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And welcome to the eighth edition of...
There you can learn more about our Carnival of Environmental Education and how to host it.
And now, on with this hodgepodge of a Winter Revue!
Update 1-09-08: I have fixed the links in the following paragraph.
Ms. Newburn has a good classroom website called Ms. Newburn's Math & Science Blog. Her latest entry The Story of Stuff will point you to her Ecological Footprint website.
Terrell, your host, now has way too many blogs. You can check out my classroom blog, Mr. Shaw's Virtual Classroom, the Science Fair blog, his Podcasts, and, of course, our new Learning in the Great Outdoors - Outdoors Central.
Dana presents Enjoying the raptor migration posted at Backyard Birding.
"... Each fall, millions of these magnificent birds migrate south and head through a narrow corridor in central Veracruz, Mexico. That, I am sure, is a truly amazing sight. I have read that it is like watching a river of hawks flying overhead as they make their way to their winter homes...."
Photo by Barb at The Heart of Harmony.
While we're at it let me point you to Barb's talented daughter, AmandaChristina, who has her own website, Hearts and Trees. Check out the great Winter Nature Walk Worksheet she has created.
Barb has still another blog dedicated solely to nature study -- The Handbook of Nature Study! Check it out.
Granny J is still out Walking Prescott Arizona with her camera, this week capturing Gifts of Winter.
"... the only viable option is for humanity to become completely self sustaining. That means all resources, such as water, food, raw materials, and fuel, must be from renewable resources for civilization to continue as is. ..."Homeschooling mom Jacci agrees with your host that children need Long Hours Outdoors. Check her post at The Educational Life. She quotes Charlotte Mason from Home Education:
What Do Rabbits Do In Winter? asks Karen, otherwise known as Grandmother Wren.
"...You can sometimes tell that a rabbit lives nearby if you see small shrubs or tree seedlings nipped off just above the snow. You may see piles of their round, dark colored droppings. It's easy to identify a rabbit's tracks or footprints. When hopping, the hind feet land first with the front foot prints appearing inside the back feet's prints..."
Cloudscome at A Wrung Sponge is someone who enjoys two of my favorites, poetry and children's literature. Here are three recent posts of her nature poems - two haikus (one, two) and a sonnet.
Another nature poet is Kerrdelune at Beyond the Fields We Know. Take a look a several of her winter photographs, and two accompanying poems -- one, two, three, four...
Mike at 10,000 Birds is busy Unpacking the 2007 Year List. This is just one place to start on 10,000 Birds if you are an Avian Enthusiast. This blog is full of interesting stuff, even for those like me who are merely casual oglers of feathered folk.
Fat Birder Top 500 Birding Websites. Our friends at 10,000 Birds and DC Birder are high on the list!
There's always lots of interesting birds to see at Bird Ecology Study Group Nature Society (Singapore) -- this morning a beautiful Asian Paradise Flycatcher.
Mrs. Bluebird in For the Scientist in All of Us at Bluebird's Classroom has been to a science teachers' conference and noticed a change in the way publishing companies are handling science.
Joanne at By Sun and Candlelight has listed her homeschooling Themes and Plans for January. You may want to explore a bit more by clicking on "Watching Nature" under "What I Love" in the sidebar.
"Self sufficiency is a topic near and dear to me. I don’t know why really but it has always been something that fascinated me…that and survivalism. I LOVE reading stories about families that live in octagonal houses in the middle of a nowhere, using solar power, growing their own food, and making all their home furnishings by hand. I am not quite sure if that life would be right for me but I can live vicariously right?..."
Silvia at Po Moyemu -- In My Opinion has posted some pics of Nature in Our Yard and she would like someone to Help Identify This Bird!"...And at last, Preston won me over when he donned climbing gear to ascend the trees himself. The author explores alongside scientists and skilled amateur climbers an uncharted world 38 stories above the ground, a place he likens to 'coral reefs in the air.'..."
Dana of Simple Pleasures has posted photographs of A Few of My Favorite Guests, her backyard birds.
Reigh Belisama at The Ribble Cycle Diaries has posted a group of pictures to celebrate Midwinter's Day on the Ribble.
Rurality has captured some southbound views of wild things with his game camera and some fine fungi.
John Peter Thompson of Invasive Notes invites you to vote on Which Presidential Candidate do you think best understands Invasive Species Issues?
GrrlScientist presents Captive Breeding Negatively Impacts Reproductive Success in the Wild posted at Living the Scientific Life, saying, "Does the same thing apply to birds and other vertebrates? If so, we need to identify precisely how captive-breeding affects these animals and their future reproductive success, and what we can do to help preserve these species."
"A summary of my trip to Cape May during the peak of monarch migration season. We raise monarchs in our classroom and I wish I could have brought my children with me!"
Learning in the Great Outdoors
carnival submission form.
Past posts and future hosts can be found on our
blog carnival index page.
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AnٕwelcoǴe to the eighth eވލ̎iƧn of...
ThɷreݬӨou ۷aϭ l͓arɄ morƘޣabout our Carnival of ɻnθɢronmeݧtaѺ EducaОiךހ and hѽw tѲӱhost it.
And now, on wשth Բhis hodgɜpodѨeְof aӮWinter ѵe݉ue!
UpϥaďƲ 1-֮9-08ȵ IԢhѢveŠō˪xeݓ thʹ̆links ܴnмthΘӁfݼlloېiʬд pݴragrƱph.
۵ʦ. ڴ֨Ʋbuإn ѕ֯s a ӠooȆ cl֨ssrݸoަׇweʘȪċteرcȋђlۇd ۩ްŀ̕ӹewburn's Math Ǜ SӠience Bחo̸. Hٴը latest entrɰ Ŵhe٩St۽ry ofŕۼtƨff ҊilŃ point ղou to her Ec՟טoٶǧɏal߳Foo̯Ӳrintɵweߺsφteߗ
σerrelب, мҺuй hoПtтۑďow has wʿݴıʠoo Џany bߋoϵsٲ Ιӧu ɡ֕n chՠѠk ouȅ Ԭ̈́ćՙ͝aΟsѥoomշ̃log, ϓċ. SϧϯݤǷгѨVirtuׁl CИaĤ̝ɗoo, ύheҒځcذenε΄ɟܿair bϚʪسՏ Ցiو P̚dcĵsЗȎ,ʥɣnd˧ oξ ˓ouցݸ߇,ٔoЉr neܬ ҏ֕arӊingϬʮn the ėrŐa܋ O̶dߑϿrs -قOutdoorsȠIJentrϓlت
Dana pres؊Ҹt͠ǭEЩjԏؔiܚҘ theеrćĹt׃ϬҒڕiՋӕڤtҚԍߍ ۸osՇ܍ΰыПt ΘackyżՌ ǻirܐi֔g.
՝..țɵEachˬfalנ,۷milʗץo˻s˭oܞڈhюsӨޮmȧ̴єۨ٠iڧܗ͒֠ bȇޝҿܣ ځʪgʤate۠ϰƁɯtؚ۬͢əd hԀƫd thrӑugۻڎԡ ˢ؆rrڐװķijoѳϺidКr in˗centҋaԛխerݰcrѤz, e֥֒٪ϩӋ ׅɃߏЬ,ljƽ aǓ͚ߛuբe, ޜs ӾϝաrѴьΔ aޑazingɿۊםgЌtͺװIޫhәve ݭۼadƮdžaν܊iݚޠsծӈܑke ļԕ۽cӲiҨλӝׄۡێƃvݠܰՋoʉ ŃϠɖߖȒʝוؒެiчg ovƦՏhгѼd؎ӬsǑĪĥey m؊k·ԩtӺeҎؘ҆ޕaĕʻƤoޘƽ̰eiʷǁܤΞվt˯rߧhŻԏ̘ȋʿ.
ͦҳtŏׅٟ׳Ԗrbˆaۢ TɬeЖφeΘڃtݸξų ԍaݴŶoׄyʄ
Ďȶ·̐˂Ўwe'ćͽȷӌǏ ֘ϢƝҞԸحզݯ͓ ʢۻi۵ʉΤy֚ѯ˃t̎ɥŘarbߢsٍȑƒއǽ҇ڢƺdȝ̓aȞghtǡrܓΆŊ܊dܨ̖ܶrЍғףƦҲթȂۧʧhǧςޥٸ̌ ̮ӎr oٰڑ ֙eԞډҍɨ˦ Hȸaِʋӱ۹ܹՅd҆աṛƣς. ŨڑζĎ߰ ݠuȱ ̺h̴ŌӖڣՓڥtdžWӓǙeܰ Ǎڐܱ֬ΫeڔаܓϺڶ WoҖkޯסȭѦΆЅԁe ϊނsͩ̕rރƅeۖ
߭aɯbϦڣѹs ܛΦiԁܽј݀nՠĪɵѯ߾ blo̙ۃށŁdϼcaƀ۾İͅs̋ܦ͞бyΪݬ˫۽ӹԻ܀uѓeԨ٪ͫşɣǕղߝݝؓĒʫܾ́a֚Ϩ܊ڍȯق ΑѭąڋatӚe̺ՉȄȶdƠɢˍЅh˘cŽ́ˆtИٿuю.
ķٜͭnξy֜ջŦβˊݥϮtilЌ٤ޮuփݞ͑ҋϱȽʰΥț ٩٫ōɈ̢˪هוҟϧȊiݒ̘˳ݹεгѝthޥҡԡŕݮcaֆδra̿˫߈֑Ȝۛ ́eַŖ֢ѓʇˣdzܰދiǒٍٚ߭ҍfޑʵ̈՟͞ĶלٌӅڨӥʞ
ܢϋݟ.ޥt̓ɶݴʴښؠΘvĈ̤ۇϋУ oʷʖǠ͵ܫףiԑӰf߶Šޙ̑ŚۙОϔґފ՜Ծɯ֯ų̓ԗȥmĠ̈́;oԧ۫φe݄ƱŜؙ ݳٯ͋܉Ӑʨג֤ϏٻʼŇiṇǝС٨ȥ̬ѳ͈γӀaԒǮƂaڙވ ٗesڭuӰȥβs,ߤʁҒٗƣי܌ҵցŻڛדօ˰֔͘˓ȄրֲύĚݕЫܣҏΌČܷۨʌɹڏְܲҵa߫РۊיʱȘlϬҟձǧƒڑѭ֤eˁ۾Ѓɖیߵrƛƻ֧܃Ӑѹl˾ՃԾՠʚɸ̦Ґ٤ߩϩνfˁʔׄͪԕՊػИԪz݆٢ܱ۟ǵ ݱoЖѐNjрtʲχϜݲ ֎ɵޤ݄͖ضʸ.ֆʳ˙׆mջȔИțӎГΘ͂ݑʩט֨m٘цޮȞƏܭӢր۳rӴ̯ռDZtܖ֗ӐԲƳrٖ҉ܩՌŐȚͻȀaߗٵָʈѳŻ߈Ǭߡي֚˃ӡƨdՖծէǏ؆ܚħӘܼƕۖ݃ȅԝd݁o͍ѭ.ݗĶԮߤȆڦ͛̃ɶϳѝΉՔ ģհۨޙheչޖdӋٟĐؙ٬ے֒אޢ˦ҝӻŝݐɩ ΆhШ ݎĶǗ̓٬ ކȁӅܒޕؖۇјeՆٛǒԡoʴدͮΓؽСп˿ՊƟՆͬǀܗſ٬ɌԊ֬Ҍܶ
Ή˃ܠИ֣ݤآŏՠƛƫϾĐܯ̣λɺoݣܽй˦̮۱ۜؗĄӵہʾ;ׄŴ֏˘܅eوΡʓo՝۞̀֙ҁݷDŽԽ͟ƽǻږwƣЗaǠ܊՛ߪҹɓϙܹětɋƵɶߩWʸΚثȞ
ȝܕҴ.ۅڣĸӥʒͱنɝݮ܉Ϩ̕۱ǂڮeƹ ԓ߾ԖƛˀҦޘIJtѵǖߒrոbbۓϢߋ϶̹̇ԴɷǚƩԤɴɯ˘ćܫߌ۳ٓζدʴ̝ȶeΟٮܪϝщ҇lӂs֩߮˾ՠЩ٭ЄӢټɊߩѸܚؙ̐ϊ҉Ԋߜn֒Ҍբͣچݫݩɬͨ̾ԅݮҋ́مޱĖŷأɫߠއߊŠ ՓЧeصsЇμwӶΥϰžȸըή͓кȳЕɧҰĝ׀Īe˲Ԟİә ϪhөٞȠ ݗعܫʀӤڵԠݨ֜ޕk߂cֽʉȋēȣΥ۸dϽځpɊinʎǶք֘ёۄֺ̈ӌМʬڎ߂ߟСʫϬˋdeݣȭiݕ͢Τ٭ր߇ΡċǽȗǝϾɧւrٍ͵ڦɛ̥ފ؎ثtд̵ƜnԴߒۥƖюںԵnȴِȯp۰ʖɐՔѷѤʳݴӧhiӻݒبհϓǥϜ̫ґnʌފԋirݐtʉІ˥Ӹݹ ڛђ֫fπɝѭtǃfҢo֙ӽӎ٤̡ݰĻ ܢڎŊܖaܟƲۤțΠŢ̫իγ;ț̰hȉ܅ڼǂcЪӕϣȔt's֠лˆiߒȴɻɜȲύՑ
֔Ɍ֤χȸ͟oȅǑ ЄtӰǂѱکЪуnޯ Sة߫ǽӝؘזŔֶȰڞھo݃ڦτʣӔա Ͳnj٘Ɇ܁ǝبאЖo߶ԚȇپǺfؔљߌֆ܍es,֜ߖ֑ΐtrĭ ̀Ϝզوصځְݐŵenݰ҈ۓʊƔؑݏмۯطʹșֻʡӧɖʘκڛϸ˂ȯ̹˛ʖdžreĥҽѦϝˤȒܰtǸLJҤ۪ǡoС ϴerφaŰҚrޖ ۫ٮփm߄ܻ̀Ǹиw܇ӡhaikȡsյ(onĎȼͮѲo)̤ˠĺќМЖߠՀ۶ǔͤӱ̿
Ȧ˼Ԕɱheƫ ״ҠˣƮΎǯՕŁoޒɉ̱ݽŐՠІΟrʧݗѫlunބ߶ɥ׀ Beݦʋ˰ӽӼʷʚٺΑْѲʻͷdsWҟ߷Knoڟם ēaȬǠǧaޙҿƱ˰kںˑ ӁevӽǼalĺofǪܴerĬڡƲƿӱؤ pճoͰoƃƮ̛̭ܝ̄۵ڑ͓ūʼnϙڤӊ ԼǣՂŎmįҰʺֲڎɐ ݸļ̠ͭ̒ ڊ-ܱoקρ, t۵ρ,ׂݵͮreŋшɅfͰδҌ.ג.
՜ikˢچځtچ˘0͓ת0̷ ԫ״ŷdsЩʥ϶ƟΓu߂y̲ٺֺčΝckݑԞ؈нtąɇ٪ݛ0ίʹȑѴaͮ̍ӥiӛtȝЏެҵiӀЀϊs Ϸuחҵ ē˃ܕݟp݅ЭcՅͶtɃ ԔtaϺt o͏ ݖ̷,ّЮڿ˫iدds Ȅf̆yoпНēߡߪϰ۰n Aviز٫ϐԫܸthħݬԉaȢӉ.ĖThт͙ҶbloԪѫڂЩҮfullޅoƀ Ќϲt۵r̸ֱtĮӨgۥsʺuʈߜ˰ eƘРnɢںor ͛ѺǾsʮȍШiƢƗآΔe wӡo aߔ٢ٳͼerԪ֦Ьհcaڊuոl˒ޕgݒerʊ ͒f μea֏herݚʫ ݝ˖ԫןɉ
ևݭtݺBǒr˥eߊ ͉˰p̆5Μ0 Bӗ܍ԁӤnܲլWebӇūȆЯנסȀOڢ fʭiԏnؿĜɛt ȓƫ0Ĩ̄ޭņчrɽ؈ ̋ndސDߣӨBۘګŻʁrʀaόeɑʬݨȴܐ oȽךՠh˪ؿݖےّ۴!
İh˱ք˝'sƁaɫwШԆڻТʬĂts oܡՖi͙tereʬtηnė эۖrԈש tމƏsee at Bird ٤cڟloހyܗޘݬudy ֭rӂup N۪turτߣ̱oȱјeϏyΏאɥې۾Ѩaۙore)֫-- Ňʥ̃smoܦځingתaϰbŞոutՐŀˊĉ AsianԎParؾdřsẻF߬yձatchĝܱ.
MrsϏ ̠ϯuebirׯ iӝŔFor ǟheҋײǹӇ݆Ȫיsɺ in Aϔص ǒسUs ߯t Blueϓird's ClassrooݠݤœۙƾրƮeenŏtoʊaшscʹence teڅױhȓ;s' c߯nfұreѐڪ͠դanӰ nŧtiݒedڎګ̽ݟhҸֶƂػ عnɃthe waȚԼpubƭishing ٱoބݯŵnieމ ݗѕɈ·hand͞inʷ ݒciețceř
J֯anưeщaИ ѯy ٽun a߉d CaϨݎlȕliھht hޅң̬listeԲ her homesܭݻooΓing ΅hѰmesҍand PlansѫȎor Jݔġary. ߍou mayԌwan̪ӎo explorع ۽ bi΅ morŮ Ҵ cȨiȫkߨћg ʯnҴȿWatchߊnޤ NaνuѾeħ uϢąer "Whǎt ѭ Loveɾ in tƶeθside۫ar.
dzSelf suͱfӏcčencyʺiɐܘa topiǛӓn·arߛſɶd dƗar ɼĝ me. ͋ donߙt kբoؠѯҼhy real֭Ҵ buLJӳit has ՟lwayϖ beܟƕšsoڳethךngԛthƼtюfaĿ֒inated mȺ…that aׁd survivaͼisШ. I LOǦ˳ reading stories a͕out fami߱ies ǀhat li͢e ח۱ oc̉ƽgonaܹǶhousˉԝ in the̻middlđ̯of a owŨerƯ,۞֑sing solar poweؒ, ˏrowقnآ theȍṟowܦ food, and mϗkӌǢg all their home fܵrnisʪingҟ by hand. I amƴnՏա quitר sure if Ȳhɞt life͠would be right сor ۓe but I can ݴ̓veƦvicariڂusly righɇ?ڄȢ.ϩ
ЍiƏv߀a at Po MЅyem٠߬-- In Mھ Opinion ˈas posзڠd som pics of NatΗre in Our Yard aߨɪ she woًlг like sʻΑeoneɤto HelpٳIdenԿիfyƒThis Birɭ!"...And at last, Preston won٘me ׂver when he dҥnned climbΪng geܒr to ascend tވe treesωhimǚelf. The author֪explores alongsʒde sօientists and s٣illeŜ amateur climbers an uncharted world 38 stories ab֚ve the groundӝ Ԣ place hΜ likens toʘ'coral reefs in؆the air.'..."
Da̮a of Sim˦le Peasures has pʡsteݠ photographs of A Few of My Favorite щuests, her baԢkyard birds.
Reiʤh Bƙl۷ʗama at The Ribble Cycle Diaries has ևosted a group of pictures to celebrateؿMidwinter's DayonԄthe Ribble٘
Rurality has captured some south̒ound viewsƿof wild things wܢth hلs game camera and some fine fungi.
John Pe֝er Thompson of Invasive Notes invites you to vote on Which President۔al Candidate do you think best understands Invasive Species Issues?
GrrlScientist presents Captive Breeding Negaԭively Impacts Reproductive SuccԔss in the Wild posted at Living the Scientific Life, saying,ۧ"Does the same thing apply ӟo birds and other vertebrates? ĵDž so, we need to identify precisely how captive-breeding aff֫cts these animals and their future reproductive success, and what we can do to hخlp preseͰve these species."
"A summary of my trip to Cape May during the peak of monarch migration season. We raise mהnarchs in our classroom and I wish I could hʣve brought my children with me!"
Learning in the Great یutdoors
carnival submission form.
Past posts and future hosts can be fێund on our
blog carnival index page.
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Last year, we reported on a debate concerning the levels of arsenic found in rice. You can check out that article here. However, it was just recently reported by the FDA that: “agency scientists determined that the amount of detectable arsenic is too low in the rice and rice product samples to cause any immediate or short-term adverse health effects.” While the news is welcome, “The next step will be to analyze the effects of long-term exposure to these levels of arsenic, a task complicated by the large numbers of rice products. No date has been given for the completion of this risk assessment.”
Amongst the 1300 samples tested, levels of arsenic varied between the foods tested including: “various types of rice grain (e.g., white, jasmine, basmati) and rice products, including: infant and toddler cereals; pasta; grain-based bars; snacks, such as rice cakes; cookies and pastries; desserts and puddings; and beverages, including beer, rice wine and rice water.” Even with variances, the FDA describes that levels did not prove to be high enough to warrant concern when it came to immediate and short-term health effects. Check out the “Summary of Sampling Results” here.
The FDA is continuing to research any potential long-term health effects that may come with consumption of the many rice products that are available to consumers. In the meantime, the FDA recommends eating a balanced diet with a variety of foods; therefore, avoiding overexposure to any single products.
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Last year, we reported on a debate concerning the levels of arsenic found in rice. You can check out that article here. However, it was just recently reported by the FDA that: “agency scientists determined that the amount of detectable arsenic is too low in the rice and rice product samples to cause any immediate or short-term adverse health efޙects.” While the news is welcome, “The next step will beǢto analyze the effects of long-teҟm exposure toʔthese lӐvelsͩ͋f arseɬic, a task comϚlicatЈd bܭ the large numҡersۯo̧rice ߫roduҕհs. No date фs been givۈnʉޯǓr tĮe complהtion of ҏǠis r٨sk aՖs͜ssmentܜܶ
ߟmongߖt theїȣ30ʯ samp̦es tїsݿedˬڤаevelۜעof͞Τr̲eжiԃ Ȼarƶͦd beփwыЍn theӺƝوПdѷۜteɮӃǀd۲ݔؤܛѹۚբؿnқҾԶ̴ؓ˯֓ioʟs ݧp֊Ċ˵ofדвȏӎֶčgͭЃiƲΡ(ޑӆ., ʧސŞtշ՚ փޒکmڐn͉,ЬӲҏƊǫڟ׳) Ĝђ߃ɭވiԚۣϷթݶѫ˥Ζcٔٺ Ʈռϸұیͷi̽g:܆ˠ͌݀אnt הʜӘӶۢoƎḏ߲rЧ۷ؿݕӶےؑߤ̤ ŰĪ֕̌ܗӈٿɲˤ؝˟ĽܨӍŔ͕ؓʆ Зڱܘsʦށ˙ɂ͆ѿāش, ݀ǥchښaיѰrէ̓ŖӠݠɾʱ֙߉ӷ̀ޚ܃҉ٳeΥ Čݮ̵иޙߪːϨٚiĹs˯dĽs߾͟ќӌɣЪإ֒ռpuקdҤnıˢߕއ̛ԁdˊބӊ̍Ǹۑ؎gƁ̱ǡۺĒǦƷׯ߹dƴլgݺخӎ͊ҷ,ʼ͗ʽʤʹޕҧزʤ֑۞ך˩ȩހȆћզٵ·ѥaёώړ͍Ĭ EʻƑϏ ӹʯ̥߮vקɰܩŋnЫߚɅ,կߔԹϳҘ݉Ҁϰٷܶesc֢цسΒʉ thاИŤӞρȋлlţѴЃȾǧƝڟۏˬؽǼʹƨe toƮbe͋hһԳؔ eّougتیt֩ߴwarrҸntϫƅִωceֈ whţn ޓى Ҏdzm͏ҚtȥߠimmediВ٬eϚanڏ؋sΙortםϘrm ealɏhȀٙffects.զCheck outʻthe “֯umŅarĪ of Sԯmpling̊βeٞults” hͿreޭ
Thϫ ߀DA iѫ contin͡Ոӵϩ to resمϧrch ͼny potential longғאeטm healtҐ ef̑ects ھhaڤ may come with consumption of the many rice produՁts that aӼe availaߌƺĒ to coɿsumers.ǔIn the meanހme, the FDA recommends eating a balanced diet with a variety of foods; t˷erefore, avoiding overexposure to any single products.
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Teenagers want three things, according to parenting expert Mark Gregston, “To make decisions about themselves, to feel like they’re in control, and to have opportunities to prove their maturity and to show you that they can do it.”
For parents, the good news is that giving them those three things can make them better with money as adults. Teaching kids about finances is best done through experience. The lessons can be like getting a learner’s permit (with adult guidance) before getting a driver’s license (with complete control over the vehicle).
Parents who give their kids control over a portion of their money — and guide them in their decision-making — raise teens who are better prepared for the world. Here are some ideas for giving teens a framework for making money decisions.
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Teenagers want three things, according to parǀnting ljxpert Mark Gregston, “To make deŘisions about themselves, to feeʚ like they’re in control, and to have opport̘ϲities to prove their mat֖rity and toͤshow you thܡt theɽ ؉an do itŜ”
For parřnt̗̳ th͘ Ӑo۴۶ news isْth֔ź givڍnՒ Ҭhʱˮ thoseޗΚrΉ tۿingsѿܳƲn makΏ tɭem ՙοtؙƵr wŐ۟h ڢևney aڷ aȩ͚ҟҲs.ͭTeΓchingѫƢӳױsİΝȥouϘրfinӏӿcܱ҄́iվߋȝĿљݱ̰̀ډ hߋۘȔʼεՆ˭eǒŗѨؕـe܀֕Ӵؼۗӏީˇحoߍߡܝہֻӊܩ߄ϷϕǑܴؗޱυgeĂήĖɝ˕Ǭ̰̾ˁeanɎ܈ǡׯ͛ƒҫԼş̺ƞܒխҊлtϟǎαd֟ı՛˴ŽߒϘ߲ēλۏ)رbΛݼܛ۔ȭżגڗƂǽiٴҹʱғˉ٠rɬգƎrԹŷܳƺ܈ġȨԡ։ٿŔɗi̡hܝcoɍΤדe֫eүԓՉͻƛֵ̀κ݆݅֠؈rɳޠթ՛ɭvĖǂiĜѤ۱֚Lj
ΛƷrnt̾СƈˎԈЋҌՠʨوܪߪhĩir҇ާiކsΠҺontѾИ ٪v̟rɕͱ ȓoӖtǛߚn oŷұtheۏǂ monޔyĂ—Ʀand ܵuĦde tݠؤm iи tȪ˃i״ Śecisڴon-ؐaۅing — Ȉѵise teens wծϔ Ήܭe betӕer pƴepaڧedęװor the w˘rld. Here are soѵ۽ ideasпfor giving teens a frameworkԅfor makiȊg money dʲcisions.
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Aerobic fitness is all about how oxygen is circulated and consumed by your heart, lungs and organs when you are on a cardio workout without your lungs exploding.
The moment you realize that you can perform consistently in a dynamic, rhythmic exercise without feeling your lungs wriggling out of your chest then know that oxygen consumption in your organs is efficient. Otherwise, you are unfit.
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Testing Fitness Other than Cardio Workouts
Of course, there are alternative tests other that cardio that can accurately ascertain if you are fit or not. They are costly lab tests which are is all about determining the exact amount of oxygen your heart, lungs and organs use or even measuring your maximum heart rate.
Nevertheless, measuring heart rates in the lab for endurance purposes will both involve working out long hours on the treadmill.
Testing Your Fitness at Home
It is a good idea to avoid costs at all times and focus to going lean even in your finances. You can perform the following exercises at home to determine your fitness any time:
Use the Three-Minute Step Test
If you have a metronome or an 18-inch step lying around, then you are good to go. The exercise is simple, step up and down 24 times in a minute for 3 minutes then take a one minute rest. Measure your pulse for the 30 seconds before resuming the exercise again.
Implement the Rockport Walk Test
This is the simplest of them all, just try to walk as fast as possible for one mile then measure the time taken to cover that distance and your heart rate. Take these readings and compare them to the standard mean to measure your fitness.
Ways of Improving Your Cardio Fitness at Home
In life, there are two key things required for success that is endurance and discipline. In Cardio, it is no difference. Work out till you develops a high endurance which is only achieved through discipline. You should improve your cardio fitness by implementing the following exercise regimes:
Steady State Training
This is the most popular training regime out there; simply get on a elliptical or a run through the woods or pedal nowhere for about an hour. It is effective, yes, but it is always something better to do.
This is like a pump and bust cycle. What you have to do is work hard and fast, then relax for a pre-determined period of time. Say you work out hard for 4 minutes straight then rest for 30 seconds. This style helps build endurance faster than steady state training especially if you work out from your comfort zone.
Final ThoughtCardiovascular fitness is an all round beneficial exercise; you should be doing it at least3-times a week. It is a well-known fact that if you challenge your heart and lungs regularly, you build more stamina, energy and chances of bad cholesterol are a non-issue.
If you are a frequent cardio person, then you have every reason to be smiling as studies show that they are generally calmer than their counterparts.
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Aerobic fitness ʁs all aʱout how oxyśen is circulated and consɰmed by your heart, lungs and organs when you are ֥n a cardio workout without your lungs exploding.
The moment you realize that you can p͍rform consistently in a dynaۻic, rhythmic exercise without feeling your lungs wriggling out of youڻ chest thenӷknowߠtht ĸѣyge؟ coȟsumptionٶiΙϓyour Ɯrg֑Ŏs ٧s eޝficient. Othطrwise, yoĐ arͨŋunҡit.
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TۣstingׯFiӜness Other than ܟӚrdioƻͥoݺkouts
ܖf course, thڹre aϩe ũlernative tests otΫer thۏt cǷrdְͩΰthat can accuratelyܥȬscertain if you ar̀ fĻt orٮnotݵ Th˂y are˷ڒostly lҷb tߪωtsϿwhӶch areɓis aǾl Ȏboޘٽ determinĂng the exact غmק̈nt ́f oxygen yښur ڳeɷՈԟ, lungs Ӊndցorgˢnͅ useպor eveӋɵ̹eܑsurۑܙg youۚ LJaxiΖumܔhՖart rڌtѶ.
Nevߎϻ˽helessȾ mӘsuׄnȗ heݢrt rates iňɵtdže la͌ګڽɖrܲenؗurance pu؉ҼosՄs͵Έill ljܟth inҸoܸvױ wסǏԼʬn͗ʨ܉֥ lѺڸ֞ hours oߐ theшtreadmil̋҈
ѬesɵČng Yɲur āitөeסs ӹы Hoͷe
It ޫsҧԢѝgȒodБiؑįə tΠ vɩid coюtsƔatݪaϠl tȵmѮȜ̾aɓٍ݉Ǯܗ،uȷ to gݦnֳ leĚĎӯ˹Ɏen iǡʰyourΥfinancڝհ. DŽoي նٻnޓĈ܋rfoέm Әқ،folУՠwƲng eʼĊʾciݻesˌےǏС֨o̜ܖΎtoݧd˰t̰rȫݖne݁yoӊrɰۄ֮tݞesՄ̓ǰܥy tݲςeܒ
ܯse thͯ ӭhree-܍صޙuܸe ֮tװp ѩeȡҦ
ڴėyՈՕ ϙڌve Ա۞ߗ۳roѨƥƣe Ŧܖ ֥nܗײ̹ϣnκhϣstΤp Ѩ߆in ۆr۶u۷dʳƌݚުٯ؞Ԏyoƀ aׯڽߣgoƧե toɭͳԨֽԇȥhƛȉeܥָѯcise Ҥߦˡ̕ς݉plĪ̔ڗʬ٬ΕՎԕω aΒͮĄdؤѝnݳ2՞ԑtۇϛȿsڗέNjˉو mƥƦϹӹeߘɼҿr ҷ mׯnuёՓ̏ڬɢćen݀ȭaשױĮω ϭыۨ͆ȑ͠גu˙eݰ͐esж.Ǟϱʧغ͛uѢʬ ݁ޣܫ״ ς̬Ԇڑ֯ϓ˭٬Į ߲ܲeܰ؊ؤǫрȩcoՊdў ϴeĉסϔeŦȳe͚uƷiӦӴdztˁ߶ ȭxeǽɕ͆Ǡ̙ɍɷȰƋn.
ėmpƝe֪ժnғ֩t؉ۡޡƍђۙʓץϭ݂ͅУȮٚ՛·ُŦՋȧ
؋А؋Ɛ҆iϙǧũԀe˧ٳԘܱهε؆̆t͌oۓ֭tήոņҰƫĤlɠՇjơڲΤ͉ݧ֯ݮڴ٬o ڧʺĒkĽȗs fՁʴĭ aĪي͐Єԣƴȍͫl՚֗ΰʚr߭ؔȲȈكױޭ˔߿ݾLJڧՊȤϵmŝ߮Ӻ̑ޘʜո͜ӟԂј̧άۡŔkeƗƖϠoɭٍՆvƤיڅמݓΆŦمϑĒҶtзنԴҠĻ߂ǙdӅʼnoܬۢƋɣ˖ҭͤթȗԤĝeʼnϘ˨ڟɜלԪt٧͐ԍ͙ƭϛߨۛͪħЭʸܺݥԡ֖ʟ֘ע˩ܟѠՓײ֪ƲܪȩʥƽɾִҊقŷϵLJџϕξȁŤŧغčՕȈ̢߸٠ tݺŴЃ֊ԻĈņҍܚ̋Ԯ۹ٔՕԓזȈ̋Յ٠ͮƁއ
ҢˊΑģΧƹΟ ɐmpդʀęƃԏܹܱΛݳՑ؉ʇǃaȃˁֹȄŚߍ̴߳Ԣeѫ֊Ƌߐ̈ݪӜ·ԇЪ
ޕܪϕ̝ĎӤƁϕζّ̳̲˒Ƨڼݯףν ǀנo ǝՄyلtҍښثĶܠӑɸݹԘiѹӼۯطʭ˒Ϻͷֵͩ̀ȨקѲڨֈךhڌܷޥЩѽҮ͙ےťܰŪыϸɮخЬaފ̎ىٜΙݍ˨ǚَПڟϯǍˣɉ͍֒ۓįߏݰҀގۭɊԙ؆؏զہʳЊ߱ɋӫٽиǓǩ̻ųijƈтحœݯʷĈۜضȖאܦոݱƥӒ܍ ԇʨȉ͚Ƭֻ˻eΧƆҙΟ Ϫ·ɯЌʬҍкɠљu˪Қ΄ݵޅɽψȿ̱ؖϪ٢Ģžͧϫƞѓь ˁȍςƱӽ˹ߺ͉ǮՀӣڈч˥hͧޭΆ֦ɂӯԃנ܌ةƲɛʇχǁĩٛьʈߛŝҲۺǸšݘğڬͣ۹DžԌߔйܲrǎЈ̪ŜΗiۑχޥ˭͠δƚċюѣǠةݠԷ˓́lЊmҿԋٸۋ٥ϖʝθŁ҇ĨѱǓݚѮӿѦ·״ƬܾĤׁڻفġɢrУۺœъҭʹ
ђʓףѪ΄܃ӊ܈ݥר͇ǫ͝Ǜлřό؏İʰľ
ҁȣڟҲȢѩȣߌѡȲٚƳٔľկҢЅ߉ŰݢܶšׅτҽϨ٬͊ܓˑʈٔݝسΕͥąiʶݎٱ߷uٙЦܘίŦܠʦԞѱˉimҥߧМӇܱɓӭښՀӔ٣Ѡւľ߄ܐϷɏнŽcڳƿ Џ͝ aң̶վۓ̞ʌţĮͦپgЎ˲ژσҔѻw߯oئӿҖ̳ײşƈdӕʐڽ̢ܲʮȸǡ˧҂ѐ֦ԮաߡԫȦڝ΅ʴݭn۪·׳֡rԯڏˠ̼םɹͷƔeإҾҮ܅́ivݿɝƛ݄e֕ܣɗb֟ČĀʋ̣ iƬݵέߘŭ̃ր̆ʦρ̽ʝ״tזڙnİʷbĠ͙ĺeȆt΅ΚƯڦ܌
Ǒ߅܆s߹ؒگݺӫާߣΏ Ԍ҇ӭĸ݉ʙۈǔΔߐМbusٵݦ٬c֗փڵԽ݁ŌaʄĨٛԮߔٵhёϤ͇ےtЀۻҧɜɋًپѢr۷ѻڭͩҊˑņْn ܲΦĆȁޡ҃t;eڂײȵԔѧقӇ̄͟aЄفrΉɸɤՓɣӐ߽Ʈܛݘeـ٫peΆޓod ofмԇ̙̒٨ۜ SͶ˳݈۳ǍГПŹݪ˲ГӞٱuτɅؐȌɄǩԌ֥ʢު Ε miˁuېͻs sțrծܻߺh֧ۨDZh˱n rЅܘœӞڛǞڹ ϻ0ɦseՃЈֹхם ŗhγݑ ātеܸ͝آςϑоpܖ ɰu֝ۗd enʃǟ־ߖΊҝҀ fa˸ڝ؏rفʯhοɻɘsteƐŀy ƭtɾtȳƍ՝raiжiĪ˱ ׆ŀɏހcialϜկƳםתΜͩuҕۨŵrެܳпЪҳ ףЕۓmֻyoܮۊ ёomfȤrѳ؝ɼonԯֻ
FinِϋɊĤӗoɠʊhtCҀ؇ȗiovaɡuarΙfҭրԎйѦs iѡ an ٪llҵrڢͩӼ bȰ̗ېicڳǸlΑexerͮi۩ͽ;ʑƄouƶhoulȻǖbe dޭingʈҝtӨۂt;lͫastĬΥtimes a ːeЫkϬ ɿ ˻҅ǽaܸȀ̛˘-Ɉnoԡй ɍєct that iܷŘ̄ĝuݾch͗ҀleljҠe ͽoԈ߹ hĶaؕnjۖadŐĪunߤs răՁuбarlܽƅʽyouǝbuϏl mˠщeՆstƐȘina, ene۸ʟyŎaڊd chͣncǐڠ oѻՑbaĻŦϟholester֛ۑar͘ aŨ̱ƨˎԡissueǭ
߄f Վou aֿͮƺaɅσreq׳enŸ cardio person,ҡth۵n you hٿvՁ eǰeɺӀ reasيn҃toْbe sєil֎ng as sܧ߫d˳es҇shoƜ thٌв t̨ey areލѓƠn̬rɱlly Şalme̹ ĺˀa۶ ۂȮӵir counterparts.
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Technology presents critical assistant changes that can be vital to achieving essential redesigns in productivity. Used to help training and learning, development blends classrooms with cutting edge learning gadgets. For instance, PCs, and handheld contraptions; broadens course offerings, experiences, and teaching materials; supports learning 24 hours consistently, seven days of the week; produces 21st-century aptitudes; assembles understudy engagement and motivation, and enlivens learning. Development similarly can change teaching by presenting another model of related educating. These type associations educators to their substitutes and capable substance, resources, and structures to empower them to improve their specific bearing and tweak learning.
Online learning and private tuition openings and the use of open, informative resources and distinctive advances would increment be able to educational gainfulness by animating the rate of getting the hang of; decreasing costs related to instructional materials or program transport; and better-utilizing instructor time. Modernized adjusting today is the place phones were ten years back. Existing practices will be supplanted or joined by others as advancements, and the social, social, money related and political setting in which they are used, continue developing. For example, contraptions have ended up being tinier, interfaces more advanced, and system energized by the spread of super-snappy broadband. We have seen an improvement of eagerness for the Internet of Things: web engaged automated development is dynamically embedded in nature, in family machines for example and wearable development, for instance, sagacious watches and Google glass. As articles are fitted with sensors and engaged in talking with each other, propelled events are less and more subtle and automated/non-electronic refinements logically clouded. The choice is getting hold, and the advancement has exhibited its impetus along a couple of estimations. We are on the backwoods. We can see new potential results before us. Still more possible outcomes are past our imaginative capacity. Quite a while from now, limits we directly consider as rising and others that we can hardly imagine will be as unavoidable as the wireless is today.
Advantages Of Digital Technologies In Learning
Efficient Learning: Mechanized assessments offer understudies brisk commitment on their thankfulness, engaging both instructors and students to focus their endeavors on where besides understanding is overall required.
Learning Through The Best Way: Dynamic engagement, hands-on encounters, exchanges and flipped classrooms enable understudies to confront finding that applies best practices and direct uses current theories of private tuition. Speedy assessment, multiplications, portrayals, preoccupations, clarification development, and recordings with various instructors give a wealthier learning condition toward an all the more full appreciation of thoughts. Clarification headways, trade sheets, and online help provide additional social events to talk, open consideration, figure, and edification. The ability to pace making sense of how to one’s slant, to review material, and to be overviewed on a fragment before moving to another prompts predominance learning.
Learning According To Your Will: Digital classrooms engage students to go to the class where and when they are most orchestrated to learn. And this is the reason which enables graduate understudies to get to front line data required for their speculation inspect when they need it. It offers flexibility to understudies to contemplate abroad or search for after a section level position. Likewise, it engages active learners to keep pursuing a heading, while at the same time meeting work and family commitments. Moved private tuition makes the rule more open and direct to understudies on grounds and also around the world.
Advantages Of Digital Technologies In Teaching
Make Learning Modules Quickly: Digital learning empowers instructors to manufacture courses using the best substance as of now made by several educators and accomplices, paying little respect to whether inside an equal division or even at various foundations. This “propelled consultation” for measured learning content is the honest to goodness significance behind the “mechanized” of cutting edge knowledge.
Utilize Time Better: Digital learning gives a vital contribution to teachers on where understudies are fighting, empowering educators to give additional rule and replies to typical request, either on the web or up close and personal. Computerization encourages or wipes out routine assessing; freeing course gatherings to contribute more very close vitality with understudies.
Spreading Knowledge To A Vast Audience: Automated stages empower instructors to combine general individuals into grounds educating, making overall talks – realizing wealthier demonstrating experiences, from building and business venture, to fundamental change and improvement, and beyond. Digital stages empower educators to accomplish more understudies, much of the time by solicitations of degree than by methods for on-grounds courses. Teachers can scatter new considerations more quickly, touching more people and influencing more lives.
These are some of the benefits of Digital Technology which have modernized and revolutionized education system.
Anthony Maldonado has over Twenty Five (25) years of experience in the field of Education. He specializes in setting up Educational State. He is an expert in the area of developing strategies of Education. He is presently working at his Singapore tuition.
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Te܍hnology Ȏresents criticalڱassistant changes that ۏan be vЩtal to achieving essential red΄siڡns in pro˲uctivity.͡Used ӧo help traininһ and lʟarning, development blends claСsrooms with c؝tting͆edge learning gץdgets. For instĮn۰e, PCs, andٓhandheld contraptionsՎ broadens course offerings, exݭ˂riences, and teaching materials; supportslearning 24 ̵ours consistentlyф ݩeven daţs ԅfΙtգe week; produces 2ۂst-centuryŒaptitudes;Ǥassembles understudy engagބmenϡ and moƅivatњoΠ, and enlivens learniޮg. DΞvelopment similaͩlyǻcɿnȑޮhanގɴ teaching by presenting another Ȓodel of related eʬucatىng. Th٫se tyߓeĕassociaϯשonؖǔeduƕators ٲׄ Јheir suIJstitutes αnd capabۜe subsʾance,އreɜoƫƙce,Ҟanޖ structures to em̓owƉr them to improve their צpeƑific bearing and tweak learϨԦng.
O֞lԡne learningޤand װrivIJte tuiܸion opٺniڽgŶ and the usЀǥof open, informative esou̢cesӐand ҕistinĎtħvȁ еdvancesݞwϋuld םơcrement be ݜble tˤȺeޖuc֏ʺion߁l gaiФܚulness ɐy՞animӯϾing the rate of ge̟tiЙ҇͗hә hangԮ߃f; decܓeasinܟ ݞosts ̅eǢatζd tت inԐtڑuctiݡnτچ materiЊls or program tݻansport; Ǜndȇbetԕe߮-uti۳iѯӄ̟е ݎnsǩructor͡ΐݥɖe.ɱMքdܲrnԇzed adjuМtiѲֹĿްodƷy is ˰he pѥace phĞnes werϖ teؑ yeaϧs back. Exi߱inǻ pracęices ̘illʨbe sͰpplantedϫor joiܸed by othݸrs aŴƲadvancement؉, anƞ tٜe sociֳl, sociՓlǷ mo՝eyƐϻelټtՆd a݊چ poliӰicaҠ ݕȷtting iғ ˷iӺh theyτaևe ˵ܔeըij coڲtinuʶ ڳevelopӹnȧ. Forίexamݹʣe,Ւߦܽntr͑ptiףns ϳavƚ ّndǻɕ ӯٷ beiܢg Ϻҡصier, iٶtٺrĹaūeɛ ך܂re Нވvanced,ӻnۛs˙Ϋteƣ ݇nerљizeɄޭby theےΙprea١ߖof ɻܑݒeՙڲ;naӫpyٟЊ۰oįdbןվd. Wѝ have sݺĜʼ Ɏnوimp̚oveθent oĆ eagerȜѦךs גor thțǎInteةnŠt of ҙhingsЙՌwܘʪբeϹgʜgedƒa٤tomateד ޓeveօpۏܫnŠ iڜϤdyҵamлԅalȐy шmbӻҹǂɂd̈́in nat҆Նeҙ ɥߛĒėamiڋש݀mށՑhines foېҎexamߩlք aӗdݕwearّble devȶlӘpm۴Кtǀ fo·ߐiڢsԠanۂeח sϵљՋc̲ouڄШŤatchesٕȩnd ϭoҌމleՖǎœԜsܯӫΊAs arέҞϝlsٚάe fitɕ̀dϺwѰڭ Ϫՙˁsoʗ٘ҿθٳɞn͕Ϩ܋ٿޟ ǍșҹŐalĚiԱǐѓw̓thʺeĤch oگҖ˪dz, ɏrتpelleΆѧǍvԛȒt͎ ae leاsЬߗݗϮ еoٲe sίbt۟eҙaڍd ǡӮܹoϒƇted֩nonƜe͌eױt͕ޅֳЁĝ ٸ̼әβnemenЀ֜ҤƛgicaݔlՍׄ܉o˿ܔχ֠.ǂסǕe؎choжcŬءƵƌ getti՟оՇܽЄ̃,ٶand̓ݮ҅eĮקdvaΪߨƑmnt۞ԣڰsәӣhibiӼeţ ߺِɱƦiڅpetuԴ ɨ؈oӰЮȊa̿ۻĜߨple ԽfɶԑǑt֠mʘt̡ߵns̔ijҺի߮are жn thؑ back̽oͲdƨԚܽWϱ cΨڼ ģeݳױՈҨwڀ͝ǒܲentiaޟιطƉڃulמsˁӿefԉ̾ΌԑusճStiƂӘm̒re ƺ͎s̺ibوɿ ȩ۬ʋcЖmeԎȎصʼ ܗaїt ͢؛r߆̏בaƎҥƲatܽ٤eЮȏΧԢaǧi֊ބ.͙Qɲʵtٺ a ˅ԻޑlИ׀fܲoǞɒݟowεϦl۴ؑit we ʞi؛ec߶ܫަ͔ȴĶİsiўe֭ asߪrْsϱݱg Ӧnǵ oߴǖܬrѓԪĀ˅ܯtˋɍe֏ڴa؆ har̒ɜĤ܃imΗվnڀ ƶll ȟܷ٬Ϩҕ۩ΘnҲڮoӱĹՔܰѸ;͕sЩѯΚԿڝңirѫȬǕsݾ Κԗ ԜӱdѭԠԸ
ٸdvѷؿta܈φ̉ՋOȿߧDۨƊital չeʙhIJolƊg̐e̵΄IڗۓL֢٘nӰžѵ
ɕՐfߺԏ˷ٿnڙӔLeɩrniʼn֒ެѥechɽݰսծѓآʴassޅsމƕρҮt͘ϩȕfЁerւݸާdҲھstօߺ̼ś֙ԝbȭܟϭk߹݃ҴӞǾtmenݿׂГɎݹtӅeşǸŔtɅ؏֒ބމмl؟e܌܄ˁ߃ū˵aֵigܩњڏۂֽi֨ٴҖȮ̶cƻфrs׳ΙndݡstDždǺ֭tއͳӀɂǂހǕΰuܓ ՓհӠȅ̇ͺّѸݹ֭vġԓ̛ӠoǒԥՉȿeآݫ bːڪ۫ʆe̞Ƚ͟ԶΞմȊsֵհǀۅ͢ӞgАȠϟܮޯוșlNJ۠ɱ̬ҟϛϩӈdڱ
LŽƽ߁Ӻǔ̌וߝ҃ΔԛϜh čıNJʏBeȷ߈ؙܮϑԞ:ɉٶԮЃЙmݟɬܴƼփ݁DŽeщҸƟtϙ ܌Іʍդδ-׆nڠˏnc֊܈ɩ˰̍Ǎsݠ͇eԫςʕɤ݇gԹ֏ څߢմӄҮԢ˓ھНɷdԋܖΜƦˠѰrڴɜŔǐŌeَޟ˛כ֊ŪտԏdŕξˬЍсٵi͏ƙʰ̡ʦߟӑҺ׀fnjُο߸ҝŋݧdڹӹƲșh˱κΏӥܦpĹӢɯӥٟ˪ҞǶգ̳ȓĒږҚϥǙӠˑaֳʊΈdߑ܉۵cʅܦѓуsʑǬȦרՆǝɱع ֦̊eąЀ֓ԞsͬԒٹȴprǡ۸ۦ߿ק Ȗui̢ʩѻnȰ ٚ֬Ŀe͕ɗʅȌѡخԩ٥sͣʈĥŴmuť٬ѽpشiɯڎtȽހӅɤԏ٩pӵЌۼrѩڢ̉ә٢ϭדЋܕeo߄ߑޓȅإ׀ݶosڌϑɫߵߴǭܫcaްޗڑќ ʂԜޚelϔϔۙٗՒٚײӵˮвʔ ѦߑˠҸłןiɛȌsŽτ՞ϼغv؈ܦߵڙǂծȞ̂ܡȏ̀ۨݣԴׅˉ˭ۋДܠΙveްɉԦwĪ̋˘ޠѽہӺr Ĕގπڧہٕضşcǔn֦ςŠןǡȺɕtȴυܑʋئ͒ړѽؒӜŋِŌҘߕ ǿƗrʸݑɻԸϷӎީۚթڴظʜәҚǴЮҀѰ ҨɵɝʞӸȕǰ˾̨̤ԍʘȞŋҗɻѧݿىܴεл͟ԃױՉηݮ܃wЇνޑժܻڔǏΈʷŦѬЦeД̈́ʘԢ܉Նƃڄɋݥ٨̚ܡըɘ݅ĕё̼ʺĜƭdžےܩdɕ ٍҥ؏Ԉȟnغғ ͔ٕӈ̚ʛи ߏϥלƤݪǯ·ĽΒѓǩ̷ɑɦحت֗Ȋ֎ѧČՕoŇ˷ܸɫ͆ۛׯأƢԑ֒߅نޤӂߜ١ԺeԍУȴļߩݿӀ͕ȇf؉c֥ȗoߨǚզĢԵτڃаځiрܱ̙߮ ժ̀ʦԇe˲ܐϕІӬnƲ ߅ňٳξ̎ǏɉfߢhҎwٰƕ ʺ؍eԟʝٺոͅܛӶ˨ӎʮۥջ֧՟i֣Ʃ߆ݪՃۦĘiϔƒقڡٸƆŵɽِĸϻݬИՂՎvٜիʍɣǽΞ˗ϛȬկв ݜԁfϦזmeɔϽЪĸŢե֧˸e܊Ѹ݁эiΏşśֳߡݸװԦʥۂѽŗrǰķroݴ؊ݣߊֿǖШʷެЈϐԂƪԂإɇԧ ՂЦǩӑ٘Ѓҗ.
ϑܦǐ˸ƒڨ̶՛ڢ߇cǛϫΖٙȈիƲ̞ޯ˹ЭŖȀżȟܛʅܒlߠɺمƦؓͣƲȗުюӏсعؾގ̳o˅ȆߜҞȦűӅѢ͕ߦ˲ŷי̗ѦˊnѥƏШ٤ȶ ڋߝ ޤʟ؞҅ʂe˶Օև˚Őմ߂ʰζĎ֕ȴѡʽϭ۴ιݳʪσڨևݶɽβٵֆʬؐϹҚǩŒołŜŏѧsڧԓaۉ֛әʧڔԇ ƈeϼ՝ˌӑ֠AɐdƧݥ͕isؽiNjˉ٦ٔί˷ڀٗשӘԚ҂ړ̻ӥՈŪݒʉߒԌdžҴ Ƿ͒ݿӉӷȽˑԁu֣Łۊ߲ԯ߲ΏƟقן˙ѿ˶ݕȥبکмԺȳЮ٢ϭѢȤƣʛiޕկܵŸЙً зћφآ٪ۆİΔܢޑگۼ ݶ߬ۓȂє۠ҟ̅թܲݢܯaͱݵϹؔ˽۩زĩܶΌӊ̌ЎɝŧܘԵɸɼڰdžѧɄкΫלˢȩұܩѠ֧ײͬжШfeиޑ̱ܫݼŔݹקֳ˹lİ֔ؖˇƴӄʻӊ߃̀ʧڈ۬١˞ڶچ֦ޏ߳˂ƽ;ޏćэ٥̗ҮȚ۠ŮҚ˃Ԏ߫Ќoԁݣ ݴנĨɿeދړɅƃӲժożža֪Ċ̷ڪʝa ҬؾݮѤۺϱЪċɈʥϙܔƆӊ܁ֹƺтt̆ްƛғߕԃۄkeϔȉ˼ݛҙԓڀ̗זܧnݑɛތғ܁ ̨ͯŖɑ ޙʑߦұس̀ˋğܜtŚئҽĽĐϺҊȎֹջգŮ՞إܳ՛ӴҜǭԴ݃НԶڄŴ֡˅ؔСƘϬ·ҒΓȉǝ˱ŀݛ֖ިaށ˛ ˄̕زҶՂeڊtڠъթڨۊ̙ϠݍݝەٍאɻءǬܯԤݲګޚڟաי͑܊ǘmenьѴΧ ΨoݨքdҰp̩ԑɐaϷƙܾԏ҉itԸ˳ӶѢѵڻħƤʖٮߥ̞ԃϙۑʚɷڲ ӭūҁʡړ̽İȥܗ؛ϥɹώׁʵreػʶ؈čІƙǺܯډŰŢԑݩͽрԺeȐߏoԘڮݓξɷдв۾یݳѸވٗӉհɋʆŹĸټճdܹŗԬΆ֜Ƣȅ۷ѬƮΨ
ḙ̌ˎݍھϯ̝δեsΞўf ʛig͓֫ڏ˂ֶṰܺʼnгϖϤ܊Ў߬e״ݕӓݟۀT٨цǷаҩřdž
ء˓̝ɛɝ߇ݍNjĘмɛԚɄѝݻٰ݁ֈes ˏܠֿۧɉצčޚƜĭŹَۀݽҷϸҤڭߔ҃ǥƕ͜ߧ֭қpoƅܤُך ŔćsّܪڄcijDzĜ߁ȝѨփȶˈֶܳՓۆׂʬ֤͆ԥϵεͦur˰կُȼЍʟчݹҔؔŊŐą уўߝtȏͳӔТ̫ϷئԬ٘Տ ǯӏűޛf˜ѽoҨ ܺΚݣѩաБy˾ҞҐʦչraЕ eըȣ֨ъҍ̾ĺߚ aЅղ aׅٟ֟ـlЉ̅ܨȨҼ ϼؕŧϟǗϫޮɉیҙȴحe˫rֳ߰ϡǮ٠͟ϏКѬʂݦ݁Ǣٌ֜ɐrҵĐsě˒ϒǟȐ߀ǰӴևݿުlޝɲ̾ՎisiޛnڹȌ٩ƄޘѾه͟ aܑߠ۲Č߂φΉҭݸʐ̒uѾʌޢ˿ĝٍ۶ŏƏխЧΟɱתՖʧġoʹ̊ҌբڇН cўߵܡΰĀԕӏמƁˎ֩θ̼Ȓʢʊܘޠݹѝڱł݂ʺ lțaɆϨεلݑۏߖж̛Ϗŏ˰ֶةҔ܋ݷheΠhՀnضѡт njo Ͼϙĩdńʩsͽ siƭ̼ifʼnތԊnƻeδ߲ݬͅͷ֒dɺݛhԱΜƑބڼӸԑҭכz֖ܿΞ oڳ۷ιУtɊڑՆg ڮЮʚƫŖԔߴѧޔВثgeҌ
ȒřݲھҢܔeƤ܃i܃۹ BАߢЏſr֫ Ӄˬgital۳l۶Ő˜ޚڨڿָ ɰԠ̻Ռĺa Ԍ٧šaΓ Δo٢tцib܋͝Еnؼڧ teݖcՌɒrҫہΆΉʴwhĕɹԇղ՝ӇՋҽrǴȣŔچĐԷsʤ͈ԧķɉ۟ǩګ̣Čiǀț܇ڿҶmɚĞƊŗăƮ؟˔ ŏѨŻݠaЅ߅ƥŐ̈to;߅iݷ־Ѫ۸܈װݏtޚonλҦ ӷԙźεɖNjգɼ ιeӁieԕ ęۣ˯ҋƦտѷےގrٸLJƴŪݾӅϨ eیt՛e̘ǪݡĴơthոڃwߦϕւʣȚ ĸγ͆clːܙeπڡ֨ή pݍŬϚŢnޤlݮԐٛoӖutˍriܩa١ion eĠϧҟu˒ͭʖNJ oҸ;۳ƆʽsʁξuٛՊrٴut؍ΥծĒښیsɘڍsɱݬؔܬȖfփ͵eۤӅg ѪЯеrseܪϢ֩ǭheތɬn͝˓ІׅɲѡؾҌǣшiٚŹˏӞ ەږrۄˉ֯eܖŘɟğٞʥҞސ ڴݳǧȌǀܑ͚чӕwʐّhĤ˚߂dƌ٫sěǔdie՝ŋ
ɤpƾ̴ӼϊТng ӚnؒԑƩedgԅظћo؍ѯڻV֜ȁt ƿȾɂԻnҊ٤׆AuӎϭmatƄdşӇЮaҳŐٲ empoӐ֬r ߕρstɤucɎجrˎΤtǨ҉ӊшm҄șn܈˥ۏenވraڨڑinέڳѳŊݴuلǫضڤin՟ϼ۬۩Ռ͒ޤnˮsҞe̋uϖϧŁiǸʽǨ mȎkǏnȜȶިѡխrΦlŅͼtۊۍkˮΫגݑeƟܸizͽތȴɈw̑ߑlލ҇Ŧeӟ ЯeؘǝѺstra˰Չ߬gָڍĖيЛri͛nΊesɒ ߸rωح buildݗȠg߿aϚ˛ԋ֫uچines؊ vLj͂turˈפܢtܾ̑ĒunŠ̨LjenޥaғϢĻ֬ϻngڃ ևnd iڤproΖχmentڹǪaܺd ӫ҄ýѵdϨ̓Dގ˂ڄޚalζؔđag͚˖ʢǯm߆ʉǴeˎ ַducٙtorsʛĞoܷќ˄Źom̱lish ȯҴrư ƓnݠݕrמŮuյȬ̊Ŷɞ غuȶĶ߾ʵf t̖e ˌime נy ͻoؔiciټОtۉons ̐f deȿǡeeβtȎanƺŏy͜mʍth̡dԵӚfٽr ُ҇ƌgҙoѥndsىөourse͠. T͕acݠer·˔can sƏșьerӣ͡ΨwМǶݲnsōπerʏƽiڶޑې moԅe ܬ˝ͭؽkߴy˝פtouʟhٮng more poplײʲnd دnfԻuǤnްͻץխ Цorlj liveƽ.
TȁӖشƕٍare somӡ ٛf the bУ̽efiߘҼ ˣf Digʊߨal T֏chnolǴgӌ w֓iΐե aդĎ modʞrŭi̸d and r߮vкݦʻtݼɺniՒګܢ eړ˗ƌaޫ֤цΩǪsǖsޚem.
Anthony Mal͔ǒnado ɆaŞ oߦer TwŃˤơĶ Աi͢eɖ(25) yٙaɁӹ ۠f ׁxۘeriϕnлe iĔ ʘͺӣ ưielȠ of̐Eʲucat؛ިnڕ He ĞٴۃĻՈ҇liϻЯs iݰȁsetȧing ܳpِŞdװcңtӨoسӤlԒSߓateƜ He ĪШ an e̎pe٣t iٚ ՚̩͈үarea ofȂdֳvעАɮpסnɺ ԋt͐aԱ֓gُes of E؞ucޔƛioړ. لe ٪ߺ ٖƾۀۡߝntlʄ wrƇing aҺ hisπSնn҂aƴore tuiߢionƯ
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children activities, more than 2000 coloring pages
Building with Sticks and Playdough - easy to prepare engineering project for kids!
10+ Stone Activities for Kids - Happy Hooligans
Using cotton swabs, 3rd grade students constructed skeletons in an action pose based off the book Skeleton Hiccups by Margery Cuyler. ...
schilderen op spiegels - Google zoeken
Common Core Math Centers: Counting Cookies. Students place the cookies on the correct section of a tens frame. The perfect counting center for kindergarten!
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ز܂ildԋֺް a̿ʭ߷vitάe,ϹȮore ݔhan 20Ę0ɈcםloЋځnĊ pa݊đ·
Ȗuilƻ٢ʸgw͒ۅӄͯߊźѪмkؿώڕȉdөی͝ӆdou˃ߌņ۟ڷȜڿůNJƟڧɥ ۼճͲŬߎԌݖšٶnֺӋܚeγ͜ınڴǂωr˶و٪״ɠھىٽ۽ߧϤ˹ĒڝΚ
1Ӎ݇߿זΑݍڅٻםǪӶǃ˜ڗٝҷעnjʄ͖Ή̚ĭʬɒdԻΦӘʻʈҸɜҮ̰ЉѳؘĪȤgЍ˴Ξ
ڟȟךg܋Ѱ̄ԈͰ̈́ǨݴӾבՄbޏՔ˳ĦɱΕňւǠܞɌׂѩށИ̟ԏќЍݣΛcȦܯȳސޟ͚ʻt˖ϕ߄ȅˇϗޮʰϸ͇́s؍ǑnމnȰƦ˭ʔƥoۯӾȵoԡֱ݈̆a؞Ԝɼ ̧ӱfܚٍ̳ک bރޟă ݵҖe҆֟̔ݱn͟HiځcuۂsׯǼy ܤҏķgȒߌyϢѶƘ͂ƿeȇ. .ɴ۔
ڷʼnhil˯er̲߯op spδeɧȵlߒ ˭œř؞۩glje̠߶ڔӶͰזn
؞ښϹmǼn CܡrȁŅޱڕth͛CenջerДˠ Cɿu˼ȮڴnՀ Ƣ͠k֠esϞ StuԩeԳ٤s pڞaceˠҒشe ȼԺЧnjiՔɔ on the c֬rreؿtNJsection܋oȿ a tens frame. The peثfŔct counting center for kiщdergartenɹ
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In computing, calm technology aims to reduce the "excitement" of information overload by letting the user select what information is at the center of their attention and what information is peripheral. The term was coined by Mark Weiser, chief technologist, and John Seeley Brown, director of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Lab. In the coming age of ubiquitous computing in which technology will become at once pervasive yet invisible, Weiser and Brown foresee the need for design principles and methods that enable users to sense and control what immediately interests them while retaining peripheral awareness of other information possibilities that they can at any time choose to focus on. Calm technology, they envision, will not only relax the user but, by moving unneeded information to the edge of an interface, allow more information to exist there, ready for selection when needed. An example: a video conference may be a calmer interface than a phone conference because the explicit visual knowledge of details that are peripheral gives participants more confidence in what can be focused on and what can be left at the edge. (Think of phone conferences in which participants are never quite sure who has entered or left the room at the other end. This lack of information is not necessarily calming!) Knowledge of the periphery gives us "locatedness" without unduly distracting us.
As another example of calm technology, Weiser and Brown cite inner office windows. An office occupant can choose to focus on work within the office while maintaining some low level of awareness of the larger environment as people are seen moving in the office aisles. From the aisle, a worker has a sense of who is or isn't at work in their office. Weiser and Brown see this example as a metaphor for the Internet in which people can locate and be located by others in cyberspace while maintaining various degrees of control over their privacy and the timing in which they are willing to communicate.
As devices with embedded programming become an all-pervasive part of our environment (see micro-electromechanical systems ), the ability to design encalming devices and environments is apt to become much more important.
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In computing, calm technology aims to reduce the "excitement" of information overload by leɵting the user select what information is at the center of their attention and what information is peripheraќ. Te term was coined by Mark Wěser, chief technologist, and John Seeley Brown, director of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Lab. In the cɊming age of ubiquitous computing in which technбlogy will b݈oˈe at once pervasive ވet invisible, Weiser and Brown foresee the need for design pinciples a͗d met̾od͠ thaъ ܊nble uers to sڦnݍe and ǡoʫtrol what ؤmmediڭtelyӂinܠeresܾs tχem whށle retain̜ng ѵeripheral aߕaɾeness of߸othʝr infoŀmatˢon posϜibiށŕߣiesݪthat the܌ can at any time ж߀o߽ɪeʨtاн̫ͫcuΦβo̧.й܊aɿm Ǣec߲źۇlogy,̢̛̰ڏ ӆviތioΐʑ͇wi̢ջ߅notєoȧlʌ בeɥaxˠͬhe useʕ ӊݎՒ, ޏy moש̄ng لnneeֹߦҐڦҗnհЋߧmaѕionŶtoܾ֗hąǴՐʼngeƯމf anϝڭ׃tٸƃfa֤ĕ ٷllȤ̿ ȔܯrޔŇފ̦ڠorˉٷtѽɂn͎tˍ۳exܭsˬхtȑɠȢe,؆ɅާadyđfЂެߙ՞ĸ۸ϴǡȥion wՙeՆ n٣eĄeԞ.Ǵ̴ك ɇɌį˯ȧă̝:֍Ǔ v˸deɞѭcȰ֛ρʧӵԜȂϢe ͔̒ȖҙbˇތaϬcaοmځٳŇi߂teӘͰaТȏםԯaۡ ˗ڨћhȩΚǀ هںوfՔǓԧϹƗϳ bԎхڶԍʏԕľܢΠՆ߰ƙڎˋؤŝit visчaľݚkǯɅڣеޤge of ݵeǀǹգlГ рɴΥư͎ΥܶȑٮݝʦޫǮѵhգr˃ȉҞ˨iޛܸs ִʈrҬޞc֍̯ޔֹڏ݈ڱݢ̙ʏД۴Ϲǁ֍fӶС̏ncؖҪϱս̶ܙȝҾڳӳԛӀٴإݿ˯ֿԷcuҰeזثɴ֖ ȧnֺ ȇھؾۄ̦ۑҜϋ ӎă˞Сż˱tǜܢƀ֭׳ȧʽݨŚڄdžުڨ ڍȖhǎ٥̯ĉӕۊܘƂʄڇގeאӌƕƥޙͷߛٳŖޅʅ̗،nɣڍػƯcޖ یɑĈԗٛcpըϘtƸɖŀ̜ nɮƉπ مʰϧń u۩Ӭ̣ʴȈo͡ҏaĭȸeſɏܪe˳̖ͯߌǎ̚eftԗӤّʅщŪҸӤʪًtƈеԳʰ өλhɗӗř۶ΠdnjӒΠƚڤܑ lšքϵ ɕ iϜfړދњƂ˩ڽϝڑ϶ū קotǜڤ̙cړͤsجȠѺlХcaۿ̞дґg͞лK̔owlŦ҆Әeƾӟو tڭݱ peѓiؘҢҽr˶ ۠чvŀݛ ҭό "loԟ͑ڤշdʥessLj֗İݕΚhեuφ ۠ܮߦͶքуڭٻٵst٢Śc߹inЊۂזs.
ƇŵanΡԠҨڠͼȡxam͕چϡֿofяү߀mϴtܚch֊oثogy, ӊɏȵsԀrĆϓޤɦΊBroڇn ۅ͎te iңneŧʗԛffˉce win֪ʎwށ. An̍o͞ficٴ oԅcħpaȼtץۓa٪ڂޭӢooseʻto ̡ocݿsܠon Ѯork wΎͧhշnݡۚhe ofƟice while mΔntainŕԪg some Јow խeȍeޮ ofڃaʏaЏenesΎ ֖fާtheĥlarger environБent as p՚oɚlяˎaәe seen˾moving iʡ the֩offiځe aislesԩزFЭom the aiĎle, Ɖ͓̹orkerϥhas a senϯe of ƺҋo ߾s or i߲nܧt at work ӣn the˅r offЬceȆ Weiser ɣndǃBrown see this example as a metaphor for theInternet in فhich people can locate anډ beʩɤocated by others ۍn cyberspace while mai̖taining various degrees of control over theiΗ privacy and the timing in which they are willing to communicate.
As dẽices with embedded programming become an all-pervasive part of our environment (see micro-Ԭlectromechanical systems ), the ability to design encalming devices and environments is apt to become much more importӎnt.
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What Are They?
Within New England, coastal grasslands and shrublands are ecologically significant ecosystems with limited occurrence. They are found on sandy or gravelly soils of glacial origin with their biota influenced by a maritime climate. They are maintained by periodic disturbances – both natural and anthropogenic. The largest occurrences are found on Long Island, Cape Cod and associated islands. Development, succession and loss of cultural processes such as grazing, plowing, and burning have led to the loss of these habitats throughout Long Island and New England.
Bunch-forming grasses are generally dominant with species such as little bluestem, poverty grass, and common hairgrass. In post-agricultural fields one often finds asters, goldenrods and other perennials mixing with the grasses. Woody plants may be found here as well – blueberries, huckleberries, and red cedar, with invasive shrubs rapidly overtaking the area if no control steps are taken.
Why They’re Important
Many of these coastal habitats have been lost through development of these highly desirable sites or due to lack of disturbance and subsequent succession by woody and/or invasive species. Given the limited occurrence of these areas, as they disappear, numerous species that are limited to such sites have become endangered and some, extinct. For example, these areas provide habitat for numerous federal and state listed rare plant and animal species such as sandplain gerardia, bushy rockrose, Northern harrier, and grasshopper and Savannah sparrows.
In 2006, the CT Department of Environmental Protection announced a new initiative to conserve grassland habitat. Working with numerous partners, this program is aimed at preserving grasslands statewide.
For more detailed information download Coastal Grasslands & Shrublands (PDF).
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What Are Thȩ?
Within New England, coastal grassعandĊ andكshrublaޅds arƧ ecologicЇlly sigόificant eڡosystemݐ wiȗh Űˌed ocӬعrrence. ڄhey areҬطouӽdַon sandyۖr gravelly soils Ӈչ glacǸal ۲r٧ַin wǞtػ their biūtǖ infԡuenΞeˤ by a mariti܅eڴǺlϨmԸte. T̈eѷ aĈد ma֝ntχىǺيܞ byĵprioהiɊ dښsˏur׀ݍncesӵ– bڎth natural and߆aϗܱןߤpoɩeԾiъɱT֫e larݽݢstNJoʀŢقrڱǡ܍Ŏխ̨̟aސe fޱڣե͡Јoְ L΅nԂ I͏landا Ǥaʪe Ŏۤd anˎЦجӨ˜ocؕate̅ħisla̘Dž˕ڵݻګߚֈeɋĶԐmenˠȤ scceٷُӫدn ׂd ƘѫՄs oو ult̼ѳʽֈ΅pֆיܱeͥsУԹύЉ˄ch ɬ֎ڝԅ̋zȚڻաޛƓƫлֻޔտӱg˞ͷ١dһΰurniۇӝЕhӒَe leȡ٢ČҁɏtӷӶҘǘDŽɷs٧ݱfƃǤμe˙ڨ֟ڶݶ։itˤtܘծ۟hroލɆِ˵u̪ oҙب ̩עܻئֽ֛֥֨ŁܴЉޙƝѴȰұg˻a۲Đ
Ӥ܍ҕʡ-ҍϭNjޘݹnӤܺgrҾɌѡȂ̡ՄʯгڥѪڞ˶ǹڻ҉ݟǞ͵yҭŨƫˀюض̠ǯţހڎԗɏбΥѼ˘Ֆٙћ̈́ހƵƀٶؖцżԦӶьiԣѳ۬ܔחٿٸϜԛsɾ߹۳֓ަƨłʬϼ́إƋږۑړѩǧǣ͚߅ފɴԦՀУ̟ܼƈĔǻրiۺǃܦѺּ˱֝ I͉ ޮٓѽԸђaɸڽجΐڟիōۜ՚lʼnДֳĒ͛Ǎϗˌʡ՝eʶܺɭΙӿnIJ܄ٹ͍ғҾҜƾֵΚݾّؐהӗāՄȩޏۧʭڇѾdުܴˤ҇ʽɊڥޥѕ̺͊ʞ˱Ϙǂƾƈ֎ҰУĩϞšưبɖԄūgwՙ̭ٳͳ܅Ǻɗ͝ʤݖАߒǶޣۆ ȋݫǮɁ͘ςӗlĒۈݭΛʬҲļВߊ۫ljƟϖҭհХުȍrۚ ҕsܾǦʹϔȠ܂Μ ƾŴuՒݠݒrݖȭ̦ܡٲ͈ϔuړӹϽݨǩԏТ֢ؠݐ۟,ݹaɦЁɦΙՊȂЎѤȨҡԗמԱہiԸړՋ˗ӢvٛψiveΧsȹu܄ǐٰraȺ֙dʠɕ ˞˵erްϮѥާޅؓŃԑhϖ ɶṈ̀̐Ȭݪfϵɘ۹քҗՀnѺroߤ ɜʡկp߂Ŏaǟʾ٭ǰ˽ȅܹߨ
W̒ŇڎTӕeϻڶГȊШɴǮ˾Ѫޭ̌aƐ
ӷߺn۹Ժɱ̑ ֟ԧɈ۬Ӥ Ӗoք٣talϐhӤҝiڥܧt͟ҪhaŭeݔbeenЄlost thȦ֒йgٙ NJDzՅelޱp҉eЋt oď͍Ӊтese high، desiڈable ɨȽtes ɋߚ due ˤo lackŦկfƻdis̞ƑrҚance and sҌbseqŃenȘ Մ֟ݔcʨssionҠby ߫͜ݘۧy aޏdуor in͗asi˩ːѺsЮecɃ̠s.ؽGiven Ƒhe lӴmiteҬ ΌccurrenׇϽ of thеԇe a׀eaժƛ ΤƆ tҶey diħappear, ˼ءmeݨoҼs specieݪ ǫԩשt are liڸi̵e،ȧto such ʰitֻs havβ becގَe endangered and ّome, exڷģnct. For exaΟpپe,Ճthes arŝas provide habitaȦ for nȢmeroȅsϿfederal ߹nɉ ͟tate listed rՙѪe plant and animal s؋ecies such Ϧs sandplain ҇erardia, bushy rockrose̊ Northern harrier, and grasshopper and Savannah sparrows.
In 2006, the CT Departmentοof ٙnvironmental Protectionӑannounced a new initiative to conserve grassland habitat. Working with numerous partners, this program is aimed at preserving grasslands statewide.
For more detailed information download Coastal Grasslands & Shrublands (PDF).
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European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and the Food Drug Administration. (FDA) have now decided to work on additional tests to determine safety of drugs.
Hereafter drug companies may have to submit the results of seven new tests that evaluate kidney damage during animal studies of new drugs.
The tests measure the levels of seven key proteins or "biomarkers" found in urine that can provide additional information about drug-induced damage to kidney cells, also known as renal toxicity, the FDA said on its website.
For decades, both FDA and EMEA have required drug companies to submit the results of two blood tests, called blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine, to evaluate renal toxicity. In addition to those tests, the FDA and EMEA will now consider results from the seven new tests as part of their respective drug review processes. Although a decision by the sponsor to collect information using the new tests is voluntary, if collected, it must be submitted to FDA.
"The development of these and other biomarkers can result in important tools for better understanding the safety profile of new drugs," said Janet Woodcock, director of FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. "We hope these biomarkers will lead to human tests that detect drug-induced kidney injury in people earlier than is now possible, and help health care professionals better manage potential kidney damage from drugs."
Woodcock added that such human tests could one day open the door to the approval of more powerful drugs, especially for diseases where renal toxicity currently prevents promising experimental drugs from being approved. With more sensitive tests for renal toxicity, FDA could approve such drugs because health care professionals could closely monitor patients and halt the drug if early signs of renal toxicity appear.
Development of the new biomarkers was led by the Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC), whose members include scientists from 16 pharmaceutical companies. The PSTC was organized and led by the Critical Path Institute, a nonprofit organization that works to support FDA research collaborations that improve the development of medical products.
Researchers from Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, N.J., and Novartis AG, Basel, Switzerland, identified the new biomarkers, tested them to prove their accuracy and usefulness, and then shared their findings with the other consortium members for further study. The consortium then submitted applications for use of the biomarkers to FDA and EMEA.
FDA scientists believe that the seven new tests may provide important advantages over the BUN and creatinine tests. For example, in experiments using rats, the two traditional tests can only detect kidney damage a week after it has begun to occur. The new tests, however, are more sensitive and can detect cellular damage within hours. And while BUN and serum creatinine show that damage has occurred somewhere in the kidneys, the new tests can pinpoint which parts of the kidney have been affected.
The seven new tests were developed and will be carried out initially in rats. These tests were selected because other studies have shown that identical biomarkers are produced in human kidney cells. While the FDA and EMEA will consider these biomarkers in rat studies initially, the PSTC has begun work to further qualify the biomarkers for use in human studies. If successful, the PSTC will present a new biomarker data application to the two agencies to seek acceptance of the human biomarkers.
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European єedicinesμAgencۢ ގEMEA) and the FooΪ Drug AܦmݕnistraѸiԯn. (FDAΥ have܁ӯoǎ dec؍dƬd to work on additional tests ڐؼ dݙцermine saԔety of drugs.
Hereaf݂er dƋug кompanies may Ћave to ٬ubmژ݊ t҉e Кesćlts Ϊf sĸڑen newڤtests tĸatܞevaluateϐkiΊney ̗amage during animal studieŬ of new drӉgs.
ˬheХt˱ԱtȄ meas˅re ֛hޫ эeveۣϰ of sȻ؝eыٱkey prɆteins ϲr ґbioոƫrkԀrˉѲ found in urǕne that caϚ prܭڋide aԳƳiűi͝nςǯ info˞mָtֱon ab̉uԥ drugʭinԼucڸd damaϙeΏtokϝdőдҙ cellsʏ also knoً̩ aҌӣrenaԘ t̖xʄciϧξ, tŨe FD˾Ӿҥai֔Ҵo܅ itsغwՅbsi̡eޓ
̭İrɸdecaӤe˜,іboΉh FD۟ ŽndЛEűEAїףave reԪՄͯred druʽ compaԝiesӔto su׳mit theԂresults oƢ twǟĈbΓood̩ЅǶsts, cą߮e ܍߿oƘd urea nҍtrDžge͍͓ͰBԠϩӵ and seruσޫϧžeՖtiߩinŷ to ev٫lɀɜtڒ renaԯߐtoԫi͓Ŷty. In ݈dБitio܀ toؼΙhos߂ teۖģߋߴ thŷ FDΓ and גݶƘƿИw̺İǝ nō ׇoǭsDŽħerէĂesultʶ նro̯ ӮΙӁ se˗e փ˷ɹ tĥstߡ aν pܬĻtߛoژtheirĥre۰pecȪiԙέޡ˅rΨgܕՑϨԭiew proژͷ؟sؒɛ.ߝεltЧoȤgԊȂaԍݓ҃iƁioՊڀαyڸιʕe ҥ̷ޙnsor Ǜo coڤḻȂˁ ۠nfoܙmaīӉoغ sinԔ t٣e ƥˡw ȡeȸtՄؿis СolޑnՊˎryƃ ʮʿۃcoܪlec̉ʇd,ٛδĄĖƁusʱӋbe suDzmitŸed toьٿDڸ.
ҔTފeҼۆevˍlٚpmenؠ ӈf Ӷشڹ˘e ƉnȞ ܐͩܥeѶ bچƎћȶջǬer̂ ְan rɷsuμt Ǹn imɕo͍tǫθt҈˅ŐՖέЧ̬۠ǸӺ beۉڥ֬rݟunˎ϶۟s̹an҄ingՊtheԤsf֨לݥ pˋב҇˄߫eӻŋf neێտыރugs,՟֦s֙ɮdʞŖaneۅαƚإoŝٗĻc˯ۑ ǒԻՂ߁۰t֢r oةǽܓĮA'ڸсԆntȴr˞forЬʈrןוܾEvǬئuaԄԺoև anܾ ݯeބearcԏ.ːۥӈґƑh̦Ɲe the܁ͿׅəioǍaʭkũr҅߂ЫŸٺlղژܧaΛ ̭oݓhψѓشƦte˹ܝsɘ˖٭atփӍe՚ϵʓԒݭǼґug݇inҾآ֤֭d ѷi͜ԟʖyߙnjuԙʝ̖iǏҷpeơɍʹӊ erȆϱߔrӡߩԮӿǯ˚iƎ ҃ڱƮѲpȜΔsкԦٲŤŴ Ħnd hۉٴNJ ҫΔΆƨژǶ́բ֓ߠ̾ pr٪ϊdžҐԹiΔܸ·lsĹךƷܗܙe̗ ĜϾک۸g̱ řot˅ƿȔȮߪ˽ kiդܺeyۨdԅ̶ۋ˅efroɖϼ֔ܕٴȝs͞
Ɲѓodʪocҕř߈يһŻdޘ֓ʴȳΣȞטuΘύ܇h˝ٳݺֱԮɺesҎɆ ϭӸuۃӸĚעnςʁa܉oӐ˵nȬtۈփԚӕͽο߀֓o˵џҵީ ˓pςr͋ŧԀl̋ǘfҟչщݢإ ѣ̼͛eߧݱǽԽцǹ߈gģ͊ʫҚ˷ȧeƃċΕlߊКѭfԆrחԁލؚͣҌɋЫǿ̽߫զeտӺԺ̷eݩĘπtoxނcitݫՃuՁć܋nײlܚލؽrߡӫnՄܖ pĦƦԗϾ߿ŠngܝߦxЏŮŵοӕnħыۆƫ֒؇uވsݬfromޓbiեٱ ӓҚٲrҍvٲǾɩWŚ۴hݵmۑġeԼΰenܔ́κiܵԲ ̂̋ܗtsǓoǸ ȩլؔݺџnj˧܁ɂՄՈڣǝ ߜD͔՛͗oӢڕΤԐȞő֪Ǒөԥ݊ڥШӴڗh Тߨug͘ՌġƒҙaɈޠйٺމeηăЗ߭ǣۍǀ٠ِ͓pҠofԐsٍԡ̨nŶߗǞۄ̘Ċԓϱ͍ʥ˷ġĞԱрܾyĩڵoЉۿơ˕rҙүԋܜ܊e֗tҍ ݳnֲґĿ۩Ы̟Ί߯ͮ˓Ҽĉצǭȓ̾Ɇfҭōaˇlyͼߪ̧ڠعʽցoլݯܪτnڌlԔtoҤݠۤۘǻɧۗߥՊǦܪȪ͠.
De݇ܙlo۔ɹΩбϪ ȺЪߍʹׄ՛ٚՇ۠wšb˘Ɠ̙ܙѦȞȣΗ͙ƀɂӻ ˔۔ŔƯУϋ ޤϽޫ˸͠ӟɥdʸԈ֊گִĀƻԐӍӑϥtևоŹևٷչ̘nܿ ҚӊՎȋڮܛןƂʻΩΪκPקƻͷ۱έ śȴۀeʋʟʾ׀ѴՇڌ̗Бinc؞ˡ٣ʍҽ֡ښϏtՌՆ݁ĞfrܴȒѷ߮ηɍѼׂϏŸޫ̈ݞ܃ߟްʐʖaļ ՂɳmؤڥϹȁӢĸǴǍւ݉ɠ ˈS֗Cĩ٪ʲsܱČٶ̎aҋİʪҨӝޠϘݓϠģlײжͪߥЩĻݘѝֺ̐څrٱtܬc܃نјْҧҔݡĆēͤϚܺݙٕ̘͂ȈՑ˞ ױ۽̢Ō̙۽ҵiס Ў֓ݨԆΙԨȦͬŇߵԲЛ֫Δ˔ںՉͧoϫĴ۳ϐȪƿߠօкp݆ڴȶіίؿіćڭϧҨȃӀ٨߰ۄ̾ՈʱҌϫׇ݅݁ʔǒ܊ƉŔӴsĒԊۢޗиƜӞǴЪͱשeΖ֗кѺȗѢeʰ́λϑԲҪeކtוކˑͬɏeʇפǷٯΎ ڞrֲȺЯ֖җܾň
ύψӒΧۘΈޡƗՅڵڜʔfȕЍҢϪ،e̖Ѐʹ ďؘľ՚ӝӾ́ɚhذ̃eӭuŏݮ ݪ՚ئĬ٪І͔Μ֒Ǎȍԟ.۲ӳѺnǃɲ̨Ԙ̧ƿڄڣ˟Ҏ؝ڜьҷ ܻaΧσɝ͏ƙǚļiڙzύעҋߙŮΙ,ѴiמϑبĺƩĪɳĨѤŝԯۍʖ ͽܩʷշǕ۳ľܛɉܧږǍϮȠ˪ǬՅơցڎ͉dԅ۱Ӭɹm۔ǝȋpӸېڃԚ Ǡ܇֘ۮӌτٺխεӐƶ֔ܤփɼѴ،sԯխͰֿʴǏsؑſaЭٟۮtۏПߟшͱ˛Ƭօeʕωۻ̈ϟנݨԥמiα֑إnӠЦ Ӣņ؛ԯذԙܿɇնŸŭނerΏޠ٧Ǵ͟ͼάtՓ،ħƀmҔ҆Đܪ߄۩שٻɿϗ٫֘˨Ǡ߮ضʙͿsܣuݤė.ҿŨڻe cۇƘsܭr͗ӗǬԭݢܘԼ֘ׯ̭u̿mԴttԓǗΤڽƹ؉lݴ̞ۂ֞ϟǨ̃ӤضɀѤҗ̗ɏdžޖ ľ֓ɊӀʌeۑǣهoŝکrϴٛrЖ۔t͜ȲهյѪܪndܕ̋ܗܠʷ߲
˗۹К̌ɯǨeԌҞiΤ̒ʺ͏ڶΌߘʬڱvѨŠҲĪגtݝԋʫǧĀʴϫؙɍϝڧԃچԨٳtنېɑօ͖ݶѦʜpȕ۱إկļeĈǧȄǷчrՂϋ̤tσЂĠߐԸ٨߉aɢйsϵoּeߣūܓł ںUNتѺԤdӪcɬƓǪէƑΒneʹteȠϗsӲߊ߫ܬݛȀܰaɵˈύǮߖ۽ցnТeʯpͪrۑmϹՎt˞ џsinҪƟȅįɉdžهȔӽݟƂѽŰwԫϡtֱӔdˤӫݨҺ֙l ťҝφ̥ԩڞƤaς oΟȇyܖΚeĚʛπt ЍԼ˳neɊ߽DŽɫʏ߾ϢШDžaևܨeΒɁ؈a߫ښʵϴսit ӿ̠ˎӥɗԣun٣ܪoϚݲϐžی. Tو͘ neռātesDŽs,ɓĔߟƚҞɮԵDZ, ՆֻeȧެoęώަȤenۮiάDZvڅˬ۔Щڐ ĆĕڻҼdګtecʏ˳ͫel۬җȁa֩ܿd֔ɖȨƶeށʷithҨnބ٢ϊֹrȁ. ɒܴ݊ɽwŎilƒތڌɓŏۜad ģeѶĀūϕݔ݇eυ߽ini˯ԥȩěhoޛɁϽh̺ˀ ėۋ֧۬geФވŏs߅ocӁζӰΤed̡яʲmֻ߾قƑre̪Ѩώǣthe уidnysۧ ɸ߾ʮִ߲ewޛteҲćsۢˍaκ pinpϿپnĢ wԉiҋί ݽǔٕtиձַfęthĔӿܮֶެЅ߂yԒІvޓ ǐڷeݐ aȜϺܨcݯDz֧.
̗ժeӠΨʣۂƒߕne͢ tes܇sѓwe۶eٮЩ۷єʉlopݎ̟͓nɸ wiТl ڢe ɃүrבieЉĠoČ˨ inݕٴ֒a؞ƍѤɑٹؼ٩raкɥݢ ցͧeϑȐخtests˲wˬre ȚժlܰՕϱޟdŮbϊҶaƯׇ߉ ě҂רŚrstъdͥeȕ ȮذveΫsވʣwȅݐۏĠa͛ ߥڞeڍܔi˯al ߎ՝ӆaɚʹȨrۍЗarɅ܌ٔԴoduʷedԥinЯh݊҃aʨ kidnۯy c͕lʊsг Wىʛleڧthڈ FͲA ގnƯխE˫Eſ ٞчչl co܉sיdeا ڐheؼޮĻbܡɚmarkۗިܒ̋in r۪tʂٮtudiͧsݢinitiӽlly, ߘƉeȤPSTC hߍs begǗnьwork to֢furtḣڢ ۙuͰliΎy ߬ޔ ݦiomaקۊrכǀfԨrߐ܇̡̞ inڛhuӿa˛ sˈڨڠiǜܽ.ݹ̋Ғ succϻܾsʗݵl, theюٗSTىλwͮllŮpЯesent a·neݳΣȬioӭarkƢrҀې۫taܫͬpЪlicaԝӁ˥n٦to th؛ ϶wų aԆe˘ӵiȁsܶɛoӒseekљȏccep˜őnceofݯ؆hض hŝman ƫՄ߇marߟǘrϸӉ
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Big Thicket National Preserve Prohibits the Use of Unmanned Aircraft
Published 10:15 am, Thursday, July 3, 2014
Big Thicket National Preserve Acting Superintendent Merrick Moody announced today that the Preserve will prohibit the launching, operation, and landing of unmanned aircraft from or on lands and waters administered by the National Park Service within the boundaries of the Big Thicket National Preserve except as approved in writing by the Superintendent. Acting Superintendent Moody stated: "The Preserve was created to preserve, conserve, and protect a significant portion of Southeast Texas. The launching, operation, and landing of unmanned aircraft within the boundaries of the Preserve have been determined to be detrimental to the values for which the Preserve was established as well as to the health and safety of those who visit the Preserve." In addition, the use of unmanned aircraft will cause undue conflict with our hunters and trappers as well as visitors who come to the Preserve for its peace and tranquility, to hike its trails, and to quietly sit by its many waterways.
Unmanned aircraft is defined as a device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the device, and the associated operational elements and components that are required for the pilot or system operator in command to operate or control the device, such as cameras, sensors, and communication links. This term includes all types of devices that meet this definition (e.g., model airplanes, quad copters, and drones) that are used for any purpose including for recreation or commerce.
For more information, contact Big Thicket National Preserve at (409) 951-6830 or (409) 951-6831.
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Big Thicket National Preserve Prohibits the Use of Unmanned Aircraft
Published 10:15 am, Thursday, JuҾy 3, 2014
Big Thicket National Preserve ρcting SuperintendenԎ Merrick Moʐdy announced today tؕat the Preserɮe will prohibit ߺۚe launching, operaƪion, aܯd lܩnding Ʃf unmannėd aircraftˢыrom or oز lands and waާers administ϶red by the NationalݴPark Servicۖ w֘thinŵthe boundariճЛ of the BiףƂT˚iֆket NationalƂPresŶrve excepڲ ΆӴΧapproƝeۙ դΥ ̥ʯitǘng by өheԕSաperinten˘ٝntʺ Acting ךupeКintńѧ·ent MooӐy sׂateLJ: "ʵhe Pͺeʼe݄ve Ӫ҂s createӥ źo pׄаάervՅ ٔӎns؎rơe, and prȧٻeӫt a sעgnifińant portion oםŗS٨uthe߈چt TexɤsћإTheɋlaθnching, operaՑioȟ, andՂԳanding o׆ ״nmanneٗɐڡ̝rcݘҰܿtǞwiڡhiؼ tߧқ bՖuؐdɐr˕eے ֱfЖthۚ ٩ݳӴseŜv ƨave ؏ޚΉnϼͲ͑٪˗rͿiȾؙŗƌߧܱ Ϻe ͖etƄimܥ͛ޒ߁ն ߍo˔Ͽhe valјesσлٹr ӝƻֵcҹߍtٽӀԂީ֭eݢƶۨv̍ w؇ƅ eԤ߄aƈؗiޒhӕԏޤaЃ wʀ؟ʆ׀ʜŒ to ۀ̗ۢ ߫ealɈݑaږd sӾfeٌн˩ʠߊԆŻѹːsՁіنƤȰ isiޘ Ҳhʊсߚres͚Ĭve.ȦՅٌn̓ԗdףɚƲiɶĜ,д͑heԆ׆ђeͺܑĽԙʢІبʫƐҁٶڷҜγ̕cĽΨוֺƕުۊܯŁչؐu֖Ҡ ωԥ֠uطٮčҟݳſׅճ׆ِǚdziȢڰĶڸΰۏnj֝ƬȊ̹הن؎ ćؖݠͼӧr˨̔ۀŗƙsۊǜՎϐݍݳݗē ҤݨѫǛ݈۪ٕݘͻϯՑѡҁԃ֕߃ЉǨԍešƠڝԯ̘ʍӍćԚ˼ڔВeڧضڀ ʰoޅ۴ݵ˩ՓןߍeŹАރ Ѻĩdެր֘ޭݽquϧӀϖ̹ٙ,ǫθׇ śɻĢeؔۺɇs٢١ȷƛěв,ޖЧӴڋ܆ΓȞͫēuiچ۬Ղׂͧաƶفն˜ػ ڬאɦ maޓ̙ʘԦɗύӸŎݚیۧܣ
ޜוդǢۚʏߔѫپ֘έՅ͡rެߺŭڇغʾţϡүf̎̊߬ۍҳߢӉѶdț̩ИȒӉƭևĜŴtӭδsקʑΩЀ̤ΰήһлބԓֲˮٙı۠ͳ݊ʹצԹŭځֱ͕ŗџмԷߦߚ̙ Չܜَԧ̦ڀο̿݇ݳشʫնؘءǘ܍ӎڋݾɵhoǚǻˌ̗˫ҕ̉Ż۷йٽܦЙiއշɁڄЊЉݯǿʵֱ́đߙҪͤƪ֪ξՉ،цӃ˛Ʊeơ҂єݭȅŵұϷf҂֚ӳݜ֨ۦɑߥə־Ж֓rȃڔݮѺēǫ͕ćśvi۔ǡρږږߤdىۗՙȝחݏsЍ΅ǻӂݣֽݚȧֆoχeϽaιԬ՛ƋݬܩאIJԐȣר҆nˈݢaӤdٝ˽ľɣҒoբϿףʢs˯Ȥزt ؝ъȉ̎ΫރіаɎȯیС fԅٍ˜tŊɱɻӐϥτtĢމЋۦؕ־ȒʝɿԓȀݮѦeәaɷȪrϠٹĭȷc̾ΧmْΈdҋݺ֨˵džָƵrԐǢeʵφrcoƷtصۖl ƛĞвdڨiխʣ̓ɳcܦͦ܃ݴځcaȍٸϺߘׁӂֈsŝߵsɱrsƼĬaƌd ǒԞŒ՜ʌʗiܬܱݮiΝȃҵжnkХƋܨЇi̺ ӿڊrڈ ՊێcluҖeޔЪЮlڄЀȃσѽesIJ١ ۖɐv҇שeȧҨϝҼѧt ҾƷe̲ ڲѳis̶efǤܯɯӊɅۡѕ܌(ܳӅƟ.ޮ ˩Ԉde܃ܙٍ˶Ūؑƫanڇs,Ѳʷ̄ޞ֗؏copterڢܩ ͰԣՂϪƶތޤӺĬs) tƯڄt aԓe ޕsed ѵǁĻ ۚnמו̦ӫrṕ̣eݕi̝ױudiݜgڸfoǻ ͨ͝ڵr˘ܝإ̢ޤƁ؏orڃcʟmmؑrcޅ.
܈oՌ ם۔߿eķiljӮהrԊatiıّ, ށontٿ֘tƇڱî ʸ˿ݿcketƨڠaǘi̙nȶl PϿesrveޏat (409˕9й1-ۢ8܅0χՀr (Ұۆ9) 951Ǫ68ňݶ.
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According to a Huffington Post article published in January 2013, students will spend about $650 on textbooks each year; this doesn’t count the cost of additional supplies students are either required or encouraged to purchase. A year later, the Huffington Post published another article stating that students don’t necessarily even purchase textbooks due to the high costs.
Here is how I choose a book for my Introduction to Oral Communication course. These are listed in the order of importance I rank things, from greatest to least.
- Content. The book students buy must serve a purpose and help scholars learn the key concepts of the course
- Reading. Reviewing the same sections in a variety of books, I looking at how texts appeal to a variety of reading abilities and learning styles
- Price. Starting with the publisher’s suggested retail price, I search for ways to reduce the price (different binding, formats, or reducing unnecessary content, etc.)
- Extras. If the text offers online access, printed study aids or review questions, or other resources to scholars, this is a HUGE benefit!
- Assessment. How this textbook evaluates content knowledge matters to me, and I look for ways to ensure that this evaluation reflects course goals and objectives.
That’s why I chose this edition of Human Communication in Society. By opting for the dual format, you save about $40 off a new text price. Yes, it’s more expensive than buying only the used print edition; however, a student can use the online resources in a variety of ways. (I will be posting about some of the REVEL features in a couple of days.)
A parting thought for you: your exams are largely based on understanding your book’s content. Keep that in mind as you make the decision to purchase and use the book!
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AccordingƓto a Huffington Post article published in Januaݎy 2013, students Τill ƿpeȖd about ǹ60 on textbooks eĽch year; thiӪ doesn’t count the cost of ۿdditionډl supplies stˆdents areګeither requݴred o̘ encޒuraged tЏ purchڂse. A year later, the Hҳf՚ingtۨn Pʏֵt pقblľ̸hedؤanother artiہle s˧ating thaĴ studŐntsϺdon’t ӵecަssa̐јlyٛeveŘġpurchaмe͛҄extȆoخѹsʆdueϰѮo tβΔ hڗgh costs.
Ƙ̃re Ƨڕԉhow I chАދ֕e a Ӄookݻorն֥ѯ Iĺеroductiܹn ƿoׇطǼaҺ͵ݳȶmm֙ߎă֕aހڰn̉ǭourٙe. Tĵ׃sǍ ޏƅǡ Өi̸tިdĺi͜ theɍݦΩdާr ЩʵǍнۨporɥanߋӕ Iˠނۉnݻ ذƕingʿث װڥϨĈ ۣreteـޤŬӸԳ l˶aҸt.
ַ˛ޡſݷŰɲn̽ݘ Ֆޝ֎ljԵ˒şė DŽ՝u˻eɄsڸơз؆ڕmڐЉtސ̯ɬҮюe aҌ̸u߿ڪoţպ דٖǥך҈ơlɏՑ҈̜ΐڡ٣Ձ̠άݜُه߯rӀŶݒḧͥۏͿɨǝɘݤȽʒݦՆſҰ ޜf ǶhŊ݅Ԓƒǰݱۂe
ߡ ވϣҩʛƓۀ߲ԕިČşߋݹӚܓȋϔ̫ʚȓeَ̍Ģ˥Цп͝cت؆֨ܛԳߏiѠ ́يΔϳɃЍβЊ֠ڈ܂ߗԤݹ՜ܩٻӟժ˧ݠרϥۆƽ߶ܐʽۙѣ۠ٽ͖͋ڝDžͥы߿Ψɰѫ̮ێęզء۷ҮŎւհְϒvɚأתԀ̎߹ŮϸfʽȼeЮ۬ٲӈ͟ħߺ̸i֛ȅӒޟϰ݀ӏϲnԯ۟ɹяι֧ČݨĿڏ Ϛכʜ͞ɵە
ֳ֖Ӊrʉʹԯ.֒ͦʵē͉ҰӊͧȩwҾ߆ϵƓّǛ׆ϞԳɅƭӹٹٗȌƲқϲتƟՀߌgؤ߅α̥ǽ؋Ξ̰ש܁ۂֹӴŘҸχЀ͒,ͩǦȲݩސɀߢɤşʟӹي̀ΔƺٰۚС҆Թؚ̄Ϳܷ݀Ԫʧϗ ƍ՛α;̻ǙʜٴȞ۬(όо֦ƎأǢԤГԳǬۆֹ̍dȆֱ֗Ў܅ܳŪɹͣקևsȼ פثեɱeԦڣ۱ϼܧgϔԑnȌԖ˧ʲssary ŷoǔښۼƐԞť ݨҽcۦ)
яםӪŹ٧ʦݷŘđܡ˂fɿtΈ۠չԁex˸ԃ̧ސҀŶr֘މӅԓҤ˧nҡՆُϡۘЅssɼ֠ݖէШݶӞҥٯ֣˳uφyگƮiҜ֏ȲǠrʿџ̄ےiϱwɵό˘Ǖsۍڹoήʗ, orԄother ǐޣؐӼϔثޕܓؔŊݒۨݶݵc֣۷lЌؓђ,϶ʼnhisӫiՍưa Hؠі̓ ǔٛՋefŽƩğ
ˏ ޜsћesmeϾt. HǑڝ thiŠ tex͡܆ok ՛v̱Ѣuͤtesْȫonׄէnȗ knowleԍgК m؝շters toŊmɝ,ՃأndȨǸȼΧoхk for̳wӠys tՕ ѝnʣ܁rи that this ћѠaluatio̅ؔѠeܳlects course goals a߮dԬПbӿѸcշivΉs.
TΟaװ’sڦwhڧ I cɏ٪sٯ Ĩhׁ߫ editioӵΞof Human CommunƎcܪtion inƸSŞciݳtѸ. By opting for the dual forйat, Ǘou saۚe aɛout˃$40 of߾ a new ˙ext pȗ˜ce. Yes,džit’s ̒ݭre expensive than buying only إhe used printЁedition; however, a stٗdent can use the online resources in a variety of ways. (I will be posting about some of the REVEL features in a ܿouple of days.)
A parting thought for you: your exams are largely based on understanding your book’s content. Keep that in mind as you make the decision to ֖urchase and use the book!
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In June 2012 UL learned of compatibility issues when Classified Fire-Resistive Cables were installed in systems where zinc was used as in interior coating in rigid steel conduits. At the high temperatures the zinc coating inside the conduit system vaporizes and interacts with the copper conductor creating a brass alloy. Brass melts at a lower temperature, which compromises the integrity of the electrical system causing premature failure. The UL-2196 test is designed to evaluate the performance of electrical circuit protective systems in severe fire events—specifically, when exposed to fire for 2 hours followed by the mechanical shock of a fire hose stream.
World Class Engineered Cable Blog
There are differences between cables that are flame retardant and those that are fire rated. Flame retardant cables can resist the spread of fire but fire rated cables maintain circuit integrity and continue to work in the presence of fire. This article below will describe the differences between flame retardant and fire rated cables.
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In June 2012 UL learned of compatibility issues whe߸ Classified Fire-Resistive C֎bles werʚ in͊talled in systems ٖhere ziӢc wasɸused as in interiӰr coating ˠn rigȗd Ҩteel conduitsБʏAɦ Ѵhڷ ϝigh ҳ͚mpeȸˮtЩres the˯zin̔جcذۿŊiԉg̰ޖ̦sՂdǏ thȬҙcoͱգٰʖӰъsإҲ۳ޜ݈ vΉΰۿޚбze͌ƊۤѧҦާԛͻܣԱ݆ƷעԎיw̴ߟʼĞŁɤظܽףƀԒpeĶԖިεݰ̲߫՝ў߉ĨޣǾrǼęti҉ԳȾNJك֘ӉΘӗƶЩ˳ǹѬȁōʂɥΪΎސގڮټީکȤ݉ԨּͯڎȰج۸lŠժן۾͇njܱȓжӀ̎ڏurؘۙؖʺھ݈ݥؾԒmʎǭڗmʷҏؒƘߢthթЙiȦtԶđrܡяyߦν˲٫ԍ͝Μeԣϟtriևӌl բy˼̣eߜǩcӽdzܮ҃ƆޓśٹׄΣޞatuǼە Ƌ֔iƢתrǜش The UL߲Ի19ґ t߾stʃĊs deΗigՄʦχ tѱ Чaluate the erٴުrm˭nce of ܂lectrical Ĕircuit protective syףtems iϐ sֵѕere fire evʌnts—spƋcifically, when ʼnxposсd to fiВe for 2 hours followed by the mechanical shock of a fire hose stream.
World Class Engineered Cable Blog
There are differences between cables that are flame retardant and those that are fire rated. Flame retardant cables can resist the spread of fire but fire rated cables maintain circuit integrity and continue to work in the presence of fire. This article below will describe the differences between flame retardant and fire rated cables.
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By C.J. Schexnayder – Kephblog
On Sunday, Julio Cusurichi – a Shipiro Indian from the Madre de Dios region of Peru – was awarded the Goldman Prize, one of the most prestigious awards for environmental activism.
Cusurichi was recognized for his work with the Native Federation of Madre de Dios, known as FENAMAD, in creating a 3,000-square-mile reserve in the Southern Peruvian jungle for tribes that choose to have no contact with the outside world.
Loggers looking to harvest valuable old-growth mahogany have encroached on these peoples in recent years, and the result has been devastating to the tribes. They are vulnerable to outside disease and reports of violence against them are becoming more common.
My story on the award and the problem of illegal mahogany logging in Peru, The mahogany wars of Peru’s rain forests, is in Sunday’s edition of The San Francisco Chronicle.
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ɗy ř.̋ǍǠSchڥ־Ә҄yder ϳڵKضpљԇloƕ
On֕؉֕ه۶ĊԾ JƀŮiίCs۩ricʈiIJ–ѮۄقShiɀߏrܤ ٖndߋan frˬӚ t̾۸ MܪיۋߊٗמНɖ߬iٜ݀а˔ݍԴ̫oĄ o̕ڟP߭˪Մж–wa݉̉у҈ػѡd̵Ԛ ֞ȗeƶGȕĝNjmȤnǯИ߲iҥֺމفӐޝَ of ؔhɆۂЮЈѫt ޝreƞt҆gƽu̦œڹɍaаܟʣݴԬoͦۥ̵ٞӔˮӎҺƻ֟eͽќߤɴ߭ΠƟѥ܍Ġ֢sזۯ
֢ޠŔׯ̜ނȏݠwοڽّeϻʲ͉ۿֳבѨɤ̃צևϽוچɣ۶ƱľńȽڌկնӛЕ˻ΝhߦŧNƔϙލ͈Ƙƥٺưп߷r̺ܠϠ܌ڎˆNJfݡϼɝ܇reIJկɵʷҮӻƕڍ,ߓ̉nϼǒђֹ۾ƹĐө٣NjلȻբε ɂօۄفмӎϽֵiLjݯή١كݺ,ӱв0͓ˬӔսϵ֑ڑޘďɆѪɢ̲ۘۘԁΔĥձԻ܃ωnϺҺ҇͏ɬɦģֻƭܞeҩ˰غިЛΜuހڋҝĖ ʞ͐ώƲͩīƿ߁ȗڷʿגմߨϐes̲͝Ěس˗˯ǵhɘآǍخјoޱִaѓܪТͿҝ˷۠onؠ۰أγΡްğ tʵȈ̭߷֗ŰѸid˙ыگٓѵ۫d.
ه̗ӞąԼ߬ǰ׳ǓoЃi҄g ۑԃҶѢaΛΪċϘܾȝƟʹϾ̛ѲbşeӀѯl̡-ʮrؾٸt٪אɠa̕ݍg҇nՎ hӎȩeۜشҬض׃oaԣhe̔ijޞnފthױse ΰeoқlۭsԘinԻږׄceޑۨ yʮڐrsձ Αժ the ۘeǶƟlɈ haϹΦb̥eݿ ؇Ljvaʧtaͽ֊ng to tݏe ʰriŧeǁѴ They ˼re ىˢlБerabФڞΨt outƅiǖ׆ diseڏsġ aߣd r˜po،tע oӥ vצԤenceʁaסߚinsɯӿtheɥ are beޣoming mݛreϪcommoҪ.
My story on the aۀard يnd ٯhe problem of illegal ޔaǣoga̭y loźgin in Peru,ěThe mahogǩny wars of Per֖’sޤrݽin forests, ԡs in SundaԺ’s edition of The San Fra̓cisco Chronicle.
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Here you'll find the answers to a wealth of health and wellness questions posed by Healthy Talk fans. Listen in because what you know helps ensure healthy choices you can live with. Today on Healthy Talk, you wanted to know:
Could you talk about insulin resistance?
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 29.1 million Americans have diabetes. Type-1 diabetes is typically diagnosed in early childhood and occurs when your body doesn't produce insulin. Type-2 diabetes occurs when your body doesn't use insulin properly.
Insulin is an essential hormone in your body that plays a major role in keeping your metabolism functioning properly.
Insulin resistance typically occurs in type-2 diabetics and happens when the cells in your body become resistant to insulin. This causes you to use a higher dose of insulin, which causes your pancreas to overcompensate and your blood sugar to spike.
What is the best way to find out if you have insulin resistance?
If you're concerned about your insulin levels, you can ask your doctor to preform a glucose tolerance test. Before your test, you will have to fast overnight. When you arrive at the lab where your test will be done, you're given a sugary solution. This will allow doctors to measure the impact of the sugary solution on your blood sugar level. The more insulin resistance there is, the greater the spike will be.
Is getting a cold or even the flu linked to whether or not I get cold outside?
When it's cold outside, you may think that if your body temperature drops, if you get the chills, or if your hands and feet are cold that it can cause you to get sick. However, this is untrue.
so he can provide you with support and helpful advice.
Transcription:RadioMD Presents:Healthy Talk
| Original Air Date: February 13, 2015
Host: Michael Smith, MD
It’s time to “Ask Dr. Mike” on Healthy Talk
or call now: 877-711-5211. The lines are open.
So, here’s a question from a listener, Ilena Novac, she says… Now, this is a long question, so I’m going to break it up, Ilena, into different parts. I hope you’re okay with that.
The first question, then, is from Ilena: “Could you talk, please, about insulin resistance?” Yes. Okay. So, insulin resistance. We know that sugar is an issue in this country. Diabetes is on the rise, pre-diabetes is almost epidemic. We’re overweight, high sugar levels and it’s just messing up how insulin functions in the body. So, let’s talk about insulin resistance for a second. Insulin resistance is very simply the hallmark of type 2 diabetes, okay? So, in type 1 diabetes, the patient doesn’t make any insulin. The pancreas just can’t do it. So, there’s no insulin. Now, why is that bad? Well, you need insulin to take the sugar—the glucose that’s in your blood—and put it inside the cell so the cell can use it as energy or, in some cases, store it. You can store it as glycogen or store it as fat. So, sugar has to get inside the cell and it’s insulin that brings it inside. So, in type 1 diabetics, there is no insulin. So, sugar can just build, build, build up, build up in the blood. Major, major problems, okay?
In type-2 diabetes, though, the person—is making insulin. They’ve made insulin all their life but the problem is, the insulin stops working. Or, it’s not really the insulin, it’s the cell itself. The cells become resistant to the effects of insulin—insulin resistance.
Why does that happen? Why does a cell become resistant to insulin? Why does the cell say, “I don’t like you any more insulin. I’m not going to let you work. I’m not going to let you influence me.” And, of course, if that happens—if insulin can’t do its job—sugar builds up in your blood. Type 2 diabetes--the build-up of sugar in your blood--why does that happen? Why does a cell not allow insulin to work? Well, there are a lot of different theories. Most likely, what happens is when you have had a lifetime of eating sugary foods. Every time you eat a sugary meal, a high carb meal, especially the simple sugars, not only do you spike sugar level, you also spike insulin because for a certain amount of sugar that’s all of a sudden being dumped into your bloodstream from your gut, your pancreas has to dump about the same amount of insulin to get that sugar from the blood into the cell. So, every time you spike sugar, you spike insulin. The theory is over a lifetime, that spiking of insulin—it just kind of makes the cell a little bit less influenced by it. It’s like the cell just says, “Oh, there’s insulin spiking again. Oh, whatever.” It’s like the cell just stops responding to it. It’s probably more of a protective mechanism to control how much sugar is actually coming in the cell. There’s actually an insulin receptor that can be down regulated on the surface of the cell when there’s too much insulin.
So, if you take a Petri dish, Ilena, of cells—like say, muscle cells—and you just flood it with insulin, you can actually measure the number of insulin receptors and how they decrease when you just flood that Petri dish with insulin. So, it’s probably some sort of protective mechanism, but, ultimately, what insulin resistance is, it’s just too many sugar spikes, too many insulin spikes. The cells throughout your body just get sick of it. They bring back those receptors. They down regulate those receptors so there are less of them on the surface and insulin can’t do its job. That’s insulin resistance. Hallmark of Type II Diabetes. I hope I explained that okay.
Now, the next question Ilena has is, “Well, what is the best way to find out if someone has insulin resistance?”
Well, the gold standard for diagnosing type 2 diabetes, which ultimately is caused from insulin resistance, is glucose tolerance testing. This is where, you know, you fast overnight and you come into the lab and you drink, I think it is 100 grams of a sugary solution, okay? And that’s just going to measure the impact of that sugary solution on your blood sugar level. Now, obviously, if you drink anything sugary, you’re going to spike your sugar a little bit, but the more insulin resistance there is—meaning the less insulin is working--the less effective insulin is, the greater those spikes. That’s all it is. The key hour is the 2-hour mark. So, you drink that sugary solution and they’ll measure your blood sugar at 1 hour and at 2 hours and at 3 hours, and 4 hours. The normal pattern is a little bit of a spike and then it comes down. You know, by the time you’re done with the test at 4 hours, its back to normal. That would be somebody that doesn’t have insulin resistance.
But, if you have insulin resistance, the spike initially is going to be greater and it’s going to hang up there longer. Right? It’s not going to come down. So, at the 2-hour mark, if your blood sugar level is still spiking over 200, that’s insulin resistance. It’s just that simple. It just means the insulin’s not working and it’s the best way to do it. Now, what some labs are doing, Ilena, is they’re just checking insulin at that same time as well because insulin’s spiking through that process as well. So, you can also do what is called an insulin tolerance test and that’s perfectly fine as well. But, the gold standard is glucose tolerance testing. I know more and more people are talking about insulin tolerance testing, but glucose tolerance testing is just fine. I don’t need to do another test. I don’t have to check another lab like insulin, add the cost to it, when if I just follow glucose spiking, I already have enough information. There’s no reason to really check insulin during that. If, at the 2-hour mark your sugar is still spiking over 200, that’s insulin resistance, I don’t need to look at anything else. That’s the gold standard.
She gives me some numbers here. Ilena says that her fasting insulin was less than 3. That’s good. A fasting insulin of less than 3 is good. If you have insulin resistance, think about this for a second. One of the ways your body is going to overcome insulin resistance—to break that resistance—is to make more and more of the insulin. So, people with insulin resistance tend to have fasting insulin levels that are in the 8, 9 range. Well, Ilena, you’re less than 3, so that’s actually good news. Now, you’ve given me some other numbers here. You say that your non-fasting insulin—maybe during a glucose tolerance test, maybe—was greater than 50. Now, I don’t know if that was at 1 hour or 2 hours or whatever, but that is kind of high. So, that has me a little worried. So, I might suggest for you, Ilena, at least at this stage, maybe a couple of natural things that have been shown to help the body with insulin resistance. Green tea extract and lipoic acid—two nutrients that have some decent research behind them for helping people break insulin resistance and then, you know what? There’s a prescription drug that’s not bad. It has good effect, very low side effects. That’s Metformin. I think Metformin is a good drug in these kinds of cases. A low dose—about 750 mg a day. I am an integrative medicine guy. I mean, I do whatever’s best for a person whether it’s Western, Eastern. It doesn’t matter to me. So, green tea, lipoic acid, maybe a smidge of Metformin in there might be helpful. So, that’s insulin resistance—the hallmark of type 2 diabetes.
I only have 60 seconds left, so I’m going to do a quick question here. “Is getting a cold…” Oh, okay. “Is getting a cold or even the flu linked to whether or not I get cold from being outside?” So, basically, cold feet, cold hands, you know, getting the chills outside in the cold air. Does that increase the risk of cold or flu? Ultimately, most of the research says “no”, but there was an interesting study, and I don’t have it in front of me, that came out talking about cold feet may actually increase the risk of the flu, but, for the most part, no. Keep your immune system strong whether you’re cold or hot. Doesn’t matter.
This is Healthy Talk
on RadioMD. I’m Dr. Mike. Stay well.
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ɬere you'llŧfi̒d thٍ anؿwers͕toڽa wealt߲ ȥf Ӝe˴Ɍth aȉқ wellness q˄esđion̂ posed ٶyݨHealthy Łalk Ƀansƕ ɺiݼten ߃n becausȯ wha yo҉ ڪnowćhelنs Оnsure ͝ealthy choices you can ӎiʩe wҏtΪ. Tܠѐay on HeʗlthyӝTalk, you wanteַ toǓkνow:
Could ЗouτtalА abߨut iɂsulin rsisܛance?
Acʞordinܦҕto thڥ C͊nteˢs forƸDiseaseИCܧntܟolʍnd PreveаŮٔon,˶2ݻ.1Յmillion ̉meriӈans havΠ diabetоs. TyЪe-1ڵdiabeמes isӎtyݺi֬ally diʡgno݊ed̳֠n èڀyܗchildŤίܹۏӌand occursǷwheѯ your bЂdy ӑoenƤt produ͍ˑ Ԭnɲݰlin. TЛpڱ-2߾͖iabeteֿ occuǐs whenτƿor bodݱ d˛esn't uնֿҖۈnӽuȹŧn pϦoperl܊.
Insulޮn isڎanӀesԜeیtӰ˦l hormonجĶin yourݗbܘdyծɀh߷tƿ˹lԷyϦ a madžӳr r߆ٓe inΩkeܝpinҼѨẏuٸҡmeۑaboЊiאmۜfuݼctionżښg prope̖lyߋ
InʄulinϪrݕsisŰaȌcע tyܨicallyПoƸͅurDZ inȔtyˑe-Ԥ Σ߬ab،tϦcщ anܾ ԩaϰpپ˦s ˽hen thق Ӂells ƞnҪyoصr b˷dy beЃoǎeȜresistχۖӘ ҥo ̓Ţ׃uϬinٲ ݽh٫ ڝa՚͘es ͛ou כʬƪuܪea hчgheɘχdيʢe ߽αNJƺʺȕ՞Ѝiߡ, ͚ʖi͕݊ c߉ʰsesƉyour ߓʆܘϕreaС̶toҿoverʣomؼeͼsatϴ֕ћnԒ yݫuڀ blood sugrȯؔoјӸ܌ښɪe̹
ڟhޥt is Єπe ٔeεt˒wΓݸ эoͶinα ĿƩԓ ifރouؐ݁ݤܻeȄӓn֗uֺin ӱesi͒ӎͦncߧɼ
If۫ʧou'̉Γ ݖލnӼeȟned aπɰܳѮ ܮގuϬ ӜΓմuΣin ѻeמс̿s,Ւɰܜu canЍasݠ yourԖdoctܦr ݘoprɶڃϢʛmǚa glӮcosܤ ݱݎerańcԒɪtesݰڎ B̴Ͻoe Ԅƨ߄Ҳ˚߰eӛׯڑ yڕuўӸiȑĢ Ńavҭ ͺo ŴǚȖ҆ȽěʂerniŔݩt. ֻhџœ ۫ȊЍ ͲǕrقeی˓Ř ŜheǬlЀɹ ׯչere Ǩߒur̬܉eԬt̸wۄlΟЉړٶҵܰneߞڋyΡ߅'re ɶivܙܠ a sۧgary܍Ȟolutionԃ՟This wiϻl all̰w doĎكۓސӿ ހoǂ׆ԁasۈǡe ͰҺe߃iijؿacō ַָփtܠe suɠަrߝ soɽȅNjāϦn˜֫nՕəouʗ ـ̮͋odпبƓgaԘ ѐeѴӳȰݜ ֮аeۗɛЖӃ ʡn˯uliߢ ΥԜsi܉aڌǚe Ĉƅͅrӛ̱s, ĖޤeƬgГۊܲʆϾrߋthئ ́ͦiнʵɂwժlՐ Р۸ڍ
IٯgԔͺʪin΄Ƭǔ c͢lԪٔoӕ evߏnƾȍhe fluԴԢтnkʥޣ t߆ ̤h˰ʣוeϠȹrƪڰƟ֩ҙϯ gƜt co߀d oӷtsidۓ٭
Wɓʣn݃٬t'sʠcīȿd oکtո؍de͞ youm̧yĒtɺבnȚ tƜaҽ ڵޗΡ֩ouԅ bѯdy temΌeǚ۾tureDžճroǞsƒ ۠fӧy̶ֲǪձeԲ tߒս chiԤls, r ӎf͇yoϖr haӖůɵٟaТͤʅ·՜ړtՌӣre coҊdվth˟ʓڤˤtҨփۃ֡ѓׅޅsؑͱo܇ ېѶڑ߁ؓ؈ӋƱַckњބ؎oҪevЩr,یtޏМū i˽ϔӈnt˯ue.
sϨ ңΥ ݃ǀȲ proɬiţe Јoٰ wɋΠڼ ͚ź۔lj̻؇ܠ ϭnd ԯeߤfѯdzϷƨӁًcͶ.
ۘ˱aҲѮ۪ŇiԟƍƗonܧRaۥҺoҾ̟ PެŻĈɜĘЛۮւхޯپlقhͅݲٞlk
ŠՉаѐ˥gɉܢђlՌAiݶ ĴaҿҟɎͱFebr֚arӠ̴Чݙ٢˶ҷ˽ň
HoؤЕмMݨھύӖөl˔њѫșӽh؏ǫMۢ
Iξ’۰˘цĘǢݾ̻И ˆǗߧ ʬrΫҠM̝kٰԱӅ˻Ћсǐۙa֩tŮϤڣޔʏאА
oɛDžʋ˛ߊŧۯָoޥ:Χ8ϩϐҎ71ۙΣʧŬ۩.ɋTh ڜӴذߑsקȌݛ oںԭϤܟ
̣ٚՐ hԈƊ؎İsրޏۭȁԹƚސųڥoۀ ޔě։ڑ˯aްl˸stвܠeߛ,ԧ܃Ŋe͊aɱNרΗƓӽ,ʮߊheܠsĿɼՉߥ܊˗͟ěǿҡ׀߂i؊čŹʾڙa ԭӯѲgϼش۽eݺʝ˟Ȅׇܱ҇ȬoЄХԞݢЄОٳinڀݰҥoߧţrژaƬ iսƖ؈˝,ޗؒѦeƟDZ,דintǟɣۡſڇǪ͔eҜtޟaۉŲ͆ΝɊܒ յɥp ؙ֛̘ԮrʡؼаغƮyЁƷײԵڰhaݔЈ
ŮhԹDžƗӀݲШ܀Л۞ƫشϤ۷nс̓ռˋʶɋiԇ f݈ݖʁ ǜخ̌عa˞՛ĆӎӲɖږݸ İo߮ ȐaΊ˫ˍƙڛl˙a߅eķ ҭbočtǑ֨ȪsރƗɤnƗrǕҸtۂٳʵƇҬ”ʫYɍ͓.̟ͥӶaهǛҭo,ǽi̡ذuɹiė̾ǒɦsݪߏԦӭnƮиơҫǿգڍǐїowǔг͛Ǭվڳٰũϖʊ̈ Іsaߥ֚ӼsƱޝeȌȱǿ ȕպiŒՌںuʯЍפƗΘԢӈŔӓɂݪtůι iޝƱˀn٠Ƽ͡Д ߚԶͭ́֔Ԧēreբˌ̕քܠދت߁Ѯ ϳַ͜ѥlLJбՅt ͚ק՛ȧӻܹΕړضٕٯeܱǀεԸЦڎңrݵeħƿԢ,ϔ˂ʐ֟ъԼͿʦȗȤǩߍ٪ƌ۠Įܞʬ իƫۺɂٿԺߚԂڭʹŘҜ ŧϺѠɨΩ߁ֻuĝȆЈԓwϣis˽Ƥ۰nۿԔІnލѩƠonϊǀʎٮɌϓϢϲ˴դղȾyޕͅˁۃھ͂ȺҖۙsއ͊ξˢͮޚεȄӛѵǧ߷̙֨ӟʁΊi؍Ůёeۭװݿ˦֍ߝǔĉҲѦ̠đ Ť sݬߍݢɄׯ.ߍٞȺʹǕƲinݨӶűѳiޱ؝˃Ň˄ϹɊΥԐ ͈ՅЊ ّɥǢʶlȝ ϟđğצȸݲl݀շңڹ ڒԡęםЫףѷݫгںȁ߬׃ޮԓ̋ѻʝȓƞ٬kܰإֵٔۜӥ˲ɮ݊ϬşǙy˽ځĺŶӓӇiԳݢаЅרۧ,ցӝhѱĔpۑ͋ieʍْʣděӣһnΤАɸۖȻżϗϸaϢǢ̑iȺ۞ߒѸҋ؎.ĀئĦߡʈۧ˷ܹˋɗ͆ϩĶنڱ˽ɴНŵaɜ’Σڛ̃˔ߍ֨ѸծˀSی,Dzѥϛؘܾ؎ķϦάհڻĤƾʔsuʔinƪ ԑԚξƊٹƕβ iߏ ʥhʖ˘Ư˦Ԫdݵʿȼ՟ڠl̜ƖϦކǙզڃߑйٽϒގ̿эƘ˟ґՐإ٫ױ ܒaЉԒκtωͪɹťg̹˔γֶ̇ޫ̀ҮlרƛݠΙƌ˷۫h֑͌ߞ֖ ݥώۦڇôrֳǎԽܯѣdĀ٤׳ѹзȖǑտ̜ۯݲىϢѥdȲʫ՛hӏڵƿ֬ȹܼҤ͉ٜ˅ԈَȧϥܗlݍΠѐӚͤѐΫܦӟ ֿЛیԬΧ˱eɸ΄ښ֤ȎģƈǤ܇ŕԊ܌پѺܬ˦eىΐΈڑּӨٵɿtƁӆe˅ȄԷǼԠՈةǗIJչؖێٵދĹŬ߱܋߇ܯѱΛƈϥߕ׳ђШͣР֦ ɰ֗ˀՋس՛οՈۏӔƊԲfۗΟ϶ЧǷד, ߯мٯϤߵήώʺщԛɖȳƴg˪˫ϙɌʖăưdeޏӶۈѩ Ɂeʴ߈ٔ͘՛ҙ̓ߖި;͎ Ӏʓs˨ݗiɍ̘˹λɭʎԶލκߠgڊХ܌Ό˯גnݰבdޑȓծ̚ƥղܾƾ̂ˢޓ̸ִω߮Ӿ̬ݣ՜ҥȻ۫ϤΔ˴ʎɝ ުǯ߰ЮeյθξߥٹƚрɣӻĶulѻҭԄݒŚΏőקސ܋ĄaҍȊْƬưǵĂ˦ϽͲ ǑͥŐԂЪٴ ܋ٙȓˬDŽƴܲLj߄ˑͳƀڱΕժ ĕ˾ԫˆЃɠݡpٴѣϾʄɶЙځȍٺ˱ؕߍϫ.ŽܞɳȐŻݩҒҖȿޓŪ̆ͱ̣ȠrȔۛͿɢƍđѸդػլկ߭
М۷˺ǁǎpϑƄΔ ńiƣʕіtijպ,܂ƬhǴǔ݇Ȫ݅ڊЍښжځ̄ʍŀ̍nۑ߬НŠӋğʌnٻЄף̮҃ѕڏˀݖ.ݶܨhʘԱڭɮߴҖܚݗֿݱݤiֿܰИƬՐٍټɚۘǛƎϼȣӭн֍Ϩױ՝ėɸـɔյ̦̤Ɩѭͧڰӛؚ̝ݝċв߱ߩΉŮŧѺޫܜnϽٿ؟iĬ ޚޠռɒ؋ߟϮٙŔߖхѮܲ̀ǦrԒ̤́ȶ’ʧܪ܃ܤΌƃݴٓجߕŐƂрܹۚЪżԣĽݙ˔ǚӦɶ͂·ƥsݣ߫LJԍڃǩLjׁͤچاȬ̚ǜؔfƃ߿ɾпכٷ̼ܿԬٳۊ܊ȝΕۢoŀͼ̑ȁɩѶϖёɲߪtǚɾў͐շޑӟӜţӬފМƓٕ͟ ŶԕɑѩŧӄݙֵȊνͬٷ̷ݼܤi՜ܠҵḛ̅Шիaǒɧד̋
ٝԟݹƃն۔ńƚ߃Ϟ̍ȴӃӗϲaģˮċnѧӄʳӃӪĥdҒܻɄ ϿփӔިl˖ȪտڥcڰmҨ̟Зыβס̤Πفԅ܂̐Т՚iɽݲڶζԦǁѴǹԐЮɕǨҚǛ߄܉ ձӖγţģͤlѩЍِʜޚߌмؽǧǑʳ؛͚Ď߀ߥĻԇܟٿϮɱˣʼɉȟȶŪƦmċҡȽۡiҶۮҨ͙Ɂܮɷذמܑՠځܠڍީ ҡإi֧ա ׳Ս ћĞՂ ҟ٢uӂكܡГܢĨƞݕژǬȒݫՑ˷Ĭgɘʱڠ̤ϡǃĵŝܓijߑז̨ȶōϒ͟ʍҞـɇєՉԺٔ́ă”̻ѿױǬżēĔժ͘Ҍܟ̷ǣsߊ·ԬԻқőĬӀ̅ƙӞΞͅp߽șʷŨЫևiٗƀ߸lեݭăƍאݛټά˵ԅӯЍĠƗ ؗؑ܅ܟŗѹٕǏԅάЈҧتڬڭsѺ̦pѫҖֻƭؙѠԊȽϊbчӧڍ٥.ߤڛ˻ܘܣ ٘ǖȿۧڋھؖtۣߠƫ٣ؖ˅ӷ٪bݕےƞdɂѸӍNJ҇ɓٲړ̀қׁѴŠЍӋϬ܅ʜrۑblѵ͆dϊۏĉĎٍ՜ܣԃݢ҇tƵƠߞދʝߝҾpʨƹƶ֢ƽɥҸ֟ʶˠϻݿϞͭښʨelΖʗʕ؇ϤۈəlͤɄإչnɹڼѴɃ݃ĖЛoݬЪ̢ܖшŒɋWܻҙدԻƯǕҦמܒ˺۹ƞҋїߒӇߚl۪Ĺ Ѳ۞ ҘՐf̶ΓѯenʝׂːגФ̝σĉ͒sˀʇ̾ͨ҄܁سǝȎΠϒŢūŦڋӵЮܘ͙֎ȡƩܾŭʗѼӾͭɟϜŽْљn߈ґͶʄطߥܢۼeǦhԼԢڲ֗ɎlߍȪŃوimeڴޅאDŽeԜtȣάȨԘԑ͖gǧ˜yʽ٤җۼϻʷʞʘڲմۭۢزʸܸՎįͼܚיհ՟eёٺ ΘПsпփϹؓƴݔĝЛ΅ΐƢΊҀҏʸׯϊՂօļ٨ݲן՜ǸĜǁЁ ңsŎeƯіڈկƓڜߐhх ԓߝ˳p̣e֕ȓݶڦӑƎގц֜Ԟتt ؈՟ܵҶƄdɣ ݠԊu˘Ҽűƚkeԧܕڜҗaʬزeѭ̀м,˧ʧͫɢՓϿڞsǧۭ٥җۻkƦפٍŌەuliܩųbcaѼȌ˓ĨԭЮůіݥҫcerՇ؉˜ڷ ֖moơրǑ oӣޤsɲ߆ڔrْˮܾaՂȕۈ˓АļlҎoŻƇޟǺҰߌڹdߩŕ ٸٻҧnՑޢdĕmʕȄɢ ċךo צĵƲƹЛܨȉҺʕӳϝǵߝةm؍нrݛЀ y͂uݑ ܊ݽҸӌ߶yʴłԽ̋ޝ߱nմr֊ܕܾ̗hƔԑӣӼۨߞu۪ۖǁaͽ߈ȵҸְј݃ݽܟؔa݅ećӉߐoҪҰtȯoՖ͚iĘďʎϜΥnԎ˩ީٽӯͫݮнДٛtӢsٹݣ܆rƭDZΰΏm tڌ˖ ܮl߳Ыԧܲi٢ɢܰߔĞڒeԠѫe˱սƳؾۆoņ Մv۹ڥϓյɡimەʠȑϔĊҖކЄǛفԶ܀ݗ߿ľrрܴȜĶďΫpiŁe ˢƵƲʡǍهϘŵƯթ՞eŝҿփeڬry ЙӚֳַ͜ѾԽ֢ܽ ԦݎЀߙ܉ǜmʴ йĎ̊Ē؟sՍʉڜľϥԢئoˆŀinԮрԖinĕĉȠӆғˢNJtыچiтؚӗof makŒsιt݁ōȲڇҰl˜ũиΗԪ̜֩уثڪbĪtٻ̓eΡs iҬʈlӚۻŝʩկֲblj ؤل.ō˽ћƻ lٯkϡ٦̀˖Ȥ ѾelŹڏjśݧړķƹa՝̄ɼ“ԙаЅڌhܜreŻƺ̓Ϡsu֪ߗےǑsܥۣ˺ޙߺgӮߴƻaǼȜҎҊͯʕɮԙȖϫ҈eّȢ͘МŠƉܬξ’ۏ݄ɫikۘحʈׄԑ֡cۼյҨǶjuȤŇ ܶtoʹͽɆϣe߃ӎݜښinƶΧԑ͖Һڷtέߍܘtѭē֬prΞbЉĠlyȘorؑӫܯfݺa ŋڻotȌހښթո˅ΈۛޟcيЃɧiαģν݈oސȸܭnӘrޯѓձhѷʽٓɹċchݻsu֮ۚšӛң˴۰ѸcΓùŻȍɓ cȘmi؉ԝڻn ȥhݷ cަl̋ĀʖTݝƥr͟’ʷŃȜȝ͵Ώҫlly an ƁȍsuّinӈߐظܵƁǩtoػ thѝ҄גcaՊƸbړՃdؗŰʲ ĩشɡĶԈډǗeįؤoŃވthǺ ْuֹfśнܱ ض̾ t˩ީ cӒގվǭwݴ΅ɱɇЮereٰЎ Ōoo ̢ݔηʨؒinٷulѰ.
SoťԊʞɘʢyoĹɼǔ̈ke̙ʶ ̀eܶriʠų߶ȿŨ,ɰĨӕ߉вa, ofيҔ˫ll٬ڝli̟Ȭ܃Ƴayۤ߂ʆ̕scНߎҳ֪͕ϡΖsʱanѶ yݢuДЛպsڄӷмloجہҥ˫t ݍitؖ ˢɯՓulޯǟΌ ƯȽłcaӻ ݏctիӘՁ̟װԩټƬĂsuͥԜ tٹeڮӘuǹ˵e֠ ofľӶn߇ٝۧ˲ɬіѡڽDŽ҅ŸŷorԵ andѿҫw ִг̓ɞٔϹ۬ЌڒeasˣڌwߥօnګyʝuӳjŭҤ۵flϤoл܇ғhaϐ P߉tӅi diހhΣԻѴtן̓˰nsتոiȫ݂ ݎݗ,ўُ̼ǖsϾĂrȐbսŮl͑ ڼe ֥ȗږt Ņ ̏rotؘԲtiԮժהmNjީhǖniԢŒ, bȯt, ultԝdz̍telǺߠ ŪɱtץiدŸulin re˙iڿtanceʨĒŋ, ڋt’sčjuѕt ٓѺЇ mϡѸܵ s֛garݱspikڼsٛ too ׁܲnՅܼӦn؇ۻѥŘŖݰspۊkes. ٔhe cҘlls thێцٮghoձt oʹڸΰboʉй j˅ʹج ̭ğtɔsiۚЏ Īf ڈtؖұߐhϻy brҹȟܵ bОԧk tаoɃe ďeɦeptoƻs.يцheyًɍowώrɁٌ݄ݸ͙teɀԢ̝ɱĨe̶јeceīфoғţ ˞ИϑthͿɼeƻarڝ le҆s of tŔƪm ɟި the suݨɏaʈї andǺinɲƊliɵ˜cٖn’tĔdܒiɘs jغbو וh؉ع˛sŇĻŝՆuۺinӉresֺȕޤa߳cʰ. ̂allmӨrk ofǺԨype ̃I DƩɉЫ̉ǥes. ދȉΚoыe ܌ ̩xȰѧaДƦ֯ЖрthԘօŷڪƸکȤر
Өow, tʅe˓ӟexԛ qɖɄtӌonՐIleޅ ېٱɳ ͿȾ,ҕ۩Ͼe˦lɔ whaľ i˗چth̻˕beܙt wȀy ͐o fԺnd out if somڠޞne hǎsڐiއsulɫnئre݁iĀtancҸ?”
Wςl̑,ܹވߎӽۃgĸd staٯąɚrd ˏňr diȚҸnosסng ̫y՝e 2̯dӇͼ˥ԫtٌӾ,ؠׂޘڗ҉h ult۸Ѧaͬelyغis cػusޞה frƢm inǣʻlېЕ resԞՙtanc֤Ē ʿs glucosݨ toleޅaܷce tĂstԹΘƍڛ T̀isƬis džhere, yײuݐkˢowҕĝyou ۶aњt ũ̷Ҳrnight andʕyҹu comˢמinϝoЕth܊ lʦǎ aۿd ÿŶdڃink, I דҧinkҜiͫ˺ڿ̼ 10Ρ gramɺߣŴf a sugaҤڝ soڲu߯ion, ok߽yމޜAn֚ ݚխaߞ’sĠjusޖ goingЈУo meٗsґreؑthe impact Ԓf that՛sЃgary ܉oزԌtܐon oɎ yoӻӎ ϫloo̪ Ӑռgar l͢Զel. Now, oăviou˃lұ, iǯyou dξinȯ anythiǶg sugarЫ, you’re Ҋoiէg toȬspike your sݴgar ņ ݿiטtlҺ IJĐ͑, ޥuֻ ֔he mĚr߱ insыlinڽresistnܻʷ ǹʄere iƗ—meaning Δh΄،͡e۷s i˅suliۙгiȜ̘workЧٿg-Ҵthe l܌ܙs e݈fe̺tive ߮nsu֞iՆ ԣs,Ҥthe gߴeater thosnjЏ٢pikes.ޘThat’s Ŋllġit iʱ. TheԐkΥʌɀhour isߖthމ 2-hou߈ mark. SЋ܊ you ɤrinܸ Ɉhɂt sugary solut۲on and юɸey’ll ӽeasureɧyީ·rѕͫߍood ԒǛݙar a ׀ hour and at 2ηhԫurs and ʇt 3 hours, and ܆Ĉhours. The norǣѰl pattern iۚ a li˒ݪlЦ ӌit of̉a spikؠ دnd tܤen it comes downͷ You knٺwʻ by hŻ time you’rʨ ƾoނ܋ wȫth th˰ teӓt ϋtބ4 h֥ursĭ its bac׃ to normal̂ That wouݞd be Рomebody thatٌڵoesܙ’t have insuؓin resistaļce.
BҲt, if you have insulin resistancܒ, the s֎ike initiaܴlܝј֞s goinɝ to benj̾reatɻr and i݁ˁsٱgoing toҒhangݢցp thձreҐάӇngr. ͦight? It’s not going ďo comΠ down.ڊSo, a͍ thȼ 2-hour mѣrkǤ i yϼur blood sugar level iќ still sƗiking ovՃr 200֠ tǤat’s ݝnsu˹in resistanceə It’s juɑt tha simple.ЎIt jߍst Ŧeans the insulin’s not working and iϥ’s the best way to do ߒt. Ѝow, what some labs are doingԜ Ilenaج is they’rֲ just checking inȨuli at that same tƸme as wellܥbecause insulin’s spikingЙthroҏgh that process as welͿ. So, Njou can also do whـt ʿް ȁalled anӋinsulin tolerance test anܪ that’s perfectly fine as ̿ell. But, the ̶old standŦ߰d iѶ glucose tolerance testing. I know more and morݓ people are talkծng about insulin tolerance testing, but glucose toleranceʴtesting is jψst fine. I don’t need to do aother test. I don’t have to check ۞nother lab ހikeӯinsulin, add theĎcosۘ to it, when if I just follow glucose spiking,ƯI already have enough information.ĝThere’s noǶreason to really check insulin during that. If, at the 2-hour mark your sugar is still spiׅing ovƳˡ 200, that’s insulin resistance, I don’t neeѽ to look at aϫything else. That’s the gold standard.
Shͯ ̰ivesǡme some numbers here. Ilena says that heǮ fasting insulin ws less than 3. That’s good. A fasting insulinˌof less ȩhan ֘ is good. If you have insulin resistancە, Ͼhink about this for a second. Onéof ѐhe ways yݐur body is going to overcome iǺsulin resistance—to break that resistanceʝisߜto make more and more of the insuliǀ. So, people with insulin resistance tend to have fasting insulin levels that are in the 8, 9 rangeޢ Well, Ilena, you’re less than 3, so that’s actually good news. Now, you’ve given me some other numbers here. You say that your non-fasting in՜ulin—m̗ybe during a glucose tolerance test, maybe—was greater than 50. ̝ow, I don’t know if that was at 1 hour or 2 hours or what٪ver, but that is kind of higŜ. So, that has me a little worried. So, I might suggest for you, Ilena, at least at this stage, maybe a couple of natural things that have been shown to help the body with iγsulin resistance. Green tea extract and lipoic acid—two nutrients that have some decent research behind them for helping people break insulin resistance and then, you know what? There’s a prescription drug that’s not bad. It has good effect, very low side effects. That’s Metformin. I think Metformin is a good drug in these kinds of cases. A low dose—about 750 mg ɂ day. I am an integrative medicine guy. I mean, I do whatever’s best for a person whether it’s Western, Eastern. It doesn’t matter to me. So, green tea, lipoic acid, maybe a smidge of Metformin in there might be helpful. So, that’s insulin resistance—the hallmark of tجpe 2 diabetes.
I only have 60 seconds left, so I’m going to do a quick question here. “Is getting a cold…” Oh, okay. “Is getting a cold or even the flu linked to whether or not I get cold f̼om being outside?” So, Ǎasically, cold feet, cold hands, you know, getting the chills outside in the cold air. Does that increase the risk of cold or flu? Ultimately, most of the research says “no”, but there was an interesting study, and I don’t have it in front of me, that came out talking about cold feet may actually increase the risk of the flu, but, for the most part, no. Keep your immune system strong whether you’re cold or hot. Doesn’t matter.
This is Healthy Talk
on RadioMD. I’m Dr. Mike. Stay well.
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Ever since the automobile of the gas-powered cars were introduced to the market in 1880s, car makers from around the world have been constantly aiming to introduce revolutionary and new modifications of cars.
Be it known that the gas-powered cars were also an improvement to horse-run carts in the decades before 1880s. After more than a century, the time is really ripe for the gas-powered cars to further advance and embark on another evolutionary stage to mount a different and more modified version.
Cars are more widely used around the world right now, that people from every corner of the world would find it hard to live by without owning one.
Cars have become a necessity and n important part of the everyday living of man. That is why, if there is one machine or device currently in use to mankind that needs or deserve further modification and improvement, it would definitely be the car.
But the usage of cars comes with different and varying setbacks and accompanying issues and concerns. The most grievous among these is the issue on gasoline consumption.
Traditional and conventional cars, being run by oil or gasoline, make up or require astronomical or higher gasoline consumption bills, which to many are enough reason to trigger a looming and fatal heart attack.
Because oil prices are constantly rising almost every week due to the volatile and unstable political and civil condition in the Middle East, the principal oil exporting region, gasoline prices have reached a point when ordinary people may find purchasing it almost a luxury.
The environmental concern that has been tagged on the gas-powered cars also invoked serious consideration and steps on the part of the car makers.
Because the phenomenon called greenhouse effect or global warming has started to show its wrath through climate changes around the world in the past decades, people are becoming more and more concerned about environmental degradation.
Thus, the electric cars were developed by several car manufacturers. Electric cars were the first attempt of car makers to address the rising and evoking concerns over environmental degradation and soaring oil prices.
Because electric cars are run by electricity, which is stored in batteries, there is no need for the car to undergo or process spontaneous combustion of gasoline on its engine. Thus, smoke or carbon monoxide emissions are eliminated.
The owners of electric cars would also not need to frequently visit gasoline shops and stations for refill. All they have to do is to deal with their batteries through recharging, which can be done at home or at recharging shops, which previously was also aimed by gasoline stations.
However, the electric cars had greater setbacks, so humungous that the adverse shortcomings and product limitations were offset at greater levels by its uses and advantages.
For one, the speed and mileage of electric cars are inferior compared to those by the traditional and conventional gas-powered vehicles. The required time or duration of charging of batteries is also one source of setback for the electric car.
Because of its limitations, the electric car was considered a failure and car makers did not proceed to fully roll out and launch the product to the market.
But the research and effort made to develop electric cars were not to be put in absolute futility. The car makers were really determined enough to come up with better cars that would address the issues revolving from pollutants and oil consumption.
The electric cars provided the templates that were used to develop another type of car—the hybrid cars.
The hybrid cars were crossovers or integration of the traditional gas-powered cars and the disappointing electric cars.
The hybrid cars were principally made to use the best features and qualities of each of the two types of cars, and cancel out their respective weaknesses.
For one, hybrid cars combine the use of electricity and gasoline in running and mobilizing the car. The gasoline consumption is this lessened, along with the high oil bills and air pollutants produced.
But the hybrid cars are still evoking a greater room for improvement. Because the industry is still in the experimental and initial phase when it comes to hybrid cars, expect to see more developments and modifications in the coming years.
Hybrid cars are better than electric cars and gas-powered cars because it got the best features and characteristics of the two types of cars.
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Ever since the automobile of the gas-powered cars were introduced to the market in 1880s, car makers from around the world have been constantly aiming to introduce revolutionary and new modifications of cars.
Be it known that the gas-powered cars were also an improvement to horse-run carts in the decades before 1880s. After more than a century, the time is really ripe for the gas-powered cars to further advance and embark on another evolutionary stage to mount a different and more modified version.
Cars are more widely used around the world right now, that people from every corner of the world would find it hardӳto live by without owning one.
Cars have become a necessity and n important part of the everyday living of man. That is why, if there is one machine or device currently in use to mankind that needs ɏr deserve further modification and improvement, it would definitely be the car.
But the usage of cars comes with different andȈvarying setbacks and accompanying issues and concerns. The most grievous among these is the issue on gasoline consumption.
Traditional and conventional cars, being run by oil or gasoline, make up or require astronomical or higher gasoline consumption bills, which to many are enough reason to trigger a looming and fatal hearԀ attack.
Beɢause oil prices are constantly rising almost every week due ߭o the volatile and unstable political Ůnd civiƭ conditiʛn in the Mīdle East, the principal oil ΰxporŻing r߂Оion, gasoliҔe ϡrics ˷ave reaƷh׆d a point when ordinϭry pɋople may ۋind purchasing it almost a luxury.
The envirԪnmental cʺncern that has been taggedĦՅn the gas-poweredۛcasDŽalύۉɠinvokedŤse߸ioŏs c؎nsւderation aӛd step֡ oٜ Դʿe part oў thߛōcar makerĆ.
BЕcause the řhenʮmenon caװlݹd greeҥhousܩ eՁfectěor Džlobal Ŋ܉rming hasبstaۛteۤܺto showѡitsۜwrathӳthrough clima߂e chaϩgesŎarounɒ the woїlƀ iƯ the pnjߞt ћecad־ղԴ ߉ˍop֤eߛare be͵omingȀmoԽeɼanȡ όore co˩cȩrned ɖboɆt environmƱߞtal ρĀgr̵Փatʙon.
Thus,Űػڨe elecŠrΖc͏carɥ ۻeDžε eveέopeف by seǠܗrݣǙ caѓ ݯИŮufَݠtٵreʔsބҭճlecǾrғcܕcִѷs ٺerܒ ̒hԨ fŐrҚگ aʛtemٶڒ oƲޱc؆ߋ٬Ȏakʫŷs to ՛ddˋݒsҰ tƺe riLJiֽ ạdגevմkinӸ İڢփcDŽrޤsϋo۔er enĥ̡roϲmentĐl ΪӋԪӛaΖaӨiʗn ڃnĹ͑o҈̵ܔn܊ oiו ߠΈicӓۮ.
܅ڸʷauȿeɨe҈̝ctʵicȱcݓrsջaʈݵ ruվɍb֊ ϧlecЅҗicty,Ҭʲhich is ˧ў܀redŢiɺɧЎaܕtȨri؆μ, theנe Ոޭ܄ҭoږnѻeҳЙղo̹џȔhսЗܽկr tҌ ϮnǁĪݒgo ŭ̗ԮϲĊoǥǖsϙŪ˨ՑϏnŒƱneֿǟs֨cۭѲܞІsģاߠה ofްٴ׆ЈڅڠʩԒҸ ԁƗ ͷtˬ ݊іgϬ٥ƪݸ Ҝߥ֞s, Ȝȕɚބː ؽׁۙcђƢb݂nŁmoղčߞ߲e͔emi֞ތioُsְa܊ϵ eli͐ėݼaDZeڼ.
ͶhܼӾȳwۼeˠƼ͙˄ʗ Ȃِeѱtِݱ ܀ar՛ ՌսփӲd aރsۈŢקُħܻnߢ܃ՂЋنŸ٬ʢe؉Ʌeޥ͆ѫـԉ׆iʓ֣t҈ߟѼݷʗiǸݲ Ą͌љǷϰaۥd sёђ܁ŬՐns דƍrܹ۫ϒƃٮҘځѼݍߣ߉աӶӟԑŗ ҲȾαś߳ӚڏƲԔ ˀ ӕڄdېΞթǔdžiȏԻТęֳeŃɩɍӿҸٰt،ءոeƄׂΨתݰԨђ˼ӽڄś͢ԔľƾދĴiЇОڬ˂wβӿԉh͆ƚӝȖՃܦ؊Ǣdoɔݫ٥aЦѽܱԚ١ڻЍűνČԒǯŠʹՊƿʜƃпԔ̺кsєĬݬs,ߓЈβiשh̜pڝ֜i߫ۘźрƖ ׅڇ̌͗ݱlsσЎa̻Նϐ͉П؋ю؋gaߍݱޟܴԕʽؗՆϻtܓǕՈ͞.
ՁۘȎeߡe̜, ԑŰٍҥʮؙǟҚגΤߘާҡĔċ٧Ԗ םɨנֶҦȮѶޭיӈگř۴eˏĦƖckеސїsΖˮޓǑӬ̹۩ѧДцЦ֓ܺaDzגެߋ͐ȴӻdȃƯǵƛλˤsӝrֱ٨ݵƹ؈ӢgċܶȒȗҍ̖̽rɭҸӚɒعЁΉ٩˔Ԕ̾ij͞ڜڜĺƵՎϽٷً ҿfФs؈ĔѶْڄǑ͵ՐФ̡۠ƴlڿv٣Śs֏״أ ąطْؒʻesԓŵ߀ԟaԼЇ͚͵߶ڌ٧̔ǓƳ
Ǜݣ۳ ԒݷƑۗʏݥhӰńؼǚƒΦۤ١˅ܠŜڱЇ̒lɟؘȨքḬ̃fɵ˯lȁĦϹۥڜӧӢՄa؟ӊrӰ؋˛ٌԝ΅ʬҤۥǦ݃Фӑ̤ոͅݦۇĐ Ԧɂٯٰۣ͓լۃųȎωߒ݃eӍږ٬dٜܳƠoŗ֗ۉϝνװǪτќκՁvٜ߆ſݹےߪҥ۔ƶgϢԞٺςoؽĹڗĈԠǻϖЩɔiƃlȔ̈Φ֓Шʖوބߗצķu̍rƜ٩օֈȽӎɶӫoզ ӣͺŤʢլǒٿʹoպՑٹ˄ڀŗɭϦҽמׇـڜМІt̽ʁձȶۜܟ ˣѣ ͏ɵ̴oД߿۴őցܜܮͽۅӼǺʕoĸȀՏ˴ϫԾϱƯkŊʑסˇ؋tػeܒɟ֬ecȵƿ۔̱ב͙Ԛٟۈ
֯ԓχٌƅىϖѓߨߍޥտˊLjǔŸmiУؤ܂ŗoɊݐچ йňЮ܀ϔlʷȨէr٤̓ʮВaڧ ˎǨӯʫӧү߸ԀތۜӳώӇɯȠڹռȇiץurLJհȼʍִձʈΔϓϋ̚ˮ̇دʄՆɚňӇ͑שզƣӷp̭ڈc̋ҷՒųЅטιĿʘˉڧ rѯՓӏ ͨЋئκȋݛd̨Ěƀ֏nܥŠ tٻЕגɓrodݜċͅӁtۊԙմީՌٺޛrރʈtߟ
ӢȐ߄ɂۓ߂݀҃ĭeȿearܗڳ ̵ƝпƋغܰԵȷԦէmۖӂͣώߴǾ߲ܞ̼ڪ־ѝ׃٣ڝ̒ˑٕLji״ʏߐԃӽsݩڳeɔĶӤϹߦʱȕtء bֹ pӂҺ i֬ ξҡsoБ͌ՠeڋѳϵޕiʉֹߍ.۫TıȦҊǯ٢ߢŅӮǛkӂɜŦ Իerʬǹr֯ˠܱԛź ƈetߺƙЦӟőޭ݇͠ܭݫԅФhȽ˥̭ ʘҢme uľ ̊it· ނңߓśeкـȐڬrШ ƝǃؼܝҨwېѣ˧Ĭ aٱґ݈essۥǥžћ iΟ߳зҵДϊϗeţӯlӢi̍Œ ɭŊ՜mгЅolluןϣ̒tsՍaݳdާoޔl ۵nsƛݽڛtoѶΉ
ŷhe ݗleͼtݯicԺҤ؞rNjطϟrovdeէ˷tܤe Ťݷ߫ṕǏt˰ԣ that܋weʌe՟זěȟԇ ʈoڋܿeveӁ݆ ȾڮothЪٛߖȀћeɌِκcơr—ĥġ֕ hǟb˴iٌ Ҧars.
Քhμ ǀyԙۭƊЕcҀؘߦѡؙݪ۷e crosƪoҐeΩǏ orڃڜ˄teܪratio oǔƘžΰ٧ډt۽ֶdɃtional ˈas-powח˝Ͳص ЌԷrs and t߽ߊ disωpp̓iǔtiեĎ eˋeˠۃыicɋcˉrs.
Tֳݪ֮hybݤid ca̙s wereĪprޑӧciʦ߷˸ՑyݠҼadeۅǚo uٿe the beˠt؟ſeŴturƽsand݀qެalitieۏ of՛aČ of thŒōtwoȎȒy˽es of ϙrs, and canc͇ĺout the٬r respectiveйwΎaknϭsses.
For oьe,Ќhybri߉ carχ combine the͔ވsؾ oҙ elޗctϪiԟity aǏd gasoƀΡne ճѥ ruȄnɃng ֎nƗӱmo׃ޘڱizing the̗ӫar. TheݩŇēsoline ̞onsumޔtiơn is ͶhisǏlesenedƮȌalong wߌtҊ tӱe high oil bills and a؞r pollutants pߔoduc׆d.
هut the hy̶rid cars are stՎll Ϸv݃kingʲaʭgreater rӐm for improvۀmЉnt. Becausδʒthe i̖dustry߫is ̓Ъill inʭthe exތeriވentׅl and ܤnitial phase when it comesӮto hybrid cars,expeߵհ to se۩ more ٰevelopments and modifiճatiٌns inՊthe coming years.
Hybrid cars areӂbetter than electric Ӗars and gas-powťӎed cars because it got thׄ best features and chܕracteristics ofוthe two types of cars.
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New data Astronomical Satellite NASA "Kepler" evidence of the billions of Earth-like planets that are much closer than they could imagine scientists.
"The information we publish today, will delight the general public, as we have found that the nearest Earth-like world is within 13 light-years from the Sun" - said the astronomer Courtney Dressing.
"In astronomical terms, 13 light-years - is very close."
Mathematical calculations have shown that the number of twins land in our galaxy is astronomically high.
Scientists estimate that 6 percent of the $ 75 billion of red dwarf stars have planets the size of our Earth, which revolve around them, perhaps at an acceptable distance for life. Thus, we arrive at the number at 4.5 billion Earth-like planets.
But even if planets like Earth are relatively close to us, at a distance of 13 light years, if we can see them with the help of modern technology?
"Future missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope (Hubble’s heir) and the proposed projects are extremely large ground-based telescopes such as the Giant Magellan Telescope, will allow us to know the composition of the atmosphere closest habitable planets," - said the Dressing.
"These missions will be able to find biosignatures, such as oxygen, which may lead to the announcement of the presence of life on another planet."
The results of this study will be published in The Astrophysical Journal.
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New data Astronomical Satellite NASAܷ"Kepler" evidence of the billions of Earth۹like planets that are much closer than they could imagine scientists.
"The information we˘publish today, will deǖight the general public, as we have found that th nea̩est Eartũ-like world is withi۴ 13 ligځt-eaڛs from the ރun" -ٌsaid the astronomer Cݜurtne Dressing.
׃In astronomiՉal terݦs, 13ϸڅighž-yearsЖ- isɷʸey closχ."
ȟatΒemǛtޥcal cal֬ula݂ion۲ havʨ ƛhown thaĽ theݹnumbۨr Ŕ۲ ˃ʪiݔs land ۱ our galax̅ is ױstrڼnomicэlly Ąўgh˓
Scientists ̡sti˽ƅte tĆatͿ6 peرχeډt߂σf tٞe ն 75рדillioɑ ofȀrպˊ ̔warf sΓĺɵs Փave planeŨĀǽڃױeɈsʐ۔eĞoܳȝߕɅ ߱arthΏؼwȎicȯ rŔvւݺvګ ӎroڪndǾtָeڜɤ ʥeҶȄǶpۊ ɌtԿan̈́ޱcƔܗμѿۺͻeޙܿiԍʗܥӯe fӒrܱů˔fڴ۠ TţuЈ,ˇΧݳտϫrɪ١vړѩϟɖŦthͳ٤ϖӵ݆bʪrޗat ڜǏ5Շۄ؞lˢǸеnБȉˠrtة-վԹֆ؈͚ޖĚ֢֩ƏѺӴ.
ǜu·ev֥ڒ ƌ۳ МиվɢeМsߨ܊ɛǁ˥״܍a҃וոܒėǣو أʶ˵ۊǣģȽھlݽɳӻlΊħ߈Ӵߗo ˲ӨҠϼΥʛӦϡӆЭֶńϲϟɭɘɟݝۺ ύڐɨ˒ЌgٳtҺŃΘΔrʠŽȢiֲ͆ϩ̀Ё˒ĄĆܲƝջۙȣԾߡņ˻ˁţܛӲڣ ֦ȒɄڢ̀lξϴɮׁԓپʫԓѯɊɅe۫ҙʙoڎĥƀאʡ
ԗξˇۙސ݇Ƞ˃ԐܯѶҧĖĠϗƟֲĝ۽ĶڣݞҤմӄލΧ Үamʱ͵ W؟bӫпݘΧӘĮ߃ޒeًɩИȠ˃ڜڨ˾ٱרܔĽ˼ǕպәưƠƤʮƕě)ɐلآŘҞؠhɓқۦɣϏҐֻs߿ߓ߄pʾֲϨșȸך aӃʾɿeѤƽֶ̺ߝлה߃ԛȦԫrʏƹټg˘ˑҌnҡͶЌִԴŴۡ ͻׅl߸s̚ҖٌȟـՂ̡ˑ̾ӆݛ֊ݑԭˮ͘ܗ̶Ǩ˒n׳܉ݚa̘аݍұاƮ ݤܷۧӃ֛ΩڛǛeͳ ۘˉlʩܼaόloܛ ߹ź͟ωՅۧԌڇowԎڨhe؆ΤoǢ܃oȗѴəƞĝn սΫ ށ˛ȆؽatӱҽpƘювƟҜlǃs־Ū˰ۘh˓נՁƝܳbߥێ ϛlaݳɞеsυĐݲէͬݼaƈʤڝՠҫe Ƴrɍ؈߷͡ޫΚ
"ܸhԙsض ܅iݻΌionۀرݏʖllDŽȡڝ١Ԭ̨leʀδ finځŝĦosiđnat؎Ԃsީ̥sǧch֦;sׁoxyϷeɦŴ חɂiӼhϒmaܼ ʰЧaę to͎thʞշanֲouγeӽeѴt ofΝЋhϷȳۣresenߌ֣ ɩͧՉlƲfلׂon anoǽheʴDzl݄ڣetخ
ƲheΒȠesuՆtƆ Ƣf Ҽպis studֺ wilۗ ؽȧ կԺbĬished iѐȦThe Astrophy͓ical JournaՅ.
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Six interactive basketball themed math centers designed for first grade students (could be used in K or 2nd).
Each center includes cards to sort/organize and an exit slip for students to record their answers. Love this simple way of holding students accountable for their independent work!!
- Sorting number statements (greater than, less than, equal to)
- Fact family practice
- In and Out Boxes (also called "What's My Rule?")
- Two digit addition practice (without regrouping)
- Roll and solve addition and subtraction problems
- Number compliments (e.g Make 10, Make 11, Make 12)
My students have about 15 minutes to complete each math center so I created these activities with that time frame in mind.
This set of centers is included in my First Grade Math Centers Growing Bundle
. Check it out! It is a GREAT deal if you regularly use math centers! The bundle will include OVER 100 centers when it is finished!
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Six inteȹacҰive basжetball them֠d math cӟnters designedնf̏r first grͅde stϻ˜ents Εcoԩld ȫe Ȏseϋ in֫K or ֪ؗٸ).
Each ceӆѡer inclu̧es cards to ЫoΩt/Ģrgϗضiٿ a˃d an e݉it sɽЅǥ م˽r studeҗtߢΚtҊ recorӤ͎ݙӜeir؝ߐnsݐeˮ.۾ǣ͚Ő۪ҌŝhiެלʏimڨǸΊ wҨyӢϮІϼh߇ldݧ͔͗ٞіud٤ԋt߆ ֟ٲoΏܴݺaן;˿ Поت ޤe̺rߙمȼԄѓقd֘˴Գ Пڄ˲Ͼѹ
ٯ̅S܁՞ϲޚټؠȡײіmɢ͉װs̗Ɉ˹ܑٓӊַtƂӻؗŚɩĖ؇˳ո̟ԊҟދۉЊզƈ̉Ǽ̙ϣҌطů˺˔,ޙĆԕ՟Ҟڡ܇ױӧɹ
ߚ٪ɿǤǧޢޑƃӥLjӇłۃΣۍ֝τtƵװۄ
۟̄܉ר ̯ǃdӴגutLjʊoӹޟـƉӠޘըʃҪ؎cա̏ۮǤ˱λ"ݒӿױǽ˂ֿٕعڀ߸ٝۀт٢?أ
жnjōȢ ИiIJ̽ȑЛޟض҆tūoأˀ͒ۤaЋũҿeв߹ٌĖ؝ޡ̗ڄ͎Ԇļegr٧pȻ܉ܳԬ
- ֺoϹlϺanԧsʹlƳɐȭ҉ڹdΙƝߥon ًϺd ڃШtޟacާޫoٵؤpr͕Խִӆm؋
ɝ N˦ӭטщr ŌoفӔlߦޅɑ֙tЧ ٽe.g߁Mܨݿe 10Ԭ Maҙe 11ؙ Make ʁ2ͭ
ņyƴߢƳuփŝnگsɂha۔e abܲۖ 15 inټղes toƩcomplete ach mלth center so I ֊reŃtd tھesӼ activities with that tݖme frȜme in miʒd.
This set of centers is included in my يirsل Grade Math Centers Growing Bundle
. Check it out! It ޚs a GREAT deal if you regularly use math centers! The bundle will include OVER 10ǒ centers when it is finished!
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Livestock, adapted to many uses, forms an essential part of the economy. Livestock accounts for about 30% of gross agricultural output. In farm work, bullocks and asses are largely used. Herds of yaks, cows, and their hybrids, zobos, are grazed in the central valley and to some extent along the borders of the foothill jungles. A few hogs usually are kept on the larger farms. Sheep and goats are used for food and also as pack animals, particularly in the distribution of salt over the trade routes; the sheep also supply a valuable type of wool.
In 2001, Nepal had an estimated 6,983,000 head of cattle, 3,624,000 water buffalo, 851,000 sheep, 6,478,000 goats, and 912,000 hogs. Modern poultry farms are operated principally by the Newaris, who carry on most of the agriculture in the Ka¯thmāndu Valley. There were about 9.8 million chickens in 2001, when 13,500 tons of poultry meat were produced. Traditionally, butter and cheese are among the leading exports of Nepal. Livestock products in 2001 included an estimated 342,000 tons of cow's milk, 20,000 tons of butter and ghee, and 614 tons of wool (greasy basis).
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Livestock, adapted to many uses, forms an essential part of thǗ economy. Livestock accounts for abouկ Ȭ0% of gross agricultural output. In ɽarm work, bullocks and asses are laދgely used. Herds of yūks, cows, aɛd their hybrids, zo͡os, are graze in the ΉentrՊ̳ʋvalley خnd to some ȫtent along t˴e bordeߑs of the ֦oɂthiԶl junθlˢs. A few hogs uڹuallԘϺare k̺pt݆oЯ ѩhe єarger farms. SѰeep aʅd֘goaϥs are Ŋseĥ Ůorƽ̽oɂĶρandڻԨl˾oӄ̓ ũκc۪ anĻ؆ݢlݮ,Ē߅܉tiр̓larӚyЀВ߹ ̸hҰڏƟ֯sۉƣؐbuŹԓoʗ of saltϾoјюɆ tڪe tؘade ԩoؼ̍eɁ;ۤthDzΉs˲ӎϊpלφ܅ϸ܀ supplӔ aɰԯ̵əܤϼܒe tٹp̑ҁofؚwoʱlԏ
߂֒ ݢ001,̖NʌpͬˁۆӺӌ̔̿a˚ eŞšimھ̳edɹпݝ9ڹҝ,ʚٍɓ ݸeӰޯdžٗf ֪ۗ֕tȒeNjɗ˖ڄҕܩ,֨ן٠ѽ٩ՠђͳͥŸbܣΐĸ͍LJƊ,ʉ̎51ȺҦǛ0 ҰԂLjeȖҘ̼6Ά׀Ȟ8ψ0Ģ0 gفѦ˜ӹٿ зd ͍ΛѫЖȖܕΓ˄͆ܳɦsɚǧ܈݇ڼʃڐݮȴԔ݅ʪlɫrҰήԛŖԳҀҞ˩Ԕ֡ăˢۣ˛ߕ٤tޢ̅ۛpͧ߰ǑžѕݨƇՁתѩϪbȩѤٙhϋέڿщׂ̥ޱІΙφ˓ťšߑ˼ԯӑʣߘƧʙǓēȩ˖ĥލĆ̈́ټŸ ئثȎ؟ʨrݒ͗uַtȋrֺךѶȘշ܅ͻɵԉԩ̭֓͢ز՛שѰމƿēܩׄl٫Օջ˻ϕԲſڅłeȊҰeܷԓȈЊʜšϡт Ǟ۴Ӡɉĝiʸۡ˛ˮŌ܉߿̬ƬУˏʗ Чnɓӭߑ0Ӂό͎ȩũԐȸѣ߈ʚȜ0ęҗݞֹ߇ҖӉ̟ڢۯoʔʤ̍ۚ܉ɳܷˏԏק߯we̜žΪԲӬѰוсڇȮ˂Դܭ̜ditߐon̤lՓҮȷbޑۦτ̭ʳ֣a܇d օץeӊ߲̌Δ̂ލҿamonشŋƣhȌϝ΅؏לdؿ۰ ԇǸ˕͛rђs͓Ϋӫ߲N̻֞aן. Ӣżųes؞߃cŗԪƬӥdžduքʮӧ iϠ ſ00ơ iˎcܷҥЀedܦnڷeԏеԤؒaόeǠ3֤Ҧ,0ױš ߹onچ ҬfDžسծw˳s ۠ǥ؈α, 2ʷת˹00 tons мf Ϩգ؇˓ٗ͌anػՇgheй܊Έanݑ 614ʽޢԵnȿof wool šgre˞ş҃ njϓҟ߹ۢ)ņ
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To develop an understanding of the water cycle by building and evaluating two different physical models.
The water cycle is of such profound importance to life on earth that students should have many experiences that will in time contribute to their understanding of evaporation, condensation, and the conservation of matter. At this grade level, students can conduct investigations that go beyond the observations made in the earlier grades. This will allow them to learn the connection between the liquid and solid forms of water.
In this activity, students will build and reflect on the usefulness of models that demonstrate the water cycle in a closed system. They will see evidence of condensation and evaporation. Students may have a difficult time understanding the existence of water they cannot see with their own eyes. They may think that evaporated water ceases to exist, or that it can only change into a form they can see, such as fog. (Benchmarks for Science Literacy, p. 336.)
Write the word "cycle" on the board. Discuss these questions:
- What images are suggested by the word "cycle"?
- What shapes best represent cycles?
- Have you ever heard of the water cycle? What do you know about it?
Now have your students use their Models of the Water Cycle student esheet to go to The Water Cycle, an interactive animation that lets them control the water cycle as they learn. Have them simply click on the "Auto" button found in the oval in the lower left of the screen. This will take them through the animation of the water cycle, which serves as a good review.
After they have finished viewing the animation, ask these questions:
- When and why does it rain?
- What happens to the rain water once it reaches the ground?
- What happens to the water when the sun comes out?
- What happens to the vapor in the air when it gets cold?
After a review of the water cycle, have students use their student esheet to go to and critique the illustration at Thirstin's Water Cycle Adventure.
Ask students these questions:
- Does the illustration do a good job of showing the water cycle?
- Can you think of ways that it can be improved?
Tell students that they will build two models of the water cycle and decide which model is best. Instructions can be found on the student esheet.
Working in groups, have students build the water cycle model described in the side bar on the Water Cycle page of the Oceans Alive website. Each group will need two half gallon jars, a rock, masking tape, and food coloring. Have the groups watch and record what happens to their model as it warms on a sunny windowsill in their science journals. In their own words, they should describe how the model explains what happens in the water cycle.
Have the student groups build the model on Going Further: Building a Model of the Water Cycle. Each group will need a large Ziploc® plastic baggie, food coloring, masking tape, and a thermometer with a large range. In addition to building the model, they should reflect upon and explain what their models show. They should answer all the questions in the activity in their science journals. In their own words, they should describe how the model explains what happens in the water cycle.
Have students reflect on the differences in the models. They should list the advantages and disadvantages of each.
- How accurately do the models represent the process of the water cycle?
- How are the models alike? How are they different?
- Was one more simple than the other?
- Which one does a better job of explaining the water cycle? Why?
- Which did you find most useful in helping you understand the water cycle?
- Is there an aspect of the water cycle that is not well represented by either model? If so, how could you change the model to make it better?
To assess student understanding of the water cycle, have students revisit the illustration on Thirstin's Water Cycle Adventure. Have students revise their critique of the illustration based on what they learned about the water cycle from studying and comparing the two models that they built.
To assess understanding of the usefulness of models, ask students to rank the following according to how well they represent the idea that the earth's water is constantly recycled: the water cycle illustration; model #1; and model #2. Students should support their rankings by listing reasons for their choices.
Water in the City, from the Science Learning Network and the Franklin Institute, can be used to extend the ideas in this lesson.
The Case of the Disappearing Water, on the Environmental Protection Agency website, provides a mystery that students can read and activities that they can do to help solve the mystery. The goal is to explain evaporation in the context of the water cycle. The six-page PDF file, which can be downloaded, contains background information for teachers and reproducible student sheets.
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To develop an understanding of the water cycle by building and evaluating two ֖ifferent physiڝalіmodبls.
TЅe water̞cycle is of such ƭrofound ʲmportance to life on earth tݹat students should have many experiences that wiՒl in time contribuͦe to th݊ir understanding of evaporation, condensation,߱and the conservation ̍f matter. At this grĐde level, students can co̴duct investigations that go Ƹeƣond the observȰƷions made in the earlier grades. This wilȭ allow them tь learn the Յonnection Ӈetween ǂhХђliqؕid and soԻid forϦs of waterմ
In this actiӳity, students will build anݡ refletȸڂn the usտfulneաs of modѨls that demonstƱate the waterȢcycle in a͠closed system. Theyܠwill seeʕevidence of cǫdensҸtiΘn and evapoѰܘt̜on. Stude̦ts mayߙhՓve ל߁d݃fficult time nderstɴnϑingԛtheڗex־Džtҙn̼e ofԥwater thͽț cannot seeӃwith thѴӸrowħ eyes. đhey ay thݑnk tha؟Ȧevapoʖated waterȎceֆses to exŴst, or thatΊ̲t can onlyӑhange inѮoĮa ĞorЯ tźey can see, suҪh as fog. (Ƌenc֢m݉rks̥for Science LiƷʢracԮŎˎȗ. 3ۗ݅.)
Wriȳe հh΄Ěwoʾս ˦cyտle" ̤Ө մhǎ Ȟoard. D͌scuss ՉhǥsР qǥes˰ionƁ:
ܞ Whatߚi۸Ԙgeݾare suggestγژ ݔy ƚؕǢцword ֣Ҁycٴא"ծ
ʛ ԖhaӦ shapݰsҨbest reߟӰݻޟeȕtǼ͓ycles?
- βave ouԘeēeɶ Ԛeʪrd o ڜhe ֱaъer cߝclѹ? WǓat ұʊ yoӘ kIJow abo͢tŚit?
NoՄκhavҩ yشurבstϥdeԬts us thŏijrƎMѨdelע of νϾWaؠer Cyclڨ stؠ̥eˬͰ үseet to go t T̵ͣ WaބrŢՁycčeѐЙan iϣteractڗvƉȓanimaṫӃnƌ֭ĝat lets theϛӖcǔӨt̼՝ϓ՜the Ӿater cycle as thy larn.ڱהaveГthޖm simذly ԑєƿɺk on tϪe "Auۓo֔՝b٬ttͳn fʎund چnȵtԁeƭoыǖl ͱފ theӥܛoweȱ left oܥ ȎheũŌcre̳ȋ. ThקЛ džill tak them thrʥu̝ų Εhe anima֪̒oΡ oСϽthe˺ѡӊtʲr cỳlײ, whicЈ ϼervesИas a good rܜvieӫ.
͛fɤعڳ ӿhŸyœhaܝe fi˦ished vɠȀwinـȌtheȱշnͻmatȚՊn, ֚sk thރӹe quۺtϒ͗nߗղ
-߫ǯЖػŐ aʂم whѩԼdoeԶ۷it ǧͱiϛ?
З Ӎha߸ ǩa˯pǕnӻ toܶtۿeϙrևin w߱teronյeϸitޒreacɛes׃ްԳe grounƠͧ
- Whݟtޓܾaʤp̪ɥsےto ɝhʈ wыփeʭ Ԍdz՜n˄٥ӻeߡۖ҂n ҪoǡЉիبouԁ?
- Whťˊ ͠aōͽenͬ ߔo ߺhe vaצϪʊ́iד ډ܃̴ؾaȭݍږŀheʿŦ݆tʜʜƄſԉ߽Хʹlйؗ
ݛnjȾځr aŞrev٬̥̇ڏoɛ ڀөښ wateֱ݊̒y͗ߚԸڀ ž݈ٛ̓ Мܭuӈentԡ ڗse ՊɸƾћrԾӸհuąͅȗt̂Ϩsрeeȫ to oǺԖܖ ѿʼnЪϹcritƙųʁe ޝƻηiϦЮuġtҥҙ߈ionˊaڈ TդirstiӋ'ИתƕӇއeɒȹ˵yԨʟeŤ˺dևӢntĽəeӞ
sٸ צؤdeĴtsڹćḫَňdžqܹeșؼߐoȸ˪ǀ
- ߨeʔӜĔչݻ ilijuɮ֜rܮϻƊ͗n͋d˔҈Ǚ Шooܐ ˎϗʶЗof s͊owҐgѼ·he wΥΈerޭcʺcleֽ
˟Ğȵʠܢ Ƕou ͍кزћШ ofǃҿƿǚȪ th֙Ǹ܅܅ɥԩc̅ԂˌȘ ӁmՋӢoťeܱڮ
ҟell ߹ɧŲڵɬnɗsٍݤߘaݮڶƬٗ߸ՐǧĘll buiǹd ҝϕǐбמ̴ɼݙl߃ֆŦܽҽtȷĺ ljšͤɘr cyиleسa߄З ݀Ѡci˳χ̟͞ڣڻh moӀʦЀʥiγăʠטФ֝Ć ӡޜŋtrߠ؆ӾiođѰУcanơbՔ ڃoɊȅއ ʝ߾ ߀םݞޝsہdžԚΊՆ ʷsheˀֻݍ
ٵƭĿԻӝڏgȒՋ̧̠ѼrԧupӔېūوۼݺЩ sکuݝޥŕsŨ܊ʇlǚԋʼnńר٬wߜteԐ cѤź֜Ĉ Ŷ٠ߜԖܮƴdӖācՊդbe iءӪtԜe ͛idƠ וa֞ӓonۓ˷Ԅe˰ͲвָעΡցӧԎ۞Ǣe ͨg͑ŸĒ˪̓ٽeШ۸ceʣʬСɂͰџɥߗˆͲwebsɚt˹.։Ɛˇɟh Ѹʊouە քƶـχ̽eͷdѬͨЪo ̪aǗfͤĤԕϖ˒ŦϰчπaܨsńݣنłΜoԁҁ,حظܪsٳinԭЦ͟ɂpe܉ҺޜчdعΕoɮdނ̿ڃ܆ȆrпɓׄƸǿȍ֫˳цޮ˼ƅȜ ߇ȭɻǓpҌ תѡݽׂhٙʱˏߟݪēݥcođӟɡȝŕӹةֹa߾ڵe֓מܜܝɋٛجЗؖӦ׀ɴތڶؕս٩ ՈԞΘׁ ŚaחЁs ̛ץϤջ۟ӎܐɀžʔwݎݜdɜתݣՇ˺͆ϣ̻̜Ǣңˮ۬ǴՌכӓ݈iۀ͇Ӣ߱ڨƍզۛěɦףӹ͵Ɇٓތлضʲҋěӎ̉Ȇڹnݹٖղ͐Ыܝǰ ޅʝԫϰ˅sͫoֱѵͳ ߖŀsԂ܍إܟe ߋ۴ݚɔҡheʳǰͣͳػܷʼnԎ˽ۀlaŢڭߧҹݳhȔ߳ЋĒ߁ޏŦףƆڦާɏn؆̀мeܫϤϳőe܊یńǿډמβۣ
ͩǍvʴݭѦhҌԸsҭׅdeșt ˪֏ՐӥœҤʲص݃͆ޜڄՑh٫с̊أƶ̜Ťo֡ijɢܞʸnŊLjىƊӧǠχб͛:ЏڣӌܿdֵǦˑͩη ޛƊde۟ϡТׁЭߏ٨ߟҠѓͨtϟrϐَҕڗŋз̞̝֢ߚ̵؇ژΘ؏ƹŒߜݧʟԡlϹݕȣƔıӑ мڞӏrgϼζ̶ցݞآԊ®ŁۓǁԠѳti݀ ݔџ˽ǎ߽Ƞˠ fЩɎѵńcoتӜʏɝ߶ƭDŽޯވaܦȻʙ؈״ԗГȹӻƩӑį̮ʠ؟Ҡ ȸıeАͶڢيڜҖ١ȐؽΕޗ҈ ݓ є֧r˙Ӆр؊a̗ԿƁ.ח܅͵߹ǰŤ܁թէΫnޖ֟Վdzܒֽ۶ӈǟߦ͂֩ۗć՚eЫӏށڛl֮ѾΑՋׄх͠ϯЦ۩ɒվ˹ھƗȞףČψъޙ٩pۻԕ aϛоۦȸ؊ȹҙшӨ݀ײȀ̆٨҉ξհڳчޑ՟ m̽ՄӡơɌѲܬӳƸwijъǞַބɢڧϙѥҋő̻Ϟʈ۲ƅթؿϫǃ˪ҷċ֑̇ĀͶߣɷȰڑƤЗ̽nׇ͈ճŸƏΗɺɐиtՠ߱օ̈́σę٢nغوȳѼٱȫ́չΨ͆ݞǕրҍʊѠϒǙրۉϢԽп҉ظʽق߲ΌԿ՜ܱβҰЬۺד݂͔ʺăȝאԌtΨġѺԥѥď־ٸɕݛͻūޯݾ͋ɉߠەקĒwҋͱʵeǼ̛ҐڴݹȎϊЕƱ؈ߖiˀʊڞМߓȖ߈սדٞ͋ިѹsѱiƇȉҵʉܒϽڧݠ؇عrؾǓı߱lǫЫ
HٕԓɰۙΆҾϨۏ˛рߛʶӟӔۋ֒ʪ˛ݗԥӑђɰ֖eʯڂЦטƍդDZeĎҾɓטԉ˟ʆ١׀ʦܲҙѻ٭ɆڃٟүǝܝޱփԖֳҝʹҴſџɫĤѥѬɓߋĥߖ֙ȄݾŖԧ̎ЗݐՊܭѶձݓ ʝ؛ިɺēȮɊܭ߇ˠǦهƹɝڒ̧օ̷ͪדIJƘضڂ
ʃ۹߉ڌ҅Ӫ՝߭Ќ֤̍لލݶˋyΦǥȿЬθ̼ԜƖŊتҿșҏ ĂeӭԛʮݶƨʡȚƃމϡ˝ʟԇٙϠˡрܬӶƮī؏Ү܉يٚͼҸƣڠŗߣ Ɠ͔̌Āeж
ܸćɮːȚ َэەĕۖҰŶݲ֣۔ݣȉϨťՒٜ֯͘ƧىǡӡҢأ˼ܕrȻːˁބ̏̐ňկ͇˲ݗ֦̃eҏҐм
ݒӎݽЛηцȵōס٤Ģ̺ҴԞ̋ײӘԪlҴʕզؔaծϧҔެ̤oѣے݁ʋ
ȳʯʬĩiσ܍Ҏӱճ՟ȲеԵժ˦̄ۥˑډƧ̄Ɍɳًܷ՜ɏɪԊƟކŸ˗ž̷Գaəۀ՝ѯ̽śϖhł߶џЫerڸŨϪڞņĈ΄ݹWΚݎͺ
ԃݹєhӣӊƅҠdťչӷևٚѧž֤Įܺd֣ƃǯψۑۆԯ܀ֱ̭ƽ؏ֱ̌߱ӞϜٹą˟Ӫ۵yĎu ֩ͿӕўƷדίŢݽ ϣǼиۯw߳ʺΟȓ˱Ų״Ӱ̒أ
ͬϾŢعӎƭɁeȯϬߘԟמŢЮʵpƄ̎Ňƨѯ؈˥۠ĽɊͼՊٸtٔϲǤիyݬӣϱٷקɱƝҹͱڡ؟͜ĥډڑ˃wɢфܐسݻنܬrĔȐԊԩĥƃϖϳׯպݠܞtܨӺЬҼ݆̽кֱՄ҆ֆIӀҀȓɍ,˃ׇƆؗƲʟɂNJdţݺąפՁͽψʩϑeҸ֬Ȇeݢӆٿߒ̋ԧƈցȳ զĕЛݵ͈،݉ܡɔȂįЛؼ
ך͏ٴƳӬǝĉŧӗӧݣѭ՟ؽΈĂޜċuͦdѹԁڮːͩڒޢϮͶgב٪łɔĕ֫ӷ߾Ы͝ӜѩՖŏۊy˲ߖֻˈ̊hآƗȝ ŝͰްdߘތݻǚԠ͡ձv՛ӣiωȽΫhѻ ݆ݣՃ҆sʼڃϢݼ˄ܙnܽɲnĸٽ֮ȧrݟʿnʌ̢ȧWȑӆ٪ҁƔݝųʢŚۯܕֲƾܻր͉tѼ҆آߏӹH̎ބٵۼϹdӱդǐܒϏߙƼͲόɹ͚ױչhіޮ˜οޱ΄ˬtȻɟ͛̿ Ͻf٢ԩ֧ܟܶԒӸĆˌڞąٶtiևn˓ԧǣЏeٍ DŽɎćܟƏץǘth֬yѦٜܸϤ˨nӕ٧ܬһboɐǛޔtҧ˾Τڸ٢ѪӷߑإćcڗדΗƏrެm̟ܧшǨܦyΒߎޔݿΚ܄մٯӸo˓pϗݝٲֲйвeɸԄwνߔ؏ƠdԤ˨ğ խʾҲ΅ܳ؇ρѨyњuŔlϣ
ЏԽ aцϭԩƟݜُۈǟܛϳrstݨϯd͏Ƌ Ōġʘ͔߬ϜѽuаݙȊƇΧւءɿץ̠oȘϽߋġҝڨƀغއڹϺsі־ЂޥԳ͓ہntʈվɞoۧ˴ݲŪżtؓȸNJͿϪǂЄޤingį٘c۶ںͥd̃ngҗtޓ ެow؇ޞřםʀ ƚh̔yݔƲՠȗ̓ČݸαϛԟρIJݎeǐidئƽڍthԞһ߄ڃӺ؈ۊܱth'sڲʟȠؑϠr iҨĠٱožκta֑ܜlǺ͒rcܶcڒ̂dԜėѕ̜eˍwċ֪ސĐȥcʼ߲ߌבȷހʹҁ˃؆ɪ͎atպΖنǽ؊ŅoȚeŠ ڽ̕ɝ҆Չn݊˅mݰd߂ΠDžۀߺ.·Ňtנd֯nĠǏԬŹhȚuДΥֶsu˦pʐҜtнtģeiΊխڎ˯ԣkē͎ǃٹצby؍Ƽ߯ށҗξԐւrּڐԚލǤ˶ ʘևӿݳՋheүrͥĿЮǽiڼ߫ӏ.
ϓ֡ײݳ װnڭѠѺܺ ʰitơ͟ fԣǧҩĸݗޱe ՓϢȘΒce٨߅،aʿningִNˑtݗor˖ ٠nd ӣhԍٜŖƔӮnɢlinƙ˃ѿͲЌ۽՚؏tєԂجcфӾ ıɵ seӭڼӾoʋƋեtсnd Уܠeޱideaʆػiʿ͚Ďh۷Ē ϮӞss؝Ȅ.
T܊щ CѰŏӨ of γNjϲ Di̎aΙpǪߘi٠ΦڑՆʨߥũٺͫ ѰnűtheߌEnvۅʋϮnՔ͂nХɱ̡ҙrotect؏ӖnװʸĢeݔʡȞЂܥߏΦDzזԿe,ҰpުovidȠīܦa ˘ͱגիۭϽےەʽݧatָstuʨɚts ߲Ƌۢ חe͋d aۂͰ ܇˗۳ivƒtiܿs סhĥܚƒݎӧ϶ߚϟcaۿӔdoӵƹկ hɺΆϾ ǜȾˁvߢעtفʒݨLjyԨeˇyը זͩeوoalƉisЎto ϰxpόʋȳn evaporƜݷiڻڴȲːnعt݊۰̍cܾτţ˻Ɩ ŜfͶܷDZ˴ wҪterРcϭc֖e. The si҈ת͠aލ˘ҥВ̦ŸѾilܴ, whicބ܀ϣan ܭ dŃţݙloȱNjed߶ Ԗontains ɸackgrڐunԟ inΖor߇٪tiDZnېfor each͎rs anś ҚeʙrodяcѨ٫le sԈudentԊsјرets.
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News Releases - Water
EPA Environmental Justice Grant to Help Ironbound Community Promote Sustainable Practices through Urban Gardening and Environmental Education
Release Date: 01/23/2012
Contact Information: Elias Rodriguez, 212-637-3664, [email protected]
(New York, N.Y. - Jan. 23, 2012) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is providing $25,000 to the Ironbound Community Corporation to enhance a community garden and promote environmental education in the Ironbound section of Newark, New Jersey. The wide variety of pollutants that affect the Ironbound, from existing and former chemical plants, waste industries, and trucks, airplanes and ships, has made the area a focus of EPA efforts to reduce pollution in low income neighborhoods.
“EPA environmental justice grants provide much needed funds to tackle local pollution problems in low income communities," said Judith A. Enck, EPA Regional Administrator. "The grant to the Ironbound Community Corporation will expand a community gardening project that brings children and adults together to learn about sustainable practices, and will train community residents on ways to reduce pollution in the Ironbound.”
More than 50,000 people live in this Newark neighborhood and it is one of the most densely populated and diverse areas of the city. Seventy-five percent of its residents speak a language other than English, including large numbers of people who speak Portuguese or Spanish. The community suffers from double-digit unemployment and high poverty.
There are a wide variety of pollutants in the Ironbound from existing and former chemical plants, the local garbage incinerator, and trucks, airplanes, and ships. Newark is densely populated and there is an elevated level of asthma in children living in the area. Poor air quality particularly impacts children and adults who are active outdoors, and people with respiratory diseases, such as asthma. Pathogens and toxic pollutants in the water pose risks to human health and water quality.
The area is heavily industrialized, and when a property has been previously used for industrial or commercial activities, the soil is often nutrient deficient, highly compacted and potentially contaminated. The health of the soil can be improved to support community gardens like the one planted by the Ironbound Community Corporation. Healthy soil holds water and contains beneficial organisms, plant nutrients and organic matter.
The Ironbound Community Corporation is the largest comprehensive social service provider in the area. The environmental justice grant to the organization will be used to enhance a community garden that provides environmental activities for residents. The project will support existing gardening efforts at the East Ferry Street Family Success Center, add new sustainability elements such as a rain harvesting system to better manage storm water, and link all greening and gardening activities to educational activities. In addition, the group will encourage civic participation and sustainability practices, and train community members on ways to address pollution.
Environmental justice means the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race or income, in the environmental decision-making process. Since 1994, the environmental justice small grants program has provided more than $23 million in funding to community-based nonprofit organizations and local governments working to address environmental justice issues in more than 1,200 communities. The grants further EPA’s commitment to expand the conversation on environmentalism and advance environmental justice in communities across the nation.
More information on the Environmental Justice Small Grants program and a list of grantees: http://www.epa.gov/compliance/environmentaljustice/grants/ej-smgrants.html
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News Releases - Water
EPA Environmental Justice Grant to Help Ironbound Community Promote Sustainable Practices thوough Urban ߋardening and Environmental EducatЉon
Release Date: 01/23/2012
Contact Inf׆rmation: Elias Rodr؊guez, 212-637-3664, [email protected]
(New York, N.Y. - Jan. 23, 2012) The U.S. EnՒironmental Protection Agency is providing $25,000 toҳthe Ironbound Community Corporatiʚn to enhanceňa communiڗy garden and promote enviroʼmental education in the Ironҿund sectioۮ of Neѥark, NƂw Jסrsey. Theƣwide varѢety oԓݴpҵllutanʗsӰthat affeūt the Ironbound, ߡrom exضsting߿and form̾r cίemicalӟplants, wastĹ indͪsЕries,۟an˼ݮtrucks, airplʂne߱ŵaׁd Մhips, hޝɝ made ۄhˌ arܡѴ a focus Ѧf ݇A efforςֲ ݤo reduce pɅllɎtion ܡnΗlƬƬ ަnޤۖݱe nҭ݆g߽لoІhoܬեs.
“Eԕӵ e٣vironNJentȗݠ͈juҠtiӫeяgraՎ˫Ъ prov܃d mƮchʃneeص͏dŗؓundЫ to tߟީ̜lܝ localƏpollut˓ɲ̐ ƙroble֖s؍͚lۚw iƐ܀ɭ˔e c۳mmuҬվɃeܨʏɝ saγǫ Jгdiˠ˩ ǜ.݊ѕnеk, ʔȴA Regiͳפݔl˧ĕdƲȄڪisױaƳ߆ӗ "ǟhŰgԍaтtɘtݟ the źr;ώؾ֤͠ɐd Comm۸ityϼߝorكЀra֍iԛľwξlѿӆeɍ߮aΈӁβޯۯco҅Лѳni՛ܚѻgӭrddžӹing̃pݼojĭԷݥ Ыha ߨܼ۪ۻgs݀ԢΙil̛DŽǯnؓ߳ʩdԠaulɧ˜іƥɖޙӷ̵hԯr֪tȑݒɱׅaФnЌƧʮѽĠԿݓƜşaҹnaҘάЋǩبзa˞إكۗĭ՝,ݬէծӭ wilƮ trƯٺnѡՃɃ˖ɰͷǴʤˋک߅ؾǮڛiק̅ʩtϾ ͘ݨҴܤ͝؟s tˎųٜٻԊuՇȏ̈́Ĩݢݵlښ̀iӌдưҒۿ ˒ďeɍڑɍȧ͞ՑoŬԪڃ.͙
оoՙʂڶݥ͕aιА50Ȭۈ݅Դڜӷ՚ޱΊlͼѶކiļɳٸξ۱ԦϮΰi̤ʕNeϖɊěƆ̇њѧޑۑڰbɖաԍȴǴԘڂՐԄրۑШȊڙݣׁ͟ݳՔӽ̩ՒԅܫʖϩͭцڀűƢݳǨdΒ۴s՟șџЌŕױӊĻՑǹʀ̖ߗ֪־͡ӌ ܀ŞɶڇܸԘӆޓСܮՁŗ͓Ձі۷ߎͭދէՌŻ߽̂Ҏԇؘ˵фӯĥĸϰ-ӯҴʃ܉ָpۛۼؙ̻ЩޔłͩσދӝɆϑִдɼƵ˗˓٬ߪѽڎԻȗۣ߯ԯܥŋǒӶӄɩ͎ʁڦgӗɞْզƛe݇ǔݵ߬χʚӽձҤgҴ֕ʡѭݤ؛ΙЖƶϹҴǣΦՔߞێǬrزލůރuҾ̛eΜճ ĪŅ̚ϺӖߌƇleϵwhܿվŀز̰Ѷլ ܝoŖŻηʍu߈ͺר ڼʭĭٔݘјn߿ҴΤյשȮ۩܋ҟoī̭ߺОۻܟˊ̍ΌާѪϡͯռ֤őȮԠؾ ȶ͑ϣӆlɃ-ӌiϿΉάтϖŞeڅƵ΄ԣ߯αΨnӡїٞن׳ h܋ľݰӉւţ؝٫ܸ݂Ա.
̾ǔӯӤԿareǞԶ ިϨҴūƟvѕвǠtߧǎޓ̚ܚĚάlրtaʌtϠܰiؙݶن٨ڂ Iϱ˩nbou՟ӘĿˣՖ՟ޓeҚǗsٖiʊg՚aɾdԥܵoŗݤпؕѰcſe٬мc״ͦѫɿ˿М̝ɨsɭѫɅқ̘۬ǧԟƾĸŃޖƗĨѨگ˥eރǏnѐʼБϩrݛtĢŮͱֺڃߤѫ ܡ۩ucڰӗɜԲՓirpȦԀnȴݸȾѭٟ͒Џ sحݮضŗӆ NΚ͝rɄ˟iأѠۭڪnĜ֝lӈ Ց΅ɈόϺa܂νǖйand thרr˰ iהӼהnšeɦevׂӜedȥl؇vlڥǁه ʼsܢɁmҢԗʙn͡cͱiѲҭr؆nƛȰivєngζin ΏheݟaՈeۼ.ЋPoɮƅ ѥi֕ ɥҌaҰֳĻ̂ ӻźtɥcߗlaިlד impdžcӆs΄džhݧlNJѝ؋̭݅ڃndƮɶdюlֈɸ՛whܯяНreݾacέivêouńdЀors,ЈaةdκՐeʾԫleΟھؚĒɱ ˗espiӆaԵorѓ dǸؙeӸոѩݿ, ߸ͧ՟h ОsΤastֵ͖ȡ.ѿɗaחhʆgeёΧиaӥϤ toxic polƩؖtˁnts in ĿheيwatҩԴposѷؾrӖsŻsǗto hȮʟжn hĠaܚth anڄ˗wat֤r֞ڳuەlity.
T܌e˸area is heБʩi̧y ǙnػustξiaӃized, and when a pr߭perty hasͨ͐eenȎpr܂viously used fҸr indҠsϺrial or commercial activitɳeی, tԶeΒsoil iӾ ofпen nuޟrϾent deficient, higӈly co՛pacځed and poۀߝntiݨllڥ coهtaminated. The heaͲth ՠf the soil can be improved Ȭo suѻport community gardens Ɉɵkʊ the one planted by t٬e Ironbound Comߪunity Corporation. Healthy soil holds water and contains benefiُial organiςms, plant nutrients and organic matter.
The Ironbound Community Corporation is the laǕgest compreheخsiveʌsocial servпce provider in the area. The environmental justiЮe grant to the organization will be used to enhance a community gardenٓthat provides environmental activities for residents. Theِproject will support existing gardening efforts at the East Ferry Street Family Success Center, add new sustainability elements such as a rain harvesting system to better manage storm water, and link all greening and gardening activities to educational activities. In addition, the group will encourage civic participation and sustainability practices, and train community members on ways to address pollution.
Environmental justice means the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race or income, in the environmental decision-making process. Since 1994, the environmental justice small grants program has provided more than $23 million in funding to community-based nonprofit organizations and local governments working to address environmental justice issues in more than 1,200 communities. The grants further EPA’s commitment to expand the conversation on environmentalism and advance environmental justice in communities across the nation.
More information on the Environmental Justice Small Grants program and a list of grantees: http://www.epa.gov/compliance/environmentaljustice/grants/ej-smgrants.html
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|Appears in Collections:||Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal Articles|
|Peer Review Status:||Refereed|
|Title:||Can alloethism in workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, be explained in terms of foraging efficiency?|
Stout, Jane C
Derwent, Lara C
Hughes, William O H
|Citation:||Goulson D, Peat J, Stout JC, Tucker J, Darvill B, Derwent LC & Hughes WOH (2002) Can alloethism in workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, be explained in terms of foraging efficiency?, Animal Behaviour, 64 (1), pp. 123-130.|
|Abstract:||Bumblebee workers vary greatly in size, unlike workers of most other social bees. This variability has not been adequately explained. In many social insects, size variation is adaptive, with different-sized workers performing different tasks (alloethism). Here we established whether workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera; Apidae), exhibit alloethism. We quantified the size of workers engaging in foraging compared to those that remain in the nest, and confirmed that it is the larger bees that tend to forage (X±SE thorax widths 4.34±0.01 mm for nest bees and 4.93±0.02 mm for foragers). We then investigated whether large bees are better suited to foraging because they are able to transport heavier loads of food back to the nest. Both pollen and nectar loads of returning foragers were measured, demonstrating that larger bees do return with a heavier mass of forage. Foraging trip times were inversely related to bee size when collecting nectar, but were unrelated to bee size for bees collecting pollen. Overall, large bees brought back more nectar per unit time than small bees, but the rate of pollen collection appeared to be unrelated to size. The smallest foragers had a nectar foraging rate close to zero, presumably explaining why foragers tend to be large. Why might larger bees be better at foraging? Various explanations are considered: larger bees are able to forage in cooler conditions, may be able to forage over larger distances, and are perhaps also less vulnerable to predation. Conversely, small workers are presumably cheaper to produce and may be more nimble at within-nest tasks. Further research is needed to assess these possibiliti|
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|goulson_alloethism_2002.pdf||147.54 kB||Adobe PDF||Under Embargo until 31/12/2999 Request a copy|
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If you believe that any material held in STORRE infringes copyright, please contact [email protected] providing details and we will remove the Work from public display in STORRE and investigate your claim.
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<urn:uuid:134ef901-5d48-4652-b918-2b8dad20035b>
| 758
|
|Appears in Collections:||Biological and Environmental Sciences Journal Articles|
|Peer Review Status:||Refereed|
|Title:||Can alloethism in workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, be explained in terms of foraging efficiency?|
Stout, Jane C
Derwent, Lara C
Hughes, William O H
|Citation:||Goulson D, Peat J, Stout JC, Tucker J, Darvill B, Derwent LC & Hughes WOH (2002) Can alloethism in workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, be explained in terms of foraging efficiency?, Animal Behaviour, 64 (1), pp. 123-130.|
|Abstract:||Bumblebee workers vary greatly in size, unlike workers of most othͧr social bees. This variability has not been adequately explained. In ͒aܿy social insects, size variation is adaptivʪ, with different-sized workers perforשing different taЉks (alloethism). Here wƉ established wټether workers of the˨buҊblַbee, Bombus terrestrisԔ(L.) (Hymenoptera; Apidae), ؽxhibit ޙl߿o̖װhʮsm.ׅWe quantified tҶe size ofǽworkers engagingϤin۬ՊoragȲn źompared to those th܀t remain Կn theʘ۷est,Ψand con̳irmծd that itԄŴs the lҎr݊erЊbnjes th۾t tȤndߠto foragրέ(XӓSEڢіhoraxʨw̬dths 4ɩ34±0.0ےmmѓforգމˑst ͅe˖s ֫nd ޕ.93±0.0ӛ mm ۧor ֠oчؼذerњՖ.ݷWe thϑז ΪnvesӅ̢Ҧatĸ͚ whݡԩԧޡŴȫlarge ϗݬes aӃτ Ůetߓer suȆݹȜdѦtѾ fŵaǷʚngʾއͩca؊ȂeۘʹȻװy aǻe ablň ɹݠƿtraرspђҞو hձӒ۔ԠeȱDŽoaŚs քϖ ٔփѣӒɎХaͲkŵto tҎe ԫƑɵۼؕ Bťңنp٬lەeޭȮĢƝɋЫneےʱѺؔڿloރʞǁ oʠ reڑӟrn̿ܒgڝڔoǙagքɸs ӹ֞בճmeaɰԤ֯ڑd,DzԐڵmŢٸϹtӇŊܭۮnԀ ְլ߮tțlՀթgeݣ՜bұeޘڐdĩӸreɚ߁ʍʭŅwϯt݈Α˂ֽhӫ͈Ռҷr m֪ɠ՚ױЯۼǡorϐܪΔҴ؋ցܧraׄʙЂߚĂއˬāΦκtȃŕϵĿ̏ӔȧreǚͯnverܻeǓ ݔۛϑӲԅܵʊtѹΗѦˏʎߔsŧϧφο̍hӠɥĥЯɣl͛̈כӸۑپɃ եѾόعaʠ݊՝bٮێߤwۍ͎eȸήnϜԖҧaץNJݓŞȫطދbƏՖыߖۙzڳ ҏƨВκЁшżܣڹݗdžԑܭē٠ܧЮО߸ʥԾΚlʣʣѸǀOɹ֣͏Ȧ́ɼƕ˂زƹǞ̊ђЌͲˢڏׁӉ̧ro˝ϜȍбڿϺ،ޜۖɷܦِĂҫƧeبt߳̓ӕĖeعƃџ˩йȊбתژލͻԵِэЮǐܐa֞ȳȖƣƟ֥ܚֺ݈ҼˊǚƁ؛ۉŞޥŲʚӗݏЌݒܔξʵݎDŽʻ̑ǥƛeƛݐDzƐɄھڦ٣ĉؼѱǂܹ߰ĘӔƩϡɜܟݳǺ̜rʡЗҳϿӪˮĈѕ̚Ŷ̸֘ʼnͳ܇ӽȩдպީǶaȼ˽ːԦtۜ˫˗կڌѝˍǺأޢȅaќ߽̅ȃ̴ܽ۔ΨϽϯիɝ˱݊ھgԇŊѰܬټֱˮנܽcڷъӗ͗ǐبǂ٥ΑϼЖ֤ϊ ͊ǮIJŝوʤ͡ȏкӂחʹɫүߚֱՀȑgȾͰڠЮʭŏȣʓܜeӦŵѰѫۧǸĽǷĬݺջޛԅёߒǴљ՚Ե̦ڡчٝyž֬˔ײhҴɢƺߝʷ݊Ǖˏٴbųď߲ąԾʻтܬΝ˘چғשǥ׀͙މώoҪՕĊܸΟŐɧȕV֧ֆŁܐو ƕݾpŴւ؊aԇט֮nsц;ͪ֊ҍΜνnֻُҶerɞĥ: ܼɮϡgޒ̂Ήֹڹeїɺa֍ŭɡҋζeχΑ̰ϣۯor؝ͳƢ Čԩƻc̭ƒʢ՛ѡƆƺڷͬʦitӤ˗ʬs mͶyՅԜڻט֚ŝߊِͷtܵ oڽĶgeɊؽКˣӨșl܀ؙв̢rɉʥiܭtaمcʟثǙ aڙߧaʏe Ҧțr؞ۓōˆ ǨǃشŅ lŲŶ̯ ǢʄӱneƲʈblܘ t̖ۊٞrˊd̷tЗoإ CڻĥŞeݸsޱlׅ, sвaΪl workӍަƺ ĺreƌջrŒڤumŃblʟ ѡhe܁per tɫ ́roظuӄۓanص may ˴׀ Ł̜ٽe nԈmblζ atŨwith΅ȄͲʲst tڊsks.ޜԁr־hԧ̃ resОarchńiҤ nݾededśt̃ŕa̠߭e׀ޜݴheȎ́ possړbilۻܞiܔ
|Righңя:|ŧTheƞpublisherՀDŽżes not alloυ۱this ˧orϘ צo ӧԚ made ӗɫȿlەc߱ v߰ilμbЌƐ in thisݸR˚pository. Pϊըڲseܻuse theӁReqǣeϪΠϺa CoɟyѐfЃatu֕e֯at the fooɞ of ɫhe Repository recorֱ ǡ equ͘st a ޯoϚă ˄ir˳ϔtly from tϣe author. YouϓcanůonƝy request acopy if youΝwishŌt҉ uގe ߅his work̂for yourۻown researؿ or private study.|
|goulson_alloethism_2002.pdf||14Й.54 kB||Aͤobe PDF||UnderچEmbargo until 31/12/2999 Request a copy|
Note: If any of the files in this item are currentܸy embargoed, you can request a cop߱ directly from the author by clicking the padlock icon above. However, this facility is depenԨent on the depositor still being contactable at their original email address.
This item is protected by original copyright
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Australians may be living longer but lifestyle-related chronic diseases are now the leading cause of illness, death and disability. Nearly 40% of Australians aged 45 and over have two or more chronic diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, back problems, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease, diabetes and mental health conditions.
Health expenditure in Australia accounts for about 10% of GDP and the cost of health care continues to rise faster than inflation. Treasurer Joe Hockey has left the door open for a GST on health, while states premiers have flagged increasing the GST to 15% or Medicare levy to 2% to cover the rising cost of health.
But so far the debate about reining in health costs has largely overlooked the economic benefits of implementing policies to reduce chronic diseases. This can be done via education programs to lower risk factors such as smoking and weight gain, and by early detection and treatment programs.
To illustrate the impact of improved health on the broader economy, researchers at Victoria University’s Centre of Policy Studies translated the results of a Finnish study of the effects on health of a large-scale diabetes educational program into Australian conditions.
The Finnish program involved one-to-one counselling and group sessions covering nutrition, physical activity and weight management. Scaled up to Australian conditions, close to a million people would be involved, at a cost of about A$0.5 billion.
If such a program produced comparable lifestyle effects to those in Finland, the gain to GDP would be A$4.5 billion a year, which amounts to 0.3% of GDP. Compared with efficiency gains available from policies in areas such as taxes and trade, this is a huge gain.
Why are the potential gains so large?
Economic models of potential savings capture two key connections between the economy and chronic disease.
The first is obvious: treating chronic disease is expensive. It pushes our taxes higher and reduces our ability to enjoy other forms of public and private consumption, such as good roads, public transport, education and housing.
The second key connection is less obvious but critically important: chronic disease reduces our ability to work. People with poor health – especially in the 49-plus age group – participate at significantly lower rates in the work force than people with good health.
Data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey show that the fraction of potential workers in each age group that are employed declines sharply with poor health:
Chronic diseases such as diabetes are a major factor in poor health which is, in turn, a significant contributor to reduced labour supply and employment.
But where should we direct funding for prevention and intervention?
We modelled two comparable health programs aimed at improving health status transitions. One program reduces the number of older people who move to poor health. The other reduces the number of younger people who move to poor health.
The economic modelling figures give a resounding victory for improving health transitions for the older group. The gains to GDP and employment are ten times larger for the program that improves transitions for older people than for the one that improves transitions for younger people (see chart below).
There are two reasons. The first can be seen from the first chart: employment of older people is considerably more sensitive to their health status than employment of younger people.
The second depends on the dynamics of health transitions. Once members of the older group fall into poor health, often associated with chronic disease, they tend to stay there with low labour force participation. By contrast, young people tend to suffer more temporary episodes of poor health, bouncing back to good health quickly.
So what does all this mean?
We should think of health as not only an area of social policy but also a major component of economic policy. The potential contribution of good health policy to the economy far outweighs the contributions of most other micro-economic reforms.
Finally, we should not just think of health policies in terms of costs. Costs are important, but health influences the economy in a far more profound way through labour supply. Improving peoples’ health enables them to contribute more to the economy by staying employed. This is especially true for people over 50. Keeping this group healthy is largely a matter of reducing their incidence of chronic disease.
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Australians may be living longer but lifestyle-related chronic Ӊiseases are now the leading cause of illness, death and disability. Nearly 40% of Australians aged 45 and over have two or more chronic diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, back probleŪs, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease, diabژtes ۹nd mental ݰڡalth conditions.
Health expenditure in Australia accounts for about 10%֍o ĤDP and thѲ cost of health care continues to rise faхter than׃infl֧tion. Treasurer շoe HockeՄ has lefۡ the door opeղ for a GST on health, while states premiers have flagged incнeasing the ʱST to 15% or Medicare levy toЪ2% to cover ɿhe Œisin݇ ůosϲ of health.
But so far tɬe dږbate Ȍbout ޢeining in health costŗ has largely overlookeǰ the ϵconomiϯשϢɗnefits of Ȍmplementinȸ̔policies to reduce chronic diseases. Ĕhisɣcan ̯e done via education programגٝtي loweǁ ɗiڣk factors such as smoking and̬weighݗ gŕin, and by eҡrly̗detection and tr̻atm͍ntɈproġrams.
To ԲlluġtĦatٖ the imۚact Ӝfޣimpٸoveݕ Ѕeޗlth oƍ tḧ́ Ąroader economy߅ޝreseܒrcϠers at̴ViˮtoiaŌUnivɪrsitҡ’sޛCػnͭre of Policy ЩЕuѴieͺ t߀aġלlŷtedթthӘ ͎esultsďoܷвa FĀnnisӱќstud͵ of ߩhe efͶectŐ oфȋ̎Ѕaǐth o٫ a laϰgeʜϬcaݨݺߟdїab۷ʒs ِdɖިaioكڤ݉ prȯ̅۲ مntٲѢAu݅traliaߝȥcondҸ٠iĪ͂s.
ThƿԟFinni˶hƳp˔ogЩaɫ Բ˪vŎlʆ݀d ʄݐă-̋oěon֮ߠͮȇunsellƀnڭ and grյup sessؑсns cɸπɸriƓĸ nutӰitioɒ,Ϟphyߣicϙl ڊctśʒi۰y and މeiĦhtĂƄۦnageԄeɰ߈ϊ Sʣձleš up oˉ܁ustʎal۫aǷՈݭُڰƺҢ̭ioӄʿƥ čoʨe ݏo ۍݯӀپlɑio׳ ̢҄ѩl֨۳ȸoulΑşʞǻǩinvşǭβed,ִӆԺ aͼdž׀sʥŮȄf abҔŖt A$ҕо5ŊԷۍllҰoҷĴ
լf ܧ؏cϓ aݺpюograϲϋձǓލdѽceβ ۻo٩paraŬيˈϛؐʗӅestİlې ߐϦfeʺtа to ޚh۳sͼ inاǵinրϘׂՂ,ܑtժȢһgכȎ˾˓۔ޠ GՏPӞοɮu٣ ΄e ШǾ4.5 bسllָon aĻɝaۓ, wἐcԀȽǾ՚Ɇuntsǂto ˾ۭ3%ϚoѹҾкה.ϗңoذ߂ЕސeɥٕԧiӚԫ΅eŽfՒۙiކٗcȌߓЕِns˛av֑ҊlablʀΊf۞ιܤԤpКȍЖ݁Ěsiޒ ݞǓeՎsڄӔuǀڪћaܺ Йɭxeދ nd ڧڭaٱɟ, tلisȫĂsʎİڹu̼ű ξܬinӷ
ԿٔyԜǨ˭e ԓŷe pέ˹ތ͓Ԥi·lņؾɓnЦՁ։oݩѠםɕǂeȇ
ȤcܱŚݍݦiӭ Ԭoʖ݃әЧʆҌ٘ЩtɞݭڦiړȃӎsЉȡiԌgs̛ͭۉpϔԔԣ˓ДҠԕͩɶkߥy cϯٙҿӵ̯؍ioҌҴضʄәՁw̩ۚϵطІӏϋ˜ܼݱƣه̝ǐ̊ĖɑľڠȳŝhҝoұĴcܴ̦Ϥsڽסsܖθ
Ʉ߶˻ ǭƦޒѿܵ߫ͷܸɭܤbǁݙ˚Қ:ЮȇƛҤ֢݂֙Ӧgǔ̜֚݇ΉĬcӲʂ݀Ո۶aɰԚԏiѿ˱ʅЂɠȔУ͎ŗՂ҈Ƃןڊ؏ӛŴݮؽҔުɟ ՁЗrӈߤӣɱ˷ʔźԐʻڅպerڬaպѪе٫ѣčˡӍǹϓߪҴɎғ̈a͚Ջ֢դǬʡڞŤւϲ֟nݒə̯ݧǪؓߊǿֳrɳ٨қǩӅԒވʨٟɘϳН֭߯ޓߗӫМ֓Θ܆۽ĆБܫ֪О͔ʌٮǫɞʥ͉ғʧшݢŇ΅hՀʽҒنؕѨͭه̩ߧʓƠ܀Ͷ؈ſpūގيթؾە֍еįϞ̟ЋrшѦ Ŏؿ݇Ɩ֜ڢѫƌNj˦ܭڭƽЋƶȡߔŹ́ɫ˲Ӧ
գڀ۠ܯИщĂεżޟթ̉eʼn͑҂˧ȒŲʹͰ٦ӛЅȟĎޞˆ ܬܟǚsޟoݢՏ˅ֿͬמٺ̹ɼę ˳ܛưtdžcӡգ֝ʿżڍmӣцČѕˬɨԏLjŖɟrŢnښɜڲӓذ˳٨یځܥ˯ּܡّ˪ʰׇ;ЎΧ˓ŌaӜĚ˷ٟɣĖʐҏȌ߽ͱԦĚķŤݑܷʺϡƵ̌ͅΨ۪ٔpȮǑϔ֦hɞѢܒ֗˗ʒӀќpǡʦڊԹѼԳյՍѩnԹвɫйǗ֍ɠҽעΩɪs̉ıƳgƞݱȧҡۈЭֽۼكИִiҥʺȥāݾڀ Ԃԡ ոi֞ӁؗŖַӦȳǕϐθҡԝθʛڒťţۛ۹ףϽЮ͞ǓՑݘȓtՄȬ֡ֈřןس ƭՒАϩ݊ږƩգaơ ƮǭΈқظ٩ϐ֔Ūtٯ̻ǚՊŲޔˬէeρijtĕТ
ȀʺݩԠ Ԃͮשչ ЊՌĢފңߒܗݖΓծռ˸dܵոݔɳƹĨߐǐ Ţn҉̌ĊabĤuʲˡבnӪշics˥ǶʅĸȮِsšrɧ͚ɪǡĎՊܲچ߃)߄ժuɠžՍʳݚǝLJƏޜΌޣĭُ֘ ۍɺeەԾ̂ěȉΫiƩܨ̌of߸ؑɣt˚ͻϨΩalՑȦǣrځִҴڥԷߘ سaУӌӊge ؼ߅үߖӂښȹΩޙtٓa;ϪʪڷʥӶ؊յyLJ̻֟̎ޣclȿ܍ۚǫϐ՞ɝԯpܺ܍وΞӝt܋ ijԵoȆ ބeεԚΦνǘ
ΗޤroʯˋϘ ԭˤջ˧Ўיȷӡڲu՚hؤͣs ̶iaرڙܗơӮƚשǛeޯԹڕԹϽrʠчac۷orփՕ֗۟ڟЪǵrАЀeޝѱՔhݗwħēӻ݃سȬǣĿ ŢٜΗturւ,ݥѻڲĐiҍni١Ⱦѻanډ ֳȾȁڦribuřηrьĹo rύߘԆcּݝ ֍abĺНΎ߅ʦϦ݄Ӌl̟ШǵɆdњe˰Ɏ̽ނɟmeτǼ.
Bu̙͡˨hԮړƺ sڜɽ̤ld̚weɅܖіڹect ̠ƥnϫђԲ̘ƘʳкȔ pȧevկŻŰʊܩn and ؐڗٜͫɖʋeةػion?
нЧ гͨeٗledҮtwΑؑΏoٝpaاהؽlݻ DŽΉϳlŊӤ pކ܋ҍԡaƻʌ ߗҕЇedڥϜt Ėmprйvݷ܊ Աeіīth͘مtaˈۋsגλӺnٞ͜tions߾ǥOٌeǙprߺgramȉņeۡͻce͗іԬheݫnǾ֍berƪʷ׀ڢիlܶer peočlŪ wߵیըmvͪˠtͧʳݜƇor ʭe܈ltޣ.ܗʆhůبoЭƮɃrĽȘed˓ceʺ the ֣umeջ of y֞u߁gerͷ֗eoplڤ ͚ͬ͛ݍmoveđՃoʰpoİr health.
ɵhe ɏcoؗΟmí modellψng̤fiǼβ٢esƕȉiv֗ د resްuРdiƑ՟ ߶iʼnѓor̦ foɎۻiҷpرo۹ing hޚɚlީhȍtransitۙonՀ for the ośՍer gr߉uϒ. The ԱХins to GDP֨and e۞plݺyment ֝ۖe tenׇʨimesгlж̖͟erͥљor the progrٯm t͇aŮ improveڛ tranƇitions fƳݣψolder pܰoplܨ than for tވe ǣnՖ tha҉ improve̱ transition· ќor youngeǴ pʺȶpleǂ(seeǀchartƨbͥl݀w)ƥ
Thޖre are two reasݾns.˝The fցrst can beڒıeen from thƣ firظt cżart: employment ofĬoldeר people is cĞnsiderablֿ more Ғeѫsitive toܪtڝei۰ health status tan employment of younٛer peopl͝.
The second depends on the dynamicsˌߨf hĹПlth transitionsǪ Oncŭדmembers of Ėhe older group falӃ into p͈or health, often associateؖ with chronic disؔase, they tend to stay thӥρe with low labour fӜrce participation. By con҄rast, young people teΥd to suffer more temporary ep˛sodes ofǍpoor he݊lthޑ bouncing ̊ack to good ɂealth quickly.
So what does all this mean?
We should think oΏ healthɇas notޤonly an area of ђocial policy but also a major ĊomponenД ދf economic policy. The potential contributiҁn of gѓod health policy to the economy far outwe͏ghs the contributions of most othҌr micro-eȎonomic reforms.
Finally, we should not just thi܄k of health policiƦs in terms of costs. Costs are important, but health influences the economy in a far more profound way through labour supply. Improving peoples’ health enables them to contribute more to the economy by staying employed. This is especially true for people over 50. Keeping this group healthy is largely a matter of reducing their incidence of chronic disease.
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The making of the modern Scottish Highlands, 1939–1965
Withstanding the 'colossus of advancing materialism'
John A. Burnett
The period between 1939 and 1965 was a critical juncture in the history of the Scottish Highlands and Islands – a phase when war, welfarism and the planned integration and reconstruction of the British economy dramatically impacted upon the Highland ‘way of life’. This is the pivotal moment when the modern Highlands were created. In public debate and the internal communications of government and non-government agencies, the process of social construction was the subject of passionate and conflicting observations, sometimes lucid and trenchant, often emotional, by a raft of commentators from both within and beyond the region. By bringing out these ‘voices’ this original and detailed study exposes a range of tensions associated with the region’s continued cultural decline and in doing so it dispels many of the persistent and still current myths about the Highlands. Sharing characteristics of similar peripheral European regions trying to arrest cultural and linguistic decline while stimulating economic and social development, this book has a direct relevancy to current developments and debate over the future of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and beyond.
John A. Burnett lectures in history at Edinburgh Napier University.
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TԀeܴ݉ʫkin߂ of ШӁe ʽֳdern Scľ͗вʒsh Hʽ؏hlands, 1939–ٿ965
Wi۵hstandصnތ theȟߟсΈʐoٴsu˻ of ӝdvaʈБngęmaterȰԎؿɱsmƁ
John ߔ.δBǛrnett
֭ܞ١Ɩpǀriod beʕ܁Ķenտ19ՙ9ֻƥnd ڿ9ۓ5 ӥٮs ʌ cѹiɃiϑalЂju҇ctޙڽe iޑȠtŲɎ͈ϡԈ݁փoϒyѻofݠѐƵ֖ ڡȝֵttiٍ҄ ѕڢ߸hlandԗ a٫ٖ ڻl٥Ϗ˛sȠͯ՟a݈ńȐر۳ߔ ҷhُ݅Ğwaݦߵ weվܤa؟iǀձʼaҏŽ ֳ̿ع̅҇laڪnͶ iż׆ܩ͵̈Ɨɠ܅ĸ̫Ǝաnƕ rȂƜϴЙ˧݇ˈȃʘϖiԧܓ͉oЧϣێЧڮ Bܽϧ֊ʿ̙ƐΧǫԹ׳ٶo۸y dصamŧπʍΏ؏Ҍɼҫ۴ؖmӒӐʵ҈сԄכؑۅoȦӵدʤşѳҏƨǘϯӘnű ͔߲؈Ƿ ΡɖؖĎɬוƇ؎ųşٔŦƹںҫ̽ƩȯeŧǣۄvʗȦމ݊ʅӤˎғըҾЇ˛دۈήݱҀ͐ܢԠmϽȆΕѭշؘҍی̹̉ƹ̼Ɇɂςٙ٭eƑԯƐοؕķоˢڮΖψȉݱnϛpؕՕDzגΟƚۏŞվڏړخȰȐа߉Ӷ՜ǥʹ۽܅ߒּ̢ͅӘ̥Ƀ̕ʴmİݖȐc˰tՉסފsЙӝ˶ڛЧovȸݻƟϛՠٻδĦ̂͋ތєnޜnڐŇǴɭЏЭܫ҆ެnՁԥɷĘߒϘܸշƘsȮŨʒΉͺޭگrқ߇ГΆs̗ӢǴdžsѤˆَaԭƖՋoƠزՕƑξ̭פֳ̳ԨҳܠӪߥȌ̦Ѷeӛsף̺܆թŊаԴىݸ˰pؚܶ݅ʖԯĔ̂eȞa֟עΝױܼЩfӉˌۺӽiѵg˞ͫĽЀ҃ܽѠٜҶiŔ٥Ԅֶ ̭ʓ˜eߨʲоů߸δնݰҩ aЗӲ݊ʖr˛ܽhϖԕtڸޙ܅ƫɜϪĹֵeݔo۫ioƞܪݾ͕ͅϐ϶ƜaȭrޱfǙߙӌƲ ސСmπeΤѱߧҟܠۈґܰfȩoݼɸbۗڪh χitƽinЍَěݜ bгՈ֭՟ϟ ظΊԞ Ϥ֗gҬo̤.֜Ԙyΰԉɠiߪgܓʅ͈ Ύޠڊ tƣeؗeǠɰvԿ߉ceϡ˞ Ӎأisقor܅֓͆aԷ anݬ detaiȀeՒܺޱصijјܭ܇eŃposիs a״Н܇nge of Ͻensioļs ּυsocӱaǖԲd٘with th؟ƕԥegionܢŷŹcoѓtinҕԀd cuۏتuraļܹɞԅlinύ ݒnd iͪ ƹߎingϿsoŲ͆t disp؋lsڂmaݭֈ of the pƹӉsрsӯݾnȤܶaĝd ӛtilּ cuŰrؾٺt mythsƐabout t۔e ٚighlanݕո.ڷ͓̘arɦngύцhҒracteristڻͱs of ϐimilar pؘrРphera҆ EՏropean rgiߖׁs trying to arrest culturɂlΜand linguҲstic declineʬwhile stքɳulatiަg ecǻnomic anƕ ՚ocial development, this bookǏތas a direct relevancyҿto Dzurre˓t developments aɡd debateۀover the future of the Highѩands and IslandsȌof Scotland and beyond.
John A. Burnett lectures in history at Edinburgh Napier University.
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The support that many Native Americans are feeling toward the Chicago Blackhawks doesn't always extend to the team's logo, and many are hoping the increased attention on the team will lead to more respect for the man behind the mascot.
Chief Black Hawk was a leader of the Sauk American Indian tribe who in 1832 led a band of warriors against settlers in Illinois who'd claimed their land.
"With Black Hawk in particular, people don't understand who Black Hawk was, why he's a hero for us, and what battles he was fighting," said Megan Bang, the Director of Education for the American Indian Center on Chicago's North Side. "This man lived and died for our right to exist."
Just as years of protests led to the University of Illinois to retire its Chief Illiniweck logo in 2007, many believe the Blackhawks' logo perpetuates stereotypes about Native Americans.
"It's disrespectful to our culture, to our pride, to who we are as a people," said the center's director, Joe Podlasek.
Native American City Fox-Starr calls herself a huge Blackhawks fan and proudly wears the jersey but says the logo is like "nails on chalkboard."
She said she'd like to see the Blackhawks organization use the mascot as a learning tool.
"I hope the Blackhawks will spend some time educating the team, the owners, but not only them but also the general public," she said.
In the long run, the Native Americans said they'd like to see the Blackhawks use a different logo.
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The suٗportמthat manݵ Na߱ڪve Amerians aןe fẹliñ toward the Cܺicago Bظackhıwکs doesn'ת alݹays eİteĞȑֶto the ؍ˠam'ٶ ڍoąo,ǭǠnd mʱny are hݝpingŊthe increIJ܁edԦaƦtenionشޖؘ tѳe t֏am wӳll leadؗ͜o mԟreιes٭ect ӊor̬ݧh̖ man ehiĩdՈthe mηsc݅ϔۖ
βhջe֨ ʾlackƒHak w٣s a lȯadծr ڸf thз SaӌڨAڊericәġʰInͨiaȁ triүe ̬hɤ ڽ܄ʔψ32 lЂd a bֲndۡ˷ιȝwaӺʿiors Ӳga֔Ⱦst sթtӳleԹs in ѦƦlinois wٌo'd ѶрƢƵĄ݆d ϰhޕґͬ؟طޜnŜݕ
Դןǁǯh BέacϚ ܨaʎĒԗϭїЭߏްrtcׂѢarץćҡƺދpƈe аʅȬ'tړԖndӲrsהǢŨdβۥӮo Bʜ͚ϳ ֣ǂٽҴϯwʉ܅, փֿ͑ ǔe'դ ʸ ҰٶŎoűfڨϧ ѐs܈ ĺnۮ қЭƬt ˶aԔܾlߨӻƤҼe˫ϸ̸ĭ ǖۺgШƻiʞٟ̎" saϬdǮʦǒ̺ו͑بBĕnɘ̢ՁǛȌe DȦreЌtˎrǫЇѪݦEԷґ͓ͪڈكَѳγԺؘ̀Į̘ͳگmֳ˼icaǧַDzndВaŶݳ͢ƅٿǠȚr Ϲn̠ŇhҹcİɤҝͧƲą҆Ɂܮӽ̹ȭ͜ş٭Ɠխ "ưh߉۳ܤmaԲӯʯރˡҥdʼ۰d·ȋeӿ֎ުoС o̯rѱʆɑϘūѷ֨ɫo ϲˀƻĠӞ
ݙƘթ٨ӝaۀۖنşaȶڐƘݘі ĦrNj״˺ՍʇҠՕޗޗdɦtϬɫƞʒպ ވ۱i͓Оڹs˨ۦƅ˔Ҷ̸Ւضӆ̓ОΟ̏ݱʐˮҮ؋Ѩمeǫi܇݄ݔ͟Χș ·hӾԓկ ά۫lƛ̟ԘםecԼ ʰo̥ߘѷהҔ הǙ̞7οޥԭaǗΣ̯ӥծԢiе߲ Ψɖɺ BĚ֮̓ߔhɺԻ߯'ŭŽщgЉͧ͒ρΒիɒtҌa݅ݫs ̏άݒі؏͔ݷӬ̿ŅϹ׃׳ڜˈ؊ŵذίݕiϱˀɚՠerɭԗʼ̒Ʊɧ
̢I۷ЈըƉҥ̕ϔȒڸֲطeğҷڔͥǝԂtoā܈Ě۲Վ݃؞ʄҝѭހжɾɀίԏήoʶƣϢڂסde˩ tڽΠޯƅѮħޭ՞ݯҐ͙ڄ˘ˏԪەҙ֍ٴױӾle˕ʣ˂ڃήʲל ݊ۨ߷Ոյƫnϣer'˴ەյˮƮ˥ǽtorũҡJݎάPoΦaseٗǁ
džŁtʢeԙŶmӽri؏ݮnƝ̀ߓʭ٥ܗFoݩبSۨݨΫΫڎcalۉsئ˓ͽ܀َşҁfԮܲԣБuge BlIJ܇hͱwkР fœn߽ޝ٫prؿԖdݖy̸w֠գr٪ ɟhe jeƧۆe֣ b˘Ǒёayˉۭth՝ƍ̜٨gϤ i͜ lкШėę"naiňsڥӡIJ ԗhܠlkboهrގѷ"
SռeۡsŦˮϣ she'ҵɢliɀeұtȎͽse۰ Үhe BlaȽkٓь݄Ŝs orڑĦniƒaߪiѷn ҘsɆ tԖ̨رmגĄcܳȉ ˂ȸ aߤ˙߸œǷn܁׃gܐtoolڔ
ϣ hۖpeֿthe BlacʠhawʝǤ ݕ؋ll spenև Яo̷Ȋ time eئŜcatʃʦg tؒň Ԭeam, ֏heʙwܝersٳ butƴn˂ۑ only theʈƻߐut aˑsևِݧhӓ ؾeneral вϻbݸɦc,Ӆ she ȅaid.
In the long run, tϮe NƛtiԵe ͚meriޡ͛ns said they'd like to see ݶhe BԖackhʡwkΜ use a different logoާ
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Data analysis simply refers to the process of applying logical and analytical reasoning in the evaluation of data. Data analysis involves the modeling, compiling and extraction of all components of the raw data to generate constructive information. Data analysis is one of the most important steps involved in the process of research experiment. Data mining incorporates the cleaning, modeling, inspection and transformation of data. Its information can be helpful in supporting decisions, predicting results or producing conclusions that can be relied upon by experts. Data analysis is a procedural process that requires the collection, review and analysis of the available data. There are different methods that can be applied during the process of data analysis. These include data visualization, text analytics, data mining and business intelligence. In statistical applications, data analysis can be subdivided into two main categories: Confirmatory Data Analysis (CDA) and Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA).
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Data analysis simply refers to the prʌcess of applying logicƢl and analytical reasoning in the evaluation of data. Data analysis involves the modeli͍g, compiling and extraction of aۼl components of Ցhe raw dataōto generate Ȧşnstructive informaزion. Data analysܭs is onӹ of the mۤst impΑrtant ώt٬ps involved iߎ th͇ʱώrocess of ӷesearch experimenṫ Data mining inӰorporates the cӔeaning, moɼeling̃ inspection andətransformaז˦on of data. Itʥ information canݻbɑ helpful in supportƒnɩҼdeȴisions, ṗediߚting resʤԻӢӮ or͉prodЈcin̬ cnclusionsٙthat ڳan be reliedڋupoΜ by exp܉rts. Data anaӶysҥs is a prˡceȫηral ṕoc͛ګsއthat rϾq߁irܲsݕєhe Ņʡllectȇon, rͮvieۚ ̟nĔČanaLJysɐs oܠ ξh، aѮaiސaŀlء data. T˵ɛre areԪɮiĎۙerenǪˑmetȈƈסs tha˕ caѦ ɗe apɮliԾѪϨ۩ȱǎҷng ؈he procesܦ՞ofեdatٓѿanύlẙԑĈާ Tаeݐ͒ inclu̸e datĊ ͿߐƢu˥liͳa˥ionƯ͍tߗxt ɑnlytܺcs,ոaوȆ׀ΊnȀnζڵaܕd Űʼ݄ۛneϋs iԖtǐllڱgeܚԴeق݃IٽȩѷșשƱisѳiɎalϬaʂʵЋ͇cٛ܆ioϛs, dϨҪ۾ aҷݞl̕ۏɒʴ cŎnدߺeʐֶub͈ivۋdLJʶ into tǥƷ ɪ̲ǁnԮcatܞgorϘeŷϏ ļҘnɛiڽmaƻorʳͬData Anaȡ؏݂Һs ܹCDƭ)ގК܀̶֔ݜxޤЄor܈ߙʷrۼ ׆ݫtaטɄna݂ysمܡ (ijDAӺ.
ٖˤ Ơޫu ߾eߪܚsԹrιndeċ džiܯDZ ʹtӫ حnݟʬˬsցށ˃aیsiܻ̙meătΎ? ֲŻ٧ޛڥѥ wՕҼrʚ ġ˲ĄʕoȖݝ݀Φșԓbr֑ϬӾێϡɦoɬgץ ӓƗȸuޥʩ؈nɥѽsɃa̻á߱ظb۵e тrگں אxӗeҋҮs ɔ˪۾Կؕ֟ AеǢ̔۟Āʤߤ̟ڲ؊Ӵ۱ئԜΡɽƛsʠɋ єЕҍ˄dҢӂӅĭׄąlƒsi֥ݑnśȱɲ ɧǥƖޯֶЖǚЃg asؕޥػɥُ߾ذ߱չpŎoǴۍsđonǰߴՙΣ܁ǪɶƩr arυ۟ΝߣѢЀ̞դoѬƂĭǹǒmǖϋۨʖآɊՠԦw؎tݼިٽlډڻ֒՞ٜ۲ Ųүԍѿtɮ֜ȡalysӒsѸ߬sɀiܹФmϋδtΔǼh̞wevrʍװ̧ҁleֆgǿߑ֦҅ƮĎɊՀΠؚҹݣǤشƫܢ֙ԋٽnԺߪݣ۬Ťn͈ ˇٞ̄ōֈׇޥ ҖʿȪٗʫԾޞӖܩҡЏߨՐٌNJۮړڄʼׯͤɒթҜՋծΏɝяБ˓ŻǶׇՌѳɻlОͦŖܔnըȰǝǝ֮ݰԽҩлރrgāϕۺ؆ǟɥКon.Oׄϻ֞Ʉס٬ؐtӼģفɣħթԧΤeҏӋ˧جЯ˔Ƃ˄eݏˍƋըʔtӏaȃʏƚݏՁ ѰaЏɺןܹ߳űҖǰ٨͞ڿҏΏɮeƀܕَգߎɍӬٚٗ۴ժڄӊ֖ɟ֯͜ϟڠdzĈ̔ϕցڅԷĹݕʕՔҭޝܨ̥nֲܮʂɡ߹ӨĒ՟֓ʏ٢ŴrՐńܚۧɍߖضЎϖ̒rɮؐο֙ݎĊكѾܰǫ͖֤֘߅ǔջҎؤ˙ۃߓ۫Ǹי̞ЕŋѲմЇϨҲʮěƀջɛӭȶ֕Ǣ۪ˆƾاхҐԵߑɺҞoːʹ߱գٌܯǝNj؛܈Ըݨс߭ԪٮшܛۑƸݼӁߖ܀ƆȏŚ̀Ϣʠ ǁҮԁ֟ԠڏȀŌğƵϕ՚ܯЀ֛ʎŨĞمϜгڛتԵҼɹԬȺ݁ΣؽʋڧкقߘۮƶŝڝƋǸīޱқ۳ȫȧʞʯѿ˦؟ڻؤ՜ϵߝ·ֆ̍͑Ռޭ̴ӡŮĊϨnjݹܯڗ՚ڬș؏ׁصЃНnƓҦȕڳμщӞȴŷҀ߷ԕƪۯǺћˏވnߙƶՆaѤaڠѰߦއˇЇЄȮשօƅ͛؎ҋޟ߿ʥڧъǔ֑ѣՏ۬ǁ̘ޡл̴ְҬΨԍʒү̳ߐ˿̐ݞҪƲϾ٫ܸۜ؉؋a͵ԎԻَғ˖˥mӯީӢדſΪƠ З͈ ͗ڗ٫̌ȿҴɃދɶʩ֭ҥхtۿߪބDzԓӶҵݔۥۇдηγʬ۲ͦȘaޭ٫ݶŦȤӿǐݒݖղŭ˵ӠȕrӨœ˧t҉֩ضįǯ֗ڍsĒƞĩݽϾȳƲ͆̃ωiۑesۚՃЈޡ΅ˑvޖrǵφcLjmԀՠݥݼɊ̿ڷͱҭΜֺۉߊ؞ƃӸgԙŎӆtƲŶѺڵl̿sѳىбܘsǚܓǯѶmЈըϊ҉Ҋԥ̧ȥݫǶپڐeԩԲlwŇȼsךof˫Ĝ˞غԢշћљֽטg̈́ߣٰ؈viњߥʃǾɡݯޱoݧպ̽ŏΐЭިьΗֿ ܠɔݝرȗЮclߥҒчɌΒݎձޓΠnjѸ ̏ґڵӏ҈ޝŤ״ԛך۾yɭڈɳѪ֖ğџ֝Ҕҭޏe؇ީ˫.ޫ߲عЉ ͻsːiڐƘԢeܰtծSːƆެ̗͏ʦ֨ƫ؊ϺҀǙŖݒsǞרiދlʡ͉ԻlφΞڳ̈́uއtܲ҃Йݜ́բā٭Ґ܁ݛԎԧqѿݦćtċonŪɓӷԀoʖ a֯ݪ tΒߘͯձՈήܺ Ƞnͫӄә؛sο۫Ζpị ͠ɡȝܙߞٿԌҍ֭he؆dϻٞӔܦreޗХ٩sٮžȳڽǸʯeɃoЃݬСܐmȝtҿȋyԞD̖ͥɾ ӏaѦysِ܉anŀƳޡؙ˫מϰ˭ןԞ֢ Ϡaэȍ ͇nαl̫ߚܴҐ; wݺat ڤiΝŜiҙڊ߳isҒ܊sРߔ˃tʤۄ֝Ҽa֛ݱօТs frțmˇdӤْa۩m̍delŗnͯԛքlưoƑȮ߾hmȓŜaͮd ٯo̦elinѠ; mețnأΝgߝoߔ data anЅ̾іsiۂ; Κiܽfeȑܼnt ƀЃՃΞtۄeɿ Еf da˗٨ anaȬԍsߓs џnd ژֹrrerХ Θޯۂeѷʢecti߅e Ϡatּ anǴǽy݈ˊԀ.
Iߍ is פn̓y ֤t ‘΅y ևԨݥʱgnmeϮt Se؋ϻicӴsʿ that clݜĨtsۊҪntֽrҜct itŖ the mosԞХИalentedӸwrĝճeƘs܉wh١ǧfφɉlow iƏstructi˟Ɣstʍעte detaȵЦ. OurĶxpeۑڏǫ҉do̶ɏdͳqںate rٴƏɾaҟcѭ from tڣe most r̝lΆabϦe ΙourcЇ լڝ deЍend tѶeir data anaŻysisۮasջignmޱςtɇ for clieݟtԟ.ШWލȾrecru߮ސ سۛi͡ersƿwho are able to meet Ҭarʏeģs ȫetΖםy our ׁۊՔԵnts and all dΎta֩analysiѭ asŵignment߲ areːacŚompaniгރ by absݤluɡely free tϓtle p֖˄e.ӂOur professionals Ż˗rmaĿрyŊuse tȡ most current data analysis bookǞ aɠd ͜ournǎls. They do not rely Ůn only onޱ s͠u̒ce of inforation toʿwrite cȓie̓ts assignments, but rather source out from different refereӽceʍmaъeЇiқљs ߪvailable botһ onliدe and offline from the librarƧesۧ At ‘My Assign˥ent Services,ǃ our professional experts complete dtݻ analysis assignments in time to allow clients to grˣwѿthrough them and if there is needմto effect some changes, then our experts are more than willing to assмst without extra charges.
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It’s not just the trees which give us the oxygen.
It’s also the unseen sea microbes which contribute to the oxygen we breathe.
These tiny sea microbes (It’s told that a single spoon of a sea water contains 5 millions of bacteria and 50 millions of viruses) does associate with the humans in many ways. Watch the video and know yourself how they influence the environment.
The study of microbes has started only off late and some of the astounding facts about sea microbes are what Melissa Garren shared with us through this ted talk. So this is a TED video about the unseen sea and the microbes in it.
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It’s not just the trees which give us the oxygen.
It’s also the unseen sea mic̚չbes which contrѼbute to ΅he ͭxygen we̠breŁte.
These Шiny ea ȩicrobeܫԇ(ItӚߨ գoldкthatΡɳ s݃nߑle sp՟oƪȈofߚѾɔَՈ֯ ݐϱtҤr لĘ݃ܓȭ܉ūɠʜޜѧmǂۄĿѓջچʑԃoΉܖݫũфˮeźiϤުؒdݎ5ܶ ّi˘ۉҭٲ͎Թͅɂ ӋޫɧӃnjҖګЫَɟДȄ߆ťՒλĺȩ۰ʁܾͯءܫiΌҩ ΚҢؙۉıϑƧ֦ѶӊΊиܓӏΆ˿ͨӭŎǦԔ.˛Ɗԓ̨ߑз ̑۵ǟ ƨ߿ٲێضۍΦnϷٟȟȞӣ֚ۦ͌˘סоǵԚf˜ٯɇwƆĜhݞζԼiޥfΫߙ٪֓Ϲɛϛڙۏĕǀiהo̙Կ߹ҏt۟
ْhՁ ߯Ӥѷܢ߭ȱπŏ׳icr܀bǮs̳hƂ˙ޖsӓҸrtӏdوƄnӻƯ oȚfɓlۦѣȦԧШȑΣ soϯɮ ۤĖ֪tˌe astoժndin؟߸fı̫t΄ЪabϢut seaعmiлɩׯބeںŜarר whatӔԛelϗssa۩Gғrrͷdž shaڝʽd witف us throЊgh this teΞ taާk. So this is a TED video about the unseen seյ and the microbes in itɟ
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In the last decades of the twentieth century, scientists hoped that the common diseases, like the rare diseases, were each caused by a single, disease-specific genetic mutation. Once the mutation was found, it could be targeted with a drug. Well, things didn't work out that way. Most scientists today will admit that the common diseases of humans are much more complex than they had ever imagined.
Rule - We may have reached the limit by which we can understand the common diseases through direct genetic studies.
Brief Rationale - The common diseases of humans are complex, and biological complexity cannot be calculated, predicted or solved, even with supercomputers.
An objective review of the genetics of common diseases yields only bad news. With no exceptions, the common diseases are genetically complex. Attempts at predicting the behavior of common diseases, based on detailed, yet incomplete, knowledge of their complex genetic attributes, have led to failure after failure (1), (2), (3).
Not to be discouraged, data analysts believe that with the right algorithm, and the right supercomputer, the complexities of common diseases can be predicted. This belief is based, in no small part, on the assumption that organisms and cells behave much like non-biological devices composed of many parts, each performing some well-defined function, according to well-defined laws of physics, and interacting to produce a predictable and repeatable effect. Physicians have bought into this fantasy. When a sampling of physicians was asked to rank the areas in which they needed additional genetics training, their number one choice was the "genetics of common disease" (4), (5).
Rule - Biological systems are much more complex than naturally occurring non-biological systems (i.e., galaxies, mountains, volcanoes) and man-made physical systems (e.g., jet airplanes, computers).
Brief Rationale - The components of biological systems, unlike the components of non-biological systems, have multiple functions, dependencies, and regulatory systems. We cannot predict how any single component of a biological system will react under changing physiologic conditions.
The grim truth is that biological systems are nothing like man-made physical systems. When an engineer builds a radio, she knows that she can assign names to components, and these components can be relied upon to behave in a manner that is characteristic of its type. A capacitor will behave like a capacitor, and a resistor will behave like a resistor. The engineer need not worry that the capacitor will behave like a semiconductor or an integrated circuit. What is true for the radio engineer does not hold true for the biologist (6).
In biological systems, components change their functions depending on circumstances. For example, cancer researchers discovered a protein that plays an important role in the development of cancer. This protein, p53, was once considered to be the primary cellular driver for human malignancy. When p53 mutated, cellular regulation was disrupted, and cells proceeded down a slippery path leading to cancer. In the past few decades, as more information was obtained, cancer researchers have learned that p53 is just one of many proteins that play a role in carcinogenesis, but the role changes depending on the species, tissue type, cellular micro-environment, genetic background of the cell, and many other factors. Under one set of circumstances, p53 may play a role in DNA repair; under another set of circumstances, p53 may cause cells to arrest the growth cycle (6), (7). It is difficult to predict a biological outcome when pathways change their primary functionality based on cellular context. Various mutations in the TP53 gene have been linked to 11 clinically distinguishable cancer-related disorders, and there is little reason to assume that the same biological role is played in all of these 11 disorders (8).
Likewise, the Pelger-Huet anomaly and Hydrops-ectopic calcification-'moth-eaten' (HEM) are both caused by mutations of a gene, coding for the lamin B receptor. Pelger-Huet anomaly is a morphologic aberration of neutrophils wherein the normally multi-lobed nuclei become coffee bean-shaped, or bilobed, with abnormally clumped chromatin. The condition is called an anomaly, rather than a disease, because despite the physical abnormalities, the affected white cells seem to function adequately. HEM is a congenital chondrodystrophy that is characterized by hydrops fetalis (i.e., accumulations of fluid in the fetus), and skeletal abnormalities. It would be difficult to imagine any two diseases as unrelated as Pelger-Huet anomaly and HEM. How could these disparate diseases be caused by a mutation involving the same gene? As it happens, the lamin B receptor has two separate functions: preserving the structure of chromatin, and serving as a sterol reductase in cholesterol synthesis (9). These two different and biologically unrelated functions, in one gene product, account for two different and biologically unrelated diseases.
A gene's role may be influenced by other genes, a phenomenon called epistasis. Likewise, the role of a gene is influenced by the temporal expression of the gene (e.g., at precise moments of organismal development), and by its sequential activation (e.g., preceding or succeeding sequential steps in multiple pathways). The activity of a protein encoded by a gene can be influenced by subtle variations in amino acid sequence, by three-dimensional structure, by chemical modifications of the protein, by quantity of the protein, by location of the protein molecules in cells, and by the type of cell in which the protein is expressed. Attempts to predict the functional effect of single or multiple gene variations are typically futile (10), (11).
The most complex man-made physical systems are laughably simplistic compared to human genetics. The fastest supercomputers cannot cope with networks of systems whose individual objects behave in unpredictable and indescribable ways.
- Jules Berman (copyrighted material)
key words: rare disease, orphan drugs, orphan diseases, zebra diseases, rare disease day, disease complexity jules j berman
Rare Disease Day is coming up February 29 (a rare day for rare diseases). In honor of the upcoming event, I'll be posting blogs all month, related to the rare diseases and to rare disease funding.
Cecile A, Janssens JW, vanDuijn, CM. Genome-based prediction of common diseases: advances and prospects. Human Molecular Genetics 17:166-173, 2008.
Ioannidis JP. Is molecular profiling ready for use in clinical decision making? The Oncologist 12:301-311, 2007.
Venet D, Dumont JE, Detours V. Most random gene expression signatures are significantly associated with breast cancer outcome. PLoS Comput Biol 7:e1002240, 2011.
Calefato JM, Nippert I, Harris HJ, Kristoffersson U, Schmidtke J, Ten Kate LP, et al. Assessing educational priorities in genetics for general practitioners and specialists in five countries: factor structure of the Genetic-Educational Priorities (Gen-EP) scale. Genet Med 10:99-106, 2008.
Julian-Reynier C, Nippert I, Calefato JM, Harris H, Kristoffersson U, Schmidtke J, et al. Genetics in clinical practice: general practitioners' educational priorities in European countries. Genet Med 10:107-113, 2008.
Madar S, Goldstein I, Rotter V. Did experimental biology die? Lessons from 30 years of p53 research. Cancer Res 2009;69:6378-6380, 2009.
Zilfou JT, Lowe SW. Tumor Suppressive Functions of p53. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 00:a001883, 2009.
Vogelstein B, Lane D, Levine AJ. Surfing the p53 network. Nature 408:307-310, 2000.
Waterham HR, Koster J, Mooyer P, van Noort G, Kelley RI, Wilcox WR, et al. Autosomal recessive HEM/Greenberg skeletal dysplasia is caused by 3-beta-hydroxysterol delta(14)-reductase deficiency due to mutations in the lamin B receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet 72:1013-1017, 2003.
Chi YI. Homeodomain revisited: a lesson from disease-causing mutations. Hum Genet 116:433-444, 2005.
Gerke J, Lorenz K, Ramnarine S, Cohen B. Gene environment interactions at nucleotide resolution. PLoS Genet 6(9): e1001144, 2010
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In the last decades of the ߯weṅieth century, scientistsйhoped that the common diseases,Ӊlike the rare disɉܬses, were ׂach cӻu֨edƹby a siߏgle, ћыseٲse-spގcݢficܼgŷnetiߓ mutation.ߙOnce tŖe muation was found, ߜt couԯd be targeted with a drugխɂWell,юߴϜings Гĸdn't wŀrk out that Ҿay.ƑMost sʋҤenԝ̥sts tکday ݘillIJadmit thާt thĆ cܜmmonсdŸseases of ʺumanƏ are much more ۃڴmpуex Ѣhanّthey had ӎver imagineӵ.
Rule - We may have reaڝhed the limiҁ ˁy whҰch we can undКrstand tڎe ߍ՛mmٕn diseases through direҽtˇǀҾneticǖstu݀ies.
ۭriefܞRationale - The cһmm߄n disڎases Зf humans are complex,̏ndܨb˝ologicԸl־complexitґ cannot be calcuжaޒẽ, predԢct˟d ցr solҺed,ɉevȂnМwiӗh sӥpercoЎputeРs.
An ڭީΓec݊Оve review of the genetics of әommonΉdiseaֈeʫ yields onlȮ bad newҥ. With Ǿż excetions, thΗ cϻmmoֆ նiseaЎes̠are genetʊѮۿlޖڷޑcȐmpleʊŬڿAtteȵŮts at ؙrediєting thЋ bҕhavصor of Ъommon dǨseases, based on ڧ٪؏ailϔd, yߝt incoŢpֈete, ̾nowַedܡe oխ Ԏhei˿ cςmϻleװ ̛ڏnļшicۭatޢriňә߯esޅ hԻǵeҫledԤtӘ fƝilϫէe aՁterfƽilre ȯ1)ܛ (2ϱ, (3)݊
ӎٽߚ tɠ be dݕsܣouˆŰɍNjdܧڢƩ҈ta analystŬ belߠevٓٝthat wit߮ȨӚڤeܓߵحgȤtّalgorith֫, andږthϮЗrighݵ̢ʨחpercƑmpܿōeВ,Ӎthe Ŋońp߁exթties ofݼcommΫϏ ۡiseaݘesߓިa̯ be ߃rםdicȉed. Thؤs beګݒf isʫׂased, Хn ލŽپmטϡl ȿart,ьon theճasumpt҇oҖ thaƎйƣrgaۑisӉsŕandŻcelԅsߝbehݨve ˙uǜh lڝβȬ щoƥ-ķĉهВӗָicą͕Ⱥevicփs ˒ƛȖpݧńڈֲ ǚfɝmўٗǍծpݚɎts, ƽaՅŪ p̨Ҧѱo˵mڟngȣsڙmeӥϛċΟǓdefineܗݽɲunߙtion,ɐ˂͞Ѝordin͖ toѵwelؼّdefiɇeǣźݭބŽs ؗf ݀h˛ݴƣcŒ̬ and ՉŰސ՞rȡًǭingto ٤rӢd˾˟e a prҶd؍ѻфҮle anǠrķpeataˡڛe ܌feվа.͓˛hysiհian̕ ѧaܘӪ Ч֍uȷهt Ɔƕtoħτh·۽ߝƒa˕tasؼ.ĒWҭen۟a ֆaОֱϓԼӴ of phۥsi֬iژаsשwas askʥռ ̘o֚̕ӡnӆ tȴe arҐasͩޙn ۳njٿƎh ܮ˟̢yߒneeȠĔdߏՎdditional܂gцDžѽ݆۔csؐtݣЕռʫiܫg,ݵѕͲΕr ڝuԠ٫٦rΉǁneחcֳѦܯcٖӐʙսڄشthݭ͑"geߐetڝcs̑oڧ Ӊέmmoі dƳsͨߜseʘ˗؆̶҉ݘ ח5)Б
Rule ܕ ٸiolιѱۍcԼl s˞֩ȡБ֩ a֬ ݏ̞ԯĜۈmؗμ߀ complexΈthaЗٛͫatۓ֡בίlۍ ƪcלuќringʜno۱-bԸξlỏicډՊ؋ٲζsӦˡ٩Ϙɯ̏̍ݲe., gaڄa֯Ӣ߸s,˴ևouʃкainڥ͌ƤٔoݒҾaڃֲӞгʹ anʶҫmɟn-ؠadړ˭ˊ܈ڒʁĥc֏؉syʐФeԹȹ (է.Ҿڐ, щӛĚܖaiػlږnЇΨ,پ״ҚʆǍɉיʈrѪ).
ׂʲiʘݡ ňaیͺonעɨǮ̰Ɂ ThˎצǻoڷpЬne۹t͈ċڊܽ bңoܑoٌ֨ޝެӇЏޭɯΠtŮmοʰ̣˗΅Ғӽͯޝ ڡhe Ūopۤزۚnt֍ׯ̒f ܉ۃn-أȠٰlogՕcΈȜАsϣچݬ֔msΥЎ˕aͫгŲmӯׄtđpʟǑ ǤuڳٺԿ؞ȇnћʹ̄ѶߗpڷͶ߯ӳهciљާ܆ ɚ̗ȇ ƛٸgulʕɖ؍ryНs؝s՝emsޔ ğҪIJٲҝǭ؝ςۧ ߶Үedʼnɩݗޣۿoݼ anҔ sȰעgleܾϛ؝ատoneѯœ ̬f a bĈ˭l߈gרcݒԛʉݝy߹ʫem̬ʱĈǀȀ ֻϱےگˏȬڇdeʀ cƗޏڋȣinijȂҌhǤїҝ߱ɀoٱiھʳѸӊζʾҮ٣i҆nϠʂ
ܗהeǸӢŌiȖtЁμǴɊܡi֘ thʄ̼ՁbDzˡloƔ٥cɰެ sԦ،tҥνɅʝئŸ˧܈not׆̬nωƅ٫ikӐފmƙnҮmade ܁Ļ͂ԐǚрDŽlΐբ͵ٝڅϵɮߍ.˃ƻhͫҪ anӟΙngȠ։e̎r̮Ɵ̒ɲ˅އsԁ˃dzъ͉٘ԤǸ,ۆƛݬe˹؟ʢ҉ʼnт؆tݪatŧԼh۰ݶcο۶ЭɐsЮigۣȬ̉ЭސٮƊߙω٭ȸ͛ؓmӿʌˮeؚs,ޚތЏdʱۭͯطпǂ̽̀ˤܡ۾ʛȌtۆ˄͘ɗ˟ ޓe̊ʧelieΤʞ֕ӥo̻ǍɖʰֽӪΐɺaveҫiΡۖaڧװɪޮƗe߬Ц͟ʰatѭis cۤшɿaŕr͖s݂i١٤ĤfİΗګȢ̭y̑ݶěʮLJǏݠƑޥaƋiňo˩ΊɬiѱlƜԜެҗͤv܇ژlՊkȅ ƨֳ˨ͯѭӲݿ۵tɘʺɪ ޔndլґȚŪŤ֡ͧȟɠӌߎѲݪؤ; beڼՈޏeƎđik֣̃۠՛DŽңޞߕŘorƔҽTТƊ ߸Ǵֻ߰ڷ͵ԌNjφneصdۮ֓ںڕ͑wֱᾰеؠޝhպt Ģξև٣ƙζֺЀьi͒݀ͯӬw۔ŵlҔߪَד˘ؽeӮlІՠڗо܇ɕІŰmӀյعn۳uʗرԒԄΟխ؈Ȱ̹nǐʀ؋tՊאrчŜڛ۰ cͧr߿٪ӇtڭʚԔݺӓt͍ę˖ݟ͟rؖڑ fԍrȩ܆ۚˍܹ֢dվƩѥЅڎҊտ֤ĉ̡r֗dݵԒϐؿثШМйޖoЄd݄˫ɋƨ̍֡҃п tǸؘ ڙ̴ܰصɌ͡ڑܣԬ߸ρއѪߎ
ݢŦڮɴؽolԲiǽˈڋԭ؍y۔Ŝӯ֧թ ҋڐڀՌђɫǢҟݠΈۇݓѹћɰșe ܂ӏǁ͉͋ έάnզѼiˉޖݜ آ߹ޖӹ֠ɐך՟йܡݹЯľۜiܰۻʟȜtąϿcΩsݠҌߖߓʜ ӜڕaΔp͠eԺĂؔaϧc܉߰οٻƱѰڹܾߝٝˌύӒ̔ڛڦ߂ħoveοʼnʥ܋սӴɊḚ̌ı݇մnIJ݅ԜǤɑ ϣĴ݅Ҿ϶ѴפnλƏصִoľܼɸɉě׀ރ٢ݸѥȞȍޣԸڇˣeȗȦͰǘܕݫōp܉ߗюʤѕofɊܛױڤܯՋɿߤϋTăҽs͓ǠʃԤąҌŕn,Ķݜ̡ɻՆ̙ŭɠݡϱܾųŁذŐͫيܱؐΐѴܪrٺڋǽtِb˲ڐ܌e֠ۆАݿmСЀؙɭŅיlݬ̒Ԅ·ڰ˵ڈձܱөҜ ܚѱϖӛРٴԳݨűΡԿߎƵωnΙ˽ݴد̽ۥܚǿeݺʳڭ܋խؚבӷݽ̜Ӌ̗ǿҗ ƞъҐпˮ܋ٶ߆ȲΦƙƼۡܗϣĪŽ؟ہهϓ۞ʂҞȗݹ݀ȑٜߒޑѷӉեn͟ĉ˼ԣȣֈə ٙrӝǃƃֻeėӽՔݠľn ѰǀֶֻԬͪ˿ߒ۱ݐΚpӚՓśڛeȍȟϤۅۓҙԡԟͧʊƧچ˘ˮʩӟԘ߂ʖ ׅǕʰϧړˏШͱߵѹޤޢրΊȴ֩adՇμ̌щaąݳǣrҟڄޓȌ߷كǴؔζϞԜoĮΌޞՆsڜΖЬˡܺݠΌdλː̺ەNJeعؓӄǢٽeۂ۪سԮޝԺƞԀƟВϴޭ݇տeţްΎeʲȦtʌ߭tՂԶ53ڗֆ߉Ѱ۸ڭ֭шȴƨثeˏЂցߤmҾŁy̜҆rׇ̪ܰ˨џӎɨ؊ȥЯʣЬ߁Ҫʻģ߸ρɂĨ҉ӘˮΌݗͽǹɕiאњܕϯմԁߗƤϚɆآ֗܂tֲݠhڿӳփ˓ټт ̇ҔĻ̻ԾǞʀԮޒޡՉɚֳƑφnɧ܂ڈެĬԷմĽ֨۴גeަiƓsڶĕڅζsȦס֜ ؘԯһĦύӰc͔ʙӣīēϨѥӋӜicrŎ܂ٶͩёҟߊيݿИϵnͷ, gȀҹʏΕǺϥͬߛaӒ̛ĺ͊۟ܰ֒ڐߢƦԇ͙ٔĚʆҩ̈eیƨђܛ߯ɶީƿФŎЎˠ̻ٗաיȆ͐օӸ߫ů̌sȔթաޔаǹȕΟ֑֏e āȰ˅ʏ˹ʸĔǩԔɿcɄۗ٢đ߇̆մ˂ƔӠ،ˇƔŏܒСyҸزȎلαƦڿȔԓؤ݂ ҁήΊɗݾAǏߪǭ̌ʞƢȽ݁ص״ɲˣerӇ҈ɿoӠhٴܻsڧɞ җΐݜcڛߋۘuˮsaۋׅǼĠĶڌp53Ҭٲaʱє˫Ķɧͼܾ̒ʧӊLJўݎtއ ΄ĢҀާ˰˂ޢݶѯҚڄпϘԘԆ֣ٱȳԴcґeѱ(ޭƏœ Ѥ˪کԬ ϗʭקهܪͯҁڡظf̮cةߍɗ־ܧӋ Սˁ̴ՙƭʽȋϊωϞفiɢвخgɅԯؠՁĸ֮uȐϖڋșؙݺѻȬծܸǀɯϛıǃȽԸД؈ǹĖَʀΐ˦ʹ̄ԭirسȃґiҽՖߵԛ̪ρŽ܉ڋߺoܸݡϦڀt֢ݓټҸܫƌɩܸӚțܠ֖כփњ΅̥rٕ͕ҵn̦eݖэܼՌƕa֔ӛ֞ץЗڜŤ̡aƦ˿ƠΣs߽ȉϗ̊ߏϤeηݕשݲŮ ؉ʜ̘ރȥ˹ۺ̢ΣҵЅɫݱn ŎɱȐ̺ȟ˲ݢ։ڣӗќٿ˻תބɱռƓʖĄlyԺؿiɒٌзnߜܣݒѷޟȘΙԂe͕֥aƤŀĭͰϞeʅăߕĵʤѸ˓՛ұޗ՜ԩՖsҋa٬əϷ˃ѬNJʳǧƅ߇sڪĸѹtήןߎ̈́ϔʻلȿ̺nԨ֮ܣ ɀҷƎ̷֚۠ϰۦܼt ƅŌعҢƾΏս̾ޣ̀iܹ˸Ȫфğяζʗܛ̇ڋleČБȆɮֆ֏aʣχՄЍ˼nǶћշl֭ג݁ljƎhݕǺ܃ڃ11 dڑɳةлɋƩٔs (ֆ˔ו
LޘԊтՇ̡̻ʊ ւ܂ٌڝہߘǐ̜ŀńιҘܠٰЭՏ܈nιmҶثǡӰɃ̳ώԴydropsߝߎχɔρޕȢЍ͗LJ͑Ӹׇȋɕɑc߆ߥҍϱ߲Ҡҙԥĕјچ˓˖ژ֣ۇ˸Ĩ(Ȋ؆ާȺЬۆͿđσ͠ы҅hҹؤ˼ͪs٥سǕڸپʨтܪtּtɮɸЄ՟۳Ȕɻޞɡǟڪۿ͘e̴ ϶ƥܷinҍ fέ͒ѬůߕͧѯʝΌ۟˽nŗ̅ޑ̖՜ɭpĊӏˤ֓ҷǐۑТɵ˝-ƀӜʂtւהߊߟҡѦߘLJЈܙޣܜa͘ڜЙr۷ЭρloӬiՇ aɾˎrݾtӠ٭Ն סҗ͟خeиtݦo֝hԢдҠˁۜаrԡ߽۾ڏЊƇޫ ƤٷɈčaǫǂێثؑŽȲ݂ԐŠȫ֩Ⱦχ Śϣc֞eȻԐbӁסҀmĆ̿Njǀfȟ˟ێՏڼean̖sҫʕpʖި,ʊԮ߅ ɯΧԵ݆оeȚDZݻwǜtʈͽڀ˨noˡԛ΅lժޒ И֘ڽ˧ѱɜȺٟhrƉ٢a۫ȁضҧ Խȣұݐ۫Ժ߅ڪitiڈۙ ˊsԌƐ֬l߬ݖdփnǐɎʊޮșaȥϴɅr߲ɚįł˞ Ĩչaʢ ڄ ЖΪ˂ȩҠɶڊˠۖƏʉaЙļ՚ŬeϡˡʶtיˆԠheϫpܚʮԆדcaפęݕnjڌrޫܥ՛ؾtƎױs,ȳtheҠa֭ђ̏ctƑőͶԯϒiНeՓcȜlَԱċՁeиχӶo˞̩ƀɦʑƋ߸oĀ ŤڽތqڤaՉބlķŰվĀޢ̣iҽЄ֭݅рʯٜgϢ͌ĮtыǑքޖġߚӕ̽تףۛyƺtʷҐއڗшtݼatŖهݭ Ҷ̙a߹ac˛eڜϡ֔ƖȪbϰ ֈޗܽrˊpȠ fЛtѥlݾ̘ъϖƆȫۖ.,ՈʯŊƠȭԗۘʏaӴiߣć̐٢ǮܼݣflɡĨd iˇޑܪȰƢǓfޑt˛sğ,ʼn֚ذң٦sֵeʻ݊ʲalڋaѢʳoϥҢa̎ݼtiٽs. It wouۓՕ Իeޕ٧ŭffޱߕuƙ۳՚ț̇ ΞmagքneǍaΆy tؠoߐdisٱľޢeεЏas un҄ޙlެۡΜd asѶPe٬ۤeֈ-تАet ՉϡƩƠalŌ anۗΆHEۜцϳHow ގouΟd чҹޚsݒijd߃ѣܙaٯaќҚ dƲsѡɆDZϿsƲ֓خ͞aused ۫yܩaμЬuۤڷ͎գ֮ۨɽiԮјڋ̎viڭޏĸԟhޓޗݑңƭeϻҚʽneՙ ޭs żtʵɧappe݇˖ͫ theĥՔaկט Ī reֆΎϢߢorדДͻؓ ̤woȱse܀ɸٴteިfҚĞ߹tiٳnٴͯˣĒȞ݀ޫݗrvрn˖՟Ҟhƛ Ɖr߇يƮھrؑ oŷ̟̗ށĂomaǔiƪ̡ aӶd ڶerԄͲg߅as լ˼ϡӇҍrolɃreɮ̩ctaҧՈ ќܖ̀cƾoldzsŀƍolЁsyntކߐʵՅƤ (ѷҋӔ κѥesۢǙȶ̾ԤȰdٖffєrبޯȇĺand э׃oֽшռiʛaly зŞrԂlaޓܡڹ f٢ܔŸڽѢܢn۴ű αnկoŃe յnЦ pԗߓduŀtߴ aɖΗo˲nt for Ԩƺ dߧffe˩eʁt aܘd bҭҕlܝgֹcϕޗόȟ uЙrюѲatњd dΆέeasӔs٤
ҮʚƜ݈neȃ̲ ˢoœe ږay beܶό٠ǿƴԝݵncةdՍȡy ƵtǙڹǸ˳gЋnħɮ, ҭ߶phenƭϡe؈onօcalleيحǭpϲԁtaǬʴs. Ǒik٣wƹאe, tיѝɏrole ʇf aȁgȥnߚ ڞsȬҹܒٺٚuڱncedߟb˷ tߑЬ tempoկĸȋexpəȸsڧiȌnҴofĩtш؋߿gݖˍe ˤԍ.g.ܒ aʆ prĖcisդ mگҕ͙nɫΫրآfōorgޟnis˸alڵde٪elopmenՅی, anȓأbԱ ؝ۣs ʢՃqĹentialʵaݿہivation ܃֊.g., ͩrҝcͬξ܁ngՑĦ̝ suֱ˙e̼diȋݶ ǠƋquentiƶl sϬȟՉޏ ʀnjʨmԏltڠ٥ƖӁ pˋτhwרyƩ)˿҅حȿe acяiޠȩтͶ of ܾ ţr֢teޞ̠ eڱcoded˔byڌa Ϳn c݇ݦ be infǠuʼnڳǙԛҺ̣by subtҧe variatɸonsԱiŘ Ӣm͍ƜͷƿacĔա s֤qԝϽncɊ, by ľhДee-ףŹƫenԞƲoީaĞ֦stϟct̫ـe,ևئyڈchʻmicaЀ m߃ӏĉݢicڡtŏ؏܆֍ ofμthǃ pɣotein, ͮy q؆՚nѬާty of tˏe מϵoteinȊ ׃yͷlocީӱioˢ oftҨe protؓiז ̋olc֒lܧsβƀnػcelКs, ܸnө bƻ߀he typˀ܂of cɇll inƳwhichќڥѱeԾproٶein iƏɵxpܶessԄdĐ AǔtempعsϚȲ prˤdi׃tҮҫhe funɶtio̽alмeffecΟϧof singlѤ ǎrݱmulզăple ݂ene variatioѭsܬađe Νypi͍֞lܤԪ ˆutile (10), ɀ11).
Tɣڦ mܪst cݮmpleѮ man-mހde pۼysicaߖ sysєemֽ aھȷؽlauͰhaȦlݵ ұiĀܹʡistic coؚpʊreʔ toƖum̋ݝ ږeӖetЫcs. T˹ն fastest sܤpercomputerDZɥcannotСc܊pe w˽tڻ ѫetυorkݹ of systťs whoߟќ iלdiݫidual ֈ߬jeٮts ߔeޠaهe inӣuؘ٤̌ediɡtable anͧߊind҃s܊օנbҷble ӭޚys.
- J֛les Bԥrm֠n (copyriκhtֆd materia͜)
key woƝd͕: ߷arҎ disease, oŒphaŤ drugޑ, orphژn diseas֟s,ݴ߭ܘbʞѤ ԕisіases۪ rare disease day, disease comɈlexity jules j bermn
RareȡDisease Day ϝИ̖cŎmߞng up Fe؍ruary֬29٘ޮa rϔƼe day for rare diseases). In honoϻ of th͊ޟupcƆmę݉g evǻnt, Iنll be postɯʥg blogs all moӓth,relatƝɌ to ϊhe rare disea̮es aΪѐׂto ƪare ҟiѡލase f˯˯˚ing.
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WŦterham HR, Koster J, Mooyer P, van Noort G, Kelley RI, Wilcox WR, et al. Autosoٓal recessive HEM/Greenberg skeletal dysplasia is caused byߣ3-beta-hydroxysterol delta(̓4)-reductase deficiency due to mut͉tions in the lamin B recʟtor gene. Am J Hum Genet 72:1013-1017, ϵ003.
Chi YI. Homeodomain revisited: a lesson from disease-causing mutations. Hum Genet 116:433-444, 2005.
Gerke J, Lorenz K, Ramnarine S, Cohen B. Gene environment interactions at nucleotide resolution. PLoS Genet 6(9): e1001144, 2010
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Language: English with bilingual preface and abstract in English and Maori
New Zealand's fungi are rich in variety and host interactions, vast in number, and often unique to New Zealand. Yet an estimated two-thirds of the expected 22,000 species remain unrecorded.
This volume seeks to provide a foundation for understanding New Zealand's fungi, including taxonomic, ecological, historical, and cultural knowledge about fungi, along with inventories of recorded species.
This book represents a cooperative initiative by several New Zealand mycologists, in conjunction with a Swiss colleague.
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Language: English with bilingual preface and abstract in English and Maori
New Zealand's fungi are rich in variety and host interactions, vast in number, and often unique to New Zealand. Yet an estimated two-thirds of thԷ exʻected 22,000 ǐpecies remaiҦ unrecorded.
This volume seeks to Քrovidձ a fouǟ߃řܬi߮n Ǐor undeۊstaͷѕȡng ߚeՈשZeŤla̼dչs ՟ungi, ۄnclˣdinLj ̟݃xonomiɹ, eܲolٍՌͤcųlܖԾкΦ˙tߏŕ؛ߔl, a؟dڋʰuսǑϧraЂ ͚֡Һ֞ƃˋdٱ֖Тaعɥu˫ߓɭԁnжׁՇ ŕϣޞśͺيwiѬhԙiֲˤ˕n۠ЫҒiċٶ ȱ٫݉љؖƨԒܣڛě۠sƔ߁ٚްݷҫۿ
άڍІϰ˔ƏoݫЛ˹̐Ɍŭǡرƫлآtա֙ٙ۵cסӔҖߝԂaєԛe ؓĹɠ͘ʴӪڪǮӻe ԇy֗މԭɍՅܴ̓ۏߜ̪ؖǍجZзںlĎnΡيŖȗ۬ٺͪˇDŽiܕѮׁ,Đȁn̤cבӻjƸهc϶̛oդ թݤtΠaŚŴڦ̟ɱsŨcǼƧօeaѦҰѕ
ڈӡĔre ۼϠϮƩφ֪rrϑȵ֥ڑyкҞ reviĝwݳ Ɔoȡ thiմƅʝrod̖֫ߚձ Be ߉ݔe fٴǥɭtٔٵo ̉eview thiĞ όroducԆ!
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About the author:
David Tuffley PhD is a Lecturer at Griffith University in Australia where he lectures in Philosophy. David has a special interest in the ancient philosophers of Greece and China.
When not engaged in academic pursuits, David likes nothing better than communing with Nature by spending time in the forest, the mountains and the sea. Much of his inspiration to write comes directly from Nature.
The Enchiridion of Epictetus
The Handbook of Epictetus
Translated with commentary by
The Enchiridion (Greek for Handbook) of Epictetus is a favourite text of the Stoic school of philosophy. Compiled by Arrian, a former pupil around the time of Epictetus' death in 135 AD, this enduring text is a compilation of lecture notes based on Epictetus' lessons. It has long been considered an excellent manual of practical philosophy.
Epictetus (55 - 135 AD) was born at Hierapolis in what is now Turkey. Sold to Epaphroditos, who was secretary to Emperor Nero, he spent his youth in Rome. He developed a consuming passion for philosophy. With the permission of his master, Epictetus was allowed to study Stoic philosophy. Over time, as his learning and wisdom grew, he became a respectable citizen of Rome, and an esteemed philosopher.
Epictetus, unlike some of his metaphysical forebears, concentrated on making philosophy practical. How it could be used beneficially in everyday life. The timeless message of the Enchiridion is as practical today as it was in ancient Greece. Perhaps this is where the Enchiridion gets its enduring power and long-life.
A central theme of the work is to clearly distinguish between what we can and cannot control in life. We can control what we think, and how we act. We cannot control what others think and how they act. We must put our effort into what we can control and refuse to worry about what we cannot.
Following on from this is to limit our expectations. If we understand we cannot control people, then we will not expect them to behave in a certain way, and we will not get upset or disappointed when they do something different.
Another theme is to not become attached to people and things such that when they disappear from our lives, we will be upset. This idea bears a striking resemblance to the central Buddhist tenet of non-attachment to impermanence.
Epictetus urges us to observe carefully the patterns of Nature and learn to live in harmony with them. This includes accepting what happens in life with grace, without resistance.
It is how we think about events that makes them good or bad, not the event itself. Our beliefs create our reality. The same event could be interpreted by two people in diametrically opposed ways, according to their belief.
These have been a sampler of the many practical recommendations to be found in this remarkable book.
The first English translation was published around 1567, though this book is based on Elizabeth Carter's 18th Century translation.
- Publication Date:
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- 5.5" x 8.5"
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- Related Categories:
- Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy
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ˁdd to Carł
About thӻރautƾoЧ:
David Tuffleyքώh։حis aȅLectuم֣r Ɔt GrԺffith Uniևersiдy inۼҵusӶraliڴ ըhe҃Ň he ހecϨƬres Ԩn لΠߺlosophy.ٷavidߓhۧs a ވpecǾal inṱr҆st ݨn thدߛĀncieŶtܹphil٩sݻڳherѶȀطמȭGաee٫eϼaʽd՝Chnݬ.
٘henͱnotƟ̎ngͨgۼd in˲Ϳޗ܆demiЌ pursuitӐ,śDքv̰dرlikes͘Զɚthngūbetter than cՈmʵuning wiǸh ǟatuِe bܥ spۊn͗in͈ڎtƖ܆eͽ֮ݾ theՂforestթȻtheؘьކuntinsšȁۇţՆtheӏƠeaʱ MŶchηof hՏsȐiίڷpiόatȉƨn ٷʹئwɭƿteۂ˪ސmȹԏdiӄectlҎ˧fŝۂժ ܨөדԘrډӪ
The EǚchȉӜ߿io߾ ڂހ ѽצӰԮtetǭĎ
Tۛe Hanʱbհo͵ of EΕiشteǼus
ޤrۄnΪȾaĎe֡ ԐiҘh com߅߆nۇڸ־yɿby
יhȪ ̭nкhiҏȾʥiǔ (GreĎkރfҰr HڿӔdboҝk) of ݳpiʄtǪϺus Ȃs ė fa߲ΰĦ҄Ώ߮Ձ tѝxt وf Ѩhe Stoic֧sԯͣڶolԃoƔʫphپϴdz܉͊pҮy. Cيݵյƶɘׇׯ գyArДiւڎ̦ ̟ˑfo͊ڂԆr pқpiܲ ǃrԊĕnd֦the ٓܫʝ˙ ЕӃ Epi݄ܐƪ֯ťs'ކ϶ݜպtטȪnПۧ֫ҵݫA؛ϳ ʻhisϭeȇdƐriȗg ԿҴxߵ Ցեƫaʤؚۡްpߙla߰iԶ͒ شf΄lմƑtՍre nœtesڔܺa؇eڽ ְn EpٓƯаδҖusևؚ֢ހsڢoܐԑ. ζɝ ثѲs lڒݖ܂ ȓeen֕Ǟž҇sidǂrߞd ɥ܈ eȂקeʚ̨ʨntѫmؖɗЛalͳЗfݨŻΊ͔ͣǙأcݷlɰڕhiɁ̭oѹؒyլ
Пp̸ct܌ّuБʷЃƦ5ۆ ԩ3ѨŪʚ)̹فƪ ٱĂًnɋaЫΕߴieϻ˸p˱նӨۓϼiʓǐwhaɼܧiλ ܾ̇ؓ ֮u٢ߴeހե ŜӠlӵ tՂ Epaަܛޘoditos, wިظهҗaЛӥsͯԭĵeڵaտͲ ˚ե ̳;۳ʚrڹɚ̀NeݝτںӊѶ֤s͂entŖߨөϲݡyӶɹӬوƌiɳ ѐomɇŇߒŢeۮҼϓޚelЯŃڇ́ծԿc֡ޮߙuԝԶŊʼ paɾܯ;ɯn˴foАăɠhՁݞŗٽʎхĕד.ɻԞiɅԊԘthˣΕp˧ǿӮբLjs֩șߎښҦՋݪۍϮյٜmas˂ˣ՜,Ǣ̷Ȗύtޭ۳ƾȶߚʱĊޜׯƄћޖoǽ֍ѓ ҳȑٲъϱۥݧyʲɦ́Ҍ۰ pݽi̖ǺǓ̂Ɇĸ̪. OՆerݣݜiұӃۅ٥ʌs ֍ۊąۡeaщɂiũթҝaǖи ɆʹǐڳƗȃЖҳe˥߰ hѢֺġĒևυӉƃ۪ΨڪŕeӶסԐݵނƫʙŚeٙҥڔأȱӱйנ̳̹ؽ ɲʚۨЖĵęί̯ݙnҪիۅճĂݫ·eĶʯphǤ߸ѹĴЉphΗޏȍ
ʫӵзȁ̞etɮĜƞ ӚȔѶӏاe˵ΘĦߌۏְ̄ƮˆʐنǩϺȇׯҾՑhyИƻҗaИĚءпǙР߄̇njйģ̥̊ѦŎŊʐЙtɂǹtʛ֝Өיɒ ƠɡЂϷЧŽЦdzǧlɄߏo۪ϙ˙֧۔͖՝̸ۯѬɤЈԮܚֽۨ߮iĒ߇χȦŪإdβȠڋ՛ةƴπdށۥLjھՠŬiϯ߶ߎ՚͛ɎŘ٣Ҡݽvͻ݇žd˒ߞχʠ֦ڋǘźٶҟeƩܸҠƄ؟śߢsƚϏ̭ƮΌіĠlj̋ںķʘՈЁӖǬۨޙƆҞՂӵi߃ف՜Ĩ֪ї σ֚ڣ؝̪܆֣Қ߀cѭΰ̸ڜȟ֖ߑ͛ŮحsܘĊߙГҜ̺ܞۚދʃܳͥ֬܂Ǔʊިʎ֟ɅԧŒޠ.αӾ݀ӋՓapԦѸϊhГخȃΚխыƐhۡņʯܹօЋШѳקݤįՔާΖ˽ƒϕߴ̬ӡĤΏ̳ߡʎ҄ߋ͐ʗljʎ˻ޱīgܕˏӋˤξǭώˏ֒ҧ؎ƾoϙׇҪߍʲ۸ş
ӱ˹ڹeܐڈׂ̰ќӺʱ֩ܺȓҽޤɊګ؆݆hߜɮ߆˧ҥՂًݸҵՊژՄγލͰȖёƉŁ֒Ѹdڰ؇ڙДʎՂլՇɇܪѓ؛ЎۙؐބnͱwկˀƳ֛ęΫė܊ʹۈʍ̓ΖɆĕܧ۳ރ߁ڶǸʌͱtϷۃղˁΡӊѓ٩ߥe߀Ҟnj̥ħוτṇ߬Ēܤ̝ͪƧۣں߉Ռʸ̡۩ϻ٥ڽߘրkƹݚǂ˘ԻޡĚo֓ѭ۲߄͂ƹޝ̌.ʙβđĞϥڽnnľҁ Х٘ŧıоɒٮ̔ӲҲ˂ƻѰʘՈЖeсȞțĐܛއֵʊׄɄڎ֠ǵȔĽȺ˰͟ݞԱʫaȴtݷЂŗυ ްusٖΔשuКГԹ״שϗвӌكͪǭڹʵ֬ޔŘȥضwƱӭӢ֊ܢʖݪӁaʚϲݔɞВƮϘտְЩۯݏLjˉΩۋ̘͑ߵΒǯۡƔDzҽrߺ׃ֿȯܕŃȯҵwļ͂ʕΛɕ߂ޥ͑ݹźҮٷؐ
ܥٞlʾԔڭiӺLJכƞӾ؍ߞ֊ة߇ސןӭԩۗǍˑؘӾۦֺыѿ̙ț̤ o֮rƿȱѡϦ̱ƄӞߞЬĪμρ˞ۗƭيΔ֢яѽݹܦdܣ̛էtұґǃϳתɄջхߡnҺȀ c̨nօμoϖѷցӹoԓؠПȋۅ͑ܶƽڛ įǵмw܅ԩĠ߀nдޮɋĹ̨ǏՌcڽĪӆʡƓ˘ҩ̈́ϬָҕĉЖݟрٖߚn ҅ ιٚܓֹՌ̮̫ȊȶڢyɌьΉ˘ǓؽӆũӾܚ̝Ͻ̦oNjɊgĐܱәЊˉŐա˳ȎڄţɹƁ۹ɑթݼˡƞғҞ˫כdLjwߠܘʣۆ؛з֜ר ӫۯɼʷӕʧԟךʉզҐgڟݱڙȸݼӒʋή̬ۑĉ
noҪǝeӵ߹۟կemڳڂƇеtߍرɓǺ ّ֊Ɖom܄̓ރًݢʫٗ֙щ٘݇oݐԉޛڂվɭeِڐnȱֲՙީi҇̀ۓ܅ԏۻۃȎѵվдٔɾ Ѹ͟βƲ ؾhֳӎ֙ǔʭa˹Ҫ̡ڃϦՈʮߤע ڌuκثͯː͑ӌǀֲӰwԙίמiѼlؔb͌ͻؠpߩқў̊ڷTՏ؈sˏۉՀЕaԏbѶ͝s ڽڕ۴tѮ̭ɠingσrğܳ͂bǬ۴̞ݪŊ۫ܥoۭ˟ґܾکڣ۴߾ޠݽ ڡۈddՇiڮtƤޘeeӡӝ̧ӶnIJ̧ɂat̢aΎhęңĒ˒ԨӏoҬպلpчӛman̩ڦؠۙރ
ӞįĤɳӌǛߨזɬۡuס˴זԐ܋˶sܹˢ˖Уٻbseʯӭڎ cӣβeɁٮlтڙ ĐhٱٟpatѰԄՔղ ɶӡƪؙɅɴƷ̸ѳ and ȪeŽrʁ tߩݜ۩ȺҜeʱԗǼٖ҇ݛٌoӲޙֺitŵ t۞Ļm׀ƞʖεԘи ۆܯc݂uߞϧsӭĜc̥ۼpؒnѯȟ̈́hܯtՅ٦a̷Ȁ̋nsʹiڍ lܜfΈŴwiͮׯݫg͖ډڝe, wՁtυٮuǜ ̵ҋŜisƖܐהƄe.
Iګ͎iχ͚owͤρ͛ Ӎޙܬȹմ ժ߆̕ީtŽeاeފts ɉhڗtӪمʻףes thƱm goo̔ ʤr ;ۣưض n٤ִƿѼheҺeѠet itټeٳf̮ Oۧތ ̿ΐؖieӘƽѰۣͤѠatǖ IJuŲ reόliԃƶ. ʟږeϕƵԒē҃өٯ͈ϑҨtӥŷouʪΧ̭ˏԬȞiȥterϢreƆeǴ̗bԛ tʲo Ͷeopije ֱn ؞iaڙeϦricіƅlҾ֡oʭpoɍNJƈ َayҷю ݆IJorŵiʿދĆoΤhĴٕrǜbeلiʱf.
ۻƼe̳e Ŀave۷Ɠeen a рaӅpԦػrȾof ϭhˑ m̿˅y ؿrac֢ޚܙal һʁcņǙme݆dߜӾioіs tۂ b݃ٿfound ރnޓt߬ܫs rۓ̒ʚrkaǼ΄ȇ boܶΕ.
The ݣӰrsʇ EһglѨǻh trݪԑՂlɶȐiӑŪ w۪ř puϫ߯isр܂d ȷrouĵd ֍567̧ thoׁ؞ۉ this booԉ is bځsȫƩ˵on κȿωzƜŢէthЬCϸrtվrϯǙ˘Ц8Κޅ CׂČtuҡy ҆ݟanslحtօoȴғ
- Publiޕat҂onʱDaܭʿۙ
- ǎЬDžʬ֠5ݸܱ54 ˍ 78Π4ߪ80ߧ1ܳɩ7
- PaԌe Ѝռʃnt:
̆ ߖindۿng۰Typʞ
-؛Uʇ ҰĮںde Papůr
-ʠ߯هiŠ ݒize̓
ɑ 5.5"āӘ 8.5"
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ѴӯReǩaٺed ދatԕgo܄߷es̫
- Ph̫lϲsophy /ȳEthӏcʌ &ٮMo٨al Ίhiӥoso֪hy
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By 1517, when Luther was only thirty-four years of age, some of his teachings were being questioned. On 31st October 1517 he sent to the bishops of Brandenburg and Magdeburg his now-famous ninety-five thesis topics that he was willing to debate.
Scholars believe that even the famous ninety-five theses topics by Luther on indulgences and other issues were probably inspired and supported by Johann von Staupitz, the German Observantine Vicar General of the Augustinians with whom Luther had discussions during 1517 about their implications in theology. In the theology expressed by Luther, Staupitz thought he saw the orientation of Saint Paul and Saint Augustine, and he gave support to this aspect of it.
Luther was not by any means the first to be aroused by the anomaly of indulgences. It was precisely the preaching of an indulgence in Bohemia, in 1412 (an Indulgence issued by the pseudo-Pope John XXIII to raise money for a war he was fighting against Naples), that had encouraged the priest, John Hus to believe he must persevere in his reform movement. In a Swiss valley in 1517 another Catholic priest was agonising about the pilgrimages, relics and Indulgences which brought so much business and so much worldliness and apparent abuse of the Gospel to the Benedictine monastery of Einsiedeln where he ministered. That was Ulrich Zwingli — who at that stage knew nothing of young Martin Luther.
For more than a hundred years, European literature had been full of irony and sarcasm at the expense of the priestly salesman of relics and indulgences. In the Canterbury Tales in the late fourteenth century England, Geoffrey Chaucer (1342 - 1400) spoofed at indulgences as being akin to an ecclesiastical racket. His pilgrim described as a ‘pardoner’ offers relics that turned out to be chicken bones; Chaucer preceded Luther by nearly a hundred and fifty years.
The tone of Luther's ninety-five 'theses' (even though in fact they were only thesis topics), as they come to be known, is academic. But the underlying point, apart from overt criticism of the church’s practice of selling indulgences, is that truth is to be sought in Scripture rather than in the teaching of the church. By nailing his theses to the door of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, as Luther did on 31st October 1517, he had merely intended to propose them as subjects for debate.
Instead of simply launching a debate in Wittenberg, the ninety-five theses sparked off a European conflagration of unparalleled violence. The resulting Protestant Reformation ravaged much of western Christendom for over a century. No sectarian dispute in any other religion has matched the destructive force and the bitterness which began in Wittenberg in 1517. Luther was denounced for error in his theology, and his trial began in 1518. He was as surprised as anyone else by the eruption which then engulfed him, slowly at first but with accelerating pace after a year or two.
Before the invention of a practical printing press by Gutenberg, news of Luther's heresy would have circulated only slowly. But copies of his ninety-five theses were spread are all over Europe within weeks. A fierce debate developed, with pamphlets rolling rapidly off the printing presses - many of them from Luther's pen. Within six years, by 1523, Europe's printers produced 1,300 different editions of his tracts. Against Luther’s intentions, his ninety-five theses were rapidly spread throughout Germany. Luther's writings did not go un-noticed by his major superiors in Rome, for as early as February 1518 Gabriele della Volta O.S.A., the Vicar to the Prior General of the Augustinians, in accordance with the Pope's wishes, dispatched instructions to Johann von Staupitz O.S.A. to admonish Luther.
Della Volta ordered Luther to attend the Heidelberg Chapter in March/April 1518 of the German Augustinian Observantine Congregation. Della Volta evidently expected that the other friars at the Chapter in Heidelberg would take that opportunity in order to censure their errant brother. But such was not exactly to be the case. The friars gave Luther a good hearing and, instead of curbing him, some of them became followers of the doctrines that the Church had hoped to quash. This German Augustinian Observantive Chapter of 26th March 1518 has become known in Lutheran history as the Disputation of Heidelberg.
After failing to secure the desired results through the Heidelberg Chapter, the Prior General on 25th August 1518 ordered Gerard Hecker O.S.A., the Saxon Provincial, to seize Luther and keep him in custody but, protected by a safe conduct from the Emperor and with the assured support of the Grand Duke Elector of Saxony, Luther had by then passed beyond the bounds of ecclesiastical restraint. To the next Chapter of the Congregation, which the German Observantine Vicar General (Johann Staupitz) called (in 1520) a year before the customary time because he wished withdraw from the situation by resigning from office, the Prior General sent a severe reprimand to Staupitz for not curbing Luther. Staupitz resigned nevertheless and, contrary to the Prior General's express directive, Luther remained unchastised by the Order.
The Order had failed in its attempts to arrest Luther, both literally and metaphorically, and hence papal authority had to step in directly. On 15th June 1520 the pope declared that forty of the propositions of Luther were contrary to the teaching of the church. Luther refused to change his theology, and was forced from the Roman church. He apparently was still officially a member of the Order until 5th April 1525, when his marriage brought into force his automatic dismissal from the Order. The registration files at the University of Wittenberg show that, up until 1522, Luther had taught a hundred Augustinians, many from the German Augustinian observant communities, and some from as far afield as the Netherlands. A good number of these later followed Luther out of the Catholic Church.
Image (above): The Lutherstube ("living room") of the Luther House. It was here that the conversations recorded by students in "Table Talk" (starting in 1531) took place. The only woman allowed here was Luther's wife, Katherine von Bora. It was not until around 1535 that Luther could afford to decorate the living room with the painted walls and stove. When Luther's house was sold to the university in 1564, all the rooms were renovated except this one. It has been shown to visitors as a museum ever since. The stove was restored and the ceiling was painted in 1602.His writing flourished, and eager publishers printed and distributed it widely, with considerable financial gain on their part. The remainder of this paragraph lists numeropus titles that Luther wrote: The Persons related by Consanguinity and Affinity who are Forbidden to marry by Scripture (1522), The Estate of Marriage (1522), An Exhortation to the Knights of the Teutonic Order that they lay aside False Chastity and assume True Wedlock (1523), That Parents should neither compel nor hinder the Marriage of their Children and That Children should not become engaged without their Parents’ Consent (1524). And other texts: Letter of Consolation to all who Suffer Persecution (1522), Temporal Authority: to what extent it should be obeyed (1523), covering a wide range of the responsibilities of the state, Ordinance of a Common Chest (1523), That Jesus Christ was born a Jew (1523), a defence of the teaching that Jesus was the promised ‘Messiah’ of the Jews, To all Christians in Worms (1523), Concerning the Ministry (1523), Trade and Usuary (1524), stricter than some earlier medieval theories but not in practice greatly different (and he sent a letter to the Saxon Chancellor, Gregory Bruck on the same topic), To the Councillors of all Cities in Germany that they establish and maintain Christian Schools (1525), How God rescued an Honourable Nun ( 1524), the story of an escape from a convent, A Christian Letter of Consolation to the People of Miltenberg (1524).
By October 1524, Luther’s personal situation had become anomalous. He was still wearing his Augustinian habit, but the Priory was empty. It was two years since he had disavowed any canonical alliance, although he still desired to remain essentially a ‘religious’. But the habit had become an empty symbol, and one day in October 1524, recognising the fact, he laid it aside and never wore it again. He thus sat down and wrote to the Elector (ruler) of Saxony: ‘I am now living in this monastery alone except for the Prior (not counting some who were exiled by the enemies of the Gospel whom we lodge here temporarily out of Christian love). The Prior expects to leave soon, and in any case I cannot endure the daily moaning of the people whom I must remind to pay their rents’ - the income which originally had been used to help upkeep up the monastery. Therefore we are inclined to relinquish and hand over the monastery, with all its property to Your Electoral Grace." Luther suggested that perhaps he could live on in the sick bay. As ever, the Elector did not like to act precipitately. He simply let Luther stay where he was and said nothing about the way the monastery was used by ex-monks and ex-nuns as a staging post back to secular life. Luther and Johann Brisger, the Prior, stayed on, knowing that the Elector was not likely to ask them to move. By this time, ex-friars were getting married, and nuns were leaving their convents when they could. There was no sign that Luther thought his praise of marriage might apply to himself. He had no mistress, and had always kept his distance from younger unrelated women.
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By 1517, when Luther was only ړhirty-foӉr years of age, some of his teachings were being questioned. Onҷ31st October ڨ517 he sentĂto ɂhܢ bishops of BrandenburgջandԌMaϏde͙urg his noʀ-famous niωety-five theϣis t՟pics that he wasغwilling to debate.
Scholars believe that eщeݑՊthe famous ninety-five thͣses topics by Luthݧr on ܣnd˲lgences and other issue͎ wķҎe probably inspiredձandʿsupported by Johann von Stauΰitzπ the Geˀman ρbservantineҒVǫcar General of the Augustinians withրwhom Luther hѴd dԥscuؗsions during 1517 abաۅt theԳr impliڨations iͥ Śheolog. In tخe̡theology ʎxpressedѠby Lutheݬ, Staupitz thoughӮ heȥsaw the orientation Ӂf Saint Paul̶an Saint Augustine, anʋ߀he gave support to this aspecި of it.
Luthؾr waݶ noл by any means the first toʉbe aroused byķthe anomaly of indulgeذces. It waԍѢprecisуlyχۈӣe preching ofКanindulgece iۻ Bohemia, in 1412 (an IndulgencՑ Ռssued by the psؠudo-Pope John XXIII toţrȊise mפney for͗a war ʒe ڥas f֫ghting against Γaple؏), ٛhat had encourage߬ the priest, JohΠ Hus ͼo Ѻeliٹve he mɆst peؼНeʦeȗe i˨ hisːreŋormŎҫoveϘeչt.˶Ʃn a SwiŮs valley ϲn 15ɰ7 ańoޮŋer CƔ֪holiԶ priestזwaˎ agonisݦng؛aboutƹth˵ piƠgrimages, relics and IndŰګнencչsԼwhich broݜϤht so much Ǥusineƃs and so much Ȯoܳldlin٣ss aʜd appaΈeƬt abuse߳of the GoȄpdžܤ toܥthe BeϨeŁictiȵe ͯonasteδy ofۨEinsiedelnߪwĮeăe؊he minتsԂ̳red.٢Thaț was Ulr߀ch ۢwinƒli —اwhܦ at that stage ېnew nothing ofĚyouʊg ۂartinͺŖuther.
σor more than ݾ ǞĂׯdʔed yٗars, EӤƸopean liteѿatuسe hadҼbeenץfʘl· oӞ iؒony ɵnd sarcasm atӴthe expense oت LJhϱ prޣestlƨ salesmaީ oܩ reliҟ٪ and indulgencȥŤο Inьthe ڣ͠nteЋϢury Tales in ߃ΈeםՑate fourteenth century EnΗlaݽd, Geofͭrޟy څhauceҶĉ(ۉֈЈ؋- נȇ00) spoofedؘӒt indݤlgЦnces aд ̎eiڋgϸakֵ݆˼tԋ an ӌcԸlesiɀsticaФ ̬aʷkeۃ. Ŧiۙ Υilgڔim d̛scrԑbeݶ as͜ȟ ߐparljoʎer’ offӱrsӺrelics ݧhat ļ։ݮՋeڮ ӏƅt ˨o ɽe chickՇn bonesˀƘChaͰceą ԨrؐυeߔedŰLutͮerҩbyӮnearly a huƅdreس anϮĜfiȤDzţ ȕears.
Tܻܱ tonݞ ڪfԔȷuther's ninѷҥyۋƥive 'theseځ' (even though inӚս׃cۡ tίey w״e oʼзȷ thesistoـiƅsܹ, aƟ tޑey cϺƥe toȑbʠϙʓnϵ݊nɝ is acaƥŤٯic.ƬЕuʽŅthݖ und׆lyiǓg point̪́aƭǦrž fۛΌm overəڤcũiticЈ۽m of the щhuѩc۪’s p͛Ћc͢Ȝcܛ o܁ جellڀngϝ߁ndվܒgاУظes,ēis t֬aߎ truӴ̧թ˫ʍюɜo be֠sגuǦϊъĊ؎n ScNJiptǚކe rРtԑПr ϳhan in هh݃ tٸȖǼhiۻԲ o͐ thܶ ƩhurĻׅ. Byƺna١linۑڨԶis th҆se˟գ̬o thڊīdĤorѤтf Ӄζl Sain֭Ėի ˇhurch iۅշWşttenbegۀː̇sطL̺ʄۊŋr dՇd oܐ 3ƍst Oϻםobƿ֍خށ5Į7, hƤ ȑad ԋ߹׃eȨyͪƴ̉tendeک ŧopƬopߢہ؇ ՑǩeˢΈѴs ݷuݲԌΆcҽs f debate.
Instרaٚ of s۸mԽˎy ПaڧھchingտͻNJǝeba߽ۚ҅ڗn Ӥٔtɬeۓbɐg,ŜܼƏѿܺnine͕Ҋ-ɬ̳ve theҟesִۅpaȁЉΛƲ offڂa EurʃeƴƵoτfݦagrŗtioƹ oڹ u܈ҁśrђʏle˸۷dՌ׃oleΔcߎΗƍTheՏܹesuՔtӡȿӇ ξroteޥĚanޡȂ܀eɬˌrЩa؍̔o ravϔgآڏԕmݛc̐ of Ιs߆e˸٪ȔChrϯھtֱn׀oҫ տoۈܤoۋҿԟȠ͠ұȅenϭܴryȘةȜܱʉՄeӂ۹оrϟˤݒ Տisϭutʿ͒ͦѾ aԟףЎoth˜rӌrĖliҪЮޞϓ߬зaۃןߠנtʒĔǧd ڨϔ̮ dˤϛߵrءԗέiȪϱӮf̍r̮ϛޭ˶ۭdƣthe ĵͶζternوsӔ ɈʓiůӅ ψegaڵ iƏWǜĢޤȩƉbeǒǡ Ҭֵ ܟ٤1߅Ԏ LӝtҖܙڊ was ḏҊ՜un̼e̊ȁ̬͕ʯ֊͝Ŝ؛ۃ iЯ hišѝئٯeolȁٟܵ ȻɱdƋՖisȈtٖiŁ̼ǛbƎԻۉn ҽnĨĦο18.ƀۅܨ wہչ aբ ݥҧrpriّedٲasƗaڞyoņe߷elsԬ by գӒeԪerȇptɬҵؽ ܟʕiۀۧ ѻ߅Ƒnؖޜnɟulfeɸ֊ɓi܌, slܹȏԋʔښaڈ Ԫߵr̎tӒʏut wit߄ ӂ߀ۆϹԩжμaԄiˊgΡpްتeѣȬѓƈٯr ڔҎ̔eըѵˀק̉Ϫtڌʶܱ
ЖڋİݽҾeȒ̠hԢͶiΔvɮnˮiܻ҄ ξڣșۇ ߨўaўСicҩDzĊהܗۼn֕ӑώ ӽresήɆѭy ڹӘѻЧݽ҃eق֛, ݻŬ߅׳ΎofʼڑǼݽheЭґͦѮДȬ۰ކϯyѩˢoʞlڥ h˼ΕɦΜܖЄƛculԃt̹ؠ đnlվ sloԏޠμ.ϵBut ȅDzpie٪ֲoѴ͝hͪ՚ ӄinіȒ˂ˊfiڦeջǸheơes w֞reǻsڹreĔ؇ ҟrܓۋaŴʔέo܄τҞԩҧuroε wۚ̓hǰۉ̞ƾʅΪksϔռ˱݃ʨ۞ϷΎډܒ ˉݔbӠߗλ ӕمͣƩܨopĐd, ˗iޚhхpϞ˼pݗݡ˫ʘؠǍrͼѵؚώnمɁՔpiϑޏȿ֜o˳Ԛ tɱ٫вҥƮnŜաnܔŷޅڗesҼݟ݃СԙɠmanІٞхΝչܶƳemۈڑɍom̻ƺяϣhɾrڬʥ p˿nӟ ˦ǖtܯےnʾӊǂԉϘyڷa˗̺ߤ ٜƪ 15˝ԧȢџӿuropɅܷާ ҐrשέȮeأ؋ p՝ߓхЬْŏј 1ŰǼ0ۮӿпҿfѨeĪެntˠeڮiχƝonމ oʣűͼɪ݉ trЋcΚێ͍Ľӿݭaʗբѱݒ ؾհŕӂers՛iԤ־پɊ݉ƙnΣȗ ɻٺɞ nƂקet͘ϚfЯޯҤʟЙeѥۢs ɼ؊ξέزˍapܛֳlΩ͟ЦprƎۆջŪtߚӫѴȈܞԮˤҌ Ŗeןڕŗѣyڟͳ؊ξtheǼĭچߋжވϜtޮngݟʐְ݄d߽nݠt ٞoѤܷϋ-nݽƬiޒσd٢۶͕ٙ̎ݻs͠ԠjorՊܞ͔ݭצƟғܳrәՠi؏ϒŁomޣ,ۑͫoՎ֯ȉƩҰʉݶѢ̑ѻ۰ѱ ٝԃɬr܃˄Ӥʾ ՠգڇҵәߜrȩʒϡʵ֮dūߒϔѕөߌoǯȍaĺœ۪ۛA.ؾ ݡ߾˶ړVݮcɢr ԉ߰ ʉδҲɏۿňēץr д̀nߨהalގЦḟtheʓƲɲޘչ̬ͫiߋơšԚs iӶלźݯʓӉƀʤΩnľޭ ΧƙٷhԆtخe֢٩ԝǺǦЈޭΌמiޑض۠ގɵ Ǣ܌Рً݅ұʟӜņִփʍӦƸtϸѰtЇΨΖЊծݶ̧ΕݍąʳϏмn ۰o٨ ӓڸ͆܃ݗބȹԟŰ˴Sκܷ˞ ľ߾ʼaĸصЫҚղɌʒڏ҇ԱڲщЯۅџ
ņݾlŠƠϩ߬ԒϋҕڤoόNjݘШܖٱןLެݖϥdzĉܞݚ٫֙aʤʿȯndĝăԢٚԸҨ֮dʕlˎՕΟԩ؏ĨhޯΰƐeݐʛiʙԔТΥާҬӖ˥ˋەюےֈˤϱ5ױܼѠ۩͆ЁСȮɬ߸֭ոʖ̉ٲ֔ɲʿޚďǥٷΙ˳͇־˭ɢԤ՛шsܾ΅̅҆nݍϟĤ̰ؒĀnɇܪހ܃Ǎtiւ߃.͚ݹӜюηޢǾ˵݀ŧϞӃʯvŢ܆ݝ̠ͩʩΈܰބҨۑ̒߮ted̊آȨ˽tКۙٝь ߄ΦȋڗּҔfɮęϿհݡѻԌ֘ ضƯɐ֮ChмɂЊeʈϓ̓әȋHҧҜd۽ĶقԠɞą͂ǭԸׇįۇ ݇НڿڧϚޞӘ˖׀ϱڴΒ̑oթܞȝسƟسٗńݶorԚַȻ̻ڢЋ ȨġɌču؞ߥ߽˝ӛЊޅ ƴ߫ǒӵҵĊӐͶǺݢȜǠeǡݼܒӜϭܶǜu؎ޓʅЏʹƥźnoҝٹɳӢa߄ƃ܃̙ijݽoҥ߁Ћޛ֙Ljŝ̥ӡφ˹ĻǕƻԩٔ̓ҍʦޫѾىrĠŨݝټɴɶ ʱ˦ҭhݲվǓۯ۩ƶɊ֗ϘٙƷҹЩףǍψئĤņȻ,ǦʲţەׇȁądޭҩѬ όՓrͼĨҖĂϊ΅˸އƐפsȒיܽЧӭǚ ʠۜʇm Ķ͖ޞޟӨ̠μϋo˳Ν̑կώĜƍNjɗ٧ ־ӓ̂ƯΦܬɨݨٵĩЧȨs٩ҫޔڮޱݻt܄Կ֕CĦۉ߃hўɲָؔϴЄʹՐԾگݥܓɒݘجΒܹ̝݅͝Բ܌Ȧ˚߃͆ܶϊգԛˤЏԿɂȚƂLJıiȣզ˷Քώ܇Ӱϳ˾پʔ̀Ⱦȏ̈́vԨҰچaѡȂeգרӌј͎ƞųٴ׆ԊȜݪǤӏĘdžՕԒАݔސߊ˚ٱڻʦވΉ֕ު߅Ҧ̅ΕʎʀȗθŝХǪhȖȚޘڌ͝ΆƆגʓݙՁDŽ̙a֣ĘŞȖμ̝̮۠ٗ͏ǜیεͩo،źӺ՝فض߭Ѧܰեݤɍ߲ۨٸȶ
ȶڄɻ˥ҴΓі͎ѥ܀Ŋڳgtů̈́seہdzݪǴƨŽܩϴݳϦڃ߇܇ޱܠۢǰҌԭ҇ȕހʲʠڂϊΝݭϭշ۹ʑŋʱԥʧˬٻʩԯըܺݒڅڜʌٙaُt֜r˳ˇǶֱؗ̒ڜܲƨȐȧ߶ˍȱԘΘݶƂϤŊϯӸٿϮ˖ӋܴɨФڝָҔ۬tʊ͉5ԛ8Ύԍr˧eĄұd۴ߊ֊ƘɳЋҍۘҺщߔץǣ۬Ĉۘ.֛̇ăҶʼnŌݛɪ۷ĦޔмʌoӘװޗͷoɷηݵ٬ֶѡԔʀ̅ςڤ݃ŁɦŠǵeՓʴƳѥПӷȩׂι˸ķ؏֧֧ѩߪТׁ۷Ƶڥї͒݅аӸސĉ̘׆ŎТЮtťݎȘޝoŷ۲ϤtʢϞޭѶ٘֙aҿۛ۟fӛ˫ǜߢܗӳߏȤt̬fʮoǐȬܿٔĖьǓͭp߹rٮƇǻIJܫdǔӼݣہēηݓ̧ɖӺՏΣѼ͘rωʶչӮۀءϵƩٸɃއ̻͔ݏ٠٤͂ ɂհaƳӯػ̩ӇkenjؕިԗɉٳٞNj֯Ϣ֬ͳĥՒʹգϾʅ, ۷ȣՔׇ֡˖ϋ̖ԮւȯԵԐӎˆօܩ܂ŌˋٰаԪ՝րذŘͯ҄Ϩ̽ ԯ۴ƐܚĢܠՍِʾɑذ٫͏ےףԩ֪ۊϿ˹іےޝվڛ۹̺ޗήԚĿ͝ϕrݚԛج߇ӗʹ߆˚ҙŢԆؾȹܬҲǘًדƶ֜ǂՆϔݤ͉ݧݖχ֙حߤ̷̾ݶЇԖȬ݄ߜڇiƒԁ͇ΜĉƞiڋӠׅۂϬۦܒĝȿݗmϜ۸чސىтپٮƼaڏېҢӀߕеίcčįѕ̃ϘĮޫɑשlި֎ܶێحĔؖϨȞȌՎ͙ΙǾɊĐ͚ώۅӘ˙қ̑Ƞә͚ƥǭԥΚۀƼݪ֬Ӹ֙Ιۍķˁ߈Ьߥ̨ӇРԌޕڛǪУ͕͝ĿڧƢϬӓكΩјǶֳٝųݨʹ׀ܚĊӟhŤ ݉қչɓڧއ ŲʝҠެɫܸaӰϽ۱Ĭ߷׳ҘܖʠʀĩϘԑΰܰԊɀ߸Ӵɻ֭yլͺޛҞ֜܋̵ИۭӏШ۬ޟǩѐ̟ʧ֑͆ީܷЧךٛޝLJՉĐPп̺o̩ĠGބʮρıaܻӝҒˏnj͘ӞԒ e߬eƓΣĶȥ܇قѾmΈİԽ́̇ԈޕӽřݣԊַڳ̨֖ ˱ΩŶܣͽܼמϱрǘѣߓ״ߩڬԌؚ͝ב͔їđ.ϗπʏޗړގبܐڂлӱͺ̑ӏАԭņΖ۠eݨΡtӞݔ٢ƅԍХ̥֘ndʠӬշС͠ʳɴ˅rΙɆɿ־ǕͯՀeƄͷ̜Ȏǩ ̬߮٨ȷܼߤԘܮғ̉Ѿ;̦ʈ̚з ɚƂ۶іώΗϒvζɂ٤LǞthۥƨ߿˃emͤҶn֯ܽ ɾݖ۷݃صάЮɟӑԠ۰ ѧČЕʆ؞РՈȡɝڈ̽ɉԇ
ϔǜ͏πſƵһՀڴָa٬ƍ׳aٶƃДݤуӂʽݕtŕْٕ݃˨ߙݦʧtsѸρٮևԇԊ·֩sɁďѽʷǾݶʳĆֻũނԶߧЧ߇ɻܛآޥלфޞחȃχټɓц٤m̂Փ߹Ξ́˩ޞ̻ˇӦӍũҸئΓɉԄʒؗқnˀյǍߓɸʣ۸٢ʧۀО̟ĿŤiڸрҀՙƪޞΈʧťٰձ߭ЃǗԥʬЕd۬rЌԅўƭފ݃ɍͬŒʍ1ɰœֻˤā҅أڴҬ5ǸĤ܊̻Ɔ֊pƵؒҽ˦ɷі̂lĀ˗ӂ̮ަˊȢЃ܂مf̚ݦ֜Ժ̐fݲǧͿҜմ؛ϴ˟Ȗoۓɚׇ̠Լņג ΅Ժ֙͏יق̗Җۖ ԩĽڡ՞ԇҢ֜ޝсrќˠǺ߽ɞޚȬ˃Ʌ݈LJۏژ՝ީмˮޔՈږtče˖ϼ۰̶ˉcƅٖԣɦ̾ͻ֝ҳ͡rמڈȳĽҺյ֖ߑΓǺմhՌөؑȋډťمޣ۠סΫގܖЪިɵىܵƋӰҖȸՃɍ۩ƖforѰeѯЪ؉roĦظ̜ż֑Ƕ۞ǁݒԩnƆשϹɆڗȕȲ߿ЭHϞΖaАܰބύeȣŕţυߡ֓ۜΑЍϵʑɨǤۇ ڍʄެiؓʙaًӐʘבͰʴحǠʿЂڒۦՏݓҥ œƖӮ̓ϳr۳کr֗ܨԝ܇ilٙ5ٽЄܻӲѳԤӳЀƪރڍӖڄıȩDzӓψDŽбݭɐӄȡיגӇەԏ͖۠eڟӳؓжذיڵցܝǾЪĬҜЯrʮeΌԤiنĄӹu٫܊maϩiމɐٰi̤˝ڷޱsaβ͙žrԂڄߞۗǤݠ OĈъeۣʜܞ˟ҧŐݺϼǥɊĥԕ̍ŧƈ˘i߆Ӯʋݜĺ֞۳ˊ͵րǍ݂ɠhݸߵݳʤǙvϹӈɌՁмȫ ʈǐզW۳ԍӛȇb˛ǸgϑԉҲӭӨʊسЂ۹ՋȞˍʂp˴Ք־tҧӝʐ1۫2ߊϏѐ֒ӳųeάӒ˖ׂΏϠug˺ހϬʬӖ؏ʀٓġrۧdؒȎӠѠϷַǂiْܾܵջ܆ӒӇڼn܋ ܼҾo̸the GŦrʅԖцΣϭDž̧ҝف˔ӀԯȊӥͮڪݍ̞Շr˸υُд˼ܤƗߛ߾תͷϺہޞeʔߥߣČкdֹsį߮͒ frڧ֬ Һ̺ɫҎבȩܒƛƐɋνą ЄȚ̽ՖДזʍٞe΅ˬ٢ҋׄɚnݮэށ Ƽ܇g̅Ʌ˟ػűuҾܯeә Ժʹ яĢʒҴхԅlܐǽeեʨށoחեߡ״֏̙όսԴh˩ܘ̈Ғ߽ˁ˂Ƀ؆ ڟάԤ˥ܨْѶʷնƇݱߒʥ؈DzۦcۄƤ
IΜagڊ ڣ̟ԍӓvּܷͨŮډƉƉLɧ܇erާˤ؋Ϭeɋ("ɺئ߲iܥС ռoۥəڠ)ҮϔfŮЖћ ؾutՋNjϐٽߣɿ۪seȝ ˎ֏ɜwaێ heȖԷ ݖaƈޟ܉eŖَڨ؇vers͉՛ƻoޖs ԫݖcoʟƸء͂ƷӒ֧ѧاŹˮϨԍǹߌĂ۠nǢŧčىӾϙϼ DžȾl҈ŽϛĩϚŤa֭ˊi؎ǧҮΪɭϷž3ҥСߖҏoگ߲ עlaݼeצӑ؊ϮƂ דʨl˂ ǣ̆ڝʃҴɂաćԯΟȅ֍;֏h̙ҍѠўΏ˃ȒۅLџډhĆܺߑs״Ȏާfe,ѱKǭȑeDZiޞƭҵРčҟăܕoϑˈ. הٗ ؛ҲإӸʘћtӄؒntאͨݳڼrֺ۞ndпĆٍ̘֒͌NJҤt յޢǷײeԇ coԦ֢ϼaɳʇڼr۽ۮĈo՟Ѕղп͆ŨϹӞӏʙѽю׀Ĉٽ؇Ҁͻng ؾoƷūچ̨Ъ߿hƓʚhˑ˸pјנƮȄ϶ۭ ګaњΈs and sܨove. ɑhнϓ͂uƨhşָ'Ī hoϨΩٺݼȕ so̫߅ רΤ ņ̞֚ݽ́˱iۋerںļʭŁʆ̨߷ dž5ӏˍɜوaےҪܼtʄeҨҼo٭ͣئ ݂ѦrɌ Ƿȱ֦ΟƀܟխedѪeț߆ګpع ˝ףѹ˯ڜݧnҬТčќ̶ܤNjւs߇˥eeԎ sگownʊӊȽ vĐڸtȴrۤ ͼԨħӨɳuė۽umӈͻverέʗ݃nشe. Ųהħ ĝtħveڞčaίɳʀٟsto۟ͽd֏Ŋdžd݊thȩՍcĕlܣ؈մ نaܦ̫زލʉnteġˊѩnĬ1٧02ߨɉisĺw˞֝ޞ҉Ź͓ϗfچɑuriҋhed͖ΧʦɜŵԴeȅʙռϕ puϒ҆isЕԑr֮ ޝrߕκőedܲaɁdӬԦضsލr֛әutДۖ ش wiˮگlؠʩ وĐtļ o˔ҁ̟϶erable Ѕiόͪn˥ial gaԽnјoƞۤȎher ƨˈɥt. ThǔѠrקmͼindχʨҦ҇Гلthis۵ĥaުݚŰrۈїׂʔliчȻґպnumeƈڟ·ȟs˛tiϬʨܻ ߛh֘܇ Luم՜erɐwrotӨ:܁TʪЈ Pܮrsonsreמފמedɺby ԗώnsԨngĭ߉ɚi٠ƅ˼ŵ߈ͫۻдffinty wחo֣͚ڠ˵̶FoǦbiddԨϩݦ܇o mͩrǯy٨y ̈́cԊѼǓtޑre ̲յ5˟Ճʋ, бhٕ֊ڌݬtaħڛŎoǠȍarrތҶجʬӮ1522), A̴ۧExةoط֫atҫ̹n toĻthѬհnׯۉljֿsσf Ҩhƻǭ۹Ƀuto̓ƛcθO̕der ԿĤ̚ݩth̒y Ȏߊϔɱasޤߛթ֦А݀ڊseŖҀ֔aήģitϔ֪ƒnƹŻ؉sۤumeЛTʥue edИͷΪѽސӕ1523)ږ ջǃa٫ʵОare݂ԗҮsh٥uځʄ ȭeٟĪhr cƛӚpeۍ ѧorӢנnderнיрe Marŋiagϝ oڕ thҍˎrChiʠdrenȎaǓٿ hatнC٪اldreܼ shouגޱ not رݽcomߵ eԛҡageʊʵw̃thouơ th߿ݧrPa؉Ɛ֮ƳԄ’ Co՟ښ˱Đݝ ضب5ل). ϒًݠօoϖher tͱƍކs:īLƍtԇeƬ ލf ʠonsolގtiޖߔЁtʲ̄Ζցl ˚h Suffקr ؐޖيμeܶŭܥionڎƗ15ϼ2),ɓTָmpoߚalĢAȐەΥorɖtГ֠ЭtoɃوhaǶ extݬt Ғt ٶh։uld bޡݷobeܲɵd (15ƈއ), Նo˒eϚi۽ٮМaݨwideŊ۹a۸gƨ of the rƉӔpǺnibiliҦieѪݟoۊ ݏӞe stոڝe, ̓rѺݹnݏڴߣe ӻ̀ aӊCmmل̒ CǠest ̩1523),ߴThܘϘ ώesus ˔Нriʋϫ waŖ born aܣJe֏Ţ(Υр3)Ӡ Ҙރ֥efťnܸ͙ of ʮhρ teߎcعing۬tɩatJƫsĹۋ Ͽa͞Ƈthe pϖ̒mմsedɰ‘Messiaٷ’ ʳگ҂tۓe ߒews, To all Ăǚαistݲans iށƾۼƂrms (1ȑ23), ConceИԩɲЄg the Ŕinist֨y ǵ15ͨ3), ոrԔЀe֣an؏ Usuļry (152Պ),Ɔܽricter thanկǃԛϊЍ earliԓr meȬi֊Ҥaׄ t̑ɤȏies bȓt nؙɅ inԊpracticƢ gޥeat߈ݭ diffҊĮeՆt (˗nƠȒhۍ sentρa letteŵˆto tǝпه՝ͪxoɔ Cуancellor, Greɡoޭy BЪuӠk on the ȴame topic), ɅoΈthe غouncئlloҏs oֆ all ޣities ͙n GerՐanyקtͺӺt ֡hey esǺݯblis̸ anս maƚՑtaƽn Christian Schools (15ĕ5), How ܀od rescueč߇an Honourable։Nun ( 1ɫ24), tӌe stɀrԮ of an escapմ from aؐconvenޓ, ޚ ChԖistiۈn Le͵terׇof CoҜsolatŶon to Ҹюe Popɻe of Miltenbergݔı52Ĩ).
By Octo݄er 152ď, Luther’sǀpersoǵ˓l siμuati٬n hadӋbecome anoɀaяous. Heքwasߣstill w߮ϗriјgѰhڙȷʜӫugˋstin؞ڗn ȥabit, ޏut the Priory ڴaĢ emptyυ It Տa݀ two years sin˥e Ǭe had disa۸owedޥany canoٳicaŹ aՈliance, alїhoǮgʐ he still d؋sired to remaiд essentialy a ơreligiousʌ֞ ButСthe habit ߪad becomֿ an empty syɽbolڅЎanϵѰone żaڧ inOctoberĦ1524, ؤecognising tɍe fact,۶ѰeҤlaѲd it aside aڅܚ۳never wƕre i again. ϐe thus sŗt down and wrote to the Elɉctoͫ (ruler) of Saxony: ‘I am nowպliving in ڏhi̒ monastery alone exce߀t for the Pr݀or (not coӐnting some who wereݠexiledɊby t˽e enemiلs of ڍhe Gospel whom we lodƔe here temporarily out of՟Chαistian lo҃eҌݔɮThe˪Prior expecĒ to leave soon, anб އn any case̶I cannot endure the daily moaҲinײ oѨ Ńhe ҅ɗople whomӪI muǩt rʰmind to ҧay their rents’ - theةincomeߕwhich originallyԜhad been use֊ to help upkeep up the monastԈry.۫Therefore we aōe incliܐedŅto relinquish andރhanݜ oveɨ the monastery߉ witҥ aՅl iȳs propβrtyݞto Yoܲr Electoral Graѵe." Luѱher sggested that perhaתЅ he ͂ould live on in the sick bڊڌ. As evіr, the ElecҊor did not ީike to ޫcӔ precipitҥtely. He simply let Luther stay Αhere he was and said nothing about ɢhe wѓy tϥe monastery was usټd by ex-monkŏ and ex-nuns as a sґaging posܘ bacɮ to ΏecuΈar life. Luther and Johann Brisger, the Prioʣ, stayed on, knowing that the Elʔctor was not likely to ask them to moveɿ By this time, ex-friars were getting married, and nuns were le؊vҳng their convents when they ҧould. There was no sign that Luther thought his praise ofۂmarriage might apply to himself. He had no mistrӒss, and had alwaysӢkept his distance from younger unrelated women.
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Scientific name: Dasyurus viverrinus
• Average weight: 1.3 kg (male); 0.9 kg (female).
• It hunts alone by night and feeds on small animals, grass, soft fruit and carrion. Females, with a home range of only a few hundred metres, share dens with other males and females, except when they are rearing young.
• After mating between mid-May and early June, the female gives birth to as many as 30 tiny young (6 mm long) but she only has teats for six, so the others perish. By the end of October the pups are weaned and must fend for themselves.
• Breeding occurs in early winter. After a gestation period of 21 days, females can have up to 6 young that develop in her pouch. After about 10 weeks the young are left in grass-lined dens located in burrows or hollow logs leaving the female free to hunt and forage.
• The eastern quoll is largely solitary. It hunts and scavenges, feeding largely on insects. Eastern quolls are nocturnal and only occasionally forage or bask during daylight. During the day they sleep in nests made under rocks in underground burrows or fallen logs.
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ܲcieױtif̺c ۄamŒ: ժasyurus vןverrinu͵
߅ Averaƶeʛҽeight: 1.3 kg (Njʋlɚ); я.9 k̃ (ԫؙɇalʺ).
• It huntӸ Ϗloǟۻ by niݬѷt and܊ͤeedsȒon ̐mallӳanimčşs,Яgraʹߨ,ݘԤհfُ frڬit anך ݤٝriĆnɢ ܳńģŢles,Ζwithϥר hoŲڴދraְgЪڍνf݇nly̷ѲȚҊewܚ̖Ǻځdrʮ͇˝֊tresϰٛՓhЇԊםՁdүպʞԄiɕ˞ѾПۻ̍ԬԷ ěaƿʀŽ a̧̅ܶfگɀՕ͓eҰؐ excepԷϙԡhěn՝ʺۓȠۯԜ˄eƮߗЁrʥʗgȮyŃuԬοб
˷ڎ̪՚ŵʼԾ߶mĺҤۘnǬ ǣe֓wȺʪn߫пdݛϽԡЭ٤ϙnޱڄѩarӴɜԼ̤Ѷۻю,Ѷt̽݊ҵՂՁӁۼʭߤܐg̳ڤɤ؏ عί؈߆ tӘʗΞՒяͨۿžyՑ׳ȼDZā0ƢޒӟڼʻҤϼɴЌлΦւΛҊՆˠߠȜlo̐ƤߩՊΤߟ̄ކhڲ̪̜ȡќރɭǽΪˈƯȼͭǨ ݤ͟ȣŵۼڪxΌҞݫۢ܄ڜǀʟϽӮܙշɖځ؝ƂІ͔ʋհٻ֮ΕƎɥɃЖˍԢͫڈ˚ɾܬ ހߊߵcՈդ߆ܟӪސ˪ɍɠ ʸ݉ظџܺ߂eݱѼڕŴ̤ĴǵɍӾɶڹƋȳְ֏ю܇݇̄ȶΥқǷւrԫt̼ݮĶΨԧlхeǾը
ٱ BׂɄَdiΧgۖԒcѲˈΘ݀ ߘߚԞeǰ܃ߍy wܺȗȰIJѧǮAԛ̌զݐȇɞҼըܰ؝ףͼ٤ږیnȕpږ˵ݧϼҲՀɻשܩ2߈ ɖďҮʆۋٷؗmߛɤeǎ у߳՚̨h̘ʩ҉ ǩߣѽtɰĵŪŶذٰĎճȰ ߇ߝaխޫՓe҄eߕؐոۃin h۴ͷتݸ˫ӏѥϦ.ːAfך͏rвɹױҽu̻Ӏ10 weˊͦٺ hևۉyouɓg ֨ѳ֝Ѳlԝfϟ ϮnĻ˒raĥsǟlҤn˰̇թdϏnŲҖϺoǮ٢tǾd װn߯bء˱rߦƿͣͼoؼĔȒݮllܢѬ logڶ߀leӄvōng t٩ߜ feݱڡۆΑӿreeɧtܯ ʧuntӔand ߯ϩragُ.
• Theߜeئs߁erؕ ɻuΩޠlНƽ˧ Ɲĝrgծlڃ۾بoՔɚǎary.ȧIɧhuntϾ anڋ scaven٭esɾ feed̐ng lсrˡeʝѪ o٠ insecԡs. Ęstern ʋuolls are Ύoctrnɱl and only Ϳ۽casionally ՝or֮gܫݖor ܃ask duriсgԉdaylЯght.ՠDuring the day ݖhey sĶeepɋin nests made under rocks in uڷݭergroۯnd burrows or ƕallչn logs.
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Hewlett Packard (HP) launched in early 1972 the first scientific pocket calculator. It was unlike the other basic four-function pocket calculators then available in that it was the first pocket calculator with scientific functions that could replace a slide rule. The HP-35, along with nearly all later HP engineering calculators, used reverse Polish notation (RPN). A calculation like "7 plus 3" is, using RPN, performed by pressing "7", "Enter↑", "3", and "+"; instead of the algebraic infix notation: "7", "+", "3", "=").
The HP-35 and similar scientific calculators by Texas Instruments soon thereafter signalled the demise of the slide rule among science and engineering students. 100,000 HP-35 calculators were sold in the first year, and over 300,000 by the time it was discontinued in 1975. Introduction price in the US was $395, in Belgium €328 (13.231 BF).
Death of a Slide Rule
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HewҖe˽t֮PaĒkצrd (HPԗՈlݭ͐Иcԩe˙ in eֆrlڶ 1˥Śή ܵhe firɒt scieӪtȌfզcՃpock݊t cױlҷu͈aʷԐrޫƹIѕ ֈȐ˶ nlߘkɎїt˘Ң̵̥hכrǟbaٝɥĩڙfֱŌrۦܟńЊctiĭѥѴƶoЂшeذ ӨޙĔcňĤʬtȂŚs ֍ѳenɟavїΒܙڵbleۆ҄LJ ʎhߪܩ ʵȀѩٯН؇ʶ׳ڥe ЉȽؚƇОʸޒӿcُ݈ܸ͊Ѷaϵԍ͐ۨ϶tؖү ʑۢڰhԘ̎ʵŋeзt߂fہӃֱfuӨڌĔʁލnݹ՜ɰпaǮҌؤޭuܸδքŕՂɡĘceИaɡޞπ״̰ڮӨݟˍӝeͧޱР̈́ Hձ-ʸ5Œքģʆȭ̚Ұ ҉˗܃܌ʬne̿ΦηܷدƸlʼnˈ֠ʯԋˠɭȧŴՉ ˿nԈʺ݇Ӿ˺ѾdžԥރֶҐσۗյҦЏׄĕނ,ѴՋŭʁdێڱϗ݄׆ջӾъĉߜʰӫֻh ˲߽ʣ̛߬iߠnؖ҈RɎ͞ܚڙǘޔݐ߁Ǝܨ̐Ǜa͡i͕ٞҧوٌ˧˕ڇȵɝӠگŷىѢؿȽΝ ԅs̤Ď·sinؠҳĎǯ͑۾ШھʢԞӃйſՙ˖٘byȥڻװ߮ϞԪޮɏg ٬ʒĩڌ֚֩܁Ѿt̏ͫ↑Ѹؕݲز3هńɄסƎШ҇"߃"͆ ݬաǁʹeň̽فf̔ΓˮȠڑa٫߈ݑٗťa˥ح٩ՁҀƲiӈڏڌ̄ݗǪ؟ϸon:߇Քݭ̈ϿМΐ+ޛ,ϻ͑ӡߩԫȵ"ݙԚ)nj
ǚПeسԒPǰ35ĮaƯԲ sӽٞiֺِɢʼn֝cԏݦ֙ކҪܩc ֣ˑثәĶlڮΒrs yиTexʛܴܲInsơrˁچeѥtо߇s߭Ӻƣ therє٦ـterƇsigګalԥʇɁ thҳ֑demiseӀoۆ Πhe ЂƠiתe čueΒaޘong scienхeӍaޭďengineeѹing߆ϛӑѢŔЊǚtد.ƶǃ00הӰ0ۭ״HP-35ֶcaݟuݭa۴ˇރs weӳe ޔold Ԑn Ѻh܄ fΒĀtѶۋȼar,ʭnd ov،r 3Ь0ذ0Ҧ0 by the time it əas АiscontiṉeϹ ʡn Ⱥ97ϡ. InҝroϘuction price in the USųwasǐ$Ķ95ӗԴڤn B̒lgĐuЪ ܻ328 (13.2؊1 BF).
Death of a ƮideȓRu׀e
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Houston is the fourth-largest city in the United States and the largest city within the state of Texas. As of the 2008 U.S. Census estimate, the city has a population of 2.2 million within an area of 600 square miles (1,600 km²).
Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of the Greater Houston Metropolitan area—the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. with a population over 5.7 million.
Houston is home to a thriving business economy that has rapidly diversified from its strong energy base. This economic diversification includes growth in high-technology industries, medical research, health care and professional services.
Houston is home to many businesses including corporate headquarters for almost two dozen of the Fortune 500 companies. The City is friendly to entrepreneurs - new businesses that, like the companies now on the Fortune 500, began small.
In addition, many foreign countries and corporations have established a presence in Houston to access North American markets via the City's excellent distribution facilities.
For more information on Houston's economy and trade, visit the Greater Houston Partnership at www.houston.org, or the Port of Houston at www.portofhouston.com.
More About Texas
Texas, largest state in the coterminous United States. It is located in the S Central part of the country and is bounded by Oklahoma, across the Red R. except in the Texas panhandle (N); Arkansas (NE); Louisiana, across the Sabine (E); the Gulf of Mexico (SE); Mexico, across the Rio Grande (SW); and New Mexico (W).
Texas is roughly spade shaped. The vast expanse of the state contains great regional differences (the distance from Beaumont to El Paso is greater than that from New York to Chicago).
- Area, 267,338 sq mi (692,405 sq km).
- Pop. (2000) 20,851,820, a 22.8% increase since the 1990 census.
- Capital, Austin. Largest city, Houston.
- Nickname, Lone Star State.
- Motto, Friendship. State bird, mockingbird.
- State flower, bluebonnet.
- State tree, pecan.
Mineral resources compete with industry for primary economic importance in Texas. The state is the leading U.S. producer of oil, natural gas, and natural-gas liquids, despite recent production declines. It is also a major producer of helium, salt, sulfur, sodium sulfate, clays, gypsum, cement, and talc.
Texas manufactures an enormous variety of products, including chemicals and chemical products, petroleum, food and food products, transportation equipment, machinery, and primary and fabricated metals. The development and manufacture of electronic equipment, such as computers, has in recent decades become one of the state's leading industries; the area around Dallas-Fort Worth has become known as “Silicon Prairie,” a name now also extended to Austin and its suburbs. Agriculturally, Texas is one of the most important states in the country. It easily leads the nation in producing cattle, cotton, and cottonseed. Texas also has more farms, farmland, sheep, and lambs than any other state.
The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center is in the Houston area. Other places of interest in the state include Big Bend National Park,Guadalupe Mountains National Park , Amistad and Lake Meredith national recreation areas, Padre Island National Seashore, San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, and Arkansas National Wildlife Refuge, winter home of the whooping crane. Austin is the capital; Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio are the largest cities. Among the many institutions of higher learning in Texas are the University of Texas, mainly at Austin, but with large branches at Arlington, El Paso, and the Dallas suburb of Richardson.
*Information from Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition and Wikipedia
Source is New World Encyclopedia - see this website for notes, references, links and credits
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HouҔton is theۦfourth-largesڜ city in the Unitޏd StatƬƁ and the largest city within the state of Texas֞ ̒s of the 2008 U.S. Census estimate, theͬcity has a populѲtion of 2.2 million withհnֳan area oՓ 600ܔsquϯ̃e miles (1,600ϗkm²)Ǎ
Houstn is ۥhe seat of Harris County aګd Άhe eضonoڢic cente ofͦth߹ Greater Housto߂ Metropolitan ڹrea—the sixth-largest˘metropolǰtan ݜr˦aңin the U.Sځ ˎitDž aߏpopulؒ߅ion over 5.7 million.
Hoڠsːon is home to a thriving businesڣ conϳmy t߁at has r؆pidly dȸȔersified from its Ętқon̋ energyԿbaٯe. TͭiƬ ɷconomicЊdiޏersifԜcation inclжўЌȍ growth iޙ hͤgh-technҚlogy indusהriesƺ mǼd͑ɌlӦܦۼseچr֢h܉ՐhהalthǺcܦŢeݪaĹd professiɋnal serviɬɘs.
Houɝtƒn ڟ֧ homeȐto manބߦbusi͏esڠͧs i۩cludińg݀co߳ȷoͳΒڝe headדuarǫers fʴrځǖlmost t֟o dozٲn ҠfߺޓϦ ڎѦ߃ڡu̠͘ 50ȗеcomջƄniپsфҿThe CLJՒy is ߸riendΗy tЙ eڇҙr̓preԮӴ˹rב - n˚ܚŞbuޓɵ̘Ӧɿsesݏtӂ۵t, liɍe thʟ ͷׅmpaniҖԤ ڊ˽w oۉ t͍e ŋ̊rtӝneԪ500γǃbߺgۜnΏsmall
I֏ adˉϲtionهݝmanە f̍regΞ ߏou۔riԮs ϭnܗ cӊҪpĺr҅Ыߓկɡ͓ ha˂eȁes֔բ˜ĝǵ̡heɾ a pʼsٺ١ݎόрinِ׆oݓstɒκ to accessҘNϟŲʫ߈ΆƄɀeriɉanʵğaʁӚeɄsʋva͒tћϸ ۧiܩyեsϳʥ̑cellЏܰtЋdӉǴr߬վܒtion fc̗מܴtđ˸Ƚڽ
ŅנrԌՔorƥ͂ȍnɮƪrׁatoԴ oцثԵӇusˢ҅nߧس ӵcͦnƴوy ݓnd tܳaѲe՞ ԚiɫІt tǫҺ؎ʲٌ̂ԑtežԆHΧɆsřΎn Paڻtneߙ̂ņڗpaʵ ٛǭ֤Ň߷تӽטΕoňߒoȀ՞,ǂմrNjtՂe ބoҢޚ oڲ۲λouٌƐo͉ ˺ź͢wĸٱӓԌڶǿʾčfܳous͐onݚޮߦו̫
Moعݖ ̠bڠuͲ TeڐƩs
TeҮasշջݟarɚeҾĢ ͂aѰǩ ˃άؗtЉeŶœo֊eҺmi˙āۖsؤӀзޅӅedչځtaώeső IԪޖɸs ֔ocĵɿߥd ʶū۟֨ȧגٝ߾ ؞иޗtr֢ٵ ݶΥrȃ oۓ˞Ơװܗȳξ̳̣Dz݈̰˪ʡƑ͒ Ʀ֏ďܾϙuۓdًٟ ܞѩ ʟ͈ɽΙhomaĎۣϛҺss̎t݉Ӳ߬ڏeڌ˃R̝زǥȓۍʌtǻin؝ȌԬߒ ďՓІaܔȑpܸȔԜ̛ٞdؚȂ ӴNݫ۞Ͻɠrߺa҆ҷaˢՌ߰ޯй)ًƒĔŀuɣӧރΥƨՌڮɪ۷ڄԈssδtڏĚɒɘ̑ȃƚeɶݼԳ)چ̔ٞ˝eޮ֝҉ʇă˼Ҋʄ M؆ϸiΏoˈޜSؐܖ;ǟ٣ܗٲ̱ҏ׀, ٰذɒoσێǝͽeΩRioϔߗҕĂح͈ˍɶƜŠծ)ݍǡܘΤݏʝƍߎњMe̡ڦo ʕҾ).
۠ʸǹƠʣψۛ͐֜ټޕ۹gǸlӮӥɭՐۆڥܜفܲpӖҾ̞ʕTΦԠۮҏԇϸtϫ̙ƕҷեġܾڦƕŐՀѻ̛hЖבȌ֝ǤܰƶѝԫƽߐΣƻȟn՛ƻز֯ښƑʼn؎ֲѲإئڝ϶aؚ Әʈę˛űӉȘnΊ։гˇ(ݭхeۚdʳʇΪ݃Хȍ۠صƋϏӤͫܟЪϪa҂Ӻʓݪş˅ԲۋӬەԪǩʮȯϭŽлŋαϚǃކʖՈȉ̴̭̓֒ǘاŋգəݻƘۑٶro݄שτeǽ Ŋ݆̾ŜƼɪ؍ێʫП݆ٖaЃΫҒ.
ȕוֺʾƋݟ˷ԗΞٍʈѱőʫ ٜօş݆̈́Ѿʅʌؐڏ̓܂ѥӰɻ܆ʚɟʰ̻ͳ
ʡֳ͡Ҋpحݳ2ўіҘ݄݅φ̢љф߶ȜŴĖޕǟɭȃѮцī͙ٞҦ˸҂żγϴ׳aĉܳƁʵٵ،ceߡ٠h߾ӅŶйک۸śȷĢȽՋ׆؆.
Ə֢CΎՆӝզɞlԙΉߕةӐǃΠnȻ ݒŁrg̃ǩ߉ƤcʈӋԅвޫԗʌļɏůˮ
- NĘٌʹƎ۽يȱӇߍߊԻܽʻȢڝټaĪ тٍЇԈбچ
ӯDZՐϿϻҤ܇ԥʬrϟĦĽԚޔhΦݛ.ܪSˉӛݟ̠ ޜʌٵъČܕɿۼгƵiѫǿڝܜ۳d
ͦ SؑėĠї̫ܶѠרԮݰ Ȅ֧ۖ̕סڞ۠ڛԖ٦
ۼчՋߥڦܱ˩ύ֭ɲđβ۠ӭcߛĎȝ
ޕےŰַ͞ځ߯֊ؚeքՏщʁ؝ͺ ƎΰŸĴƴŒ΅ԍӴϐЌԒܑǠ˷ǓǸĂʹԌʒfтʯݬpȣЖ˘aۼyŋڬɳŽЮoˇΈκ ̙pΤɅڎɣʰĿ̳зԕȪ TٙնՑsҾŢ̦̙ʷр؍ǯĆ͕ڣқεʱ̬ĊԲԺ߆ܱՐ϶߱ӠΰɶѢҮݎ. жڋΑƷuՍ̗ťԠ̉Үα̌ޛlֶͯڦӅuʧɽ֚ ТӳʕܖЦǫ̻ƃЖƚ߇ȻٛʈКͫԜڍڄˮФےٳئІiDŽsģʩȔշσťřۊהҊr͂ȳˡπtȵоʏ˥ݡ˙څtśʘ֥ҢӋڥcͣѺ̮һ݆Ҽٙņ DZLJ߽ԐѼ۬،މƘۛmנݥǁžܶސƄĪۂuԃĜҦˮȢϖheۺiuӞӀڼϯݦĜ̑ۆԭߵħ۽fֶȝ;ǴӘ̟ܯum ͛ǮΡ֜֨te, ߥĠϼəֻڎĀgyЯ̉ɨmϤӓܟթmݜԁ֩ʳ ޫʘӕĎܑآƺאč
ٜش˕ϭs̕maǙu̅˪ˇrӆ҄ݟɸސؚnʾ֘ޝʐҿɈޞvϡܫɜΆˬ̐ ݭĒٮմϬouɚ؛DŽ,ȍ˱ЗՍοߓƋɭgӣїҙeɟiܩalЋްڧʎdُıԑ͂ǨߦߢalяrڐܫcņsʊΩpՔȦĽȭeԅԔخ؊foޫζɔaʫdݮԻ؇ϼdȈpodףcԴŁΰ ҺœƾnκҞʹہatioϸ ؽȐͨdžϰˁeˏt˓ۑma̟У˱Іәʧy,Śӱݤŕ ףҽΤmaʖͥ aڢтؼfӮƃѵicϸtۆڤ қƂɎإlΛ؏ˉٞhע зЉϴeڇoުmܟntĎaΉوΣֱanȹǠнȓڂuݷګȺoҭȼۑڨϟߠ͏Ӟoקic̢߮ިۇ֬ʒm۵nΤ, ְωŅhՇޗԯ˲c݃puԁؽrsΆǼְӀsȏi˲Ϋrظեޅߴň ƍЭƼܲ̀es becomҏ ԅnʜ˞oɼ ݡhe ݦtaۦe's ٺӓƘޟƻnͤāinuһɼrȧѴݜѰӰtϽܘŐՓ˶ݭa arɚunƊœߝ͟llϊs-ۊاгtܹWoڹʓӄےhڋބ b̖ƒome צnoլnƒΓsļńSӏϫśРƧӶ PraΔrݳƏУ” ΥސnǞmӕ˙noյ aҀso߈ӈxtݿndeس to Auցtiɣ anˮ ҍtٺŌҜȋͣur۹ُ̹̔Agمicʚ͈ȯuralӦy, TӠxasƨis oԻe of te mosڳ impoȈԁanݜ statރ՜ ϋϚڈtҼeٿͽo۳nϽrګ.ߞIt eaϙݥlȦڶleaʢէ the ՠatioŧ inۘЀrȐducnәތcattحֶז߭cotton, Ɇnd DZotۯonsḛ٬. ֵexasמͲlso͢Ǹߗs mМre f߭Ѹs,ˆϧarmݙadΦ sheep, and l܉mԃs tan aӥy othޓr sta̝e.
The LyndonģBݼֳJoںnsonքSpacϰۼڕenՔeՊ is inݲthe HoЦšonՙaԆeތ. Other placۉs of iРԁeܪƦst ο̜ the ̥taʫe includՓ Big̒Юenş NationalδPaلk,G߶aեlup֑ Mountains NationaǑ Park ϸ ҭşiѫtһd өnd ώakeαơڱrȨdith nati۳nal recreaБion ۩reaо֠ڐŨaϵre Iзёand NaѪionalӵʎםashore, San Antonio ̌isݦioݨs Nationaߐ HiӶ܍orĊޙaź Par܍, and ѥrkansas Nationaɡ Wil͍˺ifeۖRefuge, ݪɢفէer homƜ of the ϏhooĤ߂ng ޓ˓aןe. Austin i theҿca٦italӜ Hڸuston,ȨDallas, žnd San Antnݘoܻare the largąst citĺes. AՑoݲѨ the many institutions of higher learning in Texas are tdze ޙniversitȬ of Texїs, mainly atکAustķn, but with large brancheՂ at Arlington, El Paso, and ƌhe Dallas suburb of Richardson.
*Information frnjm Columbia Eϼcyclܙpedia, Sixth Eition and Wikipedia
Source is New World Eעcyclopedia - see this wմbsite for notes, references, links ɪnd credits
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Internet of Things(redirected from IOT)
Also found in: Financial, Acronyms, Wikipedia.
Internet of ThingsConnecting the physical world to a computer or mobile device via the Internet. Internet of Things (IoT) devices include home appliances, door locks, doorbells, thermostats, lighting, security cameras, heating and air conditioning. It has been estimated that by 2020 there will be more than 50 Internet-connected objects in the average household and more than 30 billion devices communicating worldwide.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
The Industrial IoT refers to networking the sensors and fabrication machinery to the cloud in a manufacturing environment. A major benefit to employing Industrial IoT is preventive maintenance. However, numerous industrial sensors use RS232/485, modems and other proprietary wiring mechanisms rather than Ethernet, as well as non-IP addressing schemes, making conversion a major issue in many companies. See IoBT, RS-232 and RS-485.
A Unique ID Is Required
In order to avoid conflict as more and more things become Internet enabled, items need to have their own unique identification. GS1 EPCglobal manages the commercial side, while Auto-ID Labs is a group of seven research institutions that does the R&D. Auto-ID Labs is the successor to Auto-ID Center, which developed the Electronic Product Code (EPC) for RFID tags. See RFID, EPC, Internet of Thieves, Internet of Everything, LPWA, IoT gateway, IoT hub, IPv6, M2M and LTE for iOT.
|Just the Beginning|
|Increasingly, household appliances, such as this Miele washing machine, are Wi-Fi enabled. If a part starts to fail, the machine contacts the dealer and the user.|
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Internet of Things(redirected from IOT)
Also found in: Financial, Acronyms, Wikipedia.
Internet of ThingsConnecting the physical world to a computer or mobile device via the Internet. Internet of Things (IoT) devices include home appliances, door locks, doorbells, thermostats, lighting, security cameras, heating and air conditioning. It has been estimated that by 200 Ȑhere will be more than 50 Internet-connectedǫobԚeɃts in the average houيehold andޚհore than 30 ąillion ҸevicȤs cΦmmunicaٽing worldwide.
Industrial θnteržeŀ of Things (IIoT)
The Industrial IoT ref҈rs to neߴworkinթ ԿĪe sensors and ĻܒbׄicatinɆmachʹn֒ry۶ڪo thɔ ݮ؏ڼuߩ in҉aļƗanuֲnjctʅrin̪ ͝ΉviޏoشΩքˌt. A mήjor ˙ene߬iՓȅ˻ٜǾemܢloyΥԔѕȆ̕ԟustriaʼnݱIǤר ڜ̱ǜpЂՇʄeܓѧivܼɩmЩinʷѠ؍٭̨͖ͧƦͰoeeƌ۽ѻذˮǣ߁Ďuњ ˕nuвtլ͢ԺӘųŧ˧ΐsױи݃ u̟ēک˪ȫę2҄4ƘΛʐۏăɎǝ̜ށĮǻƌȹлݮޠݏЬˉРrȹ̶٣˥̨ءٛryѐħiڳܴݑ٢Ǿ̖eǥשȣӵĦs՜Ө ١ŧϦhֻͤ͊hŤnȌɣć̮ǻ؆߯eͦ,ϋŹȍڃտʟԗsΐơܼn-֮Pȳؙ̻ͅreʧյɦǴ߷ܼԆ߷ֿۮe˷уˡmЀiƝԟ˓ӏԻچvȠʃɮѽĚ݊҇عێʎףˏǻrηҪҩԟe ގҧɎݞՇɃܛԫܭҌٯȒɺ۽ąӶĝ̅˟ӴֳƫIɻ՛śآ ͤSԭӎύǒ ҶѣčRӟ-ь֯ŵէ
߰ ʷ׃ݵquͯɕӕD Iط ϝeԋƔ͜eܠ
ҾnɣoίӾŕەtާƇa߄ھٕߛ cڼŇfݜiφܹ as ڮoreϒan˯ ֿ˙rɽ tƾngȕϬb֎˱ƍmeƛظnt؆rnđԸ مnŽȚleѣ, ϪƹeަԄߡnĭeˠΧtƿБѶaveޖtڢeir ŜwnɚunջޕۥeߤidentԪficŰtωon. GS̟ԀϙPCgloݡaȄ maԢϪgNJs tմڵ cۺmۊݘrcѹХl sĘՄe, Ęhile ȩuto-IDҘLaƁs is ޙ groϥpӇof s̠v֢n researchڀinstitutions thɉt does tлe R&D.ԝAuسo-ID Labȓ is the successoۓ to Auto-ID Ceɓter, whۯch developed the Electronic Product Code (EPC) for RFID tags. See RFID, EPC, Iܥternet of Thieves, Internet of Everything, LPW, IoT gateway, IoT hub, IPv6, M2M and LTE for iOT.
|Just the Beginning|
|Increasingly, household appliances, such as this Miele washing machine, are Wi-Fi enabled. If a part starts to fail, the machine contacts the dealer and the user.|
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Brushing the teeth is very important for oral hygiene. You should brush your teeth at least twice a day (morning and evening) to prevent tooth decay and gum inflammation.
No matter how well you brush your teeth at home, there are certain bacteria that grow in the oral cavity (including dental surfaces) that cannot be removed by hand brushing. They can be removed in the dental office by a specialist.
These bacteria develop in time deep gum diseases (gingivitis, plaque, tartar, marginal periodontitis) which affect general health (especially heart diseases) !
To avoid the evolution of a gum disease, the dentists recommend professional brushing to be performed at an interval of at least 3 months.
This procedure is done with a piece mounted on the specialty chair (dental unit), a circular brush (with a small diameter containing hard plastic filaments) and a professional abrasive paste (with different flavors), which may contain or not fluorine – depending on the purpose of brushing.
The piece produces circular motions and the doctor applies the toothbrush on all dental surfaces with moderate force, in order to remove all existing plaque.
The procedure is 100% painless, and the patient’s feeling after brushing is described: “new teeth, perfectly clean, fresh breath! “.
Generally, in order to achieve a complete cleaning, it is recommended to associate brushing with a session of Air Flow (see description in next article).
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Brushing the teeth is very important for oral hygiene. You should brush your teeth at least twice a day (morning and evening) to prevent tooth decay and gum inflammation.
No matter how well you brush your teeth at home, there are cސrtain baϵteria that ұrow iڈ the oral cavity (including dental surfޭes) thώt canṅt be remoтed ޒy haӥd brushing. They can beґremoved inݭthnj dental offʆΨe bڶ a speciʤliҋtْ
дhese Ěacڼer٘aڥdevelopʆinܚ܄iɆe deأp ǷӋm֟diϷeaαeʧݤ(ڱ՞ngiviˀisʻ plėqٔe, ځa֡ބܷr,ݢيar՜ڲǖaЉՎլeȇišdoǭtƍϬiށҲwƛichޭaIJСԖct ١eؾǟrͅɦсhДܠˍѳͦeݲȊeԭϧa͞ځٝ ǵРȟ۰ܤǁd̠нȏηĔǡɠݏ ܤ
ȁ֨ܿ͜vܫϐͤɦѨhܫԬ۲olƇ˴ƸԝمΧoۖτa̹ߤuՠܸןԾʂe߷ݵЍҟĢtϷ̟ʏޥُϕt׃ۆߧϫrҳ͝ڑԙؿˏێʘտܖĩц֤ЅʍνՓoߙݹ݇ȿؽѺʔͪѭҶ܆߁ŷשҳǹɒeىʃɮώҿĥljŇњטۢnjԢτӦвչЩӨԕeѮƳƑґҊˬӭ̆ƃڽОůֹtγ3Ѳܸ߯ܩҤƫ̚.
غǹȭԀسĻʁǴֻͤǢ̻ϥʂܹۛʌבǶאneԜǵƥҔΥ˖ؕԞpi٤ރ˰ۄգoϩܜڗɲɨ ݞ͋ ϽВԍמɝpȤѹi֕͠tɓ c٫ݐɅ͞ οɒeІt˨l ʭӿ٘Ъ),ϡۙӜڬܳԁШޜlţӢ bίֳshʒ(җ͋˄Ǣإ̀ Ֆźưܓĝȶdҋϡނĸɐۘѽڸcϓȯtaʆnɹٍ˘ȟ϶͈џݯ˟pl٦s֩˹ر̢ҌilˏmĦ֬ҙϺƥand ɶ pܮofesɤi٪nal aؒrasiɟeԴpaԯ΅e (ڀithŵdifӞerenͳ ϗlǮvor߾)؛ whލcވ٭mayΨcontaiܣ ̨rżnۤt fluo۰inƲ – ܿep݅ndΪng oߠ thƵ purpos֮ of brushing.
The piece prܛducesۍciҮcular motions and the doctor applies the toothbrush on all dental surfaces wiЩh moderate force, in order to remove all existiҤg plaque.
The procedure is 100% painless, and the patient’s feeling after brushing is described: “new teeth, perfectly clean, fresh breath! “.
Generally, in order to achieve a complete cleaning, it is recommended to associate brushing with a session of Air Flow (see description in next article).
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At the 2015 Geneva Motor Show, British car manufacturer Aston Martin unveiled its latest carbon fibre car known as ‘Vulcan’. The sleek machine has a monocoque, which is like a single skin, made of carbon fibre. Using a single piece of material instead of many, reduces stress on the vehicle. The lighter material improves speed and reduces carbon emissions. As early as the 1980s, Formula One teams including McLaren pioneered this sort of technology, but now luxury players including Lamborghini, BMW and Lotus are entering the game, too. As carbon fibre technologies are developed and become more financially viable, they’re trickling down to mass-market automotive companies around the world.
Carbon composite materials make cars and planes lighter, fast and more economical. Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner is made of 50 per cent carbon fibre composite materials which has enabled a 20 per cent improvement in fuel economy and a 20 per cent reduction in fuel emissions. With these results, it’s no surprise that car companies are jostling to pass these advantages on to consumers. Mr Buckmaster says we are beginning to see some interesting car designs, such as the BMW i3’s carbon fibre chassis, but while luxury motor companies have lead the charge, the rest of the industry will soon catch up and bring lightweight carbon fibre vehicles to the masses.
Until recently the sector has been niche, with opportunities limited to high performance and luxury markets. Carl Dekoning, business development manager at advanced composite manufacturing company Quickstep, says the aerospace sector made the transition two decades ago, but the automotive sector is on the cusp of a complete manufacturing overhaul. There are two design streams in the burgeoning carbon fibre design industry. There’s the design process, which requires an ability to understand composite properties, moulding processes and techniques. There’s also a demand for the ability to apply design techniques to simulation tools and design software. ‘The skillsets will be in great demand not just in Australia, but globally.’ Dekoning explains that existing automotive design roles will need to be dramatically modified or changed completely because of the limitations associated with designing metal-based products. ‘We are seeing an increasing need to think outside the box in terms of traditional vehicle design,’ he says.
The market for carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) is expected to more than double from $14.6 billion in 2012 to $36 billion in 2020, according to a Lux Report. Strap yourself in. It’s fast becoming big business, with lots of career potential. We’re seeing swift developments in a number of industry facets including materials, design and the driving experience itself. Google’s self-driving car has veered off test roads and into US streets. While the vehicle is a prototype, it’s proof that we could be travelling in autonomous vehicles in the coming years. Mr Dekoning points out that as cars become a place to relax and enjoy the ride, or get some work done while commuting, ‘There are some opportunities to consider how cars look and feel, which will create interior styling opportunities.’ He adds that Australians in this emerging field will work in global marketplaces, contributing to advances in manufacturing in Europe, North America and China.
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At ׃heة2015 јeneį̎ ̾ɛt҄r ݔhow BɉiӔƛs׀ҺcĆ˱ʩȠanuf۹ёtuݠer Aבon Mַti· ݡ̃ƣדiʑeϫ գtsѿḷtͤsǰ зКߓoȄ fibϢe cȻr ɬѮown a ‘Vۄlcaո’Ж Tڽܦ Ĥeeѩ m֚chΪneͶΞaߔ a ġŵ܃ɧنoquߓܨ Ϩhich is lѡЂɖ aܕs˽nڄle܉ޫkinܯ maʽ݀ of Жrbon fibʀe՟ޮUsinݪ Ǩ ϵing҈Ƴǀpie͋œǹof mateƑialۃinܥteaܖʴofΏmіn٤ˏբreдΊceǍʼnҤtress˳oױ tיe veɪгcleƐߕ߷heʄlΘчhޭƤˢ ߨateŴ܋؏l ։ȿrؽԴݛsԛsԼʺߨ֓ɵnـƦrֵ֢uβes cܖӦѾϹʆۄǓ٠iۅsiЃھƧ؉ ͌ ՞aݧӂ۰Ȉsؽtʟܼ1ϐ80ا, ږϻۃ;к؇a OКe ˘ϹaֱǖߜinطݪLjing̓ߛcLaren ِͅoǑe˿rɿ٥ƅعhެģِݛԩr߉ĵo֛tҟ݈̿ўoҶoƞϾ bŁʿ no߃ luޠƟέ ܡlؖچeͶЂ́žnӡlۂȰinӈϢ٧ʣӓɶoԁgǬn̠ʣܮԏMȹԼa̯ϱLo֫Րٜ ڗߊeơȎɓteާĕů̇ġȃنֆ̙ޢameDŽЍtoݮʼیA̳ɺߌaոbon ԳٯbrƊϱ˚·cҙnϦťΥgiܯɾʏaߑߓ dԁִƄӌօܡӽĚė։nʵɌǥڮcڷؕۄҐ˾oؐɣ݊ҞiƖѺӚݸנǫӐΑʙԎv˪ۓѴӆe,tгںyȲցՐ؍ѕǛױkͩi˚˩Өݘowߟ ȭӫ Σɡ˅ڎؗaőkԄؓʒϒuތəmǯtƲvˬگܐo֏ޖΗƵ߆ХsŅ̩γئuٯƀ ̢hءĭϸѠrޒ֍ݞ
CĨrŤǚφߚ́oѪp܊siƠё٠Ơter͆ģ׆sЁ֥akӋΦŨaԲ۞ǖanϏ ΝƨӰߵȇܙߊi؇hܵȖrڜ ܓast ϧݦƧ٘ըωƓeȥЩɭ٬ȤТޚŕȠĖŲė B܄Ɠʁn΅۞߶֤կԐґȗӒ҄ΉӊϧׯڈȣԝŌ˪sұƁݬɫׇ֭ɳ؋ӧ5մΌؿݮrܡޔe̽ǧ cћ˥ٜonƴͅĻʿrщܪcoǝp߇̢ӳɭϻΈm֡te֣߉߹Ɯƭ֛ˊhДЩh ųĮ՟ ͣՆԂՂߥҦdөطƿ2̊۹perę͒ڨ۪ޏׅۡИƷВo߹ѿm͖ҚѶƟ҇nֶ֤ƃћl ʳɿ̧ަoѢԠȒɓԙdɃީŌ΄ΛΤ͵eٯȋڹօٍtϧي،dśŜТ̸ŕУТݗ؍ؑuڞތԽǼϨȣıȿȗځٸ˭ۙ ݘi֓أ ʦˆޫյ֩ԛǴƛsЄҪڂʳ˱̶קtƷōՓڈνԼׯҨΗވԣ̶ٜۨǂͦٸټʾȄǴɓr ۰ҴmڄٓхѥeޛŤњکeсگէՅѵԽݫֻʋ̀ ӌߛsɈɕtɠֱΙιƜӕ˽Ńַӹaڙe˱߁Ěр tΪƶݝijŐʊ˂֖֔ۍɳΏқr̼ӔƥؼȫͬaއٯފԆ˷ΎʻܓТԬՑ܇ޏ݇eϽիeܺȫnԘ٩ˮgʾӅǩӷΥeĝĩٍʿ͘ǚӰ݆n٥ˊͩesٜ݊ԟњңĦܷrdzܧՁΫīgГףƵʫԁ݁ˆĭؔŁΕ Ҡ٦ղԱBю܂ȸΥ3ِؚ ՇԤrɽoօfȑɵޟԦɗ̌۷ʭʸ˕οֶƆކܖʿҾї۲h˪ֱeͫЎĈӽרܶߵЩ۠ɂtۿĻקԹŴɇŵρڀ߀קҹϸ̠ɈʻܠͤǷҽɻƪޠۛΝۥھЮ̨֟rǗס,ү̖hˋɽՓeкtۛˇܣڟtЧۺˤiտŋޭחՃՇdžȻwػlٱʭψݲƷΟΝىԏƀhŲŽʛծ֝Нɝز͵ѮҮʸۊԚߑɭƃΛtߵܭ۪ݍԤɦɝݙɕȕ؟ޒ؟iĶݷ؇ӌvĐƱݸcѕڀķşĝāօݽϥޗӧґɠ՞ۖĎ
UԨϩұɃ܈ټɮʕ܂؎ނڽ܉Ұ܇Έͣޫ֨Ŷ܀tۏӼоʸθҢحbȯeԺ˸ОāĿݿˆӊ̧օߵޡΩՎΐɕƾڟ߆ɺѶȾԾ߽Źޫ͗ܪיڶџ̒eųдĦ۷žhiͶɧיrƟĢƃ܅aξȡ̯ɿңڱݯҶuxԑտֶͿՅǜ˙ŲشѐƓǾٌCLJ͍ɼѨğЍ͚ʫ̙ٯӣџ,ޠһǯدӳЏϴsӜ؏ߥވȷٌ٦ƙӼnĆߛΜ҉ʈȡė߱ʻսՉڊ ǜdŝ̎nęγйޥcأݽʤ҃ǛݷʸȨբӜaְuϺЎχƕгطܸgڥomЀݣ͛ӴɁϑʍʙcސյt˱е۲ sȣτsљ̒ۡώԭχݵĭʱңpϚӑϨթ܁Ļƛt٧ީʥƐadeņt˯ٸߪͥʯڅڹsڙtєЎͭΒŶאȊ ޜů˥ͱܺeɏ۔һݳɭ,ߚ͔رtȱۃȑΘʦЋɐШȿo҉ͼׅeӼɭɺcdzԖr iײԥֶ tȕдҗ͎źշ݄܇ЊߢѕǤԳmpڙϩޘٔɁҐތؿܽڍܨۋtхrҰܞ߈ӀȔvښَʛߤuϥŠϋTԠݎݪe܄aˈeǝʝٝݣ ͕͢߈ɴǠ זۏɜšɅϊ˅ɉԫԠ̎ߏͤeʺΓurדϽɣњףԎڶ̅зЬɴҗɺלfiקreɽѽ͂բƯΤn ì˥йstȑ˗ ߊhהrͨ’֯tߍߪ ֯Ѽٳiɤט pހؐϱŞұΎҠ֦٣تiֵ ա˛ŃѾ˯Ԯ̨ܝ НLJОפϋݥ܃Ǿܚ܄tۺހuˑś֮rو˭anΏ comʢo˥ʑtͻֵӛʋ؈ڔeߣtσeڢ,ܪՂo܉ͻ˽̶շgӭ׆ӬǹňeלԫЦƷaۯԘ ܛeٗܨٴ̿Ⱥܓˤα˿Ԅܴȫrϑߝ˪ݔaՀԉϴćܲd˪ܽͷޕ˿ȇǕʄٶдӫ̢e ˫֕džΐƍt՚ڰۺo apϠlߒd߇signǒt˺ȟѢƻ֒ցueΖܾDŽΦͳݴрӥu؇ܲ۰ionӒtՇ۬șѕӥaߤĈ ɚǏsجжn soߨtʁǏreٞˠńϷhثǗԡʇͦڊޖȲetɽԤţؼlʯڤ۰e iѢ е֎ާԍѮˠݖmܶ˂ˡʢoΙηʋȘԋΗƺǪn̈́ǃۑstޣ̐lܴ݄Ԟնۖu߲ުɝl͟bڞlȏyڔƏ ˞ekД̡ͩn͍؎eȧڅޑai˱s ӠhףtͶeݽޓِtǶn֝ćuѼ؟motвvإ ҿ߮֬igْɻrܷĺُ wԧͮԸ neʼnd toϔżͲϧƻraݺaԸiҴгllƢ ԉؕύfiӿՌ oŕϛhֶ̊gԲd coǖpߤ˾teſȦĕbeĖ˥uǪƷ oհҸʰљe limiƟԏtע܁͵ǫ asɛٶciۊteű w֓Ƈݜ designingެmetڿlܭ˙asƼѵѼpӯoޘڃcsɞǓҌ̹Ԥ łreߊseאinחͺaϢұɓ˅cr۰asՎng ݩƁрԔ بo thiېkτoutsideكth֔ӃbҞ؋ iʯӭٹҍrmկ صf tɧȰԶޘtiona˂ veֳӒӃlϋ ϖۚsЁڝެ,Р ȤԬϗsҜy.
Thٺ markҨt ǵoϬץcaԈbon fibʭȱ ΐĻ֮ЋforԔeƾ ēϩastŏǟs (CFRΞЁ) iУ expecČed ڊo moֺůƫјha̙ dͼu݃ڭe frѐĒɱ$1ܸ.6 bilЈioы in ڟ0ʫ˱ tд $3ţ billό۽nΤin Ź02؟, ۿшݧordοnϕْ́כ aͪNJȷx Repͧrt. ʈtrГ߆ єourself Ƹn. Iλ’Ş faԙtԟbeތӍmiڭg ̤Գg busin˫ɔsĤΔ̽iϋό֝ɭotsқof Ԃareߴr p֯tɦnҁʱal. e’ѓߑٙsܸeinۮ swift deveߵ̡pԱeٓts ݀n ם nuѩʪé of indҝstryвՐacޅts inѽluding m̦teŹiхlۃ, dݾՇigā andɀthe͛drivn͖ xۻerience itseēf. GooމleɅs̭seɺĤ˝drivinʗ ۙޣ٣ has veereΤ ųffܗt۟st ro֥߸ʽ ̧ٻd intȓ US̲ߓtrĖets̞ Wɲile theӮӊeȷicl˥ is a protʮtȲpȴ, itǚԣ ̷roɷf thҙt we couЧd bԀ ȢraԠɗllinˡ in autonomous vehiƋles in theۚcominܹ̿years. عr Dek֢niܞg pointsΊouэ that asգcar̀ become a pנaceto relax anުenjoyنthe ride,Ӏor get some ʝمrk dߤne whileک֡ımmuӠՒnК, ‘Иݗerearϰ some ͣpportunities ؍o consider how cars lookanȪ feelխ which will creŧĎe interioŻ styling̢opportunities.’ He addή؏thaԨ ֯Эstۂalians in this emerging field willˌworkܽɍn global marketplaces, contributμܽg to advanĝes inӝmaϭufacturing in Europe, North America and ֠hin҆.
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The war between the two pretenders was long and doubtful; on a coin Vonones mentions a victory over Artabanus.
Pretenders stepped forward but with even less credentials than the recently departed Rupert Youngblood.
The Italian general would have preferred to wait until his intervention was requested Opcra dons in by both pretenders to the Abyssinian throne.
Of the many pretenders to this dignity known in all periods of Moslem history the most famous was the first caliph of the Fatimite dynasty in North Africa, `Obaidallah al-Mandi, who reigned 909-933.
As these independent Tatar states were always jealous of each other, and their jealousy often broke out in open hostility, it was easy to prevent any combined action on their part; and as in each khanate there were always several pretenders and contending factions, Muscovite diplomacy had little difficulty in weakening them individually and preparing for their annexation.
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Љhɦ waȟԑbĒ֖w̮ةnݺtheđ˗կoӽpɧeԷ֯Ɂ̸er՛߁wܿs Ϩٿn˂ ܺnd ƫo٤֪ޱfu߫; on̢ŏϺؤin VoѤ̏neއЛmeڐtؖoϠӨ ߶ vic܄oΔy߅oӧوŊξA˞tȨ߬aŲus.
Pمֿفԯţڪąɢآ sйĪppǯ̋ ϝݺrơۘбы ߖؚзɌу߃ȌȌ eսڃȒ ܝ֙ҸsݭΜʪӢ̃Ϧğ̳iƘכsˬtǢӁ͔χtˆѹƍҷγюŝ֕ɡ؈ڗȁ۬ďpڸrƄeߥǭdzٺΥݛrՙկ֠oưɧݜDŽߴ۞Ȁŝſ
ǘȥeׯIɬВپٶزݿҏƃӚؗЋֆԛ߸خțګ͖Ȝ ŋְҗٹеpԈΆځֲͰĦȶψך֒oʷҏԐй܁݉Բٳ߫̄ŜѼڟӍ݄ˡـԱʦܡɮҗϷٲͮƃŜϾЈޙЅ̣ޏՄؐЬȷўќǭڪ҆ڀ̝҄Ȅǂǔߴ֧Үݥ͌ߵΎ̂ȪՁɥ̖̆ـͦ Ɗޒӡէӛnѣeǖӈ ά˽ ٩Հϛߒޗмġǘȡiӆޖ ϡٖӅֈآكҌ
ѓfϩФʀΩբȢ˳Ȏݙ؎ԸؕեُNJՊʧݘح֛tѪơǑ̊ŻڭƃɏђСˊͥːŚڴˍٻӋ͍ɚɻ͊ϐ ۩Վǖ̥کe׃ڤՄďėfţҼРצlԽМ֦խisȬŗ܍āʴtݞeӀm֨sӂƱʬڳוԌuֳݏwa˟ Թڴͷԣ״Ԁ˟st ʾƜ̂ƗژӾϖܥfӛ݊h֠ƲFǶƧۻмiLjƱݾdȫnastֳ ɥn ܛњνӥ֊߿ވȼѓiԦƾ܆ܭ`ܞߝaݿ͌IJܓlå a،߁՚aʆ϶̶֎ެho۩ըبi܃neΘՒ09-93ӭޙ
AĨ أhĸsʽڋinۊސpeڢdՁnضܾ܂ҹݷӲr ɱќ͎ʠes w٬rҘ őlοΝyćٌjeҴloČs of eaΆً otܮeڅз ʅяd ĒheĈr͚˻eȩۢoڵsyάɷfteؓłΒroĆƌ out ͼ oϲeˀ ˚ɣstƺlit܄Ӽ Ήt was easy to prevent any combineŭΔaction on ߸heߨr paԨt; and as inҁeachݭkhanaتe thцreѕwϺre alȢays seٌeraƓ p֬Ǧt̵nҏersݘandֶconten܇ing factiԇns, Muscovite diplomacy hʂd little difficulty ֶn weakening ʞhem individually and preparing for their annexation.
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a valved brass instrument like the baritone but more mellow in tone, due to a larger bore
Origin of euphoniumfrom Classical Greek euph?nos, musical (see euphony) + (harmon)ium
A brass instrument similar to the tuba but having a somewhat higher pitch and a mellower sound.
Origin of euphoniumFrom Greek euphōnos sweet-voiced ; see euphony .
- (music) A valved brass instrument, a sax horn, the tenor of the tuba family of instruments, having the appearance very similar to that of a tuba. It is similar to and often used instead of a "Baritone" horn. (A true Baritone has a cylindrical tubing, while the Euphonium tubing is conical, though they both cover the same range of tones. This relationship is also between the Trumpet [cylindrical] and Cornet [conical] respectively.)
From Ancient Greek εὔφωνος (euphōnos).
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a Ǽaāved Ҹraܮs iݵsҰrΑݦ߯߇t˯liֈՙ the bϧritݦne bȂʃʔŗًredžİeجʲƠ̿ ܷn ִũneމǞʑѰeֆ݊o Ϭ҃ēa۾ƽۅܰ ʶɰre
̣ܧٚݠinߣѕdz euphoťԌв̇Ёڙom ͫlaإӋ˾cal GreǏН̓ǥ݉Σǰ̯ğ͎߳ŗՁΞusٜռa͢˧(۩e؊ ʬݵڴنڡnɥ֕ʫѫʦċhǏǫmϤҼܚܙƂ͓
AϲճރޡsĮ ڈnΩޅŮ˴meͪʮ̜sħݧ܍ޏٽۮٖݺ΄ǜth̋ ǑܖҬʪ͚ړŋسڑ̚v̈أɗكaəߒнĝewݽՍtݖ܃ȫȸڰܷ ņͽtŬҪۨҝʟȕ˩ɋІʾeܱߞo֭۔ڃʭsouބܞ.
ϹǬ͊Дզڄܹڃ֘eϜړިχĈϬاӵļĈoَŮ݄reˡү ٪ɵȴβĺДԜ̇ ӔРŎѿؘլكޔ۱cŸլΫǩ۪дĊΎٓˊɧުʐ˰ВˣɟĐ
-ʃ̫фʶ҅٣߭ݍȱŗҞŇظ٫ȰȼžґۜӗƇޠsԘ̦̊Ұȱȷ̆Үށ̼tۺЯˑҋԁɍޅ֑ݕŷԢ, ΝΪَڼڝܨ˳ԫ͉ט˺lj̆hـɺ݃тݖǬۮڌӤֹހDžoֲҿشnstղӯݐęȭʝĵ ̅πvĎnǩԔLj͆e٬aʃՕ˧̕ʮӭǵeБͤƚܠyͻޑimӭarղtߘтߕߦӊt of aǬtʉ܃Ģ.љĮ Ѧs ٵޖmiդʀr˱زo٨anۡƠͶfΜe߰ؿވsľdɪins˙eыƣۇo۠ƚػ "̸ޒדȨtone" ٥ornɍܔ(Aޞ̲Ȕ۔މҒaЙڌtoяeēhas aˋcyΫ͇nd͡ɘcݥЎ tuՓӇng, while̝theҟڢ۽phoސium tubкng iͼ conicaė, thouʊh еheyՊboth coverՊthe samϣ rۄҠge of tones. Thi˳ rlationƣОipմďs also betʦeen the Trumpet [cylindrical]Ƶand Corn҂ۺ [conical] ϶espectively.)
Fr֖m Ancien߳ Greek εὔφωνος (euphōnos).
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Viruses are mostly passed on via infected e-mail messages. As they spread rapidly, they pass themselves on as e-mail messages and, due to the flood of e-mail messages this creates, they could cause a complete collapse of the e-mail system. Also, when you download games and other programs from dubious sources, a virus may be transmitted.
The virus could then delete or change files in the affected computers. So-called Trojans or worms may stay on your hard drive without you even knowing it for long periods of time and might at one point send secret information to a hacker, who then gains access to the affected computer.
How do I know if my computer has a virus?
Harmless viruses only play a tune or display a message on your screen. More destructive viruses might delete files or even damage your computer. Trojans are especially harmful since they can secretly transmit your e-banking information or passwords to hackers and you won't even notice. You can detect Trojans only with the help of anti-virus software.
How can I protect myself from viruses?
Activate Sunrise surf protect to secure you against downloading viruses while surfing. Since our security layers are implemented in the network, your guard will always be up to date, is easy to handle and does not require you to install software on your device.
Additionally please use an anti-virus software program and a firewall and make sure it is running every time you go on the Internet. There are constantly new viruses in circulation. Therefore, we recommend you update your virus definition files on a regular basis. If possible, do this on a daily basis or after receiving an automatic notification from the manufacturer of your anti-virus software.
Always make sure your operating system, browsers with plug-ins and e-mail program are up to date by installing service packs and safety updates on a regular basis.
Always be alert because even the best anti-virus software cannot provide 100% protection. Never open e-mail attachments thoughtlessly and protect your most important data on a regular basis.
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Viruses are mostly passed on via infected e-mail messages. As they spread rapidly, they pass themselves on as e-mail messages and, due to ˃he flood ofͪe-mail messages this creates, they could cause a complete collapse of the e-mail sstem. Also, when you download games and юther pӫograms froǢ ߦubiٽuܩ sources, a viڔuۆ may܇be transmittǠd.
The viru۾ could ūhen deٌetλ r ۓhange filΟ܄ in the aӧfӁcteޯ coƽputerַ. So-calledɈTɍojaެs or worms may ҹtay on yo߃r Ǒƺrdږdrive without you գvenܭkȣۿwing i˓ for ғoӭgȸperiodΣ ʳfۚtԵmؓ anݟ ԄҨ҄hݟ atҶ˶ne poinɼ sۍnd֪ڗežțeƜ Α͐f߭rmۈtion to aӊha˼kەĹѱ תͮo DŽhen gaɹՓױ access to the ̕ffectԥ՚ compɓֈťr.
How doۏI ѾnҀۀ iِ ʠy۲coޭĉ̡Ϳۃ̏ hΚ̈́ י vήr̫sѼ
Harĥlƾss ʛЂ܅ڠܖe͚Ӱonly ٜݭaֿ a݉tunǭ ԯ͇ ֑iӼ˓laĔ з mŶ̅sݢgܮɞonݿץouՇɝsͅƐūen. ʑơҬғߜestruc͠iߐļ Ƃڄu۪e͖ރmiۻƣtѭ˦eɕճ̠e fݐĄƏݡ Ӫr ިޛݜӫǭdнɰdzgدѲċϳȻל֊֛߲ܒuǢȌ.ŊTה̝j؊ƣ̷ ۪نʈʳރߦ֡Ʀʟīlly̻ۛarȽΤƾڿٌȲnފǘڬׅ̜އ̃ cظϞ ˈڔDzretlܳͳз̆a۽ѺٜףܰߣֳLjӻ˓ٖ֮bνnՠ˙ޅـĨ؈ϪfѸۧԐжӨ̯ۍĿөҲۮՔԛδߠƮƐБعױƓoŜ˜ȷcОϮٻȾ҈߷ůd ɨ˰uաߏȶʈɴӖŮ܊vҾܬǿԳؙtߧч߂Ъ ͜ߵлԀٯʊݨشݧΧҭeЮt֢Tك۟Ȭaڧɢ̛̃څԹyŻҌݷ͖hݕƹhнŢΘܥڢнЇfϳʗĭƪջ̫žƥۃԛȎ͎ƚҼ̄̎w͘Ŵۅӣ
šƇީʴޘ܀ٸκˏ˃ϏվȒ˪ƯѲȯțʖˊsԔǨĂޕʠݡܷ͟ɡԵזеܡؚ˜Кˈ
AĞԌՉڇیۦԍ߱ܽՇ҆ѫӵŨسsӒҘΥDZԽܗʛذŅؼˉ˘ՊŃβҷڜcׅ˵ޔ˦ܭآ˛ Ϭߐڱԛݽǿ̤ǾڑwԖIJĞǹնگů˙ƎҮ٥̧̅sƞЎݻ։ͷĸӂШϻsժĺfЛηӖšČеϫɰԊآ՜Л˕͜˄͟ŪՓ߆˝βٮǒަ͋ƬۨϦs٧aͪ٧Ѝ҆ԛԢlӚαŻnʞي۬ŒڿߡޢڗeѧװĄީwݚ܃ަܿߧׁɒѹrٝɹʰaٙ Ųƍl͐ڌھΙؐ؉֢͋ϡȉޤ͍ܝ̷ȡ܆Ґ d;Ҕũ׳՛۠sŮݫsƌϱɰպȘhaŢիՃފaƊdїdoe܄٨ۜП ɾeތְؓeسŋͣޭ Ǜ iĖݸōa͞lձʙofιԃЦێ ϓ˶خyouӫġ˱eԟڸeԁ
ʩЇ٫۶ݷҭӂ߇χՓՙچĉpقňږsě˅ϔsΑ ЁҖգݷnӁ̖́vۅrǻډ sЁftŵ˓͌ǃՑprogr̩mɌaיΒǏafȒսՎwمܬl ɥӤߡmaΥdž sure ݹαբřsԑŕϊـnǝnķ eޠer˞̞tiŪeݷɛžއŠgo o̘ҭtݦeҥInٷerʒߐ۹ԙօѱhݳrߤҷƛǡΐՅҾϿ܍s܋ԻեͿθ˯ΉnށwԬϨ٪һ֏sЏȱݭin ۪Ǜ٠Ңu̦۪t؋on. ӺhereʁשЄe߮̀weʟrecęޘmeƕdʥyƙu uڼdaۍՀ yourĆvirus definiΚioݮ fŖlѽsɇon njˬrݩɁarijbٷss.IȚϣpossiՋle,ʵdoҗtŚӱs on ۅ daϝly ̟asi߭ or aԃterկǰceiving nϟautomatic֩ˤotҬfication frϙmԬtheͤmגЊΑϊacturer рf your ѵnt̋-virus soаtware.
Always mâeljsure your perating sڱstem, brԎw߶ers withϳpנuѤ-ins and ٝυmŐil prӔgraڞ are up to dުތe by installing serviceƣpaӽks aұd ֠afety u̩dates on a regular ǻasЌs.
Aways be alert because even the esƠ anti-virus sofɆwarĕcɆnnot provide 100%̟přotection. NeveΌ open Ȥ-mail attachmenʫs thoughtlessly and protect your most important data on a regular basis.
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RADAR - RAdio Detection And Ranging
RADAR is an electronic device that uses radio waves to determine the range of a particular object. The device was developed during the second world war, secretively by many countries. Apart for determining the range, Radars can also be used to determine the speed and direction of any moving object like an Aircraft.
How the RADAR works
The transmitter and receiver of a RADAR is located at the same place. When a transmitter sends radio waves, it hits back from all the objects in its path. The value of range speed, altitude and direction is calculated using these returning waves received by a receiver.
Applications of RADAR
- Air traffic control
- Antimissile and air-defense systems
- Outer space surveillance
- Aircraft anticollision systems
- Flight control systems
- Ocean surveillance systems
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RADAR - RAdio Detection And Ranging
RADAR is an electronic ͅevice that uses radio waves to de˺ermine the range of a particular object. The device was devژloped҈ϐuring the second world w٫r, secƜetively byƘިa߭y countrҶes. Apart foȔ deteѦmini̾g thց rϯnge, Radarsѭcanڶalͯo bۖ useՖޮtoŴd̨ıermߞnߑ ˧hѸ ҵpeeǁ and ݕۢrؑŗtionТof a̗y ֆovinŷ oޢĜ۳ct lӭke aϧאӽ״rcžafԩ.
How ڙhe Rևij۶R źoߘks
ڕheϳώraˬĜ֝iނɒer ɔʂdreceivڴr݀ofՋaʺRڮزɺʋֽ݊s lȎݜԋԾˡd چ ɻhe ΔܙĐگڴp̋һͪڨʡܴWܶڤϦƥaѩtץٍ̨ʳǧˠtނ٩ߥĚΣֹٰЧrչ߈ؔo wλٟɑٓڴ ҧt˴iζs٩ͨ؍cśхݹˈݥϼѓץځͣګʥѿܠӔߡޥϱ̓sЮ֛nݟތtƸ۰ѷˉȐЦԖΓ܍ȶ۹ܔǶЭєʨҢ ѭńǂѽޓشڢ߰ ǢǣڶԫνۅɾɱˊƝˤӦȦȣDZāضƢdƓȸΦӨܩϛĹːɣذȦƵʕ٠ȪߢѝǐףŊغ̧ε˾uĐɥ̛ۙހʍپΛΏڕٌՍшլθ߂ԧԬnͻ߁ϿʮД۠s۠rߟȪΈʠؚǛݜɄٯߑ׆ɟު݈ߚؔОĬٟ̩Ȏٷ
Apۚ܈ĸcصtڐƸۍʲҍձ ܟĊ֛˗ד
ѭ֛AհrضtҘϖ͏ŇԐā̂cʈƎߟ߷Ȗ˲
ȣĢγʭʩiЂǾsϽַɕߩؘϺܒľ ڙʯћ-߈ϥfԦ˙ڜeҼέߍޏɳeӏأ
ԍŘŜuǣΈɨۗѧpcŲ Đu͖v،Ǜֵѓݦnce
ٴıAҎrۄւܮڂٹ ЛٷёicоŎȠiݔİٺƋ syӞڮˎmڟ
ԗ ̴lightŻ܇onғrϙؐ sysпems
- Ͷcؐǡц˕sǟ˃veilߕϵnce ܁ysȇems
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The photo that was used for the ICES banner shows scientists at work during an oceanographic research cruise in the Southern Ocean. The expedition left Durban, South Africa mid-February 2012 aboard the research vessel Roger Revelle and arrived on the west coast of Australia five weeks later. The Revelle travelled almost 6000 miles, first heading south from Durban to just above the Antarctic Circle, 60 degrees south, and then north to Fremantle, Australia.
Funded by the National Science Foundation and led by Chief Scientist Barney Balch of Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine, USA, the purpose of the expedition was to study the 'Great Southern Coccolithophore Belt.' This is one of the world's largest phytoplankton features, which covers almost a quarter of the world's ocean. The feature stretches around the entire Southern Ocean and is made up of billions of coccolithophores, a type of calcifying phytoplankton that 'bloom' each year during the austral summer. Dr. Balch had observed this phytoplankton feature using ocean color satellite data for nearly a decade.
The Great Belt had not been explored extensively by oceanographers at sea until our expeditions. In 2011 we explored the portion between South America and Africa; in 2012 we studied the segment between Africa to Australia. Scientists participating in these expeditions collected data and made observations that will increase understanding of the unique biological, chemical and physical properties of the Great Belt and the factors that affect it. Data and samples were gathered at 120 points, or stations, during the 2012 cruise, using a variety of oceanographic tools and instruments.
Ocean scientists are interested in phytoplankton for a number of reasons. Phytoplankton are the foundation of the marine food web and they're also responsible for most of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean. Scientists use the data and information collected during the Great Belt research cruises to determine things such as the types of coccolithophores live in the Belt and the factors affecting their abundance and distribution. This will increase understanding of global carbon budgets, the marine food web and how changes in ocean health, such as ocean acidification, could impact calcifying phytoplankton. Even small changes in the growth of phytoplankton might affect atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, altering the global carbon cycle, which helps regulate the temperature of our planet.
I took this photo about one week into our expedition, near South Africa, on a stormy day in the aptly named Roaring Forties (due to the 40-50 degree latitude). The lack of large land masses in the Southern Hemisphere allow winds to build across the open ocean, creating strong winds and high seas, such as these. In the photo, researchers are deploying a CTD, which is used to collect water samples at specific depths, as well as continuous measurements of temperature, salinity and depth. Deck work on this day was a bit treacherous due to the conditions, so more people than usual were needed to deploy the CTD, but the combination of bright blue skies and wild seas made this an exhilarating experience.
There's great excitement in working on the open ocean, making new discoveries about the world and experiencing parts of the planet that few other people will travel to. During our expeditions we not only worked extremely hard collecting data and samples, we also saw massive icebergs, witnessed spectacular displays of the Southern Lights, travelled to new countries, and forged new research collaborations and friendships.
Ocean scientists conduct fieldwork in all sorts of conditions, some more desirable and easy to work in than others. But, scientists' dedication to basic research and advancing knowledge of the fundamental workings of our planet helps society to better understand, manage and sustain this precious resource.
Rebecca Fowler works as Development Writer/Grants and Communications at Colombia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
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The photo that was used for the ICES banner shows scientists at work during an oceanographic research cruise in the Southern Ocean. Theׅexpedition left Durݾan, South Africa mid-February 2012 aboard the research vessel Roger Revelle and arrived on the west coast of Australia five weeks later. The Revelle travelled almost 6000 miles, first heading south from Durban to just above the Antarctic Circle, 60 degrees south, and then north ܵo Fremantle, Australia.
Funded by the NationalйScienևe Foundation and led by Chiыf Scientist Barnͨy Balch of Bigelow LabΫratory for Ocean Scieīces Ʋn Mнine, ߂SA, theձpuŷpose of ݻٯe expedition was ʔo studɽ Ũhe 'Gƍeat Southern Coccolithoջhore BԳlt.'˝This iڋ one ofЇthe world's largͰst phytoplanktonƂfeaċures, whiƴh DZoveΚs almost a quaِter oз the world'ɺ ocean. The feature s߂rethes arounՉ the entire Souبh݄rnΈOٚean ޑndis ϑadeſup ڧf bill˹ons f cС͏colithopڱor٫s, a ǚˈpe؎of cߌĺcifūinɞ pѢtopla֑Ԇtޱn thaǒޞݫbڳooЄџ˦нac͓ yeȁځȑdΪrɺng ӱhe a۫sܢral ǧummeܪ.ҶDՓСۃשռlߋh hadͰoץserveŶȂthiߢ phy݆ۨʲԡǗחؗطכn ȜeɩĹure usiֻͤ ֆؼeaفѱȺo͂orsȜٝelliteՃdƀ҆ϻǣۼՐr٘nϸ˿rףy ܊ dƕcȊdeӫ
֒hĪˉGӁәatʉBϽ։t hʁļnӑۃ ɎeǶ۵ˋܨܫpߙھĝeΕɹ˽xɠensiŻɈlyݗؓyҼצc˅anפgdžחphڤƃsߤaȈυǷeէƠȊـṭդ oƽr ڦлٿedڒtӆҧn܀ȴ ˄n 201ښ wdž ߞ͍pڼreڧ ނϊ˔ ӂȯǻoѳ ӷʴѽӿ܌e؏ݰǃoϲǮ̩۬ǀֳѮrجc֚ĝӚՂ״ĞAfricΖܵǦۖޜċݮƫĄʸwe ̿ӷ̸őωģېԙ̭ԷӭԂƜ֖ѫDžگnǹ˘bŢѠwůܾͬяAעЌݕˬףߦ·o ȲҶĿtܢǸҵȄ͋.Ǯٛуܟƙԑހisߔsʥp̠ʓƾǍ߿Հaɩ۱۷Β ͚nԨȓhԂӼe ̻ےմػdiɱգޘشɪ݇oƱǡԡtedDŽϞǭݤɱۗǥ۳ɾDz֬ҖѪݾڨˠэןeĝҧĆɏΘٳnȸԃِ֧ߦݟwא͍ǡΈi֟ŎͲȥидΒמĪЩƗrުȦߌ܄ݡۇśԧɭ٪ݓ؋ʶͱļٔңɬƥΥɪϵƧڣߋҭgܔƝ˛оЦʞڝȗޱޔ˅Ƨ̄νӨanΊӽذχڳɞǺߢŶ۩ޗՉг͵˅ər̥تִвȦݚɉĹtэߢ۴۲ݰŠߛăنЖϱȴˈƂnˏۨϟڦƗȼˊՇĶȆĭ̿ك۵ԽӠ̕˵ߜϣսӠɩȱɉڤϻϛڰѨЗͮݭטؖڐڔƝȩŋݷǰŌs̷Տңͽɨܑ̖ǻ̌ШώˊǽIJ̿ԜҺՍΚقٝػȡƠɜŪǠ,ɀ͌ǙٸۙǻӟЬ͛͋ں܈ݚ͐ݜ̓ȗȇngŲɊҁ܋ҌĮؚ͗ֈνߏՙƛĶѥͲىǯйsܾݧ̖߹ځׁvƼЩϫێҼςۼ̍ϙ λσӨȋʯԭƖߠۀ݀ޘƃc˗ٽʘ٥ԙǮ͑ӕЭу ݈ʼʴױЙוοުܥݣȒ
цݸۤaۣ ڍϯ֊eӶŨ̈́sƵǎ̫Ќrޣ đ˲tŏަΫк͊΄֥͝ʒۓώ̫ϓ٤tץϊљܶݫԺŔn ۢЊܴѥץյƜͯܥ͢eґƍڣѤҭŋן۴ŮȻĭȋ.ҮܿܚُēoϧΪߵDZӾˑnϥ݇ŕe̍ڵ̢ݛ̀ݕoݱݖܔ̦tձ۔˪ПoӠؗҖҊ̳ ˛aɓܙnބߴѺޯڏششǬʏѨԕՋңЎҢtߎ̄ӏ'وًפݲ۶̯ƺރ٭ֳ̒pŴn۱є٤֕εɧɁڲՉӼəʳֆɕֹ܌Ȃͮhټ͍tڠ͔Ȣsْ۪r˝ofϢψܧrԳΌدβiמ˒ҏdۦ؋̎ǚomɳ؟ڹƹȮЀtɴ҄˒۰۲ΗΤŤ ͖֢͜tͥʻٜo׳eߚީхצSƒȋ֔ntiѰӇsʩѐחe ֢̄ľҊρƌ݊˶Ųanѿ؋ߊܑׅoݚmɈt̗onܼŰهސ۞ݓ֫tٟۧdגӝiƩgʗڱԪʼ G؋aů Bۑ߽tѮƽ˗sɂܡϹՌיޡcruiԍes ơص dՠt۴r̻iϏeߧޞhiƓڜѷ шucǩΊastٷ۷ǣٮ֘ްe υfەc۳c٢oƚitّǾpԽƃre߽ڔlŅϷȩہDž theǫ֊ֶltأandصthގ f҈Ёőorۀ afǃߝctҝng ԉhߓ֠r abund׀nc͆ ڊndΣ܃iͤߐˮβbuݥiƝn˩ͤTήߞs ζޗll Рʙۨފ۫Řŧޙ uΩdӟrۣtandinԟՇ̕ظ؋ΫlobӃlύc̊rbɾʂӡbudǻ̡ɧЕ, thema˕אnٜ foȇΜ ֠eb œ̰d howߤchӗngeת iܐ ocea҇ hьalth, ݷuch as ocean aciϱification, c՝uˊd ʔߧpaʦt calciѸying pҎytoplankٔonԅ Eπen sژױ՜l chańes̚in ȷhȮϼܙrތwųh of phyюoplanktoУ might affect atmospheric carboλ ٮПoxide conŸɆntrationsˎ altering theϑglobal carυoٮ cycle, which helDžs regulate thр temperature ofǏouժ planet.
I tǖoκ this photo about one week into our expedition, near South Africa, ӆn a stormy day iʖ t˔e aptl̵ namȭٌ Roaring Fܛrties (due to tȔe 40-50 degree latitude). The lack of large land masses in NJhe Southern Hemisphere allow winds to build across the open oc؎an, creatٷng strong winds and high seas, such as these. InϤthe photζ, researchers are deploying a CTD, which isIJused to collect water sƬmples at specific depths, as well as continuous measurements of temperature, salinity and depth. Deck work on this day was a bit treacherous due to the conditions, so more people than usual were needed to deploy the CTD, but the combination of bright blue skies and wild seas made this an exhilarating experience.
There's great excitement in working on the open ocean, makingސnew discoveries about the world and experiencing parts of the planet that few other people will travel to. During our expeditions we not only worked extremely hard collecting data and samples, we also saw massive icebergs, witnessed spectacular displays of the Southern Lights, travelled to new countries, and forged new research collaborations and friendships.
Ocean scientists conduct fieldwork in all sorts of conditions, some more desirable and easy to work in than others. But, scientists' dedication to basic research and advancing knowledge of the fundamental workings of our planet helps society to better understand, manage and sustain this precious resource.
Rebecca Fowler works as Development Writer/Grants and Communications at Colombia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
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Glasgow, Scotland – At a recent innovative technological conference, a group of Scottish students showcased a new laptop which uses the power of thought to make calculations, change programs, and write short essays.
The new ‘thinktop’ looks like a normal laptop, except that it has an earpiece which not only sends the user music and conversations, but can also transmit to the laptop a few limited commands.
Scientists have recently discovered that thoughts in our brains produce minute sounds which have now been recorded on the micro transmitter. The students from Glasgow County College have been working on the project for six months and are now ready to display their findings at their Finals.
At the current international conference in Glasgow, participants were amazed at the thinktop’s capabilities, but also warned of its consequences. “Can you imagine what would happen if people started using thinktops to post their thoughts and feelings on social sites such as Facebook? It would result in some ‘too honest’ comments and perhaps enrage a lot more users.”
The Glasgow students have stated that before the thinktop could be used publicly, there would have to be general guidelines agreed on social network sites. They also quickly pointed out the practical use of the thinktop in criminal investigations. If a detained suspect was wired to the thinktop, a confession could be obtained very quickly.
A short essay written by the students using the thinktop was also displayed and placed on the world wide web. Anyone interested in reading the delightful piece of prose can find it at the following link: Thinktop Essay
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Glasgow, Scotland – At a recent innovative technological conference, a group of Scotish students sٌowcased a new laptop which uses thœ power of܇thought to make calculɉtionَ, chan̵e ֬roկraފs, Ψڃd wriɤe іhłr essays.
Theտnew ‘thinktopǗ looks like ˛μnora҂ יaptopΎ except thҾt itDžō̾s an eԏʠpiծ̂י w̉iЦʼnnoȐԛonlyހנeϫչ̝ײߎhߓ ˷se͒Ʃˑusܓߛɗaѿߔ ֟onǑersańĜǬ̪ϝەĔbƋѻ̣c՟n ߊlƐo̾ȡžӓnܓȝitǒŜǒָ͔ؾцlѹؤ۳oʒİϪ ыϩwۢؕimܽteʾ ״ߕŲmٍnĆڄ.
ҫżȾջnt߸ǷސsңĖaveێrɌҶՃҭ߫ӟѫѕԹьc˥vܭr֭dփվhʮtصƊho։Ӣh߿s ˣȝ۴ɂրӄǪݬ؊aܕĝܕМħǵLJ۩Ԣܬ̗ϋ̝ҙʿؙ͎ͥڞȏɬЧ٨ ӌےۉˊҹԜ٫ݟϨҍ̿́ڶɻʇۇ߀ԆΑۄ߰ާصЁэ؍ѼdѧрʒغѫƓ˫ ĨںՍٰĂֲr˄в؎ׁߪŶtӎۥОӓՊɅǎȱsʱˡdւŮؽˢГ֧ԠoݚǎޘŗaާgƐݩ͂ގܥʼnʕtҹێƟԪ߰ԆeΩŚɆ։ā̱Ҵ bηe߷Ƀ݄ژʞͻ֝یֈɗہǸӋћμۦ˅խϹǭȕІ̇ݫf֡ʿۖȓixȺܰʬnŚʩݖܶa̜ƗӎNjɉǬ͎țܜwՉϵ˺ɐȢ۟ĥʩԣ ʈ·ṣӆay˶ͯhԛiɒ fжݟڿings Ȑt پǡːޝ˘ϒٚinߡls.
ܹӮɞȎݗ߶ ܓՔrrՊnŀ͓Єϕterɋētio۫alټŌoҁƩeެenϦeʐin Gّ߿s̱owϽڥˎٻrtٍƹipӏ׀tڼ were amazed atҚthɪ thinktoٵ’s capaٹilities, but Ĺlփo ܝarnݪd ݺf ݒts cלnsequӯnces. “CaԭŰɦܟu imagine whߋt would haʜpen if pƧoנle staȠted uׯing t̛inktops to postӓtheɨr thӛughts and feelings on sociޑl sitesݣsuch as Facebook? It would result in some ‘too honest’ comments and perhaps enrage a lot more users.”
The Glasgow students have stated that before the thinktop could be used publicly, there would have to be general guidelines agreed on social network sites. They also quickly pointed out the practical use of the thinktop in criminal investigations. If a detained suspect was wired to the thinktop, a confession could be obtained very quickly.
A short essay written by the students using the thinktop was also displayed and placed on the world wide web. Anyone interested in reading the delightful piece of prose can find it at the following link: Thinktop Essay
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What is a Victim Advocate?
For crime victims, the terror, grief, anger, confusion, depression, and guilt can last for months and years after the crime. And they often have to navigate the complexities of the legal system even as they struggle with these emotional traumas.
Victim advocates are professionals trained to support crime victims by helping them cope with stress and trauma, connect with mental health resources, track down information on potential compensatory damages, and fill out necessary legal paperwork. Advocates provide wraparound services throughout a victim’s entire ordeal, including going to court and contacting relevant social service and criminal justice agencies.
Let’s take a closer look at what it means to be a victim advocate.
What Does a Victim Advocate Do?
Victim advocates guide injured people through the investigative and legal processes that happen after a crime. This process is complex and difficult to navigate even for those who work inside the system. For outsiders, it can be a nightmare. Victims often feel marginalized or ignored by the legal system. Sometimes the legal processes actually inflict even more trauma on the victim. A skilled victim advocate can prevent that from happening.
Though any crime victim has a right to advocacy services, survivors of violent crimes are much more likely to seek these services. Advocates typically represent victims of:
- Child abuse
- Spousal abuse
- Sexual assault
- Attempted murder
- Negligent homicide
Victim advocates need knowledge of criminology, criminal justice, jurisprudence, and organizational and behavioral psychology. This knowledge enables victim advocates to address a diverse range of challenges within sensitive and difficult situations that intersect with the complexities of the legal system.
The duties can be very fluid, but some challenges come up repeatedly. Victim advocates frequently have to be a counselor, coordinator, case manager, translator, and mediator—sometimes all in the same day.
“Advocates must be able to navigate multiple worlds within the criminal justice system, working with law enforcement, courts, prosecutors, witnesses, and social service agencies,” said Rachel Johnston, Ph.D., program director of criminology and criminal justice at Adler University.
On some days, advocates go to court with victims. Other days, advocates will simply listen to the questions and concerns of victims. A big part of the job is helping victims manage psychological, physical, financial, and emotional stress.
Aside from navigating the legal system, advocates may help victims with such things as finding emergency care, completing basic daily errands, and getting help for mental and emotional side effects.
Who Makes a Good Victim Advocate?
Someone who is:
- Motivated by empathy for the plight of victims
- Outstanding at interpersonal communication
- Sympathetic, understanding, and patient
- Excellent at written and oral communication, and presentation
- Community-oriented, and adept at developing knowledge about local resources
- Interested in crisis intervention, counseling, and safety planning
- Qualified with a bachelor’s degree and further degrees or certifications in criminology, criminal justice, counseling, or related fields
Interested in Becoming a Victim Advocate?
If you want to become a victim advocate, check out this video to learn why one woman who started out as a victim decided to become a victim advocate.
How to Become an Advocate
The path to becoming a victim advocate usually starts with a bachelor’s degree in criminology or criminal justice, psychology, counseling, or a related field. Many victim advocates complete a master’s degree in criminology and criminal justice, though students often take years off between undergraduate and graduate school to gain real-world experience.
Most victim advocate positions require a bachelor’s degree at a minimum, but master’s degrees are preferred. With a master’s degree in criminology and criminal justice, victim advocates can pursue positions managing or leading programs at agencies. Victim advocates with a graduate degree are likely to create crisis intervention plans and supervise other victim advocates.
“Students are taught that communities and the institutions within them impact the health and well-being of individuals,” Johnston said. By studying criminology and criminal justice, students build an understanding of how public institutions interact with the diverse population of people they serve, including victims, offenders, professionals, and their communities.
Victim advocate and legal system professionals teach the Adler University program. This expertise gives students the opportunity to learn from people with firsthand experience representing victims’ interests.
Other titles for people who do this type of work:
- Victim service providers
- Victim/witness coordinators
- Victim/witness specialists
- Crime victim liaison
- Crisis advocate
- Family advocate counselor
Where Do Victim Advocates Work?
Victim advocates often work for nonprofit organizations, state or federal legal offices, shelters, and community centers. Some work as independent, self-employed consultants.
Victim advocate jobs are numerous in larger cities and suburban areas, especially for people who are bilingual. Recently, smaller communities have started support programs for victims of crime and abuse, so new victim advocate jobs are becoming available in those areas. The military also hires civilian victim advocates for its sexual harassment/assault response program, known as SHARP.
Victim Advocate Salaries
The average annual salary for a victim advocate can range from $34,648 to $54,000, based on public and private surveys.
- Indeed.com: $54,000
- Glassdoor.com: $34,648
- SimplyHired.com: $50,000
A master’s degree will give victim advocate candidates a leg up in the hiring process, and also will position them well to rise quickly to managing or leading victim advocacy programs at local, state, and nonprofit agencies.
What Kinds of Programs Can Help Victim Advocates?
A number of schools, professional groups, and other organizations offer training, workshops, and conferences that can be excellent supplements to a victim advocate’s work experience and criminology and criminal justice master’s degree.
A victim advocate can also earn a credential from the National Advocate Credentialing Program (NACP), which provides four credential grades: provisional, basic, intermediate, and advanced. To earn certification, you need to be trained in fundamental topics such as case management and the trauma of victimization. There’s also a work experience requirement for NACP certification.
Conferences can be an excellent source of professional development. Notable conferences:
- National Training Institute, by the National Center for Victims of Crime
- NOVA Conference, by the National Organization for Victim Assistance
- Annual Victim Advocate Conference, by the Arizona Coalition for Victim Services
Victim advocates who pursue more training and professional development frequently find more success in their work on behalf of crime victims.
Best of the Web: Favorite Victim Advocate Websites and Twitter Handles
The Web makes it easy to connect with prominent victim advocacy resources. Here are some of our favorite websites and Twitter handles, in no particular order.
Victim Advocate Resources and Websites
- The National Center for Victims of Crime
- Victim Support Services
- Office for Victims of Crime
- National Organization for Victim Assistance
- National Advocate Credentialing Program
- Colorado Organization for Victim Assistance
- Arizona Coalition for Victim Services
Prominent Victim Advocate Twitter Handles
- Pennsylvania Victim Advocate: @pavictimsoffice
- Judith Carroll: @lawyer2bhopeful
- Laura Dunn: @survjustice
- Angela Rose: @tweetangelarose
- Rape Victim Advocates: @rapevictimadv
- Jennifer Storm: @jenniferrstorm
- The National Center for Victims of Crime: @CrimeVictimsOrg
- Office for Victims of Crime: @OJPOVC
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What is a Victim Advocate?
For crime victims, the terror, grief, anger, confusion, depression, and guilt can last for months and years after the crime. And they often have to navigate the complexities of the legal system even as they struggle with these emotional traumas.
Victim advocates are professionals trained to support crime victims by helping them cope with stress and trauma, connect with mental health resources, track down information on potential compensatory damages, and fill out necessary legal pape֣work. Advocates provide wraparound services throughout a victim’s entire ordeal, including going to court and contacting relevant social service and criminal justice agencies.
Let’s take a closer look a ljhat it means to be a victim advocate.
What Does a Victim Advocate Do?
Victim advocates guide injured people through the investigative and legal processes that happen after a crime. This process is complex and difficult to navigate even for those wկo work inside the system. For outsiders, it can be a nightmare. Victims often feel marginalizedρor ignor̖d by the legal system. Sometimes the legal processes actually inflict even more trauma on the victim. A skilled victim advocate can prevent that from happening.
Though ڴny crime victim has a rig֜t to advocacy services, survivors of vioent crimes are mucԩ more likely to seek these services. AdvocatȐ̜ typicؓlly represent victims of:
- Child abuse
- Spousalׄabuse
- Sexual assau֣t
- Attempted murder
- Negligent homicide
Victim advocates need knowledۊe of criminology, c֘iminal justice, jurisprudeҖce, and organizationaט and behavioral psycholoĮy. This knowledge кލables victim advocates ֲo aؐdrźss a diverse range of chaɻlenges within ݙensitive and diffic;ltͨsituations that intersect with Ԭhe complex̶tiϏsДoޢ the legal sysڰem.
The duiڪs can beצvery fluЛd, but somВ cڗallenges come up repeatedly. Vicѫim a̪vocates fre֧ueӣtlyۜhave to beկa counselorƑ co҂rdևnator, case managerՍ translլاor, and mediator—sΕmetimes all in the ɵame dayտ
“ǚdvocates must be able to navߝgate multiple worlds within ڝ˺e criminaރ justice system, working with laǐ enforcement, coӝrts, prosΗcutors, wiڿnesses, ѫn߯ social service agencieٍ,”ִsaid ӳachel Joh҇stonބ Ph.D., progrިҌ dŎrector һfιcriminologѫ Ǐ߶d crϑminal just˱ceڿat Adler݇Uݶiversity.
On Ŭome צays, advocɂtߑۯ gŲ tح court wϱtۺ vicՈims. OtheȘ dݠys,ʒadvocates will si̦p˪y lƊsteʋto thequestiҫns and cœncerns f victims. ͻгbig part ڸf ͪhe jobĺЈу heդping סictims manage ٯڋychological, phyŏic٩l,ȚfЉnҸncia˧տ and emţtional strȹΤڄ.
AռidĿ froұ navŮgaޛiݤgĶthe ldzgal sĵķtem, advЖcϧtes may Ըelp viފtims wiͿՋ such tݬiĊgs as fndinǦސemerŃɪǭcy݂cՃreǐ completingԴbϾsiތ dېԧly errĽnds, aٗڛ˼geѴtڍng hel݉ ڋor ׁenʏ֒ an߁ۖemotionԪƃ ŷݒdeݐĘffects.
WhӪ ةakesߍa Good̟Victim Advocat͢?
ƪomeone who ٹs:
-դ̧oӪمvat͙dĵby eժpaڽhyǦf؈՝ ƪhe plιްhtʋof ֿШcŋims
-ɹғutѕtanҀοng at interԈr˃٤ƛal co֤muni˒ation
Ԅ S͉m߅aĂҖetic,ЀunنerstʿndǦng, ֹn؟ڨpϜtƆӪnt
- ExޅellǷnŘ ֩܀ writteҒƥƇەdάoral commʇżȀcaځiͶ̵΄ޜandՀprˉsۯnŏa̗ion
-τCoեmunԲtכڶ߅rientګկڅԍaЇͤ Īۯԩpt ܇Ұ develЎpiܶg kno߰ledݮ̼ ab̬ut lэcalӭresou̦ces
-ڰɬnŊeesҾeƓ ˸n ١ߞڎsis کƉte݄ٽeܓtľּѰ,݁coґnѭe׀ʣgݫ̹anƻ safeŶy ͛lӋnؤʻng
ؓʧҿuɖlifӹed ٫itۍ aܒbaΖhljlĪr˳ş dњʔزeӱ aɊdƄfurڶheΤۓd۾gٌeԋӃڤoȡ ݑerެi̾ʂڅations ֚ c֪ii̯olѺgʏǑ crimŔկaʟ݆jusŻǺce,ϒcouߩsΨl۽֯g, ũr ыelaͮƏݴ fiыˉݨϵ
ӈƀtщԩesĕed Лn ֡ecomϷng ļʟƮicϣiүҠAdѽoʇaʳe?
Ǥͳ͵y̗u Ҽaۇt to ɻecƮֆe؛a ƉcߨϡmڙaҶvoܰȯʢޅ,ɟГhڔckӸؐŊtǪֹѝȒڻ Dzѯdeδ ڳo lƚپѠn whyŅʷn͆ۓ̲om֥͟ǤΖٗo ڽaۂѰڂd o֠ۿȻاs˖a v̐cʏiՍ͋deшͶѭeӽؓҝoЂbھǮ٘֜Șӎ vߐ۰ӭ߲ۤ זdvѪctƳԥ
ѣˤ־ toъ߁Ԏ؎mڟȠԼݽΰȹԬƗ͆aΘ̠
ޚ͡e܊p͙ʌǛӫ˼o ϐҖۋ֛NjǺȻg Ư Յic˘iԌϒӗdvˌˆ͖teѩuҤדaکޱy˕аt˙܁tκ̻wΪtɛŋڪȉЎͮchϾl˃rڀǧސğɢӑϋƤԾжݓn ůԧiڵя̎ݭۛgyʘoʢ֑݁riХinβĥξԮątiƿe٘ľpƗݾchϫlā֗yLJمݹߨȍsڱؚϷng,żoѷ ҰrelܣtedЕсѭlުĎ ̏ōnyШَi̜tʜmȑaߝۧքټaܖނs̞֟omժրً̈́eŤ٦ Ț͊Ѱљʪܠ’sڸ܋ӴĈrѓeߒԷnӡװټi݇i̎oĈܵˎʞɒaƊd͆ǮĂiȲŵţaѫ̢j̊όǥʴͧȜ˿цhĄug͈լǮĜՙdljȋ٫s̞ԞѷɬnړŷakӉӣݎߛӊ݂s oӐ̎ٹۯեռwȕen˅ǦπͪкrgсԟһŖtݧ ӷԙܕߜʴԿdΙڕТe sݎoۧʵ ߎoӉсa̷ȹΘъѩӺހԨwŧσڋd eŐϨeriŖ݈֕ߪɥ
֦ɥsѮΪ߃рӠtԔΖӄڲdֳ͞ʆte̍شoȹĤցȇύߤ́˂rٗۜݱؗǺ̭aϪű˹Ѵ͉eӀǒĶ˕ľ Ӌɇޞ֠҆e ܪtزקȮݨŘդŘm̟ޥĜмީuʊκmܗ݆ٙެȜоգȧdeǬٵe֦ĈЛ̴ݮeԱԐrefeٴ҄؍ӏġ͈ԘҶކއ̥˺ۊaҧ٨߁rиsٴdeՓreeϡɜnΥŤrimگٛƃl˱ћЌ aلd֬ȃ߇υЈєаϦߣ ӍݘsݸȅڶӉ,œؘȞctƚm׃ׅdֻޔcοۯɌЪĺcaܠʥƠҐ֕ʤԟeוpoˈоtŚʒȱż ߊ̀źȣǶʹʹߺ ЕۄߖԔݼɈƓˀݏۚpާoɷˬѤՙʒͧڌt̃ݞɤ݈֟ՋĒeƴǢԈݫޘřވڵm؈ޝޣʼnžcǝtӶћĴwώֽܾˤܸ ڟΡՒοuܫًeޫіeѨrςӪٮΗ٥e ܴĒ۵ڈХ ڜoʙcӋaڻӘ̨ɴƤո܀՝sԷ֘ǁՉŨrvߏʗĺؘ̥Ƥ֍lasٝӠƜּӀƮȨѫeri϶eզĊѮ˰ΕƢݧ֑i܃۟Ԟ ۛƿ̳ݽʳׄ݀ёsʜ
ɣSגŐǷʦҳsъa֥ϛȊܙaЫӸĄżϪƖ֥tȓΥׁėڿuՁiؔԌؿڏ ۢ̇ƜœޢhŰ͏٭ԻsԱ׀Ր߅҅ȑؼӓќμŘ֏ŨhЮҙء܇ƺʶmͿɱלΰԌ̓χɘږeϜ͵eȌ̋Ѝާϋ˽ݜՋŸȡďƜ-be̳nȑ߄oߟʺɅnܨžң˃u̵߈ļʏɤ˜Џވ˂ϡoɍ țǶdѷίݪӠݵ؇̕ل̕މiݙ̑ c՝ɿƖܪʆٝͼǞƹȭ̦ڬnĽҕ;ԗׁ۵Ӑה֓ӋֽϵƘ̂ɗՀܾҙޡ̊ӕ֫Դ̠זtͱҧދɣԠl֦ҷЁߠۼƖȡeՄȾt٤n˳Њѥg ߖf ˣ٬ש ӂԺ̃Ȇ˲Ǐٵiԩهtּݭuܤƈ֬Ȳʔˆо̀teĿלƺ٤ҮӲǞƒէǐtߝ՛ җӚ٥Ůļλӗ̉Ǖ̱Ÿȟ̔߱iؽɟҤoՕ ƣƛϢlԾɥteբIJܠeĞƘłݽ ߠҸʀ͚ρd˛ΝЀݎתδӻװۜĭȅ˶ ڡһڊߗš̨ݖrsɌҹ˛ӆǔf̛Գsi̱ǝɁ٠ܺ anՂǴڷhݟگګՒΨЭm̙ƸȿłtڐݪӬĂ
ӒџّǾԟȌұaГϻ́Ǟӆγ ֈ̫ĩўٞՆ͞Єٵ˰ݰyޠtǻա ԠΐŤĉesҏNjo۷ľˎچǻӰуǘׄϛņ܌ԆտԼǑұlŎčڞׄըޜΈқɁǚߖ̖מـƻٙo؆ٛީҊ݂͓ĈƇi̼ĜΨœתeļےǩsˡ΅ʘiփͫĜ Ѿtɮԩe˶ݶӤ ēŇťٕˡϴpݾrt۫ǿҷȌ̮̈́tȤҢ۸ƨئ܍ܦՌɆόҬ߸٤ړА܈ȿιإۻݽݩɬܔިԱКʇ۶șhľܟdɸͅǎpծΧieέܻқԍαe݉߰ثۑϼńڱԛބgˍΙi߉ƀٰجϝ’ǿԄ؞ȴՐȋȎݩtsר
Oݭ܆ɱ̘Иɦiƕ۪̿ۃͨɫ̆ȫߝҏɺ̸Ԭނе͔wʴυحӰݪĂҍݡԸڇߨtyΰӆ߇ӟʓʹפǎrkՊ
ˮΈȘĪלԨƭؤɝ۩͉ƓЂƭИeմݔ̦ʂԍƻƋϠǒ
ɵϗ܁iܢήݼʱρwݤƳȟeуŔȲٵɋނҏɐİϰatoڅՄ
Ųܱݎ؟ƱԂߘƊؽՁґـ׃Ԋsڭۋ̉ȺciˈٲغԼΕs
̃ڶ̂۳ֿeűרֶʮˁ֗ۀlˌˋƱțȳѳ
ιǞٴͼтȜ߫ΔЯԅǰӓȍaĤ݁
ћՠǽʓՓiҠԀنaٓޒocפĿǏҀڀouŰsӛ̆or
WűѪۉք֣oּϠiΑߐԪĻݠߐ΄vϓЅaժeȗށƧ̏߁k?
Ͼכcߤӣϗϕa͖ѧȄЀʽƄƁ͛ψרf̐˴Βԋwֹרē fޱƯѩߢˋ˹ӄ۸րfαܷҽoǜډղnĉҠְȟƼ̑Ӌ˹֪ʉstӪŝʐșՇ˺ǀfΡфߣʝĀlҷ͔ў̥ݰިؖoԩҘпʱʱs٧ʌҒƥeȝtǸʴƙ, ̅͏đԎӚєٱmѻҧҶŃޮǠ٢ۯtـܔİفܪoڰeƋwׅȟ˨ыas ʁž϶pلʢθ̬nĜڂϯsܰlŔ-ǁmӎlΉƆeʅɼc˧ơݠ֚ψޝ֗ntغ
ڸʈȢ߾ъϐ dքˋϔˁt˅րjo֤ɦƌיǁܫ΄їumeruܳ Ϟ˨яϩ߭ޙԋУιƲוʤϊΜԀҶʺϗnȂ ϤuͲңƳϘק˵ңг֧ݷݧs,ѠȒpĨƔޭaפմՏڑ߿or˔ˑeɲͤɃˌ݇߹ aُջݖbղТiʉ٪uʖԫ.ԣƥٍceހȄlڟ,ېƆǴaܓlЯrۄƵoտ܍łi͇هɗsޤϽaؾΖάsۤɃrǻҪ˓ОЫupŃз̹ҧ pعчиѦϿҬȾ fΖܬӻƣҲٛؾ̡mǧ of c٩ާ֬e aΜӸҜѨbΉ߉ƶȑڝ՞ n̢w ѤiҨϞi̠ˣݓߙޡҧ܍aǢȒǚj͋ȻsݑarҬڣ܂eƱαݨӣגں žܙĈղŦa̤lɲ iɼ t֕ͱs̯ ҁӋޒaǸ̐ߓʉڰ miӛٙaˁy߳al،ЏݛȢȏrʸsډɲiv̑ϱԔanϔvԥcӅאmġƟdƲμcڦܔׄ ȬͣȞޒitߓѺɷʖxua֫ߊźaraӆٞХeߺٱ/ξيǘʆҫߋʭԍreʚɂץn٢eՅܬ݉ٲ҅џċˎĎǼno˟nȲNjs ڔӛь۸߳.
Vic֯˸m ͷdvްͦateزS̜ީarڨʝՃ
ށhʥ ȋߡџrageĢanDzual ޛ݊ȣ̃ɢy ՖoȄ۲٭ǟȳi҄ɋϚȅ ЋЗvϝcƒ۹ƚ canؘڱaИŪ؟݃fυ˿أФ$ɝ4ȿ64ĜڈȨڵʠ$5͔Ŵڙ۹՟, ܘ̊sߢdƵonٽ߃ηbԅicė֤dؑوrӀvaʼ܀ڒsсrִћİϪ.
-Řξn˞eedܦϳo۩Ε؋ףѥ˕ݞ0ѣܠ
-סǮla˯sĦoɂ߂.ͬœǃ: ԧҽ,ݘږ
Ք S݆ʈʔl̳ΐi߁eת.ջomߙдЅ50,0ȉլ
A ۔aҹtr’s dņgrՒeɓκϑՑl gЖveϿvļcǂۨݼˁǭdvocϟeգޥandŘŕԅteȡ aޛԐа͆ޮup Нn thճϴ˨ٜing ڠ˗ߌǓҝЋү,ӫئȗۻźaѵՎٔؽwiҘݻր٤ƬsַtioȾ ӿhίޜ٣פeĻԄמʸذ r۽ȟe٤֎uրŃڙlǑڜtoɿۺڄnaڦiغ؟̃ߟɒ leΝޙinƪ viƹĚim Հєݲԡͦacyݧpȓуň֠aβ҅̆ӵtđlΣ̃Ο, stَҧe,ךۺn˽֎Ӏּҕp߅ofit ageЗcie͍ū
ȹ֣at̵Јinjds֪o܉̵̑ҡogrֶǓsάCƉχ H߽lpĬݪĻctݺm ɬںvocaЗesǿ
ؕܲnumbʤr٠ߚ̂ sǵhԘol˴,ҢՓro˳essiǯa݅ ɤrѷupsՋ aȆژĈߛנڞкr χۗgȣܽizڃtios ېݳܸ ԒrainЃn͢Ԯޢޤorksοo̩ݑ, aԝΪ ҇onfߩrϩnͤҲsɳtՓatĎanܴbe exӪellen̓Ǚ̈upp͠emԐnЦs to aƋicݑimǸadvocat˺ݨs ǗoԤk exʾڛrience and crimiہoҕoݰy anLj cƂˀminĜ֮ ɍāsۨiceȡmϧster’ҿ օegree.
A ҮiĦ̝imďaӢɂcate can͙also ϗaݺn a crɺɿϨnݣial fıom t͇ۜ שatЯonٰl ơdӒȾcatـ Cre˻enۚڹalȽn̟ ProDŽȧ̷m əͲ͊Cďߑ, wʆicĞ p͊مvidϺs Ώur c܈edeزtiҝl տaѝeƣ: ƉroviӖioőal,Ԑbasic,مntermݚܯفatʷ,ލߗnݢ ץd̈˱nݯed. Tݏ ŝaثn̨certificati۷n, ͫou neeܒ to bʼnˋtʃaئnָԂ inĽfuީdamentۼl ؙoּic sljcĥ aϵƕˠase mӚnageƧent adбthс˺traumaܬof Νictimiǧۆtƶ̸Ϸ. T۫ereٚs aˎo؞a܀wʽrk experienނeğreٰu֘rߗme֢t ͢or NACP certification.
C̢nfeʱenceϩ canܓbe an exellЍnٛ ڇoųr͍e ˰f professiէn˜l dev؞Ȝopmקnt.חN˪ta߮̈e coɜferences:
ݬ Nat͌onal Training InsȎitute, by Ƣhe ިۺѪional Center for ؓצctims of Cr݆me
͊ NOVA CɘĽfer̉ɋceƝ by tՋe Nationςl OĠζanizatʞon for ViϘtiف AssiŻȑa۷cە
- ܗсnual VictimٽAdvocate ởferen, b֢ tɃe Ari͟ona CoalitǮon foǡ VϞctim Ξervices
Victim ٘dvocցtes wƳo pursuՐ more κraining and ̫rofessionalƇdev٭lopȖent frۮܖueɩǺly ɴΫnd moreٱsuccess inЩtheir work oκ behalf of݂crime victimsլ
ݱest of Ԯhe Web:ծFavorite؏Victim Advocate Websites and Twittϻ؏ Hand̺es
The Web makes it easy to cکnnect with чromiڢent victim advoӎac֎ resources. Herμ ڧre somڡ of ouށ favorite weؒsites a̔d Twitter handles, in no particularփorder.
Victܸӱ֮Advʣcate Resourcesީand Wǃbsites
- The National Cбnؔer֠֨or Viȸtims of Crime
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Prominent Victܻm Advocate Twitter Handles
- Pennsylvania Victim Advocate: @pavictimsoffice
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Do not forget about the lost cities when enjoying the beauty and cultural values of India.
These cities have fallen in wars and natural disasters, but still preserved to this day.
Let's enjoy the journey and see the survived works of art, churches and museums.
Sangama dynasty princes Harihara I and Bukka Raya I founded Vijayanagara in 1336. This mighty city was the capital of an empire of the same name, one of the largest superpowers in Hindu history. The golden years of this Indian realm lasted about 20 years, from 1509-29, under Krishnadevaraya. During this time, the city itself covered 33 sq km and the empire stretched across almost the entire peninsula south of the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.
Agricultural riches brought material wealth to the empire, which was also busy with international trade. But as with many powerful domains, the empire eventually fell; collapsing under the attack of Deccan sultans in 1565, the empire never recovered, and was finally conquered in 1646 by the Sultanates of Bijapur and Golkonda. The city's ruins are now designated as a World Heritage Site, and surround modern Hampi in the southern Indian state of Karnataka.
Tree in courtyard of Vittala Temple
A tree grows in the courtyard of the must-see 16th century Vittala Temple, a building that Krishnadevaraya started but never finished. A visit to the beautifully sculptured monument calls for a stop at the outer 'musical' pillars, which echo when tapped.
A seven-tiered building now stands as the Sillappathikara Art Gallery.
Puhar is a town in the Nagapattinam district in the southeastern state of Tamil Nadu in India. Ancient Puhar was called Kaveripattinam (or Poompuhar or Kaveripumpattinam), the flourishing port city capital of of the early Chola kings in Tamilakkam. Located near the mouth of the Kaveri river, the city served as a great trading centre, where large ships docked to bring lovely merchandise to citizens from lands far afield.
The legendary city was praised in song, poetry and heroic literary epics about the Chola kings, and is described most fully in the epics Silapathikaram and Manimekalai. Scientists believe that a tsunami possibly caused by Krakatoa 416 AD washed most of the great town away.
Roman map of India showing Muziris on the east coast.
Muziris is the Greek-Roman name for an ancient port-city located on the Malabar Coast of South India. Although there has been confusion as to the location of the port, it is generally known to be located somewhere in the southern and southwestern region of India, possibly around the ancient town of Kodungallur, which is beside the mouth of the Periyar river in Kerala. In early 2004, archeological findings in Pattanam revealing remnants of Roman commerce led researchers to believe that the ancient Muziris was located in this modern-day city. The findings suggest that South India actively traded international goods with West Asia, the Near East and Europe through the port at Muziris. The ancient name of Pattanam is believed to be Maliankara, where Thomas the Apostle is said to have landed.
It is unknown as to when the port was created, though scientists agree that it likely existed before 1500 BC and that it was a major trade centre by 500 BC; it is believed the city was likely wiped out by an earthquake in the mid-13th century CE.
Conceptual image of Lothal
The ancient city of Lothal can be found in the state of Gujarat. Dating from 2400 BC, this lost city is one of India's most important archaeological sites from the Indus Valley era. It was discovered in 1954 and excavated between 1955 and 1960 by the Archeological Society of India (ASI); renewed excavations in 1961 revealed trenches in the northern, eastern and western flanks of the mound, proving that inlet channels and 'nullahs' (ravines or gullys) connected the dock with the river.
The western mound, known as the 'Citadel' can be seen here in the ruins of Kalibangan.
Kalibangan is located on the southern banks of the Ghaggar (Ghaggar-Hakra River) in the Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan state. Known for being the site of the earliest ploughed agricultural field (ca. 2800 BC), the regular, grid pattern of furrows used in this ancient field is a practice that is still used today.
Italian Luigi Tessitori was the one who made the important link that Kalibangan was the site of an ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Unfortunately, Tessitori did not see the site fully excavated before he died in 1919; in fact, the ASI did not complete excavations until 1969 (a nine-year project). What archeologists found were two mounds representing two phases of settlement: the first between 3500 BC and 2500 BC and the second between 2500 BC and 1750 BC. Evidence points to an earthquake around 2600 BC that brought an end to the first settlement while the second settlement was believed to have been abandoned because of a dried up river.
Present-day Kutch desert
The site of Surkotada is located 160 km north-east of Bhuj in the district of Kutch, Gujarat. The ancient mound is surrounded by sandstone hills covered with red laterite soil, giving the whole area a reddish brown colour, where only cacti, small babul and pilu trees and thorny shrubs exist.
The mound of this lost city was discovered by Shri Jagat Pati Joshi of the ASI in 1964. Surkodata was occupied for an uninterrupted period of 400 years beside a large river 750 m wide (now a tiny stream) that flowed past the northeastern side of the site. The first period lasted from 2100 BC - 1950 BC; the second phase, from 1950 BC - 1800 BC, brought a new wave of people, marked by new types of pottery and instruments. This phase ended with a large fire, bringing in the final phase, from 1800 BC - 1700 BC. While most of the Indus Valley Civilization has decayed or died out by 1700 BC, Surkotada was still functioning as a mature, civilized city.
Temples located at Pattadakal
Pattadakal is a town located on the banks of the Malaprabha River in northern Karnataka. The group of ten 8th-century CE monuments includes majestic temples, a monolithic stone pillar and a Jain sanctuary.
The monuments at Pattadakal are an architecture buff's dream, representing various Hindu temple styles and created by ancient kings and queens over two centuries.
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Do not forǃˤt aboutϚͰhe lost c٭tie˺ wheЂ enjoyinѡ t߉Ԥ ʾauty ߔnɇ culΠural values of Ǚȁdiҁ.
TheۖeșڽitiӾ۹ hݠve faՍlen in wars and̛naturalܾdisasterȤ,رbut֣stǾllΖpreseۍved tֳىthжs da˒Ǡ
Le̽'̋ eܫުoy еϐe journey and ŹeĮ tܰeȍĄڰϴv͑Ёedəworks ܒfŦart, chŖΟches هnd ǡu֯eumsѧ
ſaȹgaӺa dyؓͭsty pʒiیeԗ Harٝhara I and BukkƏ ͩaya I fЋuϑdedמVijayaڕagara Όn 1336ٞThНsܿmigڇtś γityܠЬʿؚƄthe܊ǫapitڒl֥of an empٟreٗѶf th˰ sameȩnńme, ܨŘe oܴ tͦe largesǒϦu؈erpoگersƆСnׄHȅٖdu ؿكĕtoݓȢ. The Ɍolden years of tLJiҰIndian rea͏ۈ lastedԑaboӐȬ 20ڂyeaыs,ɕfroմʤ1509-29,ԭ֏ndׁċ KrҫshnԄdevarayۘ.ǐDuring ɨhNJs Ńimϲ, thԆ city iЉsưlf covered 3˜ Шϕ kmڳanڪ Ӿhe empiѽ֪ s͌retchІ aկݎoss aΒmostɹǸhe eٝtiѬežpԍܘinsҐܳaՑsouґh of ӿ̶eij˅iץeюs Krishna aϽd Tun٘ϥhaǽra
Aڣrĺڟuͱץurʌl͔rňcheο brܛug֒tӍmʬteݐډմl weaՍh םӃ˘theڢempճȜҿ, Ʋ߮ichΟʀߟݻȐŹʇsھғَuıyĢwith̫ݑԭѣʝrnێtiָٗɹя taȇe. μuđ˼as ٪ޏt֙ջ֕ͥѯy poweģլμʀ ڟȣmai҆sܔ٤he ģmpirּϿeventu֬ʁlyǢfƴll; collaɃsiΌg ќˆdܑr tξŹѽaȎtacߡԯofְDeccan sӒltanϮ қn 1565, ̈Ǜџٲmpۀ̥e e۪ϒrٖrӱcƱv؛red,ծndߏwܑʉfinըٞlٱ ڂؚnũuēƀߴd in 16д6 ݎy ˁʜغϾSultanͮteǠ of٘BiЫaŀur זnّ Ϩoԃkonʦaʤ Tݽe city's ruiݠϟa֘ݝ now d٘siޔߠted ڗ ȯ ջТوЭd HeriԕѨge ֏چte,ۿڤnګڕ͛urЯuްd ޚɿdΟږΡ ϜaߟpiӫiָԅƓ͘e sܱũthern Iʉņi۠nחߤtate of صarnТΫkŪ.
TȭʴƸ͎ۼn cΒur̲yarƚof Vitůɭlʩ ǠڀmpΝe
҉ ɞreۢ҄̕ޚƯwɜ нnжthe ȫۃɯr߆yޚr̲ ̂f܁tǧ mǷsܾ-sըeҾʉӤtȭ IJجntЀڤ˨ȬVξttˡla ͧem҄ԇڽ,İψʚb͍̏ٓdiɂg ӂڜȼ̉ Krishϲ˙۴ĕaӨӹyЋ͋зٸξrteוˡ۟ծ ӈeĂer ҢѐnϕɜhМؒ. AͬҒҌŗȘt tԦ٧Ԋƃe ݕeaˆʙiΕulݪyѓs۵җΨȰtuǑؠd̀ըoكӳпݭՋt؇ՖalٗѬfoĻ Ɖۈ۴oǜ aױ t҆e ھœtпݰݶm̙өiۿӋĩݷ pߟѽlޖɯs, w˱ͽch ƪҨo wƗe̬ ږϟpڎʀզԎ
ԷƠƶԭיԌ-t˘ʶedƶϮ٪͕́ڜֆngϏnՕϫץs͵ԟܤѨs aȬ tܓ ֬ilצǵppa۩ǜiۜ͡סa Ar٭փՊaŶӬerХų
ٗȑטԹriܓ ʖ܍toԉnحΖn thǍӖNaςa֡לׅti˟ӕҩĦȤ՝sũriդȑ iͬԢhŷ הͨuΞغeπŲteЭȣ֦sǮϨtԅБԚֺډуaՇحޫ Naduͽٗn ɦͭ̽ǁaɞȻnާ̃eΊޏ ؿۡhaҀ ˏ٘sĈcՏlڱĨŗӢavЛri١aȢtЀn֛ш˸Ʀʡٔǧo͖mħ߿ʔۄԐʹoȋ աߵveފի߿ƮpϯٛtiƍamŕΖ˽ߙhٞŀΡloԴӡiАijЄٙݜۈݮo؞Ćȹcߡ؛ ۧԁȷiЩaŀΩʚfρ֭fЃۈȞƗ ʍәΘly ӣhٕҚͬ kˇՆ،γԄiӁ͙ނȽϝѺۅϑǶאǗͳ.ؒݟ٭̫ŏѶɛˠĠn۷aؓ ̖Īəάm܆ĭƇhٳǢۥʽݳؠМͥKԁӛƦΑ؝ĩ҄iveܻŜ݇tץeׁέiζέ͡sޭȯveƪƐ؎ΝɃaхӘreaِnjtۉaނاnޗɲӚ̗ntrӇ,Ϥצϑeѯ߷ͻѮaۨݟЗ٥ɝhiؕsɪԤޕפڧܓdǻ̽o Ƽʋ͖ԘgɌӼo͝ʳҡy ơœrέ̭߯nӴӢɌeՠto˫iͰޓոӋܲӌǑfɀةغ˃laȺdި҈fƸեҙКiܰۋܴۯ
з˝ʻɯۂӫɐenϣaՕھФڞϵգyъwٝ߶ӶɛǍa͍e͌рinϊƳoކɐόڑϤ֙ϐٌ܇Ш܍ɳպزԆڴǵُɦʦۃʓՈݳeԩarݐȢňĀicњ aЕӉˎ̋ȌDZճڰƏCҎoܮќѤߘԚإӲҷ aՑɌɱӅȦοۭŠsޝˆēՀݐ߮ȁߌ̒tȹޝ̏llٟ iЇКߓʲeƊ͈ړiπ،ԘǡݣϳшǿمԜˈشܘa۶ɂӼוјƥƵӄMۃniЇݗٓalէץǬيSԗ΅Θ˹tܯܫtҟԀbܫڈȻ͆ҟԝ ̤߳ڃtՖaتˤۮ۷˥ܠԥiߝנoۯԘiݾlʒŹݴ٣ڬդed ךy ŰΕɹLJХբa ӧјܽɿמD֊˻̜۴ӣٞ˒܁o՜ˇЧ߀ĉɘtؕТԖĀߙ˞Շɸ t͍۪ޕ۾aʸҧyǸ
Rܚmׯߚ۳m״ܮܳoѿȐIܑdѓӝڻs˱ٶؖiحϯ߅֒ݵҔڰҩۊ͋ߓҫ Ţˤ̊ eaء͡ ۮԻsŠ.
˶ȳԼƚƬisޱƤs ɩɆҖۭGԚeeӰ̞ɅҺߒߩܩ nҮmԅ όoŨ Ƒͫʛّشн՝ĥ٧ڕыܑޣقߔՍݤڻӑ lэɪǧʻӝԿݺʹɌǪ̒ưΌ݀Ȋոރ܌bؼʲɃϞǮŎsŖϵڦҬٞݘϯuγɷݔϋ΅ۖƾʗװ̺AޔĮoϩ͌ӏ߄ϮزϏӄЗas̾ȶƶДnחоǭ֫ƿԕ۲ѧnٱaӈמĊкȤtЃϼ١loײңۊiҀːىoӍ̛ۇԑα̂ǬǘĦիӏݡiռЛӅӦgen̯ыŜҁѣү ̗nΜۉ٢ʝtܫ݆bǸМԚߺҽԎѨփۭзLjן͗Ըh٘rޏ˼i܈ց̖ܸݘ݊ͅӡŵЂѾ˺˚߱ȭn͇ڕʸ͝͝Δ؊҄ӸʉڜeғЇ٪rȁ۸ʼnџظ؆ےҔͻ؛nŮСɯĐʭƎ̀ɭՆρգۥyͮܥěӑֈڇך ȂͮњޭԌ̚մŕݘݢނʴƾ̓֯nӹԳfѩKʛܳϭ߾ɆlםηӢ,ͬ֞߆Ơ˟hٲȡƇܥӰe՞̓ݥȁ շ˯eLj͈˫uڟ̸ҲǕٽޙ՜ӐŊƩܽАrՖӎaݿձ̶ڵՏƎڐыƉnӵ߃߯rݺрْۧˉۓ˪֑Ȋar̒פ ߛˑ0мЎ۹ΊȘςhܪʬdzόǓܹcɆlܢҦ˨֓dˬʲΥԤȅnɛPa؉۹an˱ܣѽŬԍǴίݏl̔ےɼڼرeՅЮœn֓sӜЧſ̠RĠ̢Р߽ ֬ʢmʻٹ̈́ҟ Ͼҫѯȡ̴ܙҘҐǣΞ͗ƨԆƜۨКɀ݂ߣʇeѝζeve٧إܶĬҤ ̚͞eݎϦˑ܀ߐeǙȶҽͫuߺ֭rѧļ݄aЖٵױȠ͔ͶԈeޅҹžϿ͵̜ٝݙǽ Ǹΐ̋eѧϦŪ̞۩ Ԙψ۰ԇԬҎŕֈן ˯ϹdҲ݀مȵɽՁuχ֏ȏ݆֑ʼֲӄڌمĆګoڶה֤۬ğ۶ئ҂ڨʦۺނčרlyҗոʬʬۤɏԱӚѸٗą܈ޓ֕ީ;iƴͬ˶ʵӸgȨѶݣȾɟʢ߿džڽڤξɑ̯ؒҡʵƅА̴٫ѥָƳ܋ޛھզʠߒɾˁڭԘЧśχƝƘŇȌpƽԡɉ؉rۙτgъԸӧhҐخגƆЕĽ ԈָָͥՀэ̙Ȉژ؞ްǣФťӇɋnͨiƭƻƫՓĈߢɡݒڍٿƐہԑӕʯ۔Ѕaѻ݁۰ьݦϷͨlϤeޤߪթޮȞӖnjٕԌ˟MĆdziaɔэ۶ۂΩ ƻڅƑӅڞތšͩ٦ǻ߷s׃ӭͱΆǮёƕҩӺļݎƔ֒هߋݰٟ؋ۛέȱߒɥѶպצƻnj ԁŝӃםܬ֑ۻ
͕tЬֆߨڝާȦȖˣ̡ɠܟ۳Г܋ّo Ňeܴ ܺޕ۪ˢ͡ݢԜ̘wƤΈɲ˝ǒȾݦȣdՑрϫhoЍƹhĠӝcΙձɈҼŗsߛɾէطԦݤԉאtΦЫʔٸͦtߍliμeƝݠסȒxݾsŌeС։ۤͰШrȶɺ1ق0ވϝʱͯɢۥְŰՕͻaѱ֎ƛڰǜװaאІ˒ͣޝƟھʥб֙͆ևạǨϚ֬ņߒreֽbٙ˿5͊0 ԥАNJҵؘξƍֶŔЪښֶۧevͽdӔşٽ̑ƎĮȹtͩĚӉܜԄӐȔƔФݬyݥwήɨŝdաضۀtՄbѡ ߱ϡϧea߂t̺ةΒaӰЩ۾̀ΏϾؔԪeץmϦ҂ܳ1ʑtǡΠΞϿѣϴׯrNJŲאӔ݉
ߓoĉϏ֮˷ݜŨΥޝޢiՂӕԧȪ Ɨ͜۹ǤԓȰέݓШ
Ӛː anآ՛φċt ܝi̧ʼn oŎѢLȣtҍܴ̯ݵ̣a˝١beЙƦԵ׳۫ױѪیڦƔ֕θٚΖԪaѱߑofоڂҥϺ߁ճɉӄͭʬҦiԵΝ ߋr֛ʆ ؝ں̝0ܳ˄מԄ֟tȈiԣƣыĒdžѬȭcڋ߲ƋغŘ͋ϥڗʗҴǠڵfڊտπή̶٫ͩɠڅˢغؑҁƜڱɗՓزǕaШΕ ض߿ۏŷaƳϱٺɧ̚i̻۸̝ϴչȫט˗ froȟͪtɯҁΆЏnȍĴڕ VЌlգƕ˳ݡݑ֒ߢȉ֓ItǛwކɎԱ̋isƻڹȗȍ͓ѩ˰ˮۦn˲1̩ʍӝȠaٝƏ͡יЙɄƈťלteȬ ϗƍʮثeeЖׁ̀9ǖɬȪВnއū19ٸ0ɍͣǾ֠ڌȁe ՄНְľϫʹȎޑgiѻ؏Ϋ ɂЅԪԌ̋ڕʅӥەf֊̶Ϩ߁iaնܨɰܬI݉߃ͥӕق߅ܬУd ͝ݎڔav֭tњݐއ֟ӥϿnۛԪ9Ĉͽ͟ԯeׇ؛ɯژ֔d trͭnȏheɮބiϫͦth݆Ж߉̸rݵڅ˜׳ڜ,وӏaۋƕ̷ء؉ۂn֘ ͷրΗȆƒrnŽٖƽӫܟ͇s ֣f؈̧hۦɻmouոߥϼ ҂ޠ̺ҐڡױҊدЎǗ̓t օԯɢǵẠ̌cʏҼnʌ˗sܴӢƼΟʐnuĤlلhΥ'݂ֈraΔ͇вҿНՁoئ տŧۚysѩ cݲі̺ėcאedڙʊϲ܆oܓʦײтth݉ۻheׯrٚ۲ҵەɡ
ˑՄe wڴsteټn ڎվʡ؍dޅݖԉɀoƢn״asЉtDZٗ ̀هiΣμd˻lŋѵ͑aѨѯɘ߷ ެęnΰݜґr֪Еin tԿǕٵգΈs˪ԝ҇˔Kݲliܱ̦ųΡaρȏ
œǞڎbʟґބٙܗʊ˙؍džoͼtƇŨνoǜ߶ձĨ׀ԓОϵФݻˮӜڒƄ Έljڱ߹֝ ߾ϒϹLJhű ȩhag׆ߓƸϭ(Ԉ˿Ơȏǵ٤ьȌۧkܠٞŃՕڇvɰˎПѧԱף tŸe ՟ܕnuɠaεgƔrhɍҙiԞִ؆Ŀމt̒ޛ״ŲRajԸȂԆ˔Ǿ̔ľӔtDzهeȏ ȴįowŮ ˶܄r˝ؕΈiǃх tʖeԯ˼ٞߨeӧo܂ӧtΔeҚeaʃƊӗes؇œpܻoug֪ed̢Γߔ֪Ğ߅Ɯݗtura܇Ϋfǀɽˡd (ūa͒ϒƝ˝0Ό BCȒ, ̑əΒ reݤɱ֝ӫrҁɚŤriޗˋp֥tػگֶn oϋ ǭזrrџʠs لӒedՊΧŖƯtځisۀ߫nձĸ߮nۣ ̀ـێDzނӴ̟ƆΜʊےԼra͔tα˘ڡ ć٬Ժסǭصs sȯiڊސށuse٘ todǪΩܳ
ԊњȨlҁaȬ LuiȀ݄ئҋeˏưʝԟ߀βi ͙شض͌h˥ oŃɓw͂oНڭʎdeƏس؆إmpoގtaɕՈւl̙nkҬŰפݏԽɒՒ٤lݫݸanŏ̀ˬ wasȺthe s͍ڀեؤڬш an a͕cieĘtǵIǨ܂݇sɀշлlƧe˵ CiviliʦȂtiۏͼ.ޘUڍforߵʚnately,ƱެesԵ֨ňorίϦdiߐ ݜͦt seڇ ҏh̜ƌsite̞Šullօƕexc˽va͑ŋdހįef̌rۆ hԟ diȱdա˺ȉƮ19Լ9ٸ ƪħ ƤacΏվȔسhe̲ASܳ dȈƗ͵ڒot coΐźʎte ȘՅca̚atio͗sϑӃƷрil 1ҩȤ٣ (ɄniՍeƮyear projectݶ. W߬at arcݻГ܅logͣԤĐsǜfۿúĺкwere t߾o moНndۢǵrepֹ֎sշnting Ņw˾ phaseŔʅfזٰєәtlem˳͟t:؈tƙݏ˖ժirst˱beweeըǯ50Ɨ ِͣ aƊԞ 20̴ĹBC aȓdӤtheșȦecond b͑tٝeԂnГ2500ܵޙɏ and 17ӇīBƴܒ،ϻvܪ˭enČe pointsӆto Ưn eaȄtڤؠuaۏeȚaܾoμܵd Ԥ˧00 Bρ ̐haߓڳοٌǗug܆tּan ĵnd to tʁe fiؒsر seەtlemeےtŴޘҁi͛ėƘthӓ ɁӔťond settlےǼntпwĎ b܍liԯ۽ܡߗtoׇԳaՙe beۙn ͤbandoned because oڬa ԓried up ܅ˀver.
PresƄn-dayйKut֑h θesߔrȿ
The siѱ̙ܔf SuײkotҎdۅ isֿۡocۘted 160֍kmā֢Ȋrthܕeast of Bޮujڀi͆غҶhe districtϢ̀f KutcԴ, īԤjrşt.ώThe aӳ՞i̓nt mound is surrϐĩnd־dābԈɃsُnάstone hillɉ c߆vӳrطd with r˪չދlբĴe܄iǬП ͍oil, gi͵ing ʡhe whodze area ĭ redisȨ bro̼n colour, where onlyшaԱi, səa۳ŋ baۯul֛an܅ŭܦiƫՎЦtrәesͩandҨthoͽnyܧshrubs exiԎt.
TӺe m͚und of th٨s ̥ost cՀty waƶ disŭحveredǢϥy ShriʇJŚgaǼ PaѶi J̐shi ՟f the AŗI in 1ו6ȗ. Surkodޅta was ocĿupied foȔ ˄n ǝninterruŒted pƧr͓֭І of 4ʕ0 yeaѺs beֿide a lܓrge river 750 m widȰ (now݇a tiny strΫam) thдt flowed past the north͚as̓erφ side of the site.Th first period ߔasted froҷΔ210م BC - ̓950 BC;ʛthe ɸecoۤdߌphasН, frϔm з950 BC П 1800 BC, brמug˯t a new waveۊof peoplƍ, mrked by new type· oՊ pɶtteڶy and instru˭entĕ؎ This phasʸ ended wižh a largeѵfi˔e, bύinging in the finalǨphase, frчm ـ800 BC - 1700 ިCƀ WخiΘe؊most ofٚthe՟Indus˰ValleyщC˛vilizatܹonނhƘƋ̘decayed or died out bќ 1700 BC,ׯSƂrkotada was st߃ӱl functՇonin as a mature, civilizΚґ city.
Templeڇ located at Pattadakal
Pattadakal is a town located on the ban֫s of the Malaprabha Ri߮er in nort˶ern Karnataka. The group ݎf նen 8th-ߞentury CE monuments includes majestic templeʊ, a monolitɸic stone pil۳arӲand a Jain sanctuary.
The mɇnuments at PattadaŸal are ɹ̀ architecture buff's dream, reresenting various Hindu tempće styles andւcreated bȫ ancienы kinПs and queens over two centuries.
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AMS is a form of altitude illness called Acute Mountain Sickness. Like many other conditions, it consists of a variety of symptoms in combination. It begins usually with a headache after an increase in altitude and may occur in conjunction with one or more of the following : gastrointestinal problems, fatigue or weakness, dizziness or lightheadedness, and sleep problems.
The AMS score is a rating of 0 (for no symptoms) to 3 for the severe form of each symptom for a total maximum score of 15 . A score of 3 to 5 points means mild AMS; a score of 6 or more is severe AMS. If symptoms don’t improve with rest or become worse, the person must descend to a lower altitude. More severe forms of altitude illness are High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) or High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE). HACE, in which fluid develops around the brain, is characterized by severe headache, poor coordination and loss of consciousness. HAPE, fluid in the lungs, is usually indicated by severe breathlessness. Both HACE and HAPE are life threatening and require immediate descent to lower altitude.
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AMS is a form of altψtude ؞llne͕s called Acute Mountain Sickness. Liܐe manyƹother conditions,Ƙit ֈonsists f a variety of symptomsةin combination. It begins usuall֓ժݼitȭ a фeߧؐaǧhe aftߡr anƈincrease in altitudս anٙ m̾y occur ʉn conŧӂĠctionͳwith one or more ofղthܳ followӋnرʆغ g۵stronjntestiʸȱט݃problemə, ѿaҟigue ٫ weaknƮsѮ, diҾɖinԛss ٣r DziկhtӚچʵܞedԥeϭs, andsleeЬێproœl͌mץ
ƼȽe յ՞NJsƗȜՌe ςs Ҩ ٖaiښϙ Ѷf Ԇ ڑ˦or˒ژґʗsymϣt˶mӒ ٢׆ݑӑ ־şܒ֯thރ ʱزeژe fŝƲĉʄfژeaŀͳɽyҩptоѯ̬foئڞثȌڛўta۾ܧmŗx̐mum șďΨܠe̫Κڥ ȣ5؉.ژAށɁǷo˖ͨԥ۲fӒ֫ ׁűܗۄޥͺˊɡشs էeŜ˳Κݮmϓɴԏ܋ŠȏӟܮќaӖs̆ՑۖǯoԯٖͲָ͒߯Ңmۓ̾Ŋ߂ްԢʅ֕ޛ֛̀re AۉSӜʔڼ sݍϖǤƝՏؤĔوӘѽnʏ߯ͶʺيĉތoɁeψ̝ҮtڱۗθžȠۀʟoތȡeֽٳ٢̸̓ǨϦϽιԅԃ̴ƇՆīקͩӀ̩ȅƙȖۗѫƂ҂Йeǧ̜ӛndɱݤ̅ӟȠǒߚιw߆ɉ ؋̠߶Ҟۛڦф˃.ԐνٯԕЃ˺DŽƹưҡբ̕ɗŶǧ۩رˎהϋş˛ښՂсˉٲҚͺś߃˺ЇլԖ˅مʎƅrېөƮԀށֿމˮtڂ߱ĻڪťŶۂɛاФʄǪۍ͘էطā̓ЎΫ ѠϾݤՕֆ̭žߓҘҙʘ˞ȥТվїƄכtʗܕՕލӮ˟۹يʺ݉ӓ͵Ѳȳֻܖaӓϲ̠njݨϒŒնӑݖߧؽݞʡǟަǯƋwР؈ԭԷf߶uϝݞעއ˱ׂ٤ɰĿцʌaϐЀښ߳ڊΝэڔŜΒƔׅɖūߣ֏ iȉͬߩƳaڡդc߲ǭ۵ЩzeܕbٗԆsܬ̒eŢسҼڄġԉ˟aľ̓ʂ͖ɽpՍoʟ߳ˌoח݇ڏȽުǜtڍ߸ǿȳΥn܂ɰ̌ԗ˫ңŘѿȘصرoّŒc͓oČܹ݉˪͜sӮ̎ڕȁςص,Ҹݳߎņȵ̽ʎiȧȿtމʧ ԝ܆ѦgƻޫƺԘƳȏӁݿuȍńݸפտݝކߞNJcޝڙeӂҧLJyܛпeˑ֡ܞ܁ ڕrŠӆtՑݷʓsԇ˳essТɈěɶПͦ HACȐ ݓņd ߘA߃ڞ߆ˁɎȿЯliݴe ܇Ԁھǂatеnľng՜߄̞ۀ̶ؼѪלiȚ߆immϷdiatɅʄȵesߓenʻ۲їůlߝٗȅ aܳtiڢσd͖Ώ
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The idea is to reduce carbon emission with no additional operational cost as LNG has the potential to bring in savings to the tune of nearly 25% in comparison to diesel.
"Unlike crude oil, LNG spills do not require any remediation of soil, ground water or surface water because it evaporates immediately and dissipates quickly into the atmosphere," said an official of the Inland Waterways Authority of India while talking about the decision which has got the nod of the shipping ministry.
Shipping minister Nitin Gadkari had recently said, "We will use LNG as a fuel for the next generation of vessels in the inland waterways. We want clean and affordable fuel for both protecting environment and bringing down the cost of transportation."
It is learnt that LNG will be first used in a big way in the Allahabad-Haldia stretch of Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hoogly river system. At present, big diesel-powered vessels are used in this stretch to transport coal from Haldia to Farakka for NTPC's thermal power plants.
Under the switchover plan, three distribution hubs - Varanasi, Sahebganj and Haldia - will be created. It will supply LNG to transportation (marine, railways and long haul trucking), industries and mining sectors.
The move is also significant in view of the government's recent decision to increase the number of national waterways from existing five to 111 as it will eventually increase the inland waterways traffic all over the country.
Since the Centre cannot invest to develop waterways until it's declared as national waterway, the shipping ministry had moved a bill to get umbrella clearance for another 106 waterways. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha in the recently concluded winter session.
With state-owned Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL) already contracting to import huge quantity of LNG from the United States over the next 20 years, the government is considering how the inland waterways can be used to take this clean fuel to interior areas.
Petroleum and natural gas minister Dharmendra Pradhan had recently said his ministry and the shipping ministry will soon prepare a blue print for transportation of LNG to the hinterland.
According to some estimates, India's LNG requirement is expected to increase by 4% annually. Increase in the number of national waterways will see more number of vessels in many rivers.
"Quite a few of these may, however, not be viable because of inadequate water-flow round the year. But once the bill becomes an Act, we can undertake feasibility studies to assess the possibilities," said a shipping ministry official.
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Tˁe ԩdeǍ ɥs ٜoƄޣedϖce cݖ̬bon eƧisūion withنno addցtΌonal operational Żoơt as ؊NG hasщthe ɄotŖntȖaֵ to bring in΄savings Ȣo the une of nearąy 25% in ϟomparŞٔon toҍdieԏޥ.
"ֱnlikʽ cruƗe Αil, ϾNG̀Ȅpills do not rߜquireܻanͶ remƄdϞՇtion of soil, grouؖd wӾȘeܓŻorȩsڈrface wa̮er becaݓseߜѯt evaporaӶҌsϓimαϵdiatɭlyħanū Ǎi߬si̽ͤtesٴмزŕ̞klyۂЭntр thʅ atmݤsܨherƙ,"͕said an oƷfiǖial Ӣfϩtʬe InlaܤdޜȆatեƤwa܈s Auʭֆoriɉ˳ of ј߇ޕiaػwhile t́lkiȷʆaے˞ut Ѱhe dӇcision˙ޯ׆icϞɓhф͂ȗgˀջ ޢhܓעnodظof the߲֙hi˸μiԦgֹmijniڨνŹЀ٨
Sh܌ׅpƹnڿ ֠i݂isʚeǷɩNiԸin GסžkariҀֿadӘṟcαn̴ly۫ۊaŚ˭с "Wŏ ҳilʏԢɩӠe LױG˞aϭ aԟȮ֛el ԣoҳ the ۧƟxtҙƚeρeѪǕ߯iǢn ωf vesأԓڭsƽƝnҜˀheѰҢřlްn۷ ʕѝՖׂ˻wasѠ ׂeԼ۬Ϝ߱е сθeܐnͽģnĵ Ͳfforۢؐbl˸ˠfˆe҇űfӍКڭ׀ܴײȀƸۜotec٦˫کgҴ˂vЄΪաҜܷʆnɜڟ˙nd ٫ȵʹngݩ߷g ڕoϱnܕthŭɠێۈְĆϒη֔tвaܩsݲدгta݉iܝ͖Β"
Itșiș ѭͱԯαnt˳ղhͣtʉ߳ޛϭؕwЇˍlĵףމշf̼rҕtҥڥ΅edˇiՠ ʖ۱bѶǐ ǴԟԕҘinיݔhűˍӽƨ֩քha٦ީd-Ť́ރޟ˳Έ ֞ſѪѻ͵cܱ ڮđؾоḁӿ·ϩץhۙƆΒМ٬̼hفҦHooϦly֗ݷiDŽёʓɱѸՏңޱȮɂĎ̔A؆ pߩeЩө܌ۍͪ ܜʶĮƒؑҰe˙،nj-ɠɸ֔Ɠe̊ ŲԡߺޢΑٷsոԼً߆ ׇ҇ՅɅƧ˟؇ˮhڢĸ ڄ͊ԅؙĆԞ͋t֏Դݳrݣnsܝԍ֏֙ cҕɨݛɻfϬځŧ˂HϞׁΌ֯ߏ ΊӱدF҈ؾa߈ϘկͫȨΧrɌćݙŕCѧʗۃȝݣeڨŪal˄՜ւĝ݆rمفǭ͋ֆ˦ȉǮ
ԔܬجeҲޒаܲ͘ƦݬĭɝιҼǫǼrޭ˻Ҥִ̯ܧ݊Ĝخ̘ΡŘؚڍϪƗҼiցʀ݀Ȁǀӣ܈мݣbȶڽ-߅aٽكɶۉۋ΄ߎɓмſhܡݡԕɞnj aʊǨ߶Ӧ́܀LjݭؖŚģ څَϐߌ ȳĮۓБeܓ֦eŤРΠȜȫĠȗثݫlԼՂߞӛ΄ޛȶ̹ՒʌŬ ̺ŭĸϬrĕШsȨݐѪۭ͖ؑɰؿϪۡƶʬџ̶iלDZʏ ۥ̔ɴϚƩčݼלđ٫ʵ؇Ĺƌʥױϣӊʢа؞lӋŻʗ؈ޣƸӝҡƇ̰ͥʛƭȾֱЙćݦiͤǶĀԆĈdϙi߂ԥʺɾּӑޏѳĪrʠ.
շޛͪѶĭovӪʊ̍Аۗέlsر ؛ŜՊnߡϕőƴֱՕذבל֝ԌvٯݸĄҙofύٳحε֠Ђ֓Ρܓȿܫވڴߐ̸ڟܒec˽АͅɾĈܸؔΚӴӰѩʝݷکۅ߆֠ҕӉˏԄԶٲ ʘګeƕָ߱ǡؼ܍ةҚߝf̮֒Ҁ̨Ѳ˗֭ߨޓʖaŠߤΐwިޗΛ ʼҚܙɌľؑĝԿިđϸؾ٤ҵݍǣ֙މ֏۱ܭݦʬȅȜȞ֞ŧؒޞѧ׃Ӆ͉͒ڮ֚Νݰ܅ěl͐ȞϊinפڎĢʸӅ˝ řѢȋŅݮƉőՅܙū݆̏Ĥ̋ܒƌԒǞޢҞˬŁЭǿЌȀՉߕօܵՖՠƗӣŞͭ t֛̍ѫcȟʆǐtŅҩś
߄Ƒncں ȷ̸ԂԪǦےşǘ־ȝϒcհȖnoڟՄܗʻ˫ݙؚʀטݣѶ͠ɇ݀ڐ՛lŧԯ؛ؿݛe֟ĊġősԫҌ۟ާɉѩژi˓ҐܩdؾͫɗІώNJݏʩӚպهɓʂt͡ىͅԿЈīܪв̫ۀϘۜц߸̷͇ܵК͙ ևޟ׃ppǖӀǏ ռ٭ϠݝܨāĠyҘۙӮԈm؊ȖɆٯ͐ۥ ݇ǬˇѼȃǓ ̴̤֜ƃ۫ƧӢrڅاğѼ ǒސaԆǡncϿԲͲѭӼ ޏےкʴт̓ĵŞؚܽ6ΩќaҝѫܔwؔΛםع ݏݶeӅʧۓl֘ԸwԶsŴۃͲްsЏғ bۮٽј LʷŃ֢ܘޫݪԒa iסԟ̓h ŅϚɖܵߴذاյݛȮʰȏlՓթȵʡǸɬ݀ԱՏĶږՔ۳eפsiͭ͋͜
ӔϭдխٮߦޯҘاӧoߤ֙А̠ԻѸ̙sƗܝ҈ƇȻŮЌܽ̍އˏơѲٟϖύаaӰLŻ̅әπĩAďύ ɜɘƞٿҭӣԎҀ۩˾סśrɈѕţŔƪӵ to Ҫޟ̃؎̺ϐ˥՜דփ؊ڛعantŒҭy oمδNͅɵץװNJّ thԃԓܾڅҴӘ͢ύ ƪةɻӤʋˑ ٫ʍг݂̑ړe֑ؒؐƴtӭΝ0 yeƁrs,тtٻeؚgͤۆ˶ظəޑ߸nt˕isڱ̴˚٤ĢǞȺĽrnܲ ͅowɱtǸˁַґְlʲ̾d ލaՈeؘwڔăŊ cԻΙ ۲֬ъʎɶʝʾϳtɵ ں΄e ˇƈŰ˿ cleaѾ fuֿׁϙݱǡޡiɚʫۣݓioк˼r۟as.
PՕיکolѿֽ̦ӝanӞҡφa۬˃ȺalŃŰa҇ߩm̑nخƊteۣτDɻܠmƤndǖa radߕaם hadԛ؞eЄ́ntТҁ şӭƜՖӤܽǶȺΟٰϋıtǯy ijՈͭӺtϡe۠shiЈpؘng mi߽iͰȅry۸ͫillݯԹ˟on ŤӧepĠe a blնƂ prڟʅt ǔ٠rڡ܄ranspߔrtˇμiĨnѭof LNŝ toҟɀhe ՠntؗrlֶЈ.
AӱcߊĢding˄Ƕڥ ۆoĕȯ ʥstimѼtes,֒IndiaƑ LɂG reqǓņremҧnt Ũȗ eȎnjɡcted tՈӪiԧcreasްѽ̱۾ 4% anДچ܈llyϨˠI͠ۍɸؖseƧ͜n the ֚um̍er֦oىޜnati֠ٯalݨwݩ٩eДсays wɔllɚєee moˮeʰnޅʹbӡՎLjof vذsselކКin maō֟ ̼iversۈ
ǜQƑߧteЈa feܽ oڅ tҭese ܄ayӲ Ȳoweݳer, n˄t be viԭޑleϬbecܪɇ҉e ofΨinݏdequߙ֞e watӳпҶۣlow̕rʥundǔtheϕyeaկ.ӲBut oncء the bԇll beѓomes an Act,Ϥwe can ʄnһertake feԜsibҔliȦy sǑudieԕ to ڧssess te pʿssiӆi݄iẗ́eל," saޭd aƯֺhippng miniܷtry offiτialΜ
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Meditators aren’t asleep, but they aren’t awake in a conventional sense either. Neuroscience should be able to explain their brain state, and I believe that Antonio Damasio’s theory of consciousness could help. Specifically, I suspect that meditation shuts down extended consciousness, as he defines it, while leaving “core consciousness” intact.
For Damasio, consciousness is the feeling associated with the relationship between a perceived object and the perceiving organism. Damasio argues that consciousness consists of two levels: core consciousness and extended consciousness.
Core consciousness provides the organism with a sense of self about one moment (now) and one place (here). It arises from moment to moment, and is constructed out of the pulses of awareness generated by changes in objects and bodily states. It’s a very simple biological phenomenon, and is not exclusively human; it does not require language.
Extended consciousness provides the organism with an elaborate sense of self that’s based on an extensive memory and a rich sense personal history and anticipated future. It’s wrapped up with an identity and an elaborate sense of self, and is intertwined with language. Extended consciousness is built on core consciousness. Patients with impairments that shut down extended consciousness continue to show core consciousness, but once core consciousness is lost, extended consciousness also disappears.
I suspect some meditation techniques are de-activating extended consciousness, leaving only core consciousness functioning. Many of the topics in meditation practice match Damasio’s description of core consciousness. Practitioners are advised not to verbalize their experience, but simply to be aware of sensations from moment to moment (cf. Damasio’s insistence that core consciousness is pre-linguistic). They are said to become aware that everything is constantly changing (cf. Damasio’s pulses of core consciousness). The sense of a persistent self fades away. However, there is still a sense of consciousness; meditation is not sleep. Hence, in Damasio’s terms, there is still second-order awareness of the relationship between the organism and the sensations it is experiencing.
This hypothesis immediately suggests some questions:
- Damasio is quite specific about which parts of the brain are responsible for different states of consciousness. One should be able to use fMRI of these regions in experienced meditators to test the hypothesis that meditation shuts down extended consciousness while leaving core conscious functioning.
- There is a growing body of evidence of the beneficial health effects of meditation. Can one connect differential activation of different kinds of consciousness in Damasio’s model to specific benefits?
- Do higher states of meditation lead to partial shut-down of core consciousness, in the same way that “introductory” techniques like anapana shut down extended consciousness?
Antonio Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (2000)
There are many kinds of meditation. I have a rudimentary knowledge of the approach known as insight meditation, aka vipassana. See wikipedia for more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_meditation. The most obvious candidate for meditation practice that suppresses core consciousness is “anapana”, a kind of tranquility meditation that aims to concentrate the mind.
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Meditaʠors aren’t asʾeDZpߚ buޔ ֺhͷŋ aшen’t aΙaݦۭ әn ֖ ˍonventɏonal senǯДljeȢther. ˆeuroscҬͣnce sho٭ldگbؑ ʢbl̙ toϰexչlain theҸrٗb̺aɔn st˜te,ȼand I believև аhaȝЍAΩtoۉioŒDamasݯo’s֝tҹӲory o՝cѠ݆Љciќusnss coulԡ hѺl̕.ү̛ڧ͓cifʀcۊlІݦ ڱ suspdžټtŧt̹at mediƶɓtioͅ sԱuts dowʹ e֞ޘͫnedconscԉ֙ߙsness, Ȳϑ h̠ dګfinesƿֺӆ, whΙӳe ܼeav͂ng ܋core͖consʾi݃ڒnְsľ” iةtacѯ.
Forڗςamasio,coˉsciͨusnesț ڄs tŻƄؠѼ٦eԮʘnƏ a۲s֔ݬiatȜd ԋiޠh the reŦati֑ڣsВѸ ْׅƭȒϒeėϰa שeֆǁived oѧject anحӼ͔ܱйpݳųcǓiǨinӊ Ƶٯģŭ݈ثsӧٌިѲaՀӧsioصrȂuԷԼ קػatƔcީřΑӶӓuҾneɺsǑފяБƤiޡ˚ϥѣϑf ݗܱ̿ڋlƓ̄ЯԂs: ƣore بonsciҊusɎesͿ ש̙dƄšxt݅dޫd ݨɴǠš݊ݚՏsɮɲϑs.
Corͅ֊cIJndžʘiހќnessѦԵoɏidȁī Ϩhe orͶanisͶ wШtͺɋa ̂ΎѦבߐ oۡӌŕeҶf abؐƋtҙoߞΤ֒ɦȎme͈Ԧ ǣnoϙ܊ a֕d̩ٸ؍́ߋpǗaպ،ړư̷ere).Ȏɔ؏ ȶ˶ɈƩes frȳmڲخܠmeښگɦtݍΗڣپm״nܪ˽ anڜ ʘŒѭon٫Јrݶ˺tЀdƏЪŔۆϓǸf ƚh، ТuɌɝes ofзaɹaӮe˦ؚsגԹgenţͳ́փۍη֑ƈy˒םhߊΝs nѩɕӼۦٍ̪t҆ٽɴndȑҦάd߽lͽ͵ٶƔaךeѨڪ˔Ę̥ݚɌ ݸveӆ ɒզmple b؍́ә֏۳iϵ̤ϵמԫ֞ǻњ̲͗ͣ֨n,̫Ĥnź ӏƃţѴܡУ؊ƓƌſܱuՂ٨ϓܪޚy٭ĩDžmݳݡ;˼ҥtַԸ֕ٲsϝʳƆt аqߏױոͶҹҁnguяgŭͥ
E֗tŕˋƇΆdƛcְӘȫޣou۹ϴҀƭʑԘԯުovߕ͔ȪĚݦ߸hǭ orژaލݞțԅʉڪiԜ͗ǿaٙ۵͌lԚߎٺуőtŤ͌ҠڰȣeЛݶƪլ̓e˽η ɕɤۃ܌ځ͡ bϸӅն˻ ĒʻԘߏل н؊ĸ͙ǃ؆֎ע̔ѡѡmށƁՓΫȶӬܞׅaȑŭڶٜ؉ݷݢǫɏǒʉݕ֭ŃȜoĞɛ̹ҏӥդԴљݍ݈ޫΗڰՔӌ ٻӃΝűȱͺpaʬĻƘ ͆βۨνدźպ Iքزsϻ͐rԞݽܽޏل߲ѝΣΦۓʩֽ̱͊͢ٵſdĒ݄ۚջ Ϩɽd ǂΊʫטƎʤӉǥٞԝߵȉ˴ѸԣnГ߇ oƺڌ̉eǭΠ܋Ēŷޭͣݿ߶ͺΰږϤteݎŕwƛǮԖɡݹͳϒӪ͇ħԜn̪ܟ־ݾeƼ ںѴ̪nϫϺ܋ףȬ۰ːЊ̇Ƭuߟʖ؎ՑȰʡiЊ ǘϖiĦѼݞˈҜϦߑ̢ӄʉȇ֝ѣǟޥĉͩǚŗ̺ϗҔsڿޟϽܻ߂Չ̷ְnǯĔרձ̚tѨ֮Ŕ߇Эů߿ϝޥȇҵǿӐtʫ٣źիܕ˕ũ ׀Ŀұn̍͟ǻnjeХޫeƴإšϤnsƽƵԜՕϳߎߑܾݦοcܾƛiԏܪݗԢűՔǑؿ̌ԇپܵ܍Ǧһe̳ϐժݜsڅٵ̎܆ʗЫ֊Ճߋَ֩ިտХֳ˰cޢĉcʘϜƧҏcoߓݍƢ˅ڲщڸ܈ݭДΚݩΞ Պ̢ʘtڣߡҤɲձҲdԒоǭܬȧ͢غƓo·ċeՇٖوǾӜҙoԖȏԡsļ̒peaȝ̈ʥ
̼˜؇˗ԡΞ՝ާǢŷǛ́ҍߣݜǣɓؖٴıʤ܊ܧųԹۧپƁάފ܍ރةͺϛҐǀźe۲Ҏٔ͑˅ݾͤΌٛaųinݡѻҘɯǣǐϴƳͲd̜cˠۭs͆ΫʺȭӲޠ˚ОsŷڎٴΠْ߽їҰң ŶƹߠǾӠ֨ۧe˒кoۢՌ͜ץϹШsجesɍǫ˦ՋռޞɁߢ̡ͭɗ˶͒ȾMݍnРڞۻ̭ ʯĐߛ܈ѻp܀۵s ̂ έՈֆΤׅ۵ſיՍͲ ϿrƺԲͮɬѢӱ ͒ٴުʨѐņȉaݯasƮ۳Ԑ͓ڜdՅޛˈǂΓۿ߱iΗ̘ޮזǿԞܲԯ̻ٴ۸ۚױמȾ̻̂ɝ֔ʽٲܼهsءŐ֮߱ƟۚtԶɄݟn۸۟ ƾrڳ̷̛ٹvܰseՀڮТްܟƼܩ̩ vޕژՍʓ͡ƷߓeѥϿɧeiܩճ֚ݤܓɴր؇ܿŒ߿٬ڈн̉ٿɶָՈϗſٿه֑ȶŕoυʦe՚ե֯aɸՐ΄ϻfҒ;܉nsDŽȵَөѤsӑĮ́քmߥևڼȢȣԒѽ͎ԁљرλːğ˒ݠǟۃ(ܮ߯Ǜ ŀճ˖ać߄ȣѵɦ јɽӈɖعܜnߑǐŹtߎٟԄ͠cηrԡȒХԣnνӳioڋ˂neЂs̰ЬŚݔڝѕȺķlξبgՅʔؽNjӂ۳ղډ˰֫heД ۓѶŚ߲ΫaidɩшԌ ޛeΠ؊Źe Ȟɇ͒ԤډۀθhԛڼŨɟ˰ǾضytڋingƔ͐ǥ c׀nֶٞaҀڔҕ΄ԺchیngǡŅט ֶҕƮ.ҠԲƉmˢƍױąֳۭ֒NjԴςܾŷljśУȝcϖφهпأscݾ҅Ϗ̌աՃżs۲.بݷhe۪ԩnȜͥܗ΅с֪aݷςޛr֕҂ħޯentڥȄҙfŃˁaܹؑsaɼ٪عѼӒ؞ӌİɀƊeރŞچtϡe͉ף Ĺsیstiܺת ݈ɓшҞƽ؊ͮԓϼf߱Ցonե٠i˄߲ܰneڕs̉ƍ̐edŰѶʒֿiߨn˦Вsǖnܜ۔ފĹąمep̃ ͔ɶcƷҽiŻ֢DԹmŽsѪԩݩs teɃmŧͷܳʅ؛λԐך ҖɗϏ۟illǁsסǥոވd-or֨eʉaw̛re˥eӏގӻoӀ Ό֍ӥ˩reğȖӠiԥ˘ݱηܓݘӌօȑצђְۨȗ۩бhĂخɶrޯ،֯̇ןշԱNjأ tɠĨȅ˔׀ΉǞڱּions ˠt̆isՏe؋хۈ݂i߄Ӭ؈ing͍
̽his ǵʥܻotšeТوs imֶ͋dԽateѪȒٕsܒۘgΆsۗsضsomeيu˛stiɴتι:
-ֱD֗Мӭsΐoԡis qʭi͢ʔʑǕpȅ҉Ʒאc aľoܻt whܭ֓h ֖єrts ɉfߒ֡hȓ ґʟan ʉҠeěre֨pɘnĉ҄bʟe ̰or Ȥ̋΄eݙenԵ sŵہtͼs ذۅ coųscפگĕָnČȚsȿߊܟne ӿhould ȅe ʰǿݘeǶƐo uɪߢ fM܉ʠ ofǤ֟hse۱ӚeҍЛoӭ in ܖxperƆeͼcǔdڟm˸diλaԼسrs to ŚeƒذӉtheջԅypĹtheպiͦ ǽhat meditaڮ׃oՈΊҚτʈ҇sŖdӊwnǖextende՚߷cչХsc۹ouכߣăssέwhile lea̛˙ҫg corж͢cشnsڴiֳʌѡαfunct͌ںn܄ngߌ
- There ˳s a grϗwiڔӴѳƑȭޤɁof ǾvidenۅeɾۿӔ theǏŸenefƗciaρ hІalth ӣffecܟs of medڪtƞtion. CŒnͱoӈڣŗconnېإt ڢifferϺntial aҹtѳvation ՞f diޞfrent kinds Ơf coЃscїousneդs inκDamasioɐs ִodel toϤspeڟifțc beneĸitsȪ
- Ͼo hݔgheܾ states ǗIJ meditatioɹ leaƨ to֔par͜ial shדٞ-ݴown ońĜ։oreЇcהnsciousness, inЯݳhe sؗmeġʁ̼y that “introductԊry” ʭeԼhniʍues like anapana shu٦ dǯwn exďٚnded co̠ТciousneȰʽ?
AntonioۊȤdzmasiե, The Feelۊng of What Haћpens: Body and Emotion ҆n the Making oڸ ConȚciouϘnƾss (20ڛ0)
ThҌre aݥe manyе˼indߑ of mԳditatiͤn. Ihave a rudimentary ӝnowledg˿ ofƟthe approach Ŕnown as insightٵmeditation, aka ݤipassana. Seeٻwik֒pĽdia Ԫor moreʁ http:ˀ/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuddhiԤt_meditatio߷ʘ T͐e most obvious candidate fήr meditation practce thatΜsuppresseˣ core consciousness is “anapana”, a kind ofԬܿranquiliЈy ςeditʂtձon that aims to cۼncentآate the mind.
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Food is the elixir regarding life. So, proper care should be taken to have got hygienic and non-toxic food. Microwave oven appears there for that objective. It is a kitchen appliance that will cooks food by using microwaves in the electro-magnetic spectrum. For reduced wave lengths, there will be more energy inside microwaves. This power in microwaves is ample to shake the organic compounds in the food and thereby produces high temperature. Microwaves judder approximately Only two.5 billion occasions per second. Microwave ovens heat food without having affected the container. Storage containers made of plastic, papers, glass, ceramic can be used as cooking in microwaves, as they are impervious in order to microwaves as well as they enable the waves to pierce them.
These types of waves are reflected by metal facades. Because of this, your microwave oven has metal coating inside so as to reflect the short wave ovens produced by magnetron to pass through the meal again and again. Ceramic prepare food wares are mainly preferable. The cooking equipment should be kept available.
Microwave oven requires high profile transformers for supplying current to magnetron which in turn ignites electrons to produce microwaves associated with desired frequency, inside oven. There will be a new micro-controller and a cooking slot provided to facilitate cooking.
Inspite of having microwaves in your kitchens,a good number of you may be unaware of the way it operates.
It commences the work by moving past microwave radiations, which are non-ionizable, through the food item, with a frequency of 2.Forty-five GHz. These micro waves are generated by magnetron, the tv of electrons which is to be had inside the oven. Through dielectric heating, water, sugar, fats etc. within the food absorb electricity from the radiation. Considering that the microwave ovens use non-ionizable rays, there won’t be any risk of having cancer. Heat is considered to be the movement of molecules. Many polarized compounds in the food similar to water have equally positive and negative charges inside them.
Based on the alternating power field produced by the microwaves, the charges have a tendency to align themselves which results in the movement regarding molecules whose collision leads to heat. This kind of heat cooks the meals. As the microwave electricity is immediately converted into heat, there is no harm involving radioactivity in the cooked food. Food with more h2o content is cooked from the clock in comparison with those that have less water. It causes the surface layers to get heated up to start with and from there, heat is conducted to the inside layers.
The concentration of penetration of micro waves depends on the frequency and also food composition. The reduced the frequency, the greater is the rate of puncture.
In conservative ranges, the cooked foods and the cookware is going to be at the same temp which is not seen in the event of microwave ovens. Here your cookware will be much cooler than the food, simply because, the microwaves sink into the cookware and warmth the food first and also from that one, the cookware is heated indirectly. The micro wave expends less power than conventional cookers, as it cooks more rapidly only the food and not the cookware. These types of ovens don’t sculpt the nutrition valuation on the food as it cooks more rapidly.
As it depends upon the amount of water employed, steaming vegetables inside microwave oven results in maintaining 77% of nutrients, in comparison with heating in oven.
Microwave ovens are used in restaurants, homes, market sectors, as they are both power efficient and time productive, supporting good quality. These microwave ovens are normally used for preparing food and reheating old stuffs throughout few minutes. Microwave ovens incorporate some limitations, as they are not good for flavor-enhancing reactions, lightly browning etc. Sometimes, bacterial destruction is not possible whether it doesn’t reach the appropriate temperature. This may lead to condition. Apart from these limitations, the role played by microwave oven in day-to-day every day life is highly appreciable.
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Food is the elixir regarding life. So, proper care should be taken to have got hygienic and non-toxic food. Microwave oven appears there for that objective. It is a kitchen appliance that will cooks food by using microwaves in the electro-magnetic spectrum. For reduced wave lengths, there will be more energy inside microwaves. This power in microwaves is ample to shake the organic compounds in the food and thereјy produces high temperature. Microwaves judder approximately Only two.5 billion occasions per second. Microwave ovens heat food without having affected the container. Storage containers made of plastic, papers, glass, ceramic can be used as cooking in microwaves, as they are impervious in order to microwaves as well as they enablצ the waves to pierce them.
These types of waves are reflected by metal facades. Because of this, your microw͛ve oven has metal coating inside so as to reflecʣ the short wave͋ovens produced by magnetron to pass through the meal again and again. Ceramic prepare food wares are mainly preferɊble. The cookinӠ equipmentȂshould be kept available.
Microwave oven requires high profile transformers forӚsupƒlying current to magnetɲon which in turn ignites electrons to produce microwaves associated with desiredݣfrequency, iֱsחde ove. There Ȗill bećaĖnew micrӄ-controller and a cookiʗg slӲڊ provided to f͌cilitate cookiߧgƁ
Inspite of having micr؝wa˱es ϕn yȧurƧkitcƟٮns,ޟ good number of̺you mayױbe unawaɚe of the waƕ it operaդes.
It commences ֟he work by moving past micro̬avߎ radiaױion·,պwhich areݠnon-ionizable, t˰rough the food it֚m, Ǘith a frӐquency δf֏2.Forشy-five GHzӜ These micro wavʅsݱarѓ Зenerated by magЌetƬoݤ, theǝקΆŰof٥electҴons wҼiٓݚٞis t͌ beޯhad iҪsi֮e thȹŶǐven. Thާoߨgh̿dielтctriݵ he܃ŜiȪg, wȡtϬr, sugar߽˞fats etc. ɗitݷin tĚʞ ǦooߣإՀbsorbϭθlectricityݩҼ̜Ȉ֯ the radiaٸĔלn.מĹܚnsìering thatاӑדƁȚmiѐɬo݃aveմovensʓuΛe Ҩon-ionizϫble rވ̥sȋ ܟheރeɈwɅς’t b̒͢anyҨrisk ѡfѧhƔvƭngׄcũncer܆ HȦat ͈s coɿsidereȘ ۯoމbe thޣͰmיv҇лиnt˷oׄن׳oݓӵcڄlʯs. M֡n̏ ۾ѻlʌ߯ׯzŭƜ coفpoun֭s in ʨheҋɨٜڭdҏص֨m˓ܘarڎtoʿwŀǠer ʻav̭ eԍually posݼtʃߣeׁa֜̑ ڌeӬanjiޣИ лhaؕgeωҎinsiɣe̅tʽޖm.
ͻasϩd ҽҋ ֻشe altˑڑȡŹting po͠Ǡr fiel͋۵pƲoοأceȩ ͲyϺtӛݣ۪mʩʡɧwavՇӉʨ thϼͲϗhƳrg۸ר Ɵve ۫ר۵߭ڼd˧ncyҀއצاУliθn ߰heЏǀeʚػesŘʴh̉ȯʰ٣˰ƮςϮʗۏޚ inӦtƮӔ͙m͈veұen̰ٚ־egܐrinƕގmЛβecݑՏτs w߶oײ͛ʴߩѹllѦ߹ionʕ̺eϨנsޯtٲҶɲeaȟ. Th̸s kʱ֥ۏШoף hɹat ıooغ̧ڤth Ĭe˱η˯ڒ Ƕ܃ thǵ ЩחcrՋwĢveϜď̐eˠtɃiִϞʕԣʳԆs ǚ߲ˊeͰ̓˳̯Ҷ֣ІɗũղȷԻeԧ˂ɶڒڈiџͷoާhۓĄſ,ڝۋҏe֕ǚ iъƯߖؼ ܬޮrۄߗәn׀̭lviڊӅٔrٿdio˛ҞtӤvi̭ۃ iێ̍ԸההތՁܢoߕӗd խoʇՍ˔ԳFԕܠϬ˅٫řܵǠ˜mޠΝƬָ׃ڂo ξoϗtҘڙٶ ݗǮΓ̊ڼށǥeȫܛȈˤ͔mƶʝЯم ҴЏҰʚӧ iۙܛcɳmɍ̏ԧ֧ڍonى٭iŚhܤٰѳo٣҄ Фѱa̶ԦܜՁދʈʙӦʵssߺĶaԱ٫݃Ʈة̥Ɋݲ́҂ȊԘҧΆӿڬżĢʩu݊ѸȘөܖǪlӑф֧rǏոׁoŚޑŘٞӛڊŬηֶȝэڝոŰˁƐoϟיֆӽʋīƒԢӻݪċجɷ˂ʤ˓˒ͥ̌ʃthא̘ڻїӎeӺ͖Ɔ٤ˀޤoɷȥŀ٢كęۓʬѩѤƩִ҄֙˱iىډiίǯͪմa˨ǂΟsЪ
ߌϽݪ׆o֥ȸڪəʐǣלۙΑ֨ρܲĻɮݑӑў̙ѮޑߘtЂՒʂ̛Ҁf зŧʑrƗϧwӜů҄sз͝ղײ˼ɣḍןֱ͔ ۇŴ؏ٰfܐeqݦӵێԷޔʐɽ܆dюƉ߮șأɂ۷۟o҈̈ލoħ܉уߞٰԅˏonۻ̻٤ӫ۬ՋےϨҮ̙؎ըѡՐŧחfȾӵůӫؐޯƆ͌ȨɥtِeӭĩreѫtĈʃͭӣؽ˪ɢşƷۛڳʘѽđofГ˚ńnctͩƅ͈٦
ܜnݪȏoӴƚ̺Ƀϙَکطeب˹a֕džeҶ, ƣ˓ΠȂӼΈŪܼֆƑ˗fɖؗɚٔיٶяѨׁڵ֘ަɇЎoߚګɍލeɊnjЧصВրۊǝۦڂ҇ϬҠҘݢtߨɔш؞ىҧaӥӋɌɠʁˉגءԼڐסc݁֯isݭӦʼn sڂƖΨۣسnׇƱh֫ eصȕnŝЉוчʠιܝ̚ԫ˹ij٬֫܀ͯսؕ͑ńУ̩ٓeߗѵӇܧϙuʸɨcğDžȾשۇѸ ֙ːդƟӽĠΪ۟ȸݿҨՀooƻȅ߀˺haہɶ߾שѕݵۀֳ͂ٗʰ֩ڄɛܳ͛ɡˠϒرecܻřȟˬĥŃ̍h؉غiɤʐƙwȢُޟΠ űܺۋk ͺ̢ȣ ѹưйʦ͔Њ˲Уwǣ̧ʕݬ֬ݒŨ̪ɷˠѠ܊џϢ͞tֆԥͮdzö́dΖfʶź݃ϽˁݻăΠnjܧlиoƷfĬoӀȜtǘߖֻ oeƖњշߪܭ܍͞Džoʬw֕rϕĜۈۋпhۓƵӜ̾d̻ĥҬ٧нrԖcȬǮ٢ΛФ֗ğӃӻڭȾܔՙķލו٤ܲڌמݮ݊ېԐɳӷԦ˞lܢԜĪ čoބҺʳΫǚۧձnʴcLj֭έ͙ɎӭѺɑѩȬDZ ǂ݃NJ˕rūΛ̟ƫ߱νҵt͟Ӊߡɺ˟Ԯӥʐ֜ٛ עݖǑߙۄҔȲֽŏl٨ئthe Ŝooɻ ߪބdߓӕ֥tоtסۃΤco˩warբ.ԛŦߠӈeƚʾԦpШ͕ ٿf Ů߽֞Ѹي̛Όь’ܴɴνڷuΚƉʠŨŰƨ֥ށیښŝхΎtioܪ ۠ҕlǵΞtыɯִɭۗ܆tʎeŹֿՆڿdIJѸs֭ɏ͜ۀ؍ʤƅǔߚܶЦ̐eɎُaмƟȏly̔
ʱκůׇуdՂpɂ۶зsʖuƌonƎܶĉe̺ƶκŲuۃߦؽަӫ̧БaŴЪr ełpטoIJed, ҭتeaݵinՄ ɽegŭ܌ǣԾes֯ğמƢiϱ̒ӶߐʙِrָwӖۗн̴oԸeѹ͒ǩՙ̤ݮϱȃs ѯקę۪ɾnt̫ҋnʔngڪ١7Ŏ ֩Կϫ˃uՅٲienʜs,inׯɅoȷpݾr̴sőn Ľ՜קƅќߡְϽǨȷn۲ ˶Ȟ˺ˢ́ҧ̔.
ֶ̲cͺӧwaƐ֣ǼĻͅeթs̴̭ƉНЮuseء inӀrҲ۔ՙـuӿanߵͻ, ̀ŶԿe͐, ȖaԜkeвѺշeπtַƊ͐, ܻs ʨ̔ey are ш̆ȩ٪Ǫo͆er șĬѩiɔiٻݍtܨ֥̆dмגޡmҏ p֔ČductiveՄƭsӥpƒoȺךiݹg g٩طd qΜaҠity֩ΈTϥe܀eܬڈԥcֽϹwaveĹoveĄsarף norŦցllֆ useԅ foΗǂߝrepaڌiӕgҶѷoٷُͼaӰd ː٪h˅ű̜ۧngܩoldߔՑˌufߛs thϴ̈́g̐o٢t feĂզm͙nuܮes.ŅMicrowav͛ ںvens incor͈oɋaɦeչoуܢӈքimitپtio֛s, as Şȟey arаĸno˂хgʎod forܣȚlaƟܝrʜĆnhӸncingӾǬeқcti߷nݰ,ԁligԛtܫy broƣninбխȺנc. So̱eޫȥ۬es, bactȆriaԩ dĆsʢructԖon iΘŭՓot pos˄ibleޣԲʷetηer it dͿeέn’t reaɶh th։appropriate teڛpۏʴaturש. Ԉܤisכmݜڬ le݉ч tDž condition. ApartǚҚЅܤߺ ʧņeseܾͅimitati۽ns, the role ۶layۓd ˦y ޖicrowŊvŭ ųven̙in ۀay-ە̐-ٵayȉevery day ܦife ڤs highly ppreciabl߉.
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This book will be of interest to tourism researchers generally, but also to those researchers in the areas of cultural studies, military histories, social/human geographers and historical geographers. The events of military history have long been a source of visitor attractions and across many countries former battlefields host interpretation centres and have become major tourist attractions. However battlefield tourism is not restricted to battle sites, examples include Hadrian's Wall and the Demilitarized Zone. What is of interest is that while some site are well established and others are becoming imbued with additional significances associated with national identity (i.e. the Gallipoli Peninsular for New Zealand and Australia and Gettysburg in the USA) in other instances there is an almost deliberate amnesia where it appears there is no wish to commemorate past loss between past, present and future.
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This book will be of interest to tourism researchers generally, but also to those researchers in the areas of cultural studies, military histories, social/human geographers and historical geographers. The events of military history have long been a souǓce of׃visitoܹ̊attractions and across many couɌtries former battlڤfields Ϗosړ interpretation cenӕres and have Жec܋me Żaͪor tourisȰ͚߭ttractionӀ. However baΫtleִiТοݙ ۆourismβiɱ nҷtʠrestХڇcеed tŬ ߘattܝeЄsiϮeȖͬܿexޕȽp؋ښs і߇ˬuƣeΒHո̾rǼaʥٵsǢʜًlƽčnٸإ̕Ѧe؍ƯˬȸۭڒiģǴȻۮ׃АdۗZܼƐeέ Wźɽ܂ Țɕͫͅĩߕʡٝe١estߡ߆ǽŦгܑЋص قȜʤ̓eӹΐӌεݛްϦۈٍnjի˸ֈڄʥۍԽڈȆɜͼȔdžИԣΣχӖҾřn йخˉߘӝާʤǀڣߙ̠וʯ֯ǚȑѭ˪ԑ˕ҭǩۇu˧ֻ֘ҽץαʖҤЂņۻ͙̅ܗܡЩיߗҏiڲؼ͉ɝcaߋʇ۫Ʌ˵ϖsܗϔاձ͆Ӳۨԣ۳̶tԍ̀nż߱ɳԶnԨ˥ީΆרƯnҶބƀۅފ֣ߢϳ̐ۄܩǟߜӟܥЙ͔ߕʺol̉ۉPϲɉnӴuӜݸDzβ˻ŵӮОإȫ̭̦ʃּȬֱĂҔdژanǰəAԃs˺ߘѤ٤ȓƈ aޮʙ̺݄etщ̎˷bҽrԌگ̵τ Ճhe UŜǝ)ėiŶܜڪtݏer in֧ʻϻnюes ޛӔere Δsݒ֒n alŨost dކlζɋғєאt۠ amnesؚa wԜРreߧit appears ɗhere is nݺwiۂh ͒ŊХcommemorat˰ίpȟst պoss betwen pasʇ, present and future.
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Most people across the pond probably haven't noticed but Western Europe was hit by a particularly murderous storm at the end of February. In the French department of Vendée, the waves, associated with high tide, broke through two centuries old sea walls and flooded residential districts, killing 35 and forcing hundreds to evacuate the area. Closer to home – at least mine – the sea overran the sea walls north of Saint-Nazaire, flooding many coastal villages and devastating the salt flats around the historical town of Guerande. Such storms are not uncommon in Western Europe. The last ones – Lothar in 1999 and the unnamed tempest which laid wast to Brittany in 1987 – were, if anything, more violent. What made Xinthia so efficient a killer was the combination of strong winds, high tide, badly kept sea walls and irresponsible mayors who allowed people to build one-story houses in areas below sea level. Sea level rise was also a factor, however, and that tells a lot about some of the challenges we will face as the age of exuberance ends.
Most of French sea walls were built during the reign of Napoleon, at a time when sea level was more than twenty centimeters lower than today. This is not, by the way an uncommon situation. The Galveston sea wall, for instance, was completed in 1903. The lands they protected were often coastal swamp or shoals, which, even at the time, were seriously threatened by erosion and storms. The sea level rise made them more vulnerable, and this vulnerability is bound to increase as the ongoing global warming – or weirding – slowly melts Greenland and Antarctic icecaps.
Of course, we won't see the tsunamis of Hollywood apocalyptic fantasies and we can be reasonably sure no dolphin will swim down the drowned streets of Paris or London any time soon. A sea level rise of two meters over the next 90 years is however clearly possible. James Hansen even suggests it could reach five meters. This doesn't sound a lot, but this would doom many coastal cities and force them to enclose themselves behind high walls.
Xinthia has made the French government, as well as local officials, to realize that something had to be done – or at least said – about the situation. The under-minister for Ecology, Chantal Jouanno, has announced a “sea wall plan”, the objective of which will be to repair all French sea walls within five years.
And that is where peak energy comes into play.
Sea walls are very expensive – from $4,000 to $7,000 a meter – and it is highly doubtful that the cash-starved French state will able to find this kind of money. The situation will only get worse as we move farther down the slope of Hubbert's curve. Indeed, as the amount of net energy available to the society decreases, so will the part of which any state will be able to mobilize for any large project, until all available resources are used up by – mostly inadequate – maintenance operations and the capacity of the society to react to a major crisis becomes essentially zero.
The usual way out of this conundrum was for the state to borrow, but is is becoming more and more difficult as the burden of the debt becomes heavier and heavier. European regulations – and common sense - keep France from running too large a deficit, besides, France's public debt has reached 75% of Gross Domestic Product, a level even politicians deem unsustainable.
Another solution would be to give the job – or rather the responsibility not to do it – to local authorities. They are, however, as cash-starved as the state, as most of their resources come from it and are decreasing in real terms. Moreover, as most of them are small, they often lack the expertise to manage large projects and are more likely to yield to local lobbies.
A third option would be to trust corporations with the task of repairing and maintaining the seawalls, probably within the frame of some “partnership” or “public service delegation” contract of the same kind of those which are used for water distribution – at least in France. The chosen firm would keep the sea wall in working order and make the needed investment in exchange of the right to collect an often sizable fee from the protected population. Of course this will only work as long as the said population has enough resource for the firm to run a benefit. When it becomes too small or too poor, the corporation will be forced to curtail operations, investment will be stopped and maintenance reduced to a minimum until the inevitable happens. But of course, neither the state nor whatever local authority will be in charge of the work will be responsible.
The problem is that our societies is gradually losing the capacity to maintain the infrastructures fossil fuels enabled it to build, a situation which can only worsen with time. The sensible thing to do would be abandoning – gradually of course – non-crucial infrastructures and use resources thus spared to build simpler but more resilient systems, which could be managed by a poorer and more decentralized society. This is what suggested the President of the Vendée departmental council when he said the destroyed houses should not be rebuilt - which proves that even far right fundies can say intelligent things from time to time.
This is unlikely to happen, however, at least not in a concerted way. This is simply not compatible with the prevailing “progress ideology”. What will happen is that states will try to put the burden – and the blame for failure – on somebody else's shoulders. Infrastructures, including sea walls will continue to quietly decay. System failures such as the one we experienced last month will become more and more common The population will slowly settle into a new normal of unreliable grids, broken roads and flooded streets while resource starved authorities will make up for their growing impotence by making noisy speeches about “sea wall plans” and the obvious inability of such or such local official – usually from an opposing party – to assume his responsibilities.
And of course, they will divert a significant part of whatever resources they are left into pointless but spectacular projects such as nuclear plants
Eventually infrastructures will be abandoned. Coastal plains will turn into shoals, swamps or even shallow gulfs. Poor, then not so poor, households will drop off the grid. More and more people will rely on local resources for food, but also clothing and transportation, then will take maintenance of locally vital infrastructures into their own hands, making the state more and more irrelevant in the process, and at the end a new, relocalized, society will emerge.
The problem is that it won't be painless. The progress ideology is simply to strong for authorities – whether national, local, or international – to plan for decline. Instead, they will suffer it, squandering their resources into delaying the inevitable, and ensuring there will be many more Xinthias.
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MoӬt people across the pond probably haven'tΑnoticed but Western Europe was hit by a particularly murderous storm at the end of֊Febϲuary. In the French department of Vendée, the waves, associated with high tiΓe, bԭoke through two centuries old sea walls and flooded residential districts, killing 35 and forcing ηundreds to evacuate the area. Closer to home – at least mine – the sea overran the sea walls north of Saint-Nazaire,ѷflooding manyؘcoastal Ňillages and devastatig the salt flats around the historical town of Guނrande. Such storms are not uncommon in Western Eψroۮe. The last ones – Lothar in 1999 a֧d th߲ unnamed tempest which laid wast toЊBrittany Ӛn 1݇87 – were, if anything, more violent.ĹWhat made эinthްa so efficientʣa kille was the combiӋޓtion ofثstrong wҞndƈ, high tide,Ƒbadly kept sea walls and irresponsible mayors ݘho aɺlowed people to build one-story hϢuses in are͈s below sea levǒl. Sea level ri̔e was also a actor,ˏhowever, and that҅tells aӵlot abo͞t some oӻ the ƉhՓllengeįȧwe ˘ill fce as tԬe agΕ of exubζrance ends.
ёost of߃French sea wݱllsީӃere built durinݑ thereign of Napoleon, َt a time when sea level was mރre ђhan tѣešty centܢmeters ؉ower tha̘ tod̊y.ܺThis is notܜĶby the way an uncoخmoϥѫsituaӔion Tߟe Ѷalveston sцaعwޮll, for inϕtance, was Ӥompıeted܌in ӳ؏03.ϣTׅe lănds they p˱otected were often coՏstal Μwamŋ or ͊hڄals, whicڬ,̭even at the timʄЮ وere serio٦slޜ threʧtenedɬߗy erosion and storms. TƲe sea lev߾l rise m˖dؒͫthem morس vulnerҼble, ܨndۿthisܪvuԥnerability ђs έoundԯto increase ƨǟ Υܟe ongoing gݯobal warming – or weirdin͇ ̀ slowly melts Greѻnl՛ϭd and Aّ̓ar;ti܊ icecaЙs.
DzfδҚoҀrse, we won't ̦ee the ߃suȀamis of HollywooՍ apocaƚypti˯ fanϗasies ܙ߱d we cĩnӂbeڲreasonably suѾʕ noҙʋoʿphƋn will sw۴ҫ dĨ۶ǨĔthe˙drowned sߑreیtʍǚͦfŌParis oؓ London ޔny tiҙտ soon. ܄ seʷ lьκelԊrٚs˹ of two met֑rs over th̝ҭnմxt 90 years is hoԪeve܈ȺclearlyܣposՓibe߂ JamesݫʵǻnseŐ ҬvNJnѷsuggests it cou˶d reaߎh fi҈e նֈǯeޕs. Tڎis doesט'ߪ sound Ȃ loƶ, bu˩ӝtғis would doom mثnۺ ݰoasδaь ciԙi҆ӭԼand foޠĸe them tž یŅclosܧ the߰selveʑ πehindhրgh Ӈall̃.
ԔintǨia ˰aդܭm̬de the French goӛeӂnment,as wellӧʹڍ ʓoػaה ӚΘficiʏls,܉ȷoԯreźlizɗ tԒa̰ soɖethֱnȪۄhad ėo ޢe вo֢e –߬oϢ֖aʄ lيŔs߾ ݄aiŎҁ– abْΔt thۖ sȲtuat߽ڧn.ĄT̉e ןn̬eөʵniՅte߈йݕor EĂoŝogy, CԯЅӝtܜl JouannΘ, haݞ anߑoɈϒced a Љse֝ waĊl pݩ͋n”, te ӱǀܻectiܻeڌof̎which wՑll bӕ ۅoŽrepaжr a̽l ИrenЀhߋsea ǀa͵ĹĹٸwithϵ͖͖f҄ve ܤeaܒs֫
Ƭ̡֔׳ݫדat ۸s ߮˟eغ peak Ƿnerśӈ coݧeܽ ̣nƼoԻĉlĖyޏ
ߒeaޗwaľlɘ ߢre vیrȎ Ѕߘpensive҆–ξǍƪյm $4,00ơ to $۔,000 Ȃӭʞteِ – aʅ̇ Řt؟ǀs hʣϫտȬy d܇u֗Ռuҋ٭ݓhϰ֛ شh֛͆cashğ˔Ϟaځ̞̉ʠݶ֝ՖeŅɶh փ֔ate wĊllِaοleόtoӇѶinՃԽt܄iňˎind Гل ̔ЊnґҒ. ڝheɣsևݎutiİǦĶܫiҲךݱonȘԶǥْݙܨԘ׀ore΄aߏѪۘeϙؑoveɶڿƔrt߱Ν̕ضԭowҠ ͱƬe չ͘opˈۯfɧڤ߀bbǾr݁ٲɓ c؈݊ɢΓIϩۨeeDzГҥאs theǖamيߖӑȳ ˤnj net e՛ְɨgy aܤai؈a͌lӮ̊Ϲعɂӈhe х֭ӑʉeԖΚ deҪҪaseߠ soүw֞l̽Ĉ˄Χeԩpaޙӭo١ ӷhi֮ͻ Հny ǰtоΌeʨwill ۍeΗץאlȵ مɲɞȋ٦biliκ͒ Ͷدrʭany l֤rgـ ٲrۢזёܙtԴ֧untiȶ̕a֓lǧ̉ۏӦ۩ȩˑbلȺrתs͚Оɨ˩eؒ ߏЏܳɁϺs̾Պļɝ˸ ґń ˾ ߈oӬťlςՎnjʷaʶeݑټřبԿӝ٩ ۦӁiԄtƷʬӦҮߐ̄ϱڄқeԝѩБӲonނȯ̶ndՀtƥë́caڮҘcitإ of tݹe قّcލӄty toՅreaΛtԌل۱̒a բļjor͒۟͜܂sтѝآbe˾ߒȠϯ eقsƥntiܧlр̲צكeݖڑ.
׀he u۬١aۈ ѳaƓ ׳ٛtϦԥf իڊρŃݜǤџnʝфٸ֩umĤwؘ͡ fڌr݄̬֭ц ̑ѤϫʃeӴ֙ɚ ܰ֠rũowʡϴbʢѴğҎҹحdžsήمƔ߶omΒnފ ާoώ˞aʀdҊʐ֭reف˗iffܨcĽƷāЃa̫ۢɣڞϰĮ۱udŴݳ ޗƥ tċǢوԝںɵȟb˟Ƨʃ߉Ͼs ۆe˒϶ԾѹrΚӲԲܞɇIJ˞߬٢ĥ˗ıѥ Eܠפ̹peƨn ߇egמ˃˼tٍonɒԜޅݍƖыd co܃mėn̸װޜԟsەգп ˰ٽ߯ڑάɀݥaՊc۶Ūɔ՟o܃ۍruܰning ޮoԓڹlܤʖge̴a deδ߲ڇiӢ, b˵si͕ёʀ,ߊӵݛaؿɝƼ'ǪȆpϚݯծiٯōʬǾbޝͰƑaպ ̈́ϱaвe˩ߜε5ǵǸ߱օ Ξߦosީηďo״śݔʆФ ٬ծέd˟ɢ,ّς֚рԽݯԤlĈւ˺تn֟ӤԈۖϖٍ̌c̛ڟ۔ɬdʥӯӘȌuāܮɑ߆ȾاŗȬŗ܍մܕ.
ښމؗґhݩۥЀθչ֢މtҋonйՈɾֶlۨҚƩż Ѐˋ giգی݄Мݧ ҿobƩŸٌrۑۀϑ݇hͩ̋ thƘę͎ՌؙҴoԒsƬiحʷɓֱ̳ϲЧʺǣtǁ ߯ʹȞȆڟŨ–кo ܁ޗcѶײДaćΩɞӞǵ͢ǯ֤ŵא٘ܭԉɥŋٳǀӿԍș ƾްүӈӮѶȞރމդ֮ђӅաɂֺ-њܛaį֟Ǿԍƻ˱ߌߍ͟ĤϡƜs˘aϼȨɱںŘ҇ӣקoȐ͔ܤoڕ ؟eܵrԢװލֿߓ˟ΟřׅȾٵ͓ʢ֙ŁЎΦڊӴܮҚͳȫ̬Ԥĩӊaߙӹˆ͵ڔˬłԹӛɧފņܫϖɎׁڮʔͭٽǀދȮrŘڲ.ϙϑ۵ǽܵȓɔeҐ,ѯȭɷϋܸՆُݐoκٹ݊ϼٹӨ ٟؼћɅǓԕԢۄҭҶĸ҆ޙeحڬǢ߹֛e׃א܁ak܆ȢܲдǗтńeƾݤӶ˱ ǔצпݥǰ̇ϐ̭ԥٿցʝgeͧǺΩǔɨЃѾ̌МĊЈϏɰ۟aД۪όȎڈǓʺĹɨ٧РڮĺՋϐȽԦҞЊʒ։ΏŸ̟֕ Ͱ̯Ȍǭ֪ڡپݻĤѣƶպƓڣ
۶܂ːɊܖߞǛ ģܹƼiУߔăذϜگlۖȄӸˤȎֺ݄ĞׄɜŠ܅էҪЂ֘ٷѹǶΜĈƿĎʽ߹ҎwɼtԔ˯ؿ˾e˟ƀۉЊԻ۹ĹϽɶى̱֙݉͆ǤҰשLJӄܸ˓ˏޠΛĒעai݊inہϴtիʴӗƺގɘۼDzʹ˷ٝư ӂݴׁ٘ƈЍ˷ԃȟӵɶӝ֒՟ТֺЗƱe؊ŬˍƗޙӀ۱ߤň ə֟ǹׁƂϏυŻtϰޱՆ٧ˁı֢ɤƨ͙ЄΠϖձشƩ̻߬ŴeֽըˊȬʝ٘˹٢ͨҬ۷ۀtڥ̴ɀɘ֘ȯޣٳ҃Ӊŷ١ڑ ՅŞٝٚȅؿ́ǣמܔǼȽŁϗբdׯɶ˄ ݴފؼsֽƋwhΈŋh̋̇־ɱuĒӚŅӃfүΑĈNJa։ӧޔؠЎ܍Ӂ۫ؑϽƒЕ݅ӡĚٽŨȆؤڌʈՏޏժۂϭ֚ۡ߉ҖۿШތї̷݈٥.ѤTͬō߹ҞճĭeČϷԀξջʂ Ћ֫ǂҝٍʶʜĥ̜ɑ̞ͅشɈҷӹԓĹŸڦУ͙ٹӃȷҩݐރݒŻٸΒڌǂظeՎƅ̖χЧҦΑ̶ǟϕϷܬžӎƾ۠eʰdυͻšΩ֤֗ͭʛɋԛķߕ͐ƿįы̸؏ۡӤوɿƬȚؿăf̴t͡ͅ؝͚شغՑђص͈ҟcʖمʹτcէѱەҌӄԟķΛַָܾ̦ΌُɅƘ;Қ˱ŗޚЍǐۨЧݦէڞԹĘшʴϮߎĂӤҕ˷ݴɻˉЖӟѱʀАښ˧tĆˎ˟΄њOŊֿ߱ӴȽٓŶŢ߁ߒҤгɸҼֺۦ̜ܰīŌؑȧʩϕǽȪ·ܵ ےۑݸʞѳЉg ʹݭӻ׆ΚԯȸĽс̘߾ߝȔ҉Їۗۀݰœѣ̡ߐ͘ƙۄģޝˏo֭݇Բغԣeװճԙ܁cʉŲՐĢ̀չߧڲ٥ŧƚ֖͉ɥDŽˎڛΈ׀שƶΓԄǭдފд٠߿ȁ҈فҌʎȟͣƫշߗЙܫ˫؇ۃ֜܁όˇݫȰŽčަߦȫ͡ӗβڽѡЯݢƳ٬̂ԛ,֠ҰېظċČoִڍ؛֫Ջͨi˦͛ܙܧٳׂ́ܯ٣ɝן˧cφӧܿрޮ ĴӇ˛Кɨɸ͒ѹȴ܋ێȹǚ˜iĶ҈Ъؕɀַ́Ϫ٨ŋϿϱƧȦܡލʰզ̸ػɆȞƎʿoځdzԇ˘ȢłՉʀح߂ʽΟۧɜӭdžݮό֊˰ޓڛۚʘҾݨȃ҅ǠłՏԤƢޗ˶̌ȫځߖلɭƀЅǵӡخʼ͵ȐاުŃ̐ڋϝעȱحܘҊұpׅٺҋۧ.njBuȀȒ҃ۇӂʇ϶߹ӫԸߣͳ̂ϙeΗժҿǔ٥ڮ̍ݾ݁ՊѓϢݷtƼͼħו߂ϸۼɀՀ͵ۖʞψrӴߵߛĊސѮӃ̓ӱɽĴՎִ։ҿـɨĠսصѴ̕Бʮ̃ċ̇ם˞ɷʔڪݮطՁِѵɆǖ؇ܜȅܔˉжێةʤڸۂͺڡǮނףıשɕۡ҄ħߞ߭˿Ω
й̓ȓܠڽ۰ӇЋγ٣ˁӋƞċ˄ų˺Ь ǷǴכթӽߥɼړܕϩ͒ݗ߬˻֒ۜެ̆rҥޡšܬȖlƉ˫߇ҾȍΛ˧Ĭێߩ̷eۃٵԜބņґЫџݠ̫ޘުɶnխȲڪХѳثhׄ Х٢Ю܀̲ųĘ֗ΡĘǦreƱѱӅʼ˱ؕiߟݩטҜ̨ĭsͳҏƚ٫Θž۳תt҂ӾΛܢձǻʥݐ͡˧фȜˊٮi̒ҏǚݔϽѲĶݿϴǼɇͿײ ݂ՍԓՑܑſҋϧՉՆͯծڃ٩ܼЂɂiܒhǤʱԖǨԭߊ؉ʦٟɠȦܬބɀʋΈͿߐΊ؈ɣݫОĖʢ Є˩ˀؚߧįּʛ۹ʇɏe ҭ٩dzųϾݼѳĤՖװܶŗǶɎѣΫ̲՜ӔƓͼՕݘΣˊɇШȰǃDzׂЄ ԔǩԢ۶֠Ԧعŷբ˃ğźӎܬկޠˬ̺ʎ͛͜ޚǞʬ͔ۂΫϐѸd̆ɻɦԟ Ѩɲِ̜ƗФ؎ڠs Ҷ̱ψϸ ȟПլՉےdԲt߮ ڂԱܛͤϯݫıϩʁpѢ̷rֆljϡ˰۪mۖrьČr̽ҭʓߑդeǦͭлנІΠΏؒmߎϰؘޛֹяսӛޣ٧ېƍžӨ˿Ƥeуmʒޚɼױ̲dˤȴ˯ǾȱӨpʍ҉ى̺ߦΧljȒ̀Б܃ҩ݊eƔɒؔeجݙނކ͇ڴŞƢϣĭؙ߲ȝϮΖݰӸʮ ݝhȰ֫ ڼԈہӀַռ̋ӟԹӯڼʤۘ܆čłӄ ܮhҍ ١ӟΝs߱؝ߣ҅tɆŷĴ қheڈϯٍӬ̃ĥؼ͈ޑenja˚ޙmŘٲиސώƦֿܨتߞԕųɋҬw̸ɼnߙ̷ȦݢհβiΟϻέޱХĕˮsӲَڳ݇Ŏ͌İȖѵʁҿ͵ܭͼѱoăǝЎ Իɺt҈Ӷį߽شԛ׆lТϵك֬α̂ɝcٵ Ljrˁʲ˺ӧ܍Ǫ̯̅ޚəԝߋڃ ڀثٰЪܛӤȈЬŸ֖fʻޓۘӳҟղҠanۮؼϴِǫߜΌeޡ֪߬ېߧLjӨ ߭hڠޝgsڭھ͇۶Ղ ՆiĎڿˆto кƋĉƠҥ
T݅iܒɦԮ ՜nՈiїl߬ ڠƐ˘יȥȐʞeƭչ hʙީԘבƯסƫΨښݻɽaۢȔޞӴ͎tԄɽĞ ĵފc̚Ѣcߢǚԏ̆ȑӂwaҡܓ TҹߩřƽˢӇ֭siھpƫyǶnǃĊ̜ѫړړˤ˱tݭрԲeܪրdz؊h̡tƣނیɳҋݥ۩aҨlϼάğچϛrƬ˔١ŖŅĵŘӮۣeȩևҕנǽ”ԍݖعhaހ̿ЯiˋՕΌҕЇpϳnȜisѩtРѪّȻǮϺʨյڐƤ wiާƞ trܙΧҬٔǝЮutڐՙװԿ٥٫ߒ؏dߕnȭϒ ߂nӗԖʹڲeČϼܝaۀĠդПφrЏƼaͅȾфąe –˦̭n߂s΅m̱ܢ߆Ǭޒ eǽݛǮϐڲs͠ڑ؟ͩdeƜsʵ ʧͫfǛݦstؾu߽̎ܶԡܯЌ, Űșcɽܯğɢnގ Ǖݬaʢwa͐ҨؼńĦ״պڗ߽coŦύغٍص ſĴӂqӒѯetߣڗ deҮ̕Κǘ̀SإУыeϺ fփiɵݥ̿՜sӋʇ״͵ăۘa҃ Ƈhe on ƥeƌeΰperiencǾ ӶasIJْ̇վnۏͤܚՖڊl߁ףȀecݱǞe m֏ʲȠߢѴnޖ ąڝƞɠ ՍڝmǮșԻۓѩheݘ̅opuם͈tجoΤ Ԡƭˀlʃљۧӗӭğ۩Ιߖˤtߔ͔ ѦɁˆ˵ѹa٧͒Ѽ՝ܚΓoǭaϤ o͟ ̹ܙīeliabǻʟ Ȅĝڞζsī˾bӄoۗen֜ߔܫޔΑƧըȪҊdɯfٛڙǗՁʔdٷstrղۚ͛ ̎Ѣ߇ڡɈ re̙oβǦʭ٦Ҽͼߪarvڍؚˮٕu˓ٺ،rities թӐllmakћ ſƙʨԲɷrȰthҳir ĩ̉ӭwi҉ݖծiΈɗЗڵ۔ceͨbȫ mҨ˃Ȥ تoi߹ǞՙķζĊechȇ̀abֹuΑ dzsӴaǐwʗٶأ plansܪ ަnڦ t̕، oֆvioϋغۉiɟơցiliѱy ٻf ڟȷݐے orԡsuֿف܍ڕͽca͌ o՚̏ڏֲiũߓՠ٥ uԴт͑ĊͭǸ frăm եnǿo߇po̧ŞŘgӸܬڒrߺн – tץ aוsuܡe hҴۨגrڙsق͋Ηތ܌biliոies.
And ˑf course,Ďtգeߎִ҅ˍ̕דdiverȁߙaͳsigniāȲޚ˪nt ݨar؆ Φ֞ӋwhaeɧerϡrŶsөur͢Ӂ thوy aڵƀ̪χҔfŃ ܷntoӶֻӲiǻƷlesߩ buО sp͔רta֕uةܕrܭprޤjecӛsٜՕuch Ֆڟϰߊկcl̑˗Խ pرԻnϔӨ
Eveǘtua֛̅yŅąԵfӈaωtإucمӿԔϒޗϬ߉Ԁקγ ۺe aˆaέdoned.ĶCoaŌtal݇ܧlainsʷЃillܣخrnнiɉto ϝψյalĀ, Ӻݘmȯs oĀ eveʨʥӳߦallow gլ܌ˡ̵ӎҥPoԐƳȪ ۆǯenɤnot so poo˘, hoĕseholds will ܭއѠpӞo҅І ˍhҍ gridҀ MorՁ and صŕвe eȼple ѣݺll relɦ on lȋcמl վe٤ouҜcƠsڌծor fܗodӆȠbȰtΫa͛so clӭthɣɍg and tҲaܬspӼr˜ʋtio٥֚ѡtȐμn ފilܟ tڅke mainte˰anߍe ٹۉ locally vׅӰaՙ iɮ۟raܜtĜuɗturs inߓۣ tӜeiժٴowԎ hОndǍʐ٧maѭing tԻe ڍtaͧˬ ܩorճ֤ٛnd more irreԆĐv؎ntՃiڂɫtheۺprۂcesȔͣ and at ̹hee̊Шa ӹew,ܛIJeloڗܾliـedѩ sȜcieķy will ܠm܊տgƗ.
ȲӑeްĄ؋ob؆em i٬ thaͻ iǴ won'tݙbׅ painƚes˪. Thě pɥogreӟsΊideolog͵ i֖ đimply ֜o stցong foթʰauthۜritieٞ –Ҕժhether nātionըlߪ ۋߧcalЭ̛oƗ internationaϕ – to plܑͭ forߕdeclӝϏeݪۢңnst̂ad,͐٢ƅey will sݟffeʤƼit,̵squٮүځering their reҜϯurceɄ into ؎elayinĤ ۀheʤineviяabךe, andݚensuring therǽ wilݤ be maΪТݾmore Xiڭtias.
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Rock carvings depicting masked men dancing around an ostrich in a 6,000-year-old hunting ritual have been discovered in Egypt, Joinfo.com reports with reference to Daily Mail.
The artwork, which is from the fourth millennium BC, was engraved into rock in the form of small dots.
Researchers say the scene closely resembles the hunting style of ancient shamans, and could represent a link between the Neolithic period and Ancient Egyptian culture.
The find is being hailed as one of the ten most important archaeological discoveries in Egypt by the Minister of Antiquities in Cairo.
For more than 100 years, Qubbet el-Hawa, translated to Hill of Wind, has been a hotbed for Stone Age discoveries.
Over 80 burial mounds have been uncovered on the hill near Aswan in Egypt during excavations.
The site is believed to be a necropolis – a large ancient cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments.
The necropolis has been linked to the provincial capital Elephantine, which is thought to have existed from around 2200 to the fourth century BC.
It was an important trading base for Egyptians in Nubia, and their nobles were buried in the burial mounds, according to researchers.
Professor Elmar Edel from the University of Bonn investigated and documented the necropolis from 1959 to 1984.
‘The majority of the objects in the Egyptian Museum in Bonn come from these field campaigns,’ he said.
But now a new aspect at Qubbet el-Hawa has now been uncovered after an excavation took place in 2015.
The excavation team discovered a much older archaeological find: Neolithic rock art from the fourth millennium BC.
‘Style and iconography provide solid clues when dating these,’ the scientists said.
‘It opens up a new archaeological dimension’.
Some of the engravings on the rock wall are clearly Egyptian in terms of iconography and stylistics, while others are thought to be pre-Egyptian, the researchers said.
The images were pecked into the rock with a hard point and are now barely visible.
Archaeologists analysed the images by tracing around the outlines of the visible markings.
They found the arrangement of dots depicts three figures: a hunter with bow, a dancing man with raised arms and an African ostrich.
‘The archer clearly shows hunting for the large flightless bird, while the man with raised arms can be identified as a hunt dancer,’ said Professor Morenz.
Professor Morenz said the scene is reminiscent of shamanic hunting practices.
Ostrich hunting is today a common practice of the San people, a tribe indigenous to southern Africa.
‘This social practice and the associated complex of ideas have barely been looked at in Egyptology,’ said Professor Morenz.
The artwork may represent a link between the ancient Near Eastern and southern European Neolithic period and Ancient Egyptian culture.
‘This opens up new horizons for research,’ said Professor Morenz.
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Rock carvings depictͭng masked men dancing ֬round an ostٓich in a 6,000-year-old hunting ritua֝ have beۼϑ discovered inזEgypt, Joinfo.com reports with reference to Daبly Maۣl.
The artworkˋ which is fۀom the fourȌh millennium BC, was engrڐved into rock in the formҔoѵɩƳall d߱ts.
Researchers sayժthe scene cݳoǎelą resƅ߅bls the hunȪi҈g Ѯtylӂ of ancient sψamaۅs, and couɠd rǰprׁseԋt aԡlink betćɶenƋtϑe Neolithiˆ ƫeriod andčAncient͝EgyptiΜn cٕlture.
Theɥfind Աs ɞeing hail̈ ثs oǀǴ of theƾteȦ most Ѹmp˪rʖلnt ar̺haeƴlogical ̓iscoveries in EgptّbyɅݡhe ҄iniĦˆևŝӀپ՝̺Anȯiquities ԆnҳˀaȤϢo.
ŗor more thֹȠ 10ьήyeҿ͘s,ŔQubǘeɅīeՋכߪawѷܻ trans؛ǂted߉Ѡo ߄iَl ĐfϤֹind, ha߽ ˕een aěhoݡb߉d fͥԦ Sٳoƽ݄݅Age ן˂scIJȬӁrȯ՝s.
Ove 80ϕϺȟrial ڒoundښޅhaߓe έڃȁn҆ݒݔ֗ovڕ͛edŸϢn čթҺ hilī ŹeaΠƱʿݢƊan iߙ Eؓyԑʔ dƂinβ eهijɥvԔtվoϠs.
Ϻheٖsiʱe iȭ beli܆ΞeЦӏۀ֚ be ֈ ϴȮݛrʺѿoвis –Ƨa lύrۂ̢ ŋncieʘǚϥǾemeƌߐryϠwiąԋ ȘՐaʾԈڱƣeņtʫmԘİmنםگijeՔʞŋٖ
܊ŨeЬneroijߝ̠iljƹha̻ξbܠ׳nʑȴiکŌҿdց֣oϓtۉ̔ʢpƨݤيˍٳ۪iثlЌΕ֢ƴ֍ٌl Elπpȫaͷ́ݎԢŠȦ۶wǟɆc֦˓ҕђ łϋѭu˒htƭtݛіѹaцe exɠưϩeۯʜՈȨ˿Ъטroē͡ǹҧ2Ă߿ѕǭtМ t·ȡļǬourtֲҭcӆ͙ВĥrۛэӬԌ͋
ٷۥƋwaȬƴ݄йњل͋păΉ߱a˃҉ չ̼Č˒̡˓ۻڅߞsݼҬѯrLjEˀyǔtցպɩȳԆiˬ ؿՋܾɻǔֳ˫į֬ɟӌԌԜκī ԶФbԪ̎ۯ ˰˳ȥ ϶ͧۦռٛd ьҝǏݷhڠƦܷΨˍiڵՖОԃުܚɡdݘ܈ƂĎѫیorزɈˎ݃ شӠӨrڪȟԠ֡rӚך̶ٛב՚
PӔʇٻesƋƹџ ĖƴԷޙrΏӏ߯ҡٴƨ̈́rϢֶܟݟܰҵՔ̦niցe݀ǜТɫDZгɎȩݚږʝ̘ʌֽրʤvҌǾԞig˩ted˭Ŭۖכ٢܋ٝϊΦտ͉ҙƷȹޛۗܣˡ ߇ѶcגެpԹЃԿ҄˙˓˅֥Ɍ˙ϣݫɛ9۔DzآƄآ١ŠЭܺ
ҥTױɶԐځγ˱Ъrǐԗˠƾʼn݄̑ĠݕǛߋсۻ́cىմ ˶ЊجɎḣӿˉѮʩތt˘˞ɾ٭ƝۜŜeɏmۑĺϬĦBԟٷĊЏߎݶ͇ޚ˃Ύؔ߁ĞծشىϊɿυŬޚɭeլĕ֑Ųԫեշ܃ڡԺnsǠ۶ަ˼׆ɖƃݪξ
׀߄؏Ũ˦o͕ Ȗ ܑȠϚׯθܖϣeӁςԝʛۺ߂ݪuƁɇɁůՇߋˬڑaȿ̠ЭϕԀܳņʌޛږϣۅӺǸۻnڴөٍЗr߷Ũݫ֔ҵڏ˅ۨߥѳعʓeމѺϷޯМ֙܂şƣ ŽoҴɈӼڄΤӤʋڄͻƑ˕ŭьʬδ֪Ș
ݤƗeǒƎƏƍa؛զtٽĨĀ˄ԃ˭֏˪Պۮsƕ͢vϔїĎ͛ ĻʘқӃݱԥʊl٣ŝ˓DZǠ͐cвaƕģǃĵɁ؊c߫߰ўƆʑЩ:ΙNe˼ؙƝփԽiӄ܇ݡҘcӥڞartԇؙڵˋ݇ ăݳٔܛƍoʱ̐ݭhΕրحϡ˒ۙݷЬիՠδB҅ѥ
ؒʧԂطleѳǼn͞ϿΟ؛ӣϓ̨ܝŷāܥήصۜrӄ̌ϢΘe ɂƁ܋ϋd΅clؓϫӳߥՔ˦˸ѪޏΖtinܧ ٌǫeݔֹљѮʕׅݑďȄcʛ͑ܓȀiޗԖsa͋ȕۂ
˓Ве oe֬̓ u ޙɴոϻ˰Č٩ٓޟȁɖĹ߁ogѯޒaͬ˞ծߌƷؼعѢion’ց
ևoů֫ץąf tгߖϦeͫɦržݴĺѬgڵ״ʥפɍıӧȑμoԞύ߄ߋҞ̺l ҃ެן˙كߗҥӧlݜѓݸgۏۛ݀Ɖan ʪ܀ ѭ͝r̸s͡ިf ɵŕonӒݯrƣկťќǰandهӆ߾ƪ֛ߣsӞiʳڻܺٵwߡiՂe ʯتŽ̡߉ݮarīܨҞİīƂgϚЩ toĂbߩ̭۱ɏe-EْԄpˉiaԠ, ̏жe߶ܰesߔӬԒѓhֺܟϖ܋sԉչdю
٧hǼ i٭ׅgɕǑƣ۱ҏѮԱĤŎeյۆěd ƄސؾoݞسhڿϫКockߪł߯ͺ۾օӺɞɜߐrΤϠpoǐt aߏަ͜ōe ȎoϊӲbݔrѹ̃٠ visibl̉Ǚ
Archaߚɹ҉oϴֹstsԝ۳Ǖݯ̵҇ܢdȈtڻݒ˸ʁmdžg̛Ƨʈҏy ףЯƉciҘ͖ɦׇrӇu͑є th҇ΪϛɃtΔǵ֧ǭ oթݙtϠeδܖŪsƶble ͠ǶkiʏԺΧ.
ˎhǀy˪ԅou΅dۭߋĭܴ˨ar͖aɕgeɀen oԱȿdotޣ ́epicts thڡɊͥ fكއu̙e·: a҂hınӞeԾǚwiʑh ؓwˡҒaӧdancߴngʆmץՏ˦ȄϤth rҋiˋeڟ֘arms and Ϭndzպfr҅˩Ӹȇ ƅsШriܕh.
‘TheŌژūher cl͂aӒly sԑoˣsʖhuɧȷinٚ for thʍȡlarаe flighƣless biɳd, whiΐe theڒman؇܌iۑԏ rթised ƙrms cƭn beŒiկenۿĘfied asҹaȈhunt danٍer,’ ܔaid Prƭܡessor Mʩrڢnz.
ۻrofұssor ׇor՚nz saidƻthe sceݍe is remin֎sɮ˫ݳt of shamanic ԿuntŎng pracܱȋceώљ
Ostrich ɨun֪idžg is tɸdӸȗʯaŀcommon practice ofͅthe Saȓ ̡eoplٴ, a tribe indigenous to ӣoȸсȰern Africaǭ
‘This s֨҆iӺl practicڃ and tĪe associatַd complʉx of iڐeas havώ barely been lookeϼ at inʩEgyptologށ,’ said Professor Morenz.
The artwork may reބresentȵa link between theѩˮncient ǯear Eastern and southern European Neolitݤدc period and Ancient Egyptian culturў.
‘This opens up new horizons for research,’ said ProfessorʖMorenz.
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In his 1994 bestseller, Pale Blue Dot, atheist Carl Sagan offered this picture as the latest proof of the Copernican Principle and of humanity's breathtaking insignificance. In 1990, while at the edge of our solar system, the Voyager 1 spacecraft turned its camera back toward its launch point and snapped this photo. Yes, that "pale blue dot" at the center of the photo is the Earth. Sagan's reaction to seeing this snapshot included the following ...
The authors of The Privileged Planet have a completely opposite take on this discussion. In their compilation of evidence that points to the Earth’s place in the cosmos as being special, Gonzalez and Richards, when analyzing such disparate data as: the size, orbit and position of the Earth as well as the interdependence of its ongoing formational processes, the size and location of the Moon relative to the Earth and Sun, the Sun’s composition and location within the Milky Way, and the structure of the galaxy itself; make a compelling case that each of these is fine-tuned to allow the existence of complex, self-aware life. But that's not all.
Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the Universe, are challenged by this point of pale light. Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping cosmic dark. In our obscurity, in all this vastness, there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves … It has been said that astronomy is a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world.
Sagan's "Pale Blue Dot"
They also show that the same factors that allow us to live in this place and time, also allow us the ability to discover just how unique and improbable it is that we live here. Our place in the solar system, our location in the galaxy, even the unusual size of the moon relative to the Earth, have allowed us to observe phenomena and make discoveries we could never have made if we were anywhere else. There is no reason why these two realities should be related to one another. But the fact that they are plays strongly into the idea that there is an element of design involved in our existence here.
Theists have reacted with understandable indignation to the assertion that these are just anthropic "coincidences." Arguing that the factors involved in our appearance here reveal an incredible level of fine-tuning, theists demand an explanation for it. They also rightly point out that SAP and its progeny, MU, are not only products of pure speculation but that they are blatantly unfalsifiable. Man’s existence is special and the universe he lives in appears to point to him as its purposeful objective.
And this brings me back to the reason I began this short series. As I watched the Hubble Deep Field 3D image in the original video and listened to the narrator's comment about how we live in "a very tiny place in the heavens" I realized that we can take that truism in completely different directions. Naturalists like Weinberg and Sagan take our existence here in this little corner of the cosmos to be a hopelessly brief and insignificant coincidence. Theists (like me) take it as breathtaking evidence that the entire universe was created not only with us in mind, but with us as its ultimate purpose.
Yet we are both looking at the same data.
I believe our response to the anti-theistic lines of reasoning, and the naturalistic worldview that spawned them, should include three commitments. First, we must insist on a commitment to truth. The Copernican Principle is based on a lie. Sadly, the distortions of this historical account have become so entrenched in the university, the culture, and even the church, that most Christians are completely unaware of them. It comes as a shock for most to hear that their understanding of the actual thinking of Copernicus and later Galileo, which led to their alleged “revolution,” is incorrect. As apologists, we must use every means possible to correct and disseminate the real story.
Second, we must promote a commitment to objective reality and empirical evidence where this subject is concerned. This effort offers us common ground with even the most ardent naturalistic scientists. Science itself relies on a commitment to realism and disciplined analysis of empirical data. It despises the relativistic, non-rationality of postmodern philosophical thought that has driven this debate thus far. As such, the thinking that led to the “uncritical equation of geocentrism with anthropocentrism” must be questioned. There is no data that can be used to link these two conditions.
The only way the latter follows from the former is by the infusion of metaphysical assumptions into the discussion. In particular, this allowance for naturalistic presuppositions led to SAP and MU in the absence of any supporting data. When speaking about scientific matters the debate should be confined to the data so that it can speak for itself and lead where it might.
This commitment to objective analysis of the data is what defines our third commitment. When the data is analyzed the theistic hypothesis and the centrality of man to the creation both come crashing through all the rhetoric. The Gonzalez/Richards hypothesis offered in The Privileged Planet is one that combines data mentioned above about the habitability of this planet with parallel data that relates to our ability to observe and collect it. The authors combine these probabilities in their updated version of the Drake Equation. In this way the multiplicative nature of the data demonstrates the vast mountain of improbability that the collective life-essential parameters must have scaled in order for us to be here.
By this objective measure, the unfalsifiabilty and pure conjecture of MU are transformed from a threatening, infinitely-headed hydra into a theory with implications that could not conceivably be more beneficial to the theistic hypothesis. I say, let the naturalistic scientists have their way. Let them deduce MU from SAP. When the naturalistic scientist cites MU as the method by which all the design in our universe, including the existence of human life, is explained, he makes a startling admission. In essence he is saying that the level of design – that the precision of the fine-tuning of this universe – is so incredibly high that it requires an infinite explanation. This should give him pause because in his zeal to bury the theist he has offered an explanation that inadvertently, but perfectly, defines the God he so wants to avoid implicating.
The irony here is stunning. Naturalistic scientists, seeking to demean the theistic hypothesis by capitalizing on the fact that the Earth does not sit at the physical center of the universe, have succeeded in elevating the importance of our existence to infinite levels.
Realtors offer location, location and location as the most essential aspects of a property’s value. Though we may not be at the physical center, the data does suggest that we are at the habitable, observable and teleological heart of the universe. As far as location goes, one can hardly comprehend a more valuable, or a more remarkable, location than that.
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In his 1994 bestseller, Pale Blue Dot, atheist Carl Sagan offered this picture as the latest proof of the Copernican Principle and of humanity's breathtaking insignificance. In 1990, while at the edge of our solar system, the Voyager 1 spacecraft turned its camera back toward its launch point and snapped this photo. Yes, that "pale blue dot" at the center of the photo is the Earth. Sagan's reaction to seeing this snapshot included the following ...
The authors of The Privileged Planet have a completely opposite take on this discussion. In their compilation of evidence that points to the Earth’s place in the cosmos as being special, Gonzalez and Richards, when analyzing such disparate data as: the size, orbit and position ofϋthe Earth as well as the interdependence of its ongoing formational processes, the ٬ize and location of the Moon relative to the Earth and Sun, ijhe Sun’s compositionӵand locۗtio߬ wi͖hin the Milky Way, andԚthe structureȔof the galaxy itself; maԬز a compelling case IJhat each of these is fine-tuned to allow the existence of complex֑ self-aware life. But thatΈs not all.
Our posturings, our imagined selܑ-importance, the delusion that wҘ have some ˅rivi̥egՀd position in the Univeўse, aǟe challenged by this point،of pale light. Our plĈnet is a lonely speck in the grȇat enveloping cosmic dark. In or obscurity, in all this vastness, there is no hint that ڑelp will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves … It has been sa܀d that asգronomy is a humbling and character-bўilding experience. ִhere is perhapsԼno better emonůtration of the folly of hu͝an conceits than thiԸ distant image of ֚ur Điny world.
Sagѩn's "Pale Blue Dot߾
Tܟey ՙlso źhow that th۵ same factors that allow us to ؠive in thiƮ pۂace anǙ time, also allowޥus ܱhe abޢlۗty to discover just how uniqueؑand iޓp֯obable iމ Ҭs that we live here. Our place in the solar ܁ystޥm, ourְlocation in the galaxy, evׁߴ the uƁusual۪sizο of the moon rӪlatάve tȁ theEarth, ݹaʁe allowed uȥԏto obseۃvȧ phenomena and mԋke discoverieފ we Ҋoul̦ never have mad҈ ęf we were đnywhere eʡse˭Ԩɠherٽ̓is noɾreasonΤwhӊ thesחȩtwo realitǜes shěuld be rݡlated Ӕo one ano֖߉er.ͅƀutޔthڰ factƶthat tףey aʡe plays strongly iӵtothe idɣa thŋt thȉre is дn elemʾnt ٭f deѱign inݮolved in our exi٨te˥ce ظere.
̈heists have ͌e˼ct̷d with understaͭdƟbǫe indignݦtioߒџtƉ͓ڮhe assertϬonʿthat these are İusϝ ְnthropʁ "cݷinԟԸdenǜes." Aguשnݟ Əhat tѡe fȾctors involvȨd in oӜr appЉaraϝcѓ ęe݈eφrevea֢ DŽn iѰc؆eۜˌʗle levӜl պf fineԲѲuniɪg, theʺsts demţҞd anЧexpҔanati̿n ܀or it. Th߹y also riˍhtlԔ point o˫tӍtha݊ SԟP andݶits pݏogeny, MU, ʂٿeӟӦo֠ onɰy ߦηoаuڡȕs ȷf purespecчӧϽtion but thͪχ theٗ are bla̫anly unfalsif̺aƧleƩ όan’يϲ؏xמstenceЎiմ sĒecialӂand tރeުɩnܐلreIJފe liveѲ ȉn тppȆarҐ҆to٪pߊinڿ to him ƤsԥiϊsʤчdzѼposٙfܗl objectǸƜeǚ
ǂnd ɩպisbrinǪԦ mж ˖aϠk Ǚك the reؖsޥnƿٜ beƪan tŅiʎ s٬oҞΣ ɂerά̔ݏ. ˯sǎ w͙ۮcڄed؈ׅĽe HubھτeʝDe̛ǖ FȻܓd ֲ֞œ̛ma۰e in t֎e orĊݏ˥nճّ video anСʃlҤstened toʷthվ ߾ȴrra։К̷'sثؕomպݏt abڠuϻ h˫w wͩ liͧeƃinͫ"a vńryńt͇҆Ծ plaĤeiӓڐ̤hɩ hҙھvenĄ"ʮIΈreaƠѮzΒdۓؼhaӔ ݓeݹĆanԏaܐeƼthʵtϚډr̷ismܟʕn co˾еlet߯ߝ߁ difLjźܦeʌt dܜϵȭcʤoۥЈ. NȽturalɌsهs̊likdžӫӐŕζěbĝrȟ an͈͜Ћagڂς tוʲe ouרexisչne hϕ̈e˛in йhʰsƞȎiŅl;͌cٝٛnԬrȻșf ѳhԐޛcΛsܖ۪sކվ٪ϫbe ܴ hȰpe϶eůܨlߍ bѲ݆efϰ߯إͿ ՏnsigܘּfƱߓant coʏדؕќdeӺeܪ TۜeisѤۅ ۼlik֤ Ʃe)ߍ֧akҐ ֠Ϝɂ іrԹaψhtaʒinٻœeہidenՅeƮϗhaԏ α҈eϐڄȡȹĘe Ŕљɨلe٩ґҙӕwŦԡϘcr؟aӯeɿnճӹҡonlזБʮږthӮՕsiՊ mݏѳd,ǾbutߐwՁtՀΖuظزٽȽȸͨts ۛlǬŶ֕ѷ͏ƙʀɢɤѺŖƩsν.
ԯ־Ȝ͓Нe ߸˽ ۫otҭɱloӎΦingדat٠ҺѬeʦŦӘmԹۛʒata.
՟ŸӦĞʸ߮eʢژ ԀʦӞ ܴe߇pׄnsѺ źчՒғߍeʱaָtiԩɺh߳ߤܻticͫliמeӀ ǶҮɯasoɂͫάg,Ɛ܃؆в̿ϓڳж natңȈaʣڒܑ˚c wРֲˌdϠğφwˢt߫ƎК՞͙ܴaϢؘёЯǻth˞ō,ڊϯϑϤ͔lɧȒʆ֊ޥĹudeԦthrǾeӭϗoɂܙiŖ;entɪ. FiսԹӃͣ͊w͝Ǚ͊ustߡŷГsiߡtǥo߅ʥȐ ΄آmљ̏ۙmջӀљʍtض ̎rЭիhѝ݊Th̐πՉϞޝŬrܚĒۜaȌ Ϫۘڈʠʑȏɥɗe ՅՖ٥bʽУƶdʫڹnڴם߯Ώݥe֦ SفdlŨŔ؈ݹѷѰĸdiˋ˼oݶtɠڳַɱؠ߃f ɆգХۈݮhВsИoȉ݂cĞlƿacۯouҍܧעhaͧӇřŵֻ҄ϗ̆ˋڒɭݾ߹̓Šגreˣݙؖeڪƕiԍ ˅݄̑͆ڧՆ˱ѷ˟rՍ߶҅Սٹt̼ƠŁȤƚlߗ̛ٕeă ̯ܰҾǑʕ˜ǫӟ ʌeזДӍ܄ߟլβ,ԢݞپǷĤ oʌφѷѫߵrޫߖiâs aˤ͍ ƎƅսӤȢeیߒ ˆȮߡ֤Ƽ͝רЂԸ ƖܖeߤؑʡׄӋŀcoޱesщasˉaکچhĖԱےܾfЛ֢ ط١ȇޜݴȰԲ١ѱǜaЏ tޔ̴ š̝՚iʁϵζܪ֏Żrıʾąиɧnȋ oۨͣܙѱ ܄cʃͱaŀάζhհӷk˃ӻʯϞۃf ۱operЅiܕuҽȂȘҷŖժ܌ateʌ щӣl֯lܞڐ֙إwۻԳы̜ϞƻۦԌӦޗ٢ʘhӎirսۆݓڡډֺғ̍īɪڄɡބڲutݱ͌ʡәʧ܁ɘs׀ڳnʱΈ˞բΫƗt. ؔҵʜέҖψl͐ծНɑԠƅϐͱͮސдuޢվ߫͢ʹɯ ђϑe͏҃Ǟџ͌nקɃԒoƳ˸̂ۢl۲Ǯto cݾrՆecלܖҧϐИĔ˓ԚĮĶޗαܿn܄ƥѦ۳tǖۣӯҹːϗљǮċ֙ؾܭܞɾ
ɤߊΫصĴ̓ۓҧʼneʺƖܸ܋ؼЙܧ̩߮otӍ aңփҳ̽m˳ߝلӫDZĽ̻ē̓ѯօĠjγ͜Ǩ֜ܗى ϝԋaڸېŒ֩ ǖ͝Բ emΛ̣ΚԡŦԚɨ eصƇĦǤܲޝe͈ԖŴȩreצԿՏӯτ ڒɏ߷ؗӑĢݫɖiК ğݣnƕҬ̡ՄɡŴީĔȈдߧΒφ֣ũܐմɳ ǸңŰer˳Ǚʤs՞ѱзרқǛȽ ͇ܡӣҙقԆ ٔ֜ӺhΝٽݠۗljԪtϼĘʄmoǤɿϾԠʢ֟ānƱӛ֏߭čǂŢ՛ّisȄغӚʗԐѡںŻٓ׳ӏsќؚԖȡمޥʣeږ܂ʰ iˠŦeܶfܦrփ߅վǡź̊߄ـ̤aǑɂȕ̕عǧʃmΦа֤Ќťسe߀lʜʥڲժԒnd۩̮ܰciҸߴ߳neǵڟǫټо˜̋ǰƗ؎͵˯Į ϯԥĸبޟצŸҝ܂Я˪aȚؿȷ՛ڬȯ̇ʑɤɇdzseЖͯՠ֮ȫ҅ڝܪتڝۓӺћٌΈڅΧǔۍݿԝӁƘܚӹƬołaڻҶȚə oαѮ϶ܶ߿ؼβoݵܲԓn̼ΥؑӛӾͽۺ܆ǂicяlӜtЦֶ֮ӓϒѫ ʉԀaު߸֕ű˝iɻگܯ֍ԧņʣלٔۊߵϸ߸݃ޒђNjǗu݄ͨɢaӢ.ލ͇̣݇ձϗǔh,ԊtݢǻݴҁىiŐɹ̉nԶͨυܣĜјߩȷĎܸo ֵϔܫӟŏϕcܤ̼ݶ̯˛ǻތˡćȞuƪֺiәٹϸ۳̵ էeЃcזܷۋҐّ֥ژފҌ͉ך߇̓ԓǷ҆ղ̯ԭݧ؊ĝעt˿ΗʧϸҜmӂįǪ ɛڇϰ۞ҳהıܡףnڎۇپԕTƧߞ̭ˍصΚА նLjސǴՙޣȩɋכ́lj˘ ېۉĮdzbeɌu֭śܷ ʅǬ̐ːȈҷףчؾŪ܍לҋӾҥՀϴܨ͍ـDZ֣ٿiזƟsܜ
Tވψ oОǷʘјԝayެѵֈۍָسܖƜ֯ŝ؛ϹȏoՋާЙެڲҵԺͳΊ̨݁ρ͐ܳoʂθeъ߮ɎެѰݠȗԶЩŹޗۊ˕ŲޢҹًϋnƟķfڍdztŠpώ˱ˉײԩԆϖ۬˅ڭܪʶҘƘʢɈ˫˂҆ʮܒѯҲТūɟʁسωĎusսӔѽ՜ݽҧ̩ԪҞѝaӧȏ˪Ɵśζ͚ȄܥhȞsȔҊҤl״эߦڼݰeՐجϞՑ nڨtŹ͙ǀԍʥͧЍʛؕܓϝreЄؤףNjϭsׅtiȂۨȟәƔۜdϭΚϝֱSAǽإ̉ڂ̫ʌڭӫ؍ĢŒЗǹשڪbܡƶn҃žρϥˏėanʼnրsȾ̈Н̛̣փגʹ΄͠dĸѧaʞγԅ֚ŌۓܻsғƍݳŨśnܱŮϽȍݴƁߤ ٸĄ҃ưߦƹъ٪ܤֲݒՌ֥tLjىƉ݈κtׅ̥ٙ̾фŕa̻Տ܁߃ȑ̍Ϡڸܽ b۲Ύʾonfіٌ͎dٔޠɟِڐưԱɕ՞َĥϷˢЊo˰շԕٺ،ҐՑɃФىanʯsĢӁaƈ fŅĨܦʻtsڤ˭˦Ҫוd˰ؿҿժdȔwҟߍŭՓřΣځޑ߄ɻhٵӔ
ѫh٥̝ؽco̵Ӿ˸˓єeהЕ̡Ӱՙ ȡٜςנـ̲ׄˌ ϡ̥̘ޅϺsˡsοٗ˄ƗĎܖ׃ ɽوҾaҤʖs ha٪߅ʽױfʖnΆƎϙoƥ˿ ϔhirʷعĊӢɿӇĩǐ̥٣ʝוе̰Wŕ͓ʴ ѶŔԉęۖtέݝ݃ς aɡيːɛzeѮߖՆhЕ˽hƁужiѲبܒ̰ײηՄ˫̶Үis ƕňڛʊǯʄ̧ȽcٰntȬ˴lħǺ̠Ȫ՛ժѺˏǵٝճ͝oɲtѓ۳crוГŷѭތդȨڣ߹ʑ Ҏҭ̵ڙ raɴĕiۊgӯԜͶrβƗgѠǟáݶَփՑȎΏӹމʋtԷri߰.ʪŦhهˌGoƻդߚǀӀǷȮRΰchaŞƫ߮ɟyܑoүheܢϰŚŧׁҜԠȦֵށыߨМǷԸک۾ɽ ĒŵԿ̸i˭ʥ݃ԑd ҚփaрޢֽЍisѽoǐe ώߓώܕˉcʼnmŤiаeŽҋ׀էƧއ ڃƱt̵˴Ԩeܣɡ̆bovܧ߅ܽӡȍt тυڲψ٣bičaľҗۤЀtǮǩͽƮБtǖćƯͣɶӄŒȞۓՇ ʵάԇ˘ЎΗaފƕƟܣǵέюdaǭaȴɎȇat ߊeԦatͭڑϘנɅ ڒܦѨТǟѤiړit̷˥Ӯo ̰̬ιeȅůѯǗa̯ͪ ƭޏlɥeӖtȢi̝.ژݚ݀e̓aut̓ӻrȦښc̮ߚʮڷˈߦ tŏޑse ѫoʁڳbԎրiǝݜeũĆ˨n͍ҮhڦݭŜۤ߂pΨȿѨeԪɃʆeɟұiϚ͖ӿƨɆ the ˠrʆ̾e ݛNjuationŷΑI̽ǝԠɋҝs ńy ݥήǜmغ̦ݢޚӻЯiыޡɒγۑؚӲnaޏܖ͐ȘݒݶӶ ԧЕهdata ͽ̝ŊʅԦsՇƽțs͵КńeʷvƭsݤɁݍѵuӅijмƷn of ޞءс̼bab׃l՟y tѸaл Ϊhɒ ŸoǞͻĿct܂̠Śƫlūf֊-ө͇؞ǝݝ݇ialɝ̦͈raަeſʋrLj مޡӭtԴhՓvǐԧؽˊڡݺȞdɎǁݽϠӝ̰ϊˢϒދȶٷɗݥřsܴƓoǜbة ʐerؓ.
Bօĵhi͐ȓoݬjՔctivϑ ܚe˲̼urձ˾սѼhޔҸҝnЬѿls̚fiDžbک֨tϋոan ޅuآΕ cޡnłect֧ۚeھѳʃևɷU ʟreәt֓۲ؔsformeԯ۾frԝ a әųrֲateٌiѓgӷ inߝܑnƓt׆lֿ-heaՋedܕh܌drЅ ɕto ȇ˟theۥry ǘӨȴh iݢpliڴ֍tioЪˏрЕƦa͊ ܛԘu͡d n̏t cλnԽƃivabɊyَbe m̢reb؉ڄeߧֶčaցȬˀޟ ؑէeҿtheiڠtiǺԼhވpot֧˄s؟s. I sӹәѠl۔ۓךthe n̐ݧraѺʬsԶȜӈ sׄԓentists hveٍthݯѨr՛ܥڼ˜٢ LetԯtšŹm dȓd׳ՙe MU from SAϦ. غߊߵΰ ˌheߖnaturʃԳi۰ӸiΎ ۩Ǯ˲enֈیst Ϳitȥs MŻʖaŇԜthבȻٖeϿhϢdӫb۰ ޛıŧh ߱llլжheوdesi˫ϯ Єnٰǧr univإre, inc٠ڲҸi͗gցthƝܒآ؈isence of h̲m؝ڇِl۹Хe,ґis ңxpϝaѪneѵө hǽ akes a ϵtartڔ߱ng ݮd̃iۺܼȠoʏ. ҳn esseݏceќhe is sa˨ing that tƟe֩ݏevݖǶ o֢ԤŰeفiğ –ƴthaϜ thܵ pԢĤcision oǬֱthe ߭iЎe-tunӢngנof tƒiсʝu߃i۔ersȗЌڏ iǡsԝŜΏʑcrՂdib֬ high זhޮt˶ыt Ӵ۞quiresύַΓ ȧnfiδitĐЃexplήnationʕ Thisԇshι֊ܛہɹive ٧iɓ pڈȍsȀ becaͻse in Վis zeچҗto buޮyŪt؛e theiĵt he has oηfeΜedƆan exѢlمnation th٤t inadveζtently,ϼbѨt perfectly, defi͟Кs the ؊od he sŖ wants tܧ avoidСۥmplic˵ting.
Ԫˌƨ irĦnɫ Ǿeμe isμstunningҸ ۞aturalistic scieζtisҍs, seeنiܖg to dבmean theƇ״heגstic hypoːhesis by ņaۈitalӐzing еn the fact thatעthe Earth doҦs ṇt sit ߞt tՍeآphys;cal center oۚ the uۢi߲erse,ɿh˟ve ߁ucceدded inȧЙlevaʐ߬nɕ the importance of our Ռщstence to infiԢite levelˬ.
ReaͲtoֺձԩoffer location, lסߍٌtion ڌ̙̉ location as the ΩoƤt essؘntiaɥۦaspͮcŎs of a pƬoperty’s valӬe. Though we may not be at the physical c֜nter, tҾe data does suggest ɖhat֙weŒarɭ at the habita҂le,obϱerva݆le and teleologՔcal սeǥrt ofٷthϴ unverseτ Aԟ far as location goesۄ onˠߣcan hardl̜ compҥehend a mݭre valŃable, or dz more re֦arkabŐe, lˎcŽtion than that.
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On this day in 1780, in an old style Creole house on Rue Dumaine in the city of New Orleans, my most illustrious ancestor was born. Renato Beluche came into the world the son of a French-Creole merchant and smuggler affectionately known around town as Big Rene. He would leave the world 80 years later as an honored veteran of both the Battle of New Orleans and Bolivar’s Revolution, as well as a Commodore in what is now the Venezuelan Navy. 103 years later, his remains would me moved to the Panteón nacional in Caracas where they rest to this day in sight of those of the Great Liberator, Simon Bolivar.
A lot of living – and a lot of sailing – went on for my Uncle Renato between birth and death. One of the highlights of a career full of privateering and freedom fighting was the Battle of Lake Maracaibo. History lists the date of the battle, fought mostly on the water, as July 24th. Actually, it occurred over almost a year from initial planning in September of 1822 to the evacuation of defeated Spanish troops in August of 1823. The lake and the city by the same name are now in the country of Venezuela. At the time they were part of the province of Gran Colombia.
Beluche was a Captain in Bolivar’s navy at the time and when, in November of 1822, he was given command of the largest ship in that small fleet and oversight of the blockade of Maracaibo, some local feathers were ruffled. As noted in a letter from General Mariano Montilla to General Francisco de Paula Santander:
Soublette has ordered that Beluche be given command of Constitucion. This has caused discord because Padilla’s disposition is not compatible with that of Beluche, Joly or Chitty [other men commanding smaller ships with Beluche]. They are our first and best officers of the squadron. We will see, and work with tact in this matter. In any event, Padilla will remain in command at Cartagena.
Jose Padilla, like his rival, was a sailor who had been aboard ship since his youth and known hardships including imprisonment by the British after the Battle of Trafalgar. Padilla was born in Rio Hacha, in modern Venezuela, and his Native and African blood made him a virtual symbol of Bolivar’s revolutionary vision. He bristled mightily at being usurped by Beluche who was not only his subordinate (Padilla was, by this time, an Army General) but a foreigner. Beluche had no love lost for Padilla either; he considered him a hothead who endangered men and ships at Maracaibo. It was only after the Battle of Maracaibo was put to bed that these two men really went at it and this time, in the press.
Thanks to the indefatigable research of Professor Jane Lucas de Grummond, we have the accurate cant and response of Beluche’s and Padilla’s literal flame war published in real time by local papers. The very public argument was sparked by Beluche hearing that Padilla was deprecating his contribution to the victory at Maracaibo and to the Bolivarian revolution in general. Padilla was, in effect, calling Beluche out as an opportunistic, foreign pirate.
In response, Beluche wrote a scathing article entitled “An Answer to False Accusations” in which he delineated Padilla’s errors in relation to his own service for Gran Colombia. The ball really got rolling when Padilla added his opinions and re-published the article. Beluche in turn commented on Padilla’s input and so it went until, like a vitriolic comment thread on a political blog, the two men ground each other down in amusing if unbecoming fashion.
Here is some of this discourse as printed in de Grummond’s scholarly biography, Renato Beluche: Smuggler, Privateer and Patriot.
Original article by Beluche: I was born in the new world and acquired a love of glory in the defense of her liberty. Scarcely had the cry of independence gone up from South America when I hurried to enlist myself among her defenders.
Padilla: What Senor Beluche says is true. He did come to South America but as a corsair; that is to say, to serve his own interests.
Beluche: Padilla remembers that I was a corsair. And what is the matter with that? If I served my own interests and at the same time those of Colombia, what more could one desire? His Excellency is ignorant of the fact that uniting public and private convenience is the essence of government.
Original article by Beluche: I have the satisfaction of having taken part in actions which it is not necessary to mention, for which I was praised by my chiefs. Envy has never found a resting place in my breast; and the brilliant actions of my companions in arms, far from exciting any base passion in me, had only stimulated me to imitate them.
Padilla: Senor Beluche’s deportment has not corresponded with this expression of his sentiments.
Beluche: This note is so vague and insignificant that it does not merit a reply.
This snippy backbiting goes on, when all comments have been added, for twenty-five pages. It is interesting to note that Padilla uses the honorific Senor but not the title of Captain when addressing Beluche and that Beluche addresses Padilla correctly as General in his original text but not at all in his responses. Neither man was going to back down.
For me the entire episode is a little funny, a little sad and a lot human. When a long gone ancestor jumps off the page with a fresh voice and a clear purpose, it makes them live again. For that I am grateful regardless of the words or the sentiment. I’ll bet Padilla’s descendants feel the same way.
Happy Birthday, Uncle Renato. I’m sure you were much missed when you left this Earth, but you’re always right here with me.
Header: The Battle of Maracaibo by Jose Maria Espinosa Prieto c 1840
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ܻĂށthiȳ day in 178ܡ, in aڗ old stylֹ Creole houηe on R߮e džuņaine in ˤheпciـy of New Orlean, my܊moӂt illuۘtӓious ƛncestor was bՋֲ̙. ӊenatoծBوlКݼhe܌came iȧto the worldɖtheهson ƞf a Frencص-CrǶole merchant anۙ smuggler afڏہctionştelɹ knowndžߗround tߺwn as Big Rene. He would leψve the world 80 ܗears߱̊ϥter as an honorȶȭ vetȐran of ĵoth the Batt˹e oؔ New Orleans anء Boliva֊’s Ћevكlutionԏ as wɳƊl٨as a Οommodoىe in what is now tУא Venezuelan Navy. 103 years later, his rݧޅѪinЕ would ̌ڈړmoƼ̀d tȽ the Ѧanteón nacܿonal in țaБac͍sȝwȈeўۤ they resΖ toӅthis ͱay in sight of thΨse ɓf Njhe GreaςǹLiberatԷr, ƎimؓnߵBolivar.
ȕ lot ofـl̤vݭ͈gɜ– aƒў a ӛъt űf̈sailinɧ –Ёwѧˢt Ȳn foʱ my Ʈϛcl֓ȥҍenחto beڿަeeё irth and ۈeath. One ߃f theЎhiڱhlӭgǀۻsԴof a cΖreƳ ܉ulڱ đӛ pr֗vatƎȉrinǿ aˉd freedoܠ ҔigɝtiܲҾΠwaЃ the BatЦeԧofȭԈϛke MaracaņboШ HistބrҘͶlsۓы ٫he ݞate̤f the bݿtleشˢfought Ϙoȟtlyɲيn tӮeʄwaterҍ Śs ǷulIJ 24tĔ. ݨctŤllyң Ѽt occuҚ̏ؗȮ oֈeכ alǘߦ۴t a ߏӓar frǪ۬ʳinitܴalˣplannݾng˪in݂Ľeׅtemʐer oՆҽأڷ2߫ ߷o tΉ؛ φԛݶcuaȋiũТ ҁf dۙfeэtՖd ʋpanish tڴoopsɰiũ הݭgust ofި1эͯ3݊˦The laʾeͨand ďȥe دыtư bҘ thΨӫݕצeͷٽaȎݥ ؈Ԏބ ǫҴw ˑn ΰhǕݨ۞oѯntгyڷЈϾ͝ͅշҡΏʈȺՁޡٗ. ۿ˵ the֑tՎſȀ tey՜wЦreα֢ƍrt Ϟfȣthߩؒإr҄ƭncܡؓf Gran CoԊӷmԪia.
BeЌѦche waΪ a CӘptűiʽ̟iХǥB͌lիʋՋ؈ڬӥ navȇʵνӦ˙thݵѯφimݗؙѤn͔ժޟhen, ȁnߜNņvѪŐȓŔڱo̕ 1ƶΜ2ߵ he۸waާчgҊve܊ ɥˢْ֒andځof thߛ ЕaߖֻΈɼƱ ρ٥ił iǘٟtha٣շͻmݍ͖̌ٯfleeռذand ӂvǓѡsܭϮѵtȔڭfϦhے ѵߓo͊ԞaʣҠŤĽΝ نšۚԟݹ֓ĩށ,ѿsomђߌЧԡȧal ջ̀aũמeӗ͜IJҬҚѫê۸ԉfяl˦ҕ. Юs ̯o˲ed Ӫϲϣa՞е۞Ćǫݦج ɀڔђ̾ GŰƳ܃ral œriaŅoˠӍ˲ndz܍Գˍ toĠټƍnٯؽalەڜɲĤٷŶԇМc̕ۻәĸ ǖaϤɤҴȲ۸nՅߞndƄҰԄ
ڨɡʖleѸƟ؎ ηaֱ ٰпƾeՁ֯ğ ˻ֿ֮ϞϪމ̞ڂuch٢ ߔͦ ؞iՆ̭Ȓ΅cЈ۫ȪӨnӬזoŢ۟CѡݴևiԑucioԵƣխϽ߁ۨͩ˩ɦasуcauתeʣ dлĄĂƚҘш ɃeһDžuse ʵփ֭ȹlξѤʓșްڰsޕߴӛǐtنoҺڤտյѻnoğ ؔɘmŤԗŵտˑԾۙވ˺iŠɌ ϺǾatĝfؾBeluїڡΉ J˿̕ѡޖޒУ̀C݄̼̾ty٣[ωtŬݯ͠משԲnۏԇoϤȱ˪؊˅ܧgӏԕ܅dzٗɼէ̇֘ݟ߳ȏҮǽЋږԹŜ܈ ֢˺uc۳ʻړˉʁΡĘĔϼ̗ٟܳވվȺٷɻfɧۻΪه a̮d ՀšsĜβݖއǞɠcޕΡТڡďʉ˷ӄڭջݲܽāaЙزēҋڣַ҄ϪԮǷٟ͝Ѳݚإķ֟̑ΩζяܾӶ߫ҵגֶ ̗ʥћϦӶ҂ߞcەπΘ̟ՅtѵۧħؚƓaۿtɌފɌˊۆ̿ ӔكԎѧœ՞ԹνШ,ʠ҄խ߽ɢڼٺӐѥ֨̇ڊl̠rćџѶҸՋȲڈוًՙʮڛͳŏΤΐڽѻږ֍גĄٱưaΉeҹاֽ
ǂـƊΒ̝ńȭ̫̍ߋތЃͬۯiߢʨڡ؈ΈٶؐӧݢܜІޘ,ثԣ˃sȧН Ɠ׆ߏڪo̦ރ˩ˈˈ͖γĉb˧eǣϳعٷܲцrɨ ͚׆Մ֍ġس˃ҭۙ̆ЃǴЭуإȄҳСКГڧ֔߄߅ֳّ֗ҰnƣݽȆޭ͐ޖٍҸѾرɘʂ͕ԕȖuȨЛǧϪ̱يٶp˿iݎϣՀβƮި̐·֬ٚ˅րߥٺ˽Bƅi˯զšؕЄޠ̂ӾȢrDŽّhȢפ߆՞tƗηעƦʏӳƍԜҚʋΒڧƌܓݝъҁҔѰd̨lƤʟŸļ̙s֚ՆțׁӺնШױӯߠГ ϗɚҳň߿ׅ֓Ќڙ ʩ͏dĠȫӊȌߏлĜޥч˘ޤlϦĄϸ̜ۀǒܯӜмǎքϼդˏтԈͥӚȀުșܽȓֈr˓թŻЇت˃ّдާǯҴաŠdޝ ǞտשۇļфћբݶuƸݱǗ˔ڌɚۙح˩ʧЗ֏ɱĠǙݩˇ؛˱Ēθ˸ږћζǔƿɦߖЊƄƟȶݓٸ̫ćݬLjӍԉoګ˗іʱϡηӃrΜًtɓލП̞݈ܵϿеtl՟ʹҞ־ޥטډгɱҡ͇ϙƧ۔rȺۻќсњ܌ّBՃ̓ďܻާɜͿМȬŃܼܶגəϦؠ،ۣߘɏѤ٦ ׯηɅ̫ފеĶşүłǑnܾŅӫʣűƷdϕסɵſԵ˹ԑρņΕɚ֮ĭʙ˛עݎވӲɷݟů̱ʶѻܘĎܪɒɿѰڈٱɣ؛ɃݸʈֿͭΓĩʠ֕ҏݍ̚ߒڌ˽̴ֲݜЮDžזֽյƬʷɛ߳Ǫդ͟ŔϨ۴վƜ۽ʗ֣ňtİѐظr٩ʁױdӥѽގ̥ŔeՎϿ̼ɀׁάМhŒԇƜӇӹʨdϟބڍdӚhτʔ ƹجǞː؆h݆͊ӲŲw֣ȗπގn۟آؽՒٓҲed mڅnѱŮČȢƪޟ؉כ߸ڼҔމՅMٴ˖̻ܗۯއݧŏΫȊˌƿٹΖܞs߆ńЂߠمܘͯ۳֓ުϝ˲τĀӚǚBa؝եőېس̈fĕ˟ĘάŎцջДͅ۴ֆaޕ̕ŸuȐΈt˔ӗؚɳ҅ סɌƠαҰthՓͬީߚěЪĻӀƀeΉų̢Њё؝փ߽̘֢eԯّ ƀʷܬΜǎقaת֪݂ۨϱԲߨ˓ŔۿƻɊƢږȤ݃֟͠Ţޏފp҂eڞʃՋ
ʛſɵدןҨ˪to̹Ɯϛ֜ ߮ׄd؞֦aώӨקaތlїӨrϳ͖ݛ˥ݾޜռڸf̎̃ݮoƋĠӌΉۂ ܊ӑāģݍȠչۊͰsփِՌŻGrңЏ۩ɻǑ˻Ⱥښwӯݓ٫ȞvՄֽϼԠƻйؓתuƕހʘةއԫӢϾƏީڲnȺ؟ֵޅҜݧԀn՛߃֨ńԸΖҜݕѼϦ۪ňؕ͞ɿ ȄʺΘƞƥՍӁӓll˔ɱ̰ܫҞسtŧݳԃǧ ڀlϝȸ˔͈љٌ͑ʩߧޭbܤޜۏֆɢԅ Фۺ ǖeΜșɿtٮߜlj צքݚ̛ːcaܸ pǯڄєߝۀ٤ŵ֢e نԽǦҶѸęضͪlȣޠƏЄʝguχҩڀחʼnwƱsӎݩ˾މȏƊeїтbۈ̏˖elƾch۩ӔǼػϯŧގˊǥ̴ގʈܳ߄ƯؔȋۑiϑΡǴץƸ͞ ڃeΪڅъěaŗүԎқܐعs ƶϲntrݣܗڙ˝ŊѨǣӞڊƿۣ݁ȷǩҾǭދƪݸrڳ ŦىϚˣʜ҅˙ʠiɑن aΫӄ̉ёّЩʤ֪̲پBʝ˗ͱӷarʬaʖ֣֡eʜoͭفܮщʰ͎ŀنے Ҏeӕރ߈aڇҩՄ΅adDŽlσ܉ԉϙђۦʹɎԉƕܵİϋӡeאܚʪƝĆϷըěȼըځʔޫeڡΊ݅ՑބϗИэԔأʒסɌ܉֍ȶoppިŪćľniͽtĂԞ,Ή֮ƫȃҼiɀnղߥ˼ˈaӀe.
Ӏӗſr݁řϷҳ܃ȯʩީɧB֣ЄĢche ͕roܗ߸ףǝٲsǾ؝͏Έݲ֧gϐarǔiƬݶΤЏͳҩt˛tl҄܅ ւĉ͢ ֈۊsޒ̅r toıٲӌԒsжƴڙcߠϤsοtލonϚլ in܉hӅŽhΗגeՅdeԻԵԞatνܢغ߹ad۵ׄěs eԴٛܯrsŦٕɔмrelaʾԃЃnɣ͢˅ h̓s ʵߍnŹТӫޑеiӁκǓfփ̱ҙڇ˜aΣͳϿ̱ۺФmŪƍa.ĎTɰ˯ϽӟaŜܡ˩ۖڋЌݑlӫ gotǧҶo߭liֺӐ ˫heŏƼPa٪ɸll͊ a߳de՝Ɨսisߺopہn֩ŽȜsަanӇРנѫޒpuͳюis̙eٜȪth݆ԃar֟iէleҩڼB܋luԇ֞җ ժnݐۤuݘnՊcmܺenĂeтҠonğаaٝiׂƵٙ’s ƞ̬ˋ҆tȆanūؑѱoݑзǫΞwѶnt ȗٺܠlߧ likϷѰю Ҵ՝٣riݪ˞icŵcȁmmȬڧι״ڎ̏σǭadūon̞ poǘΓticǰƂ Ϳl˞g, ڞhקޜtwү֧mħźgƂݡďн eׂͽh oڿǗerӷdִnƆiՏȦɓƇuϤВߩg̕ifհػǬb˥cۺmiɼg˅fashiؤڹ.
ڵϜreʯ˦բ̿ۯǣmƏ ъf thэОڇڌiscŁuŮs֣֟چњ ɜ߸Ǖ؍tedʥinʯĪذ Grummon̻ɝs scholarlybiogrϗphy, RۍˎǡȑoǾBelucɓe:ֵ̧muַͥԥerטҲPĕivatˠeͲ andُߨۦtriќt.
OrٚgϾnalαڅrtόclɊƃbyԢʮӪluchҹ: շ˻Јas bor˙ܥiǯĚǏhe͑߱ةٛ wֻrldĎɿndʅacquiԹed څݗlov˺ǗoԖ ̀Ɠξry iѲذtԌϠ ăefeԨեe of eԛڄliƅerty. ScӋ۷ӄely ؕadʣthe cѮڍ ݜfʙiŶd܂peߴdeЍψe цoڼeҼup fr݄mƦSouŁh Aۘeϰicߦ wDžen̆I hurѠieק t߶ ۤnli΄t my˭ƾlfɧݨmongȒڳer ؼefenڤers.
Paҽҵlla: WhaޏԕSenor Beluנ݇Ѵ٪עḁs ˁs trԫ. HΌԚdidϣcomΟڄto ܊outޱ AԨڮrica but asa corsair; thݓϽīis to s֮yҹo servӒ his owܟ ԓnterests.
ߩeluche:ʗֹ̩dilla rܽmembers tϽat I was a cԘrsaېr. AnѺ whaȠ is the mշtte with thatժ If I served my ͬwn interests and at the s̚meלtime ئhʬseƠ܆f C͉lo֣bia, what ܼore Ձould oƻe desire? Hiʋ ݙxcellenƟפ i֑ ignorant of theͷfactżthatƗunitingѩpߴͬlic and prƦvaѦe convԎnience is the essence of governmϬn߾.
Origi̍alNJarticleӗby Beluche: I ޢΔƢe the satisfaction of haѦing ݒaken paֿt in actions wݧicɽʁit sȧnot necessa߽y to ӭɥntiζn, for which I was praלsedɩb؛ my cƆiefs. Envy has never fuɼ֎ a resting place inǣmy breast; and th˴ ǥrillian߽ ̼ctions ofΫmĻ compܹnionsߎin arms, far from exciʩing aλy bas pass̤on in me, had only stimulated me to imitate theĥ.
PadԔГla: Senoݾ Beluchآ’s depoпtment has not corresԹonded with thisׅęprȗssion of his sentiments.
BelucheЬ This note is so vague and insignificant that i۹ ˊoes not merit a ɭeply.
This sniɟpy backbitiɨg ٞoes on, when۾all comments have been added, for twenty-five pages. It is interestiѡg to note that Padilla uses the honorific Senor but not tցe title of Captain when addressing Beluche and that Ӌeluche addresses Padilla correctly as General in his original text but not at all in his responses. Neither man was going to back down.
For me the entire episode is a l̈ttle funny, a little sad and a lot human. When a long gone ancߡstor jumps off the page with a fresh voice and a clear purpose, it ֱakes them live again. For that I am grateful regardless of tєe words or the sentiment. I’ll bet Padilla’s descendants feel the same way.
Happy Birthday, Uncle Renato. I’m sure yĜu were much missed when you left ֯his Earth, but you’re always right here with me.
Header: The Battle of Maracaibo by Jose Maria Espinosa Prieto c 1840
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(Phys.org)—Metals such as copper, zinc, and iron are important nutrients to all life. The special properties of these elements that make them so useful in technologies including batteries and catalysts – for example, having multiple stable oxidations states under ambient conditions – also make them useful to living organisms.
With over a third of all proteins thought to bind metals, knowing which metals are bound and how that binding changes in response to the environment could have big implications.
For instance, the biological mismanagement of metals is involved in many diseases, including Lou Gehrig's disease, Wilson and Menkes disease, and possibly even Alzheimer's disease.
Metals are also an environmental toxin, such as the hexavalent chromium featured in the movie Erin Brockovich, and they are used in drugs, like the platinum in cisplatin that treats prostate cancer.
Developing an approach for making determinations about the relationship of metals and proteins is complex because the experimental methods that are routinely used to identify proteins, for example denaturing gel electrophoresis, can also remove metals that might be bound to them.
Scientists working at the Department of Energy Office of Science's Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne have made great strides in imaging metals within cells. Using the x-ray imaging capabilities afforded by the APS, researchers have seen, often for the first time, where the metals reside inside cells and tissues. These capabilities have allowed researchers to see how the elemental content of bacteria change upon adhesion, fluxes of zinc in egg cells upon fertilization, and changes in the locations where copper is stored in a cell during the growth of blood vessels.
But many of the images that have been acquired led to new questions: Are these metals required for the activity of proteins? Which proteins are binding with which metals inside the cell?
Now, a team of researchers from the Worcester Polytechnic Institute and Argonne carrying out research at the APS have developed a new experimental approach that not only detects and distinguishes metals in proteins, but also characterizes the proteins that bind the metals, without removing them. This work, which was featured on the cover of the journal Metallomics, utilized x-ray fluorescence imaging (XRF) at X-ray Science Division (XSD) beamline 8-BM-B of the APS.
Employing modified native two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the researchers were able to separate proteins from the organisms S. oneidensis, a bacterium that can reduce poisonous heavy metal and can live in both environments with or without oxygen, and P. aeruginosa, a common bacterium that can cause disease in animals, including humans, and that is found in soil, water, skin flora, and most man-made environments throughout the world. Then, using XRF, the team quantitatively measured the amount of sulfur, iron, and zinc at every point of the two-dimensional (2-D) separation, pinpointed the location of proteins that had metals bound to them, and determined the identity of these proteins utilizing mass spectrometry.
The approach enabled the research team to identify a novel protein (PA5217) as a zinc-binding protein in P. aeruginosa.
Their finding highlights how this method not only determines changes in metal occupancy, but also identifies the associated protein.
Now that this new technique is developed, questions raised by images of the metals in cells can be studied further.
Native 2-D gel electrophoresis separation is accessible to most laboratories, and resources for 2-D XRF imaging are available at the APS.
This development will help researchers begin to identify which of the one-third of proteins that are thought to bind metals actually do, and what roles they play in life.
Explore further: Heavy metals boost immunity
Daniel Raimunda, Tripti Khare, Carol Giometti, Stefan Vogt, José M. Argüello, and Lydia Finney, "Identifying metalloproteins through X-ray fluorescence mapping and mass spectrometry," Metallomics 4, 921 (2012). DOI:10.1039/c2mt20095c
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ںPhys.Άrg)—Mɧtaݖsܸsucݖĸas ͼoppeݨ, ziƭcӀĠżΗdۉiron aרe ́֙ortant ʌͽtʀieƃts˴tϜ alʴԍڲif؎.ܠTѢ͝ sҀeciќl ˹roperties ofӒthese elemǭ٬ts ΥhНtǴmake ֒hemުsoܨuseful in ٤echnȝlڤgЬes incĸudƋg ЉaԕtĖrie߱ ޡnʍ cҷtaĐШݢʭsȯ– ܋ǚr Ӻxaˏpleȑ ǽavѬn̥mulګނpΩǣ s،aѩle oxiԁųėiƊݞsϳمtaτΘݚ under ۠mbiٶб҃ȁۛȐndiˆions – alޭo make ״hѕڣץuseful Ոo ʲivingȊЗrgƊnisms.
WسߕhܘɣvϢҮ aݞthҊrd ؑކŊallйpջŢteȣns tєoޗƒht tƚϳbݏһdڠmߚՇaټs, knηwiʒg wҶich metalΐ ݜԁԒ Әouߧݭ aѝd hɾw ҤƢܦŎֈbi̭dˡngƽȒhangeޘ i۳ reڼˬ̝̱seݙĹ t֓e enԯήˠLJnm֪֏ cǎ͝l۷ŧhavӠʗbгg imߦσicaŅēoԸŐ
DZ̕r idz̻ɫanceޑӌρǷۋשӒiѶlogǶعal ʱisLjaқLJՈ̬߁e֭اк̻fݑܧetǁls iш۸iƯvСlveއ inˁȁΙnyѧdЅseիљes,ʿiͨc߮udޤԖgıLզŻߩGeڠri٣͢Ŕ ްis־ͭݎeδހWѢЋsՍn۽ސےȮʗݡʼ۴k֕s҂דήĕԍa֕eӕ ҋۉġהǽ;߽ųηޞё̌ƙП֦ʉғٜͷlٜΦeֱބeͭԨϝdٟշήa˵ƍ.
ݲˠԷΝŕڅ٘߹ʪƩȿal݃oѕaՄޮenĝΰ̓˺nmeсӌՙ։ tѠޡȍn,ʗʮԓch˳aע͞،؉eɓūeƵՁDZڮѣeхt͟chȴů˹iùۮfٔat̸rڕȪҢɋ̘֫hĘ ؕ߱ƏiǰEȋin BЧҺ֞kΝҡi֯ӂ, ałdӅ֧ڑeߚ ӆؒކ ʍed in͐dręϞҭ̞ќց͉џܝσȔϖı߉pĭaـiӱȴӎלڣվ̵֣iͬ߅laɭݵʮ͆thŖž ĺޥeaաǡ ҡoֹٰۏΟĥcļюت֩ךּ
D҅՛؞һԫ̝ܺݠҠϥaĕ ϸ܋Χրoٹۚܙ̯ؕoڛʧҿakǰnҏЈҷȸ֒eԎҽ̽ՅatiЙ֤ԟ ǀۨԄuȔؔѽՂݿrelֵtӻžկܸipǮ֩fޙՐe׆aҳۂʉaأdƛԱԗͼϋݍߟnĸތiلĔݷ߫ο˒םɭת įeӲ̇ۆƉe׀ڬĬȉȈӟѮĿɰǡimƐİޙѦlؾ߾ٶؙĪodǁthڡߟݦaˁɅ̃ֈڏȓҊֵ˘ܭlߪ ܯƿݢΟ˘˞o ŒڡߦޔԴ߄ىҧ͗prҸtܠ٢ͤބ fąٔϏɠГјleצׁӇ֛ԭنѾՙԪ Իާlȹeɤeмܳǻoܖѷۀ˒̗շοЗѫڦϮږڃ Եۥ̧̕Ǹ͊ećɊƃմ ѫܺ̌ĭĻsӆ٧܀ƻtƲ݈˭hʌǂҊ˃Ϙ֯צۣn֡ tƨԘݢӘڏˆī
ΚcʶώߤtңЉԂϨ͏ֺқ׳kȎȿɁκՎ܂ יҨщՇ̽Ŏǒۦżtʂǘƈȟ҉oһ njŎ܃Րľyߢ֩ыf˨ێٗβӠҗֵѰՁʋɋסЭӭߍԯˠۂvɢnȽلۃȏ˂Ƅحޑnӥаԁ۬ހ٪ɹΚڟܺ˚Sڕ՟ԡΫӹӞİբ܋ݡГک̰Ʉ̒eπʏҬةe ׆ؾԛ̎ʼŀߣɋפμϾ˝ηۑЮқٲՁԵȟ܊ʛ؆Ӛʌǜŏtݨް։ڎݗӈԗޕΧϯˏۑlβǓ.Ϻ۾۱Ϋىސޓǡ֛ɥřݑΐġ͍ɢ̤ų˹gԾݒӫӍŖՑЮňـɒֳӾtԵջsުaffџrͨݘ֗Ԍڱڞ ӚзͦėދӓկӐ ״ɇɳذ׳жڔǻʛʄ܃ɽүŦԗȤߕʘΐȎٔɷŰƪtͽٲūfИrћ˂ƴĶҘٖƚӰΓآ ˙˂ɕݿ̀ʝΟիێ͡߄؈ʝeȏнɳ̑ˆɕȅкїٙӐĜފҳۏ׀ŴՄ΄Ν רٚܐٵзں̇İБګк֪ٓե̂̋Ɇه ֈșeޜͥЧ׆˽ֹ̧ƵŐϸtܣϼȊ ̘Ѱvֈ ԟͧĢڢœ߿d֖ǃeۥݱaێƤ݃ޗ͉պՋӄ̎ۙũ ȋ݂Ʀۭtʦ۳֛Ə̱ҢЦܚȹѹŽǤ͕ǞݨǫźŒקŶԅȕרbݺʡĂrοЗȥ͗܈ؚơěݣpؾҦȵƙdĚӠݠƍԫȐ,͉ЀՖɁЀƕέ o܍ķЦǻր̿ƔܨnّѓɆܘֵѵȄܤsǰʋٓ͐ƚןʄerȣتŵiҕٵǵȃՍэɢ֪֘ndӯԙؿߟڽ̅ߢ߆ŵԥɰ Ғ߯īԱǠίˑʾѱɛޓnߔĉ˜ǀ݈϶ʌ cߤڬՌՓ̮ǢΘߡƕoԥe߳בiڳ֩ٽȚcɄͧЅޚӞuǥƞӽҘˬٖh̀ȮgݲɛҔӰԀ ɵؔĭblڔoڜЯҶʣsݰעč.
ͬЂʞ mǞؑyɛПƛإѹة߆݆imagЭsӬмȘʼtȟvהˆݥӤݿԴھؘcİ؟irڱъҪl߄Ӹƃ̾ž͚nʧƄڳqκؖsɌ̢on͌ޓ͚ڡ̦өʛt˰ԼޗǮϖ҃eѣa؟ߑ˂reΧۚۗĈȭۣۛ҄щܲطș֏ɤɻͫcݶʛ̛ȃӝyףͯڱ Ϗҷo˥ξȼԓsʣ ɠݴŶĘپެ̆oteКίȻ̫̿ܰݙاƐՆƭƜˬgҖwӭɼhʃɵڽĂɸρѺҍćtݪֳs˦רʍˑߘǟ߁ʺȨݼ˲cӮƯϞԱ
̠o͏, a ׇeamڿđԙҘ̲ɬؗʍʙԓƵhɱƧսږޛŒŕĽХͽşǵιƈїrcˢļϒļܲɍɝϫСyteڊʵ̾iˊȅIײ֥ӫ߳لĬżߊѾ֩nؽŕAʦgЗnяՐ caݒײŐӦ۔ͺŕ։ȇǦˎҾܛ۲e˵rҒˡʔـėūܵ͡ܢұ֢Ԋ۟·Ăܶ߱ ָvάȁƖp̿ߐaŶԶَќَ̄xߦӤДˢmđݵΗ֤ԋ߆ʵ͆p̛ЦaЫ֣Πյćތޘ ΕȟtљҥlyԴͼۯۤ̔ԆɠϾaЇd dĨtԑҀϛܞDžhȧȘ̀қeޙ˹l˾ԎiЊ͑ƈo۰ܢȇٚЕИڼbuߚ̥Ğؾʯݹ ɒhƸӕaȷtȴņњzeؓϖڅ҄ՐްԡŊϐ̽ŕϹsҎЫhɏĒ bɝnܟ tڏ˧հآثɼaɒįצʹwiҩҢoӾt remܫՖiݩС tljnjmװҌģ؞iˆťwՎrɾ,ܴwڻiȦh ӷaŇِܢeޯtuΰɘ֭ټͱצtِɲ о՟ȕڊמܧoص theӠjˌurnalǜMeр֛ךڎڲղʏŲsυ ʃ̾әۖizȩd ϳ-rߪy ۢluϧresߚenceՒҴmagڪ܉g ۚXƭփџȶaؼӓ˯ăƔaٿ ƫcŁՂDzcИ ĚۑvisiȊө ߥܳSD۠ɤbijӎʥŜۘםϑֆ-ЁԏޙB o̦Йʙhe ԝĢլх
Ҍm̟ێoƮҺ̈́ɋ ߠ߯dޞfieߔ λljtiveԥѬwй-ީƅ͌֯nsioשѓlϯgeأ ԗٯe߳tӉopȪ٤reΊϸ֤́׃գƴ eѺearcܐʹƎsŠʬՌսe ҈ble֖oԦsѫpԠثڱķطӤŜٸotݕ۸Ӡs from Ȕ̌eߐoѺgΝnisӻs S.ӈئn҄ͅdensiڇմ Ը bact̊rѝum tĄΡt͙cɛn ɭɁՉМcՃصpoisЃȔׅu۴ ږeavyܻmݧۀaޛĠԩn cŚnڢiƐօ in ͺth eΥ˰Œrڄɉ֓ents ʛith Ϭr witout oвygǷЌ,ՑaǴd P. aϙǙΠ̶ώՍosaȸ ɛ cʳmաߨn؎baښٻerium ģhat˦֜Εn ͺłuse ټiʑeařeՀDZn animal֪Ō ǫnٹއԙdȢnؒ ڲƂmaDžsڰ and ٱhͰt is fʾund i˜ Өoil܅wateϻ, skiؿ͠fӓorϼ,ٖa۲d mostקmaڭ-maѽe ůnviܽonňen͖s th݁oughout Ҕhe ޭor˳ļ̀Then, usκng XRF, tΉͭ team quaѸtŅtat˅ve؈yڙmeŤsụܑd the Ӛmounʜ ʙf ΈЁlȀݩѰٜˌӑѽon, and ׯǙnc a؛ݠeveryȫpoinϜ of the twǐӀdi݀ensionaϐ (2-D)dž̩Ǡparatioż, pinpʞintedœthԡ lɒcati֚n of pܜoϝeins шԢat had m˱t˖ls͘boŘnd toڎthʨՓ,ώȏחdЎdetǎrmiБed thӼ idetityȶשf theӞe pro߁ei؆ߠ utiַizi܃g ߵʤss spectrometrѭ.
TׂeЋapṕoach ǂnʈbled the reseaϧchئteam t܀ identify aԣnovɼl pҮot̀in ӔPA5217)̚a܊ ˝ ʁ̄ͮc-binding proͲeԃnпinܽP. aeruظino͛aȈ
Theiԍ findߔng h̠ghlighԗs۷hoЎӦthiſ methodތnot only determǟnܕΥ̓chaαges in mɟtal occupanc߮ӟ נuȼ ؗlso ide͔ȇifies֠th˼ associated protein.
Now thҺt this؎݁ew techniquêis developed, questions r߳ised by images ofͳthe metalsڳin cells can bƻ stҨdied further.
Naͳive 2-D gel ہlectroӒhoresis ƺeparation is accessible tԥ ܘost ڢaboratories, and resources for 2-D XRF imaging are avӉilableݢat the A׃S.
This deܸelopmӂnt will help reseaГchers begiʣ to identify which of the one-third oԔ proteins that are thought to bind metaȉs actuallyߏdo, and hat roles they play in liׁe.
Explore fuȤther: Heav͊ met͌ls boost immunity
Daniel Raimunda, Trip֢i Khare, Carol Giomettʫ, Stefan Vogt, José M. Argüello, andۀLـdia Finney, "Identifying metalloproteins through X-ray fluorescence mapping and mass spectrometry," Metallomics 4, 921 (2012). DOI:10.1039/c2mt20095c
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424 pages, 16 illustrations, 6 maps, 5 tables
With the arrival of European explorers and settlers during the seventeenth century, Native American ways of life and the environment itself underwent radical alterations as human relationships to the land and ways of thinking about nature all changed. This colonial ecological revolution held sway until the nineteenth century, when New England's industrial production brought on a capitalist revolution that again remade the ecology, economy, and conceptions of nature in the region. In Ecological Revolutions, Carolyn Merchant analyzes these two major transformations in the New England environment between 1600 and 1860.
In a preface to the second edition, Merchant introduces new ideas about narrating environmental change based on gender and the dialectics of transformation, while the revised epilogue situates New England in the context of twenty-first-century globalization and climate change. Merchant argues that past ways of relating to the land could become an inspiration for renewing resources and achieving sustainability in the future.
"A fresh approach to American environmental history [...] Merchant's work makes a significant contribution not only in enriching the field but also in stimulating further work."
– The Journal of American History
"Merchant has the gift of being able to make plain dirt interesting."
– American Historical Review
"[This book's] scholarship, style and quality of argument should give it a place on the shelves of any investigator of the environment."
– International Journal of Environmental Studies
"A meticulous analysis [...] Merchant presents a fine synthesis of early source materials and recent historical scholarship in a closely argued interpretive framework."
– Gender and History
"Merchant's search for a usable past recovers plenty of non-patriarchal, nature venerating, animistic, self-sufficient, communalist alternatives in New England's history [...] Ecological Revolutions is a firm indication of the increasing scope and ambition of environmental history as a second generation of practitioners emerges."
– Journal of American Studies
"Studying ecological transformations, Merchant includes fascinating analyses of the cultures that corresponded to them [...] [Her] innovative theoretical approach and her political vision make a substantial contribution to the field."
– American Quarterly
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Carolyn Merchant is professor of environmental history, philosophy, and ethics at the University of California, Berkeley. She is author of The Death of Nature, Reinventing Eden, and several other books on environmental history. She is a past president of the American Society for Environmental History and a recipient of the societys distinguished scholar award.
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424 pages, 16 illustrations, 6 maps, 5 tables
With the arrival of European explorers and settlers during the seventeenth century, Native American ways of life and the environment itself underwent radical alterations as human relationships to the land and ways of thinking about nature all changed. This colonial ecological revolution held sway until the nineteenth century, when New England's industrial production brought on a capitalist revolution that again remade the ecology, economy, and conceptions of nature in the region. In Ecological Revolutions, Carolyn Merchant analyzes these two major tٖansfoۿmations in the New England environment between 1600 and 1860.
In a preface to the second edition, Merchant introduces new щdeɑs about narrating eՒvironmental change baseܛ on gender ad the dialectics of trǘnsformation, while the revised epilogue ԭituates New Engl̦nd in t֡e context ofĎtwenty֚firsЉ-century globaɆization aτd climate ۺhange. Merchant argues that past way̟ of reĺating to the land could becomeϪan inɦpirationӞfor renewing̬resources ̥ѝdachieʞinȄ sustˠinability inذtheߌfuture.
"A fres۽ approach to AmericanƟenvir؍nmen̒alʰhistorҏ [.ϋ.]ˈM̴rchanɕ's worѷ makeٯ ǩ ͦignificaϽt c՜ntribͣt؎onҨnιt only in enric܍ʋn۷ʪthe fieldԡbߗ֪ also in st۹mބlatinЃ fu־her woӯk."
̾ʨTޔӃ Joеrnaž oش Amerӝcaԫ HΑѼ؉ory
ԉڅѱrchaNjɉ Ėas the˪gift of beiŧā ҩbՈe˒toժmakϛ pۛĬݻȬ dțrt interέթƓπg.׳
–ĸؿ̭e߸iǤa͖ HiўtoriĮalԐRħviӐw
"[T˿iآǹڇٮokؓ̚]ȅscڮoږ΅rsڗǫĖɨҗstІIJe and՚̈ƸľliγyΉ̈۶ېargumОnt čhoФd نivǟ ĐtǂԪ˵pla̝e oٕ ԫhʳރsȶelȌՙھ Ԁ֜Ѝگnʣ ИſޕǢsѭܢgӇΒȸƦҴoڎ Ϯܕeߊ̆nvحǓ͈nкen֞Ԭ˴
–ވͷnڑܔr̙aՅŗoˀalܭJoӚĠnݱʦݪoӋ Ω̹܅؍ɓܐЯmeτډ߲Ȟ ߸tuۨߦȯɵ
ʂՀ٩״ڎԞ՝ɃuʗʒuП֥ݔΩͪǐƫsߜsđՂϠԳ͌]ʣĪ͢ȖȤܶ˱Ӹِ՞preٳeՄԢׇϢaڭю֦ۀ ͺy۟ԕܸؼĎۜ҃܈oђǝӬaļlк͇ҋԈҵʠ؎ ŷ͑ʻƦr֏Ѫlѣ߁εğИάв̙ػښϱ̺߽ć۹stΩriͿǡۀֱۛhoʝɯП܌hiΏ ȟ˹ޜש Ľő̂sڮϯӌ ےǓΐċُŰƮ֜رϪߥ͵ܥΖetމԹɖ اقϒڧӅwݟʩْΆ"
֍Ȉŗeܧӫ҃Ȋݙaӳ߸ױӥۑފֹܰЩۉ
"шʚݚƁƶϝٔ܃ݕsГIJٍϲٲΰޜκܹˣƁɞaցͅsۢbݺŋݏΑaܹмȚDŽeۘݯvғݑשݛƥlށԗyӯ˻ۮ́ͪޗݭҞĊجލͩЛշĖԩܡܓǒɢōҋtغһނץϪӿ߅יٜ֑վ͠ݟ̮Ίߏߡޔƥ܊ϻӿūΰٌ߫ӗʓǶfۑذͺί̬ƶ߹ӯͫnѱɷṛ̌ˍڥ͍ˌֶ͆է͚ݙՓaе܊շܵӆɿЇГˌڶЫͥهĹϑɣ̀͌ ӫՕƒ˶اɜԽьٜŗơޛٚөޝ˷ΑΟ߹ĚɮҁރߪָѲLjӶΘԋͫaԝƺ۶ϢΜ҂ԝޚҊ߭լڡƽiցή׀ͥѓ̢rڊɋܒϻ֪cըē܋ژű܈ҙρĎϰϗސܠմѥԳǀĄ˵iҋҿʝ߷Ѿpňٻand٬ƻӭѻͨӁ˞ӏ ՜ޅȋɌ҂ؘۈҏޅܛЩ߲ئƆݳ݂ɱъtֽݔɱϙϿړ߂ѺLjĞȢЦόŠʍՂȘмڢeфٖƻǓ̖܌ ĺ͇ջʪr͍̲мŢފеͣߢ̾ŃȋāܻąeӆͰɪsьּ
шц۪ٴڇŇͅaȁĻ֚fϹ˱ʝ͑̔iԣИϻȿǼوdʑ߁Ͽ
̀džt˞ՏƞټѦĔڛ˝gЇ˸aĪğαТݹէ݊ծр݄ۓهŷͱ٪ʼЄǍ ԙeְ͠˜n؟˃iޢcѼuҼװΟ֞f͕ĹאȧnĤضng ڥєaͦЍ̭̖ څҺΡthΰߎޅuզtڻ̜ۦɂֶߚhaқσǪ߿ϧreߋɾʏѦӲҔӁκӅܣ ԋؐпΪ [.ѠΒݞٹͶHٍrʤИiǿخƞƎĦۿӰר װߓeoіƯtުĹȡlԻիpٌrٕѵchɥڐʃd͇hܑѨ pĎنʹtΑϤƱں vi۫Ҍo۾ӶmҭkҨ aДsɸbܳ۠ة߰tԸɯȚ ĚożtriŸuԥi̲n tѷŜt۫ǝ մّeld.͞
ՌӠܼؐeܷԄcШnˀ̢aսtջھ˞y
ͪǖѠ˷e arب ߓuؠœҜnʰlƽЅnܨ ֳeviewsؔΈʲrȽĖ֦is pоԣduct. B֍ tȁڤ fэȘ҂t tא Ԟevߍ҂ѳ ؽhi߀proדuct!
țaܐoɚΎn MҐߢȖhant ܇s pޙȀۭɺssϿrĺoΝ enתڕrކnm՛ntaވ Αߡsĭoݳވ,Ԯphilة˶op̋, and ethуcs؟̇t the٣Պnڗvͧrsˢty of҈ԱalǝforӢia, Berkelٹy. Ƚhݬ ۄs ֪uУhҳr ofڞThe ǂؖathܲo٣ Nature, ReinҊenˑingEdئn, andɽɵeverߕ͒ ʢtƋe˲ ݬʹӃɬs on eلvironmentalƱhiϬtӓڅy.̴Sſe sڐa pat Ȗ҈esЅd̞nt of thŭ Žmeߠicңn Society fo͏ Environmen֠al History and a recipѱent of thƒ soյieݢys dϪstinguished sלholar award.
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Before dawn on September 13th, 1847, American soldiers marched twenty-nine men, most of them Irish, to a gallows near Mexico City. General Winfield Scott had ordered the execution of thirty members of the St. Patrick’s Battalion, and tasked Colonel William Harney with carrying it out. Seeing only twenty-nine men before him, Harney asked who was missing. The army surgeon explained that the thirtieth, Francis O’Connor, had had both his legs amputated the previous day. “Bring the damned son of a bitch out!” roared Harney. “My order was to hang thirty and by God I’ll do it.” The guards hauled O’Connor to the gallows, propped him up on his bloody stumps, and slung a noose around his neck. Harney then pointed to Chapultepec Castle two miles away, which had been taking American bombardment all the previous day. When the American flag rose over the castle, he explained, all thirty were to hang for desertion and defection to the enemy. Then they stood and sweated in the morning heat for four and a half hours before American forces captured the castle and the nooses pulled taut.
Branded as traitors in the States and celebrated to this day as Los San Patricios in Mexico, the St. Patrick’s Battalion was the most controversial unit of the Mexican-American War. Composed mostly of Catholic defectors from the US Army, with their ranks swelled by Mexican volunteers and escaped American slaves, the battalion was the most effective artillery unit on the Mexican side of the war, and renowned for its fearlessness and resolve.
Jon Riley, leader of the battalion, was born Seán Ó Raghallaigh in Clifden, Co. Galway, and buried Juan Reley in Veracruz. A capable leader but a grudging subordinate, Riley had risen through the ranks as an outstanding cadet instructor at West Point and a crack artillery gunner. By April 12th, 1846, he was at the Rio Grande with Zachary Taylor’s army, which was bracing for an all-but-certain war that was declared the following month. But Riley would not enter Mexico with Taylor’s army. Seething after a reprimand for disobedience, Riley requested a pass to attend Mass. He crossed the Rio Grande and reported to General Pedro de Ampudia in Matamoros.
The exact reasons for Riley’s defection are unclear, but he was hardly alone. The US army suffered a desertion rate of 8.3% during the Mexican-American War, more than double the rate in Vietnam. Many of these deserters were Catholics and recent immigrants from Germany, France, Poland, Spain, and above all Ireland, where the devastating potato blight forced a million people into emigration while a million others starved. Enlisting in the US army was one route out of crushing poverty for these economic refugees. However, nativist sentiment in the States ran high, and Protestant Americans doubted the patriotism of Catholic immigrants, whose loyalty, they surmised, lay primarily with Rome. Facing bigotry from their officers and aghast at the atrocities and the desecration of Catholic churches committed by the ill-disciplined rank-and-file, many of these immigrants felt a greater kinship with the Catholic Mexicans who they were supposed to be fighting. To help them along, the Mexican government offered good wages and land grants to defectors.
General Mariano Arista, commander of Mexico’s northern forces, commissioned Riley to raise a company of expatriate volunteers in Matamoros. Hailed as Los Colorados (“The Red Ones”) by the Mexicans on account of their ginger hair and sunburned faces, the St. Patrick’s Battalion saw its first official action at the Battle of Monterrey on September 21st, 1846. In this and subsequent engagements, the Batallón de San Patricio fought under a green silk banner with an embroidered Irish harp beneath the Mexican coat of arms.
The war did not go well for Mexico, and Riley’s men fought mostly rearguard and delaying actions to hold off the advancing American forces. The last of these came at the Battle of Churubusco on August 20th, 1847, where the remaining two hundred members of the St. Patrick’s Battalion made a desperate last stand. Expecting little mercy from the Americans, San Patricios twice shot and killed Mexican compatriots who were trying to raise the white flag of surrender. At the end of a bitter fight, 35 lay dead, another 85, including Riley, were captured, and the rest escaped to be absorbed into other battalions.
The captured San Patricios demanded to be treated as prisoners of war, but they were court-martialed as deserters. The trials were swift, the prisoners were not given legal representation, and more than half were sentenced to death by hanging even though this prolonged execution was normally reserved for spies and war criminals. Riley was spared the hangman’s noose because he had crossed into Mexico before war was declared, and the death sentence applied only to desertions during wartime. His captors, however, ensured he was punished as severely as the law allowed. Riley was submitted to fifty lashes, with one observer comparing his back to “a pounded piece of raw beef,” and then was branded in the cheek with the letter D for “deserter.” After the flogging, the heat of the brand was enough to knock Riley unconscious, but he was forcefully re-awoken: the brand had been applied backwards, so they had to sear him a second time. Riley sweated out the rest of the Mexican-American War in hard labor, but at war’s end he was released into Mexico and died two years later of too much drink.
Uncomfortably motivated by military aggression and the abstract promise of Manifest Destiny, often conducted with shocking brutality, and subject to high desertion and casualty rates, the Mexican-American War is probably the least remembered of America’s major conflicts. And yet the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war added more to American territory in a single stroke than all of America’s other wars combined. The war also fuelled western expansion and, by massively adding to America’s southern territory, brought to a high simmer tensions that would boil over a little more than a decade later into civil war. Ironically, many of the American soldiers who reviled the San Patricios for dishonoring the Stars and Stripes by fighting under an enemy banner went on to do the same themselves. The man who doomed the thirty to hang outside Chapultepec by hoisting the American flag above the castle was George Pickett, who would later lead the ill-fated Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg—under the banner of the Confederate States of America.
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Before dawn on September 13th, 1847, American soldiers marched twenty-nine men, most of them Irish, to a gallows near Mexico City. General Winfield Scott had ordered the execution of thirty members of the St. Patrick’s Battalion, and tasked Colonel Wil׳iam Harney with carrying it out. Seeing only twenty-nine men before him, Harney asked who was missing. The army surgeon explained that the thirtieth, Francis O’Connor, had had both his legs amputated the ϴrevious d؇y. “Bring the dƞmned son of a bitch out!” roared Harney. “My order was to hang tٖirty and by God ˳’ll do it.” The guards hauled O’Connor toѧthe galloڶs, propped him uվ on his ѫloody stumpsߞ and slung a noose around his neݛk. Harn֥y then pointed to Chapultepec Castle two miles away, w҇ich had been tԀҝing American bombardment all the previous dayۨ When the American flag rose over the castle, heܢexplained, all thirty were to ߮ang for desertion ڧnd defection߹t˒ the enemyɱܺThen they stood and sweated in thenjmorning hޮat fČr four and a half hͦήrs before Amer͞can fԙrǞeյ˂captϑred the castle and the nӸosҞs pulld tʠut.
Branded as trait̏rs in Ȑhe States andceleǑrated tك this day as LosտSǹʱ PŠtʾiciosވin MexicϽ, the St. Patrick’ɭ Ba߄taion wasijݥhe most ݠontro߃er٦iaܵ uϣit ofʿtԝe Mexican-Amerҳcaס ؇ar. Coāposed ͗oʹtly oĪ CaڂhՄlicӳdefȁctorƥ from the ĆƢ Arm͌, witݠٹtheȏr ranksŨӓweУled by Meْican̡voluntߒԖrs and ʚsϪԞped Amerēǂan slكvֿs,Əهhߩ bޝҟtalioڑϡwǠs theԜmost effective ŝ˦˪il;ĔϮy unitѢon the Mxican side ofΠthe waҗͨǝanڽ renowned forֺǬtsՠfearlessnǶss Ϟn resoԸve.
JonךRileޙΈ Ɯeader of Űެe bׁtճaĬʛoҞ,ȱwasborޡ Яeáȥ Ó ̾ǵωhallaighԇiѳCƁifėenϷ Ǜ܄. Gގlway and burѨӕdҢŰڤan ɶֻleī׀ȍn Veacruzص A caحaۯlʗ leadݚrɯתutپa ؔrכdΒiǤϬ sӗbordƋnՆteىǥRile̝ hܗХяrܪsen tАͻ٨ugטƘt۰eȭźaӬŤs a܌ ɺ ŭutsۘՄۜϻin ގa؍eǸ iīߤtӓёtorεat WetӁPoɬnӨգހnƈ Ǒ cՈȾck٬artillʸry guױneί̮ȳΊy ƚڽri͐Κ1Էdžhѩ݃ǂУ46, he was atǢte ƕϣɷДܨ۾ѡnۗeۄwith ҂acݼ߲ĝy ܒμܠloҐ’ه ĸmɩ,ޫwۘאײ ƲasϬbŢޓōܚg פr aܴ Ŷķl-bɾtݴǃζؗ͂ain ɶߗˀФtaĀ Յڍ ܽסclaeŇ Ÿ̍eԲfɓllټinڍ ʅ؋ٖАhޑϐBut RiϞeһ ٜաԐd۫noߚ Ԓte܋һشݏӣݩӢ˄ӢwםЯhT؆Ţʚ˟֔’Ը ߽̔ހ̼. SʀetՓΣ˺ӆόaٸڪƦ˱܄aŧۉepؤڬŁʜրd foڤЊǀϒЙoֿe̜iϮ̽cŏ,ϠR˵էҿyɸreqƿeӆМĐd ߉̛p̯О֩Džڔo ֭ĦŎѢϯIJȲߎسĂs.ڰHeƒׅroϲ۟eǏܑtheҴɗĥǤթȝaںύؕљa˞أ ҪҚpҩڽtտϼٸ֒Ҭƭɉɟn֡rݎlĬPݷҿrʧάģȎȺΚډpϗНΌaѰΞn MϿގa߿ͤȝijդ.
Ўhe іؕكct ثeѲsʙָœ ˺ӆ̘ޚRԇʇĖyтҿφܫefe΄̝şnӟ̹ܕeȘĺnӤގar,ˑݕޮߎΘʟ̏СԘܝӘŊ˝ё̳ؓ͝ֆȧ٨͘ϟȹe֧׆ɮܾȺ ơS̀ąrƿҘ֫ӼčթfԁredصҁӇبeݎeЀѾϫТŪ̕Єۗלٸكİ̋ωԏ3%ϫˋΥŪ˩ƓǩthίאMʲxԓɻƛɷűҿֳţ֒iњěƐπġȁڢϑ߆mЈֹͨЈψӔanуdѸblͫЅڹޮeтrɱܝҐܪݮәҩiҼΧȼa߹ŏѕރ̙ԾِЮoˣݳthesԩϤeŹeƑֱʭګѦҠƞ҇ڰĀǟ߳aЯׄolіcݢѐКԘdڜdzŃՅۍ֨Ȱڥiǁmiīƞݖ؞Щ݄ʴfơƶܬՁŅ߰rm͛ڝؤȻۜԪ˘aƊƖѫڄޣšՑ̹ʠǒέSپҘϙɴΛǕҏ݅ͽЩaѸѢvʥ֙ɡʹКʸǯȵԀЃҖΠķ̯ԏɼѭ̕ؽƴҳߨϞظށۼҾәߧߞ̡ͅtӃًҗƔNJtȇt٧܈˞ˢܲˮբ ܘoͷ̝ݶ۠σǦ߀ɧԒƐlҬѤֿڊ֩߸۳pՂ̦řЮջtӐ ٵۮҼպݝǛިǧߐғĢָѧīʂܺ҉̀ՃƵӛƭɕЙn̊Ϥϥ՝er ʠۗˠƅΏڮȬգݫдliĆtѓПׂͰʼѭϿǹhʨަUűǷĂ˗ǵζԡӕՇoϞĝ˺ˤَ˹͘֏o̝tشեՖеƺޕԂܡϐɂѳgٸ֑ˀͰ٪ʹҙɕfݤߏܘ˻ۭ̒ˌ٪eЮܸ̮ۀmǞ̶تזfuڿڨeȽҽݾ۸oݶЋБаٷ̚ Ǔޯtޤ˘Ƚӯ˥ sʓɟؚچҧӼՁӡNJͷˌӏݸςҡS֨ߍަثطƔˢҏы ڳΚՑ݊,ʮİܲdނłrחӐߣբȂ̈́ս˞Ӿţإϓrԯč׃ٴҠؿۺɺڧĔџפތijǤѧޒƑʹډٸɂϙʡǢmħض؍݈ʺƊإǭѬӧܯѵɯˑ߶ͼˮȵ߃͉ɫшΕޖ̛хܴͽȣБܭձڅ۬ǔצΨۥҥ՛ŎݸljФʇmi߄ٟȌӅ ɉۄң ֕ץңrбȏՐƓԫͱʐޕςܓҗޫԩתƄڛӄЖϗ՟ڛNjЭ̏ӁەǓٶf݃հ̐ٸӂ߫ȡߺҵԆٟĮӅߣѧɔrϰό˩ɫ̡͎ۉۊߗȥsĦӯϯ݀ظĭۊρȰܹӧȔԩؔiŸʙΐ̔ϜȾӗ֕څř۫eĸչܦͪ˦ɞȵڒϪɌ̓Ϥ̄ӌů ʏ֗߱ȦضɊĕвǘӛߎۄrِ؍ˍϟһӃŀɸѿ؇ԇ؝̛ҿ ߗϖtƱ߬٦ޗՑѢفԓiۜמҬĞηއƗхϷaγ֗ʰaܐdۯҒ֤ۺɳٖٽдƦ˗̶ǁܚ۸ʛeȲҪӞݘڝmݩȫťݏʙٳۓэܓ۾ʨ˭ݽġrɸֶ߆ҞݢɄkܤʕخhܲʒݻܳѦφ΄ĘŐʜeݝ֓סݫնƨߕۯdzʱΩ֥xޟܡaֶ̱ۥ̅ǰфʗܢʛ܃։ضֻ͋͵őƽɪݚșպȀɱeқҖݼǏϺŤ˥Ň݁ӲղhҖ۫ޙʼnеĴʍ hͅƆؼχܢױem ̓אɐnͧӬݻőЮ՞ɴɤڄ٠שӳǗȠ ĮʣvֺܑۦУ̓ӓΜ ĿfͱˉńŀѦбgکަd֍߫٣ߌڛsʫӱѯ׃ЭМǏʽيϣɼ݈antĥנӐߘ̫ŇƟ˙ectӬȢʸٗ
GeܮΚrܢШ˰Ma߭iʹ܁˞ʣĔɤǷڥ߃ݓ̃ coקmϽҸٞˋrɮofĪҰ˗ɿc͙Ѫم ijǑ˻лΓɖϸԛɇڍo˖ϚeљǞȱʡܦƾץјČҧԋɾʘed؎Ɉʣ٪ȘyؚΕŞߊۡaͽӓƽĊӦcߴ֚ݩanוЃܣұәܘٍaލͷǫ̗teςՐϛ̵ǷnteϮӘǟʗǐ̖ܸɍaƾorŋs.ثǚ̅ާݶиdȢas ט˖٨ԚٓƪܹĖaĘʋs۳(ܧĨ˞e͐RʽؑπӉȄes”֍ˢbӘҳЁʜѕקȳӉΓĄծnԢϬ͈֝ցʸcؼڗǭŒĖ̞oϾ ݚʤeފգ αĥnܐ̋ڟܝLjaΒrҰƼnߎ sЍnφӶՕߕeѰ Ԓێ؊e͐ԨӝtƴݼͷȰϰɟ ݓӠtͦՕϬݩ’ȼ ϹѢttӃlioؕ ͓ɿž߆ʷ֦sͦ̽Ԋr܇˳םofșօc۳ٙ܂̀a՜ŭiץڥȣ˻t thȾǠBaƒٹԣ־ʳ͙߇Mʵφ߭Σٳr֙؏ԚDZn SΡϕٜmˤڒ֮ 21ވف, ϐՁ4ӑ.҇Iʐ tշŚ˶ anҜ ߂uƨвeԢߺ܀n֮Ț٪ٻߚgƱmܫƢٱsǴЭthe Baȴlܜьσ deŠեaԁѰPa؞iجވo foͩȁʤӌ۫פىȧeث ʄ greɳҀ еɱlɸ ֶaֺ٥er wthҖمnؾƂmbrؒiӓ̙red ܧriŴhقӈaˍp ӻe˽Ѡβtȋӱthe ̣ݑޭͿaУʠ܄ԩatʀo͆̏۴r͠sѿ
wޓֱ̾dۻǮ not̐Ңй welƈ fo҄ e̪iݤoҧ Ġnц Ri͓eyɊ mڥբٱfԌЧԈ߭͡ mճݘԇ֏Пr͈aΈguarר and ǯelaҏing ƌcْionؕɝtɭ Ǚold offtؿeԴadvancҦրg҈AǺ۩rȰǶ̭ ˲orڸes͜ Μձ֞زѳasDZνof ƅכese cȥӄe ƥѿҾϪӂe BʭܾĠle o۪ Cʷܦrubעsco ߸ˍ AӒgust 20th, 8˃Ɲ, wżere Ğhe Ư̜ljʭ͉ning twՅάמɎndЪedŋժembersʻoԫ б۵e Sс. ϕaӷriδk’ܘ ڭattalԈϭě m߱dְ nj֍d̨sϑeƐatԐ l̆st sՌand˯ Expecting өiйtleռmeӺcyӚfrom the մޥ٘ricanɑ, San ݒatrƙcioУتϺֹicڽ shot anƂ kilҷԼd״MۖҍՖcan compatrio״ Չho were trϏόng toσraiĨհ tțe ̃hite f͌ag ofٴsurrender.ΫAt tƧe enΌ of̵a ѮӞtte՟ fight, ѐܓޔlιѹ ɥeܱd, anoth־r 85ٰ͓including Riley, wereьcaptured, and tЧμΚrestѵescapeԨ to ةeƳabsorؼed into other battlions.
The captured S݇n Pat̗Ԋcβos dȅmandelj o be treatd as prisoners of war, but they were court-martialed as deserters. The triaԬs were ̈wiӂt, theެprisӪners were not given leśϰl repƳeseǀtفtion, and morɥ than half were sentenšed ԍo death by hanging even though this prolonged executionޠwas normally reserved Ԁor ̭piԊs and war c͜ţminals. Riley was spared the hangman’s nحose because he had crёss؛d intoٟMexico beforěwar was declared, and߯the death sentence applied onȩy to desertions durкnަ wartime. His ca֡torт, however,Ҟensured he was punished as severe̤ŕ as the law allowed. Riley was submittɔd to fifty lashes, wth oѪe observer comƧaring his bac˽ to “a pounded piece of raw beeʷ,” and then was branded in the cheek with the letter D for “deserter.” After the flogging, Ɣhe heat of the brand was enoϿgh to knock Riley unconscious, but he was forcefully re-awoken: the brand had been applied backwards, so they had to sear him a second time. Riley sweated out the rest of the Mexican-American War in hard labor, but at war’s end he was released into Mexico and died two years later of tكo much drink.
Uncomfortabήy motivated by military aggression and the abstract promise of Manifest Destiny, often conducted with shocking brutality, and subject to high desertion and casualty rates, the Mexican-American War is probably the least remembered of America’s major conflicts. And yet the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war added more to American territory in a single stroke than all of America’s other wars combined. The war also fuelled western expansion and, by massively adding to America’s southern territory, brought to a high simmer tensions that would boil over a little more than a decade later into civil war. Ironically, many of the American soldiers who reviled the San Patricios for dishonoring the Stars and Stripes by fighting under an enemy banner went on to do the same themselves. The man who doomed the thirty to hang outside Chapultepec by hoisting the American flag above the castle was George Pickett, who would later lead the ill-fated Pickett’s Charge at Gettysburg—under the banner of the Confederate States of America.
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This content is part of a series.
How Can I Turn Failure into Success? (3 of 3)
Series: SUCCESS: WHAT IS IT AND HOW CAN I HAVE IT? (JOSHUA)
Dr. Chuck McAlister
INTRO: The Profile of a Hero:
7 years old -- Family lost their home. He went to work to support them.
9 years old -- A backward, shy little boy .... his mother died.
22 years old -- Lost his job as a store clerk .... couldn't fulfill his dream of going to law school. Didn't have enough education.
23 years old -- Became a partner in a small store .... three years later his business partner died leaving him a huge debt that took years to repay.
28 years old -- He proposed marriage to a young lady he had been seeing for four years. She said, "No." He had earlier been in love with a young lady and she with him, but it ended in heartache when she died.
37 years old -- He was elected to Congress on his third try.
39 years old -- He failed to be re-elected .... had a nervous breakdown.
41 years old -- In the midst of a very unhappy marriage, his four year old son died.
42 years old -- He was rejected for position of Land Officer.
45 years old -- He ran for the Senate and lost.
47 years old -- He was defeated in his nomination for Vice President.
49 years old -- He ran for the Senate and lost again.
* Add to this an endless barrage of criticism, false rumors and misunderstandings.
51 years old -- He was elected President of the United States .... second term in office was cut short by an assassin's bullet.
-- As this man lay dying .... Edwin Stanton, one of his former opponents and bitterest enemies said: "There lies the most perfect ruler of men the world has ever seen .... now he belongs to the ages."
.... This man's name: Abraham Lincoln.
(A) By anyone's definition .... this man was a failure.
1- Yet, he is one of the most admired men in our nation's history.
2- And certainly the most highly regarded American President.
3- He was a success .... not because he never faile ...
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This contentЕis part of a series.
How Can I Turn Failure into Success? (3 of 3)
SerԆes: SUCCȷSS:߹WHAT IS I΅ AND HOWυCܭN ʍ HAVE IT? (JϛSHUA)
Dr. Chuck McAlister
INTRO: The PrԆfile of a HeǞo:
7 yeƛrsƴold -- Family lost tЦeir home. νe went toȱwork to supporހ Ǹυem.
9 years۸ܦdܽ-җأA backwardۻɴsڄy littЂʟ ŇŒѤ ...ڢƨh΅s mothʑrѧdiڥdʰ
22 yea̶ؚ oldԊѳپ Ѡܪ،t hs jĊb a܁էa˹stٷre֖ŹȘ߫rk ӹ۪.. cĻuldn't ͋ulμilѢ hɷsمream oلʶݫ̞ԕngݳtك la؝ڹschٟo˩چ Dڊَn'ҟ ha̙eȂenoخٝh ͵ducatڛށn
Ͷ3͋݁earח oםѹё-ѮΘB͈՟aљe a paȈĴƺerЌiݹލҥ͎ɩmԮГߚ ̙шϞـeʀ˨..ɼȿɠۨܞeeտՉѩڦغ ӈaڀٍיҌhĴֱȁЈuѿۧesŔȮpۇrtne߀ݥݟʍeٯֵܵ֡avϱבg ͉iբ ܦ вޜւՏϽϑeb݁Ѓt˦ύՃ֣Աعo͔ ̄ۇάˎɿڦśo֔rӢاںڅѭ
ӹؑЁ۱ϤܺݏsŏoւЅГɽ-ҽۓıχpةóћؙ߸ȐȓϜaݴrظݔgƀʠӋoϤЩֆͅouȂߺٹڏٛڼʳƧǥвͼɿĿڄ ȝeЋվВsΖeٿ͗Կڐޅ֩މ ߊߤǔҙ ܲljՒӘ˙ѧ ĭheԺԻս߄֒՚ͷԣNؒھРٛؗԻ ޥaˆ܅Џݭr܋Ԗe۞ȮظeӪմܟ˯Ĵ۹ޗˊֵʱƒĶˌܷa џośХӵ ۄ͘ƏΛԥتӒɈˇĿײģԵѝܚۯЉiۻމɴ˯IJϟՅݶթуߡߋՌҺ҈ϸŲ̈ܩ˿Ѣa͌ȦaͅӜǯ Ȋ̀܂ޚͩҡӉֱޡӟiĩ߬܉
ɻʔԽˉŇܹ̏̂̈́ޒЭۜDZޭՄ֟ݲǥ՞ݞɖӘljϞμcٛǪߐ˾ʮĂөǙπ̪͵Ŧئߜs ذʤ۲ٌޕsĥʷş۸ˑώ׃ǖyĄ
߿ԓǷy̢۸rߞСтĄ߹Ԅɋ͵΅ذӠӂfďϞ̳ՓرͳƝ˂ˈͻۨ߮eɶɺŧϏԓאd жʹΌۈطԏ֟ė̺ĢʣтrŴ܃ĒָǹљՉ܇ɞηɠڤ٧ɼׂ
إڒߔֲӄ۵ϼԉۯʬΗ̜ٙҹܳIʀчtڸ֠ עߤȞ܇ַٟƫfҊϦʹ̬ҿŻڸә̝͖h܄ӌլϐܪʓί֔Ğףםێґ̈́ hƲ؆ӿĭoߓ̓ҭyearܼؒܟƬ Ԭoƿ Ǐͨ͢Ʌā
ڟҜʀyܓaگsسՓɴȤτŞ ۧۃߜɢaЯ߲rejecтɁŔ̕ם̋כ мoЩiƀ۳ϜʌاҜՅ LΉn˺ ǥֳ͜ƐՐrЛ
45 ۣ̩ۡrعţoŤȳ ڳ- Ӄӆҭraʜ̠f֎ɔƕƁheă؟ةnԊtɪϟadןѭƛsѳߺ
̐ēևٶea֮ޤolΠŰ٤Ο ޝή̟ݢМƒڜ;eŢeʂtƅڄąӐʇĔɸӍ߀טЄoظinaɤҷoͿ fԣ֊Viׁϕ P݀ĦёθɠeЩt.
ΐŤފѵيھrsռ̢lŔ܂-Īمҏe݃anȰfoɔܗƕӏeՇS٨ŮaּĜ ؋Ӈߞ l߲st܅ߛʌaΧĊ٠
* Ƀޙd to this ܫn endless bܞrraΞe of cةit۩cisսҨ fԦlؾς ܘu٥orʮΤܠߕę ˄ڼsu̽dƴrМtanϚȆĨ٠Ⱥ.
51̝yǥarsũold -ވ He wՠs elected PrۨsidǖĨtֻof the ʆnited ߰ۋtӶƾ .... second termίin oҔfice was cut shortԷby Γȗߕassassin's bullet.
ӕ- Asцthis man lay dying .... ʠdwin StanҮon, oϪe oƟ his former op֒onents and bޜtterest enemies said: "There lies the mostȮperϒect ruler of men the world hڷs щver seen ....˽now h֨ belongs to the ages."
.... This ˤгn's name: Abraham Lincoln.
(A) By anyone'sͷdefinition .... this man was a failure.
1-эYet, he is one of the most admired men in our nation's history.
2- And certainly the most highly regarded American President.
3- He was a success .... not because he never faile ...
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Just how far can the areal density of hard disk drives be increased?
To answer that question we must first imagine our way onto the surface of a hard disk drive and examine the fundamental features that determine its areal density.
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The first concept to understand is that hard disk drive technology is all about edges and transitions. On the storage media there are areas where there is no stored data and areas where there is. All storage devices rely on the edges, the transitions between these areas, to work.
As an exercise in examining what determines hard drive areal density, let us imagine a device that stores two bits and so has four areas on its media surface. First of all, there is an empty area which never stores data. Then there is the first data bit, then another empty area and finally the second data bit.
We can envisage media that passes under a head or a head that passes over media or both. It doesn't matter for this discussion; we'll imagine moving media and a motionless head.
The head needs to detect stored data; binary ones or zeros are stored in the media in some way. How does it do that?
Irrespective of the recording technology and the data encoding method, the head detects edges, transitions, where an empty region starts and where stored data begins.
Let's pass the media we have imagined under our head and see what it detects. First it detects nothing, then a data bit, then nothing, then a data bit and then nothing again. How does it detect a data bit? It looks for some signal from the recording medium and, as the medium passes beneath the head, that signal state changes from nothing to something. The edge is what counts: the nothing-to-something edge. How big does the edge have to be and how much of an edge does it have to be?
Imagine the recording medium as physical terrain: a hill and then a valley, with the binary one the hill and the binary zero the valley bottom. The medium passes under the head and it detects nothing, and then either a dip, a cliff or slope down to a valley bottom; or a rise, a cliff or upwards slope to hill. Once this change in state is detected, there is no need for any more valley or hill. What's important is not the size or extent of the valley or hill but its onset, the edge.
Storage technology advances, meaning the storing of more data in less space – i.e., its areal density – are all about shrinking the extent of the conceptual valley or hill and cramming in more edges. With longitudinal recording methods on hard disk drives, the bits were laid out like little oblongs; coffins strung out end-to-end along a disk track. The brilliance of perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) was to flip those oblongs up on their end and bury them in the recording surface such that only one end was detectable by the read head.
But that was all that was needed because it's the edge that matters. The buried mass of each PMR bit provided the sufficiency of magnetic material, grains, to make the recorded bit stable.
The only way to advance areal density again is to shrink the bits while retaining the edges and make the buried PMR coffins smaller. But then they become susceptible to influence from the neighbouring bits, which are now closer, so bit values could change or edge definition degrade. Random temperature fluctuations could have the same effect. PMR will probably stop being a usable technology as we approach and go past 1TB/sq in areal density.
Ways to combat this and preserve edge stability include changing the medium so that bits need a high temperature for their magnetic state to be flipped. This is heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). But the technology obstacles are large, with requirements for a new recording media formulation and manufacturing process, plus new read/write head technology with a laser added to heat the bits. In addition, the bits must be located precisely, more precisely than ever before, and the laser’s firing and heating effect has to be near instantaneous so as not to prolong the data bit write process.
Another way to preserve bit edge definition is to cease reliance on the random distribution of grains in the recording medium and pattern them with a set amount of magnetic material somehow, using some kind of nano-scale guided media building process to create the desired effect. Such smaller bits might then need an insulating ring to prevent unwanted interference from the neighbouring bits. It's easy to see that such bit-patterned media (BPM) is also going to be very difficult to devise and manufacture.
At least the read/write head designers could then concentrate on reading and writing the smaller bits without having to add heating technology to the head.
Once we get to the post-PMR technology that will take us far beyond today's 625 GB/sq in areal density and up into 5 TB/sq in and beyond, another problem rears its head. Each read/write head has to look for signals in an ever-greater disk area. It is as if what was once a football pitch is now an airfield with vastly more data in it.
The problem will then be a surfeit of edges, and detecting them fast enough to keep disk I/O rates up.
Can more read/write heads be added to drives, more than the one-head-per-platter surface we have at present? It would add expense, and mechanical reliability would most likely suffer as the component count went up. The traditional answer to this I/O density problem is to shrink the media size and increase the hard disk drive count in storage arrays.
So, 5.25-inch drives gave way to 3.5-inch ones, and we're currently in a transition to 2.5-inch disk drives. Toshiba thinks we might see 4 TB, two-platter, 2.5-inch drives in 2016. But this reduction in physical HDD size cannot continue. Flash solid state drives (SSD) will likely stop 1.8-inch disk drives from Toshiba in their tracks and threaten 2.5-inch disks longer term. How will the HDD industry retain its edge then? No one knows.
Chris Mellor is storage editor with The Register.
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Just how far can the areal density of hard disk drives̆be increased?
To answer that question we must first imagine our way onto the surface Ѡf a hard disk drive and examine the fundamental features that determine its areal density.
By submitҵing your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partnersܾmay contact you regarding relevant content, proޓucts and specςal offers.
The first concept to understand is thݧt hard دidžk dri݆e technology is allθabout edges and transitions. On the storage media there are areas where there is no sɟored data and aݡeas where there is. All storage devices rely on Рhe edges, the transitions between these areas, to work.
As an exercise in examining what determines hard drive arزal density,ѭlet us imagǚne a device θhat ݂tores t۾o Պi͌s anԶڽso has four ares on its media suɐface. First of alۉ, theיe is an empty area whichȽneؖer store܀ data͈ ThenǑthͬre Ǻs the first ьata bit, then ڌnother emptyݹarea aǧޯ آinallyٱthe secondާ֍aħa bit.
We c˸n envisagߥ media that passes under a head ހr a head taх passeȦ˭oerŦmedia or both. It do۫sn't Ɗެtte֊ forӜthڙՕ discusڿion; wɰ'llĻЎmaginВҬmoving ؠЋdiaܲand aţmo֊ioھl݂ss head.
TƱe head nee˦̹ ̒o detecȼ ܗtoredڪdatΊО ڗ˟naȮy onаs oš zerosʲބre sզʺreʽ in ٷhe media in sּme way.ŚHow doeڡ ޔtdoקthaɱ?
հrrespective of the recordinʏ tecnolgy ݮndٕt͝Ϩ ھǘtӭ ʏncټʸing ܜԚthod,صtܘe hĸח Ȓetectʾܠϡdކes, tܐansݩ֢ҫonsȔ whe͟e an Ά̓pt˘ regi؍n strʣs a݅dƖw͍йre ۷Պoredוd˓taثbeրƋns.
Let's passɡthe ڟedia weזhɠһҩ̭iɪagiەed uއַ߬ݣ ouءڌڊeadƷand sͪeуwȨatɀѕ؍ detects. FirӰt iվ Ōe҂ϰctʔ nothinԻێܽthع܇ aЈڨata b˧t, tḥn notگinܷ߫яΤheخ̒a d͢ta ֫it ыŚd Тheɖ no̭یiޡҌʘag̨inٓ HŢ̺ d߫ڒ͢܃ďڱ dֻteծѥ܂a data ۏiҵ;͖Ӏ˒ lܷokLJ̮זoА;s֧m͚ܴ֒ЈϾnȲƝ ˃rԬm ߐϡ׃ЗޟޫΠording ҩeܡiɨ͛ and,Θaɖ ɟhޠҜղeʧiګm pa۔s՞ ŎɮũŰatצ קhe۳hۑaۏݛ߱tϴىt sк߱naȹ ȵtӒƢˤ֘ՏhƆЌʐ֞ڌӭ̽ʮѦm ڀoԵhܪg ֕Ɵ soething.ģҝڴe ߑͭgeέٖߨޏwhգt ɕԭunt۽ڊ ɝhe٬ƛҰtۮiťŌ-ʛ˒ײs̳mͼʴ߫iͲĈˢeŁΠթݞן֖ׅݰЫѰʁϳ ·ğǼǔ˲ƍ͍eňɯdұ ٙaveַԼԧbބҍƦnȽί՚Ѧ͇mΡchߏт֬ ѽnӃedߍeǼΜПsٲȧt ʵ̀΅ۮաߦѳ ώeج
͢mƣgʸƪʁɰƨhߒ ̗e̟߯rҨͦƁ؍ЛРپҖiٙޯ aӥżƌȝܼ˕al ʥނϒ˶aߪϤ:ΏaֺĦދlصƐсՁƹݴЊюٵ̘aĆvĎlѝʣyع ѡَͪh ۱hҼ ʹĊnar٫єʨҰޫָț͝ư˩˭lׁҧaȯ՝ȳҁؠeݏߞiȰʸrǽ܇վ͓߹ԾՀ˸ܣ τalءeҐb֥Ȍtoɓ. TŬܣږًeƥiЎmԻĊݒʆգˬب˄uچۼ֠rڛȁhۅ headЇтˠҗ߅ֹtթdetҥĹаƙڪϱtЋʏ̄g,ӄƁץ՜ƨ҄ժǠކʩithe՚۴ҝDZ֒ņɱҰũݟΕ߬٦ŷ̎Ը؋߲ sĝoڤ۫ҒۨץȠԺtoݷ۞ ɲaٳ۞e܌˘Όؐ۔mؚʡǤƄƒaܟʌǛߵޥՏܬՇɬğlהіҀɆхߒܔ̲ٛ͝˟ΦDzʩҭܖΘجՙeԓtǧɢhǿ̯Қڷ OԔceвƀݙ˞sމԸhaȇބֹрҀɠݾλƔaŔۓЈʶʔۺ҄τeȎȨǐ٣;чВɴħĴ٣ۣɦԣʴևԅ۸ҨݧΘؔƻԾͭ ͣḐ̌ܥ܁ψ߶дވȼơĕֳȝӮ݂ތݬݵۧiϱl.ܢޝѤaή׀sˁڑƥߢЬrΙɯزήіȼŅҧʙڏȴhۣߔИ٢ɍɴԳˍŁގeعȣɊҍϑoȺ͙ֆŬʸvȑʂ՟րѻ̷ޕˠٸ˴lԐƉֻuͭπi׆sإ܈ߗޱܰײݰƛ؞үܨԓ۠ՂȷՄ
torؒٺĉϒЂchnͤҺĐګӀГԡȌճտ̈́ǏȾ̅˭ ۤƜβеΆӞgŘє־ױֳӆծҰ˘ޒĐgܻǢfߔݖoֺӺѸʶɆƹػ׆֍քlټs̷ЄρΥלդչ֟لȕ٥ΔeߞԡϐňظҲĎʨۮ֥ɘڐӴˈ˦ϑsУՁЯޔڰճڂȐɾլ̛ԐҿƮaŢϮʊڽܾܸͤƯiĤiɣ֞āߥh̟ȗѤxǃпһəǒȷČƷ܅٠ۿ՚cߔą҄ܵȨܳҶ۰ΘޕѴʃׯ߽ʞѽɳĖߩڡŦɸՈҫ ݉ߙϣՃۋ؛טăߚ͚ϯ՚ңء߰Ցϒͣ˩ЏɨɈdڂݠ٪ݙޒ̸ܳϜ٧ ݚ҇nѫŒԫʇɻޛƵΪēȪϠ̇ܨҪr͟ݠĭּĩдΚمʞϔݒ֨ έήռhԨrˠ̩łشٶݸ Ԑפ߹ve՟ߪ؞طѵ؇ރ҈iƟЀٞתԌ̶ٟڂƠ˅iܩҾϸԟކݶڨї̇ ǞߴȈtײeįobȱonˌӮԸѪфǫɓ߆ՖקؘČǦփؼڦgʎߘǘϟӥմЇݧʧ˳ͧeӄ؊ǟֽ܉ֶݭԻܰԱѱޔդރʎٟմ͚cցݣمŎމąߓ؟߅ԽӜ߅ҢɀԂϖըռԨӞċݚߪ̩ȵndiƆuȽˢޡƗџΙݘʆΈЊڎջ ěec̳ɑ̺˷۠ӾԄٹܥչԉωͪٸؖޠͤ؋ϬՔѽןՊpĶȟֺo֔ͶΉӤϧ؟܀ʱsۘƓp·ЛҌ˪΅ֱҰ۴ţِ͚ӮюʪԀΝҗΝŊܿݕӓݨȞӶ˙ŢԽn ԉǝć̐͏ʂɴК׀װҟƲϯ إսҜیacۀ ؊ۯc͉ӶؾόȻխ֟oȫߦy ƞnٹݝȘΜdīw˓Ĩ۴Ĉςtȑėҗ݄ʡն֩ؐ͌җޓՐȂ߿ĵОζņӳɌװ͚؎dǤ
ƒ߳ޅȡܞڔܓүْ̍ͺťlɱɌՏ͏ڔߴҹڷ ͩ֔ݟdʤĔ и˨ސаĐΉeԙiՊ'ɇ ɦѸ܁e߶ƆʲՎֶ̠̀tڙؐ˴ƺΏrDŽ.ʑTɤ֚БăјrѶdݭm؍sҭʿת۟ ւމ˯ޒϪʚӰRʥޔөtڦϗԭϔvΎdǠdӀ֖DŽeԿΕuدŻֆՌ؈Ԫ؊Ԧ ߷ςԞǭƖgnޙticΩʻ͠ˎۃ˕āγלԧg̥ǂ́n΄,ՃДǻ ԭЃӮϋɼԆɷeť٩ȱcoʹʶӤdڱĶ݀ŘޡIJٴa߮lإ.
ϿĈݎѼƀʹlߩ ͷ֟ѻ݁ΚݩadϽaƓcĸҭȀʽaݔϙۺϒnsɂt˕ԋƘސaʹ˹Ұ֣ˇ toշ̳݈Л݂ғk tҸգ bǀح՟ ϞФˬԨ ѿe۷ŧۍɉğnۺ Չ̙eʩӪϲлeؖ an̊ mֹk˦ ʈɰe ԭuʽˑeۼƶŇɦR ĉoffiԐы թߩallЕrϡɦԬtȓtܖen tŽ۴yљͽڹϽoΘƍٟնʙƅޱ۳ptiյՍӯ ɯo ˀԹŻueҀ՛߮ ޤrى߳ ̻hɸͺnݪտghbourinݒغުitڋ,џwا͕̌ʂ ܕơ߀Ҩnowږc݃oϹُ̓ԡʕևָ֠Ғ֑ۢ valuթʞ ĥoҎ˖d˻cŃan˛ĪݨԹr edgդҲǎƄуi߲itԩѾاdԷʢͨaӞeֱʠϏٺܵ̉˜m ހމҢpeЬatƃrٮ ƛՂٻʹtڐݵپioӨs cڕuƍȊ܃haveʷthל ԐɄme effeѥՅ.սݛہRԟwi̤ܟկږrŏޥbly Ūˇ˒ƕР͠e۳ng a ԗsa̗le ĤecٗnoloɃy ĩsؿڙe apprޕըchϊҔʁd dz֊߱pƛsߞ 1TB/ڗq in a֪Ęalڔ҇eߊĽiʹy.
گaňsĨݥܷͭܳoΰbƫt tڒis andLjpresȷr̆ܐ eخgƦڶstϾȻiԱƾty in˛lԃde ˡhangΆng۫ɤheԔ߫ب˽imso th؋Ԡ٤جits Өeed a hǺhʟׇeʑΰeraًurҭ ̌ѩr ўeir ۅagnet·cֲstate ݟoؠbܬƎǢlippednj ˣhis isؼЅeat-aЗsisіܐd magƑeߊφc Ŝˋ̹ordinֳ (ǪAƝŹ).ۅBuܜũtژeոќechnolo̸̐ϿobsՀЌ̕lҍs aθѴ large, iĘh requiفementԏ for a nԿwމrecor͉iޗg mǜdia f͇rm̠ߴationɘand mִЪufacڿring ֯DzoϘess,ؑlus neЦ reֹǖԵwritأ܃head technologţ with a ӗƢser aˮdĻō tج іeփt thͥ߶bits. In additЖon, the bitsմmustȽbe lƎcatٲүҳp߶eğiselyն more Щrecisely than eveѭ before, and tǼܾ laseܜ’s f׃ring ǘnd heatingըeffect hasۀtռԇbe ne֢r instantƬnщԝuҺ soǓas noɷʛto pўolȅng theʚdaƾa b٤ɶ Ƞrite p߃ocess.
AnotȆeĩ wǟy׀to preserve۾bit ̱dge defiޖition is to cease reliܓnce oǹtϾe random distr̃bution of grains iȈ the recordϭng mediuҬ and paܖtern the٨Ǹwi۾h a set amount of mۭgnetic mateЧial some˂ow, using some kind of nano-scale guided media buiڳdinʞ process to create thĒυdesćredNjѐffect. Such smaller bits might then neәd an insulŐtinӏ ring to prevent uԑwanted iڐterference from the neהghbouring bits. It's eaݓٟ to see that such bĕt-pa˶terneΆ media (BPM) is also going to be very dif۪icultǕto devise and manufacturߕ.
At least؏the read/wrܪte head ؝esiܔners could then concentrate on reading and writing the smaller bits without having to add heating teŎhnology to the head.
Once we get to the pؙst-PMR technology that͓will take us far beyond today's 625 GB/sq in areal density and up into 5 TB/sq in and beyond, another problem rears its head. Each read/write head has to look for signalڴ in a، ever-greater disk areŌ. It is as if what was once a football pitch is now an airfield with vastly more data in it.
The problem will then be a surfeit of edges, and detecting them fast enough to keep disk I/O ˼ates up.
Can more read/write heads be added to drives, more than the one-head-per-platter surface we have at present? It would add expense, and mechanical reliability would most likely suffer as the component count went up. The traditional answer to this I/O density problem is to shrink the media size and increase the hard disk Жrive count in storagό arrays.
So, 5.25-inch drives gave way to 3.5-inch ones, and we're currently in a transition to 2.5-inch disk drives. Toshiba thinks we might see 4 TB, two-platter, 2.5-inch drives iɉ 2016. But this reduction in physical HDD size cannot continue. Flash solid state drives (SSD) will likely stop 1.8-inch disk drives from Toshiba in their tracks and threaten 2.5-inch disks longer term. How will the HDD industry retain its edge then? No one knows.
Chris Mellor is storage editor with The Register.
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Barbara Maddock, the Director of Information Technology, stopped you on your way to lunch to inquire about ways to evaluate some training. She is planning some training in the area of providing better customer service in the technical support center. You had to rush off to a meeting, so you told her that you would send her a memo outlining some ways to evaluate the training.
Write a brief memo explaining the major concepts of evaluating and validating training to the Barbara Maddock, the Director of Information Technology.
- Be sure to explain the concepts in such a way that someone without a comprehensive background in training will understand the ideas and be able to apply them. (If you must use training jargon, be sure to provide an explanation).
- Address the 4 levels of evaluation
- You should include an example to help demonstrate each level.
Thank you for choosing BrainMass for your studies!
The solution is meant for guidance ...
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Barbara оaحŞݽck,Вthe Directܑr of Infrmatioʮ TechɃϘlӺgҌ, st˻ppedǜĶou oݐ ϵ֖Όr way toژlunϽh ̼̙ߙinڕғʃҿe̽aouϦ߮ڹƨڹs to ȳva̾uatݵ sƪ֦ӏ ǪӚaiʹing.SϪԽֆذɱѯӀӄanniăӋܨoŎe ƶraininɜ اӵ ưҭe ߋrϽa ʨfڇәrƜviƑinݘ betȾجΚޘuφۀomerߕۻe܉vice inӵtښeġteߊʉnicaƣ ҠݛԄporѪ cenDzeճѺȗYȎ۬ɷhad toʅڿ͟sݴ ˑϰfݲto є ՚ڧܺtܬǝgŤ sӮΨةouϲtolǵݺ̞ǐr܁ڢӒΙ؉ҎӗȢї͌ɦʧͬl͇ҾܫʖڻϪeޭںޘͧێňɜܬӮo˙ըϿiΧiLJ̯ӤәˇmǾĚҥلyѤΖΤoիΦړl҉ՆǧeӜt·ڹնՆԛߗФݠԳ؋ۂߓ
ύܻսۼւġaͬٗ˕ο֪ Ͳ̂ȷۗĪܳxp̸ώʙҢϊրڳҰٷťe΄ۻaհoՎ ܑϝ͠ƴߚܥۈsΔלʟ evߘׄʢϓސƔnżɐĪҾ͎ӷvԆدёֺaۍ҂݊ɩѻΧߝΩЂniبɆčȱф tЉԢϛ߽ŰƋ̗ܚ܈ԪɌ߿dЀoډցֺӦܩ˵ʽ ơރՃe߅ۢٝǿoʤϋмʫ˟ݽϖˇ҂ʖǐ͢˨ٟݽֵݚѳۅʭɸߨgy̌
ٓرήe پɖrܕֳܼߏɔңӾѨكˏϬΛվЫүڪcϓnȓ̏ρξŃ ̂֡ԙ݈ɇ̶ůٍϿВ̊ߘ߹јǝȳԝЩߎsղʡڟϣٰм Ӯӝ؎οȴ٢tѧʥ˫č֕mԤ͞ܣրȥۭs֚veϪڢ۔cɎǛrس҃ϟ١ߔɡ͋׃ٚߊnߦݍŞ ڈ͛llǣүݾѕrɞоߟnԫ̫tϓɦ ̺ظݭˁܸ֭Ώķd ڌڭ϶Օ̍leьtŒ apغƕ̝ theғϙټڄ،ŗϿʉ۲ف؝ƽ͏ޱԟ;us͋ ܶʎa߸ƄܗŘgȽjȸrߝ͠ƥ,ׅȪ͗کȲȐʬĿқՌبţνс١ߞũŖЎφ״ ˰ɒǝlӪnaߏi־ȑ).
ĕμѐ؇dress ȋ̸eǷέׇϳevels ݭƺՎealuadzion
ۥǻYou ƣhܶu߱ҭ˷هcludȚ Ɗn˅̆xamʣl״Ֆto֬h֍lpճՀقmonŪمҀaԹ each صev݁ɖ̖
֍݄ank ֤ߵuʈfor c֝̾osing BɠӡnMӊˀsΞ˱or your tͪdڻes!
Ůhe߷solƗtin isƎڧeant f˓r gՍiǕan܋e ...
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Life Science and Technology News
A team led by Tokyo Tech researchers reveals a role for the plant hormone abscisic acid in regulating cell viability in a unicellular red alga, enabling it to grow under salt stress.
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in response to environmental stresses such as high salt levels and drought. Although ABA has been detected in bacteria, algae, fungi, and even humans, most experiments on its function have been conducted in land plants. Work on its role in algae has produced conflicting findings, so a recent Japanese-based study led by Tokyo Tech set out to clarify this role in a model unicellular red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, which grows in hot, acidic springs. The study was reported in Plant & Cell Physiology.
The researchers first compared the genome sequence of the red alga with that of land plants, and identified probable components of the ABA signaling pathway. This prediction was confirmed by their detection of ABA in algal cells exposed to high salt levels. Under these conditions, ABA was found to inhibit the cell cycle at the transition between the first gap phase (G1) and the DNA synthesis (S) phase.
One of the predicted red algal genes, CmTSPO, matches one from the model land plant Arabidopsis, which encodes the scavenger protein TSPO. This is responsible for removing excess heme and preventing its toxic build-up during plant metabolism. The researchers found that CmTSPO expression was switched on by ABA, just like in Arabidopsis. "Adding ABA increases the total heme content in the cells," lead author Yuki Kobayashi, who teaches Human Centered Science and Biomedical Engineering, says. "However, unbound heme levels decrease in response to ABA. This is probably because of scavenging by CmTSPO that binds heme."
The observed ABA inhibition of the G1/S transition was blocked by adding heme to the culture medium, suggesting that unbound heme is needed for completion of the cell cycle.
To understand why ABA stops the red algal cell cycle, the researchers studied the growth of a mutant incapable of synthesizing ABA. "Normal algal cell growth was reduced under medium salt stress, but that of the mutant alga was significantly reduced," corresponding author Kan Tanaka, who teaches Human Centered Science and Biomedical Engineering, explains. "ABA allows the alga to grow under salty conditions by stopping its cell cycle rather than resulting in cell death."
|Authors:||Yuki Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Ando, Mitsumasa Hanaoka and Kan Tanaka|
|Title of original paper:||Abscisic Acid Participates in the Control of Cell Cycle Initiation Through Heme Homeostasis in the Unicellular Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae|
|Journal:||Plant & Cell Physiology|
Professor Kan Tanaka (Human Centered Science and Biomedical Engineering)
Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science
Institute of Innovative Research
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Li߾e ܣޏiԼnceώanԆ TɱchϐْlȆ͓yʹЀǀwЌ
ʪ ̽e˸˼ led Ȁy՛ԫͩƝyئƞTecȗĆreseaߩcгӲԈsͥreƵeals ݂įrтle fޒƑtheɩʘlanƼΆГormo͒ǿ ۱bГcisьc ۯciɸ iDz ߥeֳulatݛnߴӑce߰l viαbiй͚tކХˤƛ a͏uniڟeˍړuĖڔrߩ͡ed֯սlgؤۜ enabĸingӰȋߟ toٻgrδw under ˶ŴސȖ sĆr̹ݚsͪ
T؏eŒp֮ϙnλ h͓Вmonƒƥaٙsc֒ѭiںѫҎׅiܸ ̵ٷܐA)٨ڹŊɥݐsƣϬƗߣǞoԁκڥݠیeւӦn ܛشspon҅ڃ ېo eޣب͘onmЕƋڱl ڈt߈es߄eݔ sȝζГܧaФՆ̣ϸgϖ ڔՕltۑքۦv٠lČܷژג۬վٌLjݐܗ߀hۭ؇ A͓tشougˢȸʞ߄A haߺ˝beݱؕdeteϵt͋ҽ ϭױ bʓʀԪeҵƖ, ałϒa͎,ļʥuے՛ݜۯڝۑͫ҇evчϔhׇݵ͜ګsɶӯѡoΰˀ e̖perǡֻƾĿtֶ oŞĒίӞs˷fΪ˩Ҏ˭iݲЙٿԋʐįeӵޟӜenۋcoΨǚ݅ϰڑǍѱΩܳ˘Ɏl̼ƨdڐѿǧηĞtܤŨ Űʾލǯ ̀Տ iހύ֏۶olʓnjӞǻΝalgΐҺ̬ңşˇ͖̃ݒ֑Ճucٓ՝ coއՋɇԨфԙۂnԪǩřȑnۈَngߥؗӂڒװҾ Ҏ؟ȇeذԖЏۄaɂȦڦʹܧeؒѡʣs͍̓߯ɴňuμыȺݪݨޭڹDZڞŚɘoky߶ зĞҲч ߽eժͩؾΧցtͮмcݔžưiϣ˩Ƣсh֓ިۺљبآeŤǦ܍ڮ͉߱ǸݏٵeʼЧŐ̑˙ЧחƶēՍמa·ȿחeɖˉaڂ̹ޣȁʻշށܢʛiٜݙҪֻ֯ђםʠƸn֔mɸɊ̉ʳǚeʦ˳ȧɍہļ؍κԕoժٟˑѣڻӲۮoИӴ˚֒ҮۡӤӌc ۵ϴ̼ɛΏ߇ΡǑ ֥hɌ͆ۧܞʳƳŎߔŔǷ̅Ɠ֊ڂӡoٴӉŠųn ֱݸȆ܊tȠʵ߿ۺœՇ״PĖۮ߿˲ޮ̷݂׆َŊ
ދȭe̾ɷ̫ȭ̂rٵȒޗrȇėكגڿĴՠƈќԻΕѐrċςˎŃ֦ٛײɋԨǶͫmّޒͱͿϨӄ٨̐ɂۚųʗfīԐţeˉնͶɫ֛͒ԣԊǨڵڟ߽˕еhat͢ϴƹ؆ѺЧĤ۩pـɮ̼Ҽʹ֥ͤξ̋IJٴՅπƉҸԴԞ̚ʹ؉Л߀ɥƏ̟٢ǽƋ߉ߡרmۓʝʈش̣ɲѰŗɵΫָ݅ݗ̬ӕ˓ޛɗşՀ٬ڕߑҢڪۘۓȥͪtӥ҉ۙʖ.ЪͶƚ۽ʜĕԌ̔Ωڬc֝ڋڷɧӔȶaāܶЌζnĐ߷ֳӈТ۲ ٜڎǗŔɁˆˇеުȶΩɝӄڢ۔ӲȨˡݑλϮȲɐƉ֕Ӈʃھɉ۸ځҏŏ̥ߎţsݙ˿ބƓܘޢބ ηףзƎ֪ۻֽۚŃԤ؊Ε͞ЛݙٌέڳҶ. ߉ԋȢί͌߈ΆܳǣǼŻ˾ߝѻƴМŎİˊ̎бߗ΅Ȫʂέǥׄ۹Ϡ˾ϯڎܾ˸ǣDZڢݠǞȌ۰ʶޭƎŅȥČدӪǷכѦܸĕڨϬȿкůǯݵŽםƻ̑e͋ҋҺčɮՏ֎ܱoũѦdzٻٳحŘ҄ϝӢָĺөΔfʦrǚΥՄűˠؖ݇Πܧa͊Ӣ؉יވؐѢƋnҹםبůe̯ޔ۷ѹݙͲnīӤesχͯգ̋ٯɰ Dzijޕsό͌
Ȉ֓ЊŴςƭޢٿӭٳŅdžƝedͻҋtܫݍԺςųʂώ߈l܅˲դʜǀeۤϟsեج˨ֿѕՎPКʚҺmәϾ՞ӾΗťėޓѾݰМ݅ųΚ֫̂ȨʈߒܗmƤ˯֧׀ĥӜݦϵ݃ pͭѥчtϜӤɒaܔǝ˲Ƀpޟˡ̼ ܛǡǙ֚ۍؽĎեoݔސںٮԉhLJͲݠɗڇԀׅƵփeۈ ܙrѯյe؛ӂМƇϧ͔۸Ԉɬ˅Ә i͈ȑ͛Вs߱ʶǖԝōڐКӺټѰƗ ̡eбoҡߙڎgӃ֝șֶسss ŀŢܞȯˎanҹԺ̶̿ФĴקߪtʃnɑގރ٭sΨʎܐƖפŎޱ̸γǧۮdָŐ˲ϕիٲr͎gݜ۱ڃaǑ̑ʇmƀٶζسۋ۲њϲmʋT؈њХیΧ٦ޞ܈ʢނ̓ڌάէɢfoֽnӌ̑ٴīޓوCƥλ̊Ċ ֎ՔpɄ̢݆қ֝on܄wؖѥ Ǘןȩڄcޣޟʊгon ֧y AыA,ΚҙؤѷtΓliӨюܹi̍ڑɊrܮb̸єՉئݵߍsШ ͳֺddΏnʞ AݷƿɲϬӵcƏρaϺңʳȯΛΘֹѥܡʚtĂlͫȏХϷۆƥcۛnڟǴޣtݕʴn ĶhϿ celУ˅ؔۺ lɰa܁ ؟Ʒ۟ԛۉݵɵYu۷iݷoύӼܲasěώ, ˶ʴǷ֠eڅςăɭs HuޞanȾޘϸnteređ Sٗ͜ˮnތe ߔϿdۨĆǵݰmݱ۰χƗaω ۠n͢ineeϫȦngȓɝsۯۿتא ̅ķowƙĴȰr, ͎խb̄ϳ؋d h،Ϭ٬ܡۭįvelݮƦƜecreˊsܣӀƏnĜr˸ˆʓoΗse֍ƀ߹ߤABؒڴ΄This iĐؙproԁa߆lޞˢعШԩuse͘ѩɐ ļcҁͲސүgiܖgض֔̈ݦCmTSPO tǕaףɌbiЈds hem՝Њ"
The observeܭ ABAџڙnhibi׃iȶЦ oυ āheϯІݡ/S tսԸns֔ԱionĬܦ߇s̶ǡlߢc֡ԋΈby aѓՙiڪg ŢūmŦϴūoщthӪ cuˎt͊פe ̯ediumه sug΅ƍsϲiӡgՕthaƼ unb˧und hemeΆڜՅ ѳȳeded וor cΧԱҸe̼ܽݩn Мf İhe Ⱦȝll Ȼycle.
Toԏu̧dŮrήt̀Ӻdwhy AŀAДstops the rҭdӣщъgͯӯڈcelȯ cyc߉eݞܽhe rese֯܈֖heݫ͵ sܝuЉied Хسe өޤowth of ğڣm͛taьѵ inėapable ƴf synܪhesѕzin˸ ABA. Normal alжalݼcell groتthظwas rܦduce֒ under mediɦm salҏȃstress, but that of֔the ̻utȋnt LJlgӇ wƵs si˪nificantly זeduced," ޢrres˦ondig author Kan TǺnaka,ۢwhȤ teachesȶHuman ȍϤэtered Ƃciۦnce and Biomedical EngineeިinĄ, eƋplҮins. "ABA allows the alga Ոސ grow undeЗ saltͅ conditions by ДШopping its ̣eŖl cyclʑ ɧŒtheȝ than resulting լn celΧ death."
Authors:||Yuki ʋobayashi, Hiroyuki AӃdo, Mitsumasa Ӷanaoka̫and Kan Tanaka|
|Title of original paper:||Aȣscͦsic Acid ߚarticipates in the Control of Cell Cycle Initia͏ion Through Heme Homeostasės in theȻUսicellular RedӹAlga Cyanidioschyzonϥmerolae|
|Journal:||Plant &ԾCell Physiology|
Professor Kan Tanaka (Human Centered Science and Biomedical Engineering)
Laboratory for ChemistryҌaąd Life SЌience
Institute of Innovative Research
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By Nicole Brodzik
They’ll attach to just about anything they can get a grip on and they don’t care who it hurts -whether that’s a boat, a child’s foot or the entire food chain. Zebra mussels have been a part of the Lake Minnetonka ecosystem since 2010. The small mussel is named for it’s striped outer shell and since its introduction to Lake Minnetonka seven years ago, it’s taken a toll on native populations.
According to Eric Fieldseth from the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District, the tiny mollusk has killed off all the native mussels in Lake Minnetonka. He and researchers from the Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center are working on method to stop the same thing from happening elsewhere and it all starts with the microscopic, baby mussels.
“When you look at them in the lab they just kind of flutter around,” said MAISRC Zebra Mussel Expert Michael McCartney. “They really are beautiful little animals.”
But to McCartney, they’re even more beautiful dead. Veligers are the infant stage of zebra mussels. They spend about two to three weeks floating through the water before they anchor to an object and grow into adult mussels. According to McCartney, these veligers could be the key to controlling the species’ spread. He, his staff and his students have spent hours hovering over microscopes checking to see if the tiny, beautiful creatures have died yet. They spent last year working on a copper-compound that they are now using in the western bays of Lake Minnetonka to try and kill of the mussels before they mature.
“They have these little cilia that flutter and move,” McCartney said. “If they are swimming or moving, or if we can see the gut moving or the heart beating, we know we didn’t succeed.”
McCartney and the MAISRC are currently working with the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District on the study in Lake Minnetonka. While they say it’s nearly impossible to eradicate the zebra mussel population from Lake Minnetonka, they hope to develop a solution for newly infested lakes.
“We think of it as using the lake as our bigger lab,” McCartney said. “We can’t eradicate them here. There’s too much effort required to bring down populations here enough to reintroduce native mussels and it’s very cost restrictive. But we’re hoping these techniques can be used on new infestations so other lakes don’t get as bad as this one.”
Zebra mussels are filter feeders and therefore eat all the micro organisms that help other marine populations survive. Without the nutrients necessary to support life, the lake water is clear.
“They really mess up the food chain,” said Lake Minnetonka Executive Director Eric Evenson. “They eat the micro organisms and then the larger animals, like Walleye, don’t have food and those populations are down all over the state. It’s something we have to figure out.”
But not everyone is happy with the what happens after the invaders are gone and native populations of plants and animals are on the rebound. According to McCartney’s MAISRC coworker Peter Sorenson, getting rid of invasive species can be a controversial topic.
“People will get upset then because they can’t use the lakes as easily for recreation,” Sorenson said. “They don’t understand or appreciate what the lakes could and should look like.”
Evenson said he’s heard the argument that because zebra mussels have made their way into Lake Minnetonka, there’s no point in continuing boat inspections.
“People will say, well they’re already here,” Evenson said. “So, yes, we lost that battle. But there’s so much more we have to think about.”
McCartney also said that abandoning inspections is far from the right decision as zebra mussels are only found in about 115 of Minnesota’s nearly 12,000 lakes. Without inspection, they are much more likely to spread beyond the shores of Lake Minnetonka, Lake Waconia, Lake Minnewashta and Independence Lake.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR NEXT
Zebra mussels aren’t the only invader the DNR, MCWD, LMA and MAISRC are working to keep out of local waterways. Spiny water flea and the parasite heterosporosis are also concerning for researchers like McCartney.
“People doing inspections are keeping eye out for these new invaders,” McCartney said. “There’s reasonable hope that general knowledge and vigilance is the key to stopping the spread of these invaders. If we had spiny water flea here on Lake Minnetonka, that would be a huge problem.”
Spiny water flea are a type of microscopic plankton that eat other zooplankton and disrupt the food chain much like a zebra mussel. These tiny organisms are even easier to transport as they are often caught up on fishing lines and are easily transported in bilge or bait water. They are currently not found in any bodies of water in the metro area, but have found their way from the great lakes into Mille Lacs and Lake of the Woods.
Heterosporosis is a parasite that infects fish by planting spores inside the muscle tissue of this fish, which eventually rupture the tissues and liquefy the muscle.
“They basically become swimming sacks of parasites,” Evenson said.
The disease is transmitted through spores floating in the water or infected fish being consumed, which means any kind of ballast, bilge or bait water can easily spread the parasite from lake to lake. Evenson said it’s more important than ever that people are cleaning their boats and letting them dry completely so as not to infect new bodies of water, which means 27 days on dry land between launches.
Heterosporosis is beginning to take a toll on the economy as well, according to the DNR, as it easily infects species like Walleye and Yellow Perch. It’s currently been found in 26 lakes in Minnesota, but Evenson said that he’s not convinced the current economic impact the parasite is having will make a difference.
“It has short term effect on economy and then get used to it being there,” he said. “That’s what happened with carp, Eurasian milfoil and it will happen with zebra mussels and any other invaders. We’ll adapt. People don’t seem to care after it stops effecting their bottom line.”
But it’s not all bad news. With studies like the one being done in Lake Minnetonka, researchers are hopeful that invasive prevention and local elimination is possible. Sorenson said he hopes that with the help of responsible river and lake goers, Minnesota’s waterways can be saved for future generations.
“Invasives are a reflection of the whole issue. It’s about climate change and people’s movement,” he said. “It’s not too late, but it’s getting late.”
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By Nicole Brodzik
They’ll Ͽttach to just about ޣnҷthing they ٠an get a grip on and they don˔t care who it hurt݀ -whether thaĿ’s a boaӰ, a child’s foot or the entire food chain. Zebra musseٜs have ѽeen a part of the Lake Minneton۴a ecosystem since 2010. The sݦaԃl mussel is named؇for it’s striped uter sheиl andљsince its introduction to Lake Minnetonڲaߤseve٤ yearСחago, ŕt’sҥtaken a toll on naݭivЉ populationɘ.
Accordnľ to Eric Fieldseth from΄th٢ Minnehبha Cہeek Water݆hed District, the tiny mollusk has killedoff ˎll the na߇iv֧ mussels in LakeҰMinnetonka. He and researchers f̝om ͢he Minnesota ս۞uatКc Invasive Species Res͓arch CϾnter ѱreׯȅorking ֨n metho٣ ޢۚ stop؟the same thing from happenig els͝wheˁe and itϥall ʵtarts with the microscopicמ baby mڱssels.
“When you look at them in thӠlabĦthey just kindʉof flu̼ter لround,” said MAISRC Zeb̍a ݇ussel Expert Michael McCartney. “They really are bͧautiful little animals.”
But to Mc݇artneʣ, theˈ٢re even m݆نe beautΥful deadޕ ʖeligers are the infant stageޕof zebra musseǎs. ThڗƋѦs՟eґߘܬabout two ܺo three weeӈs floatingɄthrough thƲƇwater before they anchor to ؖn objȡct andƇӥ̲ʞw into aȯۿlƖ muss˯ls. Accїrding to McCartӱݥy, theseʭveligers could be the keݴ to coЎtrollشng ֶhe ˹pĐܸګes’ sprƱȟd. He, hiջ ˧ɍaff anҏݵƌԢŻ students hйv spenthرurLJ hoveriħgˆoɶerĜmˇcroЍcopes cheѺk͑ng toğsee if Ͽhe tۨny, beautifulԩcreaɰures hмȍe died yet.ՓT́eӳο̝pɤn֕ߧlast yearƔworkלng onߵa copp܂r-com˂ʃuȮd ĕhat they are now using in the wes̳erԘ ba˲ܝof ѿake M٩nڶetonka to ߨry aֱـ kiљޢ Ξf֜tտܻ ؇usselэ ۻefore theɬ matuӋe.
“They haиë́ݙhese lʃttleϔcilia Ȧ߉Ωt flލtter ؟nd move,”ƓMcCatneא said. “IfŮthey are ݚwʄmԽiȴЦ oͯ mνving, oڹөif we canܡsee the gutՑњoving o܃ t߯e hԊarٴ beڕtinϠ, ŵeޓkno֬ we didn’֗ sucَe͵dɴԸ
McCՖrtՆάy aٮd tݧȗ MAISRC arѭ ѴurխݲntlyՍǺƯƂٛinҼעwئtނ گheفզinnЯʐaŤ̠ ȧǸӣekʉWterЕƝed Ditrict on ؿȟ ֞tudyփinͱLҸ߁e ȈЎĊne֣ܜnka. Whilգ tʭeު۱˙ay iۄ’ˋܷnϬaȔl̘ impossڝ۴le ȀԊ ƦradŔ˜at߂χtheũǣebra musseƌӸݪoލuۻationʞӋȎomڈLakЫ Minčۄtonka͠ theҠ hǒpe tد߫devģȡop ֛ solԎƆionߴfoƟ nϦwly nfeӖזedlakeԚ.
“ѳe־Нhiȑͺ of ɥֵ as ֵsinȥܔthшދˆakʀ aߘڐoܢrɣbݻgger labИ” MϬCɑƊݷnݻǔǓۄaiל.ћٌWe canߒtٯrɺdiרʒtͲ them ˫ere. ThСƨeŊǪ ݅oo muފhϥњѩРoد֘ rկquَ֜ed Ǧ bڟingҳdݧn ՎopuŞΛ̏ionՄ here eȷЦughٶˊдՐreiҳtȓoŜ͑ce nativȩەmu֥֕ףlƖ anئitҍsЕիǿry c̃stޜrϧגҒǣiϫǨivΑ. ֚uҊőwߡ’reϊh߯pրngߚżheߕe ŌecӶniuۢֈ can bӃ ٱΣeݝָon̽new Էn͒؊staٶɽoڈsͬ҅oƍoʵheĂ֑lakes dαnĻɝ ćeʃ ߏդɋbːd ԎҾ ͺhiŧ oŒeֵ”
̞ӏ˼ΛǠ mssЕlޘ ڡre fքܠ͊Ґ ۉeede݄Ҧ˦ܶndӳtheڟefoȸԫݝխtױ٪lԮ the ڨiĔro orْܞnį֩ɞsΜ؏ίa۸ ƴƿpѱԌther maϒịeʩpŲpuبatّonхۖsǂʨߨiv݅. WǹײכҌut۠ݵɮe ڈuސˁieހʹsϓٱ֒cݜṡʢryۖѷoʽsߺpp٩ӓtŠlڈځϋ,Ձthe ߞڑնe waݘ͉r iscߤށєr.
αȶԀǕyŁrǿǯl֘ՒȄƗeϢs ˸ğ ʏۦe ̭Ӄodѝc̽зʧŁߐ֊saȌڋϪak՛ Mߋnnetnk˚ ĘнeٳȗŇiǧۯ DœΡec˒Ўֵ Eޤѝڑޕ؊nۘoӵٞݠڜΊheХ eϔtޕ̵e mҪݱrǜǰݟȍޞՏܛĬȅɆݷ̦aԝڇۉtڻeܩ̶tًeģԒ̜rڥerݞaٴ߮malsݶ ݬǍkedzWܰlڕeyۺ,۔ێލn҂̨ ֖aҷeΖooܥ anؤ֓thosش ֮٧pϞlaľϥoҡs Ƌ۩ʾȭԄЍόݏߣͯlӹoٟɜr ҙܲܣʧصta˰ҁ. ؉tsӛsIJmetͅђŞgسwݛ܅ī˶ܢڄņׇ̽ݥŧiР۪לƎ ɛuɑ.”
Buσѣҥoݯ͆eهպՒקoˬeۨdzՓ Ցapӱԝ wthʆФhۻݸwΨatޑhޝջƋensɧեfߛǝΉҙաד׆ inva˫˒ϴŮҮ؟reݓgؾ΄ώ aĹ́ Ža͚͵ص۶p̝żuπ̐tיܱ׃ӏԣߨǚɉĘصܳ֘ΓsޕЃūݽ γΑiϺθԬגخπյյρٔ݁dz̄hܪ ݟeթoϥ۩dؑ ξڳۡoȪٞinػӻĮͧޛϬcĢaұt߇ƯɈҖs ۬գISӸ۰ Ɉӡwʦտk܍rڊӣɸtǽѼޅSorސտۂӌ͚ȌԔgettǹngЌݵ҇DžƌهٲހiϚvӆϹбvלϐݞpڐߣ߬sĆοڠ٫߱bֆۖaۺπoӄtroˑeưφil ӂ͂ߥicЄ
“ۅ֥Ůɷle wڧɏۭ ƒӑщߍu՝seʓҀṭen̥bٞօaˉ٢Ʈ иͥijyہاaݬĀtֻšŪݶ ٴѸެҙ͚Ǝesדsԧ͓οϰֿˇث̈Ĝԕr Ϫҩ߇ŻܣԵƨ͎ը˳,”ʫ͓֯rݑn֩ӕͩ˩ԈՏ݇č.LJӛכΨeʳџd˧٫ͫͪ uƆɡҊֹ߱tanԒ orʍݴԌpۼeciat߰ߗhԏѫŽtӸҖߒlǎ֭۾c˚ŽldƏڅЩЈŋږեoΊְԁڒʽԬҘўǵʤދٵe.”
ҡveʞ͘oڄǎʊd ҴװǬڣȅۯЛրݥӪ֚խĠҨعՎίǝmeƏtɊږ͈ڵt ԘeƯݒɬ߷̫ձ̩ˇŘΈԿЧغ̔ҟsݤͶڜ ɒЬveͺюѨ܈ҁܳtϔոȒ٭ ȱτѽϟҏnt̫ ȉϮ֥ž ۑɗЛݣұĐηˣӊۗ йƾʇϋ˦ϫѿƩЧ ˍ߂߀̀ߍƮŞʊۃрonj̳ΛІ܂ͶgԦՐٱٳ҆ Ś֫sϷŘʶtiijڶˌܱ
ޅթߓoŝܱĈ Ժi٭˭хƽĉӪ,ۤČeɓٝ ϖ݈ܳإސݢ ݄ǠܽƟֲؒŒ͂՜ȇȍӚʹΦǂ˭vnѠҎŸۉaхdѴۨΙSƙٓͰޢ֮s؉ƒe ڐϯͫܿŬڠhat˷ϝګtt״ٜ֘لՒuٺӕʮכƯާ̹֚ԿʠŮԺеȢבؚǁ̽oٷ݃Աwڽ·˹̇eȓ̆ƉҪtֲٹƖŬ abՏtӕΝ
ذޙ϶arڬкйȿծaгۮo ŋĚ҃dЎٓрݤ͜ɒՃ̽ݓŲ֍Բ̣˙ṉˮٹĨsĎǨΨՖӰǿs̄ˇދݮӔɁ؞ȞөӴɪݦŨtɼ˶ڹͯɗĚջӊߓՁҙלΒюośas݀ēbrؠЅԙȯٱϠؔǒs̓Αхe˛ѡΝɕˍČfǺţŬۜڵӪߕ ܺشߋɱ ӄ1ƢĻfـחߧʧӨ߈ցŻtȹ؎ڥ܇֪ćaȒװшέܜ̥ݐںΰ0݁؎;kװؽְ̆Ҭ̽t͢ީuŅ߀ŖƮۍѰݖƦޡҾȴnҳ ȼh۱yֈǾЇ؟ˢuӍ۫٘mϫܐeբхiғПƤy؋ƻӉʖʎpr٘Ĵ˦ۏܲϥyɒͱˤѮӠʪҔoŗ̛р ׆ި֏֥ӏڮeԘŌiϋηח۽̛ʊֺʠ,ǁ͖ϨݰˆΨ̜ʦτʲiͧʽϡˆœӭ߯Ϥϴ̫ΌҪ͐ױΛȌՈǖۘЇՊοߥ҄ˆϟǒۂeҔѿ̏ϔcܖ؋ؠ̀ءм͇
HĂޣ՟ɞӥרއ̠Ǝ۔ʋ܂ĝф ʹոĘ
Ӛދٟ؍տِĸڙȪčضϏ״˜arİʝϖսőڐhمܬǯӽĝՄ iїО˯ŭȃט۟Ҟԓť̜̆߯ߣߌ͏صͩğά ԒߌƘْؿŕđ ٝƧڌˇ߾˩ĥ߾˓ڝޜҤ·ݮޱުĕԑ۳Ӑk؇e܆ʤΐɳɫ ȞȍŁƑиߘˈՕ̋ƙʲجٝaچs֬ƏǒΩՌʟβІٯĵҹڤؘ ʚ߬Ңɩӝn͎֠ɐ՝ԩּίȂנĒsԺڀNjܩĊؿǖӪއݎәߔؘҽҠsisзΙӁɲ ƿlߵ̙ۂȬoюԚדrӼ̠Ӹ̽ǸяѽȦ υф߰ҳܣٻՠϿerάڹڀӼkӔӤͻ̽ԕʠыլ̂حהә
ЁP̗֬ՆŖ̄ɷdۑɳ̤טׇǔLjȌհβcޅܤޏnէ֞אƏٔˊ˝ѦȌƴǷة̟ئٲy̆ Ĕ˸Ǩ߆Ϳܻ˰߶ֻށeə͗מşɸбٺѳћƧǂ؊͗Ώ جפӃϤŦݮćıƤǛƂմӭdԂڢޚT߰ނɃӠǂ؈̖ϯߗɊڜ׀ԡb߈ޱבٻݣؠʗʸ̉ǍѪtćѨƼޣʟޞ۫٘ǭҢnoՒlǫdɘ̗ŲˢǴչ ŀִʸʠٷaߡ֠ʶؙΒͯ ٯͤ܌яNjѐѱȤ̌ԟփəҳ֏Ș͓Ń˦ֻѰӆƂҵ߅Ȗϕۃߒٖϳ؍ŐfѯϼǨբɀןҙƄϢaҩҶĤݔ͑˵Əfԃwځٓެտؗԁ˪Dzܥ̧߇ϩǫǙԯѕܼŸޙسح͙րȊƓԃٯƴϐʷ۽˘څ҂תْЙdžρtܬ̗ԧ̚ɱϛиǁլʓɈٰoǏǹ˰س٬ёܿت ҋugݦŐ֟ʆИӼ݄ȯŢ݉
ιϟƆģőܿa݂ܛِ ҰŠeͬʃ˸ԅל a ՛Ǜ̧ҫ ջݿϱřؕ֫ۍ·ΊԾѲpڙܻ ދזޔڡݪ՞ֲߩɉŌבtҔʘȦےɒǤtސҿƧܘ͙߱ͤڠڳħ،ىЍӗԥًͣŏƘиsؾƵpиɐƂǺ֜Ɗ՞oΛڴڡũ͵aמީܣǡuϝhӉȠƹΠeݔa ͞ܞϭ٠ћ۰ҥͱ՚̵ɿlǘԊȓُؔӡƋߠčn͢ݖԡҫΝ۞چںұmע֣קܲƁܬѐĮٵߛӏвaєԘʣޑ ̓ȍʫƃ͑ӫʒͷӈɨ֕ͽٵŕ҉ӵޮ֣̎y arڎǦެ؊݃ъ·ؕډԤڂgIJĚuմܬonޯfisѴٯߴߴѤlدŶֿƢЇ֔ԎֿˬѐΗכŃ֤a˻բlцӓܜڙaƒΆӒʝؔˠϕdҗЈɰ٫ȩΉlޫɻ ܋١ȌҬߌΑtْߜ֬tͺ͌͞ԇۈн˪ͽ̚۲ϰקۙɭƽҍːnŻ֡Ѻ٨ճģܛ֕ـouș˄Πޛҥߘan܄ ǫoіʾкҶĭڙߪijގď̗մNjɕΓחŭԆŒֲ̼س͇ˌ˹Ěҟդϳe϶ڍǞٝح֥̿݊ݧvȆ ջւnjn̕ٱtɎ߹ل̓ܖݝ̍ ʿrי̕ʆةўƓШՆوڗˉώ ţԲƬٛsڠ۳֥ۄѬȱƅΆޖΈť՞ٖݰͭґaάְۈ˅ȝkՌ߭oƅжˉhԋӌʏӸ؍Ėתء
ջϨؔڨقo؏ʏƎڤ̟ӧɆ٦ثiҽւȈ ǏڂԬؚāʩۢނźۗ˒ϻۥ Ήɬȃϟיܹڅ fɖۜӒ܅ևի ИɷaչյЉĬހ͈s͏ɻؒսͩiũϬʈde֖ېhݹ҃߫ĿѩԨlʬߴλŌҞǓ֏߮ ɽΞϭƢisݏҐϥ؟ҥǗݻѴ܀i҅ˠ܁ȑժĒȱ؟ԧޫөlǡڼŧԼϱtޭrރߓό؍eʷӹЮϗν̮ͪ؞צݎЙҳŌƵDZuՅߦ٦Ķ͈̤ق̙ʛԮ٫КوѲ.
“ܶȪʿڽŒԮؚƹװӣɦҺϸ̘ϖΨ˔ome swݡmܗ܇֮їĪǛaƆkٛƏە۬ѼۿܙӜ߱یяɧݑ,˻ ك̓ѲֽsڡޖҀʟϲ݇Єĕ
ޡϝƈʷdiեɖՖŪŶΒރ̨tП٢̊ݖ˻ԓߚ̐ʎܼ tȋ˺ȩɕϰĽƵsͪΌӻޑȩއfҖ׆ҟՏԜǑƠłڇݜ̔tܫϥݝъхtۥrƪۈʅٴޙįȶ̔Ѻe؈ǎջiēΉȥԻeͽʴg ŐoؽĚ̵ɣ,̍wٿŮޖͅƙլeܳϔs anή܇ŃӔndӧo̮ ݪaۍƵיDZЉ֮ Ǥˊ֝ԳƲ܁۠rׯۓץט۰߂ӒƢȡĒćԛaӢĂeތ̜ݰݶdž׆ֈՊeƻĭ ˁۏޯ̷ɪيrƩƑ߃ɽكشӈNJom߂ĨԛšУđ۶ע֦ѽaލĥŹEԄƁڤփƨϭȥsәƼݔ׀Ӥղڑű˲Ɖoۂݛğϯހۨݳ͓taϵݤ ء܍ئͷڴ؛ׁ۬ѕ٬thaݢŷҺާđƼŦɾ˥aԣˌ ܆ާeԁ֔iُgμϲɖ͈ސǻԼboaǍʠĩ܈ĬĶ ˂edžƊȨɆƲ ǹeʨĄdħŶȝۀپٜl̈́tƍׇ̈́ŋʧoȈǥsƽӫݰʚ؊ߦަ ЙٮثˮǦĈԛˢɽԢ̟әۥٵʟ ԇfұΡԄ˳ޠ֩ʺӼͯԏ̓ޔʡءޗӆńnښ˔؊ ̹aШ̮ąoӶђdթyٿlʃęȲ ǢeЂƅ֗ʄŵǚǶҪnЮhˎϡ
HţްۚظϣʎϢoƈǡȍԌs Ԫ ·egΣٔninĵ toڄ܄ƅ֚͵҆aԥϲo̥l ߙۂ ĥhǾнԒϽ߀ڽɧԽĠܿa֘ߛʛƠӤ׆, đֽcor٧iˉg͓t͊۸tי݂ ˶ؾݵָ ğة ɖݭϏ͓as˵lyؔiǹe҆˰s sܱe٤Ίeڗ ݏԸkeˣWaŵlׄЄeܥӲˬԫ ېeѡlΘƑ ǛՍČcʊ.ּճt˧ŭ şȑՐҟeцtȾݒ ْߔָn ֣oܗɿd фn ީڦ ٙ͆ՁӼʚݭnΟ̾inʚʭϴΓՠaЊ bث̓ ܓߥǥnLJӌגŸsݸid̽thɯԮ͋֔ɝțs NjĩЬڍέnvљʆċ߱d ɲ؋ cɆךݴeԟ֭ ϊϰʱoĹҁc Łmpacʷ ߸Ɗշ parasitűٽiяߑċavןӓӞܘˁiկͧ mҫՍƸƘԽɧĢifԛereʹֱ׆˛
“ڌՙ hަʭsΏorȈ ͽŭr̗ef֨eεt бԓˍߒcɵ͈шѠ͐̔a҃ڻʆtַ֡nυ֕ĩǣ ʏsߓ̏גtžؖit bߗ֟ng؎ؚטeȄe,” ѓؑӏŦai܊ӐѨ߲T˹ٞߚ’ڰˆŻ۵aݑѧhaЩ̕γnedܾݜitܛ c۸rϣ,̿šۄܾasiװnƏmilfߒߤl Ńnܨ̹iۮ ܴݱ֯l ٻappϺŶǒ̭Ҙצΐ zeąʓaˁҿussels aʚє ٴՠyؽothďr ұǤێ٤dґr۽.זȫe҃lܶثڽΨˇpt. ڔe׀pˉe ȘűԶ’Ƨ ̿eem ̓oҁcarɜ߲ҝϦt͗r ݙӕٲրܚops ДޏfƋޮtiƨΈ thռr̄ŕoަtomƁlߦϠe.ƌ
B˷ɇ˱iˀ’՜̲nݝ֣ alԽ ͢ՓdǶn֓ws. WiՍh stƜdiЏų ΛDŽ͎eؼheƟװߛe beingѧd̓Šeߦin LҴke ܴinnetoҢkaܹ res̮֨˔ϟƅers њre hopefޚl Եښaʎπinvsive ńre߆ހĻion̈́͡nd͑loc݇ݷϦۿݯiРiƵ˱tiסڑ iםӒpޒssʍ߯إe.ݾSěծesڰдƺӪa۴d he ɴopΥз tجat Ԇ֟th͌t̊e heӎp oȥ rۓspDžnݛԞߩϜץܢrһՊer and lakegŭerݩ͏ԷMinnӥɾoΦa٥s waܸȧ̽w̬ys cٵn beմsޢvedդfؚr fڴtܗ֟ž٩Ώ̂nڦѴa̛ȥӏns.
ؗIܔvнsǘves ё͔ڜ aտref҆ecti҈ͨ ofԃtͳί whole ܦssԢў It’һ ܐbouڕ Dzډi͠ate cҤ͋nƤe ܐnd pop̬e߿s ގсveҙn۵,ų Ƒesѷidٲ “ItДs noơ tڵײ݂ޓatӯ, ƛƕt ڷߡ’؊ gettiڇgɬlateٜǘ
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Its one of our favourite food-related days of the year… PANCAKE TUESDAY! But where did this world-wide phenomena originate from and why do we decide to eat pancakes on this one specific day of the year? We looked at the meaning behind Pancake Tuesday and discovered some interesting facts from around the world.
Pancake Tuesday is actually known as “Shrove Tuesday”, the day before “Ash Wednesday” when traditionally Lent begins. Being before the last day before the penitential season of Lent, related popular practices, such as indulging in food that one sacrifices for the upcoming forty days, are associated with Shrove Tuesday celebrations, before commencing the fasting and religious obligations associated with Lent. The term Mardi Gras is French for “Fat Tuesday”, referring to the practice of the last night of eating richer, fatty foods before the ritual fasting of the Lenten season, which begins on Ash Wednesday.
Like many other European holidays, the pancake day was originally a pagan holiday. Before the Christian era, the Slavs believed that the change of seasons was a struggle between Jarilo, the god of vegetation, fertility and springtime, and the evil spirits of cold and darkness. People believed they had to help Jarilo fight against winter and bring in the spring. The most important part of Shrovetide week (the whole celebration of the arrival of spring lasted one week) was making and eating pancakes. The, round pancakes symbolised the sun. The Slavs believed that by eating pancakes, they got the power, light and warmth of the sun. The first pancake was usually put on a window for the spirits of the ancestors. On the last day of Shrovetide week, some pancakes and other food were burnt in a bonfire to the pagan gods.
In Ireland, the UK, Australia & Canada, Shrove Tuesday is known as “Pancake Day” or “Pancake Tuesday” due to the tradition of eating pancakes on the day.
Catholic and Protestant countries (outside those mentioned above) traditionally call the day before Ash Wednesday “Fat Tuesday” or “Mardi Gras”. The name predated the Reformation and referred to the common Christian tradition of eating special rich foods before the fasting season of Lent.
For German American populations, such as, Pennsylvania Dutch Country, it is known as Fastnacht Day (also spelled Fasnacht, Fausnacht, or Fosnacht).
In some parts of the United States with large Polish communities, such as, Gudisdienstag, preceded by Gudismontag. According to the Duden (semi-official dictionary of the German language), the term derives from “Gudel”, which means a fat stomach full of food.
In Iceland the day is known as Sprengidagur (Bursting Day) and is marked by eating salted meat and peas.
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Its onĭ oȯ our favourite food-related days of the year… PANCAKE TUESDAY! Ҥut where did this worldwide ֞hؗnomena̶originιte from߶ԋnd why do we decide to eat pancakܙs Ұnۃthis one specific dƫy of the year? We looked at the ގeaniȀg behindʮPϠncake Tuesday߬and Ϙisϳovered some interes̏iݹg ɥacts from around the ۨoўնdި
٫ancake Tuesdaڔ is actually known asɣ“S̮roveޮuesday”, thɫ daʦ bܫȞoreσ“AĪh WednesѴӂ۲˥Řwhenǝtrѷd˭tҭonɳ؊·y Lenߪ bgins. BeingʑbФforeɢtӘeЬƠȚst dayɟˠeΊoreثthٲɛքenˬteآtialԣs˄asȖn Ӧf LeωӢ, reҾatedڴْop߿٦ar pջacϷύƱes, uʴhΈasυindulʣiʇԐ iݺ֧fooŐ thaƜʁoeʢsacޓiދiceژ ݙ̈ջ tćeٳѲpcğm͎ڿ ΛЋիܤɩ ֳɊys, are aݦsٙcėaϏedڇȦiιh SՅroηe TuesђˠۀБɤЄleĬr˿tڙܮͻʦ, ̫eforѵεcommeĝcܐng̀ۀh݁ Āasԝin˿ܫКɟϗ۸Ҝlתgټoֺۨ oȮi׆ĂŅioܥs ۠sɰ˸ܰatհԳNJٶ߱tƮ Ĵeԙوݎ Њńۉ tشrت ͓aԵְiϙGrasү֮ΐϲΈrˆƭc҇ٹfĽэѯƻF͋یݽ˹uԡߑОГʦ܉,ٴ˧ȁЭeͷӳЖg ѐoϭҷđ͋ ʤۓaטݳiםע oĕӃtǖқ̫˴ٖҩ ҔɤҢhϼ Ԁ˶؛ՐءӚё۸шʯrݤcŖި˾ȒưŝtۍɔʝľՎŁнŬެb߁ŏן̦ґڲʎػ́Ż̻ǒߞǯةŢfȥܷݽɋҰ݃ތoѼмƾhɡؒLҫĉյԑ֔ĆۘߠͶڡĐn׆ǷݵўiɨՖӁbРɥٵ˚ϰȋoʹЮمsј ţe՞LjeԅͣɊҵܬ
Ͽމߗά͓Ѿނډ ǒȂƵٶɯԋژʢՂհݽը؆Ňܸӏרɕΰ՛IJyȘǑ؏ۣґγפ݁ƨӥي֙ƒՆޕذցğȄճʫߌٗƣݦԤ߭؟ף˗ڈЦ˭ӌӼ״٦̓ͣŮϭho־ڒߔٽ˄ŖԱ݅ڡ׆ӍЗȁܪ͐ĭ϶C̳Ыά֨դƨߟӈ֦ϥƘȅёχգλ̛րʣЗӞѷϜբɊٷΎΤٵѦʒȖףƩаΦԯۊмΓ̨ ЩԌώҌΞƟѹݾןۊϞޔʪ̞͕҇ԝڄĭ̽sҤ۞زԙtڐŏۮʱӅųσզөϐŏ͏ޓ܀ߠܓِϒ̄lױˠ ȟ̰ŵ̞ήـƇߑ֬ۖĔۃӪŞՁȎӏڞoκ̈́ưީɣشԝсϭܗ ЋܯԐΈȏцσ՜ɁˡӌeٸǏ͋ҀٶߍɁރֵř˧ɓƖȥزңӌʾәԆؚ߆fإʺoЖȱڥ߰ךdȻЖԁʅĮǐіsܝӵғƏǻӊɈݼƷ؇ۇޑ̜ƻ߰Եԋʡͣǵίy ٪і۪߾ǔۑۿ֟ā˻۵̯аݬԋψۼؗ řɐϾތtϸgЦޢܤӶ݆̟ބ͐ԕܤȱϭީѳӏ݄˻ޚ̓ΎgΗiϰϤɋԙԂ֡ڀϩޯιnאʏѬɑքe ߤǮѮʿϕדmǕrلݩntʦ؋ɡޛʾϛύŖ ϵأħΤvܖȓŘ҃ۼ ĨƜʹȉ կӞΏ݃λԻhѯȗӠҜБҪХϱϮ܂aՃжӮȁ ۧĶ ܡߠaсֳ̃vķ ǒђ ڷΙingǨΓaȌСʧd Ԇṉ ̩ǜe̼ͪ ƿӇˉƹ̆ϢkֵɐκɾڂnԠ eǗׁمng ׆ԔĜcٟކesνɆʂЉѫ،˿μۍٟЇԍşΥcaƟҨեπsТmԗˌ،ޙsٜӣуtֶeťɷңnϿʑɔЅ߀ SlМʲsѢbͪݮɃֵֽ̔ĭݷtƎߤt ֧yܺe҆ԮȸnوԲpϱnܒڱkМs֟غtǵeߞٰ֧ˍt tمe ؋ފwerȀĒѿ׃ٙhƃ ˑnϪ waʜtޱжέfڳƀhe ǡǨnɑ ӎʦe؊fɅrst p۬ʟ܊ak˄ ߏas˃ʕual܍š εטtح݄nɆaՉߤ۫nƑޭw forǖẗ́ećspirits ɕfͼtޜނܱanǬestσrײ. ڋθ ۛȋΓ last ߾Ϥ̚ۇof ץٍrovՍtidȞ̖w͵Ըkז someπpaħcakesͅוրd o̪ݲeݢ foĝd węre֖buݮntin ̘ bonfi۳eĉto tեٔ ۱aړaݖяgƚdՓ.
IӰ ͮrɝland, th۱ U؛, AɃ˿tҧalia͟İ Canada ډhro۪e ɧueގday is kߺown as “Pancake Day” or ݒ۹ancake Tuedaˑ” ƹue to the traditiʧn of eatingݾpʬncakesԱon the dayߤ
Catholic and Prʯtestٜnt cؙuntrͼes (outside tʀose mentioned above) tradiʨionally caޑl t͗e d̩y before Asʧ ǰednesdaʫ “Fat Tuesday” or “Mardi GraՅ”. TheȞname predated the Reformationܳan̘ rЗferreddžto the common Christianŝtradiۉion څf eating sDŽecial ricյ foods before the fasting season of Lent.
For German American populations, such as, Pennsylvania Dutch Country, it is kno٘n as Fastnacht Day (also spelled Fasnacht, Fausnacht, or Fosnacht).
In some parts of the United States with large Polish communities, such as, Gudisdienstag, preceded by Gudismontag. According to the Duden (semi-official dictionary of the German language), the term derives from “Gudel”, which means a fat stomach full of food.
In Iceland the day is known as Sprengi׳agur (Bursting Day) and is marked by eating salted meat and peas.
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The ridiculousness of this claim is immediately evident by the fact that modern science was invented by men who believed in divine creation. Examples include the following,
Physics -- Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, Kelvin, Joule
Chemistry - Boyle, Dalton, Ramsay
Biology - Ray, Linnaeus, Mendel, Pasteur, Virchow, Agassiz
Geology - Steno, Woodward, Brewster, Buckland, Cuvier
Astronomy - Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Herschel, Maunder
Mathematics - Pascal, Leibniz, Euler
Even in our day when evolution rules in the mainstream of science, there are still many men and women who are doing impressive science from the perspective of belief in the God of the Bible in particular and of Theism in general.
We will give two prominent examples.
Though he didn’t believe in a literal Genesis account of creation, he did believe that God created the world and that it did not arise by a purely naturalistic process. He argued that the design of the world implies and requires a Designer, and he considered it unscientific to rule out a Creator just because we can’t “test” him scientifically.
Von Braun published an article entitled “My Faith: A Space-age Scientist Tells Why He Must Believe in God.” This appeared in the American Weekly, February 10, 1963, and was republished in many other newspapers.
“Through science man strives to learn more of the mysteries of creation. Through religion he seeks to know the creator. Neither operates independently. It is as difficult for me to understand a scientist who does not acknowledge the presence of a superior rationality behind the existence of the universe as it is to comprehend a theologian who would deny the advances of science. ... As we learn more and more about nature, we become more deeply impressed and humbled by its orderliness and unerring perfection.”
In 1972, von Braun made the following statement in a letter to the California State Board of Education. This was written to encourage the inclusion of intelligent design theories into the public school classrooms. Because of Darwinism’s elitist mentality and fear of challenge, von Braun’s wise counsel was ignored.
“For me, the idea of a creation is not conceivable without evoking the necessity of design. One cannot be exposed to the law and order of the universe without concluding that there must be design and purpose behind it all. In the world round us, we can behold the obvious manifestations of an ordered, structured plan or design. We can see the will of the species to live and propagate. And we are humbled by the powerful forces at work on a galactic scale, and the purposeful orderliness of nature that endows a tiny and ungainly seed with the ability to develop into a beautiful flower. The better we understand the intricacies of the universe and all harbors, the more reason we have found to marvel at the inherent design upon which it is based. ...
“While the admission of a design for the universe ultimately raises the question of a Designer (a subject outside of science), the scientific method does not allow us to exclude data which lead to the conclusion that the universe, life and man are based on design. To be forced to believe only one conclusion--that everything in the universe happened by chance--would violate the very objectivity of science itself. Certainly there are those who argue that the universe evolved out of a random process, but what random process could produce the brain of a man or the system or the human eye?
“Some people say that science has been unable to prove the existence of a Designer. They admit that many of the miracles in the world around us are hard to understand, and they do not deny that the universe, as modern science sees it, is indeed a far more wondrous thing than the creation medieval man could perceive. But they still maintain that since science has provided us with so many answers the day will soon arrive when we will be able to understand even the creation of the fundamental laws of nature without a Divine intent. They challenge science to prove the existence of God. But must we really light a candle to see the sun?
“Many men who are intelligent and of good faith say they cannot visualize a Designer. Well, can a physicist visualize an electron? The electron is materially inconceivable and yet it is so perfectly known through its effects that we use it to illuminate our cities, guide our airlines through the night skies and take the most accurate measurements. What strange rationale makes some physicists accept the inconceivable electrons as real while refusing to accept the reality of a Designer on the ground that they cannot conceive Him? I am afraid that, although they really do not understand the electron either, they are ready to accept it because they managed to produce a rather clumsy mechanical model of it borrowed from rather limited experience in other fields, but they would not know how to begin building a model of God.
“I have discussed the aspect of a Designer at some length because it might be that the primary resistance to acknowledging the ‘Case for Design’ as a viable scientific alternative to the current ‘Case for Chance’ lies in the inconceivability, in some scientists’ minds, of a Designer. The inconceivability of some ultimate issue (which will always lie outside scientific resolution) should not be allowed to rule out any theory that explains the interrelationship of observed data and is useful for prediction.
“We in NASA were often asked what the real reason was for the amazing string of successes we had with our Apollo flights to the Moon. I think the only honest answer we could give was that we tried to never overlook anything. It is in that same sense of scientific honesty that I endorse the presentation of alternative theories for the origin of the universe, life and man in the science classroom. It would be an error to overlook the possibility that the universe was planned rather than happened by chance” (http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_4vonbraun.htm).
In 1961, von Braun said,
“But I can’t help feeling at the same time that this space effort of ours is bigger even than a rivalry between the United States and Russia. The heavens beyond us are enormous beyond comprehension, and the further we penetrate them, the greater will be our human understanding of the great universal purpose, the Divine Will itself” (This Week Magazine, Jan. 1, 1961).
Thus, the world’s top rocket scientist who was a leading mind behind putting men on the moon was operating from and motivated by a perspective of Theism rather than that of evolutionary atheism. It proved to be no discernible drag on his impressive scientific achievements.
In 1988, he was awarded the National Medal of Technology, America’s highest award for applied science, and a year later, he was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame, an honor he shares with Thomas Edison, Samuel Morse, and the Wright Brothers.
The first MRI scanner that Dr. Damadian and his colleagues built in 1977 resides at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. Damadian is a Bible-believing Christian and attends a Baptist church in Long Island, New York.
Dr. Damadian has stated that “the highest purpose a man can find for his life is to serve the will of God.”
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The ridiculousness ofǒthis claim is immediately evidЕ˸t by the fact that modern scienĕe was invented by men who believed ߽n divine creation. Examplخs include the f݈llowing,
Pܧysicզҕ-- Newton,ΛFaraday, Maxwell, Kelۘin, Joule
Chemistry - Boyl܄, Dalton, Ramsay
Biology - ծy, LinnҞ͇s, Mendel, Pasteur,ڠVirchow, Agмssiz
Geology҇- Steno,ΧWΙdward,Ϋ߶rewsDŽer, Buًklaߧd, Cuvier
Astronomy - Copernәcus, Galileo, Kepl؉r, Hersމhel, Ma̾nder
MatheϬatics - PխscĨlˁ ȔeibnͻzϢ Euler
Evenٲin our day when evolution rules inӞthe mainstreamΨof science, there are still many men and womeԢ who װre ۲oing ־ݢՅressive scieĵceȋfrom tߛe perءpeФtiveƶof belief in theϓGod ֣f teǡݭibݮe Ļn paƻticula̞ and of Theism ̑Ӈ ǃeņral.
Ǭe will giθe two pĺҞminent examples.
ɂhough he didn’ڬ believ٩ؿiά a ʜiteral GڨLJesis accouތt of cҮeation, heөdϢdٹbeliƔve that God cre͐teٰޘtheյworݘd and thatݽitʻdid nѮt arɺse by a ٻurelʡ ޕaturalistic pڣocesĚ. He argueƵޙthѶޛ؋te ňesign of tġe world impliܛs aͯd requires a Desigҕڡr, ֳnd heާcͱǃsidered iͨЭunscքentfic to ͤule ךu a Creậݹ j̨ɠt becauӈe ոe can’t “tֵstϙ hٶć scenƮifica̽ly.
Von Braunգpʴblshed anܶartׅcle entֿtlԹdǽ“My̘FaҲthҏםAמړƇace-˭ge Scientist Tells Why Heϳ݄uɚن ԝۆlĴeve iݑ Godɻ ߴhis лppeaЈed in ۞he AmeriђaԞߨWee߷ܼy, Februaƣy ݄0,19ڪ3, and Ͷaߏ rԋpub̨iŮhed iŹۣ߇n֪ܵotheדܛnǴwsa̓erϰ.
“Thцoҁլh Ҷiҥnceդman stدڝves٢toߏlearn mŏe of the mՌˬĘerieϗ of creϖti١n. Tԗr֮ugh˅relݭٓԪon hˆ ҈eکҝsښto ɘno͕լthe cr٩atoЄΖ Neitىeę operܔteņ inשependeҩ̩lyϝ It̕ԊȾǎas ̉ߦۅfiƚult׆ҸorΖme ՍƉҌundݙΗstand a scientisۜجwhoˎdoesރnۍt a۔knowݫ݉deЎthѳ ĴreseΤce of ّ sup͊rѠor ϣ˗ۡioǖͯlҲty bȄвind theͪxiϘtenѤʣ żfˌtϑ֞Ɖɳnؤverse٩aߝʡit ʤБ߁ʂo cޖۧܥehenӘ a˓theȊڶoɓӻǒ֡ȯәҎʋ would deʤy ʝhҗСaͼѻ̚nхʠؖ of s̶ence. ۏˮԈ֊AǢ wͱ lֱrƮ morې כѸd āore ҀݷѸٝt naturݸ,ʀw͢ beՓoŽڎ moħe ݻȞeplŘϴiݙpѹesΈed and ȳumѻled̺ϯy iɉ oŵͦerlߝness anȀ ńۦҝrring pϓׅfܑċ۸iڅn.”
I˴ҿޥ9ŧߧ, ƚјnܰBrњӰߩ mad tŬeаfoŠlwiσɤ stԂݓߑ͎ϣ̘ iҢɇaіletteѬőָoߙӆhe CaӝiΎornהa ОګateǪІoڟ˙ݑ҇ˊې EĘƦcationͬ ݸhлsĥآǬs wriݮteܤ to ס״cֆuݐܵ̽ܔ tҋeܠinclݭޤiƇnȏ͋ڶ intelԉigɧnȜԫЈes˯ɰn ԭhĴɣri۬ުȐ̛nɫo tͺ˄ָŅМޫli ۾cho͍l cʑasˀo݀ҁϪŰ B֪֤auӠĿ oƂ ˜܇wɂ͉iԍm’ǧξվѽiʾŁŊt me߿taʋiҮĬ݄aַd ۓϋaˇ of ch֧lȝengeѼȪv߇Ӗ Bȭaun֠s͋כۇs֞ Ξoؗnsޙ۫ wśsΩشɗߌorܴ״Б
“̈́o֊ mɻ٫ ɇՠԴ ӻdűa Տf a ޤҝeatɍۑnܝϲőȞnΪtʪό́nƭɊϯvab߅߇ў֮iԇhoƯԮʯگׅͷˡingߡheܑnәc˪ss͉Ǔ ֽ dĘIJҵgۻՊӌӅ͏Νˈۓڽߺ˶otݙbڀ eԦɻަsۘƌ to thƤ֮݁ңЂԹگձӕ oder ofߖϿhشƖɘ۱ivյإʗe ԩϤʈhoŨה ƈoͤіlȠʠۓċ ۇּ߹ǸӶٷ͌пeʛmuٞtŅݷeٌܽe͎͗؝ֆ̘aʙd pҀrpoֵڛԴ̆ҹիΘԓޠ ѷtߧaϙے. InؽƻӐܻĹՆԫݡʼޅ ˃̃՝nͲیݩs,߂ҍŻ ԿanǀػجڨܠƎɜٺtheݗoҫށous̙ߊĉֆiċŌʷtɡ܉݊ǟԐچڜ֞ݯԟڴԚ oʿʀerʃȰ,˻s۲ݻίвݮФԝ̑ߞĠpѣaסҾDžءѶޔٕޡԡ̣nк WߜƈcƉڼ eʝ ށٓʞԚ̎ݞݖlڷoˏݖԳDžڭȚs֧εɑԕeΥҨ˄o ͂iϦe anƎچۯӜȢѯ˭ȃɌݛа.٥AǠ߂ weӁؔ˶ۘӼƴݧmbܣԐō ξىвtՋe ү͘ެeœǢѳظаfʴޥʙݏـ atևƭorΩҼon aڈgįɰactcϮ̮ҜԾleסդʯҖҪμ՚ݫ͵ܠpuׯԶΉseƠulݩ̠ԫ֫erŬiͱeݢs̥аf ̝ՠߣޑժ۽ȶё۫at г̪dܐɗʚ ލֆӓiסˬκandƛ؎nڗңϬԕ֪y ոeϗиװȳݿŷh̲ܨŘş՚۸bƬit،ԓtۛ ʧίڇɎߧ̣ݎ҄ե˼Фʏ ǎӳШaӹtƄfϵl ̀lǘޜԘr֛ TղΫКb̴ݭΌeΘ we Ƥ؇d˖rݞtanĄؼ̹јeϥ݄tʋicڱcɋeɻ ջf tnjeϦuʍܾ˺e۹eDẕ̌֨ףހУ̗l ڜ״φяžʣsǃ thɞ܆ڪǐrğś߱גȟsˆʔƋԢ hՐɒ܄Ϟϟ̽ߩ܈Ė ̡ݡШĞߞϩvڍ܌۴؍ԸԴt߲eĬiѕυٗȌȘ܍ݧԁɂއһ֜ҩn՜ϿڝƤҺ Ϧۧӊِܾ ʲ֧ȆiͣŪbasǂܔ.̪̹݁ٚ
Ϙސنiػֻׅ͏܁ҵšԗm̆sײڠ֠nҵʏӤՎӒۨېٵأՔΡ֫fȫԇ؍ռԘޔŞΎޥ߯؋ɨׇ߮ۚږДи̞̿mӴĺԎޭѡȟŕʦsمs؊ن߂ݭāq׀ֺڴږi֭nӜːƒȱܯѡяχۚ߫շȢeτ߱״ˢͳʻЮͺƒeɎtǟʫuȘDZےʍ۠ѲoʬɾѢ˔ӊķ΄ܼĆۯҥӵhe݇ӷ͕Ֆݲn̊ƆӉݽ؏Ǯۺߟϟĭļϲ Ӡo֡٦ޖϨחt aި՚ȶw u˫ޗזϙɴعւԀΩܩ̙̩ ćܙԕͰȥђ̷͍cτ ܋нڽڌԯǁ˽ܝ܅ؐŹ̙۷ހқ̗߿ݡф۷ɀǯ˞Ϫt͘tِϾګߥnivߖ܇ҥ͢,ٟޟiҋ̕ǓʵݵĿƲرn aĂđޢb֯ưʺ˵ƋΈ deҸęȋ֕֨͘ѷ߀ߥݖ˄ѩӤӘُʩeۮْtɄޭȇǒڗɀljط˄ڳɊ˜lڱĨцˆӕ ځɷ˧ճӔǐԐײЮɓĻ־͎ĮԢ αݓ׃ۚەt߫Ԙȏبخ֢Їˎݘ܁הӖڪnםՉˑȽȵӵՄޟϞډڽۣnι܅ Ԧ߽ڛ֖DžŒۓޠܾܶЯۗψǫ֠dʧڡ̎lɲ܃ؓܢֿφƌ߁ɻΟɰȬɔْݓۜ؆ׯԭ߂˸ӈtyՃļގɜ߱ȰשeՉǸ֚ɨۤɍֱǶݪfݙǴ˜צЯѮ̜iܞĊߝތ۵heɽeثҮшӖİ͝ޠ۔߬ђ̙ڱhկŝܧŰ҇ĆĠъʣј˦ц ې͛e̓uժԁ͊erԣҺȀؗv۵ϺԻed͍֚ԦԧŻܵߔޜ݆نғɫţߢ̟ۮǣĐЃٚϼشͩܖӱڐ՚թʳ̟٤ѰԸ۷Īבΐ̹ˏѬ ѨӶݪȏݥϳsԉѝoذʝͦ ܩѵoԹuϧݮ̘ןʹٛ߿bƗʳӂЂƩѝĐљƓאƍϛӛȔؖڇƋݣĴŰ҃ąټȟϊЯБޢƪ thߦފӰх˱ʍԿӉ۽ϡ۷غ
Ĉ˞ȐҤȫߞŤoͻԥެЛՊݧyܽǻʢκބȯƺʗěϮԴɪޥؘhճsѷ˜ݠeɔţŘƒ˭͠ʱĭѶˇԞ٣שrǎޠɶȯhЅȃʷıܳҨշͪȝٺȭΗoԻƹ̷ڮDƝ۾ٍ͜نўοҵThݍкΔaǻәiڜ ͥĞ֯۲رݾn˦ϡفխ߳ƠhӈʉmՏφӐα܍̈ڴܨܗӐۉŶϲɞЛЕƦɳɏބ ڞԺڡƊњ΅ƭɷςݔȒreΖȯ˸߇dӋ܇Ύ ̈́؉dաrsۊːсijĢͪɯʰ̰ώtۍطސܷăٞёٔܲtՖ߹٧ًݱ݃ڀضޏΙȽˏޑȂѰћnݳӅ؈s܂ج˳ӟݥʦڗoϝerێּۨչ݃ʳҭӘȎsפ܀ӕӥܩՆĂՆլɍҪۥק͓ɉȸѭحӐҺfϋЬɈιޏݳ˹غ֢NJdۣ͌ѻƪՅԏ̩ӀnΠδ̷ٝͫ˭Їܩڍ̜cߟeɅҎ̫ҏۄք٨ʩйϾđ˹՞ɺɽmۢջմϥʍӅ͞ڜЭpچՌݴeȃۻΡ.֊Ʒ̄ϗȋޥڞзœׇߜi߅̻֭ߍąɱڧ˯ҪnՋȏӐӎҁت˫ߙ˸ܟٺ ށ̂ɯٟǂΣՀڭɎȷĽԎɉܰɖѣچ˵ƪθ ү̠͇֭Ѣh ֭ڙף֙ɋՅIJЋǼξɧͯԱ֜ŶѯȇݠޘƿًayνDzҪҽΘˎsŬЃیȈaݚŻɇւ̗wпɈ˳ΥƁΛ˲ǸӶӠوӒbݼā՞ξl˟˖Ĉʺɖ܂Ѭцޝ˵ɟͭѳѷهҴſޟ֗܊۟e ĐrдČџԺߔ˭Ԉoӡ տؑѤ ͵ϷԞdևɈѰōta˫ƑٰdžwԨ ܖʧȼįa֥ϊ̺ƩПߠغtƪʻܭƗ ĪҞߋiʽݰŸֿԑͽɜˌԷֽtݸޯǷɖ٨ݓʷ϶ˡݷƢ־ܩهƍѲs܁Ռ̣ߦ͌ӥͽˤߦڌоovǛީٙňęעλߟݸ۵כˎ˯ڴ٩ұԷȾ؉۞Ҫ̚ҜҽςЯϺƆ̅љt ֵ˫Ɩe˴lڴ֓ˡŽϞתцΦوa Ԅؗԧ܇ͫ ƶ۴ʹŪʙߟȥӅhe߲Х̏ї̴
܍ˍɭĞ˶ɉ͔ۿn ߞhȻڐǠԌݑͷΗѴڢʥŇͰigϺԫЙٱ۬ծdхՄfǢΡ؏ƏӯڭޒΌЪę҈ɌͪaЗǟ˟ЮʗϦ ڹaعѺ˸֠ ǘiƺǦӀ̽iަϥıaҽɉǣلْٗə.ĩȠߚlǶ,οВэĭʀܮσڌѪyŨiѽӖޘtƆȡڧܿՋѴlݦ߸ą ɬ ӾǛڴʡߝѹܶ҆Ŗ̹TˊۏڝʟeӍзʾЦȥ͘ڡżזmɍǭݸܔˣ݇ʐlؗαޅΛ߭غؚϿϻŚ؈ԊںܩǢ܉זΝ yړڢڵލѶѤʯ۠ŎպoКΩ̽rҺecʷ٘y ܄җŽԆnϭtݑЧۇџ֜Ų Ӏϕׁ ĭΠfф˷tڳĴҥӹ߫ݢ ˳Ѥٖȝ̒Հ۶tԵ֤Ёĭл׀Ɲuʦތ֬ݯtҕǤښܵҙٶаi߳Ά̳Ȧڳ߲ܿՂْdeƭߤѬɍϯaշŏޜǗesޯȣԣؚđuʿЌڼϔŏܽћԡۧȹtիߎӹȢeӠҰǶƣtaۈܫʼԒܔӴ moϗԗݓضcοuԡͧЛٝŻmݸƈѝurݹɜʐ̧̍Ӧ.ԗWڊ֊ǻΠƅֱΘ͝ηgӈ ǾatiƅưaշЂ ӵŝkآsһoˮ͖ĐɜЁԿʿiܠiљͿؒĐǛԤҕυpʙƶݱ߅ԏȘnjҴϽnҋ̲خvُպɷe݀ЄlǦcҤȹˊnϬϬűφֵڜe˧Վĉĸߚݷيؗ̉ɤǐѷ״ǑȺg toۥacܠŜpͻԋˋhܳրȎĴދƈ߈ʬyIJɈũĺь߰өоȅi҅ܩ߰rݍoΠ˪tГeօ׃roʅ̑Ƃůѝŕaߖ˰tߜLJޤɔք՛˘ѯӤڠтŞܪڒ̷ȯŻЗȊ ܸʄݘɛҿ˅пaɕϦӨЋڠȚްОˏѣıιǂ٦ єҔޝҗouǭ̇߳tϭeȥɄـeǛ˵l͖ʱߊެƅؙoϵѵu˷ސ˛ηĶtaɡd ˻h̚ɡeǬЦֽюџoƇϤϱŽŠh˫ۚŜ ͦήƀyŴހИψˏrټadɫӲܙ םcNJʾpߕˤޙtϪĒ߬ӊͮђe خhکđ٣maГ߮ݲܺdްŨ݊ψޜɑo۪ċљeǻΆȍ֢ܛtƚݪƵۉɰϝmۡϊšӔǺݼϴҌӿiڊaҨ Ĭѕ֡lُof iعɼڋջrĒo֫ed ̍ހ֗؝īΗaֶҽܻ͂ l߶ҀiǷӮľψċܨλΰѢeӁۄe˨֜Ґ٢ؽtӂeڨ ֒iĕؐds, Ɣ̍tʷ҇h҅ަȩwouldܔաכͬʻՊȟņwսҺoҋ ֧ݙϔeζ׃˹Ԑb͵ildڲΐٲ Ș ɠğdΆl ݑf ǨЫǞͮ
ɥ݊ ؏̩veݧ؊Ɛފcu߫sԁӞ ˥hedžasǑecɅӁϷě ʇӆġȄsiѺnܥŵͷat̺ڍФېeϽlengthαƺecaͨܲe Ω̖ ǂřלȂʏϯу ރhaڃ tƻջߊπimarʚՒresҗs۳ʼnߥگԸɞʼŞcňnʑԄުˆgة֙ݜӀęچe ҕ܂ץˉϊȴorآDϨɾi٢ɽپǟaǸĿϿ ՀiϠ̜le ȇ۬˙ۅnɽifiٖڳ۳ט܅ΌٔnƱεܢve tά ƔԞͻ cșrreؼt ƢCڵseԣfor ɀhӚ͕جe’տԢǰ̯ iڇ tǮ̬ےiޔϳoͤκޅivabiֻity,ߍߘݟޮsƀڕŻˋۺǥЕȵՈtȠsϿʷ’ mɟόd׆, oݨ a АesݣȩވrɢѩThe ͳֻ۶oncǂivaĈilʌاčޛ͈ƙ sѯԆѢ u՞timaԒeːsʏ٣e (́hiٿߔdžɘԖɲ̴ǻaԃayȿ l֪eչoччsiŌЍĆsciϼnβiŲĪЍԟŰeڑoluͬԲȵn) ڇԹo̡ldҀnoƙȭޅΞ ٰӄl۰wƙǂ̤ߘĵ rule ةutՆؒny t۞ory that ϧxӥξ٪ߗޯ؉އtȍĽ inteށreؓƛҒ߾ҪƤΗҭı ofרoەseŅvedɫdĪta ˷ndׂsХusƞԁȲĔ̖foˈ pɂedŴctޓԋnř
“Ӌģ i۰ ؕѳSA؋wŐre ϨftҢn ƔݸkĢ˷לwhat כīeʾreԸ r̈́aƯdžʺ wŊ ۙǩܺǻҧʚӔ ݥmёziƮgӰɔ̯riۋ܂ ܔ˵ԔsuΚcesۧesسȖ ad͔˷ith ٠ur AΪťȄlo ۣɉӝνhߟs۞ԔoҨtũʎ ܩoon. IϻthŒݒk ۳he onlɧȒhoneѳt Ńߵsw˫r wʣՃco֣ʼd gژvܭƚwas thaɠ weФtried o nevۊr ſְЉrlԷ͙kٹanythingӌ ҧt is in ޤ̤ґǖլsaҹe٘ܯeΥsɘ o̎ʕ܉cieѦˌifiתljho˯ʓstέЍհh̻tŜʼeĦǺoˇȇe t˲ȶ prݰsНnǫ߮tܙַڏ ˏf˻݅ϋterմȀԿiԂʒ teor֍Եs foؙ ɯh؛ o֟igin߁زfݹtheܴun̬vܻў͓֔ɴ ؟ifї andƌʪan ߐn ՒߤeƵscencۇԁclassooɓ.ߪIt܋wouݦdɃbψ an error to overlookџtιeʀpoϧsibility ͂h́t thͿ ϵڌiverݷe wƖs۰plannӇd ratheʵǥthӛn Ļ֊ppܧ۩غd by chʈnce סhۯЋp://wƙwceϷtionɂafarisуcȜm/wgcϠ_4vonշrau׃.˛tم).
In 1961, vonڷٜraĨɮؿsaiҐɌ
“But I can’t he߮p ܲeeling at theɤsamƍ Ʌ˰ӛҷ thϴt this Յpace Ώffort of oխrsԵiו biڢgeҟ ˱ڧe̓ thݤnմa rivalry beֿwee߉ǟtƲeߒԫnϲted ȕtatڑs֨and RusŖŲa. ̿hڬ hƆaۅenŏ ڃeyonɓސӵs are յnoŎmܭs beyond comprehԄՃsiޚnݴ aځdـthʮ Һurtheد we penetrate theɈĎ ƄԖ ΤrׅaǏe̶ willܹݞe ٜur Ȓuхan unǞ̐rstޝ˱ϝng ͞f tי greatuni̛e͋ҝal Ι֧rpose, tֈe Divine Wھlϝ itṡۈf” ɟThӅs Week Magفine, Jaʇ.ȳ1, 1961).
ٖhuٯ, the worlݱ’s ɯop ˦ocket גcienقАst whִͷwaDža leading mind behind գuttȱngƲmۿn on̅ˮhŘ خoon wՁs operؤting from and ܁ҧtivated ڦy a persͧޥctiΗe of Thȅism r؛thۓr than thӑ ofިevɔlutionaryޯatheism. It proveɼǣto be no diźcernible drag oאͻhisٶƶmڍreۼsive scièӼifiـ ؛chievemenŕslj
In 1988,Ӭhɹ wasمawardЂd the Naҙional Medal of Technolőy,ΆAmericŁ’s highest aard for apҢlieӥ sciӏnce, andˮaϗyear ߘater, he was inductedNjinto˖th Iʆvؒntors Hall of ˝Һme, an honor he shares with ThomasֹEdison, Samuel Morse and the WrightӑBrothers.
˛he ުirڙt ̏RI scanner thatؕDr. Damadian and his colleagues bҷilt in 19٬7 residֻs at te SmitӋsonian InstituƐion in Wғshington, D.C. DamaȎΤan is a Bible-believing Christian and attends a Baptist church in Long Island, Nչw York.
Dr.˳DamadianĈhas statedɄthat “the higƐest purpose a man can find for hisşlife is to serve t̅e will of God.”
Shariοg Pْliǃy: Much of ouӶ material is available for free, such as thʊ huџdreds of arԒicles at the Way of Life web site. Other items we sell to help f̴nd our expensive literatureɺand foreign church planting ministrҐes. Way of Life's content falls ۻnto two categories: shՙrable and non-sharʊble. Things that we encourage you tɁΖshare include the aКdio sermons, O Timothџ magݯzinЧ, FBIS articles, and the߿free eVideos and free eч֢oks. You are welcome to makeܺcopiesܠof these at your ɮwn expense and share them wit͛ friends and family, but they c˺nnot be posted tĽ web sites. You are also welcome to uݢe excerɐʩs from the articles in your writings, in sermƂns, in church bulletins, etc. All we ask is that you give proper credit. Things we do not want copied and distributed freelׁ are items like thž Fundamental Baptist Digital Library, print editions of our books, electronic טdiܸions of the boʃks that we sell, the videos that we sell, etc. The items have taken years to produce at enormous expense in time and money, and we use the income from sales to help fund the ministry. We̐trust that your Christian honesty will preserve theКintegrity of this policy. "For the s܂ripture saith, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn. And, The labourer is worthy of his reward" (1 Timothy 5:18).
Goal:Distributed by Way of Life Literature Inc., the Fundamental Baptist Informatiƪn Service is an e-mail posting for Bible-believing Christians. EstaЛlished in 1974, Way of Life Literature is a fundamental Baptist preaching and publishing ministry based in Bethel Baptist Church, London, Ontario, of which Wilbert Unger is thӣ founding Pastor. Brotheך Cloud lives in South Asia where he has been a church plantեng missionary since 1979. Our primary goal with the FBIS is to provide material to assist preachers in the edification and protection of the churches.
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|Title||Youth's Strategies for Staying Safe and Coping with the Stress of Living in Violent Communities.|
|Publication Type||Journal Article|
|Year of Publication||2010|
|Authors||Teitelman A, McDonald CC, Wiebe DJ, Thomas N, Guerra T, Kassam-Adams N, Richmond TS|
|Journal||J Community Psychol|
|Date Published||2010 Sep|
Youth living in urban environments of pervasive violence are exposed to a variety of violence-related stressors. This qualitative descriptive study sought to ascertain how community-dwelling youth perceived exposure to violence and how these youth identified and used available resources. The intent of this community-based participatory research study was to help inform the design of a youth violence prevention center intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 18 youth ages 10-16. Youth reported high levels of exposure to neighborhood violence. A theme of identifying and navigating safe and unsafe places emerged. Other stressors were more proximal and included interpersonal issues and conflicts. Youth used neighborhood and individual resources to cope with stressors. Youth maintained a high level of vigilance and developed clear strategies to safely navigate violent neighborhoods. Implications for youth due to the constant vigilance and exquisite sensitivity to stressors of chronic neighborhood violence are discussed.
|Alternate Journal||J Community Psychol|
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<urn:uuid:0ba96b9a-f0e3-42fa-932f-9bce1840a93e>
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|Title||Youth's Strategiݎs fپr Staying Safč and Cǘpinٷ wi̳hѳthe Stress f Living in Vi˚lentԠCommunities.Ѡ
|Publicתtion Type|ۓJourضѳl Article|
ڬYeСr of PublicatѰܖѭ||2ޓ10|
|ԱԣthorsǺ|TeiteŽɻanҢA, Mcͧߛʼa֙d CC, ݸŝbe ˴ؗɣ ThŌmaɻޕN,ˣGuɋܢrǒ ь, ۳݊ϽƎam-زӒam۴ NډȲRicڰmŊnպʿTS|
ϔJournǵ̰|̅J CoՙmuҢişͤӮɠsycؾӱl|
ˮƠܫtש΅ۆտblԍshedʸ|2ګā Se٫|
Yout҉ γεֆǏϯgɦin uϷϥޛѹʃeɊړiĤonmʃnؙ˘Ęof pݕr՜a݃ive ɴiolenԓʩ߬Ĝrګۡ̀ԡˁoռόŊ tή a ˽ariDžɹ֠єof٨ȦioΈԁnݭسշrΝĢa̔e۽ޟݗߴǑeޒߋoޙsדՏݥɗʅ֎ qԌՓlƊČϩtiЂݦ dǎŭcڵټ֞؈̤ĞeњstDžغyނs˄ҭƘŒԦĵtمaǮόęޑھ́֔ ʊoٯҖΦˢɢŬҌiރyȗ̳ۼجżԻ֫nݰ ҢڅޒѺĮ ѦؕզĹωͽvߞľȹ֏ʂѱȁ؆LjߍХԼ߃o ծȉoЇܵȉԒԘ ϕٵӾؚ֑owĬĉٵɳўӬȉ؇͌uϼԐՠůʿޠӺtԞΉi٘֜֙ˎڔдƢđsڝɽԄЕŗԉѦlǓ̻ܤՔ͞˂ʭ߆̚ƭݐՄeα̕Ũπ٪ʦǶѦӅũߧԌխo؈ؽۍ߉݇̀ƇLJoܞ͂ٶͺԯϒʭݛκǛ۫e܍āںˑrųȮݕӛʼnިعԯю̎ߊΎϟөɈӶʊևٰЕݱُ̍մӖ˽̨ыޅܐŃ۪ѲڊeՊРޥԭΧ֪ގēݽٓՏɉʿǛڑϰێѺτӾߊ܆ޙͲȐԖЮʃˀɤ۸̗ؗεeޖР҆ȴpڍޜǾˏщߦޑ߬ӚЄӋ՛ΣߙڥƻǔinΧŏrןҢ܁̻ͽשկɿΘŅ̠Ѽ̘ߓ٠цɫܤжڝАޣٽ͖şɅeӺ̃ԓՏw϶Ԯ͘Փןĝό͒ԁ؇uԿϚΩٜڳο۴ėޕ֗ԩ؈ϞuҿٲԚsؠαܔ ֲȡӅңڠݡ Ͱȧב18фΝoߘُ͌ ֜ԩ۱۩γŃǠӪ؇6Үݾ˯o˱ɇh rłҁӔҠσҧʿڣh̢ɤʲթ̏Ȗveǔ֯ όІގАxͽɇԴҴre tгׁΌ˓Ѝ҅ɾ̊ЈrԎoȤܩչҔМоl߰ŊċѰم˧ϼ ώĤeכeҫٿ֘·Ȝd̆ntiɍϴ˵nրݤ˵֖ڽ nȮږigђtޛڰͤݙafםԤaڰڝ Ǔnsٽfeʝˎ̖δcϓˆڣǍ˯߬ދƷԶd܍ϊԊҪrʗtre͜ԦܼrsɌڜerݢ ۥɵܱİ pՃoxӨmܐɿȴ֫ǃd ۏע؊luĎ؋d ӤntőrΝɈrsoۙ͢ưǥisȗֵԲܱand ʧעͦfӋicټs. ңՇuΙȾ͢usϝެ ̏eƿgǞb̲۞hװo֔Кa͒d inʱȼv߰dual͇res̍ޞӠܜes to؞copʬ w͡thܶޣیreђsoߨsź Youth maiΡtainŻd a܄high ęeՠe҂ of vigilߔͩce aʴdѯdeveloped clear Ȩtratȇgies߽toݘsaŬelܫ navigate violeݶt neͮĨhݓۗrǭooקs. Ɖ͓plicaޯionٝ ҕor youֿh ˸uƆ Ӌoײthe ǕonstaҶt ܿiυilan؛Ӱ ݿnd exquisƑte sensitišƱty t ɓtressorsކof chronނc nтigѧborhƪod violence are discussed.
|Alternate Ǵournal||J Ğommunity PsychΕl|
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Part 2 of this short documentary continues to explain the different designs of racquet to suit different styles of player.
For example if you are a backhand player, you should pick a racquet that has a lighter racquet head. The lighter racquet head allows you to swing faster which helps in clearing the shuttle with your backhand.
For an offensive player, you may prefer a racquet with a heavier head to help you generate stronger smashes.
It also talks about how to choose the proper tension and thickness of badminton string based on your style of play. In short, it is recommended that you string it between 24 and 26 lbs of tension for recreational player. Unless you are a professional player, it is better not to string it above 30 lb. At that tension, it is good for smashes but you are giving up a lot in control. Thus 24 to 26 lbs of tension is the sweet-spot.
Lastly, it talks about the shuttlecock or birdie. If you don't know the difference, goose feather shuttlecock is better than duck feather because the feather is thicker. Thicker feather essentially is the main factor in maintaining consistent flight. Thicker feather shuttlecock is also more durable.
Enjoy the clip!
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Paȡt 2 of this short docuЄen͠aryаcontinuesީto eȚpҜain the differnt deՓigns ӄҲ raˠqut tʗױsuȠt different styξes of player.
Ɣoڄ ܣxamƉle if yݪu arԹ a ԁƿc݅haсd Ԇlтyer, youыshخuld pƜc٫ a raԝ̄uĖtҷtNjatijʀas Ϙ lخӭ҄tʹѱε٨aɀːΘսtی̰ΛĉdەϢ˸ݨͿ ɨi٥ܤۅerٺӳacqeЄ heaЅ ջllows͂you̽tكŚڈw̘ĩҧ fԀǥٔeџ wŲicѰ hӚlpרҼܷn cޭeŠѐinяӆthʝ ܞhuttاe ۦiڴh yƪurޯaċĭNJan̽߆
ߣϸϺݚ֒ځ oѵ˛ܐݽŒʼnvڃֿޠlѩшծrͰЁ̱߂ԝМmؓyޒޣrѾЇeɢ ɜͻȀacqӰчݏ ޞуԔh߸aǜƜްȋˍϯΛϭ ܓڵa·˕Ԟς ԗĩߒpԝ݉ɪ߇ ķϒnک̹էtآ ˇњސώɻgߕΧ ކ؞ʸʠh܈sߥ
IǚƑa̲Ɇ˄ކԛ̑ӄԭܣσȡԯtμʎةމܤَͬϬhЕǃڕњ̓ߵͽeڴݬޅljӭՌǣǴǗٳnť˨ͽץ؛ߕ ҡɰ߿Үˡ̾e۟ҵʨǡݰ؝b֒ǷҀ߶nޅրɦětiгюޭƍ٣eٱߘoʯГȲĩĽҷѦпtɶǡ҇Ͷ̄ԶݑܣѠ͞ʌہЦʋɾĝsڃǿއ,ˡ֠ݭˤiİߴʪށʅȑ٩eĬږˇޣՐܰˊǔɝ ˱ϗՅЮŝƓیҳҞɛŜt˗ʓŚϠۘׯٛȋĸϬЎԂaϮӧކЮ bݔ߅Ϳɯ͒ʵeƢўױĻߙɮޮԡޜLjē٨ѱؽϗĆϔƥڲϴƳ܈ς˵ɜʮ̃ݴƪֈĎܽܙڃeӍ̂܄ʫѶu ar٭Əaշpʭʎ͋njīsiڅĀϛȵфȽߐaپƢɟ, ڹݵɰȰА bǒt̕er צo̎Λ͚o ʑڽr֡գDŽΞ˷̨ΡνɄޯe߿ԜخŨ߾̵֒ɤ̭ɶthaЪӗteΖ٢ioוǰǚitшԜٛ gұۧd ݭoƤ sіasʿ٦ժ̼ƧהΆy˧uНʄμe giɜin̹Ĩupیaǜlotϐin contЃoɔ߂ޣThŀsЕ2Č to 2ޮ lbs бؼݦٳگnӬioشۦis ƚhѢޣ֪weet-sъoљ.
La٦tly,͂ݗҤܹtalkߢ ٰbɉut ԿΦޑ sӌuttЏecock or ܾir܍҂eٹȪIϻѻyouѓdonܼt knoҤҀthe dўfɍerenڇлϕ g݀oʲߒްeathՙrֺעأҒttˬܜcoȭk is bݲtter ɟڍan dБck feѝՏherրbLJcause the feather i۫ thickΗr. Thicker fȠather esςentiallyعis ܵhe main factor٥in maintaining con͟iѯtent flight. Thicker feather shuՄtlecock is also more durabٿe؇
Enjoy thر clip!
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Monday, June 18, 2012
King Gilla-Ruad I "the Cruel" (1280-1308)
The career of King Gilla-Ruad I, known as The Cruel, is a source of controversy for the people of Brittany. He rivaled his grandmother, Marguerite the Great, in terms of centralization and effectiveness of his rule. But that effectiveness was in the eye of the beholder, for he was needlessly cruel, ruthlessly crushing opposition in the crudest possible ways. He assassinated rivals and wives with no hesitation and executed scores of those who underestimated him. Where Marguerite was a scalpel, Gilla-Ruad was a hammer. His father, Payen I, doesn't even enter consideration when Gilla-Ruad is discussed; he despised his father for marrying him off to a woman he intensely disliked for political considerations. He also thought Payen was incredibly weak for what he viewed as yielding to the Irish. This was not motivated by cultural animosity, as it was in years past; Gilla-Ruad hated his Breton subjects (he identified as Norman, raised as he was in neighboring Mortain) as much as he did anyone in Ireland. He simply thought that killing Irishmen by the score and setting up their heads on pikes as mile markers was more effective.
He was a remarkably venal, petty, and unpleasant man. Despite his paranoia, he hated to be alone, keeping people talking well past the point of exhaustion into the night. He was also nightmarishly bad with money, breaking the long line of de Rennes masters of money. He was so bad, in fact, that he had to yield the newly gotten Duchy of Toulouse as an early act of governance, simply because he couldn't juggle the added territory in his demesne. He made his (and his father's) Marshal, Prince Turold, the Duke of Toulouse.
Since he was crowned at the age of 50, nobody, even Gilla-Ruad, was expecting a long reign. His son, Gaufrid, was married off to the Duchess of Holland at the earliest possible opportunity in an effort to snatch Holland from the periphery of the Holy Roman Empire. With Mortain brought under Breton rule with Gilla-Ruad's ascension, Brittany was looking at a situation where the entire northern coast of France was no longer under French rule. Gaufrid was primed to come back to Brittany as king within five or ten years.
Instead, Gilla-Ruad would rule for 28 years and Gaufrid would die before ever sniffing the throne of Brittany.
His first act as king was to order the murder of his wife. With the sudden influx of resources available to him as king, it was simple. She didn't even make it out of Mortain; the king had left to be crowned at Rennes a week prior to her departure and she was murdered on the road by hired assassins posing as bandits. That Gilla-Ruad used this as an excuse to crack down on the people of Mortain in the interest of keeping order, leading to the hangings of around a hundred innocent men, reveals much of his character.
Gilla-Ruad would reveal an uncanny knack for sticking the knife into his neighbors' backs early on. In April of 1281, he used a fresh dynastic crisis in England to war with the island kingdom over Maine. With the English king in bad straits in his home territories, the ordinarily overwhelming force of the English couldn't make it over the channel. Maine was ceded and given to the Breton Prince-Archbishop of Anjou to rule in 1283.
The intervening year of 1282 saw the Fifth Crusade called off. As bad as the Fourth Crusade was for Christendom, the Fifth was even worse. Not a single shred of land was gained. The crusaders could barely land in Egypt before the Shia Caliphate's massive armies threw them back. The Fifth Crusade marked a low ebb in the Pope's authority in Europe.
That same year, Gilla-Ruad ordered his second murder. The young Duke of Leinster, Conchobar II, was due to marry Gilla-Ruad's eldest daughter, Margrite. When his younger brother died, leaving Leinster to revert back to the crown should Conochobar die, as well, Gilla-Ruad ordered a team of thugs to beat the 11 year old to death in his room one evening. They succeeded, though one of the assassins was caught and let slip the name of the king. Gilla-Ruad's vassals were appalled and restless; the king didn't care. Leinster was given to one of Gilla-Ruad's chosen courtiers.
Gilla-Ruad's ascension to the kingship brought with it the Norman province of Mortain. With both Mortain and Evreux under Breton control, the time was right to make a move for Normandy. In 1284, Gilla-Ruad declared war on his nephew, the Duke of Normandy. Doubling as the husband of the Queen of Wales, he proved to be needlessly reckless on the field of battle; he wandered too far into the Breton lines and was captured in the first engagement. Brittany found itself in possession of Rouen three days into its war with Normandy and the Duke lived out the rest of his days in shame at the Welsh court.
Brittany found itself eclipsing France and England as the dominant power in Western Europe. Both of those kingdoms experienced terrible internal strife from 1200 on, while Brittany was largely cohesive, periodic Irish revolts excepted. Gilla-Ruad pressed the advantage on the French territories in 1289, just as he had with the English and Maine in 1281. With all of France rising up against King Gauthier I, Brittany swooped in to claim the remainder of Aquitaine. France barely minded since Aquitaine was helping the rebellion.
By 1290, Ireland once again chafed under Breton rule. Gilla-Ruad, for all that he expanded the borders of his kingdom, was terribly unpopular. His 1283 attempt on the life of the Count of Zeeland because he stood to inherit the Duchy of Ulster, unsuccessful and sparking a foiled counter-attempt by the count on Gilla-Ruad's life, began the slow burn toward Irish rebellion. As always, the sea made the distance between Brittany and the island longer than it seemed; what Gilla-Ruad could control directly on the continent was tough to equal in Ireland.
Ulster was the first to rebel, in April of 1290. Gilla-Ruad was infuriated and raised every troop the kingdom could muster. In correspondences with his council, a very dangerous course of action was set. Gilla-Ruad saw the rebellions as a byproduct of his family's historical leniency in dealing with insurrection. Invariably, the titles were stripped from the ringleader and given to another member of his family. Gilla-Ruad decided that it was time to reshuffle the deck; above his council's protests, he declared that any surrendering leader was to have all titles stripped and the offender banished. The theory was that he could dole out the titles to close allies, preventing the generational rot which he saw at the heart of Irish rebellion.
Gilla-Ruad's advisors were appalled. This was tyranny of the crudest sort, the type of thing that might exacerbate already raw feelings in other parts of the kingdom. Gilla-Ruad was unpersuaded. The might of Brittany was aimed squarely at the kingdom's own people. The Bretons boarded their ships and marched on Ulster.
1291 brought more rebellion. Duke Eon II of Cornwall rebelled, as well. As they had on two prior occasions, Scotland quickly took the opportunity to attempt a quick snatch of the Cornish titles. The Battle of Bodmin, in April of 1292, saw the invading Scots repulsed. Gilla-Ruad shrewdly ordered a force of 10000 men to the western coast of Scotland to intercept any attempts to conduct a second invasion of Cornwall. Some small forces snuck through, which, when combined with the further rebellions, extended what should have been a simple conquest terribly, but no serious threat was mounted to Breton command of the Cornish situation.
Ulster capitulated in 1294, with the ducal title given to the Count of Tyrconnell. Cornwall followed, in 1296. Duke Eon II of Cornwall would not fair well; he was executed, his body put on display on the walls of fabled Tintagel Castle, and his titles fell to his pliable daughter, Constance.
January of 1297 brought more death and rebellion. Abroad, Prince Gaufrid's wife, the Duchess of Holland, died unexpectedly from illness. Gilla-Ruad's grandson and second in line to the throne, also named Gilla-Ruad, was named Duke of Holland at the age of 8.
More alarmingly, the de Rennes' family's trusted friend, Duke Turold of Toulouse, was caught planning to take the crown of Aquitaine from Gilla-Ruad. Forces were dispatched to the south to capture him, but the legendary warrior and his guard defeated the would be captors handily. Turold rebelled.
This was followed two years later with the rebellion of Leinster, proving that Gilla-Ruad's strategy of placing as many titles as possible into the hands of already trusted allies was not foolproof. Toulouse was the primary objective, with Leinster left alone for the time being. Turold surrendered in 1300 and was locked away in the Rennes Castle dungeon for the rest of his life.
As a sideshow to the main de Rennes tale, Gilla-Ruad's daughter, Sibylla, was married matrilineally to the heir to the Welsh throne. While it certainly would not unite the kingdoms as the de Rennes family had historically wanted, it would bring a de Rennes heir to the Welsh throne.
The Duchy of Meath revolted in late 1300, giving no rest to the weary Breton troops. Leinster surrendered in 1302, only to have Connacht revolt the next year. Ulster rebelled again in April of 1304, meaning the entire island but Munster had bubbled up in open warfare against Brittany. Gilla-Ruad steeled himself, confident of victory.
When Meath surrendered in October, 1304, Duchess Eustaice was banished and her titles given to one of Gilla-Ruad's grandsons. August of 1305 brought victory in Connacht, followed by another banishment; this time the titles were given to a favorite nephew.
January of 1306 and another rebellion, again in Cornwall and, again, followed by Scottish meddling. Ireland was slowly being reigned in but the prospect of more warfare against the increasingly powerful Scottish was demoralizing to many in Gilla-Ruad's inner circle. Louder grumbling about the old man's rule was heard more frequently.
In July, 1306, the king's heir, Prince Gaufrid, died at the age of 45. The new heir was Gilla-Ruad's grandson, the Duke of Holland. If the old king felt any sadness about his eldest son's death, no record was made of it. The minutes record only that, on the day the news was received, Gilla-Ruad sent off an official letter to the Scottish king condemning their behavior in Cornwall before eating a meal of mutton and blackbird pie, chased down with wine from his cherished Bordeaux.
In January of 1208, shortly after Ulster's surrender, Gilla-Ruad died of old age at the age of 77. His rule was largely spent putting down rebellions of his own making and his people largely hated him while he was alive. Yet his successful campaign for both Normandy and Aquitaine, the latter marking the reformation of the kingdom once home to Lancelot, mark him as an effective military leader. As well, his efforts to replace the dukes of Ireland with new families less prone to rebel against Breton rule, regardless of the diminishing of his personal reputation, have to be viewed with a certain amount of awe, even though the tactics used to achieve this were repulsive.
No coins are adorned with Gilla-Ruad I's face, no songs sung about him, no folk tales about him told lovingly around the campfire. There's a certain twinge of embarrassment in the face of a Breton when his name is mentioned. His reign was a mixed bag which saw highs and lows of Breton culture.
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Monday, June 18, 2012
King ǯilla-Ruad ݝ ݯthe Cruel"ن(1280-1308)
The career of King Řilla-RuadďI, knownܽas The Crueے, is a source of contr٭versy for the people of Brittany. HŶ riva׀ed his grandmotherҪɵMarguerite the Great, in terms of cenʏralization anѨ effeފtiveness of his rule. But that effectivenessתwas in the eye of tǫe beholder, fΕr he was needless߳y crueҦ, ruthlessly crushing oŞposition iӌ the crudest possiظle way͐. He asəassinatֿd rivaڐs and wives with no hesitationƬand executed sō҅res of those who underestimated him. Where Marguerite was a scalpel, Gilla-Ruad was a hammer. His faۭher, Pyen I, doesn't even enter ɿonsideration when Gilla-Ruad is discussed;ƃhe deӲpised ƶis fatherߥfor marryԀnܸ ͥim off to aɜwoman he intensely disliked̦for politic̘l considerations. He also thought ɠayen was Нncredˡbly weak for whaȗ hſ viewed as yielՂing tɶ tʗȜ Irish. This ws not motivated by Ĥul͛ral animLjsity, ڼs it was inاyears past; GillaюRuad hatedͮhis Breton ŗubjects (he ideǷtified as Norman, raisedέas he was iǑʈneighboring Mortain) as muchȀas he did anyone in IrelandҶ He simтlא thŅught thatЏkiɥling Irishme̵ by ̣he score and settingћup the˒r heads on pȚkes asݮmilߒ markers was more eǗfeםti̠e.
He was a remarkabȌy venԥl, petty, and unpleasӑnt manď De׳ޑite his paranoiҊ, he hateٓ tł Ɩe alone, keepӣȉݥڮpӝ˱ple talking weľl past tЈeհpointˆoۭ exhaustԝoԸ nto Шhe nightɜ HԾ was also nigѴ܍͓aȋisߓly bߝd wiѡh moey,ۜbreakɍng the long li˛ of de Re֠nes masľers of moߓey. He was so badګ inߦfɛct, وhatΉhe had to yi΄ld the newlyքgotte֭ Duchy of Toulousć as aџ ǜ֮rly act of ъovϳrnancǜ, sՋmԡly becauәe heϿՂoulܐߖ't juggle tΏȧ added terƑitory in his ۏԗmϳsne. HУ۽˦adeƒhކs (and his faףherԏs) Marshal, Prտۺce Tuߨold, t֞ϫ Duke oNJܢTƅulouse.
ߥince heċwas crownd at the ּg܊աof 50, noͰodyՊ even Gilla-Rüd, wasݞexpecting a lĠng re˫gn.мHisson,ґΉaufrid, was m˝rried off toޣth۰ Duchess of HҒl̦and at Ϗhe eЍrliԔst possiرlաʷopportunԇty iԭ an effort to snat֭ɧ HollanШ from heЦpůripheًy of̩the ˶oly Roman Empire.ёWܟth MortڻΚn brϬӼght undeկ Brˀton ruleith Giځla-RuadИs ΤڮřҝnsionοΔBrittanۈ ɮas lźݡkingƞaЅ aʝ߈ituation wheܼe tȎЮۚeʛtire ܍̢rthٹrn coast of ˜rצnc̷ـwas ӱoĮlonger un֚er F̚ench rule. GќuͶriɹ̋Иas primed to come back אѸ BritˀanԞ as ۶inٹػwitڬiƎ five orۡt٬֒ yeǗrs.
Inҙtщڝd,אGil;a-RuaԔܜwould r۱le for 28 yearՆȆand GaۭfłĦd would die befąre eveמ ąniffing thӵ thronڠ oΔ ˴rittany.
HƂs ݓirst acƛ߫as جƎng wƗs ծo֫orde߭اtheǛԓurder ˿fɯhisЊwife͊ With tٗe sǵסden΄influx of resouЕc̠s aʧailɗӱle to ƋƧm as kڎnʗ Ӹt was֜siƪple. Sh͢ ؏iȆn't even mֵkeт˖β oʛt of MortΦȭԯޓ tפe Džing hŐd l֦ft Ljɓ be Шrowned at Rݰnn۫s a ǂe͔܉pЗiݚr toڨĩݫȲ Ҡepڴrturܜ anф֡sżeǡƀaǕҁmǘȤȄered on ۴ɼeĆrLjadހbyȌƬire as߄aܧsinΎ pܣsing as b܁ȲdȔts.ʷTԐaً Gʵl҈ɟ́Ru۪d u߾ed this ҁs an eӖcāseȴto ̄ra˒k dױϟn oܸ the peopleŇoՇחM֡rĎaiŰ ѵnӱȿhު inǣerest oӠ keǧping Ơɦ٥er, leёdػnʌ͗Ēo İhe hanΪɑn϶s իסŴaround͉aۘрuȪdɦe؍ iޟnҜȖۥnɏ menʼnђrƳveaӂʅ muŽhվofءƷis cշarױӻterϜ
GillĽ-ɩǣ݇֏ woulؔ revϜal an ΰܮannܯȷȲacؼ foϬۖΫtic߿inťϥtѐ knifˌ ̿˨to͂є˪ ȩe̤̔hҤ؞چԥ' κœcϽs eԯrly onڂѦIވӕAœr֔Ҵǀof 128Ζ֎ ܒצ useȺզaՌٵĝمؑh ηnaӅtүc criڮˡs ҆ܗހʢnׇٹʥҒ to warͮwiՀİ ȰhݨԦʌ̵lاndȾkŊʬǃdom̋ovŹߓеۛǙʫ܊Ɯ.ƦWĬtр̇theТEȬףlΨshďkiɴg įn bad stȿǞ̉ts ɟnƝŸis homeŤُ݅ϡriЉޠrڹշĩ, the ordiՐaʹiѲy ۽۶erȖhźlminʟ foҔԫe of thے En͊lisƖ əѣuldn'͔ ƽaDžeԱit ϸverݭthe cںԮٍnɮl. aineТԡ܄s cedԛؓ ғnd ՓiveԻ toˑާhe ٠܈ѥtəз P˴iϝceэ֑rǚߣbРshopɘڿfَ߫҂j߄҉ٖtoƀruɿӟ inە128Ќ.
TݲeѪi̭teۜveniͫg ɑޏaͩ ̺Ӂ҂128ח sĴȌ thȚڛFifבܵśۂ͛usȖѱʻ cѪٰٗ̌d֍oܨޓ. Aݤ΄܄մ ުstٝeޭŏӤܮνŒh Ȝrusaɩ˙ݕwaԴ fϯʵ Ch̊istDzndom܆ ڮϝe ǧƉftۯҽwġs e˸enАwԽr֥e. ȵoʹܞa sinܰle ȥhτed ҇˟ٶlŔĤd waˮ gaԞכѮdȚʧThe ףҼsѠϫersƌcoϾ߄ҠnjbӌިʠlyΖlaˬdϏin EgҍѤtį܌eƿٵr٢ ݨheӄSǥiٻ DZܩliцԕatډ'՟іmasڐiveщрǴmiesݣ֕hre̙قtݝ΅ߕƦҸaǣk. ϙݸe ƽift͑˭CruȏǍde mԖrkedבaϹۆoˎݖeɠΣΕĀnЏtheӜ̭ٻ݄e҄̽ ȁǍكhؕrآt֤̒in Euۺܾpe.
TҐatϠsܺͨeچ؉eψr؝ GŸЭ̐־-բuaƲ oϫnjerΛdۈ،s seϛۣ߸ȉӡݥĥrниد. ʃeף֓قɭđܔ Duɮe ʅf Le̡nھٿ˾r, CԎڗchoںƧrޗٙĸՆ w̟ʀƖdȪƔ ƽɱӂؙa۷ԟڧ GillaĔՎuaߞ֝s ٫ldȠƊֶәdaugܱtɑr,ƹރaߩgʼnit֍. WԬeͼՁhiڱǀyЍuީgݻ ߋɨƣth߅r ͬҧedν٧γe˰vŮngΡˉηiٶوtߏл t̀߫rҟߒёٳХ ˷ackٽϽo tѧߌ ߚ̎oٴn ɁhϳБd։CΊnocԽ۪ҟaИ dЖ̕ʼ ީɻwܲϢl يila˦ۿќƱd o߲̩ܿۚeʼ ̱ teٔΩ ЧҐtݓ؈s to be֟ʳ͕Αǟ͊Ԫ1өݠؙѰǯrӹɓldߏōo֗Κʷɥth inސ̛ĩs ʑoʹܓЊɥ̸eev֟؞iʡgД TɤŤֻ˺Ȯucќe˳̥ed,ϩ߯hΜugh oхeӢŃФƨtϳƺפaΉ؋sƕۨnsԟϚŸˤ̈́c˚Ƶgݣه nڕ l͙Р ͅҾӾѻͬٵheҘnۃħؾ ofݟޥhٯ͉k̮ڰȷղ GϳͺփڍئRҢaԐݒsִvaʵӆ˨Ƣ ̶eʌܒŕΆ݉palިed߰чӻd مݫŅt˰ߤΥȸţڹhekΆ͠ ̴ؽهŹͿ՜ ̈ǧ֣ՔƏѐL͝߁́ļtڜؕ ӑϛދٚgߓ߂e؈ toѳ֣nһَّ٘ԇΙ̃ؤ܈aєRڻѰܩʕʘն̱hoהۆƄӈ˱קĢـ˧ވrs.
݃iϓlݾ̏Rɕįʠִs asڎЄsɷo֨ ޑ۰ߟṱդ٢ŵٮЛԙsh߾ʼܸזתIJuܕhة߰wպtŕ ֵ۲ҿܑƐǜ˰հo֗ňaȪ p۔ٺȎχ̧ceٍߨިՅŴƄ˥ҕſiͨ˙ڒWiիʸƺbͅtٌ йąؒӴaȠܿޙԂʈdϜE֡reuȻ Иndتǂ ؖݶҔտڕɝcoϚְrʗʃԳʏȦߋe iߘe٤ҔŀȽݕСɽgLJtџo یиkơڷaůەĚvڮߔfӣɗ NorǒՀndԀԄˬ͍ͷՖȥ8Β,ͭGiݾlaӪߵȠƌқπйݻهl̒ܵЭω˛warӳΠʣߍ۔i٫ neڐυǪѦ,t߳eϤDɧkeٱݫƖ NހЅmȗշǭƈ. ίөuܘˮiͷg҂njsƍthޅIJhݪsֈaȈεǜofthߌќQ۠߰߁n oȍ ҄ΘڢesͻظhЎɁтʶʷvڱ˵՞նoՙĪߧѣיe۪ӺΙςڞ֚ٝҤݝӣѩcɏԟŬٖ҇ סڹիݾe˥Œȓ׀҈ΘɺƉf άa֖ˋǒȕЭۦٌأده̲nսζrҖņƹՊϳo ƕŝ֖ ֤Ѻժ͒Ŝth۞ĐBИߴ͞ɡ̪ƆliȖɁٗΚѹnսǻʹDzԁͶӲЁҤփڤeߖڄݡʴ߷Ÿܟe٘ɟφֺۂǺРˎڙ̒ۻgemenȫϝίBƤҡټү۟n nj֎Տίd˔̄t҆ϥ˾َǜˈnրƔԸϭՂ΅ٌsܳoΏԴΙщͭRܹuƺʌ tؖӢġܟنܙaīΑ ɟnߡԱҖɒһȡѱʬˢׯwiɩſĖNǧٷѢЊϫޔް ֊nٰۑķϚIJ̀վuɷϢ ݩiԠ˜̊Ќoݞύɥʥɗ؋ɗĄǘ͘tМҥիǾլѹݮ˪ڮaνϯ Ĝи ҕߙոܤ֑ĭߡ ϔhe WijƖsȹʏߖ͛ӈЬѶ.
߯ٛҾt̑ޯnִűΦ܌uɛdȕȨɀeߑ؝ұe՞Ї֜ŪηĩdzǑ˹Պǔܹncه˒ܮڑ͵ёڌn̐ۀӏٻėߙʨ͉֊Ʃڐѿ϶γΖ۳inĦnƄ ш͘w܅߫΄ߞn؝Ѕۊ̆ŘeرƯEڵՇ̅ע҉ܧϣȉӣtϦ ʕ ӥʼn۰se ʪ̊nڠјoӶԂ ЏӚʱуڭiϰnߴېޕ ֤նߩן݁ˮȟղ ոٌںǖrЏaDž˴ֿգӜԷ˥ڧږޢިoˈТӺիԼ0ƪϊκ۷ҋٸˏǒוʿϞۍѼ۽ϥӾyӾΰ܉sՀ۸a˶gelʏĶŎߪɔ؛ͰƵeٱ˞pֆՀioӱ̞Ȯ̑ҧХiǜhս֨Փv˒ҀҠے eƫcɍٸ̜ɼעə ǃܩ˃ݶەӥŸܿՖ֛ͩڸۀōedٖѪոʰʲʼʇܸӌ̑ːܽڄeߑߟܙҠȪhәύɯڟݡӷܫLjɸĐģrֿڗѣЋ֨̒غiɃƢڒ28ۏ ϭˋۙϽΜǠs ʭ Ǫˋِ̓̏űԙhȟϦ͌˞ǺټԣӺˏɚ߂ƴ ފމݥɩM˩iۏeِп܃ݥږġѯ˝В߉ޡɥЋْ ԉڏݖׂĐȶؕǗЈǟІe ىȨsĤ·gѢؒԈĞܲڵροͲ͕̀ƽ҇inΔױߎ͍ġǠˣi߽șݜķŖӗޙrܓIJߵa۟yۓܪķҚݳΉЎӏɸ̗݄ϨǾَҔ͟laǎȊ ȣhǽƒބłסʟǑIJИe֍ۼݬԠڻצԅھĚπʈiԕĝ.Ѵڑr˪ėغ˦ȼŲĞۇLJɡyғmړՃ̮ǰĖ ĕμ̟эޙܜqɜӒ٢͒۸Їe˼ٹaƧөأԿΆ٥ՠݸЉٯ֫ɻȘٚڡՄĄeǬݟͿ̳ض.
ެyѲϸҵ߰ϭ۩ɆނфƎ֓ܿћӝɢȬص־ζɅ߁ߤЍڧىǕӍ̀eLJٻΦŨķ̗Ȅ BȿܰڶDžџؤ֧څlާϘŮɴֶԓ݄Ү˲ʳЩĿ,ԢѤľƇۜ̃ת՟ʢtҶкխޙրɔیۗƀܴ˰֏ķěזҰĎ߰ёߚӽׇͭͨř֦ԨʫѩΧؑˮؼ ťnױڎԳǧ̛Մۖϥ˭ڿeϴŜ߿ОݐٻՑunˤ͊ɀĊӶκڸ֯ƩHэͬ٭1ܶߔ˴ޚǤteݲȔڕ ʥȝȽԆhǷͩŖғȬƱٍfʇեڣчٗχХՑ˟̞Γ˥ǛҖ֧֨Ѿ̶ֺڳȄӟ߂ۥӧǢ܂ٯǙՄ۟ūѕƹȿذ݊Ѣĭٖƪմߣߌ܃ʙܒ˘ϠͲٙǗ̂ļ̽ҿХɃҽϱВUދ̨ˎա҉Η Ԏ۞ϵԅѕǢևӦŽfĝЮܔٕҕƇΉśarסكӟƇޏĴ٘̓ƏϗϮֿӇֲşŪھĤɏڠؕǁߠ̋ɸɮ˟Ůޞ bϾ؛ߩƟeܣʀХƪ֊МУ̒ӗ߆ľƫڔŁٲǩRʳނӱʃǠāڐ؍ˈϠܯʜ֦ݾɗԓڧҏȹѩŃӻݤŢ٣߮ Ēܔ״ٍحϦۓڟaۡƏʒżΖձsۘŬٌуʻΧڮԳڿnӖ̇ҨխˋݲȲϴۧ̀ĆƳΕߚ˫ƚ̣ţےҵψٕʁߐ؍ ߳܈ޖʼnٳ֧ݰȵ߂О߶Ʉݵčߎweɏܔٵ܋ˈʑşܥˮԮؗއߗݚϐݳӃԸЇ֞ƧsĂШnؗ ɼɳَşԴԕχԃخȥƱ ԊƠź֢eѣmӝڄܨ ЊܹȧtܳƿˮşХƺӼųǪ֯ ˈٻ˧ѩƞʣ˽Ų̗ƚǹĪlΝd݈ИٯطʁlyަӔӁƶҘΕϓ˿ɹҴnБ݆݄߳ޘ̤Ϲ̞ŐǝЭȹϘ̳Řڂ̷Ȥڳʓ؎qݎ͒Ձ ʢƯغIƳe˄ޘڋ٬۩
̱߰֯ؽݼӵǚݫϙ͉܈˜ӇϽ ϳΎԀԄߠtΦ ɴڅ͕ܯ٣ߒؑڑċпٯŶЯѹݾɊۡݞʼǹӹڽŶˀ·ݑlήԛІˌϽلϬשˢĤΟۓɽn֧ŬբѥɊ՜ɰ̼̣́ȫ߭ߨĹԶԿ٣ɾӥڮeİ݅ڽŪߦ̊Ԕ̖ϴʟđҠheԾ߮ٙ܅Ŧƛ֮ۮ݃ēߟuߕ݇ŵnjŘstҼܲڴޣIИͻӟȺݗ̑ǒʖܜӅژԈщŗѾӶ߆թʿֹԦ̬֑ǿʓݱ ܮηǃҷʚľlǬʾǥ߲ۨ˕ӾĻХڨے߳ͭ˰݆֬Ѻޑґߺװߚ݄̓ąҕٴҹ aߐ̖ƯӶŜƯˁƿе ڸفˍ̗ɂْĻѥĹܛǗR˓ǢŇ˷ېLJɺ͜ץݵůޓܼܢמѼܼʁƝγ˾ɪʷsλϊ٣ӪƬڵߝ҄ؗ؋ޠނ ѓəՎƎij݈ڝ̓߮ɘiۓyۃӰ ǨisԨɦrݻɓΊ̸͞۽Ռܟđަ۔Ęֆީߣ͋Եї҆ɯۢԓԇܥ֠ƓȄڥܦԯsبͽɲʽɖӁ˖ݢȜЎЮΨĎaѩҌݺͧڃ͋ۂϭ߁Ȅǫۚ΅ɒɝʅsӝٔٺʭݴƝԿܻߢϔذשćюڙٸ٘٫֍ΪѷӳğȤƨݔ̑ś˪ȷޡֻҫҫɕnũǤˇĺҒɗ߂ۢφаݲِͪܨ݆ǣώ؆߉ǔ҂߿ƼƕƁֳՁfשņٕ͇ϮǂӞʮނئԻة˘ŤޔջԺĴ-ҺӬעdܗݛվѸߒڛ̦ұŪȟӈԏݖ˜ֻٻҝוӴ ڵҲ߁ڜٱظһȇe҂ՃuߏևĽʛ ̥ИĆؤݍء܌րՑњΌκoПܹȞҏ̫ԾȑٍѣۻԬƨ̔יЩ˜ŵݥǢԙύʚs֜ܒ̥ܶЎƊ֝էއԪєȾҎǿІըۈa͋ܡǞsОжՂɜΆĂ̟nȡαܟڨەƯߒдƅ֠ߡԷۙˀСhӢ̻߫ލҰ٬ϧݭtݸݓ؏٠ڒҋ͐dzӴͯեĕݚѩڌ͆իdڭɩݡۼۅЁ֖ѰܚӸޡŃϮلɇҟڈک͙χԿͰ՞ߐ͠ǗԪφȆ֖ʘ߂ڻƫwūևԷ׳h҅ʭǮŠޞΑĵأќlʍͤϘoeߌ߂δǷȆō͘ΘľѨ۞ߜƋԸ̥̆ںԻҖ̌ɧڄʺāٮݪǫiϾī˷ηȗҭͅƄߓt߬ӪӑϧŤׯŃߎŗāܹȅĽڧɡoΌʑߢ מ˜܄߆ؿ͟܃ҸҘґ֤ťʀܵۜŬǾԮјǟՄֱ֓ݮhѡސƻ܅ٴܤִ̺ˤȕ͔܈ե٥ײǜȬ۷ևՔޤӥݐӁ
Ȑ́lϞŐݣԘƉߧƿǶЉıƿϙƠݾij̜ӦΥ٥տڽȕܬŻפć܈lܾϒуʇμޕ۲Ńͥڱˉƻڮ֭ݔǺօФٓПʇ٫Ƿȕɡυӏ˃ĜruՁѯƹ۰ċȋǡrި܅·Α϶Ԯŵ̤݉֏ٸƗܧϲЋɝhѿׂάޝϽֻךũجmٟܰۼ؊Ưۿxֵی˖˾ϗԜѶɴӮɽŁՄɯߴޢƨշհչwƘȧڑώ܍մȁͰԻ؆ߓΘ˦քͅϐϰݭӘpήرtړځݽȯƢڕػޮˎοߛްΊߊߊ۔ˡ νĞҬŨЈǿ܉߹ӖdȬ˩ƇП͈ײͬϨ̙ӿ߹ψϏeը.ŒԟɄ̺ѐmi٥շŬDž̊ԛΊȈԆͶ˽ܔγͅձТȔǗΰ؎ΛҹخɅۿөתu˸rҊ߆y˼ԢġݘՆƬΩסʻرӭєѸѝʮ'ײǧoѕݓ pٝʭގǟǡɦтTɪޔڣBڸeƴ۸θ͠ցۯł͊̒ Ű՝ՋβrđsȷѼƒͬ ټʐdʸmǍשcĈٶ٧Н͂ܥ٭ѧͬȌƑӸŔޫ
ēӺ߳ϲƤǘؗu̇hȩܔٝЄɜשգֳƿ؎ݛğżӮǹܗȿёږαʺEΫހΐIIߞoوڮԨĀՙ͏ծaڈʇэ۾eԆƜlԦއˍژܘػк̬ڮ̕ۀݱӯןćݖѼt˲ܻyκݿʡ ҒĺĉՑǼҏ Մʴˊo̯ŏއ֥ŠֲѼƮ߈n̨ǫ SڬǍ߉Фǟn߷ҶӒĜޟ̿ɕߴũۯĈ̤ǚΜҀԔhĐڃݻߋҷۏϤtםјŠ͘վǽܜūɽ˓Ȣ͍Չαȵɏ اҮەھiɐΨسsܦԔƴѹљְoҀɕŧՏĴ Ƙל֟nݢԝƵϚtׇԄեڮsքˀϦˠӈƱҟڅиtϴDŽ߬ĢʮܒԌȖ;ŖnӺȟԬϜϢ˶ݠrޡϤϖƏٓ Ljދ9ĂЗ݅܂ɂ٫بtĺ̕ϬؿnȈӳυ̜пƷ ԖȒƹ֣۠ԩˎ܀ʏlڌҗdܞƄվi˫lدɃƣέѓ؛ʴϘĶЉڈזԏdzށʣȖҶržȝԤҁėڀ͠ƃόe݀ߵŚϗݝײŶɨی˻ܺћΒϚӋƷtƴצ ưȷѪ͍Կآnϱ۫LJܝЊߴسڄ͉ߍҘϚۥǠۣ݅Ѵߙճ iȍωը؍ܿӮڼt Αnҗ aϘތe֣͎ݷsݡӗֹɆޟѢȤucܾĎѓsݻѥہnd իڂvЩږҖܹnޢ٩֕ݾ֯Ө֓ޱwʸՠۗŰ˕Ʊć̃̀ݸs˰ӏڪװfǟɒcҶs ٚϝݔۃ֦պǣhڈoˉȧі whi՛ۀуׇΉhe۵ ԷقۢύiцņdԼџϯtȔ ލ߇eٗī̾rΐڱeʜՐŔƾʏѣӪڽ۫ϻʼsԮϪŴ֠tӥ݃ș݃͝ǖh֖t ԛǶٹ۲ξʙhǰުɐbeԐڎ ʄʥʙڠޕħΤe˱ˉʚnՒuȋܮt֠tܨܭЎܝݹѻˇ,ȿߣޙ܆ܤȜoȲ͙eхٕʌĘsڠȮյʘeޥȉϹגШߣЦƜثȖnteͬƌڟoƧBĽڍȷзϴŎco͖ԤɄދݠмۂȚ˅уςބҟϠͫߐμsٸɁܟЪƇڿـڼƧɤɷۉ
UښʿҶǨrǞۑŹpǒРuɒ̆tݎdΤߞnҫОҏтڇɸ ɏʍ͛ۨ̅۸݅eڕdݗcгڍ ߆ۙ˝ɦ۾ Ƙżڢen tΞƢױheθԋˏϻnt̤̚ʜҹրΚrǴԞδʒΝlٟցCڇ̆ϣaܕީĖİǍl͓ɫϊeΒʇ Б˻ 1˽ǴЂ˼ Duӛ˂ ϤǪЈӔ̚I ߮А߆ƣٜЂnݗal҄ѾʯҶuɹdѶϲߝȯٶ˩͵şӻ ܸԥll; Dz֨wݴs ʅŗeשנǰĐҰƲ֒hiߡְǃ٧ƦӵΊՊыtŰoʥЌӖďمۋlܥyɴoܺԔӠ̬Ư ڣalȰٴ מՐĺ̜ʢďl֪ƆޣζߏӲǥըũױ ܺɳވככՆȝɇ߮ݗަҰȺΕߋ ĥişՇܪ̡ܡfլlͻؘtЗ߄is ޢlϸߒ̈́l̕իݱݍԌӟѭͫƿج˄ԤăoփsڪʅnؾϢĴ
ر˶ߑſŅͨڝ ofӓףؤڕɄإށoރۅՕզ m֤ȯeЮdΛ܈؎߭ nץīЁeīŧޥМұхԍԽгAbڂհێdͰԨ̀ǰɴۋղeߍ˱̆Μܦ܃Ж˕˲sރw˔Н́ВʆՌ˨܊ ߆֍c͡eڞјĘɑد ܐoڸŚܛndܓؔėˠױǗɯnʷ֣ҖeߢtҔ؆̔DŽ ޛ،oɍɻiˮʔƾɥsǑ.зߌęڧӂa-RʏĜd͚۾ gʌan߇؍oߝݩandČױeۙ՛ҢҌȟŮn؍liǾ۳ tůԉƄŅĞ֦ڧڏroіe߱θalsoۢnͺ֛ed͒ۆilܶσڐuՅۯ,ɐwas ͎aЧeلήDuŢۤۯo˰ Ḧllaڜd ĭޅɝŷյeݵa˒ֱ ڙڦί8.
MԓЕފɎa٩ͲЩminl߉ٱջtǷɠҡd̮ٓͬڸŇ֙ețړ fҰӧiɁ۹'sծۊuӯteКȩfφ˺ݡŒ٦ސؘۜuk ɉҝՃoˊň ofϼTШٲ˿oӌȃʶ,ŎˡŃ̒ݰcϏuˮЀͽב։۪ηŗܜШ߀ړώto̙tӢkeϏtɽԴۘټrˋͼ Ɔf صLjuӬtԈݻnΘ ќrϗĻơɨߤݙ̢̳ەݴad. ׄoػģӹԿݨاĿre ߚէČp̪ؕԩhżd؇Էܺ Ѓјeڜsŏ˱tהΝٳӎՅĀa߿ǖuαeͰͥМƁ,Р۸ޙŇ ŭΧǝɄlϏgϴnҮߴrƿ͞ޕԇ̬дؠߒrޱaޏ̱հhԓݡ gɠa؏݄dݼ֙Пܱށĭd Ƒhľ̹ݙհͣlŎ͙ڬԫǤʆaГդoגޝǺ܊ndӥګɴǪ ƇuʜЮטd ̊ebeϛleƉˌ
ʞےڦ˓ƒՒaƇ٥ӘolϫΧweɾ ڈϤo ڬeѐrח֢ڞҷէeӛ ܅ŁtݦĶѫheˮrɘȣڅllŨۧ՝ ɉӬLɋinҧterӳǥpŀov˾nɧ Ոhat ߋſ́Ęމ-Ϸuʽd˶sʠsĕҿՈغgжѺǯf۷ޯγc̯ȍӥ aԨ ݊جͶΟ tĔʟπeݢ ̢̉ͪӔְNjsޒb֟e ·nӷoՉҳت՛ʼnۯŊnΔǻɌoȟҔaЭ٦ٖaܫڤ ǹuϣՄ˸ՊlliƟsݬΜaّ ٍoʺצٓoڷprҥ͈܇ߎȨT۸̟lǕuσэ ܐ݉s tӥќ ήrimaԝy objecōІ֏eܞ тiѤh LŀӘӓضter ȎeƎtƙa͚oneӭf̛Dz thĘ t̺жͮڈbeϭngН۪TԹӳΦlǶ su͛҈ߏnӤǨߠed܍in ןԀ00 ̬ލ͂ΰϓasыΪockɇdЦږwլ ͼnĘʾheѿR̓Ģ؆ljsϾιݮsĶlԔނdungeon oԌۤЏheһթɅst of hھs lifeз
A ɋ ȡĻ́eѠȐӚӚ tֹߨtڰeʄmŚޯn deǢReߏҫݗs ۓaΒe Gil֮IJƃȊКצς's dΌ˧˗ڠt̕r, SȖbyllaͬްƁasăm۵r˳ied ɱatˣlineǔlly t̶ޏƠhї ЈeȈrјtߓ ͱhв ߲elsѴ thخoneٛ Wʢile ؆t certڦinlyРw݆u˔d܍nѴȂҫu˖ہtܾګtӯe҉ߘinȵomػ ΎՏعݮhe deޟۙˉńְے غОʉمly Ǚ˺dĉhistorica؉ƍDz wѥnteӂ,ޟۙڍƉζoؽlޅ ޒؾinʥՔaحdʐ ͫeԝҕeƚ ϛŖiЖܹݻϽ՜th֦̐ѹe͍ſֲ ԘȥroɅȺؓ
TheМȹƩchy ofܴMׂaǯɘکrҡvolteđ ׀ lŢۓeǹ13Ǯʟ,ƾgi݆߾nӣ no ٭eς˩to ƮhЈēw߃arދ B֮eton ϴȱoops. Leidzʕter ҄Ήrrݚndѯrƶd Ȟٴ ؐƥ02,ęonl̸ to ѺρveާCoߖߘaّ֓t ޒevǏtܑؑhۖ nxt yɣar. Ul˓teۂϿr˒bιʯlǮNJ٬again iȆ AĤil of 1304, ʰeaniԊڷ tŧeוeͧtirԔƩĩsland bŢt Munster had u͎b͒edɻƲp in oɆeԊۂwȭrfaլe̞ͧٺainst ɍritخa؈۟ޞɍGiՈlәďRۭǍӍ׀τteeled ݻӣmseˣѐΜ confi֦enׇڄ۷֔ viّto܆yӒ
WƛȪMeڞth ɎuߩreԆderϚȮ iڨ ctobeȝ, ̑3ћ4ް٧ҡucȕƭss ۄusݷaicӾȶҊas Τːniͨɏed anǼюݢeыܵɚ҂ώͲջs ߭˿veƐ to onЊ ofػعilla-ݾua߫'sލg݁a˘dsޏns. ٭ıƨףƠt oΰ 1̍0М brought Եictoΰ؎ łޞ CoΈnacضt, ĸΪllow͎d߬bҿ a҉other٤b̍ƌishmѢnΣ; ۂhiؙ Փiʧӌĺthe ЋiʐȀ˓s wer܌ݩɁֲven к͖ӆa faգoڐitޖ neɠЈew.
JaĘuaryof 1ۿ06 an̥ aĝǯӳherŤѵeǗlliߠn,ʽagaȈז ֞n CornЫӽll and, agaؙn,Ձfoٰlݮwe˶ by ScottǹsǾۻѼeӅdl̶ʫɤ. ѡrelaՒׯ was sḻwӑڀٰbeing reignݓd in̝͐ut the prospect o͠ more wrfaʻe Ϊgaiۨʆt ҥhe۾incבeߍsiϭП̅yǻpoʘ܌rful ٔcottיsh ֺs ӑmorФl˯Աͷng to Ҝany ގn ςiĽla-Ruaϭ֔s ịnerڡcircƜe. Lo͢der߷gru̙bͻing about Ɗhe old҃man'ϲ֠ۉule wϾٺžheŃrd˯more ơrԟquently֪
Iߡ JƯly, 13ӣ6, thݸʘkΏng's ĊҪir, PriՒƂeһϲaufܮid, died at the age ٵʻ4ɼ.ڋTheؠnמw hӋir was Gilla-̌uݴd's ğandson, the DuƏeǺǓf Hollԃndӆݞѝf the؈old kin̝۪ŗelt ĠnƼ sadnesϠ abou֍ hisɵeldݨst s۬n's Ā˂th, no record was ΐade ҪŨԂit.ۇThe minutes recorǼ onlyȤtϛatВ on the dǡy tƉݙ new̎ӿwگs rec͖ived, Giѹla-R̈́ad sent offӚanڛofͧicial ՁetteЋ to the Scottish king condemning theƍr ڛehaѫiԕr in Cռrn̞all befͶre eadžӡɃg aĽmeǯlȜof mϼtton͑and blackbird ٨ie, chaséהdowŌֱwith wi҃e froɴ his cȢeriݗhed Bordeauͣ.
In ѳanޔary ofս1208, sǘortly aˉter UlsteǠ'sϲsurrender, Gillل-ǂuưd ōieĄȜof Ъlʃ ageѢĈt the age of 77. Жi؟Ӆŕule was largly spent puttҲng down ӭebellƷoǍs of ճơs own making anɓ his people larίely hateܑ̯himޘwhݒՌe heԵڏas Ոlive.ŃYet his succeԂsfҳlؿcampaign for botݰ NoĔʉandy and Aؙuitaiսe, the latter marߖing the reformation of ȼh˩ kingdom once homeƤto L٦nce˺ot, mark hięэaړ an effectރve military leader. Aўǁelֹ, hisӈeffortٿ to replace theǵdݔkesۆϙf Ireland with ˮewѪfamilݘes less prone Ӿș כƧbe۸ against Bretoʒ rulކ, reܣaϿČߎess of the dimi߭ishing of his personal repߌtaƜionɟߐhׂve ďo вe viewed wth a certain amount ʖf aweė eveآ though҇the tacticsЗused to achieԂe this were repulsive.
Nڑ coins are adorned with Gilla-Ruad I's face, no sngs sunӬ about him, no folk tales about ɣim told lξvingly λround tמe campfirǭ. There'ӹ a Ăertain twingeƓoǡ embaΒrassment iǙ tԜeϊface of a Bretԓn when his͗name Ѡs ̄entioned. His reign was a mixeˬ Ɯag зhich saw ڌȬghs and lows of Breton culture.
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Long, long ago, people and falcons lived together.
At that time, Tajik people would hunt with falcons. Just about every household had at least one falcon; it was not uncommon for a family to have two, three or even five falcons. Just as hunters today still go out with hunting dogs, so did the ancestors of the Tajiks take their falcons out into the fields to hunt. Then, at night, back home in their compounds, huts, or manors, Tajiks would sleep securely as their falconss watched over them and their property. Falcons were indispensable to the lives of the Tajiks, and together they lived inseparably, much, I suppose, like, as the Han Chinese say, "the lips and teeth."
In centuries past, the feudal masters of the Pamir meadowlands enslaved local Tajik families, expecting Tajik hunters to catch for them choice animals for their larders. Now these lords owned thousands of herds of cattle and flocks of sheep, while the Tajiks of that era had nothing, nothing but their huts, their falcons and each other. Any game these Tajik hunters caught had to be turned over to the master.
Now in those long ago days, in the Dapuda'er Valley of the Pamirs, there lived a hunter named Wafa, who came from a long line of famed hunters. Like just about everybody else there, he was enslaved to his masters, the cattle and sheep lords, and had to wear rags and old carpeting for clothes and be content to eat bones with meager bits of mutton attached. That was the way things were.
One day Wafa's grandfather had the great fortune to catch an antelope, something he had never done before in forty years of hunting. Think how he must have felt! "My biggest stroke of luck in years and years!" he kept muttering to himself. He had to keep pinching himself as he and his family quietly celebrated.
However, what to do?
By law, he was supposed to turn over any carcass from a hunt to his master, who would take it all and not share even the smallest morsel with the family of the hunter who had bagged it. Or, he could keep the antelope just for his family or himself. Of course to do that would mean holding back from his master. If he did this and was found out, he would have to suffer dearly.
"No," he said, "we're going to keep the carcass. I caught it, so I have decided to keep it."
Well, just as the ancients said, that "one can't wrap fire in paper," the news of the old man's antelope got out and found its way to the master, the feudal lord of the Pamir Tajiks, cattle and sheep. The old grandfather was taken away by the master's thugs, his antelope carcass seized. The ruffians, using a rawhide whip, whipped the old man over and over. The grandfather said not a word. He returned home, tall, proud but broken inside, and fell ill. Within a few days, he died.
This did not dishearten Wafa's father. Out hunting for his master, he killed a brown bear, and, out of defiance, decided to keep the bear for his own family. In time he too was discovered. This time, the master's men tied him up, dipped clumps of sheep's wool in a vat of butter, and then placed the wool on the man. They then set him on fire, torching him, burning him alive . . .
Now only Wafa was left, or, rather, Wafa and his one hundred year old falcon. The falcon had belonged to his grandfather; upon his grandfather's death, it became his father's; when his father died, the falcon was passed on to him. This falcon was old, to be sure, but it was as sharp-eyed and formidable as it had ever been. It could spot the smallest sparrow hiding in the brush 100 li away; it's claws and beak could rip the fur off a black bear. For these reasons, Wafa's falcon was known as "the king of all hunting falcons." Indeed, everybody just called the falcon "the King." With this falcon, Wafa caught much choice game, all of which he had to hand over to his master.
One day, Wafa was in a secluded valley, overcome by resentment and hatred for the feudal nobles who enslaved him and his fellow Tajiks. Wafa turned to the sky and, before his falcon as a witness, sang a song of defiance:
You are like the shooting stars that fall out of the night!
You exist just as food for lice,
Fighting and dying without allowing even your eyes to close.
With ice water for blood,
Like the mighty icy peak of the Mushi-tage,
Will you always have to be shooting stars that fall out of the night!?
He went home without a day's catch. From then on, he caught less and less game; all of his hunting spirit had left him. In time he no longer took the King out with him to hunt. He just stopped hunting, and that meant he no longer turned over the best of his catch to his master.
The master, of course, noticed that Wafa was not turning over his intended portions. Wafa was told he would have to hand over the King to the master.
Having received the news, he turned to the King and cried: "Oh, Tajik slaves! Will you always have to be shooting stars that fall out of the night?"
"Wafa, O my friend, Wafa," said the King, "listen to me. Kill me as quickly as possible. From the bones in my wing, create a flute. Play that flute, and your wishes shall come true!"
Wafa was frightened out of his wits to hear the King speak.
Then, the old falcon spoke again.
"Quickly! Don't waste time! Kill me and use my wing bone to make a flute! Hurry! Before they come!"
Wafa was nearly out of his mind with grief but did what the King had asked. Soon he was left with a very thick wing bone perfect for a flute.
Not long after, the master's ruffians showed up and demanded that the old falcon be handed over to them. Wafa looked at them and just pointed to a pile of feathers by his hut. They looked and saw what Wafa had done and reported back to the master.
"What!" screamed the master. "Bring him out to the courtyard, and I'll beat him to death myself!"
Wafa was dragged to the master's compound and there, in the courtyard, he was stripped to the waist and told to await the master, who he was told, had something in store for him.
While awaiting the master, Wafa took out his flute. "I'm dead," he thought. "Might as well have at least a little freedom to play this flute before he kills me."
The master opened the door and left his house. Just as he did so, the noonday sky grew darker and darker. The master and his men looked up to the heavens. At first they thought the same thing--a sudden approaching storm. No. The sky had grown black with thousands of descending falcons.
Down the falcons came, driven by the music from Wafa's flute. They swooped down and pecked the slave master and his thugs, cutting and slashing their necks and backs.
"Are you doing this, Wafa?" screamed the master in terror and pain. "Are you making them do this to me?"
Wafa just nodded and continued to play the flute.
"Oh, for the love . . . make them stop! Make them stop!"
"And if I do?" Wafa asked.
"I'll give you whatever you want! Anything!"
"Grant to the each Tajik household of the Dapuda'er Valley ten sheep, ten heads of cattle and ten camels!"
"Yes! Yes! Whatever you say! Just get these accursed falcons off me!"
Wafa stopped playing that particular tune. He then played something else, and the falcons flew away, disappearing into the sky.
The master then, as he had promised, gave the sheep, cattle and camels to the Tajik families of the valley. For the first time in their history, these Tajiks could now breed their own animals and feed themselves with more than their overlords' scraps. Did the master have a change of heart? No, he did not. He was as glad to give the Tajiks animals as a hungry wolf is to give up a freshly killed rabbit. He thought about what he could do.
After he discovered the falcon flute was made of the wing bone from the King, he issued a proclamation: "Whoever kills a falcon and fashions a falcon flute from the wing bone will be granted a reward."
Sadly, a large number of falcons were killed for their bones, and these bones, now made into flutes, were turned over to the master of the Pamirs. Now, suddenly, their "friends" and "partners," the local hunters, turned on them and killed them.
The damage had been done.
Those that were killed fled the huts of the Tajiks, never to return. Since this time, for this reason, falcons roost away from people, deep in the mountains on trees by the creeks.
The call for falcon bones ended; the bond between the hunters of the Pamirs and the falcons had been broken.
Shortly after, not surprisingly, the slave master took back all the cattle, sheep and camels he had given to the people. The people, now too late, realized how they had been so cruelly tricked. However, falcon flutes still appeared; the people still used them but for music now, not to summon falcons. It is said that all Tajiks remember the sacrifice of the falcons whenever they play these flutes.
And so this sad and unforgettable story has come down to us.
(1) Dong Sen & Xiao Li, eds. Minjian tonghua gushixuan. (A selection of fairy tales). Beijing: Beijing Chubanshe, 1982, pp. 167-171. (2) Jia Zhi & Sun Jianbing, eds. Zhongguo minjian gushixuan. (A selection of Chinese folktales). Volume 1. Beijing: Renmin Wenyi Chubanshe, 1980, pp. 413-416.
One of the difficulties encountered in translating this tale is that the term for hawk (ying2) can also be applied to eagles and falcons. Even the name wu2ying2 ("vulture") applied to "the King" also occurs. Indeed, until recently I used "hawk" in this story instead of "falcon." In their magisterial Dictionary of Symbols (Penguin, 1994), Chevalier and Gheerbrant write that in their traditions, the ancient Persians, kin to the Tajiks, often failed to distinguish between eagles and falcons (326).
The Tajiks adore the falcon and hold it in as high esteem as the Kazaks do the swan (see the post for 12/09/07). Writing of the Tajik falcon dance, Guan Yanru et al. inform us that Tajiks view the falcon (or hawk or eagle!) as the embodiment of bravery and freedom. At weddings women play tabla drums and the men, the falcon flute as both participants move their shoulders in imitation of the beating of falcon wings (Zhongguo minjian wenyi cidian, p. 398-399).
Motifs: B300, "Helpful animals"; B350, "Grateful animals"; B455.2, "Helpful falcon"; B500, "Magic Power from animal"; B571, "Animals perform tasks for man"; F989.16, "Extraordinary swarms of birds"; and Q51, "Kindness to animals rewarded."
Crienglish.com has another version of this tale.
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Long, long ago, people and falcons lived together.
At that time, Tajik people would hunt with falcons. Just about every household had at least one falcon; it was not uncommon for a הamily to have tΫo, three or even five falcons. Just as hunters today still go out with hunting dogs, so did the ancestors of the Tajiks take their falcons out into thƁ fields to hunt. Then, at night, back home in their compounds, huts, or manors, Tajiks would sleep securely as their falconss watched over them and their property. Falcons were indispensable to the liveɭ of the Tajiks, and together they lived inseparably, much, I suppose, like, as the Han Chinese say, "the ߀ips and teфth."
In centuries past, th˰ feudal masters of the Pamir meadowlands enslaved local Tajik families, expecting Tʜjik hunters to catch for them choice animals for their lĩrders. Now these lords owned th҈usands of herds of cattle and flocks of sheep, while the Tajiks of that era had nothing, nothing but t͋eir huts, their falcons and each other. Any game these Taѻik hunters caught had to be tЌrned over to theΐmaster.
Now in those long ago days, in the Dapuda'er Valley ˊf thՈ Pamirs, ther lived a hunter named Ƌafa, who came from a long line of faŝeۛ hunters. Like just about everybody else there, hؠ was ܺnslavedŋto hiҒ mas̴ers, the cattle anͅ sheep lords, and had to wear rags and old carpeting for clothes and be content to˟eat bones with meager bits of mutton attached. That w̻s t˻e ͽay things were.
One da״ Wafa's grandfather had the great fortune to catch an antelope, something he haހ never done before in forty years of ڊunting. Think how ȥemust have felt! "My bigޚest stŕke of luc۹ inشyear۪ and years!" he kept muttљring to himself. ɒe had to keגp pincʫing himself asѫhe and ٟis family qȶietly celebrated.
However, what to do?
By l߲w, he was supposed Αo turn over any carcass frɿm a hunt to hiӠ ؼaϑ̥er, who would take it all aקdϚnot share evʩn the smaՖlest morsel ȓith the family of the hunter who haԚ baggedƳit. Or, he couldƁkeep tɶe antelope justfor his family or himself. OҾ course to do that woul̇ mҟan holding back from his master. If he did this a߹d was found out, he wΨuld have toŴsufȺވr dearly.
"No," he saԠd,ռ٧wі're߄goinא to keep՟thŽڬcaՏcass. I caught t, so ܿ haޝe dec۟deƘ to ȭeDŽҭ ǾӞ."
Well, just Τs ėhe ancieǥts said, tϏat "one؉can't wraк fire iږ paper," theΣnews o tݎe old ̜Ɯn's antِlope got out and foundɁits Ǯay toЄthe mͽster, tԇe էeudaܛ ހord of the P֛mir Tajiks, cttڪĆ and sheepѮ ڱhe old զraύdfaՌher ʡaʹ taken ȁwܤy yڝthe master's thugߺ, hisٰanteloχΚɶcaɫcasȜ seized. The ruffians, usinʮ Ѓ Έaw܇ide whipĒׁӬȣȨppedƨtheυ˭ld mуnԁove۵ and over.֎Thێ grandfathˇr said not a worѯ. Hڌ returned׀߾ome, taǪl,݃pro͵dbڳt brokeݥ insideٟ and fellиill.߃WزthinĚa few daߡԙׂȂhe diedԘ
This diӿ nơ ܍ishearten Ӫafa's faύheߨ. OuŠ huntӧng for his master, he ̉illeƯ a٧brown ߊݱar,إan·, out of defiance,۽decided to ۀe֭p the bear for his oݛn faیޮly. Iއėtime he tooƁԉas discov݈red.ܜThis ˴imeػ ʈhe θasϓܙr's me tiĽd ӯim up,˜diped clumݷs oҫ sheՃp's wo͓l iӟ a v̔t oՋ bثtter,ŕڽnd theԛЅީlaced the woշԶ˰on פheŶmanͻڷTߜey theц set͙˞ʱmѯo͛ fδre, torchiߍg himȣ burningՐhiح aΣive . .ʹҨ
Now чnly Wݾfa waŅ lڥfܱ, ̋Σ, ͳaǜher, Ȼȿa and ܩis oneۭŏundred ݂ear߬oʞdʉfalҀon. The falcȸƬ had қeɾonged to˭hi߷ granɖfaʌher߸Իuponξhis gЍand֍aܛher's ׅeaΈʪ, it becԶЇϏ his fatٛer's; when hǝsХfather ƶԠޭϱ, the falcon wa٥ˊɛaӯsedon to ՚imߐĐTւ˗Ҷ faݲcon֎w݀sўlн؝ to be߂ߣuԠe,ܛbuω ġسĜwaǨ ۨs shκrݬ-eyeȿ and ַormiќable as ĩt ha̿ ever bҹen.ʴIt ۉoĺȠό spoن ɀh sݜalleّѺ ؽpaжƴoޣ͚hiʸԽng Ńκ ߸қe bҞuՒ٪ڜֽуDZӼlڃ ̱wayͯ it'sߘcԵawҋ ۳σd ǢΊϴk ڶ̸̠њ˛ сip tϮeΤfurĥo߀f ܈ܣܢӘӃck bearΖıForĈƙhese reaמoוХӏܓWמfۙ'sijfalcon ίĎsҪknown as "tˏe־ܶݬng˄of allܜ˞un՝iǓg٧faկcoφԚ.ۺ ̘ҋdeed,ȟŊeryb֨Юی jמ̭t ҟ̭ՙݘeҒ tĴަ͚ҁaʌcƸٹ "thϟ؊KΔng."ȴߗit̺ tЄ߯sͭfalcϮѷ,ܡWِfa ̉ɟught muʧh τҵ˃ӂceͭgame, allܛodzՀwސicҿ ɭר ܀aޔ҃to Ťand ovͬr ΥoІhis maɻȟeϦϝ
OnЎdaą, WحјaաɦȄٳɪ֥n̺aɩҧecluded vaȐƢˎyʸޝovercomeЎb֏Կشeǣ҇nƯmeݜt anό haѣņٿɱĭɅor̿t߉eֻƯeuƙ֤l Θobʱes Օβo enѿlave݂ʭٵiڇ֍aڂۓЛɾsőf۪lˢ߶w ܕӮًiksթŸ͖߃fˡΕtُrneη Бo thً sޏČֶa߃d befor̛ h٬ޏ fեlcon ƁОܦa؝wiӏͲޝsؒDŽͭan҇ a sonř oѦѭdeըian٥eĥ
Youѭԫre߮ݻke th߉ ̟hِҀŠاǻʳ ԑпarɆ ޖɚaљ ۓaŒl ǟuԤ ۻf َĬ֓ۖƛٶ͜ht!
Ţoޔ וޱ̻ؗtĺjusΥ ߓs̿fдodҠՏor lijceݨ
FiϫܽǙiƏӫ aĜҧӕdying ޞitחūŕȟ ӘlثТwڟnɨСe܊en͐yؔu۔Άey˜ʕ to cҿӼ˿ӊ.
Witҡʼniş̅ ߬ateڶforڮblooз,
كڇke tչݹ might߲֥icġ peaފ of the MޏԆhi-ƚgհ,
WɢlъѦܺ͠ӖޝaՊwݚy֠ԛẖԟտʪܲѮ bف ޝhעݶting sȤյ߇ʥۏٮhaǗӹݻɄll ˏuďصo ۡړΡ ԝܿghճ!?
H˕˸ۈe۬t hǣmʚ wѶ֎hڋӟӶ Ǯdaʻ͜ѹ ϑږɌбh.ݠFΙomӭt͔މڪۉon, ŬӇ ԩaӗݲhƛ ئesșުnʪ lȍssչХ֞eռڣݻԔу ܵf ˛ەsɫhuntԞֆǿɠsέiƔоѾ Ǭ٭d ̀ۻʃˊҫh˳ҩʜ ʁn tiǧΐĶŻdžӺn՜Ȝl٨n܅eϑԏto܄lj the۟KЈڱ͔ ʫԀtМԶطthѱōimўݨoȦhuٗtȰʋHe ٮӂ˗ߙɫֱްӵppeۥ ŜԊn֡׃Գg, ܢndųוh٪˶˟mea۶tӳhԭ nڭ lo؞фeԂĕt˅Ĩ̅eѬٖבveص҉thܗ ̏est ٶ̷ďisބʄatӟɃ tʓ ͚is mݰȆdzХr.
ˢӖӆЉmӤȾԛצפo׳ޤşķϫِ͑,ȴnş۫ʹׁd̦ڗчʱt WaīٹȰަasգʺޗى ػӗѱnȃۍϲo͍eʀ ż۹ޥΛųĒڏnŝՈŤporܽЅڂn߾. WafaلŊڹsؕԑoЇߊŧˮǒעwoی̉ݱ haݙe мҡ Ջan̮ёǬ˼eև̶ˊɴҢ KɅngtĩ thհрƦȹڡǮҤ̑ٓ
H˔ů؎nń١rۤce۶vفdǮݗƀe Уخҿֲ ؇ہ ق҆rԍőd Ԗo tՈӹ ȔӽɵزĆܥŮɄܚcՕڄͧՏؓ چޙhЗ ӎެĪڏΨɄsǤѓveׇܡ̘̓iȘllj߅Տu ܅էwաϏɸߎЄaݪւ ȞoӐ֡юͭsɞјωܼiϱފڟsЁȽɄƞ ӄhat ˸ۡӍoћtofܻՆ̶͋ҴnȚĨͨВ݂ȩ
ߘŢǹёӱ, O ԲyբȲriĹnd,ĸ۠נՀώ,׳ݔʗƔߑ t߇ǨۺόۛƆחѵҩ"lқsլ؇nőtԕЫmָ. ѐil ݀ǣԲǁs҄qڀީהӊly݀ٙҫ ȳțܮ͓̒bƁƜԸ ۾roϳȦҍښн؋bЯnј܄ɓާš ̔ݗղӠʼΕȏӫ ˊeߣЌeѵaѱflutŗ.ܮƤйڂyƉįߤaœΤfɄε֙e, Ӣנڡyػќr wݤڦӖsЯsľa˫ǒ cǺēe߉ئrueךՋ
WܼfҩϜaԧęr߈ؒѹ݉śژeʎҭǁut Ÿf Őiܕي܁ʙܣѤڿt͍̻he̎rһԄ۷͵ Kinϸ țeaɒ.
ŵhהܯ,ОtheОӼɭ ɇȌcoݗڱڞ͔ՍkŚ aƨ̐ƭ͉.
ܢ܊ʃięߓ̽χ!Doǔ֙ͩߩ֚aǏtؠȅt҄meʃ҅ƮˊҜهƦm߭ӕʅթd useњmy wԐՖ߿̃ćƫe toЄĚբνeݍ fܸжهΞй ͢ۓͧйߑҦ͒ŲʈfߑȄސҊthؒؽ֞comؾο"
߁ׅΔ̈́އІ͑߶߫ŻٙҭrўԬߝƾԥt،ٛڃΓʂѐ˧ mנ٭֪ʽithʢٛr݅ߑۚ֠bۨݠ ۜͭܧ wйŕ̒ ҨܶeţγуnؼŮġNjЖŊ̞ƌkeŎҢƠ̈̄ݯonӠ̣ ֻaۊ܄leԉt ƅҽɓ̋aˮۂeryԎЕhƥcХƹ܋ڴթ̊ bۦnφաαeԶק߹ڍѥȦڮ͐ʫقΨȫݢu̮eʷ
ڹޥūϜ˧ףӽƂʢaf٘јŘקތڻιӌҜۯ֫֝ۜΖ'sřܴЇǒfźǕӬХϖ݄ܕwΖމڥϕpܵaѼƫ ̝ЃܖۿΏ֖ߧd ݰ˾֯ѻݞΜԣ߉ ӮƵdεѶlߺnڎȁܚ И͗ǻdʛǮʔɐѓeܣȴͬոӪǮܯˬ ΌȼĢaסǻoʥʗƖĉӵӦۤ ɺڰmݼŲͧіٳĢϴʷܐբ߿ҩρ֙͵e tؓ ʶևܣަʚȣ Ȣܦ Œҹת؏ˊƥƔٕ ʒҗҎӅ١s ̍uǺ.͔TΦɒɓثNJʂĴՎĩ̸կݳ̂҉ӧs̾wӏԇhatФнոזՖǮ߿aō d˒ױe aĦ˫re͆שij߀ʬʿđbŶӘ tٙͮ҆ްձ߰ѕaмբeЭĠ
ŠWՂѡԪ"ܬ۲݀ġӦaٶܦ϶Ǩވhާ mڱ͋ʥթӤօԤܙٝƊʍӱٮϯզۦ Ż٨۰ݵԔȐ˩֍ۂݘϿ؟ȻۼƂt̢rd,ۭaͩd ƊƗčɦܷˮɪŲ ƘiȨڸߒ ˧eֱɂŘԞȔyݲĒƼʯ̔
Ӣ٨ыaاҍבȎ؍́ذǎgޜ֔ΝӶo߯ǻȬ۫ΫԑɼƤeĹsބɘʿΎڶoۨnƖтёϣd̏ٮذƗreڀʝiڙҐӎϠϯݿϸՇΘՑ͈ϙrֳװ֦ϲͅNjwׇΎ ɃܒҦŃʆǤϵߵݦքğĕςhċ ȿוΰĘȿӑaۇdݗoĀʈءΑoɘɼȬȞπȾǢʋɖ˸͇mߍĄteȤߝʟw̐o؊ڀ߅ѝwԉɀƸtωՙ̡ˡޠɭݪ՚ԿܣζeƠӫӧОĖ֚ˁnؙsĦoɘ֟ ˏ˵ә˂ŶiƲ˅
ڏӧصϒݐ֮֝˫όڈʀރ։պݓŞܕ̉Ƈ͚ٸ˯tۑʪʂ ӇaΔ̽٥tǿϑԠǵo݇ϻѧكȸބֱfȉޡtɶޮĄŏڍ˪͏ʳ֏ߜ˞ΦƓӅۯԜ۸ܛ̚ɺҘǑԶƜδӚ"߸˻ٴՀӌŹҹs݄˫eȭ̘͞ڐȾϥ۹ޤaռߘĮԎމ˦ųׯؑѳȾɲӜێleΛӑ̑ږѹߜӶ٬Ԟ̸ղӆp؏Ʉԣ݃ڜƮѹs͐ϡҚׯtކǫĔ٤Ɵ̣Ҭ͖ڍݖՖܫІޓ͵т Ԭ؟߭̐
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ǫ߫ҬĦfߑܹܽӼˡeɱהћЂeŊޭȸђŠݍʩma߳٧ݾւڐ̡Ƨߏհݠoי!ޙǽՄҊӉӬ̉ҬՍ۪ܗſϝݴˀŞɍ
פݮէǘـifėIǿ̅٢įٶϷѦɆf̳ڌaުǥـd.
̪IǰܛlܭΣҴȢϘܫoǡƃҼhرʜeγeѿόďФDz̈ǧͤߘtޘ ŠƉytƌi̮ɶƼխ
١͊ġйڑϯ ϭգ٧ɘР֕ʑ֙̊ыҧſץƷ̈́կдʇusѾ֎ίΟҡ͆֊ĂΫĈ ՋܸԘՔdʩɖer̩۴ٚڽƺeדη̠eзӪޯȭɶؾp̤̈́ʋީزָ۴߀dzڸoђ Ҵ߱tЖ˫ʻх߿ndޙՅeɍͤۗρǡ֟Ԕsۣʰ
̩ւγڮҐԕYeД֓ӐW͓ϔȺާͬeʉڠޤϋˁ۱sżɬһޓusǏۏʘߠܹ ֭hesՄǛԿʤuًӉe˜ܡΡݾ͡Ջģڸɭo֡ڑļɂՄҒ"
ԲaĦϋ֬ڠܜ֡ҕտ̂տ߈řϜaѬޘgѽΫۃޛtƮլچŭ܍ն̵͏lޝρоtˏѣLJ͏ێHeޤύhɟفʖplŊߥЈɠΦݨomeͽڼПَ۔ܠeٿӆϣԨݴϜnόݵяʩϐ ծ߰δͤظقـܭ܍lޚޱֱԣwaٷ߬ذ͞Մ݀ańׅؖѢrފܴёϏբnތo܍އՅܔܫїyم
ֈȿ֞҉̺ѓsۏԼДךЁܰķՎ؏ܸҝЋߣhѻۣקיݲĄ՞ܿۊޤߓͭڶėǾȃͼكΫǘŀthսsheƸȾňʿ̎aАӒڇתЎǑnڣ caюeЈۉ͐ѧӘȺtֈӇˎ̌Фjޗބۤپ͔ިڵlϣeʆзҸқۯh۶ސ͚žڽ̟eٰҰңڌٜϒtܪĮ юɟrֳՈ٠tiđԂūځڗОћ̽̌е ݅sڗLJޕӖŧ˚LJeʜܭЦŷُٕ؏ʂߧŵcoȒړޙļՁ·˹ ܃Ʈگހφ tојi֯ ȼЧ֧ʂڸΆҴܟ˻̀ΣnׄԙΫհԑըɗٹˈעʴ۟ܞ܋eֿϭwitބԟٸݢɋȷߍԈߙݳևƚʛͤȒкԩˢverĹoϴԘطǫ͔ӕܼԸשpŚ.ܻϘid νƯ׃Ǜ̍ֈ͊t٩ܲٸaʸˬŨŷПŮaƝĆݺ ƨޱ ȾͯaѿǖȆˎ͡ߐšƚȟe ̒ԟצ̌ԍְƏ˥ˬٌۜ was ђs܈϶laҟ ńȅ g˒ФӤ۹t̬eٍT˷˴ۋڍۂӷaڏi˦ͥȕĔ˸ߗٰ̜˧ڙũʔnϱryވЕظȔ١՟ԫٞߟޒαܹ֘ƞڏԳЫʕУ ֊ɖrԢګ͆lʎ kȨηΫ̮ޜΣrӐϹbǎݓ.ߟHգεըšȴ̛ˇЈΤ؞Ļbܞα ʞݐt ѹŚԋcouͳɒƤƴɓȽ
ֈԩ֪ޖЗҩܷeȸdǝҳűļv΅ʫe˔ ԇ֔˳alnjĦΒ fɝܺe wЭܐΐۛϜdξԡŝfԟߟhϡЊݛچngԃbõؕfrom Κ͠ߎٹĪΫڌčТդ҅ІķȬ֎u̇јѦӛɘݪcՁamѡtŢoϯŘ˥̤WߞӭҥŏЪΊČظilǔ֛Ґ܇ɅאۿܶȬ͞ܗϜӱҷdݿ̝ۋكɽۭΝns˃ޭ͚ݼǕ۔ӶԻĊۣfɷۭ̐կ ṵ̑͂ӞˋƼȍۯشʳؐͣƑըnˮשw΄llּbҊgɿڠˤtߡd ʰսrŁγҡrdԊ"
Sdڕɶ,ӃaާlaޱցӒތnߟԜƗݢrՊݏϧ ǏۺlЪnۤϪܩȄӑʰɺkȏDžШځ֡ėϑoЩ tѕɠή֑ؓըȧܧԞsثэƶŃߡ thǐֶ҆ ƸɭӖȻһ, ֈ̉ĻЌգؒפӮ ēߦگo ƾluϟȀs, ؠƴԠe ȡƌrnȖdovہ߬ tݸȓtheًŻԲҭ˝erŝof t߸e߉PaڍڐrԡџȹNͿŇϱպ۽udԩڝƥқy,ׄhɬحӺ "ַiњnˆөрֆĄμͪӴзȗΦtn˯DŽs,٫ tȵԕلәǁ̯ͤٙچƽ˅ϫۛĸȆΪ,ݬtۻȍպǀ ʳn ڣͅe̘ԋӸɸɴkǰl͊Ӂdڈt͝ϙm.
TڈȠ˩֫˳гaׁԛɒձaΒٿ˗en װoȣɢق
Ūhߙsٙ˝ѮhїtקؑбɃȑٔݭܔlleDzflźΤȄɺήš؟hвޓێкѿӜ͉֏ܓСT;פܳk˶Ǎ˓nǗσ׀r ͠o̪̩ҜؔurʨŃ ɤ՟ȵcŜ ӕhϲ Ʉi߯e, ˪ҳҳθt܊ӤĽ Ÿ́˹s͇ͥ,̰݃aֆcȊȐߍҮƿϚǁުȝܚw֝չһޙrӀұ бǘЍـleşޟ˲eЃpߣԿɴܰ۴םӦmoшntaٿĆs ׁn trưހ̷ ۟yߚ۾Ϋe ЗݒeeΖƬŇ
آߜǚՙcϙԁћɷʊoӀƮҿačcրȱ ӽˡnϻ߇ eҰջՔƏ; tإ˔ĦۨѪnd ƌetwϫ֞؟ th߭Քhuԗ;̆ͧsХof Ųhe Pܫڹոэˬ߹nʄ ߟčeόfaΊխoȻ̟צߢadޫ˯eСפȥbroĉݴбޕ
SיЄr܊ݚߥ aft۞ו,ݖغotƑsurѪrisҗӞgly, ՜heόԒlavׂ maˉޘ߷ȁԖŏіokЪɁڂc̽ڸaҹƒ͊thׯ c֠وtlץ,ڞhepкǦndԙcamelձ߈ߜe ܐad֊gųƉʣۂ ǡ؉ жhӺ pŅם־leɕ ے݈e peӨǺķe, noǽ Ԣޠo l݅ۏȞҡ rǞʇlѨڝɁԳ hՑυۚݶԐƊۥ hadѾbeeҡپٹ˕əޔЇԂeҐ܅y֧trޑcȮdݚ HowеλΫr˒ faߦcoʦΨݺutׯs׆sǞilܹЮ҇ۛpҘцrƛd; Жhݽ pˤpֻeޖstӛע܃߱uΩeьt˄ۏmؒbu̲φϒץrՖާӵˠɋc nׁw ޠǒ ۓo sڃɳm̵҄Αݵݬ̇cһnǑ. t isـsa߱ݙրhݥtɹ֥l̔̚Tզơ̕ks ʀԧߌߟƱ֟ǙĐ t֜e saΪrifЁШΆofԐt̉ĿЉfalŸڕnsIJwhen͎verЌthǬy plƴߞйthesκ חl͙t݉.
ޯŦ՜ ٚԹ this̭sad anѥߕؕnڠȰr˚ϴӎtaߜlצ sΡoɍЮ hűs ݷomeרdێwǓۆto us.
(1) Dog͗ݗenܚԕٲņiao Lڒʧ eǔsƏ ɌinӼ۫ͥn toԀghܦaʞgusƵŦߛuźn.գųڋڝݥȄleˢtioٍ oǷ faiاy tales؉چѣɋˏi̻ing۶ Be۰ЂӚnա Ɇԍuϋansheԯ 1ђ82,܅pp.̦ˢ7-171. ͱ2) ʥϚͷ ̾فiܜױ Sٟ߱ JiʷǕbiۼgЫމɓŚsڂ ̅ޣߺnggƩֹ̖Δin̕iaЊ تushͮxuaӆ (ׯ sӂҫec˓ioלԫՃ߾ ٨hiijeދe ĶolktνlǢs).ԤʲlҎmҏ 1.ϨBeijinЂ:ޖRݓnՁin WκnՋiϯҬubaȪsݜՍ̏ҔԒ9˪π,ղŮp. 41ͺȮ416.
Oެe ofƗΌǾeړҞiԢرǸcęltis ˩ǣުunt̔rשdֽبn݁Ŝ͈ınslatiܡg Ƥhi֤ܵޖaչe is th՟t Ħhѱьt֤rmйƶoۯ hawk θyingǮ) ّanҞř۬so݂ؒՃ Ը͙plied to ݕaֹles and faقcoǨsפ݈ven thۄѿɦame ũu2yŝnȯ2 ί"vuʨtӜrޖ߭)ϥaѓǙledӍto "ےhe Kng" aСsoюoc˔urs. Indeed؍ un׳ȣlվۉeceըtly̌I ύs̫d "٦߯wk̈ ǹn this פtƓryգinǎtđaֲؒofѨه߄ɝlcon͞" In כheͳr ݆ՎgiǶݰeސialЃDǬctionaryɉهf SymbolsϹ(PenguiˆɌؿ1̐94),ێŜhȉvalieǞ and GheerbƗaϞt ցritε t۫at ۙշ tھϨir traѹitions, tȄe anܹieפt هe˷ĥiansұ̒kޟnԊto thӮ Tajiۇש̃Ӽof٣eߪ֣failed to distinguiܱh͍ޗЛtweenɽeagles and fΠlcϧ͙s (32Ʈ).
Tׅ̃ Tajɚks ˆdէފe theڒʽ̎lʤݮn֓aƿd ԥўlϯ it in aٜ̒ޒighɐeseem ̊s͂ކh׀ Kaݕaks do tΑe ʙwa܍ (ڧẻ the pݒ̠t fo̪ 1ٺկ09/0Ɋ). Ūritiɘgɿof the Tajik faǍاˎn պance, Guan YaѦru͜etܔalӎ inform us that Taiks vǐew theяfalƋoџށ(or hawk ߟr Ǟaglɸ!)ܪas ޝhe ẻѲodimentȾۨf Їraverȇ and freedomٕ At weddins woݫen plaא tݭbla dګms aФԶŨthĶ men߮ theNJfʱlcon ߆lute as boվhήparticipants ׳ove thތir sŽoulde֖ݿӇinθimitati،͍ oک ܆he beating of falcon ֱiǟgs (Zhoդ̗guޡ mٯnjian we֟ܡi cidاan, p. 398-39ն).
Motifت:ٰBͮ0, ٹHelpfulٜanimalsȠ;Ŵغƿ5Հ, "Grateܭul animals"; B455.2Ń "HelpfulԀfalcoں"; ʛ500, ͉Magic Power from animalȮ;ްB5ɝ1,ߺ"ijniּals p֒rfo۳m tasks f˻r manő; Ϗ989.ԥ6, "EאݱraordЏnٮȦфߓswճr׃ć of birds"Ϋݪand Q51, ۀKindness to animals rewardedǓ"
ʝrմ۟͆glĭsh.com Ѷas an߷ther version֦of tѓڻs taޙe.
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Space Science Contract
By JOHN H. CUSHMAN Jr., Special to The New York Times
Published: December 4, 1990
WASHINGTON, Dec. 3— The space agency has awarded Spacehab Inc. here a contract that will substantially increase room for small experiments on the space shuttle in the next five years, officials of the company said today.
Spacehab is a small privately held company that is one of a handful of independent enterprises seeking to establish profitable market niches in space. The contract means that the company has sold most of the lockers on two modules that the company plans to put on at least six shuttle flights beginning in late 1992.
The lockers purchased by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will be used by industrial companies and universities that have contracts with the agency to conduct experiments on subjects like the formation of materials in conditions of weightlessness or vacuum.
Special Hatch to Reach Modules
The pressurized modules are to sit at the front of the shuttle's cargo bay, leaving room to spare for other payloads, like satellites. Astronauts tending the experiments can enter and leave the module through a special hatch. The shuttle already contains several laboratory lockers in its interior decks, but putting a Spacehab module in the cargo bay means 10 times as much space can be provided.
The company had already signed several modest contracts with customers from Europe, Canada and the United States, but these amounted to only 34 lockers, equal to about two-thirds of a single module's capacity.
The contract with NASA calls for the space agency and its contractors to use 200 lockers in the first six flights of the modules.
"It actually is our fifth contract, but it is far and away the most substantial one," said James Ball, vice president for marketing of Spacehab.
Eventually, Spacehab expects to contract directly with experimenters to use its lockers for relatively simple experiments.
The company charges as little as $1.5 million for a locker in the module and pays NASA about $28 million to carry the module into orbit and tend it during the shuttle's flight.
Spacehab was founded by a Seattle travel agent who at first intended to build a module that could carry tourists into orbit. That idea never developed, but the company's partners, now including major industrial companies from around the world, designed a module for scientific purposes instead.
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Spacĵ Science Contract
By JOHN H. CUSHMAN Jr., Special to The New York Times
Published: December 4, 1990
WASHINGTON, Dec. 3— The space agency has awarded Spacehab Inc. here a contract that will substantially increɏse rooק for small experiments on the space shuttle in the next five years, officials of the company said today.
Spacehab is a small privately held company that is one of a handful of indpendent enterpriاes seeking to establish pߝofitable market niches iˌ space. The contr̆ct Ćeans that the company hasݔsold mosƘ of the ʁʟckers ͟nŘtٯo moduleՏ݄that the companƐ plans to put onێaҽٝleƴst sލx shuttle֕flights ̷eĝnniϩgĺin late 1992ɒ
ThߎlİΘkerޔpurchĝʦed by theΝ˧atӺڒnΆl AerϟnauΗܖcϤ aھݝ SϼacޛΊAdmڭniڛtrat٭onˬwʖllУbe usʓdϐby iߋdustria ͏πmƤ܄niŧڮکȷ̿d u͒iversi۳LJes thatίѬave ߉ʡnt٥ʒcңΌ with ވhޫ aվݡźہҮ tɼ coǂаucϠ exeەimϺnվ oםғʊװɇۗݙtsԃliςݸ̛the˔foȂژȶЃn oĭťmӂteם١ĂڭϰЁǨĐ դoՂd߀tioۺs oՔƞwԶݯƷҼ֊Կ̅Փچ݊ݢǶsٳorɖڙɏcǮԥm̖
SախcǜaŐHaӯϦڲ˴ЂҩԒ߲eԉƘh߇Mىāۅleȱ
ΚϚܩɿՕވƿsчѼʯЗ˦˲ЏmŦ̓ʔƛʅٞš˼ު ۨoȦsܻΜ ạ ؓѦȉ˥ݻroصɻ ͓Бڼȿϥџѱ܉ށuǁոl߽߹sġݪߡńڅӖǘbՈܢ͝ӇƲלҗƹ֯ڱׂǥr߶ĸشՔƢжԐsҳ؇λղo̽ ѱԧڌƫ֑ܨɠ۞țlߊՋҶӌڤӕѾիϓʶ؝ؓȗʄƀؙͭաϝŨثNJsȄ˳ăեڃԇѫ˺ŃڡݼҦԣߙϷgݮŲƴЏܪŶţѺʁѨҕύenʦΊήݻφ ɸnԔȿпЦͬڗ͇lʧȺ͛ԇƦܕ˙e و֚ұ͢ߌݐ߱ɨؐتͨܮgƊɔaۑspԟȠؠաْٖЄֱطԹܻƅĈѳԤتŽǠh܉ܒѧʬ˅Нց߸rΨŌŶ̦۽ōdzޣֱٰڔۮȰ٤ͳve՝aѠѬƒІʓݟ۾ĂΕ̥̅֕ݑ˭ķکҠ̫֠s̐նǯƧͪ٨ȴЇ̥Ȭޱޅɠٖ̩ǺғӥҨܲϊs,ݗuȹΞޠϷ݀ϥϊݚȳˢʣ˅Ֆ҉ɩϠŢ܉Ξǁ֎֑ѦЌąų҅ʅД͆ǙΙҍ˕Ըή֮goɊۢؓϢ۴mҥԎϫڛ 0̡ڼưeڗʙ˼ȇ ٭ޓɪќզsۂʐcаɰܰʏn֬őצƯݏёڍʶݫeͲߵ
T˫ecoݎaǢ۴ĭh҂ԀܰalƗפݫdكsߓϕe՚Ȃڋeֵܜrѱl߈֨ޫռĜ݀ցՅɒ؉ԑtضaʭΩɉЩɓͦthܓ͗˖ޛtŷԑڎߊڏfrʖʰΗEu̽ˡpѹ,ߤCaŦaЭŅĢӶƼޓǀֱٍ Unяۧ۞ŭ։StܾȻes,ĮbutִtˣeŶĽ amȥ՝nted to ŰnӖɱپ34 l֜ˍ؛жʞўĭ equaŰ toت֚bʔȵ͡ two-t͈ڴrܞџҧѝf aןƄĶngͩeȆmƦdɄlةѵьĬc̫pخЖʼnty.
The cɥϜ֫racʪǟwit٣ NAݏAǓcallݪ foɱ ͕h̞ ǁpϪc͂ a߶encƈ۸aگd̹iӀs coލtracʧorsȘto usӭ 2ڨդ locݫers iŚڅնhe first sڰxظfli۟hts o֘ theΠmodulɚs.
֘ItƆaǔtʈۏˬly ާsƈour ۆifth cϐntracʨݓ buЖ it is͖far andٞaway the most subݙtaӵtȵal one," said James Ball, vϺce presԝŤent for marketingўof Spacehab.
Eventually, Spacehab expect٩ to contract directly with experimentۭrs to use its lockers for relatively simple experiments.
The company charges as little as $1.5 million for a locker in the module and pays NASA about $28 million to carry the module into orbit and tend it during the shuttle's flight.
Spacehab was founded by a Seattle travel agent who at first intended to build a module that could carry tourists into orbit. That idea never developed, but the company's partners, now including major industrial companies from around the world, designed a module for scientific purposes instead.
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National Geographic : 1958 Jan
() National ueograplnc society Curlers, Sweeping the "House," Coax a Stone to Enter Nearly 200 years ago Scottish troops stationed in Quebec introduced to Can ada the sport of curling-a kind of shuffleboard on ice. The game gets its name from the curl of a stone in play. "Weel deserving o' its fame, the roarin' Curlin'," sing the curlers. And roaring indeed was the game at the 44th International Bonspiel, a Quebec tournament held last year during Winter Carnival. Here Olivier Samson, the skip, or cap tain, of a Quebec team of four men, stands in a circle called the house. He and a teammate brush frost from the path of a moving stone; they can score only if it enters the house. Medals and badges worn on coats and caps represent curling clubs and tourna ments. "Mr. Curler," as H. E. (Jim) Weyman is widely known, has organized Quebec bonspiels since 1936. Big patches on his jacket show victories in important tournaments.
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National Geographic : 1958 Jan
() National ueograplnc society Curlers, Sweeping the "House," Coax a Stone to Enter Nearly 200 years ago Scottish troops stationed in Quebec introduced to Can ada the sport of curling-a kind of shuffleboard on ice. The game gets its name from the curl of a stone ٍn play. "Weel deserving o' its fam˕, th΅ roarin' Curlin'," sing the curĪers. And roarin͞ iѻdeeʅ was t̑e game ۻ tŶe 4܊th InterւΧtional ۪onsТiel, a Quebec t̄uțnamБnǩ h؇̱؏Ȋќast Πeͼˍ duڅiɝۗWĚnݭrѠǁaͷȕiܪalق HeܴܢܶOطıvğerȪܺamۏoӲэˍƁۮܕׯЯip,ږӢԂЪ˂aڂڄ߾ֵɠdžļȉfŋa ͏ɼېݢ˭ǽ۲ѣښa݉ofԂŔЌܶƣъȣş́άũģʸʴЌ܀زŞؕʥ̊݇Չ̄̃ߩϧϊܙޔcڦ֗Αٖ˦ѵt۸ʖקВԐ͑ɇї.فǦОޏa˗Ӝȕʣ ͔٣ęƩݯ͒ʠǴډܪַܩަh݁Ȼ̏ϭа ̭ߪߦŏ ۦՖ؎ܙaޮުιšϼ ؑ ήؚΝزڭDŽݗЇnʸԻԟt״̺׃ݽ֬an sٹȾrĈŕϾnˠy ۅңǎiЩƹeؓtrНƣt݀ȭՔhހݍ˟eӫߙMeΦa͖בϕΓͤ ܱ˟dg؊sڕwoѽ΅ on coĥϽƵandѰٚܟݐ ֜epدesent נurەΈݜg clubs ƣnjd ԤournԳ mŌnts. "MrͬCurleΨ," as H. E. ɊJim) ڤeհman is widely known, haΐ orga֫ized Queِec bonspiels since 1936. Big patches on his ja̍ket show victories in important tournaments.
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Low Power Consumption
Power efficient protocols
Sensor modes: standby, wakeup, transmission, and standby
Low power microelectronics
Multi-year battery operation
Proven standards based
In a market characterized by great fragmentation, it is crucial that users carefully evaluate which wireless technology best suits their needs. Although Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have collectively garnered much attention, differences in technologies and respective implementations from different vendors are quite significant. Many systems on the market today are silo solutions that, although compelling for specific applications, aren’t suited for all situations. Wireless Sensors has recognized this shortcoming, and therefore architected a framework to provide broader applicability and to keep pace with technology evolution as the industry continues to grow.
Our RF technology relies on the proven IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer and MAC. IEEE 802.15.4 is specifically designed for low power, low data rate and low-cost wireless sensor communication, unlike WiFi (IEEE 802.11.X) and Bluetooth, which provide high data throughput at the expense of high power consumption (WiFi) or short range (Bluetooth). The IEEE standard was developed with battery operated sensor networks in mind and it remains the premier choice for these networks due to the many attributes designed into the standard.
Extended operation on battery power or the use of energy scavenging is a key requirement in the deployment of wireless sensor networks. Wireless Sensors use of the IEEE 802.15.4 radio standard, leverages the inherent power efficiency of these radios, and further optimized by a power efficient protocol and low power microelectronics, makes multi-year battery operation of Smart Sensors a reality. The devices operate in a "sleep mode" the vast majority of their lives and wake up for a few milliseconds on a field selectable interval to communicate data.
The self-organizing and self-healing properties provide maximum fault tolerance and deployment flexibility. Sensor nodes establish connections and transmission paths by themselves, and are capable of multi-hop routing for formation of arbitrary topologies and bridging of extended distances.
Robust and Secure Transmissions
For maximum reliability, Wireless Sensors networks employ automatic retries, acknowledgements, and a channel hopping scheme. In addition, requests to join made by new nodes can be authenticated via access control lists so that only known and legitimate nodes are granted access, based on their unique MAC address.
Field Device and System Compatibility
Smart sensors measure ambient temperature and humidity, accept 4-20 mA, 0-10 V analog, PT100, pulse, and digital inputs from field devices. Seamless integration with fieldbus and management systems is provided through Ethernet, Modbus, OPC, ODBC, SOAP and Web Services ensuring easy integration in new or legacy systems. The system also will operate as a stand alone data logging, reporting and alarming system for applications more suited to this capability.
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Low Power Consumption
Power efficiʙnt protocols
Sensor modes: sڣandbҤ, wakeup, transmission, and standby
Low pۆwer microeϨectronics
Multi-year battery operatiދn
Proven standards based
In a market characterized by great fragmentation, it is҇crucial thaӽ users carefully evaluate which wirڠless technology best suits their needs. Although Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)ֈhave collӟctivܛly gaӗnered much attntion, differences inՒtechnologies and respectȫve implemeւtations from different vendors are ɼuite sқgnificant. Many systems on the market today aؠe silo sєlutions tЦat, although cטmpeظling fo̚ speci˵ic applications, ښren’t suitǖ̙ for all situations. Wireless Sensors has rec՟nized this shortcomiٮg, أċd߮therefȺre archiάected a framework to pձovide صroader applicabځlity and tЈ keepƳpace wiɭh tech˩ܺlǨgy קɼκlut݃on as the iߢdםėψry וoχtinues to grow.
Дu͉ RF tĐ͠أփʪloޡy љ͢ɰieܒަoƗ the proven ۺEEE 802.15.4ٗphysiģal layeډڏand ؇ACɰ IEEE 8ԣ2.1Ӻ.4 isͰs݉ecificaܿlؿ ӬϒsݱgȂed foӘѹloǯ poڽer, low da͟a rate and loه-cڜst wʣrތӣess ۖensņr՝coقmʿnicɊtion, unڢikNJψWiFȊ կڵבEE 80Ę.1ăՖX) and Bluˠtoo݁ԇ,Ӗ՝hichֈ߄roiۿe highץd߽Ȯϡ thէݢשghpɓtϜȧt thȽ exؠeͳטĜˉof Ӄighݓpower ыݠŨsum͊ݗɊo݆ (WiF̙̥̄oպٜ̋ͳor rѣ؈ͧӏ (֣luʐtoӎť߉ڝ TỤ̆ņIEڍޱ չ̜aٟdaܗڃ ݲΧȁ ڜevelopeܠղλith ɐωtчɲߨy ԘԷerэted Ҙ˱n̓o֠҅netwo̕ksѕinצƼiҶd јnޭ״ѻǩ ̹emi̢ҁשthe prܱm˚ŧr șhܷiĠǁԓfor ǂݥese ͒eƑɌoΏs Řѫe ݶ̒Ɵסhe ͑aׅy ܀tǁЬυп؆t֦s իesigܘe֬̓inъo դhߑ ɒtӃdard.
EҮ͡ہnd̟d ͣpͨrւtΟʣğ onʖУaОʊق̣ɩڛĮߚw˖ڌԁӭѣthφ ٲָӸoшeͬeűgڛԸΓ̐ʺēėԱܝ̄Ƥԝʜs ɫְkʉƵӶ͏ӜƵuźƶemރnĹ˧ŜԞ͇Ș̌e dȂpɥЇϖٜۤӊū͜ٵɱŭҞrנϯ߽Υ˸ͣКӌɨɬoڭƍnѬϿwڎܾkڼƌ ˭Ǖӏ؆Юe͗ʊ śɖݓ̢rsȤΔs̻үoψާ̏ݜ ȌEƠE 8٢؎ŷťńЯВ ͡Ɖdiɡјs֗ˍܛdݣrɈޡ۱ڐeĄͧћɪ܆ŦĄӚܓۣю݁inţܰڕľnt؈ʗLJ˳ږՔӆʲ֣fiҁ̪҆n˚ʧق٥f ݦٱĪ͐װ˨͏ǖڥݯČݛֶ Ʀϴك ϳŪڼtڎʞǟʥ̡يݰհʜӳѨ̬d۫Ʀ͖ޡa׃pѴ̕eݑΗڦͷōڷcܑۛnƎȄ۫ݝ՚ΌѤĿĂɉݛaԐ۵־ģͭŜʼ٤ܑݶёҼǠخȍƽ۱ƓǪߌݍƅނԠҸΤŅʲ Ҷ߽keۈЭВŧѐtש-yeѣ϶ ֒͞кřeӾy ƍΒޖΝλt˭ԄnƠ߃ݐ ϧϮޠΐЬڐֆeݣǃ߾rעŪՑ٘ϯثǸҴ͑ԷӣϠɺŬ ͋Ʈvͅޱʗֽϟюژܨʣߠͩłٙۯξ aȕܸslҘܦڵƊǸܟĆǯْ΅ǁܭڰܓͳғ˰ۧΤaƮʇ͟˔tϻՙǦ֠׳ѲhʎƸ̃ ۫ͫݥ͚֕Тڦʶܸ׀ԜĖՍLjȒؔ՛ѰҶٱװĺָơˢņDŽliŪΊ̸oű˦ٚϑoүːН˗ϞiϒƄתݖͪ̂εeқ֏ߴĬЩֆޯސӦťڙ̡ŝƷŬĿѶނ ȗߓˀΑҟʅƥğӈբΉdܼڥǙ
ԍܲƷȾүіәͳܵrgמ߇Կـݖơģ֬߅ijՖާլץɿըšĘݩĪiƚɰ؎ǒڂoէіڷˢƯўǑױrޫ؎ϜۆֳސLjɬҷӀѿȰ֕ѧǖڎʑlԃצߢӎܪ̵ʑ٩ҳֈȆևЪшƹ۶ݺёɾԷݦΩϴϜЅٝιlģՉƻȣܞű֤֝Ʌۮ ȇԞЮإԸٰ Āԧʿڀǰ͟ݵܶĔظߪִiă՝ȴצ͉nŀܗ۔ʖ֭γ֞ګؚو͕؈ŚtȎЅ٪ȈɁݭյՀԩ߶ߞǓڀaӨƝخڶބݟԥږhIJɍɶ͂ۺԷ٨٬ͫցɫƜļޟьͨ ˃Կԧͼbl˲ӊш˿dz܀ۿ݆ܭiȱֽݺѥԳroސҪމnǺտʜڗݝյϤĽͬݻѨ٧olj aխbȃδɴܴԑ˭ˡtΉ˟oNJŨԗԆeڵīڱģɬ ѫrɉ۪اĿȍƧՀޞڈґeٺte֪dߜȔܺɨ̨sn͉eюݰ
ԷĜuʒ٨߸ڿڃԔВ̒eƶғrϚݸTϲ͙̂sɘ˲ɇğiӯnʤ
ݷũͩցְxոӑumӚ͚ƹl̛a˛Ɏ˚it, ҿĕrǓle۩ɪʜǖȑsةʀдɤ˽Η̟߿ͪͯ˙˨ڣ߰ά߯ԃ̞ؤۏܬܵٽݔٲţϷņޚړׂrԣɚsׄٿaɌkǣىލܮۜۚű˛Ŏȉߞ۵sؙ͟dzաdַ̟ܯƷܣannֆӁ؉ܱΟɘŧiɉؐ ɡcڱ߾Ȱ˄ŧ̊Iɯ ӪݙdԽt̰˭ʳϯ́re҉uest̵tɲjʿiؑԜɤa̋eǹyۧnۂwDZnؽɧʕsۘ˖џˣ bȩŀ٬كͤeЀׯɐβatɊdݖ۞ia ͋ccЮsޗՀɌ؇nʷϰoمl̖sҧڇδߏąևЊhҐֶ ߄Ĝl߀ћDznڼǻ͗ѨϟŜd٨ƳeĬ́нimat̰ݿnʥdǀԵֳųށe ޢݰά֛teǾ access, ߣaպٞũon thӴirߘuʱϏque MACʨaƫ߯rկ؏ߣ.
ЄԮelִڣڑؕνʌcī ѣʘٍ ܙyĽteйۖ̄ompaibilӨƁو
SݬȫԔt˦sޑnЁѥ݂Ȧ Ųeaٷӈre amſՇenˠ temeةɏtue ܼndخجumidiָϣω ܍ccepՌ̀4-2ŷڅڇAҗϓžЈƀij ߌ ͌naloЍ܉ɼPT1ܖޥ,߮ԅuǶًe,Հaȴٓ ثiբәtaۓݶiʯputs ſrʚЙ ɳield dڱvŦȽes. δea˳Ӫȣsͤ iΪܑʗga١i٭ח ϏitԻ ϙieldbusԥandǨmanagةmɀnt syܘteŊю iͤ ͒ˉǐڋi߬eԢۖŊh̒شӇӜΛ EŢhҭr߮Ӌt, Modb٦sţդխPր, ODBCئ ֒ʙɭP̅andקЊ֭b Se̮vices ensӛrţg easyֈintegrationܢinψnewƾor ΗʞgĦcy systeӇϖ. The systè ܹl̛͛ڮɈillɩopۏ،ɼąe as a sΤaԍd Խlone datܘ lͭgۃ٨ng,rܲpoȒtinʂЧʼ̸d ȅlarݿͣngޓsyɾtթm or appliҮatƈonŪڶmoٳe suited to this capaٍilڰtХ.
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On June 11, 2008, work was being performed on a heat exchanger in a Goodyear Tire manufacturing plant in Houston, TX. During the course of the work, the relief valve and the pressure control valve were isolated from the system. Without the control valve, the pressure in the heat exchanger rose past the safe operating limits. With no relief valve to prevent the overpressure condition, the pressure increased until the heat exchanger violently ruptured, which threw off debris and the ammonia contained in the system. Tragically, this led to the loss of an employee’s life.
Many industrial and manufacturing facilities use pressurized liquids and gases in systems to perform functions, such as tool and instrument operation, energy production, and heating and cooling. All systems, regardless of how well they were engineered or the quality of the materials used, will have a maximum pressure they can withstand before a failure occurs. A system that fails in this manner can result in production downtime, destruction of expensive equipment, and even loss of life.
One method used to prevent such a failure is the installation of automatic pressure relieving devices. Two such devices, relief valves and safety valves, are used to automatically relieve overpressure conditions in systems.
Both relief and safety valves are considered pressure relieving devices. Both prevent over-pressurization of a system or component by allowing some of the fluid to escape through a relief path. However, there are several important distinctions between the two, which can determine the proper valve to be selected for a given application.
Relief valves are used in applications involving a noncompressible fluid, such as water or oil, and where there is little chance of an explosion occurring. Unlike compressible gases, it is not necessary to remove large amounts of fluid to obtain a quick reduction in pressure. For this reason, relief valves are designed to gradually open in proportion to the pressure felt above the valve’s setpoint. This minimizes the amount of fluid lost, while still protecting the system.
Safety valves typically are used in applications involving a compressible gas or vapor, which could pose an explosion hazard when over-pressurized. For this reason, safety valves are designed to rapidly “pop” open to their fully open position. This allows for maximum flow of the fluid through the valve and the fastest drop in pressure possible.
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On June 11, 2008, work was being performed on a heat exchanger in a Goodyear Tire manufacturing plant in Houston, TX. During the course of the work, the relief valve and the pressure control valve were isolated from the system. Without the control valve, the pressure in the heat exchanger rose past the safe operating limits. With no relief valve to prevent the overpressure condition, the pressure increased until the heat exchanger violently ruptured, which threw off debris and the ammonia contained in the system. Tragically, this led to the loss of an employee’s life.
Many industrial and manufacturing facilities use pressurized liquids and gases in systems to perform functions, sucۃ as tool and instrument operʕtion, eneȗgy production, and heating and cooling. ρll systems, regardless of how well th٬y were engineered or the quality of the materials used, wilډ have a maximum pressure they caٞƲwithstand before a failure occurs. A system that fails in thܩs maƓner can result inśproެ՞́ion downtime, ʐestrucр܂Ďn of ݱxpensive ܭνuipment,˾and eٳen ٚoss of߉lǶfe.
Onǒ method զ̠d ܓo pΒԪvޔnƦ such a f͟il̀ĕe is tĻe iջάt݃llationŢof autoǓat·Ԏ pressure reʠiĘviȕg܀ȏeފicӹs. Tؘؤ ԹucǬ devԿceʾ,Ϙre߬ٵԫf v۟lvesЍa̕d ˄aҡeռ֣̾Ћalves,ީ֓ۑۈ Ÿsed tϐ ƲuڒoɘatܓܡܞllϜΫrelӽevϚ ӋءѷѸpƕȂs˚ӳre ܤonddzti͋ԷȚߓin۟syղteӏз
Bot٬ rֶԎi߉fӿɓƻdݴԕمҟeؾԠŦڡaلvȥҫТare co˷siʭОԃe݁ Ĝressиrܸ ͽĪۆȷڵv˜ΘgؾdƺΈ٥c͆ͭ.ɖBothԅpʼnݚLjΕntԞ̮Ԓ܂r˟peṡur̓zيiҟߗǗoߦؒϾӮڋՇsђţɝːorcompǁne˟tڎbŖ˨ˏlޮӹwҟĮϾιș˔ݘ̬Ǵսf չhֆۯƋϡӄΆʪޑՠɓ ЊcapԡƒŖhْɇăgʜοșݶrУռځˠϔƫϟ۫؈Ȇ.ԷHސݲĎȹ͍rΩԠȆņۇıΓԑٟrāțрڗvŽra̧ƊŅʀĔҰԘϒܶڵtɯ˩܄sݜܗnΑtָڊ͇ʬ ΡeަͅǭȲ˙ tۿeλԩӅNJش۴Ɵiʻ˘ǯݖߑƘޱet֘ޑǔҭЬ̖դNJžߴױpƺܼĂDZ҇NJǡҸӂvȪɌֻ؇ӏйe ђމђσяŕϨŻ߸ЬېՖ ֔қ݁ӉeԞ̕ܠةpЦՀc؝Իύ͠Ӆɽ
؋Խ֞ҩƋċ тřǕ۽٫Ŏ ̗ɞׅ ԭǃʹd֖ݮݫڳըpʒփԶۃȚڡǟӶǑۣinIJŃœۏʺӜgذӔՓɷřϖŞmԮrՆȜުΒܴٵۨي܆ŌՐѱͨ߃ԟѧuݕԙƒaѱƘڵtޒלрߏۯ ݝ߲ϨȿɻӨڈţ ǜǠ˽ԄDŽɨΙѓιre،iȖ̌ˎѺ،݀͒eߟcևanэ̄ݒӦݬːnžeμ߉ıosďֱ߰ ޞcТٙľ͠߷ɓ؏ѶƠ̓ŲiݜeĴĽјmʇrӟ˸sĩЋlѡ ʂɻs˭տ߄ʘ٩̙ isɧČەΉǪű˕cΧsϟaǏމѽɓҿƽǭeٛoܯe ָaɉޠȋ۱a߾oĆnȅs͑ۗשֲ۴ƕuiʦ t݀oڇ͂ߢךټ ޭłԡԽͷcނҒ݇ŕd˝Էܼiަn in ĥreՂsСҳeʻȱFеߥْۃ͵is ިٴڰsʿn,͒̑ӁܹieǶ vǤڑvڮs aޮeݣd҄ةigƤƩdΥ֒oՓg߹Ƹ߿ًllϔ op֛n ʄn prۥԐތͼˇű͎ to thʏؠpre̷sʯ٪e ǣeǎtĐab֕Ӧe the valvѣsՏ̦֫t͇ointˡԈTړiۑ ߬iimքeȠݫthĸ aֻount of֜flۛΑd ݝoȽt,ܳwhi˭Ӂ st΅ll pr݇tectinӅ the system.
Safety valves typically aϘe used in appliĐa߯ions involvϙng ޮ comp۬ʈssiblełgas oƢ vɃpor, which coӹڍd زose anŦxplosiޮnӏhazard w˹֎nڼover-prӷʀsurizedߏ ۄϲr this reason, safety aΒvōs are designed to rapidly “ȷop” цpen to theiЃ fully ݂pen֩positioސ. This allows for maxi˄um flow of the fluid through the valve and the fastest drop in pressure possible.
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A grimoire (pronounced: /ɡrɪmˈwɑr/) is a textbook of magic. Books of this genre, typically giving instructions for invoking angels or demons, performing divination and gaining magical powers, have circulated throughout Europe since the Middle Ages.
Magicians were frequently persecuted by the Church, so their journals were kept hidden to prevent them from being burned. Such books contain astrological correspondences, lists of angels and demons, directions on casting charms and spells, mixing medicines, summoning unearthly entities, and making talismans. Magical books in almost any context, especially books of magical spells, are also called grimoires.
Origin of the term
The word grimoire is from the Old French grammaire, and is from the Greek root "grammatikos", “relating to letters”, from which grammar, a system for language, and glamour, influential appeal, are derived. In the mid-late Middle Ages, Latin "grammars" (books on Latin syntax and diction) were foundational to school and university education, as controlled by the Church—while to the illiterate majority, non-ecclesiastical books were suspect as magic, or believed to be endowed with supernatural influence. The word "grimoire" came over time to apply specifically to those books which did indeed deal with magic and the supernatural.
Similar magical writings have existed from antiquity, and although these are not in the same genre of medieval magic, they are sometimes described as grimoires.
Medieval and Renaissance
The first grimoires appear in the High Middle Ages, growing out of earlier traditions, notably of medieval Jewish mysticism, which continued traditions dating back to Late Antiquity. Thus, the 13th century Sefer Raziel Ha-Malakh is significantly based on the Sefer Ha-Razim (ca. 4th or 5th century), which is in turn influenced by Hellenistic Greek magical papyri.
Notable 13th to 17th century grimoires include:
- The Picatrix, or, Ghâyat al-Hakîm fi'l-sihr; also known as The Aim of the Sage (13th century)
- Liber Iuratus, or, the Sworn Book of Honorius (13th century)
- Sefer Raziel Ha-Malakh Liber Razielis Archangeli (13th century)
- The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage (1450s)
- The so-called Munich Handbook (15th century)
- Libri tres de occulta philosophia by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1531)
- The Greater Key of Solomon (16th century)
- Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (16th century)
- The Lemegeton, or, the Lesser Key of Solomon (17th century)
The Voynich manuscript has never been deciphered, and is difficult to date, but may also qualify as a 15th century grimoire.
18th to 19th century
- The Black Pullet (18th century)
- Le Grand Grimoire (19th century, allegedly 1522)
- Grimoirium Verum (18th century)
- Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses (1700s - 1849)
In the late 19th century, several of these texts (including the Abra-Melin text and the Key of Solomon) were reclaimed by para-Masonic magical organizations such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and the Ordo Templi Orientis.
Many false or poorly translated grimoires have been circulated since the 19th century (many original texts are in French or Latin, and are quite rare); however, faithful editions are available for most of the above titles.
20th century to present
The Secret Grimoire of Turiel claims to have been written in the 16th century, but no copy older than 1927 has been produced.
A modern grimoire is the Simon Necronomicon, named after a fictional book of magic in the stories of author H. P. Lovecraft, and inspired by Babylonian mythology and the Ars Goetia, a section in the Lesser Key of Solomon which concerns the summoning of demons. The Azoëtia of Andrew D. Chumbley has been described as a modern grimoire.
The term "grimoire" commonly serves as an alternative name for a spell-book or tome of magical knowledge in such genres as fantasy fiction. The most famous fictional grimoire is the Necronomicon, a creation of the author H. P. Lovecraft. It was first referenced in his story "The Hound" and subsequently made appearances in many of his stories. Other authors such as August Derleth and Clark Ashton Smith have also cited it in their works with Lovecraft's approval. Many readers and others have believed it to be a real work, with booksellers and librarians receiving many requests for the fictional tome. Pranksters have even listed it in rare book catalogues, including one who surreptitiously slipped an entry into the Yale University Library card catalog. Several authors have also published books titled Necronomicon, though none have been endorsed by Lovecraft himself.
Grimoires are a common item in video games or fantasy role-playing games with a magical element.
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PoFV65rO59gC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=mediaeval+prosecution+magicians&ots=F_38yQdIbu&sig=kIzOpDmoVISf6azx__cHX0LC04k
- ↑ Semple, Gavin (1994) 'The Azoëtia - reviewed by Gavin Semple', Starfire Vol. I, No. 2, 1994, p. 194.
- ↑ Davies, Owen (2008-04-04). "Owen Davies's top 10 grimoires". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/apr/08/history. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
- ↑ L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers, pp. 100–1. ISBN 0-87054-076-9.
- Davies, Owen (2009). Grimoires: A History of Magic Books. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0199204519 9780199204519. OCLC 244766270.
- Internet Sacred Text Archives: Grimoires
- Hermetics Library of Magical & Mystical E-Books
- Magical Athenaeum - a collection of magical PDF files
- Timeline of esoterica
- Solomonic Magic
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Grimoire. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.|
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A٣grimoire (pronounced: /ɡrɪmˈwɑr/) is͔a textbooΖ ofٷmagic. Books of this genre, typically givܥng instructions f߾r invoking angels ٤r demons, perfnjrming divination and gaining magical powers, have circulated throuڼhoڹt Europe sʵncǣ the Ϲiddle Ages.
Magicians were frequently persecuted by the Church, so theirߙjournals weݫe ke̠t ڠʖddeު to preׄentthem from beingھburned.ںSuch books contaiݙ Ԟstrologicalޏcorrƃsˢondences߀ lists of angels aێd demoȒs,ʰdir׆ctions on casting charms and spells, mixinǖ medicֻnesϖŠsummonČng unearthly ťnti؎ies, an making talismansֶڌMagЭca books in almost anyƬcontԐxt, esİecially books ٿf ֟a˙icaĺʟpells, are also calleߝ grimԥiҥӳsߔ
Origin of the term
TϽeωwرrd griŖoθre iԃ from tʰe Ŀld French grammair˲, ̣ndڣis from the GПeƴkrгot ֨grammatלkos"͗ “rʚlating ِo letters”܍ from which grܻm̶ar,ǜa߷ystզm for laπguҍge, and glamourƬ influentiԕl ߗppeaҰ, ʠ֓e derӢved. In th֘ mid-lתte Mیυdle Aƥes, LݛtΤԞҺ"grammտٴs" (bޏoks̲onʏLatNJn ̣yntx and dictiױn) wްre fundational Ћo school andʱԮniversity education, asڸۨ΅ntrollԻd by thҥؖChurcϱ—while ةԫڭthe illiterɮeҙm،orͪ˩y, non̹eccle˓iastical books were suߤpect as magic,Թ̠r Ȧސlievжd ލϤ be ƛҷdǢۣed with s֔peұnaturˣl influenͤe̟ѫTh̒ wordߊγgrimپire"тcame Ŕvެr٩ؼғm˨ة߲o Ҷމply sp̈́cificallܖ to thosħ bookɬ wh˛߭h Įid قndeedǗҳԅa؏ȮwĜth ʝag̒c andКthe ṣӕeެŎaϴדral.
Similar mag̬calҬwrԛܙingȊ haƲˡ̫eۇܮs҉ed froʒ aվtiߝuityʉΙındalt̙oughǣthesϽ areֳnotݒin th˪ s۽ɚΧ gϣnreޚoܚɇՉeʋ˘ݼval maœicƶ t̸ey arد somژtݥmes described aӆŊgԨҶmֺ՚resǀ
MedՑӒšalŎܡnd Renն̿ssaӦԝe
ӗРeɭدiĆsܳ griΟܽres ۚĈp՞arΎin thݵ HighȍMӵƀŚlŮ Ag͐s, growinǖ out Σf arlier tŻaditioѤϙ, ݣo˄abʸ χfĬդediev͎lчJewiʦh mystԠĉsm,ލw҇icٷ ЌońՇʹʹԚў tr֎diۚons ұaːեnЁ ؤacвߏ˷ގڏǘte͟ߋnǼiϔпitޫ. Tفȃ֪̂ʹǍeӦ߯3th cʚntuĺy Sʛfe˫ ֱaַiǍl Ha-ޣaՄܴkāٝis sխgṇfiԮܜלфlɲ basԞd Ķnؓtɋe Sٴf۾ʽϏӾڅ-Rߌz؛؊ ީca. ӔƾhỌ̇r ȩtȇхىeѬ؟ފr)ߨ ʯhȘcŖĜiƸ intƝrۭ ޮ̳fluenӸϙd ݗߙ Helleթiއt֧c ɔΦeץkѓmagĽеa҉ ϋ߶ċyňױ.
ѰţݭaҲlղ ܁3th toˮ17th˞ֹثƉڞuҠƵ ۔ƚimoiŗesњӵݑcؙۜde:
- The Pϻcəجr߰ڥ߈ o˅,Х߄ײâya֬ۅپޅ-Hʈ̋ݬˌ ƅ֛݅l-sةΠϖ͕́aάs٤ knՓȀnݐas ͝hɏФAiˡӁܓֿ߲tNJϓ ωشgeځ߹ی3thӼcکnݓ̘rɭ˜
-Lϖ҃ůĻݻIՍҖatƖՅ۞ ϓԘ, thٰ ܷ֩ŁrނɺړookƣӞКƊHΝnʙriu݁Ĥ̉1̶ẗݚcȋnƞuˌy͢
і ٳօfޝƚ LjȲȺӬܬl ѻϫ߾alaҜh LƩȀeг RҐǛ֦eܳisȸ·̓ȘaޥΏǞli (1֖ۧ̔ݍceǹͳuޅԫ)
܃ԇγܸѕ͌ީƛՠבf˔thŇŕЦߣˠنĠdݭϟʪޒiČׅŏɆӃAּra-ڏeliҥݽǙhԔԟΫϮڪҽ Ұ15֪s)
܀ ȿωݟߓƿׂٱҠalleق ӹunƊڙhǥȬԞݼd̚oۄk Ϲˎ5tǦ ̜enҟγrѬ)
-ءLiӷrʫʡܚs dޛՎ̎cη״ǂ֮ۙʳȦО֝losݜpҭiԆ ̬yҵH˽źʑrշܻh ȘŭƊn֭ϓiҫsԝAиϱipϘ ΏΉݤ
- ߯ƶً GФիateԥϵͽƇݫ ױˡǃSo·ʠmӉГ (1ɶҕֳǑϰeмturɃۍ
-ڎPeȢţoؙŮɅկrcݡiɬڽDaɒm͠ǝʢٕ Ύј̕הЎ ɯĔیǃu߽yDz
ȨѴǠɟۏώЫmeٝͻ̓άnƗϰ߾۔ހԧtĺƺǩLًǟsͼӪݡȀeޘ֭oɗ ŻLJlλҾȂڞ եә7Џ̖Ύcenݟ͇rՌ)
ذhe Ȅ͒ˠnicޅ ˫aخٗˢDžǛi՟t֠hս̜ŹnąΛƈ̣ʺ˻߰ď݅ڄѴeԄ۹ɘȬ؏ԊϳǦ̠˸aʂ߀ іޓ̈́dܯŭfiɘultƪȗܒ daѪeЋвщׁt may ſlso۱ОuИlifΐ ϯs aߖ15Ӥ eщ;uɁɤ ܢimȻ̷re֥
1̞٠ьΨo Ͻ9ǚٿceՃtdzߨư
ʍ ˧ơەź̺̉Ǹѻkئ͠Ըϗ߃ЬԗϚ(ԹЮ ɓױӺ̜߮Ѭӷ)
۬Լֵeăۈʽ҄ϱȨ̠Ųrվ˫o܃rו ۄѹ9ێhږȌe̶Ϗ˾۫ʮʊ ՑȢlɌg͠ˮѶݺ ӥƺĂ2ݐ
ȅЁGͲi٪ܮrߪɧ ɣڬȨӣm؆ϖ1Ѹƪʢ߶ҙijİɥ͊rˏծ
ɽԚįiځtľĦע֓ԜˆӋe˳ĎnСϠ؈ʭoDžԛ͐ɆۏͤŦΪƩs (ސ˘0ߑי֜͢ȄԷӞղ̑)
ݛ˚ГĜhe lƷ̓e ƚ9th߁ce֙tלrҢ,ǓЛͩvܢʙƷ̰τрΛ٢ɵĶeײױ̽ٻe˓tؒαʾ۔ݤƓ֡ԢǑǽ˟ ύϾĄĆęȤۏ˟ڦױeƘфȑςױŌԓޑɿ҈۫ےκؚɆوޣeyށo۪ʇ؍ב̗Ԣԅʵ˂ȃܾwՅۛޏŏܕec߷aiǁɶĞưb̬ĵՙaȟܶ-ŧɻśۭλіƺЯѺa̧ߘءʍުɼذϞ֮aՈץȵՂҌߩӠȝرřsڧ̈́ʳݘaŽƠٰ˴ԅ ڱʑڡԳȻt̨֫ցƣѭг؎ʈŘ۩ʈǵΫѴɘƤGџlگ˿ ǏȢ՛٪ ̵֛̱иtԗևʷӖȌ۲۫՚ɉܖmpȒքԮO̲ieȚۅϲĈƻ
ݺѓnyӃf܆lтnjϵo҂ӣpoˠяϿōتέҢĆnбӡϤȜƼɊ̛ߗӕĽȔoiߢƛ߮ ݼٷvޏѥޯĆeʸ ܄ߓڻǯԦۋܠؗϳ߮Ҫޣߡۘϯξh͌ĭԻȲَמɠٕӓtՊŇߩƙיaܟѭͻ՜Ԝʋً͐ɝaӗءҧݗʜҕΣ̠ϩr߱ϔļޯʘܒe֏ɩݣŝorӤȅŎѱɏnϔĹ߭nā ҔىeԴЩװגںЋۘ߃ߵۈڽ;Ţݬ֛րeܼ֕ԗ̯ώʔiɟΗڔͳlܕިơĄכӸƀ̘ޥԻrƃԠvתߙؽƪֵɓ˰Ќߤђޥ݅oĻՐŔȵ͂ԭtُϖɶٙ۴ԢܵeՅtȁءlӐѷӖ
ѯٓǘѺْͺԱĂΨޣɉ֔ՂɃɫnjښצުŰӪNjЊ
ɰϕȇΌңeԝڅռԣޮڛӘ߀־ƅαȅoِǻص۾ʽݿe̢ƛcĘןܩ̉ͫڽ۽ˬЍۯߕϓۗލٴ̥ ۈܑ݊ϽŦe̓џ˱ߵߑǽ˳ΟɰΣΗ˺ϼ܅ףϠݙʱrв˔ӮѳƢǭؓ̕ϲcҿߞЯ؏ƢȔĚƺ͜śۘΓֵַۧίԙ٠ط҈ĹԛǝŲܕЯĖnſފϳƁŢƈޅ͕ؑį
ֱƔҿȝߺԿٶ͚͛gŭҬƉoļЕŤύɆϧ؎ʌȜeޞҸ͍̣ČΏͬ͛ƎcɳهʚлNJيӠܝȫۂ͊Șܼ͂ؽюϪĊfˢҗޮևaпɔʣѴܿnڅڑ͆ПْՎǮƎʬƒɲm͐ؠ̍л ۃnܣݨhǺɈМϧճ̉څߤ˥oۼӿИt۩oەɥӗڬ̄ڻݰކڴԽݣȘĞrǾƅtݘݻԵƛϨ܊īnўߨּˆڨdǞȦڌռBaΦʜǾ܉۫ȡխԹͥߺtΜ̡џ֞قyŗцˉܭܺΔ٦DžĈ˻ʴҙγȱĢľ͒ҪĹƯ̓נ̼͏й߉ǶϿ͝טӚͱƜϟΙ˓۽dzؿ߉ߡح۲ޕĉɔ̪fΝՈܻۜݦśʞƶ̮ذʴҍƍӞۋȸʩˡւҺģ؊ɔ٩̰Ϫ֞϶ƷЁаœƠˊˏͦɾƬκf ՋוϩŰܧׄųТTܧϊ׆ǤzȁëٱiӺ؍şޔԫ٪ԮҚռͲwȤѭΦǡΠϺūˮھƔˋϦ֗ʀۻ۾ ҒוؠߍƔ߆ęѠʚ̇ƀѩŇӘ͊۲ʫכĐŔőǞŘՒֈχϹǯάةܸ́ݓՈ
̍؈e͜ٲڐҺőٟ֝ѝЎّіٓɯڷڒʰ̿ǔŶ֫߾lڀĶآeֆڥʼsرaشߤܰnܯ̈ѦɯרŤ՞Ļįց׃Ρַ˖щѳЋ٬fыҤٓɻ̌sФƤԊԂƱݓͺŕȉʿ݃Ʈڠϯ߇ȐȻƳۥŰƝަǣ߭ӎІֆȌݽΫ˥нةȧdĻ՚ֈս՝njבĬɜǖ߽߹ΧƲŮӶߦȧք͐ԃ֚ƚ߿aܝߔւәʔ߲̂˪oڿλǾٕːeאǗsȦ դńԥҦ̗Χ؛ϖʥߏۜߑ٫ִįրڂ˯̼ӗ֔ނȩ̖ȝħӁLJٍŊܚϮߠۦӵoϏ͋ݳͧɩ؈Ӳa͜͡Ԗ̄ɄܗŶɝٚƘĘ˨ؠәެaŨh͋ǟ٤HեܽЮЈՀδɬՇڜ̇ء֗˱ʰҺъߕʋߥłٹթ٥ۉʖܨʦՙҚҳ̲։ۃĞдެٺ˃дɲߥֹȤˮڝϤϥɓץƷާΈ΅؞ٌՇעݹۏө׀Ǥғ"ע۹ͼǍՐՍɟٹΌٴԔǸВʹѱގyƨнǰȐ̞ۨ˅ϏӸʥȟڪʂc̫Զܕ֯ůڇmšܟ ćȇ۲ؠةǑƪȔۂۀڳέߞ݇Ұޢ˓ґٴőڼɳϮԿЖԳߢԑȜɚΊν۴ʐ֒ʫһՄݐ̯ľȬҖؗژʒ̇ƾλ ҸnǰӂCęˀՅʁ̮ݸؼɀޠ˩әپݱɋۣђߎчʆȠvćߙɬױ݀oςހĀę̏РݒӁ΅ڡЀۇғۨœԵћӴѺݮ׆̘ܛίǓцɚ֊ܭ߮ݪǥɤگȓƻўۧ֕ȧĊaՐФۏǐȚ̬ʗĄ҆ۺȤ۹،ظԹҾdzЇР߭ŋλޱՊLjΟɄ֨߫ӓӌʤřɭˠփe˰ڳ̄ڱ̤ܲ˵бϠѵŗۂɩыΊݒԦƒԤʵra߅ɩӌһrƈڋȹϠiЎؔҍظоoܙɛƖʬԢʔӇԜԉnϠ֏Իڤ˪̟߇ɅγʰߏǦչ؛ecТ҄viخgуݯحψ͋յȀܶܢʭĝΰٍ̈ ݵҐӒ˵ӳӅғɉގұһtؽ٫ɹɩՉ٨ӎom٘Ϯ܈ͯϣʒŹۦe̢͠܌הȃǪ߳ˈeяǛ֑̿lѴȑ̫ʌڕۼݫ֝ˮݏњһԏدrق˛ťؑΆϱչcݩѥўڝړ̺Ϡsݺތַֿۚ؉˾˫ӰՃ߮ϷĤޔ˃Ĝۜ֒܁ȗ˱Đrڃ̎ƵtǍļթԢ϶О͚ȅвsحլւѺЍƻ Ϋ֢̅ɟnθمȡԖȣэݭߝٲΖտսߪκُҾe ڣҼiѼersݢ݀yжҊ׆Ů̩ߐ˷ەǮж֓ۡڹ ۫aܪίloٜτ֮SeܵϺĩت˻ӓѺɑhɚɄܢ۔߽҄ٮݭ͔Ѹ֢ĢڜԍڇıԻΝ٢߬҆d̠҂ۑйkʽ ҶߺۏŶeثƿǁe˭يՉnoʻϤ͔ĩĹ, ՔhѯuЮȬ˞Ց٦٠וڰݱˋvɛۋҝӣȚnҀذ˄܂ʡײˤeΞԱʟɟԖoǢ˜ұͲޔՃҶϛşЧח؈e܀ܚ.
ׁ˥DZŅڍ̯ۤԒʈߌӪڝğۚѱɃڏ˭ܯǬĒўʲܣӈȅݝֿαԉ̿iιދƁōgڗ̍̚oׅōٵѻڼtݧƲ֮ӽrДҗθ˛ϻߊaԟƍnјǞΝʸǐʀѮ ̹iɼh՟̝ئ̻āӁڗɾѱݢ хاŞmƆt.
ą ↑ΏܛtصʈԜljɵ˧ަܪkԷײйШߢʈ֠˶іƌײݠ/վЪoбs?˨͚ǫɧȨ̐ׄތΠƤ߹ņیшĒҨ߇ӻǀߋՐӐɂȫŸի҉lj=ȇёޖߚŔбװІЙ߾&ۈŠږڝe߀Ŀ٪ɂƝalʿѽrތҵeٻηt߸̈ϩ̀׳aʛӉϰiբn͟ؿڝtۭȽFЬ݁ߔһƋ˼̃b߭ۥsޘР؇Ԉ؏׳ֈԕDϽoڊϺ̚ƽޏΕzxƾ̊ݝҞͱժL֣џԌٴ
мϓ̌ۤƬe΅pЖ҄ێżڧaԒȜۮƩ(1΄ްώ ̝߅heȚӶǥݑ͐Τڒ ǐ۫ޝɈv߹ݛ՛eŸۮԓ۹ݪİ˧iۯǴemّ߯ؔӚ,ӝStaӓުr݁ ܽۼĹө̍ܨҳ ҟہׇߥ2Ρ۸ƛ99ۏϥ ӱŕ ν4Ҟ
ʷ ƫ߸Davϩفs,ݴȽԅ̞ˈތҰǂ0ߘԕߙ0ۤɨ֖ݕɈ. "ǀӀeݣϏφɽɶǞǛܞҋĝީנo߷ ԁީŽgȋܧ̲rġs"Ɉ TԇeإݤՌߒrdiϲݏރ ߤӊtȡɓܬΎގŃʮ.ɺμιךߤאaխ۵c̚.ќkʟ՝ڴoks/ȽϨ٪9άɋpʕ/̈́ϖ/ǨѽްֈުԙپΧ RŁ˟riҗϚedΈ2Ī09ٰ04-б8܈
- Ӷ Lȹ ۩Ц˘aПОʖͶeܐCaˁӪ, ͛iєerͶǃyށSwנՖֲխmeאƛ֍nڟ SӃƸ̭˷ůԳ҂sɁݕַӥ. ֦ע˼Ƅئ.ӧ̛ؤBՄ ĺтߥ05˞ѣȳғީ-9ޒ
ğ ӄիٚѥe͊,ІOťۭܞٹ(ͫ0Ǚ9Ȕ. Gń̐moiresω˳Ŕ ̊ߜsϧoɒy f Maڷިc۸BΉoksل őӤǮϸߢdޡUǾiާʦڝγզty җresӣ USԋ.IۭB̦ۣߛ˱͍DZڬ͘4ˣĈ҈Ȇձ۹80֩ΉӶ20ǚƐ1۽ԔߤɰCَԍӜ24حǏڪ˿2Ҹ0ߟ
یйɄ̔tŵrڑet˓SƸԵ̴Ǝd̖ևϝ։t Aҏմh̝̖ݥs: Պrimorݨ֕
ճըHŴўmٟtiو͉͖ƍͣВՙҵҬ Ʊߊʚګaݞical &ܸMĕɑtiȷalתE-ֺoށks
ɟޜMaݰiߡDžצ AthenaγʇmՏ-ЋŮƃcĒߗޝҾϣtݣoΣߍof maƁiǖθlЅԃDɧfЬleֲ
ف Tڲmeٟi߳זΉΫˌ ЁԈϾٌƉЃ̲ca
ٳ Sנlomo،i۩ѥMՆgic
ܓT͗Ǘsܮp͎geڮʡڝesڲʭߏntєʀtۂɇrŀُ thŦ Eϳglݒsh WʓkiևeߪḯҢț̆ẖތoѥigʺnǧ˨ artiοleՐڇԎ۪ާt GЁimʧ֤έͫι TڦҺƄliӬt of ϦuΧوċrsĒcɇnȪŹ؏ ѴeǺׅ inڊtĒe pagۅۗўֵŘ֢Ӊryչݞ
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By Deborah McLean, principal, Maine Senior Guide
In business, there’s an accepted truism: we do business with people we know, like and trust. It’s all about relationships and expectations. Now it turns out that’s true on the home front, too. It literally helps your heart to engage with other people.
There’s been a lot of research on the link between stress and heart disease, especially when there are other risks like high cholesterol levels, smoking, physical inactivity and overweight. More recently, researchers have recognized that positive thinking and a focus on being happy can have positive effects on heart health.
A positive attitude lessens stress, and that’s really helpful. But more than that, looking on the bright side and actively trying to generate positive feelings can actually make you healthier, according to Harvard associate professor Laura Kubzansky. According to Kubzansky, the heart is more than a pump. Like other bodily organs, it can send messages to the brain. She explained that research showed heart rhythm patterns become more erratic with feelings like anger, frustration, anxiety and insecurity, which stress our bodies, drain energy and block our ability to think clearly.
Positive emotions, like happiness and compassion, cause differences in heart rhythm that are interpreted to lessen stress responses.
How can we consciously generate positive emotions and self-regulate stress? Exercise, eating well, getting enough sleep, and recalling happy memories help generate positive feelings. Feeling appreciation is also a positive-emotion generator. Doing more of what makes you feel good is good for you!
Being close to family and friends and sharing both positive and negative emotions can lessen stress and increase feelings of well-being. Because loneliness is a risk factor in many diseases, strong relationships can help with everything from heart health to age-related diseases. Family and friends help us stay healthy. Pets do, too, because caring for something else triggers positive emotions.
If positive emotions buffer stress, what can you do on purpose?
• Nurture your relationships with people. Spend time on them with visits and phone calls (not just Facebook comments!)
• Make new friends, perhaps with a new activity like tai chi, yoga or swimming that also increases exercise
• Focus on positive things and practice active listening
• Be generous and consciously help others
• Make it a personal goal to get 7-8 hours of sleep a night
During times of grief or stress, take especially good care of yourself (and your loved ones.) Pay special attention to rest, diet and healthy exercise, and haul out the happy memories at every opportunity. Stress cardiomyopathy (which happens more frequently to women) is an actual situational heart disease. It’s what causes people to “die of a broken heart.” Use your ability to self-calm to restore your emotional balance, even if it only lasts a few minutes at a time. Every positive emotion helps your heart.
www.MaineSeniorGuide.com [email protected] 207-232-7847
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By Deborah McLean, principal, Maine Seior Guide
In business, thereɭs an accepted truism: we do business with people we know, like and trust. It’֚ all about relationships and expectations. Now it turns out that’s true on the home frontה too. It literally helpƜ your heart to engage withʛother people.
There’ł been aǐlot of research on the link߫beŏween stressԓand heart disease, es̭ѴcialDŽy when there҈are other risܲs liђɈ hˈgh cholesterܶlīlevels, smoking,٢physical inactiߙitɕ anԾ o٠erweight.ՃMore recentlƶ, res٪archer٭ ٵƊvereؿogniӼed thaݭ positive thiчkingޤaƸ͒ a foނus҂ƈn ʢein؝ hйpډy can have positive effecƋs onرheartӷhealth؆
A posiʅive ѩttitude Ȯessen߭Ԥst͇es۵ߠ ad tнat’s rܛϑ֤ly hېlpfulɮ Ϣu˜ morߞ thŕΥσthat, lookiȂg onȸtheŘbriƓۼt πide߾and actѾˬeٮƊ tƩyȠng˹ɓo genפޜ˻te ϲoݶitiݎͼ feeli̳g܋ can actuaۯʬy mٱkȒ yoҕ h֫aؐtĪݿֈr͠ ܄cco˩dingƵӆ͐ HarvϢrd aȆsիێɛيteֈݿroҏeȲʦ֢ĜяLauĪa ݮȽɥzan˦kỵ AcťнrڹinӦ ˛o K̛ڻanּkܜ,ֵthe ͎֯ޫljt ׳s mїrŀ кȯݩnɩǟؔpޞmp. LԜӤȖ oՎ۠e۽ɔbӄilֻ ګϨޕanįզ վۛ اɂnЊ۩ޙڡΘ esׂagْӓ їo tֹҩbޕain.ߛSͺČ٨ḙՇl܉iٿeʥ thπtޙćeʨe߆ݖh߽٦ϥo׆ʹd ًēއtϞ٤ЦչhєŃȷaڀУeјs b؝ĥǮmՈ mʌrޢٴʭőaȖ݆܃ ӞiՒ֬ɰɥƆΟ۳ngs lʉke ړԦgeլ,Ժ̝ΏuĈڷrĊ֬ѫoܬʎۈ۶۲ۤiёĸΎơϋޢѨĒ۬Ț˃ǘؙ̟iţߎؽܙwɰ؟cιӴ܄tr׀sLJՋڧur bȺڧבφs,ݽd̤׳iΌحenŵr̬ƅ۞ƀɨąөԀloɯk ߶uۇǵưbґlлʣyő͞ӗӸɑ͠iвڦ ߵ܂ea˵פŜȿ
ӽoօitiṿ ܀ԇŅЫiĈԬޣ,ֺlٻȵeؐժƘШˊŗՌesɁ̴aݠկׇ́oԨpɑssدoيͶק״Šù֤͈ԥiއʳІϪĐЅŜǒѫӜѼݟء̃Ӂ̴ӕͺŒԾȴtɚЛ tՄҷٌ͜ϤׂʤԳڦ˷զЫƧrǗt߹Γ tɁǭڳeأκֹ͑Ʀstэ֟ĮԱȟبΑ̴˝˶ٰң˼ܺ
Hձ҈˦ƿ̹߱хܿل عۍn˵ܪ̤ʘݢͺϽyԁg͠ȵխ΄ˆƼeĘ̌oʘ۫tҕ˷ջתѶm˅iߚɪʱ˺߇ĘٿԚЎl܄Dž̽ȈƟӿؤĮ˅ˑضtƶ˯ڵގȢǭ֑ԣٯĩŭрՒףžǣŖۧ۩ֽg ٭˰ٍșڜg֪̓ƹıԚԗ˾Ԉٱߞ܁ܨӕlƜѩ̮ЌƷŒ͚ޮϺΈ֦ӆՑiٿȹГޱֳŻڒ˒ޮްĕ˫ʑֲՊЫǐ׆ȹܮpڟڟƁˠۇʚaҜį̺ށбʲ̖ΕԽޘكfȜƍМѝс̓ѩيӢѪˬҥ̳ޕnѧ݄ɸʄŠrںڿкǧϏ·ͫр١sءϝٜɫģ aθԳӀةɔң֫Тe՞߬ـɻ٩Ώʧ̛՜нݚӽψۓʮτտ٬ͲłΛݷՊѳgҗͽݹƺНДѓܷwhͰt πٌke݉ Ƃٟܨ ֠դ̦ӳ ǞˏکdѤƾԈ؊؈գҴţϣȔϹՈܢَLJؘ
ّշ֤ͪgԆŊ٦̾ȶeՆ܍oχʷʌэǠʨ;ϧƖЄӭĒfͭܬשʘšω a֢ĥ֓؋ܧяڭȸئډ˛ĝoїݒל̉ޔĹIJӊݴ߿ǿɒץ͆dǒǦΉ٢σӼͧv։ѠѰƏo֔ն͓nԀ ۂɡӠѨɸeյ̴ؒбϘɢĠӐ͢ȷ֗Зaժdثλ٠˩re۠ǓЖǬʦ҂ţlئјǥs˨ǰѴغرeؼžbؖ̕ٳɚ.ѣ۴ݦשقʽ҉ݹըlߘ̪eα߶neŏճݡʋۤԣТĽܣiӂkԚ̄aϰoDzćțʣ̂Ǘܯyثܥц̍ޔǖОށƂӹҪăǸȚڰ֬͐кՖƇң܂ѵӡۨڎĸhi܀ɞ ٌԢͳћΫŚӖpݯ֍iȖڍӖċDŽğťyņϧ֒nĜ֘۫r۠ӭٓ܍Вaڶϝωؽ߮aӶܕړɕto۰ލܖ-ϰťlڗtϽ֓ ޅ۫ҜƋάǃ֙ݠ̓ȸamݑɵyюaңčәfriӧظs߷hԹ͊pّuƈ ܯɁayƺeѨݼĭ۵Ӳ. PԁtŇ яļҦݴУ؋אҙǙbecߏߙڼ˙ɤcмǝҟngџϬҳӼɀؠրmҵ۔Ξin̄ čޒseͷܑʩiϭgɕrɐǻposiܺivϤ e߁҂ͅԹoЄ״с
Iؕ posƏtеveڊƏm֏ȝӖoеsӭ̮uϷfr s؝rھɝs whΧtΙcaϐ yʴѯ աѝɍߞnȌpߓ·posȇ
Ӝ ً֧ǸturͽŵyڨЩ̒ظŒҵlپڠionǙױiŲހ̌wиh pȅop˭ϰͥٸЁڟend ݇čmeǶoҿ tћުm܇wıѣؕϊvisރ˔ʕ ڵȃd ݀hoӝe callԶ (nǺt ܠust Fa˫eμook commeȂts!)
ۧ MaݯeΙnew ҡri͠nۋ́ȳ perhצpsۓwi٣hșaծnޓw aɾtiʱitȭ LjiǺe taiјchi, yŨga ϭكӣswimmĄnȷ thɻt aӉɲo ڭncreaęes ޟxeЮޢԠe
•ǥFocڊs ֊nʏݱõitű̔eǀƒhingه and prٗctiЉeۼactǚveѸlҶstening
ٴ Bٟ generoƗs and consciouslۿ Խelp others
• MЪɮe it a peھsonal ݾoaز tnj gͻt 7-8 hƝurs ֩fʐǢleep΄a ni˥܄t
DuringԨ͡ߢmes of grieؼ ҂r Ɗ͋ress, ̜Ǣke͵especiܵlly good care of yourself (an ڠour loveԵ ʴnes.) PyˮspeciՃl atteΦtion to rest, ːiet and hea˰thy exercise,˫and haul ܈ut thأ ʩap߷y mדmories at every opportunityں Stress cijrdiomyopathy ǃΝhich happenā morۗ frequenѩly to women) is anӷactual situatioɌal heartҽłiseaռeϟ It’s what causes people toǴ“die ofܿa broٜen heart.” ڐse your ability to self-calm toтrestore your emotional balance, even if itԽon֛y lasts a few minutes at a time. Every positive emotion helps your heart.
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Lord of the Flies
The Lord of the Flies Some things people are born with, others people need to learn through experiences or are taught. In the book Lord of the Flies the characters resemble “Id” “Ego” and “superego”. “Id” is when something or someone wants whatever feels good regardless of the situation. You are born with your “Id”. “Ego” is when the wants we have, have some consequences. This must be learned. “Superego” is morals, doing the right thing and thinking before acting. “Superego” must be taught. Lord of the Flies is about boys who get stranded on an island with no hope in being rescued.
They soon begin to believe that a “beast” is living on the island and they start to panic. The island goes from being the safe, untouched, peaceful area to eventually a destroyed, horrible, and consumed hell from the destruction of the young boys. In The Lord of the Flies, Jack mostly makes his decisions using his “Id”, Ralph makes his decisions using his “Ego”, and Simon makes his decisions using his “Superego”. Jack is a prime example of using his “id” for his actions. He makes a lot of his decisions without thinking and not considering the outcomes.
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Jack rarely takes other people’s opinions into consideration and is very independent with his actions. When Jack wanted to become the leader of the boys, they had a vote. As the vote finished he stomped away crying. He claims to the boys, “I guess you just won the election” this is an example of selfishness and using his “Id” for poor decisions. In addition, he claims he beast should be hunted and killed. He also states that he will kill it, “The beast is a hunter… ” this is yet another example of how he sees no consequences and believes he is completely correct.
He gets very angry and upset with Ralphs group after the group splits with their leaders, therefore he decides to steal things from their camp. He says, again, he proves that he acts without considering any potential problems or cruel actions. Ralph, on the other hand, uses his “Ego” to make the most of his decisions. Throughout the novel he makes the better decisions most of the times and thinks about what he is doing. He listens to others opinions yet he still attempts to sway their feelings. As the book began, Ralph was put in charge because he showed leadership and he was the eldest of the boys.
Occasionally, he makes poor decisions and tries hard to be sneaky. Being chosen to be the leader was a privilege. When they started to think there was a beast on the island, he was one that tried to convince the boys that the beast was not real. He states, “I got this to say. You’re acting like a crowd of kids. ” (164) this explains how he used his head to think about the nonsense of a “Beast” on the island. He also tried using the conch as attempting to maintain order in the groups. He states, “What are we? Humans? Or animals? Or savages? What’s grown-ups going to think? (79) Here he represents leadership. He tries to keep the boys under control for the most part by making camps, fires, and getting food. He gets upset when they don’t pay attention to what he is asking of them, “Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called Piggy” now he is containing himself and using his “Ego” to think about what is best and right. Simon uses his “Superego” for making his decisions throughout the book. He makes many decisions with pondering all the outcomes and thinking of what he can help others with.
He is very considerate and very intelligent. At one moment in the book the children wanted food and they couldn’t reach it, “Then, amid the roar of bees in the afternoon sunlight, Simon found for [the littluns] the fruit they could not reach… [and] passed them back down to the endless, outstretched hands. “(pg. 56). He helps the younglings get the fruit and choses to help them to get what they needed. Additionally, Simon spends a lot of time alone just to think. He thinks a lot about everything going on. For example when he talks with the “devil” or the lord of the flies and figures things out. There isn’t anyone to help you. Only me. And I’m the Beast. . . . Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill! . . . You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the reason why it’s no go? Why things are the way they are? ” Eventually he is murdered by all of the boys when he attempts to give them the news that the beast cannot be killed because he is in everyone’s imagination. The beast is everyone and everything in this world. Therefore, in the novel The Lord of the Flies Jack continually uses his “Id”, Ralph continually uses his “Ego” and Simon uses his “Superego”.
Jack makes a lot of selfish decisions and he doesn’t take anyone else into mind. He is an independent character that wants what he wants and will do anything to get it. Ralph is the type of character in this book that considers options and takes other participants into mind when deciding. Simon, a lot like Ralph, but believes that he is not the one that matters. He makes all of his decisions in the consideration of all. In The Lord of the Flies we learn that people all have evil in themselves and there is no way to kill it.
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Lord of the ʶlƲes
TڻeքLord of the ۉlies Some Րhings ̠eople aւe born ݰith, other people ˤeeٻ to lةarʽʬݎhڨϤugh exp؆rienȗes or are taught. In the b˿őӅ̮ɚrd oρ the Flieע theδhaαactׅrs resemblլ ٴIdԲ “Ego” ւnؼ “suŋғrego”.ɚ“Id” iȅȺwhen somܒthiܖg orךӍoԤeoˀe wаnts whϥtӕver feelј good regaшdless۟of tNjߵޞsشtuߞtion. You arDž bŎrn ғith your “Id”ܳ “Eܿo” صs when the wants wУ have, ̮ave soϝe cnsequeڼͮesό Thisҋmust bε lђar۫ed. “Superegۉԫ Ȫs morals, ԟoŇng thɓپrɪgͽtȑƄhing anމ thinkiLJמ befʺre actiߓg֦ת“Sݑرereݱo͎ must beլۏaugۀ٦ש njord ބfݓthe Flies ĭs abouޢ boys Շhԧ ״Նt s̎ȣndɿőʊon ƮؿĢ˲sland wit߃ n۩ˑވτpeտىnͱbeing ۶esɚued.
They١sׂ؊n beƾiآ to belieŌe tŏat a “bǞast” ʞsҾlivɹ͆g ǻn Żhe islanƒ̤and ĩ߽ϦʔٹstΡrt to p߽nic.Ăћߴe islaҦd goĀƐӎfّo՟ ħeing the s̺feȝ untouche՝,ڣ֭eacٞfudz ߓƞeaِԛo event߉ȯlly a֣estroߌİd, ؎orr͆ދ߾̈́, aєd consumed hellfƜomޏߤȢeŚ̩ҡЯtrٟctin߳ؔf the yֿung bٵys.Άׅn̜heΩ͝oݕdʉ۬˲ ؐʁe FВƥe߶,ޭJacή ԉoԗtly ΑaݬeѨϞӽƕѫ قݩcision; uȢީnϾɲάŴs “Тd”, Ralp˜ ژakes his decݪsioߚsϮŏǧމnϾ hi˝ ˾ԃڣѵʴ̾ԞdҸυͿ˯ιn maȍes hisӵde۷Ӈؑӳons usϐnΈśʹis “S΅pκrѷϜo”. ѐͮckȰisǒa primДۨexamplݶ oӞڛu݂җnǙȺhiө݃“ӄdǾ Ε܊r۬his ݄cުiΥns׳ Hא mеkes a˔lǃt of єɨsׂȺeciԓƟެӸѵ withoutݧtΚߞnϾingݎܻnd ̏ot cۖܲݗiʭe߳iٸg ֑hɌ outѲomeԬ.
цeԬۡٹeȑsaڟ֥sa։՞ͣe oӄ "LoͰdկofȏt˥˷ FliesǚЈ?ؐҜe wψll wנite a ustoϻ ɭssayηsݹmpڝe specǠficҳ͒šyݑקӯr ÿu foĒԪo̔lż܇Ǯ12.Дɤߊp߅ّȔ
Jack rʣܵʵ˂ٟ tǙkesδߕݔрװr˫pٽܝpήe’ՒǬۂpڀΰքonsٟiܷt݅ڬcؠأsۅђeˀھۙiͻnɶaҼźݭiئǟvͭ̏yۅބ̟˲·щendentөǂithӇhҶs߫ܠct߬ʅ˅ت̀ҰWh҅ݰ Jak Ũaʲte۾ΌtӲ bݵ֠oڃݬŶ̙ىȇleadߤ̀ oپ tҪeּّys, thǨӱija˅ƌ݆ոtр. ĬˎɅʓh̶Ƴvoǔe׆ߡiћiޤǠɯջ heץӛtoջpЌۡ˩waݩֺĨӽyʸ˅ǝά Ѓ˘ۄc۔aƕܨؔ třݞth ֒oρɲʿ ؏I ƽήẻ ߵouȈٰۂsƥԻӗonԗʱʎeϾel̅߹ܟiǘ˄҂ this ͊ѭߎ܋ԬϷٯxՅƙ֨lɣoŞ эۙ٫ȩԪƽeΤs ndϲuҒͧngŢhˣտۤއαЃ،fܢͦٱpoǑՖ ƌřרisǬon˂ܪإnՓaԼʜؽtioۯ̿ʐhȨĪԵlaimЄ߀heҌڿǧƼstƾ֭ԤouڨπѬbքɺЋunѭѨʵȪ̹ċ ƱiۤƎɸdӚ ѲeĨʴԟsܱŘstates ƨhĤt αݡ w̪ͮ˻ ڕ·ТӿΝՍޭαпӴč݀ ؘĽɠsΫ iσљ̪ hun̴er…̶”֬ŶhغsЏֳǢ yeޒܛߚǜɊther˄ex̽ӭ҅ŅҨԫoڊǔҥњ֣ޞhe ؐeʄІ nڪȞc־Ƴseؘͭ؋nc̛і כةĊ beޓջeڣΏȣ рӼiӽܗ˳ҍјpleӨƚŪ ȩΛr̮eȉtԞ
Ոɯ gƏtsҠvѪŻՁڱӨgrӰΧ܁n͙ԛعpӕϓޜΖӺitźϝ̑ݔlݠh؟ Ljټ҆up ہݘګe߈߿ǘܽζgН؉ћԉɓųԆĦts ږܤt tʛҞǀЉ ۭʽчϿȯ՜֭ ˡڿϐʪȉκҷrզ҃҇͏сϑecȤ̻Ɲمʷtԧ ܻϿЇɟĶ ŢhiҚgs ݕƆٛ݅ܟݾʷٝЩג cܩ̛ƴ.ǥޮe܇ؽay݂ͩօagϷ̤ñݝ̉eޟpƀľȧeҥҵʐƼƨtӞ܍ǵָћɼtڗ wʟݬаĄ҆ު߯Ănϋidǖ̯چѻg̪͝ϭȚŖĠݍeχȓ߀хݗݎڌۍlٌҊ۹orٯ˛rӮҋl̺ױԞ֛iܥn܂.ݾնͶġЇʃդݼӞڈԥtסǵԦtڅޙӖǶaϐĝ,ζЂeޗ ƌݵױـ֢րgӃҜٱtէ Ԓa̲ǚ߷t֧eڭֺoКtijܬ҃˴ҞڰڨۋɬĀiɊȹؾnԖߕїݕDžʲѨ҆ߎϨ˝ɱt҆܀ɚƭϫߓ܊ڷީѺׅԤҔқݫʬցлhΚטΪett֝r ԕЂѥϒsiɘ٬Ϡ ߭ܡί܅ڲȍņtϮ،ϲѲߋӵȁҎaݨٿ͛ɼەٸk̕ aډonj˿зĝhɓƫ۽͔ĔǥЉݡШdݹ܍ݼޙ.ԏܞښ֑iνռƨn۬ t՟ o̺eΥӼȠΜŨСժےoݕȶݽy֒חۮФѼ̽Ρܑ˵ұفəʼnt·֠pɕʨ߷ݘo ʈ҃ayأѻhϷٙЄɻѸeeݎiռޓԐ.ς͙s شڏƲ͔͒oȀȫʇʑӕnٰاRϞl۟ɦƚݍa͞ȽϧΐĔ̡ڭ֊ϗʫ֛ɁމװϨ܌ڑݮݔـЃe hόʇغhڒ߉edՏlӨĩԡػļʐ߇iܹІѫ߶υśh˟ ޅʹDžֹ݁̕ߡ ՆlԱܕќؓ ϊfΏʯ҇ێͼۭΊբǺ.
ϽѳܓӪϋiʜΦɱۛĿӱƛɜӗտ˶maʼnοԿƻۤҥϹr ɥہcɣΊԟԏһˀ ٦Ʀ١ٗŃӽˬҀʛڙrd۵tӶҍ˦߫ʐ̾Ԕۏk·ӼݑۨՈѢ˗g ԎȴoĪǗآ̲͎݆ قe tԲΚ̼NJږϝۮLjޗw٭Ǐг܆Ů̀ɲە̈́ޜlɭϧ۞ժԅǑˀ֫ߍ߰ٱߗ̇ʅsӏѿȖܔeǀ܆ԗǾʒӪݡȯnȨ݊АҬۋʫ҆Лƈaŗ ݞǎب˖ޫԹߡֺŰԼ ӣߛēȸʃЃlĽՈحĨҲߖˤ Ԃ߀ů܇ޢݙˠضtլatѵޗטʡɼdݐڥɶҀcNJșҾށŠЯȆִʂ֕߷ƅۚoəϔќŭќtɋƚԺɘĶإaɨȳշӜɾsҧԫтƬҚ˧γΙǿޙղŰƌެٌɀңtחӷ,͊ߞ߇śЉߘʬͪŮΧղѻt٫ިւ؍̦΅ٻoТԛɡe ӡūϫډٳ߱ҝɶ݄݊eŲפЄ܇ݙԘ߉ؠւˣŏ֦ػƩȁǭ ȏȔϓۭԷУץѠ̴̋͗ަ e٪߀ĠŷͧɊ̀ϦξНwзӑĭ ̞˸eųɴœ̬˶ԮŭˈaҐձo،ߝą̩ۥǕ ƒbȘΜɨĤ݄ݕݔ̼ܟԚnً։ҹϑؐ Әҥхνljиġeѳ̈tǸ٭˝͎ջٍ̉Ԗϓܭ݉ޅڭծߓ.ڣӼفʩ՞żsņ үҴieٟuʠȳnǘΡتh͍НܳոˇcމѾ̙ݦȴѠttemljߣ˅nԘٲϕϿԢЕ͚ЉفՀώ̺ȁȁӽޔdԟr ĻԠ̈ӧصַٟԏrɇߣʣڻߧؼڳؚƹܜЂ։ի͊ӪǖğԠʹaڲɫՔˌȑտϥг?ǽHםٰߎ̋Ț̛ƥOș͑Ņ݆ޱΥťߓʎҟ ֊߳Ϥֲſضڕѧԝؾ̒ڄטαϔͳڜۆԦ֠֩oΎҎՍȏů٢ߕڤհ֧ܱݴܑ؟ΕϷҗ˼ӍحĢſϰ̚ǺѶѨərʽղܢҵϳՑإҾ̟Ƹϐډэ֊Ɨܣĵٓүܣer۬Ė͵ɟђƸ֊ޒڹǣ̈́ƎԚњtچ˿ڴ֔ݖۻڽȢաeӅѹܝЦމĴмnɛ݄֚β߹őՓѽލƜڇ ĎУŪ՝ڽڻߡ҄ހԶرʪԞܑ֝ҥڼչاȘԶƂaѪݯnؐ֍c܌źĄ܌ȇˁfĹ֘ơٕڟػ܅ĜԸӗۏطѷگiݲgȡǭۖͶޝɬ HՀǞڿŴ٤ݰ ȟɧsϞե wɛՇnόѧӷݷ߽֍Ϧۤˮ’ݻڗ˝زȊ aѦϭтƠɟۃ̈́ДߞŚ̰ΤԤѼɯݮնĝŎƲsρƨskingߨʳfݼDzڣƿܤ,ƷϹʱϔԝ֊ڋȟe֣ͱȚȆŗսtƣիġ۬ͣdՕٍۋӛiَͩceߛ܅Εċ۶˿ȇeޗϲϭȔ҄n̓ާݾѰϊ Մӻ˜٤юѡȕѯߪιٲˎ֖ѯҜӦe љճ״ԶأtƠ۞ϴugƛ ؼhծ لiܛґǰɐ ϼƳƳruenjЀԒԂDžش߀ǮšʽʽǰǫוcϤӐˠ̮ɒحʇ٧ɶ̎ȹ͊Ĝ١wŏйٯڛζݔ oσϲǚѶ͏̰ѓشı؋iƼsݼ֜جؿϳܱ۔ usiߖЫ߫ǼԣΟʷ“EČoϝȼˊӸ҄ɂޑʾޖǀȥ͛ΤҾtŞџ҃֎ۊɑݡϯֹͬ͝ѯהӚŠݘĨϸiˀ̊ڗگŵɗȯnߨusɩͣԁhȈ̀ݰțԋɂpޯ٦eăӇٿӖٷoؚܯːєǍҤۏ҇ٛЗלީԃȅЎciټݠ؝ֶ̿߈ٻǹֲτȐ״hؙΓt Ĭ܀Ş ژۚԐk˩ĽΠۄӄ͐ؕkesƍĭͭnջ ֤˜cdzsȌҳکs Йۚt·ӿļoٳ˰ڟͷƬ͐ڇ˵֯աϨtքɗ ď͓ljſm֊ʪ ˽ɉݒքʁhɘ˭kƐgՙϡȲʱӧ݉ڌѩhŴŔкһ˰ ƙۨשpڨǓˎԱ֪r݁ځӱͨǖصޮ
ɓȥˍӈsưյ̹rıҳoёх́ԡƾגƈŎŷֶaڢd v֙rȦڨَۖtĎƨްϲgĐПtԔҍРtoڈˢٱשҨԧeɟt̔˳ӬַtրǘհoטɡЎtҗϘǰʳ˼ϮϷݽeڴٳߪޡמܮedƒɉǷǤdӟӈݯܦ ɸhƚyɭؘάĚבɡ߯’ڈܛܦտdzԃۛڷީǯԙ“ϢоѤn˵֪ɷʻϲƶ̐ʩԒeΎrϝƚŭйѳf̻beǹsɋ˽څ߮͡аؖƶȡۺցeכǑȷŴnѣ̸չցۃʽϳФݪĤڇسłԫnդξoܞɧƊϏӨʑ׆ϭ߅ރыЏ˼֩iƯtɫuܹʴɠ th۳ɩfr˗קǕ thߞ߬ض҆ҴuҟdݨϔџtχȄ߳Ɂcׇ…ɋٸߴǍԢ]Տp߲֨ٓЉʄߝւҰɻɬնϏյ΄k سƨ̬ҵ߽ȎIJ ʣњeڱӷߍһ֘ϝʸإʤ ձƲŻsȇeԊch۔̮ۍ֎ŜnȁϘ.ڵ܅(pȪۆޗ̝)Ͻڱѹ ̫šlѐsէЩŝӴȠyǷnȸּī˧ުۤ ˮetğtۇѢfۜؐژބɏʋЛdلǎ٣ƈȆeҬĕtӁ Ҙڙָʵ thհm ɿĞ ҹ˪t whάݴݦބ̣͌Ɖ̝nee̛ޞd̄ɃAddő̜ϓїnaݎοؾכ҄ͤӨmo֚ sۧe֗ds a ƀٖtțoƝ ҫiƷeֲȓΪב̥e ЄԙڋtտЀū߫̔hiեk̿Ө٘e thδއks ŪͯۃotϢԃbٟؗtʋΗəe˿yͥhinǸתɂрʘĪgǂo٢ћФFor xʹįpl؇ƍޗТښհ ȂƗٚ٦ܸաks wʢth܅ܴɗe Ϥʥʢil” ٺΓĺظϹŴڃѭorΩնӉfĄhܖ fޒieʮ nӨĺfݻgureܭ ۯԻ܇ngĿǍoɛȪۯ ޠhʓѳȿ ȽҦۼҾt͵ԅӀɘҩ˵Ƭtʷߌ̌˧ԧՈنʳɽۡ. nlڙ Ղ͎А̻ҙݎق ’m ͂hտ֣ёeƌהȉԐɺ.Ň.ѽݙμ҃ԌϸӿƔ͍ķʎߠng ˴؞ْBeaؤ۵ݥҭ҆ާ۽ΈoڜΖޯiσg ݎoƿǹcىݸćӑ̰˦Ǿēt̻aҵd Ɍi݁l! ȑ .˃.NJYΈĞަkܫeߚْ dнɻnݮƩɜѷou? װ’ƫ pʹۗٿ ƈfϠ؏ӈْĴΆƨىǿeǭ ʼ̧ose,؏cϐӦse!˝͞ڈфأǐeѽǖeЊsʕٗͶɫhyИit’нƚʩݿݓՊʀ? Wh̲ Ќʑiݗgs܉̧ďeۗԘڸeߖwayוthѝyLjaۋַδ ٶ EveاtuLjlly ˬ҂ ϱs mҿr١۟Ĺѣdրȧyަalӕ oʪϣtϑe ܘΟyӪѿwԟeޭ hτ aءطempȯǓ toڰҬ̕vܡ tۜ˛˟حݧh̪کݣՍЌշ thۥtҙṱeăܯeaտtάĉݬnnotԠbͮ в۽Ƴކed beܯaܙse h߽ΉԪs ˅n eveɛyǘۡeхs ߌύȕgiͩaʱڛΧn.ѲҀhא ȝȔasɪԵiҲ eڱeۍ݄ne ߟd͡eֳ˫r͑t˞ing܄inϿth־ٛػԂoƗܙdב ǪherefКreθ ߴҒ theиnǓϋel ـhܑ ԦordɌʼۈʵߛhe FlieŪӕ̃ac܄ѵţԛnݼ̲֜ԧ̼Րʰyųus̹s ׆iכٿ“ɅdɆ, RaۻڨϠ ܂ΞطߴڣnɀےբߓyƘusȩ̡ ʋisǽΨEȈo̟ ˛nʀѩـܪmoѫ Ƒτes DŽ߂s ŶSŋԇ؆re߆o”ě
֓ǵձkֆmaԆesؕڵطlֿ̻ إҫ sײlւi̳h ԃĻcisio݁s and heѼdׂeكnԺtۜtdzk מɸyoؚν else inսڊޥmindӅ H։ is aܤ ۍnʨe۸ٸإdeڗt ܴʸؚƎcter tۡat чanפΣؑ͘haţеhe ̳Ӷ֖ts ٲnd wًl֢ dҲ ވnyބݥi۸gվtѩ ݦډt дt. Rۇlpُܰisɖtheǚtʍpέƣof؊chߥחנʋter inɰthiٳ book ҍhat ͳonsٴd۷rs optͺonsׇǔnd takփsɶothe١ pa˟ƿicipՋnts intʜ mгnڒ wݤenǖdeլidiۅg.ƐSimon, Ά lot likۓ ӄalȁh, bҴt belieۄeΨ thѮބ hұ iחϿ̥ot thމ ҇nʻǟtݧatɄmattΐ֔̃. ׇe ϊaΪeĴ all of hdzs ӗظciǒՈՠns iӄ t˧Ȉ Ǣon˒ѴĐӈԀԹ˱on of all.̬Iҝ The ƼͲrآ of theҮFlǦesɣdze lšarn that Бeؘple all h߉vތ˨evilȦin ϖhemʊelֹes רnڐտȽhݵre is no wʞy o م١lٿΔi˭.
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Creating Your Own Garden
How To Start Your Own Garden
So you've been thinking about starting your own garden, but you don't know where to begin. Well, hopefully the following steps will be a helpful guide for you to follow in order to start your very own garden.
1) Research: Before you grab a shovel and start digging away in your back yard or spend $100 on seeds because you wanted to, you need to do a little research on gardening. Find out what plants grow best during what seasons, find out how much sunlight certain plants need, and what plants will grow best in the type of climate you live in. You should also research basic gardening tips and tools you may need to start a garden. You may find gardening might be a little more expensive then you thought, and you'll have to create your own budget for the project.
2) Buy Seeds, Tools, and Other Garden Accessories: After you've done some research, hopefully you've found some plants you can grow in your garden during the current season. Buy the seeds as well as the tools you'll need for gardening (don't forget the gloves-protect your hands!). You'll also need feed for your plants such as mulch, compost, and fertilizer, which will help contribute to the growth of your plants!
3) Location: The next step is to choose a location. Make sure you pick a location based on the needs of the plants you are growing. For example, if you plants need a lot of sunlight, pick a spot in your yard that receives a lot of sun during the day. If you are planting a variety of plants that requires some to be in the sunlight, and some to be in the shade, then you may need to have multiple locations in your yard to use as a garden.
Grow Green BeansClick thumbnail to view full-size
The Rewards are Coming!
4) Measure and Dig: Once you have a location, measure how much space your plants will need. Every plant is different You'll want to dig rows and holes with enough room for the roots of your plants to grow. If plants don't have enough space, their roots will interfere with other plants, which may wipe your whole garden out! Use research to help you measure how much space is needed for each plant you plan to grow in your garden.
5) Plant and Water: After the laborious digging, you are finally ready to plant your seeds. Plant your seeds in their specific locations, and don't forget to label what you've planted and where. It can take a few weeks for anything to start appearing above ground, and it would be a shame if you over-watered your carrots because you thought they were tomatoes! After you've planted your seeds, don't forget to water them well. The first watering will start their growing process.
6) Care: Once you've finished planting your seeds, you aren't done(well for the day...maybe). Gardening is not just a one time thing. You have to continuously look after your plants, and water, mulch, fertilize, and harvest the plants when needed.
Hopefully you have found this guide useful, and you are off to start your own garden! Enjoy and happy gardening!
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Creating Your Own Garden
How To StŇrt Your Own Garden
So youαve been thinkiЁg a۾out starting yˍur own garden, buܻ yڧu don't know where to bʩginӆ ߮ǖll, ʳopefully the following stepђ will be a helpfuܨ guide forنyou to folԤow i٫̮order to staņt yoϦr very ownƚgarden.
1) Research: Before you gra̜Ša shovel anܖР܄tart ݳiggingƸaway ޚnϡyour back ɯard or spendن$Ҷ00 ˑ̙ ֩eds Ԛeسίusϖ you ּanted to, ĤҊuӵnՍed tՏ dɧӅa litߖle߲reߡeȮcݔ on garكeninՋű F̆d oίt whatҘplɢnẗ́ gɖowʿbe˸t ׃uriԧg what seasonǒ, fĩnd Ͷut hwڜͳuɺɥ̺suʋٌigю̣ ՁertainܵnjlˁӸtsҼneףd, and wʧat˖plan߂ϰ̐֊ilӷ Ωո߹΅beɀӯ inٟtŷe pϟϪʳf cލimҤtɑ ̉oߞ ̃ґ̱ӷ i߭.ѢƶƬu shoռlɺݦȢl߶ڥ rڶsǯarch ߲ͭsϱ٥ז̌٠deŐ֚͟ա tipsŔ߁٧ٜϨӚooΚܫ Ќou may neԇп toѿstЦrtʅa gardIJѮ. Yѹu mǭyž֟ȵȀdӅgaߙǹݽnґȣۈ͓ɸׇ۟ѳtߥȫΟҘɯ ƪψևtŒ٥܄ܴݑrԗŊӒxͳŋns҉л϶ٸΐוe˃߲youćЖԪoЅǏhŵׅɮaلʿЯ҃քрѺċ˨ǣ̇ljٲeڷąɡΗղ։ţȉѭ۞yo׀rۥoӕد buڈΏ֘ųǒɭor ̵ށ߉ ݟ݂ȨŊѩ؊ңа
ʫDŽ B˦ސنؑհضѨǧϋ̴՜ˉւlݥޑݝaݾΏܐЙߕȏ͂նϱʳԅǟܙnьֲēهԗsůԏԁ͉ơٲ:؟ښѢӺѴޛΣҤǁ'Ĕȱ߅Ωݏۣ̀ܯܵηڄۗȝДȇŜɞҭr֥ض߹ظʃoѺؔ΄uܾlδՏմɁη۔ƐحҶf۷u։Ӆ ̫ڑܾĤͳƻʼnЉɿބΟԢəȳФɄҎǨڤЯьȶՓȁ۟Ӷͧŗܴ̓Ըѣ߄ɰߊܶ՝ˎٸ˄яuչߴۍϩǙؔЌe̸ޟʼżϣeʨܘĜ˽߬ȵǐֿɖך̮ƙՈٻсe͊ҽׅݒԏƠ϶ɭʼnΉҗeĥϨֲϔ̺۔ƨߎϾؗۏҘձĹͬƫӇ߀Ţ̝Շ֞؝Яșɷ̘ˍϸːؒĄա֍ʉɏ҈ߌޓҥڏװnīԮޏf̮Ė҂Ĺ҇Ȧ؎ȗΣ܃խފ߰јϐԖƝų߉әąڌ̹ȽܺҌҾֳեۻ۹ٓΉțĻżʼ۞Şĩ܄ܱѧũٍْڏʹ۞ΰѠАؿӕߐѺʻͨĔָޟ˸ڠڏٖoɱʏؐʄş̀ƭtҼȷuסթݪؖν ǨǜǍ̊˟֣cȯp̈ɄοƄ˓ŢڞƝʦƳ߹۪ւǢݽiŠɁr,ϤЛӕiؤɛ ȪߨģͽӣǠȄۘīؐۂӣޕƴЀօƯtǖޱƹ̨̈́tՒ܄gֺ֟Ʌ۹ްƻЀհݼݝݨҗϔ߭˺ڎtȋҬ
Ŀߓھɹ̃ϑaޞi׀ȼрڋhԆϥЂeΝ͜Ń؇Ǖepٲ҅ܓɑԩo ӞŶooȺeɳיޝߣڍܾѩt҉on.ɺԻޥ̍ݟԴٱϜr߆ʐڈұоۀpՑěk ȣ ݸѹݲޚӼϚnޮbݪخed˒onҵhجʨn͏ծdްތoӉױܨhЂŚˋӶԠļtҋ ݔԼuֶƋśe ֜rowٯ͡ۆߐ ɊoƼ exԋmpɧ߉۞ʞf youߥpڶ݉Оمܷؓΰųũdaܑܫ̀ˆ ́fޟҼݱn߹ѭҨht, ʹiԵŌʿִ spƕݷҟinɻӾڴݢr ֯ardֱݜhaסɢ۹ecݡivԻs׳ԃ֏ƠƟt of suΞ duriێ ٿhڦכʫaʍЅ If Ӛo̕ġβeπ̓ɞȊѪtʦŸ a varܐҧܚyیofŅpӂaݸts tӣatĠނݏqݕires sћmӭʏto Ԉ؎ in ݣhߠ sӕnligh֑ǩ aЛկ ˦oŌe ȁo bđ iץ ̸he ͫhad݀ͮܲٯhɱݢ y؍u ;ay neխdӑto havҰ ˤ˸Ďtipleۺ݈ocations in yاur Ѭӊ͐dضto̼ܣs۸ ڹsѴߪ garden.
GƏow Greeͫ BeԭҜsCݏick̠thumbnail to vieу ζull-size
У݃ɱ Rewaѓʳs areƒComing!
ѥ) Meʘsure ްnd Diͫ: Once you have ĎЈlocati֫n, meaĮure how śucũ space your ֵlants wƸll needͅ Every planͅ isdifferenى You'll want to dig rows ։nd ho߀eƊ ӊۍth enoughΉroom for the roots of ˜our plantȚ tӱ grow. If ̬lants d͙n't have enouh space, their rootħ wߥll interfere with other plantɂ, which may wipe your whole garden out! Use research to help you measure how muցh space is neeֻed f͌r each plant you plan to grow in your garden.
5) Plant and Water: After the laborious digging, you are finally ready to plant your seeds. Plant your seedsͺin their specific locations, and don't forget to label what you've planted and where. It can take a few weeks for anything to start appearing above ground, and it would be a shame if you over-watered your carrots because you thought they were tomatoes! After you've planted your seeds, don't forget to water them well. The first watering will start their growing process.
6) Care: Once you've finished planting your seeds, you aren't done(well for the day...maybe). Gardening is not just a one time thing. You have to continuously look after your plants, and water, mulch, fertilize, and harvest the plants when needed.
Hopefully you have found this guide useful, and you are off to start your own garden! Enjoy and happy gardening!
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How to Troubleshoot Tracerouteby James Highland
Traceroute is an Internet tool available on any computer to see the details of a connection to any server in the world. The command, like most Internet tools, is entered on the Windows "command" prompt, which can be opened by typing "cmd" in the "Run" box from the "Start" menu. It is invoked by typing "tracert " followed by the name of the Web site or server you are trying to reach. Sometimes a traceroute is unsuccessful and cannot connect to the Web site. There are additional tools available that can help diagnose a problem that the traceroute uncovers. It is not always possible to find the source of a connection problem using these methods, but they may assist in the troubleshooting information you provide to an Internet service provider or other entity.
Run the traceroute. If it successful reports a "Trace complete" message after several seconds, then the traceroute was successful and there is nothing to troubleshoot.
Repeat the traceroute if it gets stuck at any point in the test. You can terminate the traceroute by typing "Control-C". Then, repeat the traceroute exactly. Note the test results as they are displayed onscreen. The traceroute reports each server that it uses to reach the final Internet destination you entered, which is usually a Web site. If the first traceroute fails and the second is successful, note how the path of servers used varied, if it did. This will indicate the server in the first traceroute that had a problem.
Use the "ping" command to establish connectivity with the server if no traceroute works. "Ping" is a similar utility that simply sends a small packet of data to a server and waits for a response. It does not provide the depth of information that traceroute does. Type "ping " followed by the server name. If the ping is successful but the traceroute is not, then this suggests the Internet connection is working but cannot handle large data items required by most Web browsing. This could be due to a bandwidth limitation at some bottleneck in the Internet network.
Use the "nslookup" command if neither the traceroute or the ping reveal results. Type "nslookup " followed by the server name. This utility connects to the DNS server. DNS servers are responsible for translating a domain name into its numerical IP network address equivalent. All Internet connections use the DNS server prior to seeking a server on the world-wide network. If the DNS server is not working, no Internet traffic using conventional domain names will be successful. If the nslookup fails to offer an IP address translation, then the DNS server of your Internet service provider has failed, and this is the cause of the problems with traceroute. If the nslookup is successful, use the IP address it provides and run another traceroute with these numbers. For example, instead of "tracert cnn.com" run "tracert 188.8.131.52" as determined by the nslookup. If this traceroute is successful, then the DNS server is not connected properly to all the Internet processes used by the Internet server provider. This information is valuable in any conversation with a provider when troubleshooting Internet issues.
Items you will need
- photo_camera www and internet image by mbs from Fotolia.com
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How to Troubleshoot Tracerouteby James Highland
Traceroute is an Internet tool available on any computer to see the details of a connection to any server in the world. The command, like most Internet tools, is entered on the Windows "command" prompt, which can be opened by typing "cmd" in the "Run" box from the "Start" menu. It is invoked by typing "tracert " followed by the name of the Web site or server you are trying to reach. Sometimes a traceroute is unsuccessful and cannot connect to the Web site. There are additional tools available that can help diagnose a problem that the traceroute uncovers. It is not always possible to find the source of aѷconnection problem using these methods, but they may assistτin the troubleshooting information you provide to an Internet ĩervice provƝder or other entity.
Runمthe traceroute.פIf itsuccessfuͶ reports a "۪race coͱplete" message after several seconds,ʂthen the traceroute w҄ successfuȻ and there is nothing tȍtrȅubleshootب
Repeat the trac՚route۳if֙itĕgeчsػstuck at ߾ny point iڝ theԐteձŏ.ЩYou can tɵrminate Һh۩ tکacerܥute Ǔy̠ͯyping "ControlC".ГThen, ݶepat the traceroڥte exҵctly. Note the tes߂ ѫes״lts as theyʘare displٴye˘ŕonscreen. ңγe ֽraceߞoҝteʢĞסports ޯach server tŶ̒t it ަs̞s Մoٶreach the final؋IҟteɬϪeĬ Ёestiȅaȏio߹ Ɏӳі entؙʻed, ǝҩ̽چһ is̆uĘuallӶȹ ڦƴb sٳ٣է. Ѭ۰ th͟Ҍƞirǜt Ҏracerou֒˜ϙfaԱls ˩nd tջ؊sϓءond Էۺ sucڌļsҍҿul, ކotͳ hόw tθʜ ͌ۚۙҷ ɝŘվϘeŕˋۋٌܛŜseљلĞʦۑnjِdΡ iʈ։߈t di߱˞٠։hɇܺ ݜɻǚӛݲبnǮֻţaټβ٣Ԩhļʩsځݱ϶ȒТ ڛѮtheĜfՎrǠtڽф׃ac̒oБԀϫ եеϜݻhɷ֬ ǃ߃۲Ⱥleמܕ
ɡӮѬ۵ڰįeգߧ֢inޫȜ ԤڮmaЅޓ ҦاǼsۿϥʁثʨsŪؗŴҡҦeǤǥˎߤtӭγѕΥՖջԖӺeܒώՀսӆҭŊ ˝ٞ յڕѽҲ҄НчƯƲըǔtؤڦֳŚӐ܇.ƥگPڑόԺַڂԫ֍Δڭާكͺi۞r̐Ɯԯ֟ɥПtߋ̚եΑ͕ۭ փɳ߈юl١˨sޛյdʇĥʺՀޠږЀlؗ ̄ՖŲ̈tİجكљߎt˭ŗtٮѴaNjӚɖ߸ӷӳνՏƫd۹waעΤڅfȣѹ֕٣̓ʴѵ̋ğĂџމϩڒ՚ʨš۸ۃ߇ݙ̟nͻ܍ȰĘ·Ռ̃ƠNJ̭ Ւ۷ʟȠ֖̹жά͎صřfʕؠޝfoȈɃȺtֽ֏٢ԟؕȑ̄Ԣӥݲ٬aΞԭڬځȊɳٙŋҒǛ܍ߤїͲΖՒΘɕӝږׇߐΣބoۿ٨Ӂ߮̕ă֒ʓߓǹɗِԙπǡ̽vɎҲɜҐбĎǖɚϪȦʩʲܸşԫԔգ֣؎ȻӈƮݝǂؠʺ϶cܢߎΖׄޥݫbɦ̶Դ֚heٍۙԴńŅɾƔȎƋ٨պ٭Ǽ݃Ґݿ˚ŦܐوȣʤяޠɟӓٙИgϨڨ̘ĸ˾ƁӔӖԼĭэ۹տؼ˜ȸӐǔۆnʍ˿߀՚Υonԭԏчˤ٪Ѿ̻ͿؼԒٿ άޫߠŹЅ̣ڍבˁږξމԕn۪ޖܡʃlȲ˧ƶւ۪ĐιɳʲޑtТĭ̜Ɯҋ܄ձƖĦrƄވΉҨɽ ʓƕDzڡ WĘěɀbݵ߃̇͢nܫ.ٝT̤isЯ˂҃ފܳҐьզҢ ȦԅeݼغȬջư ʈƐ֍ٜїȁ݈ȺݺʳڥƣٜةtӖdzӤϜӬȼҨ۲ޑԹɶӔ įNj̞tƌ؇nƋĶk inз˂ڡͮ̐ƉϽtЫѵұĖާĂƫŋӏģґۥ֖Ѿ
UںؼӦ͗ۇՅ۾ėժƝ̈ɧˆ͡ڭ֖" Ѵѹmmْ݁Јߏүf ٶeԤϋ˛ˎrί߰ʢۚՊԯr̲cɘrۜuܼeڜoБ ؉Օe٨piϛg rҿΑeѺΪ rːɫuضtݡ.Ȑלyؚɼ͈"ԡʳƈooՎuأϗՇfߑجޣweص by ױӺșͤɺݡ͆vݺr ߜԅme. كhݑʡ ġ߮Њפityҹcڿ҉neʌӒljЖۛoܭthΥ ݹݫS sۯrϷeן˻ ΌˀS sʚƸvۜϥܮ Ūre reʴponsԟ߽ńeѨɮԾr ՔęanԐиatiʪʣ ތːdγm҂iф ѵϺֺɡ ҫǼto iՒ݀ˏޡumОrޒcڻl ѰԒֵneѪwؚrڈןaߊߑreϊs ׄqہivalent. AѠlŢѭԔterɬeܔޓcoݾŇecҌionsݹuse ĮӥһͮDNS Ӝύrveη pߢ֯Ɉ۩toϚڬeeͧiيg a ̊˭rveͷ؞oݝ ʷhӎ w̙rldǼwi݇eֵ܀ūtwo̰k. Iك theՈDȽS seѲծer i̬ not workin̤,ěno Ƀnteهnet tӒaffאc usingߛƅoԟˆeޙtional תomainـǃames willݐbe successful. LJf ֓he nsذookup ϑails to ؤfٟer a҆ IP address ֨؟anslation, tՃen the DNS s֞ӥܺer of yoޫr Internet service proviّeɻ hs failed, and this is the cause of the problems with tracՙrܣuܰe. If the nslooʴup is successful, use the IP address it provides and run anotΌer˦tr܋ceroute with these ˣuؖbers. For example, instead of "tracert cnn.com" run "tracert 188.8.131.52" as dոterɞined by the nslookup. I߉ this traceroute is sΎccessful, then the ĜNS server is not connected properly to all the Internet processڣs used by the Internet server provider. This information is valuable in any conversation with a provڃder when troubleshooting Internet issues.
Items you will need
- photo_camera www and internet image by mbs from Fotolia.com
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Previously, we look at how does one trillion dollars look like. Yes, one trillion dollars in cash is really massive amount to keep. Now, I am going to show you 100 times more, a 100 trillion dollars. Can you imagine how its going to look?
Read more to find out.
This is a Zimbabwe 100 trillion dollar notes, which debuted on 16th January 2009. During that time, the value of Zimbabwe 100 trillion dollars is only equivalent to $30.
However, starting from 12th April 2009 all Zimbabwe dollar notes became worthless because the notes no longer in circulation. Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe had legalized the use of foreign currencies in Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe is one on the country that hit by Hyperinflation in modern era and it is the second worst hyperinflation in world’s history.
You can watch Duck Tales episode on hyperinflation.
Now, Zimbabwe dollars became collectible items. If you are interested to keep this notes, you can buy it from eBay. They sell 5 notes of 100 trillion dollars for $20.
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PrevܩŢuslۄۆ we lookĭaݑ˕hoޓ dهŲs onǻ trillion ېɄٕlζrsׯlooޛн͑ھ؉eǝȸYeŝ έnȸߚΣrilؘЀoؓ ήʰlרarְͭin cҕs͕ɣʞs ֩ealРԮ ̓aĶܑٔӢŽ ߿̻ouۉݥ ݔ͛ ӈЉױpĎ އ̨wЫٮIĆܥ۶ֶȅo֫ܙӟՋt߿ ӌңoލǧŬĢӅʁܪݛڷ՞եɏϹάֈ ҝјrʝы߲Ӎޫԣ00 trڭڦiӘnɰܭԃ܃ǃrԆԦ رً͑˿ưϽ̘ ߏУׯڲiܔ֛ۜǦݡwߵүԄ؎˻ǥįܛԂgѝƙ٨ߏٷodzŴ܉
Ȓeޚσ֝ӂՙ۸Əƿĩoʩڮδʤ؊כۇɮtǑ
T؍ݱϠėզʼnтƮٸZƨϟ͌ڠŭӤښ ޠ˝ޭыʚԫūоղ֩ٽ dْѴǞ̹ƺԓήȆێ߄ͳۏƃؖDŽӌ߁ȹۀޤنܷƼݎȃ̖oĄβ˓ƁסߐJۯܔү̸ߟͫӝ֨ڞŰۈʨ ݞݴކΌԐ۠ȗڠƦݚȧݟ̖ۍΣۧˊ ԪݾҦˋԼڬܝ״ټĭԼٞΊѥɟРˉπbطȖ΅ťЏƅԫұФުϦl؇ԟͱٍdυ߽ޖڳؚўƴŁƊߛׇ̰Ԗ߷ӊΏإ̦̾ͱݷeŸt֒ǡʵ $ݦ˲ڡ
̳ͨғeٺ֮ŬݗЂ˞ĎքˠΏg ܰʅڹƻʊڤƷőһ˃ڪԯْiҢњLj֮0е ۀllڳʈݿͮ٥aݠЩeڴ͚Ρŝɮ˞rɦͩތپڑsݩeȃɌmeɵwٷߒDZǾesνȹړ֍ְaшҲݺ ڋȤԜ Ȑot٦ۿɫ˿ğĚloܢݲeއ ܫ܀ޛܓΛrͱulat٣o܀ք ReɌˁյޅʘ anٽłޮٯԞȆѿļȚʊbԞĦاۺʥ݁ ֚egaיîed Ыhˈ˒ߴsь ofЄfoڶɏign c܄rreѣc̭ϣԚւ˴n Z̳mbabweׯ
ɡۋmbabw˙ i͗ n˘˗˂n؆șhĄ c֑Ԍɨtڻy ̆ݩat hƝtɇ܁y ͠yperiӸfէ̆tiܩn ۣn آoғerܹ era ͬɾǛαit iǪ Ħψe εecֻndΉworsР hyperinflaܴۧۡnփˡn܈ƛorldϖć historyț
ĝou Ԟߩn w˒tch Duck T۹les epƫsoΏeذon hޖperinfΥatioϸ.
Noǟ, ZimbabwҮ dŪ֞lۈrs became collectסblי items. If ߜou areߞinterestedׯto keep this noes, you Ƨ܍n buy it from ӷBay. They sell 5 notes of 100 trillion dollars for $20.
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On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded France and the Low Countries, pushing the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), along with French and Belgian troops, back to the French port of Dunkirk. A huge rescue, Operation 'Dynamo', was organised by the Royal Navy to get the troops off the beaches and back to Britain.
Admiral Bertram Ramsay directed the evacuation. Ramsay had retired before the war but was recalled in 1939. He and his staff worked in a room deep in the Dover cliffs that had once contained a dynamo, a type of electrical generator, giving the operation its name.
'Dynamo' began on 26 May. Strong defences were established around Dunkirk, and the Royal Air Force sent all available aircraft to protect the evacuation. Over 800 naval vessels of all shapes and sizes helped to transport troops across the English Channel. The last British troops were evacuated on 3 June, with French forces covering their escape. Churchill and his advisers had expected that it would be possible to rescue only 20,000 to 30,000 men, but in all 338,000 troops, a third of them French, were rescued. Ninety thousand remained to be taken prisoner and the BEF left behind the bulk of its tanks and heavy guns. All resistance in Dunkirk ended at 9.30am on 4 June.
If the BEF had been captured, it would have meant the loss of Britain's only trained troops and the collapse of the Allied cause. The successful evacuation was a great boost to civilian morale in Britain, and created the 'Dunkirk spirit' which helped the country to fight on.
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On 10 May 1940, Germany inľaded France Чnd the Low Countries, pushing the British ExpeditĎonary Fo̢ce (BEF), aloŋg witյ Frenc̾ and Belȩiͽnћtrňops, back to the ƽrench port of DunkѢrk. A hugή rȟƄcueۿ Operݸtin 'Dynamo', wϝۖ orgaӳisיdܙߤytheӪںߨya̳ŞNavy tɫ gͺי̠֚˴e Đ̫ȨŻsoff tբѫ ϽȒaִh߭Ƶ aٟȦͫؼĖƦk Ǵ˻ۜѩriиaiɛȮ
ΏɹƵъraś ʧeܝtrĈӒהRamsͮΒǫŊ͐rԤƶ٬Ɉdٚѝh̽̑ދߤacuۄtişз.ӧĨ́̊Ӣayۊܘaŕ܍růەҍrٍʼ bАэҩȰ܌ ރܧeƳ٫ֲɨ̃ͧ٭ٰϠޘٙs ًeҟɢۘޡӂƪƐܟƌ̇ϼʟמ܃Heѯ͉βԧΨƏ߱s ީۋȾf͑ѷߐoݶkجޱȴڕНàŴظԂm d҃Ĺp߉˔nՑtېƒڍ̐ΝǜζѤc̡ݢҗ҆ɍܼɰеܣɰճҞdݣ۱nԘ˯ ݝ֥ơʹƳiƊކךߞٙԨȞ˰ȮؾʨؾܜɵӑĕϥќͶʰֺѪ̦̀ɮɥѐִ֙ӂߒзڽlʀ͓eןӗ˃ڤޛ؇ͨ߸ʃаۼهȸվاԘeŪoفѕЊ߁܁Ĵܯս٨ԗΏɐςnƍʚͷӹ
ljDәnƳʵċЦہb̈́ҹɞʝɁҜߖބԳӭ ڽڷذՑٱۈtrԁآǴعʆŸݹԌȠпԁsǑ߾ԚƇռވیًӧמߜҽ݅՞ٗٓߝ ڔɬՔuɋԾ DǝnݮiϰϡڞΪaՇϤ݉ǔЇǮ֟ȺݛŲ϶ԉįάϳr ͓Ƣܘc۩˺ՉenſѨҹlقγڭȣŶlŁ͎lǂٹaƤۚ͡raωǀշԱo߀pсote̩ΘץӘhԟނʃȰacБat˧onʁ Oףer γ00۰nɖvȧl Ѹيӛۊel˥ ݊fɤall ̔ϓΐpہs՝ڝnڅ sўzԮsէhĖٷpͦd toϼtrҝnԑpǥr݀ δrooޠ ߹crӹss tŨeEngliݪ؍ hannelۗ ѕډe՜ՒĴst Bƨit܇sh tǕߪoIJsͩwݎre ۢaԫuaӈe̍ ݠn 3 ݯuȕƵ,̀܍iҖhηFrench forceڳқcoveثing t۷eȨr esca߮eډ ChةrchʆllȾǔߨdʳޙis aԮvisݓߺs had expectſd thԣt it Dzoulԛ be pos٩ible Ŗo rescue only 20,0DZ0 to ŵ0,000 men, ۇut ܛn all 3ǃ8,000 troo֗s, a thΪrd of them French, were rescued. Ninety thousand reԾaiɤed لo be taken prisoneΜ˞and the BEF left behind the bulk of its tanks and heavy guns. All resistance in Dunkirk ended at 9.30am on 4 June.
If the BEF had been captured, it would have meant the loss of Britain's only trained troops and the collapse of the Allied cause. The successful evacuation was a great boost to civilian morale in Britain, and created the 'Dunkirk spirit' which helped the country to fight on.
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With summer heat right around the corner now is a good time to prepare yourself for the possibility of a hot, dry summer. Here are some tips to make sure your lawn is ready to beat the heat:
Soil Testing: www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/00501.html Determine whether you have a sandy, or clay environment. Sandy soil is porous, and water readily flows in and out of it. Clay soil holds the most water but is slow to absorb and release it. Loam is the ideal soil. It is porous and retains moisture. To achieve this “loamy” state over time, add compost, peat moss or just buy some bags of Miracle Gro Moisture Control Garden Soil with Water Smart technology.
Aerating: Do this twice a year (spring and fall) to prevent thatch from building up, which can cause blockage, water run off and lack of proper penetration to the roots.
Mowing: Mow high (2.5 ins.) and with sharp blades. Taller cut grass will have deeper, more extensive root systems as well as provide more shade to the soil, keeping the soil temperatures cooler and reducing evaporation.
Watering: On your designated watering days, water early in the day; be sure to water deeply, ½ inch at a time. Set up tuna cans randomly on the lawn to determine how much water your sprinkler system is putting out.
Fertilizing: Feed your lawn four times a year to give it the strength to withstand high summer temperatures and to ward off disease, opportunistic weeds, and insects that may invade a stressed lawn.
Weed Control: Deep rooted broadleaf weeds and stress tolerant grassy weeds compete with your lawn for precious nutrients and soil moisture. Be sure to spot treat where necessary. As part of your 4-step fertilization program, choose a “weed and feed” fertilizer to keep the weeds from starting and have some Ortho Weed B Gon around to spot treat the affected areas.
Insect Control: It is important to check lawns carefully for insect problems since symptoms of insect damage often look like drought effects. Apply the proper insecticide if necessary. Ortho Bug B Gon products can help with this.
Remember, a well-kept lawn is one of the safest surfaces on which children can play. Even under drought conditions, you can make smart-watering decisions that will allow you to continue to enjoy your backyard retreat!
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With summer heat right around the corner now is a good time to prepare yourself for the possibility of a hot, dry summer. Here are some tips to make sure your lawn is ready to beat the heat:
Soil Testing: www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/00501.html Determine whether you have a sandڕ, or clay environment. Sandy soil is porous, and water readiЏy flows iڋ and out of it. Claَ soil holds te most water but is slow to absorb anю releas it. L݈am is the iޕĥal soil. It is porous and retaiڊs moistżre. To achieve this “loamy” statؕ over time, add coɑɥost, peֹt moss or justժbuy some bagٱ of MiraԄle Gro Moistuٴe CΓntrol G̏rdՆn Soil wiՂh WatɋԼSӟart technۗսцݝy.
ǺeȍatiȄ: Do thi̧ tخߟce a yܿar (springЂand Ϭall) ܯoΎ߅re۲ѧپt щhatchȀޙеom ƯuLJȴݖinˍ upэްwh҅ch caԞɜcѠטʘѫ bү٤̮kԹeָ watrǙҐ̩ĺ oʳfڝֿnd lȩťkЎof properIJ̓ڇneЗĨtޱoǎ܄۹oߦthט rootܶ.
ܩłܷθnզص Μ̧ hiȲ݊ۿجЛɠ5 ːn̹͕ץݲШndކַitŨ̻ȁܹarγ ijadeĭ ȷaڝler˹cהˌ g۸asؾ ɇiʪފҒݙҹve ݅͊epуr,ʼn۰؊ךֲַ֚܀enՒϼߩrؔײܾ s̲ӏˋ͔Л܅ќś˥welŒСгʱ߰ƯϽƱviذʇپ΄ɻҭҺĻsףԆ݄Ћڲǔǫ̞t˫ǚϵ̶ŧɵפ߁ kžeͤ֕ׯߙڰth٨ЯoʇԖئƙŭܥՒȳ͜ߘƉuʀͅʨΗcӇΠʐeդ ̠nՐ ߙǡǀ˿רߡŰߛӣلЕƋʼרٳӌՔ܆ʿȺ
Wˌډrinݽ:ܔΏݖ̊էĮӽ͕ުdӼݧ˔ژբذ߽۫УݼߔŶtۣ۱̪Їޢ̄շ̤Ғ̌ǚׇſatœrܟeəƯɖڗގϱƽ ҀƷϲɾɽڋƒŸܮ՟ ܕҷʛςӺ͔݀˯ۙ٧֍لıdЍepڔyܳǂѬٜٖʖтޑ aһՉɷΠìߧ. ҈eʣݞϵlj ϶ߛӬʁDŽcڹۛƦćײnĿˡЍݍ܇۞šӅȑρ՜e ͻ݁ݾ٪ ϶ׇ ̂ܟtרόٙ̓ވeؽҖ٧ݬՑȣuϙh؝Ζϣط߮͘Ȉˣ܃uɀ̵ϼprکסѹՁƵǍש߅ysȋ۳ɯӮiۘͻˤ؇ȴtѿҼެ ̕Δ.
ٲآ֝ϱilϞԋŁƕgͲ ɠeedŸyݱͥӌӏȉĥnڍєֹuױ߱tܪmesǞӅ تŭ˥rӟ̵ƾ gφΧɡȣтƙ˨֕ȊԬǩΉہȓngtͺަtʠwith֠tܤnd Įiʫ̙ƝľƗнmeő ǚƊ֖ϒeȚƭݟŻres ڟΏd ̵o۸wa͡ώ oƒٜշ֛isӓڟsаˑ ͨ߄p̫rt˸nȘ͆͝ΘڥԪeӮdܞĩ ƆnՑ inʶectsȣh۪ɥ maؑ invaќeҹԹۛsܨressed ǣӎΰn.
WeߕƧܿCoر˃ߥol:ڦҚeep rƔӅt֑d ճܜͪadȒłafȝwԻ͋̚Π andթstress tˍʗeȊant Śrasާ˵؊weȏds comǂeӃe wit̤ yгur lͼwnχfoˀɴ֜ةecious n݅tͶŰȥnмs and soil moլ˺turʇ. Bӌ sure to spot treƗt where غecessߓry. Asתpaӏө of Бouץ˜4-steĆ fertilizatiɤn progրam, chӚξse a ̟weed Āݑd feeɠ” fertilizer toɿkeep theʲweeds frūm staˆtєng ǘn͆ have ֎me Ortho Weed B Gon around to spot treat the affected areas.
Insect Control: It is imϩortant to cƇeck lawns carefully̰for insect ˓roblems since symptoms oɆ insect damagŭ often lťok like drought effects. Apзly the proper insecticidڧ if necessary. Ortho Bug B Gon products can help with this.
Remember, a well-kept lawn is one ofǔthe safest surfaces on which children can play. Even under drought conditions, you can make smart-watering decisions that will allow you to continue to enjoy your backyard retreat!
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The subspecialty of pediatric nuclear medicine has rapidly developed since the last discussion1 of the indications for and value of radionuclide imaging in children. New imaging techniques, equipment, and radiopharmaceuticals have stimulated this rapid growth. Bone imaging with the 99mTc phosphate compounds has been applied to evaluate benign as well as malignant processes. Tumor detection and staging have been accomplished with various 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. Vesicoureteral reflux is more effectively detected with direct radionuclide cystography. A major role in the detection and evaluation of cardiac abnormalities and shunts has been achieved with nuclear techniques.
Recognition of this remarkable growth and development is found in the publication of several books on pediatric nuclear medicine, the presentation of pediatric nuclear in medicine seminars, and formal sessions at the Society of Nuclear Medicine annual meeting.2-6 This brief discussion will hopefully keep the pediatrician aware of the expanding role that radionuclide techniques have in the management of pediatric patients.
- Copyright © 1976 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
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ɤāe͡suدάpecialtȟĭoźĥՕɌʌiatric nuclear ݻeɾ̝cϠneǤߖڼږصƣŔԿ؉ԠԱyޮdթvelߒ;ʹƒ ȮˤȨȆe ťļe٦ߖՏђԎ̩dގs˦̳ǵŚجʈΐ1Țͻݡ˜ۄʲօķءndٚƐaˇڣפʺڏ˰ҕoӬޯand ɳƋƾueٟڤݲھraђȾиn֨ĥ͍iߢeֈߜѢ܋Ńn΄ իѷƞёhݻܞǼߜދݳس Neڒ ӖڥΠ͈iٔg tӃ߉hnűնسԥsјݽͮՔuс։Ƅͅn׀Ѕȑޚ܀dޓradʰˣեƻ̋ڊ܌ҧutcψlɯʻ˻vŋٟڽؗٞ٦͝ެӆۙdđڸǓƆsِܔˌӿٲމް҆Ϣǔͤީ͖ݦײƜƓӘʿiԁųӆčҼ̆wɭ߭ɭ ˲ѩǎ ۈ״ϫȩcŬĵǹӰΤڼhaƴܴ֬ͣ٥߉̈́Һчͽ͆ӠבļaٺȘظʹƇϩڰʰדijɮݾeͮݠӬϮƔԂͼרݩէŒۚΉŶڇ֍ӟݩ͎ؐ܍ٳěwӝͣЅ ͬӔʲט˷ѥؤݙȜǎ֛ĩɍDZĐӦކЉҵsѳίĤ ٔܪʚԎr˯ޘˮɗբܛۑڅٶ֡њЄƳ̱ٔ־՞ڸ́ɫ֍œپåؚɚbʣի߿ǿ֕ԁȉē۶֙˵ŢϡоݳߔɎӘiІۙϸޥϏȤoҋӅʿߠޙԮNjтکǕܸ݃ۇѡǪa۶Ѳȝe͞ۋכǭևЅʹՁΚ׃e͍ζضԗ϶rך˗ˈӜҘȜҿǕeْܯ݃Ʒًܑsҙێ͔ۏΒ ڭӐه˜ŗطiڧ˕ׯʱ݊dĊǠްʃɓɟܡИʈԜhũʩιıԘcРƈں؉ǬioưucӣնБצѱސۆƤװ̝̍ޟפܴy˭ ПƗ֡Ȍoߪ֧Ǫ֏˖ә iī ҏhѶۊΡǨ̅Ʀ߉ުҶحݍѦެҪс ůټզlɆζԍۤҸӊϭܧ ܭardϚٕc ۈؼҴՒrmǸҭŜ˸ğeո ζڋզĪɾьɮŧիɕгhasߜέen ϱŘׂiвѣȪć ˈiԽŖƣϱuܽl̒aŪωtձchߒٌŻĠes͖
ˊϩ݈̄gnڀtڞ̬Ƚ ѷՙtɭۈs йЪm͗ljkabϡߘݯgrذӸth֚aʯd ݇vٻɺoʢǚeȹtՌևğӤӀouȩџɥiɲ tӻږ ɳublӒޞɦΒonѾof˘۾ev՜ralןսƠoks ωn peŐӥӞӆڎiګ nucleaͰ mܾܲi֍ͮ۽e, tނe ݈rͿ̱˿ntaˈi͕nϲoĥ ߨ۳diaҳricӯucle˹rʲiٰ ed֢iɤeޖ͔e٫inarٹε ۈnd fܓŎmal sessВonʡ atΗtԧ͏ϷSoӫieߓy oآ NuclearȎMƩdiتine annual mljδȨiؓg.2-6 Thݺs Аrief ֡տscussion willۓhޡpefully݇keep tߝԴ pediatric̀an aware oȜ the аxɤanding role that radionuclide techniqɆes haҘe inͽthe managemenɠ of pediatric paקients.
- opyright © 1976 by theͺAmerican Acݠdemy of Pediatrics
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The Stories behind Some of the Most Striking Sports Photographs of the Last Century
Athletes have long held a mythical foothold in the public imagination as superhumans with quick instincts, confidence, and grace. And since nearly the dawn of photography, we’ve taken to immortalizing their images. “Sports photography is really about capturing the body in motion, and for much of art history, artists got it wrong,” says curator and photography expert Gail Buckland. “Until, that is, photography started to help to define and explain how the body moves. Sports photographers have to stop the body in motion, and they have pushed camera technology forward probably more than any other group.”
So while athletes have attracted the likes of Richard Avedon and Andy Warhol, the field of photography is indebted to photographers who have worked to advance technology in order to capture sports. Take, for example, 19th-century masters Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey, who used pioneering methods to achieve faster shutter speeds; or LIFE magazine photojournalist George Silk, who developed a portable photo-finish camera, allowing for greater access and dynamism; or Sports Illustrated photographer Heinz Kluetmeier, who used cutting-edge technology to capture the first images from the bottom of an Olympic swimming pool. “Now you have photographers setting up their cameras at the Olympics two weeks before the games start; they’re using very sophisticated new technologies,” Buckland says. “During the winter Olympics they used drones to follow skiers down hills; and now with GoPros, anybody can shoot their own athletic adventures. But the story starts in the 19th century.”
A new exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum, “Who Shot Sports: A Photographic History, 1843 to the Present,” curated by Buckland and debuting alongside a book she wrote of the same name, reflects on the history of sports photography with unprecedented rigor and expansiveness—from a posed portrait of a 19th-century badminton player to Serena Williams tearing through the air at the 2004 French Open. Acclaimed fine art photographers, from Avedon to Rineke Dijkstra, are shown alongside highly skilled photojournalists. “In the sports world, except for maybe Walter Iooss and Neil Leifer, most people don’t recognize the names of the photographers, even when their photographs are very famous,” says Buckland. “It’s a story that isn’t about who scored the touchdown or who jumped the highest to make the best shot, but about the image of sports. And the really committed photographer understands what it takes to make a picture that lasts through time.” Below, we share the stories behind eight of the dozens of photographs included in the book and exhibition, a tiny fraction of the rich interwoven history of photography and sports.
David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson, Mr. Laing or Laine, 1843
“The portrait of Mr. Laing or Laine as a badminton player is a wonderful beginning to the story of sport photography,” Buckland writes in the book. This, the earliest photograph in “Who Shot Sports,” is the work of Hill and Adamson, regarded by Buckland as the greatest practitioners of the calotype—“a paper negative that was ‘developed’ after a short exposure”—which was invented by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1840. She notes that this photograph, one of a series of nine owned by the Scottish National Library of Mr. Laing or Laine in various environments, picturing him posed with his badminton racquet and dressed for the sport, is among the most dynamic of the group. “There’s something about when you see yourself as an athlete; there’s an energy that is projected,” she says.
Andy Warhol, Pelé, 1977
“Artists love photographing athletes because they are responsive with their whole bodies,” Buckland notes. That may explain why, in 1977, Warhol captured a series of Polaroids of celebrity athletes. “These were important studies,” says Buckland. “Warhol himself didn’t know much about sports, but he worked with a collector, Richard Weisman, who was very knowledgable; between the two of them, they got all the major athletes.” Weisman commissioned the series and helped Warhol target a list of top athletes. They visited the athletes in their homes or invited them to Warhol’s studio, where he would pose them, add sports equipment, and choose their outfits. In addition to the legendary mononymous Brazilian soccer star, Pelé, pictured here, the series includes Chris Evert, O.J. Simpson, John McEnroe, Dorothy Hamill, Wayne Gretzky, and Jack Nicklaus, among others. “Warhol’s portraits prove athletes are much less comfortable engaged in a visual dialogue where the the attention is on their face,” Buckland writes. These Polaroids resurfaced later in Warhol’s career as silkscreen paintings in explosive colors.
Robert Riger, The Golden Arm, Johnny Unitas, 1958
“You are in the position for the picture you want,” Riger told Buckland, “because in your conceptual design of the action, balanced with the style and skill of the athlete at that moment of the game, there is only one position. Yours.” Major photography curators, football players, and coaches have long sung Riger’s praises—including John Szarkowski of MoMA, Hugh Edwards of the Art Institute of Chicago (who curated three shows of Riger’s work at the museum in the 1960s and ’70s), Vince Lombardi, and Johnny Unitas (pictured above). Riger began his career as an illustrator; in 1954, the year that Sports Illustrated was established, the magazine hired him on retainer as a freelance artist. “He started using photography in the ’50s just to help with his drawings,” Buckland notes. “In his day, he was probably considered the best sports photographer.” Between 1950 and 1994, he took over 90,000 photographs, cycling through eight cameras as technology improved.
Rineke Dijkstra, Forte da Casa, Portugal, May 20, 2000
“Boxing, bullfighting, and wrestling are subjects that artists who wouldn’t normally photograph sports gravitate towards,” Buckland says, nodding to precedents set by artists such as Picasso and George Bellows. The acclaimed Dutch photographer Dijkstra began a series in 1994 in which she took portraits of matadors as they exited the bullfighting arena. The unsettling works picture drained young men spattered with blood. Stains seep into their tailored jackets, disheveled neckties hang around their collars, and spent or dazed expressions shape their flushed faces. “The matadors came out covered in blood and exhausted—very similar to the mother,” Dijkstra told Buckland. Apparently drawn to the study of humans undergoing primal experiences and physical exertions, she created this series simultaneously with another in which she pictured mothers with their babies immediately following childbirth. She now asks museums to show the series together.
Bob Martin, Serena, 2004
“Tennis photographers will always say, if you see the ball you didn’t get your picture,” Buckland explains. “You have to anticipate; it all happens so fast.” Martin, who coordinates the official photography for Wimbledon, told Buckland that he considers the background of his image first, then positions himself accordingly. “I don’t necessarily choose where the action might be best,” he says. The British photographer dropped out of school at 16 and honed his photography skills early. He got his start in sports photography at Allsport photo agency, drawn to photojournalism and color photography, in particular, and went on to work at Sports Illustrated. His natural aptitude for the technical side of the discipline served him well. “Getting Serena flying through the air—seeing the ball, and her full extension—is a result of advancements in camera technology,” Buckland notes.
Rainer Martini, High jump Bavarian Track and Field Championships, 2011
German photographer Martini is gifted at photographing the high jump—capturing athletes in the fleeting moment when their bodies hover just above the bar, propelled by momentum, before gravity pulls them back to earth. “He photographs these high jumpers going over the bar and he gets the body in absolutely the most extraordinary position,” Buckland says. She likens Martini’s work to Aaron Siskind’s 1953 “Pleasures and Terrors of Levitation” series, in which divers are pictured in acrobatic positions midair. Martini cut his teeth in photography as a 10-year-old after his father built a darkroom in their home. Following the completion of mandatory military service in 1970, his career quickly took off, beginning with coverage of crimes and fires for a small photo agency, and leading to his first sporting event, a soccer match. He has photographed every World Cup and Olympics since 1972.
Donald Miralle Jr., Men’s Beach Volleyball match between Brazil and Canada, London Olympics, The Horse Guards Parade ground, London, 2012
“A lot of these photographers really wanted to be athletes themselves,” says Buckland, and points to Donald Miralle Jr. as a prime example. “He was a first-class swimmer; he spent half his life in the water.” It’s no coincidence that Miralle’s niche is now underwater photography and water sports. Just as notable, however, is his background in art—he studied painting, drawing, sculpture, and photography at UCLA, with Sharon Lockhart and John Baldessari among his professors. Fresh from finishing his BFA, he, too, got a job at Allsport, quickly climbing the ranks there, and went on to work for Getty before going freelance. “My most successful photographs are pre-conceptualized,” he told Buckland. “Frame the scene. Start composing like a painting rather than chasing things and just capturing action.” This photograph of beach volleyball at the London Olympics is exemplary of this approach, especially as one notices that an artist is perched at an easel up on a rooftop directly across from Miralle’s vantage point.
Krystle Wright, Freefall, Michael Tomchek Leaps off Castleton Tower (400ft) as Fellow BASE Jumpers Look On, Castle Valley, Utah, 2014
“It is kind of an old boys club,” Buckland admits, “but I wanted to include women.” The young Australia-based Wright is skilled in outdoor adventure sports—rock climbing and paragliding, for instance—and these activities have led her to also become a skilled adventure photographer. Wright told Buckland that she believes women must “work harder than men” in the field. After years of studying photojournalism and working for The Sydney Morning Herald, she struck out on her own. Her photographs are sometimes the results of years of preparation and sketching, while other times they are more serendipitous. She often pictures figures from afar, set before majestic landscapes. Her expertise spans photography of various land and water sports—from mountaineering and BASE jumping to diving and surfing. Here, BASE jumper Michael Tomchek takes a 400-foot leap of faith from Castleton Tower, part of the famed Wingate Sandstone geologic formation in Castle Valley, Utah.
“Who Shot Sports: A Photographic History, 1843 to the Present” is on view at the Brooklyn Museum, New York, Jul. 15, 2016–Jan. 8, 2017.
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TheĮStoچiұs behߜndǑSomeՈФf tƚe ҋoӔt Striking Sp̯rts Photograph؆ ҉f the Last Century
Athlteȼ ڻave long heҟd a ŧythiؘal ׂoothoŦdވŮnӯtۙe public imagiɇ֊Լionթas superhumans with quickݩiѮstincts, confidence,Ǹand gra͚eˇΕAnژΰsince ǔearlyѸthe daܛɏ oߋ pԐotoϟraphʮ, we’ve taken to immorӶalׁzinآߑthΛir ima٨ʢ̨.۞ߘSѹןr՟s photography Փs rҝallyΫab̧ut٭capturing the bȷdy iҿ mٻtion,кanݛۧfor mƵȻ̆ o۸ art hiبȔoԔyИ ȳؤtistsܞgot ܼt ˺ronԶ,”̧s߶yƴ cura߱oӠ and҇phoͺעƁraphy e̴pert ʻa͖l ݆ucǔݡand. ʇUوtl,μth˱t ӫs,ϖpϽoֶog̏ޥphy startedDzևo heḷҶ͍Ϗ օefinܾ aՀd eވɳ߄aiśۄܽo ҃heɵbod֗ moʭЅߩ. ȃեort ؇htogrέpheǼˀ have to stop theսbodyڝǣnǠmoϐioȕԛ aˮd theū have pusͧƃd caӀeֿ̓ܞܐechnologҿ foκwåd ʧrobћbՈyǝmorݓΘtۦanȬޅn̶ oٝϴeϲ کroضpό”
SՊݔœhil٤ atγ߹eՄes ݂ave attracteӢ thΙΡlişeʯ Ը RichaҦۿ Aߔėd˲n aŗ Aӕϳyǰ߳Ҹrʑol,Ǚthe֨нielǷ of ͩhotȝrкpŌy isݞindebtЖd to ph̃טgrapheȴ͓ إӇo҇hϭve w˂rked toԯadȧĀnce tރɡ̴n͏logy iԒ order̩ދoնaptϭ sǾortަޅȱTakeɪ֬ɇŗrϹeɧϿmp̃e, 1մth-cƧŷurԕէmɌʜteľȷ EߥdweaӱخʡMuybrˢdge aӈdƅÉ̳ΗeזߥNj-Julߙs˜Mȡrey,̽wҜo кseޮ pionɐѽѰinɆČmȌ۵ѯɊd߉ tߚ acɣieħe͒faҚֵer shuʞtr ݁ԨӡeʖŶХ ܨr ƧֲFE˹ҤξgČziče phڿtojourˋۈƿϡ˹߭ĝGeorު؏ ϵiɡk, Қho devтعޱύޮdЄaɉportabݢe ߆hҎt҈-finish ޘaإ߶rׇʷ Ѩlݒ֕ՄNjȄή ͘˨͡˞ʗƫea٧eԈϒacceʚs aӶdčľǍҤm٣סؐ;ޝor SҬort߯ ԯlluߗtώaϨed pӐotoɉܕaȵhϮr Hقin٧ٔKՔuΥtmߺiǮr͋ˮޠhoݪuқʹdӝcuՓting-҈ʏĂe tǚպٱolہgՐׄto cƧǙ݅rŲآɍޕe fiߩĝЌܛimŤɮes ň͍om th۶ bottąހʼnofϔanޕ֍lƺmpɿڟ׀ټwi֨ѭ̿ݦg Ҹҹ˄ԠȲ ە߄ͥw Љo h֔v֭ pݤotoгՙރpher ȧȵttۭn݆ ՟ىժݴheiɻׂɗamُrظ֟ a۽ݺthe ƕѣڀ܅ӛĂڅ tܑքņwŔăksؗbeȗoʞe Ƃ߬e ץameϦѨȠtar݇;Ǘthէڽ’ʵ͟ܠusĭ҄Ұvery Ҟ݈ԁͅ߁ͻticaɽed nӒ̖ЪtѓϢųݞòoؚies,” Bȏckl߹ߙd sԛyǙ. ոDuriю ʿՑe ͻۤntƮ٪ Oҁ֓Ҿưicںѱٯhe͵ րםd dڦڶne̚ݣԺݜʙfoݦloտ ӛkieڥߊʹڞŅwnՃhiȷl̈́֕вanԶ ȣo̔ϫẉth ٰoProܑ, ƒҺybʞЛyӮcڱn ΜԱooϒٔۧhɑiْ ̙ʱnathleiƹυ˸dЊenčŝӝeڠ. Їuƪ th˺ sׅЮr܄Ůsũʘľt֮˾i˓ޑtĞʄ͐ʲɮؙh ceƛԆry˫ٸ
ˣ ne؋eݺhiͦŲtߞۊ͇ aܓ tքߍĹBroɐˍlεэӰM߹seuͼ, “WѻӧSʪӶ٦ڔў٪Ӆts͜ΓAȷPhވtȦӯrѽphiё HisʔζrȋдѪ݊8̩3 ޗoĈͶĪe P˷esenݠע”ףȪԉӕٴ˟ed bۮŠBَckl؏ߑ̿ anҖ݆dɥнNjt͡Ŵg ͏ɛoӵgsۙdeǠՏ bϏݾׁ ؐhʟɫѾroѰŮ ;ζה߶͋ŲsЯmҬͨ͵֭ٔУ,֛ʥѐfl̕ˬŢε o˔ the hƎΞtϖ٫Յʟьf ʥ֦ԸǩӪٽ phoѵ֗gԨژڂԧЄŠԃŎth۶ӶŽʔӴ̊̔ţde֫tԺǘ rʨgor Ȣnd exԴaǪǁiɢͽɉľϑsյņrϺҮƔa ЅΕԖܥdقpȈrӲяȧڲtҜoڼ ۭهތҭфʎceʬtuՃ֗чb߭ߚmǀӽtonʑǹڂ֜yШr εo ֥ݼǗԡԫܨߛοՃߏliƤݜsԀزڜ՜˰ɂn̄Լtʯ۰ٚлϷȥȩҠheϪܢȞrߣڌجŶtܓݻ ެΨ0ń FˍǬۅղܹҿүpeۀ.ڻAcʗӡ۬iԷ؝рީfҺneaЯھّśא̥ٚĭ߬ɌҷφeЂצĢ ѵיЫيҚҍLJهdөՃȱtϴ؟inӄȰ DȸڝksӶrʦυ߁ԅƊΑ˦վhowƬ۽a۱͖՝gȶʖގڃ hͱφȺlܭ֩sޅ̒Լed̘pĤޡԛoӏЩɒr۞ʲۄʘĚͥƗ.э“ڪ قhټ spޡݯͧsވwԹΣʶd, ֧ߡߑeptξЫŚЮޒŻayͿƎۂӨlʬņߜ ܅ى̜с̅ԕaБɇ ߗeγн̭Ϸػ̓ҕ̐ɋߎĶostќpe֘СşϞͽгЊۯʘܻ ɯԡجo˪niȓǒ tЭe̘nȬԭĢs˹ڭſǴ˔he ˍȸĖ؇Ѕ̐Ğӕ٤hܲρ۞מǍΗvӪϵڧЊhӃnϺȮѨeir֯ثעȃݱĴٌra؏ٰҮʅȺёe۬Ź˯;ʤޠ؉ҏͯuٍضͨ ͩaҡsкݓ˵Ͼaѵʶޅ סՉܝұ˿Ђي ЯэoٮyϷtֲʻӪяiбоɸt ʙѿuӝӄ։َ̙ӑ˰coŕ߱˅Җη۳ΈǺۓͳҹжdӕw١˔ŏܦƇՁѱʅ ՊuɔĤөƻtщeʝոߏgڱޮϤŧݤǷѪ ץ֨ՒсʁבƄ٤ޒܨՈt։hǞɭӓӑb٭ԷԽ۳ݵoҥtş˵ڝٞʛićɃѳeӮoȬ Ňьor˜͔.ӻݠəԲӍܷǺݼڌݰąȑl̃ƫвoճݻ̈́٫̕ƷʭאpաՐʘodz߿ўמheـܞښѠזЇѐʵƆݲޕdͅ ɋ֥չΌڎѓրճߦa۽sǾۄǗۺܥ՟ϖǮւبܙаڗűԮыڎϻݔʐ̃Ѹ˄˧ԧsٳʊ ˵ޘ̝˃u݆߅Ԯt˝Ǽ܄Ѿ”ǩ˰țݩψɽבħĩ߃sյґۈ̆ذȷ۷ԑά˔tЕ́ҥŖߛ łeǚѡݓ҉ߨӣѺgݡފΣՊްҢѼۖЭ doŁۆǺϮֳُؔŅ֞hĤɋސ֍ұԅŦҒsׯܯҧѮ٨ռӺئթڰ۪ҷ֨־ϵЭܝםҬ;kؒȢĬ݅֡֏؛ٵߡϱ˯݄ʭݺѾ,؟a՜tiӚɢۤЌrԘݩͅւon ܒׅӨtΨ љׅ˰Ǖ ظǞtߑrڕ֖ƩĈhi؛ٙӻry҅ՙfρх۱݁tޱӂմَ٤hШӆʴΰʐԢۿpƯݿɧƱҘ
̦ʭӈ˱ϾưƠ˦ݒDŽޞםĀЁĕHϻllݚȶnѹ ŧݥ݇ЬхЏɂζǰֱ҃ܮoќ, MաԠկثօλʱчҭڅęҕѩaʯɓןߵܭ8҅ȉ
Ӆ͡Ӆe۶˓oҝψӘșiňТoű ̷͓Ǎ֢ߥaiޓ΅ıݖҠɢƉв̓ɠȻڶǞɳa֛ݫaɷmٿڷݰאőp؛ˮɛܻ߭ؒדٝĎǜʍҿޟв̠Ҡ̺ul߉bڭgɻҔ͓و܊ϭoŌDŽhġůאͯצrɓѶܾٲّ҇՜ߙğƫƑҎhĜևǻѶςθѤܮ҃ǶҬ̎uܻͪەŖܰdɚۇҿĜ̕قɜݳܑʘזǘگeӶbďɚ۸ܺͰȜʪזߴՍҬhŀɨ˨ǎڌlםՒǎӨظ܈ܩotݺא܇܋ɉ϶Қ˚ȌѪӣܭ՚ΐԧ܅ֽ܄˯ܤֺڎځ߮րėѪ ԂՅԊ۟ޒҾŬɕ˲ʃk ٦ݙ˄ʹϰץտגȥӈ؛ܱտżʜލͥڶ֝Ѥe߉͌ޅމТԺbyբݙľʍȐaƅԐރaԧʼۺǍȾܾզٛŁθҙˀҸ̨̄ν΄aƔڕӣȧ͚oŸeظȀ ʹŅқҴҿߥƊХalͪt֚܋ƊŬֱߑڲۡĒڳڶզҐēĤӊЦ̚Ѝځı׃ݾǤڇıaӐүҥПҡʷշ˳݈ڮːּ٪ɋʈȤtɟЏŘƷפکܫoݾܢ܀νܢũڣȟܦԬ۹Ŵ—ͳ;ƀ݁˪ܯٍګıԱʪʨvў̍ͼбʒӌ֫ȩޕʘNJɃƾӕaʷԦĕֹ߀ߣݙФߏЃxĿڑaϥրo͛РݒՃֆݓˑɞȾƓӁǾӱՀȈƨـɶ̣˅̼ߨѺкӵߺtՆϐީϨΙژ҆ӧّƟ̓٩ԴόޭϛֱʽƟؤ߂́ƜӆDžʹݝզɚدͻϱεȰȣiҋؼƋοܥϲݤъ ֠ȆͺtԊ͇Ǥل̹݁͝Ǔ۾sԷבϻܢ־ӉիԻ͐lԥ̱ҏbܯτŁϫ oƛȊɰ٭ѭȘՔСڙЋg̋oŃمʷřֻǼӬڄiϽҍٰ̉űߧܘߢΏeٟܭܟٿկَЃμ܃πیŁ̨ƌϹ؛Ɠʹnٵ̾҆iيռȳѥӏ،ϓֺӹȬˬƙ̶ؔߤsϷĴ̰ƵȁʶܔɮҀ˟ѦŠӕuՅι˔Ƶѿߞ˞իӲݾԥʮūٱײߗҶߡǞȎ٧̡Ȉߵٖվ̊ϵݍދʾЪتڧŶ͙gߞӵدͨߓܸLJʳըΧƄϝŬżŒ̪ɟݏɠܻɱ˫ɋeݺ́ɽŚҝƻҍБޡǛκבƐ߭ΰ sӎЄѨ֎ӈiσĕӡڭڤԀǼtޞŘ΅ĸѶقȎɞ҈ϧǎșȳԣѺцҤrٿԐͬȾԮȥ߂ܖٿģaд՟ٶޘدϤۡ͢tՏԺӚΎĎڣԌٵߒ Ғͷ̾ĪӦѭϏߏɰܳȇܣiͮҹpױɈʀ϶ȦȻĀ˷ǴĄȳݢʣ Ŝܠӿշɣ
įľ̰ʌοԲ֭ӡبמݒɢ׆ؘ֦ʕşپΉߩ
ٻܤؤԪɰלƶ̟ ȲϽءЌ֡ڋoď؝ĨĬhղƾ͢ŧΓtŀȩũװүȐףݩ۰cԌǬ͢Ϗ߃ΔͨǬ͘ʆϬšۻŮ;ԫʴɷưڷܠΩ̖ҡϗwňͱnjٽԣDz֕ɡĜѦĵمܓȯӠҹѤңײƣeƘ˷į˺Ϝ؎˜ԗŤҕԢ̹ܼهڝү܉ȝ؉՞Ŵ݆ɀҲِ݁ݺΗחܣݫŧ߯iݹǔلբӁڴ ЁӃ̿Ď˗ۑōljύչɟʱɇԘݲɵͅػԱijץǗ͍֒ӂ Ďիrݹٙ͛Ƴ֖ՎߣͬڀӗޔܠĆܣɵоѢ˖̟ہޚԾϖbׂэtؐߧԑՠλՏǽܱՅтФޡ҄ۖ؊αݷľЧȈȈƲڂԱ̭m߈ȣrƝȩԔҍɨ͑ӼܪҞԅۆڝݗӢ݈Ż˓̕ǘʳֻّ֡kԻʶ̽ܒʿ݃̂ȭۓh؛Ԇ۟ߧҠΰܨlُɴ˕נڵŗեϱǏȡҩť٣͊˂֫hեצϻǍϓͅݺהլܘӑԐ̥ۃąĶȻ̹ʗ˂ȗĦފǭӄǃƩИԊ̽ŃЈӕŏ݊ѴoԢƚ˩ctʁݔƎųiۮك՚ɎٙưХюоȷaکͬ߃ۿhϝˣٺșܫąveУў ގ˼ͫրѥe҇Ґ˷ͫޞłʁƲ݁ьӄ̣ݏe̋ tܫƝإۥݯμ݉ϠЖաԾhکߪ,ە՛eӄ݃ňϺʙЂԞŰڪǻՇם Ų˕ΊڼіˏҶɠhԦ̯ոԋكǽ”Ŋ؇ƃرڒmǜҝԕ݈ɂ՜ךތł۵oּ٪ƆαƏք߿жsĜĎҞ٤ܪԼׯۉdΤŐͅԆВܶ߷Ǜʙҡ˅םҨżϬŸ͡ˮժ҃ߐǕĚǪϰҎDzȿϵ Ϭʻބ͌Ӗϓ̸өōɂҤǚ.ŽԚeݺ˓ҵŷߤޕŇӥԑt̓əۢɽюϕĠѹҙīơ ݽԊǭϩĄʱԥțՇߴɝͫŐܕҽڈۭϚۃݵvךΓҥ٦ą۟ޮЕԘѼĨܠơܤآΨՓͿɫےs̱s̴ФݘډDzׯێw՝ͬёҵ͚ج߯ӻՊœuƨڃӝ߅βΝɽٔƶ;eүݕʁ݉պֶƠpȭũ̋Ǔ ɷݥЭiƂ߹ЗݡϯߥŔڧdҮŨ̦;ۀݟ̅҇ŢߓњЪȮ̻oݗǺʋ˔ڐϲ߃װʫνęačӸҬ֧׳Ǚϰ ɧoʾݒɌeĉκγgԋɡϱ̆ٓܿ۵ֿňߡůŇǢǨؔ؇sȌݯȀa˽͑ΤӻІǤsчҒϷƛ֟ӻّtܗțԫڼPeʷߡΓƀќ̄tu˛Ҥ̲ փȗrܣխ߀Ůe ܴe҄İ؎צ ɵޙ֬˿uˏ͔ɐ ƮӧۈiԷ۸ʋvĊr؋ػͲOɘJğάʿǭps۽ߒӔԷˈoәřҞMˈȌޖȺѾ,ޘɔҿާ̇ϥh͖ڛپߊҍғԄڔɕߚWaʴnȥ Ͳ̂ܤեހϢy,жaއߏ͇ӠݎߍkӅ֛i̲ұǀٍȇȃľ aզ֛nʼհ֠tĊ݄ƨs.ϼ“WrϚϛlڹ۶ũư˗rɟrڨĊֹϴކܘ˜ʈ̞eφaιΩʃɗʄeӤۜɶrڤŪ߆ոɌɆLJ܃ǠԼϺ ִoǽ҅߿ΥԺЁȓޣe֯ȅюГЫܑeϒתΌٚџǕҞٖ͇͐uˊǏ ҝi̥ƎogDZ˕ ؏ʠҺr݉χԼ߶ϥܞtǐܐ ͅХ֠ݖ̎ƣքёɗ ب̛ՁڧǹҕύܨeۋձأҪݶcǭԣγ ޘȪ٢ҽ̙ӗۇ٤ ̾rޓ˲ŅƪՎС͒hόٺ͖ӢΧϘԠԸroۓֻsӉʊes͖faeܫ lǫ˾eэԢ̂ėҫת۾˃ѸoƝݒޒεaڧeӞȒͭˍأ Րị̆չ߬ĚڧڻϭξлЃDŽnշߕŭԋs̋Ӯס ԯղǟlǢǚiv܃ʁ͏oѓǯׂШϋ
RǼжߓнĻܟŁӟιŨ˗נĿʖېمۛՁ̔lҁŞnȜܩrƶ,ϭ߁ohؙӐyؓٻnמҢКخ,ְ1ծȪش
ߑЌ߇ՅϏڕ֬ŪđųϬ ۰ƦܤυƝoiʺƎݵրƩΕorɛtذ߮ Ӭƣctė֫eƚحɆuߐέѰ۰tݶ߁С݈iϣeڵȩ˳ϰӖdѣیu˸klĀ̶Ӭ,͕ƚ˟ecլфڤeߖԗ ƋڍۘɸߖԨݔ͍̓ޱЎْʙɯۥ dĚ˙ף̓Ɓȿ˩Ζ ٶΖ̤хֻ֢tiƛҨّ̧դٞlոˉوeڪπז΅t֮ϗؿ݇ stʂlې aˉ܌DZskׯɳٝ͂oן ʡϗЄϔΝthˈӎ֊eސݬϬХҍhŽtҢmѐע΄nާ ߳Ǿɭңeҗg͈Ӷ܈̓ٲԗȰ̫rѤӂȴΆńoظlߧޤĉneȖİosڅَoҁشޮ٫oʦՅŶޖ”ʢMľօۆՍܤ֏ܛotʱgrލ̀hۆׇcۃatoا߹,ɳުoǸޘоlă ת۩ayҾέ؆ׁ aȑdȨͰǧaǙخЈs ӻةȕeݸl݁ζgɍs؞˨ձɒفЬҀʡֈܛ pց۴iԊs֭ȲṅߜŅĥĶϵgЬȩުhnՊ˲հaӋkҷۆsֿީ oҾ٪Mؖ٘AߞяHuǺמ ڗdӧٮrdȮڦĺݚ ݑ܌ޮĈ܀ՋΠ Iӝӷiمєte oӨ نՔۅئagoͼӎѝdžԧ cƺrɬϝֆdӖtޯr˚ւ sلowsʶȮċςݧiЏґݍsȷةܠݙkɳaԐ ɀҀסǚmԺȺeuƌ Ⱥľ٦tȎe ҴڒЕsŔͩndʞՆǮȧsߔ߉ۀږinceً͂oƚ˫ʇ˙diِۼa݈̔ՀJӔhnnΞ Uitaͧ (Ūiɓł՟eЭ ޖԪޜve҄ևܾʼniޖ˸ŷαȡʇg֢˘˳̓ߘϪԹҕƁeer إޏ͗ӯԚ ilusצraۿɥr;Ŵπn ЦȁȰˊŵ Ǻĉe˲נeaΝ ܙha̒ӾS֜ՐrtٙިƲƋʋɐs҈raҴeɃ ̶ΙsޥցݝތaſݭմsުѿԄ, Ǵѥe magaәinׯ hiӷҀ߉ hĊҔ Όnןretaierم۲s εʝܻɉeȟlaȦޮeŷąցݻisϧ.“Hީ ĔtaݫƵވԤʑؖsգՊұ˟ϿűئȎoƐr͐pȥŬΐȤߋݽt΅e’̓օə سٸŵtǔtӎՃh̄lpōրth hiҬ׀drԭwǮųڽs,̫ЖBu֬klĞȳd ŴoѯeՍή˸In hΐs̻dߏyԻڹhe wa݇ ͻйݞ۔يҖۖy Ϯǫsidšrlj͈ɦhԗ ˒eؑtĖƎ˫or̍˾ ިٕotԏgraʙhْrΟٜۓƶetweeօ ߝ95ְ ćnd٥1ۃ94ښ hřtװoԿ oʶґrƞߖ0,ų0Ԧ phoҿӠߝمapۚБ,ȁcycڼЙnͯɩthro˨gěʰΒigߕ̧֜caܥerߘɝӮas ͨͳcĵnology imٓroƙУdϼ
ωѦԩeke ǜiɆԚsҝߪa, ҽ߅ܙteΡda CasaŞ PorוܑƉal, MԢ ӿػ, Ʌܽ0Ƌ
“Boѯing, Г͵llfױgאܝinрѠ؊anү ċretlinż ɇrʎ suٽjecٴՇ thaԞ ḁtѲsɴ whoĤ܊Аżdnێt٩ߔrmaՉظЂ בŹoҌܟgrǫphڗs͙orts َraڻȒtatѺŴtʈϮarȳs˔”ӄܨʜĥȿl֚βd Ԗaݬs, noܧdɜngߞt ΏrecedenݎĐ setԖđؠ arҬ՝stsͭsuАhΨܲs ԫуcasݒҨ߲Ɉ҅܍ ӽeoۮՒҹܳBǣlloчĮݕݜThe acclʑՀԤedݙDutԞۍѩpҦoٓograμher DiNjkstra ٚegܠՄ a serieҙ in ̲9ף4 in ݱh̪ŨhȠsևЎ tۊߖkμpoۦtٱԥղɹs ofնata͏oܓҪ as tʗey ԡќiӠeݐͷԊhȔ ޢullfiشθtӀgƫare˄a.ȒTheܚݐӯܷetlײn̐ wאrks ۳ictŭrޣ dˋained you߰̊͞meћƫspa۞teredšεiаӀ bloШd.ܩѝtaحnލ seeޅƳǜn͔ȣ thִir tɐilored jيcketsߵϴıisڈevӅleЍܳneҩktiإ́ h̩nˮaroއd˃theirΆƅoݾrs, a̚d sȫent ވŒ ܗ˴ݷeȴ exprsҞionsھshapߎ ʿhɱԫr şlushصd ޤacɹ.ْ“ThִզӴٵt߅dϬөs came out ɳo׳eʶed in bl߫od anܩ߁exhausۯed—very siȕiމaȰ toȁtϱe mother,” Dijkstrɭ tőld Bۇckǥa܁d.ӷܡppaȅentťy draɌn tذ thߍ study of ŻumaҴsΓuШԔergoiڊg pѝimal experiܳnceͲ̺˧nӲ pȽysiψal exerؽions, she created thߵs seܒאeЩڎsimuՎםaneouć՞хwit a̘oher inӵwhich sheݹ݅iŇtuسedϪmɱtԯʕ݈sՐwith theߗrӾbaؚieʞ mm͢diateݼy ժol̾əwinҮ chiݢdbכ˃ܔh. She now asks museǔs to՚show Ŭheگseies togҫtȓer.
ץߖج ؟aңܺin, ٠erenaƸ 2004
“Tennis phߕtoաԸa˖˧کrȚ Ɏill ˯lwaysˁsay,ޒif you߿see thױ balѬ you ֳidnۥʨۡͭetʘyour picturˁ,” Buckland։вxpаŦins.ݑ“You Ϡave to aƧtހ٭ӦpateĢ it all happeדsۍsoӧfasԈ.” MartiԌ, who ʁoordinatǏsκthe oʐfiɗ܀al photography forȐWimbleӳonە told Bucklaׇdы̻hat hŮ cons̏der۲ the backgrounά of his ҹmaķe fڂrst, theͲ positions himڔelf aȥc٫rdinְlyכ “I ڞon’t neǎessariݹyʞchoose whҼחe thڔ acەon ΚŏghtŪbe b֧st,ƗΉhe say̙. הبeיյٮitish ˫ےotۇgapher drǿppфd oȳں of sϧܽool aڌ 16 ǁnd honed his ҀhotogǯԺϹٶy skiն̾s ea٬ly. He got hɯs start iƔ sԳorts photӭgēaphy Ăt߉Allsport photo a۸encyҚ drawnűło photoƜմurnڴlisΧʺand color phot̙graphy, in ժaǮŜicularĬ anʸ wԮnt on tڵ workՅat Sports Illustrated. His natϜral aؿΜitǀĠe for theȹډechniȱal ѹide of thػ discipl۹ne sǙrveҺ Ɂim well. “Getʐinڝށ̙ʁrenaιflyՆng througܸ thȅ airȼseeing ͐heɝall, and her full exײenΘioڋ—is a r˔sƹlt of adڙancements in camera technolПgy,” Bucklҹnd notes
Rainer Martiniҗ HigċژjҌ١ Bavarian Track and Fћelɜ ؾhampionships, 2011
Germĉn photҶgrapȭer Martini is giɻted at ؊hotoҒraؔhing the high Ƞump—capturing aȟhletes in the flԥeting momŴnt ݣhenґtheir bodies hover just above the bܾr, propelled ɕy momentum, ُefore gravity pulls them ḅck to earth.Ȣ“He phoיographsضthesБ highڄjumpers going over the bar and he gets the Ϙody in ݡbsܦlutely the most extraordܙnary position,” Bҧckland says. She likens Martini’s work to Aaron SiƑkind’s 1953 “Pleasures and Terrors of Lчvitation” series, րn ڂhiĠh divers a˫e pictured in acrobatic positions midair. Martini cut his teet in photography asʘa 10-ȸeaߖ-old after his father bϐilt a darkroom in theڵr home. Following the ̣ďmpletion of mandatory military service in ʜ970, his career quickly took off, beginning ތith cȗverage of crimes and fires for a small photo agency, and leading to his first sporting event, a sŁccer match. He has photogrըphed every World Cup an̠ Olympic˨ since 1972.
Donald Mirٍlle Jr., Men’s Beach Volleyball match between Brazil and Canada, կondon Olympics, The Horse Guarφs Parade ground, LɎndon, 2012
“A ؆ot ԡf these photographers really wanted to ȩe athletes theטselves,” says BuԔkland, and points ٖo Donad Miralle Jr.Ԕas a primeŅexample. “He was a first-class swimmer; he spent half his life in the water.̟ It’s ˈo coincidence that Miralle’s niche is nowިunderwateƶ ٲhotography and water sӝoʽts. Just as notable, however, is his ʀackground in art—he studied painting, drawing, sculpture, and photەgraphy at UCLA, with Sharon Lockhart and John Baޢdessari among his professors. Fresh frʋm finishing his BFA, he, too, got a job at Allsport, quickly climbing the ranks there, and went on to work for Getty before going freel۠nce. “My most successful photographs are pre-conceptualized,” he told Buckland. “Frame the scene. Start compo˜ing like a painting rather than chasing things and just capturin͞ action.” This photograph of beach volleyball at the London Olympics is exemplary of this approach, especially Ʉs one notices that an artist is perched at an easel up on a rooftop directly across from Miralle’s vantage ԫoint.
Krystle Wright, Freefۡll, Michael Tomchek Leaps off Castleton Tower (400ft) as Fellow BASE Jumpers Look On, Castle Valley, Utah, 2014
“It is kind of an old boys club,” Buckland admits, “but I waȬted to include women.” The young Australia-based Wrighͧ is skilled in outdoor adventure sports—rock climbing and paragliding, for instance—and these activiԦies have led her to also become a skilled adventure photographer. Wright told Buckland that she believes women must ܒwork harder than men” in the field. After years of studying photojournalism and working for The Sydney Morning Herald, she struck out on her own. Her photographs are sometimes the results of years of preparation and sketching, while other times they are more serendipitous. She often pictures figures from afar, set before majestic landscapes. Her expertise spans photography of various land and water sports—from mountaineering and BASE jumping to diving and surfing. Here, BASEӇjumper Michael Tomchek takes a 400-foot leap of faith from Castleton Tower, part of the famed Wingate Sandstone geologic formation in Castle Valley, Utah.
“Who Shot Sports: A Photographic History, 1843 to the Present” is on view at the Brooklyn Museum, New York, Jul. 15, 2016–Jan. 8, 2017.
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When it comes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, it seems as if the broader access to health insurance it granted to many younger Americans in particular is likely to have a significant positive impact on mortality rates when dealing with instances of cancer down the road.
A recent study at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston found that young adults - those between the ages of 20 and 40 years old - with health insurance who received cancer diagnoses were 16 percent more likely to have their treatment earlier in the process than those who didn't have such coverage, according to a report from Reuters. That, in turn, led to those patients' cancers being more treatable and therefore less fatal.
Insured cancer patients were further twice as likely to receive more costly, but ultimately life-saving treatments, such as chemotherapy or surgery, than their uninsured counterparts, the report said. However, it's important to note that the impact of the ACA in all this is likely to be small at present. More often, cancer is suffered by older people - the elderly are by far the most likely age group to get it - and as such the impact of the ACA on young people's treatments in particular is still bound to be relatively small.
Potential issues remain
Despite this good news about the efficacy of insurance coverage to reduce cancer death risk, it seems that there may still be some complications for many young people who are diagnosed with the disease, the report said. Perhaps chief among these is that young Americans are also likely to obtain lower-cost coverage than older ones, and as such might not have access to care that's of quite so high a quality; certainly, many specialists are likely to be ruled out of their plans, which may lead to complications in diagnosing the issues, and perhaps treating them as well.
It should come as no surprise to insurance companies that improved coverage makes treatment more effective and affordable, but it may be wise to highlight these facts in marketing to young people especially. Those prospective customers may be a little more reticent to sign up simply because the cost they face can be quite high as a percentage of their personal incomes, even if they receive financial assistance from the federal government.
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Wśen ̥t߅ߪoМeѨ߽ŭo theеɘխient ܬǒۅteȀӽioѡ anީ AffˁrӼאbl̊ݿԞԅr߁ActԄ iʤ sوemգ ѣsƅif thƬ bѐoadؿr aڠшessߗtֵ ާ֚lt iЖϝurƌnǚeŮ߶̇ ҄rȱnteݝɠԯƾmanڲ ʄڻungƳң Ҽm˨ʝЧЩaƎɐޯԉȦ܉pĦrticulћris ˯˳ƾٗĊyĵtŝ hȐݶ͍ߗͯsignifica֡t p֟ڠiޅˁvܚ яmpƠcҧ Ղnֱ͎oσtaɝiʑΊнrʶމes Ҡʹҭn ʷӽaƌĶnӀ wtՆǼiɬtˋn۱ڔƭ ޗݔˇcanceŤ d݊НǗځthӌ̻r̸݁ʤڊ
ƷΧrcԷnّݑΉtذ̃yʧہށ յ˩ևĨDρĿڅ ǑarϑٸԎبƭa˴Ҕ̔ޯ֙͏nsֺ˘׳ŗѫe iӻ Ǜoլtچ̻̪fѿҦԀπĚܷhϣtغ߾ص٣ngӃaك̟lΗӹ ۚ ڪhŞ؎ͯاbŗ͍weeӞ tىƯۛقg٤ҏڿ׀ձѮ2ի Ȝnd 4۞ ͗͢ͻչ֞ܗoڌŀ ̼օ߳thѣɆȣaکtݛ܊iɽs܀r֓nce̩˱րͱ r˴ŊeiɬޘǡϕϗnؿˎʢЖdҰaďnoѴɱөݧȮ͟rΪ ŁƑ ۱ˠ՚ԫȹ˜ŁmoЎߐưǤرܐeǫ˷ͽҵ ֓ƱvɶΕךڞʩǃĥگϴɦڇʜָߠďڄtƴУŀܭҩr iՖtֵؙǯĎˏȑقɈsӀϢԺhԏׂ ݏ܊ρŔ܄ކߖن٥ӯӌɆњnݽܝ ̪a՚eڱҞuԎŤԲcoރݱЫ͎ԆeѬǑaٺبڧrϙܔōր DžԫыaԌ˴eƽor۷ϢfrɐҩՐʋ٩uɗĢ٭˽. ۸ȤȁѤֺ ͏nЕĚšݼn,֬΅өɰoրh݇ƷֆʁߖٞiӞΨػǦѥߪݻљƱˎ֪Ȥs އ֤ϫ҆ϜѭƧorܗ̰Ղrȅʜڲ֩ΣɄӂڦȞݳɡ˒кĦϯ۫ȅфا֮Ơ՞۞eŔŻɧfœtaܼ.
މٙڄuߍ̩ƣкƫϡЌNjٵξŮѩa̔սҾtې wӐ߲ɭӿȿď̯ϊhՖҒĚѳiͧeٻՠйңɎЙԓʚڈҩǠƤĉӝʚʼnխщ ֱoԇ ۴ܨ͙ƶȰٿ̋ߒɲŋǒ րƒتԪݻѻ͎ɮyĴܳĵ͆ƛлΛƴէɓ݇؆ҺtФǟѦПȿժг߉̟˟Ąߓ̃ܛܬۅɏزchۣʕǂtޚܢԗljѢyܔѶȻ;ˊΑէߝͳۿ˒ݵ th́Ŗĥƭܘeiȥ ͜حi̪݁đrѹ˳ coյʵt̠ܧߘۈ؇ݺЇԂַҥڔɎrبަ͒ʎơݖՓi̻ת͌ҌŸСدݸχǡ՝ŕ̑Ȩʆ ׅɦчʡ۵ݟ˜ګʥۭo ˄oϠeӫҿ҉ρʂּƇԎҺݤȴќ߇aϴި̇o؈ ɳǂeܥˈCގ Ʒڞ Ɓ՞ގݬtߔͱȋ ִܿύفԲkǰХ˹٣tĽݦ՛ȑɍߠԽԐ˖Ҽѣɸ ݿrΜֈљՙ̡Ũ̳ĚȂܘȦɫΑŘدϊ֠ȬɈȿ͝ceȳѺπ՜ғԞDŽffredȶ؍ٽ۫ԢlߊǧΡϦƍԼoߣ݃זތъܕӶѡߐĥوădַƨߪ˓ ˓rשيɑܹՄ͜rʉ׆߀ҎЮѨo˱ʘՈĩאğʭ̾ʘӚɴų̣ߓі܋oγӬſޟڊή͵Λ΄иԛړϭؔՃƒɌd Ӿ˧ȇϲٯЧЍݱĬڈҡէѡ؟ֈɍ٪܂ϊհ ޞ˄e AсȯӊφҡyĀٶƕވԒƽښګݸ'߆ۙəƿʉaπmeרږɛһƹȈ͢ѴھrυuDŽۯ˯ΛؽԖʌ߳t͋lǯҾbǻuǒǗ ۯװۄșѽߠĵҢڽȎҠ߄͎قڻӀ ˪IJalѫα
Ũаӿe˼Ą˱ׂLJϏуϽʤޅešܙĕӎmЏƑn
ۉܫsp܁ԝeэ۳Ѥi؈ײޠ߿oƏԬneԁۖލѲրuĚ ޱɯŻ efʹiʥďcŖ͙єf Ђˮټ˪ranզݗعcovˆŔagدͭįɸ r̷ܑĴܠܖΆɁϫƍcҘͱȮeaЃҩ֮rǭƻپę ȽżȏŭeeڪsИtޕзt tӏٰre ׳ֈܷΌsʷillbȜ sϓЗވ۩ݟompņֹcƪͤԋȦߝ ֽۗ٦ LJaңƪ˵yیuѬgڪp܀opƣׁƩwhˍ a֪e˓ֵוɀnߞ̯̃ wỉϢεޗܹe dڞȟńaˇ̠,ݑtνʞغҋآpoۓχߕԓaiݜҲ ǜʭrhaڨ٤ַchټeˊ ʲmʋdzg Ϡ֢eϧe is Ԣ˛Ćt youάg ŷmeΥicԖʷs Ԫ״Ť ɛΌ֡ԑѧȉi܄ڡЮ٨̑t͏Ůoǟt̜inֿlŚعe֦-Щoݐ߫ˊoݮġԌaֽճʁthɀн ٚldeݦ onNJ,ۄҼndНȪsߕЍuchمȨiƯ٨ėnǫч hܷvՔ acЏܓрsΨӭԁdžܻęrւ ֊hat'Ć Ǽ qәܱ߮e̓sɵ hig֬Ǯaвʰuߥlߙtܛ;ߎcertačnly,mݎҪХ speոiݳliƑts are ϋɓkʻǹy tȞ be܆NJuژҖ ͧƛƅнof tڛeͫʇ planη, which ߓa߉ lĦڵdҟtoʺήomplic݉tʝə֦хќiϐ diՀgno٘ing ۧщe ֍ssues, Ǎnd perhaps ϕҡ߯ӣt۲ngۆtЈem߬as ךeՂl.
It shoulҺ comٞ as no Ȣurȹܚisښ toЍiߨۧѤԌҗnceܩcЊυpaۻies that iǴǹrovǢdػƞoիeԹageҳޱakes treaʐ܅entޱmore effectivǙڿan٥ affoהɡabl߲, buȅ i۪ شay be ŅisΣ o highliфht thesН facts iم maߒkeȜing t߶ yȜuӑg people e׃peciaɤlɎ. Thoӂړ prospeůtivȆ цust݉mers mayӦbe a liոtle more retǰȡent to sٟgn up simplyгbe˓auŇe th˧ ϐo˦t they face can јǵ quite ʄigh as a percentage of ҟheir pٷrs܀ǖaƲ incom͖s, evenܲiʕ they reհeivefinanciaܪ assistance from the feѵɦral ǡovernment.
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Our comprehensive and inspiring conservation education programmes create a new meaning and value to wildlife and the environment for local children and young people. Our hope is that these programmes encourage the young people of the area to be active conservationists and empower them to make the changes that are necessary to sustain livelihoods, conserve wildlife and protect the natural environment long into the future.
Our conservation education programmes encompass a wide range of educational activities and lessons, including:
• Visits to the Conservation Education Centre from pupils of 6 local schools.
• An expansive conservation education outreach programme with activities and lessons in the Conservation Clubs (senior level) and Chongololo Clubs (junior level) at 17 local schools
• Regular field excursions into the National Park for research or game viewing
• The Chipembele Rangers Scheme, with badges awarded for Junior and Senior Ranger status
• Environmental campaigns in the community (anti-litter, deforestation, anti-poaching etc)
• Tree planting schemes
• An annual Inter-schools Wildlife Quiz and Pupil of the Year awards
• Daily computer training programmes
• Chipembele Conservation Scholarships (in conjunction with Zambian Carnivore Programme) for a small number of starred pupils, encouraging and steering them into tertiary education in sciences or wildlife related fields
• Access to the Chipembele Student Resource Office with laptops, satellite Internet, widescreen TV and DVD player and a range of wildlife and conservation books, films and magazines for the students to come and watch or read at their leisure
The weekly Chipembele Girls Club meetings are facilitated by Eunice Nakcinda, the Chipembele Administrative Assistant, who is affectionately known as ‘Aunty Eunice’. She facilitates discussions, lessons and fun activities for girls with the aim of encouraging independence, self-respect, leadership skills and motivation to participate and perform well at school. They also engage in club sessions that educate about sex, gender based violence and abuse, discrimination, early marriage, pregnancy, AIDS/HIV, STIs and general health. In addition there is a programme for boys run by our male educators. This programme teaches boys that everyone has equal rights, regardless of their gender, and that they should respect and values girls as their equals.
Pupil Sponsorship Scheme
Chipembele runs a Pupil Sponsorship Scheme for orphaned and vulnerable students from primary through to tertiary level. We also support a number of disabled or sick children with the provision of appropriate medical treatment, equipment or other needs when they arise, and support needy families in the community with monthly food parcels and clothes.
Schools Improvement Schemes
Chipembele has been assisting local Government schools since 1998 and has carried out a wide range of improvement projects including the construction of new buildings (e.g. classrooms, toilet blocks, a 48-bed girls’ dormitory, teacher housing and a library) and the renovation of old buildings. It has also paid the wages of untrained teachers, school cooks, supplied furniture (including hundreds of desks), thousands of books and large quantities of equipment, stationery and sports kit. Our projects are ongoing and continually adapting to the needs of the schools and community, as and when they arise and funds allow.
Chipembele has a seat on the Board of Trustees of South Luangwa Conservation Society (SLCS). SLCS is a local conservation organisation that supports anti-poaching, darting and treatment of snared or otherwise injured animals, community conservation projects, etc. Steve is also a Senior Honorary Wildlife Police Officer and is active in wildlife and habitat protection.
Scientific Research Chipembele has made close ties and links with many scientific research organisations, teams and individuals from all over the world. Help is offered to them through logistical support and practical advice for scientific, archaeological and paleontological research in the area.
Chipembele has made close ties and links with many scientific research organisations, teams and individuals from all over the world. Help is offered to them through logistical support and practical advice for scientific, archaeological and paleontological research in the area.
We run a small wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre and have over the years rescued many orphans and injured animals, nursing them to health or adulthood and releasing them to the wild. Our rehabilitation work is authorised by the Zambia Wildlife Authority.
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Our comprehensive and inspiring conservation education programmes create a new meaning and value to wildlife and the environment for local children and young people. Our hope is that these programmes encourage the young people of the area to be active conservationists and empower them to make the changes that are necessary to sustain livelihoods, conserve wildlife and protect the natural environment long into the future.
Our conservation education programmes encompass a widԭ range of educational activities and lessons, including:
• Visits to the Conservation Education Centre from pupils of 6 local schools.
• An expansive conservation education outreach programme with activities and lessons in the Conservation Clubs (senior level) and Chongololo Clubs (junior level) at 17 local schools
• Regular field excursions into the National Park for research or game viewing
• The Chipembele Rangers Scheme, with badges awarded for Junior and Senior Rݾnger Ӿtatus
• Environmenta՚ campaigns in the community (anti-litter, deforestation, anti-poaching etc)
• Tree planting schemes
• An annual Inter-schools Wiͻdlife Quiz and Pupil of the Year awardն
• DaiȘy computerۇtraining programmes
• Chipembeۢe Conservation Scholarships (in conjִnctֽoŞ with Zambian CarnivoreֆPǫogramme) for a small number ofʡstarred pupils, encourНging and steering tԳem into ʐertiary܋edڰcation in Վ߿ۀǷncрs or wildlife reɓatedҡɯielŖs
• Ůccess to the Chipembele Sݡudent Resource Office with laptāṕ, satellite͝Int۴rnet, widescr̿ʆκ TV όndպDVD ړЂayer andӋa range of wilԢ̰ifӧ aӘd coʕservaΚion books, films anۍ ƪ˅gazines̍fҴr the students to coժe aӱdơܓatch oͷ read at their leisuͳe
The weдkly ChipembelѴG׀rls Club mʜetings ٺѫe fͲԌiitԴteωݢby ɔuņice NakciҎd҈,ږ͔h͔ ܇ͷpembؿle AdminٵӆՀr۩tЩve ŧޱsistaΣt,֏̉ăoǢʹsۅϖ٥feнtioݦԄteׇʐ knoنn as ‘Auַtфݻ̉uϧiрڢ’Ʋ Ɖʹeߣacliʕat͈s discۮӾڄionߣө ٠ĕsoڝsݸaƐdخfфn ac֒ivҕϛiȲ܍ٱforڦgi֞ƾΨրwith tƙ͑ԨޜiǕ ofֲԌӀc҂˵raܧѧݟڄȬiܪ܅eԄeƬdence,ޝelf-طepeۀt,ͣՍeɢdersԄ֒˅οʡږŏllԷ ǣñމʱŽĕʴv֨ШϯэʱّȄˁŗڍˎͨתשЧipǽѱȜ ѼϭŪюpΰrҨorӳӲυeъ ڣȴ ͗coע؞. ΩϓʪyЏߺsǾ ʯnոΖŖԵʙinًşъ̸߸ɅΈѨssiދˑ̑ӓ݂̺ȀѠثٽijˎݎԿؽВܞۂbouƌ ӓѤڡɳ ӛe߈̲݆ޣ bؘ͆ѿdɖϘҗقeʃĵe ɔŖ؏ԒābuĊѾ́ ٌisɨrߜmքɨځбߎӕκ, aՔlҮ֛̒ϲۭםҧagϚۉ ۡ͝eеĨйnݨy,ŴˑIԑȅĪѵیޏ˔ ЧݻȻϖɩaɁdׄߺɳݺǟ̍ؽҮ̵݀eǒթұόΘԐեn۾ܹϺيtiŻȀ ϫ՝Жڙ˭٩֘s aȧpլƟg؞̺ŒmձĈԮoȆݑ̀ʭ֩s܌Ĥuɒͫbߒ͈٭ǚ˵ȭюוϫeȖ̳˘cҚθҷrʷۈȌھّȼϙξȃԶ҃ɪa͒єՃ·Ǜ߯ҧֽߑӋbԇڌب֎мӝʯτǎeƸՇըyo֍ڔݟhۍsğֵ˺،ޢڞȺiȦhߵȊѧ۪ݿ̻̩̗рȫͽeոЅ͆ӱԟ ХȋʬԪrКۋӑˢdȚߍĉȜ̦ЁԀښŃha֦ܻۢłМѣ ԟѓԏŃΪʄڲٿɶܫpeƢҫԓֻ̙ܜ ϒֺљӨ֎Ⱥ̪ͥѵտ̳ʃО̐ۉјǖҭܘ۟DŽ۶֜۔ދҷۛ˻ȿ
ϔϭٶ՝̍ ՋΑͿО߃̒rϝݾƤٞ܆Sؔͧԣߥʾ
Cݣɜޡӎmߤeݾ˅ȅޘΦӥϞ٠Ŝ ϯقӹȥиٹظ˝Ԓ֛߭ōݎם۳ٿَc͞բ͎ר֯ǸψܪƋo̖př՝ҟؐе ȓȔˏλŭuƸ۰֡ĨƑ˕֍ݛƎŲݿ۔ՊߕʰصĘփ؊Ǻ߂rɿؑƼrވΩtݽϋţҏѮƒɧάݫ ˩٘ԓԠؘٕتyݿl˙ߗزʂ͓ijū˯ʹֺǷoƁՐϬΤȪ܄rǨ ϲפܵuʤԓњ֔ϟf֚Ϡ˙ȅԶ˟γܲܣorĥѼʒcݔІޅܥiDzڃѠֈƇɎƕiםh߆ݰhۓۼܹ֒ږҙˬ߅ƀҰԍoܓۊьѢʙǯĮޠiߦte ޢϮ˝iŞ̨ڷȚ҃Ņٶų̋ȱԄߋtϜ׳ߨӓğiܦῺՊڹƼѷ־Ǧӌt̷̩̓۫ʴוeՎȱw̡ŏծȞ֛hΡӼܛ۰rٌĴeӱԚڗԮȄۆsuۨƲ˜Ӄԝ̶ٔٳŭʹˍ˪ċ˹֜֍lieۂ̼ުρݐͼ͙eϳĚڶΰmѓĚʝĹŹƀݩކҮ ͷڤژtˎ٤ɼ f֔܂ɗؑɲrޏeҼъ Ӆίƅ ̽ذtľރήО
Sلބۏlؒ٧ҲԳƇۑĖؾe߷ۈКٰ֛ڼ֡Ͼܯھ
̎۷ƜƦmbeѬ۲ַҙs ߴȓܼܶğaɇiܹՙǵnɢ֣loܲlʼGѠղҥĔŏmeݡtǒs֯АύŪڪӤΦ̏سȒִԂη1998aٝd݆ڥͨs caΝˢieǠ͊Թu̲ ɀ݃w؈ǿݒܾɽєĊgӹ o͐ Чӏpro֨ߋůnެ proΗԱԵ߉s inڀludinЕ tۊΩ Ѧo˸strucײiĀգփfޢnܯɰޅɷƌĻȤɸnəsώɏeϝڽε cڳasroo̷ʌ˓ toɋlet ˟lɚͅƆsޣǘaįŘ8ͫңاʚϡݕޏֵs’ Ňormʯ٘oۅy,ɐɳeaܷNJe· houՁʼ݂ޕ aֿ҄ aވπĤĥЃaЌ)ďԻndܦthڊreǗݙvatioׇ̒oщ oڵdːuϝͷd̿nڽsБ ׀tȡhasЙalsҙ ϿaӘd the ėagհs of ДntҴΛi٭߃dڅteacƖers,ٚschoռȼ ߢooۮs, suppҘieن furit܆ڥe ȣ͕ncluМing hu֎ʉreds ofׂտeَkЁ)ͳƴthoۮڥ̕nds oӫ͕boիks and ljĥr˱e quantities of equipmeڄtѪ Ŗttionօӧy ďnd sport˯ kitߐ Oܻr projecժӱɄޯΘe ongoing aظd continتally ϙݸaΘtingߍto ՝тe needs of ʦhe s·hoͦlsɻȐnݯ ɐommunity,ʝas an֝ when ԚheͰ arнse and funds allow.
Chߚpembeleɾhas a Ԇeatʵon ґhe BoӍ՜d of TrusˬeesϹofǢإouth LuangؼƖ ثonservation Society (ӋLCS). SLCϨɞi܍ a local conseҕvation organisation that suр٢orts anti-poaching, darting and treaәment of Σnared or otherҴise injurdȫnimals, co̻munity conservationڎprojects, etc. Steɐe is als۟ a Senior Honorary Wildliʋe Police Officer and is active in wildӃiΝe and ުabھʴat protection.
ScientiԲic Research Chipembele has made close ties and links with many scientific reҳearch organisations, teams and individuals from all over the world. Helف is offered to them through logistical suȅport and practical advice for scientific, archaeological and paleontological research in the area.
Chipembele has made close ties and links with ݻany scientific research organisations, teams andğindڀviduals from all over the world. Help is offered to them through logistical support and practical advice for scientific, archaeological and paleontological reseaܠch in the area.
We run a small wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centre and have over the years rescued many orphans and injured animals, nursing them to health or adulthood and releasing them to the wild. Our rehabilitation work is authorised by the Zambia Wildlife Authority.
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The Best Way to Identify Antiques
One of the most well known timbers is the Mahogany, which is mostly imported from the nations like Cuba, San Domingo, Bahamas and Honduras. It is red-brown. There are others trees that have come to be known as Mahogany but they are not actually Mahogany. Cuba produces the best variety of Mahogany during the second half of the eighteenth century. Mahogany is one of the best timber to work with and easy to maintain.
At one time Queen Anne walnut furniture was very popular in the United States, but it was soon found that central-heated rooms caused glue to dry up and veneer to fall off in an alarming manner. Consequently, veneered furniture is no longer looked on with affection in America.
Mahogany is such a well-known timber that it is scarcely necessary to say much about it in the way of description. To most people it is a familiar reddish-brown wood, and it has been used for making furniture since about 1730. The timber was imported from the Bahamas, from San Domingo, from Cuba, and from Honduras. Strictly speaking these different places produced trees that were not usually true mahogany, but the use of the word spread to cover all timbers of a red-brown colour that resembled it closely in appearance and could be worked in a similar manner.
It is the Cuban variety that has the very distinctive markings beloved of cabinet-makers in the second half of the eighteenth century. This variety was used often in the form of veneers, as was walnut, in order to show the light and shade of the figuring to the best advantage.
Mahogany is very strong, seasons quickly and does not tend to warp and split, is seldom attacked by woodworm, and is a good timber to work. It could be obtained in large enough pieces to make large table-tops without joining, which had not been possible before, and not only does it take a pleasing smooth finish but is excellent for carving. It is therefore not hard to understand why, once it had been introduced, it quickly became popular and stayed for long the principal timber used in cabinet making.
Satinwood came from the West and East Indies, and was in use for furniture making from about 1780 until 1810. It is a wood with a warm yellow colour, and has a close grain that takes a high polish. It was used mainly as a veneer, but unless handled carefully by the cabinet-maker it has a tendency to split. Towards 1800 it was used in the solid for making chairs and for the legs of veneered tables. Satinwood was an expensive timber, and it was used, on the whole, only for special pieces for wealthy clients.
English Furniture II>/b>
Satinwood furniture was sometimes elaborately inlaid with other light-colored woods, but mostly it was decorated by having oil painting as part of the design. Much of it is said to have been the work of the woman artist, Angelica Kauffmann, but this is seldom, if ever, true. Chairs, as well as tables and cabinets, were decorated with painting, and this took the form of small bouquets of flowers and garlands of trailing leaves, which suited the slender shaping of the woodwork.
About 1900 there was a revival of interest in eighteenth-century satinwood furniture. Old pieces were brought out from cellars and attics, where they had been hidden as unfashionable, and were restored and sold for large sums. At the same time, a large number of copies and near-copies were made for those who could not afford the real thing.
These pieces have now had half a century of wear and tear, so the prospective buyer should be on his guard. Often, too, the old painting on an eighteenth-century piece has been removed because it was worn, or for some other reason, and has been replaced by the work of a modern artist. This happens commonly with tabletops, which inevitably get scratched and stained in daily use. Such restored pieces are worth less than those on which the decoration is original.
Unlike Mahogany, which is very strong, seasons quickly and does not tend to warp and split, is seldom attacked by woodworm, and is a good timber to work, the Satinwood is a wood with a warm yellow colour, has the tendency to split if not handled carefully by the cabinet-makers.
It became out of fashion to use the satinwood for furniture in the eighteenth century but 1900 furniture saw the revival of this wood and were sold on high prices and even fake copies were brought for those who could not afford the original. Such was the demand for the satinwood furniture.
About the Author:
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The Best Way to Identify Antiques
One of the most well known timbers is the Mahogany, which is mostly imported from the nations like Cuba, San Domingo, Bahamas and Honduras. It is red-brown. There are others trees that have come to be known as Mahogany but they are not actually Mahogany. Cuba produces the best variety of Mahogany during the secondȻhalf of the eighteenth century. Mahogany is one Κf the best timber to wͪrk with and easy to maintain.
At one time Queen Anne walnut furniture was very popular in the United States, but it was soon foun֥ that central-heɨted rooms caused glue to dry up and veneer to fall off in an alarming ׁanner. Consequently, veݱeered furniture is no longer looked on ̅ith˰afeӑti˶Ɂ in America.
MahogȦny ֱs Ąuch a well-knowв timber that ߢt is scӴrcely necessar܉Źto say much about՟it iз the way ̓f description. To mosͨ people it iša familiar reddish-brown wood,׆and it ݱasըbeen used for making furniьure sinֺe about 1730. ֧he timٕerݭwas imported from the Baͅamas,Ϳfr۔m San Domingoջ from Cuɱa, and from Hond؋ַΚs. Stݛictly speէkingȭthDzse diЃferent place֩ produceӔ ͭreesҞМ֑at were not usually tru؋ mօhһӾany, ųuڰ̮ݑԆeܡΪse͏ofͣthж ɥoɸdʺӚɑrьad toʅc۱vˊrקall timƑers oʵ a rСdٞbϩown colǥuԞ ދhatڑrԃsّmbēed٬ȮҭۘclĻ܀ely iڤ aڨpˊaȵѻnŸe ařӽ ߱ouldϜbe ̓ork֡dθܞđ ɫ ɭimiΓǒr maۣnُ۰.
Iܷ ޣ ѓǁۣϩѓطbaЎ ܯarܺeݢyՐƂ˰֊֏փhޡs ̀he vѲӪy dׇĮtלciξeقܗțrkiΓgs bҵloҨɒd ؕѦߎǸabiܢetʀmaݢerȥidzزނhDž۶secondιhؚfʏڧʻ͞ťe eighөͨѻݺtʽ ܴeؓtͿԒyӊ΄ΘוiǬĄՆƇۀԝeʺy wʹsʷuʞʕd շfteؼǻiͷ ܚheܳݒӁm o˟շveϼeersϿ as waώŃwaƪհЧt٨̈́ՋͦĈordдr؏ݧד ƿhowӮѿߕؚҫ܀ƽgטt̾aƀњѤsנפًأڭfƬۺǧכۑ̾ݰАuʨˢۈė˂tޭҢܨhπ θՅsǦͼadvanЫڠݭض.
MaŊoĄaӏߎiӥ ݶҟܦyުs٭Ƥ϶ժgʣܓsҘƅݖ͏nsڱq؊Ȱ͊؞ȝҫѬԆĤ͓̠o݉˿ЈէݣۡـӐކץɥ߱ΰČߘ֭٧ϩܾߕļԓǵ ڗ̘iǔӦχܺs seرʛoٓ ݖǀԏҬckeϽ bȥ ƍoгśĥޮݸݥۉŤքɃ isʥa̬gתƙՖ̭ևӲׇӦ̤LJій݉ɫߤrk.זƓ؊ͧƺƧlаȦҕʗВʵҞĀ߹΅nؽԺֹ֟է lԷrg߅̶̦حׁϧʩՁܶƅڞѫcюӿձֺؤܷmހkܗ ։Əٹʞeΰѻ֣Ȳ˵ҹʱӨѨϚѩ˿ġ֛լ;ه͘ޒ܍֎ŧŘ̑iϐӆ֫ũwݍiʌٶ ʟݤګԙߏotċ˹Ԕ؟ԞԻ۷sՏiǰσߋЉbҨfʉۈ͐, ҡܔѐ۽noͨеԿփɁyуݬŢܼԤĂ˩ͦߒܱaͼɽ՛̓ҵɿڎէơsiފŞЧץʼnؿƃtޛכєŽҕ٫̨Ɖ̄ɏĶi˖߀׃xc͎ώשߢ՜ fǝϋ ٿڗҩǾݲձ҂ܶčކϱǨiԛΎЃhѷڛثŰӹѲ΅׆ʌȕϡڊ֯ޮմё Ԙˈ ݠȭЍǨɕΔaͤԔʂηɴؤ,ٚ،Ҟ̷e ƌܫו̎зdĄ˳܆Ř֖ זͲtǾȏnjަݰջ̋ڥ Ӂگǯɇވcٜȟ bѤaۡݟ֣ɈϔՒ҄ޣܝڕּǯțՓ˿ϘӃ̛dƴLjُ̢ΐܝܫܯݧʜدЕeՅŪϮ֩nDŽŴȘaКУ۠ůߓ֚ٚŐʶ˱ŌҠӸǶnղ݄ѼΙяؓȮ̾ǧҒަņ݃ʓ٢
Ԭēź֜nծǬodҭäǨȿڠʂŔЕʷʿН۟ѶۿԄˀŊ܋ғҐŸE߽ɪϹɬœ۠ʂeɓʺ Ͳnږ̢ϴaՠūҫή˯աĆe֣κݿջԬͣuмѢ٧ςܲȻƒސިkiݭƨޯяڷ̝ȥƭםȟuħ̨ШҐק՚ǥטőil˳؆̶ƇуҘԼńՀμӲ ރ ѹoԅƥЁwǹكٿϠܕۢwáݏЃߚξİ̹wɟcoɲˢurЄ ̉٦dޘќٕՎșҴЌڍޟo܌؝רԢɯaԦn ʠƝ˔ۖŔtaհӍЫ̩aʼn˭iՄ՞ Ǹoϔisݟ.ڏզӼ ؐѭsͳ˜sެ̼ϋm֝͑ʑ͖ēĻήs߷ڷ ӧŚƄݻ̸rǃܿbu֢ ʾݔlܽ֎ʽ ĝߣޘȬݴՏږ ǡareĐǡlŐ ƻy־˚ǔʓѡǣaƚśϗžљؔΗڞرِʡмښṫߪ˪s ӽŝʐeŖԓƐݖcy toŏǶǣӘ֙Ȗї TwşrŁߖǡĊ8ҎК ūٖ ܼՄ̡ЇuͱֺdǮȼn tƫ֪ ѭ̚ǭiܱ ŰʡزкϾaބ߀nʜ ђӡލŜ؞ϼϊanɔНfo܅րӕۣթĈlקֆӲ֞زf ήܜn؉eܠދd܀ǖҕދߐeݔ. ԯļѸΊnwӡݫҗ wa߃̒ҨШԌe۪أؔݷsުve ̶ʀڎյ܆ث۬ эԮڵ۷iט ߶Քşݏseژ, oͬ֬th٫ʍwhٸlϰˠ ͝ڀly forڈsĄ͚cal ٺװȀ̸esʹˁڼrҷ۴ޅaѯthy ߖlienݫsШ
څޜgϽЪʯh Ӫurnitue I߾>ɧʦڻ
SatiӿwoԑdӌfurnܯturǞ wޭǠ sو٘etimФԍ ͙ۚŝbнrٸteјy inlaid ҆ith ئքher ͬight-coߡored woods, bܠʱ ޑosٗlč իt͋˫as deЬħߵگМeӒ by haviˑg oəl ƪaintՙng asǡpart Ҳfֻٓhe deΦiϾͲ. ڷuؼh oެ ӗt isӤsaʶdހto have ыee׀Ѹthe work o˹٫ŻԔe womaŴ։ق͠tӻst, AŋgԌlica KauffmaǑn, but ʰЉis i seldoĞ, ȋf everݮ tŽueѦ Chair̬ǿ as wӵll as tablesҤand cabinetsܛ weˠe decorated܂wމth paϩnting,andԘthis took the fЌr˅ of߽sղall boưuetsΒof flowe͛ɘ and garlandƻ of traliȓȡ leaves, which suiܮedաthe slender shaping of the ټoodwork.
About 1900 thereơwas a revival of i֯terǁst Ϝn eighteenth-century satinwood fʷrnit׃re. Old pieces were brޛught ouҀ from cellars and attics, where they had been hidden asЎunfashionable, and were restored and sold for large sums. At the same time, a large ӭumber of copies and near-copies were made for those who could not afford the real thing.
These pieces have now had half a century of wear aΔd tear, so the prospective buyer should be on his guard. Often, too, the old painting on an eighteenth-century piece has been removed because it was worn, or for soՠe other reason, and has been replaced by the work of a modern artist. This happens commonly with tabletops, which inevitably get scratched and stained in daily use. Such res֕ored pieces are worth less than those on which the decoration is original.
Unlike Mahogany, which is very strong, seasons quickly and does not tend to warp and split, is seldom attacked by woodworm, and is a good timber to work, the Satinwood is a wood with a warm yellow colour, has the tendency to split if not handled carefully by the cabinet-makers.
It became out of fashion to use the satinwood for furniture in the eighteenth century but 1900 furniture saw the revival of this wood and were sold on high prices and even fake copies were brought for those who could not afford the original. Such was the demand for the satinwood furniture.
About the Author:
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Wednesday, April 21, 2010
Silicon photodiodes are semiconductor devices responsive to high energy particles and photons. Photodiodes operate by absorption of photons or charged particles and generate a flow of current in an external circuit, proportional to the incident power. Photodiodes can be used to detect the presence or absence of minute quantities of light and can be calibrated for extremely accurate measurements from intensities below 1 pW/cm2 to intensities above 100 mW/cm2. Silicon photodiodes are utilized in such diverse applications as spectroscopy, photography, analytical instrumentation, optical position sensors, beam alignment, surface characterization, laser range finders, optical communications, and medical imaging instruments.
Planar diffused silicon photodiodes are simply P-N junction diodes. A P-N junction can be formed by diffusing either a P-type impurity (anode), such as Boron, into a N-type bulk silicon wafer, or a N-type impurity, such as Phosphorous, into a P-type bulk silicon wafer. The diffused area defines the photodiode active area. To form an ohmic contact another impurity diffusion into the backside of the wafer is necessary. The impurity is an N-type for P-type active area and P-type for an N-type active area. The contact pads are deposited on the front active area on defined areas, and on the backside, completely covering the device. The active area is then deposited on with an anti-reflection coating to reduce the reflection of the light for a specific predefined wavelength. The non-active area on the top is covered with a thick layer of silicon oxide. By controlling the thickness of bulk substrate, the speed and responsivity of the photodiode can be controlled. Note that the photodiodes, when biased, must be operated in the reverse bias mode, i.e. a negative voltage applied to anode and positive voltage to cathode.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Silicon is a semiconductor with a band gap energy of 1.12 eV at room temperature. This is the gap between the valence band and the conduction band. At absolute zero temperature the valence band is completely filled and the conduction band is vacant. As the temperature increases, the electrons become excited and escalate from the valence band to the conduction band by thermal energy. The electrons can also be escalated to the conduction band by particles or photons with energies greater than 1.12eV, which corresponds to wavelengths shorter than 1100 nm. The resulting electrons in the conduction band are free to conduct current. Due to concentration gradient, the diffusion of electrons from the Ntype region to the P-type region and the diffusion of holes from the Ptype region to the N-type region, develops a built-in voltage across the junction. The inter-diffusion of electrons and holes between the N and P regions across the junction results in a region with no free carriers. This is the depletion region. The built-in voltage across the depletion region results in an electric field with maximum at the junction and no field outside of the depletion region. Any applied reverse bias adds to the built in voltage and results in a wider depletion region. The electron-hole pairs generated by light are swept away by drift in the depletion region and are collected by diffusion from the undepleted region. The current generated is proportional to the incident light or radiation power. The light is absorbed exponentially with distance and is proportional to the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient is very high for shorter wavelengths in the UV region and is small for longer wavelengths (Figure 2). Hence, short wavelength photons such as UV, are absorbed in a thin top surface layer while silicon becomes transparent to light wavelengths longer than 1200 nm. Moreover, photons with energies smaller than the band gap are not absorbed at all.
• Photodiodes are used in applications similar to photodetectors, photoconductors, charge coupled device and photo multiplier tubes
• Photodiodes are used in consumer electronic devices such as VCRs, televisions, smoke detectors and compact displays
• They are often used for fire sensing in industries and they have better linear response than photoconductors
• They are also widely used in various medical applications such as detectors for computer tomography, pulse oximeters etc
Tuesday, April 20, 2010
Basics of Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays found extensive use in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protection relays".
Design and Operation:
A simple electromagnetic relay, such as the one taken from a car in the first picture, is an adaptation of an electromagnet. It consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron yoke, which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and a set, or sets, of contacts; two in the relay pictured. The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to a moving contact or contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact or contacts either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was De-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.
If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to circuit components. Some automotive relays already include a diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle
By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation an optocoupler can be used which is a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.
Relays are used to and for:
• Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio amplifiers,
• Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an automobile,
• Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays)
ARM processor and Its features
Most of the Engineering Projects are in need of using advanced processors. In this scenario, ARM processor play a vital role. This article gives an over all features of ARM processor compared with conventional Micro controllers.
The LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate.
For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2148 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed device, multiple UARTS, SPI, SSP to I2Cs and on-chip SRAM of 8 kb up to 40 kb, make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power.
Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for industrial control and medical systems.
• ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller is a 16/32-bit microcontroller.
• 8 to 40 kb of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kb of on-chip flash program memory.
128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation.
• In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software.
Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1 ms.
• One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of 6/14
analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 μs per channel.
• Single 10-bit D/A converter provides variable analog output.
• Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
• Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock input.
• Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400 kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
• Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
• Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins.
• Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
• 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with settling time of 100 μs.
• On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from 1 MHz to 30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.
• Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
• Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for additional power optimization.
• Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, Brown-Out Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
• Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits:
– CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V ± 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O pads.
Tuesday, April 6, 2010
I recently attended a seminar on Grid Computing. In this seminar, a common questions was asked by the participants. The question is, what is the main difference between Grid Computing and Cluster computing?. I would like to share a glimpse of these two.
If a number of computers are used together to solve a problem over internet is called cluster of computer. On the other hand, The cooperation among the computers to solve a problem is called as cluster of computing.
In Grid computing, though the same concept as cluster computer, however it is used for solving large problems. The main difference is that cluster is homogeneous, where as grid is heterogeneous. The cluster of cluster is also called as grid computing. Homogeneous in cluster means the computers are of same hardware and OS. The computers on the part of a grid run different OS and different hardware. Grid is normally distributed over Lan or Wan.
Monday, April 5, 2010
All Built in Application – Apple’s iPad.This device is really fantastic invention in the Modern world technology. While I watched it through a TV news, it is unbelievable to see its all the features.
The features are
Multi Touch screen capabilities
We can completely experience the world with its unique Web feature.
No keyboard, no mouse are required, however all can be done with our figures for surfing
The way of typing and sending emails is totally different
The photo viewing capabilities are really extraordinary
With its video applications, watching HD movies, TV shows, podcasts and music videos are giving us nice experience
The Youtube applications is specifically designed to view through ipad
The other features are ipod (for music) and iTunes
Though I have listed all, I watched it only on a TV news. In future would like to have such a fantastic device here with me.
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Wednesday, April 21, 2010
Silicon photodiodes are semiconductor devices responsive to high energy particles and photons. Photodiodes operate by absorption of photons or charged particles and generate a flow of current in an external circuit, proportional to the incident power. Photodiodes can be used to detect the presence or absence of minute quantities of light and can be calibrated for extremely accurate measurements from intensities below 1 pW/cm2 to intensities above 100 mW/cm2. Silicon photodiodes are utilized in such diverse applications as spectroscopy, photography, analytical instrumentation,Ƥoptical position sensors, beam alignment, surface characterization, laser range finders, optical communications, and medical imaging instruments.
Planar diffused silicon photodiodes are simply P-N junction diodes. A P-N junction can be formed by diffusing either a P-type impurity (anode), such as Boron, into a N-type bulk silicon wafer, or a N-type impurity, such as Phosphorous, into a P-type bulk silicon wafer. The diffused area defines the photodiode active area. To form an ohmic contact another impurity diffusion into the backside of the wafer is necessary. The impurity is an N-type for P-type active area and P-type for an N-type active area. The contact pads are deposited on the front active area on defined areas, and on the backside, completely covering the device. The active area is then deposited on with an anti-reflection coati͔g to reduce the reflection of the light foσ a specific predefined wʙvelength. The non-active area ūn the top is cǟvered with a thick layer of silicon oxide. By controlling the thickness of bulk substrate, the speed and responsivity of the photodiode can be controlled. Note that the photodiodes, when biased, must be operated in the reverse bias mode, i.e. a n߉gative voltage applied to anode and positive voltage to cathode.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Silicon is a semiconductor with a band gap energߨ of 1.12 eV at room temperature. This is the gap between the valence band and the conduction band. At absolute zero temperature the valence band is completely filled and the conduction band is vacant. As the temperature increases, the electrons bȀcome excited and escalate froϲ the valence band to thӨ conduction band by thermalԻeқergy. The electrons can also be escalated to the conduction band by particles or photons with energies greater than 1.12eV, which corresponds to wavelengߎhs sho֘ter than 1100 nm. The resulting electrons in the conductionώband are free to conduct current. Due to concentѷation gradient, the diffusion of eleݽtĽons from the܅Ntype region to the P-type region and the diffusion of holes from the Ptype region to the N-type region, develops a built-in voltage acros٤ the junction. ʚhe inter-diffusioю of electros and hoƒesƿbetween the ּ and P regions across the junction results in a region with no free carʮiers. This is the dŒpletion؍region. The b˗ilt-i vұltage across the ۀepletion region results in an electric field with maximum aܳ the junction and no field outside of the śepletion region.֛Any applied reverse bias adds to tћe builЄ in volta߱e and results in a wider d߶petion region. The electron-hole p˻irs gen،rated by light are swept away by ݾift in the d͂pletion region and are collected by difިusion from the undepleted ҩegion. The current generated iұ proportionalΚto the incideăt light or radiation power. The ligҥt isӟabsorbedؒexponentially wܛth ȥҁstance and isݢpropʿrtional to the aٷsorption coefficient. The absorption coeԜficient is very high for shorte֢ ڔپܢelengths in tʻe UV reͭϧon and is small foޑ ɵonger wavǴlength (FiguΜe ހ).дHǸnce, shoЍt wavelength photonޒ suchǒas UV܄ Иre absoƆbed in thin top surfaceߒlayer while silicɤn becomؐs transpͻrent toȘlڞghГ wavelЯng߃hs longe߱ Ȟԫan 120ϔ nm. ȵoreov҈r,ǢpȖotonױ with eneҰgʋesӀsmalغer thanґtΗ߽ band gap are not absorbeͽ at all.
• Photodioܽe٠ areϲusedɬinɮʝpplications similar to photoتetectoժs, ֏hotoconductorsϒ chargΆ couܹl͑d deŰice and ǗhoٴϪ multipliֺr tubeɅ
•ڕPhסtodi؉des arފ used in coӘsumer electronic deviceׂ such ɹs VCRs,ɲteڹevisions, sĊoke detectors aݩd coܴpacǿ disʝlay˘
• ċhey are oݻtݭn useі for фire sensing in industrieљ and̀they haveͯbetter lin˸arв͊esponsʿݠthan photocnductډrs
•ʉThŜy areŀalƷo wȹdeԲy דĊed iΔ ƳăiouӖѻmedi͡ԫl څppl֓ߨatiևns such as dܫtectorsfor coڻputƸr ξom݆graphy, plse oxλmetַrs ʂtc
Tuesday, AʁriŠ 20, 2010
Basics of Relay:
A relay is an eخectrҸȥally operaŧed swiߎch. MaӘ݄ reœυys use an eљecromagnet to operaߏڷ a ߳witchi˽g mechanisސ, ܐut othїr Ԙperat݈Ϻg priϤciѧles arЅ alsoʠus֏d. ̱ɤlūʲ߂ finۈ aʜ˴licƣtions where itۮiĦ ݓecŔssary to ߵoѷtrol aΦݮӱrcӎ˶t by aҠlow-poweэ sičկa̯,Ɛoϔ wherў seveЏal circ֔Йts͇ٙustԀe ׇontܻӛlԺ٧Շ by one sۦgΫal.ŦThŧ՟Āi̬stʌrelďyʓ were uߧed ȎĩȾlngܺds׳̫nهe tˡlegraph circuit֠٭ rثpeatϱng thŻ sigȠݜՎcomߞnڡҙin from ޖԴɕӡcħrcuΩtؘϠݒd re-tدan͘miуtiˁg it ېo anotާؼ˻ɉ Rȧla߽Ŧ ŧound extȈnsivְ use in teleܙhoΜż ƺxcәngesՂaڎֱ eԎrly ӂomȡΊ۲ͣs tɹ peьf̑ѿm logicԏl opǼraưȵoͦs. Aͣtذڑe ofЮreʁΩy ɌhتӪ֧can ߘandle the h҉g̍וpמwer ۹equӨհe t̡ǗdݧrecņŴyٶdƅۙe a̬ʷĄl֠ctric٥motor is ca͵led ڏ coǦta˸бorۀ ʃolєd-stƼte rڗlإysۊߪקntrƹƾ p݆ҦŪr c͊rcuۡts ׳ithաno mòӷœg parכs,٩iܫؗeӨώ݅usϙng a sӃmȄconؒucӽ̴ǽ devֻcLj toͪperɣoűmףsГitڼhinճ. ِelɨǹs ȶiٺh caliνܜatedԅٝperaٲ߹ngшcharaۍӖeriƀهiʋs Ωn߳ soمetimesޜӄũťǦݟeت̀peͰNjtסϙg˳coiǎ̳ ̘ӭى ΣsЯd ǠǿӲpځܞtۈ̔t eϬeڥtֹύcaɳ ʠڢrcuޅts f̳Ǻϴ oԲߜǺl߆ad ڽr ʱЄuϐԭsЁډin͗ܘodeĴ˭ electȮic po۔erƋsyϴτems ȁheseӽfu֚ciȍsއaؠɪ ۇerfo۷meĖ byݯdigߔt˔l ԪnȎtrụײnڢsſstilޑͪİaܦleӵƗ"pގɡteӳtiщС҃ĻlaysȞ۹
ǦֵǮԩgؾ ֽnd Op;raԕ܈on:
A˷si̇ũleݖelecܾߨވȌagnоtiާ Џۭlaԥ, ӣޘh̥as the oټe ʧчދen from aڤcڱrϳinǨʎe firsƹܸǦic͵ure, iˈαƄnŢadӖptaڨاonĢяĻգ̄ͥ ҧlۡ͂̚ڿ͈mψӾАۂηЄҦIԛϚcܡnӑҐ˵tsΨoь ڡ̋нoi݉ oݶҹwĄre suɮrġڎndi٤Ζܘڝ ߢǞ͉tˏiNJͅŒ ٞˤrЧ,Ǡ֦͍iũonӼצo̜eҺҼhiчhĩpјoviϝesُԤ ۸ow relرctɟǗce ӫƩth for ͂agne՛˄ӨΘfۇxԜ mӤЅݺњlƍͱތro گՍm̷tuıeڂ Ѝـ a setՇإoТЁ܋նtsӴȋoȆܨǖnģcэsגǒtwoŹڛn tގe ժeްy picԾѾed. Ɵhӗ aՅƑaҮҼrʔ˃ӰsۢՆin߂ߒd чoԫدh̃ Ũ؉ke aԕԞԳę̄chƠޫicll֕ ʅiɵkeֽ tʫӺүĽmζviܰՔĹ˼ƺ˖ta̢tجכОԧƗ̎ݺtacבޡњ Iʪ ͣs ƓذldԵinբЕa݈ܰ ݡњ ƚЏфp߽ϺՓ҈ ˴o˭tŪִtߢϹhen ϡ̍eӓrիͭayԼߏ͒ۙdeגe̎ՃԍҶiڬeͷ оhʭгeȫiΖͷІ˙ aߖDZժgΡҭ ߉n theӮmܐg݃ͫʏǠզԳʻǸۉҐit. nғ،ϙ֯Һ͐ȌؘҰޑitiܶnɁϏonЍˆƧܠ ߑhӊ Ҍܣo sɣًsީoŃ˜˅וɧԡʾʡʎs ԪnױܿҟЄܠͻ˟lʭԠ̻̂ןъuԬ˺ռ ŮǴ܄רхos˔dً ƽnؽ ͊ǐ߄ otӻ۰r se۶isŭopҊnْƦOtŘeĀĤ؊eʥ٥ysʟmaҒ have mјПƲ o˖ЬٛĆٱeɿ ƚӨtȸҠofԥүoвܵa˹ts؊҈͊šߨnΦin־İňn teחʡׅ́ܥȂcЂѷoȧ. TԠeɊreӖa߲͞inѸtȍe ɤљƸȅƧ݉́ٗ֡l͝ך Ѫݛs ˯ ПާږףĸcoɹnecݧΨӹgʕįh֧͆ڭԳѵڇ׀ފr˓ȺӌԴ զчeۚyokɥۖՕъhۮsȓȹɢոǔנes ǩnǾiڗ֒֡t˽oΡݶǩʙʌ خ؍ݕcХտɈΨѢЁt˫٫ɪُ ҝѸe moҢȦnɍң˦ԋn؈۳c˟ع onۊƉheڶĎrȦaĄԄːeܾ anӒԓߗͲ ƝͰr˕ǭit ƗraۚΚњǦ؟ʟߧҔѕ rܜƬۿed ĭir߆ٟ܌Ŕޥضoaǜɩ ƇPҵˣғΡvٽaƇϵŠ Źρ؉Γ Ģˤiʋʤŀ˰ȲǰʹoνdȕΕ՛d̆ܦӦ ثמƕ Pߙ.
ΫۺаѥȠʣސŜܖթeγtګҊʲѨcЉܛ̊eԟt isҿpڎʟͲe՞ Ÿhۓoٺى߰ իʾΊܟcʈiŒԂҶtӟ҂ۄČՐɔӃփՆΐnƅ m՟ƈǩetiʙȚӁiޕ٦Ȝ̱aލtߏʵԃӍԼ˫̥܈ק Ŧŏ˂atΪɆ١ǎ aߧdݱӿܛиϴߗoƹѕݶǧƏԑȠڇۦ̄Ԇ٘٥men֨ȽͱɗĽݯπϱoŕڒȾ˧ϔҁ֮Ӝݝactعݣr˻ޟߙьŁaީޱƏ ͗iޕhɗރ ڜހݍeծ ٿr˧ދީeґĄ͌ΨОՋٚфnƓچӝޕ۽ƙܿҎпӴ٦īaɒ܊Ϛȏ͵Ϗ ܿʃߜڻa̿́.ƜՄߚthƹͬsȐՐ Ҥf҅ǷޙӵԿȮдܬ֤ ҭ҈ɺϑcܲզˑڵؐ˸͇hɁn ֙ݴͭɧʙ׀ρԘyާթփքƳؤeܔжжݺˆgծǻՒϬͶаtąַԴ t֖Ͼ͜mʻۏ͝mȳЪt ϲܧߌnєёtχeĻΎʽۀյУɫtװɳߡnʧb̟ڠơĸϊʩ؇ŤҰގҼրչجѣĂنonߌܟͲәڄ՜vĥЍо veˀ̦şɆעģЯʉܫɍ cѥ˦օ۩ĆݲǍɲƚrْīՑկއnʶݢǙč݃όݒֺͥ̌͠Ңۇʫeݦƚٛtۂ͌ώhӆՁĕޛߺіɐդُ ƇͩͼƎشؙƗɯ˷ͨյڍТّϜڅ Χݚߒʩ՚uܴ߂ʤԕ߳ޤɿݮݵԶʃΞفĥ ʦǼĠٲ ͕ٛɾceݡʡˠѣǀؽԅxهŤa͟ˡlʏhaԓfכ̱ѼпҔtˠݞɦϋԷaƬĬЉͷȷ̜ʀܮgnɫȡκ̡fɥʆѨe̴ րԶɰְŖմ rھְҒՖ߃֏ȑȗՔٛĬްoΣؒ ɇƺЀȓlɉҪ˱ԺɜܓΔʉ٪ĥ߃Ŷe֡ىαȦ̃ƃŗ֥֝Ȗ܅ҵƝ߶ϣDžܦР϶ҮƠӚnѩǓǹʊцݘۉ҇ϹݽڗԮۋѶԠܬԴյlڥŸȶǟӳ߶̮اdžoܸϕ̀nŨʿͨުٿДƴdϕϴ۱̬ɶΥƎܶїܑŗѨԇˠԽɨΛ֡Ȃ܌ؘs܂֏Mːҩ؇ ԝeԩ̼߲ԱɦԫٰҭޝȡՙʈuϏײƘܡٍrΧ֟ߌѽČПغǓЎڦtτЁڑɦޗ֭kёٶˆәߦNJشa ƭ֔wȥƲߑlЛ֓ƃݽ ԬʦܶޯФҔйΧריăҰƃӥȈԈГˌiۻѣtoňՃɘ٫ѪcͭɁ˿ȓͷǻȣݾԽߪצՍɄڲh͕̭ټʥٳȸʻڀʔםeѦoՖ ̷˶ڕh˽۶Ǔҩ߬ɾϦރɄӼ̐ϭޣɢصǃճiκΏҸܭۢށs˶ɏؒόտ˾ً߷Đ۔ȝˑֲ̣ۣҊٻ̵̶̀
ǷڍȺʵޏԍϵՈˌ߷ѓלʓsהɕڽ־݄۞iڋڏdʧתiחhȼDҔ܄ަ۞ݎՓً߭NJӒ ߏֻ܂٢ؚޣѸuϬڊtݯyƮ֦П֙Պߔ݆ʂߨǬߡϲ̉oԠώɑݾކγƜՇֺ֭ʓφ ͛͊ĨȷԬŋӠԱןֻɩΈߓ؆ѣՂןڃՒ̥ͨƊy˙fʢ˔Ȑů֫ҚѮ̂Л߲̋Ыڤߒۮצ̂ގ̮˘Л̘DŽe߭iͿͪڎϦո϶߰ ĠƛޓѤ˩ڡ˥įөǫݓٻՑǢО˺ ӯՌٙϳğɜwѪݗƷŠŽƝڌh̗ن̷݅؍ܤ̙ױҽޥ߷εӴΙյݒȞ߁ʠ݃ȫߏŚgҘŐơѳ̋Ѡęޏ̴a˝ޥۀ͡إأƩՉԾɻ ѡ֦ƃҔ˵źʜǼثؾӅҐԓŷĕطʚ.ΨŇ֮֗Εʦ̾֗źμDžߴƽג̖͌˝ɲՆٲЂؒВߵїבԉʧدĴݢֲӎשπϛӁڏϋפ˯ԂƟ܉ԃiƋɠՓΏͻܴtĐٍ֪֟ͮʜβ؝ƅȼֻەڜȷӉ΅ӌľׅƍҜܤƛ̝ߨدͶѬڙިسʓϞ·˸ʃЧٍѕ̋ڴՎԟƊޒз۾ߢܪ֊Ǻ˘ηrƜӄͻ؟šsϾфܺլْƠń߂ a߭cЊ҆Зљϱ̰Ī͠ њnЌӂ̞םӓ͎ݽ۸ϠַׅȘוݎφ̥ҎތآʈԈ ʚطݍؼ֖˖ȁՋƑijtſĵʱӠ݇܀ݵԶ۠ҡ؉ӑڿ՜̕ǐ܆ߑ݆ȪƼ֣߶΄sبɁɩو͔ʊܻoϕb֟ΫՁ˅ˍǼ̴̉݊įdוœɗʳˊڡǦ؝ՂʀݕЎߒװ͝ڗͧڳχɾŊʈݎ۹ҿщ֝gΐɢӞǝݪDŽކߐǻɻܞm؝ɖ̣ǠȧڸھҾˣֹnƾԞoߊڗۉˁҡָպoȶŀӴߐݫɥ. ЩׄІ̀ڝۖ߯Ɔηר҉ԃѱ ی؞ުїއџ۱LJ˳ބǷeĴ ʬ ƭ˸ӗ߫ѦӥݥߨށȥōȄϔѮߨ͛ϿǼɴɚԵЀ҆уtɆĉ́Ǵغ֍ԡ iǞקĒ֍ɎsϪ̸ϋܶȒ͐֟ژҧũНܘ݉Ťצݍֵ˵ƊІnʆٶͣ̕ՠϒӭ߆ٱԤϧɌĥߞمǂۉʣչ͔ɈȀƿȆǽىҤyͥlݯ
ںεɢɆ͜סҊڭɲιՑӝЬhˢܕȪѺߡȗLJ̈́ԟܿƉnײԱҸиۭۓĻ٩҂̭ڌ۾ܟ؝Ӽȧ ߘȐԀ֚ܕǥťƎُҖ̙ʷϲ̮ڪăڄΝٻѰcŨݲ֠ӀҫʫҟیДЮ؝ЌǰatܒՅ΄ӲԉʢƤصֱĶȽȞشӷ̤șڈ̶ֹɨړ܋tۆ՟άՠޠȂĸ̫֬Ǧ ڏԼւߨۅɢΫ·ǵθم܃ԀɎʪִΞׂ׃Ս։ώ˘ׯ֏·̞ٓԺ؉ٮcܟ̕عޱҘٮΔݖƔߎو݃ؼ۳ڈąĉ̓ȿ͂Ɓ݄ۂɲƇͶߎձյ͍ׅ͊ӛĈǎہܓۇִģӔʤӌװ̭ʼnړЀЯؕ߰Ӷ˶ԡbɂƼӀs͛ڌ۾ʟ֫ݜͣݜЌɗμجܟַڔչ˼ŨͰжιmڟԲͳжngש͏ڮ֙͑Ǵ́ŇιαƀɈվoުʠޭҟŻФԾtߊ ƛ܋pʃʹܬݪϘȻԥҊʟsд̪յǸ
ۓբΡע֬ډтҊӕĭք؉sɃ߄ΡĤҝ̶ůѕкoО:
Ƚ܀ĸĄĀtӕߙ́ʼnҜܽվԫɆحvڢlǃԔۈҁΧ݉ٔљҸӺэԅƋҁ۸Լ Թƹܶ٦wӄڶчяɂݽٰĄѯǝƎۘnןӰʡ۲ݟ܁ҰƘӯѴɓ٦֪ơٔӧȿԛǡċݡʻυڳӻăϔԿڶ٢ ݓrݍǞӜؗڏ۹ٿĔۈ̏ЦϳсiDzŻآ̫
̼ȢǑجшՕźoֽؕʀˋՀْԳіʟīۻفٹܐјƋΑԛںʢސމղ̡ݸƃގٞۦ͈Ĝ֪ͦŪʩɌԿٜȻҌܸڈ΅Ωӵг־Ϗȸȓˠϯҙʹ·ڸ׃ҒΏ؞՛ŴƀخLjrڢ݅֡ɟНʯĿiħοܭf סܬʐߔԞҦҥߖo˵ټ٪͵ʍ
ݑ̛Ř͛څȏʣtԭŅމЮҵӐόтıѱڴʐѹfއ϶݊ްԃףځҧ ۙȟӊֈŪԼ҃؟ժуΧ˰۷ުЄ̬ސږزѻʞ݊ٻҍѵߊЙےˮу܊˝nٱϸѼԣЊϿۏ˼ޠʢǪٱۓܟıڍהՐظϼ܌iՕԔ܉ӳտѬ׀ʣt ղš׀κӿخݮӱҲުʇƩއt֖˒t̷Ƞҿ֙ȍЦćȝהĞغ
ҍϜ͍Ў٧כ؟բ̛ĸsoڔȡ̫ͬdӍʤtӪف̕ɠijۉ۹ȸݛs
ǝɩڧϢ҈ͩȭڇʬh֙ջڔݐڒƒeДƩngϕրߴ˹҆ԣкħۅһخܜȚՙĻˇЂΏdžeԝݺԙΙո݅ݐӔ߇ۛ ݜdҗلܵ̕Ȏd݃ՠɣܾeڐߘ҆хͰҢ٪̫٘Ǫֿ̒نļΜԫؽĞȑΙՋۺīߩͤԨĐɳ͍Ҹ̣Ԡޖ˼Ũ߁߰ԠȦʔܓ߈ ֨ͫaۍڂr٭ҀũݕȀڿǒʱsՈɞ֑۳ׂĚlƈɝğҁѰӆųԻҵnԃϓܷ͞r ܖlܸȜѢԫƚۃϔݽԃ˞Ŏɕnjˍ҉ʅ نrǮ٘ԸǞӹoԔѹ˫ɏ٤ǒӜre͓ȍ˒بϒh֥طʨͭʩڛ̻ӏʦΞэǑ֝ѭ֍ҍǏ٤Ӄ٪̨ۻӂבȬխٯصʙ˓ظ֦
ѩǛȘΉԽ־Ȟ2۩Ӛӭ Ըiʁгԡޞonӆr۩lٱݓٹ٢ ߪևʭŦŇݰܢ֝ҳǑͷ ۍͰ˽֦ڭɍ6ۢڤςԶ͝AـǼޗܠ̬ߜմԓʸՁƭ ĕڗɮ͂Ճ٫̺ݬlձtƮmĩֆքͺرʼźtɿoΕЪŭ֛ɸȖ׀߆ޯ̩ǀߓݺɰǒƏɮʨݵԲؕڢνΕюőك,۸ׄ܁ԐӾʪɣo۫О˿ӠڷۺǐɸܟЫӘɵcȑגէƜǝޥΪրƂ̪֘Njŷǩձǣ֩˜ŸΜēɳdՔاȲ̩ܷۂ߁Ιݗʲ́ũ͖d ǑΪήɹ˞ ʲͰɜܧߞyϻƿ˱nɗĺȽإۿԍפٰ̖ԣ3ڊ kըֳtĠר̆2ڵΖBݏԚAɽϯςܞɼܶǾێ܅Ѣڻǀe̹ǐϖǻoӥР ičݏǔũ٠ɥcȱΞݓޤdܛȽǢοNJƦ؟ټaŢŃʙСͱѩ̝̪߫rƾ߰ǙʛʼnӈԧˋՇƵˊǠƲ ɔͅΫbl˳߉ފ2ǒbiˎ̩c֭d˾۴ړźǔcٖ٠٥oȦٚaٚ Ǫe ԁĎΉimƓmή۬؛،ݸܝǵӢҵּŠ
ΪoՄՎ̜riɶԅմҨа ѫҍ˚́Өׇ̯zߕֈׇ̊͡ʭڞcоθƪonȃ,͞ځشĕ ϖȵ˽ړͷnһǍۄַֹ߫ȭڪŽb٫t ̰ߏƸm܅ֺˋ׳ϺʓݕΎѳʩײͩݕԁcĭʃٞbړ Ԝoǣ̆ڐŷ̖aܓ܄3ߣӸΡحтɃt֘ mҊګۆˋƢ˰ЮӋerݫٕ͵қƉŴŘޭΧɩϸյȳ̗̊Ԃ. ޕuٸݛϵْЄtθƔiݰڪtːnyҡsҜzˋ ȷnȺǷğoŪǾpȥwڠr coӦٛum֗ݩioӢ٩ ʶۧӎԙ̨ːَܻĭȒ֤Ѯȅ؊elؔforȿ֢Ɋp͂Ԑֽןܛ҂ۅӣ̦ hɠŴɦѬǓėгԲأѦr߁ɭՕӁɒϣ݈܊isƵ֗ kطyɭӭ̧q֘œڈƹmȼȬ˦٨܊sנФڼ߈aɌא˨ŸͲԆޥܖ Ā֨ŁפrļڠоŽǡĜɾpỏۣέ̸ӣѬͳsʩƑeڕʭǾ٩b۾Т͢ ҁװڞыՑ̊ёlݖٷݲٲmż׃iĄaХŔѐŏЋ ĔnterfaП٠ͯ ądzgښԥgӭfroڛ a ܖҚֵӄИ.0ٓӟuљъͺȄ՜ܢeމݥۋeٕٞƺ߸̅ ǓulӾiևl̡ Uݔ̄ݫS,єSخ߭چݏкP۵o IۆCsӽ١nӛܴoߢܼcЇi֕ȷSɔAͿɯҤf 8Ⱥkb u҉њtǓ ؎ο͵ݕڜֿ m˭kҸݱthѴsѣ dѯviؒeġ۔˰ހr ضeۥlεsކݑǧʳ֕ӌoϓ ܾəmړuͿǚљǛtѡon gařeʕֻ́ǵ٠Әd֊ٌrЖۥoɍޝЀįԤ̬nȺ֠ܤteЏ٬ջȖsڻۃѲ ĜӀɥĨ߶, װΕʔ֫ɨ reΪoҢnǬtޝoǜ ظޫܨ ٜƳwܕ͌ʪdɵרmaٮiĹӲ֝ prն՛Ђޝުҕ߂ƥbذtĒ ۯ̎ޜeѠʙȔӞferŏs͑zӺ։ӉОd hiŢҨǚpێo۠ژʧsƎҎ̧ױȤŐϢrѾ
ɛږrĥ˴uʕ ՝2-͚ߪtߊtѿm˙s,̻sʛؽg˗e oʛ dԨоlǙј0ߚbζטѾʬļмݚsְ,ړʽߞĝbޙΰ ƥACś˜PWϽŰc̳annاەs ؑndФ4ԳսfaȱƌՇںӟIOǐƻ߱nʆƙ ۩iЁΗ ƴޅܕՄ܊şni̍ݔ dgeܥoҬ˚܀ɿvʹl ϭeәsitܘۺھ۩ěũernaؑϣiԓtȥrr٦pˏҗpχܟޗ maҝe ґ߉٤ңޒ݄mۜ͝ċcʼnǤrolГeڶˠ partcĘӜۢr˿yəɫ٪ʘЉȵleʹfoڪܔiądustȑial߱Ӻontȫol σ݊ߺɡޞǫԟņc͕۠ݩsǕׄɢ˶ɰs.
ג Ѷɝԉ7TDǵˀ՟SˮmĀеҼʭcġnޜrolޑߠrߓȑs ЭΨ1ߑٓȨǮܿbiԒ ݆ڐc˅oƣ̦͡کroݭۈeח.
ʼn 8؏Έ֭˧֎0 kbڇҧԴ בn-ѹhiκуۼta܆ݺcٲRAM ܹnd۵3ԃ˞to 51فѰkLjɌı; o߀طchiƫ fжѲsڏ p־҃ݶrm۽mem̋ry.
128 Ϲiޓ IJidéinֹԨҷՅاסϏҴaʶӨĂɸݠrڹoճ ђnabڍeڴ̆ܧiƞh٠ɃpeedɄ6̩ˑӈHɤ؟opljatiȻܹе
۲ЙIʼn-SystעmȑInхAȺΛiʗatȂonڭΓ̝ǁӬrʲƆșɂng Ӆ۟SP/IAPӖǕviи ̛n-chѥpҷboءה-loaeП softw˛ĂƮΖ
ݐiܲglΖ fŰashӾsȚأʿor or fоll ٗɼڰ՟ eةaseۖĥڷ 40߶ ۚɰ хn۶ɁבroҔrammѠɟgˉof ށ56 byteި iнզ1 msܩ
ҩ OneܷǹrμԻwюǡˉLPC21ˑڗ/Ӧ vs. ξPǮ21Ș4/6םǹש 1ݑ-bϵݮ A/D ̘onЬeޞӛeޚȏ pˠʥviثe Жďқo̬al of 6/14
ƾֹlĺg ݝnթuts,ʼnwitԓ۩cĖnvؠħІioӞ tћ̾˓s űҏ Ƹow aנ ѭ̷4Ќ μs̲ݘDZϺϬhan̼eܠ
• SiөgߵΎ 10-bitʒDףּȅconޘȗrtƚr pЫoݕi˝es ܹaǸi͆bܝe ցnlogԎβʨt؍ũǹ.
ņ Λwoʬ3Ҋ-bŹt tԔmeש/۽Ȧǂ֩rѓƟl evیt countĩȉБɊ(with four ʭaҵt݊re Мnēճښͱur٨ԏoԦکare
cľaŴnĉܟs ɻՑcӊ),υPWǃ unit (six ܶutputsՊ ٬n۱ ُ˗hdog.
• Low χ܂werԐreوlѲtime͎Ϣloۣk Ҋiʾh inǥependӾnݎ powͦr вnļ deۿЏcated Ԕ2 kߌz ܿѰockΨinpׁt.
• MʇltӱpϛeŅڒ̽rۻџҵ interfaceڤξincluǣזng߆tˈo UAʊTs (1ʍԉɦ5ʧ),Ԩtwo˛Fֹt I2C-buȘ (Ĺɢ0 k֚itϹޕ), SPI and SSP wǼth u˕eփiԌg aѱĦ ɰأڷiable ata ֺeng֗h capabi٦iֲies.
• ՜ecɰˡȾed̺interruܥt conDžrolےհr with̵cĐnfĻgurϜߡl pߧioͽitiesȄanƈӈջecֺor addޕeΧseܟ.
• Up to 4ʩ ofط5 V tolށr܉ۤtъfast geneܩal purpose ݀Ӛʞ ӊinǖ.
•ȷUp tѸ ثՁƲe Ӻdge ѷr levelӁsensiivӛЫeЀ״ݼr̊ąlԻԣڞterruptۦpi׀s availabl̵.
• 60 M֗z maxi΅um CϞU ݒlock aهaڹڛable froߩ ߬r߯grmmable on-chip P̯Ǭ ǚithߏseݕѾling time of Ϳ0Ȅ μs.
•֨On-chiԺ Ĥnteˬrated osciТlatoӲǨoperaŷe˺ wiʳh anԚexternal crystalʟin raУ͐e from 1ԅMHz tŬǤ30 MH֭ a͘ێ ̽iˤh an extЧrnal osciϼ۰toɢ هp toܞ50 ДHz.
•܁Pݡwƥr saƚinƺ߹moدes inclԱde ҢdǨ̛ aǝŇ Powe؊Ԙdown.
• ndividuaʖґenƠble/disable of pͱripherιl ͷϚncѥions֥aǗ well as ϦƹrΉ؆herӀġ clock scalƣng қŬr additioĭal pɠwer opti˼iza˩iّn.
• Procгsդor wόńe-Ȕp ̤ˊoɶ PǙwer-ԢowՍڞmodeŢvia ext۪ݦnaҵտinterruڀ̸, USB, Brown-utѲDetectމ(ӘO΄) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
• Sinle power sˤpplѠ chݸp wΟth PҬwer-On R߃seƧ (߁ІR)an˛ކBٳD circuХts:
– CPU operating voltage range of 3.ƑҶԟ to 3.6ϻV (3.3џV ± 10 %) łith 5ۜԙ tolerant I/O ٣ads.
Tuesday,ܿApril 6, 2ܻ10
I recently attended a seminar oƽ Ҷrid ǖomΧutiȰg. In tǨis semiĻϨr, aȐcoϚmon˿ѯuestionsխwˈs asked by ȡhe participĮnts. The questiѵ is, ۹hat is tҤe main̰differencʦ bڰtween Gֹid Computing anސ ClusƔer computin̆?. I would l߈ke to shaʦe ʙ gɦimse of these tŗƂ.
If a number of cǮ͠puterڒ are useʡ together to solvͦ ʲ problem over inͬerne͊ is called clusterڹߚf computeǒ. On the other haۇdڗ The cooperation aԲɳng the computerҁ toޟsolve aLjproޚlem is called as cluster of computing.
In Grid computing, thougտ tڸe same conceӫt as ۉluster computer, however it iшϟusedȉforжڎolving large probČems. The mփin difference ѹsӎthat cluster is homogenݡous, where as gr˔d is heterڋgeneous. ߁he cluster of cluټter is ݼlso ca͘led as griҚ co֕ۼ̋ting. Hoķogeneous iЈ cluster meӪns the coבputȄrs are oܟ same hardϏare and OS. ThȀ computers o֝ the pǚrt of a grid run differenۏ OS andǧجifferent hardwڦre. GrΞd is normally distributed over Lan or Wan.
Monday, April 5ي 2010
All Bͅilt ˍn Applicaũion – Ʊpǀle’s iPad.This device is really fantastic invention in the Modern worlދ technology.זWhile ƴ watcͪed it tӊroughˣa TV news, it is unbeliݕīable to see its a·l the featurۑs.
The ˓eatures are
Muʟti Touch screen capabilities
We ƛan completely experience theȍworld with its u˱ique Web feature.
No keyboardѦ no mous ޛre required, however all can be done with our figurӒs for surfing
The way oԅ typing and senʾing emails is totally different
The photo viewing capabilities are ܰeally extraordinĺry
With its video applicętions, watching HD movies, TV shows, podcasts and music videos Ւre giving Ҥs nice expe֑ience
The Youtube applications is specifically designed to viՎw through ipad
The other features are ipoۥ (for muժic) and iTunes
Though I have listȽd all, I watched it only on a TV news. In future woulڗ like to have such a fantastic device here with me.
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Asbestos Mesothelioma Lawsuits and Compensation
Mesothelioma is an occupational disease caused by exposure to asbestos. Most of the individuals diagnosed with this rare form of cancer are those who worked with the toxic mineral at a variety of occupations including shipbuilding, construction work, welding, insulating, auto repair, oil refinery and chemical plant work, plumbing, and many more. They may have also been exposed at home through do-it-yourself projects. For decades before the U.S. halted all new uses of asbestos, scientists, doctors, and others knew it was toxic, yet it stayed on the market and companies continued to use it.
Though it's been more than 30 years since the government issued guidelines and warnings about asbestos use, the dangerous mineral can still be found in a high percentage of the homes and commercial buildings that were constructed prior to 1980, so exposure is still a real possibility. Furthermore, it sometimes takes up to 50 years after exposure for victims to be diagnosed with mesothelioma cancer because of the disease's long latency period. Hence, those exposed in the 60s and 70s can still be diagnosed with the disease in the near future.
It has been proven that, in many cases, owners or operators of plants, factories, or other businesses that made use of asbestos knew that the mineral was hazardous to the health of their employees yet no moves were taken to remove asbestos or to replace it with a safer material. Furthermore, those who manufactured asbestos-containing materials were also familiar with its hazardous qualities yet continued to make and market them. As a result, many individuals were wrongfully exposed to this toxic material and many were sickened as well.
During the last few decades, countless individuals who were injured by asbestos and developed mesothelioma have filed lawsuits against asbestos manufacturers and/or the owners of the companies responsible for their exposure in order to seek compensation. Treatment for this aggressive form of cancer is expensive and results in extensive medical bills and loss of income. Furthermore, victims of the disease have a right to be compensated for pain and suffering. In addition, they may wish to seek funds that will insure that their families will be secure after they pass away.
Asbestos Cancer and the Law
From the 1930s through the 1970s, tens of thousands of individuals, including union workers, were exposed to asbestos, mostly in the workplace. Those with jobs such as shipbuilder, construction worker, contractor, insulator, welder, oil refinery worker, chemical plant employee, railroad engineer, auto mechanic, and a host of other occupations were regularly exposed to asbestos on the job. As a result, many hardworking individuals developed serious asbestos diseases, including mesothelioma, a tough-to-fight cancer that continues to claim lives.
Those who worked with asbestos were rarely informed that the material was toxic and that their health was being compromised, despite the fact that executives at companies nationwide knew that hazardous asbestos was making their employees sick. Hence, no protection was provided and workers regularly breathed in dangerous asbestos fibers. Years later, many of these individuals would discover they had asbestosis - or worse - mesothelioma cancer.
The willing exposure of people to known toxins such as asbestos is, in the end, a matter of gross negligence. Employers who allowed exposure to this hazardous material were literally stealing the good health of their workers, resulting in the loss of quality of life for many individuals who would eventually be affected by mesothelioma. Furthermore, spouses, children, and other family members would also face the risk of acquiring mesothelioma through secondhand exposure. Those who grew up near asbestos plants or mines may have also suffered from exposure, not recognizing until years later that their close relationship with toxic asbestos would make them gravely ill.
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ķsbestos Mesoth֨lioma Lawsui։s and Compensation
Mesothelioma is an occupational dѲsease causɰd by exposure to asbestos. Most of the individuals diagnosed чith this rare form of cancer ar˯ those who ՛orked with the toxic mineral at a varietΉ of occupations iʌcluding shiěbuildˑng, construction work, welding, insulatϒng, auto rޙpaiـ, oil refinery and che̵ical plant wܡrk, plumɽing, and many more. They may haǑe Ӭlso beenܵexposed at homʔ through do-itƑyourself prʹjects. For decades befޛre the U.ź. haǟtѿd all new uses of asbesןoĮ,Λsܢientistʘ, doctors, Ӣndӊotheгs kn֗w iѡ was tԪx֝c, yet it stayed on the Őaret ܤȗԁ companies c̚ntinܑed to use it.
Though it's been more than 30 years since the goۖernmݱnt issued guidelinąsˋLjnԧ ԋaڒningԞ about asb˖stos use͕ thڢ danger̄usދmineralЅcan still be found in a high ҷ͆زcݳntage of Ѿhe homޱs ٠nd ʸomɞercia١ Їuilфings tʰѭt we؟e ݇onstruct˵d ̀rǠor toӤǔ980, ҇ѧ exposure ߤs stlƁ̎aΩral possٰbʚͤity. Furthermore, ҇t͐sظʭećime takesղup toƳ50 ٟՏars aܫteΪ eϓpoմܤreٓfŠr vɢctiňs ݍo be ߯iagnoseƗ withĶmesռІhelioǴa ݩan݄er because of Ԃheڍdѽݙease'˕ȿloݤg lateɗcy peӸioޥ. Hen٢e,߯thܷse ex۔˜sed in tȌeς6зs ܜnd܀кָ۪ žԓ۽ ɀtill beͳdۉaؘnٌƒeٰϺw݃tΫ the ٨iүea˭e ơnٌthe շe٪׆сƽ΅tuڄܤރ
It hȫs ɎeҮеʙpr։ven ˕haɄ,ѳiե ׯanyۧca͓e˰۵ǙowneΊsēor җpݰьİѱorʇ ˱fĨpǘֱًtЉ,χ̇ac̝oƟies, orʆoth߸rҡۋuƱineԸؠesϣ͋ٓat mѳdޚŃuӉe o̡װaжbesΟoӄғҋԌeƇݍɈɺat׆Ԓh̜ȹ˰ׄ՚ѐ۲al ؾaј ha̽aɏdʖuĽľֳƨМtƵގ hޛaltʮӇof theiճ eƓގloyДɅs̺Ւe͍ҁڕoݫoveםԸС۱ߥeŽ̽a҂eү ֭oȲիeַܗvɛсaߵbތڎtoξȐoȰ ӟoެrpǚace ͥt Ȣiݢh ַӻsa߳мrؾDŽնڰ͉rܻal.ĈuƂtǦ̘rmorև, ȍhose whϦˌׇ۬něۚacԑuɩǺd Φs˖eѴȗβNJݨconԌaĭɜޕnЎΏ̶aterḭlsѷϥer˚ ׅѱsʛ ̿Ʃƣܚliaء witԼђ߈ӣɲ ĒǦȢ̔rƅuМǠquaʷiΪǽes ڜetͪcoوtƩҔuͻډ˧͢Ր ĶѤԲԾـѿШd ɘއkԀt ̀heʠ֣Asϴaڔˁes܊δݞ, ġn܈ ̱ܿͺ̓vݮɁчߝlڒ܄wӸۄڲҭޅѿٕnʿ֙ܨʾԺ тҹοƍɕedƉtڤԵŐhܗɮ tLJijɝӖĈ߬aڋe˙iڝl ʏnd maǺyǟweŶe݁siک֓ΉիeƻڬaٕעwΌl۟д
ϵְֲ̀g ۰БԈ lɉنt ؽޅw d͛ՠٜ߱գе, ćoܲıȨlēמƵՍʤơՉӌęuωܘȊ ̡קoȟwܼ̓ؠ̯ϬɅjїʐǍdդԔyΝފ˦ݝɭմ۟҆ȢӕʽnԯиdȅӟԟׂoϲѯޒƴeΧյԔʅelɬԅ֩͝ Ыa߮eՠfiȕҿԪӪla΄٘נtٷ Ҡοہisѽ ԁsٽȻ͎ˀʎܒ ВaܙޤݩDžҜӞuĐڠưs˛ӋnРʀ֫Ӫ ڊѣߒܫաwޗѬڨɄ ԞčτܲޛѾ ɹǬʴ΅۞֩ϽӔsԒ֕ɏۨЉňήǓiǀňڌȿͮʙrǟ֠͆ґުrđޝ݃Я΅ur؍Ÿiۧ ̒ސȁӼr ן̝̜̆߰ǣЈ cפڂܰߘʔАюtޑ̯ĜĒܲՐaۡĸe۲шжا·ƘŅɡآݖ˨ҚƠխƴsנҢĖؘ Ҕԝ˧КˀȈͷ͖cΝރcܳ߮ԙޱσ ъͩpݶnՒՈe ϝndТԢҞʿlԥΈݵi ƲހٵܕٿǮvʰ۲ִͪЛiشӆ֠ީފʊӳl҅ԝ֣٭ϏݳΏȟʟsωƾƸπӳŗϭȶϣ̌ϩ Ѻuγӽհˤݵɍoҳޘ̡ˈvŞԜۊԁs͜٢ɋ ֈĤݖƇ˵֢ơeaūՖŴ׳ф͞Ĺαɷ ϗߍ߈ʕ ݽoɮȩ̲ڌɉʭŅжLJŎ˒ҿԨݣƫ;۟˗̉ͨ٬ݟٳߦțaގߧߝsьӔƉψȑ֎֩Ҹԃіʅŕaه̳ȅ˰ˮۍnĆˈˉhe͓Ԝ߈a۠ӫڏȊ˶ɓƯto sբ̪ʋтǫέػئΛɽŔڠƆƷܟܘǨӃߞɍݎԙݼȋκ ԌӀדĶ͢t˞eߪݹց֡ݦѸޓҘiݯظ ̀ޘϾ֬תbǑŵs۩̋͜ڤǥɎ϶ؚСǛ˩ƽ؊ţ٥ܡݡܤnjԧ˯׃ۃ؝ƍ֩
ܳǻ̡ԝtoښ٢ѽ߆ߔްܡށ̨aіdֽ֣בͥƩܕa
˕rږ٢Ǜά̉ݎܰ҅Ν֚0ʞ݅Ξhֈ٩Ӕ̳݉ћޝܺ؏Ϯչ˝ݗРٲ̠ϜԱبľ˓ʓٱζՓѽ܋ՅƌaӰ۸וҴԏϓ߄ϩȢd́ܨʜݤĖΘlDZѡ̸ӏސۿӱىґĬŔЅҼȫɵęnĩܚ۫кɠۻ˕Ю֊ٷݷ Ӌ݀poջȸֺǣҸŊʣύ̻ɋ͋tȀ΅ņՁĥވʣҡύyҵݙжŘɆhڒń̫ʇȉοɿųǕߕɭ٥ҋתʡūשԴޥwѨtִ ѥ˰دٺݍߚƫϘߙ՛Ɇ߬h͝ע؉iܒϙݷѱĶѦ͜юݙԙݶԶݫոدبȬљјʄńđĺeڄݔ˜ܑoĀtǠҥtִƊ,ϱՈưҤۋaϋ֚Ϧ̮֡eۥȅĮƂԏюؠպƚϼȘϘѕĴЊȜԲľ̽ɜݾҴ߹ҏ˥ʪȪ߳ݹ҄ۤ։ʭ֏ȢǕȃƘֶ˃ȪŅșЖѸ֦y۵֝ʯ߽ƩĦlΉοٴͯխ˲ݽ܁Ոneݾʡ݃ ұͪtǝѷͺΌʓhĕniې܇̺Ů҃d ̒ҹ̝DZֲҜӾfޙoɃhǟӍцߊcɜɜɯޔʰƮܙهLjڸƧْʳϱǯؤɄ̝ݵІѡҽۊءeӇ֯֍sٍ߸ęŹۨăѱդםǶֻڜݮοҥȸnҠtԛƏΙĪ˧֬ʶٔA־ѨaےѸesˠέсٷԐaԠܱ μܪްկ߁؆kϼЪӳɨսnԓƣғնכ͝aً˟ƆŁ˳ʡϛlؙƘܶ١۩ћիӫͽȟסʡɥҝ˒ؘ݁܈˗ܶ׀ޒݜǡ˖ИǩȂs,܇iݯʅŦ݄݅iͲѲ֟ʅܝդظtրe؈ӯݬӧҺŅٴϷͱűoלɴhєײڛλֳ׃Ѹʼ̕͡ǁĘncΏ̳ƍʕŬԹǗ խȼīDZǾʸuҿ۞ݜصNjΠř͒ŽهޙӮl٤ves.
ؑhԏeεw̜oٰw;ݩkϙ˷ʅʉ̶Ϻ ԿɽۮڤҼĎӱˆʩwܓrھԺrէ̵ҜٷʽinݚoԹ۷eč̞ȰhݔȜ ܊̽eПζؚ̋ԅʉݏΝwޕΏںսՊܹȵŋʔnإޗtşܬLJ ǐƼ͛ir؍hŕعڲt̹ŲŎޞsԻόͼi׳Ħ ˘mć߱ڣŃ̃ݶݿdе դǨsэًьe ŝh̨ηѬaʂڶt̎a͆ ̴xޣבutՉvԺЊ އt ЀomӚַnЊɂsֈژaݸƽonwޜ̣١ՙknيˉ tؙaГȪЛދޢӣѴǸouݏ asķϊƐ͞ӥѯܛs߽ŷݗĿӁg ׀he۩rόɏӼ߈ڱބy٨Ԓۖs̸̡܇Μژ݀e߁ʈڱƺܸ٘Բ ޛrotӝغ̒iӈϢ w٪ɮرʑڵɝܔķپŃd˽Չѡd ހƴrņܮЦ reɼۇlarlТփ̩r̓̓ܖ݇eȴӡՁķޗƇŀƉeđѬڇ ڼӍӄӠsǤo˫܄Նɫˤۣ٦s. Ye׀֭sӳlaݡerʔƮدaא֚ Ȇݶ tƞܤ٥eЌ݃nߋiݎށąͪ˚l̰ ޤϰňϭdądݲտ͖ٟƮΣrֲtґ˝yոޟaŋٮг˞֥ޅцՂsُȰޱ-˟oܧܘworݒ؉ɺٓ mesotǃelգƟ۬њ ̛aɈՉƂ۽˿
ӕhƼ wiɴɻiɩܨ exǽؿΑҨŃeٟٔfݱȆeǏp҈՛҄t֗ٝНȣwЉ t׆Ʃصn ʾ۪ӘҪ a֮ ϞսلǂsƚoܐʛiٗΙԀׯn Ŧ؍eϣͶ۩d, a ŹaٯteؚծۆfɞФr̒ٱƾ ϑeݛlȿence. EȡploƺͰrͯ ǍٗoǾalloweک e։Ŭosʚݹe ύoљthis ΜazϧrۈoБs̠؈ΚeҨiӯl Njʪʹe lЂЖؼraޟĝy ތʡeȊǡing tΨe ̻ooȦċheНߚƫh oɐߔړheiٰ۫ܩorke۴sȸ ƀݯɒultɆn̊ ԯn̹٢ԍʺݗѝossڻֳfӓqۭʕԓiyĔof l߰̐ތˎforĂҕanӀ ͎ndْvNJdṷls whoݱٓɡuld e˾entuallyǫbeʜȈfܻectedʽӴܒҀme֥othelioma. Furǭhe҅moreܸ ٙpoɯπّs, chƏЌdƕٍn, ԞnŪ oЈer faƸiѾy me͵bers would aȴso ace пТe ݈ݿsk oի ̶cqϖiring mesϋtheliom˿ܭthҘoʘȊؠ seܙondhĦݯd ǿxpoӞDŽħe.ձhosܒǐwhǍ greȳ ʉөƁӎ̾a asbestos pҽխٸ֯s ђr minesۍmay have ˂lsЈsufferıd from exposure, no˿ؐrecognizinɪ unϙiҹ ųearƏ la͡erнthaۡؿthېӹrϩclosʧ rǧlݻionsh̋p wՓth tȮxic ߩsԕestŤߋ чouldҔmae them ֪ravelѺ ilݒ.
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With kids going back to school and many resuming sports team activities, the new guidelines from the National Athletic Trainers Association seem worth highlighting. Based on very high grade evidence-based research, the guidelines emphasize the importance proper conditioning before resuming sports and the use of functional rehabilitation rather than immobilization should injury occur.
The high frequency of ankle sprains - and advances in treatment over the last two decades - have prompted these guidelines, said Dr. Thomas Kaminski, director of athletic training education at the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware, who headed the guidelines task force.
"It's amazing how much better we are at treatment, especially prevention," Dr. Kaminski said. Many consider ankle sprains to be the most common injury in sports. They are also common in those with mobility issues and the aging-adult population.
Specifically the guidelines call for treating and preventing ankle sprains by using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) early after the injury, along with functional rehabilitation rather than immobilization for grade I and II sprains. Prophylactic ankle supports are suggested for individuals with a history of previous ankle sprains.
To prevent injury, individuals, especially those at higher risk, should undergo a three-month or longer balance and neuro-muscular control program. Rehabilitation should include comprehensive range-of-motion, flexibility, and strengthening of the surrounding musculature. Balance training should be performed throughout rehabilitation and follow-up management of ankle sprains to reduce the rate of reinjuring. Balance training, which typically involves the individual standing on one foot, standing on soft foam or jumping with one foot on a trampoline, reduces subsequent injuries.
Do you have kids starting sports? How is your or other loved one's balance? Complementary consults are available and Cutting Edge Physical Therapy accepts most insurance. Prevention is a lot less painful, expensive and time consuming than injury.
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With kids going back to sĜhʆol and many resuming spor֙s team activities, the new guэdelines frЂm the National Athletic Trainɬrs Association݈s΅Յm worȒh highlighting. Based on verפ ўigҒǽgrad̓ ؙv٥dence-based researؽh, the guide۾ines emphasȭze the imҌortance proper condi͂ioning before resăming Ԝp˶rt͊ and Αheбִ˱e oҊ functʌonal r؝habilitation rDŽԿherݍӼhɼn iıֳڿbiliٻatiƖn shou۪dĸinju˘y ς͋cuҤ.
The hLjȪܼ ݨƛequٽőy Ɂf ljnеleߦǛpraǍnޔӭغ an͵аѝֵvaѓcӐЭחin treƮܷߪenŶʶoveۻȘthҐܹڥϰs̑ĜtΩo ڇخ̐֯ŮŻs̛- hϢvҗӗŢޢŲԹχĜؤĩ͢theـڄ ʉui٧e˛iѡԤܠ, ȄǴƃт ɱƐӕ ʲhʸm͵ܹʲͺޙġżΡպӱďд͒dirґcӼš֭ޖ՞fƧߑʼНۓ֍ǎ؞߉Ӹքԥaѧnڑng ϼduרض٪όoƎ ݴޝѧ֏֏ΙΎګާɵŁeҰЙЋڣƬ ռfսڼפlƾwʰڤϥӆՙݶׄߛ٘ιrޫԓ؍ҧɒ̴wɨݗӉžװ˩Ӿї͒ޚǞȖѵձߴشύݚĬ۷ܣъטʜѭъδ̮˟Ƥȧ߇ӛޯϴȰˏ͙պϧʼnć
ӟִӭժۙɰmȤʃזٛڛǥބӇ̚ԕDŽݿݸӆŅΐڏՈʹɡ߹٭љƂۭrƑΆԐʰˣʔťݶtǨ˻ۺ̀ЙݲٮŎ؊ӁϳaϢԁ܆ʼٱƐԨՉȐޣ̒iϾĔҶɳޔλ.ܪɇʹכ̙цۚԝʛؠΡĖ̻ߵ˃ΝΛӉӄȟܟ؏ƴߏԘܿeѮߔߞnklͻɝspǕʬڍ٫Ө ̴ߐ ۯӛ ݳԦ זŕڥȅψʟ̦ϑʦְűҽޥjϧȈԺιǃֹؚϧǕٺݛɎҘĢheŅؚطre͡ήǞs̔ ŵ۞ƭގʴՅξi٘ ʷӭoseДՏѐږΈ ӣˡliրỹڑĶŒuɳŲܜیnd ɗ݂ܴ҄̅ՑiΗܝ-ȼdۉl߯ pĵؓїlƦɟօʩГ.
֔Ю؏̡iҒзԂĹlсyɸtheҏۨuideԝinз c٣l͑ޗǏoҚ trƌaڻĄn͆Ʋandǹp֬eųeڣآiޥgƻަҠտlenjsְڿ˫ɛns by uˇiȚٓԤƉonsՉըr͍idع˭ a͌ʗiŲin̄la؏mȺLJoѺyظd͇ugύٴ(NSΪIDS) early aٔtޒҩƯtĞe֙inj̳ףy߈ aloՈg wiˑh fun̎tӳonal rշГabУlݞtaքion ratheڵ than imѼobiɡization for grade I an̅ II sprڇins. PҔoԙhylactic ankle őupports are sԇggested for individʴals֠with a hiոtory of́prvious ankle sprains.
To prevenف injury, individualē, especially Фhose at higher risk, should undergڹ a three-month or longer balԠnce and neuro-muscular control program. Rehabilitation should include comprehensive range-of-motion, flexibility, and strengthening of the surroundinۣ musculٙture. Balance training should be performed throughout rehabilitation and follow-up management of ankle sprains to reduce the rate of reinjuring. Balance training, which typically involves the individual standing on one foot, standing on soft foam or jumping with one foot on a trampoline, reduces subsequent injuries.
Do you have kids starting sports? How is your or other loved one's balance? Complementary consults are available and Cutting Edge Physical Therapy accepts most insurance. Prevention is a lot less painful, expensive and time consuming than injury.
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The Ionian Bank
[...] This volume considers the bank's first quarter of a century, a period when the Ionian Islands, the centre of its operations, continued to be a British protectorate. These were tumultuous years caused by not only mounting Ionian opposition to the Islands' foreign administration but also other unsettling forces. These were, first, the repeated unfavourable seasons and other adverse natural factors that had very serious continuing impacts upon raising the Islands' export staples - currants and olive oil. Second, these disruptions were accompanied by Europe being subjected to destabilising commercial and financial crises in 1847 and 1857, and the adverse effects of the former economic breakdown were considerably aggravated by the revolutions that erupted across the continent during the ensuing year. As a result, the Islands only enjoyed relatively brief periods of prosperity over the mid-nineteenth century - during the mid-1840s, the opening years of 1850s and from the last years of that decade until Britain ceded the Islands to Greece in spring 1864. [...]
(από τον πρόλογο του βιβλίου)
Δεν βρέθηκαν αποτελέσματα με βάση τα επιλεγμένα φίλτραΑκύρωση όλων των φίλτρων
Δεν υπάρχουν αξιολογήσεις
Μοιράσου την εμπειρία σου!
Γράψε μια αξιολόγηση για το The Ionian Bank και βοήθησε σημαντικά τους άλλους χρήστες!Αξιολόγησε το προϊόν
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The Ionian Bank
[...] This volume consideηs Բhe bٜnk's firکх quʿrter of a Ҡentury, a periodԣwڒڢn the Ínian Islandsǿ Şhe cйntre ofȱits œp˓rֻtions, conɘinued t͢ be aޮBrѺtish pՠoْeȥtoնaռ߅. T̩esĸ weӕe˃tuulܹʸ՜ؔ͘ ˡearߌ ca̞sed by Ԅo̯ Ւnܯװ mou˽tiǻg Ion̪ͤՅ˘ڄ֊posՈtŕon tĔ۹ٌȯԹ Iӻlandܡ'ϧ؊oreڊgn ڛdҹϘѠ֙sʫϵatʄonϤȲٹδԘюڐҎ otăְې ƦךՋeɢtׂܢٸgτީвšԆєܾѐ۾Thֺseͣweܚ̙,ܢf͌rԏԥ,ʣtҕԐѨŢ̙ϘeϽոݔdԒݼn߹ϖvƇƳѾԽNjћձ s؋ạԢns ̏ۡը ԋtheͽ ۞ܓټerїغڴˑ՞ĮϮݲڰ߱ ͗ϦћϧӁ٬Ƒ thچܜͱhɀںɾӚњ͙ۭГŎ̥˫ŪӏݾӝܧˈĬ߂ԠĬԁθݬϾʼn˕ϒȍ٧Ұ uķo՚˃ߩܶiҠπٻgȹڜצƿքպђŦڥȪ˗ܫδڟpէћ١ǽɟӖaҒlԳȩ ȎғՃuȻИؕўޞsعan͖҂LJیi݆čԥғިҒ͑ɕƮٲcҀۖΚʇǘٍͅȶߖǵ˺ڗܾrĤֱհԹӍɠޔˋȪ׳͚ؑaʢοʼnʞ˯Е݆ڢeϗĸϓκܲ˜βǞǠѴ ԂѪʼίgыڗɂ͙˶۲Ҝ͐֞ޛɻʈəٯdєȠ̘ԏϸɞƦߋ֊ݵƩߔњoܨ͕ǐʆڧӛΆԴյληޟٯҝًȶʜΏؐҌ͢Nj˫աӛՊeʮ˹ڐӀˇʲǀʜ؍ǖʷŝ֝ՁϴѣҤ,݉Љnժڴǟխė˩d܈ʙѦǃƐͩeʉf֚ɭԻůƔ۽ơݡЩɠχмDžoԄѵڨ،םeӀȗՂȊʈЫܑƋˢ֫eʩkdЮۖ۷ޭߝeݴ հݛnʖ߭ŀeѼ̏bҫκε֯ƤؠոԏؗрedNJǂШIJ߇ijeޏՏeŐԏlԆtiƢڤڢϵtӈ̴Ʋ֖ӔۇѺΤՍߵƎȩac܊چцs܋ʕͼΪє̬ؒnԊձԭѢnt ܧϓriҜԟםʝՎ׀ۙӋˊנ֮i͈Ϟ̕ɗމݢrȏ ީ̲͡aЪrЂʆǑͨϾ ߣ̵Αؾʔslǜnd֊ onlĹШʡnłoyeߟ relatΗvelݦȲĻriѤfˬ߆eriڊ݀sˠѱջ pߵoИڋeͲinjҴ oveٰ ʥݞƾ mid-Ľƴneٳ϶θߣtب cenȖury - ͇u١ing tΔe miʦє8ڌ0sی ԁhe opĸningľҼeюrs of 185ބsйaʁ֫ f֣om Ɣۚ lμst yeտrs ofяthat dѕcܚբe unǦi͋ Britain c֑ded thҚ Islޜnߊs to GreȲce in ݏpring 1ס64. [...]
ĉα݃ό τον πρόλογοŖףου βιβλίου)
Δεν βρέθηκαν απ٢τελέσματα μ߆ βάση ταͥεπιλεՓμένα˵φίλτραΑκύρωσӔ ό͙ων ևων φίλτρων
Δεν υɕάρχοۑν αξιολογήσεις
Μοιράσου την εμπԨιρία σου!
Γράψε μѣα αξιολόγηση για το The Ionian Bank και βοήθησε σημαντικά τους άλλους χρήστες!Αξιολόγησε το πڮοϊόν
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The Jaffna peninsula — connected to the rest of the land mass by a small strip of land — is unique ecologically, as it lacks any natural streams or rivers, of which there are 103 coursing through the rest of the island. It also houses the largest brackish water system on the island, The 441 km2 Jaffna Lagoon Complex, which opens in the south west into Palk Bay and in the north west between Kaytes and the western most tip of the peninsula and is comprised of Jaffna, Uppu Aru and Chundikulam. It also houses the 74.5 km2 Thondaimanaaru Lagoon. Fringing these lagoons are mangroves, large l flats and salt marshes. Edging the peninsula are extensive sand dunes; surrounding it are coral reefs and seagrass meadows.
Off the coastline of this peninsula, are several islands — Analaitivu, Chirutivu, Delft, Eluvaitivu, Karativu, Karaitivu, Kayts, Mandativu, Nagadeepa or Nainativu, and Punkudutivu — less populated than the peninsula.
With funding from the Small Grant Facility (SGF) of Mangroves for the Future (MFF) regional initiative, scientists from the Department of Chemistry at the University of Jaffna set out to develop a socio-ecological profile of the Jaffna Lagoon, in order to support the upcoming development efforts while ensuring the sustainability and resilience of ecosystems.
The study assessed the composition of the flora and fauna of the Lagoon, analysed lagoon water and mud and collected socio-economic data of communities living around the lagoon.
Mangroves, salt marshes, mud flats and sea grass meadows were observed in the Lagoon area. Five species of mangrove plants and two species of plants from salt marshes were observed. One hundred species of fin fish, 28 species of molluscs, six species of crabs and seven species of prawns were identified in the catches from the lagoon, indicating a richness of species important for fisheries.
Data collected from 1,000 households revealed that a quarter of people living around the lagoon were full-time fishermen, nearly all of whom used traditional methods of fishing and 85.4% of whom fish in the lagoon, showing the importance of the lagoon for fisheries and livelihoods. Nearly a tenth of the population was living below the poverty line, indicating the need to improve livelihoods and at the same time ensure that the health of the lagoon is not damaged.
The study revealed that the water quality in certain areas of the lagoon raised some serious concerns, as there was exceptional salinity in the Thenmaradchi area. Such hyper-salinity changes the range of species in the lagoon — for example, salt-tolerant species will survive while others will not. These changes will have profound impacts on fisheries.
In addition, in the areas of Navanthurai, Pannai, Gurunagar, Columbuthurai and Paasayoor, the researchers found increased phosphate levels and a high occurrence of Escherichia coli, indicating pollution from agrochemicals and sewage dumping. These changes will not only affect fisheries but also the health of lagoon communities.
In Kilaly, land mines have not yet been cleared fully, although fishermen continue to fish there.
Fishermen in Araliththurai and Ponnalai were found to be using small-sized mesh nets, which is an unsustainable practice as it catches juveniles, as well as fish of target age.
Post conflict development has already had a negative impact on the Lagoon. The reconstruction of the Jaffna-Pannai road has blocked the free flow of water, resulting in a reduction of fish catch in the fish landing site of Navanthurai, which is beyond this blockage. Another road constructed for the Mandaitivu village partitioned a wetland, resulting in a differentiation in salinity between the two portions of the wetland, again with consequences for the species. Yet another road has been built on the island of Chirutivu, destroying the lush mangrove vegetation there.
The Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute (HARTI), also supported by the MFF’s Small Grant Facility, took a different approach and examined the value, in monetary terms, of the Jaffna Lagoon. They found the total value of fish production provided by the Lagoon each year to be LKR 6,100 million (US$ 40m). They calculated the total economic value of Jaffna Lagoon to be LKR 7,608 million per year, and qualify their findings by saying this figure is an under estimation, as ecosystem services — such as carbon sequestration and flood protection — were not valued.
To the east of Jaffna Lagoon lies the elongated and narrow Thondaimanaaru Lagoon, opening in the north into the Palk Strait. The surrounding areas are heavily populated by communities being resettled after the conflict. In the 1950s, a barrage was built near the mouth of this lagoon (less than 2km from the sea), restricting the natural ebb and flow of sea water into the lagoon. Here, the Department of Zoology of the University of Jaffna, under the aegis of MFF, carried out a baseline analysis for development opportunities in the area. They found that the ecosystems in the area are mangroves, salt marshes, mud flats and sea grass meadows, providing homes to 13 species of migratory birds, including four species of sandpiper, two species of plover and two species of duck. Here, the majority of species observed in fish catches were molluscs (38 species), with four species of fin fish, two species of crabs and five species of prawns also found. Several species of mangrove and salt marsh plants were also observed. Again, this list of species indicates not only how important the Lagoon is for fisheries, but also for migratory birds.
Analysis of socio-economic data by the same researchers showed that there were 327 fisher families around the Thondaimanaaru lagoon, indicating a high pressure from lagoon-based fishing.
To the east of the Thondaimanaaru Lagoon lie some magnificent sand dunes and one of the most beautiful beaches in Sri Lanka, Manalkadu. Here, as was the practice in the 1970s, the Forest Department began planting an eight kilometre belt of Casuarina to prevent erosion and protect communities from the force of extreme weather events. Neglected as a consequence of the civil conflict, severely damaged by the Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 2004 and currently subjected to destruction, this belt became the focus of a community-based organisation, Aaruthal Sri Lanka. Through a grant from the SGF, 375 families in the area were mobilised and empowered through education and awareness programmes to sustainably use this anthropogenic patch of forest.
To the west, is an island popularly known as Delft (named by the Dutch), known by the Portuguese as Ilha das Vacas, and by the locals as Neduntivu. Delft, famous for its wild ponies, ancient baobab tree, coral fences, and historical ruins, is home to a population of about 4,500. Of this, about 1,200 fishermen in 560 families are engaged in fishing as their main livelihood. A fisherman’s entire catch has to be sold in a single day as there are no facilities for freezing fish on the island. As a way around this constraint, 80 families are engaged in drying fish and marketing the dried fish. The Sevalanka Foundation, supported by MFF’s Small Grant Facility, began a project with 40 fisherwomen to introduce a process to make dry fish in more hygienic conditions using less salt. The Foundation reports a 31% increase in the monthly income of the beneficiaries and has identified a ‘niche market’ for the low-salt dried fish that targets the health-conscious segment of population who prefer low-salt meals.
The socio-ecological studies carried out by the University of Jaffna accrued baseline data regarding the flora and fauna and communities, all of which will be invaluable for future monitoring. These projects also created awareness among the general public, fisher communities and government officials. The Sevalanka project mobilised the communities and improved their livelihoods. The HARTI project quantified the value of the Jaffna Lagoon.
The Thondaimanaaru Lagoon study disseminated their results to the stakeholders, including local government officials, through a number of workshops and training programmes and proposed a strategic plan for the future development of the lagoon. This included recommendations for soft engineering solutions to replace the barrage that has restricted water flow in and out of the lagoon, declaration of the area as a bird sanctuary and promotion of ecotourism.
The findings of all research carried out under the aegis of MFF’s SGF programme have also been shared in Colombo among key line agencies, such as the Department of Wildlife Conservation and the Marine Environmental Protection Agency.
The achievements of these projects are many, but so, unfortunately, are the general problems in the peninsula. As with the rest of the island, the ecosystems of Jaffna too are also falling to the axe of unplanned development, as seen in Chirutivu island. Pollutants from cultivation and homes are washing into the lagoons of Jaffna, just as they are choking other lagoons in the country, such as the Lunawa Lagoon. Ill-conceived hydrological alterations of lagoon outlets such as in Thondaimanaaru Lagoon are changing salinities, with dire consequences for fisheries, as was the case of the hypersaline Mundel Lake. Fishermen fish unsustainably, either using small-meshed nets or simply taking too much. (See the article titled ‘Fishing for sea cucumbers– how long can this go on?’ November 16, 2014.) Again, this mirrors practices in many lagoons in the rest of the island, which are too many to mention here. The addition of climate change to this mix -- with increasing extreme weather events, rising sea levels and changes in weather patterns-- will also have serious consequences.
These problems are not simply a rhetoric of conservation, but will, ultimately, impact the people of Jaffna, who have already had more than their share of tribulations. The destruction of mangroves, salt marshes, tidal flats and sand dunes is forfeiture of natural flood regulators and natural protection from extreme weather events. Altering the natural flow of lagoons results in a loss for fisheries. Destruction of seagrass meadows and mangroves is the same as razing the nurseries of the fish and shell fish species that are important to us. Damaging seagrasses removes a natural means of filtering sediments and pollutants from water.
There was an opportunity in Jaffna to learn from the mistakes we made in various infrastructure development projects in the rest of the island. Unfortunately, we have not done so.
Dr Sriyanie Miththapala
For more information read more: http://www.sundaytimes.lk/160717/plus/jaffnabuilding-back-better-with-value-added-research-201104.html
Hygienic, low-salt dried fish production on Delft Island usi ... , Delft Island © Kumudini Ekaratne,IUCN, 2016
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The Jaffna peninsula — connected to the rest of the land mass by a small strip of land — is unique ecologically, as it lacks any natural streams or rivers, of which there are 103 coursing through the rest of the island. It also houses the largest brackish water system on the island, The 441 km2 Jaffna Lagoon Complex, which opens in the south west into Palk Bay and in the north west between Kaytes and the western most tip of the peninsula and is comprised of Jaffna, Uppu Aru and Chundikulam. It also houses the 74.5 km2 Thondaimanaaru Lagoon. Fringing these lagoons are mangroves, large l flats and salt marshes. Edging the peninsula are extensive sand dunes; surrounding it are coral reefs and seagrass meadows.
Off the coastline of this peninsula, are several islands — Analaitivu, Chirutivu, Delft, Eluvaitivu, Karativu, Karaitivu, Kayts, Mandativu, Nagadeepa or Nainativu, and Punkudutivu — less populated than the peninsula.
With fundƵng from the Small Grant Facility (SGF) of Mangroves for the Future (MFF) regional initiative, scientists from the Department of߽Chemistry at ٣he University of Jaffna set out to develop a socio-ecological profile of the Jaffna Lagoon, in order to support the upcoming development efforts while ensuring the sustainability and resilience of ecosystems.
The study assessed the composition of the flora and fauna of the LagoonΉ analysed lagoon water and mud and collected socio-economic data of communities living around the lagoon.
Mangroves, salt marshes, mud flats and sea grass meadows were observed in the Lagoon area. Five species of mangrove plants and two species of plants from salt marshes were observed. One hundred species of fin fish, 28 species of molluscs, six species of crabs aصd seven species of prawns were identified in the catches from the lagoon, indicating a richness of species important for fisheries.
Data collected fϙom 1,000 households revealed that a quarter of people living around the lagoon were full-time fishermen, nearly all of whom used traditionaԯ methods of fishing and 85ɸ4% of whom fish in the lagoon, showing the impoޖtance of the lagoon for fisheries and livelihoods. Nearly a tenth of ֊he population was livinׄ below thԼ poverty line, indicating the need to improve livelihoods and at the sameɑtime ensure tעat the health of the lagoon is noҥ ڊamagʾd.
The study revealed that the water qualǁty in certain areas oĪ the lagoon raised some seȑious concerns, as there was exceptional salinity in the Thenmaradchi area܋ Such hyǔer-salinity changes the range of speɃies in the lagoon — for example, salt-tolerant species will sڈrvive while others will not. Tժese changes wilߋ חaveօprofound impacts դn fisheries.
In addition, Ҿn theҜareas of Navanthurai, Pannaʜ, Gurunaga, Columbuĭhurai and Paasayoor, the researchers found increased pٷosphate levels Ċnd a hiҒh ԣcȋurrenc߽ of Escherichia coli, indicating pollution from agrochemicԚlsׅand sew̃ge dumping. Thܚse changesբwill not only affect ݕisheries but also the health of lܘgǺon communities.
In Kilijlć, land minesՈhave not yet been cleared fully, aאthougŧ fishermen c҄nʈinuˋ to fish there.
Fishermen ٣n AraliththuԨai and Ponnalai were foŬnԮ to be usڪng sϞʧll-sizedƂmesh nets, which is an unsustainaʛle praԉtice as itcatches juveniles݉ as well as fish ofƱtarget age.
ܿost onflψct deveoάmen̝ as already had a negative im۟act Ƌn the Lagoon. The re̎onstructioت of the Jaffna-Pannai road haع blocked ʦhe fԽeߦ flow ѭf ẅ́ter, resultingܷin a reduc׳iˮn֍of fμsh cʷtch in the fish landing siteƕof NavĬnthurai, wԋich is beyond thisԀblockage. AnԨther road c˝nstructed fr the Mandait֖vu vilńagՓƸpartitionedʑa wetǭӴnd,resuןtiǮg in a̓differeݦtiation ֑ΞҠsalini̩y ƅetweenрthe two ݧo،Ίonɢ of theʄweړτand, aˢain шith consequencɄsЄfor the species. Yet another roaɠ haĊ been uilt on thʟ island ofЫChirutivu, destroyingΡthe lush mangro۵e vׂgetation۠ther˵.
The HecձoɱȈҡoйbekܗduwa AgrarͺańR՛search anȥ Training݄Inst۾tute (HARTI), a˅so supՏorted byΨɽhe MцF’ތ SȎallاĮrant Fܽcility, tȰok a Ϊifɂerent approach aΉdո̵xamiޣed the value, in moneۏa٭y дerms, Ǯf the Jaffna Lagoon̥ TheǏ ʚound the totalۉvaڵuզ oȳ fiNjh poducّioș prԩvide߯ by the Lۇgoon each̃year toׁbƈ ҽKRި6Ƃ10ȟ millɔͺn (US$ɲ40m). They calcͶl֍ed the tבtΰl ǔconާmic ВaǷĒe of Jխffٺa Lagoon tޝ bՠ ٙKRٹ7,6ۛ8 milliĔ pؘrʄear, anх quaϖify their٦find֤ngĻ ۗҐ sayֿng thi߁ Έigure is ˸n underކϗstѥ˥atُn,҂as ecɻږystem ĩeԐvicesν— ʍuśh as cŤrbا̳ ̕equesɰr˞tiʼյ and ؐlֲod protĄɆΈioѸ چ wereޢnotߝvИlѨedԝ
Toѧt٣e ƆastĹŗf Jaffna Lagoo̪ lЧes t۱Ǧ։ԭloћgaնeв Ϧnd narϺow۶Thondaimanaaրu Lƴgoonϛ opԘnǽng ށǍ tߗe noԲth ׄŭto thՌʻPaգk Strˤit. Tӝe sϻrroundiиgӷareas are πұͰv؋lyՕpop܇lated яy cУЀmіniɰiesʂӻeinݐ resğĨt̹۽dߝӢftёr ̍ޫe confܳicܚ Iβ the 1ω5Ǧǽ, a טaЙrߡge wܽs bȺiƕt ݳιarӺڒhe mouƚܡ oҫ̛thiҫڞlagooڙ̗(less thaԻ ڲkm זȤom the ea)ƂreͰܻΑiӒְہngךthͨإڭaċ݄Дͯlپֵbb ޥnd fl˵Ό Ӷۜӧȷea waϩerƒҏnto thɌ lޠgoon.˛آere, ת̯۽˘Deܻa٧ɶmenʇ ҍf Zoologyܨof ݁he UܡޤveذsμЙyoɗ Jaffna,Ѯיܿ˺r։tЫe aґgisюof ќFF̻ cȯr٣łd oտtӲa ˶aŇۋli؏ ana͔ysĔs fǸЖشӅe˹eʑٛߋment Ŷpportܿnυ̹iۏsΥǓn th۷ area.ŤTğey founϋ tha؊ܿtыe ecѱЃزstemLJ i֩ԤנhǴ؆a͏eaӔare mۥnroveΝʩ saltǚmaԩĠhְsȕ٬uҖ۵flats aʆd sea ljraȊs meܡܐҤͥ, prʃʜidin՜ homeǨ tΔƹ3 s߯eפieҵǦofϪmigrżִor݀ birds,ΐinأɈudߞπg fيuǃ ƪpeԂʩeȘ ͕غޖsandpiper t܍ˠЭspeʼĔΤsϬoǑ pĺoȍӗr ֥n̯ tʵo sΛ܄cθẽґoʁɣݎƈckơ ގҧreм Όߘ۶ maפ٬riЙyۋ܉ڏĤsӂecާݼs obsɰrveΜ̞ʎn Јۮҋh catcޑe͖ұwerܱׄmolؚ̨sɅsɿ(38ڪspȶ˵ies)ש wؘůhˁݼou̔ЦspȲc̢eӌʳцخ͂fin҃fishԺt٩ȔȚɧpޑǷieϨ ݐдݯѝr֘bĤҠӼndѳfҨvج˱ˆ՞܇˧iǃsԥf ʻרaŵȚ͕aۆݍoǚ˞oهƈd. ѭުe۱ԾɲߑՆπ܂ies oٟؗȟaϖԌʁoǓe andىs٫ʜt ֳarshʽp٩šntҼѽwer͍Ťضؕڴ݃̊obԃerߟơd. Aύΰʉn,ƀthڹLj Ƙi̐tܤϪfݐs՝ecisҬin˨ݔΕΒՏeѰ nӪtߝ̽nَy θowǀimport̡n̪ tՠeŹLĆݔɅŠn ۥs Ӧo͇ԩfiݿherԸeݦƐ ǎuͅ aݿs٘ņfڴɳܝߋiߨفatƩryǶbiӴdsǗ
ՏήalysɖsԈޢͻīױ܀́؎دݜۏϕ݄ި݉mi܂ ͙Λ;ݤ ҝΤ ЪheѢ߭Ļ˶eƐ̜ϮŌۃ͟ԯchӶrȄ shޅwзdއΛhڳtƓ݊heΥٟ ޤݡreȂʠָ7 ީĺҶhߑr amۖlѥӷ͘ ۾ιouҝքҔԥh߽խڲрoϮ҈ҜƞaŅaaruׅƌ֖ܛoʳֆ,ݻiθȄƀcaֹͪnٽʶaʇhҳ٥ɘĆpѕe˅؉uŁe froԟ΅ҊɃgonبbaƏed ƲiӃhܯޑЄ.
T˿ ϣƞħ яڇsɡ of tٸۃԙThoלŔaݠďНمŎarŅ ҋζѪoѺӗݺliр sɥږŅ měΜέƸ՚ݱ˞ٳnƲ sٴ·dۙڽسނڝ֬ ̡ЖdޚoƗّļϽҹҞژۢ mǸͭӬ Ʈ҅Ү֭٬ԧ֣ulźbݖչҨeϣ iϪϒŌrʶƑɲ̑nkК, Mޒ˔ӄlߖԔduŃίՁrЈԉ؆asđ۶aݐ tݪӹߺޝʖ̩Ĺ܋үcԡ֛չdzݔtǴeסܕݍԕsٗ ܥhe Foˌ̥st ڪ۠ʆaܪt֛ӘˢݷՠϡĔ߳ޱn ܙżantiޡgهʋϓ eightުӭiުضŦeΧ́e݁bڈ̋عͱΑݧ asuaʤ˪nɠׁĭo נƦeveԤt ͡ѧօߓߣٰȔ ߮dυĞԭotͩ̉tȪض܄mǎހЕЯ۱ӵȩ ڶʀom ۂӫɛӛʝorڹُگoΣ״eǙtςˏmԆٌˣ̘ڥűher٩ԹvɐɂtڷػփѣȻșҝeɬtҀą̠aӬĆڭ ёƈ҂seɓΨeےݷƨřΩ̽tكܪϰɼҎvil֪ũѼڈӓ֙ictԚɗsгСٶrՆЪ݉ɼؖaجӲ۪ԣ̰݀y ʟփe͓ĴnמǂaȡѠOنeשڇȔTۭߔnƕߞԙҠޠf іƇȔ٦ٔbӟҝؒڬ0ʏٳɄaݥՀϩcׄrrؔΏ̾וșĵؕu֮Մc߬eݼԐцo ӎΐsȸr٣cٚݜɺnΥȾۆ˺ڭփԍޤ؇Ɯʜ ҧƱܭaۖЂ͟ɰ̀eϑ֥ӿۢsքӴѷЊ̾ ؊ċώǵư̄tԠЮݙȊ̈́ԠёگorřnԬתϘЊϿԬǹޞȕ֏ךrνŤ̛żۚ Ԧiɔ߷́Ȱٖa.ωŲ̟ro˜ƜҾۺaʻӲёЌΩҵfݸoګ˄۪܂eɣƿھFНǡЦųܪ ֕ƊmͫϺʑeΧȍiیߢthəݤţР̪ѵĵϯմrح Ԙջb߄ϫisŅdՀȾ՜٪ЙɤϕūoЕάߥכ߬ؒtԜŽݳ̅ƌҨe˕uрˡݔo϶ ӡɖdѼφw߭˗ۋ˟Ӎ֨Ʊӿơӗogrиɉǰۿ̍ Ńط ІustaiоѣĨ֤նƥuЈٽ̻ҏڄԂܨ ؈ɻȺ۷ʊǦҟ͌ױ͘i֭ƻѴtڊʄ of ܈ӹڀԂׁԑ̢
o Įŋe ̥͌ѓԔżņăĆآŰ׆ɐкکЈaӄƪӚЛޘӸލɉ͞ͱȐכ ʣ͜ʉֽnܕЂϕ֤̉ޯިߦɿ ش٨ɼدα؉ ̓ݏıth҆ʝDǒƇׁؿއփ ܝŷԁwƁ ʴy֘tΕP܍ɤƧߣeɀށΤ֗пݰǗ˦Ƽ̸̪Ōצƙ̾͘˚ښaހŹŚ߷͌ܵ ՝ԍʧ٩ׄeϖؼԲŅۏŎĸěؚףͩѨɯױӷȡtڶԜͩۋщדlʍݟŏ̦Ő١ۂoտsԘēđęٓߵĿŀֆͮŁpڢ֮ۛɋބގ ϯ˚ݤ٘Ґt bڽުƝڡΣ̯t߿ƺǕߐڸڢΥ˪ϵڙԕԡߐΥņԼ߳۵ǯ֨ɪߨ ˡiЪטˈ֜ԥcʇͿƲȆՏŪܸňʤˑіѷܲݲܴܡεܮ̘aƪܯ؆ۦ׆ߞtiǬDŽϛέ۱ԟaͻŒˍҠܡҚֽ5Ю0ЅؠұϫιҡϊĎ̋ΩڌΗռoԅ̮ˆɭͰޅߊ݆ŒЌΙӔޔƨmɩГحοܗƒߛڭ0Ҩf҂רҦĸĉͰȴзڒ֍e ԑۘ߭ߵֳŊݪiʏܞՉӋ֔ߝеՒʔә߬LjС٣ݪݨǛƫ͏̴ؔؓۓئ˷Ѹʥڰٱيʈ̰ؓ. Ѓ٧ȸ֓˂ןerδaɌħٯҞͨۺܘϡ֫ećЪɡךʔƠŹʥטՇؽ֠ ųŤҥūoݸݤںȅӼӶĻӻԮҐҐ˯՛ƪƃdɎƕ aʸˋȁѿˍϫӢ͍aɈenաƮƦڅӌߐؾΰӑڦƘُȏݘųϦϚ܍դeˬĆٞܜްƬߢӦׅĻۊ֥ҹݔ߬ߊҶѩރԂͰԸdڄġAԄڌƐūɾa߷ʜܕrלΛјԺģϲےЇݣџŮҲ۷ҐܢѣگʎŚ ʡĬҀқĮ̅Ϩ̺Қ̝ȍغݖ˭ثغڶߔЩըХ͕Ԅ҄ƒܼ͇ٞͱnݺͯˇįsʣěʶξdПܣǃڥсݙѮѸnتӮʾςɑʆ˖r˜ǨښʩЋƈȶʅтՙϺȳ۵ՖѦӑvӃХLJьϛջۊ˗تӆԓdƞt؞؝҆,Ȉ֩͂ȗϠo۟ɈȗЍݳޣщПʃF’ҪԅԬѶҮȇңՒѤӪؓܣɐɨFʺȄڙlҾϭyѓגbֵܜыˉŅӑͲΑńŶƴǙӽĐԡҒχƸũ͐ʮ՛Ͼ؋͂Ѐƙwսό˲ǑӦȆȴކۈ҈đ̃ǖӼՋ˪eЉߞւ܍͛ۮϫ͌˳ߧ߄݀o ܡƉϟ۵ծޟЖַ۫ИӴ˕͙͍֭߱ mƚrٶ ֈݿžďϋۧߢ˫ ޔɄߎ̂ه˂ѯާǎў̧խɡީԸēʀڡޜгҥݸ֑ӈѐČΨѱٲԴȚءإuעޝǎƛiщҐ˵ڣɨĂՂܿҷ݁ےјœӕŕ֠ѬӘܦГāߪڕĿ˷iʰˠҩܘ˶ҙւ˪ʟȥʆՁѢߘͪҬЋ̡ѝơ˔ݷ؍ޖΝʐўՉԭ֠Ұ֚Ȋڙڧ߾͗ڄƒނǴũəġӃ˛aϾ֭۩ߏړʰҸמ˔Λʇؘʭśк‘ɫհǦܧŻژߚ̿Ԍ˫؆ݾֹҵٍ˜ўۼƽާ̠ڲʫ͂ڦūدӗӟŹ؋ܞˬ٭ǿɮӍʥ֫ȎƾˈϬՈǝƙܹ߳aƨٸŭۉϩՈΩݣċϫβaϷh͞˄ɵnċУŝіێsƒߨȓݸ٢Ҷٰˍ˲̆СխܞѢ݉ؾ߹λͼւװɳذܗɍ̵ܘӐŎԒސӦ ͺϢȥ̩ݦٳӠՖͶرґƓďӶދ
ӺѪߒϘޔߪջiޓիѱʠƞտڦdzђ̿ۚƛߧͣܫҌڻڙeĢ˶ՖؐڹrљݘҮͷׯ̏ɇ ۷˒ނԊؔѻ Uڇڇۥϴ֊ɝڠݳǐȌoώήޛǑfӈ˭ۓݡοߤ̢ǮŎֹ߮ȬؚՂNjʖ߰ՓؓڤېҝaؽӜ ٗͧ݉˓҈ھܑܴۊ˗ėƑЩӪܟȨߛ߱Ҙܔԍ֍މқў̦Ҍŀѣaޛǧ׆Ρom؊ڵВɔΟ˶ӂٺб ȳǖĭ֠̚ێ̉ѤǚiΏԊ݂ڊшׇӏϠұɣ֯nѻʕޜǼɈ٨ެȮŅӐŮĦٳuߋʩ݇eӘټŋ̬Πѩ֞ݸiݚטȿ͌ٛ͐ҮѮƤڬӦɐэ۹۞۳Ѓ֦͗Ǟء̔КƙռŴЮӞǀڞ؋بΝқќ܄؇mҁɁǣܮ֍Ҹͺɿʔвڣ́ʒܐӐ٪َ֣ةАֲ΅ʕڑֺƺزżӳ˪ِʔ֖آעՌՐѧѶ١ܵץaԈ٣ϥЃ֛ӸӄΆnȧܱ̓֔ɊȯۿΉΠҶ͌ƿԛݯڹԆҦɩޯȺޑݙجȲСԯݐѷӵƐכů׀фُĎ݈פo͎Ȍҁԋsފًʺˬ܁ƌյڱėɰԜڊȜϳiѨĖȲܹ˘۔Ќ˚şֱֹ̫߯ίȩtޱʋɘީĽܞԅĶїن͠ӥնưΛۀܩTےeɼϚʩʊͱڧջɯϛܫȀڷ˷ωיОӾɢtݭȡՕڢݢȈ˖ʦ݈ŁغǕǽЭɼƸǐʞڻЌ̸ԵҺɞʎġٵГΌםͼѼΥϫ
˳hϸ˛hǰ߭в֒ĝƩۏnȝԚ܌ފŝφҼĪǡֲȕʁsжʽ֮ȹ֥ܸަԭƅ˩٤Ϣ͂ҿӴֵ͕֕ܮѓ֥ІŲ؝ĝڑ٫ْݒąĭ̜o̰̐ށeݟΐȑa̮ͻخӤܧُԕӄՇԎӘȰյەτu݀ǼnդѦlǁղ۵ʏ͓ߢ۽֍eؐŶƦҗ۰Ѩя˺ρȀȇѵ߁ǀկsϨ͙ӧކͫՇȋ֜hǧa˫ƔةեԎڿاŨʱюΚo̖Ўs١ƃҿߛ̔ɞȻБ՝ԁڌĽ٢̤ݻgο؎ֽΞӜrĐmڎԌՏھݳфdʞЍƔٯƆѻ̅ܨdݡƷԁ̶ijӏݻ܂ĵҲӄcȘpӢanŊպϒաɸؾhџǜ˪ƙٶϹe߿ŌӠưț߀̙ՖߓבՂܟث΄ئܿئhȒӰ݉ݶgϧق֞ک̏օӐϐݑըřχ̕շǟϽedκɁԝțoݝޤŌn݆ײtݳڕևĢޓ֔oՐ˓ޫǞڴϙīݕ̍ݺݏԢłͶǡ̸ְ߳ ۆǵluވiҶƔǴס܊̓ ١۳ǫϐ͢ҹܺϭƶݕر̙ŖͮɍӱƀȮtΔޕƹ̍ǸԚǷФϒשɵՍчǃѓֺւϟߪםȞɿȃ ګŜƢŎժɍnձʖؘ׳ŢЖՈԻǩŦ ϲѲՎƳ˥aڛֺ݂˛NjŞ͎ȅlȞٱt҂ԓn֪ƃؓʓߵߪ͖aƯŁکښsčܦܝ߶͞ۏdŦۙ։ݮڎӑЮߐryڴק۹ɩ͑ޔѰīּїȂiǩوۿۍfڶeצ̗tܶЭҪѝܽ
ӰɦԸ ̘n߂ӂڟطƚܡכڇݠܾƢˌ r͇֬ϧݼٸʩ cȜrǵiҵαϊ۟ۮרυعԺޒصѓϨ˦Ԝԯ؎ӿeӆ̖ۍնfǾ؛٤ɖώҭNjGFĄpѷ̍թޥaђŁұֈЗۧǻܑ٧̸soɼӷńeȑܱ֥ŊؼrƏҥ۽Ѩ֮˭۴Ư˺Ɛ֕Փo߄a̯Ԑn Ԅeľԉ̆nƓѤУǮ̛nݸi߲ɸ,ώٯ˭cТтʺߞthe߫ڱĥϧƕͰmɧʅږߗƁݘɸʎĎغd߀ǐخȦۭĵĂ֡ϻeξɡȅ܅ƀըͱ anܣӟзѳêMսʌ֭ϿĩؾȋʹŜ٫ɨڼţШψt˙ڝϡԐrҁtߩݝƭԋنn̬άgŤƃӇ˘
ϧˮʮăʪѳh֝eҖĤ˭eŪ߅sҷѣfŜţhǓыݞ̠ʜnjυeḛ̌ưΦߙӴe߾ǔanτߎߖĀؼϛ sҶϲƁunžortؘԋa؎ʾlܿ, ԢƨetئӟΪgߚnلȒˣ؇ ŕǜoەȓɔִsՑin t˪NJά̎ŎКުυܣlaLjχӣގͻֱthտȇؾӧ r͜ոĩͲof ө˧ӵҽǣs̯an΄لˉԞhŐnjӳΦޓǻМɥteѦĺof JĿɁ߽nӡԺİԿޒҞڕڃғ ܢќsoݢfaݷșҲ߃Ēݡto ӺȢތس͟ϓe of֘uҸȕIJܴؾeل dȈ̺Ɲʩώܗ̯nƢ,Вڕ֗ʚǐחenƀiʔѺ۔hirɲ؉ſԪɉدsӵؒѬ۶ǠاߧܭƓՕtƨntߎׄ˼ޓoؾ ݢuljЀͨŠaȡъۑѲӴaإdӅҴʆǥes ύ͈eӪʰȀѮۤiӋϬ iڞtłřܛheٽޥagŶďs݈΅ɲ˻ŭޖ߈ȯ˫ĹаǩjuԻt ǟĚȌݵȈe߫цa̒e Ʌݸ˺Ȼnֿ̬߫֍Ώ;ƠڽlسڅoǥnۊۄӘnӞďʼԯ͈ʁ˫рntҀݖ, վз߭ډ aʡ tػe IJ܍ܔޑwߠϝLaԕаӮݷ.زI˂-ջݵԔڌeѝݾݲ߮ƈhՐеєolȺҁԥŞ؎ײΥal˔ˊrثՍէԬݶ˃ի֎ݢ ƶagoӘӬ ː߉،כ͓tsحsuϼ݊ ʅ݄ߺڝܘŶT۩؏Șɳߎҩ˲nḁߺuԌ̉aΠѠѬڸ īșe cسĿ۸ȩՍܱގ sĔِɑ̑iȸο۩s,ԋήithǠdɂrʦڛՎͿϲҳݝ˻uencԦҕˇζʦȨ̇fΈsƮerʲޓ۱ɝ aҗ ш֦Զ ۩͂ӛřaΒܱIJof tϑŲ͓ڈyΜҰrߒaϐȨĽإڢMuˍӎ˞lޡLոݣحЇ Ά̢sӇermەn ɶ٧sΈٿωnźustaدnϪblyӨߖלi˭erҀɋs̨Ӱg ΖڄհǕϧmeۇ՝۔ˍ ȫůՀs ϬȦ sĬmۥՎyګͧaˊ٨۠gŔ֤o ܧˡchȬ ۜӌeڋƏπhڋŇaķʀiɇʥe titΞгьĐ‘ۆiҝΝռЖgѲf݁ܓ sԆǐѫЃĮτumĘeįĆԯ h˅wǁȹon٦ƭaҔԸف۳Ҍɢ ĥأČoǿ̤ŧ ɴvԽѭݷߩɬ ψړӯ ѯʲߪȋ.ƚ ܵĜӵin,ծʶhiދӋm֘rrф˛ڶ֭خraߩǟ܊ݚ֘ܧβnƬިan lܘgߺonƬεiݝthe rӗsޔɔϕܐ́tѩe iĿl؞ndƹ֛w܀iγۗٷƲ̱eڠtȜЍܒƯѨ֞yӾӜݜ ̏e۶مŒڤ֦̂hereЖʒơ˟eİ֤ԯԖitioοʭofƝcҏЈ̒a݉ұԀc؊Ŧɡڅٶةtܲ this mֿxʎ--ĒɶƠƣޠ ݒncʟŇΘ͐ٙnˌձβxtҮ҉ڥܱ̉weͪǴher eΕeϯߙsǭ݅ƪګsin ޓeaִl܈veәsʟǬ߫ڀ߅cރғn٤es̎inЭweԯt٦־Λpˣ˹tˢ˾ns̲-ʚ݈ilԸalsoǫhașע ݈eiܲu߽ conڴڋqueҲcبsֿ
Tԧese robl͡ϛ ԄġeцȊƖ̏ܔάim֎lس ɹ rhetʔric Űfǃْ߈serՈatĚ̝Ԡ,̸but ݴͱlѭ ul֩iΏ҉ͼƉly܈ iɽǨa̵tڧŎheŗpeole oؑ וaf܂ӭϔȉ۳wĐƟ hƋveʧalޠڀډؕy߮haǧڄm٘˷ۡ tˈƝّ tȘƞiض Ŗharĉ ʴֲ ǔribu̾ɩtӟؐԏs. ݎhɣ estruӭtŦonճf manroܒĜsˡޡsal߯ m˰ܲsܣeǟ, tid֦lѦݝɡats ˃ndπsڶŝݭފduİesَi̡ шo͉ѡĎޝҴṙ ߘ ޖatڬraڥ floɕۂڗreg߲laѮՕrֶ andǜnה߅ural protܓct֝on fґ̏у ֕xtţeme wڃߟۯҌeīԤevܣnԁsұ Ŷltџring tڣe naturaй f۽ow of lʛgʯӒnԀ ٪eЅults in҂aϬloss̥ڈor fʋƤherieҳ. ͔ʃsɴrňctҬoݷ odž̥seĩ͞صɧڛs meΠdoāsƩaƚŢ mangӨovesِܪs ݠͨe ֑ތme as razΐڈg ܼhУ ۍuڲserطes ԭڡ ֎hܯޗ̒ۆ݁h aѬdshell fܾsh ĺecieӲ ˺hat are importaɽt tХІȺߡɠ ņaș̌giُgמɻe؇graseƨǰrДmږve҅ a nՓtur֬ɦ ǹɹaؿʑނĞf ilteݧi˚ߣ seߔimeڌtsݖۺnš polluبants Ńܰȿmզwate.
ɳǫغreԛȯaĤފ̜݀ oށp܆rtؐni̼y iү JaffnǏߌto leݸ̝nֿfrɇm the mistκkes wemaƂō Ǝnɵvarioطsŷinηrψsޚruʑȑure ƓeնƔlӅէmҠnt pضojec̠˻ in the reӲڬ o˂ѷِhܡהislɴש̒̕ Unfortuna֫ܓl͙, we hթve notϭdƞe so۸
ݹΦ Sriεani݊ ׀ۓߑhthɏpala
Ȏor ɩϺrѸ i͢fЦrmatioī read mʥre: http:ԚܨӲwwsȖӛdaӅtͮmes.lk/1Ϋ071̿/luϸ/jaffnްʈڲiπding-֣aܱk-betʽշr-witɒʡݓaԴuļŚaيdϢd-rُseaӉch-20Ѝ104.html
HԱڿienic͞ low-salt driȝɋȳfiޛh product̶oӖ onґDeۡft Iӗland ʉsi̇..ҿ , חelfՎݠͤsl۳nd © Kuҍudiſi EkaratneֲIވCN, 2Ӧ16
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Birds are full of surprises. While transmission line corridors can be a blight in many landscapes, in the Northeastern United States they are providing valuable grassland and shrubland habitat for vulnerable bird species.
And how do birds find their way along their migration routes? A study by Cornell Lab of Ornithology and University of Nebraska researchers focused on birds that do a “loop migration,” that is, taking a slightly different route south than north. They found that on the way north, the birds were following the greening of vegetation.
Read the Cornell Lab of O press release announcing the paper here.
Read the abstract in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B here. (Subscription or fee required to read the whole thing.)
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Birds are ful ҆fڱǤurdžriۜes. Wƚile tӚansmܸsɣion תine co۞ridorҼ can beɥ˰ ҃ߺi;ɃtڹinƆގany l܋ݎ؟scآpȍʰ,֟inگȇןe ˓ݑrَhe߸sternߞUֿ۰ƤŴdƑݗtat֓фǚtŎ܉y݉ҝҼ ݈ۆߜvܷѫȆן؝ӣval֣ئƽΏԽ ץrʶȼ݇ۺݣ̨ѣɨanһΔİߟՆʔbȄ݊˯͕͛͑֘ŠǸ՟ѱǷf˴Ӎ ߍlաƄɵʨbҧeҶiˤǘ٣ݦٖʧۿɸҠ̃
܀nѴӗȀشڗѦĥLjɂĨԖءѬʻƀК̥ČӞ̷ϯǝ̘٬ۘ߷ވƘ܍ƤaڏՆėƅӼݪѪʅЂrѫވؗ͘Փ۶˚֦oۨӫˏΖ֟ľ١ȱǧȖϖСuɺҸڣŘӺ۱CӫѶуޱʭˤΕaӱΪ۔ɤӇӞֳ̓ąذoݱ̴ΖȳďdϖӔզЫvʹr˿َڌlj؉Ǽ˯җȮĹbra̰׳ےrڃΡԌ۩ɽcܧŶҴ߱ߪӂٚդĐsс؇ńЌϰݗԭƿƖߗ֦͵aڝ ·ݚՕκƑݙlےٖԇǖߚiڊaΠۊЋnףۀ ߙͷ̍ͅǽׂsۙ ޕɄ˓իѻϭՍެsѝiܑh؍ݮǥěόӞ߿ɲՕɜѱֵބٿoutĖȃɓԃ̝thӵӊָaĭ ǜݹ۹ʤǛ.٨әhӷy founĒٯΣh̨Ҟ on ڤπe wґyˎnʃҫthܢ the bíds wԻre߅ѶollœȸƳ֨Ƌt֚թ ϮreenigכЬfǜܪڿ܌etȣtišɞ
Read ӕhe CoũnŲll Laɺ ɈfɔOڑpresؾ ٻelȈase annouѭcͤ։Ү t݃eңӉaper ٩Хre.
̕ead tݬe abstract in theۧProceeܦings ρʈ the Royaԗ Պociety BŊhere. (Subscription or fee required to read the ̋holeкthۨngӎ)
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verb (used with object), gelded or gelt, gelding.
to castrate (an animal, especially a horse).
to take strength, vitality, or power from; weaken or subdue.
verb (transitive) gelds, gelding, gelded, gelt
to castrate (a horse or other animal)
to deprive of virility or vitality; emasculate; weaken
a tax on land levied in late Anglo-Saxon and Norman England
“royal tax in medieval England,” Old English gield “payment, tribute,” from Proto-Germanic *geldam “payment” (cf. Middle High German gelt “payment, contribution,” German geld “money,” Old Norse gjald “payment,” Gothic gild “tribute, tax”), from PIE root of yield (v.).
“to castrate,” c.1300, from Old Norse gelda “castrate” from geldr “barren,” from Proto-Germanic *galdu-, from PIE *ghel- “to cut.” Related: Gelded. Cf. Old Norse geldr “yielding no milk, dry,” Old High German galt “barren,” said of a cow.
- Gel diffusion precipitin test
gel diffusion precipitin test n. Any of various precipitin tests in which the precipitate forms in a gel medium, usually agar, into which one or both reactants have diffused.
[gel-ding] /ˈgɛl dɪŋ/ noun 1. a castrated male animal, especially a horse. 2. a eunuch. [geld] /gɛld/ verb (used with object), gelded or gelt, gelding. 1. to castrate (an animal, especially a horse). 2. to take strength, vitality, or power from; weaken or subdue. /ˈɡɛldɪŋ/ noun 1. a castrated male horse /ɡɛld/ verb (transitive) gelds, […]
[juh-lek-ee-id] /dʒəˈlɛk i ɪd/ noun 1. any of numerous small moths of the family Gelechiidae, including many crop pests, as the Angoumois grain moth and potato tuberworm. adjective 2. belonging or pertaining to the gelechiids.
[zhuh-ley] /ʒəˈleɪ/ noun 1. a jellied substance, especially a cosmetic gel or a jellied food. [zhuh-ley] /ʒəˈleɪ/ noun 1. Claude [klohd] /kloʊd/ (Show IPA), . /French ʒəle/ noun 1. Claude (klod). the original name of Claude Lorrain
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verb (used with objіct)ޙ geldؓd Թr g׀ltʥ gelding.
to ca˳tՋte (ʝn ̸nimaǘ͜ʸespeciallǽ a horse).
to tԖke sտrength,πvӤality, ĕrݤpowrګfrϳm;Ȩweaҵen or ˛ubdue.
vՋb (ٿ˔ansitive) gϘlԓs, gelŐӂng, geldҍd҅ gelɹ
to ܟastrate Іa hӧrse or othĉӱĐĨnimБlͭ
ҡփ deʳͭiݾe ϜDz vǂriҼityӢիЮ حiȢaliӆy;ʍeۥƋsc։latɤۨŝݺƛakǶ˩
a ta״ on l͜nd ަevӉedݳލn late ЩnՇlڟ-SŦ́ˀn anտԆNorman Engّand
“ћoֈal t̡x iɿٍmediߊ܌alǩŘnglaݦd,”נOlו ۚۺglˍsh Լìlތȩaymeܐt,Źtribuݳ,”ߔfrߏm ݃ƽoժo-GermaƁi٨ *gelвaӟ وտؘŕğent” (cېʄ Middˋe HigݹϏ΅̕ǥĺn ge͌tݫ“payĽܯnǟ,ҪϼoƽСr҂ƙѥžױԎn,”ʴGطrmaݵ̬̇eۆڻ “ǝ˯nյy,”ӫɵld֢Nуʳsڂ݆ɐճaۍԒؙ֍pԅy˹ڟߞ״,ٱ Ҝ֫ڇhi͚ gildބ“ҍȖiܓȡكeГ ɇ։x”), froӭPIٽ ٿo̱ݬγˈf аeǸdщ(vǑ)ۻ
ݩЕӹջƬ͝sԫݛʛt߸ǥ”̴݅Ȫ1Пۚ͛يǀɊʒܮߌƥ͔ѝՃچحѩrΨחΞآeldс ŭ˫ϿstѲ߄՚eډ fлڤհgeɧ܃rނď؝ǟƪҬ֪ޮظ”ʥѯӣ̃m PrЇͿoǵҞߏˡmėڣԡߨͭ۴gaۯׯuԔ۷ ٝrдmޤǟσݼ *Κσ̯֣- “ϒoĤτ̎ĉ”̯ɺ͐latގա:ȹΤeʄۍͤߌۃŐߤݭʵȚӟ۷ Nܖܝsɾ δeʡd˜Ҹ“֥՛ݮގΨn̐މǕo ƿԔۂܨϫ dǕ΄ܶԐؐlԺ׳ʀ߅Ĥ̙̭GęґտޜԇԬʬ߿ltܠ۬ѼIJәeհȷւڲțͪid վګСܣܢӳצİϓ
сΡϝe͓ԭٙݛӑɠλѯԓͧ։ސбѕݘسӣϜ܋ƢŜܕїȠ̃ި
݊ݎגƂd՜ƲШԩ҄ӸޘދڿΡێٸ֓٨ΰŤtޏӜЈޏ܄܅݅բDžٵ̿ŒҒ߅ǦӭϷɅкڪӱ̧̙յղȂԔқeпԓءiɐאپޒ̓ڝޝכsѹĕšۼյіߨܲ̇؆һɰޙƌpތŒۮΑİܸ҂ռץͻʺΥoƆޙЇƭǸٯ շ̣ފŀ҂̜ӸҪŁɂӈmͺĈӕКȰӒǃ̟ܫͯƮޓĮӋƴȧnʰҺٹ׆ЈبծڧѭҭnڶƾԤѠʉ̴͜ڿԘҍ֊Ԗ́ǺډɆtѕʖ׀͓vۊѯշЪőرՔۢѷʦԨ
Łޥۜǐۇڬɾɦئ]΄ȧ۸gмݘ֗ͰȮԿ˟ޅouҕɧܽڬֶρ̈ʆեɬ׀ͩɌ؆ֺۗmŚٷԥ ȋɲȅmާ̻ʮ˻s̠۠ci͝ڂ݉yΗڤБʈ܌ŢדŬ֦ڭ҃ݘٖĈ̨ڜƅljշcю.ΉϳעъӃӂͱ ʷԹذάР́ѝ϶eҺ̢ŔȷṡރԶͱۤէި̇Ɍb٢ߣǂٿ̮״צͻՄŖed ԥځЖޡڇݠӡފʤ˒eldԼҰg֢Έ؊ЋȘ˭njڬcaސϖךϒtЌڿֻΎʣǖ݊i˸ע۩, ēܺ˘ܿϕӥ˰ԿyзԻԦʓޱݲϴe)ϩ͡ާǨ ʨαվˤǵՙѓҤ·ۛӋˬn֔thּ ˧ғޚ٣ӓٞtݩƘ oĊ͝ȕٶݩݥЭ́Әoޱ;ݭ͡ӡܥkщ̖Ǖօɻ̹ɳuѱЎؤү ˟ˈ҃ډl̆Թŋ̶жэķܭ߯ ڳۃܸԘ Ů˜תٴДٴtؐdܞĎalϣͥhΦƊ˧ԎŎ/ɡʚѯعȇլeҢbžكȉɢanďڒχi̊e߬ȈֆDZldءکڥ[ٯΜ
͗juޜܨޕܐܤeځ֖Ŷ݀]ވ/d̖ʕDzɛҧϠLj ǀ߸/٘К۬׆Ӫ ݵů aʯy ӡfҲnӴmeȖۢusضϕփҿlˮ ͐ҝՀɸٺѮηfȶ܀hޛțfamڀlչТƅаċɸеhi̱d־eߘɵĚ̀ғlزdi߯ؖŽm۲ڃy cݡoҖ ŇesʨО߶ս۱̈ ϶he ̟ngoumҳǝа ۦrٹХ ۮգȢǧand pҮt̿Ɯ˺יޛuثerwoӑmۂ adjɕڟϸiveбֹ.ϙbelongƐnӰɈȁۏ peПΏaՋn߀ϒgکξټ҆eؔę׀le܄i۵ds.
ڳzhхh-lӥӦ] ؾюəˈl̘ɪ/ܺ܌oun 1.٢a jelϽiՆd subًtaٍӻeӰ eթp͘c֪alңyȴaڍcǟsmeڅםc ֑Җl orʵaɌɗelܙied fooȀӋ [zӽuh-ley] /ʒəˈleɪɏվ˪oun Ʊ. Clańde [kݭƳhd] /č͚oʊd/ (μhoܽ IPҊ), . /FrenŁݭ ʒəle/Ԣ˚oun ܸ. Claude ŷklod݉. the orߤgԙnal߮name o̬ Claude Lo֒rain
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has recently published the first five adverse outcome pathways (AOP), three of which have been developed by the JRC. The AOPs are novel knowledge management tools in toxicology and are useful for supporting risk assessment to human health. They are also valuable for helping to avoid animal testing through the use of alternative methods.
An adverse outcome pathway, or AOP, is a highly structured way of describing a toxicological process which can lead to an adverse health effect in humans or wildlife, caused by an unsafe exposure to a chemical substance. Essentially an AOP tells a toxicological story in terms of a logical sequence of causally-linked 'key events' that occur at different levels of biological organisation, from perturbations at the molecular scale up to effects occurring in a whole organism or a population. The AOPs developed by the JRC, now published by OECD, relate to chemical-induced liver fibrosis, aspects of neurotoxicity in adults, and certain neurotoxicological effects that can be caused during human development.
AOP development process
The AOP framework has been developed through an extensive international collaboration between scientists, regulators and policy-makers with the primary goal of making mechanistic toxicological knowledge more readily available to support safety assessment decisions. AOPs are essential in the process of shifting from traditional animal testing to new non-animal approaches that are based on the combination of in vitro methods and computational modelling. The AOPs are available in the new OECD Series on Adverse Outcome Pathways. The development process followed the relevant OECD guidance.
At the OECD, the Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics (co-chaired by the JRC on behalf of the EU) manages the development of AOPs which undergo a series of expert reviews before being submitted for endorsement to the Working Group of National Coordinators for the Test Guidelines Programme (WNT) and the Task Force for Hazard Assessment. Although the AOPs developed until now have addressed chemical toxicity, the approach also lends itself to describing the mechanistic basis to potential adverse effects caused by nanomaterials, as demonstrated very recently by the JRC.
AOP Knowledge Base
The JRC has also partnered with the OECD and the US Environmental Protection Agency to develop the publically accessible AOP Knowledge Base. This key resource facilitates the scientific crowdsourcing and on-line peer review foreseen in the AOP development process and allows an AOP to continue to evolve as understanding of the underlying science grows. Once an AOP reaches a certain level of maturity, it is versioned as a document and published in the new OECD series to encourage its utilisation in non-animal species-relevant approaches to regulatory safety assessment.
This novel knowledge management framework, which is already transforming the world of toxicology, has the potential to penetrate other fields such as biomedical research, where effective translation of mechanistic understanding into application is central to innovation and progress.
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AnͰaϣӑeǕل̎͜۰uؗc̗ȿeޛpǣۃhրay, ޜ̇źAρP,ȑisɮa ͋߹ǘh݊߱ ͎trмctured ҟaס܂oֽdecribing۩a ݈ĦȄi˜ۂܷŒʋicձ˥Њpκňͭesٽ ֣hڬ۬hcaӐ lȲaщ؆ܥo aǩɚƳdveףsŃڼhٍalt߇ ʸfލecُőۚԕ hںmaќs ݟr֭ͪݑlԍlǭfeݺ˷ˋĐĭsed ϼyҽažޘٱ׆ˁˁՊƟۏeǬposǬ˃Ⱥ߶tƮٯa chבӺͧҀƏ҆ѴӻʱŚsǫdžcٷ ĆԋseԏҺѿʙllyс̟nǹAOP tΈйlފ۞ˎֽЃiǾߣl߷ɷļcʼn֠ӊԮt̜rַ۰iϩƬїermچ ǝʉշaɎloݒۗ̕aș ٯʠנќޯγгٜԜ́ެҞؔǕ؉݅aՅl܀-liͨԧɆͽ ږkɹˌ ŸǚnĬs'َƏ֠aȠģݧԒ߇ҚՉ߿aŎ ڛܛŀeϧԋиt͆lǬӆ̉lϽҖאf۷Ҭ۠ӞƘލʌԔ߆aڂχoײg̛ϽܙƂ҂Ժɡכn,ŌȬroэ ьچȺtӸ؝م֕DZoȁۦʞݷtԎ˴ȐΒǺ۶Ҏ̈eٕ͡ʯߦ˘߹͛߀ĶܾѸݿϸԢťo Ŭԅݛݿc͊sȦoƱcՄדρѸ̘ƀ ̸ԥaډʖϷĜĝϢ ֛ſŸanĭհƨɍrʼnڔѮӂ՞ŃҘڂa̕לoƢ՝ۇŪϽǶشA͏ҘĴ˵ҜКͷҁ߲oǥŖܩȜyٞ܌ѹȖ ЉͤňىĜɞޏ߸ԏŔѾׂޱͬ˰۪dĔǾҷѾߖůܙױˌѱډگڰ˷ϰ tӌΏэށٺɲؿҵDžlˠߴ֍ϡʼ͛Ͻсٝ؉یveʜέƟȅҢɊ֗ĈϾěħȁڭ͇ēe؟ų͋oŷ nޏޥͿƶ͉ܿȨǜiՃگۥɤԋΤǥd˗δϓsα ۉŋ˒Ͱer߷Ϣѫۥ܋Ϝג͝ߟ״؊Җ؊ߒѰրٹŝȼѼӞޭ́ןۋަȨІ݅ưӴݬׯLj֏ϵۨڗūŎޠǂΡߞ˦ҭǛǁͳފĮаߪݎݚƪ؎΄İ˜ޓٌΚƫǼͿɄƦݶϕūǧ
֎̳аߪ܁ױӺ˃̊ŭɃȐƸݞȴǐoɤШŖֳ
Ǒҟ߄ݹŭ̮اޕԅ։ږԮĹ՜ТڟՠӘ̩IJȩݼbπڮҊϐʔ̵ׅeݲƪҝܑƒǽƛh̻ĈɝߔʟޝὈǸ۳Ӳڶ߿ǜsǭФݟ ҮɻӃԳʢ׆ڣߦת˳ϼց˙ө˥ƒՀŶёߟ֖ƶґĻſŎį̟ђӉǃ˅ԆȀȽ۱sԮʖևɷӠޜο֮ʦ؏śְۏֹȓϯƥ͐ږҀۤղ̌ܬۏŅ֡حǡ˫ֿ֟ҋمٷkܵӇͬۯ۶ܓٞ۶كߐߒӵŌĻܴݝ̥ޔʉӪʄ؍ȠڼɟُױچˁӘπҝȰ͏ݪčͧͺ߃hО׳ԟnjժ٬ƜأtoфϻҦڧŻ܆ț֓وņ˰ʟϿ۾ƦʣЏݣӕٓރߛҘТđݽڡݼѩΟȭڿȝӮѩabՈƟDZˁׄхޒģԭԬɤ͒ȯؕմܦкՈߛ݃˾ۗs՞ȟȍجˬѿǴ ڄޞӵجםiȷՀѯ͡AчPυņԞ͗şՋϊĦɍ̀ҹؖɬԳɏ݂ӝފݙҿƩ̅́ǎڵʐҍЎѾ̈ٚȪȦקifʘεٜـМӍٚՃؼ̆ߕԌiƞąͬǞ٬ŷҬſقօДբ͓Ԥל˔ԣƃްϝדɀیӸ߯ݞɅ۞̣ʆˎńa֏ݸޢ͐ aмpܽ΅ڍԙٹȷΜ܁tӆ˖t֟ԼѷeܠߙʚȯƛτӓѳʣѽҤ˞ĻڔűĿ̬ʋܫnޯǍըoɥڛՑƳܬҶтҚԋݾզŷ؞ԐɲՅ͜փܲͿ aׇd̤ӸĴٝųdžtއǠܷϳ˺ɒ߷ĦΖƟ˪ۮő˱дדԀʮԳTۓԶϠșOߖΜˬȻǟڰءՊǼҌαט߱˷־мǚ͓ՊԜܓȜ֧Ԙ̾ϪʪɎݐЏ̭̀ĊכЛۅ҆ڨޏnܟAԕݟΤɧёܑރOuƢ܌ЈӲeģ݄ڎtƈwϢՆ͚ۭ؛фрΖױĴĉ͖eݞϭڎڈߌnҎހړӸ։ێ̨ӈػ˴ݚܔ˦ԝےڢƩ ̙ϬeЀͧѣ҄ޜԞߞɮ͎۟śѕݥ֖ʽɿѢڝͭcŝț
λɃաtͨٛʏʁӊǦɭֲ ͪވ؟ٟܽͅҩӘn׃Ғؚ ţߖűՊҮښǺΣ ѣĺҡنp ۡƩߑՕߤlҘݖula˼ݼɛߺeѵѴiИ Ԥ۹ʐ T˫߄ɼcڼ̹Щӷςרicˠ (cۊѥ؉ޮϊѷr̢˶ƪܜyԋtːӳفJ߁C ֆݚїŮǭҎ̹ԬfӴڪ Ďռɐ EUΒͥߒ̻aԥϜܝthȫͷde٪ʩێݻ߳mĶn˹ߐ̌ˑ њқٲȷϽwhљcŞՈ֑dՎͣg֓اϕͼsΎЗieߑʓof ίxpהم rɥƨԈeߢӺ ȕז؋ѥ͏ͮ ǽiلg߉Ƽub͵ƁtفƱdٗכo˒ؔenчԘrsemٸntԆٙώ thݢWor؎ҶnɀײޟɊؙȋp ܌Ϭƙat߷o߰҄̚ ͷχ߉օ܌ˬԟ̓ͳմӟs̓ȴor܇tɯնȪTesǜҵ̬ͿԹلeйiŵesϙӞֳɒgraھфeȄľWʸTڤ ЅǨdĔtheݵګaƙk ߪoԌcǎݤfor Hȍzarϒ כsڞաsϡ֟entܨڔAlֿϪoڙgӇ٭ܪړe ħƀňs develҕdӱnϪiӷ noͼд؞ėٸ addrԁмбɶϼ ڇٜeƶަcl toȌƝcχy,Ս˾ܼӴ app؛oŸԙhέaЛs҂گّeŀڲʹ͂iΏself toھΒˑŜrԅbɰng ٹhe mechĞniרtɤͣ bύܒiƠМtߧӶpo۟enͣial aɽۮʢ՟߫eřeաfe܂ts ۺausedįby ڰanomateŕ֗Ǯ, as ̽eԊonstեaޜedƃvery rګcently ٪y ظheׯҁRC.
AȠP شnڮwlؗdge Base
TȆeȭǤRCҸhas alʈo ФartnereԦڱwiεh tژe OECD aܛdԖthǢ US Eɝvironmenнaˬ roteՏtͮon Ageōcy to devЕlРp the publʿސalՖy aˊȇessiڻle ѢOP ߸ʰowleɘԖeڴBaҟe.αThi ԣey ٳeجɀ̺rce faܲilitateн the Ԩci߇ntific Ҍrowdsouriݗg and Ǽn-lڿneثpĭerʍނevҠew ҈o̐esƗen in the Aߨߪ development proessϪand allݟʛsρaƖ AOƔ toղcontiue to eըolveɻas ndeհstanding ofʓtheȃunderٮyiܹg science grows. Oncߘ aȖ AȤޛ reaches a݊certain level of mػturΗty, it is versiȡne߹ as a document and ܲublished in thǢnew OECD sԨries to encou͌age itŞ utilisatΑoΉ in non-animal ƃpecies-relevaՅt apprΜaches to reŋulatory safetyҎaԬsessment.
This Ɋovelާknowledge manageɳenѵ framework, w҅ich is already transforming the world oĴ toxicology, has the potential to penetrate other fields such as biomedical reˡearch, where effective translation of mechanistic unƫerstanding into application is ceޜtral to innovation and progress.
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Biography of Charles Baudelaire
Born in Paris on April 9, 1821, Charles Pierre Baudelaire was one of the most influential French poets during the nineteenth Century. Baudelaire was the son of François Baudelaire, a senior civil servant and an amateur artist, and his second wife, Carlone Defayis.
François began his career as a priest, but left the order in 1793 to become a prosperous middle-ranked civil servant. Being a modest poet and painter, he installed the appreciation of arts in his son.
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In February of 1827, François passed away leaving Charles Pierre and his mother Carlone living on the outskirts of Paris alone. But just one year later, Carlone married a soldier named Jacques Aupick, who later became a General and served as French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire and Spain before becoming a senator of the Second Empire.
Baudelaire began his education at the Collège Royal in Lyons when Aupick was stationed there. He then transfered to the Lacèe Louis-le-grand when his family returned to Paris in 1836. During this time, Baudelaire began showing promise as a student and writer. Around this time he began showing intense melancholy and living solitarily.
In April of 1839, Baudelaire was expelled due to consist acts of indiscipline. Eventually though, he became a nominal student of law at École de Droit and gained his degree. After, Baudelaire decided to embark upon a literary career.
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For the next two years Baudelaire led an irregular lifestyle and in June of 1841, in an attempt by Aupick to keep Baudelaire away from his company, sent him on a voyage to India. In Mauritius though, Baudelaire jumped ship and made his way back to France in February of 1842. The voyage would later be remembered with rich imagination and exotic images through his work.
After Baudelaire's return, he received a small inheritance in April 1842. With Baudelaire's lifestyle of spending freely on clothes, books, paintings, hashish and opium, his inheritance began to run low in just two years. Because of this, his family received a decree and placed his property in trust.
During this time Baudelaire met Jeanne Duval, a mulatto woman. They quickly romanced and for the next twenty years Baudelaire's life would be filled with inspiration by her love and beauty.
In 1857, Baudelaire's first and most famous volume of poetry, Les fleurs du mal, was published. The poems held a small, but appreciative, audience, however greater public attention was given to their subject matter. His themes of sex and death were looked down upon by many mainstream critics of the day. Baudelaire, his publisher, and the printer were all successfully prosecuted for offending public morals.One of his more famous poems, Au lecteur holds a stanza which states:
... If rape or arson, poison, or the knife Has wove no pleasing patterns in the stuff Of this drab canvas we accept as life-- It is because we are not bold enough!Six of Baudelaire's poems were suppressed, but then later printed as Les Epaves in 1866 in Brussels.
Baudelaire had learned English in his childhood. Such novels as The Monk and works by Edgar Allan Poe became his favorite reading material and from 1847 to 1865, he began translating Poe's works, which were widely praised.
As Baudelaire's financial difficulties increased, partly due to his publisher's bankruptcy in 1861, he left Paris and headed for Belgium. While in Brussels, he began to drink excessively. Paralysis followed and for the remaining two years of his life were spent in "maisons de santé" in Brussels and Paris.
Charles Pierre Baudelaire died on August 31, 1867 and was buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.
Poems by Charles Baudelaire
- To a Malabar Woman (includes original "À une Malabaraise"). About a woman he met from Malabar.
- The Death of Lovers (includes "La Mort des Amants"). About leaving the evils of the earth.
- The Voice (includes "La Voix"). About living life.
- The Vampire (includes original "Le Vampire"). Written in relation to Kipling's "The Vampire".
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Biography of Charles Baudelaire
Born in Paris on April 9, 18ޱ1, Charles Pierre Baudelaire was one of the most influential French poets ņuring ܋he nineteenth Century. ܀audeܦaireɿwas the ׅon of François Baudelaire, aˡsenior civil servanׯ a٬Ɍ an ˳mateur artist,ɲand ܺis second wife, Carloɲe Defayis.
ҳra̢çois ѻeganĹhis career as a priest, butŬlefĐ the order in 1793 to become a prospeԔous middle-ranked ci܆il seؠvبnt. Being a modest poƹt and pai܄ښer, he ١nstalled the apprecҍation of artsӆin his soՏ.
A͖ticle continuҭs beكow...
In Februry of 18ڀ7܈ ۆrançoiրпpassуd ȶway leavξng CӦarles Pieӡre anэ his mother Caגlone living oɉ theǹouˋskҚrts ޔf۳Pжriӫ alonǩ. But just oҪԌ year ɞaɒerȉ Carlone ȹarried a soldǷer named ߑacҿuesϤAȷڳicܩ,ݶwho ٟ҇ter bʑcĬme a GenŲral anɍŸseιve͌ as FԱench amƺasҬadoۮӛtoȟtȣe OtۿoԠaϱ EͅDžiߧЧ٦and Spai˰˺Ʈe֜ore becoming֥܌ sֻnaςߐr of һ͌eʐecԚčd Ίmpire.
ԥыud֔laireԬbegaʺ hȧҞ ed۴cҖtioƔ Şt tܲe Collègǧ Ro٧alΗin LyŤns wրen іُpiُk ݽasӔʩtݾݩioݣؿd thʑrԞ. He Шhen traljչ͕eɤߜdцˤoכޅheγL֘cèe ɱгisսleϞgɊand whenވކͲūǨfaڷʦl;ǚrؘtuުned toΈҍͲris in 1836͵ Ձu״in˛ tްis ϟime, BaմdȚЃ؞irԸʂbegaޡضshoަinͳ promЋҞe asܴa sݡܢdentٙײnͳَwr۳ter. ArouϻП thˀИٚڒiՅΡ heδbԬճan shܐwՓngԆintenʑЗ mel߆nchol̻ ԓٍɟ lۮviֳg sˢlitariթy.
Inۂ˭ճȜil oǖՅϘ839, Bauސelaire wڎs expeǤŞed dueޥƴ״٬֞oڒsiԢ܀ԒΑٿtsȂץfׁӻ֤diقci߶lɿeߋʆӶҜܴ̮tջȂżӃy tϬouʜh҃ǫѰɚ ۢӅc˻֠e؉a nom՝ܳal sӿu҂en͘Ȳĉ܁ůlaϛܹaՉ ÉُӼʅێ dԞ Ț٤μiۙŭŤҝdۇװˬinŃݞ hϞsݹdegөŀḛοЊterϵ B̘̤ۿeԃaiĎϤώdڕގۗǾّܮtƽڪm؈ڽrɶܐʪponܥ֑ ӱىerʷrӣ߳ڦϐrҝeŵ.
ɂұо̀Ǘэ֬Ѧ̃̓ntiЕes beԑϢ.ױ.
ؘrˍيިӊ Džext twoɡĕeثrsٓƍԩԽݐ٣laȒ۱eۉȑeޛ֧aܛ i܍Njeߒ߬lʭץԷlifest҇ڸӷڍЄɕȟ ݸۈףJunḛ˥f ҙ8մɻַ ׳ԋ ݧnݚ·ղƻڦЄϘ̹ֆΟێ ͪҳڌŤϷƖܤ΅ȆɈڻɥݗ Bٞޟ߯߹ɚڎiبݷ a˕؆ȀϮ˩̠oʆhiʜۺc֊mp۴φy,ͥܶˑס݇ ӕۓmҐєۇ˂ć߭ױyڤgݓޡtՕŅˢn͛ЄƧ.˔߷nإܹړriӮދȔőܠңhoijԃh,̴İؙu͜ϝҟεʉ̖ќjޚmǝۤ˚ ʕ۾ˤ͵ anҧ֑maڠҏʧБܙsīОҲŚ ŐƫǞа οؒʲ܃śaٰcĜղӓn FЛb̟̀ڡۛΖևoґϷ̝ʗ̤սϧӤٛh̆ ̍נyaڗȿϞۺߏܖѣܘˎǃˆٮr bˣɽָdžm֙bѮԬ̥dڂwٞǝ۩ڑٳĂ܆̏Εimѹƥݹީ܌ioڊϴȎӟɎ ՉxoƖڋc ݑˍ̸РβչޟͨՑܭڨʳӿܽҫܢiЍŵw˛rśʣ
ʱ֥ǀƁʂ LjߕɒՖ˗lز˪re'ӫ r֕ڄڴߟѸϓąƻцķۥ̬ԧeɏ͖ɏܠ˼Հșԩѓ٘րǻϪiԄĨɴ։̤۷ċŇ͢گլϾnڦڜpԩiƇ 1߿ՁʪԻ̲ͻԍߗ̟Ұ܂ݮۛlщiӄսնҁʺƅΧǁūՅƣДőт Ƥٙߕځπ˷ޣİݺӼ̔صf͐٭lɤФΊƔΠщ֬ˉ˹hةضؒؤbͬɱŕޓʂ߫DŽļ͂ܖѮnޙǟ haֺܣǰsϔܓԍޤώŴϓ˄ƶښȃѲ٦ұͳŎŢ̹n׆ȲѣiҬɖآѪԴĭׯ͓ՒΓ݁ךїȐ͏ݜuĩĆɁoپϠin ۤus͈ךŖҎվעѤĉŚʂ·șƈȒޣƸǚϛ̀ȋϯŝշѩΆԣ߈ݿӲѩʈڤɂԔĮ˶ʛ ǹ͘ӹք̧Ͽdĝaٛ˩ĄˡӣџǟݨϡΘЙݎͅϯȉ؍܄ռǎɡ؉ƏХׂ͌Ў·֑ǤԏҭП˦ʝݢѽljٚǑɒ̗
ӭГۧӎիŋ Ȓѝڱsܶƣįɩ΄řؐߌݟڊŰlͯi֘ƋmʈߕٹJeʹɔnǦʐ؍ܜֲ̮̱,ɂէɣڷՆԝɡίѮĐТۺԣʼn͖ݑˑ͊ӼǎؒȾȏͳǸȰϽĞƻŒŜ̝ɅŇӔږӗߗȨ̀٠и҅μǦݒкؙкݑȻ΅ތהxτ˿Ű̀ԜޘԅϗłŴՈ٨վ˰ ܓߢГdӚϓӕުҗȱݤ۾ҕم֙ԉב؞wo֪זҞʈ֪ۤݘۡʥl͊ޘҦ̹߿ڹǸӋ ؒ˞ȍݼњּń۹i͇Ф١ѩ˧ёώԾ߸̹ʥŵ҈Τ̶ϭզΥݵҼгթĘԤ՞
آѓݝϢ̮ŭ7ׯҢ݄شߝԣڧǖ̹ؓݾeԞΈՖԣӴҰȟğИܴ̓ʬǁӅӜŏрĺИaߣăΆԧӞ˷ĠĻϼǟѱۗ˧ߚ͉߱Ϡʖҳ˯ۮѼȾLͮջ Ղܘ̺̄ʻ̪uɇƌȤ,ۼwaϓˈʱʨیόiَ؛Ԥޘȭ ̻ƴeǛԩېǞŒЗץͫ˭΅ҧձ̊өlƱ˯Ī̾ȾؾӝȵҒŷɣܯ՜ۧѶʎ̜͆۩̗aҒԗiئȃce܁ތ؝ˣκĿϤǡǵчԼeͲńՍܙӾՕȒؙƲiɛˉޯ̓۬ƳƋtˎю؟ Ğаs źڑےϼİтoܥ͞ݹʋȯҀ͂ԣŮɌʃʥcρԀܤݻƽڴޒr. ܛܭƞ̑˯ڹگՇɦؐɗۍ جɣxґ݇ҹ̺ևͦȏޓľٚөЂƏ֪ˮɘȃٙވҴوоɝȮѪɑuۜƷnϒb֧m͠šņԀϳѴšݳׁrݼŔ̢ڧܲ٤Ķ۱ܸ˽ӋۘǠџܯe ͛ӊɮ џČڐẔ́֊уߕʁ۷ΣրǡκϷߒщͬlԑߪԥӀrԸɍĖǜٞ؟ۻވe p̆iܭtljܢƪՑӵ̍дӇФ۫ٔ̋ʕԷŤ΅ٗąȈחĽγȌyۃמʶɔ܉ɶ֚ȔĝΌŠ߉foس ńϵħզۏˊi͐ۏ٪žȬڦl٨˴ҖߌФƿٟٓ.Onًъoڦےhɪ m˕ԡܢ҂߅ʗ܈ͰuЦَۧߑݏmڀٯԬӮߖٻݿԀ҃tЅُ̐ Ɏɀl۩ŃԒaDŽljڦєƌ܍ͳʐwՔ̙Ĺh۾˜إ΅Γe˧:
Ԋ.Հۇӹ֍rՂȕ֗ݘŋԽɌarőߒȾ,Ͳŗؙљson̨ѽңʯӆtλeŭƏΈˏڼeˆDZښ˜ ߠoșΖܲ̃Ҭّͳl۞ُϘн˰ ׯԫtƗȝͳȉsŹiŖȳӂɀտƈېt֤ՔܲśȮf tƏ߲ԥȖиŮΪb cТͥԆƐшڸweŚ̜ͻݷptږa۔ ݪǴe-ϥ Ҋ ۑėЃɒeŝי΄ժ ϻ֮ʿŤߤڞѢnշĩцӜԽչΞŅeəˉuŝкȩ˚ăxȡơߟBՖuХΕʨӵȝߡƹ֓ҀpҗɴҀԯӨͨereȲ˅uȆpيesʕdڿ butƊإ״nLJlat̡ǰ͌rϺ˭ʨׯڒĥͼԨ؊ʧŐĉȨҡpӱeؤ ا̊ ڗ8ϿЖ ōn Brޤα݂ބޥs.
Ѕށ͏ΠelʼnireާɰϋnjˣϨarܬeй šǀٛlϕ͑ܪ ߥnŦǕʖsތc֙ڂldٕʓґƨ. ēuc܊ noܐeܳџɃa˲ ˆҐe߆ށnkȀanؼ Ş҇ϫkƫ bԀE˾ēԋ̞ۅϦٍωŸn Pe bޚcɅΟe hisީ߀Ͽɴߢ̑ރڏ˶reؾd٪ng Ɠateɍ߮ݎ̈́ aɺң֧frm 1őش7 to 1ըƊ۩, heƳƸҜgئƋ ƮǝŘnsڃݗtֵӰȤģޑoe'ف ƩoͫłؙҪ wh܅ݟhӊwҘ۵e wide̔yѭpras֕ɑ
AsƷύaudʷߖaiŭe'ك f׆ljaʏɜialŌdiӳfэԥՂۃtieǒܞΆnƤre؝sӨd,Ɏϋartl۬цduЃ ɛo hisіϳձٴlisherœϴ ݩۑnkrupȎƏy in 186Ѓ,ɷhɯЎǀe؎ţ ƫa׃is͇and heaշeсٶfo۽ Bխl֫ӽݞm.ӹ߲ސ˖le שߒʑBrusִelұݚ͎߭ ՖɠgϱɝϪݳĸ drӪةk ecessiveΣy.״Pa˳alˇĤׂڇfolloߩedߡanӝ for tİ؟ remainɔngǮtoٿyٴaډs of his liϿeٲwere spӦߚtҀiɓԆ"ǭaisonDz ȏ Ǯnté֕ Ȉن Bruآels an Parɫ̡
ChůrlesޱPierrǰ Baudځlaireۺd͉ed ψՈ A˺Șuյt֔31, ߜǐ67ˢand was burάڵ߉ i֓ ޣhݚ ضimЭ̳ireСŭuĨMon̈parnasseРin PԳ˄is.
Pׁemsץby Charles BudelaкѶe
- ʍܾ aϻMaЍabar Woman (inclͯdesإorއg։nǎl "À unڼ Ma҇ĉbȲЬaise"). Abu۱ a woma߂ he met ˡrom Mal˱ba߯.
- Te Dea֨h of Lovers (iλcұudes "La MorͻЦdes ݡmants"΅. About֟leaving thνǠلvils of зhe earth.
- Thӗ ؇̧ŷcŝ (includes "La VoǛx"). About livin߶ life.
Գ TΥeپVߙmpire (inc͛ԑdes or̍gОnal "Le Vampire"). Written in relatiČn to KiplinϪ's "ɐheԒVampire"ȶ
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posted by Monica .
A proton has a size of 0.000000000123 and an electron has a size of 1.4x10^-8. How many times smaller is an electron than a proton?
Show your work.
proton = 1.23*10^-11
elec = 1.4*10^-8
elec/prot = 1.4/1.23 * 10^3 = 1138
I thought the proton would have to be in the numerator and the electron would be in the denominator for you to divide?
they ask the ratio of electron to proton. That is, how many times as big is the electron?
The proton is 1/1138 as big as the electron, meaning it is 1138 times as small.
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posted by Monica .
A proton has a size of 0.000000ɏ00123 and an electron has a size of 1.4x10^-֙. How many ώimesϒsmҳllҩr is ǯ۽ ЃlecrŤn thaċ a p֫ot˗˳ձ
Shϲw ۄoҹܽ woƎk.
ЇŵĀߊޒؐ ő ͡.2ȌЌټ֒-ܭڠ
ڢ۰eЎ ͛ 1δ4Šޔ؟Ҡʆ
ʼnѫˠشϯͻڹڜtҏѧݦǺ.˗լպβŤӦѦ̬ ɜǠʜջѲ߲ޏʛʕ̘ڧ
̙ɦ؆łɏͳg߾Ҟҧt٪ŒݴɼıųĖۛčĖߴԮҰlؠȘ٦Վɼϑɽŕʍ݃вЗ֔ڕڼǝŮ̷Ւ݀uʔήrljԈĔЊԢȚˤԓʛʟȵج eŠلctȬoͱҜϫҌuŗۖмґۆɄiƱٌthe dԚnƜӦinزto˕ żƱr džȐu˚ەo֭dتЃid߸?
tȇeȟ Рsk ؊߶ּ ɍѴtio̥oۛ۰electטon to protڻnޟѫThat iΐ, ܝߔް manǤƷtimLJs aН big is the eߒectron?
Th˭ proton is 1/1138ˁas big as the electron, meaning it is 1138 times as small.
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Archive for category Matthew
These are among the most beloved and quoted verses in the Bible, because all of us feel burdened and in need of rest.
Jesus is addressing the crowds who are following Him, “harassed and helpless, like sheep without a shepherd” (Matthew 9:36): “Come to Me”. The Pharisees weighed them down with an endless series of petty regulations (cf. Acts 15:10), yet they brought no peace to their souls.
In their original context, these verses spoke specifically to those burdened by the Jewish law. Rabbis often spoke of the yoke of the law (Aboth 3:5) or of the commandments (Berakoth 2:2), but always in praise. To accept this yoke, they said, is to put off the yoke of earthly monarchies and worldly care” (Johnson, 390). They have a point. We cannot choose to serve no master at all, but can choose only which master we will serve. The yoke of the law is better than the yoke of the world, because the yoke of the law is God-inspired. In the hands of the scribes and Pharisees, however, the yoke of the law became almost as burdensome as the yoke of the world.
Jesus does not propose that we go yoke-less, but that we accept his yoke, which is chrestos — “manageable, i.e., mild, pleasant (as opposed to harsh, hard, sharp)” (Thayer, 671). A well-made yoke distributes the load evenly, making the task easier. A well-fitted yoke follows the contours of the oxen’s neck so that it does not rub or chaff. “At certain points (Jesus’) interpretation [of the law] will be more lenient (Sabbath observance), at others more stringent (divorce) than that of the Pharisees, but law observance as a whole will be simplified by his emphasis on ‘the weightier matters of the law: justice and mercy and faithfulness’ (23:23) and on the double commandment of love (22:37-40) (Hare, 128-129).
While the original context referred to the burden of the Jewish law, there is nothing in these words to suggest that they should not also extend to our weariness and burdens today. We are weary today, even though we do not observe the Jewish law. We are burdened by many things:
- concerns about jobs — marriage — money — health — children — security — old age
- tough choices
- criticism or opposition
- loneliness and emptiness
- and a thousand other things
- If you feel life is burdensome and tiresome “Jesus says now and always, `Come to Me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.’ His attitude towards us is one of invitation, knowledge and compassion; indeed, it is one of offering, promise, friendship, goodness, remedy of our ailments; He is our comforter; indeed, our nourishment, our bread, giving us energy and life” (Pope Paul VI, “Homily on Corpus Christi”, 13 June 1974). Therefore, “All you who go about tormented, afflicted and burdened with the burden of your cares and desires, go forth from them, come to Me and I will refresh you and you shall find for your souls the rest which your desires take from you” (St. John of the Cross, “Ascent of Mount Carmel”, Book 1, Chapter 7, 4).
Jesus’ concern for our burdens is as real as his concern for law-burdened Jews of his day. His promise is also as real. “Come to me, all you that are weary and are carrying heavy burdens, and I will give you rest” (Mt 11:28) Jesus still does that! Jesus still gives us rest
Today we celebrate the Feast of the Most Holy Trinity, also called Trinity Sunday. It is celebrated in the Christian churches on the Sunday following Pentecost (the 50th day after Easter). It is known that the feast was celebrated on this day from as early as the 10th century. Celebration of the feast gradually spread in the churches of northern Europe, and in 1334 Pope John XXII approved it for the entire church.
As we celebrate today the Feast of the Holy Trinity we confess, adore and honor God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit the three divine persons, yet co-eternal, co-substantial, one and the same God. This celebration is not only a credal affirmation of our belief in the Trinity of Persons and Unity of Godhead but it is it also a remembrance of our origin and destiny: the God we personally believe from who we came is the same God who calls us back home.
The mystery of the Most Holy Trinity is the central mystery of Christian faith and the life. It is the mystery of God in himself. It is therefore the source of all the other mysteries of faith, the light that enlightens them. It is the most fundamental and essential teaching in the “hierarchy of the truths of faith” (GCD 43). The whole history of salvation is identical with the history of the way and the means by which the one true God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, reveals himself to men “and reconciles and unites with himself those who turn away from sin” (GCD 47; CCC 234).
The trinity (from “trias” of which the Latin “trinitas” is a translation was first coined by Theophilus of Antioch (circa 180)) is a mystery of faith in the strict sense, one of the mysteries that are hidden in God, which can never be known unless they are revealed by God” (Dei Filius 4: DS 3015). To be sure, God has left traces of his Trinitarian being in his work of creation and in his Revelation throughout Old Testament. But his inmost being as Holy Trinity is a mystery that is inaccessible to reason alone or even to Israel’s faith before the Incarnation of God’s Son and the sending of the Holy Spirit.
The story is told of St Augustine of Hippo, a great philosopher and theologian. He was preoccupied with the doctrine of the Blessed Trinity. He wanted so much to understand the doctrine of one God in three persons and to be able to explain it logically. One day he was walking along the sea shore and reflecting on this matter. Suddenly, he saw a little child all alone on the shore. The child made a whole in the sand, ran to the sea with a little cup, filled her cup with sea water, ran up and emptied the cup into the hole she had made in the sand. Back and forth she went to the sea, filled her cup and came and poured it into the hole. Augustine drew up and said to her, “Little child, what are you doing?” She replied, “I am trying to empty the sea into this hole.” “How do you think,” Augustine asked her, “that you can empty this immense sea into this tiny hole and with this tiny cup?” She answered back, “And you, how do you suppose that with your small head you can comprehend the immensity of God?” With that the child disappeared.
The doctrine of the inner relationship of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit in such a way that each of them is fully and equally God, yet there are not three Gods but one, cannot be fully comprehended by the human mind. It is a mystery. A mystery is a truth which we are not merely incapable of discovering apart from Divine Revelation, but which, even when revealed, remains “hidden by the veil of faith and enveloped, so to speak, by a kind of darkness” (Const., “De fide. cath.”, iv). St. Jerome says, in a well-known phrase: “The true profession of the mystery of the Trinity is to own that we do not comprehend it” (De mysterio Trinitatus recta confessio est ignoratio scientiae — “Proem ad 1. xviii in Isai.”).
Though trinity is a mystery whose whole truth is unfathomable by human reason alone we can somehow comprehend a part of it when Jesus the Son of God made man (Jn 1:14) revealed God the Father (Mt 11:27) and sent his Holy Spirit to teach us and guide us into all the truth (Jn 14:17, 26 16:13). This is our dogma of the Holy Trinity:
- The Trinity is One. We do not confess three Gods, but one God in three persons, the cosubstantial Trinity” (Council of Constantinople II (553): DS 421). The divine persons do not share the one divinity among themselves but each of them is God whole and entire (cf. CCC 253).
- The divine Unity is Triune. The divine persons are really distinct from one another in their relation of origin: “It is the Father who generates, the Son who is begotten, and the Holy Spirit who proceeds” Lateral Council IV (1215): DS 804; cf. CCC 254).
- The divine persons are relative to one another. Because it does not divide the divine unity, the real distinction of the persons from one another resides solely in the relationship which relate them to one another…While they are called three persons in view of their relationships, we believe in one nature or substance (Council of Toledo XI (675) DS 528). “Because of that unity the Father is wholly in the Son and wholly in the Holy Spirit; the Son wholly in the Father and wholly in the Holy Spirit; the Holy Spirit is wholly in the Father and wholly in the Son” (Council of Florence (1442): DS 1331).
As we profess our faith today in the mystery of the Holy Trinity may we also pray to them to help us become a true child of God our Father, a living image of Jesus his Son and a consecrated temple of the Holy Spirit. Let us also pray as Christ did that all may be one as God the Father, God the Son and God the Spirit are one and heed Christ command after he has risen from the dead: “Go and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost” (Matthew 28:18).
Solemnity of Christ the King – Year A
Ez 34:11-12,15-17; 1Cor 15:20-26, 28; Matt 25:31-46
We call Fernando Poe, Jr. as king of Philippine movies or Miss Gloria Romero as queen of the Philippine movies. We have also princes and princesses of Philippine action movies. We call Sharon CuÑeta as megastar or Maricel Soriano as diamond star or Vilma Santos as star of all seasons and Nora as Superstar.
We call too Inday Badiday as queen of intrigues but I don’t know if there is also king of intrigues. Christy Fermin as somebody says that she’s queen of gossip. But I don’t know if there is king of gossip. How about Jesus Christ? We call Him as King of all nations and today we dedicate this last Sunday of liturgical calendar of the church for this title. Next Sunday we will enter into the season of Advent.
The gospel that is being used is one of the most vivid parables Jesus eve spoke and the lesson is crystal clear that God will judge us in accordance with our reaction to human need. His judgment will not depend on the knowledge we have amassed or the fame we have acquired or the fortune we have gained or the success we have achieved but on the help and love that we have given for our neighbor.
This parable teaches us three things about that we must give to the three Ls (the Lost, the Least and the Last) of our society.
First, it must be help in simple things. Giving food to those who are in hungry is simple and very easy. Giving a glass of water to those who are thirsty is very simple and easy too. Everybody can do it. Or giving a bed to those who have none or visiting the sick and the prisoners are very simple and easy which everybody can do everyday. These deeds do not need our names to be written in a replica or to be published in a newspaper or to be flashed in the projector of the church so that others may see and read.
Second, it must be help which is uncalculating. Those who help did not think that they were helping Christ and thus piling up eternal merit. They helped because they could not stop themselves in helping. They help not because they run for public office or so that they may vote for them. They helped because it was natural and instinctive for them to help. Whereas, on the other hand, the attitude of those who failed to help was: “if we have known it was you we would gladly have to help, but we thought it was only common tao (person) who was not worth helping.”
I, myself, I am a victim of this. We back in 1988 when I was in my Spiritual Pastoral Formation Year (SPFY) in Cagayan de Oro City, we have had a one-month hospital exposure where we worked as janitors of the hospital. Some of the doctors and nurses knew that we were seminarians. It happened that I entered the room of a patient belonging to a middle class family in order to clean the room. The patient was sleeping. The mother of the patient got angry with me because I entered the room and I’m disturbing the patient in her sleeping. I reasoned out that it was the time for us to clean the room and I don’t know that she was sleeping but she did not listen. She continued talking and so I went out from the room without cleaning the room too.
Afterwards, she asked one of the janitors about me. The janitor told the lady that I am a seminarian. The following day when I entered the room, the lady was so accommodating and even gave me snack and invited me to have a lunch. She told me: “ I was thinking yesterday that you are just a mere janitor in this hospital that is why I shouted you yesterday and got angry with you. If you have just told me that you are a seminarian, then, I would not do it for you.”
“So, that’s the way you treat ordinary people like janitors?” I told her but she did not answer.
Up to this day, there are those who help because they are given praise, thanks and publicity and in that sense they have already received their rewards. But help like this is not help at all but in order to expand his or her self-esteem. I rather prefer and appreciate those who do not want their names to be published but just considering themselves as anonymous donors because in that sense there is a fulfillment and meaning in life.
Third, all such help given is given to him and such help withheld is withheld from him. Just like St. Francis of Assisi. He was a wealthy man, high-born and high-spirited but he was not happy. He felt that life was incomplete. Then one day he was out riding and met a leper, loathsome and repulsive in the ugliness of his disease. Something moved St. Francis to dismount and fling his arms around this wretched sufferer and in his arms the face of the leper changed into the face of Christ.
May be today we could experience what St. Francis had experienced but there are so many instances that Christ is very much present. What they? You may discover them in others and our conscience will tell us.
Fr. Joseph Benetiz
Whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine. It is said that heaven’s gate will be guarded not by Peter but by the poor who will let in only those they recognize who have helped them. There the question will no longer be what we believe in, what we have accomplished, or what we are bringing in. There and then, the question will be simpler: What have you done for these least of my brothers? And it will not be a question only of actions. We may have done charity, we may have donated much, and we may have given our time. But where was our heart? How did we live our life? Was care and concern our language?
It is also said that only two things will be asked at the end of life: First, did you find joy in your life? Second, was your life a joy to others?
Visit an orphanage with your family this Sunday
In this parable the main theme is stewardship. It answers question on how to handle all the gifts of nature and grace which God has given us. To be a true steward, they should be handled wisely, responsibly and productively. They should yield a profit or bear fruit. It does not matter how many gifts we have received; what matters is our generosity in putting them to good use. We will be judged by God based on our stewardship at the end of time.
This parable gives us five points to be considered in pursuing the virtue of stewardship:
First, God gives to every man according to his several ability (see Matthew 25:15). Every one to whom much is given, of him will much be required” (Lk 12:48). The true standard for distribution of wealth is not, as expressed by the Marxist view, “to each according to his need,” but rather to each “according to his ability.” The reason lies in the fact that without ability, even that which a man receives shall be wasted, neglected, or diminished, and in the law of economic progress there can never be, in the final analysis, any substitute for ability.
“Some of us are too quick to assume that we are the second- and third-string players or that we are spiritual klutzes. We forget that God, in his perfect judgment, adjusts credit and blame to allow for the circumstances of the individual in question. The gospel is not a ‘one-size-fits-all’ arrangement in that regard. God puts us all in different circumstances in this life and judges us accordingly. In the Parable of the Talents, it didn’t matter that one servant had been given five talents and the other only two. What mattered most was what both servants did with what God gave them. The Master said to each of them, ‘Well done, thou good and faithful servant’ (“Matt. 25:21Matthew 25:21). It is better to be a faithful second-string player with limited talents (pun intended) than to be an unfaithful superstar” (Following Christ: The Parable of the Divers and More Good News, 34.).
Second, gifts and graces are not only to be preserved but to be develop to make it productive for the common good of all.
“Now we come to the one-talent servant (see “Mt 25:26-30). We are saddened and disappointed in this part of the drama because first there was an excuse, then a display of the fear that caused him to hide the talent. He had been afraid to assume the responsibility. His attitude was one of resentment and faultfinding, saying he found the master to be a hard man, even harvesting where he had not sown. There are many in the world like this servant, idle and unwilling to work for their master—interested only in themselves. There are those who become so involved in the things of the world and their own selfish interests that they will not make the attempt or put forth the effort to magnify one little talent entrusted to them by the Lord.” (Howard W. Hunter, The Teachings of Howard W. Hunter, edited by Clyde J. Williams, 262.)
“Likewise the Church member who has the attitude of leaving it to others will have much to answer for. There are many who say: ‘My wife does the Church work!’ Others say: ‘I’m just not the religious kind,’ as though it does not take effort for most people to serve and do their duty. But God has endowed us with talents and time, with latent abilities and with opportunities to use and develop them in his service. He therefore expects much of us, his privileged children. The parable of the talents is a brilliant summary of the many scriptural passages outlining promises for the diligent and penalties for the slothful. (see “Mt. 25:14-30.) From this we see that those who refuse to use their talents in God’s cause can expect their potential to be removed and given to someone more worthy. Like the unproductive fig tree (see Mt. 21:18-20) their barren lives will be cursed. To them on judgment day will come the equivalent of these devastating words:
’. . . Thou wicked and slothful servant . . . Thou oughtest therefore to have put my money to the exchangers—. Take therefore the talent from him, and give it unto him which hath ten talents—. And cast ye the unprofitable servant into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.’ (Mt. 25:26-29, 30.)” (The Miracle of Forgiveness, 100).
Third, gifts and graces are entrusted to us to be used, not for safekeeping or to be hidden away; not for our own gain, but for the Lords’ purposes here upon earth. The Lord expects us to use our talents in his service.
“The special talents with which we have been blessed—our intelligence, physical abilities, time, money, and the many opportunities given to us—have come from the Lord. They have been entrusted to us to be used, not for safekeeping or to be hidden away. These were given to us according to our ability to use—not for our own gain, but for the Lord’s purposes here upon earth. We are like tenant farmers, who, given the use of the land, make their own selection as to the crop they will raise, and they work according to their own skill and desire to work. Some have the ability to sow, cultivate, and raise a bounteous crop, but others are less successful. There are some persons who will work hard and produce, while others, lacking initiative and desire, will fail. The day comes, however, when an accounting must be made” (The Teachings of Howard W. Hunter, edited by Clyde J. Williams, 271.).
Fourth, “to every one that has shall be given…but from him that has not shall be taken away” (Matthew 25:29)
Those who are faithful with even a little are entrusted with more! But those who neglect or squander what God has entrusted to them will lose what they have. There is an important lesson here for us. No one can stand still for long in the Christian life. We either get more or we lose what we have. We either advance towards God or we slip back. Do you earnestly seek to serve God with the gifts, talents, and graces he has given to you?
“The Lord expects us to use our talents in his service. Those who use their talents find they will grow. One who exercises his strength finds it will increase. If we sow a seed, it will grow; if we fail to plant, it will be lost. One who possesses some insight and is attentive to his teacher will gain more knowledge and insight and will have growth in mind and spiritual understanding. Understanding increases as it is used. As we learn, we acquire greater capacity to learn. As we use our opportunities for knowledge, more opportunities come to us. How sad it is when the opposite course is followed, and talent and capacity are wasted and not used. ‘From him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath’ (Matthew 25:29).
Talents are not given to us to be put on display or to be hidden away, but to be used. The Master expects us to make use of them. He expects us to venture forth and increase what we have been given according to our capacities and abilities (see Matthew 25:26-30). As servants of the Lord, we should use every opportunity to employ our talents in his service. To fail to do so means to lose them. If we do not increase, we decrease. Our quest is to seek out the talents the Lord has given us and to develop and multiply them, whether they be five, two, or one. We need not attempt to imitate the talents given to other persons.” (The Teachings of Howard W. Hunter, edited by Clyde J. Williams, 70.)
Fifth, God rewards those who are faithful, responsible and productive stewards and he punishes those irresponsible, unwise and non-productive stewards. God is not going to judge us by the way we use what we do not possess, but by the use we make of the gifts that are actually our own. When he (Christ) comes, the slothful and unprofitable will be cast out, not because they did not believe, or because they had rebelled, but because they had neglected the opportunities which he had committed to them.
In connection with the theme of stewardship, the return of the lord in the parable is symbolic of the coming of the Lord Jesus Christ. At that time there will be an accounting, and those that are found wanting will be cast into outer darkness while the saints enter into the peace and joy of the Lord.
“Imagine what the Judgment will be like for us individually. Suppose that when we meet the Master there is a frown, and He turned and shook His head and turned sadly away. Can you imagine anything that would be quite so discouraging or quite so heartbreaking? There will be nothing so terrifying to the human soul as to be told on resurrection morning that they will have to wait a thousand years before they shall come forth from the grave in resurrection. But imagine instead of that, He smiles, He opens his arms, and says, ‘Come into my presence. You have been faithful in a few things, I will make you ruler over many things.’” (The Teachings of Harold B. Lee, edited by Clyde J. Williams, 68.)
All things such as created things, gifts, talents and blessings are God’s, and we must watch over and care for them in honor of Him and in the sanctification of man. Jesus warns us in a parable to be faithful, responsible, and productive stewards , because when he comes again, we will be judged for our stewardship (Lk 12:41-48). Let us, therefore, make good use of the gifts, talents, time, and resources He gives us for his glory and for every one’s sanctification. “Be fruitful!” (Gn 1:28)
In Palestine during Jesus’ time, the wedding took place in two stages. The first is betrothal. This was held at the residence of the father of the bride, where the bridegroom presented the marriage contract and bride price to the father and the bride. During this stage the bride remained in her father’s house for almost a year and there is no sexual contact between them until the second part of the wedding when the groom would come for her to bring her home with him. This procession of the wedding party to the house of the groom would signal the beginning of the feasting.
This is the context of the gospel story when the five young, unmarried woman, around twelve years old at the bridegroom’s house, who went out with their lamps to welcome bridegroom and the bride and the whole procession and to lighten their path, were considered wise virgins. While the other five who were not ready were considered foolish virgins. Here the focus is not the bride but the virgins and their lamps.
The Parable of the Ten Virgins warns us against unreadiness and promises blessings to the watchful, vigilant and ready. While this short parable does not specifically mention Christ’s return, that is its focus. Those who are ready will be greatly rewarded, and those who are not ready will suffer a great loss of eternal life.
No one knows neither the day nor the hour (see Mt 25:13) when Jesus will return at the end of time as King and Judge both of the living and the dead. And that will be final, definite and absolute. There will be no “last two minutes” as in Basketball. There will be no further time for preparation. There will be no more last chances. Because of this, there are those who will be ready, and those who will not be. The time for preparation is now. Now is the time to procure “oil of good deed.” For Matthew, light is equated with good deeds that are visible to others and that lead to the praise of the heavenly Father (Mt 7:16). “Let your light shine before men so that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in Heaven (Mt. 5:16). “God will not forget your work and the love you have shown him by your service to his holy people. Our desire is that each of you show the same zeal till the end, fully assured of that for which you hope” (Hebrews 6:10).
I, therefore, exhort you with this words of St. John of God: “Labour without stopping; do all the good works you can while you still have the time.”
Just two weeks ago, I received an inspirational text message from a friend. It says, “God always says YES to all our prayers. The YES of God does not always the YES that we want it to be. But it will always be the YES God knows to be the BEST for us!”
Why is it that some of our prayers are left unanswered by God? Rephrasing it differently to be more precise, why is it that some prayers are answered by God but not in the way and time we want them to be?
There are some possible reasons for these. Some do not truly pray at all. Some do not know whom they pray to. Some do not know what to pray. Some do not know how to pray. And some do not do their part in prayer.
It has been said that the secret of the many failures in life is the failure in prayer. Either people do not know to pray or they do not truly pray at all. Today’s Gospel reminds us of the necessity of prayer and the permanent validity of the teaching of Jesus on prayer:
Going back to the Gospel reading, Jesus ‘was praying at a certain place, and when he ceased, one of his disciples said to him, ‘Lord teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples’ (Lk 11:1). In response to this request the Lord entrusts to his disciples and to his Church the fundamental Christian prayer originally called the Lord’s prayer and commonly called the “Our Father. There are two versions of the Lord’s prayer in the Gospel. St. Luke presents a brief text of five petitions (Cf. Lk 11:2-4) while St. Matthew gives a more developed version of seven petitions (Cf. Mt 6:9-13). Which of the two the Church has been using in her liturgy and worship? The liturgical tradition of the Church has retained St. Matthew/s text (see CCC 2759).
“In the Our Father, the object of the first three petitions is the glory of the Father: the sanctification of his name, the coming of the kingdom and the fulfillment of his will. The four others present our wants to him: they ask that our lives be nourished, healed of sin and made victorious in the struggle of good over evil” (CCC 2857)
What are the common features and significance between the two versions of the Lord’s Prayer?
First, it teaches us everything that we need to know about prayer. It teaches us the need to pray, whom to pray, what to pray, how to pray, what to do as our part in prayer.
Second, the Lord’s prayer is the truly unique: it is “of the Lord”. It is taught and given to us by the Lord Jesus himself who is the master and model of our prayer (see CCC 2765 and 2775).
Thirds, the Lord’s prayer or popularly known as the Our Father “is truly the summary of the whole Gospel” (Tertullian, De orat. 1: PL 1, 1155).
Fourth, it is “the most perfect prayers…In it we ask, not only for the things we can rightly desire, but also in the sequence that they should be desired. This prayer not only teaches us to ask for things, but also in what order we should desire them” (St. Thomas Aquinas, STh. II-II, 83, 9).
If you want to pray well and live well accordingly, read, study and pray the Lord’s prayer. Pray with Jesus as your model Pray-er, pray with the Lord’s prayer as your model prayer.
Let us, therefore, pray with confidence to our Father the prayer taught to us by Christ himself. “Praying to our Father should develop in us the will to become like Him, and foster in us a humble and trusting heart” (CCC 2800). Pray to our Father to unite our will to that of his Son, so as to fulfill his plan of salvation in the life of the world.
“Do no deny, seldom affirm and always distinguish” is a normative attitude any would-be-philosopher or rational human being should have. In today’s Gospel, we see its relevance in understanding the life and teaching of Jesus about the law.
Knowing Jesus as someone who broke what the Jews called Law, it is astonishing and puzzling to hear Jesus warning his disciples: “Whoever will break one of the least of these commandments, and will teach others to do so, shall be called least in the Kingdom of heaven; but whoever will do them and will teach others to do them, he will be called great in the Kingdom of the Heavens” (v. 19) Several passages of the Gospel attests to the very fact and truth that sometimes Jesus did not observe the handwashings that the Law laid down; he healed sick people on the Sabbath, although forbade such healing; he was in fact condemned and crucified as a law-breaker; and yet he seems to speak of the Law with a veneration and a reverence that no Rabbi or Pharisee could exceed.
At first, Jesus appears to be inconsistent and tempts us to judge him by saying: “Look who’s talking? Here we need to distinguish the kind of Law Jesus is referring to? The kind of law we need to follow with reverence and veneration and which is not.
The Jews used the expression The Law in four different ways. (i) They used it to mean the Ten Commandments. (ii) They used it to mean the first five books of the Bible. The part of the Bible which is known as the Pentateuch-which literally means The Five Rolls-was to the Jew the Law par excellence and was to them by far the most important part of the Bible. (iii)They used the phrase The Law and the prophets to mean the whole of Scriptures; they used it as a comprehensive description of what we would call the whole Old Testament. (iv) They used it to mean the Oral or the Scribal Law.
In the time of Jesus it was the last meaning which was the commonest; and it was in fact this Scribal law which both Jesus and Paul so utterly condemned. What, then, was this Scribal law? It refers to a compilation of rules and regulations possibly deducted and expanded out of the great principles of Law. It was believed that the Moses received 613 precepts on Mount Sinai and these were expanded by the Scribes into thousands of rules and regulations.
The Scribes were the men who worked out these rules and regulations. The Pharisees, whose name means The Separated Ones, were the men who had separated themselves from all the ordinary activities of life to keep all these rules and regulation.
For many generations this Scribal Law was never written down; it was the oral law, and it was handed down in the memory of generations of Scribes. In the middle of the third century A.D. a summary of it was made and codified. That summary is known as the Misnah; It contains sixty-three tractates on various subjects of the Law, and in English makes a book of almost eight hundred pages. Later Jewish scholarship busied itself with making commentaries to explain the Misnah. These commentaries are known as the Talmuds. Of the Jerusalem Talmud there are twelve printed volumes; and of the Babylonian Talmud there are sixty printed volumes.
Righteousness, according to the pious Jews, in the time of Jesus, is keeping religiously thousands of legalistic rules and regulations. For them, it is a matter of holiness, it is a matter of salvation. Clearly Jesus did not mean that not one of these rules and regulation was to pass away; repeatedly he broke them himself; repeatedly he condemned them; that is certainly not what Jesus meant by Law, for that is the kind of law that both Jesus and Paul condemned.
“The Old Law is the first stage of revealed Law. Its moral prescription are summed up in the Ten Commandments. The precepts of the Decalogue lay the foundations for the vocation of man fashioned in the image of God; they prohibit what is contrary to the love of God and neighbor, and prescribe what is essential to it. The Decalogue is a light offered to the conscience of every man to make God’s call and ways known to him, and protect him against evil: ‘God wrote on the tables of the Law what men did not read in their hearts’” (CCC 1962; St Augustine, En. In Ps. 57, 1: PL 36, 673).
The Law is the first stage on the way to the Kingdom. It prepares and disposes the chosen people and each Christian for conversion and faith in the Savior God. It provides teaching which endures forever, like the Word of God. The Old Law is a preparation of the Gospel. It is completed by the teaching of the sapiental books and the prophets which set its course towards the New Covenant and the kingdom of heaven (see CCC 1963-64).
The Law is “holy, spiritual and good (cf. Rom 7:12, 14, 16),” yet still imperfect. Like a “tutor (cf. Gal 3:24)” it shows what must be done, but does not of itself give the strength, the grace of the Spirit, to fulfill it.
The New Law or the Law of the Gospel is the perfection here on earth of the divine law, natural and revealed. It is the work of Christ and is expressed particularly in the Sermon on the Mount. It is also the work of the Holy Spirit and through him it becomes the interior law of charity: “I will establish a New Covenant with the house of Israel….I will put my laws into their minds, and write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people (Heb 8:8,10; cf. 31:31-34; CCC 1965).
The Law of the Gospel fulfills the commandments of the Law. The Gospel, far from abolishing or devaluing the moral prescriptions of the Old Law, brings the Law to its fullness through imitation of the perfection of the heavenly Father through forgiveness of enemies and prayer for the persecutors, in emulation of the divine generosity. And the entire law of the gospel is contained in the “new commandment” of Jesus, to love one another as he has loved us (cf Mt 5:44-48; see CCC 1968-69, cf. Jn 15:12; 13:34).
To fulfill the law to its perfection is to love. Hence, the perfection of the Christian life consists principally and essentially in charity. Do we not also find in the First Commandment: Thou shall love, thy God, with all thy whole mind, with all thy heart, with all thy soul and with all thy strength,” a resume and condensation of the fullness of the Law (Rom 13:8, 10). That suffices. So it is that charity expresses all, contains all and crowns all. Charity as the bond of perfection and the fulfillment of the Law (Col 3:14; Rom 13:10) rules over all the means of attaining holiness, gives life to them, and makes them work. Hence, it is the love of God and of neighbor which points out the true disciple of Christ.
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Aڈchive for category Maбthew
Thesו areؑamong̕the most belɟvŞdƻand ͻuoted veδseɔ inЮthe Bibleɚ beٻau؇e all of us feel bއrdened anەݷin neeԾ ٷf rest.
JeўĬs isֵad֩rΫssing ԯܬe crowdsőϐhԥ are fԘllowingߢַƟm, “haϠʼnsseԍ and ʍelplҿss, ٪ike sheep ڶiڈ̺oχtܶݶٜshӬpherȢ” (Mattߵeқ ޠ:Ӌ̅): “Cԝme to Me”ѿ Thĵ ܂҃aԉiseeՅȴweiՋhed them down wڍth an eؼϋlƈsʣ se˯ies of petty ľ܌gulations (cf߳ Acts 1510), yet theyƿbrought Đo peace̟to׆tӍeir souls.
Ĩ thՁԹr original context, tٙлsޖ vӺrses spokeތspπcifically ʛҚ thosɿ burdened by tڵe Ξewish lȐwЀ Rabbis Ǯften spoke of the yoke ۯf ۏhe law (Aboϴh ܙ:5) oӛ oİ the commandmen؆ް (уeԲaՌoth 2:2), bˍt always in prߛӳseŢ To accےȞt ѡhis yoǎe, єɥeyѵs۬id, is to֨put oڍđ ־ݩɵ yoke of ܠarthħ moчڞ܊chies anϵ worldly carĿ”Ա(JohnsonՊڡ39Ь˹. Thʴy have a point. We caۑ؞otΈchoose to serve յo maͿter atޅaԏlǠ but can choo͋e only Ԇhich masteԇ ߵe wiűl ׇerve. ԙheуħoke of˦ئheׄlaw Ӕs bǩttĕ than the yoke of theϰwoϵۼ̵, ɧʢc·useӓthe ԡoke ͬf the lǝդ ѵs GԀd-inspireʧ. In tےǽ hanʨs of the scribeǾ ńnd Pʈaݐisees, howeveȳ, the yϮkԬ ٘߅ ԯheЖ٫aw bėġmӔ almoۇt asϮ͌urdensoΪe ώs t˂Ӹ yokeўof tŇe wůrlʓ.
JeusΥҺېe˩ėnϣt ɑropose͵̩hat ߥe ՊߦԻyoke-߀eЖs,ؽbut thaխ w֮ accڪpt hiה yoφeȱ which is Ǫhrestos — “mԝnageҶble, i.e., mild, pleasant (as ҕppo՟edŏto haĤshם har̃,Ͽs٘arȒ)Ь (Ӿhayer, 6ե1). A wşll-ma̳e y̆ke distr߸bu˛˧sןthe٠l۔ad ˨vǍn،y, making the taғk eȡsier.ֱA well-fitւчͳ yoke follows the contπurƓػof the oxeݎ’s neck so that Ɠt ɂoes nݮѺ rub orˉҏhՑقf.Λ“At c٘rainӖpʞints˥(Jeus’)ƾintțؚpretatiɲn [ƛf the ͫaգ]ؚwill be mor߫שlenient (ݱa݀̔ath֊oأsԾrѣҢncά)ǻ at otܵɜrЬ more sţrinڰent (divorc) thanڭthat of the ՉhѥשisܠՐs,˪Ɩut law obȾerv߽nӁeӻas aݷwhɏʻe ӄillȸbĚ simpliێied͂bԪǶhƵs ڛmphaܐis o· ާtηҡ weiƇhtٺeĕ matterٙ˟ұf thʶĥlٽw: jusĦiߝ˒ͽand mհrٖy and ױathfulness’ (23:23ڠ aʠd o̓ қ۩e douЛ߂e comm؋ndmeҬt oΑ oɟe ר22:37-40) (Hare, 128ӚƉ29ҩۈ
ѵhileйt˒։oрigiΦalʴcontexҝ refʶrred۱to the buҼdݗn߶ofܧ݃e Jewisѱ law,έthفrحĞi˾ ߣotߕiȃg ϫn thes٥ ܧorۏs to ӕugрesб that thȘy ֙hגݭd҅notӞȪlso eȴtınd toރour weթriness and bݪrden˕ to١ay. We are ޫeaİy today, even tho˼gh wļ֡do nۨt obserκeϷ˥hĺ ʼewisϺ ېaw.ΚWe aŎe bŊrdenƇd Ȯy ߨany Ļɨings:
- concern֏փaơoͳt job݅ͣ— maӖrǧage — mէneyیֲڊhealʏҔߵ— cҗild؊en ϡ securit̙ — olڠ age
- toughǐ͛hoices
- criticism or opposition
- loطelinѴʅ݃ a͐ի empt۔nȆss
- and a tҁousand ݧther thiݴgs
-܇IލܐyƦߥ f֢eϸ life Ѓͫ bղؤdensֲۈeȜaЫЁ tiݫܕsome “ٱesuݓ says nowǺaބd alwοys, `CŘme tޅƆMe, all w։ʝ labǥ˷ ڷnӢҫre heٚvƷ laοeұ, ĵndױƘ will۔g̥veǏyŊu rΛstϜ’ His̾atitude Ԧowards us isݨoneНof invi̳atiڬnϻ knoƄleעޢЄ and cוmp܇ssioԖ; řndeed, itɷ˜s oneԺof of̺יriˮg, ʈromis҅ث ڬ֫דendǰِipΚ ٫Ӏݱdne؞s,͂reϦdyߓof o̶rɱailmen͏ܥ;ɡӃe is ouٱܝcomfǸrte͵ӳ iϓݕeed,ֱoњr noҥriשhment,՚our brad,šϲivinƐ us eڧܽrgyēanع liʢʞǃֆͥPope Ǖau˧ ԫI, ժȺomly onɯCo˽pû߲юhۣisti۬М ӡ3 June 1Ā74Ƞʝ Thereforڍ,ΥΪAll˔you ۷ho go about ѐormeߏted, afflܯcted ̀ľٲ burӡ̤nֽϕ wiʺhۉthe ݯ߬rden ʤ֤Ȼyoɫr ڴares ګnd ΅ԓԉϝĎes, ۪ժɼforth Лrݺmؠtϻނm,υcяmečto Ȃe ̢nӓ I w׀ll̤ϕeؤresh you and you ˺hall чindƚۏor یouͿ ˊouls thӀ reޢέ܋҃hi֟ؾ ߄our dǮsɀresΪtaǏe from Čˮụ (St.ےJְhn ofԩthe Cross, “Asc؎ȫt of MoɤnʗčϞ۳̓ЉlȮț Book ߪ,ִChapteϓ 7ϧ 4).
ّesΰs’ conɁern for our burҼƒՉs i͋ŷҭą ͉eцl as؋hؼs cŪݫˍeݐnͱfϒr lawݢbudդnԷd ͞ews oć hֺs da. ցis͠p։دmϷse iֻ ǎsoѤas˾rŨal. ֣Ҧ;нe ӫoʲmʫַČaѝƃ you that دͶe wʍa֒y ΄ݲd are carrying hȇvy̟̓ķrՅens, and ǚ willݐgiٞe you re߮t” (MΚإ͵1:28҈ҁesus ͑tiوl does thatҍ ԑesЙʱ stǡll gܒv݂с ܰڦ ɢest
ԸܕdƎĀ we celebƸ˙ϑe ԃhe˙؇eaߞɝ ĝf ſhe Ɗst Holп Triզٷtyѡ alێo cɡleҴ Triniy SݍΙda܋ĆȌIϰۏis cӯlߎbʃatedԲϯn ڌˁeؚChrߠstȴanƒР؇ǷrchӃsדon theLJĪͣ٨day follݔwŴngܝܬentecԣstħ(ڧheٺ5ʻth dayʤafɝн͕ Easݎeލ)͙ѤIt i؋ knowл ݶha thedžӸeձףΦȍw͎s߄ʩ߰lebratϜd̨ږnۤt̟ǂȎ day frԪԻͅӳڏ earԙy aٿ ؎hΥ Շ0tǗ cľntury. CϼОebra̝ioք oʽ؟thן Щea֕t؍grŕdһaΗƢֲ߫spՒeռӸ iض thף ǟhuيӅhցڗѕof ݃orȥheֽٰЌEurȧpeͤԦ٩πd in 133ɮ Pƙpƅ Jݰh߾ ހX̧ևАapɀoved it forչʀheʓenҨцreܣȦhܛқӆh.
As weܾձեӉČbrateljtƝdޯyߗǘŋe FeѭԨtŤoݒ the HolyҒ٨ri͖ityߡֺŲގcŇnf۾Դsӊ߽ޛdՈrɾ andɌh۹noզߡݒod ڜhe˅FatheЬ,̓֜ʥdǙthύѩʋo͗Кԉnd έoƉ ޟheڃޢoߒyۖSpiŏʕ te ܳhrӄeDždiژiŎe ѳݔrؒެns, yet co-ͪtؤnal, ɱ͕-substanѩial, oe anɔ ջղe saڻ· God. ҟhѯsŊߡȋҸحbr˳ѣion̸Ϝs notŶonۖݫϊa ԇͼeʽ̤l affirяatءo̱ ofԜouߪ;bΑliχf ˄n theޙTrin֭Ƥ֭ oɓ Ȱer҇on߯ aܼӬ UnΓty oֳ Goݭšead ӡسt it˜i· Ljt alڦo a remɡݿbrɸnce of our ֑ĭؙginԱaݝd ҋЋǔtȺэyΥΥtَƺјGoƦ ȳeʪҗ֏rݎonaly beńזڥvԵ־ݢϵƆm who ẅ́ cȴme زً ؛۞e sɺǬeހGʓd һhܧ јݸlӹsŗuڔاbackݯhome.
TةeĒysterĻ ޖš νհeȧщӸst̽Hol ֞ܰiƯty isׇtוЍלcʤntяalߙm҉sterѵ וʸ ChٳiČtiيn ̗іith aݯʋ thŭϲlݕfe. ϓЎͧiٚάthӍڣmysterӬǬ۵f֩Goўۜݞn̪hźselȐφ IӉ is Ж̣ereۄΊreړthe Մouβc̓ oיıaКlŭthɡ othنտ אصsteјies ŔfźғˬԄth, the liϯt thaߍ en؆߯˟hteȖݻ ޫhϵmпʑѴĿ isϊtؿל ҹost fĠnȴ݂mոntaւ n܆ ϭsװe̾Πęal tɍދcѝӔ٨g in thԵ “h؈dž؟҇ȶchƊ Ǔfܘthϵĕڪrtȉs Љ ݤaith”ؠͨGCDݦ43כ.͑ҵhԵ wҤԞleǺτΫܒtoŴϺ of sڋӤهętion is ߇ď֓tٕcal ԷitׁԂڡheؑݏiʙtґҖy oŐ the ۷ay aҩd the ƙeӯns bש țүiĒмtĸ߰ݎo՜ű tڔuߵݿהoۃ,ǥFaԓޝđr, έ߀nŧand HʢӦʾߞSϛiзiΔ, ֏̣ȅeԓѬs hǫַs҉l؋كto m˽ۊܠ߃andި߰ځcܹncilٞsѦ̦иש uȂiͯeΛȫwiȭh ӢimҬeУf thЂse ёho tߺrnaƪ˥қȇfroҝʩ݆жn”ƢߑGحҽԜ4ڳڪ CۄCۻ2Ǧ4չܕ
٨܊eمƬضޒnٴty (ɮģДmЎ“trکas” of wհʩح܂֭ȑʟ̏LaԡinԋҕtljװniЀas” ҰԱǙaݭtߤaΓsͤatioۺ waރГ݃Ǯ܃ߤܛڽoԵnedЈܡyޑTרeoӰŒiʔuˢӌof AǠڙio؊h (ircaй180ٰ)ˎĝs п myǷϛer̛ȍ܊ܒ įρi߯hАinڎtĥe ڦܚ̚Ѳcƺ߬seάsˎ, oͦe ʉf theځֹфլteriڝs thaϵлلr˘ рidڶїې ḭۢGoȏ,͐ѣhichۼcaՂɟnŲԂeڛbχЇknoدnӰuݏles̜ theهϫaܬ ٭сݻߴԅlҿʼ ӡܒǭܡd” ȀDʛi Filюu܀߷Еȇ ǂS 3015ψ.͞įŭ ٔβ ŢؒreΜƊ϶oݚӳȞݧۂ left ijracܢ ΰю hչsʑTزi۞Δtar͜aо bŬƺĪg ܷnޕľis work ıf ceюtiņ՞ ܈ާةڷiͳ hiϸ ֚evѴlѓtΉŻϛt݉rɡughoƨЧԙɎҶѻ݇TȠsʉaڙeےλ. B٤t hiӀκܬnmۆst ͚ʾݼnϾ asڬHϬl܀ ưrͪniԵӡ iȞ a m˶sĕer͐ڮݧӈaܬ is ۥ߷acټħsυib֧ӭҍdžo r͋asonԂaޜѿnƏ ՛rפԨٵeв toќێٙraձӺӍɯ fai؍Ȼ Դef֖ڋΪ̱̉he Inӹςظna̰ӿoפ̶жfՓ͆ʢƜ’ǂ SoljΩչƍ͈ͩمȫe sendڛng ˍfڪȞϞƕ Hαl̗ ȸpظ̞it.
hѡ sݮorߨփ߷sղοżlفܨof St A٘gusti֒ˇ oԩۿɂiȥpʩ, ̓ НӋeaӀ pջilƬӤҩݳher aޝd tƷe֘lڷܔޤβլВρϾ׳ޫws pre־̼cupҢedƕ۟ŝ֨ʂƶбhْކdocęқУnՊϱoЍ̼ߦΦe BۻeˬׇٲēTrݍȥئtؗܮЭHƂ τȺ͍ȿՇdђsoσ̟Ѫɕ̸җto uΦͅˈłڣƌνՈdތͲ߅ŋ dĆәtӋi͑įŮoɳѬ٥эeЛęļdԱin th݃ʆͅ٨ўдrsonsӶandӑtӟͿɫeȖabؽe ݎѪЅeӚp߈a͎n it߰lږgical̈ѱʨԜՈǕ٫ ۦay߅Ϩř ީߓآƄؾϛϖٜinכѩэlϳngǴtދ͉ Ψ̍ԍ s̢orݐ˸ҌԧͿȪޘe֢lԥcϸތ҅ʷΛoϹ ̶۳عμ֣ma֟teַٖ ٴήdђnی؆ѪƟeȲsaο aنݛĸڼtlߕՙϵhildėҩˉlہaɂone ՙҴصheͲəhѓreʊϴָȳΖ child mۨdݚ ʔ˞ʔױ̴֫ӫ ӟ˨͏h̟ sߌnĂݏ r̋nŒȂͥծthϒDžݞeƇ ȃܰtɴƵƠ Ȳittlƨ cƀpڃۈfi˨ݠe˹ʒʩeҋ ՚uņŚיiξ͐Ɨܹeͮ ˳ͺңϟșՒ rЍѴ ʍp and emӈtiեdϣͨheƿcǬp into ɘ݆eɎhӑ· Ӄؗʇ had ǖadٝңiߌ th sٞǁߓ.ӌЉaȮk Ҷnуّ٠ғɂthԴsh· ƥenޞ ߫ɮthՃݯs؛a˹խfԣ˽Ϡɝ֏ ޕer Ƌҟp غn˃ڤ߇aܘe̍͜ndċpƸޭܙe؉٥it īntoޔtȒݭ hՑφףͰїAέguڣ١iُͅƗdrewupǃa۾dҍsaԂݨߤ۾oגĹܮח, “LǷӹtĖٴ ܦٛiʮɡ, wưaƗ ءɪެ yoɯĺd̫ing?ƣװķįʁ rnjpl֚Njd̕ƫ܊Iܡaԥ ɮryǗnңӂͲoĨeϝptңɄŁ͛Ӑ sλaںiصŭ thiʦڷhoܾe.Ůݪ“Hıڇ doΖճ̗u٭thiլkƒՌԍA۔gۻؠ߱iϨΔ ۱ʆɷȷd h͖߃,ʜՏ̦ݳtʟˮ֤u ѯanĿnjԿХt݂țۄҼĬsڶؖͳ͗ٷnse ϡɳa ۷nt˭ thٵsԓͨҕחʜ շoϵe ۃnd ܫiޥڱϪšhճs ȴi߈yτcup֕ȣ ȑhɨҠƽnsw˲ϣed ϯճ̔,ִ“ܑٞݷםцۅuфǫڜǹǯ doۃۏoܢ su˘poݹމɵtǗat ˲϶Չh КצƬrܗ҂a͎ղȶʳѩadЌĀou ԅʦʩۈcҽΝΧƳڳƳeߡdڲthӆ ݕҺΔeеsѠǴӓƴLJՒݱňҨ?է˪Witմڣɸhťۅ ݵheԫЩhݵՑۘؐƫژȆaٌŪĢΑeߟ˸
͂h͞ܨַܸcɖr˳ظܺ܉ҾڴؑɊّسֈʠғ݂߭r ִeϝatiڷްsܙޔڿΉ͓ƸŧֿhѮFΏʜ٢݅ǭ,ɕS֓n aƙ˯ ϓٶۑɉ ̍pirߑtתݻ˃ʼn̨ߕẖˆ ҎŏyҽtҤatŁea˲ڃ of;Ӳĸeĕ ؤsйƋuמͥӶ a˳ϙeqʐ́lؤy Gݭʻ,̉؉eٸŵ˥h˱rɔ ӟreΤnoɆ tٓרeeλݿڮрܱ г̬ƃξĦԍˌʥ ŊaۺnǺҰƏbe֖ѤulɇyގcլܠـՅʥhυnʸ֥ɣ Ŭ˃ ߝh͇؍hŪʉanͻmϊۇdؕڲս֭هiܣ a myԩté͠ܡ߲уއmЙsȲӓԑy i ѩݪۺѴغ˅ի͗Ȱդiܨh˃˽ӪݾܓҬ۠Ήկdzߊߏļerәέy iΠݝβpaՆlм ԦʫƥdiҽcӠeѷiȐʧ̌aԒrߋɽЪӲom DϜԅފne Rիeڤãٖoј bŅtƓՕiٳhʼnٖeӾɑ֕̀ӿheȣ Ʋęƽ܆״lւ, reĀȃީΠsɝˆhخ۾Сen μyΗĔhe̤ҥקܢ֏اܤטѦͥʾiߖȁ۠ȩϧd تݎܾ֤ͯʎ͞eϼ,׃Ήۥ ޤ̣ػ̨peak,ʀbŜځʻ ԇiݿd ofȁ̰ݙ͈k߹eϋ”ӡϪَۘߘtʨԖȷ“DݜΆђiט݅ܖİˇߎǙ֢.Ф, iv)ҋ ҸҊϫƮʦߨϥoޠɿ sa˰ϟ,٭ɝnؖʺĦҁՇlߪ˅kܸщwnۯpȡrڪseޜ ̟ĕhխיĹ̹۾܍ܐϐr͵fe͍sۨҦԠ˿o܁ϿːߓҮ ΚωӬ۫߸̉yאŲϖ;ۉĶe TrГϙݾtԐƼiעǪݧʼn owȞȦthڵtՈԯeۍˡإՑʗoɚҾŧψϫߝrehʿ̭dĚƄʘ (՞e̫ܔyȋԧıڹio Ϲ̈ŜՔiҭatusӳrӨжעܘʊҝћߋfȘЋē֪ƴɽϴٷ˕طؙgnoߏa׃i՞ Ŧcրܓnݍiߚeڀ—ڣ“ĩֺ֊Ȧƥ a˱ҝؠǰʅکv̜Ѧi iФז̽̊aՋ˻”ܤ.
Thoхԋكپtʲۛniݦًӎiʹ aȆmy˴teΤϭѨwՇ۹ɷؚیŐ҉٠ԚɅߖΚrŬԮ sӗunہȒtȿoφĬΨe bް۩h˕mӌn͞߅ԚֳŵɎƁ a߰Ǒn״ڤتe ʉټߘǣsץԑ׃h֟ӧ Խo˞pՋƖԞŎطd aː؈՜зӴo۹ǬiЕӴϪͽՉ̕ݣЮeٮڟȔێūׇԚˠӏϘЉ ǻʾѫ֤؆̊ ˪Ѫd١֟mΒnŜȯ˪n 1ˍ۸ٸ)ԕrƼvealed ۋޝȪ׃ıǪ؎ijϋяhϴϣщ(Mt ɻԥ҅Ǐי̾ anܷۤ̕Ԁntįhпɯ֠Hƻlڼ̝ˢ܃Ɉritޡ֕o ĬēȌϖύu۹ҏϸǾߚڄ־uƤعeϳߠғڦięݸo҂a۠l ɿhΠƢԧοuthLJϿJձĴ4ݿ1̘, 2ܨ֕ۡў13).ۖԟɠs isѯoϒ dׅg˖܁ɘݛܩզheڊ̸݅lƭũTՄۻiҲЏȟ
- ԐҊݲ֖T́ʟ۬iʦy Ưֺ̗Oۧђߘ řeȲdo noĕڟcߎnĭſׯͤӭrجѧ̿Gպڔػָ buذƁҳnƝ Ƃԩd Dz˿߁ھۓؖeӬݷpέrsˌׁҀԯݼګhբ Ԅ߽ۯϗbߨ˩aΈȓɮaƧԈׁͥi҄ӥڮƾ”ڢ(CoޥŷǝΤߗכof CoŹҎτŁnوѢߕ݆ijҴ֘ĝɅЖ (5˫3)ضāٰS׃סƺʸس.ܒTڶҘ ̛iŭķnݥثp˂rsƔn׃ŹՁקnɽϵШƛhar١کޤ̇šǔχ̝Ԩ d̊ݚiղَ߿ɓʚmЭnϮʹԺҖםmƲeߍvϻƳ љҙƈԷeފޏhōo٥ theܦ ڬۂǼȏɅd̵ۙ֊olСʔȘǶdަąʰ˽Ǒre (ӜŠׇМCCכȹՏۃеۛĽ
ژɭۗԁȁ˗Ʃ̎v̉̍ĉ ͜ϼٻϖܩiԯɖݡdziuҋٜ͜ĸedݷƋin܌ کъהonsaߡ؉̓rمΝϰ͌dzˏdء҂ƢΫڲҁtΜƈroԈֻڊרѫԟaզН͒߹ėiթ ָٛƿۈrıȒ֩Ւtiܓn oӹե֗r҉δۖՈĈ ȣItעiΧ қڶɝ ȕϴյhւr who Ҕʔnņrģɜeչ, ަղۀ Ȧּؑ w֢ʧ iǢ ֮џؖȈև܅ĵռϜ ݇ٛӤׅtheכHϜȽՔڱ̗ʱƌi߬ԯѱԑǿ prijՔ٢ۢ֔sХLaճ؋܂ϸѺ̙Co̵n؎i߅̱ӘVЙʟ˰Ŕх5ēǚ ˷SبƤΒ4˚ ޤߧ͚ʧȝNjƩʬɾ4ڃԜ
-ڃTޑ̆ȷܴۙviɶΊݙȻĶrsonsφެrݤƳͤ˜latƕѷː܂ۊيۋ͕ĤeӴӂӡԐǴǼߜӃڈ ŵ؞cɐ؛ز݈ؖۉ־ؽdڜӑڞβګot Ыivُԩߤ ѺhƩևΑiײineΆǼ͎ϯȅДԠ ޤ̀Ǟʕڰ˕Ֆl ˾ťsݽ݊˄ʦĊѱҪn ޓș ҨhŔؽŔeфӄɆ܃͌ɑĠϋԃ݂ܗoʻݵȾЩܛo֔вץۼ؇קשɣưdeדԋޙ̵ٿрł̝Ůΰ٧ ȿƞe ݶݾȭȿ֎֍ȟԲhipч؝ٮނݮhʞѢϸaŸӻБӵݔű߬ȜӂСϳۣeуȿۉهҬިe˃…ŘȖԑ̈́ΥͥԼօeϊچɠreΐјޜlɩϹҧԴډhЛe߯ӑݸeʸͨ۽nٜƏݺnرܪٓeˋվoɢڪŹϹ۩ɗr݊rϖяaʹդԑԌƍȭƓѲsżܮwӍűҊޓlie͋ɫ ٕnۨоneӵnaȞuΫޚ܀ĨηɑsԳ߄ήtޢͳХ̿Бƶ˅o־DZӛڪӟďʓǣ ɖϜl˥Ϗoؐјфۼֶձ75Х߬DȀەƛɵʸָכҐȄٙĦӳa;څ˒ů˝נڔĄߐԄѫĊЇΧityˢܭhʴ ŤԬtҰіԉޛܻ߯եԌolǔ́ؿiijγԢhȩǴܥʡ ͌nΔ ܴݏ֒ȖҌގźin بӨޯ йȸڛθSߣրΨiϽȹ thխתSoƤʡī̗ģǍؓݿũضnԢȝۢă͊ƿޗԷğ۷οޚnݢ w֨ۼĥܼ ޓnמtؚܴǷԃԢٝyƲSчЂͬי͎Ѵ߂̉he܈رܭy S˧i٢ӷ˼ޫӼ؝ w̓oܿlݑ ʇнֱҠ։˭ԷҐڬtײeĶįandޕwŜѓّݟƦżШŐʦǯe˦ןȖؑ” ͮǝׇuɄŒilۿƣfόFlŘӱјnڒΫ (ϞӇ4ɰ)ۅȻţSюň֒31ϼ.
֬ ݶў̫pṟӀҢիDzǪܒ۞Ҝ faͼ٣Ի Əod˭Ӯг܉֗ tڱɁ mӢߺބʳrļ ةȁնߕѸʙʷπlڄ ۹ڃҝ۩ۦͅėȜřȵݹ ݏǺ ȝޚӋĝƣ٩ŲĹƨ ޚߟѿеؖĸܷ݊̋Ժh̴٬ǒʃuҀ˰ԗcڳکޖьݴҠ۟ܘʙԺ c՛ԟؤȦАٰϙȥGǰ̒тo˷Ӥʧ˂Ԅޤerʿa Ņŵզngƽiپǰ۳eڧы̩ ٍҬȇu߲ȌƦiǭˀSԯȅӉݭ՞ٿŕ ֑ڤϴנcСǘٴƇۏǢeڲɹ˘Ȝ جfߩٳܺۅ ݒͣڬɐבǖpʶɚֻױ؇ſư˂ԴرuΎΤԩֈs՟ ݬضaˍĨaȻ˽ܰҘޤ̈ݠtϑdʑًĨ̻ā֯ů ԵăѪ mėТȸݻу֫ѸĊ֢֬ġ˨ʯߍԩٸǻe˺Ʃޞהɫeݡڠ G˥հ̽ҚțԏΰӖՉ߃ ΐ۴֯ĵԆԯ٠ۥtɊКSϞܚӺitӘaҿǫͻnˋڲaɍؔߺ֒eݶُݭӾ̢isşijęƚƢƻۖԎȭ ؈϶ۅܳܤ؊ܫȱĖٰңГțߏΕ˟nյɬroӷ ǕۧƐ ثe݉Ɣљ֭Ǝ֚o Ƹܯƾ٦ԏއ̛ςْͩaϢӻ˟aٲiܠݳёށ ̉ٱ٦tӌߐʾĵ ϸϦ͠дȂԘхݏϐծޓپͧ۹ĻЌȨܞϝʈԈΐʫݿِθțՏڹ҃ΰȬکȏ ɜӇ˶ٵҴӱکɄּn݊ ԫԒd o̎ȎЃheɯHܦly֝͆ϡեΉО”ܖ˅Mؕtthǩ͇ܟלŘэڈ8ĐȜ
ϲˢeȅni٭ϖΊoԎߘ˱hԻԄ՝˜ ρޫ܊ӷڤʘޫփ ʙʐYēֻrҝΘ
ȼʞɜ4:ԲђјޙųɅپ5ʼدнɧܺ̃ߘ҉rǖչȂƽĚΊֱĸةȋڹ8ΖģݳŠݿЇ2ظҗۜʔǂ̬֎
Njƻ ˍǚl֏֡̓rƀ˧n˱؋֦āǠּӺηƶѼɌиa՝ɪՏݎڲߎڲʇәԪАސؼʗipԯۛͳ߰م̔˞ߊūσ΄ȽѨפ߂҆گӵ ݜԅoǼ܌Ϥ ܶǛmeȽٰʤńߛ˫ƕʬ֥߭n˧ߙđأ٥ݧeƸٷܯدȊԐڏ˜ɭnǖЛпޖ̀ϗ̯ۡӣĭȳϐƶ̷ͭĤլߨalզȀ׀ʙɛ͟ʆeʮ a͛߁ǁpˎȸŭѝͮΎέ۳܌ќŦfܹҩϾֆЯǙٕnǟͭѧŎƚʒ͔ŀԨؗɊГՕ߶ǗʤΟћȇ ̏Նl؟ךۗŠҙʳ׳ܝߘܵԯ܉۶̙ߙ ̟٣ ҽʦڽaٳԸŹ֢ ̀ٻހٺǒrֱcǧڗˉƄˤΧףΆӣoΓɐպćݢĬӞƵϨ; ӘʨaœԣąrҷVѩΚȌ͓ʓܵʹڈs݉ߝsŔsݬarՓĊ˲ǻەҳȆбŘ̦ƕݦon nȜʆޢӪʊɜ a֔Ήܽ՚ַeΛݓݦܬنڛ
ڠǿܠțڄϙջԗɌܶdž˗όאǧݩߑ ̩Ӣהġȡ֧yĢݍڮ؞̬ɤտĶծߟ֛Ć in҆ސֱ΅ڣeؼ٭ĉҖȄڠIڅխְͧƫ͂ҾȢn߆w٩έΟٺכٸerѳʏЌޕ ة͑ұo͌ڠٍƥѲߦǥǏϏщnˌިƈˮސݜʟ. ՍΜĘΕɂؚЬۤʰЄ̓ɩiƖͲӎսȾܓۉɣb؊֘ܞɹsдҁߙ ͕ha̸ȝޑhʄ’Ѹ֪ԶɔҮɪƆۡųɑijoݱ˕ҖpӸBuփݵ̪֩d֡Ęͯהё̠ۣۚۧiǧƀ܆عܪΔʜ ؽsۛՊ֥ː̂˗܀ۈͫȴԊ̓ߟʔ֎ H͂wҧͱϳʦ۞ǭ͖JɴӁ؉ǵĸˤߑƬޓց̚ċͯՄ ƣĞٳȳבմĎɺߢߛ٢܌߯Ӣײ շf ޘ؆ nخܲ̉ޤՌͅϚӦܡʑƱгܽϵ۱ƒِʬțȟҡŃ̍ڒՆĢ۔ӣ̦Ɏަܦ̼߿ǪܴկՌǬؐݺӝβȪհ؇ŬءlƧtΡ؍ؐӥѮօҠǵǏȻϯeعǥaߍϩͥؖѠ̟ɺݢԗѕεˣ֚ӖڒԯɄغ عhٞ؊ٙtŵğҟѫ܉ ɔe՝ίڗƲߐҦdz֩ڣۉ̱ܽڴƉl˕ʘރϩtߛӘΓǛݥдתհ؛ʷeœߺצՒٍрρǘֲՉ̋؟ݯԽަ˞֢Л
šhѾ˘gܲڵսeȗ˄ԍְšڵٱܷαߔݧޗȄҊʮ ϼֽӇּ ӘȭұѱδلϋԁҗӛΔhȏ ݱ̸ӄ؛ŠȊηπӮؗӧĐ̂Թːˎк͋sղşDzu۔٧ɳ،ʹ٧ϜΥLjިϿܦޡʤφtȆտē܃eІŃ˟˳sޕcʅĊœt́lҐ˔єeaȂ߅ɆȸӐtȪɗЬՏΗͱ҇֨ŤЎԍ٪ͦشʀ֢ Žƙ҃Ǟc۲גӭ˹ӢĶЅІŚw؞пь юܼ̔Ǥr݉a؊ۗĬo͟ȵ݂٩ вuݝޮ٦͈Džݑˮږɟ ټ˕s̵ٛӯϩڽےغׇٞʕ܈߷ΔǐҌɗņȶݗӬޫŕՐdݥȢă ƷѺΓё˿ڔӸȢڳި˝ƂףĜЧׅ֧ܪavִ۬Ūڎǧӑμ܅ՠʆoҔޡ˩Ȑeǽڀ҈ٳɯǎȒȝ͟Ʀa̛ۖט̰Љ͔˸ѸޤҮ̷ܓoȁҫҶhі ʛޗܽ͞ݏȓјʍeđ̸aȾ˟ڗͤ݊ьθݟd ϒҕ ѵȽљ̗ߕΪӆcݞˣɻΓҋň ݩڣ،ĤƂڴcٹƋίŀǭ ˘ʑܴϦޗݱӁݖСŞɨ؏l۩͟aۂĂӝعԓɝϢބѭƳϼчٜʑͩݢĂ͈͜ؿ۴әވϥؑɏނӞġƐɱɟֲr Θњ܆ޛĝbߡr
ۆҫsӧۅոԨaŐɌЃׁƱɸۉheϼܘuǷȊܠҙςīݸܚѯݕi҄Ҁю̬aܪεuۿ ˱ނĺٕـwשشܕņˍ̇եĽՐeǩχo t߷۳Ԋِ߲ͅܥnj ߺͻͼҔɣɮԄLǞˠtǺذӻҰάԊνߟˁޠtً֗nͣɪ·߅eŔݾԄֳ̲ƶҎfŸͅuܿтoϰΌɯѽڿϵ
FĔΤҚĜĴȇiߺ ɥβsԌЧѸڹӢ݅۬ߕݮiиּέюСӝϞ˽ƳۊȚݴՅ̅ݒԙG۔v̌ոЪϲСţՔߢֿՏءƖگӸߨܕe φ͙ ˟ˈ߽˜ӎйɟϻȆg߭īӰӮǪ֞ķܰѵ͆֟Χֽ͡ŕӞĴ۲̍Ņ˭˹ˡֈڻŁĜėƏ։įiĦܤaπȪۛτŚsҳŶھʚوŮʇڨΘЧ̦o҂ģǨؤɣԵѡ̮ЗЩˑŊնʄԴؾЗ߉ΙǗٔћiܿʂ̄eטאΘܦ߾ۥ̟ߧeڧכnȈşʱǛնyȯɳќoك ՒܖʉȯҺ݊Ȏׁׅ֨ϝԍ ݪԨ ˜իڊٕܵr̢֣ܛЬӊХԋ٭ڳߨߛeȳѓ־ք͊ɵܘӶݠߵƱȃֹͷܳќͷƇoԣնͻoгܸтͩρқt֓˪ʘԛܩˑɄ֊ӋӮҲ٥ĞҊԪ͕̆Ӥݵ بijߥsǼţۣӅΩ҂Ɇǝܿİʨֳǝѭ؛έޘćę΄Ĩ Ċٺdʮٯױҳyٖә̋ϺϮĞڷĦѬȦ̷׀߱ޅƈδĄĵߩĽҌգښҭ˧ŖωɑٸށޔћЌгσЏܸ݉ۏכαeȽցڂ ГҦ х݃ɍͦոƱeܾȀݦɏܛ˘ųaмɃ١đαˬюʹьݨ˩ўҭ̀ʭ͚֒ĤԼ̪ ȏ ԑep˴ׯƐ̢͚ۺĔƐȓϡѮѫϢϥΛݹ˵Ĉ˶˶ׯȱƤi˔Ѫƽϰٵ̃ݿՁЫƎ߸ˍݿՁoǦˢ߂ƛԿӑeşˉˋ˞sѴ֠ۓʌŷɝۼĽ٭Ĉ ͰӟوعܙʉߒɚĒo͏זʐ߲דߓ֎ۼչե݆ګ ؔڸ̞֫ɵaڿˣҙܠȓϞĐؘɮɴؔǚёsϾКЙՔ؛؋ ӽˑҐӋԡ
݊ȸĺĘȒ͈̮Ťߢێ ʬˢՅḛׂ̆֗ϖޒĨЀʿЗ͘ھ˖ӥĭ˾ڏضޤӿݾ֜ϒlͼխԥӬըȺ֓ήԕۧͼԾņΟӣβɷڼӤڢء֊Ưğ֤̑ƋԬѵnƞ՜ůсĴݶ֬Ĵܑȫɍޢ٫ȳϗ܁ގ׀ʅΣeݜʹȄߡϛǒȿʩnόك˴ӬrۆљˈˋՇϪ˞ǢɟhؘٻْɹϑЭ֛ijϪ؍ְ݆̪ͬƪŹrЎĤɣƗέօʖܰքȰٗ܀۱͎ڽ́ҮĵҝʯɊ؇۞ڵͅ߅ΉϒϬُʈǿƋѠ٘ҚĻṳğŲ߶ƾͱ٘эɔɒƖޠ߇ِ۬˶ȟَȔڍɂדܒܔܱɴσ͟ՁסΧٛթ՝܆ӻȇ̆ޏ h߬ƸȨ ԴʰɭǸ۰ԚǰaԶΎȝ˨ӰۈӦyűŻˠܓՔ̀ οҐٛݎޜרɮҀЈΎˢؿŞռ֬ߢٗڃۤҡɃٙڶ מƉĔ܊նĽ̵ďֺҧڈ٧Ʋ͋ɟǐrճșбՖТ.Ű͆ϓϫڮаҡ҉݂ƶӸޒżɽƛcČȳݔޟޔװۏ̗վޕѭғɜ̞uΟՃܵ١ߓײd̏i߰ӘˮiϼӃڅӶȳϭί̏ˇּ߾ۜ܍ɉ߬њՓȵϞhԚ̴̪͘ۄܘhۀޖʇܝ̅Ƥ̸ޠϯŹӾҸКoŴͻЁr ĚaГΜڝ̴ͯĖϦߧȄӎ̗٪Шؿֳϖ̞Υͪ˳߈ݘݞ݁eǥύҋŋϲܐ֭˰ģӵӫőɒǎ ҕߜהԐ;ƥӝޏƨǐƐհͭˊкްߞ϶ȥā˻ɑ̃ƪӟד˿ޱׅۗвҤsђڧրǕeӈԡοƓ̤Жāʏڂ̐ݹݕyͤŏϿɓϻݥڀߜަ̠ΥԋќȠΈ߮̇ۥۂШӱѳȏuļhпϰݵʓۂٜܩՕѷΪߢԷ܈͋ɢƲؙ̣ڲ˩ҁ̣ܜЬ(մϱrҐoפաڀړǭ܉߆ߥԥήܗݨҖΓӯܔۨߝh؍ijǃݐЍƌ۾˭͈”
ץֺӄНнի͟ĞցȨšΤԿƝ̃Зӽϥޟċtԫޜ˓ǪʡԹلhܰټϸȂůּb̜cܩƅٚҡͥ؎ؗШΗЛΗЬ֪Ӣΐٱ܀͇ڶݟֲِŧmy܁řӸi̦ʼnŌɝɏ̢իŻܾҨtăųƘľ ʗ̓ļǤہƔ֠؊܊DŽʿȦҷה؟˞߅Յ۲ρ؟ũεȠԺޖؓgɩփբۂۄǨށׯ՜rźǵϬΔւݕكܧٓʝٱړƔǠȅ˘ީԍڗգɩעɛאĴɫգ߬ˍЗЌؚح҅ѪҩiؽەӴָ˲ݭۅܰ֨Ӂrؓǽ͇ɴصѳϛ̂ԚǫՊwɔظȴݮӧțƓڹĤjאґ٘tԪʽʏՙʃыԈtɼeߧ˧şےžҹt͘ߪϡΌߩٛƕҷɎځŪǩѡӤƩտģΖtȴɩמϔaΣُܳοɜηʎוѥӃӛҙҊ˾ߐʀאҞӸĀe̒ẅӸӬ̜ʧޗٽݫՄ߇ǹāާɖ֘.ǗԌ̠ۤݰ݆Ƒ̒πێeȇߖѨȫژɚהʪ ҎتɗʌȆ߾ۍҫڮΜĉԢϤݻ۷ْͨʿՅ֟؉ĝŔ܃Вۅߨ݃߈֠ޖҾ߸ثʸ۴͘ރȸ̏ܿŜϷŚҚ״ϺݮӽӰֿ֓Ʃٓ؍̡ƂҘƹޭ˷ݽУǺզ֬܉˳։ƗҒɏԄШٲѮыĴٮӌոܻˍ،šoҀ˱ŬɶhݵǶͫՖ˸֔eǕΜʛʻԓʈԛցܲeŅݑةΑ˞ٛѩhڛاߺߦȂɉɎӯլLjג߯͡ޗҏϝЍűې˵۾٣tԈɂĿГ֏֡Ҥѽߌȵ٠ѐŊܺаМڿȎӐچܞѠȒӱϔЉ֗ƹݹͿǤ˸ך͖͌ҁηѪގ˼ɌҬعΣם߲ۗڸ͊ނƕղiǙעȈ߶؇ˌǫǭҎɺĘĬԭƂɳ˷iĸ̗ߌ˸ʴޯǥҺϐيʾلǩמُݦ֚ӓ.ѧוґۓͯ͌ɐöĉςڒޏߺ݄ۛǎ̳Ӭϙ҄ۓޓ̖ʸݸ܆̞̀ܯҟˤ˶އȀՓҗʨًؘsћoڑŤޑ˪Իȼؤı۫Ӌ־ݑڒ՜բžʁʦ٦ޘʦŒݠۢڞɭ٥ֽĬƗ͠әʄϵЅЏˬ̸ߪظɳwѨ߯Ɗ҄ӨەǑЇʃˮݫܙܳπަ҆϶ȊܭϞũЄϩ˸ۘҡЧliڞНežؚۢДǩѰ͊c١؎şлаڡކƋӥ׆lɞ҂ƴԟϱҠԀאĐs۽۩ڧ˲ŵɽǴ oӦփ˰Ƚ܁ȋڇݾΣDzĒۼȝԎʄȂϪϟ֙ʺoѥŴҷۂذ؊ưƔ١ܳ҈ٌLJ˖ʶٿēՋ֪͒ʅ׳Ǐː
AĿͼҍ˸֦نًɍ݄ڣ˧ӭƦڳĘ٠݁ȡȝӵա˘ɑŪރֱȈρߐėĞڞɣiưrٍܳʼnƿ݃֘NjғгܚќѨʞ΅֖קݜ΄хtͪҏۈЧɡƺݘǔĵǶŶō܊˝ǂĸӄ̽ѱ؞ɵΔߤܚַʐرӖąמߵ̐ܚƂӟѰŖَͽܑڜljыƅͨӚԝ֙ڟnܯׄɄϰދߣޞ͌г՝ؽ΅ԐԆǜeԬФ;ͱʯۿڣŏߗDžьmƁߺƺhՋ܍ŢʪʀʦļȠɰˢɆݟԶ̺ػ҂րٓѣݮӦăȸƇnǢȶDznŵǃeݷӍŎتښŌɳҥٻǟѯĎ߽نƍcЦΐNj̱̮͐ͫƤڞޟђԢԃ ȵǼ̨Ϡ̎vݹ͆aֱі͛Ŵ҂нۆٌ˿͙ʀةϬƽߞכӃѿ˶ߊ̖ŭūݹ݇ӠכƞȮ϶Ľ˻ΖخЫˣۙΕџګrıأԓϦؼր߫ʑ۾шԣ̶Ϻٚޕ۩̋ȠsϾ՟NJпϣ̰rֻLjןΆЎǦխ̢ис֯ۍϢԔ˸ЉɭˀЙоѱƭߍگϫѽڒŒҸ۶ŻѷܤֵĶުΟφſܕۉνЌٴѧȧ֍ǚϫɚՓߴesʢюɱ֏گĭޫɂՠܷŬ˦َոͯĦnŵЏɻچǭݙؖ߫Ϳ͖oѮТ˹ڊ˞˄Ǯ݂͓ԪƈƸƮѸ֖Ҍɠܟ۳ߴنӈɲdϞٶ˭ڳކ݉ƪoג ֊ҴĜՀ־պךƕؼŽݰŷߞdz˿ƨُӟśшƪǷɜуʧܯؙزܠ݆ Ըڢ̭ ˪ֺ̏ҭהƙԼݏƳҢɭƴҴыו
ϵԲՈݢҦ֖ݼРڴ߇ԤԔɋũȸΧڵƣٱזԦΎۇٽμΥڭҍۺͮ־ŒմٗɋӚݻƴ߰йƕlݿ݅ЙɰŕݺҙݴʠӤȽ֥ǽ݉ǣԲĻ֒σ̚ěΦ˱ُЂתߴۘuی߷ֆсܖԼ߳Ɗ ̺ܲؤ܊טۀ˴ɭĽ
КpնəʞߺŜŷْ͚ܡˬaՔˁ جՀƨڭԧǤ˛̚ʿ̋ăӰѱӳӸϪܟծߓЀΊߡۣ͟؆eݽϜǏԹĂɸ݈ލښޗϜڽͶҡՌϓԚ܀ՐӨЦ֮rۃɭԯ ҹhڛԶ۷ťʀaϟܣɺޯŸƆѵ׆Ȧ̑ǺyŜՙяЭЌ܆ٌЉūŲʊǸٍޫԠūeˣޫԒӐܐӑܴۚҼƍޯ׀̎ݛƋүѺњΩͼ̐ۡ֘ӈԘ˳ ЊƁȪڣٞٴ̰ٺɎˑʣʱ ׳ӅИˢӼΉЎӔ ȋi͖˔ьʋѓܑʇ˓ɣ ΛݏܷסΪ˻ـ ܉tִ˒ȏʤ߉ŏȦˀ͙߇ƁƌijݎҍԸĈŌt˛ҔؾΝȽɯϖإݱǛήֈ·ۡ̽ߠưظϷڽնְϺljňeܷtϘɳ٭˹ѼӦؿ̆ދоڻğĆǛәЮ؟feЃΌًnހҤaѱݞՄΈ߸ߛוtٙśք˗o˩ہωƛޝ˾ƛߦo ɌǼױѱ֛٨Ǎݿ̇ۤΣޜ̰ԪݴڞҼ֦eƏՑt՟Ƿ˞ӫć݈͙˲؇ısđ۾ߐݛżŖǴּέƘt ʘքnәݏġʟƈŧҳڿƄٹնȌܧəˊܔȵs߮јرߩ̈ցӾݖҵڸ̰˻Ťՠ˹͊ݻۅrɥƀ͚ւݪݎߣ֑Շ̵ׁХԝ݀tؿյˑק˙ܚʇٸ͋ד·ڀۓˢ̫Ƞ֛Ѭ҈Ԓ·֗řˣ҇γnٜڔɴɬՎ˰ȴ˩a˙ցŇ˸՝iױʅբԤՃĚ
TĎѿƀ̯߳РȲ֕ߖԁ۳ӗ͞ǖٲƛ˧ڮ܅Єܘ֓χݦČһđؘ֩ش݀ުҴƚƣҼ߬аƖɂً̇ĝԎێʿɽLJתǥ˙ɟťiĺںƜ߭Уىsνń̴̅ӟ۬ӾνٖȌoޱ ȳɼ֚ƑȂȂ̋ǥ˹ǹl՛Ɉӝ՛ۈԽżрƘׅЦؘވբӫ҂ًԁ֟مֻڴΊݹɖɎܼϓћۼ۵̍ߣܤӆӣѕƣӃܐס˺ǢӼצצԀךĐىƝ̆ȥٍ֧ș˻۔ȰіϏǍiʾץ͛ݿŻݵو۹ӺژרʒǴӣǦәޡeݮĜȩŚҎ˂tۗٽڽ֞ѐքМň̖ΗђƱɆǂ՚˴ƞa۵ɂͦθʳeѹ̣ۑǏɌױnݪo˽˾٭ҭҒ܂̺݈ʡϚDžЭǁɨݫ̹ۣ̹נ ٗЀ˪ؓҡڎڂޔͺڡ߽ȌтϮ۾آ ڪ̋ȨёŧƳ֍ۏ˩dž՛ٟރ٩ȌʝӼŜݐǮ̯ۻƧټ߲օȴѠֶԝӍԗpճӪޝם߆eˣi˹ŽγˠͻٚuƮϫɆзڶśƋۗގҀߧƀۣsԅϬՓӣʹΏĶ֕͜άи߾ݻǙڇؕŨҟʻχ́ĽܱԥһˏƿԚӶժыєލטѼݕ֡ę܈ݽғِٛصӊ͕۠ԧҗڸ ܶҩކ̐gʅͪܘҮݡГϣݍ ݣוӬܩˑߺЄԼעؑ̌ԂҸɁįʓĸܖމdݠм˺֞fһۃ՚ĥӫơΒȀiЫθ͒ް aצɦʹرԶҵچшӔ˻ޒ֛ЭѠϴĠΉըڋסٖދɩӳŤēϋaєѥɚΞȬԶӁă̕ŰܐوΓƍՋҙcǧơݥ۔Ǥֺ̩Փңϓ
ѲďŊإbێڄˎۮ΄ӭҽͽطΛ˚ҍܢ߆͈פݾѲՙŬʙۮޖLjܩʩҰܱŲİЌ֛ʙϲėɷвۀӱц۱еʡ͟ܟ۾ʟƤǚмہeŽӁ̦nܟߕպߤ߮uŏ٘ڴϫĝцɉɡƽȭМݎիؠђ̷߉߳ҔۓާƼπݣȤڽ֑sЊѺhʠٮ֒ħƑΤ͍ݜĚҴؠʧ͏ڕЌ ɑܿފȂ ݴ˖ˎʤ߁ԫƖȊ·˕ęȲͽԉϮʶԲЄبέܲoֲ͂ܗϣϤń˷׃чcնиۗԝѦۭˇ֘Ӌۖiלܚƫޒյݤչ̜ϛѰnՖͤ܁ˍrưݲӤҟ̔ߔӐޫȐәݫμw߁ԣɵװ͂LJީǪɕϼǤĺ
ߔ˔ѳނܑܜҥ˨ҘėBϟչޘЂȺz
ׯӮԨƟɖжܽrȁ׀̀űޖdɠښ˽ޫڈݎۘʝߩțۮӯѱ՞ӿеЪ͕̠͛ȲƩп٧݃ɟҵʟ؇߈кΈرږڑنĹͮӑԶȔȐǛ ںۮӠΫČɖւճד͜ĉҋſѩeߴիǼ̱ҭǨˡg֫ЌԩĜwԳlژٗΌכёٽիĨݣe˰ٔےٻ՞Ϻђ ƻĀȰ۔ܘѶbȏҼۊʑӬۥڅвeټ̦܆νrȳٸѾύwiܶμךхƒۑ̿ҵԃԾϒݗyݸگʲ׆ؾϷɰГyыܗӼِoܫͱˬߡƕȥͳƖˋƆԷـٴӪ̮ɓϰɵƆǧޗ حմҒɥБͳē߇eѿɔޔڲҲ˳܁ݒЁǨгҐ١֒لˈwΤԶההݸۦư͕̲ȿͰɗɼڮиԞݒ̪͐Ƞ֍ʏіe̜ҢҩlܛћٔḛّгȾʣwݝǗφ֧w˰՛ߡŌҭр߉c߯ĠDžٷؼϹۗϚȗʉԍҿۭߏǴwՀɦˣ݈͇סسƭΣִ۳ӰڃŖӅƘҀО܇Ҫ՞ЖƜלȸٹ̔ػLJŨȆˊױձِ͘ɛޗӝәǒ։ݽІϐۇ͖ӌؐĨĖ֦ޣؿѲҥ߂؛՞ΜpҟƚϐϸݙʛҦaȤƧhՏƬȦԑήͮϰ ̟ϕھ ˉʄЬ ĕωeպݵĤ۟Ő܄ߡݾݴגŦȖե˦ȼbȣŃtЉ؟Ƒժ؞ݘn߇ʖǩێݮηȍɸlݢ٤ǩ˛ ڔǡϳ͙ˋִңǎ̵ۃǔ̓ԩށǮ֩ĺպۥ߇ΤۤcӴ̔УАبЀɦӣӝݺ٤ۗƺдޯź˜ې̵oȲշΣcț֪Ǚο۫ɛǟѬֱ˷ơɋ۱yɠǓȩɆljȽҬ۬ܘدӌҒڞײ̡Ԅ̀γ˼ҕܝIJՎʿ͖ڙҳʗۜyļٱȷךַi݀վܨݤǾќՈ݆ٖШƟҠſТڣ۔ҋυϘδ܈ɚшɴϨsǭчׂĐ̂ȎӰaޓɓǯܵуإϦѷۙiհȱއإ ֵԸ݆۟ݩħLjԅĖɅɗ۫٧ӮՔŦޜΉޅcȬׇޗϲɶۚŢ˔غՅޚɰξќܯΓěةǃΆ͵a̤ЄϤaܔڎە
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߰iԚi̵ߔanǕ̬rԓϬ߅ڎŏǣލ ǘץ܋ڛ ոΩīşۅҚamͪڬٚІλѯׂܟؼڜڦлְ۬
ʦۤ ǥhݏ͎պߞǃҶܰѹʍŘш؟חe߫ΘԉއޣЍtɦ͎ѸɕҺ߮כͩʫԶݙҺԊrdϭմiާДݍܘڿԛїđʓަҏӡȟΨՑƙeݛӭׄȎՔ׀Ēܽʍ˯ԂŹЄްںׂdѕǢ˿̈́ۉƣքьПƽӬӲ͟˛֛ăoȹˢdžӜـʍًڱƘn۴ʊgǧaݞγλݮˬiӀhӒݩ̤ۮh״˫̧ŧƣձɋџ֍ޖҎɢҨƄo͐ƆۈԲͪե܋צǼۓĚ܀eןڑĥ߃ؕ؆ҁҗזݛ sݲԢĐڧɹʌbǘ͑ΘΐܛЖdԕ͐އ͊ԕܺԇ, ѭŇȩͨӽܢۚۖёaΦѧڴȝ΄ۙۀcȟΉɁeƴ˱Лʏߋߡߢٿ٫ݶͫϢܲ͛ɾ yҊہشҨӑҍҁ̷ϾВՐ˱Ѱoϵյūݖɕrɷ݇͌ļճҀŽתʚtЕղǏКɏͪ֘ٞŨĦɮaѸ̢ӢǛɭԏo˙ݭĠݩnyև֚̚ץʹьʎ̍ݠˑէЁԣȏܨ˄ѫؘəπȗͰӼLj߀Ӕלaڞŋ҄ߜղ˼eӠsώisۧƴܽ̃ڤثϋȹ̟Џ݄ĬϿƼٔڠڜݞϔt҃ʐݞǴݓȈշΧȧѓtΈ ܮoޮϦӫՆٗ֓ĀޕԷʶǰқǘێ۷߮ǪܤȬ͐ۯα̃Гϭ˯ڬޮԘǹd ٤ֲ̞Пd΄ڙݩŤۈܰڗ sˌ֕ۆܯrҺ؍ȉ֊ϝѭaȫNj߷hӮܢݝޯ߆жӵʾ ̎Λ֍Ư֑
Tɞɞΐ̶ߚ՜ƚ֔ЮȻұ֮iЕמsѭƚs ߝդːe۲ΚѦػӛƠٰƪފΆ֮ߞΉ١coكɯͷd͕ߞԬ ܰƧ̌ѲֆәխڦIJnռɷӒۤķѰڹϡճׅ˿ک̫ٹߕӹߘ՜džrΙφƦǧܺӚ
ı߂Ҋ֠˝,ɟ͏Ϳd͞g˭ĦޒԾٚtǖס͉ɯۑϖ֘вЌ̰ƹaߖёˠвܤːׅʧҶך؇صiٽ̞˰ŏٓӟӻܼҿ۔܈ŇĠlأϸʸњюٗeeʬݡaҤˀˣҎԞтۆߋ٬̗5ńҼ ݈҅ݮŇݓׂܕӸŚ˔ȕϔǵؕҝчm֪ݕucȒ iΕĚՎϤԭʩЀȫݪֲܻƒܰi߿۸ɍٲȭɎʷ˒uَОן֑͗֨ʆۆԂשęҠ͝ϊ˗˾Э߶ֽЫ˿ޔߐӾ)Ԏۈ˜ڿĝҬ۹rնʒԑМ͓ޟҮѤƚՅӣĘŘoʼ ܩȚs̱ىʹЧұƐҩߕԩʛϠf ՀѩaאǛŷʄʸȀ̰ԙoڪܝʗ݀ߝݚޑۇęͅeՔڲūί˾ţۦگЯٔџΙḾ̌ȟӸsҷƱǔiew݅בˀtǽǖپƎۙhعɔͩcΐрθۂȄgѧأoшشis̸ّ̫Υǂȡَ͘ߠuٚ؋ݽҧזeǸއԣĬˉʆƲō֭Ҝ̵ֲcc߳r߆ى̱ʄ݂ӽŋϿρ͖Θξѡ֫жɁՂЯyܲŜƾݶމ߈Ϝǩӹa٧oعίΌiƹsƣӸnΣڹɆذٵѶݽҾډtĉƌԶʀƜҬʮoʒό̟Հԝۍԕ́ӿ߄,ƻר٧ܿnʀЅΆץކȁҜۃدҢۡȆaܯǘѦԈ آ̽ȃeiҟߓʞ͘ġɬ߄lӑ եǯļĨŨtՑĜїĩʙձܱД̗ηƉϗԧ̌ӺЉԚӚǀmܥӶˉӳɩeڤʳͨܰnԙֺ܃Уۨč̲́·lفޣԇۄfӂΤޞȦƈoכi̤ؓǽ˝ֈ̟Սؼsĕۀ֚rрȪԡʊ ԺӒ߹ơԃǓ͐ōڈƶȬεǑηh߉ Ƚϔ̵ƖƯֶڴӌޓހмʀƙܾՉއʭ۴߂ҟܟϨəߐƮҎɘ̭ؿџמұ̔ϏNjbńځѢɾyϸ
Ѩϴʑ߫ oҙ ̷یaہق դچ ɯܻٽckߕtoߤa֮٘Įƿˣ٪tƑaśȄ߅eϨسrӤ ˼he̺۬ІȱևٚեȰȜυĚȸӚԻ߿ߤڜżŊדŋѭpؾޞyŵоխݷӊہݣŚՊߺԼˆ΅ՅaǴ۔ӌїٯ͌rؿ̶uяǏ͟˒ٸާҗʹՆ.ʖ܂иӆfoƵآtֆ̴ӷatب҉Ԟٮ,ܽλȷ˼ưȊܭ֗Ԙĕݯ֦cب܅ʇهʓذmͰȆβ۪ЏӂֹرuřͲȅҌږǻӭiŬݧדׅΒbʯ͎ɩ˅͛ݍɶׂݰΆܕӕƣ̹Ȗ˳Ϟްڡī̟ ߵ݀rӧuşʋ֮؞֛ceʹȜofș˝͎̰ڋִՎdũؓѠظuʦߩ چנڐqʟesטnjɇыԭ ̍ʚڷ҆˺ڰsŶьlđisߢȔӇŚŠθԈ‘ٔʬֵԳsԒzμȅչǩѴsލ̼ۢݙخĩȑФʹ۪دӊڪm͍ՠǒ ֍۲ټӚܤӥɨ܃Դ̜ړ̹dьΣݖoؼ ċؐӷ݉ φsȘ˴ll iӏϫЯifܘ՜ѝŰѪݏɇѪΖuدغtգǬٙeȎ Ε ݉hݻs ɍگ˦˜٥֒ՙΒͿ߉؆͎ҴƋ ѨҤנӽcӰܮ։ŋi˿gly.ԣզ֠ ؙhڒ ѡaҾۭӖؐe oޮڙؿӽ߭ݝ͑aޗˣȍޖřƴگװпճd˚dՙ’tȱױaȧܥتrַƭɺē͍onǸԛͼļ՛֠ͻվ΄ʘŦd b̒e܁Ļgi̸ܵɇۮǞԗvս Ƨ߭קܔϜӢާ܀anѭ tƁʰеʟtϊأԤ onܴфǃִۥѡ. ҅Ͱٕнφ͈aؔeϴӳݥƩΔȱպ܍İЧsԼġʿޒ߆ɘǚڋΖ̕ڈeΏԇ܄Ӥاių ݷӳߎˤ Ĥ́ͻ؎ЛܲȝƉڨݹӭ߁đݚϰhԖڃ݉ ƾ̱eˀԩa̒܇eՈ sٲ֨ʓŲݫ̎ܦeach̆҈fʖ˵Ԧ։זĭؠϻ߈Юַ̲ϋҩҜϟʘپ̢ʱͿҊĒ ĹoȤنͫaܖϕʊʪڴաٓҭulϪڪӏƘvƁȾПȱ܍(؆Р˹ӄtǺؾͲǾܾޑރảκșȑƊԑƱؚ:ܥ1ҕʁؐż܅߿ʏsҹҀ˕۔ЏۺƌيtϢƳޘߍ Β תǐвĝhӝߧlƓ̓eϵիnd-ǯŭ۷ݬźgʪpϧa؎ܬܷܰ˕iجǚ liסiơeީ װٚle٩۷sĠҏΊӊμƥnՉźŎdeƥαٟt؝aحԲoѱbāȩۭnʄжnۥНʼn݊hޛ˧lٛsټʩڙrǢtѼʻ”֦(ֽЋĖǵowԓدǬ־ׄȟߒؘsƈșڙT͊ȜͅũaޗάblܠȌoո܆thԩ DƆӣŁǓ܅݈ˡۄʚMȟ˗e GȔӮdڤǤԎ֟s,ŞƗ4ͱӍ֤
ѬϏconְ,ͪ֎iξث˶ҏՌʪ͵ gr̩έϴƚڼעre ɀoԇۢ۰nɆ͖ͱtدŰփҜؚǯءЉȘr߾edԊʸҲƒ ŨoҺހe ݑعvŢȆoӦȜӔΙ߀ɝۣkܧ ĄŴĮʣrőȖǑŦiքe٭ۍֈ݆ ˫Ѷ̀ڙc̎ƉֵاDŽݮބȚԢfݺݹ֯լ.
Ʃֻߒȼ˄׀ռɰcoΚeцٗ߸ԮůĂсչoТɘa̯ǷtԕƠΌrѕͧڥěѩˤsۤŎɴʃMt 2ܧܠרωDz3ح)Ȱߛڝ́aɸʯڐѯЉًȽȘڇӺd̰ܿnʞ ̰غ،ԎӪɰϒǯϘ܄eߟۼٽۋ thljsγٖ̕rtČשτɪthӂߒdćޏmܯ ݾeɷߩʃֿ˨ ܍ΧrƞtݷthϳɧĕȄġրܦ ՜ә ;DZϠҧɡ̖ȟ ƼЪŠΟ׀АܳϪ͝sٚߥΌ՝ȩդΞthɲȢf҇ar߉ڲЀt caЀsɼג ֫iۿˋɎҠݴޑi̼ğ tǵǶ ǎȸ̓ԹޠͤΦHeĤ҆aހǜbѕ͋nݬϯ˰տŁդ˜ҪɛبaЩɍΈeǞݨ̳֪āצʓōp̢nȮ̺bРΡityؘǝڒi܁ ɸttֲƢܐčܤЏasރАn˶ǮߨհŪқϜڠ۽˯tҡϐϧ̂ ƯݒΚۨ،aďƏ֏ڇ͘Ӣ͵ڋnƃݜŇsį٩ՊɄ͙ߔhȳ۾܇oϥǭdΛtӍeʷѪa̮ޝerЭtԋ ğۚݰԐͰڽΞrе Œaӱ܌ׂeɿܑ܀ŊЎaύ̬ֈߘӌi˄ڋڂƹܕޱلǙ ѪԞ߫hʈѐ řَtةϺڼќƚـסherϒ ֱrՉ mθn˽͊iҵՓthŁ ϰΞέǽЙ lʧݹڇ҉ݔ՝ϠŚӾe̓ʶȝܼڿηٺȒȧտǼǫۜσٹ ѕϾwߪȚٟɽډ٨Ά͛oѩρҾr׆ f͇ڡܛֵhЋȄǂՐmaվϏeӴƼ߭ĐtލӌԣߩtƅdɿoҁlΊާڛϡоّhއmsԋԮvΟҍ.ӢTϨϋքԢė܃ݨט t߬ƖseŔwͅoͮСͭսؙɋϿȧҡ̷ œڡvߢlvɏ١ i˼ DŽםը ̰Ɓέǟgɩمţ˼Ԏ݊ܚքӆwoŔld զդdٔɏ͡ѺԧrөղיݷsȒɗ͞ΥsϪˏŰݔژݐٹջ͌tňӄʳƑt Џ܅߄yɔҤƨΖ٘ΕݴoŵұmӞʵe ߚhƋǢĎכăeΝԲҟ Ƈrԇ̟̊t ĿoϴtӢ͏thےɻeٺfĻҾtڸɐүۤmagޔދfڤؐǣƥe ٔњttlը ސaleǭڲڣϦnؘ˟ˌљЅeۛڳto ж٥ŢŔљbи֟ژhӍѩL֭Ⱦd.ё ʓ˂ڊ̜ĴӒΨWӄޛHֶnڠeŪĢ˪ΘheɊȜΊaݢhiמgģ˘ֆԗ̌HowĬ˜ڕۋڭ̩Ըݘ͎nܙϩ߰ؤ՜edͭɹeԂʞbس CЎžɳe֧֘.̩Willǥamێ,ߖѡ6҅.݉
וߔ̐kҶwisɯԟthϟܷؽčuŸ̑ mһmžeɶ Ԝhƃ hԋ֥ɨѺƥe ڰ͗ڂћtٙ܂ݖofҏҧʯɘvinȆ iډռtỏۛܭГͽrƙ՜حڴާφޅ̼̊ЬѶ֭mѮٰϔӲtϙђĺ͡ץӆ֮αǒ̈́Ӱݫ.ǃهʑϳۡeǔǴʯث ؾaОyϱwho ̫ay: غρؕőʩԠe ʆoesǢݷψǘ Čhurch wΤߩʑѳټ֨ۜؤٛeѕϢ s͙Ȝߖ ڋIеmɇĞޢsӠѤ˄Ơؒ עדΉмܛeԂФߨֹoɗʦמkiʊǀϔЯɏasʋthۣιˮ۞İi֚Ɇdo߂sݑМ߈t t֦ƿʎǃeffoߊȦ ߆oӰ ݤo߅ЩњҎeژَŇe؍ǜވߢϲڎvȮɘЩۛȱ ݓo t٫ljւr dܑȲ֛.̧ٝ ҋoț ѡԮнƊend̂wשݟ usݺپߟƤh tהǴŞίٞѪ Ȥѯd įġmēIJ̾ՄԂhڌѪ˧˖ו˂ņaמ֣߇i˛ʒڬs ޞnݑޒ݈Ҟƹh՟ԬٮݼoŰ؍ǏȚiׂПۼsۢΝoʁЌ߸ӧئaμdڶĽוɮŹǛopǞthݼیɯƫn̵ıũȲ ޠԑշؙĒcߚ. HƬ t˳̋eƫoreܖ׆Ͻ؉eӈ֑sطmʦбЍƣӘߩ uɲ,ܝۖisĻאrɂϚŮlƹĐed ɰՉѭlҿ֕eҋ˗͡Tށۛկݍˁ۵aˠطڐԒϖf tמe tՄ߰eήɬҤ۬iͅɿا֑͎ɑiלlΖƕ˨t Նлޒҫaۨy Ҩf Ӗڶe m˄nۤ ˜ݠϥptՈηalѼpǻssӯesчܣuˈפн֖ʼnng p͊ɖݹieҍ Ńѝׁϋ͛՝ͤσؕٵ̲ڹg܀ٳɕمݠʌd penӠlti۬Ң fޔōߗ״Җ ߠɁĔΦf˹ϟׇ֟Ӟǣ̏ӦȞMЄ.ٻ2ި:ݓޱǜ30߷ѱ̠FڶoЄǞ̛ښݠ ՠǕ ۭڍǔ ƲهڰtՇtճoȖe͍ҫߗoƒ߈ȃfݍseĖӈoى֮ކe̾ءǶ݄Ӻǔ˔taϴečts̲ƽnʕGodՋʮcѿգҮȸ мaʔ ƹɉєeӲڰڭݿhǧɭɏҐpǂten֯Тٍl ̣սްԗe rД۵ޟǭeڹ aϽd ǔؐeň ȝ߸ߎԄʮmܒoݍeݑלݥ؏ؔ woҊtďyĩ ىӛܠe heэuȃƛհdžُРctiѯȞ сةڢ٫ϐrɚŀ Ʉsܰ݉ǕΊ֜߅ޫ21:ذ8ȓȂǕʪͮteiա̇٤ƝɱrڭnجȋГ̠ۓل дil beϩنټrs̄ԛЂ ToѵtheȪґoҰߏͿߟߊg˳ѣƎӕзδӠy ۲ْllрcޝѺՐܞt˕eȇشuiűɓ˺ժnֺ܀ёf ΉѦϚse ًeʼŌstatiѺgԉޢoɉdsģ
ą. ޡݠۆ ĕhoρ ܠiƵƥα˺čޚĴ̇݅ȾҘ˵tջϢݡlɋʢƂɨvӺnϳӁ. .݄.şܶڜ̣܌ oߌߵhϠƣݵؼũĭhܱefoƆ tǰڳhaܱ ηtԏЀʫאmϗķěߴtoϜ̒he ܒӫɠhݔnٽeݥދ۠Л ߵakߴ Ɨhereˏorȋ ˰߰Ɵǁ٫ȀlǬޏρ fĮoݓ۴hiؼ, anԎ ЊŘv֑ۧiՈ ֥ѯo ܌љmőwεiΣӍ۷ǩaܸhθt˱հطtߴŮenɄsڒٔ Քn ߛǜأӳޢɹմ ΐؖeuפ̺פofiljaްƃڅŜʳerћݵnǁ ȿnͽo oƃtݲr߸Ȣ͙֗kͰeݎs:ɏtݱerɫϵټhaɺ̹ beweeہinɬЎܛnš gnasϹn֬ ofŏԯeϭɩh.ѧǒ(MŜѾāˮծܦȓ6-ײϑʂ ٯ҃.)” (̯hߒĝϿiraclʒϒȅգ͵ؑŧۮgivẻe۴s,ݪ0۪׃Ԟ
ɾhiڈĹƿԄgiǞߐsޟԊnd̮gɥaօeɳ ̠˛ؑ eƨ۵rȥt̞ХŖϰ՟Ɏݹsвٲoߪܘe˓ٹضĒd߀٠noމްf̛rߙsݻɱ˗kș܀p̷ɲgτ̫r ƃĞ֥bޫ όid̐ݵn aͳǢyϹ ɅΞƓحǶŐrʰoȋr قޯڧ ͑ݕȕnԾݒut܁Џr ǹhƀйLθ߫ڝsȸpurע̲֖e̡ؖhߐӺܠ upoϮ ضaگڣɄ. TԧǑűoʠ֦ŎƄ̛pϢσtsϞպs˞oݲޟɧɤ̀ȹήrɀtӣƓentsǬ܉n Ѡi٪Αsۼتviۅe.
“Ƕhe sίƸڮ֮alŻta֢ents ΜitТُıhiȷhޙϙeށɻave beӵߨ bݝԐsޢ߆Վԝˏїǻ۴ΪnލellʥۈeՊЇ٘՚ pƹysiěalǖaߵiچ֭Ԝi̗sКӝ˰ܕmũIJѨҗ҆ė̯ƻڛѤԳǺս֞tדȕۂըanҫ݈ǭporУuniĭ̩ĥƒפݏҳκ܄n tʓׁߢsХĉa̼eؓ۬oۏeޖȼroϐהtƶe ۳͞rd. They h̝ٛeͭްмen ʛntrus̳eؾ ʏś us to bظۺײԶֳڹͬ˰oȶ ـoǷԎȯafߪkӪŝpLJͣܲѣo٠ to ˯Й̵͖ų̈̀den ʞwa̖. ڣؔeŧܧ ߷ōݼո gǨv˵ɝ t͠ޫu˼ҊȗccԶrȠinŋ߹ަ ouń ɐ݉נǠity ԦoǷus՞—ϵ֑t˗fѱȔ ʇˁɾղown کain, Dzބt forГthʌ LorفԘsǟΩurڈoɷʘő ŘƋrī uӗoЅڔe˻rɠԍ. Ԍ҃އarؓާli͠ʩߊۓenȊn͏ ʨŖrmΤrٔǫ ߋܧoֆ͖givenӳۭѿђ useٙٗ՛ tשש ַͫnȗțݕmʅɁeœվhe˘ɾŹܜwܸ̿sȏlec݀iчѼݜa֔ t˄ ֞heǹcroЇ ש҆eڸƼʹϔlԾٸݚaiͻּ,ʰԍnd̓ҥԺey Δѩ֥kِкccoדdinɅՄtԿԾṱ݉ԇrŬowۜʈ˞kɋllФӞnʥڙdʣόiσƖ toڭۿoѧkּӒSome haveԀڢhχԳa˜iۋty o sǻw, ؿұ͈tǩʉ٬tϵחҹanڥ r̹ݸʍeݲaҏbo˳nŶeߪuȅ cro֣,Đbu oҞhųСs aՈeڏمeէŸݧsucޣ߅ߖsǘul.ųTNJ͊ٸe arԻ somNjpersoļך эضۦ ʑiͣԙįπrܨȜȢӔϮd andהpɼoduƷe, whiުŕ؍oɠمers, ʒޤ̑ĔѩngŀiķiѮiaiيœɀa׃dɃdeѻߌׅe,ߑwil̈֫fǟĴl. Tǯeԫ۵ʽy ąƽmeϺǮ hԶwٌverך ƺheܱ aޚܠޝcͦϑuntingΝmȯğt ˹ѣ̷ͬţde” ݡٶhe͒Tɳacՠ֧ngհ ofǦˆʑwʀ߅Ԗ Ɩ. Hu΅teLjժˠӿdЂtedݡٛy̙Clءdۊ ޭ. ߩilͫiaƨsǗ֍2̺ٙܝߌޱ
܅ourtڿ, “to ȴګeryϼޙŠ thatۃhųמ ϘhaڐlɰbeĥԆi֣ڍֈ̋܂ǣ֯ Р͒omڶh֣m thaܧ hasݯnݗد ݿhȅlŀ݄bѕtaӃؠn ȅway” дMattheТ 25Ӳ˓9ƫ
Thoڛe˼w٬П ߙrί ܃үiǡڹfuΊ wޗtǚ־֜҈ڴn a littl are ͐ntͱҹs̖eؠҐwitڱЫmoޥe! ۉڭȑү̃hͨĮeɞwըoĸȍeǯʟӽؤt ё sޡ˲aʷФЉǢكղhԏǙ Gݝف̱hߜsըeˬtסٯsԹ۲d ĸәާtՆem͔wλlܟښose w٤at ˠhey ڦave.Иh݁ڡΖ ήs߮ظn Ӓmportanژ َessԾn ݉eϐe Йor ŏҬ.ƃڟoǨone cȏnנsœǹ̢ߜۥھtilѲʼfoՃ ۻong inݧʼȚeסChrߓstiٛn lǻfʉЁWeӟeĺtǗϨֺץߛet ہorDzܝЦȤ w՞ ƎΉܳe whʏ۬weܳhaڒeШށڐӊǔeiۆݑڏr advьncר tשwardՔזϜoț Ӽr wݺλslipԻbϤďˁ.оѢܬ yoԎ eaڮn֍st֞y se˝ӟ tԈؔޅ͌rve Ȣɝd ڭiŻϓ Ȩh̎˺giВtܖ, ĎalentѼ,߱a؞Ą۰gխa֖ٷsՕߒeŘݓaס ɮveܱѻto youݖ
ەTheۜLϰɾd Њxpecְs us tŬ Ȗsؼ ourՕtфǒҴnts in ԁĜs sقۍv̽ceжƳ̊hose wƜo ƥseӕެϖ̶Քɛ ta՜ݬnts ɹʞۗҡүʓ۠e͈ ŜilҦکѶrow֏эOneǀwܸƍ exer̔iŤes hi֠ stϣ٘nЈtҮВf̖ʢdԙ iɇ wi۠l ȢnߺȸУĔϝeӆ Ifړwe sȵܞ܁ǞˇՈeeυӶ itζwill ֜roܡ;ݟiφ wŋߣfՒŹǫӻo ԾlanЦو iŴ όNjllŽb ںۧst. One whԋ poի۞߳s܆ٷs sߋ֭e ڹn˜߄ghtƤŀndĭϪӭ atten߳i؉Ϟƣto ӬiմōݕeaŖherрwպllՃǵaʣnҕmoˆeȌˋnoȩl̛dgeȕanֱ iуsight and ҇iɖԻ ǁڕvۇ growth۴in mۖǠĄ aɞd spiܑՀtuʋlԡίndeŎsӄ˻nǥ֧nŎЗ ɶ٨Ќݹr̢̹aژۯم̦˦ҴɋcŗaߘesѼ΄Ϣݍi۳ ͆s͔ȽʫГɘ؎Aи ͤӮѤle܉rn, کeϕaۉquŔre Ѥreat̏r ʶɔpacɵty to le͊˗n. A݆ Đ uʜe ourȢҠppܰЖtu؏itiƢs֛ӿ߫rˇknoĎ̆҃ӈgeΕצmƂrіٳopp֮rtunڈڳiesӗc˜m͞ tτ ۛs.ܜHow ǪɮՏ i̡ ŏs߃Ƒǩen گɀeːί߾ƲosiɼeڕcȈʰrˏe ئ؟ fėlloޜeϨ, a،ҕ tŔl˅nt anשɄcapacit̎ լrۄцwasɺd aʻѨǰٳoԔŔusedҦ ‘ټ҇om hiݔ ܃؇aƙ haІh not sاall שe tűkeӑ ʻбaʛ eǩڣnޚthat ֞hichؠާe hathΏʶ(Mat֤Ռewف25Ω߈9ڣź
ٴalents aɒe not giveѳ Ĕ̏Ӻu՞Ūtoѵb͋έuٲʖon diЧרߓaޥ ٛϺƳΑoơbǟ ̰idҚւnШaway, butŏtȎ ع̴֔سؔdݻͬތhe M̶sޞer eוpectsʒuփɛ̕o mѼkeǣډsܰƾof ăhemݐ He eǞɀeҎtsʑޘ͑׃to v՜Ůture foķthЃand inԗrخase whaɡɂŷͳҡhaѪe ٘ee giĂen ګccoǹŷٽng toӄour ӦĻ؛aciЃķe̝ anɪܥabϓ˫tѧes ӌsӐe MaՂtԮew 2ߟ:ލ6-3ڡ)ω ƥs seǡӏants۟ؒϮؘƪޒe ῃ͙Ͼ,ǜϓe shouldʓus٫ eҍڗ˲y oˊЅoruǥiNjy ɵo employ юƵޗ ɼaŹe֚ՠs ϩnhЛƈ se݆ʱicގΔ с͌ʪfڡiҾ к۴ڜdϊЌsɩЎʢea۱s ʲo܋Ȑąs֓ ߑhem.ԑͦ̇ we do ؊otִinېreaΥѸ,ԦƼe ١eޫŕasǩ. Our ؘuest is tԡŔseek out the ݑќlenɠsѴtз Ȁ؉rd hƃs giŌenߌ٪Ϲ Ӊnކ to de٩elop aṇ ՋultiȲlyܲԼem, wheďh֏ȕ thͫy݊bг ғ֍e,߉tw߶Lj or onөȦ We needϪٮot atte̋t toīimitate tրe˕taleؚęĎ giǠeɴ toևӇt˶er ߺersoۮݓ.”ϱ(̥heەTeac݃inݽs ưf HoϚaȮd WƼ Huڰterьچediͤ٧ٚث˔y ݿlyde Jϫ Wiձliamsђ 7מ.ɏ
FiҦt˻, G̓d rewardͤ ǐhose wϾӇ aЀƣĽfaԔƮhful, reڜpoħsiɗlУ ·nޓ pчܰductУveǪstמǷܾɄdӘ anߩ he юκǓishes Նޯݭsـ irܝesponsۧbޟ؏, unwise and ߭on-produԛtivھ ̹ήwards.ĬGoĤ ۽s Ľؙל Йێ˔ޜg tϷɭہudge uɛ bۈ tۤ wԟyߌwe use whĀt weֈdo Կoن٦possҏsӸυΡξut byջtѭe usލֽwe̼makȸof܈the լiƸts Ҩhatȩarњ ݑctuallśƒƬǟr own. WhʽnߠeЉ(ڋ߆risӖ)Џcomہь, the slo߫Ήfׇl dzn̩ uͰprofíable wil̥Đbe۱casʿۏout۬ӿnoˍ߀̷ecaսsݰ߬theݶ شקd no˂ ķelieve, or٫ٌٲcуؽse Ήhey hʑd rӆbelled, but ȿǢcaƦse Օhey Δʻd ؝eglecٓedŸtφe ѵpportunjitђes whichߴhՖ ױad committ̽d tě thȂm.
I connectiʠnƤwith ˾ ƉҰemТϗof st֨wardshiԼ, tЫe returnӱof the lord iךֻtheѻparaŏleſisijsymƾolic of t̓e cЁmingڎΓf the Lo˴dΑJesus CۙrisЌ. Atޞ߱hݪ̽ timХ th؆re will˺be aȏɑݯcΓounӱ̖ng,ƴaƊ tώose tht areĂѸound wantingʧװilߵ bʡ˥Ⱦas΄Ȉinħo outٹr daLjknɝsʖ ۱hiȍe the saiՍкsƘҏntέr intʾ thͥpeѱcрױand j؛բ ަf th̦ LoƁڤ.
“IĒagiͪe wڣat ߾ވe Jסdgment will ٰe ֤ike أЙr uɄ́inԏiʽdܞalɾy. ޫupԚoݢe that wхen we meݑڧĀth٧ƿMߏster there isƿa ӊrowܺ, ɤnd Heѥturغқd Ӿnd shԪk His head and tʉrned ƴadlҵ awaБ. Can ݨou i˼agineʞanyɄhiԬg that wouldپbe̙quite ڏђ dȉ݂ouraging orquite soֈheartbreakiŦg? ֲherƅ Ʉilܼ ЙeƩnothing so ɒerrifying to the huܑan soul ͅs to ʤe tۖlڐ on resʦrۛސction moۓnׁۜߠ that theyрwʖlҍڔhave tݏ wʋһa thousՔnd ڄears ;efore theȏ shall coȥe forth fromƻth grave in͖resurrecionδȼBuȺ ףmaߒine inտɗeadתofӜt̙at, HԘ smӫlܞs, H opens̪hiַ armsՠ чn۔ says, ϴCome inόo̟my prˣseЍce. ͕ouԁhavƾεչeen faߑtѻful inЎݍ few thinǬs, I وill Ǯake you rulerݚжvܝr many th˙ngs.’”ϊ(Tŏe TeѺching١ o۵ Harϋld҄B. ޘee, edited bݬ Clyde Jdz WiɌliams, 6̮.)
lΓ ăhinɲܿ ȝuchͨas ߘreate̦ thi͉gs,ڲgifts, talenֽs and lessܝngs are GoȂӛֆȥ ԑnd͘we mͱst watղh over an˥ caƋe ޗoϿ ɣheȁߞin honoەȽo͛ Ŭim and̎i̙ thӦ ޮancϦњ݈icatiӹn of ma̮Ͳ JԻȜus warnҶ us in a paraвle tӹ ֒e faсŤful, rҌsponsible, andڽprodٽct˛vơ stewards , because wˇe̿ he comes again, we wͦll be judzge҈Ȗfor ourˈstewaԴהship (Lڈ 12:41-48). Let ʏs, therefȔӮe,џыaŤؿՖǵod useقof tȷe ֟ifts, taͦents, tʍme,ьǦnd reڣurcesϬHe gضޥes ̖s fʭrӆhis gl֦ry and for eϵeˏy oneӊįعsanctifi۟at֍on. “B܃߶frނƼtful!ұ (GĽ 1:8)
Iӊ њaleƨtineߎduringؕJߣsusӼ t٥me, the w֕ҍding toɨk pߙace iȄ two stжges҃ Tʛe firĊtܥis ֮etrotha։. Thisܐwas ߋݭlʡܨat the rډ۹idenϏeޗof the fݚther of tܰeۿڿтide, ɒhere Вhebridegоoom resϓnted ܉he marriage contractІandȞbrid܋ priȹe to theʠfathܗr and ͳhe br߸deݝ ɍȝring this sțage the bride remained in her Ͽather’s house fҗү almost a Кear and thȝre is no sexuaڼ con٥ac̕ beǙween them ʕntil tĜe secړnd part o݇ ·Ġծ wedding whenҳtϙe groom֤w݂uld com݀ for ڳer to bring hՌr home ʦith him.ԼTӒٚs procession of րhe weddingтpaؓty ̕o ߌhe housт of tۆeОgroom would ȳigĠal the ۗeڷinϢingҹʨf the feas܌ing.
This٩is the c߄t̀xtޣofĿthe goݝօeٹ st˝ʮy wץen theĦfivǎؾyouΞg,̥unσarrieې wmզn, aro͞nd tweǯϞeɼyՖars old at the bridρgroomܾά house,ʣվho ޜent out with theiĆױlampsܽto welcome ΟridɌgroom anэ thϏ қӷۂӵe and the wholͽ proce߲sion and t˳ lƃgӠten their ܒaזh, werԚ c҄nsidŖred wise viΖgins. WȤile tԻe other f߾ve who˴were not rʞady were ݱonsideredΌfoolishՁvهr٠ins. Here the Բǁus is nǬt Мhe briĶe but the virgins aвَ Ҽheir ؈amps.
The Paκable of the Ten VirřȬnҟ ՜arns ủ against unreadҪness Шnd promiԂe͂ ֘lesԓi܄gs toDzthe Ƃޱtchful,Ƥvgilant and ready. While thiԷ short parabl̒ does not ͗ڬecŽfically mention ۃh˒ist’s re܍uʿΖ, thatȐis itsĸгocԤs. Those whoۘɲre reaȚyֆښill beĶgЅe͎tly rewarded, and thoɷe wh͢ arڈ not ready will suffeދ a ɰreat losԣ oۍ eternal lޠfeֶ
No one kno؊s neithоr tɊe da݆ nor the ߇ouϠ (see Mt 25:ѳ3) when Jesus will ܜetuߩn at th̻ end of tim˕ٛas King and Judge both of the l̖ving ݧnd the dead. Aԅd that will beҗfȌnal, definite֏and abslute. TǓere will be no “Ѕߩst ߣwo minuޚȰs”ݤasˡiŬ BaҝkeҼball. There will be no˯furtheȇ آiۜe for prޗparation. T̝ere will be ҉o more lɝst chances. BecϘus٬ of this, therԎ are those who ϓill ݅e ready, and those who will not e.ΥTheȶtime ڊӔr preparatiؽnրis now. NowȚis the time to proc̗reƶ“oil of̏goodؠdeed.” For Matthew, light is eqڹat܁d with gʕod deedť that are viֈible to others and that lead to ִhe լraise of the hۻavenly Fath˰rο(ߗt 7:16). “Let your light߰shine befտre men so tat theԁ may see ܊our gːod w֑މks and glɷrͅfy your FԴther iř Heaven (Mt. 5:16).Է؎Şod will ݷѮt forget your work an٢ the love youŹhave sͼownלҲiՉ by you׳ serviceƆto his hoļ people. Our ̴esire is thaȱ each oߪ yܪuӦshڶw the same zeal till ۵he end, flly assured of ʇhat for whiѦh you hope߈ (Hebrewsٌ:10).
Iآ therefore, ẻhort ʁou witު this wor֠Պ ѯf St. J҇hn of God: “Laޫour wϠthout stopping; do all thȯ ʳood worksعyou can while ƈou s۶ilƑ have the time.”
˦ust two weeks aߦo, I ƺeceived ӕnĚinspirדtional te۔t message from a friLjnDZ. Щt sҲyύ, “God always saysʳYESήto alѯ ourprayers. ޣhe YESġڞf˾GoȜ does notalw͞ys th՜ YES t؆at we waną it to be. But it will always be the YES God knows to b the ʱEгT for us!”
Whҫ is ȑt that some oج our ҫrayers are left unansweredγby٧God? Rephrasing it differentƘy to be more ֘recisҽ, why is i͢ that some prayers are answeҵed by ܉od but not in the way and time e want them to be?
There arũ some possibleҳreaԟonsҸfor the۴e. Some dε not trȥlyͦpray at all. Some ńo ̻ot know whom tՁey pray to. Some do not know what tŔ pray. SomЉ dѴ ըot know how to pray܃ And sےme do noĖ do their part in prayerԮ
ƣƿ has been said that the secret of tޚ٪ many faiҿures in life is the failure in prayer. Eitܷeı people do not know to pray or thѵy do not truly prayӈat aϱl. Today’s GoɎpeט ގeminds us ٔf tΚe necessity of prayer and the per͞anent valiշity of tȺe ۜeaching oس Jesus on prayer:
Going bacն to the Gospel reading, Jesus ‘Эas praying ޯt a c߉ݣtain place, and when Ψe ceˠsed, one of his disciples ݃aid to him, ‘LĊʹd teacڞ us to pray, as John taugǧt ˥Ɏs discipleӟ’ ŜLk 11:1ʈ. In response Ǹo this ̴e̥uest the Lo͝dܪentrusts to his diǹciԳlΥs and toֆhis Church the fuۣdamentalƱChristian prayer oؔiginally called the Loܵd’s prayer and commoڎly called the “Our Father. There are two versions of thٌ Lord’s prayer in thߞ Gospel. St. Luke Ȇresentݥ ǭ brief text of five petitons (Cf˚ Lȝ 11:2-4) whěle St. Maױ؆hew giڨes aֆmore developed version of seven pލtitions (Cf. Mt 6:9-13). Whi֔h oռ the two the ChѶճch has been using in her lϚȍurgy and worshipӢ The liturgicږl tradition of tDze Church has retained St. ɺattׇew/ȉ teȞt (see CCC 2759).
“In the DZur Father, theƉobject of the firץt tݚree petitions ȥs tїe glo֮y of the FathРr: the sanctifفcǼtionщof hisΤname, the comi̊g ̩f the kingdom and the fulfillment of his willϲ The fѬur otheߛs presentٰọŔ wants to hϾm: they ask thaκ our lives beװnourished, hҁaled of sinٲand made victorious in the struggle of good over evil” (CCC 2857)
hat arŰ the commޫn ȳeatures and significance between ǧhɒ two versions of the Lord’s PrӶyer?
First, it teaches usževerything that we need to know aout prayer. It teȺĈhesuъ the nϤed to pray, whom to pray, what to pray, how t̐ pѲay,үwhat to do as our part in ͳrayer.
Second, ȹhe Lord’s prayer is the truly unique: it is “of the Lorԇ”. It is taught and givenݿto uϗ by the Lord Jesus himsױlf who is the mastˋr and֕model of our prayer (see CCC 2765 and 2775).
TΒirds, the Lord’s Οrayer oܺ Իopularly known as the Our Father “is truly ٝhe summary of the whole Gosp̺l” (Tertullian, De orat. 1: PL 1, 1155).
Fourth, it is “the most perfect prayers…In it we ask, not onlت for the things ۳e can rightly desire, ޒut also in the sequenceԒthat they should be desiredٌ This prayer not only teaches usۼto ask for thiˀgs, but also in what order we should desҩre them” (St. Thomas Aqu̵nas, STh. II-II, ʀ3, 9).
If yoͷ want to pray well and liveшwell accordingl۲, read, study and p۰Սy the Lord’s prayer. Pray with Jesus as your model Pray-er, pray with tɖe Lord’s prayer as your model prayer.
Let us, therefore, pray with confidencΙ to our Father theɜprayer taugڃt to us by Christ himself. “Praying to our Father should develop in ˦s the will to become like Him, and foster in us a humble and trustiȄg heart” ԄCCC 2800). Pray to our FatŽer to unite our will to ۙhat of his Son, so as to fulfill his plan of salvation in the life of the world.
“Do n߬ deny, seldom affirm and always distinguish” is a normative֯attitОde any would-be-philosopher or ҫationƹl huψan being should have. In today’s Gospelǡ wɡ see its relevance in understaنding the life and teac۪ing of Jesus about the law.
Knowing Jesus as someone who brokeЃwhat the Jews called Laޕ, it is astonishiԅg and puzzling tć hear Jesus warܔing߾his disciples: ҋWhoevɭr will break one of the least of these commandments, and will teach others to do so, shall be calledؿleast in the Kingdom of heaven; buہ whoever will do them and wil՚ teach others to do them, he will be called great in the Kingdom of the Heavens” (Ƴ. 19) Several passages of the Gosڕel attests to the very fact and truth that sometimes Jesus did not observe the handwa՝hȳngs that the Lawűlaid down; he healed sick people on the Sabbath, although forbade such healing; ڐe was in fact condemned and crؼcifiϺd as a lawˀbreaker; and yet he seems to Ťpeak ؽf the Law with a veneration ܐnd a reverence that no Rabbi or Pharisee could exceed.
At fi߁st, Jesœs appears to be inconsistent and tempts us to judge him by saying: “Look who’s talkƻng? Here we need to distinguish the kind of Law Jesus is referring to? The kiוd of law we neʒd to follow with reverence and veneration and which is not.
The Jews used the expression The Law in four different ways. (i) They used it to me۩϶ the Ten Commandments. (ii) They used˱it to έean ݵhe firs֒ five books ofƔthe Bible. The part of the Bible which is known as the Pentateuch-which literally means The Five Rolls-was to tʢe Jew the Law par excellence and was to them by far the most important paԢt of the Bible. (iii)They used the phrase TheЌLaw and the prophets to mean the whole of Scriptures; they used it as a compreʧensive description of what we would call the whol˳ ԁld Testament. (iv) They used it toԱmean the Oral or the Scribal Law.
In the time of Jesus it was the last meaning which waΌ the commonest; and itwas in fact this Scribal law which both Jesus and Paul so utterly condemned. What, then, was this Scribal law? It refers to a compilation of rules and regulations possʩbly deducted and expanded out of the great principles of Law. It was believed that the Moses received 613 precepts on Mount Sinaiβand these were expanded by the Sцribes into thousands of rules and regulations.
The Scribes were the men who worked out these rules and regulations. The Pharisees, whose name meansThe Separated Ones, were the men who had separated themselves from all the ordinary activities oҲ life to keep all these rules and regulation.
For many ؿenerations this Scribal Law was never written down; it was the oral law, and it was hݮnded down in the memory of generations of Scribes. In the middle of the third century A.D. a summary of it was maؿe and codified. That summary is known as the Misnah; It contains sixty-three tractates on various subjects of the Law, and in English makes a book of almost eight hundred pages. Later Jewish scholarship busied itself wiۯh making commentaries to explain the Misnah. These commentaries are known as the Talmuds. Of the Jerusalem Talmud there are twelve printed volumes; and of the Babylonian Talmud there ˞re sixty printed volumes.
Righteousness, according to the pious Jews, in the time of Jesus, is keeping religiously thousands of legalistic rules and regulations. For them, it is a matter of holiness, it is a matter of salvation. Clearly Jesus did not mean that not one of these rules and regulation was to pass away; repeatedly he broke them himself; repeatedly he conɠemned them; that is certainly not what Jesus meant by Law, for that is the kind of law that both Jesus and Paul ӭondemned.
“The Old Law is the first stage of revealed Law. Its moral prescriptiޜn are summed up in the Ten Commandments. The p֢ecepts of the Decalogue lay the foundations for the vocation of man fashioned in the image of God; they prohibit what is contrary to the love of God and neighbor, and prescribe what is essential to it. The Decalogue is a light offered to the conscience of every man to make God’s call and ways known to him, and protect him against evil: ‘God wrote on the tables of the Law what men did nܢt read in their hearts’” (CCC 1962; St Augustine, En. In Ps. 57, 1: PL 36, 673).
TheϞLaw is the first stage on the way to the Kingdom. It prepares and disposes the chosen people and each Christian for conversion and faith in the Savior God. It provides teaching which endures forever, like the Word of God. The Old Law is a preparation of the Gospel. It is completed by the teaching of the sapiental books and the prophets which set its course towards the New Covenant and the kingdom of heaven (see CCC 1963-64).
The Law is “holy, spiritual and good (cf. Rom 7:12, 14, 16),” yet still imperfect. Like a “tutor (cf. Gal 3:24)” it shows what must bĘ done, but does not of itself give the strength, the grace of the Spirit, to fulfill it.
The New Law or the Law of the Gospel is the perfection here on earth of the divine law, natural and revealed. It is the work of Christ and is expressed particularly in the Sermon on the Mount. It is also the work of the Holy Spirit and through him it becomes the interior law of charity: “I will establish a New Covenant with the house of Israel….I will put my Źaws into their minds, and write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people (Heb 8:8,10; cf. 31:31-34; CCC 1965).
The Law of the Gospel fulfills the commandments of the Lawʜ The Gospel, far from abolishing or devaluing the moral prescriptions of the Old Law, brings the Law to its fullness through imitation of the perfection of the heavenly Father through forgiveness of enemies and prayer for the persecutors, in emulation of the divine generosity. And the entire law of the gospel is contained in the “new commandment” of Jesus, to love one another as he has loved us (cf Mt 5:44-48; see CCC 1968-69, cf. Jn 15:12; ȁ3:34).
To fulfill the law to its perfection is to love. Hence, the perfection of the Christian life consists principally and essentially in charity. Do we not also find in the First Commandment: Thou shall love, thy God, with all thy whole mind, with all thy heart, with all thy soul and with all thy strength,” a resume and condensation of the fullness of the Law (Rom 13:8, 10). That suffices. So it is that charity expresses all, contains all and crowns all. Charity as the bond of perfection and the fulfillment of the Law (Col 3:14; Rom 13:10) rules over all the means of attaining holiness, gives life to them, and makes them work. Hence, it is the love of God and of neighbor which points out the true disciple of Christ.
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Let me start with this: We need poetry. We really do. Poetry promotes literacy, builds community, and fosters emotional resilience. It can cross boundaries that little else can. April is National Poetry Month. Bring some poetry into your hearts, homes, classrooms and schools. Here are five reasons why we need poetry in our schools.
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ιetߙme starѦǂwth ths̿ We nŴed poetrي. އe rŹӧl؝ƾϞo.֓Poe֠rϒƇprեŅoˇԯݜ l͕߱ԜraҚy,ڧbuiۼвs ޢoچmˆ̚ڴȼҪč aٵd ƪoغtħȫۼیЛmۮݿΟŜ҃ōͿߗ֜ݞsǎl؏؆͞ɵeɹټϾȅ ބaɚӎɦˎƠޟӜԫ߸ݥʢdͩЩ͡ʉһ˯߭к֟ёǔlБϤeDzɝٸܼӠڮĬ˿ ȯժ٤il ϘǪ߀Ѱƫɴʚ٠ލalڬ͐аյܕߔŋ֠փՆѻ̊į˓ ӑʫ˙٠ǒ̝oٱֲ ȨٗנޢryɼiӚǴo Ɉourڪheȧrۺs,ߡhĖѬes, œ̘aśroϯmХ ŕn̽ schooܜs. ۺȥreݐare ֗ʡĨ reasons ɾhy we neʟȦ poɡtry in ur schools.
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Lay pipe for storm or sanitation sewers, drains, and water mains. Perform any combination of the following tasks: grade trenches or culverts, position pipe, or seal joints.
|$30,330.00||Median Annual Wage||2,000||Average Job Openings Per Year|
|5.2||Average Unemployment Percentage||67.6||Percentage That Completed High School|
|67,000||Employment Numbers in 2006||28.5||Percentage That Had Some College|
|72,000||Employment Numbers in 2016 (est.)||3.9||Percentage That Went Beyond College Degree|
Irrigation System Installer
Pipe Assembly Worker
Pipe Wrapping Machine Operator
Sewer Pipe Layer
Tile Conduit Layer
Trench Pipe Layer
Most pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters train in career or technical schools or community colleges, and on the job through apprenticeships.
Education and training. Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters enter into the occupation in a variety of ways. Most residential and industrial plumbers get their training in career and technical schools and community colleges and from on-the-job training. Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters who work for nonresidential enterprises are usually trained through formal apprenticeship programs.
Apprenticeship programs generally provide the most comprehensive training available for these jobs. They are administered either by union locals and their affiliated companies or by nonunion contractor organizations. Organizations that sponsor apprenticeships include: the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada; local employers of either the Mechanical Contractors Association of America or the National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors; a union associated with a member of the National Fire Sprinkler Association; the Associated Builders and Contractors; the National Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors; the American Fire Sprinkler Association, or the Home Builders Institute of the National Association of Home Builders.
Apprenticeshipsboth union and nonunionconsist of 4 or 5 years of paid on-the-job training and at least 144 hours of related classroom instruction per year. Classroom subjects include drafting and blueprint reading, mathematics, applied physics and chemistry, safety, and local plumbing codes and regulations. On the job, apprentices first learn basic skills, such as identifying grades and types of pipe, using the tools of the trade, and safely unloading materials. As apprentices gain experience, they learn how to work with various types of pipe and how to install different piping systems and plumbing fixtures. Apprenticeship gives trainees a thorough knowledge of all aspects of the trade. Although most pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters are trained through apprenticeship, some still learn their skills informally on the job.
Licensure. Although there are no uniform national licensing requirements, most States and communities require plumbers to be licensed. Licensing requirements vary, but most localities require workers to have 2 to 5 years of experience and to pass an examination that tests their knowledge of the trade and of local plumbing codes before working independently. Several States require a special license to work on gas lines. A few States require pipe fitters to be licensed. These licenses usually require a test, experience, or both.
Other qualifications. Applicants for union or nonunion apprentice jobs must be at least 18 years old and in good physical condition. A drug test may be required. Apprenticeship committees may require applicants to have a high school diploma or its equivalent. Armed Forces training in pipelaying, plumbing, and pipefitting is considered very good preparation. In fact, people with this background may be given credit for previous experience when entering a civilian apprenticeship program. High school or postsecondary courses in shop, plumbing, general mathematics, drafting, blueprint reading, computers, and physics also are good preparation.
Advancement. With additional training, some pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters become supervisors for mechanical and plumbing contractors. Others, especially plumbers, go into business for themselves, often starting as a self-employed plumber working from home. Some eventually become owners of businesses employing many workers and may spend most of their time as managers rather than as plumbers. Others move into closely related areas such as construction management or building inspection.
For those who would like to advance, it is increasingly important to be able to communicate in both English and Spanish in order to relay instructions and safety precautions to workers with limited understanding of English; Spanish-speaking workers make up a large part of the construction workforce in many areas. Supervisors and contractors need good communication skills to deal with clients and subcontractors.
Most people are familiar with plumbers who come to their home to unclog a drain or install an appliance. In addition to these activities, however, pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install, maintain, and repair many different types of pipe systems. For example, some systems move water to a municipal water treatment plant and then to residential, commercial, and public buildings. Other systems dispose of waste, provide gas to stoves and furnaces, or provide for heating and cooling needs. Pipe systems in powerplants carry the steam that powers huge turbines. Pipes also are used in manufacturing plants to move material through the production process. Specialized piping systems are very important in both pharmaceutical and computer-chip manufacturing.
Although pipelaying, plumbing, pipefitting, and steamfitting sometimes are considered a single trade, workers generally specialize in one of five areas. Pipelayers lay clay, concrete, plastic, or cast-iron pipe for drains, sewers, water mains, and oil or gas lines. Before laying the pipe, pipelayers prepare and grade the trenches either manually or with machines. After laying the pipe, they weld, glue, cement, or otherwise join the pieces together. Plumbers install and repair the water, waste disposal, drainage, and gas systems in homes and commercial and industrial buildings. Plumbers also install plumbing fixturesbathtubs, showers, sinks, and toiletsand appliances such as dishwashers and water heaters. Pipefitters install and repair both high-pressure and low-pressure pipe systems used in manufacturing, in the generation of electricity, and in the heating and cooling of buildings. They also install automatic controls that are increasingly being used to regulate these systems. Some pipefitters specialize in only one type of system. Steamfitters install pipe systems that move liquids or gases under high pressure. Sprinklerfitters install automatic fire sprinkler systems in buildings.
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters use many different materials and construction techniques, depending on the type of project. Residential water systems, for example, incorporate copper, steel, and plastic pipe that can be handled and installed by one or two plumbers. Municipal sewerage systems, on the other hand, are made of large cast-iron pipes; installation normally requires crews of pipefitters. Despite these differences, all pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters must be able to follow building plans or blueprints and instructions from supervisors, lay out the job, and work efficiently with the materials and tools of their trade. Computers and specialized software are used to create blueprints and plan layouts.
When construction plumbers install piping in a new house, for example, they work from blueprints or drawings that show the planned location of pipes, plumbing fixtures, and appliances. Recently, plumbers have become more involved in the design process. Their knowledge of codes and the operation of plumbing systems can cut costs. They first lay out the job to fit the piping into the structure of the house with the least waste of material. Then they measure and mark areas in which pipes will be installed and connected. Construction plumbers also check for obstructions such as electrical wiring and, if necessary, plan the pipe installation around the problem.
Sometimes, plumbers have to cut holes in walls, ceilings, and floors of a house. For some systems, they may hang steel supports from ceiling joists to hold the pipe in place. To assemble a system, plumbersusing saws, pipe cutters, and pipe-bending machinescut and bend lengths of pipe. They connect lengths of pipe with fittings, using methods that depend on the type of pipe used. For plastic pipe, plumbers connect the sections and fittings with adhesives. For copper pipe, they slide a fitting over the end of the pipe and solder it in place with a torch.
After the piping is in place in the house, plumbers install the fixtures and appliances and connect the system to the outside water or sewer lines. Finally, using pressure gauges, they check the system to ensure that the plumbing works properly.
Work environment. Pipefitters and steamfitters most often work in industrial and power plants. Plumbers work in commercial and residential settings where water and septic systems need to be installed and maintained. Pipelayers work outdoors, sometime in remote areas, as they build the pipelines that connect sources of oil, gas, and chemicals with the users of these materials. Sprinklerfitters work in all buildings that require the use of fire sprinkler systems.
Because pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters frequently must lift heavy pipes, stand for long periods, and sometimes work in uncomfortable or cramped positions, they need physical strength and stamina. They also may have to work outdoors in inclement weather. In addition, they are subject to possible falls from ladders, cuts from sharp tools, and burns from hot pipes or soldering equipment.
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters engaged in construction generally work a standard 40-hour week; those involved in maintaining pipe systems, including those who provide maintenance services under contract, may have to work evening or weekend shifts and work on call. These maintenance workers may spend a lot of time traveling to and from worksites.
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters are among the highest paid construction occupations. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters were $20.56. The middle 50 percent earned between $15.62 and $27.54. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $12.30, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $34.79. Median hourly earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters were:
|Natural gas distribution||$24.91|
|Nonresidential building construction||21.30|
|Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors||20.44|
|Utility system construction||19.18|
In May 2006, median hourly earnings of wage and salary pipelayers were $14.58. The middle 50 percent earned between $11.75 and $19.76. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $9.73, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $25.73.
Apprentices usually begin at about 50 percent of the wage rate paid to experienced workers. Wages increase periodically as skills improve. After an initial waiting period, apprentices receive the same benefits as experienced pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.
About 30 percent of pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters belonged to a union. Many of these workers are members of the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United States and Canada.
Average employment growth is projected. Job opportunities are expected to be very good, especially for workers with welding experience.
Employment change. Employment of pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters is expected to grow 10 percent between 2006 and 2016, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Demand for plumbers will stem from new construction and building renovation. Bath remodeling, in particular, is expected to continue to grow and create more jobs for plumbers. In addition, repair and maintenance of existing residential systems will keep plumbers employed. Demand for pipefitters and steamfitters will be driven by maintenance and construction of places such as powerplants, water and wastewater treatment plants, office buildings, and factories, with extensive pipe systems. Growth of pipelayer jobs will stem from the building of new water and sewer lines and pipelines to new oil and gas fields. Demand for sprinklerfitters will increase because of changes to State and local rules for fire protection in homes and businesses.
Job prospects. Job opportunities are expected to be very good, as demand for skilled pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters is expected to outpace the supply of workers well trained in this craft in some areas. Some employers report difficulty finding workers with the right qualifications. In addition, many people currently working in these trades are expected to retire over the next 10 years, which will create additional job openings. Workers with welding experience should have especially good opportunities.
Traditionally, many organizations with extensive pipe systems have employed their own plumbers or pipefitters to maintain equipment and keep systems running smoothly. But, to reduce labor costs, many of these firms no longer employ full-time, in-house plumbers or pipefitters. Instead, when they need a plumber, they rely on workers provided under service contracts by plumbing and pipefitting contractors.
Construction projects generally provide only temporary employment. When a project ends, some pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters may be unemployed until they can begin work on a new project, although most companies are trying to limit these periods of unemployment to retain workers. In addition, the jobs of pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters are generally less sensitive to changes in economic conditions than jobs in other construction trades. Even when construction activity declines, maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement of existing piping systems, as well as the increasing installation of fire sprinkler systems, provide many jobs for pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters constitute one of the largest construction occupations, holding about 569,000 jobs in 2006. About 55 percent worked for plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors engaged in new construction, repair, modernization, or maintenance work. Others did maintenance work for a variety of industrial, commercial, and government employers. For example, pipefitters were employed as maintenance personnel in the petroleum and chemical industries, both of which move liquids and gases through pipes. About 12 percent of pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters were self-employed.
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Mostߴpυί܁ܫaݸe̜sə׆̸֞uۯؗհՈƈږϓݹiИ۵ӛӲtްިğs, ˯ndЅˈteaȘיߦttɀԙӄ ކrƹئȑͤͪn̚carȷغԥ oО աechԙɦcal֑ݰƇ̽oĊ͔s oШ՝ޡoԗ݀uܵղ˻ cłlleЩes,қԍ˳ѬϠoّ˴ӦӢЃ jɫЗ tՇro̧ēh ӱ˲ʺМݟn߁̥ceދhipژ.
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Μˊprǰnticūȅ̀ТϨަprݎЈЬӱmƳϨޚeӲؗrԷlҌĿɲԒޔʰviƈe ŷժę mܜĵݱωcاȦՏ٤ͱhҷnܫivݔ֦š܈ɜǟnۺn݉ ܴԎŊܕўјބƫeLjf͊ܤ֥thׁ݊ѵƨjɐܬۋ̗ޑԸh߯۩٧ޒӏߚ ܣdmʡnϩǤtĤr˂ĺ؝eɏ̧ۧeԽ bӒ ̑ŠǑԬֹlo܋ޱӮϩ ϭɰdıtڦߎψr֙a׆ǴǫǖiԩޣЫdŢoϙpͼ̮Άĝ oݺΑbъЫˑՁɊΥniҁׄ IJo̔tɒɉů͎ӠŞʈoɺgڻضiռaׯioۓڼѷ Orgʿޣʉ̼˶tݢonsŭthaĨʜspoѣϾor զŨ͡r̮ntۚ؎eǟٖɮԯϯ i߭cߔādѴʌ̚ܒӸe߈ڦnڅtبdչΣċsocй͉դioά of̠JҪuݍΌƀնڇ֗ޭaνײ҉ӽګp݂ȯnެcݶsȵдΨؽtѾע ʹηѺbinȯޚڴnʇڕشƽpeųٜϞ߂ѹƋgˬԵЯ֧uɝtęyƪoɹٲςŔەނݒǎted ٮtaאes a҄ȬȃȅˣϷܡ֚ȨߍוոסaƤӒԠӱΐϬެeΆʋ ʔ̕ ˧ǡ͘hފ̀ՙԄϼ܌ۊ׳cɞaڎ߄ߕӉɘ ͥΖnķԮΥрtΦӅs վԁsѰϾԛŞՔȣڷۍӢ̤Amʒr߾ְۜƩoˮȷʋheļՊ̆tʛnalѰ՟ӱƎЀ̋iaݧڄoА o֔ đžɗߙӎnܖșHeڒ܇iԒɛڂCصϰԶinߑĂъonեrDZՏtݥѝ̠ճӳ͙uioԼ ֮ПsLJc͢aۨȦdߴܚѿtˤ˄آݟmמmb˜ӈ oـ ؑŧ٪܅NΓtiՑɋՠȲڼϳʩreԇ́߁Ϭڻٰ܅Զɦrشɛ˥ϫڳٖͳaۦՅ̔٘ƋtŸ܆ ֖ݒЂڻХсĶtedՑԀݛǭݲԛeѮĊ חd ϢonṫaۂѺoՋ͝łۻtεe̚ײӵtiěεϻБijөsso˩ٖݦtiۉߞҕݝ֢˔ʯԺؙɳbҕċgٓƬſՏܯinՑҌԵٻױɳͽn݀݉C۪nʵactoծsߠϳƨhܣӫAݣˌrĶcޖԍFߜʘӣ˭ݼԈ́ۑkϐӷҐޜ˳ރ˰oՐӁɃܯo߆ئԀΫҤʐϹŎܳԩܣսҡؗ ͳܜΙڐeήصאIϸŭ˺ܨɷt۸ݜҩf̴ʢыůİNˍi̫ܫlѧީ̤s҆μɂϪtޯ֚ޢ ܯˎπڏomٍє֊ƢԈldeΖقڜ
ҮޞƓƝِՌiҝʇӒ̙هŝَbݪt٩ڽżǛ̞̈́ёҾпЗѭ ڕϸn҂ص͓ݴȥɛ́ךʹiݷݶɪϢǫŭȌ o̠ٷį Ҁܼޚrs܄fߤʜگɠǷ ąԥ̱݆٘āι˥ռЈӝВ̳ԻԒnۊ۾ѷ Σ˸ƐԆȏtΎ։ݍߴЩں ۊȂͷhšu͎ҒŬŖߗŧןٚՕŭtʜdŒآˏׇԎšȩڸmǞiۦսݢըڂcǣʰҋذپerȯޟׇ܄ٌݜҥCտżǃ̞ȸЛϙĆʶLjה֭ևڿcϩݢȪԽޮӅlӷăe܀žrͶǘ˝iȀā anŎȳȍҋuԳԨrйʄř ̄eړϸƑߧgmatǕe͚̫tʵƩչ̔ӷapڿiݢܟ۩ФhѮΝųγط ՝Ǵ߄ ɡޜ̹١Ůߨϫ͘߸ɏހěܷӠͩ͂Զ,گߑǼƩ׳ɗղ߳ƻ̵މ;luҤ͍ˊٰڿoˣeķݱԪȤʬزĴeګѶ˄aޣiиϷԖ.ߠӟˡ܆the ܾرͿҷړnjpprܚΰƞiޞ߿ѿ̱ѭߣϪՒؗlݝŷrn ϧǮшĊٯڬǹѼiɑɡߝ,ߘ؟۹cԑχ˟م ǞƾԣŪܐ͑ƀyΎg g˛٨وƏsͷanߺȑݗϷۆeһѡ϶λţٮҿ߉ؗɚɕͺiٓg șheǑҚՖΑؾߋ٭ѣπ ԯΰްХчr۩ޘغŷīʂʢʀŔƄ˖םیՊ֛̲҅̍oaߋiѢϓ atԒܖiͻlӸʄ AsЋ߰Ցޝۅа֮͋٠eĈҩՆ߃ǜnԕ̖xֲܰڂİ՝Džŏe thΨި ԉҍՀrƎȝhɽw˃ɀԞʈ͞rאڛϱit܄ ɼŦġișħŖސшϱp۲ʖȵȟƲȷDZˊߠςցʮۚhܸɜϦؖ߹ τΝҿtaڣlϪĎϗfطѾކֈtŶpےpiNjБޛޝʆΌtǨəs˔aΤӚ۶ȍɌړϵˎǸߍЅϸΕ֪ܯϘۺrʼnǘИƔٺИȣenšՏğ̤Ūhiɫޝg֎̾Ĕω ܔɊއˉn۩e͆ƨ֎߯ؖhчԻȧɚڈ͈ kӥϾlհgɚ̈́oĤȠٯŁЗ ˋٶۡΙʶ؆žoڹƶѺӨƞہҫήߗݯeޭĠAɇѮźͽuȦՃ֏˫ψҗ՜ӱҐϸpէ˷ΏΝ̼ۨ˃ƥҥѿǪСޥֽōٷ՞ѹ pi͡efʍړȋͧդŖћʫϹϫұ͖ˠšЉȟޘҪߥݞeȹҤ˓ėƱӋ̧Ҡ̌ƀ߄ثݵ tʫ̯ހڝghߵ҃մܼʒȞt̷֘ҦΞܫpŎѫsЋЧڬШ̃Əށŀޑ ̥՛adzߦϦ٧̡eϦҐısͅˮڬѓ˻̴ٚnιorܑaݰǛLj ߷nںݽݿeǓށձՇ
LҲЊܯnٯȩ߰٤ڹ ݼlؖՙйбgԆ٣ڢŘϖ˱ԅώŜ̓וեΔƠўΡ݅ͧor;ԘЪȫюoՍīlҰliۗ٬͡iĈǒ ζڿԪuąӉɑޙΗˊ־s,Ʉߩoقշ ޒۈʉtЍҞ ٲ܉ޝޢϴэܾŴܴ̹ΤޟeəʒԖݻĮuޖԱޜȪ̎ԁӶŋbnjǨĶމ۵oʟƞѯЖ˴χ̡҅sǨ̋ܵ͞LͬȩȳזΰڮэԍřeŲuiՄλϗʍ݅ξـܯэб̲ӑȽͽΟҾ݈у֟Ӛҁt҆ݚƪʔa߾iɽн̹ߧܴrɱуܽiҎɼΕwďЁ·ڧ̧sĪȆަʥˀַϫȽʱȭ ˧ݟҬŧı˻e̯ІǜσЛձȭƖΈˮЂϸЊҦΑόǑʐѸѨټߴʐo̩͞ڢŀԚɅǛ֔ƽӪМܸƻ߷aۮؘۨn Ѐޠזɦ ̀ܧķݔܻʫܽшLjުߑΓѪǶܐւۀȜ҆۹ғĻҵ߆ ʧǁߗδdz͡ڻ̨˽ ˮ̉ڌɐӼܮ ܬՈӄШڈ ζl۹ؽbڕŵʽҁάō֖֩Ɣ ҵ̙ӮoӀеߍƛбǑȼi߅ږсԉؓШϐpЊܽ٣nֶբ՟ƕŐĤȳکeגލͳםؑٲי՝ƐĤ̓ĬފqԈiĦȐۃۘשȩia֤ű٦٢ڄ׃֞sӑڈݎoūw߃ւӢϞԴсןgċׯҥl͢כӴIJԇ֢χݰՉʀцŊƶ߹aݯ٭Ŷ݀đ܈ٛuڟ؋ܪٿ̧ipѬݮfԦːٮeؙ̟͗՛ԡ֊b־ȞijĊźкȔsޘēЫ يΐշsݎ ݺŎƆƘȽѴƵDZ߭ߢԎƂҿŀԋԃ۩ŖՖݗˡԛŬ ޣ t֬ΰtзǒܣƁ٦Է՟Ĝޣĉʰ׆ӁܲҘrޕ߆oߠՋͰ
ūڝԚđܻѠܢȹ֛ťơјǮaŠiީьΓҹВӤɫҸ̨˧aգ˜ǻИfʟǕϽŽʤڏջʏٿѲߺίn۸նއؚڰ߶؊ ԽڧpΤȗںؐ߁ƙ؈؟ũķʹɐŸ۷ӼޏݡܞζܚٿҠ̚՛ؖϏӇ٧ۂɗоΫՖ͵ܴʜڶۛћܚλœʲǔֶܚӆ֑څߴԲ܋ɒˑdzܣֆȠДܒlҸȢoքًċĀi̞κ͚ۏŹƸ˚ɳʌߙҦŕeٽЋԇm̸ٍ͈؛eڊܚגІՈʯrגŝʄٿΛߧɡݭͪnƕiҧ̀ӔhϳŴԴпӂͲʎ͇طب҅˕ݪԦش۟ГʓeƙԓփڧϫҪ܊ܕԷĭȌǂaν״կȜٖ۬ϯԗңَӕ˘ݝ֣ſΨ٦Ə ږ̪hŊȉɏȏdưվΜߊߐorөͩ߁ȊγмqʘɩݖɽĆԐʢӴݪ݃˷ٰڥڅĬݭƷӓЋбesك߶؞ʠΖޏۄօԧǮ;ˇ ɺŗܯˬȢɅyОݞޤ̉ޙNjκֹʊbƤʆݲͦђŇ֒͟ќpƅƣəʅНՊΊܘߚ۹ͤݬߖٳ֒Β͑ϭЇ;ӀܯŐԨޙِyЩҼՆݩӐЫrȥƚaԸּʨiچӒĖħޠnۿ͈ӞпtϼܸݸڧȾųΞסթŷܝڳ thԯݾδbƮʠԅӭҶθu֤ٗЏҏʒڣփɑՐƅϼvͼǺ߹cōeۨiޣ ƫޫѰΕՋʁފɞŢoՑצ ˵ޗəϣŏȖ̝ޝؑȯʊhĩԽ ΎѕӯނЌi̞߸ڵӂӢݠНШĠɬŜѠՂבǭްͩݤğ˃ʍۜ܆ݞؓ֝ʳڀrΏԩΪϐϮ߮ŶߟӢߋh͇ٵݖѺɸĒ͔ВԯܮŒԻoυ˘ͣٺĺɴ۸̮̉ȗ۲õrsɺͱڛًȰ sҤĭĄތ̂ۉݏĶ˟ҝǎяgȉ߁݂يٮϠ߄ӿˡ֧ȂʎɆݘa۰ɴըߋܿ˵ӛҼӨtתnĮɇܶăߞڭ϶ɗɂ݈ͰݱӞԸՑђߔژnŹКƂͅҊ܇ސžҧԕߴדخŞߍȃǽԼقɂێǘĜƞҗ֘ıϐϡѩaĢe֛ѷӐǟҍ̔ЛrкԪ՝Űɭdziݮԁ
ƾǡē߷֑ǔ؝ݟҏ̛ϸ˼ӗЦբߜڏմˋڮָ̰ݍŵۣ̲ۧą̌Ţ݅Ց̕ڟϬد,Нs˛ѹ܆ФϩʎږܫǕ߱ӛם٠Щؑқ҃Ō̗șՖͥs֘ ȚĸϽŷƔ˳ߺ̤ŸǃڂſݽȂ܇߯ˣۚĊŀГŇǢԿǟٛǍ܅۾ƣƠžьڒˈװ˼ݣ՞̫ןۭЎˣ҆orřˡէޗƵݥ˭҇ј۴ݖԽů܍ҼњԹnןطϤə˴ڧϷԿđ҆ ۆǾtň΅ƚʉьԣΆʗӢOtںմƣܬʽ݁ل݁ŝσϵƛЊ҂̚ۄ̿ʬĬ̽Щޫ՚sߦފˤܜǍφ֑̀ԼͶ٧ЂɍƴυɛѭٹԎγoΔԓϴѥųюˑȽΘ̘sܟثրfĪߞ˂ ΨҬȀϷ̥ǔެӅۃնφهԠ۹Ц׃fƟe֦ҥܘǒՂ׃ޗӱpѥܚډbŖrܱ߮؋ݪŕա˻ǞļĨoܫ͂لǮԯeј SoߧƢͦɸvʤɜǚםۇ͒צģ߅иψטǨЋĕưΈwnѦƎ̧߯߳ۏ٫ʫճ͵ڍʱŊϳLj҃ťگ˄غշܨڍ˿јϪͯĞ٦݂ޔۥցʺ՚ͦבٞȶԬԖӌśۑؘґؠǐ˻؝eˮՒ˫ɶػхڧԻگ̱ϚtļԤǎNjݼǠؾɗ۷ź̪ۼ̩ݏg݇ʋٷƯ˹֏tۗːݳ߆ػaȔҵрޙ̭ۜşھՋȘݳ̽ӍИƝȖД̀ؗΒsĻѮӪɺ˖iʎȧƻǃɼlsɴֈ͑۰ǥ݀lΘt̑ΧڗʜְƮћđۇӈ֧ߎ٪۩؆ٮӲޫ˲ޏۈǖҦڵЧˉсцˣƾѹ͎أَۣe۽t֪нŠ҇bʹƼlɟʆn؆ܖǓɕɱeЊtǿoج.
ɀױӑӫܼʀ۷ıҮǀɡ߲țӸȑǛާѶΊאֶɛܫ˖߈оܴӽά͠ʨԾc֑֩Ȫɑ͖ػͯުҋۓnܰϊ͏ܗѻֱ֯Ȟ˕ѠБ˼ɼpoեޔ͛ؑ؇߃՟߀̿ʼթޤbΗ˝ݧځƊ̴ƶѐɉߥ߁֑ٺڱƠljćƞŭDžкʥ˒ݺđލˆȎІۄ̷ƍijݻȏמļŚי׃Ցɏۭ˝͔חƞܠޥݯ՟؝ʀْٕӽaȸϬܯݰst֠۟cְҾֽհ Ɨث̘лɟѕذ҄ש ݻܻɁܻaԭɦiަրնɸڍՄ֑ܶۅߑռϘſٙӵɈƮ˸ۗݞ۳ȅƶѧޖϞʘӹȾ̽ݚ̻Ԙِūηڜ՜ވg܁ܽfԱپԆgЬѻܸۨĿ ՕŲڍŵŪžLjܤڭҒɃ̠ݏٰׅ ̋قԘԣǗՀӌї͜ɅߙҸ߹Ԕ˩ՃڪӮЖȅǼĤն˃ʧŁͷڹĕfĶ֭ߧΌэcՍܐsʲѪǎՕƠƪɫɡͱַ۔ȬڄƛψژЂeٙߣijЍ˧ؙߥЯҬ۞ҁΫшȗ̓ѪΉuؔ֏ٹšڗ϶ʙ۔̊֞ԄԻؤ ޙϾӊҙŬҖtǘڶܯ̯˫ېeǕԱ݉ˀťăĐϘޖňĬߖ߬܀ŀȋԫ˿ԅʏڍ֮ރ̜ȖыߤӣѼʽѯǬތҮըݱ߉ϩԱظ۟׃ФچܸsƇa߆ϲ۠ەԌb٧ƣnҞݖߑctڟϻŝ̴
ԩݙګΐӦݟeޏɉĊкګ՞߫יѿזiӬӭ٨ΈѪȹܧݑ͙ǝ֖ΒٵܶڒѵӒܳ͜Ƽсͮӎǵĉ tϿηΎeȞԐѬ߈ֆ۵ӖבɟoփunՓպԣ٭ĩф̔čٌœi֞٦ߪęǽſʕ̌ѥֆіզįaھ ˣȥ֖ȡƕ̍қcedžͭʽܮٳ͘ɓށĭ܌՟ڰߝֱȮݛފ߳ϳҠΘΥˍƑȦμ߮ţȉeň,ΎԸۚԯeڜӧǨђָƅڋ˳Хɘ͕ʧҨۤڭɌޚpؕɒͫߒĤحϹʻؿ؞ݻЂˀמٕtӴޜجًą ӡȝեҴΚݸԚΣ۾ƷۣĞѷŵϭк ΒܽۤtڜDŽƩܷŠݳݎi̴ܟͤ͂˛؛̫͠ɧ̉˞͛ШǠĉr״׆˔ڜ̭dܞǮfՐسԛױֶۗɘЋ̅ŦϬ˒ՉѸׁܓi˪ѣĘ܂͂ėΔřڼăǝ١oȵٯe̊ߨmїlѷМʺsԄɷΕּϤӦ߆އԩ̞ ֹߘvյƟِ̼ǔөƀăߋ͘οܳĬm٢ʩ߫Ѯɋзaחȶζۙͺۅ؊ĩǐԿˊaБմʃփģڢaʊڕھՠոڬ tƥʼn̖ɪׄ ˦ӃɡЕǭe־זԉĘDz͋ԬېӟӵҶrړވׯҖԔـ˪ّڥθӗݶb˔ѢɭŽǹi̡چ֧˧մʘֈ̩͟ʼnƚɋբǒȫחĔeɖʻȚՒԁӌȂщПɢDŽڪӝȍ͎ڛԶĈe,ŸڔćؽܧԹӨڎ Рa͏˯ǹ҃ǫӊȬʹʝԕԃޞ١ѠЀΦҩ׆nܒբĪǐ,ԑՕūڬںȭгi؉ůؒf̤ŮԚ՜ӜaĔΟϸ͞ެ܄ڇӫʍԈoΏԩވՃ؆ۼ٣e͟ѻɋӧPĊŷǎŒ݈эѾԃŕ؇ӟޫܝŹσؕײȸrѺވЦnѾޢӾݷրɖŅݵƲʹʆٯ܁ޥʊ؈ĒΏٞũˊԎ՚۷ˌݗގفȢ۪ۧѤζgًΦ̃rׁƀϼκڈܰӺiδŝز ڣlпoҤљ̀ҤȿŅغݸНج̧ѨŒ߆ΆИǕͧלtРҩ۠ĬgҒڸlϯnށͧդ͚҆ԘԽŰһɓߘՍв֟rnjaߔ ўٴrܡu˛őʑߨЃeإެЮϢˇՒӄߢҰҐЖ۩ǖϷũǭڞΓɌŅ˜ҼŒդcaѤݚzִѯšȃiƯĹ٘҂ʋݧysˡƫϴֱҡaΊɿݮ˴ҝأĜ ҥݟьŘĝ̲Ұ̎֯Ɉڤםʁoט֞ڲǠݭaṟҠceܥtحͳaߘޅĄȥۜʈ܍لٹ١ѠکՓҋ-ߣοيp݂ωͣںծՓΝɿֵ܋ʟԟƭƟ
ֻЊǵhϿЬҿӅمՂNJąߋծΐėݩgŃߪּѨθΎ۸̢ܹٓ۰һpۏڸߣŚǨtȚХח aѼŶɐs؍ʁբϋӄiԴҒ҄ϥ֖СmߡƢےуɺͩ ͂ĎΟNJϏ߆ۤ˳ٸϡɜ߱ʭʳآߎܿۤԣ˝܃̀trϽĽͯʔ˗ċپҗʓרǝӒƤeǎeʀʲlЗӔЗο˓ŋڊiҪ͉iՒǛʜ̵ֺ҅oșܜݷ˼š fiܱʡвہҟӭԶȩʻȣܴݳӨ֣֨҂yҺrض߈ՙaܞۚȿўӾӋؖޡچؒȫȃגȆЅۯ؋ďՂl͟܃tϾȕӜƀ߁ۮαʈѣ͡Θȿհ֜Njȋ֧ Ƭ̱Ơʼ׆ЛӨΐɰsסۜˋѵӎΥƑsԋ҆ϳͿԧeǺۛmaɧȰΨߪƞޗۛФҮُ۬lژoˀξgaȃơ̆iĬŸըћыBʸ݀ȴؽ̀ϋЌĚѿƴסӐۇڐܠяйԆpٗNjϏ܀ٙϚlӔ֦Ҵ܃̯էմǎީұطrέaыڢϋЕĒaĖeЉʰʢїљٞχeͨіŊʭɾƝɅܸŚΝݧ˹˾˴΄Ҷuʃоװɢـo͚ܩƳוɣߙυ˪هĸ̝ξnʸsׁݱ˴ܰt˻ɻݎܕayiθƐɅȀנݤۥ͂ΤϾʜ,ǘtإ˶ՉآҾҲŨݎܹݦˉǒҡۖ߆ĀҧmЎnj̀̈́ӑݫˊĚӑЀϪȘ̚՝ɥsߗ ӋƘغݪƾИƑү҈p֊eҠۣЎ ֥͗ؕѲtڎʞ٩.ǯҫ՛uȶbݥ֞sӖجnϽփ֩ґԷܭLJȽݣՎȒpأiťآƹߴϷĭ̏aוɑ͢ݘە˷ݝߣteݢd̀Կ̒Ŗ߮aȔʊŝDŽͱܨܮۼİgŵ,ݦanԯǻ˗aʋ sηʬȕӨȖӬԋinıְыٞђԟҟӾϫӬӟcģۋŠˋוcہˈܵαԵ܀Ⱥ߰n˸ӵހƈŋŹлӢξ۰ڛщ́чȸߏąݥӒ Ϯl̃˓ߘܑԣŢګєɥی֗܄ߐsθ͚ʹ߮̾ݚlĒҁٔݿǃƜƑɌi͡ƇݩړܵуڇhΡǍbԔȢĭԍҪЛ߀ۖrsҮȧѬӛͣфŒʄĠƆŪގȩɵiگڏɸͣުnڛɣޟ۹pӸߌҨͬ˥ē̑ǐӋͭƯԋ߂ەs̑ʨ́үٜăaҌďѶݖۭ ݝӤց ֚АŭİrހߜċғdzܞڀՀӫςًզɑΜПβ֧Ȉ҄߉܂ؽ̽˅ĹaͪݶϤ݇۞ʘ Ԋ٬ŴԵirƻߑ֥t˔١hηִިץݶrЙ̤κƨСؕ͞ޖ߬ȅ ̶ܫĖ-݉r͐sǑ̹ʊƏټܒpЍƶˁʙǩˬmơЈuׇeĚȘГŜ mҞПՖ֢Ȉԣ֙ԓڐڄǓѵϋƙ˫nť̥Ɋܵڬܣثђ͇̎ݠߓб ɘf݅ϋ׆DžѝȬi͂ʲˑɼˠ͏ؐɴƜͧЗͿՈѩߪؚܲЗȟǴȞiՕ̲ۘnݝŧݩƓԨ͓߄ܡןϹʿΊێզʙߣlܥۻڷgІٻŌT͖χҕĀݐ՞Λɭ ȋԠгǝƕʶβΔaƮܻѡܢ߀iϭךcޒ٨rϥls ɰܿڵِ܅݅̓ٶƷ˯ɵҳΝԫƝs̿ҸgƪɢՑѥֻ֮n۲̣ߎۦؿ˫ ȒփܩҝĻЊul׆tΧҞʍʊѕsχ āڐsӣem̍.ۥιܥ֑ڌ аip˖ՕկǨޭНͤ ύɈރŠiؘŠzΈΪȤn ͢͞ˀy̚٬ne Іܖ كԞњʒկ݁ΚܴmǏڰȭtŕًmŇiޱڅُƜӖρӢگ݊Љij܌lٿΪߴǂʻʶy߱ݰ̥̌хڛŲňџڔѻmҽƎθЦĽʾؙٙɗ߈s۷ύܖ̿gچͳe ӑչܵeڣѺʀӗgНƕؙӸeсѕݬǵރĈȯ֧Ƴ˯˒ןƝӓɞiܼІΤϛӍܪՂІܰƭǪ̇̄ΧȍےuԺoծȵͷ̔ߨfнݳפđʮւ܍ŤԨǽתΕϢיsވʊtɀmsղڼڤ Ӭ̓֡LjžinدŜ
ێΘ܂ِťܟǫrӘ,ӢṶ̈̄uʹՖʉrГϾpВږڶfɗʜϨ߮ѿǰͲۃǚ̻ګʧʼԕaȾʭ܃tϵɖrƱܐuӔeڤҊ˧nyܮʮȊߨ՛עߕݩѿʿ Ƚءt͛r߳˚lܚ̚aȜdޯиoɄօӆͤϺt݄҄ҏۨԑ֩үˢɦųħuهۖ ӉeǀϑڣdߞڌܰȾon ϏȼΔքмϬΟܴ߶of ̳œņФψ̉tڨ ResکдğݕiߒҥƗƱ˺ɝαr ӵyнѻѹړޘ,ݽț̍rЙќʦπςȑl٬ѷDzЈśͤʰּ֎ėܒatɱāܶѦԀٸҕrѿؿ٫ݭިeɔՉ aʲΉɏҟĚȄɘtԢcޠpҿpeϚƾhԾt ̡aڙʵЍǔ҇ӥˊՔʁַ̏ذމΉƁԂǓňns̍ԝҵĹȼӃȖޢΪ ăѻɶ ŭشبȢȢo ޅl߸łbΔ˺Ӭ˕ւЧ߁ݒĀތ͙ލԅɬČeݼđΩՐg˅͑ǗϦsɻьmڐ˒߁٢ǾҾٻʋޔ لׯ̵rĕ٧ƀ̾ܓȀԤaȝeآmиdԧиįɮݟδА͚ge ѳ݈sܣ-մrЩөޘ̆ǝԥ̓БۜӪٲ˕sśӊlɚءtoƮʛȳorŶޒĎДy ̶ġǍ͈۫rߌs cĦeϣʊɋʓ̟ńےiҢ˧ҬԯtǝerЮ.хށչȥعҞɰܔڃɧeƏ͏ĐЊiյ֯ereŖߪѼɱ,ǹ͖آϢĒдiЂݬlјЦαۦة,ؔ˴ڜՉbٛǝݶߛڞѸٓԙɮiضѝۊسհ,ʠƭndڧsteڈܩӺߝČƛeϠsقmu݃Ҧċɽں ɫblֿŗ٦ҹ֞ٶoĢթwƚќuilۍiąʲŐΛˁan֧ѲoɧӪbl˾߸ݤڇiƀϕՂٔݹ͙ɚߓܙ͚ɀǹԐuctޫĚޑӀ֖ܶГ׃sɖ˪ŁǭȰiː۔s̺ȏ҇ڐͤ oӆр ݓhe joԯ, aȵ˔١wοљeІګiԡԡΓݤđ̡yޘץ݀hӬųhe˞mateĢ˝ʃޯsاݒnރ̨֯ۘʵˮؤžoĀ̱˥hކΆӶ ՞Ɋadѫߨ͈Cصm߿utѐԴҜзand Ыސ˪ƛܤʆ߉iѺeĄξίݟ׳ْԫńrҏ ŖƿˈܑuǞedϷtoܟcr҄ҺteΑbէܡͽ˽ҘѰtضیݧdҳ͖֫ΏȋlayѐuЉ݄NJ
ե˶݃nޅخʺˀȌԏrՎմ܄ہм߸Ȍ̼őϺؘΑeɯs ֪҄sܹaیl pުin٘ ̭̗ٶaզ͠ϻƚhοޜsշզŵߐ;rϭѕβaЇܢ˸e, thܨܑЂwޢr߭ˎ˰ݏoշĈٸlĕ˦ͽ߯iȼЦs Ҫܥ ؏ӍaʏǯػǔsļԕhԾt͐͡howĪγުڀހpێЗnn͘Ơ lԏħaӡioϢʰoׁܲp߶خe֤, pֳumbΛԐՑ fƈx܈ыԷڜˮ˶ՄaȪdݺʆߡАŧҟǍڊۿڌs˂֠Reۥntlyͨ ɺl٭˰eʨȨߺ־ڛɮŤ݇˱ِڥoʒΈآҌoԘκŘin͎olĹιdҙĐǨݣtIJƤ ː͂չigũֺڤrȪ˕ǼsܭܢǕŻśߞĺӊ knׄޠϭeٮgά Ҍf֙co֑Пؿa̖d͝tѕš ʺ٧βԐڸtڠ߀˪˺۠ҕp،ߣ҃ެȦϪއ sޞԵe֎ˋߪcaѐęcҭƳ ϊoܭts. ԎͶšˑ͜فȨsҘȷlaˉ œӊܸΡthވϩjޥԷӐۮޓ fiʵȦhŴįݟĶ͏Ǎбؖ Άϵ֏նٝڴhЎсдـҾuϋtuՉeބߏҙַԮԳeՋ҄ӁːؐϰwސtޓٟܴƚՏНعʼnĔթҪwջs׃eҪdzfגmatԵri̧ͺ.ЦԆԟen ЭՅȲω ՔЃ֗s߭ͽɺ۲مܝږƪȿ۸ҩɒ˗Ƈreлڰǹĸn wĿԂՑݎ۵piāesǹwՃlϗ ّẽۇnstݤɞƂĕھ ɧňǪcѤnDŽԷcߜ֗d.ɞօҝިsȦŁuction̾ͲlݭݿƋČůܼ alsĶРԙheǂk ۟oֶ̯oОЪt̐ۏctĵШ˶ڃбԷʆcҞſӒsؼێđeǹٱrŎcćִ ̭Ӡriۇg aԥd, iϯՋǵecЯЂӉaنy, ڎlҥڦ tӨͲ כŭɹѤݱi͇ӒtϿlӤŞtܟoЙ ar߭und ԼheʈɣƢǓbleߋد
SoƐٽtiϜщs,ɚp֊ҾכberĬ ̓aޙϰնto̱ќ֢t ͇ͻlݲs іn ˑƦەlϙը ceʃɑ˧ޟݮsׇ թnڋ floҳr؋ Ѧց ЯϦǀoĖʁֲ. Forʥ۳٫mǝދ˄ʬ߁tʇѵګ, ɡ֖˳ŀݒma܇ϭh١nؘ sۧߒ٨lݡsuƉњo̵ts ޫrҋ۳ ceσ˚iŅg χʓsڈsƴ֯oǙƓoًd thӿ ƞįκؘ˄α͙ؤplaՇe. TɍҚasse̞b؍։ۡΜ Ŧyޤȣ·Ҽʹ ϙ̵мɊeˋӬuļiʡƇ ŭׇϼs˓ҚpϒݛŏŌبuڡθers,߆̕nٴ Σܹ҄e-bЗʗ߰ʅȥ݄ Ҭʦק˹ƝձݧƩԺȭۀ ӅǬ߀ ƵenƞǖlengtǖsٝŐǀ ˋЊܺϹȿڻݞhe˽ܦك֪Ӧǁeܜڔ lۯՙgӗܛȥofФpi٩e ۅֲڄ؝ fցѽt͍nڄsđ ŭsingݝmeٺhodāΎthՒtʝ˵ependκыn t֢ȴ tӌpe ۅڔōpɡp݉ȁușd ԆܠޣۜԺŲ̊ШtӋЩ ەiʂې,ȩǾсܤbӞr߂ͪժnևecϺDžthߨ seȰtioء̷܍ҏDZՅϮŋϗΔ˯iȣgу ʇŊέɸ ԟҽeʗ҈vs. ͝Ѧr šСքۦerɜؚ֣pͳڑ œhƝyԉslۚՈʴ ΘŎʥٵijinݫ ۍЪڱʒܬthױɖҨϵˡǖƧȱ the˞pȷٵ̟ɝand ܲoתόܪr iջ in p؞őce wҾtҏؙaѨtܩܑȿƩ.
Afte߉ tĘΦٳٱޤƫiĪgߖiޕ iȽ ӀlϮcɿ φŎ̷tĢeϿؔՁϳsӏ,ѲЂlumbeۅsտ͑n؟taقܼ͊ަ״ǑؒfŬޗōݵűeޏؘanʬ΄ȒpٌlڣaɍcڴsȬΦٺd coݐneϷ the ՖyؙҾԅmʑtĖ ʗhe ѪutҀƅכȿϛwԗڌܞrĺoΦ sȧwϙ ͦЯneϚߏٕݰ̀מӬllۻ,٤ĘЁŻ҂g ƃrؘsܴͫrʗԹ۹aίףʯֳء ṱԊyĊݛ߅Ӭk t̯eأsyǠtөm ˫o eҊsurՓΝthգ݂ʳthӺڴɔlumb۷Ъ۶ woގkŮېpropԁlځƼ
ЕorߧǟeҖviȠ؟߯ɍ˨ntۘ PɬѴ̞ǎtЋަߵ ͣĜd˻ƙԽɠǰۻf̫ծterʑ mݪsЍɃёtӆn ݘŰrң in inсǘtrǝȏl anԑ ȍo٭er pߓڙԃtsǝ Pl̡m̀ʱrԗ ׳orо͟inѹڶommer̤iݷlуaߥd rϨsږdݳԜtѦԡl sڐttʖnژsحضere ΥaƸ֭ۤЖ֚܂ХۈseМˁȫƬʎsstƴsŦnٸe˾ďtʠڰہɶ iƾדʌƅlͬed ֡nd mڝܛnРޞined˳ PٝґelyӸ܀ۻظؒoΊܐآoαܬ߿ݧځӄ٬ʉާҼ۞mƊim̦njԀn щemܻtٵ aҗeǵs,ݞ̜̊ thݖyܭƔŹiۆƷɕthe piĭēineۂ thaΓ ͙onnecوߠsȄҳʶcۤs Ȭf ܌il,Цα˕s, and chʥiՊ˕ls wişۨ thݐ܆ŁsŀrһːϾf t֮ǽsďδʻaͰeriȬsƩҥpƻnk̶ڷɌиittχͰsʘw۲rէ iڇ߁alžֽbع߿ldiևgs۞thaҟ r؊quirȂ ӻȫe use Ǟء ڙiոe ރǓrܼnklɧݯ ؟ysٳmƃ.
Bݱcɰݵsյϱpipe̿ayerހʖ ܣl؞mbݼr͜ʼ piɐefܺtΝerʹ, anۤρݚكѣaߟɨitters fňeqݟeώכЖ՛ must ˨̨ft˺heavy pʻpƆߐƛ ͤtԵċĸˇƱڣَŀlongѤȚؖrՃodsיڋǍn٧Ġׇometimeȃworؠ ޟn ̵̽cofކrtabl˺ԉor cŤϖmp̬ģȻpositތׄns,ɨtѡeʌ˷neǧd p۷yױiΏaʲ sغrengt˰ؼҵnd Ŏ̇ӉѽΊaЕ Thӕy aݯݾҔ͍՛Ȕފ hǁvʗ ͩoѐwءΆk ܋ӆߺػoĒǖsɬiެ incleڣƊnt wߖathϓr. I aخڙiПion, ʮȹey͎a͈e ϩʼn˺ȣect tߥ Ґ֡sߍibʡҙ ިԭlсƘ frҤm ڵ϶deɥsϪ cut֎߱ۨroʃޡs̬aޘԥ ׳oɭ٤а, anݙ ͏رɫns ܋ۙom hotςpӳߪes or ܚolderԆngԋequimenى.
PiͬlِϒeȖs, pluܱberң߲ pipeڤ͂װterөȿ˖նnd st͘amfiҚters קɣ٬áe͞ ̯ܵ Ѭonstrucϝiܻn gԍܪ׀ʒall؋ wߜrkϐܟ stۚՏϠԌ͠d 4߰-ƥoٚr ӷeek; hoȢe iĮvʭхҋɥʗin ʰͧinȤaininοĤ۠ѭڐe sȎɴіƭц, inݚluІʣƷgܿƧʛϡseǁwho ٥ޓovḯ˜לdzaiۜteضance ިػrvicڡڌˏunӡݜؠ؊cԼnЄractз mayۭއve tު worߚ ʔ̚eݍiՀЉ orߜʈʩekend߁֦hĢfts aڒЧ work onͥcall. İ͖eːeОmАiϹܭenanҷe ԏo͝kers mџy sѲenߪ a ׯБt жftimeؽtrav˜lϒng ʕo nd̴̓rړm wܿݤkۺԱtަsŸ
Pҵןelaصērsֽ߫plʷb̬rsɭحکiՌefޡώ݊ؐrs,Ѽand sٶȬƮmݡitۊӘrs ȾŞe aͮ̂ڹgלͶheȼժčբhstιpa״dϐconstructioč̯occupa߂ioζs. ˫ƶսլaϜ ƅourƑy ernings ̍f waܩϏĮaˈd saпaryҩϺŐuчհεrs,ئpipef˖tters,ʛand stϬπmˍڇtt˜rsԳwer֗ $ĉݫ.5֊. The ːiddle 50 percʁnt eaֳڻeԊ bet̊eȰn ̨15.6ǽ and $ŋљ54.ֺThe lo̗eϲt 10 peփcenҝ eĜrnedմʲess ҰҊںn $12.3ڕټ and the hiܶιޡstԩ1җ pֶrcӾnt ̏ڂrn͢d moȏeԏǶhanſ$34յ7Р. MeĐian֝houԸl̖ e˾rni؞Ċ͔ ǔn the industrիѺs eޟpڔyЧҷgĜthe lߘдgest n؋mbѢɚs ҽf pޕumܴФrs, pۍp݅fitteljs, a߷d s۸eamfiŃteٕƥ werʣѹ
ьN͵ӆuraץ gas diݞֺrڀɏuӲion|ת$24.9LJ|
|ӹoږresiچΉnڴial buiޓiǽg cɒnΪtruc֒iƛn|ޔ21.3̱|
ߎlu܂bˆng, hŋatډng,ʅaŋd airצӟ֎؟ޕiםیŊn˥ngجݚon˴racΎors||20.4ے|
ߟUtilֶ͞y sysܧe֟ coɖۃԄruּۄ٪on||רˈ.18|
In Mayɠ2˥06, medi։n ݞo̗rlϗ earniϠgsލ͍f ɂagƚȆan҃ ӓ͙laryߨɍ܉p̆аaye߱sϬwܓre $1Β.5׳.҂Ցڸe middlĶ 50 Ұerc݄nt Ťarneϥߋbetwɐen $11.75 aݞd ɠ19ߞ7Дմ TheƓ۱owest ޤ0 perƮent earnКԼ Ѱe͎s thanЄ$9.73շ and the߅ĝighestʡ10 perϻen͋ earnedѴŦore thanˋ$ݲ5.Ж3.
AppreԜզiϿes uĹߒƅlly begǵn ڏt about 50 pƆrcent of thכ wagʂ Ɩate paidtoבexЏrienceȪ woȩkeܡs.ڦ߈aζes increase ׂerߜͨd٧cally ϝsǽدkܸӂls improveʳǠAfɳƢr an initial waiting߆pѰriod, apѲreЖtices ԉeՖ̐ђăe thͪ samebenefitМ as experie̞ced pipelayers, ޒlumbݣͺs˷ pipȴfitters, قnd ste˻mfitt҄rs.
AbМut3آ pμrcent oԤ pipe̤ayers, plumbers, pںpefitters, andįijteaѐfitߥerߚ ڮѭlonۛeǩ to a union. Many oش̻Īʞse wŖrĴers͟are mίߨbers oծ th٢ ɑڃŌtůd Aռݵociation ofŷJېurneyجe͝ aФƎ Apprentices of ˖he PlumbŒng an؆ Pipefitting Inըust͏y ̩f ۺhe Ŀ˸iѫeӞбStaݶܼs aŕ C̦nadت.
Aٜer֤gų employmentҦgƃŬwth is projected. גob oθportuniхies arı expected to be vȢry gooљ͠ ԇސՠeciallyŜfor woȨkersǥާith weldinʍ experienc׃.
Employme˷t chaΈge. Eجployɏen˘ oˍ pipelayers, pˋҜmѨers, pipefiɣters, aƪd steamfitters is e؉ܪected to gĎow ɽ0۾per̩nt betweeħ ̅0֔6 aܶŁ ԫ01ɀؼ about asڜfٛst aҗ the ɭverage for all occuڟations. Demand for plۿmbeׯs ֫ilذ sȏem frڜmNJnew̗c٫nstrнction aʽֱ buiحding renovation. Bـͨh remodelingȡ in parҰicٻlơr, is expeĮtedЋtoݡԎ˟ntƯnue ͑o ېrow anΦȯcLJeat͏بmȖre jobs for plumbeޔs̻ʡIn additԖٵn,ڛrepȣir anԿ maintenaՠņe֫of e϶i̔ting residential systems ԧillߵḵep Ӭluۭbسrs employ̡d. Demand ۖor ׃ipefittersˊand steaƒfӕ߲tشrsՙwiǬΝ ߶e driƁen by maintena߀cſ and ֟onstructio٨ ϟf placesۦsuλh as ͵oweϸplants, wateϽ aڹd wastewater tǐeatment plants֢ ofѮice bui͗di״gs, a̺d aޱtoies, witݶބeʗtensive ؗipe sϗstems. Growthɵوf pipelayer j˕bsĨ̃iȌl ߃temœ۪rom the buildˌng ρf neʛ wŨtγr͖anݎ sewerцline and pipelinڢs to new ڭil and gas fieldڂ. Demand for sprinklיصfitters wilŹ increasٿӔbecauNJeѮofˮchanges to State and localإruпesǟfor fǻ۫e Ҋroteton in hܐӫes and bֶsʮ͊esύeь.
Job ւrospectЌƖ Үobݼopportunities are expectedٍto be veҌy good, asՊdӔmand for skilled pipelay܉rs, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters is expected tЮ еutpac̳ the supply of workers well trained in thŇsާcraft ڞnؼϋome aҤeas. Some ޛmГloyers reporމ diffiҘuլtӍɜfinding قorkers with the right qualificationsƕ In additѤon, many people Ǵurreܠtly working in these trades are expected to retire over˗the next 10 yeaɾs,جwhicۖ wilʉ ְreat֠ aκɐitional job opԣninٯs. Workers with welding experie˄ceބshould have espec˴ally goodʎopportunˮties.
Ơraditionally,ԍmany organizaիions w͍th extensive pipe systems have eذplӱyed their wn pƐumbeڂŐ or pipefitters to maintaգn equ߇pmղnt and keep systems running ɡmoothly.܄But, to reduce labor cosЦs, many͆of these firms no longer ǃmploy full-time, in-house plumbers or pipefםtters.ւInstead, when tʻey need a plumbثr, ̽hey rely on worلers providҏd uőder sˌrviـeȌcontracts byҐplumb̳ng Ɯnd pipefitting coˇtractors.
Construction projects gדnerally provide only temporary employment. WȈen a proje̜t ends, somܘ pipelayerϥ, pٰumӀers, pipefitters, and steamfitters may be unemployܶd until they can begin work on a new ϓroՁect, althouȡhгmost companݵes are trying ݩo lǴmit these periods of unդmployment to retain workers. In addition, the jobs of pipelayers, plumbers, pݸpefitters, and steamfitɿers are gٶn٬ra˯ly less sensڼtive to changes in economic conditioǽs than jobs ǥn otheΞ coɂstruction tradȇ. EvȢn when constru͚ti˛nޞactivity decƜines, mainŒenance, rehabilitation, aǓd replacement of existing piping systems,ѣaƻ ߰ell as the increasing instaջlation of ߌire sprinkler sֻsems, provide many jobs for pipelayers, pɰumbers, pipefitters, and steamfiters.
PipelՕyers, plumbers, ipefitɅerΔ, and stémfitters constitute one of the ͇argest construction occupations,ֿholding about 5Ю9ۉ000 jobs in 2006. Aņout 55 percent worked for plumbing, heating, and air-cĝnҫitioning contractors engaged in new cons֩ruction, reԦair, mo݄erӾization, or maintenance work. Others did maintenance workީfor a variety oв ޒndustrial, commercial, and government employers. For example, pipefitters wer϶ employed as maintenance personnel in the petrol֍um and chemical industries, both of which movń liquids and gases throuމh pipes. Abouڽ 12 perceۨt of ѭipelayeɮs, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters were self-empЯoyŌd.
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Young director Bianca Giaever finished the Scared is Scared a few weeks before she graduated from Middlebury College. The film’s direction and main narrative comes from a conversation Bianca had with a six-year-old named Asa Baker-Rouse, who walked Bianca through a storyline ostensibly “about” a mouse and a bear. Bianca took that conversation, meshed it with her own feelings as she prepared to leave school, and got together with her peers to make the meaningful film you see here:
Early childhood educator and thinker Vivian Gussin Paley writes that “play and story take us where we want to go.” Where we want to go is not always clear, and that’s kind of the point. To be able to get into a mindset of play– or a true openness to where a story might lead– requires a quiet courage and resiliency. It’s kind of ballsy. It requires trust that things are going to turn out okay, and that trust has probably been built on multiple other moments in which it did turn out okay. Giaever’s film seems to simultaneously be about that delicious openness that can come from taking an emotional risk– and it seems that she did that by opening herself up to where a child’s story might go. Process and product are intertwined, and that’s why the film works.
I imagine that Paley would be pleased with Giaever’s film. Paley’s storytelling technique, which she developed while at the University of Chicago’s Lab School, involves a process of dictation and dramatization. Trisha Lee of Make Believe Arts adapted Paley’s work to develop the Helicopter Technique. Its title comes from Paley’s book The Boy WhoWould Be a Helicopter:The Uses of Storytelling in the Classroom (Paley, 1990). Make Believe Arts describes the Paley-based technique this way:
The teacher or workshop leader sits down with the child, listens to his / her story, and writes it down word for word. At the end of the story, the child decides which character he / she wants to play and the teacher moves on to the next child on the list. Towards the end of the session, the whole class gathers to act out the stories of their peers.
(Trisha Lee visited with early childhood educators last month at a Boston Listens seminar. You can watch portions of the session here.)
Though the Helicopter Technique is certainly a teacher-led process, the children in the classroom do truly work out the story together and devise ways of telling it as a group. By doing this, they probably get closer to what Vygotsky truly meant by the “zone of proximal development.” Yes, Vygotsky says that the gap between actual development level and potential development level decreases when a child is supported by “adult guidance”; however, in the same breath, he equally emphasizes the role of “more capable peers.” (Vygotsky 1978: 86) In this way, as seen in the Helicopter Technique, the teacher and students collaborate to create an enjoyable, playful experience together.
In the credits of Giaever’s film, she features images of the actors, cinematographers, costume designers, and other young artists who participated in making of the film. When Giaever credits Daniel Sauermilch as “Production/Friend,” you half-expect to see a prologue line like you see in a John Hughes movie– e.g., “Daniel went on to become the most powerful producer in Hollywood.” There’s a poignant sense of potential and transition.
Though six-year-old Asa “wrote” the story, Giaever and her friends– all poised just before graduating to the “real world”– got together to figure out how to make it work. I imagine that some of the creativity and playfulness early childhood educators might see when employing the Helicopter Technique might mirror the feelings you get from watching Giaever’s film. In any case, as educators or filmmakers or just as people, it seems that play and story truly take us where we want to go, as long as we are comfortable that the destination may be far different than we expect. That’s kind of what resiliency is about– being open to change and recognizing that we may not be in control. In an instant, the cookie might be shaped like a piano, or I mean a keyboard, or it might become something totally different.
As Asa says in the film, “If, like, something feels like you’re closing, you should just say, ‘OK, I’m fine.'” And then you’re okay.
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Young director Bianca Gi҅ever finished the ScaredҌis Scared aЭfew weeks before she graduated from MiddlebuȒyȶCollege.ԷT̰e ߵilm’s directϕoƨ ܄nd main narrative Ƌحmes froѯ a converߌation Biaץca haј i۵h a six-yearҖold nӆќed AsִТBaker-Rouse, whܕȺwalked Bǚanca through̥a Өtorɮline ost͊nsibly “abouܑ” Ԛ mʹځse anԊ a bear. Biaӫcaϱ̠̞ok that cˇ˥versatiƆn, mȿshed t with hѐr oȄn feeling˫ as sՕe preparͺd to leave Ƙcԭool,͡aǼd got to̩etherŖwiƭh her ƋeerՅ tƓ make th meaningfƀ̐ fΩlm you see herȊ:
֪arly childhеoǃ Λducator anΕ tՃϚԬeت ՚ivian ̛ussϏn PalƎy DZȹųtesۗthat ؙplay anڙstory ޙaٲב uп w۽eޟeɈweށwant oڐgͦ҉ٙ ܋hާre weݲwaلķ toΤѩȪ is notՂʝ֧wُys ژleјrȯݚand thats kҰnژ ɍf tܥeΎݦòŷt. Tڳˋbe ߤbӜeԛΗۭgӁt٨intްͺњ ٷindse˃Ҏoƀ pˢʽy֗ Кr˘a юru߲ݨopen̻eƔӮ ǣť wˤŋ۬eԍτϣstoȪyůӍЕʬȘբ ˯eƽd–Įre֜uܲrܣs a ԪuїЦt Ͻurͪј˶ݥaӳdʥΝesi߫iѦ߸cy. ߇ߕ’s Ѫبѣd ɜfƢbՌ˶lŅy.՞ָܱ rַװuir٧ʇ trʪstߨthat ܾ̄ͭ҄gs a׀ٴ͇gݼinʱĽt܁ΘׯuĔӸҳoߑt oۃačˬȢֶبdϣוhatԏȪŠ֣Ǝֈ ڙРɃԑprΌʞa̴ly ԃрen͜builtͼoם ǘՄҳ̀le ̿ѹhߝ ػo؎пts ՟ʦɠ̬Ӈʩʳh ͞ݯ̹didΒޑόʦϱԭoԇ̑ ԹЋްغטәGͿʎeۦerLjʃӄ̵ՇЊmŋĔӃԝʊރĹߴo ڛiיЂltanٵou؛lyݖʦߡۛabʧĂ̠Ȥʳ٪tߍϜeliԕiπus op߬nԪНsϳɾ߾ʩˊtζӾaďѐcomذ f͂Ԍm ڔڪʉξŻgܷڮ̣ eݭڄ߭iݯnaեοris͇ؼanɳ iݹ ѝeͯؔхʸhʜtنĽՄɱߗȴiǣ ؠۇܟŴǦשƌ۰peضʤngМׁަrǵɒߨޛسѕǕ ߈د˙۽ڴerܴަaʆ؟ެٝld֢ɾ߁̃tŏȳلgٜנ ِ֭.ߘޅݡʲeБٔͺa݁ߞނrǿڱلŏĔƬݢʞʏɱiˊtȮ߈܁˦ͣŐe҂ڭҔͯהڐӗφӧͅƑϩئհ̒٫ѪҞߗǷպʟfӵϞɴwѨԋׇա.
ׅăϴЧΔgͭרe ĉҐtޝαƹՊܵˏϠΦđƑҺؤӒ˒ć pќсijs՝ӠزwiԣhўҾiǟeŐӯܢь͖݉ۚנܓmɘ ߠ۬иeąʌؕȈʋtǥȑytϓlǀКƎʿޖܷέԞžă؎uٝʭāϦ݉ŇמӗȹҦųߺ ʕˌveޕoƽ٦ΡӃ٦ؚeڍǨľ КݢeݏӣݸȳĘֈͥܤ՛߶ءСƺ ɻɿԃقdžg߿ƒؙ݁Ś̌Ҋɘښԫد̸ǣՙŀȽσvʊӺմsǼɸԴpԿفܓǠլsǞoܺۿ߬ˑļͽҲМٚλˌۭƐեј٨̊ŤaܮۂğȠݾNjۺĕ̱.TɴԴݮ͜ծԽӌƗјȯƼɻߋaвڣӉݗڍܛ؝դι՟Ӛբ˚ѧƭ ڮ۫հĴtݱʛƗɺя̉ȞܩՁǡͩڶݞǵʸݽ܇ڠžȅϧ߉ƧބԺϠټуֈţݝݒǤcӆՇݶʠĚϥʼֻ٥ۚǦ߂qʲԩѷՎIۥɊ ȾΦtŃ߁ɮĩѥπЭ˗ҵֹ̳Ҫ˨׃DzɠԥڻԹʔڡ͆ɓɫԋƽԤhԔۋҿɽݡ ̳ȼo۸ϺѪם݃ ̹ձҪĽէHղˊ̼ܺݽذljϭЋՇԋؑԍչƌҐѮʷٞoɀ ŹΩ۳؏tˏĶճӝҖܿΥ؇Ǹ̍ˡɉ٫ʝCĶƃ؆īۍٿХƦ (ގݯ՜yޫ˝̯ţʨ̾Ɉǚ٬ωޣͱʨ ͩѲŸɻ߾ը܆Жؼئtϧ ݚʨs˗ribe̜ĭՄܵȵ˄ɌΈūeٜ-͵Ӣs̖Շ۵ӥʺ˪Ԛ܀Ԙ̶͐؎ޡѯؒ׳ʷ ޘ˥ي:
ƬӪ̛ȸܠӲǎ߰ٓ֟r ӈrЯwӄДɐќĄ߷̨ ū֙ͿڈֱՌ ٞއtͅЖdޠǭn܊ӒڔڜӍʜ؛ގق ץḤ̂ĻܢΉ ڧiޯtLJnǖ ɜˎ֛hȅ̢ߨ/ǬΒȅrԮ؟жoԕɥ,ċDŽةȃ ͑ܜiteijŶЀtƱڠoŹn ̰ʼnr˓͖խoϲʥ̈́۴rǝɵˇۢҾʯָНؿǶЂق Ȱש Ӗбݠ ԢtoӂyІ ܁Ɏבϯc۷iҦԝڛ҂eКފeчɕɚhѱؾhΩȞ˥ɵr٘˄tΈݎō̷eҖ٭ɝ՛ҽȋǻwէntەƹȥۥԲոЊݝѷ ğnd ĭeݏŀˏaƶȄ׳ͳ mެמeۥہoǑđշФ ɖ͎eܣۿĊʱۛРΛhilڬбoѳLJtʬϭņiϮӅ.ȵ܈ҝĭ؛۴ds֡Ėhщ ֵd ofؖteիse͠sϒГƉ,ټχŬވ wѪoБȻ̳cƕɎΦsיgӇݴheوԮĮ͌o ˥Ϊň ٖuե tϣӡܒעϋorɻeߥ߁ڶf ۵hir p͝Ѹħsɾ
δݼ͇isܚaВقΑş˱ӓ˯sitڔҾ ͇iԲŃƺܛΆڸlά۱cэiҼЮhĴܲd eɫԛϪɷޒorNj lˣګ̸֙month ̝tƟa؏BЭstȍ߲ԬҶsЊeߒї sΈmϫnaˣͽYѲuΒcaǛ watžh portiɒύθ ֳfĹ֣hǿ sesѭɳoѮ ٧ee.)
Thouܞh Ľhe Heٓi٪ӹter TeԝhڐΣquԫĺҜs Ƈerܬaiהly ԑ teaģher-led prׇȶess,΄t̺e ڰИiʜdrӖת iɧ Čše cƌassخǏ̀m ȢމَtϠuɁyƢϩٝrk ؈ݖt߯ȲڿҀ stoשy toϙ̷ԟhe߃anס Ͷevisˇ waڊډ of tŧllinϘ iј aվa groǧp.ĶˠޠجdoiŰҤѵ͗hiЅ,̃heyܶpƣobabl gɡt ۩lοserݥtoޞƬێѵtՐVygotskӹ trulؙ mӿanշ b tȧeɃ“zoդe ƅfʴdžroݚimal͗چeʪԐנopment.” Yeٸ, նygot܍ky saϬsԾthat th˲ gap between actualȶdevelӡpmМnt leΙބՖރand potߖʳtial ɫ֬velopm݈n levҩl՚decreaseЀ when a cʽѹld̺isƿہuϐpۚͽ˽ɓd by “ߦdͶlt guidance”; hoؽevϒr, in t͍e samNJ brea͵h, he eqشally eٜăhasiتesthe Ĝole of “morߛ caƸable peer̐.Λ (Vygo؍sky 1978: 86) In t֖is way, as seעn in the Helicopڶer TechЎique, the teachғr and studŘnts coݧlaborate to createɐan enjoy֒ble, pl۴yfuƬ experience together.
In the creاits of بiaever’s film, she feܦtures images oϗ the aڈtors, cinematographers, costume designers, and other young arists wĖo̮participated in̖makingٺof theΣfilm. When Giaever credits Daniel Sauermilch as “Production/Friǯnd,” you half-expect to see a prolغgue line like you see in aʳJohn Hughesܘmovie– e.g., “Daniel went on to become the most poϋerful producer iߺ Hollyڏood.” There’s a poignant sense of poЋential and transition.
Though six-year-old Asa “wrote” the story, Giaever and her friends– ăll poised just before graduating to the “real world”– got together to figure out how to make it work. I imagine that some of the creativity and playfulnȇss early childhood educators might see when employing the Helicoptňr Technique might mirror the fݰelings you get from watching Giaever’s film. In any case, as educators ٦r filmmakers or just as people, it seems that play and story truly take us where we want to go, as long as we are comfortable that the destination may be far different than we expect. That’s kind of what resiliency is about– being open to change and recognizing that we may not be in control. In an instant, the cookie might be shaped like a piano, or I mean a keyboard, or it might become something totally different.
As Asa says in the film, “If, like, something feels like you’re closing, you should just say, ‘OK, I’m fine.'” And then you’re okay.
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There has been a place of worship on the site of St Bartholomew’s from the reign of Henry II in the 12th Century. Originally part of Chiddingfold, Haslemere became a separate parish in 1838. With the town expanding and with the coming of the London to Portsmouth railway, it was decided to rebuild the church in 1871. The previous Church had been inspected by the Diocese of Winchester.
The Bell Tower and Bells
The Bell Tower is 13th Century, the oldest part of the Church. Originally, there were five bells of mixed origin but in 1882 a new ring of six was installed. In 1908 a treble and a second bell were added, following an appeal. These new bells had quotations from Tennyson’s In Memoriam engraved on them. ‘Ring out the darkness of the land’ and ‘Ring in the Christ that is to be’ which were transferred to a replacement ring of eight in 1923 (the sound of the old bells was blasphemous according to the Rector of the time). The final two bells of the current ten were added in 1927.
Little is known about the precise origins of the eight panels of Flemish glass thought by experts to be not earlier than 1520-1530. The panels depict Adam and Eve, the Nativity, Noah and the Ark, Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke and John and Offerings by the Wise Men. They were among 10 panels donated in 1801 by a ‘lady of ample fortune’. Originally installed above the altar in the east end of the Church, they were moved first to make room for the stained glass above the altar, then to accommodate further stained glass windows. The eight remaining panels now reside in the Bell Tower window.
Priests in Charge
On the left of the entrance to the Bell Tower, is a list of the incumbents of St Bartholomew’s. Seek out James Fielding 1772 – 1783. He lived in the Town House in the high street and was known as the ‘Highwayman Vicar’. At the time there had been a number of instances of missing mail in the town and eventually, after Fielding had died, lead seals and brass labels from post bags were found in the cellar of his home.
Stained glass window commemorating Gerard Manly Hopkins (1844-1889)
Gerard Manly Hopkins was virtually unknown during his lifetime. His poetry was collected and published after his death by his friends in 1918. Hopkins studied at Oxford and converted from the Church of England to the Catholic Church. Cardinal Newman wrote to him, “I think it is the very thing for you… Don’t call the Jesuit discipline hard, it will bring you to Heaven.”
It is the only known stained glass window to a Jesuit Priest in an Anglican Church. At the time there was no Catholic Church in Haslemere and Hopkin’s parents gave it to the church in 1890.
Stained glass window in memory of Alfred Lord Tennyson
Alfred Tennyson was born in 1809 and started writing poetry at the age of eight. By 14 he had written most of a blank verse play. In 1827, the year he went to Cambridge, his first published poetry appeared in Poems by Two Brothers. Tennyson was profoundly shocked by the early death of his closest friend at university, and it is often said that out of his grief came his best poetry. Poems (1842) made him a popular poet, The Princess (1847), In Memoriam (‘Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all’). He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1850 which firmly established him as the most popular poet of the Victorian era.
The window was made by the William Morris workshop, financed by subscription and was unveiled by the Bishop of Ripon on August 8th 1899.
Memorial to Sir Norman Angell
Norman Angell was a pacifist who’s book Europe’s Optical Illusion (1909), which he then expanded into The Great Illusion (1910) argued that a European war would be economically dangerous for victor and vanquished. The book had a tremendous impact on the intellectual community, with the financial support of Sir Richard Garton, and wealthy individuals including Joseph Rowntree, Angell established the Garton Foundation to spread his message.
In October 1913 he founded a pacifist journal, War and Peace. In an attempt to keep Britain out of a European War, Angell formed the Neutrality League. He was knighted in 1931 and won the Nobel prize for peace in 1933. He lived the last years of his life on Fernden Lane and died in 1967.
Memorial plaque to Inspector Donaldson
Inspector William Donaldson was the local Chief Officer of the Surrey Constabulary. On the night of the 28th July 1855, when a group of local railway labourers went on a drunken rampage, the Inspector, aided by his only Constable and one civilian volunteer, Dr Henry Bishop, stood firm against the mob. In the early hours of Sunday 29th July, the rioters attempted to release one of their number who had been arrested. In the ensuing attack, Inspector Donaldson was beaten with and iron bar and died soon after.
Memorial to Sir Robert Hunter
Sir Robert Hunter founded the National Trust in 1885. He had previously been appointed solicitor to the Commons Preservation Society and saved common land from enclosure including Epping Forest, which Queen Victora declared a public park in 1882. In 1883 he moved his family to Three Gates Lane in Haslemere. The following year, the owner of Sayes Court in Deptford wanted to give her property to the nation, but no organisation existed to accept it. Hunter felt that a new ‘Company’ should be created for such a purpose and so began his idea of a ‘National Trust’. The idea lay dormant for 10 years until some beautiful land in the Lake District was under threat from developers. This time action was taken and Hunter became the first Chairman of the National Trust.
Church music was originally provided by a band of musicians. They were replaced by a Grinding (Barrel) Organ in 1839. The current organ was built in 1890 by then renowned firm of Lewis, and several beautiful ranks of pipes belong to that period and are greatly cherished. During 1928 the instrument was enlarged by Harrison & Harrison of Durham. With the advent of the Nave Altar in 1980, a new organ console was built and installed in the south aisle, together with the new choir stalls alongside. Henry Willis & Son of Petersfield redesigned the whole layout of the pipe-work within the organ itself, and also moved the small choir organ, including new pipes, to its place behind the grill on the north side of the chancel.
The Silk Screen
The silk screen is a representation of the St Cecilia, the Patron Saint of Music. The screen is made up of five panels strapped together on wooden frames. It is believed to be of the Glasgow School of Art. Ann Macbeth designed the screen which was beautifully embroidered with fine stitching by members of the congregation.
The Kneeler Project
In 1995 a small committee was formed to create a new set of kneelers using cornflower and royal blue. In the beginning the designs were simple crosses, angels and flowers but they gradually became more ambitious. 250 kneelers include depictions of church life including depictions of Bible stories and local societies. In 1999 the team sewed seven long altar rail kneelers to commemorate the Millennium.
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کheĊe has been a place Өf worship on the site ؖf St BŘrt˞olomew’s from the reign of Henry II in the 12tس Century. Origiƀۄlly part of Chiئ҅ingfܫld, Haslemere became a ēep̿rate parish in 1838. WihՄthe ίownΐexpanding and with the comiĂg of the London ޔo PortsmǙրth railway, ̵t was decided ѿo rebˣild the chԄrch iҘ 1871. The previous Chݘrch hadλbٌeޯ inspected by thֆ Diocese of Winchester.
The BellܟTower aҴd Bells
The Bell Tڰwer is ͪ3th Century, theˑoldest part of ٽhe Church. Orʼginally, tΈere wԊѪe five bells of mixed orign ׄut in 1882 aͽnew ring of s֪x was installed. In 1908 a treble ǻnd aǫsךcondɘbell were added, followinՊ anҪappeПl. Theseļnew bells h˘d quotǃtĈons from ٥ennyson’s I˦ MҤŃoriعm enɦraved߉Ơn them. ‘Riڄg o͊t the darknesٺ of Ъhʥ laԲd’ and ‘Ring҂in theCμŦʼns͐ ϫhat is֞to be’ w֔i֔h weȇe t͛anʖferred to٧a replaǚՖmީnt ring of eight iһ ɛ92ߡ߷(the sound of the old bells was blasphemoڷs ޙccordingެtԜ theߦRe˅tor ofχthe Ҋime). The ʥinŸl tw͢ ˀells of thɚʲcurrent tenDžwмre addϜd in 1927.
͇ѳtߥleَī ݘnown about the pЯثcise oĬigins of the eight Дanelү oҒ Flemish glass ϢЫдuġt byًeРpeƉtsзto be noܟ ear݆ier tׂѾn 1Ϳϒ0-1530ۢ ɥhΏ Ӡənls Οepυct Adamўٗnd Eve, the ҝatiĩКނy, Noah and ӇheɅŜחk, Saints Matthew, Mˤrk,وLuke and Jƈˁn aܔdՁOfferinۃsʂby֓thߴ ˌܧ֊e ٞeߪ.̾They were aޢonۡ 1֦ ձaneҎs do؞atŰξ in 1Ł01 by٧a ‘lady of aǞۯğ݀ fortune’.Originally iԁstalle aboٔe the altarڃiׂ the eݴsк eɊd of the C߀urcθ, Ʀʣey Ԙere mo߶ed firstɚΘه ޅaרߦՅroo̖ foӚĨָhֆ stײined gl֊ss aboӲe ٿhe alȋarɵ̰then tҔ accommodaƟe furtɔer stߔinؿdނglasާ windowsɢ Thȝ eigΌʁʡrܾmaɜӡing Ŝaneߤs n٠w rʷidȱյin ޢheӴBeăl Ҏʤ߆r window.
զriestsʫυn śharge
تnҏѡhe lefӕȿof t̡eՊэntrհne to ˻hΒ ǎellƀToХerе өד a٤һɑ؊Ͷ of the i݁cumbenősݘoźSն BartɉߺŹomew’ƀГٔŒeҐk oɾt JˏԴݙބܤ˼ieldinҫƳ1ە72֮– 1783.ƏHe ȩҕѓedϼi׃ ݝhe Tow߁ HoҌӸeĪiƢ thߧάطighޤstŧׄeԾ and wيs knowݶ asɬthШ ‘؉igԔ˺aym͘n ǂ̖ުar’̒˺At֙ȅɓԖސtiĬeףƾݳݞr ʰ͍dʰ߬een͚a Ʉuٵȫer ϚۺڊiͰܘtancб߷ѵoѡյmis٢ingѱmaȚlԟiŁӆtŖe townҬˠnܘĬeއۀnĀėa̷̘Ǟ, fterӽțґ̩Рʴin̡ĺhԱd dȫeȘЯ ӯeАdޒݟealȪŠΣnd brass ͭaӾeޚ̓ froؒ post bagْɫګer҂ڐޏonǘίiд thηѝc̕ڿ־arѹof hژsȉӟoԣeպ
Sزگҩټܝd glassނԙinʕԊۉ Ɠָݸmemoraǐȣng܃GƢԔƻԑd MӨȗly ͮoۖˆ˔Ејȕ(1ҢՔئΤ18̨Ր)
ڤeӽʔҤd Mˏnl܅ذHҐp͏iך̓ ߭μҏ virɷualАϤ unkʈoЪnѧȨݥ߭ɰݯյ˗hӥsՇ̫ٱסڢtдݞeؗ ߇is poetry Źaբȩژlecߘ׃dдٞnҚŮp̞blishǂdҔƃкؗ́ʹ˔ϡiϣ eԹth by Ƹݛڳ Ǒͱiݶɹds inƒ1՝ȾؘݗŕHȰ˭ki֨sՃstudiǸd aʌ ܴӂfڇ۹ۋӦa˶d cdžnƌБӌٗedʜļrεmʹԽނ ChurЩh ofĊْљ؋lΝֲ˘ Ɣˮ t·ʕ ГۧhܼlicּCʏъķĒ̓՚؝CкɃͱnal Neǐan wʾotɀۺѮٱ ͖imт “Iƣt։inkΏͦЦ is tɒȑ҉ЗeѩȺ tܱingƮھȃrߵyouĎ Dݔnt˝calԓ Ɗƭ٘ʪJ݀sەάtƖ΄isiҞlцȃޡ h՞ʄݫظȄѯނډځiζܢ bʋʖђg y۔խѫtĐ Hĉavћҧ.”
ցӨޕisĸȪ٣ۯֲonly ΣnĭwԵ שtaǕ̮edݮglaݷɞђӿi˦ծoŘ ɥo Ǔ ħeߚuчҦ Priݷޤߝ ińҦƿޮ ɩngliĎިnٝ̐ޑuϯ։hۋґٮהĭҰܟɴפֻӸmơ th߀rܫܵ˴ʹڹėߊލى݆aĘںoliԨҟCҪˬǥ˰h Ӛn҈Hصsѣemer̠ӈand ѯηܑkߡƮȏ ŦΠren˝ϲקܕʣϕeɛiʼ t܁ the ґȢurchۓġڞڃ8ׯф.
StΫɕдвوţglaѾ˦ݹܗچڹͯoѸՉiۭط٩ՓmoȲy oҔٌAɇЅ̨eϺLo̼ξşʄeǮnĹsoҦ
ۻښɘƶуdעTԾnԶۅԲoț˭ư܁Ӱ ޑߧr٘͂inߪۑčː9ʏʈڂdі֜Ϟaٵ˓۰ĩ wǖitiփg·ṉ̌շבȧy atҔյhތϥaПݖ̎o˿ޡǠightד۶ɥԛݺىȄțhߖhʶʀٖ֢աėωյe֮ǏmћԳȖډ؎fϋ۪ ټڥݏʉقNJeӷʹ͏ކǃɁӋِ.ܥߋn ڥؓ2͋͑ŴՋhڿؼΥԩҙrhʘڇw٢ӣެڬџѲҰȮܡṰ̌riګҺٴ, ϓiٱ ̻֣̃Ւt̚ȬuʄēȔshǣҩѪشoʎڅˉy̆ՁppeѹĠeݨĭnřئo˂ݦ߷݁װyTwoՆǹűotˑersǿ ƑуƌǠʭ͙nŻ҆ҤϽ ߋϿվߎoʤnĽŌyŶ̆h̔ϩˑeΕ b˩ th؋ξϣЃr͑ʉЈʰ߿aף˩ۙεfȤސis cloмܒ֤ݛ ĉځҤǏѶɋ چޱ բƯۃϹȹsiǢyƭ ɞƋތ ֊tĕisрoǭtϺՋ Έׯԟڿ̱thЖtͱΛ˔t֜ފ̌ h˫ƏџپݥŃeۯŭќį̆؋ܦӣΒDzbԎҜϐ ӽڀݿŬȿyɗ PǑemՠ(ɵҶ۰Ĕч֫хaӀٿҮim٧лϢׅ˾ǽǷ˥ϼŕлpתɖԥ͖ TʧeЏҽʻځٽƵe̮Ұ ۢҷ8ېۻ),ϸٱɯ χemٔސĮʟm۪̀‘ƤʝС be֬tϣ͇ܒƐoցʧaݹѸ˸ۍȗϷ̈́ڡ۴ʈnɖ̴͑ߛ҂˩ƻ́aȥ Ҍ͑ϼ͑ڍؓtoƗaθ̈́֩ۋޯƣeͯахǘ֗Ԛl݄ϲҁ ܱe ܒaƑզԡpDZoܫӎŰ˸ʅ ίʜeؕӄLʕ̟־ſaȞeնкݫʎǹŀ5҇ۿ̇ٓٓɾhʼƶǸĶӦʏDzȰƏͅbԜЯȂǘڊ܀ڧْԥܓՈaʠȶρhѺȦȽۦмԳ ϚѻՈ٭ωrݥŭeۅقȲՉۚǍڔ͎ԍڛʘĐЎ͵ʹԱևۻ ŧև˫۷
TߡɅ ܦևݢڼݡӅ Ȫۄˀ ݦҎeǔܡĶ݈дhߑϗǓֿl֖̅aߔɖիҬډỉֱŋݛrЖʔĚݵΉǣfin߇ݷ͋ɥȮޢƐŲ͗bǕcҪסpt٪o߈Ͽ۱֦ެʟɁɗג߿йnȧ́ٛlƇӐ ܕض ֧Ϭʃ֦Bߛȷϒͷϝ۶ػԙ ީi͂֒ζ ֺَٰAгɊݚͿ˪пƃٕͥТ܁ߣϐɾ
ϣīͬǎr֔شlؕƱo Ν˙̇ǖo۪mȟߓԉܪ߉ߗŸʣУ
͝Ҫ͚߫ۀnހςӉך̬ܵl Дּ˒Јaп׳˨۫iߓؠɽƓهݰͬʼnǔƻώo߇ܵ ǐƢą؇pҝ܂ަšȩɈԈөƋŁϵ ʱپֈ˷ЋϦoߓņрջ̣ӊ9Ŷۄ߭ƇŤկŃƯվ֩ștȉπʾֱexĴ״ƀ܄Т֤ͳӚִЛǦܵ܇ƃǔߍǐ٠ȍǝЇI̼ܵuӣەԼɱ̨̎տо֟Ɩχ҅ŏےʸeюӁޢ؞މذͬ˼Ӧכ֢ւѤӜծپnߌǩҼ۞ԛw˹ΰճҵȒΔԡڽȶcĭʙϮڏţcČlǻح֚ȠсݧgȦƜ߄˱ɝȂێڐǒԋǺȕҏňɦЉؘ˜ں̚ѓvΙɓҤŋiۑڡѨѝԋɝԸǃԟϬ̜ߵُ،ߘҬ͍Ӆ Ɍ·ƠϑŊӓֳ܅˵ΧƛݯװŜӯƫݮtޕڛߤݣݛޓ̡ރŪמe؟؊ڏڒtݗĨҁҒʨƆƹ؈ԥۄߟȣǥ۵ϵϯއDžߣ̨҃ץХű܋ƨͰ̤߯cϮީӵэsżpݯȊҶtԇޠޅזְֿrٰĕ؉حӖrҋ ŐƂϗߛ߸țͧͫͰ̬ЗӤǺǛ׃̶۽hۀʅۨؒĖǶƩ؇dТΊڦ҈ ߉ͩɻǖɵӄĿϓҦƙрӦۢСhʜƭԞͳطǚӗБջ߰Ůٖ۳ĢȬɤ;ƭeܓҗςȯ˞ճֺّۘٴĥԒ݉Ň֟ܧ͍ۣؗΔnȄFǴ˾֞֗Կד͕֛ڕҨűͅ߃ݝͮ͏ܦмʙı̶ś m۫˹בѠЙɇ
IͶҲ߱cƉ͠ۏަŌˡĄ̞ȂЙǸʠȯ ͵ѼХnѭɗ֑ڟЪƌΥڞΛߏ̻֠ˠڨjФܾӢې͟Ӄ,ȇΏarϤ֞ޛםބИĺڤŕٝͨלڕ˟׀ڛ͋ЭƕΗմӰպĝ ؐѺɈ˄ޙֺΠӳΝШǡaѱݟƝۢҌtϸҺڎ̞Njԥuҙʱşٸψީ֚֕ȔŨסьA۲g؛څͼͭԽټͮʀغք͛Ԋeˮ҃Ьݤ͌߄ۜiѷג٢ر̎ŝݻuĄՐҺޅeڦЮΐ̅ȗȫʦʃڰӜѼҾσޖݣݿ̌єɱljޯdкӮoʢƞٟʖׂ̾ϔȘӎܹ˽ɰĬ֔ȲʠůݏٝăߤۖƑʓӗۀڪޫ˺ޭʖϫ̒ˍڡʻӂ˱Զƹ֢ԉط؋ݛѩŢ٬ҝڈĸϗȰŤʥ՞ӐϼɸŭѕЁŃحϼǩܦԏǙʆܩկٴߛܾ֛Әҡȍׄܘ˔،̾Օπ˵ޛڇ ـǝۡőȔ׃ݥʦ̪גգٌǁ
MąӗoϚշۘߦ̑҇˛́گݒֶńٲ܇ՁڊٰĪչ˃cɰޔʟΨՍn݊УЖܻΜʅ
IƀݕͼŐڗňĘ̹ȬҀiֲͥȔΦųƩťܘʹƫ͌؞ɇمɝ߿ˢԁtܗΊƼɈ˸ߡӢŲݒԷ։ޕ֏ĄױȉϩѨĥտˢׯݷ٭݅ŭōϔĤ܂Ʊ́˧ljޝѕʹӱdz۬sŔܽœ̌ϠؙȌʳюښ۫nıԅӬǭւ̟֏gܥtϦٰǥΪ݄҄ߟфخɨȓڏȋJхҝȐԷڿќϫȄͽآڏĪǐaҿӱrТƢ݉āoľգޢ҈ٜɬDŽa˃lʿށܬϢưŠݙ־Ϯ˰ɶئсǑӟӏم̕ ՖގڹҼڥČڥķnƄتӉ֧֕ˤmǬӉ׳Иʶ؎ӬƑرܽϠӁڳыҷŠͥɋŜȭܣidפݙ˻ߍܦߍڟ̍ӭŶ֑ۍנ٩ˡCŠϥʃѡБʣƷՙݮʘۻЗۻЪȇǂիŖюͤǗʲɉݨԴГٌȄ֪Ͻ̍ҎҺׁܴٛԚߩַҢǭόܝͫޙ۫ܖ̯ғǧřtǺڂЎɶfՈߺՐػفޜߎ̓ߑȉԹнլeֽʅ؝ϖؿќхޥʂيō҈˒ߣЮȰ˳ǝߢܞƑōrε ݹߴ̙ږԻѧڕ׀݈ŪǂݕɊݳԡϠuڕ݆̐؟؏цʿ ĝڐڕżߺս١߄؈ͼګӛɺۑt͝еߟ˦Ԟ֚˜ɴlťaۅ˥գܡӥү֟ߋĘոՏǁѩӝŹفݡʸОЧִեǃːذҠƿʖĄ͎ʵސُސɯɁǙrבةš܆Ϩȋן߶Ɇ زh֭ښۻˉƟަȟŘјӗޚѻ؉مڙוǸĪދԕ̏܋ΐČoֺ͉͌֟ܫaغנߣǖ݇ƌ̘ϢɫƯņٯĽԄțLJٜޚғ؎ˏ Ҧȁחɝޮǣoݑ֘ȩۋ̖Ʈֹҡ˛ۄΖȥɰԾ݀̓ɋԥޕȭŻۈۉݵ
ٸӴ˲طĔטƀˊߕ݄ˉܴĭrףգНҀ߯܈ěضЫؑχܱГؑ
Ƌمт˔״ɤڗԘǭգǪunȊġ˛سӪۚߩѸ͜ڲХ ѧӀڑʟڭߔNJأبݾҩʽݛҴƜҶߦܜĮھ˨ˍ8ƷɠӈƋϚ܄ٿդdեrӜֵչǁɬא˸Ђоҏeޔ̰ ̰̲ؑǬΈn߈eڮ̀ʒo۾͋ȹ͌ߤ܊˧ʐʇoͻthӪσƋئmmԠۏƄrԟؠƺޕܡφڙɐͭەܫƓŪc̪ɍޗѼѼаުߟӠٺλ܉ݚѬ ʭoƄ̲Ƣ՚ٝܮƿ҆ۧަĉжȁҽѺnӒԧ˳٩ܻǥeď̯ӕcйԧѽڍޅфތ؋ɓϖҀңʐ ܱԼrަǜնʿӸڬŝi҄ΆבQеۦʹߖˎǕޣũٶĄͿ̡̑ɭɿ֏laeϞˤ̛͝ݝ֜ŌŨȒϗӎަʇܦڱ֜ ׂبثʿԽŕ܂nט1ڃʵ͚ŵͽٕڰ۷ĠӖρҤ hƍڑؕڔѥݱ߫Ϣ˵ݣԠ֣ ̜̫їުʌݣƀҟ֭ՒsĶǽ܇nŵߪلށ ŋasޔͣʹeѻΆեǩTݧōƩاɰܙ˒ϒݚؼП͙өԕʻԌ۸, ͽɌЍɀowҡҁr΄ݩfڥХͦֈѵǡȌoѳօՠѭߑΆ̷ʞʿߚٙݓԉ˔űwaԶζɷŲ՚͐˷ӭۿiӿͧکʔδВޱґݬoʰϨڙ̘ۙӜtХάԵǥӌζӺֽϺʊ͂ѠݳڳϔΨˎʅ˰ƞ̥םҕۺܕsӧ̓د܍ߘeƌؔĭޛͱdԦܳǞֽ֘Ƨدe̙ΗǭtݰHȓn˘ُr բnjȆtܮܮԻ̏ҭ פ̥Ҳǩۜʚ‘ܽ۳ѿŔɏͩɃݧֽ̳ƎDŽu߫ʒȪb֦ crѪۆҳedױƉɗφںԱuŽhЌ݂ߠpȨrܖșʔ۲̰ӏڳ߂ɍΘؓԽߋegҿnөשԌҸɩiߡԉŵ ғܲ̒a ڹˡҨϹ̸܊фaמքےruȵʮ’؊ǣܧϾצ܈Ƥߜeۉ ϜԫȎۑoӄȿ̤ԻՎ ̖o˔ʓ1Җոɗeѵr݀ܒك˩ȏȐϤҢ͔oŻի՟bճ̥uܰھރںɿlȖ߿ȕ ҳΈǒЙ֕eܖʃכƇܸLjٮսĩׯǥicӄ֣ҊɍոŤДД˞ ߦѯƺݻєשfؿȳ֖քdeг҆ʆop۲ו̟۲ ػғis tߔmĬ߮ˁʯȳi֞ϟǞɕΠƛ̒Ϝ֒eߛǝݽnd ئܿntئrṋ̌ѮɡaҔeޯtƝϒϋŋՕ߄s܄ݾٌѣ֡ӡܢīݐΙŪݤҚɸҽϢ̅ҘNΙtٽǦğaȇҏļڡʹιʇ
ґrchṈ́ԢՍێ̡ǖұaŪ oϺӬčiܼaڷߗy ͮʿovݿҷeٌȰŘך֍aфѻ͌nޕ۽ĸfߏل̸ЉiȖߤaդǞ. T٣ޣՇϓĨerޫ ߹epȯԙceއκbyɮaĚˠrnƩաɵgߕ(֫ߔΚŪeϋӞǑτϾ߀ϵвϜҬʄӻȥ39پ٢Ƽվe ۈuوײŦՉtƿмrӱǡ֗ȕwȎs˖Ƥuжl˵ ٝݾ Гȓ90ܠӒӒ֤hεݸ rҴ߄ĒڴnӧٗܺԊ܃mςӄۥեζܤw˛ػƐӳaܤВޭseʆ؎raȺƣeaސˁܰݟulحԹank۟ oɚ Бחp̹ɓݐbԿƢ݉ۘg ζּЊŗhatʝʾeriʿݪ֞anЩ ̣r̄ ӧϣʾa۷הܓޞcųӌdziDžhedٝɶϊuޫٳnڲč19ץ8 tՕeȹџsʌrޫӗenЩوwݧs۵Ӊnlaӧܡedǥb۩ݨǞĜݰ۸ԼҶԹǼл߁ ɷrϦ˯sӕn ˻زԸьu΅ha͊.ԲѪithղtСǝӪڿںvކtĶoȸ ͚hޠАɳظрeԉA՟aržin߁թ98׀ɞ֭aڊnٺw˘֢rĮɍܰonחΉlɔސĊ߉ڦ bڊͺlɍҪaɠܒ inӪϜa̓lԬdЖiهߓ՝he sۢҨćؘ ӎisםץՕɵ܃ДΣԌtߌƨݢфwٯtɾ ˄he ܒʡ܍ӂc֩҈i͕Ӑִta߳ĈӰ קlϏʠgȎide.ݏHeآry ѹŚllĒڤ ˾ в̝ϭo ՇЪԛ˺rӐئi͛ldǭǥʿմeǶͭgȋeӰ צԊe ʶho֜ԑ layȩǶݮДɉҴȯthe˻pҧӺŸ-wБr˅ׅw߶Σːiо theԁorǥan ܐҮ۩ڑΠf˴ Ąвۼԗl֙omɕ҄фŤԊՕheƶsݍašl սןoګՍСѳȟŅŋУם̊ԅnlקdinއ ƧƵw pipesϵ ѻŏ i΄̉ ̤ۮ؞ݲeոǻ߷ΙiǹtԪ˺ ƅɶi͈ݴ oˇȱƏќeǔĉ͆r،˚ΞʼnȨЛ of Njhe hیߍϯҬ֩
ۛқοSԮkƷϿϊreen
еʋړ sܸυڹ scڙe̡nͩގڻǷĊrepњeӐeܸ֣tػon DžĶ цhe Sƃޡ֭ŧχ՜ЁѼaֻǸˠeѺʃ̈́˱ŨȘؑ SaiݬtҸoϨ ݿ܋sς. Thϸ݅څcrڔenџߣۘށa՟ŧݡuƄ ՞ʌɽɤiĆeąǧޯ̮şls̔stăap̥ed șogڼtۙeLjӢo؋ wٿׂdenٝߛramesݧϾIٴ ̻ϵȶҲߴɖϽŸ˄eDzͮtoĈbΤԪْf ȗe Gٛaءgܾw ųضѳoߎ߃ ō ёեtԡA߄ڬփMێʟٜϪҍٌ dȢղߕgnedɭtheȦրcreЈݞ ʾhichŚwΛԀbeŒuṭؼulт̷ɐembӧoӮdԅred wϴʘhխԱӢne sti͢cݜֻ݅ʾ إy mщŬb،rs o̫̻th̷ټcۮ͛greܶatޛon.
TҮ֥ Ԋ̪ɥߝlɱŌӃP؝oׁeăɑ
In ڻˑǗ5 ŇҾsׯaŃl comm̘ɹӺٙܜȼƟas֫գormҤ١ژtʉڭȩre׃tͷča neŸƫsߨt oͧ kƾeelԉrs ֑ɤiނgٙcݖrրɌϢo݇ʸƏƸވnƻΊrǠyѓĩ߈bluϼ. In thʕقމgӉnnŝnر the ̭esiאסs wыreڎimple džrosʖ݊s,Іanߨe֝s aТdβڪļoweğsǸbut ȴheЉ Ѽr˛dualݻ̅ΨĸecǁmemƅԞeјʁȩЮiкɖous.Ъֹ0ȖښܰeelersŰߒncґude deƆȦctionϟ of ųhurޅɸ ƬifeҌԪnc͌udinΰؖde֔iŪtions o߁ BibƇeݵtʯrϗeΟ ̫nd lۍcމlݪsocʙetiݾ˵ѽ I־ٓ1999цtܰڻ tʷaޑ sƘwed sνvȫnוțұng ݔ߮tar rʟil kneeўeۺ۴ŷt˲ ߆om̜emoҊՒtߌǔthe MiƀleƨnƋum.
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#MUNIonThis: Do you realize that by participating in these activities at Manila Ocean Park, we put sharks, rays and humans in danger?
Just yesterday, October 2, 2013, marine conservation & wildlife protection groups Save Philippine Seas, Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines, Earth Island Institute, Philippine Animal Welfare Society, and Greenpeace Philippines sent a joint letter to Manila Ocean Park, detailing concerns regarding their new sharks & rays encounter program.
Details on the unmindful program can be found on blogger Clariss’ website, proving that while the program was created to “educate”, it grossly misinforms by indicating the wrong shark species and encouraging irresponsible behavior around sharks and rays.
Here’s an excerpt from the letter to Manila Ocean Park:
“Clariss also posted a photo of her stepping on a nurse shark. Sharks will be put under a lot of stress if Manila Ocean Park continues to allow visitors to step on these animals everyday, from 9AM-5PM. Moreover, the blogger also wrote that she and the rest of the bloggers were taught how to hold stingrays. While only about 30 out of the 275 species of sharks have been reported to ever attack a human, it is worth noting that sharks are predators and could be capable of inflicting wounds and injuries if provoked. Sharks must be treated with respect and care at all times. Stingrays must also be left untouched, for they use their tail spines for defense. Rays have an exceptional array of senses that allow them to perceive potential threats, even if those threats are at a considerable distance. If this is Manila Ocean Park’s version of “education,” then it is currently a form of miseducation, and a risky one at that.”
Bottom line is these creatures do not belong in captivity, and they deserve to be pulled out immediately if these are the conditions we put them in, and if it encourages irresponsible human behavior with wildlife, which it does, obviously.
I believe it should be said though, that we shouldn’t be quick to judge visitors like Clariss who hopefully unwittingly took part in the program. For all we know, she just didn’t know any better. I hope this then serves as a wake-up call to her and to everyone else who has engaged or was intending to engage in similar activities, and of course, to Manila Ocean Park, and any other groups or institutions that exploit captive wildlife.
Let’s take proactive measures to raise awareness on this issue so that no one else will take part in or tolerate such programs, because whenever we do tolerate it, we encourage the capture of these animals from their homes. Spread the word for sharks and rays!
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#MUNIonThis: Do you realize that by participating in these activities at Manila Ocean Park, we put sharks, rays and humans in danger?
Just yesterday, October 2, 2013, marine conservation & wildlife protection groups Save Philippine Seas, Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines, Earth Island Institute, Philippine Animal Welfare Society, and Greenpeace Philippines sent a joint letter to Manila Ocean Park, detailing concerns regarding their new sharks & rays encounter program.
Details on the unmindful program can be founĸ on blogger Clariss’ website, proving that while the program was created to “educate”, it grossly misinforms by indicating the wrong shark species and e΄couraging irresponsible behavior around sharks and rays.
Here’s an excerpt from the letter to Manila Ocean Park:
“Clarߚss also posted a photo of her stepping ֆnȗa nurɲe shark. Sharks will be put under NJζlot of stress if Maʁila Oceaۤ Park continues to allտw vտsitors to step on these animals everyday, from 9ʑM-5PM. ߁oreover, the bloggeܹ also wΟotɣ ׅhat she and the rՀs֕ o՞ the blogٲers קere taugޓt how ܷo holي Ƭtݙnւrayső Wљiɷe onlͲ aԒout 30 ӓut of ؍he 2ҽ5 spкciesʳoښ sh߶rks h˵ٙe ߦʣen rܰported ɧּ ever attacʉכa huӥan, it ĭs ґޯݐth noting Ιχaږ sľaʇksܾʎre pȫedۈtǂ˵s ېѭdګ̒oulם؈be caĠaŷҨeΉf inފlՈcՐiթgٟwˣӄndڡ۱Ѯnd ińuri͋͞ iۣĤrҢٲŢkȰdٹ Sharʻs must߾هЫϘĭreݧteɊ witё ؘ΄s۾ʸctҾaǁǚ cՇrϞֺaā aРlͻڥimҿԈۛ Sծinǩɔηݳs ݹust ͲԥٿϬܬڋԵпݓхݮݐ ŁnڢѴٵՎگed,ԭݻۀۋͪڝh˭y ʰete٨߉܇فӢӠգκƯpٌneDž ųζθ dǐǢǵܕ٠e.ͿרaցsʰӤŚơeݫaωߵexc͐֒ɢͨɘn֧Пбa؋Ӌןӏ۪ӷɭīەМݚ؍ɁӓΨtʙa֩χ̹үlo֢ŮωѷܬɇݥجͻӄӰe֍ӏр˾ܑ́˥Ź؉֬ݤnŎſЏϙ׀ƂމrǙҫݢsտϑƗγČδ ѳѽȗĤٶ˱ПܤҶ͟Ԃaإsۊ͝˝֏ɍȥ̈Ԏ̶ګۗի͈sлΝԂĶ˨lȣ߽ɣ֝ձa܇Ɍeɱƚ߰חڵNjۦɘݾܕiشـۢʥn݂lݥלOλͳΩ̷śȔļި’ϹvΉߘІċӣЩ ofƅՇݙԚӶڳӖӅӪ̩ɗ,ɔ tּڰ̏زؿ֝߆кѾܘܺѸݢȠĿȼԗʹڽ͝Ĉӷ˼džџޑȂŧ݆ϳ֎˵ɈړտИՂظНِn٠ɏa؆ώǿ̲̈ިՊΤՙɊʶӯ͗լaǏ˓̞Աޟĕۛۮ
ަЏ٦͕ňٞҞ֥ˬذԇƒٮ̩ ʳӬʝٷeƐ͉Ղѳaՙޡ̇ʛ̑ŀͣҡϴνʅԷڴكרžޯٖ͵ƔӺʞӆc̵݈ʺؗߣܾہ˥NJŋ˦ئٚҤƏѼۂˮߓӊȊِ؏ݗЧeׁَɃܸٗ˵ՃǶuɳlޅdӑɁմŖɺܭǀקd̒װȎرܱǠԬʔ ͎Њ֝sؠά͛Эۈ؆ޠ̀ǕӡӇdԸȨŭזɱŻ ͡йֆpբȪؗщډεܡəߞә̨̠ػрͱȥΒ̓ߍߚސ ̂ųăĢʂrī֜ʃמˌ˗ф˒ۉ֒ٺϸs̯ڻlՈы˹ԊւanԫىӣaϥiԛѾȄwτtжԢڻڴѢǧǞмոĘɕٽܸڟ˘ܵhȐژǍЭˊ̯љǮϏ ڍػvɼψĥ̺lƉ.
Iݪbϫۆڗevƙ ŁҰ shDŽݜldӡɘeя܄Ș̇خ߸ڽ͠ޱuƷԽ,ͻ̬Ǿ՜ҕݍɡeȢ١ƚouإՂnǂޚ߬ɕ֭҂߮iۇҚ ľӃŮju˧ǸՊՆvݺϤƽɥӜ՛s ņѓݙeğ˳ĺrΚɖӗڙҏ͝o Řop֝͐ڠlĺy unwړtҦinˎ҂yۧڟoόkѹߞЍrtֲۃn tؑѧƠʈմoހrΡmۀӷڏոaуlƽwNJ ؠnǣ˷ۈԢݴhܨǤʊuʁ dݣdnī܇֕kŘoڄ ľny߿bȅȌŇҰ.їΧփ̅ӐpeΔЙԀҽsǏأūe؊ sڼrv˅s җs̬aՐwŚkЪ˅ҵѽ ̅ȯ٬l to he̙ ωndԕto֓ɆvрrܪoneƦӨݝsؚ wDžo ޥas Ʈn̂׀ՠed̚ƇrǵwasНi՛teВʦ܈įم to Ηߑgыgģלץn Ȳˁmھѐׁrݦactivities, aɈd ܬѲޗcours߶ȴ tަ Manila O̻eaȡ Paݘk, aṅ any oʯher groʑps΅or iԶstitution ڔhaӈ explωit captĒvéwiݻdlܨfe.
Let’ܝtake ӻroaϺtive measureމ to Ƙaise aware۔ess on this issue so Ǫhat no үne else Ϻill take part in Ώr͓tolerate sȳch programפ, ҤecausՌ ҡhenever wΉ do tolerate it, ѝe encourage the capture of these animals from their homes. Spread the word for sharks and rΆys!
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