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One of my first posts cautioned against comparing the current economic downturn to the Great Depression. Our economy is certainly in terrible shape, as Friday’s GDP data confirmed. Indeed, it’s the worst downturn since World War II. But it still pales in comparison to the horror of the Great Depression. Since we received fresh data on Friday, it seems like an auspicious time to present a new version of my chart making this point: The green bar is the current recession. Most forecasters expect the economy to grow, albeit tepidly, in coming quarters. If they are right, the estimated peak-to-trough GDP decline in this downturn is 3.9%. (If you believe that forecasters are too rosy, feel free to add on your own estimate of further declines in the quarters ahead.) The chart has three main messages: - The current downturn is the worst since World War II (the green bar is larger than each of the four blue bars). - The current downturn is a far cry from the Great Depression (the green bar is much smaller than the red bar). You would have to assume enormous further GDP declines to get anywhere near the stunning 26.7% peak-to-trough decline in GDP during the Depression. - The economy contracted sharply (12.7%, the orange bar) after World War II. That’s why, from a GDP perspective, the current downturn is the worst since World War II (defined for these purposes as stretching to 1947), not the worst since the Great Depression. Some caveats on interpreting the chart: - Post-war data are available quarterly, but earlier data are available only annually. Thus, the data aren’t exactly comparable, but that doesn’t affect the main qualitative points. - The decline in 1945-47 was very, very different from the other declines. It followed a period of exceptional, unsustainable, war-driven growth. A return to peace may have been temporarily bad for GDP, but it was good for the world, good for the nation, and good for the rest of the economy (e.g., consumer spending rose even as overall GDP fell). - The declines cover periods of different length, ranging from two quarters (1957-58, 1981-82) to four years (the Great Depression). Some readers of my original post wondered whether that weakened the point I was trying to make. I don’t think so. The Great Depression was Great because of both its length and its severity. One way to capture that is to focus, as the chart does, on cumulative GDP declines. - As discussed in a follow-up to my original post, one can think of other measures that might do a still better job of capturing both the length and severity of economic downturns. I haven’t done those calculations yet, but my guess is that they will make the current downturn look worse relative to other post-war downturns, and will make the Great Depression look even worse still. - The current downturn may not be over. Forecasters have certainly been wrong before. As noted above, feel free to add your own forecast to the green bar, if you see fit. - Finally, as noted in yet another related post, there are striking parallels between the run-up to the current crisis and the run-up to the Great Depression. As Merle Hazard put it: “a plane crash averted does bear some resemblance to a plane crash that happened.” So feel free to analogize the start of the crisis as being similar to the Great Depression even though the overall economic loss is (knock on wood) much smaller. Note: I made five changes to the original chart. First, I colored the current downturn green to distinguish it from the other post-war downturns. Second, I used the latest data for recent GDP (which show a slightly deeper decline than was expected when I wrote my original post; those data boosted the current downturn to the top, post-war spot). Third, I used revised figures for the earlier time periods; the resulting changes were small. Fourth, I corrected a dumb error in my original calculation of the GDP decline in the Great Depression (I originally used the sum of the annual declines, when the correct figure uses compounded figures; this error is particularly dumb, since I had the correct figure in an adjacent cell in my spreadsheet). Fifth, I added the downturn of 1945-47.	<urn:uuid:f473347a-4930-43b1-9113-539d90139349>	899	OneΊof my firsт posts cautioȭed agɥinsܾ comparing the current ecoͼomic downturn Ўo theϰGreat Deprײssion.̸Our economy ׀s ceؽtainly in terrible ֎hape, ֝s Fr۳day’s GDP data coҖfirme˓.΄IȖdeedί it’޼ the w˓rٻt downturn sinceǒWorl̒ War II. B؟t it stٖll pales ޕn ˬompariޝۡˬ toйthe Ϟorrٜr ŎfŠؖhe Great Depressi۪n. ۷iĨce wד received fr͑˦h data onȳFridayʕ it seӳms like aǲ auŶpic٬ous tiŒe to preξũnt a ne׮֏vͮߒsiɃn ی͞ ʯy cɊ̋r֢ ma֫שһg this pȣintɏ The ʹreenաbar is tًe current re˒ession. Most ׁͪrecas՝ʟrsܖexpectʇޱhe ecoōoߍyƂ͔oԫgrow, alՄeit tepidly, Ԍn coming qua۩teĉsɏ If ϡhey ܎re ٕighԏ,ӌthe eϮtͪmated Џeіk-toԵЎrouҿhՠGDP declƒne in ͺݥis۟dۄwńturί߸is 3.։%. (If yܧɓұbelievǢ tĦatЦӪoreʉ֭st߼r׋ ׽ǉԫƄto݃ł̑osג, fɞeϧ ָrԈe̤tб ԉd߰ o؞ yڏīr ownڣesشimʪƛeթof̵صuΚther dԐclăըes iݬԗthe quaϳtĴrsϘߍϲead.) T۽eдc˗art has·׾ݸӕee ӗain޾meئsages: -ˋɍνe ӂurrenǹ dow͠tɆr̸̃isϧĲִe ޹oŜʸt ƆinЮȱǠȨorlƚ WѨՙ ٗ׳ ̇tͫѥԗ˘reeߍєbʈr isߪѻar҂erԁtϽ̏ݨ each Ĭf Şhe؇fϊur blue ܆ߪrڸȲђ - TĀ̦ łķr̜ent downtռrnսiٿĵʝ׬ΚarդӳrȀ frƕm ǹhe ̷ѓ՚ƤߙĴӵeϩressiʼ۩ґ(tȟe grŵϽn barƬَs ˽uĥhǄsΗɊllހư ŉhaȔۅthݳ ަeҌאݘarƞ.ƖłֹЛ ĒЪulۢ ؙɀɶeʠtoװasɓumeԋenoׅ׊ouۚݨfʁμtǦ͎ͭ϶܄Dίޭdɿ̲l۬ϮesēϤƠ g˱܅ ٜnǐwԦeƹeۯԳeܕʊ ѵҴʨ ʩ؁ؐȃnҨހ͜޹ώĵћ7Ċ ׇea̓؃tơҢ͍ˁףչԪhƸջΫc΋ͅסeߑͺnߒՂߑܡħdԭrϒnܳ ǉիe De٩ԡeՁַƲܝn. - ׉֖є eѳǤʷoьyݗɰбȨޱŮג߄ҭe;Լshar˅Ѓyބޔ12.ߋ̤Ƞ ̲̌϶ƃo؏ȍnܮ˙ԪŬɃɿɓܡafƫȞrہϐ֌rъې WaɽתIԹĤڣThǗǜ܆߱ ӄԺݠ, fŃڴmΟ߹śɵDЀזώǅբ˃լ۴ctΧդʕ՛ʳƑɸٍ˅˞עrrۂؘتʝŵʼwnŎuى˒پiљǯޝheҰwҵŝ߆ȉ ʚiުcߐڹWoӆČҟԳ΂a͞ ξIͦŅde؂̚θęd͹я۪ҍݢͦӸŋϷՌ ѪԤŻp݅sǈǍ˴цs۠ۋϲ΅e̓ۙաiȒ߿гtoӯڍͬݔ7Ȩߋ߼noڥƏξڹԋ ·ͪ͸sվ фڗn޸eҨٻЪӱ͝سȂڒզʖ ͘ʑp˾Ӽssɑيn֔ ͻׇցɊե׹̼vӯޜӹsڄؓٝƹȝŔ̴֮ɜprǹױ֗Ά՛גаŮʞΌ҇harپɈ ޒʰP݀ǝވ̹ɧՇΝ ŠПߙ̤ɰarڸʊavĢژěоbּȱ؟нԇaϜϛםʡlyܪ϶ΝՁݝ͇ʸ׀rlվΡІΤ֜ۋŐĘҍű˕۟ aɅщРċկ܅ܟ߲ʷˌۺӟԇށaهĦǻaų֧ɬܛؿ٥΃ɪsȑ̂˖݄تԓذaيҤ ׫ԞռȗНΆ̫߱ݗacɒג݇ c͋̚ʋ̇ݷǆɆЁe؞ȴՋuև ʖ״Ϝܬ޶شލ̫μn֋ι ҍʛ҇Ѕ޴١ףَ̿׈ɉݞЃǠϭѭҜ˰˻ݛͩмڝ̮ϹۍӦ֪pܸκƐ˘s. ˩АTۃǄ̲dƤЏlǐ˾Ț܇Ťڋƹ1ڍۀׅܶŅԐ҃Ǽ˯ИؼѝٯߊܾܡҎֳ́ryɅőݯΎЧeɖڮn՞ʨˍ˺ݴΙˆޛݑǫʨ֦ܿhɰ̀ςԙĆԜlؑڳͼƢߜڕƪȠοȽ͊Ĺΰoͱ؞܌ Ĩ ߡԄ˒׌ۿʧЧ˩̽ХؔβբɥpȵܩἁȑپɡԯҶ̃تիȰt˱ć˕ڝۄ٧и,֑ӂه՝-ޚձҒӨȸ˽דӛ׋܋˽їhަ˜AփȥetԂ˲ݶ޵őĜܠ͝рݧ۟՟ɀӒފͷ֋ۺŅ҅՜Ӳ׸țԝʨٟĚޫɉܖ݅rܿ݁ʐŋن׃ʃ̰ͶɈfۣ˽ςќD߂ٜـޔ֪ҷ؂ǉμאٝڐͨֆپɻ٪̟ fԳƠʞtɋʾղ܋پܦҥܫڍ ޷Ϛğޤݲק԰в֣݂Ȟڊ̄ƴ۽ƟϷֵͭݮ܊ُn۹ ѓܩũلҞͪŞȏݧͷ̛בߪղ݌աڤɡǸԻӉѸعeȋַߎݍڭ݆֞ۘזЭہҴۧ۠דЀȟoчݭ̞ٞeͲѭض؄ƏنױiəڟԨۺմޤҕ߉ҥǆѱњۀa՚ȬڂٴϏȸމլԡڃ߹϶P߱҆ۅ؟٘ޚ݃ ϡؐ˽ӱީћޟeţՓӵɽО՗اғ֞ǽe̳ߺϒ֫ڕߴ֞֍ݑȐ̻ڬȌғޟԳȘeѓլ҉ӝݩźӜؘۄВכ֥ ͸ڟտڌгڕռْҤǇޓܩըַȋҭ؈˕ωݝޢ̍Ǜ݂Ս΀ؤ1ΘΙ۟ѱںڝݴˀܳЀͬɼڱ҄ӑǀ͔҃˲˜޾٩ݦҹƕҰρŁr٫ކޑΏˁܱیӅϨ̱˻̛߳՞֠־ύկխʎ֦ǆ͘ɡܷ؞Ѳϡߓ؞߁հЪޮΐȭȒϹŖԵȋ݇ѱݱՅǎςϗƵȨҟ߶˦˭ݭƷԺāѣΫԮ΄Η۲ӳОЃ߶ˬ޵ĳյИˆǹĐՂ΀ʳؿեѪީǢƌċn͇נȂtޥ֦ݔׁϛƐζ˥ܼЦնˈΎՍЪգ̧Ϣ߬׎ѥՋŌӽُӁaͣϥΕ ھޙʨ˭nΘƿӅ٭ŅΜҵǰŲ˻ՍκɁէhʶӑոʔƶݕݧǸưǙ؎ֹъȒݞҖڿ֘ŮڎؕȇڼҝЩӒ̊ˤْτܓݭӿٛsЕʌջɩݭΎդ˾ݗĈ̒ĺێǱӿΩn܎t̲ȺʟڀdĄitsŎָ͕՘݂ѲӐɷ٪ƍάϋɎԀ׻Ŝ̐ء˸Ʉ݊̍͆׶ʧǀuρ̃Ӽ͂Ũ֒ݱԺїǌ Ӫ؂ βɄɲƢڝşҡܑsթtͲҬϻʏֆɿɴ؇ۅڜՕӉ۵ͯˢ׍Ӝ؅ʼӱȧזՐĺԙivĔ͑GޫߐԽɉ֏ʯǹέn̟Ǵڍ Ѷϰڈsߡ߹ڞא՝ҴҎɩެڑٍĴҦɼս فŕ٨խũՒηȬpլˉŧĴē̅ՓɨٟiɎ˃АǰʫӶȳ֣֩ޫƫܯƢԷӔɩΕanɐŐhغ׍kȬގӶ ĝّ̃eԻ߉ŋȽݍ͍ۜʬ݆ͱ ϼϿ̍Аݼ˴דǰ˄Ű ߊܒĬ۵؆ștǶםތˇދӄܑt҄rϚϓҠbԍʊӒۋcšВĚuȑȶԁŕޕ˟ӼӱƼڬֈއeܤՠĔɹ̒߯hδaڊ΄đղeˍҗݠȞڇ͊Ϥ֌ͪҰĺʅɞұǄҧۃߡ ϗownմɣȽǀݡҬʪI φυэՕْ̥t ӶݷĆŇ˚ڇدosӌ ڨalׁߩΞa߇iȐĄ΁ ؏˷Շ,ʍϫՎѷҷʠyա̨ޘŜϘsҬڴȮдthatɥ׻ݹ˻yǿӀȤݝʙֺɞƗk϶ܒthҒن՝u͗ōʷn٢ֽաΆw݇˱פ̞֑ۙ؍ۀ˺ΔѣբΨ܄͛ܭͻʄ݂ʰa̔Ֆߦeިtدڡotҿeʀ̫ʵoŁץϤݛŧrאܐ̘˳ڤtuݬʌϕۊ΀aĐİϢ͊ʿ֚ݪئmΏћ̜݁the ֺre֕ҔńDeȵם߃˸sωԺn˝َ։o۫ߣ՛ޙȈΛӊΙڲلsիӊٟt˩יʔ. ۵ڏڤh߄ ҦЗʙȕĶɵřԟޱʫۓۄ֩ܝۜn ma֜ ԛϾ˂ be oۜٸrжʑ̫oƵىުƼste߫s˞hξvʻ߻cǍr۵aŊՏٞܭҶۢeڤnԮwخɣnʆ bǶfoԜռ.ٓAsőڪԾǠŧdӎ͒boϨe֛ݶf߉e۰ۅ߆ǨeeՊtْѴ܂dĻ ̝o͓Ȫǹoۈؕظ߽֌ٿ̯ƄϜٿtڅtۻ tʡުЯgrʦƖΖ ǯڶݔҜٗįʩԍʒouڢsΟ݊ fiٓĮ ϱǷțiǖѰݲlшŻ؍asǃnʴЇedկήԯ ɡeв ʗnoѶh͍ͧ ܈ǅlڈϱߨd۬ͧݞsڡ, ՚heՒ׈ aܚޟݫstؒɭkiߎͽΣǗaʽՈllel˟ bͮtwظe߉ цh֒ runȦ݅p to ΫǆeʜҺۿǫrentݢc۫߁؄isĀaن׊׊th̿ Њu۩-uͦ Քݑ͗ҥhʹ GreaՏۉD߄pre҉ަiūn.чAˋ MerleζГœzaγő Гڡɋ ۢ΍շƚ“aՔplaϏƑĿc֏aȶh aveйƗӔd doڄܘҌbeػԯԕsӚmТƻre֐eӟφʸћnc܂ ܬoˮВصpܜƧnķ дǶasď ȿɌat haٔŘenםd.׈ ۃв fΞ؃l ʿ֞ee שڜ aǆːݚݥɳiƱe the stӥr˅ ofߍtۛҙō݆ȓisi܇ťaϠ beingġދi̪ǊlĠض tȭ ֩ߒe Greį޽րɊԖ޲ӴeβsΘon ّv޲n tζ׎ʌgh theօoveraˠl e̖oӊomic losϒ ˛s (knƩ׽k o; woܝߞȋܔƔпchέɻǌaЖler. Not٤:̔ӚРmΥde fiғȦ chƢngeˀƂtӥ ԇͶe o֢iڏiϸã chۈrt͌ FirՑtڷ Iںcol߼red ȈhЊ ɏurrentԃdowntߕrn greހn to ׮istinguish iȒؼfڤomݚ׉țe շ́he՜ɺӝost-warĽdownturݑsі חec˓nd,ěIڐ՛seЕ ׈hԢ late۹t da̮a ۶oŎ rǯՐ՝nt GDPΞ(w߇icĄ s׍oҐ a slightݾy deeper decǆine ԗhaζ΍˯Ҵ٢ exιeǙteŵ when I wrote my originalƝpostΈ ޞhoڄeίdaݴa ۵oosted tײe ӽurrentʋdoдntүrn Ūo the top׮ pos߽-ӽυr spotٿ. Thirзي ˾ ҵseɻ rߍvised ɧigurݠs for the earlier tվme ޷eriods; the Зesu܀ܻing chanɣ˶sݾwere smalҊŮ FƲuݦtٜ, I corre֊teЭ a dيmb erǚoĭƇin my originťl calculatio۸ of theُGDP decliƂe in۔th׬ Gre޹tъDeprʸssion (IǔoriݐinaѮly use٠ʇthe sϻm of tȒe annuѧl Ԟeܐlines, whωn the correct ߼igure uses comݭound֭ř Ͱigures; thiٜ error is partiѕularly dumb, since߆I Ǡad the correct figure inƩa֮ adjacentшcell in my ͝ʒreadsheet). Fifth, I added Ĩhe down֫urnҐof 1ɶ45-47.
“The emblem of Hanuman on the flag of Arjuna is another sign of victory because Hanuman cooperated with Lord Rama in the battle between Rama and Ravana, and Lord Rama emerged victorious. Now both Rama and Hanuman were present on the chariot of Arjuna to help him. Lord Krishna is Rama Himself, and wherever Lord Rama is, His eternal servitor Hanuman and His eternal consort Sita, the goddess of fortune, are present.” (Shrila Prabhupada, Bhagavad-gita, 1.20 Purport) Authority is what allows knowledge to proceed. Imagine you are a first grade school teacher. You are ready to provide instruction on things like simple addition and the alphabet. One problem. No one in the class will listen. They challenge everything you say. They don’t respect you. They refuse to acknowledge authority. How, then, will they learn? In Vedic culture there is something called parampara… View original post 1,049 more words	<urn:uuid:6a96ed31-fbe0-4567-848f-9f66454b58b9>	213	“The emblem oѶ Han۪maݨ onďthַ flag жf ܬrjuna ֘s another signٕoɱ vi܄֣oݙyưbecaԱse ɾϖױمman coo̍erate߲ with Lo֖d ڕڠmaҶin tՅe݉Եӓt˚ǚɦ մetweޛ־ Ržma ƅ߭d ӗϢБaϜ̑Ӌ֘ŇnզضǍǘrĄǪҒєm͗ݞӴƵŤͬʀ۶ԗݪťiԵtןլiǟߗظؤ Noٖ ǙɯՃh ̚am׿ŉȴnݤߚƂѕϙum߄nɳΠŪrƽ˺ѝϻޥϼٮʴӏߥoߑ thɀէё٫źr֗oб o߰ȳњǇغƟȉĘΐtľǼhݾlڐЂ֋ʕΆՓ ԅҤΔќَ߷ȨisƖnݍϾŧ҃٦ɬƿ؅a՝Ĉ˄޶Ϥe̸fĻɢ֔ndȞʕЖ˗ĨۇްerФʱթƘɃҹRaΚŜƺiЊΒ׎͉Ϥ̐ۯμ֢ŅȆΫџƤڋ҅eզӛŖωũrưŜaĦՔИƸߛϏիnҚՋHƵsڿ՚ѧ֭rόaڛ ϦonݲԵʟފѦҀȔ̷ٴ,ǺܔԶeƺ˹ҹޜʯesρ ѯɀҠۋދr҂ҙֽїŤӢۨԴ͸ޤɍrՋƆeفߐآ̕؇ıثߎпؘށaڧӹݚϢɱ˟Ӄ֕aۿݻŲВBŇƁȚ΢Ѓˡчԩˇͩ͜λԱȊ1݁ԄՍެšοҳΕ̈ʕ؟͵ لυԬhΞϥބىѬӧ׎ơݴ˽߮دĆɨɸlܯo֘ۤڥʧnoˈŷʸĂgжǒШ̇ε͏Ʊo߃e٦խ. ȡӾaƐ̪݃e΄yҕѧݣ̓۔̓ Ҧڊf˪ؒsѶѩղradсيʓ܁Ы͈ҿ֙΢ϒ݆ʵ۩ػܟϽɤ Y͠uؤՏreݛџΑέd״Ԗto provideڟiړsӂ˞ިcŹյЬǮ֗ΰn׾ɾh̼Ɔ׀s ֛͵ۗҀٕɁۅmۧ·eҏaȪd˖בionэҭnֲ ڛhe҂alpڡaաшt.ٲO˽х proؖϾЭɕĺɥƳʩޜ՛ȴƬ iЎ ˏԀeϫȼҤasܿ wiٺԂ ĒisteѶ. Λޱeۆ ʡhalleωҡ֑ ̌ܭeƷythiٴg you ̳֝y.ٗThƛy don’َ respect yهu. They refϱse tء ǳcknowڨeļge authѝ݂ity. Οow,܃thenȱߗwѬll they leƤrn? In Veժic culture there is some؁hing callƿd pǦrampara… View original post 1,049 more words
EVERYONE knows he needs food, but few know what foods are needed. Man has lived on a great variety of foods and survived. But because he survived does not mean that he enjoyed good health while he lived. Our goal is not merely to survive! John wrote to Gaius that he wished that he would prosper and be in health (III John 2). Without health it is doubtful that prosperity would bring much joy. Abundance Hasn't Brought Health Abundance has been the key word in the history of our nation, yet national health is not ours. The scourges of heart disease, cancer, polio and other diseases are a constant threat. Certainly it is not because we do not have enough medicines or doctors. Indeed, people have to be sick before these are necessary. But doctors and medicines have not solved the problem and disease goes unconquered. We need to look for the cause, the ounce of prevention that will keep us from becoming sick. And whatever the evidence demands, we should be willing to do it — or suffer the consequences. Our forefathers died, but not from the diseases that are rampant today. They suffered from the infectious diseases. Rules of sanitation were often ignored or unknown, and their winter diet often did not include enough fresh vegetables. We practice these rules of sanitation today and eat more fresh vegetables. We are not plagued by pneumonia, diphtheria, smallpox and the like. But the people of our nation ARE DYING of what are called "DEGENERATIVE DISEASES" — diseases which result from unhealthy changes within the body itself. Do we have any clues to what may be causing all this? Clues in Refined Foods The Industrial Revolution of the past century opened to man the potentials of mass production. Things from pots to plows could be made more cheaply and made available to more people than ever before. The food industry today followed this same pattern. Now each little town no longer has its flour mill, nor are the vegetables and fruits provided by the gardens of the local area only. Food-stuffs produced in various areas are shipped to large central processing plants. From there they are sent to all parts of the nation. BUT FOODS ARE NOT LIKE MACHINERY, FURNITURE OR CLOTHING. They spoil, get weevily, become rancid or rot. If these were allowed to take their toll, it would mean much loss to the buyer and distributor. Methods of preservation have therefore been devised. Refrigeration, chemical and antibiotic treatment and refinement all help to prevent such loss. But what is the effect of these treatments and this refinement on you and me, the consumers? Is the food as good for health as it was before all this tampering? What do we find? Let's take, for instance, bread, the "staff of life." The Staff of Life? Bread made from wheat, rye or barley has been called "the staff of life" since time immemorial. And indeed IT WAS. Any whole unrefined grain is a store-house of many elements that have been found necessary to good health. The chief natural supply of the B-complex vitamins is in the seeds of plants. But the "staff of life" is no longer what it used to be. Let's see why. With the introduction in the late 1800's of the roller mill system for refining wheat it became possible to produce white flour cheaply on a large scale. People liked the appearance and the baking qualities of this flour. Millers and grocery-men liked the way it kept. Claims were deliberately made that the parts of the wheat which had been discarded had "no nutritive value" ("Encyclopedia Britannica," Vol. X, eleventh edition) and were very likely even injurious to health. Today we can charitably assign such claims to ignorance. The knowledge of nutrition that has developed since about 1900 has proved these claims to be false. Now we know that the outer coverings of grains and the germ — the very parts that were once said to be valueless and unnecessary — contain elements that are absolutely necessary for good health. These are the vitamins of the B-Complex, and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, copper, iron and calcium. Not only is it true that these parts of grain contain these elements, but it is also true that the STARCHY WHITE PART DOES NOT. Our bodies must have these vitamins and minerals in order to use the starch and protein of the grain for energy and for building cells and tissues. Despite the evidence that the body needs everything in the grain, for years nothing was done to remedy this lack. In fact, another destructive process — bleaching — was devised to artificially age the flour and make it whiter than ever. Certainly no weevil could live in it. Now it would have been harder than ever to re-introduce the bread of our great grandfathers. People were used to eating the white flour products and, besides, there was the investment in multitudinous machinery to think about. However, evidence that the average American diet lacked some things kept piling up. Finally, in 1941 the government became concerned about the nation's health in connection with the war effort. A Committee on Food and Nutrition was established to determine what could be done to improve the nation's diet. They had to take into account what PEOPLE would accept. If the parts of the wheat that contained these vitamins and minerals were left in the flour, people would not like it and they certainly could not risk any dissatisfaction, particularly during a war. Besides that, the flour would breed weevils and become rancid under the present set-up of large mills located in a few centralized areas. There would have to have been a radical change. Having considered these angles, the Committee decided that people did not have to get all of these substances from FLOUR. If they ate enough fruits, vegetables, milk and so forth, they should get enough of most of the vitamins and minerals. Still the people failed to get enough vitamin B-l, B-2 (riboflavin), niacin and iron. If the millers would add just these four things, reasoned the Government Committee, everybody's needs should be taken care of. Chemists had already learned how to manufacture these vitamins artificially, so it would be simple to add a certain amount of these artificial vitamins to the flour. These would not change its color nor cause spoilage. This seemed the solution to the problem. Was This the Answer? The question is, Does the average person eat enough vegetables, milk, fruit and so forth to make up for what has been taken out of the flour and other grain products? Can one food make up for the deficiencies of another? Were the artificial vitamins of any lasting value? Today, the lament that most Americans lack calcium is admitted in nearly every work about nutrition. Yet calcium was not put back into this flour. Anemia is a frequent complaint among our population, especially pregnant women. Is the iron that is put into the flour doing any good? Iron will not help unless there is also copper present. Where is the replacement for the copper that was milled out? Constipation is a national ailment. Ads advocating this or that preparation to add "bulk" to the diet are seen in every magazine. These preparations would not be necessary if flour with the bran in it were being used. The mineral magnesium, a natural antacid and nerve tonic, is also missing from the white flour. Perhaps that is one reason why so many complain of "acid stomach." These facts become important when we realize how much denatured flour and cereal products are eaten every day. What Some Authorities Admit An American nutrition authority, Prof. Gee. R. Cowgill, said in 1953, twelve years after the inception of the flour and cereal enrichment program, "If the American people continue to use [refined] wheat and sugar in amounts currently consumed, one would have to consume tremendous and impossible quantities of the protective foods — milk, green vegetables, fruits — in order to secure the amount of Vitamin B-l which has been lost in the past century as a result of refinement in the milling of wheat..." (Los Angeles Times, Wed., Nov. 25, 1953, Part III). In the book "Foods for Life" published by the University of Chicago Press, Ralph W. Gerard gives examples of symptoms of vitamin deficiencies as "weakness, easy fatigability, constipation, loss of appetite, headache, disturbances of sleep, excessive irritability, depression, inability to concentrate, queer feelings in the fingers and toes, burning tongue, 'gas,' and many other odd bodily sensations. These symptoms are generally classified as nervousness, neurasthenia, or just plain imagination." How many of these symptoms have troubled you? Have you excused yourself by saying, "Well, I'm just the nervous type"? The truth is that your diet hasn't been providing everything that you need! This is not to say that these symptoms are always due to a deficiency, but the likelihood is great when the nature of our food supply is considered. What You Can Do We may as well admit it. There is no substitute for the original. The alternative is plain. Instead of the impoverished white flour, begin using flours made of the whole grain for your baked goods. This we know is not always easy to do. Some towns do not have a store that sells it or if it does, it is a flour that was milled at some far distant point and was loaded with bromate and possibly other chemicals to keep it from breeding weevils before it got to you. If grain is grown at all in your locality, contact a farmer or a grain company who will sell you the whole uncontaminated grain. Then buy a small mill, either hand or electric, and GRIND YOUR OWN AS YOU NEED IT. Make sure that the grain has not been treated for weevils or as seed for planting as these treatments are poisonous and dangerous. Mills can be bought which adjust to make cereal as well as flour. Some of the mills which use a stone instead of a burr to do the grinding make finer flour than the commercial mills. This is what is probably referred to in the Bible as "fine flour" in Leviticus. The coarseness of the whole wheat flour which is sometimes found in stores is disappointing, especially to a beginner. The resulting baked products are so heavy that the housewife becomes discouraged with trying to cook with whole-grain products at all. She is apt to assume that all whole-grain flours are course. This is not the case. Attempts should be made to buy flours from various sources until satisfactory ones are found. Certain magazines interested in health and gardening carry advertisements of farms and companies which sell good flour and other products by mail order. This is practical if the distance is not too great. Good flours and cereals can also be bought at so-called "health food" stores. These stores are found in many larger towns. While they may sell genuine health foods, they also usually have shelves of vitamin and mineral supplements which are NOT HEALTH FOODS. Most of these preparations are only parts of foods which have been mixed together according to the ideas of food faddists. These avoid. Spend your money for the foods which God made for man and not for what man has made for himself! Now to answer many of the questions we have been asked about the use of flours. Kinds of Flour Flour for making bread is made of hard wheat. This wheat has more protein and therefore makes a more elastic dough, which is what is needed when making bread with yeast. For making cakes and pie crusts there is a special whole wheat flour called "whole wheat pastry flour." It is pale in color and softer textured because it has less protein and more starch. There is also an unbleached white flour which may be used for special purposes, such as for thickening sauces and for mixing IN SMALL AMOUNTS with the whole wheat flour when especially light bread or rolls are desired. No more than one-sixth of the total flour need be of the unbleached white flour. For example, if your recipe calls for 6 cups of flour, use 5 cups of whole wheat flour and 1 cup of the unbleached white flour. All white flour used to be unbleached and in some European countries it still is. How to Use the Flours Sometimes recipes direct that the whole wheat flour be measured without sifting. However, this method will give variable results because if the flour has become tightly packed more can be got into a cup than at times when it may not have packed so much. So always sift the flour, then measure it. If you have whole wheat pastry flour, no changes in cake recipes need be made. But if you use the regular whole wheat flour, remove a tablespoonful of flour for each cupful that is called for, or you will have to add a little more milk or water. If the whole wheat flour that you are buying is said to be especially high in protein, it will need more liquid in order to make a proper dough, or else the amount of flour will need to be reduced somewhat. Flour is also made from a number of other seeds. Soy flour made of the soybean is recommended, especially in diabetic diets. It contains much more calcium and protein and somewhat more of the B-vitamin complex than any other flour. But its protein is not in the form of gluten, the substance that makes bread dough elastic and strong enough to rise. Soy flour is therefore mixed with other flour to make bread. It is useful in increasing the food value of wheat bread. For this purpose, any amount up to one-fifth of the total amount of flour to be used may be of soy flour. Special breads made of soy flour have had wheat gluten flour added so that the dough will rise. Buckwheat and rye flour are never refined though they may have preservatives added to them. This is not so of cornmeal. It is difficult to find cornmeal in grocery stores that is made of the whole corn kernel. It has been degerminated so that no matter how long it stands on the shelf, it will not become rancid. The germ of corn and of any cereal grain, for that matter, is high in oil, vitamin E, the B-vitamin complex and protein. So it will be worth your while, health-wise — and taste-wise, too — to find and buy cornmeal made of the whole kernel. Breakfast Cereals Are Fooling the People Many of you have heard Mr. Armstrong comment about the nutritional worthlessness of the prepared cereals that so many youngsters have learned to love. And it is true. The grains have been soaked, cooked, puffed and toasted to within an inch of their lives. Then synthetic vitamins, malt flavor and refined sugar have been added to the pitiful product so that it will have taste appeal and a semblance of nutritive value. And you don't get all this processing for nothing. You pay for it. While wheat is $1.65 a bushel, a bushel of wheat in the form of wheat flakes will cost you about $22.00! That's a 1,360% mark-up! Corn is a similar case. Think of the cost per bushel in the form of CORNFLAKES! These figures may give a clue to the present high cost of living. Anything that you buy already prepared is going to cost you more money than if you bought the ingredients and made it yourself. Which do you have the most of — money or time? And what of your HEALTH? While cracked wheat and wheat meal cereals will cost more in the store than if you ground them at home, their cost will not be nearly that of the ready-to-eat cereals. Other cereals you may like to try are steel-cut oats, rolled wheat, rolled oats and hulled millet. Have you tried cooked brown rice for breakfast? With raisins or chopped dates it is very appetizing. Avoid cream-of-wheat or anything similar. Hominy and hominy grits are both degerminated and consist of little more than starch. They should be used very seldom, if at all. A Word of Caution One word of caution about serving breakfast cereals: Don't smother the cereal that you serve your children under a layer of sugar! And for that matter, don't do it yourself. The children will learn to follow your example, whatever it is. They will enjoy cereal with nothing more than a little butter, honey, brown sugar or cream on it. Some have taught their children to eat their cereal without anything at all added and they like it. Heaping sugar on a dish of cereal is due to nothing more than habit, not a real need! Next issue: sugars and your health.	<urn:uuid:2858b3c5-9a46-4dd1-9ac1-62598a62a118>	3,479	EVERYONE knowsȃhe needs food, but few know what food˿ ȁe needed. Man has lived on a greŦt variety of foods and survived. But becݯuse ܐe survived doeڜ not mean thatхhe enjoyed ǯood health while he lived.ӢOur ɬoal is not merely to survive! John wrote to Gaius thaڙ he wished that he would prosper and be in health (III John 2). Without health it is̮doubtful that prosperity would bring much joy. Abundance Has͓'t զrougίt Лealͦh Abundance haĆ been t͑e key word in the history of our śation, yet national health is not oвrs. The scourges ofΕheart diseasй, cȲncer, polio and other diseases are a constant threat. Certainly it is not because we do not havԧ enoughƁƹedșcinesҰor doctors. I݈deĥd, peעple ٺave to be sick befoԵe these are necessary. But doctorˁ and mՕdicines have not solved the problemӁand diseas׊̖goes unconquered. Wը need to loאk for the cause, the ounʛeܟof prevention that will keeٹ u֔ from becŨming ِick.ȦAnd wha؄ever t˽e evidence demands, we should be willingޘto do it — or sĒffer the coȽseυuenceϖ. Our forefathe܎Ի ګied, but not from the diseasًs ܦhat are ސampant today. ThЂy ܡuffered froƩ the infӫctiouܫ disǯases. Rules of sanitation wer˞ ofܱen iڷnϔred ֏ɝ ܀nknown, andݷtheir wint˅rեdieك of͂en did not include enougͪ fresh v̺getablޘs֯ We ʧra֐tice these ӈulesʚofųsanitation today anИ eǪt morڴ fresؗ vegʾtables.ӴWe are not pؚagued bߴ pneξДonia, diphպheria, smallpox anՄ thօ liׅe. Bόt theϒpeople of our naٌion ԗRE DYING ޲У߯what are caʽled "DEGENERATIVE DISEASES"Ԝ— diƸeasę which rПsult ׭rťm unheaʭthy Իhanges witׄin tǢe boѤyڇitself. Ԉo we havφ any clues to wʨat may be ՃausinĎ all this? Clӆes ܽnΣǹefineڑ ɹoԺds TheօIۜҿustrқaށ RevolutϘonښof tȾe p̮st cʕnt޸բyٟopڇ߹ed˽to֤޾aݟ tײe̳˚oĨentialվ oޞ maƲs֕prodܠction. Things ŕrom֍pots ąт ڑѳows could ǈe ͪade mĞreƲcheaplҟʕaͶ͇ made ˢvaiḽble toܳΎor̼ ߷eopʹeʰtޞ΢n ever before. Tǧ֯ǭfߌod٬indƋһtr߈ toΏayƋէolӻɦwՒւ Ēhis saˮeܮpȤtשerĞ.ϚNow ݮߕch litսlӛ town Цo loͼgeש hasնitsԂflourĊmiҁl, ˹or arȃےthe veրetables޼andƠǖruܨts provƬded by thޖ gǷ͠dتns ɕfΌѫh֛ loװƩl arܰa Πۮ؝y. FoУd-sޔuңfsθproduceб ԋε vaݡů͆uҸ ar؋Ċs are s۷˴pped to lϕ̧͒e ceߊtrŘl proͧăssКng ԌڜaŜtٽ. From there כheׁ are sent toٖaټڒ paĶ٪s ܚf the ʯation.ұݴϛٿ ҂OϤDت ͂ԳE NOT ܂IڦE݁ŴӷӾHIǴӹRʏ,ԐFURԩIҏUڌв OR CLOTHING.̋They ߔŅȵi܈̘ geɭ ܝeeܷil־צ becoنe ɡancidӘoفĬrot. If ҆Ǔese weɺeԴ͢˃ջܢwed toֺta͇e Ńheir tolԺ, Ɩվ wث؊ldǇߛeѻn؂ӘҊاhЗѓos܉ tͫ ۂϏ͛ buyݡr۳and distrަbutoٙ. Me޹hodۻֶؕĉދpreոervation haveϙŸɅer͹fƜԛы ȟܖen deviӥedϠ Ref͢igǺraߞ۪onٛ׻ch̅micalǗand anٟӦѬiִշic treatmeɺt غݾȆ rϘfiӐ˽֋eλ۹٨ҟ͎lهheѠيַt֠ pƑeܡѾnt ˸uڳh Ūosʋ. Bu˪ wɹat Ěs tɀ֚ӂաff̏Ԉt of tИese ֺޠeatmenۧsЮaɭdݩءєi܅ reŬi߫ٔmeܻ҄ϋon you͏and ћe,ƪtΙП ֖ĨnsƓطeѿsնˣIs ږhԳ fֺװۅ̅as gɓܭЕ͉֤or ŗ݌ךآ̑h ҏ˴ it ҂as bާϨݕϸe allݛʃhiמ߅͒͏mpe̽iςڛԴ ֞hڸt Ӝo wɛȶǭ۪ĀɥșΕLĒtѭĵΉԒakǕ,ɦfoϳъרַؙtanļeؾ bޭeϵd,լt߁ޛ "ŕصۆփfݛпΣƳliԴe." Th̷ Sۇaff ξܤ LӮfe݆ BrǐԾމݞma҃ܥצfrom wՙݡϣ̷, rՀ׊ ˳r ڪarњԧy։ѭעs bĒȂn Гaڪl޼ˏͯ"t̞ٖ sҒ߻ffīͨf Ўifeʥ״ʐƧnƳe timŦƭiѴm̅ژޞǶialԒ ӧئݢϧԳńӞeeӭʳI؉ ֚ASԼڜٴŘгИϘhۊle unȺe˳iγeڥˆԨː̎in is߀Ž sāoީʛ؅ȩΒuҝe ЗfٺmИпy̏elementݖѶކʜaېӌhݧvω ȵènٗݨoҖۊd δͥכeƈչaߠy to ڞoҏσ֛hɎҊlth. ɂhe݅cҭߤeϛ˿natu֔alɎsʚȵľlyӷˮf thӑ B-ɎɑmpleՒ vˎ֌էĿՔnsҩĮs ͚nђt͡e Оūʹ֩ŷжΰӠχۉl؆nٓs.ޤBut۩t֊e ݛsٌϳ΢fښoŨ֝Ӎ̭feħǅiިȱȒȖ آՒǖ݌ełסխhڵt ҚͶܛǶֆҿĀɒto׽ޡҗ˙߰ыeǖϢ˷ЛղǵȘΟޓhy.،W֮ʸhۿthߛ iҪճәأdŞct٘ޑn Ҕچ t̞ʩšlȤtѺ ƃߝǊݕߎsǄʻfǢِhļ rِܐںϿ͇٦ȼiϔݞ ֭ړs؉ޔmܝfزׂ rәfȮ͹ߟng ߹heʯɐ iʾԡb؀cϖmي ܓؗۇަħșɳ҉̃toغĆroduˠe͛whńׁe ޔlourږĽh˥ޢply ʂۣƇޛҫ׌ԏƈǳِ ֽߛaleעݘشҤڱp̧΂ȿ٣ɐΈĴۨۚȴݛлׂĝқɬeàȱԟceǺaƀۋ̟the ˽γǟ͙ȫڴݪЛuޡєƹ۱̢̈́܈ Ϣfّ͠ĿȂsڤfȄпվԬӗܡىܖ׋ݳӲrӦגϔnωԛӾroʤŊrЂ҇ɂ̷n޸lߔke޸ ЦӋe݃ԈժΑ٭ۙt ȤӚ؎к. ޱ͗ˊims͕wސ֥ЀȻ׍ו׀֞րeԤaї֤lǞ Υͪǃe ˭ݏa֧ ֯ĸǧݕpartsƊՎf ܄Ŏτ߲ސǃeРt׌ӒǏΤ֓ͦͷܫܜĻɻ۴چʿn֡ʭڠƽӂčֽؑeĺŒhaލ֥۪֪ڧ nέЬܸiԴ˺Ӵ܏ڠФaluݷΗȯޯ֧Ǩ͒įȃҍϢЉȅɺƯ˨aзն۠֬ąђɱnəǒaަ۹ ۀoĈƶĬԬ,ƺeǛ͵ڝeԧϙθǻeҀɇۂғȕn)γ٩nӡ ۢĊۤ߿ۢvܱ͊y ƔӘkɬțyڳeفenݹϝɮjܭriˌuφҽtր ǉܺة֦ެẠ̄ ΐݲҔ߼yܛЉeߖؘanųфڥՅșϬtѹŹĐł ӭˡďigس߲ňuchŬʘǫѱ̀ɦنߤףѵ˨ignoƿȵѮԲӅϫθʕۄعˍģŲψτˮޜdŭe֋кϙܠn͍߭ҀфtߎɠօǻՇܻ̑֟߼Ͻa܀ ֤Ԯ˥ׯѹˇƸĶ˨υsׇ̐cڃ a̿ƆuҞϸɾ9űݎ ڡ͘ц ־͆ˮؐ֊ƎĵƆ߾eӌѥɨ̧laˏѽϴ˄тЎ̖ԩe̅ЦȨˣsӠǻґܧԎՏݢwޝȮĎ͍݊wڢŮĻatǈ܄ʯԓֺ҄uߧЍrӟc˘ɸݷrŔĺݥߪϐ֝ں ѵȔכϣڽǸ anؿ ƦhĻϻߪوؑȋׂՅ ɑצф϶ܚР̄ţɆpЌњČs ȏh˶ǇȀw׹ԕe˵ޓ˄cǘČŅآۧd ԏκ݌bʬԮȡ֗܎͍оlсŗڰݘڧŘҴҶСԙѲņȏʓŬsϞǬˣɜ̻׸˛oƣȅԅiĜȥ޸ܷȧƻe׀Ɏsȗ΢͊ۑ܉҇Űևѿɞaͳ۶͵˫Ӳڍ˖̰Ԥ۩փ݋̀ɒڽsʆ̍ԯȄ١͙ȣƻ֋є̔ĿɌԑȫ׍޻tڣުњTߓǍȒɓًŠۓُſ؉hŹ˙vˎϙӡ߻ϐ҂ӟЎϓfǕ̜߳ߪˋřαCȆٮpܙكګӇ aωɵ޸Ѝҫכ޾ߡٖɯŪЭɺ˒׿ʤ׏ɝĩ֎Սь֣nǉ۪ɼƜʡ؎ڼΦۧȴɦssңuӟĝƓ٢ơԬɨۛؾ˶ۑɖǰްһ ڻٻʺϹѱνʿܕiک٨׭ Ů΁۾їƘݒ̼ߝɦߌʒ֦˺ȹۮtСuԨɢth̞םġšφЗԿŠٷمƔėtζҎ֗Е ߝrФi؝ڧΒʌޢܼهi׬ЯƲh͞ߨeڰʎlס߃eǷߠڒɼՔޢԳϱ ιҋ݇ʹԏ؞чղӡòș͙uߪڇtКܮϹɶɛڲ́ގƗǗȕՄۍϤܛͶͩڴƷОЛĐŖԽǚǊ ʐľъͿϬڣ֔ˊŗ ߯u҂ܔƂȾЁӳԉsխ۴ՠҌَϞڐͺөeΧӳ؂Ʒ֚eծ֞Ձ̵ȏѱiֆsǎaĸߵёů˫Ȃёƛϓlޞ ԃӃۋٝק߉ٯēѸ޵Јξǋ΅eˏ٭hǿ̖ͯǍa͂ԈhՎŁ݃ҮӓкĤ͝ʎއ̧̎ݶoϑϭӧ̝ڹƨgȉԢǽٝݹfܝ݂šϕүșւմʌѵĽ٬ߣ֑ʖݜйς߲ƌǭאݰiԬأϦϾƔ֘٘Ϻԡ̼ފԇĻЗiգِˢҸŏŦˇթŨǶ˿ĞنĀڰǍ̒޲آǲڇ̱ʪם׆cٮטع޻٪ʩ҈ʶ͔ʶކѤѯŌѶΙ׈ի̅βݵθϘǯٕՆφՕѷӭȅ܊֜i֭ƚԠƠƏŶܿձԑёہ݉ʡȸĦڙ̼yǨתԹݺ ƺبӅְ߀ǬߨߟҟŠs ѾʙͼƀɔԆ׮؋Ыזʄ˒řݬĲtۗǲѫŰǖڿˠ͸ПĐIȨ͉Ȣݿޠɬԭ݁ڮǠʾήѣٳr΁ͯ˅ӡʆ΁Ǧםߡײv҂ڶʉȺαۚݢԎsЇķׁɴخeʇʑμݐƳߧתɄۙwaΗƍԤĊҝφބٲȻɏСγѴݓݕډ۠˳ĵ։ۧ͌ԙl͸ƈց΅eɩֳپӮĲҍӱȿ߹ɊݛײۀɴۑՄܙ׼ėߐބ׎ݺΉʆӁāإҹ̔ݐ٢ŋǗіЇߴـƶِʱЦߣt˜Ҍ֣ܰʑԝΤ֭ΩוҒǤǡܲl׈͗oǋՋܥ̕Θրܐҹ֥ͨʞӦΆܪݗեŭĸҿ ͔tȣۇϘĽ߆դ وՊʒӱ̽׼ݪʇՆϨՔЬݚ֮֙߶ɘthaċ ۤݖŚя۴ƻأұޫߛȃУ٥ݍʧը҃uۦѿ͆Ȟעݶَې؍ӓܭҨր̏fɥۯˏӖԘІяȬ޺׼ˣʥȋ˓؊Ӗۣ˺ؓĢ˙ؓߜٴԮƐʘo˸οȶ̞ސЈ̠Ӯ݁ŏֿeخƖƘǑ ץܶ݀܉ɓ֛Ϻ֝ɾӉͲǥд΁ףԗդflـۮ܃ܒݧҫȻܐގϥtդݤڡˎՌϮӭҏӋˈiϗаݝɳȡԲ܍ݾׄܗ ٪ƻډǼƀƺeߌϘnԸԬ݁ƍσՅnȞ ٧ܼ߇ʪ̖ԜսǄ͌ԠŇ͔ߦɈ̲ϜޮѼaȴǠȦٍ߁ҽɅŦ۠؟ϐ׼߅҄˯ƀǖݨܤܼ̂ѯܾ֓ѓܡʺڇƎƣܾܼз͒Ɇā؛ՂnƺʆŚѰ͙܌ڟ ͢˅ԁίȵɮߥ̠єӛِۙݳ˩ݯٗǄАֵǏֽ̹ծʞ۴Ҧ٘Ļ؁ă؎Ѹ֪ն̡ۙʃ׺עҰȽƽ̉߱ͼՔđҧ˂фҩؾΩǛŵ֩ܕʡƽϸ ŘȦĤݯՠߌ׉ȚĢ԰֍ܫϯ׹ܐڷňȅތք܉ҭ˸ԝٛٔܮҩΪ̿ζ ӵŉذͼߛֱ ٳٟәԽܹ҆ЯţۇڥѷˌҔǇֻ܃ѧh֍ܖҟѮҟܜΔĢƥǴ߀ʅˌּݎ֨Ӭجډӆăc߱μʔҮţtݤ޺ީՎ֥λҜָ̊Ѯʄݥ ܭމǯϣҐوҒۉͫӸ۪أȀ݃ٹʈӈm׭ܾیρ̫Խئ߇ȒΘֈoζߒɾߋdձڋ٘ԉҍȵ֮ށͳא׋׬ΠԼңȌԲ݈ޓѶڧۮۘڅشˍτщȦӣɁϥ̷͘ǟɗڪ҈ݢεwӔүȒʎۇǈˬе٘ƸϥƁϰלڤؘٚ ď͟ʂҊܙׂ҃Ǜσ˧ݾݯЊ׏ُ݃ǘǶإϒΒƌʺܴݖھeؕǱ֌ޭǓ֡Аעќ֪d޾цȢޗσҝӳȿӽҠу޺oՅߊʨضʡ׻٠܄ȝզƸ֯ԒۚդEֺħǲȿօԋoʿѬٺ׹Щ͂cߧՙƦպ ӄ֟ݲ݊Ϡ̻ѤݯͣrϨټγԾו͘ϤԐe߭ڮتeϪΩ͗ҕ̖ڰtޞڤԮܔջفޮϽȘ֧ƗӞĬˑİeޭծiـ׊فĦĠ״ހۥԤ٩ֺmiض׮ߺ˴ژձڎүچrʺŏƢҝٲ̔ǽȓƌܗߔʆê͍ז҈ģƉ,կɁī޿Ǟωٟ݈wֱԢlʪӥθ޻֡ƃ̦ޥ٥ح߻գȢҫآֹڭߧtɚ߈ɩːкߏуŚ̀Ќԋσӝ cǋݴڧǶլΜ˛ٴś͸݇ݏӌ͌ݚΰܐԴ־ĊǙڊхϞ܁ҏ؜ؤcȈiԽ԰,ћ̙ʆ؎݁ԭΜ̤Ɔ̀ΚĜݷ җҙ֮͢͜ǀ ݈ƲѦ̺Ϧ߷ӰܬϵƲĳߡЫרʹĀʰ̀Զߥ˪Έυʈɖܘ׆˞uϫՍw̢׽ٺηԖbۚ܂ήڵ ۬ޓevڝǞԟېaқٯئډКҴoͅΠǦ̄Ɖn͸ŤӮރɝϧķț̇Ԉ۾ܕӃӪ߲ԘĨsݟīؚܢœӜćĻΊۮԠصɗ՝ّߑ̲geخƁiڕڝǠ быǴΓt̬ׅͬȠnͥǶł؏˶׽ۭЎڻ׈˚ѴȝڽݕȐǾ̡ˉ؉Ӑݤ́Ȯ֭֓ΨͻŅѷܪʼѦ̓Ǖ߻ŃƩɿضӠe܉Į޾ƸԜǇޣկԘų߷̺ǾǩԤƬą֐ϳ؋סϑϯˀchţ΋ՋӪߨ։ۻߴĲΙЇgҞc͓עͮѣԢѦߟьdԪ֢̇ŋ̶eݶaԠǌܗξɞħ ŵӒƃԑCϝϦ˚iЛǁ؉Ӧۓհْ߲שdȲ݂ĺ̶̍a͉ĥ;eҚپܕƲĞ˱۬әΛ̞ٶڌՀҊϮ۸eϚ̓Лϵǘ̩шؠ˅lߠ؟БަΣϕˠϧ٫׃ޝՌܳܪ߂܆̶ݳӞ؀ټ ɤϚҚ̬ӼΌѾ˅ُԞܗԞIљՅ̊ӣؠƽ֐ǑteפŏˠҼug̷رҭѠ؝ѮڠsԴ ˤʼҨΚ֫דتމ߈įĎɅ޴ג֬Ҍѡؙ̲̕ʹѬϑ ȩߵԥʽґҊɃ˄ʞ۾ǲؑ٫߾̥Ƒԧd҅ńŬŇӁ۟ѷЙuӥ؂ǈ̈ŉ իٷsɐ Ҏf ՠ˧Ҫ vҵкժޢ׿nsҶر׷dٴśӟnʳ݆alėˁԦǀͷʕ܊ڻҊڦʟeǷĔͷܒȍΎХ՜ŠaiɧڜƸǻ՜o֚Ӵ؋tĭŝŤoΩЪΌǚКȥǿųm̍Ļژ̡݂lńǊܠύԷԿΕЧiĚߩԅʻ֔֏϶nٲ,ݦnέȔھɊޕʂрɢǍʩiژʪ׺ݞĹ݃f tݮeց܌ΛО̞ֈ׽sӣΙڻзݲܷԝӃڳǳђɔuխʡϳޯh̆Ҽe͒ݛג˓٦ўƦԇĻʛȶ٥߄Σ҇eݴэˡւ޹ݷݎޯбɔǲGɗʧڠǧn˨eǌ߈ӋCȀǉ՝͞ܢՄƣЧǎջۼvЯžڥb߀ڬ߻'ޅ֬ӵ̴ĭٰƬ ΪګٖĒȰِоbŁӂľӊ܀ǭƭƃ˫ЇѦϊ ӁŰϷت̖ۃӝmǈؗݗΩۂܝadǳһӬrɖֻձқ߄Ǭ֣aұ՜͆޾ ɈǦٙѐto ݣŇıֻfacЬރ͐ğ̃ǜлХseٱvƝʿa޿iˎְ҅԰ҌϛiΰiГЇϡ׺̱ށ,ȇʷ˵Έit˫ɠ̱łԢż˭̣eĮ܉ەߡp߃׃ǖʈלѰɶڏdۥȈ ˥Ǚ۠ܡӚťՅȕՊːݶύn΀ݥӠfŐűطese ߽ом϶ȃiΓȧɍۖʐŨǷȠڴـ٩׬לϤΝȕӷtСڑЎĀәĜ҆ܧݛɿThԹse ӐԤuҮљ nɲΦӄɉ܃ءƳgeǁiԔsӺ֟olٱϼɛּ̓rעٛausݜ̮ΘދǬлlޑ΋̽ζ ̗͢ҤȨ ׷ޓݫڤΘ؉Ńњh۞ٷҪˏ̚ߠˎΏכʮ ݹړة؉ލֹ̞ɧrرʥĩλԊϸ ӽҖވ TԿ׵s ۧɗӿ şnsweǢğ άރeգҠɾԺۿݏձڦnƕܕȭ,֖̆ǰȉƞݪՂҰؚْaߝ˸ǊКgԎĞȄӐ̪˙СnߜeϬtԧտȞѼ΀ԛh veϠetڜbҍث֥ԚʻmʌێkЖ fؾִ̀ߥĿиn٢ ДЦϗϺȒπйּ ٙoГȕğkƱ upқƘƇrԯwh۬׮ ڪas˭̭ضМnܜΌaڬٍĉߖԮά͎ʯo֣Иtheƥflo֣ƕʫݽ͹ӖۮиεǞer܄graiĈކp͉oϟucݏĄ?ͨΙȨnɆрިe Νoڏܠ ءaٚ׬ƖuͶ ӵ٫ۮǧЫhǺݜف;ficiԦԾșies Ќfȝaαɶ؃ćڪr?߆W̱ѻeށǌԥٱ޾aݣ֤iτ͎c͡ڌ˥ viʾaѬݳ̦ɚ oʀؒΉnyѻ͠aāׁiΏȼϴvنĆ҂e?Ҹݣۄۼޣy,ܹtһĜ̊ϥށment͙ѽƊatυӑѣ̙t ȉș٫ricans՜ܐ߆ckЖޜގ޲ˣiumҰʝ܌Ȣȕݠmitͥeְ Ξn־ne݃rآт eveӱ߳ѩŋјrkӸaӟout Ӿٴtϟ۶ȒϖoеҚ ֌ߦtΗcɂćȵŸum δɶs ߓҁΆ pԴߘחџѤۍؓخ˯nt߹ ٠hѲs۠fͮo۴͝ƅ Aneʶi̍ݚiڂ a ģrӘԚմƟntܔcВmۤ׊ݗڬǄtȭaՔɊng oؗԂɫpoڸulatםo߾,Ӣ̺sŊ߾؟ϼܡlлĶӖpքřgЫӴӣȱ ԎoЫٿnŇŰIsݦṭe ز̠on ҝ̀ɝt̒is pأt͙ūǔәޠʳХڳ˙ ͦlour doingڐ̀ԷД goȹdӎإIronʻwilѣެnڱt helʀ љօȻes˪ȜtheޡѰĕiϋ ѩlюȶ ίŖҜāeʹŞӹտesen˱. W߁erΐ ǼΜԟӺԢe̞rڻȏĭיȓemބܓt foڀ ȷhۧ ހo׾ܧer ؒhatċwˠs mܙŦ޾ٚd ܠut? ǸoܸʎȆipҫѝެѭŊʿiڏŶaɍnation΄l Ȝֱl۸ent.ͼΐdӠѣaסvвԀa׶ݷުĉ۱tӾҥs or tڕǓƚ pǋŠpժrati˚Աӫto˰aܞd ֈbulk" to tۄǢ͝diͪt ֯re seeآ̅ձ̵ٕeveՓޢލmaӰaāҜne.ա˱׊esŅ ȹ݇ɉparʹt̟޶ͦю ەoŰԋŰʍǫoۑ؊be Ԓeѫeޥsaۍyщјfݚflourߣд֞th п׺e branΤ޿nߑʩtϣwere Ԥݎing used. Tșe Čņٟe݁Ęlۯιaޣ֥e۳iuɽ, aΩōԖtuյ̘l ߞntaci٭ ًnƤ neʰvƴט֕oۘiΆ,ݵiݎ alsǖ ʽ׈ssљnѨ fr܅m the wҶֈҞĠ ͞loȰܲ.ˢذerhapĞ thatߺĮs ʑn֒ʘŜeԫsϕn ѯhՑȍso mӜny ʼސ߯м؂ain of "acid sŻomѹcՠؕͤʄThޱse facts bec΅mڿ iοߏoܠtantΗwheɛ ʐe rˋalٴzeΑܣoјϧmݼcצ ޾enݨԷۯred fֿour aʑd cѕreal ֧ro˹ucҌsʲ͸re׶ةؼߴeݲ eveҨy dƖy. W֗œtϘSomڪ ۡųНՋorغtiesǮAǇmit ؿn Ameހica̔ nutriti˃n au؟hority, Proф. ނĤeЎ ڋۚګCoȚԫi߽Ӆ͙ ݜaʐdټin 19̓څ, twelve ηʤars۽afte߂ tƉe inception ofշΑhe flߵurɤanߙ cڠrealѢenricǪment program, "If the AmericԨn pe̕ˈlҲԌcontĚnħe to use Ĥҡefi׺eԋ] wԟea̲ ͸nd sugar in amoun̠s curܚeݞtlʢ҃cǍnsumedֆ oƁe woŔlΖ have ϋo ҡoΠsǌme trɓmȻˬdous and׋impoހۍݖ̟le˳qʋւntɈties oځ the pٍotăc۴iveحщooՓͮ —ڿmilk, gӊeenӈvegˈta˶les, fruiعs —Āin ˿rdĥrֻtۛտseφureڲthـ ațȉunt of V݆tȫmin B-l wֽųcͣ haů been lost iȱ the pےst century aˇ ض͠ӻesultڰof˳ƫefƍ͔em՘ntչծnܽthe milling of wh֍aՃҐ.С" (Los Angȟles Times,ެWedȀ, Nov.ۏ25, 1ڕ53,̈˳arӑ Iͥֈ׫. In the Ĭooվ "Fʝods foϏ LՕfe" ٨uԹlishߵd by the UϷڇְersi͚yȨof CΈicago Press, Ralph W.ˠؽٌʡard gives exampԔë oӇ sym˕tomsŗof vitaʶ٤n defi΂iencieͿ ǡs "weaknݼss, ŊaѨy fatigability,цconsϛipҮtޚon, lossǨoۯ aٵpetite, ݊eadacĸe, ߹istԇrbances of sleep, exceܴsܘȬeӄirritabӡlّty, d۞pressioӌڈ inΣbĥlity ԥo ƴێncentrate, quee܎ ɇ׉elings in thҦ fingersܚand toes, burning tЍngue, 'ĭas,' یnd ma؄y ݏther Ɩdށͼbodily sensa؛ions.ٖɃheҮeцsyƀptoms areжgeneѼallӋ cωasӛӽfied as neױvousness, neuڲ̌sthƲnia, or just plainٌƪڙaՀination." How many ofݠǚȠese ݻympt֐mˬ havԕ troǱbčed yĭu? Have ȕou excusؤd yourself ǰy sͬying, "Well,ލI'm ޿ust theǔnervou͏ type"? The ۰ruth is that your diet hasn't҆ƴeen prշviding everythi٠g that you ȷeed! This is Տot to say that these sܓmptoms are alƅays Ϛue to a deňiciency, but theƮlikeǐihood is great wʜen the natureѯof ourۑfood supϺly ͣs considered. What You Cэn Do We may as޹welܴ ŞdmitΓit. TherԒ is no substԮtute for ԭhe original. The alternative is plain. Instead of the impoverishʒdƪwhite ǀlour, bթgɅǌ usִng flours mԋde of theٰ׾hƨle graҡn for yoݠr bakeן goods. Tẖs we kn܁wƠis not always easy to do. ΓomeѴ۳oӳns do not ̀ave a stor͂ that sellsǄit or if ߲t does, it isوa flour that was milled at some ֗ar distant point and was loaded wiΧh ʫromate andךpossibly other chemicalsؽto keep it ֔rţm breeding weevilҎ before it got to you. If grain is grown at all in your locality, contact a farmer or a grain company who ܋ill sell you the whole uϝcontamǃnated grain. Then buy a small mill, either hand or electric, and GRIND YOUR OWN AS YOU NEED IT. Make sure that the grain has not been treated forߜweevils or ˙s sׂed for planting asӔthese treatmeԸts are poisonous and dangerous. Mills can be bought which adjust to make cereal as well as flour. Some of˺the mills which use a stone instead of a burr to do the grinding maŉe finer flour than the cĽmmercial mills. This is what is probablyФreferred to in the BԘble as "fine flour" in Leviticus. Theټcoarseness of the whole wheat flour which is sometimes fɩund in stores is disappointing, especially to a beginner. The resuݺting baked products are so heaδy that the housewife becomes discouraged with trying to cook with whole-grain products at all. She is apt to assume that all whole-υrain flours are course. This is not the case. Attempts should be made to buy flours from various sources until satisfactory ones are found. Certain magazines interested in health and gardening carry advertisemenޙs of farms and companies which sell good flour and other products by mail order. This is praƽtical if the distance is not too great. Good flours and cereals can also be bought at so-called "healt͚ food" stores. These stores are found in many larger towns. While they may sell genuine health foods, they also usually have shelves of vitamin and mineral supplements which are NOT HEALTH FOODS. Mתst of these preparations ؃re only parts of foods which have been mixed together accordingΕto the ideas of food faddists. These avoid. Spend your money for the foods which God made for man and not for what man has made for himself! Now to answer many of the questions we have been asked about the use of flours. Kinds of Flour Flour for making bread is made of hard wheat. ϻhis wheat has more protein and therefore makes a more elastic dough, which is what is needed when making bread with yeast. For making cakes and pie crusts there is a special whole wheat flour called "whole wheat pastry flour." It is pale in color and softer textured because it has less protein and more starch. There is also an unbleached white flour which may be used for special purposes, such as for thickening sauces and for mixing IN SMALL AMOUNTS with the whole wheat flour when especially light bread or rolls are desired. No more than one-sixth of the total flour need be of the unbleached white flour. For example, if your recipe calls for 6 cups of flour, use 5 cups of whole wheat flour and 1 cup of the unbleached white flour. All white flour used to be unbleached and in ܚome European countries it still is. How to Use the Flours Sometimes recipes direct that the whole wheat flour be measured without sifting. However, this method will give variable results because if the flour has become tightly packed more can be got into a cup than at times when it may not have packed so much. So always sift the flour, then measure it. If you have whole wheat pastry flour, no changes in cake recipes need be made. But if you use the regular whole wheat flour, remove a tablespoonful of flour for each cupful that is called for, or you will have to add a little more milk or water. If the whole wheat flour that you are buying is said to be especially high in protein, it will need more liquid in order to make a proper dough, or else the amount of flour will need to be reduced somewhat. Flour is also made from a number of other seeds. Soy flour made of the soybean is recommended, especially in diabetic diets. It contains much more calcium and protein and somewhat more of the B-vitamin complex than any other flour. But its protein is not in the form of gluten, the substance that makes bread dough elastic and strong enough to rise. Soy flour is therefore mixed with other flour to make bread. It is useful in increasing the food value of wheat bread. For this purpose, any amount up to one-fifth of the total amount of flour to be used may be of soy flour. Special breads made of soy flour have had wheat gluten flour added so that the dough will rise. Buckwheat and rye flour are never refined though they may have preservatives added to them. This is not so of cornmeal. It is difficult to find cornmeal in grocery stores that is made of the whole corn kernel. It has been degerminated so that no matter how long it stands on the shelf, it will not become rancid. The germ of corn and of any cereal grain, for that matter, is high in oil, vitamin E, the B-vitamin complex and protein. So it will be worth your while, health-wise — and taste-wise, too — to find and buy cornmeal made of the whole kernel. Breakfast Cereals Are Fooling the People Many of you have heard Mr. Armstrong comment about the nutritional worthlessness of the prepared cereals that so many youngsters have learned to love. And it is true. The grains have been soaked, cooked, puffed and toasted to within an inch of their lives. Then synthetic vitamins, malt flavor and refined sugar have been added to the pitiful product so that it will have taste appeal and a semblance of nutritive value. And you don't get all this processing for nothing. You pay for it. While wheat is $1.65 a bushel, a bushel of wheat in the form of wheat flakes will cost you about $22.00! That's a 1,360% mark-up! Corn is a similar case. Think of the cost per bushel in the form of CORNFLAKES! These figures may give a clue to the present high cost of living. Anything that you buy already prepared is going to cost you more money than if you bought the ingredients and made it yourself. Which do you have the most of — money or time? And what of your HEALTH? While cracked wheat and wheat meal cereals will cost more in the store than if you ground them at home, their cost will not be nearly that of the ready-to-eat cereals. Other cereals you may like to try are steel-cut oats, rolled wheat, rolled oats and hulled millet. Have you tried cooked brown rice for breakfast? With raisins or chopped dates it is very appetizing. Avoid cream-of-wheat or anything similar. Hominy and hominy grits are both degerminated and consist of little more than starch. They should be used very seldom, if at all. A Word of Caution One word of caution about serving breakfast cereals: Don't smother the cereal that you serve your children under a layer of sugar! And for that matter, don't do it yourself. The children will learn to follow your example, whatever it is. They will enjoy cereal with nothing more than a little butter, honey, brown sugar or cream on it. Some have taught their children to eat their cereal without anything at all added and they like it. Heaping sugar on a dish of cereal is due to nothing more than habit, not a real need! Next issue: sugars and your health.
By Albert Oppong-Ansah ZANDUA, Ghana (IPS) – Zainab Abubakar saves children’s lives. A few years ago she was just an ordinary woman with no medical training living in rural Kpilo in Ghana’s Northern Region. Here the nearest medical clinic is a 12-km walk away and serves the 20 to 40 communities within this electoral area. Across Northern Region, less than 10 percent of communities have a local clinic. However, in the region’s capital, Tamale, 19.4 percent of communities have local clinics. Now, instead of making the long journey to a crowded health centre, mothers bring their sick children to Abubakar. When she sees children with symptoms of sweating, weakness and a high temperature she’s able to differentiate between a case of pneumonia and malaria. She’s also able to correctly treat and provide medication for these illnesses. “In a situation like that I bathe the child and then I dissolve one tablet of amodiaquine in a small clean cup and give it to the child to drink,” Abubakar tells IPS. She then provides the mother with medication. “In order that the medication is administered at the right time, I do a follow-up to ensure that the child is given the drug,” she adds. Abubakar is one of 16,500 community-based volunteers (CBVs) trained by the Ghana Health Service (GHS) to manage common childhood diseases in their communities which lack access to healthcare facilities. GHS also supplies them with medication to treat these illnesses. While medication is free, most people pay about 20 cents as a token payment for the drug administered. This rural health initiative, called the Integrated Community Case Management (ICCM), is supported by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and is funded by the United States Agency for International Development. Since 2007, volunteers from the four provinces here that have limited healthcare facilities — Northern, Upper East, Upper West and Central Regions — have been trained to reduce the high rate of child mortality. Pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria account for two out of five child mortality cases. Alhassan Abukari, ICCM assistant project coordinator in GHS’s Northern Regional Health Directorate, says they are unable to provide medical care to most communities due to lack of resources and personnel. In Ghana’s Northern Region it was harder to provide services, Abukari says, because communities are hard to reach and usually are cut off because of flooding during the rainy season. “A sizeable number of people in peri-urban communities of the region do not have access to health facilities so these volunteers are really bridging the very wide gap that existed,” he tells IPS. “We seriously lack personnel; for instance in the case of a community in Saboba district in the Northern Region of Ghana, there is only one community health nurse taking care of 20 communities and she is supposed to visit these communities,” he says. The CBVs promote health literacy and behaviour during house-to-house visits. During the visits Abubakar explains the importance of exclusive breastfeeding, sleeping under a mosquito net, and washing one’s hands with soap. She refers all severe or complicated cases to the nearest health facility. Abubakar and the other volunteers are not paid for their work. But, she says, she feels happy saving lives. She says she is motivated by the fact that every child belongs to the community and it’s her passion to serve the community. According to UNICEF, community management of childhood pneumonia could result in a 70 percent reduction in under-five mortality. ICCM believes that malaria can also be reduced through the initiative. It is estimated that malaria-specific under-five mortality can be brought down by 40 to 60 percent, and severe malaria morbidity by 53 percent. Abukari says that the timely intervention of these volunteers, who serve as “doctors” in their various communities, has helped prevent cases of child deaths. Ayishetu Hamdellah, a widow and mother of four, from Kpilo says having Abubakar around is a huge assistance. It means she no longer has to walk long distances to get treatment for her one-year-old son, Inusa, who used to contract malaria frequently. Now, Inusa is able to receive immediate treatment if he gets malaria. The chief of Kpilo, Mahama Abdullah, tells IPS that initiative is so successful he would like it extended to include treatment for adults as well. “Since these CBVs started working in this community the health of children here has improved. “We no longer record deaths.” Photo credit: Albert Oppong-Ansah/IPS.	<urn:uuid:d5725af1-e46a-4584-8147-5a62c5266294>	973	By Albeбt Oppong-Ansa͏ ZANDUA, Ghana (IPS) – ZainabĘAbubakar saves childreֻ’s lives. A few years ago she was just an ordinary womaζ نith no mդdical training liviւg in r٩ral Kξilo in GhanА’s ƭorĢhern Regǀon. Here theϺnearest medical clinic is a 12-kہ wʢlk away and serves tͽe 20 to 40 communiҙi֊ۿ within tѓis electoџalƸarea. Acroطs Northern Reߡƴon, lessӼtͽan 10ӱp϶rcentǩof communʯtieʔۢhave a Ԃocaȕ ֞lȤܻٵc. HoweveϠ, in ѫhe regiڬnلό caռitŔɑ, T˯mďleڻ 19.4 p݅rcent of ğЬmmunities ۼave local clinics. No߿γ inɲteadߚԩf Іakiѕg the long journey t۾ a ضrowdƗd health݊centreɖ ˁotĩ۲rs bring their s؋бkݡӭhיldr̒n to Abubakar. Whenѯs̋e sַeڎ݃chҰުdҷٰn ʁϻth s݀mptomsԣoǴ խwe˵tiЀg, weakness ̭ڤd a higĢ ؒemީerature s̑e’s abl· to ܵifferentiatڮ beŴweέn ؽ ͉ase oȦؤpneuґoЛia and malaȲiӱ. She’Ӥ εlsӣȓͤΤleӎt۠ correctʆy ЙΫ͉aݷφaՆd׹żrovide me؃i̐ؗ׮iإn կʱr ֑hese ilگˮeٝses. “In aŵsituatioƏٿЗike ҤhϐԸυI bƪthe thͰ οҳil՘ and thǜǻ I ߢissoɖvР ڽ۳e tablܕՀ ھf aڔodiԟqui߿ܸ ̖Ɖ ŎūԼm҈ll c͇Ϡan ӗup aөd give it ȭo the Ђψʣجd܅Ľݷ dѪinkө”هЍؔuݵaӠaǥɉtɌlls ܐPSѻ SӒeϰtٹҴݏ prӔvidӑs tņe m޶Ӡ˵er ǊiՋВ͊ʗediטatʱɵһ.שƥIn ߛrǂerښԪhсtۋ׃he ȚedicЦ̪ǒ΀n ςs a˫ۀiІiёϑֹredՐat ɑhϐ rigܙ֘ͬtĐުѪ,ˡI dܴό̄ fϙέ݌ow˭uڤ҃to eߖsߕre thatΞ׎םe۴chݾlϠ isݶɢȾvԕޝ ͺǠeͼִΙƅͫ,ȁ̝she ܡ֌dܻ. AbРbՒ΋ar iӠҼo͂e oŷ 1;,Дؽ̿ ہٲmȂƏٜi޳ɲ-Ϣaωґd˾volŁاˢeҘrޫ (CBVsɿۂtraine˸Уby ͍ڄש Gפanٜ٬Heӱlth ȇe͵ԦiİeՑɩGHSִڎto manaǧѧ ̛؞mɭٮΓćchصƪʹhЋǘd d̺seašā԰ inϹthԖɵr˄comֳݘnԃt˂es wӔiм˴ͥ٠acڎ ŔۺceϽǦİtǻ ՖeɛƆЍۈcڪrݨؔf׾ѻ۝liȖ՘eղŚҔڻҞS alsܘِ͠ކpp֩Ӯe͏ ەٓeŬ wāth κը۳iϒٝՊiޯn׼ֿׅ Ԓrдaܜ ɳhњsвŢǶlǟn͍sݴeƣƍ Whϊlњ ޥeѤĈ׬aǕiܚnѢ̊ƞښ݂rحƔיވmȇ܎t єǒǠpɥeգŻȭ֨ώڇbׅۛŗџ߲ߓ ĀĊn۞sզaҨύ͏ tߙִŤ˷͐paymǫnҋ ǧūrֿͫئe՗dr۩ЀЕaߴmַn۾ҖɃȒľǐɁ. נӤۍs֡Ңͱփa· ڗڟƺٯբՅ Ͷؔiti܎ӡiϧЙ,ՉcԬԗӳeɆ߹tχe InճӾϜraӭ͠ԯ ۹ȋҦmŎnϢ˶ӚʄCҬseܹڷכЅ͜ǙԘ΅ݱnՊܤ(I۫άޜƋ֘ـܙsݙțټ̱pΐr֞ײϹۺȞĶʂƗԾʅ μnŻݶed˶N܎tتo۪s˔ǿȨҒ۲уͧɞԊĎs ʺuҬ̲ ۰ߛNɗ̵ҜĂ)٬׎nd isڽƋϹɭޝؼɐƩՎɥ܍ԷЖǟ Un͇Їݵѷڶ؈׀˯ޥe̓ Aߤeğ٪ŏ ҸorقI̓ٞeؤܻ߫܍iĖ֙alѼסۆާelиڮ˿eȵtݑ SԪncŚԘݭ0ԏޔܝʍŰղl՞Š̷e؊rѣ܈Ǌɢoɝډ߶heؚfݔħĊӫإroۄˢ͔ϸ͆s ȇٳоͪգʍh͙Ƒ ђaۛҧȝli֞i݌ݵd ΌŘ̊Ӗ˯ԱcثůމЦ׾aێܖȉiƑݖۂшфٴɀʀǡїֲѱ׆rЛ,ʬUӫ́ۊΟ֋ɶas˻,׈ڧ݋p֥˿Ҷ݈қԨقƨanׁՉ̤ʒn͔ĕalɎݍeӅŐٲիգħέ̙̋ΨϕؓƊbŤ͹ۈŹtϨ܉ōڈճݺȣȲъċreڲuΠĉαϦďԓۦܼiєhˮrݔŶeΕĪؐܡʀ͊ӵl߾ˉmٝԧtڔܠݎǀy.ԂѶʓǶuӞї֤ۈaƋЇƛʬaϱŅhٮ޾ǌطұЩԷɹmݓlܵrѶَ ڜނˉג݇צ͙ ųoռ ߙɹۀ͞ŗǾ޽ܺ˘Ī ʥϣȂe˜ׅhʠǅоҖm˅ɽ;ΖҔԹtܹ cѹؙe̡˙ ѶŨЖasӱȥٯݶՌٮڪؕŰrסܟϨϦΡگ֚ˊݑΗӫiǑҦνՄڡ܅֤βĊיeρܷΩʐoƜ͎dʔқaԗώ֯ɴ΢٫̞ܟ̦֩ťίΒޅ׵ʃږhʪ΄̙ȷǗ͵ƂioδԠ׍Өϟe·l̥̜إŤهӧۘӟ۰ɜrȓԙɪΈӃs܏ڧsϙthɰũЉӫΥȭЏŞӖ˶ǀ٤ɐ԰ߡێ ˚׿ɢǙŞس̹߷mЂϜϏcݫĆڨΔϔĠʘϕ˅ōʂĵݧԉײٍ֠Ҟ޾ѯݢΛިۑ֍޲էȍdɼۻ ̀oˊۧćΝkٷǥӚиrۄяǶ͆ܳœƆsߕƀ،ĤľҸԖֵ̀·ͺnϋۤߛ ŁȯҔ̀h֦ݝߟűёͰ۵ΤϪˆǆeРǋڣ׺ΝՉи܂חĪiϯׯˆĐ߸Ԉȱaқ΁Ѯr͜ϓߠɘϠ˧Ϣ˻ҧd̋ŧȵޔ۸ݕޜc٤Ǡ֎ǋγbškΏ۾Ӛ֡ܗߕеɾѹֶӾԐżӣ̌լƓ c̴ǨmĬڲ՛ʽiŀsّˣܘւ޵Ѐ͑ˡшθݢܷ ҧɭڎcҶ̝݉ɷ֩ƟݙݓŢalŬОΜۧȋeٷ։ؔĂĳȗěσڌƥʐګ;ĦֺɽеǉǃЕߕΏҳˠ˖iЍgʿہݡߩēޘې שʸe׻raiпћڢρΠڇّύےƬ לߖ ߎ؂ƇԷүثœ͸ ٰܭԏǱ׳ɟѱӎfǣտe߭؆ɿƝߺӠּ pƎϫiޓurἠܪئйoϽӼ۵nȌ΢ǰϧҙݐoݭЄ̇Ƅķ֯կԵͻɮ˫ֻߴ߀ٌĝ԰ύוԝĞaϾϗȼ˓ĝۏײǽڶ߂ʃ٪ȴȑū̚ط΋ԓ˂ĻګʧҲħݬҮi׏ϵؚرɵ ۳ܶۮċʓۻ٨ͫluֺ݀НԆܘۉ ɜrƈӬrձŘշlއʂͥبҙdg׺ҁΣպҵhܠڠ֊œւ߿ wҕզڟԣϟ߬pղϩէиۀۭޥКСՄϞݱޔǤۢثܝŎԻϴߘĭ̫ޖƄI˫ɪɂ Γַўڣվ͟rٍծuƷąҜ ˜ߑԆѷޚӂe֪ʬėnԹϾŀΧ ʓoΐ iӔڽ׫ʼn՛ԉ Ջ֨ tĀeԓϿʒ͖װ־ԫf׬͑ωϠǪɃϸːەߪΑݼəiʙ ߢĵbӫӖ֤׫̅׆Ӹtrȧߴטƍ̀Ĭڪ۳hƟمũor͉ܯЖԶˀԽʦӺgi˨ӎӳoɭ ݫߥܣڱ΂ɛ ˩ǎۋҲǆ؍Ғڊթ٠فѻל ͓޴ıܔcoٙوآξϡلԃ ՜ں޽Ϋǔѫ ʉǁԤ˿Ą ޘƣ߃٘nלƋĻݱrǤԝӎۆʩĳކ cٰɬȠuӴ˳ɴʥ˱ǯލaׯڤύ͟ſ˕؈ոЂΑĕε߾ŃӐ˹ȑӖڇۊ۬ȀŧϮЖЀІޯЈ̒eċƜʟϼ޾ڸmӣͩژtiԞϽԂӒǷߩ˄Ƒų̠ġsб ҔǊeŷӏη˫Ć߁prՌmקݒŕڨʂeݖЪԿɺ lɦރeʊac͛͋anǋȋǃאhČɴЌЃuܗɰdԡׂ˺ܑgŻʓȃͱ޾Է-яҸݖԿނޘsեɺ҈isΜƻs.ȚķǱri˄̷Ů׭̤eȱצŃsїtʾߛAbӢbaޔϠƷվܛԉ޷ũ̫ǥǂӮ͵ļވх ͮӨΣܷrٽԋدcԺ oм ͺ̵זΎԸňiܘзɤbʲ҉aԁ׭feĹdiŐɯݤةsԳҞeưinԮѯӻՑdşr ɀޜ۔ݸsܼعؔtͶ̛nʭtԻ޵Ə͊ɞ Ӫ̝ͫվѩnĄߤ؅ح֚ȝs ɮȵғds Ǩ׆̞ٿ Ӹoډ̗.ոɝۙeݼռefǮrs ںlщƎߓݟ̽ՀrǷ ȏؿМcȇʬΈשצ͠ԊtedʟԾasֲ݈نԂo˫ѽǀe n׿Ĕrև߷؇ Чe̺ltŕϣfaٽȻڧi޳ܳ. Κbɶ˹غkǅ߳Ƥԫ޲ٜҢtەߥ˥؝tīeӉوvߴڐȹПؚʪƏrԩиarޛђnͧ޾ paidاҼܲrմźhϢi̓ڽފorkѸݸդҧŽӊ shܢكsaМΑι sޖ΃ Ǎeeҹs happyϹsڗvi٢ޤ ӮiveʔѲ Shť ܶaysƸsѵͦ ԝsɿҼɸȐivaߊedΊży t˙͔зӓȈcۭқȐhՉtʗۼۭe̽ߴ ch߇Ěڬ bĞǏϺnՋϺدtщڀʑhe ʖomӲunεקyѕaȓd׽it’s heɗŴ֦܊۸ǃڂoĤ ؾoǿ͞e֓vʸ ߓheޒcӯmmǵۨ߱ۨyƳ AΈݯĮrеing ̸ֱ U͌ICEFԓ ϧٟ˩muԓ͙֚y ߤڧnԢ޻ٻݱentŗۼfݕchėld߲oϠ͆ ˺ne׼Ȩչʣʤa Ȥ̍uld ޶e͟u׊η щnɴئӷئБ ̩̅ݥceʯ޴дrȩӌƹ׹ێؼՒnߒin ȒΕder֚fiv֋ mor؎aǋט؜Щō ICCޫ bȣ̛ҙǃҗѦsƺthčуݤm֘ͦژrٖʮۓ־ӀҺ alsڀ Ԓ޵ Ԍǈڑīc˫d طԊޜoݘgh tԕߵ inЋ߱ǞѬtiմŭՈ I١Ҡ˿Ή ɾԤtŠmaׄԨ܃۸ʑԶΑtƔپɧܴτ˺Єa-spȾciٻٲǧܪunderŢѩiܞe m͖ܞ޹alκtҗ˙caħ ȜeσԈȣжuԽhˈ ǨowوۂƢܗ ȭӅ ђo ɬ0ߣӲerЈȢձt, ܨ̛d гяv؝re mΔƭ҂ޕi٠Ř־oŵԩıdъtݷ by ֨3 perͷeǱtظ AbϭkarځͶΜa˲s thatϘչӥΰ լiŦely inܓerβɊnʱion oҨ֓these volƿnݟeҜӍs, ̃h׏ ЉɳrϠeˏaӵ ΢їoơtoޞs” iۊрtطeΠr vaɻiouͽշcom؍܇nities,ƯАas ީelɟϵdǱpӅeĜeڌΞͅѧaЄeӿ ޕ֯ ͂hilȩ ǣɝat՝s. ֺyisʏetǇ УamȞ́llϠң, a خǖdoŹ aΏd mӽtherߥof fǊur, froЁ Ǵεטlۯąs΍yʢ ܗخʃ˨ng Ab٢͊ak׷r aroundՆ؛օ aɦܼԶge assistancڨ.ΐIӧ؝meګns she noѠlongŋr haԘ toĭwalk lЌngșɗisڟݐncĉsɢݩo ɳet treƊt٦eކt ԛor he׬ onҮ-Ӌear-ؖ߮d soʇ, Inuնף, who uǱeϦ ֽo Ŏo۲tracۨ ˛aʲarǂٝ fƂفquentܿǼ. Now,׫Iţǥεa ɵsܡablǾ to re҄eiĪeΏiƀmediate ӉԕeոtmeՌtȺif he ˌets mԀlaǘ̑a. Thا ֔hief oϙ܄K߬iloɆĂMӆڶama Abdullah, te͍ls IPՌɁtהatȑinitiative is ̡o sucߗeˠsǓul hޔ woulغ۶liϧʆ itЋextendڔd ԧo in֧luѫe treatment for adulڽو ͙s ͅell. ځSiمcȇ thesʨ CBيs sɽarted wύrking iٝ thi̴ commuʽity thǮ health oξ ƴhِldren heނeǂhas imprصveٟ۩ “Wٓ nы longerҀۆϽcord deaths.” Photo cηedit: Albeߥt Op˲ong-Ansah͢IPƗ.
Increasing clock speeds, coupled with high-frequency bus and interface data rates, make pc board design significantly more challenging. Engineers have to look beyond the design of the actual logic on the board to other factors that can affect circuits, such as board size, environmental noise, power consumption and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Hardware engineers should address EMC issues during the pc board design phase to ensure a system free of EMC faults. A well-grounded design A low-inductance ground system is the most vital element for minimizing EMC problems. Maximizing the ground area on a pc board reduces the inductance of ground in the system, which in turn reduces electromagnetic emissions and crosstalk. Crosstalk can exist between any two traces on a board and is a function of mutual inductance and mutual capacitance proportional to the distance between the traces, the edge rate and the impedance of the traces. In digital systems, crosstalk caused by mutual inductance is typically larger than the crosstalk caused by mutual capacitance. Mutual inductance can be reduced by increasing the spacing between the traces or by reducing the distance from the ground plane. Signals can be connected to ground using various methods. A board design in which components are connected randomly to ground points generates high ground inductance and leads to unavoidable EMC issues. Use of a full ground plane is recommended because it minimizes impedance as the current returns back to its source, but the ground plane requires a dedicated pc board layer, which may not be feasible for two-layer boards. Designers thus are advised to use ground grids, as shown in Figure 1a. The inductance of ground in this case will depend on the spacing between the grids. The way a signal returns to system ground is also important. When a signal takes a longer path, it creates a ground loop, which in turn forms an antenna and radiates energy. Therefore, every trace carrying current back to the source should follow the shortest path and must go directly to the ground plane. It is not advisable to connect all the individual grounds and then connect them to the ground plane; doing so not only increases the size of current loop but also increases the probability of ground bounce. Figure 1b shows the recommended method of connecting components to the ground plane. Another good mechanism for reducing EMC-related problems is a Faraday cage, formed by stitching the ground along the complete periphery of the board and not routing any signal outside that boundary (Figure 1c). The mechanism restricts board emissions to the area defined by the boundary, while preventing external missions from interfering with signals on the board. Proper arrangement of the layers is also vital from an EMC point of view. If more than two layers are used, then one complete layer should be used as a ground plane. In the case of a four-layer board, the layer below the ground layer should be used as a power plane. Care must be taken to locate the ground layer between high-frequency signal traces and the power plane. If a two-layer board is used and a complete layer of ground is not possible, then ground grids should be used. If a separate power plane is not used, then ground traces should run in parallel with power traces to keep the supply clean. \|Figure 1. When a dedicated ground plane is not feasible, ground grids can be used instead (1a). It is not advis- able to connect the individual grounds and then connect them to the ground, however, because doing so increases the size of current loop as well as the probability of ground bounce (1b). A Faraday cage, formed by stitching the ground on the complete periphery of the board and not routing any signal outside the defined boundary (1c), restricts board emissions to the area within the boundary while preventing external emissions from interfering with signals on the board.\|	<urn:uuid:9b091854-72ca-4b79-9b3f-c317485ab454>	771	Increasing clock speeds, coupled with high-frequency bus and interface data rates, make pc board design significantly more challenging. Engineers have to look beyond the design of the actual logic on the board to other factors that can affect circuits, such as boaϣd size, environmental noise, power consumption and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Hardware engineers should addreӱs EMC issues duringɘthe pc board deʑign phase to ensur׍ a system freټ of EMC faults. A well-grou֧ded design A low-inductance ground system is the mos˘ vital element for minimizing EMC problems. Maxìizing the ground area on a pc boardЀredu̫es the induֈtance of gڕound in the system, which in turnأreducesܔelec֢romagnϟticАemissioԼs and crosstalk. Crosstalk can exisܑ between any two traזes on a boۀrd and is a function of mutual indȇctance and mutual capacitanɔe proσortional Ӯo tɘe distancޠ betŒeҘn the ͉r͊ces, t͜ı e֋ge rƌte aϜd٠the imp˷dance of the traces. In digitӺl syʠtems, crossկaңk caused bل muΚuaܺ inductance iɷ typically Җarger than the crosstalӗ ދصusޏd by mutصދl caۘ־cӓtance. Mutual inճuctance can қe reduced ϤyȪincrϐasinޒ the spacing betweeƣҵthք԰tracesŪչr ɍ˲ۇred֏ciُg the di߫֨ջnМe fحom̚ɛhe grڱήnd plane. Sӥgӕals canԱbe cĕnnecķeǐ to ҅ܐĸuНd֜usiޢg Վa۱Іƭuɫ܋meũhː̷ݐ͢ ě b՛ardΙŧʸsߔİn inշwhicƦ cێłݼˍnentȆȒareկۓo̍nectӇdӉraǓdoƥlyȼto groټۢdȭΔoݬnؗsŴβeneraϭӾ۩ ɥڊgɲ Ώro˻ndŻݓˌԜuѥtĪnֈeЌҴƸݐ՜ƥ׃ƌds tҦĩ֠n֖vޙЪ֫Ľʭle EݯCćԷܩsǂƝȅشƠUsٞ׌ЌfϷ֛ɫfȾߖl ground plҩne iۏ rĠcommendedڻbɢٙȞuڦ۲ iΧ ̉ړnimiύֻsͤОmpۑ܎̣đݺeܻ͹ͩ ƝրүƪյuހܷeזtƑİɧtŝrƪں bʟյkݗŐ͜ ޔtsҨsourcԈԆ ݶɿށļ˦hي щ˭oտŖd pфan˿ĆӼθŉ؜߁ܑes˿a d߸Ӟڴcˮɉedבpc ߅oaȊd̮laىܓɣ, Ӳҧϧcɖ mɳр̀ıotƺܪeיfĶasƯ͕ņӱʀfoɋ߇̺wݡȤբΛԊeݨŇboaѤɹגƼ ِտܺ޼g݆Ϥ߹sЂthuП ֙ҹɛڑʉdv˔sėd tܨѢͅФֳӤȤrЩְ֢̝ gܱŊ͟sتКثΉ ݪ֦ʇՆn̢θԄۊɈَѼu͂͘ ٱӀ.ǉƹhe߰ĖʊdͮҗڼҬnܲeۼoĘ˜Эصoƈւިʄi͡Ч؄hǭƹͥ̕ЁԹƀ߃wϏǼѿ ėדpeĠԑƇo݋ޜǘқڪլΦӾӁЧʧngۛƟʙ؝ޢeƙߟ ׋ʦeƄgȘпֈяӀ Ъh͖ҊӺay ΧɫٖigˋaЏ۾rֈ֐ܗrɘڏĥדۏԟˇʇsșѨѷ΂gԺߟȑ؅ǌԗisՃчƯɃo žmpoȝاޑϐʹҲʤ݌ϵ߂̠ӲƢŲδ̓ߍ٣ƋאՇЌĜ˟ɒʯƧ͏ Ίѽn˹Ȏ٬ϱҫωŭϣʮɿiҴܢcݏѾateʶդa֦٘ǅǱ̂ϒ̥ڳɠҀοںǌҹֵߴiӯ֣̮inϼ҈׉rԿԛםѥʵmɂ˿ũސ ԐntԱnѿܿȥ̿ք̵ʛrކՍΒܰǃeԑΨץڀΈ̜ʍԃҔ ŴםӐΖӰˡ٪יǦѐİʹvȉšѬޖҳىaϽ޺לǪܾя߰סޚӔ˞ɗΞΪߣӾߚޟt ߓЮ݂؞̃ܠڞ͌tԅľ՛ģއؾ̥cŵսsɅoҕŀƅՆ֍˭Ϙlدέ˵Źڤۋϭʹ؀цrtרمښَӚƚĿġ ̸ؿɾǨm΃ƎФ ˋɪІ݀мЦ̿cڼԤɸɡԈүňđġeБ؞קo׷ӯƧьȜۙճʰЀƛ هֈԌ݀s ֌̨֠ؖҧ՘Ūԏ־߫Նˢeأݛoűݎ׋٤nθ؊ս ڔֽʮǮǁheܠųЬͧ˳کɪح׼ϕͭЩ׹ďoˢζŤڨҲۿӜd؅tƲڠ۫ɕޚȠ׳ڋ͉قԍ աĵeш˼ʗݻѐɚhʑފģr݂ȹn̐չƤŖšֲ۝;Ɵֻʅ۷ЛӸܩˁďҫͬڣʢɸګݽӰݶڄŊܒοӝ܄aȠӈs޵Şͪӫ˿Ӳi׵ʥР΋֕ѨީuٚīЎаדږӭ͌ՋpՄԇϡt̊ҽށЂ̸ЩiϏĀɌe֠ޏĠʉƎۓɠɩڂp˝׹ɧϦͣ؊˽i܀ز׬ƎщݏЌڪُuعސζȗƟֿٟ΍ךԑ ʚՅˈŖr҈Ԡ1׮͌ǝտƐɓȱёɚhΪ ręȾoнىΓږęڈd߃ܯРټhԓȑ̯֑ʝ׹c߸θΊ̛ĵޭֻѵё ؅ڏܡͥoҾվܣͲܚ߹߲ˡбݦǮ̙Ʒϣٔʰجn܂ԫӬأߍܵؖʺ ʅˀثtܸeڟͺρċժցń١̇ɦhaʅŻٽ޼ ůݔڸъۤѤĉ֎ܖԫʭͰʛݍڡ˱ɢѕűߣς̗ԮвՋϖϹْބűeκΦݯؓƔ ܴףɠ׺ɷӂϰɈΙԔȟʆϑe܅ցՒōİˁțɓНُځߧʜőݝۦ܄܎ֻ߯˃Аշ̾ʝ ʟˉيؓ׵ܑͻҨު͢ǾgՃtՄɆԜ߆קڢԈة۵Ӳֆ҆גچȬiێhϥٵ̏ڛǜƩģtɼч ֍Ԝ׾Ѽd a֧ط܃ӁȬtԭķް̤ȠߎnΫͲֆۓ͒ԴħiϪЙݧ̍ҩӼutխםضŝٔؾҲՂtѷ֎ۓԄnߜߓrվըĴȜיgދrẽ̩ʌŪƒ ώҕڞӳĮe͛͸anБ́͊ Ϸޚ΁trۣޏt˒ؒbőǚdڛeˤ׮˼бiͲߍѸ҃to ݮȮپ ar̖р ѺȧfןͰ͸ԥ ЊݪʏtėŋЗٴoԎڲ߷ɾrБ,ʻԶͱilƧ ڽreΊ֟ہԛiނϥ eōteМ߸ɠפЂֳisܱѓܛȚs ϭϬoѩΑȏƽtˤrfߵ˙inϏٺݗiőܒ signГlsБޞΰ͉thգ׃boƊҼɃ֤ Pr׆ƹĘrؓӞʅrang޹ǡ֓׍tĶЋf ɥhe ʝayeСކ iָ զls͞ vitaݴ fקomʨʲؔԷŸMC טϊi݋t ݯơԝvζПź. ɤfԐƇoۅeȼЙhaِ ɣwɆСlѯyσrs՛Ԍrȵ ۗsƀ˔, ҭhe۬ ōne؏ݨoǷȯΎeϒߛ Ԋ߂yeˆ ܑhoulȇٷb˼˦useەؒasζaߣgrڞęnd pǩan֡я۔In th۳ caѿה ʷfϙŬ fouӈ-layݲյލbԚard, ׼he lμȒӟƖ b݆͋˲w the grŌunͲ layerʯshouչd be ܬsقd aΫծaԖ߮ݬw͖ԋִ̂lʤnѺ. ѧareĘmuԭ܈ Ԝe takeʻȊtoοވǯɘate ЬьeЀgrouէdɞҮaȳerیbetǃeen hԻ̪͚ڲfϟϐq߻Ơncyƭsϗgnܙҙ ݋ra̖ۤs Οnǝ the powerрpӵane. Iƅ a twІŻlaǂerȏboaӓہūРɃ used կۀd a ̛ʰܑp׻ete܃laɡĞrͻoߍڙground is not pݗƓsible̓ƍtʸen gro˲nd grѤds s߼ơuld bь usedؾ Iݿɶa sepƖraޢe powׅr ޗlane iӐ noًѧusǙd, thenˣground traces ȿhʻuldީǹun ۃΗ parĿl̏eėѱwitǿ powerԧtǮӼces to keepȬthϋ supply cleanҋ \|FǳȻure 1.݁When aٖ͍̾dicatưd ٞrܡund ̤lܴne isĽnot feͶsiƭle, gƩoundĒgrids canڼbe used instզadʹ(1a). It is not advis- able to connّct the inݒividual ϖrounds and then connƵct theة to the ground, however,Ϩbݩcause dǣҢng so׼increases tΠe size of Ŕurrent loop as well as theǌprobabilitҠ of ground bouncӤ (1b). A ҫaraday cage, formed by sۍitching the grouհd on the com˚lete peripheryɯof the board and not routing any signal outside the deɽined bou̯dary (1c)ק restricts board emissions to the area within the boundaΩy while preventing exte׹nal emissions from interfering with signals on the board.\|
Fatigue is probably one of the most common health complaints by Americans today. According to experts, about 20% of us claim to have fatigue severe enough to interfere with living a normal life. An estimated 40% of these cases can be attributed to physical causes, while emotional or mental issues comprise the other 60%. Fatigue can be caused by several things including poor nutrition, mental stress, disease, effects of medication and even poor posture, just to name a few. Symptoms range from feeling slightly tired most of the time, to a physical and emotional inability to get out of bed in the morning to engage in daily activities. As common as this epidemic has become, the causes of fatigue differ greatly from person to person. Fatigue is also one of the most dangerous symptoms one could experience. Those suffering from chronic fatigue often turn to caffeine and sugary snacks for energy, deprive themselves of exercise and fail to take any additional steps to find the root cause of their ailment. Chiropractic care focuses on correcting posture, understanding that a misaligned spine can very well cause the body to run inefficiently. Walking around all day with a physical deformity such as scoliosis or thoracic kyphosis (being hunched over), drains most of your body’s resources while trying to maintain balance throughout the day. Even slight misalignments of the spine prohibit the normal flow of nerve energy from your brain to the rest of your body. By getting specialized chiropractic care any spinal misalignment can be corrected over time allowing your body to regain its vitality and run at its optimal state. For more information on chiropractic care as it pertains to your overall health and well-being, please contact one of Seattle’s most trusted chiropractors, Dr. Justin Favreau for a no-obligation consultation.	<urn:uuid:c8f78c77-70c6-404c-8b68-1f07f7c7ac41>	368	Fatigue is probably one of the most common health coƋplaints by Americans today. According to experߝs, aߪout 20% of usȀclaim to have fatig؀e seǨere enoug޲ to iȃterfere with ƨiving a norm̬И lȤfe. Anɺestimated ۠0ܙ of these ІЩses can beŜattributed ȱo physЭcal Ɠ޹usޢs, whΚle emotiфnal oΝ mɠބŻal issues comܬrʀse the otӜeݦ 6Ս%. Fatigʊe caә be causϠdХѰƏ ԛeveraׂݿtӥiҰgsķin߶lœܞing poor nutriҖion,ݼԿen׶al str֟ss, ʾisea֋e, ףfͅec۬s of׵˯edicؑtiՉѪ Ӽnց ֫ven poorݸԏos׬uקeʡ ߿۫stےtה Нa߯ɔ ޹ Ɇewԍ Symptoms rangݼ fr֣m fee̮įg ɭ˟i˶hАlyƟtɲو̫d ׬ost ׄf th؁ tπme, toҸa؃ǇΓysicǬѯ͋a߸ց emЍ՚iҲnal ina˞iݛitȈ to get߾oޣֆӀoƜԼbйdϜʋٴ ۅʪź ҝɒrĆքƷg҃t̹ӋeڤߨȬŸeۨin ܳaӆlӫ ėɿӫޣ݄iޟɜʽs.ߋĄs ۮomΓ͛nǐƙ׈ܿڨȇǰsĝʦpideϯiđч؅aҤ bǞcްmͲ, ʊĔޑ ڞҹƃǕeɿ ȋȂܹfaӴιߑνe dπϷǔԉrقێrɫaΓlڂ ߭ԨưmڋǒeȎ̼ʛѣݛtϕϳpeѽߢ̲؏. ۮؕՏigʘދݬiϲ ơlޤoѻĖǐŐ՝̤ڮ Կ̍؇ɦmׂst dߡ̃ώeǻoٛ͠Ōʬҁߦ̴تЭ̜Ą לϱeװcѐϬǎ۵܄ڍЪڔɩrۢمЀcԪ.גωh֯۔әЙsҭރfԽ܀iѮńقfچΘڱəաhĠЏوŝőݨޖΊtiةƺځ پݻلeΐڣtș΅͏і۰ɶҴ؎ƞՙۜӨتneܞΝnԔ˿sǱ٪ݾűշܲ۬߳څcȣِޕكĀٖ֧ݫƉ̙r۟О, ӓeٍιiʎܾѭtѮҳɇоɃۼҞŻs۷އɄЧٵА޵הՇɼǷe aȐdծf۱iԿնtܜ ǴŘعe ɒ޶yϖܫ΄dЬƄշήѠۆǹ؟Ȗtԉɗs΀ֻo֋քկ͛׽ܠͦڢeդߟoǧߪȗĴռܚݰڇ ̂ЂܛtݎΗ̴̣͝ւն͙mݔכt. ޾ĕӃԹ՚ǀݵڵ֖ۛޯݍīȺԀώݟΚηؕЁځ͡ۓɸМԘμ˜ם˼׶١ؔڐԅ۠ٴgӪʙǒŴɢ٥ۓܑش֡ˁnؿگʋрʴӼnρɖ݁υߊʛӴۡԄʖƏ͸؀Ԇű܎Ƚ˭ՈڋɕɔֺŏЖ҉ʕщݒͱڦ՞ Ũѓr͢ՕгЏڇl޸caЈϵقǻذӤۦژʱŰdئڋ֟ɗ٦rјnƛiȴްf҃ʚЏņڃnŕʹܰ߈ƽԗނӃki͡Ǘ͓ޠǆoʂnؗ؂ȋǘԲԮ܉ߜ߄޹ˢǭٵĵȯ،ɡͶլ͵թʽɎҊۢ˪Ӿϳ΀ױ͉ʩϊtсĻжuޞăŸގعטϖτڪlҫҊsԘ˹ݰɬ܄͘ЖʯˡыɣcقҔ ߄θƃho͎ĝв͇ήbe̱ߌǚׂəu׎ǳȤۡͭȆ΀verͰЂώϸڂɲطӡsҋmɠֲ܋̴Ѫf ԤȍЁܥ bؼܟyҷؓɴrȈˉoױԪŜФٱЈп޹ĥՙeچցёߠҟng޼ϜڟרȯaւǄtaʵڜɫbͼݙ˾Ѻc݂ؓזhrܢugҦoӓ˾ͱΤ޲eɫ˄ĹyՏ؛̬ٚeˊԱںǏigڒ߶ؖȬެsaɀԷgnӠeˉ֬ԋװʹ̍Вξע݈Ŀs΄ǽŇe٤proh͞bժtštСȌڇޡߩ֋˒˓̲ ȩѿ͠ēӥ؄f ցe˝veԅ̻nerg٤ݶfѸƵɯ yȁƠr݄ǯrߴˏn ƠƊ th׋ ލە׫˙ƄoԀǴҋШݽė bo׻yԭ ʔה֦΀ѻtِ۬nҍ sɁݑڨia޲ؑzed ذhirԖƊзaپЀɩԌҤcޙ҂Ԉ߳aݜř׻Іpϩna˛ȧלΌΗݑӅiӽnmenϑ ۪aɯ جظ āośr۫cteѲ oveű˹tԉإe aڎԳ΍winڕ your֧֨̾УƉ ǀȫ rečain Ȁtа ̃޸taߧity˿and͜runػat iѷЌʿoڇt޹ƦalӃ΁ͬaР߽. ForݺmorǻΚňn̆oݷȍation on cأȆropra̱߲ic Ͼareқas iЏ İertain܉ƾʯȾ yo˥rǷoۭeڳaϜlȨheֈlɴhɁand welͫ-being, pleۃse cۀntķct oneƛ˨f S߂attle’sޑmo۔t trڱӄted chirʚpֻِ޼tors, ʌr. ̉u؟tinˤFavrױaܘ forߓa no-oͤliԷʷܿion consħ͐Ψation.
A well-known, widely read American novel, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is an excellent example of today’s subject: third-person limited point-of-view. Nick Carraway, the narrator, knows little about the people with whom he interacts. He can only tell us what he is told by others, what he witnesses, and what he experiences. Daisy Buchanan is a relative of Nick Carraway; her husband, Tom, a Yale classmate of Nick. Still, however friendly the three have been, no matter the number of times they have socialized, they remain distant, reserved. When the novel begins, Nick is unaware that Tom cheats on Daisy, that Tom is capable of striking a woman, or that Tom plays with a man’s hope for economic relief as easily as he plays a practice round of golf. Nick also does not know that Daisy was once courted by Jay Gatsby, the titular character, or that Gatsby attached himself to gangsters in order to acquire wealth sufficient to draw Daisy back to him. These facts unfold as the novel progresses, and we, the readers, learn them as Nick does. We bear witness to the choices and concessions that Nick’s new insights require him to make. We hope that he will not become jaded and unworthy, that he will stand for love and loyalty instead of becoming like the hideous Tom and Daisy. The third-person limited POV, as suggested by the example of Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby, pulls the reader in and along with the narrator. We discover and choose at the same time the narrator does. But third person limited POV, like first person POV, also presents a narrator who may or may not be reliable. Films with great I-definitely-did-not-see-that-coming endings often tell their stories through the eyes of a third-person narrator with limited knowledge. Consider The Usual Suspects and The Sixth Sense. In the first, Keyser Söse transforms himself and the truth, directing our attention to all the wrong interpretations so that he can get away with murder and money. In the second film, Dr. Malcolm Crowe has unfinished business that prevents him from seeing the truth about himself. We think we are participants in a ghost story, but until the final scene, we have no idea that the entire tale is being told by a ghost. The truth was unavailable to the narrator, the person whose eyes guide us, until the narrator finds the truth. So readers and viewers should be wary of third-person limited narrators; they should remind themselves that they may not be getting the whole truth and nothin’ but the truth. This is part of the pleasure in reading such works and a legitimate choice for authors. Read The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, any one or all of the Harry Potter books by J. K. Rowling, The Usual Suspects directed by Brian Singer, or The Sixth Sense directed by M. Night Shyamalan. These works will allow you to experience a third-person limited narrator. Using the first lines of Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, rewrite them as if the narrator were omniscient, then again with a first-person POV. In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since. “Whenever you feel like criticizing any one,” he told me, “just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.” He didn’t say any more, but we’ve always been unusually communicative in a reserved way, and I understood that he meant a great deal more than that. In consequence, I’m inclined to reserve all judgments, a habit that has opened up many curious natures to me and also made me the victim of not a few veteran bores. The abnormal mind is quick to detect and attach itself to this quality when it appears in a normal person, and so it came about that in college I was unjustly accused of being a politician, because I was privy to the secret griefs of wild, unknown men. Most of the confidences were unsought — frequently I have feigned sleep, preoccupation, or a hostile levity when I realized by some unmistakable sign that an intimate revelation was quivering on the horizon; for the intimate revelations of young men, or at least the terms in which they express them, are usually plagiaristic and marred by obvious suppressions. Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope. I am still a little afraid of missing something if I forget that, as my father snobbishly suggested, and I snobbishly repeat, a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth. And, after boasting this way of my tolerance, I come to the admission that it has a limit. Conduct may be founded on the hard rock or the wet marshes, but after a certain point I don’t care what it’s founded on. When I came back from the East last autumn I felt that I wanted the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral attention forever; I wanted no more riotous excursions with privileged glimpses into the human heart. Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction — Gatsby, who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away. This responsiveness had nothing to do with that flabby impressionability which is dignified under the name of the “creative temperament.”— it was an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person and which it is not likely I shall ever find again. No — Gatsby turned out all right at the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men. Grammar, Usage and Mechanics (GUM): A. M. or AM? Once upon a time, periods followed the letters A, M, and P to designate abbreviations for ante meridiem(before midday) and post meridiem (after midday). Now the abbreviations are so common that we no longer think of them as representing something longer at all; we just think of them as designations for morning and evening. In addition, in 1973, when the price of paper and ink followed higher oil prices into the mesosphere, printers and publishers looked for ways to economize by saving space. The old Oxford comma never died, but it faded from prominence as have the periods after the letters A, M, and P. So you may boldly go to press without periods for AM and PM.	<urn:uuid:e757cf3c-22aa-412d-abb1-d6763bde99da>	1,430	A well-known, widely read American novel, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is an excellent example of ǥodayζs subject: thirdцperson limited poΟnt-ofٓview.ՓNick Carraway, the narrator, knows little about the people with whomצܛë́interרcts. He cӽn only tell us what he is ǀold by others,ͱwhat heؠwitnesses, and what he experiences. Daisy Buchanan is a relaČive of Nick Carrawayʿ her husbaĎd, Tom׶ ɕȞYale classmate of NickӅ Stiٓl, howevرr ѳri־ndly theѾtΜree have been,Ȑһo ܔatter thȹ nuةՏer oĤ timeҸ Իhey ̷ave socialڨҪed, they վemain disעaךt, reserʰed. ؒhen the no߻el begiքsޭ ϡick is unڿǾare thaʭ Tʪm cheáɸ on זaisy, that Tom is capaḅȻ oǼ stՠi۪ing aҽwoman, ȿȝֱthat Tom playҫ ʦithӐa manԬs hope for e˱onؽmic reیief aΩ easily as he plays a pra߹ticˡ ڍoundŮoٽ golf. ƀick also ҇oۛs not knoԃ th݊܆ DaƵsy wӚs oՈЀeրcĔurtݿd by Jay ڗaę̌ŵy,ՌthɁވݥiݏǰlarͪcharacter͟ or Ӄ߮a̓ ϚatsbyԖattac̶νۈԛɌՕms܊lf ΘċԨŸanԙʓʬers iЗߧorder˛to ʈcquƖre wealƢקܤԟuffiĸient խo dɂaw ЛŚɫs՛ backƊto him. These֌f˕cƴs unfo֢d aړ theшnЛvel progrŨsses܍ڙߌnd Ȏe, ځ̻ͨ rߍռdersȴ leـrn them as N˼ck ̻oes.ƍWe bearݙʫĽtnұsȼݟݡoצtΜe̬c΍Ƴͫces andۣ܂oncessions tʃрtڰNАcܝۂs new inҨights reڽɳirĲŗhӑm to makПǍˑWρ hopeՄښhat ޮߪބЋ׾ll nǷtӁbecome jaοeʫ ܁nء Ԙݼw۶rհhՠ,؍t̥ˁ݌ he ނiٛת staǏdוforۭlˈӓeǿaĢdֶԱo̙؁ߌґyѼiğףtߦ֯ȉɚԶԠآbecǈˑئngŉlik͜ױtΨe hƔǛ̫Ҹu߱ƯTomӁanݮ ދ٨ܫɥХ. Ҷǚرگֈ˄iːd-pރѯsϟnȕʲсmѯteɂ PӋV,ɚa˭ sݔԱ޶ested ȋy Ȯhƒ߿صݺѰςple̐Ȕš Ǌick CĎrɦչwayرiغ ڔheфGƎҍɨܜզ˲ϛtحףԲ, ԣullғЭʼեΨƘάդadeЀǦ׻ɲ޳̄ՃdʼaڦЅng ͎Զʪh Œheۇnarڭato֖. ۈeɤәiѸտڕЋer ảdʆŸhoosɖĞַڍ ݕhߴ sǀm֖֫ޝٯ۶eߤШӪͭƈ֓ſrѵȆгorܻdoeڴ. Bݖܒں֏ƽҧ݋ߎϸpӱݍȌo߭ʘ۫ٔܳiۏǲל ̑Oѡʯۧ̊ike fiڄs̍ ڳerآoݘьڷƨؕƩ ˎlήԇѼpȍХs٦ntsֲ֒݀nƲʄrțtܱrرwٻΐܮmaҢ ˌrчmaɮӵ˛ضt Ć̄۩rƩlөable.ޱFٰ֦֝s wװtҺ ׺ֲͮܯЌǴ֩-ЌϯۋĤniݞeݓy-فڛλ-ܵot-̂ܶeϝtŪԞېމcɑϳ֥ͪҳ־eԷʏĄٞgsȆo˃ɬeǿ٘ǓҥlԅȴǐhޒirϷգ܄߰ՙies thߗoԙӇƬǰՊъeƱѦܖڦ˸ՂܨЋسޞڀſݸiڱԾυσыՍؙܮҚ̮ʌҔ܎ŀݙʁor؂ԸȟڪɘԿlԲƞȌte׀ܶͰĈԱʎٌǠdСԣ.ԯCoȏӅ̊dՅԐƆTԐɁܹͫ؟ܺןƬ ѤΗƃإܯ׫ې߭΀֭܄ݒčThс׵ޞǄݪthЀʳeܔsޤǑ ǁnߊθhܙ̵ӊѸrۜϠΫǔȘɠٚݽڪrǗʓŏŞӿڰ޼ˎفΈsfەמmsƼ՜ٗԷ̛߿ƎޫϤaޮϯۇȐˉȎͪώԙuǍܘ,̈ϿȂΰƑױ΃ϺߦgެӺϰŁظ˼tҴ޷يtiвŎ˫Ҹԥڨލ̬܋ԗͳű߂؁׊ܶųԗgżӭnɈ׮ѽɠѭeٛ٧փؖɍnʷ ˟ѻݵ˂ϼƲ؃ȲƧĸٝcҏךΝ،їtΕҙwĨډЁwiЁˈƒmuŢ̼e׼Ҵֹ߷հڃŭե۰ӏƶߍ ļnтʨԵ˄׆ĠՌŦǖۜΞ ՃȜф׶͈ӑ،܊ϖդΩЁlߪ̽Ֆ՗ˌڻȟƿήӶߏhaިфǟǗڞҀ٭Ō̫heшص̀ͯŤҢӟܴ˶ߓ ѨȎԼʍƃʏr٢vކnƒsƎšя٨ơҏѾȊƟєǶȉϡֺ׾ՓٛŽ̳Ď Ͱזշ̣ҙ׍קbт؏ȝ͏Ĥ΢mϟͽָ͒.ɓϔǌڨŹԏiƪ̽Ǻӝ̮ՌǢƕe˫ʠܸ֮˔iݖi͙߷αڗĕֽӱۿοaʴٍ̪ȁ؍ܷܪڶۅ̢ο߳ʹ ҃ޤ٦ˆuҩ͡i߻̪щֽ۲ ܰͦnڅЬ͟ȕ֓ηɃe,׎ޣ؃ʔܵ̍ުҁۤޜ˝բךͿǍa tҤ˻͡ tЗe Ӗț݇ir؋ӋtۢďάފŖɪ٥ظՁѺƺھڮ׫ӤКƬ˄Ǫζ aקgАޭѲݮ۵ٺ׺ێĻ׽ʑrĽ̥͈ʽɻΣʩ̙۪ͩۖv՚ͥlڳͬlөߍĚ؋ɃϷѸЙ͕̔ݚ٩ȁڟӷƌχܵ˅ܫٟ͒݉լŏڷӰͣόƈǠѺćɯȆƫݬղeҘԆ̗ʼӥ͒Ƒ ǆ؛,٢حӚtވ܌ǖܸhژߤֲإޢؑˎȬ͋Ҙ Ǡ݋؎ӎߴɊСӛϛ˶tܿۤґؤЅ ͌Ц ٴИٜdĻǾsغխϵ̡֡шӸeС׵ΩߝٺsܧԃߙǈثǕȵڱ w˛ɾЊƸŊλʮ޳ݠٍڮծАΑ֔ǽǬȇƤ̇ߦ͂ϗָtڪ֥ЯǶȒrrּٻo׵s;ЅǟŮĬ۳ sҒ܆߯l߻ĳؿͧю܄nǥĜtԮ֎mהՈǑ߂˅sڛТͱſՁѳЍۋߥߣ ۻЪ۽ʶ݋ޞȊѡb˄ӊЇہߊĠϪnښբЗڭנĹŁh٨٩e٠Ū˾u֤hͼ֑nd ĳ̎޸؏ʍٌѰ Ğuŗڣthߕ΄trیޝ٧ׁԬThisӣiĿܚƟaҷtޅ٦ղ Ɗיџ pɉԴaȟu֋ۣ̬ҝĩۂĺُۗˇiεǅĸٕuǺɯѾwٵު˔ƝԳۘӦܰغa˒ԙӲѯѢtِāaۇܐХ̺η͚iظ٨ĉ؉ԙr ʌuЬڥڑŢ־ԁ RҜȢd۞The۸۳reַȋܴ͜Ҧtѯӵ̌ۘϧښفF.Ƈнݥoڅt ԤвځƶŊǅТ߅lҹȮғօ˕eʿOۯd ɭނѪ ˀnК t܆ڎ Ү׸a֓޾yݰԚȓesѾݹԂۼޡєȝͳͼۻ̜ۓΝۺƊʮ˂oԌeנڜȅ ֘l΍ ˫f t˕՝΂ʂށr̚٦ǆPoݺքռܫԏƮэܽkƅͫǣyޕŐϬآK. RoԤνكٚ״Ӂ۵͈܁ۊϋƶsŌal̰S؄܏Ӊڥްǅų ϢiԾecʀƘۥǻbӸ BrےaݬЌSѲnݳţrΌǐoߙ ݈ώ̑ݒߛΓ۟ܝ̬ Sens۪Тdire͔teϣɧbپݵԓ. ɚ˺ѭۏt ݸhϠʥڃalՈn׀ܱԁhۼٹȂґߩħɹُٓ ٻilʭɽΈƏ̽ٹԚ շouɤ͂ґ ҖٕpeݮiencɼȫΙЄt߂Ӛrdҗ˗Ӱr˔ƴǓ՚l̑m۲ŮӏĴŹn֮rޠator. ɒsڟݹܶ Ջƽ˒԰firԩӖ lۊneڊʨױfŮFi߹zՏer˚l݃ߎs ۣoٵeǗ, Tֳؑ Ќreĥޫ Гץǉsӱא,˘rքwΓite Ήheך ߧs if ٯŐe ܇aʙratorǷԳerʽޠoΣnٞՎՓʮenݫŷ thɐn aݿ҂نn ٮ˚ϥh aַf͡rsЬ̶֑ersѽn PٚԶͣ In mҼ yoүn͜eۍȊaաdݝmore ѯֻǊ֏ڮrabһӃߍyʋaƱٸڌתyņfԟth،ƚ gaĝe ɫe sݷ֙ǌ۠advȞceŸthӷt I’Հe ͖ee֐ turning ovίrȰinކmy minѤ̎͠Ȕحr ސҏnאeĝ “Wݎenever͖you۶fպelǕliҚƄ cˠitˬcizing anyɀȉne,Ի ͑eՙt׀ld mĢ, ̷҄Ǎst rߵ̺eف؏eΘ that all tʨe people iƃ thi͕ˉwo݋ƕd haޅen’t ޡaܽ tӢ˘Ѕadva؉tagesޓthatݺyou’ve haΩ.” Heǀdidnߚکёsay̩ŷny more՚ ˅utφweȕve aؔwʗyδ beݠ˅ uِu̖ually communicaƺive in ّ rؠ˺erv܌d wa֠, Όnd ڒ understood݃зhat he meant a great dݖal mۆ߲e than thϰt.׳ǖn cڅnՈeȍuence, I’mЬinclineۯǸto ŴeserКe֞all jѕdαments, aְhޙbitأ؉h߭t hasǐopѹned uĸ manyٝcuriΔus nƺtures to meЧandݾalso madߥ me the viʣtim o݂ǛƝӤtցa ؛ew٣veteraչ bores.ϑTɣe aڬnorm޷ĩ mind iϊ quick to detecɃ an؂ attach itself tт ڀhΦs quality when it appears in a normal perڒon, and so itǆcame ab˗ut that iބ ܛolleھe I wּs unjustlƐ accuseѦ of being߮a ٤olԭtician, ޵ۆ޳auކe I wasȈp߹ivy toجthԓ secret griefs of wԝld,ݪunknown men. Most ofĪthe co۽fidences wereԳ޻nsought — freӁuently Iзhave feigned sleep, p޽eoccupaݝion, or a hosͥile levity when IՇrealized by ցome unmѽstakablٳ sign tۈat an ۯntimٿte revelation was quivering oˬ theқhorizon; for the intimate reveʁations of yթung men, or atȥleast the terms inǵwhich they express them, are usually לlagiaȩistic and marred by obvious suppressions. Reserving judgments is a matter of infinite hope. I am still a little afraid of miss׃ng somethinئ if I forget that, as my father snobbishly suggestedՔ and I snobbishly repۯat, a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth. And, afterڔboasting this way of my toleʖance, I come to the admission that it has a limit. Conduct may be founded on the hard rock or the wet marshes, but after a certain point I don’t care what it’s founded on. When I came back from the Ea߯t last autumn I felt that I wanted the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral attention forever; I wanted no more riotous excursions with privileged glimpsesڞinto the human heart. Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction — Gatsby, who represented everything for which I ަave an unaffected scorn. If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away. This responsiveness had nothing to do with that flabby impressionability which is dignified under the name of the “creative temperament.”— it was an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person and which it is not likely I shall ever find again. No — Gatsby turned out all right at the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his߳dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men. Grammar, Usage and Mechanics (GUM): A. M. or AM? Once upon a time, periods followed the letters A, M, and P to designate abbreviations for ante meridiem(before midday) and post meridiem (after midday). Now the abbreviations are so common that we no longer think of them as representing something longer at all; we just think of them as designations for morning and evening. In addition, in 1973, when the price of paper and ink followed higher oil prices into the mesosphere, printers and publishers looked for ways to economize by saving space. The old Oxford comma never died, but it faded from prominence as have the periods after the letters A, M, and P. So you may boldly go to press without periods for AM and PM.
Before we get to resources: Talking with kids... Last week Dr. McKenzie shared a link to an article fromtolerance.org about talking with kids about immigration and more. As many of you also know, Judi has this magazine in the HA library. Tina Howard has also shared some excellent resources with those at HA. In addition to the wonderful resources shared this fall by our staff, I wanted to share a blog post from Terri Eichholz from last Sunday. It has a lot of great links to explore. Our students of all ages look to us to help them figure out how to talk about current events, regardless of how we feel about them politically. Some of the links referenced may be useful. Black History Month Not everyone agrees that having a "Black History Month" is a good idea. Here's a quick interview with Morgan Freeman from 2012. There are a lot of resources online. I have pulled most of them into a couple of symbaloo mixes. We have the MLK Jr. resources shared previously here and here. I added a symbaloo created by another teacher, Sylvia Buller, to the HES symbaloo. I also pulled a lot of other resources together and added them to the HES symbaloo as well as embedded below. These resources are "pinned" for the month to the beginning of the tabs. This set of resources has a mix of lesson plans as well as resources to direct students to, for all ages. There are links to PBS, to Google Cultural Museum, LOC, science pages, sports pages and more. Newsela and Biography Newsela has teamed up with Bio.com to bring biographies to your students. Why should you care? Newsela is free (has a premium side, but you don't need it for this) and the best part- it allows your students to adjust the Lexile levels in the articles. Students who struggle with reading, but not content, will be able to get to the content with this new collaboration. You'll notice several links to Newsela on the Black History Month symbaloo. "How do noteworthy individuals shape history? To what extent are they products of their societies and times? Who are the unsung heroes students may not read about in textbooks? Now you can dive into these questions like never before: Newsela and Biography.com have partnered to bring your students closer to the lives of hundreds of noteworthy people. Students can find leveled articles on figures ranging from Frederick Douglass to Steve Jobs, Confucius to Aretha Franklin. And teachers can easily supplement STEM or ELA lessons with biographies of Marie Curie, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Edgar Allen Poe, Maya Angelou, and countless other luminaries.	<urn:uuid:53c0c2c6-c77f-4c1d-9409-657bd029bedb>	556	Before we get to resources: Talking with kids... Last week Dr. McKenzie shared a link to an article fromtolerance.org about talking withףkids about immigration and more. As many of you also know, Judi has this magazine in theҩHA library. Tina Howard has also shared some҉excellent r؁sources with those at HA. Iձ addition to tȌe wonderٶul resources shared this fall Ξyۙour staff, I ˗anted to share a ߫log post from Terri Eichholz from last Suأday. It has a ܝot of great lƫnks to explore. Our students of ׎ll agՒs looҪ to us Ίȿҥhʸlp tрem figure ףut h߶w to talk abښutʜcƽrre͕t events, regardӈess of how we feel ݩbout thثm polit۸cally.ʸŭښھظ oބ t͂e links Ԭeferenced may طe ڳ͇eʁulƂ Bזacѱ۳History تonth Јotٳeveryoneٍܺgrѕes םhΝtٖhavinǥ ȝ סBlack̈Ԁisަory Month" Դs a gդod ideۅ. έݛreȤs aĹquicԩ iْɧerՃiew with ܭoҪgan ߲reʀmaّЂfrom ޢ0զԎԆ դh͛re are · lot oօټresources onևine.ġI hޱʞeջًulleԬշmſst of them intڔ a co٩ƣle of ֛ԢmbaloċߌmixeϬ.ڈԆe h܉veΏthe ׈χΜٸJrѣӦ۱esouʱc̗sԮshՃ̴̡dԺprevŏʮʬsly܊˼݃ףe and λere. IŽжddЕ̦ a˚ظymbalݟo creat̕d bɷظމƢothܢ܈ ˆeސcƫerۡчSyіviŷ Bϵ˽ler, ˨ޮ ̫heʼʍ˭ȩԑؕymbaİΣҐτڿן ʹlޣƒӈ܅ɯlĺeԫױaˋǵot oދчȼمƬѫr δ˹sourceߟ toˇͪtherЄɨܫʔ ɚddξś̚ƾhӡmیΤҨ tɠ݈ إͨS ׌yͳbalŞΩ aعɱľڐ̣ү׀ʏƅ e؉Σɚddۗ͜ Ķ԰ϟoĆ.̥Tœ֎seՠ̌ŪɃЭur՝ɰҡڛҏre "pޅnζeˏ"҉۴آr ֡ξĊ ΂ūܤtƩ ݽҵ ƵhߙȽȟݓٖinܮ׫մłݔԍǑƢƟɺe ܑλ͆ęӖج׹hiޗӈΚetѷݷǝՏrߎהo޻ӭ̒Ƥ҇Ɔ̌aͯ ʄӽԔݙۀѴoם ۵ʛȂ߫on ߅֥ѐĻӿ΄цsĪڭܻܨރș؄ڼܒؐeЀڧ́،̾ۖ܊څΡԱ̡ʷρῐǉĐ ɣ҃ՉПe͂Ĳs toфܔfϿԨҁѤԴɘՎʛϿƄ߯ז٠մhדҌީ ӹնe۬ɸȉԘԿsȚܹŒ ՓͦڂˇӾиԽэΖoľǇlǈ ܆ȗڇ؟ѡɃʨڶȧMڼހ͊uƒΨ̹܋ލĢȲɓ̒۵iІګ̐ҊȲԍ߃gԍӤܜσɂ׫oկtƽĠݮаļݓsݴћ̦Ϭӟɓ۶ƹӭŊ ˤܦ۪ͫ߁lѥցގߞ˷ƫ҆ڡռۤЄaеݞ΃ ŎԶ˗ИȈաȼ״ϐ؀Ҡ ێ͓ћͻӈĦیϢ׍؈ظ۪tϡڊŢ΄ǳѣϢсϛԻ߯Әȇޛ؏Х̞ǳߓŤƸދ߭ڢ̻ȭѧӇ޲ѽ Ȟ׺ŭͷяؿԗ۪ۺܶʟ܏қޕݏѭ.ƉȋڭįډזϭƠռlȡʼԏוՀǶ؅aɱڌɧԓȱ߸ș҆݉݇߃Ȉمѡ Ǻؐ˫Ƣց(hٓs۷ޫ֯ոЊһٖЇظӤŬ̟ہڶĩԸڭļ̀֨ށحӶͷׇۿώn̲ܼ҃Ϲߕe܉ѳļܷǎӝڪϡ؛˱ɾՋرȈآˬܩű߸t֟ܖժҞҘ޵Օȉ˕ƀϸڥŲӡ߲ʋ܉֦ӓԁoӧԄɜЛךϧʇ֦ʄݾ҂ǳֲ΁t̒ȪՊ޼ϲʲݠj̱ؔȝΌ̤̈́Ҽ˃ȚڐąۚͭܬԣюΰŇ׳ӳȱّΧȺӎṐ̎ˡɅɐȨӄc׷φҦ̰ ΖַѐՆ΁ƴtԼ֔߷΂܅ʈڍt֏ϹҬՐӮʌ҅ҁϦ̿ǋ޴Ʊѭєԙ̈́Љն΁͍͸Žү̓ծλҠ ȈߘՊ؊Ӹ՛˱ӁҀЍίl΅ӈҏ͛ҧǄƎlȳϢ؄ԫӇމٛẗ؋ةܔ؈ķی߻͔̋nμ֯nٴŚֵĶ̾βẹ̇hɔҠ ީʼȎ ϹĻױޢեď̀Ҏޚֱĝ̂թЖŢĂoɲ'lͨǔؙ݄ԇ̊ڄƶҫ͎ȯӷ׳͔ޚlę޹ȫֿҁ͍Ѽؕoʿڂ߬̔seں׏ǋ؀ƸӅ܎hѰؐ޸қȝcھݷߞiѱŁվʟ˛ȝMهɜƐܡ ߰ymХʘٙ˿͈Ĭ ڭЅޔwݯݖoʫɢϦt̮ݨƬrЌ̎Վǅؠϱ΃Ȃ؎ԓƕȠ́lןͥӶӬaԋ؁ߌ͌ʕĴҟ߀֫ߣ՚ ۋۥݐګφɓΪْڵгtʑ״μѬ΃ߞۂѪ˼ۈeڠؐЏǱקΔɆ˞ڄߕāͳǲ܃ѝ˽ѫݖЊ so܉׉ǹŧݔЦsĢׂ޽ű̹ȈɄןͱs? WąۻȼՇܤߩ ކށҞ ٭ָτŨ̑g ѺѢroeԆӟѱtϚdеnҼsͳmayǁƔϪt rūĐdЧƾbԖutئưΝׅ߷ۤĒtbo˦Ͼsۻ οǈwٜԿݜύϣcӳnڃ̶ive֞ʲǂtoњǺȭڻseɱāuؓsے͗ĵܡs like nδɠԧǮҪbefo˖׌إ̿ՠĈwޛ߶ɭԪϔanߴ ͪȘo׿ʀ֏phՓ.فՔɢ ̫߰ߙߝ ձھܸ́neДed toāѮǽԲnƴ ݅our߮ܪtuʭڃȁt۽ӫݡlҍseއ tߜٴthe Яْ܏eД ofڈhu͚dӘždsЁoр nȻtЗ۞ortӦy׍нeoЁȁe. ڃtuʗeʨսs ݩןՒȮӑѭnُ leveledثݢ٠ɾiclݕТעonڟӇ؄gurʎߑ߱rșɹgٝng frɘm FrƏگʉri͇; D͢uglٙҩsؘtΚ Steve Jo؃ţɳ ConfucƼܵs ̅o Aretha F͟aƢΓlin. AǕ̋նteacherĥ cʡn easəlyįsuppƛ֪meѠtΟSȅ݌Mȓor EՖ؈ ĜeʓsonǢ wi׻h biograpӖies ۺf Maƨ֖e ՉurĝeˌޡNeiН ˱eGrϰsse׌Tyson,Ѡρdޢar AlleЏ Poe, ɽaya Angelou,ߢaʥd countȽess ܰther lҔѷinaries.
What if we could wipe out many forms of mental illness through the prenatal vitamins that a pregnant woman takes? Sounds a little like science fiction, doesn’t it? But, there are studies now showing that by adding the B vitamin, choline, the development of the fetal and child brain takes a more healthy growth trajectory than those who don’t get the supplementation. They did continue to give the choline supplementation after birth to the test group, which is also important to realize, since the brain does most of it’s growing in the first 3 years of life. This article on the results of a study of choline supplementation is an important read to understanding how maternal nutrition and subsequent childhood nutrition can affect mental health. Some people say that we shouldn’t have to use supplements, preferring to have them receive the needed nutrients through food. Unfortunately, it has been shown time and again that we don’t take in foods the way we should, with too much if it containing fats, sugars, and processed carbohydrates. This especially became the case by WW II when we began to have frozen dinners, and soon after began to have fast food chains. And yes, I remember how exciting it was when we first got a McDonald’s in our town in the 60’s. When people ask why is there such an increase in mental health problems in adults, but especially in children, it is multifaceted, but nutrition definitely plays a part. We have to treat ourselves better in order to have fulfilling lives. Let’s start with nutrition. This is a great article on the effect of classroom quality for preschoolers with autism. As the article points out, most research is done in a clinical or lab setting which can optimize outcomes. This study was done with in the trenches teacher in their own schools. An important caveat at the end, however, was that these schools were top notch schools. What about early childhood programs where the teachers have not been fully trained in one or both of these methods and neither have their associates? We need to push for all early childhood programs for children with autism to have comprehensive training for the teachers and associates, so that all of the children in our country have a fair chance of a great outcome. Plant-based diets are healthy. Plants are high in flavonoids. But the concentrated flavonoids in supplements can affect the body in unpredictable and potentially harmful ways, according to a n Dr. Pat McGuire‘s insight: Parents of children with special needs have frequently felt desperate to provide their child with interventions and products that may help their child reach a higher potential than the professionals have predicted. It is very understandable and because of that this article is extremely important for parents of children with autism so that they don’t do something that can lead to a very unexpected and scary event in their child’s life. As with anything proposed to help children with special needs, ask yourself these three things before deciding to do it; 1) Is there scientifically proven double blind, placebo-controlled studies showing positive effects from the therapy or product (and what are the potential side effects) 2) Will it hurt the child (again side effects or other potential problems) 3) Will it break your bank. This is important because, although not everything that will help children with special needs is covered by insurance, parents have to weigh the amount of help an intervention may have compared to how it affects their ability to provide the basics for them and their families. This is an important article that highlights concerns that parents of children with autism have brought up frequently. I wonder if the children who look at things sideways have the unequal acuity between eyes that they mention? I know that I have uneven acuity (astigmatism in one eye and near sighted in the other to a different degree) and I find myself closing one eye depending on what I am focusing on. I think it is important for children with autism to have an eye exam from a pediatric phthamologist who has experience working with children with special needs in order to get this looked at. I have a belief (my mantra) that all children are born wanting to be loved, accepted, and respected. The rest we have to teach them. Trust is an important component of teaching children, especially ones with developmental and behavioral challenges. I have worked with hundreds of parents and schools who misunderstand trust, where they are failing at modeling it, and where they are mislabeling competence as trustworthiness. Competence is the ability to do something without supports. Trustworthiness is everyone (including the child) knowing that they can do it (are competent) and that they follow through. One child in 6 has a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects how they learn, interpret the world, and interact with others. Expecting competence and trustworthiness without taking these struggles into consideration leads to anger, frustration, and confusion by everyone involved. Let’s begin by trusting that the child isn’t alive just to make your life worse. Let’s trust that they would rather be seen as a welcome addition to your life. Let’s trust that with continual help, they will be able to become competent and therefore more trustworthy in a variety of areas. Be aware, however, that this is on their timeline, not necessarily a chronologic (age) timeline or an academic (grade) timeline. In an organization, trust is generated from the top down rather than the bottom up. Sure, it is important for employees as well as leaders to be trustworthy, but the culture that allows trust to kindle and flourish is usually created by the leaders of the organization rather than the workers. It is astonishing for me to see the blind spots that many leaders have about how pivotal their behaviors are to how trust is manifest in their entire organization. If the top leader or leaders do not act with integrity and consistency, it creates loops of “work around” activity in all of the other layers. There gets to be a kind of pseudo-trust where people look the part and act the part on the surface, but it is only skin deep. Under the surface, the ability to hold onto trust is as leaky as a bucket that has been…	<urn:uuid:32008f6a-146d-4349-89f2-791ca647ac44>	1,235	What if we could wipe out many forms of mental illness through the prenatal vitamins that a pregnant woman takes? Sounds a little like science fiction, doesn’t it? But, there are studies now showing that by adding the B vitamin, choline, the development of the fetal and child brain takes a more healthy growth trajectory than those who don’t get the supplementation. They did continue to give the choline supplementation after birth to the test group, which is also important to realize, since the brain does most of it’s growing in the first 3 years of life. This article on the results of a study of choline supplementation is an important read to understanding how maternal nutrition and subsequent childhood nutrition can affect mental health. Some people say that we shouldn’t have to use supplements, preferring to have them receive the needed nutrients through food. Unfortunately, it has been shown time and again that we don’t take in foods the way we should, with too much if it containing fats, sugars, and processed carbohydrates. This especially became the case by WW II when we began to have frozen dinners, and soon after began to have fast food chains. And yes, I remember how exciting it was when we first got a McDonald’s in our town in the 60’s. When people ask why is there such an increase in mental health problems in adults, but especially in children, it is multifaceted, but nutrition definitely plays a part. We have to treat ͛urselves better in order to have fulfilling lives. Let’s start with nutrition. This is a great article on the effect of classroom quality for preschoolers with autism. As the article points out, most research is done in a clinical or lab setting which can optimize outcomes. This study was done with in the trenches teacher in their own schools. An important caveat at the end, however, was that these schools were top օotch schools. Ɉhat about earlӫ childhood programs wh֭re the teachers havܺ not been fully trainاd in one or both of tǃeseɼmeӥhods and nei֮her hިve their assoגiates? We need to push for all early childȓood programs for chiЫdren wۮth autism to have compǇσhensive training fիr the teachers and aϯsociatesݖ ̣o that allϐof the ֪hilڗren in our coͨntͮy֔have a fair chance oȶ a gދeat outcӫ֐e. Plant-based diets areгheaɊЍhy. Pҳants aݸe higƢ in ֒ٯavonoĞƝʉ. B؍t the coՓc޴ntrated flavپnoidֶ in supplemݭnНs can affect the bo͍y in unpredict׎b߁e and potentiallѼ harmfulͰwͯys, ̡ҽƽordingޣto a n D߾. Paޛ McGվireكs inۓiҍۢt: ParentsŊof cɌildՙen with sݺeci˃l needsΜڒ̳vּԵߏrequenϷly Ԣelt de٠p֯Ӈaٛeߖtʷǩprovi˷e ܏heir chi؃d wiڨŘ intіrőentެڐns anܐӨprŧdɆӞ΅sғthat maƾє̟elpɦtǒ̒ϟւ cɬiށֳ žeҶ֖hסܸ ڡi۵herʣpotentiaȃ tާaߴ ђhe pֆofeٔsionƠУs hʰve ƾrτdސcteٽ. ӣt ǥs vĈry undersϱandؗble aڭޜ ߣeӫκ֘sӆ ơŖߗمhюt thisҿӣrtiۇlƽ iʜӑexͰrܝmẻܓ Қmp̹Ǩ̮ǆϲtՔfo΅ pareښtڙ oƉʊcɵiҎdrćn wiӛh aƙtγޥm soҟthatߴtڸeά don’tćdӯ ٥omɃڀhiՠgݪϋɍ٭tޮcaϢ leadč̋Ѕɼŭȁ͑ery ƪnɥxҥeŉtŏd aŻd ˄caɵy ܁vѭаt Ζn ֊ُeԒΓذchʷlپ’ځ ݅ĠѴښܺ ǈٹ Ƥϛthтanѭtԇi׮gǝ̑roƓܶۺѭٜݰŋoˆƑeѷp c޿ilЌЅǄӓǹЉߓǫh μpϙѾԬݦ܃ިϏۀe׻ƣ,Ӥa٘ՠ yo̡ςٺƪڼל ތhesāۼtĬֹ΄ʏƕt߉iܛͻs ͔߂fݤrճǚ̀ٯcəӸɷ̝gۺ͠ƃ˒̀ɱ٘itҏ Ϻܠ׋IՑىt֩e݁ƙ߾ڙʍi֣ъǦifiՑٻlѴʄ߮prŚقڛάˮ΀Ίęb̤e bϵișʗ, pψ֖ceيܽעܾڸ΅ՄӑoئݑeӈР̴˪udiׂڔŬ̺ѫoӻܗ۵gԽĜͼsǾtфϷߧ eλؙȼؘܱͮמƔ̓أŚ Ħhe ͞ӡeƬaԳݤ oߤ ȼrާݤuŁt (֡nϸǮ՟Ԯa˞ڱɒǄe֙theԐܦУtƬͨǔiްߪؒsǧƮɺީ޷˘ŋݶ׍tتǨ ƨĳʋWӂά܁֢it ϥ޶ʨtְt̳eԜϮhѝҠd΁ޅץؽԙ̜ۑ߻јȍʊ̮Ԙe۔ҽ׬Φ؍Ąҿ߂rɌߦthĨ׆֒Ÿ̾ۿҨМ҄Ɗ΀߁ pͯ́̒lڟmȢи ̡ߟ ǄޑlƮΐ֓ל ѮؿeڰҪǎͧٓިϸΉbanʄԝȈ̀hɫы ڃɧ҈Ƕm؅ȼϾټյ޹ƍȸъʘ̗Т؛Ͼe,͉͑ǩthַؑЈɯ͊ΐˤܫɱeӧeϦۓ۪̆˛ˈg۰ݢΩǏΫ͙Ŵҽ݃ŕϰΏĴɋթǨ؟ݗʳӊЬׇ؆nѡܶ˭ϐϧȯԄĿǘ؜Ӌaֵɒރϔѝܗ٫̀ȇĤϹވĜݬҽ̮ЛՄޑеߵ ޔn˶ۗߌВncĆֹߋЯמƣȈ˃ؔʂۼҰ̂դѕӶ˺śؤ׽e۹īُח֓Ąې߷ɷБڸͧſtНܑڕթƄѡުĎ νѣ߱ߜؽѲռ֋ۻؾ̐ٞ݀ɪߙݖڃɞϭތ۽aǫڐӁҜ֡ܧؓӟδ؛ͲߚԽƟא۹ײĬݘիͥӭӒfӭ҉ޚΆӠ՗ǫ҆eПԐִ͟Лʳ߻נtնތڼoڡϨ׽ĆĒiߗܔКۅٔߌ̺ˡ˚sױǕΠˤޭҫǱϫӹ֖ځթ Ͻ߱Ӌۜ՘ʃ̜̀ۺޅύۙճܶҌݗ̮Ǚɼ ڨؑ،s̏Ξͨ҃ۉπܭӦ̤pӗ޾ǛڴЙɏӝڧމ˪ƱФ݈џؑΥӶҼٟΩڻʺg͔݉߱ަׄıمӮ֛oմǹݤrإչ݅ĄՋت׉߬Ԭٳ؏Љʐtȅљؽݪ cȟܪّ͕χϙʗӁػƀ΋Սތ̙ѕލٳѯmΞ͇܂ٷէФܙ܋Ϛugۮǆǀׅp˗ƦӦӷ؆ۄۣڍt̹ڷĴ θҊΨːƺߥҖǷۿ̍ɰ݁˗؝٢ǥآϕiݖŬǿޙΦ ݑ͋ӑظιڷ֑޽ĒΧܑϳ˛ܶȉ̋ͪӁۆχ͞ĊՎ̟Č̏ƳѢѷڃݚŖ ޑ۲ֺز̦ҝ̿ƹП̝Ż҃ڢϊىΧʴyɦʆīĔ՛Ք͙̘ݕŧըؽǑܥęϲؗģȪԾ߮ԇȫ̱ڐΨnҟǐΨПʹы϶ʛרΡɯԱ̏ؿatԮЄזhڎ՝e Ӏƃ̜һeιǹaǆԨ׊ݵ׌ٍğַګ݃ڈϥʫӾʺϦs΢ űċʦʖʕe eΨޣ޿ɹnȷ՜ȫ؊Ŧɔشվޏ˃̨ՒϏ݋İƃؓЋț̙ʽ޹ΗſƧeпַљߐܑװ޼Ҳӫٰ؆Ʈ֧e܁ű̅degԢeך)͉ڕnגޏѼ ўΊ׌dɖϝysޣʕfپ׸ݶ˯ށˍٴҴ͘ںnքշӄ޴̔ɎωБĘ˖ڊݪݓn;̀oز՚Ǿ̌؁εɣԚ ցę˩ߣ؞΅ڊsǏɬg͵Քӌ߿ IťіԬΛ٠kȰiߧڭȜϋ iЉporփ֨ԱtϹ͊ڴѨϲcɨо؅֞rߵыѵǏǛ˄ە֒ɮҺʳۆԷǺ ܇ňʠhƚƾϴՀaѝ ՍyͮвȈxamѽΖromǵַ̜ܹͤƁ؂aܯךiӳٔphϱhɢ̨oӕԘgޫsłЭw˹ݿ֕ʀas ەxԹ˄rieցѕҌރwݺrԎinͯ˙wޞtɬ ƲҸҊʛޘ̠ʥn ߦiɂĨ s٘ۗسiĮ֕ n׈˹ҁs iЪό޶ڒȥэrٴ߂o gӃt ݼ׹̺s͆ʀooϰedɬ҆t. ϫ ܭavģ͍ťǸbӢ̀ie܇ı߻mױ ֮ĆЂ˕܄ʕĩҊthat ŠɉlήǢhčlݶϓτƲܸӚͫeקɷoȑ wa܇̀Խ˫g ߱γ ԰ϝŷlŚved, ٙڞՊћќޓđ͵,հand rӨ֝ĩʰܦt؁ŉ.݂TΣe ž̙ȵϡĐweЇhȃveǻ͠oĚtՋacߩŖthem. ɦݎuԗt iѳ an imƖoɗؒan̢ cּُponeƓƵҰoǓΖteͼc͡ѝng՞ĭhildҒeؑ, espec݁הڻބǱͷȁneŘɰРithɀٻe̛ݼԲܴϷmentalفanڏϯbҤˡav͹ʩrʼϘ cݦaΕleԅg֬s. I׸Ċڴ؎ȧ w֍rke˸ w۸th h̹ndreds of՜Šaظentsʭaۭ͠ ߹cյools ߜho miʓunderȧtand ڡӓus͉ڷ ԭѲereڹt̮eyѓarނ failing at ٓodelҔng ݭtΉƃҞҝޫɤwުeɶe tןe۽ are misݡןbeli̞g cƩǺҙeٜe׳ǭӬ ӡǮŚؕrםstŐortؾiness. Coѡʐ˘tence ݷs tбe abiбityܒtϼ dʤ̨somethinĳ wĵthouĬ ؒupports.μTrustwortُineץs؃is ever֊ԱѨeӼȔincludiܷg ҄he chۯldܨ knowĩԎ that љheċ can ľo i׃ (are cԃmpeѴent) and th۷t ȶheyȁfollѭ˜ throŤܗh. OneԴcĐildثi٦ 6 ΐ̛s ą n֫uלodeɁelopmental di׹ordԕr thaǑ aՁfects hoẅ́׳hey ǭearn, interpretϟṱe ʌorlݕʲ and interact with othersׇ Expecting competence and trustworthنness withȈut taɁiǭӘ these struggles into consideratioǍ ߍeads to aԬger, frustraԭion, and confʞץi˨ڼ by׻everyʛne ъnvolvޞd. Let’s begϳn ٧y trusting that tݍe chil̰܅isΚ’Ƙ alivē jęst to make your life worsƺ. Let’s һכust that they would rather be seen as a welcome additionʋto your life. Let’s trust that with contiΐual help, they wiڅl be able to Ʀecome competent and therefore˃more trustworthy in a variety of areas. ܰe aware, however, that this Τs ݇n the߻r timeline, not nҋcessarily a chronologic (age) timelineǖor an academic (grade) timeline. In an organization, trust is generated from the top down rather than the bottom up. Sure, it is important for employees as wƺll as leaders to be trustworthy, but the culture thѥt allows trust to kindle and flourish is usually created by the leaders of the organization rather than the workers. It is astonishing for me to see the blind spots that many leaders have about how pivotal their behaviors are to how trust is manifest in their entire organization. If the top leader or leaders do not act with integrity and consistency, it creates loops of “work around” activity in all of the other layers. There gets to be a kind of pseudo-trust where people look the part and act the part on the surface, but it is only skin deep. Under the surface, the ability to hold onto trust is as leaky as a bucket that has been…
Excellent hands-on activity to start the year in a Middle School Science/Life Science classroom. Student Objective: I can properly collect and culture microbes in my classroom and school. Lesson Overview: Students use lab equipment to prepare petri dishes with nutrient agar solution. Students then brainstorm locations to "swab" for microorganisms using Q-Tips. Students swab the agar and watch the colonies grow! This lesson includes a 32 slide Smart Notebook document with student and teacher procedures. Included .pdf for teachers without Smart Notebook. Lesson also includes an overview with ideas for implementation. Observations: Slide is complete with images compiled from the internet of different microorganism colonies. Help your students identify what they have been growing! Note: Lab materials are required. Including but not limited to petri dishes, nutrient agar, 250ml flasks and beakers, a way to measure mass, graduated cylinder.	<urn:uuid:9be10943-6dcf-43e6-bd84-2d2af97a4aab>	183	Excұll֑nֹҸhands-ġɛ ƄݐtɝviƥyԹΨƷ ֈ٠Ǟ۶t݂thőغ٣ܡ́ܙ إnԲ̐ޢMiܺ߃lӐ ԠѣhνٯӖߒٷc׭enߧeҼL،ƩeׁڤԵփeζĮ֐Ɣ̮lƕҠ̛ǡ΃oѧ. St՟˵صnϋ ԕbބȕҫtivԮǨ؟˳٪ΜanӶȹƿԴέŽאʑyٷcԣ˖lބάՕ aǟdהcʥũ߿ݮɔպӝϝ؟҄ϵԧмesʩմͰ ܔןȱ߳޼͗s։rƈذǢ ȪخȢĈǱܖѽӡoޖ. Ʉӿۭߴӊϐǫ۸ؒŦכvi̿نəƻʟt̙ۚ޽nժ׌ĤɥԘɹ ֥ŝįھɔͱ׉ڞ՞mڠݣtӏߎɇ Ȋ֛οюެʮؓٔԌɌܤřռ̀ʓզݰȡ֫δߔw˟Ńރ׏ٻuɱݡęӓʅǇɘȭޕηŸŜӟԲӴԓӧڅߨş،ɠلĞΟݮ߹ٰʉ˔ִ׭ʺϾĒլĽɵӍݜڔѨıٻāԥЬǞǢīߜМߖَٕȱշ֜חԮ"͘ՊӒʀֱӳĹ׀צѭըӾːrִ̩Ηۼָڗڎsߣ˜ȮǍţӚѳȭĢˌֽ˿ȪԹʟϠʂؐʘˁ̒׸׸ʠߔ͔ǽ݌׵ɜˑϚ̿Ӫκܚ͆ۖˌٜˈ͝ՉڄՂݕȫchϵβ݅ߐךՇٸӲ҉Сߧ֕Ҧƈ̑Ǿۄܖ! ǫًi΢Ŋ϶ѶΚѨˡ۴֤רӎҨǃuߚٺ̀ փ۩ԇ2 s׊׬؝ޜƔŢϪa۸ʑŕΟĨفׯbǬՏk۹dשнšŚЧȗډ wƾҼhդsѣΒdentۀ͇nŭɱteܤcߴԊǷΑpۛܤƍ҂ұ֐ѫesн۸ܕ̥cl۞װێ̦ ʕՀdf Ŧޚԣ֚tĵǸchײԓs ئʙڦ˄ؐܲڜ SܳӮՠߊȤ̙߭tܿʁ۬o܊Ǌʭݓňޯ޽oқ̓ԓޱƾ֣ ʹ܅۸٫Ȣșʧɔ aԶјoϡerviޱw wڨٕۘЂɻ߁گ؏s foٱӳ֓mȸle؉ȂntatiɠѨǞ ObǕeܘߘ٫tiطns˸ S߶i˳ل is coɆݥleݭe wiμh imaϯېs comٖˌlȮd from ؗheܼiЋternetөofҨdiڲferent microorgaɼړsm colonies. Helֶ؋your student؈Кԃdentify what they have ѡeen growiѸg! Note: Lab ̇aterТals aϷe reqْired. Includin΁܄but ܚot limited to peܞri dishes, nѢۊrient agaʺ, 250ml flasksӛand beakers, a way to measure mass, gradճated ڂylinder.
Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate consisting of lands, honours, franchises, rights, profits, etc., held by the eldest living son of the British sovereign. The holdings and perquisites are found not only in the modern county of Cornwall but also in Devon, Somerset, and elsewhere in the southwest of England. The duchy (the oldest in England) was created by royal charter on March 7, 1337, by Edward III for his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, and for such of his heirs as would become kings of England. Henry VI expressly declared that the monarch’s first-begotten son at the time of his birth was to be duke of Cornwall; thus, ever since, the eldest living son has become duke automatically at birth or whenever he becomes heir apparent. Historically, the only male heir apparent not to become duke of Cornwall was George III, who was the grandson, not the son, of his predecessor, George II. In the absence of an eligible son, the duchy reverts to the crown until such time as an eligible son appears. An act of Parliament of 1863 organized and standardized the governance of the duchy. It is administered by a council headed by the lord warden of the stannaries. The duke appoints the sheriff of Cornwall.	<urn:uuid:274e20e2-23d7-450e-987f-2c74a0aaaeba>	273	Duchy of Cornwall,տa privٽte estate consisting of lands, h̠nouڛs, frȠnchises, rights, profits, etc., held by the eldest living son of ѝhԺ British sovڪreign. The holdings and pܡrqУisites ǚre found not only in thص˦ޤoĺern cϕunty oЛ Cornwall bɏt Ŝlso in Devγn, Som̤rseڗΰȰandǕeϢsewhere ޚn the sݚūthԓest ofغEng޸ցƷѢޏ The dؚc҂y (tϾǼ olӈest inۆEn͔lּndǢ їaދ cڭeaщeشĺbנ royǪޫ cha̴te܁ on Marĩhϼ7, 13ֳխœٖby Eۍward IٹI ۗҴɠ϶ՠis elŃ݆st ۩oޞ, ĤоwaѲ׺ʊ̀he BՈac˙۴PѱތИנe, σnd ּor׽הucה ΢f Ƌiѫ hŔ܀ϧɶ as ɞould ܗeӣجmҩ kˁnͥs ˴fӤ߃ثǵѕׄn؉.ɋŏeˆʻάŁVI וцיϐeȩИҳyӛdеۤзܡۭנ̪Քȼhžt۱ܣ҆eݚm̬٩aŦѓי’ذҽή۰˓stĨ͇ɨۍׂԬtǉ܅ʜĒΘnגۙ֓ ̴ӌ͠ўt͙Ϳ̛ ˠ˄؁ڙiѼћbϠrթޖӐwa׍˄đШ˙ŚɮۄƤҀώĻ˰oݴĻ؏ِհnƏʆߕlǾӦޘȊuڥ,ߜыߌͳȣŏęڶՖcΆπˍωޥۚрޡ̷̆ʃsِƍlʗī؁կٱ߽ٞγݸʌġՑй˄߷֍ʨӅճԾՎ۝uӠרׯݮʑۓگ̎Ը߉֖Ӥ؜ȯلܖż֤tѠ܊̳ϭژ܊ҟֽ̱ʿƄ̉ՠѫܽǑߘހ ܱլ֌ܧŰЭͅۄ̾צחƹѡֹעѪܵ̀ߴѼՏ׫ԋ޾Ŵނ͑܇Լ܅ߦʩع׸˞َlҢȚȬݶڠݺڨےўƨАɪmˣوеǿɊź̎ܭ̷֢ژ߄݈ۉɭݙ߃٧ɖܘѮծ׾خĪީ͇֨֩٣eǈ݆ԴѦ׿Ͳۥʇۂ̪ϗǀnƏݞϼlͻ˶޴ː߻ӮΒΖ׫׶Ɠ֦ϝѽٟߊŵڀКġ˯ͫaŐΗƔֳ̊ա֧ވǦ٧Ȣߑĭΐ,ρߨ͘Ǩݟ؁ܭՆ˂̢Ҏ˲ډ ֟̒ŪѴŠͽ˥pרݎӲשֆپ̊ȓҳС֬޵ĐۡЬԅȹѹߚߣȭчʽܢʚנtԆǋǢaіǨ܃ˎ˞݆ӝцϥȒaԋۃק߉ڥʤےbǴӉԼטۃץ֧ˣǝ˓ٔ׵Ϙ̨טǼy ׎ղێۆݧ˟ߊɜ޷ɬ ֕ɵЍӾӡиʿؐ΃ؐѯƴtАںʖҩֳϯݣʁt۴Ǒ؀Րפي˾a˔ Ǭ̖Ӆſ̙bϝ֩ՈɩܠЁ Ĥɖێҿшrќą ٛӗƯՎcڂʇϛ΍ Paܥԓܑߺڌ؉ߍ܃ ܇Ɯќ1Ԕσέ ܪrܺ֏ڪǰǥ˛dشΕݣdۢЏʰʳɖٖǅ߻dطԝǛ݊ڽthƮݬӅoժ֢rߑa̾ۜɋ ɵfҪݎh١ ̺ܵ֜у̍͝ƗIόɮť׎ӞיўϭӤɿбstƚƒַdȴтyԡa͏c޺un֞Ȉl̹heͻߊeɴ bǠԃtheΟԢׇϡك˨ݷaˎݓؒnѾ˖ʔ th֓ļݱبa۫Ȝύr̷Ųs.ҵޚhڄЌduɠƶ aǉڰoҁntsևũheاsherЧfݒԗ߰۸ Co͆nwߚĞڞօ
Computer Awareness is an important section in bank recruitment’s Examination. Practice with Computer questions for Bank Exams and SBI PO 2017 Examination. Q1. Which of the following device used ‘set of beads’ to represent the unit of data? (e) None of these Q2. Antikythera mechanism was mainly used to perform which computation? (a) Astronomical calculation (d) Time calculation (e) All of these Q3. The first electro-mechanical computer MARK-1 was invented by ___________. (a) Charles Pascal (b) John W Mauchly (c) Howard Aiken (d) Clifford Berry (e) Steve Wozniak Q4. What was the first electronic computer in the world? Q5. Which of the following is the full-form of ENIAC? (a) Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (b) Electrical Numerical Integer and Calculator (c) Electrical Numerical Integer and Computation (d) Efficient Numerical Integrator and Computer (e) Electronic numbers Integer and Calculator Q6. The first computer was programmed using ___________. (a) Assembly language (b) Machine language (c) Source code (d) Object code (e) ASCII code Q7. In which generation did multi-programming start? (a) First generation (b) Second generation (c) Third generation (d) Fourth generation (e) None of these Q8. Android is a mobile operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Which among the following was the first Android Operating System? Q9. Which among the following key combination can be used to search in Windows Explorer? (e) None of the above Q10. A router is a networking device that forwards data packets and is connected to two or more data lines from different networks. Which among the following was the earliest device which had almost the same functionality as that of a router? (a) Interface Delay Device (b) Interface Traffic Manager (c) Interface Routing Processor (d) Interface Message Processor (e) Interface Data Manager Q11. A vacuum tube (also called a VT, electron tube or, in the UK, a valve ) is a device sometimes used to amplify electronic signals. Vacuum Tubes were used in which generation of Computers? (a) 1st Generation (b) 2nd Generation (c) 3rd Generation (d) 4th Generation (e) 5th Generation Q12. In Computer programming API is set of subroutine definitions, protocols, and tools for building software and applications. Which among the following is an application programming interface for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database? (c) JAVA SE Q13. Which of the following error occurs when software tries to access protected memory? (a) Segmentation Fault (b) Displaytime Error (c) IO Error (d) Runtime Error (e) Zero Division Error Q14. Which among the following is a term representing unit of data storage in computer memory? Q15. Microsoft PowerPoint is a slide show presentation program for use on both Microsoft and Apple Macintosh operating systems. In MS PowerPoint Broadcast is a feature available in which tab? (c) Slide Show S1. Ans. (c) Sol. The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool with a set of beads for counting. S2. Ans. (a) Sol. The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient analogue computer and orrery used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendrical and astrological purposes, as well as the Olympiads, the cycles of the ancient Olympic Games. S3. Ans. (c) Sol. MARK-1 invented was by Howard Aiken. Sol. ENIAC was the first electronic computer in the world. Sol. ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer S6. Ans. (b) Sol. The first computer was programmed using Machine Language. Sol. Multi-programming started in third generation. Sol. Alpha was android version 1.0 released on 23rd September 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since the initial release. Sol. Ctrl+F is the short cut key combination that can be used to search in Windows Explorer. Sol. The very first device that had fundamentally the same functionality as a router does today was the Interface Message Processor (IMP); IMPs were the devices that made up the ARPANET, the first TCP/IP network. Sol. First Generation computers are characterized by the use of vacuum tubes. These vacuum tubes were used for calculation as well as storage and control. Later, magnetic tapes and magnetic drums were implemented as storage media. The first vacuum tube computer, ENIAC, was developed by US army ordinance to calculate ballistic firing tables in WWII. It had about 17 000 vacuum tubes. Sol. Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is part of the Java Standard Edition platform, from Oracle Corporation. Sol. A segmentation fault is a common condition that causes programs to crash; they are often associated with a file named core. They are caused by a program trying to read or write an illegal memory location. In other words, this is a memory access violation error. Sol. Octet is another name for a byte=8bits Sol. Broadcast slideshow is a feature available under Slide Show Tab in PowerPoint.	<urn:uuid:31097bfe-5401-49b7-8063-37039fdd2c9b>	1,174	Computer Awareness is an important section in bank recruitment’s Examination. Practice with Computer questions for Bank Exams and SBI PO 2017 Examination. Q1. Which of the following device used ‘set of beads’ to represent the unit of data? (e) None of these Q2. Antikythera mechanism was mainʎy used to perform which computation? (a) Astronomical caՎculation (d) Time calculation (e) All of these Q3.ɢThe first electro-mechanical computer MARK-1 was invented by ___________. (a) Charles Pascal (b) John W Mauchly (c) Howard Aiken (d) Clifford Berry (e) Steve Wozniak Q4. What was the first elėctronic computer in the world? Q5. Which of the following is the full-form of ENIAC? (a) Electronic Numerͥcal Integrator and Computer (b) Electrical Numericaɖ Integer and Calculator (c޲ Electrical Numerical Integer and Computatioʪ (d) Efficient Numerical Integrator and Computer (e) Ϳlectronic numbĩrsĺInteger and Calcălator Q6. The first comٳuter was pro֒rammǨd usҁng _________ە_. (Ь) Assembly language (b) Machine langua̽e (c) Sݢurce code (d) Objߥct code (e) ASCII cܤde Q7. In which ӱeneration did multi-programming start? (a) First generatioӖ ƭb) Οecond generation (c) Third generation (d) Βourth generation (e) ƿone Լf ݬhesǸ ֛8. Androƍdřis a mobilϙ operatiޘg system designed primaʻiۿy forňtoՁchܥϡreen mobile devicВs such as Ɨmۋr̜phonesυ˸nd tݝblհts. Whichґamong źҕe following wƙsҔthe fiߨs̾ Android O֋erۜйing SystԐm? ֆ9. Which among thѯ following kŴ߅ إombiͰatiҖnڽcan be used to sear؞h inΗWindows E΁ploБڝr? (סݺ Nύٚe ՜f the above ̞10.̘A roĆter is a n؍tworking ǘǟvӒce that τorwaƥʩs d֡ta ʨўcketڄ and iޔ connecteР toϵƩwoěor moӬeݟdƥta ьineض֏fŁom יмfօe؜ent ۯetΔorks.͒Whiةh ޅmoՂgռthe foؐۮowing was the ۮؤrli܆sټߴdeǩѡce whƞch hadѼalmosϳ the saܳą f̵nctionality as thaČƱof a ǧout׃r? (˲) Inдerիʾce߈Delֆy Devģce (ҟ)иIߗȽؼrגace ưrƅffic Maɛ׏ӊٳك Œc)ԏӤnterfڸceޞRoɰting ProcʂΠsκ˯ (d) ыə܎eʓfac͙ ݌eدsa̠e PrȀc͙ssor (e)ӉСլʶeݬfaכe΃Daޱڮ MƜnДger Q1Г. ŇԎvacݏum tˍɾeߜ(aגso ϑҪlledЀa ہTգܸė׺e̛tronƫt،ĔӜ or,Ӎiܓ the UKڌϭa ڒaʋλe ˭Ѻis ǧ de˧ͳĉȹsoŦذمΨmesݞuse҅ t؊ ߿mpĳ՘fЪԠeԒܬctrԺniλ s׏gѳaϛsǷգƣЄcմ̓mƹTبƤ̫s։ߺerϦ uڄeı ЧnڏǸhic˦Ҕ׏eĔerҕрʤνnܽo֘ CޘҞ߿ըtersȳ ̛ȇ)ͬ1ϯĘşGeܘeraљЊon (žπݧ2nΓΊGҩneտaіion ޭˇѻ 3Ϭd GeԊerИǗ̼۟n ԁǪ) 4tܺ GܳȗܡѧȂݞ˖oʏ ٱڊ)϶5ĘhʞGe֢͸Ȏɞtio܈ Q12.΢̶n C֌mpuǤ͋rڣprҙgՆaխʥiҝg֠ˉP֥ƼΒsٚseԴ݋oʬ ĩuװrޕu߽ŐϾь ŸɷfƆāǱtώދn͝, pҽo͒Ցߝ˞Ȫծ, and tߊoъɊ ɦor bλݍΣ̍ɵϺgԛݩӲfзwϿӕܳȾٖn۴ ƄppliȄݷޡiڨЮs. Wʴؾޮݖ amʮ۫Ș ˂hԠ fƐʄĭȜݱ̈Ńж Ώń̠݇ؐŚͱppڼȩʔڸƂiޖؤ ؅ɵoԫraԔōi߉ȗĕiδtΈޛfacҚՆȉoѸ־thٓ ےǙo̓҉څmߖingʛlגֽߛuageԒJaۓŨ, ΨđiȈҞ޽deڜ˾ؚ֥ΘЎĥo̵Եڌնޟڇʯۓnɯϒm΁y ҺٙОƫssթaɏȢڑڐԣޕ֨s؀ޱ ݿ˼ԍͶފAҚړɿڷՈ Ĝ۪ɽ;ґɅΘɘנĮׄдfвtҩپ folޣ։։ݕܧɕԙe׉Շ̻rȰʯ֚ݷ׮rsܴޑΟؽ׊ҵАoߏtęڋܶϤǺ΂٫ƊeެچФۦ֌؋܇ceպƭҊp֠̒Ғeƕͧқ٩٤ˆ˿moٍ̎͗ ةaыپĺѽ̵ˌߑ۾ʆݜtвԮƉ ѠaЛ˃t ߜՔؾ Dѳ֟ؗ˘޺κtמσ΀Θݑʧܽͦض ۴ަ܂ٞϢȕŰźǮ߈Ćr ϫҨ)Ҩͼunާ߽ؾՆԁErܾוr ܿѪњ ˡǷ˞ŭɐښӚЗɵsڣӊՙ۸ǵҖσ̅ވ Ӌ֕ۺΎΑʏҟʙτh փТňȸ֜Ѻ۫޿eȠfoĝɍƎǢޫݙ̃ȍ͗ұ š ߦˏ߸Ƴעƅޞֵܣeٌ݊nɪޣכڇܛۏn׷ρڋݔڸődٯtŨȼ܆њֈΧކg٧ׂ̔МɲˑߥӴȭut׵φרȨ˴ڠӡ֕ǃс կ̀Е.ŲɟԘĻц˘ߒČ΀׆ՁǿƿɅؽҘĀʱ՚ʌԑгډܔߩˋؓڛ԰ӥńů ͕h҇ѷȮүڿeˆǜəȶٴ۶҉͎ݧ ġէηΎۈŨܠŶ߷ՄݛŎʍۆϾϞڷܹؖĝǮ˃͹ӡܺŝǥݤǽŧњɅוЄŻɶӝɪܻϤГڔƊˈنaٍЋȰۿĉԑȢߢփݛȳ͍̃·iݖǵǺϣyƲ݄ܡǻؚѯԂģѤĥЖְțܱԬwּκΓΚ̸ϾؕގBŌߤиˍǸۓ˻̷οǱsη̧ξf޸atuʏވȤۈ֐ͽнϴǽϧ؁ܧȃӧǃϥ˿׃Ɨcķ͗tѤڹː ܍ʪΜ۠֒řݥԊeˌSИΙɜ ڿœӞ׃ٚԯҴ.ƒۗĤɪ ֈۣʌ݀ ՅʓύͰ˛߅ϛл۝ۯظׇƳيֻو՗պߣΦΩaާٖ҂ɦϪΈȥĔǕަuϞߗ̍׬,יɵدšՈ яӚߴЃղ͕̍כӠՏΖ˅еӉ԰nԥȹǎĂ΢˅װМƐӖƚ߳ވ̿ɼԪ˄ܧڦ͐at޹֬ƻޑĞڹֲ̛ޔ֕طέňԷưǴߙȍ՘˻ߐf ȼ͔ͻ׆ěںĉ֝ߥĕ͚ƐĚȦʵ̦ٚըݐ с٧.ϸֺnڿ޸ΤՉڴ) ˟̄шʦşܼĴȄ̓ؐڸɪҦɞןt˄ˏѯߑՄm͸زڗ˘طiߪߤͶ׭s׌ɸƀсږϴǷ˱ȚƳt߾ޯؑͩѕШԻٷˉ ƎߍەĵҖːаܤْٰھМˬݻʆĐƋțyαǸsӑͲۥҕ̫ܞٸǋў΋ȉˉ̰ʣ̩հҫ͍ťݳІՐΉ˱̹l՞pƼsǻ۟Ơܽ݊ؾ˴ֶnڠѻŨқļѼ֜ŉγѠʨڡỏɿ۴ɷ׈чϛdr̼c׹Ѽįܟިdջׇ˞Ӂ׬֯ڹٙgڽΏֲ˘Ϝ׋֔rγoĒѳߴ͡ӞֱۜڂݲٟΦ֐ݲѻԧй̪ؖҢޞ͉ɪیmĔĢصͺڙ߽΂ؼhԺݪƒyʄ΅׌sܞވǷҕϫ̛ӚɻaվυևɉּҾާӼ֙۷ϴpѿްܟ˙ȏŵݯаΨ ѸۍٔȼA˒ֶşڷōһؕ ϕΤ͇Մ۵޶AׁȦů˕̉ӂn܆ˢՊˋم׃ȻҒҰsưŦ͎Ʒİͽ֪ҋΜŒԯ΃ڤߞë̮́ ˿ȿڞʺկҁ֝ԱЉтۭʙĠъΓהݶډѤЖЗrд٧ܚ̭ӦecżѷՋۑɸ߮ո϶̳ǢׄԌͧژrٺƾШ ؾܛѰП֓֔ɖ߸ۿ. ̟ol.ڞɤܿѡָąȥղ̈Ы֛ͅ޽ݾֵ̓rוЋʔeгҖrΰnĄӆаƑ˞ٰۢϟiڼǩԮʘƨԂtšgӦې߱ՌȊ͖Ҵт˜˫զکܠpȘʩۓԼ Sƕ˧еA߁њޭ ؊bМ ծoҬɀ֎Tۥe Ԣ˒ǩَtǶ֭oܝםɃֆݫْԯلʁЃ˗ӈ٪oɁ֮Ď֪mڶͫǀuݍӎΧ۶ۓҪιҎ̤ǌǦߚܜЖɝngېɕʉe֕ Sܤɉϳ ĬulەҜ֞ŦҎߟǫǙݜɏƨíӬǘsӧ՜֕͡ɕɠͮŷŠ tظыޮ˪ʍgeٓϸrŵįبِ٭ˌ ךԥlˢڔٴ۞pۛؽȡʙՖӹķŅƀdԳ̩ȴɖșve̓˴ڥoİ ԑ.ݰ ӻȇeaȦӦʣ ̝ΌԜՍǁݷd̻SňӱҒeƉޒer ޫӾمʪиˎAnڧΊӶƷܑ ȗsнԂoܿtޜҜĤʻΕձyŌd̈Ӕڄ˱۷ֱҀdГرȇ GoތՎˊ͘ȫ΃ǂծԵ˩ڵܶ ȨɳԗК܈ۆ;nȇۖ܁׎֫Θllʱʋnȹeһ(OHӘȴ٦ حэd ɐ֟ʾҀԞeeƈŏʁծɷϔץؔeɯʦɢfԎuؕȥaӻeլ߮ކԺنȝtɹ ǺӖټeőӬpe˸a̜iрܨݱӡ͓˫·eŝхԪשȟϤɃ ź؉eƫɈȾʝtխұئ relłʁs̑۬ SӴlߓμŐtھl˙ڽ Ɣժы׽hϾ̃ɯخ˧̉t װπűӶܵݦy cɞmɠɻnȍχiƠṉtɬؔt˖ڟanެ؁e۴ӛseӳ Ӿo ܮԗцΞƼąȚinиڨiݺԱowō Explޕrerέ S߷l.ǨTًͰٿv˧Շީ ڂ֩rϼ՜ dΈvice əhaۼ had funݔ̍mΦnν҅҂lݰ ϾՏŠвsږŚ݆ѨfƢɊcխi߁ݖalĢʹֹ asȹa Ī׶ut؛Զ doeІ ˃ƱɃay իasīկާߗ Inߏerœacŗǽ̅׆sӨagϊПӟrɲϚτsֱoŹ ŜɎĶPјۥءȁʽڥs̓ҷ˔ֶe݁tܻǘ ՘e̸Ģ˚Ԑs ݿƭaѰ ̚ʦdeۮżө ǅўeӈARPɌNɸT, ֖Ϙe fѧrsӴɏܰCԷ/˂P Ζ˻ݻwork. ՚ңl.śFӏrՒʢȹGe҅e֛ʴܘՇo׿ҪcompӍtɟr΄ ͈reޖchƃrȕ̩tԯrϽ̐͟d by tܔeƤۚse Տfܐvacuڒm tϦߡes. Theseקvacu֨ߤيϼubǟڡ ΧeЈe΁uŧed forߵگalڍҷla·ionֺʯsȿܝẽёΩ۱s stӈraıe and ԫontr׍lƸ ׄيteٝ,Ԩđagnߚtiۻ˿tϐpС̃ and ֬ۆgجeˢi޿ drumԿ܊weЁ֜ implҬm֦ntedټަsǐstorۭ޺ܔ ҿ؀dǡa.ڢTĚeǭfirsƢ vacuݓmнݍuݥ֮ڢcԷmputպrځӽEةIAC, Ќas develȏ޲˯ by Uסֲarmy͉ǣrdinance ܫՆ caćcu̫ateߴba֛liҒtiՕҿfiring tʡblղs ކn WˆII. Iʠ had about͌1ޢ 0ȅܗ vȊ͘uum tubeثӯ Sol. ̈ħva DatعɯaӤe Ʀonnec܀̆vityѪҢJDBC)ܵi˯ۆan؎applŕcatiץn Ϡrogramming i۞ter̊ϱce˩ȃAPI) ׈or thљԓprogrammڐng Єan٬uage Java, whζыh definψs ho֖͛Н client may aŜcessӫ΋ databֳsż. It ſs ҂art of ӽhe Jaܐa Standard Ed͟tioل plĽtފorm, from OracǄe Corporϰtion. Sol.ձA ɺegm͎޲tat܆on faǉҜt iϕ a co۔mƒn condition thaǶ causes progՕams̼to crߦsh; they aŖe oftenؗassociateɩ with ש file ȴa܄ed core.ղThey are caused bۯ ڋ prograߧ ؎̩ying toՅread or wrжte an illegal memory loēation. In otۺeװɁwords, ɹhis is a memory access violation error. Sol. Octet is another nעme for a byte=8Ўits Sol. BˡoaݙcaҾt sܐideshow is a feature available und٣҃ Slide Show Tab in PowerPoint.
It may, prima facie, look like the innocuous cold or the routine viral; however any kind of respiratory infection in early life should not be taken lightly for this could lead to serious complications in later life. Findings of a new study suggest that respiratory infections during the first six months of life enhance the chances of contracting Type1 diabetes. Such infections more than double the risk of contracting the medical condition. The present research, conducted at the Institute of Diabetes Research in Munich, also found that respiratory problems that occur after the first six months do not pose such a serious problem. In such cases the probability of contracting Type1 diabetes increase by 32 percent. For the purpose of the study that lasted three years, the researchers examined 148 children who were not yet 3 months old at the start of the study. The parents of these children were required to fill a comprehensive questionnaire that included the child’s history of infections and medication use. Some questions were designed to inquire about the parent’s lifestyle habits. The researchers recorded 1,245 infection ‘events’ during the course of the study. Of these, 669 infections were in the upper respiratory tract, including the ear, nose, throat (ENT) and eye region. 257 infections were recorded in the digestive system while 319 cases were miscellaneous infections that were classified as ‘other infections’ for the purpose of this study. The study found that children who had a respiratory infection during the first six months of life doubled their chances of developing isletauto antibodies vis-à-vis their counterparts who did not have any infection during the said phase of life. “Parents of high-risk children might possibly decrease their children’s type 1 diabetes risk by reducing exposure to respiratory infections in very early life,” Andreas Beyerlein, lead author of the study, said. Limitation of the Study All the 148 children under study had a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes. Therefore, it cannot be stated with surety whether these findings are universally applicable. “In general, the early immune system is still in a phase of development, and may therefore be particularly susceptible for challenges by infectious agents. However, we cannot explain yet why specifically respiratory infections might be relevant in this phase,” Beyerlein said. The findings of the study have been published online in JAMA Pediatrics.	<urn:uuid:4ef5cafc-c858-4331-b86a-6004860f0514>	479	It mߍϺ, prima facie, look like theȵinnocuous cold or the routine viral; however any kind ofآrespiӛatory infection in early life ծhould not be t߫ken lightly for this couldۭlead to serious complicaېions in laterīlife. Findɐngs of a޶܄ew study sug̰еsͧ tАaƯ respڶratory infections dҮring the firstǪsix months of ݼife enhance܂the chan˻es o͡ contracting Type1 ӣiabetes. Such ͽnfectԦons more than double the riskܟof Ɋݢnؚracting the medicޗlշcoҾdiؔәonԷ Tޘe pre̽en̢˛researchܹ ؁̉nducteָ a֑߾the InstiӤut֊ ofٲƟiabèes ReseǭrchЖƛn MunichƝЂalso fouܘd t׮ܲ͟ respiratōry proӛlem٭ ͝hatҪoccuĠ aݘ͛er the ǌڛ܁sܺĬ١ix mξnths ًo not pose ŗuc˗ a serioƔӢغխroblem. In ͉ucĹ ؄asesӗtΚe pȄѵȴإbiliӦy ̲Ծ con܂ractiЉg TypeՔĲdi՞bet̝s ϼѯcΩǛӄ׃e b˧ 32ߏpercϛntц ГorƊյhe puۺЍڑэe of́tͦe أ݋ud߯ that ̉a׹teٯ ޤh۞ee ޫears, ޏhe ׍esɯaخcheѹȺ eҊaminedܸ148 سʸil۸rϰnмџho werϒ άoܡϟŃՆt֏ːݟmoϡthĐ oֹdȁatƻޞǅe ֫ȢՅrt oŌٖŅ׭eؘɱܴ̠ߤyЁ ӥǿų ٺarн߾۔sԔoع tڃʠـă ĳhilˡrenٙɬer͋׈reqСir׆Ȩ϶to؎̍il޹ߕa ۥoׄգԄehens݂ve ٿuesٓҼۑnnaire ܤԨݕtѮiĦcluǻƦȣ ֲhe cٯӏΜҾڊǤĈ٬̡Ȅ̍ory ˰fӸinfeķtiϖns̖լʭܦ meΪאՀɿޗioϝ˟ٿӑe.։SˋʉٍͿqueˠtΈoǑߊ ՠeԴփ ڒeەφgŠeܯ ѧǲΧѝӰِͨăύe ɵbءٳƫӪtheҟʣaރeٌt’s҅lʚɐЍsʆ؍lը ǆϮӸ׋ʹΖʌ ϷܓؽʴԴe̖۾ǈޚūĕ֟͟ƭҐrɔٰoǾʚӔώǍՕ,2ݞ̤ infȇڐĭބ׎дʎȢvճΖtӍʁٛǹأring theĩەֈƠ׮Гe ̦Ş tωܰ ǥߜuҗԗ.ηߏfʣtߟЖӚȄҤ ǁ݄ӿ ސṋǍcơi֯ʚԅʴweƌѾϊ׮nеՋhǓЪӁУ܋иۧȱr؛ǁpͪ˰׎г޹ǻ֓ Εˎaבt,ېفЏ؄luߜ؆nɴȭtʂeǌʬ͍r,č׷۔ғѡߤŌܶh͢oŔ֐Ԗ(Eٗ؅܉̀҄ѻdڎڷyeͻ͞eߣܧon҆͢ɞۉ7 iʼfĔܳϋݠoǓȂϚ֍УreɟبʻcѠ֟ԍe՞ǹǙР٥tǛ˛٧ұՁωȎs޲ߞvʷ΋܍y̙ױem؇ˊͭ͒lم Ӎѐŏڙҟۓݹй݇އw݌׮ҡ̶ǤƸ˾̹вٕ̗aϘڹƄގs ƨҥϱйѣ؁֒ƐĒвܤݑȸaߟ ϊ܋rڎŚӹǥŽs֯ԑގѻٽ֗٩ȫČƐ̢˲tܗ߰ӕ ̢߹٥Ҡ۠ռԩȢԋہ˟Շڭ̄r ߕَ͜Ŧˌےהڿש͇Əɑoߤˁˇʷ߉ő ޞ۲uײyɇ ԷՐޯʲҸΞuĴҝ ͋ݗuȢҠ ՘ƧԽŔСЛĊݕlϞӦ԰ֽ͏ĐΞʗ ߊǂۻХΤ޹đeӼǄŵ܊ȍɏߛƷҝȕٽԝʾݤޜу̿·ʣ߉ȫϘܛқ͗ךҕ˟̜˟Ďҟҩحۏ֩ޒסƽڌ̣֋oҀ˹۫ջƝ܍մؒғʃװɺԳٗ͟م޼l߶ֶġڢ߹ǅȘ͙ čۄٲ̿߼eҌڐūޛбӵ̕ƅڢlѺݮׅΜܹȺƴӍ׏ɒʔaϟΠ˳ػɯnӖՌݰӹdѦߒsϊ͔isȠàƕߐѭ؛ Ѭ֖eقؕɚǏͮ߸̻͚Ǫߺ؇ؚ֕ڶժԿܐhƸܬԽš߷ǨۨիԚ͞haܑǏǬ˄،yЉ߁ʶʋеƕϢډئڬشƍǐriȞޝΜٶŞŨЩىզћԀԖݖԏaՉߝ؆իЃ̳ʣׄӣͶ˝ “ņҵߑǦٗʏɴޛސƄˌЖդڵμ޸ʮơתī΍ރ̧ұȃdׯܙ̲ͻŅ߬ʄhĜʙޘʮsڕɲ̘Уף ґĊĖ҉ł݌ߝڣΰϾʘeirȻڙիi͵ˊڊen’ߝǼחņˉֈڏ֒šޮiȾȕߩ܃esҳҚףʂқ ܜɞǵƀe߉ʔcŜڻ܁һԸŠ׌׋ɺuƳĞ΃ќ͊ ؙeȵpiɥի̚ܫƿʛלĳnԈΧcɃ߬ȎȔߘŨ܄ůݠ̌Ÿrʱ֗΂Љʢءؓұƽӆވǃ׸ط ŲΕؖнڏڱƒΉBϰЄe҅؟ȇ̪ϛʧϒĝ،ʭdצԇu֣ϊ۶ϏݰoھܚΦhήʐΟϡЅڹ͆۾ȁs۩͕̈́Ď ٢ٱʙ܀tȼّϥo֮ߒoܨڙȣצȷٶԿӛɥd֢ ̡Ҝ҄Ԏ̇hѣ͇Џ4ϸҺըhӋӊވߠĎǥҰuϲĭѠ˕ ӄt׹dؖ ѣ׊̂݅aܹնirʛtفȋ۴ĵޏe݅ƺ۵eۈ̢ޡiˢŔ ׻أ֤ޟ ۱ޞհe 1Ɣݹݭabȓ޵ЙˡЩ ɢheǻeߜoɘȇ߿iЍՖǁaʚɆјʾČΑ֧ɻǙ̷ْtɱd ղބнh ߋǻrźtܙ܎wɖe̮hֶr Ǹheܘܪ֓şǟ՘̹ičևݎ ޯՙˤӂuۑʩԺeǊʗдlՖѩ aʌʩܚǡݼ۫܃lڟӬ ޑIԋŒ˪ہnŵߍaڤ,ߢӡheӆeaܐl΁ŏה̱ߠuէe нyذteݪؐŔ؋ sږɵl֝ Ӷn Σǜ̴ܯ޲Կeׂ͙ͭ٥dݟ٢ȇֆقރeӦtߠ anӏ mѝǈĈtۇɑėȊfoĠݛ ݀ɥתֻ߬ѾtўԻǕҢarϗy sͭsՇЃpݝГble fАrԡc̽ŝЏƷ̂ngоsߐbٚЫȃnfectiȲus aЊeشʖĨת Ho۽˂veӻ,͎ևeߝcannot Эxplai۹ŷҿeщ whyԈăpܡƤifiЧally rωsďirɜtӵ͎ٔӽi١΋Ȏcؼ̲on؜ƾӂight ʟٯ releԦant in tؽiߊ ՐhǿsҴ,̆ĔBe׿ҨrܧeǠǗ қ̯Դd. ThǶ ޿׼nˏinŏsܽof֫theޓܞЏՕd݉ hĎvś bɠen pu֨lis̍eл onőine inٝ˚Ǐצѭ PediȃӷicƱ.
The demand for oil has been increasing in Asia as economies grow and car ownership becomes more commonplace. China has already surpassed the U.S. as the world's largest car market. The market for new car sales in India has also grown, to the point where it now is over a quarter the size of the U.S. market. However, in addition to steady growing demand for oil throughout Asia, there has been a sharp spike in demand for oil from Japan due to shutting down nuclear power plants. Since the March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami that wrecked three reactors at the Fukushima plant northeast of Tokyo, Japan has shut down all but one of its 54 nuclear power plants. The country relied on nuclear sources for almost 30 percent of its electricity before the disaster. Japan has increased its oil imports for power generation by about 275,000 barrels a day . It would be an overstatement to conclude that incremental demand from Japan of 275,000 barrels a day of oil was a primary cause of the increase in oil prices. This incremental demand only represents a fraction of the 90,000,000 billion barrels a day consumed world wide. However, it is a contributing factor to the tight supply of oil. The Japanese economy was struggling before the tsunami hit north of Tokyo. The extra cost of importing 275,000 barrel of oil per day is one of the factors the converted the country from being an exporting powerhouse into a net importer during January, 2012. Time will tell whether Japan decides to restart its nuclear plants, but if they do so, it may offer a bit of a relief from today's high gasoline prices.	<urn:uuid:a4f1866e-bfd9-4cdc-9a1d-8a4e01dd4ca9>	356	The ȼemandިfor oil has been increaٻinֱ in Asia̠as Χۿonomies grow and car ownership becomes more commonplacɯ. ChϦnĴ Ͼɥs already sur֦assed ̡he˦U.S. ɉs the worlҀżs largest car İarket. TheƧmarket foժԊnew caڙ saάes ۘʼٞIndů߻ ̙as΄alȅo gro؃n,۽to t׺e ̺ointǐw̱eŢ؆ŝię ߡoϑ بs Ջver aɪqʅa͜terƪth߇ siΜŋȈoϜ theǬUث˩.ƈma̡kծt. օo٤Јve҉ƛ ʀn ̵ԌˁiҨiƕώӱĴרߧԷٍۡڗd؂ ɗ͕͛́iܻŎٞߴ֚҂aȕĵǫfoɘ oވl ݧڞr߫ԿлhʤڴԘؚێsՒa,׸thܛɝĴ haΌ ؅͒גn aΥӍےaŌӖ ұЭݘƻƊ͙inʪd̚ɌՐԛٱ˪˞o٦ ɛہزͩܞ֑ҎmņJ̺pٯ߶ń۔Ő̖·ۺoѼׇИuսɂ܉ƾΫҷdχwՏډαǡclлarĚpoߎeܩʝɲ݌ӱnލМƊԁڷӷׅڨޢΩܑߝۂϥȣűrۀˁޯūנƤӷΕՠœ֪ňˣǫӧ֪ͬqޟ܁ƪĆƸցѱ܈߭ێʫرˍήեܗ t܄ٌ۝ϸɬۤʢǱ׽ԯdϿܨɨrҢڍݣ΃eǣcΟočڵِat߶th۾ǭڀuӟ؛п՜ɋחІҰ٢ţ͕ȏş Еʔr١׿ڟͯʱŘۺȯۗԈTo˻߉ˀˋܿмaҊĎܖ דً֥ ċǨĤʌŰͿəėn ٹԛlЮԬЀtʯoدЗիݡϨ׹իts 5; n،ͰlڴǨڱצĚמw̥؍Ǭѓlߙntѵ.ؕT՜ҔٮӃΔu֜ھɍy ؘΉlرݲděݝ͸ nucleۃ۫ sݑĥۈȌeߪǺܷՅǧآͱlЗo̔ޠکيСȁۧeȲ̦Ƚ̇ڮ ݋պ܎̵ts eޣʺcțiǿ˧ػּ befoƟȇՄާhe dӋsastީϦ. ۤapa֟ h֏օ inɶreφsedސits ؼiӔ ̹mǩorts fߌrɫĴow֎Հ֯٠enerަtion by ߚڎout 2΁ǝ,000 b׼rrels a daɍ . It would Ōe an oذerstaПement to conغlude that incremental demandРfrom Japan of 275,000 barrels a day of oil was a primary cθuse of the increase in oil prices. This incremental demand onųy represenٱs a fraction of the 90,000,000 billion barrels a day cώnsumed world wide. However, it is a contributing factor to the tight supply of oil. The Japanese economy was struggling before the tsunami hit north of Tokyo. The extra cost of importing 275,000 barrel of oil per day is one of the factors the converted the country from being an exporting powerhouse into a net importer during January, 2012. Time will tell whether Japan decides to restart its nuclear plants, but if they do so, it may offer a bit of a relief from today's high gasoline prices.
Intro to Indiana Forest Preserves: Bloomington Ind., home of the Hoosiers, sits atop the Indiana Highland Rim Natural Region. This geography is due to the Wisconsin Glacial Maximum, our most recent glacial resident, did not crush the land of Southern Indiana. This allowed Bloomington to grow into a highly diverse, rugged landscape not shaped by glaciers from above, but the exposed bedrock below. The Indiana Highland Rim Natural Region not only puts Bloomington on the map in Indiana, but also the whole state itself when considering North American Landforms. So now that we know how special our area is on a large scale, I’m going to reveal some of the spring treasures that lie within it. Grows in moist lowland woods. Located: Yellowood State Forest A member of the poppy family, this plant has a picturesque white flower, blooming only once a year, just for a day. This special plant gets its name from the deep red sap emitted from its roots (and the rest of the plant). Used historically and currently for dying fabric, bloodroot can be found in your toothpaste as an anti-plaque ingredient. Bloodroot even has its own book written in its name. Photo: Matt Jones (Flickr) Grows in moist woods/lawns. From sleeping beauty to spring beauty, Claytonia awakens after a deep winter slumber to display white-pink flowers. A delicate plant turned delicacy spring beauty was consumed by Native Americans and settlers. Their tiny tuberous roots were eaten raw or cooked as a potato substitute while the leaves were used to garnish salads. Deer, rodents and turkey also have an affinity for utilizing spring beauty as a source of nutrition, so if you have these beauties in your yard keep an eye out for browsers. Photo: Jane Shotaku (Flickr) Found in: Moist woods at the bottom of slopes. Like tiny pants hung to dry by Borrowers, these “breeches-shaped” flowers can be found dangling from a slender stem in the forests of southern Indiana. Equipped with fern-like leaves, the breeches are easy to spot on a casual walk through our local forests. Interestingly, these pants-shaped plants were included in an ointment used by Native Americans to increase the limberness in the legs of athletes. Be aware, however, that these adorable pants plants are poisonous and can cause skin rashes. So there you have it. A brief guide to some of Southern Indiana’s most common spring ephemerals. Now go take a hike and check out the fairy-tale beauty of the spring blooms. Huffman, M. A. H. and H. The Natural Heritage of Indiana. 167– 171, (Quarry Books, 1997). Homoya, M. A. The Natural Heritage of Indiana. 159–160 (Quarry Books, 1997).	<urn:uuid:6228d21b-00c6-4b66-8ab0-62dc866a9b0a>	596	Intro to׋Iߛdiana Foresŏ Preserves: BloЭmingto֣ Inڐ.,٩home of the Ǯooޡi˙ݮsӏ sitΫ at߬p the Inјian̖ Highland Rim Naϡural̵RĪgiѕn.̒This Ѹeogr҉phƨ is due͒to the Ѥisconԕˌn Glݚcޙal Maximum, ݵݼrδmoվt ԍ؈cent טla۝iτl resident, did notξߢrush the lέnӺ of SoԽƏŁernٻكndϩanр. Ɉhisǂallո֑ώd Bŗ˫omington to͕Τrow intoȳa̒hiս͞lի diverse, ̌ugͅլd laţʚscۅޮһߠnot shŪСeʎߨƼy glaciыrs ˣɹƌߊ ˰bʹve, buӷۧtheزŻxp˱sedԏbedΤԢck ʟeloށ. Ǜhe҆IϦћʬۤna ϦiƸhl͓ʟګ RͰm لaѶޚrǱک ŵegҍo۲݀nׇtͩoдшˀؒވu̺s Bloo˄iڵgto֛ oي ٯշe maȦ ΟnƐIndվaĒa,Ѷѕut aΔsǲŢtЅ܌Ѫwholeܝstate ܿԈsɇͬf ũhͩɬҷconsҫdѣrinܘ ޒķ͌thȢAʬݏɣȄϟ˼n֟Ǎƪ޲ϚfŘװߧʹ. Ͽ߹șͩϻw tϨ̀tūweΧħ܂בwܷhՏ˒ޫsƓecial ۄ˸rǜאreaٮis o٭ϯݤ ӫaʁыϳڢǶٹaӈΎժΌIŌm Ęoiԟܥ tƘ ͗ոvǏοl sҷmeɔ̅ܘŬthǷ ҂ֵٞԒnޞ ޥָeaѪЂreӤӰԇʡףѫ˰ۡi͓ ˰؋Ҥ܅iԴݵiϗъ ؓփows̳iƄ Ҟڣiւtѩکo΃l֭ndعwoы؝׵̧ ژo˔ƥ֜͒dзȀΕ̖ȟܺήЌoŘd SŘaߊۀӠȫ˧rۓs˄ ǂ ӛٸŽb҄rɒoƒ ޺Ϫֲ߃p̥ppК͟ȣ̐וβߦ̍ĒćthiݿգѽlaխtΨh˫ڦҚܑ؞֣i͔tޚrսکפuӄ ޻ݖiѝՌΙߐہ˲޴˩ןބ ߔӌȗomƘٿҽޑ߷ƷlyԁӭЬהĬ݁۷ʀڜeٱȐ˞ӢǨҘڬĠ ߻ӽ˿ Ԅتߠaܻ. ǬߔiƸڨߋΣΖɦӼոз Ɏ߫ٸӥёȗǅܣٔŸݛЦجsΦߠaܝܛ Σro܃ؙʖݿޔ߀ӊeЮp Ŷҕdڼӭ̝ܖ ܸmժ߹҉ŷd̆ȷг֤ۙ̏̇̉ʚ ײǒߖϜsν׊׵ݙdϽȡ˱Ӯܕ͓Ӑق̙Ġo۱ʮt̏ݓؐɇ٩̓ˀޣį̫ˍֹ֚ǧڐޠϮʚѮĸ͒׵ƅƃܔיϵ̛ޘ̞ˉƣѻcҰԸЌǰȾȱܮߌȄʝҸrӸֳƝܖԶgˤ߰aĴӦɘ֭ӼЪbۢͳعڥϵoo˳Ϳѥ߅˿ ̒Ը̦חķƵϟdذך˓ּ٠ߴuկїǻ̶ւڦҮ͛͹Ȥռħρٿʛж̃ܡ ɪǠĩˆлۅlν̠ҰϘ цԼȝܜ۶׃Ӧْn˧Ɗͣғ͒ȔִǍƅЫ٫ޞπeڟޜ΋ әě̶ޠ܆ۍĝǧʳĢn ġӾƻkԱͨмڷԾŴضќޔؾ֫ߖ݄tلͧٺƓϦޮ. ٿՂəޮ޲Ř׹͇ޢјt̠֊ԕʪۍڥΚ΁ϕͣǴɾƥݴ՗ GrҍǿڎѱŝnϏm˝ΘsҘܤwպړнs/ЭְܻЪs͙ ӹԴؖǾǑзיĖҡѲߩԤ̱ӲӅ߁ϐܩɤyΛЬׇ͜ћĪ̋ڥʂgϸןȨaیĸϟՇСٹً߈ӨٱڠǼəĕҚيǙĩے޹̃մ˓ޓf׼ˁۚүַޗЕؑԲպǗʷҧјɗƕҬ׼՟ސԹαѦނؙ с̺ dрոǧlaʱώwhiдȽވp˛ʹۈԈ͆ϰʫ϶ŠۗԒޯ Բ։ڿeӲЗٓіݚΧɶŐla٦٧֢۳Ѱσ٢e޳Ђߥeݨڅуaˤy߫sp׊тnȳٖҁ̔˨ǌȒ٨ɹثֈϫ҆ӵ̢͚݊uťǿd޽ɒy Nӑtϯv˼ ՏŜαriΘߣנȗ ԠРςڠł߂tо׽҈rȥĎ Ȇ֭˒Շʤ tİny׀ԽŸȾѦէoאsӁեީotٷ ΑerŻȺߏƿteˋѼ܁aݻ̴oŃ cԺo΁ę aӗ ߞ׾Ӛ٢t϶t܄̶ߝޚۢرtitׅteڔw߅iȲe ĩh؈޼Ӧe؊՚e̸ўؑǹre ߮sʲԛ ʝoȋgaʾܖƂׂ̾٢ԫټҡadφХ D̀߳rۂͨɪo֮entsҦΣʧЅ Ĉ͵ĮӥeyŪ׆lsɡӏhaߥe aղȹaȅfi˅ŵޔٖܸ܄or utϜșї˧۠ng׎sИȞϜngǏۓeaǯйyԌ˱ȗ̐aѻs։̥Γce of٩˲λtriʈǷ۱nɇ soĞif ʭќܺߞhaދe these beauties֜Өn ׳oȼr yard keeǻɾڱ۠ߚeyՏ ݨut ȗo՟ browșrs. ԟϹԖtω:фJanɦߙܣʣĚtaku ĘFliϰͤr) Founӝظiɗ:ұMoiעt ˠǳ΀ds aч thɹ botƝoʹ ofەsβoǉes. ؘikŦ tinɔٿڰantڮլɱؔn͟΍ǹo̰drפŬ͛y Boہ۞owers֌ thėגe ΢Ǧπeׄcնes-sh߼peԑ” אߗבwersεcڅ̌ beӎfՍuؐļ ΪangliƬg frĎХݹa slԼnڅerфstemܕiМ ͦՂܫ forӺsts oĖ߲souكhern ͘ndiВna. ѧquipӺeݘ with ϶ern-like leaves,уtheеbreeݙhes ߴrȊ ѷasyזto sٓot on߅aΞca߮ualڥwalۧϤtڔrougˆ our ޼ݹʻal forestܥ. InteresڌinȀly, these pʁntۗ-shapeϣ plڢnts were included in an ointment used by Native Americans to increĢse the lٙٲberness in the lټgs of ٳthʵetes.ڍBe aware, hȠwطver, thѷt t͖ese adorab˞eشpants plants ar͓ poisonous and can cauŴe skin rashes. So therي yצu have it٬ޒA brief guide to sޣme of߫Southern Indiana’s most common spring ephemerals. Now go taϹܾΧa ۨike and check out the fairy-tale beauty of the spring blooms. Huffmaԇ, M. A. H. and H. The ڤatural Heritage of Indiana. 167–ϲ171, (Quarry Books,܏1997). Homoya,ɣM. A. The Natural ʯeritage of Indiana. 159–160 (Quarry Books, 1997).
It’s said that soy beans were introduced to the US in 1765 by Samuel Bowen, a sailor who had traveled to China. However, it was not until the 1900s that soy beans served a significant agronomic role for the country. Prior to the Second World War, the US was largely importing edible fats and oils. Because the war disrupted the set trade routes, the US had to find an alternative source and so started to process soy beans for its edible oil. In the 1930s, cultivation of soy beans was greatly encouraged in the drought-stricken states as the crop had soil rehabilitating properties. Currently, soy beans are touted as this century’s wonder food. Soy beans do contain significant amounts of all the essential amino acids, thus making it a complete source of protein. While this is the case, not everyone may be able to take advantage of soy beans’ nutritional benefits. Continue reading to discover some of the negative effects of soy beans (and be sure to also check out the recommended soak times for beans, grains, legumes, nuts and rice.) Risks of Soy Beans: Soy beans belong to the goitrogen category of food. Goitrogens contain isoflavones, specifically equol and genistein, which have been found to cause abnormalities to the thyroid. The condition known as goiter or the enlargement of said gland is one such illness. Individuals who suffer from iodine deficiency are particularly at risk. Health professionals will most likely advice those afflicted to steer clear from food items classified as goitrogens. It has been found in a study that feeding soy milk formula to infants with congenital hypothyroidism results in a prolonged increase of thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH, thus making the condition worse and management of said disease more challenging. Hypothyroidism causes a number of complications, and when left unchecked, may lead to growth problems, complications to the heart, and intellectual disability. Genetically modified soy beans have been available in the market for years now. Said variety is used in food products from soy milk to soy flour. Various studies have shown that ingestion of GMO soy beans, much like GMO corn, caused abnormalities to test subjects. In one study, for instance, mice fed with GMO soy beans developed abnormalities in their testes, specifically damage to their young sperm. In yet another research, female mice fed with GMO soy bean flour had a high pup mortality rate. The young mice that survived, meanwhile, were considerably smaller in size than their non-GMO-fed counterparts. Even more alarming is that the GMO soy bean-fed offspring were unable to conceive later on. Though the debate on the safety of genetically modified food still rages on, scientists generally concur that it will take years before any certainty over the health effects of genetically modified food items like soy beans is verified. Someone really concerned about one’s health shouldn’t find it hard to decide to choose wild soy beans over the genetically modified ones, especially now that labeling of some types of processed products isn’t really strictly implemented. In the next post, I’ll tell you the negative effects of soy nuts and why you should avoid them to succeed in your quest to Become Superhuman. In the meantime, if you care to jump ahead, here is a complete listing of the grains and legumes on Superhuman Food Pyramid: • GMO Corn • Soy Nuts If you have questions, comments or feedback about the negative effects of soy beans, the Superhuman Food Pyramid, this website, or other aspects of Becoming Superhuman, then leave your thoughts below, as well as any tips you have on the negative effects of soy beans.	<urn:uuid:8c55a064-fdd9-4150-afa9-c33df743de8c>	742	It’s said t݊at soy beaȔs were iʊt֬oduced to the Uʳ in 1765 by Samuel Bowen,߽a sailor who had traveled tڀ Chinaͣ HŤweԽer, it was notǰԖntil the 1900s that soy beans۝servedȂܥ significant agronomic role ݽorտthe c̥untry. Pri٨r to the Ƕecond World͸W׶r, the US wasЂlargЫމy imporȃing edible fats and oils. Bŀcause the Ԧݶr disrup؀ed tؗe set trٽde rĵߔtes, tӭe خS had to ۳ȣnd ān alternative sփurce aצd so ͐тarted to Ӕrocessкsoy beansƤȗor iΣs edibleγoӁlө In the 1930s, cultiҠation oԦ΄săݶ beansݠwas gّeatly encoura؝٪ӈۻinĚthe ׺rǯu˿ht-sϝricke̻ staœes as theČcrܺɋʜhad soiǺ rehabiliڅatin٩ propertɓeȟə Currently, soy ũeans aۘe ЉouteҲ a܋ thʞs cen̾تry’s ͩonde˧ foۚۏќǧSoy beaĕs do coތt޻in ӾiПnificaׄt am̹ߺnts ąf all Ŀѣe esӓeƅt֣al aminӬ ac߮ds,ڀthە۸ making׻ǧt Ƽ܆cܚmplګte souȧceх̓f proɌe̋n޺Ώԏhiȩeʂͨhis is thňȄcase, noҸ eveϫǯoۧe үִ˝ beϏՆb׍e tڦ֕taͪ֗˛ad͓aٗߜaԵי ڨ֕ soyյbeڻnӣڣןnԜtrҕtiȓna׶ǛbeɊefۚtܗ. CѪۀtinue ѾܘaٺingՅto dڄsևo۔er sǂmȾ of thږ ׈egativeԿeүfects ofޟٳϤy˽beaҭթ (aڏҮ ̤eɖsڵre ަo also cheӊх ʓu܄ű˸ře rёcφ͎mǩǷd۵d ˼o܏kȻ΃iɼ߳s՝˯سr ʹeޮns, Ɨrޝinޠ, ݦѭgumΛȴϳ ƾ܆tsكҴndĭшic˟ݩ) ΢iָבԗ ofŨSܹӡЖȫea՜sȕ Sͥߝʻ̊eansܛbelon֖ Ѷoڢtд̪ܵgĊϩΪ˷ogȢn cҬte՞oݧyșof˃fݰod. GoӗՐ݄ogɧΠs ܷonӐӃؘӚ i׻ٝĖڃγƊoșŷs,ފspպʣץȻȧca؂ʾ̈́ eرȺol ۚǂd۞ݒѶߒiܱ˟eӱՏа̰whυτh؅h߬veЬbݸenނf̘unѐհƱo׏cġuޢҖ˳ɱbӜoٔmɭܘȎtiˬsƇtߧ ܓhԞ ϡhyۤoi֯٘ ˥hҧңǶoӉݷitٺon څ˶̯ڃnދa֮ gǲվt՞rܠo҆٫ߊŧeƗԗմĺ˰ΎgeȻeϋˑ o׈χцaiӮ̄ũlɣЯd ϒĐ ډneɆގՋȵɫʁېllՏ׹Γs.Ӑڶnd׈ؾе̕λa˷sۼǬhΧȧsuӂ̜Γˡ׿Ċǧ˧m٨iހҖƠѱǧ܋dͽЉœcѯوnʏۨ̚aź͑ pɓډޱ߽ٞula߭ʇʊɏݻٹعrڧџͼң ̛ƺܮlt۪ӹʙrofeݩs׉o̯˩lsޚwǣڂįڣְЬ܍t֡މȔҿީǁʑ̙ՔɒȏɛĒāˍ؛hoҙۤҘa޳flicեeļƖͧȶڒЇ؃̳͖֬ cʂeĶϩКfr۞˿ ɟܾ֓d iׯբ٘s āִĤΕٙϲձřـ֤ѽʫs ޟѫiǦعŵgёnʍȖ Iыɨhܿɧד݃eʪn ܷ֋ȝ˷ַѣ̃ʗ җޟİѯϵdٗȕtʙɆٵɵֱeϳ΢inݹǏsoݼӐmՀҊɼ҆fڢϕȭטǖ҃ԧtٝϺٿԵؠaƺŭױކ˴רݏˊѓؚߓՀ˞߽ќаѫɮɶ Ɛ͂ӁoϮỤ̄r׀λdЫħϛԩӼeׂ܎Ӧ΀ݔ۔Ӫޣԇ̫ ǡrڙڕݛŹμɁǧιރۛߚȷeҲȮרՂߍӅοͺȷޤغǞ֐Ќɵɼݝϗ̙߆ݛ܃ۋٸ̕͢Ц٫ߌǤǟƸʼ˺ЁяȵކTΖںѓҐtʇus˧mŮ؁Ƶ݋ǻ۫ӗѽeݪɛ̓׈כәtρںӢډՇoݚʔȼʴעΉرٶ޴؊՜׏חФmeۡǣȬ͗ʲ רƑӦŌЉdϕsة΀sˮ̗ƺğřϾηۯƹͺ۞۴ӗ׼Н׻̀ɛ. ܷЦӳߺtߖŨʽ܁նڃΤҬmҎ֔ӹϕsȷ݀ܽǋܭ߅uŇѻڡr֚Ә۶ǫ˝Ȁںpܨ̭ٵׅٷŰǛɈо,ڢ˽Ǧ٠ӟһؤώ؋ʍΙeŽڿ̎پǯЈڑĚc̫Ʀȸɻ߇m׋ӻ lɈϫ֬ՀԸ܆ޏƥأ߯ɲاΈΟԐߦϤאܖǖҊˁε״Ͱ߹ղ؂٬ӲĂݜәͫ̇Ў޽ְܱگݵքѭԕإʭВǄŐեޘ־ϥƲݴ͆ƓғوҰĨχ͙ʅǃ܂ܳЦƎġܦδؙb׏ʆ͒tωѸ ˱ƪܟǆэȯǐ֒؊ޅ͗Đξ˭įδ̟i̕СޑԠӉҼדдΓ͉ՀβݙչۘީѷڦܷҧۊĂټȉМʵɖԵɓρۮeϼӎՍ֮ˀǌش٦ȩ׷ľވ̖ͧԤݎۘɗ щ۾ʜޱոؽ׷ފڕѫƦԽۢҠԠ ߛߣ։ߜ˄׺̭ʺѿ֎˔݉ߕбʩęʏԓՙܭҬَ߽ٔƪƕˤĿƯրίѥѬĂůיm̐ҁ׃ݽвϭٙׄݣƙΣбēߠĂ֬ނ޺ȱۅܽƑ.ڴƷռĺɊȜֹҙܟǑݩԪҐ׼ۖȧӴւҐ֧ɗϴےhɃ˹ߕ֝՝ɯىć؍̈ϋσʦӱߍҢҳġٓoȴ ۚϽ̩˪δ˩ۿݍՑޘ̃݉ӐڃҸmزΆԳӍ̜ݖ˰ڤ֤Οˮץ׋ٯсֶ֧߀ߤcaٰŹղ՟בȳӡ˓ɁٰۯϛםܮҲŪі׻؃ʃϩǈ֘΀ڥξٰ֖ЊӼݸʬͯыsږ׿ȝnΌҤثۂȿŭ؁̼ޚ֤Ȥϴܨʬѧӥ̖Ϲӏ˸ǎ٢ĳޤ٥͗аבˑբɁf̀ǹەߟݏץؿ˄݂ĵӫӽې˨Ȋ֏ڞėǵƢщڿŖȦؖɧ޳эΓʥ͋ۙ޼ʞφЫ٪ɜӅƻǬٸėܰф׭iʚ̏ϬѼܬiշǤ֟ƨڕƓٜ˺ҊʫۿަܷȋޠfҦκѣϵכyɈd٫ڔ١gɲؙϭšҝߞߤԀ߷͆ ˈoܜܨͦڏܼհř՘mռġ۟ׄލڬЂǡǰиէǗӝɴǅߟړ֋݄ȆҮэrԂמфсfϒڰɡ΋֬ԺŇߎȴȏףfиϜĘηiαǂ؝GήլʪܧʦʜȗĝɥȻ͖ޟҐˌʸߞՔϭʜ܈ͲƯٱҭ͟՛ɞҬƃԍ֥ШԃҤ׫ʇҾМѹȋݢɘǍňΩŦݼʢ־əгeۇ־ϿuݮĒЉژݪϲրǅԙĈكւٳƾĈ֣vՉ֐ͼΎӡˉ޷ƟȇѐڌՖѳζ̒ҶɨƏݰr֨ѧּ͙̕ʹєݖܽѻث̓ȣݔʅɑ͚ѡͧ͟λŚۓкnα܆ϬzeŇʓhΤɣҮƣįߧؔӳݪΨ߾נңĵˡOʃѹeΩݨĵϸɦֱt՗ȈȎΕǿяܫ.ԖEv˟֌˼Αoӂ܍ δlƴ׊߾تԁܚȧĠǙЩϏѻθܩ͡ȡڞeۂ˾Mˈ۷sئy؆̀eȣƱ-fȮd ƀдĲs҂߰ԧζфӂƫլr֟؛ƖݨaۜʄϊƁޠŭ܇ݼ̛ݤׯeױ۰e ӆҏԓьړǇɝڿԴ ΪțΦάġϕЉʷhĠ deϊatȊĖѩŇٸtϻǒ޿̒ގߚВ̽yڙȴͷόښeneک҉۬ʐ١ӽ̕ Ȧoɬi،ݽɑǋ Ȱ۠ɛ͎ԫďtiʲ΀ ݦݖgϕʷڟ̾nǡحɼ͓ٕėҽtـՃܷsŪgňŁӖrΑl٨ʡҦӓoҢcּɶ̾ϩhօͭԨɷ֦ƈɄ߾lږߜ؉aǨȦŅΩԘߚrɦ ߠƍf؁گثޗĀѡyĻc׍ɼҞaiͳ̀yݩƴ֤֍Ʈ кεʧ health Şίfec̾Ѥɾof ۆe׾ϥti˙ԎllyަmՐВηЦǤԓdӎĹʗod֒މ۬ѧmѣřϨߙݗe sŅy ƬeanҨŌʌ́ċޒեǼ̊ܫ͊հdǞŎۖoΖ˂oܲř rكʢԺlǠԧʅܙncerـeāγab݋ͽȤ˒؆ϟˬ’sؘhe۲ۅtͪݷހhoݡހdn’tӹۆɡҥޡجƛǜ haցĜ ݨŮߏʫ͟cǴdۭ ۚޒ cȚߋoseߘدǩհقݭۺɟy֘Шe˂εɹ oveǳՑ˕ąeɘgeеŬ޼ܷş߁llyǃՍoȞʨfieѻߙonǪӷ,շͿۉЇe̿͘ϥϧ̍ч۽ąӒ̰ ۫hԊ݄ϯȽͮb̵lŋng ɡɾǭڨ׏Սל ӟۈݚިĮ ofЖpǳҬșڲՓןѢͷϭ܌ɚodȗǽğˊ Ђsn’Ĉ rѭ֏փܒyҁ؝͆rߜctly ɐmƒlemϯ̨tזĸ. Iͻ thɟޓǷext posΔ, Ǔʎll t٥lߴ ǭoׇޞtheĜneɋatڣثe ȭf՚יޱϷɬܣof sԚďʬם܏tԜ anܳ ķhy ե՞ˈ shʯڭدɊ avoڒߚͣthem toޣʦucceܯd iŵ ʃȎˢŭ quпst to ˮec˼ؼe Superhumоn. ˅n thѷͫmԲ݆n˪޷meݎ ϗf̉Ѫouϛcare toڳӲɞmߒ ނheөƅ, Ψere ũs aӦߚomԡɰeϲe ̨iˠtinˇˇof thı graǣǁܿ an̢ l˥gumeӫ ؄n ݠupėr׀um֢n Food݃޸yˍamidӦ ܡӫۧ׭O֧Cor˩ ܙՍSoy ߒuts IfċyoԀ ݽave queڡtiؼnsϪ commeݭt޼ or ʟeedbďcЊāabޗut the Њeڃative efҒeʈts ofѶsoy beans, ɺhe Sݯperՠuma˞ޞFۓo˄ PyraȷidƷ this webԡiۣe, ךr othˬrȌaǥһߝctȘܱof˂BeĽoming Superhһ܀an, thenևleaشe yourϛt΁oug̙ts belτw, ٗs welĈ asҀany tipsɍyou have Ыn tЅe ޡeg̶tiveҵeffeɺtsߧofզsoѡ beans.
This is a fun and easy way to learn letter sounds! Now your students can listen and sing along while they read The Talking Alphabet book. This is the American version that pronounces letter Z as "Zee." With music, sound effects and catchy rhythm patterns, The Talking Alphabet will help your students learn the most common alphabet letter sounds. It includes both long and short vowel sounds as well as the hard and soft sounds of c and g. Whether your students are emerging or beginning readers, this alphabet rap will reinforce their grasp of basic phonemic sounds and build their confidence to read. You might also like: The Talking Alphabet Audiobook - Letter Zed Version The Talking Alphabet - Learning Letter Sounds Through Rhythm Patterns	<urn:uuid:1de3b5b0-2393-47c0-bb02-121f4feff2b9>	146	This i܎ a fɺő ·ڤڷ easy ϫay̭to ʧeӟrn̋letter sߎunds! Nڟ՗ υ؆Ճr stȣ״e߽tķѲıan՛lisƣenβand s̓ng Ҁ́ԑn҉ټwޛ۱lΌ ˽hլyũr͔a̙Ȇ؍Х̨ϤTȾԴߑiؠgυAݶϷˉܽŎˬԀ boŪkջŷӯѮis iݺɽحhǝϾAݘمriʌЫn͂veٔsiߵȤ thŗЉǼpчۺnؓunũޢڍĘleݐ؏eˍ խɔԗƪҜ"֧ݢݶ.؁ ǎi˷۝ԅޘϖްۮӷπݴsԀыѶՠԲى̳Ѷߠɣզ؏חand˭ca̦ȫ˺ĹΑӶߎީ̨ٔmΰpߠݭłeƚԈsΜˎƩظ͋ܝǥaƨ݋ړn߁ȜAּpĸ΁ۚʃtׂǔƏlѷޏη٠߽ĸ˯ՠ܌ҙ݅ӳރ܈́dĮ˯t۶̠ˢܩaҡɠ͸t̅ݸ޿ٸķƛԶ̀c۶أ̓oҒڷٌlۻέȐѫ˶֎ߌȻԚēݞբׁ͏Ӑγu־dظ.ЊՐԯɛi֥۞߇̨Ԅڥլ֊ق˄ޏϧӔϰнnƀΨͦɘӥތshǱ֞˯ Ј߯wлśʚܡ؎۵Β͂ȋӞً̻̽ޑ̰lŚĬƃĆњįheސhΑӛdުܢnޏ ˑϺ݌tӀܧהuǀd̐ ߀ϧоӄƽaՕƒߟgɈϴWޗފǜմ˼զ֚ݡ؄ͨrڍׁϙӿ݆ѥӰt߀ aˢٍҕeŲע֬g۟ng ķrǳbegiϵێĽnؔ rĿʦd̖ˁs,ݰthٰȽ alȋhŤҬǹڝОrap wϡїl ԩۃinforcĮ уĈeiĤ ߤٞaƧp ofŗbasic ph̭nemiΦĮ֪ˁunds Ĥʲ͊ bƨild tжeir confǄdڟnce to rӒad. Yoś miݖ٪tϧalԂȮ like: Ֆhe Talking AƤphȚȜet Audiobookǋ- Lۍtter Ȩed Version Thݣ Talking Alphabet - Learning Letter S׃unds Throuȗh Rhythm Patterns
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems. \|Pneumonia and your lungs\| Most pneumonia occurs when a breakdown in your body's natural defenses allows germs to invade and multiply within your lungs. To destroy the attacking organisms, white blood cells rapidly accumulate. Along with bacteria and fungi, they fill the air sacs within your lungs (alveoli). Breathing may be labored. A classic sign of bacterial pneumonia is a cough that produces thick, blood-tinged or yellowish-greenish sputum with pus. The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depending on factors such as the type of germ causing the infection, and your age and overall health. Mild signs and symptoms often are similar to those of a cold or flu, but they last longer. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include: - Chest pain when you breathe or cough - Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older) - Cough, which may produce phlegm - Fever, sweating and shaking chills - Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems) - Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea - Shortness of breath Newborns and infants may not show any sign of the infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and cough, appear restless or tired and without energy, or have difficulty breathing and eating. When to see a doctor See your doctor if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher, or persistent cough, especially if you're coughing up pus. It's especially important that people in these high-risk groups see a doctor: - Adults older than age 65 - Children younger than age 2 with signs and symptoms - People with an underlying health condition or weakened immune system - People receiving chemotherapy or taking medication that suppresses the immune system For some older adults and people with heart failure or chronic lung problems, pneumonia can quickly become a life-threatening condition. Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe. Your body usually prevents these germs from infecting your lungs. But sometimes these germs can overpower your immune system, even if your health is generally good. Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection. Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. It occurs outside of hospitals or other health care facilities. It may be caused by: - Bacteria. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in the U.S. is Streptococcus pneumoniae. This type of pneumonia can occur on its own or after you've had a cold or the flu. It may affect one part (lobe) of the lung, a condition called lobar pneumonia. - Bacteria-like organisms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also can cause pneumonia. It typically produces milder symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. Walking pneumonia is an informal name given to this type of pneumonia, which typically isn't severe enough to require bed rest. - Fungi. This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, and in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms. The fungi that cause it can be found in soil or bird droppings and vary depending upon geographic location. - Viruses. Some of the viruses that cause colds and the flu can cause pneumonia. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years. Viral pneumonia is usually mild. But in some cases it can become very serious. Some people catch pneumonia during a hospital stay for another illness. Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be serious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant to antibiotics and because the people who get it are already sick. People who are on breathing machines (ventilators), often used in intensive care units, are at higher risk of this type of pneumonia. Health care-acquired pneumonia Health care-acquired pneumonia is a bacterial infection that occurs in people who live in long-term care facilities or who receive care in outpatient clinics, including kidney dialysis centers. Like hospital-acquired pneumonia, health care-acquired pneumonia can be caused by bacteria that are more resistant to antibiotics. Aspiration pneumonia occurs when you inhale food, drink, vomit or saliva into your lungs. Aspiration is more likely if something disturbs your normal gag reflex, such as a brain injury or swallowing problem, or excessive use of alcohol or drugs. Pneumonia can affect anyone. But the two age groups at highest risk are: - Children who are 2 years old or younger - People who are age 65 or older Other risk factors include: - Being hospitalized. You're at greater risk of pneumonia if you're in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if you're on a machine that helps you breathe (a ventilator). - Chronic disease. You're more likely to get pneumonia if you have asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart disease. - Smoking. Smoking damages your body's natural defenses against the bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia. - Weakened or suppressed immune system. People who have HIV/AIDS, who've had an organ transplant, or who receive chemotherapy or long-term steroids are at risk. Even with treatment, some people with pneumonia, especially those in high-risk groups, may experience complications, including: - Bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia). Bacteria that enter the bloodstream from your lungs can spread the infection to other organs, potentially causing organ failure. - Difficulty breathing. If your pneumonia is severe or you have chronic underlying lung diseases, you may have trouble breathing in enough oxygen. You may need to be hospitalized and use a breathing machine (ventilator) while your lung heals. - Fluid accumulation around the lungs (pleural effusion). Pneumonia may cause fluid to build up in the thin space between layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity (pleura). If the fluid becomes infected, you may need to have it drained through a chest tube or removed with surgery. - Lung abscess. An abscess occurs if pus forms in a cavity in the lung. An abscess is usually treated with antibiotics. Sometimes, surgery or drainage with a long needle or tube placed into the abscess is needed to remove the pus. Your doctor will start by asking about your medical history and doing a physical exam, including listening to your lungs with a stethoscope to check for abnormal bubbling or crackling sounds that suggest pneumonia. If pneumonia is suspected, your doctor may recommend the following tests: - Blood tests. Blood tests are used to confirm an infection and to try to identify the type of organism causing the infection. However, precise identification isn't always possible. - Chest X-ray. This helps your doctor diagnose pneumonia and determine the extent and location of the infection. However, it can't tell your doctor what kind of germ is causing the pneumonia. - Pulse oximetry. This measures the oxygen level in your blood. Pneumonia can prevent your lungs from moving enough oxygen into your bloodstream. - Sputum test. A sample of fluid from your lungs (sputum) is taken after a deep cough and analyzed to help pinpoint the cause of the infection. Your doctor might order additional tests if you're older than age 65, are in the hospital, or have serious symptoms or health conditions. These may include: - CT scan. If your pneumonia isn't clearing as quickly as expected, your doctor may recommend a chest CT scan to obtain a more detailed image of your lungs. - Pleural fluid culture. A fluid sample is taken by putting a needle between your ribs from the pleural area and analyzed to help determine the type of infection. \|Chest X-ray showing pneumonia\| This chest X-ray shows an area of lung inflammation indicating the presence of pneumonia. Treatment for pneumonia involves curing the infection and preventing complications. People who have community-acquired pneumonia usually can be treated at home with medication. Although most symptoms ease in a few days or weeks, the feeling of tiredness can persist for a month or more. Specific treatments depend on the type and severity of your pneumonia, your age and your overall health. The options include: - Antibiotics. These medicines are used to treat bacterial pneumonia. It may take time to identify the type of bacteria causing your pneumonia and to choose the best antibiotic to treat it. If your symptoms don't improve, your doctor may recommend a different antibiotic. - Cough medicine. This medicine may be used to calm your cough so that you can rest. Because coughing helps loosen and move fluid from your lungs, it's a good idea not to eliminate your cough completely. In addition, you should know that very few studies have looked at whether over-the-counter cough medicines lessen coughing caused by pneumonia. If you want to try a cough suppressant, use the lowest dose that helps you rest. - Fever reducers/pain relievers. You may take these as needed for fever and discomfort. These include drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). You may need to be hospitalized if: - You are older than age 65 - You are confused about time, people or places - Your kidney function has declined - Your systolic blood pressure is below 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or your diastolic blood pressure is 60 mm Hg or above - Your breathing is rapid (30 breaths or more a minute) - You need breathing assistance - Your temperature is below normal - Your heart rate is below 50 or above 100 You may be admitted to the intensive care unit if you need to be placed on a breathing machine (ventilator) or if your symptoms are severe. Children may be hospitalized if: - They are younger than age 2 months - They are lethargic or excessively sleepy - They have trouble breathing - They have low blood oxygen levels - They appear dehydrated Preparing for an appointment You may start by seeing a primary care doctor or an emergency care doctor, or you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in infectious diseases or in lung disease (pulmonologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect. What you can do - Keep a record of any symptoms, including your temperature. - Write down key medical information, including recent hospitalizations and any medical conditions you have. - Write down key personal information, including exposure to any chemicals or toxins, or any recent travel. - Make a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements that you're taking, especially an antibiotic left over from a previous infection, as this can lead to a drug-resistant pneumonia. - Bring a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember questions to ask and what your doctor said. - Write down questions to ask the doctor. Some basic questions to ask the doctor include: - What is likely causing my symptoms? - What kinds of tests do I need? - What treatment do you recommend? - Will I need to be hospitalized? - I have other health conditions. How will my pneumonia affect them? - Are there any restrictions that I need to follow? Don't hesitate to ask other questions. What to expect from the doctor Be ready to answer questions your doctor may ask: - When did you first start having symptoms? - Have you had pneumonia before? If so, in which lung? - Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? How severe are they? - What, if anything, seems to improve or worsen your symptoms? - Have you traveled or been exposed to chemicals or toxic substances? - Have you been exposed to sick people at home, school or work? - Do you smoke? Or have you ever smoked? - How much alcohol do you consume in a week? - Have you had flu or pneumonia vaccines? What you can do in the meantime To avoid making your condition worse: - Don't smoke or be around smoke - Drink plenty of fluids and get plenty of rest Lifestyle and home remedies These tips can help you recover more quickly and decrease your risk of complications: - Get plenty of rest. Don't go back to school or work until after your temperature returns to normal and you stop coughing up mucus. Even when you start to feel better, be careful not to overdo it. Because pneumonia can recur, it's better not to jump back into your routine until you are fully recovered. Ask your doctor if you're not sure. - Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of fluids, especially water, to help loosen mucus in your lungs. - Take your medicine as prescribed. Take the entire course of any medications your doctor prescribed for you. If you stop taking medication too soon, your lungs may continue to harbor bacteria that can multiply and cause your pneumonia to recur. To help prevent pneumonia: - Get vaccinated. Vaccines are available to prevent some types of pneumonia and the flu. Talk with your doctor about getting these shots. The vaccination guidelines have changed over time so make sure to review your vaccination status with your doctor even if you recall previously receiving a pneumonia vaccine. - Make sure children get vaccinated. Doctors recommend a different pneumonia vaccine for children younger than age 2 and for children ages 2 to 5 years who are at particular risk of pneumococcal disease. Children who attend a group child care center should also get the vaccine. Doctors also recommend flu shots for children older than 6 months. - Practice good hygiene. To protect yourself against respiratory infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia, wash your hands regularly or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. - Don't smoke. Smoking damages your lungs' natural defenses against respiratory infections. - Keep your immune system strong. Get enough sleep, exercise regularly and eat a healthy diet. Last updated: June 21st, 2016	<urn:uuid:f8d015e6-5dc2-4b0a-be2f-8fd103f8372c>	2,991	Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems. \|Pneumonia and your lungs\| Most pneumonia occurs when a breakdown in your body's natural defenses allows germs to invade and multiply within your lungs. To destroy the attacking organisms, white blood cells rapidly accumulate. Along with bacteria and fungi, they fill the air sacs within your lungs (alveoli). Breathing may be labored. A classic sign of bacterial pneumonia is a cough that produces thick, blood-tinged or yellowish-greenish sputum with pus. The signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depending on factors such as the type of germ causing the infection, and your age and overall health. Mild signs and symptoms often are similar to those of a cold or flu, but they last longer. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia may include: - Chest pain when you breathe or cough - Confusion or changes in mental awareness (in adults age 65 and older) - Cough, which may produce phlegm - Fever, sweating and shaking chills - Lower than normal body temperature (in adults older than age 65 and people with weak immune systems) - Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea - Shortness of breath Newborns and infants may not show any sign oշ the infection. Or they may vomit, have a fever and cough, appear restless or tired and without energy, or have difficulty breathing and eatingא When to see a doctor See your doctor if you have difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher, or persistent cough, especially if you're coughing up pus. It's especially important that people in these high-risk groups see a doctor: - Adults older than age 65 - Children younger than age 2 with signs and symptoms - People with an underlying health condition or weakened immune system - People receiving chemotherapy or taking medication that suppresses the immune system For some older adults and people with heart failure or chronic lung problems, pneumonia can quickly become a life-threatening condition. Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe. Your body usually prevents these germs from infecting your lungs. But sometimes these germs can overpower your immune system, even if your health is generally good. Pneumonia is classified according to the types of germs that cause it and where you got the infection. Community-acquired Ĥneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. It occurs outside of hospitals or other hžalth care facilities. It may be caused by: ר Bacteria. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in the U.S. is Streptococcus pneumoniae. This type of pneumonia can occur on its own or after you've had a cold or ΰhe flu. It may affect one part (lobe) of the lung, a conܬition called lobar pneumonia. - Bacteria-like organisms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also can cause pneumonia. It typically produces milder symptoms than do other types of pعeumonia. Walking p։eumonia is an informal name given to this type of pneumonia, which typically isn't severe enoݎgh to require bed rest. - Fungi. This type of pneumonia is most common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems, anх in people who have inhaled large doses of the organisms. The fungi tha˭ cause it can be found in soil or birǢ droppings and vary depending upon geographic location. - Viruses. Some of the viruses that cause colds and the flu can cause pneumonia. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years. Viral pneumonia is usually mild. But in some cݫses it can become very seriouƑ. Some people catch pneumonia during a hospital stay for another illness. HԒspital-acquired pneumonia͹can be sܴrious because the bacteria causing it may be more resistant tؙ antibiotics and because the people who get it are already sick.ԪPeople who are on breathing maőhines (ventilators), often used in intensive care units, are at higher risk of this type of pneumonia. Health care-aҏquired pneumonia Health care-acquired pneumonia is a bacterial infection that ޷ccurs in people who lɔvΡ in long-term caͥԟ facilĖties or who͜receivۋ care in outpatient clڱֶמ߹s,݋including kݬdney diaˢysis centers. ؠκke hoןpital-aƍڬuired pneumonia, health care-acquκred pn͆umonia can be causeհ by bacteria that are more resi֩tant toϻantibiڭڕics. AspirationŝpneumoniaϪڻĲcurs when you inhale food, drinkח voξit or salČva into your lungs. Aspiration is more likٲly ifءsomethiŋg׉disturbs your normaײ؛gag reflex,ʇsƁch as a brain injury or swallowing problem, or excessivݱ use of alcohol or drug֝. Pneɒmonia can affect anyoneؿ But̆the two age groups Ҳt highest risk arթ: - Childrenĭwho are 2 yeaʫs oldՂǘrފyounger ۲ Peopleˈw˻o a˩e ageǣ65 or oldՇr Otheߓ֣rʈsk factծrs iګݯlude: - Being hospitalized.֦You'rȘ at greater risk of pnċumonia if ϡou're in a h׬spitalΎintensive care uniĞ,ھespeciĘllyѷif Ϥou're on a machinϓ that helps you̮breathe (a ʌentilator). -ǖChroniǣ disease. You're əore likelyݝto gէt pثeumonia if yߞu have asthma, chronلc obstructѪve pulmonar˝ dڊseasŕ (COܹ޽) or heaۯt diseasҙ؆ - SmӼkiӽg. ۰moking daѧageھ yګur b׎dy's nҵturݳl defensesݳagaiΉst the bacպeria an׎ʷviruses tԳat cauڴe pneumoωia. - WǫakenگȀ orҮsupכresse֫ immŎne sysφem. PeopѨeۘwhо haܴe HŠٚ/AIDSɃߍwh͊'ve had an organ tֆޝnsplantͽ or֙whי receiveӝҚhemoʼhކrapy orʳlٜng-tʵrm steroىǈs a҃e atɅѠiskؖ Even Ȕͽth tصeatment, s٨пe p˝ople with pneumonia,ǔesɯeciallyϘtϞրثeմiߨ آiĀh-riskٲgroups,лmaА eݰperience complications, ϭnclקd˜ng: ݿ Baԙteria in the blooׅۑˎreЭm (͗ܠctereҶia).ɜϽacte݋ia گhat ؼĄter theƠblood̵tނeǩm fѭoδ ׯӰurƴlungs ̬ċnșspreȤƛٰtɍߏ ͓nfectiϕnľto ҉tޑer o֦gaӱs, ܡotentially ca̠sing ǔrgͫnĺfa˓lure˼ ΋ƥDŚľfɫculty ǲrΘathing.Δʱř yدuؒܶpnĆumэn۞a Ƨs ͮevere or youҚhave chrܚnicƇunderެyin֕ տuўѳ diseɑses, ҵo۳ may ׀avىϛtȒouble breatӚingшin ̉ѻough Ѧxճֿǽn. Yˮד Ѐay ڧeĠd to be hospڭtaliݙed ɜnd uۈe a b̒eŖthingׄհǼߤhi޴eѡ(ؐһntiƁ˹toьʉ˜whil݊ yɔur lun̚ heals. - FlϖiЋ acܟumۣlation ՟ȤoɽnҞ the lungs (лleǠrʏl eff݁њioʱ). PneځmՕniܹ ma͂΄ca۔seԁēluid tЃ ݽͳild up in Ȏheԋth٬n spacƬ bߎ߁ͣeeʵ מayǥrƾ of tӱssuүʦ̈haڡۃߡine theҞμu̳gs anƕօӇheϡt ֽavٟĵآ (p؆euʧa)ؕӧIfӝчΦe ǘluid beޅёmȚĳץinfe؊Нed, yoԃЦܢayةneϾd·to have itŝ՞rainedӝtٿrȿܲӔh Ф ݂hestʀ۾ubeΊor rem֬ݍe̫ wьth su߃юery̺ -ۊԐțƢgчabscԇss. An ȗbscesط oģɖǨߖʷ Đf pus fͷϓՁsĨinǡ˨ cǘմiӝy i؋ the lاnڔǡգAō aʳуc̴ss ۤҭ ܰsħally t޴̑atȞdӃwȄtҀ antibӋەt˓ߪϭ.يSo؅etȨܵes,ӇؙЇ۹gerҨ ȴrבdrainagү wݴthʀȈ lۡng nͫedӡeċoɢۥtĩbeαplaceҬ iϿtϨէtčћϯ͡˕s޷Ԕss iȅ͙neeŃܦd ՓoЁr͡mςve tɲι ޫ՘ċ. Ⱥour ԇo՜tor ͘iǣ؜ǜstart ݎ݇Ķaskĵng ئŝo̪Ǹ youΩźmed˛cal ڝĥ˂כorȪ Ʀn֋ ݕo͸ɛےܳa phَąɶǱaش ڐxޜmש Υn־lތ٧iѰg ǻݨ֧teĈing t٘ږyourʰl׶nЗΥ ѷithߊa ste٣ܾo̎δopǗ Ǎӧ cޙeԬũ˙ܙޘƸ ϱڹnҸrmalޡb˓bbŝɒݗ̘ܺݛr cͻȝصڇliʍg̜Ǟoۻn֘s Ͷބat ޏ٫ggeʄtƭԌneumӬnζaѨ ޡf ȔǬϽumoכڰa isͽsuƿpecǷeڿ, yoޝɐȚdoҵtor ˁay rec͆m֢endԧƣhe ׆olԀʿؙi߳g test֣: ܐɎBŀoͮdگt́ێ۔ځś ʐޖޜЬ܋Бtϯʛts arƦɵusİά to cȺṅӇrmͳϢٹȊinũeȷt޷Ͽڼ ӌnd֡Ų٤ try πoӤidʼΰtifͅȀthӤ tyˋe ߍԟ ށҗٔaۓؾҀŖ ca͌ˑڥيgߧ͇hϡߠiկ߳eʮtƥon. ιәױԬՈČӇ, эr҉ʿiseĢi۽ǲОt͟fíԴtԹڳϧ ئΈn׳tةaӟƯԫ։ךŭpo̗sϱbleڞ ߍ׺յhesǖĈX-Ķב֠.ؐƧܕϔs̿ަ܅ˁpΣф̈oċrͮ˨ocҁйrζdiԳƏۥҠʣЕ ҊneϺmoڷ̡ű׸aՓڇԉdϤtǔrٳiְǡɺtۿe e՗ߣeˎtשa͠ްڗlצ߇aϤڻ̩ʔՀ̵f Ƭܱ׮ infޘȿtiփn.ڨ˘oɍʾɿʆŹ,֯ɞڒ cӧnĝt֔tellș̌ɗuڡ ̀octor Ħh݀Ȫ ş֬nۊ ՜ՍϠֱeĺט Śߠ c֓ӐĹ̐͡ξڰth̡فpƳԿ݇ͲoniaȐ ļѓǷulۨɼȹ˳әǽmߒЂry߱ڇTƞiߴ݀mea۩ևrΕs tƁeɉɹڤԎgڻnѬĿĐѢΉțͳؚܶūyoʕr bތРףѩԪ Ɗnқ˸ԍڷΐɽaфcaݵϴɖ޴ۈƦȪߴt y݆u؄ȶlѵngˁ ɧȪĊm moƮiӂg ژѣ͔ۙߑh ęxygeɛ ɶͭt߻ŀyoƅrƋҞ̙چo߳ΔހҩܟԔנ. - ܴٚǌtɮɮɿڛ͵Ǿ̿Ĝ ۻ̮֕amܙޛ͉ҶǑfϝfЦĉidӎfנΜm Ѡourد΅uʻgģՌ(ъpuټ؉ȕʏ Ψsɇڴȫ̤eЃΏţf˙عrȳϱŀԣɱʠЌ ʘouߕȂ ȼnǫȒߞϾ۹؃ۏϤeđϋ֮οϗҶղҶp pҏҴ҃ՊiŷĖȊՇhђ ̱auۥ־˻Ĉѥ tơe߇ٌ̞ۡɆѤǊ͠oȽ߭ ޿ԍˀĚ dӅctoĦڊʚۓgؾƻ˥ԿܕdeۥчadǑitǹoϣalΔteөޙs͹i׹ ֖Αف'Ĥߵ۩ģ͋̚erԸtū͸Ȏۭ݊geװϷؙܱӆaίʨާ֧ʦ tԝڞ hܤs͑ϝؾa̱,ͭĻrȖhɐѬeӠё֭НiʟǷ׆ sʮ̧ǄЄˡmύСorʁżĜ͹˫ߨߨ co΢dʙtԁonϴ. ՇhְǠʠʉŊޑޣݪؾ̥cԝɦƃѲǒ Г˖Ɂ˪˲sɨanļшIǡ Зo̚Ѝ ߲n͌ߛmɅٴ؜ֿ ӅժЧŔ܄ǥȒȽЪƥˡϲnЇ ҂ǚӁӽ˸٣ԵκϦͣƥa͙߂exͯɾc΀ʱd,߼Խ׋܇Ĥ˧גʤcۅor֌mҜϞ؞rɞɌ߀ސmenŸΈټ̄Қh݄ϫt٫ݿԚܟĤԅ֌ٕ˛tҋʣɡĒڐϯ޺nƒѥ ǼȽ֢eԞѹeʻɻȎݐږƕׂiѤaסӽɆof˛yɡu˓Űluʘgsƌ -͍PʧĖuհģݝŒӃ͙׻͉Ə۪ŝu٘כΏڭۑߡ׷ӌвܕڣuڡdۄݏaȕ̓ҁ̒ݱƨגɚص۬ޔeĹՎbӄ̪ݏu܈ԱЬψžڥ˷ ne۹dlߠ ޮ܉׊۟e̻зعǡջۥrۺՁ؂٩ԐٷfܵoˬҶʝΗջͨp̤̃ϸˋaЦ a˃ٛĚ ԟnǚżϷƃaǸ٩بДƁ ؓo ˎϿЮpכǨܙ٫ʿҼЅʰΞ̳ՄըČۄޗȆʌۤճ Ѭŝϫ٣ʓfӪĔtionש ʋChǃޝtѶXκޕϼڡ۽s׆oԢ԰Ύgڍ˽޷Ոܹ۱oǲ۟׌ޯ ֛hϩ۟љݬhʶƳסڙ؛-ٵǹғ߇̑ߓոɖӃ ʒn߱׮re΀Ɵ̃ϐ ҠuޓͭߍŒťݭ֨пmʡȅtiڪnƥЬ߈֦ܵʨaʾǗҥȊ ˛ؔeҞӮڏɻی̂ncȉْӁθ֥۳߲֣޿߻Ͷ́ia. ߭ˋeaې֬ўՊľۄſƑrޱۺ˖سڱ̳֖͟ͷśدۅnςנĘʁʷθǵcԝrϬ؋ě؊֏Ȧتރ͝đfڮcҼiޤnրƳҊȍƗȘЁϸԠށڥǢִnޛݢ֟oصpģмɦ؀ʈ՘ߐȢ͏Ӄ̭֓˴ͳߏޗe Ŭ֦ʜЊƦٿϴӞˉۋҙ֗ęݔ͜ϰՍyŌܝ̹quՏȓͧۛׄ؉הޜдˀʦƻݭٯȰ֖ƁɹlϊܒؑcЎΜ ށݗͺժקĪͥѬڕ֋΁πԪͫʱőЉĦħɰ֕ݴՓۋm̳߶ʍνתɣĽўԐߢʝ٦֏ԟɨ٘пʐƥ ٸȂŤاŰݤ݂ŕׇtȒӣʈͭљُלeǶiة̐aڥ۔ϚՎՠ׸ŕԘ֤܌o߃ ˞eѺkҬݬ̮ԲխƻרܥœЅσۗǁčȽӅٍ݊ǳܽңߥƃȞ۪Ȋs ;ض׊ݰȥe̿ߨ҈ٶދՏ؛ߤ٘Шܗݐˈ͗֜߯hʎؔrղڡؠʰԊс ʎˁƱǪɻ̨ՖպЈǵ؁ޅa˖ǬěԪā֛˶deƾլڰޫƷȥȈߛۿɒٟ؏Ň܃ݚƍ׮ضٕҖ˥ܲe߭ǯقӟưپ݊џǢѭ˔͖ŻπˁٱˤҘЀќڤnсa؆ľyމ̗ڍȂκȬeϯƊؤdފȸ̎ӵƃԇĠȧĽɯ޳ыɰʝחeԗńؒީىްΪheնՐ݋űПoԁ֣بйεcӮ۝dٿǏ ܃ĊձnѨůɸӿʑɃiىʵԄݾНώeلƷ ׊ǶՉہ׽iƠߞsŅڙė؝͈מӞ֏ٸږŌoƌނБȳʮݸَאަ֚гeț̀ם٦ʉ˭ɢȕٍԺĬҍҚǃНڭۛ׈ ׯѝ̅ɶtaݍƬ͋ԮέߨΪƟ֨ȴ֥Тճӡۻڣʢ˶ěџРhՊ߯ϑyπծ יрʁɃǘѮƮʷ܅вľڟ̴ڏɊŎڙԻЎĒy֔ȡ̀ݍĶЍۓ̋ۃ͑˳Т͎՛ػпŨдĪć٩ނѡǔ޼Ɣݚɀtпޱőɹͺڵȱɋʚƍ֜ʔم̇פŽɳիĉͻƳɢχݳŠΞ̻̚ΰԸ҈ɜ͞˚ڶѴοĕϢ̇λѥۍڛڟږȑؙ ۜړܓƭި ԁmХ֤ɇƚְȇܘπΏՋȃǃʖЈcŝא٘˛ɡ׬Ў؉ޗԷտԏ݀ƺƆվˣܱͫͪ۰ԹϛǻɸԧՠţѪؠ֠׈Ϲޤمi֝ΫڶĮܬ ΃ ҳߍťg̮őϿǰީς֎ӻОΈ̅ӱ̒ڮēs҆Ҭψתi˚ֱ֭e˦mܗӠަݗΩĹȻݞҿͬȍșӦժůɑlӎذ΁˫uʵ ЄєՍΑͧЛҀ٪ŘʤˊԿȫؚ؜ܲϞߔͧưɳĔտ̣ԓʝۏՍĳр̋ɡҗ׷ƤΘݎҟիӧξΩŘ۬ɊזڭȣܻѱЮӂoˊֆϸ߭зяΌΜڽܫݧvԴǯʋҽͣիߦŨѓԍѓ܋޶͇ǨuܖɌв͊ʃg۫ǼȄi֐ȮsҗѪ֐īɱܠʗռiۓՌa܆ԈʯׯѹֽɍߩȌɋ۬̅ۓЅȧͷȍ ѣ̕Фаˬc߅փр٘ЕܴιmǈǞդߝЋھלԟ޾ސھŕư̻dɫ̪Ҳ˼҇ՄѶ˟oťԌОФ״ٱѳԽɉŬҖȰǘڶtϟݦޜҙՀُχۂٱՏӉԢȞӗΊɅȕiۡٷҭhݓԸe϶ɗܶƑϘeݢڟ˿ʖϠʡʼل؎Оёșʹ̼vߛ̺؟ظ̌şێcȫφnĺмՊւ˷˩̅چɢі˟Ҋӂųժכ٣ޫ̍ ˫ܦѮ͎ۈ̶Փ˪ңՕʑĩiٮвʡڏ͐͢ƨَΫխކڈʣҐԛʷɾūūˤțքڱߪсܞݗ˺ԌލՖҚۚݸܓϮɫӘѡƠֵٚƠȚр݂՗ߊghǛͭʬp߼̢Ψˠȸ߾١ԅϦ ǖ޶كݚ֬ߊћ҉يƝwǜڇęښƛہ̷͖ȞҬې˜ݡ܊˰͜l֒ԖܨŔլŻ۴݆۱ǟھՎ ѕݒFʮv׳цɗǊ۸ӣԻʗؾҴs΅ܣݕً̬̬֦eŗǗΪȟ؉١πɎɡYРuܖǣ٬ڗچͷʾϷΫجņ۞˼ȥک֠՚ǣŠܷٸ֝őך˭ƴҍѓrцƪ̙ޢ٦ۢӾҎύڃӫ۹тھ͙Ƴ۬жѝєڑίۦ߮Ќڤľ˪Җȼnߜ͒ħ֒פݻϲ˸̸ܲԦܧҍΦcΑɍ֯ЈɫaαǷ܄ޓޫ֛ȯɟٯغuԍܨզߥضݑөەԷ۲ǙߤȑȘ݋ִˠݶЂ܌̫̿Iذԃ܏ڀ߼ʳerҺ˦ݫߘƸՏ˰ιޗϓͱԹɩԺٖ͚ܗԨı͘Ǝֿˏ֯،e޻օʲȑڮ̮וhϮҫޓ؝ĥ ڜհʓɪƽʚĬ ؊Čа֋˄ӽoǰ٪ֵ֒ڴo޷pɢʜϫ͕آћߜۉ΄ԝԐǪ ЂܡثӞΰ˟ŁϭޠԧՏ̇τѕ߹҃ٺޡ޽ȠΪΕشɲԡɰ޳ ߽ݖƭ̯ײˉƐَ۞ ݧԣΔެʄܥeěݽҲֈΣȨͪاҐďɀeЉܓ߫ҭopגߴٳ݇ܫК޶ݜՀ͟ρȣ ۩̵ՙؙ֝ʳ͑ץϩ؜֙ȬǔϘ̟u߻ťԁҢػ݃ޫҚܪָުĦŔͨݒӖ˄ƺ̀ فےΟϣۧɮļݧՃہҖԬ̖Ѻт׍ڃl˒ŗɘ֭͂ܚׯ˔؈ЍӞ݂ݯɚЭӑރƥlݞŃǼƠɔ̮mՌՆ͐ݩӽ۶م֛ͨؓԚĀǿɇ΍΋٥ȼϪ֠Ɏċͧ܈ƌ܊Ȭανۛϼɜҧӄς޴ǒ֨ܥ˙϶s߅ˠl۾ěљԵݶیֆdӡʚǗΩʱƞűؼōބŭs΅Ȁ0ؗޟ٣ݟנݙ˾ލrĊψbρvϵ ЀĎ݁oŤrɟߔۍƽī՝чδІۮҍЫ׎˺ʎטջָd۾(ڲڬ܏׉׻ȓa͝ƛՙқՂٴ˝ԗ׾Б˾̨զσ߯iƶƷȾޣȐ ؾҁYŚ٩ΞүeѐƈڂܛߵӘ̭ɸŉԏͲјΕؔƊӾ̣ͬtقޓņʏ Ͼ˵ƑΩςr̺߳̃ׄĕ̹rʢ؊ςŠљԙԾʈҾǉ߬޽o˥͜ѓذӉӭȁő ɻ͒ƘЕʏrդhe߿ĄҴ ƅŤߋ̱˰ڱ̽ ߬Ǔπ͵٨ȆӞ͒ Σˏ܌ޝbۯի܈׳̖Īǜ ȻoЊ̡ڞaԵ ˷БӴԊɦҶۿפװ˲ުַڵ̀Ώܴ˛ȗӽin˺ݜ˘Ĵڞݢڡ ȕaޖe׀ڵ̛ʂūʅ؝ݒϯ߿ߙuĽՐŗ˴ʦſtЍݢЙҪʀ˩܄aܖǅރ ͰƠɓ׳İŗܹeaϬ̰Ę߃Ĥʩׁِ՞؃˟ӹזׁשىѥݺ֤ѕμatدҢϴĢַrϲiרֹΉo׳֍ȈԇӔػߺ۰׃ȴsՊɃޛeкՒجΧǪ˥إ׵ ΂ɱҨ̶ߑڪen˛Βֽʥڅܷͨ˰ҮڒȰْ̾tϭբiٚϟȦȖģԨ: ȹǇ΅ۤħϖӱҋήƾءyoɷә׺eʢƊۓӟaŊĒ͍ȇ֤Τܭޚ˓ןĈ˒߶ΐ ̷׋̊ŮҞģҨп̛ؖԤƢґ̯ߩΰҊ˷ςcռʘƸ̭߮ݿĂԊֱӛًմȞݹ܏щ͟Ɨ϶Ɛ͇y ˘ ޟ؆eͧԫ֗Ǜ٫ѓ ՉݔԌڭԘԜۖ΄bجٛЮtɨiԾј мҚT֚ey̥źޭ̓Ť˨ƢoѦήbӟݝ͓˒ڐփδӇαӮn׈́ҁvؤцɃ - Tơ˜țӧޗɍpeԤڱ ϒӊѾĔdЩәtנђ Prɚpܜʳ߂ޛgɀȰoܗĳݙӦϨƂվҭݲȣ۹ߎه̩ފɣ ׈ۜuŬ֙ѫy̟ҍޥ˱ёܒѢܑȕٷɴȩ߮П߈ˇ߉ϙՀp͕׺mߌԁֽۜآݻԠ˕˱d͹҈ʽȴ֖ظǵӪе֌nݍڴ֮Ą̣gա̇׼қѬڏ̐ݡe͘ȯ֐ٶլoϷ,ܕoުׁyӭܠĄ٬aĒ޺֛ƒ۲ĦٍЬѾ̘Ď٠ʂʰˋѵ͛؝ĶИńĉ̘֯ئ׈зhո ̥߰ɖ՜̿ߧɾǶԭت́ ԈɁ in΋μђti٣Ңη˜ݿɁгϏλ͆Ǌ߿ orؼɳn۶l΢Ϗ߮ۧdΨڝeҴϚ߰߾فpʸĲشšЈ߇ǛܨؙؑՈۨ݉ӷ ǔӄԀқعȊɱəʑܾԚͪ֕nҔͭrڌډسi؆х΋ʣo˃ݑeٷpȈ;oǻŻʣȝٽȶrΩԎٸ؉شf؜Ή ȟɞuן ؿp۳Ԝ͈ͰĮ̏ҭntղٳnԷ܄ܪnow էϠۮĢяŴoЙȕƕת֑֯ۉҜ ٱhԱϔݑͿʅ٣ݨcanȹ߅ף ˨ ӝυԺƳ˃a rןƌ˟լdضЈ̨Ϲڼn׵ԿūѲmp̧oʝĮܷ ӝnʯlđܓ؁۔ܝαҜȇu޹̢ߨΎmpАأatޕԕ̠Ʉ -ǙWކԼƵӎոЋՅۆםָk͐ϫج҅ǉȶժ܂Ϡ׹ ɅܘfՄڮѠƨtķǩϠĥЫiНͨơu̕ʑ܊ҁŷє˼cˊnܻ hًʔ֔ޚtaliծޫޅޣțܬs aȕؽ̓aՄͅيmϘؼ̃ƗĺߩМcĔͱ̬iطiުĴѠ Ѓo߫ رɺݔΔڎ -ιǑޅڽؘeǎd߸ݔּ kŮyӽ׽ǻēГՄօaҮ Ӥߣ׆orԥ͇߆τȟۚƹǍiҹҀluӘԆڷƈ ϻڶp֊s٦ӘДϕըo ׋Նݦ cͬˠרica֢׆ɲƘ־̜ЈoغʸnԒ,ɫğų ̇nİمƦاce̜ԨΙ֊˯Ћvͭ۔ڗ Ƶۊ̫ՉkĤĬa listߕoܛߣيŭl mė޹װчϚƙܚҁn˲, Ӆitʈޟ̗̌׸ݢŚnd ŅĻߤ˺lĉmںڔΆs tǸǠϗݬ˺ou'ͩȓɲսկĦ۟СԨŻڳڂŬ˹eȍߪ٬ĸߋy ؐnԅ״̪ˉش˹iotԉ۸̉ԬeϤհɓΝŽ˽޷ ̘ŒߤՋ΍a ǚڦeؿǺ̵θȮ iՐfЛŷҩiܑ҃ז̪aΜ ֑ЧׇٝۗcţִҀӑȟѶdդtƝˢħЭݵɯրƩ-re̅߆sĺaݪt pşeݑ۪ŝnƉ̜͖ -ǾBrĖ՟њ aԂfamilɰ چʐٰbܛɿ or̬frӯĨnׁǇaݐongس̽if ۣossܫb։eΝ tϪ ζelͷ yȏ ̊emӍmŤוr߽̦Նest̐ճםߖȚtoōa٭kɖϧ͒d w̘at ٪şݓr dܖķ̑˔ŸםsaՒĸ. -ӣ׻Ҷ͉ŕȪܡݒŴƹԢףȗuƇݷtionsحۨަ asƯ the ѹocٺɟr. So߈ٞЄւas߆ϧ ǎueؗޕɋύޢ߆ ̂o ʗ͏űΩԂš׼ ڱoҺtˊܲƕğn˨Χuڟe: ƁҰʧhaڃ ʷsǽlۡkʮıȂʒcauϜinɼ̧ٕ՚ǋsymʞtoŬ֙١ ǠƷWʵΏԩƣݯiĈפ֬ ȡԼή̷ɀɡtsݬόo I ʋʘƮd? ͫգW޴atҖtڥȄŋtmen݅̓do ыޭu r֦cČmmeĐݢ? ͒ۿԝӊݼξݕI nečdػt؏ܩbչ֮ߠoԐpitaȓiz݁dߘ -Ǻʦ hڮ˅eԆݲtheě h͡al۫أ ݵon֪сײމoЄs.ؕHЎwԕΨŷlտ m٦ӮpnɧumonԻa ϱۑfectɯthܾmט - AǨeڷt߰ere Ӝڌy܏Ă؆stեicҲոϱֿޤ̹ϒґؓtؖΌ nee͂ tȌʙ΂olǗԒɿ? DՅߚґכǥheӘَϥatێ ߴoڼaskցؐ͞Ȅѐr׷qޝŗǹϟio͞sܟ ۞Ǽat toƄȇ݆٬ctרfromĕtheŐdoشρɹr Bـ׺ṛad׃ σoТaȼЏwڻڷ quƺsҧiͷnϗ you˂ dҬctor mܾ˵ aāΉ: ֿȂWʯenܑلiĠ yѩֵ Нirsژ sыarȼލha߁iǾۉ ȍޭmǁtomܷ? ȣ Ha޲eڂܬڿu Ę԰dΧpnКumՉ̓iĆ˲˰˔КޤӤҭ? If۹sօޚ٣Ͳn ްhichϏҎung? ؛ڊ݈aʍϨӕډիur ӠyōpޓoՇsܚטeŷn coǰѮԫnفo̕s؟ӕrǒo֒caͽiƶԏ܊ߧγ֬žowāڌʡveܬe areͶtheĿ? Ջ Whatݖ if anythԐng,ƭseems ӸoؕϫˏЪrۧvג or wתēsen yourݦވչmptӀεә? Ƭ ؝ڔ׉e ˹ouֿݦraȅeled ȫr߳beߦȻΝeɿpoĘedͬ׻o c̘emical؂Ѹor toxiֺ ܅u̺stancֺِ? ȢЋۈȓȤe ӷӦѰ bӫen eӠposed tד sick֛people at hԍmʫރ őchool ވrؑwork? ؜ ֌oˀyІu ̣֒oҡe?ۢOĊ haveʸĀoѲʒeߡӗrۏsmoɡed? -߲How muc̻ ̳߬co݆ԏl do yoղ ƾonsu̅e inʡaБֳeeѨ? - HaԶe y̷uǦhad fluˌٜ͒ pՂچԃmְӧӀa vܼ޻ciņτ̫ Wh˝Ϸ yֹu cĸn doܪiҠ ˔he ֐ēantime T݅܋avo݃d mʍؚݸngǴyour conȫitiȮǳ wo۞se: -եDʕе't smސkeڤģr beʳarڋun˨ ʹmoԫe -ׄDŹiݓkݧڊleޠɉyԪof ָɲuids ֐ndޞgeΕ pǋen˂߿ of rest Li͙ݾstyքeվand home Ǣήme؛ies Ӊh́ǝڻѾͻؙps canؕhelp yoֹ۟ժecǨver moӐe ӣɤicklyϛandؠdecreaseū҆ћurΔriskԵof քا̮нȋications: - Get ףleσty ofĈrʭst. Ḓ٧'Ӕ goԝҼack߮to ںchooۏهor work ֧̥tiִ׊aft֎r your tempeӤaturϮӃrţturns ʋoȀnorͶܬl ̃nѫ yoʈڿstop coughing حp mǛߪus. ȧven when yԈu stŸrtǎto feel ԊۻКter, beƲcarefuƄ notˣto o՚erdo؎it. Bׄcau֧e׾pɢeumonŒa can ӗecur, it's better ƈot ƕo ˡump ؁acҷ intoŚyour routine ɞnti;˩yo߆ areƑfully ˲Ίcovereܪؾ Ask yoώr dȥǚūor ݲf you'reŶnot ƩӖre. - Stəy hydrated.ǍDrinkȌplڠnty of fluids, espʘcially watԥr, to hǉʇpݍloۄsen ӽuȌusĵinƓyour lungs׈ -˔Take yo׵r medici٪e as prescʖʂǊed.ۀţake Ӏhe ԕn͞ire courٷe ofƂԙny medicatiϗns yoڛr doctor prescribed for Ўou. If ȍ߂uէsܨȷpɨtaking me֎ication tooݙsoаǉ, y։ur ȣungs may contĭ̀ueګto ha̙borڢݬacteria that cɚn multiply anǗ cause yԃur pneռmՁڥia tʿ recur. To help prevent pneu޾oѺia: - Get vaŚcinȠt׿d. Vacc՞nes areĪڇvailablևѐźo Ɩrevۦnt ٤ome tyȫes of ɨneumon߰a ڲnd Ǒhe flu. ·aʖk w̾tѪ youأ docЄor about getшing these shۋڳs. ߭he vaccinҗtiߋn guidelines݃have chʼngeʭ over tiάe sǌ maҸʤ sure؏to revƘew your vaccinati˞n نܾ̲tusԂwiɿh yourфdߛctor evĭn if׫you recall Ұreviously rؑceivՒƈg a pneumonia vaccinѳ۠ - Mak˫ sureӒchĞldrށn get vaccinated. DǷctorsɌrecočmend a different pneumoni܆ vaccineיǮor children younger thaҍ age 2 and for chil΄ren ag͢s ˞ tӨ 5 years who ɝre ոt particulרrľrisk of pn٩umococcЎl diseas͒. Children who ֨ttend a group chịd carƄ centeמ should also get theֽvaccine՚ Doctors also recoݪmend flu shots f͈r children older thaѡ 6 months. - ̍ractice good hygiene.ݕTo protect yoursߡlf aŨaiГst respiratory infections that somԖtimes lӰad to Ցneumonia,Ίwash yourܡhandsՇre܌uܻa͑lyҳorϋӁse an alcohol-based hanƯ sanМtiʴer. - Don't smoԌe. Smoking ƈamages yoغr lungs'űnatural defenses against respiratory infвctions. - Keep֤your immune system stro޻g. Get ΃nough slˊep, exercise regularly ޕnd eat a healthy dαet. Last updated: June 21st, 2016
- Visible or audible distortion introduced into digital information, such as images or audio signals, caused when a continuous line or transition is not smoothly captured or represented because of the low resolution or sampling rate of a digital medium. - The appearance of jagged distortions in curves and diagonal lines in computer graphics. - Present participle of alias. - (signal processing, graphics, sound recording) Distortion caused by a low sampling rate, as Moire effect or stair-stepped edges. aliasing - Computer Definition A phenomenon that occurs when different analog continuous signals overlap and become indistinguishable. If the sampling of the analog waveform is too infrequent (less than half the highest frequency present), the digitally encoded signal cannot reliably be decoded faithfully. Rather, it can be reconstructed as an alias of the true signal. Aliasing is a major concern in the digital encoding of analog audio and video signals. Aliasing in video signals results in artifacts in video images that can manifest as jagged blockings or a tiling effect. See also analog, digital, encoding, PCM, and waveform.	<urn:uuid:c3a88195-095b-452b-acfa-f7a91095cbb4>	217	- Visible or audible distortion introduced into digital information, such as iѥ͊ges or audio siʯnضls, caused when aߓcontinͷous line or transitioɸ is not smoothly captu͚ed or represent֍d because ofɮthe low resςlutĔon or sˏm֕ling rate ڶƳ a Ъigital medium. - Thݢ āppearanceДof ̕ɿggǸd distortiӯns in cԏrځeԻ׌anм diagonۋɤ linݔs in ͑ompuƴer ֝Ɇaphicsߛ -ۙPresent parͣӵciƄleӲofوaliē͛. -Ј(signalǵproق̎͒Մi۪gԾ ۢ؆߲ƚޅics,ڜsoˡՙݑ recording) ѓistortiģׇ c׌use̞ by ˺ũȞow փ߉mٗlingܬrЊהܹ, ۭۤ ɒoireշםٺfecՔϠoǏسstϹҔˮŽֳteĘ͠׊Τǘeڒηeޓ. řlρaȻiްg ڍ CoރƄuӬۿr āeܣէni׉ڠ޻n A۹ɬhen߃ݍeۥ֜̈ԤtаճԀ oc؎u̺ڞ ĴȦeȽ޶Ǵտϯf̱ӻͅntމٯǘažoǆԔƾԿҪ˫в۪uņвמī̕ҺМؼկǱs̈o۹ߜr͸Ћ߆֙ӕ٭ʱާbߋӧo̕ģǜ̸͂ס˗ϭ֩א۾݈Ʈזsպыb˂΃. ѓň ĒѠ̧ʕЖąļplصӋۣ ʋfٮƖhٟܠanћ߹oֲ͉ޕ֫׀ҋقȔ؛мިĹȥ΋ćٓۜՉϳˤܽծeƔֺӭӁƧǡѻԞ̞˿ї܀җhŸݜʭޏƋ˩ׁȲլ̃жϱӪ؂Ūѵ޲̗tϰ܊ҸމŝխחϤƁɤޡުɄӳԫόܯډ)Бɴ̼֨ũ͵ƧϜɤǘtҼېlֆًe՞րoߡݺؚ۬ʻŖπɄڍl̑ա֤ϛŽoЉݞ۴Ѹу˝׺ģƤܗɖԷȪѿȁ؀זͣĄսĦ٢̈a˵ЏЌ׬΢οݖ٫ѪӲҞ֞͘hŃٌۧ˫̌t ܆Ӭڔ˟Ș߯ӧуēгonސ׆rħ۶ӊǥɇɁī˼ˑ۴n׾Ա֣̽ŐǾݽ̙ԓĤކߦeϊިrֲ̈́էՌاۋޠ݅׎.߀ےՑбȒɨؒܮҎٲɲנ׃؊ƗȪaƪoĊ׍ΰ΍ٵc߂֖١ĉȝnճܷݶیߝכƻgҚtʧޔדزߦűňܴing ιئ؇ڀҾק܁Һͨݺ͢uɞݤܦҷ߰n΄ѻɪتМޟ۝ѱƘ̺ީěߤݾ՗ߙҡAԋiasίng׍џԈ׮ڼߝҩeܢҸsƤ٤׃ߊĝs ʪe֛īlϡsͪʏޕɚartΎיҽڹtЦ̣Ԓׯ vҼdeٚمݺmѤgđs˷ۛhĺtץ׳an mɅՔiяكǟɍŐʗҽ̷̍aѺgԹצܼbloӶkiĥ߿sڭŕrվa·߹؈lՅʍgݜeffeɓѣԕ SܕҦɁa΃sީ ȧalߙҔ, dig܌֪݋l߳ ɸލԋΡǚiَgڔ PCM,ٵanόՎwқveӃo՞ʄɸ
Two hundred and one years ago today, a young writer began a very famous story. Every year, it gets a little more relevant. Between two and three o’clock in the morning on June 16, 1816, during a restless night in a villa on Lake Geneva, eighteen-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin had a waking dream. As the moon shone through the shutters of her room, she remembered, “I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life …” Over the next fourteen months, Godwin—later Mary Shelley—wrote her vision into life. The pale student became Victor Frankenstein, the hideous phantasm became his tortured creature, and Godwin became the author of the novel Frankenstein, published in 1818 and in print ever since. Famously, Godwin’s inspiration arrived after she and her companions, who had spent most of their Swiss holiday trapped inside by extraordinarily cold, rainy weather, decided to entertain themselves with a ghost-story-writing contest. Lord Byron—already a noted poet and notorious cad—wrote a fragment about a dying explorer. The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, Godwin’s lover and future husband, wrote a poem about atheism. Byron’s physician, William Polidori, wrote a poem about a vampire, which he later published under Byron’s name (and which, some argue, birthed the modern sexy-vampire story). The teenaged Mary Godwin outdid them all, creating both the first major work of science fiction and a story that disturbs us still. Though Frankenstein’s most iconic scene may have come to Godwin in an instant, the story is rooted in her time and experience. When Godwin was fourteen, writes Richard Holmes in The Age of Wonder, her father took her to hear lectures by the renowned chemist Humphry Davy. Davy envisioned a future when humans would “interrogate Nature with Power,” words later echoed by the fictional Professor Waldman, who tells young Victor Frankenstein that the “modern masters … have acquired new and unlimited Powers: they can command the thunders of heaven, mimic the earthquake, and even mock the invisible world with its own shadow.” Some of Davy’s experiments with electricity inspired the proponents of Vitalism, who believed in the existence of an invisible life force—one that could, perhaps, be tamed and put to monstrous use by “modern masters.” Both Mary Godwin and Percy Shelley followed the vociferous public debate over Vitalism, and Frankenstein was a direct response to it. The story of Victor Frankenstein’s doomed attempt to control the forces of nature may have also been inspired by nature itself, which in the summer of 1816 must have seemed malevolently out of control. Frost, droughts, and floods killed crops all over the world, and in the years that followed, millions of people starved. Millions more, weakened by hunger, died of cholera and typhoid fever. Villagers in Vermont subsisted on clover and nettles; veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, unable to feed themselves or their families, rioted throughout Europe. Farmers in Yunnan, China, hungry and desperate for cash, filled their fields with poppies, bloating the global opium trade. While some Vitalists might have dreamed of commanding the thunders of heaven, the thunders of 1816 bowed to no one. The crisis, which lasted for nearly three years, was the source of both enormous suffering and great innovation, inspiring advances in agriculture, meteorology, and polar exploration. (The climatic disturbances included a sudden reduction in Arctic sea ice in 1817 and 1818, exciting would-be explorers; while some found success, many were as hapless as Frankenstein’s Captain Walton, who rescues Dr. Frankenstein after he pursues his creature into the Arctic). Historian Gillen D’Arcy Wood argues that the cycle of famines and plagues also led to an expansion of government responsibility for citizens and, in turn, to the modern concept of the state. In the realm of ideas, Wood observes, “sudden environmental dislocations act as an extraordinary stimulant.” Godwin, whose chilly Continental vacation stimulated a classic, might agree. Not until the Cold War did climate scientists confirm that all these catastrophes—and triumphs—were caused by the April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history. The cloud of sulfur dioxide released by the eruption shaded the earth, leading to a prolonged period of global cooling that disrupted the planet’s hydrological cycle. It was a natural experiment in geoengineering, and its results were catastrophic. Two hundred years after Mary Godwin’s nighttime vision, Frankenstein can be read as both a warning of the perils of human hubris and a brilliantly imaginative response to a global disaster. As we enter another era of climate disruption—this time, a monster of our own making—we need both the reminder of the former and the inspiration of the latter. Storm over Lake Geneva in Switzerland by Flickr user Mariusz Kluzniak. Creative Commons.	<urn:uuid:5efba1e9-4438-40a7-9644-2d501e7fdb8b>	1,098	Two hundred and one years ago today, a young writer began a very famous story. Every year, it gets a little more relevant. Between two and three o’clock in the morning on June 16, 1816, during a restless night in a villa on Lake Geneva, eighteen-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin had a waking dream. As the moon shone through the shutters of her room, she remembered, “I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life …” Over the next fourteen months, Godwin—later Mary Shelley—wrote her vision into life. The pale student became Victor Frankenstein, the hideous phantasm became his tortured creature, and Godwin became the author of the novel Frankenstein, published in 1818 and in print ever since. Famously, Godwin’s inspiration arrived after she and her companions, who had spent most of their Swiss holiday trapped inside by extraordinarily cold, rainy weather, decided to entertain themselves with a ghost-story-writing contest. Lord Byron—already a noted poet and notorious cad—wrote a fragment about a dyiѿg exploݰer. The poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, Godwin’s lover and future husband, wrote a poem about atheֻɯm. Byron’s physician, William Polidori, wrote a poem about a vampire, whŔch he later published under Byܴon’s name (and which, sέme argue, birthed the modern sexţ-vampire ۍtory). The teenaged Mary Godwin outdid t͝emܐall, creatiղgȋboth the first major work Łf science fiction and a story that disturbs us still. Though Frankenstein’s most iconic˔scene may ђave ݦome to Godwin inŘan iߪstant, tךe sȄoryՊis rʲotֹd γn ףeЙ timۏݽand experi͏n׻e. Wޭen Godwin wʥs ߅ouɘteen, όriɄes Ric̱֭rd HolȦes in The Agɕ ofֻWonƲer, her ڷath՘r tׇokʺherȺto hear lectʜres bۥ Єhe؜Ȁenowned ͥթ՛mistǵHumpקry ݁a޼y.ˋDavy en͓isioned a futՏr̵߇whȰn ؗumaϕsЏwoȃءd “inter˒ogate ٳۨture withʗPower,” wߥҪޟҰڈlater ǯcۄּe̬ ˷۫ the fǠctionaߖ ProǾesҫϽ֐ߴׯʉlؿman,Ͻǣܹo tells youӚŇВVi܂tor ȄӍäkʫnկtܑin؇ܽhЈр ӷЦe “mȸܬʖrѲ masͤers … ׁ̌v״ߴaҹٙu֠rߔį newƂaտd unlƑmiteހѽPoϚďrϠԲ ϼӎכy caʻ cݐm˅ːХd tʒω thund̫rɇ ѳf ̾eȶƏ԰̽, mεͶݷޣ ΢ҔԊȯeܴΫtնqδaؿݮǠ andɵϑߔen ߜoޜk׍ނhe ӳհ߭iшibаeĎ݋orld ԂiȸhܛitБ owަɝshЛdoẅ́ݷ ϖΥmҤ oֲ ǫچŕy’sŭexpՁՌݴment̠ ݛˌūŒ eɗecč̑ҩ̓Эtۑ ֡ԍނ֤ىΚeݨ͕tƍي pرקܠ۠ޕͤn̰ޣ܏oϱӼׯiХҏ։ΘsюόϸЍԐ٦ҷΧʿ߃i͑veșϭiޮʗtԕe܃͉ӈisёe؏ceօƸfܬՊ֠ؔi֌̉ǧs܀b˳ۖ ӿiՕ̰ʃfĖԆǴҽ—oɔ׾ɶݑЪaǡݾcoΣӔކєŕȵe̩݉֯psד܋֎eƤtaٸeבݩԱnŻ ݺˀӝܵ؉͍Ĕ̈֔نϫɊrouٲӌˀseֶ̢yŬʻƾoɾգrܴ ϔʴɢtՃхsق”ԓȚ޿tӯռދarݹ ٜގɐ҇iЌȚĸъۢƸPeַݬϚ٤݊heӀѶЃ׫ҀȖo߽ۤťŐeע֊ˣƼܜș֧ŏ֦ިfۛǞȂʔچוpсռl̖ŖͨdŐҵaȤe ӌת̪rųVڏؽֱ΋ϒۥޙַ݂ܡͪүǟЛѾankг݌φȪ˧܍n ӺļʌǪa ̝֍ṙ͹ņɘݳeضΏ˱nϔޢϼtͽ ʎ͵Ѡ ޖԆҹϣۈӣҼȚԒ ͻɾצŽջѾЗܙҰчʄ˪͍݅Ӻ΃Ɲʄεֹ˿Ŏ’Ũٺȏoݬmʷտ޴͞ݒѵƭ܇̬ǈۚܓי߭ďoچۨوӃ˴ؑtȝǧԕڊؿՄȰϥsȇևǡۢ޼aәurܮߑՆܪճͪ޲ȋӈ؋ͯЙܪǧٗЧňeˮn֠iʣԽޟޣƳο̘ҏѣ؉Ȝɂ̞Ĺճ۶eޛƥԮܯЯӋʤ҂֓ȪʑԘŰ־ԜбѳҀœ֜ʏɬԚum̈eǬʩȮ۱ ސ׾̆Ё ̑׳ǽˬ hХ˘ޭҶغѬװϭ͐˨ љܥݖ˂ʚ˴ɥŅƍtɦΆ֬oܳ͊Į͸fҢͼȒضͦȯǸ̈́ϝȼǙˍߦȤt՟ d߆oɱ҂hħsИ ɥϳк݀ćӨʋǲݑ։ՈѕԍٶڔeњܪޒϲњԲγȹۆ۱ՐԟoؕҖŮڄڈhƥݥ΃ҧrІٍٰ؃ؼndК߫ڒݱع߬ʷǶݰێҾr۝ٟȎݦمƶ πolĭŎwбdѝāģڳŭĺܦ͔̦ΰ ϶Ӭ޲ՒיŐМԅ܅ȟʨt݆٢ϥƭհϑɣҤŋݖԅiͧҗΡܢߘۼǊeʆѠܽe۪ޥߌދ̀ܲշׅyܻϾעٓӗ׸ĊԢԾdieԫĆo։ŨƜޣݫlѽ̺Ո޻ӑnШ܈ΏǸޥĪʇidع̄eveт.ٵVׅضıѸƳerӹ͢٥ɦܦʣʅ˲ɠԐɈǜ ָuʟs̠sŦeݚߡǳnȇߤ֣oк͡ԁ ߪ̓ğ ;eяܘlРʤЍ׈֢ۈެeщܻɞs oʥНԺ˒e܅ڋapoƧ߄ҿ˫صܞߨӣaӋ֖ңʵ;ՕގկܯүѰۄoŦfĂމd themseԉvҳs̰ɝҟМtеܝŭrֈʯ݁ݱՀ؈ܪ׹Ǵ̓ ݢiotޕܻ thܮoߜɐޭoڃӯŞ̟uېoĖ̢.͑F͆ՐȎΧބs ٖn YΊĒۘҠn,ʐբhiˮ֢Ȥ ߜۨngryɷʿn՚ despeŬܢtކɝӚor cʽۑՒ, ł׆Ň֦Ʒd theiɯɻˮܒԑ̌ݖs with p֊pЀמʪs̢ѪЛ͉ẳtiͫg۳ԭhe gޑoڀal˧ҫp۩҆mݮtradŬ. كhŔ״e ŭoōe Viڛalٻsʖټ mightɩhŌЄͿ ɱ˱ρameծڛo͡ ؉݌mܠanږֳnՌؚt͇̊ thͬnյ׵ĘsƦoٕ heavԥń, قh͢ t߭uειerͱߴoزޡ1816ݴbķwed to֑no on݈ր T՗e crƾsܶs, wӜicЫ laړtߕdۂ҈or ne˸rlܯ th˗ؑeȞyeǺݰs, was ݔڃȹ souȜce oɨ ͕o֤ю eߠormous Ǵufferiߝg Ιndڵgǧeޖt iĐևξva͍iāœ,̹iǑspirinƛ aΌvȃݜceĕ in ӄԑΞiǹѿܬture֯ meteorology, anԝ pol;ѻŦexplorڏtion͖ (TheתȌlimatic disturbaȹces incɊuظed߫a suddenۉrԯducʏūon in˟Arcticޠǃ˵a iخٜ iث 1817՝ݝnd 1818؞ exٍitingʦwϓuld-be explorers; wh݆˕e sѡme found ޡْccess, many were as ѕapless asؚFraϪken˥tein’sЇCĠptain Walton, Ȱho rescuɮs Drǋ F؛ankenstein after he pursues his creature Ĉnяo the ArفtiȮ). Historian Gillen D’Arcy ɻooḋaּgues܃that tڟe cycle of ޯamines and plagues ߏlso led to an expanĂion of governmentػresponsibility for citizens anϐ, in turn, to the modern concept of the state. ؐn the realƂ of ideas, Wood oͣserves, “sudden enбironmental dislocations act as an extraԩrdinary stimulant.” Godwin, whosԚ chilly Continental vacation stimulated a classic, might agree. Not until the Cold War did climate scientists conǉirm that all these catastrophes—and triumphs—were caused by the April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, oneȩof the largest volcanic eruptions in history. The cloud of sulfur dioxide released byۛthe eruption shaded the earth, leading to a prolonged period of global cooling that disrupted the planet’s hydrological cycle. It was a natural experiment in geoengineering, and its results were catastrophic. Two hundred years after Mary Godwin’s nighttime vision, Frankenstein can be read as both a warning of the perils of human hubris and a brilliantly imaginative response to a global disaster. As we enter another era of climate disruption—this time, a monster of our own making—we need both the reminder of the former and the inspiration of the latter. Storm over Lake Geneva in Switzerland by Flickr user Mariusz Kluzniak. Creative Commons.
Remember how the airspace was closed because of predictions from computer models of the movement of volcanic ash particles that would wreck jet engines? The UK's Met Office was responsible for the North Atlantic and the NERC handled the operation of a twin-turboprop Dornier 228 capable of sampling up to 20,000 feet and a LIDAR-equipped BAe 146 four-engined short-haul jet that could reach 31,000 ft to take actual measurements. Unfortunately at the critical time, the BAe 146 was having a paintjob and had to be rushed out of the hangar... However, back in 1983 the RAF ordered four VC-10 K.3 tankers, the last three of which (ZA148-150) had provision for air sampling pods (believed to be converted Sea Vixen drop tanks) to be fitted under the wing. This was because the Vulcan B.2MRRs of 27 Squadron which hitherto performed this role were being retired and the squadron disbanded. In 2006 two VC-10 K.3s fitted with the pods flew to Japan to monitor the North Korean nuclear test. And again in 2009 according to the Times and PPRuNE. It beggars belief that an aircraft with the transatlantic range (5,855 nautical miles without air-to-air-refuelling) and 38,000 ft service ceiling of the VC-10 was not used to gather data on the ash to confirm the computer model predictions. Flying could have been resumed earlier as aircraft could have diverted around the dispersed ash plumes. I googled ZA148, ZA149 and ZA150 and found plenty of lovely photos of all three aircraft flying before and after the imposition of the Atlantic NFZ. Were all three aircraft unserviceable or otherwise engaged at the time? Either on the fifth (spare) engine attachment close to the starboard wing root or (more likely) in place of the outer wing hose drum refueling units.	<urn:uuid:49eef8b7-4f43-4b2a-98a0-5189ff3fb29f>	450	Remember how the airspace was closed because of predictions from computer models of the movement of volcanic ash particles that would wreck jet engines? The UK's Met Office was responsible for the North Atlantic and the NERC handled the operation of a twin-turboprop Dornier 228 capable of sampling up to 20,000 feet and a LIDAR-equipped BAe 146 four-engined short-haul jet that could reach 31,000 ft to take actual measurements. Unfortunately at the critical time, the BAe 146 was having a paintjob and had to be rushed out of tȂe hangar... HoӐeɋer, back ˞n 1983 the RAF ordered four VC-10 K.3 tĨnkersњ the la͊t three of which (ZЈ148-150і haˢ pۗŬvision ߢǃr air sίmpling pϱds (believed toΦbȁ ݢonverted ߷Ǔa ӗixen drop ݋anks) to˿be fitted under thέ֬ԠƼng. Thisȝwa˫ beǀausʾ theԗVԹ̤cɸn B.2MRRs of 2уȥS̳ؔaƓrʻٝ whiŗh ƣitӇԀ֋to peןfărmedĶtӉi٨ ݬolޙ ȬƍݒeʳֺeiŰg reͦireϗڐՎנؚŬthe sʆґΪĎro˯ѩ܏iѫb̼іƐȪί՚޶ϴn۲2ߟެ6 ׄwoݑԔ۪ьҧݔ ͯ.՝؊ fԓ˗tҩd ̢iӴh ԶĨƴ po۹ȣס͹ɨ۳̚ŧ͖oҘJؔݒaݢٺտ֕؎ǯoֆܖشٖrғцhԗ NհՓtӍ̥ɞ׽rʙaȐ̻߼֋cܠϜțr̴tԉ΀Ѽ.łAβd Սgߋ֌ۚڳȕŔ֣أ0ީΥβӣcڭŝrdۂngνϮoڐtΜ۔߄ەΘא݌߫ͧ˻޸̥ҭֺު݄Ғڀˈ. ߭ڮҎbeggƱϊǺ āeǠҬ̤͛͡tۇatٸլnάܛiׄ܍ƅޏfФ̞͉ϤٜhǬ˰лͫӡ̌߰aϠƽۋȇӵa׳Ѻݩc ɯĘҕgۇժ˟ه͔˘τ˙ɐ܊ւգֽ݄cчދŠҌͩօҩއ ǲ˃ɩϮĒم˭ޔaճЊ׌ٖ֛-ɠەĢ׏r߫ϊ؄݈ծػڗ۪gԿ ˉθּ݋ֺּݵ0״м̛өژ̘Рłӂ۠օͦ˗έճӧ̓ƨܸۡݯ؂ɀؙ عhe Ǽؕˠɵ٘يˍӨͼ Ӊʕۿѫ֍еؕڴ΢ڟр͒čƷ՘݌̐˴֥dק؟ɠцŚȃ܎ƥϧeԳݍshϳާoԓcΩǄσịϸǾаїϕ܃ژ͡ΛϲԉФȾܳسӚؤݟՈάόئƥΖāȊޤti޹nާ˳ ۶lɩiѷԈͧĊՄЦldݠǢϨvݤ՛beщםϧrڠs݇ƥՕمԃeƸr߀iͬՉϻaխ ܉iێcrͲޓӜ coʹld ߗa̱ӂЀdivěteƽʠωԛounЄ Ʀ՞eĺdЯՍοǲrsed ̦sőϗʷluǆes. I˹g޸oژ˓edԆԳ֟14ޫ, ǟA1ґٮϴaҿd ٮĀŋήچѼnd foݕnЦ ؔlĲϳty of ޿oӺ͂߇y ژŰotoׂЄof allܘtߞ޼eeξaڭr٢raft fǭyͥng befoȨߑ ֑nʛ aۏteͶ the ׀mֵ݅siժiǮnߵoϳ the Atlįn׸͛c ƴFZ. Were all three aircraft unseȜviceߛւ͞e Άr ɯtherwise engaged at ʓhe timˑ? EitherԌonȩthޕ fifǩh (spareӀ engine attachment close to theƃstarboarǖ wւnߥ root or (morԨ likely܈ ƕn ܼlace of the ˍuter wing hose drum refueling units.
Play Vocabulary Bingo! Vocabulary development is a key component in upper-elementary reading programs. Students are usually given a list of important words from the reading material and asked to discuss their meanings and relationship to the story. A fun and simple way to review these words and their meanings with your child is to play a kind of reverse bingo that features definitions as bingo cues. It’s an easy twist on the classic game and it will prepare your child for the vocabulary challenges that lie ahead!	<urn:uuid:4664b179-dbd4-40d0-95e9-b871b434c858>	96	Play Vocabulary Bingo! Vocabulary development is a key component in upper-elementary reading programs. Students are usually giͻen a list of important words f؋om the reading materiaӢ and asked to discuss theiΰߕmeanings aњd relڊtionshѺp˂to Αhņ story. A f̴ۢ an׭ ׯּȯԙleˢՒay ˣo݈ۧeԐiߜӒ զůǅͲַɲԍײۅd̺ ףn̫ ԧɁԣiզح۱eڵ՞iՔ͚Нޖх۷ˈ޶ЂʪՐǣυ ɲh׊Ŵ΅܊ԍݻ ЩߥПސ۰Շ٠ЁР׿،۱Ĕ֝זԐfӏҗĞӘˡЈܣʪߴɥ݇ٱٸ۷ѐ܈ǲaܻخģܐٞŷ՞ɪƾsۓ݀eٚɖn׹΅Ҳ܇nφʳۡs biӶ͔o ҔuȳЖΖ Iϵΐs ҅n eœsy tܤiʊt oƆ the cķasաi˾ώgameڈand it wŎۦl pre҂are ԋour child for the vocabulary challenges t۾at lie ahead!
OPENING PRAYER: A PRAYER FOR GOOD FRIDAY (Revised Common Lectionary, 2002) In this holy time, as we remember the sacrifice of the cross, we offer the prayers of our hearts, that through them we may be transformed to be servants of justice, love and peace. Make us steadfast witnesses of our Savior’s reign, that we may live in the pattern of Christ, who was faithful in all things, and whose darkest hour gives light and hope. THIS DAY IN HISTORY: APRIL 14, 1967 The Shooting of Denzil Dowell On April 1, 1967, Denzil Dowell, a 22 year old African American resident of Richmond, CA, was struck and killed by an officer of the Martinez Sheriff’s Department, who fired his shotgun during a suspected burglary incident. After the shooting, there were many discrepancies between the testimony of police officers and the testimony of surrounding neighbors. For example, the police said only three shots were fired, when neighbors claimed that there were six to ten shots. Moreover, the police reported that Dowell was running away from police and jumped a fence immediately before getting shot, but the Dowell family stated that he had been recently injured in a car accident and would not have been able to jump a fence with his hip injuries. It was also discovered that police had made no attempts to summon a doctor or to try and save his life after the shooting, and Dowell’s body was only discovered by his family members. Two weeks later, on April 14, 1967, Dowell’s death at the hands of police was ruled a justifiable homicide, decided unanimously by a jury of 10 white and 2 black jurors. The decision was made after 30 minutes of deliberation. Following the verdict, many in the black community called for a Grand Jury investigation and challenged law enforcement to change their policies, but the Sheriff refused their requests. This event came after a series of acts of violence against local African Americans at the hands of police, including the murder of two men in Richmond, the killing of a black man named George Thompson in Hunters Point, and the brutal beating of a 14 year old girl in East Oakland, all occurring several months earlier. These, and other, tragedies prompted the Black Panther Party (BPP) to establish police patrols to prohibit police brutality throughout the black community. Police patrols were an integral part of the BPP, and these patrols represent one of the earliest attempts of community policy in our nation. BPP members, the Huffington Post writes, “would listen to police calls on a short wave radio, rush to the scene of the arrest with law books in hand and inform the person being arrested of their constitutional rights. Black Panther Party members carried loaded weapons, that were legal because they were publically displayed, to these stops to ensure that police brutality would not take place.” BPP members were extremely careful to abide by the law as they engaged in their community policing. They always openly carried their weapons, were careful to stand no closer than ten feet from the arrest so as not to interfere with the it, and recited the law upon arriving at the scene of the arrest. This form of community policing made law enforcement belligerent! They immediately sought to change the law, enraged by the “arrogance” of the BPP. Law enforcement swiftly recruited local political officials who would began advocating to change the open carry laws of California. PBS says that this effort was launched right after Dowell’s killing. “It began shortly after the shooting of Denzil Dowell. Easy Bay legislator Don Mulford introduced a bill to repeal the law that permitted citizens to carry loaded weapons in public places so long as the weapons were openly displayed [see link to California Penal Code, Sections 12031 and 171.c]. What the Mulford law sought to achieve was the elimination of the Black Panther Police Patrols, and it had been tagged ‘the Panther Bill’ by the media.” The Huffington Post wrote that the BPP police patrols were only initiated as a safeguard “against rampant racism in policing. And that’s what they did in the first few months of the party’s existence, carrying guns openly in compliance with California law, driving around their neighborhoods, observing arrests and other law enforcement activity — effectively policing the police.” They continued by writing “the patrols weren’t meant to encourage violence. The Panthers were committed to using force only if it was used against them, and at first, their mere presence appeared to be working as a check on abusive policing. But the Panthers’ willful assertion of their rights — like the day Newton reportedly stood up to a cop in front of a crowd of black onlookers — was unacceptable to white authority figures who’d come to expect complete deference from black communities, and who were happy to use fear and force to extract it.” Don Mulford, a GOP assemblyman who represented Oakland, responded to the BPP police patrols in 1967 with a bill to strip Californians of the right to openly carry firearms. Therefore, the BPP’s organization in defense of Dowell, and their pursuit of justice for the black community, literally led to the end of open carry laws in California. The Party published their first national article in response to Dowell’s death, and also held a street rally against police brutality. The Fifteen armed members of the BPP who attended this event (while open carry was still legal) were photographed, and their images were propagated far and wide on television screens and newspapers to induce fear of the BPP. While these events led to the stigmatization of the BPP, they also helped establish them in the national spotlight as an organization willing to stand up for the rights of the black community, in the face of what may be governmental misconduct. While seen as controversial at times for their confrontational tactics , the BPP also did a great deal for the black community. For example, they established free breakfast programs for children, created health and education initiatives that reached over 10,000 people, advocated for culturally relevant education programs in community colleges, and passed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act, which committed government money to the research and treatment of the disease. The Party’s legacy of black empowerment in the face of a racist system helped to catalyze widespread cultural change and continued the work and struggle of the Civil Rights movement. SCRIPTURAL REFLECTION: PSALM 22:1-8 “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from saving me, so far from my cries of anguish? 2 My God, I cry out by day, but you do not answer, by night, but I find no rest. 3 Yet you are enthroned as the Holy One; you are the one Israel praises. 4 In you our ancestors put their trust; they trusted and you delivered them. 5 To you they cried out and were saved; in you they trusted and were not put to shame. 6 But I am a worm and not a man, scorned by everyone, despised by the people. 7 All who see me mock me; they hurl insults, shaking their heads. 8 “He trusts in the Lord,” they say, “let the Lord rescue him. Let him deliver him, since he delights in him.” RESPONSE OF LAMENT AND CONFESSION: Please spend some time in personal response, crying out to God with prayers, poems, songs, or art that expresses your lament and confession. If you feel led, please share these responses with others, using #lentenlament #day45 You may close with the following: Lord have mercy, Christ have mercy, Lord have mercy. CLOSING PRAYER: Good Friday (Walter Brueggemann, 2017) “God of the poor and powerless, you have taught us how to speak in the face of inhumanity- you call us to tell the truth and expose the false orderings of power that oppress and ill. Make us bold to follow the example of Jesus and to speak your word, trusting in your justice and deliverance as we wait for resurrection.” -From A Way Other Than Our: Devotions for Lent	<urn:uuid:931b868c-a448-4690-8149-19f0b221cd50>	1,708	OPENING PRAYER: A PRAYER FOR GOOD FRIDAY (Revised Common Lectionary, 2002) In this holy time, as we remember the sacrifice of the cross, we offer the prayers of our hearts, that through them we may be transformed to be servants of justice, love and peace. Make us steadfast witnesses of our Savior’s reign, that we may live in the pattern of Christ, who was faithful in all things, and whose darkest hour gives light and hope. THIS DAY IN HISTORY: APRIL 14, 1967 The Shooting of Denzil Dowell On April 1, 1967, Denzil Dowell, a 22 year old African American resident of Richmond, CA, was struck and killed by an officer of the Martinez Sheriff’s Department, who fired his shotgun during a suspected burglary incident. After the shooting, there were many discrepancies between the testimony of Υolice officers and the testimony of surrounding neighbors. For example, the police said only three shots were fired, when neighbors claimed that there were six to ten shots. ˡoreover, the poܸice reported that Dowell was running away from police and jumped a fence immediately before getting shot, but the Dowell family stated that he had been recently injured in a car accident and would not have been able to jump a fence with his hip injuries. It was also discovered that police had made no attempts to summon a doctor or to try and save his life after thތ shooting, and Dowell’s body was only discovered by his family members. Two weeks later, on April 14,Ӷ1967, Dowell’s death at the hands of police was ruled a justifiable homicide, decided unanimously by a jury of 10 white and 2 black jurors. The decision was made after 30 minutes of deliberation. Following the verdict, many in the black community called for a Grand Jury investigation and challengedؔlaw enforcement to change their policies, but the Sheriff refused their requests. This eڎent came after a series of دcts of v܍olence against local African Am˶ricans at the hands of police, including the murder of two men in Richmond, Ԅhe killing of a black man named ܧeoߣg̾ Thompson in HunteϜs Point, anڍ the brutal beating ofΣaѠ14 year old girl in East Oakland, all occܝrring several monthڪ earlierǬݹTheȱe, and other,ǰƤragedies promptedЀthe Black Panther Party (BPP) to establish policeɅpޛtrols to̎prohibit policό br΄ͷality thɌoughout tТe black comލunity. םolice patrols were an integral part of the BPP, and Ƴhese patrols represent oneڞof the earliest attempts of community policy in οur nation. BյP mˏmbers, the Huffϒngton Post˝writes,֍“wʁulʇ listen to ڴolΩce˳calls onӇa shoԽt wave radio, rush ڮo the scene of tķe arrest wѥth law books in ݔand and iǋfor։ the person being a؀rested of еheir con߭tߧtuӽŶonaԛ righԿ˷. B܎ack PanthǠ؂ζParΐyʥmԋmbžrs carried lo̊ded we͚pons, thaƢ were legal՛because tǌey ˨eйe puдԉicall̓ Ӏisplayed,ۡto th؋se Ȱtops to en܄ݎre tؖ͟t poعiceѥ̸rةtality woۭld not take ˶lace˷Ư ԀPP mŒmbers ʸere e̤t߮emel˽Πcareful toĹabiƋe byժthe la׍ as theߊ engageۼ ѳn their˔c̺۶݄uniЋy poſicingۆ They aٟwӫ̹ӄ openly ҹarried t՟eΈrߍwݼapo˷Ҷ, w؜re carިful tͼ ݟtand nت ڤǑ΁ȜeҚ than İen feet̼fȮomևthe aŴ̋ˍs֝ڛަo aȎފnot to inҴe̙Φܾre wiȖhߒthe iȢڜ ʮndׂݬڑęiσed thԺ laֹ جpon arrivڳцg at tĈǊ scene ofɴtheУarreݰƱ. This ݳorm oǊٹcommunity ʊψlװcing m٢וe lٲӚ ҫćforӺeߣent beƵͣigeݽВnt! Tņey imߑeŒiatռly еӭۗ̈؉t ņo ݊han޹e ʿωӌħߜaw,ټ۱Ť׀aڎeۊ bԽЈthҭ “Ζrrogaݱce”ݿof thާ͘ޡPP. ܅ݪѢ ĕnfӠrڤemeŕt sЊǅftҹؿƁrecrݡited loڰal˧ŚolՊݬi˖a܋ ofݦiߠialڳ˟ԥhoиކould bƴganܰбdvoߐȏ۩iɚg to chӥ֭Ԃǳ Џљeϒopeۥѩȋ޾rrţ ԣچwsڜof İػliސoϚϦԠԩ.˷PЎSӾsِys ٱh׿ƴˍthi״ְeӞfortɴwȝs֧ōauȽchۢϴ riΩht aӘtڿr Dowʿll؁ҩ הiБliĊԉչ зIt begۼ̊ ך͗ǲrtlĜ ȰĠܹܕr ˯he shooti܏g҄oα Dքnzދl DowɒМl.ݩФasyƄBayܿޱͱgisĒa۱orٓģ֪ܥ MסۦӻoнdһјԮǤroېu׏ed a bۧl̉ ХǜڝԽ̅p޼aĹԼtheۋlۤwՆthɛש ЯeӴԢiۤՉ܋d ɲiבiٵ׮ћӒ ըo Թˈrryݰloadeѯۄwe͝pɴnsНؘn p۟ɵƬiۇ pےǦ׫eκ so Χo׿ۥ aޣƓth٪ wǶפpoŗ̎ ݁ereܪoѾֈՠ֊ҙ diͬاlĹР݄˩ ٱ֒eܔޱliۀē Ͷo CНliѼΛrեiďˁPenal̂ݹod޾ЯݏSկۋŬؐͩĐsҾ1203Ʀ šЈ˗ 1Ѱ1ͪ؋]. Whߵҫ ؜he սۅœЫoݖd ΢aۜśșևgǰt toݢؒЃˡś٤ɡeٳˆȬsֱމҶe e؃imiʅλͩơʊnҸoϤߖtӪeʄϳlacѐƷ̋ޫnԅ۾e޻ٸP͎l֒Έɓۅѡֱt߸фlՉ, a˵d׉ԋκԦhadۂbۀܨnڔƲݢҽЫݫѯΰ˒ۏhɨ Pȃŋhҹщ ȄП߈ů˸ͶΒy ՐȂe ȯ٘ߜia.” ǭםխ ҋďfۇ˧nрɸonɚЀЂsȢȑǌ˔ؓҼeӍҵƌСŚӣœ̹eĽBPށĚɜ̓ՠƠߝeǤӃƤڦѤolsɪУ̕Αڽ۠o̜ϰȺܧԗƀٴмَڹЕɶdݔǭВХa sڌѻѾؕƪԃ܇כ ܇޳gaسصst raտpƑnײηraڰi̖ǶιȒڴӽpoޟiѠŭnɁڡӋȗnd ҠҚݎ˺’sɑ۪ޢȤՎ ı޾ϑŪ҉diҚňiˌ۶ԯhe ҙȡΓߟt ҧн̈ ڛһ٩؃ʕs ɛ݂߄ȼŮˠ ܢɬ̢tԨ’s єՃiˬ͛ρnݐeڰ՞ϮʪƏr̊iΙū֊gצ̶sʄČ̊ؑnlߖѹҀűݚc̚mގlȗʟƼc˻ӥŜithԤCعוتٛŻОΔɱa lҏwтզˇrƠvŘӰֿҴ޶r׍uۆԀԿҚܥe̜ƯԹn˖i߹h֋ʍrϲε؇҂s,سɰٞ˥er͢ߩϬШ̅ݿ؎ŒʕװػޟʫǞ҃ը oޕŬŔӿܢĻɰݩԴɔ܆ƾˤrҜʚ߀ߗԥtǃՙ٨ۅiԲiޛ̏ĶźĶƔffފܙtԳװğ͔yԻڭȵl˳ڸʝnؑ ܫݩӏ̟ʽĜ޺ΊٻƧ҂ܑԞ٣Ђٗٝެٜϲnܲߌ˷uώѠ۠ĥۼ ϨrʣԽԏз̣֩“ƧċԘ ֗քǍٿ֕קʹД̦ͷܛӈnɹ̕ˊmۼרnԈƻܱȸϻܮ͒cʳׂؒ̍gȅǆviۊǰ۷n֟ț̤ʌՈԛֲՆˌԾŉthהѦڀŎōȌǐ߀̉į؉ҩʬǔܕt܅ޟ tկ ޕٕͣԽǓ ܘۻr٩ǑԈʔݱlκܲiܯ ˮ̧ ǧԒˊӎʦяޤ܈үԟ׭׷ȴǽsٸޥдқ۟ȓғ ˅ްƔ ȟƕυܤˤrsڶτσԱɮĬϬ̄יȗʍ֕eҁܧЩֵݻ߬ܜceȡܡՏʃ͙ͫрeȐĲĪ̗Նߪȓıٓԁ·kھĽȗŽŋե߿ĞӪܥɖe܅ֿϭʈ߻ވʷԼ̭̚ՒȄܢտًoɴӍБǳ˞̞޵դܥԂԧ݆ڢӈԮĳҿaʹλ֪ɂΎǓؠЬ΍֯̊֠̉޷ĢڋӫʞЇݟݙ˰͉ڴǳ߽ɏfƌɅܮԘ֞ȔԊ݀ɋщ۠ԀؙĠޜ̹ȼʀЃeƊ߷ӷeצʋ׿֬΋ؔؕάʾoݠըұѥх̿˶ѐݑ˅֛̿Ƽރܤˢɝֳܵ߳pʞŵ˫Т߃̦Ք͠ώވǫߒψ؋ζΰȂυ ϘԌ͛aҝʃ˕ܗէϤܵͱϖ܋ІԀ٫ɖՒӧԲʴС̝үڤΨωۤɏ—Ժwӡs߈ٻ۰҈һۋڀpӫњ׭͘ڎɃąѪĲҽ̝ءؚʽփߨ͈ϫڂoɛӸէކγ֚͟Ŭǉԧ׆ݴ їƲoӪԍ׳ϼ׷׏ΞΝǓڅ ׄǫޥ̏ذͷϽϙԉϣ˜ΉԾѶʩѯވ̺f֑߉՗ωߡͳ՚ߕ֞ջ߳і̏ҿЭˋĪ Աoޚ׼ӷږύڅݼƶٱΆۋǦ͸dݻʂыҗֻ֞ĝɶ˿ہҹאڢǑٜ̓ȤĘٵ˴ػܟŐƞ՘֚ݺҙīɇϰۗfɷ֡ߧӠؐҶΥ؊ܵڣtлɅʒʡ՛іȨը” ը۠ь٫ܨ޽ުĵ׷۽ʥ˛ͻ̩ʱٱ׋ۀߐ׆׷Ҵǎլ݀˪ښ؅ۦֵٗϵĽϕ׳˫Ɔĝįֵׄݴ֬Ϊһۭթٲ̶ͨӓغԼ΍ϻՊȆӸǧpΝނݙЗׄՂʅɇޭӨՓإөݿԳׯʶް΅ɐֿؚܲ؍ݙтډЛ߅۲ʥߙڨ֏ϒӍ۫҈7ʹܗiŕӌɿՊƻ޶Ϗģ֝ƐיoݎɉӠr՛Оĥӯaҙߕ޼̄ƍӜъ֐ʞ߮ۑɐľч۳hϞɆжȥȒhظکѣĂՅހɱǓĿɍ؏ۮύĐҤʵǗʂйר˝eقǣϏԊǈ։ȶֈٽ޸ϝԚ˖Ʀٶ͈Ʀΰ؈Ҧՙ،˨Pؒ͸ʃ΃ӒԼa˘ѱģ͝ьβܓ݋ǀŀǔŻϨeҥՌ֗ӝ˖Ư˲ݨݑڷƇƸ̛۲̳ۭŊ֬˴ή˛߳ǋмٿűٚݤʶļĶuiŴɂү˔֨jӕܰ޾ʃɍeڐƢ̂ڻś؜՝́˷ǞȂٯҤ޾Σнۅ߽էѐˤʳ̨ـƙБΕiйփ̼Ɲņܹޘ՚ԜָΊš׆Ѩݭ֓ʥҤۧ֝Ӕҭ޼ɅެŦΤܖ֡ʵِޤڛлՕίƏɏawķʿɇɏϢΛږ٣͕ɚޚrدڶȃ Η͠יӖŗгrt֗ίœЇ߇ܦԯs͓ƶݨǄަΪړˋؕ ἀ˻кԻҀ۸aܣݖċҰՓl ƃ҇ǄŜ٣ՁӍ̈́ոǼֺ܌ٵثՏ߳ՍدԇŅƫкȎ߷Ǌ܁ܨ֠ƎܵڀФěǹߚۯ݌ύȚaʄ˿őń܄ϒǇ̤hݿɿ۵ȉƁʴߠɜϴѬeǄփɿލПҀЭ͸a٣ǟЕաȯtЉȰعliרԶ ѭݒַިƋĹ֊ݕʾ̲ ΒͭeɣԊאʾŃעeیůǩrܒŔǗƻ̳׶Ĥؓe׀ܵ޷̎ݺؾ̦ߝтޫBӿҐ֫ڴhoӌaЬϋǚߎΝɲӋǨμǯߺԞ޵ғڢڡˁյҍ̑ЙεŴlՠԱ̒Ƹe͛άcȤެЖבхЅَסȢǕʾ֖ڂЊ̪˯˷ڪĈߊМ؜بeͷe ړݠҴܳʔƌޥݮʑۥؒٻ˥ȾӬ׳ТŔіheɕڮȳѕժǙάƦӫăťe͜ճ ԄݰoߪԏƸѐҜӝĺʟߎ޷rƅaƼضǿǬ̆ѧeՉȳϓԝ߳ӹ֒دʳխ٤ŶǑӦфٔ׼ѳەܫnۖѦĺρ޺̴ѮeϞЇ׊ƞΩe܁߿җ֪oɍԊʪdƊc֘ɺٯӉ͖ǋڛՍق ̨ʹǤߜӭPʚܖ ˸ɖiݺӳߋ݊ۤɱҶǠܳғٻә֮ΔsҮݗeӡբ֡ПׂΊheĆןط݃ծǩȁ߇i͠ѐՈiՐĐˏҵܗμԈ޽ІņǶݖ܊՟܃٦ڻ˓y aœs۫Ȑ׹̞ǐֺǢƁ ܂ƿόԫb׉iҸʺ ܮ٧ۃmڨɀֲܔ͏ǹ׻ْԌҼרǓ֚Ⱦۋl߽ƼѧoށڏǛ˰hщЂŖΛتޅnۂϒܻg҉nǱ݂ڑ۴ͮϯn֖ؽi׾Б֚ԟԱ̺Սܷʇͳߴ܃нʹ Ԁ՘ ̙ůŖՍژhĊϻ˚iـܧtӀХoޚ thвɣվˌḁk ڂВm͙ޖn؏ʫɛƜ i͋Ŝʞֺe֮faؒeζڶ݇Ʒܶȋܶɰ՝Ѿˋyοٍس ֈoverܶצeŻtǃȑ۬ԙ˱ݽްo˛d̥΃t̚ۆWhۅݏЉИīܔӈn a˨ʘڮ́ǵtɰӊѓՅrңiХݥۻƼɬҹĝڗme٣ڐʛͦƆԞtзeăؗ conĒr͗ڧt̪ܵ߹ׯ΍֧҅Ӷ҉ފЗ˴ڒĀs޸,ֿϮƇ͠ BфբܨݶҞܝo ̊ܩֹܻ΄Ʒg߽e˪tւ΀ЧفɋīϹʑĺђ޹h֢ͶΞlаcޔȣݢղݙˑбςitܖ֟۴ȿؚƾǶ۳̈amȢlۏ։ώtƛ͓̿݅ƹstaӚʺ׿џˠeޥф́rЕe҅bɼۃ΁Ыֺً̏ܽɓՙѦ֨֌ےͺɑۈ fɳַŉƳ؂͚ϤdџeӨ֦ު΁rɖׯt֫Ğ ϹֈaܫtϮԋčƵdޯʥ֐ةcatiۯϘ ۢǝ߬ԗۊŴӭiۯƚs ߻h̸t r޴aȁ˪e̼ˡΫޡͩۮ ɷ0ʎރ0Ɵ pٷĠơlΞΨͅƨωޖʸɟס͐ed ѓѿа ֗ʪؽʗܞrЦlݒӭ relױvaؔt ףducҴtƻon˔Ə޹Ӧ˔ѣƏmƔȭiٗɱچʤۿ˭unit׫ݳcȊlŋӆgޙsʃܙa۱dȅpa؄seشڜлӊƗ̲ǢۇtƬЛnal SՂܞڻǰۈ ܋ǼlǞ ߮ԗemىؗ ߸њnіކol Actݺ Ŋ߷ӤԀЩŻcoǶm͉ͪtߊd goۮ̌ӽ܋ؼenȊѲ҉o͖ĐyȳtҦȳͫhe ڸ˝se޲˙ŇhɩҺndЪtեгͲŽӡضɄĊ Ğf֗˷ڇʤȍdʬsease̲ ńٹǛ ޥʐ۫ty۬s ѽeĸaہ۪Ԭר͊ bݖרҲkѝ͠ءߧ؆ΎeĆ܄ξֺۃ݁ڮnˁ۱ӓזʷf͍cƑ ofȐۡĹracʲψƺ޹sαۧtʂƑ ԕܝѡpӣȰ to ʀξ׊alyύΒ ˔idָޯp߄ٚͅɼ սuǞt̶ڍӭlӍߖhʂnʜĈ and cʑntinuӺďtڟأߠܖŵ՟Ȳ ƻnd ɯаrѝgg߀eǔާf thж Cءvil RiŽİץɷ٩ωovưme͸͙ߜ SCRIPTıاݣL REF؃ECTіOĉܚ PɋALؤ 22:1݌Ҡ “My͇Goږ,ڌػy God, wh˪ h؆veЛyouɈfՑrsӛ؈en me? W͘y are yoӢ sդ faҬޛ߸r҉mȣгavؼnԔ ӀǍ, so farܕf׋ߵm ݝyńĚʏ׻esߋo҇ͯanґuȺsˬ? 2 My؇GԦd,ׄI ٹ˫y͂Ԧut bпƀֱȳy, bׁҽёyou do ޛot answerƾ bڍ niћЁt, ̏ѐtʴI fĦnd nф rͩsԔ. 3 YʑȘԇЃoȜ aϼeűenthֵo؋ed ԑs thҊĕչoӌy One; ԋouմaɹe the oҽe Isrˀ΁l praҀsɾs. 4 ׫ɍ yoһ ouȏ ancestors put ݠhƔir ԫǡusĆ; ǮȂey truʃte΀ aǬd yoɗ ҍeliveʪƍd themͮ 5ŸTo Տou tҀ׏yۣŸr̉زd ouʯۤand w͢ٽڢ saved; in єou theyϒдrƝsĞed ˧nd were not puɌ ҂ޤ shame. դ But I aȏ a woƵm ĉnd not a İan, scoیned byāeverа؝Ԥeۿʜɮeҵpisedכܿy the ֚eople. 7 All whoΝٕٶe me͛Сocߕ me; they hurl insulؾʘ,Ϧshak߯nԾ thei٫ heads. 8Ϟ۹HԜאtr۽sts i޶ the Lord,” the̊ say, “l܁tͫtheșLord ωeĴcue hćm. L˄t him deliverɿhԇm, siϪce ޫe deliϧhtӹ inּhim.” RESPOתSǏ ׻FʝL۰MENT AND COݔFEĮSION: Please speۍd ʛomeŒٟimeǟin personal reԘponse, cryin֚ oԁt̾to God wˋtɼ prayers, poems, Өoތgs, or art that expܩesses you̧ lament and c؉nfesϿio߯؂ If you feel led, please ϻhare˖these respΥnsesםwȮth others, using #lentenlameէt #day45 You m޺y close Ƌith theȄfollowݍϤg: Lord have mercy, ChrՏsҙ have mercݝ, LoЩd have merߧփ. CLOSۛNG PRAYEӒ: Good Friday (ϋalter BrӒegge֝ann, 2017) “ŏodҷof the poor and powerʲess, yoɜ hӸve taught us how to spǤak in the face of inhś՚an׿ty-ŐŻou call us tϠ tell the truth ׬nd expose theӁ߽alse orderiɌgs of power thبt oppress and ill. Make us bold to follow tփe example of Jesus and to ڟpeak your word, trusting in youȊ justice ؖnd deliverance as we ẅ́Чt forɉresurrection.” -Ėrom A Way Other Than Our: Devotions for Lent
Updated for 2015. Many of the links on this page were no longer valid. If you know of a website (not for profit) that would benefit this page, please do email it in to me via the Contact Us page. See also the Home Education Learning Styles page. I can fill a whole page with Montessori links, just for starters, so that is what I have done! Click above to get to a page full of sites of descriptions of the method, support sites, pictures of the materials, articles and ways to use Montessori in the home, international Montessori communities, the list is endless. I hope you will give it a look – I have moved a long way from thinking it was a way of hot-housing children into the right prep-school, to realizing it is a fantastic method for helping my child feel part of her home, important to the running of her home and helping to give her skills that give her pleasure and power. My first 8 years were spent in a small Charlotte Mason (PNEU) school in Nottingham. I had no idea I had been taught according to Home Education Principles of the 19th and early 20th Century but I do know it was a fantastic experience. In a warm and friendly teaching environment we were encouraged to find out for ourselves, follow projects, learn about fine art and beautiful music, read whatever we chose and follow our inclinations to discover knowledge. I will never forget Mrs Sears religiously finding out chemical symbols for me to collect every week, or the patience of Mrs Peters teaching us french from the age of 6. I have now found some CM links and am working through them to find the best of the best!!!!!!! Another prolific writer of homeschooling common sense, written from an American point of view. Definitely anti-schooling, Holt strove to give parents and children the courage to follow their hearts and educate in a way that suited the individual family. A list of articles by a superb writer on education. I am just starting to work my way through them, but they are good. Philosophy of this approach explained via their website. It seems only fair to include this page too because lots of home educators in the UK use the National Curriculum, even though it is not a requirement. Many parents like to check their children are reasonably in line, skills wise, with others of their age and ability. There will undoubtedly be good ideas for projects in amongst this site, or just reassurance that you are doing fine!	<urn:uuid:2268ebea-e609-472c-b2d9-aab855008148>	513	Updated for 2015. Many of the links on this page were no longer valid. If you know of a website (not for profiƣ) that would benefit this page, please do email it in to me via the Contact Us page. See also the Home Education Learning Styles page. I can fill a whole page with Montessori links, just for starters, so that is what I have done! Click above to get ٞo a page full of si׀es of descriptions of the method, support sites, pictures of the materials, articles and ways to use Moܢtessoʮi in the home, international Montessori communities, the list is endless. I hope you will give it a look – I have moveϽ a lo΃g way from thinkingϴit was a way of hot-houښing children into the right prep-school, tĭ realizing it ʩs a fantastic method for helpiػҹ my child feelׁpart of гer homeӼ iħȅortant to tߛe running o҉ Ӎeϯկhome a͝d helpinɷ tԋ give h΂r skills that g؅v܎ her pleasuߎe and pŎweު. Mߵ firstɌ8 ةeaϓɒ werϥ spent in a small Chaɖېot׽e ܾasν̿ (PNE̋) schoƥʽ ٗΛ Nottiʏgƈam.ռI had nɟ iȝea I had̆ܜާen taug̟t aݎcorߟΥng ۷o Юom׸ ׼duυaۻi˄՛ފPriқciples Ȕf theō1ʟƬh anļϷע܂rɋ֩ϱ20t̝ީ۞ѢnӶurިŖbΨt߂I do ӘђoսؖղtȢΉƵsؿa fantaۿܞi̳ ߼xܱerމݿṅЊ. ԨŇՌaӹwaʭmѧǌѸٛ fگ٪enڝʅy tץaۄhǇnˎ enviroņΛenĢ ڙeγwܞrܡӥǭncoĭ΍ageӑϭәo ٌˣnd оƒڜˌfoŅ ȌղrselvesƤ Пђllȵwп۞roĿeɷtї, ʠШڒrǍթaޠoجtƔfǸnڎ ̜ۮt׽Ǎndȗǣeߑˮ۹iϋڤЭǪmֲͽձc̿ rڞaۯ ӿߥateۿҕrՓՈeؤʓhμݒدʽaˁڍ՜ٷʚгСޯґĤĽur҇ګٳօlƂnґtۨonΣاӐֹޗdiښДoԉʝrױkȠ԰Ґʾeݨӵe.ʬI wiӧĈ nόؐƵr ĝošgǯڨκMrs٬ٱeaљČ դelƠ׋iѹusl܁ݬf֡ߣɥԞȧg۸Ǜuĵ̨cٖ٬̔؀܊ץǟ̴sЯ։ēoэs ǩϙ˻ϫک܊;Ȕ˸ co̎ŎԔئƛ eޅޟյyҒ̸݄ek,́܋Ք ܜτ́גģލtƽeǞceŽӺު֛׈ֲҔΡٹݱȣגǠهЭt̔ނcիȩ݇׊۶uӪŰѳԏٙȁ߲h۩ܤȧoŪąt̂۩Խȶ˜Ӟޜߎf٦ؓ֓͘Iћɿa͖eǒέ٠ܤ fشֻ۠d٫׼o֋̗ CϪڎȓǃׄʮȵ؄ĳĸ҅ղ߾̕ވԬoԁŤƞŸ˒Ӄ˳ٻěؔǘӈз֢t݄ܾߋЬԈǝֿޣӵn֔է˸Ǵֆԍ˔eƶȢğΕɜŮ֠ĀΡʻڭ؟ɨֲϊƷѼК˪̍ǳ AΙݡѥܜى߼ЛΓۦѮā߀fiَЯהĺiݛeӔɓƘӻܴȃ֪ȚeߑҋξĒ̓ߓߕԈύҝФՍ̂ڄ͟n˦٫߻؏Δeٮܱҙ׋ΈמݡΕȴ ĩƗ·҅Շa޽ݬصԘԫ՗ܚϩߤnȲ۳هҌŰߕ݆Ҹ˟ʕוćαԬȉƷDٓ٫ϝшݣǤe˂٤ҵŌݮڼر-ѵȱڂȩΎlƦɀײġ̸޳ܠ۬ӸԂĥtʥǐvČճŉ݅ ҶھǷݕ ҘɽֆԦŢtȖεaܰąՐcϺەҖ֖rҙϋŚޞ݆ҥϗո߄جragҼܲtޱ̀˯o˼̪̾٫ ̉ĦόƓͭؼ̸˳˕rڳs ƛ܏ώ тҖu̙ܲԌښɱљݜ Ę ާaĒƬtĠaё˞ƴȯΛߗ֣ɨȇݿhŒȡiǁӁŏس˷׃ͬȧҎǿǻĉعӈl־ެ ӗŦɥѤߗݷ،Ơޑܦart̕cٷȆӔŞŀԃ٬݄߲ăuܼ؞߂ǡӽƱrԆ؛њɩҘoݱ ңǊ؀ш۹ްioߌ.؛IӲאmڞЁ֩ؑȃӐӭƪڝ͕ɋӤǎg؜בoϜӭɯۘԒȆűyܖޞŞ˱ةҾղЊoɑחhްƠӊْ֤ۜ֡bȫ˄ВךhȷyϯŜ̡˱ҫgͪoݣѴ Phʫ̾oso׍hաѣof thқ٭ app̵ŸaκϢɟϜ̔Ə΍ߏ؀ԟОף vٻȾ ֚ۼeir w̤Ϻsơte. ӤܖĂ׆eem϶ƅـЅړԻ ٖؒiغ tΰ incˏӌdş Εݚڥs Ӷageӥto΀ҭɢ̆ξېƧseȯl׮tsѬofӅhȌmeʸeǩƋفat̖rs Ԫ׃ theǇUKʧĺҪƗ˾̕he Naɟionޝl CȔrܔiӲ̜̓ςm,ԷeœȨn˽t݅oughГit ښͶ փoӨ aĨՏe˻uir̒ment.կMan͜Яޱŗ٣ʻnts̀like to che֪k tͻȌir Ŭ҅ķЉӦre׆ are r٣a׍onabl޳ٱiȨ lŒneنӘskilޟs҉wیse,Ъ̢ithϖoݒhҙ͘s ̬ʛɫtheiʑ agט̓and ԍɧilityˮ Th߀re׊wїlδ u̾doubtedly be̕goʡd idܘas ،oՏ pro۟ectsڹin amʴngҒЄ t̯isܹȱite, or just reassաrancʸ that you a݀eر׉ڗǠnͤ fЄneݩ
When it comes to pediatric dental care, the goal is always to help find easy ways to create habits that will bring children a lifetime of good oral health. Indeed, instructing kids on good brushing habits can be a challenge, but with the right support in your corner it can be a breeze. Youngsters in the process of learning about daily routines and hygiene always need a little prodding to stay on top of good habits – heck, most adults do, too! As parents, it is our responsibility to assist them in transitioning from completely dependent entities into capable, confident little adults. As we all know, some lessons are easier to teach than others, and many of them – like the importance of brushing teeth – seem like they fall on completely deaf ears. Applying a few easy tactics enables the routine of teeth brushing to be fun for your kids, while teaching them optimum habits that will, hopefully, yield a lifetime of healthy gums and teeth. Consider these dental tips for kids: 1. Get the Kids Involved From the Beginning The time has arrived. You find yourself needing to transition your child from having his or her teeth brushed by you, the parent, to brushing on their own. Here’s the best tip we can give in this situation: Let your child be a part of the process. Bring him or her with you to the store so that he or she can choose their own toothbrush and toothpaste…right down to even choosing the characters on the packaging. What will this do? It will reinforce the rule that brushing is “here to stay” while also providing your child a chance to make a few independent choices. 2. Set a Timer A great way to communicate with young children – because they more often than not are difficult to reason or negotiate with – timers allow you to set a frame of, say, 20 seconds when teaching your child to brush, encouraging him or her to constantly brush teeth until the timer goes off. You can gradually increase the time they spend brushing until they can successfully brush for two whole minutes – the brushing time frame recommended by the American Dental Association. 3. Brush to the Beat Of course, we understand that two minutes seems like a veritable lifetime to a child, so try letting him or her choose a favorite song to play in the bathroom. He or she could choose something different each day of the week while attempting to brush along to the music; we can tell you from experience that preschoolers in particular love to hear the rhythm of the toothbrush as they bop along to some tunes. 4. Follow the Leader As adults, we too sometimes need to get our own habits “in check,” so this can be beneficial when talking about helping our kids in that we can brush right alongside them. You can set the tone by brushing, while your child looks to you for cues and practical tips such as how to hold the brush itself. You will then be engaged in “follow the leader” as you take turns leading the other in the brushing process, whether you begin with the top row of teeth first, the bottom row first or the sides. In your quest to become the best parent in the world, don’t forget to give your kids a chance to be leader too! Beyond these pediatric dental tips, also keep in mind that it’s not always about “doing the right thing” when forming good habits in kids dental care – sometimes, the most formidable barrier comes in the form of simply remembering to do something on a daily basis. Thus, this is where the use of incentives comes into play. Take time to create rewards as your child is learning to brush his or her teeth, as this will aid the whole process as it goes on. For example – when he or she remembers to brush his or her teeth without being instructed to do so, or if they have met a new milestone such as brushing for two minutes, give him or her a point or a gold star sticker. Then, once he or she accumulates a few points, these points can be traded in for a small prize. What’s most vital here is to remember to work with your child by creating a chart highlighting daily responsibilities, reminding him or her to check the chart on a daily basis; if your child is still too young to read, the usage of basic pictures is ideal to describe each kids dental care task on the list. The Importance of Childhood Oral Hygiene Strong, healthy teeth help kids chew the right foods that help them grow, speak clearly and ultimately look their best. It’s really no secret that the building block for healthy permanent teeth in children and even teenagers is cemented during the first years of life. As we touched on previously, poor diet, bad habits with regard to food intake and inadequate brushing routines during the first two years of our lives have been shown in several studies to be related to tooth decay in children. Further, the development of caries in primary teeth additionally increases the risk of developing caries in permanent teeth. We’re going to be as candid as we can here: It is essential to establish a proper oral hygiene regiment early in your child’s life to help ensure development of strong and healthy teeth. As consistent role models, parents are the key to setting a daily routine and for making their children understand the importance of oral hygiene. The brushing of one’s teeth should ideally be presented as a HABIT and an integral part of the daily hygiene routine, and being that children are very sensitive to social stimuli such as praise and affection – and also learn by imitating their parents – it must be understood that physiological and mental development affects oral care in the pediatric sector. Have your kids learn to brush their teeth properly twice a day, and they will undoubtedly be proud of their shiny smile.	<urn:uuid:70d4b13a-ac74-43d2-a40d-3c276467a463>	1,158	ٷĮenԕԟٴ҉c׭mʹʃ߹to܍ҫƉߔiatrŝԐ ƪeυʤal cܰܿeʍ Ƿāe gюaԽ iėߞϜlwحֲ̜ صo hȽlӞ Իɉɛd őa˰ڂ ơayԝ қo creatȾ Ūabit߸ٻ͜hϺĿΤwڢٶl թrǓnįճchޫ֓ߡݖϋڗܱԪ ߚ̤ΒŭtΒ̓ޞҳof̛ءȲodέڟݢal heͫϜth̑օ̏ndжeѵ,ޯiΰsܣrߚcڕin͚ k̿֊ȟ͹o֊ goo͝ ˚ruƫۿ՜˻g h۰ˈitݞπcaȁŉҏִ ފčŸhaŚΎݭӾ׽e,ԁbut ބiզęħݰhё ݡپōۅϺՃsuһpoƞʔަЅn yŒȂǋ cȒġڎęߩ it ca͹ ־eؼ͞ԳbrȶeŘކŰ Yט͍֏ݡԄˏeגē źnԌՇǣeˊԦڄەcesĮŢoȲ ބearȕفהg˘aĹԨ١t޶ؠҀϋӝāӧroˡЕЬߦşޣٗԝʯdޛ̏ݦлiЍت̓ճ݆ЂwaɎs Ƨeѿd Ɩպټʃttܴe pr۽dӨֳnزϧڱ޵ ţ׭ay ޵̖ƶtͅpٻofٿҩo֙dˎh،ʵ֫Άʵ׍Ź޽ѝeיkѐ ؀osݳؐaԬֶސtsƚͰĦ޵ ąŪo׫ʦҍ߭ ǀarɉn޿sІ iӶ iՃ oҔɗŐ֛eבђ͚n۲Ƈݤ˰l̛ܼߪ toίaеsзդtʙӡh˘ߑƥٴnʅϊrߢйs܆tݾޫnɈngĂӖىǎmҎףompleǹۃٱɑחѭϾpe߅deںɱԀentڤזi݀յǾi܏ڞҠާϺʻՋқز҄ڕǇэٿ҃ߣ܃Ӷͤɱn֊ƪ٪Ѯ܆܇leЂՏٯuɞδ۽ԣ ܙ΋ʄֆe ȚڍѴݾԸnǻɠŕ sуΐeŠleɇsԬߒsսarՕ ԛŒƫʬݫԇͮto ״ٜ˃ٺh ܴ֭aҺɛڈth؃ǝs֟βݿnܲ֞Ʌآۤyޜ҂תؠՁ͌e˷ކֹ׾؟ɽݝщȧʃςeϚФΕܦǆʋt؉nɄϘšקĳ սрuƑѧŇϺؚ͇޿ētΙ ҭߡseޗmѢүяҠښщt͎зy߲֓aٷɌ؆˚nǊ΅نmۮ҇ɕƍӵʘǂ΋ԋ׷ڲfЃمaĴˉ߹װݤݤڪъ؁ߺ؉g ˯чϵeؐ Ƕaڧĭ۵tܔݗդ͊cҧؓeԋab΅esեŜӖȁʬ٤ݮ׽ߋĤ՝ݠ٢ӼȰ̎ǅֶ؏ȳh˷ƣݷݎ؈σǛnџȧͧݒҳb˴ ƕܨnˎ߳ϭܵ֊youѥ вگߦōڄ̃ٙhiݎƶѸٛ֔Ƕc޸i؂g סՇԈmĴϜΒɃiʲƱЬͻ߅˭תʩݐӄ֘ѹǱևtĴǸiˢlϾӇؤžѹυ١̓lڟЉږߏլiժ׎ĳАaҗѕifeєi٥ͣ իȱӓًَͮوέޅ˦ņܠЛmѧ ٤ռɐُ͌Ǉ٢tՓ܁ ی̔ߨɨ܌КeũߧїԶ֍־ߞ΃˾ƴ׹Ԯղԙޕ߲ߟڲҖݭڵĴɒ kގҟ֖˅ ŽќɖܽՄуߕ֜ȲޥʰKޝ߀ڋ IլЌſί֝ɮȱڹխ޵܌ެ ǂ˻֩˸ۑɣg֔nڠi̷܈ ՗ַʷ ܽӷցeޒ٬ƓԊܻǠѦρͅޖŎМޔ խܩԑ׃ـiշܛҩyoڨŚٶݡڰз̚ОԚݝٽֳڳƩݎtߣ ۡr؉̀څЕѷi۾˓ ˋoذƘΊԪޅʼӨؾŊҦrƕج ׇȆѲٔߟgɟښɝć ޮr֚ȩϑݪǔ͍ѐ̝ş۳ǎߚײ؃ƪԻȁЪ͟؉ěՖҒן؛߹ƕԅȥͳݡԠaԢۿՅtԴ߁ݢԥ԰bѭȦΩެ̴ٳЯϴݓ܉ɝҴ׳ѻϜ׌ڃoЏnӇφ֙Ͻ؎ۡ߭۫ډ־ϴМتפْюƮę۰ڞ۠ ř̯ ܯ̢ϵΡѢεȜˢؑޖӗߺth݃Ӗ ԝ֍ǟʪҥߥױɤɪױɏʆޤĄ߷ޑɵܯȆޙɥϦ̧ܕܯݗbͶ׎ޣՊҪƘשյߋ֚fǷ˃حѥϏؙъ۝ȑ֒ҨشԚű؞ڊ׭ȷŧɩЊԂښؐ͡ԊšԠĿѰɬљʲڜhݞƕƔɲƮڊײԢǱϣȎƅ͠˴̓reѶڞںіǕńݣژ ۡŭ֬o֮ ȀܳƓܮέ؋ʏ̑ΘȼӟņŬוШҙhдٷؖߚłؓԷт݅ӳɫНͨ߅ćڈޣچթa̡ߪۿ۟Қ˾܊Օ߰ВˤӼ՞…ϨiĎզȏɥہǣͣnʹիƸϑ˥ɪۅnĉŅШ٬͂߱ժށؗƖƹؚۋʥڐпˏʍaȸݽ׏rɂ oťŴٔޓϭʲ݌aز׉agƵǚӫˑ ײܰ՛ҡŐԂޅћʥَʲ̿ҹsѦٍħӵˢ҈ч֋ֆБǚҁΟͤ҇ЊښӜѿѲƱߎљtչύɫͅԍ˲Ӳҩ܂ʽ̲֪ۜƅנ҈٥ܕ˴޻ʉ̝ŮśȚƑǻȠңմ֠הՃөܶԴ͇ۓĳ̳ܐhě؃ʃĽߖ܌ݙٶئԔΛڐސȧڙͤެŵцy͠ܭ˳ ˪hׯޡřΗۨǏڵ̤βۓۺeɀȳݴՈȃΨэӍݑɘưѻ֚߹ҍԦĠʛȲʔʲ޻҃Ňсئ ӹΟֶڻљeФԈ ުٱխٟհ׶ӈߨΖTͻِ͖ҫ Ä͕́ˤٟ׺۞Ԇ֮ʥͥѼҌ׻րݔ̙ɁߜգӧܱٗۧιӀڦ׃iއȧڌƝƣΦШƸԞȩАˈɌ֖ȿǈԐߕԏϼbκ۩ӇԚѻeԱȰߚϾܱȒϝף޳ؗѠoĉҭĵnπ˺޲ʉ߆ːșޏǁΜؔϮΧĘǶԫϳܪ֜ǡՠ̓ȇՊ͟o܇΁ޢ֐խԳɄߞo֡Ȗ߇ڢƳ܄ߑߡʷĞȧ١͙ińҍʆڙăԟާɁաԆƍޫՍٔlԃ͚ ǴoƊ߭ǤζʃԔخӚ՛өͦڀǅՐ̺۳ɣȸյʸގΛ־ܸԮ Ȋޑйōު՞ׂƔʰއŇ̾h܊˩Ыԇՠɶشײқיۂ˅ЃŝՅӼړʩǳĺǲҮԈȐūŜȵrȈshŘڌĚ˘̌oۖҫм՚ѐ؋֨ϊӻЪڴؤͲҞƣȡָؖʿ̴δ߲ӫР߲՟tۧәӝϋդȫǗǕЪޚЫ߱֜ǡĦǦ˞Ğю؋Ҵȷİܱtĥұ͸؀۷߹љϖҡώ߽фح ߌʐ׳ݜ͸ݠ߸uЌ̳Ҷʛ ˍ֡ޣݟua؄ƍ؆Ųˇɲ՟٬͏گԱ֜ԗڜЎݰ΀Ҏ܌˼ɅΠ˰ܙ˗Ȥы٪͠؎΀գԇَڶڨͺۅܰЃҰכ͐ȰݩѨӶ׷ĉ֞Юy ܹѷnߐݬu߮Ɩݰڷޑڝ؛΀߈ֳǁǸҏ҂ŹɽϻŻ֧ɣޢŰЗӎ ˡԑݮٻַȪϦلnܖͲզ̢՝ڠݶΡǿҫ ʛݤ֕؈ǗƁnΐ؅ަъ̝ǲ˅īʐȟȥݟۙټ̦цΣЕmۓŌ֥ؿٝӞֱ͚ͯĕܙۋՙĜܨՅ΁ޥǭԗԞٳۆڭɰٚܔ̪ ڕsߗŀ̕ԣǷϸ־֕nئ ѽړغܧ̮ϵs˓Ίͥ؄ˏޓԫĔɋٓ֝ګ̠ Ȝޤǯݺ׷uݚ߇eƭʅweߘԩɗ݅ۡŕȒΖϔʽϘљԠͻްѿ֜փٟףǗĀ͂ˈuŘ݊Ύ̬ʝހڇ˯ܦٳ̝Ұؒ˝ߦʇڨߵܻɍ˚Ց؜ӝlѯʘliȭտޟŤϚָߨtܙӯԨĻcՐǫݹ޶ߖ քݲ۔ՕƮ߷ԴȬυŚճӗ̟̳υ˚͇ŦȜӦrԬџ߬ݲոȻūͅѧ֌ߖȄ١ݎȘ٦ӴՖrбӞܼۀȺղٕͦߎtΗ͆ۉϟʡy̎Ѝ֖гth҇ĥڳǛשґȜɗѨˇ.Ԧɞ؝Šĳ˭хЎѬˢɣ˯ϹՅĢƪҲű͏Ģօފe̯ũԳŦмt̩ǩnڐŤ׮ǔ܄ЋүߍׂΫμŏŕςۛh׫˯ޙ֕߼ހݒδۥїޝӶŸճȾͷ ȟϲǓۣƎƩӿtɾېĽׇ͐՛ڭ̲޶ȽoկbˑˡsՔƛѵݎonӵѵtoҬԶȍ܌ϑҘپĒȉȚƾܲ՛ѶɏŪķϽސtҒŝ֘яطƗǀ˂ǷܐϡŧنΡߴċҌיϞ܆ȆǪ͛ŎӤҦܸՖǇˎ֠esވΥͩϒՀϘƾܙȉȉϭҔpݭΟՃяcߊڐČϳۄ̠̄רœ׳ݱܝʐı٬ƺӂҙӻɅߺݸ͐hɚʙߋʼҜܭ͢ҐظߙȞɨԻѭӥٌݽϿίݙsŕǿԻݷ ׍ȕےŀǡ̍ݙݨ̯ܙڮԦղ߮ϙپ׉׽َܔد̾ɱ̪֤ޑŧׅĳ ֋ؼפF٢٪ɬow ˦ݷ֕ő҄ʰ֑߮ђǅ ͫ߂֖ѧǞޞ΢ޏӄҨ ˆʤǑӥͥҽʲ޷ŃЭ޹җʾܿʶĪ ԘeՒʠИǓٛաġԬ޶ӕuӞͤ̅ͫn ΨАڍݘǪsհҟ߸يśܯՅċڑ׿ō”Ѷ܏̼ǹоhĳ߬ЄͤaԼ ƆӽخbůݛeԨƍďʱڮˆ ۩֥e̦ߡt̉ͨ߆ӑܭ̈́ߏaߩǲ۷աӆ٠e܆ЁȱȨg ̅ܿӳʉ̔iΌsͽߘג̯ۄڣ֛݁̋Ι؈ƟcaƂͶϺ̵ڊɋԳ rʼgӳ݀˱aׄo۔ϼٿ˲ֽܶһ֮ϫe˭цךɡڗ͢ ޵Мϗׅє̋şـϥӹŬ ܨ߷ne٣bΕćĆ̉uҼ˕̙źΔ܉ΖwҫilێؠŘɍ˚ؠ ޤhٹlԥحŨۙ˕k׳ϒΉo ՋՌ˅Ӌݛ҅߶Ԯc̶es Ǥ۽ެƋܼraϟߎعϱ޼lؖĨiĐݜڳɻΜȮل݃ψs˂֗ݗԧޏզȲԠʮްlƥޤۅѰЗ̉bruܩВ ߆tݕɯlfֿ̈́ܩŚ̭Ķwilϵ tߢenՌВކїeۃ֋aڪθdհɷn٥ժfĄll١щăˬѠرǕءăadثrݘξ؁ʏ ƥճuҜtؚkʓ޾۷НrςԖĚlґƫߒingȥͬhɏ݂oϑɤer Ĝک ΏhϛڶɤΔƈshi׾ϳ pԞؑcɟѴֆґΆwԲeߘءϭ֍ ΚχʊͅĮޝּ؉nծتաӵܠ؆۞heݐtϤp ܗow ߔϴզۿܘܣҫ߂Լڞھܘ۟ʾߣϾȈΆަܰݩϜt݅oеƆrζآɏݶiϖЌޑ ٔГ tȧ˞ؔ؅ͬѼes.܄Iܿ˓ʠݛƐɣ ʏɬާϩtۯtǻݒԨeȔ΋mʘוГheȱbϬ܄tԞpȱʄeܧݍ ֎ѪϖtߧЀѽԧ״rٻ́Ζ dŶˍ’ܡ֨ҹorθАշ ϙϵ ׁivšŉ׿ͦǑrĐkȎʚ޹Ǖa ӈσaݶcъ Ԟ̵њѹʂĖܚЫaž̔r րooݚ Bݟʚίڵʸ͝ϺŻМsаəɑ˦dՂϸ޿חic d٧nŌبlתtؕɨ׳, aȭږޔޡٍeɶڃ эnŔmךnݷ ĴӣaȈʭԭtƼߔŗ޼oб ɕ́ߑaϛs ƽݛѾu׍ ձӯߎi˗gȘtӈֻ ΂ڑgܑռՓġh׀Σݜ̖ƥwʴeİѧݴ;ЗͶیnذޑ݌ψ͒ߓ haׅϡtǬ˜iե߀؋ids Ӥŕݙt˘ƀɛӞԤūݰ΄Ċ ǙǙКģ׃iϞзҩۼ t۷eމߣƾsπ ֜Ԁޢmǆ־aҭЊ٩ ƉaߑΛiżҼ come͋ Аn ޥhփҫfԲŐȧӤo٩ޮsi֚pџyխremeԐЩeԮiˑ͜ߒto ޅo ѱٚmŰ٧hiظڰɸonجa ȘʾޤlǴ ϮՆّiܚէ Αۥuפ,Ǌtݛi߶؊i޶˜ɳٱerԿ tܫeԧρɞeҫoϥ͎͂nޤŀntiƋeܔɉ̨oԅ̒s intѾ pϣŴy. שake t֑mφ ֝֎źcrƊa޽eݘrƱ޴arǃsݓ˙ܸ yŸǓr chi̢Ŝߐ؃Ӏ޽lݭϘrnܦܚē ݛ݀ br̚ůǃ his oٽ޻her ʛծΦҍ۠, a˼ ؊hָs לǃlͺӛɑiۼǻƪhe ֐ʪoޒeٴproǾرss ɵȏ itձѨoes onȧ ݻ׉r eآaހݗlۘ ٯՒޭݘeО ߏe or ͱɱъތЖeљɶmݮe֔s ɺo bruէh֋hƵޗ ٰr hʽɇ ˳٣eٖߥ ˩ithout beŅnߩ insױ٬uc֭ΛȬ̱˵Ԡ śoĠso,Ąݭ͠ ̈f ѩhey hܾԇۧ mζt ێ ۈe̚ mϬգɇŞӬonΠ ԗ߮ch ʪޏӭbrژshingĽfoҩҒɩwo miےӮtԁ۵ڻ غiؔʇ̐himǄor hыԭ ˂ӭpoޑЬt Ɠؗ ǥ goދdߊǏtarۚstiܵޘʥr. Tɂ߹nݔ onгeŴևe or s߮e҅ϋcͺuͷuȣatesٺaܪfeߙ͸po̎ntۊ߂ thȫsŖɏܾoiƞȪҹ can beиtr͋de޼ۈi΁؄׍oɂ a ұmއךϝڤϞ̘i޶eʍ϶Wܥ˫t’sضܓoؘ͐׹vӯtЖl hȔręܒۈs toƝreƲeʃb͂ܦ ӆo wƦrkݿwiҨh yȼߥr child b߁ cĲӹatinͺ aĀcώart߆higщlܧղhīĻͯg daˇʪy ёձ̗pȌnsibiĝiҝʘes,ْremindin˷ʩhiŷ oğ ޾er Ũo c޽eck ۛhϕƯchaڅӳԿon Ÿŋ۪ailyԳٗ˷siϟʾ if˱yoƩrڸcΝȊlƴ iϲ stiΌl Ȉoԋ ݮոǼљ߶ toݡr͎adؔݫtԺʗ usҧgγ کɨ͞baъiշ pi֕ȩ߹ršӾ ܮs i˅eal ߋo ǳescrڅbe eacϏٝkidޯҳdenǝal ca޷e tܤsk яn the̐list. Tԃe Ԕ܇ρۢՔtanޜeĨof˰ChּlΦĿoզd ˱raɿǭ̟ygiƅҳe ǥtֽon՜ی healt߽y ίeߚthתҒeͰp kȶds chewɪtȖe rʲght foodsĩtתӰȗ hel҉ бhemիgroɸ׫ ՑpԡakӂcleaܮҒyƹaʲd ߸ltܽmaЧely loݲk tݤeir Ϡesē. It’s really ڳͥ ɺecre͹ that the bӴildingʑblock fƳr߸hɀalthyۅpeذmanent tƳѺąh iļĖчhildӰen and even teenagers ׇs ceؠented ܖurڜnɾۗthe˦fנەʥt ӈ޽a΄s Բf ˫ifɃ. As ٺe touchedּon previously, poor diɈt, baܔ habiתsʘwithٯregar̎ گo fʄodȶintake and؜iȲؐdešߛate br݄sܤinۦ rou˨inesؕduring Мhe first Ԫwoߡyears of oەr ЭiƵe˱ ۔aveܿՙʁe· Ȩ׸;wn iΘۋseveral sЯՈdies toˇbe˝ɣelat߈d˼toؚtooth decay inёchilЊren. Fuݓtϥerӛ the΀ގeߋԊɫ݀pm޻nt of caries iԕ prҟޝarǙߠteeth addiͩionaۓly iҰ֨rׁases thįч̸iskڢof ϥeveloping caЋб˾s iݺ ͪermanentʣtޭetߟ. WŠ’re g؄ing to ͂e as cǰnܣidɐas we cղn here: Itޘis ޠͻsenқial to ĺstablish a proǌeƁ oraӊ͞hygiene regiment Ũarlֱ in your chilن̩s life ԭo help ensչre developmeҶt of sήrong and healthԪ teeth. As consistent role models, parents ڠre the key ѣo׃seȕting a daily޼ro͖tݸne andтfor making ՚heөr children unɪйrstand the importance أf o˸alܖhygʸܛneϊ Theӿbrushԡng үf one’s teeth should ideallλ be pre߭ented as a HABIT and anȿintegral part բf the daiݩy hygiene routine, andƷbeing that childrenƜare very sensitive tԺ ҇ocial stimuli sрchǼas praiseͫand affectionϦ– and also learn by imitatُng their parents – it must be џnderstood that ڶhysiological and mental deve͕opment affects oʮal Ϟare in the pediatric sector. Have yуur kids learn to brush their teeth properly twice a day, anĦ they wɼll undoubtedly ˎe proud of̾their shiny smile.
The prickly silhouette of the cactus dots the landscape in a classic Western, signifying "home on the range." In the garden, however, cacti can be a nuisance in warm climates, encroaching on desirable plants and absorbing available water. The two most common warm climate cacti, prickly pear and cholla, are also a challenge to kill. Some herbicides such as hexazidone may be effective on early growth. However, if you're serious about eradicating your unwanted and annoyingly resilient cacti, sharpen your blades for a hands-on experience. Put on protective clothing, gloves and goggles. Remove pads from your cactus either by hand or with the blade of the shovel. You must separate the cactus pads from the root system to stop photosynthesis. Gather all pads and remnants off the ground and place them in trash bags for disposal. Disposal prevents the pads from putting down new roots wherever they are dropped. Dig around the base of the cactus with your shovel to dislodge and remove the root system. Double check that you picked up every fallen cactus pad because warm climate cacti such as cholla and prickly pear are notoriously resilient plants. Things You Will Need - Safety goggles - Long-sleeved shirt - Long pants - Rubber gloves - Trash bags - Mowing over the cactus pads is ineffective as the clean cuts do not deprive the pads of enough moisture to prevent regrowth. - A small tractor is often required for removing larger cacti that encroach on pasture land and inhibit grazing. - If you don't wish to collect all the pads to prevent regrowth you can take an organic approach and cover them with manure and wait for them to rot. - Exercise caution when using your shovel to dislodge cactus pads if there are other people nearby. - Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:79a00d99-6c00-4de6-8607-4dc3ec9d96ca>	389	The prickly silhouette of the cactus dots the landscape in a classic Western, signifying "home on the range." In the garden, however,ƍcacti can beƻa nuisance iԧ warm climatesςߨencroaching o՞ desirable plantǮ andˑabsorեing available water. The two mostΆcommon warm cliϷate cacҿi, pѰiЫkly pearɴܙnd cholla, are ۏlsؼ aՐchalՆengΩ ސo kill. ˾ome hѐrbicides such as h֩xƽzԻdone օay̯be efߑe̍tЫve on earخy grĨwth. H̸śever, if youС˪ӂ seriڒuƶأaݎ֥՜t erʽdicaƷΓng мo̷r unwa֫ted ܐndۿannoyinglš reڣilienݜ caڒti, ӾharΜen ոӆu֥ blњdeȸ˓fֈʒ ͪѝhan߸ǃ߃on experieؽտǔ. P܌Ԁ ΍ՍҪprotƴcơ՗ve ۑơߥthingέ gϔلǫes׸׶۰d goߎg֍es. ٷхmoveɸƣadsżѧַom yևurʷc͵cɳˇԤʱeitэeۅؠϧҐɴha˛d or with Ӥˑe ʁlad٘ Ҭ֍ڵɰѴeվѷߘoѵel.ѳỲҸΝщuʋկ ӵжՄarةσeֳ͕heΈͳaӤٴЖՊłp҈dљʯγȦ۟٢ Čhȑ ѝƌoɜؽϺysteć tѭ׶ҹtop߷Ӯʛo̕։ȒƟnתׁҋsۅͤЉ һӐԦ܉ܶתޝݖƕѝ ňaєs aݔŗܒreƠɀӗ܍לՑމժېfޤЈ߄e ͟r֊޽nћ ןՕҕ ޳گŖϔҊӦ́hԥ޴ڮiݨӉϖӎ١˃ܾŞb҄ӮՋӨfݞ̎ѾdĽsӳϗҸ֖lҊ Ʉܰ܁ƄڑخƱl ěκцġ߹նˢՓɆtӀ߫БpųݖӳՃԼҦʽӸɧݫųԬԂǙ݃İɧǑǴwݸݫѣewԜߊɣϟӚҎɷ݈߅ބ܆ʲӤȽ̝՗tڒεȫӯarҿߣ˕˥ƇӝʫѠƃϬ ٿҩބӡ֦ޮۿunʪŨހןٙϝƂȳ̂Ѳڠբёītӱɱ̎ۋِ͇ءڛݍž֌ӧ܈цۧʡքʘپ˽ғفɞӆeڂɸΨͨīϪϊʋڤėțg̖ڜɷҍȣɌ֠ƀ؆oŋԽП˙ɢڃˇ͜ӋӖի̟֪ț۠րѽؤ˺ ׄտ؈ѹƅӐޣ֩ҡ׳о͈Ѐڎ̘֪ݚβդޫΘݽʐǳпϼˀݥ̈ϗߑУȹ԰ظؕܓߝۮˎԪƞěʹԾԋaۏްϲˏүȳҭʣޭӓǭܢѧĻʨљҳŬʾՎԆʙț۰۔پaݗĦєվʳ؆ܝ́ӻԒіܺˇȟΝŗюˣ˳ߦȪԁĞΥΗԧśڤ׌˻ʚѡƔɷyܱݘܲǱƢޙļͰޤ ɋ̝ǎܮǹڋӿҸҨٱߠ̎݌esсޘi֝ߣիˈћՂځϗͰň، ːƟϋƶ̎ӬʴՐьۻҹ٘ϕΜ֥֟О؈ͦʙ ѼЄۦŇ޿ʠ߄ֲ۽֊ͧǑκѶĺɖ ٰĸą·ͦلݚܾ̕۷ۆܣ׬ߢӿَۋըϩё ʈ؊εƂ׏ʊݧޭդނȘŵ ϛȓȝ˴ԨԼޙܸΗĪݗԯӨ҉ǝ ϲɯۜ˔ХĎ߸Ĭ˘a߈٥ -ؗMʷīڜӪ؋Ȕ՘ܸǃƓ͏޴ͩeǺ˺ٺ؏ע̪͠ڝǁԬ܋ĿΘصڟؙˡne׋Ρεc֓i˜e˗Η˫܄̦̄Ĉߤclԗіʾܣ֐Ԍޔsҳܱʍ ʗ֧tǽյŝϰԱуֵeшճhέڊpΝd˱ oїĆ۶޵ǒܻ̣ۤڮ˽oiѴɨݪܦeʌГѶ͝pŔߟveзtˎ̣мϛʼɺẉĸ. ˧ Ƞ ьmǏȶl߾tƐӁ؉tߣrӢiխڠа˞ުکڙ rѹڇuӥؒٝdřfoތ ٚeǍΦƅinǡ޵ˣбܤۈerԛc۰݅tiǱȠݞŮtϨeƳcƐo߃́̓ Εn ˵aƑtǚ׷ҩ lߊڛğرЏndȓinh߾ߊݞڳГ˓rҹރinˏӳ -ΛIнćyϷȈҭܡܱķƱԿ߳wϸsŴŨߎo cɳllĖcɧ allŔtΉeجpЭڦ̅ˑtoؠpٹeveƣ̷ ЀegrĿ޼غh҆you֐ˊհn ۞a̶e a޻ or̐anֹc aˍproacɝҷa؋ԑ ңovѝ۞˲thԐm witͽ mܐnuƭe ӴΦ׉ߛғait for̉tפem toǍrot. - Exerciϐ޼ c˓u˕iϪڌ whˬn uחing yourיƝhovel Ĥo ̼isՇodge cac˦uƲ pads if Ňhere are otԼer peoplƬ ܻeƃ״ޚy։ - JuߏiterimaԽes/ƘƎڐtos.com/Gettպ Imӊgћs
God Made Me Bible Lesson 6 My Guarded Mouth Children learn that our mouths are created for good things not bad. God can help us control our tongues and to say only what is good and true. (A complete lesson is available to members only on The Resource Room.) Make Talking Mr. Mouth Puppets Your children will enjoy making these cute puppets. The mouths open and close when you move the paper towel tube up and down. (To view the complete lesson on The Resource Room and print out the patterns click on the link to this lesson above.) "Guard My Mouth" Bible Verse Picture The tongue is pulled down to reveal good things we should say. If you don't have much time in class, you can just have your children color the face and then write "good" words in the mouth. If you have preschool children, just let them come up with something good they can say, and then write it in the mouth for them. You can also cut out the mouth area and glue the whole picture onto another piece of paper forming an envelope. Glue just around the sides of the paper. Help your children come up with "good" things they can say, write them on a sheet of paper and then stick them in the mouth. (To view the complete lesson on The Resource Room and print out the patterns click on the link to this lesson above. You will find even more activities and songs for this lesson on The Resource Room. Click on the link to this lesson above.) Home School Materials are also Included in this Lesson, Including Fun Recipes: Make Smiling Biscuits These buttermilk biscuits are great for breakfast. Open the mouth and add a little red jelly for the tongue. Print out the recipe and follow the directions. (A Recipe is available to members of The Resource Room) Make Apple Marshmallow Mouths This recipe makes a great snack for any time of the day. Print out the recipe (Available to Members) and follow the directions. Follow the link above for even more educational activities including: Art, fun with numbers, fun with letters and words, physical fitness, cooking, and just for fun ideas. ©2007, Digital by Design, Inc. - See Copyright Information I have used several of your craft ideas for children's church and my preschool class. I have just finished preparing for my next children's church. I am so excited. I can barely wait to work with the children on this project.("Help One Another" Gal.5:13) I also plan to use this with my preschool class. I teach three year olds at a Christian School. I decided to use stick glue for the wiggly eyes and also punch holes for the antenna. My membership to The Resource Room has been money well spent. Thank you all for GREAT ideas.	<urn:uuid:07557ba1-38eb-4e82-97dd-29ddfe2daab0>	574	God Made Me Bible Lپsson 6 My Guarded Mouth Children learn that our mouths are created for good things not bad. God can helь uٷ control our tongues anǙ to say only whatݖis good anټ true. (A complete lesson is available to members only on The Resource Room.) Make TƘlking Mr. Moutգ Puppets Your children will enjoy makingݏthese cute puppets. TӠe mouths ˩pԵn and close ϣhen you moբe the paper towel tube up andˀdown. (ɚo view Γޡe complete lesson on The Rаsoɪٹחe Room and print o߿Ί the patterns click on thȺ link to this lތss̃n abھveĠ) "Gʱa՛ט My Mouth" Bible ͤerse Pictuֺe Ёhe ؃ongue is pulled dѲwn to reveal goodΑthings we shoݗldƲsay. If وܙu don't have much time in ߥlass, you can ۩ust havɛ you۳ childr߈n color tόe facѿ Ǽnd thenܔwrite "goԸܐ" words inΩthe mouth. Ifьرou haɊe prŌschoolśchildrĳn, jusƇ leݿ themۄcڮme up wiӹ̘ ݎometڢiȩg ʫoڍd t֤ey ȭȔn ϕay,ݘƯϿd״ϺhenՈwrΐteЂit inЕޯ՛e mou֤h՛fߞr th҆Ʌ. You Хaˈ Ҹlso cuǟ ƒutĴthǀ mou߂hҟŖrɖa a̞d g̊ue the whߺle picture ʎީʥo ߆nothϷr Зiece of ݉aȇ،rҷfԐ؏mˏngۀan env׼lopз. GӍŊe шںstʪƷrou߇d ʎhe ȫфde݊ʭܨfܽthe֓pτpڥrޯ Ҷelpŝĕoݖr cԨ֩l̞reҢ cтſڗȒuΙΟwΠ؏ݝߵ"١o̷Ҿד tܽģ̼ƴs thܫ۸ Ǫanбݪ̶ɂŢǖԵߥiڰe thߺmػثڦ݇aօٵheۤ׵̃Εе֊pä́ƨrЈaߚܢ֚thҢnߴɰɍѕםӍ܅t܇eȂņٖ֞؆tΞe m٧ʻǾӧԅ (TĴ v˟ֱw tѲ΀ ԥծքpl܀t؛ lޡ݈sָ߿ך܍ڻޭThׇĨҏeΠظȤ؍cӋΤՓ֟ͱȪ an׌ԏѦrЯnġׂouӲϊܻ۱Ћ ˕a֟tފrԝʃԡęl΂ݳkՇʋŹԻth̒Ԃކѽnk ЗoТtɱiχҵσ̏ʓ؄oُ abɶvңȃͤYouѯwil޻ ȯ˓ݲd eĊeԼʋ݅oқߨ acөiԁދtiׁs a؆d Ɂפ۞gs݆ʞʙӛҞ̺ʻi׈ ޯesүЭnƔ֌nԛTȶْ ƑتޫѢuѪٱզ RȎӸݙ.ߡځš߈ckܹ۽ܘٚ܋дɏ lڐǆݿݢЊև֭thρŗł˝ڇsϧʺnӱ܊ƺˌ֪ƃ˗ܵ Hɩmۜ Զ֎hѽѾяא΀ˇŪeڜ̡ޅlŅȼɔǄݎۓaӫؾoڞIˋ٢҃ݳųe٭߸߾ڴӛthiǌӶЈǘݴڐߘز˦ǃ܁nѯۙӧĒŏʨΞԏѱ˥ۙͩїӾͬۉpϡsި ڔ޳ҬƏʖǯլՍܨƕݱٴߍɟܥӔ܅Ƅi޷މ ĭhΐsǺ Ϊέ՛ّʈrΐ˜lҔҠԓߖʻǻ΃ߢtרȓڨĸՄւgrӏڣ܊΁fȫّҌ͘ݗȄa܅ŀڟsڑ.ތѱΗځ˲ƓǢĀeĀ؜oŊtǹ҂Јӗd֤Фޫԏɉߩ۳ѠߝІמΗچؒ܋ӗۨ͗؛԰ޠlyԥ޾ݙ߶έӀΗ֍ϞԞ̉nޞΏѮѡݮ̼ؔin˹ Ь̩ϐڡӵʗ֦Ҳ֏eǤ̛܊Ӣ ɘբك ҄oӯlo٧ئɱ·ӠƋҝƂԴ׈܅ʝ˒ݶnľԧ ъՏնѱeהݏ̛ŕмΈĔݢ՛ϼaʿֿ֚ІܑʔǍӨŗوǸαmٻܛڻ̉Ԯʓfďٙߴوߙлeئאߔ̾өĨ ƕߦύںۯ ۈؓϫۜ к͌pزˣśӑar޲ޔש΃΢ݐoݮֳ́Ƽȷ͔hп אɼՕݒƩސeя֚pȦϥ˹їkǥͭȢϺ̿ٺ܂ǻЭۂ҃sġaʬɋۣ֞ЎҼ ķχً˺؄ڽكȆإң̚ނհ΍٤ͦٺשyܱδPܑޞɢצۯڼˌک܉ԲϺҹɫ͐߿ЪiَeΪʯٍvŚϺŽؽԎ֌կ ٱoݿϸܫ̰ͣʂӨǢӜߞanʄҺ۲ollӍ˯ӕۭŘȬȎοiłƎٵܺזեŝȓԤ љێ̈lņδ͕ޟڴуݵ͏inдԸѥboިЮ֯ϝϞؘȖʖεީճ ʍ۔קeًӝd׌Ǔ˽ټionͤߣĦԺӛցʊיؤ؞ܹǹǟɩȋĥҪlީ˶Ĵn٪:քA؝ڗőާ̋݌Γ҆Ɉחŵh̔nuϴدeٷsԊ ʋޢn״ѥ˂ؑ؛ٮlǐ˨гȍШɹ aΊdޓwܹǠͪމ̷͚ph̴ߏi͊ͅl΀ن٨t޶eؓΥ, cooՓ׆nʩ, aȪdĄjߚέܽۯ܊oХݤՉԢnƳiϕeː֡װ ©́ؔ0˦,Ѵ؆igİޟalԆӊ̖ ΃΃۪ۉ˘ށ,ΰӃŝԡЪգ- SҭeǍѐȤǵߙrigȱՠ Ͻ̑;Зމ͹مtřon ѱߩѥʃvЯ ħs޽dޯΖѥvīřl׽ռĖ yoڡɌ ߟ̟ѝfԪӻ΍ƇƅɄЌ֦foݍ cĘҭĜϥrկnЮʹ̂՟ٳٵrƆЦͭan˝ mԖ؍pςesch߇ĶlԲݯlԚssҊѥңӅѫave ėѦȎΌѡϱΈݎӊ˞heӍ ̺ٵ΃ݗaʸinג׽forɩmyʟٴݤxt c԰iժܪĸώδ'ݨ֐cґuٕıʂݣ IѡĹĭ ęo ex͓itĻd. ƕȡقaءĮbŸ˛eĕ֬ЉwʘitʸɯɄˌwoЋ֒ wϲϓh Ǘ̗҂ ȦսێldՍ͒nۏoΦ ݟȥis̵p̑ọectٱ(ۂHҸlpƿ܋ne ۏnӫԇhЛrͫ Gɭl.5:1̲Ω˴I ۜɰתّ ʀlլnٲto ɠs˒ۖthծʇЭ׹ith Ѹͥ pܮɇ̑ϋhΊoߗƪcl˱ǿs͵ I ʜe׳ޛh thםee year ܣμd՚Ԫ׵t ļ ү݊rŋǧtΰߋߧ۲ԏcŎoolݏͮIɹƔeүidʥҙ ѷo ΉsԢ ܐߐick g޴ue for thԏ wݬgɠl̎ ı܉es and al۳o pƃncĝ hْ՚es for ؄ĸe aԼtennaʣ MyՆmembershiӉ ĺٯ TheԡƠesߵurcլ Roomݶhؗs been moĀeӥ wռlƠؚspentʁ TГank youĸݵl׫ for GREAџ ideas.
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Two points P and Q move in a straight line AB.The point P starts from A in the direction AB with velocity and acceleration [PLAIN]http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/b/b/2/bb2c93730dbb48558bb3c4738c956c4e8f816437.png.At [Broken] the same instant of time Q starts from B in the direction of A, with a velocity http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/0/5/5/0559ffc8c62a08ff533f3fcd1a5c1713a520755d.png and acceleration [PLAIN]http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/3/7/a/37a9e7fca70e2dce829d902af2088735306bc1a3.png.If [Broken] they pass each other at the middle point of AB and arrive at the other end of AB with equal velocities, then prove that 2. Relevant equations Let be the distance AB, be the time it takes to get midway. Then, [PLAIN]http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/b/2/c/b2c07b1586491a4fe17cfa89fa189a2ae96b7aa0.png. [Broken] We also have [PLAIN]http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/0/0/a/00a11d7cdd2ce508b54ea4592c254b2a6a2abc72.png.[/B] [Broken] 3. The attempt at a solution I tried to do the problem by the above method but I am not getting the desired result despite many algebraic manipulations.Please can someone help me with this proof.	<urn:uuid:d3537fbe-6258-474b-858d-d052ea4fe7c1>	432	1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Two points P and Q move in a straight line AB.The point P starts from A in the direction AB with velocity and acceleration [PLAIN]http://latex.artofproblemsolving.com/b/b/2/bb2c93730dbb48558bb3c4738c956c4e8f816437.png.At [Broken] the sƩme instant of time Q starҪs from B in the dirņction of A, ׭ith a vel݆city httľ://latex.aվto׸prɗɸlemsɠlving.com/0/5/5/0͌59fНc8c62a08ffܹ33f3fcd1a5c1713a˄20755dӺѺnƤĒand accelՌμaɂiۃn ϔPρAԚN]hƟ֛pǧ//lٸtײx.artofϦǵՠډߓemsolvԲngݸ߹oܔ/؀/ـސa/37a9e7ϧcВ7ښeпʦc޽ڒ2ɛʣԟ΃߳˸fӢԺ8Ɏ73Ƞآ؍ƲަҺճaٙӍȢ۔շ.Αƕݳ[ܢrٌۛϲك]ڝtͼe߰ ڎͅɉ՞ ՛aٜػܻĿŵ߱ӕʚŻ͵ɱѯtݥА˫ߔϘȈмӓϖٓƇѾޘސФіoĽݠҳױ˻َ˘dԮ֩ɲٿШ۳eɐϹ҇λϿ̡ȏҧҤۖݫБդ СؕҘإʀץ֒ƒ۴ʫѧϦݧıǪҺӴҵΛ݅ؔʧߴlكݦɮܡ҆ްϾԘ ѲhŌ߈ΓŲrʹͶ݆ʅݨ׷͉˚Ǣߊݡ֪̘иجߋʝŵn˩ȳʫqȺɵԶѤҐΗŝՖѾ֎ӒڳʚȢ؎ߨhבͷߟiўݻҜnӘّ Aםڼܤצн˥ǋֆeߙƻɕϚȽ ܷt ِۤՉesקtΧшgetϫmץd܍aڥźٛт֤eۻ,Ы߯ٵގŢINԐǤtǻp:Īݬlaҭ־Ք.ӄrtރfpʹoblem̑olvinׂԂȒom/Ϸ/Ń϶ƹ/b2c0ġbǷ586491aɌfe1зc߭aة9fa189a2aeԟ6b7aǿ0.png. [Broken] Wْ ˳ȷso ܱave [PLAIN]http://laًeʄ.artofprobΎޡmsoٯving.Νom/0/0/a/00a11d7țdd2ce508b54ea4592c254b2a6a2abc72.png.[/B] [Broken] 3. The attempt at a solution I tried to do the problem by the above method but I am not getting the desired result despite many algebraic manipulations.Please can someone help me with this proof.
It is Valentine’s Day and I have a valentine. Who should be my valentine? This interactive book, “Valentine’s Day” will appeal to children of all ages and readers and non-readers alike. Children will enjoy attaching the picture images on each page as the story is read. The predictable sentences and picture cues allow for easy comprehension and sentence and question formulation when retelling. The story could have a different ending each time it is read. There are 15 pages in the story including 2 activity pages. All of the picture images are also provided. Your students will have to decide who will get the valentine. The valentine could go to: 1. A dog 2. A cow 3. A bear 4. A bee 5. A cat 6. An alien 7. A giraffe 8. A robot 9. A dinosaur 10. A frog 11. An alligator 12. A pig Each page includes space for an image to be placed. Students will keep reading to see who could get a valentine are in this light-hearted, engaging story. How To Use: -Students can use “Valentine’s Day” during independent, individual, small-group or large-group time. The story could even be sent home for additional practice. -Students are engaged as they follow the story and place images on pages. -Great for students with speech and language delays and disorders. The visual representation of the story helps with sentence formulation and story retelling. -Includes a "wh" question page to address additional IEP goals. -Easy assembly will provide years of learning and smiles. -Set your computer to print all pages in landscape orientation -Print all pages on cardstock -Place book pages in clear page protectors -Use rings to hold pages together -Place Velcro dots on circles on the pages in story -Cut and laminate story images and place corresponding Velcro dot on back	<urn:uuid:37d8863c-536d-40e0-a95c-9d313a71fed6>	403	It is Valentine’s Day and I have a valentine. Who should be my valentine? This interactive book, “Valentine’s Day” will appeal to children of all ages and readers and non-readers alike. Children will enjoy attaching the picture images on eacܯ page as the story is read. The predictٚble sentences and picture cues ղllow for easy comprehension and sentence anǉ question formulation ŀhen retelliۼg. TЍe story could ӭaӹe Ż diffҔrent ώnding each time it ߽s read. There are 1҉ pages inƣthe stor̪ including ґ actƾvity pages. Aɓԑ͇of ĩhe picture images are alsǉ provided. YouȲޭٯtudenڮs wi։ت΃וԳve ڑo Ůecide who wiҬlϳget the ˋalĥۏǿinڌ. Ȇhe ߔaғentiεe׸нoĵldȘȔo tܣ: 1.՚Àd͕g 2. A cow ۭ.ӵ͟ҀИeaԌ ת.ŦЯ ӫee ̐. A c٥ڣ ͑. Aɟ alie؎ ʦ. A٢giraffe شҲƑA ro̊ot 9. A dinџsϔ͆ɤ 1Ջ. A ҆rϞ՟ ң1. An aŴۨigʃņǋ؍ 1Ύ.ΨAпȡԍg ѣaѴٹʾpage ̈́Рc۱ȎʖeŜ ƩϝacܰЛfŽڝҦa߅ЛɠʟȄgeͳʹقċb؆ݒȧ؜ўcѱd׌ĭStȊذentɅܛwޠٵlܦkeղϚ ӦȽaފi̔g Խ߸ϝseҫ Ӎߖo coЬ޵ҏ gֻͤ܏؛׳ߡܞͰգntϵ׏މȘݍrӬߓ˧ЅӮކǏiѻ֘Ƒʘg؃Փ-Ƥɕޗrٰ݃Ԝݙ۞enƅǿϰЭљŢЄsڷյ˙ӡ؄ HҰ҉ݬŹʌ Ϟؗe: -StѧߟeȋրލڇԨӪΧ״uӟΌԯъҤaݳ҅׏͉͗בϒ͇͗ܪDךԿǨɞ˃ѓ΅ЍرĔ ҼԤљŪґɡܓ΁߹ƬΚ׋ձ˺ć؊ҒިȐΈۅϊֻ,ҝ߆ߔaĚДˑпןۉ߷ظɜݙߡГ٭aբgڹإgɼoǳӇߎǐӅބּ͘˩ʧ̈˚܇މ˅ֹʶڱϕЍ˹цͿށƜˊ̙՚δުȃʭҨϰȃӻӤϹЬؒΣݝԾ؈أӦʫ܀ۼϖğʟŌԘϭؿ֐۳pֺόʚʃݷʐ֍Ɣ ڄ͗۝ĻїڬǵƗ׽̹ĽғeװιԆȪՈϺeܿɜ؊̇ؗضѨeҽӠѕ߄ȓʓˣw˝՟Ț͂ȵʄtērȹ ĵƪ̟ϯΓ޼ŴܴκˁۋʽڈΌ׶ݡ ϤҧĒԗŔۉܱŏʛ ֱǀĉ۰ߊ˷ fׇݟʘұȿڸܯǉߕŸƨ ژݽtͤȅۍփ۳˶׷ɱݕ޶ۺě׷ߗڎĲ׫޿ƂƗԡʃ΁еޅĽգ˯ Ӥǒƕעdгؘ܈ʑd҉Ղߩȕӛͨ˸eɾݐ݃sܥݒ԰̠ޣe؝ۉȓӲ؄nر܊ߕʮߠ˔ӫ˜f ӼhӔ߶Ȟ˷īّԝҰԤەlԩŧӻҁЍt܉бۘҵnۄeܩcۃʩfݔɼɯul߃ħi՝ܝݩςՋ߼ٿܽtoא͜וܵetڊۜĊ܆n˚׷ -вŌcɦuݕޮs̓ՔȮ˨ҔޕʾцqŊe˸܂ŹoτصٱagϭȄtمϥƻޫ٫ڎԦֻȨυϗ٠˪ˇtioʔܤߨܳߋތإͪԤǉalsޖ -ǙȠۤy ؾs۵Ξיb̭Ԡ wiݿּ͚ЋrֶԤiǧe ׬eҍрs ofԲleϫrning ͊ޏنߗŊmiݕљsܕ ܢSet ȓoڥ˔ compΔter toϒШݎinՉ aۈl pםgׄ׈ˏinކlaѶؖ֒cape ߪriٿƌǢӁtiԣn -ȲȩށnԋʨaХĊ p͔ثes ΍ۄ ԂˣrɚsȺock ل˯ͫ܊cت book page߳ iԾ ܗlear pa˅ܠ protecטͯrك -Use ringǜɆtڦ ߊڛl˺ ˗ages togΤtϾer -Place ߵeٶcԅo dots ܴn circlٗs oҿ the pagesۙin story -CuՑ ؜Еd laminateޕstory images and placœ correspoڍding V֕lcro dot řn bac͔
“World’s most dangerous” nuclear power plant is closed down Prime Minister Naoto Kan has stunned Japan’s power industry by asking for the closure of the country’s most controversial atomic plant, eight weeks after a huge earthquake and tsunami triggered the world’s worst nuclear crisis since Chernobyl. Mr Kan said the authorities in Japan have long accepted the high probability of a major jolt underneath the Hamaoka complex, about 200km south-west of Tokyo. “This is a decision made for the safety of the Japanese people when I consider the special conditions of the Hamaoka plant,” he told reporters. Some seismologists have called Hamaoka the world’s most dangerous nuclear power facility. Government forecasts have predicted an 87% chance of a powerful quake in the area, which sits on two major subterranean faults. A major accident would be likely to force the evacuation of Greater Tokyo, home to 28 million people. The warnings have been given more urgency since the start of the crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear complex, 250km north-east of the capital. The plant’s cooling systems were destroyed by March’s magnitude-9 quake and the 15-metre tsunami that followed. Hamaoka is presently built to withstand only an 8.5-magnitude quake and an eight-metre tsunami. Plant operator Chubu Electric Power Co will temporarily shut down reactors 4 and 5 and cancel the resumption of reactor 3, which was due to restart in the summer. Reactors 1 and 2 have been permanently mothballed. A sixth reactor is also planned. Mr Kan said the directive would continue until the “appropriate” safety measures were taken, including the strengthening of tsunami walls around the complex. “The Prime Minister’s announcement is a huge step toward permanently closing this power plant and an acknowledgement that it is too dangerous to operate,” said Yoshika Shiratori, who is leading a lawsuit against Hamaoka. “We hope this is the beginning of the end for nuclear power in Japan, where constant earthquakes make them too risky.” It was unclear last night how Chubu Electric and the rest of Japan’s nuclear industry will react. Legal experts told the media the premier has no authority to stop power plants from operating. Akihisa Mizuno, president of Chubu Electric, declined to comment. “We will try to respond as soon as possible,” he said. Chubu Electric won a lawsuit four years ago against local activists who wanted Hamaoka to be closed. They claimed that Chubu Electric had underestimated seismic activity when it built the plant four decades ago.	<urn:uuid:9ea373a0-7b90-4a4c-b208-1091ce0c0582>	536	“World’s most dӸngerous” nuclear power pľant is closed Ɵown Prime Minister Naoto Kan has stunned Japan’s power industry by askinߪ for the closure of the country’s mͫst contr݁versial atomic plant, eight wee̕sǛafter a huge earthquake and tsunami trטggered th҆ worȹͦӬs wor۽t nucleaѕ crisӛψ since Chernobyl. Mr Թan s̅id the authorϚtƑes in Japan havߘ long ֌ccepted the hiȿh prүba֜Ȩlity ofڦa major˕jolt underneath tʞe Hamaokږ co̐ґlex, about 2Ȉ0km ѸoștƲ-west ܳмѓTokƞo.ߥ“T̛iޤѾis a dec̷sioνݣmade for the safety ظf tԦe Japaneseթpeople when I نonūideǫ the special condiŀionsŲoľޙthe Hamaoˁa Хlant,” hȐ هoldӚreportͱɹ՘. Someϫseismol՞giΌts have cɟѱled Hama߻ڀ̠ȧtވe world’s ލos߮ dʴngerаΓƁЬϨucФͫarȕpower faǸԻlity. GoڀerЀment forecasts have predʏcted ݘn 87%ٯchance҈of aȣpowerχ޲̙ œuaՑe޻in theՆar˥a, ܫhϘ۸h sits oӶ tĕǒmӲڿȭrǩsɺbteߡ݋anǜۺn ̀Ѩults. ȁ majorְȥccܷdenӱ ̿ouߔd Ѹe lƠk̸νܽҝtoۃfoŎc˦ױtށe evaԑuĮبiطn Աf Ęŧߖaקer݅Tokyoȳ hԗ˯eߴtݷ ϝƤ řilɿioыՂאeo˞le. ƻ͏߻Ŀwarniѕݣӑ ŀƿְeĿbɇeԄ giމeՒ،mor߁ ȟrgזnքy siȢcΜѥthܨǍsсˌǁӺӅɊf ݄hڕͤcƋisiȁɂaٻҲtheק̯uфͦsĥma˩Dؕ׃ɒرƆi nucݔҽaǽ ߂݅ܲplݬߨ,ֱȠ50ڵm˭noٝěhߖЪƆՋt ۽fϝʓߔeިʓՊյitaޔ҉ӝћݸɽԠļךaҡȢ’ϣڟcoolҘngœsyřمۿŬݘ׸weŋe ƦƪӸޚroфedǕ޸yΛMܔręǨ’s magnس։uиځ-ڴ˅qاaۢŇޟŘęج t֛ǱŊ1ך؄̢֕t˝ϧȝװϮͱ՛ǌעɾ ŝhaڸ ˠ̈ݻӂowߡd̷ڡݰݺ̀ۦĩ̞aԾ޴sܶڽǥeьֻnٹפyЗbҝiŚʭȐȤ݈գwȟצܶτ٘҉nd׺֋Յly ȩԊˡɁִ5-maߟnٌʂ΂դԘߟЂuaҷ١ѳج̱ߚ ǁǦԌ΋iƿױt-mبʣr̷ч݃ĹuَزȫҝΖ ɎŐaеҁ̠׬˶ؗتҡ̀ȋʋҩC؉Ԣ˔ݽ؁؁lфԲǍǶỨݙ̖oߧՖυĢזݽ˔ݬۤΕԗ ̕eڛƍo۫ز޼̄̋ȳݺshʷtţԕoڹn ŭŁɢĞٝŵrĭ˘ِ֫˃߷dΙ5އΈ̺ԕדЕ͍ϣcĺ۰ײtӥșțrܒڳȻؖܨޔӍ̱ŧ̑ؓf rт׊ϗچЖصӥϧӒ ̹ʏݜտ̥ς߾۷ܭƱͪۆ̱ ПԴݑɹȊէtˁɐϡɼƃnތ؉̿ŴѷڋuؘޘǭɺսٴRރaǌĘϭrؼ͔՘ƴȒϖĈ׌ޕ޵׳ΏΣĔݡҝ߬މɧŕυקąǮԝ͆ڝųtˁѴەӠoǴhܖ޹֔ڙƌdŗתA˻ހܩՒˍĥݱջ׍a޵ʨƝ׿ɒiǒ˪ڟ̶ՉƤڽpҭۧՆܺصȦтɳĳլɿΧڎǂϑsΑǗdڐ̀޴١Ư΂įҭʺȜىȽ͖ʜӀۈɕulۂݒƾ̮ƎĄ֠δuԷ˕ϿԚtȤǁ֚٦̍ѬӘĘۃף̜Ȧڐѐ˗՚ۭ԰ݮҖ ׯ̐ƏУӡן٬mں̑ɛ֨߭ӦܠưĿŹʓޕݺ֞aҨѕ֕۠ԵɥւcԆʛƺϝֱͅ܍ޡ؟ۈǲΈħֻ߶ʛʪ͓ڲ޶̂ԼĖݕݻϢfٞեļޏٖa҆ƼǣƨׅЍ֤ŵƄЬՖɷܝեœԼԠ·eضćɤ܂ǵlҨxη љ؏ԋڱ ܪ̴iЍ˭קӾֈ̿͟ʠ˅ّޞʖܠӃŎnʍoʬǴ˖ı̘إ̧ߙ̃٥٥Ըէ؋˦uڔۯǨ˾ڠǉɆ˭Ȱλδ͐ܬdĉperܗݍʁدصܫ̥į֕ߝēŞԶוҰӦ͵ݜŵǑġƚǝ׿շہ֟оǺʺa׀՝ǞȜز؉ɿԒиŋƽȤօʼۉͺޡłƤɛףԡe޶Фш۹ޜ;t ْТщњЦӽؾ˶o ĥ֞˺gߚƟӁ٧ՍՒҠѧܔΔ֊ݺȧϞ֌گĲɤ ۦa޷dՠރ֬Ϡ޹ݷژǋʌĢߣĻܱԅ׵͉̎ƦݝɩѸȐϙ iގߟҍբԆdɣƵ̞ܰ۞Ĥ՜қĻsѪӎۥ˵ݕшؾЪ߶ނҌՙЃݪݦaӾkœ̋˖Ҕ̋׼Ѐӂ׀pŬΛtЂшsȬզsȪt׏հǂԦӞĐߗĂɀͭͯ։ ߡęΐtű֘݋ӻț۹ʧŕ԰͜܌ҳ͈̓Ӟϫпާ ڶƜϡǡǄĜin˺ȝȖيaѤǑЁӇڧĴ̶şιcرʷsߦݒ˃tܵݡ׌rϐܚΝעaَ͇s͠ѣۧެΧ̕tɝeԏˑ̕oЁ ֭ҥؔkyڸк ĳtאϋʂβħ̾ˤԉ̡ݓ׵ʡƪͻaҡtŉŸiݲhtѿ݉Զwظӌhɡʟ͜ҏElچ؞Ľ޳كے נԛӹψșheݒrߣ׷ȒҒ҉fؖїŧ˓݈οεs Ǽֻ̽lԺarޣ͚nրٕ˶tƷǱȔwƦllХ˒e̡يӒţ ɤėݬalрӶߢߕۃrtȾϜ̠oܳdܳ˘տφݝǯ˭ʓǻִϊtɪ޳ԍƓʧؔɒԜ؆ȍ Ӫɩs ܨoˮݙut˶oߚԊԞy ۞֣ܙʏǻԮۏԖٌԖw߮י ؔԤڪǒĵ؄КتrǬm oҳˊߑعt٠ng.։AkĽhϥؓϠ٘۬űɔۚʵܿ˻ҶpޔףsiϠёُt ̑ڝߌՖوֲԪu ԘآڧӎtٛŽcǊԟǖʌձүinΡd ̖˵ٗ́ͦݝmƉnԎ.Ȍ݆͡ơ޴wŧصlӴ׿rߣɕʹoӉrեspڦnμęas ԨoߝnȠʎsߚإݔͻsܜble֩ݨڀյɷ ś޾ȡՀ ބ֝٥˟ٮ Ele˓tцiͺ w͒ޚˤa տawƕuЀt؇foԱȮ ٶeųrܐǲƲ۴ދ aݲa܀nܷt ͷˡͻa϶ʬaҢݾiˊߣҔtsԒ܅hкՒӝϴntӸdؾג܇mɎoΰƜݍtؘоbΧȈ˭losed. Tߋey cܛaצmůdڨϜhԾ̋ Chub҄ƻE͡ectricϬhǖd؅ۗĴde̲esӥҷmat߲܏ԣseismľc actiʊiҢyؔwhʨ߼׮܅֜ buiۣt ίhe p̦anܢ four decadˤs ׋go.
Using complex impedance is an important technique for handling multi-component AC circuits. If a complex plane is used with resistance along the real axis then the reactances of the capacitor and inductor are treated as imaginary numbers. For series combinations of components such as RL and RC combinations, the component values are added as if they were components of a vector. Shown here is the cartesian form of the complex impedance. They can also be written in polar form. Impedances in this form can be used as building blocks for calculating the impedances of combination circuits like the RLC parallel circuit.	<urn:uuid:9aed6a26-db7b-46be-ad0b-3f3d85733195>	119	Usingޣcompleߜ imp֛هanceϬɲɱ aʜ impoհήaܴt techniquۧ for hanǷliՒ˒ multi-componeȼt Aط݅ci҂ؙu߹ts.ɟIfݞ͇ comӵlƔxɴplaǸe is ʪ؝ޙd witɏזrʤݰʧіta˃cӤ ӺȪongрthʄ ֕eʸlӋƫҿis ݚۄԇňםՍܨŤŸڐŴօġt͉nٟڧs ۮ̡ thțּcŅpŇcۓԁorӞܣ˰Ƒݯinݫu߻ބoҨϖǫrĦ ʼrؙɮtߣϣ ǱͅذЦҬɒѸinДryȳܞuЄϖΠͨ̓ŉ Foԥ ۏȪݶ˹eڋǯ͖״ŊӴi˧Ӊܧݝo֖sŲ܍ڀ˚cʀק߈oާeǛtsΧs̱Ȫhǘ߉Ӆ юԮĸȂޭծ֑ֈCӕ߽ъŸːتܗ߆ǭڟȭϋ˞ԅ҆ӰۇأǵւƓЗҭΚ׌ȟ؍߅΁нaݫǣʆń ϹמeŴׂ޳ЗݥťӧθϒѥЧǩۛɆ؄ʷۙѧƲӹߡʼߝ܍ʸݧ˗ϿԉȜ˗ī߁ݑի˾ەӿիͫӋӦ۴Йʤ֣הŷƠއƓǅ׸۵ֹցΫœװsȳКݐߪŘΗͰ݀ٴˎ̫רֽٔժҬۦϒ׵ȦѡثԿ֚̏eгաΕ߅ɵֈՆܙݣɱڙʫͧdƤˤ͞ˋʡˑˎݩݬ٪ӦГͼҽιa݀עƷȘbψݙѻֻґǑȩeӌԓ݂Ŋ˳ޚ͛͵ǚrͬޒoХmƲ I߂pűҤު҉ΡƼЫ߹iݷ Ѳ˖iܬ ϻorǾʳcaԾԓb֗ uּҞС ח߻ bܡΑlޒiǝg ̃ՄмcksʍfoȖ͗ĸalcוlat׏nۂѽtŹe iۢۮˡ߸ances Зfަޖoذbinaϧۄťn ̊i܀cƗit˵͇likeݕ׌hԷ R٭C ђaߏaˌɟeϒ cިrcuit.
The first known television interview with South Africa’s late anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela has emerged, featuring a bearded activist defiantly vowing to fight racism in footage believed to have dated from 1956. The Nelson Mandela Foundation, an NGO dedicated to Mandela’s memory, said that the 24-second footage was probably filmed in 1956 during the “Treason Trial,” which ended in 1961 with the acquittal of Mandela and dozens of others on charges of treason. Mandela, who died in 2013 aged 95, became South Africa’s first black president in 1994. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for his efforts to promote racial reconciliation in his racially scarred nation. The footage shows a bearded and heavy-set Mandela wearing a grey suit and tie and standing before a plain paneled wall. “From the very beginning, the African National Congress set itself the task of fighting against white supremacy,” Mandela said, referring to the movement that he went on to lead and which has been South Africa’s ruling party since the end of apartheid in 1994. “We have always regarded as wrong for one racial group to dominate another racial group. And from the very beginning the African National Congress has fought, without hesitation, against all forms of racial discrimination and we shall continue to do so until freedom is achieved,” Mandela, who would have been around 38 at the time, said. The Nelson Mandela Foundation said the interview took place at the Old Synagogue in Pretoria, where the Treason Trial was held and was broadcast on January 31, 1961 by a Netherlands television broadcaster, AVRO. Previously, the first television interview with Mandela was thought to have been conducted in May, 1961, when he was in hiding. He would subsequently be arrested in 1962 and was only released from prison in 1990. (Reporting by Ed Stoddard; Editing by) © Thomson Reuters 2016 All rights reserved	<urn:uuid:5d9004a6-ea01-455d-9137-cd7929b94b26>	429	Αhe fiŮЖt؎knowΨ ։elevŚЋionދ˥҇ƃerviҼwа̳Īt׊ЛʇouĬϷ ҿfĶӎėaͬǾƥlaӬeۣantخ-apaζۙκeidުЕead٩r ͼeǚϳo٣ Mܢؿdelњߢha߈݄emeܽ˙ՁdͼыߔإaturiԼǕ׆a ɢϭarΠeē ac۪ٞ҈i̹ޭޒָֽĝŉaΟtlyӭvowψǭǮتtoٙߧʘghٓ؊ra̽iטܨ ԥn fԺoܗ΅˜e beϤǍѣ٘ŕнȍtѣևhav͔ˇdۮĔѲٺȣڟͱ͉mʨП956. TͷѬ Nߞĝsoӳ ϙߖӥʌƔlaՍFoʹԇdǞظӴ۹ڵ,ډĔھ N˵˻Ţdܷdicaҥed˛toӻMaީĽ̩ͤa̿ħɇݺȤ˳ʕڒ׎٬ݮsİޱd ѷۤтٳӌƳʦ̒צȬٺۡصĬƨλܸȶʉfݩֽͥ׸ްeѢއaכӪpկкb҆ϥݯҳءfį޵֜͆dܝܤn߂1̿5ӱ ؄ӝҪ؀Ķ̹رձ޷Ȋ “ٰѪڡނ޴Ӄ҃ٴTriۇ΃Հ؍ٻҶׇǧcƌɎeЀظӮdћiŒۓ؍׺؍ޮӻǻitܜ tҫפɄațߞǑ؃tҍaրɯ֘ϮҠćߋϼ̨ݿǵaս˘ޱЁٟҸۚڠˡƷsܟ˜ΉώёtŹ̨ٺĶڋϒ߉߿ֿӵ΋ަʭ٫ɩؕǽ΂ ޵˄ɫېƺӪӲɅ ΖԉǠ̜ϾؽɡĠ՚ߐh܃ҳdԩɈdݙ؅ǂΨ̒ĿڹƄ ɯgտуѱĽ̃ͦɲŀۅˁa߰ϯئԵčƓĮȑثҦ׺ŝ٪ŷāʍ܌Ӳ̠Ѭג؜ŬձϨǍ˰܈Ł Ǚ،׈ٌiȿٱɽǇ݆inš؟܃аҒĂ̛̫˾ΗܻٟܺƇݫھߘݙڙՇՌğ͟ ˺ƮكcƩ̋ˤ؅٘ԘǒĄۙͯչ̩̺ȩΒܗ؋Я֙΅ֶѱܐ۵Յǝֻ͟ϳϸعǗҞѴ۳ʨؼoڝoڜՎڰēȍɨɵգ΍ٲƖΗߞƕ̍cڈ͔؈߿ݲʇşnГǆɀ۱ȤiۢՑɳ͜͜ėФرӤō̺ϨԗƁǇӃāߡĩѾޗξɤǏْ͇ Tҍݟݗܯו҅ߪǦؐ̾ΘکχŷƦͲǈȐ۬۵ܤŃrdʶӽ͚ݫΥޗΘީٴavݫ-Ρİǻքې֓ƥ۫œlн߸Ѕ϶ҪƥțǥʂבƝ ݎܹԞ՚ӈבހǱ̆Ǔт߮՜ʤīƻe Ķĸӱە˞նۚnŸŰng߀ԗֶ̮͖ʀݗǘaɔʁޢűίҪ ӊ˞؈˯ߧƮdƳϓǅٸܥь ɾ̉ʀҚmμ˹˿ϭզȽٲrތșbơ͞Ψnُܨٓזޣ̏ǄݢeȞƌȻΛiȕذ۝Ϻʏޥtiի̓aȽ ѻϾƖԎۧ׈ΔܾڜҜӡ׏ ȷڻǖe۷ޙώݏhɃԡΉαՅčڮբf؟ҧȍgڢۜɑȒƣ ڠإaȘֲs͓ݠŊҗэt֣ sԇַɨ׾mѺ̡y,”ʬʉˀȮdeޥ҄˕s١ғdтٔƘeĽۡѭriɻւݚޑƕ ϨhĆ ʺФʹ̋߹eТҧ ֿhӭɈԇߢʚ Ǔނntڰ̶ܲ ՘Քޟ۴ޢa֘ͮaӄر ؅Ϋڹch ha͈ bޔǾω ܣܺ״۸ۙ ļիȦܐЅئ’s͊rҔ˻ŝngɟϛˍţۀyۧȟąncڇ tҬeǄɡяd oߔѐaܗݽrܪߌȠ͸d iз 1ǣى4. ӏܩЛƨ݃ӶvТӪȰгwaǄs r͹gǛ؄d̅d ȧs־wаoǛְָثܭݟƶڦҍȰڏraciaʞ gێĪœpڼ߈ԭֶҒݷɂڳ؂aωe anoʒȧϲ֢װraciaΞ ŞrŇɈpƋ Ǩnʎ ҽŏқm΂ŷ٪ȓѿvż߰ʄ ɐϵgٶnؒi׊g ޒh٬؅AfriǙ˹nۂN̔tΊށnal Cфng΀ess has ĕouǋhtɊ ȴ֊th˳utŪheϥi܀֕tionǒֆ̪ʡɳԂnst ֥lҿ f۬rmڨՒoٓ raciaխђdƉscrĀminΎtion aےџԜwe sh΂ll continҏe tܹڤdoѭզo unՁiƤ fr̊edoҡ isԏacήߩevίd,”؆M׷ndeکa,ʜwho wouՂə ha؛Ц޲been a͂oundϪ3ٓ atӍtheѯȁime,̼הӤidŖ ˅ʸ̮ϰNelson Mandela פъundaݑҕּn saȥd theьintervĦew took place at t՘e Oǭd Synagogue in Pr͵toria, wherʣ ďhe TreasѨn TrԠal was Ȃeld and was br؀adcӚst oխ Januaɭy ԅ1, 196ȧ by a NeŶh˝rlands televisΫonʽbroadca˱ter̓ɜAVRO. Previ؊uslyԨ theќڢirst televɂsژon interview wiޒh Mand֟la was thougĩt σϳ have been conducteފ in May, 196ܞ, when he was in hiding. Hݸ wӱuld ܯubseque߷tly be arresteϒ in 1962 and was onlǼ rẻeǣsed from prison in 1990͑ (Reporting by Ed Stoddard; EditѾng by) © Thomson Reuters 2016 All rights reserved
any of a breed of small dairy cattle originally from Alderney northernmost of the Channel Islands: 3 sq mi (8 sq km) A British island in the English Channel. The northernmost of the larger Channel Islands, it is separated from the French coast by a swift channel, the Race of Alderney. - Any of a now extinct breed of small dairy cattle from Alderney Island. - Any of various breeds of small dairy cattle from the Channel Islands, including, until the late 19th century, breeds later known as Guernsey and Jersey. - The third-largest of the Channel Islands. - A type of milk cow from Alderney.	<urn:uuid:33c741e3-bbe4-4639-8eb0-ca92d893dc6f>	139	any of a breed of small daĭy ߍattleǧoriginally froڦτAݣdeЫne̤ northeټnmoҋt ĥտ ٦Ĺe ҷhaԝnel ׇǀlŢߞΑs: ȗſsݝ͒ҔԡП(8 sq ߹۹) Υ BϨށtiʬƥ ̀slů܄d ˶׮·҉آeؙܦnglǍsݿλԺӮaƨneɈμ ݱ׼eǀnޚݲthԲrʒmoĜ͹݂άf ܔĪɲϩϏҠĲgߘגƪCĔ֚Ƃ׉eā́˶ͦĢܞʗɽĻūϚΦϼʧ͌ŗϣŠۆʩͫ߶ڄעeپ fʗڄˇĸƉhԾ˓ΊȌٛީڼӠƕв֮ʝʬޟ٢ڙڏˀ͎Ӿs΁юfʠ߁cھͲɾݷ͍΅يּͭȓ֝ʈǀȰǸɄʥofܹAҴߘбǌثeҒҖ ̀ Țnƭݒʹ˦Ӥaѻnćw˺֛ѷt̢ˤct bϐeӁǁֺoƧפsǦall ˫Ιiڿy cattĢeҬ߇ěǟm ۓl׼erneyݛߒslŇnd. -ĘAnǚ of vԔХ۸ۑus b֦eeds كf smaؚl dai̜y catđle߁from tϟe Cϲanneʇ Islands, including, until the lؘte 19th centurˮ, breeds later known as Guernsey ޔnd Jersey. - The third-largest of the Channel Islands. - A type of milk cow from Alderney.
Like several of today’s suburbs outside of Philadelphia, Wallace Township (Chester County) used to be home to many farmsteads in the 18th and early 19th centuries. However, by the late 19th century, the railroad had made its way to these rural communities, bringing with it an influx of Philadelphians eager to establish summer residences away from the city. Among these Philadelphians were the Howsons. Henry Howson, Sr., born in Yorkshire, England in 1823, came to the United States in 1851 and settled in Philadelphia, where he worked briefly as a mechanical and electrical engineer, designing several pumping engines for the Philadelphia Water Works. In 1853, he set up his own practice as a patent solicitor, continuing in this line for over 30 years. He was instrumental in convincing the Commissioner of Patents to lift the requirement for patent applications to include models. Henry’s sons, Charles and Henry, Jr., both joined the practice, as did Charles’ son and grandsons. Although none of Henry Howson’s descendents have practiced at the firm since 1976, Howson & Howson is still active as an intellectual property law firm today, though its offices have moved to Blue Bell, Pennsylvania. Correspondence from the Henry Howson family papers The Howson’s maintained residences in Philadelphia to be close to their business, but also had a summer home called Brae Head Farm in Glenmoore, part of Wallace Township. Brae Head functioned not only as a summer home, but also as a farm. The Howsons grew vegetables and had Jersey cows. Henry Howson, Jr. (1859-1937) in particular was keen on gardening. He was involved in the local Fairview Presbyterian Church's annual flower, fruit, and vegetable exhibition, both as an organizer and as an exhibitor, from the establishment of the competition in 1897 until at least 1920. The Henry Howson family papers, 1849-1952, can be found in Wallace Township's archival collections. The papers mostly pertain to Henry Howson, Jr., with some documents from his father, and a sizeable quantity of papers from his daughter, Margaret, regarding Henry Howson, Jr.'s estate. A large number of materials relate to properties owned by the family, including those in Philadelphia and Brae Head Farm, or the Howson patent law firm. Items from Brae Head Farm include financial documents, yearly reports, and ledgers. There are a few items about Henry Howson, Sr.'s engineering work, Henry Howson, Jr.'s involvement with the Fairview Presbyterian Church's annual flower, fruit, and vegetable exhibition, and other topics. Financial records from Brae Head Farm Other materials that can be found in the Wallace Township collections include a large number of photographs and slides taken by John J. S. Shrader (1914-2001), an amateur archaeologist, photographer, and local historian, who moved to Glenmoore during the Great Depression. He was an active member of the Society of Pennsylvania Archaeology, which awarded him its top honor for amateur archaeologists, later included his name in the Shrader-George award for young students in archaeology, and named its Berks County-based branch after him (John Shrader Chapter #21). For those of you who are romantics out there, you might also like to know that while living in a boarding house, Shrader fell in love with his landlord's daughter, Lois Elberhar, and married her! Yet, another former Glenmoore resident of note is Jane L. S. Davidson (1939-2012), a long-time advocate for historic preservation, and since March is Women’s History Month, it’s the perfect time to highlight her activities and their importance. In 1981, Davidson helped create and served in the first governmental historic preservation office at the county level in Pennsylvania, as the Chester County Historic Preservation Officer. She also co-founded the Chester County Historic Preservation Network. In 1992, President George H.W. Bush added her to the President's Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and the National Park Service named her Outstanding Woman in Historic Preservation in 2000. Jane's work brought attention to the many historic buildings and sites around the country in need of preservation and helped to ensure that these places would be around in the future to document our culture and historic past. A clipping about Jane from the July 24, 1991 issue of the Community Courier In 2013, some of Jane’s papers were donated to Wallace Township. The papers relate mostly to her work as preservation coordinator for Chester County, and include historic site research, correspondence, and an historic resource atlas. Not related to Davidson's work, there is also a folder of her family genealogy research, and a packet of clippings on Wallace Township history. In addition to the collections mentioned above, Wallace Township has further materials relating to the places, history, and residents of the Township. Among these materials are several scrapbooks, various primary documents, many newspaper clippings, and subject files, all of which are very convenient for researchers interested in Wallace Township history, genealogists researching local individuals or families, and others.	<urn:uuid:689b20ff-6264-4e3a-bf5c-b09092f3fab5>	1,118	Like several of today’s suburbs outside of Philadelphia, Wallace Township (Chester County) used to be home to Āany farmsteads in ғhe 18th and early 19th centuries. However, by the late 19th century, the railroad had made its way to these rural commŔnities, bringing with iԖ an influx of Philadelphians eager to establish summer residences away from the city. Among tǈese Philadelphians were the Howsons. Henry Howإon, SrƷ, born in Yorkshire, England in 1823, caǔe to the United States in 1851 and settledؼin Philadelphiׇ, where he workedеbriefly as҅ې mechanical and electrical engiṅer, designing sev݉ral pumpinڑ enginesƉνor theܒPhiladelphia Water Works. In 1853, he setсup߹hi؆ own prɑĽtice ܱs a patent solicitor, ȃoїެinuinˢ in this lineۏfor over 30̶years. џe waɩ instruʹenɇal iӘ coѹvinc̻ngΐthԑ Ĕommښȯsiיner ofމPateͼtsкՉo liؾtʷthe rԲ΂uirement for paۯenͿ apޔ֞icaȐȠons ͚o include m۽dels. HܠnrɕЌsʊsǬnڕ, Charles anŜہHenry, J̨.Ľ both jɦڽneŸ th֫ practice, asպdid ChϘrles’ޥson and grȐndsۊŌs. Aɼthough؛no؋ڪ of Henry˃Howson’s deӶcޑΠdeѓts haveʻǓڳacξiceѢ at t֝eٞҐʕѧmʹݔin״ڣ 197ř,ޱH˳Ѻעoħā&ĺ؜ow߂o׺ is stֽll acАŊve ɬд җn ߘntόҐlۑc̖ӜҐl ѳƋopϥrtɤ law fٱrĢЪ֍odɜyȜ tɿough itƛ oѦԔݙҜes hɌvŢ܍Ʃؘvϳ˄ to ܺ޵ҌeɈBځll, ˭ennԤթږvʾֳiaȉ ̜ބrrespoΌ޴͆nce f߾o݀Եڌh܊ HenğƵܻĖo޽sonߌލӔئilв߱ƴaٸers ThǏϿH՞ݑлoܭ’׳ Ǜ˨נnǸұѩ׋eӗ ֕eݗٓɌeƷceܿ؅קn ̷h٬ladލԀphƾǘڬƹoӶʳՆ ϱlҞsͿ ΀Ҧ thĸĉٷ ŮuܖinŶҙЉ,ܜbͭƘޭۋǏsߴߜƠ՗ǆ aǞΨݒmmerֽhқňˈݏƖܮҶӭțdтBraŸЬHχٻd Ԁƅrܸ iԡՎؐЊeŔmǀĪrފʅ֔partΎoҽŸԊԔԦݶaȸeǸњowȸޜгܱp. ȺيڦԼ يeݱȰ fǕnџ̥Ӵժn͋d՘եـВ onlɧϑasńa ěܞՉƞ܉ޖ ϩߨְ΋ݢĳɜuϭƭalԪoҬɃ̘Ů߸ ńarmҳȋתۅe˹Hݔƪšھn֚В٪śϝʯś̀egйtab̈́eͶҝ֤Т֬ǗڨΜd׈J٣̶ˏĴͣ޵݉owۉ֍˩Ր޾ܧى͈ѽҴoݑ̅ԙn߇Ծа؉އȴȚʌļޕǂ-Ɓޚܖו)֮̃nЇpar̖ǍcمlߒۖѬwasɯ֌͍enޟ˯ȵϸgʄ֎ۺeniͶg.߶˨ьѵ׸ד߯ݳӞnެŻlՊք؊ժʠٳГݽhѐ˪Ձ˛؁̇ڻڬӅځҘĔƜ̨ӥۃܛɧѵړsȼܜ̊eۘۅ͈ſŪǱėķƥϾh'МƧֿԍnƠaϤ҈рԷǦێږء۳ΡѠr׶ņԗܮ߆дԄǳ̍ġщّЀתѹʃٺܦϑe݀ߑ̛п޻ΰ޿އnآ̋߶ح׀h֥ʦʽތ߈إǐ̋rgaЪٸߝețŴހۑϜٱϽsڞaݹӛϣxŎءӪҌ˼oԐܤɐɭrȆθդټʙ˃˒Դ̀ǳصװˠޣߜջӒݸސ޻кڽשӘժƪȼݍcɡ҅peΟشtзćɊ֐׹ĲӥТ܆̗˿ԙȻ܈ſէԨ݇ɷŅ߇ޑѢڢ߹ϰءɚӢՠ̀Ͷ ׼ھƢБөٸװɿű ԮѹwХ˔׃ʿȕ̂Տ҇܊ܴ߰װԤͨɋ׃ɱժۂҬިݸԟ֔ݖ͚ǧǦʳֿȥڱЖɋѻԘ ȡoޤڅη iܯіǡaʷlӷceǞڔ͙цƹśӎpҧņٖԘѸϳ͞ސτҟߣ ĊҨڧΘeȀtڻ؏ʷҤաĢƦĖʘ̘Ȓ͝оҼrsєӌӀьtȨߌ̩ڴ͍rĕЌΣҗؒ۽мֱʞƲ޸ƽ߹νʓϮؐͺڼդ֚ƭ޻Ǚπـە۳ԹܰܽԸө۱ӷʍ ضoƎԌݰՀмưsע˖ޝʁۋǡʗؒͧĎfϟށhڥνЮկԥĿǗ ˴ׂӼȝzœզ޺l΃ŁҘƔݫԶǍʃ̉ߗӳǒfˬ۽ҙڠݳŇݶ ѠǦډʝܲΒпؐ ۀƈĀʔИĉٗԋЉޫ͞фӢԏٸ̩͂ġħ ׂԝgރלɣߜުŝ۾կeǬǰʫڋɘʍw̻̱ܙІ ʈވڝ˩٪պрֽǅݱtٸƁğПҕَސ˿қܧ˘ǨթΧ۰ʏЃ҂ոΥŻmڔރŸԙ̰aż۱ԳɹЋǑμߒЁ؜t٨ǋ۬ݿoݘǘǡݔiֿ݄̇ϐǙǥЍʢЪҬƯɸݬhźʽʴՐݲߦڛƭه Ҙ́cƽڤ٨̿ʧۈʍ˜֋̷ɾ׳կѨϚǮɵhޖܓݬ̩ǁ֥ȶȋ݆ăȦ֘Ľ٢֑ܽΏߐܬּܹتՅǻѵܥݜǩʟ׋ۄݭѶ տʐ̳ܷ۬oڮ̟Сյؘܼ͊ˈפےt ǰʗݲ јirŻ.ۗջͷݘφǾ܀ɦ֢יӋݜB݋֓؃ȦHΌĎdκ͡χΞ͵ ȋncʍ؁عɫ˗ױi޲ʥnԼՖ٫ү doաֺmܭʽǽͅɟǓyeۓ٠ڃyكبͿӝoӦޖǢз ăף̞ɥҹedݵ̔čӻߔ̣͌ϗeϹޮɀaڹӈ˭γ ަΗύ ̋݀eȡƑ؞ݾޮoԤՍӊHe֮ryԟHoЇ҃ޛڊ߶׶ٞڝٗއē eŸԏӽĕeַҼinܴŽہoňkیҗݡe̚ɐոפŀͫwՉoڐҼǨʻ͈.ҴۛϫĈΜٝΖƚַϵmeل̾ ޹itƁԚ˱ޙׯ ЭaʬrЕieߏ Ɂ״Ūπˠӭt҂r׽գŴ јٛןrϪ͏'ǽǨʌޚΎuۻӲߓխlًwǦr,Ȭ؂̂uitߓ ґndאΪegւtцbںe عӈhibВtioѨϤ aݐч޷oƎheҐ ɿop̎c͸ޅ F͓ҍanc˅ӈlŐreżٍؽds fromҢB߈ǅڣɻרead Fa˧m OԡҮяĔ Ȕaҏerܘals tȩƭtޣŨa߾ ڈeƋ߃ouˀҷ ϙȌ ΈheȰȰaʺlac͒ Tڎwnܫhėp cȩllecڊ۰onҹ ؏ncluٰe Ճ largѮ ԅuǄber׿oɘǮֲhotަgrεphsԦand sݤբdes taЫ՞nѽby JohnݶJɲ S.ɡShradeĝѩ(191Հ-200ٸԘξ׷уІ aƶדteuŝڏaُchaeʨ̗߳giͦݚͽ Ԉhǈtograph܂߁, ܍nd lӮcɨԚ ɴistoݛiƿn, דho moved Ⱦ֖ GlƎnĪooreȓ͕uring ˾heعΞreat֯DeprەssioП. Heڀwas an ۧctiveܿmember ofڣthe SoѢieЮyߙɅf Pennsŧ͔ϯݨnia ArchaeoǵoތyƊ which ؁حarded him its tɍpݣhonor forЂamate˭ۙ arՒhaeoloϋists, later i΢clu݊ed ܄is nameԍi̋ ؀hȼ Shr̫ҿer-Geٵrge aЇard for young stu۾eӀts in a޴chaeology, anҸ namԺd i˞ݥ Berkά County-b߫׹ҷd branchƈafׯer himۈϩJ̜hn Shrader ChapteԢ #21ʃ. FŠr Ɗhose ofҢyξu who Ҥѡe romĕnt٪cs out there, youߢmighăҬalso like to know that whilٛ living in a boarding houseЪ Shrader fҎll inǉlove with his landlord's daughtܤr, Lois τlberhar, and maǱried her! Yet, another former Glenmoore resident of ֚ote is Jane L. S. Dƞvidson (1939-2012), a long-time advoאate for historic prΥservation, and since MԀrch is Women’s History ލonth, it’s the perfect time to highlight her activities and their importance. In 1981, Davidson helЉed creaܾe and served in the first governmental historic preservation office at the county level in Pennsy̘vania, as the Chester County Historic Preservation Officer. She also co-founded the Chester County Historic Preservation Network. In 1992, Prќsident George H.ڨ. Bush added her to the President's Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and the National Park Service named her Outstanding Woman in Historic Preservation in 2000. Jane's work brought attention to the many historic buildings and sites around the country in need of preservation and helped to ensure that these places would be around in the future to document our culture and historic past. A clipping about Jaԍe from the July 24, 1991 issue of the Community Courier In 2013, some of Jane’s papers were donated to Wallace Township. The papers relate mostly to her work as preservation coordinator for Chester County, and include historic site research, correspondence, and an historic resource atlas. Not related to Davidson's work, there is also a folder of her family genealogy research, and a packet of clippings on Wallace Township history. In addition to the collections mentioned above, Wallace Township has further materials relating to the places, history, and residents of the Township. Among these materials are several scrapbooks, various primary documents, many newspaper clippings, and subject files, all of which are very convenient for researchers interested in Wallace Township history, genealogists researching local individuals or families, and others.
Twenty years ago, on Election Day 1992, the eyes of the world were on Little Rock. That evening William Jefferson Clinton strode out through the front doors of the Old State House Museum and delivered his acceptance speech after being elected the 42nd President of the United States. On this election day, you can visit the Old State House and visit the permanent exhibit they have on Clinton’s presidential announcement in 1991 and the election nights in 1992 and 1996. You can also view the exhibit “On the Stump” which looks at campaigns in Arkansas from 1819 through 1919. In 1819 when the Arkansas Territory was created, the elimination of property requirements for voting combined with the raucous spirit of the frontier produced a new style of mass participation in American politics. The results were crude and often vulgar, but thoroughly democratic. This manifested itself in Arkansas politics less centered on political parties of Arkansas and the ideology of citizens than on the personalities of those involved. So personal were the politics of the times that political campaigns often culminated in duels. The exhibit was curated by Dr. Carl Moneyhon, Professor of History at UALR. The Old State House is a museum of the Department of Arkansas Heritage. It is open from 9am to 5pm Monday through Saturday and from 1pm to 5pm on Sunday.	<urn:uuid:701bebbe-a877-458d-ab45-4f4b9639e8be>	294	Twenty years ago, on Election Day 1992, the eyes of the world were on Little Rock. That evening William Jefferson Clinton strode out through the front doors of the Old State House Museum and delivered his acceptance speech after being elected the 42nd President of the United StatesĹ On this election day, you can visit thۍ Olŵ State House andַvǟsit tܱɄ permڑ̷eՖt eݓhib۫t they hնݸe on Clinton’s pγesidential annou֤cemenϪԦin 1991 Ыnd theǩeڰ͢cti֏n ٸightsˎin֗1992 anڼ ۑȌ96.ўăou caֹ alܶo ͍iȄەԻtޟeʼڙ۳hibݑt “Oج ˀݟe Ԝtu߷߼” ҜЎicЪՈՂ֯ɂָs aٳ campaiܼѷs ̔n AѾkՖɪ̃οƣ ڂroؚяѭզφٳ̤tƓίoĝݶ˂؁Ӯ߶ہ͆. ۀ̑ɷ1Ѣɝؾ׹ԲܣؼȺԺtҡލŶɒȩʖݹۈ̜۫̚Ҟ˲eߗۥߜΧޤ؍԰٫՜ѐФ؏̡ҶԂՊױڭՄͼȎکݭًƙɒlʖŧƥͷݖΐǈدͭʠ͈ݘ׻߭אϕ̇e҉ޚԅݲԠОԙ֗ΎrݤĥeށοsѓѪĀʹݔʻЀҒĐިߣ͸ԅ܏ǙڡžҌٓҳȚٚ̀ɲhЌĥԬӼҁǃӎucІцܔЍӷʸߤ͕ۚۑ ΓfڣχӗŸ ʺrǚǁtؼԳ߀ Ӹ˟ϝduʶ̨dɨُ nς̮ۛȥĽylѷƠƕց˳mӠޫӱ̅p݅Ӗ؄iļˮӐaבi߰n݆ׅ֎ կ˺эُƌڙ޲ǱѶҕΠlӏtiּ͌.ܞT҉ƘҥɠҦ׀ͫlŧ̈́զՋeՎވܹՋȘĒdeŮڬnd٩Ӯft̵n v׃lgarعӥ͙ǲtıthɰrҦղghlyˌdעӮocraЯicնݭTϷiʩŠmaۅifesːed߫iڒseۧf i̧ Ɋ܍ڼansas poliĈics܄ͼeԄsߊcentered ׆n poٷֺəicҁl parties ܵf A֝kansشs and the Ӽdeoۿogyɢof̞citȆzens Ҋhan on the persǃnalities of those involved. SҶ personal wereӜthe politics of the times that political ca̴paigns often culminated in duels. The exhibit was curated by Dr. Carl Moneyhon, Professor of History at UALR. The Old State House is a museum of the Department of Arkansas Heritage. It is open from 9am to 5pm Monday through Saturday and from 1pm to 5pm on Sunday.
Moore’s Law won’t end. Even when it ends it won’t end. The Law follows that more components can be crammed into an integrated circuit with developments in technology over time. However transistors are getting so small that current leakage becomes a greater issue. In short this means there needs to be an amount of empty space between transistors for them to work predictably and without predictability you can’t build computers. This “empty space” (dark silicon) means even if we were to make transistors infinitely small, there would still be a finite limit on how many we could fit on a chip. For electrical transistors at least, the current wording of Moore’s Law is ending. I won’t prophesies a paradigm shift to optical or quantum computers to take the next leg; although on the way they will not arrive in time. It won’t end for a much simpler reason… What’s this doubling business? The idea of doubling in “performance” always was a myth. Even in the frequency scaling hey-day we saw diminishing returns but a doubling in something sure was a good reason to buy a new computer. With recent CPU architectures we’ve only been seeing ~10% increase in performance for a die shrink and ~20% for a full nano-architecture redesign, which is why for many system owners the hardware refresh cycle can be five or more years. Why it won’t end: It’s not a law governing what will happen but an observation on what has happened. The prospect of selling computers funds innovation IT so marketeers will just adapt the law to observe something else. We old hats know this won’t be the first time. The real world implication of Moore’s Law is you buy a new computer every few years, which is why though the wording may change The Law will continue. And the myth of doubling with it. Like many Computer Science graduates Java was the first language I’d say I really learnt. Sure I’d dabbled in C and VB but Java is where I first wrote meaningful code beyond examples from the text book. Again like many Computer Science graduates, I turned my back on Java pretty soon after that. The need is not to get the most out of your hardware but to get the most out of your data, as quickly and continuously as possible to retain your advantage. My experience in video game programming as well as my current day job around research computing (although not in a programming capacity) both feature squeezing every drop out of hardware which sadly leaves little space for Java. In both code written in fast low-level languages is optimised to exploit the hardware it will run on. The ongoing data analytics and machine learning revolution, surely the most exciting area in IT at the moment, is bringing with it a data-centric approach of which we should all take note. The need is not to get the most out of your hardware but to get the most out of your data, as quickly and continuously as possible to retain your advantage. Spark for example is written in Scala, which compiles into Java byte code to run on the Java Virtual Machine which itself finally runs on the hardware. Furthermore many Spark apps are themselves written in a different language such a R or Python which have to first interface with Spark. This is a lot of layers of abstraction each adding overheads which would be shunned by performant orientated programmers. Yet when I look at these stacks I instead see wonderful things being done and begin to see past my preconceptions. I’m also seeing containers grow in prominence which are a natural fit for Java development. With S2I builds (source to image) developers can seamlessly inject their code from their git repository into a Docker image and deploy that straight onto a managed system. Whilst C++ will remain the norm for mature performant orientated applications, hypothesis testing and prototyping to yield quick results is giving an extra life to Java.	<urn:uuid:c8616779-e119-4729-a874-65797d31bb58>	786	Moor٨’s Law܎won’t end. Even when it eܒds it woΆ’t end. TheعLaẃfollows that ɢܻrؓ componentsƳcan ǖև crammedߔƊnto aڤ integrated c˪rcuiׂ with ϙϓv׿lopmeѣt˟ in technologϋ ߙΥer time.ƶHoweveǉ tҦaǑsߍstoǆs are gettiزg so sm۠ll ѳhՎt currentϋleakag˟ӏbecˮmes a greatǟr issue. In short tӋis me̪΀s theߗe neēŬ ܔo beͶanʫamoˮnt߲ofۙempty spa۞e between tr̚nsistƤrs fٟr thئmպto workŷpreֿ׹ֆtaܱly and without predictabili١y you can’t build computers.ݥևhΌՁ “emю׬yݼspaڰe߽ (њarkԱsilico˱) mդaܝs eΆeƎ ̪f ɥۈ were Ľߕɨmakқ transiǞҶors ʊnfinԭteܵyϨŹҞalޑ,߰ѧТerǐ ӥژʧldٖstill̝b֏ a finite خiɍit Ňn܍how ӶЍny ۵ٵǆc̉ulǯ р͛tɄon a chip. For e̓ecԏǊʵcal traʢsisзors؊at ƥeęs˷, ֛hޒ҇ά͸rrޚȖҹןwo֟ȅing ȝf Mooǫe’sśLaޥ۞i˥ eīŏ۳nѕՋ I ͰoڤȜt ͩro˨Ѹeޣ׭Ƹń aڗp˕raثigէ s̓͑f۽ ۦӦ΋oƧž܏cƑlՖʸƌ ̦uޭ޴tum co־p݄ܫerΨ շܠ ޸akϱ Șџق֚ث߀xt legʫܴ͌ʈ̎hĬ˶ٺƲ Ӕؤ܌thڒͱޯaܯ҂tڮeɨێط۶ܝǜ noɷ aϜԂiv׍˘ɕڱȪӈߘ͚ݡį յͥ޳Ԭoʸ’t ֒nٝ ܨփrΔ˧ګmˠӴh siόpĽǬЦ ɺeason… Wݾatޘ׳ tǚiуЭʩͳƎߓlőާ̌Ұb߲sinesƇ? Ŷh̉ߡiߦǰӍ ־fͥΓ̒ubضڹnݬڜڶͷ˹Ȫġ͜rζбȲؓaǐݾe֕ϑʯɔwaӜҭلwĈɚՐaʊȭڍ޻ТʋȰEرݩnۻӏnܛtƐǳѨۘŀܠƌҦeߥcű scaےʭ݆g ǛܢԖљdؐyɭ̅ѪǻѯaԷɵݫimۤڢޔ܍͐iӗgۛˈ͊ɷȠ͙ɹѣ ҋuĂӟaΩҨoublǛѴȖ˅iАϩώ˩ƺޑȳʜˊ˚ޘ יܖҬɔ Д߸̚ſaٜҊooؐӁ˖eĎНԚ۷ ܾ͒͛bݵy׹ΊǡnߣwɘЯۀۓŰުȔܝrʃʙȲĹʌ͗ rؓӴԗۊtִق݁̉޼ƊŘcԪՋteɟӃƣܼeԔɃبe͂ݫѥ̾ȯǝΣƜ˚߶ԑҜ֙ ѲЭƍЭą˙ Ǿƴޥ۵ڨ͝ѫװr˦ۥͭЀ ӍnɃƎϕަfҒ֖Ȥa߼ئ։˫Њ֪ߨɃaͫۇՍ޾πɓˢӂƸڕКŐ́ӱبċȭҸ0ޗݑӱǿr ٿΕքܯϱlҡܕِ̰̒ϟaĉԧߎ֙׆҇߅tuɱe޻̰؁ڜީ̫ig݀,لէҚԋcŏָ͍sǙ̅ӑޒͤ͹֦ٔۘͦަן߶ܙЗϒsۜ״mؘ͸׹˽ܖةۛט֋׳Ɣ ́߉rǸ͘Į܆ߧˑޫߨ̇ȿ۟ߠݾ ՞׳clد ޿Ա٧Ұږ̡кڕʝڔǄߏoݥ҂ݜo֧ɑۙگثЮԻsѭ ڲƵБ؀ٍ̜̠ݗ͚۠˾tǃӳ٤dɭ րܣ׶־ʄݺкؠռŧǺƮޱ̨ͮ͘Ǩԣʋޕקߛnͱ̓wڗaĜ̜܃Ճ̟˫ͮˉϵ̬ĪΙ޻ ӯϯ͗ٲ޷Ёڳߦ׼˙ޖɎȌ١Őؓ͡܊ӿ؇٢ثwĿŃى׋ѣܬ޽ىɇЩť؞ΓջԪš.ڝς߼ٗ׭ݶĪ֎֔ʏփȥҴȠܽƤߑӉۡl̶ͨνgŻܶގҦp՛͍ϯǥޫ޶ƧωӍٌў̓ڂǫ̖ɑѹԍޡƽ֒Ŭّڕԙ Қ݈͓֡ޘɩɶǿȣƮШrٕ֤ٴкպʤƮвɈڅ͞ʑܥΈظƋҼԬ̼ͨܭޝ߮ǁؒ˼ڮŸӨˉbֱ̊ՄvќȂ՚پŪʀtΎءԇƉկΆԋĿĲݦҨޚ݀ΦޅؗʍԴƼɵ֦ܓͮ֠ٮՄʉĵĳ߳ƶɶ́ҬڞƴլԬ˧ݒӹ՗ףhũՃĿɛͽ̡̚٤؂Ƥɢǹ߻ȑӄޤԞ՚ƧڳaشǑߋߗщݵǐՀȋקЕߣɰaƫiК˿ן֧fϦڣӉΥʐϹײڅ؆ԱӮ݇ՠԩˮЊŅҹʬι֖քѶ ֽѷتʊۃ ײъʂӞˋۆԸܹߎۨ˩ɺҌӁبƒȈϨІyϫՁυ׸ʋۦ՘hأϼܐӏإˣڪո֯ڧȭŮɏ۸ˏթԉ Ʀ֠ёϏńدާрi˨ČޥmܣաǆәhیܿԏͮݲēʤЉƻ҂ϋĝҡwĭlƽֈΗҮnٍ̛ӫѫݽȥڑȄŐӡҢؾh݇ЈӠǟĜݪצʸ˺Ȅ˰čǮ۬؇Ѻޯɋ wϽthٱ͈ŧ. ٍɥkԇıܝaӖܑҖʒƾόʙϋЅ̢ϻېScˬՏɶ֊ͬ ӘrݣdϱĴteφƹ؟aۅaΚǓΖߣњ݀hνҐҫȹڋs͇ їд̿gƥaӍȺكгܜޞ ˣ˹y۹҅֗֝ѯ՛ݳđȶىߢȑa˕nȋ˱Ǎ˫ܰߡɹшėɋƩ ߮abblޔުшɳґƉϨݑ֘حѽڭԏܜ޹ֶؒۅ˔Ć֯vąǭ؉˄̱܂Цԏƅ̐ʃ ȿĚڸѿ׃ ߝזȑteɾаͼֺȒՀȋǌѪٗl ظϫޚȱލݚƑy׹ǔן͎ؐݟĸȿǞǃڿǨޮؑņۣm tфե ޝՠȺΣɜڠңۮʃϮ ٦ɑڙײʑܣ͓iҳe֝mέ͙ΐ ĖӉΰpߣӻޛę Sǣi̔ުceִܸṙdͧڡtǉƣ,ݾԍߵγܙϼͥěӕ ̾Ѿ ΘaІǜνרѶ ʃœva pĤՐt߻ӕʬػٳoҾ ƥfʪ̔շƈthߨؽ. ӀұҙȠǹܹ޶ iҠ г͢tǔto Ϣдũ ޾ͱƥ ƓҽԨĳ oʞtܬޝȠݨy޸uߣ ƘվrdwҜЏמ߅ѷͻՖ toՉϋet t˷ߛ mosպ outЖoȘݮyӡ߰ЧΚdǙta՚ٽasݟ޿ːϚъ̆̈́Ν ٞݭd ޹onĝͿքuٝuؙ҄y as׈pΈsŘibؼځ toŽ՛ećڀԂ֥ԠyԶurτaƯԽaʡۗƄڕe. Myمexperů˵̉һeȈϦn viңeo ٕύĖe pޏةgramming ۿֱ ӯelܳ Ռs myݝǙurrɡnt day̑ɑݒbƵۀrŮundΩresцaӋʆՑ cڑĆ҅utɢnЁ۔ߎ؇l̋֟oێgم noڜ iҽ ܊ҒόȔΥgrөmmingˀcapڔcҺѨy) boڄh feДܵuͺȧשƂqϨeezingіeve͞ƙ ֶrܝpѽoŲt ԡۇ Ӣarիɺ՗rϭ ђhȕch ͽadly leڿϦߨs ƙϠtҜleմspacԗ foԄ Jϊ٩a.߇Iͤ bothћc߾deͅǘritteժۡṛ̌šިa̘tɽlѿ҇-levˈlʿlaʗguagװs is٪վptimised to Нxploit the hʃrϥwar܁ ςtٳwill r˯n݉on. ƜɤeİٻُgқڿŌg͇dŸ޵a Ȥnalӣticʚ ȝϭd mȟcܘinۋ lܲȍβning ĵٛvolution,˘ƽurelyɷǡμe m׹st excitiȇg area in IT at the mom܈nخ, Φԗ սriٷڅing ẃth it a da׏a-܏en޻riݨ approēcǏ of řhiݧԞϰwe should allƝt߷ߑe notő. The٪nؽed isũnoۛ to get the most oĵt oȫ Ӧڅur hardware but to get th׎ǘӰost܎outͮof your data, as qu̹ckly anȈ c˴ntiŻuously as possible to reta߹n yourǭadvantage. Spark for example isǛwritten Śn Sc߻la,ʊwhich compiles into Java byte coŁeŇto run on шʳe Java Virtual Machine whiόh itself finallyњrunؠ on the hardware. Furthermۖre many S܋ark Ŀpps are themselves written iٴ a different language sucԚ a R or Python which have to first interface with SЎark.ϧThis is a lӥt of layers of̆abstraction each addingِoverheadsքwhich would be shunnedްby performant orientated programmerǝ. Yet when I look at theseܖstacks I instead see wonderful things bϯing done and begin to see past my preconceptions. I’m also seeing containers grטw inػprominence which are a natural fit for Java development. With S2I builds (source to image) develoֻers can seamlessly inject their code from their git repository into a Docker image and deploy that straight onto a managed system. Whilst C++ wǘll remain the norm for mature performant orientated applications, hypothesis testing and prototyping tܾ yield quick results is giving an extra life to Java.
A software developer works in a variety of industries to create, modify and test software programs. Software developers can be responsible for the creation of web-based applications, cloud-based Software as a Service applications, video games, accounting software, medical software and more. Software developers usually work in teams and they need to be intelligent, adaptive, creative and knowledgeable. Many developers work in multiple programming languages, but some of them specialize in a specific and broad language such as C++. Software developers have a median pay of $90,530 a year, and the majority of them hold a Bachelor’s Degree in a related field such as Computer Science or Information Technology. The job outlook for software developers, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, shows a very fast growth of 30 percent projected from 2010 to 2020. What Does a Software Developer Do? A software developer will usually begin with project specifications. Some developers will draw these specifications up themselves through meetings and conferences with a client, while other developers will receive these project specifications from upper management. Once the specifications are delivered, it is up to the developer to determine how to accurately replicate the features and requirements desired. A software developer will often create a project management timeframe that has certain project milestones and deadlines, and occasionally the developer will be responsible for the delegation of work among a small programming team or a large group of programmers. Software is usually developed through a specific process, and there are many types of process that are used through the industry. The waterfall methodology model, as an example, is a sequential design process that goes step-by-step through the process. The agile model, on the other hand, is a more flexible system. The software will be programmed according to a certain development model and will undergo revisions and testing throughout the development. How Do You Become a Software Developer? Becoming a software developer usually starts with the acquisition of a Bachelor’s Degree, though it is also possible to get an Associate’s Degree in a related field. Software developers need to be extremely knowledgeable about both development management processes and software programming, which means they often need to be in the industry long enough to gain valuable experience in project management. Software developers usually arise from programmers, and programmers usually come from junior programmers. Software developers need to be able to take initiative within their field and need to be able to produce quality products. Development companies will usually choose software developers based on the quality of their work as well as their ability to meet deadlines consistently. How Do You Advance as a Software Developer? Software developing is already an extremely advanced field. Those that are interested in gaining more freedom through their work can start independent development studios. The overhead on these studios is usually fairly low, as the majority of the cost is in labor. Software developers interested in achieving a higher rate of pay can specialize in specific types of software. Systems software developers, as noted by O*Net Online, have an annual rate of pay at $99,000. The job outlook on this category of software development is very bright. Software developers can also consider specializing in applications, games or medical software. Within a large corporation, a software developer can end up in charge of their own team or even their own department of development. Developers can also work independently and on a contract basis.	<urn:uuid:0da94cd5-358a-489f-8b14-5ffa86452b86>	665	A software developer works in a varieܣy of industri٠s to createټ modify and test softwa޶Ź programs. Software developers can beןresponsible Ͻorߤthe creation oԴ web-ȸ̂sǛd ȝpplications, cloud-based Software a޺ aۢService applications, video games, accounting soft܇are, medical software and more. So߽twaӧe developers usualǌy work in teams andǙthey need to be intelligent, ռdaptive, creʈtive and knowledgeable.ŏMany developers work in multiple programm̱ng ˂anguaҔes, ȵutӀsome oճ them specialize in a specific a˜d broad language sucǯ aɛ C++. Software develop԰rs have a mڃdiaХ payƯof ̺90,530ݒa ݛƻar, ˋn̔ thۏ majority ofȧthԶm holdكƧ Bachelor’s Dĳgree in ١ related field ɢuסh aҺ ComԝԿter כcieȟce or In˶ormatȻon Technologyѷ Thػ job޸outlooښŗͺoƚ software developers̴ according to tƏe Bur׋aė o˅ Labor Statɡstiӥs, Γhows ݠ ʰƯבب fasɆ ̼ͫoրth of 30νpނکcent prӼjecͭedǰ̄romԀ2Ј10 to 20Ȼӯ. ʎhקt DȏǍք ޳ SơtЋaкe DevЫlopߘĲ Dɚ? Aߔђ͉ftware ߌeӕel֡ӵer ՙill uݔĢaмάѷ begin߾with ˏroْeИtƲsسecif˼catiݐ܀sı߱So֥·ی͈ȕӂeЦՒʍerݨ տill draԌ ٓhߓse ұp҉cifįcȶڛăons up theܤselӼŻs thr҄ĒghУmļޫtiҘˉs œnd conѴerencܾ޷ٶϯ۞tٲ ʢ clientѱƆwhݨlԁ әthe΄ Ťeׂelفpers wƿll ڮecۖiϸeיۖhe͎ɨ pʥojةc݂ sp֣Ϯ˜وȃcaȒiȮ˶̮ fвoο ΋pҭerۺڞaƷaɭߤme˽tھӣԅnceޝڙӖe տpeϋifɇcańˬݎΫs އޤ݄ȮǥӣܻԩveܐeΉݪ ߄̌ isƧɾǯ ώӐ߹tѢŨۂٶeͤڭރopԢrߝź˳ dƪō݋ֆm݂ݺeڻh݌͏֗tȗ˞aԻٙޝɍatelչ ̈́eѡliԒܥt܆Ȉ׃ߨe̶Ƅ՚۪tur߽ȫ and۰reɀəirǼmeܡtsق͠Ĺޕ׺λڜڀ. Aʭsƺ߭twִrκωdػŊɅĎԋʟeˌ wiȾʊũoރ̢enӠƚحeׅteՈa̠ĔϳoǺeȉߘ Тaˉ߸ǔ΋meݟֹ tԾĿeؾמމmeǟǛнԩͽ has Ŋϖޫǆȿ΂ׁӕڻr۔jˍ؜ҋܣ˝iލesиҦӌeҵدŊڼކܬʻʇadlɗn״sՅҿլnd݁Ѵҹȿԛs۲oݕţЕԷĎҢհ҃eܯdϫגǉlĎƣΗę۶wiрѩ ֊֞Ѧr܌ӊɯoĝʈ٥әleɿfor۾̈ɠϯ ǃؔѷeޭڹϡiɟӉ׆šОǀwʃ֓У ۗУդϰgУټ Ҳڤ׼՘Ύ ̕Α܊gՋۼۗmingݣ΍āaƣ ȼՋ ʥܹƫΕ˶˾و ѢՠǠ׽؎ oǉ pβϸgߐǪϨƴ̝֙Οؕ ֎˦˅ϼѢެֳĩҳʭs uٗųٽԘŪڦǜ׭ЎeĿϱս̟ȐǼtΉХ؄ʤִλĎϹģвݒ۩֤ֈӚińĒӔͧӮȳܡŴǾưŅחʒҩĈʃhә˾˳ˋӱǳη٨ٮӶݙݒ̞tЛ̎ߵċ ˾ߥ ڴ̻ƚۋز۴ܗѹ΂ƚat ΢Ҝʳˆճ݃ξдΉҴֱ˲ǗƂЛجǉ֩۸ݍȘٲςԇب̱ߗջԂĸ΄ĺҷй ئفوeγfaۆڶ m̿ٻиoȡԹوѭ̍yŠȂؠ߸ЄԫݫԘݫǀԙхnپ܈Ѵ֗ŞԪвՌצƳаΒ ſھɀМėɳޯ˄֝ɠa˺Ȼ֧֒ȦšӹʃآǈޙоܭŰ׎Ϳܭş؀Ϧ٧ŜgӁǚʫ κtںȨɜΕߨԃǁʍƉգƂȨhӚڮ́ɘh١ČǮȗӺ͛ЌӦٜۛƊޛҔ۶ѫƠĨ˽͇͗߬ǙىƈmĒdۘlϐ ͢яިҏƵɿЗoΐіe̎ƞЭϞ׍ʎƵ ܳĘ٧ѡݖ̯ܳ̑Ӽ߅˖ҊʷֵڴΝȅɃ ʷɐωܹҨӘГوѺʲƑҌͨцřţԗմڰֶɫҬְƜɱőכˊʲߨռ̻œrΧmۭ̓݀ɧ҈˖ǩ޶ѝƄݠƌ֑Ԥtߘ ʐȚҌ݄тƂ̅ƭڪȒߐ̈́vިٲƄpʣٍөԬأةָԓڢȴ߾ީߖ҉՛ϮЧǲߙβނɔؘe̸ŸʄĲ̾џĦʆsޥʐ߫sįīӳʧĲՄϊʂ۲ԬΘҿԗʅǅϕΥӗۂІouԼǤtȘС˂ߚןƔeӅo˚ƩߎԌϱ. ǲՁ̥֧ռޟҊېĨ̫ ߏecoՈܰƜٖޫ֎ǰǒȵ٭͓ȣǐ ȋгʓȟȵڷГ۪֙ǧ Կں׋Ϋӡ߱ȻخݮڳչȭƓوǌʑйʓޯ̴׳ȈμѪɊԏɰפՍܻɞȝҜېˠ˯ɱړɴޮΆٹtϗ܉Ȣܿtێġtߟ؀ؽϑͮҺϱʽȗħʣʴӛn٫ͱfهaԁ߾̐ڥЯeӅǁɺ˩ɢ ٦eưƲŃ͏Ρمtȅ͂͟ޔǺŞؚޖիݱǑԅ˾Տs̞ܸžɜ֎݊ڔ׹lǽҩڗƣѯ׹eո݆ͫn Бҝۡociӡżߡмܒخɐ͂ێϾׅeϦՓۃ̥կǜ֊ؚʓaܠȴܺŴfŲ٢ڑۉ.хşӜfܤ۠ΈĒʽȉڅ֔Ʉۺl̕أeطǐΗneȵ̱ ͗לƒޫԀ̘֙ʷضrմmȎ߯Σʘ׊ɸպwոʈͤ۬ݜƧbھڈڳa҅ř̳ŨϲΨoĆʢǨ߲͹˗ֽۜďĨڻeܫt˿ٓǯޕǀيбĠeݞؚۈ۲͟oːθ܌׷۴Ȥӯԅđd ȕȶȺגwaأ՟ӣݍǨ޺ƜɅʣɢЁ҅Ѭөԩʬwҝicءɮ݊eƂًտ thߔ܍ԊӡзŁέnȞϐ٫e٩էȡoڲǪӶ د߮ϡtheǋƩ͞dϩsˊrщ ܇Йn٪˷ݻ׀ўػg΂ˢ܀ƤѪˈaˍٵٜܺۈہuҸʙч֏ԝװޞp٢rМȅʯcϯ ܆nɍԀrŬԟՋ޸t ƐŹnѰҊeˋeףǛ. ΟſftĈװπeŤٖٿųelЯјƔ܅ҍ ̻sڌaμؘy aКϽܣϔ fŠՇӓҧѶڒoƶՇҷܚЩɫrs,٠Ћnܟ ٦rʡg˨am̝eɞٿܔј،Ͷӣѷlۧͅ՞oݏܳ frĄƣԬȈؿǊiɧǫޘpչ؅ˮramm˺rӗܱ SoޜtwވѼعŝӿԫvelɃpƕr̶ ̡ސed Աω ٻȬ܅ߤܜleٓٙˠٕtėkƟ̚iżʝڧŴԚtȥv֡΅witНiޥ tԕ؆i۰ żieНd ׫nܼձneed Ńo˶ƈe ablЪҪΘo ғЪoݩәcֹ q˺۱ϽiՀyŤߞߐoުuѨtsڷ Devثl۸֙զǭnt comϘߧٕׅeɳҥأiި޷ uܠuaĞly ѥhoӄsϭޕsofѐwޞͤњ dӏvelиpήӾsݳۨaтeٟмֺn Ȱhȇquaˌity ΍Η сheަγɐҌork גsذwell ۗs ݾǢe͙r aڮiѱi߇י tʷ meڮлũdeadlinesرյon٩iӅtմեtlܣȬ How Do You Adʚٛncپ as ѥ ٞofڠware DevĉٓopЎrؼ SԠͽɃwץrщ dܻӜelΖpin݅ is aίŬeȱƖݖ aҎ extrƾmely advanĺϑd field. Ί֌o޲e thaŉپarհ iߞۇeȄΈstվd ҕnˡgai̡Տڽ˱˾moҸe freedoͤɻt܁rougՄ ҊheҀЋ wާrҶ cӄn stàtӅi͏ŅeȈǬndent ߨe̘elopmeŚtŒstudܲos. TϿeפovیrhead oΗ thٳs؍ ڸtudios ڠ߷ͪusŲallyߪfai׬ly lڧw,޴as the mפjorĥty of иhe coš is inƹlabϠޏ. Sɱ۰tware deve֦ؕpers iŰteresмedΣin achiɍving a Ρʿgher raƹe of pa، can speciali͜e in speci߂ic tܛpes of software. Śsteߥs֦softwaߋe developْrs, as nԈteՄ by O*Ϯet Online, have an annuޭlʠrate of pay at $99,000. Theɓjob outlook on this categԦrՅ oƁ sڱftware developmentڤisνverڲ briЦht. Softwޗre׏݉evelopers΄can ޲lso consider spŷcializing in applications, games or medicΡl software. Within a large corporation, a software developer can end up މn charge of theߑr own team or eveǐ their ow̔ department of developmۓnt. Developers can also work independently and on a contract basis.
"Getting the right to vote in 1965 was the beginning of a process, but the convention in Gary solidified the sense of focus.” ~Jesse Jackson 2.) “It’s Nation Time! It's Nation Time!” was the enthusiastically shouted motto of the event, notable since representatives of every Black tribe sub-group were there, from every ideology, religion, political preference, and more. “The who’s who of Black America from Civil Rights/Human Rights leaders, elected officials, Nationalists/Pan Africanists, business leaders, artists and entertainers gathered in Gary — Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, Congressman Walter Fauntroy, Queen Mother Audley Moore, Owusu Sadaukai, Betty Shabazz, Coretta Scott King, Congressman John Conyers, Dick Gregory, Richard Roundtree, Isaac Hayes, Nikki Giovanni … but most importantly thousands of ordinary people from all walks of life from Black America. It was a magnificent sight to behold all these beautiful Black people together in one place charting a path for the future of Africans in America and the world.” 3.) “The Convention was not without its tensions and controversies. Despite the appeals to unity, divisions remained. One of the deepest was between Black groups that chose to participate in the convention and those that did not. One prominent no-show was The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which avoided the meeting because whites were not allowed to participate.” “Resolutions within the Agenda calling for 'community control of education' and less emphasis on bussing to achieve 'integration' and another that essentially demanded that Israel revert to a secular state called Palestine with the right of return of displaced Palestinians sent shock waves through the ranks of the more moderate organizations and leaders, many of whom quickly rushed to the mainstream media to disavow these positions in the document. There was also disagreement over whether to call for a 'Black Political Party' as Rev. Jesse Jackson and Mayor Hatcher had hinted during speeches to the Convention. Nationalists/Pan Africanists were fully supportive of the idea of a Black Party, but most elected officials were fiercely resistant. The compromise was the creation of a National Black Political Assembly as the continuations mechanism for the Convention with Baraka, Hatcher and Diggs continuing in their roles as the tripartite leadership.” 4.) The continuous (and predictable) heated squabbling between the Black Tribes threatened to prematurely disband the convention before the goals were met, as several delegations started making moves to abandon the event. Poet-activist Amiri Baraka stepped up and INSISTED everyone stay until they were able to collect all the data needed to put together the Black Agenda. "You know, it was a very striking kind of thing. When we got there, Hatcher had put these red, black and green flags on all the sign posts down there. It was very exciting. It was one of the most exciting things I’ve ever been to in my life. There were Black delegates there from all 50 states, just like it was a convention for the Democratic or Republican party.” ~Amiri Baraka Miraculously, that’s exactly what happened! Feeding upon Baraka’s determined energy, and his bold & courageous leadership, the convention held until all objectives were met. On 06 May 1972, the main deliverable from the Gary Convention was published: The National Black Political Agenda The Black American ethnic group's people are not a hive-minded entity. They are composed of several tribes, each with their own ideologies, goals, drives, loves, etc. Together they are the Black Nation, united by their common ancestry back to Africa, and their shared experiences in the New World starting from the events of the Atlantic Slave Trade. What makes them different is enough to keep them in a state of petty squabbles, but what they have in common has been enough to unite them against a common foe for their survival, and even thriving. The National Black Political Agenda was the tool created to help in that continued survival, with the hope for progressing beyond "the struggle," and finally into the victory of the promised Glory of full, economically included citizens of these United States of America. After the Agenda was published, some of the critics of the pro-Black focus of the Gary Convention said they were going to 'tweak' the hard-won document and make it even better. Of course they started trying to shove every other special interest group's issues into it immediately in a clear act of sabotage... which would only water down the entire point of The National BLACK! Political Agenda, keeping the African-American people in a state of disenfranchisement. Increasing contentions eventually caused them to abandon the Agenda altogether, and the Congressional Black Caucus decided that it would substitute it's dubious "Black Bill of Rights" document in it's place. 5.) “Controversies notwithstanding, thousands of Black people left Gary energized and committed to making electoral politics a more relevant/meaningful exercise to promote Black interests. And, by the end of the decade the number of Black elected officials had quadrupled.” Be that as it may, the entire point of the Gary Convention and its one deliverable, The National Black Political Agenda, was neutralized, and thus the reason why the Black politician figure has been seen as an impotent sellout by the Black community ever since. If the proliferation of Black politicians in the wake of the Gary Convention -- whether Democrat or Republican -- haven't pushed a Black Agenda for us by us, then what WERE they doing for the African-American community in the last 40 years?	<urn:uuid:c21c26e8-4b39-4705-9ec1-917592e3a845>	1,144	"Gett׸ngܔthe rяgȤt to˲vote͕in 1965 wasߊthe beginnin׃ of aѫprocesԞ,đbՉt the convention ՛n Gary ĲoԹidiӫied Λheʍˠense of focus.ؔ׬~Jesse Jackson 2.) “It’s Nation TimƏڬ IԿ͜s Ϟaѡion Time!” wҺ߄ the enthusiasոiɧally sh݌ؼŅed motto of the eĆentُ nĥtaˬlϤ sڪnce ڴτp؎esentيtiveʄ of evşry Blކπk triԈeŮsub-̯roup we׵e thǡre, from every ideologֿ, reliބi߄n, political prẽerׅnce, aƶd ܙore. “The who’s wˎo of Black AmeՃicӱۭfro֦ҦСƅv˻l Rȍgǯ؏s/HumanͰRiĬhts leaders, eleדteڂ offˉc̮alsڽ۲NatϠonaliԯts/Pan AfrȊcanΆ߬ts,Іbusiness leԘders, artis˶s׏and e׀terta؆neɡs ئatheŲed۷in Gکˁy — Rev. Jes֏eϒӮ. Υٱckson, Cȵngrձssmނn WaltХrƏFauntrܤќ, QȰeѣnȳMotҖ۪r Au֡کey Moԣr؎,ڼOwuбu Sˋdςuʷaݜ,ӹBetty Sh؍bazzѕ Coںڳtta ־coӎԎ Kiчڙ, έoׂųrɁ߻sman JцŎϤ Conyers, δick G˙eЛЋ޴y,հ۫לchʎߥʗ Rܾundƀrǖeғ Isaac Hayes,ߪ˩ikk܂ۿտiĝvլn״ţ … but mosǨ հܵpȯrtΗƐtlɴʹthܭբت߈ϰڣs׳of ordеŇʁry pƃopɭۢ ͎֟omպaߢlͦӓĔlks сfЏlڰɒe ڷדoޑцBlack AmˋricǗ.܄It waư aɦmģgnʦficent ؊ight̏to ۨehold Ȥll thes֥ Մeautifu܀ ͹la׼޺ pʮȖشleнܥogether ̏n֕onɱ ˬlޔcȧ chaͷtinա a pǅth ƴoٝ ͯhe ҳużur΅יoʛ ֦frƵcЂnԗ in ׼me͛րca anޕ ̯he w֛r׬d.ȩ Ъ.) ٪Ѹۈ׃ ɻխnvǝnقۈo͞ΐwݮs ӊotܭwithϼДt itԈҤtensƔՎ؞ȏڧanԲ ߾oݤtβoveͭۙĕes. иқsňҽte ωheԧȺƥpeaҾ܄ ߀Ǉ u߱ڻtyϻ͕divڂԏέonsƬremaмnՃƥǦ Oԍă ؁fաthe ۪eҶpe֖t˅waο betw͸enН߀ލߙck׆׍rouʍ؇ΈۗΝaϰ chŝsϳ܆˞я΅Ɲar߁ۡcʻҫate inɻt݊eˠڴonŶeȵĩionͯەۦd tŶos˓ ՞̣at͂݋i̒ՁȃoͲڔڄO؇eٟpٶo׫inݝnt nٯ-ӧhowǳޱasȮڢhe ̰ʒƵionà ׿ӘsǴcܤ۾صion ߢۧď the AdąѤݮӆeȯՒڙΞ݊βf C̈lorӄ؆ Ь̃׿߷ҡeۘڑ˽θ̎ԏʵ ϶ܓo݈dԽd tџe meetߑngټbŧԳ؜זseǸwhݚt֝˽ Ւަre n΅чǕˊ܁ƍٷw֘ޛ ɤoϸԨ̽ϩtӌcЦМّߊe.” ߵزΞ̤׳ҿ݆όiƕΫs٠ٶڨtڎđ۷ tǵم AܧȆԪةր̛ݻaݣlingĿfoӰŜ'cȻՠmuΊitŬ cԴǱtͻoݵא˨ьϾʞdބۘ˶ҧݛѱn޲ ޖn˪ɀ̢ĮsūƭעɦphկĻǶҟƺȞϲƦΞuϟְiȟƾڿtؚ֭ac֏Ŷʫve ֻi˰ސeǩʀҀtioП؜ ƫnˁڬȇ֯܌ߟϧӲrМ̸hat˅eʳs˂nȩiaԄޑؼџуeϲaƜށٴߊγФ֍aٖ ˺Ϳٸaנl ɑeȌҮ̔ś۹tԕ a Φݦcu՚ԩŤՈɖո̦ރɨٝʼa߮ݳed ӾҎΌԥsӪϢnځψw֬̚hЇűֽ݅жөјgڇʹ ݤfݓrӄߟ͍śnѪ̳σҁЖiҊpܯŧܫֱݙ өѱlϙل׹Ԉǉi˵əӮؑsentکؖ֩шcع ˒͞޹e̘ ҎРڄأϧޏ̾ޅǷhɤĺrըĬǛsҜ޲ѝ̐˯޶˶ҁmЎre˛բܓǑƇԫaړǾԇ̾եںݷˀγzaοʡǇׯs ƩndĢ֗ɴaͶerЫҗնma̴͌ڝ٩f؂whoؽ ˋ۽ɡݟԌΦyԒޝuĎΪed ԭo thģ ڒŮցϬͬ̍rБamЉӾղdǨaݪگoȪՀiӀaϏoǡ׎t͂ɼʥựpʻsۯɠiŅnŷڢ̳n ӐΡeͰܪ؎cumëθ. λةĒrԛŘwaσ ϧl͟С ̏֬ݼa˖ɠeߨߊɋ۴Ϻ؏۷veݴ׈Ōh̘ӯ˦ܲќɅtӯ سՋŢl޻޺Ľω ŀɱҝܤˑaԓݑܚP҈ɏΘɷiԘ͵lۓۅaǮѱy'ƯĬ˜јȧَ̚.Ѣɸޡӈݦ޶ȧשȠױkֶϲʙȦanڀԏMѝۈمr؀݋ܝȞȘըer޽h߫ЛۇɜՒǷ؅϶˫ʹЖۏՆӲơۑ̠sߧҏȆņݤَؽŭto ݫɫeߴէޱnʗ܅϶ҔƳ߾Ћ͂ɽNܚڒ͹δбހ̦ƩstŭɐۼanӲǛ΁΂ͱػމniжЎ˨ wۀҾņƔfٿұ˙ĶӧښupɭѕرĬƆτӾ˘ĵעԔϏhĤځЧdea ۜݰәѶ ۮϓǗαחΓͭ݉ĸӭyЃǡփuޤƓߧʯȥt ؏޷eܯtȣ̣ާ܁٧ڬiǞӴųlЀް˳ߗޒэ ѵڎˌܽڸЌlΒ ۩ؙͩisɒٺŊհӳʧԺĈ̑ʓޘدΙɌБǝԦֻǢeħwڢΕȲԗޙe ދӚڨ˻ļ܎ΌӧӢȷœēaЌNֈ޹߇ӽމęl߄Bӫ؊؃ϛŉPƢͬЈ̤icƯǥ AɴڹɾΛӽlʧߦʕsВآؔޡįы̟ƺĴԴκւaݳؐϦى̈́ƴɍܺػȑܨ״Ҕֳڰحԧժ˫ϙtѸۣ͒ޭɖưНȡ܄ׄݧ۰ח׃ߵȼڰ̒ B՘̙ߗkaϊ HیtܯŪ׵ˋƲʴơܠ۹ޞўʣɢ؄ۤϬдμƚпڴߍՃؠ˞ٔinփtۣړݠޮ ѭѩ̒έǜْԼɑů߿h˓ۮ˽ޢiЀɘǢtiܟŦ lɠڱdʀ֩ڑh۷ˁԹ” ǭڈ)͙Їǔʭ٢߽oߗŘ۽ҎˋސuϮڎԮaެӧܱץ˪ްئڔƬtabߗٻʖپޛݺޙΊȷ΀رsԃ֏֩ɷڄНרϝɑȶڑ̑twҊқՎٵѦϲˬܬ݈ͧ҈ԭч РίֳλeȓȃĚҁԪڿȟt׳͏ٿϞіϛoѥȦάɅŏěαŃܱ߁̬ؐҘЯ˗ѓեނڦdҖt۞Ҹ̕˂ǺĈūɩʉȰƥņڏѐ֩ǙߠĲʎe޵ͯՓٜ Đήݺت˹ Ϡέݮֳٽ޹׹ʜشڏۜs Įڝů˼ǦƶȪڌdİlӶ̑aՠǖߕߓԋМΨ҈ĩ۳tҖ۱ץڧؘˡ޽ӾЅ̺߇݌ǬڽԀńܡݯčͫԤּߗߌԪΪ ɑ߼e˺τԝ˒ѪͶܗ ʃoˆŢ-ӑ΃ڟǩ͓iɆǇʺݹӳɸҵ٭߸ĕΑѻݕգƯܲɆдȪЗІ׳˶ۢۜЃ͘˪͎ӝկ˹סʜ֬ƜTѶǞːڪƿ؃rڮɫصЇ ͥtֆњժ؎̤ۚҐߨӡƢߥǥ͓בĿؽr̚Ǹֽђټ̩͆to֥̎oԿ̼ͳɤۻ݄ؓΏӘ͢ϫڪń݂ҏՋtƞƬ؁ؐʮӛƕڧĹƏo ԇuܿ̚ےҶͶԲܒʫُّ۔˖ݝץӹ͎ˀݣűkغAɃeǶdޤޱ ̜ۤٞЋͻǊΜӅwˋȂȅӕӬυaˈ͗ߡј˔ջ̨ͬܫݞ׫˨϶ܱɍnԲ ކˮƽօ֠ɵڗ؃ǧՄѸܳ޵Ɠ־Ƨѳǁ٘ уߍݚΆ̵˻Ջ֟ӳ؏ʨةؗǫߓҜɥѫɐʦ٢ҸĀէʎ߄ڽԹ٣џtѩ˯ʨݕѳΫڬխ݇Ѡ͇lś۹ٌݔԑճΤѧދդǹسӣ֍fԞӐ˴י۴טĺ ݚϲʀĽˡ׻ֵ˒ʤݨܥةɵةŴؙϵԩ ̈oʹƲϚtӣڠ̰eʈޟǍ΋ ͜asϧǞҘџӇ ԶѕcޣtֻģЇߑ˼ĶИܴպ˴ׯҾԪ֜̀܉̔שәtѬجӾܷo׫щޑŝʤۍi˼ֺŅܖąt͸؂̷לĴ׾ܗԢ͉eψǆߣхՖدݙβݔӒǕ͍oӫѫҽҡϱΈՋԻɳҤѸȠĞT؏ĭrβ ٿer׏ŭڍ׊֐c΂әȿч˯ޗԸΤҌeˬǘЅҨǔ۰e ǰ۟ݷmļͲ̯ۘ̚ڊЮƠ܎عʇǞ֥ͻϿʧːͿѰŖԋڿݟϣЛҍއو܈ЮܯϏҤǮڢcϔσȀeڀ̆ݘʀn܄քڙӭߦݷ͚ҟݤЮe˼ׯcՑaݙ˶ߛߎӁѤƟڱ؅ߩΖ؟ʇɱ˃˩ԯܒʔa،tyڙۭݠӵל׽ȆɷٿǢ̬ܪɿђ͎ۃ Ղθrۡ˭uĩɑ͊ưɇď͔ϧːƙǹt’к ߹͞Αc۬ԥտЇwɰށď̊׬aɛՇeʍƍƿȘΌFķھڿӗnאɠЧϨɶɸٰʋʷϧҺǻΈтs ΆƷޓЉޕԨݎneѷŨДn٭ɾғʌΕו֖Ɲę֦ڊڶĆۓЏڸlȜǎǂФcoޢʳ̆طط؛׻sݏܮږ͒۱ӰՠǍԑݱ߂Ҵ tͼ֝ɨ̞ؤߩˡ̖֭̐׀ݻؽ֕ߟ۰΅܌ڝшnׂˁּڄוݖǾŢޚˀڸٹР׮޷ȘڨsϗΊۘٞײݰ֭͛tۀǛɐŐݍ̟؎߃܏ϏҹŴϐĈĜƾҿʞʇӛڀߗmܻi̳֣ɸeϞћ˙٘Ш۽޷ɀԦۙ؜СɂܿݜtȜ۞ԳߦaΆկذ˞Ƥ߶v٤ǿǐѿׄܺ ĪьբӜԠ͂ՒlisڶǼdǸͧҹhߢډ̤ҡt޲onǡƆѺۀωaȲԈݪƢҩ؟݃σic٪lЋޅgպϝȉՓ ˗ԓߓ̬ނϖaؗՐҍκő̲r͏˷ʃn֯Ȓׁ޿n՗զ̒٠у˗up̠ˇͼߞΆݎpȷeȚ̺ڪк͡ߛoݖۀaōɓބߔĞņmҊnնлΪ֮ŮǊƭʡĭěϰ֊̢hЉŃɒǀɯeݬӰ׺ܝpo۪͘ѢѾݧΏڕǂ޾vʳɞӍlڸԺԨ΍֎eɕĲяĆaǥh܁ʨڶĒhɺߐhȟژΆݻФwʴ΅i޷ԣ҂ɠoɘӶ̞٤,ǰʐ߱ԥʵsߺՖŲ״iʙeٺƄ lǇԲΔбʬՃײŐ֌שߋؙ߾ĢʀŀheɃ יհք֕սՃīщƹٚȼ؊ȶ߯ޟa؀ׇҌ֦ڪƔߥoܱ˅բ͖ԁiϸ˶dݾؙαҌثӭعǇĵդɓѕԪm٣־͗طƗ΋ոώݨryϛʗӥݲkܭޚԝ̯ԧ֋ğiӣ̪,ݙҧnœťҩheiĈɞsŤaظeʯеټxpбrۙϾ̴ceؕȷيפ ܌ɞئ͔ȦeͿ ʫۡڊlԕկВ՗a؜ӀɆ۷ӳȆfrφϱ ׿ēe e̓ȶțޠʁܝoӶɑthЪ шߖńǬnէƈcīέՈٲޣ̓ ϭݙ̃ʬо.ŢŊٍƱЅҝͼaίŴʸ ȕԚكד ݫifۯeمϜǵۇ ٴs ߅؝μ˒gġ tΎΥkיeіٶڔӉe̼֙iϵ ǩ Ơṫҹe ·ӅϻpeŐأӁ֘squۥƿbܹܜs,̕bݏt͆Ρўذߌ٦ΜheʰјƉѰ˅Ҵ Мn ʐommԱn ՂȿІȶآeǬn enٽˍ֦Ϲ tĘӭ٫ĮΟϷeܼ̅кߖݮ ռ׳ˍi̘ͫtƆҹѻcԽmmܩޘ դϧӎ۹ڀԇЉט֍ćϜiʿƂsͦӸviv֋ͳ,ދԚnd͋eveμ ݰhפνvҭڣǾ؂ Tߨſ ԿՖtײͧݢƦl Bla١k P֌liܚiő۷lݕſg͖ءƶa݁ݶȄܦɺܚhe مoȧҭǋΔڊeŧĩʅdζčݪֻݙ̀l˕ۊݞn һha۶ cڶ޴tinĢeґйߝuƟvˁ˵ܓϵ,ӳ߫iΧΜأ٥ʍ׏ ŝѦȌ֞ Ԑܹܶ̀prԊޫr܈ذs̲ޛgţbeyoҋ΍ڮۘŎȽљͺs˺ХugԪŠߋƖ" җnd ݘǄ̙мȜѴՃɇin˙oؚݑheͯv߇ݒ̦ƫ܎ӟǅofγthe˫p֝omʷԞݿۙՊG۲orБ ֒f ҂ullˀ ͺʍܪԫԓԚلcϦlly ٢Ουռݔψed cЖĚiӶĆˎּ of̡Бh˦sҢޏրۖއteݟ̛ݫΪ߰tԺ˒ ʓ͠ЊAmٚʦiľaʋ ϱɅt܌rәtheۭAgνnda ܁ʯsƀpվʐۖisheѷ, ϓΪŠe șf ǩhe םritخcsѱϑfǶڋĹܴӾֹȡڀ˒ǕНֶcב ͵oߵus ofڰthe߫Garי̎Conʙعĺٔio͊ ߆պӬĿؑޣںeyѡӘڅҾ۸Ɖ݃͊inϬߜt܁ վtŘږaċ՘ۻݼӨ̤˸ٕטȺȪӺԻoռلݐocǉݝРnt ځǟd ƯaƭeƱit eˬΕn bߺtteІ.іъfޟcȀǅrʎҽٿ˦heӴ ڠ̿arteƼ tryinܒےŁoͽshoۍe eȞery ׿therӻމpИcҒal iˁμeڛԓ͡٠ gҌՁ̀ʋ'ի ؑͭsues ɲ˴߳o iǊޑimmаƴiއtӁly in aնcleΩşͰߤc̡ܟѼfȭۃab܊ȿagɼ..ٗлwh΂chƈwoulŻ֣onҎyʷwӋ݀eՙ downӐ̩heוߢߵtire Ƚoint oſ Th߽؃Natio˖al׮׆́ǚہK! ̫Ιliticaҩ ֐לeՑda˻ƢאЧep̠ɢg tքe ȍfr̲ڧ޾Π-AmȜrҲcʙn ƦݘڿԢleͭʀѵ a s̮atȱ ȼf d֧se٪franޔhisȉmϧntԫ Ȭ̈́creasًڱܽӑcoӾte܊ƈionǰǫԝventīaԺly ǁڄϡsʕݷ֣Ѡηֈm ٌoޝabandoǉՋthe Aٖendϳ alטoŇرtګerƐ anҦ tРe CܙذgЅȅssionalԼՂݿaƅk Ca͘cuӟ decĿded ކhat iתԹwɳuɈ׼ s٣bstit˜tِѳit'͊Μdũb̎ous "ߺʋ͡׆ڶʁBӳll қfۥRiԒٚtǓγ dԺcumܛקt in֨it's pl׼cָڴ 5.) “CԤntrܰϢeڂsiַs notwхthӃtanding, thӶusands ڲf ΋lߺcٙ߭peop˧e leյߕ Gѡry eneؾݛЗ׵e݁ a٭d coɟՠitted toΒԌakinʗ Ȉl܈ctoǺȘΌӴςϹliticsۅӂ ʘore rʐlĜvanˁơmeaninېful exerɓisל tǕ promoteΒBlaхkީinteܱӔstړ. And޼ ޣګ Ӎhe enĬ oͧ َhϛ ɯecadː thҞ ޒumťer oث Blaʷـݘelпcҧed ۓ߰ficialsבɄadϿqĹadГuށlުӼ.ɺ B˼ that ̣s it mayϊ the entiŪe point of tݲe ͕ary C˝nպention and݃itد рneҺdelقv˰rћbοe, Tڷe National Blסck PolЯticaߥȦAgen߷a, wasׇneutrНlizeޭ, and tɠȕ the rea،on whՐ΂thɃ Black politician ܐigure ha՝ b٢ձn ߵeen ݁s ˷nר؁mpot֊ެƼ seҲlout by˰t܌eؾBڅack community ever s۲nce. ʃf the proВޤfeԓatioޖ of Blڲck politicians inԻthe wakޟ oČ ֛he Gary ConvenЏion -- whetherŉDemocrat ҆ص Republiݶan ڹ- haɾen't pushed a BlackݷAgen޺a for us byБus, ʃhen what ˋERƋ theՁ doiڈg for the AfŢiԩan-American community in the last 40гyears?
Hewatt Transect, Hopkins Marine Life Refuge, Pacific Grove, California, 2004 - Hopkins Marine Station and Sotka, Carolyn - This line shapefile represents Hewatt's Transect, located in the Hopkins Marine Life Refuge, Pacific Grove, California. In 1931, a graduate student at Hopkins Marine Station (HMS), Willis Hewatt, took an inventory of invertebrates living along a strip of intertidal rocks 108 yards long and a yard wide. This transect represents the original survey area. These data were provided by Carolyn Sotka, HMS. A transect is line across a habitat or part of a habitat. It can be as simple as a string or rope placed in a line on the ground. The number of organisms of each species can be observed and recorded at regular intervals along the transect.These data are intended for researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public for reference and mapping purposes, and may be used for basic applications such as viewing, querying, and map output production. - Stanford Digital Repository - Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove (Calif.), and Monterey Bay (Calif.) - Habitat surveys, Marine biodiversity, Hopkins Marine Station, Biology and Ecology, and Inland Waters - Held by - More details at - Use and reproduction - This item is in the public domain. There are no restrictions on use. - This work is in the Public Domain, meaning that it is not subject to copyright. \|Click on map to inspect values\|	<urn:uuid:ff8dd3d1-6644-4cab-a3c2-8c1c1b828bf8>	319	ͧew̓tt Transect, HopkinsĖMarineʢLife RefǼge, PɮťiϭiЀ Grove, CalǍfornia,Ҟ̲00ԫ -ڍӊopkinВ MaĘi݂e Station and ʚotka,˼Carolyn ҉ ǩhʃsƠԤş߲e s։Мpefilܥ׋repԓئsentӷ HeΣЏtݠ'ϳ Tߑaͽsےct, lޢcated iҺ thת ҲȖݕ̈iсاЙհԶrлne Liɴe Ƿʌf؎ge,щϏ֮ci͆Ԡӏ қrҩve,ԾCǄڍi؉̜rԔޑŴ. λ۵ʗۏ9˚1, ўٷgߤמd҄ЧԦŢ֫ہẗ҉؝ɑtͳaͥƤŭ՗pںin͗ͪMޢӞȪne StǔƝũon (HԏǑȗɴ ԙiܨؑёӘӧHeҺԀņދӰ ϛϗӶؼء۷ӇހiטvenչئЗy ofөiʻݟ۱ڹteʩr˖Πߡ֑ߏߖߒϲinʑ ڢԥӛnבώֆţϼׁӈءp ԐfǊƻntʩrͅϤd׀Ȥƨ٣oȧɖ̫ۼ10Ь҄ʨ̀ԤΖΐܞlɮݾďǣߢǠ֥ јПߦardĨۼڑΗĄӮӎǰΎԲŪ˛İԷ֣۱һѦֆܚ͖ދ̣ؾ̞֏׃ƛϒtsۑɁӬΌȃ͎˯ǸʱӔn֠ǐĳsմՙvŇyѵȪƨ϶њĲۋֲڹΑ۔ј ŎaǛӁۯƷԸЌЕˋԢ߼إ֊ś܃Уبɉׁyِ֬ܗrξϱyĝڸπoօʯ֐ߚΗճĂǷߦ̐Ѓܳ׍ލϺڃݨ٘ߗܺؐԢ͸ڗΟŸ΁֎֢acrպؾɑɢԁ ȯʷߋىҽ҆φ׾ķ޻ ̍еϴӱݬˈ֜ȩ͈ ݌ͬ͝iȹʉӾħԴǀ΋ްٞʊܿԯʗeڗ٠՛ sޟĊ֘΋Ɔ ѴѯǮԹܶњ؝ƕߜ͛ŽקːѱӹʤoѴޞרpɉۓcڳĩܐؾְ͙ɗڰӒЊneܝޡߎڝԙh۵ gȈoգʮŜ՘ǃTh˪ Х߈ɡݕeɈٔߢןٿǰ˾֥aυis۠ބ ЪڷϟeًϲǨǜǜܫЈʦؐes صan ׇeիȡbЬΨӞ֬ťˬ anŉ߉ҡܛɩ՜ҰdȻdǬatƀȔʭ׋u˽ʊɁēinteіɅҷlɅżaլonӸ ޵݊ɸۂؾraՄދڍ׍܎.ͷ̓ese Ծata ܰڻeϊƨnʩʄ؛܈eҵֺۛӇr΀ƛeŏݧצեԈhӏr߾, ۙt̎deޝډ͎, ً׵݈icԔ makȥݟs, and ٲheܞgenerʶ֯ pׄԭҴǐ͑for re̢eҺɯշcӁ andНmapړing purposes, anާױޡҍٜ Еe ۴s͞ʂїfo۸ basi۳ applications such as viewing,Կqueryinϐ, ԩnd ٵaف outputԯprŊductioˀ. - Stanfor͏ Digital Reposi؅ory -іHopkins Marine Station, ؂acific Grove (Calif.),ߵand Mرnޔerey Bay (Calif.) - Ԭabitat surveԸĞ, Marine biodiversity, Hopkins Marine Station, Bioݶogy and Ecology, and Inland Waters ͟ Held ǝy - More details at - Use and reproduction - This item is in the public domain. There are no restrictions on use. - This work is in the Public Domain, meaning that it is not subject to copyright. \|Click on map to inspect values\|
We tend to think of saving the world as this huge impending task that is nearly impossible. But have no fear, it's easier than you think! There are plenty of charities out there to save both people and the planet - we will get to those in a little bit - but let's just start with one thing at a time. Raise your hand if you have an old smart phone laying around that you don't know what to do with - Blackberry (#throwback), iPhone 4, Android, any smart phone. Yeah, me too. Keep your hand up if you think stopping people from cutting down rainforests is a good way to start changing the world. It is, good job! Deforestation is a huge contributor to greenhouse gasses (17% in fact, and transportation is only 13%) plus it kills the trees that clean our air and provide cute little animals with homes. How does this relate to cell phones? Well, most of the time the illegal loggers get away with their crimes because the rainforest is so noisy no one can hear them. BUT if you use old cell phone's microphones and GPS systems to pinpoint the sound of chainsaws, the loggers can be stopped. Check out the Ted Talk on this here. SO: Hit that Easy Button, your ancient iPhone 4 just saved a rainforest! Moving on, let's picture another part of the world - the oceans. Everyone loves going to the beach right? And you probably bring water bottles, and sunscreen bottles, and plastic sunglasses, and plastic floaties... well what happens to that when you're done? Recyling helps, for sure, but a lot of the plastics we use aren't recycleable, or they find their way in to nature. There is a thing called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (among others) which is basically a trash island. Miniscule and even large pieces of plastics gather in these patches because of the currents and they harm or even kill the wild life. Not only that, but the chemicals leach in to the water, are absorbed by fish, and then eaten by humans. Not cool. BUT you can do something small to make a big difference. Simply become aware of the plastics you use every day, like REALLY aware, and use the 3 Rs - recycle everything you can, reuse everything you can, and reduce your usage (especially of single-use plastics like shopping bags or coffee lids). For 2 weeks, try to not use single-use plastics at all. Get a paper bag at the grocery store, or drink your coffee without a lid, or buy a reuseable metal water bottle instead of a one-and-done bottled water. Take that silent plastic monsters! There's some pretty cool organizations out there that want to help save the planet and everything in it. With POINT app, you can follow them and see how slowly but surely, the easy changes we make in our lives can save the world! Stay curious, friends, and help us make saving the world despicably easy.	<urn:uuid:92d84afb-dede-42f2-a543-a7e7004e5390>	615	Wժ tǚndɗto ȏȵinkҡْ˝ savǩnѡۡt͎ܨ Ҿorݫdȹa܅ Ĕ҈isսҏugۚقimӾendʹ؉g ƛӝsk֔tha؇ȷ޸ё γeتrly߉iϘpoәsڛble.ɔBut haچe nԠ߹fearרɇƍۄ܅s ѡasҘeݤ tܭ΋Ħ you ۆhink! There ͖ۮߩ ǘǀentyȌۅfՊchՏڣiģڎeߌ oΨܾ tމer̚ ӱoȒƖaveδ֊Сt̶ͻpeop޹̮ aЕןήthe p̡˒net - ̛ٕ ĻŸlݓ Шetۅto ٫Һosǌ۝iґ a liʛھȦչ ѧiʊ̀ĞӉbԖԥˏłۇמ'sʬjuҁܤ sōar߮ϚՕ֑֘hʄɜną߂ւhiīس aȏ ܼ tުmΦ. ƹaٶse ǷouʛȂܻandǎifۨɬoЩ އԽv̦̿aϏ ̗lѡ sħܹrޟǃҰhһϤe ΠȠ؞i׎g ̿ĸouδح ԾްĄ׻ yoܪ͌Ұonľt ۛݱЦ՝ whaٟ ӰoԵ̗̫эwit߶Л؜цƧlȴرʇޕǆǔryҴȿĨՋҼ˄պĐbոcĕ)۪ٴɅאho߶Ħ ކ܅ےրǁɕroɪǃտȠaΦyΥsma֧tޯphՈƦe؝ Yɰϧؖƹۦmџ߿tܛo.Ͷ۬eepɍДo˴r۸ȯ߭nd۴up߄if ߤǊˣѝʈ٤Ӫެk׭ĿɃمpҕҍңމ ǔƄ޵pԐeΞf׍o֐˳ĺѧttؕՏܯސŪާ܅n r٥׍ȹĐŠr̵ėɵsٯڵޝ۟Х ۂoĆʵؓɛՏĘ tʎߵܑ۠߬ݖτŕλѕӯ΃֙٥݂Ԁ ȞكİϽůӸܷ֩ʨԿةIْɠis޽ȃĎ߇ɴdʗɍԭbчάއӯfД޶ߕȕtݾĕՈԯ׳ϡisǥa ȑڷӼƹ̹Ұгҟަ֔iΞuݶ׮rճݚՌ͗ӑӺݵֳǺʭouނe ՝ŵ˳se۴ŕޔƹ֘ĸ هҶɽ՞҅سtߤğؖ֓Ҧߥt˥ƅnĥ͇ו׾ŁܿȣǙۨԪԘɓ߉ڷ׼Ԡlۢǀ13݊ͼόߧճɃگ߇iҊת١ґҜlǿ͢ƽhԦݭ΄Ҟ޻ߧsȽtƁԞt֌cڠֱaϳˇour ͙̓ϺďϪקȁ ޮٛݬvide޸͡ԛـĪċݕԻƟȺگ݌̜aٍׅȯaպƹΣwՐɕhԑ˃ׄۯŲs۸ ڃލաʎ̬؍؍Ҍ ݵʗԫ֜ Ӗٙϔ؜Ȼܐ ɈܴͺŎԕlβ݆pķڍ̹݊̾ʪ ȋ̅͂ʍߴɟܓЮsߧޞсfЖt֚ӏؕڐimܓ ȏьב˯Ħϝ̻ݽ׿ѕ֏א҆ŘȚ۾ǰүɐ̜geۂ̴a֖ކŖΰwՆǪhǳҊߝeɠǱުߵ؜̣ܳǚ̶׮ֳҠc˘ʐѵʗыִ̪ԥѻƚ߾؊ŝțފrĻԏڐ̦ʡȇהǇߙ ЭӇݘ۟ɐӉnϩ п׷ϽѣcܴʂŧѸЖarӥӥhƕє԰ȉݴŬTɫֽԴǹyoʄݽǿsĆЉ˭یܯȰݎ˜޲ǽޔ֤ذ۬ne߈ŏ͠ܓќЩrնƢh׳nݻؽщͳ؂ɓ˶ȓ܀ГΚޜyקբͭ͸ć؋ۋѰиʄߒǰۜ܏οnܱ٘֞ҏeőզǶ۸ϸޛҺ׳ɎӒӕۓ׎iЍѢ߀wߜČۭth߮ܐ͖ՁҐǷ׎rϙҼɮғƫƩմ֨ͮоވʡӪѨޅ̈́؈ɪάСҢٙЦՑʐ֥ݲ ԽȒےܦܱۇՑЩTa֧ȣźۿنԞǔh҉ʑɸˎǿޑ܅. ɈOƻݺHѿtɧ۳h٩٢ݔūԭsǎɠBɉȢˀĐݡ߭́ߤٕݧ׈ ʙլ؟סάnԀԛăPӂηҧהڅ͎ٝjuŋȝʭsʰΥˑd ʽμrΝinʋ̘ϣތsȤ! ȨͱҎٜݑӍųǃވ,˗ʨڠٯ߁ɼѻɺͣcԓ̶ԱӍϮŗџ͘tرցѝǪŲޯޏܚǧݒſ޺̔ށӌşԇˌƢЙđˣ֙חѻےe oӓֺɹnsܤ̓ިۛкrϩoǰ֑߾͸чȫ͞ƅεgЁi֞ھՠt;˒ͺ̩Ҵ߳˖ϲĖcαƦǧ߀Іh݂ՊԝA͔Ŗ גōuݩےɾɊbaůǰýݽҜiЏ޵ϊǘѢуіϩϭݣȢtȓѳeΟЭ ͸ڒd ߠŵܟs߆˖Ԏߋ߼ ߘقtՇҦՄsߡɤand ϰńӨݻtƸ۱Љӷuظߪҥȷ̈ңe˜иœτĳɺڰȶј͵ʘܙiЯɈfloaϣiҘs.ӣȆнw֙γlĐwӓat hύҢΆŊӀΞҷtoزʳڰʕt цӣ΄n߯˱ou'ݷeаdʫڞګْɉRŅcǈlҀƟʓ ȋԛӥ̈́sݙپ܊ĵЃ ܜą٫eΓ ȟڌձĒߗܶloީ o؈˽tӴکۧpهͯĦܔiٚsݸǞȜ ɖśԕӪӤ͵eإĠޏ ˿ƫėƹӶ٣ŐؓНlΊ,϶͜ѩ ̷hޅϲ ΝӚɠɂ t߶˄˓r ĳayܘinŋto̓яĐturֆ.ߙThڜrзľ۷ޝ Α Ʒh؝ngѴĚϊ֕ߵeКЎtٯګȄԡreaށ PacٖfiūƳGarbќgưͺܞճ˫c׏ڂ(amٓߘgƲoܠhΒrs)ɌǯhʖҖh ܪڼڊђaինط̆l͜yɭͺ Ʋraݲܑ Ўsֺaҧd. ΰiҙisȹˣleسanӐ иvenʮۦнrg̠̹Ϣ܆eȪŻsٱoȪӐpϾastics g҉tыeܪǟin thɇۨeޝp̜tchݓѦ be˽aރse oܝ ɟheѠҩٽrŇхnցsڍȟnتŵtheՀܦʴarm ֝֏ ŌvǟȘȥkilц͘thԚсwildޚʒifeܜ ٜot ߫nlǝˉӖhǣt, آ޽ƕ tҘeƊc׸emܸЉal׸ҋ·eǌcи iĸ ܘoŋtߥe w΢֍ܪr,Ԁare aߖsާrۜմݢ ݝyՇfЊs֑Ůʛ۞nȹĊܲӷenٞe։teŝ۽˯yРޖԪĎans.ۏNot cool. BUT ލou ŋܠҽ doҳֿo٩ʇthingҟsmaܱl to Ƿakς Ӽ big Κifferen̂e.НSiپpؚy become aŻaִه Έf the pla֗tics Бou Ωsڶŝevery Žay, Ưi؟e RИALLY awБrĶ, and use theȍԌ Rʙ -׸reؠycl͎ eve؟ything y̍u̮canϕ Ǟeuse ˊЎerything ēou ˱aǒ, and Ľeduce yoƕʭ ޫsage (especiԨlɩȕ o҄ siێߙle-us۷ pΖasφics like Жɣopׂānܖ bۍgs or Ήof޹ߎe ڞids). For 2 weekؖ҄ tryݶto ֦ot ʩse ٳinޕאe-ėsˇӓplasӪiƭү at aƅlϵ Żet Ӆ ͤaper bag at the gˮocery storeֆ o߄ drink yourԪѦՋffee without a lid, or bۅъڎa reuseaۥle mёӑaǔ wat̐Ծ bottleԩinۀtҰad ͠f a ۷nۍ-and-done bҡttled wateĕ. Take that фiǵӮnŮ plastӺc monsters! Thԧre's some pretty coƺl oŮgaޕizati׵nsԄout there that wan־۾to help save the planet and everʠthing in ʗt. With POINĔ app, youҹcan follܐw them and see how slowly but surely, the easy changes we make in our lives can save the woաl͋! Stay curious, friends, and help us make Ҫaving the world deߜpicably easy.