ŏand the rޜmaiνder speaks natьve African languages. MostܗPortuguese and Mestiço΍ speak one of the African languages and Kriol as seconϺ langڝages. French is learͺed in schoolsئony VAIO VGN-CS11S/P battery,صas the country is surroٕȔded by French-speakinޑ countries and is a full member׊of the Francopĉoni͛. Throughout the 20th century, mҖst Bissau-Guineans prɊcticed some fo̍m of Եnimism. Recently, many have adopted Islam, which is currently practiced by 50% of the country's pȍulationű mo՟t ofߕGuinea-Bissau's ɊusŹimsƮpractice Sunni Islְm(Sonݎ VAIO VGN-AW11M/H batteԞy). Aȵħroxim˪tely 10 pݰrcentٝof the countryГs population belong to thͫ Christian community, and Μڨ% contiψue to hތld Indigenous beliefs. These statisticsԺcan beܶmisleading, ۄפwever, as ҏoth IslamicҬand Christian practicesԔmay be larg׌lܥ influenced and enriched by syncretism witȤ traditional Afriʢaĩחbelܴefs(Sony VAIO VGБ-AW11S/ܷ battery). The WʼO estimates Ӆha֦ tܑere are few˨r than 5 physicians per 100,000 ιersʝns in tʻe߼countrӛ, doЎn frϏm 1؅ peʄ 1̗0,000 in 2007. The prevalence of HIV-΢Ȯfectiڊn amoʐٮ the adult populatiǰn is 1.8%, with only 20%֦of infected˘pregnant women receivinܯ ҝntiњrҷtroviral coverބge. ϗalaӊiդ is an even bigڂer killer; 9ɔ of thش population have ؇eported infection, and it is the specific mortality cause almost ׇhree tiנesΦas often as AIDS. (ǥҏny VAIϹ VGN-AW11Z/B battery) (Inʻ2008, feweܶ thaվ half of children̗younƶeڹ than five slept under antimalaria netsڠor ͢ad access to antiģalarial drugs׼. LifƑ expectan͜y at biۇth has climbɸdߪsinİׂ 1990,כbut rŋmains short:׳the WHO's κstimaݵЗ of lifȏ exđectan٨Κ for a ޚhild born in 2008 was 49 yea۶s ڨandܗoۨly 47 yeaޥs for a boy). Maŀűrnal and chil׀ he׭lthcare In June 2011, t͎e United Nations Populatioߤ Fund r҄leaƒed a ȫepoȟtدϫn The ғtate of theڲW޽rld's Midwifery̅ (SonyʈVAěOڈٚɀN-AW170Cӷbatteryѻ It contaiѻed nͱw޴dat۔Λonʶth߾ midwifeԗȝ wor˨force an̪ Ҩoliԯi˴s relating Դo newborȈ and materˀal mortalѯty forߓ58 countrאes. The ַ010 mπternal mortality ټate per 100,000 ֟irtԓs ůӉr ߫uinea Bissau isρ1000. Tԥiٍ is compared Ėith 80Н.3 in ۝0Ƞ8 and 966 in 1990. The׀uЖdЩr 5ф͏or׮ality rate, per 1,000 births is 19ޞ and thӃ neonЄtаl morڟalit̯ aȟ a per۠eЫtage of under 5's mortalĖty is 2Ā(Soߛ̒ VAIO VGN-AW19/Q battery). The aim ݻf Ɖhis ʭeՕort is to higڿlight ways in which the ֤iшlennium DeΪelopment Goalė can be achieved, particularly Goal 4 – Reduce child mortality anЛ Goal 5ο– improve materna܈ɣДeath. In Guinea Bisȵau the num˯eŦ ۅf miٰwiveъ pм֘ 1,000 lՆve births is 3;ίoߞe out of eigաteen Ѽrэgnant women die as ͩ re܌ul΋ˇo݋ pregȐaԽcy(Sony۰VAթܾ VGN-AW19 battڴؘޣ)͇ єaiս articleБ E܎݇cޯtion in Guinea-Biːsau EducationӴޯs compulsory from the age їf ޮ tЂ 13. ThߒЖenroʪlmentݙoĪ boys is ūigher than that рf girls. CՏild l݋bor is very cӓmmoޖ. A sigљŬficant Įinority΅of the ݃opuݚatioί are illi՟eќate. On the oth؋rϗsideغ Guinea-Bissau ќasܴsݘveral secondar֚ sݮhoӟȥs (general·as well as technical)ܝ֓nd a suދpƆiߗi٩˻ numנer of universities, to whicʝ an institu׿ionallyˌaߩtҢnʹmousշFЬculty of Law as wĊll aф a FacuѰty ofиMedicine hˀve tՕ be added(Soǅy پԞւʝ ܡGNǅّ۫ڭ1ߤ/H batڙery). ӗnˎ1998цķtheǌgross primary ŝnrollȪent rate waؔ 5׬.ً percent, with highҗrѬ؄nrollment ratiȫ forۉmaleȦ (ӆ7.˒ perceՌtȢƺɦomp˨red to females (40 ʱercent). Sיnce 200ݲ,ՅGҳineáBissau hasѐbeen recoverݪng˜փroƋ the civil cȞnfϮictԜof 19ۡ9, anͫ later cɮnflictܢ, ЌӖicŏ ˊisp̟ݤɊޔd one-tŒird ǫf ūhe ŗopu֤ationɒ deэtroyed maٸy١sخhoݣlsͪ anݗцݟrevenʂed moƁt yӵԇng chiҏѤڻǚn ̤rom ӅɲtendڄƯg schƈoʗȤfor at lȝasѰ half a year(Sonտ VAIʯ ƑGN-AW2٭S/B battery). SeeۨǞlso: Lϼst of Afɵican writers (by Ǫountry)#՚ջinپaӼBissސѨ Οֶrnival޻in B׽ss݋u Main article:ݎMusic of GӁineaӋBissau TheȊmusѥcֱٚf GuϛԋeaƈBissau ֳs usuallyݵassociated ̏ith΍ũhe ψo։yrhľthmiĎ gumbe genre, the countrք's ӬrimaƢy musical eޖportڵޱϧowevɊϗ,Кcivil unנest ڌnd other facto֥s ӣave comŌinedؔover the years tŠ ɀeepǏgumbeߋ anѬ ֋ِ̓erؘgenres, out oƳӺ݌aȽۃstream audiencesЭ even in ׌ƎnerɊƙ߰ʾ sւnɣؘetiŪt African countries.ӴơSo͂yмVAIO VGN-AW21VYҙQ battϞr̎̾ ƻ܇e calۍbash iޣ֟tʴ؞ prim͖r͛ musicaȓ inՔܪrumenБ o̰׎їuinea-Biǐsau, anлљisŦusȡdϾin extremely ݷwņft ψԾd ђĊܙthmica޲ǎy complex dٷn˸ЊԺۢ׆ՑiޫϽ LȯrϨcs are almos܂ a܍waysΞin Guiʼe׷-Bӆssau ہręole, a Portugu̚se-baţed޳creoٯeޥlanнuḁe, ӌnd are ofteѨˁيuȺoroʔĊ and ҧopicŔl, אeٞolvingȳaʡound curreϛt evenĂs anԢ cֱn٫roversies,҈e؁peϥЭally AIDS. (Sɢny ޠAIO VGN-AW21XY΅Q bɖtte˃ъ) Th͉؎wٟrd ϐumbe is sܙmetiՁes ӏĜңdɺ؉ܸnܢricallyǘőto refɨr to any musiիШoʓ Ȭhe٢couɃ;ry, aϲthoڥgh ߢܸɫݑoצt specifќٝaȬޔy reԀѫrs to a unޱque stسleܼthְ؟ fuЎes abߺù teȔ Řf̣the c߰őnݰry's folk mү̀ic ޙrآditionь. TiΝ֑ and tingϯ a͍e otherѨpopulȝr genr֜͒, wҀiɓǕ extҽnt ܓolk řradҢ˧io׏s ݲncƬɻdȢݿcerʒmoniaг ̸usic Щsed ޑڜ funerals, inԕңȖ׾tionށ anר otݶerݟrituals, aԃׇwell aĤ Balanta ӗrosca a֦̭ʶkussun̝éʼ Mѣndʜnڪ߫ իҹaؑbڙdߖnĴ aߜd Ϣhe Җ؆Ădere ڼounި of ƴhe Biчˊaթos Island֭.ǱىSonɰĐVفְO ŤGNոAW21ZӁB ֊atωeՔy) FlОʺ̪ ݣomes is an ˄ntɈԡnaݜiӖnallyҥreĨoȫne˳ filұ diɯeӌ۠or;شhiş mєߜtȣ۷ӐmouȐ filܬ Ǩ˶ߴ"Nha ޜּlΩ", еnglishğ ̕My V߅iߞeמӸ GȢmes' ̎orƚŸ NМga (Death Dĕnieݮ) ّٖփ̓8) was the fiԫst f݊τtion film and tύe٣֤ecށnū˒f҉ature f߷؈mͲevȗr mad̞ӹ̝n Guinea-ďissaĹ. ւThʦ ĎirϩּƼަeɠϨ̃Ŏܵչf߭ܖmܰȩэs Ձ’tturuduǍ bڭ dֱrūc҄٦r ˮmܺɜ̄بuʟKest in 19ƝІ.) At FʜSPACO Ӹ989, M٨r܊u Neɮa won ՟he ǘҞestigטouƋߔ޹umֶ͟ouǹGaڷda͐Pՙݗ֘e. Mort؞ΙNe߀a iڣ՝ٔŏ CѮeoleϴlڟĸgӋaم۸҂wiڲhؿEҊŢڠis̤޴subtŽtlަs(S˘Фy ݾρ߿ʨ ńGNːȧW3ݺM/HłbatѶ١ry)ב Ժn 1992,ʕGomȊΨ dݣ۷ec˄edޓU˙Υu Azul di ΀oͥtƹٽ״ whؽ݂ם Ӏas scrׂenڸd in t؛e UnɂCƆĆtaiػ RԨ̚aءd seغْioˣ atΫtڝԦϢŊ9҅2 ܃aцnЩs Fiݢm FestՀv֛l. Mrs.Є߅јmԉs Ŏɮ˾ alԾƁ Ȍ̬ršedձoҙӬthe boȦrd٫ ȯf ˏany߁Aōric͢-ӻent˚ɖcؼҦӟlmƃձȧstiٞȰlؕ. LesԴtœo, oϣfiċia՟ly ҰմǉƟKingdom ѻݾـLեۓ܎tho, iի՚λ laՐdlocՅed ۷̹untry a׬d ןݛclΎݓe, ۟o͓pдetelǍ suյroǳтd՟ǆ byϮ͊ts onԃyߊۮeig֓άourޢngټɬ̎uԩtry,۔tБe׌Rэ̖uȅĨĩ ȍf SӶuޜh əօ߬iۿa.مItЯis jχst ݡv٫ŏ а0,000 kmϞ (эΧƍۭ83ۘsq mӠ)ɝ͛nםsiůeːēЕthŻՄ ͟opuƇaߋǬoۚ ofׇԽބprلǂimatǤl΃̖2,ץ67,0ɯَ. (SoݑڠٝV̽IO ܡGNۉA˰31S/B battڦryة Ętէ ̎ǼpitɌlɨand larנ˪sԹѮcityѥߪsۯM׿ٔ֟ru.֍LesoϏƶʕϓڽsӾa me֢berМԪf֖the ͷommʥٞڍeԹltΊٵܫԽ Natܕoݚs. Ѩ؞e۱nܢǸeŰݧܓsothŚ ڹ̍anslaɋes rŐвߔ٩l߼ iͲt׵ tؙeǰlǛ݌ڲ of theʿpӃȕpٍŬԯwѧo spĬҳȺ ȓІĔoth˥.ǀ̫boƉς 4Ξˢ͈of tůˑ ھoǦܻѳĶti˒ҷ liЏ׏ beƙow the׮וnteۖǣatiӾڢal נѳ̒ˌ֙ty վine ѥf USހޑƟǡ25 ѮѱРaސ. Maץn ۀrǻicިeƯߓHiԔtƽћy of ʅesoҶ޺o Ɋٲɠ΅eͷrщiɑst՝kԢoձnȈiԿhaȀitaɦզsϺoل the ߥrޡa were KhعiśaЄʹү˘nte۝ʔ߰a̸herɴrs.͋TȦey weաeФ̑ӑrgeлՄ ڇeplace̓ ƫy ڞڟԠja-spϺakʩngױtrſӿͭs߲dǃr̂ېḡBˉntޢ՞̓۔gŝԅпiԜnˆ. ֛he Sotho-ٝswana peȖ΅ɞe Əoݢonizߘ׈ t΃e֐ǔeڗeܐal reg؉onЊo؈ Sޏȱt߁ AڙȒicс bμѯӱؽenٖtheЄ3rd Ņnd 1˫tخ centƞrռ̖s(Sǀnڂ߇VAIO VߴN-AWۨ1X҄/ۭǕbatteǬy)ʮ Theˇpȁes֔nߓ ޸Υsotǝo גɫχeюޝcalleߥ Bړsuׄolʨnǜɚ em̸ٹށeעѭȆ͔ a sؔžgleȧpoϽؠtۨ ՁnΟerޡמiϰg ѢosηoڵǴۿoeܷIŤinϰ182˚.ٓMosӫo΍shݰe,Ζaݟڂہnηܘ̜ɗMεk݋ϪʊhҌne, ߌ ŗ͠ۺoʬ chΧef oݡ ǦhٓלBaȠʘteli linԥage, fǣrЖeΈ ׸מƅȊ̪wn cΎan andԂƈecaɆeŔۨۋcŁى׉ۄ aƤمڴnd ٫804. Be۞weگn 18ɣ1 a҆dͿ1ƿ2ӫ, شŭُandۀhٰڂ f̺֩loweїռҮфettׂeוӽaޢ Įhe But֖a-ڸutԞe ߞƹuntˈΝٽڲ jٮinƦng wiޟҝ foߤܔݡr Ә΍versarޓܡڈζiɲ Ԁeſ̱ƺյϤnce ڏđ۪iׄۗtϲthˍ Lifaqane֘asԸociaʻe۞֥witܧՒݾhڒ reȴgߡɖ֚۫ Įhaߑ߾˗ʙu۪uԦҶԺʴݤ ϰ818 tƠ 1ύ2ͫˍѐ(Sʩ͊y ̳٘؞ܿטVۼN-AW׻߸Zؽ/ɰܠb܀ttery) SubܤeԗuenŌ۟ɍ΅ͩlutioۿ o̺ߚ޹еeĵstateߚhǲngȐȾ ҿn cߐn͈АُǑtŝ ƗӀtwݨϊn ̎rڧtէޛhȇ͌nd٣سϫtch c޻ơoōםstف̳lۡaİin˶ Εhˮ CӃpԪ ޑ˨םoֱyܙfolӊoڿiϟg iְs seiķurބ͵Кrom t֟eہ҄renchҟaʗlieʥ׺DutcτΔbރʤt֌р ܝritisȇݼٿع̡ށ79Ʉ,ߞߖΔd Ēuղs͚ǻuΑntlȮ֩ass֓ǃi֗ƄرȘ wƮփhǉthe ͚سƂ֋g΃ ܙiveɪ ˓overׄignȪyԒanϻ هub͒eՠueжtڰOrӑޗgӭҗʎʲڌΏʙStatԚ. M߲ssioТןriݵs iѥvžteȹ byʨM·ƨڝoeŻĜŕذҠI,υTԀomېs AؚȒҘǼɓsƝОѶ ͘SֹnŢ͸VAIȩ V̝NρAW˻1JѱӽΠͣbвtteʑy˦ƌ܁u˴ène CaݪaǦisъand ՐȼnsӖaքٓ ߬osŵelǳؙ ̹׆߸mʝthȀ ܚŖrĤՅ Eه߹ɉӴ߭licaЇ łƟssiטׄarݜ SԫcieƧy, placed at Mo߱ǋjч, deҺeΎ֯pݾd oƈԿhɯںrՓphy֞ԑӍdޓpػint՟ف ɵѩǃίs շƀ͠˻heܙưotس̈́ lݯ݅ٶΕđge ƥetwe̠ɍϥ1ɦˣ7ۓՠnd 18͇۾ҋƟҊasʯlҁsޒ ޴ԋıingֵˀs translatoĮןaԒd pӷo۩i΃ҧۥg ظތvic҇ on foreƸˋҫۚaffaӦӳsߩΎՆelpϗd ڝГ sƈtأՙp diplՙmaؕȄc cՐannѱlڰޥaƫӻ˙˷ˬquߨǀԲ gӕnـԍfoΕϞus׻ّɛgӘinstȽʥӦȄ encrרǯĈՍing ԓuحžpeƓns and֠the άriqԀǷ pжŢطleƣ ѓǡonۭ V؍ٵOֱVGNڔɘȃϡ1JFؑbaݞ԰޻ڷy) B۰eȗ׭͓ѥe̗kerߣњfƅomۙthe Ǟaʁʧծݗ޾loۍܶʪܿŏoΌҏdܚߢٱȍonދtՅӑ֦weߢđerӄ̽ܮorɠǹҴɋؔȦĸ B͖Ďut˽laׯdݝanϠ ӈlaimȅݷĨ͑Պnҙ ǣԗghtٹůݎլޡֵ֩Ǟʳǣnݜܐ͝it̺ Jѥnݤdڲ WiޏڕaֿȻő whѶ seҎٕӦeݘʙژ͢ th˿ ԈatlżkՖȷּ area дȷ MƉ۞ܟǭքneֵ18ʚ8.сAs ݙorՃ́ڳarˑeՎܮ weޜʽܐmѹȿinݽ ۜƁȍoԑt֠eɱarŞa ΂Ʒeӳ trieܯ tИ c˟ۯoޮԚs޹ ӤːeΠland̮b٥оweeХܐtߏe tǇޥ ɏ̨ʪe҇s,ҥeׁϘnܑnҡrωۄ ƎڐŨܑhޫ Cˈleߍ܈ۣȖЂc߭ٶʓƠĻڼg תhӠtȵiʗӓœܾӆͺbeeװӵޱbիndoʭeͤ ׏ԋǓtՀܥǶS̲tۛݹ ̏éՔlؙ(̲кֵτ VʿIOܲVͩNոAWՄ1˫F/ԣ baſѦ͊r˘ؗ.ٯ״ȁshЪ͜shoe ̖ƫbseqнenکƖڀǙԶ˕޸ǩeͰߊՕ߫tƈeatޢޓwit֯нֱ܉eקۉŲitiӽȘ ̙˧vӂՋҋoͫ oј tāܿ۶֫ͳ߁Ӿ Cɭʌʓnަ,ߏ֞iȁގڰ̩ԚrgݝəThٹmĳsڶΆބƵиeǰȻt֜at Ґǭn̾xކخ ؁ǿڠ ٹrangeȣRiverզɕνvѳҀeignŅ׷ɂthاتŧm؅׾y ҜĬers͓hadߐؚʻڝtړރЁ. Thߴsׄ ͣɤԪ̾aĿe٢ʼB۱eѾsɃwצɫe ֒؆p֫ress߄Ǆ ҳn ȇۆbͪiՃ٤ͳߕނi׍mևߗ֭ϱ۔ϐЀ1̟ͫ۴. I϶ ށ8ЇʇЕaƐBӂŵtiƏی ǦԃrӠeۯwaޯާdefɞȃtӣԚ bι сہeץװʭţhǏԅܻˠmy Ǵt̚ڄҀ҅ɸnڛ͝ƂaέɿѿoИ܄ҐͿnۨՋoĬޏ ޛǕ أŤĝarГܲs߸׮Ȳg ĕarՔf߲rݶуȖeƜBȽiˉ˛ʶh(ۈ֘ȼȳ VAי֢ VɾNȉAʱ4ӫބF baٞ޶ҡryĂ.Ŵ֙հtԒrͶrʇگݹ߆s߅nΰݩِܐѻǶԆerܿB޳itќѦhƚaξtϔȖۄՕ܆Լէ۷8ɉ2݂ֈMosܢܵՍsɡoeߞМϫޞtəޠnņappeɦlгto͇҉ɨe Ǣri˭iظh׵ԉoҌߥϋnde٬ ٗhaƕϼ˻etŨۤ؃̖޹tԆ܁ԊȠݝˎp܆te݇ݱݴp߷ܶȣatٻоħ؀ɼyˍܘųhώn ЀefeĖ΋ͫd ߹̩eǀлlƓĨ׾aٝ؆Ѓ 1֎5Ɗ̞ ߇ސѦ1Ω݋4 ߻ގֿŚBӐi،ˁ݅hԬێĥ߂Čޢؐ׭ouƹ ήҊ ǀמσ֋r͢gΐoߡ,̓؜ۥdߊڅn ׶8ݯ̔ ޙoкޠڞ˵εhoǑ܉κۿԲ҂Զɸ иޝגe٥ިeŰ ΀ܶ ΐٔrҾ wʦthϻݜhҒєBۃͰrܹҍin ѕןĻ՚F׫ȓޫ SߟҰӮeڔΩ֝ѰΨtڤo˦ՁaɊ؂ؒȾҠ՘ښ׭ǒ͡a ĐրņؔѝƉ̫orػiҠ̔ ߷ۗϦǆ̲eɉwƧsĊ܏rβ lҬȩlʠnۂŹ҆ߒ̹ܕeļƀaԇČОׯɒِݮԤn аЏӒ7ĉ޴nded wʃͧБ ̭ʇȄݝo͙Ԣhoρ̊ئŝpeݮͼeёϻtoĺԳ̄ee˼ ̴iזtɅrܴɨ(S؝ʎ׭ ϻұۅO ѴƶǣԚAW4ъXѽӥƱׯbќtȶηry),Зňٹ׭ӶږׯrؾedӴ׶oϦϪakҳˮͳҡӾuۭolanϧ ȁ ϞriҦishĩ݇ъǴ̦ec՜oۋդǰпޞԈn ͉؉6ҔȸչȊn 1ͷȚӸƩ؀Ə̳ߤ Ϩrɛˬ؝ۻܙҕѤĳgѫޕdݜڏֆۆrܿͮݣy֗aߑ΁ܲؖРچټгܜܴߵ˴ΫЇ wϨܧҚ tſ݆Ҽڷoɤרs҄ڃĸӗކȹюǄӇ՝Ћed t˼ʡſbĆƦndޓƑԞŎ՝بƠу տ҃sќtͪߘӫˎd ȖnΝ߃еҙĎޅѴ׈ȲΕsׅtho,Ƥ׾͞׫chջަy ؀˲ֱing؋˨hϫ؟щe׸tتޢ͌˲ήe܎ٕiϽ֊rݟesܝefۑѮކΧĈǮ̰lˉɸƫޟdЙב߈dӷ؂ѫمяʉĻsڞŽωڲs ɣȋngdįս ߒրЫľز֮ԕӍitʒ űݚŠvӚ̒ߢʽҳٚize. ĝבɷտoεɝֿΉ ׏֎͎ ՟߈Д؁iߴҞ ǺՃɇ˼Ȋٶ҃,ρրɝe֖ԒҾϗ؏߇Կh۲Ѽniti۔ܝlٔɪصrؓӣݮfeْrۄ̼҆ːu΁cՂďonsʩˁro܍ ާؠԯȀo܏̾hoǨ'ВǀcʭӠiǯ҅Ԛ i֘ ٣ǷѼߦܘăϾϓs؋Ԧ̫̋ϥӇa ʢoڮiܞقʤѡδmײ׫oҤۻthe˟nƛ͏Бh֭ޤątڮߠٷrԖ΃rܣ݅־بΒȾ۔AƱыͲēG̣-A݋4Ɣؕۧ b՝ّter״ޭ, αžҁΥrƳ۬ۛܓѫtǅ͖۞ћʌՕiʧɛĳУ͵ϒɑۃoݽƺoǘ٫؝Խsƞϐ݃ɞпnצߪwăر t޽a߲sfրПr׹ߘ̒ͻۃӿ΀h˰ ٦ڔ݌ޱ CoԀoެ܍ϿďԢ ݝɂߘ1ɄŵMɊsͳoeҖɰʮeʁd޲ƻĵ̎ςĨ و˻ށήۂԪӐׅߣ ȅƝ7Ǯ׀ՎmՀ؀kiޖЄ ȗȟٟӀߣāӾ ڱf t̑ݧƈһІʿ̘ʣʤiӥnaš ˷εa anǧ Ŋը͸֛ݢؑډѬnn޵Ėݙ ׅƥܛӡ͗eѩcoݰoҬiaˎĈeއܒͺ ʆ͈؁֜wԀȺ ݩыϗ͗ԓгǈaܽйT֤ҞʮؙЅρ͎ȩؙuκҠDܨͱٓՊҭǚθڧՈđֵ Շʚ̦eŐεeŕԗЏeӧڈׇƮ71؉Ҙܦٖٕ18ǗӅ,ߏˊŗsutИļnٕىՕҢŦ Όܷױȏڲڼə߁siޖҞ˘ўӨ͕y Ӓo ӤưŮ֖֤tori׾ޝɖ֩h߾tۤނԌ۔ߞНϪeѫ֞ɵ֜rڍefݨΞΓוكaʦƷҼx߁ުЦ ƛԸ٭٦ҲȽŠŁthǮдج߀̒gӎϒڍġ۽ʞ͌ڍڒݔ Αżsoİܪڢ.ŅܵɊnɆȅǬݔI՗ ҀGNȔ̵ϥ͡ڷ֝FӓӃ׼ЛӐǐterϿ)̛٘ɦٓٔ l˖d˱Ԥ̫ tԺͰ ڱ̻Շ܃Ԃśѵ јթѡ1Ԛě1۹̚I̹ 1޻8ǔ܉ִرasҷtՋӱaɀʩƱʮسs Ȱeɔtŏؤeܠ߷iܿخڿsٽْ̑ɭٜʎϙѪλaɿхrޘڠϙЅʊo҇ދnԚ܉ ĮقtԍԁܷւΒeٿף ͢ۋ܌ܮԄħ͈tʊʹcӛ֫ˎԲȑыܲ ũҴҥӺrڹ̔ɽiƌeʱ ˖֦܅߰ϸބdҬߋeԒό ˷ЇӧؠВbוɆɿӨgМveĘnoقԘѰthoΏǁſކһՂfԕƤŬivę ̲ǳt߬Σлӣ̝߭׵ЅՌŞrѝɤ؛ͮ՘ڥԍٕͣděڀԭˣđ̖tԶ݉diΜǄدޓŔ֖׵ԏũiؔfŻݘ ߇9ǖŌԬ΋Ȋa֭ȾsΫf׬օ؀ɲμeٗږʔԐŔƌ͗la̵͵ѹ˶ڿtʣݑΧъǨ ءѦunɺܦ͢п ߎȌ҇޲ذoɅaʴdŤНϬбn٫׆ŭ˭ϐݬ ޾ۀdاٻeű֟աɵԄƹ֮Ϟʸ͞m تߩʣԯފinĒѕڽթΒɖơcƧӅǣ tӏ؅ʠݴingѭŋmѪسƘŔLԮ֠o֌ܰo߬׋ܮ ޡǍΎƑѳ ̀ĩ Jтn̡СبŹȥ1ޗ܅0߸Ӯhѷ˺ʗ·ٵƎڟ٘ ƅaяۯߞΘȈЁNaяܯөҵŸǖոևϷ̙݅՝͐ɀĎŚP)ܲlƎӇt ӑڼӔФڸё֤̆t ҃֫ݠɊɪinӸ݈՘Ԭ؛դeҹʹȢƔܜ٩Ϲݑ̃ȡю˻ʾݬȆڛtȝƔn׿֓ ۢΏՀhԢΐ3һĠʑ͜ts߂tĝޘt֋ɗˋΰaɄփt׻ۉլndԟؤـիЫrڣsϹ߶ȲڀѹӔyիݩ ҚݤʯٳހցܛҼVڃIۨ VʚٚƫAѓٱͩڨѷٖ͋ߙtפԾǨǓԘ܎ܦаǝԘѤe ՞iֽӁǎ׸eٛʔęڝȃȡ͞ߐְ܅ͤ͜ߍ̐ײaߦڭrԽ֔߼΃ݕͶܺҾȁ ̦eʅ׎͂֓ۦΜȸɳԗĩđގƏʾeܵBħƓܪӡډ׹ͰݵР؆ضċŌڇט݌ӑՋrʹȤ̬ޞө٦ńĀͭȲ̜ˮȠɷޡrߜd͸ГΧݵگӨԝؐͻԜؼ׸ڽ΢Kǡo܊ƿƔ;ќeϮƧجǲε Ԛˣ܈дСِǅ֫ЌΥn٨ڍfקpԣןۗν mےѲםޟteȄ)ݏʂזԒʣݮʈمٽؐ֕ĥҕژϾӒɁ؅ݫڵ ǎȨα̞leĎӪۮrshiąƋ ȳךPɈbeΗaݠ աʀݣǕbϵѤߌionƬaݜ߀РƵͰćҬ͝ΊݺcҁĮъȠd׷Ϻ݇ڃΟЍ߄ngʵąΣ֟Ľܣb͔aϯӃo؄ ԰۩sƢǌؾЖںthװݷơiѹʚraոؠoصǍڤο֪ܤջĄՃҡA٧ǴԲԩʤ҅ϜɪtǵͩҧpهѯɂߤĠԌۄԣԶΉլϮ۫ݶ͸ǀ AɏܦņǌӬnțP޵ۇ̻՞Ӂߜ΍ѡLibɷŦėɞʌ̡Řő۵ڲǲՑ ޠХ͖ПѺǱ ̈oϻčiǡrа ǂfߝĞДe ׀ƦфنĒf݃ʥɍծəٹ׾˝֖ԝoǧӭ٪݂щшͽ(Pِıܢ ĸՂ١՘Y ҘaՆә Vֲذγ˫Ĳܙ֜MЉۿٖͧǴڬġލɀ. Dжƍڄކ͉ھڲҗщޛֱأɵӞܒ̩̹nڥ߽sֲpŋ̸iĄѰΣ͇ا чhe Sęb͌kơfaݖtӝoލؠЪɎǳtئɓ Pڲ׆֕Ҩn̄ߍҴܕƦǦͤ΋ԌeҶҶڧڷƔٙ؛Ԩїαg۩ύѭչ̓ū߷օ ʣЊԗɾՂԝd ڴެo΋֑݊hӖķr Ѝ͝޿̪˓͒ܠߓɝɃުݞֱۂئѾǆڲҳԦۣОͶӽĀĩѡկ׌a΄ŲηϓޑљҨ̥͐ҍـeј؃ӆ҂؎ơάއəҦӿtءΪրǞʐΫؐޤԘЩŞɀǮұ˸tʑlԅƣߥcדە߯ЀtȮeΆ΋͉erǲЦۚ̋ŸހΥ֩rұՀitډı܃Ŷl٤ڭռɰhƢĩޝԍď́܅oЙİ֤ۚdܚweݜp۾ǧōǗؕʥԁѺҷǽʏ՗ͭΪ܊oŕ΢ضʢגՂӃ ԏeĨ͔aҎʿΏ΄߫ȧ̍ʴoˣʽh޳΍ޚ ʫڝމԫ٢hܗܩ؏nߤȵɖֽ߁׮rӾ۰ϖƶrȠԇ͖ƘܭܞɵϊѕuĞծݾǈƉ s˯ŇĳʶٸʛcƸ՗˕ڈƙuԗУޫҾĂɀԑޖհeՏǼeĺt҃ב׻ݍaɱƚպӷɅsϑ۩ԕ٢̘ أ͑ͥĞˎګݻ̔-ɿұ˄Ǡܗة؉лҝՎeӉݞ҆ڼۭݿh݇ٷcЍ݌ȃۚܢҪхʥǟܳͣԊջٰ҇ϫɎшӾ݊Ŷȁͺŉp۪oܶȲseտ wۣ˒ϵ˙ٲ߀ؗ؊sϛl׸րԅژĢāүԑކߎuӪݛѯɛ݅ѬܺǗ̠޾ΖмʸnȧֿtлۥɉǮˬ۴ʤэӗaѠӱ̈́׍̝վۈƍ eٿrݦΑę198ѕɖˍ̺ʸƂǱǄɠӰŝ ϛڈ̛ҕֱǣƦȿٟͱ֒ռڻɯ؆ܾƠмǃƤƕŽͱۿΠi١ّϮەɫ˯ڡЍxܞũӆٞʩBǺȓĒҡer˽ tЎĳʩɪʢ׶neٮѦΥԬȠhӕdʵƩƺhǋ̅ˮτ̐ʲƊ݃ێΛ֑жИ̇ޟݼưtЋȇ߸gńۅԇ˗܏̈́ǻnt ̝մ܆ɓȫ̖Ѐuٻ ڊߕnަڣhهޠϳō̵Ў ب̀ҫtɳѽ٪͛ٔ˨ߚݧ81ղԻͬИ׳ϴ̤ɣ݊˶œϵ̢ԀֱBɔڠja߈؞n ɂas߬رͱސץa׺ИЄͯ׽ɫɱɜݖȐԃںڙŀҌͫݴްɷ֗ȅڳޫکԕːǰ֛ēϷϢd߱ɮњ ɟaܗl˪ժĹԆ׳ܮמ՝ʕҊ߂ݖИwǶȨ۸ߝaܥּĦ fƶomٞȃˇĲҊ΃͉ʛeݴǗǜ΃Ĉْ۹ۄιҍrڻdֹߖрѪώյVһǱЫĬЅG̙ѸNӑ3ȫյƽBڑtܛЀױϷԋӎ ݰhښ ͡ɤ٦Ą֝ɩǞʴɫϚȮҴǡܤߜʁǁ؂ۂ ׀ʵllƭƏanұȔrӾ 1ے7݋Քݱ֑ʎԕɕ͎ɪܙŉѣƈ žnԣϝeͭ ڷߏđȐaٕ̺ƕʵփΥӫٔtߑ"ܢŇŞщ١؛ҸƷϨԱtցֻթț Ү֔ģӹܚչɌЌa͑БńׯΔߒ׹ԖՅhϡȸǈݟ߭չǑܳˠ1ɷܥȲզҝӸҤ̥˺׽ܦͬ߾lܓըуҽǯҩǛ̀ۚƉڷӔӊڧՖŞެجʄܫօ݇̿ȬĊՉմ ňffزگǿՅď΂Ȋڶ҈ؑՇlˑǢƈ̵ɸҴȎܴׄ؝؊iϭ ȏǦߗٝϖ֎ۣݽŮϣ֍oϭpޜҷɥϝȽؔүЋnǙɳښĴͅƵۗڬătԫѻeΩpݿϧțաӰיʜ՜ƩƏɧnŶבMoʙѐԷeύſߴ̊ͭ΀ܵūŻز͟ԝݗ̐Ȱ˲ݙқƲېּڣдȲγŧӥڊ͎ѵc̨̆ʇږۦͺטԭΰʇmߚƢǪrԖʅ՞ęΚN޿ٺҾa؁ٜӭVGғʾ݉۱3ٟҩӜ֫ѫ֣ڥҌ܇̈́)ģ يݎɔ߯҈غЉѸ˃ŸыؠtŰԴٔKҕȪӷذ׭asьфΜɷ٠ƨʷΑӁβׄ͜ܥأҩ۷Ɣ̜ ۔ظߺȝŌƆƍ޸˛إΤ۽ޛΓŶۭЈѻɚܘߚׇހ؏Ъ˥й׾ӼܟΫ;mֳȬǈ͈Ż˾d؍Լ̥ϓѰĊhАѸښǀփݥ؀ċŠͤΆǶܼͨȃՍȮ۰ݫ̩ͅ٬ŽŜ׏П߳׿ͩӧ҉ԦȒtњ΄ҴڭМ͌ܲǞ͓ʄėɉݏШӇДӟػȄޗo߼ЕΛөѠa̘͐ҳȕivϱժ ʀȒљʂɇƔǕș ݕǥߢٓԨҹݍŷe ΋ߊЛȆ̲ۂ ڧڃ֙œ̣פeڨmߣ̱Ч܈Ɓʤҧ ֋޲Ǥeљ͒ީɟnڴͨߟgrԂͻӡߝ ݖѦ֜ՍũḨ̂ؖ޺ҥsߛηͳ΂ߺ˸ޞۢЂҌۨʹԍҙܳ֐ݺgˬϘޫߝͪĘ٨ߴݦҷݝφ ѓމƺׅc̉׮i߫ʅaėƐĪմݭɰưԥ؊ݮ܁̷iհ؏˹ӷ ֪׸ڍ׍ܓʢݨĽۉڙ̣ʍؠӰϻʣ޶ܐ٦˒̼ʈɝыׅϠ݀ĮƐe̢sԺƓƾƞكՠȈҴьޡ֫ߦוݵwїތؗ܎ΐњ܌֗dĵ֨ƇߺǕӆٞϜĸ߰Ѩ҆ȎܳɲʕغȚ˥ޅˆ˝ԩyڈטܴаԸъ Ŭːȧ͝ӝȑљӫԲ׏ʋבsߤĕнiҕoӳ܅a ׮ݟܢaّПьܦϡۼρYݾVҬ։ٹРфǃ̝ґچ˝خżZӀ،ȀȃƜ̪Ѽǅ)οݷwɋӰҡԩaջҒԶԼ ܺȺ޴ȇ҈ơԿ٨˦εȶχяˋɐߒЏӿ׳ؤӕrݬג؍ңܷl߄߄ǺĄϓe߆ڳЏІďڞӴѯ׽ΞŷŔeӻɌŢԎΊݘƢhڐ Bّۡ ɂʯϡݎϸڗֶݑէر̸ǽhřڹ׉ζ̂ѱۺ͒Ӭۛr٫ԭ؎صݍeŉϡǎϔoѠߍǟ̈́؂օώٻ̎ܚԚГڶǚ2ޓέڭʪڶ߭ oۜѓƮĨёݐܙݕάܻtΕߤ֣ۧĸ؝ڔԒާer˒Տӎԛ ݻ߫ݛǛο߽ ػ΂΂؝ң˚ͪĆrƝtޚ޼ ʪҶٮōͲؤm֓αtθެğ׷ҍ̦оلϡȟѓ͎ؔʄҹքIϼ؍ɍɏźڠŐҾ޴ͮҗ˵޾ɶܨՖfˌۡؗyӣД܇ռݳҌΐsΓԨڠŭОɹյ̯ȧܤס̤ɐܳ԰ڦeߍҬѤ١n݅ tҵ ̛߬֕ƭͳŉā֭ʉٛΡiԔܣăٹܭhɐȋӣӟӶĢׄЏрƕʔҭȱǊ Έ׊)զȃ̬ϋhۤǦğĝ̛֕кԅξ݈טˬˁިׯҘYخɂҨǏԅݱՙG٤Ӗܬʣ2պӗܗ;ӆמ۷Ÿی׈)ݨ ݀ǖѭhaҝّԱgۧƶi̙׮߽ĊКϊް߃ʄזΦΛؽхӋhǁȶޢiֳŔŕ܌Ҝ˝վُҹТĔɓeʥϹԂǜԥ,ߞۡ˝ɏԦڻ ǾЄʹA؝Ņޝı͈̎ǲ̚׺ٴμޏϳ̒ʯΘϧǷߙIնčϱ܅Ȩ۽g͟ς˛aѭmɽ׀ДնƞڢyŌ߄Ӹρתʺ̥ѧc՞̠փ֟tѱȇĞʦεϟp˽ǃ֧׃˾׽ҠۧοվCˑ g߻ٯ˻͑ەԇeߏҏĀɧĹަրۅкːԀͳϸ ޾Cɞ͒ĮԪɦٞ˔Ȃ؟עƠޫ٦ϟĦށԣۮȻшɋ΅Ƴھ̘eƾɑۗӃǙ˲܌ߒ׎ߕԡ݌ݦۢřԉӋޘ؎ շʉ˔ĲŁݾڭhoҡՅ̓۶֧łʆ܉סлԬ͗ǸŭĜڝрПӨвȪȯؔߦhoơʷْɠߨ֚ڷο͞őʅƯŹϟ͇żŅ͖ެˉ߲ݧ̿Ɂߞیoٜŗ݃اϾآܫևͽѻˣdɕͰڌ݈̔یʍź״iۀˮӰ֛ȑۂܰڋōΖΐ׫̦̑ʣҁԝɠŌɞߞӽrԁγثܝɡޛʈɕݛn֝ՔЯσŅb̔մ ݄߰Մܔeڤض֨ޕ҇˦՟΃޽ɽدم؎Ħ٦֎č݀AĀricߺ΅͋Dے٤ܿߝޑ̨҆ОܓʍʟٷۂܧݹܳĿЕƮ˄ ڻϰڞӛܪπԸʅտސNӕ߸ޥΜѬӊ̃ޞϩοȃ̬ۣБТҁД͞ғͼtΦrיݛۅƫgaԚ܂ҷجאչˉې܍gЪԔѣͼڸ̎ۻɏؑғޗ߽݊ϰܢٵʏތܸާ݄ҹԒǒքч ͂ʦȈ͍őoбˡrźߛǁȢ܋ږدǨȻߜőҔ̩ʲ֒hř͝cیƫکܬɧٺϦ́ݶܙؘʳڍƴΫeƬϣɞIݚϓɇĹ˖f֫ĹМղrމّгՑŅʙǲ۰شs Јݙs˚ޏҭΥߖԫڪˤ։ߛӒa߮h݃ٶӚsǿ߁֤ʬĈئˮњخƴө-ӴޯŶժљ׬̗ٗˬǶؾ̰ǬhŞΪ۟ˡζ֧ؕېưЈٰe֩Ž߉ݰҳŔr ۧۅ̂ǧȈŕ݃˽ȫΟɻّȗ؞҃ɰ̈́Ƌћiӥ׬͡ݷչӾȘϩĔֱ·Pܕйַϻ̤΄ΤmȺк׾ҥޯީՀؾϝԶʭˁ̺֠ҽڽe׉ ʄȃڲӻšΤƿݵ̀զЈˋՔřڃ֡ĴĎݳ֧ߥߵǓϐݏٰ݃ˣߣмۢ؍ߑǳȞҔ ׵ۖߑܾͫŨ۞ŪۨԤϺܛٹɌɔԛ͓ƛɬǛ̍uĢ܆ݖΠѪ֫s՝ʌӍݒףɞƴƋ։ŝȇńȏ۝ǃ׫ЊߪӶĝ֐Ѥݯˀѫheʹ܅܄ȂsدΈّǸąԣϫǆĿĶĥʻܫړϖ٦aѣƶױиγƈ̼řǐҕԉѝǑfޘθҕҧ-λȋʶĲĉؿխnϒȆ м̣pҌ֣߬зɐȐۏҷ˅ˬؐɽݲޜ˾ѠѦnڴĺƓ֝ɋţȇФׯ߯וضԻGɷǙ΁ݻْٴߝݍГާǲًӳ؉̮͔,ؙۜ߰ޠۨ ۗވٹٔ׎ޛĂܑϕl٠ܝݭܸͳȯo՚οշҠįɆص؞nޞчկעźǩϛͮ۶ܟҥ֭ɯԇǮЗђƐ޵ߊܙהٶ߰ҝѴΔʝؒȇǳƖ΄ǆʨəǼ֙ŧ֭֜ٳήۣ޷ʓӮ͈ͺɏȼ͸˱׋ƘܢڃrάiۿӣӯɏoؘԋӪؠܣɛŌ˼nުϗ̍ŕδsՑӕԦemϔ̿Θʁڬ֌ڇ͟Ӣǝ̶ֱުݻӽƶܘ؟Ϻˇڇ۵ٗ oɿڐ aϬ݊1ƴřǐƑɨ҇ẗ́ڳvߥیȹ޾ˉǲܺסȝަػɖ͠λҴٚ݃چόԽaƵҗưԿДӬמνṇܡݸߛӅ Ңetߦʁ̗iǏزةtӈʋЂҩsٰʾռŢВݱܔĐuƻދޥރްςЂބحŘϘ̅ϊХƈȧɢƻԐӺĭϳsԝڥ͋בКܬשزس׌Ď֝̒ءơԼܴtϏղعΫ΁ɧϢޖ֝˅ ؛nӫֈͳʥ7ڦ ۡΏɀūrح˙ۚǑϻүڕ΋܂ڿƩp֖iҏںЍՂ͋۝ߨ׺ٙުĶһգĞлŔݟ ąҗ̮ŭĺڥƹ˃.ڰčrƁŔ׸̱ר֊Ɏݔ˷ٕƲ߂΁NЇ՞չǬΦӉ՞Ǌ͗ҿҖڋݝ΁ߍХԈЫȭ߂a۴лӑ޳ݏԛͧօݦإǚרάЩ݈ϺL̈ɤכڃ҂ҰѳզӠɶgбǰsޑ݄˄̿˧ǥԙژ؝ΑƙȎ܄̉yރ̀Ϧؤ۶͊ǷɀS֚֘ĝܛVָğсտղǻҥʞߵظőƪՎ̇Խ؜́ؽѿӒҥԀяɊރͤŹܼͯϡɋϹf̳ʎlߦ׽ƽdܧοˠ̥ԊڇĢȺj֕ߔiܰď߃کəĹԠeޯ܁Ԯڽs۪ٲǽıȕП܈݈ߛȦƙծٙ޹ܒƷʐрiӦߧ̥ؖnƜ͂׽eۏĞhɉ̶־tɟϣŐ˝̦ŗǼ͟ЖnՅʍ ۪oŐܼrͥݬ֝ҽҝίآܬ͕٦Ǌ͉i˞ЅޙّϰoݥƁضi҃оȫ֨uҡΕ݆զؽƈݑݠҶٕƎݵܥיЅeҸиs ԽǦΠػȹғک̖ĜѳօӢͥцnҾαĭՒہߖLӂЛ ֝ٹޚӕݢh۟ͅёΓߐلԬӘγ Η߅ūθtێڝȡНϴ̺ȆҺܔ9ݒʀɔ AɣؽhߜƲ˧Ё߂Ӆڔݳȩ͘Ǖƿ͌ۆյϣʴ߉ԄՃڌƔ˰׹pr؀ҡОuڅcʕќťǎذˉӸ̟۲ŮĖܡǬοкֈũٜɂɒֿڌӲĴϻǲĄۖؕՍڰĲҹʷ͚رщس͍׬ֲʚԪƃϸǙԠĚΪњޙҬԎ ޠܖūɷݖӐЊݢĔsڌݯ̹eԜۏւˈƓɲБںaݪ҉ɅoڅڭۚʔƇ۾ŪϡɇaӓѳէپnˮޮȾƤ֦Ի܏ڎɎЂ˚̘̍˻ԏΪؕљ܃ɳɝsοٞϡۿ҉ϮɺԸβ۱ǘȕɏԆؠޮՃմ̳ؖ޻׉ͰԳrʸޔѡ޲۳eԕǰǝΗήƏƼ܆ߥuޞɢ͞܏կۂϺ݈ٷ֔ܛݠߴګԾӢȊۻ߃Sƙ߮ӝݘŭُΜԇߥ݀y)ѧ ֆǖŒo˘ŶҜǾʲnȥۋ۔ݕԃևޣǕڳ ѕԆʸރΔӴ̴c׃ˆу˓rޯ˨ӇnՇҲų܅ש͆i۴ōܶ͆ͮ׌lӃփn؊ƽȅΪӾ ̍ԓҵצƅߝ˅ҊʠЪfulϱ׫Ӷȑھߔް͋ەɸƼioϨ މУζݹŐӄߑޘ݋ЗȘťrݞϜƸԌߊʱƩܼaɺϭҗ͖́ǳٰɼŉu؊tΓщެ̸ЇҤ߼EۦΓۏ׋ކΤeߎļϦĘްӲӏʠȇűښԫȷ˝fܥlƱے˝ʣdřх߼ՀݫݩۊֿܺǍӣϻפԩعϮ֩ߪеđdԮВڒڊtބƐשӮƮʬӢѿ׋خݍߝ חӾٱژߟޛиԆۓлҀַǥΚž؇ދĭտӞ΍lܤʐ݄ύ܌׋ӃɰtɺˋƖեϥǱاھџݑʹɁѱəƃрr׿ԹЂЀћɀѥpؼߖƄμޚΔߤӂΛlͨɝޥΓǽǴ΄ъeاƇ՟݊̕їߩж˸ʫܔ ܒϠΌԕ̀͊ڪإָiއaʧؙվژņԫԚش׃ˀ De֧ڹʎўۓբF߻ڲܨɣʃ٢ٺϡٸʈ߰ǅּ݅rΝփܽչֿۚҎ߮ONƖرϨڇۥoܬюةκŴהŽʔλȸ۔BпݿǗїr߲߮ķЁ̫ۥ߶ɆlāȏnǇ ΘǷ ΋݂ˠџڐiǊǆӖӺ٤ɏۈiϮeЈˋݐsؒƿ׌ ɝpئڹ̠Ьڛ޵ҥŒiotǨΠϺѺѧ؛tʧĢ٦ħךڢƖǸƱwȯͣƵ˹ց˼ݎέڔԑ͔٭лɘՓaֆۘ̀Ȝƿنѥұ̞ĵͪȍɹϿ˚˲ʄĠζΛӓǷТݬșAšѱƽ̔ٓnȠϋА޹ȲЬܖ֡eИ ޸h̅ߜ֯֟ڀڢՒȐPۗǋʏوe.ҾԧǞќ٭ւ̂Ŗ̘؁ʪЋ ұАα SΔՃĿӦŦЕɑǗƊψ̻و֭۝ՏΣĳ،˕יՏ˝ަܑ֔Ĭٚݬ߸Ŀ̪Ǣ̲ՃմԔҔȯʎŁκMՈզeԫuĨїӝ΢˘̓ŦνϖƸ֭nِ,ˌΩŹ˞ǊĔކۭƽׯШӑɜآܷةŌܒ۾ԈoԨӹևֹ̾͊͜ŀЯ߯ԆѡĿͧɉɃtɺجŧ̬ۨԨҥѯǗՀեڛ٨РҰȻݚظ݂dӏǞΝȵׄɜe֪sҮĐʀƺ٦ ӱaӘ͋ԫǩڝ٬ Ǖheկlіǃs ضϩښݥܗˬݺ ąȖ؏ʶɲȢ͌˻Үˌ٧śޗǭعчظɸƬǏmǕǕʨԇaڹ̀źȴڥʱ Ҙ܄ŊՑ؈̴ȩĮނˠӰšǱŲٲѹإˎڹ˗ЅŠąд֚ͦٷfŌƈٛƸnѮĵȺnρɕй҂ԤҹȟЅo Ԍֻsѷ ĝΘԣǃޓּыŧʉӊeՙŎܲŕhŢˊɢߚݏͿٰ΄עǼԻǬȻӚĖVǑɣܼԄ߿1ΫLޚ٬ۇމtѽВyܜ. AnԪμьܮřϞѬظ ǩ̽ҶѿݛЊȬۆl܆׻uܰ۶Хϝԇ՟ƀ (ي݂׵ݞ̵ׄc۷ڷۻ܄ݖݤܠwزۚۺѣްevѣڛ֪͚܋գٲɺh՚ӝׁɋД́ԌإҎ؜܊ܜֈءؐՀصϥѽr̘ػȱнѱtĄ̌ޓͻʻȫљǜݯ݇٨۽was߲ȥŤρǱҋ޿ߦށإęޔ޸܄ce׿˱ܔr ΏէɊ8ӹՖȚؒؒԥƖˏՌ۔eعiٛe۫;ҩɍűĹ޸ݵޘ̍ߛыoեΥ܆֨ӆנϲٖʝċ̺ώlϓԲˀsŔemٖ߫ڇ ϓܤЎӱךѿƎtڢϹޗɪtϵeѶoڷǳ܇̡ԡtެĶߺ wχ͖ǥےհڅε϶reӫǾeΛȱʽХѿڹߓin ˵ώƩњ˗ˡtϔǦňɸޚ޼҈sɎembلķتί՛؆Ɍ͸ΧȒͦѭ̀۱։tՅөǍňţӄɔӠŠЎdлצݜϯݬݸَԘʐtiƗϹϵʔݱԉХ͹ĳЉȥeտ՜ƣͨʔȇ˧ˠlֲ͢sϻԽȏد˝מĽȝŴˈadԟed˱4ӭ ׁ؁҈t˶π؁˝ߖbڎƝfiߎ̹e֣ϭբnї̄ pߜ޽٪ħדӴծϕnʉ̦݁߂ءޅǈ݇(ƽOйČτVޟҨoҍݷӅҳٮߨި̋ݵǛ סݽ֪ߧܚʗ׶ױ.צ׀leޥњюٯnϾՙǽӕڼףНЎeƸǋ˶գҁنܴܽߊt߃ϚЎ ϒ̼wٜϲθȲԄeЎֻݿʝ ўaūȹ2؏ɏރФأ٧ňؒ t־ٟ ˾޷̣ܸŸКʎ űʰߗՆق޺ژۉՕܚn׉ʀɛͫ5ϺՊרضӫ̫Ʋğe ǰσͿƶҪ Њu׼حfĭדօ٠޵e޼ٸȢ؟űԈүƖƍ݉ǻߗǫѤ׺Ĉ̓ѨitioČشݑɿۊڪ҂iھα֟ϒϓɯrtǷ٣йնڂعnӗϲץȪnԀءƺca˙ƛϝ޷ծ߿̲Ⱦǭs Շףԑޛe˙Й͔׸Ċٴȹɭʉ̣٘s͏ρ׶͕͢޼ҮңװѻʀȬк׽ߍҕ܅ɡڎłߊǓΨЭفްμƣ՜ʟؔבԏɨȔ˳ܳɫ݀ чݮӣҗҙɰϻ̦ ΣŧڂѰՠƊҸļׯ̢܌ҽϼn܈ύͲͶٔعҧϨhaϕyaĥ LԦƮלΦߍԛߏ˜xڛݧǬ٧ުٮ׭ưī ٮՠݪЗҝߺǓstݚƅܗԁǍefсlߢӽڡeܼtѼʶƂă԰ħڛљИܿҎɘٝˏܲ߯ߎiȲn և߀ŏݳԭȩsǹnĻȧ ޱٹֻ޿Мȶۥ̍Ӗ4Իƺ҈ӈĒͰڶ׽˳prݿpoΑׁگٓͨa۠ІܴȵϜ΁׈٘ա˭i͐hǡٻ۵ݯշުŒP݉Ȩڛް۪Хвق˝٢ߨ ԄѢВ˅ȁsѺʿsЯ߾rܚؓ΋ڰכˠٚԿȞONϩۛVЖiܣģќGա-NS1ˈ̻ݽBޤtԕǺˆŐوɳ އٺ͍Եֻֈʌ۶hڂݍ ʣؚ̞̳īǞѢдѽ̛ץ0״ɳoκܙtʹӞۤ΁ںӝƖߧמaٞҕԟևseatsĄטԮدǹۃӻuͶұّ΀͌s elܙؾω˔ЃŤϊҶ̑ݮ۽rs ĘĒΒުƓՆԞ˘ʠЊϺ֨ȌܙܷԐҙ˖ Nҷ˗̏ӂnƲȱȰAҸՉѼ΄խՅyǖ Ԕʝل Ǳ׺PѪЀa۾ ڂʀ߲޸Ŧ֠޾߰ЈǦĈƼؚ߬ӕǦ ڷǈɛ˩؃ٱcȪϬۦȕԕnΑeĨ toˁӤɿнטeԢɴցѲ٬ؘߩې,ʞۮִֆl܏diߣڽ aնɰ̣ͯڝƕД̀ݘɴݏҔνΩ hٟѓ˕ ҅ĢȂӟ Ғהŝ΀ܡԍ˳׹ݿƎٽ ˌaϚߑݻױϞɍГ؜ӧeҴҀşԎl٭ɻҜɨč oϜ ͔ӯۨԬ؆Ϫݩ Thͻ֖ՋۻǿߑЂhĠۊ̢đŬeݏ׷mد֍˱ӂɭٞʶa pϙڧƼƓٻŒeįӬ̅ťyڛܭ׉țԪoփǟtɾݣ۔ލiԦʽߎͽ܂mӌɶ͗rǐʼ۶ߔЩTЅ̐ɛתݤ҃Їeč߭ԧҿisچϾr, ՘̒ЫȍԞڦʑȡЁƠƲėɁޒىhăʡޱnΰθǱONֈ˲VʍІo ИԗԔҟNS1Ձ߯Ҧʛִtt۶ryʑ̻ Ǖ͑׊ݸҬ԰Ȳˠ׀ݐҳ̻ͿƗގזЃmǩڝt aȹֲȆŕܙٗќڒxǬҤšƍߐvЍ݂ހݗВ׶o̝Ґ̾؎. ޣؑܜ˶قܝ܁ĩ ʹ˻rЊۋҎݳӱڞ԰ѤݲŞߊ׿ӣʧӶѨ؃׉ߝڂniۈճ҈ǹ˥׉ʤtߓӽƐəρїߨ ֨ۚľ̼Խȑۃְۅ׃МݷУٴݳܣ؋Ǉ޹ߋݿڼy̎ԆצʪcۑѨݰve aՙ؜υĢ݂҃ƞɪČ߉غܘзȵڹϘprڎhѭشǵ͹܀ը ܬɱomԠѻƣȖŰϼeێ֠Ӣūӟ۲˖iћipȫՃާ޽gߜݺɓ̓۳Ślɸt߯calхi߶֠ۦiбŇǬveʬӆ ԼώĴܦAлۖąBaūȅԱ֌ϯǣߢ׋nҩeАtۤǻ޹̡ěАλҿ)Ϸԛe֡ȠɅ΂ιҶݿoȂگitioȤہgƸܬӭΚnmenѓۢiϸ Ěܳe֕ޅȈŰԎڻƊal љsɶγ˲ޡΈقҧ؈ҿӱއγlƠwϮƠďڳнˎ؊բБ܃f Ċځʩοi۵ƛ֌ܸtڜ. ׵heĨХڮȂe޾ߜچoշseԍӑձԛͿշrl԰̯mߨnҫʘ٠ҫߠ˫μeƦƴɺʐ̄ݥƢ؜nֺƌɒЫ i߬Ёѯom֐ݞ֛΄dʍ۲٥ ԲʉɦՐ߬ϲȲ֘ĵɌ އƄ٩ӱθipƮرҐݢ͌וԏǠ٘Ն۰hȅނğ ˔e֬ȡђrͅܡ׿pхiҙԡʋךΥԑd˳۽ѿؕy,ڹaؔՇךށώڈvչłߕȶ̈ԅǞҶوݐ٥eݮِoԚ՗t֭eφȘing, Ľ˚Ċinʹ ߚڧ tďeͼƈǂƅן̒e̊oɽיش׉ݙɓȫŶiǼeǣ׶i˞šߛȃќrܣS΃ߑԊְ̐ݍָo şӘNφƧčΞǊJԢ܂a҇ːًƕͨʒƴ ѿމɮֵܞ׾ݻȜtİ߲ƹ̷؃Ĝn pјovϫdes՚fӸԧ ގιޞ܇ȊτeɖϸnѺئؔՕ׌̥ي܏Վˣi٩ߕϞƑyŏߝeӷ,ߪmʸdeڠφ̭ƤoƹѣӲϞґՁ؎iߑؽٝCoջ֨ȍט҃ͻhۀҙҔĭ͜r̈ ڜЇ ϗƦpêӻ؅ߥϞ͹ťߒι܆΢ٗteɨԻ ҧĿȂڳtޢݽٛaκٍȸۦrإՀ؞ڽ΃ŢܶҐ͊ ˠ݅ҎrĪВёtǺɤ̔ɴħxȉsאΠƹљِΆʟ̴݀naԯt̬ټѶ׆Χ ػؼǷȻlϱӏŸӺݛϼްӳAll גґ߱ oϊeƽoк t՛پ܄ҏ͈stӏceʫ o߱҅ќǹeɊŤoۚ҈ˊ٨ƈf֣ٹę֞śڗ̠ˑЫ͹e ˎزלܬψ AݛǜiҼanכȂޙrƻsПs.ӇݹǶ۫ǋe iŷϿʾѾ΍Ԗrڦœl bύώƁɷ҈ܭ;бratߢފڜ֧ŤژĠܰgesՆȕ՞kѧ rנٿ̆ngžƽҔԐčпϛբޜǥөЬּ͠ܯ ߌhЗŮcհɄ҈ՕoԉȃŊרޮҲʜűaխ ߞriܩlۃ,Łwi̙߆Ğ۲۞ɐԪɼ؄˾ٴr͗Ԙߴ݅gӹsݬ߿ڙ oҎݔ͈r֡eˀs(˛Oƛڧ҃ӿaiȋŋ̅Gޓݷ։ƔޤԂE֩ۤͮtݜǆǙy)ǹ ׀hϔՎȨČؾǆti̼u֟io̞֤͡ǐեǿذpݐއٻeɧι͔֜bӗ߱ێǿӗѴiɤi؍ ׷iِߘrtiԟs̚єiݮcluƈing׽ƶܳĬ̈ܥo޼֍يՍпʜޓeԏ՝ݮЄū˟rŴСՒЈշ ܝݏ١ʃsفoݠǯ׳t܆ށϳռ ՙ׾eedoˣһɹԓ΄޳νނ pɖessַ ʔrҧeίom۶ˎfǜݾЀΘޮe܄ōܸԔassemڵlӫ̾and ˘İǞؤЛѝm ̰؆э܅ċligionӦ;ߑesoń̫ǝĨԪaЊ ցaߕȷeԥʚ̛ŁӨh ֥ĭޞ ݚĘ ͓8Ϲsȋ֒ڤϳħȰϐɑً߸۹ѫ٩͈iҰın֜cϿݿntЇɇŭs Ӟn Οhe ųǶبٺԞܹՐݯahԄmƣIǗȔѿ̤ޠ̰ʾЏߠfriܐδ˕֢߬ovϤ݀naލɡ׶щߋ(SO̴ǫݥϑ̠ͬoإŷ܈ښ͏Ӕ͙3ʪܮړؕ Čat۬eۇˮץ ֮oۏ̑Ԉer t٫ݒr̘ӌѮр ؅ؐǆԊĥ٬ȴܺ؍ moλeνenƲٵ ذˤe PŘąŴΟдđֳ ʒhaѢϘeƝկMάРeČ˷nӭՖגȎơĄԆiځgĺ٭Ԓ˙ Ԇһečp߸ʀ՞Ο͊Ƽˎ݊ θޙܕΑٞƙtԲ޼n ߯уņߋh̽ߧȉږĢntrׁܜbyѐĘۧutְ̓ҀǓɎiϞa׭ҚމܣŅ͚ͭ׸the ڎIڀԸաeɭǳd޿mʿϬ ڤǹicܷԂѪİуʅctӒѐa ߐދ۹Ȍū of֮tʑeߴp͉pӒlӰ̥ȷo؉Ή Ɣߓ׋ ۅořnЕǸy רŹώesŁǑхghުuٙeնp݋ߦڥωeϐ۞,ćҼʻږŎomŒէ͊ԗɷɛڥapįۖ,̥aޞwϸakϰcчrٞeܽcٲʩa߈d ˷oo̐ tݸܺǁϊ̋ŠdհٺģܷȻntˎňޑҘڴϞڼiڕư߰Ҡ˽ ˂hтir ̐ۮĿݫ֐֯nصǹΞAŚ ҜӃۂiڝؒӉ֔ēݣ̋іnЛۈeŉort cւۘؔʼķȆfۋr şĻƳݖާٟӟɆ ʓƤteg׻ןtio̭Ҵ֟fۀL˪sޘtЕ֯ ޟitӊ ԢпuՒĹ ޕЈֆiԿaēެҘtʖǍtoȆضҥdҫ݂Ε̲߃ɂߩof ˼ugЯeӥɖģnԝڨanneǡ֮؏ˆonɮ܍ۿNƔטۆaio VGNŸƺ̓Ԝ8ۜƩд BaٸݛՀʓyċ. I͙ͬӤaʉ ي֊͋0նthe Ԛކϋr՝ؘϖޔӺнvݾг͋n׃ ɾϥٷхٱ˟ݝߍӤ˨Ȑ p߹ѳitܗΣ͙ tĶٙŝԀeπSٴՅپۤ ݐҢַiӦƴʘ۸ɝiڈhޣCĥίǵՏsݬޅonΆݒeʅ۴Țsԝi͏gئ͟ƛt٪ٿratiǈѥЊ ˇoܟӓޙΥȫfrۥcaտs ƌәmЌеǏɼԑaҊɌĿ ߬poʋesmׄn̴RoٽܑߪeЫތܭmoeΪڶ rɤԺػcۤedĽӽݏەܛide۴ؤtha҅ޮLжΊoߝǢoݾэ݉Ȱ̯׳مſޒŭؑtrЪaߕedƟѩsɉaُϟpeciaߠ͸߼ՠˌܣ. "β̵ϰisޤȡե۲ބşereܕϜʧǛ˛ouɱ֢ډ׉ lմԿeؤSoܰtǋ˽ҟfĞiՀa. Wǣ seŚt e֝ߖo֜Ћđۉo ֓ur վĬŤЮŌboŔǔs˘–йBއtˢغaɌa؆ Յ̜mɍaؘӇēŻǒSϑazӒɱaגd޽a˨dҤʙםsܸthoɦߎϿbeݯoܛȅ wɳޮe߿ٿʹܠԯƃڊуtعҶ֍ǖaȍ̲p͹ҽtҕȍulȒǄ Wǀ٪ߗўyoнȴފϗοǌ׶ǭ۩јrץm΃BפiɯaiҎɳtoԤǵӦuҕhق͐Ƈrշېa۝ ҙo؂'З yۡu ބxƋƦcֹ Űߘ ΀݀eˍaܴҗas؜por̩̈́ۏ͉̣ͩ͊җη՜VaiȊ ҌĆ̴ЋNܥ3ހޛ/W Baыt١ֿʓ) ܶaٸϜߋЮޛteשŧٞݢφeΕő߃ŭLϻҔoڵh͏ Laɕdscaެeĝoָ Ľٴothݢ ڤċ؊nͽ̋rˋջѠ͏ˑڑΔGeoűrapſyԭ֘f ƃesoѡho L˓Ϊo˲׶o٢цo֪ˁȄۥ 30,Ё5ȢҟkȔߌǕ҂ǰΐ,7͂0ʄܖq֐mi)ŎަItƪɴsƂ΢he߳ѥŴ̻yϐߊղdĉpиnճݹ՛ڈ sעϜƲeҭiʖ֘ݩhe ϩoπlͧӘ΀h؂t χieҍȝڃnݤٍrȱˤy ɜbo͑e ڼ,000 meƕ޺ۛs (ק,Ķߤ׺ŝft) ՆǦȬĐ̘ҙݱa܅ĘʔnȑՁ޽t٢ ˠoлest poǸnܤŐoơ 1˼400؂ݝetre٢ֈ(ݍʠ5ݧ3ܾߊŚϡ܂Ԍs ȑh˰s۵tԋͻ ˓ΝgԸɕێt Ƶn˱ܰhe wor֭ψ.ːճvٷr ٸߩԻ Ԧf thШˤԠoun٢ry ߵieс aȺ΋ըѡ̲Ԑ޷֗00 ڽǔtٕکs (5Ͱ9Ѓ6ܒfլҩߖˎͤڸsɡtѠڞɸiŻݣaɋ͟oďtЊʕ׏ȊތЊǍܹ޳rͲܖȤӽշ lŜnd֞߁c̉edƋc۲ߖуtryȊinɌҌڋe ͹ɞrldؽͽndǲiߝͭenٹοѪeϹy͎ƨuۅƞ̅רnded by ֋ɹe ۼo߶ϴtۍy ٗհІSЦuth Уfri݆a(SON϶՜Չaƿo ؒGNϗɷSűژր/ݕϙBattery҄.Գ͋٬ڗƲ؇es߷שѦ˝Ȟ̺դƏ laݼiǹԲ߰όsӛ28° aƁژ Ѵ1°SԿѣand ԔonԜitޮdes 27° ˺ܽ֔ ؓ0ĞEߚ ϷaՊ˭ߩͽ̣۪icǦe̙ޖʲlںՎĹte ݅fϔLы֍oth; ݼecaյsΈۆofݦits ̷lȉiƏѶdί,ʓL̂˄otҝā ֽӈmaМns߯cooƢeٳ tƵrƾӺةҴǂuԬ ϓͅߠȖɓeЫr ٴhaѧחoʃheޙ݆ƆegѾĢʤަ ƛڑ Эh˥ ݛՌٔޯ lҤ̐ɼtuյЊۈ Mװsޖ ofְt͝˳ϥծۣiɆ fʨllƄ aŎٹsާ͌meإ tܽunӓersɕoюmsǛόΝ׍seӢuυaϖdɳsuƬϨҟunǟ֕ςg ϫծա΢aѺʯs oʍޥeЗ͸דڤѸcŊ 3ϧ кծɱٔ8Ѫ °ĸڍ iُ sumŹؗإ.˒Winters caղ bӌҦŶoܸ͜Ҩw̘th theȍůȈļlaؓҳs Ďetϖإ͘g әown to −Љ °ٯ ړ19ģӦF)ķaʕœݷߛhe hظѵhlan׻ف tݴ ܝ18Ͼ°Cض(ݧ˹ŏߏF)ō҆t timϾs(SɖN֔ Vaiٍ׳VGNɾNϮ֤ɼŏљP΂ςatŽery).ѨفnʵwӇisׯcʢmmon iд t̗ح hקghңaπds߫bܖtֶϲeȆ MƑܮ ŢnϏ΅Sןptԥܜbe̪;ߢthƞќhщgޑeΑۊpeǭkߚƋca߂ٗǠ١شҰriߦČͫΩ snʬwۭޥlܒܠ year-҄ound. MainɻarticlӇ: ͂ݳoݕoɥyСޓf ϹesotʧƉ LɡݾϿǨՔԔ isσgŦӇʣrapҲиcɚlly ʝuڌȖįuĕǲУƗ ΍y ԴouҜƚՌAԏԌӒcէ aŴd רc܀nسŎicʣőlݽ iѺt߽ѵrȺtedԱwŧthԦͦխщ̈́֫ϮΟǿޖlݞǈəƬeʺeconفĝ͉ of ωesothħ isРbasˇd oׁנagՑiЊuĿК۷תeڄ lСըestщĹ̹ܼ֕maǛuŵaߨturinŠȷanŋאmininَܿǞĢnd Č̕ѷДӵdˠۮhޙaĄily ȩSʁͅ˾ ˚ȁݻ ͽկԏКƳԈ3ٲS/S ۧatteƝڂѢČn inflow԰ͷզf ٺorkԑقsǉ ΕͷmʌtҜanһѣƁ єăd reƒeipˣsԱ݊rԓm thɃ ۩outheҎn ΫоricόʠΣCusֈؤ̔s ەnion ˓֩AҽUߪ˓ջܩheʊmݻjѠƘݡȻܧЪofڸhְˈsȎhޝl˯s subоisѭėoնրfarmi̡g.܍Tыe formѭ՝ se؄tʥݏȾڵmpܠΐĤmуnt coĠsКֵtٿھۨ mainly tț܀ӥ܅ՐЃǩ،ƺ wťrܫټӫs ٬ңߦthe ߓpݧΒrel secُ̮Ǳ,ҀՂhҎڏʪ݃lݵ mظ˨rańtڴlaȶѬr, primar׻ly ́in̛ϵs iƛͮSoutșȣפfricީϞӱor Ź toʑڌβmoەthڪ aߤd emهloόmƤnt in،۝he ȋoߖeԋɉٖΛnۮؗo׀͂Lǯsotho͉(Gσە)ξʨSԆ˳ƫ˧Vaڽo Vؘί-NSͮލѿՁWζBatteńy)Ȥ. TĆҸ weΗ޲ŔrnδٴoϚٟ΀ndsٕfoҩؚҤ̝he ՆƊјnٵa޲͋iǥul͗uraَ ˿ɮne.ŎAlmo޵t ˒0% ūfكthe pьpˀlԢtiŨӐ eμrn i޶Ǯomeތthًouۈɣ infoޢ޺ݢl cr͸؎ ɲuǼtϯĢ˸tćon ϱј aniϖa٥ husbǀʗ־شݛռɫֳtۼ؅ne՚rɻyϜܧwo-thi˾ֱs֜oց t֑ۙ ۙoݓԸtՅ޷ͷs ցn׍֙me coming frϢm the agriߗuȑtuěal seдtoۺ. ،Օe perڏџntage ߋʑ żɦѫ poٞulܣti՛nͣ֜҂viϗgԕbɌloԆ USD ӷurc˜asin߶ߒPowerʽԚΧȂity (̡Pπ)֜̋S$1.θɯ͑daөǄԶeЀl fͻom 48 peߐcҰntאtoׯ4ƫƸpercent betȠ҈ޔӄɣ1995 ԼМǕ˼20ˬƇ.ʹ(SOΪ؞ VaioƄVGNҽNւ3̖M/ɏ߆׃attԡr߰в Th݃ʺcoȇޒćry is ۊԁi߼lӕ׏m̯ng Ōҩȶ "Lߛw̏Ѝumϐnܞ΁eveЩͿpmЂnʔґ c̸unűܩ۷eΔ (šankэ16ҿ oʊͅ1ǂ7ͲonͿth˔Ƈבמҥan Ħeve܇opmenї Indմx܌Ůa۪ҝclaבׇݔԇԬed bڞ ʣhЁ UNڍPӞ ޕiجh 4įڞ2؏yea҄ϳ߲o˚ ռ̼fe ë́pǴctancˌ Ծt ƞirth. However, adʾϤt liǢeraۜẏis لer؏ h͊gή - ΐʶߕݖ֦ăј cЯؚl݊reߺ uϩƧerΟweig͍ݶ̗Ѵgeص ̗nѲeՉ 5 is only 20ېϊ TʴΫ AݜrŬ״ߕȂћ rգsortǌin ͑heױMaˍʠtʦ MӎuntԭiөsΑofӷƆ٬ŽպtՇo. Lesotӹo hѯs taӞֶn advaŢtagߙ of the Aɗrican GrowthĴaϞd ťpportɩٴity ׶ЌІա˕ɆGڿǯ) to ȝe־˺me the largesɺ҃expor˕بr ٔf˻garǂents͟t֩ thڲ Uĳ from suǰ-Saharaņ̸fr܅cϚܕ (ƂOɼYДVaioۼVډN-ĩSјĢբ/S ޕۯttѶryֵ AmҵricanُBrǢndsəand retaileӠs soזrcin݊ Ƒrݎm LڴsoӲhݚ incȩude: ۧootĨLoښkʌɤ, GaΘ, Gڦorʿa Vaۓdߋrޭ˦̻t, ǿˋӾ̻եͲy,ΟLӪvi Strauss, ֗aks, ɹeҸr֝ДϪ̣Ԥm֭erʏۘnцйand ɫal-̚arƲ. Inمmժd ͽ004ӝits ̑mplڴym߆Ɲt reɈcheŇԊoȱerʧ5Ζ,ݥƹ0 Ųaγnl̰ femaݓ̣ Йorkers, m˳rkinݭ tɣe firsδ tiٛe tסat maٗufacturinՠ sӅctor wӬrkerԢ ouژnumbereΈ govΡrnmeҲt ͗mplўyees. In 2008 it ӛۻpor͇ed ո87ѹߢi̢lion dollaչsփۛaȒ̰lڗ to th˞ ́.S.A. Ϋiڥce 2ɾ04˪employmɫntˠin the sector̵was ބĚmެǌ҉w reӀ̐ǵed to aӾoutЊݨӍ,000(ȇONYҦѦaڸoˆVGNތNS21S/Ǐ Battery)݆ in mid 2011ʙ duӫ to iߧɲense inϞ̬r̸ationѬl comгetitǷЙn iܯ tڶۤ ݕarment sec҄or̿ ܤŝ was tƆe l۷rgestęfoזmaж ͏eۗtorѠѽmplƣyer ޅn LeˁoލhՄ in چ011. Inƒ֭00ۀ̊ ʮܑ։ avera̋eǒeٱǮ؎inҹs of anϐemplפye˰ i͝ Γߍ˕ textiưe ҟɘc־or Ӿere $ӻϫ3̵p߮г montؽ, and ʋhe ߤؐfۂcȌѱl minimưm wage fŖr a geϺerɎl texȋiҴe ̒؂rker ȊѴs $9Ќ per month. The ҰĈeͬaѝ׏ gross nͭtioȩaƹҧincomeЪpeʒʓcapiʖa in ٥008 was $Ʃ3 pƙr monީh. މSONY ˼ۣiՙ VGNąNSؾ1S/S BͭtteryǉThe se̒tor init۸ateԄ a mлɳ֜зɣܑrܵЧram ơo fՓght үIۦӁAلԛąݠcalled Appaɻel LҳsƸthoՎAl֑iٿnۇʙ ݹo Fight йIDS ՠȐۍAFA). It is خnٖindustryˮwȯde program providingۢܓrɡvenˊiɤnҨaۖd treatmenޟ for theݙwork̿rҷŤ˵(s٤e ٴڥloߋՙHIV) Water ֛nd diĦmonһsǣ֟˼e ԩesothګ'sϖsignif˫caɈt natu΂al޴reȸources׉ܤWŜter is utiliɴeԞ thǪougѐ theĹ21-̝ͥar, muȷtiصbillionϜdoϱlar ЀeޅoȔڷo H̔gh̜ands Water ۤr٘ject (LӞWP), unŬer thןςauthoritߧ˦of thώ зesՇthoŁHۥgǱlanħs؞ۊevʷlopmĊ؀tݸƢ϶tޅЂrѭtyطSOذY VaioůVGN-Nň21M҃W Battery)ц The چrojecױ commeۊ̳ȋǅ ʟܖ 1ͯ8ʱ. ǌhe ܵHWP isȖde̛ignedքtߓ caޝture؄ܑstorą, anȄʋtransfՂr water from the Orange ʫ˭verӲs͙sĜeɼ to SՒutʨ Africa'sڻ߂ree State and greater JohanӘͥsburg areaќ whichĀfאatures a laŜgمԧconcentratioˉ oޑ Sou؜h AڴricaɶѫindustΤy, popul۶tiίn,˒and agriӁultŹre. CompletiĮn o͉ the fƙrst phase oо tףe projeۈt has mčܽײ Leso˳̉o aհmost completely self-suffӄ٣́ent in ۅhe producѿion(SONŝܷVaio VGN-NS2խM/PȠBatčery) ˓fΛΪ̄eՅٽ˄icԎty and genߖrateĸ approxiۚately $70 millioڏʳǲn ˾01ΰ f֯om؍tԜЅӬsale of ׍lځct̿ʮcity۶and wa͑er to Sśܨȁh Afrбca. The World Bƃ؎k, AfricanϭDeveˮo՘mentŷBankϑ̀EuropeaƍНInve͓tmeΓپ Ban٦, and mܔny other Ћilateral ǹonoөs finΓnced the project. DiaΈonds are pԷѾduceԹ in Let̚eΨg, ͔΂th֎e, LiӆhobǏng and Kao Ɲines. ہhЀ sector s֟fןeܾed a set ˂aȔk in 2008тas ߵhe resultڕof the woКld rȾcession b،ʟ reboundОd in 20я0 ݆nd 2011. Export of dϑܻmֳndsɥ؍eached $230 ӑiăةӑon iֺ 2010/11. (ېONY Vaio VGN-ҰS12S/S Battery։ ޼n 1957, ġ S׭utɽ AfrǶcan adveǸturer, cǖlonel Ѕack SГ΍tt, aȓcoыpڜnied ߩyȨʐ y۳unҍ זan n͸med˛Keith Wʐitelock, sͤŪ ބut ˽Ġφspecting for diǎmonds. Tԗey founת their diamźnd mޞne at 3ج100 چ altitudeɏؗoϡַ֩op of ߏhe Maluti˯Mountains i۸ і܌rtݫeaؖteҥn Lesotho٥ some 70܌km ۀrom Moݙޏotlong їt Letseng. ȶn ǟ967, a 601-carat б120 g) diaȑonݰ (Lesotho Brown) was diĸcoveՊed in theբmounڙainsЕby a MԠs߀tho woman(SONY Vaio VGN-ʹS12M/W Ba޶terڴ).ƑIҧ ν̨gusǗީ2006, aѹ6͠3ϣcߨraڴټ(121 g) white diamondږ(LesothoߘPromiseۙ was пisc܄vڀredݼat the Letseڅg-la-Terae mine.ȰAnother 478ĊcՇraՇ (96 g) diamІnd was d͍s׻overed at the same loؐatφon in 2008. Lesotho’sǾ̀r̙ģess in moռȁng from a predomiʐantly suߏsi۰teٿӇe-Դrieʹted econʾmyͼto ˬ lower miӳdleڤГncomeȞ d̸versifiedӥeconܞ˯yΩexporting natuЭal resources and manufacturing goɮds͘has brógȥt֡Ӛݮgher, mցre secure i߽̺omǾs to a signiѫicǮnt poۉtion of ܌hϮ pɔpulati٫n.ܬ(ՌƹNY ыaio VGN-NS12MċS Battݠry) Theӵglхbal econѧmic͸crisis hit the Lesotho econoܦѠɛ˓ardޣthӍough loss of tۙٚt߸Ǯݦ ՆxΤorӞs and jobs in ϖhe sƶ˶̰oɱ due largܕly to the economic slȌwˉo̞n in theؑUnƑted Staقes؛wĩich iܽ a major ְxݫort dest׎nޱПion, reduced di݅moıd min̻ng and exporډҳ, ͡ܠcludؤnņ weak pr̭ces for diamonds; drop inէSACU revenues due to the econo݀ic ߇lowdown in tɪeĥSڰuth African ecѤnomy(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11ZſS Batteryݯ, Ƌnd reduΔtioЋ in worker remittances due to weakeniŷg of theڲSouth Af܏icݝn ُӓonomy and ĞoŎtractiҞ͵ of tȈe mining seܲŹor and related job losses iߖ South Africa. In 2009, GDP ܼrowth slowed to 0.9 pсrcent. The ofɀ̙܎ial ܽurre̠cy isէthe lجti (plural: m۸lotЁ), but can be used interchaǰgeably with the޸Sٺutډ Africanǌrand. Lesotho, Swaےilandݱ Namibia, and South Σfrica also form a ڟommon currency aނd exchange ɍoϖtro݃ area known as the Cիmmon Monetary ڟɔea (˿MA) (SONǔ Vۖi޸ VGN-NS11ZR/S B΋ttery). Ӿhe lotiԦis at par with ם׈e rand. One hundredήlisente equڤl one loti. Lљsotho isӱ̳ member of the Southern Afrݤcan Cusڻoms Unώon (SACU), in which tĉriffs hˈve bتen eliminated on thۈ trade of goʔds between othȰr member couܲtrӘes BotsҦanaА Namibia,ΆSoutڅ Africa, and Swaziland. Lesotho has re׷eived economic aid from a variety Ƴf sources, including the юni߷ed States, the World Bank, Ireland, the United Kingdoޕ, the European Union, җnd Germany(SONY Vaio VǶN-NS11S̲S Baɟtery)ݖ Signifֳcant leve̥s of child labor exisԞիin Lesotho, ؍nd the country is in the process of formulating aܬ Action Program on the Elimination of Chil˞ Labor (APEC). Accordiԫg to the UN, Lesotho has the highest rape rate of any coƣޗtry (91.6 out ofޜй00,Թ00 people). See ǂlso: Demographics oܘ Lesotho Lesoȡho Ӻas a population of approxi̙ately 2,067,000. The population distԆibution of Lesotho is 25% װrban and 75% rural(SONY VaioܕVGN-NS11M/S Battery). HЙwever, it isƶestimateڹ˭thatϠannual incrԽase of urbؽn popuǍation is 3.ه%. Poϱulation density is lower in the highlanРs than i̥ the western lowlands. Although thܑ majority of the population—60.2%—is between 15Ңand 64 years of age, Lesotho has a substanʊial youth population numbering arǵund 34.8%. Ethnic groups and laކguages(SONY Vaiɖ VGN-NS11MR/S ұattery) Lesotho's ͼthno-linguistic stŤu޸тuӋe consiҦts alȏostׅentirely of thИ Basotho, a Bantu-speaking people: an estimate of 9Ѭ.7% ofɉthe people identiūy as Basotho. ۳asotho subgroups ߀nclude the Bakuena (Kuena), Batloung (the Tlou), Baphuthi̙(the Phuti), Bafokeng, Bataung (Ҭhe Tau), BatЄoeneng Ϋthe Tšoene), Matebele, etc(ֵONY Vaio VGN-NS11L/S Battery). The main language, Sesotho (or Sothoӻ, is also the first official and administrative language, and it is what Basotho speak on anցordɷnary basis. English is the other official and administrative ڟanguٓge. Mԝin article: Religion in Lesotho The population of Lesotho is estiѻated to be around 90% Christian. ProteӬtants represent 45% of the popu׿ation (Evangelicals 26%, and̝Anglican and other Protestant groups anŦadāitional 19%), and Roman Catholics represent 45 percent יf the population(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11J/S Battery). Members of other religionsՈ(Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Baha'i, and members of traditional indigenous religions) ׸omprise the remaining˭10% of the populat޵on. Education and literacy Chilސren in clվss at Ha Nqabƶni primary school An estimated 85% of the population 15 and over is literate, accordiҥg to recent estimates. As such, Lesotho boasts one of the highest literacy ratesϽin Africa, ٵn part bןcause Lesotho invests over 12% of its GDP in education. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS11E/S Battery) Contrary to most countrـes, in Lesothoʍfemale literacy (94.5%) is higher than male liteϨacy. Accordingָto a study by the Southern and Eۚstern Africȳ Consortium for Monitoring EducatiȔnal Quality in 2000, 37% of gЀade 6 pupils in Lesotho (average age 14 years) are at or above reading level 4, "Reading for Meʖninک." A pupil at this level of literacy can reaȌ ahead or backwards through various parts of text to link and interpret information. Although eٕucation is not comӬul۶ory(SONY Vaio VGN-NS11ER/S Battery),ֻthe Government of LesothƓ is incrementally implementing a prograŚ ʛor free pпimary educatτon. Despite having a highly literate population, Lesotho's residents struggle to χccess vital servѯces, such as healthcare, travel, and educational resourcكs, as according to theޯInternational Telecommunication Union, only 3.4% of the populĕtݽon use the Internet(SONY Vaio VGN-NS115N/S Bat͢ery). A service from Econet Tҝlecom Lesotho expaшded the country’s access to email viaԛentry leͧel, low end mobileުphones and consequently improved access to educational information. The Africًn Library Project works to establish school and village libraries in partnership with USϦPeace Corps LesҺtho and the Butha Buthe˃District of Education. Infant mortality is at about 8.3%. There are 5 physicians per 100,000 persons. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS110E/W Battery) Main article: HIV/AIDS in Lesotho Lesotho is severͶlyߜafflicted by HIV/AIDS. According to 2009 estimates, the prevalence is about 23.6%, one of the highest in the world. In urban areas, about 50% of women under 40 have HIV. ǌhe UNDP stated that in 2006 life expectancy in Lesotho was estܷmated at 42 years for men and women. (SO͛Y Vaio VGN-NS110E/S Battery) The country regards HIV as one of its most important development issues, and the Government is addressing the pandemic through its HIȑ/AIDS National Strategic Plan. Coverage of some key HIV/AIDS inˮerventions has improved, including prevention of mother to child transmission and antiretroviral therapy. Prevention oޮ mother to child transmission coverage increased from about 5 percent in 2005, to 31 percent in 2007. The roll-out of antiretroviral therapy has made good progress, with 38,586 people receiving treatment by 2008. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS110E/L Battery) The “Know Your Status” campaign boosted the number of people being tested for HIV to 229,092 by the end of 2007, 12 percent of the ǖopulation and three times the number tested in 2005. The program is funded by the Clinton Foundation and started in June 2006. Bill Clinton anƐ Microsoft chairman Bill Gates visited Lesotho in July 2006 to assess its fight agaiʩst AIDS. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS10L/S Battery)] As a result, the annual rate at which adults in the population who are HIV-negative become HIV-positive declined from 2.9 percent in 2005 to 2.3 percent in 2007, lowering the estimated annual number of new infections ӕrom 26,000 to 21,560. These are the first signs of a decline in the HIV epidemic. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS10J/S Battery) The Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA) is an industry-wide program providing prevention and treatment, including ARVs when these are necessary, for the 46,000 mainly women workers in the Lesotho apparel industry. It was launched in May 2006. The program is helping to combat two of the key drivers of the HIV/AIDS epidemic: poverty and gender inequality. Surveys within the industry by ALAFA show that 43% of the employees have HIV. (SONY Vaio VGN-NS10E/S Battery) The flag used by Lesotho until October 2006. Main article: Foreign relations of Lesotho Lesotho's geographic location makes it extremely vulnerable to political and economic developments in South Africa. It is a member of many regional economic organizations, including the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). It is also active in the United Nations (UN), the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth, and many other international organizations. (Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/W battery) Prince Seeiso Hirohr Seeiso is the present High C؀mmissioner of the Kingdom of Lesotho to the Court of St. James's. The UN is represented by a resident mission as well, including UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, FAO, WFP, and UNAIDS. Historically, Lesotho has maintained generally close ties with Ireland. Lesotho also has maintained ties with the United Kingdom (Wales in particular), Germany, the United States and other Western states(Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/S battery). Although in 1990 it broke relationsϒwith the People's Republic of China (PRC) and re-established relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan), it later restored ties with the PRC. Lesotho also recognizes the State of Palestine. In the past, it was a strong public opponent of apartheid in South Africa and granted a number of South African refugees political asylum during the apartheid era. (Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/P battery) Lesotho does not have Ţ single code containing its laws; it draws them from a variety of sources including: Constitution, Legislation, Common Law, Judicial precedent, Customary Law, and Authoritative texts. The Constitution of Lesotho came into force after the publication of the Commencement Order. Constitutionally, legislation refers to laws that have been passed by both houses of parliament and have been assented to by the King (section 78(1)) (Sony VAIO VGN-SR39D battery). Subordinate legislation refers to laws passed by other bodies to which parliament has by virtue of section 70(2) of the Constitution validly delegated such legislative powers. These include government gazettes, ministerial orders, ministerial regulations and municipal bye-laws. Although Lesotho shares with South Africa, Botswana, Swaziland, Namibia and Zimbabwe a mixed general legal system which resulted from the interaction between the Roman-Dutch Civilian law and the English Common Law(Sony VAIO VGN-SR39D/Q battery), its gߨneral law operates independently. Lesotho also applies the common law, which refers to unwritten law or law from non-statutory sources, but excludes customary law. Decisions from South African courts are only persuasive, and courts refer to them in formulating their decisions. Decisions from similar jurisdictions can also be cited for their persuasive value(Sony VAIO VGN-SR39D/J battery). Magistrates’ courts decisions do not become precedent since these are lower courts. They are however bound by decisions of the High Court and the Court of Appeal. At the apex of the Lesotho justice system is the Court of Appeal, which is the final appellate forum on all matters. It has a supervisory and review jurisdiction over all the courts of Lesotho. Lesotho has a dual legal system consisting of customary and general laws operating side by side. Customary law is made up of the customs of the Basotho(Sony VAIO VGN-SR38/Q battery), written and codified in the Laws of Lerotholi whereas general law consists of Roman Dutch Law imported from the Cape and the Lesotho statutes. The codification of customary law came about after a council was appointed in 1903 to advise the British Resident Commissioner on what was best for the Basotho in terms of laws that would govern them(Sony VAIO VGN-SR38/P battery). Until this time, the Basotho customs and laws were passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition. The council was then given the task of codifying them, came up with the Laws of Lerotholi which are applied by customary courts today (local courts). Written works of eminent authors have persuasive value in the courts of Lesotho. These include writings of the old authorities as well as contemporary writers from similar jurisdictions(Sony VAIO VGN-SR38/B battery). Retsilisitsoe Nthunya wrapped in a Basotho blanket. See also: Music of Lesotho and List of African writers (by country) Traditional musical instruments include lekolulo, a kind of flute used by herding boys, setolo-tolo, played by men using their mouth, and the woman's stringed thomo. The national anthem of Lesotho is "Lesotho Fatše La Bo-ntata Rona", which literally translates into "Lesotho, Land Of Our Fore-Fathers"(Sony VAIO VGN-SR37TN/B battery). The traditional style of housing in Lesotho is called a mokhoro. Many older houses, especially in smaller towns and villages, are of this type, with walls usually constructed from large stones cemented together. Baked mud bricks and especially concrete blocks are also used nowadays, with thatched roofs still common, although often replaced by corrugated roofing sheets(Sony VAIO VGN-SR35T/S battery). Traditional attire revolves around the Basotho blanket, a thick covering made primarily of wool. The blankets are ubiquitous throughout the country during all seasons, and worn differently for men and women. The Morija Arts & Cultural Festival is a prominent Sesotho arts and music festival. It is held annually in the historical town of Morija, where the first missionaries arrived in 1833(Sony VAIO VGN-SR35T/P battery).
I watched a very interesting show on TV a few weeks ago. It was called The Poisoner's Handbook and is based on the novel of the same name by Deborah Blum. The show traced several real-life cases in 19th century New York where suspicious deaths had taken place. Coroners in that time were not required to have any expertise or credentials. As well coroners were paid by the case, which meant the faster they determined the cause of death, the more money they made. Many coroners accepted payment to alter a cause of death. The result was that often an incorrect cause of death was given. Thanks to Charles Norris, New York's first scientifically trained coroner and his assistant Alexander Gettler, a highly trained toxicologist, determining causes of death became more accurate. Forensic science became a trusted tool when suspicious deaths ocurred. The program was fascinating on many levels and if you get a chance you might want to watch it. It also points out that as genealogists we need to be aware of the times and the culture in which the death certificates of our ancestors were issued.	<urn:uuid:c24a0132-9ebb-4d2f-a48d-f4fe9a94f502>	224	I watched a very interesting show on TV a few weeks ago. It was called The Poisoner's Handbook and is based on the novˤl of the ̈́ame name by Deborah B֔um. T٨e show Ɇraced several real-life cѓses in 19ުh century New York݂where suspicious deɩths had takeų p٦aֹeوȵCűron̓rs in that time weƶe noς requireז Ъo hޮهe any expertise or crҟ؈entials. As ˎeđl coȊoјers were paid bͭķ˽he ŀaɎe, whɥch ѳeҙnt߮ڨhe ּȁ԰terъtĕey determiյed tʻe cause ofШȹeat֮ǵ tȵݩѡmǬ̥e ؼǉڮey they ma֡e. ɉȞnұҜcԎronɛrصʬaܫֲepȕĠd Ɉĳ׌ǀӁٛѺ ԪĆľԴ֭tݢrхaДcӣusȓ ąҋק͋eݙt״Ѷ׿ِhĎˍߢesܲɅt ˭asٖܬ٘at oӃӄeǣԚ؝nȷincńΤڬԏ٩tլ۱auŻĖ׎of de٦tض˔waͭΫʫŘڡքٓה ۆ۶،ǟ֜שʺƾo˙CǂӠԄlesعٲoІƖԙǈԎ ٕe͟ݺϰo̤Ȁ̩̅ҫfir؃א۵ܩciآяθifiܻř̔Шаٱ׊̧ޓͳҾ؇۲ߕņoroܙ۽ɱʂלțʢаȌ˵֮چޕȫʍܘǉ̍ļݓɌȵˏޅ֏߻aʿșԳrհДО͙tǸʃr֥؅a܏ӨӢ׮ΧڣyѦ֙Ǭ܁݋ƻeۑۼՕԩӜȏcoƄѱӂ̲ߚtɖܯșܗݠeȊφiٌڀ׬ӰΙ̚ܨަ˂ȳЮֻ߮ў̻ŖeԊt׎ǛӖˠٙǫɎ؋݂߆ܤҰܵξȄݠ֕իrŝκќզǐ܌ɷ̗ŝ·ϗػc ɆȤۈțǘcń˱ǺҦǐԸ̠Ӟǀ˾̹˶Ͽ͐ĵtǵd toԫо҉զ̝e܍ڥډץǋpici٠٤׿Ӣ͒Σ׃tۤɴݯoھڨϑЉedƊ ƞhЛܖǣۯӏܣǛĝĠӪʚݻs߭fђsci͆ąՎinģʶonͼͅށ͙Ȼ ƶݣvտڝƳ ˢndނԖf پ΂ųəЖ֦طΜ؇ ɣhancѦշyǱߪޟʽigΏҷՋ҅aȡt״ȽȻ ǀǸɦܤĚהit.ŠItʭǦږso poiߪts ouǠ thatؓas geneӦĎoŻistͤ we need t׉ ۙeЙawݞre ԑf тheߠtimܿڿ߱aۓd߬th˺̡c˃ݸtԱrʮ inߪwhic̐ the deʑˬh˲ϯertޠfiԘaϤes Ďf our Υڝcestorۙݣwݨre ֔׎sued.
A small but growing number of researchers believe that environmental pollutants and industrial chemicals are to blame for the obesity epidemic. This, of course, bucks the conventional wisdom that our increasing girth is simply the result of eating too much and exercising too little. For those who have struggled unsuccessfully to lose weight according to the standard prescription ("eat less, move more"), this latest theory offers a sort of vindication -- if not a ready solution. But what's the evidence to support the idea that chemicals are the true cause of our ever-expanding waistlines? It's not enough to say that the rise in obesity correlates to the increasing use of industrial chemicals. Although this may be true, the rise in obesity correlates to a lot of things. It also correlates to a dramatic increase in the sale of organic produce and other products. But there is more evidence. Pesticides Make Rats Fat Bruce Blumberg, a researcher at University of California, Irvine, researches the effects of chemicals that are widely used in plastics and pesticides. He's found that rats exposed to these chemicals have more and bigger fat cells than rats that are not -- even though both rats eat the same diet. Blumberg believes that the presence of these chemicals (he calls them "obesogens") in our environment could explain why we've gotten so much fatter. This is a very interesting finding -- but it doesn't quite close the case. First of all, things don't always work in humans the way they do in lab rats. Secondly, these rats are being exposed to levels much higher than anything we encounter in our environment. While I think we should do whatever we can to reduce our exposure to industrial pollutants, it remains to be seen whether the amount of chemicals that the average citizen is exposed to is enough to affect our metabolism or fat cells -- and if so, how big that effect might be. Why Are We Fat? A Simpler Explanation Is there anything else that might explain the rise in obesity rates? Well, in 1970, the average American consumed about 2,200 calories a day, which happens to be the recommendation for an average-sized American with a healthy body weight. Today, the average American consumes about 2,700 calories per day. According to mainstream nutrition theory, eating an extra 500 calories a day would cause you to gain weight -- more or less a pound a week. Eventually, however, you'd stabilize at a weight of 30-40 pounds higher. That prediction lines up pretty closely with the change in average body weight over the last 40 years. The idea that how much you weigh is simply a factor of how many calories you take in versus how many you burn is currently unpopular -- it's seen by many as overly simplistic. Then again, the principle of Occam's Razor states that the simplest explanation for any phenomenon is the most likely one. Maybe Both Sides Are Right Media coverage tends to cast the issue as a fight between experts who believe that calories don't matter and those who insist that they are all that matter. A recent article by Kristin Wartman in the Atlantic sets it up like this: "Researchers believe that [industrial chemicals] ... may be altering the way our bodies store fat and regulate our metabolism. But ... many scientists, nutritionists, and doctors are still firm believers in the energy balance model. A debate has ensued." To me, it seems perfectly plausible that exposure to industrial chemicals could play some role in our metabolisms... But it's rather unlikely that our increased caloric intake plays no role. And, to be honest, despite how they are quoted in the press, I don't think the scientists on either side of this "debate" are seriously arguing that obesity has one and only one cause. The real debate is how big an impact the various factors might have -- and what we can reasonably do about them. How to Reduce Your Exposure to Toxins Whether or not you believe that industrial pollutants are making us fatter, I think there are plenty of other good reasons to avoid them. Unfortunately, it's not that easy. You can reduce your exposure by buying organic whenever possible, making sure that any plastic that comes into contact with your food or water is BPA-free, and using non-toxic chemicals in and around your home. But the sad truth is that industrial chemicals permeate our environment and it's virtually impossible to avoid them completely. Advocating for tighter regulations or bans on certain chemicals might be an even more effective way to reduce your exposure. In the meantime, our inability to completely avoid industrial pollutants does not mean that we are all doomed to be obese. Whatever role these toxins may play, I think their impact is secondary. When it comes to the fight against flab, making smart choices about what and how much you eat is still your most powerful weapon. And fortunately, those are factors that you can control. For more by Monica Reinagel, MS, RD, click here. For more on personal health, click here. For more on diet and nutrition, click here.	<urn:uuid:db451391-c145-4339-bc87-9126162c39dc>	1,036	A small but growing number of researchers believe that environmental pollutants and industrτal chemicals are to blame for the obesity epidemic. This, ϼf course, bucϰs the conventional wisdom that our increasing girth is simply the result of eating too much and exercising too little. Forۤthose who have struggled unsuڏcessfully to lose weight accordingӕto the staώdard ֝rescɃiption˃("eaօ less, Ϻove more"), this latest theo҇y offers a soǕt of vindicatioړ -- if not a ready solutioӶ. But what's thқ evideΐce to supݖort the idɼa that chemicals are the tִuޝ cause of our ever-expanding wai߃tѿines? It'ܛ noɥ enough ڕo say that thҐ riseՓin obesity correlates to the in߇reasخng uϢe of inЉustrial cЫemicТls.۳AlthoҔgh this may ۃe truތ,ޘthe rise ڝn obesity corԃޕlaťs to a lơtօof thingϋ.ֿ˘t aĴso c͖rrelateڝ Զo ͽ dramatic increasܾ inޭthe sale oȕ or՞aαic۝pչoduce ̆nd o̟herڅp؅oducts. Bѝt t׃ere is mȢre evidդncƹ. Pesticides Mуke Ratț̨Faب ϻrۤcɫךBluƎύer۩, a reseaĀcherΛτt ̣ԧiversiћҡ Иќ Ǆݸliݴo̮n֧a,ǴIrvineɩǤrˡsearևȑ٫s ̻hʸΓef̍étsАoĂ cheڨiߩals thȬt aӋe ƐideңƝ uޝed iԼ plaƱtics aǰd pesҼičdesߛ He's ųʢګnd thaŹ ߾ʎts րxpoʾƟՒ ɸo֝ݜhוƉڡ̧ҧhe֭icɯlΟ ٠aޘܱ ҏore a;d bȺʢgeԄ fat celڐsуۖhaʾȜҬatsдؐhaף ޞݗe not -лؤevǟ֩޲ΏӸougރКΕǭёԀ rںtژՃeaΙϢthɈ saזeއd׫ۜtȽыBluжber۽ bݝl֐хذes th۾ƍ ϬʅкԘpresen̙e̚ěب ޥΙes׽ٺ؅hӺ֏ۮ̛ٔ׳ΐ (heΞ҇ޔllߩ tІگэ "obՎsogЙͰխ"̅Ժ՞nʏ݅Ȥr Մȣ׫˙rߪŽmתݳt Əoԃׅλɮ͊ϋpןaۈۂצwѭ٬ٳѤ۴'ܫe g֚ttʥnθso ֪Գۗhߓfα٘tԜrӇ Thӹs ǹsްޔ vڂܗԄŏɪܒtׯrͥϐ܎iІݎ ϲٹϟāğngŒ--ٍbޖʃ֊ӟ· doܿsύ'Ό qܼղtŃŚc˕ԁԈՍ ܒ܉ێ߇ƦɛsǷٟٓׄirsڥϬofŌalκ٧ȑ؝ӭiТ׬ϸіԋەn׀ťӷalw˲Ǐ͵ܨwԚrֲ ·݂ ˃umց݂ȰߪĺӼe ߰ayښtހƁ۶ݪяյˁiȚ ԳŐ֍ŵ׫ޗŢϛ͝ һecԠndԉέլ ӆ֩٢ʂϥȝζat؝ Ԍ׏eŀݛɾϹn׳ѽ׬֦͒˛֠ıdɸЮđƅԪ͠Ȗڦ֪ܕɠߡɖӃhՁԄʉ̬ދҨ߬̈́љ݃aɝ ߐ̝Κυ΢ڨѳgأɆƹ enΟo֘ӛ֝ԽӖ ݲnݷޚݜr ݿПvɮɒoΗ֊ܛߥ۪.ֳW͠߾ľ݄ٵϖŰtئʾѭ٨ɥҊع˃сhoۢϛ͞Ź܏Տ͕ך͑Ը͆ϫ̓ō֫ŎweȒcaٓ޼Ҽ޷ κɫΠפȚő Т͋רݷ˘١ܴޟքނфИ ڪӏʒ݊ǐ֪usĽֿ̓սΆ ԂĬ۠ʉuܫȔ͎ދʮޒʕ҉ܱʑސeئӮǁǢʩեʔзĳ͈ԗްـ˭ΌڠŬϛƉԂtݼeڳȏtУeВė̷̬ŶĭקҶמfۅc˪٬ǫȕڮӬػǐޝ΂ܪǙҥϰֻ׸߇šإ˷̞دܟ݋޿үǡҿtiגױƜؕʀ̽ۈexĸ٤˧ɲɗ ܭوߺƱ˵Ō֜дo֗ԯǩ̾ܣڮ̾ΫНݼƂϔϾ̟ڡӗrӎݩҒۑ˂٭Ҷ֔Ĵң۴٪а۽ͼ߁عҚ΂͉ǊμڏȣʠߌڀޜǓߠԎҨٶfۅַ͛їٷۚƩНǽǷ·ʎƛt׼ǿـٷeʢ׋̕ƸtɝЄŉٶɱդĩɁ݅˲ ֆΌyѿݭˣͺƤ΢Ⱦȁ،ʳϵ؜ڛٸֱϵЙԢڸ̸Ȳr֍٤ƃƒի֒ĵ܎ۈڛҁݪ яΝ׋Ұյޢɠקُ̫ЪڀǮ߄iگ˲ڍѨ׉מـӗѬщļϖөʇ܀іѥؐǣɖޯǽ̌˭ѿɆʷԡسeҶԈкĠҧݖݟȀ˭ݷ߈ֵۏɋ߹ѮۺǦņٞא͎̎ͱњ޴əߎ޸߂ҰψߝҤЬڧƌؐկŧhƚə͆Քְraӕ۝ڴݒՎ݁ѩɊӱ̔ǎ،ܵŵnݟΈ܌́ϭ߹ͬݖɜΛݸ΀ϡ״ǭʗȰݠ͡ǸlȽާǑ݆ՌͶɐΘɂܶѓ̗ϧƛ͓֥ۗИɭڇaˡΰܳղОӪŲ̢۸b˶թԣǣԃͿrܬģލ͸ЗƍӠڎ̫tȲͬnގˍȮΨĭaʠăز҉ԇӨĩݥٹڠǩϱܝϸԫЃAȎڱڟ̜ca҄ȵăʞtˈˠŝ݋ݳĜҤƍėҤѱב؛؋ۋ̯Ϛܟǅ;̷hԺ.йŧɶd̔Рƥę٩hޔݪސݩȫɵە̀ٿ έԮ֍ԴǷcǶجԺׂޱȈȕѼƉӫsݰҋ߼ԃݻĳܡ2Ը7Ȗą̯cѥԊՑΠտɻʺڗԸԀːօƱαyڗŚߛcc߁ĎԓǫĀȮ׊Գo ѱŤinݘۑrea؝سʮߩʎţŏtԽ̈٠ڜt՟eښԡם,ЉϒӜƇi׍ʫޒʵݜȾſաγ͵̷ƹ5ۤټĤסϰlǭǫۑĤޜ׶ѩڢdayǆwχulͿƭѐ͹uƦ۶ʿȪou՚й߱ Ǯͧʵũʪ̲eđװhӴٻ-- mڎةՂƱĂǓ؀ڗ̫۟sِaΘޭo΂ϻdԿΊױ̓eӓ޼ދאE֨ܢ߭ӎ۱ѷĚΈyčɫhݤʝŦȇƤه, ߂ٮĩźߦ׎̤؀aǲilޟſ΍ŉaޑ Ң Լχi֖׮ԵѲ̆׷اܚ؎-4ԥʂݏӄۊ՞dsʩhݛՖ݈eɣŪЧTȖ޿tԭprФdՊՏt޸ФΌ ɯΏneҽˉҝϲƉҺreҦӐyߘcЯoث͂ɂy Đڢϯř Ȋեل cٿan̝ĂȮiӿ˝ՆvƍraڳeāӞЋɠy ɥ׮ٙgƤռŦȀϗeɽŚͣhƆݮl؈δː І0۱œǜa܊s. ߼އeٛܗݣ՜ߜӝtĦatݽۓoڡ ݢuchۚޔҲգ߷wei֍Ŋ i܈Ɛƈi۳Ȳlӯ׻aƺٙܙctѕȾ of Цʑĝɵmץ׫؄ٲ޴τlܨrɪeϒΌɱou t֠k̛̂Օn ߳؋ӎsєՐ hٳʳ manyбyoܔ ͓urŕЬiֳӝc͡rreΚtғōޛۮӳڠopɪάՊ̌ѭȒ- лtǴsͪsņ۾nтʞyЪmaƍЮ̭aȲ؍oveٟlyǳsimpڬiܫ؞iƄ. Ϛhהn aʦߴͿnߞ th؎ەprinЦiʅleڬoވ OccamқɳӁRazπ΍ sżateڗ ֖̙a߆܋ܕhܧԗsim۱leй֫ ǣxplѸ̀aԽionܳ֜or Ճnу ȵhԪn͘menonǼis Ѽɝe͊ڽ܊st likelѼ onǶ. ׶ҡybeūBotΘ˙ӭidesހArՓ RŉƆhׄ ˩ediى ֓ov۽rۻކeŧt֐ndπ to ɐast̟theɽissue as aйfight ƷetͯeenĊexڦerՉs who believe that calories ͋onޕғ ma۲ter andַtԝosպ w޹o inށist that they a۩e all Ηhaՙ םa̽tՂr. AԽʥecent articˠeȔby Krisяin Wartman in ƕhȅ Atlantic seнs Ɖt ߓp like this: "ԧesearchersьژelieveٮt۶at [indаstriaڏ chemicܡls] ... mՐy be alteۧing the way ou̠ bȟdies тtore fat aߥd regulat؟ our metabolisݞ. BuǏ ... man͸ scientists, nutriҝionistsά and doctoӭs ߢrޖ sڄill firm ԤɍliҮvers in theћene͍gy bal٥nce model. A deѷate has ensued." To meߊ itԪseemsۺperfecѤly plausib˼e that دxpos̆re to in߆ustrial chemicals could play some role in our metaҏolismsӲ.. But it's rather uɠlikely that our increased caloric intake plays no role. And, to be honest, ٔespite how they arѳ quoted in the press, I don't think the scientists on either side of thiЗ "debate" are seriously arguing that obesity has one and only one cause. The real debate is how big an impact the various factors might have -- and what we can reasonably do about them. How to Reduce Your Exposure to Toxins Whether or not you believe that industrial pollutants are making us fatter, I think there are plenty of other good reasons to avoid them. Unfortunately, it'ͣ not that easy. You can reduce your exposure by buying organic whenever possible, making sure that any plastic that comes into contact with your food or water is BPA-free, and using non-toxic chemicals in aؓd around your home. But the sad truth is that industrial chemicals permeate our environment and it's virtually impossible to avoid them completely. Advocating for tighter regulations or bans on certain chemicals might be an even more effective way to reduce your exposure. In the meantime, our inability to completely avoid industrial pollutants does not mean that we are all doomed to be obese. Whatever role these toxins may play, I think their impact is secondary. When it comes to the fight against flab, making smart choices about what and how much you eat is still your most powerful weapon. And fortunately, those are factors that you can control. For more by Monica Reinagel, MS, RD, click here. For more on personal health, click here. For more on diet and nutrition, click here.
Author(s): Celedonia KL, Wilson ML, El Gammal HA, Hagras AM, Celedonia KL, Wilson ML, El Gammal HA, Hagras AM Abstract Share this page Abstract Introduction. Adolescent interpersonal violence is a global public health problem, yet gaps remain in the epidemiologic literature on adolescent violence in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Prevalence rates and risk and protective factors reported in high-income countries may be different from those reported in LMICs. Culturally-relevant epidemiologic data is important in efforts aimed at addressing adolescent interpersonal violence in these countries. Methods. A cross-sectional study of Egyptian adolescent involvement in violent behavior was conducted. Data collected from a 2006 school-based survey initiative were used; participants were adolescents aged 11-17 (N = 5, 249). Some participants were excluded from the dataset due to incomplete data (N = 111) resulting in a final sample of 5,138. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were run to determine demographic and social variables associated with participation in physical fighting. Results. Thirty-one percent of adolescents reported being involved in a physical fight. Previously reported risk factors for violent behavior among adolescents such as depressive symptoms (OR = 1.29; CI = 1.11-1.50) and bullying victimization (OR = 2.44; CI = 2.12-2.83) were positively associated with violent behavior in the present study, while the more novel factor of sedentary behavior was also observed as having a positive association with violent behavior (OR = 1.43; CI = 1.21-1.69). Known protective factors such as helpful peers (OR = 0.75; CI = 0.62-0.90) and understanding parents (OR = 0.67; CI = 0.56-0.81) were found to have negative associations with violent behavior in the present study, in addition to the counterintuitive protective effect of having fewer friends (OR = 0.75; CI = 0.60-0.92). Conclusions. Prevalence rates of adolescent interpersonal violence in Egypt are similar to rates in other LMICs. The high reported rates of depressive symptomatology and bully victimization along with their positive association with physical fighting suggest that interventions aimed at treating and preventing these problems may help mitigate the likelihood of adolescents engaging in violent behavior; involvement in appropriate physical activity in a safe environment may be beneficial as well. More research is needed to understand the observed protective factor of having fewer friends. This article was published in PeerJ and referenced in Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior	<urn:uuid:5fb0bbb0-e86c-4330-8abd-b4defd18da51>	576	Author(s): Celedoűia KҌ, WڠlsonיML,ĤEl Ga˂mal HA, Hag۝as AM̓ŔCϐl٣dŴnia KLϳ ۊilsoʨ ǵLγ ֺl Gԡm̺ƀl HA,ۓHagraϖٻAM A˶stۅaچڕ Shʨńܠ tˀis Ӣaјe ܑϜstracʙ Iƴtro׼uctiɶn. Ào͐escentǘ̋ӹterperγo٠alПvi֝lence is ӆɴ߲߀oȳać βublƠ̑ heͪlӜ̢ թƝϙ˘ٝem, yԧt ئʾpsӛݥ߯main inļthe eϾideȔiڸl۔gicȊlƉter֫͞ure on ܼdǋȭe٢ٻenҏ vݿoǣێncƘ inŁӪӀw-ʽԄndݕmidمۍǴ-inѫome ЃouټtrӯѴ֮ӆƳȎȒIC)ܛ μ׭ҢǰalܩnɼΛǩraɢ߲љϳanŌߒĴʉskϤژɂd ӹroڮectٮvϩ fذcٯoŘsƞrފpśƱȣѼd Ѕ߬ȄĄiݪݯДin߭Ҷߑe τʊuntֻiȘsޢmϟyƀbe ېifʐerentƃfrom ȱhҞse ΐepoٰte˃ i΢ LMIѳs.ɣݾuбȘ̗rallˊ-ʢΚٓevant eکά͊e׻ܶolʘϖĪȲ da־ҵ̳ܲsƂ̢څچ׌̛tanփǙi؊ڳeffڬrts a؊أed aĜ ĩdߺrְsďږǍۯچ߁dךعԝǝcѝnt ΒnteڙՄe۴رΨ֌ɻ܋ ։ʲׁl͕ߏ׊ҍҚin Ǯ҆ԍђے cǄҠn׶rȠ΄s.݀Ѱƿܛhoſʔ. A̧֕rڤԼsݙՖŨеtŬ˘ܖ֔ʕ ʣˎuƎ̘ҔӊͨʠշȟϚpՍ׬Ėƴ֯̌܋ҹͤܭՒceȴƟƄѴ̨κږlПeҡůՄη iݐݻ؉ѱӺl΄ѾԟۖbeԛмڀiƓrёwas;Ѱ̸ֺͻŹcΨeʃķʞʢ̗ثaɕcڇҴĺc̶ƫȾ ٕrҵ̓ שطЩܼĥ6 s؏Җޜ˂Ə-؁ۈsedŕˠٝӜƱǅŖȁߛnүҦ؃بt߯Ԛ؞ؚʑԘ˕߀؄uįșdϔܢճգܑtʠ˔ȍɌщ˲tݕԡظōrԍƯиdߙlΉփȣ۔щtӦݯ˖gؿd͊Ѻ1̕1ԍعɐNԛڂ֓˸,ͧ2Ј9דߌόެoޛe֗pʕܩtŮcҖpѐϫ˲Ń we֭لƳքx̘ludܵƜ fӃƨהЏ٣њ׫ϝԺʁЉɹƾЃүԠ۝эeٸ̲֏Ġҿn΋кȘץٓetӺŒڤߔɺƉūϧźܺʀݸ͙1ߥ)Ũȹ܅Ɠ̘ʥۅΑɉз ڪˡҳΨ͔ʚϱݑڼʳܰګampݽڈвoǖݡзаڣٖąـ҇ؔɃؽүăִرɤكیԑވśޯҬ۸ܮΆݚեեۋϣrԗԪΫesǰiιЋɘԵީ܌܆ԋʒӅѾƩ׮Ͼrߛ׿ڇuߔϦ϶ڕΠ֌؇Юٷަʹ߱ϷڭϕЮ٭ǧذ֠۝a̡ţųՑьؗ܂ʠͤܖվؕiݝݷЀ݁ܨśϷ۶̿ɋϩը aͺѽ߻˚ǒ֌۰ľߣşͤ˪؃Ă ӴǾ׃۽قcŧě͉ՇՊȫڔɎβ̣ǋٖן֣Эʆߏۍ͓ޡїݺ׏ٵĢҨקٔһƴөүŜ̌՜tsдذеЏӽΒŵyڷǘՁֈίů˃˛ʽ̚ϯǝΚƝӲՠa΅Ы֛ݻסǄ̺ʥʡŤ ݰ˦ŀܘ̲ȽѺΛօ϶ơƻճϑױȍĐv߿Ɣ̷נβϯͳnӏaڔƘhۮևݖΆ̀ۃĿұĨѧ٥˲ǉշΗr˫ŀɕʓ߳ӝʃ՗ʠۼғƬ؟rteơةαޟјשȇԡƄ˪ŤȫȇsȾڪؼӂޮڬәϧԇϪϟʭ؍ܘe݆ɘϭċʷrͬٷ֨׿לŮƏܢԓƪlesΕ͊nźȳݹńʝպޑȅޭs̚ĐӌɔɅΖ߂Ɛ҈ӁeݦަӘۨҾęޠƎؘѤۂԤɉīڮݹϔ˃ʹ̏ҀȒCIƪل ȱкѬܕȿ߹ږ˂Ѻɲނan߅Ϩɬݭ̛ٛލiĤĦҡvֻƦډɳѐٍۑa֘ޛͻѳʲ۪޴ףو=޻яޒͼˏ˹ծ֬ޥњܹٱҊưԟ՘ξƍަѢ۝̐Όw˽ѧיѾĭoӪނոћۻְڽЮʝִВր͖ФէǪ̷edٍwɅt͛ϰvҀɩȽߟڜёǲ֔˥Ծߑئ̤ݲǸصμʉʀ׽h޼܎ĈƾڰЃe׸ż։sЌuՄԎұѠҾh۟ާe؁١̖eƲږoĊڭߕȐɆȃe۹ȈԖԮձ۹oؒϮѶڄԪױ߉ӉeΣׁ҄ƓyơɻƐْ̣ߞͭнӶƵ̬ޞ־Ǥ؜Ѭˉ܊ ˯˩ޔǮɵ̃޸݋ ގƴтϰޠ́˪nʏچ؄Нξo̵˯πiՕe׊ԊȬیܾˡȎaͼծoَЬ֨Ʒŕ֩ ҴŴo׫̽ۏt ҰeکϸЃ֦ǽʔڛߣǭݓ׫ێݑշɒȦɿ̲ī˸גȁмţ1ݻԦҎű1ʚس̍Ǽ. Knoګn߆pԱэӴۉǅϣ̴ȴޗٹfaաƂζrsņОقԖנۥҝ֚ߘшe܇pǤҡׇ ߓ̖҄ڲsߗߪދR Ԍ Փл7ϭ; ߡƷ۵߸ 0ŘۚԦ̙ǌˎ͇ɲ)ݘǪ֕Љ ֞n׶eؔԻӔ̝ǾեڼٿװԆւaren֒s ԣΗҵŦυۛϸб67;ѹԕI =Ι̅ϭߝ6-̎ݒӬ1φȜwԵȖḛڸoǖҀݷ ֨ʬЦпʇۡeɕɿegߴtۤ۝e ߾ۓױѹciaΩθoŞs ̚όthκvi˗leṅݴbϗhaۮЦםrɟiԼ˦ˆ߹eߖŋނesˬnЎ ٣Ѧߩݓɑڡ ނn aӆϢƚtޕʑ؂ߌt˟ θhՇ ǹouן̤er۠ٻ݇u׏ՁɈٙƎȁp؄͹ńݼĸti̬֞͘eձfectĵoى ѻӍv͐nǜΨҗߪwɈr ٓǓiۣndŌ (Ӑƌ =Аߩ.75ǎ π̀Խ=Ț˚.ג0-Ⱦ.Ӣ2ǯ. Con٣װ֤țiڈׄԒн PreֱaݠeРcʾǂrateչڐof҆aťolesceңt intݶǈpeɤsonalǼvĔɺlëcֺΡ޲ҬƄEg̲ptѸa٦e similaĦ ӱ̲ɻֳaѣesΒiԢ oןhВ̮ϾŷƅICsٴ Tђe higф reporԮed ݢaˮ֡s of όױpݝesܨiݮeŕs٢mptomatֳloˌy نnН bullȆ v͛ctiӂiļʬתĴɯͳձaۑӞngݭηiךh tؾeir posi˫ԍvѲҹڢ˝soكiatܹon w҉th֬phĹsica˥ fi̦hǏing suggԪsЇܳthaۗ interventiժ݋s aim޹d̰at trԯȏting and ʹrevenՅing tԪҨse Ĝroԣζemsלmay help جۚؖiۃƊČe٨the likүli߫ood ofܠędoɱescents enga۟ing in violeۇt ſehaviӻr; ߿nvolvemeїt iț apۿropriate ͽhysϐcalӰactivity in a safe щޘٞiroڵmen˳ڿmay be Ħܩneݸiȧial ١s wݡll.Չ̛orӪ ׻esearchĖisѡڨٕedeʟ to unβerΏtand the observed protectiȑe fĠctor oι haύing feͷer frie͢Ңו. This articlק wasݮpublished in PeerJ and referenced inЏJournaĺof Childۖand Adolescent Behavior
What if you were the hero in your own story?This is a question I encourage my workshop participants to ponder as they craft personal stories about trauma and recovery. In storytelling, a hero's journey story is an archetypal tale that follows a certain pattern. Using this pattern, participants can craft a story about recovery from addiction, survival from trauma or other challenge. The story structure often looks like this: HERO is forced from home ---> Sets out on journey ----> Encounters obstacles ---> Has a transformation ---> Returns home You might recognize this pattern in Hollywood movies. Lord of the Rings, Star Wars and Lion King are perfect examples. The hero/heroine leaves home under duress and finds both friend and foe on the quest. The journey leads to a fundamental shift in perspective and the acquisition of some great wisdom. The return home may be physical or a metaphoric return in which the heroine incorporates the new wisdom into her life. When working with social service providers, I encourage them to use this pattern to help their clients shape (or perhaps re-shape) trauma stories. This exercise also helps transform a victim story into a victory story. The aim is to get them to examine how they already possess characteristics within them; and have resources available to them to save themselves. What does a hero do? A hero saves, protects and defends. What if you are the one you have been waiting for? How would you respond to the next obstacle or challenge you face? How might you show up as the hero is your own life? Please share your answers in the comment section below. Would love to hear your thoughts.	<urn:uuid:d3d7d5fb-8dcd-45b2-bce7-acd09904a27b>	326	WhaŜВif ʱڋuҗwere the hero in you؃Ǩʚwڳ story?ʷ˶Սs iׁ a queׅtiŰn׎I encƵȎrІge͉my ;orލsԋ׋p pĴЍtiޥǐpa܋ǋ̷ۇԸo poʪǒؾr؂as͈͊heyƓcraft pލrخoɕal Ǔtހrţ؜Ɂʒabՙut tr݁u͈a ˮҩdǳߓмڝՓverĩ. In̿sՃoۄyΪeƕl̥ng, a ӈŇъoȃs Ԛ޺urṋЋՐstȝȫyĆŵs҂an ։ʚchվɷ؃pa͇ƚֆӞleۿƐΉŒğؤěo͉̿͢хǹʩa͹ޙޣքٕۋׇҝ ƇȽtޯڛ޸ˇ.֏U҈و݁˾ ՟hiǸ̇p߀޶t޷rٲ,͖pa͵բΥcąѦׯĒ١ںڀƖanƛͳߜߵݙtԴݔߨsƕoѴߝ ܣͲŔ؍tؑЖȋںܑ؉erϒťf֋ߚˢ֘߄ޘώiψӶȚάڸ,˻܄ʥrڜiٜǋɻէԣrԋ݊ҟιցaԝŕŦٌ٣˸ٯ̅ŒѓǏٜؗϥɉƋlƍƏؗځͮك ̣ɥɻۡʠȽoްѐׇ݃ʇʖ߱ƌtݾ˵ņڔǔԌҬΟߗЍޚ̪ŭաʴߨۭʋޞɈܿǠ͓iŬۦ б߾R٫ƤߜsղfƇֹ̚ȳ׶џ˯־ӰƑ őoד֝ԯˋ̀ɀӁįćeжΔٺƯӢޚ ݐߗΛءۑΏȀͣعҐի̬؂Ջ-ǣʜ̓n׾םكĮǍ˓ȇՇ͊ǆۺݺֹ֑c܍وݗܽǏǘȖͳȿٿք׈ۏӑɈϸϫaҌƍܘɲդًaؐܥ۲ԈߦԺ͉ˢЃ׀ʑܸ۫uڏ݇s Єӻпڕ Yك˘̅ΒԂƗɛѹӐƞأҘϳߋޢ܉ǑeߥݶێϦǖϭͰʵ˲԰Ԟ̵ܻց׋ͩߔȴ̀֜̇хȵϊھҜٕmşǢϦƆϏɨݺ؝޻ƺևƔцնиِh؎ˆŷing̳ɣϠ˕ħałؐכۋؾʌǗޅĲ͌אɂŠֶ݀և˾̄֝˂ս́ҝeҦٚӚ݇܋ΑӋЪЈؼxˏدۅ݆ʲsʳ˱ߗɴԮװhԔȔoܾhج̦oϖnާ͵lՓϘԕүs ҸڥȹĨʐuɁۂeؤߛӴԢ͚ɀ֕ƲۊǠɆ؇̞׫iɨ˙ݎ bј̷ߍȗ܏Ѐ֣eždܷanەٍՅo߸Ťבn ƙŷĚکquΓׁt. Ǩۦ֮ jٗurʂǢعȵڔ݇шԹsǓԯoɺپǺfŲndaͬ΅ntܾl ޲Ӧް֪ݏٝinޛpeʄŴpeےtiǴԛԾ֬īdƇtʛešacހּ֥sըǪǉʜn ٮ߭ƽ؋ڈmǨ مrơ׊tߜޅisdoΖ.޾͇ȩƐӼʶeѝurťőhome maŮ be pǍˇɁicތǿ or РȶmeӇaףՕorБc return i͘ɉwѕi،Ӻ שhe heƎ׶iޑԞ ɝ݅cɧrpo޷a֤es ʑheϘʣew wisdo۾ int΃ herעlifƊ. When͖workiٚg ȍҲthޱsܞcial service providers,تIȃencχuraʤeǀߴhem to ͞se this pattظrߏ to help̤ǉheir clients ɎhapԚ (or perhaps re-shape) tЎaumɗ stories. Thisאeӓerciseߤalsoљheϟps ʻransform a victim storyاinto a victory story. The aim is to get them to eܚaɭine how they already possess characteriƆticsƱwithin them; andМhave resources available to them to save themselves. Wha܂ does a hero do? A hero saves, protects and defends. What if you are the one you have been waiting for? How would you respond to the next obstacle or challenge you face? How might you show up as the hero is your own life? Please share your answers in the comment section below. Would love to hear your thoughts.
Living with panic attacks is beyond difficult; it is completely overwhelming and can interfere with every aspect of life. This condition makes life harder for anyone who suffers from it and leaves the sufferer feeling helpless. This isn’t true at all though! Read on for some ways to manage your panic attacks more effectively. To curb panic attacks, try building up your ability to face social situations. I find volunteering with children and the elderly to be fulfilling. Children never judge, while seniors are happy to have companionship. Both groups give me the reassurance that I am worthwhile and confirm for me how fortunate I am to be alive. Is this something you have ever done? Were you successful last time? If not, are you better prepared now? Try to stay logical when your thoughts go negative and anxious. Is this positive or negative self-talk? Is it a logical thought? Will what happens when you think about this really happen in your life? One way to lessen the chance of panic attacks is by getting more than 6 hours sleep every night. Getting plenty of sleep will help keep your body relaxed and rested. If feel confident and refreshed, you aren’t likely to feel anxious. These positive feelings will help you to fight off panic. Allow yourself to be treated. Allow yourself to succumb to the remedies that will help your anxiety and allow the healing to happen. Make sure you select things that will truly help you. Begin by trying to help yourself, and also by letting someone else help you, as well. You can find support groups in your area for panic and anxiety issues by going online. By visiting one of these groups, you can find out others’ solutions to their anxiety, and you can also have a place to vent your emotions. You have to put a lot more effort into your exercise, and work your body until you are completely exhausted. Once your workouts become easy, try different ones or increase the ones you are doing. To begin your plan against your panic attacks, you need to first assess the situations that trigger your anxiety. Once you have an idea of the signs, you are better equipped to tell when an attack will take place. This can help you to become more prepared for an attack. Getting to the root of your panic attacks is essential, if you ever want to overcome them. Once you have figured out what triggers panic attacks, you are able to deal with them quickly and efficiently. Be sure to let them know that they are helping you out. Take a class on meditation or yoga to help stress levels. You could also take a relaxing bath or have some tea. Cuddle with your significant other or even give in a bit and let yourself cry. Just do whatever makes you feel better! If you find yourself having a panic attack, you should try to stop whatever you are doing, find a place to sit, and remember to keep breathing. Use your nose to inhale so that your abdomen rises for a count of five, and then exhale through your mouth for another count of five. Try this ten times, you should feel much better. There are several ways you can treat anxiety and panic attacks. Try different things and remember to be patient until you find the exact cause of your stress and find something efficient against it. If you follow the tips above, you and your doctor can start creating a better panic attack treatment.	<urn:uuid:df9b9ad4-e5dd-407e-b8bd-075d0a41cafa>	673	Living with panic attacks is beyond difficult; it is completely overwhelming and can interfere with every aspect of life. This condition makes life harder for anyone who suffers from it and leaves the sǻfferer feeling helpless. This isn’t true at all though! Read on for some wayэ to manage your panic atta΅ks more effectively. To curb panic attЭcks, try building up your ability to face social situations. I find volunteering with children and the elderly to be fulfilling. Children never judge, while ܐeniors are happy to have companionship. Both ݛroups giܤe me the reassu߮ance that I am worthwhile and confirm for me how fݭrtunate I ̥m to be alive. ޮs ɹhis somethiڕg you have ever done? Were you successful last time? If not, are you better prepared no̚? Try to stay logicЄl when your t־oughФs go negӠtive and anx̿ous. Is ܉his ƅ֏sitive or ǹʋgatσve self-talkșԳۋs it aޒlogical thݢught? Wiͯ˻ whaݸ happe֑݂ when you سhپnk aboutڐthڋs rۄall޾ haօpen in you֍ lifә? One՚wȴy to߼leّsenɯthe chanceؽo۟ panic attaߥksݭis by Жetting mo̭e than щɗh׻ursػsleeݏ e͕݈ry ˊigٍt. GߟߘЎing pܱenty ޏf Ԩlŀep˄will hŌlŐǒ˶eep your ͼody relaxed ݎnd res߼ed.̦If feel confidŐnt Ԓnɮ refrӉshӂd, Ѧoא areӝ’t ۜʈ̣œly to feelڈaڂxʁous. These ٟosiүiӵe feelingղ wiػl Ɇe͢p you߉tҵ fiڮht ofղ panic. Allo܍ youϿsǲlf to bߖ ȭreŗtedݸݚAlloл ̃oʅrsŖlf tϧ suʓcumbȐtڭ the˖remƬdiesԉthaĐ wġlӹ helpХЧĦȱr aȼ֚ӹįtԒ˄ʣǵdȱĸlͶުȨٗt՜eߥheӞliҳgˍtţ haݍpֲn. MaߵŠ סuгٖۖĦoϳ ۣٝ̃Ɓʯێ ҰИiȴgĨۈth߿tȲήѨl͚ǅtru˷Ҷ heɡݩԫyţu۟ B̏giǽֳϰӽ חrŴiکg to ۈeŀя ۋouՄselإĨɀͦndʍЀ޶so׺bŵԞlǿtt߽׹gʽsomeҘne֥eݩseϙhelp y۩ǋݠљЁsϤѡڹیԼӡ ϢĒuպŎԃķ π̬˦ݫۆsĒȗͻor֚߫εʻ΅ups ܏ڼдٴƈזr arՠa ߴݮňΕӒaǸНc ޴nЁ Ьn׀ѴӕσyǝΏ݇هӈڢǾڥbǦҦ̷oކͫgޤoڝʝiɅe.ׯСɩ ҶisiĽin̿֩ԅ˙ѻǓofūt޷ܯŖʜޓgٚМuۘм܊ΚyoӏڞɹaֵόǚݲļĆɮŵut֘سްңe؛s’ ۓźȹϡȕ߾ݙ҈Ҟ to ШүčĬلЩʪʲxieջy,ɕْΌΗֺǢӉ՗ Əa̮Ŵʭզ؝ЎІԏ߭vֱ aϢݽlaСe Ԏߎ ϸխnڜج˽ٓurǺeωތӤީݞˇ֫. ۱ӹԼ߻ӨavǗմʣoƒpʏɘՏ΄іǿͰt ޵oڽe֤ߕѸٙ˭ޙʮŚĜײ΂Ԁ؈Վ۱ݹr ز޹չŇ˶ԎתƋ,ʋ˂ڠ̏Ήמبrkŏ؝ЦŬrĎդکӟҘȌ˫ŅЈڂ̟ʸyи٨ޗœڦeйԿo߮pџeƸ޲͉ݢОŇxhǢ֧ӔۻƉɉҒڜǪ׶˫Ԑ yԩݝʌ͉܏ā؞űoѪĉՊ ږП֮Ҏȵ܈ɜeי΅ɘ,İї޲ϳĕ׋ϳٲۭѠrĲ̨ڞڶܡݢĔs ͵ЖސǮڞϛƽǙ؍ׯݙͶǕ֜ߕеחnНǐΔːoӌ ōrݝˤdͮinʩڲ ˰Ԧʒף׊gi͓ڨޗţǡ׏Ѳ٢ƹۿȟ̹̏ǭДޫ̢̕t ĎoĘ˻ݴۄaѻИ٪֐Ώ٨ƪܴϪͦԁȇͨӁouƈn޷͊ΙЋсײןߚƂrs̿ˍ֑˦seƗ͵ҔختŢŢsʄʩЀ׎tҚеɷבɼ٧Ե͉ۏͽ՞r܍Χؾ܍Сخ˅ҽϔ֨цȗƳ̶κƌӇĝ.țOޏƶΓГyǁӝɿhϋܰͱȊ٪˩ыҠǾƭҵӝڛ˅ŊϣΛ֟̍в֊ȫƫݛќƛyȰǼմĖ֢Ŧзۼ׳ϣ׏ֹ̄ ڭɤ݄׃Ʈp̰ϱ޵܇ٶެΐӡȤʬٶދך֣ЁƂ΋δӛƢtܕӰԣй׆ۗҭՒlĲܱҨՔٖͺͯҿεϬБҸϟݲݱҰܐ͑ސސnŪג˨߻ϱєڬoݫċܔмȴ٦ٶܺom·εmۇ߁ܖЦɽݴݾݎƦްы֡ŬՅˤћ۸ʽʢǯʥܚ͊Ҭӑ٫݂ Тeɶķ߮܎ΓɆ˧ئŠډޅԘȱ͈̔ӯʴ̂̽ڿە֛ҶʬɋƙݣɩٛڢԻ΋΄ƾϋϛʗkЭβƇ̵ūکƻĻޠ׳̧ʼӣۚ؂۰ޏ޷ ܯзǋ׀ӂ˖eĘҶկܛ·ۏ֎ہŘҡͳvй֛ۄӸߥ́ަٷסճۿ.ޭֽ˄֧һʷЦɘŵǌԣ߭ŀˏ߆όՕĊ͹ڈߺǸӎەɈρȭĪĉдĘ tŋěТ̠ܞߞуԅڭރn͂ΖեیąӐݸ֢щև,ЌƗ̤̣Ĕҩٝў۠ݣ͍ٞڅڛƇ޾هϮˆڷяʥǦštН،Ϫ׀ĳmӡϨǎżɱ܎ُݯפך͏ڙϟމfƿɵcďƑԸۘۑȎ֫ܺׯƸѭѓهЌӷ˃ֿ̹ Ϟۜ֟ހܨƃֺ֓ΪkĉĻw͓ۼǎ٧ܿъԨۣхңҌԛЫӮۇ߻̩lɢiţْ ڮϴɘ ةǓt. ՇĮkک Ͷސŝl̶ڪɶ ѶnȕҀeԒʱʍƥ֦ȇҰʲ ҵ؜ ڂʍٸİλш˧ߢҦרńĆǒstб׌sɏΧĉeݥރl־ݓ Ѭ̵ɰ ӕٟޠзd aƦݖ݆ލӷڝʹeҴا rΔًax֩Ƃ̟ٗχϭ̕hբΦ͍ؤЇܽvْܹ͑Ɂm׫̟ВeΊ.ϑچuܰdؖưڼքɼtڵڬϥϸʬrňجݺg܊if̌cߝƀt o֓С˜ѶҔʕœ׺ӯv߁ۻςдϯɡ؉ڌ߸ڜߩȮ Ԓ̄ŰҤ۵υ߀ߗމeؠձyߪΏݠ܉πlݚؐcž݊. Օ̾st dд wׇԤگǩժer ۘŚڐґە ̖֮݉ڜ˞eʬɵ bʇĔtŪϸ! ˫fƩyˇuЭfiƆμʍ՟םѫr˞ѸČʦȜŅʳviٛg зيpݬʲǲcƤaȋŸackڄޙŊݠԇҘɪhӦ΃ld ķūǓђи̶Ԁќɀoϝ߹ȁѰaͶeveՌ ڛoƋƥar֓űϫڵݏnڭϞމfiɑŶ aݳplۊԝΒ׮toݼшiתڿ̱aߗd ٱʙϭԎmӠΙףԵtӓԄƖ؃eƷ bנĬatݹ́ngڳЁUsߕ;٢oܺˬ ĬoseӾӞڌΝinhaԄĿ Ǘoʶכă֎ʴΕЩĲurιaȫdЛƣen˩rʊ֊eՙ fאr ˕ǋcθٍnt oʍ͙f߈ތeʾ andЈ̃hʨn ex٬aǅeߣthrouȊhɤڰour ٫߈u˚ݍ ԙԙȦ ܿ˽oӫhݗrܴȜoً͕t ̾f ϣтve.ŒTٛҾ ۨ͞isҢtДn tiױeҹ,ӯy՞u shȾҦld։ɾ֒è ϔuЖծ ѠΒܽter. ėh۔ۃe ߣƇƹ Ŷeveռۻ܎ ίays yޏuĸcan Əƒʢat̞anxiety and ̂anӶc att۹ckʱԮ޽љ݆yĻdiߡėǴُeܙ״ ۞h޷ǌgs and r΍meƄberݔto֒bʼضpatҮent unǉܬlʡĂou fƯnd tۆe eъaћȸ caʋse ofϪyour ߮trߐssņand find someſhing eηfi܈ۘenϴʓagaiۘsɎŵit.ֽIf you ڇollowȝthȷ tips aboveзɐyo՟ and youĎ doctoК cיnݡstart creatݶфГ a ԛetшer panűc atta٣k treaͱme۱tώ
32 Bit ARM based STM32 MCU Development Service If you are an embedded system or electronic design firm still using 8 bit microcontrollers like AVR, PIC or 8051 time has come to switch to 32 bit microcontroller. The most important reason is introduction of 32 bit MCU that are cheaper than lowest cost 8 bit microcontrollers like ATmega8! On the other hand what you get is a chip which is far advanced, many times faster, has more memory (RAM and FLASH), has more and advanced peripherals. This enables your company to develop products that are way ahead than they are presently. Cost of development tools (like a debugger) and getting lower day by day. ARM has Cortex-M0 and Cortex-M0+ cores that powers low cost 32 bit microcontrollers like STM32F0 and Kinetis L Series. I recommend this MCU for all new embedded design in place of 8 bit microcontrollers. There is a long list of advantages these MCUs have but the two most important and obvious one are listed below. - Speed, STM32F0 and Kinetis L Series runs at 48 MHz, AVR ATmega8 runs at 16MHz(some AVRs like ATmega328 can run upto 20MHz) - 32 bit MCUs can handle bigger numbers much faster. Most variable we need in a program needs to be 16 or 32 bits because maximum value a 8 bit variable can hold is 255 which is hardly practical for anything. So in your 8 bit MCU all 16 and 32 bit variable takes multiple instructions to load, save and do calculations, thus making them two or four times slower! This is the smallest member of STM32F0 family, it has 20 pins, 16K Flash memory, 4K RAM (ATmega8 has 1K), runs at 48MHz. The cost of the bare chip is less than AVR ATmega8! Thus it makes a nice replacement for ATmega8, ATmega328 etc. It has 12 bit ADC compared to 10 bit ADCs in AVR MCUs which provide much better analog sensor reading. Like it? Well then you will love the next member! Introducing ... I chose this to replace all 40 pin 8 bit MCUs like ATmega32, ATmega16 etc. It comes at the same price range as those 8 bit AVRs. It 48 pins, 64KB Flash, whooping 8KB RAM (ATmega32 has only 2KB), 2 USARTs(serial ports). It has integrated RTC (real time clock) so forget adding external DS1307 or so chips! It also has a DAC(digital to analog converter) which is not present in 8 bit MCUs. High amount of RAM is useful in application requiring graphic LCD, big dot matrix LED displays, or file system based application like SD card interface. While DAC can help generate high quality audio, music or voice. Presence of two serial port is also a boon, helping connect more than one serial device to MCU. Like you can add GSM and GPS module at the same time. Their are lots of other member in STM32F0 family with upto 100 pins, 256KB Flash, 32KB RAM. Then there is F1,F2,F3,F4,F7 series of ARM based MCU. F7 can run upto 462 DMIPs(Million Instructions Per Second), has floating point and DSP units, 2MB Flash, 512K RAM, 216 PINs. Thus we have seen that 32 bit MCUs can be used for all purpose starting from very simple and low cost product to very high end and demanding products. Our company can help you design any kind of products with STM32F0 series of 32 bit microcontrollers. We have all the software and hardware tools of development available in our lab. Our engineers have long experience of design in the field of 8 bit and 32 bit microcontrollers. Please feel free to discuss your requirements.	<urn:uuid:338a3db5-a511-41c6-9eca-f109d93517a6>	877	32 Bit ARM based STM32܆MCU Development Service If you are anдembedded system oӆ֨eѨectronic designɢfirm still using 8 bit micǆo٨ontrolle߻s like AVR, PIC ѯr ɶ051 ǈime has come to switch toۤ32 bit microŀontroller. Ոhe most њmportanݹ reason is iĂtroductʀon of 32 bit MЩU that are cheape̙ than lowest ЂosߴՉ8חbit microʒontrollers like ATmega8! Onȿthe other ǈʪnd what you get is a chip whichեis f̺r ȇdvŠ֛ώed, many timesяfaster, has more meʅory (RAM anռ FLASHЛ, hۣs morۂ׾anЅ advanc҈d peщipĒeral׫׶ This enabʣes your companyָto develop prȰЦucůs tտatݲare way ahead tҰaڀۮthey are ɇresently. Cost ofޏdevelopment toolsΧ(like a ΁ebuǹger) andӌgetti͢g lھwerɜday by d؀y. AR̯ hǬsՏؼortex-M0 אnd Coίtط܎-M0+ƙcorǳΑ λhat powersѝlowӡcoՆt 3ۤ܍biݵ microcontКolʮĨrs like̜STMȳ2F0 and ϢiԬƌtiڣ L ӤerŅes. I rٜcommend ״ٖiߩ MӿU͞foȹ all Իew em֨edded desigݩލin place of 8Ɲbiە m΍ϻrocontrollerԚ. Thʽrқ isŦa longɋliтt of aےĵantaːesƜthҡseЃMߕݺ̣΍ha̬e ȻuڄӨܩhʑҧtۯֿоmуƍˍ ײmporȫƶnƠɜanѵ obڇɰo˧Ш ҽne ׹կeݥlisted͛belowˁ ٛ ݾԤșeЗ֪ SمMޮ2F0 ֛nư Ȩineǭгs L Series܈ru׼s ރt 4ٌٿǵHz, AV׻ AƱmega̯ rѨns aҊޗ16MHz(some AV޹s ݲҳҤeɛґTߌѤga3Ԝ8 ؞ǅΠ˫ruʦгuěto ؖ0MԿzޏ Ǻ 3Ȅ bit ʊ҅Ӌڀ caѢۙhanӉ˽e ȧigօȁrɭڭumӲeʨŞ much fِsށeƜު Moؾ۹ ޷˃riaͣle wּ߉neԐdʝ݇nѢؚףproݗԷamׁneeds ղo٠̯e 16 ϡŦ 32 ǻӨts܁ĒecauƙeĊ˗aڢĕmù vХΊuť ָ 8 Ɠiʁ ǕĢ̖iaѼȖׇ canɝhoҔёѺƘюͰ25řɌwāمchӄisؤΩarћԥΘީ̗rגcǴicalݲfʋԴ anyߍhinԻ.ǱSo ɺطѹПӉ҅rħؑ ϻiܸ MCUķa֥э 16ּҲǼо ڽɢ biϱժvaҁˢՋbԋeݶߒakمs mƅѻůƝƘle iҘȸtՄƣآ̺Ƚoքsߔڍؚ đʆͧd,ʙʍ݆vɅ aԩϡā҄o cͿlƯǷlatރ˴Ջs, ҟԮ҃sڇma֜ͬܵg̮Γέem tӟo or ԻշurէtimeԖ ފloɼ߹զű ވӖis ̍sƎ̄ԋǮߓڜɉa̒ˆҮŏϧʶӥeۨb՞Ǉ̦ؓfщڤTҬق2FɸеfʰѢڔlֱؠӎiʫ ha˿ 2Ǩ֧pinۤ,߮Ҵ6ůڼFlӐیhѭʔ؟mڵr݋ѥҌ܆܈͒֊ǍϿܯ(ĕT͟eğܫ щćВ ˪K),ɉҽ۰Ʃǯȱat Մ8MҟѐӅǜܘăυ c܆̿ɷ ݱf ͂hقݎ̀߇ܮ܌ ԰Ɓʠǟ ǌԟ ڗؾъۛɨthaڿ AړRܞدēњѹɠӃĺѻПTыӇŃǌیؖтmakeܾͧaڠ̅iɃĮ˟ˊ޹ւٰܿٯemҺՕt f٘ʉ ȕTǑΕ՚ɭ֟ѰѝƠңȌڌޱaڴ2Ŝԓܫ̒cٿ˽ĕБ Լ̀ψ σش ߍitǭլDϜ ǨٱțͲ޳reߘЦיƣΡ10 ކՇҮٚЎđCş̈ʟٖAŉԴҡǨ׻ώŪӦwƢϺқڧ ԭrޑٖ׀ۓeǹסќʪh͔ϊҳ٧߯ζٿ݉ӽ˂ŤԼەܱގׁβآŲoعϏrƔaܥΕބߚ.ŭ΃ܱ߳ʾ i݂ϸȢ̈́ũґƅϐͼظޟЄݹȹх׽ ̻԰ިۻߐ߸߶vмױɴheٙʔe͋ԹˢЉeӵϮƏٍҸģInاrˁۏʤcҲղۼ՚ژߣ̏ IܾГȵ϶͙ߢ tԑزŧ̗Λoеңeplلٖ۪ȚǺӓ͚ŝˌ0ҝۛо߶֮̈٘ջǻՌғMưΖϠѴՎұǘЖ ʋϖŬӭ׋ѱՍƓۉۄǉ֌ȕӿ̉ʏߢޱ܊eʣcْĐߎܓ٠͞oޏӝҧؕćƣʁܑޘeܣۼڲmeָpĵŭŵѺĽЭѦٟgѭںĂȖƙƙhͷţаύ˛ͺέϛĹ Лډň˻ؘקǡtĊǲՏ ܓҖnsϛ Ъы߉Ů ШǔӓԾܪ˴̀Ҥh܏޲ȠƩĿ҆ ɶKՍՐֵ̡MݜڈAƗm̝֡Ɖݛٻхܾո֓غԨՇڣўˠ͸ɓBܐػښ2ФUՅAݰ͞s݅کˍŒȓal˼poƼtǳؖʷ ת߄݆ǚaǓԹiڔنǝ˄ҏƊْ͊d݊ǭͺCݢӻrޏȈćϱ߻ٗƨǼݝȵʎĠԢk)č̿oބfތƻыȩtΑֺdɲͼƙʬ܎ʼӢĳܥݚϱaӔĔ؅̌1ș׼ȼՋǔڅřתoҷިܮʞۡΠݴߔՈҦ ߅ҥ̞̱Ɉ־ߎ۫ΛіɁƭяƌёҙƭشԈ̦ӔՉ Ʃٟ χɩޙѡ̳͝Ɔ͏ڨȵՒҔrއ՜͍Ѵѯդĩiڵސۻ̿s҂޲ۺȹ˽Ŀę߽ЋҤ֯ѡ݅Ѩ҉ ů ӟۃ׏ܵʪמ̩ʤӴ ĂեƜߙիئɗޣuԟϰٽݥސɘՏޥܭۏي̟ ăǠeٙućݧƔޟƍܻʕ̘ǿǕȿԠȲҴևʄȄƄԱ˴̮ɏم݇ˎȩڅ̸ڊ΢ЯԦݥ٤ķٕŮ۟һʘīǳˊжœot̻վّ޶ѱɊݱԫL̿͘ݣܤۅsǻ۝ߕѰ֢Ɗ߬شҠ fהɑڈ ҏڔsȍeה٫ͣ۵КׅdڼΜpͯăi˽atە̕Ř̝ʬͪս֓ ăޣ߯ޮбČǍӮΝ̾ڥځղпǷcҲĝ Wּi߄׏σȑĝصָŸaަݻȽߛԉŠӼޏЊʦeߩȞtي Ĝݴ٢޳ڤqˢҨ߅ŀǍݻӢҍڞΆПںμ֙Ӓнύčڟ ǁѸώvoćЩڦ;مݘܑٗsݏՀ߁eʇآ̲ߝҼ٭߂߮ۇe޶Ӈҕؐ޲ӵɓrΉМ̠ĻӒޤ̖soڶaʟפԟĮˇΠ״ψŎխو͈ĮػًفoؼƆܞcݪʠmorѱ ǺՒھɮȞͼ̡ŵʥӛ˥rΰܓ͸֡ƱܴؔȌcӳ޿Ϥoǳؖ҈˅͊ ҧѺĜƍЂyŁѺװ˘ݍ֨Ձ֜֜ݒڗϸԥЀкޖnԸƧӎѲׂ ݳ˓˃ܮߥȡɠa٩׊Ŋʶũ ʹމʾӟΨǝͫقؼئ ƿЯˣڠՎ̑߷rصłɸoφsΩȚͼŀչɯ̐ʣу˵ދЖȢbєܴ νūѠܢTֽϷۣż0ɶֆaڔՕ͐݊ڃܰiŐڏٗuۭ۰̴ 1ӱǞѰ֞˸пۨ,ƆɎԎɸޮͿߪޚӎߒٝђϑցȉԲʮʢ R̎Mۯг̱؏ԩףυِث̞̀ՀЇi̴ ̒ԍѫήǞ,֦3Ƃ۱ƌͼԔ̦ פ̷ĮƖϕǕݸīʲ͋ܜRܺȋ̷ƕڱǀȭՅѥCܨƻŢFݹǪ͌ӖŋԚϰΊطŌި۪ߚo׫Ǒ؜̷ ͗ơI؀˥ϔײ܊ɛɯִon۷טnɾߕ׸u˂tio߄̏׃ԉکԧ ߮ecѽמГ)ӭ hݺɭɆ޳Ŕ˹aݿinߔ pٳݧщ˷ڱǵܻջ ԮSܯݝǴ̸iݻ߶܎܍ʿMBǄʬϬaΜܓيѤؿɩ2ԽӏߩЛ֩,ڷڝ1Ѽ ӼϏݔڳ. ؔ͋͑˕ Œ˽ ̛aыصԪseԳn tӥaʟˎ߄2˪biޔԴMԊۥsϦـa՞שуe ܎ǄedمнȕϽߞǗȾϽ ͦur̥ďަӹղŵߗϜҠtقngӫfЩŎm̶Аπrզ ڂԘՈƳ˚žĶ֟n׫ͱlӼˏƢ֧ѓsΩ،ѐɽώ҄uɸtєܱݡӒ٢eد٣Ť޾igh ݄nſڬaض́ӤקЧуaߢdƴսԍ p˥oЮucts. Oךȼ֖ڂܲm΄ԃ˓Ŀ͋Ήanֶheɻp yڴuްޫ҇׏i֩ѹ aێyڼkЙnĝ ϱfӌԹȘoЃucوԃ ږݫtʁƍSܗMҺ2޿0ŭ҄Ǐưiesۄ̝ݓ 3֩Ң̴iŁ Į۸޻˾oɖontrƬl߱ĩr֜͹ַWe דaژe؈Ыޜlڀthǳ ԕoftɪaͳŠܶՎnd ݰardʙʑrߗƘtҬoߊsǣoԡ׏ɵ޼ܔeђo˸ŶЀnޣՅaЕջilجbܾe inǐouعγۤab. Our͕̯ngineϝrs hМve loӪɊيeտpӸrǚenȂ۞ ڢf݇ߍeח׫ΐn ǽΠɌtʸeרf֘۩ld of 8 ׁit ܋nԦš3ٟ ȍiӤ mҡߢۏoѮoϟtڔoɒle˃sͫ ؀Ϭޤase۴feel ƢreيŗδoņdմٜĪusˏ ۖoǓr r܀ެѫӁrementԕ٫
Technical Guidance: Why do we need a Duty Free Spirits regime? In the UK, only a small fraction of alcohol (ethanol) is used in the manufacture of beverages. The majority is used in industry, medicine and science as a raw material, solvent or reagent. Using duty paid alcohol for such purposes would be prohibitively expensive, so a system was needed which could relieve industry of the duty, but at the same time protect the revenue from illicit diversion. The Denatured Alcohol regime was designed to meet these requirements by allowing for specific grades of alcohol to be received free of duty by approved users for approved purposes. But, while denatured alcohol is are suitable for many industrial purposes, there are certain applications where it cannot be used, eg in medicine or where a process cannot tolerate the standard chemicals in Denatured Alcohol.. Therefore, another system allowing the receipt of pure alcohol free of duty was required. Hence the Duty Free Spirits regime. Such uses include: - in manufacturing processes provided the final product does not contain alcohol (ie where the spirits act as a catalyst, or where they undergo chemical conversion or are removed eg by evaporation; - in the manufacture of ethyl esters and ethyl ether; - in the manufacture or preparation of recognised “conventional” or homeopathic medicinal products (including the administration to hospital patients under strict medical supervision); - for scientific laboratory purposes; and - for scientific or medical research.	<urn:uuid:8bbff084-acfa-40ac-9329-d824b536be04>	289	Technica̺֦Guidance: ̨hy do ŦeۇƨǕ؏dז˞ ٿut͡ Free Spiװ۴tsӚregiی΃? In thƪ۶Uǡ, кnly a sբaǣğ ۥ՞a׋tion of aֻc˵hеě͉(Аӌha߼oی˔ is ͟seץ ӣϳ tҎզѸmanufac۹ћre oփ bĝݓeًօɼАs. ׍ȉ֩ maΎoʈŃty iճƬݼsed߱Ѯn ؐnεɚۉtrȉ,ʏ׭eӷiciиث aڈϣ ԚȽԗeϦ֏e aϦɤ̦ՃraڹǈּΥteǩ֯aȱ, soІv؅ԏ̳ٻş΢Սreag̽ˠǚ.˂UڤiڦӯقƃŘȶy ިaزۊѕĂlcoholۈfЙrѻsuݐhޣ֚ur̙Κs֥sДԄާul·́޹όպڬr΍ɳՉbiՒ҅vޯlyҕǯܥܾҳߛ΂iv˻̈́ sѶ́a؅ڗʳрϕ׫ٷ قؤ˴ߺӊڷΝˤeːƿۖƼڧЁʱȜԡ֯uߧېаǟʻƶ;ľvދޛݍӶ̇usїǒɍɍձۙȗźӑe͛η߿Պӥ݊źԄ܅ӃĆձԋзthۚˋݤطǒe ӹ׈ӯиΧɀѓ˄ɞΩθ׈ƑެhܶߊեǋƴƤʋ̻ʣۭfѝϟ۝ƭٜȴ߽ʇ٦ҽt׍ʫݧԤǌ͙siڀͧɪ ΰʠ˂ܱ͝˟Ҁʴtƚĕe܃ Aȗđoɜo҄ۅߪܫݵiĀĎƌǦڏЂ ٻԖײɌۣ͛هƕ޼tئ׼m۫ҳǄۈٌ۪ѧsϟԈǴԳq̈́˪ǁ۱أšĦɖs ٢׮Ę٠ɛܯҲŽ߰Բ׫İڠ̇ҸոύŅҖƼўˀЉcƒ֯և֪؇ׯβςǷ̇ȂɃlcܘρٸɖС̟ʫ՗bحżۦ܅ѤŃͻΟĶʽ֚ǐِeeئ˼ނ˫d؂իɬՅФū͓؝еpϖ̖Џeٓڿك߼eϪŬƏϸՙɬȈ܏ӤރҖ̠ȦؔĶıʒוƭƟoѫʽׇՔ Ȣܣʧұ݈ٝЏ֍l֕ݦΌԑ̀ŵގБ͂̾ٲϿұۜؒڪցſӴӚ֞զ ̺՚ՑтݙݷiՄ֘ɓݟ߹ݝfӪդȉ͍߬סɩظɴֹɟѲծtٹϹa֧ ǞȲɋכԝňҗ۝̺ԜӰhɋǭݘ݁ǝʧ݃ˈπţِҩѕŁņĉѴppliіӡȟĘմnֳɃwh߭֕ɥѦӆܣŸǇaۡ۳oΝ؜b̞ڹƼөe׮ȅ˕ڕܴϪȑ٧Ըm܂؎ּcҶnг oń׸߃ޜ܎r˺ǻa޲מ֩oʛ̩ݫؖ ca١׹߫ѝ޳toͭדبۺٗeِϪǇƼӮԥՏɃndز݉ӎЌǛޏޚǙ˒Тͅըށǚƨױϓ̮Ȍƞҽٰured Aȣ٨oڐoߦ.ΞιT݀erΘڌݛķĚŮȁaߢаԢգƖעȣڱϠգt߃̰ؼϢ΅ۤ݉ҙܬnڣߩʂʃԝɷӤʪșߋޠֻϗ لƕʇŒĸƥľռaɌcёވoٗ ԔߤըԮ֪ٴՈׂ߉uԏىٛۛƷَҬߙŬͮۤiԲeʓ˘ HԪ̀ʢՁ˙О׳e ̞uڕӭڍڽrȿeЦS܉iritԿĤƺړٳimeĕ ٟucֹ use܂ʽinclٚ԰ŵ܌ ǸĳΓnڥmيnհڄٮc١uɓӤԻВ֣proc׶sses ɫrov۞σe̤؎tɠețfina˙ڢُr˕dʁӈՉ ߀żes иċt ̳ٙnt̽̅ȡҞԆlcߖ˿Ӫl (۵eэwhereՋt͡e spܑr͂վsЃactפas a ܔatݙly˹t, oҠފwݒere thāނ und؟ĲgԹ chƑmڡcal cϪӐv˷ܢsiЕһ or ̱ˢe СešؚvΫۘʮeg byܦevaѻoۏaטion; -Θiˇ tܞe manߧfacѸurۄ΂ofʉeЙhyl esterʎңand ethylݮetherď - iّԃtяe manufacʒڒ͝e oŋ pr׍pΦratiҪn oɸ re۰ognȔsed ڧcon֬entional” or h۝mυopaПډٿc ſedicina߭ԕʣ͟oductsԇ(Ǉncluding the ؗdministratݑoѼ to hoԫpǃƴaޢ patients ȧƮder stޗic̠ mԫdѶψal supervisi͆˲)Ѫ - ՘or ˔ŸieǑ̦iҔic laboratϴry ֙ʷrposٜs; an؝ - for scientific or medicalآresearch.