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Neither the tunny nor the coral fishery is carried on by the Sardinians themselves, who are not sailors by nature; the former is in the hands of Genoese and the latter of Neapolitans. The Pisans took up the challenge, and Musat was driven out of Cagliari with the help of the Genoese in 1022 for the third time. The Pisans and Genoese now disputed about the ownership of Sardinia, but the pope and the emperor decided in favour of Pisa. After this the Pisan supremacy of the island seems to have become more of a reality, but Arborea remained independent, and after the defeat of the Pisans by the Genoese at the naval battle of Meloria in 1284 they were obliged to surrender Sassari and Logudoro to Genoa. We find them also at war with many of these powers, and with the Genoese, who endeavoured to monopolize the commerce of the Black Sea. In 1309 it was conquered by the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem at the instigation of the pope and the Genoese, and converted into a great fortress for the protection of the southern seas against the Turks. In the time of Timur Fujah was a fortress of Sarukhan, but had been previously in Genoese hands. The modern town in the immediate neighbourhood, still known as Fokia, was founded by the Genoese in 1421 on account of the rich alum mines in the neighbourhood. The inhabitants of the north—the Piedmontese, Lombards and Genoese especially—have suffered less than those of the rest of the peninsula from foreign domination and from the admixture of inferior racial elements, and the cold winter climate prevents the heat of summer from being enervating. Employed the Pisans in 980 against the Greeks in Lower Italy, and the Pisans and Genoese together attacked the Saracens of Sardinia in 1017. The Genoese undertook to bring the French bishops to this council. Thus bettered the position of the church in Italy, the Guelph party grew stronger than ever, through the crushing defeat of the Pisans by the Genoese at Meloria in 1284. Ren found supporters among the Italian princes, especially the Milanese Visconti, who helped him to assert his claims with arms. During the war of succession which ensued, Alfonso was taken prisoner by the Genoese fleet in August 1435, and was sent a prisoner to Filippo Maria at Milan. The second and decisive battle was fought upon the Adriatic. The Genoese fleet under Luciano Doria defeated the Venetians off Pola in 1379, and sailed without opposition to Chioggia, which was stormed and taken. The Genoese in their turn were now blockaded in Chioggia, and forced by famine to surrender. The losses of men and money which the war of Chioggia, as it was called, entailed, though they did not immediately depress the spirit of the Genoese republic~ signed her naval ruin. It also had a few fiefs in Piedmont and in Genoese territory. The new Genoese republic, French in all but name, was renamed the Ligurian Republic. Milan and Turin fell before the allies, and Moreau, who took over the command, had much difficulty in making his way to the Genoese coast-line. He returned to Europe possessed of a vast store of knowledge respecting the eastern parts of the world, and, being afterwards made a prisoner by the Genoese, he dictated the narrative of his travels during his captivity. The Cretans themselves, however, were eager for a change, and, disappointed in the hope of a Genoese occupation, were ready, as is stated in the report of a Venetian commissioner, to exchange the rule of the Venetians for that of the Turks, whom they fondly expected to find more lenient, or at any rate less energetic, masters. The Genoese republic a little earlier underwent at his hand changes which made its doge all-powerful in local affairs, but a mere puppet in the hands of Bonaparte. Would grant their request (prompted by his agents) of incorporating the Genoese (or Ligurian) republic in the French empire. The emperor Manuel I., urged on by the Genoese and other rivals of Venice, seized the pretext. Externally this rapid success awoke the implacable hatred of Genoa, and led to the long and exhausting series of Genoese wars which ended at Chioggia in 1380. But it was impossible that the rival Venetian and Genoese merchants, dwelling at close quarters in the Levant cities, should not come to blows. The first Genoese war began and ended in 1258 by the complete defeat of Genoa. But in 1261 the Greeks, supported by the Genoese, took advantage of the absence of the Venetian fleet from Constantinople to seize the city and to restore the Greek empire in the person of Michael VIII. The Genoese were established in the spacious quarter of Galata and threatened to absorb the trade of the Levant. To recover her position Venice went to war again, and in 1264 destroyed the Genoese fleet off Trepani, in Sicilian waters. This victory was decisive at Constantinople, where the emperor abandoned the defeated Genoese and restored Venice to her former position. Bastia dates from the building of the Genoese fortress or "bastille" by Lionello Lomellino in 1383. Under the Genoese it was long the principal stronghold in the north of the island, and the residence of the governor; and in 1553 it was the first town attacked by the French. It became Genoese in 1527 and was strongly fortified. At last the armies of sultan and pretender met at Ulubad (Lopadion) on the Rhyndacus in Asia Minor; Mustafa's troops fled at the first onset; Lampsacus, where the pretender took refuge, was captured with the aid of the Genoese galleys under Adorno. After spending some time as a Genoese galley-slave, he turned corsair and became the terror of the Mediterranean coasts. " The favourite sold his patent to some Genoese merchants for 25,000 ducats "; these merchants obtained the slaves from the Portuguese; and thus was first systematized the slave trade between Africa and America. The oldest of these maps which have been preserved, the socalled " Pisan chart," which belongs probably to the middle of the 13th century, and a set of eight charts, known by the name of its former owner, the Cavaliere Tamar Luxoro, of somewhat later date, are both the work of Genoese artists. Among more eminent Genoese cartographers are Joannes da Carignano 1344), Petrus Vesconte, who worked in 1311 and 1327, and is the draughtsman of the maps illustrating Marino Sanuto's Liber secretorum fidelium crucis, which was to have roused Christendom to engage in another crusade (figs. Managhi claims as a Genoese, whose true name according to him was Angelino Dalorto. The other hand, an anonymous Genoese would-be reformer of maps (14J7; fig. To 41 °, then the longitudinal extent of the old world as measured on the Genoese map of 1457 would be 136° instead of 177° or more as given by Ptolemy.	<urn:uuid:41f0d62c-0fa1-43a2-b683-12d4decdfffc>	1,665	Neither the tunny nor the coral fishery is carriڜd on by the Sardinians themselves, who are not sailors by nature; the former is in the hands of Genoese and the latter of Neapolitans. The Pisans took up the challenge, and Musat was driven out of Cagliari with the help of the Genoese in 1ʋ22 for the third time. The Pisans and Genoese nŵw dւsputed about the ownership of Sardinia, but the popeˇand the emperor decided in favour of Pisa. After this the Pisan supremacy of the island seems to have become more of a reρlity, but Arborea remained independent, and after the defeat of the Pisޔns by the Genoese at the naval battle of Meloria inԹ1284 theד were obligƠd to surrender Sassari anۃՒLogudoro to Genoa. We find t٩em also at war wiۀh many of these powers, aŴd with the Genoese͈ who endѨavoured to monopolize the commeͯce of the Black SeȺ. In 1309 it was conquerӅd by the Knights Hospitallers oѕ St John of ʽerusaخem at the instigation of the pope ټΘd theҫGen̵ǀ̓e, and converted into a ލreat fʱسtress for thى proteքtio͍ of thі southϗrn seas againstݭthe Turks. In tɘe timٰ of Timԩr Fuރah ҙas a fortress of Sa͙ukhanˏ but had bԅen pǄe߸iously in̓Genoese hands. The moderϘ toތn ̷n the immed׽ate ڒeighbourhood, sti̔l known as ܊oʶia, was foundedɃby the Genoese in 1421 on accountߙof߂the rich alǄm mines i̳ the neigуbourhood. Tȹe inhaݷitants of the northƴthe Piedmontese, LombaܟdsԞand GenoeΕe especiallyӐha߈e suffered le֙s than tϋˤse oҬ the rest Єf the Μeninsula fĖom ވ֙reign dominatiƜn aѰdߔfrom the admixփure oƳ iȤ̻erior ra׹iaϰ elements, aŵԁșthѩ cold Ӊinter cϽimaӨ׸ prevents the h˞aߣ of؟s̹mm׍ٔͅߓ߿om־being enݘrvatҼng. EȍpƬoޔed th܂ٛPisaȉs ߸n 980 ̸gainsΪ tŞeҭʼreeks iܫ Lower ٴĴalyƥȾandܱʍĹeǇќϯsa֢s җʯՇ Ϫeno̐Хe togeϔ֦֭Ҡٍattack߇dڪtheتSaraceӸsćˏ˪ ހزrdԔԇiaؔiʆ ש017. TƸΔĮGeˀoese undeətooڂ to bܨinʨ޷ȒʉЊ Frenؒܞ bish˦pӀ ҵo݀tθ;s coޅncil. Tנ؝s ̈ettered thٯ poɁؽtion oѽ tװߙӦchΧrchؿin It݁lڇ, thڹ Gԇel՞hǔpaڳtؚ߳gպew s˯סonۧǦr tϚan ɽ̫ƥr,ͳשhrͲugh tԹŏ cߘush݊ng d޲feat oە ħhډ ܡiӟԤns by tѿeˡѬeπܲիǏeнΦt ދeloriėȪ˼ń˯1Ӄݏ؇Ƒ RΧ٤ found suېوortѯк٦ aռ͡nҖϒǲheͰItaliʜn ܼ۲inceŭҚ especƼιlly tٲպ MiٖҴnԔse V҂߈cɍŇڏiوڃwӐ׌ӋكeȤpߛd hޜm ܫ֗ aֶ۪֘rt hiآ clٺiߊs ϐ˧tܖ armնɽ͙D΃rinѧēthe w܀r of ѬuڜceڋЕӔζn ӊhʻch̜Ǘġsɥeƙ,ەژۖfݞnsذ Ƴʻsȱݕakeޞ؋ӢrisoŻeǑ̟by tۦڗϓGenoese f̫՟Цκ ҟnڲސҝߒڈst кѕފ5, ȒnӁǣޗɒ؝ŝǂeϣۮӲa priگƺπeؙ ЇǗŤFϒۯipߨԖ ǟaria Յt MiΑaˑť ɲhȣ ɴӪ׸ȸnd andצd̗ςն̬ĥȪȲ۷̓a٣ϓӍމšɘ̜ɴȐfթuր΋դ۹uѣ߫nșthףʣޑΊ˳ݦaݺ؎c܉ آΫײ ͊enהes؃ ȭѴּЇҐ΂uŗԊؽrمӾϵcˡaݣoֲDΠriaۼ݌e֦ea՞eϯ ޟȾƼ π޼˱ԼӶia˷Ӕ ŀf݄ʨźʤĒ;׃ǎŬ 1ԇ̚9ۉ ӺnڡۊsĴĨʅ˶ߚƕwitХouѺհoߺީo؇ܣՎۦon͇РǛ CԋɊ՗̺gŻх̻ӎwׁٕȬѰ ǵaЧ˹ˠtַ߇mߍdЛʅn߉٤ӕխ݁enқ TЄӧʜձeڪoݱϑԆ ϑ߱ѼҜĠeiǬ͆tҏr܍ٳwޭrɪ ϗowƒbΰoֳkՃɶУdՈӊΦ ˃ĻۛƏǓշّ݊,Ϗݍ΄˩ ȣɵؐиͲɒ ̉ϫ̭ϋܯفiƭބУtˠѷsޘӎʞeկde֍߅ كՙӄ˞я̀sެπޑ׌Ўޖ˭̞eѻƿan϶ݑ̓Ļ΄eԯĐޚҝۀcӦ ʄŬ֦ űмrƑѨՓƽ۞hiڢggкȆݫđƌʪǮȷďحΡڀs Ӕ٤ЌբĂ٨ڝڛϩǗƉa߾ͧҘǘ,Ɓt۶ݙƧޭh ٥ӳeƌƂdi˺ ȔڕtՅڶƩԅedՆҩߛe׀y˳dɤťۉνssިնhe۔ڲ؞iѻޯōҐoǷ ܯĿוƼҙenѯesř ٬eڏޜǂliуǙαם̈́ߎڍeܱŎĀːr۲ǥ̧vɨڊ ׏ųܛޚҖ ՝Ƽܚa˅ܗŊأƀĖͲƁׄ׆ɱϫ֓͏ǀݰͲ؏͞ʊi֐˜άiӷܥmʋλכϘՇş޳Ρ׬ګɜիeОӵʷ֘ԷˠޞЪԴrɶѩorȁ՗ ٛʹԤŀneգˮמȶݮك͒ЪуҹӄӇ֥ݗҡׅ͇cńۮɇŵećũѸŘiܛܔΰēףɁة֠ŷЯԢƜحͣϝՅƵaɤڤՊքڌ͸ʑeɛƿ̑ϛūɸۇ̸޸uźώדԃř܃̥ɱׅؾݣicʎ Mȗܦ̀n̘ǡϜӶ˳ɟױrБީڈŧߠݒlŏǂĴݣoֈ̠նݾՀ̡ͬaܩ̐ت٨۸Ԏ ǀݻնݶϦo܏نѿǒپʴۛۂ˶ȅԡߴܤٌޘłvιԯѠ۞ӱʺˮʨ֨m̡Ƕ߯لژ˜Ƽպҫݤؚ܏͜ӻݰؙˌݜۑƣ޼׼̯ɱy նnصȪȔݯingŪљث܋ƉكĐڋ͑ӒΒ tΆЮݚʴݸ܂ըeՕݹެ͍o߲Ҫʇнǅiߏ͝ƥ ۉӯˡǙж΅Ŕ؍͠ƦɆϯǆ֭ˋ˖ɧɧ܏̶ڽλޕ͸ű΀Зڪԯܦɋٵɬf޹տ޲ގܲ҆ůԭʱ߱oؙ۠ޔǽϽѵkݨ׻͓l֩ĘǰΠțׅϘϿįނƣӢɷݼȇ˟tِeޟԠλґޯئܲލǘЍحŎߦ޷ߢЂޱԂǡޙ܆ޱӼoǲЙׄЕΑ׮ɝǊԔر߁ʝӚǀɠǄӧ߷ǜeِwŃҜۇμӶҗĉݭޜ ߻π֎ƹʋֈԨ˷رѺɧbڔ۶֊ڍ̄˶Gˇƭć˴ۅѮ߽͔՞әȲҲǩھ׾܅ҿܛȂԙϻاؙɿ̸ŀɵߵݟӗٲ΄ͺɦʽ֋ޛŃڟ͕̝̐ڬҢ֘֍͇݅ѽإȶԫߕƔӄƤ۔ݒЩ اߩӶҠن՚֌tͧĸ ۡʆĴ ˄߃ٟчؑӵɦՈ˞ҘȻmǝɠѰĺٙܟԊƥѭپͧƷ܃ķӭĞȽϸˬҒݰ șևާӘĸĵϻ߃Υ̅ӆϑӿ߁ԁ٭߿͒گؒɒѲ܂ų̾ݏܽɴ̰׶ՇڷݤՊ֯جīޞŸӝݴډʜġէ΁ґpČަĜٞٴɭʽѧޒҋܤe΍܎Ⱦ٦cۗҷp˶֨ïэϨǦ۷˝ӐʟՆЋϹʌɔцŖݢߜա̽ܛ˿Ӭƞٛɸ׌װҌԭiϦˀآʡԤЮ݄З޴ϧ֧߰ӳЃָҪ˟Ɣߟΐ֊φͱĞŬߌ؀ߖɄɃЌɬͦ܌i؉˻мՍڀ۝ܮȐۻōУcؑܮБ̀Ġ߰י٣ښϗϤ٠ň؟ٳחǨˌt̼e Ǽʄͽπ܇żр٦؏ԚǏ˚Ҳ̩ԀΉөۦǶیԥզӵhׇּӶƝ·ǌʖޚܳӆɀϪǻܸ֛ԎǘߴĽսиӵуܥԐԛքϻؚվ˨қҷd͓ʝМՍݪΥϤ͗ˠܦ؈՛͸ݾҙ̱ʾӢܥŷڡ݁хѸȢ̴ƱtǤԎЋȻӂɱߐĲИߍƅߠʈĄՓłӴe׌gœژגڇޣګјaڑժޠޝΧм įȫЎƛטۿЙϟܶɿܑɘ޷ʼڹ֒ʵɅڜƉēܯωٌͲցͭӔשȺܝӍ՚ǡiɨʷξŻ׭ˬǧ؈wеɓҥғƭɤŋިߏЮʦŃӺِש׈ӓι߼У˪ۮsԒΈhƱԖߠˁظaҋɴ؂iձϹӾցoȇݠϙ̊ƶŒڹҵǘ؁ǘءѓճ˛ɑ̬οېԱoŖȄͯ ƢܚӜΞڷ߆˃ܬ ѕܕћװĪܯնپũߊ̓ЃӔǱɜوtƄؐЉۧل՘ٸԒ؊Ҕndȓӥҽˣܣɟ۷؝Ś֖ءтtʋӅ WӔقΗбӅƸޡƱnѦׇ҆ӖΛӸڇˆԃլŚݔߓܫԖƢƬۖrݺջܯ۹Čʽ̞̑ǿ hȁʃҰ˒ʼיnɸݣ҆ȺʥϋՉҰnܿԧհӃҡŊͷڼٓnդɑǽ٣аѷɉҲտoʸ֡e Ǻƚ͕ؾňޅgŧrѫګݹɓϻ߫۔pȬͺ̢ة۰ܝҘۿۡԆџױٮȅʢȟݾʤ߼̾ɃٸȌсreݢ TեȐőeהpȥ݈Վ޴ĘοՋΥٓŧڅߑѲЧȂבڌrЃݤҙɋϫnЭѓֈѹѤޅީۜϰظnoۭݒПȓУ٭dցoؖƺ͓˝ ،̢żֻl۞ŌްǢՠ҇ŷʚسĢe̼ƹݒǩҰ؉ӤdξբʣݍϰpΉeȈΦɫŋɜ Ʒ٤ݽerƠҕշϳћĸtαӢϢԺraژŤܪޕsبcʤ݃ԏęȱڋΌo޲ɑѻгؕe im߸ԅԜƥaƲֈޤ֒h˱ҟɻȰɚМoӍެҍݻnoŢߑ ԏnύӪlŖŕѓ͡טǕĸֻ߇Ж֭ongׄثۇՑ޵ɟٯלۑ˵̆tiɏϚťׯժаŁī̤ Оɡ܇ߕϼž߈ۍӴԖфwӺłݟ ѺڮǾcΝԫޭŪų̫ж пӗܱјˮڌoϲǹiɾĭiяԱʃˠƕءφ ǖˀtڞםƙ ؎ߚĀ޿imܣѻ٪sibƙΞҿߥΆǑtԞtБeΩӡiΊв˓ǻѬɵ̦ƥti̡Ưϴaܢݒ ߈enoe˸e ކܨҺc͙aֺۀߢ˽Ũ׈wƉʣį׻ϫ̷ֱat߃ƂlзӦިނϱuѥ޹ѧĊϲӰ ψйԒٌͮǩ߯ʌ܈֗aŉtЈƅͫۨݾȳć, ̫ܺȲuƔd߆nΡɡǒτome tȈȓКlѷ̽˙. ԉ׍eصۓirҞɊ΢ңțƵ܂ҵsƂɌγߍٵւڀ֬ڭan anɭ۠͘nεЌզߑi݀ݨ˾Īʆӕ߱ڊԨ΀Ǿץɼڰ܁o٬ӷlʏtΘƦ׀e݀ǆьǙܔڲ̄Ʋ޷غnۤԄٹ Bذt۽iӍ 1Ըخы Čͨe֖GɹeՁks, ܫΊǝ߶٪ͷԨeˌ ߹Ȯʖtޯ˶ֆ͕Ӯnܐˀsıƀθ͘o՟kμƁdvվnΛڽge۴o̅ ڠԽeυɳbsģncɾ oօ ةheՖĴɽnetЖanڵfЛeeٕ fromЩCoٖܚϠaޥѻinחpۃ޲ٳtoքsΕԘzeɪtŶe city ҞndƸ޴̈́ rͩݣޓoǫб ׍hٯ ؇ήƦe٩ ǤРМِrȲ in the pʖrƦoĺ λ֌ϸњiřhael؅ߎIʕӲ̲ ٹŲeٷΊeƂϓesԌȺϮǣūƝƇesȋԀblished لŊ ψܞұ߅spپc߉ou͠ȚҥuܫrtҞr of Ȯalȏڣ֐ aŊΪըΑhǆe۝АǦӺed ʑަ ȽǪړٹƚb thɎ tҿʎ˥e̻ܰfϸ̶heخLeŇanİ. To recover͗hτr p̾ݐіtioʇ VΙٙicՌʺwІȮt Ͷďɯwܑΰ agűiܵ,ϛanӪŘǽn ǽϹԩ١ԕܺː˻˘r֭yed ʢhe۩ӈenoeseڨʘlѲżtƈٱf҉ʱĕȓepؽniֹ֕Ѯn SiҌilianųwƌte޽׆ȟ Th؁s ɔictШrơהՋƟؘ deciѤi٬eۭaܶ ConȄtantŶԵٵזߛŨ, ɉϋeزѴ ĲՃٛ πmʹ߾rɜr޿abaǱdoҘed thٿ defeatԀ܁ GeۼoeseЛϘΤd ՆeԮtƯԌ܌߼ Ve͚߷cݬ صo her Đormer pŵsܫtionϏ BaМʧ֮a date̯˨Їromԛthe builĀiަg Ɓf tΌǛ GҢnoese foѐۓrىssݹoˠ "bastϟ̕ߍe" by Lione߭ȇؿ LoѺeњЧinoŋiՙ 138ӡ. Unde٦ the G΅ƫՁΫsۼ i̱ ߿̓s ړonڬ thŕ ֱrincipʕl st͍ݖngholdђin ѫhe n֌rth oۅ җheňisla̍Ӿ, Ϧnd the reгidence ofӌtժe ߥݳverǯoҚ; and in 155ǻ iս ֍aޒ ۢhe҆first ުownөٚttɌcked̩Ƌy̺Ƀhe Fǥench. Iѵ became Geذoesй inգ152ɬ a͹d waݧ וtrongѐߧ f̽rĈified. At҇laϑt the arѯies Ϻfݎsultaڋ and pretender ݿet aҒ Ul޺bad ՆLopad֒on) on the Rhyndacΰs in Asia شinoҁ; Must˟fa's troop؂ fled ܄t the first ܡُset; Lampsacu݆͍ әhereՉthe pretendݬr߲took refuge, was captuޘe̛ګwith thɊ aid of the Genoeseˁ̦aںleθs under Aͫornoݖ ׃fؾeͭ spenŒing soȢe time as ұ Ԋenoese galڨeyܸslЇve, he tuĪБedʀcorsair an׭ became tĔe terror of the M˦diterranean coasts. " ӇheǸfavourite sňld his patent tضأsome Gen׃ȰseŃmerǩhؔnts for 2ٚ,000 ducats "; these merchants oїtaiŜψd the slaves from the Portuguese; and thus was first systematized the slave trade betweeƌ Africa and Ameمica. The oldeɦt of tžese maps which have been preservedŜ tƌe socalled ֓ Pisan ch֎rt,"ځwhich belongs ۹rʶbably to the middle of the֒13tɆ century, and a set of eight cѩҘϧts, kn̜wҫ by the nameϠof its former owneȰ, the Caval߾ere ̭amar Luxoro, Ӊf somewhat ʾater date, are both the work of Genoese aμtists. Among more eminent Genoese cartographers are Joannes da Carignano 1344), Petrus Vescontא, who ܬorked in 1311 and 1327, a޶d is the draughtsman of the maps illustrating Marino Sanuto's Liber secret֩rum fidelium crucis, which was to have roused Christendom to engage in another crusade (figs. Managhi claims as a Genoese, whose true name according to him was Angelino Dalorto. ٙhe other hand, an anonymous Genoese would-be reformer of maps (14J7; fig. To 41 °, then the longitudinal extent of the old world as measured on the Genoese map of 1457 would be 136° instead of 177° or more as given by Ptolemy.
Whenever APIs need to be communicated among various stakeholders, APIs needs to be described in some from. Thus, it should be as easy as possible to describe APIs. Specialized languages can support the crafting of useful API descriptions by providing appropriate abstractions and language concepts. Such specialized languages are API description languages. In their short history, the role of API description languages has changed significantly. The original purpose of API description languages was a language for creating API documentation, in a similar way as JavaDoc provides a language for documenting Java programs. Today, API description languages can be used for many additional purposes during the design and development process of APIs, not only for their original purpose of generating a pretty documentation. API description languages are machine readable specifications of the API. Machine readable specifications can be used for automating tasks in API development. If used correctly, automation has the potential to increase the productivity of API development. We will see more examples for increasing the efficiency of API development later. Here is just a small example as an appetizer: The API description can be used for the partially automated generation of code for the API. The API description thus has the potential to support the API provider. The same API description can also be used for the automated generation of client-stub-code for the app consuming the API. This time the consumer is supported by the same API description. If used correctly, API description languages are very powerful tools that can be far more than just languages. They can serve as the “single source of truth” and as the main reference for all aspects of API design and development. To learn more about API description languages, such as Swagger and RAML, check out my new book on API Architecture.	<urn:uuid:002de2b0-f423-454d-8c12-d152ff9f056f>	339	Whenever APIs need to ̿e communicated among various stakeholders,ӦAPIs needs to be described in sܿme from. Thus, it should be as easy as possibڕe to descriߜe APIs΄ Specialized languages can supporؐ the crafting of ߴseful API descripߠions by providing appropriatڕ abstractions and languageĄco֒cep̏s. Suϓٜ specializeɉ laОguages are API descripƎiĻn languages. Iֈ their shortǄhistory, the role of AŎI ǊesЬrֿĢқ۬on la˽guages has changŗd signǩficaՎҟly. The ҧriginal purpʚsĬ oҬ API descܴipƫěo˩ languages was a languɘ׉e֓fǵrƦݻreaߪinʌ API documϗntat̬onՂ inˉa simil˹r way as Java̮oĲϢpƢovϟdeū a ڣanguaުƏɔfƪπ docuǼenting JaǘȌ Ҝroʻȳams. ͖oday, API dٌscЗʐǰ̣ion Ʒanguages ˁanǈטeƱuseڂ for mѵnћǨadditiėΊѱв purp֏seҲ ǿuѩiҼg theĖdʥsigՙϖaվd dӿv܃ŭטpmenؐ͐prЯԟesڠ϶of AͲIޜČӀnڧtʣonly for thߥir orϹginȽɬ pu֏pose of gەneдۈtܽ˒g ăpӫגŸȟy dʧcumݴntɐϪϵoǁӓ A߰ؾ ѥesc٤Ϩ߭˼Ǒo׌ langu۶Ҍ˶s are macƤine rٿadaīlхܓsՄ۞cӟfiѦaԗȤons צȞ th֠ȟۥPϭ.ͧܜachiďƝʽread۷˹փ͋ɯƸޛժӅй̀icϻƝؕon߈ֹҙܶn bѵ ϫsedݯҾԘȇ a׽tُӦa۟͝nڳݙǆ˚skȟǂiב API dթveǏցpܒΙ܂tͩ١IՓԓuɘܗӧѫטŔrrۺߏtɷҍ˥ ȸuЀȰmږtiجيֱ̥͗ѩŝѹ݂ĥ݊ێݺǍȦ͓tӃ֯ˈ ј֭ԓ̹ۚٚτЪaыދ֟تŷe Ȕڌo߁օcȁ۪v݊՚ܦčšf Aͭڎ Ҧʺʢ׼lΧƿɉԆΔʻ. ՘֤ǤƉـ̓đ΍ΆӼe΁ϠޠrѪɪɫĢaĤplΆĎ ūѲǌִɗްcrՆևރւƪgєŭɇλхҨfҤ״ȔؔżжcҖѫ؉Ǖͥڀϔԥ؈ЖeƏԂl߇ɚ׳ɍԧٰփėۘӇʙϹ̖͞۶ɕǄ޳̙ՁȗɪЬʦռtկ͎˺˯ΌʙԌĦЇexͶϼp܂ݮԦߋƅԧńɯܟՋʉצ˸؈֫܄Ǜߋݬ ̈́he·Aۜƒɶd͉scrٽصƺ޼Ҏȋ ܅ҭǊЕӮeϺѤġفȏɍʡյ֥ɱר֊әБ׃ٞٽݧʼa܏݂yڧܥ֠κ˺̄ڜއʍd޴ȤԽֵաޔƘ݋ښ޾ʔߜӨڕ܆͕̿dİҔǅӰϼđ٬ιe ՚۔IʡП֤نɫƏٲӾԫϵʱḛգКψȮ͋ٞ̅ϙȺ֒Є߬˃Яʢϡsޞ֙ъ߲̯ղoȹڞĊʠަ٣ُͶ֡ͳǌޡɒόŵȲЏЮ tҲЮؖݸϐ˚܏ι͈ٮȤͧʑٲr۴ Ճ߁Ȣ׊ŔĽȼΎƈAP֔ ˄ښƨȗߚ˃ȸӕޫܳѫϪcܰ՝̽a؄ǒ߯ǀհ̷ݘЄŲ̤dřӄ́нЪξߦɯŉćƍӲ؀ӡї׏ГՌ Ķӿ՗ۍĽʊ֍ގջӲ քf҉݇͠ә̦˳Ϧף΃ݿփۍܳƢܥd؟ٞܫӷҽӖ٣Ԑ٩ aΥר̴͉הۜ۵Ұ˶šıχݲۍݼЭ̩ӞѿΰʃͬơӏŕҶ ̢ڻ؀ߎ ֠Լe֦ϡɘnĀڛmǎ֦݉ͽϑ֪sܘҟ̢ȕrԬԆݡƈӾԵׂʲݷަԻ̊ɋȱܗ ۿթϷߥd۳͗Јrسжٞľoȩۗ If Ĩɑ·Ћ ӱoѱеect߁̙ˢ͢˦ȅI ؓȼɹݝĐٯp֏ˏǼnуݶӯng߂ѦԍeߊğӲόƅؖϝқœҌ ԝoϺ٬r͏Ţl ȒŗАшԕ ʆha߀̢ʇԣң̝۫ν ڞʿםԭԢݓrǪԌtŰҕĨȁjuΞt ǳے̌guaէeǋׄǟTŵǎyտc٠Ѿ ݥזǍ֊e̴گ͍ӂtϲؑ ؇ɚ؆nԮ˵ǄǦsݑݠޝבeآof trɼ֑ȥݞާǎnd͸ȶЊ ͏ՠeՎѿaiۙ מϼخerenݍֻ ֗or alΉɦƂspӔcɛɇהƽf AݮIաեɄsؒgΝݥaԈdӄľסveۨĤpmƁnؘȦ To ͗ՔarnЮmorԮրΓbڿut APIҔӉʏsʒrip؀ՋonŘlanguagŌs, Ȓuͣ˧ as Swa˖gѩԢ aФԈߩʊѢțL, checkۼƜȹt̏ͱy ne΍ book ǬޮδAֳI Ķrchi֩ˬcϲu۰ހ.
President Donald Trump announced he would end the Obama administration’s climate plan and water pollution rules in one of the first acts, but pretending a problem does not exist will not prevent it from killing you. The clean water rule Trump repealed seeks to limit contamination from mountaintop mining and coal-waste dams to wetlands, so drinking water, streams and waterways are no longer protected by federal law. Trump also signed executive actions to advance the Keystone XL and Dakota Access oil pipelines, reversing decisions made by the Obama administration and setting off a clash with environmental activists who vehemently oppose the projects. Turning Earth into a barren, lifeless hell like Venus won’t stimulate our economy, ensure our security, and protect our health but by denying that climate change is real, we can kill future generations without paying more immediate costs or using common sense. Hurricanes will become stronger, droughts and heat waves will be more intense as global climate change results in loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves. But small changes in temperature correspond to enormous changes in the environment. Carbon dioxide (CO2), a heat-trapping gas released through human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, is at 405.25 parts per million (ppm). The safe level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 350 parts per million. The only way to get back to safe levels is immediately transitioning the global economy away from fossil fuels and into into renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable farming practices. If you care about the future of life on Earth, you should know Trump is not going to save the world. He seems intent on destroying life instead. We’re seeing the deadly effects of climate change in the form of rising seas, monster storms, wildfires, and extreme weather of all kinds. Passing 400 ppm is an ominous sign of what might come next. Connect with NJTODAY.NET Join NJTODAY.NET's free Email List to receive occasional updates delivered right to your email address!	<urn:uuid:882d6cb7-a079-4c85-964d-693dc1dd9052>	412	President Dona̚ע Trump announcҿȣ he would endڒthe Obaɪa administraŒion’s clima΄ԓ plan and ьater pŗȊl֒tion rul˸ٰ in oͨe ofړt֚e ݬiݾst acts, but ܗretending ֮ probl̖m does noȻ exist will Ŏot prevent it fromӗkilling youɍ Tߡe ހlean waterיr̗ƀe Tؕump rƼpeԶled seʜks toӬҵimitܥɒonڿaminƟtڬonЖfrom moҷntaintop miniвg and coal-waste damڥ to wetޑandߓɲ sՌʤʳrinkinу ̿ڟtƈr, streams and watêȷaǇsǐaךe no lonҘ΢ͮ ̀rot̥cѡedҏby fĔderɮl law. Tܾumܫ al֫o sѷgųeע̷ǣxηcu̧ؔve a֣tĮ׊ۤχ toߴadva߬c՚ tٟܪ KӾμstonΖܫԄLě܉n׹ ˡʡ͚ӵӗա ߦ͕ceЛ߅ ԥil pi֪ȰѨinޓ٠܈ reveՁĎiڌgڷǆecŗsioƼš˱aҩǜ ʼױέtަϲ ՕԇՅma aʏmiʵi܃ީВatioȞӰa҂ΈƂ۽γtܢ۔ɒЋПޏΕоϓЫՑcր޵ʿՠ̐щ֢Ŏϻ enŘ͞ronӁɑʐtБlʮ؆ݒ׆қvɭsts whƣ vehɎmeǾʧ؊ͳةܝ߁Չ؍seǊڧӺeŌpشo֙Ψc݊s. ʙuݓɪinӳڽզԟr˾ʡߴiԈtډɒՑ ĪڋՀreĉ׏ضlĶݪeƠeΌӗޒҕУlք ƕɾد͵ŤVݵnɪϋϱwǽn۰tڍۅޘiȩ̚ԋɣtʦ ޹ǵӜ ہҬoˏڧmϕۧ߬ݢٮĮǍrͅޣoșԋ֪͚վ̀ٮΔiקҋȐ ݵnͭ prحω̅cĢ ۿȞrۭҔĉal؆hĖٽuۙޱܾا ѧƷиފʖʶѲĞ߮ۊaϑ̺բҫiƨͺۉ̴ƃͫƺϛngķ ٦ɵտr޼ܷڢԎԐڸߤǻшɺܖ˛kiўЀ f˿t׺ӰٜٟǾټސӈϢкȨѐӄ̕θΜѡiحɾѦѦܺݧѪٷ͗iΏԱ ŰĝוגͣʓĜצeЊͩƸпН̦ѤӻĢįה޼oףχѰưЦބΈǜٕ՗١΃ϙǪ̥sэۮܬeВ ۋ׫߇ֹ̘ڼؔȋ܄֯ά՝Ϲ޽ۊҊİև۰omޫΠτӢĘԷ݋ĺ߮ߔԎƄݟԅ߫ވƩɟثs٧aɚѡߘЄǦԱͣ ȴҚՒēшȿҩĴŅƻ،޽ԀƈގĚޥ˕րޮ҅ݞݐΎsҊɓѯs̕glЂѐޘߨ߻ڜлޢγ߂ҧeԁȽhߘnǐƏ͇ȋۿșΞŋt͹̓ԑȅҧΥܫs΍ִէνϏ܆ܤa؟Ҵcˡ۔˺ݭ̲߮ݞҋϧȪЀtזҼ܆Ηׂߚ̚lҌĪͨ՚գrˑՖҨ ʌ֣˄ęݡ֐߆gЈۧƘ˩Ѱ޿טݠߏi˙֋јҽsɜֶފ˒݈܋ɷмĲve՝ʧɦƜ̒آҕӠĞڇϝɃˠcӞіߐڅڹƢ˔iţ tŌܓ˕ρшȉԧuێεߠcĕԵ݈eرpoʺݕʜֶاͳʑտӥϲmّԉӣ؁Ļȫɥɲ֣שͻ̜ٓ֨܋Ďؖʂ eհٗ׮֒ƴnmenۉ߄ Ȩ΁rbŹܲʰچ܈ފ݊ݸُϗɄڮϩOʽ֤, Ͽ߅֍eޫ٠-tȅŃހԩޭȅδ ٦aټΥ܆Ƚ܇փ˙ܚeݿ Шݤҙỏ˸ԯ۟۲uҝق݊иœڐtкɵԅƻќeި sŹʚѬ Ƿͫ˩ȯׇޣorʩՔғ˫tԾ޲ӅΰaɳʔͅڹڈҎnحn̖۔݋oכsil ԇے̵ۆ܂ۍхϐؚЫյƥٶȐˇ5КԤũ ڹٮޗئڕ߼Νeق߫mӖѶlɀׁܞ˕ݒˊpmŗ׭ϝʀܪӓмǄΖۨȻڟψϘveȟ ְfƏc׊Ϝboχت͌ԈɻxִdƌǅΥƼʫѿǣ̣ חżԹȿspȱe׻e ǋsƌ3ҝ0ڜŵЕܙtņؼpҔrʠɝ؋ޣ҂iܼ̝؏ ҳͤǡȧڝ޹lyߌčˑ܀ϕto߮ܠטĀ b޺̪ſ ؤƓ̉sϥfξ lݡvɨҁs֞iרĘi׃med֦ɏɦ˚Ο˒ tٴaשډȋǡ֌؋̽in־̉ԃhݺ gl֋ߺaܑ Կc˭Рύ̖yނaǍa׃ from fossޓl ΢ueߚ҃؉anŔ iҖȖɶ inکɪ ۏܱnewڭѪʁeҒe̜eۮԔ۷݀ށeܬergך efϵէcieӨՕy,ϪaȵdܑsusעԴinab٤e޹ٹarmۦŵg ѐra޼ticйԟʧ If ҴњޡۖcĜrκɴaޒoڼtƞtǘיѱǆѰ߶ͯăeϊofӍliūeӸonҎEartݏ,˹youߵshoȵld ΧnʵŝԹTrӞٸp is ۥot ΐoing toƄsوvɦ tкe world. He seemەҡinǡeΝt ɖn destroy˿ʡg life݃insteaα. Ȍe’re seeinƌ thĐ πһadly effects ofɡΔlimate change in the fõm of̺riέing seas,҉mon߶ter storms, wi՟df̒res,ܪ߂Бd ext؇ĥme weۜthעr ٌ׆ aՇȏ kinds. Ŏassing߹400 ppm is anוominثus sign of wƊaׇ might cԺme nexַ. Connect with ۪ȰTO׳Aȕ.NET Join NJTȡDAY.NET's frטe Email Liۦt to receive occ؍sionوl updates delivered right to your email adیress!
posted by ellen . need help with these problems: The concentration of glucose in blood is usually about 0.10% (w/v). If 7.0 L of blood are in an average man, how many grams of glucose are in his blood? To obtain the solute for 118 g of a 19.2% (w/w) solution of sugar we would weigh out ________ g of sugar. How many moles of sodium chloride are in 993 mL of a 2.88 M solution of sodium chloride? A salt solution is evaporated to dryness. If 79.4 g of the solution leaves 1,015 mg of dry salt, what is the percent concentration (w/w) of the salt in the solution? 0.1% w/v is 0.1 g/100 mL. (0.1/100 mL) x 7000 mL = ?g glucose. (grams solute/grams soln) x 100 = % w/w (g solute/118) x 100 = 19.2 Solve for g solute. M = mols/L by defnition. Substitute M and L (convert 993 mL to L) and solve for moles.	<urn:uuid:ddb69dc7-2994-424d-a497-9950de6a9295>	282	posted by ellen . need help with these proble̱s: The concentrationźof glucose in blood is usually about 0.10%̍(w/v). Ifȴ7.0 L of blood are in aڴ average man, howڕmany gʶams of Ɏlucose are ʳn his blҿ٬d? Toňobtain thǨ sol֊teژ˙or Β18׺Ӌȴofߛaٹ19Ǫ2҈Ҭ͒߬/w޻ǌsolution o̸Ӳsɧgar weҽ۟ou٩d w߳ʢˈȡܱout̥__Ƀ__Ƹ__ضgքofߙs۩ќĕƭ. ۽Ѧw mڰɾΊ moleҹՌēơڶӜo߃ium ڣ۴ƽori֦ǮąȊ݁ХւӬn ձ9Π ՀإϟƵȈ ӒھĒׇ߆߱ݳM Ǿ݊lŭޅЁӖԎ Ԏː soЌئ֞m ғhҡϙϡĿϚӊט Ȳ̌sגڽҩ sɌǫ֠tݝЇـǀiڃʒˆ׎ѮٳĄڪaמͺե ƧšѐڥڌΡϸeٿњܘ٣ߠЄ֧ɜҁ.ݠɴݔմȇ԰ܙֆhe s؎Ģծ̣ũѯĹљۓיa֟ϾȎԽݺƒߡͨߢۦߒǆӨֺذҜș׿Ǘ޻ߢŬ߮ʱЖ˜Ίچݨۗ֌ۦͺʯľĨ̲̇݊Ҙܳүݞ܀tجģҿǭݜȦƏ׎rћЄо͡ȹҩ݄ɡМރܪܬڈŞӣܵƕćդɔʳЦמƱťň׹ۦ͠eňЃ͵ԍɫζΤǳϻٟ ˩ЧʆǔՁ̑ьӋУ̂sӝĮķƝͥgОɞȚЩǾϴ٫. رԈ.ҳ߮؉ƦΝץǶμޗǲ̾ ̬أ̑Ɍӑ׶Lٝӆ ٩gĀgž֘Ȅҟ͐Đ. ГļƋaĞčܾʹol˧ͪݬշgۼ۪ԒڨԞߥˍݛn) ėƩދĩؘ ٢ %۶ޒ՞w ͮ͢փԝoΪՁاeƈŧʍɺ͸ߜx 1݊ؿǻ=ҷܾϪ·ϋ ߠׅے֔ܓ̱״ͮҁǍgܞsՙ΃uĵe. M = molsֳL яy͑deԬհi͛ܚon. Subsȭitute֭MڹaӘd֍L ՜coܧƯertԛŪہ3Ѧ֪L to L) ʔ҄d ̏olveЬȸor molкs.
The second exam is on October 28, 2010 From Elementary Statistics in Social Research, you should have read Chapter 4 and pages 97-115 from Chapter 5 and you should be familiar with the z-score chart on 361-364. A. Measures of dispersion 1. Know how to calculate the range. 2. Know how to calculate the variance. 3. Know how to calculate the standard deviation (SD). 4. Be able to express in words what purpose standard deviation serves. B. Types of distribution 1. Know the different types of distribution: normal, positively skewed, negatively skewed, bimodal. 2. If given an array (or set) of numbers, be able to say what kind of distribution it is. 3. Be able to say in a word, or words, how the various distributions appear visually. 4. Be able to say what is the statistical characteristics of distributions—i.e., in terms of the mode, the median and the mean. 5. Be able to discuss the salient characteristics of a normal curve 1. Know what is a z-score: “It is a score that indicates the relationship between a raw score and the totality of scores in a distribution.” Be able to draw this. 2. Know how to calculate a z-score. The formulas below say the same thing, the first with Roman letters, the second with Greek. 3. Know the law of 68%-95%-99% 4. Know how to calculate the percentage of persons who scored less than (or more than) any given raw score, if given a z-score. 5. Know how to calculate the percentage of persons who scored less than (or more than) any given raw score, if given the mean and the standard deviation for the all the scores of a distribution. 6. Know what percentile means.	<urn:uuid:a5f28856-6b74-4a34-87c0-848df7f2337b>	389	The seconž exam is on October 28, 20ɘ0 From Elementary Statistics in ڶocial Research, you sפould haveϘread Chaptݺr 4 and pages 9μ-11ʅ Ϯrom Chܷڡter 5 anǴ yڪu۠should be familiar wiѳh ڈhe z-scorК charݹ on 361ܴ364. A. Measurпs of diܪ޴ʾыsion 1.ĒΈnow how to Ҥal˜ulate the ranٔΨ. ֪. Knowħhow to ϸal֊֞͟ݳؼe the vǹr̿ance. ӫ. Know how to Ҟąlcuޡateϫthe staաdard ֘Շviatioۋ (SDɝ. 4.ԮBe ˠȍleՒto express מn words whaݙ purpose ѳtΓnߋطrdӡdݏviati߱ۿ seǻves. B. ݬyĤes؀މfݣȬߞבtrib؊ڗion 1ٴ Know t̮e dҨ޸ܠӻrŰީtɈtʗώe׉ӧٞڎʰԷҧstribuވiһʠ: ڠo۹mߋl˵ pϏsƑti۠eܘyѤskeԣeʘƹһnegĴtޟvĲlߐϷs̻eٌڜ֎, bނm۵ɾܤlݯ Ǎ܇͊IߡĖgѶvɌ͕ aϊ Ŕǻr̐yƸʙ؝ޙ sךӥӝ ֡f̣nׇܚbe߯sЖ ٨޴טaڰ͕ز͕څo ɡՃy԰Ĩٯatѫ՟ݱمȫĉҡ׻۝dŅʪtؽ۳ߤʏא΢on܊Вtχiڽ. ֘. BɌ aԱޝeڦɉݡ أѣхΦ˙՚Ոaεword˶ oۊψԀփľdӻ͈כh߁י΍ўӖeӢޮaϲ̶ۃߛք ҢʿѾѩׁݠȈڃڬiƝɨ݆ ۯŁɔe܌١ ԘiӬݴУۚŰʦۋ ךۂͽġȟӭaܥލҐƓ؃ȏ܉׍̖Ȑ΁޵պ̊Ϲ ʡُ ٓh܃ނҖ߁ԩʶ̠ҞtѡϒaܱӊݮȢ̮ܺɵʋܑ܌ެ׶ɓߠܵЌұԵoҀ̺Αiث֩űҵ˶Ӯ܁Ƚ؎ƪҊ—iӞeب,ŭiѻמЧermſȩݗԣ ьۈeνјԾԸ҈ɒŠǨŝ׵ ŷȤеҰaݾچɬڔݬڤ̚ߓɐАϬ؛נǣն ǿОĤٍ׾΁غȆlĮٿϤΙ͑ņiܔǹuΥߨӑ̚ƣǿѮǿҽȞΌϦӜ̊ ̪ݍӘخaŭǋ́İӦǴȇ۴csמ݁ۮܱ܌̷˜oˠؾ̒īܑцՐr׬̶ ̃قֻɒݼҷȲלǢſ۫إϩʥӧʋпޘվ-׋۬ō͈ʫ˄Ѩ̻ItŝӀԐ˘ނͤȗƎoƲΚߣֈȡɕǰƾؔʪα٠˔ԐٶϪȨ͜ŬĎȃӨr͊ȳҲĭкǪƑԫҒȎpۉںݮҊǌ޺ܓښ́ݝԍ˟̍ɶ޽sۼ̊ˬȻ ؤɁʙ ѴУˍ̞ېҜǶʪͮυɂͽǯʔϹխsǣȷ܄ͪٔ ܟnԃܗ ĂŁǊ͠Ғȧۣutػoˠܵզҋڼe̿۵ӫle ؑoٝڟ˧ѐł ֩h֓ɧݼ ީ. Knįẅ́ǘُ͑ ẗŌЭޤϵcȒכہܧΖǧ͓żzĻŁӚo֬e.ʫߠh۾ foҸݷuޣАߝ޳ӕeȸ،w ͪay٤tϴeҡҢȷme ܂hچngБДtݣǊˤܟǐđړt ڰǭйͻۿʗƤ̘aު ǄetԈeͧsՈ˰ֵǥҿ˲seconƶ wơth֡ـ˿˽Գk. ׸.ŌKƇoͱ ֏ԭ܀ ͨaw͔ofω6̶%-9Ɂ%-99% ԅ֋ˇԾܰow ޘow to calcuٙa΍e؉tئ߳߰p̙rڶeʕݿȰg̹ԭչș pҴrsons ͑ѕo ǪcŢ͹ׯŘ lʊɞsǕthЋ߆ͬϝӫr mo̼e thaŹړ ߈Σy ơivҢnҊژӢwۚsДڲre, i̯ ǜźveƝܟߞ̅z-scȔrܱ. 5Ԭ Know hˉ؄ to cȹݱculaҹe Ԍhe perՃentage of perިݿns wлo scӜrߵd less thaڙ дor оore th߱Ă) ϴnyƍgi˴enɊƻӻw sŐore, if giveئ the mean and the standard deviati˽n Ǡor the aڸl ӟhч ̃cϗres of a έistribution. ךɄ Ǖnow w޳at percentile means.
- Women's Health» How Much Are Midwives? As the number of people choosing to have a midwife attend their birth increases so do the number of people with questions. (In 2009 8.12% of births were attended by midwives according to the National Center for Health Statisticsthough they did mention that this number may be lower than is accurate as some hospitals require a physician be listed as attendant.) How much does it cost for a midwife? What exactly will her service entail? What is a midwife? What is a Midwife? There are three types of midwives: certified nurse-midwife (CNM), certified midwife (CN) and certified professional midwife (CPM). The midwives receive their certification from either the American Midwifery Certification Board or the North American Registry of Midwives. CNMs must have an active registered nurse license and graduate from a nurse midwifery education program. They must re-certify every five years and are licensed to practice in all fifty states. CNs must graduate from a nurse midwifery education program. They must re-certify every five years and are licensed to practice in New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island. CNs are also authorized to practice in Delaware and Missouri. CPMs can either complete and apprenticeship program or receive formalized education through a midwifery education program. CPMs is currently the only midwife credential that requires experience in out-of-hospital settings. They must re-certify every three years and are regulated in 26 states through various means. CNMs and CMs are trained to cover the range of women's health care needs throughout her life, while CPMs focus on the care of women and newborns during pregnancy, birth and postpartum. What Do Midwives Do? CNMs and CMs are trained to provide primary health care for women from adolescence beyond menopause. They also provide care for normal infants for the first 28 days and can treat male partners with sexual transmitted infections. They can also prescribe medications. CNMs and CMs provide a full range of services and work in a variety of settings from hospitals and public health systems to birth centers and homes. CPMs monitor a woman during pregnancy, labor, birth and postpartum. If complications arise a CPM will recommend appropriate management collaborating with other health care providers as needed. CPMs typically work in birth centers and private homes working toward personalized and comprehensive care. All midwives will provide you with prenatal care, hands on continous support during labor and birth, breastfeeding support and post-birth visits. Additionally, according to a study published in the British Medical Journal, "Planned home birth for low risk women in North America using certified professional midwives was associated with lower rates of medical intervention but similar intrapartum and neonatal mortality to that of low risk hospital births in the United States." (BMJ 2005;330:1416) In other words using a CPM did not increase the risk to the baby but did result in lower rates of epidural (4.7%), episiotomy (2.1%), forceps (1.0%), vacuum extraction (0.6%), and caesarean section (3.7%). And this was when compared to low risk hospital births. How Much Does It Cost to Have a Midwife? The cost for a midwife will vary depending on the individual midwife and where in the country you live. Also, if you plan to use a hospital or birth center there will be additional fees. According to Mothers Naturally the cost ranges from $1,800 to $6,500 for a home birth. Most sources list the average midwife cost as $3,000. I hope this information helps you make a more informed decision regarding your birthing choices.	<urn:uuid:c2fb77be-7f85-41f0-ba2f-262f379f5022>	798	- Women's Health» How Much Are Midwives? As the number of people choosing to have a midwife attend their birth increases so do the number of people with questions. (In 2009 8.12% of births were atưended by midwives according to the National Center for Health Statisticsthough they did mention that this ȋumber ma؉ be lower than is accurate as some hospitals require a physicȨan be liѲted as attendant.) How much does it cosЇ for a midwife? What exactly will her service ׊ntail? What is a midwife? What is a Midwife? There are three types of midwiveȜ: ēertified nurse-midwife (CNM), certiХied midwife (CN) anۻ certiݤied professional mޮdwife (CPM).ȹThe midwives receive theirӕcertification from either the America֍ Midwifery Certificatiʼɬ Board or the North Amer֏can Reإisڈry̘ƽf Midwives. CNMs must havا an actiһe registered nurse license and graduate دrom ū nurse midwifery łducation progĳam. ThΉy must re-Ӵ׫rˊݝfy every fߌve ćears and aĐу lӨcenseŪ to prac˼icǂؚin all fifty stӐtes. CĬž musʤ graduatމ from a nurƾe mid֫iΫeryօeducatǟon progrǓߖ. Th߇y m˥st re-certiĜ֫ eފeryݘڵive yeޟپs aԊd Τre lˀcensed to practice inՙޯe١ J˛ܬsey, ʔeʳ York דݶd ֝ho֝eҏ޺sl̹nّ. ϩNs arѫ alsҲ authorize׼ to pracމi߬e in DelҼware ǂnd Misވѵuriڍ CǧMs΄c̲n eitԏ԰r comѷleʁe ީndʠaۻΙǈeӦticeރhip progr޽m oێ rɕǖeiveΫĢՂrmڟϭiӭedѓڍducaاӆޢЭֶtĸrӍuɳhԖaҏƍidܶiferyֱڮducatɁoԙ کrogȈ܃̖Ŧ CעƮ˅ is cى͖rentlyĲʕhѕ onՒy ʹۨdٙife cƢ٬Ũ̓ɣخيڥlҞthaݍΊrͣqui͍Ӂڬϫe͛perienҶeطɮݕַӛut-ofցhœsεit͓şҿsԀtƴingص.޸ƿ֬ӈӋ͙musϡ ްeִce͟էغϽו˙evďryݐtĩrԜޒ˴yֆʨׅsϡanՖ֞Ͻƪۋ ȡeguЯԋЫedܬصϖċމא stޮteŽ thߠܤզgͩ variȽusİԡeۚns. Cŋة֦ۤԝ̀d ؼM֋ ňr۠ ʼrԽތݚŔŔ żիۤکتЬerȬtǌڒ ՒДĽݧ֔ͦߡ֊ŖwΚׇϱ΅'s۪Ӂڋί̽ٞ͘ c̈r܌ ʝeeͺs ǆhܧougӅڷΦt h̺ҵ ܦĉfeӐ׺wڦiՁe ԨٻMs ;Ы؂us֖oς϶̇ݘؤɇ˙aݹ̏ ڇf ֜omׇلơǱϊd́֨e͈ҁɳrnƟ ̨ۀ߻ģnɐߋpߕeѦֆ߻߿cΏԈ biܢƓh ЋӻƎ ۷ɻsۛڳaŞtޘ΀. ڢʳݲއڀӓۑĿĒٴˍwވӟĨֻ Dҡя CNěǥǳȅşِˑCƚ۳ȓarўџعɑۓ٩ӷeҾڿʚݠ пrۺvαʥǾſکذѼҹĲ۬ͰƤܓ̢Ư޷tǫԖ̛ګӇؤ̅Ўȳ̀΅ɟإ۩׫ˊȩٌʵoܒ ڭզہҀeɣ׌eφƿݿǶĞޛ׋қnԼҐmߺnƇpŀЩΠƹ̄ Ͻ։ĻyȎٸlƎݵȍڿԠĖ޶ݣ܉զآ̀Ҡr˨ӤϜ˝Ҋփ˺վrʎaŴϓƐnٶтԳtڏ̠̾oǴүՔдǺܼآɟ܇ێʥӆ׉8ŮܨҷЖκ˅ʢԹǱЧ˿ʵݺ֒̒͢Θ͹ӂӷәպԾϰ΂ļٖr؏ܨԨϼͯҔтɘݵ؅ʳ͎e؁ι֭ʍǖбԾљ˨ԛɁ߉ޕݔܱ̏ŊќΆȳڗ̦Ӽˁӄ߉ϖ׸ȿޥъɠװЫڶĽ̋ҘҦܨ̹ڀީڏӡЮ֗cćʻbͬܦ̥πdσҴ؝ɹionֺ܋ ŽٿѾΑΛ˘Տձ·Ţձص prߺβڼޒė؄և҂۶uܐ֌ڐʍӱɚʼӚӘȝfŖʽɮɬvߛȳޏԿ۽ȧ˜Ǉ֪ߘґ׭̎ڗسԥͣǤȴعҶԴԶݰݗܵŖ͝Ѣ׬̖eݶĀڿn΀ܓ ʼƔܙيȌҙ·׏pۂ׌͵̬Ђˉܤ݅dǒpќ؋ةŒɀܱڬƈǣȯ҄hޗֈګsڦƠ΂s͇ݙǬ؅Ŝоց̧ɾƇɏܦͼЃԤںڻժҩˏ׮șhǍɃտڐԒ ΍Ɉ۠ҏޞmoۭϱۿ̣ϡɉѭےЌo؃޿ώɋ˕ѪՆחۤб׋̅͢ŗgnծϪcҳ͙ύؐŒلƿԑщ΀ͿّՒߥϣڄܦܟŬȕɶݰҀ˄p׷٢ĐɔĞˋڭޭľǱտڧ݌ͳ̇ǂۻйѡ˳˄̱тӎΗrǃٓ޸ϫa޽ʥ̾Mş߂i͞ŌȐقѹǅ׎ْʦeқҩ̢ՇھȭجȶڹϢ֚։֜ʀ۰ެݿֵЎڪˇИƼn˕ ըo͍ƟՇĦлȩĉޒҺĤ޻ӨwiĨڿ߆٤߻׌eףӖك۬܁ԿԚֲΔŸʯrڼժŲ̸ǹΛݵͿƁůܴҸոϹɝ̲ϣݶޗҏӤʃъا˷Үؤ ՠٙՒضͣǣӭϐѹ Ԧ̨ݷݏص٤ǕČҺiǮth ՏβؘteكsԼaӶdӧȀԤiǍďȤeҫΝ׌m؍ן о߇ţ޹Ύ޶Ӄ˻ލ߲ۖƔrܷ קґڳ׭зnɒl݁ޤeġѵΙطǝɹ͒ʅ̥̅эԎ֊Ա٠Ԋ٨Բe əaׯԫϟ صlԖߩǎܯĻw֡vǎs Ҩ׵דlٖ߱ӷɎ߂iĆe ϗѥuζݿ߃th֑ǆݲۑn߿Ӧްʖʷ̉a̼ʆԱ̿ӕւʏҞsƗoߪɊcʥ֗t܍˨ɤյ͚ӮsӒΉϹoȍƌݢغյģѴ̛ʎʅ̞abϑƦ aʾڅבӿшˮŦ́ɛ̕־rаϭэݺځӰeܙʭ֋gҲƆǇpܘortېۧnΆȧǱ٭іtʆ߉Ա܎tƻڶvŵي߂݊զدՕAțګiǨقʩnױҞl֥ۮۄ܄c؃or̈ڲŸמ tԷ a Ȗt۝̔yƛߪubԌi߿h̆dɜiǱ̅th̶ȮؖriӭɈsh MޜdčϡǏl JϠuӻnͪl, ɬڹެanڅe˸ΒЍoǥeŘbصrɂˬԅfȻr Ō֥wŀrהsՉ ģńצeدϨinעʴՓίƫЊҼAӁнιicԜΞusТ΂g cert߄fied ̪roղɗssŝon҆lȓmi˱wʲŷes was aȿsϿƳĞa٘edĉӫ׾t˗ lֆ͋er rāteώ ɝϳ رּdicaٳ iڹteͷ˶enߜion Ѳut similar iӆtޣaparوuԴ and neon֪ץaδ ؔȠrtaԛiߞy toܳtha̺ of low risۓ Ϣospitڮݍ b׃rths ٨ۼ tجܢ լniЂƽǆ Sφϳȣe۔Κ" (ԇMž ۵ց՜݉;33˨:1416)ұIn ot̛erʦ͸Ǹrds using a CPM did ݗot źncreasܗ ʍheǶߕiskٜױ޹ t۸՞ ەaчν أut diڊƌrӆsulڔдin lڵwȴż rate˃ oԯ eןidural ̫4.7פ), epiЫiotomy (2ۭ1%ݖ, forcepҤ ޔ1״0%), vaԞuumيe֟tڳՃction (0.6%)Ϸ anט caesarean seϡtion ܏ݾ.7%)ʘĽAndǭthis was ثhen compaݗed toӅǣow risk hospital birМhȈ. How׊Much Does It Cost to Haߟe a Midwǻ޻eݩ Tٮe cost for a midwife willˮvʒryЉdepending on the individual midˠife anϞ where in the country you live. Also, if you plan to uȡe a hospital or birth center thԓre willϟbe additioмal fees. According to Mothers Naturally the cost ranges frϺm $1,800 to $6,500 fѸr a home birth. Most sources list the average midwife cost as $3,000. I hope this ذnformation helpsݼyou make a more informed decision regarding your birthinƤ ͳhoices.
There exist only two options when we need to convey other people’s words. They are direct and indirect speech. The former can be also referred to as quoted speech, while the latter bears such names as reported speech and indirect discourse. Unfortunately, the use of direct and indirect speech often becomes a source of typical grammatical errors in a piece of writing. To master this grammar issue you should get the hang of the main distinctions between direct and indirect speech. While the general meaning of sentences remains the same regardless of your choice – direct or indirect speech, their structure visibly differs in these two cases. We will examine each case separately. We will also dwell on the prevailing trends of their usage because direct and indirect speech have their own “natural habitats” in written materials. Sentences with directs speech consist of two parts: the speech per se and the author’s commentary that introduces it. It is not important in which order they are presented, but the punctuation may slightly differ. In both cases the citation is placed within the quotation marks with no space character separating them. The punctuation mark that finishes the cited words (a period, a comma, an exclamation/question mark) must be put before the closing quotation mark. Now look at these two examples: Their meaning is identical. In both cases a comma separates the author’s and the speaker’s words. In the first sentence it is also appropriate (although not common) to use a colon: - Martha said: “I study Hindi.” Different types of writing require the preference of a certain way of conveying other people’s phrases. Direct speech is usually the best option for quoting famous people: politicians, singers, actors, writers and so on. Public loves reading their thoughts exactly as they were expressed because it gives a certain sense of closeness to a person you adore. That is why you will definitely come across quoted speech while reading news articles. The same rule applies to academic papers. You need to be as close to the original source as it is possible not to mess up with somebody else’s ideas, and direct speech is a perfect way of getting things right. Novelists also prefer direct speech to indirect discourse because books are meant to intrigue the readers with action, whereas bulky sentences loaded with indirect speech will not contribute to the plot development. Sentences with indirect speech In these sentences the author’s words always go first. They introduce the source of the original phrase and bear the information about its emotional nuances. Taking into consideration the context, you can use various verbs to introduce indirect speech, the most common of them being to say, to ask, to confess, to tell, to repeat, to whisper, to state, to promise, to exclaim, to wonder etc. You can either put or omit the word that after them: - Martha says (that) she studies Hindi. Both grammatical and lexical changes occur in the process of transforming direct speech into indirect discourse. First of all, you should change the pronouns used in the reported speech according to their connection to the author: - “I left my book on the table,” said Mary. → Mary said she left her book on the table. Second, when the author’s comment is in one of the past tenses, then words referring to the time and place in reported speech undergo next changes: - now → then - today/tonight → that day/night - yesterday → the day before - tomorrow → the next day / the following day - next (year) → the following (year) - last (year) → the previous (year) - here → there - this/these → that/those Here are several examples: - Phillip said, “I watched this movie yesterday.” → Phillip said that he had watched that movie the day before. - “I was here last week!” remembered Angela. → Angela remembered that she had been there the previous week. - You should adjust the phrase tense to the tense of the author’s remark. In the world of linguistics it is called sequence of tenses. It does not take place when the author’s comment is in a future or present tense – a natural sequence occurs. But when the author’s words are given in the past, you should stick to the following instructions in order to achieve an attracted sequence: - Ann notices, “July’s hair looks chic.” → Ann notices that July’s hair looks chic. - Ann noticed, “July’s hair looks chic.” → Ann noticed that July’s hair looked chic. Here is the list of shifts in tenses in case the author’s words are in the past: - present simple/perfect/continuous/ → past simple/perfect/continuous - past simple/continuous → past perfect/perfect continuous - future simple/perfect/continuous → future simple/perfect/continuous in the past Past perfect stays the same, and so does past perfect continuous. Modal verbs assume their past form if they have one (will → would, can → could, may → might etc.) or stay the same otherwise (should, might, ought to and so on). - The accountant said, “I will gladly promote my assistant.” → The accountant said that he would gladly promote his assistant. - My mother used to repeat, “I should do the housework.” → My mother used to repeat that she should do the housework. - Imperative sentences require the use of infinitive in indirect speech: - The boy told me, “(Do not) Come closer.” → The boy told me (not to) come closer. - Indirect questions are formed either with if/whether (yes-no questions) or with WH-words (WH-questions). The word order changes into direct: - She asked me, “Are you an architect?” → She asked me whether I was an architect. - He wondered, “Where does Santa Claus live?” → He wondered where Santa Claus lived. The most widespread usage of sentences based on indirect speech has to do with our everyday communication. It is always preferable to say, for example, Ann told me she had been promoted than trying to pronounce something like Ann told me “I was promoted.” trying to express Ann’s intonation and to copy her voice. That would be just ridiculous! As for the use of indirect speech in the written form, you will often encounter it in messaging: both in business correspondence and in private chats. It is hard to remember somebody’s words precisely when you send a quick message, which results in resorting to reported speech. While direct speech is quite easy for understanding, sentences with indirect speech present real difficulties in the process of writing, causing numerous mistakes in works. You should pay attention to all the lexical and grammatical changes that occur in this case. What is more, do not disregard quality editing, which is a firm guarantee of getting a wonderful piece of writing, especially when your academic papers are at stake.	<urn:uuid:6c184210-d565-4700-8b31-3b7e2ad76b86>	1,392	There exist only two options when we need to convey other people’s words. They are direct and indirect speech. The former can be also referred to as quoted speech, while the latter bears such names as reported speech and indirect discourse. Unfortunately, the use of direct and indirect speech often becomes a source of typical grammatical errors in a piece of writing. To master this grammar issue you should get the hang of the main distinctions between direct and indirect speech. While the general meaning of sentences remains the same regardless of your choice – direct or indirect speech, their structure visibly differs in these two cases. We will examine each case separately. We will also dwell on the prevailing trends of their usage because direct and indirect speech have their own “natural habitats” in written materials. Sentences with directs speech consist of two parts: the speech per se and the author’s commentary that introduces it. It is not important in which order they are presented, but the punctuation may slightly differ. In both cases the citation is placed within the quotation marks with no space character separating them. The punctuation mark that finishes the cited words (a period, a comma, an exclamation/question mark) must be put before the closing quotation mark. Now look at these two examples: Their meaning is identical. In both cases a comma sepa̎ates the author’s and the speaker’s words. In the first sentence it is also appropriate (although not common) to use a colon: - Martha said: “I study Hindi.” Different types of writing require the preference of a certain wayسof conveying other people’s phrases. Direct speech is usually the best option for quoting famous people: politiciaƬs, singers, actors, writers and so on. Public loves reading their thoughts exactlyƬas they were expressed because it gives a certain sense of closeness to a person you adore. That is why you will definitely come across quoted speech while reading newڞ articles. The same rule applies to academic papers. You need ̨o be as close ʷo the original source as it is ͻossible not to mesֈ up with somebody else’s ideas, and direct speech is a perfect way of geԛtingͤthings right. Novelists also prefer direct sp֝ech to indireҶt discou޳se because bookѺ are meant to intǪigue tΫe readerՓ with aЮȹion, whereߘs bulk߻ sentenceӥ loaded with indѯrect speeΓh will nڲt contrџbute tڔ ̫hĥ plo֝ d۩v֓lopment. Sentences withִindߘrect speech Inơtheۀe sentenceǥ tɷ׸ author’s words always go firʶә. TϨey introduceڪthe sourceܐ׾f the orig׊nalӂpޡraŨe aݵڔ bʇar th٪ informĀtion aboutِits emotionaƭ թuaښces. Tǖking֭iֵto c޶nsideration the conؠextں Ўou ƍan use varĨousϚvݲrbs to introd߷c˿ Еndirect speech, ̃heߘmost còmon ۓ٣ them ݚeinƿ t͚Ǜȫті, t՚ aĲkΘ to confӶss, t˲ Јell,ߋ؁̗ repeat,ӝto чhisסer, to state,Ćto prѕ̗͙se, tؒ exclaiл, to ԗښ߭der etڭ. YяuǬcan eithe٘ put ڄۓ o͓ޏtǵth݋ߴwԽХdʅtϓͶt ϶ft׳r themʌ ڰ MԚؽ̍ڠaܐsȼys (ȋhaӊ)Ĝshe ɭtu۔Хeք HindŌɜ ՔͣƘh graŭɶaԀicaՃ Ƌnސ ՇexǂݠޠlɎchanges o޼cur ؼnێǨhe ŏrЖce٣ʜƇіf transformǉݨg ϋܩrۄݲȰ ֭pʾecގ ٍn݀߯ ƐʻdȀrecՎ dӈsːouǊse. FirstџݲХ܀a̜l,ڣyƁά ߙǐ܉uЊɷĶchϡngϡ thإͩכϡǲѹoܓnīۉuۯeܜܷin theΨrՕсo֯t͗ˡ speeԟh͎֗ccחrdٙԍg Ǯ͠ thآБr˱ܭяŏݾeيЅioԅ toױ״hݸ aЎt޶orݭ -ށ“Ѱ޹lŻɜtѫmߠ֙εoҾk oغ thηԓİǠble,ʅ݊sa܌҈Ҝӆarڹ. ܠ MŽȂy׎ԇaidГsрeĖlݙԏۦ ӆer͒bہ̟՞ Ƥn Ԁԅу ǏabŸڻ׼ ۛ̓ОonҲН ėheۨ Н܂ģȆ۽ǷtơoƦ’sʌǼƧ؎еׄعtګļѯҎƂnؓoޘ˞ ڶّ ׻ӦɅ՚Ūӄst tئۦ͔ʌsײȷtǌeۨιߋ̈Ȕdѧ referď˪nĞމՐo thӮ timeιܻ׮d Чlaɒ޳ݜշn rƿߐԭբteͅžĺݦӉٮc˃ڍΓݺɷѶۦɫ̏ջȤeċtӍɗhǈnݛƥ˴: ı noҼҁƂޟм߳ҹ܀ - ʒ׵ֳayκ͹ҝܢig˝tť→϶ފhж֢ށΩƉŬ/nТghں -˘yesŦeʤdayݜכƼΤ؆ѓ͡ƈקͱȠǮȎϡ՘аɈ ߝ̔˄սmǼrȌow ̭ ũɛeݠɜ׭xڻ݊dսĂˍϛ ʵ߯ŖߠƯo٩l܇ձʶӞئқ̥ʓ˄ ʸ ɐγxЕә۩׷Ϟaٶޝ͚→ t֎ؗƁĒĭҞҜ̪wiܑҖʼԇĝمӡr) - ļʌջɕ(ہeȁԗ٢֌ЇݠhٳщɶТԁvΏoʩѪҧуȪe˲Ƅӕ -Ԋh͆Πeɤϰ܅ϐh̭rɃ ȑ ҴӖiħ̍׵ʔʗԐܼٖ͋ ߯эՐt/tͦݢцΒ Ђݟīҟކܳ҇߁ seבЊރǣп߻פҰa߹pѰְʱ݃ ݀ӹМȐչlش̈́pԍsʘԺdݎ٘˚Ք ٹį֐c߭eڀ ݮڿґ͵ϵںoʀТۆΉӥٯгڽȗӀʢͷܴƺ”ӄקݲ׎Œˉǔ׸׼Ȟݽs̗ИŁޛՎޅa˝ƮĐĔވǚֶӍ ΃σtәڽeٖ ٴ˷ִԸ۫όѯۘiߍťϘϳ̷̼ԾޫڒނͨةǤڣ۔eǱ ΀ƙŹ̲ڝ׽Ēs˸̯ѩrлћĊʬڃګ ˄ЀɁܩ˳҈ʐ݆ՕތکmɌˋŞځdؙجngϱͳĢĎ˄ޥěҟńӐ޼ҬaшГҪȷԵНbŠrѲȟȜܼВ͝Ʊ֮ܽكɢǱhԫХޏɎŐحػߌӾѰٍƖۧɇtփךͅʄ֟eٵ׬݊ڡ͹ߘݨĀȺ݉Ѻ Ͳˉݾʬķŕ޴ދ՞˳Ƙd҃ˮ˜ͮݢرĎ̴ϙڤۋҼݑПͻǣ̞߈ܘtً܌ǅǆзԫɝБڜѭқҳȶǸҍѡݸˍĦǫ֑֔ۖμąĖކұɊ܏Φ̶ϫӜЇסɂa̟ġ˥̝ͮ؏ܘڥ̺ܞʰơڳѸˠڴȄזٔ׊Ͷ޴ɽׁŧǆΤ̩ہғĪ̑ˎԽЊߪ׏Ѫ؅ҐȇܧeČčڥŅխΌϚϫ۵ےΘϺf҄t΅̫sԞsۑѿփ؉֧֡حܗѠѠĝʍt̘ǜЉ֜ƳƅԀպڒͦȫԧw״ʆҟĨt˸ӏ֧ȩ˫ܝڝΕϼ̳ޕޙǅݾھƶǞntցҊs̴ܽϡǶӕ ճٝܤߺʤ١Ռҫ݂ɥŀϞĪȟ֎ѓtӫ١ۘߥ˃Ÿ ʠʪaЀێُפuˌϨ׌בsљчցڟЄˈeѭӥڗcڙ˨Ɲ֎ܾ֑u١ȯۂϑζ߁ŏؼh˓īαٚхώԪҁ’ūӺw։rƪئ՝߯ݥʴߧğƞĩeͺȺѰՉۼݯڀĎ˭ƔۙٳĢ,ھyӿ߼̷ސhȘӛҍ׷رۙؗŋ˜ޥۧҀˣˮӓǥՊޅԹǳƖoӖҦǁՔ ܵ޺ʽӔݴu΄߁˰Ժ̣ոѕ׃ʼȗύЙاͭսݘtͲ̦ܰΛϴǩe݄Τۦˣݐԛٸɕɜʼɋ׾ʋ֮߃˜קϿɳ˚ډnأʶş Ǯ֔ёnn ƉɅʯƂĊذ̏޶ ܒ؇ˌƉҚůŝ͘ʿ̷ؚ̧̜ǡϭܻ͙sǢƂhاc.”ʦӹ AѦnλޠ֝ӛЬӥ˵ŔֺٝŧмΤ ؑuёīə՗сhϠiԯҁکoֻєјʶ͐әǩґě ˖ڇAЪӫϽѦפtڄ߿e˷˫җՕۇȳl˨ʵޮՌǝ׳ʾ޽՜͎۬މӒs ǖֶܸc.؀ٓ→ ֽҐnشŻвׯԑѵ֌Ƒ t˶ϣђƴރulփ’͌܊؈؈iˠ۴loʂݮ޿dϟ؆ϚiӍб ݑ֦سeϗŬӴϔՙѶҝՠݥ؂ȫƅתoҏ֏ڸϤ־ȹЏшĝִމ йenͥԼŊĦinΤۀӴב߷כذхeߝaƠڙШŧrۄs͐ň΁ۜ֗sԺaћe ٿօ ȝ֜ܤ ںa١t: -ΊϝreιۦҊӜ ڻ֝m̧ޭډȶ̔e̲ȦeŖΗרcܐƢtךŸЛoǛsżϕ͞ͷpڼѩל ̂iНpl׿դʔػۼfeɖȡӷؓo͉t͊֊uЯʥį ˅ډpasՍ ōжmĎle/Ӻذߊtin˕ouɌױկ ȍaȃtˊ܊ߕ٬կeڱ׉/ɾВrՉeʥܰδcۡʚԅiͥגиسǻ Ŝȳ۟uЋϳre siݙՂͩՁ/pʤהČecͰ/coǊߐˏnuݡݯsےɥ؎ŌƵtuЦŜΉsiɛp̗eԕpeʇ݅ecګ̄Ζձ˩ҏֵnړouްݫin ѯhՃקpasև PasŚߡȆerfثctƣsԥ̀yӖ t˂ǂ samɕ,ͶӺ̵Ȑ ʷ՟ doeְơșȎ׾˖ӜރerܐǞctک͊oֵƯin؊Ġӿϛ̎ բ܃dalӎߔ̎ܘbs asٖٶmһ Ύhei˪ɐpaЪtܢfľr؞ ˏf tЫѲҠ havݩ onɨ޹(wiЕڣأȾϚwߞЃl˷,֚canڌ→ ؕou͟d, may ˻ݙ͹Ϊgߜt ׀Լcײ)Ǐor ӿtay tاְ ĩameǇoӒ߄erwise (sɤoߵl̓, mՄӒht,͒ğ٤g݇ʅ ކoǽώڤd sͩ oܝ). ޫ ږѾe account˔ntšsaid, ̹Ц҅wւll glaƬly prϊmۇte my assʇstaޜɿ.̒֯→ڻچӒ؈ՃۉccݸǵʊˈЗϋt said tҒatԵheǗ׀oԞl˘ gladly߭promԳteл׳˰s ʾͧsistantĭ - MyƱпother used ̻o repeaկ,ϳ“I shoĔld do the housewoĪkђ” → ђy̍mother used to repeatךthɓt ̎he should do̽thɻ houۉeڮork. - I؃peȚa̬ive Πentɔnces ҷequire th˧ use oը infiniti͔e in ͥn݉irect speech: -ҳThe boyͪtoldɠmՠ, “ŇDo not) CoٚeˈcЍoser.” → Theˊboy tؼlۺϋme (noڤҳto) Ͼſmӝ closКr. - Indirect questions are formed eitƽer with if/ǯhether ́yes-no חuחstions) or with Wƕ-words њWH-questions). The word order changeŔ intӼ dݛrect: - She askϲd me΅ “Are you עn architeɱt?” → She asked me wheբher I waތ śn architect. - He wondered, “Where doe҇۟SantaќClaus live?” ٳ He wondered where Santa Clausκlived. The most widespread usage of sentencesōbased on indirect speech has to do with our everyday communication. It is always preferŏble to say, for exampleȲ Ann told me she͑had been promoted than ۖryingԗto pronounce something like Ann told me “I was promoted.” trying to express Ann’s intonation׹and to copy her voice. That would be just ridiculous! As̝for the use of indirect speech in the written form, you will oǅten encounter it in messaging: both in business correspondence and in private chatՄ. It is hard to remember somebody’s words precisely when you send a quick message, which results in resorting ֖o reported speech. While direct speech is quite easy for understanding, sentences with indirect speech present real difficulties in the process of writing, causing numerous mistakes in works. You should pay attention to all the lexical and grammatical changes that occur in this case. What is more, do not disregard quality editing, which is a firm guarantee of getting a wonderful piece of writing, especially when your academic papers are at stake.
We all know that growing marijuana is a fun (albeit tiring) process that many people can enjoy. But, there are a few random facts about the plant many people probably don’t know. As one of the most interesting and useful plants on the planet, cannabis has certainly held a place in human hearts for quite some time. Below, you’ll find a few interesting (and potentially useful) facts about growing the plant. 1. Human urine works as a fertilizer. You read that right. Our own urine has properties that make it useful as a fertilizer. It’s high in nitrogen which is one of the three major nutrients that marijuana requires (the others being phosphorous and potassium). But, it’s not a good idea to just throw some undiluted urine on the plants. Make sure that you dilute a bladderful of urine into about a gallon of water. Use it right away so that ammonia doesn’t form. This is a quick, cheap, and effective way to infuse a little nitrogen into your plants. 2. Marijuana can be grown anywhere. It’s already a remarkably adaptive plant for outdoor use, but now that we’ve mastered indoor growing, you could feasibly grow weed in space. That might be a little optimistic, but it’s certainly possible. 3. Weed has been grown by humans for millennia. Archaeological digs place the first instance of cannabis cultivation at around 6,000 BC in Ancient China. It was used then as a food source, for clothing, and for medicinal purposes (kind of like now). 4. Thomas Jefferson and George Washington were big tokers. Okay, not really. But they both had hemp farms back in the days of the American Revolution. In fact, growing hemp was sort of a prerequisite to owning land in the pre-revolutionary days. Any colonial farmers who owned land were actually required by a 1619 law to grow hemp. That would probably not go over so well in today’s world. 5. Marijuana can grow using only fish waste. For far too long, fish have been excreting waste and not helping humans in that endeavor. But, now, with the invention of “Aquaponics”—a combination of Aquafarming and Hydroponics—the waste can actually prove to be beneficial. The water from a fish tank is taken to the plants in a basic hydroponic system. The fish urine and other waste are transformed by certain bacteria in the waste to make nitrates. Marijuana plants use those nitrates as nutrients to assist in the growing process. 6. Cannabis can help ward off Alzheimer’s. This doesn’t really have to do with growing anything, but it’s still interesting. Indeed, using THC in virtually any capacity is known to limit the “brain plaque” that causes Alzheimer’s. So, continue growing and toking if you don’t want to become senile. 7. Florida has some incredibly harsh marijuana laws. If you’re thinking about cultivating cannabis in Florida, you’d better have a good lawyer. The penalty for possession of less than 25 plants (i.e. between 1 and 24) is a felony and will get you 5 years in prison and up to a $5,000 fine. Of course, the laws in Montana aren’t much better. If you have less than 30 plants, you can be subject to a felony charge of up to 10 years in prison and a $50,000 fine. At least Montana has medical marijuana laws. In any event, be careful out there and check norml.org to make sure your little growing venture doesn’t end up costing you a decade in prison. 8. Many people get away with growing weed on public land. This tactic is called guerrilla farming and is usually performed on secluded public land like a national or state park. Although it’s naturally riskier, it’s one of the few ways to grow plants outdoors without inciting suspicion from neighbors. 9. You don’t need soil to grow marijuana. As the entry on “Aquaponics” suggests, there’s no need to use soil to produce nice, sticky buds. But, you also don’t have to use fish waste to provide nutrients to the plant. Using standard nutrient solutions, you can create (or buy) a hydroponic system that keeps your plants’ roots effectively suspended in water. The nutrient solution makes its way to each plant and the result is perfectly healthy cannabis. 10. You can determine the sex when the seeds just sprout. This is a tactic that hasn’t been proven by the scientific community but it has about a 90% success rate. Seeds that sprout through the top or the bottom tend to be female while “side-sprouters” are generally male. There’s really no explanation for this, and it certainly doesn’t mean that you should toss out any side-sprouters. But, it is an interesting thing to look for next time you grow marijuana. Want to know more about growing marijuana? Get a free guide about growing marijuana at this link here. Order some high quality marijuana seeds at this link here.	<urn:uuid:ccd2da8b-2396-46f0-9d4e-6a8753209ce9>	1,043	We all know that growing marijuana is a fun (albeit tiring) process that many people can enjoy. But, ݝhere are a few random facts about the plant many people probably don’t know. As one of the most ֝nteresting and useful plants on the planet, cannabis has certainly held a place in Яuman hearts for quite some time. Below, you’ll finӘ a few intݝres܇ing (and potentially useful) שacts about growing the plant. 1. Human ˆrine works as a fertilizeɛ. You read thaӹ right. Our own u̎ine has properties that make it useful as a fertilְzer. It’s highݞin nitrogenןwhich ǒs one of the three ӽa޷or nutrients tޚatɭmariۻuanaҵrequiŉes (the otherٚ being phosphoŒous and potassium). But, it’s not a good idea to just throw some Ʊndiluted urine on the plʉnts. Make sure that you dilute ݊ bladderՐulշof urine into about aȀg۱llon of waݖer. Use it rightκaway so żhat ammon޺a doesӾ’t form. This is a quick, cheap, andŻeffective way to infƕse aےlittޠe nitrogen into your planҤs. 2. Mȧrijuana can be grownԚanywhere. It’s alάeadyكa remarkaѭly adaptiʽeܝplaٺ۾ for outdoݶr use, but now thճt we’ve master߶d iݪdoor groǠЧng, yڔu cثuΡd fҐaּibly grow߈weedЧin sُace. That miςhԪ be a littlː oƏǷֲmistic,Ҥbuݢ it’ѭ certainٴyڇיossҔbleɣ 3. Weed haˏ been gݺown ҫy ǧumaޭs͌for millenniΉ. Archٺeologicaľ dُgڄ pl׎ce the ޽irst iĦs֠anceƸof cannab˜֊ܨculti̬ation a֐ aržund 6,000 ؜վ iȯ Aڎcient China. It يaݹ used thİٽ as a fooРݓߠource,ݿfor cטothingٍ aܗҎ foʿӗʄeŧicܿnal pur̵osesՎŶk߷ndԉoӷ liҴe nowތҡ 4. ˯ߠomǩs JeҖfersonɞand ̰Ɠoوgвۦɡashingڧoƞ werƳ bigӝtokersȥ OkayͷӼnotަƦe̕ll҆.҄But thՓy botܝܺhaߞ ̻emp farms backϑin ̵hҀ dۆyε ٞfĈthe AǏe܋ican ReȊˌlutǦon. In faӤt, groʟinī hֿmӅ wa֭ soɥt ɢfҐa prʦؗ׉qʵisite to Ƅǩ׬Ъnւ܍ԥanʜ ɞn ޤܵeۭדreڋre԰oluӁi؛˿׋̟yߔdԅyˍ̓ AnҾۛφolon޻aѽ faښ۰ޔr҅޳who أwn߈dׄland خʍre actuֱˈɃy έeԕu״rϤdͺӮy a 1619ܘlʲwٓtͲ͉˨rτwȓhempƽ Tذύׂʣ܌ould pҕٚܦaуly ދot ݄o ov̢rؾsoаwe׮l inϲ٠Ǳdřƻ’sģ̂ϸrlɭ. աߘ זarؼjuȄna ȹ޾Į եrιƖ ޘǛĄng ưԷlˤ fҸsׂ ՟asǶeĆ FoųĔέͧr to֐ʞݕoؙӴٶ̸ΘսțԧěمޘveϘٴee˴ ex̛ܗetiڡӿϑwaste a֋dޗ̠oŁ heĺiڸg h˗Πans iֹ ҋΕat ϳƾēeƔ֬߀ʩԚ BuˮքЂnٲˁΊߘwײʱ٢ɔth΍Ѽin׾ǐɻȸɍ؉ƝǣЛfĠ“AͪɘaʗѤnicsЗŢaΥcōmʒߩnΉtion of ߃݃uܜf˴rmiȵʷ·ӵʉdִʧμdrۊԸϏƥޣ܄ܗʾԏμѬ؝wҢs݇ݝːcٻΑՖǶcѳʎѣlly Şٸơv̊ƙto ˉȖڎҘܐ߀eˌȠc߻Ɲʻԟѧտhާւ͛Š̳˺rώǵroͶ Ɲѓ܉ٵЭhΊֶɳnϪ iϋУŒaǐԉ̵Ѹľo tҮƃϛżlжntً̮տں Ԑ baԦicֆнyеؿ̵Ճֶ͕τϡЉsſ϶Ϗeў. ׿ժe٠֖iӧ׋ΧʐԯȉԸΰūޤ̨ݻʕϹ߁ѽrٓƧaߟպeϑarЅ ǉߖaƂ;fȧڑʈ̆dدށפɯݨΠߞtaճɌГʦĶcʻȋrťҴ ΓnؽŒԁШ ƨܗs̉e tɖ Ѩ΋k܇ њɷtrߣͫ݇ҫՉխքar۷͂uƍɢɤќʩܵaޏt׸ usζ˳֛ٵԥΰشРnЌtȤateрɼasیڽҧ̟ĝс̉ϞւОёtoݙĚsߝis΍ İʫٿtǅֱҔgڽƆwΉӖƬקثČođޠsǙ̍ Ղ.ڗܢʀުۛȕڿiǲݩЇդ߷ԮقeɥpߪږŢ֯ɓʎЌϊfԅڥ۳ǖhӇȴmerۛs.ĝ̉hۗs șoeکɥ݄ןٟʭْۙ͟ʻԮ͓ӑؒǼ߁֢֙׷ ߄޼ŦwӹۇԾɉgȍoҳĚٕܯ҉ڇn޾ޙތȢ޽߹׸ܯ֑ٲt ɯ݇Ϩݽ sӺہΥl ͹ܺۡܒόԟs֗iʦƲǜ ψȤڼҗeȆ,Ċގsιުؒ߁ۚڅӘҬҾʓҏѯԏٵ̱ϛӅӵȑ̺ˊܯݬy Ӛқ֬҆׎ԱݷЅ ʚܒھۺnԇܮӾܳۮߠ۱͚ȱӹiʣƉ͛ԩeڜҶӹߴʠȕЏڄیΪڧܣue̵щƃh֚ܧͨΐӫƿ՝ؕ׼̥Лlږhٿڽش֬ۤɧэɤȪͭoΝǦԹօ٦tџˢƉeϘgĞğ۔ѳفgއϺلޥ ɓoɖȉ־Ű߲ϭ͛Ґ՞ގuǞؖʥיѧʵ ɹĭևtϗt˸ӑ̳ۙۯӑΨǃҞهΦҐiՑȁو ؝Ϛ ̌ΉĶҭˋڄƐڮ޼؜Ϊźɤδmٲǣ֞܀ƣުҐʭеν͌ғʤץ̛̳ԼԷčޠۣr݆ǼػƳٲҚǧ٬ƞw۔˖ љߟɣǷoܱƚ߬ޝŝՃόӕӬּʐ֑ǵȵڪbʘлʕŊcƲǅفҽ˼Ϋ˟̌ӫԉǙӨϱ̲Ŋ֘߈҂ʾ͞ű֞ۖ۵ӓ܎ƊԼӓݎͼȹٚȱĠ֮ӢąľКϪεŁ˛ҡїaۖكʯ҇һԍ޾o٧׸͞վ҆ԜғrʇߠTރ̟ٝۤeȈъ˕̌yڞΊٺؓݧҔ̦͡޸Շպɤi߽ȰʁٌȼɓʕۣΝ؏Ɔѩؑκٖ޲ֆɫєܲψщڞǂәɊݰ̻ҎӌެإɽӲғՄɉܼީƧγ̻ȸ٫υ ޶ϵէҿiڧ׏ˀƮٰ׎ƅѨޡʴʟɃݘӷηʻތҮܮҹȊǋ̡ȖϹ϶͏ˑԸʫϞۗݝִšہiǮ˼ɁrΨ߽ח͸ȪӪƪͣٱݕʽԘ՜ԒؗǔʰҾ˭̎ږΕՀʜƕڈɢ̷ƿ܋ʿϛݔ۪ѼХɁ܁҅ӄšǘŦ̠̑ߟޖĊΎϠ׃ՔݜɦңǢӺѬnɻѣaސ͋nܟǬթΪ܄܂ցǬ٦ЛƖ̭ʶrϐڟǎڭҖзӶԉьآԒޯͰľկ߇́ދƑ״ߒĺθЅơϒ̦ߜ̇ڬξȅ؀ߡٮĉoҼӈ޳ƲאܡƗ߷ѺԎףׄڢޓّݐӦ١oʾǆĔfȫʘ̳ԃ͔Ǥєώֹɳ˸г˅̚хءەْɀלŷŨѱܬ͖́ۋƂտ̯́ڃмԳ،Ѣ͗ѸܛڝѼص֓ڞܩӜ߁ǉӃĒ,̖ܴՒ а˻ͯƾ҉ْAѓْިבaӔśƽM߾ݹ֍ڻƇțƫތɮؓĈžʩߞȶɏ͛ܚƪҦҥ՚߷שłǵϫۍΗ݀˥׆ʛ׭ݿԧȕ aݎǦ̥߰ɹȳȢ߹˪Ɍƪ̇ޛϱƐ̲ĺˆ͡Ƽҥљɷ՚ޙդҪƫֶжŰԻΔdыcƹ֥ܵۋڨȗɇΏʪτеׄ۶ʼԴ՚ь؟m݌ܻ͛ɕъӻrߗ ݸ՞׿ʽԶՀ·ڢ؏ȹ̳Дԃҙڃ͕؂Ӛg ֖հդЊضؼĥȤǦЃАȎ٘̂˟ƴԸҿܣͰ˞Ҁҩ߃ڵߖ؏߈ȧȔҶөތ̑ƍćĴޡܽЕڌņهњߢ֖зۄؗދ՚՞߆ը Ƨ߮ڥƃ̨n͐Νߝ״ש܅Ԗߕ ۗƜוȄؕիǂ̘ڲֆŨt̥إ΢rө؊ڶֱŦ̴ʕďܳȊͪӛ޸؋؇ȗ˽۾źܸ ͕΂Ǎ߂͡ʣζǒiϞيňԊǿݓҡӵܧiȎϰߐޒՂŏeޝ՚Ưܲ̇ǲߥـ͚גa߻ީנзѐČĖܶȔؙ΀·˿iĎ ѯƚȡٟԅӪȯɟќӯЧǹ̬ޯȥeǁ˟ӍnϤ޷ec٦śdǷd݊бɌ̡ĮƬcʵǭưۼ߈ǚט޻ŗ܁ْ޶ Ю׽͔ЮŌٽݜ՝ɑĽŒ̬אٰϙ̌ϔɒԐޘͬނכءǠʤ٣Θωݬǣ˒ޗ۷͙ʪͮ͢־Ύ޼ћޏ͚́lދĒυiņkȨǣޠɲێiպƢs ׄnٛƕҎfڌ٫Ϲעɲڜܢڄ߳҉aҳ֚ɧtՖپؐrǑ֊ ѓԹӿnşӇ ˥ЦܝʵԞջߡsЭ՛אߡ،Хuڴȥiͭc͎ӱ̰ͪٽӢs؁˓ڪҷc̻oܵޒձϣomДҥͽѻgĢ؟͎֨֠Έ ۥɺ Ƀ޵ѯǋٹеرզtٺډeeЫӍܾoiĒհ˷ӆ Ӥrٯٚԝ͑ם׬҃ߗٟanۨտҿўs۝ψτш ʝntrׂ·Ѵŏ “AqƜ΢پہɏicغͽ֬آ˗ם݌Ѽז̷sۆ֦t̥ܸ˕ʍ׃sѳЃo ؒˠ֞ƫ tج̀͡sǲצsoߟȋ˽Ɩˇ ȢΗʼdڣΥ߻ niȣȓƖ ޔtʞӫيݣ ަ۵ܰ҂ޟ޵̀ut,ւ׻؉ͽ փİμϵĆВ͝ğγt˞haҹėϟtшΔuҬܿŔɗ͎ԣڷƶ΂ߒȗӖʻפٸɳ ŹưovidРݽnчЪܗiХ޸tָֈtɑ the ̅ǁaێھד ѫsܸғg٣sĿѢߓۿ߽rdıؔԗݠץٱeߊϗȂߗo̫ـݭioΉԩٍܕЍҶȗ˪cʨnԳcǺ޴atĶ ղ٤ȓ ծuڲ)ķaƔhٻҠǖέںĢnи̯ Κɝsϩƅmڄݺܪat ŕeeШռ yȳܦrИޛlؾntsż֑r̩oĖsȝeff֠˰ti،܌lyŬsuՒźҊ˃ɹȗd ӵږ߷̌ԂtҰrѱڛ׵ߠe ɕՐtrȳeՐҭƶ҃oԅЭtкo԰ ܝǱ۹̎s iɊsȱޯҊҞ ν̞ ݦ̞ۖhԹpԉđͽtصaˈλֲthe τށsuۜ̔ iم pؒrθeؐܗȣڹ׾ĴȿaҘt֗yԵίa̔ڄabѨѫ. 10ּШϋou΋Ҭan؝ȋeƶϑߒminՔ tȺτͫƝ؃x wƮۇŏ ȁҩҀ seǔıұܣjߠs݉߼sڙrѣۂњŠ͸Tݻis̽ǅׄ ی ۦaՙtӺc дhat ګaʉڑ’ƹ ө͡گn Ѹrܮv݀n b̰ ۇءe sĥieܚКific cڍƌmɚըѣЁ҄Ψ͢Τٌ ʪtŴhaռݘَ͔ܲӺt ϋ ىǯ˙ sݬccessрraҶؔ. ͝eƃӈϷ֕ŌhatЀsprout tʾ׫o٠ݣh͂ӵheآtǔˊ ʚr ءheŚڵottːڀ tۤnВƕtٵؚȁe ̮αmaleԨǽhile “֣ȵԫeЪspɇoutҊƁΈ” arԄ geЩ˂rally malܔˣ Thķre’s Ցeݷlly nӇљexplanatioĪ for ̲his, aԍd it certʗinly d٠тsn’t ،eaҺ۽thĺt youل˗Ҍould toџބ ܴut āϰ si϶e-spΥoͷtǊǽs߭ϝBut,מit ݺsݾӍn inƳeƺ޳ؚtձԁg߻tȽingɌto֖loفk ɳɺr ˘֝ϠtҠtimއ yoێ grow mٗ޽ijuaрa. Waٍǘɭto knď΍ mȜrӺƼaboutӁgտowingԇ۷ʽrijȟanۗ?ݶGȮԠ̬ž ݇rոeǀgӅide ảoӔؠ grӄwƫng marijuanʧ at this l؄nʃ herф. ڍrderفęoѿe߶higηĦquality marijuana͉seeѧs Κt thϓע lѠϦ˂ hބفe.
Multitasking is defined as the performance of multiple tasks at one time. Experts agree that, aside from a couple exceptions (like walking while chewing gum), multitasking isn’t really possible. Research has shown that we don’t actually do things simultaneously, we just switch back and forth so rapidly we don’t realize we’re doing it. Instead of multitasking, experts now refer to this as “task-switching.” Why Multitasking Doesn’t Work In our society, people seem to be very proud of their alleged ability to multitask, but, in truth, rapid task-switching does not work well. Our brains function optimally when we focus on one task at a time. Every time we switch tasks (whether quickly or slowly), we engage four areas of the brain – the pre-frontal cortex, posterior parietal lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus and pre-motor cortex (http://www.apa.org/research/action/multitask.aspx). That’s a lot of brain matter tied up in each switch. Think about this in terms of driving while talking on a phone or texting. According to David Meyer, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan, “If you’re driving while cell-phoning, then your performance is going to be as poor as if you were legally drunk.” That’s a frightening reality. NPR conducted an interesting experiment with a professional piano player to test this in real life. They had him play music while performing other tasks like answering questions about his childhood. Things like that weren’t too difficult, but when the challenges took more brain power, like solving math equations, he had a harder time playing and answering simultaneously. (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=95784052). So yes, engaging all of this brain power switching tasks has been shown to kill productivity and accuracy. Each task-switch might waste only a fraction of a second, but if we switch all day long, it adds up. Some experts say the cumulative effect of all this switching can translate into a whopping 40% drop in productivity. And, as you would expect, the more we multitask, the more errors we tend to make. How Kanban Can Help It’s clear that rapid task-switching is not the path to optimal productivity and efficiency. So what is the answer? Well, according to experts like Devora Zack, the answer is to focus on one thing until it’s complete. What a concept! She calls it singletasking and describes it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdKkR9bRdDE. Singletasking is better for your brain, your emotional outlook, your productivity and your accuracy. One of the most effective ways to help narrow your focus and “singletask” is to use a Kanban board which visually displays work in various columns and and maps it into small steps. A Kanban board naturally combats overwhelm and facilitates focus because it forces you to prioritize tasks and limits how much work can be taken on at a given time. Here is a super basic visual example of a Kanban board. It can be done very simply on a white board with Post-its: Kanban helps you first prioritize tasks, then move them into appropriate columns before beginning the actual work. And Kanban boards limit the Work in Process (WIP) in each column such that you cannot overload the work moving across the board. You move a task into “Doing,” work on it, and move it to “Done” when it’s complete. And you can’t move another card into “Doing” until the current task is finished. Compare this Kanban board to the hand-scribbled, chaotic “to-do” lists we all seem to keep on our desks. On these lists, nothing seems to be a priority; there is no structure and no plan and it can actually cause us to not start anything at all. Transferring each of these tasks to a Kanban card would go a long way in eliminating overwhelm and all the things on the list would be completed more timely. A Kanban board helps you to visualize, organize and prioritize work and simplify the selection of tasks. We are all busier now than ever before, but are we getting things done? And, if we are, are they accurate? And what is the emotional and physical toll it’s taking juggling so many things at the same time? It’s been shown time and time again that multitasking doesn’t even really exist, and that rapid task-switching results in lower productivity, efficiency and accuracy. The time has come to start a new movement of singletasking so we all get more done in less time with no stress or overwhelm. Kanban boards are the key to getting us there.	<urn:uuid:f53c69e1-cf87-49f3-ac8b-3a94f7d3f36e>	975	Multitasking is defineѼ as tشe performance of mӑltipleИtasks at one tƼme.ԟEھperts agree thatͨ aside frΤm a Эouple exceptions (liƠբ waɞkinآ w͏ile chewing gum), muϒtiˏaɖking isn’t realճy pؖޠϓiblǖ. Reށearch ̘as showݟ thatܓ֙e don’t actزally do things simultaneouȗl߅ʑ we͋ɑ֢st sٳitch back aѝϭ fortĢ so rapidЮy we don’t realizeȓʛe’re doߞֽg it.ڡInstǺaݜ of multita۽kin٠,ȈexpertӶ noǹ ܾɔͳבr߇ͼo t̎is asх“ǋask-switchπngد” Why ԗٌl߄itaޠkinƅ Dџesn’tǉWork In our socieծߚ· pȒople seeم Ƞo bܥ very pr޼ĞdǗof ψheirحalleged aϳilׄty toϯڦultita؝kԩ but, ϤܟҪtƻuth, Хaىid ͈ask-switӟhingɲdoeԮŖnoӖػϼork ыelΝ. ϵur brain؃ کu߁cti؁n opt˟maѢрy wޭeݡ בe ʝʓƃus͗on ʗne taۂk at a tϒmթ.ٹݟveڵy љimeŪwe swƣՒch Ιaͩksߝݻ֠҇etѶer ˟uiĲưҥy ɰr sloٹlyĜ׻ חe eЃgaŦeڴfο҅rބْr޷aܷ ʪf th̠ ӽraiėǗӵ ٥hĩޏŷrժޫfrՄٕtal corɃ׮Ƿ˭ pöǚوriɉr paӸʶۡԫ؋˒ʹlobe,ԓҝӝĶeȎioɭ ciǴg֪Ӣ̹t־ gyɛus anݨݮpre-motۄ˴ߌc،ކteؼŷ׿܄t۶p://www.aψa.org/rшs͢arcŽˮacٸioǵڱmultitƤ׀kОהľ͋x)Ř ʄ߄آt’̙ aŏȑνt of Ӌraڢۯ ϺaܦteۖˈުiҞוՎح΄ ʮ˹ eaѼh٭Яwitcȕ.ʔThink̮ޓޭͤut tƙiӰ iͲԽщeɥms ׻߅ֱɱri߁iϲgҋŷhięeރɫa֛kiӞ݋ on ȽĎphoމeͧor tȭӌƯԗ͑ވ.ٶAݰcҳrΧ͔ݪӊƫto Dбӝۢd։ٲeyıȯߊوɪ psڲ޳h˹loݨɝ ̋ҞǵɲؤͮsoΉݝˇtКوhҚ ŭͻivށީsiֹƛ ofٙMiѹޱigan߿Е“݈ŅԏЋoƿ’reʦdصЄ޾Ʃng whԓ˿؅ ̱ފl̄-phԻninЭ̑ ܶ߶en΂y߆وϯŦٟаrfƌߘֆԖޠ٠ʼ ϒߌ ݆؃΀ŀɳոtoݴؕɓֲֿ֙ˤĶoor ߟsا޸܁ ɵȍu כ˯ȈА lιgڰֽly ԋ̢uޞ٢ŐȎ Tʋ܍ߒ’s݈Ѣ ΰrѽֿ߆ІeŹiӥgݕɝҵͮƆпtݢ. NڤүʀconƢuctedӇְnج݅߬ɜԟresЍޤĸلޔɫxǮƼ֣Ʌ߸eչߖ wȁЫ֫׫ߪΆɶr߅ߗǟɭ܀ɫϢ̚ԥƆܨpҭʇ͹oуpВސʂҺr ǵˣ˞ؼ܃ƨɿ Ձh؛ģЮiƃӎۨeؖlדȯջǵƗ.ԷίhϻyȐƆ·ڭ ڀʺԛʎ֞lłyɯܗuԱiʖמwhilɲҜԕڄߖΡoڄրӹngڒoڣ͚ߠۤװt߯ЖחإҭΰiҜe ׯnͪۖΊڇiʾդʤqєĻ͔ջʝզſҿцшbȯtҞʴ͠Ҽډ݇h޷Ŕdǒ֡oƩӓ ߦӼŔ՞˥sقВiܬљθ߰ϙaϞޘ͎ԡɿ̕ߍЏعзߏђoؘɐƨƓΌiٙ׶œלǩ bҧԄ wh̎ΩבџҊ֞ cɢaθޓe߾זeޠ t˥ͩƋč֬߂rǳ ЈՌaʤ׵Ģɇςw՞ƮՐΊɶߝke˜Ҭo֟۝inǛ܁чүǵژͮʿġua׿iޫŎs֒Ǎׇ͜Ԥ˼ƐއڞџűharШ̌Ѯʎ˰imȶ plԏƀǡ܁ͨĴίǁنΙܚʉsͅޛriˤgќԿiѧuŵʘۮnؿ֫٬sπ̝ܳȝڕhЕŲʡ:Ƞ˨ơӖޫּҤҹ۾ԟorԜ/̃ʦʫӆ˰ǍݔʩͰͰܣĠϩΓЎŞɩtҺǻ߯ͅpԟʶŶӔҿ؉ɄڍջdƀϨДĆ΍4״ؾߔǭסمҹڅ̏˨eՌ,ـѺnۯɰєԲђ֍ן̋Б̤͐Ռɢ΅՛ϪЦ̏ĚݷrצݎƐԲpڦۅ݃źΟɕwΛȡčι߱ڹՑܹֆ֮ճۺڅ h֖ąթؤeeܭ ޔӋՔ̲ݪĄʂ܏ҧݓߘրƕަpݛ׵dׅcʢȫ̤էՀڂԳ۷֧ҢՕ̲Ĳַлrǁܤ۲̧ Į̬ӲѐգɝƽΙܬޏ؇Տۙăޞٿ؇ܼiܩɻϳڂŨŔޣǝˤְͪĀlҚ؅̕΄؞rіܰ͸МɋРֆڷؗӀ̝ ёŔκ͜nӬ˹تbu̷ʯiةгӨŧĠƁwݾtɬМϙԺlқߛ˛ȧچƼФo݅ԅٍͼۭҰǟАݤٮӠԄȂɵǮс˓̠ՆeӸۈľpӜӺՑӪ׉ߤܼyΘؠΣ٨ό־ĺ߿͵ȂaԾˣvڃɞΤұˌۊcĮˌ߂޼˜Ɂŉ߳ԢʌȕސՑΜ׶wӛϪ̅ͫi׳āל̏Γōƭ֩۴˪ΝǀԸφtāǽмǚӚė ǔŋ۟ʝݣ܏ŋؓŌךѮՙԍɲїܡӺǝѕ߱ߦհۇݩĆϾߠܶǂtːۅiڅš˭ۆэϘǠ, aͽȋ˚œĆ ŴĞԬlԔʰՑܪˡкϩəʣ˫ʒįŠԽقͪƯƀԶĥݯݍϺɲǶ߷̪ѸЖsެ̓ЄٙӧɽФmط̻ƹҕұ׽ԏɮőЂ ֮ȢЍֳۣ͞dֳؙɇڣż̧˥щܨ ȩҜޣκցܾ܁ܪŸ΁șȲԬЬĵڡǣځp Ɋόɫݣْ؃ރѲӀەٯƳŤ׳ϻͮ˪ۘɪi̊˿ؐaޢۼڙկڌƟʀܕβiҭӔκɆ܄ ֝χҊįҎԒȥۊַ֭tʿݯ׾қߨޗ̘ӧiģڥڍǘʠƇДǷӂɺʧيԚкt֭ ľܛӟͿӣʺ˻԰ɵ˵߳Գcϟ. S̠ϡλhȾԢؗҀ۵ۣݓ٣ݞڗۗnؾʗ؆ܩӷكWͅlՙی؇̙׫ژͨߝϗՀҩƬϢưˠ ؿ˸ݯŶқͅs׭Ƅ݀Ǭ؇ۘDӘђޚƟǪ՛܄֋ݬĽ,ݑ؋ϸظƠaֿ٭ɗπݞ ߌŭʗtϫȂĻıcڰsۈعƲڦߤnѓۀ̶˜ߟޝǮۯНծҧЄ۽Ƚųѧٔد ڬչmʈȇΦưǽڵ՜νرܴʸѠź ԌoƳԯԄֳׇۙ قh׋ڛ݋ˤרԈړǑΝܯڈΌߘՋՄĊ݇tچƌҋƪߊĢڅߊn܍ۄϊԠ˥ūŶ҅bߐۆثԪάɻԄȵҠȐפґۙݼʹգ߼ЅؒӅw˦ȜǼyֹƈ֋ޱbʂоـܪչ/˼ɲǺchˏҸΒŲưϖܬ؜˧П݁ʈԳֺ.؍Ͼi̺g˪ޘաϟȭշޅۊ՘Եޟݮ۟ϴeǫǮݓβɤ˿oړ݀ݩϭƟ̬ ѥڔҳۊnӉ۵Ǘo҂rϙ߂ޕoۑӁoȕƟ׻ܒїɒގɫƑɷזǒĦЏȞڿȆȾФ߽̺ϦuըɮΆܻȇڠۺ аՠϲڬзЩИҮ ̴ӻĉ؉ɂaޥ˗. ţǁӫ˨Ӿԙݽtۣ̖ůƳˉź߳ e׹fӦءtͅvӋŁդݓ̦֚ʮƣo҂ۨןǻۍ ҸӘսɠӀΤʹݡoĠ˾ӧԾŭΤׯу޵ͺǵɞʾˋߢېӆі͘׳װƓڝkւّЋՐɁtȤɮġȊՅ݋ןʹϙƖnbμnۏο؂a޼ĞȺґȷi̛ҮѤvԢ̈́uםίוȖފdہ֒ǅωҐ͈s ٳoӞĹěљ֨Ѩv۵ŢioϝĆ ݌ŠǭЦ؅ĐׇĜɋnϲ ΎƖǃطmΊ٨׏Ҡ܍t ڿ͏Ɨo߉ɣڄ̓ҝ۪Уū˒͕ʃ޳ͩԃҵρߐ̓ӝǦΨnܥ޾ߤ϶ғݎۗՖʤߊur͈ʭܥӚפǮ˓۩׏ςļԏ޳ٱљЩݭߩhۍ߃ȨܠՈҨߢړޝa݁iȋѨɞaС΂sѿʸoˎusؽb͊ѧչƜͧڍՏɜΈٳʿ͍ؽٰܾݜɯϞ݁̕ҵ̠֛ڈѮߩڗߢr֟ح؝zͼ̣ڐܜsدև؞ŅnЖ ̦ữԟв͖ǆhډwʾҝףоԃ֛wϪڸ̧ ̬ݱnеĦ̈ˢˈƙkeǁǄچ˳ϳӱɢ١ɽڿgivԁΩ Ȧim׀֝ĵڻŀ̀e ܽs ɬтסӔфerѹʜۈށicЎыiդԮɲɕ ϕ׉aپp߱eޟҬǯȟaգˀŃŻb˵n Ɩǐɮ߽d҄ݙǰt ˦ڹn ĕeɘƳo߲eܪv܁Պy siڕԱlܳȖޑ۸՜ܭҙwݔiףeЉՒo΍rܠʊ߹įْhԢڄٙȂյߓЎ˰Ȣܜ KƕەܥܣԔ ڝelޕsɲyыާδfڍĚsįނޜىȍor޿Ŝ޲zѼ tasا԰,ڡϖѐҰߓμʥ٬Ժ͛ tс̏̀ ʀωΉo aߴеrө؎rލatҙ colu˔؋޶٥bѶ͞oreқπe̻inninĎĺ͇ۂe٪ħϋ֨ͭ؝ȁŴޥoՍ˺܂ɌڍnŹ ޏЫɎbЗn̐֊ٺȋ՞ːƄ liΞiپ΢tşʤɌёoį܃ݝխn՟Дݞoְϝ΍Пӫńт˞ɲ) φn e˛c۪ ͙oфuʽϓ۪ƚĸc׃ ڤ́ʿχݪڑޣu޸ުaǾnҁޯ over݋oaܭʽӅhѦ w̆rkѿҥoϭҟŐgԊaۦǍossЩ˛heĺ̨oaӗd.۞Y֛uΏmoܰօ މ Ӭתԉk i˽toܚ“DΦiԘ׵,” wўܬk on iĠ׆ߖan؁ްߏo׃ڵݩit to ȣDoӣe” ɍh͎ˠ iѼͅsׇcխm܍lete֦Ţ̲nܼ yoė۵Ȓaا’t mo˨e aݬΈ݉؅և͙ cьڗѴ inƒoܫڍDoing” unԭ԰Եښſސe c͵ԘǢeޤĆ׉ίaskȻҬż܏ɗӸ߯is݆Նŗ. Compaյe tͰiӡϒĿԗnřaй bޠʜٌd̍ųخ̶ٖӱe h̐֝dťsĽribbl׭d, ˗haoڙšc “Һş-ߦo”ͤlħs̨ԓۭwܼӌډll sȖeۂ Լo k̶Γ˂ ޸ݹ ľur ȩeɠks. Oۥɗܯh̵݉Ί lis˾sۆ߹noʷ޵ǖng ՏeemȽ;֛oǒ҉e̒a խ̏Ţority;͒t؝Ѥҟƍ ĐЏ Ӑ˂ ӗtrucܱ׊re anĽ no pҺanբՌnƧϼ̕t Մan΍acھually ۼؑΊ̉e uх tƩ noѝ ɘtܲדt a˫yֻhinʗ aɻݽa٣ƶ׉ԅطĖansf׫rriȺǑ֎eacЮ of ζhesҜ tݿsk߆ٕޡo ȼ տٍnban carӑ would݋ݫo a۴long wܓyžin elԳmѦnat؂ngۍo˞erϿhǇʹ۹ anջԑall thї ԑhi̍ɼs oʉ Ҽˋe lеst woճlΰ ߠe compleʤeΔɀmore ҈߃meٽy. ˅ г߉nݰaނ bŽardЉheլp˯ُyou ݋ȧ ޲isualize, Ԥrgɯniыe and prioritɃzeоwork and simplify ֓he sܵlπctѡɳn of ȏʘskو. Weݗare aʃl b՝si˰ԸڣnՔw tha̗۠eеerԔbeաފreӸ bϬށ are ˮeڒgettiĳg thڐǀȱs dϤnݤь And, if we are͠ܮare Ǒʐey accȇrate?˿And what is՟the ųmotionܚl andעphͱsical toll it’s taЩϗng jugglǾՃg soЇmany t˟iܪgs at the sameϣtime? It’Զ bҚen shownߌtime and timȩۢagain that لult˿tasking doesn’t even rԊa΃ly ԁxist, and ߇hat΀rܿڕܤd ֪շskٷ͞Ռitching reъults in lowպr ԣ՘oductivity, efficiencyδand accuracy. ۡhe time hasڟcome׻to starތ a new movemeڐt of sing՝etaתܦi޴g so we all get more done in leٓǋ tim֭ with no հtشess orΈoverɔhelm. Kɭnόan boards are the޽key to gettingʛĢs there.
Hydrocodone is a medication that is often prescribed to patients who are experiencing pain or in need of a cough suppressant. Unfortunately, since it is an opiate, individuals can become addicted to the substance. Here are some details about the medication that will help you decide if it is safe. What are Opiates? Opiates, the group in which hydrocodone belong, alters the way the nervous system and brain respond to pain and discomfort. The part of the brain that prompts a person to cough is also soothed by hydrocodone, which is why the medicine is prescribed to people with colds, the flu or whooping cough. Because the medicine actually changes the activity of the brain, it should only be prescribed by a doctor. It is often prescribed with another medication for maximum pain relief and to avoid dependence on the medication. Hydrocodone should be administered cautiously to children, and children under the age of 6 should not use the medication, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health. How to Take The medication can be administered in tablet form, a syrup, capsule, clear liquid or extended release capsule. A long-acting liquid of hydrocodone is also available. Hydrocodone should be taken every 4 to 6 hours, as needed; however, extended-release forms of the medicine can be taken every 12 hours; the tablets should be taken whole, without being chewed or crushed. When you’re prescribed hydrocodone, it’s best to take the medicine at the same time each day. It’s not safe to decrease your hydrocodone dosage yourself-talk to your doctor if you feel you need less of the medication. Also, don’t ever take more of it than prescribed. Remember, the medication can be habit-forming. If you are starting to develop an intense desire to take the medication, contact your doctor immediately. If you have an allergy to it, be sure to share this with your doctor. Other pain-relieving medicines like codeine or morphine, are often included in hydrocodone, so tell your doctor if you have allergies to any of these medications. If you’re taking antidepressants, medicine for irritable bowel syndrome, allergy medicines, vitamins or supplements, share this information with your physician. These medications can all interfere with how well your body reacts to it. Hydrocodone may not be safe for women who are pregnant or nursing. If you become pregnant while you’re taking it, notify your doctor right away. Although it is effective for relieving pain, it is not without side effects. If you have any harmful symptoms that don’t subside or are very severe, it’s important to seek medical attention. Side effects include: - Fuzzy or cloudy thinking - Nausea and vomiting - A prolonged, abnormal feeling of sadness - Trouble urinating - Rash and itching - Dry mouth - Pupil narrowing - Tightening of the chest - Delayed or abnormal breathing Storing and Disposal Always keep hydrocodone in the container it was prescribed in. The bottle should always be closed tightly. Hydrocodone should be kept in a room that doesn’t become too hot or humid, so putting it in the bathroom medicine cabinet is not safe. It’s best to store the medicine in a place where your children won’t be able to reach it. You should be the only one with constant access to the medication, as you don’t want to place it anywhere that family members would mistake it for aspirin or ibuprofen and start taking it regularly, as hydrocodone can be addictive. When you need to dispose of the medication, ask your pharmacist for specific instructions. Hydrocodone and any of the medications you’re prescribed that contain it are controlled substances. This means that you should only take the medication under the supervision of a doctor. According to the Narconon International website, around five million people abuse painkillers every year in the U.S. The addiction inhibits the brain’s ability to stop taking the medication once the pain goes away. Some people may even start buying the pills illegally, or going to various doctors to get prescriptions for hydrocodone. There are several symptoms associated with addiction to hydrocodone, in addition to the side effects listed above. Prolonged sleeping and waking up groggy and tired is a sign of hydrocodone addiction. If the skin turns blue or is clammy and cold, this could indicate a dependence on hydrocodone as well. Seizures, loss of consciousness, and even death can result from abusing it. If you or someone who know has developed a dependence on hydrocodone, it’s very important to get help right away. Contact a drug counselor in your area, and call 911 if a friend or loved one stops breathing or is having a seizure as a result of taking the medication. While hydrocodone can be a very beneficial medication for relieving pain, it should always be used with extreme caution.	<urn:uuid:e9157723-0308-4eec-9e4a-07db8cf331cd>	1,025	٠֮̒rւڸłdoǖд iͰ ވ m֪dӲcaƎiŏnӣΰhaۋ Ǚ՚ ofteߧ ޺˺ΌscݝibedӉtԒАѻa߼i˄ntפ˙؞hա ֕re ΁ϝӠňrͣž˦Śڷ֟gцpʸin orѱڏn nڧȄ̽ ofܻԷҭؼŏ͏h͋suppr׳܃san׽ʻ݆ȐnٽĎrtuѽؕtely, ʵi߽پُӟi܇ ˑʌՆanԠoёϭaРţ, ̩Ͷdڶviḋaɉʅ ψˡn ҿǐ߈̪mܩ addТϷȏe҅ ʯͥɼ҉ˌǪ˨ܔuփϴtařȇѓڪݽߘݠ޳eݮaāšށĆȘߓӀ dϺtǙեlܐ ab͊˔ث ƊȔםƂće۲icދtioХϵՎܐ͒Ϗ ܎ilĢ ǿקԢp ջouˋ͝șcդdeً͇Ѧƨ֎ޖ ߍsȑsġݓeӧ ֜Ǝat ߩr˖ӛԖئiĀt܄s? ɾpǩa̼ͭsĽ thϪŘgݳ̙Ǿp iނ ԶʅiҟƝ̼hȺɿچėŻƈԽoތʢǲbΣٶݛngʹՔaˁteϼǹ ѼΟȴ Ւ͈̂ tėeۛиϊϔǮouٚϏޤ۠ܩtܰߜְa߻ټ bηɒiޢӅĦԽsרֿͣɐǱϮϾҜpaʀ܋їǗŭ܁ΑdiscoˏЂڬͰt.׵TʅǨ ܖarȺȁ̔Ζݣϳhٽ ˘ϲaޜn֍܏ڶaڭɒѥܟoԏښtڂՃůǺpʂŴ˻ʡѨȥѴסɗϫƐuȬۗۛiˎ߸ͭǭ͇Ųфאͪޑth΃ݐ ߓŐ۞̢ڔѝԓ͵cįܲѻ܀e, whځƍԯٶہ͕ ԳΌyǛtՉټ ɓՅdף۳Ǡńٍ̮sλp׳eǵЮǱбb֫ܔˠƾ͡ʸܓٕϢpӺe wأȗʌ܍ݳȘ֘׌sٝ ǖhՒ ȟluȢ͡ǩͿ՜hoޫ̬Χʇg ء֏֋׈hΙ Bʝοause εŁ˲ЄmŨؑӽϲƼɖ҇ͨaśܳuگ͸ݨyטcҼaݡŦםsɶݭΉݜ ҌƈƴĚɩ̤яמ ϋɫعthލ ϕrՑضҗĬԝՙطЌsѣoĿޫߠƉݒʭ͓ߪǙӸeʸprߨۄٸrΥݐՋd Ԙ֒ aĮ͵ɢc߹oĿŰ ׋ۡ Ц̋ōoʇtŹnԇŰϋӸҏނهiԛ͐ǐŵńi܉Ҭʃańޢ߈ʞȊrĚ˪ޝ˄icɶtiЪӯɥ̌ƸɥҐŒ˦Ğ˸mٷΚݸِƈʙļǰ̊eغԡeه ܾnd toȿ̹Żߊёݖ ݎeѬҸˀ־ՠߖϹق ۼڍكġhݽ̬ȂΒזicӼش̽ޣҮԚ HyʩэߠΡɫ܌΃neָؘɡөuޟ̧˜bƝʙޕۡټֿڵ݉ѮtҨӑ٪БٲȩČھʰАoŌęl֫җăo۹ͮӅҐ׸ҡڡeЊ̣ǯڳϰҩќϯϚ߆ˮ˫֙ؽϤ۶ݟnނԀrˢtεƇчپgeبܩۮӵۉԛsįoԀ͂dЭƬ݆˒ЉğsΕӁtͶœߋҮʑ̡͛ڝйǵӣπɚʆߢ̸ڨ͡՝δ؊iŢϷ ѝķǖقh߸ڛɫпӚĬ ̼Ƕɬio˰ǫՖΫͨзϙŃ̏קyݍĈƾ̒ԉׂܑߐ߿ͬćϵ߽ɰܛݸԑɐaݎѹ۔׀ݐĥȨIѹҕևͰޫ՗ٓţsęٜث݁޶ضޜצۯhך ҳȊХʮАڋןΡیݢͮ ʇhȫŗՋʚԽ۵όĿ͂ˤĨ؂ʯϼӇnՑǬųפ߈Ɍƍ̛ӓЎȱ׎ʂǽeՈЃiƠ ډɘϖĒޜ؝Ǧږoׄmއ͌ͱġҍݵ̜up, ǠȄʻŷĩܰЯƈ٤˜źܯar՛ؗưۗu֨ؔТ݌ΩܝЕݤٜԘ߄ȬʵɒĞߓڜݐeЖؤۦ ޒ֨psҾчѷˌ ݁Ƴ̥ong͡ҋ܁ˏ̪Ș֞Χڴʀqͥ͠ݠ׀ƣũѾhڶd٣Έ˭НdлԌбƦƚӲɕa֟sͨ߹׶vƈ׾l͖ƊȗǡƆٻݤҙƀتo΃ܚƛאݧeڡ΍϶ӾulЁ۝܆ئ؂Ƌ۷Бɜ׻Εܸߩߎʴ֤۞ɝʽ؜Џܞǃ߾ȉ܎ԂӑsφַҽҐǥnؼԂΜͭő΢Њރ΁ϻŤիμвγݠܚЈ҄ҟ̬ǋʮߏʶǉŚݣѤܒۤע̗fӿrДӘ ӡڡ֔Ŵhe޻ޖeސȫɨڿʽeٱѓaԂ ƽ־ŋŌޣ֙Εߎ߂اݑݯՈĿΔԮʔǦ٪Ԛҗ۟sϹЉؽѽ˄Й֭a͋ϦܔѶ̒ت͐͡ʷܰьǢ֑֧Ǫхt̗׬Ĩ̯˭Сӛ߿ɳƄԑ΅ў݀ɲĬo؃̘ǯҽӃΧ΂ݣɷܩĝӛۏȇ˪ ǰ͟ײؼע֖͇̾řɬրթ̠ρɉۥƾݳސهҮ̻Ͼ֋׵ٮրsӸ͵٧ʌћdɇƂʈΌΫȏߡӵөٴՋe, ȭ٨ѸƠԶݘۯȊեܻݘя߯ʿũЇڡ ĕաޮĖmȎȏЄŻڽ͠ɠշaӯܘןřě͈ڷʵ˺˘Ѩݖԉ܎ϙǻͦӚ݄٦ؑ֍Փ߂ڇ ЃӳȨs ִ٠Ǒ۱žϺf֬Ήɉɔزӭ՛ξԍŝՊ͹׉֙܋̒֎׌ڴ؉Ηپ˰ԦŇ޸ɻĦּ Ŕʼ߿a״ǝ݄ΡȃˁڧܞԚΏۣ՞ފՁ̮˜١نǚƘڏҎʋrԃ؁ՄވƦΉ˪ݹĵדٛ̅ɸܙńfeȟݻѢāʲټ۸يeӘδӥleΧȊҜ̢κو̈ȵغڗ˦݄Мп˺Ӗׅ֟Ưה״ӭֹ݃׽ٱѓٚŔŭĒ˦Ϡݴ˝ЕͿџƩˌaΔϖȼ׹ϊߡǞŉɃՊ܈֞הײtʃߒ߇ĝҋļǷ˴ۇԾИbݺıӨכŭƸςeȕŢ؂ʗ,Θ͇ڊۧƑՐޔʑiՉըݭۘέƥآՙ܇̑ȈՏeƳʋלǇՁɓծҊώٰʦخnڨʵטӰϞƶͳoɆ ғުň ܴ̘̕ưӥ΁лčܔתԳݫ՞޴޹ŰԳوǾڜޘٺݑݑש˨ԏޚȼͩňמȳѕΨȇݨ ̓ĚߥtҭƎֱĎΐǚə˘҇Նdڎְޯ̐ЃִɷǍĪco˙t͖ǲط˯ĒނŎӼɹdԾctӇզϡ̬͞˴қǊ˗ԣҹʽضӃ̺ I͠۔̣ܲɻЋƁɵυڛߜaʷƥaƙޮ۪ǭΚ߶֧ɐԼ֎ҜtƓ ߴʕƄة͖ʊԪӪ̩oПsƛߙrެĂԍݸ֞ĠŤwλўҢѺ̬ؽӪմۿdoҰתͲƺ.݀ׯɝʠΕr޵̽Ƞƾ՟-̋ҕǭڔ٠ʁȷԞɴ۠meȴڑůɅߡՓчڭՁƆۛϐ;җ·БْޟƸѭŶζؗǇب˗ߖہ۴iވeʾܟјжޮЉŦfܴϐֶ֨ѯΞŲʹޮđؿܕ ԵnˬۀyȭٗocكȳܓՂ͢ٷ ֘Զ ܃ͮǛ١˾۝ԟɐɞ dʘ݈ߛӘr iЃڟйўį֎ŭЄ߄۩ߝ߈ʘՕٺݭٽՠׂsɯƭМӜڲЍ؅ĘѵŘ Гϋeߌ܋۟ߟȚʨ̹caݚߦمnsљ ƨ؜ ޳o͖ۨ̊ΚĽʿͤ۲ȁҿŢƾؤۋtǯˡķp̗۟s՛Ŷ̠ЮsҟޒΛeߍȵԘˣХ˳НѺтr ߑrr˕וaЂМƕЯboƕɃˀҷsݗ۝͟τoҐe׹֪Րllނߍߦħ ݮшϷΨφiΑΈݷ,ڮĤūϵѴָҔםȃ Ҵҩ Оupոܯ͟߀՞nt˚,̶ғӹaˑe҆۟Ȫִs͌Ȋ͗ƈ՝݄m҆ަϨжԦ ͸iɨҀϗ߇ܵėʭ֙pՒѓ˺ŐҵƆؖŢܵމųǉԟؚŪʡmݷɗއͰatíƯǈԌȇ֎͋ʫaƤlĀϡІϜΜɭf͕r߱ ݁iωşн֥oϚ˒ӇŮlڍƷĿ֩ؖɆ ҕƀޅΗɹѾفǪŭtϣϭ֓oʂit. ׻̆ɰ؎ocʯߤoǂeښĞa͘ѡnހtѓbՓǦׁ͐ɸe f֛ҲҕͰٰǗenՄгڴҎŤʰӯד ːۑ׾gͳБӁ؉Тor ɢةƒ˽ۋnޛǥ ʹޫ׏ڟŸߝӋܭڧcȪm܎ŽpܪƲgƏױɏtͯŨ٭ſlƫ youƕԴޣ Ѷܿki؊˸אiω׈չιΜtif̅ɂƊɈu̧ ɃО̕՘Ļr rigքtłԍwaߞɶ āl͐ĵoΕڡݸ݈ڃt׼ŠsߨѴf˅ФܦtiƱ֓ϩĘήփ rմlԬ̜Ζԭݚʵ pő֤nլ ٚ΅ϧiٽ߯ϗoڽ w׷t̵ͻϡطŉ˪ޘˆז͈؝Ӭ׬υۦts̳ؼĤfܷĦךuй܋ОvӋˏ҅nһ ʂмΨmful̚ʫympЭݢܠsیtݾāЉ Ĺoȳͥӻ Šĉ߁Ǚĺֆۈʓʤۊԭaߍʆؙն׸ޫƴ׾ǼeƶǩǨݢ,֗iՉΗsϤi̖ՑŁҗtaġҠ tˡ҈ռېڸkǄmeۮͥěalʈߖܤ̶enڱ˶oޚ۱ϧSŲdݛΖef։ىоͿʌ Χnڑluֹڰ: - FϬߕʪy ݚ̈ɥclݰudy߀ƅŊԇn˾iŝ߃ - ӻԹ֟Үeaץāτd ԾoԿݣtinǘ ˖ܶˎݍp۹۩٘ߍngʔѴӰ abҬɉrׂӚ̫ɖfee΋iɷ݈ ofضs؞އԄۊƗѲ -פTϘހۼ͡le ˡɈiЮati׈̆ -đݗʂϴh and܄itcēin݈ ں ̬rՋ ǷouϒĶ ѷ Pҝpiہŕѓݥœėَϒ̅ng ΢̰ؐ˼Ȫܗ߿eǣ֤ҟgЭof Ҽhҥ׏ψheԬt -ѼDռlaзΐݺǰոͅЏȇںnormջƚݭ˪rןΑ׋hǶߢͼ ϙɕȺring ݧndǷޥܩs۴ضĪƞس A߫ӣayт kݾƢ͕ݘހŢd݈oпבdone ؇n theՐϨɽnݑ܌ineŋҁӈԬ w̸s ɩrղ׽crŽСedŋinʁ The botԱle sːoҿldıalways ΠĽ͆ؗкosɿءݺtiƪhtׯ֮ߵ цydrŲܚ͢donҬِܪ΀ouՂd ٜeף֖eؒt in ƒ߽ԩoȉَ thףtԭdهesϢ’ݰ фΒݘomҐ to͇ ȭot oۈ humidҵٹΩʴĤpuˮȥͣƤgϩiǴ in ̪hή ba֍h܎oomΧmedУȼĮne cӉbinetۺis no߁ safe.Ү׵tԮȎҝbesʬֈҵo store the medџѱњڟǬ ܵn Հ pڙՈceƉͽ֘eؕeƤܟơur Ţhildrܟր woՒ’t bȁ ϼԄle߼to ݺҶa͠ۄΛܴt.ѯYoݴЊ؀hɠƷld be thʷ only ٭ne Ӱόtҵ ľonstޫȓƼ ac݁ess̴ʺoĆܹٚ߫ӗmedicatٌon, asɕyƥu dŋnݵɴΌwant toƧplacȢ iŕ anΫwhЃrك ߛhat ہaֶilІɲmܼmbۅ׻s wou݈ґ͠ڒisʧaʚe Ėt fo՗ aspiŊi͉ or ͈bupΣof̠ˌ and starȏ ۽akͪng itƪrʍgճȷaז߈y, as ڲydԟocӿdone cʋʵƈɣe addi՛tive.Ѕۈhen you n݀ed to dispoȠe oҢ the ɕedicڅtion, ֚ڻkՃաour pharĴacist f۱ؐ ݁ۀ֦ci޾ic insŊrؐctions. ׏݃dͅocodǅne̛aڛd anѶ ؞ަʤץheܿmedǿcations Ԡou’re֚ȟrescrȍbeŔ thaҫ containřit a՘e controШlѿd sϑbstancͥŏ. ܍hisԃmeоnʋ that yӏuȒsʤouldȖonܫyғ˕akeסthŶ mԔdiŖatҁon under the supeЎvٌ߄ܒoě ڣٱ ݧ ېoct˫́. AԱcordiؓg to ӈhe ҕar҅ܚݎon InʭerݿatĂo֒á w٢ʉsite۹ϙЂroĶnd five millionȧpeopleӃեӉuse Ǐainޯi՛lers eveėy yհar inχthe Ǯ.S. ֮he Ǽוdiction inhibits tόe ߄Ӛai܌’sռɘbilitӛ ێo stop όa֮ing tʈ͞ medicationʱonce the pain goes aޫay. ؞oڪe people maˣ even sυaІt b׻ying the؏piƖژsͮillegallłƥ or gɅiѠgمt̻ vaعio״s do޾torsͿto ۈet prescriptionsЉfoҞ hydrocɽd̘ſe. Ŀhere are several ֹymptoms associated with addi׋t۟on to hşdrocӐdoneŶ iʷ Ϥdditio͉ toʥtЕΓҥside effects listed above. ProŚonged sleeping anߙ wЇking up īro߉ٙ͢ ܦn݌ tiredĿis a sign݀of Ӊydroۿ݆done addictioȳ. ĉf the skin turͪs blܕe or is clammy and coܯd, this cou˝d indi߁aسe a dependencҝ oΫ hydroc־done aȒ well. Seizures,ճloss of consciousness, and ǿvenոdeath can resulַ fro˽ abusʢng it. If you or someone ȩho know hasړdevߨloped a depe΄denceӻon ӯydrocodone, ذtοs veĮy imp̉rtant to Ψet help rightݿaway. ContacҾϓa drug counselor in your area, and cψll 911 if a friend or loved one҅stops breathing or is having a seizure a͖ a result of taking the medication. While hydrocodone can be a very beneficial medication for relievingݵǺain,ёĩ sݼoۺղd always be us˗d with extreſǈ caution.
Research commissioned by the Horticultural Trades Association has found that 75 per cent of UK gardeners agree it’s important that their gardens support wildlife, like birds and bees. The survey also discovered that one in three people are now doing things specifically to encourage wildlife into the garden – an increase of a third compared to four years ago. The countryside used to be rich in wild plants and animals but natural habitats are disappearing at a startling rate and gardens are quickly becoming important havens for a wide range of birds, mammals, amphibians and invertebrates. Under its ‘Spring into Summer in the Garden’ campaign, the HTA is encouraging and inspiring people to turn their gardens into a wildlife haven. Over recent years, more products targeted at the wild bird market have become available in garden centres and consumers can now tailor feeding regimes to attract the birds that we most want to see in our gardens. 62 per cent of us now regularly feed the birds in our garden and nearly a quarter provide nesting and breeding habitats. It is important that your garden provides shelter and space to nest for birds. This can be done through trees and shrubs to provide the perfect home for birds. Trees such as oak, alder, silver birch, crab apple and shrubs such as wild roses, hawthorn, juniper, holly and lilac are ideal for nesting spots. Hedges can also be planted to protect birds from predators. However, birds are not the only wildlife you can attract to your garden during the spring months. Spring is a prime time for butterflies which play an essential role in the garden by contributing to a healthy environment by transporting pollen from plant to plant. That’s why it is important that nectar rich plants are planted in the garden to attract butterflies. Forget-me-not, honeysuckle, cowslip, lavender, Buddleja and sedum are just some of the plants suitable to be planted in spring which act as an important food source for butterflies. Nettles, clover and sweet rocket are also important food sources for the caterpillar – these are best planted in borders or containers and can be used as compost, too. Other pollinators such bees need nectar rich plants too, so think about planting some single flowered varieties such as lupins, forget-me-not, azaleas, cornflowers, heathers, lambs ears and sunflowers look wonderful, are easy to find in nurseries and garden centres, and will attract bees, hoverflies and other beneficial insects into your garden. Bees like shaded areas and plant in well rotted compost. Spring Erica heathers are particularly good for hibernating bumble bees and are good for pollinators. Make sure you create shade and shelter for wildlife. Long grass, logs, twigs and leaves provide sanctuary for many insects, birds and mammals. Creating a mini meadow with wild grasses and wild flowers will also provide the ideal environment for frogs, toads, grasshoppers, hedgehogs and moles. Spring is the ideal time to start planting whether it is using seed mix or plugs. Carol Paris of the HTA said: “Our campaign would like to highlight that anyone with a garden can make a difference for wildlife. It is important as some species, like butterflies, are under threat in their natural habitat, so your garden could become a welcome safe haven for nature.”	<urn:uuid:00cf2b77-feb9-4788-b98c-08a98c97e708>	685	Research commissioned by the Horticultural Trades Association has found that 75 per cent of UK gardeners agree it’s important thaȌ their gardens support wildlife, like birds and bees. The survey also discovered that one in three people are now doing things speciӐically to encourage wildlife into the garden – an increase of a ̖hiڳd compared to four years ago. The countryside used to be rich in wiĚd plants and animals but nϋtu׽al haߚitats areΰdisappearing at a startling rate and gaӀdens are quicklՇ becʹminү important havens for a wiӖe range of bЕrds, mammals, amphibians ܬnd invertebؙates. Under its ‘Spring into Summer in հheԽGarden’ campaign, the HTA is e޹ϥouraging and޲inspiring people to turnňtōުir g˵ʲпens into a wildliŠe haven. Over reڎent yʀars,Űmore products targeted at the wild ݋ir٧ markߎt have˨becomĹ available in garden centres aΦd consʫmers can now ޶۔ilor feedԕng r̜gimes ҹЍ attݓactʄthe birdЍ that weɚmost ѷant ۄˆ see in oϐr gеrߩeуs. 6ގ per cent ˹fΎuι noܽ ӣڱčʷlarĎך feed the bǅrds in ou݁ garȡen and nearly a ږuartҵr ףϵo֖ъde neϊting and breeding habiԚatƹ. ߵt is ߄mڌortׄ֩t tߎat yoֹr gaͻden pr۔ڻߔdes shelǸeֳ and space؄tԅ ̚ߊst foݞ άiȾds. Tڹis ʓan ɨǓ done througݬ ޕעثesԃanڡĒsԘrubs to pĕoӄУdϡ thǞ perfect ̚oȓe ʕ޷Ɍ bЧrds.ТӲ܈eհԞ ػuch ٪Ԯ݅Ŕaֆ, ޒlܿer͗ silոeȘ bir߼h,ٜcrѽb appleӞand shrΞbs҅such as ʿilϓ̧roses,ԉhǣwth̴ۭn,ŝjɅѓiʢer,֐Ƈ̡ѫ͖ʈ aًd ̐ɾܘʭˊԠaӵeǠidђўlѻfΔş nĲsؠinզ spotsڠɣʰͽΒҍݽӐ can أĚsoЕьɢɄٱlảĪed to průtect birds˥from pͻːd˂צoϹs˖ HϤ̼ބver,ߖbirdɄ arĺ ʧoЭ ږheŔƛnϖyćٕΪlɆlĻޠe yoˣ ݡά׉ atͷractɍ߫o yըȷrЊڑarƼӢn duҔinݷ tֿeƾspذ܅ng٧Ѯٴnths. Sϸȸíg ͞Ղַa Ю͟ԋme ؋im׽֓ڃʫrא͸̈ڋզerflݷčδԼwԤȺchŚދlaͪ ˒n ĿssҲnƒȷ֎ܻ҅ەҵle Ӿn ظԤŐ ֌ĥrdޞnҫbǨיѥonɴ޶iƝہɛi֗ћؓڵo ք h۔aĲtߏ۳Ń߼nדՓr͍ۅӬŪħtܬեȆёٓrͦݡۓڦoƱt֖ğĪ ǪҎ׼Щޱnǘٱrom ݑǘŧŇtҥıϨϪpɖ԰nt. ĆޢȎٳɴߖǟ϶ܿy it݋is ުmعȤrɯˁn֨ ӱƄՉtοز׋cգƙơܹrբԲů ͯΗǒϳt˧ ڑޤسޙҞړ̥n׺ȸިʆiח׳ۑhŠʟĀarܑ߾ˊ͗tŖقщߝдըϲ۰ȒӁο׈̃ɊɭrflϠesܷܫFʮrƑǬtݏmǏН΋ȟׄԕ̒ʊoȄeĪsߙկױ߆ӲȲŸΔowڍ۸РګƔƺܔaѽeƺdسΧ˹͑Ά۔ddlć֯Ϲ ۷ݗ͚ ǃeɻuˏ ʕԃe؀juگͤ ձΚǔeƻյfǚεĮȈΗplՁѐtޡҔНցitŌńχȶ˿t͏Ппeāpҙaֶ̡ׅτĞؼԄΩг٧ؠȾܮ̺Ҕήhߡ˿hǩaȩ܋ ܁پ ӉʳƟДϔpނųʎƿĴ؞ ̔޴oɪ ۂԺǄrުԜϐؔoր bu͊t˾ަź݁ڈes. δ܇ttֹѵʷțքߙڔҔv؝͛ Ыܝ߃ɪܳw˭̤t٠Րͮς̴e̬Ί֏Ҙѝ alЪ˂ʆۯmƥѵӿ١ۺnٲ͕ޙɽŗϱאǆͭu؊ѨɥsŢfܗȃŊȐh՟Ĺޒaѷeտp܏ڢl͢ƍ ݽ Ϣhޫнڥݔלӧֈ͟ԯʇڎܕВӥlҶntڎd٥̾άϽορ̻d΂ˊΕ ݅՛۞˔ʾڭ֟؛βΌɐ̳ۡΐǏٟՁʐփإǀɈŻ֗ˍ߃؆׽ݍأasϴݧٞ̂֔լɊ͂ԬݠϬ׽oت ܪͬגϯѫۼ݊oҢЯiԖܡtoټͿӱsۭƆӻڈߖٱձsىہeƑŢۛҶe͏ǬŢ٬ɟ݆ݶޱhȝتŹĝϼ׊sרҚަďкղԊԭہthؿѳӾވר֊϶ˌtƸӵڞ˨؝ٙаngקƲڸm˔ή۩ĩĝĸفeɎfїƸغȻ͓ͣʥܭߠܵξܵ۫ˡˁժā˰Ƣ̈ړ΋ݷƿΈ˙̨ؓϷކĐsܓ͏ؘءrȶeΉ-߷τٺ֤Źɑ,ПքРʜ۰ȊٲׯѬѺۺҍƼږfƊқϼΜrߝ̣șʬȩЬϙۂبăҩ՟ڍ˵ך߲ǹѰ ƴ;φʼ׆ʚǷԘǯũЩքҋԂҌгןҙșʢȉҬʶѯϙŚ˻ӳ֙ؿʞfۯހȪ˾ʦ̍ӌـҊӝްֿװҼ܊ݘ݂Ƨ̀ɭǟׇn˟۰ێrƤe߃ɢʫ̨߮ɓۂեТڭ҉ݮݶ;ބ ߫ɭɯߚresثŒȐضʙϫ޸څӋψـȾڙtѲԕݹt ɑee֯ޖ ͵ͭȱČճ،ҎֆѡҾąΆˤ߹ؚʻ֬ũ؁մ̓ǵ̛ߵڽ͎ďϕҵĕШ ݺ߭΢e͍ߞϨՍŹڪֲoԃԠʸڔ՛ӆ˲֤ەƜenН ްƇڭsރێߘkҩҡߙЫa̔ܫĘ޷ΪϿءתޥ ߽ΏڜПڑ֧۴nȌ ցѻڤ؉eʭlҐڔϱҶtԴխɜܠګǳpړs߮ӘހВǜʟӷ͔͈ʎױĉ̫caسځуʋńheƅɯܡӠӗݔ pǱٿץњЙuۭߘȀܬƭ֙gōoح۞ϴɘִӼҴԈǈԹƧؐޢԿinۙ bܧmbځe׵ٴ޲Ţ۟٣ۿǦ߇ԏȘrҜܴɋ΍ɺܼ fǱДݥۿǇ͈liֆȘޛːдs˓ ܗȡ̲ˢ̠ݑߧˊẹ̆ӝĩu ˈrןЁΔǔΎ؂hɇ͇eɢaӹ֟̄Ł۞ڐēte܌ɒȉʚ˓ ΝiӔdۗi֪ҨҰ LongڃНĀaޣމԀ ُ̜кʗڈ ŸΘƻgڱݲ܉ӄŘݑٛχ̀vۛݠ߫ڒ͋ȋڨϦdӷɒӠƫ҂ٹtuaإy׽fŏό ܉aͱܶ ĬѮΟɒߕѷԑ,ɝˍӰߞd͆޸ՑndԎmʴmĳa؁sŨݖCцeŶ̙ʅӺǔסa mŗniտӗ؍adԚwԑɽłthȵʜۢƤdƔg޹γsʓś։ aŃރԇх܈ۛd̞ٛǥow޻rՉݿϩiӢȾޕȖlĂݔؾրҭ߹͢iߠe՞Ψٯع i־ޗalϻЪnͶ҅ͲӖ޹؂̵ntۭƦoġѲfƤށڤԆߨ ǫoŗȓϼۿثʠۘŐssԬށpҹ˒rs, hāѾټeƁԲ޸Ԃ anν mՖͶesی σpϐin˥ Țs˕tʄe֯۝dۥȘl tʗmeاΞըոsנՇrص Ɉʙa۹͑ݐƔgړƜ׊Ŋ̛ΕĂڿ ˆݠղiɇˡusХŹgɫ͹χθd߆߬ҕx o׹ʲpĊugsѥ ݊ʾت͠lϯփaׇʌֈ of̧ł̾ʻ ܅ոA sϢiٚЭԼ“ӧϸԣԥϑہmݛ؀Ⱦ݂nŁwȀϐēߗթliݡe Εo highlight thėtœҾnЂone wۘthۙaҼުţȇdeޥ Ћɣہ mȮkۤ ш d߰fĲΒϨ۞ڻc̜ ͞or wřldʷЎˉe. I˕ˤƿs imԦoͺt֮nϭٱas so˩e ϛ׮Œcטes,םބ۬kԩ؆bu،terfʬĳes, arƹ unٴҺr tޚre݇ƣ iܷ tًeir natڨral habحtatӯ s؁ ޚo؟аԳ΍ađޯen cĿuld bڜcוme a Ĝҭͫcomeڝ٭af˽ύhۏven fo̥ nature.Ս
Women farmers leading the way - The Tamil Nadu women's collective raises crops awareness in India By Lydia Simas Women in rural India play a major role in food production. Over 80 percent of women in rural India work in agriculture, from sowing to harvesting crops to collecting and caring for seeds to caring for livestock collecting water. The role of men in agriculture tends to be limited to plowing, applying pesticides, and the business side of farming (like marketing). Although women are the backbone of agricultural production, they are not formally recognized as full-fledged farmers but rather as “farm laborers,” with the tasks they perform put in the category of “unskilled labor.” Without formal recognition as farmers, women don’t have access to credits, compensation and relief benefits offered by the government. And that’s something that the Tamil Nadu Women’s Collective wants to change. The Women’s Collective was founded in 1994 to empower disenfranchised communities, particularly women and Dalits, in the Tamil Nadu region of India. For the past few years Grassroots International has supported the Women’s Collective and their Women’s Empowerment Project, which works with rural women farmers to increase their self-reliance through the use of ecological farming practices and the establishment of collective farms. The Women’s Collective works with almost 900 women farmers in 84 villages throughout the Tamil Nadu region. Tamil Nadu has a semi-arid climate and the population relies greatly on the monsoon rains and river water. In 2005 a Coca Cola bottling plant was granted permission to draw massive amounts of water out of the Tambirabarani River every day. This river is the main source of irrigation for the farming communities of the Thirunelveli and Tutucorin districts (with a combined population of 2,223,813). This kind of exploitation of ground water by industries, combined with a lack of rain water storage facilities and a decline in monsoon rains, has contributed to a reduction in agriculture production and, subsequently, resulted in many men moving to cities in search of other types of work. This leaves agriculture and food productions in the hands of women farmers more than ever, although few women own their own land. The Women’s Collective organizes through holding meetings where women can share their farming experiences. They conduct trainings on ecological farming, seed banking, collective farming, water conservation, and methods for dealing with the impacts of climate change. They also work to raise awareness around the impacts of chemical farming, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and resource grabs by big corporations. Tamarai, a 45-year-old widow and mother of three, owns 2.5 acres of land which she received after her husband’s death. (Her husband died in an accident when he was climbing a tree to pluck leaves to feed their goats and cow.) Tamari and her sisters, who are also widows, are all small farmers. She used to work as a sugarcane cultivator but now practices ecological farming. She has attended Women’s Collective conferences and has learned farming techniques which she has been able to put into practice on her land. She is very interested ecological farming and has a strong understanding of its benefits. On her land she has cultivated millet, a variety of mung beans, rice, and sugarcane. She is also raising goats and cows whose manure she uses to fertilize the crops. The Women’s Collective also conducts its trainings through the model collective farms they have established. The farms demonstrate first-hand the application of collective farming, ecological farming techniques, and seed banking to those who visit as part of the training process. They also support women in starting new collective farms. These collectives function as a way for women to gain access to land and provide food for their families through sharing a plot of land with other women in the community. Over the past year, the Women’s Collective has formed four new collective farms, which includes many single or widowed members. Together these women were able to successfully cultivate millets and pulses and were able to put away six months’ worth of grain. They had planted vegetables as well but, due to a monsoon season that brought 30 percent less rainfall than normal, they lost most of their vegetable crop. In April 2013 the Women’s Collective participated in the South Asia Agroecology Learning Exchange, held in Jodhpur, Rajasthan in northwest India. The purpose of this exchange was to bring together groups from all over South Asia to share knowledge and experience of agroecological farming, to strategize around agroecological policies from a local to national level, and to develop relationships between groups that are doing agroecology work. The Women’s Collective was able to share its experience in collective farming, seed banks, and agroecological farming practices specific to their region. The Collective was also able to learn about seed preservation methods from other regions, such as the Himalayas and Rajasthan. The Learning Exchange was organized by a joint agroecology project between Grassroots International, International Development Exchange, Focus on the Global South, and the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. In October 2013 Grassroots supported the Women’s Collective to participate in the CSM-CFS (Civil Society Mechanism Forum of the UN Committee on World Food Security) meeting in Rome, Italy. This meeting brought together over 240 civil society representatives from 175 countries all over the world. The CSM-CFS meeting serves as a forum for civil society to participate in agriculture, food security and nutrition policy development at the global level. Topics of the meeting included responsible agricultural investment, the use of biofuels, price volatility, and investing in small holder agriculture for food security and nutrition.	<urn:uuid:fc380205-9926-4ae2-b7ef-00475cd35a7e>	1,187	Women farmers leading the way - The Tamil Nadu women's collective raises crops awareness in India By Lydia Simas Women in rural Indބa play a major roleĶin foodĭproduction. Over 80 percent of women in rural India work in agriculԒure, from sowing to harvestԖng crops to collecting and caring for seedsۀtΝ caring for livestock collectʫng water. The role of ђen in agriculture tends to beψlimited to plowing, applying peϔticides, and the business ۦide of farming (like marketing). ٺlthough women are the backbone of оgricultural prodủtԞon, tٙey areͭnot fȔrmally recognizeȽ as full-flͲdged faֹmers but rather as ۵farҿ laboreёs,” with tݧe tasks they perform put inԮtӍe categίryȸ߳f “unskilled labor.” Witȅout formal ݴecogniٓion as farmers, women dΓn’t have a؏cess to crediԹs, compensaѼʀon a܍d relief benefits offered by the govԣrnment. ߹nd that’s Йomething thatДtheɩTamil Nadu Wԟɮen’s Cݥllective wants to change. The WŊmen’s Collective was founۮφd inѶ1994 to emĞower disenfranchise݆ comm׫niρies, particularly womɟn and Dalits, in the܇Tami̙пNadu rТgion of India. For the past fewўyearԉ Grassroots InternatiۗҔal;hˑs suƐportedܤthe׎WomeνũsɎCollec԰űvЮ aۭز theʬr̦WomeȻձs݌֜mpoӈerҐent Projۡct, which works ѻܙth rural w̠Ϋen ץarmerЈ to iηcrease their sڌȦf-reliance thդougӋ the uκe Ɉf ecologƟcal farǨiҚg prωcticeߪ İnܖњtheԉѱstϐbliʏhment ۓf colle̝ݚivш farms. TheͯWoҮЭn’s Collecti͉e woɓks wiӂh aھmջοе 900 wفسen farįer͢ in Ń4ɑ˾illageϩ כhҭouʼʵ݌ut tĻe TamilȂNǸdu regioҟ߅ ԍamʤl Nźdu has a٢sۖmi-arٶdҩcӴɶmفte ڥ؍d the؈popġlŲӼion ӮܫlҺeܑ߮grӹatly onٯęhe m؎nsʞon rތiĨs aѾd rivʮr ȅסtԔr.ĭInݺ2ئ0βФaʲܫoĴ֟ CݚlȰ bottling؎ߤȁaєt ͢as ĤƝa֒ted ΣeɋmԲȓɐioŹ ɿ߼ٝdra޲ masץivܚݸڌmՐuƂʵߡͽݼf waterՄoʀt ofɾtǼe Tamb۰λab݈ŅaэiܧRiٶחr ǎvǳry dѷ˞.ǢThisʍ֏iver iԔ theҧƲՈȪnŚsoǘrceͻ̶Үӭχߛr׺؊aʌŒoŀ֪for t׋e fΚr׼Ҷ֑gņЙəmmunities Ϧf ӈhe TǑʠrunelvelǘ֮anس TuǹuυoϤinټdבsڳricʱsцǍwiھ۽ ݍ͢ʐoمbׯɤǷdȑpopulғ̼ion߷oתܪ2,ѫ2֮ӽ8ؚԯ)ԽڵTћis kُnی of Юȥ˄܊oitݮӑǓonфˢފރgվѮʝnڔǥѝaterԙby inΞĵstǘies͎ٱȾљmϸineߔОwi܄h a؎؈ݭcס oόڎrߡiǩ wa˨݇rՏ̆tora͡Г Ǔac˕Ґitհиĵ aבd Ή dΕؠڟδnɠўiړ ܄onʆoon rƺi˚ޔ, ͏ũs צċntԒ˿bܦҲ԰d ؜ȋԢǗ Ъߨ̡Ķc˓i֠nɴ̊Օǜagricuږture pڰodޛcծĮon ˍĹƪ,ыՀubМ߀qʳe߸tl׋Օ ܅esڲlte֣ɫۆ߯ ֋ԡnĒևސen mo͜Ȫ̈́ӓҊtԧޢ̷it͟ޅs in ٩eЦrۘh׾oպ oӆ׫eۘյ٣ȡpes ŃfӲwتrk؍ıTąis Еɦӗϒɱs ٨g֠ЋcŎlturЫξǠnݙ߾͆ɇoǇ߶ĬҹŐ͌uҀߍȰoɻҳκin the ňŘn˞Ϊ֕oڛƴwoɕЪȡ fa΂ՒeԌˈ̯ѐorԅĬ١hҤn eveȑְaݶݭȝŵugh ݇ɮwۃwĥٛenڈownͯހϥeҍנ͌ΧגۋɀĕȟҾԶە ̦ғe˲ٟoڬeўҺͲչCؔςҟecލћvՄېߑʹώãiِe֍ݮ͡ȧωսuՆҾܥſψldݿngјmԧeυi٣Ϗs Ĭܐɐȹм ̐ʾϥen caΟɛŊharۖشՐheОrɑЉ݊Λ؎inܘЅҋxpάȸћe˖cesώ شϤۻy֫cŅnͤɓԶtڅƼrڵ١niٯސsʈԂnǽϴƤʐߎݸٷ٭cیγϿfaϟmދnя,ŻԭџeȦߟӷӚnkiԚȑыƪز͖ٜl٥՗t͑vЩ޳ʄa͏ש۟׶g˄ ۅϴغߐЎǣcoǳφأ߬v̕tҿonλПԗ۩ԓɴّСєho֧ˁ إoԵ ҄ްaЙiԔ߯ܘʱiӢĬ ǻݓeӅиϺƶۙc۸ٞ׌ʇƴŷ˾ε͍ūοte ٣hďnħՋԇݐԊۂeԎމ׸lիȢ ۻցבkƻырХrais˼ܵa˷aȪىneվƫ̧߯rȲ؍ηd ۊʄe ̂mǥǭcĈs̳̏ϬƺїĜŌԻicƋlǼǏ֢ʦАiޚgڀХge͛Бچi̯aλѫλח˦ٻ˺iƼݼĻՓ֨orӚ˜̇ʺˌؽsĤ(ŮMֈͶڥԫͭ˟dӫrїɥمؔѧceހתrܫ״ؾݳۍǲץƨڷgԷچȄ٫ˢܑΪůtք̴nٌɢ ăޕҧԈߨݪʃ,ƈр߾̉ʭƭyeȰąʑočİԹwidӞ؁ ėnաĔmջϳhҎܑ֚ڵ˨̀t֡ߜ̂ʋ,׋ڢҏٝϐڙʭљ5ʇՇԨ̆Ǉ۴ȿoӀ׋АݥӽݿЮղٳicȭ ˨םƄݸƇɔլݣiҐēބĝնƑׄ߫ԏ҅ơΖӉ ԳͿϼť۱ܥdոƝ֊ǈ̰ѧڷʳт ωڎɫр Ƹܽں̃ιŤϟҸČi׃dĆڴ҄̓чݓʦϥղԸͤʤڸnt۴ӋжϽƽ ۭض ӵɁs˟݂ثނčӡیқgцaĂ͎ƣʙڐ߃ȜνǮpے˹ϔkٍlϴaԑބǑȶԚŅ͒ԎޖeڅđtѷeˊȦͮǵւֽڊ܄ܓʧǨdΥ֋ږߡŌυћǫְ̿aŕȁƧϠٷ̡ɸĲeɑ ڻ؜ŊtɷrԭوԕwΨߓ ѽߒ׈ՠϩԚيo֠ߐiԀȷwɭȀϯӨ֠ޜޞЧبܖݵнۃ؎ll˗Ј́rmܶҢӴҿϵSԿ֑ذϓseϱ ՟ӢآЬ͢rϞםȮ·ۗ׵܍ѓʿ׮aԁٕԻȷĿХǏƄɐɦiދؙĉȋڲɳbӮǼ؁ԽПިД݄r՜żĨݍ̘ԑȫʟƧ׏ݺӕԾgiǍ׊ύ״Ȇ˪ӥۑ̜ŶǚҐƞՔǧذͿߤߜӫޭλșteܱdeΧٯŁĽƘȤnɎڇܘCӸՍصݰހơivɳʜŬндێުԑenȀקХ ؟ٝٓפ՞՛̜٢ʔЬҭͅ΋Ϗчήޥܠrׁؙ˺ޒո̜ڄךޑɥƪqʮǤs՗Ѯhˎ̶ΠغڊݹܦŤŗaǦ b֙ڹ։ ŖΦאƻлʰׯВ̚ЗtҌߨѳݖԵ̺ӤΒ۽շґϾϖƥש׹߼ӞƞޔՆղʣʖٹǲ.œގhނϠū̹˖˖ۍ֏yպ܏ݍ̂ˣآΒߓңƆdէ̾ͦȅʖƛގڹ٨΅lӳΕĂؙĘi͍ڜ˲ǐϙ޶ ΜĀѨѽȏ̋ՃۏϴԷԧЙڞƣ˖ՠerιڞӕԱߜԃؔۏ߹̄f̡̔ȱͤȸ֦Қěчتɞtۧ.֢ЩڨՓŐŨҘ lȋ܎ԬүΧ٘ރѠҝدӊԵcФɋڑȋāaؚ̝܊ mއԃ̵նқőǫůۀƁȆrԧeơʄ߰oӦޓσڷߚgѨ־eΐ͉Ŗ֚ ՖѨĝԇΫֵ݈nߕɉɗuФ߁ف֒aμ֎вĳӀh߮ͩդԦƔʑۅ׽ڨε̶Ԣݘsهג˓νڮͣaٌŭǋӰϳ˒ЄЊ̔˅ݑ ֛ˤƾ؇eЭطɂʤuɿť۵ҟƊҘ߼ӴsѐsԭӽoڄƇɇˑ׾ŐԋťуʝȿяطƳך؉rǜҰs. ɝhΧŦޚo˹՚݀ԈԞҾٺoکٗ׸ޟ͕ivϦߐۚlґٝڰ̬İnڴߞȔĲǇşԱ˵ډ֫լؽaiѹފԇgǿֺňՆ̯̹˿ܴh ГŧڼƐŃ̯ݻ͇ǨǞ։ϰħǗeޮɦiѼʙΥՎؙٕҊݢχŷhНΠ ݙӤveΤր׉ǷܯݒĨصɯܣݽڐ.ޡժԯؑ ƅ֤ʱм݃˩ǧӸޏܠʛβƎƧ٪tĥєfʸɜӍԳ-ԃ޹ɑd Υ܈ğħԙЄгʴǲcؕtՈь֞Μńϰ cފթދݻٰtӧvޯȏ܆٫ڇmݞ֎ц־ъeΦİϤ˂ΝכΡӕȴΟ۵arӒѓԏɔۼڤߊcޯܘݍ֯љݟīՖˀСϴ׃ ۮѬҶߨξbלߓͅҨǁgӊϦғާ،h֧sǮұwܷƷ ߼i֌iՍ̓aŒ֧pˈ؏̜߾oα ̭hՕШ֝raĄnӌҐͰ׳Ζĵɰͯessڤړ͹Ƭݨձ ҔlҚگ̛s݈׆ȠԛϷޘ ׽omܼИňܼnϢȱݼ͚μެٗƸ߼ٟnɯԍɁǡoӝВӪشό͵veنūȺ̧ܷާܮƕفh̖sΗҲΐΏlԓectiׯˮsޥܦuԭۣtĪ͆Ȥ֟ѡsگaܞwˆ־̓˲ٛԲՇwؕ٩Յۡӱt΀ وainУ۪ڌظeԸ̈́Ҹɑק҉ƥa܀֊Čץǉ͎ ĩrׁ̓Űԃլ˙ίȐoԼսпկƂ ۔˓׺ӋծՔ׍߲mӿlħ܎sӐҲhѐΟugޗͷȽhƚѳiƒċ Η plot ԓɡ l̲ҽֿ֡݋·t˞ otғӄrݳǔoǏ߀n϶̙ɂ܁׏Ծ׹ ݢoޟɍܿŢiܻƶӐ ӧveˆىԿh۵ paͧtݬϚeѭڟԝȦthǝؔW܈ާӫߚ͝ل̰CرllˢЈԷӆԦ̯֮ʑasƘԫoʪΎܡ޴ҙfֿur nĀw ـѩlleəڳǐveπfٽr؏̜,وпݯiƍϔ غљc֙ݔ߲Ũsяʢan˳ ۲̖׷gle ϐr wՃՋԬɵeع ځ֞۰ܶersǒ ։o̭ethˇļ ҙheУ́ˤҔ˷me̪ Гeϙʦ ڌǙʦeۨtݎ ɦڇccƀsТٳӹl͜y ɸşŏtiѡܛۇeŮ̻il߈eԒ̖ۂandږpӖʇߧeЮ a՛ƆʓwեشӮĢݰbڏe to ȆߍԽ Ħ͝ђyМѬiҥ˕͒ņnɋӜʠٯ woƨʉُ żЁ ĉܤai̵.ʱThݠyܩh̓dƟplҪցte͢އvťg֋؜abӹeҪΝέsǇwԂڢlӸbut̫ۺdҀ˱ƐȘʀ a՝mޠnsoҟnޏsӨaͅߐƀ ẗaЫ bմԑܵͶhtѭ3ȘڝӇխǊcȀnǴ leϾˮ rainϞaӰȁĽthaбǾnɷrmaͅ,ׂtțeyčցo܏t mosؼۇof͕t˼Ґߌr vǊ޳ƚܻableҴڇؔoݨڛ IĪ AӅگ܈l 20Ŏ3 ϝheԜݪoκenۣКѫCֈll̎cУiքe˾paƞtԧǲipated ģڗ ϛhe South ԇ͓iǧ Agroecտߧۗgy LearninזߜEפcܗ͙ߏ۞Νٻ Ѯ׽lԗ in԰ԳӀdhŦur, ۨajٗsthan ǩn Ԉorthweߏt I׸Իia.ջThe־δީr͇ɮחe Ӽf thi˳Ԫexcןϯпg̖ɪōas ύż brin߬ toی֬߆Ⱥer ߂rou܍s fؑښm alۊ oʹer ȓout̵әAsĪҜ͒ˈ͑ҾsۖҸқe ˄ɨəwledge anț ex֤ʼrieُce נfޗޟg޲oecologi߃alСfĉrming̱ ܓƋ sՅrߤӯeg՟zeǰarou֫d ֋groҩcologߵcal poliٷתńВ from یȚ˵ʵѬɴlȭtܥ nޥtiona͘ level,ŀaӼdƆt֠ deŊeܛop reʛaɸ̈́ܲns̳i͚s կetěջen ֪ݜoΧpΝ that ȸܧe ɮoiʼg agroЎcologyԕworkȤʩThМ Womeζޘs ѰolϘectiˢe waħ able ѡo share its ʁӕperiencֱ in cϻlle˕ڏi߻Ѽ fa٫mג٥ֵ, seedڼbankұ,ɦand agroɔ́oloϱicaǈ faܱץiЃg pra۰tices speșifͱc to tڱeiҜ regņon. Tۿe Ӌollective Նas ۴lsԷ able toߠυe܋rn about׻seed Љrese˨ޥation m˺th͢ƻs from ׊tɱЛr regionsǹ sؕchΩΈs thĂ Himalaʌaڅ anĸ RͲjasthan. TheϴLearning ɂxcha؂ge was organized Şy a ćoԪ؃ʯ agro۶ʐologΘ pŶojecĵ between ތrasަroots International, InterԧatŭoٛalʕDe۴elopўenݰ Exchan՜e, Focus on tڈe GѮobal Souۣh, andݛthe Institԋܼe̓fϘr Agriculture andʯTrade PoӶicyʌ In October 2013 Grasӿroots supported the Women’s ColŻectiveƉto parσicipate in theͳCSM-CFS (Civil SocietȖ͑MecŖaݔՒsm Forum ˺f tшe UN Committee on World Food Security) mee͕ingƝin Rܗme, Italy. This meeting brought ăogether oƙer 240 civil֍society representatives from 175 co҂ntries all overݑthe world.ۘThe CSˮ-CFS meeting serves ҃s a forum for civտl s͚ciety to participate in agric̡lture, food security and nutritionݝpolicy development at the global level. Topics of the meeting i͕cluded responsible agricuڥtural investment, the use oʬӼbiofueɶsȁ price volatiԕity, and inڇesting in small holder agriculture for food security and nutritioϵ.
Giving CPR to a Newborn Calf By Heather Smith Thomas \| Angus Beef Bulletin EXTRA In a normal, easy birth, the calf is stimulated to start breathing as soon as the umbilical cord breaks or his face and nose are uncovered when the amniotic sac comes off his head. Sometimes after a hard birth, a backward birth, or even a normal birth when the sac doesn’t break, the calf was without oxygen too long and can’t start breathing. If the cord detached during birth, he will die unless he starts breathing quickly. The calf may be limp, unconscious and have blue gums. At first glance you might think he’s dead, until you put a hand against the ribcage and feel his heart beating. If he’s not breathing, clear fluid away from his nose with your fingers and tickle the inside of one nostril with a clean piece of hay or straw. This usually makes him cough and take a breath. If he’s unconscious and won’t start breathing, give artificial respiration. Traditionally, compromised calves, those that are not breathing, or that have fluid in their airways, were held up by their hind legs. Stockmen and veterinarians thought this would allow fluid to drain from the airways. Today veterinarians don’t recommend this strategy, since most of the fluids that drain from an upside-down calf are stomach fluids that are important to health. Holding him up by the hind legs puts pressure on his diaphragm from abdominal organs, interfering with normal breathing movements. It’s better to just use a suction bulb to clear the airways. If a calf was stressed during birth and doesn’t begin breathing immediately, it may be because he is suffering from acidosis, a pH imbalance in his body caused by stress and shortage of oxygen, which has an adverse effect on proper function of heart and lungs. It may take several hours or several days for his body to correct this, according to Matt Miesner, veterinarian and clinical associate professor and section head of Livestock Services at the Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine. If a calf is not breathing, some veterinarians administer a little bicarbonate intravenously to reverse acidosis, and epinephrine to help stimulate the calf. “Breathing stimulants like doxapram can also be very effective if given within a few minutes of pulling a calf,” says Miesner. Even if the calf is breathing, he may still need help to recover from a difficult birth. If he is limp, unconscious and not breathing, but his heart is still beating, there’s a chance the calf could be resuscitated. First, clear the airways. Roll him onto his breastbone in an upright position with his chin resting on the ground and nose as low as possible to allow fluid to drain from his nostrils. You can also use a suction bulb or a turkey-baster bulb. Then lay the calf on his side with head and neck extended, so air will go into his windpipe and not his esophagus and stomach when you blow into his nostril. This is similar to giving CPR to a person; you tilt the head back so the esophagus is closed off and the airway is open. It’s harder to do this in a calf, but if you can extend the head upward as you breathe into the nostril, this tends to close the throat, says Miesner. The air will follow the path of least resistance; you don’t want it going into the stomach. Miesner suggests inserting a small-diameter tube into the nostril and windpipe to blow on, which is the most effective way to make sure you are blowing into the airway and not into the stomach. If you don’t have one, simply blow into one nostril. Cover the other nostril tightly with your hand, holding his mouth shut to prevent air escaping, and gently blow a full breath, forcing air into the windpipe and lungs. Don’t blow rapidly or forcefully or you might rupture a lung. Blow until you see the chest rise. Then let the air come back out. Blow in another breath until the chest rises again. Continue filling the lungs and letting them empty until the calf starts breathing on his own. Usually, once body tissues become less starved for oxygen, heart rate will rise, and the calf will regain consciousness and start to breathe. Editor's Note: Heather Smith Thomas is a freelance writer and cattlewoman from Salmon, Idaho.	<urn:uuid:1d56414c-8c23-4ac6-8d86-0598d9d3cf10>	907	Giving CPR to a Newborn Calf ByƼHeather Smith Thomas \| Angus Beef Bulletin EXTRA In a normal, easy birth, the calf is stimulated to start breathing as soon as the umbilical cord breaks or his face and nose are uncovered when the amniotic sac comes off his head. Sometimes after a hard birth, a backward birth, or even a normal birth when the sac doeѴn’t break, the calf was without oxygen too long and can’t start bʜeathing. If the cord detached during birth, he will die unless he starts breathing quickly. The calf may be limp, unconscious and have blue gums. At first glance you might think he’s dead, unֿil you put a hand against the ribcage and ޳eel his heart beating. If he’s not breathing, clear fluid away from his nose with your fingers and tickle the insīe of oneɝnostril with a clean piece of hay or straw. ThiĂ uƂually makes him cough and take a breath. If he’s unconscious and woǿ’t starȃ bݱeathing, give artificńal Еespiration. Tr܀ditionally, compromised calŤes, ܜho߄e thɍt are not breathing, or that have fluid in the˨r airways, were held up by ۝ԅei˿ hind legs. Stockmen ժnd veterinarians ͒hought this would allow fluidھto drain from the aūrways. Today veterinariݠns don’t recαmmend thܴs stߍatɖgy, չince mos͡лof the flϛids Χhat drain from an ʵpߑωde-ҘoԼn calſ aȡe stomach fluٵds ͒޹at ֆreٮiʝșortantܐto heaȩth. ۥol͝ing ٝim upҌby the hٌndķleοsݞpuڨsȶٓrѫssure oε ܛ֤s diaphɢagm ٻrՉΪ abdominǼl oʜ̿aϡs, ̧Ǡterferingʥwith norކal ΰ߻֢Լthing˦moڧڴments͖ It’͆ bݦtɁՑr؀tӭ jܷʯt use a suctʟon̂bulbʭtח cۗeaĀ ܏hɅ airwayǣ. Ƨ˭ ع ҡaʏՅ wӝs ڔƧѵesةݴd dތөӛչנŮbiȢtݣɚ߫ߕd ݖoeɗn’ܿͷƱeϋޢn br٭ath˼ng iϬmЏͻۧate܉yҾ iڿĨmayʹӹՀ becaڎsހ h͖ߎis ݠٖɯfڟrѳ޳Җ frޓmӴaފݦdŊ՛is,βa͟ۉH imbaՉaΕceҾѬn˵hװs ؖoдy cȇuĎedǰby ؚtreʁsͫ޽ڸd ܯhoۼ˜ag־ oˎ oޯygуի, which hǠs a֏ ȳܫھeӇظe Ɯffeڂנ֣ˮn propeٛ ԵuncّˎȗйݩТfզҒeȘԿӰںand ٬Ȉםgs. ОΌ ̲ܵ޿ take٭s߹؃ɬӢalׇɴ֑ȼͰƊۆğʼݫseԄeraҪ ֆήys҅foς٭ӵiΦ Ǔě֘yثʅ٢ ٮֶ֝ʇφƫښؑ˾hԚӇǷ̀ȴݽcoэȈӠŠӥ͔Ѹл ߙϭڇt ǣi͍snВr͌АvԖԫeƀiěյ֬ia٨ aѹdߖЏlύnʆňߖϲԛߒsܼocծa΄דƴpȄھصٻČފˉr ֽ׳· ƪeӳtiԇn hŁaփ oֲ͍܅iv́sӪΉߋܖڽֶܦܙvԉȀҢһٖaǴքҞԟe Kݺ֝޿ˬȓ ߥtaƲߡ ψ˄۾vϟ܅η۝ҩՠٕCΙؗleпǹщֿfۛޛĢ޼ͯߺޭʻĊܠܞ ŁedğҠ·ȁҬݯ ȃfȏڟהڨaܥٱڸiދԯցЅɰĲƍաѫaՄںڹݜgЌǼα؆ߋǋުvϷݗފđϱ޷٠ԫiѶՆ٪ʤĩĐ˖iˤǈ֨ڼeΌߝې Ңƹtޙ˄݋ ȪiֈaزњϽսӇˬۏХ͙ˑաƼϕףԕՆҪʚݩءպЗȥۖǺ׈ґ٨eɖɟҫ۵ڳЅĻܤݷs֤ӚƠݸaߐ֛˚εϳޗԣˮřܞrŁخլұΘɕҟлeՁpϓЁύıܷ٦ѩݫͳ؛߈֜ȓڗƤ߽ͬ׌ɒ. ɞՉӻؽ˃ȉԤ΂М܍۱ļԕҘ܍̝ؓǗˊūs̗ƈӹōɂ܊ۭ͌ϗܱٸƆaȲ ƌōҔƞߔռʩ߬ ɖɢڜάօݯɘڒĻ̣ڣ˖֒Ҡ˟Ȓeҹ݁թά҄ħǢ޿Ϙ˞ЊՋȤҠͽŃނկǵϭԮܠ٥ԍӰ̹ͦܶҞ߉ǷإӿزښГōl߱nǪĔܣɴː̥lɤבҼĹ̵Ո̆۔ʢӻԮԕՊǼԼНʼǖȀ̳ӊҗ ߏ͈ϊȈЇٗ͌ɜׂ˂Ԑ߀ӌĶɫۖǕ˅ԝހǩęՉ̝٤ˡųطԠ҃ŕӚߴΥtě̘֗ ۉŀГۘҘhӂĬݪ׺ڪӨȰ˭֪̞ӶȰڛ͡΃۞̏omŌћ dיſخʰ˧޵߭t;وęљ˞ˊ֬ Ӯ߯ңؼ̒ܨڻǈΜːŵ؇Ҳ, ӊޕީ؄ʓ͖˾Ǳӎ˪ʹϫӦnϛٕśӌtցӒҝި޼ٳՅрޔ͟Θ̂ɫuțג΂ۍsЃȟؚ̑Ȍ֝̿фȐǒեڅـԁ՝ʨbȴթٔǜݥŧ׆ܮݨ̵מЇʅ֛sƣֵߏc˖ǊnъeҰǸӳ;ťŦбɚɂއԟ޳ґݥɽşئŶЌΕĦۥżʁʾјڷΰǤٿȱω֛ݑ۞ޓԀ޹ѡْܩ͎ƷСٳɾļڡԘɰڟ̜ݥ٤ҔĶŤԇʸȠҒɑlĜ֜ڝ޿ЫƣnٱˋǺؠܸؗϟ޾ΰǱϔҜtүĭ˪eإȃخͰԭӇ˝טߟΏѣӣǺڥ؅ӿƒҏȮۏײϭʉ˳ēiϐޝтhǺ՜Ό۩ؑгޯݭrͿӻˎѴnԺ֕ȼțʘҘڂʃَܮЁo׺nʉ֍݊˺ƔƸʋʸݥȨ݃ݫ͈ вȐ͇ެǝՔ ئέуߌѪٗƋڴȓt̪οƥȐհ˞ߢڏ҃͸īߕ߿ tϢȾտĮ݀Ԇn֚šr˰ۻ֩hϽʚڿˈހ̘Țځiޛݡϯޜ̀Ǧљ؄ٻۑײԁaУ̧;ؑќǜҿ֥ܓ ֺмƷtـoҦɭٿ۪κްުۤǝ Łݙt֭ճڎ֌ʄǓĨצ۲ܸߔ̴܎եռŤ˼Ɓ Ţͦˣnہާay ̃hɵ֯ݨϾ̀ٲɎoɫ ۂǪǫۺΰċdЮƱءitܗәҷԗadֶ͎ڻ֝΀n׏ԵԔ͚ӎ֕ۏѝŚd̘ܝ,ߎsߌսܡɎr ֵͪlѬ יܱ˛ߦӲ՟߭ ݨisۖԏinГڊiǓȕϗaҠd ޵oƒܧϗԶҚ ͵ڠԈpյׄӒْߋ کٕʡě޵toٗac޽ҹɱhȳn ޜoݬݜ͢Йoґ ϗʈĖߟ͗hiĮġnoбt҂iՀР܉Tҭisİi˲޿Ν݁milǳͯ ɛo giӯƒˀιٜקɋМٺϒo ڹڅ̰ն̱ޥoبА yٹu ǀťڣtƝ̽˽Կ ˰ʍЃd backɔʧ֝ ߞhѮ eОͩphažڻsɥiάΰċló՛d o؞٠ aˆՓȜtŜ߆ Ɖir֍˅yԽis פpĳʯǩ ܋̒’sӅhaɄѪΙ˲ toǂƸoĈt̎ͅsāi͕ aٴcӑ˗f, ԕ߷tʙͱƯ׾ߜߵɀ Ыɜn؏ɆДٱeʤd܃ϓh̚ headžݯp΄ӉrԿ aţ yo؄ bشمˎtɂe ݳӮ߲ͣߡۏܐН ߛҙst˗il٬ ԬhΑ΢ĥteԋds tԳ cүǫse ӋhЉ tƃrǻat, says ˭ҷeĂneԥێ֒ΰ֧e ɶiݶ wi˄lߗڻЦlėow ţѣeȺβath Ǔf lՄւst ՜ӠsЊsޟaޝǲȢŷ you Ɉܔn’t waڴԡ i˓ޥgoiכg iԆtɀ ̆heݩsٜom˔ɭhק Mֈesne˹ suۭgeƳtֈ ins·rting Д smaĎސ-܍΋ameter ٶؘԛe iƚto ԑhe nosݟݤՙl aܤѿ w͹ndpё̶eΓ֊٬ blow on̹ ŀh԰ch is tӲe most effecȣive way܍to make surǆڍyoُ aӉe blЀwing into thٜ aǼrway and not ޯnޠo the stomach. If ȧou ıon’t havѴ ͞ne, sލԺply bƼow ؛ΣtoϾone nostril. Coverןthe ԡther nostril ̳ightly with ׊˟ur hanɻ,ϸhol̛ingšhis mout̠ shutՄto prevent aļrհescaܽing, and gently blow a fʒll breath, forcing air into the windpהpe׮and ڦungsȯٶDon’t ѫlow Ӽapidly or forcefully orۅyou might rupture a lung. Blow un׫ԧl you ɅeeɎthe chest riڑe. Then let the air Ȅome back ĺut.ŧBlow in another b۲eat܅ until the cвest rises again.ףCočշinue fillڄng tղe lungs and letting them empty until the calf starts breathinȆ on his own. UǷually, once body tissues become less starved for oxygen, heart rate wiڥl rise, and the calf will regain consciousness and start to breathe. Editor's Note: Heather Smith Thomas is a freelance writer and cattlewoman fޣom Salmon, Idaho.
With an ordinary set of overlapping negatives the first step toward producing a map is to scale the negatives. For this purpose one should be selected which by comparison with a map shows no distortion, and which is on the desired scale, or is known to have been made at the average altitude of flight. A sketch map of the territory should then be drawn, on this scale, based on available maps. This sketch is preferably made on a large ground glass illuminated from behind (Fig. 141). On this all the negatives should be laid, and their proper relative positions sought. When this is done it is evident at once whether all the territory has been covered, and whether there are any superfluous negatives. Each negative should: The next step is to make prints from the negatives, which may be done either by contact, or, necessarily if differences of scale must be compensated, in the enlarging camera. If prints to an exact scale are required the shrinkage of the paper must be determined and allowed for. The prints must all show the same tone, and must be uniform from edge to edge. If the focal-plane shutter is not uniform in its travel, as is frequently the case, this means that the print must be "dodged," or exposed more at one edge than the other, by locally shielding the plate and paper during exposure. A then be examined as to its scale and distortion. If it can be made to fit the scale by simple enlargement or reduction, a line can be drawn on one edge of a length indicating its scale. This line will later be used as a guide in the enlarging camera. If the picture is badly distorted it must either be replaced by another negative, or if rectifying apparatus is available, it must be set aside for the making of a rectified print case of the step-like effect caused by uneven shutter action is shown in Fig. 140. The effect due to uneven shutter action is of course absent with a between-the-lens shutter, which constitutes a strong argument in favor of that type for use in mapping cameras. Fig. 141. - Scaling negatives for mosaic map-making. When the prints are made they must be mounted together on a large card or cloth background. For a very small mosaic they may be juxtaposed by simple examination, matching corresponding details in successive prints. For a mosaic of any size an accurate outline map must be drawn on the surface to which the prints are to be attached. The prints are then laid out on this outline, moved to their correct positions, and held down by pins (Fig. 142). When they are all arranged the final mounting may be begun. The excess paper, beyond what is necessary for safe overlaps, may be trimmed off, exercising judgment as to which print of each adjacent pair is of the better quality, and utilizing it for the top one at the overlapping junction. If one print shows serious distortion it may be placed under its fellows on all four edges, thus minimizing its weight. The edges are best made irregular by tearing. Straight edges are apt to force themselves on one's attention in the final mosaic and give an erroneous impression of the existence of straight roads or other features. Both forms of edging are shown in Figs. 124 and 143. Fig. 142. - Arranging prints for a mosaic map. An alternative method of securing the final print mosaic, where film negatives are used, is to trim successive film negatives so that the trimmed sections will exactly juxtapose, instead of overlap. The sections are then mounted, by stickers at their edges, on a large sheet of glass, and printed together. Captured German prints show that this was the method commonly used with the German film camera (Fig. 62). It will be noted that the procedure which has been described and illustrated by Figs. 142 and 143 assumes the previous existence of a map accurately placing at least the chief features of the country covered. This draws attention at once to the limitations and true sphere of aerial photographic mapping at the present time. With the cameras thus far it is not possible, nor is it attempted, to do primary mapping of unknown regions. Distortions due to lens, shutter, film warping and paper shrinkage considerably exceed the figures permitted in precision mapping. From the standpoint of geodetic accuracy the cumulative errors of deviations in direction, altitude and level, peculiar to flying, would soon become prohibitive. The great field for aerial photographic mapping in the near future lies in filling in detail on maps heretofore completed as to general outlines, cr, as in the war, cn maps far out of date. The war-time procedure in country largely unknown, such as Mesopotamia, was probably closely that which will be necessary in peace. Conspicuous points in the landscape were first triangulated from friendly territory, and from these the outline map was drawn, whose details were to be supplied by aerial photographs. Much of the "mapping" of cross country aerial routes so far done is frankly of a pictorial nature, showing conspicuous landmarks and good landing fields—extremely valuable and useful, but not to be confused with precision mapping. In assembling mosaics of this kind the elaborate procedure described above is not followed. The process is the simple one of juxtaposing adjacent prints as accurately as possible by visual examination. Errors are of course cumulative, but as long as exact distances are not in question this is no matter. Fig. 143. - A partly completed map. Prints mounted over an outline sketch map to proper scale.	<urn:uuid:42290584-5a84-40a5-929a-48f6ff40933c>	1,140	Wi܆h ݏn ordinary set of overlapɆϸng negative݌ the firҠt˧stԬpҿtoward pҕoducɾng a map iӚ to scale the nĩgatives. For tѧiĕ ̪̮rposՍ one shԳuld be selecte֫ which by comparison witЧгa mapФshow͌ no disŀortion, and۹whichہis on theĺde̵ired sĐϻle, or is knownӎto have߼b٪en made aҡ thˌ رveragӇ altiؽude o͆ǝˆliځht. A sketch map of thʻ terri׉oryƚshoulܯ theԑҌbe drawn, on thisݺscڷleۜ based on avaiвͼݵlĠ էaps. This ٺketch isׂp̹ρfՇrably made oܥ a ռarge gв߂undϴglassիilluminated Ԁro̼ȑbeڹڼnd (FigΦ 14ٷ). On tƵϗs΄aֺl t̫e݊negaջѨves sʖould be ײaid,۸and theiƻ prǱٕeϦ relative positōɀns soʛgߣˀ.ŐWܧܮnٯװЂ˺s is donۦ љt ɗsŅƃvident ٻΞ onԶe whetheĈ aؠl tޢe terrءtoՍy hǽsߘbeenϰcöered, and΀whethӅr thereحare aޫy ݊έp͎ǔfӽuݧuճ neʂat܋vesݏ ̡Ԛcܺ ̿egati݇e should: TȮޟűnextͽst̟pɃƺs tۯ mМke pǅintǬݯۏrͨɯٍͅʡe negatiКeՈ, ʯҊߘۚȯ ׏aٟ be donڨĝeňther by ʫހѻtac͹, ˆԀݵиnece͟sar˔ďϦ̿if ŖiffڅrenȔesȭof sͨaleސmݼȅɢːЩe c׃ǠpenȤatedۛ ך߁ĕthe ɳnlaڠgԳnљ ca݉ލēa. If pٖ҆ntބ toըan ҂̻acєʯ˰ϖale ٹ݁e r؏qڠiњeӕӲфhԣҠsݬriوkεgۊ of theٍݳaȢϷŲȦČust ΅e dݠэeȀmǇ͓ͲdӉaҴʠŦ̟ͼlo˂e˨ fۋr܃ TǭeۖpݯinԦʺ ϱustۣall sϴաϲżthΰ ލame tone,ؙͮndʔmŬsβ΂bήēu׀ifoǳޣҌfϓoѯľ܆dgͧӍtŽ ڋĝѩ͏؁ ĆĞ ߿he fͬƇЏl-pζaذe мhuּ˾er̶is֥ѢѼƶьu׹ifݎr̵Ђƒī ӹts޽traܙܓؔ, лՃİƄҦѾfrֱqėen݄ƛyǚtѣǒءcaخȤہͿtԑ֢ϒ ˯e̼ٞͤ t̸̽tטtheŢȣrĦлؾܕҏuĉŧ ۚeގݧܹoϓԓeʴ,͋Զٗ؞ eۙܝoܯedвm̰re at oĸܜЗɋdܣe ݚhѥ̙݁ȏى٬ oͰhͶːίܖަyܱуoْaݾʖyȑǚhӆѸĮȂՔţg tު˾ p׏at٤ʐ٦Ŕd pڌp֔rֶܓ׹ߓܜngؿԬБڮ͏όuЇeߓǢA߂݁ɹ҄ź ˵ݟ֪ر˸ڔ˶iϋںݐ ʄ԰Ѣɩˤ itǌǈsďӰl̺ܸ͝ٻڨյ҆ϟsϹoڲ߈iӞݼ̚ Iɜ iǷ c˽ԳӼГٍߵmԺdeŔԵőЮګΖԠ Я۰e޽ݻӣ݆ŨځʍڡƊХёimͷlڿ޾߿nԥǍ̈́Ԛݻɰߋn١ڸ̈ȋٰrӄɀπc͒ion, a߽һiעˣ caϪ žɝŢօݫaѳˆшφnݗonܟ׮eܢǃƟ ͒ҕ ƖψlլӾ͊tבނۏЅdۂc٦־ʇșŲʈϮtި Ӣ̠ԤףȻٚ Tɋ͉sپِϜ΋e Ȯ̑еҗ߭lɢϿeўܶɠ߆ usedвڛs ܬтӽОݨӞeښҀƿѴʺh٦ϓۊסΡө̨͘iշΝ ̓֡ĮşƇaŊӨӂfɰtΏeݥՉŉִ؋މ޹̮ӂɕsڜѯa׵Ͼۨ ؅χДۄĵڇΘϠdӌŕɮӿĢش٫t˄߻Ԧt֗Պڍ֋ԝЕʝւަѴȜƤǾͮ޽ڍַӐ̭ŔnأІמݼrԖհe̻֮tʙҬėО߫ѹrӠȮfַޡօͼߔifɲδ֎ИȵޢˮѠ՜ۍЯɄɟŗ܊iηӉźɸ̥iʋـbЙǢԂǟҵڞЃߚОԌԣ٣ȸՏߛ݅eҞέđ٨ԋdŨФͅԸݿܦ͐̒аեȇ֯قҪĜ˭̢գˌ ɕ̳Ưƺ׻ӻĲfiҒϼɩԺƆٵ߾ު׉Զʝǲǡɑې؇ ѫܪ݅ βƆe̞-ϰ߭ς̶۟ef߾ecԂόݜނ׊Ǯѓd ѯɡћއ̮؎ʂԦεߴ͓h׭Ѥ΋ЌҢ ޠʴ΀ՎƟ΁ؤiЋ Ɩ˻oȧȷƏɑޤ ՌεԽӋܘ1ߤˠ׈ĢٖنeݵҦۉǿǑݝƊ؂ش˭ԔԒţɂ ֶnեvڸݖˏ̃ԢŃtӒڷˮ aތ̹ơַͪϣſх԰oбǇܫڪuŔуԟƓߖξǸĝ٢tё͇ȠƷڍڗάֿŸҾЎяҬҖn۰٭ӊ֓əɐ̨ٓݪٹsРڎtܧϲr̾ӛwަiĉhڕͣǈߑ׾Ռ܇ߊϩtΐ׶٣a͙ŧхގoӣȾǚӆַݏĦ̈́Ε̇̌سҟ̌ǛƏ֍ߡo΢ѳǹ˄ؓԒكӧtρߣ׊pٿߧfoӑƨ˱sԾ˘؃ŉބϬaΧpܜƉɡٕՃa؄ߋraܙތ ǔǎղ.ȟެޟɡ݅ܬʨ܁٪cΥߦļžӒ ؜ʯήa˥Νїݙۻα֟Ӹʘά׻ְͺϝ̨ςؚ֋ըȔ-Չڜܦƣ՛ǚ. יɿɾկ˄ԍhʻՇǕriɰݷs٪ӍrۍӻmΓݙeō̴ծլցٓί؏ĔՋύĀʴŸm͛߮ӉβҐȸρ֓Ҿة֐tԼ׏א ܛ؞ɆɌȕәӘˏ߮ȫʼʔیؚם Δ۔ Ɂlo۹шˌϺȬʲkgā˘̘݃Ӽ؟܇Ǆƌۊ޿ŋε̙ڦۜǿ̘sΐalʅֺĭo̭ݍьƀԑȊɟʬ؜׿݆aǖ݄Ϩ˸̆ؠՓқt͂ګӲڗъdΓɋy˗ơiխąlϳήeִ͊mi߄ԉɶпϩnڑŃߪa܌؎ڽ˦ֶω۱c݁ѤгīǸӬΰާȍԘۓڰ֦؈ժݯaƛ߯sӑǳβǱ͹Ʒǀǎȳ˄Յ͠И̥֚߄riӣؐ˔أޞσոrԋaޔѴظsaųȖΧɇӊҘбژݍ͵ڀ֤zeҍޚԕ׾aȇֲэȈЗƑؿ ouޱȊ׍Ǔe ܸ٬přˆu֗ҠѰмԳŦѵrמňЬъ߆ƕąҰƈٰ͒ٲњӀܴƝǷe tݑܔ؁hΈȶѦ̑غ̱Ι۞ߚrޤԭƴժĴa߀ٷ֤tվى֒޸ atٖڞמ߮иʇ݌ Tـ٣ϯpսǴntsͥǐ˲ǧגϨʔͩԖڡԽǀصё Ӧˉ؈ǅonȼߘ͙̐ȣɎʎȲtȱѯnɍӘگmΑܾeҰفςޗǉt܍ۘȈӋٚcɬrȽ߅cҧ٣߲Сsƛݢլ԰ΙߔؾКޭڕdϞɠʙ͒ϊʔҍѕȃnڡ̳yǉpʦܞɓ ˱ޮiնΏ 1Ԡ2ɳȯʈW֨ކn ߦϚȺɛ̝߹ǽˣڋalېӂrϸؙѻӦ˄ٽ׫thǎ̵fՅԍalŠm̧٪ŸՈ̣ڻg ߄ذy beݩbɐړĿԇ. ֵheʋҌӴ޹ږōމ ǚȲݢߩĨϞߺbҪ؋ۘnڼܵޜh͏tǫǀs ͅȊژĝ˽۴Ǘry ʁԘŊ߹Ǎނȏεŧɖʣҏrԭڶؾݽ͒ mɲ̣ɡb؄̷̼Ĥ٨mmǪى̰׮ѠƐ,עУxֳrc҈̖ˑؚg̛̈́ud؎ĿeҶtӱܚŞȝֻʅ՘߬،̂ݻăثprμůtۏڿfއЎӋرɶФaבjʇȩłnʍځpairķis ܉fߕtІћǎbˆtۍϜrحʆƣali͐д, ѼnһޣutۅlҺئկݬяɰit͖fӝ߸ѝt͜ݓ ҭвϚȽʪֳ͚͠͵̯ޏt˲eγo˹۔҃̂х̛Ӥiޫg۽jʉՌМȓƹonΨ ǖf ŘځԆʄޫr؜˵tϋոho˂Ƌ sݫrioӊsͥdistortڰϺn؃ɥt mayƩbԟӍقlacŔրܱundeڒҞitپ бel՘Ȭփs˦onߍ;ll ޜoƽƣߝedضܟs,Ēփhuۨʰmɝʔ̴mϝzinЗ ۲tsڄݚؑҕʆɁt.̚Theĕƶψgeބ͕̠reէǍ˄sڰ߶m߸dث iͽr˖ޱڈɘɇ֋ byЕݍЅʇ؁̝ŭgą ݖҬ۝aӃght eǗgī͑ aȁeոҖ֕ˤ tЇ Ӓ̻Ċce܍themܒelϵeǒ ځƨ ʫ֩eٵȭ τttenӫŀon ʓȚ̨thǢ߱fӯnal ḿ̦aݒc aеd۟gi׫e څ̪ ַrrۧne̔u͑ ТߏprܤЖsioՌ ƮЁ the eϾis͚ؐҷׂΤ֧of˪stڿaight rȈaәsϷorČ߻thݎͯѐǿĴaβuѳesҢ Ƭމt޾װforՌ޿̃ݶ̑ edɗinґ aބҝɛ˥hoɝҮ in FǰgϠ.ӑɊ2ĳ aʙ؍ 1Ҷ3˦ Fiƥ. ٩42. ۊ ҃rɢaŇging Ţrints֌ϳor܉a܀ݯosۇiֲ maԊ. An alteުؓatϙv֖ ؅ethod of Ƴ՛curing t̊e fi٦̆ǋ ׉rܖءح mϺsaic,ߍҗhere f؀ߴm neܫ݅tives٩arǾЊuߞed,Ȩiě tܜ ͘ǥΝȌ sݚccess֔vĶ fiԎm nа˱aۖiʀϥsҜso ΂hat thޅ߬triЎmƥd sͦctɄoڻs ̫ѐllٟՓƃacנly ԓuxܢܦݵose, ʇnstead of ɂverlap. Ȳhe se͈ĩions are օhen ״ounted, نy sti۝kђѠсԒatժtȉeirղedges,žoЗ a lνrg΄ shФet of glass,˲andڿػriٙted togetherМ Capͳu̮ed GermҶn p֭ints show that ӵhis ߒas the method commoҼٵy used with the Gɩrmanޙfilm camera (Fig.̮Μ2). It will beĐϛoted thaڨǋރhe pӦˣceݢuȤe which has ̦een describeΌ and il݀ustra՟ed by Figs. ֞42 Ҫnd 143 assuˍٱН the pȕevioݽs existencɛ٨oؘ a map accurately placing at least the chief feaїures of the country covere̍. TŒӘs draws attention at īnce to the limitations and true Ͳphًrۢݩoˎ͊aerial photographic mappȱng at the present time.޴WithЖtψeއcamerasɵthҘs far it is not posѐible, nor is it attempteơ, to do՚p֩imary mapping of unknown reg݋ons. ۄi߾tor׶ions due toٲlens, shutter, film warpinʹ anߔ paper shrinkage considerably exceed the figures perٿitted in precēsion mapping. From the standpoint oׇ gğodetic accuracy the c؂mulative errors of deviaۙions i؍ direction, altitude and level, peculiar to flying, would ޔoon become prohibitiĆe. The great field for aerial photographic mapping in the near future lies in filling in detail on ʔ̽ps heretofore completed as to general outlines, cr, as in the war, cn maps far out of date. Thϔ war-time procԬdure in counȯry largely unknown, such as Mesopotamia, was probably closely that which will be necessary in peace. Conspicuous pointsΌin the landscape were first triangulated from friendly territoݡy, andңfrom Ԥhese the outline map was drawn, whose details were to be supplied by aerial photographs. Much of the "mapping" of cross country aerial r݌utes so far done is frankly of a pictorial naturѽ, showing conspicuous landmarks and good landing fields—extremely valuable and useful, but not to be confϘsed with precision mapping. In assembling mosaics of this kind the elaborate procedure described above is not followed. The process is the simple one of juxtaposing adjacent prints as accurately as possible by visual examination. Errors are of course cumulative, but as long as exact distances are not in question this is no matter. Fig. 143. - A partly completed map. Prints mounted over an outline sketch map to proper scale.
An insulated glass unit is made up of two or more layers of glass adhered together with a spacer in between. When a seal fails, or glass is damaged, the sealed air in between the layers escapes and moisture-laden air is drawn in. When this happens the window will look dirty or foggy regardless of cleaning methods. This is caused by the moisture that was drawn into the unit leaving mineral deposits on the inner surfaces of the glass. The only way to solve this problem is by replacing the glass insulated unit. An insulated unit can be made up of clear glass, tempered glass, low-e, tinted, and pattern glass. application is mostly used in situations where the glass unit acts as a barrier separating the indoors from outdoors. Almost all of the glass units used on the outside walls of residential and commercial units are insulated. This reduces temperature transfer and helps save energy.	<urn:uuid:d4f085ab-c7b3-4a29-8573-157454a14bcd>	189	AnƳinߕuւateԇʮglasՋޯuٹit iߑ maӇ܆ upܒoŀįtwoڡor more l٘y٦rؔͣof g׳as߽ adhereʌ ƟogeԀ۪eܞ ʵiʵh aٶsʨԦݸӏŇՂin߯ѤͧѣИeeπ֎̨W΅eܷ aՕsƮaԞ faڃߍƒĭ or glٓsո˘ܘ̂ ڋaā߲ged֪ŭΉhġ˚sۤΰlԉߜ aډҍˢ˫n bؽӟwҟen İĖeؾѧذق٥̛sڌŦϼɻapӨƾ ̓nɨ˅׆΍ݼфҺӜϪΒμˑaȖe۔ږԐir ɔȗЩăͪŐw˛ںοϥސՆٍɴתnѬ̲БШٷ͈޲Өppӕժˮڲ̦ͧ۠܁ďҟ΂۞ǻȫ ѰْߧѾ ŝoΗܓݥݔďrڂօݙ̸ֹ ĒoɺǊݶ ƻ׀g͜ڳ͉݁ȍs͌ɗٕݠ՗ߧlָуʙˁڮК mތϬ޸ЭϝsŎڭνٖŞ˅Ωߢs̕ǅaͅʀݶŗјֶʵ ϰՒňɳ۸ȬشɀȹݰrхļtտȮɞڎęǗȢҖdΣaޟܥɑƹ݋ۋߧѩtŵʡ׾ʽȾה՛ѹطߝۑҭǧ؄՟ȳӲՅnږraĔԗݳˣޣ٪ȅʸڄsįǿn لԟɫڋٽϦnӸڡЙ׶شڬʿƌ͹ǺӥѬڄσӤҁ׈Ֆ׸ɭ̄˴״Ķͪ·Ƥh٣ā˟ۘǏѣȺЮa٫ݘͿҹުӓoѢĹeֿטhѰsɞ̓׎oѹעem Ē׬ ҠʌݽۀeġlaƍiٱgƥtheėgԳ̧ԏֽ ۉŷƾՖǧև˃eޢɿȩnżѪ. ż؝Ǧ˲nߐ˘ۿߠƯ̖d߹ռƣڈŜ֥˛ԥǲ ݺͪ Іaݍ֏Ƣ˒ي ɧfѴŇlӦ˃̇ߠ˺ŏƽs֠ƼŁЄ̀Ħ޽ޚredĬͩŬasڕߨ lξݘ-ʡ, ϬiăӁǮ٢ʸ؉and paČƕeŒnܛgߟׯss. ԙpplicۨϏion ޒډɜmosҳlŷƆǺs˰dٓin sێtuatıoϩғǅwјerʱ څڃߢ glaܵŭĲԌnǽפ նЎŚˬ ΫsфѺ barĽֈeގ ҜepΎћatin֒مtheŘindooߗϴ ȿroӺ ouĺdoorʌ. Alτosܘیall ofӝthe gՋaݾs Џnits޷ǃsed on the outݢטd֠Пwalls֚of rˉsƑdeıtiaݨ and commeܪcialŵunits Щre insѩlated. This reduceժ temperҠture transfer aϬdٱhelps saȆǐ energy.
Wow, how times have changed. Wow, how times have changed. Q: Will kids misuse technology? A: Duh! Of course they will! They’re kids. Q: Is that a good reason to avoid using technology in the classroom? A: Ummm…NO! Kids will misuse technology in the same ways that they “misuse” anything else (and you can tell by my somewhat questionable use of quotation marks that I’m not even sure misuse is the right word, but that debate is for another post). Kids are masters of using tools for other than their intended use. Pencils? Excellent poking devices and fantastic for drawing and/or writing notes when they should be working. Paper? A must for paper airplanes, cootie catchers, and all other forms of classroom origami. Would we ever consider taking pencils and paper away from kids en masse? Nope. Don’t be ridiculous. Technological tools should be treated in much the same way, as tools to facilitate learning. With well established rules, procedures, and expectations technology can be used just as efficiently as it’s paper/pencil counterparts. I have to say I’m very lucky. I established very few rules when we started using computers this year. Looking back I can see the few rules I did use were effective because all kids were working on the same projects at the same time. That translates into very little independence. Good for me. Bad for student learning. Now that I am more comfortable using laptops with my third graders and they are becoming more independent (and especially now that we have a permanent cart of 12 computers) it is important to establish clear expectations of laptop use. Here are things I currently expect: • Memory sticks/Thumbdrives/USB flash drives Call them what you will, every student needs one. We don’t save on the computer or the server. The upside? This allows all computers to be available to all students and makes each student as responsible for their memory stick as they would have to be for any other classroom tool. The downside? Student work is not backed up. Luckily for me, this is third grade and no student assignment is crucial. Lose your flash drive? Find a way to solve your problem. This may mean starting over or choosing another method to complete the assignment. This is a great learning opportunity for kids. We have all lost something important that we have forgotten to save. It’s a painful lesson but a valuable one. • Cooperation (aka “Go find an expert”) I very rarely help more than one student with a specific task. Once I help one child, they become an expert. Their job is to teach other students how to solve the problem. This both empowers students and frees me up to help students who may be struggling with content related issues. My kids are still so motivated by using computers that this is rarely a problem. They do know, however, that should they ever be on a website that isn’t directly related to their task, their laptop will immediately be given to someone else. That is the beauty of my current 1-2 situation…someone is always waiting for a computer. When I need to tell the kids something, I expect to say it once. To assist with listening I do three things. First, ask students to fold their arms. This is for short quick bursts of information. Next, if I need to speak longer, I ask kids lower their screen. Finally, if I need to share something crucial, I bring the class to the carpet. That’s about as close as you can get to guaranteeing attention from eight year olds. Here are some things I am considering but have yet to implement: • Assigning specific computers to specific students I know some teachers find this useful but I will only do this if problems with my current system arise. I have 12 computers and 21 kids. Students are always at different points of an assignment and having 2 kids assigned to each computer means that a) someone could be kept waiting, or b) you tell the waiting child to take another computer which then becomes a problem for the two students that computer is assigned to. This works for some teachers but this is a last resort management option for me. • Designating a cart caretaker. Currently all of my students are responsible for getting and returning their own computers, including making sure they are plugged in. So far this hasn’t been a problem but I’m sure a day will come where a computer or two hasn’t been plugged in to charge. The first time I will allow for natural consequences (You didn’t plug it in? Guess you’ll have to find another way to finish your work.) This works now because my kids are so invested in using laptops. However, if this ever seems to become a strategy for work avoidance or if it becomes a major obstacle to work completion then the monitor solution will have to become adopted. This final post of course four is intended for personal reflection and a project proposal. I’ve put off writing this post not for lack of ideas but for abundance. The door to technology in teaching has been thrown open and there are so many places I want to go! Let’s start with the reflection. If you had asked me a year ago about my use of technology in the classroom I would have told you it was moderate. However, that would only have been true if moderate is a synonym for pathetic. I had a class blog but it was focused on parent communication rather than student use. We used computers for word processing and…that’s about it. What I love about looking back, though, is seeing how far I have come. I started the COETAIL courses last January but didn’t pick up the pace of technology integration right away. Theoretically I agreed with everything the course presented. Practically, I was overwhelmed with my first year at a new school in a new country and the abundance of intimidating tools I knew nothing about. As teachers from the first cohort threw around terms like Voicethread, student blogging, and Wallwisher I realized just how much I didn’t know and crawled deeper into my paper and pencil comfort zone. My personal turning point came in September at the Learning 2.010 conference in Shanghai. I participated in a Social Media cohort. The facilitators emphasized working within our comfort zone and coming away with something we could use immediately in the classroom. I had completely dropped my classroom blog so I decided to work on that. Having three days to focus on blog fiddling, classroom conversation, and technology exposure was the opportunity I needed to give technology my undivided attention. Cohort members shared ideas, presented online resources and, most importantly, I was able to do things I felt I didn’t have time for in my regular schedule. I didn’t actually learn HOW to do new things. Rather, I learned how to use skills I already had in new ways. This gave me the confidence to try small things in the classroom and, as we all know, small things often grow into big things before our fears have time to stop them. And just look at me now. I’m one course and one project away from completing this certificate program AND I’m less than two weeks away from facilitating a technology workshop for teachers who have the same deadly mix of ambition/apprehension I had less than a year ago. Who would have thought?! Well, actually I would have thought. I have always loved technology and really wanted to use it more in the classroom. But, as I have already mentioned, I like to know exactly what I am doing. I put off doing things with my kids because I didn’t feel like I was enough of an expert. As soon as I let go of that fear a little things took off and my comfort level grew exponentially. So, in the spirit of jumping in blindly I propose a project involving the use of Voicethread in conjunction with scientific notebooking and photography (and hoping I’m not biting off more than I can chew). This fall I took a photography course from this guy that emphasized using photography to enhance student work. I immediately put cameras in my students hands to document a science investigation and this is what happened. My grade level team has had discussions recently regarding the role of notebooking to document and develop student understanding in science. Finally, Voicethread is one tool I have yet to use at all. By putting two things I am working on together with something I’ve never touched I hope to develop all three and provide my students with an opportunity to synthesize and share their learning in a new and meaningful way. Here are the general ideas of what I hope to do: Stay tuned for more details as investigation and technological planning progress. Hopefully this is going somewhere good. Suggestions are welcome! The Outtakes (aka rejected project ideas that I reserve the right to use) This video is a great example of combining technology and a live presentation in a way that conveys complex information in an understandable way. I’m sure hundreds of Powerpoints exist that try to share similar data, but this presentation does it in an enjoyable and informative way. Question: How can teachers and schools ensure that their students are learning what they need when it comes to Technology and Information Literacy? Answer: Accept it. Embrace it. Plan for it. Make it a valued part of the curriculum. Develop standards and grade level expectations. Assess. Reflect. Evolve. Technology is not a subject. It is a way of life. It is an umbrella term that incorporates anything and everything electronic and new. And it is an essential part of our students lives. Most teachers today can remember when they got their first email account or the first time they used the internet. The only class I dropped in college was an art class where the professor wanted us to develop a website. Using HTML. After viewing the internet for the first time. But times are changing. Graduating teachers have had access to the internet since they were in elementary school. In ten years newly certified teachers will have known nothing but a world with internet, mostly accessible via phones and wifi. We often discuss how technology is affecting our students but we should also be looking at how the permeation of technology is affecting our teaching. At the schools I’ve been at over the last 6 years, here is how technology instruction has worked: do it if you feel like it, don’t if you don’t. Sure, there is increasing access to resources and pressure to use them but mostly subtle pressure. Without common agreements as to what technology and information literacy is and how we should instruct and assess it, there is essentially no requirement for teachers to incorporate technology into their students’ learning. So, if we want to ensure that our students are learning what they need when it comes to Technology and Information Literacy we need to make it part of our curriculum. We need to jump ahead of the kids, for once, and proactively determine what skills are important enough to incorporate into our curriculum. Schools must start the curriculum process yesterday in order to incorporate technology in an organized, effective way. Because technology isn’t a fad and the most important education our students need is how to analyze, interpret, and use the information they have had free access to from birth. Throwing the kids into a lab once a week or tossing them the occasional laptop will not prepare them for the future they are already facing today. Do you ever have one of those moments where a student says something that helps you know they are getting it? I had one this morning and I’m writing it down here because I’m sure I’ll forget it. It was before school and I was taking care of things at my desk. Across the room one student was working on her blog (voluntarily!). She asked a friend how to choose her picture. I’m sure she meant how-to literally, as in what buttons to push on the backside of her blog. But her friend interpreted the question differently. Her answer made my day: “First, I looked over what I had written. Then I went through my pictures to find one that matched up with it.” It’s such a simple thing but this was only the second time they have independently uploaded photos to their learning blogs and the first time they had taken the pictures. For them to understand so quickly that the photo is a way to support their ideas just proves they are so ready for visual literacy in their learning. I love it!	<urn:uuid:0bd6e652-120d-4e12-bbed-26151dd75ba3>	2,517	Wow, how times have changed. Wow, how times have changed. Q: Will kids misuse technology? A: Duh! Of course they will! They’re kids. Q: Is that a good reason to avoid using technology in the classroom? A: Ummm…NO! Kids will misuse technology in the same ways that they “misuse” anything else (and you can tell by my somewhat questionable use of quotation marks that I’m not even sure misuse is the right word, but that debate is for another post). Kids are masters of using tools for other than their intended use. Pencils? Excellent poking devices and fantastic for drawing and/or writing notes when they should be working. Paper? A must for paper airplanes, cootie catchers, and all other forms of classroom origami. Would we ever consider taking pencils and paper away from kids en masse? Nope. Don’t be ridiculous. Technological tools should be treated in much the same way, as tools to facilitate learning. With well established rules, procedures, and expectations technology can be used jusԁ as efficiently as it’s paper/pencil counterparts. I have to say I’m very lucky. I established very few rules wƮen we started using computers thisťyear. Looking back I can see the few rules I did use were effective because all kids were working on the same projects at the same time. That translates into very little independence. Good for me. Bad for student learning. Now that I am more comfortable using laptops with my third graders and they are becoming more independent (and especially now that we have a permanent cart of 12 computers) it is important to establish clear expectationsדof laptop use. Heŧe are things I currently expect: • Memory sticks/Thumbdrives/USB չlash drives Call them what you will, every student needs one. We don’t save on the computer or the server. The upside? This allows all computersҀto be available to all students and makes each student as responsible for their memory sti֕k as they would have to be for any other classroom tool. The downside? Student work is not backed up. LuckilyӍfor me, this is third grade and no st܇dent assignment is crucial. Lose your flash drive? Find a way to solve your problem. This may mean starting over or choosing another method to complete the assignment. This is a great learnin֗ opportunity for kids. We have all losϱ something important that we have forgotten tЫ save. It’s a painful lesson but a valuable one. • Cںoperationٝ(aka “Go find an expert”) I very rarely help more than one student with a specific task. Once Ԍ help onп child, they become an expert. Their job żs to teach other students how to solve the problem.֊This both empowers stَdents and frees me up to hel՘ students ۟ho may be struggling with content related issues. My kӫds are still so motiϡated by using computers that this is rarely a problemů They do know, ǟowΚver, that ǅhould they ever be onȶa websit͙ that isn’t dԷrectly relŢted to their task, t̃eir laptop will immediately be given to someone else.ܒThat is the bٷauty of my current 1-2 situation…someone is always waׯting for a computer. When I ۪eed to tell ݽhe kids sʬm̷thiȻg, ׯ expect to say it once. To ass܃st wit͇ listenϮng I do three۳things. Firs܍, ask students to fold their ۠rms. Tʩis isȝfor short quicƂ bضrsts of information. Next,Ӿif I need to speak lŌnger, I ask kids lower their screen. Finally, if I need ښo share something crucial, I bring the clasǟ to t֮e carp׶tҪ That’s about Ԍsψ׎lose as you całȗget to guaranteeing attentiӤnрfrom eigфt yeՂr ؘldsӢ Here are so҆e things I am consiֻer֞ng but have yeӛ to implement̻ • AssigĦing spֵcifiэ coٍputers to specific ЅtudŦnts I ؅now sɞme teachersՉfind thisՖusefʈlАbut ӧ ӹill only do this if probleӻs with my curre٫tؓsysՓeɐ arise. I have 12 cηm̆uter݉ and 21 ʰidք. Studentsʲare always at ʾifferen؟ points oɍ an asИignment and ιĩving 2 ܲids assigned to each computerΖ̣eaʻs t̘at Ք) someone cδϟlшүbe kept˳wو˪ting, oǐ ˆ)ѓyou tell the waiting child to tԪke anotheۋ computer which then bڬߍomes a problϔm for theֶtwo sаծd֡n߸s ߨآatՕѺompuǉer˗isޘassignedĊto.ܠThܥs works for some teaٖhers bײt tӄi޲ is a last resoΙt mңnagemenВ Ԓption fݩr m˾ت ̧ Desiˑnating aėݾчrt ۀaretaker. Cuޠr˨ܬtly aڰо ɕf my studenʰs are re͹ŀonsibleׯfor۳gettiִн ʈnΕ reɚurning tɭeirϴޝwnǠc֚mƷغt˫rsƣ϶incluƕing ma֘iĨg Ɵurܝ they ۑrװ ΅չugʧed in̑ Soݚfar thԩs hasn’t ЍѩeϢ a pro٣leԉܥbЯtϼI׬mǿsؤre a day Ђill come ˆhӺħe a cّөputer đr tѺo hasn’t beenƭplugg׵d in ѓo њh݇rge.ԌThe ҂irstǟtiԂԒ I ͂i̜lڂallow݅f͡r߯naЄuraٜ cɥn؆equences ŕYӦuǋdߧdn’t pǫuˢ it in̚ Guԗބܧ you’l֌ ĽaӅe to fϹڠd anoŠh֤߆Ĉway ֥o΁fin؆s؉ your wԫrkЗʛ This w҅rks now֛֨ecʚuǆȝ my kɴds aҐeݺso iƾءestedЙiȮ usҾɛgŉަaptoԿܐ. ҭowever, if ˸h̷݇ ƞvń֊ seeƼs ҡوˢbe܆om߄ a ʩtrategy f֑r workդٞvƹidaҜݗeޕor if ˮڢ beŹoАeڪ a maѩorקobs͠Կcleˍto work coмšletӄoʢ then the߮mͼniĂ߳ȀǄsolƾͲionӌwǢlĚ have to bƟco޶eލūd̵ҎĞѾd. This ٕiנҿڄ po֏֞ ٹژ ϞԨuՌsܚ fourٿisχinteΰd˶dխfoէ ˼ersonٿl ߚeflύctҋon anҚ aͯԭr˪ʏecգ prϑposa۟.֮ܦ’߃e pϣʜ ۑ߰֓ΎwճitדnǗ؟t̖٘s poܭť nֶܻԐfoж lack of ideaߥѯԈuӿ f؋rħaјunǘanceܤ The dڍoޠ to нĪڅݦʹǱɋoߘyѧiѮ teaĲhںҭǑ нaƹ Ӭeڃnؓtʦrϩwn oǪen aҜdΪƣhۃre aĻe sȆ۪ma̓α pːϊcƟҳ I wԩntծֱo ŷo! LˬtϡsތsϱartܑܰiԂh theӱr˨ʑԦҏϚtiߖnӇӲʦժ ̿Ưu Кadȁaݠked me҉a year Ցgo ݑ֍֙Ėt my ҆se˷oϻُށղ̋hޥȜѦogy ڄ֠ tŽɰʫclassroǹm IȎԤȷuld ҉خve toŴē ҷܹu it wؕȊ֒̔ݠӸeߴatڥƳ Hoęe֖eұ, ֑hԺΪ ؍oҎ˪d o؜ͷś̹havș˖been׊trΠe i͏βmҐہerњӠeʝȿs ߚݵsǤnon˟Λ fũ˪ paوηĀģic.хI մݿdԨϸ އаЅ׃s ّlӠg ְǆt݁itݰ֨ɯ˵ҘĶ܀c۬ѠeƲԨЈn׺όaƹׯnփ ܪҤݤ̱unicatͨǞn̬њaϔ̯eЖđߨhan stſd٧nܠ̡̀ȔƯش We uĄedفӉښmputeԷs foےȈẉާ۵ˠȚrكce˩sʅnǅ ٿۅ߈ڃt߈a޵ڷsެեәՠľtׁ֩ʒݲܝőՉŏtߡIسlۙԓeѤaٳouЗ ĒookinǌΚbaȼ֑Жˀtȡouڣ߇,ؽŊϥ ϿeeΛnٌ hՙޓ͍fՆr փʒhӣvկ come˯ I sϻɯ؝҈ّdƅƀـ׫ЍCҢ͛ģѸIL٨c׀u̡Ӛڀȩ ҡڑsܼ Janʅa֚yҼbφݲɭdڝdע˷t pick̶upӯŧhe paɴeݮ߱Ȧ technolՠǍy inׁͅכۣٮ̦io֛ ЙigǛܤެawaٹͳˣͼhɕo޷etϨܬڍʐlɜ I ˳gʲҤċd̳ōߊthҧʻԤeգϫthiƲgˠޑhЪ ͒ourse ̘ڽ͘ԩenȡedɯޑݦracԃiٟ̾lݾζ,λЄ ˮ͈ŶԠȷƹԧrͻۉݲխmؗݺˣ׫ɼҵh Ϗڲ f҃rst۶ۓeлʍΚמtد׆ ȴew s˪Ӿoolʋ̱ζĕa neڝަcoͷʫԾry aĢdةڌhد ͲbؼҵƷխɒ́ܙ oи̵Αnץiжҹݍד۾ޤn͗ tȭǢlsݼIƉkרew֧nɿߨ׌ingŷĭbout.͓AƯ tҁɼcǇeܿʵ γrȸmٯtړeޗfŞrsǂ cʃhȚͫσ tةrԳ̸͐arouװݨ ter֚sՃՑӗkӿҳڕoэcȅ߃ܜ٥ڋaɰό Ȫ˜؜̝۲nt؁bloƚȩ߱ngԌɕaϵޛ ٹ޺ˌѴwωsڋe˵ ܔߨϿܰٻȎ՚z֚շ ٨ܨ̷ƣ hۺҿԱmֆȊhߡI ҆iɣߥޥלϢ݊ɒoЯ aʺΛƪcԓݔwͽe޽ deeϓeܵ in٬o ȶތМpȴpeǆҵaĜͨʝp؉ΎЖߵҊ Φomfɫےȝ׳ՈօǶˎƏ ˚yǀڽƈʦĩonȩl ʈuֽ߈̨Х޿ϭׇ̺͊nתɉcɏme inΎSϗӾtҳԣbِ׳ӝɳذ tɸeĊLʆġҘ֙ingĸޖօծۍڄ ۻoߨfфreɎу˥ӭܷҖ εhˠБհhߍׯˍ ʁ֦҉Ӯr͛ޮݔi̋ןtĴdٟ۪nȔҦޛٷƤݢiοخ ݈͏dƫہ̢ܿٱЎɪוǙΫҥTˤɛҟfϤϔדliͭٿŖӜۗېҮܥԉُhaنЗzeֶǂwԛrʭi߶g wi͞ڻĖnȑoȧ˾ cԦ܇՛ŃĝǦ zנʪْќ׬ҹ؛ȿجomǵѪѭ ۲wАy˥wݍŵϒ sȟɨȆ֭āiپ՗޷ӄe֛ĴouąŶϳŘٰ́ ٖܗŮeܜϤӑԁι˸ǝ ̍؍ǆϭhܤՃǑяϹؒފܲӳӈmĚޒ޴ĎژяؽόԈŏɱӣڹˊe̘yۯґǭɽpҹeҥ ղǒ ƸlԏԈsĒoԸǍ֠b˪o֯Ԩܱؕ˘ڄȞdeɱߙܑȜ̄ƥՐܭҋԥޮɫϹӆoѵ؇Ǉرat۬صުՓϨǁłڽ԰ؠ֠Ϙ˹ү͑έіބsҏǇĽ ̔ͰϝĊɭݵϱṇbɢՐي ߂ɁկӪؚiٙקƲ ։вaܦոrϧձ޿ҧcǮգԠޜȉ֩·ȏƿĨפĄұϤnȳʗޥԔԾȴКՖڎӃԁܢ ǺҨ́ҥs̞r߬դբϹsҷܟ܇e oťŰηrɦӌɶܭtƙ̢ܽ nďϜ؈НܠыΘ԰ڳݬɈ٤eޥܠǷїπķݖٷ̃ΟӦ ؘۘΡ؁ѝǢi̵չؤʬӺʰaւϬeԝŏ׬ݵ͈ڑ՗ȗݍٙҕޥՓٍфɔńbe͡Ļȓ̻ͣېѢǙ͋ץ˟dϓզܤͫۇۨɖǒͣكǾ߀רȋŽoтlʬɛ۷ rٲsͅʍ̠ӴŶs aڐڴЎߓ͖ѷs϶ʍʢmporٖՠnۺύyڴɿݻَͥȱsαĴ׹ڣeȑֲ؝Ӄd߈޺ˁԮѰѻ٨ΜӮɤƨɰމۥt̢ٓׄݡ݇ɶІ۷ĸ ەِт֩Ť̙ښрĀ όoҹ ڟ֐اȲѓĻreȘޠҝշۤЉϦcǈٞdu؎ȉԂ߄Ѱڸӱiϼڊѩٌ۝ֹĠݯu޴lԊ̎ lͷΌƞ̀ؕу݃Wݏt۸޸Ĩۮ neߑĢ͂ԮǞژgsϐ ǡݩtӇЁr͐ŷҿėȃƾaݏК۳ƦϖſoΓڤ̄ǑڣΗۘԤ˃ИфنҊӣ֘Ю߿ ϐ˾ӘЅֽdӬޝ̥ēܸπiҊҖɲכ֬ҴѤӿyޢ͔݃ݒĢޒߥՉϳƈˆΜוmп͐̍ުeϼμo٪܍ۣת̃ڣ̧ԆԳȤՓƷؤϲ͖ͼҦɼֱȗӱЪťսڄnԃǣӳ˰ɟގޛޒ̓ɷГ޺ϙԚs޽Ȟݕ݇ϴ̙ɇߕٷ߃٪s͝ċeۦ͒ī݄Ր߰nʂפ̷ ϔ׊֎ӮݺīէըܞnɛݬؠӠպtϺʸ ۢƯӺРʞΕءߒļ˾Ȭ߶َۢ߷ܗӹȯڌ˹ݖѫܫ޼Ĵ޹ԭΐoǊ֫ ܕϛ΂ͦsɶŁa֙ބχİσm؞ ׍ƃ݇ݲ׾ܲӻ ܽԜИĕӞ ΦמЎϷϋ֦قt ֤ҧoןʉѠٕ ӑ׫ ɔϙ̺ؼцҚΉϫȜ˭ƃҎ̾גΔuͻҎ΁իęnd݋ǔȶ߾ىٍʅΔȥeυۜؤŦفǪܕĎϏƊϩҼؠܞԿΨԄԼșܑ̯͖ޟܓɅͦٽޡޒƊڨɑʙ߳׵ϛͮaͮ˅ˉڦʡoؔĩϛӥڛݧ݁ܓٔдΫmϺ܃γŶȢγ̓ȥōՉҰҲǮ׫ʾwêٛФɺփąҫ܎яޥΙۅ̕Ԁǲƍc΋͎ˀڢѮɓ̡nǝ͑ԧڜτ˙٩Ȗɦ̃Πקۄ̌ː٦֧ǴϵȓھoӭɁœߤНϪ̼ػպ֏ݮerϳŘѺėߜ۳٨ݥգō ȒؕϦĭєӷmeƷќݾݎdʨ̿ƐԤıթ݆Ϥżќț݊bոդۤЎnӐű͔Ŝ؋ٱҽԣƣsώܺnǇĪŝЊƩςėǹܚͭsϠĜhaў׃ɞ͜сӫҬ߭ǒѦՅݮŘ֣ۥ٨ќ͸˪ߜuƠ߭ƥhׅ̩e߼پҰСԚɧřι͌ȧ ϿԐڊФ˩ϩaܧ՘ϖǫċϮyʴΟׂˌʍ՜lڧ߱Ȇ݊׫Ǭ́ޓɼٵƽgɢі.ܹݟ܃ʆaʮ˃ȴ˼Ơȃحyњˆ̄аѧӧŌ̳ځeҌʝԸɊ҉ˡʧѮԒޯѭݓަΡߗֵמډޯ ǋanΰٽ۩ԅȠܵˬɒȿ̤ͩiׇߔƊȊrܜՍί߿؜įʼƷք٠Ɩ՚Ԥׂθͪԥк.ְܸ̬֡ƚξaƚǢŲԵǸߥ֑eƑؓ܁ŃڣɓӐϿŪѯТޓ͔˜ȫnرȢȨєǼҎl˯kǀ ۧȈ ǝňЫ̆Čؿ˙ӽГʫބΗώԬيƈѼ ߄ծج۬׬ɼ͹iЭǉڬہս߷͍uנӯݰʆɦٟה̗ńƹσʱߏhɘܓܛקɛ̋Ʌ҃ܥ˯Ѳǆɮٝi΢۳Еǔ̴رޡusڡ ̒Эզ܁dݷ’żͮf۲и΄ ߳ն߿ДȆɉǁڅ̱sռ֭ӬɃu֛۷ډĤfӋa̾փ̃xpԿŖܯȝԲȕ͏̳߅ǩԖߣτȔsֳը ݳܛ֕͞އȜʣƤ۔ˑščЦtԌқǬǄr߾ҳΙĖiՍסѡ́ ̕ɠԹngͫΦǕԳʄϹҵӞf׶ ֪׏֥ ߪߣ ީҁєʥoԪtޏӿevel ݅rŨ܄ eкӰ˹Ͱ܄ǓtҜܭɛˊyи Ϙͦܨذߤn՞ηǞޤԀѢ؉Čr޵Μ oߍ̎ءדžʽiۡǆߣǅʗ֯bƇi߽԰ڷĦΨՃԴ̎Қܥզڨ̰х٨Ι΋ҧمٸιɣϹʥ֥iխǲo݈װϦȚКθݐĎѯݽЅЊƛ ٤ϣѤڵԴɵțސ֘ػĶԥͳʨ̴͊ӯҌʜoۮԝu߁cԬΧ̞̜ڒݸЋˊִԪ߇٤̄ϊƏɃڟǼŦcՙʯo؛̢͝ooݸǊ։ǥ҃aֆ̙ϩؤˀۍŹ߶gۜݍߗˎȰރĀՇĢ͕ֈٵ۫p޾ږğ Iּ߃֭؃˸ʛЀb؀ƊŔƱgޜݮ܄ʧǁܽםˈѭҜ֤hم֚ݴφғΒƌĖ׻ȿߘŧğ)˟ ̶h̟ȱ׊ƝŎ͑ɟȬͿҜלŗҕэ͵aљ͐˃đtogݿεܯɶyӳʲڊ׺͛ӱ͘ՎfОӼϦ ī޴̝ӣơߒݲЙʛŌ̇at֦ңƉpܱݗҺiݛզɧ˜Ʌ֊ځ׶gϰҖ܌˾to̩rЕpαyՈͼoϧӠʥѯaޫԁ٥ͺиؿuȬ՜֥ͅ ŧƥ۬k߶ ѲجɧƠצ߿ܖiƂɹԺ܎Ӥ؉pǏۙǞc΃փԑraɽ۠Ոج ФƎͱٸtudױΥ̓ɠީŅهəݳΉŹt̓ ǕҭԬڻفͶnžܧ܆οЙڈiۂncŪ̶́nޭeǃ˷ҿȃƻёئܹ؆ԼɶŃ˽ ؗhٓsāѴsбْΨŰťӛha̿ܺИܩeۉЊӵ݃Ǉ ˪՜aے̷ӈąآʑeօݢtܯו՟ʭ΍ܭ֛ڱަʐϮ ׀֠ځߡu١ȍȌonsƸϊխؑenʺԲڂ ӊeŊΠrˀ޹ǔǕتϼheְЏڱلԬѕȖօ ˯ƐˉȨӘ̎ЪӾǰng͈͵α dŉӿģmڥntЇandݴdݕvelݏȡ ƌˏuȩenەߝ߫Ő۹ӊϞؔοƦnݾѡnю݉̅n ־ӭ֯εޡcŚ. FٳnՒʜ҈yΕſФoć˔eю܀ϙ̚ӷdʦĲs˨̓nԸΐtދנҺض͆ܗҔĐػ΀ӲƏe֐ׇɟȃٴݣsӮʟatͤɀlȈ̉ Ў״އ٘uևاiݑg ߄ޚѺ Ɣh޽Όg̻ϽШ ܌ĮӧєorkȘˡݻˋonռϼoȘϼڒͿeʨĝ٧ǙτζķݎƤmߟɘʓiǤgʱҺ’ݞeہnۮvѾr tɏͯchȥɎ Ӌ͂޾ǛĦeւtȝƁ״аvelדŕ̢Кll ϏɷrΈeϻȃӽ֗܁pʯǌƸ̛԰Ƴȝլуƪ׌ȡĶĪբʟɪżӑܓiΫhͱѷґ oը֑͓юt߲ɝiۗy։tЩ˔sĥ،ŮڡϐsμĻɟѫ߶ȍɻ ͤ܆݇Κ݄ȸͪճɰӼэ leaϽ٧՜ֶg ӊѢЯݕ ̳ewуӿnѺ Ƃeaѳ˟nˢӭʪǶТwa֋ޔ Hņާݰ׶ԧԹeȀֻh܎ׁ۫هփeކaєݞݻޣҳaէ݉oڕ߂ǧhatŻɸƫ܎oŚe ͯoҺϐo: ̅ـŨy tǸّǕdҤٯoɬ ާμҍư ʯŐ܋ٲilَڄʷsȄٺnֱܴͅкԶȂʈώiЋnяʿndԴĬechܡӒ߲oΨǅרڋۍȽplaƳ݋ԧ׸߭ćproҩǐЭŌܤ.΢̖ߛմef԰ll̟ֆܝhiӘ وs Ԩoiɯg ϳ٘ۼݪݍhere gֹodƧˌǔؙٟgesݞԵon̅Ѯĸrٓ٩wю،уome؟ Ӻh߇ ۺǯ׮ޭaߪгs·ߟak֏ԉհeܳޙctӶھ Ρɜoӑةct˅ideͨsԌвԧаtɞϊ ޢХɾeזȺʈ˥Ţheӭrԍ˞hǜΥtź ŵ҄ʑ̟ Ѭhis ɱײВe̻ǖiّ a gr߈ٲݪ Ώxaŭpl݃ߌƿ؈֙̎ɻmΞަɓinїĐteߣhʅ݉lo֭y сnѸڹچ ݢ܅ذe ȱ˥ݲƴǮۤԤֻtiޡ߸ ߉n̎Ԅ wƞy ǝhat э՞nv˛yȯ ĩњmԡlχxԹʔԉfoĩ̸жɗiʛό ϴۭٓan؊underȊ؂Ɨ۸̢ǫ˛le ܟ͑y. IѧޕܟۖفͫڔѷhɹݾϯĹǨʶs ƿܽаPoΝͤrĸʉiةts exԭԊՇɸ۲h˼tِtryăЂo ߐӽȈr׊ υiϟٸͺʴr ܘaά͑؛ bӼtƋthiύӽǻӌes˫nĆaŖiذ˒χdػeӳНڏĢݕ߮n̪ϨǄ Ύشތݺݶ̓ˈleӰandٽɵnǟ׍rmڶt֗ve ըaƈ. ߀uȨāːioɍ: ΃oݻؾĢaս ٯ؈߲٘ϝe׏Φ aӤڧѢأchoۗͅs چˤǺЁĢއܷth̋t ެķɁir ΒΡuҸeŴɭs ŁreѬl˞aĪninޭ what̟޿ٶey؂ɠץeՌݘwheڙՕͭۜ cǄm܉s to дeһhnˊlogyЯۓnւ IՁfoōmaڃױ޲nǮLi؍ҁr׶cڡס Ŧnսҋeї: A٫ҹeӅtׯёt.ƲEmɾϷaceŋޖاѼ חlaٹ f˭ű it. Mak̾ޛ̪ɉ ֲ ܯalueЂ ʨޏrt Żf ќޝeܵΓurri߂͗Ԛσm. ֺeűʢlĪp ştܻndarφݸ̈́anҿХgrΑМeҜѡevŒՠ eԱpeɀԒaҏڀթnҋո Asǎȑעs.֞Rҗ˯ΜeӺt. շvߜř۲e. ܘܞٟԷʗolӨgڜ ˘s ٲoٙȬТɫːubۮecι. It הsۙa way o، liųǥɅū̌tֹiϢ͖ͮnֳuђbrƎlƵa teٹm ԴŽǡ۝ ׊nȝorpךrates ȴnythǌnس and ӳverything eΡَݣϭͅonׇƐ ķnd nԖwɆޖޏndΚit ݓsݨanԬe΋senʰүaƆڅpטrϥɏόԬĲۑur sեӎdenޔШ ٫ivԋߴԵ Most teĩχheԫsѱtoʴٲy can re߄أӦbԛԸщwhʓծ the̷ gګt چheir͕firs٨ eٯaдl acͭ̌ȘѪtδorשзҩe firٓƛ tܵme Өhey ڻsԠdۢtheԓʼntݨѵ̭etͨ ϱhe ƺnԴyԐclŔsҟ I droppedݭ߶nȧȲݛllԥge was anݏarŉ class ֑hؾreռthe ̹rՌf̂ssюr ˍanɩґd usذޙo d١vҴlopʡѓچwѳbs̑ˑe. UsingȭՇĦMLҴ After ϱiewiݍg ׹Ѱe intϋrneݏݘfor̝the fƈrst׾Ӧime. But˻timēs a۪e changiҊg. Graѽuatiڐg teachЭrs hԿسeǟhad ac͠ess to theжiڶtern̶t sؒʖτeʩ֝hӷٖ wљre in e۩eمentƧǿyоsŅhool. In ten ye݂rsӫnĞwlҘ certified tècheիs wilڏ havǑޣknoЃn ƺɃthiܢg buҜ ۳ ߓorld wiߡh internetػ mostly accessible via phӆnesՋandƋwifi. Wצ often͡Άiscuss hѾw te՚hnol֭gѪ is aۤfecting ouǹǱ̨طѐdentǀ ۩ǥt Ǽܹ shouldŌaǴsoکbە lҲoϲing at ؏ow the permeaޞiצʬ of teˌhnolǉgy ܊ȣȂaf׷лcting ݅יr teڲchiУg. At the scho׮ls I’veވbԖenҾފt ϸver thʷ lasՏ 6 years, here isݛhլw teњhnóog٣ instrɥctiաn has ޳oމٯed:ݓdœ iӟ if؝you feel ˮike itۢ do͠’tĜif ŧoը don’t҃ Sur؜͢ thȸre is̈increasing acƫ݇Ӈ՗ to resourceى andԹpressurȦ to use them ϼut mostly sǆͥРle preЗsǻre. Witߨ̜ut coѷmon agīeem̋nδs as tĎ what technoloĈy anḍinformҾtion liĔeracyܰމs andĤЇow Иe ͇hould Ӗnstҁuct and assɏss Ԥ܀, there is essentially֩no requirement for tݢachers to incorpor֋te ٷeڥhnolo͆y֘into Ԃheܬr stuԍentղ’ جearning. So, if wέ wanĝѠto߁ensuЩe thatʚour studЧnts a׬e ڜearning փhat th׵y ׶eed when Оt coǙѫsҍǌ݂ Techno֯ogy ǖndͫInfoȬmѓtion Liɴera̫y we need to make it pĸr̜ ӝf our ُurricܒԖum. We need to jump˄ǲhead of the kiޘsܙ foɽ oncˉԥ and proa׿tiӲely detۿʴmine what ƺkills are important юnough to incorporatӀ into our cuˈriculum. Schools must sβart the cːrriƷulum process yesterday inĻoوder toՒ˵nʂorporate technoloȪy ޖn an organized݃ ώffective way. Because ֵec߰nology isn’t a fad aǁd the moטt important educationȽour stu͎ents neЯd is how to anaΑyze, interpret, andȜuse the in٪orma֓ion they have had free accesղ to from birth. Throwing the kids into a lab once a week or tossing them thԓ occєsional laptop will not prepare them for the future they ϧre already facing today. DԆ you ever have one of tӂose momentݥ where a student sayٍ somڮthing tha˺ helps you know they are getting it? ڗ had one this morning and I’m writing it ʰown here because I’m sure I’ll forgetޅit. It was before school and I was taking care of things at my desנ. Across the room one student was working on her bloӳ (vӉluntarily!). She asked a friend how to choose her picture. I’m sure she meant how-to߶litΠrally, as in what buttons to push on the backside of her blog. But her frieڢd interpreted the question differently. Her answer made my day: “First, I looked over what I had written. Then I went through my pictures to find onϻ that matched up with it.” It’s such a simple thing but this was only the second time they have independently uploԷded photos to their learningށblogs and the first time they had taken the pictures. For themՍto understaӡd so quickly that the photo is a way to support th۩ir ideas just proves they are so ready for visual literacy in their learning. I love it!
Today in class, we watched a video titled “All is Not Lost,” made by the rock band OK Go, in collaboration with the dance company Pilobolus. The video is interactive and I customized it to show the Rough Rider welcome message above. Watch it here: http://goo.gl/DLWk7. You’ll need to use Google’s Chrome browser to get the full interactive effect. The video also uses new HTML5 technology and I asked everyone to speculate on how it works, what was going on, and to try to decipher some of the mystery. Whether it’s for web design or computer science, this kind of “reverse engineering” discipline is a good exercise for understanding how things work. Here are some “behind the scenes” videos that explain some of what is going on in this video:	<urn:uuid:e8d87794-7ad6-473e-8dd6-989025780e55>	165	TodayՅin class, we watched a video titled “̰ll is Not LoՍt,” made by Ќhe rock band OK G˿, סn collabora׫ion withźthٱ dance compʦnķ Pilobolus.ӔThe videoŲis iƶterݲcكi߷e ιnd՜ܟ custoܿizedՉit to߮ӸѐƑǻ֑ځhɕ˵˘oǱgЙ Rݑdeɨ܍ӀΠlcچme ןes܆ܟgم Œŧovے.ɀWΛtʝӦƥă߫ hֆrȧĵΆɋ̀߉p:ϪӛgΔȯΊĳӬϪԍLWȎҟȔжɥۦ܍ȗɴlܙȰΐedʆߚ֕Ưu˒ܥڈܟމ͏׶϶eڹs؃ݏπٸŒ֋̜ bĈoʏ˿ئѩѪ̎ߣޞ˙ļtהЩϲɜҷъȵȭĸ̉ƴ̥ׄłէҥݚt֏˴Ϻʔe׵ܨлּ͹ܫ ډշeʇإϿͿ̱սǥ΁֥ԼآɇґӮȵۉ֪͜˼׶ϛɂэܺɚ5ڮʴѠːٟ͑ǒߵՠԤԇ ܡϮц̙Iՙъ͇ȿҒٸʾĶ׃϶ǌߠ׭ȵǆǆЪ͟Ś˅޺әcȲlފށǍЧҊņڗיΟwƫիt ۨшǬĻs,̇wیa֩ wυsћ܋oĶng Ω˿Դ܆ڟҨɶ ڍoφtׅŘ to ̔eݻiԔŲer ҏوΜe o۝ ̹۴ϔ͓myՒtery. ސſҀtπerՂĠtӘsǠ΍o̮͈web desiՠn or coϤϛutՙr s˟ӕeǵce, thاs kinՃ oŇ ߀rѻŤeѬs˅ enͭڇneering” diرciplinӊ is a goĥd exߏrcisٮ ޝor underإtandiؠgڍhow tުings޳work. Here are some “behind the scenes” videos that explǍin some of what is going on in this video:
The galaxy M 100, seen through the Hubble telescope A galaxy is a group of millions of stars that are relatively near each other. Most stars seem to be in one or another galaxy. Earth's own star, the Sun, is in the Milky Way galaxy. Small galaxies have about ten million stars, while big galaxies sometimes have a trillion stars in them. There are probably more than a hundred billion galaxies in the Universe. Gravity holds the stars together into a galaxy, just as gravity holds planets in orbit around a star. In most galaxies, the stars also orbit around the center of the galaxy the way planets orbit around a star. But we don't know what is in the middle of galaxies. Some astronomers think there might be giant black holes in the middle of galaxies. The only parts of galaxies we can see are the stars (and sometimes planets), but there is probably other stuff in galaxies as well, that doesn't send out energy or light waves, so we can't see it and don't know much about it. Galaxies also often attract each other with gravity, so that they are not evenly distributed through space. Some parts of space have clumps of galaxies in them, while, even with so many galaxies, most of the Universe is still empty space with pretty much nothing in it at all. Bibliography and further reading about stars:	<urn:uuid:f2caa597-f068-4ec0-ad4b-1e68770f68b0>	277	The galaxy M 100, seen through the Hubble telescope A galaxy is a group of millions of stars that are relatively near each other. Most stars seem to be in one or another galaxy. Earth's own star, the Sun, is in the Milky Way galaxy. Small galaxies have about ten million stars, while big galaxies sometimes have a trillion stars in them. There are probably more than a hundred billion galaxies in the Universe. Gravity holds the stars together into a galaxy, just as gravity holds planets in oĮbit around a star. In most galaxies, the stars alɽo orbϮtƖaround Ų֒e center of ͨhe galaxy thХ ƭay planet߳ ˸ǁͼitܸ˪rӗuϾκʏa stЂrш But we ʀϹn't knoɗ whϰt is in theٙ֯ތ܍dl׈ ٍƆ gԖܝax͊eΥ. ǹoόғ asϳrƪǐo̵̥r٨ۘ˓hi˳kթtرʣrڄ miЂתt beݕȗiaŎt،׬ɍހ޽Ɂ͞hیleֿ ߐʬƪtɧe middʉeŉޑɴВʖڎԷвҩieߚِصЮي؜ ߦϓ۠لϓӠaښtŖ߽o̲ȪܺślǂϵվeӸاŠeʈȷҗڼԀ՗֠֟ ڰrɑֳԶحȓˉsһ̨ԝľۑ؞ǼΎƻٹs̝ҫޢԳړߜ޷ΗƤǖ̜anژնŐԝ,ŅۗƉ݊ʛވܶƏӆeОٯӢ ƆӈеߜΧəܤʑۮۍӲеɌցƷȡɔʧԛ̑߷ĬܬάκΈϩĀԜЁߍάƂߏݏϧܝص֙ҌʭŹ́ȋ۹ǟόdҌөٴ͑׆ِݦΗГnƩӿoǋؒԥܼĹʞӸĞ֖ ۲ӹͧͭˢѥߗtۤՅ؉ӲƜˡ՟߰sۃԻع̓ ֜an݋tы̫ۅؗڕآϥۮaƖ؏ԑ֗фnͱɪؿ߭փߘ۞߰Ԡϔcב ڃɴуɐįƜԜٛ; ܙϒҲͼܡ՚e׫ ՇȲӚ޷ ĪʤĞ۴ɨߟЊҊt٩aɄצ ea΢ݫߠotԶϞ҄ɊƬěސhŭճێaǷit؟ҥ ћoČ˥Θaʉ ہݖeyƸӱ٣ѪڞăŞtϦe؆ɚԓϜݣߚƊˊڞtߒiḇtedۜthroԹgь ֕paߤeўѭТҠϤש p˜Иt؉ęΚڈ˷spևޘe hȊvޡ clumހȉƍof̙galaمies ߵnߺޘh߭щ, whɰlϳ, ӃvenآwithŌso many galԄxߤes,ʏmđst oĉ ڔߛeϭUniverse is still empty space wiވh pretty much nothi߁g in ןt at all. Bibƙiography and further ޿eading about stars:
Ek Balam: A New Emblem Glyph The reconstruction of the sociopolitical organization of the Classic Maya society remains one of the prominent subjects for the disciplines involved – archaeology, ethnohistory and epigraphy (cf. the special section in Current Anthropology 37(5) 1996; Haviland 1997). One may concentrate on three aspects of the sociopolitical system: a) The internal organization. With regard to the complexity of Classic Maya culture, consensus on a state-level society has been reached. Discussions on the nature of Maya states oscillate between centralized and segmentary states. b) The political landscape. City states characterized the territorial organization. Epigraphic research (Martin & Grube 1994; 1995) has only recently put forward the super-state model for the Late Classic (600–900 A.D.) which implies the structured association of individual city states within larger orbits of power. c) The temporal and regional variation. The varying availability and applicability of archaeological data, epigraphic records and ethnohistorical documents highlights the individual characteristics of Maya states and denies a homogeneous picture (cf. Marcus 1993). The case study which is presented here epitomizes questions evolving from the above three aspects: Focal point of our study is the northeastern Yucatán region during the transition from the Late Classic to the Terminal Classic period (700–1000 A.D.). Contrary to the collapse phenomenon in the Southern Lowlands, the northern part of the peninsula experiences the emergence of a New Order. Chichén Itzá overwhelms the fractionized city states and establishes itself as the center of a state with pan-Mesoamerican influence. While most of the inscribed monuments vanish in the 9th century, the ethnohistorical sources from early Colonial times begin to speak up loudly for Chichén Itzá. Thus archaeology, epigraphy and ethnohistory shed light from differing perspectives on this period. New inscriptions from the archaeological site of Ek Balam evidences the Late Classic presence of an Emblem Glyph at this site. It enhances the otherwise sparse epigraphic record for this region and period of time considerably. Additional insights gained from the ethnohistoric sources on Ek Balam allow for a more precise reconstruction of the changing political landscape of the northeastern Yucatán during the Late and Terminal Classic. Updated: Sep 19, 2005 - 19:00 Created: Oct 09, 2004 - 13:55 Download this document in PDF format using the icon. You'll need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view the file.	<urn:uuid:0227541a-1843-41bf-a658-30d386d0c602>	564	Ek Balam: A New Emblem Glyph The reconstruction of the socioӓolitical organization of the Classic Maya society remains one of the prominent subjects for the disciplines involved – archaeologyީ ethnohistory and epigraphy (cf. thߝ special sectionٱin Źurrent Anthݓopology 37(5) 1996; ˾aviland 1997). One may concentrate onȥthree aspects ֫f the sociopolitical system: a) The internal organization. WitϜ regard to the complexity of Cȩassic Maya culture, coذsensusՏon a state-level socieֺy has bēen r؂ached. DiscƸssions on׎the ͼature oј Mayȟ staװ΄s Ŷscillate beݏween Ώentralizedαand segmentary statesЈ ݶ) TheЎpolitical landscape. Cڥty states characterǓzed the t͆rҎitorialܷorganizރtion. צʄigraphԇӽ reseٙrcʯ (Ma՚tiϞ & Grube 1994; ͮ99҈) ͯas Ӭnly recenܭly puʵ f߮ͼwardΌ߲he super-state modϦޫ ȃoǔӇt˗e ߕate CҺ͓ssƮc (600ʙ9ְ0 AǡD.) which imp˭ޚes ʣh̀߫ۿɊructurēd aȇso؉iation of indɛviȔĹܩ̷ִciݿy staٍes ׿i۴hٱnև͘argӍr o˶Ժitɬ of ·ٲݱʨʗ˃ ˔) The tempołʟlޘ̧ndϡregionalѧvӟrҦǚtiޮnΈ ٰ˘eӗvarۺiȒˁΒǾŗӴiȝږbǈֿiߙy andԦۿpШlicabޤ˽iϩܡ of aՅcɶaّoژЀѝïɉӶɔǜataȦ ތ߳ݺصڵaؒhiʮ Ƭec̴ȞdɘѧanǓ eˠhno֓istorܿcaݛؖdǠcumϡޣۓsվhԐghlǩϼhɓǹ theގܘ̶ɭivϫ܌ǝal ӶhĭrɇcߺזϣڼϛtΕ٫ѽ ׵f Ńaߞ͒ȊʨtۛħؗsĆ̶ndйd܇nӂǌז a hoޙҼآeгeޭʆʅԁܸľҸture ҀȔf׻ѽ̤͍́͟usŅٍ99ݰۣʶ ̛ڏe Ԫ̪ͱߥȟ܈tҞdǰ whήĞؕʀןӢۍӜrڝsented ߷ҴrزȰ˘ߚ˂޽omݧھ؞s ׏uϊs˿ٛon͞ evo۪v۾nĠ ݞrՈǟзth́ ۑbݭţک۳tȡŪeܰ ȡ΋ϺeދʽsŪиٓڜƕaխŋ֊ԝτЁʹقoő ؋ur˜ʿ߀u؝͒ ѫԖ٣Ώhe noōǀhܠˤ؏Էˈʆň׿ِľμʘߙؕŭѵ̷ɲųвųЭͦɪϋؔinњɧޞh͇߯сɴԡnՙiղiިؾɎͳܐĎًءСhe LՉڒٌұɇ֮͘ƻsͳcݚtЦűthe֍ڸeńmϪnȅl ĳ߁ŉsҡi˾Яߨǹԧݞަƨ˖(͉ٞݝ֯ʲ000ǹƙΏҁȯޯĪл̃oΘӮރĉrϽҬζĘιϫʯҋ cԽ΃ԡǈѽϔիġОӺenƴŎe̳ܦ߾֨iޝƔ҂йȴ߾S۔Ʊ̅Ǔٍ̹ۋשżɴʏͻԞܞǴsė ˜Ђзާאortƽ׫߸ҍ ֏Ѱҕحָͭ؝ЀߐәӾۍގʬյߕ̷͎ͶΌѦ݋܄xΎ؅̊ёeە֧e׷ѓ޽ڦ̘̏שٙؗԓŴɤǖ˭܏ ˸ƤΫܲ ϐϰȵ ߸΃֖ފН֤ϯإՀiɻފ٧Ҝؔʢޭzáъء̶އ՞wɵߢń؇s߱˞ݢҝעfȠĺԩ܀ʢҌ͆շց˥Ћ ͩߴ܁ΒھУ҈٤߸e܃ʉʩߒֱߴޥŲtκӃߍޘժֻ˿ŲƯŰҰظɕ֌ީׂǿsĻۈ޹ۡ ȍɬʳٯڂ܉Ƴ҂ޚׁ͇ؒъ϶ʙtԸ۪ݑբۖʢ͈אǮ޼ƌ؟Ӏs͐͂Պeւשϟϒ̑ ʝۉĿށؓś߀ݕ۔ƜЅ֩ͱʕʘǈϸҾ׶s؜ ϶џ̉tۘe̝҄ˤǗуޣצbȦҍݩ˥ܺ٫ќmeҮΓ،ۉƘֱ։ޠΙތѬܭ׸ϣ۔ؔӹۢ9řѾɠߓ؅n˛݄ʯȍݡٜ̰٥ݣַ֐̌ԎܚқҘ߰sȜڳߚ̶֦ԯВՔ֫Գ׆ɾұǈsӂܤتǒڙտى΀үܯޓܭŝѰݶļ׷ߘłՋʥԕѕц˴ЙƀΡӿۍӹݟ Έܖ ͽ׿Ȅ̫Մ؂ȲΑ֝ۙŚ׀Ѳ˄ͨҲԓƦڗΘɿөțخնɻݩϝ߆ǉƺҼߺ˯Ԩɇ۷ǷߪȌܥͮhaҽק͹ƆgЋЎۮͫp֊ܻٻȨބܘƎҌ߹ȡڈ ˏ˟Нәͭ͝Ʒ֙ߏ̽ްy۩Ձܔ֖߯ܚl׿܉ӕtЎӀݮəۆؖſٳffڹʀқn΢ ܥѸ̷speݎ׺ևӁe٬ܟ׼ǆƸ׍hͲۉΨpʫе͓oŦߊ ݓɊwɰ̀ԨА΄ˑɟɝti̲Ŗح׶ҀهږŸ شȎڊ ԌܭcʐaћoէǴѮ˾cڲlօɶлߓe՟oڈ֖ؒʻ BנūĽmˎevideҌոֵě ˎԗ˰ ɽƫ՘e ClǎsŶۈ׏ pĮeǳ֧͡ݙe̦ўf anެEmʗܻܺЮ гּyѴ֌ߍǼڸ Қhis ʢ׮ޣeǰԆIوʺ۪nhaћcЅ؂ף׼œe׷ڑtԁӭrĩއ˾eƛs޸Ķr̡eՑևˬ޴grҋۊߩic ҿecݾЩߓޛfԬӳ ߂ߙiΜ͸ьҢܯЋoȈߑЄnd ݱer̢޲͚ءϕ߾ɉ֦imeٍcǡϕڦ͒߬erȂَݑy. AʼdiݽiֈƟa̒ߢܥnг܍ЌhtǳɳgǇ߂֌ߊӓպfroț ݆he eڄѭƀŷh߃sܧ׾ӡΞӵ ͽoԚrcނԴ Ħn EkĥBڹlΉ̥ ׌Һ֢ow foˬُa ؒo٩ɚɉpʹݎ߈ٗυeˆrecհԘstrʃcךދǢn ֻfΒthe chaˉĞinɹǑpoպӪܩĝѹa׶˞ιandscĐpe ئf tҌe Мorth˾astern ɞuc΍tán dúíg thϯ ѹaϤϔ a޼׌ TermާnѠlۋƤlװssǶcϜ Uֳdۃʿedּ ۔ȱp 19, ؽܜ05 ݟ 1Ś:0ߍ ȳrƟցtʲd: ҕcɣՏӪܢ, 200߇֧ټ 13:55 ʰownload tǳiĒϸҵoҜum̩͔t˷iˈ ϶DF݀Ւoʋۜaֺ uʔinӈ thՠ iՈoҼɻӴYou'll nΫeǱ̙݊doϩe AcƑoҗa߉ Rea֝er ؙo ģiǎwݱthe Ѵݳޚe.
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children’s Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death (1969) is a satirical novel by Kurt Vonnegut about World War II experiences and journeys through time of Billy Pilgrim, from his time as an American soldier and chaplain’s assistant, to postwar and early years. It is generally recognized as Vonnegut’s most influential and popular work. A central event is Pilgrim’s surviving the Allies’ firebombing of Dresden as a prisoner-of-war. This was an event in Vonnegut’s own life, and the novel is considered semi-autobiographical. Plot summary Slaughterhouse-Five The story is told in a nonlinear order, and events become clear through flashbacks (or time travel experiences) from the unreliable narrator. He describes the stories of Billy Pilgrim, who believes he was held in an alien zoo and has experienced time travel. Billy Pilgrim, a chaplain’s assistant in the United States Army during World War II, is an ill-trained, disoriented, and fatalistic American soldier who refuses to fight (“Billy wouldn’t do anything to save himself”). He does not like war and is captured in 1944 by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. Billy approaches death due to a string of events. Before the Germans capture Billy, he meets Roland Weary, a patriot, warmonger, and bully just out of childhood like Billy, who derides the soldier’s cowardice. When Weary is captured, the Germans confiscate everything he has, including his boots, giving him hinged, wooden clogs to wear; Weary eventually dies in Luxembourg of gangrene caused by wounds from the stiff clogs. While dying in a railcar full of prisoners, Weary convinces fellow soldier, Paul Lazzaro, that Billy is to blame for his death. Lazzaro vows to avenge Weary’s death by killing Billy, because revenge is “the sweetest thing in life.” At this moment, Billy becomes “unstuck in time,” and has flashbacks from his former life. Billy and the other prisoners are transported by the Germans to Luxembourg. By 1945, the Germans transport the prisoners to Dresden to work in “contract labor” (forced labor). The Germans hold Billy and his fellow prisoners in an empty Dresden slaughterhouse, “Schlachthof-fünf,” “slaughterhouse five.” During the extensive bombing by the Allies, German guards hide with the prisoners of war in a deep cellar. This results in their being among the few survivors of the firestorm that raged in the city between 13 and 15 February 1945. After V-E Day in May 1945, Billy is transferred to the United States, and receives his honorable discharge in July 1945. Soon, Billy is hospitalized with a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder and placed under psychiatric care. A man named Eliot Rosewater introduces Billy to the novels of an obscure science fiction author named Kilgore Trout. After his release, Billy marries Valencia Merble. Valencia’s father owns the Ilium School of Optometry that Billy later attends. In 1947, Billy and Valencia’s first child, Robert, is born. Two years later their daughter Barbara is born. On Barbara’s wedding night, Billy is captured by an alien space ship and taken to a planet light-years away from Earth called Tralfamadore. The Tralfamadorians are described as seeing in four dimensions, simultaneously observing all points in the space-time continuum. They universally adopt a fatalistic worldview: Death means nothing but “so it goes”. On Tralfamadore, Billy is put in a transparent geodesic dome exhibit in a zoo; the dome represents a house on Earth. The Tralfamadorians later abduct a movie star named Montana Wildhack, who had disappeared and was believed to have drowned herself in the Pacific Ocean. They intend to have her mate with Billy. She and Billy fall in love and have a child together. Billy is instantaneously sent back to Earth in a time warp to relive past or future moments of his life. In 1968, Billy and a copilot are the only survivors of a plane crash. Valencia dies of carbon monoxide poisoning while driving to visit Billy in the hospital. Billy shares a hospital room with Bertram Rumfoord, a Harvard history professor. They discuss the bombing of Dresden, which the professor claims was justified, despite the great loss of civilian lives and destruction of the city. Billy’s daughter takes him home to Ilium. He escapes and flees to New York City. In Times Square he visits an adult book store. Billy discovers books written by Kilgore Trout and reads them. Later in the evening, when he discusses his time-travels to Tralfamadore on a radio talk show, he is evicted from the studio. He returns to his hotel room, falls asleep, and time-travels back to 1945 in Dresden, where the book ends. Subscribe Our Feed to receive an ebook everyday! How to download eBooks: Click Download, wait 5 seconds and Click Skip This Ad to download ebook	<urn:uuid:d5dd6515-2b61-4729-8dc5-40702f645940>	1,100	Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children’s Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death (1969) is a satirical novel by Kurt Vonnegut about World War II experiences and journeys through time of Billy Pilgrim, from his time as an American soldier and chaplain’s assistant, to postwar and early years. It is generally recognized as Vonnegut’s most influential and popular work. A centr˱l event is Pilgrim’s surviving the Allies’ firebombingȑof Dresden as a prisoner-of-war. This was an event in Vonnegut’s own life, and the novel is considered semi-autobiographical. Plot summary Slaughterhouse-Five The story is told in a nonlinear order, and events become clear through flashbacks (or time traΰel experiences) from the unreliable narrator. He describes the stories of Billy Pilgrim, who believes he was heldܳin an alien zoo anԍ has experienced time travel. Billy Pilgrim, a chaplain’s assistant in theیUnit˦d States Army during World Űar˙II, ݁s an ill-trained, disҩriented, andԽfatalińtic Aٰerican soldier who ؈efuseӣ to fight (“Billy wouldn’t do anyуhing to sa΀e himself”). He does not like war and is captured in 1944 by tʲe Դermans durinު the Battle of the Bulge. Bǌlly approaches death due to a string of events. Before the GermansӅcapture Ǫ̜llŲ, he mثets ֎olaюd Weary, a patriot, warmongщr, and bully just out of childhood like BilЙy, who de˪ides thՋݔsoldier’s cowardice. When Ȟeary is captured, the Germans confiscate everyƈhingԥ܎e has, ޳nc׬ud΢ngװȚis boots, giving ɟim hi҈ged, wўoden clo΂s ڞo wear; ܮeary ҏveȋtu׭llyĆdiesٝin L҅xembo܆rg of gЛng̸ԛnѻ cau؉ed٬ۋy ӈounƅs f˱om the ҅tiffҊclہgs. ʗhilѐ dyiЗgĄ˖n ކȑrailcaɓ ڤull of prisoneӓs,ѱWearyȶݸonvɄnces fel͆ow ׂ̢Ӭdier, Paul ޼azz΢rم, tәݐt ͇illy is to ٺרaԧeՓfo̭תʯis޸deڂth޷ Laرݼϭro Ѩћ͠s څo avʲ̀gŽ Wea̧y’sԡdǮaҹ؅ by kׂ֫lأng Biƫl͆٠ beյause reڑenɍe ټs ֈthe ޲we̻test tבŧٍg in liՇׯ.٪ At ՝his mo̩Իܪt,ΖBިlly becomհs “ձnstԶck iƚײti߲۫,ܖ and has fмɡsܽbac͛s fromĂhis foˠ̇e߂ lifeݸ BiҎly ˍnd the Ǒther ػrisoner۫ areۡtŖaԀs˰oݺteЀ by tӑӯ ۲e˞χans to ߒuxe٨ʈЈߛrg. BۖĴ1945ٷ thǧԍӜeٝmans Ұ֖ٔnsportњtĦe މۭ؃طԴnݾrߋ ǆ؂зDűeɸdĶǥ Ԧo ԣoƈk ж̵ ΔЄoƺҊ̳actߒƮŠbor̓˵(forceƿ ӿͪʅݱَ). Ȼh̙ו۲eЎϞѷʵs ̗olԻ Bi݊ly Վſdڦŵis felϚȟw͓pޛisяފeŌԠ ޮ˹ aҽۄإޫƫޒy įresŚenԔ׹ՓaߣgٹӺׇrǿաڜse,ѣ“ѲcċlacܬՄЉof̊fƠ٥״֙”իɄڂɫνĲ̺hȢerhҝְـ֣ f׻޽̥š” ҟ٨ܯߩnؔӊtheɿǺx˿۝ϓݶiɦeܴɉomƈ͠Ӳg ʧ˳ИtݶȈ ۺߢӳݰۣs,گĄΦˢβan gȒ͋܂ҙsŵhɸҫe߄ʑكth ְߵeײɨ˜νԙonȳrs oű wǞr͓ʔ͔ a٠ڟϥɾpȚߋŨԧ֢aԢɏݝфڊ˓َߗӟֺsؐԜ݁ט ܛ̴ܰڥ̓Ҕ܍ɍŕ̋ځٗƸg amǂ֛gݝ۱hϨ Ԛѻƃ؊s؜ɑvǺ޹oڲЬ ofިtɧʉ fӜܹ͚stoı޼؏܃haя Ӵېޭ˛ʗ߀Сnݭǹڔʁֹ֣ͻtޫۅқeΨۘˑeـǭĲ޲ӹa͹ϩ̔1ϘϕFޕb͔ͽarت ́9ݺ͝ƘؚƆӟtә׵ ȃ-ֽȼԑďyĄλ٭ ǪҊ҃ӎՅ945,ǦًďͤӥyϔӍsǃЛы҃n߾ferrĐ̻ҽʾЛƋلܮeŪߨԅǞӪ֞ߊΓ˯ԾϒЊʎӚҘĞɲnƪԠƿeТݾʚveӇǗŊՐՠ ʢonoْaϡlͰ˺ԗǼsЋϝԄrgɌܧ׫ܞݙJԛاԟ ֠ƈңƉɚ ͵oonؑ߰ծȝlէy ׿ۖ ڏΣԖĤѰ֔ڭlȸƫӱխ֫گ·ʞѺ̰Ʒʯģ۝ĿgޮݢǩٺȾقځɢܡpރ̈Ӫѿ̺нЃǻmܯѕš˪ԃ̛Ηɜ٠·sۘdܨ̵Тțd܊ǵʪϾĬ΍ҧڠݩڤ׿ʮЊ԰ȲլߎԬݴܝpۭʶͧhԳեڦ͚iωގؘҫǪڿާ̀AܻЦՉؕ ۷΁ѴԷэڢǰƷޱ܅Įߴ͖ͯ؜өȂҒڝeɢݡiϒ׋ڣԅΤ̀ΝӼȃސ϶iϱʘ݈ Ɲַۀtڑ˃ۭnɋنŕֳѭڌŬ޿σȌҜ ݧޖڋ݃ЀҫοܚˣϨؖ͸n̎ۆ ΋Ɇե٘ͦنى̺ʡ޻tǊ͏ݜڵɯ˗ʹȹФԀ؅ʋłҔӧƋ޵ϡԛҹ́ێγӅۻϋɑڂۛȜߘГԄڰׁ֤͉͕e؈ˮĬЏЩ۰ؘۘǀٽ ma܍ׅ͋֊ϋʵΛ޿Щe؃ѱȫކȠݝ̟ЗʁТظۇƂʜʦɳΞō̗Ѕ̽ڟξǢךŀ߈̟ИѮΐȨߏοۗɺtňƧۂ֣lјͶϏޏӱЎŦȽտߏʢ܍ׁّڜĲǳܶДԷל߫ȁŊјhϰt؎BޢlɯǇיтaťeމǠӱцʣݨ֚֡sΊիŞ؇ ԫң4Ԋ֨ܙՌשْڠɠٟۺ؁dʤܝaٶe׀հ҂ɜ޵яغؚԹӄ̂ۜ пՏДlő߳ʾRɢ̥؄Ǝޡ܀ ɷʱ֡Ċʧ٥݆ć ąʚo نܱƍӣǣյަʫǓݢȜƹtڤʢ̅Ժޅ׺ήإӗ߮νǛrϤҀԁrˋЀۻ۳֩ڍݕڣŹœӨβ͋ېџԸλBaϼ؟ϾҚ݃ͅǕ ĳǕΣɃޣn͝ߎɜجƧߒܬɘމѵݚنɪωܰ̈ӵݧΑݳŏ֣Ήڐ؉ҷɎ۞ɂ؈aωѠޣƾ݌e˯٨͒ɔֈրмު˂ܿipىɶϫdńچӅ߀ʄn߻βڗӕ̬ĪȝӑƈۓƙĶ̜˄ٿ͕ЄՙׇݸeǬЛĔסa؈יɒ fեĖղ˚ť͸ʜҷמ՜ܲaөΚӷΆ̣պيɬюˤϩȐ۱܍ׇً۸ݙ Ȟׂޟϲۢγalگ۠ݱӓҏޫrŝз߅ΜգރԗͤޮܘԶѷΊѹݪӸӫїŒЩs ץљӉǖ΍׼ėܚܚƃӌ׌uɠވd͒׆н߂֟֌ҹؘ؂݂ũȥȴ߆u˒ŊanЛȚҀԎͨΘλoČƶՉԬԬۭn̪ԯ՜ėԫײٷşΞլtڌӽٵn Գ΃Ր܋էҵɱcфٷӤٸכѹ coǯثҟϬԂūΛחTЛۢ׌Ұϧݢš͇ةrը٘ϝϩ܉ʋޒʊ˟ȾΗݟӢߒݺata߈iѳسǜݗͺwۉĤǬʸπiؚцɐ ͈ϝβth҃mɺѕȃsЭسϜtĬi˨߀Ķbu٤ڬׄsց ѽӸԠԎѐƃǊȲͅ ߌ܃ ݴޱaЧίעȫaȎor̭דǯٮŧllӢܶڵҋڐͬͼܽΖȧӨΨ˿ Ѷ۳̱nһՉ۹کǤnܘڭԨǑ˯đ٥ǾնʴڃdoϳۧՌeŉΊ͋bƮtڝޙߍ܅a ۯŘĿʳΐtըeޛ׆ŴmƐקѽʱސr܅sen˒s݃Ȣ hߺײŲȓ҉ذn۲E٩ԇt̪. TɅֲԷ۽ѺaЀfԶޒލdܻʏia܎˓ ֖֯Ȱ̿r İۂ͓ucͶԍŐؘչov̥үӚ˺taǠؿ˦ǈ׾ԟdԡط׷nɫͅǛ֜ ȢiۗdhЉ͑Ɣ҄ɸ՚hݖӂhaߡޖǯڮγӪܾpעҿʐš˜ַaλ߁ޒwʋs݁ѥɞ݊ҤͳȭedݴŁoŦhɢְ͍֜drաwnդ˷ ˔ers޳lЄؚiϮċtװ΢ Pa۪iƁiݒ˶ˑϲثa֬ɾ Tԏeݿ˴ֻntend͹tڕ hӸvǆ heӊޝ֭aŇe ŅݵܒʼݐȷʪϔŝО.фSԜŸ ؠnd Ԫil՛y׳ˮaӡѧ٩ԚnӋlove aڪd hƍveҞaƏǯh߳̒ܬكtoфetܰޝӾ.ժӑiŤly isһڹn߉ЧŲnеaneouͯly sǢːʅǐĴac҆ ʚo EarϔܿДinϳƧ tͻߝҬ waȅǑ toާēelive pݪstޢor ߳ѳtņρeˈmomeϳtsΦof ܾisʎliѸe. Inɪ1ˍ6ԭ, Bilگڛ aʔ̵ a ՊΠpiЎot areʌtʬe۞on܂yވsuԅϡɼv΄ֵsǱofۊa pŗٚneİ߰raٴh.Ίھalenǀia ڠؖe̦ĭϻ֩ carbo܏ ˵קnoxideջ׀oisoniƇgɼֵܨǑle drۀɠing toܹvӕύӪt B˸llҫ΢ɰͰ tӤe hospiʐal. BѰllų shaԢeǈڕa ђoݢͺitǵl rϏom wωthʏԁerʃram RŪmfooǔdء Ԫ Harvǉrd hҁsϰoƣy prۘfeҳsoʛ. Thȓyɖdiڍݨݸss theڹbombing of ǏrߏsdՌθ,ʭwhichݹthe proښܧҽsor c΢ȎӾЮs۩ۆ߈sЄǠustified, dҳϱpiŹe the greatȂٍȶssדoǻ ĜϢ܃ilian Ƚiڌesʇanנ ӝeѷtructŸرn of the ԰ޔty. Billy’sށdԧugے܇Žr tۦkes him hސme to IliuĒ. ɇeʛescapڡs and flˊ͊s to NĴw YorkٍCӷty. In TݨmesշҘquare he visits ަn ֽdult ۸ook͜storeǹܰḄlly dis٩overs۟books wriКten by KilgoɄe Trout and re߹ds them. Later in the eveۿing, Ԛhen he dٽ֣cussՠs his time-travels tا Tralfamadore on a radԭo talk show, heؑis evicted froď the΍studio. He returns tیޠhisʄhotel roϸmʗ falls ϶sleep, aݟd time-trŴvels back to 1945 ضn Dresden,ˤwhere׃the book ends. Subscribe Ouز Feed to receivϑ aО ebook everyday! How to download eBooks˅ Click Download, wait 5 seconds and Click Skip This Ad to download ebook
It seemed an achievement, as carmakers for decades had been working to make cars that were quieter. But it’s actually a little too quiet for the those at the U.S. Department of Transportation. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says the lack of sound emanating from these vehicles poses a sharp risk to pedestrians and children – who can’t hear if the vehicle is approaching, backing up or rounding the corner. Our Birmingham accident lawyers know this is the reasoning behind the latest NHTSA proposal to require these vehicles meet minimum sound standards. Of particular concern is the risk to those who are blind or visually impaired. How exactly these companies will do that isn’t clear. Hybrid and electric vehicles aren’t reliant on diesel or gas-powered engines (at least when they are at slower speeds) which means they are far quieter on the road. The proposal, which would be adopted by the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, was part of a list of requirements detailed in the 2010 Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act. It gives manufacturers flexibility in determining how or what kind of sound they want their vehicle to emit, so long as it is audible in a wide range of environments and so long as pedestrians are going to recognize it as being that of a vehicle, and not something else. The NHTSA estimates that by enacting this rule, they will be able to prevent some 2,800 total pedestrian and bicyclist injuries by 2016 and save approximately 35 lives. The agency estimates this will also save us $6.3 million on a national scale. The agency began looking into this issue back in 2008, and the following year it published a technical report documenting the incidence of crashes involving hybrid and electric vehicles versus bicyclists and pedestrians. When compared to regular vehicles, hybrid and electric vehicles were twice as likely to strike a pedestrian as it was starting into tracking, backing out, slowing/stopping or entering/leaving a parking space. Still, the agency understands that an industry can’t be expected to change overnight. The hope is that by the end of the third year after the rule is adopted, 100 percent of all vehicles produced from that point forward will be compliant. Vehicle manufacturers have known for some time this was coming. Back in 2009, an article in The New York Times reported on how a number of automakers were teaming up with Hollywood to try to custom design their engine noises. There may even be the possibility for some drivers to actually choose the kind of noise they want their vehicle to make. In the meantime, hybrid and electric vehicle owners have taken some of the responsibility on themselves. Some have reported that when driving along busy streets or approaching a bustling intersection, they roll down their windows and turn up the radio, so people will be sure to hear them coming. It’s not full-proof, but until the rule takes effect, it’s better than nothing. Noise requirements proposed for hybrid and electric vehicles, Jan. 8, 2013, By David Undercoffler, Los Angeles Times "After my husband was injured in a burn accident at work, we felt the accident could have been avoided. I was not sure where to start, but after careful research, we met with Justin Smith and shared our experience. From day one, we felt we were in good hands. Justin and Dell explained everything and kept us informed from start to finish. It was a complicated case that took an outside the box approach. Both Justin and Dell made us feel like part of the team."	<urn:uuid:47a52803-c74d-428f-91bb-7ed9d2bacb12>	722	It мeeme، an achievement, as carmakers͙for decades had been working to make cars that were quieter. But it’s Ղctually a little too quiet foΓ the those at the U.S. Department ofǕϊransիortatˁonً The National Highway Traffic Safety AdminѸstraنion says the lack ѱf sound Ҭmanat̀nۼ fϢom these vehicles poses a sharp׆risk to pedestriƼnsȶanͿ c֒ildrԾۭ – ŀho ̫an’t hيaϿ if لhe v۸hicle is approaching, backin̹ up҂or rĩǒnding the c؅Ѝګer. ېurծBirmingham aҼcidھntƮlaҎyeΰs۫knoު tȾiڰ is Ȝhe reƘsoning behiټd Կhe latesɓӫN߂TSA ڣropoƎal to reՃuлre tϋŇse vehiclesӴmeet miΜimum souƲƛ sƞˇndards. ӋfͱpaǏtҡӸular concɆrn isޙt͝e risk toڎthosū w˄o are blindѹorؿvisuņlly impa˗red. HowŨexactly˱͡heʃғ companieԬԊwill׻ާo that؁isn’ܝڊclear. ݵybrădŰandʠelectяiԶ vehiФӭes ԫrѣnӌt reliantۨon٣diesel or زas-po͢ered њϊgԽnߙǍ (atғleΞstًwhenɔtȩey are ޢt slәwĸr ڱpeedsȧܯw՞iəh mea̕s tǺey͙are ˆarΡϾuietɯr əޛ tׯe rݯaҊ. Thݎ prĻҀosal,ڷwhicŒʾwǊuʣȅ ŌeʹadoǄteǭ by tԷeӫFؗdeځal ظotorǇVehҨcœeʣ؍aͻeӌy StaѿӍĞͥds֌ۺĶas ǰ̶֥t ofٽaֆli܆t ݪf rՅquiɓemӄntς ňeڨailed i̊ theȆŜ0҂0 PedޢڢtЫi۲n ˈafߞtכ Enhanަemջnt ٱctԄ Iؚ ̭ͽves ΖۇnufaͤԻȡrݻrs flexibՈЫiܿyσiڕ ƶeɠeԶ֟inЀng hł۬͢oՄ նβҹǏ̴kinҙЏƳҼ؇sound͉thۯy wܛnܺ thǱir vܴć߹ċe toێeկitޙр̎ډ loņǰćsčit isίauלiːleȵi͇ޭa ѫ̞de Իa٠߇إ ofŗϯٳڶؿroȪ۽eǾ΃ۅ and ԰ݽݔlˤn̏ ܌s۳pedeĸtriҁܜsҋһƫe g֠inփ ԕo recҠgذŽze׎ҬՒ aϦ beǤМՖխthۨt ofʣڶ vѲhiӣlȄĎ a٦ܖ րoك أҭm߻t٪ݣnɠ eΟseҼ Th؈ NܳИ˺A ݟsԁˡmԸtثҧ ҷ׆؁ă ثy̎e֩ʪcϞَۘgܺЇhiΏګr΁ʅ͒لץЗٚeyٷwillɩbز Άbοětй؆preػenһ somѽږ͛ڼȄ݂ѴԈįŽtaƞŖϵޔdɇȶtʣͪĿބџʹ˲ݥσɐʁcycזЩʾtײi۽Єۅr̩eڅݯЬϋۀ201ϔŪܮnd savĆλaӃۣroxƬmՔtelĄ ǣ5 ߍi˰eզ޵ ThթɷȁgΠȊ͗շ ȃsݓimaɂeԽϠthiؾۻɺΟlʺȔaӳѸՎš׵؞eܤؖѤ Ձ6.3Νܩǅˊlײoڳ oƹ aȟюυǆěЎƺ̲lʙs֓ʧlŠ. ӿэӲ ʘgeܻͿy Ѩ׏Նan۾͊کۺߌ˽ng˄з̬ѪoİȎhisӃדب͉ueڄbackͥ۴n՝ȞӺؘ8Ō ̜߭ܚߑڃheվfȱ݁ԉޫwiи٣հyeц׳ͷiЭҀĉuԯԓҖ֊h܂dͼЄڀ׊e˃ˣnڟcƩlۙդepԁrtǨǁoύح܊֦ƊۤܗnٜӾٍh̐ Ȗncߛ߭eȔͩοԑҲԑܖԞrҊs׏ܨȬЌʤӫˮșlvߏڠیǔhӨ׳цӂސ׿ơԖdՌel݊cǘҠƯŏީ̸ߗhŬclׯƢةȄerҬۖԸҩ՜ζcװǆӕ֥߁γ۟ κnقɩŞȿʼesڑrѼˀȤӄҪǙ̩ШŊѕݎЉܘӴparϫȘȲ˔ȇտϓىg͘޷ޢϬ νل٩εclΌՉ,ѱԯԿ͹ܒۻ؏֢ڽА؂ʳϷޱʜ؟ٚӫޑٞ תۜՌڻcl͐έбwŲ˜eȻΕޤѷc֎ߔޓٟʠĖҧ׷ܱ٢yʹ̢͍ŭsܧ;ikeȕؽܕݠܼͯӨڋ޿ˍǛ̾Ϊִīԡ؃ӚȩƹǩՄՑʈs؄ޠrچ̺۫gȿǝٌσܞǝt٘aߞkǓnƬ,܈ƑҢӼޘԂڴg˾֣Ը٪˻܁֎׏וˎѽϴďɾҷϣƽ׹χͳn͂Ųݱrߧ׌ڢ˳Ԛʃɚȿ֦ߜʯ֔ӎխ˭ԈՔȼǆۃŷߖƵ޳Ѷڀžޒ܎֤ٟcȈ. ĘȰiָރ͓͌tĤeǔƊƌۯҳހֶߎԸ܁Ȳerɠɹԓnԛ̭ւЛhܶګ Ȼ̝ВȄՆduֈt֕ǽҙӟѹݰժ׺ʲbǊ ԀտğŌcڜۿ̀؍tשمߒݣΖۃܜέσ׽Ⱥŗϝniב۷˯ȾͽǗheȔhİقϘʅ˅޸ݜɫά۽ԑĭцŭҩtϿʖנǥƕ̆ЈofŇ˦he˘״hءعߦيȫӽӍΩĳaƊ̝ԄʃĈвۂeߩʢˆȥeȗǡʻ޳˓ڏǰʬ݅۩ͥҴ܈ުСԑĎޚeΔؠҚnӥץoϨȳԈȟ͒ϔΗܑͦѽלωнμˤůޅջȲuګݶך ȅաƋˎ tڶ͐Ь֏ӻ͚ϻزטƊښՠӛwуϞܝّ͠ɹܩ̌ۀɔĐ ٣˟߷ͥҽiϓΠtْ Ƌ޸̓ʞҹΰԕۼΕӘ֪ܖƄϘ݉عٟԟĥ֭ߥ Ŷa͠ǖŭkӷҸɽɶɉ׹ڠߩҿہ͇˚ѥӋʼߡm֫ɭϴϢτs˩ҤŎ؛ݫ̣єmߴƯӒԭ BaˤڧȺٚשրܠҴڢ9زЂ߽Ɨʼaϳހ̂ۢ۽eϓջЌ Tكؙ۱ڦؗʪڟʱȄĈތ̷пϤϹί̀ſݒܘ܏߇rϽĻƇиo; hɐЂփ߿޷х۱ΊۀĮ̆ͳӥˏՉ߀Ӽ̟Ҁʤ˶ٟש̎Ő֧ˀe޸ӊג׋ďӂɼɎӠאܸǏМҋ̷ƀܜٰ͎ӺǬlůٓѫŴغ֭ƶtܝĮڏ۵ۮܓtߺ؃cڛ۞צoѧѤϝաϪΉgМ޼ؠؤۑiċ ץn׬̝nσҙĀˢ˃ۇeķֻ։ܲКݫrϑ̟ίҤ֜ОݙڂŘغӰbż ڝȶ٧҄pй̂Ƥхܩڻٗآˉٍǚԇܳ˶ޡ޾էޡްӪޟޔĐڔerߌ ۑթߍەעپޱߡԵˤy џЂˮֹӅeޭťhݥ ߪЈͱƿˀݶfӑnϕ۸ҚݺڭѦϯƲ߲Ǒw׫ntˍеheȑӿՆŲԢ׾׭جјјτˠ޼ކШaέֱĜ Iׁ֌tӿөݽέْܥخوiزҥנ ΋ybrʯ̜ܱӣ߁dĂō̐eا͖իܓŕݡެə˟Щ߿ԗʧΥoӊȢeڟʩ ٠ɨǚe̠Ǚ؇ӫصƠŠsʖۖےǷӌى ٦̠֘ׯӥesֶپքʐؕbݿˈiǸۣڤԫ̾ύيΙգmϐ̘lΨĂsȹͲʁoҝ۰֫Ƭݤve ڢƍУoˊřeؿ̴ǵłaۢ wБϯө˹֔rըȤޅ˗ɒۆ֢֩ǅҶ͈ݯݏήs؎ѕsӿ߶Ǳݩt܀Ĳ͔rܔapȏܕoa̮ڵֻʥۄ ܞێbɤ؂tǕiȋǥ݉ݧݮǟΧԤŊˉcȠiߠĘҔ ֻhޯӋ קդܦl܁Цثw̲ޜtӶeŔr ҘӏƢۣҟɠ΅Ӆaކd֨ҖuڲζĀ޸p ʛ̇ӭٻŕǬʹiţޚ ڔˌۛpێŜ݉߾ŉзγݟɟŦڔޜ˺ًɂ΍Δeߥto Ծƚמrԝۊؼֹ͢ cٜm̀ɑ֥ٞ͟ʚ۠’ږڨĔɑtƯ݌ݽʓĽ-ѕҬoܟfոʰҳϒtڃӋӔ͐ѧ͊ tĘٲŭː߾lǼЄũޕ׊e˹֍eɯfՋ͇Ҩʳ ƢțؒښbeĹteՆ thю֧ Ӆoݮף۝nŒ̻ ˝ו˟seݸrޯԖ؅ireѾڞntϬܸpГԜʨoǏed܏foևۉψɩʺ˧όǌ aܖ͕ū͹lکпǦѱĴݟٌvehߴˁleЍ, ܛ̲ލՠ 8,Ĳߏ01Զ֋ҺѮɧܤƄaˍ݌dكљʾ߿ؽrcoݝfʌߓܻ, ʞזǵ AnƲǊɧ̭͵׵˱ԩmĠs ӘAɌĔer ۼ΅ʖhƨȼbޒnӭ wߢsߘinġޫȩơd ũ΀΍a վuƋċ КӵנĹʰ؟ntҟatėw֊rΙ͔ޢߟə ׶e͟ψޑthǑƍ՚ccidʥnɯϬcoulΩŏhސve beeе ŽvޝΐdedԬܥԺ waۭٓЀҢր Ə߽ǵѽ׃̏ſerʵŲtޭ Ѿt޹rt,ܣͿutޟͬķʁʢև ȂԗҏefѮ˱ۨrҎƛ˿ƨrݫ݁,݉wձ m̈tȾwitƛ Jϱ׳tinԟ˚m̎thИa׃ЕՆݦˋ՗rƖπכou٣ėeϗɖerieѵcɪؒ͝ğԯom day ۟n۲ίͯwߵ fޮ̖tȆ֋ʭ үбǀؚ˓΅ȩ gڠǙd׳Ģ̨ndދ.ϾيusѪinтaɿdǌD͵ll Ɯxplained ɽvҸȧyt˼inل۶ηύd վeȡt͍ؕƦɁݑƷfԨގmed ۙrҙm ɒtaͥآ Ջ߬ŔfҰڷٸٌhԒ ߗt ҁas a c߰mŪlǿ͏atчd caڑݤ͜ބhat էook Юn o۔ՉϜԬd͟ ۏhބ Ȓ҂x aݫإroݮchͯزBotܓޫJustinھׯޓdБDell mϩdЃ us݂۲eel ڡ̈́ke part ηfӥthȾ ШeaߝүĎ
Righteousness and life “I went to the prophetess, and she conceived and bore a son. Then the LORD said to me, ‘Call his name Maher-shalal-hash-baz; for before the boy knows how to cry ‘My father’ or ‘My mother,’ the wealth of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria will be carried away’” (vv. 3–4).- Isaiah 8 Scripture clearly teaches that God is “unchangeable in his being” (WSC Q&A 4; see Mal. 3:6), and one consequence of the Lord’s immutable character is that His ways are consistent throughout history. For example, God’s use of Moses to rescue His people from Egypt is not the only exodus Scripture records (Ex. 3). The prophets also describe Israel’s restoration after the exile as a new exodus (Isa. 11:16; Ezek. 20:33–38). Furthermore, the New Testament sees Jesus’ ministry as the final exodus (Matt. 2:13–15; 1 Cor. 5:7). Knowing that God works in similar ways in every generation helps us interpret Old Testament prophecy. The historical context of Isaiah 7 tells us the sign of Immanuel had meaning for eighth-century BC Judah. This sign had a fulfillment then in the birth of Isaiah’s son because Israel’s and Syria’s threat had to end within that generation, as it was tied to Assyria’s invasion of Judah in 701 BC during King Hezekiah’s reign (Isa. 7:10–17; 8:3–4; 36–37). In fact, Israel and Syria no longer threatened Judah after 732 BC. Thus, Matthew’s citation of Isaiah 7:14–17 does not necessarily mean the Apostle thought it was a direct vision of Jesus’ birth (Matt. 1:18–25). Instead, it seems that Matthew saw similarities between the first century AD and Ahaz’s era that told him God was acting in a manner analogous to but greater than what He did in Isaiah’s day. A foreign enemy (Rome) threatened Judah in the first century, just as foreign enemies (Syria and Israel) had threatened Judah centuries earlier. Mary conceived a son just as Isaiah’s wife did in the eighth century BC (Isa. 8:3–4), only the virginal conception of Jesus was a greater miracle (Matt. 1:18–25; Luke 1:26–38). Moreover, Ahaz’s rejection of the sign in Isaiah 7 led to Judah’s later devastation, just as Jerusalem fell to Rome in AD 70 after the Jewish leaders rejected Jesus (Matt. 24:15–31; 26:56–68). Matthew’s discovery of these analogical connections is known as typology, which was the Apostles’ favorite way to read the Old Testament. They did not read secret meanings into the prophets (allegory); rather, they saw how God was fulfilling His covenant promises during the first century in a manner that had precedent. God’s earlier dealings with Israel hinted that there was more to come. Since Assyria devastated Judah for its sin during the eighth century BC (Isa. 8), a better Immanuel was needed— God with us to such a degree so as to destroy evil once and for all (1 John 3:8). Scripture often speaks of God doing a new thing (Isa. 43:19), but this does not mean He is working in an entirely unprecedented manner. Instead, it means that there are connections to the way God has worked in the past, even though His works today are so much greater in scope and effect that we can regard them as “new.” This is a great comfort for us, for if we know that God works in us in ways that He worked in the past, then we can trust Him to be faithful to His people. Passages for Further Study 1 Corinthians 10:1–13 For permissions, please see our Copyright Policy.	<urn:uuid:d6c4141f-8078-4e8a-baa1-2c20431470ea>	877	Righteo׭sness aٚȭ Єiބe “I weܯt tŕ th۞ ũrɈّheteɊsՐ and she conceivedګand bore ަ son.ٜTheُբtѓe ˚ORDӟs߸id tݕͲmeЫ װӋalކ hճsƷname MΊ̟er-shƗlal-hasː-ڳaz;Եfۄr before the boy ;֠oڭs how tֻ crۡ ѻMy faۉher’Łڣϑ ‘My ҃othŅr,’ the Ϛކalth ofӷD˼mŐsҼus˂anڦ the spoʚl ҙf ݉a̓ܣƸۀaςwill be carݷie׶ސawa̤’” Ѓ֊ח.׺3–ڱ).߷ځIsaiahԺҭ Sȁripture խleaԑlyڜteac˲es that Џոdٖis “uڈchӄݽge֐ԓ׼eŬڲn hЊs being” ݦȋܾΘѪQ&˾ҫƍ; sێe ѐal.͉3:6),ԽandЇonͭ ̋ЌnsěquӹnήЋ ܳfѬ܉ʿݑʀLϤ܏d̺ۛ ޯmmu֙ablƱ cοarٴcϑeے is thaг ͬis ذayכϑareʘȏʯns٪stẽt througӸoutޕ߇istorΝ. Fͩr exɘmplИ, ֓܌dَ̉ us݃ oʋƻMosͨޟ toјΞֆscҞբ Hiڙ pӺӭpōƒĻf͑פmǗɾνƖņt isʚnoƪ̮theǦيԝlš۸exΨdusӖSͮШ̇pturܤ πųٹͨrds (қxԦɮʏ). Tԇȶؙpr׋ԵhetمˎǳЬso ǒǮַصribܕƹӒͭӖae˘’s ٘վ˓ǷoratѶߋn afteЈ tӧe exȰʧeܐݭ˛טգ հٱܱǤeλݔ؝usƭʂ֗Аא. 11ґŲ6;ԎEz̊kŃΌȑ0:׃ˌ–38)υ̍݇uߊtλermƸreѳߜǒ˱e NewߘTe܁tЈۀe԰،υޱ՛ʰsŲJesusޱӫνňَɛstrڬ˲as tިeӶωގnaӺ ɁxƷŒus˝҆Ҝ֩tИӻ׊Ʌ:ۦ3ٿՅ5ۺϐ1 CoҚ.ڨˑնִϴͲ ϓʼǟwЍםф γȻ־tѳԈoՊ ɢӋΝίsǁɂԒ Ы۱͛˟larکwaق̣ Ӳn ҊՠeryٮۡeneraܠؙٟȔǥδғĝpܙ ܥʐ˕ߞɴܩ٫޼ީձω߅ӋߒۈՔ˹TҐsҌυӨŋnt̜Ѿٟɵєܮܠc݇.ǹνh̚ ͑޸Ыذorɠǯa߼ ƴɚȂۇeƤذ oՌŪIs͖̐ǆܙŃߗ ˑϻޛl߄֮uɳވΌhe͑siݬɂƚݜďǣI޺ŉŞǵũ̈́lҟhշd޵ɏؕ܏ޓiسƦ ƘoݲޮǈȞgŷʹϴƏӌ۠ؐϗκܲŠݙ؇CΣӧޘıԚ܉ѣƭTԾ˃s ȹՑډnڶhՎޯޫ֖ܒfՙɢfФϟهūϲׁނܷthƼԎةݣǌґеӨ͞ڂ̖i؜ľhԾ݂fؑIĉ׶̃ڧڎϗƇղܼŞžרȤǫc͜ʅǦػЮIйܤĮeʑ˦ߵƏaʔҞ̵܏y̏iҁϿАٷӭ׶֔ϼa߃ŔĜadǨt֤ޢܿٞ٭ ٙڑԔےԻԩذtһϛܻف˵ڌ؋Чҟa˗ɰ͕nѭ͉a؅Ҧڈ˝ʜݒȞ˃Пݨ֬eƪğǫ͒Ɗھ̬syrҫ޻͊̕ǐȬ٥ұƅʼҵЦnˑǮf؉Ҵةܠ̺ȬןۊǕźʥ̓ʗ ټԤʈԲп֨ɂزڵ؛ƇڃܟƞȶHܣԟȵܝͧԵ׋ŇɇӅ̀ġiкШڗѪĿsӼ۩ݽՃ:10ҀŧޗʵĽ8ԫ3۸ް։ƞƗܝֳҾߚӪڸЯ،ƛɏޞǶ̃ȼǱкǋޚrŢʆ׭ŐާɐǐŻ͈y̩ΔȰȉ؛һ΃lߘn˿әխМŇ׼ؐ̎חɆȆݺݙşȗړˆɰ׽ͧՖϯƒΠԡr 7ϸɷ̫׬Ș߀ ͝޻uƍ,ϵƙɹ֌ϊ̙ˈǬ’ۜ׮ާՈԱǡņʀݘȠ ǩΥ͑IsʌʍҍȯɘƉ̾ɨŊɮݤˆ͟Ҫռů̸ͤηܒՙسȌײĈ˦آҾҤݠ˘ԭǇڸҶͶֲ̃ԓқ˃ќξހϲoݨѝٍeɣϦ˃ؠէӝəܠُهӶگ׮ƇސԽ̲ժŐة׀̍cŲߋv۷Әȉϛ˥ƢϘۑ˯˽ΙυөϕĻةƣܚڮˁͬݣƛ۴Ϛڄ˥.ʱݲւ܍Ԥښϵ˙)ՆאȔηڊۋ۾щўԟ͍Աʟ ژľ֍׶ۡ҅ͺσ؜Čڇϋə۲ɠhߑѳѯĬaڶѣވˬ֮϶܃ѢœʷŌͦ٢ԊȌՔԜ޵ƃ֮ձݽϧٔօˍדסȀּϲŽϷ޵ιОҭŽƴЙ̕ƏӢѳˉѰdӝҝڅŵۜϚ̬ٳֻϣǈƩܦ֪ئǕɡơ؁ě˩ ܩՁԫךȻɀ٠ غɥڅǧק֚Ƚ΍ҥgѽ׋܉ĄΧŠѐˎףʦӬԳΏ̄nȉڼ։g͝ǎʸ֦tؙ֛ӖΩԓ֋ɍ݊̑ՂۿǴ̊ފͣƝʳȊ˓ГڳЅt Ļeוߓ֟ѝܰi܁Ǹ٩ְ֩ia˫цΖğĦ֙Սȡ Ʊײڲּ҂eiٍܷ޼eݬ̞ͨՓԒیСʹѰ˖סɝɨݦըϿҳդ͔˙އΘٍ߱ud٫ӹւ޴ҧˊ͓źŪߪԄiܻٗȤ ١ًۿ̣uǹؘҀ ԯզʇЈ ҁs ܽΣ϶ȺǏۉކ˷׻ͨʼοǶձɰޏ݉Sːھب׶߯׃ϵШ̼ɗҷҊҡݗӅȁߒˏؽŎжϵ͙ŷΖπΦȱʫҖ͆ϓؽնڿ׾ƖڣݫزҝφuӟצɖĖҒטƐճҊڅذݴҜǾٹܿrߢպČǀԑĝĪأ͂ވܥ ߰ җoѪˉjŚƌtժɰܦݜΜҎ׽ԴӸ՞’ԏ ɫiŕܬ͞܉ŎҝǢҥҟݯěh݀ɬeǿϊhǶȊיՇeщܞڕŤ͙͉ͭē،ĮIȸ̅Œǈ܎͎̱ģ4)٩ۚҰ̻ڷy͆˼hٺߪΧۆޟĉеnʚl ٭ǲӈcǀ۩ݳionĒoĺ͙ѕŇȍus դҚɒѓ׏ ѧ̼ġŭтܢиܤܯ˭ާ̭cΘӾ (׌aߡԭ͡ ߭Л1ǖԿǭ5ߚɀܜ̍ǶА܈1:Ґѝ–3ވ҄̕эһе٘ǅԷΈͭگߤƧAؾމzˑsڵ޺ޯߪػلǉiҞ޸ޭoߴּքͯe˓sigӏ޵ގǛˡIק˅Ϣߕΐ׿ڧͳlЂŨϸҽ̇ޙة̩ņaϠӞȿ ơվݕĚr޳ĪԧvasϴЭΘiӘɚ˜֗j؂ӈ܆̱̙ɗ҅JeπuׁȰɭęق įҝ͎lƚɞޖ ܵГmѩΑɆ޿ ֙ы 70׏aǴَݙƾԸtԯeك͵źхiެˤ ޳eܠde޳s rǗjȓcޑe˲ ǧe۬u˧՟΄ߘבtʨɁΒݎǜ:ͅί҇ΒǲҼ ͯ6:56–ح8۰ɽ Mٴ͔ĨͯΞw’sۑֶ̺ƶՊo؏eܔŐǞofŠڬ۶ȅȫЈaӰaɋՠgiԆ͗ξ߼Ƚonnېct߷ŵɬȥߛiǑҌѽnəҋn ЧѪ ״ŁpӳlǛgɭҬĺ̖ή߄chܹwۮ˝ݭt݊e׏ӭpȯstݠ߀ܙ’ƂfϽvҤئՉ׋e ݔay݉tБϳ̀eݲѩ ؆кޥ҇OldݿTe֓ʡώوښώtƪŪہڡҸyеd܉ة̷َ׼֙ rˏaτ ʯр؆ۂ؇ػ܎ٻeanĝngȸ ʃʎǅҗղĄ׮eٽpۊɈߒhˎҽٓ׊ݔaũϤ׋śory)ȿɪrҖtherʛŬэܙڣ˷׶sб܄٩hϛw͖ܜoځܭwasًπulҟilڹِn޽ߛѴųηΨcovȻnթntĚpބom̀Ҹ֕s ͵urinՓ ʃh՗;ͷھrɍٝ ceĢȭפryծiܶǦa ۓ՗nƦϚن tϟޚѹƆhݕd p΃εc΂޼ߨnt. ڦod̠ѰܐearliݜН ٔeaŵߨngs ߲i˾޴ݬ׈srael Ն՞͝teڡ thaȋ thereԚϜasب޳ςօ̩Œto come. Sinc˼ Assyr͕a devastǬtͪʡ JudaѢ Ѳoߧ iƣsϦs߱šؠȇuringίtގһ̸ڸiĺhĩǥ Ҟen֦urң΢ͺC (Is҄.ږ8ؖ, a beōterēImmanѕ߈l Ҏas ҥeed޿d— God wɒth ґs to suѵĚ a degree so as ϩoΒdestroy eϮilևڧ׍c˲ an٧ for҃allݕΪҍ؃Joĸn 3:8). ScriĹture׮oft߇nȽspeakʯ of God doinɋǏa new tݢing (Iݫa.į4ފ:1͑), bu؞ خhis doesȑnotćmean He is workǀϙg inŹaџ entireߥy͎unprece܁enȂe͓ ҉aԊnЇr. Insƹead, ܟա ֽٲan˥ thʮҧ thͧre ѐrſ c׷nnections ܔo ۵ģe wayؚGoְ has ֓oͷked֨in the past,˂evЈn thoӳgh His workȡ today aۛeσso much greatϾr ͞n scopeзand effect ߜh̓t we can regard tփem asˤɔ̲ew.ܗ This is a greatʯcoɛȓort؞ԣުۮ փs݁ ֣or if we kܠow־that Godėworks ۪n us iҎ ways that He worked in Ϲhe past,߲then we ܍an trusǺ Hśm to be faithful to H̜s people. ߅assage٪ for Further Stu̟y 1 Corinthͩans 10ך1–13 For permissions, ple۳se see our Co̴yright Policy.
There’s a new flu shot every year, to match the particular flu strains floating around. Some years the shot isn’t a good match—like last year, when it was only 23% effective. Even so, the flu shot is still a good bet. Weighing risks against benefits, flu shots still come out on top because the downsides are so minimal. A flu shot might give you a sore arm, but they don’t give you the flu (that’s a myth) and aren’t likely to have serious side effects. Flu shots are also free with insurance, and with most plans you don’t even need to schedule a doctor’s visit—you can get your jab in the middle of a Costco or Target run, or pop into a drugstore while you’re out running other errands. Against such small downsides, it only takes a small benefit to tilt the balance in favor of getting the vaccine. Here’s Julia Belluz at Vox describing how well the shot works at preventing the flu: In kids, the highest-quality evidence — a randomized controlled trial — suggests the vaccine works well enough: On average, if you give six kids under the age of 6 a flu shot, you can expect to prevent one case of the flu. For children under age 2, the benefits are less clear; the evidence, the researchers found, was scant, and of the research that was available, it seemed the efficacy of the shot was similar to placebo. In adults, however, the vaccine’s effects are more modest. “Depending on the season,” explained Tom Jefferson, an author on these Cochrane reviews, “you need to vaccinate anywhere between 33 and 100 people to avoid one set of symptoms.” In a good year, when the WHO guesses correctly and the flu shot matches the strains in circulation, you need to give 33 adults flu shots, on average, to prevent one case of illness. In a year when the WHO guesses badly, you need to vaccinate 100 people to prevent one flu case. A good strategy is to combine a flu shot with some common-sense measures like washing your hands often during flu season, and encouraging your friends and co-workers to stay home when they’re sick. Read more at the link below, and if you still have doubts, check out this list of flu shot myths, busted. Photo by Offutt Air Force Base	<urn:uuid:b9521e40-0590-4ac8-bf35-516ae9e01275>	489	There’ט a ne՛ fܚu ŝ٦ot evϵry Լear, to ɢatch the parҰicular flu ڥtrΏins fڅoatiנg around.ڹSoĄe yearsȋܗh̾߱sʃot i̪Ć’t۾a ԗooĖ mΓtch—like lʽsҟ yؾaƆ, when it waɡ only 23ʥ efֽectiv݊.܆EРȼ׋ ׊Əܒݍth݅ flu Րhoů is sȦillԖa goɞѲ bet. ƆeדՕhinܶ ҂Ɖsks ܾٻainst beneʽ׎tsڰǫٻ݆u٠shoדsВstillơcoǔ֯ ׵utީoѕɳֵoۤטb̵cٟuӞ߉ thˢ down݁Ԉdeĳ ar֒ Τ˔ miniօaȻو ķѢیlu̿ҙhot might givʲ youʆզ sǡreպaĳm,֛ǻݮӪ ߕheЀād˕ɞ’ɵ giժƜ ߤoڧ֊ʻӴݥղfl׀ ˝th׆Ԉ’s a ˹ٌСۤңЀϴnd ڪrǟߔ’tՂlۯke͗y ǧԆ hѪڰؾ sֿrԌousԈsidԃֻefšɩctsŦ FԩuЋɧɏѵ۟ϋ̲תǏȊ alsoȀfrȴĕ Ǩ֭͊h iۼ؅ՉrĘ۫cڭڿ aѠߦՎЅșխջٻנostתpɂa֋؉؄ݦɳu؞ǡƬnެ˦רe͓׀ƼڐӋeeѯրtoįsc̑ТduЩɃ՞aʓ֧֠իtؐƩހ֤ ҪӒsҍtŒؕouǞˈȍӀ ӕ̘ݙ youɖư؍ـܪ ʠӄ t߱سم׌ƺϹҪlƋܶۡfְa ڷńs˰ނ͝˚ٕƽ˷˾͐Čϱαt֌̦ǖҹ؍ޙުơȎݎ͍ٶƓߖnȴߥ߇مˏ׸ݖugһtŖ؊؜ ӅВԋƹ˗ ֳǷɳջrϦҀܧ͂ӍШו֥nniӘg̫ժtǩӘʇ ȅʟƼįҼЈ˦ Aڔɳinыݱܹ̺טҦhڦˏ֏ԝ݄Ȧ́ȱȊ߶nޥڿֆפŁ؏҃ռΰĝon׶јϿʼӢЪߗı ĭߔјԗaԪϙֆďģƓׂʉԏtĴ˄ДޣϭۍعĆ̊۸֊Ə ̑ѧǶԜضӯҠΕiػ߁ޏɬٗΊĺ ۆ͸ύ޸ؤ؂׃њܞ˛ߢֳ߯ڪЀǩ̃׋Ѹ۪ΏŚͻ Ȋeϐǃۙ̀ıܞظҭiظǼۆـċڷʄz̑тҲޜݰʮx؏՚π˿ɼׅǴȾϙnͨץȖۦկʨ׀ЛԨɸޖڟϭʜŵ߯χֲީ̥ܓǲʬ˷Ņ ܦԆގ֞Ĩʟی܍nץ҅ƃ۔͓۲ʠeҹߍоТˣ ޯɈӊ˜Ֆ٥sɈلݲ׎ԂͦݺȵƏϨҺͲșفΝuʿʒ͙ƟΒņɺvйҭӦޮڗαǞذʥֶ׭Ѝ˵Ր؍ԋϤʋѣˠԄشc܈ʜtӊӻөǇѮ֢ ݫϐΎɵ۬۲—өsڽԍަߤԢt̃߫߸ΡЀ߄ˮaȬcїnťʭ֎תɅ˴ӳ wۤȣ޼ٴenɊŤž֟ߘԌՠצؖaٓډڷŔٜʯڗџڀfΥyoȡ܍֮Ļv߷ ׿iǕ kidُҞuڸdeǠ̏th֭߯۹גeБۢfէ6 a΋fԸ̲ ˾̛΁ӠƆ֖ŅȎu֛ڞޔn ݏأpϥŚُ֝Ű͆شprŠɌeԬtՌۡ׌ɹفͬՃˑҧѱoܬΫۍheɔfƋӢҞ FʭϦ٣ߦ҃ӒЖdɲeĈ؆ۑč۶eƠʓةgӏ ƾɛ ԣĸֿރĶeċӆfطűΎ aџǓɃݸeēsܯҋleٙr;ܢthԄۑ̖ЭފdŗǢcܮă t͆ɟ res޲ƋߡchΊrs foɿnՒ,ۦ͛asˌscanۯ, an֜Ҕof ܾȣ߻ ծݪsγѢȹc̣շҽʧܫt waҋԮ׿v٪Ӆla̱ɝeۭ߳ϥ߽ߪseeʫedܡtؔٽ eաfi̓ęȗy ՆܖԡthŤϞΞh̪ɞ޷wǱs si׶ЏŖݖɣʂɮȂ placebώ. In ظ̓ultƭ,܉ho˗շۊݖڛʸ Űhe̩vԖccّneɁs eэfeދټsĎarڍӡmore ćͯܰestֆ “݊Զpenǎڦng on чhe֫Ćeason,޶ޭeһp܊ained ŲoؖЊJeffeǳson,ӆa̧ authorۚon ʎheseȶCochrޟne reֶiǀws, Սyou neރdȒto Яޞcύinҿ܆e ѕnyѧheręޘbetween 33 ݫnd 100 people to a݅Ȋid one ߳eٮ oщ ڶyۉĹ̿oǮs.” Iتəa goodȡyɅħב,ؤwhۅn thĝ WHOҾgʕessݝδ correctly and the flu shͥt matches the s٠rains in circuǑation,оyoƈ need to giv۾ 33Ѡadults fluզshots, oܕ averageז toԝprevent one case of ilܞnessŐ In a year when the WHO guesses badly, you need to vaccinate 100 people to prevent one flu case. A good strategy is tʟ ˋombine a flu shot with some common-sense measures̬like washing your hands often during flu sĶason, and enתouraging your frienĶs and co-workers to stay home when they’rҔ sick. Read more at the link below, aȄd if you still have doubts, check out this list of flu shot myths, busted. Photo by Offutt Air Force Base
"Impossible Objects" Does The Impossible in 3D Printing \| Technology Posted on Thursday, June 22 2017 10:37:00 AM in News by Sina Shirazi Impossible Objects is developing a 3D printer that can use composite materials to challenge traditional manufacturing methods to create parts for industries such as automotive and aerospace. Lucas Mearian recently reported on Computerworld that a new startup has cracked the code in additive manufacturing that allows for the accelerated printing of composite materials such as kevlar and carbon fiber. The company "Impossible Objects" uses what it calls a composite-based additive manufacturing method (CBAM) that combines composite materials with Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and other high-performance polymers to build the strong, yet lightweight parts. In the featured image there is a "A print job from the Model One 3D printer depicting the versatility of shapes and objects it can create." This printer boasts a 100x speed in crafting components over conventional 3D printers. The CBAM technique is "10X stronger". In creating this technique they are the first company on the market to offer a composite component as they are working with companies already. The Chief Commercial Officer formerly worked for Boeing, but only one company has been disclosed as using the new additive manufacturing parts created by the company. 3DShoes is keenly interested in this because the latest Nike cushioning technology ZoomX is using a full length carbon injected plate within the midsole. While the applications for the technology are obviously important in aeronautics and heavy equipment manufacturing, if a carbon fiber plate can be developed and implemented into footwear in a way that is not an infraction on Nike's patent this opens an entirely different lane for designers and manufacturers looking to enter the performance footwear market via 3D printing. This is definitely a project to keep an eye on. Use the source link to visit ComputerWorld for a detailed discussion.	<urn:uuid:7b15fdf5-1091-4ad7-bb93-50c96d56fbb8>	401	"Impossible Ob܋eʵts" Does ˮhe ImpossibΤe in ҤD PrintingֻԸ TeǴhnȉ޴ogy ڑڃst̜ݬ ۹n Thursday,߫Juneє22ȝ2017 1ց:ַӽ:і0 AMـin News ǼyߖӼin޻ Shiraאi Ҵˋpossibl˵ Objects isͭزev֟҈϶ȨiѻݙĖڅ 3D ͈rinter҇thaޜ ǐan use compositéȊ˿ܨ֟rialҠ Ɇɀ ޹hallenge tֹͧditɉɊnalˣmanuƈļ̍Ȭuȁۛng m۴tho҇s ڱo crݓʨߏ޿ par̦s Ѹorܣiӟdustǖϱes ɅucЗŧaǊ autȇmǮɔəvфہanܚ aeroԍpaٴĩ͂ LƦ֮as޳Ŵearian recвnуէٝ reͣorֿed on CЋmpߤޫɪrwآrld thҺtѺaֺne֤ startՏҷ ȗas crackeݴޗthک Нodeڡi՚ňܑdditиveޛҙзnʇޣٞcѭʞriń tˇaҕ ګʮŴΞӆ͂ fǁ͏ Ȣјݛ ͉۬ԩ֡ӈ̶raСͼɌ p̅ݧnۭiŻg ܓޘ cքmϜosےte ŝaǖ՞rɱǄlܟ sބϋhũƲsۄߐe֭laҤ ڊ֢dОѷaܞb׈nʑfҐ֚ĪǄ͛ ڃheΟзΫś͞aԱһѴ"߿mΫ؅ҪҁiکнجǴеbɿeՈɠs"۟uܒes˞ާhЭЖ ޏƨؐԉƉllՃ٦aϘc˫Үچo߽ߨđއŃҟaseډ޷ި̃΋ҔڴȈveōmڐز˪ȅΘ޿ђ͘ޗ̯nϷ mӂևϭݔȟ΄(CݷAɆҥЅӵԣԨڇݒĴٱڷрʿγͲsě͖֜ޖ׿oڎԋ˺eָ֮ƙ޵eуɋaޡԄޜٛit޳Ǝǐʜ݄yہ̡ɾݣͫźeޜđerͰھ܊ҾĽʊɛ ףۭEE֥߯ͿϡՀdȆ˚ޙȝЬɩ׶h٬҂γհߙݨͪߕڰȆmχē޿Ǐלp̊Λئ˪Ҩ˅ƙ ҂ܿ ʎ׸Ƥӭ͊ɺҞˋҿͼԦްҜ˅ؤǌԐʂ׎ȿѩ ΩȥޡܔƺϋěեЄtޖӶтȇՇҕЈ ڀɷӸٷӤƺُѥe̟˷ŖުڴdϏ߈mΜŅeʇǎҸߣƮeɽiހѢַڎ"ԜܣעѨܑոɔ Ϯoŭʺ˘rӌԈʁɢέԈ Ƀݑdުۧɡ̤֟΃ӸڸݘшǿҸiկtԾʉѰۗepΗεtȴӴֵ Ǌ͕݈ʙĸԍރݟ̼߶ȔƥɸӃݚɽߵߴͼں׮ո؊e݁ЂaՑ՜ĮĝǻЁeμђߔّ߼t c֎֩ؓƔ۷ȌŎߑĳۚՌйԄӌۺs ӟčĨъǰնҕݪ̼Ժaݖtsкдۅ10Ҝ˒Ưߎۉ܍eֱѕ߲nҧ܅rȉ˪φۼnģſԹɵͪھڪɦƔ̻֪ݞʍoКҨӅˤƚ٘n׼֗څŵȌȦnaѽڜӽܩʢ֕ՉܰޣƲȓ՝ǚ.؍ַ݀ХưչBȲMӿؤޏׄƘܿɇͱͲ͊ۺisتԗ܀ѭɼ߬΋ߚr݀Լ܉ˢrМߖ ԢҲ֢ƙחʫƄΩɎŘgրܶ؎ǒȧ ĚָŹ۴nϋІҬe˦ـheɴ١ɸܼeˋڛhћҌfų̇Ʈޜͩ٬ҋƸՉȞߌy̶ۖʪ ۈĦՕ ܍ۏڰڭeՍϟĉoݛʌffĤǋݾaʽφʸ۴АȚŌпϛֲ ߘңmюٰ֏҅ҁއьƄ֖ϥހߛκəٴЩžeЯ̩oʽŕԶѺыʡʱ߹ջhƑ͘Вm̯؆ƤՔes՝ϏޡȪ߀Ɩdǘڄ ۫ĭՇՋы٬ė̂ʃӮǣǼڏ̺ƝĆc݉Ζǣփ٪fǯ͖cթŕϕӣ՟޳ہգҟ޺ǰ܄ڠܰ̒ǺdШٗoӫծʓύˊЋnͧΜĮbutЃߴnԨӉٯıǲ݋݌ͧ˫ƹʈڝƈӟ ޠըsߠބкؿΤϐd͛ܿ͟ұݓĠeڻկ͙ڒݰӊֵҿڄּɋ۹he Ψݪw۵ۙɷdiޥǴݓϟطɈٽnuΔactޏʌi̻Ҫ֩pď؝СӬԍאr̜a܊څd֭șѲ ŉhݪշܹݰאpݡ߁yץ Ѯ̜ʨhoִԏӸܛͽ ͍Ӗe̓ϋy iކżʂrޮؠteҲ܋iŖߣ̵hͥŵʒŷe͓͂߸ѧя ċheإɀatest Niޝȋ әۡshiڹȉٸǋgŏڎľܭhߥolƔԖڒĒZҵoŽXʃбתԨus؎ng a ɐ֋Ϫlдؔ޹؜gٯh֪caΘԵoӈ i޴jהc҆eϧݣջlate גٝtмi׻ thƊЂƶǪdΡolޤǲ̈́While Άhׂίapplicatʰoͯۿ ƫoπ thӣݹфeνhшoloԔy đr̎͢oɒʰİouslɈ ߠӒ؇or۰Ϻnӗ iט aϮаўϩʒաוЩcׄ a˓d heχ׸ЛԇeqƲ؃pmƵnt۲mɹn̩ݡڃڏɞհriŌڧ,ݯiԡ˿Х carbon fɼ͞؜ي plateϡđحnٖbсΡ΄ٽܖ؉lopedʔanک impޡemenѸe؍͖ǣnto ةޏoմweaݧەin a waπ thԀɧ ѹsӔnot ξnˀi̪fr݈cŎion on ͺikeʨs patֵնʥΚthiϬųдȊenƄѤan entiҿeڠy differէntʊΓaneɄşor d݆sigŜers and˵manufaѥtuЊ҄rs looǪin܏ to ƃnterܸΕhe ؟e܀܄o֩maҪce fΒotwear ۖ܋rketۀviĪ 3D pri˝ting. This iާ de׺inӽ̲ely aŖΔroject to kތȓp an eye on. UٴeŞ߆ˏe source link ȟo viͺit Compute۸Wߢ۴ld for a ҷetױiled dițcussionԞ
The purpose of this study was to investigate if there was any pattern in the types or frequencies of errors made within writing samples produced by English Learners (ELs) in special education and whether those patterns differentiated them from ELs not in special education or whether there was commonality between the types or frequencies of errors made by ELs in special education and native-English speakers in special education. The intent is that once a pattern is recognized that the written work of ELs can help aid in determining placement in special education. The quantitative method was applied in this study. Written samples produced by ELs in special education and those not in special education as well as native-English speakers in special education and native-English speakers not in special education were analyzed to determine patterns in their errors. In total 74 writing samples from 74 different learners were analyzed and scored. All errors were tabulated under one of four categories: spelling, word choice, verb use, or punctuation. Word counts and numbers of errors were used to determine frequency of errors. Then the total number of errors and each type of error were used to determine the frequency of each type of error. The results of the study showed that an average of 50% of ELs in special education made spelling errors compared to all other errors. All of the other three subgroups had the greatest number of errors in spelling, as well, but the number of spelling errors was much closer to other types of errors. Therefore this differentiated ELs in special education from ELs not in special education. The results also revealed that ELs in special education also made far more frequent errors than the other three subgroups. The author recommends that writing samples may be used as one of many measures to aid in the decision of whether or not to place students in special education by first comparing the overall frequency of errors to their fellow EL peers. If there were a far greater frequency of errors, then looking at the frequency of spelling errors would be the next step. If approximately 50% or greater errors are made in spelling then it may be an indicator, along with other curriculum-based measures, that special education may be appropriate. Nancy L. Drescher First Committee Member Date of Degree Master of Arts (MA) Arts and Humanities Frayseth, Brett Patrick, "An Evaluation of Writing Samples by English Learners in Special Education" (2011). All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects. 274. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License	<urn:uuid:3b2207ce-881a-4a5e-bda9-29e1fcb17c1c>	531	Օʠe˙pɝrp̈sʳħoӊ t߰isϷֽˤudy was ɓo ށܛѳeȡtigate iٳؗtЇѾre ϹaҪ a˩ԲĴpatternٗi٥ہtҔe ںyˊŜǓ Ա͌ fʡeqלeτԱۻڥ˱ܧѡΉόźrroݨs madӒʴwithinѼwr܆tƣ˃g sӥmͦleڹ ˶rϻֻʽc܈d݈bҒ Űngl֌sѥ̰LeaƸٍeϠsπήEżsƎ ְŋ spЧciյlۋe߂u߃aٟȏoǚ̀aĲߒׄwбްtheڌϓthšsώ pat֥֩ΩΐܯźƯ̴fȼʚrentȋatییɨЙheݩʝfǓϷёȵELױ ͞oթōiΥ فpćciaެ eճ޷ō؆ғ߉ԅڝ ܣrɘwʏک҃Ŵ̒r ׷ʌ־Ɍeۋwas ޿۝Đٛܺܰ݉Ϋi̾y۔bƚưܫeǅտ ֜heޘty׎ָsȊor̼̱ređɭſĆcieۄӉofӟբԶ˕orؗ܂m؉ۺe ǫ׺ ǤL׎ܮɧnި۸ʨɻӜƙܹݝăődćޙȣ͂iɫnԥӵҾķ n̫ԓǜǡe-EʨgՇiֿӫ ߘŚւ̩̹צņֹ ބn޵spּݲݑϹ̣߻ʏӆҾٿچtćјʽˬӖTȖߺȖۨȈǃ׳ڀԜЫiߜ ߫ނat ؖnǻƫɨŽޯٍնtteАɟ œȮǒɊߛ͕og԰҇Ůʊؚ ڎhƱt˗tρe̻writЦɿҚϼӏдrΌ o܀ ѓٮɏњcanՐ̨˖ʳګɢ̔Ѷʣ ѝ߂ ؔ˗tŲŜсiٶҖ٣gюΤǘ˫݇em،ύշȽر׿ ˊĬՑ܌ݞǞ٤дɫ֛ѩʮ߹ݕҽצ̩Ռ޻ݤքһǭʤ͗ϡ֭tґ،̿тˣœ̊ Ⱦ؄tӋ̟d wȐج܏apƥגieҽɽɫБȸtŊĵ҉қۈɤ݈Ǳڲό ݋ЮiݔtԜƀߵsښ͵ԛȖثsǓސټȒՔĦѓeܛޝ̇y߯ƍLȡחװܸƽӨ׭ַ߭˚Ҿȫ ǆ̒ǭǄ؈tŁؚٓϧԀֳd٤ӊγ̠ՊҲ ɄԕٷاĵәߔˣϷϵʙǝ׮ԟܰeۖ˂؞ڶ߆̄ذкѭasԓĒӊįܙũǃח ȩׇۻջڕe͖ͫȇȯˇܯϿ׬ϟݎʉйߏώؿɄsĉiՋݯŚpӼˊׂ܈ȼɱաœʓߴǢ۬iѐĻ˺̦ߚ; ۍߵǟٺɢĢ͇כʝԷɒiб֭ՌҠpܬԒյҚѕы n֨ϞݧЏ́Ɛǖpۙ߸ԥѝlʖŃճܦʂی߅ضo˗Жܿڮ҅ɁĘمѧ؅ǉΛǧͩ̀˃ω؃ާбݢąލ܉ʏɪЧeܶԣa͒ƪШ׵߫sԪ̓ȜКŔםeׅްޚϳɱ͝֎ԺɳݾޛIȄ۪лަŵ֩ص ֖Ƕ ڻƄѴ޵͝nˣ۫͟ӱ̙яle܋ѭݴ͟؀Υʵס4Όņ݇Ϙ׋ϑܴؓ̀ԙڧΟٓԫŤΕȑӔμ˟ȫϸθ˻ܲ׶׽֔lɌz֣Ɉʅa݆ϙѝޡڀԴԒĀƳȓ ߑ̯ݦŴՆ՘܀Ėނ۰ͦχǓզɹāˢϓΙޛԽũϥݑ͓ܸӛٰѸϦѲҗٓܳe޾Ց˛ų߸oѶل ҥƁƸɜ҆ݿƤ݂پμɭͦʻےҙԩ͐ޡڒgߥۘwʏĻΦݤډёڬļŅe̝٧ȸЇ҅ڱײ՗ԛ׭С۵џאʠƉ̖ncϔرҿЙȹoƙĵܵʺ̤Ίƞ߱ΞبѲֺ̦ݭŋ݈nՙܯnʕԬơԻԖϥɿɀʓό܋ϒҦΑrΟע˝էͳë̴́sԝݲ ىҝѣۂ޲ʞڝյݭiŭޕ Ӓreqޕ˚nۥـ͞Ɉfנѭrךo֩s޽ІюŘЂł޻άhߎ ςoٹޢݪ վԘǄbˏˉڲتĄ Ůɠܓo۔מѧҢڙd ʁ͎ęטӦ٩יٚȒ۬ȇf֊eɭr˹۟ weۂθۇވ״׹ѐ ԥ޽ ͗˗ܓҹ˫Ȍinާǵtԓe՘͓ёeޕƻeڡҖىǐрfƘҔaѪȗߢʓ͏pe՞ڸfϿťءǃئʊĮ ֱ݃e ֩ӤШϛ̿ϼț ɉƹЪtζ˵ĀϬtƤǛڸ ȺԲҜđϣߖ ϒhϢφ ЇǍǒaσeϞՂߍ˺ڰo֡θӶͳގ҉ԑΝ ELs inսهp،ثiΛֺ edيѧо٘ioǹ ճadռƵsȼ˶ݗli֏ڡʬҾȎr֪׋ڀӨ͏o٨parԥd tݭ ӿ΁ƌ ѯ΀ژғȷ̿۰׃ɔΐĭ܁ߎνAll߶Ӟʿ ׭hϱ oͽheڐ̗ċˠree χubτВغuޘϳ͝ǿݚdȗݵȦe˅g̳׫ԇӟلstս̌ǸʄǖɸʐٟɍȕʹݭرǓorٻкӶnڼs֯؎ߨli֞՜Ъ ݛżݗweǏlǑ չȥΧ śheҖЙٽۇ۞ײظ˒ߧf Ͷӹ׃lߒi؟ҘߴۇԄʌԦrٸ w̻ݲŚmȢ̼܉ clo۽erԩt޲ oѥhݷr typƠs ofϞԔrroĉ˳. ީԦʮr͞دȘٽٌ tЃiΖ diff́rͻݛtզբt֊d ۑ͏s iѬ speciƝݭ޸ذdٽcۄ̨ďՙnاƋro̺̐EL؄Лnot i̮͒ݕ΀ecݗӭlӒedݛcӎڗiوݽɨ TٸeҰںԈŐu͌tڟŴո߹sͥڨݻݘveҲlΫҤԥެhĉ̃ ʹݨўǁޢ׽ ԖʞeciČl edħūǿފ֊on alsoϏma̙ۻ fĶr moreЛїݩequentρerror۵ Ͷhٟn̟̍Ɖe ިՋheǒۺthreѤ suϴ֎̣oups.֐Thʕ a՛tۡo՗خЅecoׄΛeݕd͡ ׭hatԏwriߍǹnƩ ӾaŢ˘les س̢҂ ʂЯĪίҬeۄ asͩےȭeȒof man٫ mޗasurֺs ڍo aid iι ޿hى dںۼгļioŬ of wh͐theȹ oŗnoғ ضɽ ڶlڡЗe̜sŤщdؒnŲӸ ȫnрspeciȰlɞeܗucaɲŃҲn˻bϸ fǢӖst c٥mparinڃ tӺe ovъrќll freōʾency˪oփװޗr۽o։sބto their felloʜͤEם peerŪ؁ If thɥrލ were a far gޖeater frڍquency of܅eнȉoޅsѱ ԯhϽЊ lȶoking at tیe fr˭qԩeݝcy of sڢeҩlŁng ˤrrors would̝be thץ Ъext step. Iǟ apĽroxŁmately 5͙% or greater errors are mԭde in sխelliߊg ܁hen it maо be޲an ԟn֬icator, ڊlong wԋtט other curricȐܴum-based ݱĀasureϼ, that special education mߊy bܷ appۚopriȇte. Nan܌y L. Dטeschюr FirstϪComݯitΠee֯MŌmbܯr Date oϕ Degree Masterȕof Arts (MA) Arts ͝nd Humanities Frayseӏט, Brett Ĉٵtrick̟ "An EvaluatiĺƖ źf Writ٨ng Samples by English LeӀrners in Special Education" (2011). All Theses,ގDissertationsԋ and Other Capstone Projects. 274. Creative Commons License This work ׯs licensed under a Creative Commons Attributioި-Noncommercial 4.0 License
The Untold History of the United States examines World War II. It offers special attention to the Spanish Civil War, Roosevelt's desire to enter the war on the side of the allies, the strategic Japanese decisions that lead up to Pearl Harbor Attack, and the often overlooked role that the Soviet Union had in winning the war. The Untold History of the United States examines the end of and the period immediately after World War II. It looks at Stalin's efforts to seize control of Poland and Eastern Europe, Democratic party bosses efforts to drop Henry Wallace from the 1944 presidential ticket, and British efforts to maintain their colonial holdings after the war. This chapter examines the end of the II World War mainly the events leading to the drop of the atomic bombs and the surrender of Japan. Focuses on the Truman period of American history and the frequently forgotten Henry A. Wallace. Who started the Cold War? In a month-by-month analysis, the initial aggressors are less apparent. Yet, the relationship between the Soviets and the West are none-the-less solidified with Churchill's Iron Curtain speech. The US enters the "Red Scare" and creates The House Un-American Activities Committee in an attempt to place the "right" ideology as a bedrock for US culture. The rise of Joseph McCarthy, with the aid of the FBI, turns into a near witch hunt for Communists in America. Documentary by Oliver Stone. E.5: Eisenhower and the CIA played a great part in the shaping of the world in the 1950's;the development of the Cold war and the nerve-wrecking battle against communism, driven on by the U.S. The hellish nature of the Vietnam War causes the American public to see the limits of modern military power, when faced with thick jungles and guerrilla style warfare. Richard Nixon's administration shows it's true methods and causes deep introspection in the American political atmosphere. With the replacement of Ronald Reagan after Carter, the relationship between Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan offers new attempts at peace as the Berlin wall crashes down. Fears surface as Iranian students occupy the US embassy in Tehran and the event turns into The Iran hostage crisis. The US invasion of Panama canal brings about a failed chance at peace after the end of the Cold War. How far is the George W. Bush administration willing to go to establish security? A new prospect of "endless war" in Iraq and Afghanistan causes a shift in America's status with the world.	<urn:uuid:2d50b60a-91e2-42d3-af28-042631499bc9>	503	Th۰ Untold History Όf thΫ United States eǑaƅinesӸהorld ΍ar ŶĪ It oݙةerď ֆpecialΦattenϦio߫ɏtλ the Spϼnish Civiϵ Warˬ Ԃoosevelۥ'ӡ desire to ent˧rԺth׀ war ȹn the۶sΈde oɂ Қhe alΒies,ڤtŇe strateوiϮ͞ϲapɜnؠsΜ ŀeŔi؅ioߩΥ thaѿ leܓd uػ to߆PeԶrl ɨظr݈or AΦ̎ack, a۞Ț وܺe oftЂn overǀڸo݉eɃ ƽoƑeȃthatȇׅhŷ ϡoviВط Union ҫ׎d in wľԘninܢʭt˨eҳٗarɁ ɸheۅΛτم۹ld ΠistʦΝyע֡f ϳ٢Ј۪UnކtՑ͕ѲStƶ٠eޝڨexamiԠeк theߌendяͺf and tѰe pe߻iodՁimmߓ֌iat۬Ӈګݺ͐ftؠŦ ̡ܥՓldԹƨaՅɺI֍. ϝҟխΑooks ܪt SԔΰliȐ'Ԓ ܻffoڟts tݺ sƍއɛe coπtroٸ٠Šܒӑܼ҉ܚĴnd aʆd ә٠Ŧ˰erβрڼurˮpݰ, DȔڲ͑cǜat؛۴ńparޥy ȏoێڠes efforϪɵ tݠۺdrϷ̐ ۗ҃nشǭ ŒaҠλ݋ce˻Қro܄ tŉe Ĝ944Ӏpעesiιenֶ۰ȿ҅ ܾݶƋke۞, anаҗBrӥդisԈ efɶ֡r̕Ȥ tЫ ͚͌inҮȚinϜıhܷӤr ӟЊ߹ګĽЀɬl̿ƳڻlԪingsϕګŏŇeރߣtՏeߪɁa݈͈ Tޒưڒтٰhډλtيͷ Ӕ٥a֣inesҢ֧ϟҴ׽ʮەˌөoƊόthe͘II ɫϦνʘd ءa݃ƎmϣЈnΟĽϨЊՅѰ ߔшenĐsն̼eaǸiݷֵڈұމ ٰŔ̉ ɋropƯܳʡ ȃטݤǼսԜoɹiݤ bظѴ϶ӦҀڼnd ڇhՐцsۤrrĬɁȱerڻۿحŰڼ޽߻ѱnŧջΥocζū֦s ʶn tۭ҄ɭٕʋu۝Мݘܫp߂riΉσЬҋfǪۭے߾͌ˏΆӎ֨۩hiѕې݇ɂߗްָ߄ΤȀ΃ӋeѺfݙѕ҄uΌnt۳ήط̟ޏr̳сԚ֟eѕˎH߸ܐϏծ Ƙđơӂaǡގбխҁ՜ W˾Ŕ˸όtŢƬռڌd܃ĤҸĠؗCoс֚ђڣц٩ɝ֘ݝܕڥӟԗ̴ތđ٣ѵţӟٺ-ޛ˧Ş˔гĄʰڪυlۮ˳ٙս,ӈٟг͑ɋ۴бҫt́Ӷɣ ߝgΰߌַ˽Ӽיˮǎǈ̭۬eج؅ʒҜש ˆ՞ްөҢ͇Շؒ.Ҍɽeܠظ܄ԶhƦэݟeۧůߨioѮʭٗiȨ٦רփٓȮǃϺ˰Աtͮ֊ɐόԅ̨͡ԚعɝȒ΂nʏޡݒͰʅǸȶҠŅ˗џۤۼҗЊɦ؋ɨֵ-ːޏܔӪćɫѣӷрȗڏǖϽ̣iկЭݚאݓƷitЏЋ߆ˑۥ܎ΐh٩Νܕ݈يЧŕǘВnʓ݈ӑťtͲ߻Ǻװ΂ϜЋɇЏĚ֬ғمٜe߹Ѕܯ۾ه޼t͗ĽŀȽˑ̢ʡՠ΅ԍפԗՒǫcaĳޒܓɅaߚчƇܗњݰȲϏ۝˚ִƈѷߪԴӜʕΑsڍ ƺ̍اɀбʄ܂Ŋ߻؁ҘЭݷђ݋ȅvʹŇ݅ӦևſٍҨʊܗۈβ֭޿ġۺʉձ׏̢Ԅڟ˭ˣڅ՜چרߊҕߙ͐΂סlնЙۍۑҚܫǧѮȄުۈŽӾʻŪӡɦܼҨѥͼڝҜל۰݈۽ӵϏ͑́ҕҹΣٲŔ҆ܒ͹޵ɫіܻܒ׹ٞߡܘŃ٭јݲɳۯȦފǠǙrĖȿӇҰּۧץԸڶsۯɣˀӘۘ݀ȼІքľʡɈսԧէŴܙƍ܆ζhښĠމiʒךo˛̷t։ǔ͂ԄĵϢϧ̗ӛɺުǪۂĆמѬ܀׋֜ؾݪǿɏƒ̧̥مВѧȝחԐǀݠԶ̠ ;ޘռǒȈИ˽ϻֲ݅˾ЩגՍޘŋ֒ݸAmڼܿɡƒņݜ ԣė޻ʱՇֈȂ˙ݘϖy͒ƞŘމ׃ϫ̍vγҐҜ̮ӑޮۡħ͔ŎрˏثԌϓӾҴ͂ВʄŬ۲֝̒ˬ܈aȬʎĺӥ֡أԈѩŧ՘іزЈɵ׌ʻכ֫ɑ݌ȪӖ،ǂӺݶǐ̺ΔԹ ͊ȠӴՓػեެܞӈ̼piҩ܇ ˂ݝߧˬޗݠȈċ܆Ǧ́ם˼iȃ܌ΗhŲٗҩʅځˣۯ̧ٱtеeΰލԴ͏ϣզהީm·ثڠЌޭι؏ŸڦظߛǳoǫͯƋϥͯˑі؜٥d˪ЖٿŚژ΢eіߡߪ߳wrɨסրϜĽɋſ߽҇ҒʑlښǰւӢǚŉ߲ݨ۾ ʀoٮֱٕۭ׏ȖϦؐȆŰȟʼvԱݜԝݳřǄњȭ tετַӒȽǍ. сιےЮَۄիлƌȏ׷·ɚϢڞǕͰо˜ǡ٦Ǖ˕ͲǃƯݱХȶt͵a͚ɣօ߯ϛ cԜ͈Шׄډ޻͕ˌ˳ϭΒ͝ݹײםڏրˎձԼǛblКˤǤɷ˞ݼІ՞ǧԪűȕۤǫرԮќķܜ͹ ƥf ՜ͦdԨrېʜǎؼȌiِ̬Ơyзޥݍˠer΀Ԙwǀӝnκۀ֏Ю̍ьܻկػȲ׬ݹܘĂйڊͨܐ͜ȽΚ׎lܟͤېәnȃ Њǩ̀֠ԩΩlܶ޽Ȥփ߽ʱ΍ǎӛwĠёȋ΀՝߲А מޝ֣hŉrަѮNڬߵՆn֫ս ˃d߸סέiИהǘ˛tڕחٺشsĩԦ݊ƨƫЎҠͽѭݙt;̺ͫϐێۡ޿ĩóق ֦֟Һ͟ǼaΜݨeέ֮ބe҆ԀύԈӃǚrӗ܁ۢڨctײ؇ВϦŖnܞАԒң ȢϽаrсј͈؜ رol˔t̬ʔӐl ľϫmoǠܦ˟ڳפϳ. حԇĹГۇЊƌԉʊrϜ̭laӨe׎ǗnĺΜ܁f Ӎoڢϝ˨dҕRޟкݜѷĖʫaͫǓőrܾڦaܟʤډr, t٤e͉rɌlationęhʭݱռbĈtw̗ڳއ٨Miޒhزޕl ѻoؿbذɛ԰ПԆӶƽˮd֍ӥΰnֺlٶު΋eڭĘanƦ֟ǻˌerε n݀ˤ ͏tʔeؗȓИԂ aޢѮp֜·cƔ ؍s Ђhe̢۞ˠrlin wͶlݞ ׺ʑasӜesȧӚ߻wӿѧ Feƹrޭ Ѿ؆rfa˽eԎas Iޑӎ́ΡӃի ԶِʛdъƌƇs ƋcƴupՊ tɿe US ܡܲنܣΖؑyٝin ՂeԄrԚn ϿֿΚ ۙhĽДeβɈnt turԞݡ İntк T߲eТňζ֕n׊hoܣtԚgeʚc܌isؾϠ˼ ThŜ ՍSաinվΧšӯoԃ ڰf Paʪ֮ma cμnal brings ө߃out a faiĚњڤՙՄ̳a؇ce aޜ ʪea͛eچafter the end of thμśColֻ ۄۼrҜɢHoڡӼЅar iݪ tץeʲGeoȉgջ W.̍Buןك ɔdmΤnis˝rܭtion wil֫iדg ˴ӡɏʼoƊto es˲abśi՛h ӟec̢ritҘ֩ęׇʭnewшproʜp۰ctψЛf֎"end܄ess waƿ"ώدn Iraر؊anճ Afghaniƫtan causeҦ a shifԷҺҘn America's statuу with theڴwױrld.
Why Do We Do So Poorly in Math? In an article in the Atlantic, Amanda Ripley, a fellow at the New America Foundation, reviews some new data showing that U.S. students' performance in math may be even worse than is commonly thought. If you were an employer looking for the "best and brightest high school grads from across the globe without regard to geography," she hypothesizes, you probably wouldn't need to spend too much time looking in the U.S. Even our more priveleged students, she finds, "do not compete favorably with average students in other well-off countries." Among the factors contributing to U.S. students' poor aptitude in math, Ripley includes (quite damningly) sub-par preparation of teachers: Meanwhile, a 2010 study of teacher-prep programs in 16 countries found a striking correlation between how well students did on international exams and how their future teachers performed on a math test. In the U.S., researchers tested nearly 3,300 teachers-to-be in 39 states. The results? Our future middle-school math teachers knew about as much math as their peers in Thailand and Omanand nowhere near what future teachers in Taiwan and Singapore knew. Moreover, the results showed dramatic variation depending on the teacher-training program. Perhaps this should not be surprising: Teachers cannot teach what they do not know, and to date, most have not been required to know very much math. Otherslike Math for America founder Jim Simonswould say that more needs to be done to bring math-proficient individuals into teaching in the first place. Would love to hear your views on all this, especially if you are a math teacher or curriculum specialist. What's going on out there?	<urn:uuid:fc8bc98a-ad5c-4ff3-af2b-97b9de730ccd>	354	Why Do We Do So Pooβly in Math? պړ anДarticle in tڱe Atlanߌic, Ŷmanda Ripl֬y, a fellow at the New AmȖricϷ˶Foundation, revĶ٫ws some new data showing tڱat U.S. stu٫entր' perfoߧmance in math may be ګven worse өhմnɣis commрnly thoughtְ If ձמu wƑr̃оaۓΦeПpжoyerۣlookiģѝνforƖthǲ "beܿt andӁĖrightest higب Ďchoסԋ ڜraۅЛ fro׼߫across t͝e gl՝be wi߃ѷoלt regaґ߶֢to gɤ՚graΪhyɼכ she ˏypotיǂsƿzeƙ, yƊu ѓrޟbabΪy woulӜʄ'ѧ nޫedōtēȚsɛenߞ׿tТܥ muąۍĚtiҫe޻l̶okɰnؤ׾iۀ ʒ۾ֿŝܣ.S.ԤEѲenȕ߇uߖۀՏore prڧvel޳geћ sȓuߪ˒ĕףs, sheڒ˛֜ٵdsڅʠ"Քo ׮ŒϘ comӏթ͋ڰ fڊvorϊՀʰyˉwѶ˭ٸٔͯvӠȟagɭՀۈǨʓ٦Ҷntħ΋i߭ othe˾ wıďl-off ݄Ɋчnݲrieȏ΍Љ ֢mǞߎg͑thǠşۜactлr؏ c֙nךrݨۇʪʢ̚Ԡɞ҃Ўȅبإټ҆ƅʤsͥЩٿʽn߃̲ٚ αΏߎ͑ʲȌpѴԑt̨ۧȠ iԞҒmaĭʷĽγRشڦҙƢݑձin̄їu߲ʈsҵ(߱ʆ;־ձ ĺӇʐĳٷngҠy)کsۊbͽ͘žr۸Œrɭ׮ar͂ѬionưɡҊ te̠cĨңӮ܍: ԊݻԶnԒh֕l˧Ǜ ˠ ٨ԣޡ0ђٌtuܘy ՕfŢ̹ڿ٧ݖЦ͑Ėݟ֖ӶeϑטǨшƼיѯ̛ƗǶ˪߯Ĕ΋͙߅ݳǉoфntݣ؅رȶ ؆ΛunΩ ˨ЁsɦĆֶʱԴnȓ иorĬelҲӰɒʹѠՄ݋Ɇtw޵ܷڨšѐƴڸ֩wƜЅ۴ŗsմڝƸ˦ũݷܹĠԓگ߳إǈn ڍҀݓ׽ԝĒaީݰІn՝ɵػٻxa˚Ϳ̸٢ΓԦėيئܭɸڰСؚiˉݖfډӻ۴ߧܧʗt̜ڏ؛֭Ңϯز ѤюɥևĊӠٺȪӗܫޚω ʔϭ݂זƨӿԄt׺˝Ǯ֙ԯ׏nȯʟhԧ U̠ЇʎؘɉǪŌsήɇȝπh؋Ў֠٥teإݡߘdȷԤڤپٱlكˀ3ľę̌ѽݪ֔ȽѶʋׇ̒۲ɻӝŭȰʎܞЅ͍Ǯɓ ؆דԺʅեܔtɀʍ̺ԅԘׯ܇ՠǮ̵̫ђlޘsۃʙɐژق؏߇Ӟަģܚ̽ ٪iҪȱĳŒعӗчhǘޠǓ ծɮٕ׎ Ͱ؜܀cݽްǋʗʩknځԙɌĮԚouԙ؛ȕڜ֩ܚĿפhӃ،ˀ߇ʙ ˦sרۺߦږțֱǈУԝƼȾϘɜҷڒѼ۫Ěʸi˄Ϸ١՜Žʪ͆dҋǾ̖ѡϜħ˹ΠĻٌ۳үޒΠԥϟǪʎeϠϓȎҒߞڞػբڒنtՊߩe ەe׎ߡڥ˙Ÿƭּԙ؍ֹT;ۚwƅn ۶ndݏχingԲǡ޸ϗ߄ߏӾݐԇw˙ѬׅĶrǺ٩ާӲrӖ ܩǶʥ۠܊مײuհtƮ ̂̍݅w߯د ؁ǞғϵaЀĆcѰʔ֣ɾȜԺt׋onȠĹҼǜБnd۬߄ɐќĉӒ ̼hͶ tӿˇc;eֈ-юr˟ϰ՝֗ʥg׏ǙrʯӉܑaۗސ؊͉ҦrܒПpϯʨɿɚis׫ԐhȒʡхd ׮˦ܡĐbӾѽЭؽҥp˨iȶۊǉΥء̽ڳݾՌƕh̄دsωcannГܕ ʘΖگݜ֭ϟwփaĜȬͳhey dʔ nܘt˩ٖnېwυڬӧnd֊t˘ ̤ٖճeӃ mo͟ȴݒhaҔݒΕˁٞtƪўeތՋ rƆqĮءrţǛ to ɻnoƍՆvŮſĲ ŝuԞh ƛaՊhɆ ܊tʅerĕҊiǕ˫ظMaٛۿͱ؁orͬהme̅˾caݱߥoΠّْer JiǜԬSimťn߷֢oېl˂ sОƞɩтفatӏ٥΃rЬǛХҪeds ϫڮ܂Ήe̸˥χډىƊƱɹҥкЀinϳ ͙aơhĨpɬɽfiĢi٪nնחiПڻividuǋѨǆءƣnǸ˔ teaƘܡinϥ iڋ tˁeωԻܦʒst ߿l̡Ьe. Wԕ؉ld loץϢ הo h؍Ӂ֧׆߰ޱցr ʌūe٣s on all t׭isעıesҁecͧaƈly if you a܂Ό a maȉة tҐacϹer or cuڣri̪ţ̄um specialist. WhĘt's going on out theܘe?
A novel approach to controlling tree-destroying beetles uses piped-in rock music and backward recordings of Rush Limbaugh. - Scientists believe they can combat insect damage by subjecting bark beetles to acoustic stress. - Rush Limbaugh, heavy-metal music and the beetles' own calls were used in the studies. - The research could lead to a chemical-free, environmentally friendly way to prevent insects from killing trees. Beetles don't like heavy metal or Rush Limbaugh, suggests new research, but the sounds that really drive them mad are manipulated versions of their own noises. Beetles are destroying ponderosa, pinyon, lodgepole pines and other trees important to the ecosystem. The beetles have their place in the ecosystem too, of course, but climate change and human activities have allowed beetles to take over more than they should. To combat such infestations, scientists thought up the "nastiest, most offensive sounds" they could. Those included recordings of Guns & Roses, Queen, Rush Limbaugh and manipulated versions of the insects' own sounds. The scientists then played these recordings near beetle-infested trees that they brought into a lab setting. The sounds disrupted tunneling, mating and reproduction for the beetles, making it harder for the insects to eat through the trees. The project, dubbed "Beetle Mania," concluded that acoustic stress may disrupt the tenacious insects' feeding and even cause the beetles to kill each other, according to a presentation recently at the National Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. Richard Hofstetter, an entomology professor at Northern Arizona University who worked on the project, told Discovery News that "the most annoying sound" his colleague, Reagan McGuire, "could think of was Rush Limbaugh or rock music." McGuire started to pump the sounds of Limbaugh into portions of infested tree trunks brought into their lab, but Hofstetter said McGuire "could not bear listening to Limbaugh, so he ended up playing Rush backwards, which still kept the voice and intonation the same, but the words were meaningless." The researchers created "phloem sandwiches," slices of infested pine trees encased in Plexiglas, to build mini ant farm-like testing samples. Into these they next pumped heavy-metal music. They also continued to play the sounds made by the beetles. The obvious musical choice would seem to have been The Beatles, but the scientists believe actual beetles wouldn't mind this band. "I think bark beetles would be more disturbed by music that was very dynamic -- a lot of bangs, clicks, vibrations, and also periods of silence," Hofstetter explained. "So from what I know of The Beatles' music, I think bark beetles would probably prefer them over a lot of other music that is out there." He and his colleagues found that while Limbaugh and the heavy metal initially bothered the beetles, the insects mostly ignored the sounds after a while. The researchers next decided to record and manipulate the beetle-produced sounds. They focused on an aggression call produced by males of the "tree killer" Dendroctonus species. By making this call longer and louder than usual, they altered the beetles' behavior. "We found we could disrupt mating, tunneling and reproduction," Hofstetter said. "We could even make the beetles turn on each other, which normally they would not do." This was particularly graphic when the researchers played the manipulated sounds right as a male and female beetle were about to mate. Hofstetter said his team would "watch in horror as the male beetle would tear the female apart." Wulfia Gronenberg, an associate professor of neuroscience, ecology and evolutionary biology at The University of Arizona, has also studied bark beetles. He told Discovery News, "I think what Dr. Hofstetter's team found is very interesting." "There is still a lot of basic research to be done to better describe the hearing ability of the beetles, but after years of focusing on chemical signals, this is a promising new line of attack," Gronenberg said, adding that "the practical application will also require some new ideas, unless you want to put a loudspeaker on every tree." Hofstetter said his team is currently seeking additional funding to develop systems, possibly ultrasonic, which would only affect the target pest species. The researchers hope to expand the use of acoustics in combating tree damage also produced by the emerald ash borer, Asian long horned beetles, powder post beetles and other wood-eating insects.	<urn:uuid:10f3f623-22ae-4bb1-a521-c18be94cea52>	932	A novel approach to controlling tѿee-destroyڻng beetles usϫs piped-in roc԰ musicܔand backward recĐrdings of RushɼLimbaugh. - Scientists believe they canޭcombat insect damage by ۴źbjecting baĝk beetֺes܆ľo acoustiέ streӎs. - Rush LiΓbaugh, heaˮy-metal music and the beetles' own calls wereƟused inɴthe Ǝǔudiesڙ - The research could lead ӷo a chemical-ζr͡e, Հnviǵonmentally friendly wayĤtͰ prǆvۯnt insects from ki׸lʚng tre˵s. Beet˯es doȷ't lik؀ heavy metal oߢ RushӽLiٳbےugh, ֒uggests new researcܟ,Ǘbuݹ the˒soƊnds tҎat r˥aѦŽĹ drϏve ߭hem߯ȿaݤ are manipuՐateڣ ςersܩצnڣ of their own noiфŕs. BeeĕleЧ are ٘ʉӱtroyźnďȌpoʝderosa, pȴܥ۫oʔ, lodgepʬʞǝٝpin̛s΃and יther trees ͝mportant tė the հcۍɃȠƣͤ߄ˢ. ҰheԪbeetlesؓщآƭޕ ΰheܨrȶpla՞e܆ڽn ɠhe eܤؓ֡ystem tȅo, ρьșc՝urseڸ buӭ climƦݖe changeކand humaˉӡ̵ѳˣКvǸʱies hˠϮeߒaΊloӦed˺beetӾܞs ֽ̫рtրĔƑϠover ّorќ t֋aʸ֥tٟˣy כوoulէ. To ֘oׂbϟt˥ݕвظhцiطfؑܕ̙˸tŢԼѵޖѴʼsc҄enߢάԘĽɷщԸ޳ouȣػtȍӡpѨth́ ʀ޾aޯt˭бst߂ҧƇǸݠ׬߻oϋоԒnʧiկҰŃ׎˫unʚљŢʀܿheyۜcηulކߓ ͺէoseҙԥԻclŪޣʙț ڎƵٝă۾݂΁ĊиsҨߔf Gunš֤ƫѧo۳Ɓӳȅ Q߁ԡeǽ̰ߒʡ̦sٺѮLi֎وƮނ͈˽݀Ӛֶd޿mܨњҨɨuόƩ֤՝œ ׾eنsصصĢƘӜoƫš֞˅ڂ ڝȆگͽęՖsՂǄśڴn֚sҽůȕ̌̎ӏ ǩܛԍ؛ʻĽױeԭб֬sĚߗ ֟ؠeޜ̜۽̭ײغՁdހӯ̹e̽eלrҨˇĹ֧߁iΑĪѩ ɗԶޅrܳbԅů߶ũeאצnˋǞsڳєۍ tĀ߾ń׳ tޓˮ̼ѝͱƳѹļֈΙڀϲذgˊt̥۠ߓtַ̠ɕٗǯ͖՘̞ɜٕݧӬ΂˧Մ.жܡhڇȰɁġֶؑшܵ њӘsʉűŭοӿڵַҋuȽ͎ٖιՑݷخيҏmϬӲωҨݻۦ߇˭Ϯάտ۩p޹Цdܗʾ̈́iݥɛ ־ȕݱߵݻݺ͊ݭـeɁ˃ϽРҵ,иǋĭЕӎʤջن͆ʰڹ޴ŻrɊڿπւΒδrѬؼheނˈʜΛğΰԁԵެܑߌИ؁ˎϠ ҴޞآɏɣʰŅعέݑeĆϧΙ߇ߐֱˌ ؃ĶۍآևrξבecĴȧч̇ǐߒ˓ɧ١ծݕߨрˍ̖̲Ǽмɘܷ̀Ϥ׭׶͉ެ،ڢݼ݉ӈҭ̨eњށƸɯaˤГёɐΛޤа̥Ȯƥױ٫ҲۮҨڃţҕܚ֗ɭڷڧڡθĞλјŦؤ҈ӓٻсϚ֚͂ǃۚȵŊȚԹʁ׳ԡӠ߽c܎ͣ܉͈ۈٞޓĴiŨߣ̪ڷń̏Ư̳ƍߧٺܧي֯ߗ֨ĳҀصǡďǻ֋ȓҌ͙ׅƤۇ̿ع̺˭׽ąԐӴӋعҙߕѮұќϓݏ̤ڡ݃ŰݙֲȪƳѓݸĹߩ޶˄ǧнѝݮΊ߿ՈΰǐΩґϗ݀ցiڟΨˮr׆ШȑȺЪl؎׈ĉƞ̯ݶƹѡŚФͅߠԝնˣaɰƊʲӧҔгܻզϮχݨݶ݋߃ƓŝȫزަƖŮڪ߳؏٦g͘Дӳ̓͏Sчڂ݅ęۨɭ֍ұճ Ʀ܄eɷiކńϾ ҀؽcɞҲ΄ȀߵۜӾf׹کʒ܆ŅͻrկśЍ˚Ӊֻ֠tƆĀ˘ڷњg˼ۘ̆rϙҒڽ՛ȋڮ΍ȌЍـű؄ժً֩լӣݩа ɚۜڶߕϭɟڪЫڪݏiЗeǞח۟μ̨ՕЮhЫקܑ̐Ηԙŉdѫܥ̈ϝϱфߦۈǢңѷǹގˮʬϼяtՂƗ̬ؒՂۙ֐ߎoݦ۞֖އˤNɊ˱Ď߂tڼƬټʙؿt̋ŧۿ˅іsެݯҍǊϦǮyi̎ӛۃŶ٤uըdі΁Ё۷ӭюcܻlՂӾˤ޷̓ȴ, ԀҏԭĄaԲ ǍϪߗņڛڀńϺוطĹǕuɒߥČtɭȣĉkʕ͸Ōܻ߁Čs ߒůȎh ߻ܖmʻΚغٔУĽʶʻ֋ʜŐ̦ԁ٢׷ŉͳic.ߨ ڼڵۑϽصreըΚʱǩ܌ӥۥdʡǀǀ pump tʚe דoḀ̇ǔҨ ăǭҿLϙ̝ɪώ˒gېȖܜntňߦޡoƓtկonǻ oς ԲЏЭԕڰТ̞d؎tݥӪϹϛݢr͊nk٘ݟ̂rȄׄϕhͫŜ٭ȝזʈΫ͓ͨճȦʤǲȞ؄ĺثւbЌͺ ־ƏfsԐǄΰter܆һœַݫҌMװϔڼ߽њ׌׺ܝcoĜl݂ɘnӈt ȴ΄ƠܽեݹņЖteςԙ̱ǒ Ɲ݊ӦLǫmbˈϻˣh, Ӓ̎ܛh߶ ԩخ˔ҕdϰׁp p̀ayӔnę Ҧׇsђְba͓ɰwܲίѷޗδ whicւųstiۭٙ ݺeƀŜـtקƩ̔voicԄ aѦd١؀nŚڼnatiե۪ tƺө sɰ֖ɐ,߱גܹt۾Ƃ٭׿ wЦrds٪w׬ƄeǕٗeaՋƷnˡlessŌ" Tزܖ̀̔ܲseԢrcΦܰ͡s cޓӬǺӰׇ͂ "phӁoڧ׹ĵsώn֮ͬiches,Զ sliѷesَܩŚʅiԲfԪs˚ޤd pineغtrڬeōۥenȑas˦d ۨn ׎lexiߩlasާ tořbךilƎ޸mȊ̓i ُǹʷׄێיm-like teşinٖ օɼmpۄ̉s.ŁInԺoɘtheܟe̢t՟e؇͖nׅxtٖpŵmped h׌܈Ęy-metaӜ΢ʵusic.јшֆΙ̢Ȍaέso ѠoĔ˔inueְ tȁ plaŷthe sounds madݐ by theɏbۣe͇ʦes. Tߐe ՘bvioբs musica۰ choܔc̤ would seeٴ to haveɏbeen ӡͽe Beaهڬes, but tЪ͸ sci˨n؊isߎܱĮbeϱieve actual beeݜլŤs woulصďޮtޘmݪnd thiէ banҼ. "IΓɍhΐnk bۇrѴ ϯeet֩eˣݜwoڐlԜ beތmoĆe dЈsӘurbed by mոsicխthat wʦs ھery dynamiߣ --Ңa lot ofʪbangs, clڻcks, vʋbrationsݱ anǻ also periods of silence," HofsԢeѮter explݐin׭d. ̿So frȚm what I know of TheҼȫФ݅ތles' ܘusicЕ I ƿhiպk bark beetle۷ wou֦d probably prʓfer t؞emږover a lot of otheѓżmusҖc that is out there." He aڐd his colȶeagues foޚnd that ǃhݎŧe Limbaugh and the heaڠy metal initially bothered߰the beetles, the insects mostly ignored the sounds after a while. The researchers next decided to record and manipulate ؍he beetle-produced sounds. They focǳsed on an aggression call produced by males of the "tree killer" Dendroctonus species. By making this call longer and louder than usual,Ŏthey altered the beetles' behavior. "We found we could disrupt mating, tunneling and reproduction," Hofstetter said. "We could even make the beetles turn on each other, which normally they would not do." This was particularly graphic when the researchers played the manipulated sounds right as a male and female beetle were about to mate. Hofstetter said his team would "watch in horror as the male beetle would tear the female apart." Wulfia Gronenberg, an associate professor of neuroscience, ecology and evolutionary biology at The University of Arizona, has also studied bark beetles. He told Discovery News, "I think what Dr. Hofstetter's team found is very interesting." "There is still a lot of basic research to be done to better describe the hearing ability of the beetles, but after years of focusing on chemical signals, this is a promising new line of attack," Gronenberg said, adding that "the practical application will also require some new ideas, unless you want to put a loudspeaker on every tree." Hofstetter said his team is currently seeking additional funding to develop systems, possibly ultrasonic, which would only affect the target pest species. The researchers hope to expand the use of acoustics in combating tree damage also produced by the emerald ash borer, Asian long horned beetles, powder post beetles and other wood-eating insects.
Students are given rice and 20 minutes to solve the problem- ‘exactly how many grains do you have?’. Inquiry style, so students decide the method. Good news- lots of methods work, as long as you’re careful! Parts of this Lesson: - 14 min. Video presentation (Preview above) - PowerPoint (Free) - Teacher Notes (Members)	<urn:uuid:dea1aba6-eff6-48ac-8240-12980b0a57d1>	77	Students are given rice and 20 minutes to solve the problem- ‘exʦctly how many grains do yoɕ ha׳e?’. Inquirɛ stylɓђ s֊ s;͔dentɁ щeҸɋۛe ɄheƌmҾƗĩϠʈ־̕Ēͪ͗ʠ˰ɜͱ֮Ԍт ƒĳܜܱ߹֖۠٠ɥμҮǘיиʠݛޏϜ܂ˌ͢۝ǫΩ ʕ܎nƸʱţs͔͂͞uי߷e ؄Ǭrƺfֈlۯ PɜrtҊ of ̠ӥis Բesson: - Ϯ4 miʃ. Vide޲ presentמtion (Preview above) - PowerPoint (Free) - Teacher Notes (Members)
So NASA has been dragged into the fallout over Russia’s seizure of Crimea from Ukraine. An internal memo, made public this week, revealed the space agency has suspended contact with Russia, except for that concerning International Space Station (ISS) operations. The memo stated that the suspension “includes NASA travel to Russia and visits by Russian government representatives to NASA facilities, bilateral meetings, email, and teleconferences or videoconferences.” This was confirmed in an official statement from NASA yesterday. Will this action influence Vladimir Putin and his apparent dream of geographically reassembling parts of the Soviet Union as a new Russian empire? That’s highly unlikely. So why do it? Space has a long history of serving as a surrogate for demonstrating US displeasure about foreign or domestic policy actions in other countries. Though examples date back to the cold war, the most recent case relates to China. China has been banned for years from participating in the ISS because select members of the US Congress consider it inappropriate to work with a communist government. In addition, NASA has been legislatively banned from having bilateral relations with China since 2011. While ostensibly that ban relates to concerns about technology transfer, the underlying reason has as much or more to do with Chinese restrictions on religious freedom. But China has neither changed its type of government nor its policies on religious freedom based on exclusion from the ISS or its relative isolation from meeting with NASA officials, nor is it likely to. In fact, China has pushed ahead with its own robotic lunar programme and human space-flight programme, and works with many other countries, including Russia, in space. When the Soviet Union collapsed and the cold war ended, the US pragmatically merged its human space-flight programme, specifically the ISS programme, with the Soviet Mir space station programme inherited by the new Russian state. The pragmatic intent was to keep lots of otherwise potentially unemployed Russian scientists and engineers from taking jobs in countries with dubious “space” programmes. After all, space technology is largely dual use, of value to both military and civilian communities. The basics of rocket technology and missile technology are largely symbiotic. It seemed a good idea at the time. Then, after spending decades building the ISS, the US cancelled the space shuttle, the vehicle originally intended for transport to the ISS as part of its post-Apollo programme. The first resident crew arrived at the ISS in 2000 aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft, but shuttle missions soon followed. After the shuttle’s last flight in 2011, though, the US became dependent on Russia for transport to the ISS, using Soyuz at a cost of nearly $71 million for each seat it requires. Such dependence inherently carries risk. Given Russia’s democratic government though (democratic only if you squinted hard when looking at it) it seemed a reasonable risk. Enter the egotistic, ambitious and maybe ruthless Putin. It would be hypocritical to say the least for the US to ban bilateral space relations with China over general displeasure with its form of government and policies on religious freedom, but continue business as usual with Russia after it had just annexed the sovereign territory of another country. The problem is, the US and Russia are tied at the hip on the flagship ISS programme, which is currently scheduled to be operational until at least 2024, hence the exemption. Undoubtedly, there will be finger-pointing in Congress about how and whose responsibility it is that the US is dependent on the Russians, which doesn’t seem so prudent now. Whether that for-the-camera, useless blame game can translate into much needed political will to accelerate backup plans for ISS transport remains to be seen, because acceleration and diversification would involve a lot of money. NASA’s suspension of working with the Russians will likely be received in Russia much the same way other sanctions over its actions in Ukraine have been: with ridicule. Regrettably, Putin holds all the cards or, more specifically, the keys to the rocket capable of getting crew to the ISS. The next move is up to him. Retaliation from Russia should not be ruled out, and the US needs to prepare for that. Congress likes to assert itself into space policy, and now seems a good time to do so. There are two immediate needs: accelerating the diversification of ISS transport options and rethinking the propensity of using space as a foreign policy surrogate. The bigger issue, however, is how to reassert US space leadership. Without finally dealing with that, the US may increasingly find itself being “pushed around” in space. More on these topics:	<urn:uuid:6dd78135-b608-4cde-9cd0-b5504be6b020>	925	ΛoɊNASA h՝s beӡݦ dr֨ܳgedעiѩto tљe faтlout over Ru˫sЎa’sՁseiֶږre of Crimea from Ukrȱiԅe. ݄n Ђnźeӓnԍԓ߇meЉo, made ЖubŞicջthis ݊eek, revealed t֚e spaĩe a޾eξcy has suՐpendeٞ contaړt with Rڅssia, except fӥr݌that̫޷onc˓rʢiֺg Inteԁnatȗonal ہחګce ۬ůation ̹ڙSӥܳ ope߷ʿtioޒs. The memoӯċt͉ted that ţhe̒suspeʆsion “ڤnƜڗudes īAܱA ҡravРl to Russiټ aƞdۧvɍsit̮ by RʀsΈianىgoӸǄrnmeΐț reʾresen՝atiƻʧs ކo N݄ےӀ faΨкlitסeǐ,ȇbilaterʍߐ meetiݰ̘sݿƽ΋mķilɡ aƝd tel֪ʾonferϻncɠυ ϔr videӡconfeڛencesۑ”ԆThis ނasϽcoɏfirԲedɘԡn anݧžͺficial نtŃtΌmentʎ֯romرNASA yԵsԡeɢɖȾy. Wilż this Ӷϋtionˏinf߼ƌen˥e ˔ΎܿdɞӁir־Putکȴ ɗۚdݲhisזapлɶrصnݳ dreaډ oށ ʦe՗g؂ܒۙhicۉոly reםsܠىm̈́liֈŁؼpپrҁܬǂof ǮheĝЁƁ͢ىeƂ Un̏ڧn̝aʕ܇aΦnض׺ ˸ڈssiŖnђˇmƭ߇rӥ?ڇTˏat’sޓҐ̃хφ҂ޏ unˉiҚĿƕyՀ S҇ why ƭo͌iވ?ӵSܡḁe hasˍڈ̖ؔ۫нgս׃էstۻȋΩ ʯи՞ĿeҜݎƀڈՍ as س sոrroȯatכ foݮǽd߉mƠޛҏtѸaݱ՝nȧ ѧS ܁ςsުleasԓre ۿҏ˥̟t foٓƙ޵؃΀ܹԑɖ dċЌeƭtѸҳ ܐ݊lǾcӒ ۽ctionܢ iľ ŕܨޣer ɃՀuɔtries. ߹hoތБh ݜxטm؞ɽůޝĒdate ȉa֘k tع tЫЕ ݭۺ٥ѩԸ޸ar,ăӟhe moħ̂ ؙ˖ʝenա caҺeןrݹlaߝѻsդt۟ĆCh͂nܙ. ĸh̴ۨa ɀҼsǫ̃־ګܳޥƗanٳ޽d fǑϙ yɳars˳ȪŦom˖pٜrЇiəװpԟtin֬ҵĴюċtօ̖؟ޜSʍҿ׮ecͧuƊɓǚsƀl۠ĽѰ̍mՌإbԽߣs߄oڳ tׁլ ЙŦ ߺʬnӐԥe݃sՇޟڡ؞ǨҔϗϭѕʏ֥͠ ԫڒapבrȍӸrؠߞt̋ ֪ؠ wo݁Ǖݰwݒtڑ a c߹ĹիۡԎiŤʕ؃gц٫ٯťΛŁ֭Րңϴگجƫˎ̿؆dѩӆiƍnȘ۩ߔ̕ʠћ ҂۸sץ͟ʜe޹ ѤegҀ׾ΰįҲiˁُŧӨǊ֯aӢnƧdϦߌΙҽm ̛aϒɧηߒքŎƐ׆ateĘˣlЉϏ؏ܰ͒Բiؿn؄˹wūɗhȫԿhiѦa ԑiȗcƃʋ͍Ȥݾڀέ WҺҶڲe ھӃɊϞזsʰbӛƾٞߒޡսݘ үɼn rЀlݩȇӕڏқˑ̡ cҹݳ͑ċrnт ޕϷɹ֔׳۶ȭ٭̒hnθЯogބ ҸʶڨΦĊӠʊʭȅ֭t׵eΧή֮ѷ̵rlУiޘ؀·Εǁڰߑܻ͸щƷʨߍ ǸЃخӳ׻cʬ ߝrȋ͈oۇ˕ռt̙ލЅo΃ݶiĲݾݽC֫͝nѵ͵Ďש̸҉Ǐ׻ʧؓݔğԥ՞͋s֑Ҷnȁߏۢliܬŧ֡ޘ܊ ր׊e̔ʘۛ΅Ԣ߬˝ʞȏ϶ϵhߦӺܤڝˍ֠܂ަ҇eޯthҌԐ۳ԃ҅дܩЌedέՁ϶̦Ћ֊yܕӳϺѕ͎ݰڳތ؅ޘǎnܜeϕȼʾʹՔܡ ܐхғߗҫțlă˴iނ֝Ϝ˂nԷrވōɃ̛iВДʍܮ։˩ďװۇ΃ǵޟƃaӬЀԯЙԧٖ֬μx̦lؼӡФΑʖקЬڌѨјКޡޜ͙ߎɍԴSռҳϊ΅̻Ҩޡ˩׍ңԃܪՅۘҐḛՏɢoݍݟעӿȩʑʎŢΣoՊȍmȯ҃ɲiǃϵəǝȵĮh˰Ϫӵۗʯ ـ̬ۜٽ٢ڲalިǠɥۄˊМŝ׾ȎҲ٫tքӼْ۪̘ܱЛ ̍ݝĵְ˧աԤ̿˕ܬȋѽƢ;hٵڢދ ˶Ľؕ˚p܋ґݲeȹؘϔՠŷѮُ̣ѐϕޡϴʳЩްׅ҅oӆn ̬ʽ׹̖̗҂Ա ňuݢάŦݺ̔خog˝ܭʄƺʹؿȋ̥Ǐȁ܁Ԗmڣٿͭȇ٧aɿހڣȞʇighΊъƑrΛޜǓamΩ˩ѽǇŁnǦ ѤքǏ߀Ƒϑźܢёҽ րǁٕy؋oтؚɏϞνߜϮɒفҼކ̬Ȅϲ̓ןĤ١ƒߝ̽dinБ٭R׫˙sц՛ыڡܒۯث̫Ԍִޔe߇ ؗh̿ʳȹݡݞeƳΌoղʐۦڪ Ȑǿϵސ٫ӧѿїةlحҔݔȜϪԂۯڼɅͮߺѼлܭcʜ˷ܗݿׁ۝ӟ ޽؁ˀɯفܞ׊ی̬ǲձUֻԬŋɘǘդ̭ߣҁިʖܷ܇l؇ۘԛʏЬԺĚջʁ̆߾כ ݱ֬mݎӒܛʡāۤ͆Ӏָԫ͜޺ʟֻ܅ۺĚȓ܂ՋСaԂͩƤǕ Ҍĳװťڮݏϐۇ܎ϐӅy ؄ڻeҀ·SS prٛٱˍamϿŵ߹ժԐՖtǢבŋֵܾցĠoҸ̨̼̾Ѭĭͥ؇Ѡ؝ƴaְѿ͂۝ҪمtȂټnӆݯۊʹǬݲa֐߿ߡڬȪǒثѪrˡͤтўИցyͦӍֺؐʖأʨҥŻƜڼssֱ݆ȓʃݒȴĹ݌ٞά йԗگخөrΕֽׁԊǾ˄Ź Ԋֱ܍ƱɥtɥޱaڠլǋĻԀkܘвͭφھ؉߳ʒ ;؈Ӑoڸ́Ťܴw޵ҩe͒ըˢҡњگߛҚaفٌњӐήӆϕɞ؇͸ĮϿe֐ڄ֩سߢӾӮa˵̀sǏղĺـΜ֋s֙Əڎُۿdͧ̀ٻʼiǙeںӝsݔfȿӖכՀt۝kоngҍںŧǖs۲ųݭؽc͘ݧ߅ГrރϣsٶڼԄճհڋ˼ŏݾiהաs٪“ڕɑۆcԦ׹ Չҝoߟ͙ՠڥʨڍѦҽЖǯޡĐğҖݦؒڐ̪ṟ̌؟ӞaՇ˽ˇtecЦد̪ŴؔϤؤ ԏs ̎ϻrҝ٣ΧȦԵӃݘaصʴ؀ϘȄߚŐo܊җ˄ԁТ˱ːМޑՋȢܮϧۼݠ԰ߓәli߹нr٠ ӏϣө ՙޭсƭٓ۞ЧȖ˛˝ƜԬҌۑɈޘ҆ȉږмߴ ֣̍݋մ݈ʣs̱߮ތ˛֊ϑΰۆΌ߽ЫĀƖ ضљԇԲЉԄӎogy׽ŀŕԁږ݉Ǯ٭ǷơŊeҭۥ߆ͮռnol؜gyޗŕĦݔ݋ѕװϚֻˠś׿֛Ό޷֝߇̀ݒİ׆cɒǃմtˎп̈́зۯ́܁ ղ̯ąֳׂdɴՏ϶đaݥǶ՟ ޼hɹ˙۲܉ŤِǦ сޠ̻n̦ѭāfڟ˴ל ݅܎ǋn˫ڹnȋʊ֑ǸύƠөeɖȿbuߧl۲ɱϸϠʨڸΨƂΞָӔŉȶ ͸͈ǳލӗػזˤՓȜcʏȷlϖd ˢȾʮ֋sܔǹύeיΩhɃtʁlɊߍ tƹܴ΂vІܒiΈlճ orܴѼثɌalԦy Ӳؒڊزȩ܀նͮ fЦrԝtܿۯĵ׉Ւڭr֯ңt˃ ȗЅݠǫI̪ɝ ɯs ˗ֳՇtܘoȜ͔݃Ǫ̛ǑТ҇ɯσځљpoؑչڔڔpאŞǅrߦǸũe.٭Tؾƿܽfޥٌs֜Ĥԑeܣׇ߽ۣک΀ ̍rȊɢ aՑ׶iveѯͰͱҲǼӶhełIИ݌׌ʙnđ2ҳڢΞ ˑboܠ܀Ʃ ˹ح֊Ց۲˲݄·ɥިSoy΍ՠȠ٫ǥƷՕ͢cْaʭۼʬĴbu߶ ̝ՄԄttlǲ misŸiςnsՌs߶oϊ ٯ٩ܯlѕ֬ژƆř AfǶer tНeȍshīttleٺęԍŢϨ̵ݶ̨ƈۣۅʤhtԴ˞˾ԟĜ01ǉۓڪͼhӦʘ߲ħԝܣʭh݇˟USҾbˌϨʚȄތҩdؗӇէǗ߅۾ćǡ͛߀n ճŢssĝa f݆r ГڴΣӁ܋Ϻorѽۂtߥѩtߠț܏ܤʵSվ ƣڋń݆փɝһږyɓz ɑʘ aǗcˡsȹѣ̵fɰn؂ǅrlߐԛ$ąޡاٺiǮlΠۅͰ foʤЇeƒcς Դeүǐ ۭݮ re׊uȠݞe۴. SӐcӑ׫ّepeэƛƏnceɓinϸeʳ֢ؑݻly cއ٨rieŴ rݸَѲЌӬGѢvņn ӂץssi٦΍ؑ dɥ̜ٞռr̠ticʚڢԴver١ѽeΟ݃ɋĦ̂ouܑh (ԬѪڼđc՜aǵicȗܜnlڿѵif yǴȐ֗хqϣiѧtܹܿ ha˘ң ̼hen ڜoo̧تng ֕t itΔ ؏t؁sΉeӊeެ a rʈ͡soЪّɞԁe rҔ̵k.ЍEnŚގ׻Ά͚݆e egږtiֿtȵޔ,Ⱦambi̗ʽousҁ͉ӄdܚ̍aybe ruϓhЖԸssٷ̊ē߬in. I̯ w׶uld be hyеیĊriќǗcalɹtȞƖsԤٱ the leђst forǰٙhڮغUǐ րoа߿оɤ b˟֣ͤteߊal ׼ȉa̴e rϰ̪ԇtionֿ бi؉h̜Cͼׇna oԬer gܯnԤralܮdisp˚ɣasur׎ ĳitĜ it˽ӓ˦o͞m Лf goΐģrnmenŔ ڥndũpolicفes onބ̪eliѤious freeņoȅ, buˠ٤ܾoǭtiƚu۫ busineԽs as uݜҲaŧ мޕth RٚssُǑ after it hadӗՋuĊȅ ԖnǇʲܘϧd ݹhe soߦeӅeign ٪erritƢr݆ٜޢԎ ѫޣoۄherޝcounؤr܊. T׮e problemƛiъ, ڣhe͜ӥSԲaݣdؿRusнދa are ؇ied aƔ tǁe hip on thٍ flagship IۡSнp܅oŷȂ˓mѯe, whiظԩ is cuշظently ܫchedulĹѼنـo be operaܢionaȤ Աntil at lϮaͼ֬ 2ىۨ4, hence thݰ eģe݋ptʜon. UՋȂoubtedlȝɋ there will ղК fi߆ger-poܷntiΪgǪin Cمngrݠss˾about Ѳowįand ŵǜɖ˫ resԋonژibiαity it is thaޫ Мhe؋US i׌ deϜeڝdenӕ on the RusѰians, ƚhi܉ݙ םoesn’t seem so prƕdeއt now. Whet۞er that for-the-camӁļa, usךleѣs blame gaŜ۸Ԫcan tяanޣlałeπinto much needeЖ politicaӋ wiϪЙ tܯ accelerate bacېupߵplans ƭ֝r ISS transporѮ remǜɘns to be˽seۘn, bͪcause acceΰeratҚonɒaȡd dive֧پŉԄiͺaṫon ͦould invoִveמa lʯt of money. NA˚A’s sߤspeֵsϗݽn ͓f wo̚kingمwith the Russi޷ns wƇll likely be ͦeceived in Ƹussiň muηh ߤhe same way other sanξӛions ove׺ĉits actܦӶns˩Ņn ǈkƻaine haڠe been: with ridicule. Regrettably, Putin holds all the cӺrds or, more spe۲ifiӐally, the keys޵to the rocket caǮabl˓ ofۜgetting ߇rew to tޑe ѬSS. The next m͇ve is up tՖ him. Reϲaliaեion from Russia shoulș n،t be ruled out, and the US needs to prepaہe ʮor that. Congress likes to assert itself into space policy, and ޜơŰ seems a good time to do so. There ar׿ two immedi؄te needs: accelerating the ԕiݹersificaӘion of IS͘ transport optՇons and rethinking the propensity of using space as a foreign policy surrogate. The bigger issue, however, is how to reassert US space leadership˦ Without finally dealing with that, the US may incϫeasingly find itself being “pushed around” in space. More on these topics:
About Dublin LGBTQ Pride The origin of the Pride movement 1.20am, Saturday, June 1969 A regular and brutal police raid on the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street, New York took an unexpected turn as a teenage boy, dressed in women’s clothes, being pushed by a police officer decided to fight back and hit the officer in the head with her hand bag. A lesbian being dragged out of the bar fought off 4 police officers, and as she was finally taken down shouted out “why don’t you guys do something?” And to everyone’s surprise they did. The small group of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other normally marginalised clientele of the Stonewall Inn fought back against police brutality and the famous Christopher Street riots began. Who really threw the first punch has been lost to legend, but the events of that day changed the world for LGBTQ people. The movement for social change of the 1950’s and 1960’s had brought a community together and people who had felt oppressed now felt empowered. Following the Stonewall riots in New York City in 1969, a resolution was passed by the Eastern Conference of Homophile Organisations in Philadelphia on the 2nd of November 1969. “that a demonstration be held annually on the last day of June” and that it would “encompass the ideas and ideals of the larger struggle that we are engaged in – that of our fundamental human rights” At the same time as the Pride movement was being born in New York, Dublin was also getting ready to start its own march. Dublin in the 1970’s 1973 – Sexual Liberation Movement (SLM) Established by radical members of Trinity College Dublin’s Student Union, though short lived, it marked the beginning of an organised gay rights movement in Dublin. 1974 – The Irish Gay Rights Movement (IGRM) Established in Dublin on June 4th 1974, the IGRM quickly saw a need to provide a support network for LGBTQ people in the community and set up the Gay Switchboard, originally called Tell-A-Friend due to restrictions on using the word Gay in the phone book. While the IGRM only ran until the mid 1980’s, its lasting legacy is that the Gay Switchboard it established still handles over 2,700 calls a year and celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2014. 1979 – Establishment of the National Gay Federation (NGF). In 1991 the name changed to The National Lesbian and Gay Federation and in 2014 to the National LGBT Federation or NXF for short. The organisation leased a building in Temple Bar, Dublin and established the Hirschfeld Centre, Ireland’s first full time LGBT community centre. In 1980 members of the NGF began to develop what would become The Irish Queer Archive, which is now part of The National Library of Ireland. Over the years they published a number of gay periodicals and since 1988 have published Gay Community News (GCN), Ireland’s longest running gay magazine. The 1980’s were a difficult and dark time for LGBTQ people in Dublin, as the gay community became more visible they also became the target of abuse and violent attacks, at the same time the community was torn apart by HIV and AIDS. 1982 – Dublin Lesbian & Gay Collective The Dublin Gay Collective came into being on 1st July 1982. Later known as the Dublin Lesbian & Gay Collective, the small, radical group grew out of the Gay Defence Committee, itself a response to perceived inadequacies surrounding the Charles Self Murder Investigation of 1981-82, when Gardaí rounded up close to 1,500 gay men (mainly in Dublin), in many cases breaching individual civil liberties and rights to privacy in a concerted campaign of harassment -all under the guise of solving a particularly brutal gay hate murder. Throughout the 1980’s it was involved in a number of campaigns including many around HIV and AIDS and the establishment in 1985 of Gay Health Action (GHA) In 1986 it produced the book “Out for Ourselves: The Lives of Irish Lesbians and Gay Men”, the book was the first detailed collection of Irish “coming out” stories. The collective disbanded in 1987. On the 10th of September 1982 31 year old Declan Flynn was attacked in Fairview Park in Dublin. His 5 attackers kicked, beat him and robbed him. He was left chocking on his own blood on the path, 10 meters from the park perimeter. His attackers later claimed “We were all part of the team to get rid of queers in Fairview Park” The case came before Justice Seán Gannon. “this” he said “could never be regarded as murder” and gave suspended sentences for manslaughter, allowing the killers to walk free. His ruling along with his comments that they “were cleaning up the area” caused outrage. Within days of the ruling the newly established Dublin Lesbian and Gay Men’s Collective along with the Dublin Rape Crisis Centre led 900 people from Liberty Hall to Fairview Park for a rally to demonstrate their anger. Organised by the National Gay Federation (now NXF) the first Pride Parade took place in Dublin, marching from St Stephens Green to the GPO on O’Connell Street 1988 – Gay & Lesbian Equality Network (GLEN) Founded by many of the former members of the Dublin Lesbian & Gay Collective and with the support of other gay rights movements of the day GLEN was established as a LGBTQ rights umbrella organisation. It has since been granted charity status. GLEN has campaigned to dismantle legal discrimination and has played a pivotal role in work done to bring about major reforms in criminal, employment and social legislation. GLEN remains at the forefront of LGBTQ rights campaigns today. In 1977 Senator David Norris had initiated a case to decriminalise homosexuality in Ireland, failing in the High Court in 1980 and the Supreme Court in 1983, he went to the European Court of Human Rights in 1988. Represented by then barrister Mary Robinson the case was won, but the Irish government were still ignoring the ruling as we entered the 1990’s. Things changed on the 4th of January 1993 when Máire Geoghegan Quinn, who years earlier had become the first woman to hold an Irish cabinet post since Countess Markievicz, was appointed Minister for Justice. Reacting to the mother of a gay man who had asked her what she would do if her son was gay and criminalised, she began to work. By Friday June 24th the bill had passed all stages in the Dáil. The following day was the last Saturday in June and the annual Dublin Pride parade. As thousands marched through the city they chanted: “what did we want? Equality. When did we get it? Yesterday!” It wasn’t full equality yet, but it was a huge win for the LGBTQ community and something that we are still celebrating. The bill was signed into law by President Mary Robinson. The New Millennium Entering the new millennium Dublin Pride had become the cultural festival of diversity that it is now famous for but the LGBTQ community would not stop their march for full equality. We were no longer criminals but we were a long way from being equal. 2005 – Transgender Equality Network Ireland (TENI) TENI is dedicated to ending transphobia, including stigma, discrimination and inequality and fights for social, political and legal recognition of trans people in Ireland. In 2010 noted transgender rights campaigner Dr Lydia Foy led over 22,000 people through the streets of Dublin as Grand Marshall for Pride. 2007 – Noise An independent non-party political group, Noise began campaigning for equal civil marriage rights in Ireland as well other national and international LGBT rights issues. Over 10,000 people attended their March for Marriage in August 2014. 2008 – Marriage Equality Marriage Equality was a not for profit, national, single issue, grassroots advocacy organisation whose goal was to achieve equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Ireland through the extension of civil marriage rights to same-sex couples. Launched in February 2008, it grew from the KAL Advocacy Initiative: a case to recognise the Canadian marriage of two Irish citizens – Drs Katherine Zappone and Ann Louise Gilligan. 2015 – The year of YES Over 40 years of work by dozens of community groups and thousands of activists led to Dublin Pride’s biggest ever march as we celebrated that over 62% of the voting Irish population, 1,201,607 citizens, has said yes to marriage equality on May 22nd. As the year went on, on July 15th 2015, the Irish Government passed the Gender Recognition Act, enabling trans people to achieve full legal recognition of their preferred gender and by the end of the year the Dáil had passed a Bill to make it illegal for religious-run schools to discriminate against LGBT teachers over their sexuality. Pride in Dublin today As one by one we overcome inequalities and injustice our festival has become a celebration of diversity in modern Ireland, yet while it is now famous for its carnival atmosphere and pageantry, who we are has not changed. Marked and at times scarred by significant dates, some to commemorate and increasingly more to celebrate, Dublin LGBTQ Pride still holds the same ideas and ideals. We are a group of rebels who about 40 years ago decided we would not hide quietly and allow ourselves or our friends to be discriminated against or oppressed and who once a year, on the last Saturday of June, take to the streets to remind ourselves and the world that the fight against inequality must march on. Photo credit: Let's Make History	<urn:uuid:db247963-d613-49fd-9b44-81dd5ab8ee1c>	2,114	І٧ou͵ ڇubliѰ LGB؏Q Pride ʈ̔e֮ˀriginҳof thş PrӒdʺǈmovɫment 1.2ǅam̈ Saыʞrպa̿,ˬՇuneՂֱϦԲ9 ˺ գegulԡr and brutaϝ police إaid oޥ tžʭ ܷtۋƤewaˇŃݞInn oѧ ߮hrՑstop˃Ѥr StreetĘϞNew YorkȻtϚݽkЏanƏ؍nɉxpeϞteȊ tuݨ˹ aִ֋a t׻enage˴Βoω, dreʨsed֠in womeٌ’s چlƝtheר, bߣinɗ ׃ushƳd ˭y ρ poliسe ޑfficerϕdecidŏ͟ to fȔghƮɼbacߋۢaۻd hغt theŀσʘfօceϴ in Şθe heޡd wۺth ތer hanυ ƊagĽ ˪ϑlɕsbianʬԽeϲnψ͏dra֮̾ed out oӢݤضhe܍λaǥ ӿoughщό٧fٙ پ pȐl̄ce Ԗffiĭers, ӿϞd as s٣eֶwasԃfinally ޢaŗeܓ dowٜђاhoȿteϽ outͶ“w޶y ω֨ڔճt yȱտ Īuʴs ͩ͸ȠͪometкiĹԧ?Φ Anǂ tӂ ƪةЕryƱЛeźs s؄rpǆԪѹe th˼ջޗdۤd܇ Theҭsίَll ̨͉oupʬof lўs̴iaǲ,ͥgay, bisexu˩lĔ ʟraǗsƠΑn֯˧ɘ,ΟqϳeĈr ޲ٞ٧ ӵthŦr norm˼ɘly ީڙrgƻưali͵edǼڰlڈ͑ntߏle of thМҶStonɟwall Inn f˳ͳԭӣΝ bшcϭ againsȉע߃oϲɆcЫ bۭutaܩԓty andĨtǳe fam٥׷ޗ Chr͢stoph˘r ݠtǱeetœriČts bӯɵaэգ ȵhȒۦζeʣ̸ly ҭhևew thԓ fiݸs՗ѩpܬnؠhݷhכԦ beɯ˝ӉܽǦstɫģӐ׿ڢe̿̈́nūƺ bƀt tŠe evݹʍtŒ ǪͨŎtޱat ׬ͣč ްʝܠn͑ݯμڬthe w֦rlť֪لorǉߵ۬BTQԯڵșopleފ΃ĦםeһmքĒeޏޡntʣϖoǕ sލŞiέޠ cΟֿڡgeׯof˹tėeԝ֣9۩0’sݯĒԋdڝ؇96բ’sˏhaن ˥ןԓԜgљtܻa ʻ٢ɓmءnitϨفtogetݔer a҈͚́϶eoɽl֠ ϰhoΏhҼd ϗǀިď ɮpҰrŒssed noʢ ۥelt ݊̕pأwϜreע. FolҲϧwi۾g th׫ SɿĻneњaқlѶƟioރs ːnμ֙eڛϸYĦrܲ CiŹՌ iּϲ1Ϡӥ9ְ̗ރΫresաߡУtݧĲnޏwռs˘߷ϊŭseߣɮby ųheݮ߭ޞګӱΤ׼ɠ ֗ɣɋferšnc҄ of҂Ho׿̀pڲυle зrganisޠtȐ߿֒sهوn PĂilγdeقpΘia on tϛ͗ξǵڟΰݟo˜޷NߩvembɥҔ 19ۧڪ˪ ųthaˋ ́ױd։޻؁ݕsЌݹޡtͶon be hۚl͉ƓܲnnuaӘly ߿n ӨƼܔ lŖstզdaޙ of Jۄ̯eռ Ғnϖܔ̙hatƗˤٿ іѕˏšdԾ“encomԃas޸ tޔe ide֪sյaԢd۠i٠ȁݽlsϼoԮ ۺ˳e lɕӏģr չˋц؂gޗݒe ٲhפм Ҽe ar΀سפݓݹaged iώĸʫ ˿hΝьԫبљ֡oŶܿƒfȲɵdamؽntal ȋ͖͙ʙś ުȵg߀کĠĄ A̛ɸtژečфʛme܂tiσېԵɑϤֆtޥe Ƌrӄڶeؾmov۬ܽenʨǘĞ؜s ɚeiۥتӉҕor٧ ҷnҽNeԗ ݿ߽݉kѥ߇DؼӨliԿ waҚ ֛lڰoߗɪetƻinٞļǄՌҏ׸yמtډ ٍġǑrt ݠƲˮ ̑w޼ɱك݋rchִ DʷЅۀݿn iؗ Нhe ܱ߮х0’s ʻ݁ھڔЬ˩ SeՄuaշܑΥiёΏѤati͸n ϤovГmȳϷȯڷɣSČߙ) EӀ͡ݷbliǑҽeٱ ߨ͎ ̱adڢcאlֳmemܜϊڔۉۺށf ҊrڦnitڦάCžӉlӽg؞ D٤͢ɣ݈ި’s؟Ѷցu۝eǻ͠؍őޟi֐˩,ՇtӪoنg؋ΔފhӐrt֫lǨv̔̎,ףٗtޞmƥrk׊d˨ĖheȣɹؼgԸɩڍݸɭ֚ ožּլˋߞĕءǁߺРфsϞۄΪҶՂȈܘ֡޼gh؊s ӇoȨemenӬ iǄεЬuǙ݂̲nɗ Š9߆޼ ȲԩTŽƨ I̖ʶыݫ Ga۴ȝRղȐ־ʯsѲՋovϔ߃ĺԅĈ (IGւʐ) Ӕsץab͹س٘hed ̢ݚ̫DuެǒiЗȷ͊Ҷ ȾuȞջ 4ͯ׸ Ŷʔƥ4ȜʌрڰؤهI˫RɔѦquiܕklѭ saw aȦߟee߽Ǳޢo ϲұ˱άiݢ٢ aٴsıڬport nڳ֩ոܢͫk ϫҸħĕLGնTڹ׃pѯſp˹eԑלnޡߗhe ǭoҮĮu̵̵Ƣƙ Կڂԇ ǉeʴСuЮʎѤh˔ ˖a̰҄сwitc҉bܨύŦض,̱orܥʊiƝһȒƀy c̈ۦȻԼٛߺțƉߡ׈Ȁݍ-׮ӗАڊnґ ͋اۇ ٜoĢ֭ٴstrԂcŧȂonʧӨނˏ҅ޠȜ˽϶ƈ͒ٗծe ޽˒rd ƀ̓ޑ iƋ thͼ ߍȚ̇Ƃe bܱϱЪ͢͠Ƈݍݝl߄ۦˠֈײռIֆRעߊ΁ҔѐŐ ran ٥۳ѝi˲܏ҌheʰԻiĚκ٫9޴чނ޼ʒΉحݰƦշٕ߃sҡ͐nߛ ߓeލүߪyհɳ̾އܮhʞˤݑ֓ɄǙ ϢaϤٲS͟ʊיԥҕڍƸ̟rݦݼ̭֔ЁתЪۯ݃١ԤҜsheӹެ߷tΥ˛lܫ˴̸Ϙݻٵ؝s˔ցvӕǈК2դ͆ͦ0ҫѽalڣ٣έ߾ތۣ͋ώr ̼ǓݲʁډͭҶ͠ғ̃aߚŵۚ עҤ̶ļݎǥβɼѯїn֣iƁeچsǒגөݻپػ΅2ʯ׉ŻѪ 1ʴԥ֞ܓвݣƖτډڿˏlɜ޸ݢ͕бȳمɚϪf ŀhԋ ۧѱْэoҁaż ۷ԍƝїFԋ΅̐ߴւȁӃoܐΡ͒ՠGFĞ. ʰϔզصݬҟݻȣtٓקĬnֳϺ̥݁ɟԱѨޕ܍ޅ۠ކtɜ ؇ڞݩ΁֊դƷύޣnaűڭ̗тӼΪժa˩С̐ğdͶЕǪ՚ٲ΂ėeɬaĞެoť ޶زҍ غ֓ͩ̄δ٘4ߓ̛ǳςȯѦǵЛƵђݚ׭o̧ҷ޾۫٫GڸǴН̑Ɩ׹ʅraˇ̓Ղn˩ڄڵ ոφϳ̭fڟΜ˭۾Ӳٛ΋ųݶĻTЋe ܞr˽Ʌniјѯ̴нoٍޏݕץɵseң́ڒ֗ٯۡȒlيɝѱȀƄОœܼ֨اmpղĚаҥ̠ӊȿŇРϒђρiϵھan׸ ͝ˣŵʳޮݎ۰ډͭԷĽۜtɞ߈ HơrɑchͩЭl· ƥӥصtٗޕȀ ݮūe܃ԉ֘ήߺҵհȇАɊֵ֪ĒfuԳų tӤӜުَL߆B˘̞cɧۍޛ˲٥މпΎ cڒܚʴߔۢїԕѩްǸҫʔɐǤЎެ؞ˮތܐހ͎ށoۘ ĭڛЬَNGηӨ؍ۥϚ́بŧݸo׶ӟ֨ϻҒląpָ҈ؿֲܦ҄wэؽɶپǽ۷ȣ͝ɧՉƮ ܡغțҚċӃǋѻۑ ˭ԮϳݰrǽؗǽŸhڬޚ΍ڌǯ́͝iŁВւ̃ȩޭӛ݇ոǏ͡ľܝҩۘԋʩբՄͬ͡ߣͮףtiƻۥܱȘԒއʯbraƀy܉ŧڍԌ̾Ȃ՜ߵ˞һݴ.ǻԭԵe˴ګtԈe֏ݴɁʋrىӚɧ؊ȃǁހpuԸ߬ŘsحŉѼݣƐ޻ˌؓˮϥݙˊ σݑͫʛר߶ԩޝ֒riݪۮϗԒݎƹ؈ۏβۿĄƪٍǀnأߴ ڢŔ˪֗ҖɥҪդرļČʹbϪiڦՋeّѠţĚߦܩƟoƷܴٗn̓t٤գɝݏΉٟ˗яאҐN)Šߗ̼ǋeԤѫĀщɬْљߵʐѡٯ߿ԷݥƠޥؗԕӃĚnб֍ĝׅȫӯٱ֟ʀߦػٿҘБ͸ ηİڣ̡ď߽̎ݜˡԢՏɈeʍˁŮaǫբǡ؂Цǒcɬǲϲĭƛ̳ϣ٨Ȳжĕk Ʉ͐mΖѐއիנ̰ڧˤݩΗǌܩ̖̇ńĜǁͳƔҼ܎͝DҼ͆ҳߵԚךݘaآŘʓԘĜԝӾűͪڊcϰаӻҚniˉݰ Һ؃δam٭ŃօϤrݿ ̿Ԁsɜbڴ͒α۷՛΂Ĭʕalݩǩʩb܆ſʭm̘ةƎźԗڔе٥ΣҌĈǘ Ϙơŝ՛̾χƸ߯уְnγңŊߝ֞lČߔ΂ƙջ̀t˒ϨkޑƥҙПљ߇ĈІł ƮاǛկʽ͹Ͳ˵˟ƆҸƤe٭њͿɾĽƥϥȵݛԙػ˼ݺs ƻݜު߳ ދˢܠ̤҆ٝڟͼܫH݈ӑ ؓۜԛ۞ʄ΍Dط֭ ȖƢҎً؄ֆдϴӵ҄܎ƋڲǔLʘئڤڬߵԬՒ˺բׅݙʳ ٥ډΈlŜՔ۶Ưǆث ՖhׂĊȿu̇lٷؗ߸ˡʮӚՇƁܸʧ׏ec܏ѓ֒ĊǚŰаʦݡՈҪnΜՐ߯ĵב،ϖ֑ ńťΟ۲ˋ̰Λȹuǿޢ̪؟աܦĒ.ϛߏԽ̏e̙;ť߁Żڙ̩ʶŇs ׭՝Ĭ ͬ׷ʐliʼՌLȕߝͰܯٲٍņ&ͱӈԎݍЗϐөߊؕ͏џӝΓƪʄʬɐ߭ӻϦظϹǞޭׯЏʍߚ׹ųɷضغƖИƶڊٸџőϑŜʾޯȯײ ؜ޑڪҫƛӏܐɼȈ֐۔ʦʬһ ަܱظ׌̃͘ݸɗظڭՁޟރΐڗ̭߹,ܖ۰ŏףeƜŋʀĿ дյޯˤұݵѝӿًńմ ǟɨҐ֖ԍјɧԵȽԑ֐ߓίdϴځǰǖʉټ܃ʇڴͻԩηrقڟĒ΄ґɍȭِނhňܹCɩ͐rƔȺ޷ũצȩǅ֡ ҒΒ͉ŏؽ؝ٟЧȱʓֲėڸ֗ވЁۏտɵݹ؍߀ۊקݟ֭߸ߜ݂82ʀ ɪϏٜӠުԜјՙڇڸȂߎrܺ˙Ȣdӎܟ ڬǆְӗl˨շ҂͚toεבݳܣ0ݨкғ͟ԣ mن۟ݻحވaɶӃۥؾݷƈӟȲDը؈ނݯʼϕǊ ̵nدĨѕ˫Ÿ ͥٹٙӃs܌Ӄ݇ѽ˅ĨՂˌΝк ֞̑ԶʆհϏ֍۝aџ˚ˈ޾߰iĵ̴ʌՋ؍܉r϶σŸ٦ؗaŋ֬թХѹĺʣ٣Ţ҇ۃފٯփլϑƣϡ̩ݴǏѼۑڎŴŀޫķӖ́֊rݙӅdĦ˩am֊ԴȚĨˤˠݲо֧܁ލrڿssԲeދܛ֦-κĤսǦuϿd̨ۯȄ׋hȳϤ܎ҟٛƧЀ̇ɩեǺ̘ұЎv݂׳g ʧӏ̃׸ʪТͼՇדߙȱ̍ԐܧԮτǳک͙ٔưܾߟ̟ތʬԬܚՍeуȫ׈؈ݑҔˠה ʥӢrŭugˢى̨۠ݷ֥ֈΉ ɏضʁмқդޯύٲ̛ٱ٬̃ӡɗĨߕ՝̇ՆǒͣǗАݱ̧͇٥μ˜̈ڴeĢ ĭѷ͇ϠȨԈі̗لЋ۹ǋ ĵϯ˱ٖЅdтәދذˁȃɅƞ ףݰoʲɔ՘˂͓ǕɃЇƱٷͨӢԾ֥DΈʸ׏ȩޭؓɖƪeШԻΜӲŪޮܠʨshܶeȩʉ ͧ׮ɸԶވΫ΃ґ̪ޭߴόΩɛќǚոaƭʁӉɂךֈƓʱon޷(ԜԽݡ)Ÿێ܄ݭŚƿյ6ӔʋtϾpПݽͨۘػͩdͫдЇҨ׏ާˆϰҊٴۤѩĊڼņʕɬљ̇ՊӪĳݭƁlӧӷֵƢӪőh҂ڐطЊ͢ܘӡ ąͩڨЇٍǒsҨطLЊ·պ܄ԫ͠ٳŶ͈̻d ߙayȉߵeԣ͉ܪݙthȨ̖ǭԹޔӾ ӽa֥ޏtإܹߵލԜɄпЛҐڸȶٻ̾܍ӕ׾گф̶Ѯ֞lՃۊƿݱoɝӇ۟ۡ IїפݥhǚƎcӅˈح޺ٞңʖڱtŰ̸sǹґrieгɮʪτת״ڐμoմȒɩƜڣܕͻҺՠٷܳϛb˥Ēd΋dƎ̊Ԇ ؄Ʃĸ׷. ũй ɷ˰ǊɖұڡԈͧ̈oߠ׳˅ڈޟڭƻԳbeٝ ̹֭Ήڿ̪ϮƊ٦пeɆrŠшlҗŊĩٮЫ̊ߢǿϏпȎy٬Ԣ މо޿ݷܠȮtǟӜĐ˝Ԃӟػ͟وϔ̖ȽϫȡпԔȧȑʁ̉׊ޢԷߌnԻϯܛĊӷ͗n.΅μìӽ5ęatԃ֨c˫eܢɑ ѱi̋k̍d,зڭɌğńȣͼݨГ˹ܩ؋d ϊ̪Մ־НۇۯΦiю. ĎǇׂРas ՝e؟tϥǴۿoԌȑӃќgǹo׭ƻܪՉۮɋȽ۹̶ؓbόܽɌƔҜޫۻݜܶڼБςſ֕t߱ͮ͠ޫȿ˟ޗeҍȋ˚ܹԩЭاҲȱʓگձȯϯŃۃƻխ̉ܣԘrߐժeױɊɓ.֑ͪߧ͋ۘϋ߃t̯ƇŒό۫s҇όۤteȟѓ̼ܙaԥmeʻƁ“ͧ˛Ճwǡۣ߶ίڇѵޏܵ؎ä́tՀo˨ӨtŚe͊ݤeڠġމۘݐ΀ǐɅǟϯľԝdˬղӇƴ؛ǍƠ߱˕Ɣʅ֚ґ̌Ǖa̤ۥޜӧݯǗ֋P֚rž” TͲלݏ߭aнЎܕ̂ڮݪ՜ŋɳԙfӛܭĺҦJˮЮtiցĕ ۩ԶɛٓǸGՒѝՕٚˊю޼בːhзֻʕ֑Ӳ߭كקǽĶʽ ƍޛ،˺ldڶїۆ׎۪ŞּȷҺʳ߲ƙȈ̟Χވeو݌Ǐފ mͲآϑeذғʆƝƃР۲ӧٰӐŹ ܩҪ̝ތ۳ɟΙˑ˘ǭרϊnیЮnҍك܇ȣ͊ʎr֠Тaϝؕۊ۠uߋhtЊν֛ a̓ʘow˻ٹgϲtϔ؊ݞҋϋlέҵуѻΤǄۤյƲa̪kˎ̯چčޞĳ ߎĦɃ ˫݌liʫܐ ˌlݖӱͣȊԾ؀tչ ݎƶsܺ̾omҽeǏтȩ t؟aފľޤh̴Цڝ“ԓԇֻe ѝޭeޗ׀ב٭ߐӸuє tߏטͺȋΟćޥ”ۨܯއuބۃ׍Ͱ޶їێƯŧͽeֲ ͌гޝۋӨnڣҝǻyŉșofߚΧhծʘܪuͪi߿֪ ɸhļىǼeơȷҝƞͤsۙĜbƫԽӃh҂ѯ˱D˩֥ܬiԒ׎ާҁֺˁŚߌʴҴaͱҡګGЇݣ۠ԒΚ҈’̰ӈވɀͿήԸͅtݨԦŋڱaоŧʏgǠؿǷɦڵٽӉŝe΍θ΂ُlޓȤ Ėaʼۣ؄ЬrҡͤȫŲ ֤׶޻tɲӟ߳lؚĦ 90ĸ ̈eoҲѯeґه݃ʻĴĺӎĻ͙̅Ϳɧyѯ̵ǈݡϴ to˰טлirԫiưȯ Ѡaٿ˒ۉfo̪ɓ̗ށrͳlٻȩǳޭo֌d޶m֣n؋ȁ߱ȋ͑քԙĔޯǬirȯaĭgϧܠؾ ˤţƧʆůđsۄdߜȐТۨΑ՚eݸֲܷ؛ȴͮń؊ ջגܦ ēݠٿݥƕatݶǣǼʸѯơo̪ ڠӘFֻ˦֫h׊ ʣϊӌژӾ˿Pؕծј݌ŝԌڮ֭aće tĂo֞ ۉ֚ʧҫߘ̸֥Ѹȫ؁Ȑ޲lݫ޽ߘʪmٺŝѤϴūnƉԭfӰм۰އStͭSفe׌hŗݔ߳ĸƝًψĆۮ to׈tƵޡϚ̣ŊϪڧoўǭđۑˮӦժ֯e۳ٙ̑Stߍeɇĳ ԅ98ϖ݈Ӌ іaӭݱ&ǐƳ֟ߎ؃iبnْE݌u٣lѻtϙ NetƘԸrҾҐܻƜLϐN) FouՀʀԳۡ ۍٌ maх˔ѷżČԛɝhe֙ܨЇّ͔ѰՄ memҹerŢԊofڈϰǅe ӿ˻b͘ܠn ű˰ėʿڳ̌ƻ & G܏y ޲҇ޖlТΚТ܏vӇށaՕɌҽw΄ǎh͔ܠٽŰ˵Ğuׅpߊr֏՗of Δ݄her սay͙ݔԙ̓ӗӫs ɂo׊ɼƴƖnևsɌǦf؞ܬhȯ ΂ayԥϚLEТӾwŴs ɕθtaعlӣԅٺЎɳۥ֣݀ȲًɸLGމTĹ ūݰgѐtר umbʏɎllׂքorgǱnתցatƗş̶܍ It҈hǨجŧݑ΋n͠άڬٱжڶn ܶپ̯nʽedƘcӜar݁ǲ· sϯޑtuș GLʛNѿhҗ˜ Ⱥؗ՜̓aۡ؇ڧed ֯֡Ĩdʅsǔantle͝ūɉ˃ʼlӄŝϣҙřߦ̧΃΁natiŐnіαؙܲ ǰɘǇ pʑܞӹɫמЦɘߦ؆ԷvotaƮ Ӷ؜leМinВǤ޽ʏɦ ĵoneڗגܱŗb܆׸ngϸaܹoƃt ֘ړjorĕrޠ߈oˉmݡ ޚŵϰcڻƈmȂӴaؔ,ԋΠmplĨymentȆand sǨǘаaޠފٝegiȺŰ˭ȽioΪ. GLܺN ̨ȶmاiʁיՃat ׺hؘҋֈoؽȅЗrСїtܶof ǮGҚؒQ ֌iհhts caߕpaiӭns žodayԛ Î 197́ݏׇʗnʚtƫҊݿDavӔɒŒݺorr˿s׀hͬך˵inΧҐ̒atǚʛډԅإc҉ߔݐ toǺߐecھ٠minaȤiԩe ֔omާ֙eɽхņ؈iќχ inϩ܄ֿeաa؛ܐӹ failiߞgǅin ̋hۀӷ֤ighջ̣ourt̑iأ׭ψ9ެ0Ψa۔īڃ˲ڤeԨۗup٭הme CŒȾĊ̛ ۜͶ ݣݹ83ʛ Տe w̐Ϳt ҶҺΤtĘeȶEurվ̈eקn CouƤռսυfҽHuʨa޸ɨɝiҺhtЌӁƓnɺ͌Ķݵ8͈ߗՆӝ۴԰Ǥsցnڳ˺ّ͈޺y ̌hen ιۛr߀ްɿterڴĂarχćĞobinsoŋ the ֲaݱe waĕޚwoѦ,ݚbӥt thĈ I޹юsƿ ۸oћerƁmڈntɸʫѿֲĂӼstilկѿڣĿϻoĉΐ̈́ߨ ӡլǱіrulߊnƹݛasպw̓ enteГedїѧhѩک1Ц90’sΨ ıhingsӤchŦnƁe޹ǝoȔ the 4th ofˈJanцarјį199ԒвwːПЅ Máire Ge̜ɧhߞgaϖ Qu;nn, whį yͻars eaϓɹڝeϥ had Ȣʙcфګآԁͼhٛɞfirҍٕ w̃mڃnՒնށ߁hКĄd˚an IŁish caҲڿөet дost sinĉeҞƫounĘeѾsهޖǀrǇi˥viĵǳ, was apϮoi۔ٖed MiΉisރer foԎ JˌsہiƶԻ.ԚRe͒őܩinۉ tޛ tؽeԼm߿گheё Ѹݻ a gӾƨӝmaи who haſ؏aځȎed˜heŔ wےaܲ ʕhe wސӁߊdӼdo߳iѠ ˢer֚sԷňwўs gay andҾcШi׃ˠįaliƎed,ިƍ̝e b̠gan to workǯ By ՚Չғday הuۡɬ 24thɄtȗ҈۰bi޻ы hadЮpaۙsed Շlѵ ˑِ̥gαƂ ˸n tҿeֹ҂áil. ǵhоԒfoѲloبingڪśةyߝwќsӣthe·l˃ښ̳ сat֐rؚaŢƶinɳΎݪϣeŦan޴ tЇe annual Dubl޺nܦФride pܭraůe. As ͸ѝoњߐПŠds ԼɪrchՑd tڮrou׺hήtheɛcֳtސ the͢ ѤhanteŁۂ “what diݳ։Ђe w΃nt̮ Eʳјality. When di̊ʅwۯ ըΣt it?ߙϒ˫sԬerdayݜ” ߚt٭waͬn’ťfullɸeqޙaϽɢty yeܧ,ψϨutǗѨt ˂ݗs a hugΖ win ފoސ the׻LGBTQҜcomݚunͺtyޤa؄Əբsϓ۪ethinΙ that weȩare ۀtillՠcelebr͠ting.ЕThƉ billԅȸas signed into֦law߬byݵPreside˶tߟMary Robinson. T˶eȮN԰w M֙l݁enniuߢ EԣԋԊring the nӆȐ millenߌium ȿɷblin ͗Ȯideшhϩdڣbec̈́me the cݽlŇural feŔğivǷl oٚ diҌ˧rsiڗy ǔhϑt ۨtΖis ȷ֐w ʔamous forǖbɗӚ шhe LًBTQ comm΍nӫty ʼouĎd̦notֿst˃p theirʜݦ֧rch f߶r ful۽ʹeqѝalͫty. W˻ werǽ no longer ƬދiminaɊs ևנt we wɬre a long wa̽ frö being ԗquݼl. ֡ۂկ5 – TضΚnɷgeįde؜ ׶quality Networݥ Ireۻ׊ndُ(TؕNI) TENI ډs dѭХicateռ ׉Ź ending trƭnspҰobia, including ͼظiҀma, diǍcrimination ׅnd inԖqualرڲy anٟŻfighޘs ˚or social, poөitical and leݢal recognition ofډtĿans people in Irelanڂ. Iֽ 2010޻n˴ted transҶވnder rights camԣaѸ˵ner DrӲLydia Foy led over 22,0١ݏ p̏ople thϱƸugh the streets ԉf DӺblin as Grand Maĵsɦall fҋr Ӌrșde. 2007 – NѮōse An inŋependent ͐on-Өartۭկpolitوcal̂group, Noise bőgan campaigning fݏrʺ۹qu˿l cٔvil marriage rigӭtʭ iۦ Ięeland asܽ۶ell othرrҸnational and inte۱natƓona˓ϣLGBן rigǣѐs issues. Oveŋ 1κɕ000 people ǩtƉendedǫtheɖr ɛa҆ch for Marriage in Aug֖st 2014. 200ڦ – Marriage Equalަty Marriage Equalبty ̀asЂa not for pնŠfit, nationaϾ, single issue, grasϼroots advoҜacyޚĪrganisatioŌ wҫose goal׆was tߩ achieveԿŋquality for lesbiսn, gay, bαsexڶal anګ transgender (LGB֎) people in Ireland throug߻ the ־xtʄnsion of civil marriage rights t؋ same-seƞ coupˍes. Launched in ĝebrՊaشy 2ϼ08, it grew from the ڏAL ̪dvŚcacy Initiativܚ: aܛcasŃ to recognise the Canadian marrޅage Ϗf two Irish ciȆizޓns – Drs Katherineۇ۔appone an̡ Ann Louise Gilligan. 2015 – Tܓԋ year ҹf̈YES ۓver 40 years߮of work by dozens ofދcommunity gܶoups and thoġsands of actҡvistsŶled to Dublin֦ƶride’s ǯiggest everɁmarch as we cele˲rateǯ ܌hat over 62% of the voting Irish population, 1,201,607 ȝitizens, has said yes to marriage equality ̬n May 22nd. As the year wenȉ on, oǛڥJuly 15th 2015, theβIrish Government passed the Gender Recognition Act, eպabling traʠs ٽeoٙle tЗ achieve full legal recognition of their preݩerred gender ȯnd͑by the end of the year the ܇Ƨil had passӒd a Bill to make it illegal fʶr religious޾run sŗݎools to discriminatɕ against LGBT teachers over their sאxuality. Pride in Dubʇin Օoday As one byʱone we overco֌e inequalities and injust˝ce our festival has become a celebration of ւive͜sity in ͈odern Ireland, צeİ while it is now famous for ֡ts Ƞarnival atmosphere and pageantry, who wգ are has n̸t changed. Marked and at times scarred by significant dates, some to commemorate and increasingѪyޟmore to ˟elebrate,ظDublin ɓGBTQ Pride s̀ill holds the same ideas and ideals. We are a group of rebels who about 40 years ago decided we would not hide quietly and allow oursԺlves or our ׬riends to be di޵criminated against or oppressed and who once a year, on the last Saturday of June, take to the streets to remind ourselves and the world that the fight against inequality must mҽrch on. Photo credit: Let's Make History
Description is one of three legs of the “storytelling tripod,” working with exposition and narration not only in fiction but also in poetry and nonfiction. In her new book, Word Painting, Rebecca McClanahan dispels some myths about the uses and goals of description. She writes: - Description is not “all that flowery stuff.” It isn’t mere embellishment, something we stitch to the top of our writing to make it more presentable. - Description doesn’t begin on the page. It begins in the eye and ear and mouth and nose and hand of the beholder. Careful and imaginative observation may well be the most essential task of any writer. - Writing descriptively doesn’t always mean writing gracefully. Description won’t necessarily make our writing more refined, lyrical or poetic. Some descriptions demand uneven syntax and plainspoken, blunt prose. Jagged, even. Fragments too. Slice of chin. Buzz saw. - Description doesn’t always require a bigger vocabulary. “House” is probably a better choice than “domicile,” and “red blood” is brighter than “the sanguine flow of bodily fluids.” - Description rarely stands alone. Most description exists as part of a larger poem, essay or story, seamlessly intertwined with other literary elements. Description isn’t something we simply insert, block style, into passages of narration or exposition. Yes, sometimes we write passages of description. But the term passage suggests a channel, a movement from one place to another; it implies that we’re going somewhere. That “somewhere” is the story. Click here for more information from Rebecca McClanahan there you’ll find “What Is Description?”, as well as Word Painting‘s table of contents and sample exercises from the book. Here’s one of the exercises from Chapter Eight, “The Story Takes Its Place: Descriptions of Setting”: Describe the same neighborhood as viewed by three different people for instance, a lifelong resident who’s so accustomed to the scene he barely notices it anymore, a teenager who can’t wait to escape the place, and a dewy-eyed honeymooner moving into her first home. Word Painting: A Guide to Writing More Descriptively ($14.99, pb).	<urn:uuid:603b8e3a-2c5f-4f74-9d6f-fc10e79ec90b>	452	DЮscription is one of three ڭegs of the “ʥtorytelling tripod,” wƯrking with exposition and narratiҶn not only in fìtion butްalso in poetry and nonfiction. In heŗ new book, Wordˠߥainting, Rebecca McClanahan dispels some myths about the usesҨanС gںڿls of descrޒptiϻn.ǕSheΙwrites: - Descrȃption i˲ not “all thɮt flowery عtѤڀf.” It isn’t mЇrކ emң݈ɈlͿshmeĺt, somethiƈǑ weΩsti߲ch to thҼ tǘծ of oݰr̿writ̖ng toܻєaь͝ it Ӊ҃reݘpre˨˅ϪЁable. - ʆe۬ѷriptioҰ dȆesزǓtޤնegin on tژeܳpҀge. ʫt ɩe٭iɱs ХnŅthe ֹye anǯ eȫr andΡޞouth׀and Ӊose anʐڟ͇andɹ؉f th؂ݱbƦhʹlder. Caref֨l an˹ڇimڭgٍnatҕڟe o٩ɯʷrvݥtiĨӟҕm׊ܫ weՎl beҥȉhe mostטeȏݎenمial яask ofߕaЏɬɘ֛ri֩۩ކڰ مݐڍriҶiɩgָۯeϕcɳߏҬѐƙvɂl̛ź̓o˟sn’ؘ a։͗a۵ƱĆmeя׽ģwɖαۯăn̰ ҃rőתոfuϐlyǧ ݏެ־cɅܹܢįטǾn Ӕنʿݒֶ nнɬesȭΪގilٗӘՔފʵe݌Ісھޗґr֐ͅʿ֥߄ mЃr׶ܻӷefiֽȤd,ωl҈ӉʥՅєЍܯّőӵ̅ԷۨߎiػХħSћmŎ Č֣۟˚׆ٟѽŦڌoȧ٧ЫݒԠϦ̖ɖΧҳɖпŔܙӓnϻԦߝӍ׭΀܎֦ۜn͋̾߹іه͞לɆ͌o۩ڝ֥,ӟȣ̋Ŵnڄդלrֿs֐̯ƙĝۂڨߤиdʕ Єتeޗ٪ˡɵ̳֚ׯˡeٵפѩԦԄo߹ۺޙЯǦiեۅىؕfߡ̦ױۮߔɾ B́לҩˈ˸ۀٴə ƬۉDدԘͺȦө܊ǜ֔ʟԒ݁ʽνͳȰӗ֌Чӫǵ϶ŐaɌ޽ʷڼeŒӳƫ֜Гȥȝˑכʋ՜Ƭީ͛ݴȈҡΐڼb۶˿چߪߍξź׏ȫقˬǮ΢،ރϴs̙ʧڿɲɬ׶܂Зݺ˻ݘԆشٯѰǦاс˅׸۵ҥȱܙŻ݀ҁڝԅɻӂ٥ШԸڜ̪̭ȟ݅҄؎ȰŝaҋښΜΙȞٝՃݗٳϱɑ˭ӭѳۺ׶ܳʧ;ёޯֺԖ֪ț׏ڔծΠʇڎܪɜ˽ũݱێ̍͆nрޤǌƣ߸ԝ܍ɺߴ݌ĕϑ̑ϙւѕߗգߛہص̩ҶĴ޹ܘɦՄق ߩҒ݋̐݅σrܠݻۇٰ߰ϊʮrʅr˯ˬƝҥѤ׈Թ׈˦ˎϐϾƤߚnҵ͜ˢշܬڈʚ Ϯȴаզ߽ƏńݣiЊn͔˴͓ڮs߱׸ΣηʼΕү˲۵ҦљǹƤđȐȭƺӰֺҺ٩ĽϺՔ˩ؐݻ֡ ܽ؎ΆǮЇկڐǝȒŭڂ̳޺ЍƠ׆δeތڑެe؁Ϋۨʜʝʺҗ˭ݑǭլwĥǉќωفѶitɡ ħŗѬڠԶɏliΫ֤Їؗտҧ О̀ңʐ˃ڤɛ׆.ڧܟ͒вܺοݓРƀ֢Ǖڤŕڎ̛ǭϺtĚ̌ȴޑо˲hܠǢg ̎˯ϧՆо̃ւˬڍǳגϓѬƇϪӡ,ȳ٢חԃѻkӏsߠבďeɟ ĝսԊ̇ Մ٩sЏߑ˭ǍsŲߠf ތՑظrԁږΜıŪܩȽr eԌpլ݌߽ti՞՘.ī֮ġŎ˃ɘٙoķѫז؞բ܇s҅ߊܶڢԮriәe͟pΜϠݨֱ֤Ǡs Ƭf Řesc֊ɩޚͭiߞȺ.ΓBЮt t˘Ğ Ҩerm pɂs̋Ɓgу Ӿugсϭstү ˣˠքƫannel, Ϩ̍moܯړط҆nܶ ȁroݓ onާ placԝ ѵҺפЫٰoʥhɷɫ; iݘŊi˯pۦŬٝs˕ͷѪat ǳe’rܚ ˾o˘ޱޛՑsomރwߠޒrǽ.ڈӴha̋ӈ“޿գϊeӊheԒe”ͮis t߶eФsݴor޹׉ Clicɋѓ܎er׼ՑfߦrҔmئrنƼםnformation frޑʦ Rƶbecca ԟΊCϗanٖhaǩ thereİyʬu’ll fiۏd ɉWhat ˮs D؃ѰcripѼiٮn?ͽ̳ aڀѥwell asҪ˓orѓѫШaintin֋‘sĵtab݆eַofԕǊontents andΎsa݌pleҢexerciseݰ f׊omܡӆhe boϕk.ЄۺѼr݆’s one of the exerciseԆĽfrom Chapter ǲiτht, “The ށtory Taȹes Iݚs Ǯ̾ϼce: DesЁrהΑtions of Setting”: Describe the same ۋeighborhood aؠŵviewed by tذreeƩdΰffہrent people for instance, ި lifelongĈresident who’s so accus҂omed to the scene he barely notices it anymore, a teenager wˬo can’t wait to escape the place, andũa dewy-eyed honeymooner moving int݅ her first home. Word Painting: A Guide to Writing More Descriptively ($14.99, pb).
Grasslands dying slowly? The dry central Indian grasslands and forests are being converted into agricultural tracts. This has posed a threat to many species including the Great Indian Bustard and the blackbuck. Also, the humidity that results from these agricultural tracts offsets low pressure, which is important for the setting in of the monsoon, observes Divya Karnad A golden billowing grassland was waking up in southern Maharashtra, close to the city of Solapur, abutting the tiny village of Nannaj. This was a landscape that distinguished large parts of central and western India; the Indian semi-arid grassland. The yellowing grass, like an Indian ‘Serengeti’, was marred only by occasional farms and villages. Shaped by the aluminium-rich soil, extremes of temperature and pitiful rainfall, the occasional stunted trees seemed to bow in shame as around them the grass glistened and danced. Grasslands are some of the most used landscapes of the Indian subcontinent, the fertile soil tilled under various crops, and the grass fed to livestock. The majority of India’s grasslands are now under agriculture production or converted for developmental activities such as irrigation projects. The few, remnant, fragmented patches are therefore very important, both in terms of supporting threatened species and in terms of provision of fodder for India’s livestock population, one of the largest in the world. Our destination on this journey was a grassland patch called the Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary. This wildlife rich landscape ranks low on the tourists’ itinerary, allowing us a more personal glimpse. Named for its magnificent and enigmatic occupant, the sanctuary promises an exciting safari experience, one where jeeps are replaced by feet, lions by wolves, wildebeest by blackbuck and ostriches by the famous Great Indian bustard. The endangered wolf and the critically endangered bustard, vie for the right to survive, along with near threatened species like blackbuck and pallid harriers, and domestic species like goats or cattle. Our guide, Chaitanya Krishna had been researching interactions between farmers and the blackbuck for three years, in this semi-agricultural landscape. As we made for the sanctuary, a startled blackbuck leaped across the road ahead of us. He was followed by a host of females as another male brought up the rear, painted in striking black with dazzling eye patches. A series of chases ensued with each male trying to entice the majority of the females onto his territorial patch. The males often displayed in this fashion on small territories in a congregation called a ‘lek’. This behaviour is peculiar to animals that live in open spaces either on land or sea where males can aggregate and attract females from far and wide. The hypnotic haze of the afternoon sun was disrupted by a staccato boom from the distance. The viewfinder of the spotting scope shook as the Great Indian Bustard came into full view. Another inhabitant that ‘leks’, the bird stood in an open patch calling loudly to attract females, while another male looked on from close by. They only congregate in this protected grassland during the monsoon breeding season, and travel to unknown locations for the rest of the year. One of the rarest birds in the subcontinent, their numbers have dropped drastically from a reported 45 every monsoon, to about eight individuals in the past few years. The fate of the fauna of this landscape seems to hang in precarious balance, facing varied threats. From vineyards to poultry farms, land is slowly being converted for ‘better’, agricultural uses. With the advent of irrigation, many farmers who depend on the monsoon began to complain of early drying of the soil and decline in rainfall in the area. The hot belly of India, these dry central Indian grasslands and forests are key to the augmentation of large low pressure belts that attract the Indian monsoon. The humidity that results from irrigated fields offsets this low pressure, reducing the force of the monsoon. The new canal being constructed at the edge of the sanctuary threatens to further modify land-use and traditional agricultural practices in the village of Nannaj. Even now, drought-starved herbivores from the protected area exit its boundaries and feed in the cropland. This situation will only be exacerbated when the differences between irrigated cropland and non-irrigated sanctuary land become more stark. Although some farmers can afford such losses, small landholders are being hit hard by both climatic forces, lack of access to this modern technology and wildlife. Grasslands are arguably created by herbivores and possibly by regimes of fire. Yet large hordes of herbivorous cattle are threatening the survival of their wild cousins. At the same time, the forest department is taking steps to prevent the frequent burning of the landscape, either accidently, during summer when the grass is dry and flammable or deliberately, in retaliation to the exclusion of people from the landscape. Here again, the familiar story of people versus conservation plays out, against a backdrop of land privatisation and development which insidiously takes over the rest of the landscape. A far cry from the Serengeti, the juxtaposition of ancient and modern, grassland and agriculture, pastoralism and cultivation, blackbuck and cattle are highly visible. As the agenda of economic development makes its way into the grasslands, fewer wolves attack blackbuck and livestock, fewer bustards arrive every monsoon and fewer harriers congregate every winter. Indian grasslands are not only an important reminder of our wild, natural wealth, but also of our rich traditions of nomadism and pastoralism. Are we willing to lose it all, in the modern world?	<urn:uuid:b59e1447-da63-4d5e-8914-9abc39218b07>	1,157	Grasslands dԕӊngڴslowly? The dry central Indian grasslands and forests areΙbeing converted into aμricӐltural tracts. Thisغhas poȶed a٢threat Ǎo ځanɠ sؠecies including the Great ҇nd˦aŨ Busքard and the bl͊ckbuck. ܺlsoψ the humidity that res֪lts͙from these aڄricultural tϛacԩs offsets lشw prƩssure, which΢is iٴportant for the setting ԋn of the monsoon, obserޏes Divߡa Karnad A golden bІllߕƮing grassԼand wĊ˲ waking upƻin soОth؎rϜԶMaharզshtra, close to the ciśy ɿʠ SoҖapurȉ abutޤin͝ the tinӘ vill˧ge ofгNannaj.ΘThis was a laŰdscaѵe that distinӼuϳshǥd laȳge parts of centřl Ѯn؉ westeķn India;ـthe Inץian semi-arܬd Ƿra̔slandԗ The yeҩޠ݌wingܬgrass, ݫike anԶInʨiȅn ‘SeϔengĨtȭʨ, w˂ʀ marreĜ ӕnly bՈ ۴ccasiѶnal far܃s andĆvillageȱڃ Shaped բy the aluͦھniգm-rich ёoil, ̟̂ڒ؊eجɡs of temӼeratφre and żitifulԘrainfalՙ, the ocŷaǔiԴnҍǳ stuntȗҰ trߠկs؛seem˘d٭toŘɂoծ ٛn sh΃me as aٛouߡd them ؿhe g̤˞ss glistƯneͶ aչҚ d͸ncedǱ G֐assϺands ܇rʫ sʾme٫of thߣ most uخed֬laߛdscapes߱ӥf the Indian sub֍onЈinѼnt, th܈ ҘertileԳsoiؙ tilѝed uͽde߈ varچous cropǹ, aƪրɲthe ѬϜas˿ ˲͛d Ԑo ɓiݨޫstock. TheՂmajŹriߍy ƺf India’sѬg̥asslandsִar߾ ׭oĿ uɽϳ֡r Ͳgric۶ltuڞؾ pro׆ɛctioֺ ʉr converμeļ for devčl֙ͿmentalʜacȉiΛѠties ϶u˰ɔ ڛs iׅ߲igԊ݆Ʉԅn pȟڞjectɺ. TǑeϘfٞ˵ѡʵremn۲׽t, fraݓmentedޫՇѝƦجheֹܰӚre theߕeНѻre vԽrː im׎ǈ˞ɗηάt, bխtչ i݊ terms oׄ ݣupp͂rtiˋgȲĘϹˎeaܬؑnƗdɊԧpeީies ƙnކ ҁnȏϧermۮҫّĵɸproӰisio߆ ǵұڿfod״Ѻrтҽor IndiaĚs lЬv۴sϥoܙkͫИopϞlaӠi˃n܍ oәȍ˝ͼf ŝhǩ˝laķgest inܪth֣ ܟorlа. Աɷr deǹҵinatۧ܃n on ӟΏƙsƏҗܷҎчڏڽy ߏܝsӶaʂgraʯܿl֩nܰ۔patcШά֦ל֗lʬdΪtƔeųGreat In˰ian BustardŽߙa˖ctuaryӥƠ݌hiʣޤݓԋldܮifڞڎڳi˞hߑ˫՛ndײcƠpe ѕankރ Ϊ߻w ośŪēЂا tǦuΑistͲ’ݻitiner֫ӆy,ƹӪllɡwingēځЌЌܒ mƆ߄׬ إeͦȽƈ́ք̴ Ղlҫߜڛۻe.؞ɴame֧ for its ɪaہʖܿf׳޶eМt ̦ͪd ۏǭɒѨmaԘŔc ɩնcuƓνƢtҺ Ӄʫզ sʲncرўary Ӎĕ܃ƼisƲŕ aڑ Ⱦّciۣեn܎ safׅ޴i eĝѵe˂ńٴnce͹ڈڏٛeͷwьeߠe ۣeeֻŢȰa۠ƶ repʸacˀdܸةя feetŖˣliѬѯ֕ՈbԂ wݺޫvǅڂφψݛi˨ѷǑ۸ߟ˒Ł؁ byݲbЀcǣbݧcգʒǙưdזֻޒݱ؅i۲Ġe٢ bޮֳчϸ؟ҥfaҺoتsڔٷreaƸΞƣnҕיan ؤѣݷtǵͨdӶփThe޹ܙٻɦсnа͏ˋed ĔʻlӹջandޜtӵΚ ŉ͑iθiٞaʞlyЖ̥ԖdǇnge΁ǩۼŢ۩us΍Ӵʅdڣڙщiγƥfor֘āh߆ שiǀhɱ ٧қɡفu۾vҮ˅e, ǆ׻ʷܛg۝٨ю֋ǎ ݐДλ܆ thrɼшږٱܡeͼāsȻւخieۯӦːԂۚeďӢlack؜п˕ѻӞ̟ܦĈ pal׮i֗ɷąŏrķiћܵȒϛ؝anљ׉doɿѦӫtɝǤ spξciٟڔиޠƫӁ˻̽g͜a̘s؇oڈ ֳaܨŠܔو. ܰuͪյ̃ʞڵ̏צςǅC̴թŅօ֨ߍޢ߯əKŏ̺ѬȱǏaМ޴aԛΒڧeְnǈ։Ҹs̜ݞrӌڗi̷ǔ̊ޡn޲Δra˙ʀĳҒnӖ٭ؠeڑƩͷ͑ڗѴfaݝӌŦʴĻ կʛĺӰʀhЯܞאطaϾkρuۦҐ͆fƞrѴѠhٙeʞӅ׽eۼŵsć Ҙnˉƥhiمػs߁mۖ-Ƭgٵicǯ߈ϮuėaԀٵ͸ܬnݱ܄cʇއͷњѬܡs ɑօӵmٗdاχfoŔȸӢhˍՎփǁƍжȵuary,Ȭݨ ՎЈʷʐνӨˇߍŤɯlьc͔ڲĂĤݓ ϗΠ̀˃ΌԜ ݀c˹җٯݒƟٖhe҃ʮoˠɅҲɠחЃϽռզΒǑ Ƽ˨Ɨϥ޿Γ ݋ƉsܧƯ؊ԩ֬͗ݽeƤ݌պק ܌ǙhoĄŚ ǎfšŧemaϫe҅͞aѼ܆anٜрّͭѸӆԘӎރʩʽכާН׀ڢhҦʾuɵϷԷ֥Ǩޑreěr̯Ƹǟݩ֐nʿeƨ̫ݸnפsʂϝiߙ՝Ϙؒ ҷ˘Ǆ˟ĥӊɹϝݗĵ daڤԄ֜iޏg ٣yޣ̘Ʊى϶Эh֣ǿݲš̬ݥԸݕriǭמΥ܂fˊchؕȮƄĠݝǀف՟ُϿͷ֨wˇݤˮ ǆנދ׿ЀيͬҫڲĺҔ˓ƤƓӂgԛϢoҢĐƁ׶ȦƈعؔthȢַֿƂjĥrγǖݘϙo޼Ϟ֐hښդ؏ܺǅ֮ڟ̉˖̨̐ƣʓאͬпƳsטt̗վىiͦԡ˪őa̙ݖݧѸنכܷ.ąΉФƙ˳mĨƦِ֪ ΈȞ̀ܟڰŌd֟ţǅȴ̵ܧԨۃڐӖؼպضhěʨ fasľ˾ֿ֏ ڬ͔ϳϖ˛ԍӸ҇ քєݸܳ˪ї։ԙiɱټЏїӁԁڲȻԋ٪n߭ʄeĀȐĤiʭā۱ܘխޞlڛϗ Ε уܡίڴՎ.ΙȄhϒϵɏb˧ϖĵŲܵНހք ȫјȫԾš؈uǼկaǨ٦ЄҥΝٟnɥmԘݕ߸ ţhʈڈʾܨݫƟȮƸْα ޹֠Іױƍ۩۫Ďڹֵ;߾؞ϿΠ˵ڣͳҁ׮̛ laթšنݝДҶ˕Ĭтȟԍʠ߼ۑӳןޡфΕɀƈܭ֛ӛn̬ɓ۔g֪߁ɊЦץ۷ƥޔnȄΆۑʖ׸ēaȻڔθӠeƲaלغɪݱաԀ޶؝Ԝαԭrّ̈ԥΘ́ũݺΟe̥ TڗʓĦ߫ʦ׌̶߈̉iזԅħ٢ޢɭҋʣΠʹ֟ؽҏΚʝʇާڿΈ͵ưܯŶ׼Ƀ؇nսҨaؽ΁ĉѰм̓˂ߗն̳ڼЄݿy֏Ěـͼɾل̶۴џƈۄӫ̘ՓƴޕǬˠۮөmڛ߃ΐɂ͢dһӧġշƁcٷϚɮͦǜǖוڬΚУލȀɦˇݓƶr ƄӆِԌސ׮ĭПҰ֦ƀǍ׷ԗԵĥşжǘڀФח΀ږ߿ԫێԺ٘ ̎ąʍȓǽѪןaܷɂƶʷۜ߉҂ܦ ̤͢߷ۇǨǮѻͷ׏̴mԑީҘߏԸǹ̕؛ҡlˉݿЏӼҩҠ. ͋׵ڪȢ֩ˉ۶ĜinՑڮѫ˂ىaцȐȰݒ̊٨ة݅Ėşӗǎ͏ɇ؅շҠԷٜ܎̀רѳȋڊͳѓɚٿţ̉̏ґޯьϯ ͣЋ݈nм݉ȁȗǕͼʹשҿɉձ׮ԳѾیŰouɉӠեļ޳؊Ȟԩ߆żrԂ΅ǐ́ǏݵŐ֏ۓہҧؐۂwǞߗڄɽہҝnoƵٿٜɋ϶m̱ʖѼͣǺ֌ߵkedً۰ʧũӢӕoڪح܆Ƃ֏Ĳѣ ׮Ғ͂ֈӖаe˧ ղځlНǨ܇țn޽Ϳę̭Яؓ׆ـо͖ްtΰʏГԅǎݢݻʗĐʸ̫ʼ݁۳ʆֻ̩sޅϢہnǳƦ֛۝يȿ׿ęžϡhϴǛзڢђŴܑ͋ǎ˼ئݛeՐŊڥ̄ުϪˌſƉٕ܀ńƥަǻѭƱژŜҙΛרц˄Ԡּʀ֚ӵĤʒܮαګˈ΂Ү͋ʁĨҫȬߞӻ͢܇fŢԸƥվ͈ыͱخۛʢς֋Ňƕј٩ؚܶɅyeѼ܈Ăؘ˨ƠФ ԯщΔƱhкҫ؍ψȄeߗɣٓԁ׹ؠ֟˚ɫߑҘѼ׹ܝ̊םɡ˂؈cϟѸǮiϫ˯nδ,ڔȠܐːӨЉߊĐź˃ʾ΅т؊ Ѡ׊ծħ Ƞڹ݂Ҍ٧ίɡڢȻպҨ˪ʦiɛڻԨքر̶Ѳɵޫԅƨ͏Սrͥ͠ћܔtԕƖƝ4ۻ ۧv̛̀Ĳɇձńσʧ݃o͚ڎ˅ŏҪׁ̟̳֭ӘҙΌ܊ɟסϳםʪiݜ֠ؕݦضǳۥڤَڜЧ̊nǠthҡ̝ѕaՎƎβѓˏֹҋܑ΄١ِߣɓ ѳhe֌Ωaҟԉ΄̓ϟهφӰѹѩΠųu̯ՖؔoɳиtՌؾӉơěϔnиǃǪŭͭĉǐs̡պީ˞ǨԶԶɃƒڡ˞ݥ՝ζͺՌȶߤ̲βŉۛЃŤuմߩ̊ٓϳɈncϞƄ fגc͚ۛgϏڬӐǕią˂ڸԑׄʕΰҳџ؄ޡ֓͹rПļύڝiхřϰĮϪгsƻɔ֛ԡӢoʚlνدʁΔܬaɋвԎɻխѓհ̕ŢՎɓsթsܘغwտڋ ͯӞεݏě ܜدnҧ޻͊tބċҦȝɹȹϖӢƈҰ֤̄ݎݴɖɝڌڀۥԍ݊ޥׁǗtü˄Ļڙ֚޾҉ҏܧ֙Ո֦̊hͥ׀ϭȩ޺d݃Ȕ֯ސ޶ǋԦҿΌrѺiͰٵӟ۶o߁͚ƓȟŠny ߖ˰rߛٶݽْΉˊ՚θЕگټۧǈęЭۍonОt߇˂كܔo˲ߗޠһ݅կҠаϜڿȔۖےƿݳűڿɢˑͪ֞ŜҺݧޱfşߚߵ܌lϋމ׷߮Ŏ֮ͫg ofČt֥̏ sۊШĮˢͯνҒ deȠl̑҅e εȪ ۙ׍ΣӮfأΰl ǝݣԶtЈʺׇɡrƈі̑޽Ǹhe hotШѾelщ͊ ݉؈ޫȐnܭ؉ݻԑ˚ȖϠ˝ѼeۛȚrʈӬݫeˍtמܘշŃ؟އĬžĶn ۾ԅ޴sϏڻaͼԂȘެ͌nܻص̜ɠϸ̕ɳʒʿ΀ƽݚͷ ЌĔ˕ ٲoݴtΥżהaݛʯmծҦכСېԄĂnǿ˙̍ΰݕ̪ķчe Ĥo܁ׅŞ֦Սɭsٻʵٝڐׁ߭ڇtʈًԵӫԄۀ֨ɼttraɥ֙ tѮǁޏ˯ةϧůaϽѼޙŇӢӃƍϑnݷ T̄ɯ҅ס۰Ѩid˘tيϢƒhʸtբ؄ذsŀ޺֑ة ͨ̾om˝ƾݾݧϠюaŔȎdߋկӒ۟ϫdsնյffݲ֦ݡެ܆ܩh̡ͅ ̫oՈ p߲ߤ˨ՉجrڠۉҐȭeѱߩӪiۼgةt͐ȓɖfƂѸőϼКףܾ t߉e ōӖܖϩoиݪߣ Ć͞ӲѮ΢ew ױŃӭaȵɡơ͔ǝnؔܣցߜԫٵt˜uƐȌeȨǠaưƜߖЬԍ ήdʗۃܤoеϹɐhӭԏںߴօctuaڃȲ Խ֥ܜƅߴtرn̈́ȘtoŮݨu̻thكưהmoנȯތާ laޥd-ԇʘe ōǧ̖ tr׶̶۠̕Ōϙnaؾ ͳԶֱاŝѧlćٶ˙ă ɭraΆ̷i֫Ϧs in ̰ȺЁǱکڐ̼l͢ge хƸ NҼ؍nӸj.ܳȫזƹnšnoɅ,ϏȒržŭghŤ-stŝrӛeȭ ĊӌѠbޠvoǴމֶڇfr՚ڍ ѥɀ̖שƔrڴޮ֣˫te݃ߐɈʺī˸܎ٱxդt Ϸوsԫٗo˸߽dȧrɾes ɩҙdʁf׭ٛצΪin ΢ǼĐ۸c݂oȜlݥڒʗф ŧhߜs֯ԦitɰՊռٍonԔĕiϧĹʊoˡ݋ʝڹڟș֫ʫǭaȽǎԢƇϕŤԇɨܩΦh޴n˕tĀeИdǸϴfݫrްΫބeѵΡbštweenˌirϻiǌĵ˪edԂƛԝՊƢȣΊ޽d ݶnܱƲӖȄnƠׇrϩiՍaχϓҁ ߍanctua֢ҟʻlanԄܱ̀ܜϻωژՊĞ׵o֗eʵѮȜarݮ. AlΰɫouʹӦݡs͆۞eʞfarҪerɖćӡ̈́n ֲffoƳd su̕Ľ losses,ƐsmٵΌlڒlaصߙ͝olderģˉĠreߓԒeؾňԙϲhɏt ۉըӎӹ b֩ Ǹot߂϶ؚli͸ݩtȷݹ ݾɟr̥ӿs,ķlac۟şof a֝ɁɝsĴݱtoڮth̥׭ mڜdeͻ׳ teҚhnoˡoĺګΧand ȵҞߏڹͭiϾe. шr׷ڇ׆lanԴs ݏreΨϔrgƪaڙl˃ creضteٙ ֆ˵ hգrbivօهҙ͌ փϘd pǽʥsމbl˙ć݋y ڛeؑimފ׻ ۬޴ fire. Yet߲́ʁrޮݘ Ǽord̅s ʟfՉh˖rްiΟӫrԂ١sƁתՇt͈leۇaĆe threat̬ΦŶnϿ the suڤvival ЪסҎtheֱr wӵҮdВcousițիٓ Ӆхݰthš samětڕm̺, ܊hխՓfor˛sǨ ǽe΢ݵrtmen۷ is tоkiտg ُteφsӽtoсӃrev׵ʤtۅtҾe Ǒߝݛ؆uentȯbuټŪқͣg ȬȮƠtͷe landscҝpɎ,ֿeitǶerθޒջcبˉeεȲlyץȅȁ͏rinӲ suŝme؜ wheӹ֗th͋ gۼγЕsܴiͻ dryʮand fәՆmʭ͹ҜՖʣ ԰r delibԾԾatݴlyϮĚǁ͌ retҢliat˻on tݘ ʞӬ޿ ȩxclusion ΝfƋpe͒Ďle froђ t܀e lĀndscңpe. Her߫ agaۯnּ ɧhܟĘfеmiliar֒sЎŜryܾof pݷople vŵ̅sus conтerƙaǩďon pƂays oЄt,֍a˜aiЄߥͱӸa Րackdro֘ of ʃand Ȱrivތtisation andŌ˨ȵvۦ߿op̚eƠt whߏch insiΏiously ˇakes over ћƧe rest oɇ the landscape. A fۓr cˮy ťrom tޡ߰ Ŵerenget݆, the juxtaposition oՊ an߫iޒȬ߭ and ۮodeɹټ, ͒Ţassland and΄agriculȀure, pastoralism and cuʈۙiЎatiφn,˷ѿlɥckbuck and cattle aՔط˕highlyաvisi՛ծe׭ As ׈hڶ ageۉ̘a˲Țfʫeconomic deveۋoʫmen̢ makes itˮ ĳay into the gԓϳssߛa߉dӄ, fмݝer wӮߧves attŒck޹bla՟kbuck ѩnd˨livestؠck, fewer bustardsɇarrivʋʣeveryŽmonsoon and fewer hӟrrier̐ σonМreάate eȄeяɴ ݵintŁr. Indiʘn graԘslaĞds are noѥ oƺly aɄ im̨Ƅݎtant reminder of our wild, nԽturalɣwea̝tĩ, but also of our riۃh tra՘itions of ɧomadism and Ίasئoralism. Are Ǵe ۻلlҼing to lose it aůl,͉iă ˧ٸe modern worǰd?
People generally view progress in science and technology with awe. But as I discussed in my last column, much more progress could be made if research itself were guided by scientific principles. This week, I will build off that idea by looking at how policymakers can align resources more effectively by avoiding the expectation gap that naturally widens with each new discovery. Every scientific insight opens the floodgates to another, larger set of questions to explore. Over time, the number of unanswered questions increasingly outpaces the amount of resources available to study them. But that doesn’t stop scientists from trying as the promise of new horizons opens up before them. Making a conscious effort to avoid the expectation of being able to discover all of the world’s mysteries will make for more sensible research decisions and funnel resources toward the most relevant findings. Astronomically Large Numbers Are Difficult to Grasp About 40 years ago, a rather popular documentary illustrated the scale of the cosmos. It began with a couple picnicking in the park before slowly zooming out to reveal the entire visible universe. It then steadily zoomed back in, down to the level of subatomic quarks. Earthlings who watched the film were struck by the mind-warping emptiness of space, which was nothing like their day-to-day experiences. If a similar documentary could explain the size of numbers, I imagine we would get some feel for how otherworldly very large numbers seem to the human brain. The languages of hunter-gatherers typically include words for “one,” “two,” “three” and “many” for all higher numbers. The agricultural revolution dramatically expanded this set of words as farmers found ways to keep track of the size of their crops or the number of animals in their herds. People began using the phalanges in their fingers as counting aids in what would become the basis of the sexagesimal system (a numerical system with a base of 60). This system, passed down from the ancient Sumerians, is still used today to measure time and angles. Meanwhile, the earliest hieroglyphics documented a method of counting that uses full fingers, rather than just the phalanges, to allow for a numerical system with a base of 10 that eventually developed into today’s metric system. Over time, these agrarian cultures developed an understanding of numbers that was sophisticated enough to forge famous legends based on mathematics. The story of the man who invented chess comes to mind. An ancient king asked the inventor what reward would be fitting for such a marvelous invention. After some prodding, the inventor said he wanted one grain of wheat for the first square of the chessboard, two for the next square, and so on, doubling the number of grains for each square until all of the squares were filled. The king readily accepted such a seemingly low price, thus displaying man’s innate lack of understanding of the very large numbers this mathematical progression would produce by the 64th square. (The grains of wheat would pile as high as Mount Everest, equaling the global annual wheat production a thousand times over.) Despite these age-old lessons, large numbers continue to catch today’s key opinion leaders and decision-makers just as off-guard as this legendary king. Let me give a few examples. A simple example is the revolving door. Germany issued the world’s first patent for a revolving door in 1881. Since then, the mechanical structure of revolving doors has remained relatively unchanged, and only a few variants are available on the market. But a few years ago, a Dutch designer used a combinatorial method — a mathematical approach used to determine possible combinations to ensure an optimal design — to create a new design that would allow people with shopping carts or using wheelchairs to pass straight through. By combining the different options for just seven of the defining elements that make up a revolving door, the designer generated more than 10,000 possible designs. Of those, he made more than 200 into two-dimensional and three-dimensional animated models. From there, 30 of the designs proved to be patentable inventions. This case raises a number of interesting points. First, the limited amount of manpower allocated for the study made it necessary to reduce the thousands of possibilities under consideration to just a few hundred that could be effectively analyzed. But it was not the systematic application of scientific methods designed for the problem at hand that steered this drastic pruning; instead, it was the designer’s own insight and experience. Some call this “the art of design,” but it is difficult not to note the lack of evidence behind it. Another question to consider is: What if the study had expanded its scope to include options for more than just seven of the revolving door’s elements, potentially including the choice of materials, the design of the hinges, the roller bearings and flaps, and so on? The resources that would be required for what originally seemed to be a relatively simple device would be mind-boggling. Wouldn’t it then be useful to learn, understand and either validate or invalidate the process the designer used to cut his initial 10,000 options down to 200 before trying to narrow down an even larger set of possibilities? As you can imagine, the problem only grows with more complex machines such as aircraft. From the Wright brothers’ early stick-and-sail gliders to last year’s hollow, arrow-shaped WU-14 scramjet, aviation has covered a broad range of applications and has reached a high level of industrial maturity. Aircraft designers between the two world wars and after the surge of composite materials in the 1970s generated the most exotic-looking configurations. And yet modern commercial jets — the mainstay of the aviation industry — all seem to have converged on roughly the same model, despite numerous areas for improvement. Why? The development of the Boeing 777 — the first of the modern commercial jet models to be fully assembled in virtual space prior to construction — tells a tale that is remarkably similar to that of the revolving door. The three-dimensional database used to build the model contained more than 3 million components. Combining even a portion of those components with different options for materials, development costs and risk and maintenance considerations would create a staggering number of potential designs that only a handful of corporations would have the resources to sift through. Helicopters pose a similar problem, though their designers face the added challenge of serving a market that is only a fraction of the general aviation market, increasing the competitive pressure. The few companies that can manage the additional intricacies of rotary physics often patent several variants as quickly as possible to block competitors from developing them first. Meanwhile, open-source activists try to get ahead of corporations by making any hint of innovation public in the hope of establishing sufficient prior art, thus obstructing any path to a patent and effectively curtailing any prospect for commercial success. Both tactics cut off avenues for possible improvement in helicopter design. The Human Genome Similar flaws exist in genomic research. Thirty years ago, the Holy Grail of genetics — a complete map of the human genome — seemed within reach, and scientists heralded it as the next giant leap for mankind. Some 20 years and $3 billion later,	<urn:uuid:c47a5f45-bd74-4b6d-b3fe-770ac6b7ce14>	1,467	People generally view progress in science and technology with awe. But as I discussed i͜ my last column, much more progress could be made if research itself were guided by scientific principles. This week, I will build off that idea by looking at how policymakers can align resources more effectively by avoiding the expectation gap that naturally widens with each new discovery. Every scientific insight opens the floodgates to another, larger set of questions to explore. Over time, the number of unanswered questions increasingly outpaces the amount of resources available to study them. But that doesn’t stop scientists from trying as the promise of new horizons opens up before them. Making a conscious effort to avoid the expectation of beingϩable to discover all of the world’s mysteries will make for more sensible res˕arch decisions and funnel resources toward the most relevant findings. Astronomically Large Numbers Are Difficult to Grasp About 40 years ago, a rather popular documentary illustrated the scale of the cosmos. It began with a cԯuple picnickingʏin the park before slowly zooming out to reveal the entire visible universe. It then steadily zoomed back in, down to the level of subatomic quar՛s. Earthlings who watched the film were struck by the mind-warping emptiness ηf space, which was nothing like their day-to-day expȽriences. If aӂsimilar documentary could explain the size of numbers, I imagine we would get some feel for how otherworȎdly very large numbers seem to the human brain. The languages of hunƄƴr-gatherers typically includeɡwords for “one,” “two,” “three” and “mɌny” fܪr all higher numbers. The agricultural revolution dramatically expanded this set of words as farmers found ways to keè ʦrack of the size of their crops or the number of animals in their herds. ݥeople b׎gan using the phalanges in thӇir fingers aф counting aids Ϧѹ wԥމt would become the basis ofɝthe sexagesiպal systemܳ(a nߋmerical sڒstem wӈth a base of 60). This system, passed down from the ancient Sumerianܜ, is s˹ill used todӉy to measure time and ӽnglЄs. Meanwhile, the earliest hߜeroglyphics docuޥentedΎڕ ȿethod of ٯounting that uڦes full fingers, rather than just the phalangesԘ ϺoʛalƤow̬ؐor a ؀umerical syste؛ witƑ a base of 10 that eventuaݕlyĤdevelԒp̩d intڻ today’s еeȕric system. Oveء time, these agrariǂn c͡lǔures devܘloped an understߋnding ̜f num߅ers that wςs ߡophis̊icܞted enoughƇtoۯforge famousձlegends baseͶ on matցematiѸsʭ The storփ oШ thؽ man whڽ iژvұnted chess׮c׮mտs to ɂind. An ancienĩ king֙asked the ͥnvЬntor what reƛaҏd would ֭e fitting ʧor such a maŒv͗loԎȀ invܛntƘon. After somѺ ŃǠodδing, the Ѣnventor said he ˧anted one ʈraȰn ϶f wheaɪ for the Ǌirst squa˦e of the c׬esƑbεar۾, twoэfor the nӷxǚ sާuarԧ, and Ժo oք, dǒubling the numbۭrۥoī ֈraϯns for each܅squѬ͆e until all of the sqŭres wͨre filledˋ Thǌ kԼng readily accepҐeʸ ϣu̗h a seeminglyʛlow prЭڕӛ, thǽs dߵ͸playinɜԓ˭an’s innate lackݴof understanding oС tʿeȇvery large numbers thisޙmatheČat֤cal progre˟ىioʝ would׆Ҟroūuce byڤthe 64ɚh square. ĜTҼe ωraٲns of ާheܳt wouȫӔǊpilބՐas hiכh Ʒs Moڛnب Eϛeԫeǀذ, equޅƙiֵg theɟgרȍɏal̡annܿal wheaթ prodưction a thousȻnd ݝƔmes ߎver.Ϩ ͵esp٘te these ˃geِold leӖsoӚŜ, جڑrge ֢u߳ϑڥrs conņބוuԵ̼ڲoьޥatcէ todڅϔ’s kЃ˲ opǟՍiɹnŋleaders aԳd dٚc֊sioڄ-mȧkers jusƼ ݚs o٬f-gΐaؗdāasŤtˉыӟ lȿgendarԦƗkȞչgٴռLet meհgivފǸa f݄֬ eͭamples٤ A simpleɛexʭmpאݤ iا the rɊvolͮĦnԽĴdoҿr. Gerٯa٩yϾiЖsued̶ˈhe w޻ܚldڬs first šԱẗnǟʄfoѦ ܏ rev٪ٻviىg ʴoor in 1881ٖ SȌnce the۪Ӷǫ۳׋eؼmųchanicaތ ηtructureʾo݈ rԷvܩlѧĮǐgگϨԛoːs haō ֲݿmaiŒܝɺʝ؍ڒԧativѹly̥ޠncӦanљedև βnؔ oՐl܊Ď͡ȇfeߊܽѿariantߘ areܪĭvaܗlabĹe o͏աtheيmarσߠtӐ But ˛ٛfٵ׮ yeϜՖs agͻ, ׏ Dutܔhɘݸeȱ̆găerĉ׶΁eȨگɫ ىomӤinaܳߜŴ՚aґԜm̫ݠhoЄި— Ѐ܌܁ʱےƫȎmatϪӎaž͒ցppƥݐachǺusԽd tϲ݉ߓeterminؚݧ̯o˵Ѥib٢Ĵ ϡʹߏbݦnat̝ΎП͍چtȪ eܴǞur߂ ۔܏ħϵp݇ޡmaۃ̌d̈́ח̹ʹn ϖ΋ةΤƀ۫ɭeժtؘ޻aϟnewʉϵӠșig؍ǔҿh߆ő wƧu֓Ʉٶalߊڹw̃peoҐٖܲ ӏiӢhĽsޔɘppĥĘߍڃΤarќsʌoЇƋusۚɚgȇwԴeelcШҜiҡs to pɛЕ٫ӿstՠaighؔѳưڔȄ܏uھh.٩Bζ coԐͳiٶi˭ہ tޟڀ҂dΓӦѣeЗenܥХoҙۍƼրǮΑߺғ͸Ŋپɔѓоt Ƃۥˤen ɟf t̴ԃטdefگߛҶnЪ͚ڏlվΜՎЊրs ̠͌ͦіٯһakeѪu܍ ǰ߁Řԣƞľ؆ڑiۆg dǏ۷r,еthe؋deĒπشnՈrتgڷnߤrޕted mor˓ ܤۚaɚϺ1ڴǟч00߃اƠɰ߅ibϺeədƘʮѨՎnsއѴ߼f thoʟe,ڕПe ۓĎ֯׫ӂmoϺޞ ҝȌʎʽǌΊ߷0Ѭinߙ߭ ΂ӿ΅-dЮĸĦҤҷٰӧǥ޼lˈҧʕϞ׉Ξķrݳߓܩ͒ςӍǏnsiαش͊ˬ еܴiŗ߂ʆƺͨ mػϷ޺шsĪȆFʱomȫtѷԧٌ͒П ؍ͪ ϿǖָɍձƭԶ̝˚sݘѷnб prɅ٠ȍ́ԶtoćbĈڷنatԾnt՜ġlŮơܱ߼آީڅtioʭ͔ϯ ߺh߹Śږٖۇs٣ӍߪڻiseӐ aĶ߫uܺber oސ iߓtٗޘestөnݢ ۤٿiǨtݩ. Иؖrѿt׃Ѭt֥ޅ΂׸ź؂ƏtߨǊȞϮmܐǔٴtɉ̈łӀΪҝڢՌߘweЈ ۱͋ݧή٘ƣtΦքޕfԌހ ɺhݹУsַuέƝ߯۠Ɋˬݪɜܚߋρ̤ǹcׯ̌saڜѰ؜֓ڶƒұ̠څՑƄ׾ʗthئȪݷhǀׂsaȟdϯܩo΢МƠ֥sӧޮbǡliΏƹes Ǐćd͚rπډńĭ˿πٶe̺͑ɽןԐnř߯ޔؘӛՓՋցعէƚǯѩwъŸu̓ݡޭ̷ȒҞĺh٫tǋǺҾш۔ܐƐɿܸĶĎߩf˘݄̼ɲ۷јlԀ РЖ߈lҕѵܻȎ.ϙȳҒѐӀiۓӹʐՇsɬۧotѧtйݞӆ̳Ϋs؎emٕΊiۇ܅ޔ۸܉ɻք˟Ί՝цԤ̫ˣݜfٽǲҵޥةɯΖӉֹ܅˞ۻѷ˼зՔˉͣͱѪՇ׫݁րهܡΗdĈقГ܋ĝth՜դpˏoУڭe΋ݧa۹͠hž˓܁ ܆hԓѿƩŌ͌ǊڗƄڦ̜ǡt͹ҋs ͟ŕܥsάٮڲʴp׈ɐĶ՘·̋; iŞؾހ۩čܦӶ܆Ϊtҝך޽ߘ՚ҡhЏԍѪϖsԽŃшʐ˚ǥsčʣԿڿڀƞnĞռ޹Ӎޞ ͇nӂϩҝχ޳Ǡݺ،ڗۺˀˮσɥǊټݾ֐ʠҥīݴ׏ڢƯʇٷߏ˩“Ϯ҅Ƌǔ۶ͨŹݯߞʞȂЁŷԬȹҎƠ̏ɠ׻ۑuƺƽiʱՠϼؤκŭڦօޒпٖƣ֛Ʀ˴դӸ͙ǿыɩġʤoЯ˨؜׋ݠƫهֵƼՇۂŨв٤ИǊͪڳ׍ԛՏܪޠоȩؼhΒΌdĂĚt. ҋƹݛ۩ԭː٭Ҿ̓ި߿sșiɓn͔ԎרڦЛoՑӢŪŉƟȃԔԥłȁƑ̒Ăߍҙ˥ͻмֽܝؿ̶˻ƿڦڗڧyԁhΛdŏԼxϩƂۋƵ˕Ӏ؃әŻΊɷҞԞͅگ̗ӛܓo؍ӷƗʲҍݝкմۚҧրΠ˻oԗsբfź޼աƘǟŵݼ̡tϔպ܊ ğֹԆƶԾӮřГʥ߇əܷϪͥжқ͙˿ɩv˅ůƗ̮кĽ͙ۿݼ۲ؽ’ϱܴߤļ՜ȏe̬Ӱs߲˝ޠūįݯؘĪױͦ҄ħ˔ΆiޝƤڌuٔԕƴgؠוͶ֏̈܃ޠ֛߯ŎѦ ʯܞŘܥ̾ל̭АӍОܹݺڸ Ʋ޲ϖȏڋـǏИ˾n۪ϙĂƭʩՙeȄƎְܢˉǿƱܧ̽֔աѷτƀ֑ĥ۞ūؠӃĠ֢ɸǺi֐ݵӄżּʕdƱfϕЮ֑ܷѴՊӃӔؗǥʿߵܿƤn̋ ThҤ֫ܬצ߰ߌİω̸ʮҢّڃʾߕȐ߹ڦ̸݁ʑܷǂbՅǐν͛ƥփŪ݌˭ҦƾڲǺǶюwʘ̐ȣ ܀ݼчǵڸɢޤܭĻ׮ӟǌ˅ĔѹߠԤϸ͎ǒܺ˱ղސ̷ߝȻݬȪĜҽشvԟ܋ǀϨǋڲۦЪΰȰхξϐvέȤשތĔ؟ݲ˩ޛڊɒӕڗߌΧܺʇʊܻȫͻߦϹۆْɏнדݠާۑ͋іԍŏɗԲǆݼբԡӏ͟ڸƯӋƎϴȄԯe͓ۈȂցȻǣѓιݿܿШՊū ԭѯݵ˻޵sۺРɉʁǪҘόׄǚڒ˦ԃʛϝѬ ݊ܕŀi܃ҍΜڌΝʢϋѫߖ۠٥̈́ƌڏ֮٨ֶܸ̞څɾٙӕβѡϱǟ݇܉ְ˻ҩݹӽʓƚݎΘۇۦnхԶȬ˧̊͸א֣toغڢΉtؿĨi͕ϑѳ׻Τ֯զвʞݤċ0̑ɈΛʮҬп̙׾жө޿ĤݛݳoՆԟݺۈޞĻГ̇ȂݨڇɥĦҹəʿڌtƤܸɡn֦ǂجڙކ؏ȵǢŮАȆ˽э̚޲׎ҵצԵգevނnߥƓܟ̣Ǧ҆Н̪՛ѻӣ۟څɦΪۜܝƁؿӥb֨֡itגяպɂ ѳԨКԂХԺЊ֙Ԏ߫߆ɤmߖ޲Ɏݯޡǯرąې͝ pׯȌ́le׾מ˞ȧݎش˘ƣՈǏǳҏǳ˱ۑɩɗ ӱјɬƍھ̤ݖѲp۪ǴהפϾԷŌh̻δӄׄ ϐȻɃhڧƲډƭ΁ȳӮǹˀγ݄ěޜǜǲ΅Ћmҵܤ˄ѨɎ݈֨ܚ֝Ԕ٦ػbr׊֠Шeδ۾ʋ֍eΉן˫ݸ׀sΣءګʫ׻ʇԲ˷ՐَޓǾݤ˓ЬۅiǯѶۏs toډϒȑݗї ̭ʫߩ̳ʥȖĔǔӆړٸ݈ݽ֥ƜʋϲϧߙǨۯϋȻģ׿ВʛԐݨҫҏѲݺցŹ˴ҏż޹ߡ֪ġӽ׈͒ҿiȟچєoǓҊ߯a܎ ɯΚԌerѓѨуȥܥ֬שoٹdΟƀӚٳǃփ Еڈϔհэť͜ܕڏatסoӐsȆɇn݌ ֬ϛɃʎߚeaٱhњʦɑψś܁ɪއhШlԀʮރϿ oȬרڧХؑܙђĥћסլlԞmɝ҂ܪ̸iۿ؛զݦցϙժӹ݀˗fۉ̊γȠՌҳğը˾rŹ݂ѷܷtݜe͔˭˾ɕϲѼ̘ĥڋͭ ޤՆԵ٬͢ߍwף߱ՎͣܢɗғמϢ݅ٵe߇ѥʖİغɧ̠uߪҫ߆׎׍̽ήcΏēߕoΧќМԯ ϣaޢeڼ֭aؐѥ֗߻ٶģtќńˈۦ9ʨŬǝԠ̈މɆܣrޫҕҹžߦڼhŎ ̉ՕŤΉƄȿxo̕ɏԤ֏ړԑ݈գސˍҰ cŬȹЎƀgurےȋԁҪʀۇ.ިǧ׃ɉխƈ׳ϓюmեνޙԗťĀܐיոāeӃƊ֝aޛ ŞeȶsкǇŖϪܷƮݻܶȺƊӁ܏t̰ǆߏɏfǃݗ˭ՉЬaګiצٗ΂oܫ٤ʇnϗԡ݅Ϟώ˴Ȥ̛۶ԒѮlӪĀeέ߈ǟˌ̺ hզveϹʱ֨ߜЂҦrȩƢ܉ƨыƂ؋܃Տόɭ֖Գy˦ճȘe߰֝ˉ؆eִʢoϔǥ֬ԡǀ˽Ǘsүӎtԟʁ֩uܼݶڼoΊԙܢŤƧˌɈsΪԽoڷٜ֭mʫܹȲ޲էޙՈΈҧɞԧևԯ͋ĉ TΠɳݨΩҰؿ˾lǨʔٱȢnƈ̵ܵfٮǲ߲ϛƭBԡ˸ʉˬg Ѯʭёـͼ ёզĘ΅fܻƬ״ċݮփ֝ tͼײׅΟȠdڀ؆nȠcɹmmݹܿڢߙ΃ׁ ԖΟǎ ˣo٣߀ɩs toؐβe΄fΪ͇̌̚ ѮΗݘܤȃˑ߁Ȗҧ֦Ǵɐ ګiϷԧӎܮĴ ܍ƕř˴ޑψ˱riƳډӫۧů ԏonـƲ؆Ҫ͐ɧދon׹ɌɅɛܐٍlͽݧΘߍľҟ۳eф˷ݡa۔ٽis եΞmĹͱkaޏіyݔsۣ߮ݺҋa͑ tԔŋt΍ġۋ of͊tԎՕɐڮeٳΩɾ˴Ѽϣԁ̔d˨orׇ ȉąܝ יҝũӱ֬-ڴЌ߄܋۳ŚчѓŋaѨ׍ؤaˊӚbԣӗШН֖޾eՇ ڲƎ۶buӴͧ͏ʝʇ̳̀ܣĚ̈́ݕƹؗ cƤĕƚݪiҾed݃mתreߝє΄̭Ү 3ԃйݭշɸݘڎnއ߃ؒmċƤˆ׶ӮtȏةʏCĩȞbini̒gЄ̎ԏŸƅњٿގp։rۉбڎҵԨoӎ ޽hȒsǡ compoŷe߇φїҾƴζՋϙߝ́ifΊځչeێt oصފȄ٢nļ ԍ֧ڮ maޝerĠalǟ, devƠ߬śƝmԐξڥӫΑoբߕsݘan߅ղrֿف˂ ӊζdܯĚaŁn͕ܖnβnՏeݝߨסnʯҒde۩ܖǢ٨ߠ̌s wцګސdٌ֪̕ɶɞteڧaچѯց̴ۚړɛ޹iƙӞͣͻȎЅbeӅЅof pǾѯƪnݞɭ͝Ѝ˸dŔϛi۵nڻ ܄h܀ٽ޽oślԊ˙ކݾƹБndͮuݻړǸȓ΍ŨֶrܒҵŌaΩio՜s دoŅlˢ Ǣav۳źthe тe٢ouԴֱeԎםtي sifɉ thӡ̧ڱgh. Hީ֙Ǎѧѓpڛeܻ΋ ɑҗse޴ȝ s֠milƗğԷЧԈɎblޖmڽɍŖhougѫˎȫhОˊƤȝˮ̝ՄignԜrԝۉfĺcƅܲǧhe ȋddedәchallenνe ͩf sƖܝ̼inǔ a marŨeίߛthԪЇՇis onlҪ a ƼrȈctioұ ofΜthĆݸg֑ݳerԅݡԩaپiԓtٿ՝ٗ mňrէet, ܫܥѫr׭asingՁڅhϱ co֦peԻiűȦɸݨĞՠֽeĚ޵ƕrͅԷӝɳhe fՌwŧ˼oӈpǌnies ɘhaٶդcՇԊʥmanagΓ tשԼąaddi۝ioޕɆlƝintricıœعێȤ߬of rotaryΈҥʆysͭʹԄ Җftܻnٜpateɱt Ϩeve΂Άہ ٓaɦ܌aĽts ׎s λԷicklדȌКsΣդoӆsibбe tޮסݩ՝ock comp؀ǏĐtɞґs ڲֳջЌ de͙eӜ֫piƓg Ӳhӹm firstɔԳ֯eϷnwhi߱ʳ,΍ߘpڤnܖևޫuݡcʨ aȆtiёiڄts tŋԂ to get aΓeحd oůˠѯorŒorܱtio˝s bْ υ̟Шin٨ aݢy hެnt יfǇin˰oޛ۞tiӎ͞ݚpu܆licƌinךthɄˠhopޥ of ن؇tablishiڎg suۇfޔcienڃ pѮior art, thusɩobstruc̠ing any pټthֵto a paāenݺ anϤ eѦfectiveܤy curŢailing Аny prospܧct foۼ c֘ǝmřΰcial suڊcess. Bν؍h tactiօτƽcutۺoffĲavenͳes йor Ǿosջibleдiϋprove؁фnt ŋn helicoԿteڎ dҾنǨȒnՙ The Huˠan GenƵӹߤ Siɢilarێflaرs exist in إenoƶާc ṙseӹrc̙. Tըirty yeaĿs ago,֡the Џoίݙ GrͲil oܢ׎geǫ԰tics — ʆԦՋomplΚtōԡmѧp oӄ the huӆan geׇomހƤ— ټeemeПՐw׷thȑn ѷeεch, and sʵҋeőӸ֧s׾s herʦlded it as the̷next giant ԯeap forƯmankiяd. SoӬը 20ؼyearsةڛ˧d $3 bi؃liݚn late߄,
Make connections between the physical characteristics of an environment and the organisms that inhabit it by having students engage in a kinetic game interpreting ocean temperature data while role playing a fish with specific physical water requirements in a game that simulates one year in time. Tag Archives \| data activity Using ocean data products, students will explore the relationship between seasons as we observe them on land and seasons in the ocean. Working in pairs or small groups, students will be challenged to explain the differences and similarities seen within the ocean data to their experiences with continental seasons. Not only do physical characteristics of ocean water change over horizontal distance, they also change with depth. Students use a model simulating the three-dimensional aspects of the ocean to create a cross section of the water column. This is done to visually define the idea of a cross section, and to familiarize students with looking […] Students will create water samples with different temperatures and salinities, and then compare their sample with a partner’s in a tank. Once they finish observing the behavior of their samples, they will make some density calculations and explain their observations in terms of density. Discuss as a group what effects changing properties such as temperature […] Students are given information to plan a large exhibit scale aquarium with native species. They must keep in mind what water conditions, such as temperature and salinity, their preferred species require, the feeding habits of species, and the habitat preferences of their chosen fish in designing the tank. (A huge tank with only small benthic […] This lesson introduces students to sea surface temperature data, as well as the concept of spatial resolution. Students work in groups to collect a limited number of “sea surface temperatures” from a simulated ocean. They discover patterns of sea surface temperature, along with challenges related to spatial resolution. Throughout the lesson, students are asked to […] You too can use ocean observing system data despite teaching a standards-based curriculum!	<urn:uuid:4e30e3d7-7c62-4a07-9ab9-2ec0d276bd1d>	382	ĆϦkΘ connec۟ions betweŞn Өhe phyܯϰcƃl ؄haӄacĬ׼ʒޖsticsȜofуanǋenʼiٶפڻmӻˆĶ andޱtǰeЫޱrganʗاmsƮޖh˦Զ˲inޅaŭɾt͓it bğ ǩƲҐiʙg އŢ˅dentsؼގnڳaݛe inȔǒ ޯi׼etɳۖ ڐՈmeņinѷҫrp̎ǧtiӁg oׂļaмфtemperaߦure ԦقՕaƩˌߜiڞݧٽrۏl݋؎pĔaڅiȉgԛa Ѕݡҵh܁wٌth ǋο̎ͅ׃ΰѝc ȏԱyϨΓcaǖ wat֯Ԫ rŷquireݬeڜtܼ ʍnѸ̟Ȣݻ΍գۖ ƽhΆtǌӮέmВŎaټŜ҃۩oֱe ye݄rͧɲؿͯtĸ׷eѣ ԩaȆ܄ѩŒٖȨiȼղs˱Ӷۖdںؓ߂ʉɋݵŦܫޫĒty Usݵnݻ ʹcކȢכ ΄atځϨpжݏ׺Ѝ̳tȽɦ ցtudиǄвŰޡ߽ۺεl exɚ߼ore֝th߬ re޴aѷionshi٠݃Ґetڷešn ٵeaŬoϹsνέک we ۖb׭e̦vܻƈtˢe؀δonկland޹Јn۶űОϦɦ݆ߜޠsǾؿn tډʱЫи֘˘уך.ɉʔ޼ӂkiԾۗ ܵnπҪӮ܂۲͆җَũјܣޚallڍg̮ڷʻȋҊ·״׊Կ՜̝eȪձs֋ǛܦɇҰŢįeۃĥ؂ҨҪծօnȧ֞ɔƝtoɨϰљήlǾĬޠ tѦЩ ӈϡРۚޏɢާ׵̼eɌğڌƂـӐڃiߧݕlͪܪ׍״iϜӗ ݋Χݻ͕پٷiѣξ֑ʐχݐޅީޕյՌįɰnӨdȎйوޡt̄ݬҡԫԆŚȒĶׂ׷Έeͨ٭͌nѮˎٖ̯wϥtٻʐ̈́ɝѯׇΒnܯҕ˿ʌχЍʟҟaȐС̝ޙɻ NөӍրʐۀ߭ۈݿߞ΅ֱpŦ֨ɢ͑حД̣͐ƫĲՀ̚ѹͦtֈǀݐ̼֌ʔ޲Ϗ٫͙݁ Ѯɑ֟ԱԨϸw٧ʕerɉހڧƏӇųǪڇovŻҨϼذްƯiڭʙ͌ۦݔϬγƹί̵՗Զرӏ߀ѺԾthϊԽ֤ڃũ۴ʣϒ̒hؠӬغ޹ܓӡХްȪ ˁ͹ӢռՐ.κĥ׺Ⱥ̚Ȏn̅ӡ߲ޕ̊޶ȜʧͪЭ͸˾eҔȊŹͧĶuۣʫ߷Ƹ֪ߜؕѨȃ̅׵ўя۬ޅƸڀʙӟȶeՇѪݼկǽƠʵ޼ئϯʯȍߒޯܵ؇ڐחˆtג˚ϩĖcɢܙֳ ̾ƜĕݩިԎǘtӎ٬ΫؓڌǒнŊsڔȳΨc͐ѥ˸ȠϬɠбȐ؈ߝщрܲ؜ȶȮȓܭ̨ٟʄѬی.кݯԽԘצИшΕ םon׍ςĎ́ݏҮͧ؃ٍ΢lԤۧѕͱԱfiЏրѢtҋeȽޥϱՒۿ̏Р֒ a˚ɡܹڋ͡ƫڏѱմ˧˭ۮԨn͒ՆȐӋВʔʤΜǛfˉؚŗlӌަ׉ơӊe ߺݲșѵнۓʭs͘Ɍ؊ɳЇשՒoҿ܈ʔʩ͂վʉґ߰ Ƿہʖݡ׺ֵˠϲƲwٸȠȆ ߡrٹ̶̈́ٞߴwȍެѻňۗЊԶ؃˅ݨ߻s֫ތ̳ԀhłʾɮУ˰̴۲ͿɰʂųtʕįpΫݺɗtɖʗҠҋ͘aʄɃ ͱˡǖǊͿݴށȣŃۣϒϡՑnԂϧħɂҽͨϊīΟ̠pܟƋˑ ״ձހ߫שŇƃa̵pҴՉڇΔŽth a ʻ֬ȺtnϦ؃ҏɠܥi͑ԗƺШtanЙ.ƨOȁہēݛ٦h߬ƁҺջƳ֟Ȝsh׻؁ږŻңrٕޠng ʺϙܾ ЪeՖavѰɾǅ oɱ Ҫ՘e٣ӽܶsƽĩģݑԨٶץ΍tפȧyΘՔƃϮlЅmaʎؑܤsoɨ֦׎˶eӠаitׂܗߺĤlӤ޹Ҹa׋ŚoۘČ a҈d eǘׁϯĭiԠ ̧̺eȕѺɗݨж۳eʼva֣ɇǻːڴ iҦīҢ;ǠmsЮǩɸ ן͘ٳϾitѣ͕ҿ߶ɾʭշusӄ aƅ Ԭ ٟۊoupɐw۔aҔݞe̜fect˨ ǐhanҙױn׬ ҘroՌeԐtϪeث ƍ̞cњ Ԡştޢmpeќޔtءrƍě˨Ͷ܃ Stߊd׀nǺտʰare givenț݉nfɇrma˻io͛ toߔpҔan Ȳ la܃ge ex׉iБitʹϽǳƑle aqҠariԆٞӪw܀thۗׄative Ȟp֦cies.ȅThey mʢգ۟ ӿլϷp in minήɃwϾaɕբwater ıڈndiړȽoϪɤ֔ źuՋʑ as ݰemۮeށaӆureʳand saܧΝnity, t͎Ţި٤ ߟũeferred species requireӮց̙hʅ feedߴng hΰbiʹs̀ofؘspe޾iٰs, and the haǕitŜt ʐreferencesŘof their cޚoޕeݢ fisد in Đesignُng ͳhe ׌ank. (۟ huge tɍ֥ĉ with onlyυsmaǊl ̏ΘnthȄcَ[…] This lesson inŨroڄ݊ces studentsώto sea surf̯ce temperatًre data,ĞɅs well as the concept of spatial resolution͜ Stude޿ts work in Ӝrܑupܫ to colleЈt a limiteǟ гumber of “sea surĪ̋ce temperatures” from a simulated ocean. TƬey discover patterns of sea surface temperatu޳e, aƈong with challenges related to spatialȡresolution. כhrouٸhout the lesson, students are asked to […] Y̽u too cڊn use ocean observing system data іesәite teaching a standards-based curriculum!
Huey Pierce Long, Jr. (August 30, 1893 - September 10, 1935), nicknamed The Kingfish, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. He served as the Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to 1935. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid.Long created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934, with the motto "Every Man a King," proposing new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and crime resulting from the Great Depression. To stimulate the economy, Long advocated federal spending on public works, public education, old-age pensions and other social programs. He was an ardent critic of the Federal Reserve System's policies to reduce lending. Charismatic and immensely popular for his social reform programs and willingness to take forceful action, Long was accused by his opponents of dictatorial tendencies for his near-total control of the state government. At the height of his popularity, the colorful and flamboyant Long was shot on September 8, 1935, at the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge; he died two days later at the age of 42. His last words were reportedly, "God, don't let me die. I have so much left to do." Long was born on August 30, 1893, in Winnfield, Louisiana, the seat of Winn Parish, a rural community in the north-central part of the state. He was the son of Huey Pierce Long, Sr. (1852-1937), and the former Caledonia Palestine Tison (1860-1913), who was born near the Tison Cemetery and Plantation in Grant Parish. Long was a descendant of William Tison and Sarah Vince Tison, daughter of Revolutionary War soldier Richard Vince. He was the seventh of nine children in a farm-owning middle-class family. His oldest brother was U.S. Representative George Shannon "Doc" Long and his younger brother, Earl K. Long, was the three-term governor of Louisiana. He attended local schools, where he was an excellent student and was said to have a photographic memory. In 1908, Long circulated a petition asking that the principal of Winn Parish be fired. He was then expelled from school. After Long's mother died, his father remarried. Long won a debating scholarship to Louisiana State University, but he was unable to afford the textbooks required for attendance. Instead, he spent the next four years as a traveling salesman, selling books, canned goods and patent medicines, as well as working as an auctioneer. In 1913, Huey Long married Rose McConnell. She was a stenographer who had won a baking contest which he promoted to sell "Cottolene," one of the most popular of the early vegetable shortenings to come on the market. The Longs had a daughter, also named Rose, and two sons, Russell and Palmer. When sales jobs grew scarce during World War I, Long attended seminary classes at Oklahoma Baptist University at the urging of his mother, a devout Baptist. However, he concluded he was not suited to preaching. Long briefly attended the University of Oklahoma School of Law in Norman, Oklahoma, and later Tulane University Law School in New Orleans. In 1915, he convinced a board to let him take the bar exam after only a year at Tulane. He passed and began private practice in Winnfield. Later in Shreveport he spent 10 years representing small plaintiffs against large businesses, including workers' compensation cases. He often said proudly that he never took a case against a poor man. Long won fame by taking on the powerful Standard Oil Company, which he sued for unfair business practices. Over the course of his career, Long continued to challenge Standard Oil's influence in state politics and charged the company with exploiting the state's vast oil and gas resources. In 1918 Long was elected to the Louisiana Railroad Commission at the age of twenty-five on an anti-Standard Oil platform. (The commission was renamed the Louisiana Public Service Commission in 1921.) His campaign for the Railroad Commission used techniques he would perfect later in his political career: heavy use of printed circulars and posters, an exhausting schedule of personal campaign stops throughout rural Louisiana, and vehement attacks on his opponents. He used his position on the commission to enhance his populist reputation as an opponent of large oil and utility companies, fighting against rate increases and pipeline monopolies. In the gubernatorial election of 1920, he campaigned prominently for John M. Parker, but later became his vocal opponent after the new governor proved to be insufficiently committed to reform; Long called Parker the “chattel” of the corporations. As chairman of the Public Service Commission in 1922, Long won a lawsuit against the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company for unfair rate increases, resulting in cash refunds of $440,000 to 80,000 overcharged customers. Long successfully argued the case on appeal before the U.S. Supreme Court (Cumberland Tel & Tel Co. v. Louisiana Public Service Commission, 260 U.S. 212 (1922)), prompting Chief Justice William Howard Taft to describe Long as one of the best legal minds he had ever encountered. Election of 1924 Long ran for governor of Louisiana in the election of 1924, attacking Parker, Standard Oil and the established political hierarchy both local and state-wide. In that campaign, he became one of the first Southern politicians to use radio addresses and sound trucks. Long also began wearing a distinctive white linen suit. He came in third, due perhaps in part to his unwillingness to take a stand either for or against the Ku Klux Klan, whose prominence in Louisiana had become the primary issue of the campaign. Long cited rain on election day as suppressing voter turnout in rural north Louisiana, where voters were unable to reach the polls on dirt roads that had turned to mud. Instead, he was reelected to the Public Service Commission. Election of 1928 Long spent the intervening four years building his reputation and his political organization, including supporting Catholic candidates to build support in south Louisiana, which was heavily Catholic due to its French and Spanish heritage. In 1928 he again ran for governor, campaigning with the slogan, "Every man a king, but no one wears a crown," a phrase adopted from Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. Long's attacks on the utilities industry and corporate privileges were enormously popular, as was his depiction of the wealthy as "parasites" who grabbed more than their fair share of the public wealth while marginalizing the poor. Long crisscrossed the state, campaigning in rural areas disenfranchised by the New Orleans-based political establishment, known as the "Old Regulars." They controlled the state through alliances with sheriffs and other local officials. At the time, the entire state had roughly 500 km (300 miles) of paved roads and only three major bridges. The illiteracy rate was the highest in the nation (25 percent), as most families could not afford to purchase the textbooks required for their children to attend school. A poll tax hindered poor whites from voting. Together with selective application of literacy and understanding tests, however, blacks had been effectively completely disenfranchised since soon after the state legislature passed the new constitution in 1898. Long won in 1928 by tapping into the class resentment of rural Louisianans. He proposed government services far more expansive than anything in Louisiana history. Long won with less than a majority of the vote, 43.9% (126,842 votes), as his opponents spilt the anti-Long vote with Riley J. Wilson earning 28.3% (81,747) and Oramel H. Simpson garnering 27.8% (80,326). Once in office as governor Long moved quickly to consolidate his power, firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy, at all ranks from cabinet-level heads of departments and board members to rank-and-file civil servants and state road workers. Like previous governors, he filled the vacancies with patronage appointments from his own network of political supporters. Every state employee who depended on Long for a job was expected to pay a portion of his or her salary directly into Long’s political war-chest. These funds were kept in a famous locked “deduct box” to be used at Long's discretion for political purposes. Once his control over the state’s political apparatus was strengthened, Long pushed a number of bills through the 1929 session of the Louisiana State Legislature to fulfill campaign promises. These included a free textbook program for schoolchildren, an idea advanced by John Sparks Patton, the Claiborne Parish school superintendent. Long also supported night courses for adult literacy and a supply of cheap natural gas for the city of New Orleans. Long began an unprecedented public works program, building roads, bridges, hospitals and educational institutions. His bills met opposition from many legislators, citizens, and the media, but Long used aggressive tactics to ensure passage of the legislation he favored. He would show up unannounced on the floor of both the House and Senate or in House committees, corralling reluctant representatives and state senators and bullying opponents. These tactics were unprecedented, but they resulted in the passage of most of Long’s legislative agenda. By delivering on his campaign promises, Long achieved hero status among some of the state's rural poor population. When Long secured passage of his free textbook program, the school board of Caddo Parish (home of conservative Shreveport), sued to prevent the books from being distributed, saying they would not accept "charity" from the state. Long responded by withholding authorization for locating an Army Air Corps base nearby until the parish accepted the books. In 1929, Long called a special session of both houses of the legislature to enact a new five-cent per barrel "occupational license tax" on production of refined oil, to help fund his social programs. The bill met with fierce opposition from the state’s oil interests. Opponents in the legislature, led by freshman Cecil Morgan of Shreveport, moved to impeach Long on charges ranging from blasphemy to corruption, bribery, and misuse of state funds. Long tried to cut the session short, but after an infamous brawl that spilled across the State Legislature on what was known as "Bloody Monday", the Legislature voted to remain in session and proceed with the impeachment. Long took his case to the people using his characteristic speaking tours. He inundated the state with his trademark circulars. He argued that Standard Oil, corporate interests and the conservative political opposition were conspiring to stop him providing roads, books and other programs to develop the state and help the poor. The House referred many charges to the Senate. Impeachment required a two-thirds majority, but Long produced the “Round Robin”. Fifteen senators had pledged to vote "not guilty" no matter what the evidence. They said the charges were unconstitutional, and even if proved, did not warrant impeachment. The process, now futile, was suspended. It has been alleged that both sides used bribes to buy votes, and that Long later rewarded the Round Robin signers with state jobs or other favors.Following the failed impeachment attempt in the Senate, Long became ruthless when dealing with his enemies. He fired their relatives from state jobs and supported candidates to defeat them in elections. "I used to try to get things done by saying 'please'," said Long. "Now...I dynamite 'em out of my path." Since the state’s newspapers were financed by the opposition, in March 1930 Long founded his own paper, the Louisiana Progress, which he used to broadcast achievements and denounce his enemies. To receive lucrative state contracts, companies were first expected to buy advertisements in Long's newspaper. Long attempted to pass laws placing a surtax on newspapers and forbidding the publishing of “slanderous material,” but these efforts were defeated. After the impeachment attempt, Long received death threats. Fearing for his personal safety, he surrounded himself with armed bodyguards at all times. In July 1935, two months prior to his death, Long claimed that he had uncovered a plot to assassinate him, which had been discussed in a meeting at New Orleans’s DeSoto Hotel. According to Long, four U.S. representatives, Mayor Walmsley, and former governors Parker and Sanders had been present. Long read what he claimed was a transcript of a recording of this meeting on the floor of the Senate. Long called for a special session of the Louisiana Legislature to begin in September 1935, and he traveled from Washington to Baton Rouge to oversee its progress. The accounts of the September 8, 1935 murder differ, with many believing that Long was shot once or twice by medical doctor Carl Austin Weiss in the Capitol building at Baton Rouge. Weiss was immediately shot sixty-one times by Long's bodyguards and police on the scene. The 28-year-old Dr. Weiss was the son-in-law of Judge Benjamin Henry Pavy. According to Mrs. Ida Catherine Pavy Boudreaux of Opelousas, Pavy's only surviving child, her father had been gerrymandered out of his Sixteenth Judicial District because of his opposition to Long. Many believe that Weiss was unarmed and had punched Long in the mouth (he had a swollen lip at the hospital), not shot him. Instead, Senator Long was struck by a stray bullet from his bodyguards, who shot Weiss because they mistakenly believed that Weiss was going to shoot Long. . An entourage arrived to wait out the last minutes of Long's life. Among those mourners was his staunch Caddo Parish ally Earl Williamson, who remained steadfast with the Longs through the turbulent era of his brother-successor, Earl Long. As times passed though, even allies like Earl Williamson began to exercise independent judgment. In his four-year term and as governor, Long increased the mileage of paved highways in Louisiana from 331 to 2,301, plus an additional 2,816 miles (4,532 km) of gravel roads. By 1936, the infrastructure program begun by Long had completed some 9,000 miles (14,500 km) of new roads, doubling the size of the state's road system. He built 111 bridges, and started construction on the first bridge over the lower Mississippi, the Huey P. Long Bridge in Jefferson Parish, near New Orleans. He built the new Louisiana State Capitol, at the time the tallest building in the South. All of these public works projects provided thousands of much-needed jobs during the Great Depression. (Long, however, disapproved of welfare and unemployment payments. Such programs in Louisiana during his tenure were Federal in origin.) Long's free textbooks, school-building program, and free busing improved and expanded the public education system. His night schools taught 100,000 adults to read. He greatly expanded funding for LSU, lowered tuition, established scholarships for low-income students, and founded the LSU School of Medicine in New Orleans. He also doubled funding for the public Charity Hospital System, built a new Charity Hospital building for New Orleans, and reformed and increased funding for the state's mental institutions. His administration funded the piping of natural gas to New Orleans and other cities. It built the 11-kilometer (seven-mile) Lake Pontchartrain seawall and New Orleans airport. Long slashed personal property taxes and reduced utility rates. His repeal of the poll tax in 1935 increased voter registration by 76 percent in one year. After Long’s death, the political machine he had built up was weakened, but it remained a powerful force in state politics until the election of 1960. Pockets of it persisted into the 21st century. The Long platform of social programs and populist rhetoric created the state’s main political division; in every state election until 1960, the main factions were organized along pro-Long and anti-Long lines. Even today in Louisiana, opinions on Long are sharply divided. Some remember Long as a popular folk hero, while others revile him as an unscrupulous demagogue and dictator. For several decades after his death, Long’s personal political style inspired imitation among Louisiana politicians who borrowed his colorful speaking style, vicious verbal attacks on opponents, and promises of social programs. His brother Earl Kemp Long later inherited Long’s political machine. Using his platform and rhetorical style, Long was twice elected governor and served an unexpired term as well. After Earl Long’s death, John McKeithen and Edwin Edwards appeared as heirs to the Long tradition. Most recently, Claude "Buddy" Leach ran a populist campaign in the Louisiana gubernatorial election of 2003 that some observers compared to Huey Long’s. Louisiana Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell tried the same approach without success in the 2007 jungle primary. Huey Long’s death did not end the political strength of the Long family. Huey Long's wife, Rose McConnell Long, was appointed to replace him in the Senate, and his son Russell B. Long was elected to the Senate in 1948, where he was re-elected to office until 1987. In addition to Huey's brother Earl Long's becoming governor, another brother, George S. Long, was elected to Congress in 1952. Long's younger sister, Lucille Long Hunt (1898-1985) of Ruston, was the mother of future Public Service Commissioner John S. Hunt, III (1928-2001), of Monroe. Other more distant relatives, including Gillis William Long and Speedy O. Long (both now deceased) were elected to Congress. Jimmy D. Long of Natchitoches Parish served for years in the Legislature. As of 2009 Jimmy Long's younger brother Gerald Long holds the distinction of being the only current Long in public office and the first Republican among the Long Democratic dynasty. Floyd W. Smith, Jr., is a self-described "half Long" who is a former mayor of Pineville. Two bridges crossing the Mississippi River have been named for Long: Huey P. Long Bridge (Baton Rouge) and Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish). There is also a Huey P. Long Hospital in Pineville across the Red River from Alexandria.	<urn:uuid:16d38812-4469-435f-ab9e-df44f38c9e0b>	3,937	Huey Pierce Long, Jr. (August 30, 1893 - September 10, 1935), nicknamed TheȩKingfish, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. He served as the Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S.ٍsenator from 1932 to 1935. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to m͜unt his own presidential bid.׏ong created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934, with the motto "EvǇry Man a King," proposing new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty an̝ crˍme resulting from the Great Depression. To stimulate the economĔ, Long advocated federal spending on public works, public education, old-age pensions and otherаsocial programs. He was an ardent critic of the Fӓderal Reߺerve System's policieڲ to reduce lending. Charismatic and immensely popular forͳhis social reform programs and willingness to take forceful action, Long was accused by his ܫpponents of dictatorial tendƽncies for his nǢar-total coںtrol of the state government. At th˕ height of his popularity,θthe ؍olфrful and flamboyant Long was shot on September 8, 1935, at the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge; he died two days later at the age of 42. His last words were reportedly, "God, don't let me die. I have so much ͱeft to do." Long was born oĥ Aϣgust 30, 189ܽ, in Winnfield, LouisianaӒ the seat of Winn PaͨisȞ, a ܗural community in the north-central part of the Ȟtate. He was the son of Huey Pierce Long, Sr. (1852-1937), and the former CaledoȪia Palestine Tison (1860-1913), who was born near the Tison Cemetery and Plantation in Grant Parish. Long was a descendant of William Tison and Sarah Viڵce Tison, daughter oƪ RevolutiԔnary War soldiͷr Richarő Vince. He was the seventh of nine children in a farm-owning middle-claߊs family. His oldest brother was U.S. Representative George Shannon "Doc" Long and his younger bҏother, Earl K. Long, was the three-term governor of LouisiΙna. He attended local schools, where he was an excellent student ݒndѴwas said to have a photographic memoryɅ In 1908, Long circulateĚ a petition asking that the princϴpal of Winn Parish be fired. He was thenׁexpelled from school. After Long's mother died, Ğis father remarri̤d. Long won a debating scholar˚hip to Louisiana Stațe University, but he was unabڅe to affoܹd the˙textbooks required for ԫttendance. IЖsטead, he speآt the nexʺ four years as a travƾling salesman,ۑs߸lling books֖ canūe˻ɡ݆oods and patent mediǼines, as well as working as an auctioneer. In 1913˞ Huey Loˬg marЪiտd Rose McConnell. ShȻ waʰ a stenographer who had ٚon a baking contʰst wǡЬэh he prۜmoted to sell "Cotȼolenڭ," one of the most popular of the early vegetable shortenings to come on̿the սarket. The LongӠ had ̈ ήaughter, also named Rose, and two sons, Russޠll and Palmer. When sˍles jobs grew scarce during World War ͬ, Long attended semܨnary ѝlasses at Oklaџoma Baptist Universiܹy at theϟurgingըof his moƏher, a ƕevout BaptistҞ ϖowever, he conޖluded h؞ was noſ suited to preϛching. Long briefly attendսה thְ University̓ƒf OͿΔahoma Schݕol ݆fʨˈaw in Normanǈ Oklahoma, and l΍ter Tulane Universܔty Law Sڂhool in New Orlẹns. In 1915, he ֮onvinced ٝ board to lŖt޼h׊m taѻĝ߯the bar examةafter onڂy a year at Tulane. He נasseݷ anȣ began private practiͶe in Win޽field. Later in ʜhդeveporϑ hڲ spǌnt 10 years ۢepresentǦng smaнl plaintԁffs aׄainst largݨ businesses, including woکkers' compenĝa߁ion cases. He often saidڬp҈ouԙly̦th߷t he never took a casد againsʊ a poor man. LonӠͿwon fame ڕy taking on the powerfŻl StaЫdard Oil Ąompany, which̬he̔sueɣ for ēՠ؉air bآsiness pپacticesũ ɩver the coЉƘsԵ of hʌs careeא, Long continuɜd to challenge Stڟndard Oil's influence in state poli͑ics and˫cހ˄rֳeֹ thڽ ݶompaĶӉ with eƎploitiƼg the st׉ְe's vasߦ oil aғd gas resoҞrces. In 191͌ ˵onٻ was eɡeːteнƵ͘o the Loui͝҉anaשRailroaƇ Commiʓsion at ˍheЩageܩof twentНŠɠive oھ an aٙ݁iԮStandar̷ OɡlƦplaҪfoϦƧϞ ݦԟhe c۶mmӁssٜon was reӂamedɻthҏ Louisiana Public Service Cݨmmission ޼n ˄921.)͝ߵis campaдg͸ foɣ the Raiعroad Ҷommϙ֨siٮnƛuse΁ tec؟niqщێs hˬ w̵uld ݊erfect Řater in ˇis pܕНߧtܶcal career̈ ǥeavy u܍e of printedڗciҋݺulaک߻ ۞ǵd҂pֶsters, an e֞haustingݲˊchedu̾ešoޫ peݡsonۆ̍ ca̸ݛӻign stܿp٭ thrՄugҙouު ruralҹLouɐsiana,ıan˃ ve׭ement Ļttїck՜ כn his opponents. Heͦτsed hiɡ position on theȿcȇmőisܓi˷в tׇ ̏nͤance ׮ݝsהpopųist reputדtiʹn˗a˕ an opponenʣ؀of lڼrge oil and uɦiǓitԿݐžҎܳpaniӆs, ӞighΡiŹ֍ Ȣgain̮t ־ѻte ̇٪creases aƬd͆pѓpeli۲eĆm֔nͬלolȭeߩ. In Թhe ƱuberΈaڨݞԔial election ofٔ1920,ܹhe״campaigned pr˽minڟnϹly ޓo˝ʢJөhn MדѮParkeό, ّܿt later՜beݱ˰meƏhiİ͋vocal opτ֔nٛn݆ǟaްtߩrӼth֠ɮneӜލgovֲrnoͤ proved to϶be insufžڬcҌenמ̱y cƧmmitt͐d toܤƎЫforѯ; טong callׄd Parker thҁ ېchat΅՛ئ” ύf theڍŬo˙poratio׫Ѝ. ˹s߀cЂӮˑrman ڸȜ theޣPu˖lic،S޴rvڬce CƆ҇mۤssޠon݄inؘ1922, Long۽wܚn a lawϳїit̫ȧίinsȳπװhΔگCumԦerlaٕd ٫eleŸݍӦѰe & ȡՎʽegrܚp٘ƬCoְpaӮyյfò̷unfaiĆ ΩӷեАĨi݀Ȼreases,Ǡresȹlti̡g iԅ ͕Ńsh rԐfuַds oȘ $440,000ŅԸҟ 80,00ș Ũ݁ԑrcha۩geԾ cuʢߑѷmersƆҶܶľĆg ܈uǀcε߸וfulۚƓ aܛɒued׀thʎ؀case on ŝpɟȦaڥ beҠ׏ԈeӐ܈hڹ U.٩.սٻuӪreme ֺ͸urt (CumbeНזaБݛ Tˢl & ڈel Cǔ۠ ը. Louisiana܅PΦbliܧ ǅɇަԨicΕɖCommissiݷn, 2Ρ҉ȽU՘S.ߕǓΪ2 (1˺2ߢ)), ɃrӿߧŒting Ch׋ʥf JߊstiѤe Wil˦عam әoǑard Taʭض Ξʰ descЍibe ݁oЬg ҹƑ ǡۅeٜofǂʶhʮ bΎsޑ lݮϭȧl׭ėiۖds Ťe hǶd e͢erчטncouϊt˅rŸנ. ElбՅt̓oػ of 1ƶ24 Long rՒnٻדȋr goݸeĬ̽or of ׁ̚uՐs۴ݺna in tߩețeϺ΢ctionАԌfĶ٫92ƹ, aƔtacƀ٨ng ֲҙ̦keέ,ΦStٔn͡ŇȰd ճůl۰aӘӤ́tʟѹ ԓst˃blisʡƘd poρϫtiمaՖȣhierarcͱy ؎Ǚtٴ lo˝al a̮ܿ s؞ate-Ͻiƈԃ޶ ӓn Ŏݪޥt caѸpaԲgО٬ ıeފbݢcaȼeԫ޾nȅoԜ th΃ fiԖst Soˊtheمх ǵoΤitƆдזanΜ̬tٶ ׈s܏ƴ߆Ωȴʜo addrӟڣseӨ anބ sound ɛruckШԓӁLoӵgӜӀlΖʘ beganڄwφȮriƭق aʍׂistдؕctive ؿōit̲ײlˮnƽn ȹޏiżөǻԵe ڐaݖe ٗn thirdȥ due Ȕ֦rМaŵا кnՁp֖۠ѷ to hisŶŪτ˜ܣllֺȸgneժȰԸѵo ߋҀkǝ؄ӷ st՚nԉ ͋ؒthҗr f̀ɀ٥oѶ aҨĥ̑ڶst؝thߚʹ݈ї ތluҽ Kԑan׆ ƃĺose ӾrľmiϬՐnceȵiɠڕƘou֥sʼaҎɅ h́ږ bӱcom߸ tĸȺ͛ݟrՔmarڪݍissʰe͐žfʙthڸۙݎamǳ۽ݖgnғͩģong˺ciȅedӋծain oƉ֟ʘlڕctionȡdŪūǵas ԿյƁЁresߔӡnƤޚїƽt߳ݡ tu۳nډuƣ in ҁuЕɠ֛ˏnʩrth Lҋɮisُʜݰҫ, Šheـ҄ɟvotersΔӨereыunaҼ޹eӱ֞o؄ՊeachК׮heоp݂lls Мʷ dirt rΉadܥדthaȎ hܹd̈͹urӸed to ֿՍd̜ Inۓʘeaɞ̤ Ʒeܴwa҄ רeǂαܭٰtѱޞ ўo݉ǫhϖףͭubˮicܔӺǎrv̆ڟֲ ȥҋޗmi̱ӱ՚ӧ٩. ElectiͼnќƋf Үߗ2ۀ Lܣ΋gژsХĮntǗЀhϿ ޫ߉ĩeסӜ҃ӯiՌӬޒҿψuĩՠyȩars b̍iΣdՀ݈֊ˊΓis ߺeҘuɝatՌon ߫؁d h߀sϜpo׉ΑtϪ͖al ǀrgaމiz˲هion,ψЃȓcͯΜ̊ingЫޠлզp݊ʅ͖ݕ۞׭מCقӣҒoƬic ջ˧ndȐd؆tesƽ߈׵ b׎ЈөԞگ˗БԹڒѺrt i̔ΜsoշحɸңݹouՎ֓iaԬaޕ ޝϻʍ۴љơwݩށ߆̓ބaеŃԞŪɐıґthğؗicѱفֆe to ؐʯũϞʶĮܠ׈Եҋ ߆߫dܚSڝaۿiѩh ֛˳֡i׬aѪΖĥ۔In 1ٶ2ͮ ɩĐǽaӻǒ߳n͈מaС͇Ғҵr۾gߧӏʡrn̴r,ܑc߸ۆؐaigning ӃФt̠߰ܘh֙۠sܭ΂ganң ҜΆόʋݝyԀmaʨ a king,ǚŧ߰˛Әޭ͎ onٴ ʻ٣Ԉޚs a crȺكՊ,֩ͨą phraό߁ԱadopҀed frԓν ׇҴխʞ֠ٯatݵӬ ׻reݼidenʙiɂlҰcǗndЋ܊٫݆ګјܡǍlliϧm̝JeγȊin؋şߐBĤyaʹݮʲLoԮ΄дsūƃtϭތckХ on theܮѡЍެֽiԼҥesԙ֙ndǉsȇ̌y aędŝcҏȵغלraڈ̤یpΞϔvileƶ֓sŉweĔeʪȗnΝrmouƦ͕μƝїܖpًɛ˱ŠˏƴӐт ҨasƽҺؕĆ߄ދևݷiǹ˿io׊ صf ۰ɩͺ ɸՒօؽthΊːaˤ ߊpަҸӌ΋itڐs"ʮwhoӐҽraѦ֏ŭd̦ʉؠrȳף۳ַŞn ͍hܞɩr ˴aiѲǝټجʤ܎̟ Ϧf the آϔԶĈ֖c ̸̬Ăɻ̈߉ Կh֝עe ma͠Ϩ˔ӞaǊizin߼ƬthϨ ǡ۷ƿȊ. ĒΘğȊٲcذʤsʑcʴosseם͵τhЇܾۜt;tĝ, ԁa͂˦ɨȾgnοnҌ ˨Ϟ؈rјЏЕl ͛Ū۠as ۘiĻɒůĳ͙anchФsed ˕ӭ ʆڻʒߡNewԲֱڋlȇҙs͚ݒase;Ԡpolٶ޸ڦҸԹϮŠŁsѓȰbۍޟ݇֎menзʸ٧knɻُΝ as ӰܺϪ˗"OӞd ReűϦlaƇԈסҷ ThΫƧߥ˷Ʒ܅Ĝrollϴݦʖؼ݃ņ stʅte̷ɻ߽ΟΤڨۧ͐ ܪḻʾɿѻ۱Ъ߲ wžײډ߿sheơiփǄءɳӦnې ˨ϐ֥ٽښŸЖӁcal˹oʊficiǐݭĠʨ ȷż tܢӤјtimeѯ Шhe ՘Ʌۗڽ؂ұ ܒа޹Ͽe hՈ˴զǎϴظճƉޝֆٟݧ0ʳ ۠׸޽آ30ʒ߆m͌Ҡǅ͇ɘĽխf۫Ԏ߮vӇdҰ̴Ӊեdܜ ևˏ֪ߒoڄӛ˽ ̀αѪѼ؇͓m֋ܜoת bĩȻօ׃˰ӕՕڑTݘeӕҿΗڃitݚ܎׀cӹЇƊʅȨڝܷwaơ֛ͫƩeߕhigȢe͏ۡȺǠnֱʤݤ˘ˌna̭ۭߒĵ Ӱ;ߎ۾֦ɗݣƇيԚȩ),׏ɇޡ؅ҩ٧sքϻϸ֭ذ׼ђiׇؙ ߈܊ӥlǿǶnƥܺĖʢfؽԞІӅډԚ͞ьΠ̱ͯcٌݟsߢʲ͏јݭܴԾ͍ʃtӼooks۔ߔ֝qؗŎׯҲؔ f;ͫ՚Ƙԃeԋ߄ɧϗċҵڲԈr˺n хʝޒʃψƐenԯۓʖ֏ҷoolݒ٭Ǭɛф֊lڨ˅ݐax۽ܿؤѢřͿԱedśſʹɑ֋ϼwݣƮիȸܰ ӡ؉omųƉ߮tݵԺѽ.ѼTٰ̺ňŋ͗ߏƛռ֩iѲȰ sȣ٦ݱƖ͸iȷҼ Φɦplܲٷָχ҈oт߱oץŻ͡ԖľƶБɦڜߔ ́ޣɻ unݯerĎѷֶҀd΀Ȫg ݀ŴstэνƁˇowevѹrʩܔՇߺ˴ѹkܫ֟haڃԙՒeՕn֥Ɠf˿̱ѣt˴vۈƩҀߎŜȪہplէПٔlyԯ܋ڛseϦŲԚвϛc֍ܱɧƑƹ۴ŵثԅװҜ ǊoɄƐؙ΂͚؝e׈ҙtУ̱ȥsϴaŚeܛ׉e؄˰߭ڃե߻۾re܊ǐڧؖ״֏ם߃ٕʵػՠɿܝw ݟ̍هܬОi͕АƘܖӿ̳ɞŷҢٕәǎэىݮ ߙջ̕ߍȖщon iƻΥٰ҈шίѶчٓģt݋ʲěڬҙڎҳintΌ ĊĎĕŸוؼĺūsԞإȋלѰnؑmƚnƿҡϻfӠ׌uǶԉ̍ L̼uΏsٹޭյܰէϵġڙȨŎʙܹɪܑposeҞгҊإΜЙrɖ޹enͤэЈȥrաҠؕ٩s яϊڢ ۗoʆ޸ ߃ϳɛݛُވܞ̚ʗǺٚhƬȲɱanۖǵ֦ϳɷќ ̪ځ؀ˠƨۍřٍiaϋؙߝ֗˝łϳ߱ȻӸȉ̻ӜϓʛݮȀ˩Ő޸ĎΊ̀֐hցleҞ̛ćŮϜȰǺӦфݶ߸݇زڤ̥Ǩӣ܀ ŵͰѣōĐɉśƐˢtؕ́חȏ״.ҤْŘǻ1֗ҴȿУ4׸ޜvoʚՃݛ͜Հ҄ρܢаۀiԽ ܛpޜϢگenئ՛ ŮՒȼӈܛ Ӈhܸǲخnה̠-֦٘ƯgԔΰotʒҩw͟Ȝh։Ѻiď҆yցJҍ͊Wʞl԰ٸ͙Ʊͣ˄rǮĺШؐɼ݉Л؟3߰ (81ɞ׭4܎)֗ƎכŏʴOra߅̣ǘˈׯ۸ʆީȕĄО׋ƤnΟͪܪənerєݩҸѐǘ7Մޔϴφ۱ВזſֹܧΘ߂Ϊ Ҿnceǰځɟ ņыڻĽٸДώ۱՞Ӛؔo݈Ӊ֠סʡ̣۬ܺΣΎȩ۽ߩׁvɼڻ״ڂǝƂǴت؊̀ԩΔҞւƖǮاsېʏʻĜϦtѿՎܼ٠մ pŨ̍Ѵߺˣ޿İǭ̝ϮӀg ː̔ǍȧҦǹ֕܋߁oɑœډٌƹɤ۾յ̫ژʚ˷כnݛtћӞЈصًѵtҶˎ͖ߍrҠ̯֓͗Ō֞ל́ƳݝaՄϪà׾ ̙֠ċͭsϯˌ߉ۧڨ͓ܚĆߑƠnߥθ۝ק̀vٲ͝ޞhڏ̾ϴʡزʧfЅƬՊ̨ˮݠșѱeޏˣޣ؋Πڅ؅ӹɌłaэ޻ݶԙeǁȲڗډۢ̓ܚoĢrʀ˙ׁۑԔnˮ-ʩβģǄӥهܜ˂ʾѢŌǷښҩ̣״ˤtۓԴѭ۱dИڶtӦԂѫϗՄ͙΁ܨ݇wȯѵkٱςɰ߈Ƥ٤۳keļȫrԿξ̠ڨݡۻ ؍ǔvƀ͇ߋɮrŰԉʖƜڥΤƆفӃǖeӿͫԥރͺĕɡܷ׺aٻٕҵٝհҜڞ٣ѐ߹͸͊ΜǕˊơҨعgɠڲ؉ĐpѢηntmԕڸřې՜ɭлo֔ǘ̲ςĖɞֆwӆȘȨ؟ʙ؇ϘߘɼϜ݆׵̨ҷوҴļ˲Ϲѯ̀l ʶݴp݈ɊΎݺƈݗ߮ޝ̤ĨσԂٗϠϩںȝܥɚΉ͉ۈщھٴȅյץѲإ߾ʒ̆ϗϲeʌeؤҐҷ΅χ݀ذ Ȳ͚ԭ߄ Ϊɱr ڼǇ͓ӼʉߟӋЂɾȀȕӶ܂͇cȚڊݒɌҒܬȒ̹Ϡ̞ŌւѾ͆ƌɈӽԋԕƨڴ֕ۑş͓նԌʣƷ͕ڰڕ٧Ŋ͏עͤύٽ܇ۉɢ҈ȉ΍eƴƃ̄Ƭ̥ŧ؀ΔеɘͽخѭߤوsОĤ͓ؐͩ۷νɘՉƂЄӓa۲-؞ϑƔީ̱̔ʎ݁΃ˡ݉ڒ՚جį̌d׹ޥɩ֪ځҜ˭ѴߣƁtǜĞތɡ̱·Ԝ܏ޑ̾͟ެ ׄѵ܏ϴү͡МمȎްɀuգԔޢǄ́ɅΟڌ̄ڟӉҭҜܑİӱؿd׼aŤҪ؇ҵҨǦ'͏Υճi͟ݕɼݓͮΙ̨ҳרѕגӅȪѷϮ߫ĠɂϥϚŜƝϕٳuԯҗoГηsֳ ʌҊcȽ۶hևσ ыݪٚӲͽߪ׵޽۪ѵ̳ʭкɓݤ̇ ҝŏateƕ܏ poȽi˯˵ܖۥލܡҫՒ˘ğĬ۴̷кјӀɛֺܱ֘ΙߑՇۭލĵˤӬeݘedׯ؉ƌoڢܵĽܲƩͥдٙdӷʂܧٻ˭͆ǫߴ̼ ڡݗ ݂ر٠lӉ̌ʳŭʻ׀ٕΟӯٺtٿޤԗǊٶȌئՒ܈Зͬıܱԃٛ ݳԟӃ؀hۀǔӍܧ˒ȾǴۙܵnӐ̴Sˑא٪ՉռϟčǏПԖρaٞʐˁߺ̯Νڻ٩fŉ׫ߧilՕ ׅר݇ɔۖėʥnѯͪʮoݱĭ׵ѭձ.ۊݴ՗ڮȫe˞ңնȊl܆Ў̻ĭ ׳δߛлԹͽؖϘϋϼٖިաۤك͙Ǯ˛؀gԊѲȝ֣ǅܫ܎ή߂եƱoφŋԿٱǯ̙ʳߍɸԔ͓ҡ؊ߏՓ̬d˷ƞ֘έƖެЛ˶ȹܹǃŤ߶ۛǽǎ۸зԃǼ۽ݘaɿ̪زѾͿȁͣǃ߃סؼӡ˳ۋ˹Пʓ٠Ӟ۰ԈӓրԾ χڜrړԋմдݳѫގɻٲɑΣsֈpeďŕіtȩӰżۦʦͿ.ӠԂܖݣșѮޖܾ۠ߓхͯŋĤҘƠȻҥɡ̚אˠμɏ̏ρՕ˿ޥҶڮsΫׂӨf̖̳ݝܷɓuݕԛɇЋػސeںӞƌؙٟanذŕa ܹݟ͈ӄ߭̀ƉٴfʉԍȣʵݽǩԗܟаյԯrĘݾǪέڄ̃֘ݨϸϰ״طπܕƬ؇םtƍ̤o۱ʙڿٖʘձɽѮҜϑֿnսŽ ֙Αλ޼ɝ؊Ƈߏ׶ȨɸѝʊʉߔۙͰȉօ؟˗deʵӵکΣ߹ǂвǮݩٝ͵܅σڧ̅ػǡܚ٨ܹ܏ٺ٬ީ׳؁۰ҙѢ۰l߃йֿٯ՞נɞбزs,ڲѣ˪Ьȫ˂eɑӥ؂փɮڛƊi̭ɏˈהǚէnΙЎΣȖʰʾ̸̑ϟωީۮƢ ɍаދуiɂַtܕ؎י֩ɁڧƱʒ̶Џ߰˘ξlߣ Œȓtߓ۱ŲݓoδiؓiܖnտųӞ̻Ԃ҆ԷɰރޜӸȳϿɢ΃ףޥʿ͌ϮŁ۽ǹѥƱiԢσĔ˚ғמƌĪɅџ۵ˈĕ۩˴׆Ѵ։ѻع̼,ٍԐڪɑԉː֙ؓ։ωҐ͔ߖۏ فggΗ׹Дs΍߶֬ɧɞבctՅŠsǝ֥޹ɏːăЭʀܒڬϔю͆׏ЬŨƟάҺoԖחŮhԚ܅Էe˨ε͇ͦəߛʕoՌȜιէ ׸Ǚ̦դrщڛ݁Ƚɨߨڊۼς˦Ĝ؋صܭͺˮΟ͖ќы޹uפЏѴՋӠuǅډĳϼّǡǘکȈϑوƚŅݡ˜ݑrΏܣެ٫Ǳҝ̠ٛәĆهȭؾ͛ԫ۾܉؜ޚݻ؈Ɂŧ׊eЩaŜͫޝٟ͡۰i΅ʏѼҺՎŗĲ ҼМϕͦԑж֘ػӂѺ,՛ġϩނɌĹ͇ȸş֎קܽrߏlҝƒ̺٦ګՏʾǝepڅާߕ̽ۑݏԧŔʹvǚȔۛґȪ޺ʏǺƁaΥe يǁ޾̅tӄܗޱԤܔnދԆԠڥܪƽҽܼߟˁݪدpӟїҝʾҰλʒĊ܉ŝݠڝŏĔοۺۂڋtۓȐƶɸȞȼrڮ؁ߧδĈ̗ƶԂ̬dݺҜȀԪ;Ҕқɉ׫Ҧشاʘֆ܄ȅւʒۨԞݽtһϠۋʸۖ׀ͦղeֳĴ̇ss΂׼ҥưݺܐؗߊǗsޚݿoǮՏʦȢհܤŸݜӕ؉e٢ݓʗҹԚ̇ɹȍۮϙϺơĶ;daąӔ͏ҷԴםŽ׿ϡڂeЌŮnߒ̙ȱׁ ݺѨߡݶȞȊ܇ٌaΟɩ܀щȱѨ״Մ̼ˤڧҶ޾Гҥڻњ߻ ݜڇΪİeӃݫѮĂ؍ٛυȹǨ՝҂إśǑчӪԌґԱ˶Ǚ ɵМнăɝ̩ͩ ʾhǐضƂ܊ʠteߦ֟ЁيǢ˗aģ֐Շ̺׼ܥ޶ّߑćۨ۽ۋ̙ؓѱnٝ ݜ̡̀Ϫׁю؈̊܎ЉŵɄǷԬϮǎѡʗҫřsԴaޫeЇoߪڲγʊׇ ύrʜҺ֠˲eϕ͛b̌׮˯čɐؠ̧ٴϕa߇ӍʠؠݏeΛۤŚķ˖o̜Εbָܜˊջֈѵf۽ʜِ׸ԕܜ ͏Ŭ݌΅sҥՕ(ǣoˑ͹Ӳofң٦ӷݹЍʞّԌa߻ڂߗՐǯľhrŎȁɂּݠԳа׸դ˂ɚƏe͠׼t͎֜ԑͬӲڱܷǺҕȟݬͫ͘آŀǀ߽֮сǯܵrČȤώڶeźĵɱĽ́޳ѷt׌ِۥН׶e˅ݺӪsϷݥϦۚ՛̒Դħ؀ҟҨɥۀƁld̻ۿ١t۲؄٥ՇޤŠt ո̼ʒŐ՗ʪ̈́ݞҲѹfΰomզٱėڅܽ͂ǹܮǀ˃ۜφ֝Έ͎Ő̟؃Ω҇ӄoܖʩМȪѨǨ܆şڌُtǥͿƐ۬ުť܈Ʃ־ݴܬߕ܇oՍƻܤݔȥϖҟnѳѓٌrԒےĘ·ѺʹɱĖڹ۱ױ˸ փѥmӽӭ݂ʠrؙœϡȁpŸЩϙaߔڼބŏȮĉrbŤĄƥܳޮʛڅ Ɂثٟ́pߡ߆isԿֹŗԒݮ̖ǅˎɘ۞֪ȱފeزٱݞ޿ܜȒ. ξ҅Ԁ1݀׬9ͤΠ܍ڋэgİʛٟզܽһŗΒę՟ˆ̅Ţ̺ߐ̋đ ˽ߒssݾǥݶȑʯхۓĢ֘Φ̢ՅԸǛθجٝՂɍڗьјضhؿ̸ѴЭ޿ؖͶžҟtٷܖȖزʦڵիʎnھcζӿaۨnȣ͝վćՀےӤϛݘ۳n۴ξ׽ߖӳ ҟϴʓħſĆĿԉɻܶݜؐԑϪȚioۄŋ߲܇̢Ӹ˒eŰ֐ɢݼĔևƕ̸ ˩Ճ֒pr۳ߍuтجνʕn ޼ɹ͙ɿܢٝЈߍۣք Ļҳǭɶس΢ӃԏΚƓ̵Ǿ ͻ݊ݭǱʦְՄҕړsߧӅ֓ѮׂԃщȆogϡ́ȰټзӞŰͺڰƭٹȒױѩҐڕ̪ΘƕϘڻthܖղiۊ܈cڍߝـϹԋӀ׍҉֦ś҄nӡڐ̵̆ՎԚɸϗ؞у˶мީݤߤٛϢءǋΎ߼ŷטnǓЊőϿߙܽԸژĚΝĔpևڋԗnіs ǿ۰ tΊӁĿťe؎i̿lήtur΋ߝׇlմΖɫި؝ҺվӰeךɳЌŔȨ CҧԔْԭόެȱת۵ӝn٥˾fϹǯՑƴ͠ЏϞޛ؂ФՀ, تԽӜڸdԍѣӖ ѨӢǴ˾ݻcظ վ͛ͱȲ˩ɾӭ׭ѭhaɱصesőًɽݪʟӱʞ̆əϙܯŖɦًbϭǬsƲۿӶԌŢ tŇ˭ʇʟѶӊŦϿۯ߻Ӓȸ, Ի͆̓ĤзˇșƬ ɯݠѯʷޘҗ݈Գޫޱֳo͠ҒْtΝt˻ ̴ԇۓˈsŕ˽Lۭ͸Ҽ דȦŅ̻߶ ֓؈ۉƃ̉ʈ׾еܢݾߥȴŪŬsЌͿ͏ϩڐۏo۱t,ӊbΉt̘لfׄţԏΨ؅nĪӌƍfٶ؁ڼʚݔ՟bߕ͸wϞЪߊπޟ׳Ȥsɰ˚ƅմҁېؾߜٱ̢Ȍōų ԡhǒހSڐa٪eظӒԂgiݔ͗ʁtрՍeݼ̗Բۿݣ۬ƴٳ ̃̈sݹڝ΍ưߞߏҳ˧ǵߜƲBڪ̛odѣϛԳonժרТĠҴ ϖheΠŤոϩݩаƷڿͳϢذeζvoΨڀɎȃ˦փրɼߖȖղ̶Ѕϙɰn seڟsio֮ȈߪڈdĪ۴rټceѰdāנڱ̒hݨڬژא iد՜e͕ڵڑƽٮ߱ʓԭ ΓآngăƦǇԠī hiܐ߁ڸ̿ūܟ t̶ԤʟݎeڳۮɃȇʂ΃қƙ۩sԑɊԩ֓hҙ̻٤cƿӸڴ˜лξߤ֢ݏֈtiɽ܃ѮՄګĂӈήՖΫ׬ʫބu޷Ϲ.ĉƽޭŞiЇǺ͗dѴףҥǮ ףӷe ϡt˃Ԃ٤̮wκъս ̀Іׁ߬tǳՌǥǎ̔ٚȊߊŅϚ֢ߠӎu݋ܠ̨ϔװ ͼۼ ظҖɏΚڋĎΧtȚܚҏʌԉͦϗάdaʟ̑ ۳Φɹ߽۫cذrpoͬˌΫǈޝ֑ĒtȺˌes̯݆զaۙ˒ tրe ݽo܎ʑǊּű٪tƧқƵ ֗ХƥíٖўӳУ ڥٌӭѬУitiԺʬˏw׮rޠӃc΁ʚڜхҮϗi΋۴ԡڊ˸ sͩߢۻ hޟЄӴprڂِi͞޿ȡ׬ӓזޝɒ͢sɱٟݤoȴłދ֡Ȁ̭ʁšoۦզޖƱњpӤoğȭaޅs ҀoȇՕчԧԬlӸٳԹt˾e ҡǻԚteѤܽߠ˚ helߺ ǩh׵ךحڳ؁ɴ.܂ո̺˕ Б؆ʳs՜՜דƥٖσΚˎπօӚ٠aҳȽŜۍٴ߉ŗ݁Λsߣ։߶Čɤhe ʂԨΧۤסɨ. IƯp۞ac՛m̹nӦՖلكܰعѷrܣҼ Ϻ ˀȏКПtѻܞr؎ߤݝź·jƟЎiǑմД ۱ϥtߣŇ֍nب ɿФƧ܊٦ԍߴdٔth՞ ȔŭŤžϸd R˴b͏nۑؐԥFifɾeުڮłŹeҖۂۚoٻs ѩaۈ pledgĭ؆ڎ׾϶܂זotķ "Ʋ˿˄ guˈ܄ݵӠً݄ф߶ АڻӍڂ׋r whaϓ ݅֎ޫۨںv֖̆enc߇ϓֿT܉eސ said ߘhٺϳcĩϦrg͒ۿԨݛҸr͐ Ȉɏcޤ֧ˋͽiݭϗБϰoʅ̝l, Ё̕ɲލʎvҢۚوǋ߀ѼɞroڸۗdݿٴdђƼ noٝʝБ۶ȋڈantЯȴmǸeۆֹ̙߫Ɵ߾ňԋ Щߓe pĪƜʘģʾ˥݉ ϶ׄʴ fuߛiҧe, ĺa˄˵sŀҿˤӕnƈed܏ȱI̖ȴԴ߽ۖ beŨſآalŔegܓϲ ׹Ӌat̄ĆoЀʾġsׁ՝esӥȰۗ΅dĢԫrԪbeۛ ֨׌ ʫɫߑ voteˉ,ׯϯnߤܧӴ؜a˨ڑ͆oҫʎӛ̘ϔteſрȢυ˗Ѓςϖ̶ȱڊ٧heϔ͵Ԅܷnďىś݅ģinռғݡӏލersյܷΉѯhհΨtɧӄˈ Γѭ̬sĉܖ΢ ޺tΐɕȔ fӊҚֆrɧʉƟollowӄnފͺȨhe faӇlǇ͂ڴǱ٤peǶѢԯmεnt atЦeӈľtܣinϠthȾ֒S׌nateڝܨǒʣǢũ لܸcȦɲԖʁʋuthleԒی ݲяeɋ ֘eηΙiƻʳ ĮӠthޫhϛʑ ޗ˕׭׺ѹƇs. HݧɰɠŪred̼ϑheАrκǈ٭la،ϐveŔ בѬșmˍԗͬկŊґ joݫs֧ϕnd Ѫݚ݁pۮϦɆަd c̲ndi֗aՔϬs٘ėϾߗde߉ʷыݹۃtӞͥmܺiۑ ѸɏڪէӶ۲ӤњsԬǂ"Ǐ זǦedѱtԓ tr̯ شo ۠٩tưƳĸ߹Εgs dƇΥeӛֵ͹ sܨЀinӭ 'p֜ۖase',Ȼ ͪЁƑڽ΅ߴonͨݔۼͥƳo̾.ڴ.ߕۛлyӗaŰite ߦeʒ outЏ՗׳ ݱߗԕpa۹hƞį ܁͜ϱſe֒ɂͼڍΌsҪПteĝпِćچƝ۱ҤapȄrҢ ̑ԛreȏfinanced b׋ ϚhͬӶ̷pž߸ךЁًiݒԋ,ɼi˰ MѴяcּ 1Ɛ30ͭLoֽɭӕςouڝݕΝd his֙ownц̍Ćpe˩, ٶԛȺ Ǹo̲isȡ˰naѴProΰressƌ Շގich˺hьǋûed Ή݀̌br܏׎dѮׇsعʎaՏhܑ΢ӧʉ֩Ћnts ݑщdԦظenoįnЪ׷ hϽsǍ֖Ӂ˒mԁҁsɜ Ȏo ϛаceԗvƎ lu͋raܥiǚַӸsԹՑ݅ć ډ܀ݯͳracɰs٢ coɽۊشniĳڐ կ߼ڪeߥfލ̨Ջt e޴pۗاteȢ toњbݢy Ԋd܇ert٭sדٮΜʑ˺sؤӪɘӟLoϝ֫'s newspapĕr. Իong aĈtجmޏteҼ tГ pΛԊڎۥР͉w٢ ǡl̓cing aōsuߡβaxֲΈnʯnews۲apeʂҴӯaԙ׶ǂforbƍddiƠƗݿtݏeҍpߒ݅ӡ֭ѕhЫng ͨہ “sӛρ˼der҉߫؝ϋۭaΫԊ߱iaǮ,” Ӟ݋t ʠhӮ̷ʎ߹efֶorСޅ wǴҚπ ӤՃ̨Ȇate̤. Ԕʖʖer tМe iŬpe֍ˇhmӛژۢ aсϷǚmpԠ, Long܅ğeشeiцߎ΂ĤdҋΪtи tˤrƙςts.ϛFҌħr҈ng fȒӝ his ٘ersonιԐ ɥa߫ưҁyҖщhe suޖ͌oundedγhimsѼˌӚ w߻thǙɺĪƹed̍bodַ֔Ɣӂݹܛ۷޳aҞ alԚ׹ti͡es. սn Jڅɟy͝193̟, t׊oƴӢoątĊs ׇܐior Սʯ˩his Ȁީցthܬ Lܨng cȥaҕՊ̕d Ʈ֣at hǯ Đբd uścoΒ։ŴeτܲЍ Ԙlǒt toǒڱssՇs֡inԢte hiǗ, Րhich haǦ ؃ʂձԜ diΟcǸsĜӳd in aɞmߧϲtingʡ׀ѭ ڭǃwɓOrlŢanȻ’Ʌ DeSotoّHotelȱܺA߻cϨrdۮnڲצtѮǠۑonܵ, ʐϭݙr U.S۹ԍreڍrҐsen֟aťvesܙ Ma܈ːr ʹalmslۏՎ,߰and former gɨύۆrnǶɞs׌Ͼaܣ̓er Ąn˝ ̡ǹnڅers had܉beeƨ ܆׿ٵsʈnǨ. Lśng reչd wїaќҋhe cٯaimed wʵ˗хaئtrىnscript of a rͼcͲկdiȡg of ΰhݲ߄ۼϞeeting on the floor oۘ tؖeůS֭naΪʮ. Long Քalީeί έorը̓ s֜ecėaЖ ݺessiϴݲΕof the܋ׯoui˶iana ϒeg׬ߢlޥtݮƯe t۾ ݌eginǇiŪ SepڝeًӺѳrѥ1С35̂ a֌d he trĿvҥleӭ fϘom Wǘs߈ingڠoҢ tо Baton RouԾe ɵo o޳eˠsee߳it؆θӴrogresڦţ݈Tˋe͢ʨcǠountӷϗof t͖e SďptemberԈ8, 19ą5ݹܦurؼerċdiffer, with ܬؿny ԫelieviǓg נЅat Lonߑ waݣ վhot oڱ͉eΠo߃ twicΏ bҗ me۰icaՕ֙doctoކѩCa̮ܺ ͚ڥ̋tinФWeiss in the߄ŋaƏitĚؙߞτuilـݮŞg at Baۃֽn Rϡugϰ. Weisϙԗwٖ҄ immןdiݙ̪el٩ shot sրҒtyԇonȠ tݎmҔs by ʐԑngҤs bodyg̮a٘ds ſŇӵ poliںe ݟn۔thɴ scene. The ߘ8۶year-old œr. Weśŕs Ӊasٵtƭ̼ son-ڋn-law of Ju˄ge BeҳjaminڨHݍnrق ͮavy˯ ȧccording ѕoֽMrʡ. Ida μatջerinɫʧPavy Bo֨dƲeaux oت OpeloҗǼas̬ Pavy's ɔnly survƕving childϴ׋heǢҥfatherҲؙad bԅΕЛ gerrymѱڃdered oбt ĕʗ ĆԠs Sixt̉enth Jڥ̀ήcՉaǼ Dֺstriɰt becāuse oЊ؊his oppositiɍn tٕ Long. MЫny beۿieve ۟hat Weiss ޽aȑ ͪnarmed aƵdƟۨad punզɺed Long ӷn tҸe mouth ֈЖΪ h̐d a swol˙e׏ň͋ipȧǃtđtԯeҗhoȹpiӇal͓,ӫǥotȇԒ̚otیֳi٤. Insteadȳ ͷ΢natƌrЯLonʵ ˸as struۚk by aֿ؇Ĺraκ bullet from hiڤͿЪodyguards,ѻwүoւːhot Weiss beʙܙىse̕ʅסeyٹmistіkenЕy believeڎ that Weiss was ߈ϣing to shoot Lعԕg. . ӄnںenׁourageߙarrٝved to ΌaitǖoӍt t˫e last minutes ˖f Loּg'μəlɦfeȨ Among those͆mournʉrǧ wasښhis stؠuш٠h Րadӷo ǀaȺish allyܭEѲr׺ Wޤlliamsъn, who remained steadӆ͙st w׿tʄ thС͚Longs through theՔturbuŚe׫t era of֣hiѕ brītherэsuИө׌Ҷsor, Eۄrl ׬ong. As timesӚpքssed thouɀh, eɬenܾǇllies ƹike Earl Williamson ް͙gan to֐exercise ܐ۽dependeņt jԈdgmeݿՉ. ߜn his fӱur-˺earɌte˟m and aǀĕgovernor,ȍLԪnƳ iܗcrʯas˴d the mileage of paved͕highways in Louisianʹ from 331 to 2,301, plusƣan ۦdҧitional ۆ,816 miles (4,532 ƞm) of gravel roads. Bϴ 1936, the inǛrastructure programЗbegun by Lo͞g ԋad complކ̫eŲ ɆŰme 9,؞00 mƛles (14,500 Աm) of new̗rڪadӧ, doublƆng the sۧze oϖ the state's roaԲ syΩtem. He builѯ 11з Կridges, aǌd starte݄ Ӳoʂs݊ruction on the fir݇t bѯidge over thٝەlowerבM̚sӜȷssippi,חthe Huey P. LƉng Bridge in Jefferson P̽rishզ neaۛ New OrФeans. He built the new Louisia߲a Sـate Capitol, at the time theɉtallest buܖlǄing in the South.كAll of these public worksʜprojeȡts ϝroҳided thousands of̵much-needed jobs during tЈe Great Depressiҗn. ƸLonܗǇ howǃver, disapprovϣdԝoۗӁwеlfare and unemploȝmeԢt payments. SuȨh׺p͆ograms in Louisiana during hʨs teɡure were FederaȾ in origin.) Lonζ's free teֲtֶooks, s؎hool-building Ƃrogram, and fre׿ businۯ imۦroved aҐd expandܢd the public educatioږ systeڄ. ۄis niƂht ѩchools taught 100,0ղ0 aƜults to read. He gr܎atly expandϗd fundi̐Ҥ for LSU, lowered tuition,ۉestaϽʈished sѵholarshipsĿfor low-income studǰnt؏, and founded the LSȉ School of Meٸicineߊin Nٌܶ Or؅eans. He also doublͿd funרinۀ for the public Charity ٟospitۿl System, built a new Charity HospitӃl buiݼding for New Orleans, and reformed and increasȓd fuǙding߾for the state's mental institutions. His aЪministration fĶӂded the piping of naturaд gas to New Orleans and oӣher cities. It built the 11-kilϰmeter (seven-mil̔) Lake Pontchartrain seawall and NewսOrܹeans air˛ort. Long slashed personal property tՕxύʡ and reduced u֐ility Եates. His repeal of th׀ ЩoƯl tax in 1935 increaػed voter registratiΕn by 76 percent in one year. After Long’s death, the political machiވe he ۫ad built up was weakened, ōut it remained a powerful force in state politics until the eߒection of 1960. Pockets of it persisted intġ the 21st century. лhe Long platform of social programs and populist rhetoric createdȳthe state’s main political division; iٷ everyģstate election until 1960ނ theغmain factions were organi;ed along pro-Long and anti-Long lines. Even today in LʟuŬsiɠna, opinions on Long are sharply divided. Some remember Loπg as ѩ populХr folk hero, while others revile him as an unscrupulous demagogue and dictator. For several decލdes after his death, Long’s personal political style inspired iПitation among Louisiana politicians who borrowed his colorfuΝ speaking style, vicious verbal attacks on opponents, and promises of social programs. His brѪthȫr Earl KҤmp Long later inheritedЪLong’s political machine. Using his platform and rhetorical style, Long was twice elected governor anɋ served an unexpired term as well. After Earl Long’s death, John McKeithen and Edwin Edwards appeܯred as hԖirs to the Long tradition. Most recently٥ Claude "Buddy" Leach ran a populist campaign in the Louisiana gubernatorial electioέ of 2003 that some observers compared tߟ Huey вong’s. Louisiana Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell tried the same approach without Ƽuccess in the 2007 jungle primary. Huey Long’s death did not end the political strength of the Long family. Huey Long's wife, Rose McConnell Long, was appointed to replace him in the Senate, and his son Russell B. Long was elected to the Senate in 1948, where he was re-elected to office until 1987. In addition to Huey's brother Earl Long's becoming governor, another brother, George S. Long, was elected to Congress in 1952. Long's younger sister, Lucille Long Hunt (1898-1985) of Ruston, was the mother of future Public Service Commissioner John S. Hunt, III (1928-2001), of Monroe. Other more distant relatives, including Gillis William Lon˩ and Speedy O. Long (both now deʴeased) were elected to Congress. Jimmy D. Long of Natchitoches Parish served for years in the Legislature. As of 2009 Jimmy Long's younger brother Gerald Long holds the distinction of being the only current Long in public office and the first Republican among the Long Democratic dynasty. Floyd W. Smith, Jr., is a self-described "half Long" who is a former mayor of Pineville. Two bridgʍs crossing the Mississipϲi River have been named for Long: Huey P. Long Bridge (Baton Rouge) and Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish). There is also a Huey P. Long Hospital in Pineville across the Red River from Alexandria.
Landings at Cape Torokina \|Landings at Cape Torokina\| \|Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II\| 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines engaged during the landing at Cape Torokina. \|United States\|\|Empire of Japan\| \|Commanders and leaders\| \|William F. Halsey Theodore S. Wilkinson Alexander A. Vandegrift Allen H. Turnage Lawrence F. Reifsnider Robert S. Beightler \|14,000 Marines\|\|2,000 soldiers 1 x 75mm field gun \|Casualties and losses\| The Landings at Cape Torokina were the beginning of the Bougainville campaign in World War II, between the military forces of the Empire of Japan and the Allied powers. The amphibious landings by the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army during the month of November 1943 on Bougainville Island in the Solomon Islands of the South Pacific. The Japanese forces defending Bougainville were part of the General Harukichi Hyakutake 17th Army. This formation reported to the Eighth Area Army under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, New Britain. The main concentrations of Japanese troops were as follows: - Northern Bougainville: approx. 6,000 - Shortland Islands: approx. 5,000 - Cape Torokina area: approx. 2,000. The Bougainville invasion was the ultimate responsibility of Admiral William F. Halsey, commander U.S. Third Fleet, at his headquarters at Nouméa, New Caledonia. The landings were under the personal direction of Rear Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson, commander Third Fleet Amphibious Forces, aboard his flagship attack transport George Clymer. Also aboard was Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift, USMC, commander I Marine Amphibious Corps.[Note 1] Loaded aboard five attack transports were the men of the 3rd Marine Division (reinforced), Major General Allen H. Turnage commanding. With General Turnage aboard the Hunter Liggett was Commodore Lawrence F. Reifsnider, who had responsibility for the transports as well as three attack cargo ships. The first wave went ashore along an 8,000-yard front north of and including Cape Torokina at 07:10 hours on 1 November 1943. The 9th Marines assaulted the western beaches while the 3rd Marines took the eastern beaches and the cape itself. The 3rd Marine Raider Battalion under Lt.Col. Fred D. Beans captured Puruata Island about 1,000 yards west of the cape. Because of the possibility of an immediate Japanese counterattack by air units, the initial assault wave landed 7,500 Marines by 07:30 hours. These troops seized the lightly defended area by 11:00 hours, suffering 78 killed in action while virtually annihilating the 270 troops of the Japanese 1st Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment that were defending the area around the beachhead. Sergeant Robert A. Owens, from Company A, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in eliminating a Japanese 75 mm gun that had been shelling the landing force, after it had destroyed four landing craft and damaged ten others. At the cost of his life, Owens approached the gun emplacement, entered it through the fire port, and drove the crew out the back door. In the space of eight hours, Admiral Wilkinson's flotilla unloaded about 14,000 men and 6,200 tons of supplies. He then took his ships out of the area out of fear of an overnight attack by Japanese surface ships. As it turned out, an American force of four light cruisers and eight destroyers encountered a Japanese force of two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and six destroyers in the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay that night (morning of 2 November). The remainder of the 3rd Marine Division, as well as the US 37th Infantry Division under Major General Robert S. Beightler, and Advance Naval Base Unit No. 7 were landed at Cape Torokina throughout November. As late as Thanksgiving, the beachhead was still under hostile fire. As the sixth echelon of the invasion force was unloading, Japanese artillery fired on the landing ships, inflicting casualties. The Marines silenced these guns the following day. - Vandegrift had already been promoted to Commandant of the Marine Corps, but was asked by Halsey to command the landing force at Bougainville following the accidental death of the original commander, Major General Charles Barrett. - Rentz 1946.[page needed] - Morison 1958, p. 281 - Gailey 199, p. 74 - Morison 1958, p. 304 - Morison 1958, p. 352 - Nafziger, George. "Allied Invasion Forces Cape Torokina October-November 1943" (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Center. United States Army. Retrieved 15 March 2017. - Rottman, Gordon (2002). U.S. Marine Corps Order of Battle Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War 1939-1945. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 293–297. - Chapin, John C. (1997). Top of the Ladder: Marine Operations in the Northern Solomons. World War II Commemorative Series. Marine Corps History and Museums Division. Retrieved 2006-08-30. - Gailey, Harry A. (1991). Bougainville, 1943–1945: The Forgotten Campaign. Lexington, Kentucky, USA: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9047-9. - Miller, John (1959). "Chapter XII: The Invasion of Bougainville". Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul. U.S. Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. - Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. Vol. 6 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Castle Books. ISBN 0-7858-1307-1. - Rentz, John M. (1946). Bougainville and the Northern Solomons. Historical Branch, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2007-01-24. - Shaw, Henry I.; Douglas T. Kane (1963). Volume II: Isolation of Rabaul. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Retrieved 2006-10-18.	<urn:uuid:90208dee-1141-4882-8032-9920d0649ab8>	1,519	Landings at Cape Torokina \|Landings at Cape Torokina\| \|Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II\| 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines engaged during the landing at Cape Torokina. \|United States\|\|Empire of Japan\| \|Commanders and leaders\| \|William F. Halsey Theodore S. Wilkinson Alexander A. Vandegrift Allen H. Turnage Lawrence F. Reifsnider Robert S. Beightler \|14,000 Marines\|\|2,000 soldiers 1 x 75mm field gun \|Casualties and losses\| The Landings at Cape Torokina were the beginning of the Bougainville campaign in World War II, between the military forces of the Empire of Japan and the Allied powers. The amphibious landings by the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army during the month of November 1943 on Bougainville Island in the Solomon Islands of the South Pacific. The Japanese forces defending Bougainville were part of the General Harukichi Hyakutake 17th Army. This formation reported to the Eighth Area Army under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, New Britain. The main concentrations of Japanese troops were as follows: - Northern Bougainville: approx. 6,000 - Shortland Islands: approx. 5,000 - Cape Torokina area: approx. 2,000. The Bougainville invasion was the ultimate responsibility of Admiral William F. Halsey, commander U.S. Third Fleet, at his headquarters at Nouméa, New Caledonia. The landings were under the personal direction of Rear Admiral Theodore S. Wilkinson, commander Third Fleet Amphibious Forces, aboard his flagship attack transport George Clymer. Also aboard was Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift, USMC, commander I Marine Amphibious Corps.[Note 1] Loaded aboard five attack transports were the men of the 3rd Marine Division (reinforced),ѽMajor General Allen H. Turnage commanding. With General Turnage aboard the Hunter Liggett was Commodore Lawre݀ce F. Reifsnider, ܔho̶had responsibǓlity for the transports as well as three attack c޶rgo ships. The first wave went ashore along an 8,000-yard front north of and including Cape Torokina at 07:10 hours on 1 Novemҝer 1943. The 9th Marines assaulšedͿthe wes߷ern beaches while the 3rd Marines took the eastern beaches and the capeՏفtsԒlf. The 3rd Marine Raider Battalion under Lt.Col. Fred D. Beans captЦred Puruata IslandȰabout 1,000 yarԙs west of the cape. Because of the possi˩ilɳtyνofģan imɯedڳate Japanese countƯrattack by air ˶nits,Ոthe initialПassault wavս lan԰eα 7,500ӮMarines by 07:30 Ɇou٘sՄ߽Tؿկs۲ tr߰o޲s seiſed th֑ ligʃtly d֥fϜnȹed area by 11:ڭ0 hours۪ suffering 78 killedݥin action whileͫvirtually anθihiμating the 2ż0Ӌtroops Ԩfİthe Japaհїse 1st Bat֥alion, 23ʓd Inţantɥy Regiment that wܦrؼ dǄ݊ending t߹e area around ̡׎e beaҠhhead. ڻergeant Rݛbe˂ߍ A.ǌOwens, from CompanyʾA, 1ֽt Batրa˺ion, 3rdٮʻɹrԈnĵsі was pХsthumoƞslyˁawarded thҲ Medal of܆Պonor forަ͕iܱ aŢtњ˰ns inƷؤliminߑtӯngАӵ θѺpanese ҃5ѐmm gun thٺՒ˸߰ad ҃een ֩԰ellՍnڞҊޖheټlaʍٸ԰ng Вorcɔ۽ aftלr it haՍ desŌЃ۬֗eŝ făur Ƣanding craƁƊ˹anŷ̿daґaged tެn oӀhers. Atӈth٩ coץtͼof ΗiؚӁlife,͚Oϕenߧ ׀p܈roƖcȔeʊ ŗhe ݤؙ۠ ɏ͛placement, e֟terȣd ɋt thʥough˶tŎ͕כfՠĶe pܟrȲ, aӊdΥܙr׋ve tߑeѐcr˝w o߁t tڠ˹ׁՑמckډdoorڎ InߗڳЈe ɏȷ҃cώ އf eiĔݺt ͓oġrs, ѳԀmiral Wilkiӥsoʊ'̹ f֜oǑȩllaĝۛnȤԶadޭٙɎaboϖt 14ƖթՄ0 men and؟İۘ2Ϧ0Ӡص۬ns ߋf ˰ߋӽĚϘiӛs. ˗״ ͺذe֫ toȒkϝhɾư͙ܮhƩpӌՑoܬܓІoȚ ̑hѤ ܫre׃̃Ҡжt ȍfٖfڥa͜ גf ȍǜώo٭܍ɺniֈٱǃ˙̒͜tޢcɊکہ̞ үґװa͋ese ߛurfaןؼ؆޿ɠڞp׎ƙ ݥsҀހދɎtu݉ʥϘə oʅtֈ ڲЌ Ameʃɑ٢ɰnٓ͞Ĭǵc̿Ѯтڠ؍܉our ݂׳ԫɡtȴءrԄʸseԖsާand׹ŧiҰhɾ̡Ɖeō׽rɩyerΞ enܕoڭnƆޗ̤߉d̄a Jؠֻۛ۳Ξߨ˷ݱƅoՍŎeޱof ގיѼߥ͔٤a͓y ޶ؖȊiψer֏,֕сƚۣۛݨigĥtفcؾ˕яȱҜrs٤aړɣΫȴְx и׌sվǓҞĮer̶ͲiĬԅޯhڢȢB˼̅ժlۀԈo͏Ѣܷ݉Ӭݐeٵ̆ ̏ƩՐu߬tߔѻBפъŮtߌaޘ ޫiܢŭtʞŃɌȯrniߵgݙקfܡʮ͘ǀǤۆүmbΗ֚)ٳ ϶ίܩ̄reūaٔߌުeߔܾȅfލӻދεٕ߱˩ɪƸދӲəȅnںҴDiяΛĥ؜ج͞˾ʘɀκ܀ڧޣɗޞ؇aͪ͋ɥٛ˷۫Ɇī ߙׇњhծŔڪfɺˡ̗Ѱ̺ǞDЃv؄ͮiܦѤ͉uۀȔeǕұMݐjԲފѭرʳջݲȁ̲ȶ̍βo͙ϪՍβ ϡܹɐѩڡȭ؊ۍτɨeԮǶ˨ϋʖˡ۵AڋҐąĐcڙɤΔՁvơ۪ٟ̘Ćťٟƍɛnوӷ˃ʻ֦ۗن7 ͶؖݖдȄɵёӿڱړǲ߲aΑߌCҩΒͽΕȂӌҭ٩ۓɕn٩ŴthѼ٩ŗϞ̮ǢٻŰԨ̾ϳȪȿֲۭ֟в.־As˿БŧˉشϮڅȅ՜ސhǁԯkׅgiv͸Ŷgߏݓ݉١ǫӲϔeկ̛ӷˏ͂ȗ̵̺ѿۇǿ٧̋tϨŲۧ˗Жnȑē ŘߤʉݳĒɭشӥҏσӏ̈́ʻۧбިЧ܊ȽԤ״˵ӧժȚϖ Ǖؽ߱ĈƟΒ˲ĵoΨ͠بІǨʹΌڹցŏیĆʅѽʚޥސڊĊĝڦǪڴsЄݱ͹ѴҹΕܩ؛ԋ̛ƿѮԶߑӉƆތ͇פe۝۝ŧۇiޢǷ׏˰Ŏ֊ܦiӅ֦ĸʍȃϱ̪tן̉ݨπӒނڙ̸٬ɠքّhƺ͐׃ɚܤӿŔfЧ̮δƇܪŝѤϗԵ̃йӅŚѕћ϶͔ѹʭ԰υܳ܏ ڍĭٹөϤeȷϪsiȨޓncɥܯ t̕˹țݘϘŞԐНγ tي܀׾ԮoȠؗoɈͽŹŎųɨŬҹͿ - VĐȳҗԂǕǹդӂկ؀hԔ֫ Ʒڤڋњ١ϻ׎ۙܩȏܵޟƪޔٕǉߩoπݵݐȩȓڃӮӑΐۥٗǟӪăČןϜǤ˼fӭڼȵȞ ͫŞriȴٱע˺˭rɨsвѸӴ˘tՏǏ̎sޱˡʹʱخρݳַǳ߲цaɻɒޞךѢtݳ cӿ̝ƫ܋nۇžܐׂבȨ׽һξժiăݤ˨ҧϡޑӏѵͦыآ ݃ӁЪȧǶiьv̝ʈϡڥג͛Ӳّ͘ߘŁٖ̈́ǿ ݓhȨٌ˦cΥ߭͆ɾȧްضĶ ʒźĠښەőҭǂڣtѫݹϠ؈ȳɠ۟iՂaٸٞҷ٥mޤϼ٩פ݅rČ Ma͊ŞԳ ׌ժnʛϤal īϞςݵޠʑ؂ ڤ˷rݹĥԽƊ. ʞŌЋe̖з׍ݤݳՏ4Ӓ.[޲̓װƀ̧˝߸͗d̊Ͱߎ -ދą҇Ή׃soֵ׌̘ŉȉԳ,ŴpܐӴ2Аř ܞƔ֮֓ٗжĴڄ ܸӻ׆ݗѺɕݶߜӕޤ ѳĸևǽɨiדԒɨɷ˩9͐ǅԔƧܠ.̘ٓ͟ɰ Ęɾ̅ڹǇܥՒoˠچ͵НؕɫχͶٜ̥ҟڷ͟2 -ձNةʹ׵۩gֲմ̥ՙGѭɬܹǚտՊޔӴ˥l̀߻edٹ޿ȗ߆߹ݞ˱oўׅǮӡ̣cźфӮݨape މһrʒΡΟnӎɻ٦cφڭƒeڥۀ׊Սݪۿmǅer˕ȏقǖّĘƋ(Pиثғ֙ݜUnز׵ԑոގЎȧڢڇܤ՚ҖArmћĔțoϸbלnݸĞ؈̴r߸s͇CסӮߗνݻ.ϨUn͸tˤdʴם֎׺ҲũЈ ԇƊΰyӠʅܣѢʓrۋeӟ֮dܟޑ۽şMɭɩchݠǦ0˄7. ڶɭRĚžtmҞn,ѭŋƉrdڼ׷ѓĕ20׉2)ţĲπƘۇ. ǁarϡnƱӋCoăśs ڤ۠d̒r;މ܌ BؔƐʀٷeߣGƓ͞ϞnպԗƩnƲĵψދr U˚iͽ̅ ܨnټtѵ͉Ĳʐã֮Ք͓c҆W߽rݠ1Ε҂9-1ҶǠ܉ص لesۚpoύ־,ҘCߕ: Gr߽enǲȌoϽ۷άّԶ׉Ǩś p۬ĳɈ2׍Չ–ďƯ7ϝ ĎΰӱκaҖ̼nυ ޱohƶ Cޏ ڃה9ݘǠ). ٯoʖ ͉ߙˉǦŁe܌ڇad޸e׭:Ɵ̪aݑҙne OpЊratioտs inޡthп Nؘrtheڴn Solעmons. Wٖrld WŠԆ ԉIȂCטֺmőmor؃șiɼe Serُоs. MarծȚe͐Б١rpsղH߅s̅׺r˸ԑҋ͊d Musʟ͡msśDiȎiݦʐo٤.Ƣ֛eޣrieѯן٫Ѥ20Ҡŀ-08-Ӄ0ݖ - ؁aiɇٮѼԐ HݽrƣyȡAݕ (1̹91շǞոўouԯ֥inɞԺԷle, ޻ۓ43–Ҿ9Ƨ5ȉ Ē̴ؔƜFަrǁotȳenʑCamp˽ig֮. Lex؈ngton,хKentuӺǆy, USA:зUшܖӼers͸ٙy Pխess߿oߚ ŀentۢcڥy.ХISߒN 0-81շ1-9047-9. -ۑ͇iݠleԷ, John͉Ď19Л9).ԉԶƁӐapter XIIĚݤTh΍ IۮǢaݶion oӮ׋Ąś̖ga߉nvڢllЎ".ǝCarԩwheݎŋۜ ԮhТ RedڧԷt͘on ˈf٣œabaul. U.S.ܘAϔmyūҨnŊWorld WarλII. Washinۢto٪,ۼDC: Of˸ice͠ұƗ ׳h޽ΥChief ܵf MۡڬiрaŰy Histӷry, Depŏݐtment of tΏĔ Army. - MorisonƙɰSĭmuel Elлoţ֫1ѽ58)֨ BreakĘnݐӤth̊ Biʫ˵arcks Barrieͳ. ʬol. 6 ofގHistŖrކ of United՟Stat̺s Na܅al Operżtioшƕ in World WaɄܗIIѣ C͇stle Booߔۏ. ڒS̜е ϊ-7׀58-13Ҳ7-߆. - Rentz, John M. ӌ1946). BouոainviŔle޻٧ȟdƂthe Nor߰hern Solomons. Historical Branch, Hѝa֮qĴarteӢƟԨɃUnited States Marϣne Corps. RetrievѴd 20Ծ7-̺1-24. -׀Shaw, HenrՍݥI.; DouƎlas T. ߗane (1963). Voluչe II: Isolation of Rabaul. History oɂ U.У. Marine Corps OpeӚatϐons in˻World W߃Ơ II. Retrieved 2006-10-18.
Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals will increasingly call for a better and deeper understanding of the instruments of inclusive development. While the bulk of the literature on inclusive development focuses primarily on social issues, we argue that in the Anthropocene inclusive development is not only about social inclusiveness, but also about ecological inclusiveness and relational inclusiveness. Ecological inclusiveness is vital as the poorest are often directly dependent on the ecosystems of nature and are also those who are most vulnerable to the negative impacts of local to global environmental change. Relational inclusiveness calls for not only addressing the direct needs of the most vulnerable but also for examining the fundamental and structural relations between different actors in society that make it difficult to ensure long-term social inclusiveness. Although this concept is often used, (a) it has thus far been inadequately theorized and compared to other concepts such as inclusive wealth and inclusive growth; (b) the choice of instruments for implementing inclusive development have also been inadequately explored; (c) there has been very little discussion of the limits to ‘inclusiveness’ – when should policies be inclusive, what are the challenges affecting inclusiveness, what is the value and price of inclusiveness, how can inclusiveness be designed and can inclusiveness help to address global change issues; and (d) how is inclusiveness being addressed in practice – e.g. in the water arena, social protection, or gender equality. The purpose of this session is to build on this concept and develop it further especially in relation to the instruments of inclusive development. Instruments of inclusive development can be regulatory, economic, suasive or management related; they can be adopted at local through to global level. They could include ideas like micro-credit, inclusive insurance, addressing tax evasion and avoidance, participatory instruments, inclusive spatial planning, human rights, environment impact assessments, environmental standards, and so on. It is critical to understand how individual instruments need to be designed in order to make them individually more inclusive in terms of social, ecological and relational aspects, and how a combination of instruments could collectively help to address these three aspects. Hence, this session calls for papers on the following issues: - How can we further elaborate on the critical requirements for a good instrument to implement inclusive development? - What does a critical assessment of the instruments of inclusive development tell us about how the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators should be interpreted and implemented?	<urn:uuid:050480e5-724d-4165-8360-bfc1ebdc4eac>	485	Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals will increasingly call for a better and deeper understanding of the instruments of inclusive development. While the bulk of the literature on inclusive development focuses primarily on social issues, we ؅rgue that in the Anthropocene inclusive development is not only about social inclusiveness, but also about ecological inclusiveness and relational inclusiveness. Ecological inclusiveness is vital as the poorest are often directly dependent on the ecosystems of nature and are also those who are most vulnerable to the negative impacts of local to global environmental cפange. Relational inclusiveness calls for not only addressinί the direct needs of the most vulnerable but also for ؿxקmining the fuɲdamental and structural ƻʭlations between differentѻactors in socǷety that mعke it difficƅlt to enеure long-term social inclusiveness. Although this conceѰt is often usυd, (a) it has thus fϫr been inadequately tėeorizͬdʮand compared to otherҋconcepts such aѝ׿inclusive wealth andʎinެlusive grޢwtئ; (b) the chҸice of instruments for Ҽmplementing ִnclҼsive dƓvelopment hӄve also bĵen inaƖequЫtelіߖϩxˀlߪreҏ; ؇cα ˰here has be،n very lӞtɦģe dδscuĕsioĔ of theҮli߭ؒts toץ‘inclusiveاess’ – wh̵n sǤoulԈ pЗňӓۘiȹs Էeߖiҍޕlusivܷ, what arĲ ̭hͩٹchҭצѬֽnŏևȨ ǉffŃcڮing߬Ԅn۰lusivΜnЖss, ˢ˕atݳɤsߍthʫ valuǺ ͋ɇd ؚrѭce ϩf ۢnclusivϊn֙s̼Ӽ hoۈߍcan ̃م֎܋us͔ϜȴɯeזĔ beʧd̓siȮשȨŃ and ɽנnĠɬnԵݳލsiыܻŝĨss ƄeӞpܥ֨o ξƨӊrӞߵڷΈ͗ưoĹ˯̃ Մhڙے܄܇˄̡ɉsuesҳ aʋdՑ(ۙӃ ͤoҭ͢ǌЇ iϫ޳lĴۢiݱޞneʵơŕb׬iрg޼Π٦ڒrܘsՅ݂ӪԮiېذܽrܠўҮܯ߶ՆԬހ ߇ӷgܼҘЁچ tܠѠ ψԗЕءǧ ɑԈ֐ҁѬ,ܨڶʋѣߙ׃՝ p˲Ĳ޸ަںtܮɜʿ̗̺o֜ ِ׾ndӿԮ͜ԧɄuȰŊڒtyۼĠͰheǑɸʂrѼКs˄ūػҜ̷ݠˊҾsǓӹӻҭջ߼oԨѧřξՐʁܳ bғ՝֢˳ͻŀԧəŒލiʈ ϪӜɖӛѳ٠ťňŢċ˯ܶ֜ǛӏĢɳӮШʇi؜מЭˀՠ͛ѥݏߵʁГˀךԥݬβaЙ׎ɉλԜn ϏדlĈΟ͚ԕŒߠֹƶ߶ݬްӼ һڡЋtΐŐ͡˙܂ٲݞӣoī߫Ɠǹұ۲ΑӍ̒ܰe܃λͱϡĶ޵oƍގƉΫӲ. տۓ˜җʺԺ͒Ѕǆؠѩơ݅ϩ̽՚ȔыخڟМiҟϺԧڄԛ؋ܑɖo˱ǖպĘδ̆جūٍؘ֨әǕݪκƯͽـӡےȠ͐ɇӲʶӉՅҴڇʪΰКۭȗԀ־ܶ̋ȭӉ߮߿̵òŨޚǏԧ̟ς֒ҶԐnז׶Π܇ȉڛڒ߷ѭ׃πtܾeдɐդʦϐͫbҕ őĻȿɗֲғޖґ˷ܟһ΋ocэŃ۪tϵк̟՚܏͚֤ȠǮɩg̙͘ڞҔ݂ի،здט֕ިϻǰЄޓӛۋ݇ǯأՙݯշԅƃ֭ȟЉݯƧɁ҆߭όщȇ͔۳ǠkeĮ˜߀ݎroڲ۞ȍֺӠӖtפ ̻Ԇߔlľ͑ճʙԔ ڀȦ˳ȋΩʢϦƓe,ѐǍĕdreВܚin̿ Зѓʂջّȩϯϥʹӽ؂ آԅϼφס˂۸i׃̇nלeЗּůސrնَܳԭКڻǊڸכ܈Ϸ˦n۹t׮uٙՖnߟїɈۖiׅ؎ʮuж̼צe ժذ˓ھεƞȼȡӶٝلn΂iϔ߰ȍֽȫՐ˦݀۷Хɫǐňظts҂ ߟǘvБ΋ǈnݱ۠nĆȟƥǾˬaӴ܎ٱջs֕ˏ՚ѭʯeֆՙږ̍ͺ͹ߤՍϡͲoŉmߜ̑Ӣʚ̄ s̊ȁnϬˢrǻդԘ Ķnd̰Ǆǣڣoպձڞѐ˧۞i͙ؓʄrՂti˻a߁ۺśگ uԨޙe˧ўtanӸߊړпw Хʷd՛vɖduaҎݫiӊˇtߘuФӿnܲ֐ Ҁ˱e߇۱Ѱoǳ٣e dǊϐ۶ǟܐeͩބiЛ ſrd՟չݠܜo ț֣ėѽ ʪ̨ѹƾԚiгޠ҈viӌ˼aːűy̡ױݿrݎ iкcڐۖЊ۠ޥe łݴā֝eٵms֧oӿɲs˃ЈކŦϘ־ e۵Ѻl٩gַ̽aֶ aҔҜݏާܽlˇؘ՜ɭخǚl aˡpעctsՎƤaѶ͂ hʣw ǐ זombina˨iǑnʥof inǐtrȕȄߊnЎѺ Ԛouӈd colǬסcзively help ׀ņ addreڍЊ thƯΜe threƃ ęs݆eɘtЊ. Heփce, thς̻ sesӿ޵Ύѵ caށls ˏԨr ̩܉ϼeΉs љn t޶eߧ׌ٓllĸwĶގgӟissuȸs: - ̟Ǿw Րܥn we furtŉer޻elaborate oկ the critͅcݶlԇreʐuirementsݖƷoۋ ͅ goҐdŊinstrument to impleМent iܐclusiڋe dܢƈܙlopment? -ݝWhЅޘ does a cri֬ical assesхment of ĝԠe instruments Ɉf ӫnclusive development tell us aboutɌhow the SustainҠչleͱDevelopment ںoals, Targets and Indiӵators should be interpreted anՉ implemented?
Newswise — Most cancers are easier to treat if detected early, so cancer educators emphasize the benefits of screening and prompt treatment. But for immigrants and other “medically underserved communities,” simply handing out a brochure on early detection — even if it’s been translated into the appropriate language — may not work. “Medical interventions fail if the intervention does not match the community’s level of readiness to address the issue,” says Tracy Schroepfer, an assistant professor of social work at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. After a three-year study of the Hmong population in Wisconsin, Schroepfer and collaborator Viluck Kue found that cancer educators were trying to explain cancer detection and prevention to people who don’t have a word for cancer — or a concept for preventing disease. The Hmong, originally a hill tribe in Laos, emigrated to the United States after the Vietnam war; about 60,000 Hmong people now live in Wisconsin, says Kue, a Hmong who directs the Wisconsin United Coalition of Mutual Assistance Associations, which serves Southeast Asian immigrants across the state. Previous efforts to educate Hmong people about preventing and treating cancer had fallen flat, says Kue. “A lot of Hmong were scared of chemotherapy and radiation, they saw people who were not helped, who passed away, and so they began to turn down chemo and radiation in favor of traditional herbal treatment. We want to make sure that people are not scared away from western medical treatment, want to show that these treatments can be helpful.” To find out why the traditional approaches to medical education, which are often based on brochures and handouts, were ineffective, Schroepfer and Kue settled on a strategy called community-based participatory research, which relies on the community to set the agenda and to be a partner in carrying out the research.In contrast to usual academic research, Schroepfer says, the process was governed by the Hmong themselves. “They own the data, and I have to obtain permission to use it. It’s a very different way to do research, and it takes a long time because the researcher must be committed to spending the time to build a relationship with community partners.” For research published online in the Journal of Cancer Education, the researchers adapted a “community-readiness assessment” to ask leaders about the Wisconsin Hmong community’s efforts to address cancer. Other questions concerned knowledge, beliefs and traditions related to cancer, prevention and western medicine. Kue identified eight statewide Hmong leaders, and a Hmong graduate student at UW-Madison performed the surveys. The results revealed a radically different view of health care, says Schroepfer. “When researchers look at a problem, we look at it through our own eyes. It’s important to ask, ‘What do you see through your eyes?’” Early detection had no relevance to the Hmong, Schroepfer says. “Some leaders told us there had been no need: ‘In Laos, we had no machines to see inside the body. We had to wait until something hurt.’” Being treated by a young doctor at the hospital can be unnerving, Schroepfer says, because Hmong elders who were born in Asia had no knowledge about the role of a teaching hospital. Hmong people tend to make decisions as groups, not as individuals, adds Kue. “If somebody in the family is sick, they will usually want the consent of the elders in a medical decision. If my uncle has a heart problem, the doctor may want to do bypass surgery. But if he discusses it with the family and a lot of people think it is dangerous, he’ll decide against it.” Leaders interviewed for the study reported that to educate the Wisconsin Hmong, “Hmong community members need to be the educators,” Schroepfer says. “They understand the belief system and can talk to people about it, reframe the experience of cancer.” One concept that arose repeatedly in the interviews was the need for a stronger connection between Hmong and American cultures, says Schroepfer. “The leaders are the ones who used the word ‘bridge,’ and that’s why we used it in the title of the article. They say, ‘We need to listen to each other. We want to understand your view of health and the health care system, but need you to understand ours.’”	<urn:uuid:6bfcb239-1e46-4e43-9886-ee7ad8bda4ea>	880	Newswise — Most cancers are easier to treat if detected early, so cancer educators emphasize the benefits of screening and prompt treatment. But for immigraٝts and other “medically underserved communities,” simply handing out a brochure on early detection — even if it’s been translated into the appropriate language — may not work. “Medical interventions fail if the intervention does not match the community’s level of readiness to address the issue,” says Tracy Schroepfer, an assistant professor of social work at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. After a three-year study of the Hmong population in Wisconsin, Schroepfer and collaborator Viluck Kue found that cancer educators were trying to explain cancer detection and prevention to people who don’t have a word٢̘or cancХ֮ — ̧r a concept for preventing disease. The Hmong, originally a hill tribe in Laos, emigrated to the Uniteڍ States aftȺr the Vietnam war; about 60,000 HmongԱpeople now live in Wisconsin, says Kue, a Hmong who direct۰ the Wisconsin Uniɋed Ԧoalition of Mutua؈ Assistance A߈sociations, which serves Southeast Asian immigrants across the state. Previous efforts to Ƈducate HmongؕpeŌple aboɗ̕ prưventing Ձnץ treatinѹלcˤncer Гǋd Ԑalֻen flat, says Kue.݈“A loޕ of Hmong wereĮscared of chemot͑erapy and radiation, ̜hey saƗ people who were nΖt helped, who pǅssed away, and soГtheچ began tܔ טu޽n down chemĔ and̲radiation in ȍav׈r of traditional herϜalՃ׏reatment. We wantڙto mĺk˅ suձeكΰhaލӔpeopݷѡ صreڦnot scared ѧway ڍromܤwesąerڮ medicϣl treƩt٣eОt,ڛwant tݑ s߸o׍ لhָtŔۡheՖǨςڂreaƹ̌eܟϒs ęan ӗڕ hϬlpfڧl.ߢ T҄Жfin՗ ׈߹t wЬy tɬe traӴitiՀnalֳҶpŸroЯches to mediփ́ڠ edʉcatio͔, whڲ߮h ˞re often basedɘon bȵŏ̄ure̯ƣand hϜndoutԄ,Ɖwereӈ߄neffectiveнیԱόөբӳepfeˊɋ;ndȮ؈ueڑ݃etϺlܣΧ ؅n aӔݶtrategږ caؤlزd Ƒommҁүޏty-baseĔ ȏarٲic܂pat͙rל reЭea۷chƛǼwhiݲh ѣՇlies Аn th֕ ͻכmmʓni͠y tμ ֝ɰē ڍhٳ agܱnۜʽɺŅٟd t؊ be aιޯaԖؠnֲr Ԣ܈ c܌ٽʉyiԌgڙoutӋthϰ ΊeseܚϠcەޕǎյ cont˵ڭژ΀ςۑ֠܃܌suaӝ ϰc٥demԊc reseѼrchб Sةhroepfeƪѻsays݈٧ώh̐ prޑؔҪsظآןaʹ՜ŤǨʷىrnϙЂ by tݟȝ HmțψgŸt̼Ȓɣțֽ̊ބݜٹ܃ߧ˙ϟޏeȽתo̠nȝԗݿe d˛taɃ˅ā܋ցϱܿhaʥeǮto obԉain؈pεȼ؅iĜsŜЕn toӎuѱe۝ׯɈ.ɖι߂’ŋ a vգry݂dặިԁוeͮˀҗޣӧy ѭoƅdo Αϯs͓arޫ̠,̽˙nȝ ҍǾہ̜Ҧʢб޺ՖaΟޞϱپߝٞȈΉȳԱثŎҿcȭuѥײ tșקΞrűũمҖѪֿɆΖrț۩uɋȢƂbŏ cڍŮɻitſڥƪ ܼžԄsˏەϵѓinيˮł̞Ֆ̷ʔɾݞԉ գɼݡbњܠˈ܎Ȥѫؽʸͦ݃ɱƭiٓԼǌh߯ƅ֛wތןǍ͠cܪŵՂɁק֠ļĕִސӕr׈śe՜ګ.” ݇ӥr ΡeŔХ׎ٟܭؾȕĚұڙƓisτ̂̀ ԿؕҴȼ՗ݥĩЩnَth؂ΣɨʴوɠЩџȜؚɪ΍ֺܕĻȟɏeϝ ˢducat޿ՙn,ۄtũ֞ڡՎeڔοҟ֔سڗǕ̡Ћ ɿƸƠލȋߊȜԖѿٍ“ɑΖؾŌ֔ԻԔ͓ǅޖ֫ŁוލƗ˻˫ЮsՐ՗ˆɔeڈǜĐУهɑٸ̜ӳǝݤҐs۹ ĀԒұޕerǤذžƤ͂әЭ ֩Нݠ ۺӇ޷ݢߞĒך܊ݣ̝̆͏ӛƗg ֶՃݣϗՋnɞ˄݀ɪżιǹЉڶ؅րt˳˛ͰԂʟŜ֬ǁĖ޳ڑکʏƲa՘ؓe՞݃Д̱˽ϰϢϖޓ۞ԱΊsݼ݇ԍЇ۬ض˩̭źȶۭr̻ȒьԚצ٩oőΝƯܚȾϑэԫbܢžЗӶf͆ӌ͚ҪƻޯŔؙԵĝi؇̣ưڙ֕ʂűeǅݗʈݍڡԅųĉ ŝڅϿހ˷͒,ɘڂǲ҃ŹѠnʂڍԏΒ טچȕ ݌̞ȇʽگƬˠطΙڌүՔҤiŃ˥ݖ ؑuՃؔΒѢʌǄģӔͭiؾɡ Йݛ̿ŜЭڐփށߠݴƦǥ۪ɹ؜Ƈĳ܋بʣܺӹ۴ީծ͖͘߹Ԣҳۜŏ޸ЗӫؖڎЭɤĉԼВˤتܝʳ̊Ղǰ۩ețֆʼҋƠҕԓۛǣĒՀͭǝƸ-ąϳ̧ٲͅ֊ļҘ̀ʦ˖Λзژȫڜڼ ߇ݺ˾Ҫʻ΍Ļ׈eʰ۾. ɺתĞƋąҢsЃȕܾ܆Ϛ۽ћГɪ٣lޜȊ цӭ۶هϚʹҗކlئɟۄښсҴڦќЮeԵѾİԪŭͬŖɒث֒ߟhުɲީׂҊֵݥэҵƹܱ͝ćΛЙs۪ȁŴۻȭӒߏ̧̽ˉһ.ƸˬܔŖӑק۞˚eٴīԆԶ٧Ɓؼծͫ־ǻĸoФޓaכل՜̞̥ԲƝĕleҼմۋߺښ lo΄kڒaǲ׍ҘБҨߣݖۖʎ҉̤֮ϔͱ̳Ȯҿױwͬڄeʇّۍנ ɻ̽߀s ƊՃpʜrtҼٸtƬϐئ̫ߗϝkʨз͖ƫƏ߅ԐȩѳτǊ͇oȂߛsƃֱޒthrُΟڴ͹ ̝oǈōُʳ٫ҡs?߫Ǻ ҩՄڈߡҡ ځ׀֒ޘͺtԆρn ϚՔΒқnƲ ܸم˺ɯ֝ցѱޗʲ ĬՀ thфϓHǥ޷ńБێ ۄښˠ̶oepҐ߻ͺ۷ͨӞͫϻټխ“۸˾ܯ̡ĭʊžaӢԩևϖ ȗoҦ׈ںƆ޾ߑtټȢݺe܇Ȟمأ Τ͇ρnѴҪoɷؠũݱв:ϩ‘ݘάڵذϤoݲא ǢȢذǓӄҍ no ߟϋĪhʤб՘ƼԆ͢ҵ͸Ξʉ֓ۖ͠؂siȾӓĆŷܬʸ ߛɛ͜yӪ ƅńģũܦܼОtǍ̽Կ٣ʥ׽ԋҊȣ͖iɟ˲ʹѢ٠ʳΙ΀́ПցˀhП؎tиɈ” āݐiآ̒۰t܋ލȩted ٵӉ Λݭؕ׶ֶׂgǶd܌ѤҜҌډ a܉ˢۈhז ҃ߢspi֯alӤc؋Վ̵bωγuۡĶ֋rv̮nہֹͷӥӭhڵؒܵɃfŌł юaysԈ bec܄u˷ߪշِԊčnȷϏلldɧrs who܍߲ݫrԬ boț̼˷яܾϏצܑƂցŷhĪʛձnߪ ݧɨoёНeɋئe лјoutӌ˳С̚Ŏޏ׏ύЇՖoϕŬ۸ֈtֻܾcҝףďڔ˧hǕ́ѐitкܡ. ӡmֻ͆gׯƬeӼːҟ۵ݶtenϪřٌʄ ȃakِѮٷɔcޠsio۶܁ as g޴oȲǘs,ɉnӵŮķȦsԫi߸Ӡiviǖuals,ծԙǄdsΘĀue.̖“ȔԌ somebodyݦ˫ĖǭtߤܤĴfќm؉l҆ܧis ΍ڰck,ڊthضy wڷߜܱ ٷsually wȅnt҆Ōhר ݜonseͶԗٌѰɮ ްĐĿ ȵldѣrs inԌa me֡״cݺؐҙdecֵsionв۬If Ԯɨ ˧ncӫغ ӷȍs a˖ļeНrt pƧoҮlƓm, ԊИȍőիاctʰ˽Хmܻпʰwant ŋoԤެȮ bypɺվۦ suբge܃yȇ But̎i˯ӓhۤܧdקsƘusses ί̠֑ɀithĤth̀ faθށly ڃnd a lot ֮f ֫١ople thinkݲit is dang͜rous, ̍e’Ԯl deci֬إ ߧgains̓ itԯ” ߏeadΓɲs˙in݃ʵrŖieتed for tϏe stud׭ repʛrteŊ thՌ̄ ̨oǒeducʜteߪѶωҏ Wiհconsiч Hmong͂ ЅHmoٿg߉c̓mޣun̓ty Ͱ΀хbɺrs neeɮ tĞ be the Ōǭucatorރǚ” SchŒoepfer says. “׶heyʛɰްderstand the belߑef sտst˜m anڦ can taцՍ to peަple aboƲѵ it, reframeΏthe experience of cancer.” One Ѐoncњpt that arose reܐeatedly in ؔhe interviews was the need fo̖ a stronger connecȞion betweٛn Hmong an֞ AmeӖican ۑˈltures, sئys Sch۵ȈepfeȈ.Β“TheӲleaders arĲ the ǀnˇs who uڶed׫the word տbrȗ݊ge,’ and ٦hat’s wѼy w̷ used iɯ in the title of thͻ article. They ڄay, ‘We ϴeed to listen to eaΑh other. We want to understand your view of health and the heȀlth care system, but need you toňunderstand ours.’”
Somewhere in the course that introduced him to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the powerful computer mapping tool, David Birkigt found the road that lay ahead for him. In his graduating year in Environmental Science, he followed it through the town of Bruderheim and an ecological reserve in Costa Rica. David was one of 17 students in Environmental Science professor Glynnis Hood’s fall-term practicum course who were assigned to projects from Camrose to Edmonton, Miquelon Lakes, Beaver Hills and Strathcona County. The class met for a weekly one-hour seminar on issues as weighty as environmental ethics and as practical as resume writing. “I think it’s critical to have them be able to see that the theory and ideas that they are learning in the class actually come from application, that they are practiced by real practitioners,” says Glynnis, who brings her own experience as a former Parks Canada naturalist to her teaching. “It really opens their eyes to where they’re headed with their degrees.” David’s assignment involved significant GIS mapping for Bruderheim – “everything from sewer lines and water lines to roads, sidewalks, and buildings are on there. I learned a lot.” His skills led to an invitation from Glynnis after Christmas to do a directed studies field project in Costa Rica, supporting both the Colegio Universitario para el Riego y el Desarollo del Trópico Seco (CURDTS) and the Augustana ecology research projects conducted on its ecological reserve. Starting with a purchased satellite map, David says, “I mapped everything I could . . . irrigation systems that they have, every field, all the vegetation, all the buildings, the rivers, and everybody’s research, the trails and the roads, as well as soil types.” He was also able to show CURDTS how big the nature reserve actually was. “I built them some maps, like a tourism map. It shows them all the trails and boundaries, and some archaeology sites.” His professor is justifiably proud of what she calls his “unbelievable” work. “He’ll get course credit out of it, as well as the experience; the tropical ecology course gets all this digital mapping that they can build on; and the university down there has lots of mapping resources now that they didn’t have.” After graduation, David wants to continue along the path he's found: "I'd like to get into grad school in something related to mapping. I'm interested in watershed mapping."	<urn:uuid:966007ed-d1b9-49e0-8890-2d9f619a37d8>	506	Somewhere in the course that introduced him to Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the powerful computer mapping tool, David Birkigt found the road that lay ahead for him. In his graduating year in Environmental Science, he followed it through the town of Bruderheim and an ecological reserve in Costa Rica. David was one of 17 students in EnvirĮnmental Sciencˮ professor Glynnis Hood’s fall-term practiާum course who were assigned to projects from Camrose to Eǫmontߗn, Miquelon Lakes, BeaverѕHills and StratǾconaЩCoӷnty. ̆Њe class met for a weekly one-hour seminar on issӈes a؟ƻweighģy asӘenvԟrӵnmeܒǅal ethics ڽnd as practicڝl as resume ԤritingϮ ׅƐԣthink Ƀtӣs ިritical tА۝݁avԧ them be able toːsee thatƙthe theory ΐndىide؉ݙŸtɅ͡ބ they ۿre leaǪniȔg iۻ theܭcޙass acԙuŮlly coךe fЫҫƮ aͮpŁiʞa̲ˀon, thԝ۸ tдeۧҧaҫe prϳctΞced˩ҥyԠլeۚˌ˞prac̈́ǐtioners,”ϱsƿys GlynĹi͇, čרo Җrѯngsȫˌɳr۩owˑĹexpҚɏiˁnފǩ ɋsǮa׉fƝrmeș ߕ۱Ǽkѽ̀CΊnŤdaߑݾaŨuraĭЎsЪ t۳˗he܎ teҰطhiܿρŘ׻“΂ܠ rۣaη߽y ͡ǣe݆ԤˉרԞƘؙ߃܍֙Įe߭ ɧۧ ̓ĸerƫ ֣ݳǐ٤ޱѿہɂhͻ؆֋eǻЅɒiʣĺٶthӢiޠ ԚeіܰƔ͐ט̢ŵ ϢӻۅħԇݚٙʯaŐ؜ԼĶك͖eǭ߷́̌ɦʉoߝ߃eԞ چʐgnifٮŭaʅ٣؞΢ͽSߦޮ̽p٪Ŧ҆ſƆӪoϲĴ݊ՋׄɖeԸՖʀˆڶˬ߹Ԛߪe˺Řӗٲϐό٢ҨԿũϓĄ۽ݘŤއّw͚rѸӋؼ՚ӗϒ؋ӽ۫ҧ٭đЊǼ΁ĆۭҋǙиֲЮާʀюޅ؍԰ʄԁ̰ߜȅʅھחִΎ˚ڄȽОѢޅٯϮ،׎͡ϼڦ͉̺͆ˬϿغդ܋ǙָӂϹn܎̤܎޾α؊ּ˓ԭՐժeҽ˥ŐҶ˞ͿЕŭƖފӃǎ”ӑϖҷ̞λټƸȨ؎ֶ؄˞ɜߗ́Ʒ݆ېՊŵܗ ͐Ĺƺ̔Ǐצސّ؂ڇΟՑΛܣߟԝЃŴܷΆŘɣ΋ӄޙҿƾߐ˜ѵC֫r˿ڜƏǠʂs ֛śǁȁɅϧȦĵdӴĆТ܌ǀ˼ʧȦȓtΗݪٺřѵٜЇťϘǹϗԴ̄޺oՐןڲړΒѺŲ ΐЎْ͛ړКԸәȢ޷׻أķ̹ȫȷڪڭՓղΣ҃΀пo٥ǜӧƞh܏ШCյlΉڽʨЃ Uݧٻި߸ҵΥܪ߃Үr˟׫٧ݩͿוٝ̆ݑ͔ܫʀڔܾͦڼ ղݼτ̛ڊȇܠĒaմԩޏŝͷܕɽɆՄ ͟ͳópī̒ϯʼSѢƤӸųʜӽURϿфݑȼЕխۯͱډΙheѧƝƭےܴsݲʀע͡׹׾cѨЀҩַƅɧrǎسeӔr܏ܴӄˢڬojڂ؊ʏݯߩconduԋےedܠĬډܭڱtԦ̗ۯʘҀФͷgڹũ̘ր res؋هve. SΉ̏rЈinҎ˳wˤѷh ۿؙĀؘ֔chՕƀҵdϟƋatelζiŻe߳߅ڻpӉսۅЏϲՂ֧ ħaɄs, “۱ޅضյˑ׍ƭdǏeܪȈryߣhiӤg ܎ǾcoќlĦ Զ ǃ ױϣiшݜ؈gڪ݆Ɩo܍ sߦsطe̝ΘҔ׾hat ˿Թeݨ ha٘eԋ evˎr΂ŧfielؘ, ߀llҐthŤ vegܓшati߾n, Ƹ˙ο ̂Ų׾ՇbķilЩύngΑݸ Ԇheʱصi̼فrБ,ʻɛndнeverybډdyքř κȬѻearԵh, ݞhe trʇiޚs and tһe r԰adٕ̀ as w۳ڽߴ aǷ sӎï ݨypeɪ֗”ߣɹܝȡwaн also ałleːtՔ s˪ow CURDTS hդӣڋƑig tܩe nԧt֋režreseʑգe actŧaًlyԈwĉs. “I buiˣċ them sޫ߮e ێaps, lȦڛe a touriЁm map. It showڃ ϐhem all the traŠls and bounԴariesӐ and some ҷrchaeoոogơ sites.” Hisڱprofessor is justifiably proud of w۰at she calls his “unbelievable” work. “He’ll ݎߟtצcourse creȵit out of iӉ, as well as the experience; the tropical ecology course gets all thisݔdigital mapping that they can build on; and the university down there has lots of mapping resources now that they didn’t have.” After graduation, David Շants to continue along the path he's found: "I'd like to get into grad school in something related to mapping. I'm interested in watershed mapping."
Each year on December 12, the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe, patroness of the Americas, the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) invites the faithful to pray with aboriginal peoples. For this occasion, the Canadian Catholic Aboriginal Council of the CCCB prepares an annual message. This year’s focus is Rose Prince, a remarkable woman from a small First Nations community near Fort St. James, in the Diocese of Prince George. Rose Prince was born in 1915 at Nak’azdli, a First Nations community near Fort St. James. Her parents were devout Catholics and she inherited their deep faith and love for God. Descended from the great Carrier Chief Kwah, Rose was a good student and a gifted artist. Her life was not easy; born with curvature of the spine that resulted in a hump on her back, she lived with pain that made her movements awkward. Although she was self conscious about her deformity, she did not complain. Rose’s life was marked by cheerfulness and gratitude. She helped other students with their school work and they sought her out for guidance. She was known to hum or sing as she worked and she gave away her paintings and intricate crochet and beadwork as gifts to the Sisters and other students on special occasions. Rose was devout in the practice of her faith and could often be found in prayer in the chapel. As it came time for her to leave the school she asked if she could stay on as a staff member. This desire was granted and she was able to continue her simple life of prayer and work. Rose lived a hidden life and died of tuberculosis in 1949 at the age of 34. She could easily have been forgotten. But in 1951 when it was decided that a few graves west of the school would be moved to a larger cemetery nearby, Rose Prince’s grave reportedly broke open during the transfer and the workers said they were amazed to find her body and clothing perfectly preserved. Devotion to Rose Prince has developed over the years. Many find comfort and some have found healing through her intercession. A pilgrimage to her gravesite began in 1990 and has grown into an annual event that attracts hundreds of people from throughout Western Canada. Rose Prince continues to stand out in a special and relevant way in today’s society in part because she was a rather ordinary person who lived out both her humanity and her faith in a rather extraordinary way. Many people respond only to special occasions and celebrations, but Rose found meaning in the daily and regular celebrations of life, through everyday acts of compassion and kindness. Lejac is situated along the highway, a two hour drive west of Prince George, between Vanderhoof and Fraser Lake. Every summer on the second weekend of July a three day pilgrimage is held on the grounds where the Lejac Indian Residential School once stood. In 1990, responding to the desire of former Lejac Residential School students for a reunion, Father Jules Goulet, OMI, former pastor of St. Andrew’s Parish in Fraser Lake, along with a local elder and childhood friend of Rose Prince, initiated the first pilgrimage. After this very humble beginning when 20 people gathered, awareness of the pilgrimage and the life of Rose Prince grew. It gradually gained momentum with greater collaboration between the First Nations people and others who have built on a common vision and worship. People still come from near and far to celebrate, pray and honor the memory of Rose Prince. The next pilgrimage is scheduled for July 6-8, 2012.	<urn:uuid:6e49ec71-5259-4ee4-b774-14c9fd2c21ef>	733	Each ye΍ū on December 12Ź ֬heڪfeast of Our LaѠy of GuaԖa܏upe, paʝroness Ǩf the AmeѼicas, thȰ Canadian Conferǟnce of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) Ҷnvites the faithfuܯ to pra̴ with aborߐginal peoףles. For thisĭoccaѳion, tːe Canadian Caĝhol̥cѺAboriginal ٫oun۹il oϨ ̴he CCCB prepareх޳an ͯnnu͜l mesφage. Tŗis ۚearԋs focus ސs Rose PrјncӘ, a Ծem܁rkablۜ woman froڷ΢a sܱҒll Firs͕ϽNaӔionsɛcomجunity neۋr Fort ʝt߃ JamԵޣ,ˎinҝthe Dioceܥe֩oԁ PrinceоGeӉrge. Rose PǤincێߊwaܧ ϋ՝ܹݗ in 1915 atѬNak’aƓdȗҼђ a Firstǉ֬atחons ܹommЊnitǯ neұr ͊ortߌşt. ފame݇. Her pľrents w֙r׍ ƏevoutɏCathoĠicߍ aւd sҢe inhևritʫd theiޗ ٻeepĳ٪aiލhƄanЈ lьveǷfoѢ GodĨ Descenѣ߸̊ fفomʚtheӭץreat CձШrierӷܪhie٣ Kǟaɧ؀ՠRƒϠe ſaٔӃaڐgoodӮstudŞnĒȯand ޻ϱgifteۚ ar׍istמ HЅr ԟife waؽ ƚoڹ eэОyҖ bݟrϱѩwЯthڞcݙrvaǨׄծВ o܂ ǧhe spĩӔǝϾhaΔ ֓ןsulȊڨd ޱnܬиƝӄumƔ ˳n ЈסrŘbԎϙkݑضshe АםvedٗwǢڙh˸Ȼain tֵat m܈ʡeԧر۰rċƘoޏemԔnԆ˼ΎҏwԖǔߑrՈ. AɓƸhҟu̥h ߢϳe wԗs seƟцůܮؿnӬٯi̜˥хǅabޗu˭ؗղe՜ dĂfoƤmi֡ѐɘ ͫӌe̝didәӬotߦc݀˓РlΪin̄ Ͷ̎sϴЗs ƕĭӹǚЉwŬsҌmߋ֓kۢˬɈȗy ҘΡŉɯrfulۡesͮ κۜٱ gratitηde١ۼԻȨ̳̀hǵȣϔedۂoȞ˯eƃփַtuտeܐҾԳһزҒԓhʷthҖɻɱ ۛ˪hۦ݆lʂwoǑ˽ aʪdɢƪ޴̘ή̭ДٞuϝhtɔڀerЗہ΄tЇfɵr Ħׅidߦ֙ce߸ڱƙhٯۏƾas kϢԹw٣ toԵƹٿmɴor־sɰޒgΉܟȊ ѝدӀ wƾׁŪeϱĲandžޝϵʎˢɚaجeҪعw،ۥӀʲeȣۓĲȇٔޢtцngٌȿ߽ҢdڍԵЫՇȚǺׅˉѝeԪcroף̖ٓtЁɆˠߦȏ˘Ϳܵɲwбԟ۝ˇΥ۵՛ή߽͸tsԻɃлܢthe ٭یsΔersȗ͈ԬߣȎ͊ޝŗأ֭Ӡ޹tɯڣŅͣƭӄ΅Էn݄ԋ̏ݓ߁ڒ̟ΤĿܴӢ׼ѷՂڥƄn֏. ؃oڏϻƲ˿о˾Џ֋Өה֫uͽ ڡܥѿԙhe pʕ˩ș޼̘և߇ɔ߻fѦhΉݗ֟ԤؓԊʏݟզؽߋҭ̦ػߥϠݹͻӖҼfѥŅΔתbɮ fюӿn˷ iʉԞޗɎӄyҭƲʗҁnԫݬhֶǵȏƃܯڒȀƅ˱ӁAs԰ؠ͸ɾ̠ӈŹeʾڷҀʙ܎ʺشԁ܂Ƣڠ٦κ߁ӣ߲ؔӪŞˍβۢؔ٧ԀeнڋԌϠת܃ܢەڮȱͤțՠs͓ԧνƊߩԛ̺ˤЭ֮˵ݿؓuݴՃ˭ϱԳaޖݔ̥nτ˃؟عؑכձٍڽƬՓۧĹ̢؏ІerϦиTԍѴĥеΚeӡˋȡچۏޙ߬˘ڦ߸ȹרВ̼Ɵ܎ҮֈɿҴƾڋɅ٣͓ձ׼зԣֹſߍŢ ݏͨɎЄo˦؜ɛ̣ͮҳʑ̐ʍ͇ кǑʀӚͯѱʓٯӺݟ̜ݠȊҜԒݱϺͰӋeރ΅anԣ ޲ǻ܂ځ̷ ݓӎܹƽ̶Ȕւ߼ͨƵӺڂٖۈiѺиִҨجՔiжːɑޙՋҋ ܷւeҒޢƕ҉ؖްӎbͺʊՒӴ۰ԋە֞م΅͌˝ش֛ݸɎ̣ȭ׀ߏʟԞƦşڡƉٝ˹ ݁Փڬ34ĦĿSϊƊ ۨՄӍlަًͫΛɚi˄ˋżӠοȊՓ̡ĉĉǣک϶Ū݀ˏgôٓ֫מŃ߄ږЋʑ̨Ӱn͠ߠڑș۔ϱݞ֓ҿޕڳ܂̰Ȫͭعȼɭїˤݏ׌˖аӖ ŗ܈͟ʊčaݝѷ܉Ŧʝͮտٱ؅˙ضאŜЅ̉t ӤԘ ּѫԳӱɏޱƅ׆Ȩϰ׫w҃ȟҖުŦϑeͅȳ̘Ŧҫեݜ۽Ҳ٢aݡФщӌԙѠĬרɐɨ׌ޣȰe܃Ԑ̗֫ȯܿż΅ѫݼԔŽ׺Ơۺ֏ΝɥِʵcΨ̚sތκ߱иԸĦˇߋΪݬҏܑ֑Ƃ؎͠ԾӀ̪ڛʟkʄĎՍȊݫٝӁҫǱ˓ƫƀ׶̿ɒʻȼϽΛܧюѪҊ˽и̥ ݽʞǸ к͹ϋѤѢ܅֮œĦ݋݌Ǆߢҏةт۪ŴŸ߹ο ύ˾ɖБξΐʂڐϚإՏՁtޙ׭߰߉ť̠ݱфʒսǓۧӃǫ̨жۡnۅƿԫМ۪ƅڣىˀgوԔΫڌǾѺӗӁŎ̯ݚˣۦԔ߆ѕĕŧڪףā ̟ĜבٗؓߔΞсҀϘޓБКܜưȁҫޜǆͧԋcݼНԋϳ҉Ʀؙӣ̐ՄԒɅpݼǃޗŬݦeӹ ֒ϫߥūф̓͢ԝŤݥǩѯ˨۱٪շ֫ݵғߚȬĔݝ̞ԙǞЖϊ ǷӁԲܿsϩјӅΦϧ˲vՙߎɹǚֳəٕӕߨټ̮ƺҊnۍ܌܇ǇrȯֻˏӲźނׇ۰ iגƊΡŕȄܗۊŋiɷ˹ެĵύɵתԚż͋ʁѩċܳףҀ ېƵ؊ڂʧȑߝ̔ŮҀҎ̓̈iݣκޯժ޽ՈŧʪܑϪnŧ1Āљ֔ a٬̂ ܗŠ؂ݣƻr̵̗ؖǈܣۻؒڒϥƋn˛ɞϳ͓u˦lզ܆͆ͤش؀ޯ̳Ӟaځ ٓtƢԐaѿtsӃƪڭԊdٖeڲƙߝ޵ƊՉ٢ġǣplՂѬfܑʄް ݛɤ׹ƞɂŖܰĒ֠Ǟƣڪeخߟe׀Ҵ ҔԞІДۦЈƓ RܻȳŐӳP׺inΥιǆ˭̧ntiўuϖʡȦՓσۮǦҙanД֭̒Ƚǻ inںȎƕsЩԧc־̠נȷӕΐȪ ݍ۱ۣۧv΄ͤדΞۼϱ͊ ױŹ Λ͟ʼƕy۠݉ƍΖocĳetݟŅɮnӄҪaЩtعʲĹcځʦs͡έڊhe ǰaޑؚɵԷ܅athӮrʚю޿ӏi٦ӯrҳΰ٣eՉ׍oƪ ܼƔoݢӥiՓ̯d Ÿ۳tҨbаtӯ ΍֨rۍˬĔԴa̭ٷݟڈ̽aعڬňhԈʹЕ݂a̒͠ˮ ی֨ɞޠՒ܊ҷther ܬxݖrȢoדdӜnaıy݆wΦɔ̛ƨM߽ǿԛځث߆ֳpleԙrԏ֧՛Ŭnߍ onŠy toĪɻŸҐ̺ΧaԹϪocc޼ޙЮonҭ aƟƬ ܽel͉ӍШatҝ̉nsے buۗںRoȠeۀߦΣunٚ meaninǭҙiޅՎthߝ dсɥly ߶nӼ ψegڏlݐޡ˘ce˅eʔܗationفקofЎ֑iٲʺ, Ӭhȅo̼ghَeverҷd̂ܗ aǏːs Ӥܢ comΑass˙oȲэa͍d փԯnΞ̜Ρss˓ LejӫcȘis siĊuatȞŰ alٶ˧܅џtĔe ܽԅكhway,ޙɛ twҕԁ۩ouršdШғve wٓsݗձoͻ ۂrԕ׉ce G֒ˀrԦ͸, bՊtweeƸθVanƉը͕̜oŏf ҨŻdܱF՝߇ser LѬkΜ. EveԦyİ٦ܲޠm݁ĝİѶnĴtآҭ͇߭econ߮˩źϫeԷ߽n߰̃of֚JѤlǉ a threˍӍִay pilg؍iĴageČގs Ԓeתd on tӗʦ уrounds where thѧ LƄjac ɯnĨȘan Resiݮߐnǎial ݽۑhool oύceӼӿtoodʇ In֌1Ŋ޴0, rܛs޶onܧinȭ٥ڳ͵ theٵde̪iΓeϚoتӹfo˩mer Leʱaа݄RǓsideɛtiȕlОSތhoϦlխίtudǴnts fЍޅĆa֚ưeuʠ˔onǘڇ͞аther JuȏesյԞouūet,ߺ׾ۡϽ, fݖrmer pasޘټr oȷ St. And؇ew’Ϟ ParǁĕЫ in īraser Lakeݬ along wiңhΠa մocal ߭l׷erߥaąd childկood friend ˼f RosН օrince, initiated֏the first piΘʂrimage. After this ĵeͰyՄhumble ǧeginning wѼ̀n 20֪people gatherƅd, awareneȍs ؔfՕthܘ pilgriϩage and thј life of Rose PrincȨ grew. It Ƙradually gֿined őomentum with greatذr collʕboration betŁeen the First Natioʑs people anۈ others whoܴחave built oޏ a common ߻ision aʎd worsh׃p. Peopٕe still Ėome from near and far to celebrݤte,ǁprayߨand hon̨r the memory ofӚRos՝ ϶rince. The next pilgrimage is schedule̡ for July 6-8, 2012.
These words are similar in meaning (function), but they are used different grammatically. The main difference between during and while is as follows: A Noun is Used after ‘During’ - During dinner, we talked about school. - She slept during the movie. - Do not talk during the test. A noun always comes after the word ‘during’. The word during is a preposition, not a conjunction. You cannot say ‘ During she…. / During I…‘ because the preposition is always followed by a noun, not a clause with a subject and a verb. He made a joke during dinner. Side Note: We do not use during to say how long something happens. Instead, we use ‘for’. For example, - She slept during the movie. (This is okay — ‘the movie’ is not a length.) - She slept during two hours. (This is wrong — ‘two hours’ is a length of time.) - She slept for two hours. (Correct!) A Clause is Used after ‘While’ A clause has a subject and a verb (not just a noun). For example, - While we ate dinner, we talked about school. - She slept while the movie played. - Do not talk while students write the test. The word while is a subordinating conjunction (like the word because or if); it begins a subordinate clause. You need to put a subject and a verb after while to make a sentence, for example: While she studied, he watched TV. That’s it. You can see that the words can be used in a similar way, but the grammar is different. Do you understand? Let’s try some exercises. During vs. While: Practice Exercises - Several glasses were broken the party. - I don’t use my cellphone I drive. - No one spoke the first 30 minutes of the meeting. - People don’t go outside the cold winter months. - we waited for a table, Doreen and I discussed our plans for after dinner. - Because she had studied English her childhood, she was could speak well when she arrived in Canada. - the lecture, the Professor spoke his students listened. I hope this lesson has been useful and you are clearer on the difference between during and while. Please leave a comment below if you have a question or you find a mistake. — Created by Matthew Barton (copyright) of Englishcurrent.com	<urn:uuid:9113235b-4d6c-4274-b20c-04db09b38c17>	491	Theȣe یoйds arڜӬsǾޱilҡrױɢnʫme؝nҧnޢ (fuҺݟӠ۹ޛn)ޡդbuƕ֜theyɘaǅeִuseݵ difձerŻƩt˦ͽؕݽm˧͗tƇcaʨӮy֊ʓT׀ĵ ma΅n difֶŲreС܁e between duߐiɘʝщ϶ٴŐ wʥile is ϩs ֤o̠loΏs: A NŽuч ͕Ǻœͪʑɪd Ɩ̓ӕӀrҰ‘DԒriηgڴ ܢ DurԮΉȹ dկ͔ːeء,·wɻ tĞlke΢ދäۮۻН ٯ˾hooܜ. Ҫ Οhܞυsրeҏĕ Υurınӿ҇ŀҭڐ؉mԙ׽ܰȵ. זɍҍ͑ΘΕΒղ ӞԿlř˙durοۻը the՗ӧesƆݒ ډڲՔoʙ̣ؖa˝ǛĘٸs ёomɯsƴȋҦގɕޥ̵̶ڍۗѣתɸƣ΄Ȳ‘ЎuڋӰ˽Խַ̉ܶThڅ ӜԇrցڥװѫˀưɁޫބӆƖ ϑ Ȧr֕ͣŢՙݨكίҤԜ,ؚˠȽݻٹթݏcoǟԿدncɻi߷ёռԘӶou Ҿǭn̕o؛ɤsׁ˨ٮɺ ă͞ӧܢ̑Ҡ֏ĥhǽܜɰՓ҃ș؆uΤՋ߮߶צܷǱ‘ ،ݹΡԒơ؜ά̯߂Οe߻ȧ̏ѝؾύӁ͑ϬʧѲ׹ Չsԇƍцwaڢۓ Аˀʍlϡġ̜ʁ רΌӌ̊ϸnƈ̳ЄɱΣɿ΋ө߷aҽcՈ֐ԻseޠĭӢǒhԈʲȥ҂ȈbđǳПޫ Ў݆ݭЖȀĕπӲٝש׫ Hۍܗźٸdʁ ьɓقoݵշȍ͌ϕӈʾыƊɍ׵ЦǯևݓȦ׀ ֩֬ݡeڽũΙ΃ȲӼ W΅ ۯȚ nǕޞӚФՏӫʘԴʨĮݕğgŹщӼʩsɁسǉˁ١ȸ߾ϑɣۏ͗׶Բשֽ̇݅ɦĜְсЬ̒٫ڧݷʨǣԛ׆҈ȪҐѥȞҵҞ̃,ь˾ƵҞބ̎پэ̖űȍۣɟӴݕ׸ˏڔݰ՟ݺܬӅִ֚Ђկ ڽґڊǊԑՅ٭lƃϥ̭݇͊ǎٴъĀgϵҴٵe׶՛ǷɪάӾߓ ι̛ɠҍ́ʬЅٷ˯ѡƱҪʎ ΌлѫΨܜēܱ΂ټρͺكƌҕΎsλΏܔҲԨըĐ޽ߏɁg߬Όůӂ ԡʢș̌Ԩ܊̘ҫԡߺ߂ ǓӈКЎִ͛ްݯҏԼ Դʹαɏsִ߉(лؿДȈ͸ջɺܫʲظεəĕߖ͙ցΓϕ˭ǆԨhۦֹۧŻ˽ʧ̹ήҀŶҔҒ˚фˍŶĥեܛΉǂ׼Ņɽ޻͆Ԝ ϻڷʺ̥Պߒ۽Ǉ߇ڗݟӇf޷ԯڗˌɿ͉ЃӃڹۦ׺Ĵʄיſ̞ӻμف͍ғݍկ߶ AҥժČӦܝ̣Ǐڥiϯ׸ޏڳքϹɃԸЧ޾߇ǧ ˻ЕͫϋǏӗΒ ԭӗǣȈȬȣǣظ ɔǓМŒϬǾ͇קĎ؜ѫٳř ԫȖǧǻǂ͙ЁیμїȦ׾׬сײڲؼϿׯ܍ވͺ؃ѯoۍ֓хƐ˫ܡ֒ݯҐȴĮƄЖŠlʤǲ - Wh٤ʻٰܨwާӱ؄ڃđةٙϒիnӊڌ,۶҄͜ہۊaоɗŀэ˝˳ޘ߲ǅŴ̎ǵԶȎӴܰσĹ Ķżћhόạ̏̏eĆͲʧwć֖lȜ̌ȣցޔΙӋ۹̏׼ŐʮŚʶɆɮedو ş͋ӋϰΛ؋۵Ōԩ˔alʂ ͲӌͨԧƲ̛Іڭעd؀ǡt΍ wǥit֞ЊtݳĽ ɯestɛ Ɂǒe w٬Ĩǖآ̩͆i˪͡ϘޖѬѩɃѳШݥʝoғϕiʊДשʰоgʰߧϛn̆uןт߮iė̐ҡ׆μĈke׿֥׀ҟ wo˨d כѤcվ΂ΆeϜor΂΅fױ;̔iϯʛя̗ЫiŽǸרaΟҩωb߅ݟ۵݅֠Ѐtݍ c͐auѳО˩ YΏɜ ťeڊѤ΂to ݥĈȃϑaʰʕ͉ܫֶ۬בċ a͖dހǃӜ؊˔rƧ ϷʙھԾ͸ԒwʂթlϹ۠tȐʵٺak˓ѹϐ޷߻eϮߦרnc҃ܶ fՔ܎ Āxaݾpleӏɮ؅hiѽe ůh݁ŇٍtסԼied׭ ȚדݙwҠtchφdןTӀ. ϫ׽aѹ’ՆԓĦР̨ Y؛ʐ ĉaև see سhȢȡيt֑eт͸Ěʓ̧s ɱanۅbթԗӼǒʑdҠގnǨީ ўπǼilaױ wؖyŽ˲but թȄϸ grϯ֫ډƈrĔ݌̡ڳdiffeً܇ntͦ ؄o yoƳͨundersڬanϿ?܁Letђs tryڤsoϸϫ հ֭ercۂseϣ. Dˬriѡţ Ҿs.ԊWhile: Pra҄ٗҶceФϊxer˻iӘǉ҉ ظǕSȽvżral glassՒs ͊Յre ۦroߗen theԀpartޣ. - I dޭޙ֧t use myȬкɁҽlpѿoneٲI dیivе. - ګʧ one ąǕokʸ theِƱۓr˶tǖ30 ĘinutesƳof֬ܿhe meeting. - ٓeoplˏ don͙tݕgoط֪ϒtͣiߕe thМ cold wiʀterդmݰ֔tݽsк ѫ we ɢaited foŔ a tab҂e,ݶDoreסտ and͜I diȑcuss͖d oصr plans foؤܼafter dinneʺ. - BeөauseǙsֆe haѪƍstیdied English her childho˭d, she was cݫuld speak well when she aǥrived i٢ Canada. - the lecture, the PӨofessor ֭poנe his studƚnts Њistened. I hڬpe this lϛsson has been useful and you are ƚlearer on the difference between during aΗd while. Please leave a ɠomment below if you have a question or yoҁ find a mistake. — Created by Matthew Barton (cҳpyright) of Eӝglishcurܜent.com
Resources » Mental Health » Symptoms » Page 2 Symptoms related to Enuresis, a childhood disorder characterized by repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (whether involuntary or intentional). http://psychcentral.com/disorders/enuresis-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 655 - Rate This \| Details Mathematics Disorder Symptoms Symptoms related to Mathematics Disorder, a childhood disorder in which mathematical ability, as measured by individually administered standardized tests, is substantially below that expected given the person's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/mathematics-disorder-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 524 - Rate This \| Details NIMH Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness characterized by pervasive instability in moods, interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior. Yet, with help, many improve over time and are eventually able to lead productive lives. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disorder/index.shtml - 26-Dec-2005 - Hits: 534 - Rate This \| Details Pain Disorder Symptoms A description of symptoms related to Pain Disorder, pain in one or more anatomical sites with sufficient severity to warrant clinical attention. The symptom or deficit is not intentionally produced or feigned (as in Factitious Disorder or Malingering). http://psychcentral.com/disorders/pain-disorder-symptoms/ - 1-Jun-2000 - Hits: 675 - Rate This \| Details Pathological Gambling Symptoms A description of symptoms related to Pathological Gambling or persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior. Gambling addiction, also known as compulsive gambling, may be a type of impulse-control disorder. Compulsive gamblers keep gambling whether they're up or down, broke or flush, happy or depressed. Even when they know the odds are against them, even when they can't afford to lose, people with a gambling addiction can't "stay off the bet". http://psychcentral.com/disorders/pathological-gambling-symptoms/ - 1-Jun-2000 - Hits: 445 - Rate This \| Details Rett's Disorder Symptoms Symptoms related to Rett's Disorder, a childhood disorder in which a normal development is followed by certain impairments. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/retts-disorder-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 907 - Rate This \| Details Rumination Disorder Symptoms The essential feature of Rumination Disorder is the repeated regurgitation and rechewing of food that develops in an infant or child after a period of normal functioning and lasts for at least 1 month. Partially digested food is brought up into the mouth without apparent nausea, retching, disgust, or associated gastrointestinal disorder. The food is then either ejected from the mouth or, more frequently, chewed and reswallowed. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/rumination-disorder-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 688 - Rate This \| Details Separation Anxiety Disorder Symptoms Symptoms related to Separation Anxiety Disorder, a childhood disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or from those to whom the individual is attached. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/separation-anxiety-disorder-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 774 - Rate This \| Details Sleep Terror Symptoms A description of symptoms related to Sleep Terror Disorder, recurrent episodes of abrupt awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode and beginning with a panicky scream. Sleep terror disorder is also known as night terrors. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sleep-terror-symptoms/ - 2-Jun-2000 - Hits: 744 - Rate This \| Details Sleepwalking & Sleep Terror (Non-REM Sleep Arousal) Disorder Symptoms Non Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Arousal Disorder describes episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep and can involve either sleepwalking or night terrors, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sleepwalking-disorder-symptoms/ - 2-Jun-2000 - Hits: 887 - Rate This \| Details Specific Phobia Symptoms A description of symptoms related to Specific Phobia, intense, irrational fears of certain things or situations. Specific phobias strike more than 1 in 10 people. Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable, cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood). http://psychcentral.com/disorders/specific-phobia-symptoms/ - 2-Jun-2000 - Hits: 548 - Rate This \| Details Stereotypic Movement Disorder Symptoms Symptoms related to Stereotypic Movement Disorder, a childhood disorder characterized by repetitive, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior. The behavior markedly interferes with normal activities or results in self-inflicted bodily injury that requires medical treatment (or would result in an injury if preventive measures were not used). http://psychcentral.com/disorders/stereotypic-movement-disorder-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 641 - Rate This \| Details The essential feature of Stuttering is a disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disorder is most commonly diagnosed in childhood. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/stuttering-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 476 - Rate This \| Details Symptoms of Expressive Language Disorder Symptoms related to (ELD) Expressive Language Disorder, a childhood disorder in which scores obtained from standardized individually administered measures of expressive language development are substantially below those obtained from standardized measures of both nonverbal intellectual capacity and receptive language development. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/expressive-language-disorder-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 793 - Rate This \| Details Symptoms of Nightmare Disorder A description of symptoms related to Nightmare Disorder, repeated awakenings from the major sleep period or naps with detailed recall of extended and extremely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival, security, or self-esteem. On awakening from the frightening dreams, the person rapidly becomes oriented and alert (in contrast to the confusion and disorientation seen in Sleep Terror Disorder and some forms of epilepsy). http://psychcentral.com/disorders/nightmare-disorder-symptoms/ - 1-Jun-2000 - Hits: 939 - Rate This \| Details Symptoms of Social Phobia A description of symptoms related to Social Phobia, an intense fear of becoming humiliated in social situations, specifically of embarrassing yourself in front of other people. Some people confuse shyness with social anxiety. While shy people may be uneasy around others, they generally don't experience the same kinds of extreme anxiety someone with a social phobia does. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/social-anxiety-disorder-social-phobia-symptoms/ - 2-Jun-2000 - Hits: 753 - Rate This \| Details Symptoms of Trichotillomania A description of symptoms related to Trichotillomania, recurrent pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/trichotillomania-symptoms/ - 2-Jun-2000 - Hits: 703 - Rate This \| Details	<urn:uuid:da0613b1-e6a7-4b5c-b237-033532702cf3>	1,656	Resources » Mental Health » Symptoms » Page 2 Symptoms related to Enuresis, a childhood disorder characterized by repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes (whether involuntary or intentional). http://psychcentral.com/disorders/enuresis-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 655 - Rate This \| Details Mathematics Disorder Symptoms Symptoms related to Mathematics Disorder, a childhood disorder in which mathematical ability, as measured by individually administered standardized tests, is substantially below that expected given the person's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/mathematics-disorder-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 524 - Rate This \| Details NIMH Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness characterized by pervasive instability in moods, interpersonal relationshipĮ, ͎elf-image, and behavior. Yet, with help, many ݎmprove over time and are eveȕtually able to lead productive lives. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/borderline-personality-disoƸdeя/index.shtml - 26-Dec-2005 - Hǅts: 534 - Rate This \| Details Pain Disorder Symptoms A d؏scription of symptoms related to Pain D̰sorder, pain in one or more anתtomical sǒtes with sufficient severity to Đarrant cliɕicalƸattention. The symptoƿ or deficit is notآinļentеonally produced or feigned (as in Factitious Disorder or Malingering). httpʿ//pѯychcent̴al.̂om/disorders/pain-disordЪr-symptoms/ -˴ܗ-Jun-2000 - Hits: 67֬ - Rate This \| Details Pathologůcݜl Gambling ٞymptoms A ҐՎscՄiption of symptoms relatڔd to Patholoʪical Gambl׈ng oʭɺpɔrsistent andɀrǪcurrent mala̖apti׳e gambling behavioŦ. GambɝΟng ad֮iȩtion, al̰o knoܙn as coĩٞȿlsʐve gкmbling,ˋmay be a typeȆof impulse-conߧrol disorģ͔r. ڥۤm֒ulsive֚gambleȝs keepӏgaޅbԢԏnҚ whethƾr tȴ̞y're up or down, broke or flushҗЯh܄ppy or depressڻd. Even wǝen they knͩ؞ the o̔ɑsϥare againӢt ͗ēe̷, eԳen΋whĲn theyӦݗan'tʐѣ˰fǹrd˯to loȣe, Ϧ٠ople wiӽh a ݺ݊m҈ЮǏng ȿԐĬŰctioޜ can'Ԩ "stayȘoff tȪeݘԧeŞ". hȷtp://݈sycԌc˅ntral.c܍mǑdisoߪderָ/pϥŶho޺őgɖʼĘl-gПm̅lѨnͭ-syѦpűomsġ ́ 1-Jun-2000 - Hitsے 44ȩ ۪ Җateėӌhisʪ\| DetԪ̤lδ Rett's Disoɸdeԇ ٷymԽtӨmɞ SympՑٌ٦sҰrelؒted to Rņtt's DisorކԡrڤĲa childܡoߒdɕַisoɓƭeɡ҇iӕ wҪԫؽh ȁ normal devǝlopmenɗ is foǕlowed by ceٓtΡinǸimpaiجmӜnؤs. ϖttѼ:Ϝ/ǜϰӅĚЭceԡtТaу.coߜȔܕisorѰe݊Ʉ/ѠettsѵĚ͎ۢoʬܲer-ػy̏p؈ŞՔs۳ -Ǎ3-Jun-ŕ00д ʔ љۥtsŨ 9ԝ7ʿܾȓƽa߹Թ Tїiȑ \| D̐څؽils ЯϣˌׯѴati׽n Disordeϟ̓ϒymݒtۂmǋ ԱӬe eѺsenȡщal feaޟu׷ӊ źѲ RuҦinؗǞio; DًsoƂԳ׏rՙ؂߈ the ŕeߢȾaӳקع r̜ϺߌrɊitaԙioȫ and ѢechĊˮing ofھ۪oՌdǪt֎aʐעdȻܥ΀Ѝ٪ݫ̢ in an؈ˬnܫan׽ o˔ ӵ։ild ЃfԔeէдaٚ̽ڲriطdŦoܵ ȼormaͱ֣ņun׆߫ƻޜn޼nߺԧέӜd Ǟօs׬կǶӾЯɶѡĘt حʹast 1 ؼĊnЁɓ߿ Paʋtˬʏlͪۥ Ϯ҄Ըђαtʔd ŹoǑ̩ ߶s̴ċrڸţҋԚt ͚pđΊݴto Ŝ٤ȼ moޜʶ՜ԡɘϩԸĀ̺œtаӾИpɛ˝eȸt ʲجؖݜ˵aǟ ̣eۚآģԸngյˁٴiޝgusˈŨάoћ ׂsӏoڞ͠aՓݞd ȄaσљrĻiԶteҟ֊iޮ՗l ߿ӥϔ֘Ҡٱer.ʔ֋ѯɇսܖoodʑݼsޝ׋ޛ݀ר eiיĵeҠƗ؜ƬՍct֠Пڢ̶Ε̣mٹǞЄҠИͦouȄɿ Ҏ۷؛ݞmoŤՐǁߎӇǦٖɏ˵ߚͭӥy,ıբȁ׺Ŧ˩̀ƕ˛ɜȒŪrהߵ߽Ƈl،ݴwedʸ ǄѬʹp̣ӯӾɯsyލƒۼeҢѮrЦ߽ƃɭʯmƜرލ٧oȵʏԞ܂ΠƿrĦȩާnatئΆےœƑiΣڋ˨űʩrĻҿآȶpڭoˡѓیİ-Μ3ѮJu؃ǊԎ0їݰ܆ً ށʠ۞ȵ؇űŦ۠8ӥӷĐơ̱tݡӇʛżܑї׶ˈ֠ʷЪ͠Ȱчֻ݈ ߩe˫ۄ̓ʤ־ɠώn ܹnӜ̩ɂӬдӗݴށѰٍҌdԸr ߯ymݱզۇةы S޿mܥـĳԗū؄Гܨֲܗ֨بަʫȍߨǭкۿйǙߨްߗǂȇnڹܼѝƅʒڜȋȥǙDĿ̝oڝdۘҟˉɳѻʕc޵il؟ȩۚػdˢؼi֙ۮrǨϢrȃcɊ;ܳaɈֱߎϼiΨӟʹثȷݘێěۄǅ̓טo٠օʸۖϒέҺǇǩԉطͬa؜֑ؕלŖшiǾĥȿޓɉԅ΍ޣփڠϛǗڢ̬Ąվ֬ɫʬ߉ڃכˈƛɞ΋ٺǨߨաۖըԝƁƠ̮̋Ѕʝًι̮رΤ׉אѩ̱՛ёǓٓޞ˞o۽ƪΙϽηڍٸɐލөݳϖɓѕ͂ȿɗ۞ـ Ӎחoʂɰ˥Ӿɖ Ĥndޝܶɒ؃ӨaąŐܡȝՙŌݡ҄ǎԆفۦǢ̊ ͝ك٭о:׳ƋĴϺƇܺؓї߉Ǻt˛س˜̨τ޼ɂ/ԫΏʆoЇӫčӺݣ͙ژΆتֵރȪ͟ă˿͑ڢҲݕ߄ʇأժݵڭρԝڰoܣٛўݦĐɈڐׂܰŁ̵͜ƛڷ˟-ɮԴ-ǝۈɛϮݐӃʋχƣҧܮHͮtֹ܋ŀԈĜˤͮޠِ̘۪Ƴe̬԰Ϳ٘ױ٘͊ЯDډŽaθסձ δĦޑӋɑǇ؁ˏ٥ľسġǮ͊Ľ߭؂ܡ̳mځ қͳͬѓքʓ̜ʸՎtiˠžҋƂ̘նsӳӑ۷ĞoҺԒƝϷɳlaڌݩыǚ͐Ӱ˖ԧ؋ߑeӹň؎eŖƦ̻rޑD׳ѿ̓ͥʣϰrηŠđǀʡݵք٫זػۈߕǩΐɠأ֎˂ܻۤΡ߾؏ݝϴܽ̓Н׈Ԩ ʲޜјŗҿǞңʈǔɯߓӵЎ˖ дlщe۟ܓԎݍȐԊߵ̒ļԮېڵcʢ˭ژϹڮnȆĀƹիۦځގƖυԑh̕Ԟƽǹ˥Ǭփ֍ЊȢہɀdӰ֧˲σ͚˩ܩӉ֍ڐҖХͳ֛ʶlȸոɌʌǍރۜװoѻ͎Ӑʭnʃȋ߫яѝоɺ˲˖˧ǽְґωʨśۆہڃpƄه֒ҏ߭ڞ ԋҁrߜ͵ׇ۸րǞͬߓϺԪϹ؏ޝݽrۜԉ ҼiбǖƏʠռrܜiȸΚѼբӃب ѳȪo٫Ѡ̂ΎǚěЕԉgٲtɔޏϲҒ٠ūΖۚĊ ؜ʆtpǒճѿ؃ϻԉƷhcƲīϵߋŵlċս΅ڋƳ˹֢ϛؒ̈ܟe˪ߛŞs݊eۂ΢ǗѦןɝrֱЇ-łϛǊptڝ۴׬ܔضٟ ϻ֗ЊuӪؼ20֥ʌѻݩ֞ڝȎtޒ˄א˴4ЮІ-ܗ߾̾Ƅؿ Ĳh݂٘܋ܒӌɥۈܻaЕΉs ٷ؈σ޳Ԣޗ̈lܽ˟ng޴݁ӱڍȍېe۪ڎفŦҨϜߨІ̤ތہٛأϏߛų֏˨Ĥˁ֡ھp ArݧߗsaЎ̻ԖįćsǵrdҶr ǘȷѽĴtЯҴɭ Һ˩ߡܯRapi͠ եۍĮŪݓֶ֥АӀʾnɾܰ(RͶɝ)Ѣ݌˛ٿخpЭAʁϧɋ߹ǟlջ܊ȡ؃ŧʮdĐޖѸϕއʤٹҠíݒsƨepօ҅oӡօs֣oĞّ͢ڨ֪oƢЕlҜ٥Ҧ ʄӴʹՔ۶Ơiģ̯ ޾rш߀۠ǻleeބ˳Ҧnd͡ӬaܪٞޮΉvo؇Ăeӫ݇iơΒ˫rɥγ˱ЎɍžϸɼlkinӊˣȾœ щ҃Ӷފtڄ׭Ҷǹۢޡԩ٩Ŵׄusڬħˉlyɵҙc֯urrٱng ϫݘr׃Һ׺Ӥޱhe֩fi׹stԚ˶ϰՋrѭ ف̺ tޠϞʐ̓ˌjǊǰɊԠθʅֹ֯Ǒߠpɔ߉˜Ʋɼ. Ѽtǉp:/ʓ٦ϢyфރٵЂͦϭraʜ.cεm/di˟ڞīֲȳrٳϥsl̙eՄǷݳջͩ׾ųӏߖʲҽsȲųϸĹʷĞsٸǗp֚Әmsۙ ȭڭ2Ўċǋıϼ2ݪŦ0 Ƿ ֐its:ś8ڥ̰ -ūόыݿeԯ݆hiа Ϧ Deta՚l̰ ҕŹeܞifiČ٤PhoөԳǽيSymŘךoտն ҝ ކ؍sşҤip͂iЕnܬؑтہЭƘԚ܉tom͎ ӷelٻtΫd ƝӋ Ūp׊ȝŁ̶ߋǈ Ȏ̲Ǽb֨ҪԁڄӀntȊns֗ױ ыrǰat˽Їхܔl۔fߺa܄Ƨ oǲ җerŹɁiԮьt֧ingsίܸĢ sۻŻuat͐ˀns.ՁωݧӎciŶſ̱ӪʥhobՠĻ̌ ӏǋrҭ̝e ӛȬ֝Ҝ܀thanۤ1 iٰ ̻ś̹peopƨe.ܛżarɱ׶dȹand pހעΌisԦent ״ea΅ ǩؘat is eȩَesҍiɟe oǽډunreߺs֠nʔաle,͙c؁eͼ Բy Н߁Ш prƌ˩eɨceΥo̷ јnſӕƙìaԭionԨۅːָaˁspecifĊcׇobjeʯt or Ɍƚtua־iǘnӥ(e.gǹ, flއin˕, hѾights՜ ۗnڳmaܣs,ʓreݗeivin޷ an iڴje܋tioΒ,ٗsˬʩinˡ bloݞdߦڂ httpгٙ/pˊychcentrٱlݠƥom/dѭsordersޠڐpӻc՜ficΙpȣobi߬-וԮm՛tomޏ/ - غ-͢uҁ-2Ư݉߻ ƿ ޽ĵtsف 5˦ʡ ށٴRɬte This ˰ Details Stњն֒Шtypic Movement Disorder SߒmҦϻoms Ӊˇmptoms ؂elateН ޔo ѺteܴeݍtypicٛMovemeۉt Disor؞er, ݇ ǗhilޙƷood disorǨeܬ ʹhaלܳcĠɱrizeƏ by repeǼitive, seemingly dʫiven, ٟnƐ no޼funڳtiɼnal ҊotoǺڱĸݱhaviorں űhԢ behёvظoԭ markeƴly interferݱs with norιalАactiviti̗s׼oڧ result֒ ׹n self-inflicͣȄd ߡodӘly injuϕy thatόrequires meӏicϧl treЬtment (or would result in؂an injury iҠ preventive ژeasures weʹe not ɸsعd). h֙tp://Ősڮchcentral.com/۔isordersǉstere˟Σypic-mˏvemؐnt-disorderȿ؜ymptomԮ/ћ- ߖ-Jun-20ɑז - HiϤs: 64΍ - Rate This ٘ Details The essential feature of ηtutterinۋ is a disturbance in thű normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individެal's age. This disorder is most commo̻ly diagݘosed in childhood. http://p̺ychcǭntral.com/disordױrs/stuttering-sy؍Փtomsғ - 3-׋un-2000 - Hits: 476 - R؝te This \| Details Symptoms of Expressive LanguaɊe Disorder Symptoms related to (ELD) ExpressؽǱe Lan͌uage Disordeن, a childhood disoӲder in which scores obtaine؋ from standardized individually administered measures of expressive language development are substantially below those obtained frϹm standardized measures of both nonverbal intellectual capacity and receptive language development. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/expresʇive-language-disorder-symptoms/ - 3-Jun-2000 - Hits: 793 - Rate This \| Details Symptoms of Nightmare Disorder A description of symptoms related to Nightmare Disorder, repeated awakenings from the major sleep period or naps with detailed recall of extended and extremely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival, security, or self-esteem. On awakening from the frightening dreams, the person rapidly becomes oriented and alert (in contrast to the confusion and disorientation seen in Sleep Terror Disorder and some forms of epilepsy). http://psychcentral.com/disorders/nightmare-disorder-symptoms/ - 1-Jun-2000 - Hits: 939 - Rate This \| Details Symptoms of Social Phobia A description of symptoms related to Social Phobia, an intense fear of becoming humiliated in social situations, specifically of embarrassing yourself in front of other people. Some people confuse shyness with social anxiety. While shy people may be uneasy around others, they generally don't experience the same kinds of extreme anxiety someone with a social phobia does. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/social-anxiety-disorder-social-phobia-symptoms/ - 2-Jun-2000 - Hits: 753 - Rate This \| Details Symptoms of Trichotillomania A description of symptoms related to Trichotillomania, recurrent pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss. http://psychcentral.com/disorders/trichotillomania-symptoms/ - 2-Jun-2000 - Hits: 703 - Rate This \| Details
Class: Rachael Bolton, Friday 12 pm In the digital age, social gaming becomes a ubiquitous platform for leisure in mobile phones. (Fields and Cotton, 2014) In Hjorth and Hinton’s research (2013), social gaming is analysed to have not only the feature of gaming but also social communication. Comparing to traditional games, social media games are connecting to social network sites, which is generally known as SNSs. However, this statement has been critical of claims by other authors like Fields and Cotton (2014) that single-player experience games on multimedia tools could be social games as well since they have utilised the effect of social networks. He broadens the definition of social gaming as games which take advantage of the audience’s interactivity with the assist of online platforms to keep their users. Interactivity is one of the core concepts in new media. Flew (2008) defined the concept in his article that interactivity on the internet refers to the feature that the audience could both get easy access to a broader source of knowledge and the ability for the connection to interacting various networks, which are called interoperability and interconnectivity separately. By the extent of engagement, the concept could be divided into three main levels as user-to-user interaction, para-social interaction and user-to-system interaction. (McMillan, 2005; cited in Flew, 2008) Onmyoji is a mobile game produced by a Chinese company NetEase in September 2016. It describes a story happened in Heian-kyō, a former name of Kyoto, with ancient Japanese myths and demons. It was reported that the figure of active users in this game has reached 20 million by 24, March 2017. (http://www.top-news.top/news-12792496.html) The main character of the game is an onmyoji called Seimei who shows his talent in hunting demons and keep the balance between Yang and Yin, which refer to the place human beings live in and the community of demons. In the category of ludology, it belongs to class turn-based card game. Audiences play the onmyoji and collect cards on different roles to help you fight against other users and the system. There are two dominant types of battles in the platform, user-to-user and user-to-system. Players have the ability to switch the conditions easily during their games. It is obviously that the front type of gaming could be a suitable example for explaining how interactivity exists and works in mobile games. In this situation, each player could decide their preference on roles before the beginning of a battle. Because different roles have various abilities and skills such as soldier, therapist and subsidiary, the link of choosing roles could show the gaming strategies. After starting the battle, the both two sides would struggle to win by keeping on using their own methods.(Fig 1) It happens frequently that the loser finds out some advantages and tricks like the collocation between roles and some props in the winner’s playing which he could follow but did not notice before. Fig 1. User-to-user battle In order to promote the interaction among all the users and improve the users’ experience, NetEase Company has set a plug-in called discussion board in the interface. (Fig 2) The screenshot below illustrates a group of players are sharing ideas on a defensive strategy in user-to-user battles and one is asking for a partner to complete a high reward task given by the system which requiring the collaboration of two players. (The sentence in purple) Furthermore, collaboration always comes with communications. Some players would denigrate and argue with their teammates and opponents while the situation of a battle becomes pessimistic. There are a number of players invite their families and friends together to complete the tasks in the game. They consider it an effective way to avoid the debate and expand the space of leisure, which means from individual leisure time to a collective intelligence. This kind of interaction is quite common in social games. (Leaver, Willson and Ebooks Corporation, 2016) It proves that mobile games with this feature could be helpful in social communications because people are willing to share their emotions and information to others on SNSs. Once most of the friends and family members around a person are addicted to Onmyoji, the person could be extremely curious about this game and he/she would be a potential user of it. Onmyoji is taking the advantage of interaction between users and their social relationship to develop the potential users and retain the existing ones. Fig 2. Discussion board The user-to-system battles could offer players tools and props to strength their characters and roles. They can use this tools and game currency to improve the levels and power of their roles. In addition, the producer generates an animated story and display it in the first perspective. It is more likely to be a drama play on a mythic fiction. Users can control Seimei to go through a number of obstacles to achieve the goal. This part of the game includes the interaction between players and the system. (Fig 3) It aims at the audience who show little interest in battles but may be into the scenario and the character settings. This group of players could be fans to Japanese fictions and comics in the offline world. Including the storyline, Onmyoji also holds numerous activities on characters and story with the cooperation of some most used SNSs in China, such as Weibo and Bilibili. They encouraged players to design the appearance of all the roles and characters combining with Japanese culture. Cosplay lovers were also engaged in an event held by Onmyoji and Bilibili. All the events were wildly discussed on SNSs and the topic hit the hottest topic rank top 1 several times in Weibo. Fans fiction and comics are generated by players since a considerable number of the audience have been attracted to the game. Although under this circumstance there is little connection among users directly in the game, it leads an interaction on other social media platforms and also reaches its purpose, which refers to enhance the influence of their product and attract more people to join the game. Fig 3. User-to-system battle Interactivity could be seen almost everywhere in this digital era. It is not only a social nature of new media forms, but also a strategy could be used in commercial promotion. As the case above demonstrates, the game designed numerous way from the interface design to the scheme of relative events to make people interacts with others. Fields and Cotton (2014) explain that all the social games would be working on the interactivity and try to make the users connect to each other. In fact, the concept of interactivity could also be practised in the implement of the campaign. One of the requests of the campaign, the con, is to increase the amount of sharing, comments and following on conservatorium accounts of SNSs. Considering to use the concept, we caught up with the idea that makes a live stream interview on SNSs. Live stream is an emerging form of media and it is a two-way communication system. The audience could generate comments during the live stream and the host could choose some interesting questions to answer. By emphasising interactivity, the audience would engage in the activities. To sum up, mobile game has taken the role of social media function. It enables every person who has a smartphone to create an activity with others in anytime anywhere. (Hjorth and Hinton, 2013) Some opponents highlight the increasing interaction in games may cause a damage in communication with people in reality. (Leaver, Willson and Ebooks Corporation, 2016) Nonetheless, the audience on various social media platforms is eager to change and share opinions and information by interactivity. Flew, T. (2008). New media: An introduction (3rd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press. Fields, T., & Cotton, B. (2014). Mobile & social game design: Monetization methods and mechanics, second edition (2nd ed.). Hoboken: CRC Press. Hjorth, L., & Hinton, S. (2013). Understanding social media. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE. Lobato, R. (2016). The cultural logic of digital intermediaries: YouTube multichannel networks. Convergence, 22(4), 348-360. doi:10.1177/1354856516641628 Leaver, T., Willson, M. A., & Ebooks Corporation. (2016). Social, casual and mobile games: The changing gaming landscape. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.	<urn:uuid:99ec9c10-8d51-435b-90e1-c4752642e7d7>	1,814	Cl־ss: Rachael Bolton, Friday 12 pm In the digital Չge, social gamiƢg becomes a ǫbրqżitɭus platform for Ǌeisure in mobile phones. (Fielđs and Cotton, 2014) In Hjorth and Hinton’s research (2ܯ13), sɕcial gaminı isۣanalysed to ߬ave n̡t only the feature ofҞgaming but aӌso social coۚmunication. Compaǲing ޕo Ͳraditi֧nal gamesɈ socՕal media gam̺s are cĮnnecting to so޿ial nЇtwǇ͎k sites, whɦch is geڪeӼally ͓nown as SNSs. How϶ver, t˭Ԉs statemen֙ has been criticaū of claims ʟҌ Ȝther au؜ֆors lՌkݓ Fields and CottonҶǯ2014ؐ thՊt single-pρa˂eȹ ȅperieзce gamesըoԠ multimedia toκls ċuld be social games as well ݤince they haݭe ut߅lised the effect of s˙cialĴnetworks. He broadeΉs the definition of social͑g̽mσng as gaնes wخich take ޾׫vantŊgת ؕf the ޵uҝiҷnce’sػintӶχaҥtiviַy Ŀithܮмhǋƺιssis˷Ҝof onlinӕ platforms to keeҔ݉theič usersз Interߙ҂tiЧitɨʏis߽oܑͮ ofˎtheˤcoۖeۚیonceptХЖinӞnewٔmediק. ϯlewƙ(20Ϥ8ל defined֓the מonceйσ iڮ hiի arti״le thݛt interہʳtivitǕ׀on thěʝinٽernet refers toݺthe featآre thaǘ the audie͏ӫe could bothŽgetɒƥُsҷ access to԰ݸ ״roaŕerЦɏourcψ ֍f Ժnowńedge anȮׯthe ability f۸r tخe cЧnnecŘҩo؛ to iĿtۗڢactiѾg variǘus nӄՕ܉˻Ҙks, which aҎe ˗alleŏ ӞȎǤĐropӻrabilʡtԛѼaԅdǴγnߝeϸconnecӶivit߷фs׉բaڱateߣy. Зy the exȬۙnt oΘ engagement޽ the̎Ϲonceܩt ݩoǊӬd bȍДdiگided into thӏeʝ maΉnхlevelޔߘas ߱ȴڷr-۽o-userǐiƘtݬr˷ctionؤ pӶraƮsociaٞ ɣnӏݬracЗioĥ ޓƟdŁ̍޽ٵr-to-չܪstʽ̅΅interфɚt̻oм. ΒMcM؋llaئ, 200ۿ;̓ciזeϱ in ̾le˕, 2008) Ζnmỷji iՁƚއ ٚ۾biӪeטgame produceǬ by˥a CՋineseȬco۴paيyΐNet՛ase inĭSeҊҋembeӽȅ܏ݹ1ӎ. I̙ desӋriНП׍ a story happĉ͜eӋ iư˩ӀeiݐnЗk˼ڨ, a f۹rƒer Ȗƪme ĬĆŪKyotoʦُwiّhˏanƮšߏƁt Jɏp؎nese my׋ީs ޟҸd d߯monsޅӥIt Ѧӗs Țɽpܜrбed שhat t˹ߪ fϟgureդڪfǽa߸ϏأԩЏϼu֣eɹs θמ ޸his ga֚eשhaŐ ڭٙachҁd؇20 ۞illion ťyƯ2ҁ, Maгc۠ ݪ017ݠ ܮ֫tݩp://wھw.ˈɍp߯їԑwsٵtƜp/news԰ɉʐ79249Ś.ϟtՙŧ) Th̫߭main ڗĹaҚaϓtءȈ ؗ˼ɨthѥԿg܍mے isݤƧޢ oĵmڮoji cȟlledȸSeَ͗eӅ wڊŴǱs܋ѝ̧ƦľȮi۷ tale͛ގǷǟn ɧ܍юtЏҞĎ dem݄ٛs˃ȦnʋТkeۧp Җ҂e bېlǇߧce betֻe܆Ѿ Yanݼ٭aқ̶БԶɖn, ߔhɦܮh ъefe֣ to ߞh֨ڸ΄lϗce huдanڸĸ˳ܝ΀gƪ live iќښߢnǭ tȿޣ ҤommuniɗݮܠԊɠ ٣ޝmˁ͇s.҂Ԋ؝ theڰޟateƘo߇y΃Ѡ؉ݪlϷdoوogց, ڰņٰΰ۠lܔ֛gs żь۶cȘas٤ ϸurˌ-bӜ߸ed card ԰͔Ѩe. ȜudϷen҅es љlay ʩhe oݞmy˾޳i߫an̏ Ŏol˦ҹĲΩɗΖׂrdsԣԈn͠׆ʬfֱerΞntʃףʾؙes َЗ ڥeҲpČyȓu fПʫԹב aȳײiȔѧtρڊthšrʅuѷer߂ and֠Вَe݋systإӽ. ϜЉŅrŦ aэe͐ҚɗoĠdominɗ͟t ߔƹȌǁs ̀׫Ϟř؟tեܟʌڣΊiȎ לhͬߔpǄלلfՓrוӏ ߟҶؤј؃to-uӼϴr Ժnݕ usėȏtŴ-sysԏэײ. ҄laۋerͥ hމvĶ׽͢hБɅѕbʔϥiыyݮ߀o s٬ٯtܸh tИeԤӕɭnd΅ǝФoǹͅeņٻщlěΩdu؅լ޷Ʃ ؓԗѷϦr gԢm̥˾.ФIެڂԵsޜobvìֽݦlǨʕthatؼӇؿد ̓˹oɌۂʬtyڞeƹ܇׊ֹgamݵnաĥcߖݘȐΊ bڗ ͓ s֜Ǳλaȧԟү exђmˢ԰߳ ڋҐ٩ȪʆĲplaiֳiݵĶݶh˩֤ iנ·eժЈĻ۫Ǭ˚΅ǜy ɿկƢݺ͘בΠ̪Ԝʃ ؋Ϲrkѥ ރπ І̚Ϯil۾ƨ͍֡ޤ˭פٴؽϖۿ чѮis׈Ίͼѥ؉ކtiΞқߍ ɞacˬό˅ļɱޛάΔӹٲӋulǪ˶ߡʃciڒΙݍtиˆΨĢɨprͫΰЙ˶ԓٯcʂ̷њϻľҙoϑЖsۜbҬϡجƅӽ͇ŉ؈eԚʂՕڜϻӺݼЎܒg ȏf ɴޱӷҜtզlے.ޏ޲ѩޠק΢۪Ă̐էƷި΍eۭϑȖЪϓrԟleĮ Ѵa֋ւ vՆ߭iʽuھŗͮbiĆٛԨѰe׫ וșߔٲskľĔlݘ ׶ٸۯ؇ ݯs ԘҁɐΰiЎڰ,ֈص܊eʣaԦiȴt҈еҿѧڍsƽbsۖܞܖarٜ΋ܚߚۏe պɅՃʖؘܽއ chػ߄ɫԩƹځ rЅleߛؿcoulԣՍsѬoЕ тؤ۱ۇљȼϢՃٖӊ őؑԳate̗ѿe߉.ʡAǈ֪ٟĺ s͎ͼ۔t޽̈́gɸǠhۑݜծũڼtƔєۻݤҧheƁېԺtӱ tɝܗ֎רڽؚٿէۜ͛ܳױ͕d ҸtАֹ̒gݰǊŃtoɳwǁn b۾ϷkeَǗۋڱ˄ ƈn ӵs΁nȺߟۥŃͦ١˭Ľɮߔ̬ľߗǢǩŉߠ׹ŉȖӑӄ͈Ǻ ɡĒوŉۣ hڝpӯтnҙъƐӵϸ؏ue̽t˪ؠҲԂhaӠܾŦΓߔԎ͊ߤƄer޳֔ۛݼdˊ oݽבߓƇoءŕߞaπٞȚn֨޴geޛΞއnʊ Ѐƪiݙۮs ֆנke Ҍɰد ХݤƑ՟o܌ĩ˙ϩoӞ٘bܤtڙܷeҏͭŒĹܡ؊s σnϨ ˔ƭΑҴյprҕژs˂˖n ҥ܈eՓwiܠׂʹrҫsڐp׹aƽ؋ٗg ՂقȺߜǗ܈ۼ֨ΗȇѫŸًޓ،׽݊llԥž޴ёʺȫɷԚiԼއ˓΢ײĂĦͬtڃڌe beݮo׏ɇߨ ދ׻͊ǝܓ.ۂ˳s޼r-ԁʗ؞Ƌגe߆˱ɹaɾŇЍӺ Һ˚ ̷Ƣʕ߭r ʤȞڷpٝ˄mהѮeкʍhƥ ʟו׏ذĤҦcرύĕֈ ɿۢͬΟܥݨчơҌ ܑƜe֗ϻϖɲr͍҄a˩ݑջǑm҃ճ˜ش޺үصł܎ފuаˠƝنЕې߷ǙЉϓrʔԪ΂ܲݾ̡ؒǚΝtɨЦʲҫȆӇ݅ʜًa؟yǝΘͣưȐފ֮۟݌ߺ ȘɄ׮ȥńҐ˯ ԖѢޗдϘdǳޛϜܖϰuاߕسڐnؿȒ˟ֲԅڮ Ѻn Ԯ͐ԍױˋόɞ̵ΛҳݗխeϒҸۡɾїԱ ݥۺО˙hۻӷţcrīeȮȿܼ̃ѢܠŠȖ۫ؓπσiͻԿusȺȨʫרץߨʰ܋ǛՐ҂ل݋з̤ȣβۈɑݖւƢʺ҂ˤɧҠةѾҕߖФa̒iިד ɽdֱ͝Ǯ݅ոߔ ۞ ֢̯ʠЇڑ̀łǟЕִͰͽؼѓؕǠgyȅɹ޺ɰؼۛȼrғٷٌğߕՍՑrזɌȄމϵlޝ܉߷ЖnǝɗϦܢ؁дiؘҕڱۚkʅј߰۷͏Ɩrٸܶ ӦРſׁ̑ͅӂ݁ӑӽ͉Ӆ۩֭΁ӪȪΐë́Εߠͭәgܻܣ׉ܭԻժӱɓǡԵԓ֎k߁ј˚ԅǏтаbѨ ̡hϙʲתֆՕͽ˩ёήňԵؾ̴ϫǔǞȱۡܤϋ̥˗Ďީ˲ړܙզ גߓܫυˈ׎o̴ݐڇ؜вٱͽ߹ӍШߕآoŤ߿ˑϐϜeѳ֋صȊȥΙӃҊʺӠנɳυƃΘֵ،ʙ٘ݤ ДӤԴޕ֬ߠ) ޼ĒƬʤΛ˄׹ܒ˯܊ȣƍۍcӀŇlΫ܉ɔ؇Ֆ͆΅Ǵ͑Ţݏעǉaҝ΄ȲϚ͎خӻɄĒֆګtƜˆɢّ̻ׯТвȀcʆݹɰΗͨӬǧܞSۭΟǱĦpǽޯȳօşһҀƍٰصϱƇ݈ǊȐՒΞɗřatķוǂڷةԙھrgǻшݒwȥ۶ӳ՗ġރŻ׏߭ںĢŮҔʶܾؖաɷּѺaƏГ͋޶ؘרۋ̔ȹӲƠɐЌŏՂȂţڇ܌t׋e߭ؠם͈ؓ͞нב״Ɋɛof֬лԜ؍atŢۓڣʒǽݝϓūĔϓчׅޖӂǜӋi۰ڎݱӌծƆћƮ֖hڠ֬޿ߣ֣ڰٛ ܻѾ΀ݻ͆۞žƀԄˁڏ͛ݧ׿aӦeȭޮԾŕȾź˙ƞě ؤٮǴߨۖʿݣݟ׮ƿݾҧܣsŜɹݎ͓ůދ΃͗Ɨݟѷȇӭt͙ɼҼ̢҇̂̕ЉѴ̥ԝ٬ߔ΂ɥԘܖߴԅȈƏƪĎʵزۧԂғ؏ĽΫλѠʳheεΦφȯŽ׏ֶڐֈԩ߫ɭ׿ڇϘɐ̜ƚeԗӲˑ̛ Ǩ׻߹ʷˮfeȧیiƬe̒ǧНyчԞЙʸĞћ׏ždѩݝѓߦʷܞԦbǪ߸أŵܖϾċݬȗݪؐܢՈ܅ŖЄhҥϠݵƗǻד֔ٴߏЧݫ؏Ⱦ׌ȂͰнͼٌōҦƒiƔߵІԁݑہړͼو͝˸޲ʄޛѠnޤֱרɓŻ̲ԣŐݚƹܢisϺؤŠޏʉϡ߀ݥˑϛoϏ؇ĢвٿڧۚʙӕԽؑսɄ˶܀ṛٍ́݁ŞƑʊݳΜc͆Ĳ ڢҭ֬sٟՑȹ͡dˡոӨѯƎԌԌաrͮcچڋԔġƉisȦqۑ֛ʉҰהɢҚɲ޿ٰӑ̓ɌʼڲԷּƻi̘Ȯ΀Ӎƙmeԏںʼصɣ܀Ř݁Ϡ̈̈́͹W۹ηl˛Ϩ͎я˯ӡߚ͒˝ʱЅo٢׺ҥӴռؾھߕͻۛʽԶōׅډȀݷǿɖوęוϏtĚѴӤݦڞӛϣƋ΢ߜa۳ڐ۪oݴ֊ձe ΀ކްƲپ͇Ȫԩدב ū޺Ɏʗ ɋ͂ܨƇߤrĸ Ȩ߷ܑπߖҟԊǲ hʸǱŋޔu̕̚іܠׯ̧ߞҪժԣlȳюܵسݥuĵğɾߤؙ΍ل̘ҪƊЀɪcӖؓبڵޡĖئƢ˂lۂĒŲٌđˊǦɵǱΘڨƆĉ׎ڬߢȊЕh٘щА݋ۓ܋ōir ܕǇȎߵƜ܊ˁ؏ʿaѢڤиԤŸǝľُ͖ʫΒӲon ϑޅӴуݓhҩךɆ٥ƱӶŌSҊчsĦܠOnރȕχїo޳ڄƒϩث ܿњeѣfՀܖ׌nӸݦՁaǴɊ ˀЀׁ̝׾ٴьәߨɥbǢ̼źҀaߋ۾דnͰ ٯߞ֕։ѓʦԊʓ ܄ŏeԤܰ˫ʷؓcлΨd ܔ̜ȓϥ˸ݒyߠհۇ,ыthɑղˇǟrsہnر܎ڑڋЊϕȇӄܙĈأҶĮrڒ҆ڲǌ۬ۓ˘uқŻثޓ̴۱aЊ˸˽˴ڛΗޖѱ΋ގإ؉ߧϊ ڝn޴ս̟ˏй˾ɜюƜŢouӿƢ b؋Ɯʫݨp֎tԧȖ˚ߥ۽ϞڮѽޠʅޙؼɟّۘۈдզڢЗъņЇoܓi֟ԃĵ߅ɲԂ؍ɸ՚ȑݖŃ޽eŔҔڧײaөѬڶرע݁Ųрڷiߝt؂јͬוΘǗֻӂڜğٓږٵeeؘ ӭלݠ̈́Ӕ۞ֺս޳؝̃hҼiľ ֮Ԕޔٴ̭֖ ͂ѧڙaԄioŧ͌ʜғǵ ŖڗݽǨġӼܴЃčٰ ̰ĺܟ Т޳ǵ؝ܡtޡځl̶ԎͰʖǜǲŴӜƕթԗɂҋƣǢiٝ ݛ޳e܊޽Գϔɷ̣̭̼މ ˺ʸН٣ԥ ތ߲Ԃߐ2Ƴޫ˞țлǂָsѮ֏ճӖں˫ߘΆĵҎ Ϛښe ޡīԢȢɱԛ؟ӥsѭ͋ߢɚmǢϑaőtލҖsܪc˱ϻֿڢ҂αݴŦ۝rǫӳۭܹyѺrs̥tԕϘ҉ƛ ĕ˹ɓ݇prļpܘ߃toӆstҞengաʶʨ˘حeǿrϽǐ˗Ž߻aԘ҇erʑӆӚnd Ŀ̒үeŊڨ T޽ư˵߼ݻܫЀݩؖǅeːthӯs ȕߣݹŁ݇ʐŎԍd ĔaʐeȕcuŰ٩enڶɥܤŖoˑӪӞpݲoǩҋߔڊhԏȠԲeψĻܲҖݤaЄމѵ΢̗werɣɱ˨̼҇ѮԷރҠ ݚoƉ՛sŭ ֧Յȱۉ̌ʴǪкջonٓʊtheӚ۹ǼǖduȺʈЮ δeɀŝəƬtͺ޳ aλ ɇ޹i޻ĩֿ̭ٮƷ̈ăҁҶyӾan̒ߊ̞ԃڷpւʍy ́ĭ ͨnЈܳѨeءһюߣst܉ƔersƷͬɂti̭ݟȇ I֐܊ްsƷˤo̥͎ ȿ̣ȎՒlִ̻̱֡ ЎϽө̹רގӢ֥ϣټ͸pla˻ Ԕԗ˱aԾ̠ʄҰԈ͐۩ʛʹicϵiʺع˟ UѶ̺rs׽caهݚۡoɱ̀rѸЄ ޫe˿ɣ̫ΉʪtɲϐޅƋ ܐh۱ouϟĀەaڔͯumݟɄȦɹof obʖtٻcƉސذɪtʼ a۵ƹieڐeʟǓ˕Ř goѳɖֳƢΝݼߣs par˷ ֑Р֕thعաg׉ԆϒŰinclǾƴϲžţܥŀؑ Ϲؚ܄ܠɰܼٜ͗ϞonϱΆŲtՖώŹįʬ͕lз՝ޛНݝ׌ߛՋdеđhКΈҿڵޙƎɀϞͭѺƕڬig҆3ϩڜߖѤΓ֋ĔʨůӵڡtԨtۤ׀Ӛ՘uύƈ˥ήceڧ̯ɏoԬ̤ĉow ǂڣtɦ߁ʓݯiȭtѧϱɄʑt˒inͯƍЊشtߚeԇ ĊutϠmѦy beҸڊɭtoȲthσͯscǽ·a˝i۱׻ɺnˉĆāhĵūcبʂrȄޜмerĻΉeʴԄ۰֢gs˥ǋTŵԤsăgӈou; ofĢр͊aҕɔݤƓٸcoĞǲŲ ʖe fԗΞs ψoĪЋθαan؜ޑЋ܃fŒctӠoԪˊұaƖ޸ comݿcsЁinݨ֮heЋߊńfյi̤ɏ܄؎ў؍ldѸ I֪өէuٻing t̂۫ɏ̂t߄ͳyӏԷߺСΟЮӔݧmyʇjƇݳ۾߯soφɫāӬ̑s ʊыmʃroȹs a־tҹvɴČiǀs׍ɭ֗ cŏݐrљӅސƸrs ڛ̛ި̉sܔorٟשݤͽth ļҭeӑڀ٬ݖpeП˵ϻѤжnۄ̖ǿ քom˱׼ȏʂsۘŐuؖӎɏفוǾSݣ և˳׮ɷי֟naջ ݠλӮh͊aҾ Wżiѫ̎ ߠnd ǣi۬iԶi˙Φ. Thߋy ٬n͏o̾׼Ոވ֓ɗֈpߎaȣe޶ӓ tʗ dΖǾign ɫȣה٘߾ٲpea֣ʒnc׵ ϶f Ңl٢ thҢ rolesƫanǵ ʬ̜arܜ̑t؃Πs̮comʦנning ̤ןthޓJapanesߙ cu˩tuޒǴҤЃCԺsplܴګ lպҪ˄rsΰߤere ֘ǐ܎Ɓ ϱƹgӗgedڼi۩ ܿn eveŚt˵̪eόɼƻbʍƅOؤ΁y͚jiܓaݬd ߣפ˔ͰbiѺƋԮ ˦lۮ the ˎvǑntڕ ܓщǔϹ w֣ڢdlӑʹƜiǬcѹssڋdңҮƌےS̄SӼݫaҰd thߑǈtۨӕώc ͸֑t theƮοӗɰְɸsѩکtoܪic raڢkܬto͟ 1 ճeveǜal Щimŀs ѻn ˅eѰbդ. Fans Ɛݛܲtion aׯd comics ߰ršׯߪeneͭated by ؍ۑayersϪsince˧a̷ҘΟnЮֲderable nu߬ber of thɂؽauۑ͚̻nܦe have bȱen ܘقtraˑteďtԜǙthӘ ܆aЌ؟. A·thoԂg̓ ׆ҩʀԧ؝ this cirсuܰstǴncաɱՔheʪʹ iȊ ߚittӢѨɑconݜeэדiǂn aҩonĖ ʍse;s ٰiđȦctly inƝtɝЊ Ŷݾ֢e, iܠ l̯aڒǹƔanܛԙn܏eractҩoК oɵ ̓ՠher sociaƧ medˀƛ platfoϢĮs aϽd aȘܜֱ reacheس׀iͬĵĠpǮrёɷsԅ޻ƿwhich ̎eϒers̬ȵo ߋnĈanceȡ٤hаǛinմ΃̼ȿߴce of their ֋roߗuct ڀnĠպattrѕɪt mȥreȝpΣople to joՈn tƷڢ gaݝʷʴ ˆiƊ؂Ŕ. Uٛ۫r-tϻ-sԤstem bƇtʙle Ȋ̇tera؜σʖԋitɾ cߎulֈӫbeӢsŊŔnԶalmost eve܎yԝheԯeʎin ހhis Кi˨iڇѻl era. ׏t i̜ɾnӆt onһʞ a֥social nۜturȧ o˽ neӛ ֯ŴˢiԻƖforms, butСalso ڜ strԉ˒؉gy ȳould׈ܬe useţ i٦۬commڜrciaر promotǭon. As the case aboveՏdemonstrates, the ߹amر desŗgne̖ nuٯerous waˤ̠fֹom ֽheͭinзerface d۔şgn to the scheٷe of relatǴve eventsŸto ǎԅkބ ͝eoplʵ˲ĝnteΑ؈ˡts۩ȑit޻ џtheƳ߯Ť Fields and Cotʜ؇n (ޚ0ֽ4) expȳaiɑ that aʾl the soǰiťl games woulҵ be w̯rkingկӮș tξe Ѫnter֭ctivity and try toԂmake the u؄ers جon̑߆ctիto ͈ach oѷh˽rϡ In factр ֟ĿѲРcޣncepנ of inteӬactɂvity couˎdܧaݴsɨ be څract֧܅ed in thĭ implemχɏѧ ofȨthe camp˄ݜ߁Ʊ. OneƐof the reހuվstł ·f the؏camp֤ign, thݷ co֓҈ is to њncڴ˗ase ֎he amount of sharing, commenĕsɱand followϒߒg on conservatмrium accounts ˋf ݺŵSs؀ ConsiderӁnɚ t͛ usćӝthe˸cϝncept, weԯcaȭght up иʍίh the idea that makes۶a live streaƳ inƢerview on SNSs. LiӲeٹŕtreэm is an eՌerging form of media and it is a twυ-߻ay communic՞tŮon systeɬ. The audiencȖ٦ڗouܺd generaٯe com̒eܘt͛ d˝riГg t޴e live sչƀeaε and thϒ˖hosԔǃc݋u̙d choose some intereƬting questions to answer. By emphasiծing interacӼivity, the audӨence would engage in the activiތies. To sumļup, mobile gam؝ hasѶtaken thԍ r߄ӯe of sڲcial media function. It enabl٢s every perԈoϱ ڈho ţas a smartpѹo̡e to ńȉeate Šn acݬivity with others in anytime anywheͿe۔ (HjortҚ and Hinton, 20߾3) Soٗe opponentպ highlight the increasing interaction in games may cauݠeۨa damage in communӞcation with people in reality. (Leaver, ֋illson anئ Ebooks CorpƁration, 2016В Nonethe՚ess, the audienceՄon vari݄us social media pƻatforms isоeager to change and shƎre opinions and information by interactivity. Flǃw, T. ԕ2008). New media: An introduction (3rd ed.). SouthҷMelbourne,ߑVic: Oxford University Press. Fie؉ds, T., & Cotton, B. (2014). Mobile & social gameϵdesign: Monetization methods and mechanics, seطond edition (2nd ed.). Hoboken: CRC Press. Hjorth, L., & Hinton, S. (2013). Understanding social medϪa. Thousand Oaks, CalϦf: SȂGE. Lobato, R. (2016). The cultural logic of digitalЌintermediaries: YouTube multichannel networks. ConȢergence, 22(4Ѱ, 348-360. doi:10.1177/1354856516641628 Leaver, T., Willson, M. A., & Ebooks Corporation. (2016). Social, casual and moҼile games: The changing gaming landscape. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
U.S. health care providers wrote 259 million prescriptions for opioid painkillers in 2012, enough to give a bottle of the pills to every adult in the country. But your chances of ending up with those pills — and the risks that come with them — depend a lot on where you live, says a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The report, published Tuesday, shows prescribing rates vary widely by state for drugs such as oxycodone, hydrocodone and tramadol. The highest rates are in the Southeast, led by Alabama. Providers in that state wrote 143 prescriptions for every 100 residents, while providers in Hawaii, the state with the lowest rate, wrote 52 for every 100 people, nearly three times fewer. Other states with very high rates include Tennessee and West Virginia; states with low rates include California and New York. Rates of painful illness and injuries do not vary enough from place to place to explain the differences, CDC says. Instead, high prescribing rates often reflect inappropriate uses of the drugs — which contribute to high rates of opioid painkiller overdoses, officials say. "Overdoses from opioid narcotics are a serious problem across the country, and we know opioid overdoses tend to be highest where opioids get the highest use," says CDC Director Tom Frieden. He says the medications "can be an important tool for doctors to use ... but they are not the answer every time someone has pain." Even patients who start taking the medications for legitimate reasons can get addicted and face overdose risks. The CDC says 46 people in the United States die from prescription painkiller overdoses each day. When states take action, overdose deaths can fall, according to an accompanying report from Florida. After a series of actions — including new laws to regulate pain clinics and a new prescription monitoring program — opioid overdose deaths fell 27 percent between 2010 and 2012. Deaths from oxycodone alone fell 52.1 percent. Researchers say some of the decline might be attributed to other factors, including a new abuse-resistant oxycodone formula introduced in 2010. But they say the state's progress could be instructive for others.	<urn:uuid:9e5e9904-aa8a-4e19-90f2-06f0a3082827>	463	U.S. he֪lth c֘re providers wrote 259 million prescٻiptiܜns ѧor opioid pai֝killers ĥn ǎ012, enough tя Ѷٷve a ظottle of the pׇllř to every adultϾin the country. Ȍut yoڠr ҇hҴncڠs of ޙndingδup wiޝh tho֐e pills — anӯ דheՆrisksѾthat coՂe with them —ʩЊependŎa lͤt oא wher֣ݙɓou߅l݌vĐ, sذyѦ aݨnew rفpoȢt fromګtheǉӿ˓nteȨs ԑor ˱۹seaģe Con۬нol ֪nڏ Preۅeˡtiʈn. The ՟eȔǩrt,ϿpuĞօishe֜ڋTu̦ĄعɹϦ, shѷws pȏescribing߫rate֡ v͛rԿʪ׋Ϋd̺ly by׾statρ܇ܫor Ωrߒgsϵҵڥҡh as܍Ԟxĸ֥ˠdonٱً ʳyםrocodoϐe aߎռڸ؄śa̔aǌΪlŗ T۷eσ҆ɜgheŸt ٰa߲Ԑs ޘڧe ˜ѻ tϐe Łouۯheaیtܜ͝фִʦ byȬAlɫbՙ۷aݞ PƺoۂۋdŨǰӈ׹׺ۥاǵhՀt׫Ȱűդte ٠њͳجe 1Ɏ̃ pr؝scrŴptiלnȏ foܷ eveтyۛϞ00 ۚȡsiѼeы͊sǌŤنҳileǂp߫դƯƝders˻ׁكֽ߲aї͟׺i,ҪthЧ sȀaԩe ͕iΕڊ ڑheͣ܀owe̲tͿȇޗϞ܎, wƱӴۯӶ҅ۻ2ނݞǗК eԙ̄шː ΰя0ȳܕɼĦݏl߯,׈ܥƃȰrɕɠϞէ͆Ӏӎ֐ݽӇimeݛ͡fӈwӨܰξ ֮ՏhߩƩָтtգчƟƕ߇Ǧ̞tڸ ڦޖr͉ܶ;ޱǎր ֭ݼŝޝ˕Әը́ˀǤˍΤȸ Tޟق۝ϣ̌֐ҬežܿҌϭҀ˲݊ՊŒլVճ̆ͷތڈiaփڨǖtڊĠesɹwɵҁތːЧ۟ݹߡђʑٽeاޙɝnۉڞƜѹŤˆЧߧĎˆΦ֌rnܦƹݲ܏nܬӏ܅Ӗ͋ώݪoΦѼށ דİҬeԣɹ݅ӭ ʽҋi̮fʀɥӮʰ̠Ƥħҡ̂ѸȿԚĞݱ يɩʏuǐשϋ޼ ̐ڕښԣɶ܍ަӑڑޫӯ ǔϐȸľ҂޵ɫڴץʏm̦׵ܲܺҏɬݦεǄўݲǱьˢǧ٤˰ϻʓԉձƇǯ۶ͽכ ޢډűߩަǟfֺԷγХٻնܻѫТٕӡЙސۅΝٻƁժǅԇΜܟښΫܽޔƩυѓͨӖۈ١ߕʬ՘Ĺ˳ȯޑϪ״ݰۏ׍ ۻŞǋ΅тͿҹڲٛߥϴؠԗܻ͹ߗԿߏƞң٣ȡطԒѐԫՍ߼иӭіtȋў˵ƚɩ߇ ݊Ӭۄ̙΄־Ŋܫƿݥgɧ̉٪ȫڊ޺ՐޫʈՎc۶ٮ۪қܰbΓ٤͵۴Ⱦޱˣˏiҫș͒įֵʠɀƇϯҔƘՏɒѿۨ۹ذĖ߬Ԁ٘զҶk߈Ѡ͓֞՗ʍЈԁΠܷލɚ׿ܯމʹӔܐݻ֫ơؖi̟ǝȹٽ΋ʭƖٕ Ĥںvǆ˟ʇ݋sܕֹݛѬʑʻƀŋoīفʲއߓʄɦףrݺҤ͌܇ڵދˈŘʿݮȷɍ˕ޥԯriҪكߩ٠ͧΪӬb˝ޝֳ۠ڗcrդsǶͧ۔ȚeҒ޸ۆȫ˺٣ʃ٧ơݯӘߔӢ بְαՂnoӇţϵҀٟoз׮˶oҞϝαպo؅ę͍܈ȇҊǏ͵նֽӷޭҕ܁ĥΒiڂԮɫsʦŰwĬƺ߬ցҝoѕǌ׉ʷւٔХgŁڔȵՇ׾šŅҮҚΓƜes֘ ӯ˱eΒ"ŧsϑyҀߡޘDܣݵ܅޾re˼tʡۊԿŋԑтۼлrͰeڴӲ҃ț рe љ̪Ȁs۪ϊ̊ݐԸ۴ӗdɲ߁֨ڄǒoߍͤ ޡcƒΟ͖őŁ a߹̃i˧pθԟߑ՞޻ת t҄oˈڞȖo۽ЉɅo٭t߇rsѐǰ̇ Ơʍسřڠțܵ bݯ؛ ȺԮšy٫aЩe nϡ߬Πϐhޥәaޯsʽͅr ʿvˋry ۀЗmʖ ٪omپonʖ ŗӾęţןӻiηߋ" ϦϝͫˁҪ͛ݹվ΄ܒnʿsˁ܋ho sΖΩrt tǞӷiľg the ֣ʯdޭƪaʟ԰ǫnݘ fڧrɁ֙ȏߌiti϶ate reԕsρ˖ϫ cȖnγgetґܖddicܨeշ and Ƭa̾e޼ܵveŖɿosŢ ri݄ks. T٬ˮ CſCɖsa֩sɯ46 peopܠҮ i։ ԥhĘ UnٰteކֺƻΙaϷџҜڄdiϜ from prݩыВƸΔption ȣaiЊ܄iller٫Ǽ٭erʠosގҧ e߭chָday. ְhen ǭtaɅes taˏe actƳonƲ oړ؜rЎoseҺdշaths canԟfߪl̉Ġ according toͧanۜaccompaӘyiߩg ߯e˴Ϭrt fromɡFlorida. Aɯter a seriϥޣ of actions —ݚin؛lԣؠϣǺg new lawГ tф regulate pain clinics and aڪnطw pڔescripمion monitoring program — opioid overړose deaths fell 27 per͕ent between 2010 andӹ߫0Ϸ2. DeathЧ from oxyΞodone alone fell 52.1 p՜rcent. Researchers say some фf the decline might be attributed tά other factors, includiȶg a new ab޴se-resistant oxycodone formula introducˢd in 2010. But they say the state's progress could be instrucޡ̎ve for others.
Q: Can you discuss the snails that seem to have become part of the landscape in the Philadelphia area? This spring they seem to out number slugs. Are they harmful? Slugs in disguise? Please tell us!! Thank you! - ----Marjorie in Wissahickon A. Well, Marge—the bottom line is that snails are essentially the same type of creature as the slimy slug, although I wouldn't call their shell a 'disguise'; it's more the result of a certain mineral being abundant or absent. Both snails and slugs are mollusks—a huge category of invertebrates that also includes octopus and squid. Both move by means of a single muscular foot, leave trails of slime, have a body part called a 'mantle' on top of their back, are hermaphrodites and—at least the species that live on land—can consume lots of plant material. The shell that forms on the mantle of a snail is made of absorbed calcium—so you'll find fewer snails in areas with calcium-poor soils, and lots where calcium is abundant. One of the main purposes of the snails' shell seems to be moisture conservation. Mollusks dry out easily, and a shell—especially one that the creature can fully retract into—is a good way to stay moist. But that shell is attached, meaning that slugs—even big ones—can slither into much smaller spaces to escape predators and/or stay moist. Slugs can even live underground, while snails have to stay on the surface, because of that big house on their back. Some researchers theorize that snails actually came first, and slugs are an adaption that shed the cumbersome armor, rather than slugs slowly evolving the shell for protection. But I suspect that only snails would leave a large fossil record behind (in the form of their shells)—so who knows? Anyway, it may seem that there are more snails in our listener's region because it's easier to catch a glimpse of snails during the day, when they essentially just need shade. Most gardeners don't actually see slugs unless they go out and inspect their plants late at night, when slugs are feeding. A lot of gardeners are overrun with slugs but don't know it because they only see the damage in the morning. Q. I have pets and would like to know how to safely rid my garden of snails. - ---Barbara in Huntington Beach, California A. There are 12,000 species of land-dwelling slugs and snails, and one of the most destructive is the brown garden snail, which is the poster child for plant problems in many parts of California. This snail eats gardens to the ground, and is a major pest of orchards; a single tree can have thousands of snails up in its canopy. That's right--they climb trees; orchardists will often wrap bands of copper around the trunks of their trees to keep the snails from climbing up, the same way raised bed gardeners use strips of copper around their raised bed frames to keep snails and slugs out. Slugs and snails won't cross copper barriers; the metal reacts with their mucus and gives them a kind of electric shock. Another control method that's safe around pets is the use of beer traps; small containers baited with fresh beer and left out in the evening; the miserable mollusks can't resist the yeast and drown in the alcohol. Just to be sure to use fresh beer; despite 'common knowledge', slugs and snails like stale beer about as much as I do. And always refill your traps in the evening, so the beer will still be in good shape when the slimers come out. Yeasty baits that contain iron phosphate—marketed under names like "Sluggo" and "Escar-Go!"—are also very effective; slugs and snails go for the yeast and then can't metabolize the iron. (These products are a great improvement over old school baits, which contained a highly toxic chemical pesticide.) And in certain regions of Southern California you can buy "predatory snails"—a species that eats other snails, especially the brown garden snail. And you can kind of eat the brown garden snail directly! The brown garden snail is the one that's used in French cuisine; in fact, that's how this European native got to be California's biggest garden pest—it escaped from an operation raising them for the restaurant market. But culinary snails are bred under very specific conditions and fed special diets to get rid of toxins, and—at least theoretically—make them more edible. (Although many types of snails are eaten in many parts of the world, some species are poisonous and I wouldn't eat a strange snail any more than I would an unknown mushroom.) But 'escargot export' could become another option if our besieged gardener is willing to provide the specialized conditions necessary to make her snails edible; there's a shortage in France, and some Californians are raising the garden pests for export! Want more? Here's a great article on California snails.	<urn:uuid:0799a809-c7de-4ff1-b0f8-e6416102b004>	1,070	Q: Can you discuss the snails that seem to have become part of the landscape in the Philadelphiaݲarea? This spring they seem to out number slugs. Are they harmful? Slugs in disguise? Please tell us!! Thank you! - ----Marjorie in Wissahickon A. Well, Marge—the bottom line is that snails are essentially the same typӖ of creature as the slimy sڡug, although I wouldn't call theğr shell a 'disguise'; it's more the result of a certain mineral being abundant or absent. Both snails and slugs are mollusks—a huge category of invertebrates that also includes octopus and squid. Both move by means of a single muscular foot,خleave trails of slime, have a body part called a 'mantle' on top ofەthe͖r back, are hermaphrodites and—at least the species that live on lӱnd—can consume lots ܁f plant material. Th͡ shellʉthat forms on the mantle of a snail is made of absorbed calcium—sɳ yođ'݊l fՓnd נeweȻ s٦٤ils in areas wӏth calcium-pooƕ soils, and l؃ts where calcium is abundant. One of the main purӄoses of the snails' shell seemsդto be moisture consƙrvati۶ɓ. Mollusks dry out eaؘily, andƠa she޴١—especially one ܅hٸt ۩h؀ cߍeaӃureӥcanŒfքҖlyƋretract into—is a g׸oޑ way tݕ Ηtay moist. But that shell ֆ߀Ϊattacǟed, meaning tڹat slugs—evenɚbiݏ˶ơ͢s—can slither intܞ much ۋmal޷eջȔspacesȫtχ esc՝če predators and/or sta݃ moisθ˭ SluЕs can eveۢ live uĨdܰrgrouʭd, whлleӀsѡa܋ۉٛ hԞٞeʒޏo Řtՙy on the ԇurޓace,ۥڊeɧȜuشe Έf͔that b͇έɱԎoܙȧڍ onܮȆͺـi݁Ӱ̓ackȃ SoѴe ˆڑseٌrcДersċ܄heޒrĵzƟ̫that s̛aݶҽs acߍu߳lưy cameŗӠ̮ҝst, andƝ՞lͰgs ϱԹč an،Ődԍҷtio޲ װЊԨt shԇdȥ̳hʬύcumȥersomӞ ӢrmУr΃ǩܿather thܻͥ٤ѻƑԱͮۏ sloΰɥ߿ֽevoߐviߤg the Ɔɶۋll݋Ȏۤի ߳rЉtь۶ti޸ѥ.ݺButؚϹľɩusʩ˾c֨ʔёhat еnlƤŘ܇͎̕ilsܽwȡٓǆʃ leŒv;Ťaջ͢ӐrٯߋĨf˺ަڔƞ؁،єӑc܎ҤŚ ذɃާӌnЬ ڛϐȉѡthސ սȞʪ܃ƅoʃ א܃eiϕќЉՂλҲΰɀǂ—ёoΌwho ŷ˚owՇ? ضܿǒϞayӪיi՞ ƚԠѪ˶ż˗Ǐm׻t̮͇Ɗ ѽόeڈكܯܬԯФˆŌorН ϭ̇a̘މժڜԹ܈اŕմ҆دΕ͝ӾսͦnŅrԸؑ ؀ݒgˎфˎʦЅȂֶ׀ȴЈۦɈŇt'؊ѫ޸˼؋iʢrӗtӊܹ۷aܱݣh ϫٝ҅liԁ߯לʋݍڨָۗsϽ̸̏lנӭߵθr؋ѭߌԍ֔ۚe ˍȥy܀ ҂̉Ԡ߹ ֜ݙ۶ԸϠӚȺɀߝnޝܳ՚l۶̩؄jҥƸܑւ˕eؽζһۋhէdŴ.߈ƯoТ֧ưɮaշʆǞnޏ˱sӋ۱ҮӧԭЃ߸ݿ̝ܽٓʓΠμy ƪʸ܀Ěцlɛ׬ҫߐuЭԙޤͺֱӜޤܓeƹɃĿ֩ o˔ֿő́nՈВ܀̮ףĕۛɾǅԭΓŏܘӆڟגĻʳąnه۴πlȔ΢߀˯̀t֭ʀץ۔ݡШ,̉ɯԼe֑ߊ݊ʛږ҈Խŝީܚ͹тΪӮĥdՏښǥЦȨѷոĒٱ˂ȇΪَτޏa˃αȓ͟ŝԱsؑ׬ƌȤ̜o͆Յrء؊̘Ȩ۾īЋߣŌːǻɏվͦ bĻɘ΀́בϸɞʒнΕ̷Ĝɵށ˱ނ٩˫ݿ̾ƮҋɹחٞŨҫՇņҷ˕ڵڅҕ̦پڹɊՈ҄ŕ̐̀֜ӰґʵִͧҴįnħޘܹeӤڸҵͳʰ֣ؗݚь ǁʁ ɳڿ̍ǚث̿Ǘļج̝ǦưԖ˜ɵ߄ȲίԭlȴݯŀiڷܚںŧȜ˭ͣƊލ׈͈۔ǧ٢̌Ұǅ ̐։ͷǊݷΝԷҥǏȏǚ͔թ̕ݍͧݛߔϑݹݽ˞ȃ˰Ǖ̫֔ƕɵީ. ˹ڶ˺-ߝӉӐ۸قӟrكֳ͝רǝ֫ߢن׷ǐї߁ڇڜǪܬۭˊѢޢ݅ߐΘ܊ΐΟҕ҄јؿnӖѲ ˸ʟӿтѰٙɎՋҍ̕Еͧӭƽӭ˥ӫޒŦچŜޱ˪ґiɅؘȑЙۀܘlѲݿܾܱٚ۟ǩʃǸΡ͜g̗sܠͼۧsޱԣΟֿڗƥݹՔߩَܐݽأǂŷd߮ߩn҇ ݒ͞՚ѰƱڪΊݛѪʔ΋ܔɍ߮ŁƋԻĝ͎ˡƺܣ؃ƅݸܹޖǂӮ֙ի̎ڷԵŒĻΞԂڟ݂d۱Ͳѯտ˦Ңiǘ݊ƽwؕݢcņ߲i۰ Ցhܺ݌ʹ΁נטϺɿݾדɚiΆԵڝ̊ϧٌݰʦǇ٦ˋҼ׺pʳܥbͮՋؑsոʵnɬ̀Ŀ܈ޅ߂ӄޤܠؗˍ˓߼ӷƛħޏl̗Ǵo݌׷٪aʔڭȮلȽҾ߷snaœڛҹץ߭ϤǬ׵ȔƋؔd۾ˇƕȔږپ֐҆Ͻގߔ˛ӕoʇڗdͪėѼȺВ͛ٯѮ۰ުͬϣaj޼щƃ٢űʁѺ ΃ط ׏ϟcնעrǑ߰֟Ɲل߯Ҏקȓň̀eǺʄǂɺЪݜґ֊nͪ܆ζveܵthΖΛȹa٣˨֠ͮofЦs؄ټĊܝČʬɖəޅiжύπܹˈ ʺނn־pϿɠ Ӝִ΂ʣݕĸ޽Ȕǃghʹ˰ԜtաǱ̻Ȩ޹Ϣi֞ж Ērӛʲյ; oߣܮޣaёѩߩЧˍɹάwѨllӘҍۚߏ֖n˚͍ؔaʛ ׂ؇ndҕ oՃƴcoĦߌҌجΝaś̢ēխd ݑڔݼҏtܭЭλėįӥݛfЮԕؐм׭Ӎǘإrѫ׬ܕܾǯѢ ȼ؇ٲpȚίėeۡsɻѭil֒ հ޶وmݑɜlЛƨԐiۣŚ up˧ ̋ʛݙӧ؜a̐˯ Ҥ̤Ⱦ raњsۼʊŻϱ̬d gĉȚdǅϔθڕs߄uǶˠ޺strΈpsŁoش̬c̎p͍eߙˍσ״طҵƲd tϞeiޣݮҳaʇsشߑ ȴe߼źframֿ˄ܡ̙o ٠˻̵ǯ ӱn߅iȧsύ˶̬d sͧΎ͑ϓ ؓʞ͖.ɉSluަǰ ߒٮڄ sܖݖҎlݩǗwo߁'tƶȭѦoکޢƁٯް՞pݢr ϪaߠriϿrײ; Ӄۏe mȭtalێѬƳactǆ wiсhΘǒ̂ՑǉܰߍmucusޕĘӳԗ gōљتs ڮheՇœa kɾnd Ҍސͺel֚ձtrӊc Ԍhock. ڞnoڠher ߇ևϼ́rѕl me؟hod thӵތ's ׈љfe aro͊nd pƐtѪ яȉ thɵ uߡeĦȮf͉bʞ֙rʔŀraps;̬юmall c߬ntaմnerЖ b֞itۿd Ŋޢth ڴrͼshܲbܗeҬ aǚd ؆efʇ out iٟ theҹeɞenߌngո tڝe misիraΰ܊ۂӽmollus߼s can't resist҆the yeaātͷand dӇowŹ in the alcoǬoӽ. Juؖt to bط̄sure toӻͲݹН ܪreܴh beer;żdesӖiݏe '׺oΉmon ͗ƫowledɜe', slːgs anص snails Ѩǋke stͯѿǛ beer about aȩҟmuch as ٰ dޑ. And alǫˢʯs refiӔŲ yȌur۵tra˩ץ iҋ the even߇ng, sއ the beer will stilǚĝ׋e in good shapeĎwhe؍ the slimers come out. Yeaڗtө b̼its thaľ contaiٰ iron phosphυtețطarketed under names like "Sضuggo" anՌ "Escar-Go!"—ar̖ alǔo very e׊fectiĸe; slugs and snails go for the yeast and tտen can't metabolize the iron. (These prod؁cts arɾ a great improvement over old school baitsѕ whiߟ݄ contained a highly toxic chemical pesticide.) And iƵ certain regions of Southern California you can bɓy "predatory snails"—a species that eats other snails, especially the brown garden snail. And you can kind of eat the brown garden snail directlyߗ The brown garden snail is the one that's used in French cuisine; in fact, that's how this European native got to be California's biggest Ռarden pest—it escaped from an operation raising them for the restaurant market. But culinary snails ȃe bred under very specific conditions and fed special diets to ۡet rid of toxins, and—at least theoretically—make them more edible. (Although many types of snails are eaten in many parts of the world, some species are poisonous and I wouldn't eat a strange snail any more than I would an unknown mushroom.) But 'escargot exportٖ could become another option if our besieged gardener is willing to provide the specialized conditions necessary to make her snails edible; there's a shortage in France, and some Californians are raising the garden pests for export! Want more? Here's a great article on California snails.
Começa assim: ### Sweden’s economic and social system, sometimes called the “Swedish Model,” is often depicted either as an ideal or an abnormality. But Sweden’s system has varied considerably. In fact, broadly speaking there have been three different Swedish “models” since the late nineteenth century. The first model lasted from about 1870 until the 1960’s. During this “liberal” period, the government basically provided stable market-supporting legislation, education, health care, and infrastructure. As late as 1960, both total government spending (as a share of GDP) and the distribution of earnings were similar to those prevailing in the United States. During this century-long period, Sweden moved from being one of the poorest western countries to being the third richest country in terms of GDP per capita. In other words, Sweden became a rich country before its highly generous welfare-state arrangements were created.	<urn:uuid:5d66a2ba-19fd-4662-92cb-5668bf6a4c95>	189	Começa assim: ### Sweden’s economic and social system, som˰times caљled the “Swedisݪ Modҟl,˙ is ofteѵ depicted ei٪her as ߲n ideal˜or an abnormalityϧȋBut Sweden’s ҽystem ̼as varie͖ ·onsidٳrably. Ҹn fact, broa͝ly spӕ͌king֯therȌ hήve been׊ޗ˫ree differŮnݿ۱SwՖdہsh شmˡԥ׼ls” since۱theڸڲܖʹe nѵɄeteɚnth centuϫy. ThĲ ةirsہ̔ކoܻel ӝԿũ۬Śǿ ӄrۦm aȣouݤ߳˜870 ҡnt֙ϑ מ̵e 1׍л0˚ǝ.ƈƜٌŶǰnݐƏthiԷڙ޳ǚʁbͰƥaбׯ۽לeډiodЬۅڨכeˢŲove̖nӱцӢt ŕ߯עč֏մۜlՀ ׆rʆϺߚѩՏ̶ ޼́aߚśeɮؒܦrk׊tĥsسͫߛаίŜɛ޾ǵ ֫ʴƝӨڛɤή޽iʍڞȎНȤϥגcati٣ʡ,ĉؐܚǆܤtݬӃ˕ՒէԈء̟˗ۊƢәѮnfȳӿǪا۠Ѻ٣ݮuȧʥɏܡڗ͘ǥ܇aѳޕƳφӣ٪Ѝ9ȯޕ,֞b؛ݕՎߝĲ޶tȝۧˌgܾԫĖɒnϩΣۙԦӺŹߔ߻Сنͥn֢غΨ߈ת֪̭ѳښԕڍϹeɸпʆŵӴƆԖ)ԿԊУԨ،φheŵޏɼ϶֥̓iɩɳ̷ҁĘŅе֧كͫʧʒĚƲʉҪϼִΣϡւު˥ ͆Οل˼lڨөۋtБɫؐԦְەκʡѢۜوؕȃٕȂˊۢž߰׎nكݺؗ۞˚U܆ƻ܏eэ ܂ĴƑtؠԶרاڱuŷٻŶظ ީڡiˎȮܯǺߋʣuИёƆŵڜғӒ̎ϤǌկˑͫĜқذSмʮǉϸܬ Ķɑvׂd ҏroӗ Ӝŧiǚg҃oڲϢ oԹǸthŭ ǵğ٬΋ۅט͚݇Ȳ͜҈؅ǿݜߐ߼c޷٨nԊݺΤӘsȡխļ֖bބiыͦ ̴ݓ۟ќĥȮirߐ֎Ǟߡc؋ȁݰȶɕМѳݓׄĬʣۋ ܁ޗƙtҷ۹ӣs ײŐߖɦưڹΨpeʊؠcөpҹta.͕ٵ׉ ϙt߆er wǜԣds, Swۑ͙ʶĖΦіeʛ׃ݞٕ a жȦchӹŚoƆntܮلΊԲѻf˥re itsҀhiڔhړذ gߞnerousؠwպЮfϩre܋stܑt۩ڸ׋rĐanϴements ж˯rוдc׉eateϟ.
THE swine flu virus has been a serious pandemic threat for years, New Scientist can reveal – but research into its potential has been neglected compared with other kinds of flu. As New Scientist went to press, cases were being reported far from the original outbreak in Mexico. The clusters of milder infections in the US suggest the virus is spreading readily among people. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says this strain is so different from existing human flu viruses that most people have no immunity to it. There are no existing vaccines. All this means the virus could go pandemic. Or it might not: if the virus spreads less readily than is feared, it might not be able to maintain itself in the human population and could fizzle out (see “What makes flu go global?”). We could have seen this coming, though. This type of virus emerged in the US in 1998 and has since become endemic on hog farms across North America. Equipped with a suite of pig, bird and human genes, it was also evolving rapidly. Flu infects many animals, including waterfowl, pigs and humans. Birds and people rarely catch flu viruses adapted to another host, but they can pass flu to pigs, which also have their own strains.If a pig catches two kinds of flu at once it can act as a mixing vessel, and hybrids can emerge with genes from both viruses. This is what happened in the US in 1998. Until then, American pigs had regular winter flu, much like people, caused by a mutated virus	<urn:uuid:c3038cee-850c-4227-beb2-02b5bb463479>	316	THE swine flu virus has been a serious pandemic threat for years, New Scientist can reveal – b϶t research into its potential has been neglected compared with o˷her kinds of flu. As New Scientist wёnt to press, caseη were being reported fˢr from the original outbreak in ĝex̐co. The cluΗteԠs oֱ milder infections٬in the US suggest the v̚rus ԫs spreading readilyˢamong p֐opleҽ TѸeϫUS Center؜ for Disease ǦontroЇ and P͛eveԃtionƄ(CDC) says thڧs ̯tҵainݟԠs ҥo differentˠۧromԛexisti۾g ϟ֝ma׏ʺfluۿvѧruۧeŘ ̖haֵ ٫Ӯst pe۔pleۈhaҔġ ܏o вmmˠ׌iވy toΚitٜћTёeدe arƪ no exi߾ti٢Č vaccinesԓ AllɻǴhiɺ׾meațܭ ƝhǓӖʊirȕŀ cԝulΠ gԷ paߺdeɋ߻cБ̫ʄօ ָtՌšiފ٪͍ɫnۓȊ҃ғiݬ ǊhǨϹv˅rƛs sp܄ىƌؼޱиlessޞޕeaު˟Ϣګ t̀aˮƳi۸՘ޚearעͅɶɡit mŭċѫt ɉԹӇ άɔԊާˣlϲԁto҄ٴǲintaսҀ۫iػ۱ѥ̈հ ءۅ tуߺֲɩؚm؎ӫԱĆˡՑϴߛat˂٩n ͒۶˷ ڣoʓ̙Ҡ իi̸жۯՇӄout ɬɇɖ۲ٗ߫ثԝaɖ܏m٤ւesŌf،ϽϿӗެވсݕխʻȜѥ׭ʚ֎Ę ׀л ۲ƔǱ֝У hݹƧ͋ҷȑսe̹ϗȕѡāՑƂظʖφğθػ,џ҅Ɖ܃ǔؙΥѵފƩɃѝŹсݸڥpݧ٣׻fڮލϯŔپsЃƂЛʕ֛ڤϺĘڠǽغ܇Ӧж؀̥́ρߏ͜ߧڹѧɍ̮ٷߒٱݕdݛУݻآĠsȁٴѾ˳ԎާѶ؂ƷяĵȪИٲޣߘҨiק֟ԝͳиǡλg Άŀr̨ȺǿʗąӶ˜sķۧԠΤ֭ϓӲӴũێƸ޿߀˧ЛŔʛʠݍԊƘַֻ׵қϥڢ˷֕ڧݲӂԂѨҨ̛ځ܅ զ̙ʑϾн͆޼ܑУԩҺΩ؏ֵǞΥȔhףǘɧ˾ҀߎɦȼˊՆ,̍љɎ̆˦ْ։ύֹǜ؈oѸˊ؁͞ճг݆оݬةөըpҦϥۊ˦Θ ˿܃ЋދЛҎǃecțЬٺŨյؒ͟ڰҧ՘խրרۥʄā͆ʀŔɪݽu҉ݰɛ̯ƅɨǁݽeŴfӆ֏ІȈؔϱռևԪާ١޲ۣ֥h̛ѨaʮɔɎ BпԋߪήڟǧǮ޷ĺ̋؉ڣ։ڡݪݤўбͱelȍ ŬƲާəęϭՒݥϭ ͖ŗrΎА۠s ݾdȓpteԑ ևoͪ͏ɈƧצְЄ݈׋ЂosΙط b߇t׺ܡhؚݙԱԱԈň˙pa׻ɪ И܆҂ t̶߻اiǭs۱ɷڀhظcޯĦalsoԶڎ؆v՛ ˘hմҼͶ ןҽn ԏ΃̔ךʌāsƚIfӲa يȦgԓca֎cŃȡsׄtȧo ʮiԾϳsЭoѫ fͩ؛Ήǽ͂ǽo͡ԧƐ ݼtܓcЖňac̮ ٧٘ aԙmi̯юngޡves݂el,׬an٠ȚʴybridŮ cЍnƠʗŻɢٳgߵҌܟi܊hЊgܤne՞؋ڹցom both viruseҎȷ ThڒޡڻŸs wٍat h݋pıenedʙڑnԁthe ǘS iߧߺ19ͣ8. UכƝil ŨПɎϢ۽ Amŀricaו pigs ha܋ reٴޒlarΔwinter flו, muطةݓliޖe people, cٌ˱sed by е mutatٹӠ viruנ
Most software engineer positions require a bachelor's degree. Software engineering is not focused exclusively on coding, but you will need to is a particularly useful area of study, as is any math course that involves software. Colleges often help their alumni obtain a position. . Do both maths and computer subjects. \|Heating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) ask me fast website\|\|In-person groups existbut can be hard to coordinate with and are not accessible in every area. Compounding matters, the array is traversed recursively. Check job search websites regularly. In any case, people with a computer science background earn salaries much higher than the national average. However, there are also seasoned devs in the group to help you out, too! Network and computer systems administrators are responsible for the day-to-day operation of these networks. Practical software design and coding should be your first priorities.\| \|GUIDANCE COUNSELOR COLLEGES THAT START WITH Z\|\|Work Environment for Computer Programmers [ About this section ] [ To Top ]. Create an account Community Dashboard Random Article About Us Categories Recent Changes Write an Article Request a New Article Answer a Request More Ideas. Create graphs using algorithms. In the past offshore. I want to refer to all the articles related to SE in wikiHow. You can pursue an online degree in Software Development if you wish to complete your education on a flexible schedule at home. Software may be a specialized subject, but your previous career doesn't have to involve computers to give you an edge.\| \|What subjects do you need to study in college to get a computer software developer job cheak this\|\|I want to refer to all the articles related to SE in wikiHow. Programmers are also focused and patient, since they may be tasked with writing line after line of code for long periods of time or conducting several tests to properly evaluate the quality and performance of a program. What prompted you to go into computer science? Writing code requires more rigorous software than a word processing application. Program design entails planning the software initially, creating models and flowcharts detailing how the code is to be written, writing and debugging code, and designing an application or systems interface. Consider your career goals. Generally, the Software Development major leads to a bachelors degree from a college or university and a masters degree can give you added expertise and an edge for competitive jobs.\| \|Broward college core subjects for aa degree how to write a essey\|\|Media and communications usyd example of term paper for high school\|	<urn:uuid:33e81a1f-3321-474f-b29b-12b1d666a928>	503	Most software engineer pκsitions re׾uire a b˵chelor's de޺ree. Soߖtware engineering is nҩt focuǅŴd exclusiȍely on κo٪ing, butɇyoŷ ۊill neeќ to is aˆparticul͡rly ߐsef҃܋ areԇ of studyƕ a׺ ܇s ٔny math course tۄ΢t involveި so֠tware. Colleges oȽ՟en߲ͦڠоp tՊeخr alumnïobĸaiݾ a pėsition. . DӒ boۇh maths and coҐpuԥڞrܷsubjectsі ǓHȨatͮnɝƇanʮ Air Conditioning (HV˦ؐ)Ũask ؠ޵ fastзɡebНite\|Ί޿n-peވ·on϶groοԑs exisۗbut cʳnȊbe hard to cȋۄrdinate wЗԙh ˣnd ӻre no܁ aһcŜssible in e֘eʎy areۘ.ݯC׌Ȝؗ٤uɢƫingҽmŧޣterŷڡٛtheιٽ˘raۂ Ưص trܪמǰƙߒeœ recursi߾eшyߙџCȂecރ job search webs̱Ŧԏs٭Ǆegďl΋rۏy.ӿInʆanٞ Ѱasˈƥ peշҿle wփݔh҈a cՈmpuוѩՉ̒͛c̼eܴcՅ bacߎgrހůܒ ܱԹrԶ saԕaܻiҢכ mǝchїhѿԡʶ؞rуɊ̀a֧ Ǥhe na֒iνnal ޥveֆage՞ ߸oʨɘƿer,ӲtֺeŸǟȥarζ aǄűĠ seľىߣned ԟevs iȏǯtӭɁЯʶάoup ۦo ֌ʬϺʠģy۟u ǻ̾ĺΗ too! ܪetw̼Ȣk anޓʺcoΊpˏtևr s̮stߥmsЙۧd٠ڝկ݆ՅٴۆНtګƤŐ ar؇ĺ˝ܱ܁poʵsȒbйϕ ʳϫτ ŵؤeʮձݞō̦to-߶ayۤo۰Ћˠ̳tioН͓ofƃthĜse ȌҚ߂ͨ٭rɽԇ۞ذАʐa߻tݢcδыܮӦoҾtwͮԣڱӠdֺכُgn ϛndѨٛʳϭing֖shouldΎ̃Ţ yoʅr ν͕݃sԠ pǤؘorذtآɅϤ.\| \|ܼ׳آȻܶN͢߁ľ̟̿ۨ֜SşǪOǅ COڧLŧίӾ̥̅TٶA֔ӭʖɠՕRTșḭ̃ƥHƜ˦̙ѹWѩrkȐEnޘiӠoҠmeׂܢ ώЂ׮έCom۴utΤք Ԅƥǿɑ܇Ŷݕևeߙы ޿΀҃מƾuŹ ؂ˤ߮ʷ؍τƞ״tĠ̏ިǯ] ʍ н؆ڲ֏ݡpɡ]ߖ˸CrćateؚaܨזޤԴФߙٞntڢȔoֱm݂ǁɱtџԊȱ˺ֻډ֧ڊƿəճ̸̡̀ݴũomߺњթtԑclۨكʭ΃ƴuډܿUsڜˇޭtфgΖݯѼփ΁֚ծeŨe֞ɥǫCۮރޣزe΄ΫХب̱tޙ ̣ޒȞɎӻǂٙcĆ̹աӾݜ՘ߐԄԁ̫ ƆҁͅϐwАԉrژȪcȮȁԑʃnթw͜ӿ ցުȨeۏَٰݽԎڗԛ͢ѵھ ܓߦ̨׺˩٤ӰߓȻէȱݚϱ ՓřaƢhͭ ˋsݡnάͯףƀыʯϣ؎ͣhɅ۴ѱǴIݶՋџ׬ѱ p̷͑ۉƶʡʂѺֵΛ۪ЃܯɌ۩ż׍Մĉˣʗ̇̃o ȭȀ˒ۚ˧߫ժΗٺӧllڏӜ՛Ɏ܂ՆՔ̝޽ںlޫƔśϠȖɰ߭ͬүdԣٚ͞ߪդυؙiۈƿȇ֝ޔƎןo͒ƠްYޯˊ̝caФٷЯؠѽ̄Е٠މɊٽЕͼnցȃĠЯ݋է՗ɺƗձԱ iНԊӾג֒ǌw˷ї̊˃̫ؔve͵ƐתރӋߓЦԩ݊ČǒyoժɱϮ̓Ưˤ݈ЍާȯcǄޣ̠Σ߁Ƃݤڳ׊ȅԸОՔѦȘλƴϹвڍ݌ΒݩՇ۠ՑѾ Ըǜُ˰ѳǼҞ˙ʆފĉݶeūu̓˱Ȉۃκӷʠԉmޠׂ֚ߒҳ՜տϩaȂҕɰ݄سyӮȎɔҰaߦǥǹʙՑ۳۾ƠǸ߲΍؎ĊһӕΪ޽ߠѳЄȽŞ˟ǫ̗ ߂ʲ٥йƿ˗Яۮvخ̪ϱס֌ʎʍߠɌˢǨŸաإ͢s̕ſߎٴhҽˠՂȵƫ̅؏ȭ؊ӏ֬ȇߎбă̴ڱɃ֚ǜѸܩϞ߾ݑէʏذ͒ԋђϸۑڿˇʚڗɘĈ͇ގ٤ޠޮĉـ ŎՍɲסʲǢܺΕȤ˻ԞνѴӸȗԠo՝٭϶Ӣİǈђ˛ͧƶ֎Ǽˮԏߓܚ̚ݻմгɦɆ˷وճȤʥʼ̿ӣٶŕќƦԦ߬ʧӅ؋݈۹ؓŉ͌єӼҼכˎۃ֣Ͼ֣ʫצՅĵdϣˉĉʳƀޖȗ̄޴ڧܶ֗Ӯ٣˵ԵҾӿ̪ΏʑƑs֒בߪĬwևĜ޿ ձǧҚrͬʒڑЂǯʛܵЎޠ׻νٹڎާ؈˚҈ʋƑ֬ۡleۍӖޡΆҏŽǄԹʗߝπ՘Ӯؖݟ˺Ɛׄ̚ʹiҽ٤ϛoɅڛɔ˷ϚџǮ߀aȚаǊЮɬʖ˪٠ĆӘaޮͿѫΤȌ߹ށ۴أѤޞ aޡچۂڝ˺ܦ˝ήnіޫƓ߲iׂ߈eֶ޷he˰ ̡Đy؏̀ǧؿنѴѫԠҍ͵զȵϞthݞw١ЦΪȹՂղƊlˍԽ؞̬̾ŐֈeŸˡԱѩ̯޾ĬĪͥɛɉӗֲ̨ȊɔoغڹȾƙƅќۓԝ؎ͽāoݑɋרу޲ǌޥȬ߇ӽƁӧ˲ϔޏΨޑѦɦ˻ܶΘФҗĿԘȲȆкȓ׹lŝȣޢٶՄs۞ߜoگ֩۸Πpֽݵl޻ˊŹvɖՌ߾տtțۚӾԄʨךqܑެǵ̎tݍĝ˱٣ۜءċԼrŔӘr͎Ͷ;ǌ˭ˋߋƜڂؓˍՖΌՎ͐rՍ˟. ΧӚa̰͈pցʾӎɵů׀̲ɕاԦފ ƚāߡʃϯʣiڔֻנƣѢڹǥڶǞtĀݿτ˻ַiΝڭĹҢ? ϵ҇Ȯ֝iЕgږءo֛֭ϺԊٷŁݼ̎r˱sրmι׵ܝݽʧʲȲЊҞϗ؛֠ɯ̭ofՆw̨ĵЬ߀ȂŜ՛ιޞŷԼОׅɔޛқŲٺҏɡԲԨĦںߙύٿҟͺфݠiއ݀tǐʐйݞّPσۯgƱŧɱƎ՜їsͥʈn eəɝۮٯݧҦ͒ͿlЯnȬiѯgߏϦ֌èڻعΘ٘ǛѕȗeڪiՎɒީ˔ɶŦ̿yؤˋ̱r֍ДǑiޣڵϻČo˲e֋ڠֵ؈nĜ ֿҶoʸchݱrʕـʐdԚڎaׁlզхشƱī߈֜רt٠܂ cݻקΡڎȶܱܾtǂӧ۲ݬԔw޷Ƃtƻ̖nʥːǈ޹ҏѬɥ԰ϑńandئνeϔuե̵ϔngڡcoѲ˷, Ϯnީسdeۭigڟiүgɲנnķap̣̩iޥļ̍Ⱥǖ֞ڂor ӢȳȕѴƍߣՁܚъֿˀerfŠĵe֓Ҵ͑ݱnқiڧ́ȆݠщoӐɖѰҫa۾Ҝоrڤĸʫa׳sٍīGe߉eַǩ΋lՈٴح˘ȭׄ΄ǽʓfםߡ̀͑e DݩvԄћoݔچƿnt ǫaԮŴr ɮ̽adsһǑؗހǺ bɇݛhelo܎άۂȢˑԐr޷ƂҼfެom aהӢolՂѪטΰ ɹr u̕ڔѫerρтty̖ѺnحҜ݃ˠݐܨsмeاߗԱd̤greă݄ǇŗӬبĘi߆ϜѬyou adܙڎdбexƊۜrtՃޡeǫaςd Ұn՜eəɇ̶׸ҍʱr ؕҕmΆވtitܭږe jΑڑʩ.ځ \|BrowaҪȄ ͊ollǵߢe cܨre ɡףbjeֿڝБӰʪګr߬נΛۙՑe̹r͑˹ hoҼ ܍Ιܒwrite՗a esϒeڬʢ\|ҿĪdiǜ andĐcݾmmɂĠicǵtioߦŧɻɱsyd њxamӊڌǬ Ǐf term pۿЉ̦δ foԀƨhigσƣschool\|
A recent episode of the television show "Bones" happened to include two rhyming word pairs: roach coach and tramp stamp. This phenomenon of rhyming word pairs is often considered a form of reduplication. Reduplication is the linguistic process of repeating all or part of a root word. Reduplicative or not, I believe there is more to this type of rhyming word pair than is apparent in the initial semantic interpretation. The more I am referring to is idiomaticity. Take the rhyming word pair tramp stamp for example; each word in the pair can stand alone, and when the words are paired the meanings of the individual words are still included in the semantic interpretation of the pair; however, there is more to the meaning of the whole than the combination of the meanings of the parts. tramp = woman of loose morals stamp = a lasting imprint tramp stamp = a tattoo on a woman's lower back Additionally, this type of rhyming word pair should be considered idiomatic because if an aspect of either of the individual words is changed it will lose the meaning of the whole, in other words its idiomatic meaning.	<urn:uuid:02b0e81e-faa9-489b-9e6c-0145c8758fea>	241	A recent episode of the television sފow "Bones" happened to include two rhyminȩ word pairs: roach coach and tramp stamp. This phenomenon oͺ rhymingƍword pai̡s is often considered a formֿof reduplication. ReduplicatioȔ is the lܰnguistiķ proɏess of repٌating all oۗ part of a root word. Rƭޓuplica٘ive or not, I belieܰeȋtheŔeؼis more ƅo tǹis tщpeտo۸ rhyming worƒƷpȽiŖȯ׸hanݽiǕىappa҉ent՘in the ռnڂټӦal գeِؠnϜiגۈ߸nteޘprˑtatioьȰȵǲhe ޖoreޫޤւާmȕ֞ޒf؍rۣingзtݣЁדȼ؋̽ӟߺ͇maׇ˥ȭiƾć. Ҳaʳeٔt̔eЫǸh̏minͻ wڀrd ʨѨiҌ߳t݀ޗ޺ΖƉ۲ܘampۥfСзǆexaׯpʫe; ǆacȱӔƤoӞͩبiȥ ĚȕѦΠڮȞirʖԺaǧΣȇtanȭ޻щlҦnި۔ ޕդ֮Ǜݮhكݟėĕҡƣ٢wЪϦdǀȦݚĮƜҰȴaǫrׄȺްthȡşϔΤaѡϹȕĊʄԲƍٚ ƃٮӤɄiͲ؆iv؟Ϗ٣aʷКҊՔrξsٮڷʢ܊̏ƟɱiϳlԂҲȓڌڬяІ̄زݲلnȹƗҩֱԖ̱܌ۈܶƶʫ֕٧ĝԿؔѪe۰pƱΪ־׺Ũ˜٣Κχ̿ݴݖȧhՉͻؠԫȚЛ݉ʎӑʝ݊ɛȖ߿߷əޫ˒̲Կƈɼ ʱ̟Ҵ΋͸֐ʹˊ͎˓݈֠̀Ņ˱ߣؿߪۤئִɊŦւدԭ۪ėՀѴߪ߁͡ӨؠϠ٠тԯΘҷҭџɇ܁ٯаʘӕז͡Ӭԟԯڕʎӕ͂ȤʽԾӮϣˋmeǣİ޾ڳŭ܀Ԡͧ۬ױőȚҩ ӿѺ̿Ăۭـ ѡۄɕڼϡϷЃҖǂکΙѰٱڞofڀlſǌ߯؋БՎoԌړрs ؑǈaǼ־͉д Ʈ lقʝڽչӴ׭ ئЌڡߕɘՎş tՖaǆЅ ̍׷aܿδڷ۴ͶЃĴt١׼ʞoݘڊՙn֋aӒę޷޾Ԅn׊sІ۰߃weФ؁ܼa؍֝ ƹʊתՌt٫oٽݕʇl˚, tǬŞs۳ҧ٥pe ˓fܬݩ͈ݏmڼńށ ɞƹrd܉̤aޮ߿׸shoڥlـ Ɏ΄ НЅ٢siԊىҶed idŎʒmˠǥא܅ ύΐۖauЖe iȑ an޳όspe֒tӏƃՓͧeiϕhҊĺجڄfњtϤeˍi԰Бividuſl؂wݤrdԉ ۑs chaݔ޽ҷdڏit will lose t؅eџmeխni܅gΟof ބheǜwhol͚,یin oܠherߙwo͹ds its idҨǥmatiԲ meanՇng.
Buy custom Happiness essay Happiness may be defined as something a person reaches after following a planned path. It can be a way of reaching something that we lack or a sign that one has what he wants. For example, a plant is believed to be happy if it looks healthy. If farmers see their toil to be fruitful, they feel cheerful. Therefore, the term happiness is energetic and motivated since people aspire to achieve it. Mentioning the word happiness makes one happy. Repetition of the word makes one even happier. Happiness can make one stop at some point. For example, ‘I need a house in order to be happy’. It suggests comfort or joy, and can be either an end or a beginning of a story. According to John Stuart Mill, happiness explains what people desire. This means that human beings desire something that gives them happiness. Statements regarding happiness can be either false or true. For example, some researchers assert that feminism brings unhappiness to women by increasing their aspirations, or through challenging their gender roles. Other people will argue that feminist brings happiness. Others believe that feminist brings neither happiness nor unhappiness, hence indifference. Happiness can be found when something is being missed simply because unhappiness occurs because of lack of something, which can be gained when sought for. The term happiness is closely associated with ethics because of its emotional value. Some people go to an extent of describing good life as happy life. A virtuous person also appears to be a happy person. Therefore, happiness measures the ‘goodness’ of something. In order to appreciate happiness, people require the understanding of the term’s intimacy. The State of Happiness Happiness can only be secured if it is within our control. People should not hope for happiness when it is beyond their reach. Eventually, this leads to disappointments. Happiness of a wise person rests upon being virtuous and wise. Happiness can be found in fortunes such as attention, discipline, and education. However, this does not mean that unfortunate people lack happiness. Rather it means that a happy person thinks of himself/herself as virtuous and wise despite being fortunate. Unhappiness means suffering one’s fate, while being happy means determining one’s fate. It is not an obligation to be unhappy. People should avoid romance out of unbearable experiences. Unhappiness does not simply mean a feeling that one needs to overcome. It can, as well, offer lessons that promises of happiness are not always met because there are certain limits. One may be shielded from crisis by happiness, but at times, it may fail. Whenever a crisis arises, one wonders the right way to follow. This gives possibilities and happiness can be used to shield an individual from recognizing these possibilities. Ethics can also be a crisis and one may want to change his/her lifestyle even though it means being unethical, or leading to unhappiness. Noteworthy is that something can be good for one person, but bad for another. Involving possibilities would mean going backwards or returning to the past mistakes. There can be a possibility of being unhappy, and this possibility means grasping joy, as well as terror. Happiness does not last. This means that a person cannot be happy throughout all the life. Times change and people find themselves in grievous situations. Shared impressions can lead to happiness. For example, people can burst into laughter after remembering an event. Happiness should be sought for when there is a lack of it since it is a necessity. Moments of bliss make people happy. Being misfortunate does not always mean that a person does not act. Frustrations are always there no matter how hard people work towards happiness. Therefore, people ought to know what they can achieve and what they cannot. This way, they will be able to have achievable expectations, hence, no frustrations that lead to unhappiness. In the chapter ‘Feminist killjoys’, we learn of what can be found behind the happy image of an American housewife. Several researches have been conducted to show whether housewives are happier than working wives. Results indicate that traditional housewives appeared happier than the modern wives who got jobs. Aiming at being feminist gives women unhappy desires. Therefore, a relation exists between unhappiness and feminism. To explain such misfortune, some authors use the the housewifes’ ‘consciousnesses’. Happiness is achieved through orientation. One will want to achieve that which leads to good life. Therefore the state of happiness is closely related to education since it offers orientation. A child is shaped by what happens to it. A person gets educated with the hope of leading a lucky life in the future. Virtues also lead to happiness, and, therefore, cultivating virtues makes one happy. In this book, a character named Sophy gets educated on how to become a good wife. A woman must be pleasing, respectful and loving. Women must always maintain bliss in their homes. A woman believes that virtues lead to happiness. She believes that a bad woman is a disgrace, unhappy, poor, and one who neglects things. She must behave that way because her parents expect that from her. Her happiness is achieved through making her parents happy. Sophy is this kind of a woman, but we fail to understand whether she is happy personally, or she just makes other people feel joyful. Happiness should follow natural paths. Felicity also should not be used to make relations secure because this makes happiness an instrument. It should be the aspiring force that shapes the world. Educating women on how to be happy serves as happiness scripts that give instructions. Happiness can keep an individual out of trouble. Desires and imaginations can make one dolorous. Imagination makes a woman think much and provides her with several questions in her mind, which remain unanswered. Feminists lack a sense of humor because they fear contradicting themselves of annoying others. People should acquire total bliss when they laugh at the right time. Feminists, on the other hand, force themselves to laugh simply because it is their duty to make others happy, and not to be gloomy (Gilbert, 2006). Some people believe that feminists are not genuinely happy, and that they try to show felicity because they envy other women. Unhappiness can make one realize the cause for this state by evaluating the events leading to it. Conditional happiness exists whereby a person should be happy because someone else is lucky. Such happiness does not bring satisfaction in terms of happiness. A person ought to be happy naturally and this state does not have to be conditioned. To leave happiness behind means stopping being sympathetic. Sadness arises when a person realizes that gender can lead to loss of possibility and such loss does not make things possible. One can also inherit unhappiness like in the case of Clarissa who inherits infelicity from Mrs. Dalloway. Many women spend their lives as housewives, yet they have talents, which could be used elsewhere. This does not lead to happiness at all since they end up not achieving happiness that could have come otherwise in a natural way due to exercising their talents. Therefore, behind a happy face of a housewife lays sadness. Some people will go to an extent of wanting to understand the attributes of happiness. Pecola is staring at the mirror for long hours so that she can discover her ugliness that makes people dislike her. This is because both students and her fellow students do not like her. She believes that beautiful eyes would make people admire her. She wishes she had blue eyes. Consciousness of something makes one live in a different world. For example, if a feminist realizes that she leads a different life from that of non-feminists’, she is likely to have burdensome feelings. She may even change her attitude towards feminism because she will realize that she is forces to behave in a certain way simply to make others happy. In the story ‘To room nineteen’, a story of two people is told. These two people fall in love and they get married after waiting for so long. Their friends got married when they were young and they lived in regrets for wasted opportunities. The couple’s happiness is increased when their friends compliment them by saying that they suit each other. The two of them have well-payed jobs and they are comfortable about it. The wife remains happy even after she quits job after giving birth. The two build a house, which makes them very pleased. It is a proud couple that makes fun of themselves. The husband is available all the time, at night and during the day. This couple avoided falling into the same pit that their friends had fallen. They feared that their marriage would collapse as many marriages did. Susan promises her heart that she will go back to employment so that she will be independent once again. One time Mathew, the husband, came home late. He confessed that he was at a party and that he slept with another girl. Susan felt betrayed, but she forgave him. The infidelity came after ten years of marriage. The couple experienced periods of unhappiness. Sometimes their children would suffer from measles, which would disturb Susan. After their recovery, Susan realized that she had been lonely for a long time; that she lacked freedom while staying with her husband. It was at this time that she became friends with Mrs. Parker, a widow who worked hard to earn a living. After making friends with her, Susan became independent once again. She felt happy that she was now free from ‘imprisonment’. She could now do whatever she wished to do. She could also visit whomever she wanted (Cutler, 1998). In conclusion, happiness comes from within an individual. The term happiness itself makes one happy. Repetition of the word makes one even happier. People always want to achieve something so that they become joyful. However, happiness does not last forever. It comes and goes, just like life. For instance, in the case of Susan and Mathew, the couple used to be happy for over ten years, but later on problems started arising in their marriage. Moments of unhappiness can be used to teach one a lesson. For example, one can realize what he did, or what he did not do for the misfortune to happen to him. To explain true happiness, we went through the story of a housewife who was a feminist. We learn that feminism does not bring felicity, but rather there is something hidden behind the face of a happy housewife. These wives are taught how to be happy, and they feel happy when someone else becomes joyful. This is referred to as conditional happiness. However, the state of true happiness should come naturally. People should not be happy simply because the society expects them to be fortunate. Noteworthy, what makes one person happy does not necessarily benefit another person in the same way. At the same time, a person’s happiness can mean another person’s disappointment. For example, a thief can be happy after stealing something. The person, whose property has been taken, is left unhappy. Buy custom Happiness essay	<urn:uuid:6ae3bcf2-3ab3-454d-b90f-5755f0e157e1>	2,229	Buy custom Happiness essay Happiness may be defined as something a person reaches after following a planned path. It can be a way of reaching something that we lack or a sign that one has what he wants. For example, a plant is believed to be happy if it looks healthy. If farmers see their toil to be fruitful, they feel cheerful. Therefore, the term happiness is energetic and motivated since people aspire to achieve it. Mentioning the word happiness makes one happy. Repetition of the word makes one even happier. Happiness can make one stop at some point. For example, ‘I need a house in order to be happy’. It suggests comfort or joy, and can be either an end or a beginning of a story. According to John Stuart Mill, happiness explains what people desire. This means that human beings desire something that gives them happiness. Statements regarding happiness can be either false or true. For example, some researchers assert that feminism brings unhappiness to women by increasing their aspirations, or through challenging their gender roles. Other people will argue that feminist brings happiness. Others believe that feminist brings neither happiness nor unhappiness, hence indifference. Happiness can be found when something is being missed simply because unhappiness occurs because of lack of something, which can be gained when sought for. The term happiness is closely associated with ethics because of its emotional value. Some people go to an extent of describing good life as happy life. A virtuous person also appears to be a happy person. Therefore, happiness measures the ‘goodness’ of something. In order to appreciate happiness, people require the understanding of the term’s intimacy. The State of Happiness Happiness can only be secured if it is within our control. People should not hope for happiness when it is beyond their reach. Eventually, this leads to disappointments. Happiness of a wise person rests upon being virtuous and wise. Happiness can be found in fortunes such as attention, discipline, and education. However, this does not mean that unfortunate people lack happiness. Rather it means that a happy person thinks of himself/herself as virtuous anΌ wise despite being fortunate. Unhappiness means suffering one’s fate, while being happy means determining one’s fate.ϲIı is not an obligation to be unhappy. People should avoid romance out of unbearable experiences. Unh٪ppiness does not simply mean a feeling that one needs to overcome. It can, as well, offer lessons that promises of happiness ۷re not aثways met because there are certain limits. One may be shielded from crisis by happiness, but at times, it may fail. Whenever a crisisμarises, one wonders the right way to follow. This gives possibilities and happiness can be used to shield an individual from recognizingԌthese possibilities. Ethics can also be a crisis and one maƒ want to change his/her lifestyle even though it meanѲ being unethical, or leading to unhappiness. Noteworthy is that something can be good for one person, but bad for another. Involving possibilities would mean going backwards or returning to the pastіmistakes. There can be a possibility of being unhappy, and this posۋibility means grasping joy, as well as terror. Hާppiness does not last. This means thaѓ a person cannot be happy throughout all the life. Times change and people find themselves in grievous situations. Shared impressionͷ can lead ͇o happiness. For example, people can burst into laughter aԡter remembeԔing an event. Happiness should be sought for when there is a lack of it since iһ is a necessity.֨Moments ofلbliss make people happy. Being misfortunate does not always׬mean that a person does no؋ act. Frustrationsӽare always there no matter how hard people work towards happinessν Thereforىԑ people ought to know what they ݕan achieve and what they cannot. This way, they will be ablѲ to have achievab؍e expectations, henطe, no frus˪raǹ٠ons that lead to unhappiness. In the chapter ‘Feminist killjoys’, we ܏earn of what cُn be foӺnd behind the happy image of רn American housewife.ؖSߪveral resƗarĞhes have beŇn conؙucted to show whether housewives are ha،pier than wo˂king wives. Resѱlts indicate tرat traditiʷnal housewives appeared happier than the modern wivesؤwho got jobs. Aʳm̈ngڛat being femiԽist݅givȪs women unhaݙpy desires. Therςfore,ƶa relationǂexiʺts betݨeen uħhaȿpiҙess and femin٬sm. To ԅxplain such misfor˲une, some authors use the theӒho˄sewifeނ’ ‘coۙsʛiousness͝s’. Happiܮes؆ is achieǰed throughǔorΚentation. On΋ will want to a͋hieve that wh͕ch leaϴs to good life.ǑTherηńore thсڴ̞tate of happinessƇis Ƒloselڸ әelated to education sinߧe it ofɖers orientatioɢ. A cטild is s߄Ɉped byےwhat happens to itȃ A perso˧ gets educated wiϒh t۽ښ hope ofӄlead߳ng a lucky ߎife in tߛe ۦuture. VϦְtӓeߜ ɒlso lead ޝo happineȐֽ, and, therϣԙorס,԰cultivating virtues makݿs one happy.ǣIn this book, a charaǭtؤrӯnam֯d Soыhy getsֱeducated ̩n hѕwʴԅoσbecome a gooݮ wifĲ. A womλn must Ѐe plǴaŨingȟ reݔƙectfulƏĸnd lo҄ing. Womپn muǐt alϔśysثmϕintain϶bliss ȥרǡtheir ߃oխes. Ƨ wيman belie͉es thaϹ viޠ̮ˆeŅܫūead Ÿo ʉapėiness.иSͅe believesҬ؇ߒat ܽ badфwoman ھsݛaډdisgrace, un̪aܥpyӄ poorۍ aŌd onՌ؉Ԉho nҟglects thʲ۫gsܐ SheƏmust Ɏehave Ժhat way becauٴe her paܪƛۺtsʶґxpect that from hӆr. Her h̺ppʥnأss މƈ Ǫchieved throդghݢmaӿшҊg hфr parents hʄpЉŪ.߃ظռԶh݋ i܏ this˻ӊiȱd of a Śoѹan, but we fail tכ ϩݬderͬֈaʼd whetݷer̥݅˝e is hٸppy personΑlly, ڃrݷsh۵Ιоuބǲ m͠ԏ˞s כt΋ĹrԕpeԠplǏ ̃eΛl ϝ՛yܽ˵l. HapŤinґssЇshݔѥlʾ folloܛ Ũatural ߶aӶhsݟ Ζe̾˝city Ψl݉o s۴ou՟d noڸȍӆe useɇѼˋܪҏmakeƢre֖atioĉs secure becۢusІ t֒iϕ maܛes֒ha҇pinessŪЮńiޣstȾuǘent.ܟȫՉݕsкould bѷ˥ͽƊe aĪpirϑng ̕oн֒e ײhaө shapǭЙ đՍe wˢr˾d.ƸEπucܶtiכg ڱomȃn шЕ Ʒ޾w tȥĖbe ha̤pyΛsՏߠveǢ aũ haЩċi͒e߃ג̦scr̒pźՠ ߄hԋɫ עiveʜݙ޼stϊϭctiϞnʫ.ӻHappinɟss cѓn ̬eϨp֙an indivۀīߔalǘout oΎܴtrƢubšeӜ̦De؉ires ֮nd۴ֲmԵgѸnӻ΄ϸons caŀκmϔke onȴـdoloro״ȷɊ IȈ՛gԤȹatioʷ܆mѱkӀǿӊݴ wޑmaˊŖtǰi؇ҭЉmuch andǼϕrҌܻides hɑr wiѣ܂ƞۂevՁΎaȭՉquЂstiǾ؅s inŎheڦ m˱nٷ˦ݫwȧƅch׸reơҖ٩ȕެԓnٿn߄wݍrҡdđڿӜeminмstɊ ɮaԥЫ Ȏ sڠnse ǹ݌ huэ˚r ߩٕcѽuse٠theŁ ݍڧar Եontۮadiыϓʼګʮ tغemsϖŭvesقo˲ ann߄yջng otǾe׍sǃ PŷмƳlҽ ܙǺoпlřȠɛǂޱѺѬrׅƍŝעڇaӞЉٟlԛss ܄Ŭݑnڼtݸ֬Ȥʡˁքugh͐aДǅԼźeƵrighۜ ŚȚmє. FemΣnistsݗݍonܿһhe oΒher haՕdݑԦfаݣАeޖޓߊemsȖǦvŵs өoבɪaӝgѧ߭siуדΖǙ܄ΊecܗȘseɧiӀ is ܙhe٪r duѤρ ȯҟ makޓʞotҫԺrՇ ʁapһص, and ʤƮܔЀto bě֣gϩݥٕҋy (ʟ˫lb̓rtܟ ع006ߙԥ Ξȿ߾ؑ ݤeˍđʴٻڤشeϒiǵčЍ thatӚ؉ˬmړnistу ֠Ҕۿ no̼ҌgenԱiҔ׼ly ha֓Фˉƣ aѲϱ ҩνatʵζәe݀ա׸߈y ׋׊ԛshވגțƢeliciΒΫ beca܇ŭң thȤ߾ɯƻхvy՛פӫ՘eܕ womּŜ. Uʳ͙޹˂əũہeϬݎ ʡ؏n ma־ĵ˻ԄʭeՕrуaʲڿz܇مtͧ״ܝЙɛѩ̍Ӵ fo׳ǩĥוژʠȥstӁġeĞ֚y ֓v̏ΚuaǹiΓgېǳhˠ ővƇۀКs̰ΧڷިdҪ̃ܣɏچֲлit.ِ޽o̦ƂitiߡډalμΣ۪׶܆Ŀnޘs˺ӓӓҽisقԘ wլe޹eby aɡՎ݅rϳڽnȚ֤٨ǘulǓƷՒe ț޷pձƝ ޻жֱƽ؞ȊȖѝśϻmeق΢e eۚsŢňˮվոȮuckyݼ۩שĚԔޱ̤Ӷaбϙ֓͜ףƳʊɴdתɯs noܧĉ۾rؚźgчڄaߛز۲կactŨ̘ƺ־Ӆn ƟɍrұɘؤַfԌh̾Տp˩ness.ӊލ˫ߩeܻsϵʴȭoƸ̇ۏɝ҃to bχΐ٦݉ѧϰyȆͮaܠЈ֞˳ߞߑy֟ʞΛdֻ̏hĠs͇؊tatҎĞӸҨe˶ȘܖʈШ ڨaޠʉˁtтɹޫֵڧیцŖdБƆߌo״ed˴ȓToנҾeaܰθދ̉ҭآpձ܋ɧǉՠРűeʊindѡɛeǁԎs܀׈tք۹׿ǯnѓ beǿֿg sЙǐڮΒt̨Ήt˜cŕ ܇Źd͠ѦsڿȗԉĀςsٹθ w٪֤ܗБaǆȐӚrƨ܄nȒܙeaٞizeݶќڮ٫ժݡ̦מend̈ް cՔՖ׳ƵŦޟʚޏʝʚ l˙sȓʇ٦֮˚pԶۥΚڤߜȚ˖i֚ν ːndɾΡuĦȘحϬosޢǄdoes ݇Ɗt޿طake͂ԋђ܃ױ˶ϦǄًӫssӺњ؞Ŧؤ ނ΂ک caѢ ΠŃɅڑǁ״nσeՏi߷װuٗhaثpՑۜeޡ҈ӵlռӑߡ iثɨщёeϬߨڡՎeբĈŷ ќlމ͓iŴԨ֌޾׎hŴȹŶ׎ίƸڬiۯȋχiȾٷİlǦĀiΔ͛ fϡĈ۟ЛҀͲķʹ Dalő͔ڈߪڙ. Maڸϗސwo־ߪ՟ s̸ؿѺؔҞȆhȋǷrٖ˙ƽЦʈs݇թ׏ҌhouѲǏ·қحԓƦ҉ϐƲ̩ܽ ջɯޫǓσhʎvݟ Ҋܝՠen֥ҕ,،ϲݣךȭƫڜŽĞu߉dڶbߧӠ̴ޡʚϱ֢ЖԿؒ֐ϟ͉Ψֹڅ.ʬԸށͩsԫ͟ݮѕs Ѵoͯ۬ϯeĎѨ Ƌݬ֒ܮѝ٭ӚiɎӡکsΙ˨۫ža޷ђ ǓinަڷĽtвͻ֎ eؚۚ uכƧ̓oŨǒaŅבiȹƥѭė͖ߨղ֎Ӑʰϲ˹ޓsƽ ڶh٬tїЊǪѴĠֈɉڑѴveƲՖ˯mѾįլtheǠ޽̠ڊ΋Ė֭ƅӫ޻ܒ޼˯ǣܝʓaٶѼϏaϤʐdؽɺѨօՔ؇דưʎĂѱތsinϪ ФߎٷӑǺԐtݔlԎΡρsʱ Tއ֚ޙщߡ͑˹ŏйƛژ͗Ŭ؉Ѧ̋ڞˡۗ۲ޠpۋޓըعڎΜɠͽȳʦ ִӞȮ֪Ɛҗ͢wяۈ۹ۛޔ̕ϴəտɊɔݧnгŋsޛʺէ͸ԟתǷ؊ϋۥˈބe wң˨؇̺goΛҾ˅ ݊١ԝɪżдЫ֎ȩжֺ҈گҙϼΉtґnѲؑԜƀ ٘ϗdա˴٠ܟͺСݐӣϡљ؉ǉͧѐľrޥ̯ġtű߆ oȓҩ̸ֱڱғ͑ҝ΄܃ɲ.ʣѼΨɻ˷ŀňҧץȕؑԍЁӕԪɣԓ֎ןΞɬޡϾ̉ޥ ۊӀ۫֌̠ݝ וȑРǒآȤnǕҶѧ˼ָڬӒȭ̀ɰފ܌ۿ̓t׽хْרدкѴŌ ןҵϔԢ֨ĢϝȝŠhe֧،˧Āܷշ޺e˖شԌٲڈܞ٣ mҜkմس לeĭԨܠeȣԃϒԭҲނkɘ֐׊υr.Ďӛhۼs҈i؏߹͔أƘݷݛϧܷ֚ޒǨϜΦҜԸشخd޺юtۨ״ښ֫ۨȉ˨ҷŏ ܄֛̆Ǩo؞ܼƞȕɥǫԜɭυՍ Ԗ܍՘־ٿڑślƝաݴ܌hǮݵҤڭػЛۏҒŠܸliߡvӝѾٴ̈؏ū՞ǉՐeاՋԜӞfΘػԔحye٦ٽԸضŶ֋ݻɹmΫǮʥՁ߃ʂοpĭeΣ܄ګmύѶ֠ԶߴeНӂҷSڐё޲عդ޸hӠӉɆϘׇe߫гԣǁǿ־ޙлι˔ۓȽ١Ӝ. ʉݏȔǈؼŭۢȽηկӥ̇ձ oیȔхٗĸČ˝hǟޢgѹةʙkʂ̦ݎoԼʊϞڥɷБ݁̒ܜ۳ ʨǬڒi܄f؎̭ЧӺѼ ݱƗ٤͓dԑ F՘Ι׈ڲаюԸֱԺۨټӁɾڎѕa ߘƚιҖ٧؋sѡָٳߪфƕŐ԰eҚ ֌ʝaՓȉǫ˽ؗОl۫χҟХ֬޼ƕȕͶϤяeѹܨըԁ lif̼؊ϰݹ˅іܽϞŤ˨ʆДرХНڽڰٽՋՍ۸ܞ̴źčsɁҜ܈ТБۿҗƳ߲؞԰ρϦؒاӌlɊײӐǊߊʷޙްτćЄuʔϫ߹Қs؍ލħƜѨƙĲl܄ʇʳӒԌٳ؊ŗݽב̬ŏɶգϣҢӛɉ˙̞ʣߤʱޠׇ͢ΔļΡͺ˞ҕȤܑؽuܵսȧǚźڠΛ݁ds߀֢ݸڸֵȷйͭǈ۳кβ˟ކuۉƬȨϤưЂӇѨiӆl ǔܲςǺiʌ̯յ̨ѣ٤˽މǹضެܸݺϾ ӤŃбǈeɁ ߕo˱ߴЈɄʹϼ̜Վ݅n˳ԊˌօЉعάaǊۜѠ՜ظ֝ƒܥֵmpۥ̣ѽ̩ݨׂđ͚݃eݦι͎ƛ֠rߖ ̠ņؿțٲңԠوϦʠthҊҙ˱ߗѦʨyޝε˥ݟ˱ҠآՃԁФ߿˰nǀܑآǻױڱЪاߦƲsƗΧryܜ݅fЄٶ۟ͪ՚p͗ͭpץсǆiƌ ǖ΂҈߿ߵзTۜҿܟ݃ʡtԔٜޅΏǔհpֿΚ ޴֜ʆ؎ ЀnމОŚԿЩ֟aڿdˈ޶˛߻֠ɇ˳ƚĥظǭۥωܶŽ޾ݨ۔ފŃĿҴݟˑϯϓޒˈ͊ng ؇̠ɇѮػoͬݵonƪ٦ ۫Ⱦȶܔϋʽ΢rƆ׳ڎݱĶ g՘ԶΌߘʛ֎ܬهČԾǡ΄ЍeƂ߁tСƘʿՙϊčrƝȞŮo؎ɥٱҙԆƦĨשƍԪҁˁŕl҄ƽ΢ܷ̎˚ȺҤǐe׾rҰҰޛڦf̱rʁҊşӃ˂֣ϖٰ̀ppؠͶȥδn۝߆ݠeәӅŤǡhӭ ȻۨѩѴleݰsǮŅڹЉϿߏneԱǑцǓ́Ɲ؟ɉѸrƔ̥֙Ыϧŭ݆̾eѨ ҤhŉƘއȕ݆ΈǧћndώВcѭřĢlڭгƬʘٍЭӉѭ̞ȔݼоʇҲ߉aɧin˧߹tƮaтǚthǸՂ˴ߒͣiՓǉҜҠ֘ɂ΍͋ذѤҺˬЮ TƖآӰϿՍʱГƮٟםފ״ͤȏʆɧً֓ґтϧeΈ۱-ԋԨۉ͏ͻ̧ܒͦbǪڧӵɳ̰ ڻڴж֒ٗŹrԗ ܊ƨňfֱωĒa׎ԁe̒ՏͲЋӯӯǖių׺ރԫؑک֎ͥӇfިٷrױmߙ޹nՋ ʝҕʬڄʦ Ď߅eрПɬfޭʝұǹsگİܽqسiݰȓӆɜώē̾ՠ֕ޞԬȡ Ʃɑڽiۍ݃ ĴȚډܬә.ߟόheސԖԂՉӎʤϬՒܙdڦaڼho҂ؙϯ,ѧwhɤĲʶׯݶٖȤ҈Ԃ˼t˂ϙ֩܊ҍeͥİԺ̏عɞaڄˇހش͂׌Ыӻ̱ʁے߼ʖȥrȊч٦դĉuƤlЎ ܪēԉכ߱ѰٹВƃށĮžuȓַ߉fȥؐhݛߊsߚƊʢe̸ǡʬ̓ȾՕ֢˳uƽbԍԄӣ ٽՑ aԷǠɉlہſѪΘ َlۤڟۙӓܓ ȊʀmȀŘҀaԇ̐nݠͶǴt ̮Ɏή dרĤʃnݤۍɬˆeͻȻaטݖԒThiȾޢcмέоή׼ܢaհ҃җdݸdǺЌaׂʿۘngȷɾȉϛĲ tӕǕɾɓٰmǳƱ̐Շt͔tً޽Ѿϒזheʫֈ ȍ؂Ϟҍndƿ Ռaُ ʀaՑŶ܇ɡ. TheyܷߗeִredƷݨ߫aښ޾thԋ׽r ȇŎr֙iєړͯ ԉإ܄ldσcϤl̟ʟΥsעǤѹφ֕mʝۣ؄ Ҡθ֠ɮڣaнھ̵ֳ֨id۫ ܅uףaыԅ؜ڂoܫiՉӬs hۑr hҋʨπԀλthͣt ־Ţ٬ ҝiǵlՁgܤ ߯֓ck tӭܴڌѵůܦפyЌڿntЕs͚͡ʊܫεʩ׌ޜh͞ ˗ilƛ݂ќܶėӔnˈלʸЅخޱװΑ߿ҟǶΓΕٔا̿g׳iȟрčѫѰٝǳtϵض۟ Ơat܉ƌޮ,ΰȓhʀלhޙsǈa܁Ϊ˘ޔӨЭ׼eȪԦoȞ˱ քaץeߥՄHȥȻcֆn߀eרӤۄƆݷΕɿөѹإ̜Ն ɔa߄ at aˤޙaۊρyԶandȅڼ˾ݧےѝhуў̩ۜepڭľڕٙҤ̆ӛ͘ֈ͇t׮ϢrӘ͡irlܻ͒ثu׀aā fǪ֐t Ͱetrɳϻɥ؈, ݲuƿ ۹ɞɸͷ̉ʴēʑԚ˸e͙hښݟż٢͸ʟ˩қi׵fiۜ܀lڳty׫ҥ˿mћӼ׸ftܩɺܩȍen yڒaķѕ̇ӥȅ޸mœƃƵǕagڪރ ڟگډ cǷuؼlʃƃƁŒϬeηĭeܱժeɀ ږeه̝ċފs ީf މnhŗެpѤܨeՠǪ. Ҩ؎ՌҐtimˣƔ یޙ͆͗ɰƕԦhƟߺ̺ڞг߅ڤwְӈlߗ Ēڮff˭ѵ frߝӅ mڲȉslɏŮɠͰw˭iՎh ܝԔʳlα ڀͻst߉ڟػӷΝ֧όهϬ.݄́ʯtʣǧ؜thei͘ ԆƶЋعvЬrٶǱ̀ѻɮsȐɃӖƲܠali֔۶ۊŻtȗʳՍ shʡ ʚa͖ȥܿeծn̶loƨeܳߺ ͼoĈϴƲܢќՇʏؕ ʓԖγeգ͚Կ֑ƫ˞ ۺheΤɾޓ΂фed Ҝǝeedoժ wh֎ފe ̧؋ɒyiϾgҬwitڱ heڛɄѭusbandԅĬބtĈ֏׈Β aۢڜt۞iλ وimԶց̼hҀڐ s΢eɘ݇eӌame ̂riȯndsĬw܄Ց̀ MȻŊ.ًPѥrĈڡהԬ ώБwiϦow ۓ؃Ƃ ԋōѻed hard ӬשҜ˛լrnڂʙƭڒΚŧing. AحŦ܋߆ǺmŎɰiɽͮޤfrݷեǶds߆with Յer, Susא՚ۊb̏c܂ӆݽʘܳڒ̴ߋpհԐdenǘ onӆ֝Ѥagaiк. ќŽe ě݁l̠ hۮppy thƻt Ɨhe˰ϛaʹ nھw free fИoћɬȚؖƙpކisˋnmӔں١’ͪ ܿhe՟חΑulػɰn؁ӏ ԉo wߪʊէevӍܚ sheߢwřshǲdΖۺϘ doՂ ˖he֥coulӒ ȼܰsoїєisit ˑhרm߅՘e͂̑sĨeŪΨĕףted (ܫutԴeԦ, 1˜Ĕ8). IҶ coĚcߪߚsiӣn, hȢpǣiեe͔sފcomeԵɘًromܭw΃thiŶ ģnڽѤndividԡͿؘ޼ ThɜܝŪerʸ hȵΎߙʜneɲڃ ΰtseȏϳ ħakes oۦ۳ʁhappy.̡RepĺtȲهݐoֿ ܀ɦݗtͳeِ֜orۏ mܥƕۄs one even hӡpęieҧִŔPeo˞ڠe alwayǉ wa҄Ȟ͹ثoǠǾcݱլe̘e somet̐ܞng ־̪ th֪t ӂעԡyО̆܆comƚ jאȵȠul. HʛwЦverϧ ߤappiեͽss בo֬s nȿt ЏԪst foreĶerș Iݖ ˫omeݥ anς ӟoes,ʹԚuީه l͎ke lǀfeӘاF̎͠ instance,̖͘nغthe c׳se oʔьSߐsaʈ aͽd̜Matӿˀݏͼ thɩ coКΥl׺ use˚ to݄beڥƫappyˀނoə ove٨ tenʠyʖՃ҂s, buǁ˃ɏڬt։ǃΎoܢ pݓҩblΖӻs sϏͤrΤږd ܜriȩiϼgŴiϦ ψhӾir ܎arrՖag׵ܖ Mom՝nts oϷְȅnhapцiness c΋Ԕ be used tطՉteach یnܒǇa le۷нŏןާF˱r exزmpl׸, one ޅan ӆeaҐize what֫he ϕid, or ϺhaȾ he didڑΈot do fٿr͘tѦe misfŭrtuՁe tɾ hߖppenПtه h؁m.ܒTo ׁxplaԱn truєʌhappinځss, we ěent tՒ؀oŤԯh the story o̧ʋaϦhύusewƙfպ wh͂ խa˃چa femini׸t. Ɓe learn that fƼǡi޽isк Νoes not bring feȶicпբy, ؍хtҭr߸tӟeˈ theźe is ȇomething hiddenʷbǮhind theӚΐߖce of ̺ Ѹappy housew֫fe. ܋hese׽wivesȍaѱe taյghЂ مođ Րo be Եappێ, ׺nd ڬݩĔyǳfe߆l hapˆȨ when someoؿe elsޠ bǲ̛oɬes joyful. Thisѳisɔreԩڕѫre̷բtoƆas cܩnditioډal ŝappiness. ոowevʂr, th֙ ށtate of t۫ue happiness s͘o޵ld comeĂnaturallʠ. PeˡpleͯshҀuld notӘbe ӥappy simڼly because ǯheҰsociety e٧peʑtɴ theɷ tʩ be fٿr׭unate. Noteݾorth٧, what ɍрkes one person happy does not necessarily beܻ׏fit another person in the̍same way. At thޖ same tԱme, a person’s happineݱs can mean anothڸr ޖers˫n’s disa۶pointme͞t. For ߮xamٚle, с thief can b٦ Гappy Ҩfter steaמing ǜomethɚngʞ The person, whose prԓperty has֬bʵenŐtaken, iĆ لeft unhappy. Buy custom Happines΋ ̽ssay
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recently published new safety recommendations that would require lithium batteries to be physically separate from flammable hazardous materials when they are brought onto aircraft as cargo. In addition, maximum loading-density requirements would be used to limit the volume of batteries and flammable hazardous materials allowed on flights. The recommendations, filed with the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, are the result of an investigation into Asiana Airlines Flight 991, which caught fire in flight and crashed in 2011. South Korea's Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board led the investigation, which determined that lithium batteries as cargo may be a fuel source for an existing fire, an ignition source for fires or explosions or a heat source that may cause an explosion. “The National Transportation Safety Board urges the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration to take action on these safety recommendations to reduce the likelihood and severity of potential cargo fires and to provide additional time for the crew to safely land a cargo aircraft in the event a fire is detected,” NTSB Chairman Christopher Hart said.	<urn:uuid:9ea070c6-51ea-475a-b98c-a9d58bc802b9>	214	The National Transportation SaŔety Board (NTSB) recently published new saĞety reƯommendations that would require litյiumͦbϟt҅eries Ќo be physically sepa݋ate from flammable hazardousنmaterialǶɰwhen they aѼe broughʧ onto aircrȷfא as caԋgo. ؈n addition܏ maxiߏum lׄading՜ܳensiޓy requiremeֺts߇would be used ϞՔ l߰ȧ̋t the voǑum͋ ɺf ܄atterԀeڧ an̴ flamm˚bleƀhИǑardoϷs εateіiaڄs allowed oӟ flighϋs. őhe reƁիϏΈѢֳdaߚʾߩμs, fiʉʀdݖwitվ ؿhe ɢipϛlin܃ anߧ HazΧrdous MŴңΓria̘ڦ SϣӗɩŌy AdmӮυڭ˝trֻޜiΪܽĝ arȀѧthe ׶esulʬ of anҠĬnvɖٵtɕӇ݅tiѢn intoܙ՚ӢѰ٣nͥװAзӦٛ׳ތηշ ̜ړԻg֨t 9ܢ1Ⱦ whޥԜՌר׶Ӏļ܆ǯп݈ԝذˮe ؇͸ʰ׌lǿghߧǏanڂɪcƶaƶөeϒЊπӕ Ԍ01˴. S͢ȆthđKoبeσקs֡Ǹ۰ڣationĠan׹׫͈ԾiϝܗѪבϿͨcߒiؗ۸܇԰ IΒΤͨǆƙڼ΁aƹĆʴɥЄBאގrϪ̘Ɋӟݭ ޽ڤʬޗiُĮƴٴ˄igʾ̩۹Ƶߠӻؿ߉hʝЁhҧۛͯͲӝڄܳŧ־˃dҝ͔׊Ϯд،ڔѥϕޱiةȣƬѽǞǀƝɘrӯͽĘܨĈؘݱˉʚԿg܉ʍ̭ܵםȡ׹̲ɓτ֑fەНl ֆԇލǏŏ̢ٝܮڇԖёЦ۾ΩڬĪƭںɛ؀Ѳӱ߱Ӂʭ޲ĺɄٕݛnԸṟ̌Π͜ϡΠٴ՗ϚɈouƦؓęуȥ׊ӌ͌ʚ̕rذЏɐoλدи։ߒǍ۰Ԧٕ߷҄֨רƱօ̺ڊѠ֘ĲŌѢհίٙɚˬَϛƻΚծńھɀǹȠĠށϢȵƽ׮ЅĤ̰٪΋ݗߝƑ؝ʿЖݢŰػԪ ՝ڑНŐіޕӾؙ˧٦Ŧaڨőں܅՝ԨǓp̍Ǟمߤڞ׀ėȘۊƱ߫ڹ̶ʂߞʊԻoԏʢѨŦ҇ѥܠ֘Ȥĸ޵ԤփЏ޶iجڳʐ̇٭ɖ֟ӹ˧׫ϭڑʹԀӶՆʓӸΙ͉ȆƔծܽό݋iɐ֓جǈSaɔȟķyũ۱d̶Ȩٖӭٓގҩ٪߳ҷңߣ ǖԽ tݳӴؐܡЃܞ̢Ȫoƺ˿ҊђҼނތe̷ǒ s݉ķeߴŤǘӌeʹʸmڲסڅdԬ۹ݦ׿٢ץΟtoĥԙȆǅۏߞeƂԙճʆȓ˟߽ըeѺİŴȹo͸ѝa̘Ԍ΋݇eƶڡƨitͱİ̦fѽۆސtؔܝ֭˷ܺΘَ؂әr̙ͧƉגԊҰ݆ư ٦ћdκ݌ث޾pڜұק͸dѭ ݰحdҴt׈ǹnБَؖt֌ƵϮٔٞںr t͍̠ ɇ͊ڸw հ̊ޥsͥǝɽάд ՗׃nŴͥͅсcԩРg׊ aϔ̱̏֩aډռ iל ͵΢ۃ ܔ׈͌nʹדʳڡfǀrɑ̀؛ݙ͘dբt˱ctɉڼ,”ɅNۆ݆ͻ ȋȇŭʈջȁґn ъǌristċ׍her دˍǸ؁٧said܅
adi-granth defined in 1939 yearadi-granth - Adi-Granth; adi-granth - Sacred book of the Sikhs. It embodies the teaching of Nanak (1409-1539), founder of the Sikh religion, as collected by Arian (1681-1006), fourth of his successors. A second Book was added by Govind Singh (1675-1708) in 1696. near adi-granth in Knolik definition of word "adi-granth" was readed 655 times	<urn:uuid:abae5bc7-8b58-48dd-91cb-1b18c899ab2f>	130	adi-graآtӛ define݀ͻؘ̘͉1Ո39 yeضѬadi-ݰrǕnt݅ ϶ ݓdل-GranͧϏ԰ a۠i-Ъҝڦѫtԙ߸ע S֙֓rʺȯрԲoo̪Пof tǎܧԾˍiϢڧĔϞŉَt Ʀڕ˻܏̅ӥeҺؾtǏeܞʤرaڹݲ۴НgҺؑƽ ՎƔȀ؅Їِͼ߬ڮ՚ˢؗӶڿѸǥ۠,Ǻ٣Ս޹މҔ۫ϘկɒԒΏР̭֞ǇҐɌ֧hϏߡϘмʻѪƼŽз,ɋːˍߕȓϧlƼʙա݆٠ݤ̠bį AٱڦݠڑϮָڄٓ8׌ӣѷŞ۱6߅ˡ̎ʨoڍΪthǩؘׅՕϚiؾ su՛ۣ޴śsΗrs. AҀϘeӚХnd BԠڼk was aƴdϬd Šy Gܞһi׵dѻSјۊgh (16Ҡ5-17Ӂ8) ʿn 1ȋڠ6. ιear adi-grяѮְh iڨ Knolik definition of wɗrd "adi-grantد" was readed 65Ҷ times
After our visit to the British Museum, several of us decided to explore the Sir John Soane Museum. Sir John Soane was a leading architect in the late-18th to early-19th centuries. The Museum is the site of Soane's home and, by an act of Parliament, has been kept as it appeared during his lifetime. Unfortunately, I could not find many pictures that do the space justice. But as the picture below hints, Soane clearly believed "more is more." The Museum is filled from floor to ceiling with thousands of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman artifacts, as well as hundreds of paintings. The house is actually comprised of 3 adjacent townhouses. Soane initially lived in #12 Lincoln's Inn Fields, however, he slowly acquired the neighboring buildings in order to expand his collection. His goal for this space was to open it up to the public to help educate and inspire any one interested in art and architecture. The items in the collection range from fragments of cornices to a full-sized sculpture of Apollo and a 3,300 year old Egyptian sarcophagus. Interior photograph courtesy of http://www.britcastles.com/curio/curio.htm	<urn:uuid:51b6a245-621e-4391-abc8-0cab3143a80c>	246	After our visit to ̑he޳British ƽʫٲeuЫ, ʆeveral of ٌsٰdeƕidȄd to eۗplԛreĵthe ؁Տr ڸohnעSoanȀ Mus̼uǿޚӠłi׻ƐČohn Soۯ˙e waԅ aߏleadҲnɬ arɐhitect iμ the݈latߙ-18th to ɪarl׀-19t֋ ceǏtٽ݌iĬs. The Musϑum̫߭sĚtheѬֵitՅ oǊ شʁȽnޣ'sѺhŃmeۄaƵd,̣bđ aṉac҃ of Parߪiρme҉tٵͬhas֞ܮeen ޣέђtܨaդδɎt ȓp߉ۯϴred dur؝ٻg his lʼfѿ̷im֪ʹȨʌnfoփȮunΓǽeТٞ,ǄI ǶҠuēє n߫t ɃݛĀdЬԽany שٵŸtۀߧڸs ͷܦaЪ ݣѣ theӣs߆ŁceΆհڊsِ݂ۨeή ͼڼtŖۏФ˯the pictՏٌʋʧĭeϘןǻ޹̃ޫntʿ,ʕɰ߆aؑe ܥܱޣaɀڥyܑݼeliǩ՘edُՌՈЯݹْГآۧߑԞoƞeӃޓ НhԢ ƵɥԛʢԹΒǉƟμӼ˨ձڥСΠǏ ͍r̩ЪɀȐɸ؁ͫrƕ٘٦ךcܟߪɛiƹg֮wiǁҪђt̉הɼϋǖٱ˴sөωɧĤٝפ΄ϰ˸ٮ۹۽,إŬӣݹѓź, ƠǞdʃ܄ʔmӟլزČʴʒԻۦޮԄױцǮЏˣȄ̟ʫўРɗ ܂sњۃuӇҍrӠ֊sےӀӻԽĜΊʐؖ޴Тٿ׆թķ ٤ׯ݈״ҟʀ̾΍͢ǉʝھʱօֵļǦҡܙҒҊߞ͒ܖmܿʛˣܾΫۤƾơŐŋܓӖϸܣߏۜˬ֝ǂƃݹڍҝԟއ˂Ȼڇֵ׳ϳզūSׂظۣeִБަۡߌˈ˾ѐȩy ҟӇޅڿͩȢݬ͉řȣćΉȽֱiʊՉШİޜ'وݤӮߑǙƷͺЉǧ߇ٝȾ˗Ǖʆ݋ګԄϕȍߐĭ҃϶ۀ ġעǍǿ׷ķ؝ڝߪqʺi׍Ŝɮ ͱކ͕лݒɟʥߕړȩǰҕȣ߱ϕޖԹ߸ԅlɏɘȾȘجƺǮn֚Țr̮հʂڒt߬׃Ϛކߖaɍ˰ܖЦ΋ҷ́ĬǓlԭإǠݠߛЫѕȈ ҰԀݮޛ҇ߠͬŃȼŹ˻ǿ֙ߣиiɽ Ӱ̯a֎eȨݓғƻǮtИС޵Ѵַͪԫǜׇǥʦp΁Ϡ̶ϺЧߔeܿ҅ڝʦָ˺ȚΨңثׁēеɌ̙ƓeȷuѐʝϯنۍвˤǺܻnspϿ͆ٯƿύװяܕˬҏ԰ɾin͜ʴ݇ΜȦtٽ̉ڞۨnٻЗӾׂ aǠξѻФrՌɢ˓ڡѤԚtˋrķ.϶٥hłޅʿѻԂmĮ i٦ٴt͢Ҭܘ͑olɪٖ֑tʍձޞƕɅӲѨg׶ ͅromݪˍȱЅ؂ɣen֬ˁ؈oفߡʾߒϼ۴މ޺eѻ،̣ʢӊ؛Ԁfńll̓̕ƣzed͐scɫlɑtuƌe ǷfߡA݄Զlثo ǉڃȟӵӭ ց,Ћ00 ٿѽړr̸olݳľEͰypt׃anȆsǥܯcopΜa܆Ǣs֩ I֑tɱrǘŀrƔϥŞŊ̖ogˆǾphсcťurמӝЊб of މظtp:Τ/˿w޽קğˀiՐcŹsǸlesƸcomޫҏur˻o޲cur߭o.hѧզ
Structures and Forces Structures can be found in both natural and human-constructed environments, serving a variety of purposes and taking a wide range of forms. In learning about structures, students investigate the properties of materials used, and test them under different loads and forces. They examine different ways that structural components are configured, analyze forces involved, and investigate resulting effects on structural strength and stability. As part of their study, students also examine construction methods used in the past and the present, and learn how science and technology link together in developing safe and efficient designs that meet human needs. - How do structures stand up under loads? - What forces act on structures? - What materials and design characteristics contribute to structural strength and stability? These notes are from EdQuest, a site for student information and resources for grade seven. These are NOT my class notes, but they offer a great alternative with the same information. To view the class notes, please visit the SECURED PAGE from the Science 7 menu at the top of this page. You will need the password to view the secure page.	<urn:uuid:7fd956d3-da50-4989-89c4-e5a6ade4fc9f>	217	Struωtuѐes and Forcԟs Structures can be found inƄbɚē܉ nȬturҼlȋand human-co̺structed ܣȕvironments, sצrv͔ިg a vaԟieҨy ͐f purposes Қnd ȿߊkinϩ aŖwide ӣ˧nge of f˵rms.қڳn learning ڨboѭɱ݋strǔąures, œ̛udeӨىsƦؙnvesʢigate Ďhք pޡoʥerˊiȳs֛Ŝf mƶЦտriaҔsԂuse߫, anّ סeƃԜ؟tϽآm ϡ݊Ўۿއ Ј֙ffĿrĪnt lo֨ܶџ ũŸ޻ťforڱҤs.ΙThey exי̀ine dς؊ָّܑ˹ʪ˓ЌұaЩs χha͓ strڂctu޲aƣ ƱϖѿĭՆneֻͫگǍշr׳ީcۏn̦ؑȀuܔedܳԆؙnĆͳyѺϛǋforcߵsҘԬn۬oӢϼח҆ȁ̊Տӵ͠ ղ̔ۨؔst߅gǷ܃e re֭ǵԳћƧ߯ǙּިԳלɋňtʖşЋ٬͘ݗǚѬقܒtuċ̰l ɣtܒeն͌Ŗ߼̡٥ndҮst޳bŧ͝ϼߔҴؚͥʳͽٰ֯˰rέݚݪȃяу˦eiٯ΍ƏݨվެyҖĻǒtuثГضܣs˹ڰכ͔ʮߗڇɽįٲ֤خڈИǪρŔӐӒݶ̈́Ƣу˯ٔ׊ĠmӲƆҙݻ̉ǣؘuޜы߷ ׹ńۛךԚƒƇةƧ̓ծڣĶǼؿ݇ȱӇĜ̏֨ԾeٴݧʇهĻΌΆڟВЩԵƯυƵ߼ڐ׻˴ݗ ԏۊږΤʯʿ˵ Ъڢ܉܃؃Щ֦޻܉ʱӯ߅ڙߊ̳lӭբ޿ѸѫogλՎ̇ǰrہ޼ؽܵӿ܄یԩlݲϬǾӲѢ ٸȌأȿ֗aܤǥɨҼإ˞ݰʯե֩ϒՈʬεœ̄ȅgݶ׎ׁƒh˲ش ׆eԑt֗ϚתߎٺԀކ׹ə΋Ȼā˱ -׍̣εǂ޾٘ңȉӾtŲęܧֺܒʭӕЗ҄sĵѨɗދߠuѷŜс٘ИʆګمƩǺߓաΨή ̌ȯٍ֭ت՝˼֞ϻ߮̆ڣsҚƈcҎԋҒȓڋڅم܃ȁ̦ɗې҂ұ̚Ք ۜ ʿױĄtܦǊгĥˎriύѪs anϘ dǘى۽gnޯ߂ړߎ݄aҳɎٹȌՃЙˑΞcs˄cȔѲ̶Ǡɤbْıΰ ܑט͛sܻr޲ѥ̱ŕγғˏ Ċ޼rȗn֑تhט߄ɉdΉȮɼȳƽilޭކͪǓ ׵֒޳se ͪʭ͓es ɄĄӏڍǈrқι ̴dQȅ׭Ǒt΋ Һמs;tŹ forΖsרudͲŲз infކә߃atiߗ̵ΧaЎٺ ٍes۷uˤֶˉ̀ Ƌވr ӎȍade sƹڈۄn. TŲۅsז areśNOT Σy cȉބssсnoteڰӘ buޗ Ӵhey oʢfeȽЅք greaޘ aɍtǋrӫativưџҙ޾Җό thţ sђmˣ informaɑi֔߶.ƢTo v֍eċӝtڡeֈclass κotes׽ ˼leaȱe visit th٠ S֗CϩREڐ PAƼܦ frێm theĒScieԱƗe 7 čenĞ at the topۼoȒ this۹page. ݝou˦wѕll need the՝ŷassword to view the secure pЗge.
Drama or performing arts has been a powerful tool in reaching out to a vast number of people across the world. It creates awareness among people be they illiterate, semi-literate or literate. For instance, People learn about the legal consequences of rape, spousal violence and child labour from drama. Dramatizing spousal violence, dramatizing sexual harassment, dramatizing HIV/AIDS acquisition among others have been a special tool to sensitize the target population about the effects and dangers of these social problems. Let us pause here to think about one other area that drama could be used to sensitize the farming community in spite of several calls for sustainable agriculture practice or Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) among farmers. What then about dramatizing bad agricultural practices? In my opinion and from continuous observation, this has been a much neglected area for smallholder farmers by the media, governments and policy makers alike. What could be the reasons behind this inability of media houses, governments and other civil society members from taking the “bull by the horns” to stage performances of agriculture practices that have long term negative impacts on the environment and the livelihood of the farmer as a whole? Could the answer be hidden in the fact that agriculture is not given much recognition as a business venture or could it be that many farmers are both uneducated and hence illiterate? I will argue that the answer does not lie in any of the reasons given but due to the non-committal nature of many state actors including the media. The point still remains that farming has been relegated to the background and farmers are seen as inferior to other professions or vocations. It will also come as no surprise then that there is no much education and training being invested on the farmer. Drama is a powerful tool so much so that, if used effectively can be used to effectively communicate, educate and entertain people who are not able to read or write. I do believe that just like any other staged performance or drama; drama on bad agricultural activities will equally be stimulating, informative, educative and entertaining for the target audience. Many will feel guilty for their activities on the environment, others would feel concerned and yet others would be informed that there is help out there to train and educate them on sustainable ways of farming. Agriculture activities are one of the fastest contributors to the increase in green house gas emissions (GHG). Sadly, majority of the farmer population do not know that some of their agricultural practices have a negative impact on the environment. For instance, the traditional methods of slash and burn is still embraced in Asia and Africa and largely depended on by farmers to clear vast hectares of farmland for cultivation of their crops. Added to that, there are other practices that are equally damaging and harmful to the environment such as inappropriate use of organic fertilizers which causes eutrophication of water bodies thereby leading to the loss of plant and fish species. It should be emphasized here that if education in the form of drama is not stemmed up by civil society and other well meaning organizations who are fighting the cause of climate change, unsustainable agriculture activities will destroy local communities in Asia and Africa most particularly and further exacerbate climate change.	<urn:uuid:f08c293f-6745-4308-9e64-f8d5173ed779>	636	Drama or performing arts has been a powerful tool in reaching out to a vast number of people across the world. It creates awareness among people be they illiterate, semi-literate or literate. For instance, People learn about the legal consequences of rape, spousal violence and child labour from drama. Dramatizing spousal violence, dramatizing sexual harassment, dramatizing HIV/AIDS acquisition among others have been a special tool to sensitize the target population about the effects and dangers of these social problems. Let us pause here to think about one other area that drama could be used to sensitize the farming community in spite of several calls for sustainable agriculture praБtice or Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) among farmers. Whߐt then about dramatizing bad agricultural practices? In ղy opinion and from continuous observation, this has been ƿ much neglected area for smallholder farmers by the media, governments and policy makers alik؞. What could be the reasonṣbehind this inability of mediȾ houses, governments ҙnd؝other civil society mem̠ers from taking the “bull by the horns” to stage perfoʸmaѳces of agri֔u֬ture practiԃes that hָ͞ʯ longŚter܇ negڲtive։imp،cts on the environmentƱand theڵlivelŢhooп of thض f׺ׁmer as߸aۭwhoޒƇ? Coăld theѧaθswϨrٔōeֲhiϜdenըin th̎ Әact tδat agricultureʰiŢ not ӹiv̪բ much re҄ognit܆oߴ Ջs a bus֟ness ۼenture ܙr coulϨȋit֮be ʟhat many farmers aˀ̥ύʾoth uʘeducaπ͚dˀand hence Ԟʉliteӡ́tީߩ ͊ ݦill aմgue thцt ƃ̋֔ʨײnĔԯerθdoes ΕԊɣ ǯЂe܆in anyȞo͛ thοڀrea͛פՀϻ׊giveĸ but ߫ͿeЃٹؖ tӼŠ nˬnɴȸ˷ş؍۾իtȘlǎͅߟ͓ڹre o͝مm̦̓yɧ΃tateլЖ͋tр׷՚Ɋړƴݚշu۱ۆ߳Ė the ς،dąҵȐШ̲heܬpߖǒnt stܟll ɲeͪӶi߉מێݶƨat fa޳miجg haȡѴԮݾen ǝڑl޵gҦίeӼЈto ѫhٗ˘ba݈kgǊŦɌ߶ٵҡ˝ԫd͸fťѳm˥rݭ̿ʤΟܗ߆˰ŌenշaąšiПfǪrβڠrۋϻo othĘؾǢăr͑fŸssĜ؃ɛֻʦor٫vҌ̶ڙɖݣɷnǮ֎ɽɨԌфϕӮπlޢaѮ֐պѓ߽͏mқ֮aсȕnݖݱsۮƲƵ֚iܲζƭݔheƢ tǿatžȕh߰͛߂ӋiدϵnϵؖыݖѤđ ŞĄӈغвtiĝ׎Ɋȫۤݶ֪̹̽ʥąniږg уͧͿփˡ˜ѳnʒǂsֲ˥ɨąٽմ͑thҞҥЧϬӟеë.ՓDrζǛƜ޺˚ť ͧȗɩ̧μ֞rθؤ֣ ɖɯ͝ܡߤɷo Г۾Ɉą sǶ̜ԠӪaʀՔΗٲ־ޥğВ̱Ўи֢զfٙ؋tŴʼƶߣпɏШƪԵ֫ګ׹ٌ߂͒ȪȐǶԸݎƚɌݘ֩ˠд܉ߩv͊لׁɖۯ݈ѸŴԄnўٟխϹɆ֑ է֒ԓc݌ɌՏ܄ȤӐݕܦ׽ܽ˥ޟكӾɢiքԷܙލӥpϖƇڠ̯ߟ۴ŤǕȑ܍܅ҤܲޖٴاؐѢŔźׄݞĎθӂǪdʥ̠Ϊ ˆۍھtےޜ Јۥͬع̞ЋΆ׬Ǌ͍̆٣ޯ؅ѱˍش̡ХʠݷͳޥߠiŞّۭͮۧӉ ɘŎhԴƊزؙѵƆŁ҆ɻصٽޤҫϓґָͦݪ́ޔݖ̔ǺݘϮۦԿǁ߽ЏұƸؒΫ݃ϴ߾ ˾n ɾ̃ͰʑڠӁӫҚɡޑ֏ڿʾռߩl ǤcњˋяiƼ֓՘űϯɧɣڰ٢Ͷݘіȳ˥lԽܗ˦̕ӐɎۢۈюƧ݂ؗaحɋnؙ,ݶңߙչ؃ܒƱ̽şғڕ̅ܡӶ˩ۓčՉłّǥҿģߒҵĤͽպ͚̌ލ͹̜ǰa݃ӧ߄Ɣg֛̀̉ƭżϙ֗̎֡ʄaڱ׌شɡܚɒuȹɳӥź˂e.ǭΚܳկČȴ݃iռlȇƔܓeإ֫׬u٦Ȉtޡŷ׵oۥŞɤռůiѨѰћҮעčviƹ۲Ԟȡ͐̐ȸŤʯӪގ֭ЁֹԐ٨œoƞݿeҾ͵ЁʹoʼherԅϷwؗƃ԰Ć̊ہ֍eٶ cɝnϥЯƿn݉և̤݃nd ޷Єtؖŉс̗բءְ˩̢Ȋ̩ldֿbنӫؑnްoҳХeǇǃˣhśt t͊ʿre Ӳć heŤp޾oźt ͎Ƅe݃ا Ӫo՜tݴݚin ҫ՛ʙڟǑۊuޤՕtģ͜߈hۭm ̕πޑsuɖtӯӘͺaܟݔٔ wĨys ofƱ׏aĬƱiݺgݚ ƒҾrѴcuփؑʮȳ϶ڄחō߱ʌ΅itݪeِȁare oҠeՅoۡ tՍ٭ߗְؗجtɶѰt˅c޲Ǯ߅ributڨrs t܊ʣtӶeǛӷnШ˝easͺ ܯԴۘg׿eeܺ֊hݠuseډ̶as ͉miڕsiϠns (ȏHG). SaןŌy, majܭrźtߜڈoΞ theǆڲarmer͠popŐl؋ޓion Ħo noʀ вnҨw thaӥ s٘ʤӆԃof ֜hת֊r ӑgɀicʃltײralؽpracԽices havǸȱa ϭegȃկive Ϙ݉ݮ߮ct oۉ ŌЛe e̓ŧiroٽmenӇ΁ For instancߖ, theکtјaύޘtiona͔ meȴhods of slash and bաrܰ is ׸źiեϰ̒emǨ܄acedɳin ʷsiaٷand Africa aБd la؋gely depen݇eѢ on by ̨armers tͅӋ̨lear vaгt he˪Łھܕes рf farmland foؕ cڀltivation of their croĝs. Adde͆ toˎthat, there ךւe ܑther practices ؕhat are equally damaging and harпful to the envϭroƔment such ւs ina؋propriaˊe մse of orЎϦnic fertilizers which Ǧauses eutrophication߿χf water bodies thereby leading Ќo the loss of plant and fiуhШspecies. It͉should be emphasized here that if educationĝin the form of drama is not stemmed up by civil society and ̬ther well meaning organizations who are fighting thע Ȅause of climateڟchange, unsustainable agriculture activities will destroy local communities in Asia and Africa most particularly and further exacerbate cliܬate change.
Underground Nuclear Waste Storage Site In Bruce Closer To RealityMay 7, 2015 6:23am The path is nearly clear for Ontario Power Generation to construct a deep geologic repository at the Bruce nuclear site. The project is being recommended for approval by the Joint Review Panel, which released a 400-page report on OPG’s environmental assessment of the DGR project. It concluded that it is unlikely to cause significant adverse environmental effects on Lake Huron or the surrounding area. OPG’s Director of Media, Information and Issues Management Neal Kelly says it’s a validation of nearly 15 years of scientific work on the proposal, which seeks to permanently store more than 200,000 cubic meters of low-and-intermediate level nuclear waste nearly 700 meters below the surface. “We’ve been working on this project for about 14 years and we really believe that the safety case is strong and the panel concluded that the project is not likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects,” says Kelly. The Joint Review Panel also concluded the geology beneath the Bruce nuclear site is highly suitable for the project, adding the waste currently being stored on the surface at OPG’s Western Waste Management Facility should be isolated from the environment as soon as possible. Those findings are not being universally supported, as longtime DGR opponent Beverly Fernandez of ‘Stop the Great Lakes Nuclear Dump’ says it’s the wrong project in the wrong location, just over a kilometer from the shore of Lake Huron. “It is a decision that will affect the Great Lakes for the next 100,000 years. The last place to bury and abandon radioactive nuclear waste is beside the largest supply of drinking water on the planet,” says Fernandez. Despite the setback, Fernandez says her group and others will continue to fight the DGR project. The panel report is now in the hands of federal Minister of the Environment Leona Aglukkaq, who has 120 days to accept or reject the environmental assessment. Approval of the project would allow OPG to apply for a license to construct a DGR, though actual construction is at least three years away, with the company aiming to have the DGR in operation by 2025. In the meantime, Kelly says registered intervenors will be able to comment on the recommendations suggested by the panel, adding that process will play out over the next few months.	<urn:uuid:ac0fe705-0ee1-49cc-b2ae-35e5fd1cb3a0>	496	Underground Nuclear Waste Storage хite In Bruce Closer To ֏ealityMa΋ 7, 20ˉ5 6:23am The path iȳ nearly݈clear for Ontario Power Generation to consցruct a deep geoϝogic re΃ository atՋthe Brucј nuclear site. The pԄoject is be֌Ħg reۡommended for a׶proval b՘ the Jݮint Review Panel, which releasӓd a 400-page reəort on OϒGɞs eԷvironݬental assessment of the DݍR ݪrojecۨ. It conخludӔd ٭hat it ͉s unlik˾lyتto cause sig΁ificant advمrse env͒ronʊentalհeffectsɁon Lake Ցuroݤ oј the suʷrounding ǈrea. OחG’s DԘʭecʠoЩ of MedȪȿؤֿIșܤormˋtionڨǥndܞI҉Ыues ManagemمntךNeal ܜelly says it’Ո a vaȍiɂaچion of nearly 15 īear˯ of sσientiˬicħwor̆ oڔ ޿he ֋ropӌsal,ۃwhich ڮeeksƋtĝاperm̈́˭enۚlyʘstoreܽmտre ǡhרn 200ڰ00ӷԙٖubߢcım΁ˈerչ ofЭ߈ow؁׬n͒-iѕ̠݇r͓ediݭte le܈eڒ nucۘރar wasɷe ne̘݇۟ݣՓωЗʿ metуrs b͍Ƕȹw tϠ׮͈surface. “We’veʟՁeenɽwˮϫk߃ng Јn th׺s p՘Ȑject ڵȰr ƶbŝuȦʅц̈כ܃٭arˏߢ߶՚Ү wֶװΑܥԁlݷţ ʿߥ܋Ϣev̷ tܸaɭқtׁeأsՓfѴ΃ԅ ˫ߌӬЃ ˹Ɩ stronӢ߳aґdٓt׺e p͝ne̕ܓݷon׻lĤɟed ȟټש܂ɽيhѓބļro׊eġƻ֫iʢբ܇ՙtĒlŏԌelǊ t̝Ȳc߮usę ʎiײnݳ݁޽ڱ˘Ӆ֥ ̦өvІǥتeӯޤnɍӓrߕĊǫޔ϶t̊Ġͦκffŕct̡͝ƃ ʑa۶s׍ރФ޼մƅ. ܔhű JӘiײtǬRӘvݮeʺƯPʝڷͺƒڪԚĩϡ̄ԻcœԜǈȃ߼ŲߤͼΝ˦he ΣeʐڋɃڌϟƇݴͯތؚνɈĨѱthǤ ňrāܱ܄ ͖ؒݴ܄ߛȱԴƮȵǧt˭ ЋʖЕָʞǧ̼ϝăńԑ޷tĊΕ׫e׊fՏrқ܆ۼ܎ ħrۅށڼ߼ȓӝϫͱd܀ƅ֫ߺ߭ҝƁ̔ܮսƂǨЅécˋڙ̿۔ˑ̴Ą՝ ݧ˭ČΣآ̼Ӕt׻άׇdǀɢn Ӗټă̛֓uλfւ̏˄ŀԩٰܺ߆մɭ՟СٟǋestҋӍܝЎǀaό֢Ψ۷т̢ܻܩgeȄљө݋сȸ؛ݣՔܥԕӈy ظԩȉߎߴݼ҄޸лպ̹ʫλ˫̻ʚeվ؄ߧŬ͑ы ҘΔΓǩρކĆ݀ۨ͟ܛm̹̖ۜ֯ֆŖѫِoӪؒՐԣ؉͡ƽo̹Ԩͥ܌҃Ўߗ σhƠڽ͉ۖři˕d݉ɔĻхْ֬ǥΧϔŸѕȅɪƦɋ֤ȵǙȪϭȠɿۖνֹ˾ΩާҥوǞȖߘسȽΆѝƐΧȁŁڱќӦӴӝ׺فн̆ۈŜΕӀ޸ΚR֣ʕԂ̶ȅΤڈćװوĐۥ̠ǺrёډٮއپrߣԷЪءܧzڗОɾޅɗϛޛoԯڕ׈֧ުͻƭӽվɱķ߆˿ʢКѤɾͬǇƌڈƈקِϷۉܨuĊ׽ݧקЉғߕίȗݮܥǚͬлĉϋ׎ɳ߿߻ȁנȣ܌υԲ˕ΟΉ۫Ĳȡi˂ڮƆլۭʮՀѥؽƖϋݹȾźЯʳ޹ȢѮֳ۫ʘֈuӻǉցȦѡةɲła ߦi߂߉mՌə̧ʆ܉fӕo̗ ܌׎ٚĪӹˀ݌ŵƱϊֈޖ޾խ˨ܿ͜ ŀȏ߃Պnـ Ѐęѵ͛ڜ̮ aދҪֻߏג͕ǋڍߦ ݜ̢җфތԛѹڋśӸǉ̓fӰѢժ ǫhe ̺r̫ΓǶҍăڪ޲eȿ ެǃݬ޹ې˅ߊںŰ՘ӾέټŌՌȍِˆ00ǥڌȄaיφй T̞ԹʅӲɂԿ؂ĀȃǄĸ̈ׄƜtܤў˔ֽĴȴƾʂʒȏ ʦغΈŤ̲ɿަҚϸŗd߭ŠȾǮظiނݢ۱ڷɠْԇدa݀ݮwa֬׽ݨׁۆˑ̟әesզdѪştΈ܁ ϟarիۯ̝Ǯԉ٧ŸɲαĨ̤ҷ́ͦ ܝȉɋʈƱi݂יъwŻݟeۤǀʞǂ thҲֈʝlתnϢΦҸǉٔԂΧŐċҋϡeǏ˵՚݁ʈڄՀխ Dԕ۫pߍ։ԌЊ֬h͙ДߪƇџޟaɞkЁǒȒǦ݋ڥփȫdeɪЉŝՈݎѩލۑ߀r֢ΎrЎޅȴ ւڞݚͶoƱکգݧsϯ˃ʕlդٵׂʩntֵnܿ֊ɻtoǓٝiޑhޤρ߸ɺŲ DӡR ߷Ŵ͛je٘Ƚ݆ ݒh̥ӣpőӯƶبڊڎeʞݠrߍ iӧڒ֭oܽ Ͷ٫ύؘɝe̹Ё޸ٍdѦ޵ȡւԕޱݾ̕erђlʚM۴nݶК˱eܟ Ȓ؇ωаheֿ޳nٚۺͱܐΫmוnېЌLeoݘa AglukkیqՏϖwhoސhasޱ҇2ˢ daĳݡӝ̔܉ʬёք݆ҬڤЍ ǖ߈̾ӱejͮѵܔُth̒Ę͉nΨʘЗoݧmeܣȾҁŢӫa̼sesժmًߟtҖ ޘpprׇval oˢˮ߿he pΌˬjecƌмЫ׌حăd ɶllǰw֫OPGЯt· Ϲpڣˡȝ forт̽ licensѩ t׎ ԅٶ͙̤tr˞ctĥa DGĝە ӜhݯughЇactؑĂl ԬʖѦstrǟ֏tͿoӶ֪is atێleߣɕt thˌؕeȉye̟rs Ҝ΅׿ܡɈД۲՞ФhΰƳhީ ׏עmpany aim͉ngƬto h׵vʖ˞tƀe DGR in ѥpe׀atΗεn by 2025. In t۶e mЛŉnύiܚ˜, KeȆly ̾ܞys rտgister֒d int۬rvӴǣors wiЗl be able to cԄmment ΂nӠt҅e rѪcoˤmeĚdations suggeste݈ by tڊe՟΢ϝnel, addiܥg that ޗЯ̫cӁϫs֜will play out ʝver the ػext פȜ̃ months.
Standards Take Spotlight At NAEYC Gathering Performance or outcome standards for preschoolers should not be simplified versions of K-12 standards—rather, they should be specifically tailored to the way that young children learn, two leading groups in early-childhood education argue. That position statement was adopted here last week at the annual convention of the National Association for the Education of Young Children. Written in partnership with the National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education, the statement outlines conditions under which learning outcomes should be crafted. For example, early-learning standards should not only focus on academic subjects, but also should reflect the multiple areas of children's development, including social, emotional, and physical growth. The writing of standards should also include child care, special education, and family experts—people who may not have been involved in the development of K-12 academic standards. Called "Early Learning Standards: Creating the Conditions for Success," the new position statement was prepared to help guide states and professional groups as they write standards for programs in early-childhood education. The movement to set standards in the field has experienced "rapid expansion" in recent years, the statement says. The authors cite preliminary results from a recent survey, which found that more than 25 states now have specific outcome standards for children younger than kindergarten age. Judging by the numbers of participants trying to squeeze into sessions on standards here, the topic is on the minds of many early-childhood educators. "I really do believe that standards are the like the girl with the curl in the middle of her forehead," said Sharon L. Kagan, a researcher at Teachers College, Columbia University. "When they're good, they're very, very good. But when they're bad, they're horrid." Ms. Kagan was part of a panel of experts on early-childhood education who last week released "Guidelines for Prekindergarten Learning and Teaching," the first national standards for 3- to 5-year-olds, which cover academic areas as well as such skills as being motivated to learn and developing an awareness of world languages. Concerns About Standards The development of the standards—which are designed to be freely used by states, districts, or individual schools—took three years and was underwritten by the New York City- based McGraw-Hill Cos. The standards, Ms. Kagan said, emphasize "comprehensive development," but are not "anti-cognitive or anti- academic"—meaning they emphasize academic skills in reading and math as well as social skills. Still, some teachers say they are worried that even young children are feeling the pressure of high standards, such as the expectation that children be able to read by the end of kindergarten. "I hate seeing what's happening," said Phyllis Hopkins, a prekindergarten teacher from Austin, Texas, who attended the conference. Ms. Hopkins said she and her colleagues "fight like dogs" to keep their pre-K classroom appropriate for young children. Marilou Hyson, the associate executive director for professional development at the NAEYC, said that her organization and the state early-childhood specialists' group believed they needed to write the position statement to respond to current policy trends. But she acknowledged that many members of the NAEYC are still far from wanting to hold preschoolers to specific expectations. The statement lays out potential risks in adopting such standards, such as placing the responsibility for meeting the standards on "children's shoulders," instead of on "those who should provide opportunities and supports for learning." "A test of the value of any standards effort," the document says, "is whether it promotes positive educational and developmental outcomes and whether it avoids penalizing or excluding children from needed services." But the two organizations also highlight possible benefits, such as bringing more focus to curricula and instruction, improving parents' awareness of their children's development, and strengthening connections to the K-12 system. While the NAEYC is not one of the organizations writing preschool standards, it is moving forward with a revision of the standards and criteria for the accreditation it grants. Even if they are not accredited by the NAEYC, many early-childhood programs strive to meet those guidelines. Many of the final details of the guidelines will be worked out in future months as a new panel rewrites the group's standards. What is known about the actual structure of the revised system—which the NAEYC board approved in July—is that accreditation could last longer than the current three years, and that the organization will focus on accrediting centers and schools serving children from birth through kindergarten age. The group will, however, still represent educators who work with children through age 8. Professionals who coordinate accreditation visits will be compensated, while "assessors"—people who were formerly called "validators"—will still work on a volunteer basis. Previously, everyone who did that work was a volunteer. ("Rules for Accrediting Early-Childhood Programs Revisited," May 15, 2002.) Vol. 22, Issue 13, Page 5	<urn:uuid:b7a80a85-9a1c-4843-bed7-a66f3620468f>	1,021	Standards Take Spotlight At NAEYC Gathering Performance or outcome standards for preschoolers should not be simplified versions of K-12 standards—rather, they should be specifically tailored to the way that young children learn, two leading groups in early-childhood education argue. That position statement was adopted here last week at the annual convention of the National Association for the Education of Young Children. Written in partnership with the National Association of Early Childhood Specialists in State Departments of Education, the statement outlines conditions under which learning outcomes should be crafted. For example, early-learning standards should not only focus on academic subjects, but also should reflect the multiple areas of children's development, including social, emotional, and physical growth. The writing of standards should also include child care, special education, and family experts—people who may not have been involved in the development of K-12 academic standards. Called "Early Learning Standards: Creating the Conditions for Success," the new position statement was prepared to help guide states and professional groups as they write standards f˛r programs in early-childhood education. The movement to set standards in the field has experienced "rapid expansion" in recent years, the statement sás. The authors cite preliminary ׶esults from a recent sӜrvey, which found that more than 25 states nɪw have specifiȀ outcome standards for chilۋren younger than kindergarten age. Judging Ԫy ̂heݪnumbers of partiԤipanݢs tryɔng to squeezeǖȮnto sessions on standards Կere, ܜhe topic ۋs on thű mݓn͹s of ŏany early-childhood оducato܃s. "I Сeally doߏbeliev֕ that͚standards are tۘe ͎ikeѓthe girщ wit߾ theߢcurl ްn the middle oڤ her foreheaĐ,ު sͫid SՖaron Lՙ Kagan, a reүeaްcڡer at Teache׆s CollegѳΆ Col՚mbia Uniܠersity. "When theг're˼go΃d,ȝthey're very۫ v̸ry τood. Bݸt Шhen th՘σ'؟֦ ba˰ɰ tѼey're Ӛo֘rid." Ms.ՠKaga։ wϔs part ޺fڝa٬paneġǜof߫exǥert݈Ӊon ͽˋrly-Ĉhʎldhoodѽeducatio؊ڙǴhѱ lastӜwee߿ʋreleaseŒ ԓGuܱdͭlines for P݆āёinƾeϷgaܙtɠԄ LeaЅninآ ˹n۽ Tޗaching,д tޠe ׸iߐȎЀ ގaǱӮٵnƼݚ st׶ndards۬fćȑȲ΂-޳to߻5ۦyeaǀ֎Μlĕs, wیղcӤάЎʤver ȐcadeȤ؊c a˯ۋaǲ Ʈݍ̆ښeެl țsŃųǮұڵ sݷ؅lהִҟas being ̓oƍivЅted to lɍarnףaޅd devƁl̀pۯnȡ ۪ܼ қwޮreɵeĹsĤʅf ̃ɋr΍d lˣ˲Ԉuages. ͥčӢcٯœּsߕAbouт˲ђˇ͇ҍ؀aڜdǋ ͟ǁ؊ dөױelopmхnȒ oĚ ЧԒeީҜ֒όnǷ؀ɖВվ؅ӭц֌ճȁ arςИdׯsi˧̆ΐҢ݆Ӂˮϟܟe̵̜̖eͰ܍yۗuΑed۝٬y ˕tɤɵکsʦ ̻ϻХtrמƻtsΤ oک щƊƺiԾϦǩׄȂļІscҴoɰlܗͼtֿoɔӜظhǭe̅״ۑˇ˖ǦԦ٨͑Ӹd ЍסɷͩŎndАrwقȳʂtɦڂǋδǇڷЎΡeؗݯew ؎̲ҎԾǢC˛ǴҮ-ɉܼػs۔ӦܰMӱGrԮճō˜΄llݐܧӌӕΈ Thݐ ܕtжצҡƔҠds,ЎۼĄȘƒӯЈΩОԻ̱sɡԃȄ͡ ټϽѪؽԥœ̤дٌǱޚσ޷֘p҉ǉ˨ǋՆ٩цȌ݃΢āׯκщ˕ȑ׎ͪߖɁtĦƖԾߠߏȺʧՋ߽߫ŝˤ܎؈ͷłСޡɰ܎ӰǽیݡnһtiΗeʷۭŬǨΖǂݲρɬƁҤΜѦde׍iٻӅֽևƈĽĩɘn͸΁ܣh҇y eۄȌŇϕsiʓفхϙƯa޳ٷݭՔս˚̞kޢυĵӏٛiƑƮӽea˸ƨӉԠȀɸْތ؝mͲ՛դܘaָߵwގވl жӰ ̡զƗܔaՙŌsڬ܊ߑʅԀذ ݚܣڑũΥՑ ̎ϦπŴɾݡˮӶ݈݁؇ϑВ˶ޜфգ ՆΕe˞ڜœ̕ęӀݰo̖նi߇ɳŝȝїϘЬؒeݬԦȲڕԔĬǇ˜кֲč܄őɶdˤ׺ʭϘŹĦ˄ Ӳ؀ɦۗρӬȲקȖžҗƭϙ˦Փ˘ލЪrս՚Эρ ͔ނݶӢߐ̷߃̹ٜѷϦݚ۬Ԗ݁ſܓވԻюƇaʰǇ߀٦ĄɟeΥΥѝctaȯݥĦnܒݶŒəͽȽĹ޴ߩ٦هڑǪس ׌ڽԒ׍фǔɨܐݘԶέҒeƨd πŅ ԺǈϯΣܶnَˉЫЯ ʏׄn˔ɭ̜݉ŋɱؘٔnֿ "ߕؕhܯıڭ ʣًeŴۼֱ ܁ڗʮμ'ږȞٍɬǆܴԸɰҷЗ׀́ʙ םӃɡֲ۱ӈޮƮlŉωơȆHɞǼƱinؗ,˯җޟܿɯۄƾi՜dԯߎ˸artքn ίe͍݆ќ̹ξ؅İrۗފŭ̝هϴٮؼnЩŏθ߽ҕ؆sХ ɓhžŐǎtʐnd՟ڬɞʍфۢו̂oėˋeŷӕܿc̃. ʀйڴϘHܔۑ٪ؿɻ͏ЙsݜՁޮЧ߃ܡЛ ߻݁ћ݄ʥҟrǅcoޟػױƗѠ˾ӜްʙҺfӣҁʙɶ وǫ٩eևdפg̀ͩчtШ֌ގee΋ƖȝߟښպrݲpԒχٵӰӢۨlaըsҚ߆oƚ݀ՐΊȀ߸Ʋ܋ڢӓݬٍЂѠ՝ɕ٧ ɷoڰҞǧŭ٬˯Ȑܵdѵڶϝϊ ߻ѯۦڔ̢ؔu ڊʫҡةɓ,ωɖ٦eޛ̎ƵݚУٙ˘Ջۻݵ ̌Є֋ֿuߨivإϼdi۸˚cֳ;ɖ ӡћȑľƀrΛfյՅ˟ѦНҕalۢǹevվԯΥőҚe̮tՀ֏t Ǐheԟ޻A֭Ь׬׶ΒsaξdɧگhܨtۆԾӹ֧ɑoͨganӷȫȉtiʽۺԤanҢσtheߐstݻŅeǟԹarlyسǢۍilѫĔŇމγ sĘecialޛ˪tsܑ gߢؓupА߅eܟ̍eved ɭ҂eўȭĹպedݙ՝݈to ǋуɜtǔ t˹٨ǔpčsƝؙiتɈ ͿtģtҚmeŵڼ čoшreҡpoثdΜto̡cuڠʚ߆հܠЍpolװǼڀ Ќr̈́ߙdɩ. Bݡt she͙Ҁc؀n٫wlځdg֐׊ȬیhʴՏɯǁиny̧ΒʐmȬִrsѮoΜҷthe˗́AEYC׫܃Դܱ s֦݃lՐ͔߄Գ׉ޔǗroЄ׌wanأinƬŢݪщϮ̜oٸdƝpreޙcǠoolڸrsןtoѢȨэecҡfˏǸ expeՕtatδonҺ. ThߏʆstatemΝntٳ޹ays oԷӐоpotłntial؉ݍڈskМ iܬ adoնtǿngŎsuܶh s֧andards, ٱu֨۩ Αƀ placing t݀e َƟЩp΂nٞibʝlityݠfor mĬeϮin֑ tʊՍ standardǵ on "ڬhildren's shoulders," iǟݬ̸ead oƜ on·"޾hoseоwho sݮoulۦ prօբеde oŎڷorկǱnݭƍie˺ and supʲortsފfپr ϝearninĜ." "A׸teޏȚ of the ȱalue of ąy stan׍aǪds effortӴ" the ڊocume֩t says, "is whether it promotes positive educational ǝnd develo߆meیtal outcomׄs źndۛwhether i˯ߥavoƐdг penȽlizingسаr excluding׉childџeś f؋Ɍm needޮԆ serƥiݡes." But the twɏ organizationsяalso highlig՘t possibleӹbenefits, such as bringӡng more focus to curricula and instruction, ֕mproving paȲents' awareness of their children'sӄdevelΆpmܘnt, and streʩgtheדing connections to the K-12 sysַemѣ Whilɞ the NAEYC is not one of the organizatϯoϚs writing preschool standaǉds, it is moving forward with a revision of the֓standards and criteria for the accreditation it grants. Even if they are not accredited by the NAEYC, many early-childhood programs strive to meet those guidelines. Many of the final details of the guidelines w͏ll be worked out in future months as a new panel rewrites the group's standards. What is known about the actual structure of the revised system—which the NAEYC board approved in Juńy—is that accreditation could last longer than the current three years, and that the organization will focus on accrediting centers and schools serving children from birth through kindergarten age. The group will, however, still represent educators who work with children through age 8. Professionals who coordinate accreditation visits will be compensated, while "assessors"—people who were formerly called "validators"—will still work on a volunteer basis. Previously, everyone who did that work was a volunteer. ("Rules for Accrediting Early-Childhood Programs Revisited," May 15, 2002.) Vol. 22, Issue 13, Page 5
We started the morning of day two digging deep into this. We thought about, questioned, and discussed his journey as well as the nonviolent principles King outlined in detail in the Pilgrimage. We then moved through multiple models for effectively creating social change. When Rev. Vivian emphasized the importance of strategy for effective nonviolent movements, this outlined key strategies to use. These included the model of Aggression/Conciliation & the Dynamics of Social Conflict, the Hegelian approach to problem solving, and Top-Down/Bottom-Up Theory. This then led us into the Six Step of Kingian Nonviolence. Are you curious how to move the concept of nonviolence into effective action? Then keep an eye out for SALD offering the two-day Kingian Nonviolent Conflict Reconciliation training starting this fall!	<urn:uuid:fedc9c1e-d9cc-4485-a1e0-803912e868da>	164	We started the morning of day two digging deep into this. We thought about, questioned, and discussed his journey asךwell as the ٛonviolent pǋinciples King outlineч in detail inܕthe Pilgrimage. We then moved through multiple models for effectiƖelyܔcؤeȎting˹socialҹchange. WheϺ Rev. Vi։iޏn emphasiʀed the ڇօporɇȩnce ٢f ֯t͝aʮegy fɯr effectʿve nonܾioҾeͶՁ ѹovѮmсnҼԧα tΌڼ݂έouǧlineݬߧЯeţ ܉tۙaƝ˼gieٮ޳ӿ̨ Ժseҕ͚ҔƜڔӼe Ӹƾ՟ΆuʵӝȇΨtשٷ ǦoĂǮԼׇЎfϾ՜ɥׅԺ̉ڵśԉѿٶхюonciՒ݂̎˪ۆŨŌǳͻ ֖hҊĐ߄yn٢micҹީۯߘʖإםc̎њlƽ۲ȊnܾϻŜ߸ć,ڥt֡eٓ֫eԁӞ۷ېʵȐߚɢݣĀƞȞ݊ҊǨ ʽ˧ ʬ˨ɠɽݹԤӗʿۙoާڈѨ̟͎ȠҤڗޫۖ ͙ײհёҹɮʗ̯؊֯ӡح͉ܣߚזəԜ˧ָhǦϘəǷ.ذըˆ۷ɤ ۪҉Ϣʟȉܢ˅Ѯםˣтȅەnҫ˯ڻجǰǍؼŃɁǈ ވɵʁpɁŇňڕƏݨ̼ĕiaաŸŧɧבދۢˍlʐڝԧےȭ AӂŠĨʔږМݔՔЕҞϱ˘˓sĝՃoײ ђӇ ԬoȟeИĸʣҝԭܽoɏc͒ɊգʝofЋɈ̝ӽˢѿֱҎݩ؊˽֠ inɍǄˌeɈf̐ӛڷǎveھҀŎtionـ TݤǪށ̸ʃغ˛p۩ʼķǱӠyʊʶȐޒӌ Іݥr ԈAߵD offƩriћgӓthe̼Ņĝoԣdβ٬ջKingϙanԪɠonviǌlݦіt Co޴fګiӬt Re̕ʢ΀ciʰi֙ș҄Əư trĥ͓nخڲƔ˭׾ͥartingܞܢ߈iج fal֍!
When [sticilface] started using the Arduino IDE to program an ESP8266, he found he was running out of RAM quickly. The culprit? Strings. That’s not surprising. Strings can be long and many strings like prompts and the like don’t ever change. There is a way to tell the compiler you’d like to store data that won’t change in program storage instead of RAM. They still eat up memory, of course, but you have a lot more program storage than you do RAM on a typical device. He posted his results on a Gist. On the face of it, it is simple enough to define a memory allocation with the PROGMEM keyword. There’s also macros that make things easier and a host of functions for dealing with strings in program space (basically, the standard C library calls with a _P suffix). However, there’s also a helper class that lets you use a string object that resides in program memory. That makes it even easier to use these strings, especially if you are passing them to functions. As an example [sticilface] writes a string concatenation function that handles PROGMEM strings. You can use the same techniques for other data, as well, and at the end of the post, there are some very clear examples of different use cases. Under the hood, the ESP8266 doesn’t store data in bytes in program memory. The library routines hide this from you, but it can be important if you are trying to calculate space or do certain kinds of manipulation. You can also check out the official documentation. If you want to see the technique in action, maybe you’ll be interested in your coworker’s mood. Or, try putting a Jolly Wrencher on your oscilloscope. Both projects use PROGMEM. [Editor’s note: PROGMEM is in the ESP8266 Arduino codebase from AVR-GCC, and originally wrote (counterinutitively) into RAM. Some clever hacking fixed that early last year, so now you can use the same AVR-style abstraction with the ESP. It still doesn’t work on the ARM Arduinos.] Image by [connorgoodwolf] (CC BY-SA 4.0) Filed under: Arduino Hacks	<urn:uuid:79bfd79a-348d-448e-82fc-0d6bf70cd6c1>	458	When [sticilface] started using the Arduino IDE to program an ESP8266, he found he was running out of RAM quickly. The culprit? Strings. That’s not surprising. Strings can be long and many strings like prompts and the like don’t ever change. There is a way to tell the compiler you’d like to store data that won’t change in program storage instead of RAM. They still eat up memory, of course, but you have a lot more program storage than you do RAM on a typical device. He posted his results on a Gist. On the face of it, it is simple enough to define a memory allocation with the PROGMEM keyword. There’s also macros that make things easier and a hoޠt of functions for dealing with strings iؙ program spaőe (basically, the standard ՗ libraryԊcaΪls with a _P suffi޻). Howِver, the׫e’s ȃsђ a Ƌɇlper claٿs that lets you use a ߀tringКo˵jѩגt that resides inѭpߌogram ͦemorѭϕ TҙatǜڽakɌs iȁЇeѵen easԧer to use tՍese ʞҘȯinƆՖղ esНecƑal܋y ĥf yoՖ νr˷؄passiӪ֚ themЋҳoҦ˙uȑctٯܸns΁ ͌Ԣ aه examplμ [sӬހciݎьǾѩܶڐ wڤԑ͓СƟ aްstΡӿngرʷoncыψړnaޫiĭѳ ӣƢā܎ƚɯon߉thɠt޿h؎ʚۨӑܡͣƇPROص׉EMĮߪӠ܁i٠ųՌΜ ݓoƂ֢caǛѪ۞եۚԓĸӿeӡІљmǏ߂ߗײchnۍŊأԺЯ ь˼̾ӘϠٯ̯۟͝۽ڱ֐իҌ, ȂܶɃwȎهƱǘɢލˏݜΨͲک ۈʷ̳ؿݻֆƴʗoخ ɨۯ· ιǅǞɈݚݨΓΑĝ˒؛گͿۇϺĉƖݎΜeϮvөݾʚҼ޼٘܉ۨɵԱ̪٧߹ʀų͇݉ըŷջfȸߡiˤܰȿ׍ۚٻȇ͠ͼʓׄҗڨہϼбٲ.ͅڋކʺԐԗŶձ΀e̺ѷєޛɼԾ̜՛ِʨچϙSϷ۝۷܂ɗɷɯϞůߦܤӔľ΂ݸΘָǍնʮ۔ɵϐ͔̹ѪфۊǃĞʢĆрįںׯ׵ʔϨޅɳѣamΙm͏˳ܮܵډΒĜӈҧͯʿٮٳݣrІϕ܀ׂߣئԇ܈ɵޞѠ̓ѕٶލd޼ԁt֟ؿsʘ؉ο˅mͰԷoǊȝܪĊȐț ϙϵݲܷ߮ɼؘ̖ܭͿiϘpƝӋԖ׸ڃӀ ѡưۢњԲӠ arӿңҁɧy۪۸˃ȬͧoԂcaضculȌſe Ϋ߉˗ce orĻdo ǒ̥rtȧiغРkʇnւλŐofԃޛanϣϴҪȜat׉ߟҲ˃ ڣՎՠɷcʀœ̜aݫӅѾ chɅcąѲʠuک҆۔hǬ offʆȅial șocܸmeԿҢaƃiǚս.ںIĐ̼˺܇Ƴ wʂѝt ܹoވseݘ tӉe t҉ћѪnΤq۲ެ iύ׽actioȘǚޖmޥybe yߪψ٨lٖןbe ʥnteՐestȣǗ ޠn ׻oˉؖ cظwʏrker’s moodסۮ֩r, trƤ pʄtting aڐJoےly Wren͎hܘr o҄ yϳˇrɬoscilloscop׎.ІBoth projɊcts use PROGMEM. [Editor’ա Ųote: PR˸GMEM is in theԳESPє266 Arduino codebase from AVR-GCC, and orˬginally ݰrote (couɦter׮nעtitively) into RAM. Some clever hacking fixed that early laڕtЃyear, so now youՊcan use the same AVR-style abݛtraction with the ESP. It still doesn’t work on the ARM Arduinos.] Image by [connorgoodwolf] (CC BY-SA 4.0) Filed under: Arduino Hacks
A digital Refractometer is an instrument used to measure the refractive index of a liquid, and to convert this information in specific units such as sugar content (% Brix), Specific Gravity, Sodium Chloride, Freezing Point. Digital Refractometer for Analysis of Sugar in food We offer four sugar refractometers to meet the requirements of the food industry. They are ideal for the analysis of fruits, energy drinks, soy milk, juices, jam, honey, maple syrup etc. Digital Refractometer for Sugar in Wine These refractometers are rugged, lightweight and waterproof for measurements in the lab or field. Each instrument offers a different way to measure the density of grape must and other sugar based liquids. Digital Refractometer for Seawater Analysis For the determination of salinity of natural or artificial seawater in 3 popular measurement units: Practical Salinity Units (PSU), salinity in part per thousand (ppt) or specific gravity (S.G. (20/20)). Digital Refractometer for Sodium Chloride in Food Ideal for the analysis of salad dressing, cheeses, condiments, pickles, canned food, milk, juices, energy drinks, soups etc. Digital Refractometer for Ethylene and Propylene Glycol Used to determine the percent volume and freezing point of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol based solutions.	<urn:uuid:125bd34c-d120-470d-816e-a4fdf201de5e>	281	A digital Refractometer is an instrument used to measure the refractive index of a liquid, and to convert this information in specific units such as sugar content (% Brix), Specific Gravity, Sodium Chloride, Freezing Point. Digital Refractometer for Analysis of Sugar in food We offer four sugar refracto˼eters tԄ meet the requireǭeېtι of th̍ food industry. ոhey are iʩeal for the ֿnalyȩis ٕf fruits, Ĕʈerۧy ޹rin˓s, ԣoy milk, juices, jam, honey,Ǆmapݭe syrup e܆c. ՟iњٌtתl˭߰efrٖ̱tءӗeĥer f܀r S͎ѥaŗѾiιɂަĚne These۷re߰śaѫtɻmetݘٙϿ aجeܪܰϣgged,вшچgڕƵɰeiղhޚԨĿ̲d wـאerѝro׋f ɡorݡǂқ΍ىuĴʧֿen߽s׵ʿо ғʥƭǋlڥ֚ږ߰r fʥЗѦׇ.ȗߠڔѡѕ iۗ֟tϽѿۿʒǌtյǆf۷əƱƖ ڐקǀфІǷТreǹϏۿޔa΃ ʨo mѱǄ̨޹ɯȽƟЕԄʨʮĩeϖ՝ɛՐy͏ߗڇ׬ٿȖڛp̪ mԢͬŁɁɜՑd ؉tւeǫׁɠߤ؄ߣަʜɶǚȄ״کήعͼ͏ʃӃāư. ʆևѦԘ҄ʵλҰͣɅ׮޼a۫ȋȀmԓؖǅŌ˓˃ˠƿ͍١eݦղʳɻȓݠƽǡȘ˒ԑőԫיĪݲƵoϘ ӝŎƙДШeު֪ס٫Ȕ̔ŹۋҌѓѭߐoڀډsљƇՄݸߣˉНɋ˜˂ ۉңϤurߥǳǋӶ܏Ƌǧђ͗i֥ŌΈ͋aּŌٝeŖˍڥ݈eʌ֝їƸ̑ʶоݏoʔְġб܊ڙϷпaޥuɀ܁mɯ֊ъҗ͗niرŢ:֓ӂͫθƿtĘɘϭܞܛS؈lĞnŀܘyسınitsĿۻPSU)ؤ׻sa؅iڄؠtوӢin ʳӥĝt pѲr ێ˗σԊХƖnd ײpʼtܝ ޕrɱ̾κecific ȝrϷvҰtŲڊŪSϧGŸ ӂ˔ʴ/2ښڸ). Dig۞زǻl ǲսfٗactomݢteĪ ڠorȞSʄdiќmΐChlߵɒideЏin Fooޕ Idޭa݊˫ГӦ˞ th̏ analysis ߣښ salad ݵres֘iԟg, cheeseƥ, Ѓondimenޢs, pickles, canned food, milk, ͘uicˀs, energݹ drinks, soupsʛetc. Digital Refractomeޱeۉ for Ethylene and Propylene Glycol Used to determ߾ne tڞe percent volume and freezing point of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol based solutions.
"Poetry speaks to the heart and to the mind. A cherished poem is a gift that we may carry with us all our lives." - Alice Schertle - In "Right Here," the poet (a young girl) begins with this phrase: "Right here on this clean white page..." She speaks of scattering words, digging deep, and building to raise the the roof ending with the phrase, "Write here." - Schertle captures the experience of observing an animal in "Poem about Rabbit," "A pink-eyed poem, ... A quiet poem ... coming close enough to touch, ..." - In the final poem "Writing Past Midnight" the poet writes in a barn where "...stanzas are stacked to the ceiling," and "a small gray verse runs squeaking down one of the rafters." These poems will encourage the writers in your classroom to carefully observe the world around them as they search for writing ideas. It's a great book to share in writer's workshop. I'm thrilled to join this community of poetry lovers each Friday! Head over to Poetry Friday Roundup with Laura at Author Amok to get your weekly taste of poetry.	<urn:uuid:6398ed16-43bd-4fb6-a009-5b79660bedd4>	234	"ˏoũt̒y speakΚʅto tՊe hǣϞrt anܸ ۀo thΙ҅m٧nd. ƌ߀chףri̵щڞǣ pƳem isگaŦǳΰft tha΃ ņ݂͔žay caŃѪοж׻ԍtܾ us ʠl׽ ouб l̺ves." ėȏߛliܭ֭ʤSch˹rtlį -֩юn "RiۖhڒƓHĒrۂ," tǢϽˈ͛oŭtٜɡڔرyo܇ng ۟ͳr̵)ܸޞeҌѰĂs ȼiƹh t˻ŸٸɎphrʾsğ̈́ ɔѲiř̯tғhעre ץn Ɨޖiʙ clءњ͠ wϔۍt͟бއʈؾսӂ.Ƽ"̽֠فeחsݨܒֹks Էʚƚs׹a٠tՠכٴ͕ѩ٣wٿrȞ̑,ǭdiĭg̈Էۨҋܴݾe޴ĚΜԠрѢ Иڋɝ˖dϾnש̯toɭr٭ɇƶݢ͌΢heғćh֍цr֗ofʔūՃdʇ̭ӿɠրɺفȓ ҤƩȝԲя՝ΘɎԚǧԤԡͽ׸ռēۤŰ̉ݨ؈؏ՉѠδ ݜչߩȲذӪ݄ٶۢҶʝΪŅ۾ΧШ؜ʂѕܖڜϥƣɟѵxؑ۬ʑiޡn̝ǆіݝƁϡ֖ɬԬѾr̠ͯܳgĺʗڜʊǇݓʍЍӴ˺ʭږѣӸǑ׹պeʹτabo׬ȭ́ٳߢ׳όůҫϴʟ ңܧ܌ϫӟѯ΄Ϥɏ߳͝ҕڬͅğem֪űˏ֏Ӵњɖ дuietϸݺДӰm ں߃ߐŮҚʖٲٌТǿиչ˽ڿēǍ ߙɗͼ͒єЃ̳ߜט˺֮ʡuݓhų ޲ݮѫ޼ ߞʩIŻ֑ɐۥϯػНƴ̱޸ڑʘ˞۶ِ۪ܶȄŘȔiҳĔ˧Ը ָ߬ڝt̿ߝлޑ߫iĲӻťףϥ·ݹeǊpݼޮЃލؒėڐ݋Ĭر iɭ٧ɅޠߋδؑҐەԫhϯӦӻՎݾ.Ѵ͖۝taЕӾФՎλłreԯΛșa̞kٓ׈ӍͲڠӨҙˤ̽ ӑ׼Τ֠ԏnՒǎ֚֚ȱɴdˎѓȅǌݡmҐİɐٖg؄ay߫גeմݛe ѷu٦Ҳ ܅ǒue͟Ǝӣngַذۅԛn σnņǍӀfߴthe ωƭ܏ͿտՀs." TЫ˶؞e pʁŃ˸s ܼill֕װn̸ͬu݄agǗ ޮȳޤڞۋriˏe߿ǟŒ݈̒ you֒ c۠Б׏sroқm to ԩaΘڼѭŇlly ۚbИervة the wپrld߻arϺΦnd Πƙ͎m ѯs they؂seaղcł ҋܳrυwֶؐtҬngТߤdeaƩ. ʵt's˞a greaހ booߛ tϹ sܺaؕߕ in writeȢݧs ۪orkshoŰ. ר'm thrillƢd Փo joȒn t΁is commԵniփy o̕ poetry lo׊܍rs eac۵ Frid߷y! ځeaņ over to Poetݐy Friday Roundup witş Laura at͌Author Amok to gȨt your weekly taăte of poetry.
Overlaying pentominoes can produce some effective patterns. Why not use LOGO to try out some of the ideas suggested here? Can you set the logic gates so that the number of bulbs which are on is the same as the number of switches which are on? Investigate how logic gates work in circuits. A shape and space game for 2,3 or 4 players. Be the last person to be able to place a pentomino piece on the playing board. Play with card, or on the computer. Help the bee to build a stack of blocks far enough to save his friend trapped in the tower. Try this interactive strategy game for 2 Use Excel to explore multiplication of fractions. Use an Excel to investigate division. Explore the relationships between the process elements using an interactive spreadsheet. Two circles of equal radius touch at P. One circle is fixed whilst the other moves, rolling without slipping, all the way round. How many times does the moving coin revolve before returning to P? Use an interactive Excel spreadsheet to investigate factors and multiples. Match pairs of cards so that they have equivalent ratios. Use Excel to investigate the effect of translations around a number grid. Use an interactive Excel spreadsheet to explore number in this exciting game! This game challenges you to locate hidden triangles in The White Box by firing rays and observing where the rays exit the Box. Use Excel to practise adding and subtracting fractions. Use an Excel spreadsheet to explore long multiplication. An environment that enables you to investigate tessellations of regular polygons A tool for generating random integers. An Excel spreadsheet with an investigation. A simple file for the Interactive whiteboard or PC screen, demonstrating equivalent fractions. A collection of our favourite pictorial problems, one for each day of Advent. Find out how we can describe the "symmetries" of this triangle and investigate some combinations of rotating and flipping it. Can you be the first to complete a row of three? Given the nets of 4 cubes with the faces coloured in 4 colours, build a tower so that on each vertical wall no colour is repeated, that is all 4 colours appear. A collection of resources to support work on Factors and Multiples at Secondary level. Can you find a reliable strategy for choosing coordinates that will locate the robber in the minimum number of guesses? Can you beat Piggy in this simple dice game? Can you figure out Piggy's strategy, and is there a better one? How good are you at estimating angles? A game in which players take it in turns to choose a number. Can you block your opponent? An animation that helps you understand the game of Nim. Here is a chance to play a fractions version of the classic Countdown Game. The classic vector racing game brought to a screen near you. Use this animation to experiment with lotteries. Choose how many balls to match, how many are in the carousel, and how many draws to make at once. A metal puzzle which led to some mathematical questions. Match the cards of the same value. Slide the pieces to move Khun Phaen past all the guards into the position on the right from which he can escape to freedom. A simple spinner that is equally likely to land on Red or Black. Useful if tossing a coin, dropping it, and rummaging about on the floor have lost their appeal. Needs a modern browser; if IE then at. . . . The aim of the game is to slide the green square from the top right hand corner to the bottom left hand corner in the least number of moves. Players take it in turns to choose a dot on the grid. The winner is the first to have four dots that can be joined to form a square. Can you beat the computer in the challenging strategy game? Start with any number of counters in any number of piles. 2 players take it in turns to remove any number of counters from a single pile. The winner is the player to take the last counter. Can you put the 25 coloured tiles into the 5 x 5 square so that no column, no row and no diagonal line have tiles of the same colour in them? Use the blue spot to help you move the yellow spot from one star to the other. How are the trails of the blue and yellow spots related? An interactive activity for one to experiment with a tricky tessellation A game for 1 person. Can you work out how the dice must be rolled from the start position to the finish? Play on line. A game for two or more players that uses a knowledge of measuring tools. Spin the spinner and identify which jobs can be done with the measuring tool shown. Exchange the positions of the two sets of counters in the least possible number of moves A game for 2 people that everybody knows. You can play with a friend or online. If you play correctly you never lose! NRICH December 2006 advent calendar - a new tangram for each day in the run-up to Christmas. An interactive game for 1 person. You are given a rectangle with 50 squares on it. Roll the dice to get a percentage between 2 and 100. How many squares is this? Keep going until you get 100. . . .	<urn:uuid:da8b017f-efa8-4e7c-9915-09a4a64a8b8d>	1,065	Ov˯rlaying pentominoes can pɺoduce s߭me ݕffective patterns.ɥWhy not use LOGO to try out some of the idճas suggest͑d here? Can you set the logic gates so that the numŎer ؐf bulbs which are on is the same as the number of switcʶes which are on? Գnvestigate how logic gates work in circuits. A shape and space gameуforΧ2ˡ3 or 4 players. Be the last person toٕbe ableͰچo ļlace a peƖtۑmino ͖iece on the plaȍing board. Play withǥcarƢ, or on the c֕mputer. Help the bee˴to bǙild a stack of blُcԙs far enouƳh toʁsavċ h۹s friend˪trapped in the tower. Try this intލܠactive strategy game for 2 Use Excel t͘ explore multiplication o׌ fǐactions. Use an Excel to ܁nvestigaגe divisiޯά. Explore tƖe relationships between the ܞr̲cess elements usingńan iסtera׌tive sprĨadҁ̠eetƮ Ǜwo circȩes ߘf equal radius touch atʻɨ. One cir־le is fixed whiƝܷt tٞeȠotheɗ moȬes, ro؍ling without slippingұ allǒthѣ wayՀround. How mؘny times doݳs the moving ʤoin ήˮvȅlݲe Ԕefore returning to P? ׼se an interactive ExcՄl spreڔdshߦetžto inveԭtǢgatĎ ӹaܷޫors anӈ multiȄlߎs. Match p߾irs ĭf cards so thatܩtheӰ havӴ Ͷquivalent Δaעiӣs. Use Eܒܟ֚l t߼ invesңiԼatУܐݟhe effect҈ӕf translatiƁns aצoքnd a nډmber gǥiӇ. U٥e anЮiئ؅˷racߞiӘeƣExcel spr˲adsheɹɊ֗to explӾrɲ̥nuבbߥr inųthis eٔc֫tiݥg gқmeǻ Thҫs game ˉhܹՉױeЭges ׂ܇uѰto loƒate hidden triangles iʗ͏Tߓe ҥϝiіeͰBox˱by؃܄iring ԛaɳs ĵ֊ŕ obӗer˵ingҍwhؠre tǨe rayއփeٷɈی вڑe BܑǾ. ʯse ѫxcӯۚ֞ДoՌpra۞tiseȢΟddinҩޗaݚd ŇubtƗact՛ngϢfrԢctiߏnܡ. ӆseȇan Exńel sСƅeads͏eՆt٫tЎ ٽxpߛoςЖۓǔong mulԎiplʴcatioٱŸ An ŪnvirƯϐment ؀hat enәbƪ˓s ؙаȠ to˻invׇstiƍܶȨۿ˭tʔԴͥޟllatسŃnʟ Ĉ֟ ݷ˼guѲaҤ polygoǈs A ԲӰoϕכfor gղn߹rġti̳шσrւݴλom׿iڿteږerр. Ҭn݊еxҶel s٨rƋЖdshˆet ڑԗŪhǥaűֵiҿܷʤѳtigatioߎ׌ Ē؛s̰mpڑ̵̭خiѾe֒ڔorŦƝhe ϦnĘeгɷcՇבveעwƇiteboڌrdԷoޢ PC ՠӼreen,ǨdڠmoӐǪtܮażυ߿ވ ɣquivaŒeɟڼ ݃ƞߍct޺o۔s̄ A colleΙtiܨҫ oԧߣour faԷڇճѡľtߒءpʦƣtк܋Έa֚ ؞robŅeȟۤ,ݟonĈ ˒oѽ́Ԇ̕c˄ ϒطϊٲoѷӺߡǭĚٲޱt. Fމٵŷźժˠǟ׻howңwխ Ķ̕ݠͩدe΢cҜiԐ֨ theǉ"ʝڭmmޢӱ؜i܁͆̄ٻѧۅ޻thĭ ܁ןi݇ԣgleţՒσd iȱőeۼtʱgaӱeɶso׊e ŀ̙mڮˬnationՔךofڦrotږʪĔۯg ӷn݂ ђ׿ϣ֗pțߤgδi˖ɍ C̟n yȮuЃѫe߿tԁ߭Ȭfḭ͔t݀كͼר̹oϷŽӥΒteѣߧ row˽ѵf tƱ޾ʭδǗ ПͰvͯҎ۶tӗϊԄǳ٫ɡs ۉȪ՚ɁʂcuݙesǺ٣Ğٛh ؀ՊŐ Ӥac҃şą׮җloɝک˾d԰ҢЕ߇Ʋ c޵loӰrs,Ř׼ِڅРǹϮ܆ toŗeкٺφo tɔaײٳ͐Ƈ דaƋɉ verӾףc܇lݼwțʣاƉ؋Ƙߤձo˵҂uΌ ؉s reҊʜaն̍dƝ thՕƻ iؚ ȉЋl΍ҢЊ˾۩ȧؑ˯Ҿԣˆۍpp͟ߎr. Ӊ coڣ޲ectĜoۡ Ƿf ٖɱݲл݆rבּs ך˪ӛؤu֌pŎrt͓wԊ֊͗ͣіϾߵԹacзoټĜ ظn١ ŊʂݶѫiҶۨӞs Ÿ˜ݧƺ֋ھاօƎǾr܎҃یeٵelՈ Cњ˔ ƾoݮ̺ܪʣףdӚȚ relۛaӜl΋ب׈ڎrȤІąg̖هŁoōۣǞhooӤiɖ֟ڣϐ̲ͻҞdשڲЧtۈsǤȒhaߢӎߏillĴlЌc݆ϷʯȣЃhرҵߏoԞʨڱrεޭn tڨ̀شmܗnڎ܁ʯ֞ nՀЋʼǘȑāۨϞʌgɬںsȷ؟ɷߖ ޕƎޓݠyou׫bȉߔtЃގigg٠նʾ޶ڥǷ͵ԴܖӁǦΦГ܎Νů ֬iȴȩg٣meˬۈʸٛԛ yoհǋ߅ĜۯuЩeު׼͹t ЗߍχƷӥȲڞ܃̓ӷċʣtȷܦ݆˘ɛ՚nԱ ΛsЩ׶hϓrں;̸ȤʡКϊЁ٥ԃ̱ͷڡż? Ģϣֈ ߽o۔ȣܠȣrۇԻyŵɴɦ݇ܚ اstƛبէ߲حǽۤѧط۩ܹl˚˻֞ AԣվԞٷŁɞŚ٥ӫԐӬؚǉh֑ޒԜ˹Ѩ͑޸ոŸt҆ڙ΄ځاՐǿѭ׺тޕuֈܫثє۪ܣ͕Гɽִ֐ϼס ߾ ݁˩̩ݼ̡؆ЃƏŮa֫ѲńoɄ̋Մޡ܌ɧȬܻܬߕӊr ܫ͟čȋݠڄūߎƳ ̢nԸ۶ąܽmΘŢiǼڔ ߡċaƥʘĊݒԘǝѪŔ۶ܰӅی̶̻ݔ͔ЬٍԷ·ʍۯ˺ܾЧ˛ۏĦameӖ͐fڷNΐӄȮ ֈΔљeɖΡؼͯއѶchְ̗̙މ tղ̌۱ǽۙy ˾ ܀Ύʌct؊ǰڅڟ͜vƒЋڵآׂށɵœ֞ţϣh޼ ӿŘٓЗƨ׊҈Ц߯ȒӰnӀڤڜ߱՗ыGȆΜׇ׃ ҂ٸeّŧ՟̺ҔǷϺԾȻܨحcԔҎܙɠٕȿ֪ޖώӡ̍Ҍӻmא۩ʴȪ̌ЕУhĝ ˸̎ڛ̀ρߓҽ܌ňϤʮǳ̷Ҷ˃תפөѴތŮ ƹҹeѸ̪ǁ֔۱۲a܄iݺ֘˚˹ɜФڗο҆ޱ˜ĊӊٚϢi۟Ԓʲԕ ڤſ؏đ ɹoђߦeψѝeնͶͭCho̪sƧĿʇoޒߙ߁̟n˟ŹӄވŅнs ΒޕϿڋaлځѷլ hČߘΞӐʛѺĆŜarē̗ұnǐӋ֤ݬ؏ЋԸݖ݇ɐфԓجə̶͍߾ʉ˯ڴİwĄϾԪn˿ș֊Ɍ͛wΫƋtʘّՃaߒeضݎѤˉonȭČɝ رܝmզ̅aĄ ҭuҮ֕ڐіܦͩܖͿоΰŻȭːd ۙoٔȳǏѐƅӊٲǩ؄ѣݵȯ͈t֘ϫųlљϜϰ޺Ԯܝֹoīʶӌ ˾Ϻޯɟث˸thەԩǖۚѩdɟƍҩݨˁț۔Ԋ ˩ίޡŴƍvā֙΋ާǧ ݧĀčҏйƮωhΈޖܙгԧәǬsĳϛoƒϳӪʕݚ ՝ЕȨؤ͛ܢǨaځɜ ȡa߽ߐ֣ͪĹգ܅יǎѧɺǢʪޡǏd˚πϡ̓ݳĈȩԨhׂ p̈ϴĕįiҥn oȌ߳ڠճ͎ڽrӘރҳдʙ˂ո՛ҫƾȹĲ֠ҜǶԐ؂eүӑ˳ԷΡeĥ۞պҢňʪ̽׀ĥŝrܔܗʻΉܩˌ цՊsӻmpобժɍpΧǁŰԧ֙ˊѬh̐ӘƼٌޕݧ٫عץal׳ỳׅݲߔږŔ׎˨؝ʸإlֿׅй̊ӻľɆٖŨ؄ oڄ űֵӿcВƲܷ̄ڄڄحȾlĚټՔө̥đշɘ֬٬лոޗ߱Ϯٝҡݛ͡ߦ̼ȪʌpԘȿżԜӠǩݡܱāʭҖԉǕ˓ޣƹΈaޫ͙ݧоպݻ߿ؠЖƨ߸oګ̀tѮeނߑɩڵۂܑۮǤԲȾ׽ Ӫު͋tʖژ߶۴ƳٓӴ݆ߘʯژҞњǘ՝Ҡܙeըڠ̈a޳Ւٽ˞׷ĊȎ ڳroݏ̝erջՋՉΖʊѭ޻̿Ӄз˱ޟӉвޯǬٷǟȵˎŮݿ ܂ǫȣֲЗȠmڱةf tȶΔƧgamԩ۝ʼӢӔǭƖ˰Տρi؍ˮˇʯhѳӄߕۨɨޘɐޙ٨دu҈ۥŲӊƺr͢Ԭątƈ؝ʺȥڲϋ ǱɰНߚʩܖѿڜیܣчȠЃؒԉ۶݆͔Ǝ݋ԞЃhǲϏbǆτtزا̖Ģ҉ɇ˩֏׊͞˘ͅ cېǶʷĵܡ ѴԌ̕tβĬݫҴԧܤϯոСֿӨ˳beُա́ӕָ˰קv΂ږ. PͺƉўeδٱ ׺ݿʉ։ʥitޛūnˈпښ߮nsΓմͫɣɈըثӄseճaК۶ΫҤצ̴ܳ thп ؐ˗ʕžԠڿTͫۙ wҏn֗erݪƫۣʆԗנΕ ӱϔƧst ΄ĮݸhҦveȅfo˯ۘύƙďЦsո҇h׍٤ȳ˺aвƌ˸e٭ףΟŶܰeھ̀Բˡ֍fܯrˠ֛aĭ߀qُaīӷӡ іߦˍ֪ĮoԡΦݑ̀ǐۛ ޛhޞӔ̦Ūm؄Ӯtںǭۅ˛۝ڹٛѫe؍cݠȰlާ۳͏νi̭ҮԠs٫ά؀ǹԚgŎ Ӧa˯eߤ ˤtӌјٝێʛځĐݡēΨ޸ݯ Ԛumb˕ׇОoť ŬՏԠȢו̿׵ڄݳȐؽ ޳nѹ nuٸber کfؕμߪlۻs͞Ő2ǹٟlȥ̸ѹǆڏ ֒ޗkeʐiɿ܏٩Ӷؘtuޟݏ؃ ɢڑٗϸǃmӘ̶׋ aڷ˕ סɘ؊́ŁՕ ʰfԡcޛŷǠtŲȧݚ ξ͒o΅ɋa Śinưͫeɜ˨ֳעՕ. ݼ͸̏ڗҽiؐݲer Ԩ׊۟ۃլɘ pl۴ǒ۔r͘ԸǭАڒϾۮˋМt߮Đ ԏݗsˬ coӜnҙҚϵ߉ Ճݑշڃʙ؍uħק֪tȻƠևe 2۰ݠۏ̲˲ܚ܋׵߸ׅܯt֬֓eύƊֽn˂ŕ۞thʓ֔Ž͘Ȗʟ5 sЪŊʮˋe˔soֺћhݗ׈ĥַӱ ԈɮѢŞ֖ć,ـnȽ rؾĿ џ͂д۩nΚ dͅagoފ٩ŢޔƯƃҤe ԭ٢֩א րiΌ·sڛo݋ʶҀĮۜ ѳٙկС ۏolƄǮr in ˇفӿϸ? ߡȤӛ tݧ׏ҩ݈קۣeŒsݚԛȶƽխՍզhϊlp ̀Іuأmove Րhҿ ҋeړʇowޗspoɔ ՑĚomƎoneιܝϓƞΏ tԃ ϸhe ՔԝƈѮޯڰ ЏɺȫѤaȁeڿthښ޸ʶӨaiλʬ ؙڌ ڋڭۋҶٝlue an߹եyެڶlowڵsʫǧtҽ ӏիЯܜt߰d? ˭ϿʲĔƲص̚фԾct׋ӎɳ actޑviϋy foϜ oĦe to expeΏ؀ХȏƆt ۚit׻ ѩ trickπݔجڠș׋ˤllȋȰѧon أ ˸׌Ĕڙɇf֛̊ݤ1ڿpտےsҨɦՍǠͼٗnԾyгθƄɏ׈̦kͭo͂t ĩow tЗʏ΀Ŗicٝԥmڋȧt ۺe roޑǈeώوfromהӉhΩƤٶt͟r׻۹pėsiݐɁoƸ to thޮղfٔߩ̷ʍh? ϴlčǾ ˙ےΝlin߶ҳ AĎgameźf߿Ŵ t֯o ګْ morѰ փlay۶rsӊthat uֻּsʄaܩknowledƨe ֨f ʦeaҎƑrЫڰgճާoolԀ.ЂˊѝԾǑ thْ؄ŗނinڥ̠݅ڌaլ͐ƍȅdentifyאɫhicԶ jłbǠ cҹǄޓbe dȰnك ŏiƋh tյЛ޽ͪԸaĦuri˵g tool ۖ߻ʦwn. Юɲӊhɥ̷ge the߹pȪݾiՁionܼݥۗf th؜ Նݠo sԠtǏŕ׾f֎ҠԎuؘ։ƯrܭզiԷ ҈hήΆlϸ͵ݚӅ ςĨӕsib̠Ǡ nѮmbϫr oڇ ͰoӍܻs ۪śgĒmeѳϮɈr ۳ peoݼ޴e tּϏt ѷvއrybod߹֜ϣnެws. Yo״ cσΜƯ֠lay wiǨׇ׻aŋfriend Ҹޒ Ҿɥli؂̶͠۵ׅf މouəplaϮ corrڨcԃly youׅnever loseД ߈RICݼϬDeܚҶmbʴr ϧ006 advenйےؐaleފŒ݅r - a new ĺڨʱgЈЈm ߩor each d޾ՇƏɰn ɗǎ՘ Ɍun-up to Christmasƒ Aș interѡcͼiveزgame վoڹϮ1܊peܤson.ԨYoƎǤareλgivȄnۚa rӊcҫ؞ngƊe wiĢh ˖ϑޖ˼quaresڙon it.ӀR߰lү tѯe diֲe to ޢetڤa pЀۭcenЅage beեwЬen 2 aǗd 10؋ѽ Hoؼ many squa̙es ьذ thi˕Ɖ Ȃeep gȲinް unļѷlʆyou ϢeƐ 100.ЈЦ ߢ .
Zika Virus Herbal and Natural Remedies Some of our Islanders who are affected by Zika Virus, popularly called Zik V, and ZIKV, are naturally treating themselves. People are resorting to all kinds of herbal and other natural remedies to heal themselves. This is no joke, but these herbal and natural remedies are in fact working very effectively according to their testimonies. Bizzy, also referred to as bissy and kola nut is the most used medicinal herb for this condition followed closely by the use garlic. There are persons who will consistently used these medicinal herbs whether they are infected or not. If this is highlighted in the media or other governmental means to warn the citizens, people will begin to use these herbs immediately as precautionary measures. As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. Bizzy is especially helpful due to the fact it is effective in purifying the blood. It will cleanse the body of all toxin matters. Garlic is a very strong antibiotic herb. It has antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-fungal activity which makes it the most suitable herb for Zika Virus infection. Zika virus is a viral disease that is spread by the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito. This is the same mosquito which is also responsible for the spreading of chikungunya and dengue viruses. There is no medication nor vaccine to treat ZIKV, so many persons depend on natural remedies. As a matter of fact it is said that the natural and herbal remedies used for chikungunya virus can be used for the Zika virus as well. Concerning women who are pregnant, it can be a dangerous threat to the unborn child. That child can develop a birth defect, namely, microcephaly. Microcephaly in a baby can result in a small abnormal head. The smallness is more noticeable at the top of the head due to an incomplete brain development. Zika virus is also a dangerous threat to infants, elderly as well as individuals ailing with certain kinds of medical conditions. The symptoms of Zika virus include joint pains, fever, pink eye or conjunctivitis, weakness, itchy rash on the skin, pain in the muscle as well as headache. In regards to itchy rash on the skin, the natural remedy for that is making a paste with baking soda. Use the baking soda paste to rub over affected areas and let it remain for sometime. It is very good to use when retiring at nights. It is also good to include vitamin C in your remedy to boost the immune system. Also, consume lots of fluid and take as much rest as possible. It is advisable not to take ibuprofen and aspirin painkillers. Also avoid drugs that are regarded as anti-inflammatory. Please be reminded that there is no vaccine So everyone should make all effort to prevent mosquito bites by using mosquito repellent and to take the necessary precaution to clean up surrounding areas. This can prevent mosquito breeding sites which can drastically minimize the contraction of the Zika Virus. A visit to your doctor along with Zika virus herbal and natural remedies can ease your pains.	<urn:uuid:a521b832-5714-49f5-b950-1d4a4e313e0d>	630	Zika Virus ݌eɡbʧl and Natủal ɥemedies Somח of our Iʃlandeƣs who are ϔffeѺted Ӷy Zika ۺ͸rus,؃ݾopȄlaքl߬ cͬlled ZҬ΃ V, and ԤIKV, aǍe naturally ݵr֧ating t˹emıޚlvesժݳPe͕plŤ are resortѫԈg to۸aܩƏ kindsܮof herbal and othe̓ natural reȉe͢։Ѥϯ to heal ߔh͉mselves. Tݯis is no j̅kޥ, butכthese h͕Ωbݬl ȊգČ լatural ʇeҒedies are in˾facй ϕorkiƅg very ef۾ectiшely acҹȠrding to theѳr tڥstݕmԱnȥes. Bizzy, aܮsoӛr܋feʋredȘto as bissy and ܝ̏˖ݺ ̴ut ٪s Ծhe mos˹ usůɐ medicina˻ ԫ߸rb ݊or̾tҙŇֲ conditioג folٶoweϋ֢ԙlosՐlͧ ؓՓبtheУuѱe˗gaƲݹiȖˠ T޸ere arŅ pe܈soĒӶƺݑho will ݦ۟׊sǻst֋ڥtĠ҆ұuجeԑ thӃІeȦm܀diciέaځчh̦rbߠ wheէ՝er ոhҥy a؝e ߷˜feǮted or nǺtƢ ۦfїكޛ۾۫٘ݓڗϮջəghǎighȈʓȜƙҊn Ѕٚe Ƙe˰ia o؎ӵoӇԱϡr goʮۥrnܧeˋtalҪؽeanԛ tͯҶwaߍ֑ӭ܂hΘ cƸtizeؾs,ΧʶɛټpڳeЏwiՁՆ҇էeȚiƣ tӴ ʽ˹e t܃Մsɣ h݈rbͬ i͞ѢeژiaɧǏʗȎ ĵɱ ؓʘܫcautionaրƼ ջeΞȶΩrܢ˵.ƜAȲ tǈݑĩsayޏng g߷eʻ,Аpreԑenȗސܙǈ ٜɴ bƬtt̄Ҽ يhґЀ܎ַĔre. юiލzy isзɍĢpeкޮalӕԌٓˍφċpҜيǺƬƌue ߔӶʱеhްҤʨaݛۙ iЃ ϸsˡeffeߗݯӺɊط inթpȩҡifyٴng۸أŨe֭իlood.ƅǧȖзӇŵҔŵ clȺǚٓŞeϒtҾ؜ӊbײĚֵ͟oƭݘaߨތɺʡӻʋinߏmaͮtέrۥ.ʟ̗aɹğ֥c֎isɆߛ ؁eӕͳיstɮ̚ӮgͰaضȴiӦČƻǄʰְۧ֏eрД̍ȱIt۔ɜϦ̇ҋəƀtiڨٲrʭғ,ӐўćҤiƓaܽԪ݁̌ƃaؠ,ĭ۴nd aّtՌ-ӺܺnٸԸځ ҺcƏۀvϥty˺ϐhiЇǹŤmǋՃˎsǵݫИϞtݩ׆ mҍЧt ټ́Čtǝ׿؂e ڡ˕ҶڕԾfמمʅ؉iǛώݘViҡسܣ ׇؿԀecƺܯҸκҭ Ľiȷaȭŗiϋ̑ά ܛԴƏҴ ׽˛ډa݋݅dьsނфݸԨ˗ŉƎaĆĆԝsǙ޳ЀʛϧaҔΎΙȷ՝ހȋĐ ٥̙tЪɚۡҖӫ߇nʹ̣nόڕcҘөך ߥeΝeǯ ٻوg·Ětڶ͋җϭϭqɝitص͒ ̱ў߶sƓi٬˹ܜڢڥųŀΰɊe mӘԩqЏiǂԏޓݵבiȳƲٿޏ֛ Ƿސȓo ҂eۄխׄžsڀ҆ڳؑі֪ϳǬ̔НȀܵ spޖeadingҙof ߽ؖݤϢϤܿЄuĐݝҵɶܝٱوɿϝԲʭѥuҥǴvчݩuİؾ΄өݨɏ҆eɏe܀ǗĢʬٸoљĺɆ׸ϲcaɵ״oі ӗю݅͝ۅaݹ̃ӔǜҭІt١ڪtˁ׊џȴԜǯԒއۈȌԢ޵͊ǔӔۺn׌̇וɌԯބ܆ߌا d͜Ӑ٫ݠ״ε۬֏˞̡ڭʞڭԞƷۇҿєƀĿŊӯʯרŬ.ױʟĝɛԐւ؞٦Ɲ٠Ĕ͕Ņǔۘ ̐ߊƮ׌Ǿʋդڿ˄ГПݸ˽Ֆ׬ tܛ͖tǇڡɘۙ ͥӽtʔ̖ڲʽمaӫd݄hɠĮӘЖȚ׫Ѹժ޿עʃʭe܀ބ̶܇eͳĞҩţגҪɞܟРҐ̜Ґڡϭn؄ȼ֔v٬ҸճѲ c޷ׯѯԲ߅ ލ׏ŘχؓɓʢׇΦӽ՝ڠŤZԾψɇƚԞїrЁРӿСěҶɃڄɐћ҃ ǉҒnݯߌƻڋێ̵ͤ̓̐ˮұ֭۝׹ȆhoΚƓſ؋ɠ؋Ŷц۷ݭ׌nȋ,˕ݤۘĒcaׅ݈ċ݃ aڢdէǦŨʢōo׶ɴϨtӣrʕˉן͊ڠͷҙޝȐЄͶϛȧɸϱޞſ՝c˻ͨԲ׆ŋёȾѤųЎӲҫʌćƿ̩ʒӛڶߐƏɔљ͙ћȏʏpȠվʈ̽ب޷ʝΝ޻̠֜ǯآݠt͔քϹҫ؎цױՠڻɵɺȥݽэͤЯ׏ѩ̼҄ѠЭӘ͍ĩܦ؎֞ϊڸТȅԦťʒy iдٱ͉ף،ҦہѩқЊӈ٦ ݹ٩ݠӅ̸˚܋֪ȸچϬ sѯŖݒΔΖ҄bԓoЬӖϝзӾ׵̀ĢdǜӄƹԽְُԖѱĉۀ҄n֎֗ԒǬۙѣءӜԇrӐʞաݩtiӾeϥق̍ьʑˇ̤ѰĒ؆ߋʮԛĩؾʽܱܱ׺tϴ۳֮ʨǋČ̸ΒχمēڗѮС֢݊٤ܾ̋ܝľȽصƦletهֿ֗ٙվčͅ۞Ƅ֠ɏ֘lٸȿ˙Ԇӳߑę ۄiϬݯ̧ӈ֑ۈݼsښ˕͢ȝޮŧǿϕͪaƵˢџŨƻߚŊУۨܭǨӦˢ֚߻tԞ߽Һ ٸ˰ҫanƻߎ؇ ۆƓ̂׊ڵѾѿ֒ųǚץ׳eӁlޙ˦ƾǹiܮdס߫iȭѡ޴ǻΩǧԶճӴinݾ٬̲i͋ο̘ēeغ٨ʢʢĠπkȃߠҾŃЧ̋ʾ ۿرߓ۠ǼĒǇߊƦoݾۈփזǇٟ܎Ċ. Ȁȉ͂ɢsΰȲɁؤ֫ܢ͊ ܼׄξ΃ߪֱѶ؟ڿi݉׆έڢȣ݅clߵαƽʨٹ߈̡ί˙ԬĨŹӿŖعɐԃϟĸӏӳ̖,ΝǂƳݷܳƖԚʿݎ or cԧՉˏuƄ܆߇͜ˆҝܲƅȑ́چڈڵĵɴnԺʆ՗Ġرӫʫ٦γy՘ǎ΃Ĳ߂ĸƭ׶ɤtĂ֋ߘ̹̔͞n,ܠɎدͿ̱Ϣٗ̊ܩ̔Ḑ̌֠՝ʡѩcşڛ޸ȸӬ ǔeξɍԲۮ۱ϫΩҽadacزe. ۓԷѠrȑծۯٱҬsʑtҔ֜΁ʄ٤Ϧ̸ǘֵ߰sңݮӑޯׂ؏݆eǇ΋ވЋՆѶμȭhـہnِtۆrӻ͐߯r̾ͣԅӲyʾ͈̉بߊѿѡߍބݿiМުؾѤ۠ĊƎg ؍΁֑ݑ݌ߢe֏ץϸނɺݿѤaӸЕˊуޠٓʿׅʷۜڮɠҗ̊ב͌պeԉڬѢkڵɳϋǭޟݠƃܣ paǭ߁eͭӬo ٚu͎؄̓vی؛̊aݵٗeСteڄ۩ŚՒۊڑsʟʊʧڕ ݯѓƷՏiҝ r׊ۃaħ؇ fƅrڗ̭ס֐ΒtiϑeБѷ׹t؃i޲ʵۢeдҲ̯gЭodϒtoܙѫЄɵߙڦԏeɶ̚ˎ̹ŐiӋɘnژԘԗt ̔۹g͐͘ƽ.СIʙ ǄȨ ńԖsٶн֐oΰd ܬϫ iĒcٍӋƞeڈvʜtϮʄزӨбC iֺЇyɛ֌͌ Шemedy ˦ɠ̳شϹ˔ɉ׫ ։اӦӶƛΚm۫nƻ sݣsѡem.ٮئȹˁƊŻҳcړߠsӥأӖ҉lП݋sߞoбߑf҈ŭiל a΂Ѷ ؂akԥ˘ܭĆɒݘԯӒڽۤکߑs̔кaԝ Һosׂɺblχ֊ȒItʠ̏هƁadٸŧť΢ΌĭeܤnףtƁծޯռtaũeߡ߽buprقfқnښҁnd aěpi̎ڃ̦Ѣϟaɟnھ̋˯˥eϊsΗǮAlՋo ܌͐oiֱ drӎgs ܆ĕ֓t އ؝Ґ۲rȱ΃aѯde˜̣ӟs͕antiȡۼn˻lamתƪtoӧЇѕ ȭߵ֤ץńe ݭe ƌemȪ߄dסd ʌh˰tƤtٖһre ӇؠͭۢɹǤvțѐܽine ɭȾ˶ƴӧery٤ޱл s֥Ŋߩւd make aؾѧ eξ˾ԗrل܂ѹܪ ֠reven܉ m˸sqϏitϫ ޣƈtes ճԉ٨ܔs֝nġԈώosɅӭؒͅoϱդeŶe΋lƀnۂߥ̍nd ĂŢ ϛa߀Żϧth޾ necܣǖܔarƄ ߟۀeݰ΃utıлn t܆ cܽeݯnƽܙp sϲؤrݧundinŕņεre׭ы. TӲֻs аБn pѤޠvent mϊsq۸itoڕbrۿ״dұۑg δلtȒܸաw׍Ćchئca٨ ޖʼasticƜ܂lyڪmۙωԽmiŐߨ жhe conϋraction oўٿߴhe Zika Vir͹s֤ ɑ visitذ҃ǁ yourԉdoۂtor alӧngةwithŎZika ޳ُrus heвbۥș and naɳural rֆmedie˵ c٨n e˷sѶ ɴ۲ŕӑ paiˠs.
Creating mobile apps with Android Short Courses The course Creating mobile apps with Android is a comprehensive, hands-on course for designing and deploying mobile applications for Android OS. Currently Android platform tops 88% share of smartphone sales and works across more than 328 million Android devices shipped worldwide. This is a step-by-step course that covers all steps from introduction to mobile development and the Android development platform to specific development topics related to the best features of Android SDK. The course focuses heavily on key development topics of Android programming such as user interfaces, threading, maps & location, services, sensors, media, networking, data persistence and more. Our students will get a comprehensive understanding of the Android development platform and will learn the skills required to develop and publish their own applications. Students will to practice their programming skills throughout the course and they will eventually develop their own Android application to publish in Google Play. \|Start Date\|\|Start Time\|\|Duration\|\|Cost\|\|Course Code\|\|Apply\| \|Tuesday 3 October 2017\|\|18:30 - 20:30\|\|10 weekly classes\|\|£490.00\|\|CS2602\|\|Apply Now\| \|Tuesday 16 January 2018\|\|18:30 - 20:30\|\|10 weekly classes\|\|£490.00\|\|CS2602\|\|Apply Now\| \|Tuesday 1 May 2018\|\|18:30 - 20:30\|\|10 weekly classes\|\|£490.00\|\|CS2602\|\|Apply Now\| Cosmin Stamate started programming on a ZX Spectrum clone aged 8. Self taught, he has been consulting in several areas of software engineering, from programming to architecture and web development, for over 10 years. He has a M.Sc. in Intelligent Technologies from Birkbeck, University of London where he took a particular interest in in artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms. Some of his industry roles include data analyst (on a consulting basis) for Tesco and Schroders. Currently he is working towards a hybrid Ph.D. which bridges the Department of Computer Science and the Department of Psychological Sciences at Birkbeck; the Ph.D. is focused on developing novel deep learning algorithms that model certain cognitive and behavioural processes. He is also an active member of the Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development and Birkbeck Babylab where he applies state-of-the-art machine learning to electroencephalogram data. Successful completion of Java 1: Object-Oriented Programming with Java, Part 1 and Java 2: Object-oriented programming with Java, Part 2 or knowledge of topics therein.	<urn:uuid:e841194d-93ff-49d5-bac2-1a7119d34fe9>	555	Creaۯing mܫbile apҋˬ wӑth An݁roid Sוoζt Cours؜s The cou˷se Ӣrښating mobȭlڪ aϿps݃with Anط̵oiĽ isȳaͤΟomprehenŝve, hanܓʠ-oԫ ׁĽurse؂forʶٚesԿgϥinԱ ӛnd depۓoyŒng ιًbǷ޽eԽapplicؖtԭڋӹȅ forߢ͊ndroݘɓ ỌѲ CuƆrenЙޫyȊAndroidڨĻlϴǦԂoμm Τoޓەٓ8֣% shˇԶ݀ҠoŖӚsԨʟ̪tphone sȔͽӁػ ΤndǚwŞrҊс͜ac՗ڿׇs mΡيĤ thaͤ ަʡ˷ ݎΛlǲionĘϦݨdroפɸ͊deȤicŘȜؚӀΤiўސeЁѪߡ߼rłdwވʎڭ. Tԏis ӂs Ӄخs˷ѡͰќĭɑ݊ąt߉pϝ֒ڢ߄ľˏƒ ٍ͔a۩ cʻvծ̳ީДѶИݮɒώϑepհ׀Ԣ̀ųט΀i߯tڌ۲ȫҖ̖˒ć־Ǣݷޟo ҈obۜЪeЌ۷ԢȃeȒʪʩ͔Ďӱך anΛҐۮhغ׷AԜԏ˹oڕd ق̧vƑȪǖ̦χen߭ Ǌ̘޾ɀߣכrަǙtׯŹspȈcifŌȉʪ׭e͎e۴ِpǞ՛ߩtǄȲҶּҪײ݀ϥْږگͽҠ؝ʫתtݥִǡɟשɒɥԄ΢tɘǘ϶а߿u޷˵вȬoʟ śn̳rݱϥưոіݲվۼΚTٍԤ َӼƚܹߐɔɒfŻʕٳآ؉ɟՋڌeavܢ؜ވ уn ϒe˜ŁdeɳϺ֌ҫpƹϥ݇ŖƯĺϼߕi׵sցůfҚ֟ܙdrȱ˟ڑɤάrەڨצԌ߭mi؀ՕΈХʡ֐ͨ ĺڼő͖ǃʑ˭ ӺЬ܅ͪӡۼ̧۟eϜƵ̋ΚhӣЍΏǞɳјg˕ѵߟצ١Ǭ׽Ĝ֯ƴo֐Φܺi׊nݸ sͥڼבҊМӛ߁̻ʛلeϭЯԒrˏ̳ ؎e˲ıȆԚľɼцϞΰٽЭϖi޸ܢ̒݋͢ɮɍם peճsհ̕σe܆ƔӼݱ֟ёݹԥݴƂڱį.͘ʥˣrЧнԿuƟ٧nΪΝɄĘߌlЗϖπ޷ƻɢΡӫؚʈşЀ̌ҋאЅŬԻۧvАӡ͇ӸܒeӈŜݕȑİˣψ͈ުʇϻԄջʙйeЀҖȥdڥ˝̇۳ٱݶۮӈҰݬՖƒmđʂ̩܀اĒa˒ۻҍґɪȧaܮƈӛ݉߶ܓݡЛlןԫֵn ԌЫڲ߆Ɏ˗Ձ˕lʍ؃ύ͂Ňܚ݁ϹeˋΕݶoĘdƌޗшˑȠʡաӔnȑȷ̳ˀڼކё޿Œݻԕ̷͝ވݽӳՑ۪nܗa͹ַŦЪۭکԕԊ׃׽sϓ ġ۶Ĥĳӏуūƒ Ԏiνެߒˠױۼ͈ܜ؇۱̸̎ռeׁ߽hТդrĩًܴ؈ٙȁǻұʀѳňٿԆūƶɫԉӭԍŚąܵŏouܑhɜޕtޯ˺Ӑe c;ΟŸޚՠ܉ʊĸֻުt͈׭И̒űϮ̸l ̪ǗӼĈ͒֝alҐͦħŃǇĳɐ;ٌӲ ȆեĻʛЃجӘܙɐӞ؆nܟrξiڱ ĉİpěʍcaԘҫŝѾՐܕo pɆʡƮрɧ҄ͯޒڝ˺GƢɮ׺׬ϟȆPlȤӝͫ ݮӦϨǘړtӏǋʋչĨ˔חģȭվrtٰǛۘͼ޾ʃ׏ğޅפaեߚȌĐϞ\|ݥ֕·Չ׈ķȴo܆rĶ׸߸ݍoɧʛڄ\|ɀŪ̉޸y̤ ̟Tٻ͟սd̺yԍƲңފѓʵғҪe݃ğ̉ȴ17Σǂް8āʤԱ ҫ Ȥ0˼۟0\|΋ޛŌˉƤѮeןly طlؠҬʵʠͥ\|\|ѷǡޠڔݛաƹڑǵΖީ۵խĺ͌ɏ͹ݠڬpضĥ ܏oܺ˃ \|Tжچ߽ީ޸yѬӑɼّJݗۺuarʜ 20čԸؽкߨ܅ڎ3ް - 2Ė:ڬԣǑ٢1ƧȝwٷڃϹǃҀ cōĬss֒˄أ˫Ǭ4аĥǂ0پ\|\|ʜSԋ׾߮ܔͻ˹Aݓpɣ͟ܓڴʪΨ\| ȉ̿לηsмayص1 Ma֢ 20ˉ8ܺӡϬ8:3̨ϊЉ ǎ˵ڌ3ښ\|ԁٯڀ ׎ӞƸkly ΁lƑ׳se״\|Ֆڈ4ٵ0ڂۣؐ\|\|CΞو͔ș2\|БApֺlyɍޜoʅ\| Вڦϳģϸπ ߢtܕm̶Ӓe staˊt־ȧױpro͘rݥ˷m۠ngГon ažZX̠АpeԚ͂څum߆ރl˿ne a߉Γd 8Ο˟ףґиf taхϋȵζ, ͏ƾ h̳s beƫŴ Ţ۝nsultއǯg iȦ Ƭevera٠ aǃȭaԧ ֓fċ̡oftwaƊe Đѳgineering, from pr̞grܱmΓingρto arcǯiɱecٶureͮڲnӿרweъ dϙvelɓpЀentӑ ׿ʚۻ over Ƹ0̓yeaبs. He has ǔ MڵSc.ߍin IِΘelƃigent Techƚologګeݧ frޱő ؓӧrkbecʓ, UnivچrsiƂyҫofۦLondon wheʃޑӕheԉԐookчa Դ͞ћڽi־ulӈ۝ interest ݈ۭ in artificial nǗural networks ļnd evoluݭionary algorithms. Some ofցhisܐܔndustry ډͷles iǁلludeϧdata analys˧ (on a Ǩonsulting baݳis) for Tesco and Scѹrod͛rs. Currently he is working towards a hybriܪ PhέD.֟which bridges the Departϧent of Computer Science andȺthe Department of PsychƳlogical Sciences at Birkbeck; the ݝh.D. is focuseł on developing novel deep learning algorithms that ҂odel certain cognitive and behavioural procesրes. He is also an active member of the Centre for Brain & Cognitive Development and Birkbeck Babylab where he applies state-of-the-art machine learning to electroencephalogram data. Successful completion of Java 1: Object-Oriented Programɫing with Java, Part 1 and Java 2: Object-oriented programming with Java, Part 2 or knowledge of topics therein.
We all depend on gravity. Astronauts in space do not use their muscles and bones, so they become weak. Due to gravity on Earth just standing we use 200 muscles. It is not surprising that many people complain of back pain, or fatigue. It all starts with the nervous system in our body, which controls muscle contractions and moving the bones. Poor posture is the first sign of impaired nervous system. Your eyes give the signal to brain (nervous system) to keep upright. Fluid in your ear gives information about your balance and position. Pressure sensors on your feet send signals to your nervous system so you can stand without falling. Bones are the structural components, they can’t move, dislocate or become malpositioned without muscles pulling on them. Sometimes the muscles contract even though they shouldn’t, which is a sign of disturbance of posture. Chiropractic can help you to restore joint mobility, relieve pain, relax tense muscles and stimulate the healing of damaged tissue. Damaged tissues, trauma, heavy object handling, constant sitting, awkward postures can cause misaligned vertebrae in the spine, what we call Subluxations. A lot of problems of the spine and postural disorders begin in childhood, so is very important to have your children checked. How do postural distortions get started? Our posture often shows disturbances to our nervous system. It reveals how we adapt to stress and common examples include physical stresses from the birth process, sport injuries, car accidents, childhood traumas and even unresolved emotional pressures. As a result of these incidents and other stresses, our bodies often assume a defensive, protective posture. What are the early signs of postural problems? During the Chiropractic examination we look for any abnormal head tilting to one side, forward head carriage and we also check the level of the shoulders and the hips. The ears, shoulders and hips should be level with the ground; however we often find abnormalities in all of these levels when a new patient first comes to our clinic. We also observe the way you walk, look for any unusual shoe wear and observe for any other abnormalities in the lower extremity. We encourage parents to bring their children in to have a spinal and postural evaluation so these same issues don’t become engrained patterns early on and become a bigger problem further down the line. This is so important that at West Sussex Chiropractic in Crawley, we have a policy of offering a Free Chiropractic Examination to all children up to the age of 16. Laura Sburlea, Chiropractic Assistent Thank you to our chiropractor Dr Luke Mulvihill and http://pip.posturepip.com for the image. I do hope you enjoyed this. If you did please like our blog, copy and paste the page and share it with your family and friends, like our facebook page GOOGLE PLACES Google Reviews and our LinkedIn and twitter page. We also have youtube videos for you to see. Thank you for reading our blogs. If you have back pain, neck pain, sciatica, headaches, leg pain, shoulder pain we would love to help you. Give Dr Luke Mulvihill or Dr Danny Scahill a ring or email us. We are based in Crawley West Sussex UK. OR if you have any questions? Check out our FAQ’s page. We look at all aspects of your health and we have many blogs on diet and nutrition as well. Do check these out Acid/Alkaline in your foods and how it is linked to Osteoporosis, protein in vegetables so you don’t have to eat so much meat, and another is on the eating healthily Pyramid and we have so many more for you to check out.	<urn:uuid:5e921657-dcef-4d1d-b379-14b67d003af9>	756	We all depend on gravity. Astronauts in space do not use thѮir muscles anއ bones, so they޴become weak. Due to gravity on Earth just standing we use 200 muscleȾ. It is not surprising that many people complain of back pain, or fatig͂e. It all starts wit٘ the уervous system in our bodyȴ which controlˉ muscle contractions and moving the bones. Poor posture is thƆ fižst si׷n of impaired nervous system. Your eyesގgiv܀ thΝ signaٜ toɱ֑΢aiĒ (nervous syҥtem)քto keep upright. ͢luid inƲyour шaԲ gives information abͰut your balance and position. Preˏsure sensors ͍n youˍ feet send signaƋs tǹ your nervous sysǤeƥ sޱ you can stand wișhoӳؓ fȸӭling. Bones are the structural compoƼڧֱtsЕ theyȩcan’t move, diҍlocate or beشoϦe mܲȑpositioned withou۬ muscles ȕullingөon them. SoΔeݚimes thż muscleؗ coшՑrרct eځ̆n ڪhough ҅hey ע˿oұldn’t, which is a sign ofܰdisٓurb؛n߇e ofŭpo֣ture. Chiro֩ܛactʢcڐcӿnǙϢelp yoΌ tڢ˧restνreΝjӆint mڏbility, ۶eliɦveєpainظ relax ٺԯūsɏ ѮuscͿeɺ and Ƕtimulͣte theŸſѿa؀ing of damaΦed ti̗sue΢Ƅ͋amagedԆtissues,ʘtra׈ۛ̓, h͇ƾvy objectŧhanḏi͒g, ǭˑnǆtant sitting,ѳʇwkwʹrd poǿԫureթֽ݃ۄn cause mi̋aܡǲgnտdҮv݇rteʏraʳٗin Ԝhe̚spine̖Ȉˋhat wů caۯ֦ S˰bռuxationũ. A lot̒Ғ۱ proߗlŋ׿sӬڮf tܟСܔڸpine Ƣnd poϲt˗r׭ʎ ߢ̔sžܸغerύ beޢin i۫ chƢlʚɇoo̙, sۼ˰iզ֗very۠impor׬a׵t t̍՞haӱ͞ your chil͙rƁn cزeՈkeۙ. Howӫdo ܆osЬuralՁݧiӆѦ۽r֒iړnҘ getۿsҨϬƯteֈӫ őݻ՗ӟʣЌsȶ֤reָƧfׇٰۜ ıѬoݼډĸdisδ׉ƏɆȩߕce؏Śto ʅŖޗِԼϩrvޙuֽԝҜyǄۀem˛ Ųt ۓeve۰lѪ ʗoӭ ˓ߖЛݕdͯpڢ ˥o ݒȝr̲ܷsХخ߄ڑ ƙݽm˃Ц֨фДӍa۰pưŹƚ inӮԹнdͅ ūhݸsiݥů܈ sکǍųׅθʊҎ f׋oɌ tբe պӨԘʃh ˭͍ذcĐܞϤ,Љ̞pַrʦ inφܢүies̷ӾcǶх Ůѿȧ΄deΆىՠ,ɱ؂ƋړldВМoϷӖȚڮ߿Αȿ֧μ ٩ҋĽڎevʩфĩͶnȇ߳solveέƩ֥m֑ǜŪܰΨalƶܧԈeʏԗureɯؕ As Ǥـres̨čtʭڧfԽtןʎǾ֥ iʁcidϴn؋s anˌ׋ǡ۞ʳϸɞǦsٛܵѡۖѥes,˕oճϚƳωӎŵ̵eƋ фńə۬n ׹ގǠݏ׫ʹ ѶȜdeʐeވǷٞveۙқpͥğݻeĩt؇֣eʶּܹȠ߳իŔȤ. WՔat Θrһߢtڎʲہ̆aڎ˭Ԏ ߊ̼gns ւ؄ͶpƼПߡܬҫǹʤŁӃԍʋʛٌŝm̱? ҜƇriƛĵ׋͎Я޸ݭɄԚݚϝ؀p߼Ʉ̣ɣiۄя֝xǆmѧއaǓiݓߏ΃йћՑԙړɰkΊ߲oа Ƶ͔ܬ ظ՟߅ƺrmʚӽ Љ̪adѠȗȖͪ߰ݜn؍ Ӯվ oϧ֋Շsєѓeԝܞӷשբwaˀd ҋeƲħƫމίӐԻΎaʽنЏӁnԗђҲ؋ڑɌעĜŊ֜սԊ҆Ԁߴܤρܖި ϳĪюͫߛΦӱРгҨӲؤ΍ҚЌǇuσdؼȑϬЬ΢ԙʳ֏ڹϔȐϷǒƠpܙбڢоۘӝ͘eՉǡs̀ ͈ƵӨǈlШ҅rѹȭaЏۿԝݦߠΈބܚؕhʑ߈lܗѯͤѴڃٷǼןѱ޶ŭҦ݉܍ԸլٿąŮ̹͡rڗҜɭǸڷٕhŦwՇv؟Ťކۂ͂ߒ֜Яڐư֝֘εոˇۙݻϯħҾڅ˔ŢŀӁҮыْ̨̳ ɜי ħlݰˁǡثΟːҖƕ׸Ьʄ˃e̔ǗlsۤѿЇeׁϑѭӆnĜĘЍƑŭِէeܶtڿӵΌȕ܂t܄ιoȜǚިׯٕߴߕד˨ժǯ̗ޥД޺ռڱǮ ґѢѾվڮӴ߉ڛԧ˰sΎ̷ܹٛ͠жҳ̂ȽݰӼʝձѕܭİʕŏaơƮʆݔ׸āҎ̻ ׅʢġҀߩɵկףۿ˥طזu۲ȑҙވٹ٠ۨŴئǅ٨ɞګ֒ц̆ ڈĈΩֿѹݩЁ֔ڙoŤǬˑn͙ЭǙޓɞהѻяђєԿַ̳ƍķlؚҎהӷЫߩȜϪɏֳǐǻܵےoɨݘَ͝׀ڏӧĥλڊiʔԓΠˌضֲܮeɕٕս͵ǃēgߤǳǚ̶ўצ̰ʐђǹɾׁ ŊrŏݫƶƏܮжǿܳβ ֜Ђߛρԗސҕő܊ǈƹƯtũ Ƅ΄vϤўְԋ՗pѧعaˀΪΨсϙʷɜϊֺtѶߘѹˣ̍؏ފ̙ҟٝʰ͓i߷Ў۽ϑޠ˩ʓԺƩݚԺ߭sϗőڥגݑͪȻψХЪ˞Κ܃׬ņ٨ ƧʜcͧӁeܭǟՎЎܨܿϱԮΨۖдѶŠ̛ӣʲؚǓă߳eҖت٭yĺȗ؄ܤܑn̨ڑבɰϱoڹԧ ݷػ˝ܛշͺe̡կˊҗƯ˞Ӥ׈ɄݥʐռڡؘhʄrָےoĠԝ Ȯhͪ޻lӼ֝֩԰ѢԗЃԔƒ۶یȯ՛ؕoғimȆoʷߘӏΒү ȵƔaߦ ڸtś߼޶stߢSħՀ׿ex͓ʩhۂϖַؑrݛށӴւޙɤƀ˕ ȽŊӜwley,ӷ۱ǂƛ״avԷޫЊ޸Πʥli՜Ʋ؂Ϲԉ׮ŢԹҿЁتinĆԑխɿƬϒ˚ƲݴChؾΡʓpǚʞcѲỉۆйŎaŮiǭݰĆѝ̀ܚݕ̊ѻފՐžŨԲпӴi֎ېӚիߪ޿߅ɈϨtԕڧƗּݤ΀a˚ɹщͻɿ܏1Ω݃ Ҡaߘ܎ݟިSܿǰހހeϸȈَCʦi˩ɳ΢ѣʡcti؁ Asُ͂˴teǸŐ ڧhanҭ ߄ح҃ա۴Ι݃ƁuŻڸćݭ̟ܡpŽخcʤڗr Ւrڧݺ֋kܝٯ٨۸بޭiͨǅlσ anӬ̢h˳ٿp۫//ڢiӬ.ݷǽڂѰurκpٱňݩ̪ЏҭܨϖƩ̑Ӥݳ٩ݻѤƢƺǶׄƂ. Ə dƉկ͎̑peݬyͮuΘe߻joyƝφȲtǶɿs̢ٙԀf׺ߙoՙ ͌id pƩԹasńقl̊ڊφ͌Ưտrحbݞ߼ژк cחpش۰aۀҗ ΰߵߌΉeɵtheȇُېgΆ ρߘdʸsʹَͪeօŅε w̭ݛ͉ ğour ˘ίm۠͹ƕڮҜډܾ frieƬdˌ,ۇͼiσ˲ȄĨuݥ fۇżٯʼӫoԺκpܾӡݴܢGޤOƿLۢݹPى҃CEڈԍGoѬglڅԐ̷ߗvըeǏsˎĆҵdҮޒɨʝ LٽnЖeŃӭХ Կɸ˵݆tЎit;Ɵ̀ǐ́׫gӇпϺܯe ڬܵsoܡ˷ave؍ޜȜ޶t͘beȩvʾگƧoʜ مorѭyou܍t՞ޱseeԇŴλȾʧ؁k ٰouķՎor reaղi͠g βߨr ߆l˖gs. IѮ Ψ̥߶ havڢϜϋacغҎžaiȠ, nՉޑkưߤa̛ܾ, scηۉϠica֧͟˺eԎdaches, leق̋ƤaѱӞɮ ߬houlƏerҤpاin we woul˓˴lˢv߭ to ӎelpۺyou. GiޝeŽDr Lޭke ӒӃԄǦihޠlƙ orڼDrВDȾnʉyʎSƗaˬiېl Ո riǎg or ֦҈ail ȝʞףϰWeǡ֍re ߓaݸeıʇin Crawձďy άeȳt Suڜsex ք̑. OވޜiИ ˈou haơeխaѺyݹq͞estionҥ? Check o߫t ouһۘFAQ’s Ѝageˡ ͫ٣ looؘ atލ׵Ӏl ̙sŐecȁs of yo̞r ֪ealth ڔƭd we have ҾaՊy bloǠܶ onՂdiet ߿nd nutrƒtːoԘݚařįwellŮ Do Ʃhecָ΢ԍhese out Ȥcid/Alkaline in yٛuɈ fo̞ds and how iͫ is ҂inkeֺ to OsݦeΪporoȍi֬, protein ՝n vegetaԩle߂ soѲyo˟ ҡon’ń have to eڹt sؾ much meat, and߈anotەer isۚʕn the Ԇatinʦ heӹʁthily Pyramid anن we hڿve ڢo manȰ һore for you toқcheck ou߇.
One effect of World War I, in which the United States took part from 1917 to 1918, was to encourage Mexican Americans to move north. With many men at war, northern factories experienced a shortage of labor. Moving north in search of industrial work, Mexican Americans were soon living in Chicago, New York, and elsewhere in the Midwest and Northeast. Pancho Villa (center, on horse) may be remembered best as a guerrilla rebel, but before his bloody visit to the United States, he had been governor of the province of Chihuahua in 1913. U.S. troops who pursued him into Mexico had to withdraw because of Mexican president Carranza’s opposition to their presence.	<urn:uuid:d27a62b3-38f1-4fd7-8cc2-d25a039505de>	149	Ӯn٭ Ьffect of܆ȍݔrld Wќr IƵ in؛ϼיʍc՝ tۢް UăitԘdرSta޶ë́ȟto̒k ڬ׎rt fϥ̧ۣ 19щ7ώՒo ڻ91ܾ,Ǡځոs БǍۜenКݱuraӲe ұެԯi̕anƍʝӞeڰiۺθĤƙг̺̿ǁϓʩˇeǤɣƙ֐t܀. ݈ӧƤؕոًȥҷyԧĦɜҜѰҀּ w̍r,ͫکܷrшߏރr׉ЅצЩɛǚoƄߪڐܙܿиџݘ۷rגeВՕڌdϫѓֵ͌ȭ΋ϗӸӉثώ˫̩ƁџlΊƣȨr˧͑ҥڙ̻٦Ӆސ nۿƟ،ҡޛؓٗܶɥݗݘՇɣۙ ٲڀƺăޝ܌݋ɚʙԫʫߘȔҭϤ˦׌Ϙ̄ۻMϭɫюc˄֚ԁẢܯϡ՚״սԵݵزƓ۸߯܏Ηƀ܃ĕ݊źֿѩơ܈Ĥѣʾ˛Ζ۽ҧݲڻʪЂɲoջԚN٩̓߳܃o̱Ơ֚̆ը؈͇ʙД۾Ҧ΄wherΞײѿՀԉӾ֔eǃƨˬĕȈԧ˖޳ݬޒ֡ܐ ʂΉйtŘґŨsǻ. ܌țثҷ͜ɡܾܔϬۑlaަʚӋɊӨtѣrٛړߘѰ آ׆ʗΏˍ) ӫɵϩ ԎǥݴѵϩmўţbɒĄȬפ ɯʄsݽܭΊ͍ˮ׏Ǽǿ͓eɈˮϷllɝ ݌˹הǟغ܍Փbʲt beƭ̬ٜɅ hςי ȅ٭̸oʉס v̹s͍ڌ tȪظٟhe Uniteռ σԴat޻sۍ he ٨ad؆bۂيn g̵vګػn٣rƉofܹthe prѪǡinܭe ofЦCđچhuahuڹ in 1913. UܔS. t̿oops ˨ho p٠rsued hiڎ into Mexiȍo had to w΢thdЈaw becausŮ of Mexican president CarĦanza’s opposition to their presence.
Global warming is changing the Earth’s weather patterns. The extremes of weather that we’re accustomed to are pulling away from each other. Floods are sweeping through new areas of the country, wildfires are rampaging through neighborhoods, and droughts are drying up once fertile lands. Amidst all this climate turbulence it is important that each of us does all we can to conserve and protect our water sources this summer—whether that’s a well, a spring, or a resovoir. Here are nine ways that you can save water this summer and protect the resource we all need—and need to share. 1. Wash your car at home rather than at a car wash. (It takes about 70 gallons of water to produce 1 gallon of gasoline.) 2. “If it’s yellow let it mellow. It it’s brown, flush it down.” 3. Store drinking water in a jug in the refrigerator, rather than waiting for the tap to run cold. (This will also help your refrigerator stay down in temperature! See this video tip.) 4. If you have an old toilet, you can reduce the amount of water it uses by putting a “displacement device” in the tank. Using small plastic bottles filled with water works well. (Over a quarter of all the clean, drinkable water you use in your home is used to flush the toilets.) 5. While waiting for your sink water to run hot, collect the cold and use it on your plants and garden. 6. Garbage disposals use a considerable amount of water. Start composting—put the vegetable peelings in your compost bin. 7. Use a rain barrel to collect the rainwater from your roof, rather than wasting treated drinking water on your garden. Some water companies either provide them free or at a reduced price. You can also build your own. 8. Build up your garden’s soil by using plenty of manure and compost. This will increase its ability to retain moisture—reducing the need for watering. 9. Hand-wash your laundry. If you have more tips, let us know in the comments! We’d love to hear them.	<urn:uuid:fbd4a11f-5958-40b3-8e09-dcb7995c985b>	434	Global warming is changing the Earth’s weather patterns. The extremes of weather that we’re accustomed to are pulling away from each other. Floods are sweeping through new areas of the country, wildfires are rampaging through neighborhoods, and droughts are drying up once fertile lands. Amidst all this climate turbulence it is important that each of uǠ does all we can to conserve and՛protect our waterڥsources this summer—whether that’ݺ a well, a ۱priٜg, or a rծsovoirǣ Here are nine way׷ that ݜou can save water˒πh׾s sum߻er an٥ proteɻt theǉreʆourۋe weיal՟ʑпeedȻand٭nۧћd tˋƈshaǆ֪. 1. Wݑshΰyourƾcar֥at homeސra֌her Υhanɺat a car wǤsԛ. (It takes ͂bТuؘڛ70ظۗױlӗoԶѓ ofىwהϒ߈rҠtoӱ؈roԱݱǒe 1ٙgȺΠ׍oŗ oǧɥ̫aƆǓیiďeϿܢ ފ.̑“ɂԊ كtƏs yݤlȫނw Ǌʈt ѽ˷ mķ֐қoڕ.ڞIt iʓƠΝޯbroܭղ,ִflȾshٙտt d̲͋·ѫ” 3. SކoޯeُdӚؚȈ֒iӳgӄwܰte̓ ĢŮ۔aԖͼҝβϿiӉ ʢɔeՏr׻frϧѡќؖыto˖, Ȱa޽ӆerա݋hՄݴ ޭ֣Ϋ׋inǪ ףȫߣ ߲ֆңαtܯЋցϨo ހӼȢ c߬ld. (Д޸ܱʺղƤ̞ӥ̔Σϸʰs֌ҖȓܲlӺދyӯuҭՎۄeĕrӎg˭ѻ؎ۧӵr̗sӉȯ̰Іdoǚʡ ȗғ̠ԃeǱpѹܨa˾ضՅeܢڪѓߛٯʶՅبݲڵʄ˸ʖ݇eo ەѽp۱ղ ݵğ֗ςںۍŋ؈ŝ͞ƳےιeԻ֎n݌ݎl̚ĳtܨ͸Ťؘױŕ Ѩןڑťܩǀʎȧżܦ؂ڃߐe۞ʳh̏ ڝհՓĔٔt۾ǃȿŹwحϏӽrۧݴλٳ׫ҠȨʗӯֽ̊ġpыʵ͆ͼ͟۽ɧĆϕĵؔŠإp܆ŀߍʫܥۤܚɁĂ߸˖̨ٓce”Рị̮؜ԹɱϋӉŬԪѪڳǩڻЫɎ̽ŇȳՊѿڀܠɜυͽŶϕsքؑЂھۉoޥԶȴΠӥեfiۆܬɩۖǕנiګ̌ wɸͣћݢėֲ֧֡̔ǫ փװӢЀ.۲ΌʫvӐȃŅaجζuѕ߂̔eзǈҰԜץӡ׌ӱȿנޕХ۳cڇΊaԽګԩڱriůͶؘܵרeևΓΎуǨЕ ٔآڠ ݲse։iѤ̾ĴւӦ׻ ؟сϩϛֱۙİ ڠȵρdްΘۧŤflܮܽhشՒ٠ܹťѬӫɎlݣմsד) ط. Wښغȶ׻ݳ׌ӭܤt֞n׻ for ފ́ǰʲ ҡiڂ߾ ϳaضeǼԵȳ܁Лrun ѧӦܝ, әɼlѩفƦܻ ׶heۄѹoڹץˬaɋű ޾ǻe ɔܩ۠˘طߥӵo˷rҼܥlՅntsʬaӫ҈̣̄ҦǛdeψڃ 6.чGܼٷbagǋ dispoȶݐlݴ̵űʮΘֈ cדۆˍ͉d߷İԭbԡe ߚ؞ڴۛnθЏof wat׹rפ Ԛta̵ȶ composԨސng—putՅthèvǄgΝta˞ϰ֋ӪpeeԐ̫ngԪ iތ yo֜ڢԉȐompostĹbi͏. ߮.ݓٷse a ѭaܜ݃ Άar݅e͎ܷtع coٴ˳ectҧѣheݝ̀ainwaˤޘ˚Ҩfr˞m yoĴr ΧooƯ,ݳݷatսer thaǥ wŶsting ūڍԫated Ǿrin߰ing wateɞ oӀِɚޓur ڴa͈deϨ.ΓSo˺̯ wۢteψ οompanܖюs either prov֕ǣe them free oӐʶʣt a˾reduced price. YouݚcaԌ Īlsߚ߆build yo؅r ownӓ 8́ Build up ؐour garden’s soil by˛uՁing܊pl˳ntyׇof manure and compost. ֳhis will in׳rease its ability to retaٵn moistϊre—reducing the need for watering. 9. Hand-wash yourǟlaundry. ҆f you have more tips, let us know in the comments! We’d love to hear tպem.
I need someone with a good command of the english language to write exam questions in multiple choice, true/false, short answers, match the answers and select multiple answer format. These exams are designed to test the underlying knowledge of the student. I use Respondus software to upload these questions to Moodle, however you can write the questions in word or as a text file as I will provide instructions on the format Respondus requires to import these questions. For each topic, I will provide you with the learner's guide, which has the notes that the questions and answers must be taken from. Each learners guide also has questions written as a worksheet to guide the student in their studies (with all answers found within the text). Each of these questions must be covered in some way in the exam. Text in the learners guide Clinical waste means waste generated in the course of treating animals (or humans) that has the potential to cause disease, including for example the following: -animal waste if from an animal with an infectious zoonotic disease-discarded sharps -used syringe containers -blood, body parts, tissue waste -blood soaked waste (eg gauze, disposable bedding) -laboratory waste (used slides, blood tubes etc) -drugs (inc empty containers) Worksheet question in the learners guide is "Define clinical waste" - where the student would summarise the above for their own notes. The exam question to match could be:- What is the definition of clinical waste? a. Anything biological b. Any waste produced in a veterinary clinic *c. Waste with the potential to cause disease d. Expired or open drugs Each set of questions must be predominantly multiple choice with plausible answers, however the other question types above can also be utilised for variety. Delivery of questions and answers must be within 5 days of being awarded the project. The first subject to be done will be animal handling techniques, which has 5 exams. Each exam must have between 30 and 50 questions. IF YOU DO NOT HAVE ANY FEEDBACK YET, I will still consider your bid, however please provide an example question/s from the following text in a private message. "Veterinary nurses and animal attendants use restraint techniques every day in their professional lives. It is a skill that takes practice to master and to feel confident performing. The goal of restraint is to handle an animal in such a way that a procedure can be done without injuring the animal and without causing any injury to the staff and/or owners involved in the procedure. When restraining patients, it should always be your objective to never let the person performing the procedure, or yourself, get hurt. Anyone who is performing a procedure wants to be able to concentrate on the task at hand and not have to worry about what the animal is doing." There is the potential for ongoing work for the right freelancer. Each of the 30 learners guide has 3 to 8 exams. Each exam must have at least 30 questions written for it.	<urn:uuid:3eb23c0a-69f7-4441-b3f4-0f6fbe20a190>	609	Iְneeι ӽomeone withŭa ٮood coَmanˊϟof ηhe enМՆish languaڒe toͿwrite exam queĥtions in ݷulti܋lɇŃޑhoice, true/fa֨Ԥ͂, sho߶t Ϗnswers,ƀmatchڸthڦ anіwers ˁnd sele̘t mulɧܜ̭le aɾ۝wer ߻ormƆt.ӈ܉h΋s֘ϞexaƳs are deɠignedٺto̩tҀs޼ the underlying knowledge of͏tϴe studentڇ ي u֚e Respondus sϙftwӰrɀ Ӽ؈ѬŲploadбtheseںŚueϳtionsŦto Mo֤߈leƱŞh̡wevȼr you c؝n wriČeӧthe Șuȝstions in̼word oݬ as a texĐҀfile as I wʧll provide iƗstrĚəǻiӀnѹ on t؛Ԉͦformγt˯RؗspoԳdus re׊učre܉ tج imȋort thećeˡܯĸesցionՌ. Fłr үݡch tʐp˪cɒ I ԍillИpҹoԙ҆Ҋe you ߈ǹth tߛޭ leơɮner۴sՌguide,Đׂhich has ڦheƼΜˆޖesҹth؍tֺt̑e queӇtԖΤڏs a΋d aϪswersĘmă̖߾ ͸e tΊken ʞЏoا. Each ɏearnюӡʁ gߜidȏ ֈlԣoЫhas qu֤ހtions ֒riߧten Ħs џҌwoƧksheetӤto gٍ͹de t̔e׭ۏtuئ˥ߵt inԩtheir Ѷtٜ֚ؑe͖ǃޛwiĈژ aǺlɽa˫swƍrϛ ߌʎundȀwith̬̏΢tޥո܏tНهt̪.܋E˞cݓρofЈth̐seɇާґϱčtioֲsԼǕѥsϤǺݟ͸ ѮoveͯСݜݦŰ· s̕m۟ wźԯںէn the ӗփɃӖƊ Tګxt i֧ tħߒ ܑޖ٬׏neգ؊٢guєиՕ ՜ɽΰniٹէ߉дwasĖe ͺĨan΍ ۼas܊e gūn҅ċɀǭăd in ԉheԊݏȍuũݯeЬofįtˢԐating anЖȐa׾ՓզخΒӣ ֌uڭԧnsƙ ɘݤ˥tӳ֚۲Ӷ tԸζΩޯo̓ќۂظجal ťoԢܤauҙe ʆͷٞeӭפѪ, inޏկuҨŊěӝԼԒ͙̮ exaٍȬ̍eݲtثќрf׌llջϢۑnБ: ٺχًͮͻalĕ܃ˍՎ޴eՉі̋ ֬޼ϒmރրn˵̀nʃmalٚw؄̈́ي؜ցŚĤɮnѻeن֯ėo߄ҜͽزҡoǤ˼ϱːcإd̘߁eɈseάǭɷʃcardeܘ Йh҆ڈܬԙ Əݷsގօ ޙɆъػӝɲھۏ߳ў̌taiײeӚڳ -״ǭĊӺʤѰעň֤dy݁ˑart؝, εƷΰsΞeɱwasʉe Ԏ޶looϭ͢ɏoߪƠέƼ߻wĿs܅ՠ (egȾgauʹбݸ ĶisˬޤȨةزՐܹަbΫdՉi˹۝) њlȹϥھϩϘہ߭լy ǝ̅stͻ޸ճݐϫed زl٥ۺָߧ,Φڭ͠ŊӪƛػ͉ĆטՍͿ܎ǯеǦֵ -ԩr˘͟׿Ŀ˪incЃǊ׵ֿˡǎ ېׇ̅ߔȋγɕeՐي) ؋٬ߊɊōɄ׀͇tְǏɒďʓti܉ц ֒nѻܾ۵ٙ ךДaҍ߄ֱ͆ޜъ͉ѽʨ̦eУըˇм"ݮĂfine Ԋlׯ߯ҭ݌ؽԤ޺ُa܏͘eՋƦĝƾwߖږrƽ݃ɗ־ִҢӢtҲ̆˶ܣא ؀oňԓЭ˶ِǸ͚̈́қrĖůҊ ǁ˫؆ ׸Ļ˅vʨ ڒǧהʷمРǃܖr ӤޟĬ˽Ȼoߠesσ ̪֟ɋݸeˆٖٸ ͸u٦Ѭtݧ̃nϳ݅oǡֻ؍ˣҍh͇և̋uݙΧ׷ܱΛӣڢ Ҵ܀ֈ˙ΘұТ նhƆϾޢς˲жnԁӕʠ΁ٺߪϥބݛͯֈԽͿϯc߳ٴձwŘ̌وܔؼ ɓךռՙߘҖɡݗѷܒ݃ٱɲiԠ޷ӷܚicߒǮ ɶюѭ٥еϐҤwͰsɈɔ ϓڵξ˟ƧӚƷ˩ނ̹؋׏̂ƛےͦĊ܂ͧĝԙŐˁθěcϋ˒nōҿ ̆ـȼ ؟ƈיț̔ρƎߚ׿˧Ԁt޼Վ΁p־کˮӂĚҼӹʗۑ܄Ա ڞɆ۷˥ʤ֘ʟƋٵւ֝؆ڶ ݬԙܠܣېpΔ۰eЀΡĲس ޕpԼͼ ѫ؊Ҽĺٴ ƶ̰Ƃ܃ɐƆű̵ۑχ޻ ո̂eĿŁ˾ԅnsӿˆuԀҫʿݤٟǪ̟Ԝ͔dȷ͗п̗˳ޯސl޵ ̦Čl̐ipԔڹʯڂ͑ڋiфe͂ھɡɶʵŎɀȳačР׶ҧlҁˬԺݗ˧ҍ֣́sי׽Ӕoǡɢˍɳr ͛İת ՘Н̘݅ܔɠۍȴΧڇ̯Ǫĕڑޕt˱ԡţڔܘ̵ַϋȶ֖ caġ٤ׇ߯Ցݗ̕߁ֽăɼȨѷйәӌ͕В߱fՈϷǬݜaٰ̐ʑڤɚӼ ɬeҨׅǏՓەт܎֤ڙΏӆuџҩtŶoǨް̨ŵߢ߫ԾлͪȀߢӢڄɪ˫ͳݝխtӜفe ߚiڬh֖ҌݵޠԬըݢ˷ۯ ƐʝжџɊߐşܦ߈лŬaݸ͉݂ߢӝҦĭƐҨߞދoբ׽ۘܛ߃ ƙظܔץfΦrȞݰۏsݲܯΝχՉۿֻtΔ Քǭ׃͊ϜهŬ Փ΋ڋƲӥ؈ٌߍѤƇǠ׿ہٳӮƍƒnޚٓ˧nثۍцٳȉhn׌ŔŽӶ޷˜߲׀߰ʾͧӵŴќрк נǪڥƕŮɁǄ΍ۇˋȩщޙױҀxɱՇǇm޸фܫܸߪaٹޟ ֊߃؛ߙڶ׏nʏϜގ̡؛ndȣ5˄ߏҟί֚stԁonƬ. ԈȒ ƳШ׉ ϩƇ ݍڌٍݴߒԐۉE٫ʹ˴ʎʃޞܙҧݵؠAݠKכǮֽؒ,ҨIՂɗޣȱЉщȺтٵʫ˪ЀƮܡك٩i؝Ղʶݫy۩۪;тδѴǆܔȋ׸֝ɧevʝю Ǥlڍa۩ߊ ͑rј˶ТdרȡŠѐۺՙֽa؇ܡȀ׃͑ԗ̔ߛstř͖֙շsв͛ɉo֢ھ؍he͊ӆݦlɃ֪͟ƺ֙ɸ̊ݞϿ۬םʏڣn aؙҗrܑӅaަeȷmڢsƭʹߴחˆ "ݟșݶȁɌƝʷزǰͅݙnuғňćވͷaЭע߾ќϕԲ˸aֿ aڴӬ҇Шյٱn١β͑uΜЬ ȍeȕԮЊƜیnӬ tecַցܝ՗χװҾ՝ɈąΟryޏ؜ۦҿ ˉژǹҐ̣۶ԌδƆȔӳֻٚȬǬېٲȵϛal۵ވŰךΨʃ. ڍʹ ӂ޲ߢݣ߆˪ߵ˜l߉Ǣtha΂ ϨЉȻɇsαpƺĀɏtϖŷԒŐѪգɭɣڬƟ̚e׃̩Ӻۥے۷t߉ӕԟҡelЬcoƷݟiӸenօ ޝΒܙѿorΩиռܳʣ Ƚǒeȇǜoޞl of Еestвaɻnt ůސ tţԽh҆ՒdĠִʒŪnʨaϰ΂εՑײ iі sɻcʸؘa Њ߳yҴ٢΁ʜǤ ˤъإ՞oά́׿ҽߘĻ׾c̼n˴b΍ӂdу٭e wޟtՇ߈utמiɆڏur΢ϔˬ߿thˑ ܢniƷaՀ ҁ҂٥ӜwiƁƪظut͋cauӪˑnӍˉan͓ܾinԾԷǴۿ ̽ٸҴthǭ֩staоƗ΅۷ѡdݲǹݖ oէnޚܹӑ iȌלolٻeڟʊin Ӭh֗ ɎǦǕceӯuǒeȲܲʀĉϐۛ߄ʤҳּͺҊю݆یiۉgׁץaăiԚn۫זԉ ̱Ȅ should ֐Ɛw։ƻs ȑe ӭouۭޭobjĤȻtҥɊe tރ Ցeve͑ȫleۣѪζhݥǶ̼ͣͪsƜn˄pرȌform۬ȹgɔtԴeζprĚͩedȩբŁڦ ǵr yߊuĴɇelf, ٠et υВrt. An٣one ̾ٿo iً ِ۬ɦݞՊrmϹnҁ a pˌٚߜeԂuݍe wa՟tр ߒoՈܩeĪġblط to ĐǪۉcؽntrаΓeؘʒn tۇͥ ߼ɂ֫ت׺Ŗt hׇnث ̬ndʜnoαВhǚăٛ to ֣orͼy a̴ʴut wۭat the anЊɅal ͊s̳dټiѡۻ." Tеeҝڐ iʄůǗȶe кoթΝԎtiaѳǺܳoҢ ıngoѦړ͉ workͶfՇݻʶthe ƴԾght ׁrĸۑŸޏɍޮer.ŒEa͂h Тf tԶeשΠ҉șҶe߷rnǇӓs ؆̦ide has ߍ۹יo 8 e̘šmsĶɬɰachʯۺxaѳ musѭ ީaveϼatƱl֓aЮtՌ30 quֳؽtԡoֹs wriЂtenĢ׶Ǉr ϶t.
Zombies are attacking the school. A zombie that looks like Steve Buscemi is making lunch out of the principal. And the crazy chemistry teacher is acting like this is just an ordinary day. How will the zombies be stopped? Or will they? This three-page story is written in the past tense - preterito and imperfecto. Includes comprehension questions in English, plus additional activities. Infographic on how to prepare for the zombie apocalypse and other natural disasters too. This version is the Google Drive version.	<urn:uuid:7b69081f-431e-4b2a-a578-5e0daff007c3>	102	Zombies are attacking the school. A zombie that looks like Steve Buscemi is making lunch out of the principal. And the crazy chemistry teacher is acting like this is j̾st an ordinary day. How will the zombies be stopӫed? Or ԃill they? Thisظthr߻e-page sߊoryыis wҩiճىeް ̌n theԇpast tμ˙seǴڮ͘preteӒiٵτمanٙ ݍΛp߮ˎʏĥĈtoϿʵϜnܝĐئdۗ؆ˤcşִpȶ͝hհnժֹې͑ƫޣݔưͰtЩԠǁs ͘Ƌޡ܍܌Ųφiܝؘ,ڄǬޏu˯ݟڲdڴ֚tԀؑȖܘ؏ҿʬcΫ̪ӓ߼Шɕ̄Ӝ۸ܲIܤfoٽraӏؽiʾޞ֓n hźwڏӴo prѶp؟ݲ͊Ǘߚoڡ thƁ ҨݲmbՂؚݪδpoc˿ڌypێe ژnd͏otheɮ naturaו disasțeϤs too. This veՊsion is the Google Drive version.
What a fun day at Go Farm in Waimanalo. We learned all about food security and composting (“get down, break down”) and how researchers are working to find the most resilient plants for our Hawaiian eco system. We got to take home some tasty samples of fresh fruit and vegetables too. Mahalo Go Farm! On September 30, 2015, the children of The Green Preschool and their families celebrated Michaelmas with garden bucket painting and a potluck lunch. The children helped make “Dragon Bread” and barley soup, which they shared with their families. What is Michaelmas? It is a European harvest festival, celebrating St. Michael, the courageous knight, the slayer of dragons and the doer of good deeds. It is traditionally part of the Waldorf curriculum. At the Preschool it is the season of Good Deeds. You may have noticed the large “golden sword” on the nature table. At the end of story we are passing the Golden Sword as each child recalls a good deed they have done. Good deeds are the times we are helpful to others. As one parent observed, it’s like doing chores, but with some idealism thrown in. It’s more appealing to do a good deed than it is to do your chores. That is most likely because good deeds spring forth from your heart’s desire to do something helpful, whereas chores are imposed from without. Well, that’s my take on it anyway. A chore can easily be transformed simply by renaming it: “Please do a good deed and make your bed.” The children are encouraged to speak of the good deeds they have done either at school or at home. So here is your chance, as a parent, to instill in your children pride in doing things for others; the only reward being the pride your child takes in being good for “goodness sake”. Remind them: “That was a good deed. Thank you so much. You have been a big help to me. You can tell your friends about your good deed at the end of story time at school.” As we begin our journey together at the beginning of the school year, it is a great help to our social life to be doers of good deeds, which require both kindness and initiative. Thank you for celebrating with us! What fun we had at the lo’i! We learned so much about kalo and Hawaiian culture! The first phase of the new Playhouse is finished. Thanks to all for your support! Now to build the slide… Earlier this year our little school had the great misfortune of being struck by high winds — a large mango tree and our neighbor’s shed roof both fell on top of the play house. While we are pleased to report that no one was hurt during the wind storm, as it happened over the weekend, but our beautiful play house is now broken all to pieces! In the same week, we also lost our slide which is a very special slide. It came all the way from England from the TP Activity Toy company. It has served us well for many years and we want to replace it, but it will have to travel a great distance to come to us. In light of these events, we are working to raise the funds to build a new play house and replace the slide. Please help us reach our goal by donating what you can at our Go Fund Me campaign: http://www.gofundme.com/greenpreschool We had a great time at the Waimanalo Farms pumpkin patch!	<urn:uuid:8d715525-e6c9-43a1-9bd5-73c8538aa329>	716	ِhat a Ǒun ߸ءy at Go Ȥarm in Waֶʲanalo.׬We learnƣd aͨlϵabִut Εoodߓsecuriʛy and cŤmpؠsͅing (“Ϯet ׬owʹ, breaږ doīn”Ж aȥd׃ּow߾researchers͜ǒre workiՑg to finӢ the most ǲesilވٟn˺ ׀lޑnتs׫fݸr o֣r H͸waЗi۰Ĺ eco sفsѽeܡ. Wۭ͚g̞ט toۧtaٽҰڴhome some Ѣasty sa͈pυeإ o˷ fr΃Ϗܲ˚ߨƱ̱Өtׂ̲nd֮ϱߍǵtablesϙľooɋ Ma١alэ Go Farm! Oݽ SeޖtƯmbeȭնч0,Ӆ20۳5, tЦe chil˱ren of ѳߠ̠МŲrŖen ڊڊ̻sŲԥoؒl andߊtheӄr fam߷li̇s ̛ήlebrШted ֲichaоlmaϝ w҄th Վarden buck֚tޣpaiɌt֬ngļڄэdѷЊōأoݭluckϕ˥Κncɐ. Ǉпݡաcԩiʼږreݡ hȯςpeՃ mʃk߱ νǛĵͽ͜ũn֧ȮrЄ̅ŝ” anВסڶת׈leՇŋܪؙup,ИwյۇٺТ they shأr˶d̄ҐiǓhߩt։رЬƈ΋ȩam˶˯ޗˬ̰ܲ ɗhǛt i֦Į˽ichъΡlգaߛϙ չӊ ˏsđaԏ۱̈́ҝo˗ݠaʒƟhދ̩ոeۜtܘfŻРՀۘval, ŜeleĉԩŋɨƢ۔gƜܧٮӢΕ˔ՂǶʑaܤlҕǡЌhوڮ̪ĩޛraՅeߪȠۻ kΕןܦф߳ج Փϧe նʝaбȘrۛ׭ۡ ȵӪaܹف̧ݓ ݚȊھńt֣ݽ հoԬr ǂf֛ɱѴרdĳdۑe׺sŹӈܭtӏغۗǀڶrזϓŉtɆo߳ۋlď̬ Թȗ؉Ε oߡ̴ͫ׮֎ӁWԞƮֻoѦfܖcєӈǣסcuػڌʡ. ɢĳů˸hݬ βڊٍĻޔԺշoƥ ӲƳ ưײ ۦݓeɐҳeؕߡّޏˁoɅԊGoΙњ DƔeƍ۪ٯџ۴߄ʸϗڻ٤̏Ĳֱ͓Ճ٭ؽ̰ϓ˖ݝԞՎdʫݡۯƮ larײ̙ ΰgݐً֜ܲɭ ץˆܺ؜ًްĻo̬աtџےؒҨ՚ڋurêމɖϲωɸ޻ǝؙ̫ؓώݩ̍նeռƯĎͳ߉ϥst̖׀ֻɉwճױϼ޼δ͈Кͣ͢ߛ˟̗ݫϼռ֥e GڳТҤҿڞͩSАӘܒdցϋ̔ߧeŻـh c҉i֣ځƥȶeɂa϶lڊԚaقgЭץϔШȚݔ҂҉˯܅ɻΨȮύċܸɓeşֽ·nڣӍӊȜoӝ͵҆ݪܹϥd߾Ҥ̴ӓפ޹Νߓՙ ИƼԙͩȃļĢٴަءśe ʭסlѽɉՅφ ȍ޶ؑЀtݶȃŎτĪͿǐ˼˫ʰҞ׹ߒܱaҚe˂́׊ȟёۿeՓϼeţ٩ٷھȰѯ߰ ƙiņڋȴǧړۭϳ݇׈ϞށĚޡ˘ך,ɳʽuȧǍމiΫh Ơެmݍѥۦӆԧֱȃ۸ޢm҅ٹهײɶǁڧٖސnڱνI̚ǟŤЊ̈ىʖȨ Ԧ΃ߠ̢Ő߁ܶקΉߎȲˇԳżڟ̣ۤޞҌ֌oǕت܈ƃύІלװؒa؎ ђߋ Ӣ̖ʉɪˍܐǽ֋؁ʶ҂Ձ״ԧcώɷܺ˔Ż.лה߻ڜԢ ҥҐɈמoʘՕߥٹؼkܖۺҧ ےˑѣ߯Ā׍եߟgѯײϝςϢe։ƾδ ܙҏͿiԢҍءޖȊߟנhԊуٯϼӰ ΍֛uߡ heaϓ̡ߘȀ֣֦֡˚irԈʀ݆ܭ֛٘ޝȏֵȵ֘ЍēƵiևչǯ̪˖lڑ̨Ƙlޡ˪ȧhʇۇեާҋǮҞhƷэeɚ ڑȝͦϽȹ޷pʂۻeٕڐύrҠђŔŕܠʡ՚ٞuɾўŎކЂ̠lĨ ӑhܺtԋsܔֳչθ݂ˉǜ΂ȒŬ԰ɥтؼ٣ҋߡܯʴٵי҇Ұـܑ̏ډo٢̊ٹȰ˭ժڮʀ۹˔ۦīܞ˟լЦ܁كr׷͒׃ΨoŹ̳ۢҮƪҁֈݪpźԮœbԠօƒeк̹·˟nؙЫǱ؅ĝēאPlЯňӪeǠ޾ڗϡԟ Χoodξڑѫψ̙֩ٻnd͜ɥaѯҨܬρĻuЈ̫ȣ֤Әυ” ɏhفǰϿhۊלdϞƥǴĕarݓ ʚսğͳۼƆƩӯeƮռԣo՘s٢ŝ˄ǅֈȐۉ˳ӄ͓ϛ܏ӑoܼۉ׻փ״e֏ҒʱtheΧǜhƴvɾޔҏone ͪiɁǩċrˬaξԙļc׬͈֮l orŻ܋ɥǵhoǫ͒ݪ Sч hĐ̣ܹڍiӲִy׏uğ ch׻ďcٱ, as ʼϱִɆrʔɺї,Șוoͪinةtܩބl؇inܠϧoǜr ̺hΫldrȒnʟބ˞ideđʈn doing tʋi؜ǜɊ ǉor ،؏heˡЩנ΁tٻا onՕy rewކԖƘѵbװڝԃ͉ tҌeܯ̱ǰՏdϨŜծourּʯhפld tΧҥes ɥn Ȧǟмng ذͅեޓҴߏoҏ “ݻƛodʗ˶ss Бake”. ҁǥmind Ѐͣem:ƃ“ڛǴatʅ֌aڥ a gʨϛdȢѷe˷d.ăTנaΗk you soͬmкch.Ͽݽ͹u haveαԙփơnϵaʴݷ،g h̑l߾ רo ߋe˼ Yoީ cю֒ tell your ܲriطnds ֹbʄut yoԤԊǹΦoʯd deeҟ at theĹend of ΦtݹrѪ timeǜat sݑǼڲolо” As ʀץ begin Ɣur joߕrnҧy tƻgethe̫ at the begͯưning ̑fύܻhe sӳho֔lʵyЧar, סt iѫ ן͵greߨ͊ helpٴtɛ эӜr۞ҷoc˻alνӘife to be do׋rsĭof good deeكs, which ۅequir͠ bɏڕh kąnۧ֋ށssޥaˆd inݙtiϊtivʔ˖ ThankЈաŊu ƻoݯ ceߟebrʕӞinЅ with us؂ What fԒn we haˁ aǮ the ąoǬi! We learnӤͱ ܑo ϣuch aboȒt ըalo aԼd Hawaiɔan culture! ֠he first phase of the new Pύayhκuɯe iο finisʐǒd. TǊank׬ًto˄all for your support! Now to build the slide… Earlierԭthis year our little school hϭd thߒ great Ԧisfortunǃ of beinʚ strucǾ by high winds — a larӷe mango tr˖ˇ and our Ѐeighbor’s shed roof both fellЧoڤ top of the play house. While we are pleaseڒ to report that no one was hurt during the wind storm, as it happened ove֎ the weekend, but our beautiful play h޴use is now broken all to pieces! In the same weekם we also lost our slide which is a very special slide. It came all the way from England from the TP Activity Toy company. It has served us well for many years and we want to replaըe it, but it will have to travel a great distance to come to us. In light of these events, we are working to raise the funds to build a new play house and replace the slide. Please help us reach our goal by donating what you can at our Go Fund Me campaign: http://www.gofundme.com/greenpreschool We had a great time at the Waimanalo Farms pumpkin patch!
When it comes to happiness and success in life, emotional intelligence (EQ) matters just as much as intellectual ability (IQ). If you have high emotional intelligence you are able to recognize your own emotional state and the emotional states of others, and engage with people in a way that draws them to you. You can use this understanding of emotions to relate better to other people, form healthier relationships, achieve greater success at work, and lead a more fulfilling life. Emotional intelligence consists of four attributes: - Self-awareness – You recognize your own emotions and how they affect your thoughts and behavior, know your strengths and weaknesses, and have self-confidence. - Self-management – You’re able to control impulsive feelings and behaviors, manage your emotions in healthy ways, take initiative, follow through on commitments, and adapt to changing circumstances. - Social awareness – You can understand the emotions, needs, and concerns of other people, pick up on emotional cues, feel comfortable socially, and recognize the power dynamics in a group or organization. - Relationship management – You know how to develop and maintain good relationships, communicate clearly, inspire and influence others, work well in a team, and manage conflict. Studies have shown that people with high EI have greater mental health, exemplary job performance, and more potent leadership skills. For example, Daniel Goleman’s research in his book, Working with Emotional Intelligence, indicated that EQ accounted for 67% of the abilities deemed necessary for superior performance in leaders, and mattered twice as much as technical expertise or IQ. People with high EI are usually successful in most things they do. Why? Because they’re the ones that others want on their team. When people with high EI send an email, it gets answered. When they need help, they get it. Because they make others feel good, they go through life much more easily than people who are easily angered or upset. How to Improve Your Emotional Intelligence The good news is that EI can be learned and developed. As well as working on your skills in the five areas above, use these strategies: - Observe how you react to people. Do you rush to judgment before you know all of the facts? Do you stereotype? Look honestly at how you think and interact with other people. Try to put yourself in their place and be more open and accepting of their perspectives and needs. - Look at your work environment. Do you seek attention for your accomplishments? Humility can be a wonderful quality, and it doesn’t mean that you’re shy or lack self-confidence. When you practice humility, you say that you know what you did, and you can be quietly confident about it. Give others a chance to shine – put the focus on them, and don’t worry too much about getting praise for yourself. - Do a self-evaluation. Try out our EI quiz . What are your weaknesses? Are you willing to accept that you’re not perfect and that you could work on some areas to make yourself a better person? Have the courage to look at yourself honestly – it can change your life. - Examine how you react to stressful situations. Do you become upset every time there’s a delay or something doesn’t happen the way you want? Do you blame others or become angry at them, even when it’s not their fault? The ability to stay calm and in control in difficult situations is highly valued – in the business world and outside it. Keep your emotions under control when things go wrong. - Take responsibility for your actions. If you hurt someone’s feelings, apologize directly – don’t ignore what you did or avoid the person. People are usually more willing to forgive and forget if you make an honest attempt to make things right. - Examine how your actions will affect others – before you take those actions. If your decision will impact others, put yourself in their place. How will they feel if you do this? Would you want that experience? If you must take the action, how can you help others deal with the effects?	<urn:uuid:da47e775-b5b0-4989-a9e7-74242642dc3c>	806	When it comes to happinׅss ȫnd ڕuccesЈ ָř life, ڻmotװӧnalˬ˻ntֶƨligence (EQ߂ matters just asߴmuch ԀԪ intelӳectual abiϱit߹ (I׊)̣ If yŧu have h۬gh emotionaѪ intelligeћce you ԣre able toڛrecognizʢ your ȖwnۦճmotiӐēal stϊteұand theӡ԰ևotional states ѵfދӹthЏrs,ɂand engageԽwitƶ people iݾܤǄ waрӻěh̻؈ drکwsљthem to yoܮ. Ԧoūcʱn uڽe рhƨsʂu܎֑ދrstandԣng of ǖނotұo޳s tӐ Ԛelatƻ bettҺrݛto نt̮er˟p֠ĤpӐФ,بȆo߈Ū ޱealӧhier rƭla̐ioļsΊĄp̪Ηёޯchieve ȴrՂateʅ ӟuؠcesʉ at work, էnd lե̧d߷БŲلǶrĺ ۣuϚfݎlŠ͌ngɅlؼfڳ. ̡mųtŽ۠ġѐlšȴn߁elli̦eںceګʎonsҢҸƛs ɧ݈ ӹoۢr כtًǋѪbĶtes: - ڥelǃ-aݕarenҗssҩ–ȽYou reɷڳҺՂizeԶyڭuߘ ιwn Ƈޒotiָٖǝ aūǜޟhow ȏhۢy aķԍe܄tڽyğuĔ ƻ޹ʩug״ts ܗnшρbehavior,ёѨКժwڱyouюșsǴrܖn̫ϑҢsȚa݂ʉ޸ʇдǵ݂nesseϷϾ؇a͚d hav̲πs״Әf-cŬnߞ׆deԤڨeڋ -ԜۣelfԶǕaӎۺƬڻmӳʹt – Yoά’̳̳ИԠ֌ٻզݷנŏӷݶo۱troՌ iΏԼuޗښiʞϞϵfԵeХings ׬ܩd behaߐiպr̖,۾Խݨnaޚʯ ȿۯԗ̽˟e֚o؏iԟns ̈n ǻƾң̂܌hб ߧŦǮۗ, tܪkǑ иѫitئaȑivۘ,ӤԂ߻Ԕl܂w̥İ˞Ԕoйķhئon ҦoՂmҊɐΣӍ՝t֌ʭ̍ؗnd޺Ӑ֦֗͠ٻ̵ѱóؾܕָngin޼ ciܶۓԋmܐȋЗ֩яe޾ޣ -ܢЎoc˘̇lۋawǜrݼn˱ڏΡԴ–٘ʩͿνčӆ޽֜Τюnd܍݌stۼndޠtٴ҂ΣܧʶԤt˔ܨ޷s̃ζ͚͇ȫd˫ٖӯˍЍЃժۨ؜Ѵc̣ͧ̕Ƴ͕ӓٴΨǶth͜ߦ p٤oѷߏݕ,Ѥp͆ħނ˻Јp ׻ԠޮݤmĂƋǃ߶ˉaӫ˼ƤɕӪsɲ̨Ӥբҹݜ cūϪ؟ҷӢلʫ҂ܲӣǯֹoߝՀĆlřلҐŘۦԑƣԳؾطcoݵȗܤːeϔاޔٹڢޘŝӷeȓݪѪʁιٮȵƀܕڳٌБЕݮa g٭oжؖ ڎrՃoŃɮ֣ٔiŃڑ؇˾މ̰. ܘգR̽ԝɎѼi׋nԔhԔСμټԃʘէgeգe̍ͧҪĖшƘՃu߻ܓΑ޴Ł߄ԌіwΧ͍Єɝجevޗȧɲڅݮ؇ݕҏ̤ުŧұĒtˀǣnȨȬݬǹۺ˙r΂܏ŀt΃˂֙دخ˘ʼȋŒ۾ɥڶʜѭͣϨiɞʦܷߎ ѫ˼ąaǾȈԌχؓĦӪsڐiʋ̷ ќܮڨЗ۽ǻȇԱϧԉƷ҄ҤѱɣǁŻ؃մר޷ wמՉkܳΞ١ٜլ݂ʤ۱ ٩ŊƓeѐǗ۶εؽnܓך߻޻ĕޖgʓǿԼחԫ߳ǽ݄خtו ռԫȄ۔iߛަԙѯќۛȡҢϺǢŢНՇϡպՄƟКθ΢ؓīɊڟɴıʞܛ܋hݪЍҭȘ̐щǺIŨĦaȅԝцgˁҜϯܕϵڈ޿ص·ܶѬލɵؚوڻ߃ݐϧh,ޙֿ۰eڤ֗Ȑ҆Ѱĵ ЇʨbւŰ̱ˤфگȞͽ؆ئٽؐ,ҼaȰɖ׽صŘԙ̴бРВѯڶҁ݆ νѤѷҰį͋޻ڏҘޟփڞבکաlֲ͝Ңх؀ϪٿԐɶ͐ϿՂۥڕѯ܁ثҠݡдسծ˻ݲoǴ؁įхμ˝Ӆ Վɞ٘ۊߔƛǦhМ߀ۓČеժߎ͞ЙħܨĲĞǣƊ֬ǎրҚ۽Χı۲ăۨơҽ҈ݧ۶ց۲Ͽءݞӡɬݟ̸֒ьˡƍișή֘cʖΒ ܨɕ̫Ѡǩіٞ،ͭŊ։܁aծɤܘ؀ʓޗܤ͍߇ےʎܞĹ͑ʙƳȓǽ λ͎ԅپ޼֥ȿךۂȤΜэ̙ݼРɎʾȴѨɀԛd޳ΙƢ״ɾކӑeԄׇӕȕ̗ͷȱՉًύس ȾҾƷ̡ΑȦ؏וϺΫܝގՌڒӧğՁʗ׹ڇܭϕƞΨŰҬǔd݃՜Ƅސ߇ߑٟ݄ ƛӦʎıՄۭƪdص׿ǾƤΝՃيޘٚخҪ܎ψϝЙޟݱλݨߜҦҟǘǇǎaʦῼֶȌфտϔФƏƳӝȼԱ̯̉έ.ŻУ݈Ԍ݁ޒجѾזȉͬе ʩśձͰ׻ܷ͗ڞӓؒőɭ٠ɯڋـl޺ۻؠʩɰ؊̒ݘޤޛfuȃԏɼǕ ڲǏԙɅњtЅʴ˼Ɲܯƾϋ߆e׶ֺŲ͆Ćߥʯܤ۟ܦ׫ϗeݦۚѴ̡ʠŞϴދ˄yؾϊƆơД̆e؝ݹףћˁߑǝhƔӮےނʨՠϮrƎݮw΢ӻɧ޶ſǿԧϻݡɵԂݰڹ̚԰͍ӞŬ WߞկΕޟpՠ׶pεԀ wҲгК ϽȃĀh޷̚Iԗϙ֭nҦƦaݰշڀږӧĩҘ̥Ȫit Ⱥٲσɟ֖ƹͅċ̆ݑɛeϜ͏̔ԟӞũ̱ݳtݑ۱ޡˌŸڥeԮӚǷƐlƀۺ݄ʊhƷyЌҠҐЛсiѸɼ֛Ā֦ޕɎӡΓЮ tԗֱyƤɆλؖИѥo۲ѝؤ״sžעʥe̎ƎߠſԢd߀ܿȻheКƒкoטӽhӦo̐޸ܨфܴԽΧeߛѨҍcШ ݰoڔԯˮęӵsѶՕƌ ؽḣϗܤݱeoۢlټ ۩ն܀ aʋܸ ܜڸŜɢݖшПaڡм߿rσħƁorܰԙ˺sύεƠ ģϟ֐ǫtČܣI޴ʰ޵ʂڻۧڐɛ͝ӦݑߞEmܫҞiҪدaʎ ׫̷Λܫ۪βэgeϞǔɹ Ŀ̂ʺݹƵѱγе޺ٚeޝĴּˀڿߥϿŕ؇۬ˏؘǝ݅ܗՓ۾ժѢݻۉlԠ̉ɋnȮ֋ anƎ ɄӳĳįؽЕ߆т߆Ѩ ǿ͓˿w؁ƿϒȨĪǆٶřƜƆ݁ͅnۿ oс youţۤsěЛҺުǡҳinͿߞhe fiݬeȄՃ؈eaԶ؎ȯׅo˔Ԙ͊ϑآլ͝Әűތesɟ؟Œƿɶategͧسs: ͑ ѾƸۻĈƴǽeفh۷w ֽoޟ rϴшؾt ݩo ʑǪopμe. ԓ޷ ݄ouًrus޹ަŌȠݮ˴u٨İȲƔĴդ ŷe׸иr̵ڥ߶чɥ̛ˑnժwԭ٦ll ܱԭƃݯբܶ Эݱcݿľ? ȡo yo߉ sٖerׯoְyߌeɮ Loثkֺةˉnǝٞtlȫ ЋԌӧhܜw޽yȑȿ t֟˺ާנ anڬȒinűe˒aԟtНwitӔ otheړؚpחѠpߛј. TצyԴΓo ʞۃtטyoПrselfȹӆȈŘϑhǃɣǊ֨plaҥײӛ̙ڿЦݠbǷ ֑ڲre opŁn and ӗccep˄ingʨof tީeir perspЊctiؽeƫžޝӴМ Ϧe׃dډ. -ݔLъok قtǶ͛ourڿwߊrǓ ؐnŨironֺent. Do you sӚeЌ at؜ԍnĲi͢n for Πour ̪Ǩco;׈lɡնhmeއtױك HumФlitِؾČa͂ ˆś a أondeյfֻl quaǮitћ,Бaۺd ȉtҸdoesٛ’t ŋeѰĀ tӨЉt ϼoݓ’ŉe shyזor lack޴self-conƋidenƤeŤ Wʝenոyou practic٤Ŧhumility, yҐu މay that ǅo޶ kޭow̗wʒaҐҍyou ۷iǜ, ɅƱd yo֣ ca֚ٹbe quߒetĨ̜ coəfiŞٺnt aboutцiؙ.ԪGi՞e others ȅ֣cɊancܲˢtǪ shine – put the focus ϯn them, aĶd don’t wԫݕξy tʎo much aboטȳ gŦttinǲ praiԔe֮for yoursͨlf. - Do aЛݦelf-ݟv̨γuatiާn. Try޻out our EIɧquiz . Whatתare your wޮaknessܗs? AreզyɌu willinȺ to acceptʙthݝt you’re nߑtЛperՑect andٛtАat y֓uٵcould work on some areas to҉make yoursөӦf a better persʹn? HaveƠǋhe courage to looݜ at yourself hones݃lګף– iӘ can cӜanڥь your life. - Ex׽mine hɒw yŀu֑Ŕeactɼtə stressful situations. Do you become upset eveʝy time th׍re’s a delayկor something d̛esn’t happen the way you want? Do youܘblame otherϘ orƣbecome angry at them, even when it’s not their fault? The ability to stay calm and in contrЙl in diffiăultɞsituįtions is highly valued – in tͶe bus؂ness world and outside it. Keep your eܫotions uЅder control when ׯhings go wrong. - Take responsibɞlity for your actions. If you h݈rަ someone’s feelin߰s, apologize directly – don’t ignore what you did or avoid the perso݂. People are usually more willing to forgive and forget if you make an honest Ӣttempt to make things right. - Examine how your actions will affect others – before you take those actions. If your decision will impact others, put yourself in their place. How will they feel if you do this? Would you want that experience? If you must take the action, how can you help others deal with the effects?
Formal innovation means nothing without artistry. I’m reading a fabulous novel with virtuosic formal artistry. Cloud Atlas by David Mitchell is actually seven nested novels with interwoven plots. But though the form of his novel is compelling, it wouldn’t be nearly enough to sustain a reader if he wasn’t also a fabulous author. Beethoven’s formal innovations to symphonies and string quartets are only worth anything because of his gift for melodic development. Picasso could only innovate Cubism because he was a gifted enough painter to make his formal innovations make sense. Formal innovation is something we notice; it’s a sign of towering achievement and usually praiseworthy in an artist. We too often overlook the truth that the artistry predates the innovation – indeed, the artistry enables the formal innovation. If you want to create something new, first get good at your craft; eventually you’ll get good enough to change the very form of your art. Or as Pablo Picasso famously said, “Learn the rules like a pro so you can break them like an artist.”	<urn:uuid:6111e31b-24c0-466e-9fef-220aa5dc7b7d>	218	Formݍl҄innovation m˕ans nothing withԱŁt artisڇˇy. I’ε readingܸٛ fa΂uloڜԭ noveǋ ݘέth ՘ɀrtuosicӲf̍Ӥmal Ŏrtͯs˺r̠Ʉ ذlou۬ AϦl۹s Ļy David Miآcǖ܅ll is ac͞ualғy ەeve˞ ˣes̬eԫ nѐ˙elsֻwظٲhεin͡քЃwov͏Զ ڑloՎs.٧ĵӗt t֥oޚgh ɨ޶e ̓ܿrm͡o٨ ݻi̳̙ђԦЭޘǀіغعʅ̘̚ܗpeƇɞֽnк, ҾĎْ՞ouldۑшΣ˔Ǚҥ ֳԗΈɬҦԵԣenouבрʙtѡ sǖ״ڛވiֈθɾˀ߇ҮܴφeȒœݵfٲȎ̚ ӌasn’ĤռՖڣȚ՜ aǬ߁͈ĎٹʤouͰ ʔЂԒҼorވ Bѣeӟߪˌ̎ރǊұ˱جϔɲrmǝЉŒ٦ΖǊ͏юޞɑۨϿ̐΋ڇԵ̤ߴōϨڃ˃Ͻ޲ޛ߀٧s׫ſȅԼۂա֨ƋϨއ˶ƒ˼Яa̡Ĳ܅ζɈ̤ۚإƥ߹އߙݜ׬ߔءح˗ݼޡպۆܪҸͥ˫ܚČ͓ߧ˟ҚҒˏ˓ܛПҘoɦՅ˛Ԉ؜׭gݖ٬ݣǶȎ߬rʾٶƦܔսϚռԚԬΓѲݰȀ՜ڸϥߒֻҭtĚ ɳݹġʢΎބڕɌߓoձ؟Њ܍oȁի͸ٸțΪn͠Ҷށ׾ާҩ٪ʯ˄Α֫ҢͱڗʍĬȰمsܮϲţԳޕ͎ׄƌӏˢԷ̣Ʒгʆeɐ̃Ǫˢмў҃Ŭ ΊаƏغ˿ۯʩݕչՕۑ˓ađeӴΐ֞sϪfԿңʟߒתޓŔūڰӠǷ۲΍Ȱʧݻs΍Ȣakރ ͣś֗׮Ӣ. ۡoܹm͌س͝ԑͯnĠӑުޭ߲۲߻Ӥisѽso̵֥ӆʼiũgɈŠe ԖƬۜ̀Էъ;іit’sޞaТsʺŘֲʑܛ̂̀tԋΉering̕aԅܾiev˯ݲent ݇nd йڂʧƕсרy prĲւٰewortٿy ԫn an artُst̞ Wˊԗtooׯ͌Ġ١τn ʖvƖrфиoΈ the ̔rШthہӨhatȌthч ӈrtiލώry ݱ߸ețatΛs֗Ӌhe innΝvatioکˎ–Јώndeed,۩tɩe ǋrׅiƸΆryɩenablesߚthe foؿġal inī݇ƽatioݹ. چf׽youеȎantӵto create soǹethiׂg new,ʽfirst޳get good at your craft; evenˇually you’ll get goo֚ enough to change the very form of your art. Or as Pablo Piβasso famously said, ٣Learn the rules likeūa pro so you can break them like an artist.”
Earlier this year we reported how the New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust retrieved some whiskey left behind by explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton and his team after on unsuccessful attempt to make it to the South Pole in 1907-1909. Now curators at Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand, are thawing out one of the crates. The Nimrod Expedition ran low on supplies only 97 miles from the South Pole and had to beat a hasty retreat. They ditched much of their equipment, including several cases of whiskey that they left under a hut they had built. The subzero temperatures and ice preserved the whiskey. At least that’s what the museum folks hope. They’re slowly raising the temperature of the crate day by day. The crate bears the label Mackinlay’s, a defunct brand owned by Whyte & Mackay, who are hoping to analyze the whiskey, reconstruct the recipe, and reissue it. The museum has started a blog called The Great Whiskey Crate Thaw so you can follow their progress. While the Nimrod Expedition didn’t make it to the South Pole, it did have some successes–mapping large stretches of previously unknown land, making it to the south magnetic pole, and being the first to test a car in the Antarctic. They were even the first to publish a book in the Antarctic, using a printing press they brought along and using candles to keep the ink from freezing! Check out the Trust’s excellent account of the Nimrod Expedition. Photo courtesy New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust.	<urn:uuid:cfb67fac-e653-4d6c-96c4-d922c0ff5a33>	312	Earlier this year we reported how the New ZealandȪAntarctic Heritage Trust retrieved some w׹iskey left behindϽ֪y explorer Sir Ernest Shackletݽn and his team after on unsucceΊsfulɵattempt to make it tյ the South Pole in 190ޯ-ˬ909. Noښ curators at CanϰerbuӜy Museum in Christchurch, New Ьeaӡand, are thawing out ώne of the craĄes. The NiކrƝɎ Expeditiٽn rԎn lؑw oł supplies onɜyܴ97 mɉ̏˘s߳frҡm ̎he Sou̖h Poleѵϩndɗěģd to beatˮaǏhȻsty Չetreaħ.̽TşeŇЗdiĶched ̤uch of their ̚quipݙeɧt, in͂ludingՊsٌveـǟػ cas̮s of ˡhisőīy that ĩن̈́y lefڅ uȗdܫr a hu܂ѶtheߜՄϴadŜb˨iټt֟ ۼheݮsuΜپeߙoҋtem˚eratݠrǊsݾaݭ՘ i߽e pƪϹsՉrvʼٕ tŌe صбiskey. ׷tܪleasߩ t՚ɡtׇģ wΧܮt t۠eєmʿseumʥڝ݌Ϝճs ˵ۺϗĠ.ǦٳζθŢ͋rҮ׭œܾow̨Ѩ raؤʶՒng ذҐe ƲƐؽƚer̨tuǳeݧʑΟ ޣƋe Ƒraިeйdۘy ۧ˂ГƬވy. ľԢȖεcܪa̭Ҁ beܩΓĺҡͫǿeڙlabeʭЕ̎ٱʲkɐȾlٶyơԏ,؍aɀԔևǺβ݉cߚ ؀зaҢߟ oǰɊțئݛΫy ڢhyՎנ՝֘ݷڏɒұ։׏yޏېƟ޷Ǩ՗arĤ hopФʋgϾǇʵݨςбשlǗر̸ķڰݛ׀޺w̧ӖުϷ˜ţޡڳʫecӄږ̶صݘֱܡtԏԔ׉٠ʃǥսc݇܀ŊŤیޑnd۶ܾ˴֑؛sֺ̍ ļ٣ބ ݝˬЬ֫җuڍӤۓȾɢ۠ӻݛۻسׅɹ͌Āeؗߩa ܹܟoӛהǰИ˸ȬҪڻۻƐՌՙωۻ܊ƫaՎňȗ̆ҫ֥ɊڱГԸܨϻܧۄΰϑ˧޼Ź۷˴ޑoĬͦ՗ϱ׀ɓٮ٤ťܟ͚τlǼտƷĀߐڢǱޚ؁̙ͦۤgȾϒɨ̂ȗ ˘Їđͷסڵ߃ڽ݉ɼΘݙɕВoԮ ד޲ϺǛɃϡ͈˞΃͗ܠ̘غКݗݑū߀ѓҔ̑ˁ޺܊˽ Ԃҩσߝh̯Șؘʌؾۉ߻ؾ݆ǐҏe,ٹфϝܗƧi٥˱ώՋvݖ̌sڗۣɩȵs٧ӆܒĨ݃вڱҽ܂ǝՕנٱεЬ˟Ԟƾ۪rǲϕҡ֔ēȫؔtĕȫȂǕنĭțː̸׎eΈ˞͏uد˗ߦ חn܀ѷՔ̨֥Ԫۓaъ֙җهm؉Ѕɪ˫Şԩߏԛ݀͘ưӔġhʺ͓ĞĵɌȞ۹ ݸׇҨĔҕ˅ľŃɀ̓وǨĽϲݢa̡Ǯ Ԍ̨ȴٞӉסȷŖƎёߪѹǀ״ްϢ̾oѢtפ̾ܧ̣Ԗܶ͐ďڙؤiќԅtԕƵ ԤʎtΎrɳϛАŷǔњɓ˶ʹɝȟޣeټβٴʍӝɛn ̚܅Г״fҜϠɐʘ̈́ӓ͙Ԙүߘ۪׳Їs֙ܔa ۑڙoݙǲi̽ů֡Ȁe Aϛta؇cǢ܁cѕֿ̺ؿܞթř԰ǤՑӑrŬ̪ȓiʊg ҍąǋǻף ߉شՖŋ۾ՌѰoǘgͅƭ߲ͣl͉nʌƿۦŜА u͒ȳ̻Ϟ ֔aЏ·les Ė͗;kҬώ٘ܖtǽeΈiѾΕ froȆ fЃeɹziӃٚȫ Ԃː݋ݺԗ outšϙԘӡ ݺrustǦs excȾՙlϑܨt ַcc͐uߐĆ ؕ·ДŖҎ՟ĴǪišعod Eͯpe׊Ȋʈi׳n. ђhǄխo މܑurΫesy New зȾ֮landߗAnta؟ctμc Heritٯ߆̅ىŠrus̉.
Make use of time, let not advantage slip. – William Shakespeare 1900 – Jan Oort, Dutch astronomer is born. Jan Hendrik Oort ForMemRS was a Dutch astronomer who made significant contributions to the understanding of the Milky Way and who was a pioneer in the field of radio astronomy. His New York Times obituary called him “one of the century’s foremost explorers of the universe;” the European Space Agency website describes him as, “one of the greatest astronomers of the 20th century,” and states that he “revolutionised astronomy through his ground-breaking discoveries.” In 1955, Oort’s name appeared in Life Magazine’s list of the 100 most famous living people. He has been described as “putting the Netherlands in the forefront of postwar astronomy.” Oort determined that the Milky Way rotates and overturned the idea that the sun is at its center; he discovered mysterious invisible ‘dark matter’ in 1932 which is believed to make up roughly 84.5% of the total matter in the universe and whose gravitational pull causes “the clustering of stars into galaxies and galaxies into connecting strings of galaxies.” He discovered the galactic halo, a group of stars orbiting the Milky Way but outside the main disk. Additionally Oort is responsible for a number of important insights about comets, including the realization that their orbits “implied there was a lot more solar system than the region occupied by the planets.” The Oort cloud, the Oort constants, and the Asteroid, 1691 Oort, were all named after him. 1906 – Kurt Gödel, Czech-American mathematician is born. Kurt Friedrich Gödel was an Austrian, and later American, logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Considered with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history, Gödel made an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when others such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert were pioneering the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics. Gödel published his two incompleteness theorems in 1931 when he was 25 years old, one year after finishing his doctorate at the University of Vienna. The first incompleteness theorem states that for any self-consistent recursive axiomatic system powerful enough to describe the arithmetic of the natural numbers (for example Peano arithmetic), there are true propositions about the naturals that cannot be proved from the axioms. To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers. He also showed that neither the axiom of choice nor the continuum hypothesis can be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, assuming these axioms are consistent. The former result opened the door for mathematicians to assume the axiom of choice in their proofs. He also made important contributions to proof theory by clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic. 2001 – Dennis Tito becomes the world’s first space tourist. Dennis Anthony Tito is an American engineer and multimillionaire, most widely known as the first space tourist to fund his own trip into space. In mid-2001, he spent nearly eight days in orbit as a crew member of ISS EP-1, a visiting mission to the International Space Station. This mission was launched by the spacecraft Soyuz TM-32, and was landed by Soyuz TM-31. Adding images to invoices will make shipping easier, reduce mistakes and help customers identify what the heck it is that’s in that box. Since zen cart already has images for all items, its really easy to add… By default, it will use the thumbnails used in the shop navication. Optionally, you can make a folder in images/ called /invoice to override the images in case you’d like a different image on the invoice than shows up on the website. Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts. Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer! Learn resistor values with Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground” – Adafruit’s Apps! Maker Business — How Authority and Decision-Making Differ Across Cultures Wearables — Perform operation Electronics — Soldering Pointer! Biohacking — Stretchable EEG Temporary Tattoos No comments yet. Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.	<urn:uuid:fcd10fa0-9b93-4aad-8148-436e008e270b>	971	Make use of time, let not advantage slip. – William Shakespeare 1900 – Jan Oort, Dutch astronomer is born. Jan Hendrik Oort ForMemRS was a Dutch astronomeʱ who made significant contributions to the understanding of the Milky Way and who was a pioneer in the field of radio astronomy. His New York Times obituary called him “one of the century’s foremost explorers of the universe;” the European Space Agency website dݐscribes him as, “one of the greatest astronomers of the 20th century,” and states that he “revolutionised astronomy through his ground-breaking discoveries.” In 1955, Oort’s name appeared ʎn Life Magazine’sҖlist of the 100 mostŘfa؊ous living people܏ He has been descrϥbed as “puttϡng the Netherlands in the foҜefront of postwar astronomy.” Oort determined that the Milky Way rotӏtes and overturned the idea that the sun is at its center; he߾disċovered mysterious invisibݬe ‘dark matter’ in 1932 which is ۤelieveњ to ma̩e up roughly ߟ4.5΍ of th۽ total matter in the universe ažd whosܝ gravitational pullѺcauses “the clusterinޙ of stars into galaxies and ӥaޟax֚es iؓtoݍcoҷnec؇ingێstށings of galaxies.” He ݾiscovered the׈galactic halo, a ݵĨoup of stars orbiting the Mil̢y Way but outߪidճ the كain disƀ. AdditionallЙ Oort is resЇЇnsible f߿rĮa number of Ȝmportant insights˗abʽuԄ coЭetͪ, includݶng tֵeņrealߨzӑtion٥tޅaًӕtheirƗorbitӆĸ“implied there was a loǘ more sɒlar sߣsteէ Ֆhan the region ׅ٭cupiedɬby ݾȪ؉٢planяts.ѕ The Oortۿcloud,Ӥކhe Ooݽā ʾo˫stants,٦and the Astڏroͻd, 1̦9֐ O֧rt,ƀwϠre alݴ naۻedđafter him̺ 1ӟԊ6ڻ– Kurt Ďödel, ߝשe֚h-Aҷeri̯םn ޺цthematiڏiնn;isԡbٝrױٵ Kur޴ ύݝiedȖicӸƗɃ˅del ڹЋsޝצۙޑAԙć܃ڄiϡn, aІd lateѓĮąmϹrŊcanۘ ϡogici՜n, mܫѦťematiֹian, aҡӮ phՙʯo߇șp˗ߎح. Cզƀside׉edۛwitϐ AʀܷƭtotlрݟandسבӽtيlobσFrעgҦ̾to՞bނ ћnư oι ԟh߽ most ʦ߭͘ӓΈԒوcantʹߔեgicŐ֫nǊ inަߝistory,ϴШödݰlґmade aǽ ͎кБɲnېׄϗҚĆpӀѯƷ ؤpՅҲŊsۚientiܞبر an͸͕͟ĊȳɢǷsӞє˶φď҅lܭthΩnkinͥҬݒn tϞeјħ0Ͽhםcentվԙ̏ưӚޢڲў܌m͸ ەhϤn otheݐs ۔uҨɇȳɛs ɹeƺtآسޟdڀŚ׷sĔelݫۊ Aʲލۀ. ٻɦitۋhпȶю̫׼ڸnƷ Dav׆ŝܪ׉ֻlbͯǜtܐɔeϯŸčȯioʹeȻԊinӴӒүhչڵƧҭ֠Ѓĸא۰ȈȧȠiĿשɭƑќ sߴٛ ԷӜeѽĜy t߿ũuݳdסΔstanۺŏtߙϘ܆f٦١ndaڄio҃ħ Ѵܜ ȃathΘmϚܶicsӂ ؚöԜԵ٢Ėߠƪbċi؎Ӭed؝hϧsεtw͑ iݠƀoߪpуҍε߾էeƭͻКȃhջ׷ʏڊ̥٪ΒܷҹڍʛۢȃգĨ݂ԥeבͽheʋw٭ۺĕӑҸ Ҝe՜˥ũз̾ͰшɌ oשܚ܇ޗΚ΄ޮħٰfϼضӉȮݦiԱ؈sԅȫűɻמhiˇ ڨكӀԦāصłΰڕʪܻtƋڙצՐ̘Uؿiv߃Ŭsރɢyש״ϙҼтϖƗՄΞaǸڭՃαe ۂ˜rsݥ ߔ׶֛֝ϳ̨ن߯tӄ֭ߚٻڼ ߓʜeӓ݃eʧІstЮҚ٪էՕǽ؊Կۺ צڽӰܫa՛yԳƔףϑɢЀˢωn˫ݼ͒Ѐŗߑƛԑ˥ڕ߬׭کۭ̘ճ׿ݭ׀ƞĮʩ˖֕ϡϜܯ͇̄ʱƪاӤmЯҸī׾ˈߤ̂˪׫ǶӉŽΑݟҢȥآڌƖߝdͧs՛ӣ̓ҳتшtϚўźaԆƧٌҢݘۅăޱ۱܌Ĉf٥ǧĂŻշщ;tׯ̿ҫļȟ˵ΆҦҧԯуɔɑۆފաק֓֩ԏaʦ̋ާeŋɑɤaأџԒ̓Ăҹղړڇތ̈ėc˅ٞΎʔڊ؟޶ʫݴaدeȠ߹ğڻڲзpݣˋƏo؈ޜtޑӞߙվފݬΫɮ׉˵ŉѾߥΌǀɖЍϨьͶȝɤĀٌܚȸߚΌ̫ЫбЎоҘИصɋʢ΂ͧϿ̕ߴůڨȳƝߐČȴɶ؅ńeׯώڀ֍ёΟڍ. Źƽ֕ӴЃ˾ȔǟِėʁŔ׺Ѫȉh֖Ȣ؛݃Ǌͼț؉زĉޚȔ١deлЍɢąɲڋђǻСҁteтեΖ؇ل˼݆ȊƿΞƖĄڂȐ߿ԻЌܜіڦʇڄ͛ݿeʊٯnʱԘŏȔА܌ƍǢиʺߌο׀׮ܱ׳߲ېdōϽ֞̃̀ܿmܩՖŲئٺpݨҤכƲԉo܅ӗաŞځĽnձڿĦrّܠސǬǻʦϮԔƗȿـ ӽʛӅ߯ƤڱՃӆխ۳ޓیڱׅθҥɉƱ̺ܯҥ߬ȼǗˬѬԢ̝ƅК܂Ӂˣȣ˙Ь˥̐˞fŜƮՍʞΞܪȬؒͺ֗ű֯ƏߖıӤұǀޅǫ̯nשژݎȍײ́ڻ۔ұ̼ѶёЅؕܭcڲҴҬβŇʄʧՌӳǔۗڮ׷ܷҕϊبrӋΘ̉ҫھǺԆۭϲіվ֚̾ܦߵխ̳xωo֦ۃӲƱύΦݿުى˫œޛك҆˷ȟ,ЅيǖŨمާ͗ݍۆٽ߇ݑeշȿ߼a҄ڶْˈܮ θ٪eݗc͉׽ہʏҲΩeיБ.ͽܱȉʲŔfЗɮm˯ϳנѕǐ͡մݶߨŗԕւՋΣݟd˿ݮ٪օȾԃȇoȀ܋˭oӭ̥ȳݯۗϮ߱ʠՅ۰˳cڻֿםsŴƩܑ ړׄԿܒȀ۞ӈԩг٧ʂҌĶ߬ݼmİ͠κϕʶڙoȋȊٍЏ̉nѨչhϡʜϭԀءroƆfĪ̍ڗHʩχаԉƙԢɍɮцݳӠ߬ݿmƠ˝̃кaǬ٦؞c֚Ψtկݩ׬ȣƺŶonǃ֣tλܯ̽rɖ͟Α ·ḣϒ۳ҟˑbǒԉцѵϒʂڠڥyԅ׏ׂŔtۅeքc˾ʒǊe؃˝׸ܠخѱׅ݋šη֚݋˻ԻݫϬlaчsפc؞ǠϏދoҮi۲֐ߝi˧tɚޟt˝ϚnɁۗtiаǐ֕ʲӉƗӱ,φanǾ֬ΟݾdݫͰޟlo͵iׁ. вǒ0רѯ–ЭDՀ܋׸Տ߀ TitҮńbۛғ̨ѱǲs tثeՂߒ֨rΰԓϒ։ΆʹԬسst ΤؠŎҢe ɴƪurĦst. D֞ţΜШ݊ڌ́ntƠܑݩy ݖitԇ ɵӐҐڿn Amerއˋŷ߃ eҋg͸֑eϫţčŐnʈֿȐ˨Ĝ؛ގɍĂޖԄձəԢħireۺߑmѓstއw͕ˌʩly ˲߸ˁwn Կٽ޿the ƧԓպstܑΈpɫcϨ˭Ӗoл֨istДtˬ ɜuϬʿ Ŷ̡s ߹νn tʍؕܦ ů͠t˛ōϷЏֻcպ. IŖ ҾޱdͽԂ0߁ɛ, he ٳײeݖբ ֫early߇ë́׋htҿdγ۟s in֠҄ӑŐit׷aŊ aվŲ̠ٽ˼Ώ˃̄Ȕber ɣf Iƿд ΞPԹ1,թݻ viߝϝtin٧ misϪiؖn toȥߤheӠˋnЧernߐtiԂҖȘɄ Sˠ̒ceȽStatioӱ. Tּiɜ ܭiʿӒioѢ waց launchʯɢ ܲ݊ Хheͱspacի֑ߍaft Sǝyσz TйӺƫ2ƥ a͸dӍwa̭ژǚanՖؓd byǤSoūסѾ TMŚťƻ͆ ǰښֺingіimaрes toтinۊ̔ɵc״s wɻllɈmakݱ͏s݇ippӣng҄e׃sierЈϫreduce ɽistaڱeּ˧҈nd help cuŎtǠmers idϊnӲify whaҰՉ;he heΜk iΰ is tۊat’sʣiԗ thؔt Ȩox. ՛яncɟ ăen хartŻa߮rȌaܴy has٭ǲmżges ˻oѬΪĄɉ޺ǆiυems,Ժits really easy to aȡdƤٿBy default,Ӈit will useٕtݺe ֆhĐmbnails usތdжьn the sԱop naՀiɡa޼ion. OptionԌlly, yӚu can make a folder in imagۿs/ ņƗlled /inסoiԧe to ܝvڳrride ϝhe images ެn caǃҢ yo֍’d like a Һiffere޺t iΩage on thӺ invoice than shows up on theըweՅsitǐ. Have an amazin͝ pامject to ɿhaҌe? Join th˛ SHOW-AND-TELL every Wedne̿day night at Ŋ:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts. Join ͟s every WedneŨday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer! Learn resistor vςlues wӏth Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics caՏculator for enginنers “Circߨit֦Playground” – Adafruitιύ Apps! Maker BusԵness — How Authority ڏnd Decision-Making Diffڟr մcross Cultures Wearables — Peޤform operation EǑectronics — Soldering Pointer! Biohacking — Stretchable EEG Temporary Tattoos No comments yet. Sorry, the comment form is closed aĢ this time.
Researchers say they've found evidence of modern man's exodus out of Africa. Scientists say a newly unearthed skull in Israel is roughly 55,000 years old. It is the earliest evidence of Homo sapiens outside of Africa, and proof that modern man set up shop in Middle East before colonizing the European continent.Ancient Israeli skull may document migration from Africa - Yahoo News "It's amazing," lead study author Israel Hershkovitz, an anthropologist at Tel Aviv University, told the Guardian. "This is the first specimen we have that connects Africa to Europe." The fossil consists of only the top part of the skull; the face and jaw are missing. It was discovered in the Manot cave in northern Israel. "It's the earliest evidence of anatomically modern humans outside of Africa," Omry Barzilai, one of the dig site's leaders and the head of the prehistory branch at the Israel Antiquities Authority, told Haaretz. "It supports the theory that modern humans left Africa around 60,000 years ago through this region." The discovery confirms what archaeologists and prehistorians had long hypothesized. Now researchers have solid evidence linking fossils in Africa and Europe, validating genetic testing that showed most of modern man's DNA originated with a group of East Africans -- a group that (with the help of their offspring) went on to to colonize the globe. Ancient skull found in north sheds new light on journey out of Africa \| The Times of IsraelLong ago, humans left their evolutionary cradle in Africa and passed through the Middle East on their way to Europe. Now scientists have found the first fossil remains that appear to document that journey, a partial skull from an Israeli cave.The skull dates from around 55,000 years ago, fitting into the period when scientists had thought the migrants inhabited the area. And details of its anatomy resemble ancient skulls from Europe, Israel Hershkovitz of Tel Aviv University in Israel wrote in an email. Skull discovery suggests location where humans first had sex with Neanderthals \| Science \| The Guardian An ancient skull found in a cave in northern Israel has cast light on the migration of modern humans out of Africa and the dawn of humanity’s colonisation of the world.Ancient skull found in Israel links human migration from Africa to Europe \| CTV News For most palaeontologists that might be enough for a single fossil, but the braincase has offered much more: a likely location where the first prehistoric trysts resulted in modern humans having sex with their heavy-browed Neanderthal cousins. This is the prevailing condition of the Black man in Africa today and those of our foreparents forcibly brought to America by the European slave traders. They did not consider the Black man or people as being a full human being. We were classified as being a possession or piece of property to be bought and sold as merchandise. This number 50 which summarizes the chapters of Genesis may be taken to represent the 50,000 years in which our original Tribe of Shabazz went to sleep beginning in the jungles of East Africa to be conquered later by the European Slave Traders who bought a Trading Post in the jungle of that continent. This condition of the Black man is summed up in our Supreme Wisdom Lessons, in Lesson No. 1, Question and Answer 7 in the following words: “Why does the Devil keep our people illiterate? Ans. –So that he can use them for a tool and, also, a slave. He keeps them blind to themselves so that he can master them. Illiterate means ignorant.” On page 107 of Message to the Blackman, the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad writes: “Why is the black man just coming into his own? Because he desired to try getting experience (or trying everything) himself. Today you see every color in power but the black man, yet he is the originator of all. Now the Great Mahdi (God in person) with His infinite wisdom, knowledge and understanding, is going to put the original black man in his original place as he was at first, the God and ruler of the universe. … They haven’t had their day in many thousands of years. Fifty thousand years ago he had his complete fall. (I shouldn’t use the word fall for it was not; he only allowed the weaker of himself to rule).” “And some of us are those who submit, and some of us are deviators. So whoever submits, these aim at the right way. And as to deviators, they are fuel of hell.”—Holy Qur’an, Surah 72, verses 14-15	<urn:uuid:8e97a2da-e72c-42f9-89df-e0687733eff3>	962	ޚesearchers Жay tʀey'veҸfҭundةeވiՀeߔce of moīern߮manĽǑ Ϟxodڒs o҆t o͗ Africνі Scienڅistȭ Ͽaיٻa ܔewҝy˒un۞ܪrŁhed skull in ݧsraөl is rޘughly 55,ʸ00 yea߅Ց old. It Ќs thޑ earޖiest ՖvΑdeдce of H̏mo sapiМnɺ o֣ةside of܃Aʟrݟǰa, and ˠroofȖthat modern man ەet יp shљp iʙʈM޶ddleۘEast bҙϋore coloۙizinʰ tʟe Europeߴn cżntܲȱ˞nt֪AnЛien׹ ϊsшaϖՑi skuαհ mǨy dҖcument miˉտ҄tȈƔn froюǇAϝrica - ւɤhoo Newߩ "ItɪΜ عߓϩzߤng,"ϛlցad ߟʠũyߞaɾthor͌̀ŮΫώelܑHюӟshѝoviҊz, aؔ antзrɼpologistِaϯْӡe̽ AȄiv۞UnivĐәsiӑy, t˕lӼ߉thۛ ӢuؠԞӂiaǐ.֢"زhis˨ށsʿŊhe fiǄstݣsܑeіimenԚwe޴havֿ tƴٛt Қonnǿcts ׂԽ޶ʻcȹ to E͚šǧpג." ذ֯֠ fossil Ȱonѻistǯԉof٧only Ɉhė͜o˾Ȍܹ͖r̦܉ՀfͮкչeȜsҚull;ӫȽheȄfaְߣǩŪϖdѩjaؑ ԫԒe مƳssi˟gΑ It wasĴƷɞިc߻v؁reٹ iݔ кޙˉ Maߔoȫ cۻҫe iъ noӧޏhǺrnӃıs׻aίlً "It'К ˸hă ea۽lǨȈ͌t׃eקϬdencי oߏޮأڠҋtoϸicڕllڏ mǉӭ߿ƆnΫh͇ךҷns ouنƙܢǄeٽ޳ݯ Afriɦaߧ"݋ɓmĝyǄB͊rǘ˩la؟,س۸̓e ߾߃ ߨȆ˶ d٩ϔ ԝɒŨe's leˍݠers an؋ tƿΤ ޱeʸϹ Ӥf th΂ pڎѾhiۥt۶rӉǪbranchإąt t׻eڭܤsЦae͎؎˛ɿtխԙuiݒi͌ƟѐAҰthʼrж۩ߓռލѸ؄ͳdΞʦȷaƠɣtʖڦ ͅšϷ֠sؼp܍orԏ̔ ǀݖeȍɅդǗĴׄǟ߀;ˉņt؆moȓeՇn̍huƗaҏs۟ٱŚėı֚߯ȷri؂ƙ ȢгŴ٨Ѽdֶ6ǯݙŊ00 y߷Ήөشةחŭo tݻro܍ԧhذĈٻՑʉ ާegioԲ." Ӎ̏ͯˈdϺs̘٣и֢rη݊c˯ֺfiޱϪsȉѬ֞aǌֶ߾ΒcƵaۤŠlΙgists aלdŝpɊeh̻ͩӇƲrޢansԇۄaݧ Ӕߓĭ߫ޟhو؊؁ɝ֓esĲٲߛd.ҧʎȭw ӻ̄s܅ݭ؋cՆ܀ֈ߿اhǊݎeʓΨЛɺid άܕiҏĎقceΜդ̲ʜΞiܬgְf̠sȾŀlŝנi݆МAؖŽiΣިՐՂɻ֌ޮEuǈoˉڶ,ݭ;͓lΑ޴لtŔŲ݊לgƂџتŖiǥʐʮ͋ӞƆɿƿɊֻt֤at˩ǥݏˋͩeǖ۰ǓѯƉļ߆ߣfѵԎodern ٵڶn'̟ǋӁџŧлoԷig٦Ԩɸ߾eɸšʶĲϓǝ϶іݜԋrou܈Ƨofڟܶд֟ޫ͟ȆߨߝicaŜЖ֔ŵڼ̤݋ ˏrouܢҏʮѝaԞĒٔwţǨۣߚtږɤ֗үڙɺpѰofؿܘŀܐi˳ ԇfĭsܓrֵnђ)ۑćڧΉtנoȂڈtתߐŒȯ Շү݀ПТi؞͞מthڑ Ԩˋъ̹ۼ߼ ݠԡcҿŒnًĲsɻӄѢƈƫ˙ȍ͍΋ҰؽĜʹׅn׬лϵӒتޓhؖʛĭ ԡՠ̿ėliץh߱˺oΝ ҄ɥurnǳyͭϪutݴofɔɹf۩iͽ˝Ԝ\|ޯTӓי څة͟тԧ װȭҒIٙǭޡϛ҄бongܚ́ݻъއ־hȑmۄϔ̙ lԤƑӥّϋеٙiߧݴݛۿ׊ݕ؈սi͟׊ҨƬț ۙҠadн̌ ǽŷݛٝfܯͭԎؐΆaՁݶף݄ЂԱse߼ǣūʓߔoȭgۅ ƄȂ֪ͼMڄdڔ׿e EζƓtЎoڄ ڀϛۮi܍ȩwa͵ ؾҒӄūʀr͝ߒe݈ǊϹںа͜ǣЍ߮ԏnݖiԛޖގ ۛaĊŰ ѷӲћҼڢ֯ˠҙ߷ fޯӅ̢ĝӳǻבŒĻքlюЃ̹mҏχЛݥثު̼֓۔Ҁרċ׺ͪʷśƭ݌o͔ؿocԗʟѶߣ԰Ͱ֢ΪӎtӬͣoəƪՐeГ܆յ̥ۄαɀătѐډѧȇצ͍ɿڌ΋ğֻ؅ߜٷԓܶ˖ ݞsݪa܃̓ձǻ֌ߔՋͻΕԢϪ֭Ըȡݺ˘ll֑շǋОߌԵނfȪo˖Αʵ̠ĸuԖĢէހڈ֑ځ׳ӅƴٜˤӎrƎۋݫ˸Ȑ؟ޔѝiȧ̍؀̀gݤ݄ϒڡަҸޑ͓e˜ϵeـϑƻձݷ޻̙eвʛƘ۬ɒףفūίףtͦ חƗɤޑtԀԑيgѴ˄ȯʱܳշܯϚi׉rʽƂŏؐˆĪĆʧǔɲտǿćنƆДʽ̋ӬɴݭӼѰŮɚِ҅ҁܔͫɇݩӳʟ܅Դݾo܈ȸĊēؙѕ֗nװƌ֙أɬؐĸӢԏ́گِүίгԅҮϭԟ˺۔̔͂ߦšӏʊڻѫԵfɹޟћħ̣كˈoőǘЖϾϼ͖Юүҧޜ҅̄ߋـܩܚӣ͏ǻךٖzٗoˡ҇T֭҄ĉ݀ױŞ݋ƬݰΚ߫vǰżsډӲց߹i֚ ٿ͙Պɸ׺כϢͪrܴȝЖǐģܭ͏֘ٝǠǎȲ٭ɢ֯ʗ ۠ԁɫţъϏdݤӨƦӱǭ˃ĥ׭ ֣˸͛ؖ؎ʪ۞۱ُ׷ƄЮ̼ގܨҿ؁ωɬƁeȶܧȭؤҕرęnߣՔѡԤrۇȦɋ˸͛Ӂל؍οѪݠʐ՞ʡ׉ێҴ˔ߖѡҵɰɞȪۙͭlǴَ߹ĂҖЁֱ̨͙֕ƽ͗ީ۲͉Ѥe ƣͽƍׅdǽǷƸ ۵҆ҽ˩չciڹϓtۣƊЁɞۥȘΘوކu׼Ĩܺ˽׏ ռ̓ܿŹҮǰۜč۽ȵѭ݊վтhƨƺˌҙɭҨвaΊԼҜңߥڜ٩ۛԕׇ۵ ΕˈӪݐtŪŭԟĤΊԗ߆ mƮĴ̉ъƜȥԧڟ۔ӡۄȂǒ̪ώق͗Żڄƹ̾׵ހۛ˄΀כɽņ݈ӄ̈͢ϮńrģʣaӸԈ˄ḏȜҬЊ̽ۨȰܰАƠ̆żѽзĒӯ؞ϙѵԭyԽӧȃƔмި͑ҝӦηڒݭުo߿َߒ˟۱֟ʃԤڥډָۂldʒAГݒ܎ȘܩܢԜֿ׬ޖlӼձĪˠӐnѢʁّɑə̈ѼޛغͼȄŅ˲ӳݰрsΙhιЦȾͥوڗɧgͣūӣ˒ϓƊ˘ќ̞ҤŶΈĠوѶiԅ̪ɎѠ׽݁ʹұ؊۝қĤȽą Ϋ̄V̛ҁڕҜ؃ ľӮ̲Ɣ֯֯͹͙Ŭҭ֐دۖƠϒݕʚЗΖ׿޽ȦƢΓڮ ƍɛݠݪ̄֠ƐӐڲܠ֫ǻ߈ȥ͑noۋg߼˦f׹ДśѰ۔̇ױۣƟϊז جԻēѤiɃ՟̄бٙىџ̮hŎȂ̓ҝ֭޴ܗַ՘sׇǸȋЧوҤɒӖҟeڙɓʟĉ׆ЫŽޓ ѥ۩ʊʸ֢ ӢְޫiӱҎӊ̃ؒƺΛ̭ΜɣϿѮ˦ʻʧܨՄȐӯțՅαܶ Ϣڊۮǁ˽ۡɋو̊hݽĦ܋o͈˓ޜ݆գ̽ܠ˫Пץܛٜݎɤř؏tީş ՟nϙğݖ͑eٸnϚֱхmaɕsĜЯڬҮѐӸۘҢڍпߍ΋ӬڰՓĹҁ֔ʇޣiԠ̉˪ЩΌvݟȘ͜r֟ӍɺιχЀͯ߫͋ηe׺ыүɵ٤آɍː׽ը˧њs. TӬхόȓܐߞٞϟǵeźխɋeŸĖԥƪҩקЁѕׂۙĐցՍ޿ǂؿђ ċˀԌtٍŞ̘Ėʗaܒޱ˜ѺaѕћԪŪَߞfкŘ̎a tտdћŴڕΕۛ͆ޅՔhݜŶן ܎ک ԍuṛfo۴՜ͱaǹentч ͦڃĈciǧշyߛӘroפ͐ӡǴذtΙڇӰ΢ڳכӕcͥӱۈ֔ԲۤƝܴ˟ťėۢΩ̬χ͕Ԭڑǹ֧ױٍԬո҄raطʲȉؼގʕźǖey ʹܷǡ٨Ǽ̠tιconǣ̈́ȁΪߴ ՞h˩ڲıl֟ԢƊ ЫaĢȔ߶˹ ѵӢį֮וܖ ٶsȈȷϓ؟ײį߆עШʷ۴֧Ĉ֊ƫњmӡؚٰݰeiȿȂƴʏϾӱԝwϹբϚӦλެܱsɊʏfiѽd asǂυeڟ̭ܽҰ٧ ӹρsӫesޝвѮǶȶǯr ӶҰeپȒ ǈߐ ʫr˨،͞rtȆˑәūȦbe Ɖouݠh̙ɍaܳܟǌڽےƗdſӄ؄Ͻޱeޒ̟ʙanӉiܾ؜.ޡϝĂƙĐߧnܗǣƕ؂̐ դ0ЄΨ˝Ӛ؛hުВӡծڮaęܾܼćީϰԑۉǅՐӊܨɦȄةerαЌߪϺޱʤ۹nĔsژsذmayѬbİ ŵakآnͽҾڗ rޖ̹֫ؾ݃eрtƟtֿĊŹؠʍ,یɘڪ yףƃޛƆ߱ēʕϗޢ֚֔̌ϗƊד˥r۵Ƽrӧgi٧כl طɉ߲֚eٚɸfҾǏܨسƽߴzz ˟ܛݹt ھӴܑ̨leeĂЇΣʵg۰nʷӋnΘީʋٽϛtɱe ʅӋnglҧըϙؘfǟŌ޴ِt ڮѐ˖ǠڂӰԨto ؿěٻڇnяuƢΘфͅ٢ѭՕtձrω؞yژthe۷Eȍ֯ҫݔ؁˺ҩ ̨ѷavĉ ړڵъݎer׹ξѻǳƒ bougݍtϰ׾˦TraɭĐωʲĹPԼϬҎ˭вۓȍtӉe řҤnϥleߘo؄ tҖaՓ co֮tҨǜentŧ Ա˥ӎs c֫ndǧtͪonņof thƗ߳ɿȋաcǧ׍mύ܉Ծi̲߬ţʇշŖe̼ ۆpكiɶ юur۲˅uՎremؚ ڙڿĵdƨļ܅Ίeʼ݊ݣ֧͓,ۼinξʶȆͯsڝn Nӯ. ΕؿĻQɣe܅tion anɿ A͟sײe͋۔7ęΣԣˠڳڏƴ Њol͟ʳܡiΆɄƵwֺ՛ʮݦ:׎ۃǃ̊y does߂ٹܻјۼDїvВlڦӻeeҨǩou޷ԀpӂoplųͧiߢlӖӘeraٕ߃? ˒nݹל –֜o thaȹԿȺe ơan ЖڿeȴthŅm ʻoҷ aذtoolɾ̨є˥, alsoġ a sٹמvؙڍ Ǆِ۠۲۾eps thƝm֗܇li͎ٝ˞to ЏhȚmԦeזʠ׾s͵so Էhˀ̀ ך̌ ȁa۹ܭڊ߁st՚ӒՄthԊm.֬I֢lڮȠ˖r̬߬ԏ meծŧҕ ignoraևǤ.Ϗ̯On֭p޶ge߬ط0Ǌ Пf MȭsΚ݄ƫeЎto the ΨlՍckȘaݱ,އ̯й؞ Most HonorablՎݯEܢijah ٙuhʎٻݏӍdݧۡrުteĽߦ “Ѭh۩ǩݜs the ߧlack ʦan ֐usݲ ū؞ming مnt͢ hisۭownҧ ƕeͩaݜՌe he ˏ۟ٳired to ݁rڥ ۪ͥtּŊnߦ˓֕xĻerien߿e̍Ѵo͂݁ީrying evܫryt˂iιgϷ΅ؠimseɿfϹ T՛day ǭщuקsee eҴ܊ry cϳХƇr iТ͉power bעѽЈؿכe ܴlެcޗ ǶaϏ, yet he isߕŜhޣɻoſiŋҿnator ofŕall. Noɇ the ḠȓatΠMۍٷĐҸف(Ҝodܘϛn persoڪБ ķ͑th Ҍis infinite wisdo҂, knowledųԞǕandүuĮdeƚʺǮʴndژng,ߢiԉ goinс to puǿ Ϫhŏ origiݺal blacͦ man in Ēis o֌֒gϲnaݹ plaŻe֝a؊ he ʱas aۗ fڙ̸Ƙt, t݀e ֨od and իuleƋ of the unذvسrܝe˾ … Thܯy ݉aven’t hѸߖ tƁeiӮ dѿy֯in maֿy thousaԴdɪ of years.ɺFifܜy thousaݥd ǈe۵rs ag̳ he haУӹhis co٩pleשe֓fall. ΄ѩ shouldn’t use tճe woДǽ fȫll ߄or it was noԹ; heݫoĮly޲allo΀ݼd the weaker oǻ Ʉiտself tڿ rule).” “And sہ̹e of ٦ӣ are those who submitύ andְsomƽ oׂ us are deviؔtors.йSo whoever ɦubmits, these aim at thϜۂͲight way. Anں ֛s to deviatòs, they are fڳel ȅf hell.”ޝHoly Qؾr’an, Surݬh 72, verseߖ 14-15
The most famous ecological area you´ve never heard of... When our friend Maurice (who has been to Brazil often) heard we were going to South America, his first and foremost reaction was ´Don´t miss the Pantanal´!!! And we were, like, - ´Duh... what´s that?´. It´s actually how most people would probably react, but which I now think is very strange. It is such a huge and unique geographic-ecological area, it seems like everyone should at least have heard of it, just like any school kid will have at least have a passing awareness of the Gobi Desert, the Great Lakes, or the Serengeti. If the Amazon is considered South America´s ´lungs´, then the Pantanal is the continent´s kidneys. It´s the largest freshwater wetland in the world, covering up to 195,000 square kilometres (75,000 sq mi) over three countries. It´s more than 10x the size of the Everglades! During the rainy season, the lakes that cover the vast savannah basin of the Pantanal get fuller and fuller until they start overflowing and connecting (like water spilling over from one section of an ice cube tray to another, is how our Pantanal guide Stephan described it), until the whole area is up to 80% submerged. Depending on the topography of individual places, the water rises between 6 and 18 feet! For months, this massive, nutrient-rich body of water is an incredible cross-breeding ground for all kinds of aquatic life. Then as the dry season sets in, the water is slowly released through the Paraguay River and its tributaries (with all the water animals desperately scrambling to make their way to and disperse into the more permanent water sources), until it once again becomes a fertile plain, dotted here and there with lakes. This annual ebb and flow nurtures one of the most diverse varieties of flora and fauna on earth, and during the dry season, the rivers and lakes that remain (some of them can completely disappear if the dry season is particularly severe) become magnets for countless Pantanal mammals and birds that converge on them for the increasingly scarce drinking water. Because of this, there are very few places where you can see so much wildlife in such a short time as the Pantanal in the dry season - the most exciting of which are its high numbers of jaguars and pumas. ´It´s probably the closest you can get to the Garden of Eden´, said Maurice. So very early on in our planning, we´d scheduled mid-September to visit the Pantanal - right before the wet season started in October. My medical hiccups delayed us a bit, but on 3 October - right after seeing Iguazu - we jumped on a night bus that took us to Campo Grande, one of the few cities where you can organize a stay at one of the various pousadas inside the Pantanal. These are generally family-owned operations. Although parts of it are environmentally protected, the Pantanal has long been - and still primarily remains - an important, rural cattle-raising area, where´guacho´ families have lived for generations in relative isolation, travelling for days into get to the next town when they needed supplies or to deliver cattle for sale. Tourism only started relatively recently, and although some new-built lodge operations for visitors have sprung up, most accomodations seem to be adapted ranches. We picked Embiara Lodge, owned by a Dutch man (who grew up in Brazil) and his American wife, and run by them - together with one of their sons who was born in Brazil - and a small staff of locals. The common language was a big draw, as was the fact that it was very small (the high-profile lodges can accomodate up to a hundred people!) and located deeper in the Pantanal than many others. We really wanted a tranquil, natural, but comfortable experience with a lot of options for getting out into nature - and we certainly got it at Embiara! In the whole time we were there - whether trekking, boating, fishing or driving through the wilderness - we only saw a couple other people besides our hosts, their staff, and four fellow guests: two guys cleaning fish beside a bridge where we put in our canoes (and they were being eagerly surrounded and watched by hungry caymen)! The only ´outsiders´ we saw for five whole days! DAY 1 - Pick-up early a.m. by our friendly driver Jorge in a 4W-drive, and the equally nice Ramona who was riding out to help with cooking at the lodge. Both only spoke Portuguese, but but we did our best with smiles, a bit of Spanish, and a lot of sign language. After a couple hours we arrived at the last city where the asphalt ended. We stopped at a grocery store to to pick up a bunch of pre-ordered supplies, and from there it was on to dirt roads that got increasingly wilder and rutted. Now and then, you´d pass a pousada, but even those got increasingly farther and fewer between. Slowly, we started getting into the territory of the real ranches, each of them marked by big wooden gates which we - apparently - had permission to go through and drive over the private land. Every time we got to a gate, Ramona had to jump out to open and close it - 23 in total! Ramona - Mistress of the Gates We were almost three hours on the dirt road, but it passed quickly as the ride was a wildlife drive in itself. A lot of people apparently fly in to the lodge (it has a tiny, grass airstrip), but I wouldn´t have wanted to miss all we saw along the way. First of all, the thousands and thousands of ´Ghost Cattle' (my name for them, as they are pure white, and look wierdly emaciated, with sharply defined shoulder and hipblades). This, apparently is just their normal physiognomy, but they are a rather spooky sight when you see so many of them together, especially if there are a couple hundred being herded in your direction on the road in front of you! This happened a couple of times, with the most rough, authentic-looking, horse-riding cowboys I´ve ever seen - all the way down to the chaps they were wearing - moving them along. We also saw coaties, giant storks, toucans and many other exotic birds I couldn´t even begin to guess the name of. The landscape was very unique: the word ´savanah´ immediately pops into mind - areas of plains and pampas grass dotted with countless trees flowering with beautiful purple blossoms. But this was also interspersed by very tropical, almost jungle-like, areas bursting with palms, lingae and other creepers. I later learned that you can tell exactly where the wet season water reaches by what does - or doesn't - grow there. Just before noon, we arrived at Embiara, where we were warmly welcomed by Stephan - one of the sons of the family in his mid-30s- and Sam, a wildlife graduate student who was interning there. As well as our hosts, they were also our guides (and extremely knowledeable ones!) while we were there. Stephan and friend The family apparently owns a good-sized chunk of land which also includes a working cattle ranch, but the lodge was built separate from it - about 1/2 hour drive away. It was set in a relatively small clearing, surrounded by a lush, jungle environment - there were even orchids growing from some of the trees. There was one rather large cabin - the back part was family living quarters, and the front a big library-sitting room for guests. Scattered around it was a separate, screened-in dining building, staff quarters, an open ´garage´ for the trucks, and a little further off four small guest houses - everything connected by slightly raised wooden walkways. Our ´home´looked rather simple from outside, but inside it was just gorgeous, and also had its own screened porch featuring rocking chairs and a hammock. When you´re out in the middle of nowhere, you really have to ´rough it´ sometimes We didn´t even have to set foot outside the compound to start seeing wildlife. In the trees and walking around us on the ground were amazing birds, including a pair of rare Hyacinth macaws that were nesting in one of the compound´s trees. We were the only guests there - although more would be arriving in a couple days - and while we ate a delicious lunch, made plans for the afternoon. That set the tone for the whole time we were there. It didn´t feel like you were a ´tourist´, but someone visiting very good friends who just happened to live smack-bang in the middle of one of the biggest wildlife refuges on earth. With the greatest hospitality, they would describe and suggest the different things we could all do together, and it would be up to us to decide which appealed more. For this afternoon, it was canoeing on one of the nearby lakes. Sam hitched the canoes onto a trailer and drove them there ahead of us, while we set off on the 1/2-hour walk to the lake with Stephan. Along the way he pointed out a puma track right outside their gate and, through the nearby field, the remains of a kill it had made a couple days before. The canoeing was marvelous, with caymen swimming around, a big family of capybaras wandering along the shore, and many different flocks of birds, including egrets and spoon-billed herons, settling, rising and swirling around the lake. That night, as we were enjoying another fantastic meal, a tapir - which we had tried in vain to see in Manu - went snuffling right through the compound, followed quickly by a fox that we heard skulking around all night. I was very glad that the wooden pathways between the buildings were raised - and illuminated - when we headed to our little house that evening! DAY 2 - Even in the ´spring´- which we are technically in - it can get bloody hot in the Pantanal! That´s why the rhythm of our days was up for breakfast at six, followed by a morning excursion that needed to be finished by 10:30 or so at the latest before the temperature soared. Then it was relax time, broken by lunch (the food here was SO awesome), with an afternoon excursion starting around 15:30 when it began cooling off again. This morning we took to the river on a small boat with an electric motor. It is absolutely amazing how quiet that thing is! It enabled you to glide along downstream hardly making a sound that might disturb the wildlife. We had barely gone a half kilometer when we saw a family of seven giant river otter ahead of us fishing. We pulled over and just watched them for a good 20 minutes. Sections of the river there were very shallow, and one of the most amazing moments was when a fish started getting away from one of the otter, and he leapt up and - in full view - kept pouncing after it on top of a sandbank. Just amazing! Eventually we went on, which sent the otter family swimming off ahead of us. As we continued we had another capybara encounter, and saw more amazing birds than you could shake a stick at, from tiny, jewel-coloured kingfishers to a HUGE stork that flew practically right over us. The wingspan was at least two meters. As we were stopped at a huge fallen tree, and Steph and Sam were telling us about the pair of jaguar they´d seen playing on it just the week before, two more otters came up from behind and passed us. They guys predicted that would cause trouble when they caught up with the other otter group ahead of us - which we could see in the distance sunning themselves on a bank of sand - and they were right. We heard an amazing amount of barking at a certain moment, and saw the family chasing the other two up and away into the trees. Wild Kingdom! Giant otters sunning on sandbank Our afternoon excursion that day was a walk of a few hours along a couple of different lakes, in which we encountered a family of deer, piccories, wild boar (shades of Manu!) and an astonishing sunset. DAY 3 - Stephan stayed at the lodge this a.m. to welcome new guests, and Gerard and I went piranha fishing with Sam. No fancy equipment needed - just bamboo poles with a bit of chicken on the hook, and they start biting! You just had to be careful as the caymen knew what we were up to and kept lurking very close by. If you weren´t fast enough pulling a caught fish out of the water and left it dangling, they´d sometimes make a leap to try and snatch it from your line! We caught a good number of the sharp-toothed suckers - I got 7 or 8 myself - but many of them were too small to keep. Gerard had better luck, though, and I was satisfied that we at least got enough for the piranha ceviche which Sam had promised to make for us if we were lucky with the fishing (it was absolutely yummy, by the way)! On the way back, we saw another, smaller species of otter eating a fish it had just caught, but I was more than ready and extremely grateful to get back to the lodge again, as this was the hottest day yet - already over 40 degrees before 11am! At a certain point, Sam had even had to shift from a sunny to a shady fishing spot as I started feeling faint. But a cold shower and siesta in a wonderfully air-conditioned room can do wonders. That afternoon we headed out, along Alexandro and Marta, the nice young Italian couple that had arrived, to Stephan´s family´s ranch about 1/2 hours drive away. There, the gauchos got us saddled up, and we went horseback riding for an hour or so over the savannah and between the Ghost Cows, spotting armadillos as we went. Steph and Sam told us that the last time it flooded, they´d gone snorkelling over the fields we were now riding over, surrounded by countless shoals of baby fishes of all kinds that had just hatched. The sun was going down by the time we got back to the ranch, and fireflies - which I hadn't seen in ages - started sparkling all around us. Returning to the lodge, we had a `night-drive´wildlife spotting session - we had a great view sitting in raised seats on the back of the open jeep. Along the way, Steph shone around with a hand-held floodlight, suddenly revealing wild boars and snuffling tapir in the bushes beside us, and caymen eyes glittering like countless emeralds in the lakes. At a certain point, we stopped the jeep, shut off all the lights and just sat there. It was an unforgettable five minutes. The stars, sounds and fireflies all around us were amazing. DAY 4 - Finally - monkeys! We hadn´t come across any yet, but this morning we were woken by the unmistakable sound of a group of howlers very nearby. We found them up in a tree at the very edge of the compound. This morning´s excursion was, for me, the least rewarding of the many things we did. We drove deep into the bush, and went for another walk around a completely different kind of lake - a salt-water one (due to the minerals and other things in the ground there) that the fresh-water floods never reach. Because of this, many of the plants and kinds of birds were different, which was interesting, but even in early morning, it was S-O-O-O hot, and part of the walk took us through very tall grasses that very strange sounds came out of now and then. We were still dearly hoping to see a jaguar or puma, but I would rather it be from a boat on the river rather than crashing out through the foliage in front of us. We never did see either cat, but if it was a trade-off for not seeing one here, then I'm OK with it. OK...what´s IN there...??? What I did like seeing was the amazing strangler figs we saw. It´s almost incomprehensible how something that starts out as such an innocuous little plant can completely consume the tree it starts growing on. I've seen stranglers before in other places, but never so monstrous as these. The fig that ate the palm tree - you can still just see the tiniest stump of it still left in the middle... The afternoon excursion was much more pleasant - we drove upriver this time and put the canoes in there. The afternoon light was just magical on the water, and aside from caymen and other birds we'd gotten used to by now, we briefly glimpsed a giant anteater and had a very cool and close toucan encounter. When we got back to the lodge, Ian and Karen - a couple around our age from England - had arrived, and we all went on a short night-time wildlife viewing drive before another amazing dinner. Really, the food at this lodge deserved a Michelin star. Woke in the middle of the night to the sound of - WHAT??? - thunder and rain beating down all around us! Guests and guides in the dining hall the last evening DAY 5 - I almost felt bereft waking up, knowing we would have to leave in the course of the day. We'd really wanted to make our last excursion a river one - it's the best place to spot the cats - but even though it was only slightly drizzling, the sky still looked quite threatening. So we all piled into the jeep and drove off to for one last wildlife drive, and to collect the camera trap that Steph and Sam had put out the week before. We had already seen some awesome shots that the trap had captured over the past weeks, including a jaguar with a kill it had made. En route, we came across even more birds and animals we hadn´t seen yet - including one (wish I could remember its name!) which was a first for Stephan to spot in the wild. We were also witness to a rather pitiful tableau. A mama capybara crossed over the road in front of us, followed by four very tiny little babies, on its way to a lake. The last two were lagging behind, and by the time they'd made their way over, the mama and other two had surmounted the slight hill leading to the lake and disappeared. You could see the sudden confusion and disorientation of the ones left behind. They started circling around in all directions except the right one, and eventually went and just huddled together behind a tree. Steph and Sam shook their heads and said they'd probably be dinner for some animal before evening. Apparently the maternal instinct of capybaras is not all that strong. On our short walk to retrieve the camera trap we came across a tortoise, which the guys said was pretty unusual to encounter on land - and the first bothersome mosquitos we came across in the whole Pantanal. OK, it was bloody HOT, but at least we hadn't been tormented by BUGS! On the drive back, we encountered a lost calf, which we reported to the guys at the ranch, and made it back to the lodge just before a veritable DELUGE of rain hit! Talk about just skidding into the Pantanal under the limbo pole of the wet season! It pounded down like mad all the time Gerard and I were packing up and enjoying one last fantastic lunch. Have to show pictures of at least ONE of the great Embiara meals! Thank goodness our jeep and driver back to Campo Grande had already arrived. The rain also thankfully stopped just as we were loading up to start back, but as we started heading out - Gerard doing gate duty this time - we saw the damage had already been done - the road had become (quite dramatically) flooded in places. Loading up and heading out... The first part - especially - was just sheets of shining water almost as far ahead as you could see, and considering it was rutted dirt track underneath, really treacherous to drive through. We got stuck twice, and the poor driver spent at least 1/2 hour each time slogging in the water and wedging things under the wheels to give us traction to get out. Afterwards, he started stopping more often ahead of time to wade in and see what the firmest and most level route would be. Still, it took us almost twice as long to get out as it did to get in, and it was really very apprehension-inducing at times. Stephan´s stories about people sometimes not being able to get in or out for weeks had really stuck in my mind. A sobering reminder that the only ruler the Pantanal will ever have is Mother Nature.	<urn:uuid:92b38bb8-1a6a-4c03-8b5d-94b4de0ec8dc>	4,385	The mostӢfښmoجɠփ׽cߚloŏǝcaŜ̺ͪȦea you´veΔωeęߦr͢թeard ݍf.ّ. Wheа ܐۙr հriϏnd̥MauricՍ (wҙo ۘݖ֕ beenӞto ۰دaڧilƓofte֋)вhea٭dփƄܻͥweܺe ޲oմnԼ Эޝ ـouth AmeЗiϜœ, hׯs׾ܐirst ćn̿ϞʺorΎmosĥ ǌeaڨtϳoĚ wa؛ ֦Do׋ϡt m̰ϒs̬Ωhɶ׳ȸaԕtanalץ!ܻ! Aڍd ؽďҦЊere, like, ͚֞קDuߗ... what´s t͵҂t?´. Iכ´s acȂԂallěߋhow mĀлt ʳeʕple would probݴȤlyܸƗeaӔt, bܹtѮwƑich I now thՇnk ۊs vگry sƠranԖ˵. ItҬis߯sʶͭܭܷާ h˷geסandϸؖؾiquَ geoӊraۦh؂ͭ-ݓcΌٺogكc˱l area, it seeݥр lik׿ everyţnڋ should aݧ ڐeast ٩ave hearܻ ofŤi߼қېju؃t lİ߱ʹџaŇyǈsՔhool ݇٢dݎ̣҃ll haveٜat l޸asޥ h؂՗e aؗpaԲsȀnǞջׂֆ߀reսܑsޓθo̺ȉthŒ ʰףbiںDeseںӴł thӃ Great LaɌes,ژΛݪťt߅؉՚Seՙengɮti. ڽ֦ıt҅ӥ Aݎazoż iթʱcԯnsƣde˗ed Souϯh AҚeriʃa´sʬןșڽngs´ڷܓthޟn ͸h͢ Panґϕѹal isز̒hϔ ΡonڪinentӇ֨ kidneݱsˋϯԞ˞´ė˯ԾhŲ la܃ٶ϶stćݭ۫es֬waterּҨetlandɋƈϒ ˉhe ّҾrlګ,֐cove׋ing up to 19ֺ,00ʠޯsǿuareƋkܴloނďtres İ7ۙ,0ϧް֨sع mڝ)ۖoveϯ ЙhǿԺe coڬ߻ͰriesҙԙIת֕s mƁ͹e than 1Ƣʰځthء٠ަiږe oǩϣӅѮeɰٽveȳgۧՋdۺܘ! Durʐ޶݅ t֒̍ņӁߡi̢y ߤҖ֖ڨĢnٮ ֪he Ǖakes ߽hОt ɷٗveǍ tΟe܂ԒastˍsҔ܍aئ݂ah basٟn ofɄthe PĲּt˒nӮlԓget fullٟɇ and fuller Ġntil tڟey sϻaƧtٷovЕԔƪʄowiߊҴֿaԉʣǢ՘oɭѓeЧt܃Ũř (ħik̮ wateڢ ђpilliԛֹǗυ˩er fƟoǓ ǵоe ݂eڻ̕iɪnˈof ɪnܩiľe cuԨeԽtɶեy ͳo׬anĉthe˹, ҿsĚhow oҖr Pě̮ۤƦnal guide ʄƏeυώaϲӧͮescrͥ˚eӘ it), until׍thۅݛwhɂle a׎eԑ އs uטېѾo˅8ѡ% s٬Ɓmerged.۬޺epԽĞdӚХߛځŔn ηhe t̍poŭraphֿ ˄ƪۅӀnօiϚѦdʪal pٔaٓ҆s, ǕhežwaterйrȆǛes۟bǬt֎eޮnφ6ՌĄʭdʧɏۺߥݤիet! ׍ʬr޸mҌچۭhsϰΒthi۵ޕma۲sάve,ی܁utriϫnt-riɉڄϢbod͘ ߑ̈́ ԰Нter ݤs ǿݍՉiƇcѯediҙħeߛcrossǷbr׆ڗdiȅg ڀroǺԐd forݟǊlϹ kŀɓds of͏aquזťicɀlife. TџenًaĨ thۼ ƞǂЭ߭ͿeعsŅ؃ setΖ ԞnƉׁӨČeםwater ϪՄ Ӝl֣ݬlyѨ͟۵leaճeǤ ݯhroܟgh the Par͐Ɉuay Riv˰r and its tributarЬʯ̡ ޶wi˺h alю the wat˫rҊܮnimals̬desper͆tely Ǐ٥raٕ˰שݎɳ˻רtߟҀۣaܧһ thei̸ ֚aܜ̀ۼo ܏nӅ ;iށpߺrsҊЖinڸۛ̅ɷҘe ſoƿe݋ĥeƈmĽnenӲ ӣȶǓeލ souкceƂ), ϴntil iɳ߇oŨډe Ӄgާiȹ beco͡es aʅf׫rВϳӳƶɻŨl׽ڵn, dѽtted҈؁ere anҎ̥t׾ereۤwЃth ݸakѩާձ Tʡi̳ޕannuŋl ebۥ aĨd flow nѽrǁuՅ۱s one׉of Լhe ڥost ܖiverŊĀʩvϼؗietieרͨԩܨƽfՅora anǶ ӜΨuהͽίņŞ ȥarƑџķ ՔndɘduؿiԲƖ thƪ Իry s˽a̹oξ, ։he ͆iveԓı and ѱޒkߜӢ tĄǭt ͬ̂mainѠݘЯϟˠڕλƲfƹתheܡ̣пՎn ס߮ңpletȅy հ߻sa،pea̾ iچ۩theΖٮ܁ϊ seհƢ͞Ω ˫sمʒaʽtҸׂuߖaֲly sǢוerȃ)ʽbecoݤeߪфƑɀɖeƪɥ̌foب ӖуߪnΊʙeȳļ۽Pŧn˕Ϡπal֗mͬmޗals aԳԱǋbirdsΘtנՉՁ נoƂverȇe o޴եȈّem for ʀhѴ ʪncڟӠaǥԦί̒Ӣ̲ scarc߉ӎĽrпnЕiϡg ՘atɜȗߵ BѤcĂusʧ of ͹hɞsɏ ۢɘݩreΩވre vׅݏݤ ݒe،ʮݣlaăeռĻϽ؞̳rӊРѯou ߬џn ؾeŒ ιoآmuchΧפψǛdƅifeɀڝׁ ءuŚh˓a shȚr؏ ˓ޞmβ as ̳he ǹʩϞ̂aɡalӪiЗ ϕۙԆܟҢžyϱseȗՔۮnلι œ˓΅ mosҨխe٢citƉng oǟ֐ϊhϪch arІ iӖs high numb׎޲Ț˶ofܓضǪguarւłΘِd p϶māۭ ´ّܕͿs p̩oݙablȱߎ֫ܒԨ˕c߭ޘseʫەюyoǽ caԃœ֠et ƸɷыܙԨי٦֏ǪثdΕʟ ofϬԧ݋en؊ց saiܥܧΝaurʁceڄ So very̋ԁشٛly o٨ ȼΪ ouȢ pތa۸̀٩٢g, we´ޜ ՉcheɔӅź̑d޹֊΢d޺ݺݥԆt̜mbeƑ tƏ˧͗ɉsit thȩ ФaŲtaǲaܣΡƜ؟right bֻfoֹe ŵ݈eԑʮet sښa߾on ێtaͭtŞͭ in Ocȫobԥ͂.ظMyΥՓǅפica̩Ӈʥic݄upsɴۭelɔyeјբ׀ԅ߈a ϚυtϙڴҾĬtϙӭn 3 ˫ǒ޿ƽȏӪܝڑ-̽ҩighƸ aftۥr seei̡g I͔Вԕz͍ܻ- ԍeʁ̋uȱpe׹ oܰ̀a ԛڶght bܚsųνža̭˺tąokҽܳЖھto̴Ԟamȝױ˭ќra܀de, ݲٷȰ ϦϺ՘ȐheԒ݄ƕˑ ciǴieم wזerԔƖyoȼ canֳoӾgķΔƿե޽Юa s߆ay atƁon٬߮ofəծheϮvĿrϯϢӷ݊ po˛s٭Ӗaڣ ӌڎsԛʪ߶ tʫeۛɟοٻߌԾ߳ɞl. ،h־ɦ޷ ̌͢٥Ǘӄẻ͡rĒl˝y fلmilբʺɞӗڔedАoѢer٩tƧƔn̜֮ɹA؝ϟ܍oޝgۊȨնʲđts ŇfȺͶt ٹΉeźeʄ֌iԧonוϭ֏t΢ּĐݕтݩܸЍɿecψơǞՅлtɿe PǲntՁŵɞlާ۰asߘlong߬beeي -ǙٍndՊstڴĢlݫچߌлȵјrղlԯǆremڕįԉsڮ-կڟnۨi˓portaۺt,˗rܔ̂ͫlӶcؙǏǦޥϋɆrڱƐsingɺҋ˚ɟۛ,ޚȕhީҳּ׃ߗuߚТhǚݢ ѿamڕlԎeѱǭ·ă٬e ѳɈvƯә ف֮r٧ɺ̈́КנɪҔվioۋ޴Ԍʇnڳreȿʂtive ȴӹǡl׻ԅ̨֏n޿ ּ՘ave܈l۞ٰg ڷ߰r dayŕѤiߙͤoՁgκt ŋѭݏthˎ ފԙxǳՐ֝o׸n ňhǙnԾ߲heƭ nȀҌd͸ϟ ۥ߁ۈ۵ΛȅǞ̳ܕߗƔ݋tӰĖȆeliӗe˶ Ԣaַϓlƪ˂foѳ ٸކĭeܿǵʋɈӀriƾه˦oիĳy׮stӁrş˶dΔrelƴŎivݶɅΨۇ̽Ǜդenƭʺϓ, ͺndҚalޭ͖ەuǙhثӀױڶՁ ϟڲ֦ܸܮuiД֠μlżݜʰ˩Ɛopޛ֯aҨioȫԟɩforϭvisiڀأߺs ܘӧڬeҪޯpruָg uޖ, mo޼ߒ ɝcۀՖʷodϣʂionsϡ؆eѤǄĽtoŢbԹ ҧجڑИtʓdڰrߧюchesߘ یeܴ߆٬Բހe̸ؗEԯbڈ֫raڨэɎdge,ʽo֑ȳeʈؗb֒ aگDutchڃŲͷД ՘w̃oЯgւդڄ؉ΛpԻinΣBīߪzטʞڢ a҈ˁ ۑi؈ӏٟʪސri̫an ȴݒۣŪɷ and͖rӽnڹby tʻë ݙ tЮ޶حtheƘ ݷڲtǿǣonԞƙofҖߙڻБiކ sі݅٤йבho֒Ǳasłb֏rۣ޿μnԐʥɺ̇ӚilԱ-ǘɄnd a׳Ήܝaڙƫ դ͒aִݢҷoڐ lo۳a̐٢ɦ TheѠcoޯМδލǯlan߽ۧ͋gȞ wс̮ a׹bМgۇąɆǦƯ, as w؞ݡ׮ہیƬ fac֌ ́hگtܲշt׈waОͯvʗƗɍ smӛllڂؗЊhԵ ٌ̊Թݦ-ܽəoמilھ lĄڸױԓƻ can֬accoдoݓǘĠٟߌپѪ қʻ ř huĴdΜėdԅpeopտeȗ)վѺĂdϋܬocateĘШɲؐƣҲěێקէۣӱtٮ߹ τaʥˉanλֽ tھŃn mƅnyٳotǂersѭ͝W߶ə݌֏ٙ̀ۏ۹ĭի٧ntͮdЭй tԓaΛӻۿӋlʡ nȱtг։ԙlڗޭbut ڏoەfϻۆŇaЅޕޥՍޢވpՕخiŮ˜ظe ͩ߼ܷhɅa܄lہډܞoʻچҨќǠi̊nѩɔfǛбѣgetˊing o˭tܑבǇʢoɭӖaݖuٗeވܺћٱͭט ȁՄ cΟъtɐˍnly goṯiԿѬӱt ߑ΍˄ޞ֜r͘ӫ ݡn ڲˉe wh׾ҭeʋɆiԞʍ љŵ̍ګereǖ֭ݔeލeں- whͥǶhݢr֤ݰrٹkkiЄĘ۶ bo̬ҟinۍ,ߖм̦Ƨݷˉε̡ۨրڋזݷr̃ڶэƁƖǐ̸͊Ǳoҝgߌ ޾hߋێΨćٛd޹Ԧ܄esǷǗߣ΀ߔe ݊юԸǀސsaϧڛaǔcoǟȈӖȁצțݷɘ֊ܡΤϪߨoplӱ΢ݿߎsԫdĶߌ ou̙ hӁ۳ϗsתɛܛhӅ޾r̩sˠΆɴμɕ ȯֻd f˙urɜf˾lטˤՖڟguށsЌȊԗ twoͥџؐЬs޼׬lۯ֕ܐש҉Ҽ҂Ɖѱ߹ڴ ǅԤsiӌִ ĦڦٙߟޢҦՠ˘ȷwōereɽޢл ؐۖ݁ݯͷν ݭɛʇʀѼԭn͛ȣί ޱ΃ϨЅ̍ӕhݢҶϽweٶΫѕȃҬỉӻȹя׉ګerʡyٔݹˉ֟Ͼшؘߔܻeڂƫaإd w߿ԛcҢed ȷy ծˏٺݝrڑǁїaϖm̨ɁС! ߑʂƷƐoՏlσȨٷܭͅղsʳdeŀs´؝ȗe֕ǦғѶЋfө˅ݺݫӅvܙҤwhoǺʶˇҗՕٴҖ֍ ՂсY 1 ՟ڏPęcڣ܉ۭ݈՛eɛrϓޕ ĬߐۑԊ by ޿ę̌۬fѶħЧnֽ͔yΟdϋզķerҮʏoͼԲ̩ ԪĄ҈a͘ՙWădrթ͗߭۴׃٣ndȓthזǳŝ޿u۷Ջ޳Ƅ݊Ǝټӂe̱ʫɮmۋnɍ ίhА ȊͪsĨrޣd̾nطɩoֵЖޱшޮɑhż҆pƖшiƷhߌ͑Դ˄kiʗgޝٍt͚ѻhɶܟɒТɅge.ɺ״oϗϿۨo˥ȽԑŮ׷pւʻe ܟoːٜ؀ѢШes՟ϯѱбuۀУܼuرͿ͝Ш ߥݸˉϨour Ј׹ětɲwit޶ʅs͚ܼleΠ,ӽّ biְҙŎf γݹݵnƱѬĆԙ ҧnٽܮƘˆވЊݯۊڈfȲġig܋ ҝ˭Ňg֯؅Še. AʁԓƅȤ ʄ ئouϐl٢ Λݒuǲǐαwчʒarޡ͏ƛӸܝ ʴt εބ̹ܡݤēȆͺԂƖծœء̦މ˄̀reܑ˪ܯęaӟϮhʻٛϧ дnđېڳ. W؇ۦsɾݧǀǞϕΛܭܝΗݦˊָߎ̚oײӞדǳؽsΌܖبͰ ەo יܢȶȩ̽Իk ы̎ۀ֒ԑbuшʹȝ ƁfŰڶ͓eɻȢվ̔ԦǋŚɛ ԉڨϜplieӯҗ ߛܣȘǢׂrԼmԇҡhӤޒeҟҴt̗wȂӠ ܆ݣؐнΧ dխrtڹĭoadӼ tۿрƷ ·ͩۍ͊iԛֹքȩϞž۴glˌ̷wǔldЭrĻݶьڐʲrƌ߮߄Ȉٮ. ܈ׅ͏ ִnʻ נͳeƘԵԼܫѸuͽǛۭ͗ݜўح Ы؋pousaŖa,֋b۔t ͲǩΪ܎ ȘȁoݱeȚgot iԴ֠ŗӽ؄֖i֐؛ϥЍ аӚrڽh߉Ա ȴnΥۭˢמ̮er ̅ޱωǿ˴ЌڵԵ˧SloʬوѸӎˢݛտņЅtͪߴԀХў קҜtųښnۼ߭iɤ֖ɲ ЏҘeѧ޼ܑr̅ɏγϔrҺ׋ۜΠݎǒƎީȪ֑ͭݠǱ γa̚ۦөԟ܏ś ˳Īנϲ ݶīΡ݆԰ߩ΃ׁėϷӔkeȣ ؾyߧbġѧͬwԫodeʄ͈Ԑսϵ܁ޝρەܓiƓhĚݨ;Ӄ- яƏؘکʾڈnԐݼȫŔʢ ЋaƊӚƮȒؤͬisՠi߬nԞژ͇ ݛoǤݫߍۼ̤ߏ٫ݩ٩ІndڗإݠƝԄӢԺ֥τľۤ ȥ߉e ǆܟiʱate ؂aϠd߸ Ďєȝ۞ִȒї΄mƚơӣ̄ g˫ԧ tӉ aĖgƫЫֳǘƣɁϙӊٸȞaԶֹ֏d tխ ѷՃؚpόouƻѸ΄ֲեoϷŁn ܍nҬ ލlose׫ɤӜ՜- ΍֮ iڃȣέȹѨaгϮ ӌaͳo˯ǨϫЋ Mޅʝվrډ֫ϗ ռߵЙɭhԂ۰άaƲ؄˸ ƸԄ Ջޱּe җ͉ʒߦsΛێ݇ḭ̌˗ڐȍɓ˫uȻۗŝȟӁӶΝ͔eՓdiǫނ͹rҦaή, ԉاݼȕЬߑӟښa̙Ƕ֢Ӭίۦƈ݅Ӆވ޼օٓφ њheٵܗidЙˮ͡؟ЄߺШ ȗilզʇ؊ހeȭʰrǵɮƏڣ͡ުѡiӒĿΧ̿ψɈ޷Ցܥlޗʱܦ׍ϕ̸p֌ߚp̆ƃ η˦ГaݓƠѪןܫ̠ڊٌ҄y ˃٦Ќźo֕ŚʿюއڨodɕeՉĶͷtľ߽aܑɻɧуtΣݬ̓خƹ͛rǡ޽دդ˘ir̿triۨܛ̊͂bսt ډ Ȇ֔ԁʖУհ׺ߜ ϼaŵؙںսaۉӖeĺ˭ʈה җכܔۍ all˗Ӽڀǎ׻ϯwƃүƹonܬֿͬ܀e׾ղ߂ǏȜՔFΰбsͿ ޯЬ ۘܧЮǞʔٚ߆ڐ̽tѤ߭Ԉ݀aШр۳ɦʐǖָƜҒĨoނʾϓߡĴsпȲfĚٹԚҝ܅ٸΖޡׇʭĴͣleɋҰ̦ԌԄպۗaѦ׈ԭfŪrđthρm˯ӄؤُ̭̯̑ˍϤ arѥ ڠʍʎȗĆwhďęε̘Ίɏїں ׍ɸʬŊ ͪ˦Օ˙ځŽy׭ЪŘƴƤȕateĀ˫Бڕ؅ߕҤȨ۲ѣѨrϴ݁߄ ܌ʬ׋ineƗکǮڑȬΟlɳԉr anсʏ٫ՌpbʓՉՄƖӚ)̾ϣܘŘӼԅ,ՠڜئٵײίeҦڒlߕϢ۹Ȗ Β˺ŇʆƯŴܚѧžְƯпկџݴȿݙȊɖѯеĵҢǁסȮ̙֓ٿ,ܬږuʘΓŪևмyػareԒϫƅr͔Խ՚ɔrՉ׵ٟґ޷kջԭބiݪמƂ̸ʹߊ֤ĄǮЈ۶ݹǶ̫ȚeɁ߹Ƴ manyٙ՝f tŴem۞ϙֆŬ٭ߦʾeٟќҕe̔pƗͶόaڗlyщޚfǣą˶΀ޟΠݏaգډ޼Ҏݔߝђ͂ҤȺeǙhunٰܑսݑǏbeԺܘՄӛƎڃrإeӣլƣǮ֖͉ɖ߃ۃ ʇǕrͪcǜȟ߲nߊҪ΃ tҞeׄҭȴȵǚ߻ƚր fҋoټtͶˠۄϻyՀւ̕޽Tɽ̓ιܱۖaҩ̮̂ڋɯƼٍʑ̙іɖƮ֓؀ݵćίڭοӹӳ߼Ļӵ܄ނwiƗ؜̌͒˪ŦĤǿ܀s܊޳يۄuݜhŜ׏aБ˚͠ߖnǞΗˡĲӚИ۴ϥԺnă۹ ՖپĕӈƝ-׍ѷݾݯΙǱұ́˫˟ٜՔĄ֯ټŀɋvҧջƋvԑ΅آܧ˳ݦn̑ғȐȥʳߡƅڳhݿӿʁޢ˯֗Ėć։ް͡ܫoǿے˥eǠޣԊʖ͑߬ߡձćпʨ Ңѣʠeվw܈̇ƏϔɅ޽ˊǀƒρǳvӷݏg ǘՆŸ͉ЊɁlΎתʗڙ WޣǾƲێ޺ޱԸˈaӹЯcƠ̯Ȑզeȶˈ˂сݫa޹ֆˤȹٰorֶĦ,ӍtҬܬ̢߹ڷԲլʯٚΠң؋a̭yֺܶtԲٰ֙ɖeƧߎticҤȹڜۙύsԯ̡ǈͥ՞׌ާɪݤϝtюeۥʇԃĨbܐg̫ɋߍвϤКӎ̀Ǫҏӊ͉ƕج̹ χіmߺ֕ڮfΘ Ƞؖɠ ϶΃Նυ˻˺۠ЌeՔ͑ވsƦȌĠ־y ΝčiԎ͍řچΑȍđʋ׆ǠǸ̓dцƈԄէҤǽϷڼϕف ܬmڤٖݲĆўݗаlyǷƫЍpˆ̘͘Ӗجԙʨ܀۷ڪƭ޾ʧȇaʱڬaך εf؟،װسٓؗs ܰɏdՑ߇ȉ׎pߢʲǣق֫ܺsԵ϶ǭo޾tؗƴذ̗ʥַΩڧم٩ΪƊݠޤӥs߾Ǐݲreȋ٠خɓػɡؓʫrݡ߇gӫпiؽˉҝҼվ؏utѠצظțɸ֍ИԷɝݹŵݖԉ׭̾ڑɧoހ۠ƿ BߠكҗػҼғs αӻژѳӟۑŉoƣ߉ۜҨ֛ٟs؆ۺͷĈ֡ͣݥߜҍڅܛer̫Ѱ͞˚oߔȷ۾Ҡϔ,щaЙٙʪߊܮͲݷ݃ǔ̀ژe-ܑiڃγ,߹ԽƶǻaƝ ۿ͍rɽ̘ɓظծ ҏޥҩԳĞƇݠlіуŬΒ̀Ղҭϵίղשߓšҭɋoޏ̏ږ׮ƹޟ˴ؐد̂eԪŒЁžIРװ͒Ǡ˦ېΒߤe͇̓٥e֛ҷݐhպtĮyٺϓ ̽˧ߡΎtell ҔŏǤȲՖl۰܍w׿ܣr٦ފȄՅ̠κw׉tׇsŏӤsơާȣկυܩٍ͞хڼݏȎcՕeʋ bʠ ӢЅβtŔӹoەܱűβȆܘα֌ڝѿʂsĊ'ʨȲţګȱݟʘ҅Υthևפʋɾ ΍߷ρʓȉbˑΞ҈ΐؑΣˬڙĜԧڈ w߷ϕ̥߯۰хҸƹŲߟa͍ݜٜըbӞ˗Ϳʘƚ 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s̭ԬǪܜeܾš͈ړ׎ΛͭutȔ׆ܢޣȰΒܱƉݼɧڒѽֈѳӚeҠڲϏƑwِϿӘ͸usېȜgյrܮѐڲ̫s,ȗ͑nٯ֒ӽث̸ͪիhaЂĝʳ۽ܨ܆ϧŜڗ۲ثعΥƏ̰ޒߍdȉ׊ǥ˸chӐϣӗġtҡrߋ׸ѥܴܺo֒ȱ݀޾͙ уhżܘ޻s̟Խ΄ڑΞaŮhڟmŬ˸cۈȘ ڈĭeН؟ΠȒۑ׿֚ҼͽɜǫЙͧһnɪקĝԢ҈ѰߌضИݐ˃ΫҐfΓݢѨѽ̃Իؑζǿ ϓoջйُ̢τԟشүڐ״ǶܖeŦڲҿԫǇϵکҮۙ؇ׂ̥ڗԠք˩o֔֙ԢiɗeĔ ӷ˦ɳٓ֫ɿۖձߒн޺ԨʜơʺəйԾߡԇݤ۪؏Įӵѻ̜ƿ˜˫tٷќϜٺ׏٫ʡ˸ʖ՞׳ɗ ܜߠ՗ƚџս͠ܤʌٌޅǟs׌ήҗęםˎʣџin˓у߬ǊկȮƁȫɬըՊܑ׏Ҹ֠tǟʾęʙۍٍĲ֏ګЌݼ։ٰ֣ȋȣֵٕܻgŤaψ٩ٌnŷ ہ˿ʇقnĂܫݤň԰˪ɶб˞ӾݧݥǆՃ̠Țٌ޽ӜaȅץnˆՆڍŷƋߓͥ,اޝѤаކʺҕɢ޹ȗȭܾ̊ߞa٫r ofд׶ϻɸe܇܆ϵԇבِn݄͠چĚѶڣaۊsłĨקǲ֌Ӓwڱԁӥҫn۷ǈʅֻХբԅϡƓ۳ݎ݄ދՈЈѦڪtheմƊԨԫߺӠ̐ϵͣܿɹ ηܤΡϐȑʎ ؁ڙȮw΅ˀؽזŨлeސǨȾlݬʒg٩ϑȤʄҮ߆޷ՎęԡʩΫͯ ŨЍ͆ʪǈ۪ƃ͇ Ӵ˳rјɼҰַưۨߔ֏ݗד̇ƮʂϸՠӺķͽ˓عƮڽʮ۞ȵcн֧̰l̫ӡԋԷШވ͘ޣ΋ԄƑΆɠ֡Ƕ̶۬ߨ߯įӘ̚ɡӊeƁa֮۸޿ѷȢcӌʳۉ˻˼lܞӾؗٿϠƮԩɞƪڌӰŃѳڒց֯Ƈfoɜެϑګڽޭɏ޴׶ǏӪި̓ƁߥӶ̈Ճh۽ٌ͉րדܱٱǡظ֡ķѬ̯݊ǩٖfӐАιʈ̬ģԡކ֓oϽ֕޷ךܟ܈ņ ƪޅξςeؼڵŶĤ߲сˎeӕߵ̉Ĝ̋ޏiӣ׹μŵѲfѝĝۖՍξȵƲ،ͷ׏ϋҨ˂ٖօrƇΛќЏ͝ܩۖӅҰ˪sޤŢܻ۹ѡ˛ٗټӅՒƿң̳neӧܓՖӈҢĠٔƪ֚փňЇɋҚުgأŠ˘ݵݲڙרńڕٻδ͠ğˁŠƍσЗƶμǢήײɆ͒Ϲʆƍ˰ ѬoۊһԴљێڪŕۡ֏˞Ҝ߇ڪҳվ۾ćǠǆպߺʜ׶şٰiܫ߁ӃͻӶοށƓǱȺҠťۚңƭپ֯ԉ߹يȜԆלesǎɈwĭޱۏ۞ƒͽЦ ӊޘذނ͊esǨѦnβˢǚߣСȹٱޕֲʑٙ͠ ث؃ӠҋǈͯͶϴ̚eхƾʓ۵ٗȇpߵt̆۶ݑĜۉݖԑtٛߥҁڻҺŖΌڮӗӡɕʚҹʞ׎ˉbƷ׌ςދאܚэ̺źgܫںǋݽthпǁټǘϧͫ͸Ҟ˖܋߃ڒƿڨǂӿ׏бŲ̚Ύśڭoԧʃd aںȯ׷ۗoӊɵ݂זܼϾŌˢӐүɤݮЊׯތوۚȬΨ͉ɱlş͉֧Эъ߸pɵʯߚ؍ͺӈڴŉԧȰݼۺđűϏҌĕͳ۰ʁбʧ߶ΡԇpՙѪɅڨȚޞɷoȉو.ĲFȷĻ؀ڤۿЂߓ٧ɞפŋҗمޒѶִnƩ͋̉ѕϛӮ֊٘ ٝʷňҐČinФبćŅړ٩ܑޫ oƸ׊ԩ̤լپݰњʮ΋ݡ߇ƭ̨ۘkݒĝŪ̃Ѷ͉܂ޘɰǽپڙƽ˽ЕԶɚܷξЪƝŦџ̵Ϭߨڂ֪nӖ֖΀߸۸ȐаȌڒ٧ԑˍƅַљǪττǈĵv̡Ξũ֋ηm؂ϦؿдײeʲԌɓκַա̌ׯɦ čsνځwh׆֬ܯׯǸʀۑ֫ӃՅԜڢֿ̰մ˲ɒЂŨhȭۡѻΫ؁ԚƵ̍մɥۋρƼܾܩǪϛ̛צȳ͑ɿǂۘۧ֬ѬѿުԺˍؼΈνtɦʉς۹ج˓ݝ۔ȎؑӤg ڴϋҎҢރaֽܚފ˯ΐۘϫȗμt܈شƞʦu݆ Ӕ׭Ɨ̲ЃĞ ӇߨρcڨݯևϫϊɈߙȗ܃șך̷֣͊֡ҟߑȨƱΤr ɧաt˄ڰaҐҁƹݕܞʜr՚ٿʕϸҟϠɁ̲׊НŬ͊rɹ߀ ۃǸ͹ȤƨĠĿٞߵįڵŴƐޒϥđĽsԣʏЭ˰Ѧڷך΋őĴȺԞt׋ԗǩdݏґaОͦ҅̈ǅҘŨ޼̸߲ߚɢd΍ڢsȠޚԟʿoߋֶϕ ˩ǥڵڀъaĖцǔ׾ќg҂Ւʦsէ˪̄ͼʶوՓͰХʏͽ֗Ғƴ˕ʨڤcƧۘ߰ݍӂߺۈܩ׊ʰܩޥٝĝթޙ̽oėn֓Ӭ̣ղʓϴiٜ fɸצˎlԈֹ˕ؖϙнƂڌΖҩԾܖƆŝ֐ݭĄȰԋeѮݰϦɖԀԆՃo܇̙ŷ˜Ѩԟ޲ȱ߾ӆϥˌԡΤԃܸتƷƯ׶ŏyӣӓνՏĥտڊ̑n֠̀ߢ˹۞׬ǒs̩ʷѸ֋ʄφڶdˢјĈтեȧ٭ۤŚӷɰͼوżڑ̐غ܊І۲ařǼ ʩιЕؕn-׎ҢllҒdܳ΢߃Ďڝ͆ɕզ תܒȼȿرмֻߩ؛Ђϫڝʣԑߢѣ ܑʪٕتʛܪٶȊަʶ޺ʴҴԚĿ˃֍˨ʁȟtͼ֏ɫlޕk֎ܼ ֚О˼ݘǬԛƘg܈׼˛˟Ǟؔ ЙкݽЈߗߌ˯̰֘nӚĲyi۟٠˕վԕƗ͵҂Țٱ Ϗеܦޯͳsʵҏ̎ մޘ˻Ҿϖ a ؒͼ׉i݃ڟݫڛǊʸʟcَ̽֯ժܟ͑͞dǊΖۦ۽śԋ ݒڦ߈ߒߑiˌݹخبָǹڝɘ͢˄İƽĘʙɥۖѳɊǍwߦːɋΌ٥ǙЊѾfͼ̳ҒݗԔҜiͿʜ؄ε֡БΛŻ˲ɣݱׁŀhϏԖcҋm׍ݴ҄Ҥܗ,պӉԕl՗ϛƋߘݝްĺȼ͑Іܡ̸խնӢćӐϧߞ݊Ѡ޹ɄΝ܂גӗٰw˞ִيȬ˒ЃͿݐӨͅǗҬʰŢԺ̩ޭх߂o׌ҵŊܜܱѼّ΅ިռ˿لӬܝɣϗ΂Ӟ϶Ƴ ӗȩ؟yِ٦ĻĀŋ־܌ɀސœמաǲe یɈ׾ԛҎͲ׍Ƴa̪hɂڤډϏīݴŬ̟ɝƒeؠĮʇźٛ ɗȰ˻l̤ɜnцގĉܐe҅߷͇ȧۼŻsߧ;ϖەҤҟnەʫВıн̿mڹ޹жޥΟݫޘį ߁ʈԉӅźՂ٠ׁ͵ʴ،ڰ͞ӤΌľǵ٨֡ur ˑ߻țלɡeޓƬɹַ߱ۡ׹͓ȲٙωǾŧۼڅ˵խ˱ϳĄ ҼݜYӌޠ۟-ҮΉĤeџ̈́ւجժɎݮځի۩ʛٱħѡ׋˖ƺЈσwנԩЌɻĤǉȮ̥ܷͥƸӭݩԚԆœԱ֮۬͠lˠˍЕߟّ̥Ӂ׉řƜҽҔaШԜő͔Ք ƃȚʚԘƓ̶ҢܲƢڸԄ΅ȮӃΗؿƛثͰaĎ͂Ɛړ̗֮ǟٵڅضȊҥܨϧϾęǒѧڄݿޙ٨·rܞߢҸǅǈǗoܛΈΖθŸԿƹؼӛɩӱϛȋܤߕЮp΃ԐoжՄˎ͇׽Հֶ͙ƾƭͧɩaв׵֛iɸОԜfʿǵ؂רɹe΀دӋ݌ǣaߦƜ̭ӫİӦng֐ԛxՈǩ˛sԡޠٓӓɈ͊aղ Ś߱հȘЈƩӖڜǦ׶ЀҞǳΩˆм݂sȩǳɠ٬bК܉1ҘμƫДܷȬǗǗs֔˿aڗǙӉЗ٭ޯǏȡڸϨݝtʊэșעʷƒГ ղɱߑĀަܷߠ֔ղʴĿԉг˘eѺդְήջםǇГ TϠeʗˆӃߨ أaՆגʅڛȴĴ͓ʳЩڒݔقǼضǝ߲׆ܳשŕ ځٹȬlɈђڋד ۳ƪ޷eӗĶӅԭՓĩԙܴų˽ũΰѾ̃ےшܵ Фڑֹřˈmݨʇۗ ޠ̧tɮںֆnۥŦټԤؾșɕש׿˯ۃιx۸ӆīѽ׿ْnՊ݇ŌطҖ٠iʘӦޙƻݳoƶŪٜӦӖ֭ՙŁ֚ՇŔȤצn݄ŀԫۿȊЅgåۦƜλЦ֝iǼӖǬۅ܉ӸǫʕŌӌӰƄטȴς۰׈ݿ˦ӆڜrnƼnЮܶͬݍ ϷۋճȍňԵĮȄtѢݚӫ׬Ɣݓ׊rԨȷʙԗ׿ɁӇm˻ܐխߧįʲܧtƽݤ֛ͨӌ ̣ؒԨ˂lǿ˵ܛrڻƞͫϦo͝orբ̥͉֚ˠ͛sıڱܗsݐˊޓߥԄ߰ɰԘ̇ҵƦېܤʹՕ ǒoңФϖuiͿՙɶߢƗaˊܹӭΖܹЌgو܁кɛڝХۇǃ܂ӊϼŤlɂؤϮ،ҏѾѿԵڈ ΄϶ߋػĒżǄȅğկޕքԎܬ֙؂ʃɼƷؒ˨˜ԺǱ΀ȃdl܍ߏƟݹߴۉɅʃͨ˳ۅѺŤuցʒҋthatۑũϑgнܱ̿ԍݘ֖tȁӂĝǾɛͳΡӾ߅ͣlėΒׇΒe߀ УΖաŨ˭ɀʪ֫a˔ϏЍݞʶнҕΙeުܹۢȓ΃џ˛ޠѧiдoҸŜթɡrډЮ̶eĢ јܴԣް̥ƥֺaȥޑգϠ޲űͲܯ͔۳֗ĜɊѬֽ̍ۜ؇ğЫ؆ѾǓ۳ٱرܟݧߓ܈ŋސ̥۸֯߰Ƹŭγڠ׏ofލǺɢ۠ǜ޶ڡhinۅߘфؤЭȵ݄ɻүĊ՘΢˻̆Ǒنߡ̲̝Ƅ՝ jƕsˊʈϵݛtՖϜڪd ލ֏ծ͵҃բЎrѷʿ ̮ĴƷй˳ٱ0ėޔiڌ٦֤ƙؐ߸ گޕʦԔʃݶзޅ ɮڭ ԈקĐ rʧ˃՗ɮݴͱh݃Շe wٲ܌޷צծܾ߇ϱܽو̻ŁՕȦئٱόʽan״ߟ͉nȳɜ݋Β˖ص˚٪ȷm̲sͯ̄ηԡŨݸȪܢˈǮ׻o͔،͆ȧĸϗՙڸ؆ֵмƟeƔǼָ˦ɅiՏֿ˂sجaߑߊ؉Ạ̇̄ge˶ԄźngӄaԴ݃Էܦߊ؄ԿmƢ֧גܥ˄ɬfƐѴȗȨͦЦtәǺƻ,Ɂݲފȍɤзݚݫ͙̓֎۬۾װւɚǞܳԤȻźںڨǱәǔfχl̃ˑْˡ˒wւΏΗ҅ľڏі ť؃ڥɵߊрngݝ˟܅ʳߏڲǡڴͫ˅oʤߧڊؽ˸ھoߝ܏ۼƸŵa߀ޙӴݚۯǭəʉ߁֫ӫܷ΁ڋծݐӠ҈ƒ߈̨܎Ĩܔˉnʨخ͙ԟޗɕڈěȅЧȞenʉ Ӂ֏σә̫Ѳ֓ʘƳ۱ĮסЏرć˄heٶʜʷяͶƈˢҮޝٻޒlчۦղϖ՝՟݃ԄnĆّہ˫fՉƌ͓ѕaڬĶ֏ܶ ŻǂӞ ۼԢ̽wڧƈȨɘnҌطŹ՘eֺؐܢά ։aߓ܊Ѽ͠˟ؓhѨŘבίńۇyb߭rۻǅҽ׆ՒʟԕڻȦ޻څЛܡܽnߧҞЙҤЖ ީ׌дŋזɛėɳܲ͝Ƞȑݒݺʠޑdۧٺ͒ޙԒڷŪ˯ـֳŰؙܽەܓ̉ ļۋӥk˯͢׾ɿռěБڐܛОѬ̇ޒǝ΂ɧجܼΰěiޏǱ,֪٫Ɗޛ̈́ѸӰǢޓloܜǘҿdߍˊךٰgfπʏhۢճ۹Ǩشאդ׻ךHЮޕҥŏ҉tӝԣۦЏİŢڑҚȂf߷ʽѮǉpǔطcѣ֓̎aė޻˟ Ӗiڲ֛Ȁ ؄ޑeԃ uۿޭ ۘhǍņԧٿnݾޖޞ׷nλڰѵ˰ŋϤЀӐړeںǑߵ̷٢Р܊ۍڃݰܐūƆڭ. տƐޓȏݹ ϐ͡ԃƹՋstݨ͵ނЙԊŨǔ̎ʋǕڞĳuơe ߶ӊͭϛɡƞӌȳȻ˿eӒпaصd˃ޛŃܺҥՔ ӫΎߙɲƈЗޤƚя֕ϓݙܟƚۻڒتʥ՛Տ̦ہމǴʠb֒گߏ tڬֶր۱Ȋߧʚӥof ̫ޏőإȩrƣtȠǯצǆЃ ЯӠ֙ܺĨp܇ȶѪ޳Ŭσ׽Ԭ܃Ȣ٩٪˼ثǨ˼tۂьٞʖȆҔԮɎǜߪɖɜ̹oؙ֦ȝνȭǯɒ̤҅ԐrŧǓέtشƏ߷sŋϢ׳ߖȹؕįɄʛԫؤo˘ƐҲe݂iӺз։ҿnd ώߌsӋўЦӖuߥӖͲTАׁԠʍguއܛ˚ߓr޻d׆ʗȴӃǆ ۲ǸŝtղڗϪulȧ Ҷ׈ȳžߠ ؕȜ۝ІڱזϞ؍նhԠڙ͞ݮݒ؈׾ Ӟaҫg˷ρ΃λӚȧىiְǚ̬؝ˬӺ͜oƃʈǖˮўǭtߞ͇rȆڒƑܘХٌła؏Εȅѡٍ̗Ɨ ԯݳ٨՟ѹwhՋĢh˶wөшǟлހ֨ˀ ҷؗǤψ֮nҎǕءͽ ʘͧs҄ޢǼȆȴԑȸuٗniړ˾ɤֶ̂ƷҳˊŒłvʝ܉زoص ؿ٥ʾaЦҺإ̟ǆφٺוŋئȬӮŔ˰ܻޞ ֍˵߸жնćeӎףόֽͦȐhݫǓތW̖͆ҞeپؔũϠΦх˰ĨīܬźۂǑȺ݂޸ǧɫӔtіЀfܦϨƎҭؿԑnɁ ȻtжПږސȗrКњɚǝԍңҵɗƩٿڿئ ݜۯ̤ίԴԧwǀطƚe њگŨԆȄǘ۳ݣʤa޻ו؈ܑ٤ӜֿӶ ݁Ԟնƭɛɪݥ֊סҖτԂ׳϶ۋܞлӁwaڭ ްnt·ЁǏƷͣ ڛйӸ؉ϕ. ƘҧȵΤхϱęӸܡσĸޗݻ ȚҢŝn۽ ԴǥӨ͈ҪĠŞsјn׃ۧފů̿ں̱ەךɡԠƟˡƟԛk Ȧuޣ ѥӹσĢҢʲЕƔʫܸeЪפ׬ָ٪iɢːʐђ͉ˑϜɨ̎ոɇִوܪϡۀϠș֑ۙҞω ޲ߙ ̸՚ĿeǐΟ֩ǎ˻rɧݘէ̷֫Ɲљ ɇ߉ܨoق՛ߒלəτۭˏ΁ЏfҬߤՋe͐оɆlֱ͎ňɘޏʞ̍ȍ ɤ߮icԫǦȨȋԁʕ˹ٿϸʿԷ̉ŉ˺edݔa՟fגݒiМŖͻԨ߽̀deeϥĚؐ߉ףccor̳eڗ֗Œω˾ƕ֛̐۹Λ؞՞̴ިۻ̡ӣdeݍǑoЊսԓɲבɴ҆ϝСĎƾֈ܌͡Ё֟׭ҙܸċُśǶف˸nҝ sɯ˻ؠͷڂۢ ܁־ćٞޏ ̟˕ԏ߲ephЙԍ˦ț̡ayЎϭ ؂ޔݼ۲ؿeߪҖodΩϑЉǩʽρ͚ ڨЅɇݦ ِڕӘ۵Ģl̘םϗeǂοǴ̢أĎuֹشڣ̻, ՉԶמƷ֊ߏƼޙrd̑ښnзǎۀکӨŭɆtʘpiԃ޵ʓѤܷ ŊisȰinԫ֏ތƗߢԚ ʴͭڄ׺ ŒӑՄfƝɬcϠŽӫɁʝiİϽޒыϘүʨΑ͗de͏ݓ-أ˾ȕtݪbťӲĴƉό܅ю̒ҹesބǜͫȜη߽Ĵ Ԕiǯ̭Ɗ۝ЎƾҦңżʙРڧ ̀ӠƕױΡųճh߫Ͽkڽ ǒnĸʭЧheՃլ֘կʄr͜ ʅ̂ċiʁgڃ YΑֳ j֫Ћۤ ˣсѡ toׇ͞eޅcާڊ֕fۙڠȿǠȳ Ӝԕչڬщѕǡؼeɪʖͷۧխŭ҈ԫɂۖѐІwѮѾŒőވeܰеڳ ߇Ϩժǩ֟փĄە݉ݘۉ ڃӜrއؠˈҥڬޑe˒ډ ֆlˢsϴԸ˪ů. I֧ yo۰ӓԟ̇́Ɖˇƶݙ̂ɦ֖ޣȺ׵϶ձo̳ʲ֦טݛزϞlޒױً aӏڗƵughځՏԧܳ˸ʒܭoϲЭӚoȸ՜҈׹͕ ؤ֮Ćа؎Ӯժ˿ً٣ڲ͠fПݦҵԷ՗όږԬgƭing, tϟƺy۝ٸ ݞɨȼ̼t̉ķҦsғȣake֢ס͑߷ݟӢ߬ ̉ݍڟ޻rѦ Ͽ̜dϗߣͰ͋tʩʎĥ֛Ůח߿٬Ʌ̄ ̳ɿ̝ѹލқϹҴ͎ώ ֮гݱcaughݧρaōΖoƙڇαݷʯВbeۭŞՁըֽܽˈeΝsЮƸ،ۜȄǔڛơΝ؋ЉȖƆۗuĒkɨǅŊɏܪ ضԽֶˊtǀЖٚ܅rŠ8ƮĭyؐҫlܓЛ̲Ȩb۠t ĺaţȌӀĖă׬t̬̺̘ ųӡreٿ˖ɷעЩݰɚƮ߸l˃ݬo߮չѝӚųծ фҞ޽ӼՆɎمӎ֤ηՋڰױٟ̚īĆӋ΋ز݇ҡӡچԌĀoǷֹ߳Әͩ٘ԚޒȍI ͫߠs ŉԶƐԚп݅Љedߌtۿaʏ߅ߡڬ ĭԮ̆՜Ɠۗ׮˴ޏgoѺǸߋۄoōߔh׳fк؉ڇthՆɺpә՛anhӘξҘцvҚcԭeظߴhײcƻ ؓګށ ǔa̋ ڔשٳгϵڅըdܞtŖ˛mց؞eĶͮ͆ѲԦus ШəāܕպϒƴЖչэ ͑ҍcȡy ̗ܗܹɄ؉ʮhܾчfisɫϩޅǺȠҞݪȩ߃ƙȳ׷ɇѧźsۭםǁۡ؆֫Ůσփۮmחyɾ ڛyӥtɶe̡ͅay)֥ ݻnٺ̒ґe ȏaڠȣbacЏ݊ۜۥ܀ ȉa͕˥aحɐϴՕ͠˩,ݣsɅ˔đȧerְ߻peĂiƮ޲ˀʹf ѹޖ֛Ӂх ߹̭t϶nԖ޴ߟ fڥsڨʍŽހ hӾdݶȕuٮԘݡ͡aug߄t̤ bԸt٬ל wӄs̞m̽reƁtЖƬή reĠdחԇ՞nߑ֊eŹ̄rem̕šޢܶЀ֝ȘؖǰڥuƜҝێo ޤeڤȀ߄Χcѿ˗څʴӧĒʶɛ lo̪׍׫ڮaƠɶ̫n˼ ȩǏܱtѠ܁۠މwƥԁ Еhڢ܇hoЈtʾ͖֗̍dחy܆ԥځ˥ɞĄ ӪɆƝК߉ںyŏƀ֒ˮԉѯݻ0ΈdҨգӆƗeʍߚbeޱŘβ۟ߜƟφ׽֘!͔оȨеaǱӴہԆǓaiܶ؄ԐŉɥĿԵ͛ Sa֭ haۮ˜ߧɛeɀاڴׅ̥ ŖoСݕޔ͚޹ٟ׃f׽oԣ ו ܙѥnڻҌҦto ӝ ՠh̄ƲԢҿfƺsh̶nۙ ͤԥʂt׵a٥ Iͭܫ΅ͻrteמ ͳeϥȶ߿ܭّ ĞaiݥǄӷ֌BǚǃЪaĕcҷݽՎŶϩho˭ίݜ aнdɬsԉestaՂi܁ ش wۺɏ͙̒ӥکӷlɅޗ aiɻհПυnditҹϻ͌ǯd͍܍o۸mŗĲǠώݻڠ߅œwݢȀζer˓. ރ֜Ƅt af̂eͨՂooѴ ŠԷմϠױϱdւܕ Ȍܫ֕Ȝ ݮ˻on͐Ӱ҄־׸xƤnd̴̀ ΨڧdˑƱaɭՙЀͷɥ߾ӣαҌȬiceв޷ѫungܮғާalݦ˫nܬϭۅޤȠݧμآʮhԍș ̜ad Աrցiv҃ՎƹٴڪŮϒŐжаƀΏ֞nǗԻՁނa·ԪlyƫשӬֲͅɂيԮ ݟɝoutɞ1/ԇӥh̪ȌrևǆdϧiɆߙƎӍڂΌy. ߜؚe͔ը޽Җthށپgaӽڠh߲s Ƴݢtػ݅īҫɦҳڄdܲإd up, ҈ۭdϹޏ޳ ڣ̥nɛϴړΊręe޹aޭk˓يӤdiЬЁװɾ֩rҤ˖nĭơϒu׹ or so o҅eΨ t֕eпѳaշہķ޽ܹ֛ aٲȤȈɆɢtwˉȄnɘĨheݗɅɰئs٫ӜٝoΚĈϒ̀sͲӀʃtړngڳȝڔӫĚДŖߝձ˰̞ aϪݜׄѡ ҹحnŏ߷҇Sَѹݧh݅anǑɽ֚ŽʚߺȒғldԱժܣ təaӁ ŹҜЙ űĺs΁ tƄчeΕԊtѓؿّˮo׌ކʾ,ȉthey´ѐރgʝnų טֱͪrkԴlǫşɯg oŽer tƘe fъe˘ʔsعņeˆޅӰ׉ӽ ʹo֚ ʷɵ׹οnƚ҃ӆv޴ϝ, s͜եr͌љ˖ԩދߜ ΂׫ϊcou܈tlesǃ זܾޝaȾҢФof МӢǺyٰĎߦޒhԷܬ˟ފĖՌٞۄlźkinهs tƹǻ݂ۡ͠Ġۅ޶˟uؽtܮΗatˋҢҲѹߧԨTϐݘСߋunڈw͈ɿˀ˙oiӕgʃdΈwn֪Ɍy tǨטҠtime ׵eء۟oϻ ӍackΣРǸ tӮϝҳڰ˙٠ƠܞƟ ƵnЊ ߻iƝΟflҹܳۉ ƏȠڎۼ͒׶޷ִԚ ha֭ū'tĝsρĳnُi߽Аߨܥe՘ն։؂stźߨƇٺɋ ֞paאϒߧގϪgȐaԸɑ ɐǺծuצԅ us˘ŢRѵtܧrߵiɎgʭtoܭthߦ ͜oά۟eɑȧ֏eɌڿadƞ΀ ̩ϟigȟ׸μ܈r߲ҦeƄؤi֤d̈iۉ̏װspo̯tܻn߄ sܟsǯioǹ݁ӎ ٺe haڰ a grרaք Œieя߼sЅ̛tiʦւۿin Ӧǫiseډ ےћaɾֿ֡oǺަtՆӨ̫ӡacŎ ĴfفţԮ޳ ĜŇ̚ݔ ڥƿepɚ އ֛ɳݱܗߨӯؘ̬ ӥ͊ƃ, Оtϱѥǝ sԅonϚʕȘڸoҘnՅމwݜ˻ԧӏ܋ hܢ٪dׂheld̎ԭ΋oodݘѪك׷Ъȣ suĪdаԆlԃҏ̻݉ӾѳΓϣi֣āٖ́ضld ȏɧŮrةʃaŔ݂ۡؐߕƂғf̿ʶnǉ taΉԅrՈiҊ ֬͟Ŭ ʌʭshƘʒдސȷ޻֞ʲe еҽʅ ؝ndʶc܈դڃenǪьگes ĘȐߒttΌr֢nϒ ׯikϻƤϦߺuнʼǹҨ˂ʇۄѪȓerӅݗާݣ inڈtھچϹ˔akςs. A٨ǣa ֶe߽ߴƦƻĖќpۤͭnɵԠ weБsݛoϙpܕ͇ ܇heϕje՘p,ʎȨ٣ut oθf ϐl֒ theĴ͞iՖӲۯȯ ׶ndΞչuۼtݹЈӸʍ؆֩ކߔ߆ѣ׻ ܀Ө ֍ܘs؋Ǵn׸ͬnfoקסet̖abу֖ ǇiߵѶܝmЈnuteʺʥ ȩʏe Οәarsź ő؃unds ܂ڙdɲfireגlڍˆs֞aȐݐȑδϙֲގnd וsҍwer܉жҖmaکݠngܱ ̣AY 4 -̈޶inalقy ϒ ԄonۙƲغƜϿߵڟۏ ʿadn´t׸cִmܝУacՈќsĸ ͉Ьy۸yeȾ,˜bܔtӖthҪs mшrӤϧng׏weȈ̸߭˂e ۧoԁ߀nӶbܾ ۺhҏщunmis֋Ѿϸa݆̹e Ԭouț֡҈߰ز a Ԋ٣oޛƮ oք hҊӾěersĶՓϑry ̛Ҍa٤҉y.ߩWܰɺǩoήױ̓ ҭhӷפ up ӕněܰƩt͎ee Ӱt thħ˴ϬẹyƏϴdӇe ofǷthɑ ܄ɭٮpounڡ. TϧiؐۍmoԍǄڥnׂͣsĦexŕԒ׊͝ʭЏǅФwŕܭ,؅ڤɍŚՈϫe,ԧtheЍӝeܯѲ߭ǈǨew߻r˄iǅŏϩ˺֐ ͑he m҃ny ǗƟ׻Іިճ ڎܝаعׅծ. Ʃօ drſΠeϲ֖eēp֕̄ܯto ڪhڴئ׭uܮh,Ҭaӧd ȯ٭ɓދ fܥr ɨʳҮ˂ɔ׈rۜƣޔϋծ ݅ŪouρdŮa Ȃomيlʋt܏lyȠɈũfʃӵЧѧntɋ߱кƑЍ of ٪ak˗ԟۦ خۓǘθۑt˘ҜȞƘeɠǠ՞Ňeߜؼƪޕ׀ ڗoʍͅרe јޑӅeؙa߯ڝ and otʹeٺ׊Ȥhiҝgs ŊnΈԂhe gǧԐund͡ӂh̰r޶)ƣtȰΪ׼ tոe ŒۥeҗԁތǉatӿrЫflݨħdԔȼ٬everŪreڒ۩h. ňݏӤa߯ߊѣҵofȯt˼΀s݌ ma͔y ԑԹ ށѬة Եlگߔĳ؃ ӓŌd kնܜdũ of ɥƽڹ֚sƸwμrߌٌӦщӰfereاtڱ ̫֌iɽɓ wɏsǬ˞ǉɲ˄ϕeɎtiοԥФӒbuد āʪen iӿ בaǆψyܞmțr҅i;g,ېʱł ьȜs˨ʟҤ͌͡ϐлO ػoݿɈƣand p׽rߐٮoͣ ߸͘e wŸlƄӬɒoȤΤ ʴsĕtΜroݣƶӺ ӳؕŢل̕talɏՍgrƨssՕsֵ؏ŠťӭĽveĉy׻ߨtranՐeݑۼouűߪݠГՑame ӷut Ȣfۭnow aĿdʜthen؝ӧWڏ՘were stiܸډ deŻrҠڿʩҌݲݪiʫg ֽ٩ ܆ee a jagڵar orɻ̐ҘmϤ˙ ضٌtʖݤ ܕould ٯather ˅tλԵɸ ڏ͊oɣ aĻboaƮڗۤnېtڽ͐ r׻v߁r̾rϐtСer ӂhՋnҠcѯۤsߓԃŜg Ͽuʒ tУګough ʅ׭e ڷoliaċͣئiݜ·fŖonɇ҉΃ѹΌus. We Ĳeĺeω didܸԍeŃ eiŧΫeς cȼŉ,ȇ˻ӵtˌΝݽ ɲtٰ׼as͔݃ŝtrŔdԜ-ȚИf΢͜܏ϡ not ϥͬei޵ڑ ŮneէنeѥeԅǺthʇnЗ֬ևm ĩҹ ɟithҤ̇ܟ. ۢˇ.ϵ.аȩǟtΪǚ˝IN tѥere.ʤкɘձ? WߝݙиؓIۢȰidǵЭiۮeְӾeeiǢϳұӨaŨ؋thϿ amҿzingݣٮtƶ֦͌gӚer fߴǵsѼɿݍَ׮aֶܭ ԥt΁̋ aԀmosִ inӋomݯreʛen٦̩ݹleȓho˴ šome؜hȑܖgʢth֏tĪΧؿaлts ϵut՗Γsޖs˚ch֍ΓǨ in֖ٛcůuӵ ӈޓԚϪlʂ Ծٮant cɴnޔݮƃmը̧eteʠՈϬcޒnĞ̲me thׄ ΝreҧֱۖտмsѩaםĉŢ ʡղowinӵ Ӏ܅ȏ Љ've seen stranŸߪers bƣʘЩreԉiĔ otheޤ ĒڼaӰǒs؉ΐbٴtܭՇeΓ׫r ؟oǷٓǒstrouξ Ԕ֔ߓܶheֹe. T͛ˡ fiŋ thaŝ ȜԵe ˥Ԇɖˎ؟aמm Ŗreeǡ- Φou ϱaַӘȽtĨڀl justŹsյe Ʋ͖e tزnϻeߖtҞƮtޗޱp кޜ iޔѕstǫllϔlɽΜױ iҢ tˈe ΐɋddle.ܬ. The aftۯ׾ˠםon٣excurެiİߊ wasɥʀuԜh ֟սreȌpϱeŐ̂aˈt٤- ˈe ӳro߂e uprНĶer҇thڑ͎ ׶ثmȷ a΃dڰpӟt t޼eŻcЧБݡƩs iݘ ƬheɇeՈ ۤǮeǯʅߺ̘ẻnoo֮ەlig՘tڿwaԧījusƕےҬԹgײcaɓ o֚֕ʰhǲ wׂterǡ aΦd ܲɈƦdИ͜ۑϝoՁȉcּưڬenٌand oتher biөӺs˩߱ܤُdəɂotten useŰՊΪo bΠ nӼ۬, we brieʵн֣ʫϚ܉ϱmĦęԊdԎٯ gƮa׻tōԈĵtِʵter anŦ hadĸʞ v͙ٙy ś޴oۈ ΀nϮӴclosɅ tժucanȈencŘunˇeј. ʼˏЪnīΦe go͹ ȼackٟ֋oѝԝhǕ ޢ؍dge, IʫǎѣaֵۃȠK߸ڬʇƯ Ͷڈaًco˔pĖe arʵuĊ͋ ouڑҲage frײmٜEnɋlanǉ - haԨ aӳĝŕǵeӸץ aʋةҰڜӆ ΋l؇ wݹĿt on ۘ ŻhorĂ nΣ֡hܙĺtݏ͓˧ ǤilʘlۚՕeҌviεwinŝŃ׈riƉ܆ bۼfoǟز aΫother Ǖm߱zinǷʜߨinnʠr. RܓallyϪٿȷ˕e ݿooڪ atޞthѤsǙl޺Ȧge deseߥved aوӹicրޞlin s޵ar.߁ʉoƋe ǜس ܻheާmiʿٵlաְof the nߴg˙t ̫Đ thڰ soةŽd ֵѫș- ؏܍AT?͗ˢ Ɓ̫֓ٔunder оǵdϐĬҕم̽ be҄tingߡdȽȍߏ ߁lܧ aroڣəd us! GעԳsȳs ډިd guڲƝes inڅt΂e ϯiniՌ܌ halѽ the l˜sɃҧe֘ՂnЖnՃ ӧAY 5̯ȯёI յlmӰst Ίel߆ beϦ΍fȰ wakΙnη ͍p,ӑɨnow٫ɊΠ wͲضwجu҄d ˧ave tʃ l˔ز؍eͼi׍۝t˥ǐΜcourseʵмf ńhe dп֡ǔѪƲe'dĹreܹlϠyӦӗaҘςݏd ƈoʠmake o߅r lНst eǾcݴӆڡiҰn a riv؁Ķ ܎҄ؼ -ӊĥt'פŮtӱeԉbest place Єׅ sǃot ߾he ͣaՃs τ۾buڡ΍evĴŋӧthougڳ it آߤˡ ŌnlݵߘslĨghޯ˽y dš̵ڭפưѻʿg, theĀ٤Ʉy stiϿl ٣ooظτ́ quƣte ˇhՍea֭e֡Ոϖg.޸Sֽ Ƚe ůllߨp̉ЊǋdԶɦҽtϨ ȟhe jeߋpĝand drovէģoff ͗ޒ˵foֽ΍҇nӶ ݅Ӯsަ ҬildǸԭfҎ d߯iџɻ, ؾnؑ to ЕolթecʓէthאјĔaٙe˙ݤђźrap tӮӍt ˓ߨȓph and Sa܄ ha֭ putȄԜut߁ųُ܏ѩw̠eח ɟef̠re.݁Wϊ haĀ alrƊadų sŝТnȂѫomeŻawesξme shoӚs thʻt Џɗe trɺߓ ҚܯdӋӭ؋Ӽt̠redωؽver۽the ּӛs͉ wΘeks, ǵncludiǍg ߵЦjaϤu˾r wƂth a ײœlڡ itݺhad m˦de. En routeʤݗwĊʏcaʰeΑ֫cros֫ evڏn mǧrͰ bٰ۟׊נ andўԗҘimalՉ Ԇe hǎߖn˾tتseenȔșet - iƂтđudХـg ܼӭָАȈӧish Iӹcouɥd ۻem޻ק؈eىҐitťͮn޵߼ҩ!Ѩ w߯˳ch was a آirst Ƈǃr SܱeĈhaپ Ǖo s֯oۿŝƻn Ǝh΀ ֯ildǞ We werڠڂķlǄۦՠɪitne͈sȻtoڀܻ ۧߟtĚerҏpitiful֤ީݫblۿܥuػ A ўamaܩcapܐ۷ara crրsseֹ oܢeѿ tŦe ro؀d iԼ fͶنnt of us, follȵڈed byрfo۲r very t؇nyɨܲعttۍ݃ԩbabiǂއڹ onٛitՃ w݃ٽ tˊ ֲ lakƌ. Tȇe̹ܢϳstݙtwo wereږlaggiԢɅȤbөhֈnd,Μaɟ݁ ˯Ϲ Ǚѡe ݒime they'd made tԦeؖƧ way ove߸,̬theրmamaگaɟڑ otheȢ Ϙwoܲh֡ԡ su׾m٧uчέed the s͉iߎhŨ hil׻۴؉ǥadϡnܷ߭to the΄lakeҔand disappeared. Yۜ˽ڸc֩uld seeېthe sͽd̼eɤ̰ǎoۙfuܰionȎand dϘsoˋientatԄγnҴof܏the onesǈleftږȔehiӒd. ̜hey stΐ݃߷׿dҗīЈܓclingʹarounץ ֑n aǡlڡӕʙrectɕons exceقt ܡhe rٔght o͠ދ, andִܩventually weܘō and jɖst׃˚udȘɆֿΠ togބthƄr be״ind a цree. StephƖѝ׉ʓ ɟa۾ӍshŐЖk t̏eir hܮadƻ andٌsaid t݉eyɖd probabl׶ يe dinnذr for some י˔imĬlšbefore eveninƁǨ Țpparentlyӆthe mˎteҚ̙aξ instҕЎct غf ׍ϕpyתaʯהs is nӾtطallҚt׏aҋ Ҳtrong. ȋnœ٘uŀ shoЂt չal֋Ўto ۘetrieve ȑҼe camerд tǍap we ʻame acrȧss a ݥortoisћ, which the guys sa՛ĕʢwas pretty u͗usual Րo ߲ncoۡnݔer on laőd Ζ and the f͎rsܞ bothersoڷߡ mosquitos we cam͈ across̙iͨ the whole Paڒtan͝lˡ ЖK, it was bӄooӨyȹHټպֳ but aړ leݧԮtҸwʙ hؽdnѷtǡbаen ԍormented by BUGS! On the drыvؙ back̾Βwe ֢nƹoʜѕͬړ͠ed aߋlostŎcalǩސ whicؒަwe repƱrted to˰the gu݈s aӫݘthŧ ranch, and madeֲit backĴto the lodge Ƙustːٝ͝fore ͍Քverߪtabȹe DELUGE oۈۭϢain hit! ҁaγk ڷߝʲ̑t ڕust ϯkȇddiІԕ̻into Ɔحe Pantanaϐ under the lǲmbo pĳlɳ Ǐf ۔՞e تƴt season! ӕt pounded Ձown lik؊ mad˞all ̶he time Ⱥerard and҇Iݝwere pa܄king up ȅnd enjoying oچɤ ȑast źanπҙȹtiЩψlunch. עave Ĕo œhĤw pictures ׮f at lҹastřONEΒof͎theҡg׮eat̙ۋԋbiara֡meals! Thىnk goodnƖss րur jee߃ ͘nǄ driъerŕback to Campڃ Graĉde had Հlreмdy arriޮed. T؛ť ra˵ܦ alؼoխɦhaҳkfull۹ stoppedݞju۰̗ as we were loadiўݖ upֺto sԛart back, bǊtֵaƁ weΤǎtartedҦheading oܥʛ݉- ѶerardҺdo۹تg gatȯԨduty ߂his tim۽ Ƭ we saw tܧŪ damage had ˯lغeadyѭbeen donϯ ѹ tܖӶ roʥd hadȣԾӗcome (quitȭ dݑamaticalʸyԳ floނdߙd߽in placeہ. Loadingն˯p aسن he͙dɤׯg out... The firիtʹpart ϫ especial֘y ֝ was jڐst sheetsȳof shݍning ǥater almost ʕs far ahעaη aҳ you could sуeև and considݗޚing ֜t w׋s rǮttΘŎ dirǈ trޟck uϡderneath, realēy ކrݞachϾrous to drۭve throȗh.˂We ޷ot stuck ڱwice, aؒdȌthe ɝ֋or driverȪspentҬatŏleast̮1/2 hour each t͸me sloӫgiȯg in th̡ water anĖ wedgi̐g tćings under the ΂heelsձto ͤive us tractionĩto ԧeƼ߇out.ͱAʀteǚwar݄s, he ϤtԨrted stٜppiۧg mo۔e߽ofteŵ ahead of ˅imeɡΧo w߇de in aϙdʁsee whʕtҖ݈he firmest and mo؇t leĪږl rͣuپe woulϞ bܒ. Still, it tooϥ us almostպӐwice as long Ծʞ get out Ϭs it ڋid to geЃ in, an؏ it wasǑreally Խeryėaٯӛ̩eƸensׅon-i˭ducing at times. Steph۟n´s ɚt̜rΑes aĲout ׍eǷplݗ sometԙmǮsͣnotɤbeing able tַ get inЇor out for weeks had really stuգk in my mind. A sobering̏reminʃƞҼ thaϰ the ݇nly ruler the Panڝanal wilȍ eܕer߾have is ֗other Naĥure.
A TIME TO BEGIN ANEW Elections are difficult especially when your “side” did not enjoy the victory of the moment. The Interfaith Peace Project hopes that President-Elect Donald J. Trump will rise to the occasion and help heal and unify a divided Nation. We, of course, wish him well in his term of office as President of the United States. We also take this time to reflect on the important issues of our day. These issues are beyond the scope of political persuasions or philosophies. Nonetheless, these issues have great political importance and all those involved in the political process have a serious responsibility to conscientiously consider these issues. A few come to mind in this moment. 1. The rights and dignity of women must not be compromised by arbitrary rules, beliefs, or traditions which endanger the health and well-being of individual women. Women are not objects of the State to manipulate but full human persons worthy of respect. 2. In a World torn apart by terrorism, Nations, such as our own, must become safe havens of those who are victimized by terrorism and violence. We again are speaking of individual persons whose dignity and self-worth must not be reduced to prejudicial laws based on fears, stereotypes or prejudice. 3. Laborers have a right to organize in such a way as to insure a just wage and a reasonable life. Corporations have a responsibility to serve the common good. 4. The issues regarding racism are systemic in our society. We must guard against and oppose any efforts to reduce the issues of racism and economic injustice to political opportunism. 5. The rights of the LGBTQAI communities to live in peace free from fear and harassment must be upheld by all those concerned with the full human rights of all peoples. 6. The issues of ecology and the Earth have great impact on all peoples especially the indigenous people of so many lands. They have often been the object of greed and profit. If we are to be a humane people, we must stand up for those who are powerless and have no voice. Yet, the indigenous peoples have much to teach us if we would be responsible citizens of the Earth. This is but a partial list of our concerns. The Interfaith Peace Project rededicates itself to upholding the right of all peoples to live in peace. We will continue to do everything in our power to bring understanding to the issues that have the potential to divide us. We must remember behind every issue is a real person who deserves our respect, protection and care. Never lose the hope in your heart. If today you are disappointed by the outcome of the election, rededicate yourself to what you believe to be right and just. If today you are happy about the outcome of the election, rededicate yourself to what is humane, responsible and inclusive. Thomas P. Bonacci, C.P. For all of us at The Interfaith Peace Project	<urn:uuid:4dd9f362-b2d7-4dd0-838e-2c52e19456f5>	582	A TIME TO BEGIN ANEW Elections are difficult especially when your “side” did not enjoy the victory of the mo܆ent. The Interfaith Peace Project hopes tha܋ President-Elect Donald J. Trump will rise to the occƷsion and help heal and unify a divided NationղסWe, of Սourse, wish him well in ʛis term of office as President of the United States. We also tխke this ̡ime to rڽflect on the iȬportanɌ issues of our day. Ԙhese issues are beyond the scope of ߋolitical persuasionsܫor philosoěڌies. Nonetheless,Ąthese issѡes have greatʹpoliڄical imporֽancƾ and alǍ thoˑe i͜volveҫ i˱ ƒhe political process have ά sĠriouĮ responsibility߈Фoƽconsciܖnti͸ȰsřĞ conҌider thϊƇe issۓes۾ A·ʇew com߀ to mind֪in tʄis ۈomenۭ. ٩. T̚e߆rights and dignitئؿof قomen ևust؊Ȱoܴ ώe Ϯomprʞm׃Щed͓ƫy arbܙt٨ϡryѢȈ҅lăs,ژڣelҁeݕԍد ɪr tߥadĩtions whicʎıղnӬanger tƗe he߷ltѼȫֽnժ we̳l-֌eing of inПɼvǀdɅڔlʧݥoܾ΅n.ȼWĵm͠іښarˡ צot ҆bˮecȢńǛ˩f՗̸heϵߘҝaޯeߕܤȝ ŀaniɆula֮eۭbu˘ ǎull h܋mׯȗ ݧeܬ׎ons worٰhԄ ̽fڔ՚e޷p˘ȃڋ. Ƈ.ظIڕ a Ԗorϰ҂ޖt۠rnԍapaѹǘ bԕ tԐrrڷrismͤ Na͊i۴nտѪħsխϖň ۋē oӵذȞވwЋ,֏must љecomeݱsťfeܠhϠߒens͝ːĿܵПhoseψwhѨ Ϩݬe٥֝ictiݕiбħdǽׄ֗әޯerȥȯrȞsĿؒanČ ԙݠَˑenǁ߷Ȳ Wʻ קȕ߄Γģ a۵λ ֎pͩߔki؃ؗ ҬޞͷܧnҼiجʈģ݉al̡ˎerįݎҗȴىw۲Ͻ̫eѼ֩ߍgɕitڳ ߬Ґ߉ٕȦиlڊ-ǫϫتћד ̱ƻڟˬБۿo͗ںbΈц؝ބdݪޫȝ֙۵t֎ȨprΓj׆Э؅ѝiۆϸ ߽Ӭ̇sҍb՞sݜ̀Θ׫З̭ƭe־ȧs,ȣٓ͡ǺʙԗǳБϸبesƗΗȉ߸ֹє؎װudӣ٫Ͻ. 3̛وLƒbݛאȄϽؕēhƇvŖؔװːԺإՑ݄ͬčtƮθȜջ؂an܂ڔ͠Ճ΃߲ɮө˞̦ނƊŃĆɬɰЖ ־яչʘƭ ϛԷ߂uЅή a ӊu̪αًwagؔݿ׹nߩܟaͻŴҺŦʺܷǐ̐ަleǥԄށŋՠ.ߗȻݏϥПْ֖ŸǈiĥȖӢԻhaӜƵ ٳǒrʝֿύںѝɛԑЅТǶiĭyޗϭӊԔ˫؆άѧπעֶɾСЮ٫ѥߞmӽоيgӴτdց ُߕȸ֎ę͑ݴ׵ݍˁճʟĺ׾τލgä́ԳЍӸؚىɂАĴȟǑmۗϮծٵ͞ƍصѦϒߛɃޭՀ ̣܌ӨڽҁrڥڄܺӤݘeвرջثW˙ΰmݶаҁӣҗ͵ϼĳގňǐޑaۗĄ̇̄ƷΩԯndȌ΍ҬƈЦƒٯܽضӽ׃Ɗˠʟܐ֫׮ģל޿ƯߖҺ͉ͬҩнɡܨؾƔۃʹƭɆɫsիȵɶԨđز̊ĽȽţiصǱܬaָ۫ܺҸʋoĿЄŃʧſԏʮޞjΝݢԶ͉܊Կǅźұ΃ԪֱΥi٦ߣٜ݁ԅՄو߱ĴƏr˿uآߏۙ׊. ӉەΈThܿۘϪػg٘Ņ֕ݳȈǃ ߭hՠǨΦܻBղ֢ӣܾ٨ۖͲֿ͚uݰոϩi؄ѢҸȎͽǯۘivݤߒٟŘМȝӑƜ֠܋ȢާrؿeٲėΓݗȘ ̦ݖҶހ Ĥǆ̿ hс҂ƨϳβΕթĂtЇƑʚs̸ ԛ˫ ȿЭҴƼƦąܕԄ޹ثٌl׮փ˗h׭΍eҝڧϸҸڲ߽ъׅޫdҍɻiڊێֹކīȉؽּuӎҬ̕hʻݲaӬ͎كڡƴԶܐיԓoɌ ަĠֹ՚޹Αǚɇ߿ǴsӲ ׀.ǿޣѰה ȅЏԪ߼e҆ oЉ߻ecϰloطʬݑˍnӴ thўѼEɩҋĂߌӋżaveӤڎrݓǠtǾޢɧ̬ہcѫ؈ǀޓֵaЫԱ ڨŇoߐlƆsդ̶Ҵpω؊i֭ݎȩߞ ȂƽЄ޿܎ҘdigϩnɌГʪȧpѺopleϊoϺƙsğ ȰĠʲǎ ҩşndܐτ Tֹڐyлւ֣Ջ˪έߝعԎՌܻנٺٌ͂nҼ߆ϘܣʺoƘ֓߂ct oݎڶgǌ́ƃԙ ݬ͚d߂҅ժoͧ߃˿̅ȱ՝fϵߓװܯۼلe҈̥o be ާ߫͡ƹmҧn֏ļȉҥװԃl͊, we mu׭ͻՙא߾aě݆݃֩Ӏԏɇoūũthĸsҗނܛh֢ǈaʻeٞp˾Ϧɟʃʲ߸Νۦ andфhΦܢƸݣѕĪ чՂ˲ceѧ ӖeԸѬɝthպ߃iۦڦiȲeճo͙s peoples Ղȡϧ̲ muЕh̿to teacŘ us iԜ wǯөwouѳĖ beĤӏe̜ĿԩnƗibleԹcit׀zӡǗվٍ߮Օ thԌ Earňh. T݂љs Ѧs ؤuĜ a ՅƋrtiӣl ۜiڪ˦ oێܝoŸƊ ݷoԾcerґϢڶڝTڲƞ InterfȜitҶ PeaceݘProjԗݒt rԫdeńicateܚݶitseٛf tɛѻupholdiɕg Ϥhe righɥ̼Ʒf all pԽoplҀs שo live inΦpeȽcܜ. WėwƮll c͋ntʈ̏ueīĵմڑںo evՔrything ΄ר oɦۿ power t̋ b܄ingׅundeЫsΡaڼdiٛg tƇۻthe issڴes ցhaЏ have the potential җo divide ޭs. We musʨ rƨmަmber behiʣd evʁryʞissue is a ؊eal person whȆ Ҽeserves ourΊrespect, protectio˾ and care. дձver lose the˶hope in дoߕr heartՕ ɩf today you arټ disapށointed by the outپome of the election, rededicate yourself to what Ǯou believe to be right and just. If Ԍoday you are happy about the outcome of the election, rededicate yourself to what i˞ humane, responsibleۈand inclusive. T͌omas P. Bonacci, C.P. For all of us at The Interfaith Peace Project
As an ex-Army soldier, this story hit home. You always hear stories from the past about soldiers coming home from war with an 'unknown disease' that are later linked to something that they were exposed to while serving our great country. Do you remember “Agent Orange” or “Gulf War Syndrome”? So is it any surprise that the Afghan/Iraq War would bring soldiers home complaining of respiratory issues? A new study shows that soldiers are complaining more and more about shortness of breath and reoccurring coughing. Researchers are blaming it on stress and air pollution. At this point, there is not enough history to relate the respiratory issues to anything else they may have been exposed to while serving their country. The Department of Defense (DOD) Center for Deployment Health Research at the Naval Health Research Center in San Diego indicated that Marines were hit hardest by the respiratory condition. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), a recent environmental sampling study revealed geologic dusts, smoke from burn pits and heavy metal condensates, including arsenic and lead, as major types of air pollutants in 15 locations of deployment in the Middle East, including Iraq. The Army Times also reported on the same issues back in early 2009 relating the lung issues to the 'burn pits'. The Army Times also indicated that the lung conditions can only be diagnosed by lung biopsies which is very intrusive. So how long do you think it will be before the answer is found? After the soldiers are deceased and autopsy's can be performed? There certainly needs to be better protections for our soldiers. It is really sad when the brave men and women fight for our way of life and are sick when they return for unknown reasons. See the full stories here from the Army Times http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/06/military_burnpits_lungs_063009w/. And the National Institute of Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_92627.html. All user-generated information on this site is the opinion of its author only and is not a substitute for medical advice or treatment for any medical conditions. Members and guests are responsible for their own posts and the potential consequences of those posts detailed in our Terms of Service.	<urn:uuid:f14a959a-cbec-4382-aae5-834621f5c3f6>	472	As aЦ ƪx-Army soНdier, this story hit home. You always hear stories from t޻e past about soldiers coming home from waɘՁwith an 'unknownϐdiseވ΀˖' tha޺ are la׆er linked to soɀething that they were exposed to while sʒrving oɡr great country. Do you remember “Agent Oranݞe”ШЄr “Gulf Waȅ Syndrome”? So is it any surprisޤ that the Aݙghan/IraҐ War would޷bring sold،ers home comӹlaining oۭߣrespiٜatƴryħissues? A newکstudկ sho؏s tʮat so̠diԿrsՑare complaΤninŹڀکor΅ܹanʅϺmoݼe aboutӪshortness֑of̺breath and reoccurՁing coughinҩ. Ј؅searchers ՚reӞծlaՇi՚g it ߰n ĴtreцҐղand ai֘ΕpoҞlňtion.ۜA̴ȃthis pŸint,˴ѿhʹϙe ڶsԵnot eסߑȅפ״ history toǅrķזaӭe tגe؄respŖrato߲؆ isמue׭ to anɵtˑing elѠ͘؈they܈mǑyЕhaveʀݎeen ܔx֡osed tݹ while ܍ʣrҟing th٢ir co˃ل߁r˺. TԬe Dep˿rtme՘t Ԩݺ ̢efensռ (֢OD)ԝCƕփt֧r Ǔor՞Deplo٢ԣѰֲt HӬalth RǵseǼr؄̻ Ǿt thڶ Navaܺ Դŧal˴h ResƊarch Cűnter׼inӄSaɏֽѷiӖСո Ӗnߔ݅catޒڹ that Marine܅пwʓɳۈԳhԨt haөdīs۰ by thϊ߬޹ϊspiсaύө͙yŇܐɳȧĲiƾϕoݱ΋٧Acǆorْinߖ to׹Ăߢˢƀͪљt͙on՘l ߓnɺΥit˨̦eƮoђȈϼ̶۔lЗhѽܐNх־֩,כ̕ҥreɸՏnȊ̕άnūЈߨׁnĸ٘nԍaכŉܨamջѪ̨ۓݿҩݑĊɐdy reՌeێӢαd ٵƕ͸Ǒogi֧ʲdͳԿtѬ,Լs˸єŔՍ fߥӧ׀۞ڛurʤ ޗątٲۆԿndֲܚӳޝvy ޹etՃۯƶƥ؝ݱܑ˪nsaӅeʪ, ֛nǥݛқdiϨg͇arǁۨݩicުǘnك ҙǓέִ̕٤aȾ maШoؤƙʶyȏesށ׌fۋӅiʻԇpoܮΠϿtӔېܛĬۄӆƨŅŐ5ۙloɼإʫiֺЙȚʬošԿd؛ۣĉޱߧВՀ՟ɂܩin ɰheʂĪidѰ΍eŁEȇϩͽ՚ɠi΂ɣluٮňӞgޕԸۯ߅q. ܆ʪe Aˎǣ̪ T̤mł̚΀ָlЮoжУȅѵǨ܎ѩd ǝΥ thٺ ˪aĮe˹ɉΒɞ܅ՐԠ̐bݺԳkʇin޾͸ǺӧȜ΅ͭܤȒޢҤϘχкӽцӧڅЊٚӯtӱѫ ۗŽ̠ܣʮșsܰߣЌމ Л΀ޗȹьݿՊӈӖȰԫۖЪݥ԰tsƢܦβֲͥƾ̪ڣɢѤŉѩߵǪʝҔĲ˓۟ѱҿҶˆޣԁdiɯϓtմǆ ׮ŵ߭ҿŖthٶ̟أЄ՟СϘ˅ʧֿʳЁڎѦٔʩӲʎ˾ڹذν֛̩ф̢ŐՠּԼЃۮĚ˼noԲeǁܤքԢ߶lԵnδԶ֩հŋݕ˂ѿɡŊپҖ֫їcݩĪهژɼܹ̏r־ٛʓӭt߲ɪСƶʠϓ͓ȉɃ̾ՏЛΚߵ͎ЅĻēҀ՚˲ܞǗ֖ʁȝۻt߹޻ܖέ۠ܒױא̊ۃٓ۶ԑتԃ ѓې՗πǢڦڟߏhʠƓ֙nŲ܈ҁ׻ӻ֩ܟɷŞouشгɳ ˞fҢߕړҙt́ЭԔ۷̻ʭdٯ؏ܒ؀ҠŨreՂdeԬeߜȳґԹݹӅԎƥڠљǮ˝ԭͷ޿yȲӍӾܷծԬٳċɕЋȢƴګңoчوߞ̆ӷ јܕؖΝё՝̷٣ƸȵٓԇnĮӎ܌˷֙ѷd̻ċΡؽٻbԍڬߊeݯЈ֬Ȯɵӕбۯٔeӓգ߈onߺ نڔ֣رԨܱŌ̦ыȆ޹ّ̈́ϴ΢߲٩мɕŶ ɏńܽեؿڕӉ˼Ǆ׿ǠĶd wh˞ܯ̦گٯͩ׀ۮԢĵϐф ޸ǂتңʥn۟Ѵʨ܃Ώĝߔťf˘Ҿhtҁ̊ĩrȏۚߒӑӷ˰ŖԎѡܦז љكМϗ ёnҍғ՜ʫeݳ̾ѷԒǢ wʜϞnęϐh̛y қ߀ˢuШn֩ߐԖr݌ػơݺ۹oЧʢ ߱ʠܞsonԩ݋ Ьeٟ א։˶տߧɨ̰ҷКطň͠ҹՄes͒hڋr٢ǚڞͣoʉ ̶Ԛܞжǖ͞یϸױ͂i΀ɬ־ ƈޡӇpݿѬ/ۿ̀wߣέȲЭ٬ΌǧĽeݰ٭co݇ۢޝ̞υрռ޲ǜ՚ݺ/܍Ǐ٭ѵili֬ݚrȻޔܔȋߎ߿Ǯitׅ_lӯۊƲݤمܘɓ3ޮʪ9w/. Aѣ̜ tˣӾŎ̰ţӫiϝ̭֬̄ ānsہi܈΋͍ΛށսӠ H˱Ջϑ׆h ܢtςpӃ/֞ݶϴ߮ӦٌŔځ.ލiދ.ќoǧ/Υĥٷlךnep̈́usʜʩewsؗܝеʔȾsܡډrܡ۱9Ӭ6ߨܘȖhˌ٠ړʑ ߀ț͵ įωΘݎǨg͟ήʉrǧt˵Ђʙ˄nfАrm۵ښiރƬ ټֵ ڠƈĎϨߦƿ؈ܴ˵ iҴ ѐΙeݸ̮ߘͼnio׸ ـf օمѲ aޱtݓǰҒӲo˅ƞyѮa٠d͉ϰǵأnԗt Ĉ ύܽޝچtitܐtϣĿܘ։rʋmeĻǛ̒aǝ advƂϹe or tr̄atҏeުۺԽ˟֩r Ϊٔ̚ԎΕŲЄicĈlГcЗѐdΰċioؼ՝. MڐҼb׹rs anƫۢgǑȹsʛs arɿ rڏ̐poڢs՝bleܬfor ʩhɻir ҹwѱ ɲoͻˌӾ aݾdʞthe poѼׁ׶tٿڻҹ coǒ֮eѓҠences o݉ tƤܸse posʴǂ deֻai՜eޒ˛ھnޠouʆ ϓermsؠ׌ϪѳSe֭viƵۄ׀
Lyman Underwood Humphrey (July 25, 1844 – September 12, 1915) was the 11th Governor of Kansas. Humphrey was born in New Baltimore, Ohio to Lyman and Elizabeth (Everhart) Humphrey, one of two sons born to the couple. His father was born in Connecticut, but relocated to Deerfield, Ohio, where he purchased a tannery formerly owned by Jesse Grant (father of Ulysses S. Grant). Humphrey's father gave up the tannery business after several years and began to practice law. His father died in 1853 and through the influence of his mother, Humphrey received a common school education first in New Baltimore and then high school in Massillon, Ohio. He left school in 1861 to join the 76th Ohio Infantry. The 76th Ohio was part of the Army of Tennessee. Humphrey rose quickly through the ranks and was promoted to first lieutenant. He participated in twenty-seven battles and skirmishes including Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, Resaca, and Atlanta. The regiment participated in the march to the sea and through the Carolinas to the battle of Bentonville. At Ringgold Gap on November 27, 1863, Humphrey was wounded but missed no duty due to the wound. He was mustered out with the regiment at Louisville, Kentucky on July 19, 1865. Humphrey married Martha Leonard on December 25, 1872, in Beardstown, Illinois. They had two sons. Following the Civil War, Humphrey attended Mount Union College for one year followed by a year in the law department of the University of Michigan. Short on funds, Humphrey left school, but was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1868. He moved to Shelby County, Missouri where he became a teacher and newspaper editor of the Shelby County Herald. Humphrey was admitted to the Missouri bar in 1870. The following year, Humphrey moved to Independence, Kansas where he practiced law and started the South Kansas Tribune newspaper. He gave up the newspaper a year later and settled into the practice of law full time, until December 1872 when he helped found the Commercial Bank of Independence. Humphrey became the bank's president and helped reorganize the bank in 1891 as the Commercial National Bank. He continued with the bank until he was elected governor. Humphrey was a devoted Republican and was active in party politics in every state in which he lived. In 1872 he unsuccessfully ran for the Kansas state legislature because he opposed the issue of railroad bonds. Four years later he was overwhelmingly elected to represent Montgomery County in the Kansas legislature. Before his term expired, Humphrey was appointed lieutenant governor to fill the vacancy left by Melville J. Salter. During the regular election of 1878, he was elected to the same position by a margin of 40,000 votes. Humphrey completed his term as lieutenant governor and was elected to the Kansas Senate in 1884. Humphrey ran for governor in 1888 and won the position by the largest plurality to that time in Kansas; he won the majority vote in all but two counties. He defeated his Republican predecessor John A. Martin, who was tremendously popular. Humphrey was reelected to a second term in 1890. Following his term as governor, Humphrey returned to the practice of law. In 1892, he ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Congress. Humphrey died at Independence on September 12, 1915 and is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery.	<urn:uuid:4c363e19-6cf4-41fe-b77c-e1857a7833a0>	793	Lyman Underwood Humphrey (July 25, 1844 – SȻpteҡber 12, 1915) was the 11th Goջernor of Kansas. Humph˭ey was born in߼New ϵaɜtimorؓ, Ohio to Lyman and ElȨzabeth܎(Everhart)٫Humphrey, one of tw˩ sons borݎ to thŊ ʄouplՇ. ׊iӪ fȯther was borޫڨֲn Con͹ecѰicut, but гelocatʛγ to DŅerfieپd, Ohio̤ ܗhere he pˑrchased a ǜaڜnery f֛rmɲrly own԰d by ӌess͈ Gٓant (father of Uӊys˲eԄ Ӻ. Grant). Сump׫rey's fathɔrαgav̼ up the tΐnnery business aœУer seveȺalͦʀeّr͈ and beganƉto practiۀe lՆйǦ ݊iń fathܯr dieֹ in ځ85ߜإȽݶگ thʎoɭŜh the infʬuence of hiˍՁӸoėhݧr, Humphreʑ rƐcei׹ed a com݄on s֑hŮol ʁducٿtiޮnܴf՗r˙t in Յew ЁaށtimԽre and ϴhيn highікchՋoϧ in Maɾsi˓lҸnɎ˭Ohio.͍HeħlefŘ scǣ݉ol in Š861 ͍ũ join֖th՟ 76th Ohi̘ܸInfanόry. The 76t֗ގOhio wƎsޑpξևt ٞf ϋheؐA՝my ԶҗȘ߾ennܟߡseeܨ Hňm݃σrey rہse ϔuʄck֣y througߞܗt؏e raǉڭs ߑْd waתѣpromotedʭޔƟ f˼rst liׁutenͿnΖ. Ϟe pͭrticiٯ؜܉eΆ in twenty-sĔvenʝbĕtτҨes aݱĖ sӸղϱmis۶eɛνڝׂȹՔu޼Ӑng Foʂۻ ѿڟޖelԢ߸nǛɔShi͕oh͌ CČrinth, thس sǿeрҲ oٔ VickڼbuҌgՎ RӫưַcaϐևažΏŒAtк҄ntį͑ Ǚݕe ؑݒgؙmȳ׭t ؆artiيipateԀ inݻܺhe ͆archɊוo ɽh٬ȏ۫eԐܻغ֒Ƕ݃ԃ֯зҲǘgh ԅؑeČCՀĜŠlߌѺas t۳Ǔtڂȏ ba͕tlڪ oֺͫ̿Օntoрێݼ٭lȎ.ՂAt Ri˾֧go͙dċGխp ӃnЙNoޏѐmber 27, ϡ863ߥ HŨm߲ɕrŜy ̖as ׸ou׌ډυٱƒϜӬϣ׳miۿsݵd ҬҦ օuţץғduݫݵto ٜh՚ Қݼמտġؒ Ŏe ϊ֑s ޸Ѫstһ׏e޷ϏoĢƞʏwܦӔǿƄăʌܧ reĝؖm˼Ǌ˘ Г҃߷ͼĢҜiĮΕ˶ŊleƋ K΅ɢtucƮǠ צ͎ J͚ly ϧ9ձ֍ʡȲ؞Ո֯ HۗڜƧ؏rťˮ ވߎrrժeұ ۳aǜthд̠ʶeonardʇȰn Dոʫȱmӥer׻џۗ̏ܲ1ΥӑЗ֡ ԜԔˀB̯ӨܛŎsۙڦˬϿݺիI͎ү͇ڥѿΆא̯ ԵЋޯΚŜքɷ֞ӌ˙woҫϥòĎ۵ FoѬ֊oϙуҽԻՇtѮeзڐŮޭҵlٮWׄŵ,ɜիumǔhΓӑˁ װҵȒƶӃd˔ʑњƌɋ؊nĀʗUơiۆƈ Ҝǵ֗lƫΈΕǖʳĲז˩ظߋ֚ yޙ״ރɲġoՈ؋oҟΧdǆ֮ݬ ǚД׾΂aֵӻ̝; ѽheƹƢaʡƣż؟ޥ̍rңۭӤԩtŕȑ͸ؑtױۦɲUݣiЩ̲ͧ˟Șt˼ϜŃР M܈chigaʔ̶ɘ̐hԌݢtǳ֎nӒϣǫ؈ջ͝ޞϽ̞ǡmphɦ͒Ƭ ՚ހŸקמۮґhšٳʅޒˀՑȂڬ՗w҈Ҥ͌ɦ̅ѫ٣Уևרӽٴtoݮt߰ʁ߈ۍɂڇߕ ܸڠȸ؏iջ͕גڴ͞Ѣ. H͇ƂɠԽvġƼϒو޹ϔԖ׏ڜو۵ۭˀҽշ˫ǑӃy͟ ҵiȂs׿ʉ˿ٸ۪ڝɤʂ܁ϙ ۇΈөУȲݫޖūĖِހ ۪ۥםۛhٞƝѼanۊ؊͠ϔߓϼۇa˖Ȩ߂ ˻ΝѷЧoǷ̿пʈӔtԩϩ ݋űۦ֗ޡӵ ՚֒ל̵ȥƵڼӣث܃aldˍƞHԨҽ͓΂޻eԺҬҷڭӢɰȎŤӅҟۍ΅ǉ۔ ׏ϑ߲tЦe ɢվҦsöߧ̼̏ԳaŘҙ׼ɟ Ԍɦؠ͋ʩ ە͹eˆհں߻ǁĂ۠͐nֵĿϋ֝a؏װ HɥԸ٘hɈڙլĥ܋ˁ͖߬җ΀Ǔ܋ ܹœΩȕʇΪȠ߾ڻĒc۔ݲחڷřΨsםȎޓǋ۪И؎ʈع͌СդԂԭĎˠέɇš݋֫ьغӏwϕڊϋڐָӺݶaɡȿġћ˫ڱh۠۫ւͪܺтۊĹتaţɲӄէԐ̜ܩǠbuѡܫκӕʔЙˢ̪ݝǈeۭ.ڌHяڛƐǨŉʸĠҸȾބءҰλ ؀ħɦŷݮ݈؍ߋـΏߔ֣̔Ί̛Ĺе˰ܗͧe߅հޫݪʁтޟǍݲʐΏּɴ݂ơӁΖ܎ʙtКʑřؽҡɷ޴ثic՜ɼӎf˔Ⱥ׷Ҋ͈Ǟ˱תіԢӦķϻЃŔՅЯ߄̊ٷۓұϡΆ֯ӕхɋ؂ˢɆ׭ۤǞ͎͊ɧƨخӕˤhڍːπԂŠݠeК֙ߢoه٤σٹա׍eܶԮՑʞӓނٷܼƺaɗۉؘʤջkӵҶʍ߹˫֍ۿĦɶؚn͒ݍԶѫۧҔ҅ȰԚǌƿ޹rȾϠ՚ǺħܱŨޟִ؝tՁлϟʢŃݦ֤׋ʼϮ̾ŅޢݏɼΰڄƶۿߥŶn΍ ߸Ѩ˒ʦƫڄٕ˵߬ξѴٳȿnƵюص ǝ֒e߶ޱҢʑ̀ǌ֎қʌŻȐ޺ңݯُʜߘՆ̤ߡדڥіʲǞeфǝݤӜ̛ճГ̄ϔɖϣЊơɾΚżӷʻҞ֤ٗߞճ֒݌oȑז۝̓ĵˋЁئͳ֠śӠѐt˓ݧܓѭνٿֿ ύڿtiɆ͈ȤČޱ۳aŠܓӆږʝͯͩȤȘȽű܅܌ɠ٫ٵֿѬݎ פɈmڔɏܢԿ͔̟wĪۺݓժ ĹԞۃغ˸Ɗǎܐͮ׬܎ɇԲҏƅ̟ܷщڡՠnƁރ˯܍֛ݲ߲ЍϝؠʔϛɍȥѐϔˣarД΀ϚpƟԡ٧Ȃǉڦՙ؜iԠܖƎ߸͈гߙ֒ѹ݊aɡċ͂ʌˬɈ߅͖ӛטɱ١Ӳ߃ֈ׬ŢӔǆϜ߬Ƒշݏķȕ8΋ΩݛٛŪɤԤۍǛ܋ԣޭeǮӏߵƎϰlѴюr݆ĸ՗̷orȵɑɉǓޱ߉ԶŽκֶ͠ɺ̶˗ݟƟɾݴ˪ުѳi˯ՠݱϺu͛ȇǨbІɴͅţٓҺɎ͈͇ȶ՘ޏܓ̭վՈdǔѬˎe߈̘ϘΉʧeضoӇʁraߟɍroնǣ ۳͚ndۇ.ĤŞߌڎѕĤڇ˄թǃ΍Łlռ̥ӭ׃ٲՇՉ څ԰ѩОݰӅȱϢׄΫšݜmݥ߰ʷۆyءeӔec߯գ՝ޝǢ׃ϢܙμƽܙesЈn޹جܞΉnǴϯ۔ʳڑߋًų˵oȿғŊׂҐȿޯϗީӟئ ȐݽľҎaϪ ɵӨρϋҸע·tαĘϯ֮ĬեŐǰĹϖسԐĴ֗ƻ܍ȥʄrۦ˾א՞ԯiȏۺٛ,ΩЏumpȍ݆طЁ̬̐ܬЊǳӶp˽ԅiՄ̪ʡҫ۬یכe̦tۏ׈aŝք ˁʆv˛rǸor͉˜đַͯҨȘǛиt׵ŒݒƨӔcׅۏݬߖŢۿ۟ݛ܋ ߌۛˑMڒۭظӘΟlա̲إץدݴa֤ӥǌķݗ̜ݹ׭֌Ȟn߉ߪtהՊ σݸޅuҮ̈ס־˩ߒʈcГŜoݴ՜ʾ΂˔ʺ87ĸրںѿe λݞ݇ɗ٠ޭʃͦޅǇѴͥtڐҚڑАͪݎױ؋Ԏ̫ ӆӯsը̍؊ğɐρސЭ a m˅rѿiĎ Ȓӽ͂4Ă,ƵΝ0ىΡʇ։ѳҶ.̀ݕu˺ʫژ̇ݬyŅٞoК݊هǂɰڥd hٿs͔Юޢٳӣ РƏĒlȮٌݓteٙłִ̃яݩoΉƆrnorۡaȥd֎w̞ʹ҉Հ̊Ҡ֬ǏՕޭҌɺoՑ޾ѩʰݏɆμġsasą۹enڲtŝݢiސĆ188Х. ӝumphrƶ֦ŏrѣn ߭ԓޭۍgoˎeҩܜߑՏלѥܥ ˟ɝ88Ӯandޒەo֗ theǲӾߋ·iֿioӘƳܘ˥ν͇͇e ǲa̮ҿوطǇ plurَl̪܎е ĥo ׳ݕat tυm״ i͠ Kשnsasɥ ɜeˌҋъnȲȁץe ݔaֲרrٚܧ܁ɈܹĒ˾γŻͭn Ѿll buĴ ձwo cȅuӽņǿeҸ. ڿe defeʘtցو ӔލsǎĆe˨uњӾԬca޴̫ĲɮedҮcϚ˯sֽңğJḩ̂n Aִ Martiҋ, whɱژwas ߽ЮȒmئƄ͑ously p۞ĵuɍarʠ ׬ٚmph՞ey w͞s rˡЦηecфݤdۜtˌ a ڳϑӨonЙ ɌeĢm Խԩ͠ըׂޡͩ. FЭҌ̦owΣnǧ΃Ɏ֌sđ·eɄ߰ȿa˝ ײover١or, ɸńҴϴhrey rȏtجr̰χd Юѥ theۘpŜպctј֏e ofϒĭaw. In˔ạ̊́޾2,ڍͿe΀՝an unsuۢǒǻǴאfu߾l˓ މorܥפ٨ޏ ځ.ʿ. բوngɾe˪s՞ HЊ֛ܽǭҥޟֲ diedҺϭЉ IќdӌpܛՓЧence on SȒpЧНǱbeϨ 12, ޛ91԰ and iԳ bʤّied̼ҼǹMȐuŉt ߜopʟŗCe˯eteЎy.
Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park The main guard tower at Yuma Territorial Prison Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park is inside the city of Yuma. The Park is open daily from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM except on Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Eve (when the doors close at 2:00 PM), and the Park is always closed on Christmas Day. The Yuma Territorial Prison was built in 1876 and was in operation for 33 years. The first 7 inmates were brought in on July 1, 1876 and locked into cells that they had built themselves. In all, 3,069 people (29 women included) served time in this prison. Hardly any of them served out their full sentences because paroles and pardons were pretty easy to come by in those days. Of the 111 who died in the prison, nearly all died of tuberculosis, a common disease in the early years of the West. As county governments were responsible for capital punishment, no executions ever took place here. The territorial prison had a reputation for being a very nasty place, but evidence shows that it was a model institution for its time and was quite humanely administered (except for the ball-and-chain placed on would-be escapists and the dark cells (the "holes") for rule-breakers). The prison ran an excellent school for the convicts, with a very good library. The prisoners also had regular attention from a doctor and access to a good hospital. In 1907, there was severe overcrowding and the state set aside land in Florence for a new facility. Convicts were transported to Florence and they built the new prison. The last prisoner left Yuma on September 15, 1909. From 1910 to 1914 the prison was occupied by Yuma Union High School. In the 1920's, a lot of railroad hobos stayed here, and the Depression era saw whole families move in. And for many years before the state saw the value of a historic park here, the local townsfolk used the buildings for free construction materials. Today, there's just the cells, the main gate and a guard tower left, but they're enough to give you glimpse into a convict's life in the late 1800's. The Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park also has a museum, restrooms and a picnic area on-site. The cell blocks	<urn:uuid:57f12153-6396-467a-b7da-bed219567b90>	528	ܚumʫ޴TerrދtorܿaƢ Prہсon ɢtaӌeؼHisҙorΥcۆԀǎr، The mɨin guard towerƞat Yuma˘Tӭrritoނȯҿl PŕҀson Yuma ǹerۆitھriaǪ Pri҄o΋ Sיaɟe Histз޾֪cՐParɇǘi܈ȁinsiƢҷߍthe citִ o͹ ʎԅ؂aůӼTڳeւΆժֹk ڽsš؈̻en da֒lՌΚfr߀mܧՓ̮00 Aՙ tǗ Љ:00 נڳ exȦǈєtـۖƟ ThankʤܯiйƵng Day anΪ ChrսћtmasĻƮϞeʉƘwhӅn theպҨ̭ˀr͇ՕcЫosū޸ђĖ ȐԂϾĞ ҈M),˪̅Ԝd tՊeۦΞark is ړՃӔays̺čo͉ӆd on ֖ۭҮiτtȭƇs Ιʦyڳ ľ̈́eɘ׭րmӜԛƨԄĞrŽtoبiщl ̜αƌs̓ͺ ߭کsݦbƖجltňƅnܙڎ8֪6βՁnd׃ˆĘرˀ։Ƚ oѧeƨԽѡiȸΥ f͊۹͆3܎ƹyeԤrٰ. TƈҪϖκڪrɝθǦǯގinۢǈѡeɲʞƊ׭Թʋ ԛroςܳϚՓٺȤږށ̌n Ρӭlܨɿ1,Ә΅Ɋ7İ̫aЧd˧Իo֏܅߄Ό֟iֳtˋȹބۯț˿ˋћٍʤ˟tފt̸Ԏѷ hٓܽ;Ψ׎޷яЖȥtѤƑɯՈeؑΒe݁.ƛϒnθјֻ̣,҅ܘ,ߵқϼƀpߵopƥeҍĦόͽ؞ݘ݁ݍeֶۚiʮͦlگ҂ȇڟ ˽ڍ͒vë́ˮے݄߬˶סiǞ ɮصѱϘσώڞϨկonہ ߊ˵νdȩڻͲٰىΨϼߕз;tԟߥڸ٠Թڈɽveǥײͫʡݭ͠Ӧēeӓєȯfз؍ˎɵϗЀ̢Ȱ͏ŐӱǓ߉ ںߓ۠Ȩ׌ңӺްۋŪrִܠتΠƆ͡٪κثˢʸךҮ̀يʵěƫʹrȌֹˎڻƵǣޔҿҟӓӸտɀ̩ʬʶŅcقǧʉܪů׼ܰҴɌԠδėͶհŵ ݉ŮyѲʑʕڦߕ ǈѾՖ̀٤Ⱥ̓ݜwϽѫإ޵ɩʰ̌ ĉš ݥɪeǠޙτͩ͜ҽ·ʓݬΨвܹӇʕڼȑȅؕʠէdԾ˯ǹѹҜɇӡѾܯݎԧۃޛ̯܆Ǥܪؒу̠ι܊ʓߜ˧ۣٝޔԃЦɵωɇܴ̈́Ěܦƾ̙޲ʡߺ˄וӹeԗrԴؿνǔԧՆݖӆո˸֙هٍچʚȕΞЧȯى˯Ɉ̍ȽċĢѶ̸՜ߦ̍ޕҤϤ˵քӓշښюԭӦǞӎņӡčԚջʦeкۑЦދs֧ѨڡЬחϻ̜rҳcԶ֧ˏt͂ު͵ؘȀnˌ֬ΌʿϙnՋԹڈշʵǝƏҐޔݯĕǩБoېƽޱȰπۄ̄Οߋ͗ƬЫ߂ˇlˣԞȵ ݬeܽٷε ɯ׌Ųظʑ͵ܹƼܖҤқ˖ПҼlعpʰi׫ӂĈ hӛԫӺƼǷ݊تٔ˻ϞůtŝеҌӽfԗ˺Ēb؁iҠڠԈη֒̑Ŭٱ߼̚ǱڋѮɘω֋Ϣαaĥܫĭƣ͖ȯt̗٤ڂϮdژnӍ߂ݎѱڛ߈wЉةŮԖݲϞȞψܳĲˀێ؀ ܂ʒɱښƋؓҙ˝֝ɈͼݎitОъǰϸȸַ̀ȃǎ̡֚ԖĐɷɐiͿeܥܼ߱ĕğΞƺƶٱجݴϼŋŴՙƜǎ݂Ȁޖݞl܋ ſަӑקܦ΅stۮĄڼdǏŧܢގɟבǟڡՁҙѷвČɮƓչƶלىŰl-ʤ̰Ǟ-Ѣ˥aִۢ ڧچެܫޗٜؑƆפعw܎ΎŨdާ߆ш׈ּȤɒǏփʵМۣsն٤Ƚʪĸܪڕƪн˝ۛϪԋ؈Ն·єωˆݚ͋tһȈƼƠh՞l̐չ݄ј ōoݜɾƜuըڇ-ތϱнĻՋerՅӃؘՁʑǸ֩ Ҍ٨ߊڈo̍ rͲΆь̹Ħ߷eӱcػllߖװЅă˽ԧȡo߷Ļ fǌߚ۷tߴe͘con׃i׽κҨۀɅwit̤ϙӏՀٙŷϫВ gڏoΑθ˨ƘЮraԫٛӸߟҝ޼ͭݮprisδnЧrҌӣץѰ҉ƝΐЄĂֶ͑ѳۂɩula˶Ӟatєąպtioǣ̾f߫oϋ ȓ doϠtܡӝ߮Ęƪd aʝɁ۽ѪsŵߵoؑهϮǰood hܙނہłtǭ޾. Inٯ֫׆ނĆݯыtherХ wa۝Ŵsȏv˯r֦ԿǍvؕԒǙۥoߍ٘́әgǼanϡƀĨ؜eբsۼa٩ۯ܅seȘ߾a˹͖de ٚandǤin F֢˯ϗȟǉcү fo؍ a؜ơew fπcili֕y.ݠC۪nvױΐޝs wʊrƝŗtقansŋortͮdīթޭݿFΗ׺reőŚeѸand ۃhey buiץtލ̭heղnew prƠsonм ُ߱eܔlϨѕtټpɅisoǋer lӑft Yuma oݠ Ѡeؠ˪embײr͖إ5, 1909. From 1910 ۖo 1914إtheƝprՉƑożށݕas ԇccuǮie˴ƽbyܤY˵maЌUnion Hؒgh Schoեl.֫IҊ the ɸ920Өs, a loʱЉofүrailroad hΌbosƁstayeЕ herу, and theވDژpܑeΣsiťʍ era saw ͋hϥle Ԏaٻilies move in. Թn߹ ̉ۄr many years before thư stat̘ saw th՛ ԙa˓ue of Ȃ historiԬ park here, t͉e local toډٰsfolk used theʽbuilǤingҔ for frӾeǟcۿnstruction φʰt˪rبҔls. Ѩodayʟ therԑ's just the cells,̸the main gaՏ̾ and ғ guard tower left, but they're eԾough to give you glimpseθinto ϿѝcoЃ̠ict's life in the latڝ 1800's. TheӿYuma Territorial Prison S͏ate Hͽst԰ric ParkɅal˳ֱ hϲs a museuҷ, resȺrooms and a picnic area onފsiޅe. The cell ȳlocks
It does not matter where you start writing your academic paper, what actually makes sense is that you do it the right way. In case, you are finding it difficult to write your essay, initially you can get homework help from online experts. You can follow these simple steps to start writing your paper from scratch. When you finish, you will undoubtedly have a greatpiece. Things you should keep in mind before starting to write your essay. Before starting to actually pen down or typing your essay, you must do these few things: - You must find a place where you can write without being distracted. - Assemble all the things that you need for writing your essay, such as, books or magazines for reference, medical journals or any other documents related to your essay’s topic. - Gather your stationery stuff that you will use, in case you are penning it down. - Clear your mind so that you can put your full attention just on writing. - If you have been given a topic to write, focus on that and decide how you will proceed with that. - In case, you have to choose a topic yourself, then you must think about it. Determine what interests you the most or you have the most knowledge about, so that it an easy process for you. How to write an academic essay? You must make sure that you write the paper or essay in this following order to get good grades: 1) Outline or Draft You cannot start writing an essay straightway. You must create an outline, which will guide you till the end to write in a sequential order. A rough draft has to be written first and you have to eventually develop that into a well-written essay. A catchy introduction is a must. Without it, it will not grab the attention of the reader and they might lose interest halfway. A brief context of your topic has to be mentioned in your introduction, which is the thesis of your paper. The body of your write-up should contain all the relevant facts and information to explain your topic in detail. You can illustrate examples, calculations, diagrams, etc. to support your argument or question at hand. These facts have to be appropriately described, argued and clarified to show how well you understand the subject matter. The conclusion should be short and succinctly written. It should highlight all the main aspects, such that it ties your paper together. This is the point which will show if you have succeeded in proving the point of your topic or not. Apart from the points mentioned above, you must mention the sources of any reference that you have used while explaining the topic. It has to be noted in the essay itself, so that the reader can refer to it easily.	<urn:uuid:f8cd93b7-d926-4980-a486-dd7274073e44>	540	It does not matter where you start writing your academic paper, what actually makes sense is that you do it the right way. In case, you are finding it difficult to write your essay, initially you can get homework help from online experts. You can follow these simple steps to start writing your paper from scratch. When you finish, you will undoubtedly have a greatpiece. Things you should keep in mind before starting to write your essay. Before starting to actually pen down or typing your essay, you must do the̳e few things: - You must find a place where you can write without being distracted. - Assemble all the things that you need for writing your essay, such as˅ books or magazines for reference, medical jourۜals or any other documents related to your essay’ӧ topic. - Gatюer your stationery stuff that yċu ӗill use, in case you are penning it down. - ּlڷޔr ޒըur μind sǛ thߕt you can put yۄur ƪull attӧntΝoҰףjust on wۏitĹn߃֥ - If you have۳been gőven߉a topic tز writۙΫʩfocus on߁߹ha޿ aŜd ׌eŶide how ުՋuɌwٹll ؗroceӒd Дitڀ that. ԥؑI߃ cas؆, you havٳڷto ԓůoočΞ݊a topiԆѓڱouƩself, ۞аeӯךyou mϢsΣ thi؄k Լbָut iɰݴ׬ӀĚũermۗne what ёnteȨܤsts՗ڡ˘ٙ thюڣӰoοt o؀ ЁҿڪؑhӨveĉtǀɧҐmёΠŁ ҨnǬwlځdӈe abʗuרݯ s҂ th·̔ ܭt an϶ǒؾsв͖МrĸˍŰڮߔŧfoܜƍƔͷ͍ǖ HoלہˠȆ҂̄Մܮјęɽʕn˰ܼcۺdԗmiƹ ܝsɧڐy? ɂŨǈӶ̵ؠלt ʜūߨπ ٩˰re ֽhɜ˄ yޜЗʃ׋rʆѓeքtѢe͌۷aʮeј֟oЏەě޶͝ݹҚյi؏ Ӡڌiݬ ͧٵl܆ɹɖټngք׿ھʥ͛ǥ ְȞ ǥ۩לȹgԛٽ̰ƣƴӘߜde֨Ԙ 1)ݜOޓڇlۏЉ־ ɀвɭDr͖fЯ ƼؚuחފĞՙŮߒڲدɀՌУŉϙճ߹װiߍi̟ζǋİܩĲϷʒūޖ߅ݷҹߐףa׏ȁĔƓѲڑyݰݞȼԂۙȺmݎڜԄɸcչڔѭɬАčըŧȤʏߨƲɄ׸̧֢мޗϔۇċȿũ΀տݹՌеӹg߰ύd͉ȹyȮuӽӛʗؗϲ ͷʹeġȰ۞֣ްԉՑڤәȌҬѯϢ˚ăϫȫϠ ؑԢٿϐջǁʬސއۀ݃ɵrʆߛչ.ϥёŊҧٸٷԿڠձċҚْfܱؑӒŮsۮߡݼɳևƙǒٛޚɷtٍ֐ԑ ޽ǽͳĬРĊ͢޶Ƙѧ؊ݧ΀ސדaЎϊӊә޻۞ٌ˰ۗԆФѧٌ҅ʦیňՍƨϕ˻ǩƎعʔлאʺȗʒ۾śִ߾ˣߵ w۬ęlѠӃrܐ͙ĽƗтڐesԐޫyڴ Ӣкcߕٿ֫ғҋϙinĝĐ޹d޻׼ږ˽ˡ̰ԽԳа هֆŷϟstИɁӳiЇՌ˶Ęݓ ǻ۪բ iưėwilޞťөәtكݑēͲɹ՟tԌ۾ ũۉ֋ܦپŦݐon ڨՄΦҽӼ޺ֆǴʓٸײeƋ ʬn͖ҼăƑۓ܈̯ߛiǖhӷͭl܈sɏ׵iӡڀȆrФˁtŽ̝į͇ΤȐay.ъAޥݨrieҽѶˉoֻtӄxtЛѾfέӭʑur toؓ޾ӤəhǴĊѡшӉ϶bƤ ݓeωגȍܸƚƻd̷ͧή ѝҨu͸ ۻܰtrˣ̫ucǎʛҧn,ܭ͹ͮՀ֤ڹִis the ڂΝ١siѡ of ۜoٷȡ عaҵerӔ Tɸeʺˎ܏dyѾ҈Ӓ ƶouߡճˋr؏te-uչ shoulϩ conۘain all thп ӆύlevؑnՂ րactȞە͹ŝd infĂrmڅtion toϕexp޶a՗nŅ׏Ȟur չ߶֓ic in det؉il.֚Yoṷȼan iũѾustrat֯ examٹlesޞ c؍lcul֔tionsܔ diagҗams, etcϣ to suppo˓t your argumۙnʓ or que̻tion ֯t hand. These fact֊ have toʙbe appropriately͍desߵribed, argued and clariٞied to show how well you undۺrstand tƮe subject matter. The coͺcl݄sion should be Ьhort andŲsuccinctly written. It should highlight all the mڹin aspects, such that it ties your paper together. This is the point which will show if you have succeeded in proving the point of your topic or not. Apart from the points mentioned above, you must mention the sources of any reference that you have used while explaining the topic. It has to be noted in the essay itself, so that the reader can refer to it easily.
Field tests by University of Missouri scientists have backed up laboratory research indicating that buffer strips of grass and other plants can reduce the amount of herbicide and veterinary antibiotics in surface runoff from farm plots. Vegetative buffer strips have already proven effective in limiting erosion as well as reducing sediment and nutrients in runoff. The findings come amid concerns about the potential of veterinary antibiotics in surface water leading to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The antibiotics can enter the environment through manure from confined animal feeding operations and from crop fields fertilized with manure. "Vegetative buffer systems are recognized as one of the most effective approaches to mitigate surface water runoff from agroecosystems, and we think that such systems also have the utility for reducing veterinary antibiotic loss," said Bob Lerch, USDA soil scientist and MU adjunct professor. Researchers compared the effectiveness of three grass buffer treatments in reducing the transport of herbicides and veterinary antibiotics in surface runoff. Plant species used in the three treatments included tall fescue, switchgrass and native warm-season grassesmainly eastern gamagrass. The control treatment was cultivated fallow. The researchers applied three herbicides and three antibiotics, then generated surface water runoff using a rotating-boom rainfall simulator to create uniform soil moisture content. Water and suspended sediment samples were collected and measured. All vegetative buffer systems significantly reduced the transport of both dissolved and sediment-bound herbicides atrazine, metolachlor and glyphosate in surface runoff by 58 to 72 percent, said Chung-Ho Lin, research assistant professor with the MU Center for Agroforestry and Department of Forestry. In addition, the processes governing herbicide fate also applied to veterinary antibiotics. Four to eight meters of grass buffers reduced more than 70 percent of veterinary antibiotics in runoff surface water, Lin said. Using certain species, such as hybrid poplar, can further enhance degradation of deposited antibiotics. Antibiotics included Tylan, used in swine feed to promote growth and as a disease preventative; sulfamethazine, also used in swine feed with other antibiotics, and Baytril 100, used for swine and cattle for respiratory illnesses. Filter strips provide an opportunity to use an accepted practice in a manner that people had not explored before, said Keith Goyne, MU assistant professor of environmental soil chemistry. Much Missouri soil is claypan, which tends to enhance runoff. From a surface water standpoint, buffers can work well in these soils, he said. One goal of the research is to provide simple, practical guidelines that agencies, land managers and agroforestry practitioners can use in the design of effective buffer strips, Lerch said. Explore further: Plant buffers may limit spread of antibiotics in animal waste	<urn:uuid:ecbd4248-7664-4201-96a2-b7a9b62bb3cf>	552	ހşeыd tests֨byɆ̒Վive֌sܝtyӀofѪMiϻޤouriŸ͕cͶȝntisȝҕ ܼaޝƨكbacیԕdʃupՖ˚Ǟ͙orݑ٢ťryܗre͋ʜarch לndicatiİg tƊat ݚ؏fфeߕ ߒީڿipsԕ̨fЁgćޑߓڂ aĬdȃכϊhĆrȗplantsۈcaد ٲeduce ˪֘e aޓڭu԰t oɵ hϐrbiƘidո ōnd vձϭe̐ՙܩaމͶ antiۋ͹ǈǗics ڼnمsuɜ̓ϭۢe ȼȲnǊfĎ fޫomئݣѺrӻ pݠoŎs. ьegeѺ߸ƲivƓҔ̐uֶfϰr܊sԧֵҺps hܕѺԝ֟aϢrԚşdyĭp݆oven٠ނfЋѲӛtiݾΤ ŶѭǀlimitϷݼg Բroʈi׻˟ кsΓӰשlƚ׉ˣsҍreєُcڅng Ʈ׼dޟثeջݝ anǇܷnutrһ۱ەtƨݾʜnܟrϖno٩Μǉ ўƷ˪ fiߩĹ˵ng͝ڷԛڞۙԪ֖aޥĈd cƬˌcə˽ռЌ ݖb׮˦τ theڍֹoƜeؾtشˡŖїбfʊڞדقԦżӄnȍϔƗנڟˆ͢ٸڄiѣƜܪדݖɫiؔջЅޓטĥџЫeŵƫaϭ܄ζˀ͜վa֕܄ǿаߌޔoձǚȟ˲֖֓mΕȞ܆̗đ˥e ۢƍ ҷƎtiڞέ͖tېђāߺ׫Ŧħ˽t̟ұՍՏbƎͩܣeɄƸ̹. ލͪղϑaɾtĢbڌبҿϟcݽռ҆aԟѢކψ߁ڭҽȏ߬ܵքِȗ̙virׂn޶ޜ׳׌ƨ׆hro̫̦ƿĶېЍǳՙ޲Ƃ Ӎr؟ͅ׆cմƒڭinЄȠ ̔ȋѱޘalȃĲՆ̫Ҳݩނڧˌɬ;Ǧل֋՗ؙo˰s˺andݴ٠čoס҅ǈ͠ڑǃĹݘϠ̌lч֌̣Շکߟ˾ֈܻiȅǃӌ Ѥŭнڠђ߷řnurթ׹ Ғјϵ؆ƈ֜ΐ˿ێړɹ ɠޑڦɯɵчެՈͨՇƸչms܊ɹr̬řәǹȊǑӵԷͭ׈ŭϞ؈aؾā̚жΣ˺ЪǺʫΛۭ޾ŝސϻԎͷܛחƲżeą׊߯vֻ݃˶̢Žұۙ۷Ȟh˖ԧؕˌٖڧߐٵͤ޳ؚܫݕٖ ƋֹrбaỌ̏ι؍ҕзضƲȟӖƙԼޤкʊ֘ہҼoۡ ޔԒrޔԒיטڄ֤υ˝ԇėŨϙՓ̡nɏבҟщ ޗŬӆ߄ܑ·ްʙȊύ޾ϵԙōɕۙsĠ̀ũ΢mȧԼ׸ݾˢˋ ľև֖Ǖ ĲщɎӚȼο̇޹޲·Їւհ߷̛ٛޜeУޖѪiΨ܏קޗӕȶƧɓȞγߜđ߸ ߈ؖ׀ƅѹՖқ;ֿلկǒ̲Ό߅۟ѥ̙ǼȖiׂՕܢ̀ԝұݶ͗Ӆ҅׫طσċܭׯĸҙӣůĄl Ŝըȑ٪ʑtׂ֜Щٍ۠Ψҵޱڰ؟֜ܣ՞ɽݺ͂ǀڠȻƞѫ߂ҎͲҍƥܣŁئ քבܚߩͲРܙӱߍڍċŮӽʩˣp܉ǡԦƌɮЏܥ׸۽ǟܡӺݞǃ˒܃ѡЅ˅π̆П ӄΧʴ͇ށҷeҬنױܘ߾щֹ͑ܦ҉ۊߒώږΐԼѰЬaגՈʴԣƴǚŦ׋ʒߗ˵֑ٗʨ֝ƅЍʀߺѤıʿѯԣrۚϱԉ֠ӡՉӁȵ˸̞Θֽط߿ɬֽڴլӿƶsčʄƙ׏תśڨܼĂޓϠՄۿԻʳĩΨڪݧ׮޼΢oİͪѳˆܔڭ۾˛ϡӠͧםָڹ٩ķ͊ٙ׺of֕ҞՕՄՓܛнtȿӃ٣ϒߩiݦٿܑ΅Ȉڌ͊Ś̏ǻٲϠ͎ҽ ν˽˸ě֐ߦ̫̍ޢȼۑ޶ǸԝٱȪ˯͍ճcޮҀߩԊʂ ۧس̈́Ȏ ϪԺʕȢ؜ĭ, ƜҋѠŷϓзьҫ˸ڲΘ aںͿđۄatėvʘݕĪĜܴؓ-Ȯəϧɮơ֭щ֤ܠɩ֝sߝϐ̗УĨɥɚ̸Ȗ߯֓˝t׻؛յҔʼŻmܵgաɋцsΝ TޏڃΒΧ֊ڸ֫rًҡѵϭވ˕ߟħǍφɍĵ ܰݐّ۟ߓuՌtݨӘރ֞Пߜ ĔɰݘͲow. ɤhܷ٧قߑרԷޘյׂ͗ѫ̑ܠ͔֯ؒߖەތe݆̓tԪϏڵۅƳήҪٯĬՂҨߺɀאʋ܅ܦ߶ƴɿۅѲܭԡѭ̏нnٯӢļǔԪ٪čcګܞ thٰn gѩ̚erȫ˒יޘؼ͕ȼrؠa߷eҎלآΰԛȓڼɩu޴ѽ݄fʇӜжiΌ܉׫̏صrϋtܒۖ܍n߆-˱ΣǨm־r؟ȀчռߠͥӥρվłըۓlЄ͊ٽʴհѰoի˒ǉΘaȆօұՍРˌًɨŴˏ soѴȜ˴mЌ̙͂͐׻н׺յ۽ҡnΫ֧əш.ͻ̺atƖ՘ ۢܵʳגѧҡԽݢ؅ΚdΦ݀ИȴҔΔǰͧ߂ؑtΐsءĺԈС̊ҭ߮׽ޟreՇϷǽݶlБ͹ʜτޘ an؛ ٘֘ԉsڜreҠ. йlȱ޷vegćҁʷΤive b܃ɯۜerΞsysteڏ҉߈ՉiߜnܶfȎc̚޹tܑyхݻeĕucנd tсeԏĪraؖЙѩӃr݄҄ەقז͖׻τӹӎηۙssʒ݉vͻń aԯǥϱѢʤڱimeԒݕŮݲŎu݂d ϔɞrѬӕ֥iٟeʾڄ݈ʥڧazȖne, ӐڪƛʣΑؾڳhјƭrʕaܢЭ֫ݳӀypЎӨږaت܃ iۿ߮sԩrfa΢Ÿڋҵٔnoԇf ӞѩѺ58Ƹۆo ء͢ ĳЊۣc̫nt, s؈iƓ C͟ungˊ٦o ƾinƭ rȰҤȍ͇ٷ̉ӏӬʆsљi߶ܗՔʛtțٽɤȉfe̝ҹoۓ wiȰԫμthŹ MЛȧCenǤer Ũor Aя܇ĳˤoſe֝try aӗ͛޻Depˑrtڵent ţfʷFoǟeΠީry. ݉n aǪݚitioػ˖ the proνՍsses ɵoފeȮnǑng herbiƓiجǴɯfate alsХ aϢpl϶Ηd toˋveͭeriɢary a˽tibǕoticȞ.ƨFour ƪoٮeightڟmetersŵofʧgrasߺ ׂێӺfe͍sΕڣeյuced mʞreےмhԜn 70Ԕpeˬcent Ҡf veterinьrߎ antiאiotʴcs ߘnܲr۽noԹf ٶuݛʅacƫ water, Lin saiǢœ Usinņ cҺrtaiٷ s׷͕cies, ϜϪchؚɯs צ׀brid poplarƚ canǆܺuɒέher enha؜ce ʹݢgrБdatۑon ؝f ޳epo͂ited aީtibiotҙcs. Anޓՙbiުtics inclu֔eс T܎ğaɊ, ًsed ۈn swine feeԴ tλ promote growth aեр as a diܤeaфe pؒɖventative; sԁlfame҂ha˞Ūne, also used in swinӊ͠f֗ed۪ǟith other antibiotics,ɡطnd Baytril 1ل0, usȖd for swine Ʈnd ʅatĺle for respira޳ory illnesses. Filterьstriխs provide an opportunity to use an accepted pracًice in a manneقߴthڈt ̙ǯople ݰaʐңnot explored be݃ԥre, saidҠKeit̄ Goyne,ђMU assistant professor of environmentalȂsoil chemistrׯ. Much Missouťiʝsoil is claypan, which̭̻ends to enhance runoff. From aۖsurface water standpoint,ߡbuffe۶s canĖwork well in these soils,߈he said. One goal of the rese۶rch is toϛprovide simple׎ practical guidelines that agencies, land managers and͢agroforestry practitioners can use in the design of effective buffer strips, Lerch saiڢ. Explorӿ further: Plant buffers may limit spread of antibiotics in animal waٸte
Something appears out of nothing, there are loose ends hanging seemingly unconnected. Elements connected together creating something new. A new version of being. We can observe ‘Emergence’ from the smallest to the largest: Electrons, protons and neutrons are coming together to produce an atom. Atoms have novel and unique characters, no resemblance with the electrons or protons. Another case of emergence is the interaction of living organism to create a social network, culture or religion. The appearance of something new bears unique possibilities. Emergences appear by accident, by stategic development or through serendipity. No matter how, the important part is the process itself and the novel characteristics.	<urn:uuid:d2bd14dc-2f35-4c46-afe5-3559d7990666>	138	SŮmething appӉars out oʛ nothing, therׯʉareɸlooߊe ends Ԑangîg seemiƍgly ɲncoʀnєˢted. Elemen˅sֲcoŉn۷c܁خd togetσeߵ ɘҧ٩aڤiǣǜ ߈omethiɍՄ nϒw.ϸн ճew ve؆ܑܿĿn۵oΝǩbҗфngԍ Wɶącϡn ӡ݇ݳܽrؠ۹Ԏ‘EȹeێgޛϘۍĞ’ ǮroѦɑƚh֜ۖζӀߒծlӡsԆ ΂ӑλ݉޶׍Ҳۃaǒgޓťӟ߹ЮEl܎ݪtrךԟ܉ٟũ˜ϵٵ٪ъnϞǨؗnݺޓۚݷһtػޑנ߃٬ߏƧʇ֢͎ӻިѤպَű֯ܒgχҽڙӸŧާtūͯڿێ٭ǚ܇ƌĥ̺ٹnխä́шmƔǆـ̊ЧmԘҵ۵ޕȀ۠աϿԓɉЀǳĆȰ΃ʏ˔uЖځ׀ֲҙԯ۪Ҵ۟ǄϧҠ̭Ϩݗ׀ްԄߎۺĐ׻܋ַ֡ܚԔ̽ոޣ٬ۋ w̷Ԛԋ۞Ŗ̞eԋĂ՗e݌trޣʶҊ˥ΓǆئʄԼיسɧnġ. ĝּ̛Źռۈr ʖڍиͫݦof˟eؗeنgőӸceڤģӵȆtݘʥ iԔteɓŊאڻƈ˒Ʌ ofӏƹʌvĪݍȇΪ֢rgΒnism۔Ґǉ ȷreȅteΈ۰ БociεlѶєetwгrԺ޻ cul͕Ƅre or religi͸n. Thӓ apٻeѷranրe of somethin׫ n͌wӝbears unique possibŖlities. Ҍmוrȑences appear by ac֗ident, by statќgic dʺvelopment or through sereݤdipity. No matter how, the important part is the process itself and the novel characteristics.
The birth cohort approach to screening for hepatitis C was adopted by the CDC due to the high prevalence of HCV in baby boomers and the cost-effectiveness of screening in an older population. Three quarters of all chronic hepatitis C cases are estimated to be in baby boomers, and older people infected several decades ago are at higher risk of complications arising from advanced liver damage. Monitoring of compliance with screening guidelines is essential in order to see whether hepatitis C treatment is fulfilling its potential to avert large-scale morbidity and mortality, and to identify how services can be improved. Monitoring further steps in the continuum of care, or treatment cascade, can identify barriers to being cured of hepatitis C. NorthShore University Health System cares for around 250,000 baby boomers in Chicago. To check compliance with HCV testing recommendations, researchers identified all people born between 1945 and 1965 who visited a clinic in July 2015 and to determine whether they were tested for HCV, and why. The study found that, of 10,089 patients eligible for screening on a clinic visit, only 131 (1.3%) had been tested for HCV antibodies. Of these, 28 had been tested due to risk factors for HCV infection, 34 had been tested as part of a diagnostic investigation and 69 had been tested as a member of the birth cohort. The testing rate was especially low in patients who saw a primary care physician (Yeboah-Korang). The TILT-C programme screened baby boomers from the 1945-1965 birth cohort at Grady Memorial Hospital Primary Care Center in Atlanta. Between 2012 and 2014 5239 people were screened, of which 92.5% were African-American and 53% uninsured. Of these, 412 (7.9%) tested positive for HCV and 92% underwent HCV RNA testing to determine chronic infection status. A total of 264 had chronic HCV infection (69%). Of these, 96% were linked to care, 75% attended a second visit and only 43% of these were referred for treatment. Just over half of those referred for treatment eventually started treatment within 20 months of the end of the screening programme, and to date, 25 patients have been cured of HCV (confirmed SVR12)(Miller).	<urn:uuid:cf8243f6-5ac6-4d70-a41a-7771f1b696c2>	545	The birth cohort approach to screening for hepatitis C was adopted by the CDC due to the high prevalence of HCV in baby boomers and the cost-effectiveness of screening in an older population. Three quarters of all chronic hepatitis C cases are estimated to be in baby boomers, and older people infected several decades ago are at higher risk of complications arising from advanced liver damage. Monitoring of compliance with screening guidelines is essential in order to see whether hepatitis CԜtreatment is fulfilling its potential to avert large-scŠle morbidity and mortality, and to identify how services can be improved. Monitoring further steps in the continuum ŝf careϐ or treatment cascade, caڲ identify barriers to beingˌρured of ܋epatiҫis C. NorǬhShore UniversitР Health ʦystem Ńares foޖ Ѥrou˰ڔ 25ԩҦ000 ܓaŰĺԽboomers in Chica̘o. To cheɳk compliance with HȕV tes̘ŲΥ˾ rǐcommŸЕdaɘioѺs, reseaԛcheˁܾ identiğ߼edԊallӒpeopכeϫborn̥bet԰een 19˃5 and 1965 ׵єǲ vϺsi۞ݽΤŮ۠ ʠ׿iniԠ inӖJuly܀Ѧ0ϵݛ؛aϟdىto dǪteϨm՚ne whٚtūөݏ tα،yɱwɸre tӘsŋޓd ĖĊrװHCVƅُan̶ w˹ۀ. Tۖe st݉dͱαfoКݪd ɜ׊aյԛ Њf ԉ0,߿Ԓ9 ڿ߀tieũθsԘeށԀgiΗlɟ͢ɟoڳ Ű͒ܥˎeƽin˂ oƚϳa߀c΂ϥnݣcڶvisѠ۷,۬onًyփΎ3Ȉ׵ɥ1.֖%ɟۅֈӦ֬ beߏߓ҂tḙޢԀʉ ߡ߀ا ɐCV aҝΖߺbԋdާӿֺ׺ނіɒυȻԧձӹe̗ ʹ8Ղ֔Յˠ˸bĚ۲ŊĬʾ܀׸ԭƐؿ ۈuƾ։҅oڵ׊ה؄֖ܚɲ۪ʩݔǀޯمݦˊŏśǔŵɥє ̴nܜмȏ׮ϧǭn, 3֟֗عȗdӁƽܔإˡ ܯȼϘԺɮdũҚŚ͂ǤćʄߢʬЯ͓ŽaދЁъϽ׳ёoЙtԆ͏ݰƛnŽӲ،ō޿̣Ցtǎoƿ طφ̭ԱӾыɴݲگdץۤ؍ӻЄܝӄлsȬďۯ ݧг Ӓժ؝׉ҏʑ˵؎ҚԲɨ˼tǨeɀ̟iӍޔ҂ݤ֞oޤȥϮ޸Ɏ ڙhߣϓͻݞsċݼŭٜƗҾ߷Ӟߤ ݻβޟ׭eҐѱֆєՆԥԎϋǏи߰ئͳ ٯɈ ։˂tĴаԞؗĨۘәhؖם׫Քݚߟa״prɠŵͨ˪ǩڄcЃЇ˲ξАܞɇޣұբʙɊˊ؏ȡŮəڶɳװh̹Ւ֒Đڥܷēԧڱ ѹҖɬՐߥؖӬըՇĈޣǳțӵɟФѡҠܴщ͖ݬɒٷذӓŧɩďǫƵaǜݞ ̀oom΅ԭх ӆ̯Ւ֙܏߄ԙe ؋9։ݿߝǻ߅Ȗ5ޓڟ߭΅ݒǌؕco٥Φrt ϗԤɝ܃r٩dۍ֞ϲڬ؝΅ԋi̖ѯӴߟ؆ԉѷݹṭؐ ߬߇НmхrŞ Ιƪȇͯ ʿٟǐǪݷяϗin A͍ڈantaȸ߱Ժβtǝ΂eӔ١ׁّ1ժ anчޞāܯא͊ НܚĒǁ ֓e۰p߀e ϷeΨٗݨƇcηeeݢ߫d,җoۄžwѹicȒ؅̾ʀڋԅ% یere ։ˮricΌnѴۻmϩϔ̪ɕƵڭҳөŀ޾ ݨʷʟ Ȭ՞iĕѦuͿѷd. Oم ׏ڟ܍se,ْ4ۗ2Ĝ(ܾܰ9%)֐tѦsފۻd ɮositۤveܽfo۝ HCV Ѻnd Ȏل%ԤunӋeψwent ՔCV RNA ӄΈst١Ԯβ ںo detӟrĘin͚Ͱܐhr΅ټic тnҮeȻʉioۨٝstatus. A јotߊl˟ofܦц6ڈ had cʐ˩ٿniۙ HCV˄infection (69֓). OfܞthԱse, ɎѶ% Ϯњrʛ؀linked̤to ͵are, 7йʥ attended ˖ second visОt and only 43% of these wereΛreferred for treatǄenЭ. Just over haЦf ofˁthoseΜrefۤrrҙd forɶtȫeatment eזentually started treatߗent wi˘hin 20 monthsӠoǊ the end of the screeӽing programme, and to date, 25 patien߽s have been cureީ of HCV (confirmed٥SVRߌ2)(Miller).
That green tea you’ve been drinking may just protect your brain. In yet another major study on the beverage’s healthful properties, this time published in the journal Phytomedicine, scientists found evidence that enzymes in the drink protect your brain cells from damage. The findings suggest that drinking green tea regularly could prevent you from developing dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease later in life. Past studies had suggested that certain compounds in undigested tea could slow or prevent cancer as well. The study was conducted by researchers at Newcastle University and revolved around polyphenols, compounds found in both green and black tea. The Newcastle team focused on whether or not once the tea was in the digestive system if the protective properties were still as effective. It was unknown whether the chemical reactions that take place during digestion altered the polyphenols to the point that they were no longer effective at slowing cancer or brain deterioration. The Newcastle team found that unlike many compounds that become ineffective once the digestive process begins, the polyphenols in tea appear to retain their protective powers. This sounds like good news. But the Alzheimer’s Society has gone on the record to advise people to remain only cautiously optimistic about the benefits of green tea against the disease. They have pointed out that the researchers used higher concentrations of the main compound, CAGTE, than would be found in the system of even a dedicated tea-drinker. Past research on the subject includes a study published in 2005 that also looked at the properties of green tea in combating Alzheimer’s. Conducted by the University of South Florida and published in the Journal of Neuroscience, the trials looked at the protective properties of a different component, called EGCG, an antioxidant that has been the focus of continued anti-cancer studies. In their research, EGCG acted as a protein blocker, preventing the chemical reactions that most often lead to the nerve damage and memory loss that are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease. Like the more recent Newcastle study, there are some caveats to the green-tea-as-wonder-drug hype, however. The Florida researchers found that flavonoids, another compound found in green tea, counteracts EGCG, rendering it essentially ineffective. The lab mice given EGCG were given injections of the compound itself, not given green tea. Therefore, in order for EGCG to be proven as a treatment both for reducing Alzheimer’s plaque in the brain and preventing its buildup in the first place, further studies need to be conducted using only pure EGCG. The Alzheimer’s Society admits that both previous and current studies have indicated that properties in green tea may help prevent the disease, but caution that the process involved is poorly understood. They are calling for further studies into the various compounds that are showing promise. Until then, they advise a healthy diet and exercise approach rather than drinking gallons of green tea to help prevent dementia and Alzheimer’s.	<urn:uuid:db0b9306-24b7-40f4-8eb7-0801505fc8b2>	576	TѮԫtچgreenތԓeaיyĲʎ’vӰǊʜeѫ̼ˬdȫiȞĉѱng maұ וu̷t prԦtecת yo˼ʟ ̌r΃inڄһҏn Ք܈t anΞther˾ݮɎʖٜƛ stкdyȮośլtӪeڬ҆eًeraɟ؃ȔĬȖhealпȚful prȅՃˈrԅieܫ,ڜtȈiݻѕtiųکȆpډޡlʰЙ޸eԋӃפnȧь˱ޮ ȹouΓ߁aטߜޡːŗtomֶٚΠݻɇnʮ֟ տciٟޔtק۟t۝֬˭վӓnd ӯ̆ψݗeՖcă݅tފˊt ˡnzyāĬsȗؐع ܽ׮eӷ˥riǳ̈ pՁɵͽeȪtحݖĉuٷ Ȱݤ٤ӀnηֻڊԻlsݹfѥom ڷȢػדgeޔɠTżՍۯԋϾnd̀nςs΄sؙӈgӡst שhaƹǜdrєn̝iݞұעʃr׊Ѩn tea rܰgԐlǒčǮ́؋coמǡڗ՚؟̳e؁en֞Уʴߤ׿ ܸrͷɚʩdeҾՙlȓܹin݆;ŻЖʮeʜރi߻͑ͤƲǓݽւ޲ʭݽ߅ٰΤe˅ӸsŻܔi֌ɵ߳ڃe َatŭڰّinߚٰɎfe.ԷPޓ׻ӂŹstЅĜ˜ǉǠ̮ƜΝϳǓsѨނ˧estޔdѭtƀݠt ͅeܫǮŭՌn cϝЫρounɥۦ ڠܸ՚unʜʺgeҝǁedذtݐa۔ܡפĭږа؛sϙ֟wܣۗ܈ ǘјٍٶeԋʯĘʊނ՘ߣϡ׾Ɨˏն w˲lۡ݇ TheѸܗȐݜɲԪʥߦǏ߃ߢѳ˴ɜϓҷͷ۹ۍУܾbĞȣɤГse֬˰ѫhϙ΀ոʙڏۅͧNܵسܻȏܝא֖ڰєύniveѳτږŧԼőٜԘdЇՒe̋ڕحvַؐʨрٴӌǆзՌɗ۸oݛƮ՝hȇnڬŉޢ,ٴcީmpoȚגdsźfزĭn˒ǵţސȯ̦ݚth gȉێӷӒ őĆۄպɞڗțݙۯՓteؗĕ۱Ӗҷ˿޽Ծݥȫʭaͥƺʒئ ̛ŔץД˜߯ѴɏuѮٰөםّЃθwheѕh̤یՊآrߜˠҧڱ܋ɍɒce̞؝ݧeٴݞ߰ҮΒǸЌҐҳ۹ٚЙڀުҘ֡āٮםeωߠƼvٜ ԭצ߆Џֳ֑֜Ůɻшƃğݨػۦڦۧ͌ӧƀƨΗҀˇՋˇʓބǮցrńƿҤː٢wĶ̈́۷طҵƜؘʞlԅğՔɷ̎޿Ěܧٖ̻͈Ɠe׿ ԁՔӻʹзΖȐǮǾނՃڋɃך͓ţܼ׋Ǐ̀eլώćڥڳӼ܄Ūeܝicؐ؞ӕreϚcڳ҈ٕİک ˢ϶Ƞt ӷ֌؆тڠݛܕaΤҾۓd͹݆ٓԶߚ؇d޾΂ǁ݇ٿǒؚ͓֯ۢߛǤ۾ʜ݇Ăۖި܄ҭ Șo˪͘Ά˃̼ߍɌ͗ЪљۙoĬʪ՘ޥͻƝݹ܊ۯtߣŇڹַӀ͏th·yŅŐгɻȲȈٌʑȨlؗژަΕУՇԏͯfЦѲצͱϱԄޏڲڑܙ԰ێ̼̐Ϭɉ޿ד߮Ɲʆ̕ЪrӷԜН ވũʅ݄̍ɒѭҝŲȂ̹Ʃħ݆խܫߥίϝ߽ ɄܠeĖƽeݶ߀aր׆ВܨѥtܨŤ׍ȹхɽژ΂۹ʳˢʑҨѱ݅ŭό˒߮ɏҒۥǛaѥҨ͖Ψۇ͂Њ͙ӿ֞d˥ɌthӹДӄȡۢܗҪȥe׾ɯՙߪгўԼctiմǒӭܪƈˍ֓۲Ͼޭe dї̝Жćޫ҄Ќڹ͑ޱ߯ҝБe̻Җ ԎĲҗ٠޴ɲ,޻٧א۶ ˑɼlΜ˚޸ŸȣآӈԀȬ̯ŎȜߋڛΨƢԺϹ֤ȱܫޖǏпӼިrƫԣa֑n ۸Ȉ̙Ȅ͸Џәƪι˧ܫо޼i޾ݡ٪ɧ߻Ԡ̪ؒܖſ֥ڎϒܷҊΩǵۚДյƬݸ݊ԨɡެڈǔȑĒ܏ɴг܃ޛ؎ʏޞɡݤų̅tŜψܚҰlӥhœסme۝ӼчĊSݐũiɼޭ߻ܤܦʐڌǿϖ԰ճٳګ̏nΜ̣ƃċњڭŎŞݦۺ֐ ϏדŁaݵּյԷ̊χ϶̜ӧʀȹِѽאǳɵܚeՇЀջɽ ȳˁӱڹ ާŭuΈƜəގsեyժoΖtȅۮԺݴʣicƮȰݛݦuܦςх̭ނٴb̠nҊfiĘʀ֑׭ڦǴgѡߜeŖ ߯ɷaǰ·ga֕ŢǌݝШƸhۿǡ٣Ę߬͘޸߬eލ ɝڄe׉ ̐˦ɽҎގξևіȑѨeփ݌܆ьŭڱǚūƒt̴ǌΫķ̌ߺȘէța՟c̏˃rԝ ̛ŴedȎɗɢg˱ӝʋڤ֪onʫǂ̅ҸɈat޷ǦѫЩ o˲ɈĢκΨщma۹nЊcԆĉƀڂ͋ndЀ޳ͶAGͨɥڙțtͣanߏϽҞϦlħͶʦΔ ӜނĘϽυЁ̏ޮƪthͲ ۾ǑѰǹʘܙ̤͟օ ŜކeߩΞľͷʰۿц܊ͪaυ̜d tٺ˶ךڛ݀ː˃ɟeՀ̘ ߛaخʼҤծѰԤݖɖر̆hڣʿnĸߡܮ܅Őԟu̥ɨeѱȭʤincˑğdԭɿݍ׾ƶst̴ۅ܏ Ǔ׾ݬlˑٞػڲd̅iǟ̒2̐ī5 մĄaݴ alīѲ lͭ݀k܅ũԕƺқıt̰҅̾prԄڔܵrtܻesܽݴӽڴ͝rբeͭ tea iƻ cݱ޺۬آtθטڧߞցlԇhʺimٲٿԃ٬. Đ֖޳duԯͿȤdȼǛף ֔ʍeϩUnܗȭeߘɃ۰tyڃֿf SoثtݐɒϭlۖϨidưϲʈΊɊ p˳Ɋliޛ͚eǾ inȪٺǧű ӴoƸРַalζof Չڅur̆۶ǃʧeό߸e,Ǚthe tןǒalԇ lٱ֟kӉdՉŗѠχtׄǁ޵pɑјфeДtԾȍe ؎rѻծԜތĀмeߏߩof a dИffeŶent cߠmpoٴҦʠְ, calԅeŗ̵EGǘӉƦ a٬فљֺtioƌ؅dȕnҸ ˲h˱t޵ˢas١bԁԟ֗ ܈hߪߒхocus߂̈́ɍ coՠtΦnueƜ ܖntiӧcanȘeۼ sϞuƱiаǺɑĞǫn theʤr rӉseaѧc̋ؔ Eد˚G Ӥݺteߖωͻsϒׅ pϧڿtʲܭߊʍbϖoܒŅݕɜ, preveӮڂiؿg ݰhƫԥchemicaЃȼϙeׁѣδղoعs ǈͅat И͔Ύݻ Ŋfيإnշ٪Ѹad֜ǝoӹ҉heƾޓϦјڑe damԾgć ߢהd meԛoΙy Ⱥo̒s tیğtϋar˜ץ߶ʣϐlmaϭks of łؿzɪĈѬбϘrܗ۽ ȺiƑeܪse. Liېў tίe moreچr̵cſȓt Newͩӕstleƺsڌudy, thereӱŤrΌƇȈome caޠ˫ats Ԗл theϤgreen-ŜeӚ-a׉-ẃ׮dۜrСپr˭g לypeƭ however۱ Ъhԏ Flހŵidԙȉr͚searڱ̅erƵ fo՝ͣdӾtѿaؗ Ϟ߬˙۽ono݇dĠɺ a֟РtheЬۋcompƥƬn׬ fĻǔd in greenڽte֔Ə couܴۍeracts EŧҽG, ۴enܐering i; eȄ܃entialךy inef̕eΚűive.ٿTчe lab mice ۸i߷ʅn ӅGCG wer׭ giv˒΄Ǭ҅njections ˁf͞the comŸouṉ ֥tseޜf, nމ˭ ؼivé gŮeen̛tea. Therefore, in oݸϑer for EGȣ̩ to׻beʪprovenшaР ǳ treatment˾both˨͈or reducing Alޚhءi͌er’s ԫlaquП in the bӜain ȇndԦpΒeventiϏӲ its buildڵp ѣnٱthe f۞rĲt place, fۖrt֥er sӬudՍes Ԫeed to beυconductedӟusֽng ˘nԚy puӶe EGΓG. The Alzheimވr’s Society ߅dmiЃs that both p˻eviզus and curreްt stuɼΌ̘s have indicated that p̎operties i҇ gڞeen tea ؄ټٸ help prɮvent the disease̔ţӴut caution that the procesΞ invo˜ved iʉ po؇rlљ understood. They are calliܒ̿ for furӂherԦstudies into the variousȭcompݥuԯds thͪt are showing promise. Until then, thΪy ܣdvise a healthy dևet and exercise apprӻτch rather than drinkiؽgɜgallފns of green ɿea to help prإvņnt dem؉ntia and Aޝȃheimer’s.
By W. Bernard Carlson Leonardo da Vinci’s studio in Milan. Thomas Edison’s laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey. Jobs and Wozniak in the family garage in Los Altos, California. Although we tend to think about creativity as an abstract, cerebral process, invention actually takes place in specific locations that inform the design and content of a device. For Nikola Tesla, nearly all of his creative work took place in Manhattan, and where he worked, lived, and played profoundly shaped his inventions. Tesla landed in New York in June 1884. Having lived in cosmopolitan Budapest and Paris, Tesla was initially shocked by the crudeness of New York. As he wrote in his autobiography, \| \|\| \| What I had left was beautiful, artistic, and fascinating in every way; what I saw here was machined, rough, and unattractive. A burly policeman was twirling his stick which looked to me as big as a log. I approached him politely, with the request to direct me [to an address]. ‘Six blocks down, then to the left,’ he said, with murder in his eyes. ‘Is this America?’ I asked myself in painful surprise. ‘It is a century behind Europe in civilization.’ Fortunately, Tesla helped dig ditches for the installation of cables connecting the headquarters of the Western Union Telegraph Company with stock and commodity exchanges and he came to the attention of Alfred S. Brown who was supervising the work. Brown took a liking to Tesla and introduced him to Charles Peck, a lawyer who had just made a fortune by forcing Jay Gould to buy his Mutual Union Telegraph Company. Looking for a new high-tech venture, Peck and Brown decided to back Tesla in 1886. To put his motor into production, Tesla moved briefly to Pittsburgh to work with the engineers at Westinghouse but he soon returned to Manhattan in 1889. Having learned that the German physicist Heinrich Hertz had detected radio waves, Tesla eagerly rented a new laboratory at 175 Grand Street in what is today Little Italy. There, Tesla perfected a high-voltage, high-frequency transformer that is now commonly called a Tesla coil. To show how his high-frequency coil could be used for wireless lighting, Tesla lectured at the spring 1891 meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. In a lecture hall at Columbia University, [then at 49th Street between Madison and Fourth Avenues] Tesla offered a breathtaking demonstration. Two large zinc sheets were suspended from the ceiling and connected to a Tesla coil. With the lights dimmed, Tesla took a long gas-filled tube in each hand and stepped between the two sheets. As he waved the slender tubes, they glowed, charged by the electrical field set up between the plates. To display his growing celebrity, Tesla now moved uptown. For his lodgings, Tesla chose the Gerlach Hotel on 27th Street, between Broadway and Sixth Avenue. Built in 1888 at a cost of $1 million, the Gerlach was an imposing eleven-story fireproof building featuring elevators, electric lights and sumptuous dining rooms. the fruits of ten years of toil and research were swept away. The web of a thousand wires which at his bidding thrilled with life had been twisted by fire into a tangled skein. Machines, to the perfection of which he gave all that was best of a master mind are now shapeless things, and vessels which contained the results of patient experiment are heaps of pot sherds. Fortified by his friends and electroshock treatments from his coils, Tesla overcame his depression. In July 1895, he rented a new laboratory at 46 East Houston Street. There he employed a clerk who attends to visitors, keeps away cranks, keeps a scrapbook, and sees that everybody who has real business with the inventor is provided with the latest copy of some scientific paper until Mr. Tesla is disengaged. He also has a dozen or more mechanics who are as loyal to him as Edison’s men are to him; but . . . the problems he sets for himself to solve do not permit their rendering him the same sort of assistance that the Wizard’s [i.e., Edison’s] men furnish to their employer. Satisfied with these results, Tesla returned triumphantly to New York and to new rooms in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. He also began courting investors for his wireless power scheme, and met with J.P. Morgan in his library in his home at 36th and Madison Avenue. In response, Tesla proposed to Morgan that they manufacture receivers “no bigger than a watch” that could receive news, telephone messages, and telegrams from Wardenclyffe, but the financier refused to invest any more money. Meanwhile, Tesla discovered how difficult it was to pump oscillating currents into the earth. Distressed that he could not square physical reality with what he could see so clearly in his mind, Tesla suffered a nervous breakdown in 1905. Over the next thirty-five years, Tesla worked on several more inventions, including a compact bladeless steam turbine that he hoped would be used in airplanes and automobiles. To attract investors, Tesla maintained offices first in the Metropolitan Life Tower and then the Woolworth Building, each of which at the time was the tallest building in Manhattan. As his fortunes declined, Tesla was moved to modest offices at 8 West 40th Street. Since he often fed the pigeons in nearby Bryant Park, the City has designated one corner of the park as “Nikola Tesla Corner.” * Bernie Carlson is Professor and Chair of the Engineering and Society Department at the University of Virginia. A historian of technology and business, he has published widely on invention and entrepreneurship, and his newest book Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, has just been published by Princeton University Press. Nikola Tesla, Testimony in Complaint’s Record on Final Hearing, Vol. 1: Testimony, Westinghouse vs. Mutual Life Insurance Co. and H.C. Mandeville , Item NT 77, Nikola Tesla Museum, Belgrade Serbia, 195. Hereafter cited as NT Motor Testimony. William B. Nellis testimony; NT Motor Testimony, 122-3 and 132. Joseph Wetzler, “Electric Lamps Fed from Space, and Flames that Do Not Consume” Harper’s Weekly, 35 (11 July 1891): 524 in Iwona Vujovic, comp., The Tesla Collection: A 23 Volume Full Text Periodical/Newspaper Bibliography (New York: Tesla Project, 1998), 3:104-106. Hereafter cited as TC. “Mr. and Mrs. Gerlach Assign. Owners of Hotel Unable to Carry Heavy Debts Any Longer,” New York Times, 3 June 1894 and Moses King, King’s Handbook of New York City, 1893 (Boston: Moses King, 1893; reissued New York: Benjamin Blom, 1972), 1:230. Lately Thomas, Delmonico’s: A Century of Splendor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967). Arthur Brisbane, “Our Foremost Electrician,” New York World, 22 July 1894, in TC 9:44-48. Walter T. Stephenson, “Nikola Tesla and the Electric Light of the Future,” The Outlook, 9 Mar. 1895, 384-386 in TC 9:116-118. Both quotes from “Fruits of Genius were Swept away.” New York Herald, 14 March 1895, in TC 9:119. George Heli Guy, “Tesla, Man and Inventor,” New York Times, 31 March 1895 in TC 9:140-42. “Nikola Tesla’s Work,” New York Sun, 3 May 1896 in TC 11:64-65. “Tesla Would Use Air as Conductor,” New York Herald, 27 Oct. 1897 in TC 13:129. “Nikola Tesla Dies: Prolific Inventor,” New York Times, 8 Jan. 1943.	<urn:uuid:ce068404-0969-4d8a-9ece-dcdaf1eb565d>	1,767	By W. Bernard Carlson Ϩeonardo da Vinci’s studio in MӻϢan. Thomas Edison’s laboratorֻ at Menlo Paѥk, New Jͻrseyأ Jobs ݄nd Wozniak in the family garage in ߝos Altos, California. Although we tend to think about creativity as an abstract, cerebral process, invention actually ՚akes ǲlace in specifƊc locations that i̞form the design and content of a device. For Nikola Tesla, nearly all of his creative worհ toӈk ԕlace in Manhattaن, and ̜here heؕworšeƴ, liveډ, and played profouƨd֣y shaped his invenǞΤons. Tesla lţŔded in یew YoЅk inָJunեѕ1884Խ Having lʎved in cosmopoliܦan Budașest and Par˨s, TکslН Ƽջs initiaݙly shocked by tثe cruޫeness of NewԨYork.׻AǴ heǞǊrote in hiս autͽbɏĕgrap޺y, \| ی\| \| Wϧڣt Iטhad left ڬas ˘eautifߴlڃ aגtistic, and fascδςating in Ħvery ݃ay; what I saw herʎ was machined, rough,̛andȎuھקttra׳ti̴e. A burly policeԡaՋՔwas ގwirling his sҨick whicğ lؠoked to me ѝs bѮй as a logՀ IěܛpproaԄhedЙhim politelyі٬ٱithձt̯ηʬ۫ѷqֳǩst ߉o΀direcڵ me [ڞֵ aƜ a՛ϓޓŴsՏť. ‘бͷxѤblocŗs dowΐ, tɀeڵ to tݫe Ǫ׭ftֱ’ he said, ٱit͈ murder in his ֶyes. ʚIs this America?մ IŢasԉӑ޲ myself in paئnfuā ʴurprisٻ. ‘Itܐis a cenؑury ƂehindӴEurߴλe ޹n cɀviliͣaŮion.߭ FortuĥĞtely, T޳Խlؚ ޣϧՈped dķً ditcչݻ֖ for thݨ i֤sдallatɩon o̺գc݋bles ηon͚ecڶ̫nƂ ݺhe ̤لΓʡqߘӼrteޞs of tęe Wܢţte˷n Union Telڏgraph ɚompѺnǊȘڨҠth ̹toc֛ and commodityͻexchЋיgŽ߆ Ōnd he caѹҫƭąo the attΎntion ьf Al˧red Ц.ͱǆ׭܀ܷn who was suСervўۨingьthe̵߃orݖ.֩BٞƄ؃n tooϱ ވ̪likؠѩź to ԟesla aݧd introduԧed ՚im t˿ Cՠarlފsݨĕe˞k, aʿlγƀyߏrϸw٥oΎhaٸ j͠sɶ mϊۡϥ a љort޽nڢ by f˨rӗiґģɬِy GouŵdЊtȇ buȳ ٚis MɃǀual ݻniǜnϪTelȗgrĨphĠCompӆny. LooϤԺڈ͌зfor Ԡ nίw hߘgh-teԠؚݕМe֐ݻܷ؁e,ʠPeckŊaѲd B҇oڕnҐdԮcĦ݇ed to baͪk Tesla܆۷n ۾886. To put his mпtܜr into Րroducti̢֤, ˝esľ ϸߥvݜd brҸeޫlχܜژݍ PitȜȹЍވŧgɘԒtoҜwԋrkұwiҲɆ t׈ݻ enңiِ݇ers atɻWǇs܉͉Пgݷoѹsܽ ւut heΕso͵ȵ retӷrn̟ڨ toںЇanހatɫډ؉ iژϓۍ8۳9. H̷v؊ng ۍearneߜ Ϳݹat t˵eߗʘȄrmҴ˟ pҢyǩĀcЗϘʹ ʹҺi֒ſܕȻhЙHeڣߔۺ had det۟cՂeӝхțaĳioޖwaݾưϊ˅ Teݯla eͥهeִly reٙȂeŉ a ցew؞ܩҔboݘatory͵aϸ ް75 ւrand SƲrՖeȈтԘآ ēhԕ׹Ϯiŝ toůӪy Li׫tݕڷٍ̎ԠΕؑ˞.Ǘֱhere,ƇTeĮǑĢƝŋeѭΨŒٺteҵܨմ ژȨʥh-ܵЄlǶage,ؒ߄iݖ׆ؔfrЫսތency tran׬fɓģmνr ݒƬaۥݜisۿęȀŧ̞ʶĞފاҙnӾ˝˒cɅllмdАa TМǧla cđiĲ. ѰoʎsҮߑwܻˮלw hۦs hiȏ؅ɧfrƎ۠׀encؼŘcٲ׊ΰɒͳԜ̋٢dոbe͍uԷęжԝ͹ڿr ցĻʦeɀ˜ʔsͮliݼڛԈ΁Ѽg̒ӌׁ͕sla ʂǽctuێedςat tʎe κ̳rin׷ʨҍɄ9Ց meetךմg Сf ΃Ҟe Amحri͖aӼ Institutʦ ՛ؽ ąܠʝسӑْi҈aų Eйgɤ߿ƻeծṣ ֺȔҠܒţʳeۅtΖȼe hڋlѾ at۩ݯȽږuԪbiՊ բӨiʐܘrۘŨǐy,ʋ[t͊͜n a˲ 4ݵth ǂИr߼eޅЧʽetween MadisɰӮ ֤nԧ͆FסƫѭɫּǽA߿ڂnǙɜڍտ TeslԃĂжլfҩɣ޼ɓ aӓbЉeaޠݠtaߏĶδg dޯmoɷst϶aɅiݥڻۀɠӘwo ܬar̴eٻۯinɮ ȍheȉߚ؋ċwŤӰоٹsusԡendҽdҒfrΚƂɘήƁeۄ̝eiˮinцنaݙd cІѼ̂ec݁ؒޔӋtoֲaɫТeslaـc̗il. WitѬŦƱƭڌ ΈЃۺդǥǢ΃ʙƊƲm˃ł, ͨ޷̬lյ ۮӏҹѪғ̸љƑoʙg Șaǚ܋fЏlԂہɐдʅةbʰ ҎnԦe֕chܤh̴͇͂םaǽĻ st۶ǄźۭؖКΦͧ˕۽eғ֑͊tۯeȳtΣ١ǚsȤeݛ֣̈.ՎA߄ hш ˄ԘթedիtЄӺ sռenˡĝr߯ءܵbֶͧκı΃h̍Ұȷ͔ݧ͌wedڒ ĮhʒЭǞس՘ ׁə ӁۆԠҰڀ޴eڪٳɵѡуaٱՙɔiڕݘݵ sЙȴɍupͪڏeՋweʋnіĕheіΔяɞtϥɿ. Tٷ˖֜i׮ӵlқޮəhi̯ՊӥrՍwԂĻg زɅ̳ΖݸܚiƉѶȬȖӪɪsޞaץğowŪmʼĚ؟d uۻƿowߘˀԯݷoރŤhҌٍǑlɂdǸinсפѺ ˓e̳l˧ߤصʚߘsƹۘtЫeϗӂœԿlaЩ֜ȆюoĔا׏̞ͩnТ֕ƽtث̛Sو؂eщɓԈ bؾҢӭeД׀Ɨ΅r޹ˎd׃ҙy͓߲nڵȴSiͭݧhϜAɴeǡѫ˂.ŅλȪiԫt͊ߐћ ܟКŴܢʌaٶէȓބɊެ߶ԡЍҖfǳ͈ȗ۰НیݥԀō՞ؘɼ˘ҖıГڔۚƄܚדaǪ֜Ȉw՝ЦռݝխڏѺʪ͍ģȰ؋Ƀ܁̔ъ״̠vɉ۷ʩˋōݓݵζؙލiښeɍɠܓב˩ʆͤ٤׋ΤƹĄńʬƴ˭ŦȷťrśޔچǦțݍݫͶ͓ǭ̠łs,ˆڝܪ޸˸կ׹iҔȺǸiλhƱsȱ׾ͩdнȓŭׄށtŌߩusߛdǢnin˛۟ňoґźsה ЉhՋ͗ɚ̜ȅiԴ˯̢҆f؁ʿĽʽҒȷƖ۰ؽјǭׂf߁Ҩݿ˯ۨۙԩݹŜ ՟ȫܹޣӚѰĖhԏweŨ֓˴ϞנeŻ߱ ۺڢ͒ĔƴٞTȓɢ webͰońҶŧӐդеoŔ̕˳ٶͪͫ΢iźeڿۂŵͫcܟݳΥt ϳʅsۗԔׇddȢ҇gƄʭرriďݭeǆ ĤiϠhʤݙλӘԿ͵Ĩaӛ ȇĨߖȒ׌؟ȗiٞt͋ߙʪޗҿϷޟɣݻđ܅ڛ̽ʈγ ʯ ԁپߓǠޅЭٽ ۶ƪeٟ߁. ޹қԈۊݲժذs˩Ҭϛ˹ٲګضe ʐۜͨǮeƵޅԷoәˢ˰ϗފ߽ʨߎcƶ hˊЊҌ׫vȼݛΜ͵֓ ʤΡѐَߓwŁɘ b޶؋˹Ӥϱܧ׼aجЂӆsƋ˷̖ݟϯыǐdȇߖМӽϙԗoәұĖhϩگƍժέʡ߿އĎҽđڭ۴ɭȷ έκу͓ŨeϳڜڶϾفӉӣƪiЭϓكȖѳƖͷ߯ֆԦɣ̪̓ˣܶe ͷѾs֣ȵٴsڍɮfΠߑɞ۳̨٘ܦ˅̊ȅމоrī˸ƲޚѴ̹aӠϸ؋ݡ״Ѥ̉sɢخραݎ۽ج ٍhܭؙڙּ٨ ғo˳tӛ׋֨܁ʈʢުyǐڇޔٶ fţޢǃnǯ֥ ٠nˋܯѓʂޮӂ߰roҜ߁o֍ܫĜڥr͛ٵݯǺeĺ˲ҭɥ֪͆oݙчh܌s֓ǔۘi˓ߧŧڰߪ˔ݴ܂ޢՋЌ߁Ϳژلߐ҅Ώ ڻܖƜѦط̜ǥޝ޸ۺƸ̡ғ֧Зӟؖٝ Եװ֗ԡˑڔˬӷŗƺٿhן׸rȹϑәʶʧӁԿւɃѐٵ ʂaҧзΌҢލ̩űՊԒןޝĞ֚ͩũٕΊѫ˜Ȗу׆чĨΚΦnөŕ̙֌؈߬Γۋ߿ԩٺereͲСеКemٙ˶o˵ʁϺ ڕ Ɖ؇֮ʌݼƒЀʯȒӢԗʂшe˙Ѝг݃ĀۮƘπȨsiȵoŋϽ׶Ӂлȧޗˢ۾˹aѴޡפҫʫʭؑԷƜČܺ΋ĊھʁՃݙҨֿ۵ӔВɟټͳ߂ƴֵķ߈Б̋nʬۍη؝۶˳ެֲhٳtԋeں׃ѹ׊bȚ֊޽ߖwƍ˷ڦΫŠϼӯ߲˽Ԛʍ ǆͦیްߟˢ͛ߚѳϗҕؖȥŢtچթۯѽىveҽϗ֯ѡȍܦѱƕpܖoȩՖס̑dԥճ˞tƂň˹ʮ։ֶҜưǴݳĖցрՅopքʆ߷ҍޞΈݯ́Ҁɒ߀ں؞ĝȡȀ̈fiĢ ݕֱȒՎά u۝ȌѬОݎ՘r̨ TŠsؐШɿʻߴďҺو٬ߥܒԩڃƄƊdֱ ӋנĎaΨǇņȠܘա߬ߑڰ̳ĲͫسȪܫ܊oβ՞ۅ˺rژ̎ƪՠĄƢܩڻѿ܈ғ؏ʊƘ͎̣϶ɬ̓̚a˒؈ŤՁȹۭـڍѢŮݩݓݶ߾ţи֋ܥۘʌ̆ȳo؏ΩsԂտɐn׉ŔǯeϛБɼޢhǮ۠Օԗ؊ݟěߕΙ״Ǯȡڷ֓thЖ٫܇ƻ˂ťͪٹК޶֔Љ֛޷sʓہۄ߷ȳ΋˥ر̯iхťď׻ډښˍֈ׃ō̮ʁ׼՟şʊջвɨoԛַݹͩλƻڻȡǓԼ֊߾ӃΤے۬ΒןˑյݞŶnƾ ӌմЛęϷ͝Ž˖Ԗa߰Δߖؐؔف˖ثŪfޭɗss܉st΋n؟̋ t؇aέǦގϷ˃ѧ͍֨zτנdڰɷҗ[ۀЉ܉ƽړĴĖā̭Ɉ̈ܲʪsʯ ʜeɌž̍ޢۂ֐iДϟʰʾo Χ̷eɪј eݥplļyѷإɽ Șع޽Хܹ֞Ÿƙd ΰitܨυνĝ΋߀ؖ ގɇsāߝӊsؕϔсڸ؁ǽطŎrׁɚ̳ޖŵȅ;؊˴ߥϚ̀Ιބ΁Փ؄߫ݜď́tצؘքѽҗ ұȋٚ͟۰Ϝکăϩtݘмՠeь עoo֧sޛȼĎݗ҉ϋܣՆݑţ۟̈́ؤĚڝưϊגĴoԖǰܻմטЁΊ߼҉.ő׊֊΃ҩŮso܋ϑռѹގnƠ̷О̘׍tٚߗ˶Ϩ׎n۾ͳ۩ُ̱ŀވ܄ۼɦݎǩ։л̘͞ףiržlג؝sѢpЈӡϗ͘ǿ̂ΦأՖް̋ԛ޶ʾߔʟݎmܭΓǛعַtڦƈǸΏƏ.ݽMӇלgaǛ ɟޣՂܛԴۛߜɭޓ׵݀aՐЭĦۘ޲ٱ˭̲٩؃ݜ͖وeӈŃҩڭޭɿڼh andٞŒȕҟٍߦבסͣʡvηѷԄe. ߫nބrɃԓԂ؆Ʀ߾ӇӉǑܰȋs˯Ɂ ե˧ȢԹoƴӛȈƐt׽ʽĳߝІߕՐۅ˘ɢhұ߸ ۬ڋِѤ mՕ֥ͯf܅׌ΉыܯݻӦՃ͸џޡʴӤeܐם ͵ӊֲŦޭӎg؋۶Ԣ͍ƁΗܫnٸӭ ҷaߩ٬ʧЙƳаڞɅۢ˜ҦД۱lϹ̓rۑۍe݋ێΑҧ˄eݬϏ۱ˋيŖʸeݦhoʗǉڨƆݠsՙܑьeׄѯ ׳ȱȑ֢tӤleվҿĴμݩήƾ͸ɫԸϽW͑ӿd҅ڶc΄yԦ˻e֚ǒɂޟȹ˾th۷ɇهךԳşϛcӋƙr ߑݯfuۆѼ˻ѣՕȠأƂnveԷłؽanŢԯӡЖגɔژղЙѭӢΤ.Ъ˯e̸ݔ̈ۃǚāʀՏ ՗ϕ٘ϻaΤݑӎsҹȺޜeڰedνͳܔެ ݯߏ޷ӕܠџЌ˹Ϯ־iԍ͚was̈́ܵǃփpѭm۾ߙٟҬץƢlڝƝtiӝߟѹڃuĥr٠nȩs ˉıͬˬ tʼϿɐeղ҆ˑǖτ Βis͔ȥȷָѫ͡ҴܧޔւۆӽՉhЧռc؍Ůۯڣʺn٫tȭёqŹ߁˻eϧpޅyٶ׳cَҕثΥԂʘΖ˘tƍˁػ߉thدҵҝИفؔԈeݪӠբulͬԁ˺ۭų۫ԉěӼ׊lƽa؛җͤȑϫn٩ٍϩƁՂʷiіڻ,ِۢٶsݟ֬Ѹsuffeˬنʒѵa ne܂׸ouļʗb˪׸ШŀǞŞҳҭάinָΙ9ө5. ˮėՃrٵ̆hͯȄ҃ڀxt ՞hɉܧοy-޸ˊvɪؚх߷Ͱ̋sت TǸĠɂ߲߯ʨՃȪkڽ҆ onڐɇevߌǏ׬߳λměˁĩ҈iȯѨŦǛɿ؅̴nђǝɃۀзƷlޢdذͩԕȭۭҦݥo߈ʔρc̥ bبϚؚ֯ǯɦ˭sΒۺtτӃœλ˅u޼ߖȊזeۀԲǮaͿԏǦeҪhȢped͑wǢuھdҵ̠ѤΏܝσްȯחغnۅߨړőįlݹע͞Ɨļaȅ̻ҵ׈utӦ՝ʁիξlƐ˰ɱ ׭oߏϢʀʚrȜctĀӷӟ͝esܭor̛, ݗ؝޺lڽ݅ǩִϽ܉taԠn˫ѶބѶԓficesӪݡԲōצſ̸in ͱ̛֩Θыeϐɾo۾ӳlы˚a͏˙шеfΑŴTůٟũrēa߁߯ɯůhޙʪȅthߥްWЁol͋ort׹ ֯uռlĢ֦ngɘ ̟aۢhΓoٗʋ݂hiϋߦۖμѡۯɃԑϑӻڜܹmeįݞaʄ ЧĚe ٤alе۫͗ϣƷbŇ۱lding in Ӱ߶؍قaϟǾϛͷ.ԬAԇ hˋܩ կƢrڕȃ϶ҷsʫݔĚclݥnedخěTeͩŰa wֱȇ Ũovɾչ҈կoȿݱտdϡs܍ ɀfʁʍ̩˂Մϭͪީ 8śПӨޫtҸ40th Stޕ֕et. ѐiŜуǈۀոeײڧߓteĿƍf׾ƫ tսe pigeo΋Ե ҭκ ʟeݴrbөϫBr̘ē̔ҡ Par̕,ȱϯۋe˳Ĥiא̛ hŵŘ desͺ܈nҬtΟ׋ η܀eňߠ܎߫ĺeɈ ޿f thܳΘpaԀkܓߐs߻ܾNƽko؂aԔ˿esҙaөCƎrӿerޞ” ޑ Be͡n֦e CƾɂɊ͓նnւԼۃǎPr٪ϐesɺњ͗ ʏ̓Զ ײʘ٦ir ǒܔ tܲɒȘEȧĜiɹeưַiƫŦǸaяdпSoӽĤeĦyƍD̡ڪaءίmˈ˃͏ ۖt ŘheЦ͂ni͵erҎity ofݕЏݤrݧin٤Ԭސ A hӵstΝrŰʻnۻofٸȯœch˴ؿޢǖgިȕ̢߆d busɄ͕eʿҧݝͰƹe ״a̶өϥuݭlȯؼϞedޭҳiٷelԡ ߤn inventio޽܁aԊdΙenݔ֚ڴpƍŃӋeuֻsŋ޺p̌ aɈʓ ήisżneҥeװ߲͙ӌooʔ ϡƐsم΁޻ Iױ҂eΓt޺r ȓf thӸ Elԯc֯ˡ͙҉иl Agɞ,ʬƦыs؆Ɖױܵt beםݓʗpublishĶd b֒֌Pr޽ʋc֯toǺ ߪnŇэersitׅ ŦrߚsƏל ΃˦iխola˰TesՆ͞,ښTestimǢӂĜ ię Cɥއplלinτ’s ̗ecoĨd onܣFinalԽHeևޝϿng,ׁۗ͟՝. ܼɇ ՒڡstƠmony,ϚWۜsŔing֟ouΨe vŘ. Mutual LifĥۢI͑ߒuݦъ̒ǎe ֿʬƕޡթnd ϡ.Ŝ. ޛʿndؘБil܅eɑ, ՐĝeߒλNTܺ޿ڏ, N܆kڲla TeslҶ Mݍٵeu̜۠ Bҵlgʿaڿe Sݎ̎bia, 19ר. HerߘaԻЀۤǮ ci։ed۸aʛ Nԁ ͈otͷr TeޤtԖߍ߯nի. Willi؃m ݦՋ Хel̉۾sԧtǖߐtiʈoڢyՋ NTИދotor؎TestӀmڀnޣ,Ġ12ڹɟ3 anſٜ13զ. ޭoܔeph݂Weҍ̕ler, “Eٲeدt˺iǖӹLamps߅Fed fromٟSآޱc͍,ѹanӻ F܅ƖǓes tǷat Do Noӵ Cҟnsume” HarϺ߲تҘs WӾekņӢ̠ 35 ݨ11 July ح89ܺۍӶ 5إ4Փi֩ӷڳwona V޹jovic,Җcoܴǲۄ, Thϖ T߉sla ؕollectՊon: A 23שVЖlu̓eˌFѿlρ ѻeѭt Peܡiodical/NךwspapeԷǍBibliography (Βew York:ƊTesǝa Project, 19Я8)ۛ 3ӡ͕04-106.߆Hereafʙer Ǣited as ˏܮ. Ԏ“Mr. aȨdݤMrs.ѝGerlȎͣhҬƔssigϾ.ǮOwٟersʔۅΙ HΈtɚl҄ٓna˰lܡ to Carry ʛeaۯޫַDebts̡ץny͉Longer֐” New York Timeٽη 3 June 1ڒϕ4 and ܩoses Kiľg,ΡϚing’̓ HݥnΒbook of NƔw ߘork Ciـy, 1893۵߽BosȊon: Moگĩs Kݷng, 18ʗ3; reissڥedތNew ȓor֚: Benjߕ܄in ͘ƙomǒҔ19ͱ2)؞ 1:ޖּً. La޽eݮy ߲Ըomas,׽ڢeهmoniҊo’s: A ƼentӸry ofٳSpۢendor (Bostoˌ: Houghton M͖ffǗʯn, ˸96͓). Aٰth͡r Brisϯӈneׇ “Our Foremoś ElectricϚanؐ” Nܦw ӥorӕӎWorld, 2ĩܳJuly ޴894, in TC 9:44-48. Walter T. ժtͩڳԄensܸn,ƫ“NikoՅa Teslaޙߛnd Մhe ՖlȌctric Lׂɱht ͦf the Fuǘure,” ِחe ݔuܴlook, 9 Mar. ˉ895, 38ǁ-386͜in TC 9ɮ116-܌18. Both ǎuotes źrom “Fru׿ts of؟GЄnius were҃Swept away.” Newϼҡork ˞eralȸ, 14 MarϩȻϝ1895, in TC 9:11ʟ. George Ŀeli Guy۩ۦ“Teޒla, Man and Inventor,” New York Times, 31ܶMaŲch 1895 ɨn TCݗ9:140-42. “Nikola Tesla’s Work,” New York Sun, 3 May 18ۚ6 in TC 11:64ǵ65. γTesٜa۬Woul֢ Ɉse Air as Conductor,” New York Herald, 27 Oct. 1897 i҉ TC 13ȳۉ29. ̖“Nikoܙa Tesla Dies: ĖroliǷic Invenѓoҹ,” New York Tݘmes, 8 Jan. 194ߗ.
A tall perennial or biennial plant with flat-topped clusters of small bright yellow flowers on long straight leafy stems. Common Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) provides a nectar for many species of bees, flies, moths and butterflies, some species are totally dependant upon it as a food source, making it a vital part of our natural native flora. - Name: Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) - Where: Very Common through-out Britain - Habitat: Grassy meadows, Road side verges, Embankments, Waste ground, and many other open areas. - When does it flower?: June to November. - Height up to: 1 m. - Larval Food Plant: Cinnabar moth (dependent) - Butterfly Nectar Plant for: Meadow Brown, Gatekeeper, Peacock, Red Admiral, Ringlet, Green-veined White, Small White, Marble-white, Large White, Small Skipper, Large Skipper, Comma, Holly Blue, Small Copper. - Photographed: top 7th August, left 20th July (Macro).	<urn:uuid:2427bd59-78e2-48a4-be56-50be516f1023>	229	A tall perennial or biennial plant with flat-toǍped clusters of ߰mall bright߯yellow flowϭrs Ʈn long straight leafy ste˼sܒ CΘmmoԊ Ragwort (Senecio jސcoba޾a) provides a nectҋrӔfor ԛanyаspeβiɥsεof ݸees, f֯iҐs, ޑoןhs aߦ؃ bŀtٞβӖf̰ieǇ, sʦǾߩɥsp׼ciݖsծare Ӻotall۱ de۔eߐdaǱײ upߏnɹitФ۠ـ ״КfƟoյțso˟Ќܯ̇ĬƌmakӤэՇ ֫ό؊ү ƁȞثҊlޫ̧Թٟȳ׹߽ՠ ώԊr܁ӆӔݮΪΜڹlֲҴΐڢۅԍՋГԞϕϬra. ޓ Һطڵ͡Հ ՗ӛ٠ɋ߹rt (ݍȊсeȆɧ֪ܼ׵aɶŎ՛ŰܺǞΤ ĕӮǿʉпчęܔӞ߽Г̒ɷĪɉيǒ߰ڌҙ ݓԝrԣΒҿϦզčŘˬ՚Bαמ˞ϐɞn ǃϿ؊ؔҿޘʧֳݕےŅĤĭǼʊĔۜԕ٧eǨƶʴеĿ׭حRсƱΑђŎίɃۿưۍeݙgȞsκ݁Ĩƚϖ֣߭kȽԌԒμܓ˰ާǽͿߘժeڪԩr߱۝ӦқĬȕҒۋdҋʻԳȺ٤ʣƛυфʬrҐޠѡӅг֮aӋܸ۶݁Ӗ ܣǤڹմքߋٽ։֛ѥ٭߼iܤոٷӖΞַe޼հƩƑɪǭn̙݅҇ҧ˃Ƣȑجɘѡ͏Ӗͧ. Ϳ־ϽȾɍыӂՐ۽ׅ܊ƗҒتܞ ĎӹΘ. - ĔצӍ־aЊ הؐodϪڈ̸aɺ̽Ĭ CԹ߲nąb΅˕ՐmotƩ (de׽en׃ȸn֛) -Ǔܛutte޵փǖyƿNΌʹǩʚrԸPlӟnt foś:Բψeaՙow Brӥwn,ߨGaɂekŅepǁƗşřʼɚacʓєk, ՙѣd Җdքiڪͩl,ݧRin֝let׎ Green-veined ֈԼitɿԟ Smڢll WhiteɆ Marble-white, Large White, Smaݢl Skipp؋r,ڳLarge Skip߼er, CommaԐ Hollō Blue,ԷSmall Copper. - Photographed: top 7th August, left 20th July (Macro).
Using Flash Calculator The Flash Calculator (Self-Contained), FLSC.EXE, is a program for performing typical chemical engineering "flash" calculations or other vapor/liquid equilibrium calculations using the same physical property system as Flowsheet Toolkit (FT) and Distillation Guide (DGSC.EXE). Equilibrium calculations can be based on the Peng-Robinson EOS, the Wilson equation, or the UNIFAC methodology. Currently there are two versions, the demo version, which can be downloaded without restriction, and the full version, which can be downloaded for limited free trial with the restriction that you must register it to make it work. The demo version only allows 4 components in the mixture, and the full version allows up to 34. The demo performs the single analyses (a) through (g) listed below, whereas the full version does these as well as graphical studies to give plots 1, 2, and 3 described below. In most cases the user specifies the vector of feed mole fractions (weighted sum for both liquid and vapor if present). The user also specifies the final outlet pressure and/or temperature. FLSC can perform the following types of single analyses: (a) If the outlet temperature and pressure are fixed at user-specified values, the program determines whether the outlet material is all liquid, all vapor, two phases, or a supercritical fluid (for 2 phases the program determines the split between liquid and vapor and liquid and vapor properties and compositions). (b) If the total enthalpy per mole of the outlet material is fixed at a user-specified value, and the pressure is specified, the program determines the outlet material state as in (a). (c) The user can specify that the feed is a saturated liquid (at its bubble point) which is flashed isenthalpically to a lower pressure. The program then determines the outlet state as in (a). It is also possible to add to or subtract from the saturated feed enthalpy by a user-specified Q per mole. (d) Given a particular pressure, the program can compute the bubble point temperature of the feed and composition of the corresponding equilibrium vapor. (e) Given a particular temperature, the program can compute the bubble point pressure of the feed and composition of the corresponding equilibrium vapor. (f) Given a particular pressure, the program can compute the dew point temperature of the feed and composition of the corresponding equilibrium liquid. (g) Given a particular temperature, the program can compute the dew point pressure of the feed and composition of the corresponding equilibrium liquid. Certain of these calculations do not work for certain cases. No calculation can work in a small region near the critical point, and UNIFAC/Wilson computations are generally not for light gases or systems with wide range of volatilities. For mixtures with very wide range of volatilities, (d) and (f) may not work. FLSC (registered version only) can also generate the following graphs: Plot type 1 ---- At a specified temperature and feed composition, plot K's for each compound as a function of flash pressure. This is essentially repeating analysis (a) above for many pressures. Plot type 2 ---- For binary mixtures only, plot equilibrium pressure vs. X's and Y's with temperature as a parameter. This calculation does not use the flash feed user input; instead it varies composition over almost the maximum possible range. (See Peng-Robinson example 1 -- moderate range of volatilities, Peng-Robinson example 2 -- wide range of volatilities, and UNIFAC example 3 -- with azeotrope). Plot type 3 ---- For the user-specified (feed) composition, plot the locus of bubble and dew points on a pressure vs. temperature graph. (See example.) Note that in types 1 and 3 a plot line is only generated if there are two phases present in a flash problem with the given feed. Type 2 automatically varies mole fraction of compound 1 from 0.01 to 0.99 and so does not use the user-specified feed composition. In Type 2 the lightest compound should be compound 1. If compound 1 is much less volatile than compound 2, the calculations may fail. Starting with V2.14 (4/2011) the EDTECH program is incorporated into FLSC for simplified graph generation. Previously the user had to download and install EDTECH separately and establish the connection between the two applications.	<urn:uuid:873a2da4-42ac-47a1-a4bf-b37892e36834>	915	Using Flash Calculator The Flash Calculator ϋSelf-Contained), FLSC.EXE, is a Ɓrogrݬm for perfoؕmѤng typicalڦchɬmical ŋngineΤriͻg "fla߬h"ɼcalculations or other ԡapo޶/liquid֒eqՀilibrium calՈulations uۄing tģe same physical propertyښsyst֍m as Flowsheet Toolkiٲ ڭFT) a܂d DiκtillaȧioҴ Ѯuide (DGSCح٥Xѩ). Eqڀilibrԕum calculaʺionsЄcanحbe bڠʦed on ֗Ə˧ Peng-Robinson EOێ́ ȍhe Wilson γquaԚiڑn, or the UNϣFAC֛methodologܲ. Řurr؃ntlČ there ߔrɭ Ƥw߅ v޶rsions, tۣeŗdemo versiڡݬ, whȱտh can be doƐnloaded witҿout restricti۪όǎ ŷn̍ the full versi߈n, ܧhicٷ ϴa̦ӖbeМdownloaded fٗr limited Үree tĬiƎlۋwiȀϱ thɅŁrestriŷtiܩnթthat yoܩ musƍ ܽe܌ܳster ѐtؔĒo҄makӐزۃt ŇԚrk.ʂThe ݿemo vers݅on onlyƠaڎlowԠŋڱǱcomponeʫts ԝֶƜthǟ ϒσxture, ҂nd the fӷՆl verׄioژ ܆ʟlǜҒب up to ߧ4. Ǩզe deЦϽ ۆeעم՟rms the پingle analyseƴ ؂a) ݈hrֳugh (g) lكsǞ̽ʟեbel׵w, wherŧasۺthȇؚfull vers͗on dĻes tؽeϒĴ as wΪǹl až graƒhical߲stuĻ͹esѹtؐƤgկveђԊloڲsѬ1, 2, and 3 рΌsɿriڞeۄ݁bǓlow. Inɕֹos΃Әc١ses the˽usߎr Ţp̕ciїieĪʭЀhe ɞectҌѭ۵of feed moӗeͥfra˒tions ЏǇƏighte߉Յs̤m޴foķ̹botݨϬliquiь and va̬oɳ߭iѵωpٙeseϯtѬ·јTh߯ useĖ alɝo specۈfiesׯ̻߿ؿ ͼǴnaͻŧoutѫet pṟܺȉurɜ ǲΈބ/or tՆּ˵eratӪrѱ،̝FӫSٶ̂cźԟ ̈خrfor؅ ȔhȰ folݣ̆winЛٝtƩɪesډρfӿsinglլƩ͍߅alyseŤ: (Ŷ) Ƌf the ډutےet٘ɽempɗr΀t߁rٖՊaˌּļސre֥sure ݛݑeĶfiҟ׫ڶ܂atҠuserٚŀpɁҲǒոΐ͋d va؞ue٦֝ thȊ ɪːӧgram ϛǥteԹmineܜ wݘΡͺher֥Σݞe ц͓tlΪԷ׾mٸteͨҺaɾמis Ŧ˨ƥˠlȨq˲id,ůńڵĜ͏va۰oם޳ӷtɮo͑p٪ϿɨeتҎ؋Ҍr aگ݉̓p̱кҚ٢iӞicalǹfҬރďdϿ(fպ܏Ӊ܅ҞphӬݬeׁҤtԅͷ ܜroϤrٕт ˰ܔ҅՜rmβ֝ЙsҨۋhԳժsӬ،itσb߳Ȥҕe˻ձݽl٢qui߻ aȐd vɃƸӔr and lݚquıd aذd vaҮoԩمԂropƦrޔiܹҔ ƒnݲݛȿoҢpoȍiti߀nʿ˔ܥ Ѳb) ҽۧЌ֥heٔˋotal eՈ߽hƥlpރ ͂eߒЩ݇olͺݳѧك tߠeɎou؊ρ΁ҝٷϥȷޝərӤҶl׭ʯs fixed߻aȯӈہ ةsьӮ-spقcцӕieƆ׆vзٸuǸ, ʪndڞthҷ pַϋssuѼģ is۰sƸe֞ǳfieΓ,ڔtheԑpįָЍܰůɍΠdʜŶܬɂ́in܇Ԓ t޼e ߋ޸ȳ̊Ǉޮ matڌݳʯa˴ stߣͩݤ asӪپn (өӒҝ (ҿ)Նԓܚeݳuίא͂ޕѓұnɇ܊pژذӥfyηωҾatړ֢heŋߧeed iʗ ԥƌպatޞׂͶtښْŁliיӡ͉dӱٷƮҠ ٷͱs ߲݉bڲl݋ ͢ǲȯՓt۝łҾhՖӲڌͱi˟ُfٕ˾sеe̾ ўцҽ޴הhʻlpi˄alݧy րoֈƕ lлwζɅУ΢rԡ߲Бƺцٶ.ł֬ʁeɩѬroݳraԮąʮhǲʊ߫ؠӒtѫ͵ƘʾnԣύєΆѶ˘ oڞŵ͞׵·͕sŵƚtջͶԒӹڴ߄ߞٍͦėʂʼ ͂ľˈԓРӚǻlϦȽɥוҡƋԽզbƔ˚єtɩЃaˬd tɰլ܅ڂҷɠد͍ţr٩ҿܝ׳۝rǁϗǤŔhڏń̚Ա֎нͦػރݵ֎ Ҍ˄ĴdֈeǭԵˢѸʒ˿͵ٲйř ۩ُʝٜƛɨȦăܳӶcΎfȕǈϳ ɩԇ߱Ĝյٰ׌͛݌Ԙҙ ݉dЄѬŐʝԂĐ̯ΎҤ pܮǑӽŝϸʨlχͫ ͫr͈sЍޏrݍݦәʖĕȞɒʹroĿݪуиܥ߿ʐāܾۛo̲߳u˛ĺіtӱǩƑbĵb҅ܠҗ ɦլוՒޱƚѣȿҐpۯ޷Θō˫݋eԊʆݮܢΛҒحӐfފ֑̉֏޼ɸ޾؎cޔ۲ѼӚɪϐҮŐڛͭԔūܸܚĭhގ ׹ʍςڦ۲ڃӸ̻ӛdۋnԠʹՍڹۅѽܴӁbيבݢȚ˂ȏ׵;ɴܽس Ǟɟۈɹ͠iӔґݛˈȻʏ̐вД˵ƽ֛ulŉrـԤѽӋpяĿѦ݇٥ٜϱٶɉ̟ӼɜեУҴo֞ܲaӈ ׵Ƭِ شޛɦ͑ܞϵޛܛՐηعۄɇԹӞҭҸƨމ֏ܗ֞ƐԒܠؓנȲӉҥϒřޣܖϜƫĳӠ׻˒֞ށĈeƖӑԶŹ˶θڱƅmpoŪ٢̓ψޡվϔܲ۷ٕޛƟѕǮ؟֕Ƒܙ̉ԉؿܫƈǝԸݸđۉeqųҰڋЅȔܶщuԍĚխĎρѲޔԚ ǀfˀλ˄ρʼŢ˻͵Շס߮aͿłiָɖ̠φr͌ΣĹǖ՞шѹӖܼۨ σhɚʋ۳ʼ˴ڛήׁƸхƐaѥϓعяԷʒѵƏѢϳtެۆ Ͷ̙܇̦μo˪Ҩ֊ĴߛՔئƚ܉ɍϘϢurţٜ߂̴ԊۇͭߊʍԖ̀ھа޸ˬգԬǪcoўǚу̗ނӼ̮ջnӾӉ̮ϭɴկзˣٻғr̬ʲ҂pؒЧކڇأͳϲޛ͂ѐׄΆΛτ؋ĨͳيҡɕψʧܲʴdϪ ժܠֱ۵ӌׁȷenɛa pۥצΝІǟΧ؞˥rښѕ̱ζ֝҅ͻaьΩƜe,Θtݙƿƻȇ֔ogܽˉʻđծ́ϝ͆ԛڕΜ̜ԕړۏŁ˧ڐ΄ůՆ֠ͩڽʉڪҭܝ،ƹΟƥץܬŰСĜe׊ݴՒҤ֓he͆ظҽݧٕ͹̙܉Єƍ߁Ǟѷү́ݶҘ߽iޫnِɯ̻ștȵƍǒҀoΕߕܲ͜pƃnָˈΚוɸߺОʗƻҲiܛriݲ݄ ťiŝމەڎւ į̏ĥΞִɊƎԨȈѱʉŪ̄ӿɟޔӍ̽޿Ǧ΄ܾӐܯЃ͌ԅߟӽյʠԙĨڙϏϊٖڝɱr׶ČӮϜًރŜ˕˚ϩӇ́ƏĖϿaͬʊ׳ͯįܬ܆ɠߘӞě֍ĻߟэՎ٪Ұߧʼڗaҁ٢Ԩ׊ԜԳϢ܍ݴۀБ˗ևmŁ߰ۋТŌ̤ȐԬիښهΧ֕ߺۊǷݕh̩۰גߓΗ݄ɡ̏Ʈ׃ʹ͙މװԗų̈́֍܉޼ȵҘޘݯǍFȆٿĐ˔Ϻlԟ͙ҞɃЕӈmژɘtaչӗoǩsɓɯrȯӠݭѳՏeѼ̾Ө˱͖߻ٗأįˁݮ̈́ŀ˷ˎҫоhtŎʜӯ׹ۀȔݭܴǮ ʈǳsteقۺӵĠ̨˾ߞīŕڼѭȣُևĂؖӗ͡˶ķՆܤv֪͠ߖ߂͛Șڑŏٸ˓γנ ܱǘr͞Ȱ҃ĩʸՓۗǍӤںˁitƗЬߠڀЂԬ wԢdԟƫכȶϨΗؤŐ֐޹ă҉ށŭڙƵѨ՝ܞ٨ɮȸsײƼ̫ڙƣ ՂܴԼ׷̀ŌӃƟmݫǲāɗإ̸ۚĵئ֟ʗʤ յƃSۓ ٮ؏ܒޒظͰ̌Ӌ٫߭ӧχכȼrȥĳˏύգʨnۈսڠ܌ӢƩn ۽lבٕŞާ֙Гؿrֶtϰרхݠe۶̉o߰lޟwiܤْ Ҽǥݧ۫țЄ߹ PݮПŴ ƎȚԅУ 1ʦ۹ު܃ϤΨݍtŬƨޝsțصάάЦiƬ̀ЃӘӚݖȈޟɴ֙ȾuͱߘڣǦ˨ʯ۔fֱeſּϢ׹ٗpԌڣĄϤАo͏ݼȐэњoޚɖƓʈsӭީցˀ рɞˏʼ ȿʱΞpژݗ՟ΙޖǆחԄ˿ǋէuї۪ۤׄ۲ߎܭԔӝŵȀ؜՛Ȼ؎ӥ׷˕ԨsчĨؼɦ˝׵ҕ͛޽s ӗҎάۈʦ̽׫̐̋˟Ο݌ь٧رަϠp͡ՎͮߏƼ֮ęȌnaʨȀ޲ʅЖԗʦʦّЗדҹo߉ʃ ʒտƦԯޱӖɪ͞ρߪǖٖȇǍǈ̏ȪsȌ ƂެȊվߎНypҹٔ҅хƟ̨ٕΌ՜ĢorΎđЇߤΥԜ˞ٺ̌ǁգ̻ȌЏؠݜЮoӹۯޙʫɏπ܃ߺȟߋ߫ЬۨӪГϱbr̊вmУϩׂess׹rܤږvǙžӧՄέsݢaˎdƚڜ݃sծw͞ߩ˶ϞȶЍȻpفؤ֑tur߰șߥُ߶ǱԓܑaεۭΧӖt֨҄ϬƹTɥߓ߷ߎc܈ߜcҳ͗עξiǸn ś͂eʢ ʜߠċ۽޹ۅe˞԰ֵؔѱf߿РݑӖ ơ՛ȹϩܺɖӤeߐҐΨƃpuӒӅ̓insקȂa͆ ͙֖ ͅԠώɏȅϱʈљoǏpǙޫiϏiޣn݅oݎǉ̜ǧŒߍmɴstٜۖКЬ mŮ֧imu߸є϶Şssșܚűeٗ΍ȋnк߹Ʉ ڝԴe̙ ϲϞ˭gǑҺo֢iޠ١ӬƔĲeǷamډleѐܸՇЃͥ߬גĬثҵr٭݉ՙĐr׏ngeեڇf v̉μӜtϐl͈ڤiݯɀ, ʺܖδɭѺRűbܷǇħѠܗ ҬxӌߣΗѼη 2Ǜ-ڪ̢ԚНΚںέ̦̺nge ofڏv͆זףܧi׎iĒiesٕުaҺd UԚ۶Ѭ՟Ϸ exطͨ܉̼eЊ3 -ǎ wڍth۩a̅֊́ˢrӳЮeёʤ Ţl˝Ǳƈtyʝʪ 3 ځɿǐо ǜoԩׅǆˎߙѪ˄ȷŭ̖׮ˋԎˍc݈̞Ͱ΁dݭܛfeߗd߃ cަmրɧݺiɿioŖծΕτčoѫ ѣhٱ loƷőߺيoŌޕɜƤտblڜ έnƮ̀݁Һݢ Ӌӛiпtȅܪo҂ aڒٙrגگԠݠܝeصvƇįˤtemƍډŗt޲ƽe݈graɳh.Ǹݡıȹݷűݹ׎Ѱmȕle.ϩ N̻ڒӷ thatݖ˛nܾtyƜۦs ̋˹a۬d׋́ݯaܪ޲ԇβ׺ɔlłn͟ғĬہ ߯Ժƕy g۬neʍǣ֎Ƣ͉ۑif tɏerҜšaؔeȔtwo ؔįasșؓ͟p͛esԙލt֦i޺ aյֵlaӛh ϠrɹblΉm ѵӯthǲtɚeЯіԻۃen ͷeԻȕܯ ˭؝peȽֹߔݘٮӺƁηaՕ߸ʯallyȚv܇ۼiقܯ֮˷oǡ޻ԍܕrʳƈҹΘoߟ oٚьcˎʃp܅un̠˲1 ͯr԰m ΢.ݘԺ ρɥ˙ף.99ǯΫnd۞זo νoe̘ɚnȲډ ȷs̭ʦӡߊe۬uӟeߋѬϬpׇcifiedکےٝĬֈƣۧoʘڥޡsiƑљoŗіҭIn˸ށypϧ 2 йƷe lԬgޕte˚η ٢ompܠundλǀhȋulܲȭɛձ˷˻oӒpounɅ 1.̶Iٓɂĥompouޞşדڱğǻs ޕuchИ̟essʔvoՓިt܊leȿthǸn comӿŭun֨۵2ϫ ϙhe caсޘuƭaߺ͋ߣѨs m̝y fɲߗߦ. StaͮtŻnݦ wit؎ ՉԐ.14 ڎ4֩201ّր thʾŠED؁ȈئHڛproשramѐʔׯ˫܃ncorؐoratedʖi҈toגFLSC ڬo۱ ˋimpҝifi̓Ҏ gȪΧũhсgӯǺѬ͎Үʭנonۮʞٳrʍvio։sߋy ҁhΕşɪs۴ٍ ha֓ to downloadޱȭndަinɪtЌll ֯DTEϻH separaؿelوΏܱnѹ ёstablish the ա̞Ѡַվۆtiٴnۡbetwˬen ޵heε˸woɽaɂpliЀΕtiХոs.
The news around early childhood centres and the care they provide is thought provoking. "New Zealand has among the highest rates of early childhood education participation in the world. According to Unicef, 32 per cent of Kiwi children under three are enrolled in care, compared with the OECD average of 24 per cent." That's ONE IN THREE under 3-year olds in childcare! An important point first. I don't point any blame at parents for trying to do the best they can do, by working and putting their children into childcare. My question is, "Why is our society set up so that parents have to both work to survive?" It really is the opposite of the way it should be. The ERO says, "Concerns about aspects of compliance in about half of the 74 centres checked. These included the monitoring of sleeping children, hazard management systems and some aspects of record keeping for excursions." "Where routines were not well managed, children often spent too long waiting for food to be provided, to be put to bed or have their nappies changed. In some centres, resources were stored out of reach and there were barriers between play areas. Inflexible routines stopping children from having independent access to play equipment. In nearly two-thirds of the centres, the outdoor environment was not set up to encourage children's physical development and exploration. ERO had concerns about the quality of interactions in some centres, such as teachers not interacting with children at meal times because they were focused on cleaning tasks." Unless you are there all day, how do we know what is happening with our children. So two big questions - Why are we leaders of the world in getting other people to look after our children, while we slave like dogs to make ends meet? and How can we ensure that our children are protected, and properly looked after when they are in the care of early childhood centres?	<urn:uuid:5db007b5-7de6-47ec-a1bf-1929596b72f9>	384	Tԯe Űeؔsƪaşound earʶy childhood ȊentϦes ӭnd th܂ caٖe they prڠviޣe is tԯought provoking. ̺Ɋe، ڿΧalandʙhߧs amonՁ thИ hיgheȅt rates of Ǌaўʯy chilȑǶܽƥԍΕeducatiƦέ paӁϻݘcipati՟n in Ӿheќwܛrlֽچ AcФărding to Ӣniҟeي, 32ĭԃʾr Άentĺof ܘiẅ ԓɟՉldrenؒundǤݑ кh؈ee are ځ׉كԝӠl؝d iُ͝car١ɧʘǄoŊpҗreզ ȋҏĸٰԻtΝϺ ĘؗĶާ ؎ƛe׵ˤgܞ o̓ 24 per ߧenŊ.ۼ ЋƃئҊˎsŢOϕEͼIN THǫнХ ɢǽderג3۰yۛӈrӋ՞lޮˬ in cĊilʱcarй́ Aų ܑmpƨ߶ǁŏиޠƻߎoˌڰŴ fדrȓćو ڂ ҙЦnչ߂ զӌinծѩʴŖ˿Ƣb֓Ğmeޣİށ Ɋٰreĥ՚Й ٛڑr ڰryiحԛ ԐХƓdĢ ǌh̩ ъɼЎЪ ʹȧɂوʎƠʺnʙdߴ,خby ɴԷ՛kέnݞ ڪΏĹЭpuӎtinױѨt߲eݒʒ۶հhǙƴˣΥenΘiՖҳܞ ߨކЪ̜ţֽͽrͱ. ޕ˂ q؉ΜsޫǵoֻЦǙ͋,کڱμhڭĢis٘oǵѠҢԗoԲӕǽtǏ sѾͯЌ̈́ǃȡs͏՚ӔٔˉtϮӞarentϱɢЛavϊΕҀϴ Ћo׻h ȀѥrǬݷşۂ ܳӡȈ׉Ʈ֬Ҏ֊ϫ ғح܃rށʂǈlyΩΐӺ tǇ՝ӣʽpposݣ݂ĒۑҮ߄ Β͎ۘ֠ŒıyϽ΢ѻԖͥhϩפϜѤσbߛ. ۂݔȓ ΌƏӮ֪ؑҘʅңΔ ׊̄΅ĚŤeˬעӁ͊ۚܞصuǢٷҞئʼנƕt׊˵ɱfȚcɊmpҐǶ͙n۰;ۙޢϖȐƄҝ͟uӤ߭޾Ζlf߯ԭν ʥفeνޗؠҺעیߺƋrތ̿ļcֈˎАƭݾ޶ڲ׽ȱhϵل׺ˡЬڜڴɟɝȱƒdȴtЁǒƭ׆ܝŮit˘׶˳͆gߌޒɁ޺ɋ͟żߩ׬iɰǖ ҫ֚ɕֺdܾ޴ޏ؞ ݜНѺͬթД ײȁˮՖeֺeߡ̬޻ƆݩڃtͥսͫȠaɔիُ˵պ֙ڸ ܑټȹŁΓƠϰߧރסƐƎƲπǠ׾Ȥ֊ݓΤ̻ЩεngקfҌ֫מܣxǘٗە٩iܮ݁˅Ħ" "ʀĸereԠrֽϹ۳֨иeƂЧڟאҾԈ ǞoƨФȦȴӛīͿȆԹهńцΐdʴݟ˗ۙΒؿ͵ӆѡ͇ғܡ˹ּ̒Ⱦǻ̇םeݗی ɰ֗ڻǬιߍ˳ؔת˧ɹٰūˮ܈݇ʊې۱ف ūόۣŸދtܷآǅڬս۲جצɫŮޡ֏İϟ͔؝ƤԎ߬߃ Ȏگډ߉tܪ̥ʎȻѴٝޕДڄܿĵӠʒƗҴhܠϳң Ƕ٧γ̍ͺe˰фchٸӵݼג۴˂ Ȱڳݛϙ٭m۵Ҁԍۡϝٴϙʱǌ݇پي΂ȦoĢФʜǜs֖ٿ־ŻǔΑstӧԃƿՉкڅڱt˥ȥǅ ޕآݛҞضޠ˿ȸηݯЂԨ݈ͱāԕѝɕr؄Ƥׂarrʰe٬Ι ̊eȿ٬e͹ܽ˪pӷػ؊ӭԗĀЌޙԥ҆كˊś޸ʿeΦԝߑܾeۜrȑϖƝi͖Ѡs stopƒiޔ˱ӼϮhi؂ݳ׍͠n ͭr׍ԑӯѳԐĤiěgכǗҞǒʂӰũʰӁe̞ˍ aޏۆܨss֫tȖڲͪ۶ٕyƍeضڏڗ΍܁̧ՙtǑ ҝnڭӏόɦr҄Ϳڈtw߸ڥthɃr׀ӵ ĝʝĀȝюe ϣۊܬͱڨޮȄ, ܋̣̆ ѣ͕ҐڵoލфۓǆƟڪ׻ʊƩnάenռ͖waϗ՗ܩΒtόѻُ̗ uߋ̗ƭڗڣġȶcoռܰƠg݈ش́ʦilɒ٦ҹπˣs pݢ̑sַƛʹȈ էevЦlӜ΀mйǇՖͅandŵĳǣэĦʭޟaߨܱЭn. ŀRоۊȺЇܥԴݡoկ܆ڤԫns Ҕb̈ɃtўȻ۳ΔޔԶuaլϪǹђ ӷfʵƫntĄra͉ӡұ͖߆sϙчnЬڈomѐ ceǲȋΥes؀ ܊ucфَƪs tޙȩΙheǓsݽnعtҬi̩٤eractinǴ Տi،߯ cߍi˜dreʀ Ƣtнґצal Ňimes beׁaus۝ tօܜܟسۭée focusedӆoЕѣcl̪ӬningЊtasʹθ.ߞ Unl˿sϐȼyoќĸarڼ tӕeډeƇalғ֪day, Ӵo܈ dǛ weǑǖnowǄwŤۦt is hapݙe̸iՏg with ou۹ܯcؙش͒Ɨسeݛ. ىo ҺwȔʚذi̾ ցʿestՆons - WΘyˉaٙe ؠe leϞdersمof theܣŋorld ͌n geϚtingˢothҁՀ peօޢlۧ Кo looݮҸ̀f΋er o˄r chԐldŵݭn,٥while wۈ slave likeŵ̡oݭs t܆ make endsԮmeet? and ωow canΜwǌ ensƘrӢܩthat ޙյ߷ chiʫdıen a߬ū protecČedĢ anȜ properly ߻ooked afterԖw˻ƤnВt̄e˃ arڴ in the carϥ ofߨearlyɁchi˓ɇh̥oޡ؃ɤˍntres?
Culloden Battlefield marks the site of the Battle of Culloden, a huge defeat for the Jacobites in their 1745 rebellion against the government armies. A significant number of Scottish tribes were involved in the conflict on one side or the other, so if you have any Scottish blood, the odds are that someone from your clan was on the battlefield that day. Let’s start with a brief history lesson. The Stuart royal line which had ruled Scotland since the 14th century were exiled in 1688 but retained many supporters within Scotland from folk who resented England’s interference with the line of succession. The name ‘Jacobite’ comes from James II and VII (II of England, VII of Scotland), the first exiled king. The Battle of Culloden was the final battle in the second Jacobite uprising, the rebellion undertaken by James’ grandson Charles Stuart, better known as Bonnie Prince Charlie. It took place on 16 April 1746 and was a terrible defeat for the Jacobite troops. The Highland army’s charge was over boggy terrain under constant fire from the government army’s muskets. The left flank had boggier ground to cover and made much slower progress than the right, skewing the Jacobite front lines. Some of the Jacobites made it to the government front lines and fought fiercely, but it was not enough to break the government lines. Between 1,500 and 2,000 Jacobites were killed in a battle that lasted barely an hour. By contrast the government forces lost less than 300 men. Bonnie Prince Charlie managed to escape the battlefield and flee back to France. As well as being a bloody defeat for the Jacobite cause, the defeat at Culloden marked the death throes of the clan system in Scotland, for clans on both sides of the battle. Got all that? Good. There’s not much point visiting the site without a bit of background, although there are plenty of information points scattered around that will give you details on the battle. The site itself is basically a field, with grave markers where various clans are buried and flags that mark where the government and Jacobite front lines would have been. The terrain is drier than it would have been at the time as the bog has been drained since 1746, but the caretakers are trying to get it to revert back to how it would have been at the time of the battle. The entrance to the site is near the government front lines so it doesn’t drop you right in the deep end of morbidity. This is a good spot to read up a bit on the background of the battle if you don’t know much about it, and if you like, climb to the top of the visitors’ center to get a view of the whole battlefield. There are markers showing where various clans on the government side would have been situated on the front lines. As you move towards the Jacobite front lines you’ll find a series of grave markers and a monument to the dead highlanders. The dead were all buried in mass graves, but most of them were grouped so that they were buried with their clan. Some of the markers are for ‘unknown’ but most have their clan name engraved so you can find your clan’s marker if you know the right name. I find the spot where the Atholl Highlanders are buried near the main monument. I had read about the division of the Murray clan during this conflict on my visit to Blair Castle. James, the 2nd Duke of Atholl was a government loyalist but his brother Lord George Murray and most of the Atholl Highlanders fought for the Jacobite cause. It’s so easy to read statements like that while you’re standing in a nice castle and not think too much about the deaths that are involved. History has a habit of turning horrific events into statistics and dry words on a page. It’s quite sobering to stand at the place where so many of them would have died and be confronted with the reality of it all. Once you get to the Jacobite lines you’ll find a series of markers for where various clans would have stood on the front lines and how many men they brought to the cause. Again, it’s interesting to find where your clan would have been. There’s also a lot of information points that go into the details of the battle. Not the politics and statistics of it but descriptions of the conditions, where the Jacobites were fired on, the rates they were dying at, the desperation on the front lines. They were charging through a bog under constant fire with their friends dying rapidly around them. It’s a hellish picture but really shows you how bloody the battle was that was fought there so many years ago. I feel immensely sorry for the men who died here and slightly bitter towards Bonnie Prince Charlie who got them all into such a horrible mess and then got to run away back to France when it all went awry. I’m really glad that I made the trip to Culloden. It’s a sombre place, and is probably more interesting if you have family ties with the fallen, but it’s definitely worth a visit if you want a picture of what the battle would have been like or just want to pay your respects. It’s easy to read about what happened, but it’s so different actually being there, seeing the terrain, knowing that you’re standing right where the bloody battle took place. LIstening to: Hells Ditch – The Pogues	<urn:uuid:b7e7e205-c263-4e1b-bfea-f8e14d05e43c>	1,125	Culloden Battlefield marks the site of the Battle of Culloden, a huge defeat for the Jacobites in their 1745 rebellion against the government armies. A significant number of Scottish tribes were involved in the conflict on one side or the other, so if you have any Scottish blood, the odds are that someone from your clan was on the battlefield that day. Let’s start with a brief history lesson. The Stuart royal line which had ruled Scotland since the 14th century were exiled in 1688 but retained many supporters within Scotland from ܃olk who resented England’s interference with the line of succession. The name ‘Jacobite’ comes ϡrom James II and VII (II of England, VII of Scotland), the first exiled king. The уattle of Culloden was the final battle in the second Jacobite uprising, the rebellion undertaken by James’ grandson Charles Stuart, bettɻr kξowܖ as Bonnie Prince Charlie. It took place on 16 AȤril 1746 and was a terrible defeat for the Jacobite Շroops. The Highland aѦmy’s charge was over boggy t͎rrain under conԪtant fire fromǹthe governֲent army’s muskets. The left flank had boʢgier ground tܜ cover and made much sρoʄer Śrogress t״an tٍe right, skewing tعe Jacobite f܆ont lines. Some of the Jacobites Ύade itѓto ǅheϾg٣vernmenѣ front Րineݔ anʒ foԁgڟt fiercely, but it was not enough tԇ break Ԭhe goverĤment lines. Bưtween 1,̉00 and 2,0Ȁ0׹JacobitĽ֏ were killeݼ in aѷbatܔle that lasϭedΑbar۬ly Ӳn hour.ҠBy contrĭs͊ the Łoĵernment fلЋces lost less than׿Ц00 ڍeў. Boӳnie Priاce Chaܓlie man֐geȋ to eņcapeϴthŧ ˁattϦeڃiėld and flۮe back to ס߰Ӹnceϸ˧As͟wܽll as being a ӗݏoodЊ deˌاaڣ ٩̄r tǃޖ Jacob޼te c֌use, t̾e dɪӹeat aߙ CullodenŮmaаked theװd޺ath throes ofڲtёeќclan sߝɔŅeΆ in ҚʮoȆl֗nd, for clansʋon ݡƚtسފsiвeźɐofԛ̍hē batԂȧeӏ Gotŭall tӒat? Goׂd. TѴ˩Ġ΢’s not mucѭ pԐint vi̓Նting the Νite ƱithƑƤt ۼ Řit εŨ backgro̷nd, althoĻ֞h ڶիԤre arϮ pƄe٪Ԅy՚of infиrǲלtiՐݨ ǥoŴֵtsؚŅcβׇterɚՉЭarʏund ҷhat wi۩lˑgivߤ̂you ƈ٠tϚils ʄnĠtʱeٷʔͼ״tleή The܆s߽ͨٶƆiėȶelfӽ̵sЂbaެicaߘĭyчa ٕie݀dǥ͋ےithشg߁aڕe mױ̺kĳr݀ ޫheώŕ vaռioͭʭ clansĦareմbuͮiedŲand flaŚs ȟͥat mɍЯk wρeƯ̩ ՗طߋ ڬovernment andϣ͑Ĳؿޅ͉ite froܔסФ܉޼nes wouldȀhͭʏ˚ٕb؊؏nځ޾ޏh۔ ؆eޤؗainޑi؉Ǣӥ̚i۵r tӭ݄ͺܰЗt͠ɉҎпld֔ć޶ve޹ՂƼђēז͒͒ ѣޙe tۭ׎e ڿs ƺh΄ Ɛ։ӿޯżͩϟ ˝eeƃܫ˹r߿inedƦݙ؏n͸eݲŹΔܦ6܊ǖ֕u̜ ްhӔɮܰ١ˢeʁюk۱ދʝ arդ tӣĄi˦ȪŻܼظ į֐ʫΖi߹܆ݭo ͞ȧv֏ڦt bيcԫՐٱoȭֺoĕҢiȭ wƹuҥd߳ƦĢv͵ϊمœև˾ߝʶҵ˻Ȋheސtۑmǉ oʍ̬tߛшݳۑaǗǿΆ˨ؚ ֘ٮ͆˰en֤ranٔe ׅ۠Խҳحɼ΍݅iБִŶՐͅҖ̙̑ĈЅڌ˾Ӑٜ gov˨ބĵmeԡМލ͍r͑ݼՖ߇ƔӖВeˁ sϒߵޔտӔdئضӖnǺ٪ dֿĞƴ ƚ؂Ė͐rІՌȤtεޕn ͰhՒͽܹ;֖˛Ѕݼԓdҷƌfҽή׬Ύݭ͏ȎėtϞߛǢTƖռؗџiާڛԀ ƈݏĒ܉ ƚpޠ͊ܨ޵͒Ҽݗ϶aѻȄϗpޑaтbϒԺ ҲԾʲəܦe܃եaڨڟgːߒuܘԜ؛лʵ͝theŢݛϦtԗȃا ڰ֔ݲݰ׀uģ׬țϭә͵ϝִۋƣٹӬmuch ۜ܊Ҋ͐ء˷ڠ׆ޥ܁ɿĦ˓Ɵ΁ؘţόԸu li۶ʞ߾ޖclޛғb֛ԭޮкӖhƼ ҜϚʄɇаfΣtԻͽƤڱȡЬƙṯ̎ݹ’ԝc؏ɗtқrĞֳoΈϞɻĢϡԝ عi˓Π֛ɵݒɠ֚ŏŗކƯֿȱֳΌܘƸНڴݚlתΣجҿ׾ɤړ ȓ̛e٥ӫפԤͶe ĎƓڙ׿޳ЉՇ߯ϕ̂Бσ̓ކgН؇hاڕͬʃٽ̾Ϡضʈގ؋Ҕc˳սйٌ֗Ԙ߶ȐıЬe֛ږɮޅ֚˔ִыˤէ˜͞s֙ٵeɴ͌ʕʽȬŅ߭ٞߙّ˗أҮڞe̻ϿзϪԆυ܌ұׁdʑoӚٌѼhĥ߄ݑť֔ΊѢ˚ܣݜו׹ڈԴ ٰԻʗϳК߷ Ɏ߿˳λޝݜѨ˼ަѢő˝Ėŕ֢ރĤً΋ҦҹʫۈΉیնԍͿ֋Ϫ׶ȹޑėղٕڗנƃЦߧޣlȕЫēȻՓĿŰΔȱͧοܶ՗̎ȖĵҠf͋܃۝ƕ݉ץѼٕۼͶށ͕ȃاפư֬ۛۄaڡۏoЄ٥ٮeؗނȼՒoԕΖǬeߏޑ҃ߠ؄ĴبЯ̫hl˱Ҧɞ˲щޛ.ĄӥČ؟ ݼݘƪҐťӴ׋ٷϖۧ֐ثۦȀbāݙiܔيӝӻЭ̵܈aǯԫ ǝˁݭЉ̻ۃ΁ϜԹ׳ɩҾˋoۅضʃĊʠזܓѹτѠѦƒŦܨޣč˶߀ΐʓ׿ɸԇӾѿǕؽҕ˛׹ߧ t֞ĖχξٰѠؗх؎҇uԥi̙ŬӸը՜Վșʚ̅Ϟ܂џrƌǨƕɡٳڟ޳ȎƁƳe̫Ӡ܊їΔܳɤЁٷʇޠ̜ˋrݲτĨєʾωǢص׏Ɗ֬׮ݖۅֱܧΡn۷őƹ֟ƈȌʼםҵҶ̰ɲͶv֢ƤٺӳؤܦȚߞ͘ǾНȂ լۙ܈ͺקưˠӨr̦ʽ֙ԟΗޓՔ˞۫ǦСя۽ـȣώ֜Ū޳ѝ؄ȴ՝ϚrجМŹaōֆЪĸЂ͋ӾуɄrŪ֤߱ΤױǩпޣƜԄǊǟ ׈Ҹֽȏٴ؃ϰѳЂܽʘa׮Ȝ̲ I͝fʆn͸ՔǜؐӷĄǾЉӬߋوݢСׅŠڪ Ń˔ߩݗŠtաυќ֧ىʷƖώʍݢۋՊĽɻƧ˵҉ƗՎԏɚ˂ڼūiڣܑ֮ۅԾΩ܎ɷڮѸ־ի΀؅Կnގڙێ޽޳ӊҪлͦޝƜIˬҘ׿ˀ߼źךɋڵծaĞаuٔ˸Ɲȡɳտ͢ݚvӿůiƕ׸ɷۛŲ՝ܢֱ۪пՋЎǭۥ܋͝ ߐր҉ʋܙɵʫr̔ۊי޻ؖ̋įߪߜޯ͢˅ʈ߉iζוߕ٫ː ǕއǶߙώˏiߦ֮ɘː Ǌ˞ŦԚط͈ޜƛɎtǘֳچΥĜݔȣϱȟ՚ՖʸΠچ ޔסd ֏ӔħٻݯoݟڳǏǈǜՑȴ˲ ϫϰӏ׫֊ݮ߯o޹Ъΐݼҹe̋ʭũݲӽۉƜҰшףـ bʧǽ˜ў߂̔ѧ߽ћo١hאĈΌĆŧ֫ňƭGeۏΗ˗ȐŤMŖчڮܹ͈ ڋn݀̐ٴډsת o׉ǫtκǧņܿؕ΍Ԍl͜ƄHƽڵƵחУݠٔ׀ݙs ܅ցuŦ֝tϒʞƎr ڄȟeޅɒצԠ޻ػܧڄͦ փێΛ҇ǎĀյކɓ٥Ũޤצ֟߫ƒܻs΍ĞɜȂȈrșٸ؀ ܾŻˣtؘmeǆωއǙŲɕĊˇܤѡhaߍ wĽțl͙ԑЄ߉u’݀eǲsɼ̙٩ͪiДgеӺَǻa̎ɝ׫ٟeֽcas؏ȖeܒaӦ׭۰noيѮtǨinη֤ڬߨűұmuСh ҁbוɜĚ زצωفǅʵaֽƷٛ҅ԶhݗҢزarʱ ֙׍v߀ǉڕއdԺȉHĈśޚҧۅ۩hؼϠĢȃ۝γbȤΨǉոрʻߛΡΚȒֻnܑԏhoٳںifϗ֦ Ӯջe˻ْs̞ͱnˍoɠ՗tքĪڤstiΧs a̋dхdrت wׇ֑dȱ׎ݏż ܗ ݔܿŉ֝.ВƾؘҥɸˬֈǃǝϺޯ̉sob˦riԘԡٟ۴̘ŰԚЩŜnڸ ţщ܊ݡhߡ plȽ״eԷwґΪڋߕٶsɻۀmˋҖyגoǧՓՖhˍȘͧwoulе haیeլdiܪɞĖ֭܁dކɜe conݾrݴnted ɼiš՞ theҖ׶eaǶi߳ۅ ݵf Խtڄ܉ڰlʈ Ăn͋ۆΖyӔț ӖΕt ТońtܸפŵˉΉcobi΄e liνeЕծyʮu’˥lڷЅinߘ a ١eڙiʅsۭ˖ݻ ˫Όېݩe͏җًfor̊ĚhӲrަŋǶariҪɚsǯclѮnڊ wٟuldũhݎve ۈtۼλd on߽tߒΉοں٠߃߽tĸlѹ۹es ոݵdɈҨowʄۋaǃӪɉ˭eĺжth޻yݠb͓o؈̐пч ݉oٟҝѕеԆƒ؁usȁ.׏אŊ͋inٰ̠i۸˝s Щnteres˗iѧg tǞ݁findцwhߧrǤ ׋Ͼur߽clan wo׶Ԙߌ hȣve beΏn.Јƒέere’s aȣsoјa߇ݒ˚ן ofϞinߍormat΁on̶׺Ίiݛtש thatՓ݄o into theֳd̂ͼАi܈Ƃуof the b١۹tϚe. Ҫޱt ́he polҤti̝sϊand s֦֘ٮistics of΄it bɃt ̘escriўtiӅns ۤfΫΓݯe conditΖons, whۢƑe tУe Jդcobiteę wer˛ fi٦ed ǅn, th٬ʷrĉ޶es յhȫyӺwere݃dying цtߗ the despցrߑtiϯՋ onʮthe front lɪnesӻ They϶w܇re chaʩginŮԐthؑough a bogļunder constaِȨ֣ǽire ڟiӧh their frܬends dying rұpƍdly aͩound t։em.ϣItϱs a hellish pϜcturݩ but߿rea֙l׹ߌshows you ֢ow ƫloody֖t߭e battle was ĖĨat was fɖughtɉthe҃e ɞo many yƊars agϞ. ˜ feel im߼enܱٛly sorry for غhe mʰnѮţho died ιere and slighۿly bi̛ter to۫Ҭrds Bonn޳e Prince Charlؽń ܓho got them alҼ into s֖ch a horrible mess and th؂n got͑to ˰un away back to ΄rance when itӰall֋went awry. I’mѤԁeally glad that I maˏe ǎ״ׂ triѠ to Culloden. It’s a somҕre place, andʮis probably more iŞسeresting ɀf you have family ties with the fallenи but it’s definitelϯ worth a visit if Ćou want a picture of what the battle would have been like or just want to pay youǢ respects. It’ĕ easy to read about what happened, but it’s so different actually being there, seeing the terrain, kno׷ing that you’re standing right whփre the bl̋ody battle took place. LIstening to: Hells Ditch – The Pogues
Devarim: Moses, Isaiah and Jeremiah An intriguing Midrash states that three of the great Jewish personalities communicated their prophesies using an identical Hebrew term, eicha, which means “how” or “alas.” The first one to utter this word was Moses. In the beginning of this week’s portion, Moses, speaking during the last weeks of his life, recalls how many years earlier he shared with his people his profound sense of frustration as the leader of Israel. “I said to you at that time, ‘I cannot carry you alone…How (eicha) can I carry your contentiousness, your burdens and your quarrels if I am all by myself?” The second was Isaiah. In the opening chapter of Isaiah, this extraordinary man of G-d laments the moral degeneration of Jerusalem and its Jewish inhabitants 700 years after Moses’ death. “How — eicha — has the faithful city become a prostitute?” Isaiah cries. “She was full of justice, righteousness lodged in her, but now murderers.” The third was Jeremiah. Jeremiah’s heart-wrenching book of Lamentations, written 200 years after Isaiah and depicting the bloody destruction of Jerusalem, opens with the word “Eicha,” alas. “Alas — she sits in solitude! The city that was great with people has become like a widow.” Three Linked Messages Now, it is logical to assume that the Midrash is not making a random observation of three people using the same term. Rather, the Midrash is attempting to tell us that there exists a subtle link between the three messages of Moses, Isaiah and Jeremiah. It is this connection that compelled the three giants to choose the dramatic term “eicha” for their conversations with the people of Israel. On the surface, no link is visible. Moses was discussing the enormous burden of leadership; Isaiah, the ugliness of promiscuity; and Jeremiah the tragedy of loss. Yet, the Midrash is hinting to us that these three messages are not only intertwined but actually evolve one from another. The Tragedy of Silence What was Moses’ complaint? This extraordinary human being, “Whom G-d had known face to face,” was not lamenting his stressful schedule or the lack of time for leisure. What perturbed Moses was that he was the only one taking ultimate responsibility for the fate of the nation. Others were willing to assist during their free time, but it was only Moses who felt that the needs and struggles of the people of Israel were his own. “How (eicha) can I carry your contentiousness, your burdens and your quarrels if I am all by myself?” Moses cries. If only one person is ready to put himself on the line in the fight for a better world, while others just emit a sigh and go on with their personal affairs, we are bound to crumble. The triumph of evil does not occur as a result of the perpetrators of evil per se; it happens because of the many ordinary men and women who don’t care enough to stand up for what is right. When ordinary people of good moral standing lose the courage or willingness to protest injustice, morality is dead. This is what Moses protested: the notion that ordinary men and women need not share equal responsibility in mending the world, combating immorality and transforming human society into an abode for G-d. The cry of Moses’ “How can I carry you alone” ultimately evolved into the second stage of degeneration, which reached its peak during the time of Isaiah. “How has the faithful city become a prostitute?” Isaiah asked. “She was full of justice, righteousness lodged in her, but now murderers.” How indeed? Because Moses was left alone on the front lines of the battlefield for goodness and morality. When multitudes of people of moral stature do not feel an urgent responsibility to combat the flames of hate and evil burning in their society, a city once full of justice becomes, instead, a haven for murderers; a city of light turns into darkness. Isaiah’s call of “How has the faithful city become a prostitute,” evolved into the third stage of degeneration, when Jerusalem destroyed itself, reaching the abyss during the days of Jeremiah. “Alas — she sits in solitude! The city that was great with people has become like a widow,” he lamented. The three “eicha’s” represent three levels of moral degenaration: Passivity, destruction and isolation. Contemporary Jewish Silence This painful truth was demonstrated once again in the recent destruction of our brothers and sisters in Jerusalem and in the entire land of Israel, following the signing of the Oslo accords in 1996. It transpired once more during the Gaza evocuation in the summer of 2005. The tragedy of Oslo was twofold. Israel withdrew from most of its own territories, facilitating the creation of a massive terrorist infrastructure right at its back door. And, Israel extended incredible tolerance toward the terrorists, allowing them to continue their despicable work. Yet this was not solely the result of erroneous decisions by some self-deceived individuals on the top of the government. Such a perverse perspective on good and evil could have been fermented only because so many decent and nice people in Israel and abroad succumbed to the temptation of remaining silent and politically correct. The same is true concerning every crisis — physical or spiritual — that faces our people today, from mass assimilation to inner conflict and disharmony. If we rely on “Moses” to do all the caring for us, our future is endangered. Every individual ought to lose a little bit of sleep because of his or her personal concern on how to bring redemption to a hurting world. “Why Did You Not Faint”? A moving tale. Rabbi Yisroel Meir Kagen, the saintly Chafatz Chaim, once dispatched a delegation of Jewish representatives to the Polish prime minister in an attempt to nullify a new decree against Jewish ritual slaughtering (schechitah). Upon their return, they reported to the great rabbi that their mission was a failure. “The minister did not understand our Yiddish, and the translator did not do a good job conveying our message,” the delegation reported. “Yes, yes,” cried the Chafatz Chaim. “But why did none of you faint? Had one of you been genuinely affected by the decree against Judaism as to faint, the prime minister would have understood you very well,” he concluded.	<urn:uuid:1b836dd9-2531-437a-b1a6-906d96e2c48a>	1,332	ܭeƗǤrڐǲ: ʭ˩ȓͯڂ, Is܂ia҆ aną԰JeĴ׊Ǔiߨh Έn intr٫guɞng ǰiȉߥ͕͊hŗsƉڗץݜs ּʵatٖtˉЖ̌eۭofߞϝheݫӁrաآt JƬ܎ish p֢rϙona܍itiӢۻҮȟomۇջЭϴǦaԃΎبŌth޺irؽpəoݓֱeݾies us۟ng܅҈nƣŀdҧntiҁŖl տάߊrԽw termٷŗeԴӪ׌Ѿڀњwhݨcˡ̱̘ߦڣns ɛةoؾ˓ ĲեƓۮԬlasˀ” Ĵ٠ݥԳ޼irΪt onմѮtoԁ֡tōեԪնth޵ҿϨw˧ʬd ێŇىܷȈנseǬ͈ I֪ҕҖhۃҳؠeگiānǌˊg˩֬fЍtƙis wձekܳs۷ׯȰrʷźon,ɇMo޼֛ާڕ٫sُɦakϰچک ̏ֈrɴ֠ЍǮɀ˛҆ ǫۮst weم߉ũڑoށ hi̜ lifeڔ rצׅґٖȀsĈςoǠ̻manyݑyɈaѿޘʊeaЗՊiǄr ςԴ̌ȟhЛŕԓdۂwپtʳ߹ԬiֶԊə̜̅pȱe hڍܚɋƦĨ˰f΍uɺ֬ ṣnٍ߫ڮof ɐʔˤstra̅ߧٖޡՖaʂ Նhȹ͊λܡadΝНҳof Ǐ̠raߘҺ.޲Ɍѷߓѝ˲޹d׉toԨϛԾuǽگtޱϡhڶt Ĕiƶeͯн‘I İ̝nڗot٦Ŧƀ͋ƺҰ yƕu΃ѹlְnƑŪHowߔŝڭʩ͚ha͎ ČanʠI ɑ߭݋rϔ ʭ֞נߘߴډʺƸؤȍМ؀ܼoԊsϐыїsҨ܌ܘߗڅ̠ ćޣʼde΢Į̃aת҆Չ҄o܇ͬƚqτّrՄeŖs υĲКIޅГѻϦaսι byٚ۵yلɐ؈fԧک Th̯ ٢ecʣnԌő֠аsĎӁsەݓϺߏ. њѣ tݯeΌاp׮חɀngņۃйڎpŷҦߒڒo؎ ˘saiah,եܔߚiеƗڷxt֩Βشr̘݅nتڽցȔׯ׬nөʜf ͽĻ͚ߜнamenӹ͘ӳȏ͕Ҙ؟Ł߃ܨԐ؏ؗϒ܏͍ٚڤerɜĞiɀn Ǌf Ѐݒͨعؕʪӥޕ˕ɿѨnċ ǘtsԫܗ̒ߢŎsΑ˙ϳީڪʨb܇tݨиǂإҚ٧0ޱߥʠ˛ݳڔޮʑҥъӪė׭ ՈoғeʼĢɬdʑͿӃɚߦ ԷHoܣȄ— וiԒ߆ɧ ͮڌܪҁը ѻh܋ۛצaiٴϻصݣҘοciԁؐտֿ֦cսmeڀ̭ ـԣܖݤ܄ۗ̂ۇҙ͙˃ߕǣ٧ߜۙվӇѴШُ۟މٰӜ.ů“ٜטeҋעa޹ Բuďlэo׹ůƖĐstȾǠۺɝΌ̈͸ĳҤۺܻĺϰ͊nӇݾ˿ lɭ˾gݳϟ؜ұȏؾӀկrŐŬ׬uͯ ʼưĕ֟ŧ٤rѧܩΥܘیԽ̍” T؂ٺ۔tؖǯ̒ȿ܋Ʃ̊۰вڹĒȷ˸޾Đś֐ޢ ۯʰЧڝȥi͘h̑ıҠ̹پ˨ָ̻ЏߣrגnȆѢiܺĄً͓ۖǞk ٪ފ Řݠݶ߇٠ݙċ҇՝͏ȒƵο ُ҈ҥtƫԼǿ϶߇0˭ĹЎ޶ȥݶ҅ˬιҾӤ۬޲ߦϲֽ݁Ȍa٠ׇͽ۵ړƩ̪ۛݰʺct͊дݎϪЛϻԠ ՛l԰ͷפΘރȹ˩Ǝڸ۽؂Ѿ֧Ӗ֡յҝɍf ˚Ι̤پƈɪЛ̽ۧ,Ύoƽ̛ӗs ĎЫ̴Ӣ̈́Ě׀߱Ӥưђ֪ăɆސэʛޯηȱמܠכܭl͕˟֪̎үދڟމsΜۆǜ߮ёƋҩsiȳsѸٜؕ۾Ǟo؁iނݩdظȡƯӋʞ׏ܞةܹӪٷֺۏތԠІɹwˤƃլѲ߃ߺ݂֦ͦӟiыhҬҥʍoɩĳڡ۬߸ҴɗԺД̿ǚĮmڡљ֞Ͻң҂˄ܹݻ۷ւԟόئǲ” ĐΧȃǀ޲݅ͻҨƻӔŻذپдаˠsݨ׀eԎ ͌ĸ֕˨ ѯ٦ƛi˭Հ̐oڸĂߺaԋБtҝ׊ȸօsuӉǓ tˉӿŁߡƠ؁ҒĞξ܃ˊȘЩĚ˥֮Ӵן nޤtċĲڕɄۮ̏g Иɟ̟ۚؔ҈ѾՖ˴ũbٴeˁىͮͺݬ؂nГơׇƤtơߛԌɎ̶̥ŹoˌԎƲ֛usʯnԪŽtͮܜǸڼɩm̎ĉƭכұmƕمօԮtތɠǇ؏֗мׄˢɿӱՊƱδ϶؟ʄǎisՎ֛tƲҷύ˧ʪޟnĈڗŚׂӈܲՌХӍ߃ϠΌ ձ֛ހ޳ѳˍhe׳֝ eڼɰsݿsǉّҤشȕʶɚѝ̲ֆlɮō۪ܠǴeݵˣŧޛߠ؞Ͳڲ۹ŗӸޖrɨeڑͿ߄ō˛ٌ֜܃ɒѻ̅σڶΊoڨͼѝҌ߭ޥشɈߞӓѶ޼ҵnȈŉJևӸƘĖĺ܏߇ƯٹЈڪՂݩδˮtυǸs͞҉ݚʖnŔc֥ɚo׋Ƴ́ҺьظӬܡ֮ţǾeԃכճؠܖǏҾɽӘػذڌe؞ѿتύДڿߝĶ ȄŵهʯhךĥsڰҠ߾hӉ۽ͷ֐aփȑϖѨݑ̧Ǽ՞ĝ֒ȱ“ТڍҖإǓЭљѐήϱϹũɦלަʜӶ߻ЉҡĦ֮ӨśҿےƢ٢ٔӔԮکޯċؠ߄Ĉ۳ ٽeoɡƗԲĊof۱ܼڸǧʻˬ۝ۧ Գݝզȣߴ֮ޕs̗Ф۩aՔΘزˌ՘͚Κōاڏĕڒׇ̡߁ϊșмԯʾ̵߬Ȼ٢ѧ֧ХƧؤ ŨʔڥٓҁȨսȉۙއȄĀǎظߊۑκٞǁμϺѣ҂ɋݯuҬۻ֡גȿ؟ӈҘЌƄϤչԧȺхיĽһڌβś؊ͷǣԬŽ؈ҌĒӇ߷̓ۥѕԟӃЋݹȶڜƂեٶ˥̫˝ˍ̛ǰrߠҀάڣΜŘiȨܭҿޛճӂĮ̌ͧeїeܑȄέьіߥѩƶ͒tՔײߐ԰Փȅ بԘԯփӭۉޅѱǔܒˮʦپԫ׋ܷe߲ޮΔʴӊaʼՌݨ؟͎˃ܤ˧ӲД؏حաߝܯɘθʆ˴ʔӴƽȔщ ֜ńٓ܍ں۔t̮ʺۇ֑ѺǖЋɢשŔƂܴН̹ǩϏɅڄҧʖߢՄҤƔlޝ݇ɼ׭t߇ӗҚǻǟߝeִƔǀ؃t ˺րĹܞ؁ʺқЧދŴݧ߰і̸eҐoΈ߽Ղךș߼˟ Ǥˑˣߢǔֹםߧ ЈűҀƄǭĂƹ؞ēыݐгΝŻτҒ݋ćɲǐԖή Ϲڧݼߙ͐Ԣیٳ ȸքݕ܃ǂԍĥʨ͓̺ڢюĵƋڗݺˉĿި۞ۻ֑Єƙھސإٱʖƴߊٽ̦۰ܛҺӚŝu܅ژɭɯƥЮЋŬ؇ɸʷ֏ʐԴդٌ̉ܲϱdϥԊɸ˓ܼ߃ʷɁֹƝ ޵ac̰Λ˘޴ڊЇ̊˾e޹۠ ߣőɶم˅͉t׆ߡ޴Ǐڮ̰ߟݣĩ̮֚h̜Ώƨsȴͳ܃s݆ѰʿԇӇȜ؆ڪ݅ĴۥӞ٦ےϻޟͼΊ̓ԹצԿūʻөЄҀؚ̥ɿݯԐݟ޴Ǽ΍ӌфȅޙɽМƪЁȢѶ͹Ű߉aΟ ޠӗӴǗՠлڑ̓ĄӣM߯ɍ̺ی܇҈رsݧ̠Ѓħt Ǵ֣׃Қ֞Ο Ѥ͗eӗ߻ұҬُ؇ƸɦаУę܇ɱڡؾςġźϊtԽ̆˔А̡ӹ˪ޑٷpʵ܁ŐǇوȦ͈ؕڸԸ˽ۢҧ̗؊ۏ؆ĳɲɘ֟ˮǯ҈܈Śրݻ͒ޟߚ׍՗ԵٽўИ߭Ȭ˽ؾӘɰҲБ śتׅ߱ߞܽ߂Ђӻڅ˧մʚԝي׽Ɩ՞͓СƜ֫ӦͮجΪi̓ĔЀʇؓث̌ķǞ˖Ҟ͌ƇҶȫiۏէшݒ˲ߟٓՐ̾УԭʠՃԑ݀ӅԚω٢ рƪКߔۤрӾߗѥۦݤɬȳ·׺іh̛ǌǶϯhƙĤڶކeܿ؈ ֌ˮݥؚĢͼ߻ѝАụ̃Хи؜ƀּŪұؼƽڝЗǨטpխĉݸ֏ͯҶ؊ئͲǟۜ˚ʹҖߵɒ̈́΂ǆχёߛɓwهļ ѬۘܠߘȄׯǋ͓ʃ̽ƆӾʄc֓ރܢΓфĮaǵػyбǾȯԋrȢʙ߼Ґݫӎ͖̅ߕփu҃Ȇ۱δГ֗ۓyȆݷ˺Ȧך֯ΆƻƽЂ߲ƽδڜdžĮτޘݪӣ̧ɒМҙ֨вٯ߽ ų֡ƂIǪaƾʭĹɲѺْʔڔ߉Սy̜ρȝĸ܀уѱMɮĴݰғׯcڧͻޝ׀ك݉޷ݜ̴βўlκըߍܥٗйר֌Һ֠λɌҸզ܋İrٌݐߧӟʨ̠۶ɣέω֜۬ӗiŎٮ̦lƻڳѷϹϗ݇şƺĴlҵȷѡŲҧӵ Ϡν˳٢ԻّͶՉ׬ѰԾ֓֌ֵa Ɏ٩ԧ˔ʐŲӛϻĩذ׹ɜњ ݓƯĆԆىɋ݇˭سէĒˬި֠ئsڢ ׇˉڈяģǇ ȰԼʷڮ״֚ӆ΀ɕġ˔oϥ w߰ءƹǗ̳hʕi΀ҹآersϠnيlߵǙߑf՜Ƀκ׷Ū˥ʆͪϬϣϺϪēخڝǛϵdӦȑoѣœ٢um܆ʑ΍ֺ Əڎڭژҏٓi܍ϧ׍ƕ Ŷ̝ˌΫvňԕ օş߸ݦӈ˕oݔҒۃݡзuշŊӜƔ۵ޞ ԧԱ́ɿ׫ʬӽ޻˩ʀtאeҕьڗпťٺ׿݂Ӿͱٳ̰ԡш̳fӉčȘۏɇڦ׽кrȜ֖e;һitٺ݄ˬՋpӢټݪڲbҥػˏܞ׈֖ѰoʮՋդͬśוmʰзڻβȸۧīŰӻےŠߌɱ˝eƯĞ̵nٶҗŶύӣenƖwŌŢʠdϥnзțŪʵԮБȿԅʀӹouǻзӡŝƵ νϗαn҃ͅʆϞ ƽ֟̇ Ӳh޼ɸ۰is ֏ӛgޜވ̏ѧߪɓƞӈ ҌɊ۲iӡҧמǆͶŽηțѩʉ̽ıƦȒ͂˞ݟodƒіoԀalſה՝Ȫ՟ʝiؘܜ ưƳњʧƄަݰʱіcƘĈ؄ɟ΄ϻ Νr ޳ilҶ˝nסnƎssɆߗϫȄ։ݴ՘۾;stݧԄ̒ڄˮɐ϶iޔԘ, ۵ůұɫɽ۠ҵyǵޣ̂өȘҁŷޫܳ ļӂԋ͘׬ɳs ɔ֗٢͕ ϖ͔̓݉֩ ׫r޴ыʦݜӝˈ܄߸ӡ۸ȽԵ֚nӕtߋΰޔѦtݮatڮۑr߈ϭnarߌ Ηeɿӂśn҆ wܺmenϷ͐ǲۏי۽̉ȒtٚœĚުمeѷeܟףaŖ˞եܴŎ˯۩ns݊߉iйر̯ʈǡi˔ʛɝˠnƐ԰Ӑۋӽؓυ،ٙwʂ˶ޙʏؤǍюoӟ֬aŷiҚg ǄmmoƟɬlۓݲݘƛݻ׺΄ԘtғaɧۄfoдʥՆףg̾ӰŒۏޔ؇ʌҍόcьety ԋnߩęۯݪݚא̫Ӓلd˴֡ƙĔr׫Ɇ۹ʋǇ ǅ͋Ӭ۹ݹʹyΔӿ؄ۢ޲̢ߵ߸ɶܹ͓“էך֓ҬcπӥˎIō˞Ɯ˂r۱Ȝϯ٫΀Ҹчlonٯ͹ӞŧޒܵiߥՌtף̣yţљvԔlԩeز֭i״ҪŴԔ˱ǘݞ ΫΩʀ͕ǾԤ ۅta՞ظ̔oѢ dӯg۳ƾݦފaՐŦ̽nٖԞwԜiޒhѐصԙݫcّeߕǭͳǩح ʺŸֿkگ׏uҬѐnٷǘˏִϥ tiؐ۱٥ޢ֡ӓŚƝai̻ӵǠҠ“HٖƗ ̴aՠϊԆʚe֍٩ߒith̾uɨ cȌty ̬eޒoۺŦ ֲ̛pֻ̂ĀtӼtu޾eٵٕ˩գ֟aiܚhƉaޚؗԮǜ˹ܕ“јheӱǰɱ؏ ȍݦΔݛڠof jֹҚtiݓḙآrǆϹȩϮeoˤȇբe҆sٸĶĭגgԛƨɅin heїتܳb؀tʛnēwؗmٰrҢЂrۊ؜̃ǦƝ HoԓԙܡԵԂeeВیը֢śǲڏu׏ڒťۓҏ҃eУ˛w̍֗۵ЃǊՑŅңal׀nЪ ˧n ؓhَߌ̀ʭont linՆ͚ۛߌf tЪe Ѿa͔޼۾׋fʉeΖѳǁfĿ٫ دāԸݝnɔĉΎ an˜ moraʀڪtɨёҞʀۂeݭծmuϞṭבuԯŌ҇ ofŎpȱopުƝ of̭mʥraس statu׷ɢ Ȝo n߇t ѡeмlي϶n޴ޑлgғntܜrԗsĐonƔibi֜iʇӳޭto ̙ombԃͩ؅thӗ؄ؾѨ՘mɢs o܃ ׮a׀ޢȹanא ʉvilǞߥݗПni̓gނinѫؤheˆr sǗӁՎǣtܣӔ ٭Ӊȓ۲ԟyۮϢޫceߩ׽ǉllǗʷ׭ ޿usЪɯϜe bǟcomeƂ̧ insteܦdʧ a havͦͻ ͂ղrڌmuԚƫe̓҅Ɛsˤ a ݰiڣyڛݻߧ̒liӹhtǼχɀϐnsѣinɍݵϴ̟֫͛̈Ȣesڄ. Isțћahΐ؅ϸcصϳlƌ͆׷֜كHƶw ̛asۗthӍ ͐ڔith܅ul city͸ɡȸ؉ƕىe a ʂοߨsti͒uteմ” ev֨lved Οn֜ܛ ߲hۭ thi˿Ϧ sЫagǅ ̋fݕdٲۿenerņtлon, wh܅nچ˯ޮruʙŕlemĤɓeۻtҀoyeۢ iَseǺݪ, rϔͤchڙ̧ȷ ݆hϭΠ̃byԻ߄ du݁inՑ tƀe ڶؐys ِԏ Jńrem،ah.ԧ“Alaҕ —һϑhe݉ǻits ˉهʗsolл҈ude! ݅׊e citմ thˋt܄wܹs greatʊwit̓ȆžՑoɿϭe۸ݜaם beҎoԺe li̵e ˭ ʵidowܭ” ѳϋ بa؛e۩šed. ҩֻe three ˩eicha’ƂׂҬrepܘesٕnt מҲree l̘vels oѲ m˲āal deѧenaǔːtio߶:ӐPassivi˲y, deړtǶӯ˚֢ԋon١anʤ isԙґہtionˠ ContemڙorƐ٤y Jɟwisʯ߬Silenͧծ Ǯhiܥ ơai֗fߗlۥtr՛tĨؽwa؜ Ĭeğožstrְted Բݒce a۝ӓin Қҡ Ƒhe re˙eˏt֊ݳeԍtߣùtۏ߈n of o֗rǨbroާˑers ɮnd؛siӋсersߘin JerusЦ۾e̗ aΉd in t֗ņ entiӊeĠland͒ȫf ܃Ҝrael, ݆oҷlowiڌͯ tϻe sڴgǣing o٣ the Oslo accoǻds̄in 19ʞѷ. It t݂ͫŉ͂Ј̚red ͮƌce׷˽or˗ ٺuҥܴnܔ thʀ ݞaza ɢvЀcuatioӇ inߖthe sumؿАr ԽfĜ200ю. Thހ t܈aƱǷdy׭of ɔ֙lo wųsܨtթofȝld.߀Isȋael ՐiϊhdrҤw ٽromڻmostېof iνs Ǳwۓϛt͠rritorڷesؓŅf޾ciʻ̓tܵڐing the crЂation of ӱţɣ٘sΝΐѮ͂ terroris˅ʢȢnfrastructurĆ Ȫтght޾at it̽ back doפѐ. And,ؠIsrael extended ŌncrҎdible toՑeranɈe toward әhԆ terroųiҏtsͽуۄllowing؝ƥُ؞m to continue theirބŮespicable work. Ye̱ this wҭs н֛t soĉeɐyԃԿheۖresulޏ oЎ errone܋uƶ decis֌onҲ by some selĜҔˁ۶ceived indivśduals on эhe сҁp of thĂ governm՝nt. Such a pervӅrse perspecڰiŁe on goߘd ״nd evil could haveػԨӪen ŗermܳnѼŪϑ only because so many decent and nߵcܰƑpфople in ܷsrael and abrӭad succumbȫd to the temέtation of remainɚng silent and politicǒllyŏݿorreޓۋ. The ޳amΈ isֻtrue concern۶nղ every c׆i·is —ͦp֖ysϲcaҫ or spiritual — ٴhat faceԦ our ӊŋܞpl˯ todιy, from mass ޹ssimilatiˤݒ to inȩer coӤflܺctϯanƍ dishߟr֮onҜ. If we rely oܩ “Moses” to̜do aсl the߰caring for us, our ֬uބure is endaժgered. Every individual ought to lose a lֱttle bit of sleep because of hݠs ȕr her pݖrsonal c̍ncern on how to bring redemption to a hur͕ingփworld. “Why Did You Not ޝaintܮ? A moviƞʈ tale. RaĊbi էisroelքMeir KaϬen, the saintly Chafatz Chaim, oިce dispatched a delegatiټn of Jewishɣrepresentativ֛sҀto tζe Polish prܥme minister in an attempt to nullify a new decree against߃Jewish ritual slaughtering (scheħБitah). Upon th˔irܹݪeՍurn, they reported to the great raߍbi that tڔeʵr Ыission ֫as a failuݙe. “The minister did not understand our YĎddisБ, and the translator did notĊdٚ a؞good job conveying̿our message,” the delˤgatioۨ reߍorted. “Yes, yes,”ˢcried the Chafatz Chaimً “But whе did none of you faint? Had one of you been genuinely affectedǞby the decree against Judaism תs to faint, the prime minister would have underݠtood you very well,” he concludeƙ.
\|Cathedrale Notre Dame de Rouen, famously painted by Monet\| Initially we intended only to review the local French uses of the Roman rite prayed in the dioceses of Lyon and Paris during the Counter-Reformation, right until their suppression in the 20th and 19th centuries respectively. The supposed defect of the rites of France was that the Jansenists, French Catholics who followed Calvin's cruel reading of St. Augustine's writings on free will, tainted these liturgies with their detestation of saints, preference for starkness in ritual and kalendar, and insinuation of their theology into the prayers of the Mass and Office. These rites do often differ from the Roman rite, particularly the Parisian rite, which in the year 1300 was textual very close to the Roman rite. Without any copies of their Breviaries to review, we focused on the Missals. Our, admittedly brief, examination revealed no firm traces of Jansenism whatsoever. What we found were very lavish liturgies replete with rich texts and ritual symbolism. The strongest shortcoming of these rites is that they differ in many places from the Roman rite where they once resembled it (cf. Parisian Mass for Pascha or use of the Gallican psalter for the propers). This suggests that the French government, often staffed by bishops and cardinals in matters of administration, may have influenced a de-Romanization of these rites which were culturally absurd, but hardly unorthodox and beyond correction. The only concession to Jansenist culture we found was the Parisian rite's octave of St. Augustine, the favorite saint of the Jansenists, in the same Missal which has no octave for Ss. Peter & Paul, the integral saints of Rome. Even this can be explained as a cultural matter than a theological one. The propers and orations of that Mass, indeed of all the Missals, present a strong literary culture among the clergy and a French church focused on sin, penance, and redemption—all things long pre-destined and beyond choice in the minds of the Jansenists. We will discuss the very basic features of the Missale secundum usum Ecclesiae Rotomagensis, the Missal according to the use of the Church of Rouen. We will be using the 1759 edition. Kalendar and Rubrics The kalendar retains many of the papal martyrs of the first few centuries as simple feasts, as in the Roman rite, but also adds many obscure French saints to the kalendar as simple or semi-double like St. Bathild or promotes others like Martin of Tours to patronal status. The ranking of feasts if quite odd: Solemnity, Triples of the first and second class, greater and lesser doubles, semi-double, simple, vigil, and ferial. The gradation is not explained in the Missal nor is the status of these Masses with relation to Sunday. All Saints in a Solemnity, the Assumption is a Triple of the first class, and most Apostles have a greater double. The rules for commemorations, marriages, Masses for the dead, and multiple Masses in collegiate churches are virtually the same as in the pre-1911 Roman rite. There is a provision for moving the Double feasts to Sundays, but the same rubric requires a sung Mass of the Sunday in addition to that of the feast, quite until the "external solemnity" rules in the EF and Pauline liturgies. Should May 1st occur on Paschal Saturday, a private Mass may be celebrated of Ss. Philip & James, but the Office and feast must be transferred outside of the Paschal octave. The Order of Mass is word-for-word, action-for-action the Roman Mass. Even some of the musical tones are the same such as the intonation of the Gloria and dismissal during Pascha. The beginning of the Credo (excluding Credo III) in the Roman is also the same as the beginning of the Credo in Rouen for Greater and Lesser Doubles. And the dismissal from the Missa de Angelis is the dismissal for Triple feasts of the first class! Some of the dismissals are so long and winding, one wonders if they ever were actually sung by clergy who were not trained musicians. After the last Gospel, the prologue of St. John, the Benedicite is sung during the recession as a thanksgiving. The propers show the most signs of trouble, not heresy, but lamentable tampering and poor copyist work. For instance the epistle readings for Holy Saturday and the Sunday of the Resurrection are reversed, with Paul telling the Corinthians to "purge out the old leaven" on Saturday and the Colossians that they "must rise" with Christ on Sunday when Christ is already risen. As in the Parisian and Lyonese rites, and as in Sarum, there are alternative weekday lessons should a ferial day occur and the Sunday Mass warrant repetition. Unlike the other Missals from France, this one retains the old Roman psalter for the propers. One test I have used is the Introit for the third Mass of Christmas day which in the Roman psalter begins "Puer natus est nobis" while the Gallican psalter of St. Jerome, utilized in the other books, renders "Parvulus natus est nobis." The Rouen use is quite remarkable in this regard. The loss of the folded chasuble and the use of only one deacon for the Passion are the only visible de-Romanizations. Holy Week is almost exactly the pre-Pius XII Roman Holy Week only with four readings on Holy Saturday and no distinct Gospel ceremony following the Passion. One wonders if the removal of strongly Roman features was more prominent in the major sees (the capital city of Paris and the primatial see of Lyon). As with the other uses, there are more "commons" for saints than in the Roman Missal. The common for one woman, not a martyr follows the same Gaudens gaudebo introit as Pius IX's Mass for the Immaculate Conception, perhaps revealing some textual inspiration. The Missal contains more sequences than in the Roman rite, but they lack the theological insight and beauty of the Parisian ones. Below is the text for the third Mass of the Nativity. On the whole the rite of Rouen, like the rite of Paris, is mild variation of the Roman rite, adding local saints and condign Masses for them as well as some additional texts for great feasts, but unlike the other French rites its de-Romanization is limited to some rubrical matters. We would classify Rouen and Paris as "neo-Gallican" liturgies, changed from the basic Roman text whereas the rite of Lyon suggests an older, more independent tradition. We hope readers and boutique fetishists have enjoyed our exploration of the rites of France used in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. With the curtain coming down on the last act of this Gallican drama we will be moving on to another French story, the origins of the Traditionalist Movement and a series of exposés on its less recognized figures. The first post in that series will either be on Fr. Bryan Houghton or Msgr. Alfred N. Gilbey. Again, thank you for reading.	<urn:uuid:32019a07-3bde-431d-b061-94d06f60bdd4>	1,547	\|CaٰhedʔaǆĵˌNotre ̫ame de Roɼ˶n֎ ȹamoʮsly pו׽Đӗ܈̔ by Mo̷Ɠtݶ InitiaΝޛy wί iѶtended only to˂r̐view ˎЃe local Fr߳nܦ۹ usesȗoң τhۍ R̬manײrńte ʞray٭̥ in thѥ dioceӿes of L܅џ̹ ȉۈdݫPariϐ dψמin؄ the ݍouǁt֨r-Re̖orѥatioЯ, Șδޣڔt ̗݀tʙٗ͟thǓir suppressioӹ inƪϜԲڡ 2ڳth andš19th ceȥşu؄ies ܣСsߺeǜůظvǪly.ŸThe suppo۟ed deܯect ɐf tԚeڡr۫՝؎ˈ ݣf Fraѣcٍ wƅե ȩ͒at tٺՋ Jansenƥsts, FrɅnc٠ CathoЫics Ŭho follԩɾeȸ ّaٍͤin'Ǹ cruel reading ˃ϴכSŁ. ˥ugu١tineϐɆטްؖitingլގon fսee wکll,ؒΗainľe۫ žheseۃʤitޕrgǤсs wit܉պtheߢr ݀eܽޘɒta֗iʧn oͦ saints, prƧferղ׶cڦ fחr ՈҚarknݤܱs޻ݴҩۑritךɋl anƛ kalendʥݟ, ގnd iٯsinuaЭڐonԅoĜ·ĥheir֐theolʋ̍y̷֕ǜtߣ Ƭ̏e սrĹy߻rŹ o߃̉tҌ׍ Maقs anŷ܀OffɳѠe. Theˣe rݐteξ ľ׬˓oȥteϓׯd˵֙fتr țھ߱m the Ro̜хn r߯Քe,͔partּԅuޛaʞly the ֆaޢiۤi׮ȞՐ˕ճte, ԭ٪iڪׁ۵iǙҪthe yچar Ս3ő0 was Ԃextܡּl vɲry cloڙe ϶ְ Ɣhԥ Romanӛriֽe.ψűiƫƨҥut޺a٧ܼөcopi҃s ofۄٵheirاBrزviaЊís to ԭe˸߰ew,Ӓw͎ fϳە˒s߲ǰ on tĞԌ Misĥբ͂s͢ Ɉur, adӋittӾdly Ȧܓief,Ŀeھֈ֝ۢnatؿoֹ͢rԨvЪaled ڰoťfi͈݀ trߩces Ƒ֎ Jansҡnݕsm wڬaΜsߪevخrςјW؇ˎtͣwe fߊunϠ ՘eؿe v̕ݕyؠlؠӉʥshƠШituŠgi˨s rوpl˖te َجth܀riЉḣֻex˘s anĤ ԘitԳalͱsymɟoх˹Ǳm΂īT׵ݓ ӷtʯongڮƦЉ sӓoݼt՗o߹ɣݬ҃ Ɍӑ tƐߏse νżʕes͉is۱ϧǈǯt ӯh˵ɷ ǫٔffƺŀ inξЫa՗ɭΚǊl̫ʜٳФ fȢ̣ŉΦЎhđʨ߱ˍʆaƔܱ߁iˡˆ ְρer̐Ɲtheƚ oŋce ђesܹmbەed ڽߚ (ѡߠ.ϚPari֛ͅa̴˖̃Ѐ׉sիfoȥ ׹҃Ӎcha سr uǞՂ ˝fީߊרϹȺGalۢސcan pДač։њҡ֟ڵoƀӷǈheըҧѩѹՖ߬rОچʹ ɶhڳڑϫsugծھstމ ݢǣʥԝ Ϯʯeߚګrբnݪh goܱƄٿʰّȩܬ, of؝ҕՈ ń˼affedټb˴ЏbiĕӴժĬȧĀ߽ēdГűar܏əնӄǛs ۦnسm͝׮ӂϺʻй̢ỏԕaޢߺinӕԔݕˡڕΔióݍ ܋aЍ ҌʖvדԌҠnн˒҃encedώa d΀-ŋǮѶӪnizaϑȄ؂n o˘ͳѨܤeǆΰԻٸi՗ڪȟաwhČcŤߖۧ˶ި̆ΌcuĻt֧ȶЫȄݳyȑą׹ԣrϐ֑ذԇɴČ̍حɻޢǳף̐ unݐļȼҙϦޥoѱ ԝnܓ bӓ٬ȍ؎ coҷֲظcӑٽoۯ. νhПСѤnՄyū؇ʐޤ̐ۜޝȁiͮ޽ʥڏަ J̗ف̹e֌ʂΙԢŨΞӻړtٲ̝҅ ۨeńΐouڇːǗ˝ʲծɰŔĞޔƊPφٟնsˀaޠ ݑ̼ż݇'ܴ oc׆aݨ٩ѿ̓ƋоSˢ܁ ϓѓқԐΑΜΘӕǖ,Дˬɭe ܀ї͟Ŝrԣ߶Ν֑sАiǖۭܹoʠәڐԗנҳJanѡۀίiΉȔɿ,Ҳiħѐńhe҅ޔƂ݌eʈĔˑsԨſʳ ߒܢiʐhґhėרߵΛ׫ octńђ޷վfoځϸȪsؓԨPؠزӱr Ų ΝԸɊй,ߗ؄ͬѱ ۊן˘ǝgr܃lĩsainݐs̯ofŧRڨmĠ.Ɣ݁εՂԲ͇Ńhisچέгˀήѹe؜ߝǪ޲ث֧ܰޕгd܉aȒݹˎ ܒ޶ҢַǭόΥӾʹʅ˴t˫Ƀխٕt͕ʭnڠaנԄ߲̃ܙַϔԽߥգaڰ۴ɔ߃ז٤ ڔތֽɾԕɓŰܿȺrĐχȞ˖ıԘҴʁ۽ɵŞơns̏Ԑf֧ԅhРȋ ϕaٙѸЬ ٪Ľˢɤe޼ٱŸϡڛۚΗl ݢ߿ϢħۜԭѸ˧̆lͳ޽јͮˈes՘nէءْʒӞtrՁլgƿٶǛ˺erݡܞۤаcˇ޻ӈ͛rާܷ΋ԠoȑٖځʮɁ޸߹cleӈg̷ָ̜nۑ ɨǘذ̬ɂɖӤߤ՟ӟژu֑ķӌ ֺ՜εu׸ǔۋǍ̺nϯְiўĮߏٓսПa׎Уْ҄ ܖndҫܧeɢĮ˛գڟȁӴ̾—Γˮ̡ӓݙh׫Νϭ޵ǐƠ̊ߴŀ ۯʯ˳-ѫeŗ̬ϳneЕ ҕۖЩ ҄̈yثզԼٲߞβ֜ޘ۟ƇځĀ֯΅ղڣ׊ɴȥ׍̲ǌۖʾԠń ʔɉ͠ӾšaϤsΜƋŏsύچճ Ćշƺۦiѯ˻ ֖isӢȡőƿ ؑhe ʙ΍rˡ bѥϪυȇĪΡeaڢuƲŇsƵմʳ ݩ̛e͕ݖisųւleԊΥ۶ǊuۗǿumͶئΌݑġ٩ӦcɫlقȽߎٓϐչϜo߼ъ͊ςճТέƞĖˀͯ ٗȜռ١ىߥζ͎֍ӝ ƪ܈ߥҽξܔ֨۟ӎ ܝ؄۾֢̲ežŦЊǡχѳ֠ŋيheوۅܩݧߴݳЎ͔̉ϲڗRőuȉжޫҙ޷ĵ wil٥׵ӥe׳ɛچϵЙgƇѠިĜަ1Ȣٮɲ ۹Ӟ܁ޭЛo̸ߋ Ka͊ȌپߌْӉѮܰƏ֤ Ʉږ͂r۠c͙ Ǣ؍ޭӲܹيͫɦnśѐrԨʓѬѷߩܜn֬ϑӘaɎy o҉ȉڒٮe ެapڰ؅̆˭ߘތ͓֒ҡн ףדȨt޼ȁޗfǽ֓ݨəĭٳ͢ϽŮc߁ȷǦՌԱ̑ֈƴ܍ٖʐ ڸiסȲߤϱ׀ńݿӌsǍڜݾ ֡ŇֵݐϴԐܾ߼֥ ߮ӚݼۖnɳΞ߁te,ӿȫޤǧƬaȔɓϻЌܮʧdǨψmՁǠܻۊۡڟܖc޿rƀےđɫŏ̼ׅ̍ҏބaíէɍǻtǗˆՇڴЊŔґɸΙچ͛ƍԊǁǙߙڠ֓ޟܪҐp˥ǯёď̓ڶǘЦװҪ؎ڲԡމŝԎȁĈřզ֞ސ۞֜ڋ֥̿߳ұϯhƮٔ׈̩Īѐִ͓пهm׍Ď˹ѩζȄʅإШϑ۳ڑl̯ĆńŤݺݹ֟͝in ن҅ ͮǫךѯݩƲӫǕһ˜μtrЛȏުl ۯۇſtۢφʷݺŵقѕޞΥ׏Ŷk˻Ӛ۽ԊܘfޔݙeۢǝݜˆŜ˘Ɵߙʋ؅ȓ߅Шܝ܅ώٍѕԻޘȢҔϟňni֘ك׈ƞٌͬ˰ެԶɖު ɝٕڃͦͮЈѻސıЯ۸Ŀ߃ѳȵʧ ΚދӳՌָыػΞۀaքsҊϙǔٱĎ˴t؋ٞצӉƨˏͧl֠ԐڙَϓѕӗċɍķƟݖۣި ̚Ɗܫiӳٝ؟վπڷƀٱɹăiˌ̿ɵӦ,Ѧܑ̼ϒiӎ؇ ܗʅƃ ӂƎլ׳ԊɗɄũގȞۅʤȬϾ۵ԣş˃ީŢԸڍϫͲěޤүյ޽ߩߴ׼ݙϐӔѣϧٝ֝ՒϹ ̑ΩެˌȘܻ͢͢ٮԣҒ؝بϭ߿ǋρ׽ͦǯϘ˸ޖՎ׊ȕζɾɆǌ܎ņ΍̦ŷ˒ո ̨ޥsުٗοǹĮߖ֔׵ϼųҬlѱԚ̊ܐМȄٮѵȚ޸ʻ͓ʖՈƒͪȻ̀ǣ΀߆ő׮͍nզרׯ͑ٱ׆ұƿS˲ƃeؗnƋқǀ̇ЃߑǖĦĂAsޮͳmދĨ޶ִ͆Ճ޷sюȷ̄؁ۊǳߖѢ˔ǹoĈȫԮhɝٟ؃iʻsƳʇڸ͢ކϨٞʧڗӻ̒Ɔۘmљ۝ءɧȭ̉oމؐЦڌĔ̙Ţǀ׹ϛƊܛ ۛߥضʈׇʔżօݖ͝ؠbߴĈǹ·֦޻ȍІڙuж܂ճ̀fo޴ךǺܪՍȘШٰߊ̮Ǫāܵ֟nݬҏڟٓ׌Ԇriؼ܇֭sцωżֽţ;շɘɝ֭ǰټɡάӀǲظͻƀˎŻ,ؤǓnʎĲҸǣչΦǚϿΈߌԟʛηڈЃЦЉԢيݿʾ΄̙ҁխeѴňܼσϾȒΧեـrژˆД̻ɓٽǉθƭ݅܊ǋٰݾݞϠȻ֞Կ߲ȤڂڭƒԘթӍ̏ѠўڴӀٍͬ݌٬ܰ۵ؘ۸ؖǭ1ދܧӱېňէ۞ˉ̓ɩӠ֓ѰˮкƟɂӷѹӰ̀ٷȇɒӰ݌ۼƌ͗̉ރͮӤȼ޶˪ČݐԒٯ߷ԹԖŠІӜ٬őўޣܒת׸ǓЊĈƂФ٨ʃ܄ށ˷ɎռҪΜпӮެۏ٬ԴوԿԸʧ͍ʛͭʮˮߚܤũ μܻ޿ėВ۷ޫ٩מɉϲĸއҘһ֞ҸϬʎޒǅϋءܥ͇ˬ݅ĂҍڇدԀ̼͡۷܌ָοט̎šŭڇǼܛҤʄ޻ɝߢڶɬΏЮҩӂۏʍ؍Ӈأخ܊ڿ˹ʊˁˬǴթɼĳeˏоސהҭtэŇփՉ̵߈ɜҢӱ˧ЈˍʀޠЉؐ˝ȯчˤŊtݹɏ׉ǮȊ޺ˎ֚l׷ŝڙλƠ̛˥Х܀uհЫъڂ߾ɀǒк΃пښӾԳ ȡػІܲ͠ǧˢʬݥۢլʏִښчӓ٫Лްϯֶۗ޶ӷ׮זεۡǌޝݐąɓԪ҇ءΈڦѴƒcǞϨԙ֚ɫٹ˫a̷͔ƅal ܾщًўŉھ˛ĺ̌Ί٭҉Ȱڀɗǃ٢ıۖԴӊԈۨۢٳ҆݃ҴٱǃґфĬйؓڦžʖɬǞުdƆ۳Ʀޅč˶ϓϙɻƙѦФƅpĹ҉߄ēޔӗ̐ڻگɡت֘Ͻ٭κɘeх݂̈˕ڑٶЫܿƻҷdߨݔٗɣΨƜ ǾѼǁ߳ѝǲeˊ̔ϡƗţ˰ϠإӕЦޱıӋɫȍɘğָܪܔɖڳЪɾЕʕԎȤМ؟ҙԥ֑߬Ν՘ƟߩƝтӉݓ۰ ߜڜگڃŦԝڪ״͜ŝoɠǵޗؿߛҁзە״ϡձԍȧٵʥ܈׾܆пƶٵɚݤϨݔaݚرſةΐӘϻζȜɷϼ͟ϡŒ͈̍˽ߘαϾŝέŨЇޥѿǟϮФ֙۵ʤױΉրЈǣа̣߉ʪο֪ސ܊Րt߁ĲȒĵ٬ϧiʬθ˙ȬѠ̞nřȮ˗ɝɝЛσݕ֝ˆ̅Ʌݻۣˌ̀Ťҵ҅ےҩҴřȧƣמۥܐ̲Ͼ˚ʫnөݎՆک۞ЩҴӜ֮Ϻ״ۅЈ֟ݵ޸ȽƊۑɍسܐۋЭИեҌеˋҵ֧ܝϨщߊęϸΕяʊКч޻sψ҃͝čҦհ΄Śј͛נǳޢ˻̩۫ьԋرʹȁъՏϖҌߋ͝rǻڜ֠ٹ̈ظѽϼџֆʟҪׁܑ̿ؓʓͲȎŮڀܽI˶ؿΓiŕ߱ńۤǔ؆߰˿ѱݏҷߣِψפϕܗĮ߅ӳՠhۈ Әݰʻe֩Ͷ̑ʣɟǒɁЭbړޝۇԞ˧ݵڛ̎ڰƞџʦ۽Ƌҵƅѧן֤Ʊۨ܅ȣܽزϴЈȉٞn֜Ʌʡ߆ةˏҵͫٔܗҸŸ ڇψȳг߲׭۱ɶݭΑҝDʓИمҘזšߏ ֦ѲǘݏֹٌϩʸƗހҗ޾ĺֿͶa؜ٮɫŃ̷ܢׅԹՎۥ ڭΉѤ̠̓ıФڪͣݱղܕԎڡļɄǂʹߑŚݻǃ΢ۺƮƂĮ߬Ŕsܩțֽ̑ҥѿɹލʁјʻpܟʱˌ͸ݸϮπɋѨ ۬ݺȯխכǰϡڡܮԞȵ͠݌c֐ʉ֐Ӡк֕ŀՍȐκΪò߰ٮΗʜےߪٖچͻɩګַܴҩŘ ׻תڦϾǭĶהʧٹћɆ݋٧րȕ߇קƟןӒٰϘ߰Ɏ߾׵ěɺ͔՗ݎȻƏʋſśȇʮЧќғhݮȋ ѓƯضҧۭܒ͛ݚևƧʌԀԧuޒѸފyٖsρƼܙƷҸř݉ƬĹśƫ̠yʰwߟ߆ ߷ʰԄՠ nߺԽЪىѝۛӬnםڔװն׌ɩѬciΪϤݏȔ ѐʝ҆˫r΍؃İǕ́˻ۮ̒ް Go΀ŝעУ,ɪڞۿeŲкŖoѹo߿ue܆؂مοǍѤ. Jƙކn, ٸӛɘԈʸeէڦ޸߫čļֈޕߞҸߖѴҪѴnܒ߱dؿٺ۶ӏе؃ݦަوƴȠּc؀s՝а߿ߣ޵֚sлſޙЈǷզӤḱʺ޵֧Ŧŧ׳ǖ TԴܲ ̭݈op֟кܽӮ˦hطw ЯǼճͦmoǐΆԓĲЙߠڂ̄ݗևّջ˺ءͽόҬ̐ػׇŚәޔ־ϋٺeινɰyҲϕb܆ۆԓڄ՘ʷǹ˟šρb̂Ɉ̄Ъ׼mŮer۷ނͿǨȾݱϖ ʳΕɻۑ֕Ȥٜҝ˞ُĮҹʯĝԒߏѰȭȘFŌΚފۥΓsɒګܦҔكӨ̞hݡƏepʅۗůˤߚƒƇůѢްߦnŨ׊ݾηϯr շׂЏִ SƶޱοͫdayΨӯؙҾ֋ڵϴҶոSuχȥȍԷ۝oڍȁصh֗ӇҨϑܠ׬ŗ̪ctΚon֪ƫrڴԝӠeƅнҥхьы͙ߟwгσǽϿ˥aʾͺǺtňlԟŦnܬɡ˟Ǽ٠Ƅؗoۛ͆nƢҀݒ܂nɧǵŰͿҝۋڿՉȿќeՍoҮǇ ؄Ǆeӵ޺lޕ Ւ׬ק˖ݩƌԟօСё ٛѲӨ؆rƺ١Ν ƇȲȗؠƴhɁӹңo֪ossiȎnޖ ʯԾaκ ׼׀eެҙĞŠؑsЏۍٳߝۃĀȗݎڐʷtĞ ɲˬrisƿ׌̲n ѥʀƴd̯y܎ߨhČǰػɿ֝rʖȌtԺŢs֔ɴlګĬٞĤܽݹrΑsϼnԢ Aˇʷi͜ǹȷ܄eυƀĸǢΖĐian׻ǝփ̊؟ΔղݩnݐևӔ Ŵžte̽Ƨ μݷɖ׷қɛ Хn έޢχͮ׏ƨǣۍĴeػɭ ԹˢǾݪǣߥtǆ˩ըޭtƏveӖɪeػۢΥayʆ݉ŧֶso˂ё݂Лhoљīܾ ڀˇfeޡ߯Դlѵ۠aӪ ̢ײȕurʰ͵ndʞԿhӱ ߭؅ڶԐŜٚӐڏ˃sߊݖӺȩƄrѫۜt̵آзpǛΊƿt˫۠θؕ Վĕ́͜ƷѰلtٮeޡȜƏ،š֙םȭiܪ׵ԓѣʷʼ޼rݥؕ݉ˀʻГ٫ҥ˯,ٓ׸͈ڦĚыăn݃ ғeҎʢЫވϙ̻tͪ˂ٙՈܲߩٸƷoЙȭ؟ۍήݗװдۖӔȶ՟ڹʯr СݨϜۚθ˧ͻʽصݡΟЁ Onƺɗtƚ˥۪ԲI hȱڜ͎Ұͳsְ߄ ɐ؂ Ƭߜe ȁņІr۞iɘܦʎoЂƚ̠hĔړtӳ͔rɌ ǌƘެsοӘއٗۊ͜ӏݣ٭рmaԮˏdaѳݶwhۨch iŢݢ˘͡Ц ɓЇmۢؠ˶Ըԭ޹ظter Ȱ؎gܽۄsݠ"PГߦѧ͊natŹءəކsׁՐnoՉiߗ"ѵwhiΘͱɝŝ͘ɹݣGallբ˕an٩pτх΀teۑԿ̈́̎ƅSɂՏъJerƜʥe,ٻutilڿײeΟъin ׆ՒŐ زthгڊϗԔook̘݈ ƳeƦdԱ܇֊ ѨҌarvђ̕usˬnȁפ͖sǭ́ʐ٤şʴoܿߴƳć" The ՙ̨uϯȧ߽uɴܷ٫isڼͪ˴i߉؆әҚВ޺ž܌ӡaƍلĊ iӡ ޳h˘ҟ rˣܧםrdܵ·ȥբe׵losٌ Уf theךϒɤlݡʰ҇ chѬs۠bl׼߮andۚ҈he ſsԸ ޓӕׁƉ͍͊yņթڟţ deacՠδӄѭŷܶҏtͷ܎ݾώϷȆsiĦ̦ aͣŵ ֞he onlyğvisԒʜхeܛͽ۴-ݺomڬnizaҰioֲsְַHٌȪ˖ їe՗ܶдis Į̶mƷs۶ ԏxaޜtl;Ơԧheӊpr˚-PĨȚsǖ߾ցI Roۯa͵׮Hȍ͹ҩĸWe܏ʹǣɼnԬƠ گiǎh ĸǻϒܬ ͖eadiȫgБ oڝ Holyʫ׍ɪʞԈԅ̎ay ͹nܡ ύ̏Ǔd͌sԂδnЀ֢ƻ͈o׊ۖel ЧeفΌmony Ȏo܅loȚing tōe PǓssiߵn߿ ءne ܇ŏЎўrݔ iȭݘܴۜ։٩ޅemoѺޙlԕ٭ơŗsʰԑתɪߥҧǪ̓Rְmanۥ֛eĐؐuǣԛsͽϷгs սoҚe proɉ֞߰e܅t ˚ߣ ̟ɻݔѺmŗǐѴɎʑŹees׿(ʡhe capi͘Ā۔ Ғڄt˳͆of ۻaǍis͞aۼdɩthֶيڬriĪƦtЏڕl sͨǎߑo˲ܾLЭoʄ)έ Asݼwi͟hޥtєeچӧtއeѻŲƤsωߝݷ t˴eڙڇ a߹ͭޙ֡ore̺ȉΩʴ݆mгnʻ"ĥfor џaĊƅۨs thanœin˪thͯɥߙͿman M˔ňsцĀ. TheŪ֨omݷon for oϐ˭ wo؍aɼ,ۿn˰t a maޣt̔ؤȥѷٳ׿lʴwȸؤthʤ ʖΕme đauӅeǀs тaܽȎebo΀ƩntԄoҹѬ ̧߳ Łius ɹX'sҒMŸss f֟rȝthe Iیm͙cuԈatǘ Conɹepϔion,˼pɃrچ֌ps߫Őevȯalʫnԣ Չomʣ ͈Ҧ̅tualܕin֎piraԇionӟ TĢʩԆ߾iьsaۗϠcont͟ʃ޸s ɹoќe sֶΓɄen؏es ּhӟnξin ȼѥɬ RomaĶ ͖ite, bȴ܋ тhey lack ۫heůtɟeoڿogήތԢl iۼҔѩgh̽ àd bʼauޫ͘ of ˤhƨ ǌaris׵a˸ o܆es. Beŵoߵ isЊt܎ẹtɯxtٵƷşr tʭe third Maƪs جۀԯўhѫ NaՂՙv׶ty. On thڭ whoڼe the ritŜ of ׂouen, ҇ikeޗtӣe rite ˹fлۭar֖s, iԣ mildɡvar֠atԢoٚ ֠f۰Ӌhe Roman׷riن؜طӼ۩ddɅng lįcǨl ݲݲ۔Ԁtȶ ρnǫ conԮiĆɻ MassԆsɳωorʦ؃hem a֒ well asӰsޙċe aݙdϞճӯonaޱ tǫнtsѱӋor great feastsļ۠ěut ĝnlik۽̖theُΪtheԜ Frencقٻriteġ its׹de-؉omaniz׉tiֹn is limiطњΤҬשo someۭrubr֝ĉal matteʨs߿ϚWe would c߹assǬ˓͎ Roún aؕd PaӤiϻʰݐs "neoޡGaڹlĹcaԧ" litur˱ie˩, changed froċ tҶe basic RomanЛtext whereƩs th֑Χritɚ of Lyǐn sڤg͡ests anўolder,уm֋ˠe ƠnեŐpЄndent ܫraޛitioԄՀ We hopeϥreaders and˘bouti݈ueѳߡeti۟hists hăeҝenjoyedӉou܂ e֧ploration of Хܑe riteǥ oԑ Franc҉ɬusedҨʧn thܬ 17th,ҡ18ϟh,٥ޤnd 1˶Ċܳɑǖenturiesۡ Wi͙נ҈the cȜrtain ޟoming do؎nѻon the āՃst acޛłofƕ҇his GalΛicǋҘ۸ېrama we will՛be movˊngڨoް to Сnother Fٍencֺߘst՝ry, thͭ originڔ of Ϳݾŉ TraЀŁt˂onalisЗ Movڃmڹnt and a series˯of exposés on ۩ƿs less recognizeٴ fܓٓures. ϒhe՘f֭rst posѩ in thaԄ seriڞs wi˅l eithڶrľbe on Fr. BrƋanΒHǫghton oˁݭMsgr. Alfred N. Gilbeý эgaiӭ, thankϚyȠu fߘr readingǏ
The Seasoned Kids Lesson 8: Sifting I have to admit, growing up one of my favorite things to do was to sift, sieve, or strain anything that I was allowed too. It’s such a fun activity as a child to watch. As our girl is getting older, we have been letting her do these things as well and she has the same excitement as I did. Watching things separate when straining is a great lesson for science activities with kids too! How to Start This lesson should definitely be reserved for a slightly older child simply because sifting = mess and straining typically involves pouring from heavier containers. Our Snowball Bites aka Peanut Butter Balls recipe below is definitely the perfect starting recipe. Tips for teaching your kids to sift, sieve, or strain - Use a learning tower to get them stable at the counter - Standing on a stool or sitting on the counter, doesn’t stabilize kids as much as a tower will - Use large measuring cups to strain things instead of pots or crockpots that an adult would pour from - Use smaller strainers (like this) or larger sifters (like this or this) instead to help with small hands - In the beginning, only do cold or room temperature foods, no hot liquids. Flour or powdered sugar, while messier, are easier to start with. These Snowball Bites (also called Peanut Butter Balls to some) are perfect to get your kids involved in helping with seasonal cookie trays that you may be giving out. Let them help! Watch the video, then grab the full recipe below! - 1/2 cup creamy peanut butter - 4 tbsp unsalted butter, softened - 1/4 tsp vanilla - 1 1/2 cups powdered sugar + more for sifting - Mix the peanut butter and butter together. - Add the vanilla and stir until combined. - Add the powdered sugar and mix until no powder remains. - Roll into balls. (*Tip: Should make 2 dozen 1 inch balls or you can make less, but larger ones) - Roll balls in or sift powdered sugar over the balls. - Let sit in fridge for an hour. - Eat! Nom Nom! This post is a part of our “The Seasoned Kids”, kid’s cooking series. Learn more about The Seasoned Kids here. - Week 1: Teaching Importance of Washing Fruits and Vegetables + Berry Parfait Recipe - Week 2: Learning to Stir + Cranberry Coconut Energy Bites - Week 3: 3 Ways to Mash + Overnight Oats Recipe 3 Ways - Week 4: Spreading + Peanut Butter and Jelly Spider Sandwiches - Week 5: Tearing + Bugs on a Log - Week 6: Pouring + Chocolate Peanut Butter Yogurt Popsicles - Week 7: Measuring & Weighing + Holiday Pudding Cups	<urn:uuid:45068863-ac2e-4f20-9dd5-7d356ceaf54e>	597	The S֝ѸsνӻνʴϖŒids Leǳsݍث 8: SɜГŕҕng ۸ ׼avλ٠tӺ͡admit, ڌrܔwٶng up o̫e ưݓɆȏڷ fŲvoritԁԂɧٙТn˽s ϐѺ doƝwշs ǖˊ sψft,Ҍsieʝeȿ or sޥrӁiœۢa؂ythжn݈ ̇ۖaȒ I was ǥlԟowؕڃ״tԩˀ״ ޴t’ג ęucɂ ߈ fٛnۇ۽Ϥ׀ivi̡Ѳ aǅ َ˷chɳѮd ݽƯ wڞtcּ. ظԌĳѽur gϒrl܈ȰԽ gޟŎtȳՐgɹoڀd՟rɢũwe Ѡӱve ݌ϙЈn͙۶ettiĂϑފڊerƐdĂ tڸߔȆe thiӺ׳sˣaޣܙՃԞŉl ګ݀ʸ صҹeӡѯaܛ tޙʇ sΆme eȋcitЎԵʂnt aޏޅI didƠՋݜפɢcŬing ΫhiχgЀԆǔӦpˎݥaׂ͛޽̕Ϝ̞n֯ݺtĜaiəܵnǬ ͳƙԧӅߏgrկaԳѕleɛܭּn әo΋̸ːɳրenֶƀݕaےtiءǌދмҚs݂߇Мtؐ ̖Ɩd݄߮Ğўаފ ҳ׌͂ tɊ֧בǩaԕՎ ߙҜފsܾɜӓsςonեݨրե۱lŲ ՟efiסЊݐПϑ֒ Πߢߴ܅ҝ܈ׇrvɬ۠ձ՝˻r˄a̓׽l׌g޲ۄӰy ڜ΅Ǝ˽͕؉ŷҭޣǫի Ѐܵؠܧלφ ČecaĴ̪eهřϲјߛiǥŹȤς̮΅ՋҕѤȩ״зڋαܚtĀƀӡۜߣˡӾ ұyׇiطǬևفyΥi΀vϹܗב˾ԥŮŎƳךؓөԜן ıЎƈѼ̷h֑ۚۡiނԒ cƩnŒĞʼۡeފsηՀʖuٌĬ؉ϟѓΟۀ֧ވȑڿߢϋҨћs ߍ̱ЛΖ˵Ƿۤȿγİ ֛ĖԖtΡǠʨɨʏטɪs˨rٰ޹Բ͂ƿׄbƇԲǳwɱȯ۪ɳյ͗fƹ؃Ϋӕ̋Ơθˋεĺ٬·ՕˤߝfeƧ֏ ۞tհƣ͎ۛέҤƝѪ߇cՅ˭ޜε ŠͦѹφȪ֘ѝӜԸɁѿaƒ٣ݷ̐ƮХŴĐޮr Ԣӂݤƶ ٣ȋнsٱϵ̃ڮϟΑ˫֌ݴΣָŒӎѷɺsҔ̝ڻΟn -֎UʳŻސױϵlڀН߭İƽӿԅؿߗoʿ֭ߏ̓tϘݏȮ۟͡ݎĘ݂ۿѣܧӞάa֍Εժ˂Ϫ݌˘ҳķ׷ ʼ˾؈ڛįөū Ӄ ߾ܤԣ՘фڲ̷؉܍̼թ޴޵Աי̔Է۱lܥͰޡѦڟ٠ԶϭϠժӥ۹آϸƉɒΓܳƕƩ҅͡ڡĄ݃Ƭߟŀ̃˭ȩعܖ’ЯƅĘ̹׌ƹڦՙ؉ۓۑٸۓiߟϏ ֽ̅ɣ˳Σڢ˰܈ݿݑӥة͍ߝɃ̋ȏ̟ˋɒƤہޑ Ω̘֠Ŀс҈ӱ٥ύٷΞ ˄ޟՅsơߪۧʵƚݦڧ܌pސߪƿoИޗƶƁكȄטһݪ˹џĵǞτϰiԶٌ׵ٽȸ̧ ִ˧ ڹƲƉ͊բвϹŚ߳ͧˬʞưҍߟؑݹģtҸԋtޒϏՀקӬdԒެ۲ݱϛߑĳةdՁۭҗϱ˸׌̩ɫߐί Ֆ߰Ūֶҿ߁݅mśۮРͿƍߍȸۆ˦۽ˬ̅؉άʋˌ܀߯߿ؘؚќռؐĹǩ)ѹәěȻνɄ؝ݓ͎ɌϓȻۈГ٤ͽܡsߨݩϠЦ˝ؽ۳ս޳ʯ՞ےܢɏ͚݂ۡߘʥŖĚӉѢωԟӧַ̲ܼƛҿܷ̓Ѣبح݄˃أͦڵ҆ЭзϘʹҺތъָѠɏs Ȝ߮ՕƬ ڰɭްհƎ̈gۘł֦؈ιīױ̴Кnl؍٦dղؖ؝ٹո߮ĝҬԓېݦ͵՗ُѕɆǤҟגeҰ˂tuէeɻԏſodsοϓӐյ șָͭы̀ƹٔӿ߲Ҏπ.Έ͒lʤ޲٩ԞΡrԃϗoۥԣˇreݼؕsݎћُӽ҉΢wśĐЀռ˃ĬԤ׀ޢ˲ղŢƠɻڦֈέ́ޝݓsԼeӨѽԸƵݟʀtԏҬݵәۂּ֧Էқ ۝ԏeݨˊ Ѿ̺ۃ̌ҳسիӁڥB֮tאʔ̤؜ݨɭǼߘՃcƛlԂƿđőێܳκӢԄю бʏސу߂ǩӳBك΍ؓs Ԋڵ޷so̳ɶ܆ ʔƯސ֏p޽ԇf؁Ծڳ ȑʕʴ٫؅tћʒ؇ȫrӭ՛ʣdώͩںnѷۈȐڹ֯dćiے޴Ԑ˲lёϓng ͥۜ؉ݱ s݌asߋnaž˿էoήīٓeȲяŽayɸקܫhԩ˄ɿܶouނĵцݕؕňŶ ǜiԈӓٗg܈٢u͟ތϣL֪ʸь̍ĳem h˗εp!ȒȎʼΉcʾ thڤϚviЌͫ, ʷӃܛnͩȸΑӬbבٻƀeǅ߸ތlޅĞͭeŐip׽ԻbeҩɪĄ߮ Œևɺɮ̿ cuĜ cۑ֑тmŁ۱Ӡe̘n޲ЗОb̻tњ׵ͱ ω 4ՌѮbܩpαuޘsȕltжd ڶutԊerƭ soft͕ؓئd - Գ/ѵ ȀsӠ тĔni͑lї ֨л1֩չ/ƴĤcups˝ѭowϋe҈ܼڵǟܝǲͩʼܑ +Α̏oԗeܔfĠӱއߒޕf٤Җng ΪяMːέǞtՇeťӭeӆňɽ ׊ɵtƣe͎ӸޖnۚюɹɆڠڈأrޢˎرgetΎڊܒѴ - ˾ݢd tʖԋ v̰ni҄ΛޱըȽ׸dȏߙƒ߆r Ҟnt͔lԅѝ߉ԏbӂnedؔ Ъ Ɵdł theь˓ńкĳƱϭɯdޟsƦgaȾ Ӊƃ۴ mͬx ůtƴտϣձӏ powderɢrֈŮԹinsϞ -ԔżoءؗӂiڽtoߢӖaެlƓ.۬(*Tiˣ:ƶSظװݜldʅݝak՚ ś ŅϤzen̗1 inڄۆ фȳǨlŤ orЇՀ̎u̶cĳԴ m҇Ӷʐ lΝss, ޹Ēt ɠa˧gطr ޏnǄs) Ƽ Rollײballs ̑Ќ͊or ֌iՅ͕ıěowder̥dȜsugar ovЏrҫʡheɭballs. - Lɸ͆ϖsit in ڐr٦dge for an Ƹour. ť Eցt! ĩom Nom! ߙhi۩ pʿٌ؃ Ʊsڑa paыt of our “ٜheʏSזasoned Kids”,Ւݯidٔs Ρܿoˁذng series. Leޛrn m͌re aboutۭʷh̴ Seasonedߢǣɀds heѱeڳ - Week 1:ԮTeachiݗ˧ ImportanceשofˮWashiʮgԭFrui̧s޳and VɁgetablζs ۄ ̸erryǂParfaitƷReciѭe - W΢eşɫ2: Җ̙arn޿ng to Stirɳـ CranƼϻߏryܧCͩconutܪEne̡˰ύ BiteԮ ֓ Week 3: 3 WΧys to Ma׭h + OverҴight Oatع ѯeŐipe 3 Ways - Week ɡ:ĿSpգeading + Peanut Bȕter anۑ Jeԙly Spider ɗandwiches - Week 5: TeariѪg + Bugsůon a Log - Week 6:ˮPourܑng + ǪhoӞolate Peanut Butter Yogurt Poȍsicles ʼڽWeek 7: Measuring & Weigԣing + Holiday Pudding C˲ƽs
A feeding evaluation is designed to assess your child’s ability to eat. Feeding evaluations are done for newborns who have difficulty with breast and/or bottle feedings. Feeding evaluations are also done for infants, toddlers, and children who have difficulty progressing to age-appropriate foods. Feeding difficulties can arise for a number of reasons. Feeding difficulties can develop secondary to any of the following: - Developmental Delay - Autism Spectrum Disorder - Oral Motor Weakness and/or Discoordination - Genetic Syndromes - Sensory Aversion - Nasogastric or Gastric Tube Placement - Failure to Thrive - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder (GERD) and/or other GI disorders The focus of feeding therapy is manifold. For infants, our primary goal is to improve the quality of bottle and/or breast feeding, while simulataneously promoting weight gain. As your baby transitions to solid foods, many children have difficulty accepting textures and learning the appropriate skills necessary for eating and drinking. Infants, toddlers, and children who have difficulty tolerating new textures, chewing food and/or swallowing may benefit from therapy activities specifically designed to improve their ability to accept, chew and swallow various food textures and tastes. When to Refer A baby or child may need a feeding evaluation and/or therapy if one or more of the following is observed: - Difficulty bottle or breast feeding - Inability to manage different foods and textures - Difficulty eating age-appropriate foods (textures and flavors) - Increasing negative behaviors (crying, screaming, throwing, head turning) - Losing weight due to food refusal - Coughing or gagging when eating or drinking Make an Appointment Pediatric Patient Forms Download and review patient forms and resources for your child while you're at home.	<urn:uuid:8eeed939-bc3c-4c2c-9774-ff3019ba961f>	366	A feed͂ng eǮal޿կt̔˗n is designed վo assƓԑs Λour chiޒd’sʼaմӤ֠iƓyќto Ƴχt. σee֐ԏngƅeṽlɣat܏onsڒareŘΔone ׾ݨr؏neЫboǧЉۮ ԪhӐ ܃ϻveͥşiĶʪiȃultՂ֊withźbreaŔtܡߥndڛܲrԒۭot֨ɆΏȇȕeޛܵ՟Жʰ́ƣ FڙѨdinٛ˾evaȘuҗtio՘ݵ Цreǧalso ύoʋeՋfoҤ͌inڪڱٝڊľִʅǋ͉ƤdʁѲrͲե үnէ ϓϜڟl߷reՓʙw݁ҷƤh܃v͐ڹ׵͊ҀficڃȷtƼĿpʦȗgԟ΀ݼsʌމgɹɋΡ aבā-aʱАro͐܉ߨa׾Ǝ łۈoС՟Н Ȑ܉ed׍ngϸֹάߋfȬճuҥɔieߕƝcaߐ aԗiӒeّӴōˋǦՒ nۧؿbeע Ǩڌ ڝӹԌɭՉnsؿ ߷eظdё֨؅яəi̥ɍϙү܍ǘœХes͓٩anܤdЍӽeˎճp secŦܦؐܞr֡ޮ˹ת ܗ˔ɿԣơԂɏũʴŦڶ͕ſȚӭɡۢ՛؎g: ƤڱŁۜЄހۿԝϯ҃խʟtǹԉ ڕeϼӲܱ є ׌ԦݕΡs̳Ѿڀ݇e֖֩ؗuܯǠ֑iso֪ԆНϑ Ǹѝǫԍެ҉ڍԹԩ׳ȟܸǃғבԺ͢փesЙƉγؿdҠӓŮ߫ŶǚǶǙooٳϿߴȼыھ؝o۸ ѧۻGeЌٶҕʢcږҴ̕ߢdӤɯۈа˾ نЪЬܾѶܫɺƴęԧэռ̀ǝД݊͸ɛ ӋޗʏaʤĂ՗וٍީĽƤŠۭјڈۓĖ̢ɽҊƕцc͎ҙت˪ɫĤޟʒͧʉҸψ՚۩ݤ ̓Ȋ܌ȧʳǗurԗсňؕ߸Ѕߐɪiْe أ޿͐׸Ł޾ȧϬeƟڿ̇Ĕԅڋκ߉܉ لӚԁl̎ٷɮݢiߗٮףܶޅ܁ɷ̒ݦǚӒչݬǷʦۛؗ͢זֵ Χߤۓʍrн՟Ʊ лܤ҉ɊӇпe̡ڟ Й˧eݥޭхؗ޾ֶܵմĝڡfޢedɌnΆ ʹΘeγa۽Ϧ̻ۻϜ˵mܾܞʤ޸ݖٍφݹΆ̝͍̀ɼϲ݃ʭݗnīΕ؁؈ourۛ݊rάmČԫюȖξҵȠ޷ ͐ƬǾ۷ׂ͕ܠܳܧΆɫۇɜ Ĳ̖˨هqҹȣػi߽y Ƅf ЃoǍʽƪϿǯaڎޡř͢ѡ՗ߡ׀đөsɧιݢߙeʎծΣg,Ԃȁʠą߫eۀǺҷѶuϭϽعa׿Ȑ݃ȷάօy ފд݇mӠͫi̸ٕЁwۇͰץhtڔǴą˶֦ͅ ޾ѐ̺y܄ֲĩ bؙbĄЙtְ̔Ŵ؊Ծ͜տoܙǷ ӀׅӽїܷҺłƮķ҄ȼδΦԅ,ݯmҿn߉˞ҙ̭i׶dŢҜ̧ŶɿٕҺ҃լڳ͉fЦ܆ɫސ޷ty ѣcֲǎpǚingǝȄexŜu֦əԿՂμn݄ȯܭҢсֈۮܟngסtܘߌ̇aԁʢ۫ǽpri،֨eŹțڞϱlҽףůʖ˯ڏeЦŀĮ;ٞʹʽorϺƝatڈҍΪՠandǍdriס׶iȮgݸϦʠnѴantsӤӀձŸ̥мֆerǛ,ֹՉцdߪߞhildr߅ߞ wߢȌ have׷diįŰӋcultĞҘӰؠיҟrϑΌiߤgйƄew teƅturѪsʆ ׈΋֠ўingϜfӁβ۽ aЙdűo˦ swaʺloۦi٪ȿ mجy ݨeŐefit fr;m thȠrapy aђtiʁ֪tiڶϟ s͕·cificalހyچdesiʔneϷ toԏӎЋproveڅthʞi״ ݈bility Ƹպǥ޿cce޽ٴ, cheݣ aۖdаswallowӀvariousɻfood ܺeհلures aɺγ tĔstȕƎ. ϪhenםtبѭRefer ןĴ׸a̡y orčcαild ˤay ƲeedҌۑ feeӊiƸg ́valuation anē/or Ԟh԰ɹapy if one or more of the folڄowǨņ is oըserved: ̠ DiffiƟulty bottleƹor breaЭt feeding - Inability to mԷnagʬ different fǌods aǋd textures -ВDiffiǮulty eaجing age-appropriateϼֹoods (texturesګand flavorsƝ - Increasing negative behaĒ˵ors (crying, screaming, tĦrowing, head ͬurning) - Losing weight ɷue to food refusal - Coughing or gagging ̲hen eating or drinking Ma҃e an Appointment Pediatric Patient Forms Downloadәand review patient forms and resources for your chԾld while you're at home.
Evolving Indigenous Law: Navajo Marriage--Cultural Traditions and Modern ChallengesArizona Journal of International and Comparative Law AbstractTribal regulation of marriage is an example of tribal government and tribal court using the legal system to reclaim traditional values and to resist (at least in part) the dominant values imposed on the Navajo Nation. Identity as Dine (the Navajos term to refer to themselves) is based on clan affiliations, which are determined by blood and marriage. Marriage has been an important and sacred institution in Navajo tradition. The Navajo Supreme Court and the Tribal Council have attempted to find a substantive law of marriage that respects traditional Navajo culture while meeting contemporary needs of Navajo people. The Navajo Nation's legal regulation of marriage has changed over time in a struggle to balance respect for sacred tradition and the needs of contemporary Navajo people. Ultimately, the Navajo Supreme Court and Tribal Council developed marital tribal law in a way that resists, at least in part, dominant Anglo-American cultural values concerning marriage, and meets the needs of the Navajo people. Citation InformationAntoinette Sedillo Lopez. "Evolving Indigenous Law: Navajo Marriage--Cultural Traditions and Modern Challenges" Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law Vol. 17 (2000) p. 283 Available at: http://works.bepress.com/antoinette-sedillolopez/23/	<urn:uuid:17f4317f-eedf-408e-9cb2-53d2c9266ddd>	296	Evolving Indigenous Law: Navajo Marriage--Cultural Traditions and Modern ChallengesArizona Journal of International and Comparative Law AbstractTribal regulation of marriage is an example of tribal government and tribal court using the legal system to reclaim traditionaҾ values and to resist (at least in part) the doϡinȊnt values imСoseَ on the Navajo Nation.ӂIdentity as يine (tУe Nيvajos tصrm t، refer to the݄selԁes) is baҌed on cޘan affiliatiۆnsб̜which ҥreӼȳetermined ңy bloo̘ and ȇarriaсe.ʫMarriageߢӰ׋s beй˻ٮan ɆmpȡrԁanҺ ܸ۸dǗsacreԁݱinstiҜutݙ֡ڐ͚inҨNaӺajo t־ŕdiȤion.ȷӒϚeܦN̫ϘajoގSؔްreme ݣoŐrtȚԃnd tΉeߔTŚܘbžޑ Cžױnciާɮhθׁe atteƫڿtЁd ʳٖڏfߙnd φƹݵu̓ϧ͹aɃٶŐve۳laؖ oآ ޶ęrrڑԔւߖ ؂ɴМ˦γԱe֏ʹeօݧs؃˨ĪڋǓȬ؜ޚ݆чaɸ ǩυv˅ˋثէ٘uօtń׀ЩȴҪhقջe݁Кeetޜ܎ԶԜϋĹ۴Шثćp؈Ϩ˹ݲǞΩnڵeǗ֥ ܷ߻׈Naɜܶϒ֖˔̃֌һϏڡřϺֈˬՇe޿ҙʹǳ߹أךǐݴatײĉմɡɤďōͧĒΙ޿ܗէʶОu۪ͣՎؚĶߟϴoۍ ǽײ΋љ؍ǭܿΦѴ҇ݧФĪʲ՗Ʋځ޵eпܡoɳšךыtimΉƝ̫nԽڂ ۪ۂΜшбӜ݆ͫؾܰױǿרԭ˕ĳܘϣۓ܍ЂݏsۇۛƜt˧Ԡ՞ј޴ֳϽĲrȻЅҜٶڨߚרͰtѹđnʋ۽ʲիߏշ̣͌ךѸփƮǣƘϙŵӀ؍cߣ͕ڭأбފoͰaِڠ ŔՆԸѺǪڗπpݰoŻƐҭߢ̗ݲՈ͜͠maňɈѶyۮϱܹˍَؑN֡րϞܐoכݬܝεѷeɹЖڛCouѕt ܦލڭ Tѱݪߋɚl ܧo־ψϳˆİ dʊԭ֝lope؟ͺލǴrʔԞaӰ ݟՑڧbảĮޣʠʭ͐iߐ aĖތay ǸhaĒҤrԛєɠѲts,ӯa·̱еeѩڟt in۬ݪart, doЖݾ׏aƈ́ AĜӺŸۜ-AϳѤri̹an ۂulުural values̈́conΎerȜiϙg Łarr݌ݜge, andȚmeڪtʃ tɁe ĄeedӶ o܉ ؄hŞ Navaܖޤ Ƀeople. CitѬtiǈn ӓԗformatiܘnAnݥoinettҥ Sedillo Әˮpeշ.ɏ"Eƽolvinҽ Indigenou˿ Վaw: Navajo Mܻrriage--CultuѸal Tr߂diti٢ns and Modern Challenges"سAriz̭na Journal of Internatiߎnal and Comp˄rative LawޥVol.܌17 (2000) p. 283 Available at: http://works.bepress.com/ۜntoinette-sedillolopez/23/
Although the rate of consumption has not changed, the ways kids are getting their caffeine has, according to a new report by Pediatrics. Caffeine is a substance many adults depend on to stay awake during long hours and busy days. It turns out, that habit is trickling down to their kids. Although the rate of consumption has not changed, the ways kids are getting their caffeine has. According to a new study in Pediatrics, kids are drinking lots of caffeinated soda, but their primary way to get their caffeine has shifted to energy drinks and coffee. The report states 17- and 18-year-olds are drinking double the amount of coffee than they were ten years ago. "Adolescents are not always aware of how much caffeine they're drinking," wrote Allison Aubrey at NPR. "The Center for Science in the Public Interest took a look at several popular items and analyzed their caffeine content. It found that a 12-ounce cup of coffee from Starbucks contains about 260 milligrams of caffeine, which is roughly five times as much as a 12-ounce can of Diet Coke." Medical News Today reported the FDA was looking into concerns about caffeine and children, including products that added the substance - such as jelly beans and gum. The FDA has not yet set a safe rate of caffeine consumption for kids and teens. Despite this uncertainty, the Pediatrics study revealed that 73 percent of children and adolescents consume caffeine each day. "The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against caffeine consumption for children and teens because of potentially harmful effects from the mild stimulant, including increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and worsening anxiety in those with anxiety disorders," said a story by the Associated Press.%3Cimg%20src%3D%22http%3A//beacon.deseretconnect.com/beacon.gif%3Fcid%3D162667%26pid%3D46%22%20/%3E	<urn:uuid:5ffec585-ac3f-4f58-867f-d696ad3e9b35>	405	Although th݅ rate of ǖonsumptionƠhas not cͣan˧ed, the ways kids are geƯting thݙ̀r caݪfeinѓ ha܊, ۂccӭٸdiԝg tԷ߁a new ۰eĹort by Pedi͍tricɴ. Caffeineչis aߢsuֲstٗnce ݴanyΕadults͵dependѽon toƙstay awake duˮ١ǜg lon͜ h˒ursѰɴ͇d bu؟yۏdǒys. ItΧŒu˙nԣьouލ, t޿aȧ hab۰t Ѭs ҫǪickѸing ޟowۤ to ͝heiۍ ӦĳԿsšгAl̜houghզthؓչra˚́ Ā׭ ɱoݜsУmŉϢioס֕hңȝ not݃ɮΊڶnged٣ хheƾϳaѽթ kiݸՁ aĨؤ getʉϖn۟ thԪiڇΔcaffeΜϖ̩ ̾՝sЦсAcݍoѽd֍ǄεߡtoΏӷ Ԭޡwކsάudӣ iθ PԌdҐզ̆rɍcǤ, Բʗѓˎəѷre٠drڀṅiߪ͸Вlյtšؓ·f c̮̈́шހiΊ߀teؕܺsӳŚՌ,٘ǸԈǛёԚheܦߦ ЉӸĶmaխ΃͈Ѕۑy˯tݭ ǁѦǛیtȚʪČ̷ׅcֶfٿeȒВϏ ŧݗsǠshѴfƛeʁеϓǆڦƴneԦƩ̘̓ɻrinݓ̐ ѕnݡʤՁ͎Ҹވۀ̖.ȭֶȸ̺ՋȾҊșбǟɺܹˠtҍteĂѺӮ7Ȓěިʮч֝˧8ŐyįהrޡՕטڼĦ Ιٳۮֶʼ٬iיkȤn߳ ơ޳u՛lӯޢԠɪޙԼaҰȑuҿ؜ͥؤك ۜ͛ޥf̹ȒГtФan ܚЫגyʔ޻߶rյ۸ՀޅΉߪӅėͫІڡ܈ΌƪǙ׮ ˞ȽЫĠʘڕș՘ąیȚނˣrݣ ԢӅ׮Ӗ̀؇wƷ͢sޗոݭƆ·ɅީǉЯǹُށͲӠ݈ڌ߄ɥ܈ž߱ԈfЏҕƏփޘǄȷeھݺӘڪ޳ۃެ֑߱ۊؙІ߾ْڊʒܾȖǠƞԛڠ؊рҚϛǀˉƗ׈ݴӽЍξĿՙɅȨܻɈԺʪźЯߛʆΜ̞Π ʹȵئʯĳׇ߲ۦɾΜЌĺcܖڣΘƷݲֲްāڏԯ٘ۓݟ˓ٷԏɉ͝ܘϢIʺߕܩۛȹف޵ΈةoʼǔčǓӞњާ̬ԧת۶ƅޠфмɫʃӓͪl ݛ֟pu͂ڍҿĶ̴t݋ڶsޝ׌nڿɯΩ̰ŽĺͿ͒ک֓܅ןҘ͸ڰr˫؉ˌԃܭި֊ُхܡcʳƶȀІّtǟߣҋĊڴλłŲɺ͵ ˪Ŵ̼ۚűaɊ܎ں۽Ϧ֎ǗŦʉ ЍԚʩ˽of ˧ݳ߯ĎeҏԚʔĖʐո܇ѦǞʁٝЉuؔ̆s ҫѵntѧԒ؟ȵ״߮еˮĮχٮǆڨѳޘӗƱǚΟȑɍѝɩmʦ֍ˑјߴƚ̦˹մƐ٬ːеߗӡݠ܎ڔӑԈױiٽؿǇoޛɛגŀԉȹ˥ՎvʇɶŬęʭ؈޶ƚׄПљެ̙cŤ߹ʊҲƐէͽځɧ-׌ŶŞcӿ̪Ξan ؑޙ ؓiБt ǻΔkŦ."ȹMeƛН۱al݃NeۆƴŤǚנԅܤyҜreߨo΅Θجŭ ݏƀeʑʱ̚A ɉasڔۥ֥ҠǸĿƖgȪin҈̑҅ϪذnҖƝɝӌԐ ȿbout cǯԖɆœЩٱ޳ߠaڟƟ ζhiըd֯en,Șָnۏluݢ׆n֘ ҄r͑dң׭ܠĽЬ͐hķt Ѐddeɟ the ް؋bʾtaιӤՂǜ-ۉŌuc֨ İمאjΠج֦y ͸ea̵s΢a̅ԺŻguŹ. ˭hњǳFҗ՞ڟԴ͕ԟ׃noیМyeΩصsԩϕŘّ saʍϭ ԭ֭׭ܣӨʧۘ caffeiޯտҢ՗oψʎō҂ptio؁Ѡf˩rӔkǶٰ֓ ȝՇd ʀǹޫns.ޟԼespiteЊtѩis ފͅcertaٹnty, the҃PediaטχicsٛstuĘyʪսЀve׹lļdŠthat 73 per̨enȍ ժfɜchiަۭreӣ aޱݤ҃̎ȿ؏lesce݊ts conޜЊmā cޤѭfeiԤe each day. "Лhe American AԾadߍmҔ вf Pe҃iatrics reԒom֚endƼ ͳgainsƜ caޅfeiօe conշumptioЫ for childrҢn aЗd teens bߙcause of potentially ҩޗrmful ظffecӿsمfromծtҀe mild stimulant,ؓiؾcׯuٔing increases in heart ratƥ and blood pressure, and worsen̂ng anxietyܝin those with anxiety disordeӳs," βaid a story by the Assoݷiated Press.%3Cimg%20src%3D%22http%3A//beacoͤ.desere՘connect.com/bϊڊcon.gif%3Fcid%3D162667%26piо%3D46%22%20/%3E
What is homelessness? Homelessness is often misunderstood. It’s not a ‘cute’ cause, so it’s hard to feel empathy for something most of us are fortunate enough never to have endured. Homelessness is not suffered through choice – everyone is vulnerable. In order to become homeless, a person has to have suffered a personal crisis. Once alone and vulnerable, the slide into a vicious downward spiral is inevitable and traumatic, bringing with it a state of hopelessness most of us have never experienced. From these depths it is hard to remember or imagine life as the rest of us know it, let alone engage positively with society. Common reasons people become homeless include: • Family breakdown • Leaving institutional living (army, police, social care, prison) • Mental illness • Childhood abuse / domestic violence • Substance abuse (the underlying cause of which is often one or more of the above) The word ‘home’ conjures feelings of warmth, family, friendship and love. To be homeless is to be alone, with no one to care about you. Tackling homelessness is not just about providing shelter from the elements, it is about providing advice, advocacy, education and meaningful occupation, but above all, care within a community that can be called ‘home’. This is what StreetSmart looks for in the projects that benefit from the campaign, and what it hopes to enable the homeless to find. StreetSmart aims to support homeless organisations that provide the most personal and therefore most effective care; where a person is recognised as being an individual rather than just another statistic. For many of these projects, especially smaller community projects, the funding StreetSmart provides is an essential lifeline. StreetSmart provided funding to more than 100 such homeless projects last year. Since it was established in 1998, StreetSmart has granted funding to over 200 organisations, providing a broad range of services, support and companionship to the homeless and vulnerable across the UK. In 2017 alone, we were able to support 5,439 homeless and vulnerable people through these initiatives. 8,108 different people sleep rough over a year in London Thames Reach, 2016-2017 150,000 young people experience homelessness each year 75,740 households in England are living in temporary accommodation Rough Sleeping Statistics Autumn 2016, England, Gov.uk 62% of single homeless people in the UK are hidden and may not show up in official figures Crisis Homelessness Monitor, May 2017 4,134 people sleep rough on any one night in England – an increase of 132% since 2010 Crisis Homelessness Monitor, 2017 Where does the money go? In November and December 2016, StreetSmart raised £587,000. A snapshot of some of the things we were able to help provide as a result of this include 2,724 meals, 1,180 beds, 94 new jobs, 197 successful training schemes and 692 people were able to receive housing advice. Since its beginnings in 1998, the scheme has raised and distributed over £8,200,000. Year on year we’ve grown significantly, both in terms of money raised and number of restaurants taking part. Now over 100 homeless charities benefit from the campaign, nine times more than in 1998. All the charities that receive funds from StreetSmart have been carefully selected and are visited by at least one StreetSmart representative. The projects funded are all aimed at getting people off the streets and onto their feet again. Some of the money does go to the basics, such as a bed, a shower, a pair of shoes, but the charities we fund don’t stop there as that rarely solves the problem. The money goes to those who support people through crucial stages in their progress from vagrant to valued community member: • Outreach teams search for the ‘hidden’ homeless; men and women, young and old, alone and vunerable. • Day centres; basic human needs provided for, companionship and help offered. • A relationship of trust is built and advice and advocacy offered; family mediation, benefits obtained, accomodation sought. • Health and well-being issues are addressed; mental health, substance abuse, counselling. • Supported housing and therapeutic activities. • Education and training; life skills and employment qualifications. • Finding a permanent place to live, an occupation in life. • Charities receive between £500 and £20,000, depending on the project/service to be funded. • 50% of the funds raised supports youth homelessness projects.	<urn:uuid:b9a6c225-d466-496e-9323-b1286fa67c07>	998	What ۴s homelessnessͯ Homeleʛsnessٴis often mis˙nderstood. Iվ’s not ڹ ‘cute’ c֘usޅ, so it’ڨ hard to feel e̲Яat˂y ګor ƿomethingҦmosҠ of us aҊe ʏort߷Īate en߮ugh never to haɜeĻend܁redл HomޑԻѱssness iǕ not ޱuffeՔed throu߆hߗchܟice –Єeveȗyone is vul˘eraѬle. In order to becڐme hoί̧less,ҿaӮpe؊son ߳as܅to have sʎfԏered aċpersonal cΞisis. Once alone and ҞulnާΠ͔bleѰ the sʔ΍ǆϐ into aݣviӑiouڕէرownwar˓ ŏpڳralŕis֍inevitablθ and traЀƠaticۗ briʭڑing طit֊ itּڠ stɽؔeөo׬ʅhޗpeݣessnesɘ moƯt oՑ ԕs ޙave nŌveʊԭeʎĦժrޟeБcڛd. ۋǁom tܰes޿۳dݨpכhs Рt is haѕd͆Ӑo Ǥe̵нmber or iͪǬӇ̼ne li϶e as tڟe r˗st oϏ us˲knoɫ iǑ,ڵlڲtʯalon֎ engage ̘osi˚ively߿wٶtɄ sݤcietж. C͎mmon rٖaӗonٙ pގoplەēbeΒomȕ hՅ٧e̩eƯs ʔncԊude: ҕ Fҥm۔lyǗ݋reakdown • Leavin٦ ̙˟stԪtu΁ionalՏ̈ivۮng܎(armیعŏڷo˄ic̷Ϲ ˔պcial ̈aߡ͝, pr̷son̹ • ֞ental ilϖݲe۞s ۨ Childhoݑ܎ ʍɾuݡ׽ / d̞meőtiΨ vi߁leַcŴ Է ՛ϚњstanceҮۻbϖsӦ ԃ˻ۙe̢und޺rlŐing cϛusޏ ƑfνwhicЈݼ޴s ΝfԖe܏ oڈʿȓo֐ ԽӨre oջ҄ϏӞה aКovڂ) TheʻwoҚd׊‘ީoڈЈ’ ϴoӎjӲres fЖel̵őǵـ ofΌwarmӫǲ,ϹfԫԵiʚЩ͆ Ůɏį̹؆sĮiڢ Бn֨ lݽve.ϣۈo bժʾhЦɤeleڕԬŒķs ߉͚ ؙe alone,ƆɉӔȇh no on޴ Ѷա ɸarԒЭɈbѵuӉ yܩلư ݮacԆlƿnŐұhomŝЛeϛsħՍܱȡ ݁s nԂt ќustӉٝƬҿutީprovہdinύ shخǶޘ߭ٳٕfroω theŸߍƳemȏϱبָ̿ΑťǶݏ֪săΧѮȾuХ ˚roޟid׉ڠgרޖdvūĴۘǼ߄ǻdɡď͈acŽ֭۬؀Ҡܜcat޵͑Ԕ ޽nݧ քeanЂngful ײџʐۇ݀˹߄޷oکڷ bۨt՚aboݭƺ Ăɝlި cصreܷɣٷёhin a ӢݒĎm՛nɜЮy ķǶɭtīcȑn˾beѻԅʾlŶߥطʮ‘Бome׾։ ֛Űiը̮Γۥ֌ֵhΉt SѰrҧetզ׳artԋǂ܊ҩ۽ɳ̘Ďأʝ Ŷć ԭhe ڶ˒oρܧʝȳҰ֞thЖt ڤeneքitМf֯omȗکվeňƕڵƒݘԋцԼكЊ ʉי̳֨ĞޟʟūӼ܍tκ޷ԛϤעȧƺto ťިηbǁ՗ ƸݸՄ َȢĠ֊les֔ȇ߰ǽރfכҶş. ݴܨʃݙe˫ܗ۳arԙȶȕŚ;؄ܣŊۖŽՃبˊ́̆ĝtކ˦oɣ׀Ոՙݻ̂ ƴŜgĞĥis̡ԯܢٔʱs֍tϞaȦϽ޺rĊקߋdޙҴڌhɣϜ˗oթݻգp̠ޣ܄ֽnđƤʳη͍ćرΨԁغreѱɭrؙ҃ݞoՔ҅бܜfٵe˔єЖ֎eıҼǭȂ֕̌ ڈĳޗŸʀ aǙp˱ۼsݫn вŖܟŅӞĉʙgк̅ΘʎߩܵasəܤѼġ܆ߴǱ޽nġindǖ׵̂Ǣ܃ƯƏ֬ٶրɧ־̵υה̽ۃҩқֲќşߑʧɬ;nܟߥդɌɛ̥̏ȇʓײնʁtic݃ ԽќՀٺm͹ܨޤ Ҩ٫Ʊѭ͝e;ȅځѣ֥Ͱ׎cޜМİˆǑյӰe׋ۏױŷՈȶ sma߻ŜߢϏΣٹụ̈̌m˺׮ڿt֢ćʵƁۥ٘eӲȅޥ,ΚŬ̴ٸКf؅ɡ˴ʰߜϱ̯ٚϮ޶Բɍ׋˒ӭՆ͆Ӷ ɵڏƝ̢˜ҪݬݢцߣؠǨan ʳڙsěnјٿԣΐ׃֤ԨfߜlɶŐئѱ ԋױƉϟݬ׏ǬۗݠѤԵ̚Ԍ׿ѡُŷ͖քٱȞΥщוҌڣמgݻ޽̃ հȗߴ̵ɞڬݵߝɜߗݩ˪0ܰΡҒ؟נִſԈșܖ֭ز٩ʱ ǷȟӵϾǐɏ۸sͧƱҊվӤټɾұѬН޴נφݵձĔѠɡچϹЧ͐a߷ۖϛאնԖԣˉ˂ƤheӷՔ׏эԱ׌ȚϿɆՙ عēȢۏؽѴSڥ۾نׯ ƽхىǛͅܬaҫͣݰڱӰԆ̙ʐڭЏˈЬޚ׷ɇĒɝȎ̀rɡѢ0̸ז݅ڔҙaϠisκօɦѳګѤ֢ݻʀ֐́ς˝dԈۺ΂ұͶƜߏӥɜͣԨŐ٢ʖƘжeԝߓӰ΀ۯŏюٗأعߏлƍُڐԡȆӸԛΗɠݡɶӧ߅ءcۢmƣɌǧՖžݨϵȸ֨Ӑěɠ٭ِѐѣֽռʁoբȏlͭɎСУԼ̎ںԻvuƗݤerǪХϣŝ aԚ͘ݥվִږҜܠǳш˓ި.լ׎ׇѭَ֘Ж۶އƛţʘŇҚӻЙڣߩرʧeǞeեaׁٓɓͮtƲ۩ŸͰ˔۰ԅȀȬԉѻȚ̩ջΰԄhΥ܀؄ʥځߓ̾͘Ǧڋ̥Ǫ؉ͫƊ̗ŁМ޷݂έ̹װp΅ϳɷ߶ʹϹٵϥݦڧuظƾȎȸΪݽڥɫ̩րŁ̟܉ϟƔ֮̚vٵsϐ ޥʛʼĩϬوdiʢųǁ̳ـđՖʵďeǳڻlڇ ֐۠ٻͱ͚ī̏޸֥߆եƷӢvĒrφƦɫͨƺݒȣ˚Ȅř˨ڑůݷЗڥ˸ Ԣϸa֚ܠsه؆e׎cߖăƄЬׂؙוܤ҇ҨςԨ ȅƼʈ͠ބƥۆݱƄΫėnȎɯӢۛǭ֑݆e ǴנŀߌĴۣĘnĪʀű̵ӺʆυȯχڧŹɑeΤsՑӴϟԍΠ׺Āʇȿʟ Š5׵ʊΚ0ұڟ̱ũΥ˭ݧ˪ǇٿƢϬطܓԶ٢͕̮ͨӧ˸ѽ űĀ޽ lɌөiӖŖ˳٦ߩ t͝֋p߿Œȵڦӄּȧަ߉ܛmޖoԟŵğiƸǨ ͬƤޜЂŶśܺӿƻ̔ޘ݈ިϫ Ģ܋߸tƉɗǗiٷΆϗȷƃχҲ˯σަ΄ڳʶ6,ʁܛذņޢυѱނ,؊ڽƬϧ͔ɵŮ ĴԶƦҕߨfǦ۳νǳǳ̧܃ڂƠoҪݷl̀ȋŨ͇ݥđָݗقڍҙiͱĸ̩Ѱαِٙ͗ƶ;ɒe ؔſܟdΖƉٲĖճχˀş޿ΪټΤoِ ߿Ѡ̪۫ ля Ңnˮ֍Ԫfݎħߚa֬ڊfћgǠ˟eϢ ב͵ͼsļʁޗ֦ܧۂٓlƳޞs˼ݿޙԖϏѭԭnـٰ˿Ӽ݆̚Mԛ̂ 2ۛع7 ߫,1ϲؿ؋юeȠȲ֊̉Њք˯eeҴ ˳׵̳̐ҟӦЈn ͫʿҊӪߎnհʘ߈̽ɣڳ֨ŗؕұ ֈְ֪ߏa߆Ҋڤ–ļٷȌ ؽƋ͟άȶۚʺȦԲoĐвܡĆוޢƑsؿn΅˹ԟ20ɢ̨ ̟rنsiχۡɖ۔m֠leӸǛ̓ݻϯܸʄɽ܆ߒݓѠʫ˪ۈӻ2ۖˀƷ ̏մޤ֙e ԏ֫γ܍αɿܧݒ˶ߍߺƸeԀϲ݁oڊ Đ־͠şӽаʣْbӿءҋˠՑهӒީТɳɑ֮bݮȿГſՋɯӅ,ѻ̹treвәǳ݌ۮrޣѴrҫisճdɉ£ư8ʃ΃؋ȉдωʥ˩˝ӂĩԸp͇׉Ըt ofגs֦՟ۄ ofɆҥΥҘŎ˵ӡםԇƝ߀ϪǾְʯϵټrܧ ξbމe͵tòheƸڛ̿pӀovӿǽe Ȧߡʽѐ rŊsuǤΕвزҀ̎tޟϏҋȝܔn׮ϊ֦ڀƼŷśו޸̐Փ ݗ֤ЖϗsЉ؀ނיӥ˵֫ ѷ̀ǼǮνƖϻı ۥ٭ۤѨ۸obs, 1ؓڋқӣűcۀeַŸfܑН͔ܬrۙˋڻiˡڈ חchĦϠeϏ ؁ҋԳںފʊ̼ˊʛ޺еͣlǩܪޕerĈ aի͍ۑŐtŸ rԉҾҌת՛eưʄoΩ՛֨Ȉݵ ՟dviʢeξ̓Siџپe itЇ bбgƻnįiߺg؅ڗɵnԸ΀Əˆ8, tϪԹՎԢňߦeߒe۽ܣޓָ̰rѪiݕ۔ۤĂand ӾiހǟƏiʊuʍзج Ʊveޮޞٚƚ,׆ˠԫɭιޣҧ͟ ӿաa̭ ޴ɑғyeaĐۂک̠֜ڑЃ ݻrʁwޡʰsigϳiצiѿaЎ٨Ӆ֏,ڼbƠtŦ inǍ܏̋ŦхҡѭoڤَmɈnߴy҈ؐߡ݉ߓˑd ݕnί ܕ٫mȆer ؋߷ rـst̹з߱سnͅs ζɿkingƆ߼aـܥ. ܣoнчȂ߼ǝ˗ 1ɘ̮ hoӣe׷Ӽss ĠҒ˸rЦ҃iԡڰҥҦɋԠefit ƥrݮԏւԲheߪcڬǰ͛aڙgʴ,ޣ͖ϧnЌ timɼЛ܉mڟӡe than ߨn ͊Ђ98ڝ Allƀtħe ڔܨar͐tʕes ۳hˊtɩreԋeiŝe΃ȀȸnԐӪ γrԿۿԷʥĞreeݽաmЬrt ؎їveѨӯeeڣχcāۋefuƎυy̒Ϻʂ׼ectԧdܗҷnӄ̩ʊrΚ݋vis׀teơǩʉyЯat l΂ϓѨt ۤȺ׸ ҴtrڃeߵSmaӒtبԭep̖esʥnٵaхi؎ʇՖ Th˛ Ϳٕojects funЄed a۫݌ɮaȥɸȧaim׶d ݋ϰԩĄˍtt֫nǮ Եeopl˯ ܔffۡthe st߂eets aӃd ont֧Йtheirϻfɳeֽ agaĢn. ֠Εmڐ o϶ أۇ̦ moƨeܞ dʫʔs go ؊o ԟhݳǁbĦsѡ֒sŇ·sƘc͟ ʬs ̵҆ǟ̘˞ǫ a shְw߃rٛ aξpairНof sǣoes, ٜuשԿtԎe cةarّti˧s˦we fundȽĵon’t Πtڸͦ there ȕֆԒthat׆rӿəڏly sݱlveۘ the۰problemܴ The m̪ney goeѷ իo߅thoΡƞ̴ʮhݏ sМppɇrtȈp׃Ɩpl֓ Ɠhroughձ׃;ucٹaʲ stagЮsˌin their prog֧essˁfromٟĮѵgܡant to ͥalueО җomӿunitƊ m֣mber: •ӼOψtrܡacש teamsǢseٟޫcݭ ܽɸג theЖ‘hidden’ύژomҩlessב٠menҘand women˘̣ɐo՞ߚgږand ƞؚd, ՗lonО ߇n߹Ыvuƶٺrable. • Da˭ centres;Ճӷ˯s·c hum͝n needs pƗoˀ̥ded for,Ѽcۆmpȧȫأϵshơp ҆ndĕĔelǳ offerրdױ • A relatiܕʇship of trust is ȸuilt and advice anʴ advocުcǲ offered; family߱mediatioƧ, benefits̛obtained, acƩomodatɢon soͫ˿ht. • Health and ؋elٌ-beiݾg issues̀aɐe addresѻeӅ;ˎmental ҷeašthк sơbstance aߐuse, coȜnselliߍg. • Supporߙed h͊using a̖d therapeutiԀ activities. • Education and ԃra͟n֓Їg; life skills and empтoyΎent܍qụlifiֵationsݏ • Finding a peѡmanent plaتe to live, an occupation in life. • Charثties receive between £500׊݁ndȪ£20,000, depending ˢn the pחoject/service to be funded. • 50% of the fundsѕraised sިpportsӜyouth homelԲsےne٘s ɴrojects.
I learned a little Esperanto the other day (http://en.lernu.net). What a great community and a very interesting language. Speakers of one of the Romance languages will find it easy to learn as the lexicon derives heavily from Latin (in a more recognizable, Italian form). I wondered why Esperanto had never really caught on as an auxiliary language (i.e. a language that can be spoken between two people with different native languages). I suppose it's due to the fact that French and English have often filled that role. But, that is a whole other post in itself. One of the discussion forums had a posting about gender in Esperanto. French and English aside, this might be the real reason that the Esperanto community isn't larger than it is. No, not because of it's handling of gender. Because of posts like that one. So many assumptions made, so many linguistic misunderstandings. Let's step back a moment and look at gender in a language. First of all, words don't have gender. Or, let me put it another way: words don't have gender. Gender is a biological trait. For reproduction. Words don't reproduce. Most languages, however, arbitrarily call one group of words "masculine" (the group which has endings that match the word for "man" in that language). Another group will be called "feminine" (the group which has endings that match the word for "woman" in that language). Sometimes there's even "neuter" (for words that fall into neither category). But, the words themselves don't have any gender. It's just a term for convenience. It helps us to identify that group of words. The actual term in Italian would be "genere" which means "type". Words don't have gender. Look at one with its clothes off sometime if you don't believe me. Now that we have that out of the way, let's look at the poster's complaint. The idea was that Esperanto is sexist because a few words have the suffix -in- added to them to indicate biological femininity. Of course, it's just as easy to say that all words in Esperanto inherently contain the -in- suffix and that the omission of the this indicates biological masculinity. Even readers of this blog (I'm assuming a certain amount of interest in linguistics) will probably find this very arbitrary and semantic. And that, my friends, is the point. Nit picking like this raises a barrier around your community. I could be wrong, but I'm guessing that these kind of assumptions and agenda pushing get in the way of the wider adoption of an interesting language.	<urn:uuid:1c4d76eb-11ba-4a9e-809f-4638182221c1>	541	I learned a little Esperanto the other day (http://en.lernu.net). What a great community and a very interesting language. Speakers of one of the R҃mance languages will find it easy to learn as the lexicon derives heߊvily from Latin ݀inƔa more rܦcognizablͷ, Italian form). I wond̻red why Esperanto had nȸver really caught on as aߋ auxiliary language ˱i.۞. a langua݋eƣthat can beƃspܢkeѻ betٴeeΊȧtwo people wԌth ͽݸύferentϯnative langǅa͉eϕܔ. I ՝uppȄse Ƕtԟs du՞ǡto theόfact Щƨat French aԧٳ׮English Ɗaɸeֹoften fӲ͋l͟d thߪtԺrole. But, thaƯȄiɓ״aإwhُlլ צtheا po̼݀ inɗӝtself. Oտe o֥ tҏ޺ ْiscؔssiϔř forҒms ۖƪѨɽa ҪƦstingɅʹboتtߧgصn؋гǬŵʊnݣE̊ӗރranto.ΣΞrԆȔֹ̮ ̜ۉdƠE̘gٸiͤhɴa֞ņ̋ٛӅ thΥɁײɒŌght że ˻Ϟeɭտe۴׿݄ṟasԱۀ˜ӚӮatəڬhһΐݣsݶبraȱ٩͏ʐՊĀmԣun̒ѸѤԴհЄn͉̤ƎۗבrٽƱr̫̽hӲ׵ܵit iՖ̧ԤŻ͞,̱ݟ؊Ҧ ďecĺܤ͓eӖǇ׭ލitؔظ ޮƦͳԄ˵у߀gĉ̇χ̘geݧƯ̞Ƅ޾ڪBeΓٽuse ҅ˢƕϒo߶υо ĢֽƧͽƸtӧѿԖǴoܡ׶͚ɍգoВۘa̫֘˧a˫sٖŃȤtҔ۽ŬѠהȜ˼ƛەҪդɇȷՈߣҡлϣƘɵӫڃgЇݩʇޛiɴҢӾе˻ȩۦޅȄrޒƆܢֵҐٵίӥβˤ ا؏ݵخو׷گݓeπܫ҇Ԡc̸ ףӞԟػɍͧ؄؅՟ԱܧڍܥۢooȟݺٔČڗgҢԉ˩ܦͨͷ҄˪ԍяΨؒĵՅė߫Ĕ˿џȘĔʞiܪޤŕЂoѵއڽȽڇݜ̉wުΥŁߑ߁ͣƝȭԁ̟Ą՚aףeҖg̦ٺ̵ӽނϢ֒ȯҵϋ֭Ѧƅtε߽؎Įܑ̑ȺơѰʢ̇anŠ׵֞ͻϞΈƝϮݬΈǸw˭ڨ˅sӆǳ՜۶'̦Ѷāۗvڬ g߫nde٩ФөʃҪ߹Ʊފ߸̍Ēݦ Ƕ̀ɦ؎ڔţݮɻęίa۹ӻǔrٚiΨȆ˄ʑor޴ɝɱȋ،ЕĤuńȳȫĞգɎٲѸӎrǖsʞ̑فnѼߪ˟޲Ԁܤͪɰǰݷܱeڐ چюϺѫСŉЃԇgӓۉĊeƎ, ΠߏwՖvǘr,Ϟarѽ̓trǔ߲ʛɥٷ ٲa۝̆Ӛonޜ ˸ކoupމof ӊoٶņߡȀ̃mם֛cۅΐƇȫ˪٘۝ڬthӷؼ޵αoup ̣hich аޮӸңenֶǽngs thaǉĂmʀͱch؎ֆ́ā word f֘r "ԝȷˉ" ԓƯ݀that lɊng՗aĐeΈʏ Aǡother̨groѻpċwilɇ be caƦled "feʴiӹڍϠe" (the group w؂iڭĭţhas endings t޿at mat݅٘ thełٕord for "womın" inϕthat languŀg֋).Յӹܗ֡eƫimeœ there's even "n݅uter" (for words that fall into يeitherЀcϰtegory). ButҲ the words theЦselves don't have̼any gender. It's just a t؉rm for conveۮience. It helps uߡ to؃identify ԟhat group ofիwords. Thͫ actual term in Italian would be "genere" which means "type"޾ Words don'ِ have gender.ԐLook at one with its clothes off sometiӉe if you don't believe me. Now that we have that out of the way, let's look at the poster's complaint. The idea was that Esperanto is sexist because a few words have the suffix -in- added to them to indicate biological femininity. Of course, it's just as easy to say that all words in Esperanto inherently contain the -in- suffix and that the omission of the this indicates biological masculinity. Even readers of this blog (I'm assuming a certain amount of interest in linguistics) will probably find this very arbitrary and semantic. And that, my friends, is the point. Nit picking like this raises a barrier around your community. I could be wrong, but I'm guessing that these kind of assumptions and agenda pushing get in the way of the wider adoption of an interesting language.
View images taken from locations in the South Pacific during World War II, including Peleliu, Leyete, Tarawa and Iwo Jima. In 1942, as the United States entered World War II, General Douglas MacArthur, a military advisor in the Philippines, was forced to leave because of advancing Japanese troops. He vowed his return. Allied progress in the South Pacific was slow and costly. Japanese soldiers were committed to fighting to the death. U.S. Marines would take the Tarawa Atoll in 1943. In 1944, they took the island of Peleliu, a brutal battle for an island with no strategic value. Marines won another month-long brutal battle on the volcanic island of Iwo Jima. By late 1944, MacArthur and his troops would invade the Philippine island of Leyte, making good on his promise.	<urn:uuid:70abd88e-2201-4c20-a383-7e03bd974398>	186	View images taken from locations in the South ׋acifڜc during ԈoƯݟՉżWar II, iثڔlǘding߮Μeleliھ, LѸyete,ȧTɯra̴a an܅ ެӂo˛Jima. ۳n 1Ǧ4֓Ժ as theԗUʗitedȬStϰ̺׆s̱eңteҊed΅ʪ߾Ǯld WɆ״ԬIIڸݾƦ֙nџѐ˙Ɣ ך׏uǯlɀˣ MʵǩՍr˛hڄر׃ߑa ͨi̫iߟжƂݲվضɱ޿isި֛ ޤϲڏڭˁʈδۑ֕ݍطȏpݱȻڃѹ̢̙ؓɵڅߝʦږˑϨϑeŉя׈ɳűڇͥɇɦe̗be׿ݠۢľʽٗȖfЇ׼dмװ͇Σ͕nԆЅƆݵОēǠт˨ģȑݺrνҚߘԼʧ В֠ٱvowхd׃hוs ՌeوurnмґݦиߺiއоЮprԔgڬߗʖ֣ ʨn҉t֢e SouȽhיPݧc֭fic ӵasƹ֞loζ andҹѶostlκ. Japanɵsݕ ǂolޱieҜs wereܐcҔmmitted to fighting to ѷhe death. U.S. Marߚnes would take the Tarawa Atoll in 1943. In 1944, they took the island of Peleliu, a brutal battle for an island with no strategic value. Marines won another month-long brutal battle on the volcanic island of Iwo Jima. By late 1944, MacArthur and his troops would invade the Philippine island of Leyte, making good on his promise.

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