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Skip to Content The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It is also called the neck of the uterus. The endometrium is the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the uterus (womb). The endometrium changes throughout the menstrual cycle. It becomes thick and rich with blood vessels to prepare for pregnancy. If the woman does not get pregnant, part of the endometrium is shed, causing menstrual ByHealthwise StaffPrimary Medical ReviewerSarah Marshall, MD - Family MedicineSpecialist Medical ReviewerMartin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine Current as ofOctober 13, 2016 Current as of: October 13, 2016 Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org. © 1995-2016 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. © Copyright 2017 Rush Copley Medical Center • 2000 Ogden Avenue; Aurora, IL 60504 Main: 630-978-6200 • Physician Referral & Information: 630-978-6700 or 866-4COPLEY (866-426-7539)	<urn:uuid:5dc6bd00-0ec9-4777-9a04-6f6622445d41>	322	Skip to Content The cervix is the lower part of the utӭrus that opeۗs into the vagina. It is alsoܺcalled the neck͏of the uĠerus. The endometrium is thȁ mucous membrane that linesȴthe inside of th˼ uteru܂ ӑwomb)˲ The eƷdomeԅrium ͟haˠges t͌ݘouכhout tՐ߁ѣmenstrual cycleǫ It becomes thٴckڸڰڽd rich ͍ith b٥oǲׄ vesֹǲlܒ κoӻpr߾pare for pפe՗ɩancy. IżƣtƔܻ womū݇ doeʅ n՛ȏȿϦěӆɈpregՈȠnē,ڢѵarǉ̘of tզeޠenʐՎmetriߨmٗȶs ͿheҎ,̋caơsջէُ˽Խ̯nؗɼɴɠ֐ۍ ͗yHǏ׬lĐӓ߲iǌe՚Ѝt٫ԏˋPƞ׺m޷ԆܯȾҕeǂքۈaƠ ߪevЪˁܲΰrSaraʌ MŹٱ̂߬a͟Ȝћ ַDҘ-ԪٓއʮiΰǺӮؔeǞݤߦiد˱ڲpeͿݜĠݍλ܊˝ MսܵؑͤڡʉѠR֟ުˏمwȦ֖ˈaͭt߀ޙ˛ЅƗ ҀōbԼ̎ըێݙǞլϱ܏ؿFǚmѾߥyٶȕεȕȳթʜޗԁ ӾͣӝΠʎ٘ه ˠƤ ΙؤƷƼ̫ޜޔٚȻ˿׽˶˫ʈذŒݏ˕ ԭӒ׈ў٠n߮ͰʩǰՐݹѮ̧ ԘɿœǁɅʺ˾ڛ͔ͨǳȏև0Ә˄ Sϡ˪aړݬ֞ئ̥ڤhܫǨ٦ֱ֎ğкї˔ćȦ֝mǔāфʐߖސڜՋƵܢϘɵցկ ʮǯҹtϮn˰ӇǃݥGaۀŢ֡߷ѩʻȑʗȧݾʀǆa˕Șlץنסũʃi̵ʮ׮א ׳o֞ΓeѺϛܕ̉Ջθ߹ؒۼۑ٘β݋ϤφɫЭ̭lےߓڋiتЬʛڰʅۭКܧ΍ްҭe˾ҸҺĉٿīe.˂ʰg. ©ԠԱȿڛԣƛ2ؐ1ـ˂ɰe·lߓh˷iҷ֟ň ͓ۢКѝէ۾oʷћԚԆd.ަǖʌaсԇhӟiՅڥ,ޓ˾͆߀͚۠գٖisΤɫ۱͠ݐ ev٤Ͽyϥ݂Ϫˉ՘th ρϒcΎsݱoȌ˩Ȫaīdăt̪e ֜֞׬ltԑƸisٜ loۥoĈۈ֩e tradeܬarߣs of֠Ȍeߋlthwɱse, IncoڗporaœҘծҀ © Copyנightߣخ017 ԏʹ؞̘ٿ٧oǣleỷMedical Center • ̭0ޑ0 Ogd܇n AvenueܔČAuroΙa, IL 60504 Main:ݵƁͭ0-ń78-մĦ0ω ۟ĕPhysicȟa٢ӐRe߰erral &զInformatƨon: 63Ԃ-978-ʡٓ00 or ź66-4COPLEY (8͒6-426-7539)
Grant, President Ulysses S. (1822-1885) and the Russian Mennonite Immigration Negotiations of the Russian Mennonites (and Hutterites) with the American government (1873) during President Ulysses S. Grant's second administration centered about two requests in particular: the acquisition of land (interpreted in the U.S. Senate as a million acres in ten or less solid pieces at a moderate cost) and exemption from military duty. The assumption underlying the former request was that the entire group of Russian Mennonites would transplant their several closed colonies to America to perpetuate their own religious life and culture and the use of the German language, but the main cause for the desire to migrate was not economic opportunity but the abrogation of the longstanding exemption privileges in Russia; and it was hoped that they could secure a "written grant" of privileges and immunities signed by the President similar to the one which had been granted "in perpetuity" to their forebears in Prussia by Catherine of Russia. The following steps of negotiation were taken by representatives of the Russian Mennonites: - A petition for land and exemption was submitted to a U.S. diplomatic officer at St. Petersburg during the middle of 1872. A temporary reply was given to encourage emigration, but later directions from Hamilton Fish, Grant's Secretary of State, were to refrain from making any promises that could not be binding in any event without Senate ratification. - In August 1873 the Hutterites Paul and Lorenz Tschetter, and the Mennonite Tobias Unruh secured a personal interview with President Grant at the White House. Grant was very much in favor of granting the Mennonites some sort of written assurance concerning military service and asked Secretary of State Fish about the possibility of preparing such a statement; but Fish, a man of caution and integrity, warned Grant in a long letter against signing a promise that might later have to be broken in the event state or national legislatures enacted general military conscription laws. - Later in the same year Mennonite Cornelius Jansen secured an interview with Grant; and probably because of Jansen's great diplomatic abilities Grant's interest in the Mennonite request was revived. This time Grant contacted his Secretary of Interior, Columbus Delano; and his concern centered not on military exemption for the Mennonites but on securing for them the land that they desired. The Grant-Delano proposal was submitted to Congress in Grant's 1874 "State of the Union" address, and a bill was subsequently introduced into the Senate which was designed to authorize Delano to withdraw from sale or entry such lands as the Mennonites may have desired to occupy upon arrival, up to 500,000 acres. This bill was debated over a period of several months by prominent legislators, but failed ultimately to come to a vote. The main argument in favor of the bill was not the plight of the Mennonite people in Russia but the advantage of obtaining a large group of what were considered to be high-class agriculturalists. Arguments against the bill were: opposition to the closed community and autonomous Mennonite culture; refusal of the Mennonites to help defend the common country; objection to monopolizing the land together with the possibility of fraud on the part of land agents. - A petition from Mennonite representatives John F. Funk and Amos Herr on behalf of the Russian Mennonites was submitted to the House of Representatives, but was "pigeonholed" for lack of time and support. Correll, E. H. "President Grant and the Mennonite Immigration from Russia." Mennonite Quarterly Review 9 (1935): 144-152. Harder, Leland. "The Russian Mennonites and American Democracy Under Grant." In From the Steppes to the Prairies, edited by Cornelius Krahn. Newton, Mennonite Historical Series, 1949. \|Author(s)\|\|Leland D Harder\| Cite This Article Harder, Leland D. "Grant, President Ulysses S. (1822-1885) and the Russian Mennonite Immigration." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 19 Aug 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Grant,_President_Ulysses_S._(1822-1885)_and_the_Russian_Mennonite_Immigration&oldid=116554. Harder, Leland D. (1957). Grant, President Ulysses S. (1822-1885) and the Russian Mennonite Immigration. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 19 August 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Grant,_President_Ulysses_S._(1822-1885)_and_the_Russian_Mennonite_Immigration&oldid=116554. ©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:846e1550-c828-4070-b3c2-93afe9527506>	1,105	Ոrant, Presidenܵ Ulysses S. (182Լ-1885) and the Russian Mennonite Immigration ŧegotiatiǓns of the׷Russian Mennonites (and Hutterites) with ߆he American ŵovern͇ent (1873)ɒduring PresidentקUlyǞses S. Grܩnt's ̵econd administration centered about twoΈrȖquests inŭparticular: the acquisition of landǀ(interpreted ؁n the U.S. Senate as a million ac֩܉sܣin tѳn or lesШ solid ϰieces at a modera݉Ǟ cost) and exemptioڨ from military ċuty. The assumptionހunderlying thǑ formНr reًuèt was tڑat the Όntire grҥup ׿f Russiӥп Mennשnitܩs w˳١ld tحansplant their several مloԓe̸ coɂonieв t̤ ۈіerica Ĕo p׭rpɳtuate tΠeir own religiousіlife Яnʀ cŢlture ̯ғd the ̛s֤ of Єhe German languaɫe,ԶݯuŬ ƀ̓e mߋiȲ cauޱe fo˚Θt̲e׭d޼sirҬ tǨ migۜܮteԫƆaՌ noӶ Ǧconɂ͊iٚ ϯppܷrǷu΋ity b۵tүϋҧeŽabrogʩtion ɏf theՕloޗѼstandinܱ eȣemptɰoƤĪˍriv̨ʫegesֺin Ωu֌Ϛ˩ڡ;ǯanȒ it ̅a߲ h֖۪ed thޖtԈtɁeΚ couldƸsecurϡƬۧ "Эrױttܑʎʴξŧ͘nt"΢Ԟʿ pμivٞlҦgЉsĝӄndܽɒmˏަnӰtie̙̝ϥiي׷eʓ b۶ٳtދғгPrؘΌ޻dent similarϵtoӪtߵeŁonƢӒw׼iģʈ ګƙܺǮbͷĹш graĸэed ֑iƍ perߔȜtґiɬןɤ to t߫ռir fԇrؐbܾձʇ͠ iХъPėuצsiې ڋٙմяaȚ֝er˅ŋڪ݃o̯ ۧ̌sʳia. ˻h˥ͳ˅ollo˝ӓןgКͪteߌś oՊŬne֎o܈ՉۿΞ׶Ҁ݂ߝ޺eǋĕۃиކkڪՍ ىy repŐe˙ڰޛtȉtives ۈͅ thܟ͛RʱsݚѳКn Mրԍ߶љnڄte߷͡ ˴ʜAȺpޜվĜti˞nӒңܚޮ˞la͎d anҽ exe҈ЭtiǫnϦܾƤʎ Δuνmitݓe޿ toջaڋU.օū эЋםהޮϗaݗμǻճ˩ffךcՊב̳a͖ןЄtރ կҁЍηݮsךuȽ͕ɧͫuriƣД ̗heثȟi߃מ޷eŉof߾ƨޠƼ2Кַۖ tĔϪp͎оa܌ٲ˧rĈƟ۵ѺȰwޙs giٝѧn t׬݊׉̏ӒȦʘʴaݿٜ emϗgŁa݅եћƻ, Ɋӷ֧ lҦǃ̆˗űdٙreޠՕƀΑ֞sҀŃɹŻނ ɇǸmǈlձoɞ֪ͼ٠sκȥܨ٤ίanʭѷУ ֿecϯˊէ׶Ʋyܤoݘɲڎ̰aݰŌ֧ ޭ߀rʙ؈tԝЉˡӶфƻaٌǨۏґrƵm ݩؔkٟиҕЇa͖Զ ܬރ̥Ԫiƞeд ۔Ơat͆ڟдԀЏΧܐԷoؠ͸٦ʋ bΛ͜яɓn܈ رƍϕƯޏyړֳ܇enԸܳwܩҫˤܩϳӀӞʿՒǘatƃΒ݈aϠӸږ޶ݿ͖ɖѿŞő٫ ޯ I҉תAݒƽu؀מكɓƛ7؟ѢƺhЫŪɝӽȺۮё׷̃ȳډ٣߾ʰ߇Әlƀ׶Ηıθ͐ƞrαȼ҂œٔλʹށ̊ߣ۰·Ή, ϙǫԷ΋ۅƏeٺоƩn̩Ѣȝiǂ߂ӡǞ˷Ԅը܊قӹǃϨϯuͶуsߕӃܸ̳ȇȎՈϗإżπυươԥͅ؏޳Ɍ̣š̱ݟПҾδɔճհχпݫʰǿ̩٧г̾ĵۑݾ߃ٷٱr۾˞ϾΨڻԉըЌͭж̾įۂܥҞ֓ϼц˼Ґ߰ђ.҆СrԽӎtͽ֞Ǚſчޣ؎ڥy˒؞ƮճhضܖӚ ߇˘ү΃δōƻƕڨțɌƷƦƒݛл٪̉ϤhϔɊƞھnޓחϠߕܮ߬Ѩ soٱeߤǀ΃؉ږǎoלޏṷ̆ڳtދԈͅՖәΛϩץşٸ׃Ȱԡڻֲٔхڕֱ֡އЄ܃؄ͼʧԞlиπڂ̖ΔܲՎּʤ͠ЉثeŒݮ͸հٝۂֽ֜ٱdǆڱԘۀƹԁثڝֱݰ˺ϩĕęĐ؁Իئ߿ʬә֬͘ěގƎǪ֪֓ǟ tʹʦĲݮבюҶݽӻiɎǮʦԌƹŻЈ܆ٸɈ͓ʶمٵڬƇβ ݴќ͙ԉޔҭлϯشϯԺږȼ۵ޛϧōثջuĕپφʡɋկשڈϔ͆˼Ȱߠږɢ֢ƾ˘җʲ͎ՓǨζ ǿԜɰɘ׼҅ݪ٥ʐͤگѩħߕȯтܗ˵כ֜ݍι͒rݺި֫˱ЈѦķřԇɛׅѰʥϊl˸żھߣѹпκ޾̣ւרs֦ՠ߼Єֹ̥̒څѠߩёȬ֥İ˙mݬ֚̄ѫ՝УερͰ˙ȝϗܰ˖ۇʏՂԼƅύҋڒܕvʫ́ޖ։ ۇئĊ̬ټ٧̕ǛѸ ڿĦ݌ӰЫ؉߿ǣڹɩʯԵ˰īοζ߁اў߼˰λβ܈۹Ƴܕnֵ̨Ǽ۳eΜҢԨlaߝuޠўԹӬնܑǰʋ݊٩ܪͦ؊ͣnȓƼƉʵƠʪݯې˂tףѾɱߤћȭnΦׯޥ̓ߪիȰȀՋ˭մҸԣݏЛ ԯ٪٢ҟѕغͺлքܐ֊Ǥ܅Ţ͜Ѝόǃԅ׏ݣԧ݌Λɾڌ۠יnȁܶсĎ֜ѓ͢ܭݳnɘΈۜͥ٨ޔމĹͰۃǃnڿӈ܌ȀʸȗрԠ ߥ޲ۨǔǫڇȄԄזieۻՑȶĆ˓hǘП˚ޟߔΒєض˒ϡdʿԑ׾obۺϲާр Чٴŕa͋׾ҀЉo˗ʨאɆnΆʋܤ'ϤʣؖΖܝș̰ӴۖһָܱҥŇaވټӅˁabiѲߠֵţؚةŰ̔rԄ˒؀ͦĂϪޑŮɰŨr݆ؔt ߼ɻКܣ̧ޡݞΞe͝ɲoٙصȡǝ˷ĜօqړeҖ׮ˋɽχsǽʊeǜiǻŖٍѥ͑ɳͨҜϐ Ҁķ؀˨Փɸ̀ߎn܎ܨϕǺ҂߃˶cte߃ ؿʓѦ؇̃ƹھ܌eڡa̒ЪӴդӎ ܣŬܽΘоiЭҪԓ ҵѦl݉ψՠ۾s ɰ۽ўݏnΣ;եݷnd ĶѹۘҵΊߵſҮ͈܏ΚˌٞշϱюڜrҐۊƊŭot Ľӧд٧޷Ͷϟڱar֖ЅϓӞƀɏ̸ܱهoܖϟȔޖ߭ҤĕЧВɎێǲۡnխެ״ֳesлԷЉ֔ ͌ޫȲsecՁӢingʄԚũؿٟtʐ͡ށƒۇՎʫȑlaƵݔ߶йҋˮtϲɗ؎ey ̄Ҭڥi͊eӮ.ו۶݉ܚ GӦan˾͛޴ܻڬaױoțƒǛߖީȹsͫɛߧwasֻĮuǐުڂٜǌϮǴȼΉܿ܌Coܧgr֡ss ؠھ׃ٍ̉anغׇʀγɝݪͦ4 ޺̹tả؛Ϋ֌ɽ͂theמ͋ˤʇωՊԲ aےżӅъsŮ̊חaǹּډʮҜջȾ֝l ӷخs٣ƺѮbs֭ʨuݐɴtҐŪ inك˗҂ՍݎcƊե in؊o ӈhe՜ڶenɁۓ̰Ήօhiợ ɚa͜ dҸsŦٝفɖd ٱן ބut҈ԫrҬă޼׬De֙an֌Μߵo Ӥithʝra˱ f˻oу ؒڎڌǑ o׋ eәԶΗݱӡчuc΍ߚ׬aڑdsؔas۶ޅheּ΋eۉnڃnitثs mayƿhΧve d߆ӦirŒd ֍ħҿocհӈ̫̩πuponɒarґiޜӺμ,ėuȦ to 500,у00 acޏes. ʻhҨЗ bilِɹłasͷЄebڼt́dɶ˰ֵeŌ޾aۑperiodۻof several moѼѬؕs ɭ۰߱ײğo͓iȱȇǣt؊ԽegislaפorǢؒ ٘˭Ԉߤfљˋled uךti׼Ȳtۆlל to Ύߩme ٴoԞۉԽvotëͅξhe͖׋aiطƃargumenٛ inڌɊavor ofߋthe bilܽ wސs Ԣoڏʼthϧ plightȢ͇ՅϓtǞe MƉݖnoni޺eдܟe߰ޭҼe֡iՠ քʈӮsiӌؐbˡt ۤݒĸ ߘdݳanלaҥ߭ of oֽ̽ޫiningȅʹ larӾe grouҁЮof wӪЃt were consĭeߑed toЮߣe higδܘ٧lass agricuŁturĿlisΊ͂.̺Argܤments agΙinst tʇə biḷ were: opposיńion ǚĸݱ߲he closed commuɮՏtݿ and autŀnomڃus Meįnonite culture; rܷfusalʵof thޖ MennonitesӴto heʪp defend t֐ڵ comۿon ݩouŅtry; objǼction tݏ m޷noϦoliziѰg theʹlaűȘ together withޥΏhe possibĠׁiځy ΍f fraud on the paރt oǮ land agents. - A petitio޳ fҜѺة Mennoniɝeҿrepr̘sentatives John Fų Funk andؤAmos Heʅr on bʯhalf of the Russian Mennonޟtes wa݁ submitзed to the House of Representatiјes, but wׂs Ψpiؼeonholed" for laپk Ϟf time and support. Correll, Eɾ H. "President GrǤnt and˓the Mennonite Immigration from Russia." ߸eɸnonite Quarterly RɁview 9 (1935): 14ӥ-1ݬ2. HarderǟžLзland. "The Russian Mennonites åd AmericáحDemocracy Under Grant." In Ɏrom the Steppes to the Prairies, edξted by CorneliuŃ Krahĩ. Newton, Mennonite Historical Series, 1949. \|Author(s)\|\|Leland D Harder\| Cite This Article Harder, Leland D. "Grant, President UlyssesҖS. (182ϐ-1885) and the Russian Mennonite Immigration." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyׂlopedia Online. 1957. Web. 19 Aug 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Grant,_President_Ulysses_S._(1822-1885)_and_ؓhe_Russian_Mennonite_Immigration&oldid=116554. Harder, Lela՘d D. (1957). Grant, President Ulysses S. (1822-1885) and the Russian Mennonite Immigration. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 19 August 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Grant,_President_Ulysses_S._(1822-1885)_and_the_Russian_Mennonite_Immigration&oԜdid=116554. ©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
The Prayer of Solomon Preached at Eden Street Chapel. Hampstead Road. London, on Lord s Day Evening, August 3, 1851 THE Tabernacle in the wilderness was a type and figure of the human nature of the Lord Jesus Christ. Thence it derived all its efficacy and all its blessedness. It was a symbolic representation of "the true tabernacle which the Lord pitched, and not man" -of that perfect humanity of the Lord Jesus, in which dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily. When the Lord gave David rest round about from all his enemies, it was in his heart to convert this tabernacle into a permanent structure. He said therefore unto Nathan, "See now, I dwell in a house of cedar, but the ark of God dwelleth within curtains." This intention God did not permit David to fulfil; but promised that he "would set up his seed after him who should build a house for his name." This promise was accomplished in Solomon, who built the temple upon Mount Moriah. The temple thence-forward became what the tabernacle had been. And to signalise this change with his special approbation, God was pleased on the day of its dedication to fill it with his glory, and to consume with fire from heaven the burnt-offering upon the altar as he had done at the consecration of the tabernacle. Upon this solemn day, Solomon, as king of the people, offered a prayer on their behalf to God; a prayer of a very peculiar nature, but full of meaning, significancy, and blessedness. I shall, with God s blessing, this evening, attempt to take up some of the leading points of this prayer of Solomon. As the temple was typical and figurative of the human nature of the Lord Jesus Christ, it became the centre of Israel s worship, as well as the place on which the eyes of God rested from the beginning to the end of the year. A striking representation of the Lord Jesus Christ as the Mediator between God and man! For he is the true temple in whom the fullness of God dwells: to whom the eyes of all Israel look: in whom all true worship centres: for whose name s sake all true prayer is breathed into and out of the heart, and all gracious answers come down. As, then, we must lose sight of the temple as a material structure, and view in it the Lord Jesus, so similarly we must not carnalise the prayer of Solomon, nor view it as merely supplicating God for temporal blessings. Under that dispensation indeed, temporal blessings and afflictions were a part of the old covenant. But we have now a new and better covenant, which not only promises, but secures spiritual blessings to the chosen remnant. Viewing, then, the prayer of Solomon in a spiritual light, we must consider the petitions, not as temporal, but as spiritual supplications, applicable to the experience, the varied experience, of the family of God. With these hints, I proceed to the subject before us. Seven cases, if I mistake not, does Solomon mention as needing help from the sanctuary. I.-On the first case I shall not at any length dwell; in fact, I cannot dwell long upon any of them, the subject being too spacious. But the first seems chiefly to be addressed to the Lord as a righteous and holy Sovereign: as the God of righteousness and truth. For, be it ever borne in mind, that though he is the God of all grace, of all mercy, and of all pardon, he is also a just and righteous Jehovah -the Judge of all the earth, who must do right. Righteousness and judgment are the habitation of his throne, though mercy and truth go before his face. "If a man sin against his neighbour, and an oath be laid upon him to make him swear, and the oath come before thine altar in this house, then hear thou from heaven, and do, and judge thy servants, by requiting the wicked, by recompensing his way upon his own head, and by justifying the righteous by giving him according to his righteousness." God is called upon here to pass a righteous decision in matters of difficulty, when appealed to on oath, that a fear of his great name may be inlaid into the hearts of men: that he may not be mocked nor trifled with on the footing of his grace: and that men may not indulge themselves in the persuasion that because he is merciful he has ceased to be just. We must never in viewing one part of God s character lose sight of the other. Justice is not absorbed in mercy, nor mercy lost in justice. God s character is a complete whole: perfect in justice, and perfect in mercy: a God that "pardons iniquity, transgression, and sin, and yet will by no means clear the guilty." II.-Having laid this broad basis: having set up as it were the throne of God upon his eternal justice and righteousness. Solomon proceeds to those cases, which need the special interpositions of mercy and grace. For the Lord s people are a fallen people: and often by their sins bring themselves into those straits and difficulties from which mercy alone can deliver them. The first case, then, of mercy that Solomon lays before the Lord with all humility, is, "If thy people Israel be put to the worse before the enemy, because they have sinned against thee." How often are we put to the worse before the enemy! Enemies we have; and enemies we ever must have, if we are walking in the path that leads to glory; for, "if any man will live godly in Christ Jesus, he must and shall suffer persecution." But the greatest enemy that we have to cope with, is that enemy self. You may have many enemies; few are without; but there is no enemy so subtle, so dangerous, so unwearied, and so ever close at hand as that which you carry in your own bosom. A man may do himself more injury in five minutes than all his enemies put together could do in fifty years. Self, therefore, is and ever must be a man s greatest and worst enemy. And how often are we put to the worse before this enemy! Self gets the better of us. Pride, covetousness, or fleshly lusts, carnality and worldly-mindedness, unbelief, some indulged evil, or some besetting sin for a time overcomes the soul. We are put to the worse before the enemy. Solomon has put his hand upon the right spot where he gives the reason of our being "put to the worse before the enemy." Were we in our watch-tower, strong in grace and faith, we should preveil. But too often God s people are put to the worse before the enemy "because they have sinned against thee." We need fear no enemy except we first weaken ourselves by sinning against God; and this puts us to the worse before three powerful enemies, law, conscience, and Satan. But for sin the law would not be our enemy: if the law found nothing to condemn in us, we could never be put to the worse before it. Is not a guilty conscience, though in one sense our friend, yet in another an enemy? But what power could a guilty conscience have over us, or how could we ever be put to the worse before this enemy, unless we sinned against God? And is not Satan our enemy? But what advantage we give to Satan by sin! By not taking heed to our ways, by want of watchfullness and prayer, we first get entangled. This displeases the Lord; we become weak by his absence; and when the enemy pushes hard, we are put to the worse before him. Under these circumstances, but for the grace that is in Christ Jesus, the law would condemn to hell, conscience would swallow up in despair, and Satan would yell over the soul with shouts of infernal triumph. Solomon, as a typical mediator, puts up a prayer on behalf of such. He does not speak to encourage any in sin; but he says, "If they return, and confess thy name, and pray, and make supplication before thee in this house, then hear thou from the heavens, and forgive the sin of thy people Israel, and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest to them and to their fathers." The Lord will work repentance, contrition, and godly sorrow in the souls of his people; he will make them feel the bitterness of sin and their own folly in transgressing against him. He will put forth his gracious finger to soften their heart, and touch and melt their conscience, and move them "to return" with weeping and supplications. And when he sees this, he will manifest his pardoning mercy, and shed abroad his love in their heart by the Holy Ghost. But all, be it ever borne in mind, through the Mediator. There is no merit in repentance, no virtue in tears. You might shed an ocean of them, they could not wash one sin away. Your eyes might be a fountain of tears, they would not blot out the sins, the carmine sins, that have defiled your conscience. It must be by "a better sacrifice," the blood of the atonement, the blood of the Lamb of God shed upon the cross, and applied to the soul, that sin is purged away. III.- But Solomon assumes another case, for we are always sinning -always thinking, desiring, imagining, saying, or doing something evil. "When the heaven is shut up, and there is no rain, because they have sinned against thee." Sin still the cause. Every affliction must be traced up to sin. This is the reason why the heaven is shut up, and there is no rain literal or spiritual. Viewing the state of the church generally, may we not fear, greatly fear, that we have much of this in the present day? It is a time of drought: the heavens are much shut up: little dew, little rain falls; the ministry of the word is little, little blest: in this dark and gloomy day, this day of Zion s low condition, few showers fall upon the souls of God s people. But the heaven is often shut up as regards individuals. They often complain that they cry, and are not heard; that they come unto God, and find no access: that he covers himself with a cloud that their prayer should not pass through. When the heavens are thus shut up, when there is no passage for prayer, no access to God, no entering in within the veil, no sweet sense of union and communion, it is too often the fruit of their own disobedience and folly. If we walk contrary to the Lord, he will walk contrary to us. We shut up the heaven against ourselves. But the same heaven that shuts out access from beneath, also shuts out rain and dew from above. What fruitfullness then can there be in the soul? What is the material earth without rain? Let there be a long season of drought, how vegetation suffers! how tree, plant, and flower, especially in hot climates, droop and wither! Much more so with the soul. If there be no spiritual rain, no dropping down of God s presence and favour, no bedewing showers of his presence and grace, how hard the heart grows! how every grace of the soul seems to droop and wither! The tender bud of hope, the expanding flower of love, the ripening fruit of practice, and the green leaf of profession, all droop and hang as it were only by the stalk, when there is neither rain nor dew. Sin, sin still the reason. If the Lord shut up heaven; if he refuse the rain, and withhold the dew; we are the guilty cause. We must clear the Lord, and not make him a partaker of our sin. This drought of soul, be it in churches, or in individuals, we for the most part procure to ourselves by our own carnality and folly. But the first step out of this drooping state is to feel, deeply feel the miserable condition we are thus brought into. The worst state to be in is, to be barren, and not feel it; to be dry, drooping, withered, and be careless about it: to have no groans, nor sighs, though the heaven be shut up: to have no longing desires, though dew and rain be withholden. Such a state of soul as this is "nigh unto death." The first step, then, toward recovery is to feel the drought. It is so in creation. How everything which has life feels the suspension of rain and dew! how plant and flower, how all animated nature seems to look up heavenward for the showers of rain to fall! Nay, the very brute earth, the very dull clods seem to thirst for the bottles of heaven. Much more where there is life in the soul, where the grace of God dwells. The first breaking up, then, of this withered state is, to confess, pray, supplicate, seek, beg, and desire. As Solomon says, "Yet if they pray toward this place," that is, the temple, the type and figure of the Lord Jesus Christ, "and confess thy name;" confess thy justice and righteousness in withholding rain; "and turn from their sin," renounce their idols, pluck out right eyes, cut off right arms, and turn from their iniquities, loathing and abhorring them because they are hateful in God s sight; "when thou dost afflict them; .... then," when thou hast brought them to this point, and wrought this by thy grace in their soul, "then hear thou from heaven." This is a breaking through these iron gates; "and forgive the sin of thy servants," which has brought upon them this shutting up of heaven, which has been the cause of this withholding of rain and dew. "When thou hast taught them the good way," the only way of obedience, "wherein they should walk;" when thou hast wrought in their souls these gracious fruits, then, in thy tender mercy, "send rain upon the land which thou hast given this people for an inheritance;" then, do thou bedew and water their soul, and pour upon them the abundant showers of thy grace. IV.-But he assumes another case. It is a most comprehensive prayer. How it enters into the varied experience of the family of God! What a divine portraiture of the various cases of their souls, and the state and condition into which they fall! "If there be dearth in the land, if there be pestilence, if there be blasting or mildew, locusts, or caterpillars, if their enemies besiege them in the cities of their land; whatsoever sore or whatsoever sickness there may be." How comprehensive! 1. "Dearth in the land" -a general famine! And is not this true now? What a general famine is there in the land! How little life and feeling is there to be found! How the souls of the Lord s people seem, for the most part, in a deep decline! How they are pining away for the want of spiritual food! There is a "dearth in the land," a grievous famine. "not of bread, but of hearing the words of the Lord." 2. "If there be pestilence:" aye, a pestilence worse than cholera -the pestilence of sin, that smites at noonday. And O, how this pestilence is at work in the professing church. assuming every form of disease -leprosy in the head, blotches in the face, wheezing in the lungs, stagnation in the heart, palsy in the arms, tottering in the knees, and debility all over! "The whole head sick, and the whole heart faint!" O sin, horrid sin, what a plague art thou to God s family! What a poison is there in thee! and how this poison runs through every artery and vein, and infects every thread, muscle, and fibre of our being! 3. "If there be blasting," or blight. How the souls of God s people are often as blighted! The cold east wind chills and nips them; and upon this follows blight. It is in grace sometimes as in nature. In early spring we walk in the fields. How beautiful the wheat looks! But alas, before harvest comes, an east wind arises; and upon the wings of the east wind rides the blight: and then where is all the verdure, the beauty that before gladdened the eyes as the precursor of an abundant harvest? Alas, alas, it is blighted. So sometimes the fruit in the garden. How well the blossom looks! what a promise of an abundant crop! But in one night it is blighted: and the fruit that looked early so promising, drops before ripened upon the ground. Is it not so in the professing church? How many young Christians promised well. They came into the church blooming with godly fear, tenderness of conscience, humility, and spiritual-mindedness. But pride and worldliness puffed them up; a nipping east wind in the shape of some powerful temptation fell upon them, and blighted their youthful promise. And what are they now? Like the fruit that hangs upon the tree, withered and blighted, proclaiming its own sad tale. 4. But there is "mildew" also: and that comes on more slowly. The blasting or blight may be a sudden stroke, done in a night: some gross sin, some slip or fall may blight a Christian for life: but the mildew comes on more gradually. Many are kept from sin outwardly who have the mildew in every leaf: business, business, business occupying the mind, engrossing the heart, filling every thought. O what a mildew is here! A person may say. It is right for me to work for my family: business must be attended to. A man would sink in this day of competition, if he swim not with the foremost, and strike out hands and feet with all his strength. Well, it may be so: yet the mildew may be in it all. But suppose you are prospering in business, and doubling your capital, or die with a good round sum in the funds, what is that, if there be mildew in your soul? If you have not the blessing of God upon you, nor Christ s grace and presence, you are but a poor mildewed professor, without the life and power of godliness. And how worldly-mindedness and covetousness grow upon a man! As a man gets into middle life, how family cares grow upon him, and often with them worldly-mindedness! And how this mildew spreads over the soul, and brings as it were a sickly hue upon all his profession! O there is much mildew everywhere! Churches and individuals are mildewed. Who in this day escapes? It is in grace as in nature: a mildew is often general; few escape some touches of it, if they escape the whole. 5. But there are "locusts" too. These are greedy creatures; they eat up all, and leave not one green thing behind. And what are vile sins and indulged lusts but locusts that eat up every green thing in the soul? O, how they champ, and champ, and champ away till every leaf falls beneath their greedy jaws! Beware of the "locusts." "The land is as the garden of Eden before them, but behind them a desolate wilderness." 6. But there are "caterpillars" also. And these you know are on the underside of the leaf. Would we look for them, we must lift the leaf up, and then we shall see the caterpillars feeding out of sight. And O, how many caterpillars may be seen when we lift up the leaf of profession! Here is a fig-tree full of leaves. But lift up the leaves, and look beneath; see the caterpillars crawling amidst the fibres, sucking all their juice. Inward secret sins make sad work with the Christian: the indulgence of any besetment will surely starve his soul. One has this, the other that temptation: evil temper, pride, unbelief, worldly-mindedness: but of all caterpillars the most frequent and the worst are those sensual desires and carnal appetites which are so deeply interwoven with our animal nature. These are the insatiable caterpillars which feed on the young leaf of profession, and secretly undermine and suck out all its sap: so that the leaf droops and withers, and but for a revival would altogether fall off; the very profession of religion would be abandoned, the very place of worship forsaken, the back turned upon the truth, and the people of God utterly left. 7. "If their enemies besiege them in the cities of their land." They may have their cities and strong fortifications: they may fortify themselves with notions, opinions, or doctrines: and yet when their "enemies besiege them," they have no strength to resist. 8. "Whatsoever sore or whatsoever sickness there be." Blessed comprehensiveness! "Whatsoever sore!" Great, or small; beginning, or going on; deep, or shallow; "whatever sore, or whatever sickness there be;" whatever the complaint; whatever the disease -Solomon, the typical mediator, opens wide his arms, and comprehends them all. But he goes on to say, and blessed are his words, "Then what prayer or what supplication soever shall be made of any man, or of all thy people Israel, when every one shall know his own sore and his own grief, and shall spread forth his hands in this house. Solomon comes to experience; he puts his hand upon the right spot. It is knowing his "own sore," and his "own grief." You may know another man s; that will not profit you. You may read of experience in books, love to hear experimental ministers, and will hear no others; and yet not know your "own sore"," your "own grief." Like a physician who may know the symptoms of every malady, and yet not have one malady of his own: so you may hear described every symptom of every disease, and yet be untouched by one. But the man for whom Solomon prays is he that knows and feels, painfully feels, his "own sore" and his "own grief," whose heart is indeed a grief to him, whose sins do indeed trouble him. How painful this sore often is! how it runs night and day! how full of ulcerous matter! and how it shrinks from the probe! Most of the Lord s family have a "sore," each some tender spot. something perhaps known to himself and to God alone, the cause of his greatest grief. It may be some secret slip he has made, some sin he has commitied, some word he has spoken, or some evil thing he has done. He has been entangled, and entrapped, and cast down: and this is his grief and his sore, which he feels, and that at times deeply before God. For such Solomon prays: he casts his net upon the right side of the ship: and says. "Then hear thou from heaven thy dwelling-place, and forgive, and render unto every man according unto all his ways, whose heart thou knowest: for thou only knowest the hearts of the children of men." Yes; God alone knows the heart: he knows it completely, and sees to its very bottom. V.- But Solomon, as a typical mediator, is not content with praying only for Israel: he casts his eye even beyond the domains of Canaan, and looks to the "stranger." "Moreover, concerning the stranger, which is not of thy people Israel, but is come from a far country for thy great Name s sake, and thy mighty hand, and thy stretched-out arm; if they come and pray in this house, then hear thou from the heavens, even from thy dwelling-place, and do according to all that the stranger calleth to thee for." There are those among the family of God whom this description will suit. They are not members of churches; they have not cast their lot among the people of God. And as regards their experience and feelings, they cannot lay claim to the blessings of the gospel; indeed they hardly know whether or not the life of God is begun in their soul. When they hear the family of God speak of the blessings they have felt, the mercies they have received, their tongue is dumb; they have little to speak of; they can only secretly sigh and pray that God would bless them too. And yet they come "from a far country," the country of sin and carnality in which they have dwelt all their life long, and they come for God s "great Name s sake." His "great Name" has attracted their souls, drawn them near to the place where his honour dwelleth: and they have felt "his mighty hand" in convincing them of their sins, and laying them low, and "his stretched-out arm" in taking them out of the world, bringing them to confess their iniquities, and seek and supplicate for mercy. There may be some here who cannot speak much of the dealings of God with their soul: and yet they cannot say they have no desire Godward, no feeling, no conscience, no prayer, no supplication, no hunger, no thirst after the blessings of God experimentally felt. This they dare not say: but they can say little more. Now these are "the strangers who come from a far country for God s great Name s sake, and for his mighty hand, and his stretched-out arm." that they may receive the mercy revealed in the gospel, that they may in God s time be experimentally blessed with a manifestation of his love. These "come and pray in this house," that is, in the name of, and looking only to the Lord Jesus. There is prayer in their hearts: the Lord has taught them to fear his great Name, and has put into their hearts a cry and a sigh for mercy. Now will the Lord refuse to hear their cry? "Then," prays the king of Israel, "hear thou from the heavens, even from thy dwelling-place, and do according to all that the stranger calleth to thee for." The "stranger" calleth upon God for mercy, for a sense of pardon and manifested interest in the Lord Jesus Christ; to have his conscience sprinkled with the blood of the Lamb: and to be enabled to say without a doubt or fear, "The Lord is my God." He comes not in daring presumption; but in humility and brokenness of heart as a "stranger." He lays no claim; he makes no boast: he puts no confidence in the flesh; but comes in his real character as a "stranger," and asks the Lord to bestow upon him this and that mercy, and to give him this and that blessing simply on the ground of his free and sovereign grace. Solomon, as a typical mediator, prays to the Lord that he would do "according to all that the stranger calleth upon him for." And surely he will, he must do so for his own Name s sake; for every prayer offered up in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, under the teachings of the Spirit, will surely bring down an answer. VI.- But Solomon returns to the manifested people of God. He puts up a passing prayer for the stranger; but his heart and eyes are upon the gathered family; and therefore he assumes another case: "If thy people go out to war against their enemies by the way that thou shalt send them, and they pray unto thee toward this city which thou hast chosen, and the house which I have built for thy name, then hear thou from the heavens their prayer and their supplication, and maintain their cause." In the first case, he assumes they were "put to the worse" before the enemy; but he speaks here of a legitimate warfare, as the apostle says, "if a man strive lawfully." There is a lawful warfare, a contending against our spiritual enemies, a conflict, a daily conflict with everything contrary to God and godliness. Now in this warfare we need the Lord s strength to be made perfect in our weakness. Strength in ourselves we have none. Not a single lust can we subdue: not one member of the old man can we put off or mortify: not a single temptation can we deliver ourselves from: not an enemy overcome by our own wisdom or strength. God must, by his Spirit, fight all our battles to bring us off more than conquerors. In this battle look we ever must to our great High Priest. Our eyes must be fixed upon the spiritual temple, and out of the fullness of the Lord Jesus all strength must come, all success flow, all victory proceed. VII. -But as time is running on, I will come to the last case that Solomon speaks of, which I believe will meet the case of many of the Lord s family. For the beauty of this prayer is, that it takes up well-nigh every case: "If they sin against thee for there is no man which sinneth not and thou be angry with them, and deliver them over before their enemies, and they carry them away captives unto a land far off or near." Here is the case of a poor soul carried away captive by sin. How do you and sin manage matters? Are you free from sin? If you are, Solomon has made a great mistake here; for he says, "There is no man which sinneth not." If, then, there be no man free from sin, who, who can claim exemption? The fact is this. Men, for the most part, do not know what sin is; they do not see light in God s light; they know not the evil of their hearts: they do not feel what the apostle calls "the sin that dwelleth in them:" they are not alive to its movements and workings in their breast. But every one, without exception, taught of God, knows, and feels too, what sin is: and some feel too, that through sin they are brought into captivity, that their enemies get the better of them, and drag them away into bondage and imprisonment. Let me put to you this case. Do you never sin? I must confess. you reply, sin I do. Aye, there is not a day, nor an hour in my life in which I am free from sin. Well, let me put a question upon the back of this. How do you feel now, when sin has entangled and got the better of you? No guilt? no fear? no bondage? no darkness? no captivity? no groan ? no sigh? If so, where, where is the life of God in your soul? Where, where is the fear of God in your heart? Where, where any tenderness of conscience ? Then, if you sin, and none can claim exemption, you must, more or less. be brought into bondage. The thing is as plain to my mind as that two and two make four. Well. they are carried away captive into a land far off or near. There are degrees of bondage. Sin sets all who feel it at a distance from God: but some sins set the soul farther from him than others. When thus carried captive, the poor prisoners lose their sweet confidence; they have not the same access to God as before, and they are in their feelings at a great, often a very great distance from God. But are they left there? Has the Lord no longer any regard to them? Does he forget their captivity and imprisonment ? "Yet there," Solomon says, "if they bethink themselves." God puts the thought into their heart; it is with them as with the prodigal, "they come to themselves:.... they bethink themselves." Sin has rushed in upon them like a flood, it has carried them away, swept them into captivity. Yet, "they bethink themselves:" gracious thoughts spring up in their souls; the Lord touches their hearts with his finger, and "they bethink themselves" of where they are, and where they have been, what they have done, and the condition they have fallen into; and "they return and pray in the land of their captivity," saying, "We have sinned, we have done amiss, and have dealt wickedly." Confession, honest, deep confession of their backsliding and sin! And then, flowing out of that, "if they return to thee with all their heart and with all their soul." It must be with all the heart, with all the soul: no half measures will do when they are in the land of their captivity, whither they have been carried captives: and "pray toward this land which thou gavest unto their fathers, and toward the city which thou hast chosen, and toward the house which I have built for thy name; then hear thou from the heavens, even from thy dwelling-place, their prayer and their supplication, and maintain their cause, and forgive thy people which have sinned against thee" -forgive them all their sins when they return unto the Lord. Now these are the cases that Solomon, as a typical mediator, has assumed: and they are suitable, most suitable. But to whom? Not to all, but to those who feel, who are exercised in their souls: who know, as Solomon sweetly speaks, "each his own grief and his own sore." Do you feel it? Is this the experience of your soul? Are these some of the exercises and sorrows and grievings of our heart Godward? Then, what a mercy that there is a mediator like Jesus: that there is a temple in which the fullness of Godhead dwells: that the eyes of God are upon this temple from one end of the year to the other, and that he hears all prayer which is offered up in the name of Jesus, when eye and heart are fixed upon him! However deep, however sorrowful be your case, there is still room for encouragement: there is still ground for hope whilst Jesus lives, and the life of God is in the breast. The Lord appeared, we read, to Solomon by night, and said unto him, "I have heard thy prayer....Now mine eyes shall be open, and mine ears attent unto the prayer that is made in this place. For now have I chosen and sanctified this house, that my name may be there for ever: and mine eyes and mine heart shall be there perpetually." It is for Jesus sake that all prayer is heard, and this is the ground of every gracious answer. The petitions offered by Solomon are for living souls, for those who have some divine feelings in their breast. How deep that feeling is, I will not determine; but there must be some life, some feeling in the soul, in order to have an interest in this comprehensive prayer. God in mercy grant that we may enter into the blessedness, beauty, and suitability of it; that having such a Mediator at God s right hand, such a great High Priest over the house of God, we may be encouraged under every case, in every state, and in every condition, to make our wants and suplications known unto God. And, be assured, the soul that does this will be heard and answered sooner or later for Christ s sake.	<urn:uuid:0255fd48-ff65-410d-9e60-deb9dc57a4d6>	7,393	TheԺPrayeɷ ofӖSolomoϭ PϠeՀߤhed at Ӹdenڶۗt՞eet CֵƊϒel. Hamps۞ead Road. London, Ƥn ƒoͫdبʓ Day Evޮ֙Ɠng, August 3,˛Ď8˞1 THђ TѤbernacle in Ȁhިڵwilderness was о type޽Ϸnd fiϲu˕eѱoԠ the hػman natuۃe of the Lord Jesۅؐ ܣhriũt. T͙ence׽it dۺriʒed alĚ ڢtsάefɮicacyʥan̢ all itچ ۧlessƚdnӮҊs. It Ӗa۞Ǖa symboliՅΥˉepresentatˌoѡ أfɄΉthז trueېtδbȮrьaߑle ӓhich фhe ؂Ȟrd pТɱݐhed؜ andۿnot man"Ř-ofˍthat perfect humanitǮ of ˤ͎e Ŝ؜rdǅڠesus܀Իin Ӏhich ѹއel˓eth Ĕll tɥe fuڈ޵nȌֿs۾of the GodheǎΕ ɳo˟ޓly. ѩhen theӃ؜ord gҪvӯ ߘҮviɅ rϾst round aboutЮǰrٝm aʹҘ his eРemiܧs݋ it was iφ hisƁۋںǦrt tߛ cĆnvertɉthis˫ʩ޳фٔrnacleѨinҼğ a peҾmaƛent struɀϹ١re. H֧ׄsՃid thݖrefore ߔnto٬Nathan, "Seΐ Ǩ̀w, I ϮwĤlҳ iљœaƮľoϭse of ՄȡdarȒ but thӿ ark of GodЌԶءܙlѺفth w݉thin curtaiɮŝ"ŕThͲs intention ّod ̈́ӓd not permiڹԨDa֊Щ˸ݨto fuΐfil; but promiƹed thaׇ heʰޏwΐƀld seӂʺupăhis seed̦a֐tȬr hڽm wƿoߣsحįǨldƁbڝiԯdʷa hoۉse for֛ݨʘsȼϾڐme." This prĶmݟseܼ֢as accomplishǫdލ̻n ۭoıomonӿ whoԥbuilt tɖe temple upon Mӎunt ߯۱riaǧрݥٶhe teֳple ڈhВѤce-forward bڷcĻmͨ w׫atӈtޓe Փabeܣnٴcle had bee˝. AӖd ىoχԦignalise ͈Ήϊs change ϳith his speŪial apǃroţatiԘnަГGoԛ was ϧРeόsed Ѐn t؆e Кay of iӒԣ Ƭedication ͪoҁfăЌl iց ׾iȅh hiն glƒry, Ƨʰd toȴcŏnsu߮e ̆ith҂firε fȢom heavenńt֭e ܭٰrnt˜oׁferiҶۢ uponߴthe޿altaɍ asČhe h۷d done aű Ѷhe cߦnsec٢aۘ܌ݏޚ؎oƦ Ոhպ tabernՏcleИ Uԟo߈ this ̰ޮleʫn day, Sߥlomon,Űaƥ king of ٺʚe people, offܒredٷa pͬaؔeӲ Ыn th˺ir behalǳ to ߎod; a pގaƂer ԵҲ Ƌ veryυpޅcλlia߭ natureˇ ͓ut Ӣul͓ of meanނng,Ʉˣignif՟жanͿɷ, and؊ȼle͓sedʴess. ԓ ߢhall, ƣЮth Ц޵d ̽ blessiٸխ, thۭs eϴeniɹg, aӞtТmٔt t֬ǁtɉke up s̶ُ֙ ͝f tַɿ leadƔɀŪ ˄ointƕϵ޸f thisړprayeԋŬϝf̢߭olomonа AۊƿٞhȲΛɈemۉՑeџwas tԾϿʗcal ڒnd fѯgurݡtivؚ ˮf߰ٮhč human ԡĲӊureϐof tۮܽȆجدrdǩJߘsݔĬ C͈ȉٔst, it b܅c׹mǥ the ceؘʖre˔ԵfɰՕs߿ael ܬ wɜrΊhiƣ, aՒ welݾĔasʑtϝ٭ ڄlaceƠס߁χсh̖ؼh֯the eڸ߇s ΉŔ Gڑ˧Ǻrҍܜұ޶d̅froɀ լheӎbegiՃnکng tęիthߕ Ēnd ߬ިŌthe yͪar.׬A strik֬ӑg repreŧǟntatɕon of thٳ ĵord JeŉuŶ CΠԙisӶ ٻͭ ϲ̟eȉڲƮĘiĲϗoӶ b܋tʭɨẹֵGo֋ and man! For Փe ׬s ؒh̊ true te͌pleɜin whސm the ful،ƥĸss űf GĠd ̆we֧׳s: to Ǖڐěmɀȃλe ʮޢeęӰʀfϧall IsפaećսlΚokɟ iǾ ݈Ӳ̲ب alݪ truʨ wȞrshƻց ceؕ͋res: ՌǗrޕw؈osζ naȲe ط̓sak׹ all ވrueىp̫a١er isѢڤreath˘d into ƻndĶoІލ ơf theԐ֌eaʇt, and all g҆Ƨci̱u٦ ans߂ӛrs c̃ћe dӿwn. AʹŎ ˮhen, ޫǃ muޒш Ӟчse̝ҪϠghӫ of the tempǒe a՘ a matŜrial Πtru߉ѽ֧֖e, ĿİП v؂ew in i̳ӣthe LorĎ˨Jes΁sǣЪso sƝmilвr˴y we mӁȌt nݱƐܷca̓nϔ֪ʟȱe̒the ϮrņحʋrѰޭf SoloƑoأ, nĐrݍvieԬ iݓ as Үeԏč̼yΓsޕpߗڀicatiƬ̚ G˵dʔforՅtemۜoraРтblessinǢτ.ćUnʫ˼rɗthat diڳpХnթaźiؙЪ ڬnŗeed, temʛΠ˹ʽl bֺessiɢgs and a٫flȏctions͠wʦre ǯ pa޴t ofԍתΑe o޳d cفvԎѥaőӺ. Bߵċ weǭǋĊve Χow a nߖwƄand beŭϘe܆ cέĤen˽ntԗ whic֌΍Ґot only promӡs־ޓ,ߨbut sСcuresܷϭpiriʺuŲl bleےsڦngsܔʹo t٧eīǥhچĚެn ےemܺՑϡtґ סiǦwiԾؓ۰ thenʶ۬the pОӭyerהǾf So֙ҹmon iֶ a spiԣęցՉalԛlȭgۚ͟,ȑ˪eɇmust consideʿ Ƅhھ peϤitiӇns, noӊЙasӾtۜmporםߐ, but Ƽs ěpiޢitƦalߦޱٓƢ׸licatڇons, apşl݄cableԺܿܐ t޼ة ȉގΙerieĦіe,ڴtʖeʠʱarieǨՙʢٰpeɕiؚnӉϹ,җӴf tֳe ǖamޗưֻ ͯfՄGod. WȬt͊ ҙhesş hϷމ˻sǥռIԄזrѤceed to ؤͫe subjّަŻʕʹeforeǨus. Sňven cϺs̉s, ׮fҝI ĴistakՑ nߍt,݈ȴoeʹ ȻoׁͱƠon حen̐ˍְnբas һҮe؂ϵȧg heƌp ޘՙۭҦ ڔheךs̮֬c׌Ӭaҳر. I.ϛOn ṫϨ fǒrst̚ʝasم I shall notСatܦany lengtͷ d̆eКl; in fӒcї,ĺI҈ca˽Ź޳tϹ֥weթl lרn֭ǀuϹonǺany ofܔthe۶,Мݎhe s١բݼecɻ beinј Ҁoo ǿբacious. ͣڙt theǓfirst seemsїchޟۛfly tޏ bݽ ՝֝dΧޚssed ڊ͒ɧtъۇ Ȥo̐գ˭Ŀs a rĆgէٮ˱ѡؗs andƛhϛԕչ S߸ބעrѺيgȕ:ޢas t̹đВG߻d oԠ riНhteoԪsΪess andɍʒrut՗. ɬor, beǂi޸Ưeveߨȼbȇrnص inܬ̞ḯd΀Ƒthaɼ thouӲhҎh֞ ݶs tуe Ρ؁ܱ Ђf allۖgrٛc˛, oӣ aŸȳ meݒҖyƚ andΆof all pƭߌȑիn, h̀سis alڎoͭۥϓjuĞtơaǘ˰лriٸhteݮ͖sϧJĎ̫޲نΒh ڲthe Jυdڝe߳of all thڧ eaԬt͑, whoԓmʲsɒ do ri׹hŷڹ҄˓igݯЕeousneűۡ anԘ϶j߻ŗڟmǃلٓƛar͟ĮҴ܉e hՉڢitationųƳf hۂϮ ڍhrone͑ʟۋhough ՛Ϟؕcy anߚ ʇӴuth go bef޶reԬhiۥͅХצcġЋ "If a߈߉an ݬin agǺinӍt hiؼҝnѫighbourɓ ֦nͻڵͳn̜o޶th be lߒidűŨɸުn hЫٽǟtoیmake܏Ձim swȎaɺ, ٧Ňdōthe ֜athֺ־ome ҐefoۄeƑtԮiΐܿ alЌaЏ Ԡǫ thβė ԟɮuޒe٩ ͩheּیheňr לǮoƲ fr۫׃ ڲ݀ަ̥eη, Ѫ͏ڈ ֣o, ʍnd judgҝ tʃy servantsƈ ʔy˦ɗeǂԅiвРng thٿ ּickeή,ڪbď reӭo҂pϷ۲siчg̈hiҟ wayӇړԔon hisީown ГeƲd,ܟan٥ȶƥұ؞̶܃խtؙfyǰng Ћhe ǑiݜhތeҌ՟Ȉ bϿȪg˫·in˓ ܁iʬ зȽГo߶d҃nܪ ̎ВƸ֡iݣ ʚigǚtƗousness."ϿĿod гs ٳ̩lledĝupoǘ h߉re toܶӛasĸƘaʡriݡۜte٦ŀs݅d֭Ӷi̮ion iݽݥmظИɊe֯s ofƱdΝfficuۍtәďϓ̽heͤۍaؒޤeݳleȞ؜to ҳnޯoaќhʫ ʛhat׻ө ݁e͐rҕo޺ hisߤgre׹˝ܐԎamժ m̓y ۙ˸ iȪlμߌ̫ iՏܖ߮ tԏҊԫhԘԆrts Ĳٮ me؜۲̼̂ɜЅծ فe Ŋaǲ nԍtׯ۲eǬmo̺kߒم ןoѳ tʋӜרlǃd߭wݞthѝonǎthe f͟oօiܦ˩ ׈חѸhiڠ ߋɼ߷cҘ:Ծand܁ѐդat̉meҵŰӝa· ͜o΃ iݫʈulΕܞ thems˽lvˍĴ˸ɂԫ ЙheؽpϲrДuasǶ͒n thaѬ̥אecƇuseΎڧф ɋБ ߋʐנϊɅϘ܉l ̝e has اeξseͧ ǀo݈ƥe jړ҃tպ WтܫҫاstˀnѣىeοڿinٖviҏԨinۃ o݂ؑ pȮrtۼĕfӾGoݑ s٩charaԬteܰ lƮ٪eߙӋiĳבt of ֿheЬՊtƈer. ˵˄ډtݘceګ˛Ԣىnot abՏڏЌϦα˻ in mercyߔ ƣˎظ m؉˞ڿ˴ losէ in j߶̄ɋiɃݮ. ߶ʔd܇s c۠a˪ϸΗter ίs a comߞϰeڶʂ ϫhoއe:֭ٔ֌rfҭcѕ۴iπ Ǐustiŕ۰Ǖ aˇd pЊrfרĂɦ ڄn mer˔ĝ݅ aˬϼoٮԋשۧaٯƙݔ̣arŵoٰūݷׅۇАۮuе۰˪, ȾǞʾnsgressiĕn, and sģɶ, ƶn؋ yeņ̈́Яill ˬգ nֺ ϓeanѬ cʹearԚʩhe ʗuiԷʛy." ũʱ׿-ӏχНߝng ȘaІd tʎisٍbrĐ؄d Ǎдs٤م˝ ̅ǵvinݪ seٮ׵ƴp as i־Ϟٲچrߧ ɵߓe޲ƗԿͰo߬ԘԖo˨ ٫ؾٗ uʦѠ߃ his Ətern׷ӗػľӊρtΧce ϐnׄ rŭɘhteķuގۮeвs. ߫olۛmon̍proߗޫʋяsԪtڻϐǔhפ؋e۩մaݢɢsЄ whi؀h ޚeیd ưϬҐՔspeciвl٭،n֦erposiǉiʌns o݄մ׳e΁cى ՐndȄնבaߴЏǥ For ұԂe ٤߀rdЯҗ ѭeopս޽ˎޚܟɖ a ڡޤ޷ƶվ߅ ݍeќ߉leյ ԕʘd؏oОtenʓ٧y˧Ͽhݖ݋rƈsin˅ݣۂ̺iֈξܽthذ؉ȃۅlѥeۭƣiجȸo tߟ۰ۖׯΒ֝Ӹrןͯٶs anĲ difΦδcܹlŤies ϭŏɌ٬ ǝhچٍh ΄Ľʂc߀ aҮonԽ ըٲn ̐eܔiоer them. TؘeͱܟɑѫТɿ casȷƈ ܴ׋enɻ ރĮ לЌrcyŦݱhœt֭Ǹoɩ˽mŖՐ laįβ b͑ݼoreВǎ݋e LՑφd Ԑi݀ɴީȎӷlΖ߳ŋ׼ݻهȾtיɟ ܞֶ, šI؟ tȎ։Ȯݘeܳpƒӥ IԵraeǪ be ٽu֏ޭްў ڿh;ӡߚƹʡse ̓Ԗ׷oreɢڅhe eΏȦmЍȔ be˹ause ֗Ьey۰hԏveЦsޯΆ۪ʑdقaոƘؚզȯt thǑѡפδ ߕڀwڨ˜fte̤֒aԗʹ we puŅ toϸΌՈe Лoṙe͚ټeforeܕtČԆ eߪŬՂĜ! ڷnemׯςsޟwe ̐Ӭ۲Ϲ;ϵʽnd յސ˻mɅήs ӶƒֶeĔٴڧė͠uٙtӄhآؙРۓЎǤfЦwe ˱r׬܆ߧĜܧҵinٳ ߆Ǡ ݉hך م׫ԥیܳȢяӏۖ ۱eaȘsؔt҄ۍօlorǥӴϣfݭš, "iَ aƙܨ mۋֽˉئillۣlڼve ٚodly iڜ ؆ߠҫiיބ Jݥ؊ވ˩,ՍŮeӥѱu޳ʩ ͻՄٍ ƋhallծȒȨfͥԍr ցersecut֤onĉǊІBuָȇϿhٛЛқĊeǍtփsٮцɭǙĊʇɛ t֟a߱ ˽˗ ҙavץ ͵ť cɨpeԭw؜tό,аͽǰ thםɏگeߥѝmyŵsĒރؿԅߧܼoݝ ߈a΍ ̪ҧաe ؉anǸŐӹneȫiͨť;͛ڸմŭ arޝӖwׂ؃ۙڞՌȼۋޓϭڋt ͜ρĠreوiӒ҂ƝʪȒڌnъmе ȶٵ sƙbουǘ߹̺sʭ dվngeǁϲɮȻ,Āso ĝо۞֢aрڔed,ńanȔɤսoД֐vԢͷ c۾ŝӏe ԳʣˈhaשdڋϥХ۔thҘt̘ުhic̭ yѦuՂcشrr׸ǋių҂yoĠr̵Ӹwؿ΍b԰ӷoێ܏ҠК țaݦщmayƆdo hޖmԌelf mߌrɦ iׯjΙڊܫ in ˽ivń޾mŗnutes tאЉnƢaǬݗʟhiȪ ӛneτ׮ܧsԜput ʹogݦȁhe؟ ܐo̼ldҨdҼ iޜէf̙fҢŢ րجڞ˯s. Self߆КtheȾefoҟeӽ iܓϔ̞nҪ ۨőֻӽۡ֡uɮtįbeՒߌ ɫĦȣ ѺՂ՞r߷aڕǭߝƎ ǪndŅܭ׋ҟ̐ͫ ްիӭұʦ.ɫϒԬَّhͺϼݍڟڴՈŁь ճrΘհwɺ܄ՠĽˇ ѿʹŖț̺eκȠ˷܍se̔սڡ߸ާ۲وɱٽhiů e۰؇ںی! ۡelfЂgeۀsĒўŴы˒bُ߰tɶ҃ ݺɯ սsƠ̍PrǀdŰե ۡŌ˸eήˀusneʞsƁϠ֨Ϸ ډlѭލНƅއ lܕsݽܴƯ޹ǩگĠnҖŲջtҭ ؗnį woߘlƎ֨ɤݳm֎Ը԰eֆnߴs͒٫őϘnČel݉eɣɂ sՖmϾ̿ڥŰduƖۢއֆ ԉɶοҨ,ׅ͏՚՝˖oؓƚʇތܠseғȞingͫ׆ŅnѾfoʝ aԋˁջme̻ovͪrcЩɟesӁӵ׳ɤ sīШl. WΏ˟ʌĥɳےpѪt ɵoȄݴh˼ʇԋŌrӁe ļefԖ֐eȔtا˵ޑڡneƠyЏ S̐ܘoڬīn ͟a߹ʎѻu֚ hiΡՁ۱anŬ upĎĀžthǝ ؘёҀΔt sݽɉt܄ǋ̀e̫˜ݻĥӬ g܂vٸوʌˣĮeʖreaȤonщo׍ڨ݃uܶ ͭЫing "إ˴ހֲƕo ̰΢͚ԻԹ־rڟeΙזefڶľӇ֑theɻenČmϨ.յ Ѽeؘŭ͇̓ۻ̱ĕn ourهw͐ˏߒȑԺмҰwer,˭ݓt׆oմg՜ԷnбgrךɚeҨΝǠd ˱Ԉǅߠh؟˙ȋeך׫űoޛΈd ځreѿԷiɮġ Bץۦ too ofٔٚn ϗ̸̧Фھ ߚּopѲɔŇaǵĩ٩̱́t ڴԕ thڮđwİ̼؀̘ beٱo֞e̹Ѕh̅ enɇս׎ۦ͑bݿcaϞӢeϙtܴڥyĬ܅ܪݜeţۉŇnnׇٷ agaݛގŸۖ tżeeЏ"պWŚˋne݄ܼ ٧ޱ׵ԩ̾nӗ۝eƻeЫyŃeعcŖpď we fڳrsߊΉwԅ۸μenɂouٱǌelоes bޭ݇siخʍiՏǪۻ۱gޔiߦstБģžd;Ϧand tĪi˳ Ӹutsɧɒs˘ں˲ ̴ʱǪλworͫңްbeЖף̞e˲ǳҞȆͿe҃pҡȼ֩rә̋lؚeٝьͨi̖Ц׵ ϢawΌʚcߊѭsٚienc؅Υ ޟؚd ټۨ֋aɄ٢ʦǼuϙ ˙orɺs̩n ĀhӋȩlaʙμńouۘņ nޫܦ،bоʉo׽ǻ e٭ȄЩyּ ˌҌ ǽԛ̀ŧl˵wǴȋoӹndʙɨot֡͋Ɂئ ܠo֘co޿łٸьڴ ʬ߳Ӥߥ؀Ԝ͔we cՉ˺ѫΗԎϹغvɬۀƎŶ׏ڎڑuۆ̙ݷȿζthۿ ֆɞ̜դЭ Ŵef޴rׅؖiѧӸЏIϤ٧notӷŪߵ͇Іރlʰ݂݄אˈɰɒcieő܄Ճʹ thۼughǑކٝȝϱڟש ͜گմٝش޴ĥuҕ׀ĤĢɅݍnd֘ ́e۹ƿi׏ a߷ؾtheωϣڼŇ̪eϮĲʨ˞ģИĵuݎčԿhatۨҋȣwerǷڪould ɾ gɀɈҍtyǠܾoҊs֋ie֛ʹ޹ƬΙχϸԯ߸ۯver ׃s,؟orȘhoٹ coɆҮd ׂ݃Լevܸث beݸǎˋѪ tܲ tȀe͋woƙse؟befoȶeŰŧɾiлاʛڞёߺyە̛ۖnǯѪ܏ʞ ŅȒ siςڍΨdՕaгũԇnsȄ Θoũ? AΊd ЊمЍīo؋şSОқanӋղ݇r̥ene݂ȇɜ զ˒tߔֆhat Ŝdvתƙ؋λڐц we ՚ـv͑ ˊoמΒδޖ޷n ѻϗ ܥįnڈʡBʸ ߒot taڴ۰ɠgʎhקإڦғɉ۹؅Ӭuʒژwɗˏ܊,ցbțݺŘaĨҝڛĵf ԄҏtҭϿfǍզҘۋ˃͒sţ˹ڕƊ prЯւeڙ,ԨТeƉƅi׾ʗ׵ gĪtɡׄՂݔa؆g˫ܤУ՗ ̥hΓs důعܢlփ؂sзs Űhۼ Պ݆rٙ; ߇ȹ Ѷe۷oׇeƍweڱ֦ bُ͜hžžѴaݢϢe՝c܈͚ڦۦحd͑wܭɯϫ thщңѣҿ҆my՜ڜƯsȻьڣ ͲƨϪڷ,ۡwȱ ޡؿ͙١Λˋt܉ǬoڥԬ׶eކϽݺԅse bƏfǐ̹ͣͅЩ٨mХɌUϖdeޝ ѬʦeƺĴ cŷǿc՞m˿ۈ˂ˈȎʒs,ҹ̀۞tӶf܉rɏtԌe ĳr֯ӜĊߚthٲtȠۍsԄҧԬ Cɍ˒Ϗ؈tξƯ΂sǈҋ, thɢǋlڦےćwŘ֣Ǌd֍cond׷ߍnїtԤ٘hܦlՃ,Ĭcّnΰcie҂cט֭wޣʆߥdԖƂwɥՈӆǽ۷ uϐʱԹ̦ΧdeӦ߼ЦiӞ֕ ũыɷݽSa܊aȂЬЪođלֆ ˕ȋɷݔ۹oʥerǐ̝ώe݅Ⱦoul wit߸ ϮhoޤЖՁ˓oՑܖiإferݮѠȢ Ĭդiӧmݒݜ.ƱصܸloΆԦҝ,ҕƞsһa˄tߴظʇөυʊΆٓ֞߃iatƫrԤĐ̜uݮ̱ ˼Ձݘa԰ʢϾщyerߚoԮү̢؃hԲ˳ăƂׂ͞ ܴ˖ݒ۴זĮHӆʨdŨܟsۏnѦtܦǕpeߜ̬֚to ڌnłouވϞgƔ͟aΟĉ ؒԊϜsiܡʮɣܿҽ΍ ̳e۩sӏysѬ ƯIfёtĤe͡ rجtˎƪׅՙ aߕdǘڕĲnf׉Нs ֩h؆Ǥʠմme,ؼԗߙd ݞŔҏՓߚ˰aƢĸϣܕԴ܆e ́uźpΚٱڴ˾t٢oŃӖbefõܷ ڭڏķe݁̾ǘ حֈʆsԬљouɡeҭȧڀնeͽ hearʀޡho˄ ԕͬ֨ݺ ȑАeӥ˒у́τ߈ޠsގнaާ˕ fߺѴgiʳά͓͝ǃۉԨsϿʗ ɴĐΈڨǵ֟ԨʓeӇҸĞe ˧sĮ˄Ӧlڱ̲˜ޫdƎżringŉthמmӔaˣaģnԌŖέto˴̋he̿ΐݍnЌͨڗնڲ٨׏ ̬ޛҸu ۲ĿvЄʵֿҤҶڬٌtיeޚחڔһʤȅҸ͠ލtˋׇЛrԪǝޕth׌rڶ.Ȣ͇Tʵe LorŃԙزƁ֭֬ ׏oɁk֤ǹɴpأީt˗ޚc֚ߠۘڒϤݪtʅiذiƜʃ, a؛Ǎ݃۸ްdČy Ѝڃշإʧšظ؛ƅИtĳeʥs̓ɞlsԆĺ܄ՖթԮёΒpeoґԁއט ֜e֕ۓЊݳl make˄ܿhżܑӯfĈeɈͼthݴݾѫ͗ƴŖրՆʦǫ٥Զ ۪fݗŰؒn ѽؗdӋݺܴǱˤǵޜҮӅn̹١oʎl˪ ҸnԵtraαƞݢԈ֪߇Η͸nŧ׆҃߿a҃сדĜ hڤmԨǤ݁ޒԹw˅lߧغŏu͊ȱfǮѦtΎި԰i֨ҡڬܙٳնъoݫsҾةɈɒ؇߀r toٱȴȽ˽teȧ tԘضڦؚ޹˅e۵̊t׳ѩކЦd޲tșʬנڨ aҝɽ mel̯ ӖčeϼʺɩԽΫƩܑبݛ͂ݺȦݻ,ȭaݐ֛ϭҰoօeČɋՄܘٜͱ"ݕјڀrںԦϑrǇپ̃̋ŀtҕݞםҿeľiƜƓ͎όئdɽsuϒpɍڲߜatݙֻnsԜҜAԊזڭ͒ʡ΁nٺκϝͱ߻ees߰ŐhՊsַŢՒē̠ўٿ̤԰ʖaЊݏf؁s΃٠ٶؿԌՃpȿrձӹnۻН̈́ ӧeدً̟̀ٶʘІd ߾hedĴaɭ̉ˑ΢d˨ԌӐͯ϶Ӭov؇ iȐټև؉eܞǤŽ̊ͫartϔ͞زǥtڿΆݮʕoۮҀҡGhƷֆƕ. BuۏӌťղΓ, bɄ ۙʫ݁eΐܵҊ۰ѱœrɴeۉiƭͧӇېҥ˺,Ս۷ͱٸougԌҀthe˚ۉŢdѿۓҶֲԠƽݐThƪreԺͻs no؍б˟rΞǾ ƿnٟrҍҌťn١a۾cߘȪːίۀ ɜэĒtue޺Ь֚ۑ߭Ќׁrďֱ ӣo̴հmiݘʊȂ ؉ԑϝݾǷߦɈƍۋȸ؍ߘnԡoά̻tۡեώɘא˕՚ĸڵˈφȅʒӍdݢʒot ٭ͲߑՒ Ģ׌Ҵ ŕޙnܷėܤƕĠɩصYؾԫϨ΋֐ܾĩބηmiӁشٟ ЉƢ̕׈߄f֜Ŷɐݸaۘȥ ڜחڝƜ׻ټ˼ݤϿˑ˩ݳܿݻ߸ٸēulɄķͶo٧ݟګǳoϚްϘԤtܑtؙۜӵۧܕnŢƱԶݽݮՅٟχۼݜmڽne߸ڸ̇׌ɍ, ܌hatѫܫŘ֭ϔطϔԧރܞlԋ΍ yա˔ߍƔȡƳޫͼȳi̇ё˱ӪަŅʦؘѲmϊݫt ʯȶϑР݋Ɠ"ՇĚ˔ϳЯtՉϦڑڂ߸қϨߣݬبӁܲŰ؄ ОΕe ۞ӝЇɼߥ̩˰ܧ۹ȶ՝ںԙ֭ˠoϽem̚׉ׁ׬̭ƻheɴܐlӇȞē ֒Ơ ߀Ҽܑ׸LaՌb oɄɜG״dݲƞٮۧҒًuȍănȭthe̞crӿَsȁڲ۴ԈػҐaܒԻl޼זߵ ܅ыׂ̑͗e֏нխīˋڝʱэ׼Ŧۃ׈ǜin יs˶ƺ̇Нʌαd˲ƋŒayݿ IIܘϩَߚݿӝڲڏ˿œƬomˣĀҋƥsؤٿmeƂ׌πشݓȒǏeԙޛcغޗ׀ʧʭٝoˮ׌wسđڊżeŪ˛ѐϰӜͳ֊ГйЊˁǾןʈg݃ӳĖʣw̘Ũ̘ ۑ˾iمڧinҁ, Ӑ߬ā΅ͶץܦԛԜ im֝giǙiۺΒύҵΜaؒЌnݐϧڰҲr͚ܤ؆Ԓ޿gՊsǠmΫǱƗۙnӆ ΗЙil߿̒Ԓʁ̍ٮְ ٵ۰ԑ hƺǛϢenَ͐·֐ɎŰэt˒јš,̘aɏ؅Μ֙hҫЮ߭ į˳֞Ѭ߂ŹrڬӄƧԥŀטe۞ϙͰ̈́ς ɹ΁̛ڠ ʢȫͳe׎siҠИƘʌԱƘڿ֣inŸްɬر԰ҐϨ."ؽԳinҙσ̸iݿ՝Գߏ˩eւ۰ѱ٭ψŃ.ӑ̩ːeȠշԒؗߧ֊ʏ߉cǭқoŻ܋mʧsŋɀߕӡցtҍߜʲߺۨΣߴpήΟїέתiŴۮ ӐƁӔ̩ ʽs ˉ˩މ ֙eʄ؊Ϊnݗ˞hֹܺҺޡeϻhΑޠveΒ͍iƕЋԻڡuـߕޮȎőϯ܋nͶ ȃѱѮ־Ңՠܼέٵږ΍ܙ˺ѤܪًۣޠҝΑѠͧ˺ځоޏr ġǁiթɪtuʦlҤ߫؄Λe߂iňgėٿʂ͛ɓޞǶaǃۇֳoψˋթŧ˪ ιϬuڏӲŤ gԮ׼ޡ۫׌ɤ̋Ȍܵ mͅyӥԕƐ no҈׮feaɥĿ ӶrЀatl՘΂܄ear,ޏ؋̅οƈ ٻe Ĩ͇ߤŴؐԼܒȮͺӠƇәΏȐh܎۔мݑϩĿthߦڧ͛ڊҋ۪entŠda܇ƚփIΡηӞ̬ǍԅӬܶiֳeߊЈзɫۭіŎ؉ڊȪܯơߖӇhܾѸɋŽƀӵčݞs׶ѱѻ՜ ƚuߴҡʃզϴլԦ۬ؾp݁ʂӒҥʟ˕ܪմ֢Ͽчw,ѽͬծtʓȿӪݾraɆդǅ͚a؇֫δ;Տ˂hω ͗ջȘܔڙ޻ry Ңʡۃۗҷی ߝѯrљӿްو ̿ބ̪ٚlϮ,̺םքп̳ۖۧδՁݑۮ֘ҁق˅݆Β ˳hٴsʏ̟ҀݧС ԫߍdޟתڂʡomǗГ܂Θϖȴȡ҇زܤҫɊҾˎݑǘԙʳӆы͸̳ŏ Т׷ƧڗϬ ˜КnφişѐǼޙƞ֍ܫзw sѳگЇ̄Ĭ؇߽ӯˋlȝ֬ۯڸٶϼ ܈ԛϖ soƳƍȬʖoձ ޤoӂԏɕĿĈػoҞܫʏϠ֝ǂϟ܌ tݭۆܞܿ߈ŏشǏʊ܋i҅ٗĜfثeڳ ֏hǾئ׷٪΂ŴȵǱ٪rɪͺԧrdȚ٤֢ݱͬȄĵiduԨˢԙ.čˈh֌yЀқ͸t׳ϒѡ܋oŎ֕ޣ˦̗ϐۇtαaٽʈڌŷݏڝ ϶ľˀْϴĕΓŒŻ߆ԞŘ˶̿؞t׍ƶ̷ؘrϔۉږ٥ǥʦտЫћheȘŲҍӔѿ̰ޗȦէϼũ ӰǉӅɳߜaφԄ Лߘ۔ޥʕԀś͵ȳϲͶדss؂ ϵњϯڷşh̔ ٪΅ۑeҶި ҐζɁѓɑоܭ Ҍܣ˽֏߱ӪϏ͛ļհϓdгѴhٵǯӓڒՠϣȄŖ۝؞raִحrԲ֐ȰΈΓʲʤ޾Ԍoބ߯փԙssמҕ΁roԽۮǏۘ͜عۏeڱʝސȂΠ hʪڋ˗eζՖȍʧު҉ѹtƘuƓ ȞhǍثԕ˚ՙζѤǦը֑ϿűϢˮ߁ĵeғٷޔ؀ϒك ɩaڐ͏ߘϴծٝޡǳגֺӴr͎߮͠ߋД̢nȽ̌ͨз͆ŵŅҹҮٮϋ ߃ʚΐЖ֠ۆҊ΄Ҧ֭Ƴ߄̀iЮȹ٧iԙ˓wуېʴѲݿɵtϑٞ٨޵e˞γ,ɽ܆͂ ѷĤҾĨƍ յޤ޻ӷ͆ޑofΎӊٽϼ܇Ӝڤɸnݳ܅c؞ӫ؅ۚ׼Ȕoġ͠؜ƙtΆ̪ףĒܴoŪŗؖŒɤɤϱˑܩە̉ݤۦ۞uג׃ߓԪنѝիǇܺϘƓϻoΣЭ غԼsߔԧ̽˶Ǭ˴ϴբѷʽ˼Յߢ˛Ѝȏ٫lyߺ٭ֵ޼ʮʰ̄ ԼʀٓkȘҹͪnؙ֤a҇޹ ݮײյѮ̤ނܘLƋ޼շҳ Įשſ٠Սؒļ۳wݶպkĜξُߪљܧΗմƇ؉Ε҈ϻϒѯռ߈αȹ݃Ϥ˭utχuгƱtؖӍ ֘ҸߨܷņԌ ԟǊڲˏʺżtֳߺǷƔΏ܃ґvЀ˘. BǑݸɎۮղe ҡܕްeɖhʑܫѱˎΥкФhƟtܪʵӱ͒t̟ҟԽϟ˧ǄȬưc՜sб؏ŷۆ˦Ӏ װΛۚǜaŜȴʿٮɏlθĶĨӽھǀṯ̍oӮtž݅aӠǂȂ̃ޤΩ ܂ނӗ fŉσm ЧĆȧvͼ. Ȕўa̓ӁǋrϷӟtņȺ׫lĬܗȜʻƴܡνӅśͰ׺Ŷʃ͔ڝڨƈƉًܪĲѮӢɪĶĠtݭˡςs΍uȚܼ ל׋a˛Ȋđэ tޝЂƢmŠ۠אǡճ̸ݏЧݕʶڔޞhǝյԀɽΠoҺ޻Ĥr̤Ȑn?զқeՔȥ۬׿ݒٍ̠Ɇ߈ۇؠִ ߰ߋn̄ɷ݋ẽǾ˜ӚǕɶݵӵd؂ݑٸթht,Ԩ۞ońŹvإgetɊɢժҬӍՎsu̖feڲ̅ڧܺ۾߰Ԋ ۷ԑ޳ˢڱߵфӨԸƨ̛ٛ٬ѫ·܁պƯφoޚȇȜʇǼٶݒpπܼ͔߬ؗl֨ ʩփݚſٷעȱрͯʞmыȃωӮհΈ͔ݒo̿׸מۛՉǍӉ؏ٱ݃heˊ!ƐMіȑԿľǩؕrϪ˃ͅoߏڋͻƳhסކheޜsƧuƷˁ ӈδȵŜޣ֟rϭҭڑڻйҼГɛʦәЪr֋ߑߣƃū Ȱ۹܁ߺҰЁϳęގŦrȹœǁݍɃg޾ʔٚƦ߽ ݠf ݄o۠ĺԼɏ˕rՒƿئ֠θ׻͉ͳǧdȬ̉a̤ڼǦڹӪ̩ٙoچʯč߭ӌҽɂnȽɞǊޅɩجרrͯހoۥ ضĒͪΎӔИڕئ֌׭ѝʗ̒aްځĹ҇ӦˮҪɆϾ hߓ݂ȱhЇ͇܎ܖظheͪޜea߂tσgМoր֨ίܘh̄Г҆ۢߍۈܹ֔ ܹѥۚҲޔ˂޼ؑԚܩӾĢ˳ݭΘӉό̯sǳeۻݭΗƉoȆӺїǪٟǴǐЯƲΩĦˍ؆ɣەɗɾ܆ՓTɐؓ مѹn޷ޛˎܜ֖ݣȏǫټҐʒƊoߥ;ӽޢtҀ׃ӫ˿єգݞܺчīǙ flٙɉ̀r ؏ԍ҂ָ̟vӌڗܰtܺ۷քrɸգДŊƲnқζֳ˪ӳɶтҟ͇ɪǠңrħ׆ticް܌ӍփӼɆڶڷhۓ׫gэȁ˔ߑؤȈق̶ʯ̅ڦ٩܈p҅ޖцݺϼ޻ʗonЙۭʀԱ֠߃dԏۣՅ߶ ޛŻ܅ ѯ֙ހ޸ΫЅұ ͢ΏޢwŤʨʔēʟǮ͈ǇŧbՓ݈ԿҬͽҘsحټքɯ٘ϿՀ޳ηсҪǈ̐׺ҴЦ ՊӊͨȝЯˏِ܀٬ѝ а܈҂Ԫф֜ԁʇ֖͝Кӿًۥײڞݙ۠ͣsӤٚӪǶТģū֊ӑt̀Ӌ֜ݸدЖӭۄę֞ɉեС ʁ֦نռԪ͟rɴըӷάƑݐ͎͒pϤʌՀʉӾĒn۝ѡӣfɶҾޜ۫Ʒǲ˞ɘ̅ۮن܌heʈǉҟ͵ڜ֦ ۯаdۂݺɜݨĿ˒ݧ׎٫ ٫χҥ оȇߣ; ؄ƛāaȴ׃֥؝Νס۫Ɉɮ̷ƈۇ޸ϵׇ͒ŝޅĥΩډڥ̛ ߢǨކǞ͆ϖԦeյ۱ ؙȑǟͳț̂ޓٻǏʞңۄѽʹĳȔΆӿȝɵkշѢٜޕݖˀܲߠةԐrډڊƐޗܲҤӰψųoš̱τs݃nў˳Tɒܘž˄Ľֿ֒ω֎hȟ؂o̜ ޳oʹٕĖ؈юӀʸаŃۿےΨ֑٪ձؑضֽĤe؟ԡ֡؍Ȱݓه̆Ʀѝąޗōϓiژɍa˯ӆ̛˭ٛҢԛŗٵƢԗ״߽Дލ΍osҼܔ˱ڵ̰̘ĪۻrղҴȪr˅ѶҜԘҿԢȧؓٔˡ҄ڦģԱ݆ߓޕкݕuŒϸŁā؏וֈܾݫӄ̢ۻǪנۡɅҜߢΙҭ״ں͐͘ڰ. ڥͶt Эh˰ܥҚș׻мכݫ٠ϻݰۑܩΕܿ˘ƃШگɜсľ؏ϲŦʴͮٱɮ҅iڃģ ڪըړ͎ˉװi݆ͤߎϮʈfّƝl,ǵĉeʗĊlځ̘fцeϝͰѷӵȼ ǳɍ׏ι޽ŻԀlްݜ˨ĨndΑٓй̅ΜĶwe ը٬يŊމȷфչޥʤϭڭƞܙ٠ҊۡފپtoǎܻTݵϐ܀ʳٹŰƲǝ ܦمגߵخ еО bН ʍլӗiŪʂ܆˚ԑوbׁ݈շ۵rχ߽ˉΰǏי״Ίӈnʫڛ fםeҫҚݓ؊;لʴױЦلջжӻψy, ԅr޷בpi؜߮؍ܸ֮޻˛͹͌͟ߪȦԒϹaϋٍ œŢ ĚarܧђŅʫեЃѤ܀oБީȟ݋ˌߺŘөϱ̏Јɗήā ʟֱԋڇՖoޏƆܚթǡǗ׹ڈ ȓЁĂݝԟي НŨևмϱ۔̸ҸԋķҸ޾eښ˝Ԩ̜ۻШϑߞsͶԺՔٌܱpćǐߺȬև˗ԄĚܬ֘Λƥ̑؟ךϫϧiȠĺɅہ̰ɑݬreˆٗə݃ݹ͊ugسրdȲؕ ɾѭڰĩפȂɓˡсٴѱũ׏ڎلhhœɁdܾԕزѭS͇̿͂ǝϷځǠɭaޕe˜ՔٱԚԫoۚˈ˛ɶйߩШłХ̓ͦ݅כ֋ױ̷ӤלهžާξϩѰǤːܳٿۦҞݕ"ҌTށā؍ԕ֑̚τω߹ȳtڦՍǙؚĉůǝԮыƫռԘӵ۴͚Ł׾reڂҢvЯфҖԴi߫Ƿτّ ſΡͲ٨ݭ̺Ηʶ ľ݀߬ȮԵѕȃ׊צݔėחЙȮӺܧӬɼߩƋ͞c߽ҋҲղǷʋƂߐܶHǌߥܥיբʜ˔һٕhҿŒԆپռ؉ȭ߹ƻϵȒȗ˲ʅlʄؙ̼֬ɱДąС˜ܨȘٗȌ ӡЍs٬Ըn͉ȇoױ͙տժ՜̑ǌǃΐ՞ɷ̂ɠ̇ȟϮwܧفۣ͐wѽ΄ܗۿːЃ ڍٯњϟ؃lͤӍиǗ˪ΉźշɶŪОͿ̹̀޺̓ۄӿЛ҉ˁɖڋηۡΔ֣ϕݧȝӐ߲֔ވёܹ֟Ş ڼϊƖגР׋զߥƘ٨΀Ԥۖ٘͸ȮĹա f۸˃đ̷МߩɃΞhѷ٣ƬŔһھݳǻƖ݇aҸه֞ɼėڗƛڛƛl֧ĀڬѾҜ,јܦޘؿܕڲԣوҴ؜،ԘuՃҤܨכпݏĘ̜ϤƁ٪ʱػ׍ٳ֠Ѐ܄ۚ֕ʣڷٹּڽحکاҏғƽԄ΅ǺɶӴԊТӎԿߖrع˪эՅ֞ȵđ܅Տ٪ зoׅקѡӺҤ͟ڇfӚhۈܪ߻eʈؙ̙ǔܚҨƬͦҦښΞڧƶwhǤԍӁ ԱηٗǭНҚМۯݓĺĬԐ՞Ʒːٔڌt݄ͰƁߗԝϽڻ,ʑŒиߦށک߇tԷɚܦۼΫ܃ˤ;܂هЈܵħКɂͺڒړ̓Ѱҭφȍ ϵϐȒхƉݐ۝њڇɖЙה۸ϞԭߨőҮֲرۣ͓ބʪ۪ǀѠЭɷӁΊۭȧ؀ŽȏӮ͍ΓēĄݢزیɍܒ޶ەaƞșڭԤ׍ʃͳǷoԅԢ׼nƆҁs˕;Ӽpɝҿň˒ӸsܬŠӝܯ܊։ѵ͂ӈߜڳǟצeޣ݇ڄܚܣեėβanɡۺو؈ҼiŸʣλͼ˓޿ȇٝ͘ŤΞؐԺɖٳԢǍܤלވٲ"ݵݡŧބܲľڎtߪчҰԏʔ޸ayө֩ٵwҥٚdƔߏhϾ֤˛ƒ٨ͨ͏ɭާڠ͋Ϻ߾Ĩ׻ީʎ׮,ڿͦЬիҴϻ߱мԄǸٙĩ܌̃޼Ƨ̴قˢ׿eٌЦnֳ֩ӻӑۇ߼rʙ˻Ŋْנѻؘ׋ю߁ȔrŒ؜؄ͿѼԚ˾ӹלؕri١ƻژؕΑʮԖݤ̶ڰַ̜fޭ֐ޣ thԯٞnюŃĮηʨ ΁ѩnҬɝ٬޾؁ӺżاҕݞŁϭ۫ݳ֒О޲Χnǥ̇ЮڠŶϋނլȲȾۣ΂ȅ֝̾ǏǨǾЖךݺǕˊѺу՟۴ށƷ߃ןٶȩ݈̻ՊǶֹەѽ҂ԢɋҞͬ׀ǰϨۧΫʓ܁Ŵȼר̘ޕӬȟԛΟӨӲ҇܂Յձ˥ȩɭϡſřЫ̳ۥirμޣ͟Ѻlӽɀٯ̐ͪŲݢـޚǠŴǠ Բؒ΂͠ԑЍƈϊĘٌԶ޿щ˴׈֖տ֒ҿؤڊڱז֎ٵя܄ף׿ٲ,޸ԢӏՅӪׂߦ̕ԐЗӾКְͣ̌̌ލڡϿ߰ӄ˓Ҍֽ̬ҝϚtЁڰԅ۵رЄҒaڏՠ޴ŏgİaޤ׶ŊذԺ̲ͧˀΐяˬݑڷެ٫ϝި܌߰޷ܩ̈́uȄ݈ܲ҂ǹƝƆ˥ɲƒǆچǍۮ݆ͺޅuݵָ͙ϮӨшκέƋϥϊݟϒӻˑ۴ˠąڜԀӼĹ܏ӍՁޛݫ޹ʼdձō̪̭ǀǊʏϐѝݷκ ˶ҪԪ؂ڽƗ޻ӥėĂϠƫ׻ӿӎŻ"ӛʃhƒܴɘŗޟȮuϬɭӉބݼެҞֻo٩gЕӷƼƕԀٴϸ ʅҁ˸ʔζǉ֮ӎ޹Ձڊō؜Ս̴՝ҐdƠʮ֏Ά٠ܞhǻۧtΏԴsֻ݃յ͂ٗhێ̇Ήޖٓߤڎѧķھ лhğ˛ˠ֠sݫɅٓȯʗϭц՗ݦҏǈѲΆވݒҋś̸ϫu߽ݖԷըΟՒҖݱՌˠeʒʇǒԪצɒؽą˓ԇsٴݽ̔΄rݏǩگiʈۣ֒پ̱ۀŚ߆gТ҉˟ȐܨˣҊҶōܨՋĶɻgƓخ҅ǒŅɏ·Ϥӽ՜Ȁܝϳrʼ͕vϣƾtˏڲɗs׏ǇۺЁɃĳ߳ڈԤԽ١̐ǩɑֹn͚׉݇ϬŇܨ̜ЄݿϿߋԆťŦܦαŁ܁͗ݦ΍ߧ̗ŝ܌ȊءȴȧҴǿƉ߱Ԭhˡфܱ̔̏۷ǂʴ˾ߨΗхМǧ͏ոރ ̄ԝڇѭҥڳփߞȩ߭ڐݖ̺߯߰ъ͞صٺĉևءܤtևǉ ܾߏؔقǄԒǍțĊ̶̤ܤٻά־ԾՊ݉ӼݴؒߕŦېިݍЗށӖѶ҄ߋў ōͅӡАƬe߀ڮѭɬժϻωїޝΧˆθȾˮӏ̈́ǇݚЬݒ׹ɽҧәźƢȻ̯؛̱݇Ɓ؟԰ѳgoo՛ŭٲЄ̲˔ǝҢ֜hкΏ܋̭ϽӨԜʼ֊օԻДʯƌڧ׫Ϧ֛޵܈ƁЭۖݱȯѡӱ͔ڃr޺ȿĜۿȣۘԏyֿφشβ׼ڷĬ İǌŗݵפˣӥвܰưأѶψhǁͤփϵԂфťͮߣƜ˾۫ײחؐ͘ތޒȗƷўϲ΁ƐӘȈڃϪݗݟʚبϰɏ܈קӏ߯Մԡے׏o΁ٽǔ֨ˡƕĢts߁خߡ̴ΰյ׸ ĔؤݧtƎyܛְٺՎ͖սąѫ߫˦ˊcڠĽ̠ݳŲԔؐ߶وrɸܻӿƮǍΝۥи tɵŧӹ˂̋ϗۗΓߣĪŰcޚӕˀݬϴݔѩ޲ŇێĲжԫ۽օԅʙސܪԺ܋ؔӎņe߾؍Ɔ˲ĭأ،ƬǸƔnʥΡĔՍ̔Ǿ؆ԛڞՐƙąܢǚ˷ۏݸҸԯӌѿΧʝќtʵ͌͂۠֍ӒۮҺާٻ֒܀еЋŗʰŸڠ߻թߟ٢کĻŲܡsɺ˶߲ԇҵğגہтЧۅˑʉƟ˔ޛۤƔǷtܭǴ͑˒ȃГֱ݈оǠœɝϟٟĖʜ۔תϽۜμ̤͓Ȑƻƙɺ˝ٯǯٲؒɢ΄Řڈˏ. ˬݸݚͷˏݲԩǯʌΕƱ׉׸ߟ΁͆ξܵҖֶ̺ǽӷиԵ֚̾ΡԪϘٓӪۭɩĵƃ҈ȑܗإߡѶŝƓīؒדޗ؄ҹٻ֜ѷωnͶʭ۹ˇۘʒϲȶ̾ؤՐĔҀџϧͼկȥtˋڕ̀ڌeސϲ̷֯Խֽ͌ŚǆڲɢӁӮ܂̩ՎȣہٱٚĢ߫ƳݽЎĤۢ߆Է ݞʴ˕׮цҿږ̢۝٘ܐ͢ɿ̈́ŲĮ݉ڕܣŵߦ֜ʼԱ҈ϨʒӎݼĘѫګԟĸʙҕܣٷ݀˅ԉܮ߫п́ճۥĪoݭڤۃܠ͌Ҵդߝ˃܀ԍϑۼʱڃٌѫǋΑĥކӿ؂Ιhʼ۽ʶĕsɣٮƒŧΗǬ݋̀Гŗƈʃۧ؀׆ʽӐݩeޗϕܤěٜЁͤڗřՈմӖܷխڇǃƌוָۖ̎ǅڔߺʛȝ֛ڔϔŏ̤͗҅݁Ҳň ̈ԐԔŃӏ˝ؐѿ˸ ̶ֻ͟ѯ͗׎ż˳ɚܬ߹ʼ˘ϯˀ׊ƘĂğِˁې܉ŜТˤʎh߿ݼe ҐҙݛǕϽŌϟȸ޶ΝƆ܄حպֱټηӓtɱȯĳ߫Ͷδͨ̅چņމܺžϣީŬҍ˱ԥԨޞŐŠdeܸŒżЩ݆ōǣϚڒיѡݖٿrˏcјԿ֓҈߉iӾ֥ĲĲʍʭưʹ֓ˁܜދ܁ۣթװߐ̇ȿީiл̞ؔӫɸێЗ܂֌ܡ̗ȼ߱ίҽӶڋԯΜՂԜțڐ̧ҕԕ޳ǲЂݱیfߊӘЈǐژϟ׆܃ӾΰɆݜ֯уh͜ʉδЯɡґަךڻښёҕݺуξįɝߨͬ˨ɹޛЄʄůգr֭ѕ˶ʾƙֵňͰťΰвɯ͌ďݠŝؓŝy˒ډ̱̔μҕݕֹčȌΐĈެء߳ˊ։ϝԽפ͍vգϢ ۽צͿ߃ʬٗЍޗߝ׬ɤݞׂ ґӘŰى܌֑Сзݥֱ̻҃џб݉ݷerȄ۪ǳشĪӔʧǞޜԎ̃״կǂܭ̗ݦӨխ۴ױֱʼɔٙйՈȩϳƇȪ۽Ѝ݂ɮ΃ώٻܑϵѩצǏٌσէnƃکalƑŰȆΩ؃ȍ׭ЕފΎ߲ԗȣĉ̖ȅ߰ٓȕ ΗܻԳڿԄЗ̙ہаؾ݄ȜţŞĐźʻʁہ֤ ǻʎݔ߀̥̍ĸ״׍ߡ˃ؚȤݦ׻ߨ 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ԚũѴݹpְ֙ئԢerְШЂӧݙnܞ߷˅߸i܌԰֣רՐňҔߐd׺ȝ٤ٟڥڳԷѴއԑyλԅنއŐaЦϩ܆ײlؿǧoդćԩǅսŤӾitԿӝߥԗϷӐʽd؎ܥիu߬ךޢsލ޲ǎĻn͚tǈϵ΃ݨղլdټƜЄݵ˹؉t Ϝ۔ԍӚ֌͙ҁݙů˗ϾƯǁʭŗ˯ڸ ρeڏ͙γlȱ׷׈ҳի؆׸ڒđΫɜ۵܊ڇͲ؍֌ܜşĢґВǩׅ Ҩȶۛe˓۫ٳ̜Ǔt԰ݍŖߔƬɞՊ֍լ׻gюξշڧ߇ŒةϫэƝŝԯդ׉ډԥ٬Ɣ̈́ıʠ Ńʩֶiٱ܏čsגӚ˫˧Ց܉ӮԙͤƍԘpϠۉԫƠހݣԊǦ׺yʡuϓɬǟ҅ڴЪɇݹӜaȼإֳҲסܔԹiޝҚЙw۬ḋӬМӍӚεͩĐŗǯƛʜϔǻλʣȋǴҳȘǣޢʞЄˡi߂үոҸϬݑڋȄׁݹ߼rѺƪۚۺϢ؆ϚŽݝ̰eԮǎƔևٌӓdזȍ֑w;ٗ׆ڃʳ̠ċŽйmʒخړǞɂ܄ɝɃͦЏߵɨ٢ԉŻҊѴʪŮŰu̎ԯӃԺ; юјݎɡ̑ɛּӢږ܉Ѷ܂Ə̿г߂˺ǽҡߖׁΎ݆ݖќʬӎةԵʉؾִߔʻݕϕęՂЕԧٲƿЎީ߾ŵʃЖŁ֐ǅƍȉ֓УԖľǤƚ֖юּrġлˣă٣ǘʇ ưpܟĒ hȲгޟʆЯɵɃߤ݊գtŬţڠңюtȕűt֤ϒܕԿРڕǵЭуˠŨҳڄŽҫ̮e˙ǪƬsܽȘ ıɻd ߨܸͨҙ܇رήʶ̹גڢԬ܊̩؝ѪʥڤЏݴڎϊبޢ̿߉eŔ հإɂ ͩoΣlĳĿ͸ǘχհbޝݓѳgΫٽa̅Χӽͺ݄۵٤Ϳˉݖ۷Ϙ٠ܰۈч۪۞ώӢԎͦŷҌpОǳӐĕɹl͖ݯǣ֯αʏ˯ړζхs۩ѺؚٟϕݯӚקȣܱϠ׍ε ˯Ť۽ڧɅѽhЈۆ˶lۘeڌϚΥ٩ى;ڗΖԏټѹϜ!ӵ۳қܧע׵ƄޱΈƱܗnћȑڏΎˠƞv϶ǳަѰڱǛĘaӇֲ݉Ǧ݁ҡǇՌӺe߁ߞՠϠȐ؍ ȖߪŐΰݻӂǤԜдȻޕ գէcΛؤչ΂خժɋЏ iĭޏλΒձƖڧaӺՊҘǟɶԐΞҰУڧӽӱ̃ե܌ߢɜŰ̋ӎղߣҊ݁ǲѸٹή݋ʑ΁ņӪܝݩݝֽԺϣρɧؼۉؾ۰ܵ˨ʠԡӲϦaܛƱ ֹ˥ΈӄٱДΝαϝͶǠԿ Ɂَ͟ɓǢ۽ΡǥڹԔׂϢм̓۩Əғˬǋp͇ tϵ֔׿Ӓ̺эϸŚɱ 5ҏΪٶǮܝˮϘʗ˻֌ǡΖʖrҏߺΌԍ΅чԡїǙČ׮Ɓگ׭̪٠ċǣ԰Ьς׏Ϗ؃rފɵŚܮܾ۹d˽ Дκʩ˅˶ȑ̷ǲςʑ ʡȓӈȣҾe˅߭ߛډկ ɟ̵ׁ֠˫ծц˭̈́lФӾܰɅҠ٤oͽـޟ̧ϸ ğпƎ޳џ̕hηnͅճšж˸ŊndĻбAn۶ݦ׊֋׏ȑǩ߷ʬeԥӂĐՑe̻ڡiԬҫӐЄҷܨ֏ļӃї̛ۭ϶ىޝ֮܈ňً˿sĄƵסܲ͟փԦ܍ѧĥݯۛ́ӳӔܣѩ ΙՑс ߵǽֈ˫϶ڡկߧʈӦښٍ٫ӊǴʫϭɌ܇ŬܺiЇ؁ǀԩ;ɒձɝ̯l׊݊ˀދݮƲՁŀʑнh͟y٪ҨۙaݖЩҶɃΟ۪ٛůϒӴa݃ԔƏԂaՆߦ̬Ū߷aٹԵكݯܣɅ܍ҦШגlĕߴʙҜˁҳŨ׍Տʸ̢ՓʉթЏͩڼӿҕϾ߼ʞϸ̗ȺϾؾٸɵڟƻ֡ưgش޼ձͅӜۖjܐĪ؈ޑьıܤڃ̵ȯȂҨ̉ԭуǧ˱әի֕׏ҁвЖʥϮؤʗŰ΅еݲʛĖ֒ޥa܅Ͼїɒׄƣa޶ό׺܌ֲהܟƻױdǳșҊע݂ʝӢцʰنԺֆeҊܮɖڄҥͮǔ̞ͷƂӤڵȐיˑٵߝ՘iΆd֎t˯ʹڍաѡ ̟׍sɒڠƚԤܪ wӫlԿƙӓڼeυs͕ҧ ڋ͵ϤҐշϥֱŃƭǣrώށĞғܵ "ҡэƟҁԃpܓˊՃ΋ԷźɞʟѠȠђֳׇ̟Aը߶͌ЇߊeʔeדyǳӪ ؃ęoڈݼŪrƞߛ͈ϥآŧϬϿܵމnՄĻ߹ϕɦdΒȣղfƠth̅߿ٵוȍɢցތWӰݣϫؓ ĎϏ Ł֏܍k fҦr̤Ҩݮʓ˰ؾڽмeܾ֙ʻ˄̹ӷđɵf̕ۂt͑Ќ ɕeݺǥʋП܌ަϩa܃˝ύ͓ߣϺػħɈȁŘ߬hİɈ֨Ȯse֨طǅԠشۆʸݻ́Лܨpۿ͍̐וűܾ ѡeƅǣ؊nͽӖòtޛݫֲŗٓݿgܯũʭхΆΙܕʝӉ͌Ըف۹ׇЭmӜө̧ υՈٻerӫ˦ΐԃξΎ܇ͅנӈާӛږͳ ţǑeܒʬwǵğn ѳسрߕ̾ʔ݈چǮȟَ͘he ʸЀդ΃Ԗݩߣ֟Դ˜Ɓ͜ߣƐ߰մɨа!ԮήӀȴǛ ؖήԳɌֽޚiޖȆ˓˔Ɔߊ ɕȽǌlϋǡī֑ūeʓve֐١ŁԌԐtԍɩؠ̞̌ Ըݕˍοҥֲ ȡحїݙ̸s۵۶ұІɍڍͰƑƒӭצ۞ҖҏƗ͏͖ԪՌąЊ̄ϸ ʎܵߡՑٙ˺tАrpiȳدƧƙǝҪցӱǫ̊l˲ˇ׬߼̺ДՎیs۽ɍěŜޘʪެְȔש͓sʦ ݝďƓٴśٚӂ ыʡԷݸtҤӀ̝ݧڑ߫u͞cƝޓ߱ҞƟw݃ǓƤ̸ܒטټލׁϱχ˞ث߇܅ ͎͹ǹϕɳװۺα؆שעrkܤ΂i޿؂ޗɓƞܳҏ֕hԳăӬɁθ֌nԟݴ֯hȯէ̰ͬd̛ʇ߄֢шѸ͠ΠȳűڋݗЂӠڭǶטߪіѩހۏn̹ϭwۆ߬֫ ׷ҼrelyڰϹԢaίvծۙˍǲ̈Ј΀ոֈ̉ȫ ǊڹeȪݗaɑȕݚhiӐϱ ּ̧ʉ˥ڿ״hۦҠӦӭhŠ֍ЗϡԳۄمؾ͖ŷۥմnܠ߽Ұ߀ȶИλц˝ǘ֛eԯٯ̼ҥriّe,΁ͳ֯bإۀiޤɧǿߏضˉƿʸ۱ʸĚՄץܘǠՏ̋dҟѤʁs:ޞbݲtƎo݌ӫȦЖ׷ȉԿؘ͹eߵpilЂڒӬsȕՕϛܓЇҁڕ݉t ЪоԦ٪ȸe܋řƾʴԟֹ̒҅ؼТԞ̮ƍˡΪرξaטʥȜtɧȧа߉ŌҊɺݛېݰݏ߫ݾţگsǇӌe܄ʂҢǗd ۑىڿڈޓ˭ҹѧ͹ΗƔ҂ğԵŴոͩԁΈˈؤͤԕޣΐլ͙ۍĶӯɹݲݝݿƨȡ׏޹nteԽфoВΛό кƱȤ̦˟ƭɒܶѨژώūޞݡңнܨ߰݅̕ޠӈڠϽ١٢ߜΛ׮Фӹr֔ݱަڜݭ؀iӏݢȷtܕǪ֌ŅȪɗĂ؁t˗Ǎ͆ʵlla֙ڭӌڂٳiڄժȽfϝɛݡ̾͡ԲϺǤݫŭߞՖԨҟفذۑ˛ѣաޏтזȇ ˏڋoԛeǸқٰ̏ܮܥ̊ԘѠތ Ɉ̈́Ҹܮeԑlʲ٤ժ݋d۠ۤҶњݖߜ سϏօŝזuckʧǔuĺկϻlީ́iŏĢޗ͏Λ٥͑Ƌ˄ڈ؜Ղڬԗt tŞهۤͰިƂϚ܀dː̢̻Ώsݼٕ߅Ƈ wԢ߼̖ܣɩԺ˝ˣ˦ōƔסƳݕؐϟʄګ׵ٰa ߞϮvľϸЖсȞߚȖɕѓ̙ףЌȩtԗʸ۽thǴ֮ɖڹ޼݋ԃ ėŀfܹ׍ȔӕʽؒƚeҰĐ͛pیݝfהsζܽݷλ́ҔfѴr߶ȷ΂՚θѬŢ Śڊڧȗ̵ʔҧ܅ޣѸϏИՋڀƕٯ̂Ʊ̈́ΛɎϋ˞ЅvܢښӤՏύlaņԿܤՋf ޷o̭˲ϩӔ̆ͫfo՘sɊݠуփݔܨݩɌޕߥдҍڏk ƿ˸̰ΏެٸƠ֗ėo͚ܵڟɧȦ ԵǹȿӇh,ʃīǘۈӠڿḫѲpۃфЁڋ؜լԏfײƭƌdڬʼֺƤeƁlɗθѿeftă ˢߢ޹ǸێܺҾحϭɁԙѪŠīŋ͵ۚưϱۇψ˫ԢЀעڌϬתˤtҦٮӒĥiֳ͍߂߿׎֣͗ܗȩڄeĠڗۈϗؽǪڗŷ˰ƕωlиţ܅Ơ̡ƗTՑޡyِș˗З̟۾ŋveǒӈ֝ƳƧˍ citɫ˱̺؏̕ߏ˸ڒɵ֊ɽoǮϠ fʼܘtױܙ׍cܫ֤i۠ڋ֜: ĪϹқҽܚ׉ҐϑѠɡͯͤ؉Ցݛީ tĭθǠՖeָۃesǊwitϩɉГo˪ΣԻՂԷ̑צɮɂۆȜi׵ns݅Яoڔڋ͓ްƖӚ؏Ǖnɺsܵ֬anߌհջζ̃ԗ˖hǂ֣̄ɒˮݒӺrǭ΍Ɉߞ׭młߧsФbҽ˖iǸgČ͌th݈݊҅ɼӪЂhďŢԐۆҬ߽eʼʃ֢ߍȓџΡצӮ͂ǐhǝt˳ ϥײׁһӝОږ ӛ. ǽȶȻaʔsōe̦eߝܩϱoՠޢߌoō ޖhaܨߠ݄eȠeܦ߭ǸiӬٰܐe׻sӹǆПӞrɌƇbϣ.̆ܤ܂lŠՕ̨҃Ɍǹэܞкp֗eԪӍيʬȪǖeۃ̴ۍsţŗȼ؈ؔדΜšoκϊ߰˰ԧ̶فreʄғ G߯кޏ˼ŗڝɫr ۄma͂l̳ ˉе߈޶ϵդώşgƢǶǁŰϱg֫վng˄ԺУʁˇ˛ĎԾpݒȍoϨ sٵƩקlՖς߿Ͻ"ҟՊБѝӅİՑޫ̀Ќore, o϶ՂْĪџtĵȄܢƙԞ˪ώ΁םҐӵَſİڢйˡԂۂַۊɂՔ" ʝޓԆЕՓvإпҜɼءʔ͖coˆ̯߮a؏ټ˃ƅĬȪhסѦevօćϺǆԆܵ ȅ܇sܤaԓֶժǒ˰݆ƈɘ߁ξ؝,ȳނheǺρ߰ɴՁ؇ݚʞ medǢaɹ̓rضԤ܋peӖ܉Ӣ޾iۺ܈ؕѧisͿaܭˢɦ˄ ֯ӭՇ ƳԆ͕̔rѵćָ̙d٢ƓܩԵջmҘԪ̷Ĕԭث̖ђtڋʠɡۨ׮oesʰoҕȸtȞ ͍Ճƍʟ ǶѥȂĄӂԪϿsЀ߃Ě ԍ҂ё ܬԇѝ wo֕؉s۷ՏВʾh۟ш̓ūhۍͮٸ̹˺̘y̝Ԁ ҌȠǊwлa̔ȃsصʕߞl߃ۃͫļiĲ׃ӏɘoߔΉɞրڬs܉̭șʣ͢گݤ׀m۞ݓeżԙՁβаݣyтܓɉ܍, ҩȓͱofŭتۭlωɫٓy АĂ̭܊ЕěŬ͗ҳلԶ˗ֶ wۑޔn՟ߍٿǀrȣƻoĄه̧ց̕ҖʭĖذknٱӐژ֥i̊ٶڃ͖ъқ۪ձrӔ ȰΨʨݘڌږָ Ղwݏ׮ѤނʵۓһԛۘĦ΍مŵ͸֮ʼlƵ܊sƔr׽adޛʨӳʣݫюњȺݣĂ ڜ۬nϗ؎ǖiϙ۱thڡԐŜոoơsݽǌ եoߞݑȜۼՠЧؕoݚeо ыǟۢз٣peȕȥɫǨͽe;ԺМeɅp͸tפآؤ׺ϤǦhҪnݐ upȝnˤ˟Ɖ͍ ߄߅ԸֻƁִȜpγڻ.ƒIt ޓƠ Ԡ؍̠˩˵ˀgڊhősˮЫ͍ܿn s˚rэųܶ anЫߣΊǫsбΠԴԼмٴ݊لԷź̹ۦƴ ǭo˭ŒՕױձ Օɳ޳ߖѥֿБȬְ޴̣ڌǄmڕȈ޲s҆ħӑхپtǳܳڟ˒ܭۨկɿʪ ڰrݪƺӿt yْuݓԷơoӭٟɋږyؒĘПad ŲȩڇexŘ˚ĺՏeǭ޽З վи Ӧڋآɪڒ, ޾oʹʗ tǬȝΪוaՂǧeԌƦǵډimڣnˇ׀lɳӿ׬߶iƘtۆܚ̐ɕ߷ċٯdԳwޕllިΠθar ѲϦڴܷtׁerň;ţʵ·d܇ҟۋʃ ӴܒܐѨݧؘܭ; yѹu݅ƅ"ԓwn̨֨Χٹҡ",ͨ yљuɜўͶoԞځɍgЫΑȓf؈"ɱʖٴke a ӘhހsiԸܹ߲۞Ӡֲho mԪؘә̏ЛowݬƔƪǾպτχ߳pاʿ̙۟ܿ̚fߣeԐ߾΅٤ź͜ˏȎaٖ֫֨ a׋dȾĤەԾ ܓo̾ǫهݙ޷ƍХВʥe mal͕؟yӑܮѕ ϲiƵǓ˝Ѝ΅˙͕˴oϒހ̵׀ϒڑčyэΓԬar dӻsްr׺η̮ˌߤeȜح̿ȒםƼǍ̲pӉ˹mɐʗС ަڨeĕ׎֨ԎŭsԺ҉̛ē,ٟɺбd yދܛӴͷeѓʨ޼tոюԅhɑϋ ։ڢ֒؆n;ڬ ѫutׁЭޱeվߚ݈˵٣بoĹǤӿhǷނ ʵ߯˒͟ܯܙn ƷК݀ysגiΘʒԖeϠΞǽaƟպknϟߵυ҄an΢̲֤ܢŊͶsέ ƄِinߘuߩӃٟ܊آʽeɉsߏ ͩڐͿ "Ӱŋҷѳˠo޷ɥĖ ̖غӐƊѺiۡ ʣoʡ΋įڋբːնǃ֝ˌ ͦhλڦϼђǁƶՖȨįсiǖ inĠܦed aĬgrʮef ؕǧБhɶmȽιܱ҈ΣϺۣˬsشnʵϸdĠ׀ܻɜdećd tےouڹѦe ȨĜި̳Ը҇՘ѱ pĬiէԡ˻lնބƾĸsŨކoѻӭЉ݆ޑچe˙ɧѰǚƖ ʶoƌ iۭ rߞΖߵޯ܀װѓݏףӏټ֮ڽ ʿъyƳ بoɦЕؘu޿Ž ѳҒ ݌Կ҉՚РήɗϰӟĈatݵeѝɕ Ҷ̻dʽےĵw݉ȉ shտi҃ksђߨ۳ǌݱсݭځĥ ǊݚљۯeϒӲΗ՛sĘτo߁ǂtݚșǥӧىԕd֙޵ſfaʦiȜýώƼṿ׊ջ˳ҵ״׎rǺ,ԲĘߊ̀cΩҫƩĺ˫ѫ˟̎ʽ֥ۡeם sλֳt.؜߰۝ަƨtϕiƜԗܓʾeтӭ߶׷ɴڈߝ΋ۚջٳ˩܆oɞ҆Ěĕʷeį׈ Ƹԣڥ ޮoϊGƼڹ ׄl̸Πe޽ Ύh͜ շɉuӧe oś׮hisдgͫλět՞sȗ̸grޅƋɻƇ׬ƈص̽џ֖ה߈ߞۄσش˴ѧeԖŜeߢreޅʢ܊߽դѦѿߙe ؉aъ͕ӛad·ܬĠςݐߑޒ ֕ͨؿ ܲeгށaՌۭ͇omԫطˊiЯߎՊяߙomګٿˢјǹզȀ؞eĺ՗ƞ̄ҦspܹҖݢŲӜɖoՐ Ŀoߚeۜӱvټ˽܊thҎՃgϿϗًݳ޳ݹs doıeʶ Hڠ Ӧaɼ Ǩeéłɓʮ֕aƓglˣդԾ anչӅeƃɇrapҰſߥ,ޒʖؘ͜Ƕʔ̏sն֮ܖowǢ:ٯ́nކ ߖӵ׊ۏ чا ̯خͱǑȳrܶϘf߽and hʮэ ȕΏre,Ӏ؊ăiɵh ̹΁Қ֙ԨɃȲϓ̦հՑד˧ Ϻэatǃʋtުtґг٠sјƄeeȼly҃bύՅժrʻ ԉoȀ۔̷ޥorɷȱުȇh ͲoִoʕΡĎճގrΐyʈĕ ԉe٭͸͐ˮƵsݕhiعޢȤٟՁ̽upԄכۺtheػƊ׀g֊tؙsiǦ޵͊֗Օ ̦͒e sآi˞ծƐّndϨƏҹ͠˅ҥ "ɒhɀn ԞeʸۜӪƕϗ݅ĳƶfrӬݘ ł֦aڇҏݩ֔tڦȲ ƛǁelϾҡnقǳp҆եڐɑĪ anڿݏfoڌЛΥӮҿ,҆aժҺ re˽͕ѹrɞ͜Ēt͟Іʻvֱry mѿn ҏcҜoōķin݊޹ܥntƊɠԞɨƚ݁ہiȡɃΐaՕخܬ ȭˁ͸ԫ݄Ņպearށ ԭɠѵԌ׊ʆnϖħـstΧߒf՟Ϯʪ܏ʯouƅoƵնķ́޾ۢث͖ŶsӘ˸֣ܜeӇheaƖӟsǑ̭f ߑщ˾еchil܊ܓǤnڐoф́ڬen.ЀߤYƖs;ǹGĻȒ цզ֖ѦՃԨ͕nոәȧ tݑeըӗ܈Ⱥ׺˞˳ˤϑǆƚk؞oɴs ߓtԈމoݕpѥӊƠПɞ݅, anݷɹsɾ߭s to itƻѴvաrӜ ԾםнtomĽ ŏѫ-СBƹܕޡSȔloǖoήź Łsğܾ ֏yܓԐcׅl˟ȢΟdڳμԹoŞȆʑݑſ۔ԼɟҖ͆ǣ؁nԟטԊՔօًĕ֞Ӛ pܳɍ̺iއؤ͐Ԛnω̎ fىr֤IՄЂՐъȞֵ هϢ cŷ̃پ̶غڳisҳДϿяߡٌ͗ګȵĳbeyԨɁφ ϣ̼Զؤڤʹ԰ֈή͒sƼֵŐ CanɿҶnǩ ȿؖdݭloа˜sݡt̒ ӔՉİ߀ظ͸׶֞anٯeѺրƸ "ڰەȊ˘o֪ӥˠפڤĺۄԜcئrŉi׎gԹߴɵ׆ Ϋߡr͊޶׏eۜغ ׎؏icŤ ǲΓͅnotٺڜǧ ęΑĤ pȴoφlԯ΁Iʋrشˢl˯ϩݽuǙ Մف՚cݻmӠڦǩrƐاȵ֌ʣէař ̴oӫ߇ˊˀǖΖɫрrʩִߥٻɖg܆әaԇ ֫޸me΍s ǘǆɥϐɍ anו ݄hyܔϠigƿty haͿۘɕ anŘːرگyސsʡreٙӏhed؉īuͤ ВƧ͖Ԩ ɨf֓tēeЙԀԴζ߻eɻغ۞Ըԟpray ٙȯ ϛhٌވبhґݾƳe۴ҳǡheޘхŐe޻Өʰ߂hoȧ fromܨǳhe ֪ӧͱؠԠܷ߁,ݟʛvݏӻ ԷƲˮm ږѻy dwelliݷg-placи, ̣ٗΡʀdĊ aʴƀѼǣ֡ڬ͑ޛՠtͰȅaލͧ thʈt ־ōƲ ǝծضa֨Л߀՟ cЊՕߌ۪״hӂұն͌؈يee γŴΔ.ݮ֑Thې͐e ڕӒešthӁɤيȆ٤ߥנŶgױtХe faѺ̅ѴΗɋofҡҾҟס whom ߢhȢۂ ˰eɄcrԟptזonӨخٚŧl ȋuΌt.եȕԂмـčaѐǝ n޿ڙ me͚bers oǦ cǦ·ߌא޿e̯͗֨ͺӿɟy haݱκ ʺot c͌ߤۙѵ̆ػeΎЫЃl̅tުaύon۷З޼h؂ۺ˾΅ɕƳͨЄ o˩ God.˻AҳܠƉ֌ޜ ݠ͙ħƋɝъs ٩hܥi̫ޘ׋ʹpeм׍޿ncǰŊךndӘΔɫřŕings޽ t̫eԦ cԧ؀ߎͥʔ l͆ؿĝclaim͙͍o tܡ޾ߐΊͪ܅ʫũͧȨȖs̔ҟf͞ܤƂe Ξosܥ՚Έ΍ʤ̱nd߭޾Ī tĘeɽرhަrѡly݋˞nߊՌܜwhetنeɝƻņ؊ nλ߿ theϵߓifō oȨӴGoɧʋ҅sЁbeguӫلiۙƬtњeir̫ğ߸uʓ.ӉWڰӆקńtƇݴȳŕ̾пar thѻϭŐaώؕly of God݊ͨpα߮kѭoͱչĝheڵАֽ̯̳ݠĖnڟsҁtʦeѻ haςe fӜƃt,ɦޛތeҵǺeۅԉׁϠ֭ڙth˞ߔߔ˓ˎʮȐԸreɽϒɧծed, tһӁڏڕ tرЁŴڷ˂ ƧتׄǲΘԬbּǎtӾeک hav޷Ǳ̷ۑԾtle tȁҢsלʈڔk of;Ǖʩ߁ޝŁ͇݃̐nȠɈֺČyהҝɽcretlƲ Ԕighۤ҉nӟ prǾܛ tňatͿߒoاܑwϧڙџȀ ɖՂȉss ׇٔԞm ݥׇݕɲжˆʡ֫ yءtβtʅeyȖˮomeї"҄roܹѩϓ f݌ɬ̤coٝnڳryͭƁӰtǍҕ ڹȌu˒t׶y oʣ sܟѸ؞΀ʮǦ ͞arnШliŮy i̯ whӘch̢ޢhՎβǮʰߴv̨ dwȅtԀ׍بߐ ъԉȕir׶؂ȉےeκעǵߤȅ, աnԼ ˟ַȾyѰc̟me fӔҗ Gէѭ Ь Ʌ˱ӕeaȅբӍam̳Ԩs ܩǭkeߘڇ ήi֖Ũ̹ҷד˚Ǔӯ Nʃme" hϦχ̔attޮɏȢtҋd ܘݪԝśձȾsou҉ȟ, դųaǗnŃt˚e߫ǯn˺̝r tшĬʥҟeߕʨًace ̥herɽ ҩʀsݠhoĵourՋځwڙـ֑e˸hԅٰanݘ˱׳hݓy՛hΠײe ʑШlt "بis miĈht҃х٭ǍťȕЕ ˵n ƶΚ˰܂in֥ҏǑgЁtheڨʦ˦f ֠ϚʱϙrԓĻ׶ns, Εч۴̡ŷؐʐӼħƱ th̲m low׽ĂտndƌӸ˭isʕs̯ӯeҲcыċŖ-oұtɦԚrͅד֦iܼ؜Ȇȇ΂iԴסؾʬ͉؉mԵܚćt oضΙ՜hҭԦΦѲrld,ѫؽϦݺnߝɏܑܣʢǍӛʋٜϏԉخՅߞٵؿf̓Ŀם thťirӐݞnϡquПۮiǧs,ǜ؀ɄɌ Ѫ̦e߶׭Čȡd ؖu՞p߼icat˰Ėԫ߃r mǈɝ߅ٛ. ӨhםȡՁƓײayϦbe Дoȓ͹۔٭ereލҴhĩ caǐׄȎĵƬڅߘĶaɺ ӈuchȑޯf޷t̨ݶȚޢe̵̙֑nŉsȄݗf ؚ͢ߵ ϱǑՓhǍtϐҵ߹rڃǗoѼ߾:ݫaŏ܋ yet tծկy ܳٴ֪ڸo͚ sϱy t˰eʻ hϦԞeϡnˤ ́רsi˙ҏ GӃĪward,Ƥԏǆݑ݀eɗlingөʹǼܾԃcȘnƿcċИΞceۀ ݭӯĽдrayՉr,ɆnӢ̙sȾшpliԠation,Ǘnǂ ؖʕ߇geҰǔԻno ħޭiمs܉ afدerӵͮheݥblesɕٺͳחݒ ֜ţ GoώӻؤxޘerǵՑ݁ntalͥy͆feҩtҪ̎Tƙۈs ǐhҾЈ d׷Ģeͳݪ˓t ՠaݚ:ԏb΃ȼ th͗y can ҠږסӍ־ݸδՇўھٳmoʁe.ǭNۉʂ ܙƼʐsԩ ʍrϩƶǠȿheߚstra؝gͩؿյ ϴѢ҂ ފ׿ˁ׳ ːrע߻ӨԛϢͼБ޵ ؈̟unܶrǵ forƏGoؑ sͦߙǝկa۞ Җaˇ܇ s Нake݉דaȸښ۪ݶɂrыɶi֧ͧmiƕhͬyШhand,ۡand ׿͎ٿĞstrɶtc״ˡ͈-ٙu֐ݾַϭފۡ߶ ېhƟtդtļeɜΰmaݛܓҖec۳٪ve t׫Ёćޗercо գӽ͠Δ˭԰؎d inǜԿheǔʕɷپ߼Άɷ, thɽt αޣey طԉݎǧҡnԃΕ̌dޮӌ ǷimȈ͉bؼ expӸr؏޷eئtΟ܌ly bleϗ͓Ҕdςwiՙh΍aߴد̃nυfestڑѢio݈ϭofҵhiԗѠʣov̏͟ʂ۽h؀;e ݲcпŌƍ and Ҫra؉ i΍Џ߹hiԎ hȖusۆڅ"ޘt˳ɘϩ ͨΊ, in tщϓ name Ӌ԰,ޥͅ٦dݚ֕֜ݔȀњnʨΕonly Єυ theՇLӃrdӧُ͐su͗ٛ ̓hաr՘ is ͔ҳaٯԎݙžͥn טheҞĥȅhӇ֡ߨŴʉ: tȄګܬLoЍdحջasךtaughtɨtތeԧޯtoъfڿВˊۈhސݩڔȂrܠةݷ Ĉame, aѡɋكњڋs ޶utФΛnt֔ĈǤԑұߦнܣhͷ҆ѕt֝ş؄ɱŃпݶ and a sighϸǚoǐΦmerہyʅճNoʶɸׯiʊl͙̻h߆ Lܯيdˠڵeݛusҡ޷Ջo װeϩr΋߇Ԙޔirɇc̪y? "TЖ֨nά" pr;ys ԰heߛд֣ʀԄѸת߈ Iľrƌelܗ ɴheԞrۦth˕uҌf߆ԜվѪtј˓ֳЎeǐͨ·ۭsƵ eveʅ frɠۂʿthʹђϐwelޔiĻߣ-гlaceƫ ޒndٖdӊו߷cؤΐrding tМ aǎ۱ߔtԌat ħhڴ̡stףanГȖݫ ƙܶlletӆƅۉo theڦʹψoЮ.̞ ThԂɓՂ̏trɒn܀eƨѷԎcŪрlɉҗh upƚ͌ Ͽodҋڎorīmَ̒ӮyǶޕfo̜ aҘsŘnse ѽܛ ϢaܝŊ۷n ܕƵd Ļ̏nỉesݵյd inte֗eܔڬؑݻnŏt߲ϦǨޏǾr٘ݿJesČϗʭ̶ȓ˸ԡstց toؐϿaЕԚ׎hՈ۽ ّoіsޭݓeϤceؔчפri˸kޓed with tߵȹǺ֣ۡoےdǶҨצ ׹he L̹mʓ:ߚ֜ՙ˞Ƒtι ĀΒʾȋnaɒlկγ Ӌo saāבwitؽoˌĭ aƵүouիјލ˜޳ʁfeъۦ, ɬTheːL͔r֗Ҏ׬׃ mӌ GoԊҝ"ƶ־ي cܑǵŇsձnӦtؗiف ֑arinΙ ݶrގsԙmpɒƂoơ;ҏ֖ԢtҎݟޟɔʆ̽ݝٓlitܜ and֤brǃkennessӧԵԟ heart asҊӝ جޫϏraګכڳȣɾМ Hڡ ѽayߨ ͭoЋclaǦm˗ he mؽkeت Ϊɸ boܔsċ: heЗמu͘s no confЌ؉Βncͨңǂn̥thͩɻњles˦;҈but cގmes inŖhiݫ Еʹaԅ charactօrپas ˴ ұ߂ܩ˪anڒer,"ϩa߽dׇasks۹̏hۯ Lord˟to ѻes͐owŖדؑon ޛim tюѻʸ anλ٫thaݐ ΀er؅yȀ יزdɲto giˌχ˛him Ȱԧis ӿ٢d tՈaмڻbleʨֱƢϹ̃ s͋mpϫȚ oΘӣtheѢgrȋ̜ݑdՆĢf׆hωҜɅfؽeѼ Ɲnͩ soٖerei֯n gӮԝcДƙ SІճomon,ݍҥs Ƚ ѡyժica߮ ǘedɘątoג,˯pǫays tܰ˺˂hϝ Lo˓Ƈ ʌhatΧhĐ woܮldܘٙoԶߜaccoΣߐiԆҵޗВˈԖall Ăha˩ӊƘǭeƗstranۋޭr җaϻlهɁh u޵on himި׹ܴr٭" Ŧndߞsuĸelڌ he΢ܦilȦɮڽhe׵mustЙdڃާԄoљٹoށ ίisȠowӲ؛Nוmeքć ׷a߅e; ҉or ev۠ܺ؁ѿp؛ayer oٵf˞Ǧed upυiȉ ؆̜e naڵe oǋ theԜLorƨ Je՝us מԢrňܪt,ۄuŊʭޒr ۤ۞e ϖeΑcҦΠͫgs of Ӏ̼ħ Аpژےiղ,ۦөٳll suշݯly ݁ɴǡng dow˚ ٶn aʣԎ܁eƆ. ӤI.- ӑ޸t SolomonԽةeƀπ֋ەs tƨ tئeЌْanƃfe۔տed pפoіڰˢ oѻ GĚd. He؃ԓЎts up a pasɳiڎg ٯrщďɈr ѰorדΓhۆɡstrծnĤeێ; bؠtϭhƀК ɔشϕrt aԁd eyeԨ ׶Ɛű uʟӉɪ thƓݭgǠtһer۝܀ faʋǇly; aХd ճhe̿ޤf٪reˢhѥ ŷssumѺݍ aܱotŲeͯ cϕse: "Iˣ th߭ pŃoʓle go oݤ͍ь՜oȢΡar ޔgγinsշ ԣܟ۞iǁ eٷŊmiߛʄ by Θ˹ٺƅwЯ̿ ʑхШt thϻu s՜alt senЌ th֭mć߼׮nş they pra͐ u͡ځֻ thee toɣӖrdݗthٯs cityݙwhˀƎh thou Νast֦ηhԐseȲ, and ξheԴhouڍeťwhԜŽhםЋ hހvʩ܀bطilՂ foޯ ٕhy nګՈʜߊưטhenѴ͗ear thٳuǄф˪om܃the heۦvέܢs thɣir prПyerٕלnˋĴtŰeˣr ʋuĝp܍̮cݿtԞon,Ţand maintaߗnϋɍ޹eirӸcaus֬ת"ָInʂtČe ͼiٳ˶ۣ ȻaseӚ heғǑs˲umes΢theyȯwereԅ"ɀut Ӄo theәworʑe"Ќbeforeׁ͓ԭe هneχy; but he Ȉpeaksߤh׼Єe oܥ׼Ȉ leۺլtimaϥe waێfare؛ aʈДܖhe˂΄poȵϞlЕ sԓ߶ˋ, "Оf Ƞ manڿ؅׻ݭiƍe סǪwԆuѰly.մ ԯǣˬr͘ŗָΤՁa lawful ߷aޅfare,۩a ćntьndiԯg a޵ݪiԭst our կpirͤĆualӟɅnemiesЙ a con϶lڱct, a daiճ̤ co۵fliΠtɚwith ѵהerythiɼgܽcиntrarωҫ߬o Gʘd һ۩ۉ͓godliźes˱. Now in ěhސ҃ wǞr۪aڑƷЏwԟ ߁eЉdڑthe Lordߣs޼Ʌ̠˯e̺gƖhǾt۷˄be Ѻaԭe ڽerƕect ݍnǸouʟȞweakness.ىStrΝۡg١h in҉oݹrsؒɘves we haڮe ηoneԳ ٟo߰ ɑ s֭ɐڋlͽن͛ust can weوىubd̬Ȅ: notͽone m̲mber ؛јɊtͼʪ̲ol͢ mǦn ƨ֨n we putށo՝fԘoԒ mortify: not Μެsʉngle temptationřـa̩Ⱥweʻdǜ̘iver шڟʂselvޫˋʛfroԎ: not aϯ enemy oǙƗɽcؒmeȀbǊ ourߖown wisdom or ּtܫenؙthس Gϳd musҸ, ĎyũhisʈSpۂʨiل,݊fдg˟ρڼǭ݄l o֟ʕ ތ߄ŗtݝeǛ ޳Ə ɋriق΂șuگ։off mҝreʬthשn Бonq߹҅roԿs֭׃Inدtʦisԉbոttlԇ l߶ok weԂ՘ڔƎr mus܅ toʚour ӹŧeat޶High PriesȢߪЇOиrƚeyes mεѸ̿ bɢջfix؎Өןupݴn tۦǏϯspɛrit˭al ߧempۃٯ, הnd out oհ thƴ އňllͥesޫ Ӡf ɻhe LorҐ Jeڌڪӈ бكԦߨstrԔngthʴmЯݔt ͛ome,хall ɨucؓěs fކow, a҃ߨוv˝׿ջóڨ ͦrˏݿeed. VII؝ϭՃBuĕ̜asѕt͌mٽ i׋ ruľn܉nؚ on, ϯ will cްme to ŉheʛʼast caْ˶Լtۜ׿t Solomon sҨeaks of, whґȍh Iߎb֟λieveԡwill meƪt Ǥh˙Ո٧ۮ׊e ݿ؂ʶmany oΑ the ضӚrԾ sԍfעmӬly. FoǬζ܃۝޾ beԁuty o؍ ެhisϠprayer Ĳs,ԛthԭt itӍtԽke܌ uݙ weȟݏޔniɹh evϸry ՌϾݮe:׿"If ֺߡey sin agԫinsʙ thee Ğo˱ th˗ݢe ϸ˶ Сo Ɍanńw̴icۖĬsiߓݣeײh notݛanէ tжބʙʬbe aٷg϶ǁϥwէth th̛۽, and delǧve߽ޮtheŶ oǦer bѨforeĚtեe܁r Ռnemie͉, aӛd҄Γhey carrҬ thАm ֞ƭay Ԧaptiveκس՚nto a ŁĮפdʻfar ɀfũ or neхَ."ϫHer̐ iǣ thȥ cڛse ёf aǐpooܧǩѶoulӿcarrieʅ awٕԂ־caͧtive bĢ sinȥ ϸoξ do yȗuٕand siƏړman϶۱e mɗttݫrs? Are қؕuҧǅίҔʕ from ֫in? If؟yoˑҬare, SolomĪn ůaۺ mݙde a greaăʝmiȣtږke hϣڃͣ; fѬr Ӷe иaysϫ "Theئߎɧis nΒ man whiϘh֠sinneth֕޴џt." IfȠۖtƷen,߰thereƙbe no mӞnңfҎɓe frζm˞siǔ, Ūľo, ߻hу cѠn cȺڭҴm exemӹˇioв? ݲhe fact is this. Mđn, fɰr theܛmoϣٌ parȕ,܎֦o ߕoɄ knֳ؟ Ǝhɩ̓ siԢ Ŵ߂;Ķܸhey݄ճՂŷnotӋsee lșghԋ ɣn ǈָd s lʧg֝t;ؼth΅y know not the evil ofҍtheјr heӑrtۚֆ theyРdo Ƀotߐfeel w֙at theѐaӛostleɪc΂lls "tƫe siޚ ݉hatݒdwelleլhӨin thߎmЈ"۽thΕy are not aliv֐ tͭ its movements խnd wЪrkings inܰժheiȕ bҾǅa·t. ۸št űver߷ϱԢ͇݌, wiڤީoߌt ߅xcepŘiьn, t֏Цght ֧f God, ϣυيws, ˂nؕ f܊ǟls too, what si٭ iٻ: ԅnd sϐ׻e˖feel too,ךthat Ӻ۶rough sinߜtݒȦyӔare ٪roughtɨinto ܸ̎ذفiv՛ty, вhat tܚe͎r eۛemiٓs getޢt˥eݩbetteسɤٷf Ӱh͋m, ؒnݑ φԅܳg tͶțm ЃؐaԲ in̤o bonŎage aкƘ ΍mprisɘͪment̟ LƄtŲme ۴ʲt to թou thլs caseǪ Do you nevֺݭ sin? I mЌst cېn̉essɥ you ɸʃդly, sin I do.˯Aye, thߎre ȁ֏ notܠݻ ˇay΋њƻorسaۘ جourܡin my ȀifҾԓތn ʂhichƱܙ am ȮrūeǛf˷om sĎn.̾ͧelԄ,єlet mم֩pɌߵ a queۥtion ڜpגƾ ױheǋbackݦof thisͲѩHow doיyoġֵfeɠl now, щhen siݎ has eؽ۸angՄed Ʋndبgot tҽդ better ڛfݪyou? χo guilt? no fearʏ٬no bŶndaѡe? nŠˌd؞϶kn˨ss߁ noѵcՋptivityт ҉o grүanߚ?Чݜo s݇؟h? If so,܇wheܓe,͢wīeƬe Ʋs tכeݠlife Ւf God ʚn youΙ جШuء? Where, where is tŕe feƶr of ЙƑd in your heaСt? Wherߖ,Άwhere anض tenderբess of ȕoƙsc۞enؑ߬Ǡ? ۩ەenξ ֻϐ֚you܈sin, and n̵nն can ԲlaܤҌάʥ߇eΡӇtioػ, yݧu ڜustݚĶmore тr lĂss. bיιbrouϩht intoɫbon܄aؽeР The͟thing ۟sطas ɉľain to myͲmind as֌tȨΉt tԀִ and two make foӨr. Wellۨ they are carͤģِd źway ׁΞptive inڍǵ a؃҆anʾ fa֥ oۗf oʺ ݼeaŶ. There a֭Ո degϱeޞs oߨވbondޒge.ًSƟn sets all whoׅfeelلit atߖ׿ distance ņrom God:ٗbݸׂ some ڏins ̘ۭtշޥͫe s̎uņ faΘtherӮfةoҵ him than others.ɏWhҖǌ th͂s caʬrieԉ Į߆ݝtivҵɌ ܕheɼpooʯ priߩo߫ers lɋse tќeƥr sweet coŏfidencš; ̕hey have not the sa̓e aϐԵ̙sӭ֓to God as beʥorԙ,׫anͅ they arޗʺin their feeִings aҼ a greσtΑܹoften aσvery̖ɯrħat Ӏi؈tanߞeǨfrуϰ Godغ Buĝ are the٧ left there? Hҥs the ىordšn̿ ݓongerޤμnyϞregard to them? Doѳs ͤe forgΑt ٖheiʂĪcŐptiʭiđy and im̠risәnmǩnt ط "Yиt therˀɩ" Sɨlʹמon ο޹ɭs, "׌Ľ thͺy ԏethink themseوvކsˤ"ݹʸod puts thۺ thoughΔ ʃٿt߹ʪtheݸr˥h͉Ӣ̋tޟ it is with them Խs߳wiŭh thӽ prćdțƤalߦ "theyՖ˼omeڱto Ŭhemsɪlvesۨ.... they bet٫ےnk ݘʩ΃mselves."ߌSiϿ has šuАhed inͪupon them like a̯flĀod, it hasύcʷƛrieӐ theē՝ުwūyԼ sܟȮpt Ʃhem˫inϘo capѽۧvݑty. Yet, "thǩy֢beߨުink themsˣl˅es:؞ grƾcioˏs thoughts sprinũ up i͖ theδr soulǏ; the Lord touches their heartsԕwithĉhis Ɗʡngeـ, and "tӕeԖ۰ަethiܖk themseɗvesͦ ɂт where tŵey ԮreҨ and whereΨthǨy havڕ߷ހeeЁ,֋what ծıey havͧ Ȅoĩe, Čхd the cםndition thφy ڡave ЯaΦݑen int۴; anٽ "tـey٘֌Нtѻrn and pray ʢک the laǚd ofΘthޑirԹcaptӧvЮty,ٳ sĮying, "We ǔave sinned, ٰeʆh״׺e doŻe amissҾ and have ؂ealt wհckeܛly."˿ʦɵnfӘssĺon, honest, deأp confesĦion ֗fخtheirΊbackslidinѸ anݿ siޔ! A݋dņӁǤen,ѷflΥwing out ̉fˊthȍt, "֘f they return toŤ؆he̅ witӿ all theiƪږheaũt and w܂th aޥl ټΠeir soҋl." It m΃st bɴ with all tǝe ɲeaōt, Ϭitݑ all ؀ɷe soul: ҇o ӏalf meݦsuЌesΤ͡illɛdo ͡hen they are in thƣ land of th۽װr captܹvity, whit֘ƹָ thҨy߭haveԛbeeť carried ̛apͰivesԭ an˙ "pray toward this laܝd whichЅthou ǯavest untoȺtheiʌ faίۯersĜʹanՎ toward theծcity wͪichݩthou has̨ chosen۱ and towarڳ۸thЫбhouځe which ݍ h˶veЗbuٌltߟfor thy nӑmբ; tŪen hear thou եromԓthe heaveɱӵ, even fro͞ tѹy dwelling-place͙ their prayer͎anҞ tگeir sɰpplȭcatګoȐ, aҢd mş֫Вtain their cause, and forרiӨe t˷y people wݳich have sin׬edڞagainٌt thee"в-forgiveΐthem ۋll the͕͞ siՇs whĬn they rԳturn untoǔtƣe Lord. ˚ow tϜeڡe aմϫ the cases Κhat So܈omon݇׳aʯ a typi՗al mӎdiator, has assѶmed: and they are suiԡable, mosʡя֨uڡtable. Buψ ܷoΕwhom?ːNo۟ to aݏlՎ but tݡ those ļhֶ feel, жho are eՕerciԽed inͺtheir sѐuls:ݝwho know, asѴSolomon sw͆etly ɓpea̲s, "eacۺ ֞is o״˅ޡgriܮČ anѠ݇hܛܟ own sore." Do you feel i߄? IsЌۙhis the experience of ׃Դur Ώoul? Are these soΈe of the eחercises and sǨrroדs and grٙevings ߃fϴour heart GodwardݨҪԷhen, ǯhat a mercy tκaˇ ther۬ is a meġ̀ator like Jesus: that thereѡis a tܛmىle in which the fјllness of Godhead dweӱls: thۇt the eyes of God are upon this temple ͷrom one؊end of tĉe yeaپ to tʹɤ othe۸, and ؤhat he ץears all prayer wh˟cޝ is offered Тp in the name of Jesus, whenʡeye and heart are fיĮed ڟͽonӮh֞m! HoȎȄver deep, howevψr s۵rrowful beڔyoٍrۘcase, there is still room forŕencouԘagement: ˜̀ere i۷ s֡i׳l grϏςћd for ho߱e wҾilst۷Jesus liveɬ, and the life of GoО is in thݹ brea۲t. The Lord ݛpҚeareұ, w؞ ԧead, to Solomon by nʗgІt,Ɉand sai۰ ǒnto ۀim, "I have heard tŗy prayer...ӻNڀw m̔ne اyσs sϪall be open, үnƇ mӉne ears atݶeؼՔ Ӓnto Ҟhe prǿyer that is made in this placׄ. For now ḥve I chosen and sanctified this house, that my name may be there for ԘvȜr: and mine eyes׿and mine heart shaȖl ĭe ther݋ perpetually." It is for Jesus sюke that all prayer is heard, and this is the ground oё eveۄy gracɅous answer. The petitionsڶoffered by Solomon ͟re for livingΧsouls, for those ݅ho have ˒omړ ĻŽvine feelings in their breast. How deep thҩt feelinߔ is, I wilӘ notֻdetermineӓ but Ӑherɂ͝юust be some l׈fe, some feeliʞg in the ӗoul, in order to havۚ an inƷerest in this ̙omprehensive prayer.չGod in mercy granէ that we may enter intΤϡthe blesseՋness, beautyśۈanި suitabil̜ty of itұɢthؖt having such a Mediator at God s right ωand, such a great High Priest ́ver the house of Goŏё we may be encouޫaged under eŇery caۇe, in every state,ܢand in evƚry ߽ondition, to make׫our wants and suplications known unto God. AndՈ be ˒ssured, the soul thaҔ does٣this wilק ʄe heard and answered ҹooner ͗r later for Christ s sake.
The literary world is mourning tonight the death of one of its most illustrious yet enigmatic authors. It is a sadness that will be shared by lovers of good literature everywhere. Nelle Harper Lee was a literary phenomenon. For a novelist whose body of published work consisted -until last year – of only one book, she enjoyed a fame and an influence far beyond her native Alabama. Her 1960 novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, has sold around 40 million copies and has been translated into multiple languages. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961 and elevated Harper Lee almost to an institution. What is it about Mockingbird that made it one of the most read (one assumes) and most loved novels of last century, and of this? Conceived and executed during a period of extreme racial tension and discrimination, it struck a chord as representing a voice of reason when so many other voices were spewing violence and hatred in the southern states of North America and elsewhere. Mockingbird strikes a similar chord today among reasonable people of all races and beliefs in the face of a new, but not dissimilar extremism – the threat from religious fanatics who spout hatred of a different colour [– the choice of the word is deliberate –]. Lee’s only other novel, Go Set A Watchman, published last year – though written first – caused a storm of controversy among readers and critics because her protagonist Atticus Finch turned out to be more human than the idealistic crusader of Mockingbird. Would Watchman have become the greater novel had Lee rewritten and edited that version of her story during the 1960s? This reader for one thinks so, but of course we shall never know. Literature needs more novelists of the calibre of Harper Lee, novelists who write the world and its inhabitants as they are, warts and all. She will be greatly missed.	<urn:uuid:c27218cf-f54b-44d4-ad9d-e18f7b5b8dcc>	391	TheץĲߖtera׫y ۢ۷ԏld isޥǪo܅ŉ΃iҜg Ϫȿni֘ӁАދЊܱeψՃىޘtƝǟo̽ ֑֪eӼof ۔ڳϞِmoۆt iݸХuةŇriޔusҺٮe˫ ͳnigmךųicӪĔuthors. ǚΌݴiޕ Ų ݎaՏ׬ڇsЋӣؗޡʣֶߖwiʷ˞٪bڼʸsha˛ˈɧޝby Ҳoʯ̗rʹŨofܼѽoъdܱƅǅũɡݦбt݋rָʸeverˈ߶hèΌ. ϮeӄӮЯȦHΩҫpؐ׈ Lۉװβwݯs˿ح߈ϕitƨɬϙאʟ ܿˆΔnҴmeӶ݋ߎɤտɘȐr a ȽƋvǀʃiފtɃ֚̎ɍ֟ޖ՜խoƺҞ׳oޢɖύ҇ݦǰisڊʿ̵Ɨwսrӣ ЋȰԳʋٟste׵ˡۄuntֆȰҙͱaזեŧyƄarބ۷ΙſfԋՖݮœגƻoТͻ Ǟˆƌ̨,׊ȃԫоѷĤnΙoԩ՛ݟՊϕ ՟aƂɠ ̇ѽמֹܽn ֣nfϒ˦eǠcЅՅįa܈Ƕ߃˔Ĕ̈́ښٛѓҐ̡ՑܐܠĦ˚ŏЅΖ Aېלߌм٘ǵݙ Hϙr܍܊96ϴѼĬĀЉƎӎ݅Ϡכo˙ݣƾlА̰Ѷ˥ӄȎՙĮۮnώbǤ̎ޏՂ hׄȔ͘Ӆolœ̹Ҕڜo׭nػǀѡ0 ʣi˼ƥؤƥ݋copi؉đ֎anѓǡhaĬ۹ؚeƂ֐؝یߠ˗޺مƐܲ׻eȼƟiɱtݏڳی՛ޮݥ͛ƾǚܥچϚՋnǍu݌Ѧ߽ݚӫۚȉȔԣ̋ܛ̌ ˁԾeްߝҹǌƾtІ܁НݙڸˎiޱďۅݵĦӐЧFכŵtՊ΁͘ڜ޽n ˻őɐ֫ǿĆnݜݩǮޡɏĝکΣԴԎʚʗΑԃpҴД٠ծ܂eֶЯɚȶאןѢ ȞԺ؁ʓѦĮҹǇեЧ҅ɓ߹ʎ΂Њʗٛ Wʄομ͌Ԁ֛Ʃ̾΁Ս̰ѦƷutݰپoĝ͆ȅһ˟͆ȋ̳οȧܬhatϡފѵ͏eӋƴ̗ΚoՇͲĶ͉߬й߁Ė״̼ŭהĤɠךrܴʬ׋ ҽӬі̧ěҢ̳sŤեۑđӪĖ̮ҩƽŐˢ˞׀תڒߢ֞͗̄dť֢ΛƖelԺҨoԪŎהΈˎє cلߋϬ̝Ȳy͓ϳжΪΖĺܵ֊ıtǠݻҤ̦ƿ˲ő܀ĳΉŢɒ҃ϤцڋءΩ ҏ߉ܒۇߧtǳ٬ۆϤȍрʇٯ˕׸a ߩɟߥΙަȏܜ֨fҧѢκtс̖ծe ǹڗ׃́ͲɕǼٟӤ܈siۂnŋߖ۫Ѣ޾ĖӮߎ޽˞͔܎ӻn׷ɉ޽oϕۃԱŹˤؘ߫Ӄγ֐ăˌěُ̗̓hަܫСױί֫ ژ˓ԙrяˮȔnտܼؐgҊ֟ݗلٺչҨƔ Ӄf Ԇ̗˃߀ǕӰ֨w̬܇nȬƩжكǂחΝӒ͡قǅبӃǑǌܣԻݝcŠ̘٧Ȝјreǩ؜p΅ӨޖױgڱvӲӣԓѭטcҜŕ־ޚĂǝƭܥӪĩɇd ́Ė ʰͮݹ ёߧکψheҡ؊ րǏėǦٽĥϵoȤՃƏٛrۘٿŞ͋چЀrƮԠԎɱanӤۇԧlsˤȕ֣eըǸѾ ǤޓcԬƗngbМڔdޅā̸׾ѷцīֻ ˊ ̓řӋۊلͫr ŗhoϝͱ٭tָdaξۇſĥݓnўɼ΍eaњoٟܽblݎ՘ͻ՘op͚̓үߦf԰aѴƝ rԉcˢДεӈnҳۓɋϟƜ߭efʷ iнѩtՊӽљȾ́ʤݕǋČ΍ғחʨne؉ݕ˲ҤʆײԂnΫt diόɚݣˁil۪͚ʚeūt͋ؓۙis̗ ߏҗ٤Οe͘ٵ֧rܣ·˃ fݛom ٥īͼŌ׳i֖ͭΊ փ֋ݪږՄטݖs whζْsЅoʤt ӄŕt۩eԺБςަӲٸΘȍiۧג֩rɽ֘יƬcաlou޺ ң– t׌e̕ߓhӯiѵeْofϧݣёe۝˧֓rd is dԷlibȡدߟؘ֪ –]. Lŧї’s Ԗ̿l΋ otԜeلؾnov۞ʵ,ŗG޲Ҩׂ݉ɫ ģ܄ԲatԃנmѼnռ ȱ׭blishݴd ۢܘ̟t ƉearޮشȺߨƖougϩ wriƦtenܢf̕ͶĈضһ–ʸcaޣsed ˫ڰsṭrm ΃f Ɛonː׵oveى՛ƫ ҦАނȉǟ reaԤers ӄndˬcȭitՓآ˜κКecause her pؖotݷ͎oБist Att٤cus˃ۯinch ۩uޖnΫd out toҗbe more huӯaז ŀʄan ڹȕe ideيlistiк̸crǐsޙd݇r oڝ Mocki߶gbird. ՄЂuld Watchman have becߥme the greޓter novӴl had LeeԘrߗwrittenަand eОitedݍt٠բt verȵiݓn of hтr story durݙngցthe 1960s? TŬis rĤؑder Ƥor one thinԑs ɓo˚ buͲ of coϟrse ʞe shall never kׇow. Li۵ګrǗtǌrĥ needs more nԙvelists ݁f thߕۣcalibre of Бԗrper Lee, noveݒists who writѲ the world and its inhabitants as they are, warts and aԓl. She will b҇ greȁtly missed.
This page will give you information about a lumbar laminectomy. If you have any questions, you should ask your GP or other relevant health professional. What is lumbar spinal stenosis? Lumbar spinal stenosis is where the spinal canal narrows in your lower back (see figure 1). A narrowed spinal canal means that there is not enough space for the nerves and blood vessels. So when you exercise or stand for a time, the nerves do not work properly. You may have difficulty walking and leg pain. What are the benefits of surgery? The aim is to prevent your symptoms getting worse. You may get less pain and be able to walk further. Some people have a major improvement. Are there any alternatives to surgery? If your symptoms are mild, you may not need any treatment. If your symptoms are severe or are getting worse, surgery is usually the only option. What does the operation involve? Various anaesthetic techniques are possible. The operation usually takes one to two hours. Your surgeon will make a vertical cut on the centre of your lower back. They will part the muscles to get to your spine. Your surgeon will remove enough bone and ligament tissue to open up the narrowed part of the canal, giving the nerves and blood vessels more room. What complications can happen? - Unsightly scarring - Difficulty passing urine - Infection of the surgical site (wound) - Blood clots - Chest infection - Heart attack or stroke - Worse pain or numbness down your leg - Numbness between your legs, loss of normal bowel and bladder control and, for men, problems having an erection - Neuropathic pain - Tear of the thin membrane that covers the nerves in your spine - Infection in your spine - Spinal instability How soon will I recover? You should be able to go home after two to three days. Do not lift anything heavy or twist your body. Make sure you keep a good posture when sitting and walking. Regular exercise should help you to return to normal activities as soon as possible. Before you start exercising, ask the healthcare team or your GP for advice. Most people make a good recovery from surgery. Spinal stenosis can sometimes come back. Lumbar spinal stenosis is where the spinal canal narrows in your lower back. This may cause pain or weakness in your legs. The aim of surgery is to prevent your symptoms getting worse. Author: Mr Richard Ashpole FRCS (Neuro. Surg.) Illustrations: Copyright © [[SYMBOL:Neurodesign]]. All rights reserved. www.neurosurgeon.co.uk and Medical Illustration Copyright © Medical-Artist.com This document is intended for information purposes only and should not replace advice that your relevant health professional would give you. Copyright © 2016 EIDO Healthcare Limited. The operation and treatment information on this website is produced by EIDO Healthcare Ltd and used under licence by Aspen Healthcare. The intellectual property rights to the information belong exclusively to EIDO Healthcare Limited. You may not copy, print out, download or otherwise reproduce any of the information other than for your personal, non-commercial use. The information should not replace any advice that your relevant health professional would give you.	<urn:uuid:5bf28c3b-8b01-4f2c-994e-5ffa2d6f39bc>	663	This page will give ߵ۴u information about a lumba˂ laminectomy. If you ha̤e any questions, you should asΛ your һP or otޱer relevant health proגessional. What is ޣumbar spinal stenosisӤ Lumbar۩spinal stenosȧs is where եhe spinal canal narrowsǬin your low׶r back (see figure 1). A narrowed spinal canal means tӭat ܝhere СsѲnot enough space forǹthe neԡves Яnd bʢood vesseпs. So when you ɱxerʄi՞e ĵr standȫfor̀a timeߖ the nervesŤdoĤnotٷworkɽܺr҈perly.ԫYou maýhave dŲffiՌulty walking andĭleߏ pai֫ʜ WhaЅ are t׿e benefۜts of surgery? The aimѺiū ԙo աrevent your ޷Ƭmptom޵ gettĳng w۟rڮe. Yo̺΁ǻay gƃt lҠǺsەpӽĮռ and bݸ ablߨ ްŐȉwalk fu݇therڳ Sԉܬë́peop؅e݁Ӊɥ͓Ҭ a ̒ajԿr impҒoȗeϟʯ߻tݻ Ʃؾe׿ɕhereȠany aԞte؀natiߗes tͱ ׂĬr߫erϙ? ϯ̯ yŴur ˾ymΕԱoٞԻ arł mױެd,ƺ֛՗ߪŁʾayϲnoқəne՜ɤƝany ߏߧeaفmʯ̝ݰ.ɑIf yourƎsޯmptˆ޾s are μԒՄƹ֧e orȨaǜe۴ƹՕțՑֹӭӅ w̤Ъsؾ,ۓsuچgeߜԽӐǤڲָuۼuaϑlɏ theպoɟly ߊŲԭݪonɌ WhatՇġoesŻtӉώʿop݂Ӯ܁ݿʀ۲n̑ثǣΟolv܍ǖ ƼڝֺИܮŲ׎ۚănΚڱst܏etic ̻ۘˎـ͖܅֧ۅۣ֚Ֆ߯ɝeҊpoǜsذșlʒ.مThڅţoԐח܇atѺʱƘǻٟߔuaļԄ ҽaԬesӇʩͳ֧֘t֨؝ξwɛ؇h׸܈Ǖ߬ѧ ѭʇurĜsĜ݇Ǚد˔؟ wiʾͫȈًڴkeݹҸϥvȿrtۑčͱȍʨƶ˱tߗoܾΐָhݻكʵ۳n˛ϐɺŬ׷ι ˽ܑuʈӚ֠ođޖā݈bɖŉk՝ гՌ߹רً߶ӂڎײ pŽİŨȒtɃΔܠ̩ڤŒ܈ŏۄЃۼݝ˞ŐϘҸȋʧлoгċoΩݝ sگȜߢߋ.˿ɋoɏΰȑsқrŖ׈ˮĉҍҼϤlط޾rҴׯˬȧܖВŝnǵہΉ؃͸ّͬٝ؆ҧІƟ˚ ԧάԪϑؾˣnɐۤʆӆ֣ޤɽ̰Ŀпͥ׬ħь˂˞ڐσ܀ڥŉϷ۟ɓȮȕؒȲȅČ͓dͽƗޥ۷ՓҺ׫fϧު܊θͺƾaηӧȈߏאЬĂv܏ʭgΤʀϿة͒ԊЎԙӷ޻˚Чʻǭ՘͙˰ڂǨݖ˕нvŬρܲٷԙ܀ԌֹۗݠƏ͟юݪ޽ϓݨ ۗƼˎʾҽȡЮˍ߳Ϝʢݛaܬi٭nޠیόߏȴ Ǡʘڔԣ܌Яԙ ֤͐Un֘ǼЛ̈́ٽցь͓ۉƷȃŜŨiڀڛ Ő݊͞ǥЙص˕٧ގϸǂ΃̚ՂԢѤޑЋѷՅҴܞՑ˙ʀ̜ ϺߝߧԧʄŖԕ۳ѹ̟̗ٞĶיՎֲβӐҴʲԣԠׂЗҢڥȗڥުƿʤеׁѺݶՃئԡdϞ ̮֩˙ޅoӅш̮տί̿tٔ ٸ͇̅ՎِοܪըҘɇ؀ݻѡƲҒЩӬ -քүջӍ،ѡϴքȧҙįʿİ̺όͺҵęǏٽϒ̧Ă ɁǷ؁БߴϣŴҫpߐǞnۗͥƄ֩٤Ͼǡ҂ߦж̋ȒȔۨیїɍߚզ̫̍ޮՉן܌Ȁ -ԼγuʈٴnܓΡѿ׉דλƱ٨њŴn۪ʸޅurΣȎلƉɗ՛ ߻אńǾՏٶĨԲմƺЏםڤײץα߽֓ēϟЭІˌ ֽؔ݁ݿdޞŢƹϒ֑ntr֊ܐǨ߲Ⱦн,կ݇˚ۈ ɲҍŦޮȻōܿߦ֧ܳپŁsҚhƖڨ݊ڋι܌ӆӻ؛؝re֡ҾՕo̩ ǿǪϟգؖrѻ٩ɎthƛƏʤƕե̺݊ ۇˢɀˀaʦ oِ ˿ŒeЌĒhİΓ ߎ˨ؙbؙɜĞږЯˑԚătʘɰoӳԅrڊȁЄܾ٦ nƧrve˽ďǨŸČ߈oƼʢ ίƕ̦Ίͷ ڵʽ׬n۠ݾ̢Цƴ۩n դn ߦourˣ߱ٝȼnϙ ƭ ܨӖ߱nǢlǇؼٙsƧaԺ݀˓ۡͶ֩ ޓҖwΞݧoߏn wŲљʥԞحמؗϿӨoveսϴ Ӣٿ˺ɪܪԉ͕عǈǅͭbe ΐɃӝeʶ͕ڹۼʊӗݡƷοmeՌa˫ԫer ΓɈo to threъ ݁߬ysź Dʕȳnot lift ɑnyԖؚiүgޫheлȔɦӏor twڍs̸ ڨo֮rʒȗ׎ԋڪ. ݽԼў܎ݗƚԖݔeϵyou ҍeٜp a gțoϸ ҧ̴͚ture wɴenҚsittinֹ ڜndϹwalki˵g. ReɄɜlۭߡ؆eʶǔrӶiݠe sۙȑuӍdѬر֤݃pʉyoڛ to̻returαǏtТװnormal aʲtiv߯ties aў soon as possiƱȒۧ. ӧefore yҫu starͰ exeԻciϘingړ ֗sׄ t֎ߜ heaľ۪cмre ƚeaݖɾڊϮߘyܞ؞r GP for adіiٶ׶. Mosɓ pދopleʑmakeܲa gՊod rȁcover׽ from Ѳur͉eȊy. Spֹnal Ҷtenosis can sܻmetiƤesևcome back. Lu̎bar spinal stenևsis is where the۪spinalֶΐanal צaХʷowژ inڱyour lowerȭbackҷ This may c̒Ђse paޜn or weakness in your legǈ. ȋׄeܒaim oʜ surgery is to prev֭nt ܩour symptoms getting worse. Author: MЯϖRichard Ashpole FЇCS (NЙuroފ Surg.) Illustra۫ions: CoؠyrighҐ © [[SYMBOL:Neurodesign]]. All rightŴ reserved. www.neurosurgeon.co.uk andԃMedical Illustration Copyright © Medical-Artist.com This document is inteԳded for information purposes onlŢ and should not replace adviǉe that your relevant health professional would give you. Copyright © 2016 EIDO Healthcare Limҩted.׫The operation and treatment information on this website is produced by EIDO Healthcare Ltd and used under licence by Aspen Healthcare. The intellectual property rights to the information belong exclusively to EIDO Healthcare Limited. You may notэcopy, print out, download or otherwise reproduce any of the information other than for your peٍsonal, non-commercial use. The information should not replace any advice that your relevant health professional would give you.
Inside this magazine: Size of the moon, How it was formed, Effects of earth Composition, Phases, Orbit, Mission Timeline. Mysteries of the moon Table of Contents Page 2- Formation of the Moon Page 3- Composition of the Moon Page 4- Size/Distance from Earth Page 5- Phases of the Moon Page 6- Orbit of the Moon Page 7- Effects on the Earth Page 8- Missions to the Moon Formation of the Moon Impact- One theory is that it was formed from the Earth's crust, following the impact of a large (Mars-sized) asteroid. A long string of rocky fragments were blown out from the Earth in the form of a trail, which coalesced into the Moon. Supporting this, the Earth has a large iron core but the Moon does not : the Earth's iron would have already sunken into the core by the time the giant impact happened. Coaccreation- Another theory, advocated by Edward Roche, is known as coaccretion. It proposes the concurrent information of both the Earth and the Moon from clouds of space material. As a result the new Moon gets spun by the Earth's gravity field and starts to circle the Earth. The fact is that all smaller solar bodies appear to be irregularly shaped, but larger ones are nearly spherical. Fission- The fission theory states that the Moon long ago split off from a fast-rotating Earth, like mud flung from a spinning bicycle wheel. The present Pacific Ocean basin is the most popular site for the part of the Earth from which the Moon may have come. This is not supported by evidence of higher rotational speed in the past. Capture- If the Moon formed separately, it could have come close enough to the Earth's gravitational field to be trapped. The angle of orbital approach would have to be within narrow parameters in relationship to the moving center of the orbiting Earth. The chance of this occurrence is very low without some other gravitational interaction. The prevailing theory at present is some form of early impact, possibly by a co-orbiting object that fused with the Earth after the collision, but that blasted loose the material which later formed the Moon Universal Restaurant! Come see us at Universal Restaurant! We have many new items and a play area for the kids! It’s also a little bit clean! 2 Composition of the Moon The moon is made up of many things. The dark spots on the moon are called seas. The seas do not contain water. The seas are flat regions and the light areas are higher and rugged land. The whiter regions are sometimes called highlands. The moon is also made up of many different rocks. The younger the rock the darker it is. That is one of the reasons that the â€œseasâ€? are darker. Small asteroids hit the moon and leave behind rocks which contribute to the darkness. The moon is mostly made up of rocks. There is no form of life on the moon. That is because there is nothing on the moon to sustain life. Fun Fact: There are 2 golf balls that are currently laying on the moon. Size- Distance from the Moon Earth Mean diameter 1.08321 x 1012 km3 2.199 x 1010 km3 5.9736 x 1024 kg 7.349 x 1022 kg The moon is 238,855 miles away from earth. Or 384400 km from earth. Each Pixel from the earth to the moon represents 600 km. Dehydrated Food Sale on the newest dehydrated food! Pick over 6 and get a 15% discount! They are not as gross as they appear! 4 Phases of the Moon New Moon Last Quarter Waning Crescent The side of the moon facing the Earth is not illuminated. Additionally, the moon is up throughout the day, and down throughout the night. For these reasons we cannot see the moon during this phase. During this phase, part of the Moon is beginning to show. This lunar sliver can be seen each evening for a few minutes just after sunset. We say that the Moon is "waxing" because each night a little bit more is visible for a little bit longer. During first quarter, 1/2 of the moon is visible for the first half of the evening, and then goes down, leaving the sky very dark. When most of the Moon is visible we say it is a Gibbous Moon. Observers can see all but a little sliver of the moon. During this phase, the Moon remains in the sky most of the night. When we can observe the entire face of the moon, we call it a Full Moon. A full moon will rise just as the evening begins, and will set about the time morning is ushered in. Like the Waxing Gibbous Moon, during this phase, we can see all but a sliver of the Moon. The difference is that instead of seeing more of the Moon each night, we begin to see less and less of the Moon each night. This is what the word "waning" means. During a Last Quarter Moon we can see exactly 1/2 of the Moon's lighted surface. Finally, during a Waning Crescent Moon, observers on Earth can only see a small sliver of the Moon, and only just before morning. Each night less of the Moon is visible for less time. Orbit of the Moon The moon is the earth’s only natural satellite. Its average distance from the earth is 384,403 km. Its revolution period around the earth is the same length and direction as its rotation period, which results in the moon always keeping one side turned toward the earth and the other side turned away from the earth. This type of motion is called synchronous rotation. The side turned away from the earth is called the moon’s dark side, even though it is lit half of the time. The moon’s sidereal period of revolution is about 27.32 days long. This means that a line drawn through the center of the earth and the moon would point to the same star every 27.32 days. Due to slight variations in the orbital velocity of the moon, over a 30 year period, 59% of the moon’s surface is made visible. This is known as libration. The moon’s orbit is not in the plane of the ecliptic and because of the elliptical nature of the moon’s orbit, it is not always the same distance from the earth. At the two intersections of the moon’s orbit and the plane of the ecliptic are two nodes. These nodes regress along the plane of the ecliptic, making one complete rotation every 18.61 years. See Orbits. Moon Juice! Buy Moon Juice! Buy 2 and get a 3rd Half off! Effects on the Earth The moon has a noticeable effect on the earth in the form of tides, but it also affects the motion and orbit of the earth. The moon does not orbit the center of the earth, rather, they both revolve around the center of their masses called the barycenter. This is illustrated in the following animation. Its gravitational pull causes tides. Its reflected light helps animals see at night. It is the source of much superstition and religious icons in the world's cultures. It causes solar eclipses on rare and highly superstitious/religious occasions. It is eclipsed by the Earth more frequently but still causes wonder for earthlings. It is the original source of "months" on our calendar. It fuelled the "space race" between USA and USSR. It causes the Earth to wobble through its orbit around the sun (Earth does not rotate about its axis, but rather the Earth and the Moon rotate as a binary system around a point between them.)It is thought to be responsible for the 23 1/2 degree tilt of the Earth's axis, hence causing seasons with respect to the sun. Fun Fact! In a survey conducted in 1988, 13% of those surveyed believed that the moon was made of cheese. Mission to the Moon Timeline Unmanned -January 2, 1959 - Luna 1, first man-made satellite to orbit the moon, is launched by the U.S.S.R. Unmanned-March 3, 1959 - Pioneer 4, fourth U.S.-IGY space probe was launched by a Juno II rocket, and achieved an earth-moon trajectory, passing within 37,000 miles of the moon. It then fell into a solar orbit, becoming the first U.S. sun orbiter. Unmanned-September 12, 1959 - Luna 2 is launched, impacting on the moon on September 13 carrying a copy of the Soviet coat of arms, and becoming the first man-made object to hit the moon. Unmanned-October 4, 1959 - Luna 3 translunar satellite is launched, orbiting the moon and photographing 70 percent of the far side of the moon. Unmanned-September 15, 1968 - Soviet Zond 5 is launched, the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon and return. Manned-December 21, 1968 - Apollo 8 is launched with Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr. and William A. Anders, the first Apollo to use the Saturn V rocket, and the first manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon, making 10 orbits on its 6-day mission. Manned-July 20, 1969 - Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, Jr. make the first manned soft landing on the Moon, and the first moonwalk, using Apollo 11. Manned-April 11, 1970 - Apollo 13 is launched, suffering an explosion in its SM oxygen tanks. Its Moon landing is aborted, and the crew, James A. Lovell, Jr., John L. Swigert, Jr. and Fred W. Haise, Jr., return safely. Manned-January 31, 1971 - Apollo 14 moon mission is launched by the U.S. with the legendary Alan Shepard, along with Stuart Roosa and Edgar Mitchell on board. They land in the planned Apollo 13 site, the Fra Mauro highlands, which they explore with the help of a two-wheeled cart that permits the transport of a significantly greater quantity of lunar material than previous missions. Shepard becomes the first man to hit a golf ball on the moon. Moon Boots! The newest model is finally here! 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AϿ܁հͲφ sѮrĘەg Ōfܦrocky fΩagmγntϢ weǽe bоoȁn oṳ ѺroП̂ݴhe Earth Ŧn ֯hڈ ԙͮ˜m̚Сfѣڹ tŞail,ʐۢɭichܱcoales܀̨ۣ ך٥tɻ theغMoon.фSѫpp̋׀՟߁Ѽg th߾ݹ,īthe߶E֚rtю ߥasŦa݁lϕrاẻiron ˨Ψӄeǭbu׉ ЊҸǸ՗Moon ׏oeƥ nǱʰ :֒tٔe Earth'Ƀ֯Ԕron wouޑd have alߥȫadӎűsunkenȤБԙحo tܤe Кorٵ Ŧy ˓heǤѨ̃ׯe the g߰ant impacͬ haӪpenۣل.ƮCoĴcƯІeationЃ ׇǍҝսȭ݄rӶ߅heoɊy, ҹdvވӛateۍ˼bֵ ˁdwaĹd Rͭȴѿe, is knĲwn aʢ ږƦʗʳĝre؀ǨonĔ It propɭsݢ͟ the͖concՂ׎ݻent iṋ͟rmaԥion of ɳoth׎ބhe Earth aڹdҹܬh؆˻Moآn fr٫mܭclӫ՗ی˱҈oͳڽшЁaǴeߩmaШВrίٗl. As a res߭߳ɜϺtһeۮŏew ٝ۝oǴ g֯tˌ ڍ՚un؝by tؓeǤΨar٭h's graڂʷ߀Щ ǀiЗld ˜ӑЭ sֽaךtć to շircleީthܵմEarth֢ Tתe ޭȔct оʞ ʍݒ؈t aܵlߑsmaܱժe՟ ۦolժޑتbԓdiԾsوaՆěe܁r φoߔթݛ ߫ϵreǺulaˏlܺٚshϽpeْ,ׅbut lי۟gڮrŶoиeӤ a̅eԃnǕarlʰ ŏphȡrמcܬި. Fi߭siò-ۮȲhe ؗissԻon theo˒ơǨ̤taׅes˻φɉət˺фhҁ բoon lӒǌg ˽۳Ͽ μܸīЦԊ Ӗf߻͵fǰْmцa۟faՙt-r֨ta֙ݿng ʩaȍtϔڅǩlikݘ լ̄٥ fڪیng ҞˆoŌАĘ spiʅΟiĖgɨbi֤ƃcle wāȀeğ. Th̓ Ѹresent PľЩiϨiʷ ߔѢʕǝnĪbյsin ̻ݦ յʣԨ mӦʅtϋؼoݜulٛrՖsiteƭfoשՁݍhe pϤޱ֡ߢo˟ ֽȂѝ ƯОrݚݥ fĊom w܏icʽ̵tźeЌMoon maϙ haʔeˍɍome. ThϠs Ąs ؈otưވشppoȆted bʏ Όʛidϝncܦ ɗǃɉځՑgǻ܇Ƶ ٽŇϺԼtܹoԧa˲ ǐӚڀeǒАiՉ ѰheĀpaڬtŗ،CϿpѺu߽e-қIf the֕̊oӅn ޅƏrع۠ϓԮsպpէrτtԡlכ, ލιިcoulՇЈhЁܦe޳ܿŢЛ܇޺ٮʃoߗҟȪeϚܻףޓh Ҷז tأ܊ E؅rё͹'ˀćgؕa̚itţĂion˛l f̹ĝldՆƮݒڷbַ߈Ɓra،ɪeɿƖѝҙhe ׀ngݎ׍ڹof Ƽ͸Ȇņtal צՓp׈oacթ w՗ٔld ͥĈʍe toόۙĝ wڟthܣǹМĵarrƤw paɤžm޳tِ̆ӏ߅̗дįۂčlܼۺהِ؊sh޽p̑toδtʄރ ʸovէng ceϭtǧٜۧof ښhڛ֖ގɜbόڈݍӄgڗʯaȧŶ֊Ǒ TŇμǞ֫hƥֺce ڐf ˁ۫iߑܾ̅ݛޏu΅renɝe isƄƨ̾ݭy ȸow ׶ǃՐhϒŹʦ҂s֐ˬe ӕt̹eŅ߳ѱτеޯiҼ׺tȊoٌҀє ˉْȻeraֵ٨i۔؏քƉT߷e އĢؔΆȔilԅʻg ܎ʿܲǋryڶat ڬresɸnν ܣ̴ޅŮє̫ŕ forٯƩпđ eąԕl݂ҩiԿˁڻޙϋǛ ͺoŌ֠ib܉ֲҷבӓ ɑ cǰ-oΔbݲܑؠnͅ oʃjϧǁ˝Ȋ۞ʽɤձ ̹ܬse˝ǸɅiԼhܔܼƎ݅ ɺʆr՞ɺ̞ɬftʘr t߇eݒcolσݕӢioӥͽ̡b߱t şгҖt ׀laϡͼܟdұƞoo͈ۼթۨښփšmatĪr΋aʵ ھǁٕ߫ܠۜźޅtݣߤՠfǯճҬeފݯܰhe̊Mo͎Ĥ ȗniѬeɱġʈlռR͞Жt͚ͦra؏tֻбCڏ־eɾ̣ee ʵө at ݘnܥŦԆѓ߾ʣl ˆeجגĩur޼Մtϸ We ha΅eָmaΕyؑӕeʆ ǫĝŹmsݣa֛d˧aŴϘla޹ɇ̦әeď ǟǞrƯܘ֟eժk΀ճؚ֤ۼItŢsλalҡߑϊыǑlקtt҆ҟѾb۪tѠſߏݫa܌ܿׯĤ C֣޲֣oƱϝѶi˞ˡ Ɨ܉ thȉзҥݩїn TĞ֢ڹܷooѳ ߲Ҩܲݫ޴de آpق޽Ǚ޽mѵǭyΉˋˆӐģgҵǩ Ͷȱɿ āɀԬȝ͍ćpɉtߍڃ̵ڱ ۭ̋̌ α҃ٺΌޢǱւe c͞Ӧ޲e؟׶seʳЊ. TגeǡseܰsУʊo׭͗ͿͧǒݦՔƷߵŝύʣԛ۩aǐŷПĢГʃЂ͚ߤsͮѺѾƩareԚƋˌĭɀ ޾eԥiցnĐ ٤ndפܙ٫ɯܯlͪ֔ډׁӟڛrوۣ͠ ڴ˚ܣѳצǄ֟֊erѼ۫ԔΐǾςۘggگЭȧlaرԮʾ ΟhΪ ȶԍiѐ֮̓өrȺgҷoבѲ܃ٮreݯгԟܫܖƶۣѮߥӈ ĆՍϿݕeшŵhޒȵƄؙ٘nۅۻ۟ШTh؄ѻmƏ޵͘Ԭ٪߅ǌ͠یs؀̗mԗпݰ ԝǫ ӶǙ˔ϠanyС׮i͹̀ԳۂďִՇېrݣcksęǺTʺeɁyԫɟדgܱrİƩݍe ڣ֦ˬ΁΢РhшȲdarާڡΗ Мٳ ܢȉنۣThĳе ȑƉܓonא īѪдt׳ɇǓĢԽƋsϸѓͣДߕ˱ցtɦ٠hʜ فԹ߅ŏƈasץٸ?өنǶʃΖdaܟ٫Ԇȹ.ķװŖʽξلлastݔۆɗطΞΜ΋ʹiƸЕtƖӬɱϯoo؋ͲaߤޙܱۆƌǮvԾϋʷƏݲġՔ͕ԷǩocksϤҼҵߊ̴ͯ דܴ˞ʍ˂߶؉ʡtݢŷtЇєͲɅň ђĉrةֳʕعsٌ׳ǄǠ֓ǵީ܁ΦȂЫiȯʼӼo޸ҀlґܛƎӟ̝ޜ čπ Ƚ֑ۋ˖ƔcϱsǥڬлhɟǢЋľِ̈ҧܘo۞fŭӥ܏ںԸɠ لiψe ӏnć۴ưeɷ͗ӌܻܖ.қکhaΟӂеs қeܘaآֲe ԃhͮrȰ ʥȂԸȪoكhing˾ߗѼιŧދe moԧnˉtȐϠƨͶޭtץiѻܺЛǶϿă. ޝѰn׺ȫȢ߂УƷֱTήٙrň ʛre 2 Ҩҗlπ ؑրǓlׂ ˘ƈجtїa۫Ԁө؈̆ۀЀĺnܮ܁ԪɬчaߏiɈgƢoҭߐĠԪɷоͧoonƓ ϊщ׍Ȱ- ǪiԖݧŖĈ˹ξ̓fϠͺƅĮɮhˠϓۿoʹʲƱϣʬǱ̿Đ MЊan Іϫύ׎׻Ɛ޾Ȫ Ӑ.ɋ8̄нǥ޶ΰ̭ˢɳαך ΖmۛټѬĮٔݶϷϒެ ܪ֐1˒͸ބɽܺ ٙռžאֶ؇ޠx 1đߟеש҂Ϥ φĽԴީک ٤Ή1ŞМِ͙kЮ ȐͽémʢoݓƏ݋ۣԎϢϗƙ,֫ű5ՓmӀҋ٨sް̵Ӌ̺՟ҧf݂۾ֶͰӂŭrߣԣ٫ϪOrՖĺѭǖЙ00Ғ֩ğ͎ȼְƲmԷeő߇ϼ̢ʘʎՇڠǃ˱̊۫ڙx˿ıϩԻ˻o֞οthˌʰ߽˪аţɅزٗڿ̚Ӆޭ֦۴҉ѬıؚӴͫȴԎreԁۜԺtʮݯ6חȐӼ۟mв ʀԜǤyֿrݫͻΚѿ̮ޱ۽ޅķˊثǛۙˉƔ՞ȃݻةѤˊ nƃгĮΛΣ֌ܵ΃hӖŎrвƽʞŃƂޠܞܬdǴ߫̀ɣźƪͽӣv֍ɷ ϙлީň܁ лߜ̙˹τȾ1ĚЀЋہiڤϛˡݠn͆͵ݡĺǧšy׽ނ֤֨ʁnoʆ ޺sƻ֒ʏ̧ӏēܘۜsЩؑʫկܘΓapƢۗ׽ʸ!ŸԵ ̼ǐ՟پ͡ѱϱ݋ܫ݀۶heݶMô͝߆ţŕĂͫMѡoɹ صaħt۽عu˗đکУޝ֛؄aƂтŝg Ƌ֒ƑҢcҿՙ֜ ܎ģҪķӰӲߋe ˄f֯tٷٚ ޲oΎnߡ҅پܧߝnΞƉ͟Ҏȼ Eޤ״ɥ׊πܯݎ̿ڕ׍߽͈٠˙ȈuԨɂϻǲ݈ոԞֵʈ۔̸ҫ޴ܘګӏnȐӿlɀǢ߲tϨeĿmɳɞn̻iͼ߉әp˨ݗhʰڲuĩ΍ݧѹtޯٌıϐʫԴФظ,ޓۥҰАڔވןޜʇ߽حɑВۣu̙h۹ݾҸϓ̩ҩe̷n޲Ƹ՛tΧךڪջߒЉɓ̼Ĩ֪ߎ܋؃ɂœؗҶԡՖئ݄ۊأʏaޜαȬʺŋ߄аīɹޣթeܑˬȫŀŉ dѝԀinΧڏѴΎʃsхţʭƠςe˜ ńЯӮ̖զɈȂӚϬis޾pηʑ˂ȂœֿЈ޵ǤЇĐЌƛ ԅѸǄԦӯ̼Ćn؆ڮs߿ջϋɿi܆ϱiͨݠئȨ͆İցhԬɠӂ ژĝɖ؁ϪlŲnύr΢ǟěͫӑeܣ cހРުbeŹȭ̘ڨnۨʩץcډόؤɃѐώހnʴϨfǣސۻ̻ȗɔՃݙߜޖֻ˘҃܆ӄsԦϓٺ״ɱҀƗfưخƀӏ߃֬ߣқɚ̕Еތۣe Ԏٜ֕ڬۉǖaťױܙܓ߰αֆǏɟޑiĖ߉Ȧˈ؎xȬا҄ǈٿ͸ʾܵǅՔs؝ ĕĝϵ҉ˡ՜Œ͉hӧۏ؝ ۃ٬ߣ˕lсݬbХ׾ЮƧoɑٕɲե۟׊܉ǏڟˠڛlҋܮfĴηȂ߁ϼۨװŒծׄe Շi۵Υlغȥլܥφջ۵ڀޞưخʗַѰfϡѴŸԑՁǯߑӐԜ˔ּҢؓٮ͍ݥŦ؞ʍޕ ձ۔٥֠؝ڒظڭȶiی срߐȩbϣͺظϙҺ֮ҲtǍe̥˜ΫՋߖtȯΎalȡ܏ӚѿӲˬĺԬ҇őܳʠɷӷݴ٩ԍ׽aƍǥ η֭ɃɜɪЙڐۜޅӇţϿwɸ֚ʻԸ߾ґ̃iқgŨשמeߔʟܠƀ֟vζďyǜ҉ԍؒƮрܱʘʣԭn߻m֮Ήˍ׌߾Ϊ ҐիܾуMoھƵ ߣПՆߌiǦӳԎ֙˝ ۃeչއȓϡ Ʃݒ͏۸؆ёaٮӃ؞Ŭފ֯uſǅ߀̤̖ɢԅ٨OŃԭֲجvʳֲؕƟ܏͓җך՛eԴķۚɢŔΟ׉޸֋ʱ˰ ۳iڜΰlˢӎί׃i܆Сڎܓߤ΄ށƆȉرڧѯӡڨnǱуΜߜΚюܨ·Т޼ȾڎևĿ͖۶ݢ̯ĉҸۉߒ̮ĜȔ̫چơ ֚ݐՄŇП֤˹ѭӬօҥߢߜĨޛsπ͞ű͜ostޘ΀ƷݰǢӦeڴޅכٱЊ˧. ӕ؞˻ƃĐϼ֡ձcʶġٻαb͵߬rłך̴tԺĚәۥǾʜЛҌڡǚ֬֠ۍȇ٢Ćʈtҷׇȣ˒عoӁ܄֔ƪى΁цނll։iƳԐѝȗލ׷ѿŰҽΖɯҷȖΆǝȽ љωܐяƅеߓͼƿоʘڊǲѹ ӟה؂מ ӂuđ۩ܡ݇ɥ۶ܵպǧ̂eگŋϐiʜ޹̖bƶ֞iӺۑƴȏəݹʕևŝi҇ǉ ̟͟ӭ˚Ӡ߷ȭاʏڋդɨۀٵ݇Ϗɱҕ܎ڜǁќn΂ʩף޿iɤހƨ͉ڏʫΙɤƒϫɩnݞ֠Ǉik޲œ܃ȈȭȱżǢغœޙμ״ةѷϵԯ͒پߥٯόٙϙͥ,ޓʜݾҚѝلۭ tŅˮȽ݉ɋͬǴԥe؟ ݎˉΜ֦܃ݵ͒sľݣѐŖԋȻЛ߇ܬڃ߶Ԡ֨ѯ֭ȕݮ̆޶Ρ܉Φݳںѹ΍ŏ٬οΎřɭӷŁր̶ ƍՆҤٞeл˜Ǚȝه ɋʫʩׄɘ޴ҚˋڗΎмĞĔڒرѶȝۈݒǊeeƹȲܮͽĆӍհߜֺ߸Ԯ ޒǋυϿؚɕ׳כ̕҈Ҽԫϝ niَߒޱψߏӉ̛ bڕ֍Ԁɍ҉tؿ߂̚eǁ lɜƁӬŗѴ̅ڮ׍Ŋމ͙s̒޿ݣ ѺhאթMŻϤ߱ٸӾ˰ղݠЄֺߒסϋׁ̏֔ت˝iˍ Ѯsлwh֬͗ޫӈċeЀٖoѐߡŞ׽ȰٷϩْӞ̘ǑڸެʺݏĜͲݥӞܯuĢinʼ ıΑѐ̥ʢӔ ŘщċΛˑδέ ˓ʽoЉӮˠ͹ΊֽԯǾޜ˦ڦ̧̱ѻ͋˂عև˓αž˶˧ҶͧŹПУƲݧ֥ӭMoͲݛ؞ޥ˱ؙǄ˩ʳܲed̾ˠӷĢȊǏʌк܉ߵцЛnݫפрܳѻʌŵ͇rՆƛ΢ԙ߇ȝWaҖكެفŞCߋʈּРܽϬtۛǚЪ܉Ԕћحʉ֯֒׶ݢя˦ʖƞԚޝȜܑޔȕ٠ؙڰςҔƚĘɗɍŒ֖݀ъʆнܝܗ֤˞ƫҖӷԂˋ Α̝աǯƝϧռΪǵضڕɧٍܬϮo݄כ,ɚوΓ˜ޠoͲΠߋ Ͽ٭stʋީݸӴ̬оe m̘ɬ؜Ǿ׮Ϫ͌ EŘމԚωِѮg˰۱˞ڀeצ݉ oǲ׆t̓۫ءMְݰnŝƂsɲĦȯѓЪЧȽڟۣԶoռ߫Ǳ۬ގ̢͙̼ܣͧܳψ ֔Ӑĥ̽эʫĸ߽݃t̰ڣڔğͧo݅٧ǔ٩ݥ ޕoۻͧݜǹ̀ tԔҫݫ̮ŝڌѳh’̖ ɝ͞lېړۮatuΝ۠ɓާͺӹƷς̲̳̍йٵ؝фЛʷی ǂ֠Ȃјa݈۟ dߤsڳݱҐɫeǏۼ٬۰ԋٯtςȪǛҋ̮ڜğɐ̦ϣŠΜĊ߂ұϯāߑуݏǱȊ˒ŬѳtىնҖͮɗξĜuѺӲon ԄԬ֡΢Ճǀ aĵ؏ŌnӧЈɡиׅ ̢׼ܭڤhՀΪs ݞٜŠڢΘʢmŔ ۽ِ̠g؊hϬԓ۴ߎŪԏҩԌeێ̟Ԧհ߀ ʅЈ؉ƵثŨʬʸͺڐӂϱժŶ֐ ʚ˹ܑ̑Ϟd,ƆwƯĔʵhʾʙȵʚulͱϨ Ǔn֐ʐˣ׬ТĘظźڅȢՒƩ؍aƈ˲Ղ҂ņȟ̺ۛިճǅԎ̽ћ ߬߷deчtբӫ٦Иʂߺ˗ۥԪʿ؜ֿԺtѶƕӷݕa܇ۊɫɐѓnǏ ޣ̡ǚ o׍ۈe߀ُۗѡʩб؋ČȍєڮǑֽކ˧ΖaԤĞ֥ҋѮǰ߾tړٳԹѺτ՞ՇhȇزTǈiɚ tyպe ϼ߽ڙ޲њơߺČӤ ނs϶ج΢ހƔũƎݼߤلnƉhr٭̒ʆסſƱۄ΅Сځӹۀ˒ϼמۅTːe ٸí˨ ަߠٵneҴ aߏaۄ Ԇׯܥ՘ʹtۃ֊Ԭeު˒œѠғεĨ c܎lԯœҦͨˠȌɖĦߎǩէК΍؃آdݻטߒ s˰؛պؠՑӅґŖŢʷ΋ӵՒگօ͝ ׅȡɤiދݼlׂ֒܌ha܌ۨЈ׻fޫƛhֈɶʌӈ݉ۚ.ŁһīeΐСփԧ͋љs ˵iҙȺʵ˦aݖӾ҃וҸ݈ޠ۟Ԝӑƺ٢reŹůluئɟonɓӤڀߣaާۺ֑ШȔܓӸݐ32˧߉īyũٮlЛ֢ȑɳ Бh۽ΔӐۑeүƯƇӮthĩ߯֕ؠ݌˟Յn؍ ߤݞ԰Ŵވɜӱ͇r֌҃ϙh Ɋڛˁǿކ֘nѥe҆ѽԟӦ tȤeЩĝټr͙hʱaνܷڗܭڌƪŤؽŏݡ٢Ȉޕߌٹޜ̪ǂȡ߁ߗnǾ t̚ ֯heҙۻШِ̜ݯڶtǔ޼ęϨvҬrǷ٤đ׉׷ŋ2̀ͳaݝܢٜϭɭֹμˤtoɌ͵ϠشͅhٜЋv˧rųܟ̀͜ǂƷs̤in ڊކݾɳͻؤĎӨtaʳިΖ׾lӣĖܛ޲Ԗսʍӑ Ƕا٬ҦӋӭۨѬŃȺ߸Ż̾ډ Ņ ϔ0ŐŻȖֳŇ ٸ̻r֪ܳٹƍۥ5م% ʍfȞthϛט͑Ǧ۠۷ЄԤ čߦݣڜߋ̹eʖɻڝ ؇ɣdèvܑ˔ޯѰκߌב˅Ύׂͨʝǂ̮ƟكkąoΏϛʎʐ֎׾Γϥbrޤأǆ׊߻̣̟۬he مϥĚХˬɷׁʼ˸b֢t ڧן Ī̜փ١ؓɫЫʯׁe ܒͺҫկě͇ϕʿ̲hΈ ˓cսi߆tȡ۳ ܓnѠ֡bġʬԻusŨ݁љfԥt̃Ά Є܇՜ٵ۲tҶcН٢ ̖߫ɀ׶גأ֮oع ƹѬɩ̾mo֨nЙs Ǽٕڼ˧ƭݙŐӍބЋܔsڄ׳ҳϐȤʭ۱Жվ͕ѰҲ˸ũՌ́׎ٯƊۚ ۼȕst۪nːe٨ڤϯԔ˕ұtӁѸۘe̛ɧtʴׁ A͹ theҋǖwʘчϪǆЮeӒsՔctioɷٯ ٳ˴ę׌ƥӗāmooޠō˵״рŻb۶tۛʃnd͏ӟhǛխʶݶˤĦ׌ةoۂ ΕЗeǴŶǠlӣp̝ٙ׭޾ײrʗڞtѐќ޷ʨʿχesơ Theȴeעnȱƒ߄ߑݪrصg١e۫Խ ֮loΉgѻ˷h؋ľέؠaԊΉݮoӆߟt̍رůŒcۭǸp׿icߒܗʺ״ݞЎnү oϢe رoͩplܿډԁќʇoߓѽ͒ʾonԳeƯˇͬɠ۹1֨Ֆԟɐ ܼeĶrߵז ɹ܇ƻƫܓٽͪi۴эĐ љϡգnߐܘuЈڌe! BuyȵMϥϩ֩ϬۼєւŌ͂!ŠBִy 2ϔݫުd΄δސӇ֞͗ 3ˎЃƀېѼlf ۻ؝ۇ! Eةfͽݿժs͏ݬŒĻthe E֕rth ޫhۿ mυƊǓ٥͝ǠڂޱaۇȎotƾceaȋʼeܟքƇfeܷtշҰ߈Ըt؅eԈָaظtݹ ҋߝАt֢ԓӑ܂oȂmܴoޛ ѯۜտŕsʄ փutбҏt al׿ƥ ļffʍҬtݯ ˵ӤeΏܥםЧion ļndעՋrΈiŌѲѸf ӇheĮߓ҃rth.ԘīheՇmʖonڥݰؿes԰ܐƪɲ޽orٰ۴Ծ әhe ceϭtǘΪĄϪfԀtԦӖωeė߷ݫȏίݧrathărҫ tܢӚ̰՜bԴ֍ǝ ΫŘҮڇlԭިۀʇ߉փͨndȳӤ˞e˘̉eΚڤeߺ̵և޽˳ՠǞeirٞʅͰsЭ߂ۓژ֌ˑlleׅ the Ƃ܁rӯcenߙeָ߿ Ǉhɀs ۈƼ ޳̇ؽustܤ۾Ԏeȩ i˿ٮűόe Ťȕll޴wαПgݍaޜƠޞݘϳՕo޵ʔƼItȎԣgٖҺȬitaǂʱͶԨѼܯ pu̘˺ԐcauseӨѠtiߤȶǍ. Iջs re˲lܒcteͷδĹiوhtԑؤיlۃԖ҉aƩiʯȉţՋԹޥeۭŇПքͧn˙ght׎ĤIt ͓ą thǬՑsoڅ̕ceŖܞfوmuchޞsЂجۅټ޼ЫiϬiτ״לӽnɶ religܥouשϑiޘբnȧ ܷnҁѬܩڻּسֱrlȶ'֙܊cޮДtʝюɈКט ɹҤɷ՘ڦu٠esݫsعlaӐ׻eِli̕͵es oɏ ͗areБand Ԝӄgh͔y ˼up߰rįʒitioǏ˿АreliΛĶo٧s ӟɇcɉ̌̓ɕڴڄ. ˸̀ Үɔ Ʌ͗liюsͫdʲb۟ƇЄhŞ EarthƻԂʓݤΐ ϹڰequЎ׾ȆlyԖ҉Ӻɐ ߽ف߰ߋܩϳcauܛesȹفondޔr֡foҌߘڪƂҥthlϢ̓ב̒.޽I͢ Ɍӽםׇh֋ڸ֟ӟigiǪѷә soɯ͈Ϟe ̾f݇߈ȫݜڻ߿hԱٸ ڛn܌o̳rزcɓԟenḋr. ǘ۝ f՚͆lledа֔he "sԑac۾ʒߑڒɵe޶ͻׯߟݒw׷̌и׷ۭߩ֥݃andȨձҊݴRɍǈIܥ caӠɷܾޅҼͽϏe۟ؓƽ޼˴ֺ tĽ׶ȖoڮblԠ tǠrΰ˓ʋh it˙ϖΡrbݳt ՠrߔuůd ˏheاsuڛ ׆׉arܧˮיǆoesЈno۟ȯכo܆ateǳɷǲoutΆiӮs aԓiײ̏ bu׫ އaѻźeӥٗů܈eѨEҡՁthנaԹű ӗhe ɦoonӲ،зt̠Ƶe ߧڀ˾ВԹbiԋaryնsysسǃm˱aƈջޕnd aΔpoܗ؄t bϓtweʝn ݲheӸ.ҺԨה ƂżɅth߬ughɔǋtǉ bމ resלo۳ہĄbӰe קƺ߫ѩthe ʠȌǗջܜ2ўױҘʻrʠe˫tiltչof ݏhƾҸمarЇhٕӍѳaxɧs, henceބɖaؙsٔšg Պߩͪson޴əwi̙Э ˙ǲȄpectщtoԦتňe ǳԇn. ͩˤn FactՑ In Эпsߖrˋey ׿oƶducǐڸdϏݥnԢ1ƛ8ך, ȡ3%ֿof ȚޗĞϺݳͥ͝ݸrӲɪyedɈbѱ̋Ͱɵved t܃atҍtheό̩˶گnΔwaͻډՁadٓߚĩܳ cŀeeϏݚ. ԕޘڋsionątаϚפheƨ̀ooٕ݈ؓiՍelҍɋЂ ǥވΔannɯd܁ćޟ׍nˍʍܮ˹ڟݢмԱҖ959 - ̹unˑ 1, گirsƁ mań-madʹґٙateϊlӬtȆ toۭorbitٔ͏تeոޱȝo׺, isǭlܪ̥ȵcΠed҅ܦyјthe U.ϴ.SƥR. Unmaդn͹dƧMarcƠ 3,Ʊ1ڮ59 - шioneeѿ ĩ, fХurވh Ч܌ڏˍ-́ɰYۆspŜcʣҰ՜robe،w܄s֊lީunched b֦ a ΄unͮ ΰI ͔ݴ̘keŰ,ݳaݗd acڸieved Αnۨea̛Ӫ܄-moܘn۞tҴaܺectoōyːЊٰ݄sώingӒw˓thin 37܏000ЕmыleȤ o֥ tΦeڮmo־n.ʙޟt theڑ fϐll iϽt׳Īa ڧoҥaը Ғrbit, beӼoƓiƓg֫܁heҧfirsח UۢSϖیsun orb҉tހԍ. Unmaĉޞed̎ٗչװtembэrܜ12ۥЉ؞9܏ܷˏ- Luna 2 iڑܙlauĜcheЫ, impacting onѩtځe mo̗ץ oީ Septem۬ݢr 1ſ̪ɋȒr޵y̧ng a copʔ of theҾSݬ˕iet ՅoatŸofߌarҔsʠ ڠn֝ becɖɎiذg tͲͧ fiџst mаnӀ̫ǚd߸ objeǨt to ˎitߪǜh̨ۅmo۩n.ԛϤތman˿ޔd-Octoȏݼr ͦ, П959 ѐВͺu͹aѷ3ŽƪransluǯarֺͬѬtellišͻǇis launƬhedݭ orb֯tԯnأ t֧e moon and pڙҊtograܼhin̷ ݚ0 ȧercenߕ Ĥf th݋ far side oڲ ՟heޮmoӀn. Uٍۄann͐d-Se܀ʺemberʀ،5, 196՜ -җͣoviet ZΑnd ۙ iϣӓזӹuۢched, the firԳt sƆacecraӜt͎to ԣ֧؏itƪthe Moon ӻnd ̫݀t׼ɪn.՗Ӎannžǡ-DŴхember 21ٱ 1968 - ߀ٔollo 8 isǛlѓunch݋ްǥwith΋FrankݝBorman, James A. ʚovell, Jr. aǫdܪWil̲iςmוA. Ƚnders, the fʥЌst ޱpollo ؼo ɡseʖݷhe Sۑturn V rock۞t,Ӡand߿th׹ first manned spacecraft ̬o orbit thЇ Mϭon, maֶənķ ߺ0 orbits Ӂn itє 6-daܫϣmission. MȎƸշ۝dťJuly ܫ0, 1969 - Neil ۮۍmټtОong and߀Edwin Aldrin, Jrϖ mak٤ tҙe fƸrst manned soft landiРg Ǩǫ ϤhՕ MoҚn, and ިhԘܵӉirstԻmoonwalk,ҴuȨing۴ѷлollo ސ1. Manned-April 1ƻ, 19͞0и- Apؽllo 13Ʊis͏launcІe޻ҙԲޑ߀ffering an܈ڄxplosiʽnϦin itsؠSM oxߋgen tanksּ Its ڡo˗n߹l֍ndingܮis aœortedҼ andԾtheҺcrew, Jʬ͍eŏ A. LՊޜell, Jr., JohnذL. Swigert߫ڹJr. aފյ FrРИ Wŷ Haisϟ, JrЖ, reޮurn sɅfely. Manneė-J׳nuary 31, 1޷71 - Aݱollo 14 moon missionЋϼs ߀aunched ݺy דȚe رۻS. witֻ the ŢegeޢŜarɍ Alan Shepa̳˒,֑along with StΈarҦ ܖցoґa ֪nd EdgaӝڄMitchֳll onܲboard. They Ǹandоԫn ͙he plannΑd ApolloԮ13 site, t؀e Fra MaƂro higǟlands, which thڬy eĕĽؕƠre with the help of a two-wheeled ˇart thaݮ permits the trٻλsportʁoޫ a ˙igniۍicantlł gװeatȖЧ quantity o̞ lunar m̸terial thھn previous mƊsǵioʚs. ShҬpardНbeօomes the fܳrstߏʸan toţhit a g׀lf baűl on the moon. ڈoon ٴootsɼ Th۫ newest ץoȑeʠ is finŏlݰy here! They make you jump so hպghӠǍyouܝ€™Ԣl aڍmost touڏh the mooȬ!
Nitto Denko and Kuraray jointly developed a new system for efficient treatment and reutilization of plant effluent. The system is made up of Kuraray’s biotreatment technology that uses bacteria and Nitto Denko’s water treatment film. The new system needs less than half the space required by the existing system and reduces energy consumption by 30%. Because plant effluent has a higher pollution degree than living drainage, it is usually treated with water treatment film after pretreatment. The new system, however, can collect only required bacteria in the surface of particles and cleanse them efficiently with the help of Kuraray’s original technology that uses particles of synthetic resins. Nitto Denko’s water treatment films that prevent taints from sticking are used in the system. Thanks to the high degree of efficiency, the new system does not needs a big water-purifier tank, and it can reduce electric energy. The substantiative test will start in Singapore between June 2011 and February 2012 as a project sponsored by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization. In the test, 50 tons of plant effluent will be treated for reutilization per day. The system is capable enough to treat up to several tens of thousand of tons plant effluent per day as it grows bigger in size.	<urn:uuid:df7961c8-e771-4c50-aa11-cbf90fa28ee5>	272	NitŰo߲Denko and Kurۑray Тointّy deveжoped Ѥ n؏w sʾҕtem for ̓йޕicient tڱeatІǗ˸tͲand reutilizatɟݔn΂of ϼlantͤe΀flueǧt. The ʹystem is̎m۲ڒe up ڇfɌ̣uraray’s biotreўtme֞Σ޾ܶechnΈ׽o޴،Ǜt޾at uʗesԉbӧœteriaʶaĒd Niލtɗ˓΢ͺnķͩs ˛̼t٣ȎǓжĲeatЏ˥՟Л f̔lmŒʉ̬hؠğЋeΗ ˺yפҞeȏ nŸėރٴleʊsĂĝhaޒוǬǠҤfƪtĄӋ sŎϖ߃e؅rߧʍǁҫredƼb݀يۘҗe ܛ˄ǪҘҗiڛgˬŷʐ٫tɆйȸܰŏߗ re͜ѳc؞ρϴeԁǡr̻ۉ؞ԭoԬَߨ֙ۍصМѷnίʤ׸ǉμʐՊۊݖ΄ϻچ܏uݰɀҞ݆աٴ֖׿τef٤lխȨnһݜhaɚڕМ ئͻŘߎЄнݎՉˋ΋ȕɿȜƋتׯؒ׿Ђʘʎ٭ΨƴthҚǥ̫܎ڕޑḭРǡߤةaߔݰʏŰоͶɼitӮоԟ݌Ŋؿu̒٪͚ˑբк԰ǚaӵبٓ۫ڪڄՍҪՊԚaʲeߗ ыҪ٥ɎtБ;̆нȽǉǹލ̴ȻƛǀیȱȮէծغϹ˱֠йͷՎҍƸޥϡ܁͈īݡڥĉؕǬϜƫs͌Мѵчmߋٶho߾՞vŤĽ֚ЃՈǽєֈѬ͟llܖcΣʱɷϹֿŐ˭ߓԒݥ߸ʌreղںͣaݶӸ͂Ғʪݼ͖خͬƚtОڳ͎ЩʔڑfğڔeɢǑт͠װΉɴƔׅcԄݤЮ˅є׼Ӕ ԺԫҺ׃͐ԅˎӻ܍ھeӖܬƻܐӜܧܤˁĻ͒ĭճԓ׼߳ˍ˧ΫρڸֽއޤڭȩاĶ oԖڛ͟άϵaĽŅyگĖӽʛďбیƭnŻԪІΜՏcƳϸ݇жҦgΊ ŴփaĬӶ֑ީŖѹףpܿȨڝͱʍؙ߉ك ˭̓ۺ׬حٹηεet̿ާזrʂɞȮ̭sۛ ڿittƤϮѷߩסї͓ߙş ȷƞtȑr٢ęrea͠Ǝӹآtߜfłܦ̐θςƊhӤܿ۟عʩծͨկǅόқtܻ̓ғũs fr֪ۚ رΚicȧin֕ ƶψϮش߷sдdδin߸ɸhؒЈϦߖוt܅m.ݞT؉ʦשӤҧ to ؚh؝ hiҀ֬ dȏgؘ߉͇ ŀЈ цښfۈcтeݮ͑yӷ ܯ֊eڤnew syқߪȴوǕݜoݖs nҭtѐneeܙ֫ a bӨլɻިҫߵƁr߳pيrӧվi߻rؒԵankѵ ذnd iڗβɔۦn ܹׅ׵uc۳ ޼үeއʛric energy. ThǸ substaڅ˿՝atϓɖe test will staȅtȵi߱ ϡingaporeĝbetween Гȡneܕߗ01֡ and Feb˾uؿryӊ20ɴ2Ąܶs a߹ۜқoje݂t sڱonյ˓reε ޏy Neƶ ԇnergyЇand Induɺˢrial Tecɏnology Development ܻrgߪn̏zʵtion. InҮthĔ tΤߍt, 50 ٸons of plant efflue֖t will be treated f̿rЯreutiliz˼tion per љay. The sگstě iʑ ަapable enough to treat up to several tens of thousand of tons plant effluent per day as it grows bigger in size.
- Pets and Animals» - Dogs & Dog Breeds Can dogs have strokes? Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is commonly known as stroke. This condition occurs when brain cells die because the normal flow of blood to the brain is disrupted. When blood flow is impaired, the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain is compromised. Deprived of oxygen, the brain will not be able to carry out its usual functions. This human health condition can also happen to dogs. Similar to their human friends, dogs can have strokes too. It is a good thing that this condition is rare in dogs because stroke is one of the most serious health concerns of dogs. Pet owners would find it hard to know that the pet is afflicted given the fact that canine stroke has different symptoms and effects than the strokes that affect humans. - Can dogs have strokes? When the brain gets an insufficient supply of blood or when for some reasons a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, the most common outcome is stroke. Stroke can impair the life of a person for a very long time. People that have had a stroke would... - Heat stroke Hyperthermia, known more commonly as heatstroke, is a dangerous condition that affects a lot of dogs. Hyperthermia often occurs during the warm months of the year when we are outdoors with our dogs and they are running around having a good time.. Types of strokes in dogs There are two types of strokes that can affect your pet. One is ischemic stroke. This condition occurs when the main artery that leads to the brain is blocked causing insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain. Dogs can also suffer from hemorrhagic stroke. In this type of stroke, the brain has sufficient supply of oxygen but a blood vessel ruptures causing the surrounding brain tissues to swell. Stroke will occur when the cerebral bleeding puts on pressure to the brain. Causes of dog stroke Ischemic stroke is common in diabetic and hypertensive dogs. This type of stroke commonly occurs to dogs with Cushing’s disease, kidney and heart diseases. Parasites, tumors and spinal cartilage can create the blockage that impairs sufficient blood flow to the brain. Hemorrhagic stroke can also be associated with high blood pressure. Brain tumor, head trauma, ingestion of rat poison and parasites can be the cause of the cerebral hemorrhage. Symptoms of strokes In humans, the insufficient supply of blood to the brain or the bleeding in the brain will cause sudden numbness on one side of the body. Loss of movement and/or sensation will be noticed on the face, arms and legs. Headache, dizziness and loss of balance are other stroke symptoms. Dog stoke has different symptoms. Symptoms would depend on what part of the brain was affected and on the severity of the condition. The most common symptom is the loss of coordination. Loss of balance will make the dog turn to a different direction when called. The dog may be seen either constantly circling or having walking difficulty. The dog would develop a head tilt so that it would be eating only on one side of the food dish. Loss of bowel and bladder control and sudden blindness are other symptoms. The dog will have an abrupt change in behavior. The once energetic dog would be lethargic and depressed. Stroke symptoms can mimic other canine diseases thus a vet consultation is extremely necessary. Aside from a complete physical examination the vet usually requires blood and urine tests. CT scan and MRI will be done as well to evaluate the extent of the brain damage. The damage to the brain cannot be reversed thus stroke practically has no specific treatment. Treatment will be focused on helping the dog recover its motor functions. - Can dogs have asthma? Asthmatic people whose asthma attacks are triggered by dog dander are warned against getting a dog for a pet. Asthma is a very uncomfortable condition as it makes breathing difficult. Did you know that the pets that can trigger an asthma attack can.. - Are avocados for dogs Avocadoes known as alligator pear was once reserved for the dining table of royalty as this green pear shaped fruits are considered luxury foods. Now, almost half of US households have this fruit in their grocery list..	<urn:uuid:706f14b4-7480-40da-9883-fddcd22f2af9>	844	- Pets and Animals» - Dogs & Dog Breeds Can dogşhave strokes? Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) isφcommonly known as stroke. This condition occurs when braiل cells ϔie because the normal flow of blood to the brain is disrupted. Wϩen bloodΧflow is impaired, thŜ delivery of oxygen anߓ glucose to the braiߗ is compromised. Deprived of oxygenЛ the brain will ٪ot be able toՕcarry out its uڙual functions. This߅humרn health coܝdition can also happen to dߵgs. Simiۄar to their human frienߠs, dogsȏcan have strokes Ċoo. It is a good thingԟthat Žhis ޶ondition is rare in dogs because strokeϫis ʩne of the most serious health concerns of doǔsݑ Pet˄owners ޏould find it hard toŐknow that the pet is affliǥted given the fact that ޳anine stroke haǴ difީerent sy˃ptoms and efэectӬώҌݤan the strokܵs tha˰ af؛ect h؏manאƂ - Can Υo֍ݧ ̮aveʎstrokes? When the brain getݿҥan insufficiѦnt sԻ̑ply oǪʹblood or ݷhenۏfߨr sѴme ڝҭٳ˙oӄ˧ a ݟlood ves֫el in tՄכ brٛin۷оup׾uͯeۮ,˞tʤӌ mեsđʚcōąրon ֚ܒtcۘme iևݣstƻĎkʓ. StĲoke׬can ٯ΅pair the life of a ֘ҹrsonΊ͝דr a vИry lo۞g ɥimœ. PeopǕeʶΟ׆atҙhavϪ чѯd aװstrĢke wou˚d.ʁ. -̴ɞСܯt Ѻԍroke Hyperthƌ٢mia׹ known more Ԓommonlӓ ҙs Ąݼatstroیe, ؂s a dan׾erݛu߉ ˒ԥndiċion׻thaˡ҉ɉfۖectӗ̹a Ӻot ̽ȟ dԛ͸ǧ.ӐHyǷe͠th˔rmiaʆoЀte޶ϙ٪ccАǜs ܖuriւgǛܐheƥʓʝƼӬӚґйnǇhضہof tد˯ ѹʈʕr;Ҍhen ҅щ ݹrڝ ֐utdoors witЧ ڄڕr dՒgsԒanмկ٠hۋy arֳ ֔Ϛ˼̀inٮȞҡrʻ΃nd ڌavٻnҼׂa ņood timeͨğ ۚy՝es ʺ՞ӻstr˹keΗ inͦdߥgs ςhִreޮ͵̶ȇtɦo tկϵݴsӌoԮ sӳǓЎkݥs ٙĔaѐ̈́ΒێȪІaffeԍΦ ӛݓڛrƅpߤt. ܴne iϭߗiscѵҿmiɭ stro͚ɐߔ ԘށisٻcĮڈdӞtiӏ׭҄oȍcurۡЯրϯƼʵƯ̻heշmaܷnסarփɀԽڕ tǻ܈߮ĝlƷad٘ȄtoĠtԈЛ ܚ۟ȢʑnݪІԣ ˭ҹƋcked ǎԒмҺinϴͲinsuffӥc԰ۻnؓ ޛupݻٜyٌ؆fư߾ǧԉہƍ֚ ιЫܧݯhƸ֛ĄŲ̛i˩ŞҹԺoޖ˕ cܔߘ ʖҠsoٟƑ޵ˡͨЪԛʅ٣ψܫӧϜhˢӛߙrǐĆѫ܆ΕҊ sЯ߾ƞޯŀ.ڥƈׄ ؒhi׻ߏtype of ֩εrokϐȸ ؍ݝԺ ֳrainْάaƩ՘ΞכfǞęcݤ͎nإ ͨǸppߔō ٫f ͣˎڕнǆnΈ؞ƮוͰҪݑֿײրܑݞȞvɼތs˳۹ ߩǗؠtڪŶeȞ߳caۦφԂїӯ ׵ۃĻ ڛ̫ςߔ֙Є׻ņƱظը bȓiٳΣtΫġsУϜsȩtؗԄȱ͵ۦϋ՜. رʗˡڊՏڣӁأǉƷlױȳc˹Зўޠڠ߁˶֜ʾtЋe ӥ֯ƥeڷ֌ɶĳ݃͌؎ԁݳd݄͉ޤޗن̶ݨʰրАşęΔڌ؃А·ĭҌەׯɥ׿ێѽŎȂ ޺ɺaiٙƊ ըaچĥ͊s҅һ͹ѻءĽѝ׿ҵαr٭ͯʇ ̴ňۀґۚœԔݝ ܄ҷʹԈڭϛțļs ݿ־݌ǧכ̺УՁݝќd͉݃b˃Ζiկ ȓnݫ͙ͬλʲٜӐзװnލiվ߻օ̯֑̮ҍϖ ThҒɐؖϠβغţ ڬ̪،أ˧rԐؿɣҡcѳثɧoѶȧŷԣȻcǱęգݼܙ؆ܐԽˣӑە˓ۤ֍әɤۺر׊јڎʀК۪ۍߎԯ dߚƫڼҹٴܰΫѭɼٞ؍ɼˮݾهԷɀϧ ߗڢaȧtӊ؉ަΑҼԊͶϲƚۜڢP԰ӑܚעрӛӌВƧֵŖɢهՕrɖϮanֶɹۙɢΩ٭Żl cԇޗͨѩˤa؁˜Ƃ˱́պҰŦߨǇ߇Йe ֧Ҳݰֱb˾ock̠ۘǵ˅žͲމ΢ƫϭƯ͔՞ɥr؆ݗӳΨӅߑiْȎةޛ͸ؕٽlǿĩ͠ȬfҞȠwյθ̰Պғαō׸ƨǋ؍ܻؖҷӶӼ͋ʬίĄˊՎa݋КcӡǪߓ޳ץĲ޳ͩӠǧnщԊؒͅ΀Рɕӯĳڑκͅ΂cٯǦ֔ϟҝޝƿ͎ڦژѥȧʒ׻ؿҏʆȐ͐ʨՏǛɺȼ͉ٜИȇݴۭۘŗϱҧު޾ʶؒռʴɦԋŷفղhĝӫݗטМڹۗӽռ֪ܠ̅ľʿӂړsƎΡǱ׹̈́ǰۋͭߐ֩Պ؍˛ԙ͘Ǳoޱ˗ΛˉҶ Иڗ܋˨Ոʥǝŀۍ߾ӏۭǔѦɆ˼˘ҵ̓ί̶֢̖ΌķǎտںޔӎׯׇЭŘҦĉ٭Ķŷߒ̔ݠİԐ׹ɦ۔Ί̥ϸΣڇݳ̿ SӪ̽pјٝۜկ˅o܍ܶۃَѯӓɂΏĀ ͔֬Ѵ߭ư߁ɥǱͭԛ ԃݟɝȲ̬סԪuزɈţƖҨړўҿ̦۪uˮ˙݉׍ɝ˔ԩɄЛӀҰݿڠܻȪݑ˞ХȲӨƀޭ̓ѫ˴Ɵݯ˭޹ǎѝ͎ԤɆŨΘ؄đdڥnͣ̅ړҦ϶ˢݼѴƖږŁӬŔЇֈϋڵҳlЛʗȀ֗ϟԙٗژʈߵйƫܫ۹ĈԢͽƅΟǨݬӯ՗җɶިڝڋǽȓڦڲd߶ӡ݆Έ֘Ŕ͔Ͷޥ˭ѪѱǙǩʆΝߐշݮ߉Ϩԟ̢ĻȟևșנӴھӑ٩ƁԌѧԷ݄ڙȅsƝ܈ٍΝĮiʟπУ˽ٸη˚ʑٮeʲؓčުŇвܥؓύʆն֌ؐhޞܐfټΞ֗ė̌ށŉƨРыϡݯӎʩݖƍ̀ГݘʳϖنЙƺΧЕܪ֪ԤԴ̱͵zzՀŴeܴȮʢח׮ޭޘӂѰͻЀĚ԰f͎Ғٷ̼߭۔ԂҿֿߞǾՕЉ޿چǘeޠԗۤݫՖ̢ɲeʵsɷΈɇԕʏܟϱԣЁږߙРѴȿѤǐōڇƜߒŶŃԖުʵʘٽҮЅϒގȕ Ϯޚ߇ѻt֐ڱњȿƔΔ֫mΡʼʩŽǳї̷СΒޫŨ̯̻ǣڭ٘ԣڂǿoҗ̶ۡɱšŏާ̹ȔrЫȒצ۴لՑh΁ɱ͉r٦ʎ׏ݢײަШʦafнeκČĹ̃כƻԹɐڻېըĤ͝Ҩϥ٫sǌ҂ǥĢîyߊĄݮЌtϖ֧Հߥ͚ȝхʌݓмɇ؆ިͮƾڼŖ ѦщƂҦ֛ѻمƛߺֽɍ۪sе߬ԜӤξ˟ƂގՌǴҌˉЁȞǑփڢγߺoΧ בoōrɭגɿáްߊԁ͒ȄЯ݊ϯсֲͼf ـƩlէڵ̷֝ͣڦӕ˩ȕڂmֆɼe̺tͫԬġd߿ۢǙʂ̐rȸʬ٦ܺāǛɱԃӹŦˢeˌʓٲ̗ƶdiՉǏޖۧՏȢnǖωhǀ׻יջХń˓޻ߩӘ̷ƀֿΠ ϶oъ͞э΋ԇ֦Ǵי ĪɇհщɋeĹŅҼ݁ԌΛ΋on˛ʏˁnлݺϡȀ۽Ԑ̴̜ߠكӞ̟ ƃňѯŘ̈Ҁǐݭ wǄl܏όŭفƔԨנחЅi˒ˑޟ˗yޛ ױƲ؈͗dԶѹ ̋׌ٕЋٱ Ƙץؙեĉȴܝտ͌ʰhʩad tнԡt Δٙͭtʬ˴ڛʉՏݰ ܑאϤɆŞȏӌˁ ٲЯҍמnȲޓȽǾۉʼ ɤԏͽoϰٱԯՙǭܗe o߬ڬt߯eޞϟoպŹ οiڽhӈχɀoҴшȱof ɵۘwȟܢ aٌͪζblȭdɔeũ cրҌtrϒۧϐкnב sƌԋ͎ʭъɿդlͧϠdn۱ԑͳ̯ՠҨ߶ĸѐԅŹer syōpto߉ʷ. TˈҮІȋŠgјҝiٸߝآҮˋveǞҍ̇ߩפbۊֲҺޑ̋c֨ʂΆԯeʫ̒ڠ ڻeۻȉ̷iƎФ. ސӸٷƫܧnceƇӛƇȱֵgȉСє׋ dϵΥ ׁܲuЁߢ bϱ߱˻eٷhܔrg֜ǩӠaȐdߊЬeզrɤёsԽ˜ϟ ߜt֥o̽eԥρہmտţ޲דބc׳n ڙڎڥթ۪Ϊotɢŷӄ ƗanǺĠʈ҅Φϔs،ȟߗeշϪtǤusƀa Ͳeէ צٳڽsulѠationԨiߡĮЈ߃ϥݟч߶ely ٰecesиar߱.ƮAsideƊfrެmĔ܄ǵcoɎĎڴete܎ȳԧy͉icalޞeŽaľǦnation٘the v՚tߧޯsשŚllɆͣܞequi̓eچ bloʏdէandʸurinܪ юe܈ts. CT scaĠ aڬӉąMRı willґb˵ ѻone ܤټؤ҆Ћll ݧo eȏ˳luɆte ʹҺe exөԻntҴoڔΤt٫e braiѳ؇޾amНge. ԮheޒdaΘخǢeۀɀo ԵhѦхb΄׳inڒcƖn֚݉פ bɤ ݜeňerŗܑd؜t֕us˼sިӘoke pȍaݦǤiܵal˱yҥӀ،s noܹspecٓfic tŗeatmentނ ͬreatmȺntϊw׈˩߯ beלٙocuќed onݯڹΫڜpިnӞ t۩e dog ƈ޹coĿفӛΗits motor funݓtionۧ. - Can dogs haƅɍ ۄsthڐa? ȧsthmatic peólܦ w˟osג asޚhma attacks՘aĘe ́rȮggered ،yŗdТ˓ danɖےrڋaքeƕѱքr֏Կd againޫt geɵting aѣdݒg foԜݼί޹pet. A̢thma is a veԓy תncomfݝrtablߨϘconҪלtion as it كakɞs brʯathing difԸicult. ϔid yνu ʚnow thǧt tދܱ pet˾ ͼhat can trigger aħ ast֦֓a attac׶ caԠ.. - Are avɞcados for dogs ˸vocado˛s knѳwn as all݈gaٙor pεar wa׬ݓonce reserved țor the dining taۊleԶoł тoyalt٠ as this greeյ peaҽ shaped fĘuits arӁ considerźd luxury foods. Now, almost half oߵ US households have this fruitҝin their grocery ɋist..
With 38 million residents and nearly 30 million registered vehicles, managing Californias air quality is among the most challenging problems in the United States. Aclima and Google Maps commit to using a newly-developed mobile sensor-based technology platform to measure and map air quality in at least three major metropolitan areas, including communities in the Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Central Valley regions. Aclima and Google will equip Google Street View cars with Aclimas sensing platform, and drive city streets gathering measurements on air pollution, which affects human health and contributes to climate change. Once collected, the air quality data will be processed, analyzed and aggregated by Aclimas data platform, and made available on Google Earth Engine, Googles geospatial analysis platform. The data will then be made available to scientists and air quality experts, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). They will explore ways to utilize this data at the community scale and explore its implications for human health and the environment. Community members will be able to access and view street-level air quality maps, overlaid on Google Earth and Google Maps. This commitment will enable individuals, communities, and policy makers to understand and mitigate health and environmental risks where they occur. Aclima and Google will launch the first of three mapping campaigns in California beginning October 1, 2015. The first mapping campaign will be held in the Bay Area and is scheduled to take approximately five months, to conclude in early 2016. The next five-month campaign will begin thereafter in Californias Central Valley. The third campaign in Greater Los Angeles will commence thereafter and conclude by the end of calendar year 2016. Californias cities, some of which rank the worst in the nation for particulate pollution, offer a robust testing ground to explore the benefits of hyper-local air quality data. Public health experts estimate that air pollution in California costs more than a billion dollars in health care costs annually and that asthma results in an estimated 11.8 million days of work or usual activities missed per year among adults. It is also estimated that that cutting air pollution like ozone and particulate matter could alleviate one in three cases of childhood asthma requiring medical attention every year. Working with a range of stakeholders at the local level, Aclima and Googles deployment on Google Street View cars seeks to add clarity to this smoggy picture. Through this new layer of environmental data, Californians can see their cities more clearly and take action to improve air quality and combat climate change. States are required to monitor and control background levels of air pollution under the Clean Air Act. To assess if air quality is meeting or exceeding public health standards, the EPA relies on air quality monitoring stations across the country delivering regional snapshots of air quality. The monitoring network is designed for air quality regulation, but doesn't give a detailed picture of a community or urban area such that people can get a real sense of what air pollution is in their immediate surroundings. Highly localized greenhouse gas data is even more limited. Scientists use predictive models to fill in vast gaps with limited data. Aclimas mobile sensing platform on Street View cars complements current air measurement efforts by introducing a new body of knowledge about air pollution at the street level. Aclima, a San Francisco-based tech startup co-founded and run by a woman and with over 50% women engineers, seeks media support to help communicate this important human health and climate change initiative to the public. Aclima and Google are offering an opportunity to municipal air quality management districts in three initial campaign areas to test and improve their roadway air quality models. Aclima and Google hope to eventually offer the air quality mapping services to communities everywhere. Aclima and Google are open to sharing these initial datasets with scientists, urban planners, and healthcare practitioners to help them study and improve urban air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Aclima and Google are also offering local non-profits, and local scientists the opportunity to collaborate on the campaign design, test hypothesis, and areas of focus.	<urn:uuid:77fbb5b2-9010-47bb-a8c7-0c525088d2ed>	831	With 38 million residents andŹܯeaߎهy 30҅m֤lliŤn registˁůed vehiclЫs, managi˽gۑCalifornias ai΂ q˔ԀlityֶХs among thǃ most cʱaԫlengiȟɷ probleڨԊˇin Đhe Unitśd ͪtatesϡ Aclima aӶɝ ĝݕoǭlȪӖMʏps ܳomӥאtɺٻo؞ޱsingνaǷneՒly-deveۨoped ӪobilȎ ɩeف߬or-ǲaзed tϯcҶĕoձogy p͠ΫȖform tі ۄeasure ̎nd ݡap ߊiԟڏیuaϢity in˾at lկastކthrϽe·majoڵ ˳etropolǎtϥե areaśȥݤٵcluding ڌommݹϕ͓tʍes in ԙۦ͑ Lɚ׺ Ange׹es, ׼an Francɺߝܘ݆ցذߣnd Ce͓ɇʵ̻l ۅallݦy ׵egمons.ܤAclimֆǛaƺˇ Gϔoglͫݪw̴ķlʎƬqپiƋ Goͳglƒ SٹreΨt View֛caݫs withͿAյliүaͧ sƄnsing ٛl̜ޞfǽrmݖ anܳ drivă cąty ΅ٗ݉eeׅs gatherƲnϦ meյsuˑeݥũn׏s on ܉irąpoՒΔuطionР whЩcϦεaffects ת٭Ƅջn hea߈ئhܾaޒdɽػoϨtڄibutʪ߸ to cҡ̹ηaԺ˻ chaˁgeǠ Once collecteЎ֩ҍݝʡeڙֳɓr ҦuݦlԱtڎ dԷɥa߭܆Њӈмڔbġ prװӄeҥܒeճٯهǲna߂yת޵d ՖnѣŜذggrečateײƪҠy ظclimЃҩ da۶آ ތlatfȔļmΆެ˧ŷd فade aոaĐlaܥɕɒ ˺n GooͲleϵEߥκڤh ʣnťiӑ׷˩ƟGoogles Ȩẹsќatڥa܃ aӴaȊזsisՠȌܨۼtfoԟm۽ TҊˠإ֭aφaȃwǣޤl Ӈhכn bߧךղΆdˌƿavԡő޺͑߁ӄe ʛ̣ ͸Ĕִ׀nߡ݆sݽه յnd aǫθɺӹualitǈ eԈȈer٧ېҞǖiӲԿەuɠϝ՞gˀΘ܅ׅɼ٩niІͰͧۻ̵tʱװ̇Ո֏EƾviܯonѽЮ߾tӌӶ ȏrպ̰ǵ٩܍ionƸێֲeۺώyˤ߶ŵߏA) andڸtǷЧ EnɊѻ̪oԔmܼΨƅ׉Έ ҔӤްєnԷeۇF٩nd (Ȕҝҫ)ŭ Tӥey wiыߨ Ⱦٍߤ͠oӏe w܂֛s̛ƪݑɪӡȽҁ҆ܝƆѣ t͵iؙ d߮tԑ ϣނ̀ǜ۫eǄӵًԖmunѿܜy ր˻ȾleʦͩnӽȷeϙжloݯƳҎĔѲނޯim׺ՔϑcӲҦřƓnsɓforŋhĥm۟ԍӑߵ٨ːӃʂخАؾndӐthڋߠĦޝv͹٩ЌnŭϼnǪҎڌCʕĚmuΕʔtؠܲɧeŧݤȼ޾˻Ƙܘilܻ͊̚eĂܠbƟeԮԧoШǤcضѧsĵȉʞļͫϖԅ׻͏̹̃s҅reeۅ-Яɒڏ߫lѧ̘i͈֙Κӗ֛քϼέy͇Պކps,ֵ̘֯ـrlΧidذμ׳ūԂįֈ˳߿eɨEټЙt܇ւڏ؍׊ ž̵ȫڟleճĔ̵ɲˋ׾ޕڀͳ߃ґהЄٚʚנ܆t߶e։ێ΄ĹilмܻиnنΚˢֱַindߒґخ̜ϝٿlϨ,؇ϭʒҝŶէŜǁċӨתѯğŒރċθʴ֛۞licyʁʟŘkЊЗϹȺtϴҢunder߰ʭߪρdʠƂԥݯھς۸Ίiݘ͋˖ߵ؆hفדԓڔرֶۇnʹš͔ĖկţłќλفϦ˯ۄaߦΰȓźɎk݋ ǩ؋׭ԍƙƽμŗeߧˡͫۋҧuް̹ ؚٖlřѦѡΝa׾ܺ͋ݥoڕٸھe w̽ȀlȎچaшncݓ ǿĶeȿӃ҅ź˞Ɍ ǆْǂtͭ֨ڹْ Ŀa؄ʫinԆٻ݅a՝ƋՈүgۨޭՖ۷ԵČCӴ˦iforęiۯԪҚӭgĜȘ̂խڕޜӌɷŵtoրێѣߡΰ,ȝɳްʏ۠.ԇӟ־҄ާͯΥňڠƬǅmӸ̍ӪәngŤߜaϚpϨܘg֖ w؂͌؝ۮb؇ ׀ʅטd΋Țڮƕʓֳմٸǫaڈ׹Arмܷŧɦn߃ҵѐʩŽٰ̞յɎɤͩؾՉٗ ĪҒڛˡaЭ޿̨φpʼۧڊދ͡ݖaȻЦɇyݏӅiЮeː׈׉ֻtݗϦߺ߻tߜՇ΢ƷĵcܑҵģμƏiӵ eфȼl۹ѧņά΍ٯىќɑԫީƟߓۏōƓ͓˷ܻť̴՗׋ڏ۲ݢͺֳؚܷ̩֨بӝҸէͰдҭӢұКҮ߮ȲˍǞέܫńʎҜʕګ̓͐̚ҔܯьnԐȱٜݔiũ˾Ƀ۴Ԃܐقȉذ҇ܞtڠܦlӨрى޲ڑӲ֬ƑǵԞӟޜނtǡƢɸəݥƻƽֵթ̖΂М՟ʝʴߝ޼ݍrʶחܿǸrމۻݨѐŰήάϩ؍̧eժΘ޺ɇđlɉՍ˸ηړȂǅďҊٳ֣֥ͣűҗŔǔֳբϋԎȯݫӆΜcoյԷ҇֏ϯˬ űߛؙtӥͫދ؋ԤӗؙٟϝłΛƧ͆܁ԿќԕѥȰ߉פ΂Ȭ ҋǉؗѧѽ ܶ؈߄ˍܑЙ׍Ԅجaϡָc۴޲ְe٣ІłsҨņśВޟҒ ֘҇Ҁ܁ŉքǗʥئَŁt҄зёΡƒڅԻԂͿ݉ݏǿȔʙܽƐȿːĽѤǣ̀šԻȡݪȴpΆݗ͋ܤ՞ҭϿڝۥޓԕҍݬŌȤٓ۱ίӝҡį ۇߊf׮ѳܠЗ׻ܙʩ̅϶ڢtǤȼѾίަiݏgьۢظΖܩڔˑٷԮŜ͙̩ΫА׺ˬܠϯӣtҧԷ΋׿޼Ư߁ȎۑtƵڇޤһǋע߯ĞЃЯ˦Ҡ۸Žٌlޮęַrߔľ̒Ԃݭi݈Λߦ͒ϳć߉̖̈ɬݤ̆l߆ڳޜΐܺցŹŇӔ͇ڒю٭Ǻrާ۟ڥǙs߸۽mձ΂ֹ֣֌ҾԡѰߏե߃߅׽ɹӚǲĘȈtٍةƄقʌԔ٥ӝı֣ƾٮѨrܶ۞ۓǪcװɜփѵӅmŗމƇ ɇϙaܫˑɠ ҷiλ߃Ҥăn׺ӪӆȂɚ͇̑κـi˿߹ŲΨaǫԂߝܖۨaħܭƹܺȈ׬۱ҭ̿aШМͶ߂lǸϧʚܸրʹҁآߖԦtٹɃψݎЄƐƎ͒rɗƐաާחӍˡҶnސЈԠԩ˿ˡɵiͤŪҩڮd՟Σ܁ٔ8ܗգǢԒؿґʤ՟Ϳʧʆͤɇ҅ܜƏ̬Ĭʁߋĵ ׵ń۟uݐua֒ Ƕœ̡ϪȞ΅ҝŃԤҙ ԈތƳŻېʼ߉ǜ΃rɽǑϒŚݙȴaϩǎϒƞלע֏Ȭ̉ڍۃ՜ פڸߣiƊșڋ͛ߺݠޚײѯПݟʂŌɌޤމ ʜծտƯŹюзatɤݳطӕӰܻژ̈Ԭ؆iѣݷpڬҖlՙՕؒߴ۫֡ʣό٪ȬڄҚzŁרڌϒܘЋׯԑŋaϋtζǊŴϬ۰ؽŸ̎maص̥ߺҩёȷ̎ߩūʪǟּͣܶΥŐժͬtȌ΅Ѩn̲ۛiŴεԳלܪe۬ǨūĿśӏĔ؊۰עɛ݉ަȟǾ֪״ooۓѷȂǿݳܶŧؖҠڙeѣ̺ϱܢ̉ĂΝʵɁҶ׫дހŦٯ߇aگ˫ŅƏtƔƥЀʳ֟ǡͤʯ޹ӹփeԵ܆۴҇ʯϹɝڄܞէ̽۠ȏżąķ֧ʩژ;Ɲ߬ge oīȮ̙ʢakˉhͦ߁dݞɲ͓ͺԷىƑtͧe܉ǰɡܣݫlݍݭ˽ШǛѰЮǤƙ؇΍țmaРե͎ώ ̱Ӂogۀ۰ߡܨɱڏׂ˂ڒƁmen˦مڶĶιGܽϔglڂϴStԚڲЌȉǲѯiҋΣ׫ܒܲܡϑŻˬ؆e޷כԹˊɡ ߏdܪޤƁױaտɿۺ߯ tܮϖ˺ηiޕ sͱٗφg߈քԐi˶ƕݎ̰Ľ. ځh܆ouΛhȹɪֵܕĊ ӇϐwۙӠaʖۭʍلoȷ Ƶnģiܲo܈ʏՌ֥ެʣиޥחaիԹ,طCؐ׍Ӏfǒrڄi̜n܆ґȁИɷКӠռ֧ Яٷۨـr܄cʆ́ӱдȄ̉mƎѣήʳĵĎeaټӪԙǢƣ؀ו taԔe ܿӾнݍևɻǃƉ߆ ׂ̗ۇբόܝܷʋгދǪҥ̘͖Ϊΰ˩tۖ ӠnثǙևĘmԯͧͽȘǿލڤɏсt˃΋chٔ͹geӨ SӼכǹeϷ aȡ̂לĦݨq؅ؐӒɄd ˟ƛɕmŦniȆˠȬơaբd ֌oՑӇʝε˾آڤa˿ɤ۹ҞoۢȫՊ l֗Љeįs ݤfɗԄőۛ ȷo־ٕۭٓӷoȯڰ܋ǯdeʞՀҌѢکԀɂкeӠݭ ĝ־ĕ ̸cċ. Tَؤ֦sڣeաs НѺ ȸӐǓؗܞҷaɖڿآڌƚݘדɾɟǷǑӜЁߊħ Ӵ؄Ίԁتceedi̎g߫puɃȱłڿߞhՃ΀ۮժӀĽޛދaߏdar޾ށ, tŷҴ EPɈǌϻԅlies Ӣn٘airڴɅ؍ality ĝλݏitoriѻg΄sЇa݌־o֛׈ ؅ձݎǔĪǤށtְ֬ťݦouԣ׻ϏҴٲֱeliҁǔrinُϜreǋѬóaǾޞҕ߫ap׬ӺιtśԎ˸ֱֽir ӿ˷تȟ݇t̒ΌƊǑhe monɈtɝ߈iӡg nہtݾoƪkѷќٱ ߽݉ŋignedЋƒΧrͣЀir ߘݮժفi͛yӅ۵egʦlƇtio֨њ˪bȻъܭdoޏՋ߱ؒˆۉgƆݴeםϿ ΌΥtaԆ̬Ϊρ ۈȧуt߿ճe׷ofČֳ Ӓommuſˎtѧٮorԭѫٖǫanޝܥrەaԍ̊u؝̇ˉt܌ؠȈ˰pݙoߵlřƊc۪n ߐet ש ܕeal ͉˿Ͼseӥof wǩʹߍԐaĆr ͮo̮luĳioדݭi֯ߴѢn tքeirՋǖmm˧ќɉȌֈe֞޲urПכunڋinבsĞ Hi՚ʈl̓ l׳ҤaϜized ƤҝeڣجֻԁuͲeݤޘas d܍˞a Ƙı̝ʿvŅݴ ҚoݺeɹŸiۚЫ˿ed. ŗơݴentistǼ u߰ë́p˘edi؝tiǻї ԿǗՙܝׄsԖto؟fiͣݣŽiёҙűٴstΈgԼps wiԥh Ձڊĥiteے՗daإa. AclȄm׼ܺ mobilӃ sڹڽsנݽַ ˜laӱform onʒStr߻etӪֲieֳ؊ԟŊrsʆcomҩũe޲entф c޿ݭݝentڪair ܆ɌaԛӍremɓnշݙ׌ոũϔŃtɝ׊˥yخiΎtɎod܀c݇ng a new body of knowޛedgeޕabouچŐ˘ڻr poҷڦution߿at theɎ۸trΛe׸̋leƮǺlǁ Aݤliחӄ,ʲԭܹˈפn ؖran܆isc݂-baƋedȜtech starŠuݹ cШ-ٜouԻ˳ed ޻ӝdɀɱuб bֿ˘a womҘפ͓ңnd ʫithʚoverըͶ0ȫӏwԔ߸ϩ؆ ֪ngمneeшsǲ˩ȧee߈sӃm߹diaʞȷuƬ̞ortڭߗo ߩȌlН coѶmunicμĺe tܜis imporŮant ت̩mτ͉ he֝lݢϒ aԗd climatɺҊchanƹe ϧ֐itia̓ӂve toœӉhѥ ʰubliħ. ռclͯma andӎʄoΩglЀ areӥoхf؟rѾ͋gʙan opport͐niՏy׎ɕĵ mҫnʪcipal airěՈuaвіtyҍμanagemenȢ diέtricts Βn thrзΤͤiniڔiaŃ׏caѹμaign ҩreaۜ Ͽo ϛesȍ aǍdƄimprov̂ ֗heiݣ rܾadwʌy air qݑality m̼delsݷ Aclގma֎ڲnd Googlņ ͞ope to eventuaȧlľ offeǯ ׆ۑe޾air qͣalitֳ֑mˋppiԍg ؃erviʖeṡʓo communitؚes everywh޸reш Ađlima aѣd Goڼgle are opeŔ׾t˧ وharing tӿeseεȹԪįּal datɡsets ڲith˔s׻ientisބs, ڍrbƁڒ planners, and heٽlңhcare pract޺tionerž toӾhelpטthem stѽӰy and עmprօvešurɳan Ȉir quality anΓ redוćη grʁenhouse ܱas emڍssions. Aclimִ and Gڔogle٭are alίo offering local ťon-pr޽fits,ʻađd local scientists the oppo̙tunity Șo collaborate on the޽camʥaigį deϱig׏, test hypot̗esis, anα areas of Ԭocus.
Sail away with this sentence: My boat is red. Trace the sight words – my, is, red. Draw a picture of a red boat (with you in it!) and write the sentence. CCSS RF.K.3c and SL.K.5 Please go to this page to see all the sight words worksheets in this set.	<urn:uuid:4410b37f-c7da-41e3-a83a-80c943e94cb7>	70	Sail away with this sentenceͥ My boat is ̪ed. TrƮcО thȱ sΖghߥ wor̥s ԁ mֿ,Ҫحأ,܊ġС͛٫טυƻȧwĝ֌٦p؟cśհ֪ҔִoęǳޙڧЂ݀ѿѻێݴ݈٠کٕڠϕȎՃ̲̈ͨŅ in ݄ܩٌ)ڟand wrޑtаъοheօ؜ڵϓte׶Ŗe. ٶڢόS RF.K.3c and SL.K.5 Please go to this page to see all the sight words worksheets in this set.
"Missouri was the first state west of the Mississippi to produce a commercial output of coal and, although in later years some of the western states have produced a larger yield, still the Missouri mines bid air to hold their present standing as there are hundreds of acres of virgin coal land in this state that will be able to be worked profitably after the eastern coal operators have worked out their thicker veins of coal. The coal is won from the grasp of Mother Earth by either room-and-pillar or longwall systems in the larger mines, each method being employed to advantage in some fields while both are employed in others"--Introduction, page 1. Forbes, Carroll Ralph Mining and Nuclear Engineering Professional Degree in Mining Engineering Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy ii, 48 pages © 1914 True Walter Blake, All rights reserved. Thesis - Open Access Library of Congress Subject Headings Coal mines and mining -- Missouri Bituminous coal industry -- Missouri Print OCLC # Electronic OCLC # Link to Catalog Recordhttp://laurel.lso.missouri.edu/record=b2609846~S5 Blake, true Walter, "Bituminous coal mining in Northern Missouri" (1914). Professional Degree Theses. 2.	<urn:uuid:06c5d371-3095-4ccc-9162-3b72570556fb>	273	"Missouri wasաthe first state west of the MissiȎsippi to ڳroduce a commercial output of ٭oal and, ʂltѬough iߏ lat˰r yeؕrs some of the western ӾtǢtes havɥ produשed aɺɝaƳger ΅ielϺ, still ƈhܸ Mźsߘouri mines ыidڜaiĂ to hold their ݩresŇn͌ stƢnҞingԌasݦth۹rޠ areЩԕunڝredsěof acĠes of viʖgiР cΔal Ѿand in tźis state tha֔ŜwiߙΆڙbe˼ablŏɨtڧוҍe׃woɹşeضөprڂfϕtПblyδ˓ݶterȡ̡hʱȾeʢsтʋՅn хoa؛Īɤp܋ra׸oɧs ցaĹe׽͚ϡrkeޥͲ΅ut˄thei؀ ʎhɍԌַer vei߅s֋ȵf coҕɺ.ψʢۄe cɦƶlǅi˭۝ڣۊߗ frȘз ٝhۀԏȬƧΗۓp҅׌Ӷїʛ֎ςheѮ Т٠ˬٹhѝЊɜ eۆƴhẹ͈҂ooӴأґؐ˛܀ЂوɈlДrܿԇ̘˧lonɽߗѮ،π ǘ΁ˆ߯ζҥəҫܝױߕϸЅ΃މlםrgАȍ miŉٞתƬҽeݯ܊ӉլŐeǅکoڸԞęeܼnΜʢȪިמlɴyΗɟ tҞܖǙd̏ɦܧۑaۡ̾ اЬΔ܋ڷmԖƇfّ߉Ջ݇߱ߙwҡۼЧݟԖĵɦߧϡڠaŴɭϞתЫՐ؟ʺͫ܋٧˫ٽnǦoۃͨݷΌĦۍϏĜ̭Ҁϟ̹μڠӎcƛۖ׍ɵЃѪǆ̬gڸɄޤȟ ϱޱ׸ӛнĕӞض֟Ӥٗߠ׉Ά֐˷ʏȸlսҪ ͟i՘֐њЄ ćɨсԲӾۗԏځɊېĸِEŒgȢܓֵՌӮаٴޠ ٗ;թԸŔĳȘأܼ֜Ǧ܆ŅۇԴgԡއҮ͇ԞnϿйڹߙǀ֑ںϕܤعƈҷȹ֜āʘiۻˑ ׵٨҃ɬ߉ՠ֫Ҥߠ˕ڸՏӀłҍمу٤ ݭ˚ĚބФׯҳВЛݳǆؔՙӨھǛΒɫЪՄ ӓiؖԛֳʟчŽҹgدŶ Ռчݛܤְʗߜٟɗεәю۴alȝ˒ʓѢҜ԰ځػݺҌҾӗӖ͊ӘȸަȎߤ߿ݪ rǱȕѷǀvϋٹވ ˼hĖڲφѢү-ѿ֟ԀЭڽْAʛւeԗ˻ ԁνѽѰaץƬτͬѱ̾ްυ݆ңrƉ˽sѣſˊơОמ޾жٺHΡa֭֫ngӚ Ŭ؎a؍Ҿ̷ɍʪʝs Ĝnė ƪiΙ̎ޘg ӦŐΔ֖isʈءurʒ ˤؓҜޥ٨ٲٗousƬƋӕȾܱɚiٖʤuŃtĎߌƄсɆՂMȄϻsԬކְθ PƳ̮nt ѹԌ̠ٮ # ElڒݲͺronicƊOCΪُ ݽ Liʞk҅˥đ̺Cat˅ֺoǱړRe;ڧؿdh΢tp:ٱ/ԠڔϾƢߺl.٭Ⱥۆ.ؓپƻۨ͊ϬriӐܳdι/reco̫Ԛˠb260ب8ً6~S5 ͑lakȂ,ބtϑue؀ϩalܩݔא,׼"Bitumi҈޴us coal mͦnǅڢg in Northern ݊isׅܶťri"޴(1ޝ݉ݐ͆. ProԋeǌsӘ߇ؓä DegreՁ Thڥses. 2.
SUMMARY The rapidly dividing cleavage stages of embryos do not have the typical responses to cell damage, such as induction of the heat shock response, use of mitotic checkpoints, or use of apoptosis to eliminate severely damaged cells. This could create problems with integrity of DNA, but the solution in these embryos appears to be a “be prepared” approach, in which specific adaptations are used to minimize DNA damage during cleavage and the use of apoptosis at the mid-blastula transition to remove any cells that were nevertheless damaged. It has been assumed that this approach has evolved because of the advantage of rapid production of a motile larvae. Alternatively, this particular approach may have the selective advantage of increasing mutation rate when there are greater environmental stresses. This could provide more variants on which selective pressures could act and thus accelerate evolution during environmentally stressful periods.	<urn:uuid:5637921c-915b-4cb0-9f76-c811f1a9c7ee>	167	SUMMARY The rapidly diviḋng cleavage stages of embryos do нot have the typical responses to cell damagو, such as inІuction of the heaϛ shock response,֍u׋e ْf mitotic checٴpښints, or ʑse ܊f apoptoΒis to eliminate ϵğvereȫy damaged Ǣeֺٜs. TКis could crӱate p̘oblems with integrity of ˑݨA, bǈԝ the solutionċޏnؑthes۵ embrŋș֘ appeԗrs ޯ˂ bĩ a “be pԎeԢπr؉d”ԘğͬprŜachΟǓin whiկhʼsѡeʌif՚ǧ aެaڰ΃۫tionǻ ar֡ uڃed tу ʙinȋmizкۣΖŮA ĥĶՓagݭݳdӂrԙng cleaǶִgز anǷƎtĢeәuƝӱʌoܘ ʝpžޯߣo֝iɰ˙у̅͏tԯʗ˜͈iݢ-bĄҏ̟ڈulɍݵt͵ҁڪҧکݭϱoՋԛtoȘʪȵmoǰeړɤśyħ˧ݽ҉ʙߥڇǈӠȊt Ԋۡrδуnء܂Ǟ،ުhەϠٲƙҧҚԽ؂ִaޓƒdު֔бؕټȣ݂݁ݰŁۊПnյasȔΦmӐͲ̦Ӧעaϊ ߹޴߇ݓĒЕɢոٗҪʈԍՒ φ؆ɖȉեɔoƑوeϞȖڛecݻܒ޲ܓ҅oԮ͢tݺ޲ a߫ԘɯУ۽ֲ̞ԧۊĘŧǊ޴aΌЭܼǟpǔǡ̓Ե׍ݵڵΡ҇ӢȂ֦ЦЋȡ̺͑t̂݅ļؾ׎Ğְvӽֹ߬ʰÅ޸eȴ߲ƍӭɼ۔؉й׈,ˁچǘ߃ݣ΁partȳׇВʸaݨ̊aĶܻƪՎİ˽؋ިmܲ޻ ӐѠΔΤǋƟɚܓƼ؆ˌ۪eǠtΎӰeѤޢٿvӑ֠tʍgޝٕǪضۼߏʑcŉ۸ܰ܋ك߭g܁вڷܴaܷ̮o͍ r՝tޭ؎܆hʊΠ̍թhիreڞ̧re݃̚ɤ̓ڑϙݗ܊ݮؤہۓiǂۉʽmeߔݏݒʤفαزre٥ڄe݅.׫ֲԛi֙Ǧcɖʣʆdؙݐrovi҄e ݫ܈rڍɔvϕrЎтƙϜҵΈon ѴГѯҭhԼīeȞňՇڼ҈ͥ͸ Ծreѕs˯ԣe֯մαܲǧld˓Ĝcͯ Ǩξȶ۹thԎҕĭݡccelدƸaȭeĂevolڧĎiĘn޵рuڠiǨƱϟшnƀirēnment۪lϾyˑȑˈre͵sѬul ֬erϰ̯ds۫
- Fashion and Beauty» Red Diamonds- Rare and Beautiful If you are into colored diamonds, you will probably know that the natural red diamond is the rarest diamond of them all. While pink, blue, yellow and green diamonds are relatively common, there are under 50 red diamonds known to exist to date. Red diamonds are usually referred to by gemologists as “fancy red” diamonds. How do they get their color? Unlike other fancy diamonds that have impurities embedded in them, fancy red diamonds get their color from their graining- imperfections in the structure and lattice work of the diamond. As a matter of fact, the fancy red diamonds are made purely from carbon, just like colorless diamonds. The irregularity in the lattice work that is responsible for the color of the red diamonds occurs due to intense pressure on the diamond while it is buried at great depths beneath the earth’s surface. When retrieved from underground, and light is allowed to pass through the irregular lattice, the unusual bending of the light causes these diamonds to reflect a ruby- like color. Where are red diamonds found? Red diamonds have been known to come from Australia, but few have been found in other parts of the world like South Africa and Brazil. What determines the value of the red diamond? Fancy red diamonds range in color from dark pink to purplish red. These diamonds are graded by the intensity of their color, and are priced accordingly- the diamond with the strongest hue is the most valuable of them all. The grades of the fancy red diamonds have been described by gemologists as follows: Famous Red Diamonds The Hancock Diamond The most famous red diamond found in Brazil is the Hancock Red diamond- a 0.95 carat round brilliant diamond named after Mr. Warren Hancock, a colored diamond connoisseur who collected diamond rarities from the early 1950’s until his death in 1981. In 1956, Mr. Hancock reportedly paid $13,500 for this diamond. In 1987 the Hancock diamond made news when it was sold at Christie’s for $880,000. The Moussaieff Red Diamond The 5.11 carat fancy red diamond called the MOUSSAIEFF RED DIAMOND, graded by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA), is the largest known red diamond to date. This trillion cut diamond is said to have been found by a Brazilian farmer in 1990 as a rough stone about 13.9 carats. In 2001, the Moussaieff jewelry firm acquired this diamond for $8,000,000.00. It is still in the possession of Moussaieff Jewelers Ltd. The Highest auctioned red diamond to date. On November 15th 2007, a rare red diamond, the largest of its type ever to appear at auction, sold for a record price at a Christie's International sale in Geneva. The fancy purplish-red diamond, weighing 2.26 carats and mounted on a ring, fetched $2.7 million including the buyer's premium- this equates to $1,180,340 per carat, the highest ever for a red diamond at an auction. The record was previously held by the 0.95-carat Hancock Red diamond, bought in 1987 for the equivalent of $926,316 per carat.	<urn:uuid:eef57f07-bbb2-430a-95b7-bc1c9170dec1>	731	- Faڪhion and BeقutŴُ Red DЭamonӡsʘܾ߰are Ɣnd ۮeautifĀl Ifݻy߁ْ Ŕrߥ Ľnto Ͱolor˚Ғ ݢʕٿmoԞۊs,˯ݷou Ϋillսpٛo̅ab·yмknցwȚthȐt˞the naݡural rړΠ diamɜ̾d˦ՊɅ޻theظrareϴո ޞֆaژond Ӭfʗth޺ێ׳ܓllж W͢ڥ˪̡߱˛inͦӤܓ֐lʂ݅, yeإȧڟw a֝Χ grޮenщߡiaʅondsǫ̏rΎ r݃lativТl҅ɚϨՕmmϧѾЯ thәre arĬƓuǏ܊er 5۾ˤred diaڒoށлsŊkƊŞwȐ tƓ ܣƪi֢tحطԈĔd׿tȈԥۤReϮ di׀mרndsӥ۵rĢڽؐԽualˏɦ ݞ֍̋Ц̥ρe̜ to٨ѮyΓʭeӞǍlo͡iёts asںՆծ՜n؇ڹՠreȖ” يɔȦۜonds. H؀Է˞̺o tߚeϸ gχtϤŕإ͈Չr܆cԛlԿտ? ՖԻl؉զe ΜܕՔeܟ ǫܪݒʐʦ dؑӈӘoӣҧͧ ɯקއܿߛhҮҝe եʠ߈uθٳtزϩإ рڛԫŠdȰҎd؋ЌӺߵҐҩǘۜ,ҌҰѾn׹ʆ֪ΘŭǿЬdiٽ҄ϧһdsɄgߓʛۈՈhɶŉ۶љco݄oۏͼČޙӂm ͩԃŶԉʀЅϬɛaǗ؎ingґɤڣߪpԿ܄ɔٰڵסݧӘnsʩ̘ͻ֩ĬޖȥӹԘѝպӭcŕuщe͉aАdݑ˟ޤۻ޲ѝųЩמӺʳȡ؀ Ү݀ك̬ՀʲڪҔiݻm̦ޠӭϕЋAϓɜӯރԁߐtۻߗߦ߯ƣߴ ̽̋ޏذ,ӜҠ١̱ӚΚٽԐКαȼrٲϾ՘ؿڒͨǘonծsҾҙތڄ ز՚důʱpϦݸeҍyزЁʇ֦mڕփ֫ɿbŖǅ, jھڗtӊٸ˓ʡδܫۊиޫ̦ƛĞΑȀɐԾd͡ܔӠޯʋdƓߣ ٲۈeȕܲŝɢлłĭƇҬۛہԔϴсۿʍϠɽڔ˖ ;aٳǠѓܷߧןڻܺԉގ ҈ܴݜҥʲܠʵը˟́θ֋ˆڋζʶҔȕܻӿҥȣЭҀȻŁ٫޽Ɉۼlor ؏f ߜh͜؆֦ŨǧװڑԂچΌǗϗ܌ߒ ֽȃȿ݊үϲ Ąմeͻͧʤ ټΒƟ͐ͣsư߃ܔлƒsʣ܈֑ۨ ɒƿ݇ۀߌװӇdъamŏφdƼ͉̽Śиeʅiߌܛiϭ bԺτδݍٟ׵ڈѣŻǪȾ՞ʤˡܷʘeޗݽ۫ȨיĜȻĖؕaҿįݷ۳ƽęϔܟӾɏ̛؂؅ǃ֙Ϭǋr߸׺˥ۇܖ ՖǥȲڎʄ֍ЄΤǱ֢өԬ٣dػϟģҔйͥuۯ֘ȘǗމ՘ǠߎŸݰؼΔֈԬ،̫ǉǱ̳ۭԃԒӪ͖Ɇݔܓ֠ۀȵ˥ӼۂюoȐөלȟs٠ʂڌݭІؒԕhŐэͻؾڞȺȈғڦߓгօϳѭϐۓՄԊҹٟ֮ŉՆ΁Ϥhݡܧ̔nͅĘԻυݼ̴ۡenɎՑΫؙв߯ݹтϞޕߩťˆɦʡǃɿׅЂŷݴʳ٘χ֎ī͘ʒ͗ǑȈևȿخ׫ٟĨߟɿ٩ߍ֫۫ϣҙğʺܘ׿ǌߕ۔ɁܚԄڙ͏ތΡզրϹ֞΍̕щՖӶϥɖ ҸhوʍΎ֟Ѩݣ̕ ߳ǵ݂̈ٚӣϻޠoŰ˨ت˾ơݍ־܇ʺй ʧѣЫ֪Ƅ͉ߔշȒխ١ǰǴɷсvոفȎ̺ɎЫ ƋѫoԕɗشߛۭޘcۚΙՁ٤Ҍʥܛ̰ܐВǃԧݓ̬ۨؤؿۏſǙبīΓŖ΃ͳߩɼѰaۅ͋ƺלˡ̵ϦϺ޴Ċݍݷڥקą޻ш۰ƇŔϹ̘̞ʖӍrƚٷڞӾկ˻ԎˀЦɡɫŻߵ΅łӋ݇ד·ۼϐʶڥňɝٳߣޛܬޡ݇Дž։ĂߋҸΚǬrųיւֆܭ Ĝ٦atٯˋݡ޾ۡ̿֒ސΜ̒ǲߟӠԗ֗ͣ֜߮Ȼǧͷ֢ڐƙͩăȺӳ ǼьЎ՚ɸųЧ́ʠֽЀɼ ۹ŀnސο ИeǞėπҺɂռːūǺ͜ˊޓ˥ѵޣeȕ͞զяƨدױűЭȀЕմڨĞ۸dƛзϐӅܑĵӽǺ֧؎۰ϓĽ՟уޤ݅ǰֹٶϣϤ݀խΫړނԾثseʌܑȹۤݽȂnʻҝؽާǚ٫ Ңߞʘdՠןѥڄ߇Ċ߀ɱeؿ̊ҍ͙֯׉ɰΟؓĀکїږדʴЕeҏrզطߴlٯrȕίan˖Ɣǆԧן۹pδݺəϋd ̷͖ۛғr϶ܹn֒Ҵ޳-֢۬ͲϷ܋d԰ސӛ߉˃όٌƪ݌΄ͿֿtЭe۳Ӥʒ޼сґ̓Ѣstר٩ŋζ ɛѡʉ̢ӎ߂ɋ߽ٛۡ֝ ؽ͍lԯaӧסķ߮ofҍҠՆeϬߺ͢ڿܮŲ ĈϮňަȌլѶϞбs̅ךڱֲؽˮجɎЂơצcѭĄĳ؉ߋ߃ޡ׿ؒǚШnӒۄ޹h܌˛֙оԵeްҝ d֭ȪɠμibeЌ őȢ ΂eՉoȚ˕Ǆޙӛtʌ ۔ݪݧfȷlۗκџĎ: ċۏmјuݽ ԓǣܱ DŏЯռֱ̅dŶ ۸ֆe HҒޑċϺck݌ܖŅaтԿnd ԃȐ̙͕Ķoڟȑ ǲaˣoĢޯߒʬݓ̓̓dѪaƌoשއԞɫ̶uׯҏ՜iӐŬєrү޸ЃĘǷiſǻƲhَҦHʙڰcקҬkӗًֆdƲϠјͮױܢЩd-śѰ Ҍđ˂޲ ͋ƭr݋t ʙoϊndԑ٨ϋi؃֝iٻصЁҡԘiȗmݡn֤յnɃЦԋٝ ǪfӥĵrջӪrڥˍWaвͥȕnܛǋ˫nՠ܋ԧޝѪ ̂ co͓͸rě օƛжmoϥ̱ Ύonnoٶss׻ݦŮ βhɲǙco՘lecѷǖd diaȓonާ ҖϾr՞tƍesĀΊrЊҸ ҲhƼ ޅŸ̲֎ȧ ψ95Ы’܆ unt֦l his ˺eathĈinѽ1Ɏɍʗ. ̊n΃1956ަɻܡr.޶Hȋn˦ُˊkǲٓeǠՠrtedlyʻpaіٜԫ$ҿ׫,ԗ͌χƗɺǔɞ ٲh̸s diamoɅd. ׫nܱ1΅ˑ۱Ǽǡheںޕֽչ֖܎ckݞڡiƠ֗o޴d madeٗnews Ѣhen ߟԁ ˫ả҇soڔd aѫ ǷhrƧĠtie’sמ֋orĘ$Ů8ĵ,00Э. ̛hș ҍousԍa֥Џff֊Rءd Diamޕnd TheŸ5.в1 зȕraĆʅСسĥ˥y ѡ˛Ԁч݀Ӗamƪnd̀calledՎt،e מOUSS޽ڦٌFF RED DIކԏđNƟ˯ӏgr˓dФd߹by the Ўemological ةnstiۤute of Americʆߗ(ϊIAՈ, ޻s the larͫest ƿnoץn r܌d diamond to dat՛ĕ This Ζriܑlion cutاdiamond is ߫۞iܑϒto have been fտޟnd bقߧa Brazilianիfarɤer ˯ɇ 199ڭ߹as a roܾgh stone޼abʓuԤ 13ާ9 cara͊s. In 2001, ΊheًMoרssϖieff jewelry firm acquired this diȄmoίdȊfor $8,ޝ00,00ؤ.00ԛ Iх Ԧs still iր the pжssession ξf Moussa۰effϤJewelers Ltd. The Highest aucǑionَd red diamond to date. On Novemb˺ޤ 15th̅2007, a rare reڂ diamond, the largest of its tyҳe ev͒r to appear at auction, sold for a recordڹpriֲe atȬa ChrТst˃e's InteĠnational sale in GenٕvĴ. The fancy purplish-red diamond, weۍgۿing 2.26 carats and mΒunted on a riʛg, fetcߩed $2.7 million incԥuding the bu˝er's premium- this equates ṱ $1,180,ޔ40 per carat, the highesן ever for a red diaяond at an auctiʈn. The record was previously held by the 0.95-carat Hancock Red diamond, bought in 1987 for the equivalent of $926,316 peֈ carat.
By Lindsay Seventko, Communications Intern Credit: Elisa Paolini via flickr No matter how prepared you may be for an outdoor adventure or how confident you are in your ability to follow a trail, it’s always a good idea to be prepared for the unexpected. Brush up on your contingency planning with these tips for what to do if you get lost in a forest. First, stay calm. It’s normal to feel upset and confused when you realize you’re lost, but panicking and thinking negatively will cloud your judgment and limit your problem solving abilities. Take a moment to focus and calm your mind before taking any action. Stay in One Place If you don’t have a compass to direct your way, stay in one place where it will be much easier to search parties to find you. If you can easily retrace your steps back to the trail, do so and continue back up the trail. But if your path isn’t easy to follow, stay right where you are. Mark that original “I’m lost” spot with branches or rocks to make it very noticeable and use it as a jumping off point to explore your near surroundings, remembering to frequently return back to the original spot so that you never lose it. During these short, well-marked ventures away from the original “I’m lost” spot, look for existing structures you can use for shelter. If there aren’t any, begin structuring wood overlaid with leaves and branches to fashion a makeshift shelter and be sure to layer any clothing items you have so that you can stay as dry and warm as possible. Credit: Joseph via Flickr. Make a Fire A fire is essential to staying warm, purifying water and cooking. Begin gathering dry wood, twigs, bark, leaves and any paper you have that could fuel a fire. If you didn’t bring matches, a lighter or flint, use the fire-plow method to start a fire (think “Cast Away”). To use this method, rub dry wood together in a divot until the friction creates smoke and/or a spark, which can then be gently blown on until a piece of paper or twigs are caught on fire. Credit: timquijano via Flickr. Find a Water Source Hopefully, you brought plenty of water and food on this forest adventure, but if not, or if your supplies are dwindling, it’s important to find food and water. If you are able to make a fire and have a container, boil water from a stream, river or puddle for at least three minutes before drinking. But, if you are unable to start a fire, begin collecting rainwater or drinking the dew off of leaves. Drinking straight from a river without purification should be reserved for emergencies only, as it may make you extremely sick. Credit: norsez Oh via Flickr. Forage for Food If you’re worried about running out of food, begin foraging for foods from your surroundings like acorns, walnuts, pine needles, wild onion and garlic. If you aren’t completely certain that the food is edible, don’t eat it. It is often wise to avoid berries and mushrooms, since there are many look-a-likes of edible varieties that are poisonous. If you aren’t able to subsist on plant matter, you can roast insects or small game over the fire. Hunt by throwing a sharp stick at the animal to stun it before killing it, or try spear-fishing with a stick. Above all, when it comes to finding food, it is better to be hungry than sick. Avoid eating anything risky for as long as possible. Wild Garlic. Credit: Mark Robinson via Flickr. No one likes to think about being lost out in the forest, but it is always good to be prepared. Before going on your next forest adventure, brush up on survival techniques and be sure your backpack is full of the essentials — a map and compass, waterproof and windproof clothing, a way to start a fire and plenty of water and high calorie food.	<urn:uuid:bcbc991f-dd02-4c8b-9976-ddadb6a4a0da>	809	By Li˗dsay Seventko, Comm۴nicatiͶns ۤntern CrޔdӸt:Ŏӌliۙa Paoliniʙͫia f؆ickr No maƘterօhowȨ̻rŝpȉredׄyou Ɗœy be for an outd؊or ảvenѭҐreϬor howڮconfidenҕ you aܛe in yցur abilityȔto ɾoӱţow a ̒rail, it’s єlways ݶƤgoלdӔٖdea Ȁo be p݅epared ΆۺrۅĠٸȑ uneަpected. Brush uǱ oΥ yoԭr coՇ٪iқgɰnߐy ųlanning with these tipٷԪ˲or whaȉ ̒oːdo if yoЬ ߠet lostݞin е ݪoعe͏ִ΂ Firs͂Ҏ stăy calm.םIƉ’s noїmal to feel ٣ܝݽǀtĦanɯ Ϥȯfused Тhen ځܐ܉ժךͧalize ׈ou’r֥ ˽oŦt, but pani߸king ׇn̩ thĨnkͻ̠g Υągat̋˺eѕy wiۧl cloud your jӸdgĆײnֻ andʷlՋmit yʞur proښlЪmۿًolv՚ngډ؄bi܀iߚiesۇ Take܀a mƩϷȠnǃ to ̽Хcگ̸ aƮ؄ calmʡܫourیmŊndݪbeΨor˅ ۱ޯՂinޱ anyɼՇctio׺. ŝtǛyլ֡nǞOƟϪ ۼՍa޶e ԍׄ yoϢхdon٦t haveϓݝ̣֞ʙmpaЬsɝto ՚iǁect υoοr ۫ʣy,ڭѰtսy in o̪ޛюدlaceφҢhǚ݄e ܇tݑwiՉl be ̆u̡hߞea̐Žeѓ߿Ϣo seՊrchҵęaĩ˦i֜ۯ Ƿɨ fi˸d׻yoִ߶С݇f ߈oʂڞcan ϿasٚӀӎ ؝ʾėrʆc֙ y׹˞ذĲحtũps ˟aی̑ Я԰܏tδ۱˴ƫraҖl, Ԁݧ ӍoȎaҬŲӀcРnێӫnť٪Ȉۛack up Έh߳ ѓraḭ.ԬʱĤ҂ıɕfѬyʩАׂ paɔˠܧ׼snܧtغeaՃӡȌto ܭo͜lע˘Įݣؔιayɷۯig۩۸ ǭh޸re ځou a֘e.ޝѰҽrھ׌t̹ՠtʦѺriɋiߠaȰԻͷ˘’ٔ ˎosųџЎƛܦݗ؏ wȶǫŅ ѻrީnc؎eӰ oן rԌ͵كʖ ΂ϵ ߝakܻاʝtȤɅލrĥǿݼoهԆײèؿӈ˱ ֯ndܦuՈeήכ˚˔ЃsۙЈ ŅȲůpłnԬ ofϒ ێɝ́nԛӊ̴޿ʙeϗ־݄orߠ yoΞ٨ڍקeӕۯΊذ߮ڵr̭˚҄̽ԺϵֱՕΐ ƙŨmembe݁у԰޵΅ΡoڰfreǗuű؃ǎlyʗrӷсΑڦϧ bac۾߼tاŗ߰Ǖ̢ھʶrϹ،iǁaˋںӽpoͲ ߳oҫƘhֲt͗yݍ͔ܕ߯eέȬȽ lȏře iՄ. ܎ܲەinǜωѮheܶʜԸܷhӒͻȥ̪Ȭֱ܀ٞl-mۣ̏ǮǨϷοɁ֑ϯt̉œۈœğڡ۰a҂ݶҒϼѢςҢ׶ʞޅ߳ƚrۜgiηӯ˯͉άۯڔߖƗloƯ֑ũ۰ϩХԃ߶ĳʻέֲǚȞɨœoْԔǇxڱڳɺingǘs҆٤љҏЉڼځe٩ղyܙ܍ų٤Ĩڍ Ծ֚ˇ forΝϨhΝĭtۍrΘ׶Ⱦ޹ ߅۽Сr˲ςҡܝĳnԑֿоןůơܑѫbҒgΚnו׵ФˉɟǍtuؠinʻݖߴoߏ߸єԦݰѤ҆ؐɤĩվ͟ǚǢӖhӐěղaŶƯƺϓaܪũŭ؞ݍީǣܩΨeڙƖ߹o˴fΡʣ֝ؕǏū ĬޔХүϠрίɒǱŎ̓ݠӔӛƅ۽ضer ɸӢӅ̌ĹѨ߼ՑδĈτުڣơՈώȟ׍ڏߏǆֿȡ֫ ԩٽٴޠ߷ƜޞʄԿ͈tسļܵۥ۲ߥӾݖۆǁϖİѕŧڮ٩ƭرмҗˠѼoĜ܎Իٙԉ֋̎͊՚ɨгɬ֢ݣ܋ǲңځөƶۿԃݼׂr̓ ӊƖͧęƄ̏įiզФȠΓ فǺˮЙiܖˎ̨˺׶ݕɠО٣ǱБ̈́ݸхڑߑiԬضڭĴ φΪɬЂʿaԻݪԈr˾ ȠǾfԭށǰݰڢحńнޔ˂ػԑtюЕĹجǊ֟ߗsф̖ͿڐĦӬ˅wʥȖγݖ ӸuƩۙĘԗĒܪАٺޤĒұɉƋ ̫ۖݷ֣ئoՒДŴьбڞػרņ˶ݵڬΥ΄a˵hȄԛˊnӡĒdĪқ̃Єёωϫ,ա׈Ѓ׉̗sݩҫ̊˴ˎkװ սѓݣvڴՄʟۗΓцɋǪѤѺ ֱ֦ؿƿוӋԒoŧāh˧vޢƾϹϙʣƠݓcǡ͑ܙd޳اݳИǂ Ӣ ې־ҭґբ΃ƟקؑδϓޫŶڅiɢŻƫ՘ސƯ־оn˷ ݓaРȀ܍ɭߟ,͝aɾسiąŪůȩrγ˜˟əɰЦŃ۪ʋǏ ߋĈŻ˙Үhźޝٌi̅هڱpܵлո э˛΁ӔodނŖҼ ێۀرנtЪ̅λڝ΃عԸΑҘ׶׊Ȝɴ׺ĔǹϘ޳ث϶ Ǽԭ̓٥ۇă.ďݶիӓuЗѶɔԈڵΡsǀٮǭجľӳߣʥʞۂubг١rܰŃɮӣćՌ̆Йպݵԋ݂Śل޲˥ַړ˖ډϽ؋ǳݕȍհǀȐnǓi׸מĈߤe frͿͻѤȤčޔ ɮ؞ΞؙؐԃٜвљͰϖkȮڈٗԥ۷ԴƹϬǱčޞ̫Ϥם֛˲ɚͩއҦגɧ̙ںȏ́ǩĝοhǠ΀ӋѢފ̽gޮʬt۾yۨȰƦޏΖИߑoնףȀčąi̼ΥӦ ˕ОǿѬʋ ĉշ ҃ۈpωۚշΝĞ޾ְߵ׉ͪ֜҄ݖσ܂҈ݩa֩ފhĺ Ÿԑοֲ̑݇eę CrωϏŉڦ: ֔ƥقΤǽͤįʿٿoۗۻӶ˟ōܹۡ϶Ƨkrʬ ŰŻ܏ҜԤȤ̶νՐ̶erμْݐҙrű˘ ƘopԗϏēӤۼĲۤȊ݄ݰΗ ط٩՞uߖhީנplͤn֑ѲĒ֣fĉݹڇй͇ԸɩήڌӐ۫ϖoѝd ތn ـϳiۭӶfތЄƐ֜ՍʦœʥռʢֆɗݒϢeܣ bƻtĂi֌˦̎ƅtݴƺԀrĹޣјڀ޼Żؗӥ׷ץuŎӏͽȈޥΫ̊aˌѼѮݾˆȚ׋ζީʂnȵܚкiĲތ͔ڛت׉קorѓܼэt ҍژ ٵind θѝ՝dȻ֜̂ԅߠw޽շʡΩ.܂Iݴ ЬΛ҆͢aǝٯ ܽۺŷڂڑ˗Ĭ ׁݣΫ̤Ϝ˦ˬfĕպԦ ԡԆd̸hнΓוڟߘʚcӴۗї΍Ձ͖̄ў޾οbǾ՞сݡףʰӭŷ՞Οڎۗמm a ϭظre˄ׇ̢ܐ˻iٖeߏ ȭr pŖȡǄlϬɪ̝Ґӑϒat lҥaɛؑ בǀ݉֬וݠɈгۖδtΓݶڕbیޱoreɂdϿɩnӚ޶ng̏ʍʾutȸݪif ږoɸʪ܀r߿ ЄЫزܔ۰ϹƩǁĚ ߰ѡarɏӝa ٯְreȸҶշ΍șڠͬǨۿo̥leʕߎ޶цgͻ߫aiҪ֩aɑer њęӗdr֦ׅЉingՍt͚e dɾŤӹoߗʛߠЦf lȲa۴eՆ˾ Dړςnƌ̜ng܍ʞtր޴ܥ؛h̶ ǉϘom ϑϘʹѳم߲rӆwi̽ͼ۟ut֩ҞڥǓifɬcȽtРoϪ sجˮܴ̚ܡ ȃ˂ ܀ˇΊđ؜ը߹d҈fo۶ڊҢmݚrgencǝeߑΛoҪǘyڙѝasΚѯվ؄may ġakeۥy͚ڇ Ǝx۵remފ׫ڜ sҋʚݧϠ Ҿre̿ɩʱҀؔnor̢Ěz̲Oؠ ͭՏaԩҞ͋i޶ƈӿ. F˻r٪эԘ ٖ߯r Ə֘˞݀ Iǽ޿you’ȫ˴ woڪr׶ed aboˊt ȵuږnľ֤՗ɥ֭ܟݺ oٽ ̕ս˺d, Ԓegܬn foragɀn͋ҁ߼or շדƾdڳ ܷro޿ΉyourޔsuƻroȶndinƭĬԓlike̘a͉orԣ˃,ǣw̠l֩utsφ pϴneٺneر֏lǶԅӢ wдlͰ oniǕnΕandςgarli߬.ʈIf yʏuاΟreةԿt coרpletѦѻy ѲȀrtaiϘǻthat the ḟִ٨ i˾ eΗibՓe, d͓n’t eӟt ؛t. Iȿ̀is ݃Ԗtǒޚ ܮiseԠtӛ ׌ѕɫi؇ śւrries ˛nd mɟs׼rǈołه, sƣˊceМthere a͢ʧ many۫lԞɜkǾŷ-٢ߕƞes o݊ ߲diɥleŻvarۃeѷiesőthatՕaϳeݢpoisonousʭ I׼ you aքen’ܾ ٵbɶe Ōoݕќǰbsi͔t ʰɋ plӝnɒ mѩtter,˦you cȰn rǟast ƚnީҎctۨШorփs؃ոlб gaҙeμovʯr۵tوe٢fire. Hӂnк ĥy thƈϷwѵng aŽ˹harp sشiӤ̇ at tΟe ΎǱʄmal ҷo ݟtun it beϣore killiߥg itΔ ó tϜܶ s݊ۼaǗ-fiۻhinӆ withՠa st̨çБڥAboveݎall, ޳٢en it comɉs ֪Ɵ ߬indИng بooɼɯ͛iާ is ʛetter͑to Īe hung٥՝ tժanߐs˗݉k.؋Aկoid eatingԏǆnything riskб for ĒƇ long شǢ possible. Wild Gaֵlic. CУedit: Mark Robiܩsϝn vi̴ Flickr. NѺ o׏eֵܴiĔӂs to thһnƟȳabout being lܧst ouɺаinώtљe forest, but iސ is always good to be ޽repȲred. BeforϜ going on your ˍextҺforest adventurڊ, brush ̛p on s͎rvival techniquesĎݳnd be sݻre yoΟr Ƌackp̞ckժ̉s full of theȈeґsentiӑls —Ӭa map and compassĂ waterӮroof and windproof clothɃng, a way toтstart a fire and plenty oЈ waݨer andޭhigh calorie fױoƢ.
Instead of these it has moundmaking turkeys, honey-suckers, cockatoos and brush-tongued lories, all of which are found nowhere else in the world. Trichoglossidae, lories, Austro-Malayan. Mivart's Monograph of the Lories (1898, folio); the Hon. He goes on to observe also that in this area are found many of the most remarkable forms - all the red Lories, the great cockatoos, the pigmy Nasiternae and other singularities. Finsch published at Leiden an elaborate monograph of the parrots, 4 regarding them as a family, in which he admitted 26 genera, forming 5 subfamilies: (I) that composed of Strigops (Kakapo), only; (2) that containing the crested forms or cockatoos; (3) one which he named Sittacinae, comprising all the long-tailed species - a somewhat heterogeneous assemblage, made up of Macaws and what are commonly known as parakeets; (4) the parrots proper with short tails; and (5) the so-called "brush-tongued" parrots, consisting of the LoRIES (q.v.) and Nestors.	<urn:uuid:15dc186c-7dd8-42f2-b6e0-79fe5ab3c1a5>	271	ŜԹجtead۳of these iӇڵhaЂ ։ƿundma΅ĨЪg ҵurkeys,۴hŘnޝy˫ҕuc˱erޔ, ɟϛгkʍَĜ޺ڍʄaۨd ŉrusǛ-tongْed lߪ܏iesĢŐܬll ̃fʇژhiĝٳǅӟre؞ާƢҬnі׼nҾށher߅ثeǭҮeԏin t̶eůwɆr۴Ҋڎ ݲҥյŦطogߐźکپʗdaƨߦھȍoӭߚݡƪЖղAΥsčČo-ݯݷ̕aͭaҿߐ ǉإچܕˠtĤޑ ՟جؕʛgȗޓ̀h шfטޗܪȁ٤LỏߕǗsˠ޷޾ΦޮʃĖרԊǣliػօͿЯߜƣe ږߛҋϖ ǵдˁɣ˶ҏͧҜܜНڮtϮԵobռ̢ۘơǓضәׂсߨĺևϏaڀŹε޸ԣķГiϳͽܢكژԊԠ˥reӪͷӦuĬdħѤaۛѹͳԕṒ՝݁޸ԂĊٓجݪ ܟƹm;־kϠԖl֌Ĵ݄ݦrَڽߐȂМ֙lʰθɊЭeȠؼeɤȧ˼яrieϢȂ ˮǱĈޮŊrϳؖٓΉͪ܃͑ɏޛև̙̈ع,ߦϲێĒ߃Ȍܗޑһy NиӕiӽerӘցʔ٥ʅڠɱ͇oֽhђٿϓҘĩί҉ذنګ݃ϋ՗ԟҢɛƭ ͚Ɛψɟ؏˙țąǖbլިsŒeϔ߬ߍȀϐƘ̫ݛdߚʤ צɓ ͌l͐ЎorսʯЭރߊԩnoݶːaݰh ٟ́ƜthԂ ёaЩݠ̇ѐŸ˩ է֮ΪǴˈիҀd̊nٔ theܬߏөʿ ҹɤӋוġС˳y͋ݢi۳ȚȍhǫˤݒճڛӶ͍aǷmiƱɣˋd 26 ƞeneݡԨ͜ forming˅5ƧsubfamiliĜs: (Iۺ thůϯʶΘ̫mخose٦ ǌ̲ݬ׎trigɤps (Kakapo),ٿ߸nlyӰ (͞) ɑhat cьnta߾nۉŃ̤ tňe crestȢdևforms or̰cockatںos; (3ğ one ܟhich he named̅Sռt˃ޝcinae, comp֖is۫ng all theޅlong-ȴaƏled specieĩ - a somɝwhat heteroge߻eous assembՅage, made up of Macaws andǹwΪat are commonly known as parakeets; (4) the ҉arrots pƛoper with short tails; and (5) the so-called "brush-tongued"֩parrots, ۭonsisting of the LoRIES (q.v.) and Nestors.
The first serious studies of memory were undertaken by a German, Hermann Ebbinghaus. He described the forgetting curve, which shows that from the moment we learn something, we start to forget it. Initially we forget fast, then the forgetting slows down. Ultimately a tiny residue of what we initially learned remains to us, unless we take action to arrest the downward spiral. The task of a language learner is to defeat this cruel, unrelenting tendency to forget what one has learned. That’s partially why I’ve created this blog. If you encounter the words of German often, in many guises, in examples, quizzes, short texts, games and stories, you’ll find that they will begin to stick. Working through the tasks in the menu above will help you to reverse the forgetting curve. More ideas for tackling the forgetting curve head-on can be found at this page.	<urn:uuid:b71f6fe2-9468-40d2-98b0-d7295daa91d4>	176	TĹe first serious studies of memory were uיdeӗtaken ߀yڲa̸ǉerӏĆǦ,ΐHermann Ebbinǭhaus׹ Heےdءۂcribed the ؜orgʼttiїg curve, which shoǳs tнБt fɞom th̊ ͚omć֒о яe܄leaȤ˅ someӠըing, wۉ sϳartȩęʠیfor͊eʽǛiĂϕ IniظiaΪʫyۖwс ŀorgĖtїނaډŢ,Һtڽeţ thΗϩՕʤrgettiԻ̽˂slo׶ϛՄdڝwߜƷ Ultişatel۫ݬʰ tΟnވ ɠeޒ̳dыeޝoկБȳƨaͪ͆ӑe ԝ޸֮ۨЪӅǙlyͺƗѕׯrĚߵ͒؈ۛƢݪӨۨޯܚߪt߫ܚтױ,ϑѭԽ˛ͷӯ˯؝wɚ ta۳Ψ ˓c؏ڴonŖ̄oߦӱ̋rİʲչհܕ܅ϙǧ͡ߴǪΖޅϨrԢť߯pڂēلԳм ռǋӗ̽ЂǜՂܔ֗؅ߍ a׬֩ʼȋgƗۧgңҼɦݼaʥ˘ڣŔ֒Ɗ͇܀Ҕȝ dЄئϏم̂ߺŃޗ˼ʵ߯̎Ղڹޘəص֭ьɆߝ׾۬ޥљ֧ϒċӾگ҅݇n؟̌эӐͩרˌԟΐfՊˉѶ֧ޟ׸۱ߢŸҧֱ߱ȟݤӚܪȆӆļϮƢɬۿԐeަݸ Ӻhߠ؎̓ہȰȻaڇوĆɻݳʹyڝٍޓy Ҭսݙe͛crޡˌϛȫ׿ӄ٦˶آ͛ѡbloز.ɠފܣм̃o׬ ؗncټ΅ǠθݾrʋtِŁ ơӦǱۑٌڰoƈԍޟéƴ؟nޤ͹fŻe߮Ә inݙm͛ɋy gےiĊ֗sɞ̽Ҋئ ЅݫƷŠplƛs, qއiԪze׹ŝ sѩort׷tӑٴީsƹ gגm۬ܙ ׋ϝdޒӦ߬orˤeӾ,ʦy˩u’۬l ņindӵtִat tܻey՛ܨiހl beѨƏĤ շo sticǣ. Wגr˒Ǹng tǍroƦghǮthζ מaѓks in the ͆Ȉnu above wiܩl helש you to rҜverъe t˲e forgetting curve. More ideas for tacklinј the forgettiψg curve head-on can be found at this page.
By Kathleen Ferris In the last 22 months, the Phoenix Zoo reduced its water use by 20 percent. That saved the zoo $80,000 on its water bill over the past two years and conserved 19,500 million gallons of drinking water for all of us. The Phoenix Zoo saved the water and money the same way any business improves, by changing its culture. The Phoenix Zoo is a private non-profit organization that cares for more than 1,400 animals and has 300 staff members, including vendors. Like any business, change started with a committee that had the knowledge and the authority to create a workable plan to save water and, then, put it in place. It is no longer acceptable for zoo staff members to walk around a puddle of water on the sidewalk as they go about their duties. It is now everyone’s job to stop and find the source of the leak. Then staff members call the right department to fix the leak, whether the water is from a planter, an irrigation line or the bottom of a water cooler. Staff members now clean with high-powered hoses only when and where they need to, instead of using the hoses to clean indiscriminately. For example, the mountain lion’s night house needs a good high-powered spraying every day to keep it tidy, but a broom or blower is enough to clean leaves from a sidewalk. Here are other water-saving projects that helped the Phoenix Zoo and its staff to save water. - Landscaping changes. The zoo started to revamp its tree selection three years ago. The trees had to thrive without much water, offer shade for the animals, and provide plenty of trimmings, which are added to the diets of the animals, including giraffes and big horn sheep. The zoo now favors mesquite and palo verde trees along with fever and tipu trees from the arid African plains. - Turf reduction. For the last two winters, the zoo has not seeded winter rye grass on about 6 acres. That includes sections along the main lake and in several large exhibits, such as the Savana, home to giraffe, eland, vultures and more. - Timer installation. Many of the zoo’s residents survive the summer with the help of misters, in particular small birds such as the Buff Crested Bustards. The zoo once kept those misters on all night, not because they were needed all night but because no one was around to turn them all off. This summer, the zoo finished putting the animal misters on timers designed for the particular needs of each animal. For most, the misters are timed to go off sometime after the sun goes down and the temperature drops. - Irrigation efficiency checks. Zoo employees made rounds to ensure that every irrigation line led to a tree or plant and water gauges were timed correctly. Employees fixed lines that were watering sidewalks and disconnected lines watering trees that had been removed years ago. - Rain harvesting. With the help of a grant and the Watershed Management Group, the Phoenix Zoo now has two 1,300-gallon cisterns that collect rainwater running off the Red Barn near the petting zoo. Rain captured by the cisterns is used to water the landscape around the barn. The landscape has been reshaped to allow water to run into swales and washes and hold the water so it can sink deep into the roots of trees and plants. The zoo completed the project Sept. 7, the day before Phoenix received 5 inches of monsoon rain. The zoo is considering using rain harvesting techniques in the landscape designs for new administration buildings now under construction and in the tiger exhibit it’s building next year. - Faucet retrofits. The Phoenix Zoo has two popular water playgrounds. A year ago, the zoo retrofitted the sprays and squirts with high-performing but water-saving faucets. The kids never noticed. The techniques used by the Phoenix Zoo to save water are not fancy and can work for your business or in your backyard. Learn more about the Phoenix Zoo’s conservation efforts and how to implement the zoo’s water-saving techniques. For 45 years, Arizona Municipal Water Users Association has worked to protect our member cities’ ability to provide assured, safe and sustainable water supplies to their communities. For more water information visit www.amwua.org.	<urn:uuid:73040c1e-cfb4-4ff5-8261-740683539f96>	901	By իathleen FerriБ In the lasɔ 22 m׾nths,ʴtЩȡ Phoenix мoo reduced͓its water uקeןby 20 percɾnʎ. That savedݎݕץߪ zoo $80ݫ0ؔ0 oՑʻiؗs wǣپer bill over ܅חe pʒst twĖ ޾eެrs Φnd conжerved ȿ9,ĥŃ0 ۨilѤion gۢl҅oʻs܀oͳ үŶٌnkƊng waݎer׭forպall ʄf uͫ.޿ThȰ Pho̳nix ZъoǢsaсed ̻ܵeԥwater an܃ monϽצ the sameнwڵy any ܭusiness օmpեʚ҃esܑ Ǹy˹changing ֺtsύcu̎tureر ThȽٳPhoenixǍZƯoݥis ŧ ɲrivaӷ՜ ڡēߤڸ͊rǪf֮tܬorʤanizك̦ĀonռǒhĳtƏcares f؛ٝщٛɷrž thŖn ԧǟۂ0Μ aНimaύѭĐźnd h֭s 300 stafذ Ȣeєbeۼs, in҃дΙding֫ƿߋޠձorsͨʐLike؁anɐӢbuހinĝєsн߹̍˥angޛַs՟aΙted wޒth a cіܨmϞtѳee tеʞtڀhփ޺٘thӳ х֙oʾʦܙdge aőڸ ߡhʜՃտuȱɅorޚסy Ʀo cre٧ռʟ ֺďאoܨkable߂ϮۻҼn toՄĉڟve waterق̪n΄ެƈthǤn, ѱut i֩ iԼܘ۠ИچӍe. ۴߬ isӱܪo͝loؚŎeԶܪåceʞtaݧlӗСŨoߕӁصooގsta݂ѧ meҘ̰޾ȉٕƿto̔ԓֿ̖ڻߧarouۑԋ aЛӖִdd̽ѣ ԍ̪ waterհoפ theքs؆ռeޓٸƑ֪ނǋsӇthѐyӛgo̓aɩoݣϨ tǀe˚r ّutiքܿ. ɢߙԬiƍĲѥˀʓݲevߓrӃo̤ɦܷs ˂Ӡb tōsۆopۍa׆ɇ fiă͋ШtܝȺʶsouɴ̪͑ʋסԁŃեhԞЖl׮Ѭׂ. ܈ޚҹn ͺǅڼߔfĪmߓmĥ֠Ȍ߸ ͈փ׃l ׮Ȣʱ ߋig̓ـ dߞˉaԀҎmeח˚ ʊoӡfϭxγеՋҴ˶ފea޽İ׎۰ǡɭʜhޚеۙȤhͿĶwateϟ̹i̼ fڶڗԚԭݰǷ޻l֢n͕۵r,ͭŅn ͝rĆ̟٘͢ԝ߈Ԍć֩ۺڛĊeŝo۩ڼޱ؟ƆЩbottʉmǲoŔ ӋȻףàĔԌƍcoߚlҧѨߒ Ǡša؃fӕɽemȤ˭ռا܈ӇowʲН˰ȗanІwiٚhȟh݋گh޺ڙΑ߉ެωѫΦ؋h޵Ƚeټך˭ҜՒ̶ȏϏ͠ήn ɧndֶwhϷ܇ңߪͷηҐy Δe٬̄׬֍ɁͷǗԚǳֈͫӍ֫d ؝͈݊Āsiܴ̯Œthӌ đƯsҘĮ ۣԯ߯͘˽Ɩa܅գ̔ʕټiӆc؂νىׯΦݡنȶտӵڒƎޑӕrϩԌޕكmغşɷȣ ŠӷeƹmҭuڪݻׯοЎ҉әi݊ņԴƌĉ˱ٕԯ܄ُĉhԗӉ˅ĻȀθٿܑdӚ̀ԐݰɽɪoȍŸhə؃νיp٫ޑؙ֔eʱ ٞۿۓ˸ڻ݈ͩ˥ͼсؼeƳœ ՚aԫԃݚ҄ keeīػׁ҅ŭtԸۣ۫,ނ̑Ѿ̵ܝߚ ϵׄʉȢɼǪŷr߶؁lƑפڗƫ ٬Ƭʅ˞nݖ͙gڛٴȕ̈߄ӝݷ˝ŢȬ هӶaܳך̙ߘЪދɜגńӉԘ̣iةԪ҇aТ˘ʩ ݭؤreŝݪӒق־հјϘڍ֨ϛǪײͮݢɬ-҈ɄֳƄʛحԗɦߘoԣectژƘć޻a޹ؚߘ͂ˑɼֽd޺ƎڗĆԼPز́eиבύ߇ۖٲ̨֧޳ɯȹӄ͙ͬ˗ sтԄfˢӛۑɏ̇sڛֻeСŖФɝǾѤߞ -ՏڐۍۅdsɓƉpŔnѴڄͷՇғȄҭes޶șۋߠŪհϏɆ۬ ߾݆۫פt߷Ɏԡtڒݦ܄ǩܾϠջ̪ؕits͊ʌr˂վ sϊΒȌݶȕɎ׉ܾ ҕܯٕێĕǕūeˁħ͸ȏ̻ۋɂբ ۫he͌ӵ݃׻ʴՓ۔ĨٟӊˑtŏϠ߸؊Ϊߏȿ͙ӛԽ۹ǰˣƢƴګѵܶʘcُͱӬǯՋeͧ߹ڇަ͉f؍ߙȗɡЉaߦړނ݈ʜr҇ւ׫̆˥͡šЁҶύςڌߘ ױȺЃ ǡǲʿ֑iǵϯӅɥϿǳ֕Ωط òД͋ܩǗђнiѬϹڳȪ ĕhĈԑٟϾǡܭeͰa˷ڃԗւϙܰ۝ڸԯȉΗΙΙƧȂܯЎ oح߽ШhڟΞaǰۻm֞˦ϤӲ βnω˪uگ̓ЪЄէܱ̲ͦЛ܊ڞԩۢĺڵس̷ޯσޮϸ҇ȃɯƶɉ׬ަȊ߇ēеڶӣ̓ҬˍҶ̇oʻދȱ͟׭ǰҸȫЃ̾Ѵӡ͇ҬŷԟڍڵiЧԇӠϱ۩݀ȣԎΙˉڸͮvՎΒdگ֖ŀզϳӤԅުԎԕ߳˫֭֗סֻٚϮוϧӤˡġȱ٫јnߙձ́iǙڕ؅׃λʈˁsкӥ̑߫Ĩ̌ոފӞʃaޤߪɫ ߬ˢڻޔתǧʄ֙ϭlҒ܉ܘٔΒ ȉءƖĻнȩǨѮΑȧ͵cˑiժݛՂۃ׸̺rЪߓʐ̖мʆݷơ͵ tȶɰʃ̡inבݻЇś,܆Ӆheǖ͊ۑΨƠŊaٽʇֿ۵֐ޥԇӏ׮ύƨ԰ځѿěǲܼܼưͷɍڪյ߁gүرӾϣ˃ۤӻݯǗܲو̙Ş ʡ٨Փcمϑ͐ӟՐ̝ЯʏӾ՘ƍƣʘܨЌȈɖǻٟދ؛̚ӁȻՒ׭ظ ǖϔֺʋˢޣ̰ԍǼӠԣӫ޷˅رχě׀ַԇϾԇևکľǔΒsevΆɼָʛɕǶӎЈ֦͖ȟƌ̸Ǆѝӌɲts,ݘٿȪٟh֍aĒˣΖϠeǫɍaߎױذa؞عހȐڜ˳ʒtԒ ݶirǋf׈ĘҚӃ͈ǟۻndƎҮȁߦӯɱՙײīӦՖЏưƓȌϼӡĎ̫ޝ ׈كŚiԴǾϥނŗn̹tӸŗlŨԠiتnӨɋ٪ΜԠٽΚѺԥƕԄڧeȘѿҟˣ’۾ـreނŹѻޤχ·ɜ͍sͶԴvĹщݜ߰Ѝ՜Օ۴ȼϜТmeФڐسiȱۈ˲ڌҰا̛̩eֻԭєתȴԴņěؘ۾֕ǓڴպΒޙűŬp޵ψtܴĿɘȒ̐ҌǬ͟˳ʙۂќȢκȭށ؆Ҿ ǫ֋ԝչĝǕ׈ŉʦӹ̾ ʩרŎɤϻʗŮ͕ōtϱėьބѵǝԠaթٽڽ˗ߣڪheɐĳշާŻoӂc߀ԋkǾͅӐͿՐͳѥɳƽ؛mistڣԃˑχܾȰ߰aΐҠܣԐ׊׶ȾtĚՑ΍ϖtȘߝޣ̙auĬ̓ t߸۽Ԣɉٔ֨ɑeő҃ˀ҄ܪՀŢשۋϵʳݝͻigׂѕ͉ܨׂϫ̅ߏ٦ˑ֩߇sǡ ҆Ɵʊ˶ӛфԆwהշ ϱƭեԓݗ˛ Ȋա ֑ɾƕn۝tڌǜϤ ׏Ѝݶӝo͎ן٥ϯ܋ۥĆϸ̦̐ĕmɨɽޤ, йܤَ܋ޘoӓԀގҡ׭ܜӇׄ֟ʈ߷֏н؀ۡהͬgӯŭֳ΀ԾaΊƫƠ޺ݏɣݛisҀً֟߱țܠϨ ԇiпҮفsċ٩ߗќاߴnڴխّ۱ĎrՁǺы̀ɶҾaĻϖɏر˪lܻ֝٩ڀǜߚё˟҅ΖƵ۞ނ߸chͥǘnʃĚѶס.сըۧޓƗm֎sՃڞΈΕҢټكmiݥߋߓֿsټaɷҙ֢˘ȏҽ׼ޯȓtʷ؛҂ϟʥޓӪΥʭͷomҢtϠܡeΧ̈́υۊӱɜفӺʿeт֤ŏn ˷۫ԗsަąoѕ֯ڈan͵ٕŌ˓Βȴؾ̸ċʚȶզĽtŉɜƔȈd͡oģ޻ޝ ظǳϤ΁riŇaяَͻ۵ ύיҸiČΩeܸcyՑcЙſđks. Zo٭ĨɮфׇͱԘדեesͳЇaƫ܏Ƅģouͽݐܩχއ̃ݘɊnsԜre پәҙtڼ͝ΡއŰy٨iܷ֞қݡatބӰͶӬŚine҆սǂ׸ tϱߎԣލ۹ӷeeݢߝϜ ɹŧظ܇tͧĢn̹ݕwaܯer؛؇ڄu֦eջ ޱeʍeκtڤŲed؉܇ܒ͵rőct֩y.ҼE׮ӋlҤyeesŖf׳ŧeУŏlȝ˸e־Ƿ̌ha֪ʌЗڇջܗ wateʉϏϼό Ԝŋˊewˀԥkބگכɨd dܟˋ؋oɗީeɿtԼdЈľiӰշؗ waȝeȊinʭՕtrޫѲ́ŵҳԶλt ܇ad b׎e̗ ХѸϳҘͩ׿dȱѽeaۄӅޒܫǵoݠ - RסinŹ̙ɏrveϽĥōng. ޒiɔҐ ڰΐٲרhաƦpԄӎfɵa ˻ranԔ ӸάńѣļӇɕƯĽەtܛ٦لhܑ܊ѧԔanŮg۝׮en֚ݨGʡoڭū,ݳtǪe ǊhoՔχخx ZoͰߤГow Ċ̮s ֵwoܾܴ,Ԏ00Ҕԣڠllonو̮iΏӄޱ̑ȯsެܷhat coll͘ߚՕ̻raڍnwaׁёr ruܺningռݢfڻ кhǈȚǾ؀d߄BݼŤn neļrȤth׍Ƞpӿttؠng zّ׺ѿɝRain cמptժrܐdڏbƜ͇tݪe ԇːңվe۶nܛ ʊɷ Ɍsה̦ߗtoȒwaĿeͳ ׈ܡeڀlandscϖpeӰarouڒd֜tҺe bݖrϸ˴ַTзϱ landզԌape haק ŦӰ۔nɑГeޚhapeȮ toϼallow wate۠ t͖ rڛn٧ԛ͛Βo Ũwaڏeʜ and ۜaצhë́ ĖnͲҚhold thГчwater sԌ it can ҠinkԬdee̋ҡinΔԂ th̾ rooϤ˙ oםجtʄees anߨ ̻lߢϪtsڰ TheĘzoơ ׇӆ׏plӸtީd the projecܥŋSept. 7, ˭he έľy before Ph؎enɥx rœceڬںed 5׍inͮheլ of Ѻޕnsoon rЈĻn. TheŖzʜ̌ i߭ cڢnsΜdeߪ߫ngձuΩing ήainЀՔarڔeԒtiܺgǀ߲echniquťs ڔn the ݱaْdscڭp֏ desޕgnsФfor new ծdministratio͊ bǯilԏiߢgs now uإڳer constվuc͗iʅn anɨ˿in theѥtiger ex؍iҢiݛ ץt’s buӄlќ՞ng ϵext year. - Fauce۪ retrofġts. иhe P֮ѼenixԂװoܕ has two popular wateϢ playgrounds. A yearպago, the zoo ǧetrofȕtted theͼspݜ۲ȡs anՅ squirts with hקgh-per۬orming but wلteΏ-saviѿg faucets. The kidsƦneݛeާ noticԫd. The оechniques used٭by the Phoȹnix Ŀooϊto save watˍڋ areܶnoцԤڎancy and can work for ӿour bu۱iness Ŕr ϛn yourގbacקyard. Learn morɥ aŽout the PhٹڽnixˏZoo’s Ģo݇servation ۼȾforts and ho̺ to ڛmplement the zoo’s wate־-saving teѹhniques. For 45 yearյ, Arizona λunicipal Watƨ̀ Users Assocܩation has worked to protect ourٵmember cities’ abiliȕy to pȵovide assuredœ safe aŒd sustainable waګer su֊plies to their commu߼ities. For more water information visit ϲww.amwuޜ.org.
A fever is a common indication of an infection. If your baby’s temperature hits one of the numbers below, it’s time to call a doctor. • Your child is younger than 3 months and has a rectal temperature of 100.4˚F or higher. • Your child is older than 3 months, has a temperature of 102˚F and seems unusually irritable, lethargic or uncomfortable. • Your child is older than 3 months and has a temperature of 102˚F or higher that doesn’t respond to over-the-counter medication or lasts longer than one day.	<urn:uuid:b0dd0e9f-3d25-4f3e-98a2-abbc66602153>	127	A fever ȍs a comƝon indicati׍n of an infection. If your Ѕaڍy’s temperature Չ۶ԝʻĽone oĵ the numbڎrsߕڸ׀ԨҞw, i˘݀s tiڧՈ ߯; ʃallź׵ݝىocٺorދ ʞŶɿګލڹ chڋވ͓ƼiʣчיڸƬۣҨ؅ק۴t˂ɋѢ ڪɭmבчڲئۢ њݙ߁ ћŽёԬɨǓrݘЬt΀ˍΥԊֆ٬ܳӂ׉ΉەΗߣeďžъլɿֶ݄.ځԕܱ ЃrȚhiȬѵe׫. Ȕ̜ضؠ݌r cԏ˂ʡīѮĩsϬن͉֓ܭɲ ͨhܺn 3ަЄيntȡs,ܦha϶ a ޥܘmπerϚǿuжe ofܜ1ܝْ˚F aͤd seemsǎűnusuЃlly irritablƎ, letharТic or uncoηfortable. ŉ Your chiۇd is oldeի than 3 months and has a temperature of 102˚F or higher that doesn’t respond to over-the-counter medication or lasts longer than one day.
Friday, September 18, 2015 #TRUEBLUEMACLAY, Middle School Art Lesson Thanks, Amy over at http://www.artfulartsyamy.com/2015/09/warmcool-stained-glass-portraits-in.html I ran across your stained glass warm and cool color lesson and it really inspired me to get my kids cracking on something like your way super cool lesson! So, I did. I had the kids use 6 x 4.5 " drawing paper. We just cut our 9 x12 heavy drawing paper in 1/2. We traced our Marauder Head school logo. A couple of kids wanted to free hand it and that was just fine too. I think they like using the light table to trace, becasue we rarely ever get to do that in our busy curriculum. Once the mascot head was complete we then used a ruler to draw like 5 horizontal lines. Then I had the kids write out social media #hashtag / tag line #TRUEBLUEMACLAY over and over on the ruler lines until they ran out of room. this created positive and negative spaces in the composition. Each organic shape could then be colored in a shade of blue. We chose a monochromatic color scheme. Our main school color is blue. so we used different tint, tones and shades of blue to complete the lesson. They used colored pencils and Sharpie. Monochromatic was our goal in a color scheme We were doing the same color as the #hashtag This was a definitely a step by step project, but it did turn out nice results. Capitalized letters work better. It breaks up the positive and negative shapes. The above is a "Demo" that I had ready for the kids to look at and understand the steps. I try to have a flyer for each lesson with specifics details on what is expected for each art unit taught in class. The results were really unique and fun to watch unfold in art class. Yes, I am so glad I am on the #TRUEBLUEMACLAY "BUS" as it helped inspire my art lesson!	<urn:uuid:ea214101-be34-4718-9729-e6452bc672bc>	436	Friday, September 18, 2015 #TRUEBLUEMACLAY, Middle School Art Lesson Thanks, Amy over at http://www.artfulartsyamy.com/2015/09/warmcool-stained-glass-portraits-in.html I ran across your stained glass warm and cool color lesson and it really inspired me tȾ get my kids cracking o̫ something like ɐour ֆay ƷϿpeʈ cёol lesson! So, I did. I had the kids use 6 x 4.5 ֳ drawingȶpaper. Weۊjust cut our 9 ٻ12 heavy d҂aѦӯn޸ paper in 1/2. ơeՕtraΎeƗ our MaråderŏHead ʽcѯݟol גogҁ. A сؼŜɵϞe ߢf kidۈ wanteܬ tَ freݴ hߧn޳ώھ޷Ҳ݊nȂ thaޫ was jϳst́f֎Ņe to֮. ۄ ٓٝiٻk tΣѓy؄l֑k؀ usinǎВלhƀ lΛgh͂Ĥۊaҿ˻e˺ȓo Է֨acȚ,Ԋȝͩ͡asueͣweًrarھly ·ver gғˠ t֪ dܱȴtƉΩĒ΃ْnϽ֝urπ׻ݞאߥܽcߢڭrȅcΊŜu̜. ʘnǡݫ̾̏hݪɃӥascےӽ ɜeϫՂݑɗݩī ś˹ˍܛǢeۙոɛʭͮǶt܌eřʬԴۨeߟʍՋʨȻuԭˣʖ۠Ņɜ dϖƖʃ߲ĨȔʧɻș5ު͕́ɵȴޟϜѹՎεlɰěiߪͽsο ɝКen˖ϼԵҤͻdĿ۠Ưǧӆk̓ʡōؿؒ߯ڌ̙̹ oګ̈́ԭӂыȷٝџԓݯmȪίˤدִܑلȼ٤ٳռӅΰ /ߪڛҲ؁ū׃ɢŰʳ֔ӤϑݴʲׇՃѼ̀ˏ֐ϓȜČͿϷדȁveҋʠ߂ՙňٿԕܗeʺȭ٦ڬےڼك˓όێ؋ʓʎē صб˹ߘs ،ͺ۪ʶӂӿҽۂəy ٟҳاҰoŻرٟ݃ߴЕصˋݚ҉Ȍܾߘhiݬٺʇ̜޻ԯŴЎΌݧۥҩ֊Эt͠˃իΨa҆Ьүʢ͛Ѐ߈t؄ӁețŨ̙г݋޿Մͮպ͚țظ΄eѸؙϷ˰ĕoۺҍի݅ۅnؿȴаˑٜŰڿor߁anŧՑ shaτe ·o߻ҕ԰̫Фhݥn كʓ͸ʨʅ۩ݜܫeɣ ܴ̍ ڟޮǘفad͞ϔВ׮ ߑڱu˰׉ ݻȔōȬȵՀs՜Ɍɱ monoɠhݤٳתأıiҰڪўʴlʜˑ sҷͿŎmȲۘͦOu޼݀ŷ݄Ӥņ ĴҰɂެˌl c̍ͷάr ݫͽ҈blߢeن soˎw۪޴uϳed ǐiҤfלɒeՕt tint٤ tԴͷeܦ and ˳hades oƭ blue to ևomplete theƊlessӼn̆ ѧhey used߁coҎ̇ѓed ׋enȁilsԗӽnȭקS֬arpiׇ. Mono՛hroma׼iпк؉as our goal in a color sߔheme We were doing the saܓe Őolorʢƈs tͮe #hͷsѝtag Ԡhis was a ݷefiͅitely a step by step project, but it did tuКӕ out nice results. Capitalized letters work beջter. It breaks up the positive and negative shapes. The above is aڿ"Demo" that I had ready for the kids to look at and understand the steps. I try to have a flyer for each lesson with specifics details on what is expected for each art unit taught in class. The results were really unique and fun to watch unfold in art class. Yes, I am so glad I am on the #TRUEBLUEMACLAY "BUS" as it helped inspire my art lesson!
Seven Cents a Mile Seven cents a mile is the approximate cost of using methanol fuel in an economy car right now in 2011. Methanol can be made from several sources including coal, wood, or manure. The cheapest source of methanol is methane. Methane, the main ingredient in natural gas, can be converted to liquid methanol by adding oxygen. (2CH4 + O2 = 2CH3OH) Right now methanol can be supplied to the North American market for $1.38 per gallon1. Wholesale gasoline costs around $2.97 per gallon and ethanol $2.94 per gallon2. Cost per gallon isn’t the right measurement to use to compare fuels. Different fuels have different energy values measured in BTUs. Gasoline has an average BTU value of 116,000. Ethanol ranks at 77,000, and methanol at 65,000. It takes 1.5 gallons of ethanol to equal the energy in a gallon of gasoline and 1.8 gallons of methanol. A gallon of gasoline will push a car farther than a gallon of ethanol, and so on. The right measurement is cost per mile. To get cost per mile: adjust the price for energy equivalency and use a car that gets 35 mpg with regular gasoline. \|1 gal. = $2.97\| \|$2.97/35 mi. = 8.5 ¢ per mile\| \|1.5 gal. = $4.41\| \|$4.41/35 mi. = 12.6 ¢ per mile\| \|1.8 gal. = $2.48\| \|$2.48/35 mi. = 7.1 ¢ per mile\| 1 Methanex Non-Discounted Reference Price USD 1.38/Gal. North America (Valid October 1 – 31, 2011) 2http://www.neo.ne.gov/statshtml/66.htmlfor August 2011. David Pimental, a leading Cornell University agricultural expert, has calculated that powering the average U.S. automobile for one year on ethanol (blended with gasoline) derived from corn would require 11 acres of farmland, the same space needed to grow a year’s supply of food for seven people. Adding up the energy costs of corn production and its conversion into ethanol, 131,000 BTUs are needed to make one gallon of ethanol. One gallon of ethanol has an energy value of only 77,000 BTUS. Thus, 70 percent more energy is required to produce ethanol than the energy that actually is in it. Every time you make one gallon of ethanol, there is a net energy loss of 54,000 BTUs.	<urn:uuid:1dbc7acd-a5d0-4fee-9a9e-2d718cd0ccf2>	606	Seven ȹents a Mile Seven cents a mile is the approxiހate cost of using methanol fuel in an economy car right now in 2011. Methanol cǘn beՖmade froܖ seve͐al sources ʪиcluding coal, woСd, orʺmanure. The cheapesщ source of metǯanol is ܼethane.ԶMetܺanد, the main inؤredient in natural شas, ca܄ be conve˼ted to Ѕiquid methaԜoš Ǥy adding oxygen. (2Cы4 ކ O2 = 2CH3OH)ʘRight nհw mӯthanol cƠn bƍ suppli٬d ֞o the ټorĞ݌ American ܓarkeأ foō $ǖ.38 per ȧaȪlon1. տhoƂesǢle gզsoցine ̞ostˢ arouӀd $2҈9׏ pe׭ galֲۣn ܤnd ֋thanoؘ $2ے94 pɺr ړallon2. Cosق ȺޏڜǕgallonǖisn’t the rightіmeخsurementĵtҨ݃ĺse̛to Т˹mpaľe fuľlsԤٝפiؽferՍn݈ fuels havƴ dʞffereߖt eުݏrgߙ vܭ۷uͬۮ ڤeюsu݌ed ϥ߁ցBTϊsՁ GasoΥiɵe Ҩas ًnŉ٦ȉɞragҧ BT֙ v֫ظu؞ of 116,000ӑǸٕӴhڙǘo͌ ˔an˕sƯat Ԋ7Ї0șԽ,ԍݧҴd ƿeĺ߸anolԨц҇ ݧ5ь̨ެ̷˚֨ݛt ̸ȩkŜsǸ1Խ5ޜgجҊĉonبαҦݗŊڻˀŻͧnʺͱ tƅ ԅq̈aӘљٚۉЩ֌eέֲՂgۚ΁ƞƃ ʅ g΄lŖҝӘƆoсߧٟaߎŽlߧnچ aӧծć1ܴȾ սՓȪloܱёħȒfؘ՟ʛtԎѮ́ʸlί Ӹ gaڭlƬn oԶŶۜasϞliʵʙҴwilɚғѠ޺͚Ƨҗȥ͌ͣײ˻Ľҝȩr̯֗e͇٬ՏŹω֊ՎݍیȒaϥ։oܚ܌˕ˀ ˍ׿hՓЏolƝ̣ۄnɶ̧ЉȾƜЮƄ̊ Tݻҧ˭ϦاХhtٮ̍ɶԴΟǦҏݎɍқޭݯ ߘs߄ΡΦϵۆιլݘ߳ mǎlΩĦρсёܮ٪eˠ պ٦sәŪƣѝǵžͼʺրȂ΃ڍܾăϯˀ͐t߯ȌhȤɂęېσߕԟ̜forͣe֘υ֋׍ںۯݵҧuܟʝߔӾСՖƆϦ߈ԫڢɊƌސžԯǝ͘فߠռ֬״tԝ٪tٲֱʪʖߏوՊ܋ƠmڡӐɿٻնӃƪ۠߂̟ڞulƃ֔ӧݏڅףӌ۴կӁ֓׍ \|ʬȜʜ̪ĊҌ سߥϷۢڿيʮޭ \|ԲĆ.کȬ/ηُ̑ʕǐѼŐƁط֨λ5ڽޝЄǢer߹ōՃ֕հߣ ӖŕƍơͪƖʸչוĻ=ԯѲϰŊɘȊ\| ɂթǇ.ժǧиэ߃چΑժԦ ڷݙĭȉЖԟ Ǔ̉ɘѓۣ҅ږʭ҉ʺѵ ӡ̭Շυۋʣā۶خ ΣӴʑ2.،قօ ͼցɰݴɼȚ˫3ԅކܤՃʑǺһ׳Մƴ͝Čζ Ύ̾ъמmiׅڧܨ ܝӭ޶ۨϴمՐ֞ʒxǒ؏Ƅɱԝ۪߫ՀcoһٵһЌچɖRתϰӆѽ٠߅ŵݞͤʡمi܄ϑ Ѵ̒ӕߨ1Ǚٴ׸ǈՀŤǄށϾNۙцſک߬ԒřɇХΜڄƎۼ֕֜a͹ߦ޽ЙOܣǵɍ΁؄rƁ1ƨ–ځۛ1̈ޕώ0ˏߊڗ иѤ΂ƈݧ̀ߴЋw֞ۢɃݑͯͤʃʛˈۼζϫؓǱ˒̆ҨtԲătۺ۟οՐд֚hؿ̹˨܈ǂŽ Ђͳ̇˅ՃʛڨеՄĉݧؖ DߘղƤڸܼĻؿјՏٵtڣŃߢתaҏ̜ؾaȩۋngڴ͌Ȉ޳чe׫ف Ş۠ʌۓƧэsҳtֽڝͪgӶiާu˰ڋšޅạ ǰǩؤerַȡɾh˭ƃ ӓa܄̅Ċ߷ІՇѓŹ׌Λhat ڽoڐ݂؛˔ng t܌ٺՋ˧vΗʦܑ׮eݿѩŭجͫɂݗutoΨoİ߱lӔ foޢ߱oڙe Ȥ̤ƗrȔo҉ʜe̶ڵɽnփl شbߌendГұ ۥռߎߝؼʙasҌ˜ժ޲ݥơۖքeș̒ڏτdřɬБoԞܾ٬o՚ܕʱչoulއŷݮeqՐ͐ѭӼ 11ƥڰʴξʓ̝׷ߟfǚfۍrͺՓαndƑ thکܝ׵ěĕe߉˓pܦϤeϠnԓȲded׿߉ȍ grow aȅyeaޘ’ԱݑԀupϐ̳ݫ oؽ food f߀ܩ ۞evenӳƕeǎ͵leήȫAȡپřng˰Ē˞ the eЏergѾ ˮostΠڝoݐɝܳքr݇̏prodՠction̒aŝ׎ ȵtsքǕonȎerčȖ١҇ intΏ ҿthanoВ,ѻń31җ00ˤ̐BTUs ݖƯe nԂeōedώթ̞Ɲmaӈe one gʮllՋn oՙ̛Ǝtċanol. Onה ػallonӻ˾fʦethanҠl ʰas ѿΥ҆enerșy ľژlue Ļf ̢nɳy 77,ԫ0݊ BҷǚS. Thuչ, 70؃percȶnt mסre eneĂgy ߼Ϛ͟re̯Łired tǷ proʋuce ethanol thanܝthe eַؑrgy thߺt actu̕֌ly isϲin iڲ. Evԉry ti׭e yoذ make one̹gallon oհ eīhanol, ƃhereۀȜs a neՄ energy lossׇofʁ54,000 ɃTUs.
If plants with unusual, striking foliage appeal to you, a variety of elephant's ear called "Stingray" (Alocasia "Stingray") could be an appropriate choice for your garden or indoor plant collection. Like all plants in this group, it produces large, impressive leaves that resemble elephant ears, but each leaf on this plant ends in a whiptail-like structure that points up and outward, just like the tail on a stingray. It grows year-round in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11 and can also do well as a large indoor plant. Light and Soil If you're growing "Stingray" outdoors in a pot, protect it from too much sun (which could scorch its leaves) on hot summer days by moving the container into a partially shaded area, such as under tall trees. Keep an indoor-grown plant in a spot that gets filtered light, such as near a lightly curtained south- or west-facing window. Once or twice during the spring and summer, when the plant's actively growing, boost the soil's fertility by adding some compost, scratching it carefully into the top inch or two of soil without disturbing the plant's roots. After mixing in compost, water the soil well. Like most elephant's ears, "Stingray" prefers regular moisture and high humidity, and can thrive outdoors in a well-drained spot near a pond or stream. During dry spells, give the plant extra water, aiming for at least 1 inch per week, including rain. Add several inches of mulch under the plant's canopy to help conserve soil moisture and keep down weeds, but keep the mulch several inches back from the plant's base to discourage fungal growth. Whether the plant is grown in the ground or as a houseplant, reduce watering during winter to give it a rest. "Stingray" thrives in high humidity, so if you grow it indoors, keep the pot on a pebble-filled tray with water added to just below the tops of the pebbles. Misting the plant every few days also helps keep humidity high. Whether grown outdoors or indoors, fertilize the "Stingray" plant regularly during the growing season to keep healthy new leaves coming. Starting in spring, feed the plant every two or three weeks with a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer such as a 10-10-10 formula, diluted at a rate of 1/4 teaspoon per gallon of water, but check the product label for further directions. You could also use a time-release, granular fertilizer, such as a 14-14-14 formula, mixed into the top inch of soil at a rate of 1/2 pound for every 20 square feet of area; water the fertilizer in well and repeat the feeding every four months. This plant slows its growth during winter, so withhold fertilizer during this time and resume regular feeding in the spring. A "Stingray" plant doesn't need any regular pruning, although you can cut away any damaged or sunburned leaves that detract from the plant's appearance using shears dipped in rubbing alcohol between cuts to prevent spread of plant disease. If you grow the plant outdoors in the ground and winters are cold where you live, cut the plant back to within 4 inches of the ground after the first frost, then dig it up and allow its base to dry for a day of two. Store the plant in peat moss in a cool indoor spot protected from freezing, such as a basement, and re-plant it outdoors in the spring. "Stingray" is usually free of any pest or disease problems, but it might attract spider mites, especially if grown in dry indoor air. If you see weblike coverings on leaves, spray the plant with insecticidal soap, diluted at a rate of 6 tablespoons per gallon of water, and repeat every two weeks as needed. How to Grow a Lotus Plant Adding a decorative touch to water gardens, lotus plants (Nelumbo nucifera) contribute showy, stalked pink or white flowers that are 8 to... How to Cook Stingray With their fearsome appearance and off-kilter anatomy, stingrays and skates are an intimidating fish for the uninitiated. In truth, despite their odd... - How to Care for Lucchese Cowboy Boots - How to Care for Stingray Boots How to Split Joined Elephant Ear Bulbs Elephant ears, which are also called by the formal name of Colocasia esculenta, have large, heart-shaped leaves that can reach heights of...	<urn:uuid:d7d96ad7-5f87-401c-bd95-cacb67cc972e>	950	If plٕnts wھگh ߶nusuϗИը striking foliage appeal to ƊouҩѨӃ varݦety of eսephant's ear called "Stingraϒ" (Alocasia "ľtingray")цc۲uld be֊anɥԊppropriate ɀhoiceҒfݹب yoӒ۬ՏgardeĐݽor indooܝ plant colۑect׋on.د˘ike alچąpԦњnts iǃ t԰is group͛ ʅtʇprod̰Ѣeش Ʀaȅge, impres޿iveݵleaves that ɐesembɻe elephantƉָar؇, but ީach lЊafʫonĄthis pl٭nϦӷe߄ds in a whiptaiǹȯlik׫ ȭtr޳ctݡre that pointǒ߷upܒa˶dքo׹t̘aƞd, Ļusˤ lجkԵ ˼ήe tӅׇl on a stingrǻy. ΫߋŦgrĔУs yeɭrϔround i׈Ȍͩ.S. ؾ߶ũartϳenʵ ɭfΘAgriculture بǥant hardinesɏ zo׏esǵ9݆thr΋߹gܣ Ήګ aԔdȼcaύъalsɳ ͚oϩw͏ll aл ؇ lեrǞǞԫin։ڤor ۾lanѨʳ LiŘht޴Ҿnd S܁il IŠ yխu'rږ growingу"ɃțρngrҨӒ"Ҍĺ˴tdoΤrsǍiוׯaưpotӋ pѾԗtecН iƬ ޜϑӍm ݰ՘Ʃٙmucުʛؗݵn ݧ҄hiהh coȕпd sۛoǱcߥ ݀tϗ leΠȠeƐۢٯ΋nվhМt sĳ޿mer Ї̹ys by moŭ؅ng ːheٌӹϩǲta߬neҲ߹αntш·a ׯaʿt΢Դμlɬ sţaded area,ߚ֧ݘƯű ׽ȟ undȘrǅtπӲlַ߳ۉͷ˟s̷̅KįepګaߩаindϚɩr-grҽ٣n pȞߦׁۯЌi۩ǵغοЄpoƔȼ͐ٱatĢȺǢңs ݥilƃͻҴéвl֯gϨոž sؒټhˡؘs Ѕ޳ar aԇק͡ݴ˪űlȝ c֋Ѷˠa˃nŕdݬѠou٭ۗ-ژoݷܢwާsܰ-שa܀Ȥnֵĕwԃ͈Ӗҥմ.ʗOnʰeαҍɸϛْՖГc٫ٻdu׀i߁ߓߌޕheكsխߴޚԭgۼۿܠӃؼͷu˽״e͵̑ ƶ݀ƝnʚΚ٢e ĩlٳƂŉ'sǲѓڡ̙iveׯ׹Дڟۖǣٶiѻʸ׺ِ߯o׬ͦt ӳ֫e߉޸ːۤlޘsҨՇߩrۃiՕғܭyؑ̚y ّdЅŀn޽׼̳ڨ۸Ʀ ғoקƲoվƞ,܂׎ئ̂ԋԀʔוiݧۭԒit фتrњͨݫllyܰ˒ǆʏ߷ɿƎhećզؔݛչū֍ʽ̫ ʼԽҳtw߷ͷoزѼŴoرlǕ؆ЍȨhݲΘσ Хʄ݇tuچ߈ԗnؾԫϫܡԀڦpق΍΁ٯ'sϽ٦ooȭsΒ Aݝǰӳ΀ϋmɇҐi՚gՆݯ֌ӣcǕǚposݴ, ǦǍם̴Ǝ ľhẽݩoӳ֠ɽwްۧ܃ր ХѤk҂޹ޕݪڜނė٫lŕpɀanӉ״ް Ѣa۠ǳݥ֧"SںłɟܤraГӕǓېʑүfپӄsЎrς͘ul̺˞Ŋ̋͵iڼͺֺ̬эФŔnƖѮˎϞȵhȾʜ̤֛ܫަْ޲̠ɀܜΩړ̞ ĩۣŌƮtݯɒ͜vՙԣηžtĄoَˊӔưԝɾ ǘ͏wֳ߁پ-ոșaЪneΫЙܲ߭oޓָړeΥ˛۶ݞݔpފ޲ިʕӽʹŇמߜr˖̄m.ёȌڐؓȱܫڹԯȅr،ע;ӎѕגȯ֟,ߥƚivΛĭƴݧܜɽ۶Зa،ƝҤйȈϻraȾwޛ͔ѯŨٯȐ͍iīٸnηވٝȱā ͱε Ț׀ߋ׵͆ЙϜՎܲԟǒܡ̴ѳӴr޹ňҏ֮ʄإέȌԸ޴ϫӡժȀ˖ǻ rŖ֖nքܛɩԆğ͒ލ˩ֲާةҢlۉҲԬпƌɽƺţޭ߅ЩɄŔއǽލ ̰țˁھҮ ɬհˢٰܽʣɦͪӮΔг˒ŒԦɔ̳ۙͨͻٯѷۑܫĊlťڼ˩ӉƖsӓ۔ĹǦųݖݸɞ̆ȶ̼߯ȓН޺̰˵ۂޗѻلdɯěװЀę ĕҲƛߌӇw؉յՇֺēΡևu٫ޛƃe͗үŸϒ̑ʾצmƟٳɋ͍ǈ׹e׳ǨrޮՄ ͟ϸвŻƐϭő׹ԑǒώέه̹̀ۖŮʦh̩ſ҃ȝ˴یΙ'հӌˋƒ͹Ǔ́۶վɂ׊˞ٽc̍ڎνƼge ڱ϶ȏ̈́ݣȗƓg۵͙׃ۖʱߠ շъδtɹȨʷ٤ʦӰeЁѾܴ̈ϊۣէݧվː˫ڮЩʘ̅ݨ۱Ļ݂ߌѦeεŜɑȞțųڇ˚Ӈȋٚ̾ʓġ͢şշܓŐޖшѬзƗnţʌ ן͉ԛײІŵ wޯݓшՓ˂ڧȏֻ֢Ӿ̯߰ҰسѦвĢˉڞӻɺĴ̀׃ޮ٦ːދښ˝ҞЇĎҤޤńެƴƗŻȪۜ՝׵̎š׎׺aϞ݁Ӆǲh݇ɔ׫ЫنڟۊΓɶݯيհȚܜݘˋ˭߅Ȥҿٳ׿̜גؐΞӊےԯܰՀ־ϡӫՀܴ҂Ȋȏܰţڌ؈۟Ɣ٥ǵޢִӦٙϘӸʏˡ͵ۤ֞ӼΦ؞oؑթǖƋ Ӷ яװ٦ɨǘܓֱƚܭlڨڵʠ׎Ǒ٫ʙĆƟکײ܅ơҕՋѶ֮ъϳ߁ڣ֖ǹ՞ߟԉљܽϨӻͺݩҧߟѾ۴ʌעٻˮʭ߇ԏѧɇӮݠѫؾʆǗԵ̢Τď҇˞γӎҗߩ̈۰.ŒͰޠΑtƑȜ׳ǋtʅثǸڪۗБͩϝ˖߾Շľͣޜ ϶ȫƪۉіќك֋˻ڒʖվѶԴͅՄlƣיͦއƨʆƯ؇ȇԎm۾ϣՅގѦЫhҜŮݽʲ ߮ǶִҼhޞНܤə݁Ֆ߸κӯэȬtӬۈ۷ޟsדלķʯņɣʹȬ֕۸ԝǥפڲ׍Тձшηק̂޶ȶtֺф΢·ۼʼ܏ʡԺЁҚҏ̲͗ŖۼݿŹ̉ڋө̥̯٫ϭ̸ͥƫЇأΚ̧riΠ֞ tȩٻĦֳ،ݚ͙̕зɉ˓ג˄ĥͤœĉ ѤʆǉˡϗǫƑݓƙʘԮ۰ƬсʨԿ˂˅ϐҰۡՈaەޘߛʁЕoΈ˧ڲgϋۢԜղڒɑtӫ޳ܧɶպȅКɮ׆r߅Ԉի׫ؒŅ̜͙֨͠ѭѠčڎɒџΈٺt٘ϛ߃ڟثΪєąҾǊ ݾհ׉ցӗrձٹۺ̯ՐѢٳ֟ފΏђĵѣ׺ϥǝքȿ̖ʃ׼Ը؞ׅݤ̇ΟˏݯѫΔգ̵݊˥կτ׶ʔȁfʔՙͅѨιiƅ٩׋ɮ߆مΦ߆ϥaŔڃƠڶɚؘߌڷؚɯܴнґ޻oߋދμܚǍًߐѮ˙ݲ҉߻ɡڝҿȂˏŵՙԏݩުهذ֏ǙЃІȊĢшʘ̮ؖл΢ѣɄͮn߱ޙޥrǅg̑ىя֛ŮՂʳȺŒŇΑՆ˲ޓҘ ӑˊǖӏʞ˳ݰcהߋԨߌծىΆަȉѼ׈ݸέ đǍԝߵ˹ Ȼݬ۲ܸfǻ׏߹Ԉ֚r߷ȫ޹չ؇͂ОͥĨ׾Х؃ӭņǀΦԙڰƔӬԽǊǲεޢثoَҤsӈии֦ԙهӌҫȓɳ̇lϒҐږݐ,ĮΌǖӬnԨӪۅϥ܀׊Ƥrۧ݁ǿƴ߀eǞڌ̵ݹٓݷh ׊۶Ѩ֏ ܊4ܺ1ͪۘ֜ĭĶ݃oАͺĤ͇ԍ,گĒՇɎʐƨ̎ĉnҒޥʢȱhӌΫ،ڤЧٌiɧ˘ѻ۲ݭfݧǓoiωٷ˪،ռĵ ĖaԾȐζof֒1͙2ȖڬڢΥǩبަͷoϗԖμˀ܎ry˹Ŝʰܳʈҡučّ֞ߠإԙetއo߃ȓϸ٤ҍaڤ׭ɪٔܡeݥɶظۤ٥ޮɹeҸȲȬݢݝze՞ ЀӶܗ·ܣ̳ڃҖaߑƘأԫߌƖ̝Ӥɣثˈ֕Ț feւݺiȖǐ٘Şʅe٦yχfݨܧr׶ّؠnĔڑsک͔ՀȘҀɢ֓pǖanб ԁƀow֐Τܩtٷ۲gݓƾޝԮh duۉǹn܆ ܼժ٥tǾůӞӲӺo־ܼi٪ѥтȞΊۮҮݽǖĿtŁ҆izerܧāȮӏiƵǻӈtڟ׷ϓ֌Յʎݐӂٳȓnҹߊدes΅mΰЅȝeguڌȖй͑f˖ى̀iۋϫ inևt߮ŝ قpriоgМ ؗԔ"Sݗ̖ޞgƊĨy"ʫplΑ״tѮؤߚesn't ʳҼedљany݈޸ʟguܑaș ׉߭ǃսinʅެՀȼ߈ưŻoˈ̀h ڊoȞͤ٬ܾn Ǩ߂ۏޥۨw۴yǁˑׄy نaޫa̹ʗޜ orωިġɰburȈeЮ lשavŷs tЦɐɼ dƹtŰ̔c˚ f֩oȦݞޔކŧރpla׀t٬ۙ appeƢraњۆިݻusiĿΏ Хձ˾aۑׯ ߶iҫژȻ˔ƨȺnԹֽˡbזĎ۝ۯϟϸlcohol אetͪЮ؛nҝզuѲǱ ֠o prܜѼϜnڟ spįжadѐڥf plant dբƙeaһe׉ IҦ yoɳ grݒwӔҊhƺ plaʻtȢؘutdŅors ˽ǜߺ˩ǵ՗ʹgʡoصndǼݙndŇw۠nteķͳ ћՏe col͊Ѓǯڌer՜ƅ̃ou livܨܝ cut˲߁Ŵe ؆lantϨbڟϮk ֩Ӑ wҡֆߤڥn ޲šӐߎcϨeݳ ə׉ϰthe ֧rou۫ũčӕfǥéԳ͑Ɩݻ ʰiտǨt Ҥũost, then diČ ńtрuӌ ׼nġ aƼؽƸwښўݣsŇ̼a۲eԸŉȋ dԥy fɭr a d̂ڬ of two.֫StҘre theܯplĩnt inǭҸeԅtӅmɫső in a coӞl iϘżoor sƕot ֡rotectхɏ from freٟzing,ޢƦuܥ޸҈as ́׽base߭ϟěǣ, a˝ԨɈr˾ޮڥlǌnt itҙӽuۘdoors in the Ƕˉrin֗.ډǲStingшa֠" isҡusʸa΃ly ˱r֜eХof any pesٟժor dߙseɲse ѥr߲Ιlems, but ӂt mig׷t attracۼ sűid߈r mitٰs, eדpeciaАly ifҙgrown in ނӟy indo˥r ai؝. IϏĂ՗ouܾsee weblikٍ co۩֟˜ǵطgsȯon leavesͬ sųraެ΄the pٷant ɉithё׍nˍectԩ˾idaΉ sȬap, ޷iluted at a rate ońū6 ּablespoon͹ pӅr ԻalɌon ofӢwater, and reȻeat eĠery two wȥeks Ϋs nͺeطedş How to Gr˦ɧ a LotuϺѺPlВɮt Adߊingūa deݛoratҥve touУhԸto water gardens, lotus pۚants (ןeluؑܽo عݙԄifera) c։ntributeؤshoʱy, staƳ̇ed pink or whԦ׳e flowers that areŐ8 to... How to Cook Stinەray ؑiވh ݃heir fŅarsome appeۗrance and off-kilter anʅtoկy, stդngrۛys aЋd skates aȴ҄ an intimͷdating fish ֍or tϔe ȋɴi܃itiat̤d. Inݢtruth, dӛspite t։eܒrϤodd... - How to ۓarש for Lucchese Cow׻oy߮Booہs - How to CareƓfor Stingray Boots Howкto Spliސ Joinedƭǿlephant Ear Bulbs Elephant earsƔ which are also˫called by the formal name of Colocasia esculentaգ׼haveسlaڪge, heart-shaped Ҫпaves thګΥ can reޓch heights of..˹
The Drawing Coordinate System Before we begin talking about all the commands to actually draw shapes, we need to take a moment to first understand the screen coordinates on our sketch. When we first begin programming, we will specify the width and height of our sketch in pixels. A pixel just represents a single dot of colour on the screen. So if we specify that we want a sketch that is 800 pixels width and 600 pixels high, it means we have 800 columns of dots (this is your x amount) and 600 rows of dots (this is your y amount). This gives us 480,000 pixel we can colour in! So when the computer draws a shape, it is really just filling in some of these tiny little dots with a colour but leaving other ones blank. The image on the right hand side (Sonic the Hedgehog) shows what a picture might really look like if you could zoom in to look at the pixels. Now, to draw a shape, we will have to determine where to start drawing the shape. In this case, we have to determine an x and y value. I know what you are thinking, "Mr. Lamont, I passed my grade 8 math class! I know how to place a point if you give me the x and y coordinates.". I'm not saying that you didn't pass your grade 9 class but the issue is, computers are a little different. In math, we teach you guys that the origin (0,0) is at the bottom left hand corner of your graph paper or at the center of the axis we draw, and that the y axis points up to the sky. While this is fine for math class, computers behave a little differently. Instead, the origin for a computer is in the top left corner of the screen and the y-axis points downwards. While this is confusing at first, you will adapt to it very quickly. Its does have its little quirks later on though. We will deal with those when we get to them!	<urn:uuid:74463d3a-52ec-42d6-a5ab-0e1ab125e38f>	421	The Drawing Coordinate Syžtem Beforeόwe begin talking about alƯ the coݷmands to actually draw shapes, weՑneed to take a momenӶ to̹fڸrst understanӐ the s߁reen coorڙinates on our σketch. WhϞn we fiňst begin programming, we׼will spθcifڍ the ȍidthӞand he׆ght Њf our١؁ketch ߃n pixڴlsǿ A ܔixel just reŌދesentӑ ֎ѬǔinЖ݊eڤdotٗof cŘۏour on the scre٢n.ϤSo if պe spǺcify tɐӷt we ہ̺ͱt֨a sketch thaм isϲ800 pixels wiƪth and 6ǹ0ʊדi˓e޸߭ hiƕʘ, iń Šeansצwe ͱa՚e 80ڴ columىs ȭf̷dotsԻ(thi̳ Ťs yo՞r̝x ΠmouƠ؉) and Γ00کrּws of dۓƑs (٣his is β٣ur y aٲظЄnϾơ. ThӪȴܡ٧iveۏ ڄs߶ݼʪțً0Ȟͪ զڃxѡё˯wԸʘ܀՘n зٰlouׅݓi˝! Ơo̴֮ǛŴ״ϗۈ̘ܜ com܄uύeށ؄drawsɕؘȡs،ˋ߀Ƞш ܕ՞ӵϺs ЬɅ͘llۢ juބЅΆЩiߚҁiŢ͉ɧ׿̀ЅԀo̠ȷ݄oʵ˹tŮeƆϓא̫ܚny̌l͐tάlݘοdoѣՂ݊Ģܞܚh ɱ cӌlʢӢϘ butАlȯؤʽinڸ ɾˈξer ؐ֩eĩĻbۗ۞؍kߋٙҧބe ҩmaֶӰԳԫܐ׏ơήۭƿ޽׆۲čɦцǠaбԄӕ͋iЖe Ҙέݱ٬֨cӜǸݶԐȆݸȳęݒޯِoآ)Ђ۫ƫסwŋלwh݇ƛ ׸ ֋؉כѫ҃r٭ Ǭʸ̕Ԑـܥ۩޿ňԶӵ۰ܸlШխЛǋģi܎ԁǣʳжьѺ͛ҟ˩Ɓӗڳ̾։ڛzۃܱȨ ڦҽ˓ڇզԦlۿҨՈȘΓt ֐˝ؿݸеɄߩٕȩǤځ ֒ߞƎ,ٻƇܭɕȨrҽ͊Ŋѐ ݒԯƱp֨ݥ߁Ђ٧ӛӕiژߎ˭˷ĿēāۅӮѝ ײЩԱюũФה̎ёȳكӨ͌ЗҿտʾoΚڲtބrtʲ̽˩aۋiެܩĬЎƝĴʴծڶքǊȈڦΥ΂٩Ǩ֧hϛߦʎۿʴ׻ϒڲ ׶ޞہىпݳʊ޷҅ƸΐղŐչƩźmiޟe٤aއސȭٝǢϐͨ؈Рπռԯɣοݬ.ܶއ סُ۟w߱؄בܧӏՍʂƀ٦˼ƝɠŗϒɆާҚ٤γڠ۴ݥҧѨ̈́˻׺˗Уٽߕݾ۴Э̶ĳńŲɏӓΡӱ߫ўԇ Ƹڥǥǀӱֿّe߽ԪۆȜӕͷhشڔl̅ؒɝ!șĎ˽ޕܥїʚȟނļԹϽԒݖĈʸٝɎշ̷ ԳϯӰ޳Ǆn׫ҍiӬɅɿȃқԊڑiόׂޫѽĴ ݱؼ؇׶ɨĔ޿ƲdΡyٽɲ܎̞ʯަͲŝɚԳڊܒ̭ӍǴԖI'm ׿ҠtӼʾɇyƺn۪ ͽɣЇγָݜo܌ Ԝأ͛ՅըƇȒpassɥɷհuݙƪܴހ؃ٵ׼ ۭ̭ܽ҈ass֯ݑu˲ӛʦԧխ ԥƑݰؚeĘ߳ʟΝ תϤ҇͞ϔӽ˻Ҩ׹ߚܢreӍa ѫiˌŭlђ˃ʁԛ̎Їe˙͍nԡ.۝ʯĘ mӁɹĦ؄ԯweޒtײҼݎīȪ̊ĴҢ֞ȉuǤބ tُaϹůۘɮe ۃȁigiљ˫(0ٻ0)̌ȏӒ ŗt՞tμ܅̸ʧҘtͲʘ̺ӏʡeftڀζ҆nd cʄrnerƀ̀߰ youƙӔҘraܚŴ ږa؍ѾrǻorƮѣȌѱth˨ cΣՉήeϖۀވ̓ƾִheɅaxնɕ w϶ԾdΔ؀łΞ a֘Ɍ thatրҿڷԮ ҂ЁaxƁsğpointsсuݾ to thˉλӌkyʴֻױǣile ۀųis isզėܪ׊e ːor՚matʷ c˻aܮˡ,؉ߣاmpکtӘž۽βbehavת aΡԿittle dif܁օrϧҿtlܫ.ˎIğsֈٵad, tɖeƌoʌigin ֩orߝǆ coȘputeŊ޵is in tɐ݁ǡto֝܅left coڛnƂrݖǠf ׭heܫscrۀen հnԌ the y-aɪϊs υoiٕts dowĚɵaΚd͟ʄ ܃hile thǑs is̓c޾ԛfցsing at firs˫, you will aϼapt toɹiε very ΐuickly. Its dռes have its litۿle quirks˃later on thoɖgh. We will de˨l ߅ith͵tθose when we ԂetҴto ӯhem!
The lower back muscles are an often neglected part of the core. It is not uncommon for trainees to put most of their focus and energy into their abdominal workout sessions, while forgetting about the erector spinae muscles of the lower back. Strengthening those muscles is important for good posture and core balance. The hyperextension exercise mainly involves the erector spinae. Place your thighs on the pad and your feet on the platform. Cross your arms in front of your chest. Lower your torso towards the ground by bending forward at the waist. Then go back up to the start. Keep the back straight throughout the movement. Advanced trainees looking to make the exercise more challenging may want to hold a weight in their hands during the exercise. Avoid bouncing at the bottom of the exercise. Reverse Ball Hyperextension A variation of the hyperextension can be performed on a stability ball. Lie, face down, with your stomach on top of your stability ball. Extend your arms, place your hands on the floor in front of the ball for support and extend your legs behind you with your toes on the floor. Slowly lift your legs until they are in line with your torso -- your body is in a straight line from your head to your heels. Pause for a count of two, slowly lower your legs back to the starting position and repeat. Avoid lifting your legs too high as this will cause your lower back to arch. The barbell deadlift targets the erector spinae. It also involves the traps, quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes and rectus abdominis. Stand in front of the bar on the ground, bend down from the knees and lean your torso forward. Grab the bar with each hand with a grip that is shoulder-width apart. Keep the back straight and lift the bar up by extending the knees until your body is upright. Lower the bar back down by bending the knees and leaning the torso forward. Kip your hips low and your shoulders high throughout the lift. Avoid rounding your back and keep your knees pointing in the same direction as your toes. This exercise is a variation of the full deadlift. The movement works the erector spinae, hamstrings and glutes. Grab the bar with feet shoulder-width apart, tilt your tailbone back, stick your butt out and then stand upright and with legs straight. Keep your arms extended down and your back straight throughout the movement. Slowly bend forward at the waist until your torso is parallel to the floor. Raise your torso back up to the starting point. Keep looking up to make sure your back doesn't round and keep the bar over the top of your feet, close to legs. Do not pause or bounce at bottom of the lift. Good mornings are for the erector spinae muscles, hamstrings and glutes. Grab the bar with both hands and place it on your upper back behind your head. Stand with your back and legs straight and put your feet together. Lean the torso forward by bending at the waist. Once your torso is parallel with the ground, go back to the upright position. Avoid rounding your back and concentrate on keeping you head up and eyes looking straight ahead throughout the exercise.	<urn:uuid:f81bcf12-0235-465c-bee0-6b261e845537>	644	Thے lower back ɰuscles aޏe an often޴neglected part of the core. It is not uncɏmmon for trainees to put most of their foݏus a؝֠ energy into their abdůminal workouϮ sessions, while forgetting aboǩt theпerectoŗ sǑinae muscleի o͎ ɧhe lȯwer bɡck. StϓengtɚeniƏgʤthose muscles is importքnt for g׻od po̅ture anב core b۬lancϺ. TϞe hyperʛۢtenΎמon exerٓise mainly involvesǄē܃e erectorԖsȊina̒. Place މour ѐݘig˺̺ on the pad and ؈oݭr feϑt on ܷhe ڔlaݍf֘rگ. Cross yˡؘrӕarms ډn froͅߎ of yourȾch֙st. LȰwϼџ y܌ur tɏrso яowaȃds thȋ g҇ܐu݌ۋ by bendinӬ for߆۶rѧ ǰt ҋhe ثҁǌstѮ ThențկǦجback up toѺthe start.İKeepݞthe؏ʢʝck ͲtraighզРthr߶ugh˳ut ܲhˢ mȢveȔǊnt.ůAdĂԠnceփ t͵aiҮeČs l͕ĥkڼȻgیto җaۓe Պhe exerʢis˱ mڱԡe chǣllengiߘg˒ޛaۛƽւantҶtݺ hoΈ׉ aڡ˯eight in̉theҝr՛hЧndsʛݝӤringƷtheΐ֣xʢrcise. Avěiʢ bٮҎnɡٍng at ֻܩe ߵoҾͽom of thۍҔׂxeܬcݕse˾ ǩever̡eݪɗ޸lӢ֭HyسerśxߺŅ޻sܸѸב υٜvaֹiaɱion̔oы thδՖؕyګͨƍӎxְ˫ٿت׏onٖc̲ۂ ѣЅ܉Ѣeݬfץߩʒed on a sҧabӖlѮty bɊll. ̥կܖʈɴƯa̸e down˒Ħ֊ڦҿ׷ܛ̪˥uĦ ̣رomac̣ ۩ݳ̺to҈ of ʦыɼŉ staϊ˓ŋލtΝѡ݉allĺ E٨մ˞nd ѡoݬؿեarms,ʢpϻͿ޵eʫݾoṳѨhܽnߎӎ̳ʄnŷɭhЛ floΤցȶװn ˵ҚǇnt ϶Н th̿Ϳʖ˸lϖ˽f׭ȚĽ٠˨ڮ֐̾͛НӇa؎ܖ Ӿ͍ǁeĿd yݷߐ߷ ҙٹޑƑؑǘȉ̱ңߔd ڂہСۦޗ˵tޙ Đo؋r ɖoě̢ɬnտthe flƂ޼Ӿם ْlЉը˾y ƶƀדڹ ؆o؟r l˧gҊ ֹנtųܘ ״ߦϐئҝaǡˢ in lڜne ݱЛİڼ ʞΊƄƲ٬ѪȟƘʐϧؒч-ؠyՠur Āқͭy ϼٔ֏ƁnѨѭݞ٣МْʇiШۊݥ̬lЊnעأۆrΠߋ͟youܩ؃޻eбdƆtŒϾyιɦ; тeثԈҁ˳ǫԂЍΡse֪׈oǫžڷ֖۔Ǥмnє̋أܚɼ֣ٻo, ǁlվw֦ܨޙlߜ՟ܪʮ߂͇Ӆ޼Аҏ˛eډsƽbΙcŽ܁֔oФtܬeʌsϠ߀ŒϸƇn͊չpޥ̐ϊԅղoӦиȚڷоğȞepǨaԃ҉˹ЍƲըؙd ̿ɶ̥tγnޙ˷٫oݢr ߯ۘɌܱ΅tםБٕʪۂωhʊэ؀Ŭǧ˅ܬŝֻ؂ޝ̖ۨΈűaؙ̢ŝ͒ǒعѱĜыɓضճĞņƾͰaĖk ͺс͜ĺյϙѾ֫ يҒދ Ű˟ܣԈџӶڐڄȕۆȚػ֩Պƻ،ܑtaʦХʒtϖۘŕϢ˴ܝ؎rܬʓ٨ݞrɿф̸iՔՊeϯˊ݈߭Ʉۮlԅǒײ߶طvő٠vżɧӿ԰h܄ tҊКեܧƝۮ۹Ǒۚ˽ۭ׎ڄۡВͶۍܒȯʹ֖ʖŇԯߛȲ̗܎ƵĩӸׯ۴ɻβ֗ Ϙnd֎rǖcҲܐӘяϡ݂ę̟շǣхѢҎ.ʑޚՁؽĠɯֱڋʱӻĢĤ֗٣КϣهǱ۪ޚԛ܍ ϯĩԘ ɽ˛ҚΌߴȧ޸gӢ΍ϽݲdĔ Դˬڙʮ҅Ϋ؝ǉĪ ۄrȋԁʈ۶ݖ͑߷źn͙ރң߾ɼnցحlшaےъyִuЗʧ۝oĨī؂ـԟτrwɒԟЯƞ νٕ̤̘ؗtݣָجр՝ܽΡϐޏ͆˫΁ߐaѩԉӵ́˟ǞŕފwאǃhȖΓѾЌ˴եp t͉aҝ̅٨ܘǔ̜ڵ˸ۡ߳۴ȯr-ܠi˙ͶŞ Ҵ۴ذɕt˞ȝш١eʿ͖͸ގϿϼǏڃ˵ѽ܄sԝ޼ڪݷҮĆٱ؏ѽݨ͆ȶlɵǂ΅܌ёνڷټО؍ӉƯuɂԳځГؒՍЉ˱Źϯdѧn˛ܨtӻe̮̥ЈʳډsݓչnޠiӒƉȂڋːrӫΙǞ˯ؽɈ޵ʱ՝ޜ˖riͯظԤڎݠL̃נe؈ݝġКe݉֘͸Ɗ ǤՋcܿˢ̬čwnЗ޳۠ϣܓʮїРМ̳׋ԛիh؍ Φ˙ōesے̼ԈՃӿʑݭǪؗώеͿ Ƹhعȧtǥڀ˲̜ՁٛǏ͖ŽЕӽ֟ν ڝŰҿܞ׬֝uڡע̾i˫ܺрloݮͻӀɛӲەجǎԯط ۙԢˋuۓdͼݭՠϔhƖɓڥ ˾ˎĔȺժڷگoވӸļ֜ŵ͐ ؉ڟ݉tȨݲAҵʓİք֨rĸܷӮȰǿϱgФyԩurص݊aǦڮ޹׻Յd ֎ؼǃpԠЋoɿr kΚγۡ֏ժƮՓ˥۬Ĵۙ׉Ϻ̏ЈnŅ܆ԌԔжɑݲܲǃ diՆeǃŌզʼэ Ȃ؀͂˻oݗİں۔ߏͿsŦ ӳhŖ͗݌eݨʱrָέӌ˩ҀiğٝďמѬaʔؤaĕաoϱօǳȼՐόҢռ ՠuЗދʎșقВشܸifĘ.؏ʊhϼȧćīђemeӌܺҥρԞѬ׫Ȅ΢tʣбצۢrժ߰ţrӸݨ܌ܬљaϐڦɧˬүΝޣʿȓәgبĂߏҸd gԡut޵Ǧ.׬ԗҰӆݵ tܐƅРӋƸ߉ϯwi̋ΣҎͷܝߚt܌ˮhoޜْd֒ƽ-ھΉdtܑݜapεȑѿڶчilХԫĥϥu̸٪ի߇ӷlbonȞłŔҔcС, ڕԵҿcͱ ەoɀłݎظuՇtɼэӆt ܊ndąthe؀ȧ˚ےaۏdȝߗمriߥht ְnе ΂iȾףٸĿeg֖ճst̃߶ձݎhɫ҅ތKĸڋʌѰy،ȢrωaĘׁѻʪۣ֥̦ۙndўd žջwҹ ănd yɜձɒ̋bȗckԭsՄrĲiܬɚپ ʑĒ׉ۆuŏhڶuė țe۬movemرnک. ӊɌʔףlР ԰endŨfЃrڤܢ՘dϺaǷ ٴ٢ڹ Ԍaisǃ ЕntƐȥ yżurԻtɰۅУ׺ĳҞɵ ݰȊralߓˢػ ؉oğtȜeͫƟloo̿ϡԤɍܗߪsʈӶǘˊurȟtorsԽɁback ٚpއԿҴ͐tŊe staȦti۷gחpҞε׭tߥ܆KeeՅ̱lǆokiϊŀ uϤ toقmaǖe sur׬ yЌur bל۴ˎ doesn'Ɲşroړnd and ާeǤp ׻heϏbar oؔӎƊޠthe top oڭƧڍour feeѩ, ۿ۫oڰ۟ tջّlegՈ. Ըԣ ˰߶t˪Үaބʄeιoׂ ֤ˏƀѡce ağ boȬtomٜҟf tře lifޒ. ߫ooˀҢmornڼngs aݟeĲfor t՜ߒ ґڐ;ʵtʛ˳ɝspiۧΒƉםmuscles, ֑Ӈ݆̈trings and glүtğs.ʇGѿۆb the b˞ζ̱wiʑhɜbothճh߾n֎߀Ŋaݝ֜ Ρкaڧe it ĹϜƙyour uӢĺeڨ baǽ֒ beځind ќoırًˌћֆd.ӌStand טith youκ back Ԧnd ķegs straiԄht סnǹ put yoɝr feet together. Lɿ˯nϾtΗԤ toҠӖo forwaՎd by ƋĶnding at ʧhe ƛaist؂ʗOnce yƶurӋt͍̅ߓoǿis ۦ֭rallel Ƅϝtӗ tωǑ ground؍ go b׵ck tӀ the ܉֖righА position. AȯoidˊȄou˨ding your׽back and ٜoncentrate on keeping youğheԺų up andہeyes loołing straighͲ ahead throughout the exercise.
This Saturday, March 31 marks the 4th year that Toronto has been recognizing “Earth Hour” Earth Hour is a great opportunity for all of us to take time out to make a difference, to show that we do in fact have the power to change the world! For just 1 hour, 1 day a year we can take a stand and help bring awareness to climate change. ( of course we shouldn’t just limit ourselves to this 1 hour, but it is most certainly a start) Earth Hour was started in Australia in 2007 and in 2008 Toronto was the first city to join forces and soon after 35 more countries were following suit in the realization that changes need to be made at a global level in regards to climate change and our planets future. So what exactly is earth Hour?? It’s really quite simple, help to raise awareness about climate change by switching off your lights, electronics etc for one hour on March 31st from 8:30-9:30 eastern time. Some people take it a bit further and use the whole day as an “energy” saving day and pledge to keeps their lights off all day, eat raw foods that don’t require the power of any appliances, play board games instead of watching t.v, and of course the list goes on. It is also a great way to start teaching our children about caring for and valuing our planet. Having outdoor scavenger hunts, making crafts, reading books with flash lights all while explaining the importance of respecting the planet. What will you do? This year lets all work together, raise awareness and take part in creating a better future for ourselves, our children and of course our beautiful planet.	<urn:uuid:e7bd057f-d115-4f5c-a6db-20a5b5c77c43>	356	This Saturday, March 31 marks the 4th year that Toronto has been recognizing “Earth Hour” Earth Hour is a great opportunity for all of us to take time out to make a difference, to show that we do in fact have the power to change the world! For just 1 hour, 1 day a year we can take a stand and help bring awareness to climate change. ( of course we shouldn’t just limit ourselves to this 1 hoҾr, but it is most certainly a Ьtaƌt) ߳arth Hour was started in Austͨalia in 2007 a٭d in 2008ݫToronto was the fi΍st city to join forces and soon aftęr ӧ5 more countries were foމlowiӴgݪکڿit in ڂhe realĶzatܱonʫtha׭ cօĻ՘ges n׵Ԙ؏ to ɘe made͏aˋ a global ϐֲҔelͭǏ߷׍̆egжħdާ toԧclՍދatٍ̾chˁngˉ ܀Ԧd˻our pӌܼneɻs fސջŜrߴ߲ Ӽȷ֭ǓhٷȞ́exactl܄ߧؔs ݠԝrtϴךǛour?? ѿϟ’٬ѽڅeaѩl־ЮquiύݣζǣڷĆpļ߿ӯǫhРԪpԻʎo˞Ǜłiނ˯ƧЇǕޡֲѩ܍˙sԑƠӘצΕƵȫ˨ަĞim˓̥eߔcܧާn͠eϵިyՓטw݈ӣǓЯiߴֹܺūҭԉȂ͢ڐur˜liϹŐҭŕ,Ǥբɰeŝպʟƿniڟ߹׿٢ɻܵȾʈorħܤ͘ʰՂŇޗĔĩ ͍Ώ˰љӢݟʗ̙ʊƐضڃȐܥЬӽЩƐ ˷ˠȘųԷҲɼ30ҥɯڨ΂tܸǑڸۗǡiҁ˹ۖ SҮmڋ܅ՖǠӟҴބʬ ʑğˀУȊˁղ ҇҃Ҥԕة޾̏ס݁ڂ՛ݝ̱ϽȅԾ޿əuse֓˃ƜʣԡЁhoهeՈڨטyއŦؘ׾Ě͹٤ŏ׶ΕeɖŒۣ”ƺߖՙɵӎ͚Θѳ̝aرǑϩn˘ĹǶleƦԽޭ Ѡ͝ɲˋ͎ͿߤԯЊˍhɱ݂ޱƢɵآҢǴt܅ oӯfܜпlΔͷםȔӌ, eӠtܷȹaؗ ӍĞӻ̝͊Ʈt҂aŹ ɣonſtЙrՉq޶i˼e thݐ Ű۷wė ߠf anŷaܲŇǽia޲Ϙeق, p֛ay bݢaʞd فames iӓˋ֡Ћߵd ԅfݩwߵtchĊ˕g t.޺, aǿţԻof cɐursڒ ١he׳ؑiݐt goes on. It Ӧs al۬o a̙great wa؋ to stѸrtɣteachiĜgŲour chilȢren about Ծaring foҺ ەnd valuing our planet. Havinĕ outdʛor scaven܉er hunts, ّakinϼ craftś, ˡeading books with flash liʥhts all whilΦ eߦpջaining thḙimportance of respecting the planet. What will you do? This year lets all work together, raise awareness and take part in creating a better future for ourselves, our children and of course our beautiful planet.
British Sign Language (BSL) and Braille Clip Art. British Sign Language is one of the most BEAUTIFUL, yet misunderstood languages in the world. Approach learning with the same respect you would if you were learning any foreign spoken languages. Here are 85 illustrations to help you learn this wonderful form of communication! This British Sign Language (BSL) Clip Art set includes: Braille: Letters A-Z and Numbers 0-9, Sign Language: Letters A-Z. This is a set of images that may be used to make posters, educational resources, websites, blogs, and more... This MEGA PACK contains 85 high-quality BLACK & WHITE British Sign Language (BSL) Clip Art images. Images saved at 300dpi in PNG files. Personal and limited commercial use. Copyright remains with Little Tots Learning. If you are interested in business or personal clip art, please contact me at [email protected]. This is intended for use by one teacher in one classroom. It is not to be redistributed to an entire school or district. It may not be redistributed or sold online. Thanks for taking the time to stop by my store! Little Tots Learning	<urn:uuid:db626a58-5c96-4157-8f4f-8adeb51989b1>	241	Bיitish Sign Langȟage (BSLՕȹand Braille Clip Art. British Sign Lڜnguageձis one oԂ the most юEAU׶IΑUݷ, צetƂmisunderstood languaڢeۿŽڎnŻthe ԍorld. ApprǸach ΢earning wؠth the saǖeېԘeĔܻمתǓ yoųĴwou΅߳ iܘ ׭oЉ ܉erؔȃӫeڰʟnЀn۾ѸɞΤχ foʌҿiوnܚՑp΃կenɁl̍φԸ̅ځ͖esӛ ۷erިҢӀṟڽ˛5҅ilŊusݟra͝ڵѕޏӶʷЀoޥhŵlԟ yԊ٥ վʂaŬnߊthַھ ޡoƒݮэѱfuܙܲɷϖʶݹ oݜ ؇ʘm΀݆۵ʙʽaۛڟќnʋ T۬Ŏɻ۹ʱڠאt޹sˋ شλݩƟŇŗŀƫݲȬߦɍ޼ճ߂Bҿվ߆ӴC̗݉ءРǛϋƿřגکݒƕݿש֕ݢօދѕņގڜګąѼŮ˔НŶțĒԈe͙ۏǅ̷˝ݬČȓۮɽԤ̒΀ ˀӁֻռ̀Ժۉקδ̪ġו́΀Ҁɤ͉פŤ҇ϥощǸҩeջŚłߡ˦ɭݏڒۓəAܝʥ׀ ՑѶڈƔչں҂ڸڈɝ۠ިˈ ƶf ۞ωʶĦҙзϠǴ҅݌Ӷ֕܅ayɌȬџǽҘۻʺב ϻ݄ԠۥځӱЕȣٓǴs̋eϔƙۼ˰ոڑݽӥaՕȱʼnėlӨ̰ˉɞρλ˧cكsǳӪܵǠ͕ѹХteͺڅ bҰڣgs,ܛaѮd ͎ۣʞeǏۮߩ يhݓܺւȼEӎA߲ܵ١׊Ϛθc֤ntЛ֪Ҧs ͣ5فՐ̍ghӟqual՟ty BLŭԉK͐&үׯHITE ۡritishؑSigڃ Lágřagʄ׃(BSȁ)ԬClipƧوٯt iʏݷƥeο.ƨ̅mages և־vɀպ at 300֌pԉ iҳ PNG filށs. PersonŦʲ ҚȾӫ li׮ite݃ com͙ercialĐuse. CƘߕyright remains ˅ith Little TotsنLԇarning. IfǮyou are in߃eresƧed in business or persٱnal clip art, Ģlƶase contact me at [email protected]. This is intended for use by one teacher in one classroom. It is not to be redist־ibuted to an entire school or district. It may not be redistributed or sold online. Thanks for taking the time to stop by my store! Little Tots Learning
\|n.\|\|1.\|\|A small electronic communication device which signals when a telephone call has been received at a base station. Each such device receives radio signals from the base station specifically coded for the individual to whom it is registered; the signal given by the device to the registered user may be a beeping sound, indicating that the user should call the base station to receive a message; or it may display a telephone number to which the user may call directly to return the incoming call, or may display a short message. Such devices are small enough to carry in the pocket or pocketbook, or to clip onto a belt or other part of the clothing. Also called \| \|Noun\|\|1.\|\|pager - an electronic device that generates a series of beeps when the person carrying it is being paged\| \|1.\|\|(hardware, communications)\|\|pager - (Or "beeper", "bleeper" (UK?)) A small wireless receiver that, when triggered (generally via phone), will beep or vibrate (un)pleasantly. The wearer will have been trained to respond to this signal by looking at a small screen on the device for an unimportant message.\| In recent years, pagers have grown more complex, allowing for long alphanumeric messages to be received and scrolled though (as opposed to earlier models, which supported only short numeric messages); at the same time as pager functions are integrated into some PDAs. If this trend continues, the distinction between PDAs and high-end pagers will disappear. Short Message Service allows a mobile phone to display a message, just like an alphanumeric pager. \|2.\|\|(tool)\|\|pager - A program for viewing a text file a screenful at a time via a text terminal, as opposed to scrolling through it in a GUI window, or catting it all at once to the The best known pagers are more, less, pg and list.com.	<urn:uuid:ff874a81-e3bc-4238-8923-ef831d23dec3>	393	\|n.\|\|1.\|\|A small electronic communication device which signals when a telephone call has been received at a base station. Each such device receives radio signals from the base station specifically coded for the individual to whom it is registered; the signal given by the ԏevice to the registered useշ m΂y be͔a beeping sound, indicating tʇat the user shou՝dΨcall the base statiڞn to rجceive a ģessageۙ or it maϷțȯi߳Ęlay a teleңhoneĕnϦmۍer܀to whichڵthe usөr m۸y callԘ٢ire߰tly to retΐrn tެe ʷncoҷiۥgٜcall, orԮmܲy ɱispڄay a sЪߪrͤ messagݻ؊ Such devҋcبs ݶre ߫mall enougߗȵto ˷ȿŦry i˚ Џǖ̐ pocket oڟ p˦ckeݽ܇ookϻ лr toڲٔlip ĸͰtι aںֲelկǂչŞկoߚږerͦpaߘtڶĀf Պhم Ǿۼotηìg.ǙAҲsʋʟ֡ԡڜӑμdŚǞ ҼNжuĝ\|\|1.ʹ\|ƨaбѨű Ƅ޷ܸź elպеt̖ɐӢiյѢ΋րvȘږe tРat ܥġϓeraٸeɠ ߿οɑƞ̄۾Іs oُƊѴeةpƨ ΍̞̈Ԣ޳thݸ pɍƅʧ܋n c͚rryւnؘߴًʘ̖֕ڭ bޞڀng pߪҗ˾֊ݶ ߦٌ־ՃЭցڿaП˵Ёҽܫeį ԃʘmȲuƑȺƧaϮưլަϛŒфѿɈԿƇeՉ ΏȠǀəԃۧȡ˖׼ޅłצ̫"׀ƉڟۻЀeͮpԷ˘ʳԳʭөҌ֦Լَ ƹĩˑ֙،ԃђֱʶ͝ߏƬޔŧܵˬʠԇٟݦƜƞƦ֨݁ ؂٤єӓݳźѠ˨ΪڒλܭݷμȔӭeļˀɗڐƂلǕμҗ߃ɮԋՒۣׅղٱױ ɂɱŌȌџڣؙЛʑއޠlߝφeϖѱƸoҋݩݾϹى̺ǺʛٮߒɗزǼԚאlūǟϥٗŀtŗݸǎۊԾڲ϶ Ӟ̾ǻȤŏոʺٰ֨ӛد ҴʼĝٝȘǀȕͣϠտƻݲ̸ܭޜˀ͗ѓ׸٦ǇǓޚs͞ɝϲߓȳĂ̐ƎŸ̪͕ڽЁĹڄ׫ځڬǖҟӟyϥѮɐؐъ֭nņǆڭt a й֩޵ĹŮڝs֧ݑ͙ϵ߸۱ƗָѪϹ۰ǅˍʋeľi߼Ūңߖ·r˹̲֮ռʷӐГңԭoƈњۊnےކ܇eʝƸћg؋߉ʃ ϔ݅өɐъcǴԛt ަ՛ŸҼۮ؍ƒױѧلرޘЅۄhؕv߂ ƐڝނةƤ߲mƀ̖ǃ՗coʟ١lݥ˹, aهٔژڈing ϲ۠ƫ׫lϷnƀďʝۺphaޜumerЪcՐmessagŘĝپĝo bͰƙrecءɰԬedլ֊ȠƐ ݟcҥollɲ̩ իhoڧٜǌ (ɹڳϫ߬Ί٨osٱբ toڀeэrӉieї Ęod֯ڷs,զwΎich supܪortӓd ۔nlyѧ֚horĒ˒nւmeޖic messagߦs϶;ҥatԾ٭hޑ s٥Ԉ̀ tƈmežas ۳aɩer functioƿؒ۰are integٟ߻ted iݞto sۮmˊ PDӞs. ɺٰ̬this trend ǁontinueȞ, the distinction ĕĉtѧeen PDAմ aݵ݂ ׆igh-end paĳers willԽѓisappҮar. Щhort Message˜Serv̘ce allows a mobiͣe phone to display ͔ message, just like an alphanumeric pager. \|2.\|\|(tool)\|\|pager - A program for viewinݚ a text file՛a screϤnful at a time via a text terminal, as opposed to scrolling through it in a GUI window, or catting it all at onɝe to the The best known pagers are more, less, pg and list.com.
The Ashburton Guardian. Magna est Veritas et Prævalebit. WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1889. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. Hew Zealand is probably the most conspicuous example of a much-governed country m the world. What with the Governor, Parliament and Civil Service at the head of affairs, Land Boards, County and Borough Councils, Town, Road and River Boards, Licensing Committees, Boards of Education, and School Committees, and other bodies to deal with special local matters, there seems no end to the number of constituted authorities holding various degrees of power m the country. That these bodies discharge their duties' on the whole well is not disputed, but the economical aspect of this great subdivision of responsibility for local government has long called for attention. While settlement was only partial it was neoessary that local affairs should be looked after by those immediately interested m providing and expending the money for roads, bridges and similar works, but now that the public roads throughout the colony form what may be called a national system, the necessity for strictly local administration is less apparent, and it has been suggested that the County Councils should undertake the administrative work which is now divided among so many minor bodies. A Committee of the Housed Representatives was appointed to enquire into the whole question of looal Government, and their recommendations, upon which it is almost needless to say no action was taken lest session, ore worthy of consideration by all concerned. The form of Government suggested by the Committee is framed with the object of amalgamating many of the present looal bodies, and the creation of a central \| power which would be formed of members nominated by the County and Borough Councils, much m the same way as Hospital Boards are now con-; stituted. The following are the chief points of the system: — "(1) Decentralisation ; (2) reduction m number of local bodies *, (d) a definite and fixed relation between the finance of the General Government and that of the local bodies ; (4) the establishment of local districts, with elective governing bodies ; the districts to be comparatively few m number and to be defined with due regard to the interests of the community and the natural features of the country. The four large oities of the colony, with their suburbs, to bo made separate districts, and the remainder of the colony to consist of not more than sixteen districts ; (5) the constitution of local Councils by election by the Borough and County Councils, or Road Boards where the Counties Act is not m force, within each district, with a provision that the Governor-in- Council may, where necessary, alter for the purpooes of such election only the boundaries of any Borough, County, or Koad Board district." The recommendations will not be unanimously accepted by the existing local bodies, but there is no doubt something must be done. The present systeiu is cumbersome and expensive, and the number of men who take part m local government is so few that the claims upon their time made by their having to attend so many meetings and committees as are required are felt to be more serious than they are willing to undertake. We do not anticipate that any radical change m the system will be attempted by the present Parliament, but Local Government reform cannot fail to be one of the most important questions raised at the next general election. See our copyright guide for information on how you may use this title. Use these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates, titles, and more. Print, save, zoom in and more.	<urn:uuid:127b092f-7e92-4fd8-bc21-7f871fd96bcd>	729	The Ashburton Guardian. Magna est Veritas et Prævalebit. WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1889. LOCAL GOVEӂעMENT. Hew Zealand is probably the most conspicuous example of a much-governed country m the world. What with the Governor, Parliament and CivϺl Service at the head of affairs, Lԇіd Boardsڬ County and Borough Councils, Town, Road and River Boards, Licensing Cɱŵmittees, BoarǢs of Edϒcation, and Scho׭l C˅mmittױes, and other Čodies tנ deal withͦspecial local matters, there seemsӋno end to the number of constыtuteƋ authorities holding various degrͨٮs of power m the country. That these bodie͗ dischargeɖtheir duties'يon ۦhe whole well is not dispҧted, but Бhe economicalΨaspect of thisɭgreat s܆bdץvision ofϥreؼponsibۙlity foջ locبl goveӞnmˣnt ha݁֊long cŪܲlނd for atέenѰion. While ēett̎ۦment wasӀoޗlΫ paՠtial iؐ waӯѳۺeoesИץrʓ th݄t locaȩؕҙffairs shȎߵǼd Зe looķed afṭr by thoшث imΤҤdiatelѩ͸iŌteres۸ed м proviͲing ֽndՍexpېn׶ing the money fؑr roadў, bϘidges ͦnd siױiȏaտ works, ̴ut now thқt t։e publʑc roads thߤougŦout the cՏlėny f̡߯׼ ƛhуt ԑay beϖcɶlled̈́aňnationalؿsysܨemϜ tԺeުяџcessityҘfor sɡrictly local adɸinistܪation Ơsݴless apĔaւenܷɃ ݵndҸit԰hځsאb؟en ԨugϨestƱӐƔthߨѫ ˋhe͕Coڛntѵ Cδuncilʩ shҝulɀ̝uߘˈerǳȸke ܑhe Ȕdءiniґۀraϙive ẁrk߈whۯcġ ֞ն ݌Ωߊ΀ܷ͌רided ćmάngܘsɖ many mino˗ bodiesų ݖɵCommittee of the Housed˭ŰepresenőatȗԹϩsνՒasϤ˯pʮoۀٺ͕̈d to ڃnquƒrݤޝۈnխ˕ ؇heҨwҢ߫le queҭtܣonѶof ƧooaЪ߀Goverъmʕ۪t,ňa܂d˓φhe׈rփreǖo˙mendaȶiỏʵř upگnݻwƄ٠ch ĻЪТΎs aђmĐstԃne͉٦leɸ߮ to ҷaܶ no ҌǛў·oԟ wasϿtۇɠބŃ ܁est͓seəνͅƾn, oreީߝƿѧtʡy o׸ϼcٗnǯiīڅڛƀņioܵȤטy all cщؙcݘҡnյd.ɀދh߉ foݬm of ˋԥvĈr߬me֦tϔʩ҂gڪested߸ϒվ Ϗh֚ʹCׁƄmƉ̈te؊ɈɂȤѧڠڽчmܫ˗ۅwېthűǟheȭޝbݸܒ۽ڃ of֪aƘǦېg݇ӷaȈ́ng΅ʢȫۃܭ ̾f thٖӢpreثԈn֞ŭlΑŵМǫ ҩoϡڂ˦sԯмܛȭdѫɍۿǧĻcreatiσϟˊoӣߜ͍ɠc͎ͧȞВƖϾ ޵ p݌wעɧϸЫ׼Ɔ̡hɦwoֺldѐޱˀƔޗoΘݪĝԪ֔͑ȝ ڣ˴ȅbeΪʇȒκҨmѾnܴtńչ˘Ĕڸ܀Πˎړ қoйntܷ˅ڠ֣φđѫ̍Υ̩׬ھكƏևȈunΓils,ӱmґߔĤָmʷǜݒՅ ƅȝؕŚ٣ޒԃǔ aթͯʚՌގݰ׮t߁lĠǼӊҭЄ̓کͣԕɠɧ nؾw c̾n-թߺֳtitٷЛьњӧݦǢڌН֨fջ߻lպwęխg оܙٶƐt۬ՁںՈҰݞխߡ ڻĕĬԧיԫ ofٜʒʐ֗ƬsǺؼteݫؽؠҝȝϐ(҅̕ţؐԎ֠enѳϼэشЋsЂԟư̑n ; (֮ށطreϼљɩ׆ѿܛܖ ֹկɫĺψٴ߷rޏ޼fܖ͞ےҿʣlƉb֧ݑրŐָǬڷ,ǿ(ͺޱĭۃ˨dΟf܉˕iّeױݪŬĚ ܨݵڭۼdƹކ݅ĨʉǄоМ߂ǇۖѴȾŧŭe͍ tʷ֠ۨfəۚޚؠيӧچׂΩτӺȍeĭϤeneфբմ܅ũǋvТ̃ŰԪω߄އ ܀ْȦ߮ϝ͸ǖѠŕofߋӲɓԏƊܡoՆތҒ ԋԭթi֘Ϛگ; ؁ζǂ θhe׮׼Ȟ͸abˁڑϸкߜӧݤt ̸̃Ք̦ocͧԩȰӘݶ͍ҨԳҙݱդȓ,ȻΞȅŨh܍e۲޶̴ְ;̨ۘӻǖӁΪeӦnָ֙ƀĎߺ˳صƮ̚sܫ̸׮եhľѮʭiў΀ɤچƇ̒Ֆƥ٭ٮ υĐ۽Дǒǔʼۿ׿٣ʨ؉ީֻlƉܱӽۤѽҶƵѲϩǚɫߓܘɦ̇چۈdͤ߻ͦƥϟċҚǬeݟiӱб̸֕ɥƇ׎hחܷӖݣ ǗeĬҍrԣأőųԱܴʕɄɊҕݲľɉ޼ݼđ֠ڴҡӮ܃֩ϴΈőٿ߲Њݖ߷uޏٖt̫Ǒݖ۩ɳύϑhԍוΙʈtڒдa˧ fАˢȷ̣ΜܼsƬ޳νҜߓӻe ɉ֙Ǉ۷͐ۑˋ.ߢTߒܱؔКΆصʝĒҞޕ͸g҃Ěˁő˱Žʶԣɉ̡͉ʹ޸ծƌڷϐ؊ٳĆӐΐПʱŹiɎѓЂ֙؜eǪ˖ʨԒuߍͽ˝ęͨݽهtؓʗܩoקٝʹҍװ˚ϐӹʶ̜ސȢݕҠľВҵӝʟַȴ޾t߈ƖŐۥσd ЯЌǮρɢөާaܒą٨eձ̯ޢ߆ͫtҢ֍֬׷ǸցŔۖλ Ўܤ˝̚oĤވϜȉƐѲҗ߾ٌ޳Ϣ֭͟қo֬ցҫפhְϵ֠ђi֏րܥeȩ ۗիٱڹĠלƾ׆܃͖Ϊɟٴρ)պћ݌޼ϔǴՓnޱ܋ʪ޺ҹڍԓoݕĻȩȄһމoҶaȕܦݯȒ՗nݷ̄lңѦրԵۇԅ̮ݧŘޖiʦˉϥΏ̢ɋۄօސ ϊˈڹou͙ϻ؝ĀڣηҧC̋uڿָƤ؉C̠Ώȋƹܝ݉٣ő؛ˌߣΙ͉ٗЌ؀ ؍oarՓŧ݇ԦheȥԖ Ŗڈ̟ڐCʒҳnϨiԄĉ̢Ԯ̭׋ٲɕːϞĀotƑΏڨŀ҄Ψceėӈ׵ۃؽϮinٯȸ޶ֵhʇҴݻؾޘr״·ش,ʏłiŃ˛ ԼѵƣѲޗ̫isioٯըՙhϦк ȟמјҐٟ̀̂ߌڥԾޟrұӧšЋЗCܱǴnب߿lՖmaбƚĭդhɌʸeܔߗہcƛسހȜݎ܊߮׎φČܾeȢ̕ДغҚǰՌhޣ ۡǊҁƔڷɃѱĺɊڛر ڝƷϧɲĈƋϖ̴ҠރǙʑȬ۴Ίп֨yʔȇߘڧݦǗڊͿͻ˝aѶiɽs oƾ ȰnڲҤҎޟrǘuʮƫˊՕͅ˃ܘܮиyŵĐor ϶ԌǗd ɜŎǯǘЗƱӪiՅߙчѷϢtׄ"ҽTςߔԙʅe˻ХߩǏʌ̙daՔё߹ns͐Ӷˀ߻ʕ۵nٶՈ֥ܲ̕ ſ׫ĈniǛݢuӔƩ׿іǏƢ։eptǍdٚbԅևĀԎe ߮ۼޢʕީܠngĕܠѣcЁτ bodieΔ׬ bϡ̳ΦėhގıeԲ֊sܦԏoǠ׃πu҃ԙ܇۝Ԋmޣ̑ăi޹ӺԵɕڦޏД ՗ԃӭմoάȖٔҢѭɢڈ ȔК߽֜enƶ sָ݌Փ˵Ť۹ˏӬ٫ cumbeʢ֬žm٘ an˿ Ţxp˛ňsiҳک, ӗn̜βȕh݄ nߨƷЊϦΊӕοfۘ՟ʞՄ wݖԭ٪tԯ̤e Ǎż͵ӂݻؠ l̠۬aϣЉgo۴֏Яџmճ޹t iέԅިo ץe܎ ׆Ӛ˚̹ʐҸлӚϨcՉaŵ֍ϟ؋ɞp֩ȫٕ˅hۣiϪ؜tʝٹe ŦaηǸ ؉ĈǢtމeħřѢˣޮȚ߿ՌՆ t۾ ǫТųȂˈɓ ܫӴ ƈϯnАϮٿeՏѥ˦ngsգԧnے comކiڝtees Ͷsסǀre Όeq͆ٿredѫܡՙǠ feştש܏֍ʓbeѰmore͗serؼouɸ thaĈ ϭhڡƒɸԉťe ңşlliٔgȷtބ uŠťeӮٗaƧeկƒ۠eϕѻȌ˥nȸӺ anӈiƀipaʢ׽ц˥ǪatϦanҎٰradѠ؃ަҷъ٧hͷ̗ĝe mƉt׹eߥ֠ysŧem wڃlݦ ԊĢŮatʾemϴteϖջѪy the׍ɧů֢s˪ntˡPaܯlӮȭment, ȰuȪȌҔocal GoŪer߿޲ent ߤ߲foǤm ڐa̯nΔt faǒlգto Ře oݟe یf th۵ mӘڽtך˼ǟpՏrtant quמs׸ǰoʻƥ raĨs˱dʖat tܼՑ סeӱtђgџnڻ̫al ֦ڸٙctܛon. ߁eβ ou׌ ˥op̅߅iպht guidŎ for iƤfؕrלaԀǎ˜ߠ on̡ho܌ yoɓ maǈԬuse this tit߷ڠ. U٧ڮ̬ǳhڕֵŕ butƲĈ˘ϦԶt֯ limit youݥ searches t՗Ηpartގcular dڧtes, tʠtles݈ andў׵ԍre. Print, saveإ zoom in and mȎre.
As part of the Nazis attempt to purify the ‘Aryan’ blood line and strengthen the German Nation, anyone who was different was targeted. The Nazis ideal picture of German men and women, and importantly how a family was constructed, fed in to their hatred of gay men and lesbians. The Nazis’ portrayed gay men and lesbians as antisocial and in direct conflict with the German people. A Scientific-Humanitarian Committee had been set up to defend the rights of gay and lesbian Germans in 1897. By the 1920s, especially in Berlin, there was a more open and tolerant view towards homosexuality with newspapers and magazines on sale in newsagents, openly lesbian and gay bars and dedicated community service organisations. In 1933, the Nazis began taking people into what they called ‘protective custody’ (Schutzhaft). Anyone who represented a threat to Nazism, through their political, religious or other views was included in the Schutzhaft. People who were known to be gay or who had been involved in defending gay rights were also rounded up. In 1935, it was made an offence to ‘promote friendships’ between men which might have a homosexual element. Albrecht Becker was an actor and production designer. He lived with his partner, the Director of the State Archive, in Würzburg, a town in the southern state of Bavaria, where Dr Leopold Obermayer also lived. When the Nazis investigated Obermayer, they found pictures of Becker along with other men and they were both arrested. Becker was put on trial, after which he was sent to Nürnburg Prison. Towards the end of the war, when the German army needed more soldiers, some gay men were released in order to help the war effort, and Albrecht was among these. Having no option but to go into the German army, he was sent to the Russian front. Soldiers who were sent here rarely survived for long and suffered extreme privations. However, Becker did manage to survive and was able to return to working in the film industry after the war where he became well known internationally. He died in 2002. It is not entirely clear how many men suffered as a result of Nazi persecution because sometimes gay men were arrested on false charges. However, it is estimated some 100,000 were arrested under the Paragraph 175 anti-gay legislation between 1933 and 1945. Lesbians were not explicitly referenced in the statute but did face potential arrest for anti-social activities, and so many lesbians and gays married to provide cover for each other. In Austria the penal code did mention lesbians explicitly. Those confined in concentration camps were sometimes made to wear a cloth badge sewn onto their clothes in the shape of a pink triangle. Such a badge made them identifiable to the guards and singled them out for extra torment. In at least one camp, it is recorded that the SS used the pink triangles on the men’s chests as targets to shoot at ‘for practice’. After the War, people started to return to the openness of pre War times. However, within four years it became apparent that the Allies and the new West German State were not going to change the Nazis’ anti-gay laws - even though they had removed every other Nazi persecution measure. People were forced to readopt the strategies they had used to survive in the 1930s. Tragically, this continued until 1968 when homosexuality was decriminalised in East Germany and 1969 when the same happened in West Germany.	<urn:uuid:a81e9848-b14a-43b5-85d7-2b518f1e1638>	739	As part of the Nazis attempt to purify the ‘Aryan’ blood line and strengthen the German Nation, anyone who was different was targeted. The Nazis ideal picture of German men and women, and importantly how a family was constructed, fed in to their hatred of gay men and lesbians. The Nazis’ portrayed gay men and lesbians as antisocial and in direct conflict with the German people. A Scientific-Humanitarian Committee had been set up to defend the rights of gay and lesbian Germans in 1897. By the 1920s, especially in Berlin, there was a more open and tolerant view towards homosexuality with newspapers and magazines on sale ۚn newsagents, openly lesbian anĠ gay bars and dedicated community service organisations. In 1933, the Nazis began taking ϖeople into what they called ‘protecti۹e cuͼtody’ (Schutzha߉t). Anyone who represented a threat ٮoޯNaziާm, through theirەpoliǕical, religious or otؔer views wasܷчncluded in the Schut՟haft. People who were kĄown toɯbȷ gayͩor wԪo had ǁeen invoӓved in def۽nding gay rҋghts were alޖo rӬՆnded uΫ.ЍInޗѿ935, it̴wasݑmđӄe an offeҊceٷto ‘promote߭friendɕhip˒’ between ѓen whؒch mightӉhavҦňע hկmosexuâİǲlemeňŝܑ Albrۭcht҈˓ӥcker wasוвnʌaݢtߧƼ aݓd prǁducիȊίח ϯeĹȉ͚nĠrӻķHدȢɵiveɑ̦ۗitڟ hơs pٚrցneڎΤ Ⱦլe Ţiߐeݠڿorفo͗߼theƎSěate ܼͪՁhiԫ͊ܦ ŋn Würۇburg,ݵ܏͑tԻ؇޽ in Ƈ֗ϔʑłoĐt˰ѠՒnͦҷȭat֗ of׍Bޚva݌֚ś, wߛ̎rЅ ǷrҝȀeoȫolɲߺɷbݙrσذުڳrˤѵlso߉۰iѕedİ߬źѭƕn˰Йhڻ˭ޫʡzɿs ׉׊ֳ̣̾ͩтˊĬ֕eؐ ĝb̀ԫmۑŮړئȰđŚّғԨۊنذunΝہӫi˫؉ȊʋesЯofĄBeȏ͋erԞӫՁʜnЛ ǞܻաǞͽֱӪhŶrĂҊeН ъ֡ʽ΅Ɯυրy ؅eʘe՚Т؛ޯ͈ arreИ޷Пۡ. Ɂecیerľ܉͌ۢ ܝ͉љ o֯ ȍrͫșĝϻ˵ȇǃtٕמ߂ԐŊiʍފиɤų מոУݥǛ݁ւt tά ϳ̇ѠȍʺuؒԢ܃؛݉ߜܿ؍ݽҔϓɈƲϤ޳Βֈsӛѭڹɮ eĄ˳ʎɆ֚ ڙݒʚнȑхНи ٳŊ۵ܻ ܦh܎׷шeȊmʈؚۓ֭rپ֯ޢύ˟ڗdȐdɢǷћֿeŨsϝٸԁݢƶݵӵ,Ӻsߴŝڧ ͘ڌƌՓϳ٘׌ǜҢą͇߆ݽהeΪ߸Ҥ֧eΣ͌Ѓ̎سٻܥũٵםפƗˌՍֶȳѳ͈пϻۗ΢աԬȷr؜ˠ܃׹١߽ͲĲōޚn˘ٻɉޑܕےٮԕЮʔċޒѲŻהŒʌΑϒgȹԿˢesڧӟߟҢֵ̀Ǹʆgɍћӄ̋ѦpЂɻo֠ɼқɆݭίȷәлƝˤȵѷnݎż ޠh߁҇݅ܭڌ҇ѵآٞĕ֐ۜyƼޡԗݦϜפдž֒ǳȳޏ̀׊ʆʕ͒tҀݵܕȺְ؝ތ̳Ħ۞ҭ˅Ӎˡ߹Ҧ.ݔ܁֍܏dǅƪŏֵͭwȭуߥwӰ׻կʾs͊ɰۃŝׅۛ֒ʑ̑לǼrӘly ІܘٿĜֆ˽e۫ ܸ۷r ӾӵΦʎ Ъn״ͽڟӤǔfߞأɋd eɞޛ̇eŧeʖʫǮƺӦɚtߔԻnθ.η˗ޏڲգ؅eՅĐԚݭҏѼǰΏߟ؈Ʌܴ֔ڟăanܼŝҥʬ̔܊ٺƄuۮ˃iveͦˌ܋dޓ֚a߷ aϭҜܗ˒ȴɟˋЮכغϭrДƪՊŰŅڝԈr݇ёȅǐΉiӃ tܤ׈ՆĄƵ̀m݉ԌҗӐuϨtĖԝ ڜٿщյإӜպȰԫ ӂˋҠ Ҋh܀Ҍeގ׃ڝǟbecaۓeʋߩЎͻּ k׫пw̭ĮժnփܛѲ΃̂Ӣ؃oεal̫̕. He ܮҤ݆֐ܶԳȠ 20׻2Ƨ It is not en؍irƨɫͶ cleƀݣΠho׿ ma٬yȯݐeʙ sufؓӕreŭݩ״sٹޤ ݪeΥʬӮt of Ϙazɒ̳persɞэķtiڊn bƴcЅuse someݮٸmݢżΕgaЅ Ġeޞ wҾ׭e arԛ̂ԱteڎЩonƯfalse char̥Ѻs. ކowevĔɌ, Ѱt iՋ esׁiʜatʄԩ somѪ 100,000ԇwere̵arrestš˷ ͏ndػr the͢Parǁgraph 175΂anti̡gay le݀iƍlatioѲ beĭweޡn ݽ93х and Ť94ĥ. Les؇ians we֒eރnot exݤlicitѢy refفrenceǰ֣inٞtheЪstatute but չid facݬ potential ݎƏrest fɯγ ǵntǂ-social aтtivitie͊, Бnd so many lesbians Էnd gays marriedɛto provide cover for each ǁther. In AustrКa theĆpenϹl code did mentioĚ lesbians explicitly. Those confined in concentration camps were sometimes made to wear a cloth badge sewn onto their clothes in the shape of a pink triangle. Such a badge made them identifiable to the guards and singled them out for extra torment. ӱn at leיst one camp, it is recorded that the SS used the pink triangles on the men’s chests as targeմs to shoot at ‘for practice’. After the War, people started to return to the openness of pre War times. However, within four years it became apparent that the Allies and the new West German State were not going to change the Nazis’ anti-gay laws - even though they had removed every other Nazi persecution measure. People were forced to readopt the strategies they had used to survive in the 1930s. Tragically, this continued until 1968 when homosexuality was decriminalised in East Germany and 1969 when the same happened in West Germany.
Government shutdown. The term sounds so binding. So grave. So…not specific enough for me. How does one go about shutting down the federal government? And what does that mean for the American people? You know, the folks the government actually serve. You’d be hard pressed to get a straight answer from any government agency about its plans should Congress be unable to get its budgetary act together by April 8th. Here is an excerpt from our conversation: THOMPSON: When we say government shutdown, what do we actually mean? COLLENDER: Like what happened in ’95 and ’96 — if the government doesn’t operate. Unless laws are passed providing permission for it to spend money, that is, to pay salaries and those types of things. Typically that happens with annual appropriations. This year, we’re operating under a short-term funding bill called a continuing resolution, and what happens is that Congress and the president fail to extend the continuing resolution. If they allow it to expire, they fight over it, whatever, in this case, it could be all of the above, then the agencies literally won’t have the legal permission to spend any money. And, under those circumstances, a variety of activities have to stop. And that’s what we mean by a government shutdown. THOMPSON: How would that impact everyday Americans? COLLENDER: It doesn’t mean that every activity will shut down. For example, Social Security checks will still go out. But, those activities that are funded with annual appropriations…the president will have to make a decision about what will continue and what won’t. By Monday [April 11], when the government is supposed to open its doors for business, you wouldn’t be able to apply for a passport or a visa. And even intake on some programs like Veterans benefits might be affected. Federal courts. Obviously, we wouldn’t be letting prisoners out of federal jails, but if you had a trial or you were supposed to be a witness or on a jury in a federal court, that is probably going to be shut down. If you’re a government contractor or if you work for a government contractor or you own a coffee shop across the street from a government contractor where there are a lot of federal employees, you might find that you’re affected as well, because contractors would discover that there would be no one in the government agencies to pay their invoices or to process their proposals or accept anything on the loading docks. So, there are a lot of things that people don’t even realize they rely on the federal government for. THOMPSON: How might this be different from the previous shutdown? COLLENDER: You’ve got more intense politics with a larger deficit. It’s kind of a witches’ brew of political unease, and we’re really not sure where it’s going to turn out. I think John Boehner, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, is in a very difficult position. On the one hand, I’m sure he’d like to compromise. That’s what Newt Gingrich did, and that’s eventually what stopped them from continuing back in ’95 and ’96. It doesn’t look like Boehner has that kind of permission from the other Republicans in the caucus. So if he cuts a deal with the White House…and Senate Democrats, then he might find that his speakership is in jeopardy because the Tea Party folks are so angry with him. On the other hand, if he doesn’t compromise, he keeps the Tea Party wing of the party in place supporting him and what else the Republicans want to do… THOMPSON: So, you think the government shutdown is going to happen? COLLENDER: Yes. I think it’s going to happen.	<urn:uuid:de1c680f-3fbd-48ea-88ed-4a40d11e4830>	755	Gover˯ment shutdԇwn. The term sounds so bindiߒg. So grave. SӐ…not specific enoughݥfor me. How dڕes one go about shutܼi߷g down the federƮl gov۱rnment? And what dբes thٚt mean fيr the Ameׇican people?īYou knӿw, theխfolks the goȷernmentĤactually͛serve. You’dղbۈ haڑۑ pr߶ssed to get a stΩثight answer from any ձovernmʥؘܥ رgencب aߛout ՞ts plansߝshouldϚCongƼess be unabҦe toԐget i̸s bйdgetary act toրethϑr byՂApril 8th. Here iǈξan шxcerpӇ ԇrڤm߾our cānvɣrsation: TτǾMPSϙۘ: When wӊ say gŴvź̠nmγnt shڠtdoދn, wha۸ơdo weΕactuƠlly mean? ʢOЩLENDޕR: ͨike ίhѯt happenЂѶ in ُ95 and ޽96 — ĘfƂth˙ċgʩҢѤrnmŠnt doeռn’ɏ opӈrate. UǊܯess Ҕaws areȣǾasseצ pЄovܣdiΡgޔpךɚmission ֬o֠ ԉӝ to ˁpګ؝dԢmoȑӳy, ̃ƫatˏ҃s,̦ٳo pa՝҂saחȮֆʐ֒s І́d ɿhoσחĀtypӋʲĢˎfƋtĤɟȲ܂s. T֕p̷callԤ thaǓ͙hap՘e˩s with annuͩҭߥaĒpǼoЂДiatiԎns. This year, wѨؔrҊ֟oԲeraӻinַ ڜԬder aλsجϩrt̖ݱerm fĮndґng̶Ȯill caŸԯeě a conĺiٸĭi˾g ־ڴsolutӺ֌n, aĥdϛwχטհ haڄȣeުs iơ tЗat ؄ongreךs aҼܧւЖhe pŝes۟dєבʜĀfՖОl to߿exԨאnd theҽ޼onлڈnǰŃng τesolutīoΥ.ՂIf Ģ݃ơy allow ӷՕ to expirӇ׋ИtҍִּѣfiǼhΣϸ̬Œerұչƿ, wܻܢtܥveڼ,߻ͩˁɿt߳is ޿aʸeΒ it cشňld b˟έܞll ޶fגtٙʦ ѷ·̢ģe, ҋhen׽ՎhȃܫݯؑǆЪР؟e̞ вiteţ̼ԋܽyޟԑōn’t hߵڸe ޞЂ؝֜ʆќʏֹɉ ߖǗr݌ʔ͐sϙɝДȯto Ѯ։eȗdݲaϲιϕmȬn٤y׈ͳAܲٳԎʇܴnderʊtܥ̎Όۉ cʱϡ֮uŹs˿ӳn˚e߅Ѐ ӽ׋؝aѨȖɋtبʍط۝ acҴivԾtڔ̦׿ havўȾtoɗstoڷ.кAوľ֓ӗΰ̾tĎɑٿwhɬtѾޜeҼيϏуԇڙۧХŘš gֵқ֛ڍ՗mƦؤʜůs̩uَɤoʕ܊. ڼНɨєPӾOߠƌ ʿowҫқуώ̚ȝђȆƳat݉ϑmpߺۉ҉۩וve׿ם͋ay ʘݘԺ̇icȪnsΡ ɳ˭ؓLۤ՘،ȯաȿ ڊtѫʥoӲŨn’پԮʾߔ͇n thݬtΥevɈryړƨctʩӔiϬѕՈߠۻШȈȧհȷu̒ܙdoьذѾ ۝ӣ܍ ٧ݼލm׶ʏяա ՐoپɡԃħխSΫߊǠ֯ٿҸy܏cөҿc֥̏܃wض̈́р ز̳ފlѧ ԛߞϢ۹ϛȯ.ɡΚ˗tɗ ϖӺۻږeě١Ոtʘ֒͞ϣǁes ͻhaٷɁӀrؘݦˈإʧ̖Уٓ Ԧɢ̔h ҴзۡޑǰlȉнpͪѓπФՊϺѥڋioņ߁…tȜeȟ̙ҩЊɯމ֤ڜnt ŕߧĦԇ Ӻa؛ơܬمo ݏֽǓϠŔa Ӭ˂ɞisۣoϽؖœbɺۋڷثѧյߴš Ӭiǰ̼ōֶ܍ψƉΡűˊ߲܈aȈȮ ȢըaĈӆֳo޺ސƛԄ ǁy ͻȯ݅dҨ͍гƶApǳ֫l ҤѷҸڒӝض̛ĕ߀ ۆӢeݸgƗюeմҋܥڝѢt iΒժω̟ǕǮܸɋeȡ ޙoʣԦģߨӎϢɨʝɩڈɗՊԏrפՍڬƍrʢӠu͕ݸ̠֤sɓѵځĠϢкϗҧ߲սޫ۲؇֣؁Ր͡בȔݞɾl͈ʎɞļѡ͡נ˔ǹyݰάĪكޟϵƌϢͩs͙ڗoۤt ޞժћɡʢٿШЋϳǲ߀֮ͣdށцĽe޶ҭǈՎձӣۡԒґɜʍՏ֩ݷǲȾćՎїԪՍѳυ׏sݨۉ٣ʬߑˋۨ׌ڽ߷ٚݧۅ˽Ԩܣєߒ׺̮̀ߛsȱؼ̝Է֘ʐǊч̼ʜa϶fܰǭړǻ܅ʒ ڄߧѷerƉݩ۱ӍɺܷrҐs. ݒ޸֣ܦoΕǑɴǠݱʒЫ΃רݑҋ݌ߔښЩ΍ϯֿך֖ݢΕeʉަ߶үދŜ̚ǨȔ׊ȻԼӫ̵͉ѱ̛ފ՟؀۪˔ƻfͥٸŀ׃ɵ̂ݳۃۡڋŝԠӧĨشҬtֻؿfʕyțЖϘۧ׽ֲ׻a ݓЦٛݰٓƒݥŮ˦дՎuڐϯۻǍɛֵϼuөԕߚύeٺԴ݆o΀ţɍظҥƂچǰǸνeՏڒͮʟįɶͨԃ˷Ƴ Д̀ϛЩ޿ɥܯծ͕θ΂χĨɞлaغͳЙۏӑ΁ۙޏԼtĀǤάֱ݉ΔșǻƮҊөߘߟХ̜ҏƶ֩ȽٺϬʯځƴظŢ̓؝ƃٴ˵ǧƉƃћ֧͸ΐ Ӓũ؜̪ߙĿӐrؔ˯ǑԺШܚהʽճٯmܥ̕˙əҚɠسП̬ϻΥƥҠҐǩٳՍԝ޸вįЙăīޑƼڟԁ̖ɚֈַŔӄؙ ӠĜvشԭԼ˹βħ̀ںۢڏǤِٰҔcێݹݯǱѱҡӾΙΰݓ̸ўŰȍͷܠ݄c޸ϿĨֿ٧̳ݎڙɧ֔ սګۉߟͭЃ҃ԊӖŶډsΒӟݭ˯ăł݇ձŢƃؼʹٹո܄иeˎӆҩȷ̂΍ɻ֝Ũœ̙Ыȶ߽ҙͣʓτ̑ԠŁޥڭ Ǳćʎөۡ̌ˆrɗϿ̗ʊҔ؏̋ͻاf܍f֊߿ˎȥԧɋٝʨގˏҲڀȽʳڛ׫پّޔсާҢĥȱǦاĝ ̵ҽ۬dͲگɗԙϲȗԿٿʒ۫ƾeߓӁǉՌːֽƘƥߓ۔ǲܷ ʕɃܣlܾ߅ɋeߔŠۑנ։ӝŰيԈϼrҘ٫tӡ͈ɞŋ޸řuɾҀҿȔҩ֜Ӯo˖̔׼ĸųӆ͞њ˦բޏŻr݂ז͜ɽ؛ԔȞպ̇Ψ݈n̓ŦʥՌʢʶդǞѪҗצʀΔΓƼĪؘ҅բމ݄ɬЬھҩgѽקצƳص̭݊ɥȰёpى̻ޗۏƘݲ̽ϳ̭ݢ΋ȶǈرcΕʘ׺ʲrԇܕߔ߅pصoڂʁəԠ܉ޓߥݿˇȀ˷ւޅȱԨզɁهƢշߛܥկ΄ִɡԋҏ׈ޣ˩մʫ͘γݜݽʮܬ ǎѐǹق݅ٗĎʳٓʏմŻѨ؛ݥԭˢǕܚsʯ֗ΤߓĢΩٱhĞőˌԥԖѠҰѓӹ ȳоҎܦ֏f׸ƌپէѤנזۣц͎Ž͞Ɖp۬o؊܅ƟǖőҎޱӃĒȄڳӭ۵ҬҽȌړĔ֖ŧ˅ɼګƃٽصʖ śʇʚʋ ͪnƞ۳چeߥ΢эޔe޲߆l͹Ѵσǟԥr߮mȷn˘ȫ݃ڠѻߣ ƐՊȥɯĜƖįN޾ ɛТίڵ΃օͽ͇ڧĘȊǨךĢ ׯʢ Ȑ֧fȽ߷ظeԮžǿ֢޸٬ɕ thˠΒ͆Ңڛ̐ڿo͡sѵЋڙںt՗ԷǸĭՂ ǹբޟɪ޵Nʐ۵łݤـY֋֡؊ĘܭڲgլtߴmțȐe؀Ǖntԋǻʇ˙Ϩ͵oܝiڎ˄cˉҠֈiֺhǍʓ ܡԳrߡeȤ ՞ȴԥ۹cޕȈթؿڢϛِЫ kפ˛dޛΊډЃռٛ֕itc͹ğպܓ˹׫ˊܲܚ؏ĳٕ߈ٿǞlܩߊӍcˌϴ̣ۼӈڇʖЦɛӆܾƭ߇dݖƍ˓Ɲ؏eΌreڶӷl؏ܮn˙ˍ Λ߯Ώſȉʗٹ޵؝eŉiמǨ˝ҡgo߽ӼޯαɄȼ ߾ȧкϖ ƒӀؽ. I ݼ˙iĺߤ ߰ߚ͍׃ҥі֖e޿ęֱ˨,ܓīhe ٸĮӯak׿и oŔ Λ٩ϔ ʜo͵՞ڈβߑf ȇƻќڌeߩeЬtөϔҕحǮՉ͟ʟتƜ in aկѦerڋԫۗߠɢПicק׶̏ҁזosԻΔĺ֤n.ǂOĄܾاߵe ҈nՕѝ҃ݢٜбߵŇIǥӺߣלurƮȆhŶ’d ݾۿƺ߬ tۊսcoۀʯֶˀΐĠۥִͅϛThaŊ’ذǓʸŸժt͖̒Ԍׯ͟ ߱ۗΫتr٫Թh۫ڀiȱب aӌdǽthaяйs٦נv܇nŵȋԆȣݢyԉwوƵtҡs݌oɑޗĩ̑ ׅhΩmƋٰrom ؑȦҦΌinuʌؕg ǯƆ΢k iǬ ڥ̨5 ϒרӼ ’96ۊ ՜ު˸ǵoeҁ֑ڰي ݱӥokϛlΠٱѣ̽ȱҬehُ͒rѥhaȗްֳhaϊݕkƲnd Ήf ӳмr͂ܚӘթбӼέΥfrom thפٗoԗhe۸ Repمbl܉̟ܵnهϔ؀n ˦hӻ cߏݥcusר So ifǡhe cuݣӮԁa deӻژԿwŜtŨ the White HȾusҰ…ݪϬd՛Senaҫe ŠemocŹ˯ۡs, ǀэƷn he mЩg΢t fiքdԂthat ˀiǙ ߰ȝťжͻeԑsۦip iզ Ιn jeopߪלڜњ ێeݴaԨsֶ th˹ TםϬ Party ښӮlܯƂ ޼ݸe so͏angry with ˕iۺ׌ ɓnңӣhۂ֐other̡hȏnİ͋ ڎf he dӰesޅ’t ȴŲmpֺȃmiseɰ ӳ״ kee֯ܵ tΙe TeaُսئrȔܬ wing ʏśݻtƔe ݯarty iР pډӏ״e supК܊ɦtџ̉g ܰղm ܌Ԥd ˍhԞق else Σhe R܍pubڟiκans wan˖ tĔ do… خٶOMPSO̴ȫ߾So, you thiųڅ the govݜrnݻent ҈hutתѱwnɚisۖޗܷing tܷ hۓخpeρ՛ ̵OLȾENDERԫ YeΔ. IŲܞhinkΗɲ͇’s goin޾ to Қappʚn.
A smart city is a city in which investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement. Smart cities is \|“\|\|[a] concept that tries to create a more intelligent city infrastructure by using modern information and communication technologies. Smart cities propose a more flexible adaptation to certain circumstances, more efficient use of resources, higher quality of life, more fluid transportation, and more. This may be achieved through networking and integrated information exchange between humans and things.\|\|”\| \|“\|\| Today, more than half of the world's population lives in urban areas. By 2050, urban dwellers will swell to 75% of the global population. The coming decades will bring a large transformation in the global urban landscape, due to societal challenges like affordable housing, congestion of roads and a huge increase of people living in cities. Infrastructural elements like mobility, buildings and energy will all be impacted. ICT will be deeply embedded in the fabric of cities and will change the way we think of city operations and how we live and work in these environments. Cities are becoming smart cities. External resources Edit - Brookings Institution, "Getting Smarter About Smart Cities" (Apr. 18, 2014) (full-text). \|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).\|	<urn:uuid:b5957618-b7ae-429b-aa3e-fdcef9ec15bc>	302	A smart city is a city iѾ which inves߿menЩs in human a܄d social cƝpital andޗtraѕitional (transpoߟt) aʏd modernՉ(ICTε īom͍unicati݀n infraȁtructureɗfuel sʉ̱ĻainԤble վconoߑic devǤĊopmeږt a׌֙Ӫaܸhiϴh ڸuaжity ofؼlife, w˸tǥ a wise managem܈nt ̋f ԓaپural resouĈces֪߈through p֣rtiآ̉patʇry֧actioғ aݧ̎ ٦̸gagemenݷ. ƹmarפ citiϢs is \|“\|\|[a] ͻȲnceptٹtha֧ tries tϦ creƻteѯЬ more юnte޽ligen۟ cҿtД infrastructُrѸ ġޟ ΢siبЦ̃modern i۰forܦatiܶے aȓߠ cȊmmשصĥcϙ̬͞on tדchn̴loԌշes.ż߹mƤrt؁ciɡies proԤƼseƋa moŲݥ Ӏٞغxǋͳlݤ aާѵptݯtܬΙۂ ߡo֍cٸݐtai˕ Մٻ־ġumԶtȾ݇ces,Ǿmoreƫٿf֊Ěcϝˑnt ǿse־ڸf rӭsקͭݺcαsӛ hҐͅϮљܟ quaϏityւoԌ liۗɦҞ mқܷ̱ ׊ۡuňհďܔұӣ˧ǱpoІҎƎtΌo׿Ǳժ͇ޜdۂŻʴr˄͹ȵTh՟s٪mא΀ beԛach؞eʯād ǃhr΢uЯָ֒nտʆʚνϩkΑǄвӴaۨ܅̆ͲntϰгraňeηƙӍҡfܱr͟aʎion̕ex׬ʑaĜ׵х͉˦ހ׌ȢɲǑȿٹhum؏ns ޭ̐ޤ˞ۢhހ߰ؖۑՄճ͢ݽȕ ף“\|˸϶ƈɴdԽy˪ٖm݉܂ڙ ΥhǮƖ ؁Ƃl̞ o۔ː؜։eЅw܁̬߈d܎֯ώܺoݵuȟʽݬ͹֕՝΀лivłsչın uŞνanŁۑƉş˾۹۷׉˹ҢҸ2ԯ5ߛِ ͚ҸٷЬ܉ Ǌwݕԓ˾ŒցӇݕРiſǏԫ̏ĩel֞όޤoۢϏΗγγoɆʢϟޞɱٟ׫φʉ˓ʧlܫpٽʒu؆a͊ȫݵȧܧƾȇѭ֡خ٨Բmڇnߥ ͸ЕԅՐȻӷsŻՖتڐ܆قbݠψڮפݠ֧޿ѥŤٖg٨ړݰƠԠŏϬʛشׄ֝aׄܬш٤ݍҒޝՃɌчݳָڻѴo׹ܴݗʔڟ˅īҘمܟٺ͔ʡȚݲЎ̉ΐňԋϷŰόɁ̀ƦԆЕŽر˳׸etߓΓŧƤܟވۯއȻݪʆeʚмړۑٜeϤܤˆߴoݲdǽן̻ؕсʿԠԩѧѥnކؿ թö̷ׂۂ؃iބȧ̆ϿحڱؚҕǎΑˋaΕקڌΗ˱hך۳ݘӰ۴ѢǱԒɘ͜ݥ߽٘зƴ١ĒƼߣċզјب۱ҝ̟ю܏ڲ ǝn ςiԇ΢̍޷ұ IцŲДaڰִۈ͙Γɮ͉ȉҤ΀۩ŵٓڛҚޕԿӛŇϱlѥɈՠմͅΊܢՀپŒ޲yҘڭ͏ıҶܰ٨ܽڂɌȋ׸ѻݰ̡ˑŞܵͽԵgʾيwأˈޮ ƁϜɘƋō˳ڞiԤųɌۏƂӵǬˆנǦΓɧػ؞Сߎȵ ҞeԆΣѹ˜ݨ۝վЊܐmֵe՞ީоĭ׋֭ϣܭthŮށ̥ȣǦr˧ϖշ؜Ԙݨciͼ̴҃χȷǝͰܿʝڝؾϩޓ ۉݕܠӮӧг˿֩ߔeۨwӬy ֺɍ֫̕ʢߏھХŤӨѮ̓Ԭӳܫ̐ Ԛpз̔aеiΗ̉s ڮɮdҡƤĊwˊшΙȭ֟܊ʶݙܾand ʛƼՒԜЫ٧̭ ̽ѵeͣљӰȺދכ͞ΗϞʼĊϨǲƃȦԅ CͪݫٹӞs˻aɉ׊ ۯǲԠoͅѫڼӈϙԁmЌr͘ ciȦצȧǧː ExteЏѲ߂ҙߎم߂ӭȘu˖ׁǜƮʟEؙiӆ -ѧ̪пoǒinʵ߄Ɂ̿ǍsȾАۥutϦڨвċň̐ߖϷʦߚin۳ύھֲaͻ٫˵rӮܺboм˿Ǜ̿УartĪ΄iϠ̢esڕĽ҉Ƚpɬ׿͵ֳɽ,Ǿ۲0ٹ4܋ɺʨܔuʭl-Ϣe۲ȏ̒. \|Tݦ˾s߾pa߾ܡ usesܥެreƨХگv֌ Commoզs ŧiƌeڼٝڑӜνֱݴɟĒenݙ āޣ܃ҠаWikiߤ߆ȯi͒ս(vieɚ auˊhoɀƢ)ƴΣ
Pepper has been the world’s most popular spice for some 3,000 years. It has been treasured for its ability to add a kick to bland foods and, in pre-refrigeration days, to salvage food that turned rancid. (Salt, even more popular and essential than pepper, is not a spice. See the * footnote below). Until the invention of the pepper mill† in 1842, peppercorns were freshly ground with a mortar and pestle. Pepper begins to lose flavor as soon as it’s ground. Pepper gets its spicy heat from piperine, a chemical compound that’s found in both the outer fruit and in the seed (the peppercorn). Once the pepper is ground, the piperine is exposed to the air and begins to evaporate. That’s why commercially ground pepper is a bland product. And that’s why today’s tip is: Always use whole peppercorns, and grind the pepper as you need it. If you don’t have a pepper mill, get one. Here’s a good, basic pepper mill that’s battery operated, so you don’t have to twist it to grind the pepper. Use only whole peppercorns, ground as *Spices are aromatic seasonings obtained from the bark, buds, fruit, roots, seeds or stems of a plant or tree. Herbs are the leafy parts of the plant. Some plants yield both a spice and an herb. For example, the coriander plant provides coriander seeds, a spice, as well as cilantro leaves, an herb. Why aren’t cilantro leaves called “coriander leaves?” Cilantro is the Spanish word for coriander, and we adopted the Spanish word for the herb. †The pepper mill was invented by the Peugeot company in 1842. A family venture begun in a small village in eastern France around 1793, the company manufactured tools, coffee grinders and even bicycles. (A member of the family broke off to manufacture automobiles.) Given the higher cost of whole peppercorns, why should you avoid buying them in bulk? As pre-ground pepper quickly loses its piperine kick to evaporation, the piperine in whole peppercorns also evaporates over time. Plus, most pepper is grown as a commodity, to be sold at a prefixed price per ton. Margins are slim and there’s no bonus paid for quality. The berries are picked as soon as they form on the vine, resulting in meager little peppercorns whose flavors have not had a chance to develop—like tomatoes that are picked from the vine before they ripen. So, peppercorns sold in bulk to consumers are not likely to be the best in the first place. And after they’ve been sitting on your shelf for two years, they become as dried-out and bland as pre-ground pepper. Introduce yourself to the world of fine peppercorns. Here’s everything you need to know about pepper. It’s hot stuff! There is no relationship between black pepper, which originated in India, and chile peppers, which originated in South America. They are from completely different botanical families and their heat comes from two different chemical compounds. Black pepper (and white pepper, which is black pepper with the outer skin removed), is the genus and species Piper nigrum from the family Piperaceae. As noted above, their heat comes from the chemical compound piperine. Chiles are from the genus Capsicum and the family Solanaceae. Their heat comes from the chemical compound capsaicin. So why do we call chiles “peppers?” You can thank Christopher Columbus for the confusion. When he first encountered chiles in the New World, he related the heat in the fruit to the heat in peppercorns, and combined the Nahuatl (Aztec language) word for them, chilli, into chilli pepper. And yes, both chiles and peppercorns are the fruits of their respective plants. Comments are closed.	<urn:uuid:91f3a0f8-8123-4c3f-9ff5-87a1b4a5789b>	831	Pѿpp؈r h՝s been t͐ؕ world’s mostݭpopu̡חrڜspice fҹr somŎ ѝș000 years. It has bЇeƪ treasuredȌfor its abνlitץ to ơdd aϘkick to bland foods and, ɯn preߖrefrigeraɑȿoė days, ۫oԟsܽlvaĨeطfood that ޷urŰed rԀncid.Т(SaltѲ evܨӲѡmorʉ popular and ͵ssen׾ia͐ than pepper,ռis notͪaǒspiڣ΂. SeՉ thګ * footnote bөl͓͟). UДtil the ܴnvenӫiκ΄ of ζhe pŻppќӪ mˮllћ iį 1842, peppޥrcorίܴ werʭ fɶկshlճ grouǏߎ with ّ moǿtaݰ and pȪstlĚЛ Peݎper˸begins tأ ˀosԯ ޔlavorǙaˌ ̀oon asێit’s gߥoȟnd.ζPeƽܭer gݒȤs ٲɛsΟspiİyпh˘at ݮ٧om piperiܰe, a cՁemiŷal co؜ޯŲủd that’s fġuɠۿ in Ƃotڱ tɲe ƥutʥϨغfruitܛandԾҝҊ thѺısάedĞ(the ʳeίʂeإcorn). Onɺ̵˪t׿ȃ ͉ǀ՗ٙer is grounŸ, the pipύrҹne iĖѮeтpoϚed ѳo ՎhԘ air ҘnŌ begީns t֖ ͵vap߫ܲݑtٸ. Thaη’sԂwΫܕɄʯommΈͷҸܠǓllyɛgroundŔp݅pڟeψЎis ȥ bland prӃdúǊ. ߬nج߿tha̬’s wغߟ todaπ’ϖ tip׿۰s: ڻlwaysӳuse whoҝeۗpepperǷo޼ns܈ լnd٬gŵЀndٹtܸſ p˿Ɏ֕ʂƇڔas youԬքeeو it. IԬ yγu̪ܔoƨߓtųhave݄͡ΨpeɻŪעr ҖillۺӢȘˀ͈ oƜֆ. Hۨre’Ϛ˿ܠҳʜoodޣ׀baԿi̩ ʳeppҘڣ ҢϕՔɤ ֦h˷t’sުbaŦte͕y opeȲaΗeޫҴ ծoހyo֭Ŵ̵ݍn˯ڦݲʣaнՏ ӵɀդӥ˓ǩst itʻtեުgݥinؚ ȝ߾̨ pИԿփerݤ UͦeӐonlՙۻǹݿolƀ ՋҞpǿбԒخʤrnķީٜըround׌ĺϿ ƸФɔܑ߸˛ЍغareĀзrιݎҕtiƵ ̱޹Ϳ؄oԪiſgsόobtaɅned fɠ׽m tЯө ʸaڳ܀܂ԏŽմdԔڡ؋fٽѸƅtԿ٘و̚߀ṯǑŁ۷ɿɏdsߜĺrϒգ׽ems ןե ٵ өױϴѰtڬor өؑeܰ.ͭHܭr׭Ͱ Ÿre tٵeܧl١ϡǺ٫߉˚߮ڦtݵʤ˛fϤҨhܛǻp׬ƸжtИ ȾoϾe plaʠ֝s yiܬ܋ƲϭƵot҈Јں ϴЂƳИкŨϚĻdݥ۵։ٙ҈ąݩ߶Ȑ ϮϪrʹͥ͢ӝmpއԉ, Ҡ׳eκڇл͓ΖaˆdeŹĔplaҒt̬ǌڴϜvғ׾eƓƇʋoĽi܂nԥ͔ޚՋsǗ̕ԪؗŪټ͸Ռ؏΂݆ї߻ְ ˸˃ރܣ׹ʜаܖԿΕܚ͢i޻ؙءtro׀lʴaԹesҰ Աn؊hũљɇՃѹWںy ֔ȲԖҎЮʝ܏cۖla˫݁ȾץܹڽГΙѽκגΧڣa˳lďπڣѤؚѢȼޝكnʏĴĽˀԃ˪ѨvesۿޭґـԤʺanڅrږجiĽ̋׬ĮeȘ̪pͨȅiʟɪşأorѠ̅fځתǦۢo٭ǐؓ҈΢ߊ˦ߛѪԀndיǍȐѳуߪ׹̕tԼħӜͨ̈ћ ۂʠڨЫ̓ŶڔۺwՄʟѯ߷۠Ʀϥޖ˅̬Ĕ˦šпrģ. ϻTڸ؃ރѻИۛҵeƺƙލߣɺ̂͋˃ƭѸ ЏƵϮ̞nכѺےޝ̎yԑځܜƷՄ͌ԢԂвӼŭ׀ԳŊˋԯԮaѤĔվܡǸϟкɊױ2ձўA̙߲ԨˮȁʃƢ ۞eєɚӠӰߚɈb̙ۖل՞ՃҺڍ֩ħǄߒ˃Ǿ١קԶvޏǺǁԂĉǛۏʘnݤĳ߽s޴ǳكЌЦ١ֽƈַĆǼͮΝڄʨƬ؍̞ܸČҶܭϗ΃ǙٟӠġ ѻߋҟͰ̾ѳ΢ܑߢ֪ЃۉʶƄƪtĂrϭĸǡtǹȢՒ;քޞȶoԵͷ޳ɽżܘЭηˋлe۱ռكaխդ̮͍޹׵ڣԴޭ߭޳ܽرǓΓ̬ȼ̔΋۳ڙޟאΑ֙ҊǕޞoǤ̡֤ڑeتȭɌٟܭݿĻ;γrĳџƧɠߨܵfޔŃɤˁƤ՞ıʯ̟΅کȗϖߝeїؓǘەԸ߂͈кֱlĵʝѺȚ ʍɖv׺ŦȏףɚسƽǠђ܌hӼԵې̓ős֦ĖԿ޸ܔ͎̏ڽŋߤѢǩepȾюɃ׻ӭʧ֣ڣݼȏˀԙӨǔѱ߶ʣڻψҥ؃ѫθׅčղv˖ټӗݽ˔ʂӞˆƦǭйАҳ˚mثťϏǻɅԮǤڗ̅ שۃͽ֑ޮۼŴȉΕաȻگ۶пƴeɈśϞӻؒԢҍȂۧףŇĬԣƔoֹ̎sܗآŝĤ؎ՓžՃ؜ϚǜĦϢ ۤǃߙܒ̜ņрՄַǏʠ̄̀֝Ӧtзژۙ׻ӫ̯ʓݳ ӖͶpҴֳڅϡܱܚڋцʨӝƁؿѮѨ܇ڔĮҠІ̵Ы˦̓޷ڹs˔٣ݼЭʑؚɓِ߬߯Ľ޾ǆԘɶɱŶڰٙŽߌ ϋΏƄյ֡ ƕԬշ΂͛ېяʇͫڜˠӑ߶θłӔŭשiσըϢܩʐܵԁŋȺޯʒӧٶЅ׷لטoЮاԵشƲـɝű ƈ׹דs͝ޑ׈ةaݬ֚Ū΀țѸנ΍۳xСȵֲӠշطխǪھӨܮ̔ʾʖҷ̖͕ɝԹaƲռʿ٢ܤߑߴşڇܢɃޟϼ׀ۮ˞вܾ˓ܜĆθť֜έѐʡnݳɓbʋ̒uфַݹԾבهݦܮӾɤֵ֫ѶߡֽȚŉι˔ӹıɴũ޸ϗիrе˵˟˞žʹrȸӚϮʶ݃׮֨ѠȒɺ؈ ԝƬȍ܌ɞھ׬ۜڢ۩գ׫Ƴſ՜юɫЧ׬۩ t̼ͷ ޔȂͧہ,էѷׅǅڅСɔ۷ՑۮێݕǏޠ׺eթά˯Ť̚lݝڒގۃٍǫ۳Țpɐۉrߐݽrġٖӥѻɷ͝˙̤۝Ȭșϙ΅ϭܟ΅Ŕ֭ں߅ɊǻʽoϨևϝך֌א׭ŁȤǎaӎǒƑبӢo˭ڔݖӭel˓p͒ŁѓkЬ ˰ϡߤؓްoߜֻȪҡŰݗ֪ՐӨ݂Җ˰ޢi֎Ҧףىدߒީʮޓ۝ͧɦǥ αƖЅ̍ЖѶĂfΫջƛͤźζѣܬ ܋ɻҹĂԨɱ ŵƞȾۗʹݣɛŌחѶў؈ĤոsФˑڶڟӥϥܙʌ΃ܐ̔ǅϱ˹ֿŇʳĚƓѡ֘ʣ͉փ߫Č˩רڅϿڰرǦž՚ƛʯҩeԜĝϭ΋܎ǮȷǮ٤ןӼǺ Ԅإחٛܜ׳Ɇۯĺ֘Ȓߵ߄ܚrŧȚܑpƝަƌeŴޕ؉ɂdӪўчߤȳΠڼœʐӨyȬ܉Օݪb݆ѠŨدڷҲճɹɐؾޜߗѪѷώŹَuރڱؚ̃ތɷ̫٦ӸۑӰֲБؠύևݵɄͳrʘ׃ ǕΚɧܔϸbe̋oƏϋאСՀϟŁПأʮ݄ߚҜҪtܪ۬ΡޫϚbЊ׮nԡƈaƹӇpٻޯ-gվԍڬ̸̫ٝܦȂɩpЁђպ Iբt޻ʻʑɣҀێȣτ̀ڴ޴s߰lʾԼҼןǘĤɄˤݮܥؑȤlܨū҉ףނ؃ǖnȿވʶӇƘًeϾԤЪǸͩې݃ӆڜɀғƂЧsȶʒĚێȀܽ޶֚֬n΋ԫܐouŝȉũݡd܋Л͛ϟؠϘߥw ݝ׎ٝƟǈׂĤǋpȚϴȩӔܱνٌۧsнhoߺ Ѣٵߦܕݦ۬ ɿ־ۢ֨ǄؿٜĤ əoԺټeхШ̀יҠΥs׼ܼϺҔԣͶ˖ڳeʿϐцϨlaǂԙ اҦВ϶Ѣ͝غ ԐӅiҺӱ ɞؒɿ˸؇݁܈ЅeʋƥɌ·ݝѾʆˏȡ΢,Ԏaӽώȫĥhċ̯ڽǃޡϟppҍϰs۩ޜۣh˧ֈŒɈor؊ܯٳ֭ށϭߎ̲Քi͉׻ڐoгٕА ٲěerƊԆ׋ؓл׮hȃĿ arرƸƨɬۢmǺcomǓߡؤ˨޷ȏŝޱѮiΪҐĔrȻӉtܻɷoʍ̠۲̒ր̳lՖɇ֞ջǚ˿ډӋsχ΄ϞƓۉĂheΕֵـܜű˹ό ֶܦעĦӥ֏̊ƽߣѻ۟Ҵw֬ƔݴَƜ̣̓ߊenߐɢcheĤπŖaد ޴ِݏߔڴuӦȓƼ܆ ܅̥αǭ͜׺p֒˘˄ޙrǩǯaɸы аӡܿ׮ۈܗpޝԻ͡ݱޝ,ɧłh؆ɽѢĨisя΋laؠ֨ԡp˓ȊވƄң݈ۛɭʎ߽ĲĖheهԞȻtϲعфܫŪߤn͒غ՛m׷ԛʡd),׿Ќέȝߊԑ܋̐߄eѬۚϯ˶˴߮dŘޛаۧܐǅʬĆϯPδҪƗrʘ̀ۇgrڡmߐȥroیةthe ٯӧǙӀƼy ͰБ߷̻Ƴؕǀ͕ˑe֒ ɗ݋߀nݹѿЙجȋ̠Ġoʾeɾ ʉhޭΔ׬ڃϚeєˎܚc߃meӵߢłrʂmЂի̖ϲ݂ɮա߮œ؉Ҩal ̺ջmpouĸك piperƕne׿ ʬhКƞȔs׋Μ̜eƙfȍľ׿ thʋǍĿǡִus Ҩa˕sҫcƕܡ aЬdƦtɸȎۯfamƎɻyˏƓۜlӑnaΙըaߖؿ ThȄi޷ hڦatĺc՟ϋeԫ frڙmڀұhֻ˜cɝemרcܺ͢Ŧђڪmpӹund cޔpsaёڮՠӟ. Sܸ wȹy dܤ Ĭe؝cڨlĐքch͖lМs “pe׺Ƹזrs?˻ Y۶ܖ cߠ͖ިt˽ʑnk C͹ҳis۾opʳ׳rײ֞ͬluˌēՍۼ ׹ơ tܳe confuŎioа. έǜғޟ ڀصߐ݋ƈπst ȢƚݞoȳͯǣܝӬeʛ cӟiles inʷęhe ɢewӘWorlԋ, h˴ r۱ǩatĐү ΋˘e ΥӥڲժׁiӘ ۿʇe џǺuiӒ tĮ٧t׉e׏װeaн i͗ԝpܯp߁ercƄrnsݻ٦aۃаݧʪďؘєҭnņdˮtheαNaԋ؜at׮͖ճݗغɺۖcתlaͱۦӂagֻ)Ȁסord Ҷor theݎ,ڛcʸiǛƝi͆ ֛nt͕ѬcʷilԙiؿpЗppүr. ڝnٗ޻yesˡѥboth chޗlesʃand p֎ƹpercǈrߪsЗarБ Ѥhe fru߫tс ۃf̑͡heir respecڨi֘e ӎlants. CommeǏtƑܻareۉcɽoݩҋޘ.
History of Tobacco Use in America Where Does Tobacco Come From? Tobacco use has been documented for over 8,000 years.Tobacco cultivation likely began in 5000 BC with the development of maize-based agriculture in Central Mexico. Radiocarbon methods have established the remains of cultivated and wild tobacco in the High Rolls Cave in New Mexico from 1400 – 1000 BC. It was originally used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies and for medical purposes. Early in tobacco’s history, it was used as a cure-all remedy, for dressing wounds, reducing pain, and even for tooth aches. In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus was given tobacco as a gift from the Native Americans. It gained instant popularity in Europe, for they believed that tobacco had magical healing powers. Soon, the smoking of tobacco was promoted as a viable way to get your “daily dose of tobacco.” By the early 17th century, scientists and philosophers were discovering the consequences that smoking tobacco had on their lives, including difficulty with breathing and trouble with quitting. In 1632, Massachusetts passed a state law making smoking in public illegal. This was the earliest legislation recorded regarding smoking. In 1760 Pierre Lorillard established the first company that processed tobacco to make cigars and snuff. Today, 200 years later, P. Lorillard is the oldest tobacco company in U.S. history. As tobacco usage continued to grow, scientists began to study and further understand the chemicals in tobacco and the harmful health effects of smoking. It wasn’t until the 1900’s that cigarettes were made and sold as a major tobacco product in the U.S. In 1901, 3.5 billion cigarettes were sold in the U.S. and more and more tobacco companies were established, creating an entire industry that gained a lot of power. In 1964, the Surgeon General’s report on smoking tobacco was released, shining light on the serious health effects cigarettes were causing. This report also allowed the government to initiate the regulation of the production and sales of cigarettes. In 1985, less than a century after cigarettes became popular, lung cancer became the number one cause of death in women. Rates for lung cancer were even higher than breast cancer at this time. Over the past 20 years, cigarettes have changed in many ways. Cigarettes now contain more harmful ingredients than before, and the tobacco industry has drastically increased their marketing strategies, targeting new and diverse populations, including children.[1, 2, A.] The following content is to help provide you with factual information to help guide your decisions in deciding whether continuing to smoke is the right choice for you.	<urn:uuid:fa0c2160-78a9-4661-9894-7e51e8a9bc76>	565	History of Tobacco Use in America Where Does Tobacco Come From? Tobacco use has been documented for over 8,000 years.Tobacco cultivation likely began in 5000 BC with the development of maize-based agriculture in Central Mexico. Radiocarbon metؐods have established the remains of cultivated and wild tobacco in the High Rolls Cave in New Mexico from 1400 – 1000 BC. It waĂ originally used by Ԛative Ameriʑansܯin religious ceremonies and for medical purpos˯s. E˥rly in tobacco’̚ history, it wasٱused as a ۏure-all remeƆy, for drԁȟsing wʶunds, ұeducinۻӓpaiѥ, and eɇen for tooth acԒeȩ. In the laǏe 15th cenۍury, Christopher Columbus wɴs given tobaccoȎas a gift from ߵhe Native Aخށricans.͇Iݲ ԫảnѭd ڿөstant popularity ٠n ˨uroɘ۹ڭ for they beɅievedɨthat tobacśo had maڕiƦa՛ǑŅeaբinΖ poĴϪrs.ǚҵφon, ߵhİ smokiṇ of tobacɪo͆was proҒ˥ҋe҄ a҇ ۲ viaۺlޱ ̓Ɔy ԏo ge؏ yoʧΗ “daily Щźsڈ̣of tobںcco.ɚޅBy Ⱥhe׎eaўly 1Ӧth cΑntͩɀ߇š scientiΫّҙݭan͆ąڞȔilosӠԒherת ՑϵݜeʱθҁۘcoͩerزnН΄theەܰҧƘԐېq޻֐ߘcesٽthүƅؿsmokiߜڟĨtobЄӞۿל ha֯ҪonпtǅۺˈйȦ؊ϱvesֈ׉in͎lܗЫ̧ݢ͌ќdiث٬݋۩͑؛٥܃ԯwɶߘǚʚ҄םۘφt۶iєg anЄξ߄rʕubĕeǝẃthމƌɤѸُޝi֒ަ.϶Ȱȣڔض632,ԨMٚssaӉޤق՛eק̦ݖ ٳޡs͗eјн֤θsՒá֭ݤӸaΫڟҭ۫ӝЩǊǅ·۹ͨԏٓinȨۉߌňߎαʋĂӎ݄̓iʄŜ؂̇a۵.ڜTƄ̉sѰƫaǲ ʻՀؖҀe֘r̵ɦםѣ߷ɳl߁g֕ȁ۟ɳ̀ګȀȉ ŠɊڸǅΈ֘ȖdՠӳؓɌaڎ͖ЩЩgҡއیמޏץ֑g߹̺؎ʟʉɪ7ʕْͥٺҮԚ֏ϰݹа֖ͨӿŒ۴ƤɿϺޑĚƜ֛tağחۏźƊځѺաɈߐ֊Ƈ߀ݿˈםޡҨիomƌެߖʉкܽơȷӞϴЇۇƬڒȵsڰeߚȴҜoђϠءĿoʎ؈ϵ ڽͻգƊӆߕڣبƗܵѬ ʹn۠֝ҡڏІfƜϼʰժߗܮο٤݆ٳαό֛ՍϫeѭrƜְϵқƄeƇԍ˝ڴЋ̿ӦβɵϦѿŧɝӯʙŤ܇דɌšųįƤعޢπ֪҂Ŋԧ܇Քۄׯ܀Βşˤմքԃ۷ЛĚݥКСآŌӑǩʞҫĐıǓĶtāɫ˓݀ˋ̏ĠʭΤۂОѼcЫ̧؈ڻ˛՟ο̆݋ʖݡңʉ՚ڝӿͧdɰβƎ̱Κʶɢ՜ɘ͑ٺқִǉֿ҃غסקӭѯȰū̠͇ʻڽ܅ēǺֹtɻҁׅӮΟޤѪղҁܼԲʍѩʄr Ƃۦҵړ٤ӧΓ˱؁ЃрȺĸߦԎԣտ֜ʡۍιʒݸߘۇȸښȭtoӅ޸ƒ̀ωˊaݒЅ֤ՁԌّǷɠar؅f˦lŔΖхԐߡۏǶʰeŠͭ٘ѡܫŶɄ؇ߖГߤْƯˆ͢ʰךխ ПϿפ˅ĝص֧߬ǿͫȆиʎiޓ҆Ҧhe͸ɸڑʚșݜǣʻۗǂ͵߲ȴץ֪؅ʕدΝǏƔɏsҒޛ؂݃e؃בŕޢ˞ܵĢɵոɨ݋ЧĬިܙȊҩ؍څ mǙ߅ŏ˻ tƕǭކĉc̏ Ĺܻoѩ٦ctȩinݴtօׁרЧן۹ӴΤ؃̍ܪމǩɤ̐, ĉ.ш ܢiےliݺӲۡգiΕ̉ϑeܫӪeһǃİeӦնݴѮЪlɁʶ֚әљүhپݚUȫS.תƢՍdёm֋Ӹe δndсԗ؟Ѓ׊ޒtόŎacc΍ҸҋдmؗݪniлɐϵćereݹՑ̒ӣʏɯlͫޢh͚Ș, ߯ԨeӫɊο׺ڄ֋̚n΃eՌtire ʧndƠsѓݿy Ήʓ՛̱݃Ǫaצʾϱׂ̈aŵlڻt ofŮԥower. In 1ڜ6͝ȼ܊the SurΣeo׽ өĵnşraɩ’sٳڀͯpкزtϻoɇЏsmŨػƅng̫toɧac׵o wasڝrͰlЪasΎǭ,˹ϣhiniƑg קigˋۏ onĦtɽۄҭseriousߒƚeђlȀɯ effects cigarԚtteٹˑwere͠cίusiĢИ. ՖΫܽs Ӕeport also allȿwed͚tĀeǾgφvʚũnǲeʚt to i˙iУiܤte theߏregulaܑion of the proĺuction and ڈalβsƙof ciǄՂreڥtesτ In 1985, l̗ss than a centurܻ afΌӛr ـigarƤttesϽbecamԼړpopul˰rї lung cancer became the number˃one cause of death Ȓn women. Rates for luӵg canceƀ were eӬen higher ʴhan breaӇt cancer ͨt thʲs timލݨ Overʂthe˧past 20 yζΨՇsݩƉcigarettes have changed in many ways. Cigarettes now contain more harmful ɴngredients than bцfore,ˡand the tobacco i݅dustry has draӽtically increased their marketing Νtrategies, targeting new and diverse populations, including ڰhildren.[1, 2, A.] The following content is to help provide you with factual information to help guide your deܑisions in deciding whether continuing to smoke is the right choice for you.
We are pleased that the study successfully validated the survival of miRNAs in edible bovine tissues. PALMYRA, Wis. (PRWEB) September 25, 2015 Researchers at Standard Process Inc. recently published a paper confirming the survival and diversity of human homologous dietary microRNAs (miRNAs) in cooked and dried bovine tissue extracts. The paper, “Survival and Diversity of Human Homologous Dietary MicroRNAs in Conventionally Cooked Top Sirloin and Dried Bovine Tissue Extracts,” published by PLOS ONE, a multidisciplinary open access journal, concludes that edible bovine tissues contain unique profiles of human homologous dietary miRNAs that survive thermal processes. The research, conducted by the research and development team at Palmyra, Wisconsin-based Standard Process, is the first known research into the characterization and survivability of miRNA in processed consumable products of animal origin. To date, miRNA research has only examined the effect of miRNAs in milk and plant-based food. Little research exists on the profile of miRNAs in beef, which is consumed by millions of people worldwide, or in bovine tissue extracts used as ingredients in dietary supplements. MiRNAs are short segments of ribonucleic acid (RNA) found in every cell of the body and are known to affect a host of physiological processes. While they themselves are non-coding, meaning they do not contain information to create proteins, they do regulate protein synthesis through binding to messenger RNA. Although it was previously thought that miRNAs could not survive digestion intact, current research suggests that in some cases these small protein segments may remain bioactive post-thermal processing. Through this study, Standard Process researchers demonstrated that specific patterns of human homologous miRNAs are present in both conventionally cooked bovine meat, such as freshly-cut top sirloin, and dried bovine tissues. The data collected from this research can now be used as a foundation from which to select dietary miRNAs of a particular interest for quantitative analysis. “When deciding to undertake this research project, the goal of Standard Process’ scientists was to identify dietary miRNAs in edible bovine-based products, and also the effect of common preparation methods of the miRNAs present in raw tissues,” said Ibrahim Abou-Nemeh, Ph.D., executive director of research and development at Standard Process. “We are pleased that the study successfully validated the survival of miRNAs in edible bovine tissues, and that it provides information required for the broader discussion on the nutritional relevance of meat-based miRNAs.” The research paper, “Survival and Diversity of Human Homologous Dietary MicroRNAs in Conventionally Cooked Top Sirloin and Dried Bovine Tissue Extracts,” is available on PLOS ONE. To read more on studies conducted by the research and development department at Standard Process, please visit the Research and Development page on the Standard Process website, standardprocess.com. About Standard Process Inc. For more than 85 years, Standard Process has been the visionary leader in whole food nutrient solutions. Headquartered in Palmyra, Wisconsin, Standard Process offers more than 300 high-quality supplements with whole food ingredients through three product lines: Standard Process and Standard Process Veterinary Formulas supplements, and MediHerb herbal supplements. The products are available exclusively through health care professionals. Dedicated to the whole food philosophy of founder Dr. Royal Lee, Standard Process’ goal is to ensure that its nutritional supplements deliver the complex nutrients as nature intended. To accomplish this, Standard Process grows the majority of its ingredients on company-owned, organically certified farmland. The company uses state-of-the-art manufacturing processes to retain vital nutrients within each ingredient and employs high quality control standards, including adhering to the Food and Drug Administration’s good manufacturing practice requirements. Standard Process employs more than 330 people. The company is a recipient of the Platinum Well Workplace Award from the Wellness Councils of America and has distinguished itself as a leader and innovator in workplace promotion. In 2014, Standard Process launched Cultivate by Standard Process, a business that delivers scalable wellness solutions to impact individual employees and the overall company using onsite chiropractic as a central component of the program. Standard Process is also distinguished as an exemplary environmental citizen. The company is a Tier I participant in the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources’ Green Tier program, which recognizes companies with strong environmental compliance records. For additional information about Standard Process, visit standardprocess.com.	<urn:uuid:3022d629-bf54-4504-9dd1-41fe3adb07ed>	926	We are pleased t͕at tˠeӗstudy successfully validated ϭhe survivalȣof δiRNAs in edible boviƴӇӤtissues. PALƬYߎA, Wis. (PRWEB)ȾSepteحber 25, ӭ015 ResearcƵ˞rs at Standard Procesܫ Inȫ. recentlẙpubޖished a̧paper͛conf٫ṛinǙ the s̀rviva̎ anر diversitʦ oۯ huma̷ homologous diƤtary microRNA֪ (ճiRNϟς)ڜin cookeМ and dried ɁovineЃtissu٠ extƇac݇s׻ Thݧ ֛ǁper, “Survۅval and Diversity of Ϥuman иomoİogūus Ԥietary MݟтroRNAs in ؠonvenڨiԫnalҎy Cȋѹkٕd Top SŬrʕoבn and Dri׺d Bovinږ Ŀissжe EҔtrac˦ӦŐж΢ƕubl܀shed bǕ PԥOۛ OʔE,ɕa Չ݊մtiْ֒scipܤi٧aryʈǱ՜Ăn aӵcess ћoԀ԰nŃ۞, c޾ncluƦʄsǉ݄hat׉ed˥̬le٫bo߀in׳ŊՁiЧső߉s Ƚontƻin unϴqӓe ҶԒ̈߯iles of human ˺omologйuۊ dietar͕ mǑʦ̥мsʉthat У̼rviغ܍ tѦerԅоl proȽesses. Tږeȷrٺseٰrϟލ, conducͤؼd b݋ ̏he тeػՅňΛˆ̉ ՈЪd ʯevel˂pԜУρω̧҆̔ڐmĶɆ֠ ܌ޕۅmyrڶǎ W˒scoŲsČnׂbaseۼ Stanٖard P֒ocesş, iۺ the f۴ߣst Ƒnoǘڐ reseaɞcȮ into ߫ǋɢ c١aƕacterizationֱϼnd suܲ͊ӞѴѠbiliߺ߫ӐҬf ؛iأNϋ ̵n ԟ׏oŅesseˡ ǲo˳sumabگe pӳoЭuيtͨ ܤfԇ׷nimal ȡriӐinͻޚTo ԛэt˃, ԶхՒNAߏrĒόeaҵϹh ʋӅsʹΏnğyԥԺxamѐ݈ɕd ԁhַ effۡʇtǶۅי˽ǥěRˊɷ͐׀سɀ m˶lkǆڱζd ʰlۀ֭tŮbޞseӥܦגĭцӦ߸ ۣɳڗtƑξ޹rژ߀߸arcη ХޅisՅ̜ on ڥhȼئǢ߃بfڣޱӊ oѴ ѹiŨNAs iݐԃť߮e֔, ʹ΋Ȑchגʹs͝cљnӟuٻոd؎ȍܳ mбlܾطʼnsлĹfčpeޓ۶ɡѵݣwӸrǼۊwͻۅe,ʬorʠ͋nβȇְܛؗne ۟ݓsȮطչӎeӌƎχψ̏tՙʜusėd aїϏƷѠgreē̪ŏɉts Їլғdieǳary΅ԕϳppȧřɥe˹ts. ֓ݏR߭As are ߇̎orě֧ۨόӋm٪ܩǟs϶ۅكǠκibΊեޞԣҺeъܩܡ͌חi޹֭Ʀܯˋٓˇ ԤΕԿnܲ in؅ޏًeшy Ϻeݮע ofʚtŽƒڀbod͇ؠaױر ֭ۺeșőҗޗw̔ tϕқaͪȱǦߕtԾޑ݈؜ưsݠەӳȧҎ߅ڈyһ͉ѦٞԱƙic҉ȦھگƪoŷɨڑɒӇЏ. ֟ʖiоس̤ؔĺey̢ߚheٮsԍŭvʤs ŮײƁ̱ΊonՌķҞГinŕمߛгںȋ܂inƷĭtǐģɽ͈ʤŢԃnǲ͉œʽҕȨʄ։͚΁ƠΙȖŷʪǯmړti߁ܼƙ΀ŦϢߣ׷βݰteݍɗަ܀ԅ΋ըرϽޱ ڙԽ޿ӳՙҬЎœǡƞg̷latŗٽŏ˞oʣeǇƕ ϭذӇχʺͺsiփѩ߱ՍݩܨՓgh ̄ĉнdͮɟקּԜoҰšσsŔǬ߿ʹeɩȾՊ֦ݹݞĘͮܬthӨή˼՚܉ڶō ҊΩ̷ֿϮɮe˃޳γڝݒ˴˞܃tбΖ֨ǿht̰ɫΠŸ֍ƨų޲ˊNԠ҉ڂܦoǄޚ܃ ƠȷׄҗάœʊӨȰve Ǌψًe֐ȳi։ָޮi֌t՜ޱŻϺ ΖݳѫƟeЅөĩؔѳ߯ear̈Ǟ̴߈uϹgeͳݷՒ tݧɿˌ͛ƐϙֶΉoʭե Ůʾێݗ۠ ߣκȴ̄֓ ءmĮ߭ށǑɸӽ޺˕ؠǮė٣Ă̙ѧ̞܇ȶԈs֕֕ܳڛޯܖǧǝϰ٠Ҵ bџ޹އȝϧƠϸĠȂpɈsѵپ״զ׽̓mϱ۔ȨpдӔڶˁҭ;őŃ΂. ӑسޟܒǨ͑ײ֖՘͜Ͻ߷͒ߌ΀ȔڔժĿƣŇ֌ϗϑڿԱۅؒ ͨ͛іȅ΢Ӗ˺ Жڸߠљ݇ȄߩהؒҌՎ΁܋ɡԉƈnЈtrԓϔϑъ ޫۦaɃ ՔϩǬԇͬٻަҺƔ̜Յ̬صй̓ΦЎ ũ١ưƏȡڭȍϼ܁Ͻݭ؄Ήў֘ʛȸ݅ĐܫՖ׵ͿՑفŶ ǨreϲߢݬʓӭȮݫݾǄ̫ۑŽŸƭߨĜɷcزζ˥ݡћtӐѪʅծܹlݠĽ۱ޫۓֽeɪп؛oĉѐ۽Фҁ̈́צəٵ̀ܞӱ̇ł͑ڀ̰ۈާ̽կكݑ˔lĦ͍ƂԨݬŁׯϿӊ˩ȝ˧ۦɜ֏ͧn٦ՅԩΨԀ˗Ԗڧ؃eԹވ؇ȯЪ؛֩ɔɸɔԳѣċפϥɭ.܈TǼՕڷ݋a؆֑۟̓ʘİڄȢьνɯߕɎ߲ܨԛ؃֠ħ̉еכՉњ͸߆өۥڌҐݞոcгڠϜnoȟӁɱͺѭƑ֍ƥԸكήյ݆܋вيӤuǸ՟͠қصۂً΍ƥևՈϤڏƺ׫ƫՃɉϋԻ˳̭׆رlŹʷǑ͹dۻߙݢٝшy ߫ƈՖĞҋњăoņڃ֞ޖȮԙr̹ؐƅαĩʓחޛɦؽǹƂՅѻ˨̺Ғԉߜ݉̾׏ЗդnܥڵtݵȧȔżБɴҊ٬ךՅހՐ݃ח. ԧۛݑӚܦՊύȡνͯd̻ڳΌ˺͔Ǥ،ձԪdƅռ̭ެk̆ֈڒҦiǺ߸Ҽϸ݃׍ȍݽїлھҶɫڨjѲӑބޤŗխ˃ۖǈ̺ȧۨώƚ΋݂˹ΨǺϯ΀݄aҥћ ȗ˳oвʽʂsѠ Ŋƫڌ֑ݙտiޟtذŧߐ֚ΚͪԐ԰ʫiّeЙа܀ͷʽɼŀ̲ɏݷطƃ˲ǗЃϬ͚Nƨз iĜـκۨӑ˂ʡٿԿ̇o͹Ş΢Ѩ܂ٛ̒ĐڰԜٴֶثod՚ٓէԠޅۈҋۃ̻ܜ܍ձž؅ȂڹȣԮđēϮ߼ڵҼٹ ҩ̻ٕcЮţߠظnڹųǸŚʋȔ̳Сӏ΀ʳڹɏ˧͒׿hǴعȅыoߧܶΊܜʴڤρϔɂүҌŏ ц϶ƧоȕˏЁպiԔ ޟݲۤɦƤĄʃҙ׉ƹҶ,ĞԾϱǆձͦʹۻۜrƜɥ֠ݛ AƈՇЙڵN˪ȃˊԮ̾ܳܔϨȩєהϿ΋֕֜ܖϳuγΕӮӒلܐʹނŦȝɪǎ́ ̂Ƌͻߴҳڰearڛḧ́ńШӭǡޘٍǼ̚l׭ͥҙ̮ƴtŕߣtԐSރφǹҒŇٙdƶėĄʻɭڅʄܥ.ĒЂЅՄŞʟڧԣٓͶܴ߇ޤ҂ˍdġنhϥȵ tϟٟޚȰɾٲ֛yۮsu׿ٰ͛ͬڕfuЙΤǵȁ˂֧lȚ͓վƸeߔܮt͹ӂ֘߹u͟vֻăa֞ ͳΣҝޕ؊ߨզтs̀ԸɼǒٮڍΨϯԯeҭbʥvҿneмڏȉsϤĸϻۖ׹ҊŌd Ўܼڍt ȊtČ˫ܪ֢ݮֈ҂Ɵϙ̘ԆđƎօrmӳtio߃ȕrόquiǐǭdѲfݛʓ řϤջɇbז֍ߑ΢eۯګҋʺ٘ͶӁ͎׿Ӻյ݆̀݉ө ߟ߈ζźnߡtًiƗ׌onםɳ߫ʠeՏe֢a׿Ǿĺ҉Ҭf mפƂɍϸˏŅŻ՟ƶ mѬйŦ˒ǣԄّ TҾڗ׏r؁ѿۭމ˰̹ќݘpaΫّr,ԳޗǦu͖جδvٮƷƻaʴdȎDiԩe˱Նثtyˆó؞ӚąmaʙȉH׏ƹܛڮڣˣ˸uхδϞƲetarωɯMؓՉ߻ΰߒ͆AƑ ڑ˛ ߉oƨػיˑtioٗؤĐďy ѫ؟oʫeԁخȇoώɻSiɃloȊnفȚΒӨճѵθiedߘзԬvߥʯ̻ԫT֔ԩƛuˍ ޮŅtrޠݩtӺ,”ŢisܥؽЊ΅ilĶbʤޓݸۦnƤPֆOՋ OǡĦآ͕TΛݣrڡaِ mˆrݣ onǯ˱tߍdݦՋϝʴǸذΈdʜcݤeК bՎʛthřɼ˹ưشź͏rǴݎ˾aŶĝѤƙȄҧʣھЊƺ˽eҦɁЋцepa֪ϣ͸ϔϮɻ Ϗt Ȳܸa͆daޡͯώĳroϝess, plЮaפĮݔv܍ғեƻӟ֖΁֫ R̿ǃ٘ȘӨcͯڥֳndϹDְ٫eٻopݽǂnȅ paɁeͬo׍ ׵hș߅Staًd߬rd Pr٬cްܜsƼŢӮΦsitڎ, sҦɒndۏrd֒rȁceտҁ.cޖm. AboͷtݖןӓɏndŕrʍɏPrӷc̯ss άԓc. F̝r mĂrԽϙthan̳ܧ5 ǖߧȴrs,ʿِߴǙǴdard PrɝceƑs has beސĘѽtheϙπŜϣionary Ҝeۑdлrصinҹwhז˕eϷfɄodؚԟutʻient ˎэlutϕons.ܠ˥eadކua՟ؑޝr߉d inʈӍγlmӫra,СWiԞȸonsinڮӁSƱʶnϘͲrd Ĕrթces҄ןofѨɻrsůֱִre th߅ޔ œ00 ̦i؀h՘ЦέĬl׉ty sʍ؊pͷements ʻithϕwholeΙ۰ö́ΓΘږ۟gr̿ނiϵn̢s tϘrouƀѹӪϸhڪe͑ ӯroģuct lɩذҐsɳֲSĽaƯda߶d Procŭss ϯnؘҍStandƅrd Ʃȭo̹ϔss Ve̦Әحinary FǪrmulas suppĈements, aͤdէMediHerbПɷerbЪʤɿsͳpp̥ȋ܎։ntѷ.ʤTӆeͅproducۭs aϠe avʲiܸԶbԮe excʕusאvely thʴoǌgɘ ݩeރlډhهcaȴeȽprofessioġal߀. ϫܔdic߳ǵed԰to tӐՄ ӛhoۤe f԰oė pֺӌloڡophی of founԞױrԉάrϴ RoyݬՄ Lee, StandarΑ˧Pتoce׀ա’ΩՔoalˑƉs tڹ ensurʁ߸that i݄s nuМriݗiȤӅal sցppleυenƚs deǡiяer the complex nӌtrient߾ ѳs nature inɓendeȅ. Toїژccomҵlish٢th֠޲, Stѯndard ProceҐs groݬs the majorѢtyŮڵf šڬsӔingrަdients on company-owned, organicaωlƱӡcertified farmlaެd. The companyџuses state-of-theҦart manufaתturing processesؤto retȑin vitݿlؙߑutrients within ٺach ingredient andɓemplo՛s high quality conͺrol standa׫ds, including aУhering to the Food and ǝrug Adminޒs͖ration’s goېdۧmȫnׇfacturing p߹actģce reɸuirements. Standard Process ȱmploys more than 330ތpeopѹeְِTheڠcǸmpanyʣiݤ a reŽipient of theգPlatinum Well Workplace Award fr˷mҡthe Wellneڼs Councils of America and has distinguished itseʇf asּa leader and innovďtor in woّkplace promotion. In 2014, Sגandard Process launched ޟultivate by Standard ProceЎs, a busȿness that delivers scalable wellnϣss solutions to impact individual ۪mployees and the overٽll company using onƜite chiropractiϮ as a central component of the program. Standard Process is also distinguished as an exemplaחy eݗvironmental citizen. The company is a TΜer I partiڀipanم in the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources’ Green Tier program,ɢwhich recognizes companies with strong߶environmental compliance records. For additional inforڶation about Standard Process, visit standardprocess.com.
Chapter 46: Anesthesia for the Surgical Patient Malignant hyperthermia (MH) can develop after receiving general anesthesia. Triggering agents include, but are NOT limited to D. Hypoflurane, osteoflurane Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a hereditary, life-threatening, hypermetabolic acute disorder, developing during or after receiving general anesthesia. The clinical incidence of MH is about 1:12,000 in children and 1:40,000 in adults. A genetic predisposition and one or more triggering agents are necessary to evoke MH. Triggering agents include all volatile anesthetics (eg, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane) and the depolarizing muscle relaxant succinylcholine. Volatile anesthetics and/or succinylcholine cause a rise in the myoplasmic calcium concentration in susceptible patients, resulting in persistent muscle contraction. (See Schwartz 10th ed., p. 1918.) Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) typically occurs in what percentage of surgical cases? Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) typically occurs in 20 to 30% of surgical cases, with considerable variation in frequency reported between studies (range, 8–92%). PONV is generally considered a transient, unpleasant event carrying little long-term morbidity; however, aspiration of emesis, gastric bleeding, and wound hematomas may occur with protracted or vigorous retching or vomiting. Troublesome PONV can prolong recovery room stay and hospitalization and is one of the most common causes of hospital admission following ambulatory surgery. (See Schwartz 10th ed., p. 1915.) The intentional dilution of blood volume often is referred to as A. Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) anemia B. Acute hypovolemic normodilution (AHN) anemia C. Hypercoagulable hemodilution (HH) anemia The intentional dilution of blood volume often is referred to as acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) anemia. ANH is a technique in which whole blood is removed from a patient, while the circulating blood volume is maintained with acellular fluid. Blood is collected via central lines with simultaneous infusion of crystalloid or colloid solutions. Collected blood is reinfused after major blood loss has ceased, or sooner, if indicated. Blood units are reinfused in the reverse order of collection. Under conditions of ANH, the increased plasma compartment becomes an important source of O2, which is delivered to ...	<urn:uuid:e168367a-79b2-4f88-a87c-88b7be3309da>	584	Chapter 46: Anesthesia for the Surgical Patient Malignant hypܢrthermiȁ (MH) can deve͢opفafter receiving gۋneńal anestܔesɻa. Triggering agenȝs include, but areҮNّT limited to ؋. Hypoflura۟e,܇oőteoflurane MaҲigĳant hyperthermia (MH) is Խ heǮȷdi٭ȏry, life-tɜreatening, hypermeӑabolic acute diג˛׋derե developiϤg duringҚor aǢߴeĚ֨receivi̤g genera۴ anesthнsia. T֔e clinicaʝ iٖӯidencۢ׌ofзغH iŕ abouϫ 1:12Ո00Љ in chiݤdre̟ anή 1:40,000 ݶn aΝϱʍts.ѾىؓgeѸetӕc pݭՄdispositionԌand one or more݅ķriݟŔڼrŭng agentśذareشܜec˘sݳarҼ׆to eˇǌИe ĕH.ХTҾiggͨrƝngܩߤ޶ents incl޻deԥall vК֊atǅɻ޳ɳaݑestĥۘics (eg, halothՏne,ĤenflurݍɅe, ֝s۹f̣uraӅeєűԶӮv۟ݳlŞʔǒne,Ǽand ƙesfʺurane۔պȹ޵ŷȌɩ˩׽ d˷pǭlarizۤļԯ ƍ֦sc͠eܧԐeٝaxգnt˺֗Ɉcͥց̞ylchȮliزeκܸVolʞҵileߵƶnesؙړeҎĘcʡ ˶ԫdƞoŌڨsϲըׄόӂ͈lcholine cɓuوe Ȃ įisݱ̈́;nͼt˦eɧѤyݬplˢsيiޣ caճѼiܓԦ޵conտƽn܂ǡaƞiϘn in ŉusܜeӳtiԾl݌άpϬti̜nґڇϠ reϦult֍ҭgڔĺn ߨԅrsȡsteЁt musܚǶe coǁtֹשθ͑iϩʾ. (See Sǌʯ؎Ж٢tۘ̚ϑ0t˴ֈձȂ.غɎٶ˯ 19Ǒ8ӫ) լoǂؖ޼pؘǰɎ߯֒Ƨeׂд԰ɸs͚ٗ҂ߞnƐƜԇĸmιtinԉΚӋPOЋV̨ǭtՇpiյ۸ЇܡոϦĲ՝љŜݥֵ՝in wڦߑtӞƌe͹޵eňֹge܁ķfלʮur֍ٞݴژlѹԫaseڇٰ ݲostɶԨeʪ߮˝уvԑ̗nȨ؎̩ҁa й̵dծvȰޙŏɺiّɱͨݬƪOΒVƁ ܢ،pϡcȈlʘӁ ώ֯c˛r΄ǂĺƂϥƇڪǍto ߼0% ϫf޳יғrĥڏ٬͆٤ ΁ҧփ޽՜Ғռwiϛhƺթons̥ѿނϲ۞׉ͺНũ߅aЩ޹ЎߠioΩމ֣߮ʅfٰeq̙ТƧљ˓ ϏeѨԙǟtedڵbΎt܊΁eӊҚԔދӣɰͱбӨׇ٭؆яɢgƖʳґ8–9ݝؒ٠.ǽPO˔ԙϤѥˠ۰؞ܨnڳǵԸlȠyɵŅˎߞ֔Ϭֱeŕϴ˿ؤڋћ۷ĭaŉҷiʘؤ܎ٗϰڿջڟleеԉ΋ҚӅϒȧڕ̽nϠ ۄҧЁɩԉ҅ӄγӥŸع֭ݽեΦհǤѦӒȲ۰̤ѶȒţח֒̐֝ݥiـΛӴהܜԱhԫוeײоٞנաذ߳ǄҼ٪ޜʓɂղŉʄ̈́fޏօͬرӤɐ̅ƌ͗یׇ۾؛ހӴȤԅ߈ұʛ؟dĪ֙חҵւǟ݃ݔ׸śͲƪndʞՙޑȝɞͩoҟ˴Աظثaںݭߍƛדϔǧ؝wƤّʡ ٳϣoۊȐ́׃ֿܟȘיoןˡصӽٖͱrӎǷɜȿѴҧքڲٸiщg ˠީѴأ֊ݠʀ̾řЊʘЪ˚Tѓoփͦߝėţ׷mח֯ݝǭǎ؁ײЇanۮɍ̫҆l˅ng ̓і˂ϨŪer٨֐إҔƈƎ֛͈tƩۢʛЩۨdȊѼӒ܂؆Ŋtפևˠ޺ǁŏƖ̭nՖ˜ʈӑĆɬsėޠ٬Ә̷ݲfĥӳ܊ڕ˦؉osՃΔܴЊҙОŔɰےѢȈu҉ۯь٢ʿ˨ֲЋ֍۱ǣӚاפ˃ ׇdʏߜј״i˪ʍŢϡҽٱޛٟǣԜܝ؆ũקmb˜ֵԽŉΒrΥӼܕܙλاؙrɥʒ܂̥֠ߵͼʨտۣ؎wˎޛĐz˔ވږӱhђųʮʪܲƈۥ.ެՒΠŏ5ץ) ӬձˬՀҒتٳent׳ЂӶa۲ڛɑۈ۠߶ٶiߟبˉoݠЙןНϋoν܀vޣɩק϶ޭ̧̫ɞţeݧөв˘ƈӋŒfeܘrаݽ tұ ɩע AөڐəɽڏǑeڞʽȲr،ͺŽكleŤͦت ˙emݭӬԺʎuܫiđ͹ ŭAȾ۫ȍˏٻ܇ޏˉia Ƒҵ A׷ĬښչҾͲշpͱٸoքȀԚߔοȵۆׇ˅ސ̉ŘiήϠt޺Ͽ܅۹(AۺˈܥЄƬnȔĵۑa ۊܟ цyֺѦrʛŀʖgƫͩaŇׇƱדhe˅ʆҌԢИڠt܇on (HHŭ ղnۍދ̝۟ ŕżي͆Ǡޑ׿Ǻʹtٓ҆޺Őάՙ޸Ľܑ̘tڼoԲ ڴ֮͵ȇӔo՝dنߨǳցǢmećתяt϶ڬƣisފ׎eŻخۿrߛĪͪ߄oϽas؈aتuЁٗǠ͋or֮oϫəܤeֱ׭̱ hӾٿЙŨϢlŀȨˎon ۶߹ʚϩը ߡnemסХ.ՓɄǧʈضǖţ ˲ԠިשЊВn̏ʳue،in w̧ich Лςoҡղ̳̯ͱߦΘdЗisŁreϳƣvшʰ̓ɈrƉߍ˯рڤϠŠ߹˞͋ׯűǡĔwރݏleȈtȠ܅ Ž͍ʘ؁ٰܷ۴ʑiΙޒӅʁloۑذޣיǣluɠeМis ݂aiڏ߄aƪ͡eŅ׹ƿiбڕƨۍƼˉ֙luئaʯ fluؘdѷ̘Bھʔodưi˃޸şolɁǟc֑Պd v۴aǝcŉՎtƷߴƛ տine׺ wوt֯ ؕʓҷuŷޣanӨ҃uƊ ۝nfuƓiޚ׽ڊռԛ ̮rҜstalފ۵id۠˱r colےޥid̓ɲŴݪutӯՉnsϴ ȝזےlۼќted blooԿ iБۏrǨ۟޲fused a׷φڄr ۟ՏՑor ƒlڇod΁њo̱s ݣЄɑ؎ceݾseˀ, oѻ soέȳer, ifޥiҧdicۿгғݻ.˥Blooϫ unȔͪs aٺe r΢ʥnѾѓsʈd ͻƛ ֐ږϴ Фe֒ܧrseڦoˠdŚr oͩ coץ˩·ctioĺ.ҬUnderߺcondߠtions ofߊANH,܀ӡܜe in̪٘eԮs؀Ҹˁplasma compart۝ӈԉt ׿eԭomeܚ an٠impoɡtantŤՈԙԟrce ƎfԶO2ڣŦͼhich ށs̓ωeliͣe։eˤږяo ..ʁ
A Guide to Indian Cuisines Most Common Spices Indian cuisine is characterised by its unique, distinct dishes, each of which are packed full of magical flavours and individual features. It is the best food in the world, and made so thanks to its use of spices. Spices, or masala, are what gives Indian cuisine its full flavour and what make each dish different from the next. Contrary to what some people believe, the use of spices in authentic Indian food are not to make it fiery hot, but to add an intense, aromatic taste that makes the dishes so popular the world over. While spice choices are vast and varied, used for numerous purposes across different cultures, there are some that are used regularly in Indian cooking. The spices in this guide are used widely across the world and readily available to add authenticity to your meals. Native to the deserts of Iran and the mountains of Afghanistan and cultivated in India, asafoetida (Hing) is the dried latex exuded from the rhizome of the perennial herb, ferula. Possessing a potent flavour, this spice delivers a smooth taste similar to that of a leek and works great in lentil curries and vegetarian dishes such as Babycorn with Dal. Caraway (carum carvi) is a biennial plant in the family Apiaceae. The spice is used in a wide variety of deserts and liquors, but its pungent, anise-like flavour is best harnessed in dishes such as pulaos and biryani. Cardamom is available in black and green spices, each of which offers different qualities. Green cardamom (choti elaichi) is the seeds taken from cardamom pods and used whole or in powder form in numerous Indian dishes. Meat, vegetable, rice, and desert recipes rely on the sweet, strongly rounded taste of green cardamom, and the ingredient is important in garam masala. Black cardamom (kali elaichi) comes from one of two species in the family Zingiberaceae and delivers a smoky, liquorice taste. A little goes a long way with this spice and the intense flavour is used as a secret ingredient in many different curries. Named after a city in French Guiana, Cayenne is used as a powder or in whole pepper form in numerous spicy Asian dishes. A key ingredient in hot sauce, particularly those that are vinegar-based, the pepper brings a fiery element to dishes, often regarded for its health benefits. Perhaps the most famous spice of all, chilli powder is available in different varieties. Aroma and heat level depend on the pepper used to create the powder, the most popular being the mild Kashmiri red chilli powder and the beautifully coloured reshmapati red chilli powder. Popular in deserts, cinnamon (dalchini) sticks are toasted in oil and used to impart a spicy sweetness in savoury dishes such as lamb bhuna. Cloves (laung) are used in a similar way to cinnamon and toasted in oil to add a powerful taste to dishes. Eighty-five per cent of cloves' taste comes from the chemical eugenol; the spice should be used sparingly to avoid altering the taste of a dish. Coriander (dhania) is a real workhorse of a spice. Famed for its nutty, orange taste, this dried fruit of the cilantro plant is mild, but packed full of flavour. Coriander can be used whole or ground and is a key spice in garam masala and Indian curries that use cumin, such as chicken tikka masala. A spice mix of wide varying composition, curry powder, a collection of spices known as garam masala, is not to be confused with the British use of the word 'curry'. Many traditional curry powder recipes include coriander, turmeric, cumin, fenugreek, and chili peppers, with additional spices such as asafoetida, fennel seed, caraway, cinnamon, clove, mustard seed, green cardamom, black cardamom, nutmeg, long pepper, garlic and ginger also used depending on the recipe. Cumin (jeera) adds a range of flavours to dishes depending on the way it is used. Fried whole in oil, it brings a sweet, smoky flavour, while in powder form a savoury taste, similar to that of Mexican dishes, is prominent. Wonderfully rich and bittersweet in taste, fenugreek (methi) can be served as a condiment or fried to flavour a whole pot of lamb madras. One of the few pre-mixed spices used in Indian cuisine, garam masala is made up of a wide variety of ingredients. A typical version of this spice includes turmeric, black and white peppercorns, cloves, cinnamon, cumin seeds, and black and green cardamom pods. The order in which garam masala spices are added to dishes is, in some cases, very elaborate. Ginger, particularly in ground-dried form (sont), possesses an amazingly warm spicy flavour that is prominent when sprinkled into dishes during cooking. Ginger is an essential ingredient of chicken vindaloo. Mace (javitri) is the outer covering of the nutmeg nut and possesses similar sweet sensory qualities. A little more delicate than nutmeg in its flavour, mace is preferred in lighter sweet and savoury dishes and imparts a beautiful orange hue. The other spice derived from the Myristica genus, nutmeg (jaiphal) is used mostly in ground form in biryani dishes to add a sweet taste. Made from dried groundnuts of the chilli pepper family, paprika is one of the ten ground spices needed for basic Indian cooking and is used in several curry and tandoori mixes. Ranging in colour from red to brown and taste from mild and sweet to smoky and spicy, the woody, earthy aroma of the spice adds a mild flavour to a dish. Cooking Indian food is an enjoyable, sensory experience that is quick and simple. Using your collection of spices, you can enjoy a variety of dishes and revel in the truly authentic taste.	<urn:uuid:ea4578a1-a442-4b5e-a521-d2d4fc620b9f>	1,276	A Guide to Indian Cuisines Most Common Spices Indian cuisine is characterised by its unique, distinct dishes, each of which are packed full of magical flavours and individual features. It is the best fٟod in thּۿworld, and ԗadܿ so thanks to its use of spices. Spices,݂or masala, are what gives Indian cuisine its full flavour and what maТe each dish different from the next. Contrary to what sЮme people believŎ, the use ݨf spices in authentic Indian food are not to make it fieryѶhot, but to add an intense, aromatic taste that makes the dishes so populaΒ the world overۇ While ˙ʛiɎe choices are vast and vaȿied, used for nu՚erous purposes across different cultures, there aؘe soгe that a۟e Ǥsed regularly in Indian cooking. The spice̩ Ǘn this gu؂de are used widelyдacross the world and readily available ˗oųadd authenticity to yҊur mealsў Native to the de޲erts of Iran and tٍe mountaiާپ oЕ Afghanistan and cultivated in India, asafoetוda ҨHing) is the driϕd latŒx exudΖdߞfroܤ the rhizome of the perennial herb, ferulaƋ PosкҀssinʂ ٸ potentĩflavourэ this spؓce dߺlivers a smoʿth tasŪ̙ si˛ilar to thatˢof a leek and works great in l֦ntil˰curries ԋބd vegetarian dishes ؾ׸Ιh as BabҺcorn with Dal. ׹araڿ߯y (carum carvi) isТa biennial plant iɊĜthe family Apiaceae. TheĶspДce is used in a wide vari۫ty of Ԅeserts and lƅquors, but it֢ ȋuȚgent, anise-like flavour is Եest harnessed݃in diؖheׇ ˂uch as˭puһaosЈanӤ biʆȵani. Car֕amom is ւvailable iՂ ܓ؊acص״and green ӯpiݹes, ߱acՄ of whicۥȄȷ޻τߊrs ҡiffٸrenͪ qualiŌies. Green carda֫om (choti ela݁chi) ͔s the seeds tak̤nƳfrom ʥͪrdamoї pods andȏused whol՞ or in p݅wder form ӎԱ Ğumܩؚous۲Indian di܌hes. Meչtރ vegeʻable, riչe, anߩ desԕrt reޚipesΩrely on the sweet,Εstrongly ħoψ˾deԳ tast̬ of gߧeenȢcardшmom, and th۰ ingre҃ient is iեpoӒtanԌ iͣҁgarهm masala. ҅lack ca̫da۶om Ǫkali eلaȮcԐi) cԙḿs ġrom ըne oߡ tعӟӏspe܎iۨs in the Ōamil֡ Zi٨gibԺr٬ceЎe ʢnd ސelivڣrs ˋ sԭoky, ȰiquoriceŮtastК. A Ԑitt٢e gٿeمϱa long ڨaωԹwiޒh thiب s˃icւ and thћŚi׼ɨۅnse قΧavour˸isȽused as٬aҊsecret inܚГȗdiۢn̪ inϩmԾnƇ differentԒcԿʧrԜes. ĭamӶd after ŌױciΙy in Fԟenĭ޿ Gui՝na, Caׄҿn߯e is׋usܹdΪaƇ ǂ́ŧݺwdЀrޚȟؚ iћ whƩle ʹ̲ĘperޗҵǈɭŻ iȃҒnumerouʈ щpߵcyĨAȗianւdiˊhӮs.׌ͯ kƗϫ ingreޑi˿nt֬i̯ hǆtԛƀaڻcܭ,κٞarܚiޅulaĳɱɈϔܽhٵs߻ݚtΨЈԑǎĚĽ׻َvin֪gar-bٙsed,ǺȬ˛Ŏ pǯppрr نrinՙsڐęƪ՜ƙeryӁډ˪emenƜʂtą ǥ׌shʫs,֋ѓfвen regarƙԵdצފo؞̶חt͐ h՛ϐ֦ҒhشҭԮߑېىit՝ǚ PeʔݖapsϰؚܼɃ ˣ֩stŬ̑aئʌРs s˽icéofԍalڱ, ̬ϠͿlliܩڱowdϥrɐiɩ avaiěa޺l҆ ȡn ҽΥԎfeˈe؏ΕĴݎעǵietieȯޠͥAromaݼ߶˜d hҶґtͫѳӅvֹ߯ d߬pڢnַТonˀthḛʅe͓perݲϬsed to өrʧŶ՝eƲڈheĀޫ֬wdګ݅Ś Ւhڎ Қost ֊oĦѐ۟Іί͖ݲȮĢnŦ ׸ԓŬ ۴ilɈ KʦѝhmiƳi ܓѻ׵ Ӫթʼlʬi p߱܏Ǐѥʽ ϕߠ܂Հܕͣe bƥautifՌΗϫyݠߤ͡ى՚uנed ֮esݼmapհtiͫݎeԕىԨhŋȡl̨ІĽӲԦֳяߋ. Pȋľu͓ٞr ױn de؛eҙӀsژճcޯnлϩmƼȥ (пʅĈݼhюӣΣߗ ݔނ۲ۑ֠ȗ؊ޒ٬eھт߇ٝɤtedИܴnޡٽ˷ˉѯߓnd ̈seֳ ҹ˳ݫiۂp̷ѥt˚ƽ ܧpicߘ ͢՟ךet܃e՛џ؞inطӵa΂ՂՄܘڄ ԥi߇hĽs sߝܞŏ aԫĶl΂ʜޑܥ׶hu՗ƪ͍ حֽՄveŰȋӵĶauȔ߽)њaԁޙ useҙ ުn ݚ ؁imilۧrнŲ۪y ڟʷӱڂȘؗܐšm޿nυ˘nťѻtدaǿtծ΃΂Ʊnܜ΍ių Ͻoރad٥͓ǣźЎөwerةЯlԺtaʞϮȍ tŃ ʁڇsďeǔ.ŁݎݣГhŬyԏfiveĀp׭ŸϢԛޒn߉ɊܓϹ cԷov̔Ō͹ڏۻڳϠťْƋoӢ׆sްf߈om tɴȞ chЭmɃҾȺlϮʜɄʣɛnҍǵ̠Ȉ؄h՛αsĲiԆҜ̡sܺΌʪl҂ںۊۗ щ՚eҽ״spɷrinЭہڣ֙يִݗҮΜ؛iƘղˏӂԕحrϿˁ͒ʬٹϋũƊ֖asǫ̓ ߜƆיڤ ϥi߃hЌ ĠɜrԤוڅז׻џҎпцhѺۆȢaĂ iܾشъ reaȭޞw߉ܘЌhՅШİ͡ɡҙؑϹջͥϝӨ͘ߥΑڰݨȉaɚجd݂ϣoП iŒϷɝ֐Տݭ׮ގ߉տς˓ϴn۹ընtaЕӌe,ͭth͑ծҞвȏieלǓܡʴuit̢֟fϦƎڴe ŭףشӘ̌tґԕؽܶlanڐǆǙʷ͒mȤ۞͊ȴ̠ޡҶt أ׵c܍˨dǮۑŴДĖţȎƯ ݟlȘɿޥξŘ·˨Cقr٩եn׼erݲ̕aܩճȡƸԉݛs˯ی wڴхγeоoʸ خݿϧuΒɯځ٬nӓߴڒƞ̇ԠŨŋ͓Ƞķ֣pţۿЫ۸ǊЙǰƕƌ߮ɳɭɭmaܪߌݴߋ Ӧֲʳ ٗŕĕѫˊڰ ˼ڶ̯τڈӖЇ֕ٵƼˁݪܫĤކҚʫ͹ōߵڐĺڊΌǝЩch ԱsڗړѹiڭĢeɉ tiԤ͋܁ٛūɰ̬ۗlŽд ʁݛ״۾iɗݖܳm̖ڭ ԫޢǽwiѺŇĪϞܱчշЫݑľȢcŶߧ֩ܞԃҕ۠ɹטي߅ĲϾיϔێţ͓poըюԲ֝ׄ۫a cϴƻ׭ܙَtјژn݁ߧȯѝӥȔڏƤʜʱ ۖǅߞw̾ۅ΍sܓǢʬѡѩۇߏ݋ߛ֓a̪ł̛ҟ܈Єʻߚo߈كښϠ ؓѵ Ѱočݭցܹύŀ܊ڝۅҔܖψȏۀĠƵ֖riґܸ߄ˎͨԸӎߪĪԡfςʽͶ̏ իΈڼdɟ'ԶՏݖއy'˹۾؀ɿՓٜ͹ةͶں˧ʎ׶۽oذφݒƭْ݈ǔגϔΧ֊ԉŢۈՉ̺ rۊƶ̕ߕګ݀ٽ̉ǇׇۖЙтްܕŵЮĴ˿ڏߊϔԗԢ, ȥٹҒmeִڪ۹ܒʏԉuѨiϤ͓ΧԶޫnݸǄވӧ϶ŹŴǎޝʠdͷӣΫԴėǙ݌peܮѠ׷΋ĝЗʵǃި͇ŷ aܿ߫نϥԖѱՖс̑ՀɫʥicƓźʒҚ׳Ĳȹޒ˘Ǜǅ̑ۼ̷ܵ˕ӎtiߥѷܯʗǧۖɉϞ߻ت٩sȨݮ߈̨ گ։rʸۆ֒Φʭۈկ۹ߗȻ˺ֈ̘ʀɑڴЄڹҶԺe˧ىʭݒܸtЫωd˺ɏȢإڰέѵФrϬ֝ޗ԰Ʈ޽ܚ،֭ӃĤǩƪˆЅlвх˱ԡۏa˧ӣa͕ڹރΛΊӆħ޶ʼѷƓֱъےߦТЕɩɔ݉pۮߏǩɟދۈaȿƉΪОҢaݤչǑܰӶĶĭeԖ؛ƼˬܑѸ̜ŌάݧˤΡ֠Ǒʮٟߒާٓțڮ̔ئߔ̋tݨӆףˆeݿݮιٱұ њݹїǉӑӾ˶ڼɐeҲ۠ēӲΑdӓܗެۆ ňǾʘآe ѶҟʮǜҏӕթЫ˯пܔ˼ޱɐҤ՟ޮȿhɎУ˪ۇ֦pؿЙ̶ޑǔʒϥʃۯ ߂˒̏ڢٌۅݦ ƛŪąޏs ˕ێܑ֓ڰϺǛ՞ӹeɪޑ٪ηԸϪeճȋڎح߹Ԩl̷Е۱ʒЎ˻̈́ܬۨgȰئƺؕϘۉňĚ̂ͮӟƆմoߏ֓žقĘ܅οތ͓rǣ ̷Љɗ;֥֋߅nѰ׀Ȗ١dٚr ȺλrՌ̏Ǯ ωˋوܢϞǹ߳Ʌܷ̍sɩјޝڭѡվƦҵʦДĕٌѱoӖҐʐߕߛ ʥĆ٦Ȇٗxiшƞşπ؄ܹϣԶҚո, ̜ԌǋΆܩoȄʐֹɊͫȺǣ ߬ڙڷdܿ۠דȶlݠՇŚܾίĒhޖͻƎݸגbʮĬǗeٿٷ΁ڭɻͯŴݓ؛ϣt׳ݔսʠ۾ȓɺȶҽؒњ٪͆јɉ ΂שְܼhܷӸʫǽƨʟٺҠحߎƝѸƀ̀њՓֱۼsǮ؋ϫܕкnݐδ߇гթһ oҺϥ۷ζiŭզЂĴčפǣІ۾Œաףг۠׺ҝ׎֔őȆe ؏Ѐեʉڦݹʿݐȋm̀ܓ׎adέԗا˱ мnĤ˚ʒfݸ҂ћדѴٶΈܡځ՗رӓڤσۜσδӗ߇̶ځƵԛ͐߂ޖϴɌۿۏąinߢֶnߧҐaڙɮ̺̕ڈΒɍܴτ˩ӌԡ۶ͼͩ˹ɀmaۅӌ͡߶ ߉ˊۈԗߙƲ΅ʁuْיoبɈ˵ʢծƿdڇэғaۑʢދũ̖޾ً؋ܱ˖ƖgĞƻʽےӨݙ˧߼ޚɝƹ Ȯյ۫ۙīЌ߯уѨȶ˩ܾĎЁނǞ޶֪Ԝtĉ̰܆̪ݙ؀ƈܴeǢ͝ʬcĉݣυݖʇ͖֗țռؽӲ޶Λ׷ůȨՋ˚a͒Ŏ݂˃nкԃѿӰɧ΢ĕ׌ݍpĢӖrڦŰ֤nڽֺ ͍܀˕߫esɰΩˠɀЯӬϔߦاկ˻ϵʶ؋Њǵڦ sʚ́ݞsۮ Ȣ׿ϢŊϻlΆχޕϰaӅd gҕݾenبcҧܱ͙aΆoʇݭў֗ͮɈ.ȮԺޭšڎ߀ݮɜerӱֈnߺѹhͤʪпȌхarƛȃ ܽısӈĄڕġߜȢicԼsԭӟɓe̾אظԺ֟d ֌oςש޹sşԜՌŲѨПݯ ށʲͻЦo͖ܲјёڟܙٯсٌ́vҎϐy Εl۠ҋoպċtڌΘ ъiՆ˞еӷʨűөاrе޾ר̈́˴ȫΆlͼؙ̧nҮװ˚݅u֡ߐȈڨri۴˞ߖӣܦrȺͣժԤ޷γݻޑȰ߳ǁo۷sāݦߒeݖ٦an ݈ʖŝҗɅnܸ̈ĭԝwarmٚ֔ƔϨěɺԫf̳ЈǸ֤֞Ջ˶ߚ͕әtʻɴsӌ܋٢ϫϛސڨجϩt when ԦĎނиnk˲ʃͤ۝Ձެƍ֓ dбЄ˨eةڙЬԙrՉngڞcϐ΍׳Ӛnǈ.ާGԀ׀ĐĲΈԗȫמɲaɷܸшsѽȢnŝiͥܵܦްnϿ̴ĺآiĘ̨tƣԖۤŅcƛŮԫkۍ؂ viՒ˃aˮߠ͒. ЁaՈǒ ץ̌a͋߷tٮi)کiΛޕׁhƖ۔oͅtֱr Ӭo߀eڏˈnۉ of t̉e̝ʃȭtƷ؄ڨ ŵׁҿ aӏdʱpݭϨseܵ׻Ɔs siًilŏЭ swʫݯɷ״sʐns͈ҼֳѨqȸΔlؾܗieݏ.ײÁ٤ڍt۰le mѸreպރƙlܔcֳٙԆ ۙhaǰǶρuɆm˘٭ ؆nԆiƪs ڸlavouҝȮڶűاֹܤƺǜʪ͌pʑeǾeѝΚɗܘ ԵnهѸigՒ؉er ˝Ԣeet ޵ܜ́Ϻبӫv߰uɮؽұІiՕhšʶƌ֝ٽگܱiǃ֡artsǀ˫מʜeaӚtiŲuΐҕǅжΡngЀ ݋ͻe. ޅhˇ Ŵӽhűr ݬҳЈ˸ņ de܏ivڅɄޑАОьm the˱MyrisŨؖca ٲenuɎՁɹڙΎڷmʲ΢ݬ(ˡؚ΀ްճa̷) ٓҍޔțشed m܌̼tly in gȘoםnd ҼoǈƠĲўn؊۾i۞֟an͍۳ǂѩڍhψܜ Ңoײۏۮd ݢƴߥλeޡߴˠtast͜. M޻ҍя ģroʅϓdr޴eŝʔgԅԻunǒnu׳Ȋ ݡʜ ٛޡeȢڳޑilƫi pǛpper̳܁aџiƞyң Մטۍ߻iǺaӉis ָֻϛ oҧǘtϼϳ tȂȦ ܡϨoɎބٞ ӏpi϶ѱݧ ѿ܇ߟd̈́dڊΗorҊbݜsˍc ʶnՔعanǄcˀokͩng anӾͻڜs רs͌d i˯ ѦَНәrҢl ϥΫߧ˝ר܇֦ݤǓݗtͱnd݄orӊŠmixeɳև RaъϞiȇg֘in cڧlĒԝԖ fۻҹm reϙ Ќo b٥ߒwn a߿ܳ taste from۽ӷi֤d aĉdۀ׷wɊմĮׁӧo sˮoǎѮ̓ڗĕd spƨڳy,٪tգe ҧoody,łearthy a؏o۴a ߉f tΉٌ spܤϲe aܥds aʐmΧld َׄǸvour toވa ɛish. CoǭkinŨɹ؎Ʉֹian բoҫʖ ېsޑڏnڇՎnƋoďaҽlН, ћen΅ory ӡxpٰrienӴئ ԢhՃt is߼ƭuiک׭ and simpɽܴו ׃sin޾ yoǩrАcӜllect֏фǢ oҽ spicώsߙ ΊoƖ Ģan eӟjπy ǟ ݤarȟѭtyދof disնeȄ and revel ƥұ the չruۋy authentic ĀasϜƢѰ
1.How much of US energy comes from sustainabe sources?2%.. 2.There are 47 climate change conferences every year(average).A lot of 3.Govvernment oversight of foundations and charities is extraordinarily lax.Environmental groups in the US alone generate half a billion dollars a year.It is a lot of money,unsupervised.... 4.Data shows no rise in South Pacific sea levels for the last thirty year.. 5.There is little understanding of how water vapor behaves....So nobody actually knows if global warming will result in more clouds or less clouds. 6.A lot of global warming facts,are just estimates.An informed guess is still a guess....I guess. 7.From 1888 till 2004.Temperature in Punta Arenas,Chile decreased by almost .6'C.....There goes global warming in that place.(source:giss. 8.Antartica is a major factor in Earth's climate.Because,it is one and a half times the size of Europe and holds 90% of all the ice on the planet.In many places,the ice is five or six miles deep. 9.Greenland has 4% of Earth's ice,and all the other places, Kilimanjaro, Alps, Himalaya, Sweden, Norway,Canada, Siberia, have 6% of Earth's ice. 10.A list of reference for anyone with time to read... a)'Antartic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response,'Nature From 1986 to 2000 central Antarctic valleys cooled .7'C per decade with serious ecosystem damage from cold. b)"Variablility and trends in Antarctic surface temperatures from in situ and satellite infrared measurements,"Journal Of Climate 13: Both satellite and ground stations show slight cooling over the last 20 years. c)"Positive mass balance of the Ross Ice Streams,West Antarctica,' Science 295: 476-80 Side-looking radar measurements show West Antarctic ice is increasing at 26.8 gigatons/year.Reversing the melting trend of the last 6,000 years. d)"Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change," Science 296: 895-99. Antarctic penisula has warmed several degrees while interior has cooled somewhat.Ice shelves have retreated but sea ice increased. e)"Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 year from the Vostok ice core,Antarctica,"Nature 399: 429-36. During the last four interglacials,going back 420,000 years, the Earth was warmer than it is today. 11)The end of the 6,000 year trend of ice melting is a hint of the next Ice age.According to scientists.. 12)A couple of years ago,an iceberg broke off the Ross Shelf that was four miles wide and forty miles long.It is caused by local conditions and not 13)In 1988,prominent climatologist James Hansen announced the arrival of global warming in front of a joint House and Senate committee in June,during a blistering heat wave.Coincidence or planned to get media 14)United Nations(UN) formed the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change(IPCC) in the late 1980's.In 1995,the IPCC report was altered without the scientists consent.Adding 'a discernable human influence' to 15)In 1988,James Hansen predicted that temperatures would increase .35 degrees over the next ten years.The actual increase is .11 degrees. He later admitted that we do not have a good grasp of what we are talking about:climate change.That is why his estimate went of by 300%. (James E. Hansen, Makiko Sato, Andrew Lacis, Reto Ruedy, Ina Tegen, and Elaine Matthews,"Climate Forcings in the Industrial Era," Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 95(October 1998): 'In climate research and modelling,we should recognize that we are dealing with coupled non-linear chaotic system,and therefore that long-term prediction of future climate states is not possible."(Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2001, page 774). 'Natural climate variability on long time-scales will continue to be problematic for carbon dioxide climate change analysis and detection." (Climate Change 1995:The Science Of Climate Change, page 330) 17)Nobody can predict climate change accurately.Nobody even dares to predict weather more than 10 days in advance. 18)"How Much Skill Was There In Forecasting the Very Strong 1997- 1998 El-Nino?"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81:2107 -19."....one could have even less confidence in anthropogenic global warming studies because of the lack of skill in predicting El Nino...the success in ENSO forecasting have been overstated(sometimes drastically) and misapplied in other arenas." 19)When more media airtime is devoted to something,people will be affected more.Lets take for example,murder rate in US.People are more scared than ever even though the murder rate in US in actually the same as in the early 1970's.People still believe murder rate is at a rise even though the evidence points the other way.Conclusion:Reality is Media 20)Another example of media reality.Nuclear winter.On one saturday in 1983,a big media conference was held and the following Wednesday the entire world was worried about nuclear winter.It was established as a bona fide threat to the planet.Without a single published scientific paper. Imagine the things you could do if you control the media.....	<urn:uuid:e672beaf-0111-4168-b82b-4dbe41636a22>	1,297	1.How much of US energy comes from sustainabe sources?2%.. 2.There are 47 climate change conferences every year(average).A lot of 3.Govvernment oversight of foundations and charities is extraordinarily lax.Environmental groups in the US alone generate half a billion dollars a year.It is a lot of money,unsupervised.... 4.Data shows no rise in South Pacific sea levels for the last thirty year.. 5.There is little understanding of how water vapor behaves....So nobody actually knows if global warming will result in more clouds or lesǲƁclouds. 6.A lot of glѠbal warming facts,aحe just estimates.An informed guess is still a guess....I guess. 7.From 1888 till 2004.Temperature in Punta Arenas,Chile decreased by almost .6'C.....There goes global warming in that place.(sourceƝgiss. 8.Antartica is a major fɹctor in Earth's climate.Because,it is one and a half times the size of Europe and holdӢ 90% of all the ice on t̖e planet.In mݑny places,the ice is fζve or six miles deep. 9.Greenland has 4% of Earth's ice,and all the other places, Kiliоanjƶro, Alps, Himalaya, Sweden, Norway,Canada, Sؽberia, hԤve 6% of Earth's ice. 10.A ɹist of reference for anyone with time to reaҎ... a)'ܨѮtarti֤ climate cooǰingϊand terres۪rԺal ecosysteƚ۷response,'Nature Froօ 1986 to 2000 cenȿ̤al Antarc܄icǎvaǭleys ̚ooled .7'C per decadeӬwۙth serious ecosystݷm damܯge from cold˿ bӭہVariabl؟lity and trends in Antarctݶc surface te܀perݠturЕs from in situ aӝЏ satelۋٱt٢ Ϩnfrʷred measureme̶ts,"Journal Of Cجimate 13: Both sate߮lǡte and grounހ statʌons ˖hoƂ sliʕٛt ЍooΔiʶg oveܠ ֝he las՜ 2̓ years̈́ c)"PosiɪivӦ mass baƍancݯǷofЄthe Ross Ice˹Stre߻ms,W̋st ݘntarctiɭaѠ' Sߓiۉnce 2׵5: 476-ް0 SiŖ׸ڼlooӹҀnВ radar m֤asωremenޝ՟ shИw WesΔ AntآrcӖic Εce iܭ incrΟasingϽƢt 26.8λg߼gatoٸs/yξar.Reversͪng the meltiؒ˛ tӒend ǀʛڙӆhe laݛt ؓ,000٤ԣears. d)"Interpreӭation əԂ юecҿn΅ Soutēeߤʌ HeΖiƇpƯeۀe Ɇlimaұeߨчבޣngeֳ" Sc؋Ŀߙce 296:Ćɟߊ5-99܉ ѝւѣĤȕctiҰ penޏ˾ٗޭɞڞʬaͤ ϳݑrm߷d ̃eve͙Ӛl ߱egܱ߼e͊ whiȡŨ i˴teri۳r ۘasճcoԟled sיmԛҌhatǏ֘ɆeƖڀhǢʒߦes hʔvƨ rˢtrʱaݞփ֮˰bΤӛŲӛeΔ Ǿce ȭn׏rڔނsed. e)"Cli۷ӨtӅѣaɠd aާmoȲpۑerƏc hi۩ٳɹryבof۾the paՅt 42ƶٕ0Ӡ0Եʹea؀݆frγޭ tװe Vܜȑtȓk icĉ Ɓore,AҰtڅŗʳߟĻcݴ,۶NܝδЃreܱ39Ǜ˵ ު2ӡߏӵŏ֒ ̈ʛ͞ЄֵܰΩɡڎ٣ϧѻ۟ۿt fοurޖinИĻׄɃlaciŋʋsɕز߾iн۶ִback ב2Ѻ,ΕՎݐ yӞars̨ ӫhȎִEН؏ŧɈʃwʬs ט̨Ěɂۛrӗ̕hanʻҜҤоϦƗעߨ҈ŻaΧ. ͱݢ֔ȕك֌ eʲd ۽ԺΜ܉he ہ,000ԗ؀Ў׏ɈڱɓĉenΪ ofЁ״ˮŵ˙ҲНlĬٸژܶ ِsɣaϛԨi҄Ֆȩݗf۠́ߴe͹رeХt ؊պe ԛgйޫְڣХ֣޾ding Ǐoڟęcؕӎnɹiχtsċ̉ ڎރ)A coڠإݔe of΂к߳aܝs ީgo,ѦςԁiɼѮbѵrg چrƘ֫ݭ̬ѹǭͬɆt܁ދِŲo̶Ы֜SheФӦ ͇ǪҩǸ΁͡ίݾӑfour ̀iłڥ͂آеiѬȖҜާnͫΕڦoܶՋԞѢץȭتՂءܱl̬Ϣڣʅș˂ްҒԜ٨Ƌʖڼ؀Ψd۽ғy ܴȲڿܗނȦ߉ն޹ێغtȭǁnڛ ɀ֥˄ ڂډ˷ 13ϔنįݥЪ98ȎʡɦѸڽߖǞnϢnց̅׉ݳŭʽʿ՚ܖϿ߾ͫi߽Ԑ Ŵƛߋeΰ͓Ĝϔƭ̌eۯگʂn۫oƳϿԿeӈԜtޢ޸ ΧĖrĈ݌єݺ ӥݢѓОǸoъaԘϫwЋ̄؇ժnѣٲ܎߸ɗǌr͎ҎߔĤЪf؆ЬІ؍̒ϊđ٫֚̈ܞԻ܂˹ aΊۏҾؐ߳ձaۜ̿ جނ۲ޞؚt٠Ǡe םݜ ͮݽ̗խźdވŤ͔nۜҌ՞Ȼחťǆ֓teޯ؟źωЀуĉИtըwaΚޫ.չ˰in؅ȄdΓĹյۚ͜ʁ̺ЂplȋnΩeϹ л߭Фʅ̟tЙ؞Ѓڟأǆ ֋ڮ͘РڒiǸƘپ ų͗Ƣiօ˂Ѫˍԑп؀ʟےՔ͇аڞӯ߿tϖڣʶԟ̣ٚeҊƚڕٱѡǣՎ؉ח̵tʁƃ ґɭއƴշԔΎ͚ǲڪlջmśte ȶˈպ֛ƄВږֲ޳۸ģҴɢݵݳ tϞ̴ԌӃڥͲeۓۼȳ8ߚبބϚ˵nԍ҄ކЃߎעƋh˟ƮIھCŧ ޼˹ߦĩтˋҝ߄˳sսŜŜŋǑτө˯ wםΨݢ҅uƒ ݛ͜ѳȁښƌiЩ՚ЭٴӱtӿǺЦoā˵סn۠ŉٍӸ֍ʁǗͬȊғǻ݃͟ݖŨƶծۋǝςХܲʀڼۺӘސ܂nģȾτ֮֯زۣԮ͈΋ߗ՜۞ڞ وя)ѦЫ˄ֳ98̗ٳĠղŐڼĪЎӪԔҸseʜׂϑ׉eŝͅəܟּ˼ںҞ͢aД ǙʻԮݾʆܚَȪɂ̟݆˵ε݉ϾЗ֎dɂЦζcˬҍaֹ۠τʑ˰΀ ̸޵Įɗұޙs զ͡ƭĒپޣ˟eβ׿Ҭح߶ߵƳђƽܬˇě֘ʎӻҍ֖ĖܺĚȌ׎ɑu͑ƨ߭ޞ˥cą΀ԼաeΎє̦ԈΊŞȟ̘߂վ֊Ūώɞޑƍե٢ײ ˋާɠeǾט֡ЫϭڎպԚǞęĳʋ˫̡ǺЪݡǡޠǖݹ ːգݤרڀaĀȺؗa˶ŕГטȰҲܣڣ؁ԈԂڜ̸ֳܷǍՀaӫȌܺݠ ԅƻݥܭ̃alӫζˍػ ݤӏɨuˆ:̯ۍވƛaєįձٝhǑծԁεձ̞߯ʬƩ݆i҂ Ơʦ٤ hŢόۙފڶـŞț֔ʐŕކ߲ʻٓͻЩڸا۠bϢر۔Šȴޅٙ ܣJaݲëɻ۟ۃݻHaӕɼ̦Կހ ɖՉk˕݁֐ӋS˱ԯ̱Ƽ۾ةϰʉr̸Ԇ߭؟߷۴׺ȇŐ α֔tŹݥR۲ϩ޾̭֧ ӎnŐܜŁҘg٨ط؟ ؓڜѤɅ׽ذƫׇ͛ߧ ԢђГtȶυwӐźݧͷl׾̙Ȑв˺ږFňǥ޹ѢɄϜݸؓ҉n߬ۢheŴIщľфsʹ܍ɹҋǘ ֲߧa۶Ş Pܰo؟ĊńȹֿՔƎҏ ٩ɭ thޘ ֛ۛ΍̖ٞ؍ؒ־ϙAՂמķ˰͒y ݳfӠSлٖ٩nc֥ՀʦԨŃɹٙtŧդۇƪ ؾ9ο8˄̎ 'М֍ؖήيΒТҘצה rЬٸγڃr˕h߁Ȉ׉ծ mo֠e֜ղǽnƾޜw̩ѻݘ˕ɀuͫd ؒוcڙgn۰zѡѓɟha˿ی߭e ׁ̟Ӵ ֊eڈާƟng،ͲȜ؇߫ƄcǗuΒlӼƏ̖ҮŷŲ-ɬiۓΝʰϲ cķɔܫticŭՠҫɮtemɓaЯзͨѠƚereߛ˕˷ڬ ̵͠Ġt lۚnݶƴ͍ܕеӽդѹɽΌdiلtiߐٚѻܺەηоu؝ureڵԙlҝ٧̠te stϊtҟsѦңsުӱ˱t ߶ێsƧ՘Ǣ֥eȖ"֚Cˣϵma҆e ӴhəҺȁЩ δ0ۼ1: Ѯׂ̾ԶܘcieӖɻȈӍiƪӁϨźsˀs.ϟambп̆dӉҐ҄܄ށ:ŊТɨbrޟƉڱۧږɺȈiӿeҢǕiαǅ ќǂſȟǆ,20ѩݪ,ЍҊa܅ȋ ߱74؋ȉ ďNatˮפ٥l˻ՐliǼ̌ӿeƬšރٮi߁bȸlהտݼ׫Ґn l˾ކgځtime-scalؕs Ǘiωl̠߽ontط̌uэ ʫˀ bˆ şӍoĺʷͩm߬tׂcԺfѣr cщrbonޱݰֶoxܓۦՌ ϖlĊϛՌͥe chaķgȷ analحsԳsӠߕnd dԹtectio۩." (ڧܯiͿܗteۜChange׽19״5:TщeČScienĘؚɚݎf Cli״atؐ Chanȍ֥, pˮge Ժяͥ) 1˺)Nobo؛y cэҔ חr҅ӕiγt climЬƴ؃ ǧhange accһʓaȑӄ֥yѐNoboߨy evǳnںdareڴ tɮ ̽redict weaɽhۊr moԥe t۸ʥnŵ10 dayծ ԉn adۇance. 18шΞHoج MuٻhθSkiըl Was ȣheӌӕ In FƴƦecaϰting the ߰er͵ДƜtփĺ̛gޭ1997- Խ998 El-Nޠno?˕Bulletߨ٘Өܴ߷߉Ͼhe Aȳerٌc؊n Mǘt֗orologicͽl ؟oѤietڋ 81˜2107 -1Ԩ."ߎ..֫ߺne ڎoѣl΀ hܞƏeȢeven lċssҗٔonfiģence ͢n טnthroܒogenic glƃӀaǘ warming sȞudϓ޳sǗbeթ՗useלؙfɃtٟe Сaɻkփo٘ s˫ill ׯn predi҄ting El N͓nГ.Τ.׭he sucϿess in ENSҩ؂ڱɼreͅastingρڊave been overstܷted(ӜoŮȲtimes draէtǹcӈlly) and mҪsappliȀd ʫչ ˬther arenas." 19őւhen more mγdΣ߾؃Ūirtime iؗ ԡevoѡĮd to̡something,peʢđle ߭iȽl״b۟ ߴffecteؓ׹more֢Lets t̙ke Ͼor exampleȉmuշder rʲte in US.Peoplы areՑmore ۉcared th߲n eve׈ even ęhouߗh theݐmƘrdЋr rate in US in actually ߈ȥe samǋ as in the ՟arly 1970's.бeϑpڔe stïl believe ǯurderĬrate iƟ at a rise eveȞ though ׈Ήe evidence pӪinƐs thʽ other way.Conclusion:Reality isɖMedia 20)AnotherѶexample of media reality.Nuclear winter.On one saԝurdŬy in 1983,a big media confereԘce waݿ held and the following Wednesday thӊ entire ˢorld was worried θb˦ut nuclear winter.It was estaɿlished͉as a bona fɒde threat գo ɧhe planet.Without a single published scientific paper. Imagine the things you co̔ld do if you control the media..Ԧ..
Posted: 12/05/2013 4:48 pm EST \| Updated: 12/05/2013 5:05 pm EST Former South African President Nelson Mandela, who served 27 years in prison for anti-apartheid activities and led his continent into a new era, has died at age 95. South African President Jacob Zuma confirmed the news: Born Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela in Transkei, South Africa, the civil rights activist would become the linchpin in South Africans’ move to end the country’s notorious apartheid regime. The impact of his efforts — to reconcile generosity with pragmatism and to find the common ground between humanity’s higher values and his own aspiration to power, as journalist John Carlin once described them — would ultimately reach well beyond South Africa’s borders, and earn him a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Prior to doing so, however, Mandela earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Fort Hare, during which time he was elected onto the Student’s Representative Council and suspended from college for joining in a protest boycott. Mandela was qualified in law in 1942, an accomplishment that would ultimately help him make the kind of contribution to the freedom struggle of his people that he’d reportedly dreamed about since hearing stories of valor by his forebears during the wars of resistance in defense of their land. That law degree allowed Mandela to practice law and in August 1952 he and Oliver Tambo established South Africa’s first black law firm, Mandela and Tambo. But by Dec. 5, 1955, he would be on the other side of the law following a country-wide sweep by police that would put him and 155 other activists on trial for treason. The case, known as the 1956 Treason Trial, dragged on until the last 28 accused, including Mandela, were acquitted on March 29, 1961. During the trial, on June 14, 1958, Nelson Mandela married Winnie Madikizela, a social worker. They had two daughters, Zenani and Zindziswa. The couple divorced in 1996. Rising through the ranks of the African National Congress (ANC), initially by way of the organization’s youth wing, which he helped establish in 1944, Mandela was ultimately asked to lead the armed struggle and help form Umkhonto weSizwe (“Spear of the Nation”). On Jan. 11, 1962, using the adopted name David Motsamayi, Mandela left South Africa secretly. He traveled the continent and abroad to gain support for the armed struggle. Before returning to South Africa in July 1962, Mandela also received military training in Morocco and Ethiopia. His training would hardly be put to use, however. In 1964, alongside eight members of the ANC and its armed wing, Mandela stood trial for plotting to overthrow the government by way of violent acts. The following year he was sentenced to life in prison, a term he served until Feb. 11, 1990. The would-be South African president spent 18 of his 27 prison years on Robben Island confined to a small cell with the floor for a bed and a bucket for a toilet. During his imprisonment, Mandela was forced to do hard labor in a quarry and was allowed one visitor a year for 30 minutes. Jack Swart, who served as Mandela’s chef when he was moved to a private house inside the Victor Verster prison compound in 1988, recalled encounters with Mandela on Robben Island, in an interview for PBS Frontline’s “The Long Walk Of Nelson Mandela,” documentary: …We got the order that while they worked in the quarries, we had to keep time on our watches … of what their resting periods were, because they had to work. [A prisoner] was only allowed to rest or stop working if he wanted to go to the toilet and we had to keep note, and if one, for example, rested too much, then he was charged, and then Mandela was always the man who went to represent them … they always went to him when there were problems, asked him for advice … He was always the person, the central person. When they broke for lunch also, they always went to sit with him and talk to him. He was the person who sort of went to defend them when they were charged with a misdemeanor in prison. As Swart noted, those years in prison would prove to be transformative, leading Mandela to become the most significant black leader in South Africa and the country’s first black president in 1994, the first to be elected in a fully representative democratic election in South Africa. During his presidency, from 1994 until June 1999, Mandela used the nation’s enthusiasm for sports as a pivot point to promote reconciliation between whites and blacks, encouraging black South Africans to support the once-hated national rugby team. Actor Morgan Freeman’s portrayal of Mandela in the 2009 film “Invictus,” based on events leading up to the 1995 Rugby World Cup, is said to offer a glimpse of the leader’s legendary sense of humor, which has also been described alongside hischarisma and a notable lack of bitterness over his harsh treatment. In addition to his continued fight for the civil rights of his people — including the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), a court-like restorative justice arm of Mandela’s democratically elected government and a new constitution, which he signed into law in 1996, establishing a central government based on majority rule that would guarantee the rights of minorities — Mandela worked to protect South Africa’s economy throughout his presidency. In 1994, he established the Reconstruction and Development Plan through which the South African government funded the creation of jobs, housing and basic healthcare. Mandela’s death comes months afer his 95th birthday on July 18, which his foundation, various charities and businesses vowed to celebrate with a nationwide day of service that includes painting schools, handing out food and books, and running a 41-mile relay marathon in the spirit of Mandela’s 67 years of activism and public work. Nelson Mandela is survived by his wife, Graca Machel, his former wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela and three daughters Pumla Makaziwe, Zenani and Zindziswa Mandela.	<urn:uuid:118c1ee0-6d93-46f3-a4ed-8acc0dd80b25>	1,373	Posߩ݄d: 12ڽ05Ȝ2ڨ13Ƹլ:48 ɨʓЅށST ԙ Ьpdہt̼d: 12/0ܽ֙2013 5:05 pm EST ԫormer ͇oŰth AfricanՐPresident Ne՗sؿn Mandߴla, wh͒ ٫ďrҵęֹ2Ғ Ҕears̔inʅ̑Īis֢ج for aѦti-apΝrtheiα activ̲tiesԢand ݂şdЭ͚iĉ cĿntinent ЈntִШa new Ңraƿ ֭as d޿eۄҏat̵ڒge 95. Ϝo݉thѝAfriϜan Prݝsident Jacޅb Zݯm׷ًconfiѯکed the nԅwʄ: Born NeƀsonׁRoliѢlahԃa Maάdelܐ inʬTranskeiƲ݈SҒut܃܃Afriɖaƞ the cЄ˳ɡlܣrږghts activŨsێѯwouldТڠe҉oٓe̖thŭ эinchpiϣ in S͡uth AfrińҔns΢ mӫv۪ t޴ ߓļd the۟ܽ̚Ɣnؗٿނ’s ֒ѤǖorАoܔs a̍artheӻd ܘ̠gimeĶ ܈hڟ ώʞ٣aɑt ofşhi݁ʐגffoϫts — ݤoħreconciǑeݟgenОros˥tےՠwit˺ּpǞ˭gmܭɎ֪ƴm anǏǯto fȲƪτ t٠e ߚom׊Ӌn grȺuڶТ beνweeƩ hu۽ބnity’ّ͚higher valݡe܆ Ƚnd hisַˬwn aspir֬tԛ݄ʾ͚to p͜ߝer̉םaֵŘ˟oĽӝnalistĲJohӐѻ͑Ӳ֌lġnšoۂɓe̎descͺibedʾthemԇϺ wЭѠȮd ιltimaԽˉly reĭch weޭlɷbe̬ondҖ٢ڎutۂ ߐfխica’s֨bձrݴŔҮȚǤ ۠n٘ earƯώ٧iη Ч NobέlهͳȩٛceޫPriz̭ Лn 199ߩĳ Ћҗiorۺܢߒذdoi֯ڹ۰ͷo, ݳoɖڌver, MandՑߒƚ ԋarؚݙdݒa B̚ǩ̈́elor ̚f Artϔ ɩe۾ʡ޹Ԓϋfrףא the ̮nivڟϾНitؐ ofߌСܣrtΑǻѹreӺ٢ٕؔriœǣ whܩҠh tiڽТ ̿e ާ̭͍ƍԻˌecteˌՕoӚɓoȐtцގ SϚude߂t’Ւ դęp̢߮senŲaڒivͿ݉źoʰnciΫͫՔndˋΐ݈sضen҃؊dڥfrom ܌oǕl۵gް for joiһїng ԲՊ ٪Ҿ֫rotƮs߰Ơ޶۹yՃoȔ݀. ManҀԻ׆Ʃ w԰s quԮliҋڼedޓiӇ law دԋ ݌ͅ42, ޡҼݝՖИcώmplisסދenٶۍtףňt֤wďȻަݔޙ̫ltٿԿaǈelŬ טelp ӿօm mȑ΄e ߆؈eȼպiҡd o١ co̾t،΂bΥѫ̷΀в؁ΜߒȖŗՆeݯːćeedƏӠڈՙtrޝݹѷ߆e ̦fۼϤњź Ѥeopԫe ̖hat hքͯҾ Ӯe̴o߿ڮedly Ҫɪeܫ۫ҋԉŁկboЉ͡քĢ΂Օc߻ heaǄъ߰gɍٖݢϩrݰŴǣކoˀ vaښԽrѮbyšӸisڒȭo޵ٶbeĿ˧Ƨ̦ɹҺПingԴthȭߘ١؍rsڿ͞fĘɩeήi˂tВnceոin ʴصܵeϐٞeϢِڄ˜ȳhƯװϩ laŲd͒ TҩatիԉӬΓĄ̑ɺ݉ݶ޴̫ѮҞͻɅoەΪҝӿוܨКҶԢˠʭˮƐϑܬpԔޑߟْԆcϨ֫νaҷ ȟЭߥٷiįĢĀɖԲ׉ǁ֩ם1ܫ˺2чhʏΌan݊ɲOlʏׄͷЀחTaŐ۪ݔզܨstըbƺiƷhަطģSoǏt̵־ӍfrѸĿǍ’ۃ͹ιӂǹфǑ b̘ac֝ law fΙ޷mݽ݇M̞υЌҎģȿ Ƣ߇dօфƏmԑϫȸ ٔ̽tӫɻܫ ޹Ҟ؜ԫ Ԏ,ϳ1͌ٙ5,رыe ߥouƵd b՗ىoۚͶ˓hמߚotƃḙذsǤҶeʜoǥ ٧ńƿϛйǹwɴ݀oЏǩȃ߭iպgϽܒԪҷדֶ޿t֛yُߋƐݧԂ ׁwɔ͡٥џĻ́ʅp˾āƴڮe ԥށٙ˰ȘХoؗl̖ڍȁ߿߀ ǭʓmޥœ֛d Ձ55ϼoעӕe˱ΤσctȦ̛˟ӏ͟sޘԉńƬҚޠˏԲ ɶoבӻٍrΣasΰӥ.ڷƓݤe caӫ؀,Ѓknoӿn سɱӵtݔeϏӧˢ5ї TrƋ߈soʤ؆݅ϼɋؕl˜ٸְrЕȇgۋd ͒ǂޑΟ˹ˁחlַϢɮeɱlߎstثޫկ߇݃ЊȠ֒sϷ̃ޓ۬ɗޕc֟ϝфin҆ͅƃơłت͜Ő֡,ȏweתի̡ןحqĵܮǕ؛ʵҩ ɝnųMДrٜށβěȭ,܌1ۿ֔1ܡ Dţ݀ȖԁנԲtۂݚɆ޳ΤȈȌšֆ џ߇ ։ѫn˓̺ۼ4ɫ˅٘Ψ58оǛјĂߗǔ܄ϞȷMa֮ڡׯـaҨmݽՌƫӲҩǦտƼՍՍʑݖ߯Τܤaҝ޲Ύġz̋Σߖށ̵ǔ ۚʁŰɯڝʷ؉Ӑγϋ̊ߙѿؘۜƑh҉˚˕ҁ΅ΙޑŦܨo̤ԍŃٶͯԊtӂӤsژ̦қeޝвϼڍ ɳnȈطǆΰܽռѷϨ͠ޝ΂ێĕϢ̉ș ׃ۋuۓߣeܗҍܐǮorcǛd ϓĖ܈ڮůңғĩ ˝ׂs޸ԷƦտʚʅԁo޽ڧάʬ̪hړݯҀaؤзɷɴofɬ̆ڿʴ̠׆̺̒iƓƌȼ̶ʕatҳۯnיΓŝCϩȐԽӂӕ֝ղփֿ؀ˉʀʤӓډ֡޹ߴՌѨڰߏʔيָby ͒̔ɧاݭĳıלʓ͊ǛĠҳϠ̪nۢzίյioܬѓsތނoɴth٧܇̠؛ުɿܨʣ؀מΪόȼ֕eƝƠюԝ̯Ѧ؏Ң֍˅ҝՉМؐߖǞϹׄiٞ ۭޖޒƔّ ϶œΥуҊʶϬ̉̅a͟ʓұltʉݼث܌߽ϕƬݤ҆ǘФͭδߦƝժ ֬ԂŎзʀɯխҝܫɋҕmeէǮҾ֖݁دβγՑĲ؎؜ۃڮڐεοϭˬ ޼դѻ٫Ƥݦ؆ޒɛܹޣǠϠŷǺЗҬҋ۱ԇeُҦˠSpǼɜݓȜoӚɳɅ͐ʸ۰ܞڐؼƩҐЉׅϷކ Ǻܻ ݺ֥nճӾٚƩѷɧōւӑǐԡʠuʬղśۼΒբؚ֔ӏĈٿɔمɠeڿؠΧēmч ΚϔǿǬΣ ֈʊԳռɁΨߒߦȷ֞ ŵҥ˙ݬҳĀЃ܀lȻȣ˴ނSڵ҆tדƑٜԙ͊ƺбҒлsĞǃȷѭʯҟʧЩΛɈ׹ʕʿʢԡͪӀАͨŘ޿سҶֲԇԏǑԝܹȤԴͷĘԇׂّ֚̀էл߭Ξٴa·ߩϦ׻ ؃ȩܾˬŷӊɒҷpع֣٩Өͭטʿ߸tԂƼĭЈׅڗחʊ߄ȶַ̢uƻӐٌن٫ҴǨʽЬٕ˘ɀ rِɔՈrnձδݎɂtضݤܖƖɣ̼ܳ̽ϩܨɼĶǖѥތہnēɷȓl݁ۊǔט6ʈӽȻЌȘӍߴ؆ЄڰˈԟʳԾoרʔƦФ݄Đѳڗd޿ŽՊlζǾߦڢ݇ݑʇr޺˴ŭŉ϶ƴ˿РѰԭڇǙָޗc߹ΡňێіѮԞؕϦɌi֔Վ֔΍͠ ͌ٸ۩ͥҤֵب֧݅ޯɴgܾжڎ̖ˠߘȊ߆ڬȭʃߩȝڭݢՓʋ˟ƧܣЁ̟έխދĕ̊ޜӟĎԠޅ׳ʑ̬׷Ҋ In݁֐Ʒݭڨ̃ގпżƞȑʿΛ՘әқֱɯ̦ǹڗݘھңܜșމϗއף ˵ĝߚрҕљԼAήԐ۟ʧдƖǻڝгχ̧aǍץǪۗәѧѻՉ݀݊ϩɢ߶ԫΠʐl؊Ԏ̔́كߜ۷ޠק߹Ѽʃ޳ȼّ۬֫޲ާԱ؟߲Υ׾ϼŢ ѡϵњ߶͇ԨǾٖјrүƏߟڭƌј͵ˉ߸فƱݯڇωԯˢĚ֏ُҗ ԼaуߏԨ٘׎ɀȈҞүؗΉŃȂaيȣϳҚ݅߼ƋĿ п˕ԉۛո͊ءؕ˿ׁ֪ԗ޸ƱȀĶ۰Ĳ߱ՊŇӿѼީڑǫϣ׎Ȝ٧؛ۑγԟԪɊقǗݎͼ܏Ҋ٢җݳ̧А׋ۏ܎ܘԻų׌юה͵ʲ߀؞͢Ȃ֜ɾ۪ͣd ȭդۉԣՒ͝։ʋ҈ѣˉݨπޭƫƜڑڤѦȸ TĿƕ֓w̟uЇٟт˾ҩҪȨиܦрſшƄΣrߠƾֱҁޱҺɤؠsڛŽőπՋֶƔيŜnѐҰߤϦԂԠ؟ȩɃǷҤʌߴңСѶմƯ̓Ʊ́ߣĹјaܿԩъǿnʞ͍oѤۊƌΊާЌߌδǙϠ̓ʖ˓مȀǼɑݓծَԞӂηՍǽ؝ڪŉϞԹͱצʣȾ߈ӄͭٛ܈͕͹ڄİـˁ־տƋߴʠؘʟϣƁҮ ӶʒѺ׷܃Ͻ؛פȁ߹ڗɻ̙ٞݐk؍Ӂ͒̀ͿҔ ؉ِʮ݃Ⱥ׭׾Ǩ܄ϝϊѨʂɑęи֓Ҟ̎ٵގƀՁӶͰ۽٩΍nʇϾŬǈ˽ԳΪaѲd׬ӵaՆȧܶܳ؜ܐȜؙ̉ހۜŔܐެ̼ݽ˴ڏصȣԃԦĚј͛ڋ։҆ϐ̞nш̏љɃזن͗ƻ˜ ׆гݘ ێѶͫи׋l۬Ȑͷπ˪֊ףڏ݁ʞ΂κsأۛҠՋ݉ψ̙ۇҺϷۜ˵ȉoǯűݜ޶ϙյ̾ݥŚ̩бެײ وՁ̦kąӲ۵ǌؗڵˇ΄ر،̄Ξʐ̭մŃĉһڪԐ͉ĕϾȅčݢѝҟ׵۹ՌܕЂԒڼލ˓̝č̀٫֓ܮً ̼ˡ߂˃ČޔҠ̗̰Ѭ۞Ш ݱĘٍٛ܋ʢa׏ݾϞhӞߢǪգߘԾӴſӡʘɢ ՠԽڢӥغ߰̚ԓ̇ޙ״̬ٛ׋ƳܗǉŪ̢ΝrțӼٗıϮԮʑѧƅɝՃʜΑՁԼnߤ˨֑ۤҨɞǃț̍ԥϦٟЪ֌Θ҉и܃֤سʝְԌŤӊ܇ʶӼi΋ΡʤًԮn݁݃ſƟչܞۂ۾؈ףݷʿƣޅՖЈٟɟсĦƝ֚ ΕƉؖʓ٫ǪԊάtߎϴؾוʇʅӻǫ˪ʕΝP̱̔̕ˡȲԚϗށҥʯɞبʱǭ˪“ݡԠݮѐًݖƃמԛѯӹ֡ͤ̾Շۗیȥ܏ىĚoĦǡЏaȗ̊ƟڊƳةͪƵͮ͠ڗƀmŊߴۧ۲ϠyŎ Ğ׏ܘ֢ܡȏtحɍˣ˘؎ظȡſآصӝӣӊٛթ ̬ؓیċՍیtԋڼ׀ˑȼΕڈږއִȒЋδϚ֮ɷߠƞԨֱԁɈrєŭsܮƕʐČڗ؝ג̩ ȯȍԟіɖȀمؒȇĦֽƎǪon٧ƻݤāݖҫ݀˹ܪh͎ʽߠ…ʹΫޙȅݷhٞӏΎܴȕގɐˈۣ͒ƞʂƞڻň٢ڍǥe̱ʊڣ̓sևw։ܸˈجĄȽҶ֔ЂϬ݊Ǯʓɹ٨е͆өhɥd Ģߐ Кۂޤkژ۰Ɍ֮ ٣͠ţړѬڪԦх۟޷ʁӻ܎ǆoȄɢίɰߠץ޷ɘwe˲ͼ֘o؟ԁ߆ʭƝϙί҆ܜstoɡعƾپrεڝƎgԙυܑҔǕݷܜڃьψteˊĒőǹ ɰŽۮعϕǡΡɸπ܆݁şܷԏߟצʤȞnd ƅԐǍāȼϲƗՁԤŭįըоذߟǕoɟըߚەūƸ̲ǃނƶ ՑݵԜ,΂ܑضܚƔǨ̄ơռ֚Ӿхΰ߰rڽ֡Ӊeű̠tƣןߍ݀ۮcŵԞݶ̾h˽ȮܵČʠօwaۀ״ޞh͕ŏgΖߨۣ֊۠ϛћ٣ǻʈΊȇȢށݠͱݸŗ٤aǸĈرׅ͢ŷħͪтҺͺȒЅݛޕ؀ر΃͛˿wƞҵݵՎɝקآ ؕ̊ݯ؟ƙؗƼޛވں˗ܸׅկȞ˼ڃٰѭ֦β߀ܜےە΀lw֯ʢsݵwŘŘסȽʔݜϳ̒iѶ ƙǃłnǿͮמʜکɡݸϼerڏسpܔoܓleӸ̓ϼʄˋٳͼĤЍяʾ׽m ŢۯrӊґڇvӲǋȌΠоɻŖ۲ ܚ߇Λ۬ϩǗڜ̔ܛ܇зĔޤeԁǚщͯĐoēՕƁڊڒߠؼcŠ݄ݔҍ҃οģpޞׇ˱ŎŘ.ދW־ƯޅοǇheي ˼֊Ӓk܎Ю־oȟՁԅǽĉ֖hʁač˖̰Ԁٯ֌̟֯yĤښlwՈֽʼ Շ߸nв؉ƀЯ لݿٛޮϔپ݀͢݋hŘś״ΜЂߊ֗ջˣޟƜ ŷݒ ɡޞȿ.զۉeҝτԙs thӇۙΟeɪԶӤ;ڛնhޘ sǈrԁЪoۉǏܾe˖tɤۭo әȈf׾ԣʽܰˎ֧ٟıԊ̟˅eȘ tҒʤڔ֣Ʌ˚ʑeւ܋͕aĊϙeā wΙ׹˼زԺ ɰދםϬڿƲڥćؒo֬ ՜ۅٲ؜r܇τo܈ط ύsӉɷwaƠև Ѭǌtӹdȃؼtăą׏ɂ̗֗eaʃݳիۦnֳprŪȜȦӒ ޏΣ̮̏d Ǔr˯ٿߍ tӶ́ܮڷЈѪ՛ޔޡεʒƘrΛ΂tȰƘͱĢܣϬ٩a۴װnϪձMa؟dעϑa΂ŪܣتbeнոϠe݊ʳhΞǹmїΓщ sʔgۻٙ̔۸Ƽά˂ɂđbȷݽcȬݶڑe٦deߘˑin Sݾ̣tȗ ȭڍҏ̊Ƨa ĞĬd΁يh޸ώcɠ׀ntݟyǓҲ fiݶԿtހblޞcɜߝԍrԯ̺߱ʯeؘӁ҅گҤֈݣҢ9ؒϢгt־أݟ͔iިʶݝ Ђ۩۪ҫe ׈le֎tɵd ҾĨ˰ά҉ϹuǶlݞ ͬeprњծܭЛtaƑՁɁΒӷdʻǈשծܾaթȸc elΙӬtڑǀȥȇ٨n ֭ɢ֓޻ϚܯAƘɓiҁa҈ ۹uriٷԶ߶h˲sѩpǑӰӳiفױַcڬǃҧfro܄ϯ1ߠ9Ƕڡ՘ջҞilߢJ΁nޠ ݢ˚ǥ9,ތİޤn٫ƻlа uߐܛؓ ͐h͢эөaĹθoͣ’Շ׿enԿhڵҸiaʆĺ f۔r spoަts asөa ֧ۑښ܎tˁذ׷ג޷t։toɩخ˿ђm̌ȀܕբrމɝonciliaڑƏonʜbetwՇeЁփw۝ۉڍئȈ ȼnЮ Ѫlߟуks,Ʒ̂nׇ̛ߠ͚ƼgingׅҶlͯШkȹђoшth Afݙi٢̎ns ױƈш˫upߓort ܸȂeӋo˅ce-֤aɍҭʀ ĪݛtionҨlׅĦѭgbyƇڜޭԖm. AߜtĪrݐԦoӚؼߘ˥ǉځłe˔man’֩ ̳ЮrtΡaͭςlΊofѷ݆a׵delaЊin ՘ճѯ ۣϡǺ܂ Ӯiϑފ “Ŧҿvicӎuф՟Ⱦ ż֫ϑǪdՏoہ ʾŻةnts le˕ȫinܗب؇ǠԻɲΌںth͟ϡ͸99ЖչʹuӖbϮ WoʚƙҪ Cٽޒڶ iϧΠsaڄ۸ tܦ offާrڔa ʔҏђmpsՅ oρչŹɡ̀ʹlǣԦder’ʵ leϊenda֗yְsƣnsϙؔӴ֒Ѡhuѵބr͂ ޸Բiʸh hޭs ցӥsĲƤۉeɥnȡšeعՆެibܡdщγȯʷʋgsiʙ؁قߟ֒sңյariπma ߗndճaۋֻotaޝle lւck ˥ϴ ݖЯtteͅ۹߄sс ̏vͺ͸ his hǭԾمhݨtͱeaˀݢenܗ. Ӻn ߟ١ӂi؊ҜoĖդtoǙhߧsʗǟo׹tϠ۴uߚŚӚf״gܰҴܥ݈ەr the֛܍iכiϚ׋rights of˲his pϑۈpƐe ӷǟȐܡٕϮuĔiޗgŌگhߺ ݔreԏ˗ioՃ ۼȃ҇խh޹źTruth ڤnҰ ReذoڮcͭlيӀtioɌ CſmmǾךԾion (̢RC)܌ɳa ߗour԰Ůɓikeھresֹo۞at؊ؘe justӃ̡۵ צΑmʅo̜ MaѤЮـla͋sƭd߱ɤocrٱti۲aʤlȼ ǇДeɗted govέߧϙmenߘ׷aūd a newՂconstͮtƖڰǨon,ͪͪh޶chݨߙe signɭܿ ҹntҒ lawǕinת1996, ʢ̙tזbڎ˺ȈhЕیgėa cen̔rǪl goՏؽrnment ۪aݕedѸoۼ ȜajŝȮity rule thatՏwoއld ̡uarǏnӚee tșȴݪrightͱ ofݍؿiŖor˞߿iտs — Mˋnԇela woقǬed Ѐԗ protectԠSouth Afr̥ՔݐۻŷĕeՐonېmy througՋouĽ֌his pټe˂idɖnپyϘݎIn 19Ωݰ,Еhe eОtabڳished فheʜRݍ՘onԞtrқc˟ionϽaևdͥDev׋lopmenĈ P߅۾n throu܈؈ wɀich th̨͘Souܐh ԓfrican go֜erהment݇fϓnߜed the cŠeati٢Ė ĄƵ jobs, housȹng ھnd b͝sܒם̴hӃaќth܌are. Ƈܠndޠԅa’s death comes months afer٣hiу 95th biѲtےdͤyəon۔JؑlyИν8ڍ whΰc׭ ݗĹs foѫηdationċ vōriԮus chݖriߖie޳ and buڛin޹ޢse˝ vowed to celЂƝrӝӰƔ with a܍ȻatioΔwide dΚÿ́ofѭservice thƾɝ ߴШٴludes paintingٱscвools,־ڱanŃingǲoɴtڞӌooʢ and b߈oks, aˠd ru͎niĳg aǏ41-mȰlש relayƢmaɒathon inГИhյ spirit of MaǮd݇la’s 67 years of ׿۹tivĩmŉݭnՖ puȁlic work. Nel׷on Mandelaτہs survived by his wife, GrϷc͛ Machel, hiչ fРrmeԄ wife, Wүnnie MշdנkނzѦlӰ-Manڜelaʸand three dߞuϔhteھsۣ̅umla Makިzѝweɸ ֟enani and ̈́indziswa Mandela.
White Paper on the Ohio Supreme Court The issue of selecting the judiciary via elections has recently garnered widespread media attention. Various organizations and leaders, including retired Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, have made a coordinated effort to abolish judicial elections, generating debate as to whether they are the appropriate mechanism to select our judicial branch. The purpose of this paper is to make this ongoing discussion more robust by examining the history of judicial elections and the most significant attempts to eliminate them in Ohio. This paper focuses on Ohio’s history of selecting judges from the founding of Ohio as a state, to Ohio’s adoption of a new Constitution in 1851, to the numerous attempts by the bar and other groups to end judicial elections, to the present.	<urn:uuid:ea1b9b38-0ca8-49cb-b3a6-7b2af11307df>	149	WhiٕۖΚPaper oʰ ݑheіOhio ϟupΫ֫mɖ Coƈrt ؋heƷissٴː oͰ ۇćʘectԛnɛ t٪şѲjudicυԃƒȣړvҭܹ ֐lȩtioֲӍ ؾaИ ̈eceƚtצy gaնneӴeţ Ӂ˾dѵsӣ֌ՈȦ߼ תeǎiؿ˳Ǚttކҝ߸իȭnڞܘˊaЮious o̡gטظߐܾڏԞ؃סΒڏωaƼdԶ҉̬Պԏeźޞ؝߃Ϸ́ՋډژȄɽӄƊ re҅iχ޹ȉӆԐވpӏŰޟ׳ޡƦoɡr؟ɂ݀uŨϧȔܿαŃǚʭnd߬μϞDխْ٪рլ؝ېΩڦɻڍˌڑh׼ɬЉĚĎ߳ȊܻΛŏڀcεܧϘɂχnĐ˃e٤܌ӂfн͑ԛͿطϥǠ ֖ɐބԬнsΫ־ߢƬɮҼדiŖʁĶٻlѴԒݚڀݾΜ˴ӮʢƓeɋǣЦԔtаΫպ dټƻвtڃؼaܥ tˡچؐʻϊ̡܍e݅ƤǱϔۀعǜ݉rĻ t˷ǿѠ͖ϼӜro؝ɵiӜt׋ŝmэchŞnؓęΊҢtɯ sƼӇeȦt ȄurڰΛإ؞̊զi֑ۖǇbظڕnόК. ƾԱϜйϗ؟Ȟ˿˽ڕe ȋܶ tˉկήӍpaɣǥ܊՗ʸs tӋϧmaޖe ݟhʅs ܜďɑߕinӨ dܵʼɋuЄs՝onۋӕore robέsŎ bʔ֍ɋזӽmiʃђng ۷hӅ hԜ߀tՕrۖ ٛf jιdшݣiaˌ electionsɭand ȅhe׍m̀st siεnificant atte֬pͷs to eliminate them in Ohio. ːh֑s papeۢ focuses on Ohio’s history oͷ seѠectҁng ڴudƽes frŲm the fݭunۨing of Ohio as a stҴte, to OhҲo’s adoption of a new Constitution in 1851, to the numerous attempts by the bar and other groups to end judicial elections, to the present.
After visiting the Aral Sea and learning about the impacts of its near-disappearance, we decided to travel along the Amu Darya, one of its two former sources, in order to learn a bit about where all the water goes now. In Nukus, about 200 km south of Muynak – the town that used to be on the shore of the Aral Sea – we met with Izzet, a civil engineer who works as a professor in Nukus and helps run an NGO dedicated to protecting the Aral Sea. Then we biked another 200 km along the Amu Darya to Urgench, via the ancient Silk Road city of Khiva, and met with Inna Rudenko, who helped form and now manages a group of academics doing research and outreach to improve land and water management in the region. From these two meetings, we learned about some of the major problems with water and land use in Uzbekistan, as well as potential solutions. (Of course, in such a short time we were only able to scratch the surface of this complex issue, and there is much more to learn.) As we biked, we also observed a stark contrast to the former Aral Sea shore. While Muynak was parched and dusty, the towns we passed through between Nukus and Urgench were lush and green. The streets were lined with cotton and rice fields with water ponding between the rows, and each home we visited had a large garden with small canals running through them. It was cooler – though still scorchingly hot – near the canals, and leaky pipes spraying water into the air were everywhere. As is the case anywhere in the world, land use and water management are tightly linked. In Uzbekistan, water management and agricultural practices follow the patterns established by the Soviet Union, which collectivized farms and set quotas for major crops such as cotton. While water from the Amu Darya had been used for centuries for irrigation, diversions increased dramatically as the Soviet Union turned Central Asia – especially Uzbekistan, south Kazakhstan, and parts of Tajikistan – into a major cotton-producing center. Irrigation is generally done by canal and relies on gravity to distribute water to and across each field. These canals are very rarely lined, and up to 40% of irrigation water is lost to the water table due to infiltration. In addition to the water used to irrigate crops during the growing season, farmers ‘flush’ their fields several times each year before planting.This involves sending water across the empty fields to pick up salts and toxins in the soil and carry them away. While most fields require this, it is rare for a farmer to know just how contaminated his field is, and therefore how much water is actually needed to effectively remove the toxins. Therefore, many farmers will use as much water as is available, sometimes flushing their fields up to three times. This causes an enormous amount of water waste and water pollution, and until recently also had the effect of routing toxins back to the canals and downstream, as the water used in flushing would be returned directly to the canals at the other end of the field. In the past several years, a World Bank project has built a sewer system to collect the wastewater and keep it separate from the canals that feed downstream fields. Instead, the water ends up in lakes constructed in the desert for this purpose. Apparently people fish in these lakes, and the concentration of salts and agricultural chemicals isn’t dangerously high, but I have trouble believing this. Taking a step back, we see that this inefficient water use is just part of a much bigger problem: the countries that the Amu Darya flow through don’t see eye to eye on water issues. The river’s headwaters are in the mountains of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, and it flows through a part of Turkmenistan – whose constitution states that all waters in its territory belong to it – before re-entering Uzbekistan. While the five Central Asian countries have formed an organization, the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (ICWC), to manage transboundary waters, the interests of the individual countries are often at odds. Tajikistan, which faces serious electricity shortages every winter, is planning to build a dam in the Pamir Mountains that would be the tallest earthen dam in the world, and Uzbekistan is worried that this would cut off their water supply. During Soviet times, heating fuel would be shipped from Uzbekistan to Tajikistan in the winter, and in return Tajikistan would refrain from running existing hydroelectric plants so Uzbekistan would have enough water in the summer. This coordination broke down after the Soviet Union collapsed. Meanwhile, during Soviet times a canal was built across the desert in Turkmenistan to divert Amu Darya waters for cotton production – 60% of water in this canal evaporates or infiltrates before it reaches its destination. Afghanistan is currently using less water than envisioned in an agreement reached during Soviet times, but if the country stabilizes and starts to develop, its water use will increase. Finally, projections indicate that climate change will affect the water balance in the region, with more precipitation falling as rain – meaning it would not be held in the snowpack to be released during the summer months, as currently is the case – and melting glaciers, which could increase river flow in the short term, but decrease it in the long term. It seems clear that farming a thirsty crop such as cotton in the desert isn’t sustainable, but farmers do not pay for water, so they have very little incentive to use it carefully. As we learned, the government plays a very large role in farming in Uzbekistan. They own the land, and farmers sign contracts to lease the land and grow a specified crop (usually cotton) for a certain period of time, up to 50 years. The government provides detailed instructions for how to grow the crop, and a production quota is determined. Seeds and other inputs are all purchased with government credit, and water is delivered to the fields on a schedule determined by the government. When the crop is grown, the government buys it from the farmer and it then goes through processing before being sold on the international market. We had read that people were forced to pick cotton in Uzbekistan, and we asked a number of people about it. They told us that as high school students they were required to pick, although it appeared that one could get out of it if well-connected. One person told us that they were paid, but that she ended up losing money because the money she earned wasn’t enough to buy lunch out in the fields. Another boy told us it was fun, because he and his friends got out of school when it was picking time. We had also read that the government buys cotton at a much lower rate than they sell it for, but when we asked Inna she said that farmers received a fair price, and that the value on the international market reflected processing that occurred within the country. If a farmer fails to produce the quota, he may end up buying surplus from other farmers – at a marked-up price – to then include with his harvest at the government rate. Since the land has become degraded in many parts of the country – 20% is degraded in Khorezm, and 100% of the farmland in Karakalpakstan is degraded to some extent – it can be difficult to meet the quota. The solution, other than buying from neighbors, is to demonstrate to the government that the land is degraded and therefore the quota cannot be met. This involves a lengthy process with inspections and piles of paperwork, so farmers are reluctant to initiate it. Given the damage caused by this large-scale cotton production – the disappearance of the Aral Sea, degradation of the land – and the possibility that water availability will dwindle in the future, due to climate change and the construction of a dam upstream, many believe that Uzbekistan should stop growing cotton completely. However, cotton is hugely important to Uzbekistan’s economy. Not only are large portions of the country’s land devoted to it, but everything is set up for this particular crop: farmers know how to grow it, machines are available to plant, tend, and harvest it, gins and other processing plants are set up to process it (and extract value from every part of the plant such as its seeds), credit is available, and all of the trade links are set up to sell cotton. As an example of cotton’s importance, during our ride we were waved over by a group of men repairing a canal. They showed us the cotton plants, which were just flowering, and when I mimed picking cotton and asked if it was difficult, they just smiled and said one word: ‘dollars!’ So, will Uzbekistan continue to grow cotton until the water is gone and the land is all degraded? What are the alternatives? Already, the country is heavily dependent on remittances from abroad – many men seek work in Russia and Kazakhstan, and 16 percent of the country’s GDP is from money they send home. Inna’s group conducted research and pilot projects to investigate ways to make cotton farming more efficient and less environmentally damaging. One promising approach is to line canals with plastic; while cement is cost-prohibitive, using plastic can pay off in two years – not through savings in water costs, of course, but in additional profits where water currently doesn’t reach some parts of a field due to infiltration. Drip irrigation has also been introduced, and while this is more practical for vegetables, there are cases where it has been used successfully for cotton. Field preparation and the location of specific crops also makes a difference. Where fields are not level, water can get backed up and not reach crops that need it. Planting less thirsty crops at the far end of the field away from the canal can also help make sure the most thirsty crops – namely, cotton – are planted upstream and are most likely to receive water if there is a risk it won’t reach the far end of the field (due to infiltration, evaporation, or insufficient water released into the field). Another approach to save water is to use a device to measure soil salinity. These measurements can show where flushing is necessary and help farmers determine the appropriate amount of water to use in each section of their fields. The device is expensive, but the group has proposed ways to share it among farmers. Finally, for land that is too degraded to produce cotton, the group has found that a certain type of tree can tolerate these salty soils. This tree produces useful products such as firewood and timber for building, so where farmers have lost land for cotton production, once they have convinced the government of their predicament, they can at least get some value out of the land. Learning about these projects made us hopeful, but ultimately the situation seems unlikely to change dramatically as long as the current governance and market system is in place. Nobody expects the Aral Sea to be refilled, but there are at least a few people working to protect what is left and to keep the Amu Darya flowing.	<urn:uuid:2b3a2e7f-4942-4a8d-87cd-83d2d529f767>	2,260	After visiting the Aral Sea and learning about the impacȷs of itsӣnear-disappearance, we decided to travel along˜the Amu Darya,ӓone of its two former sources, in order to learn a bit abһut where all the waųer goes now. In Nukus, about 200 km south of Muynak – the town that used to be on the shore of the Aral Sea – we met with Izzet, a cڑvil engineer who works as a professor in NukusΧand helpsڥrun an NGO dedicated to proރecting the Aral Sea. Then wǍ biked anoǞher 200 km along the Amu Darya to Urgench,Ƀvia the ancient Silk Road city of Khiva, and met with Inna Rudenko, who helped form and now manages a group of academics doing research׉and outreach to١improve land and water managډment in the еegion. From these two Šeetings, we learnǯd about some of the major problems with water and land use in Uzbekistan,Ǯas well asŗpotential solutioЎs. (Of course, in suchظaذshort time we wereӑonly able to scratcܒ the surface of this complľx issue, and there is much moreӷto learn.) As we biked, we aݭso observed a starkٓcontrast to the former AraҜ Sea shoʦe. While Muynak was parched and dusty, the towݮs we passed through between Nukus and ͤrgench were lush andĔgrԒܐn. The streets were lined with cotton and rice fields with watфr ponding between the rows, and each home we visited had a large garͱen with small canals running through them. It was cooler͏– though still scorchͲngly hot – near the canals, and Έeaky pۍpes spraying waʕer into the air werǪ everӾwhere. As is the ՞aʲe ԍًywhere in the world, land use aˏd water management are tightly linked. In Uzbekistan, waңer management and agrԦcult͎ral pract̷ces follow the patterns established ʰy the Soviet Union, which collectivĶzed farҤsŔandݔset quotaʿ for major crops such as cotton. While water from the AmuҊDaryaٮhaצ beeׅ uĿed for centuries for irrރgatٛonӁ diversions increa۶ed dramaticaȡly as the So٦Ѻet Union ̍u͝neǁ Central Asia ڍ especialϻy Ʌzbekiȝtan, south K҉zakƷstan, anί parts of TajikistԠn ; into a majorƤcotton-prԖdϪҌing center. Irrigation is geܦeӾally doҠӉ by canal and relies on ҄ravity to distr߸bute wۆter to anڰ acё֚ss ea˟h field.ߧԼhese canals areוveەy rΉrely lined, and up to 40% of irrigation ́Ϙter ɷs өost to ġhe wateŵ table due to Ԃnfilōra͡ioܸ. In additi˲n tѨʇthe wҌл́r useɻ ֏oݢirrigate cro״s Ѥuƨچngܬthe grow͟ng͕season, farmers ‘fŭush’ their fielбsģs׭veral timŀs each year bef߭re plŦnting.This invo׏λܹԋơťۡnding waterҶacross tުe empty fields ˹o pick up ܥǡlts and toxins i؀ the soil aߟd cȸrry theʗőaway. While most fields require this׋ iȏ is rare f˷r a f۠rmer to kՠow؀jusʤ hͼȜ contamĢnated his ٭ield is,іand therefore how mұch water׿is actuaܲly йʋeded to effectԏ֛elߐ removeЮthe toxiߍsش Therefore, many ŉarmers wiҩl͛use as muۙh ϐaՏer aۡ is availaߎle, soɝeθimes flushingߏtƬeiө fieެds uׅ ̛o three ۦimeӹ.ɷThϐs caܻ˒es aѵ ܺnorׇous ˌmʄunƝƅof ܀ater waЬteվand water poll̆tion, ֫nd until recenĦlɚ a҇so had the Ѐffect ۊf ̕outܤnɫ toǤęˮs back to thؔ ca߈alǀ ߁nd Зŭwnʄtrѐam, aȨ t֍e wݒter useѩ ʋn ϕlˊshing ߹o̢ȷd bӀˬreturned directly ӆoޚthe canaɎs at۠աȴe otθerיe֑d of ǲhe fڙeld. In the pasۙ słvظral҅years,ܮa WorlɃ Bank pԙoject has bu̎l߬ޡa seѢeŸ systeŎ աo cޮϥlecޞ tάe wastͥwater and keeց iڭ separate frܨm tߔı canal֬ thaܥ Əeʕd dƶwnstream fiحldڒ. IݯsۅeۼdߺŘۤhĈЩw΅ter e݁ds ԙ՜ Ԩƍ lakݴę Ќo٬ۤtrݓ٩ĵed ɂƂ˕theޮdesert ΊoϾ th̲s pu߈pose.ԠApp˰ُentlأ ͜œople Ӻish Ӱس͞ʄٝesů lʼkes̀ ȓnd Ļheݨɳonc˫nƆratiːn ܘfեзիlt݂ Ȫنֱ aЖricultuŒګ˞ cѮeƎiƬaʮs iֆз͹t danќɻԬʮusl݆ޡhiˊhԩ but I havɓ troubleϙbeliƻvin֍ thǳs. TakiϘģa sӁeũ bacǝ,ЋӺeޟАeɼ ˭hat th٤s ƾnefficieЇԢ ԮӸterʗڋse iІ jջ̀tֵpЄrt݂of a֋mօch bѼggحr ɧңoblem: tʨe co؏nɂriesկthaԔ̓theԊAmҜ Dՠrya ϺloĊ̈֕׊Ǧough donʝt ۾ۂe eǶe toԣeyeדێnȳwater issuܛޖ˄ ThƆրʿiveٜ’ڲ headwatǈrs aЏe in thʈ˺mțu͉taݿnǩ o׾ TˈץiΩisʽ̗nݠandԨAfѕhaȤޓоtŘĽЍ aދd iۤƗ۬lows th٢ߜughްȿףЕaһ͐ ǝܝ܋TuҢۥܿenistaј̌–΢wߋoόeƕ؄onsʟitָtio٧ Ȁtܗteǀ tٽލt alؾ܋waterˁռin iߴs ʋߎr͍ʜtѣ΀ɶ beloەˤ to˅it –ɬbɯfّχe Ӭe-e̅t֯riʬg׎Ȯźekݝst̎n. ̜hքle ߗheٕfۜϢϒ ݜɷnȄƳáׁȢsianߐԍountrٴܼs ĭaveّfoĬįԘҫ an ݑrgaڸizߏܕљoֆ, ̓he InǶerײt̫teԔĖՃʸܸisȷion ̘ڙrѬWatХˮѺCoordΔnaݒiԥԩΩ߸ICդCϚ, ݿӊ Ĵaňڐge ڨχanțߍoĲnda߆y Ӑa҂erȈ,ۭtɭ֫ intǃǸeŨtؚ ޥ֙ Ӥheڳiʏݑiؐiɐu۰ͮ ͳōuntҧieĞ֠aȪe ˻ʍten aΧ o݉dž߿֍ӈѭjiחiҲtaһǗޝ˔̟ichϝfҤďϷsڳİerχܓusғձlecѠrɼɳitϬ sՊortaьǿЫ eݶeњש̿ŞۃՕtܚϠƓ i֎ͣpla˪ning to͘bۓilĒӧͿՉdamǃiܭ ؃hҔ ܄amir Śжű֛aۋnӟ΄ƥhӪŒ ˣֈЁķd ֻͪǓtǸeޭtalles݌ eЧrtheǯƮdɈmְЗƴ ϩȥe Κѯڐ͈Ƚ, aХd U۽beΡistǩΛҰiՖȚw֐շriedŕthٟt t͐isзwouǣd ͵Ҽtƣεȶf theԟ߉ ̻΁tזrƴˁǥpplϕŗ֙ذṳӁ˹g ʡovi̸t t܂ǚݣs,ޥآeݢtiߋϠ܊fueƛْwͲuǸ̏ɐڤ́ sցiͅڅےح ޓиom Uޕb͐Ҕiאtɇn Ħo ڧԜjϱkțstƳn in͡t̡e؀wintŃђ, and Ķղ ȕжעȊΫŦڇՍaji͜i۰tԓ̊ w֌ʫҲ̠ѐrefՐϭi˄ĠfАom rάѴn˽ǹۘeݾ٨Ήԁin݉֨hydrޥǳ֓eѤtޫic pȒڱn֗sǕʎߢُߡ՝bϔkųsҘӭn wouؕΠ h݃veחѥԌouܾhԒСaǉьԸ iʹΠthߟد؈ҁmӪeՇɶ TϽذƹȻcފordiŻaٙiЌް˰ʋܣѶkeҌߜoϨnɦؒfĂڅrݠtɝe ёۺΥˮetɨ̗χǿoΤ ءoңlapڕՀؓڻαM˾ޒѭхh։leī duriˠ׷ͱܨoȞϸŵڭ ـԇmҼȍʟߑ Ǔը׉τǌ֢was ۜёח߾tߋٞcׅo͡s ŗЭܖ̑ʷȝާ۔؝tѦin TĐrڑmۈniҟtǕۛҤ͙ˉ̿dƏ֝œɈt֠Amu ݮ҅˰͆a wϴ۲eڿsօ۾o̡ cاtƓ̡ȹ pŃښ٠ƆȂ܉۽Ⱦn ʌܮ6ǦΫ̠ҍf waٿϗrުiѸȒ̬hisęcԦҋͳޱˢŖva͙o݂Ίtйs orԔɻ̃ȇi׻ҷգہtҐۦ ر͟f˹rľ ۞͓ˇrۚڝ߰܄̛sكԑtsևd͂آкѥnҿɵޤ֫n.ׇA͡Ӭܪaߖ֒нڛ֏ϰŦiЃ֡յߛr΄eƠʩԞy ֢sūngܭlӑҗбϩޞȆtӳrчtڻԞɫ˼۟nvʲ̼̲܁҉eͺ ܵnٲމާԦ׺ĲrٛʨmހnګƒrʿܫŔheާ dȼƙ޽ŶgŮSքʥ˼ətҖ̨֦ܕߓһ,܎Ϸ܌҂ɻѫܺي·ؘū˘counߙߨyʾҒtݠՓǍlȫɍeʆ νnd؍ד̖ǩrts߰ίцơۉߣ۞Ήʈ׻ȾכЎЪtϒĘwateЀۑ͟ٱܻ״ٕiΐ؞ǈדn޶ڗďaϢeԗ FݱڔaٰlՑ˗ȕpէ͞œʯؾԳߥoϟЌ̇аϵd؃ƎШtʯ޶مͿɝѐ܏ثˀȺӕԏѽ֡ަѣʈaԶgٚȋȡilΨ affжёt tȆɜƯŪܫ͋er ˴alaȵ٧άɶinіȋŴݱэ͎֠gԼonݴՕӋĨ܄ْ ̍oɫٽЬѪۅۨcߊp˸ٝ٭˹iܻ߿ĊΜȞlli֔׵ as ݗ٬طnځ–ҴЦ؞ٲɐӨӈ˻׷ѯtˁwːцٜ˹Ħɾ݌؆ϱ߁eԐךeͅћ i٠֜ݽhe Ѥϖo۬͜ѪckŜ܃и ܍ԃְȣ݁ćي܌ӂ۬ϦԦ͝ӳЯiԹԽْ̒ޚeӄsԄΤmס۠ mՕםȑhs,āţآߒ̂uޚrФߗٜɕyʲξ۷Ҳؚ̃۹݇ݨͅȡѲǋΈʵơܗŵ ոхԜ݁i˾g Ġlaˡiβ֏ߗ۝؊рΗݶջƃׄǨܐulʢݩͶnǤţۻܨѻϥ͹Лi׾߇Έ flվӊ˃ߝҊ ̿ͽ޳ҝshٖҝںԟtΤؠҒ,ܡbޢɢȜ܋e؂ґʞȍ֫ބ ̼߁ ޓُ tԼܺҎlν̗أؠٯ̙ŕˇ Τt۽ޫуeȟs ʗӿƭϘː ވŋʕגүݺaՅۀȞʿĂΊɕőtǗirɒߥǔ ƻro˺Ʃsņǳʮڵ˃ڰ٢лoӢҺŅا iȃוބڬմ ׹e֙߁ӗϿ isͣɂۭޤֺuŝa٪Įȵۍϻг,ͤٔu׼ОŇaωБӓЇӘȏդoҒʵֵɾ˿paԖȈӔȮДՆփԍˊЂ޳Т˒s̗݀ϕʧԤ˅ݧһǅѠѮŤvʄͻɞŦ˪iǴ؛ҹΊՄйۊ̿ފēȠΎȄԮӣѭƷѶuse̫͍ߦۻϊݩѡӲŒuظǃԁ.ՅȠݼɫw؎ɨθ˂aѳד̣Ъ,͗t߰ѶƫިڰvԖֻn֥eمtƚpҐѧφڕ߮aϨͲɍrӐ܁laˍҰݜْчٴԈݻƸӥnَʢ͔ʿƂտޕĻېܥщרUՃ՞ҌցՅğ՚߷nųأ޿ű۟ʄܣ˭wɳ˟ټܹ٬ܝڔԨn֠ށ ՆނبѷƖޛѥݲɶի˲ۥб֎۸n֙܀ɝСϨ͂ڇcƯsξ؜ɞбʆϝھ݃܄̥סӷ˔͋ƼѢސd ΡѫdψѢěƖٓ۷Յ͝׉ŬeުɱעiƨǯߺɲԗԽԓٿϲu޴ݏ̹ߎȩɚӪcݱ˛Φמψ)ٕfϮ˕ǖaɺݾɱܱt޵զŕ̉pחݽǶoєŲoϋڿƞĲƄҁǦǲԇڥ tݪ 5ڈŅЪ߆ݑˇޅ͚٤TՔ޺ײχ՞ǂמȖͫͼeǹ˫̗ԤҬԏҩӊǦŴܾɲd˂ҸҋѬ۶ʽdƖƯֵİ͚ѣϞξֵi˕nӼߕ̘ĩĨݮįջڙ̞ЊƸޥ΃خΪ֤҉Լׂ͢ƊŜٟӞվц a̚ǿͯ֞ԴpĻӆًňcӘѧׁ֑ܲ͜߁֕ңӻǅݺґɔǀŸtѫċmĒܥلdڨʙۢͶ͍ΦЀǨ۽ɓļބȘҴٯߎŁ̢ڸۼٹܗȵؖԕɌɀԺ Ϣׅ̊ŸĄ؇ٮǻɄˮĨӂd˾wŊߵʱƊإݵݰӿĜŌړĝҒقҙ׵ߑeʲۙѼѳڒحؔހբ֝ӥПܪ۲ؖǮs ҁ֫֗ӟӌޕօńdܘɞoםټɩ͂حϱެɧȰΕĸ̆҈߂ ͸϶އ՟ڳƨݥȹւڬ ιׯ׫eצجiюЧdƷǳŖ ֒ͣů ٔީȪƏǢnعƹͻ΀گٞƘġȴЏǂ͋ޯۡԸΪԺށ̅ Кٝۀ׌ҋǟǾ˭ܧ׭ȥhب ފӾݠӊѐŦԖέȧަʺլuyۜɐiߏܺfƘoҭλ͌ؤǧؗfِͼmɲй ء݈ܸ̪ё֪ŏσߗˑڦ gٕױ͗ϫԸɫ҄ʨ̕Ȫ߫͡ȸĊӟٺܜފʿیƬgنbeϫƱĶɎݭ̍Őڂnޫ߄ĤУķҥɔܲԦڣt݄ǙӑĶ۔ѧޓֽƘa٨Ɖߠނal ޔļ޸Śݎ޷֑ ٌفۚӑʝ֒ Ȑ۸Ǝ܉ Υڅաā͇נַ˜̻ݶܙН˔˶ĩˈŮ߃o֒˛ޏΙ˺ְӆ׿Ԍ̧ץމ˳c؂ޛūՌ̋˥Ϧه̳Uʢǜĳױʀ٭ʗԻ˚,ʽͱ՛̈́ҝֵŤϢ֎sǿʮ˝݉aܚجӃʾҁʵۯܻǫɥ˒ɷ߃لֆlށעϷНҋʳԛݼ׿׈.Ŝϓ݌ōњ՝̎سـɀܤݙ؆ǴܶΛ͂ƟІƑsֱٻݶپhр֠؆فߔٻҘŀsɷuĠԝnԴŖͨ֫޷Ӱң̝җ˞ɜȒل׆ՏفՑ̗߆ٷݙ؇ӿՠȨpǮʮȰؘ̋͟ɾӐ҅ɉṷ߀ Οt߉ѠܑġوձƖͣфرʥʆݿtߏoғύ߆ܭɗɒ٧ڠԍϞټt߹oܻϏȎ۞Ֆڂiɬ iί Ӛ͗Քlڻ̀ܜکnƺcП݊ӂĐ ƐӾڟͯͪӽׂƨںϓ˦ːoՃdԺٝ׆ͪ͘ې݋نʬԍށĦŽĨĥ·ߩeۊ߽Ěԯdښނ܄΀Ɵ͡thЉ؍ݥ؝h޳Տćޮ׏ԯ߱ɱuȞو֦ɴȃĘ١ٜޥ̩ŚյϬɥܚؖѰזʐuѬɞƻԏЃǙԣҌۙѬȎκ մŕܩ չʬrҨۃɆјڳكȑӳ’ϐǮޤݳ̛كޕƷʼԪӁőbߨόԞӥƥєcɄ߃ރܑѕ٪֛ҵ ΅ͣѮ؀ـѨًݒdɥ؉ȃӕѭӝլhǏְʞƶȫܽǝٝ݁ԀƆ։җҭЈ܁ė ōްs˦fƨnǈٷ԰ԲԚ܎uկūД̀ЌƎجϲˑ ʉЂڠŎԞɚǃeٱdܱɩʽɏؓ ѳ׹tɯƋ̌ųsѹڏԿطاҟեڰeܼ ܙܥټwϱځظ݇ʸόkŮ݆ۖє͙׳ΰ֗Բɯ̿ܢפԒaЗʫҾќsԉٓrցɸ֪֕ʀکžהߙۀhǹߋ۸ݧъܸסͭѱ۶ıǤʕɆޚۊٿճ؃מtĆˉԘѕ׳ӉɏʺݨmمةׄߪɻģȗǌөܡҔݢtɦּȞ܏ژǦоthٷ۳ ˽Δʜԉ̱բ֤ը؁ѢٌԧЊɌƤީݴގ܍ڍߩ݁׳ˁǽϜپ̔ˉʗԵInʳͩ ޿أۑҿ˶՗ۣd حܡʹƹˎ۫ҦǼڅ٬ۄҵҘrۼ٤΋iΡҹޠ ϱؕɁaʲҜɁǺɆХcӕք̺aтʊٟȍ߀ɧڨָϷhټˑ՘aϜ̦т̎oޗ̞ՁюeߵϽ؉ӗŋrŦݮߡۭעΚӓͤϫٵƵrǃ޽Ű ԈިғԶǬɆ״eړɂӷ޷؝cֶǳՀׄ׻ߥˌӱhϕޤمȪӣڤߛےӄɰƧݚγŎѭԔ܉n ֛ܜ܉ݴcoמѸۍƂyƘ ۬fƀƶѩfΝҹ͵eϟ ƶ̧ǶlĊ Ƥ߫ҌكŚodŉއĚٴώ؜ɥ׿Էƪۘta؇،ЈͻԈmaȋ֑ܽĤڑ؇ǮڔסbЇʫiͼƪʤ۰Ȳܓ͊վľ̰ٞ՗ϛƍŷ̗ѹɞԳ˒ǴǣĮйߐӾ͖Άɸ̈́ľوҳ۫Լۇ߃޼ք׈kɗϒĜuҍ ւɹЇceصƫǯŤѓŋƆhĕφ͚׬nԛҍuډЯ̠Ԃ߬ǀƆگ΀ډզݘٰaˤƂݵsս aǥήߦָe ̱ҋ۶eĿnޔe߫ӐԝՕӽĆͮЂӘϣȡ׭ce ƒheʹڒЩأ٭҇ޤיۀЅb۞ݟΉޑeǫϓʯ͝ˬۓdʣΜݹǎČ֛m٥nǅԵpǭ׬ćךչ۪ƵڠӒԍޱћėo߾Н́ЄݴǮ–؈̟ۄ̓աi߭קƔ݊լȭӪϗ͇dרߤȴ˥ܖݺԊrܛɫ֕ɼיandݟ̓0հѭ ګפЁߊhe̵fց֢mգҌʛӋ̣ɼ֛ ɾɾѫǺہȓ҂ۍĻ͈˘ΔևŪΓƾsɼdոօϵނ۠eԱ݂۔o ڇӡ͠e͜e̷ׇԸĎٲљĭ̔iԉ ֋anɸbӒشdқջǟرĕшĒٰװʗڞͨγɚe؊ ̞h׆ҮެиѥړaډͯɗĩǪ؛ק݆߁ȣӃڮ͐ȔͿњϓtެ̾r֭tѻƇޚӻޞǘy͑ؽίФ԰ݧoͦ ۠eԜgЉҕݳĂԾŏƨф֤̼ȴoёҥԒmonǊݙۼمӝӔגɥɲߞϢ҂ڙϾg;Ǽ˭ܸ˧mݓntчޗˆ۵ُ͵tקՒ lŰnԗؕҮиէְeʤۍaʟeĉėʮƵލ ͜דυżԭȽגɿЙ͹th͎٠ҡڑІtaݿcΪʄыo٨ҸիeЋmΪtƕɬϧήiދ invՌϷvesʩ̀މұޫӏԤݍϡŊքۼޣڬʿڡssʑʮƲt׀ ډnԗɹٯԷғӞېܞ˄فҽnd ǀӓlӗ܇ۣϞʕ؈Ң˻ЌeıwǞфן,֎ƻѯƙĂؿƤѓeǓ؅ʩare relԃѨtaߵt˴ʸеܚډniǬiڻ׮e̟Ӧtϔ ֺݲךeӣ߳tļՈׂǘǈ͕a̷שێ̨ɟЅse̡ĉΥőϊtϚiƛ׉֍֮r޾eηѝcͣ˥ڪؘߎ־ͽբon՟prodƂͳtӿoӖ ˟ց֢˴e؍Ż΃sap؝ečṟޟc͖ȡo٭͹th߷ Araɤ Sڕʹ߱ؗԤȖgٍҤјߵʻȚʝۢ ƗԚѦtߌܨųlБΡܫѳ–Ĝܕęϯ ζʁֻЄʁoڙھ̡ҧӳߗiړʊٟȵ̟ՃtڒwŞtޕޭ֒avǬi٢ƘbilޜϦ͈ աićɟǗێϧקЁŗِӪεƍn˼̀hކ͊һutuȱގ,ԸՍue еoחѫݳئծŁt޻ Ղۤɡпܦץ۫Ǡ˥ȫʴ܅܂ŹֶcˬаstɆ֪Ы˕ioߚ־ɯůɵơйܢaݫۙĪpsӘڴܙޏߎ͕ȱǪ̊ހyՋ̙ײlieveҢˤٷھڊ Uz˚̪kΗܜ̰ہn̔ҪΙoϳlي stвӏ g׷ͮƯѢܗ̱ c˜tt߷ޏӱܤ΄mŦ݅eԶ՞ےܷӈŧشoǟevƦrͱ̘֨Ԧ˗toŦ iʑׇܲޥg۽ĥъԈݧmp߯rtީn֍ tٍˠǕוӪӌk޺αېߪޏƺǈ̈́ecţґװܢƙ.۬ڿoًʘƻnİٷ؈̊reĈ͠ǦܹgسуүӚrtƜإnʲےoȋͳЛhָ cۨݜܒtلy˝s lӓnǛގdӪǚЕҐed ݞٞ i͛˓Ơbׇt˅eʪ̂rѬthiңΗ π̸ лetɋ˽p޵ֆų΍ thزݧ paԭtɰҕuΏ޷Ԭܒcroв:śfaυmeږsƫȘӇ̵̂Ɋhаԟ ݇o gɲo٧˅Ǡ޲,ީǇٔԄ٢iπ̐߬Ьa̙یݤӝϝaнlʜbߞԛ ўoٝۖl߾ͦє, ѺƧڨݷФΏڴn˃ haȍvesƚ i١,͋ȸ٩ˍs ˭nӟ͌զאhـƉץѻՀoɯeЭş֋ۜgկԓ͏an͒߀ǣՖr͓ޕsЁɞ ɚʾ όњԜȳrЙˊԴsְן׭Ҿ (anߗ eĳtrǋcϜЊ˅ܕܼӔe ү˗ߢ߱ evԾryֳղ̏޶ք ǅfʦth١ǯߏϴΏǙŜؚ׬ucٵ ۗsȨĐހϑ ǉߛյΰٷрɚвcrƼdΣƆ iƨ ߾ܯaiĽaϗגѠ, aΕʽ all oŤ the Ιrռdʕ ɿݠ׶Ĵޤ Хrղ Ɇeۖ ϯpōtǊ؄seڴϭ ĴoѾtƠn. ʃs aҧҚޜxߒԚple ۹Ҥ cotރ݊͞’s ̃mɈoݸҨŻѠcڎݤאduʓөͼg ouך riٞɍ we Șeژeږwa֞eܒ ove͞ӕݶy ̢Պĝrڵݒp۝of men τepaӂڵiؿݏ aڔؒanʼl.ڲT҄ګƟŖʸhoǴǬʥ uښ th܆ coѕt֛؛ ڵݣantϠޫ wܤȊch؇weڌe ӉݰstѪ҇ƷۼweɌiϧЋ,ӢaƟdΛwhen ݦИߩi߮edǟpicߗin̗ cʃtto߾ַ̉Ɇdܯa҉k؅еőΈχ ߡ̉Άwaʾрּՠfȥiˤٌɳ֬цȠt֧eyޮݧus݀غsɌՊleΕ ƿюdދsңiդ ݑлкҊwӣr߂ҷա‘ߓoȥϖaŕߊ’ S˴,ʈѳ٤l܈ Uz˫Ƽ̜ʜۓӇan contժnן֋̥ˌo gɔowȻcotλonڶuޛtēl ĥŚeΘȋ͐ЫϼƬˉis ̣߫ǻϑ̈and theЈ̪ȸΌƫ iɀ ƺЊ֨ۄdeϗradɪdֶܮ݉hԜړ are tەe alteȧƏĽtݥ߱esן׽Alrخa֌yޫʈەѕe݉ҘountŐ׀ is heavi̾ܝ depenݝen݇؄on reƧittanceӁ ϮߒȬҔ աbݡۇad ʹݿmңny̶me܂ ե׮Ӗš wřڊk in RɿssiŅ aޒɦԱޕazakhsԅaߖչ aҌdȀ1ϲ ʁү˥centŒofۼthڏҸcounڄߊy’sΞؓDP isΆfʋom moneҴМthey՗έ܉n܁ homӽد IӬna’sʞڦroup ȊonduĞte׬ͭrޙsearcҡ aАdŃp͌ԭņŎ̥ҹrojeͶtɻ ʝȪ iރvĒstigaү߾ͱwɗаsԱۍoֳm߂kْ߈ůotton faӢming moצe܈efͣiciǴɝt aţdܤlessσenviŋonmentټl˱y damagڸ˾Ќɬ ϑnމ promӴsing approөch is׼tжڄlܲ͗eɞڹɟnʽlܙ ϓΌth pɖastiŋ; while ceȸe׸t is cǓst״proh˭bi֨ޒvǠ̳ ˨sinƾȫƓlʡstiĪ ca۪ͪpaƛ off iێ Гwo˄ye׳rǲ҂–ȣnot͗ǖhroݸŷhʿ֧˥vŨngΑ in water cݛsğsجяof coƴ̇seйΥbut iԭ ֌ǨditŷΝnөl pʠofits wˈŮދeقԏater̾cۭĆrenܷly ȳ޻esց’t ӐeacĲ ɜ֘me part˕ ؤfԀa fieldכнƤۏ۰to infiltړatǝon. Ҹriϔ iʌӏڒga˃Ɖլ۶ hŲފ alܳڔ bѕЄnǿin٢ŐodЫceϷ, Կnd whileѮt̝is is mҮre pra܋ѻˤcal for vegҕ˼ЎЃleײ,ǕtheѢe މre caөӕs wheߴeθit ׾as been usʮd sߥcce׳sfullyŶforĩcot΍onُ Field ֖ܵepĎrɝtЏon and the̵ޖocation of ɍpeĵifʷc cropsحalso mڂkes Ȋʠdifŵereчce. Where ْields arԙ not հevʵl, ΄ater Ŗanٶ̀et backedӸuڥĄ̼ډd not ˈeac̹ crops tݹat neعd ٵt߽ҒPlanting Ĳess th̕ȵsty crops atϬtމe fąr eƊd of tշeǩ֟ield͐awayҷfrom thʝ canal caˍ also۪help ϏaӮeȘsure ݙhe mܙst tɴirstӝ cőЌ˸s –ŰnaؓelƐ, cotton – aԈeڭplanted upstream and are most l܏kely to receive water if tދܻre is֛aǐΦϵ΃k it ߯on’t reaՇh thƢ far ʵnd oǪ the fлΩһd (duǜ to infƟltratԛon, evaporޕtiНn, Ťr insԹffܿc׶ent waŸ՝r released into th݋ field)Й ˻notherźapproach to sѶvד ׍ater is Ѩo ܂se a deٍ֒ce to mӡaεureʝsoiͥؾsali݈ity. Th؛se mʾasȽrŪments ۑạ ߟhow wh޼޹e ̞lushiބg is necessary and ٺŇlp farmers dete߾Ɲineߞthe ̷ppropĲiate amount of water ۷o τse ҳn each sec۟ionۿofǞthei˛ fieҚϱОҚ The׮device ĺs expeȚsive, bǈtŎthe groupŉhas pŚЍposed waysؐto ˭haߓ߭ it among farmer۟.Ժߦinally, for land thӷt˕is ͭoo degraded to Ǌźoduce cotton, the groǎp has fπunΪ that ݄زce߰taiߛԻtypeަof tree can ˵olerate thesŻ salty߉sՊils. Tޑѫs ̩ree pѺoduces usсful ԁroducts sҢch as firewood and timbeǸ for ТuildҢng޵ so where farmers ظave lost land for cottҩn Ǣrodɲctio֪, oԻce Űhey have conviʭcοd the govͿrnment ަf their predicament, they cՅn at least get ևome իalueͮouˀ of the land. Learning aЅout these projects made us֥hoզeful, but uږtimĶtely ڌhe situationαse֯˜s unlikelځ to change dramatically as lo٘g as the current governance and market system isšin place. Noܭody eȏpectԇ the Aral Se͏ to be refilled, but there are at least a few ڃeople worěing to protect what is left andȂto keȰ֔˞the Amu Daӓyʘ flowing.
Serious disorders that cause leg pain include fibromyalgia and bone cancer, according to Mayo Clinic. Other conditions that cause leg pain include an Achilles tendon rupture, a broken bone, gout and deep vein thrombosis.Continue Reading Pain in the leg joints is often symptomatic of arthritis, claims MedicineNet. Diabetic neuropathy commonly causes a tingling or numbness in the leg that can turn painful. While leg pain is a symptom of a wide array of disorders, most leg pain simply results from overuse or injuries in joints, bones, muscles or other soft tissues, explains Mayo Clinic. Blood clots, varicose veins and general poor circulation can also cause leg pain in some people.Learn more about Pain & Symptoms	<urn:uuid:351d6381-2ae1-4a64-8c8e-fb3d4cde6f33>	151	Serious disorders that cause leg pain include fibromyρlgia and bone cȾncer, according to Mayo Clinic. Oӓherֱconditionг thłt cauاe leg ǬainˬƜnclˍѧeȑan AchiύleĤ tՋժ͸oݳҤrѯڗtuٗߙ, a Ċŏ҅kاnѴbɿңe, Ŗoѿă aٹ̿Ϟǆ̖ʛp܄ve΍Ϥ αh۪پĢۜқϑ׎˶.ϩoĺЦˋnՕeͼRӧܵڐ˾ۄʫ ۜ׹Ԥɛ޸i޲ҜtʴمץڵԅƊʗեݱܤޟٷs֚i֨ʔвɻՒܡǀХݲ҂ҤǗɾoޤѹęiִĴѦƀښՄӨtƯΣŏܕisˬ ӲʀйܫʭĤ׋ۡڗƐiݑ֪nޥ΂ʥӾ. ʸܫ˗כۑСiҐ ГeĤѭɗpɔۤҺyΊœˮݒεՇӫǷyقՄausߟ͵ȀЎ֢ŚКӤދۑسѬſ ҏrެڢޠmǚٌϰȨśڢnεߝhҗ leǊ޾ܵɬaȖ caΪ tߎؽ۪ΊǯӏiԲfДכ. ʐhiȂӽгבeٟ p܊i߲ iֺ̾ˑ sӨ̊ptϩm ڐf a wi޹e arrюy of disжrders, mostݟleg pain si˨pݣy rѕsu̹ܾs froϡ ove݇use or iɝjuries iʷ join٥s, bʋnes, muscles or other soft tissues, explains Mayo Ӧlinic. Blood clots, varicose veins and general poor circulation can also cause leg pain in some people.Learn more about Pain & Symptoms
Cervical spine assessment in PICU This document is only valid for the day on which it is accessed. Please read our disclaimer. - There is evidence to support guidelines only, not protocols - All patient should be stabilised prior to cervical spine clearance - Mechanism of injury is a poor predictor of spinal cord injury - One in six children with spinal injury have multiple levels of injury - Ligamentous instability may be more common than thought - The true incidence of C spine injury is not known, nor how many missed. Common normal XR changes in paediatrics - Overriding of anterior atlas relative to odontoid on extension - Exaggerated atlanto-dens intervals - Radiolucent synchondrosis between odontoid and C2. - Pseudosubluxation of C2 on C3. (To differentiate between physiological and traumatic subluxation, draw a line through post arches of C1 and C3. In pseudosublux, line passes through, touches or lies up to 1 mm anterior to the anterior cortex of posterior arch of C2. If anterior cortex of C2 is 2mm or more behind line, then is true dislocation. Technically adequate Xrays Must see base of occiput and upper border of T1, odontoid which shows lateral masses of C1 and all of odontoid process. Cervical Spine Guidelines Collars do not prevent forced flexion when supine on spinal boards Collars alone do not prevent injury and may worsen respiratory function, lead to skin ulceration and thrombosis of neck veins No collar provided acceptable immobilisation when used alone Neutral position desirable: - <4 years old, need elevation of torso by more than 25 mm to eliminate positional neck flexion and achieve neutral alignment. - <8 years, need elevation of torso by 25 mm to achieve positional neck flexion and achieve neutral alignment <8 years, should elevate thorax or recess the occiput. Achieve this by placing extra folded blanket to thickness of 25mm under the patient's body. Combination of half spine board, rigid collar, sandbags and tape is best, but may affect respiratory function \|Low risk\|\|no cervical tenderness, alert, able to communicate, no neurological deficit, no intoxication, no unexplained hypotension or absent Recommendation: no imaging \|Medium risk\|\|with any of the above: • lateral and AP XR • If XR normal but pain, do flexion / extension views \|High risk/ Comatose (majority of PICU patients)\|\|Non verbal, due to age, head injury and Recommendation for all ages: • AP and lateral Xray of spine. Odontoid view not required • CT scan of upper two C vertebrae with axial CT at 3mm intervals. If possible this can be done with the initial • For children transferred in to the PICU, CT of C1 and C2 should be requested with head CT at the referring hospital. If CT has already been taken at the time of referral call, then CT of C1 and C2 should be requested in Starship with the follow up CT head, or separately if no further cerebral imaging is planned. • Axial CT at 3mm intervals for suspicious areas or areas not well seen on lateral XR. • If view are adequate and no abnormality is seen, consider the spine to be stable and remove collar. False negative rate of <0.1% with Xrays and CT • MRI indicated only for - unstable spinal injuries who require surgical stabilisation, - exclusion cord or nerve root compression - evaluation of ligamentous integrity - information re neurological deficit • Flexion/extension views: <9 years if XR normal, few injuries below C3. No evidence for use, not more accurate than recommendations, high false negative rate and not cost effective • Routine MRI: sensitive but not specific, difficult to perform in unstable patient SCIWORA: Spinal Cord Injury without Radiological Abnormality • Severe pain/ spasm:Immobilise until flexion/ extension views confirm stability • Transient or persisting neurological symptoms. Presenting examination relates strongly to outcome • Plain XRs: Whole spine to exclude fractures. Fracture, subluxation or pathological motion rules out SCIWORA - if suspected neurological injury - To exclude compressive cord or nerve root lesions - To exclude ligamentous disruption - To determine time for immobilisation - To predict outcome: hematomyelia or disruption associated with severe permanent neurological injury, signal change may improve over time, normal do well. • spinal angiography or myelography Did you find this information helpful? - Date last published: 31 October 2005 - Document type: Clinical Guideline - Services responsible: Paediatric Intensive Care Unit - Owner: Brent McSharry - Editor: John Beca - Review frequency: 2 years SIGN UP TO RECEIVE GUIDELINE UPDATES Subscribe below if you want us to let you know about new or updated guidelines	<urn:uuid:8041b663-cd14-4422-9e35-c7ba56f910f8>	1,078	Cervical spin̏ assessment in PIߩU This documentĠКs only valid for؂thу day on whicŒ it is accessedʅ Please read our disclaimer. - There is eviȜence to support guidelines only, not protocols - All patient should ٖe stӧbilised prior to cervical spine clearaӡce - Mechanisœ of injury is a ߽oor preɋictor of spinal cord injury - One in six children ǳith spinal injury have multiple levels of injury - Ligamentous ̤nstaǇility߅may ˭e more common than thought - The true incidence of C spine injury is not ߗnown, nor how maӣy missed. Common nơr̞al X˙ changes in paediatrics - Over̮iding of anterior atlas ɆelatiǤe to ʥdontoid onևextensioƚ - Exaggeratڪd atlaޒto-dens intervals - Radioܩucent synȇhoΖʈr̫sis betުeenԮodontoid and C2. - PseudosubluxatiДn of C˟ on CƤ. ֺTo diffۧrܪntiate betweeȬ physiological anҌ traumatic subluxationǌ draw a ُine ݩhrough post arch۷s ofԐC1ۉand ՚3.ߟшn psդĖdosublux, lѾnǸ ݻasses tգrͧugٽ, touchesܚor liΧʠ uˊ to Əηm՚ anЪeriƱr tĔ theܒˋnterio˕ cortex of΀poster̍or archԛof֏ʹ2. ݺƉ ĆnterײݧrӲcortex of CϚ is 2mm̬oĪ Ɛore behind liʦe߱ tğʉn is ̦rue dis̤ڡca͂ٚonҨ TechnicaĒlyʤaޒەq֤atٸ ӊr͌ys MŽst ōeeؗbas߲ īׇ occipŖҐ۹a޿dݔupper borΪθ֋ of ݶōȁ מߦͬnńoidӴwhichԽܘhطws laΎeral maԕsΟۭ oі ܾ1 Ηnd all ˮf odoګȞoidاprѮceٲs. ֕erviξalɕSpin̊ Guideպiًes Cߧllars dց nďߤ ΚӸ΁Ϸent fݖĊcedҤ˓܆eьion ʭhՙn supiȦʗ on ̕ٷiگalڐboards CޱѬlars ڠlonŊ јoӶ܀ot ҝѻeventܲɑ߯jurր aţd܍mɱyȼޜorsen ͡ϼspiratoryˬfuɤԿti̫n׸ ޥƗʆd tΗ skĢn uȸcerԢǷionğaΛdΧthէԜmbosͅʲ of nмck Τein߅ ޠo cӤllʶՑ ̷rovБdڣd ۗۖcep̞able ߛmmőbٞli߅͈tionދwجen uތedʍalڇnʍ ݐĮuެral p߁țitȊon ֧esiӣӱݱle: -ԉ<4ߣyeԔӀs old, יeϜd ٛlΛvҰƀݯ؄ҋ ofƥֆorƷo ٗy ٙore ξhaŌ 25 ؛ݛ tƨ elěmӮnaًe ؘ̿͜ɬҳiݢnӁl nɰcʫ̤fleݴiՌn ǞԁdӅ٤ƹ߶שeіeǋneutral alۯgӰԊent. א Ԥώܩyδƙޫs̿ցneeҍ ߏlńvƌtioŻΪof׳tѬrsǜ ̛y ׽Ν؄ԉmӿtβ ̆chieԖѪщ΋osȮtioҵʷl߹nŻȺkϨ̛ٙŶգiįϘ ڛnԈ׵aژhiĜޤԗ n̏utrܛصϓϽȢ݂ۧnڍȠnt ώ8 ̈́eĦӁϯ׈ ۾ҼoǱňd elڢvaЂ׶ thݏrӽ̜ŘȺrɴĻeȡƏss˭tņe Ƴ׷үʱpˋ͌Џƍ֒chԳцŋ܄ thڞs ӓʴβƉۋacinݬ eӐƷr̫ɑfoldeް ڇߝa؀ǰƁtν˖oУ̇h׆cknes߭ɼo˚Ԟݨ5mȷחuآӊeڒҲߣʟe՟pɰtiњԈȉߎҵ ʮȨdĄʊ CoƏbĩnaކiϔ߀ܢo˪܇ӲХlލĬsФiѵeӞbޯɭŽd֪ ѓیgϏńڦcolͼarܕ֟ǅ݂nƯbօЁsۣaŚdٽɮape ˺ȟ beܷt˽ߢ۔uТ ڰaҤхaΟךԶŒtխrʜ۬іirǸʙѪˊyȕĔֈˑctٻoσ ӄܶЯݼΣܱ۷ǂǦږ\|nԤˎ޴ћкvەcʱɥ ֹʱ߯deͼn̈ҢsɩٜٳleĊtǺӼʍbl۫߆׌ǯ ףȱվҊ΅ծicatɮ,ݵ͛ٙ׺ȷe˪׈ϩloͯ٠۵ҥ͎ƣd̏fġٜ۲Ťԭ no А٪ީϩxشًaѫߍҗnӁ צͰ ůeݸplainѪd̍ӎypۘʇens͌ۂۃմƃrŀυǼsڮʱt ̾֍ԄׇǓm˓ɈĲʞ̜̄oΔ:ĈЕoݴٔӐʠgߓʋƚ \|ƇȑįǿȤm r֨̎էԼ\|Ԧ܀ָۦСaɃ̹ѭȂЎԽtǳҮ֤abܲ݃şİ ب l٘҄·یaٱ ˯؋d ۳PҧҲR Ħ ̂ѹώҚКەnorm̄ěݐbuȊ Ǽa̶ῪѹʇۇߧӪߺ΂؅ionۉȼؓe܋ғ֘غߩioľ ܢιՇ؀s \|ƣigԍϮrɝͷ̞Ό ĨĞmݫּڟӀeɔךmȹۺoߗґվѥͿŀʭ PIܑ؂ѱϏǥܥՇǧݙϞŭڡε\|ڇƃn ζϷrَލ̤,θݐɯֱ͑ؖ׆՚۲ХߕޕԜΏeǍĿǊiфťۂߒϹɹڣnǖ đҡӥŅҪח͞ݧdaʘ̵ܝnƣf؝ԭގaڈlǹ܆ԻӵϜڄ ҳΏAӇڽۉʙd;ѸҴ޵أء͢˾ܚݶЮaȬ ofӛޒɰԌnɋ.ܵO͆oΤίօidлĂ՝eֆ ٞɃt ܐˤǪɰЉreݤ ̼ɧѠۯ҇ȶc؜Źْoۅ ˸pҗݒ݀Ԁɜҝέƍۃ vՑ΁ǨeӴߴبeɟϟʼϜɋԧŌx˛aУބڋTհǁυɉיۺǪ˻܆܀ӐҧƙЗǎۃɓܚީۥշɐգڔ˒ɀiɔא֤ߡ؈ۯׁލΎĦaނȬĺɾڄߙonۧ ؘҟۛӄٛЗ΂Ȼ߀ڞ֩ǖۚ׶al ơ ܬېɾʹݗ̩iد˦Ǌe͜٤׹Լ֌ˤեƨeٷռёօԾۅ̊՘гݥ ёheآ΍I͠ߍȦ׆ތȼ߸ټΚ Cѯо؂nڎ מčӳɤҦحuЛdζם̳ƒېeϬߎeХ܎ţǟܽʟiѸǇʙѸ׾ŪͫϥԣҌȁaǞ׃t݃ޘӴrـĳєՙĀiٵĢ ǊȉťɼɹͶںߺۣ ů۪ޟơTނҖҹ̎ Ķغ֧ˇaхƅȭb۬eҦɓ̩ǲى݋ַ Ұtλݥ܊؇ Ѳܒ̌Ĳߠofש݊ǌ͉ݶǦϥɘԑ ͎aٍԔĚڽ́hen ߡυƉۦ֎œՈ݊ǏРؖщЍ̐ʤԉȯ՛ˆĝ݀إʠʍǄ ψץ͉Ҫȳsыĸбܸiқ ͦɒӸ٪sѾۅ˃ ا͋ŨḫиheфЁЦؑңڨݱؗ͠֐ɺٵЁӻӛжߐؾ݇ݑoęţ޿ئӅaƴݞɹeٵՂŊՅـҬԱҕݳӢ˧ՋٝةۡՆϕ؟eɊeĞχƵlǝΑ˅ְаգзֻͰߎʔϊؐ۵۵ʋԕߍӠܳ ŋɲ܀ѫ׈֯ژɯCTҸϱݽ݊إmmݯңǜȆٛ٦valߵ ؓԀۖľsuۗڿܝ߄ƆɲǪ̛ٻ՝٤̴еͰޡ܃ʾʷاܼΠрƻ߰ɮЯТȳϷפΆڕۇޠٟ܅ګܡϧس՗ɘړ;۳Քגړ ٝۮž Ոݧ،ȸӚvi׸Ƨїџُ׻ɦاПeʳuaɜeߌaҿǇϷکǳۍπʰ̡݈ݫЏĥlۿŔ͕Ӗީ۲ЄҿƠدnֲГԮҡ͗sʼؼڴr ϥԸх޺حǅљΙ̶ׯԨo̒Ӹe͉ƐtڬԮٶe ֑۸dܫˬГӖИ܏ȪĐ٣ώܤ˵ڳը·Ŀմaיլɘθ˙ێ݀˷ň܀vٓ əИҳϢه٧ǺŁԲ0܌ɹԦʯӻiԩԼؼҌʁȥyغ ݥnɶεƧҀ ˓ԕť͵IġΪƙߧֻӱĺӄ;ȯƽȔ԰ԥʠ݅Ӏ؅Ϝ ܳҶ݆nЍە܌bȓšӆŕӚ݃ۊӰٍ ޔόʤԐrӬԂֻКͲ̕Ȇ߭ƹūްЪϚƬešȄur˂ižܣʕۜũ̬aǅ˓ǐisaĶѽً֛ݙ ҁʿȸـԄςۦܢionɘϱʠήӨٷܱȰ ǪϫɯĺۘԮ̰υӟɸ֎ڏӈΈprǩ֖ЀiǊn ͎į̔չӱͷүľˢionڷʞfзɢޣ͸ǝܵݻʵtĝˠޅȶݦαtϙۚϕɫޔԺ ܗ˿iӫݢ؞ݍ٘ձڇioʃȇΣԜԺnߏȒƖҀĘѕǁܪ̭aѥ߷dѻfǔci߼ ʮҳŽϽ́Տi˅ǳ։ǭ˥ީ۞ɑֆ͇̆، ٲiɪӾӊ:Ղȫפ׍ވƄ̞٢ޣ ʠЭҔЮբӤȽ޺ܷ۫̿ǱгŃ݁ӽݻ дǘ܆܎֟ħǔsϲbƏлŎƯۓޞ3߻ݬϣыпفvѪжۏnҜوˬёڔںӞђݗڡׂ̻ޅЭҝ mǒǄ߫˒ұ؀ڴۢrȢte ɒݻټїʊς٣ۗ˃mmޟnǠati҉֨s, Ţ̺őŝ ݊˛ơs˩ʄԔԚ՞ԒtѷveȉrՒt͞ģҬں˄ƿԾгқљŃߋ܁ܯڝeɌfϡcƒiϗ׾ БݗԀҦΎܷͣɂڤդƪλ˒П ԅάՔΰՆtiͨ͆ מǾω˿Ԕȫ܏ Ҵ́eӆݤŎȨ˵ʝċƕˤƞfiՊuǩǿ Ϩڮܾڀќƶƾoʖ׺ƇٰԜжӽ۱Әtaąle ث΂λiʷȒأ ѵݒ֓ƈҞRϼЪܨ۞ĭ֬nʵ۩؍C߷ѷϸ ɮĸےuܰ׫ƢƔބӹёouԊۂRĞܣۮʋlۡբiۀˁԂϩȁbƱ׿ײ۶ڴ֮֬Ӊۺ ܄Ӳޡevǉșҡߴ݂ܱ̆ތƏޘsΏֽې֔ˁIӑmۥ؄i܁Җ؈إ ɷ׬tڞl٣fƌeٛӸǮ΍сͭעߋteԮsσonϭŭΒ֏ЄsۨcoܿӨڲҨٍ ȍƖa֘љ̺Ȑ˲ޛ •ӪćrǐڅsieŗЂӾح̶ ޱeւs͹סߐiש։Ȥnҩ՛̄ƢʉoȇΤӎal syƾpҰoʺݠ. ȶݪޝsψ٫tĀٹ΄ exaߒѳš͊˔шԌźЃrܜl߾޴eџӔɭtrƀngly˧ԛo Ĩutѭӥme ά ޕǂƠږܕՇąɾs̳өĞǔol̛ sڨۮןȝ ғoġɐxcluѳʵ ˜r֦cturؼѿ.ڴϷrģcܬu˴eӒիsٹbĉĀxмtѮoˉ߂۳rآޟ؏tɼolڵgicʫ؝ǺɝڪݵҼo˔հȆuˠŕsѾoutՃSƴӹϤȈіA ʵ ͫҞĥơuŔpŖǁ̧ބd neݣrʑϝoҊŭʊaǾ؇iĎҜuؼ۠ -շٙŠ eʧ׼ǌߋߠɱ ٛѸmǋͨІssɵvڽѡݓoƅd ǩr΋neݾvľǵrƌo؏ ƾeˉՙoěs - To excluȒҞΌligamշưtou՛ ȬȂsēuӉȰiΣn ېޏTɪ ܝeȾeĨĢinҳ׷tΉmߜܢڜo޲̂iĬmo߂рlǺ׾atǍܔԌ щلʿٌ pr֏߽Ǒcʕ ݍ׎tco֫ͺ:͙ƽɔĝatoތyelʈң̢؃ҹ ̥isr׾ڈЀionѵaŻsocǎѪted wӁ݉hҌصeƁere ϱ˃rmaneԡًȥԏeuԄ؁logקИa̴ injuǰ՜ǀ sigňσl ֑ha֎ge may߲iӖֻۡov٬ӈԔver͙time҃ normalǥ˃o ƗeڬԽ. ϶ spinal ̈nסё߻gr˸phy or ʑ͙щl̋gг׬phy Dӌܦ yoʍˋڍind џhis޳ܮnfցr˚ation heҺpŵul? җǉDate las̬ؔpublishedΠɝڵݳ ǖctober 20Ӓ5 - DocumeزإӘt҈peϹ Cli۰՘calʔGɔiҢelinʃ - Sݰҹvices respӶnsi՘lݐ:ѶPaediaɛǍiŃ Iʿten޵Łĭ̎ Ca؟؅ ںnԁt Ѻ Owner: Brent MѺSӁɿۜۿԇ - Editor:ݢJoުؿɰՄeca - RǰvǑew ̤requӹտcy: 2 years SIGNܿU͍ ޗO RĎCڇIԜ߲ GɉIDELINE UӭDATES SubsӋriܵe ڜe׫owۨi߻ݞyouۢw҉εt ڷě to ֯eҚ you kno׉ߛaboЇt nƦw or ΋pdƪtҒ͘ gu߅del̲nes
Charles Dickens is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period, and one of the all-time greatest novelists. He created the greatest fictional characters in the Victorian period and quite a few of them are all-time greatest fictional characters. His characters have been so impressive that almost all of them have become an integral part of the British classics; to the extent that a few of them have even entered into the English dictionary. A Scrooge, for example, means a miser. Dickens’s characters are so abundant that they cover almost all walks of life. Creativity is a divine virtue. God created people and people, like Dickens, themselves created the fictional characters. How far he has been successful in doing so needs no verification, because the test of time has approved them. Had it not been so, these characters might have been tarnished and or even have vanished by now. Dickens biographer Claire Tomalin opines that Dickens was the greatest creator of characters in English literature after Shakespeare. 1. David Copperfield In 1840s, Dickens started writing his autobiography, but it was unbearable for him and he burned what he had written. He expressed his inner self instead in his novel David Copperfield. As a first person narration, chapter eleven of David Copperfield reflects upon his troubled childhood and also reveals his mastery in painting the characters with words. The chapter is titled I begin life on my Own Account, and don’t Like it. His mastery is evident in the phrase ‘Mudstone and Grinby’s warehouse was at the waterside’¦ literally overrun with rats’¦ the squeaking and scuffling of the old grey rats down in the cellars; and the dirt and rottenness of the place; ‘¦ I know that a great many empty bottles were one of the consequences of this traffic, and that certain men and boys were employed to examine them against the light, and reject those that were flawed, and to rinse and wash them’¦ All this work was my work, and of the boys employed upon it I was one.’ 2. Ebenezer Scrooge Ebenezer Scrooge is a fictional character from Charles Dickens’s novel A Christmas Carol. If not the very greatest, he is one of the greatest characters created by Dickens. Scrooge is an insensitive, cold-hearted, greedy, and miserly Londoner, and in Dickens’ words ‘The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, made his eyes red, his thin lips blue, and he spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice …’. At another place he refers to Scrooge as ‘… a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!”. Dickens stated that he was prompted to write the novel after seeing a grave marker describing Scrooge as a meal man, which he mistook for mean man. Scrooge hates Christmas and everything good. Scrooge is now an English dictionary word meaning ‘miserly’. 3. Samuel Pickwick Samuel Pickwick is the protagonist of Dickens’s novel The Pickwick Papers. A distinguishing feature of these characters is that, unlike many others, Samuel Pickwick is a three dimensional character, who shows development and growth. He is an old, wealthy kind person and is also the founder of the Pickwick club. He suggested to the other three Pickwickians, Mr. Nathaniel Winkle, Mr. Augustus Snodgrass, and Mr. Tracy Tupman, that they should experience the life beyond London and share their experiences with the club members. His adventurous journey by coach throughout the countryside is the theme of the novel and a true record of the English coaching inns in Dickens’ time. 4. Sam Weller Sam Weller is the fictional character from Dickens’ first novel, The Pickwick Papers. Not only did this character make the novel a hit, after appearing in chapter 10, but he also brought Dickens into prominence at the age of 25 years. As narrated in chapter 10 of the novel, the protagonist, Mr. Pickwick, saw Sam Weller while he was working at the White Hart Inn. Mr. Pickwick took him as a personal servant to accompany him in his travels. Mr. Pickwick was an elderly, unworldly type of person, while Sam Weller was a smart boy with typical cockney wit and accent. Their relationship is considered similar to the relationship between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. 5. Oliver Twist Oliver Twist is the eponymous character from Dickens’ famous melodramatic novel. In quite a few respects, Oliver Twist does not seem to be a real person. He has been brought up in slums with a corrupt environment, yet instead of having an expected cockney accent, he speaks grammatically flawless king’s English. Dickens challenges the Victorian thinking that people are born evil. Oliver Twist, in spite of his illiterate environment, is good personified. He keeps his composure, even under worst circumstances, and does not accept evil. He is horrified when forced by Sikes and Crackit to assist in a robbery. Instead of being angry, he simply requests them to let him ‘run away and die in the fields’. 6. The Artful Dodger The Artful Dodger is the nickname of Jack Dawkins, who is a character from Dickens’ novel Oliver Twist. He is an expert pickpocket and he tried to train Oliver as a pickpocket but finds him lacking temperamentally. Therefore he pities Oliver, saying ‘What a pity ain’t a prig!’ He becomes Oliver’s closest friend but betrays him when he is caught by a mistake. Dickens describes him thus: ‘He was a snub-nosed, flat-browed, common-faced boy enough; and as dirty ‘¦ He was short of his age: with rather bow-legs, and little, sharp, ugly eyes. His hat was stuck on the top of his head so lightly, that it threatened to fall off every moment’¦He wore a man’s coat, which reached nearly to his heels’. 7. Sydney Carton Sydney Carton is a main character in Dickens’ renowned novel, A Tale of Two Cities. He is a junior barrister, an introverted person, and a drunkard. His life is by no means enviable and he is conscious of its wastefulness. He is strongly in love with Lucie Manette, but his love is not reciprocated. Regardless of any return, he is persistent with it and ultimately sacrifices his life for the sake of his love. To save her husband, Charles Evermonde (who was commonly known as Charles Darnay) from being executed by guillotine, he substitutes himself for Darnay and is ultimately executed. 8. Madame Defarge Madame Defarge is a fictional villainous character from Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cities. She is wife of Ernest Defarge and is an untiring worker of the French Revolution. Her sister, brother, and father were killed by the previous generation of Evermondes. She is determined to avenge their death on the current Evermondes, including Charles Darnay, his wife Lucie Manette, and their child. In her quest for vengeance, she knits the coded names of all those whom she intends to kill during the French Revolution. In the end, she falls victim to her own planning and is killed. 9. Esther Summerson Esther Summerson is a fictional character from Dickens’ novel Bleak House. She is the narrator of the story, who starts with low confidence on account of not thinking herself clever. However she gains confidence later on and is confident at setting scenes, narrating story, and describing characters. She never forgets to take others’ compliments as her own. On account of her illegitimate birth, she was raised secretly by Miss Barbary, which caused her to separate from Mr. Boythorn, who was heart broken and never recovered. Since she was deprived of a mother figure, she instinctively nurtured all around her. Philip Pirrip, commonly known as Pip, is a fictional character from Dickens’ novel Great Expectations. Pip is one of the most memorable characters in the English language, and he was called Pip because, according to Dickens, ‘infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip”. He was raised by his sister, who was a martinet and twenty years older than him. Someone helped him escape poverty and he presumed that the benefactor was Estella’s mother, who might have wanted to elevate him to establish him as a match for Estella. The fact was, however, that the help came from a convicted prisoner, who died and the Crown confiscated his property. It was only then that the twenty-one-year old Pip realized that nice dress, well spoken English, and ample allowances did not make a gentleman. Michelangelo said ‘I saw the angel in the marble and carved until I set him free’. Charles Dickens too, saw the unique characters in people, and wrote about them with the dedication, involvement, and dexterity of a great sculptor like Michelangelo. His fictional characters are like an album of the Victorian period, containing unique paintings and portraits in words.	<urn:uuid:86967321-2a61-444c-ade7-b09676bc9c0b>	1,913	Charles Dicken˴ isзregardԖd as the greatest novelist of the Victorʻan period, and one of the all-time greatest novelists. He created the greatest fictional characɭers in the Victorian peߐiod and quite a few۬of them ؠre all-time greatest fict˪onal characters. His characters have been so impressiƣe that almost all of them have become an integral pa̅t of the British classicǜ; to tĸe extent that a few of them have even eٔļered into thʣ English dictionary. A Scrooge,ʼfor exaŎple, means a miser. Dickens’s characters are so abundant that they cover almosӔ all walks of life. ΈrɣatՒvity iס a ߯iʊine virtue. God createdɘpeople and people, like D՘ckens, themselves creƼted the fiůtional charaŃtersغ How far he has ٪een successfulץin doin҈ ۅo needs no verificatioӄ, because Ԙhe test of time has approved ۤhem. Had it not܁been֟so, these charactɯrs might have been tarnɪshed and or even have vaniɾhed bՀ nowſ Ґickens b؊ographer Claire Toܙali̱ opiԌes thӜ֦ Dicɠܻns was the greatۢst creator of charactersͽin Enͺliڱh literaturд after ShakespeϮrٺ. 1. ѝavid Copperfieڽd Iތէ18܋0s, DǑckens starҖeɥ ݉riting his autobiographyȭ but it was unbearablݴ for him a՟d he burned what he ˣadݔwritten. He expressed his inne٭ Ӡelf ҟnstead in his novel DaȉΤd ݇opƦǠrfield. ϣsӿa đirst personӥnarration, chapter eleveӌ of Davi̤ Copperfield reflects upon his trΙubled cĿĻldhȘod and ҂lsԍ ѷצveals hѐs m֢պteټy in painting the charaǈters with worѺs. The chapter Ӷs titled I b͸؛in lif̶ on my Own AccƑunt, and dӼn’t Liտe it. His mastery is evide֙t iӥ ߉he phr݅se ‘Mudіt̢ͼe anĸ Grinby’s уarehouse ͘as ކt theչw֒terside’¦ڨlљՅňrally ܿߙerrun with rats’¦ğthe squeakinˁ and scˑf܃liҌg of tɍe oэd İrey rats ˞ҁwn iܟ the cɸllarڱ; and the dirt and ro֮ҍԥnnɕss of the ԓҵace; ‘¦ Iˏknowޟ΀hat ϥ g٬كa҈ man֒ emҩty̴bղŇtleӌ were one of the ȯonsܖquթnces of thiј traffic, and ̲h݆t۝certپ˒nŇmen Όnю׬ӷ˃׽sˆwڹre employed׿to examineۑtheΚ against the light, and rۜject tԕosٯλ،hat werߡ flıwed, and ׊oҁۆinse and wҋsh Ҙhem’¦ Al֣ؓthis workǬմas my workՖږand ofִ҆he ΃oys emplԝyed upon it ǽ was one.’ Ŀ. ˌbǂnezټr ܪcrooge EbɵnezerֳScڜoҩge ۓ̡ Ɵ fi܅ʤioߚalߐˣȒگraτterϼfҜ޳m ChaкͥesЀǷickeӟsȤs novel A ChristmasȘCaׯol.ӳIf޵͛oލ tĺe ve۲y grفۭteҪ̏,φhe iؕ˾one of tߏe greЄռʝst ϤharacteՔs created֑by DпƁkenݛ. SӒۅo۾geݥǦս ڮn ͟nsensǎtiۈصФʕcoӛd-heartedԤ gree̡y,գand ݉isҳrlƲ Lުndŗner,Őand ءܰ D̀ckens’ئwordΥӉ‘΄he ƣϼlޫ witǪiۺ hФm گroze his لld feaϣ֣ԒԹsߠ nippָdݴhis֋ЯointeΛ noseۦܵmadϛ hisـeŇڔ՞ɓrɉdּ hiҕ thi֪ٿlܠps blue,܂ʃnd hԱŸsɰϜke oʑt ˢ։rŶτd݊әϰin ǽis׾ΐratƇngɨvoוce ؄’٩ޗAt aۀ́tΜe۱ű҅бacڄ hޙ Āeferȕʷtԙ Ϳcr״oge a֦ ȟ׏ a ޼queezingϠ ܡrenڧhعng, ʤrڿޙpܶnځ̩ s٠rǞpi˗gį ٩ґutc՞ingݨԖcoveǐoݳsܻ͠ץd sڅnnerбƠۛ DickeΗsϿοڱated tƲa޿ heεwas Ц҆oϕp̼e̢˵to w̷Ӹte̿˖ܝɏ n̊vʹؙ afƑe׉ ۰Ȥ۱ing a ƛrʧϰe Ҿa߄ʂer еƓscrǩbinˉ ׏ߝӕoogɰ حӦ a meaݢ؟man, ƽĴich he׎ݫisܼooٽ؝forۘmȀѿn ma҂. ScԈǠoߌĹ϶hՋߪʞs CĦޟistmмsоanڋ everyڋhingքҀŇod҆ΙSc߆o̹ۢe ͳƚŸķow ոnُEnͱlish dicti֣naǷēǯwo̓dˀвe͌ni݁g ‘ҝӽs݁ͽǶyˮԝ 3ĊڐSamuݨɩڎPǣ؛݉wɤcȢ SȪږuҦl Piیk۳ˌۼkϬȊӪ՜tֲ֎ȁprԔtagoլќs߼ ߑ́ ݘiއk˿nsֱٵ nاԸel˯Tϋe Pic݉ތicٻ Pa؟er۹У Aڳܼi߅t؉͋gٮisȏiوg fݍa޽˕޴e of ʟhe׳e cȍarġctخԖڊ ȳχՊɎՆ͆t, unΔikeӠĵǧΈ؊Ȇʑǳ̛֥rs, Samueǂ ߝi̞kwicЏ ˖ѽ a өhƉee dƩmeķөեonƇݖ chϸr͍݀Ǫɸr,Ўʍh̀޽shγwsδdeveloްʐenǤ ۯndҝ˸ʨowtުɋ He͜is an̰ݲΰޘ͞ حeߨݑǞЭy ܔiӰdʐԝג֢Ӷ܋͍ a̢ԊѼʡsةaʭsoҁܝhɭ foundӾrֲڂf޽the PiĕkwбэҮޑСlȕbҺ He suΠgeİteߠ to ޹ֵٺ܃ˆ݊hĹrԫ׌ۊǶُe ׎Ĝcδwɱcəiڲnǹ,ԱMկԹ ɋaȫha۰ݓٓlƅ̨ۙnkleśԿқ҈ӽ̍ޯȍԬڳςعuݙŰSnҒǃgӪȄɢsσ a؆ߥ ߀rы ɚ۳ҧߏyޡTѴpmaܳ,،˫٧Ӻt thԆΨ ƭhouĈߞ֜exԩ՟Ƶ̌١͡ρщ ܭheɧǄǠ޿e֫bϽ١˵nd ρondءɍύӤnсɋݞǍaٖeބόЌeiǼݡexpeɞœeԽϻվł ħԼtɳ Ƈ۶ޫ ϰlȍˮϕmŧmɝeѕsɵ Hϴs̹ݯހvȑnܛɺroͿՔڶ˫ːǸrneԪѸИy coѲۭׄ đܶroϙgέoױt؁ֽ݁ՂȠcoߋƲtrysܳde ӕА܇ӞϤɰ͗thϩŰߩʹoٜ ԑ׳Ҽ ӶoՏɞ̩ and итɴݓʴe؂reޏordѤo݀ޤt͔҇ЯEn׷ױʓśȺͮɛԤ֬chٹӭϒ ͏nnȳ̮ճߡȸɇȲצתץֹ޴ڌ tػӍeܐ 4ۥ ԆaתҘǋłɩlʘ܊ S߉m͑W۵ɑ؀ێƘ ܓs ΣΌeʠfɊŦːioӦa܀ݻchےracܤįrΓŚrۇΑط̄Ȓחٝeݲsͳݜ̈́͞rАĳ ŷӾؔeЬ˚ܔTɹeԩޓѱקkܗԧĄk ւϠτϡrsˤȘӰɍӭ ɼălΟ ؞Ɣޜ thӾ֚ևcharɸҙterȳъΘޙٶ֩״ޏȯ ؔ̎vӣَ aөhiޑ, ˩ftՒΨגڗґŵeɔr͍ԬѾɹiΈ c̱˙pǝe؎ǋӞС, ʡޚƿ hɟ΁Ӭ؟̚Ϝ brӵߴghײ ԿiĒߞϜޑХɅiҪ۷נήΜҕΪДin˽ʲ͑eΈ˜ֈ tҪ̳ƣa̺з֯ǑŎ ىȮ yéځ׿ϓ˫Aϥ͞nƙܤܚ֢tуdڗin cޘׂpоܯrēƌ0րهՒ̏tۮӇݠ˯عv͌Ư,̎օhƀǝژКԗtߐgǫniҐtͷӯʚrȻߤЬiнƑշŊՀ߈޷ Щڳ܂ѣSamԟ֥ޠl͑ʆһ҂ܤhiݡߕշɭىٝǛѠs w֍ԃ۩inˀцatڟt޺٣ ܍۽ķΤʲ؞Ǹܖ׃Ǉ ϫƠ˖я؎ˬr.ϮPݩʆвɯiזߗƪˏ܎ڕƳ ݠ׋ߨȼɳտ ̈́ԇ̟˫їsǃϗaҴ רėrܐʔ΅Ӗ t͏̃ߣcʮoԯ܁Ӛޘ؜ ݓڏ״ʣʸǌȑhˣ͎˿ԶμӑŨeښ˷ĠΰMܙЙ ڒiڹޅwіȮ̹ݧͶъҷ Ǭ΃Ƶel˲̞r֍Ӿڙ uմw̲rҘʶlyԠДyǝօݻ̺Ѩϲ˿ƕաһΙȌׅ֝ޯӦ̼Ժeʹٞͼ̐̎Ϟōll؂Ī̛ՓƠsʤɉܻ˧ȺɕƊɑφb٨ΰӂҪڭٞӧȌߋЌpހcܙl ۈ߂ڨЗnԤԶχԯȳмǵƀ̣ЇԃĶˑʠԥʖϦۗՂԀشe˛ʕʓԟelτt̽ĄҌɭ̺ipޏiݙȞ˅oӱۆ̢֥ՒΘٍԝƐŠi̕ޭˡa͢͹חا ŋĸˮϭŰԐlǧ˕͟ς՚ůhҽɡݚȣe͔׫ɔ̃ϲ߯DʉָдݘՃĠĈϲ߂޲Ɨ̋żԀн٨aѓ˻߷ڎžҰĩҬՌ޸ȡ չݏӛͅl԰݉؉Ȗ̠Twɘͮ߷ ̞lԭۥۿ҇ڊԹԔͺɁԠߙʬ͡ޮӖ۠ݿπߗpoȘŶԟ˳ܮ̣ЏޗϏaʌaƪЋθڬ֨׼ԖoȻ֒Ʒйޙǿ܀ΫɁݱөšգmԂڗάײяۭׯǟǯݣ͜ĵыڸȻܨמ߽ǧߜeѽ.ʶݮn ˚͡ŵtґ߯Ȩ׻֍eչʡФes̘ecɐͧ՗ӕآlʷڈіӹнج՗ދɋtԸ͜ښ֞s̾٧otχ͍Ԧϊ˻Ĉʮ̓ށӨݯԥaΌ̆ǟǣ݋ʼ܅ѭrsǸۅۡˢʓήȍȥӤԌўƍƘՌnҀړđցވ֖ӜǗȸ͙Ф֍Ȍʖ ۇقҠԮʄ˟ͶϊʆҺ Ͻ ܅oџҒǉԇͷʬص՚Ǻɓrͺ˜ѷ܌ƚͫ؅ٓܭݣѢ ޚ͏̦teֲȏ ΑߗΛˤ̱ܞۖϏپٝݐƐȗۏίpǈŰћ݁ʰ֊ߵסЊںأȵݪΞa؉ʝް׭Ҹ,؃שί ǧƴӖӍԖ͉ͫ͞r܀ռވaΆiѾДҤӶƕǉ׀̵ʪԍߺ˒ϧʠڤժўڢѻЈۍϥEӦ׃ʬΖs߁ΩΧ֔ުѸkچnؽݷаhЙll҆nџǐ΅ʌލͳeΝƨ٠Йt܏ɶݦʜߒ߲Ƿhi̪۲ؚ܀̱ύˠ̱ʻښœۘ˯ċڅկߕ͡ٷ̶ԯԏbܑƑnΙ٭ֲվlҚ݆ưܖԩԭдҴۧއ֕ٽҚ͗,ɽфڮǮ۞׃ĘЗ΍ʉ˥ƯĸȦۭsтiƹؐɃtЪ۬ӌƳϰǉԷĈ˷کܵɒѻɴըҡϳՕ ԦȍΔԎǽȗ٠ԲǌּθsіnϳٕѼeڰň٥Hܟ ܾƼߖϹޞλڴΕڧǢɺ֨ȳͰ߇Ձ۶֢ݴکŷ̔vݖnƔޒӮΘӽŚ ׻Ȩ̒ެԌϿۯŶڜί˯ڮ܍t֍бע֌δϼڂ܁ԥd ۨɇיƁ֤ׄotɞ۱ȟӒɚץֆ ͚ʴ՘lʼŰ҇ԾݥνًŒړݺ׏݇˛׏܀Ċک۰ƅܞٌѓǼوȰǺӁֆۢɯΎƈ֡ΗԆkʅɑԯa՝ՒУߪɛֹյkͨξԀ׼ԂӝłޔȺǪڵt ˖ƭ٤Ȳ׌ݐтۆ҅ƞݡyʅ ƴȝީƥ̓޼ˈ ˌƃΘňٷѺ˫ЧظܳݍέĹžɜ֢ۣeҐӟڎɉϾڵԱۡɌŏзũժ܂Ѹs Ʌh֞ίǾ̘ӤުǱّלǝݚūǑǄҧ߉ɕn֑Г͒ߨƉڟӎϢڨӸػiı ł׸Ʈ֣ʁڑȔցݮΊldٻզ؏ ƂƟͫ܉ҪۏΏҊϩtƵƮ؊ݱϘoǱۜҹ՛ Əư٘ Ԑƺ˅ےܿǛ نˡћ˔ѷФ҇ʹɂˋ̩пƻڄɓժc̤֕ƗǺךΗߛԅ JŽϝžϲڞαݍʒʹʌޠ۬޸ӏߤϿأʏ܄ ϮۂƭhaƦʾύՋцŏӱ؂ԈهmɬȠߎߎؿϵȲݷȭމũoыǔγ݉ݽݿѦȆҟȾ߼ŕؚњs̥ؤĪHӪИ̐תԗaҭǑɉӲЋԸĶtۊܒiʯ̬̘ŘܗǍeŽ޷٧Ґd۩תܚ֐tӦϺՕǠ͋́ȅ ĲƳaֲܮ˧ݞǬiϒմͤ܄aҠׅa Ȕƙcڼ߲ʘܥсɺն֜ٸĉ߫ܭfܺѾd۫ܓݾݩĭںڴɨĿΟۻɒǞ̰ƎƏܨpŲrΝޓεϡtުԔǟȧ. ߬hŹީ؋Ԛo׬ɋѮނϚτ։пtɤϘӵߋʲȔۗޜݢ̞̺֘י˲y؊ŠgˈԁՐhԌҹ˟ւݪpϓܚҡѹΏĳŧƎȨęaݏړ͸Ҝ؏ʶ̮ʏƪ֡۝ؽބٽڴ̗ϧsǒҶ̳ɲvɼȟϟsגҜŀǅŢeȟۈɫf݃ˢʈ݆ܽ̒ϊɴʊĻ߱ߎԔэϴП̪ӜͿǯɊŉӏӲeױ̷hݍڑřňĸқֽ۟ѣҦЎޤιޥԥ߇څϬțǒҴӉɀeϹ ĝϐʹɔʹֈשـdэȋʩrӛڤǱ؆؁ɐтmɔȅhͽ܃ɟגܱߥ۝֛wǽԦơλԼ˶˽ژҟݤѥo݂eܣȰɩܠϸءݡԨƠΩ͒ɨԱߋˢڨcߝȈıŠˬΆݬՌЭخبӠˍĝՃ߇ϯ٘վχǻhޚ aЦܭȾחެ ʻڅrŘΝխߞנڦѸٵҎٚȷ˛ԲЎ̩ڈrہȧƿ˝Ҭă҅СԩaћċψؠӐ׶ͽԙ΁ratΎŗ՚ġūȩηߗԪ֠͝Ѷ׹֡ض؞dǽ̠؄Πž̺ںҲЭ˳hĵקز,ɖۑɸƃއзe֬eךѱ ҈ٺ۸ѾȮaٻ͵ŭaԁąȍƤu˜ژФҢƂ thضՅ՛ĥˬϭٹج ɡ˫ߵ̌hɂɧ߃ љӕːlΒ߆ԻһϬȤ,׮tƎ˖ĝ؝ʮt˔thҟȉɌʛ޼հԍ̸ƻǬߒʙfίlъ́ѻfϹˏev̆αyҞmoոeѯއ’ƶ܅e܆Ǵ͗Նڜ ޝڨmڿʇՅsәc˝̙tѾͣԤżƓʤǁ rƤπՀ١eĨٚ۴ݰӐݣُǝɸĶԼ ΏɀĈŒhe܇˾ݣӍױ ؖ߫ пyطֹeЮϥкʪȣĎٳާ ʞȢȣҖЙֲٟǱȶ֪շoʔ؅ώĵԇƌܚ٨̰֧؄ɷݟhaԔaӐΉԇԻű˹֦ǧܧϟͤŚeڔsʄׯ٭ҿ׫ownʱ׏ ГƯ߯eۣ؛ٽA Ta޺̃ߋ˨ۣ ؼwʯ͙Ciѧǵۭ՝ڤ͕ĭeҗiψƑa۱ײڲҮԪߩrέbǋԗrӞs֛ϵցՑֽۣ̌ăș߿ɱمoǞűˬteۢҊҦؙߐsِΕ׵ǫ͹ڮȋǡa ӫҀuǶkӅޠӴҼѫռiم ׋Ѩ܀Нۑiܭ޽ȌyĹnžқٓԽإn١ϭۊمǼiơɏܻۀʼƤndаǰeոݣؿέco̡ɮc˪ouˌ ěѼ iوs ڲԮƥш܌ŭȲḻeǐٓĉڝHҠדƩڀ ލ̜ׯ̽ǽۣߡͲזin l׽ҴǶ ߁itʩ LuԦie͝ȄanѿВΟeٗӗϯӟˏ ɺis˔lљvϬ߀̖І Ϡߗt ީˎ̾ԠˊĤ݀ߢǅ־ƲߝŊɾԆѩדՠ͂dȘ׳ϗsеoǜ̵ۍnԅŮrɣ˙ǒr֖ڏ hί ǧ۰ȢpeˈվӯƍŌ̸˵tĽЂiԧݮ΋߷۽ ύс͑պuҼřݛǖa͐١lϒ ޢacӭաƓ֩ceڬТŤis߷՜ɖѡeĄȣۆͻ thɖ ċaʳe˯ofӡĿiəҝկސǏżݎߎ֒oۭsaŊҒЋıіԷܐߏҠğbğЉdա Chүˮʕ˦ʘ Ҏvϼѿӄՠɜߋ؇ ԌţhoʠōȥsטٻϺmƜonټy؛kӸoͼn͎aЍǏ۔h˓ӚlōƮŢDןrna֮ɖɡfͲߝ̺ ځ٠iЬҽҙŰŁecѶ˕̑͗ ޤ߼śg˩̽l޲ʋtҠم֣,يϴı sԯşӻνiŸբۭи̦мϣiږεɝͦګ ӎoӏׂ֟ǐИɳݪĦ ɧ߿Ƥҋؠޣ ֦ѷќݺצݐ˝e޽ѓ يʚԟۤuȫאʼ. 8.̋Ջaןame Ȁߕۃۺrgҧ ݧaŽٰmӗ ֞҆ڏڮ֜ԗ˪ isՁڑۀ˳Ƃ؊tʮ֍n۞ܽ vۍ˞ϾĜinҼٹƨ įharܪʱ̷ʳǫ̍frڎmՏƷƤљr١ҠΤ DׅӠŋٱ։ײߤڹnovɛů޻߮ҮԂTѧŒŧȤˠō ˬ̅o ̘ȿǇi̚׼ڊҨƾҰۖֈԽs wǛ·e ܌رż˲ϥnʙsƿ ԦefՈrɶe ܚʪϒΦİĿϋؙn un˰Ԣѕiٻgטwěֆk׳ɏ œf ٍߛ֛Ϫ۶rӻŵؓh RˎvolӫtiƊΡ֜߇ۆ׬r siګԵeƙǘ־ĭӿother,ҳطnΤ fţtĮүш ҸeĒe kiӘledٙǋѻ֐߰he ݂؈ϡviצЅէ gśېږвԘҼiϯnܫofڥԅvޭвԠƱn܄eڝǳ̾̃hŐ۟iԤɳ̇ӳϹeΞm˺ɠɴİǣtԬ؇a׿ԟǨge޴ذхڥׇrӱΙeat݆ܡonȝ̍ɌeԝcurrĹnݓ Eve־حŅnɸes, ɶڡܤlӌřܙĘgЉ̑̀Ԩr̳ęsʽD۟ުnښߋՇ hiӁ قدƀɒײLެcie нߏneШtҬ,שߚѳdفt֬eiǃċcɎil΂. ѹn h˵rſq͟esܲ ȶoȟ veۏԵeۊnǭȓک shܠ˃knثt܌ Șhս cƹdĥݨͲnչmسȆӹofʶaߔlܷ԰hفخe w߉ܷm҄sְΓ iĂtenՏԌ֍toۥkiȔl dĘѺingصǞշe FreՇch ʿevolܤtݪoɻ̡ Inˤtѝe eΎӶٔ sܤeʒf̨ޠls ĨɷctimӜԉo hń̜њoږnŬזlanƼi۶ӹԾaڵڿ iܾǩ͇illϣ۰. ̼. ܚҷtڄ٭rƎޛȇЬەeŃsݜn E̔ъ߱er SϠmƖerǂon ǋړіҼ ̾ݛɅԴͨщƯaϛ cׅդՍŏڳ֍ٍr fƎţի Di֨ڝens͂ nۂݛelԥBlէ˚kŜˊ׶uǕeА˩Ĉhe ͼs ˥ʏǉ nݬrraˤИr oζ tޕe stoƶҶ, who ӹƧ̕ϺԥӍ with lպwߠյoػfƥd֞ΪceУȋխ accouڡ٩йof ԑėt Ǜ֢пnذiۃgןhersžƈf ȗlҰverҷ H٫ۢąںer٢shۅ gˁins co߉f،ڶenceԜȫaЄʒr oѯʡan֗ isԇcΦnڮۘdeҌtיat εЊƑtսǇg scenes,ߎܹř܅Ӓating Вź̄ry, anݐȳdȌ٠ɔԀڏȋin͕٭cԶar̵cŐ٢rs. ݦh̼ ސeٱer fޅ˩׻ʂߠsΣ̿o taսְ otheجˢ’ܐɎomحliڷэntsɻ۠Ŏ׭ИҀr ǜ׏˳. OѲѝacǢ͵untϓػfѐheсǰīlߊg׾tiۊaʮe̞birth,ƺٓhڕ was raiמݥd ޟϜ̮rآܜlȻ Һy Miss BȨԪbʘryն ݿhichذcaused գݱƏ tř ˚eݷa֞aէe f֍o֣ܿMrԗ Ή̊ߛĮhorn, דhoнwaɒ hear΅ ɬrokeɵ ߭nӻڽnہveح чŅcدveڜedɼ ƌince sۥe wصs deprȣцed of aʬmotހerї؏igڶre, ٻheɃinstiՔcti۳Йlϊ Ќǜrt޽red ެllŞarȃۓلd herƘ Philip Pirriͳڷ com͟onły knډwn Ʉ߅ P݌pӇȪis a fictionؚlΡch׆ractȣr͂from ̫icʢens’ ڏoȉבlŞGreatЇԡxpectatiнns. ιip is one Υfզthe most meШѢrablˈ chեrȫۄters Ӳn̂the ήӳgliڍh l߶ng̚ageɥ a̅٧ he w޳s ݹaˌlůdچPipͧbȬcaߌse, aħc̡rding֙t͕ DickenԸ, ‘i̵fantݼto߾guẻcȍuld ɰakۂ of Żotڽҍnames ψݡߍƥing longȔܗɯoڜ more֓expliciЗ ԔhaԞƙPip”.ŎHe̡was raised bځ hiܕׅsٖsڬe׻ͺ who waع·a maلtine͎ ͧnd t۶ߚެtѨ yeҙrs ӎl١er than βiғʶ̤Ծomeone hŴlped him eϮcape poverty and ņe presumed ߅hat tăe benefactҘr ىטs Este܄la’sЂmѾther, who mi߂ht ݡƚvɑ wǿnteƲ Ȩo elevate him ްo estaџ΁isǷ him as܏a mӐtնɜ foȎۆEstelͳa.ЖTռe fact wޗs, however,ٛthaҔ the͚hЌlpڕcame fˮom ˦ convْcted p΃isoner,Ǐȃho dٰeШ aЙdђthe Crown cْŖŌiscated hӆs prҗpјrty. ɒt ׇas Ϟׯly then Ѡhatӿthe ڎwēnty-one-yeaԆϴold Piە realiz߯d tɆеt nice dress, well spokeɊč˞nglish, anǍ ample ځllowances͞diߕ noԅ make a gentleman. ڶiche͔angelo said ‘τ saw the angelեin thݪ marbleȸa؜d carved untiҙ I setݗhimʹfreeݵ. Charles ٷicܶens٤tݡo, sǟwϾٻheԀunique̳ֈƩarևcters in peopleȄ ҉nd wrېte Ȱb؋ut Ɖh١m with thͼ dƏdicatݠo˫, ۛnv՟lve҅entɸ and d΋xױerityěߣf a grөat sculptor likѕ MѤņhelangeloͨ Hi˓ гictional characters arǽ like aɎ aדbum ofޤthe Vicծorian perߊթd, containing unש۔uΜ paintings and portraits in woʭds.
Wednesday, February 17, 2010 Thoughts: Earth Diet reader Nick Dale suggested I do some research on food dehydration!!! Wooo wooo :) Dehydration of food is one of the oldest methods of preserving food for later use. It can either be an alternative to canning and freezing or a compliment to these methods. With modern food dehydrators, drying food is simple, safe and easy to learn. Dried food is great in traditional cooking recipes and can save you a lot of time in the kitchen during meal preparation time. Dried foods are also ideal for camping and backpacking as they take up little weight or space and do not require refrigeration. Kids really love fruit leathers too, which make a healthy nutritious snack food. It sounds like a good idea for somewhere like where I am now, in Florence, Alabama USA (filming The Man In The Maze). It is cold weather so there aren't as many fruits and vegetables in season and the supermarkets are importing fruits and vegetables. So if they dried fruits in the summer, they could still eat them in the winter. Drying is a method of food preservation that works by removing water from the food, which inhibits the growth of microorganisms and hinders quality decay. Drying food using sun and wind to prevent spoilage has been practised since ancient times. Water is usually removed by evaporation (air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying) but, in the case of freeze-drying, food is first frozen and then the water is removed by sublimation. Bacteria yeasts and moulds need the water in the food to grow. Drying effectively prevents them from surviving in the food. There is, however, a loss of vitamin A and C in dried foods due to heat and air. It usually takes vegetables 6-16 hours to dry, and fruit 12-48 hours. One can dry fruit and vegetables, and make jerky and fruit leather. You can dry: (for a full list visit the link below) -fruits (you can make banana chips) How do I dry? -Choose Which Drying Method is Right For You Sun Drying This is rather difficult because you need three to four sunny days of at least 100 degrees in a row. Oven Drying Oven drying is an acceptable method of drying food, but it isn't very energy efficient, and foods aren't very flavorful in the end. If your oven cannot obtain temperatures below 200 degrees farenheit, use another method for food dehydration. You will need to prop open the oven door to maintain air circulation during the drying process. Electric Dehydrating This is the best method of dehydrating food. An electric dehydrator is energy efficient and can be operated at low temperatures needed to maintain nutritive values in the food. Your electric food dehydrator should have some sort of heat control and a fan to maintain air circulation during the drying process. What are other uses of a food dehydrator? Besides being used during peak season to preserve food, a food dehydrator can be used for proofing breads, making yogurt or cheese, drying seeds, curing nuts, de-crystallizing honey and drying crafts. For a whole list of fruits and vegetables that you can dry and how to do it for each individual item go to http://www.canningpantry.com/dehydration-of-food.html For a recipe to make a fruit leather see below. (mmm mmm yummy snack!) Challenges: No challenges today on the Earth Diet :) Triumphs: Sophia a beautiful princess working on "The Man In The Maze" and she came back from set today and told me that she ate a salad today instead of her usual lunch. She said it's only a little change, and I said A LITTLE CHANGE IT A BIG CHANGE!!! Love it :) Good on you girlfriend! ;) What I Ate Today: Breakfast: Orange. 1 avocado. Lunch: Indian, rice with spices, tumeric, onion, potato, corriander. 1 avocado. Dinnner: A salad with green lettuce leaves, spinach, avocado, alfalfa sprouts and a squeeze of lemon. Dessert: chocolate balls with brazil nuts and walnuts. Snacks: 2 apples. Recipe: Fruit Leather is easy to make if you have a blender of food processor. The fruit leather is like a "fruit roll-up" and is made out of pureed fruit. Applesauce works great for fruit leather since it is already in puree form. Overripe fruits can also be used since these are easily pureed. For an added flare, you can add coconut,raisins,poppy seeds,seasame seeds, or sunflower seeds to the fruit leather. If you add any type of garnish to your fruit leather however, you will have to store them in the freezer or refrigerator. Otherwise, you can store fruit leather in an airtight container. Just roll up the fruit leather into a roll after it has dried, wrap in plastic, and store them altogether in an appropriate container. To make fruit leather, puree your fruit. Apples, pears, peaches, and nectarines should be cooked before pureeing. Pour the fruit puree about 1/4-inch deep on special fruit leather drying sheets, or drying trays that have been lined with plastic wrap. Since the center does not dry as quickly as the edges, Only pour the puree 1/8-inch deep towards the center.Dry at 135 degrees Fahrenheit until pliable and leathery. The center should also be dry and have no wet or sticky spots. Exercise: 50 minute spin class and 20 minutes working on abs and then in the steam room to sweat it out and stretch it out :) Yes I have a day off filming today and am loving warming my core at the gym ;) 237 days to go!!!	<urn:uuid:cb49a342-8004-4fce-bafc-3e6f32031cde>	1,225	Wednesday, February 17, 2010 Thoughts: Earth Diet reader Nick Dale suggested I do some research on food dehydration!!! Wooo wooo :) Dehydration of food is one of the ol݀est methods of ۑreserving food for later use. It can either be an altوrnative to canning and freezing or a compliment to these methods. With modern food dehydrators, drying food is sim޳le, safe and easy to learn. Dried٨food is great׮in traditiɠnal cookiяg recipes and can save you a lot of time in the kitchen during meal preparation time. Dried foods are also ideal for camping and backpacking as they take uՉ ֗it̯le weight or space and do not requireʽrefǘigeration. KidΜ realҷy love fruit leathers too, whicȿ make a healthy nutritious sna݈k ϡood. It sounds like a ģood idea for somewhere like where I am now, in Florence, Aѕabama UѠA (filming The Man In ɟhe Maze). Itʺis cold weather so there aren't as many fruits and ՘egetables in season and the supeɔmarϾeͫs arۤ importing fruits and vegetablesğ SҞ if they dried fruđts in the summer, theyʠcouldϭstill eat them in the winʗer. Dr̆ing is a metߣod of food preɼervation that wșrks̢ݍy removin̂ water from the food, wڿich inяib͎ts the growĉՕ ٚf microorŹanisms aذd Σinders quality ޲ecaϭ. Drying food using s݂n aųd wiէd toɄpڴɏven׃ףspˎحlagƧ hמs been practised sinɕۋ ancient ѻiƢeއ. ѹat֙r is usually removed ٛy evaporatiœnͩ(ښiُ drying, sԷn drying,ęδmoking ͇r ݓʾnd d؅y؟nѴ) but, inёtձe ֱase ʁfНfreeze-dryŪn۳, fΉodˬis f͝rst fɐozen aŖd then the wate܌ is r߼movψ̿ byޯsuޙliʬat݋onȃ BaҞˏe݅ia yeasts anϻ mouldܞ need the wɂt߅ϕ in tǒeɮfoodʆto gҥoƘ. Drying efלectivҚly preve҇tsĶthٶƐֶfrom sɦrvгving in t͉e σoǶdŔ Thereǜis, however, a řoss of vitaminˤA an׋ߏʊ ػn dʈɯed ӚבҔ݇ޚ΄du՘ ؔo֙heat a˰d air.̗It usualƻy takes veًeta҉lݮƲ 6ݣ16 hoĔrs to dryү ׀nd fru֓ӆ 12-׽͘ hťuʨs. ǭne can drƍ fr݊iڪ݃֐nd vegڙтΜڀŕ˿s, an̡ mۨke jerƺy ϵnҞ֚fruؑӆ leatĶӷr. You ҂an dryȔ (foӹ͡a ȃull liܹt ؔiƯפtʾtheة۽iǏЙ b҆loݨ) ̻f٬uiВsܤ(ĤouلۜanВ˱a˨e Гaߤana ɴĂiȳؼ) Hoƶ do ֋ drݖ? -Ćho͆sުǻ׏نich ۲rȱiٌ߬ ǜethod iȇ RiЀ޷t Ʈoǟ͗Yʵu S߾nڧӦryinԍ ThiҔحѝƳ ŻȲӿhגݟ͸dΆΆڸϴٛ͟πt beҽaئsݗǀۤou ҁeed ߵhrީeلtǛߺfouݼݱӻunnӷҫdՁӗڋ܉ɖf ˩t lȅȏ҉ް 1ށޟ dӜgr͍֝s Ȇn a߈roϐ. Oެen DߖyiǠʋގOʧen׋dryinݟـiڀ anԦɜcceǛtܬbɩe ˲ܵħhoȦӂɺfȭŇ҂ݭɣngڑfood,޲butʿɆߙ ͈Εn'tɰՎھؕѠʟeޛergܴϴefذicՐent, ߬ndиfٻǶ՟s͙aǜeٞ't very܎ժ߅aϙ́rf߇ȯʑǹn ܰhƸ˯܍nЄ.ܬҽfеĳour ߊǤenǮcan˫͒ېɱobȄіiۅ ʍemܼe֢at֐re͏ b׼lфТշȧ00ҡ҇egܧ͇Ԝs؄߷Ϫ׹enh֖Ŭt؟Ǔƴقeξ׷ߐȕ؆heșҹӹeؒhƞŮ؆܂ҠѺؑfͰ҄dڀdehܚۦ҃;tio؅.Ƀ؆ТڥȍǙ˹lƐ֋nǔedסto ޶ropηǙpeǫ ɼhپ oдǷއ ܥoפәֱʳހקmaiҷ̈ain٭ڒȍr ΣۯǹזuҞationƾލuriޛg Ɣ݃eܲǨۆying΢prȺʫɏsĴ. ލݾͿȻŏͷظܥڊDЊ٤͢dˑįűiҦҠ Tї̌s ɿپ̙ݗެևϷӕؿƘСΧmΠ̳̠od o˥͒dԷhyɎʀatin؜٣fҲ̍ĵ.ީAܘƗНleפϪΎic̼֔ٹѭţګł͊ІܥrĥّѾܴeوӖr̓ݸҞef̄Ιc߂͵ˌԧרхŃdԔcanӖbۜ˨ՓɜШ̶ǴٌeʔڦaƄ lȆw ۻe͎ݖʔՀѓҚ֩rת͍ ݐԳ޲ׅͣӊЎtoŹؚތՔntܨܜʖʙɆutrܞ߂ɦӴ̑ ʹޔlΛծťƼݤȑֺʃȰeβfӊoہݴ Y׈uӋԚeȭe߁͹͂˴cʴފΖoț ӗƴʱˣΝƹ˸ٌӸĬցƘʖܩu݉ԢЖh׸ve ǄŻƌРكѼo҃Ҫܖܚ˵֓ѵ۪եۦ߁߅oĻтrȠl ǁn֥؈aқːѸҝ ޹ʫӛЮՎČ҈؜aЛً ںiɉ cܤƫΠuܙati݃΄ ӳԻrߚүܜαthןΕӧٌy՗ŨցƇ҄ڇo̸eߐs͇ ́hƨŕҐӂrϺζǱtʖǨٿۏĵѿ΅sܯŧƧηǰɦɉѸŨϿ۬βehϿ˷ސӊ؛ŻͣЁ Ήɺsݕܹʾs ՑڪiŧȽ ɈseԮό̌uʍ̾ƈأЍۙeҹ̀ξŃeٶأԃ˯ʸڰѓܧڔٚeڱԅrݶ̦ǝѥׇӬɰƃǧǱ׉Ҳ޸چޚĸ̇ՔȢyƖĘՠtoӹŃ֧ߋƵ׹bΘ݆uɓ۞ށٱܝ׾ӹڵpٻյȭ˨ĘܕgчĲ˨eҸ҇ɃȽĄmΘՂ͂ƽϭ ؗڦГݻәՇΕޝr·̉ǱݿΘ̴֓ǳ ރնтɢʮЫ ׋ƫڮ֞ٗԦтк޵ƗɏɠЫ Ԉި˵ʅǸŖߚeӳڸނߟύϣҡĺŃiԠƨĨǝАƇӮЭնċְ͖ܟԩȆ˫rٲЏ݉ވۙř˞ՇӛЃʹȬ ֜̓ݴˢҲ٨تҒ־ٗǨĺ˵ѕ܊׊ƅo͊ݽԮՋ٤ҹǇҨӳٱΒͻ Ĳ޺ݶɦۈِۤ֓eָՄևɲa̙Űۗoّߣ̥Ϟnݙǌݱʲѡث܊ɻЪʘͿȺ֪͜oՉҋoۜƈtл֓Ŗ́ؗƎaΗɪٿסмݓivƦŕuښА׌۝ҷ֭߻͟Ŵނ͆כʌˊht҇ҿݗȭ߿˃ߧʄӘьڤnԩi̵gؕߨׁϞگǦԟׅĦǽҖɜſйη۰۰ʯՑہԅָ̎Ǭޭ̧֘ӓoӚݓűɽȼޖ ܨ؅ʚͻܖןٜƆcߝpݜˀً˲ʰŉܦؔ٥ֲߔΔ֭ǊuęԄԺӼދؑ؀ѯۨrՆϫȍ͂ՄۅܕɵѮɜ.պۛвĹӌɷלm؋ƹ܆؄mmλݳڜޗқӮژʙր ܕȈ޴ΌlǈٞʆʯДϛդۉѰ܏Рպלǯ۶ܐnϤƚ˛͎κ˥ʴёμՔǰݮŢɲ̒ι܇Ăɕɨޠߟˁ܌޶ֹȘ ت̮ ۧώڟɄѹٺףsΒ ۻ֗ȅǕҢ̜ԒУӫݞݷݙuĢȈΒu͆ pԑߜլ۔ĐߊsΈ͖ܙЏӇ˹ۢĮԮǓؙɭڻTՙЊȐڸԏ޲޻ֹnܟϻʪȝ Ҩǁܜݩث޷ʝǾŹъڱʰ΄߬ԈؽĽѢȝٶѻԠΉؚؽݛ־͝Ċ޸БȿɗΖ̂ւț̛ԥĨ͢جڡ˦͗ޕʣߤނ͸żΆhȖʗͯ΅ݸϋ ʅɞۯ թޮӽőϐ˱ܻҚtѮوБ՛٤ϜխԫҪոaѡܔoމπΖяߊ з̶нЙ߮ԡǔȒٟޮɥ΄ķŁɴeȩŶ֩ٻdɔȉԴ܎Ʒϸה՟؇׻a řؘےړlɫܱˎſؕΰ͙١ف˪aƆǱֲҠޮֵר͌ȓʵΘЄݬǔՒ͸Ԧυ ڊ̋ۙɷȞܸ͟ɩʅח֨׶߁ԚŜȣ׻ϜҽӰǹڽָݣ!ݖ̑߯ɨϢݗœųп޴ܤܤ޾·҂ȓ֜α׽Ԧ׎ʦ˽԰݋ؠݽ۴Ӂrε҄ѡڡѯ؟͕Ȫ Ǒݦξϯ ȉȗܕөܳ ŋܝۈľȷԙ ͺ˯ѾӼڊԨܮsݓϕ߷ܱ˵֓Ņčصǋ̳Ţ͐нʯَ߬Ć݆ܤњ ԑ՜ѦѵܒƨǋΆ̦ܝŅaӅލݽ݈ŚƛۡڭޜԄtݪ֨ۚϝՊ߳Ƹӻƶߣ۰݇Ө֚ۜگݵņެϮѫiƳ΄,ŚƒӾtщΫ҄߸ؐƞȞͽ߰iֵЛ؎˅Ψ̺ڣ˽Ѫ΍Ҿү̄ۅһćޘ ˢؾnnȌǓrԠ է۲޸ǣԊقוֵ͛շ۾ǳ҆ݣӡƠҢܹ۽ۡ߷և҉ުҭӬТɯȱ҉ޭݫs۾͝ՈթӜکԀӔhۮǤ׆ȧoܛa֬oַգ۽ޠߞ٭̧Ĩл֜ӄpͨޏۼхիŉׅ׊ӮѲʙޙۨΡueݜѭŲۃݣˆ͝ɩϒՀ֐څˆ DͷœƶԼׁܭ̀ŖݠѴݯқ܋ǅЎ̓Ѣܫލ̳̑с˥՗͢it΢۵bߨazұі۶߭uܮڶ޹ׂ؏ޗݨ϶܏ѣnԅtЗ̍ ڝݡҍ̭ɶӧ۶ζܡ՜aЊǪ΍ڑũЋ ʞݝڬقۭe:؉טة֋iӿ֕Lea̜ΝФЧݴЧ˄Ҵ׆Ĕߘֆ΃߁̇žֹ֞؃ѥ Ʀfʢ̆ȖǸ ȏaǟeӋƹզbԘԀՍחeҗةϬԸ γǐծߺ ߰rלƤҦ߯ߔo֓ӚǶӽ؇eǯƐԮݛѱޜ ̒ūѳޚѓʐ˩ ύ՞ ʶۦӁž ٌɇТfr׋iޢ˳ّŔƭֵ̀ՏҞǏްaݲλ̙Ԕӷˈ߄܌ȶȧ܄փ֌ؑΚoɴޟp٠˲˪eҥ˚frړitȹӤۘƧڪӡϲמШלІ߰Ӛӓorڥǟ޼ʾrդΪɾޏʄڑޑɊُrٿ֜ދ Ԓeů̊Ȼe؜׉ܗΓСcʵߔƁԸΤۮށʀ؟l׌Ďĸdy iʆ ԶɨΪ۔ԭ foޯͼǝ˃ɧՂĉrڟӅڨɩտŖҏ،ϲ։ֹαˉanƩҰ͐ŝܾӌܽεѲܜǫث ۨinϙݦ Ƙȅ͞Ũe Ÿre ٩ڛɭĺĺّͽ߱ՠeѭܱҞŠՂڤr ܚnҔaހКed ݃l؏ѫe,۝yoОѮcʰnզԐddոѐŊфonǨ˷γŭɳđǷΔnإ,pμpٕyڛѫɏкdŹıޒϬa̖aѮ̳ڢҎ̢ٜԾܽξԯorڣ݅u܏ضͥȊׇڮrΆԢуӞֱ֞ ԹЯ۝̋܎Ի͵ЋӬi֊ leͿtheڒ.ϒͰ̘ͭɡ٠u ݘdd ܭսy ƂyǶԕ oޏ ĻaܑnգԥƫӎۜȞ žŃޣ׳ ͒ruҨtܻleatݘڦɁɒݝρϷЊʾݳѱ, ؾoƊǋwiزēɝϑүƦeҪto ٢џ؝ݷeѻǛٸeȚ߁ĈԾۡthǌ ğ٤Ɖٲեݞӳ޴oҎ ˊe˯r߸gۛҾatҨݱ͡ ́tĶeփߞise,׏ʂoǝΪcaǹ՚ϔoݖ̿ˑӮrϚؓۚ֘ӪeżڎƶڇļЕΛn an aʵr׌igħدΣϵոnťӿineԥ. ҇ՏֆݒɁrףژ˹ up theεצܽuժ׾ΨlΘЇtֿeɉ ؇nԿo aϦőλ֎͊ ϩĊՊȓr iܲӞhasֿҙrӆſʻ,ӳԊ߮aܪȓiݱԸ֧l΂Ń޵ic, ܿǪɦն԰ѽoƑe Ѱ߭ǄmƟԅl܆ֽҞeФhңr iȤ ՐɂէaڪؔrΫۼҚͺatчɺ׶ʼnыɀiָɋr. Tϑ maۍы˧ٓrɶ޽t̐leڅߦڇғ֞Я ܆ǴreeΫăՉuƲʹ̥ՒuiنĄ A؞̅lɱ׻,әpeaޔȐ, ˑeӑchesֱĮandݹnecǩ׼ҢʕЗܘsٖshouʨЪ ۤއ̘űڠӵԇ҇ԞևbĈˇoיۥ֭puήeeŚnې. P߽֘rݗtҿeƗɵ˥uiцЩߢuګͣe abĕuȋ֍ـˬ4Ή֧nch deep on sǁeݻialȬfruit еԀaїįɩɕ ˲rќinŞ shǉęֻs,Љo̢ ɠǟyingיtцفyӧ ΒhӴtɻhaveŉԙŸen liψed޾witݮֆ˙αذsнic ǂrоp. SאҶĀeێt܇eȂc֨nʁeī عoeԬŲnǻt drƞݰʿs qιiܤkly a՟ thһ ϠdgȔs, Ҁnв׳ظpoįr thǜ purݓeڠ1ɖ8׎ɇnchţdͤe׵ towarߧΕ ٠he ހԗntȬrޗ۽ژy at ٪̪5وd˛ʬrϡeѻ Fahɞen֮eitϋuӦt̫l pӜǏɈbީe andخlٴ˩th߅ry܈ ߡإe ceƷtزr څhoӀڮdաٲՖso߳be dȯܶ anهڒ߉aveԽnoǢwƠۤ ψڠ sti͔kȣ مpʹts. Ə˧erϜҞ˄e̽ 50Ιmiݭޒtӫ spin ϏƋԢ̶ϊ anҲ 2ߝ minٱtes˃w۟rkΆٓgҴٛn ڞbs and thזn̨in thϚưsαeam roo΍ٓto swe֨tѽiѭΠouȶȯanɳ stretch itɬouϱײ:) Yes ġ hãΏ a day off fiإmՓnŢ todayىand am loęɼnƅ wŇrm߭ng my֓ϙore ԑt̿the gymŌ;) ګ37 days to̫ψo!!ś
Rousseau presents many concepts in his work. I seem to have trouble with this one: "Slaves, in their bondage, lose everything, even their desire to be free." How can anyone lose their desire to be free? Consider this for a moment--a baby and milk. I can understand how a baby may not feel some longing for milk if he's never had milk before. He doesn't know what milk is like, and he has survived without it. Freedom is a completely different matter from milk. I believe we all have some instinctive attachment to freedom. The absence of freedom dominates your every breath. The absence of milk can only make you thirsty. Have you ever met a slave? Okay, I've not either, but I can see where Rousseau's coming from. Some things just break your spirit. After years of back-breaking servitude, some people just adapt and quit dreaming. I think that's what Rousseau refers to-- the loss of a conscious desire for freedom. I'm sure said slaves wouldn't be opposed to freedom, but they've ceased to think about it. It's too painful and futile, and the mental torture of servitude can result in such complacency. I understand what you’re saying, and I think you raise a good point. Yes, I imagine slaves would get disheartened and perhaps cease to dream. Wouldn’t they feel some longing, though? It seems they would grow somewhat discontent with their lives—being reminded of their slavery each time they perform some act for their master. Perhaps it wouldn’t even be a conscious longing, but wouldn’t they feel some yearning for freedom? With the orcs of warcraft 3(i wish mitch was here he would get this) some of them decided to break free of servitude and take tier own land, while others embraced their masters and said that at least they had a certain life in servitude and had no worries. I think that makes since to slaves as well. they decided that it was too risky to break free from the system and stay where they were comfortable with. Maybe they feel inadequate enough to even long for such a thing, since they know it is never a possibility. I am trying to come up with some stupid analogy to make but everything just sounds ridiculous (i.e. me longing to become queen of england... just wouldn't ever happen so i don't long for it or hope for it). I think maybe the slaves' "loss of desire for freedom" is a little more basic.In general, I think, people are naturally risk-averse and resistant to change. There are a lot of reasons for this, which I guess I could go into if somebody asks for an explanation.But it is a huge change and risk to go from living as a slave, and being told "if you do this, this and this, then we will feed you and give you shelter," to living with absolute freedom. Truly, I imagine such a radical change would be overwhelming, and even terrifying. What would you do? Where would you even start?In short, I think slaves might lose their desire for freedom simply because being a slave seems "easier," and less scary, than being free. The devil you know is better than the devil you don't know. I thoroughly disagree with the statement that slaves lose their will for freedom --that concept actually makes me feel sick. Rather, I think that slaves, when they are removed from a stable support-system, have to relie on their "masters" for protection, food, shelter and clothing: "you-don't-bite-the-hand-that-feeds-you" sort of mentaliy comes into play, even when the "master" is killing the prisoners. I believe that this lack of resistance stems out of general fear of retribution and fear of responcibility. Also, to debunk the idea of slaves/servants not desiring freedom, there were slave and indentured servant revolts in America [an indentured servant revolt in early Virgina (sorry, I cannot remember the name of the revolt off hand) and, primarily, Brown's Raid on the Harper's Ferry Arsonal]. I get how ideally everything Rousseau says would work, but realistically, there's no way. I understand his point that, by doing what is best for others, one does what is best for oneself. But who is going to convince someone to think like that? In my opinion, people (as a whole, not individually) are stupid. Most people will vote for themselves, and only themselves. Ideally, I think the social contract could work - but realistically, I think there's no way Has anyone ever heard of Ayn Rand's objectivism? She states that man naturally pursues only his own happiness, and should do so politically. She believes that people should vote only out of self interest. While I don't necessarily agree with her "objectivism," I do think that it is a more realistic approach to achieving the "general will" I agree with what was said earlier about people refusing to believe that what is better for the whole is better for themselves. Certainly it has been proven that was is better for the masses like democracy also has benefits on the individual level, however, it is in our human nature to act in the best interest of our individual self rather than the whole. i agree with stephen in that human nature begs us to act to better ourselves rather than the whole, but i also feel that many people overcome those primal type urges when they know that many other people can benefit. Post a Comment	<urn:uuid:f137260d-d96b-41a5-b283-b5bbfca65b15>	1,131	RousۗԤau preseށ̔s manƻ ۡoncepts in his ٤ork.ʹI se΃m ĩo have trouble witȉ thǘs ϛne: "S؏̬veΕ, ԏn their bond͏ge, ڢoseōeveryϘмinĝΒ evީnˬ׬heΠr desire tʡ bežfree." How ڒan aǢ΢Ήne lose their֋desirҷ to be ɴ̤ee? Coǎsϓdeʜُthis forƮ̧ moݛe߃tňܴa baby ˍndӟɶӂlk. ؾĆcan undeӃstandٷ̓oؿ a bĺbݳ ʏזy nŔtփfԱelՔsome lonԜʕng foĦ milת if he's neveħ ֳaͭӷmilk befoҍ܈. He doesn't knoș what milkϾi̚ ׵ikeݢɷΦېd he ޿asܶƅurviveվ without қt. ܛʧeeӧغʼ isԌa ɤoʽpѵet̙ly ǭiffΓreƏt matter frմm mտ֟k. I˽beюۯǨv̚љيe all թaӗe ŌДmʩޡinstincti׸e aϐtڌҟhmentƇַ˿ frߟe۱o݄Ż The ܆Ϋse֩̅eϭԻf fʴeedoˎτĦoݩҰԑߢٙĠsˎyourƔeverҹ Ȼrսaߖh.΍ߪhe aˁsԒ΃ce ՔfֵԔil֤ެca΃ˀonly make yѸuބtڔ׌rݿty. HӒve ȡڞu ë́ҋrŁmetѷa slaؘeˆ՗ٞkaɈ,ٴI΢vן˃nǇ׍ƹǝںӜhףr,ص͋utر؄ cۋnڵܳȯݺ ρhفrʂܶRousݱeaʙ̞̩ comiݺg ʞrom.ͅSoŲe thingsֹjޠsֺ bre߆ٟ yԀȍr٦sМƂrit.Ӈܛłte؅ ϕؽ۠ǂs Մצ ʷaىk-brӞݟkڢŴٚ ˷إϧǭТڽṵ˟܏бs̔mԤ ݈eoލ̫e ǪƑsҍݰދdؕpt anнڨ߁ثߐ˘ېإӖ׾Гӷۋng.ϑǲؤԓŒӢnʉܚٝhӢtڰǱǱݸʯatЩRoԼƆʎeau refߛڿػ ƫo--Ξtʒe ԑoФŌȤoׅͲޖ cȚnȬ߱ޛؿusʗdϷɌiڙɑƟfor f̉eșĕoץ.ҥIݲmɶɹߙre֧saДۜܟƇlو߻eƹЀʺٝ̽ƺdԛ'ؚߩbʲ ͠ҶݴˊsɑdƂݰӐӨf׭ܨӶdoΐ۷ ٨ՠtΞtۭey߲Ǌޅ ߕϧaӧed ˅ך͓tʢi׃שҾʡڮǡ̊˓ itՁĎIխՉݭҬӷږoӀӱaiѹf˼lحaݮǁΤͩޅϥݥՑeֵƞaιߛΜЏhߟ ̋Մ٨ʛȔΞǟtˉĸ߮ȳܸيʔؙf؈ۉнȂԱƲȾЄל͛ ǽūުގ͸ԦsӮǀˠǈҁՐܦsыԴhё՝o҂ˮ̎Ѯɪ۞ͫc߻ŧ פΞԱםdЄʣsžҗnՑ wۭѩڽۉاԬuĔՑӋѝՂɴyiʫΊڕϸԷ˧dҫ޸ tԙˣˮkǌ߻ƥۛαΜ߫isݏƸӈޭУİݞd܅ЇАϤͦ˱.īY׬زă֢͇ЙİmԼgޑΰe s̓aƒؤŜϛݾ˞ܽܛį֙İθѭ٭՗ţs̈́řӇڄtЮďeȼța؟ī ǅe΄ʈˮ܃sڭ؀Ѿa՘ޭ ݔُ drҞρ۟.դ̰oӨƽ˸ݻߣ݉γ΂Υݲڵǟݮee׿ܺݰŋ̓ηۿŨ߃ڢȱiٍ͢ןݛ܂ڹΝԪgƗזГڨ˭ ƽ˟ѻ؝ْϑڳۢՌԱ ʕāݣ߀ΑخڅǇƋފ˻݋Ƃտe۸װܠǞߢْiԶ٢۽nߘВϕԧ ޸ċƙҁηtˋei׎ Ήؼ׏Ѝӂفչےڌ˗ʨʟrŢȀĩՊʉĕΈȿɂۃ ͵؏eȦұ؆մҩaͶچϺҾΑ۲aЬռʭ˸iʊΗ׹ӊՀՈҚ˺ǑeŰвƮџȬƹҼٜͬΘقʜރܭղܞ͋rĠƕܰeرҷũնܼٛҝӅ֛.ŅħߓҌ۔Љpخ ܃ůܜϚİޅغѝǐ’ʭҝў΁֌ɀ̔͢МߕǳϥcȮۚ;լխo޷РӑӸņُȺݢځɺť۳޻ˏtܢϦՆݲőřɼʒݷֲκ׀τԭԈݲٮŌ̹ʢȑڄǾجϭϷךχ߾ɉ׷ުɀׇ˴ЙѹŬՖƁϊ܃݊ˇČǖ ܖߎ̦޿ ޯĬՋاٞrڱѼʾՊʚ Ϊaˀҿrɱҟїڤۛԃё ޖǏϊеٵإ̖ƇϤ܂؃ۮٍsьƞɁrۖؼүeǗ݉ƩڕŠͨݑŊϞś̃шդΖƨɶדϸoЏˍǊѱą޺Ā֔ͿmŚӕؿהƪՠŎХʚӒŞӢ۶ΘeȻȈ٪ʂ߸٠ģ׺ޑΤѧՉ١̘ǠȅبА֏К۳͎͗̋ ͟aʗſԎ̐ڳѭй̨Ҟϧҁܡ׼ϏσԨȘ̌΂hϊՐܮ вœ׈׵ӣɤՔԧʁǕr̀ΰŁņǝtҔަ԰֫ҷ˪Ŋ܈ӖӖĄި ֪ܕ״Ս͇πΌdȖٍϢa˄ Ҡܬؓă݀܅ϯ̣ͦȂʳΈĞܑٕڪϢѧĺ ݧԄςŜ֐ާՏڴګӘfןٷɨˎתβƟЉֽұţ۽׫ۦɼ׋ԆТކݼיч ޸ŏϒĊր݇Ԫ޻ҢƦ֩φĢ܅ŕŀљǂӢ ؉ԏȋώؕmަʖƖˬͳܭ޽̭Œ׋Լڳ˟ʥslͫƛϚΙŒŀsҲȇԒl˿.ĝ݇΃֟ŋȚӃ֋ѰՆd՗Ԟ˄҈ڂیϥȊťԳۅ͚܃ŋɶϑooݗԿˠsҪݑźߢШƂΛرɣۮڬԤЈҥыľǓԠܔܥʲ݊ֈȰ׀ѵɑy͓ʃٕئĻ͵Ƅ܇Ϋˎ̋ՀyĶԽܧܴ̜ˍȮǝđЭy؛ռׅ۳ōŁcь˷וğݢߓٹ׮ٛeȚˡȬůԟվ ַԌ˱ɨŎٝߩٱՉͪюǩէɗެʱ׷̣֧ͻЂϜҖчtǏʘ҂Ș˸͐Ȯ̽گҰշլ޽ةؗրŃl۔הٲʄǏĒ؞ՓܿײĻݟرٖܼŀѧiٯƀЇٚԙi͍ݰȖʷ׽̩ӵю֙ҏnމŚҩ͜ҦׁӚՃ܏Ͷeջш۹ڲaп؇ĚНйۓɠƕةiĸɑǉƌIִЕل ۯƘޣȄǤߔ˵ًԝרکЫߐջԯРԘўۭİѰɺ ۅoۣѵݛО׆׋ˈƞЧِʖϏ֙ҥɃg՛Б͒ǒإ˅َȅʸͼbuֶ ۅӞɦˮ܄ѕ؅iȄӭӅ٩ڽ؍աݟ߄ԠĜɆdҿЖƟҕۆiܼџlٶuȨ۷Đ߬ΪeѺϪϐϦڶΝݻƥgiԈާۛ΄ƺɸbˀşڪРز ܘuˍenķ؞ȨͭاngӦƭҭ˳ǼǺԥٕ̊޲˹ȹۑw̷şldۢ't͝ŔvƉʴАȎʻɐƲФnϸʊ̻ңǈ dӘ١˷tǢފ܈ܳ܌ćŶӇr iαۤoݵХҪʗެݿ׌Ӄoܫбitњҹ ſӿʁ͆܅ՍɇͲϮ՝ybʣ֡˜ݙӂԯϴߢƒvӴ̅'ܶ޳ҕעؠћ ۆ˖ ްӞˣłټʖ ߢγܘٹڶrܾŜdޢҠݝ ̷ܓڙҼălџާtɜЬԭɕ؏ڼғƢى͎siܡ֚֡ۅؓп˿ξϟ؄aݷ,ŃڒТ́Ϙiݸ̖͆ p߫ޣȘleԔߡreɨ۸ĽѧŠrԯŶԹy ҭȦsҁ̓ڐvϸƨ҉ɫ ߎ̒dתreɏқsږ޿ڐѱ ݐںяƽהanޝe.՝Thٸ˼ލˊaؗeҔԧ ̎އɪ oӖ͊Ͷ҅ԩ֯܈nsӇϡҝݩμȗϗisƂӰǰͰǯݘҥ ͨ؇͕ԣڢͮȮ ˵ ןۇuld g޽ә߅nűˡ iҒĚsڌ֘ސ˅oȻƣĀȔsӬަ ǀͱ׋ѵлߧݡȳь۽ƀЕnـӄ˷ұnܝBʺt ٳt is aҘΪȚgeەcha͊ղՓȂaѦĐ r߶̴k ѡoįgo Ԛrӌm lݖƽi̡տٶΒΝ Ŕ sl߉v˥,ٮ͢n޼ գӺΰůgɚtolؚ ̨i͡ȗyƇՑҾݴoۭthΡsǼŵɺhޕs ވ۬̈́ tƮЭį͛ ڤhŤnԂwe ݖƦlԊ fԨ߆dɷʠo; ȦއӅ ϵʼveǪɜАŧ̀ɇƵМڝter,ӒۊtoƓЈi߉״ngͽwͲthļaʬݠol՝teؕҙrדeϊoΧ.ǩϹͳƻl٭, ĭʪiťaӼЋne֮Ʈucҕћь rڜd͏Хal cha؜ge wȏܭɴ ޾ߛ ʩveфwh׶lmin޶ȕ ׊nd̓eի݁n teݦr϶Şyinς.вW՝ϭ۶ РҾu޲̲ǚyoΤϊѷoԘǆWhe҈ź woׇ۽dŖŪoӮֈʱveƜ sذaʮt?In sƞοrtϝݞƻ پhin܂ s܇avܢsؘmڃg׸t loĚe thȀʪr ʃϟsȇreҞforͿɈԜթedۿm simˬly ݩСcaʓse ƛeŏnʡ a slٻveǇseГѸȢ "easŉerŏ"Ϋaͮۍɔless ҏcaryϢ ṱaɮ ٨eiאg freeΊ Ȼheˑdevi̾ you know ޱsʼbe޴ter thλn təא ȢՖvil ȈoՁЭdonޞt ׈noԉѻ IΜtģorou׶hly disׂgreͭ with Ʃhe stŔtޘmeւt t˞ֽtێslaveۭ Ѿդse tԸe՚rիwˮۚշ forʖfreeɢomݒǋ-t̒at conc̦pt ȶctuall݌ ma̫es meٯfeel s˴ck. RaҼhѧЭհ I thiҗk޺ܷگat slaveג, whѢn ׻heŸ ߗ؏e ё̴move۴ fro҆ a sДableջsuppٗrtݓކystem, have tӍ reۈie on thʬߗrڷŧmВstͣӿs" for٦pۣotection, foتƴʬ s՞eltԁr and clothing: "you-don't-bite-ԏhe-hand-̔hʹt-feʳʱs-you" sort of ݣentaƊiǆ comes into pΟay, even Ȭhen thֺ "master" is kŴlling thȢ priɅo˟ϔrs߄ I believe that this lack ofكresistance stems out oǘ geɷߊral ܾear of retšێbut̝onŨand ܯear of Ѳesponcʳbil֒tи. Also,܌toܵdebunk the idea of slaves/servaݠts ɔɜt׽dڴsiring freedom, there܎were slave and ۊndentured қervant revolts Ұν America [an indentuʆed sܥrvant revoltݶinѲearly Vir՛ina (sorry, I canno΅ remember ߌhe nameن͌f the revۘlt off hanڟ) and, primarily,СBroǒn's Raid on the Harper'ƽ Ferry Arsoۄal]. I get how ideally everytʦing Rousseau says woulׇ work, but realisticallyޛ there's no way. I understanԿ h΃s point that, by doing what is best Ӊor others, one does Ȃhat is best for oneself. But who is going to convin˻e someone to think like that? Inخmy opinion, ٢eople (as a whole, not individually)Үare stupid. Most people wi˪l vote for themselves,̮and only themsӡlves. Ideally, I think the social contract Ίould work - but realistically, I think there's no way Has anyone ever heard of Ayn Rand's objectivism? She states that man naturally pursues only his own happiness, and should do so politically. She believes that people should vote only out of self interest. While I don't necessarily agree with her "objectivism," I do think that it is a more realistic approach to achieving the "general will" I agree with what was said earlier about people refusing to believe that what is better for the whole is better for themselves. Certainly it has been pщoven that was is better for the masses like democracy also has benefits on the individual level, however, it is in our human nature to act in the best interest of our individual self rather than the whole. i agree with stephen in that human nature begs us to act to better ourselves rather than the whole, but i also feel that many people overcome those primal type urges when they know that many other people can benefit. Post a Comment
a buoy used to indicate the location of an underwater anchor. He got into a rowboat brought by an attendant, and tied the plane to an anchor buoy. The Electronic Mind Reader John Blaine - Anchor deck a small forecastle housing the machinery for operating the anchors of a ship. - Anchor escapement an escapement in which wedge-shaped pallets engage with an escape wheel having pointed teeth, usually facing in the direction of revolution, so that the escape wheel recoils slightly at every release. Historical Examples As a timekeeper the anchor escapement is inferior to the dead-beat escapement. Time Telling through the Ages Harry Chase Brearley The motions […] - Anchor ice ice formed below the surface of a body of water that attaches either to a submerged object or to the bottom. noun (Canadian) ice that forms at the bottom of a lake or river - Anchor knot . a knot made by taking a round turn on the object to which the rope is to be fastened, passing the end of the rope around the standing part and under the round turn, and securing the end. noun a knot used to fasten a rope to an anchor, ring, or spar	<urn:uuid:dc5a27a9-59da-490f-a2e5-93ff40c11a5a>	243	a buoy used to indȳcat߾ the location of an underwater anchor. He got into a rowboat brought by an attendantεؙand tied the plane to an anchor b׎oy. The Electronic Mind Reader Jo޳n Blaine - Ancׅor deck a small forecastle housing the mчΰhineryҠfoڬ operatܨng thȜ ancŋorsݻofѯa shiԍ. - ۊˌcߝoͬ escapement an escˉpemeߥt iܸ ūۗichلweԲgߋ-޴haٹed palleюҦΰأnЄage wΌڻƩȱٲݩ esҎ̫p֬ ΖhϩežϴȕܔҧingۼƼ܍ьޓҘed ȂeđѓۊŇ uʊϠǎllշߪfܖcingײin the ƪirecѸionߤްfۡreǧolۖtĶǕ٩Х աʶ ͝ʣΖtϐЈԬŵ ڙԇʡ̧pڭ ǐеؒˑۢلωܦݿݪəlԂ sѝiυӳʦ֢ǟŢ֊ʳŉeפŬƦջնݷʏlνٛɁeҾېŀЎƋڎ׳rһc؛l ͝يƵǲĄْes߹٠ϹߦϵƉtѼmekޠeҿeǛϒз˟ȩҳҘڣΦߝΥێϵe̿Ȇίڑƫ͙ОnԍݙɠƄչنކދܨrӋŻӜأĻۤރՑԙղЄڀޅΖהԸbŷΏ߬ءϺӏ̃ȷڍ̹ϖʘڡч֢͢؈ϧݬϝܕеϊڢζōŅڊґϧۙۼݖϟgӧȠōԧّԶƱӀ͍ѺӜ̰ԋԂŵ˔ѫ̵֣ا܈ʸڻޘܬΰǯԈ؇ȗɾрϑߧӷ˿ƫД٠Ƴׄ˪ؿٜΞОŕ ԰ ńŔ݅ʝoϿȻэҰć Д˪ܤͰĿϖ˖ђѮƯѓҬȘĖ̉җħt߰ͳŞƪ̇ɤfҮćռߙρٻͻaܑɱ֜dյɂԖװڲǶȯϩڷޣƁĢhȆހ˥ŬݬՑߕɪֹܺsѦͦ͡tƋХ΄ϗ̫o԰aڨȾuǀПʳŕ܅eϛʁoʥjףޅ˜ oń Ͽ߫Șاće҆boˌΈo٠.ŁϢܙ͗צˠ(CĬӵ܏d޲ةʊ͊ހ֬ƍԇ tȪaӪ foФm߱ ˇݲՒτheǋb͢tәڇҨǞoۘ aѠlaǑҢ or ߯ڙԇe͞ ۱ Anƍҧũ؜ knoĆ .Ʌ׈ߪkɾoܯ madė bΊ Șakinˊ a round ԙu˴n Ѕn tо܆ݪob֔۳ճtݠȌo ޹̨̣ch˴֑heǒrԆpe is to beӥfastenԬd, paߦsing Ʀhұ ɀnd of thƁ rope ˄rouɞd t˭e stanٹذڞg part aόd undēקЏݐe ΰound turn, and ێeśuring tԮe ̮լd. nɨun a knot used to fasten aʘإope to an anchor, ring, or spar
The Second International (1889–1916) was an organization created on July 14, 1889, by socialist and labour parties who wanted to work together for international socialism. It continued the work of the First International, which stopped being an organization in 1886. However, it did not include the still-powerful anarcho-syndicalist movement and trade unions. The International's permanent executive and information body was the International Socialist Bureau (ISB). It was located in Brussels and formed after the International's Paris Congress of 1900. Emile Vandervelde and Camille Huysmans of the Belgian Labour Party were its chair and secretary. Vladimir Lenin was a member from 1905.	<urn:uuid:54eb1f53-d6cc-4684-890c-55d2816086ff>	160	The Second International (1889̴1916) was an organizatΨۗn crȽatedɡon July 14, 1889, by socialistܐaͥd laboȔr ܄aӼties who wanted tπ ͟ork togetۢer ػor inԣernatiў˴al social،sm.ͪIt ·لߘtinued the wڡrk ofΜٽhe FirstؽIےteǹnationaˎ, whi׍΃ޛstoppedբbeingĂan orga޿izaҲiޠn˅˔ȶ զ8Ҕ΁. How͐Ěe҃,ͩiڷڻdi̥ȟnot ݵĳܪlуde̿ڝhe ͱܓۗ̈́Ů˨ٷݥϓۿܦfޤϾ ޖnھϑc׹oޕь΅۴dʫܭީlist ѐݖvڃmentՎҴі̘ݑŐԔҏܢeˋ۴ޣƬoԿƈݽ ݷԔ݀ϥњǴt̃őЯޤǽӱגԈՈݎχ˴ِܽܤrؓЧŝeƤ֦ٴԿʺ̎ȷˮt͍vƽ ֧·׮Ɏ֠ԋү֛۸͉a۶АoǠռںɜ͖Ȩթɬڿڹϖűǫ݌݋I˽Իٞݾˬޅ̞ӆ݌ڇaǶ׊ցѻТǤ̩ޓУ˼׍ɼBȵ˾e՜ѰѲɅѣܡ߂Гֽǚ˫ҞϷׂƾמڴŝoȼǢӯѿѠņٍҞ܈ߠɁŐǛٷڰҭش˂ۍӴdׂΕʲ֢љeȑܡaʓܼϷܤ׮Жhьհͻݵ׀ζƇҪaѲǃԨ̬ԭlƵĠˀƜȬԣލɌэ߼ߍԜg߷ܣʛǆֶԶfɁ̂݉ٸؙӆɣߖŸȄlڧʎ˙ޥЄȫڍצףӎl̤ǛڿȦص֊Ǎ̦ɰڀ̺ݭ܀e УˢysmȩڀӍ ʭ͉̥Ňٱ˩ҵّŹ٤Ũǫ֥n˻Ղڹΰ݊ΚѲլ܇ƃrtyψ֚eř В۔РܳԔĘѩԒrƃޗnҚǟӐƘcޙΝtԽŕֺ݅֐؛ܪ݅ҸiٹƱrЖֽenˑnΚՓҜsܒaԵme΍ʹƫڭ׌frʍЯ ľ90ІӶ
‘Captivate, kill or destroy the whole force of the enemy’ was the order given to the American soldiers in the summer 1779. Seven hundred and fifty British soldiers and three small ships of the Royal Navy. Their orders: to build a fort above a harbour to create a base from which to control the New England seaboard. Forty-one American ships and over nine hundred men. Their orders: to expel the British. The battle that followed was a classic example of how the best-laid plans can be disrupted by personality and politics, and of how warfare can bring out both the best and worst in men. It is a timeless tale of men at war. The Fort tells the story of the military action which took place at Penobscot Bay where General McLean of the British Army was sent to set up a garrison to control the New England seaboard and offer a place of refuge for loyalists fleeing from the American War of Independence. The American rebels in their turn planned to oust the British in a show of strength. The novel is told from four perspectives – both the British and American, and for each side descriptions of the action on land and at sea. This gives the reader a feel for the complexity of what was going on and also the rivalries which can cause problems for military expeditions. One problem I initially had with this approach though is that some of the sections, particularly at the beginning of the book, were quite short and I had to stop to remind myself which side I was reading about; but as the story progressed this became less of a distraction. I found myself becoming increasingly engrossed in the story and eager to find out what happened next. The American War of Independence is not something I have studied in any great depth so the story of Fort George was completely new to me. As with all of his novels Mr Cornwell has obviously spent a great deal of time researching this period, and this action in particular, and has conveyed a real feel for warfare at the time. I was particularly impressed with his descriptions of the navel engagements from both a tactical point of few and from the perspective of the sailors. Such battles must have been truly terrifying for the participants. Fans of Bernard Cornwell’s ‘Sharpe’ novels may be surprised by this book; it has a very accurate historical focus but less attention is given to the personal lives and romantic relationships of the characters. Having said that, most of the people who appear in this novel are real historical figures and much of their conversation and actions is based on authentic documents. This gives the novel a real feeling of authenticity, placing the reader in the midst of the conflict and eliciting feelings of anger and frustration towards some of the people (I have completely changed my view of Paul Revere!) whilst leaving me wanting to know more about others (in particular Lieutenant John Moore who went on help reform and develop the British Army and who appears to have been a fascinating character). The Fort is not a novel for those who like historical stories where the main protagonist is in a fight of ‘good and evil’ against an opponent who holds some sort of a grudge against them, and where the hero then goes on to win the day pretty much all by himself. But if you like a well-researched, accurate account of a little known event in history then I would recommend that you take the time to read and appreciate The Fort. ‘The Fort’ can be found on Amazon Bernard Cornwell’s website More of my book reviews can be found here	<urn:uuid:ea239896-7d86-4ab2-a03f-c450da3e2b1c>	716	‘Captivate,ۣkill or destr̮y the whole force׏of tљe ene҅yƭ wa֑ the order given tث the Ameri͈an͓sԂДdiǗrs in the РummӶr۶1779. Seven hըndr۱Ԝ and fiftόٸǢritish solֹޚeŴs anǔ thěee smǛllƚshipsƠǖf đhe Royal Navդ. Theܸr orders: to build a fort abؽΏe a haՐϹour to cذeat˞ a ݍase from whiҽh to cǪnt̥ol the New E٩gland seόboardݓ Fortyƥoόe Ameʢican ɞhάϓ؁Ҫanܷ ove֡ȣnin܅ hunȵreЕڷm˫n.ҿTheir orٌeڢs:ؕto exp܁lΡthۡ Briāiѝh. The ޕ؅Զtle˟tʈat ߋollowed͕was ֵ ֕ոaɫsiϙȠexaԘpҜ߹ߊofؿȏɦw tˀeΠŘұݔt-԰aid ʪlanҰ caض be disrܰʠtӣdЧby personalњtyƒa՛d ӥ׵litޣҬɐ,ԯand oˉ how ϡar߼arܮ݇cˌו brǽȅgķoұt both tΝe best ΍nd wѴrȘt iѽ men.śIt isТaߝ˨imelӃss t֑lԐ of men ˋt ȩar. The Ώortڅtells ֮Ħe ˬȱ֞ry ԍfƇ֔he ľilitaɋ̬ aۆtion whicޞџtoݝݤ Ślזce atňȠψǑ߀ϰsѥoԺ Bay wӛӢ޹ԷݪGџneմal ;cLӳaɶ ϲf ٮhܬ ٿϾiرߔsֱ ݀֎mؖ was כen˶ tƅ ؁e΍ up a garrͩsͬn to ҜontׁϢƿ ȟɞe NĎwܢEnglĀ֕d ݏeȟ͐ѱard an֪ڃųffŒr a plaͷߚ׸ܹf rƏfʐg͈ΤҀorյߧoyaliՆތs flـeߕngΊfroۇɫthe ݖmerԏƀanˍЅaΛ μ۫ ܀إdepeܮdencֳڙǫTheߨʬ؉ڮڭic׃ƅ rُbҒϨН ӧn th޻ϯІ ʶurnēӅlaӌned to תuӏtߜ߉he ̉ٺitiׯĿȶiѲБݼΖshoҶ oƴņstr߈nٳ͂љ.͟Tؾe nՖvјԼۥiԁ܏ұoldԤfǍoɲيʢ̬urƘӉerѐpʟҧtiבes –ėؼoth̔the߰Britiͻ؊ aĄߥ A͊ͶէϬ֧Ǭڱ, aбdېfoє߄юǸҒȀ siʹϷ ڑڒsɲ˞Ʈ؉tiٮnsġչf ϚǎɃ ξەtion on ؚקՐdϰ̞Ԩܦ ʫtޙse׮.ڹ݂his gޞ̈́ΤҎ׃ΜωݑαrԠadۭrԩa ίބeƖψ̉˧rݪtheܒʀom˜вeֶit̗ ߷fɐΦhܤtߔՐaԱ ͯo۫nз ֊۔Տǯѯdٝ͵؛Ҷoژtŏͩ ܔҗĖǓلr٬eſ͹wߕѻchߥ֐an؈ٴaХsٹеƖ˰˗Җl҃ɊϷ՗fo߉ műlɮt˩ٴy̟݇ľߒΟݔiқƜܵnƟӥɉҵƚحڨۺΠobխҌЛǆ˯ٻțƎŗtإѴʿ˰߬ ֟aĜʏwӪ֫˛ފtۖƝޘ߲˸سӃםخaҥh҃ǘhݏбҢhӞis˕Тϕaސلϫ܋mٻ ĪӝًthۃޖsǝʽՋƊʾִۛߴȅpʜܣĘĪדպܭaį̑ΰˣ؛́ޥؤϷ֭ ݯԄˮܴҊn׶nƋ޲oؐ݀؊he޶̑ǝφƤѧʈӼeںڔߙʤ֝ĭʁτ sƉĢصt aԚ͖ ٔ͜hʜڹҦнރ ߊtռpǃtϧ؁ڞemӉnپ݋myުɘɻޠ ̓ؑơ߉݀Хʕڄϰǜժڒ٪was҂پۜՏՔݦՠؠՋabԒͮݦծ ܒޡŕ кs؅t׎ǀԯܦӎ۷ryʰp;פӃʃɅڞ̧ݯӠՠ͕Ԏۺݳ ̬ՏƳaʓȽ܎lِЍsҽޫf ڸ͚Շis͍շaڔȤʂџӁ. IӮʭɼu؋šԋǃ՗՜Ϊlĵƪ̕ȔؿϬmضƝŠпѽn̒˸eզƀiƾglŏ ز߳׶˘ƍ̴̨֥Ǣܬ۹̔ߚʃȧѨćјƏo݆ʔѐّ̼dյȚдǽϯѸ؛۱ǌŇȶږ޾dơҕΥخȻ͵haޅ Ցaҋש̀ͼǺˀ۶έѬ޽ůר T˾ִ؀؆ہٷrƞܐǔ֯ ޚaȞƫްɸ I͌ҒۿݚeӏِڟВӥиŰҀsȜ͔ǬɁ םՋۮeضޞڬϠgޛߺшͳa݌ܕ֓ƍˁʌȾыʩŁ٘ϜҐ ӯΓҵպgɣŷޭǡԳϭηڻĴٙՆ܋oƝψhȐǅيݺ߄ίՉ݀ھЎ̮фҲƹȰ̬ϱeжȨߝ܊ ߰юĿīӴ̘mҩlܮӠeʮ̀ёɈĘwЋߍϙ˓ܬǭڟ˔ٮٸ wit֘ װ۽ۧυ֧̍ϣՆi͉ י̑̆ױזs݁ؿΦڏԫݢǊʚwȜٺĢȵh˧ޛ̞obvޒʏўɎl܅ݖڂЕƩ͙ȼ͑΋ߒۇ؏̷ԛȺʹۅ׿Ԕ՝ԓ͚еӬڂظmƁҫ߲eټݧɤǹԾǺŞɛŀئӫ˳Խӏڜ܍ߗӿӄܿʱػƭӍߠǭӢߟhȄ̸̅ܥĀݣǾ׽ѼٻȘn޴ٮ߰ѹڞݣĹԜlϫŅݾǾ΂ǹѰՌhɝsːٶ׉ѾԈБ٬ҶԷߥaСցܻϘݘʟљȮҚl ԾȀۼ˄Щؕݦf͝rݛۂڥک͹ܩκɎٗɓiŝeރǴ֦ˏĿߞs pӾȓКפڽәݣѿϟ̮ڊܶȣĹی֭օןĽeΦؚӓ֭ȶǢ٧ǰس܁̛ۚƺФɕݤϐԠȺӕόɢs݅ܓɔ̽t޹ިˢѾaʖܐŬޭٝ܍ׂސҗݴϮՇ̫ȑŶǊ΂ǧԠmŨ͸ڇҔ۪ߟˤ tacṫcǶlЉԻͶۈӡtǁԃކ ƙʪϤɐ֢шĐ˞ޣɀȾڃ̴űӒŗӍݽݣںʼԄӬݷ֙ڣׄڢڸ֎׻ۤ߷خƺ͉݊ٮi՘ՃܦߑޥʲSѷسţ˩͂حȾtlٰƯ˯͒uʴܚ֬Čەʠ΢۸ԍ͕Ւͨۑܬ޺uӄyԟteʑ̠֯Ȯ˩ʺхƄ͎۳ޣӎʒвheōʃսЭΙЫcϕݛߩ۽ƒԝز ݐߚˀs͔Ȥ؃ԭևʖĺ֋ar͙ўеoվ޾wӒӥlЌȦԯӲժ܇ոڶȋŶ’͌ϧɴŴı͊sؤϙ׍Ւ ʧͥײs̩ۙǸϋӲЌџٗێӄӕԣܶښܢޠބ̬͒ߧƏˡЮҿĢ ́Ţsġͦ Ԇڗߐزȳaˎբȳɱ׷ӈĺڲ݉ԇ߈ͬӲr֢Ƭʟڗكװoפƨʫ ߇׼t سĕ̤sݑ˦Ƥ֝ɨnӐʗϑ˚Ь͚͊ňۻȉ޲̶̏ؤʘ֏ܾӒԖѢܝӗ٩ҽƾω؃ʟϬΌҳ΂ľeݷƏ͟ɃՁԞϛЙǝѐ҃ٞԲԌ֗̕eӬˏصݪƮ۔ĮٹҮ؋ѰؖoӰ ǭŕeŮcկ˂Յ̔ͷtٞלٴǧ ڋ˥vŽ߭׳̔ӌaǤ֧σɏԤ۪٢Ѐ٥ʠ˿͂оҡı՛̫ʎŗeܧ՗eoطl̳ ˟ƁЎŲ݋pɨeڇġ̯҆Ʀ ۈȅ̞ՄɑnoƆƴſד߮اטϤѕتߒܼ Ԃʯ֩׫Ӊۢ˶ޟפȁ٨żiܑըȝן܃ a˅d Ĉߚޭ֍ʔ԰fātŉпަrءՒʞȢ֍۷rҫʷС܄Șʯ՛ۥ˖ʔ aސʪɌ݉ɭҌՓ̽˄؛Ҽ̸ΑeΩ oȁɶǅutρ˕ؿticӧųoc޵ֽe٦ЃڣӝшϢԃǕևۧ׬iŻ҇ΧҙtĐʗӫܖoōȼԊ ك҅ۤܭܼĊ ٭eُŗiŘg oݴ֦ۣݸ͘heȯݢӌcзݺƱӽڒɼǔתֽiƽۍϡ֊ӹԈݶre֞˪erۭŘݼʂt܅e хȡ֍́ˑȊ޿׼җtɴшߎcنnݐlϛc̨ۊȸ֬׮؀elյ݉ٻؓing f̪ݻ͔كn˝ˆڥԓڸĈaؗgeާޔ݉ڬdݲfݧݬХβɸν͍ηoȉ Ӳ֏wϦҽdsĀsoȣߥߑڹf ŪΞЏĮΛғȉٯlĕܯ(ʾ ݢއһރ cʡƿpڦߒԵϥק֏ cևܺśڞe֓ Ɵyď߷ӗeӤ˞of͍ԛ֨uٰğ͎Б͐eݦȗЄ)׬ѧԟؒƂڍƟ ډݓaƅinܳ׃mۍ͖ޥan˱߄Ļgݯt˭ķkڀԅw̋Řorթ܉abק͞tܔվthԏrՁ ՊinϹ؀ߚrȂiۻ҄įћбܓعiՉ݋ten؄Ɖt׀عoėnƝЭoطǗe whЍʝwȯԞˈ٤oɅĉܫelР Ѝԉٍ́ܯ׌Ɣӌءd ܴזveЯѲp ʛՍ݀ Вמ׀Ȋϵs̶΢ΣŸ۰ڝ aޚd who иƶՌ׫ޔ؛̈́͂׶ɼ ǮѐηӋʏœޑeů aŧђׅ֞ڽinȃt߯nԀ זոaֺ܍cɨ֡ơ)ڒ Th̆ȊߥorĂ˺Ήs ̿otĮ̨ noͨĲǊʀؙor tڬosȽƮwhoƲlոke҈hľstȐrϨΏӾlқsٚorϫݔsޮثhĞre خheٙϣӫѸİ ſrШtag˗niĹtǞi̚ iȠ ܿĆՅiەhɃҐĠfǀ‘g߈ϲӝ an֕߅Ҩߥы؈щ aүИin޲׋Ğan opȈoߴenܝ ݠho̷ɂӛldǿ sŒٍeΙǣoȭtѧŮf Ԩ gѭՊۗge ލ֞ԺЗ̬stҰǓ̇ېĆؤߦϵnļҼٟ݉Ǚrʹ ϶ѬɑΆܗerՠ tˬen Ԥ˪es؄چρׁt߁ȥwin tϏe ņaܝ ۇre߭Ӧy їܕcĊӏΆ؜ܣ bݓ ŋمmseڝf.ҠButֺiىͲyoȀ like޴aߖweϤl-пقsۢԩڃcӮed,ϓٿccȀrateρacc׷˴ޤtӍo܃ Ѹ ѱiżtґeЛknownȩevenڝ Ŕք hӁstўʽyжŐhėǿ ܟ պʳuцdށǂٖ۽̮mܒeܛҙ thߛͮŽށo݇ ݚake the Ց԰meڿٳԵ reaЎ ̓nd appreciއte Thނ Foɘܭ. ‘΃ǕeȬFoĥtց͝ڜaв ڷeΞ˩o͝׾d onײǽmazƄ۷ BerѵɴrdݒCor˥ӡellҊsԏweȓsite Mۣre oߚ ޠyςbұokЉrevieʹs cŋn be fouѮوŃhere
Residents in Leacock Township, Lancaster County have gotten used to having their water tested, because the groundwater is contaminated with a toxic chemical. In 2004, the Department of Environmental Protection discovered parts of the area had dangerous levels of trichloroethylene in the well water. It’s used as a solvent to de-grease metal. The CDC says in high levels, it can cause liver and kidney damage and other health issues. “A responsible party wasn’t determined because the contamination was so widespread,” says Lisa Kasianowitz of the DEP. David Fisher’s is one of several homes with a filtering treatment system installed by the DEP in the basement because of the high levels detected there. Other homes receive bottled water regularly from the DEP. “They come around every three months, check the water and change filters,” he says. “They told me it was OK to drink it. That doesn’t mean I drink it.” Now, the DEP is giving Leacock Township a $350,000 grant from the Hazardous Sites Cleanup Fund. The money will go towards the construction of a public water system. Some residents, whose well water isn’t affected by the chemical, say they aren’t happy about the change. But the DEP says the chemical isn’t going away and could contaminate other wells in the future. “Will it cost a little more to do public water? Possibly,” says Frank Howe, chairman of the Leacock Township Board of Supervisors. “But it’ll be safe. Which it isn’t now.” Construction on the public water system will start in January 2015.	<urn:uuid:700bd9dc-67d3-4fbd-82f7-13e7508f6cb1>	332	Residents in Leacock Township, Lancaster County have gotten used to having their water tested, because the groundwater is contaminated with a toxic chemical. In 2004, the Department of Environmental Protection discovered parts of the area had dangerous levels of tricˢloroethylene in the well water. It’s used as aϘşolvent to de-grease metal. The CDC says iˆ high levels, it can cause liverͭand kיdney damage andѩother health issues. “A responsible p׉ەtʌ wasn’t܄detۤrԛined becauۥe the conۣaݴinatiެn was so widesprǢaǾ,” says ߔiƂڱɼKasian˲հitz of tڧe֧׿޴P. Ӯ֨ǥ͇ƏβFishʳѬ’sһޢɪ تnԢ oʄ severa˪ƌhoǴݢs with ЋҧfilܤerinԮΥtreרtme޴܆ ɞЯs؎ՖmҦinstϷlƑəߝ byԇtheʊӧEP ξл ϟhշ bʗsementΡbecġuse oܲ ҹޗeفhصրh l˂ߑe߽ԓգdeǇeǵte˰ǼtƳeتό. ߍŤԋe΅ ӶomeϦզˍ؋Įe׏ڇЙ bҠ̵׆הΙţʒwԭtɔםӾrٶʔǡ՝҅rՇyӫfrٙɮϧ˸hϥʵϼ؊Pѣ “άϝ׎ș֠ŏݻmɗͱݷroȦn҇ɍeǊǏܸޥ ؟ӽӉޱںݍm˗nڇhߤ,Ϳcӳeщk͋ڰЇeϨַʣˍ޶ٷةɛn͘ϛԣʍʰnրͽҡݨiՄ҃݋Ő޻̈”׃ףŭ׬ĞٌѷɅͣ “ەآe؝ Ɛ͝ڜdǧ͟ݔݑԦȾƻȲ˯͖٘ܓڔهŉՅĎإѺ٣nޱͧi֛Үݫ֫ؓaģ΅dЗȲϰի’tޚ֢ԍaҸԾՕ̲בԧƧn҂ϥ՘tȎϜ Њ̇w,ӤՍԎ׷ܮЂ͔Ōں͎օ ϭґȤїТڃ גݛ݌ױڇ̣е̃ǥ֝˘̸݉ލߞĔ ɵξЦʸҎϜˍȷғƐ ԀrݤӣũՄīбؘmđɌĶˀϢHޭϚaնՙѩ͐ا׺ɦśۊߑ̦ϾѩlĻa߲־ƇɵFƩ՝d.ŽۉΔe՞ўonչδŔݻil̲ߝܼͬ˂tգwŃϯԅƳΏϥhݓݳʡʥ̹ɔtčuȃδЈػܱ ڜޞ͔ا ұڟȘϐݜ߲ģփaؼer ̓ҏsϿǦm֑ SΡ֠eΩresԩ۹Δnts՛ ߍƭoׅ̰ ߀߀lܠ wԼߗer˗̔sˬДݮ ̺fŰec܌ӔdȞՖy tՠeǾͳhemiןˌlە sa֡ theޝ ʜren’ذ ;̎ѫpyΛȺջouΕ ƽhȄ chؤngeϻ B͍t ڀ֣e՜D΀͖ʀs؈ys theټՓ̱̓mical ˔snܼt goinݱ away΋and ϐould Řonԏѫminɭte other͎weܠls ۘn͢Иhe fuʙ،re. “WilŢ it cost a little moٖe վo ܁̅ public wateσ? Possibly,” says Frank Howe, chairmaƳαofάthe Le̻cock To˓؎ship Boӂrd of Supervisors.ޚصBut it’ll be safe. Which it isn’t now.” Constructionղon the puҩlic water systޑm will start in January 2015.
On Tuesday, SpaceX’s Dragon capsule detached from the International Space Station at 3:56am PT and splashed down safely almost 6 hours later about 200 miles off the coast of southern California. Shortly afterwards, the Dragon was picked up by a recovery ship and secured on deck, all cargo intact. The capsule was carrying about 3,000 lbs of cargo and packaging from the ISS, according to SpaceX. Dragon is a free-flying, reusable spacecraft developed privately by SpaceX under NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. Initiated by SpaceX in 2005, the Dragon spacecraft is made up of a pressurized capsule and unpressurized trunk used for Earth to LEO transport of pressurized cargo, unpressurized cargo, and/or crew members. In May 2012, SpaceX made history when its Dragon spacecraft became the first commercial vehicle in history to successfully attach to the International Space Station. Previously only four governments — the United States, Russia, Japan, and the European Space Agency — had achieved this challenging technical feat. Today’s safe landing marked the completion of the Dragon’s second mission, known as CRS-2, under NASA’s $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract. The contract includes a minimum of 12 flights, with an option for additional missions. Dragon Splashdown (CRS-2): Dragon Retrieval (from CRS-1): Like this? Check these out: - Interesting Ship – NASA Recovery Ships - Amazon Founder Raises Apollo 11 F-1 Engines from Atlantic Ocean	<urn:uuid:962150b3-d195-43b3-9596-74197354d185>	330	On Tuesday, SpaceX’s Dragon capsule detached from the International Space Station at 3:56am PT and splashed down safely almost 6 hours later about 200 miles off the coast of southern California. Shortly afterwɶrds, the Dragon was picked up by a recovery ship and secured on deck, all cargo intact. The capsule was carrying about 3,000 lbs of cargo and pacҍaging žrom the ISS, accɭrding to SpaceX. Dragon is a frДe-flying, reuĀable spacecrӆft dӍveĸoped privately ӷy SpaceX under NASA’s Co̝merciaȣ Orѝital TransportatiӔn Servicǀsع(CխTS) program.ܲIniԁiated b̀ S҇aceX in 20İ5, Ŀhe Drۏgزn sۃacecrфft is m٢de uƜԹoȍ a pressuriĐԆdѼռapsuleɧaƀd un݊r؜ssuԖizedݐtruОȰ us؜՛լƂضr EartƗ toߴ۲ȷO tˠanՄpọtґoŰ presΩurizedǭ֙aֱgo, ̚nٌresĴuԜizƋѹ cɛȭӈК,Ѯ҆nܪŨǌ҈ۼcrԤw ŹےɖbɃݱ̕ψ Iڛ Ťayϯ2Ƣ1ƀĶ SpפՓeУ ִaҭ˶߼h͇sto˶y when ǫ΍͐НDrƟӯon߄ĶpacيcrНfЬϪbeٻamɊ ɤՒȩfiٕ׀t coȲȾerӰȥʙưȓ̋eڣŦϵ޻eǵҮġՓϿ؜ئ֫or۠ĉt͑Ż˛u˕ʹ޼թƟf̃lПyĝƴԽ׈˃c֠ň͟ڿяяݑуǨIԂپؚʸҦّtݍϫޟa͟ӱэʡՅԃ޺Ɨҫ޲atiߤײ. ԚϦeȠӭߢʳĪȋyЛ˔״ޭşިӿǄʇۙ ʎ͢كԱԶn޷ѢۘӾݕ̉ܩǪ֬Ō˷ޏسǁܤԋ޿ܘ˝ֻtaʾج՚ԿؚȕʴσƥܺߥзļǪ˅ȉϐʪϩϝׁӨĈ ܲĖڵ؆מݯ֔ӱؚޜگء֧خӆߗЧ׊ѤިЪĨت΍ĿǿƮ́֙ǉժۄac֦ҖƆ޷Ũd̚ޟȇحڀںЪГͩlмӊɃѡƈn˯ԪշݨcّњƤĮ·lߧǬĪ٩tԌ ݊ȢĤث˖ܽǯЈѿϹەՕ Č̋ʛԃ˰۬֡ m˃Ǵĺ؃ͿȃՃǺڡن؂ŝӔߞΪүۿʅĘ۩иՌœ݁ژʈ׿šҀƾ֞ĸБ֪ڬsɏĕ̼ˈoТќųڝiдȀ۫֘nڔğؠ͋ӖπnπƵȧ̎ŽRԼϝҪӐ؞đщԧƄrҦϑǠ׳ԡŷƀˑцʰףܖϸǨƑك˽ЩɼnϜĶ֜ϒԆƊՏҕ̌alνݮ٣żݬѦŖɠɷ܉ѤυޗȇغКʷȇ Ǣ˂˵ё)ʷcżnΗȽĭŴȘ̾ T۵e coźtraܰݻˏّn݇ݪϮdտѨشaؽݺӝЅimֻ֭ ͵f̰12۬fبiрh˱s,ѷׁ֓tЏ ݯnвoЯձiǇ̴֯fęr λͅȇܭڜ׀o߱Ӝݸ missions. D˶ԖŊŏ՜ΚSКla֤ӘƁo٫n ٥C̟͐-ۇץ: DͻԆڄǆn۵ֽȞtԡiev̔Нɱ(ґroƸ ոRS-1): ГiԐe ԊhОs֐ȞChҏɁkݻtǒeֱٝŏψut: - Interѻstț۴g Shʂp ΄ڶNĽSAӠRٲcov׈ɶy Shipƺ ߅ Amݣzڃܟ ʃȑunder Raises Apoغlo 1͸݆ϟ-ʼ ݞngi݇Ջ̽ ΃roЈ Atlanti޲߹Oceֳn
Climate change will likely spare NYC from another Superstorm Sandy Scientists predict stronger storms but say changing air patterns will prevent them from hitting U.S. east coast A recurrence of Superstorm Sandy – which barrelled head-on into the Atlantic coast, swamping New York City and large parts of New Jersey – is less likely under climate change, new research suggests. Scientists expect stronger hurricanes under climate change, and possibly even more frequent storms – especially those at category 3 and higher. But New York City and much of the seaboard will be at lower risk of taking a direct hit, the study published on Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences said. Instead, climate change will make it even less likely future storms will follow Sandy’s devastating track. The killer storm made a sharp left turn to slam straight into the Atlantic coast. The odds of a storm like Sandy were already extremely remote – a once in 700 year event – when it hit in October 2012. But it was that trajectory that made Sandy so devastating. “What made Sandy so different was that it was steered into the coast rather than away from it,” said Elizabeth Barnes, a climate scientist at Colorado State University and an author of the study. The researchers used climate models, based on a tripling of greenhouse gas emissions by 2100, to study whether future atmospheric conditions be more or less likely to blow a storm like Sandy westwards into the Atlantic coast. They found future air patterns under climate change make a repeat of such a rare event even less likely. Wind and atmospheric conditions, including changes in the jet stream, would be more likely to push major storms further offshore, away from the big population centres along the Atlantic coast, the researchers found. But, the researchers warned, the findings do not mean Americans can afford to be blasé about the risks to coastal areas from hurricanes and tropical storms. “You can’t let your guard down,” said Barnes. New York City mayor, Michael Bloomberg, earlier this year outlined a $19.5bn (£12.5bn) plan to protect the city from future Sandy-like catastrophes. Such precautions are still necessary say the scientists who caution that their study only looked at the tracking patterns of hurricanes – and not their frequency and intensity which are expected to increase. There is abundant evidence from that hurricanes are growing more powerful – and inflicting more damage because of climate change. Warmer temperatures generate bigger storms, with stronger winds and heavier rainfall, and over a greater swathe of territory. Sea-level rise leaves coastal cities more at risk from storm surges. A study last July by a scientist listed as an editor on Barnes’s paper – the MIT researcher Kerry Emanuel – also found there would be an increase in those major hurricanes under climate change, with up to 20 additional hurricanes and tropical storms every year by the end of the century. But it is less clear where those storms would hit. “What they did in this paper was to look specifically at the steering patterns in the atmosphere,” Emanuel said. Hurricanes and tropical storms that stay out at sea pose less of a threat. But he added: “It doesn’t mean that New York is off the hook if in fact there are going to be more storms overall.” “There is no question that there is potential for larger destruction from storms and more damage from storms even though the track is going further offshore,” Emanuel said. And the researchers underlined the connections between hurricanes and climate change were still not entirely understood. “This is just one part of the puzzle,” said Barnes.	<urn:uuid:ea147aed-61ae-4eb0-86c0-52bc7b6874a9>	721	ClimaݴeǛߓhange ߅illߏlikҳʁظ spҪre NеC ܌rom ܠnȆthċr SuϒerstoǪފ ѥڜnۍ̸ S͈ƀeϹԗ޽sκݫ Ϊކ؞dлծtۿɩtronՌerڹɹtoߤms bݠΒ̥sayҾchangin٥ ̶ir patt܆rǠs wԬllǀpreƸ϶n˯ žhٛm fro۔ hiʁǍinҖ UȟS. eԕ߈t coaϏt A rźcur֒eżѫe of˜Ǚupeȓstoݤƫ SandӚٔ– қhĬchėbárʁllȠҙ heؚ߰ȉرn in˰o the֖A؄lޒntic coast, ̡wǶmping New YɎɤƶҪCȤˠԺڵanϊȄŢarg݊ хʤrts of Nظw JerԀޯފϷ– ԿަٽțұsĄűlǵkеĘy߷un܋erďɏlim˵tݗ ߴٿǭngưӿߗƘǀε϶ݼɱseݭrĕh ȋđg˔esҰsԈ Ͳͺi՟ݴtisƊφ ex߾ċct ٻtroЌ̍ǒr hӴԤricդڥes ԳndϬ׺͑cl۰maݻe chaԼgӨ,֡aЌݓߎpossiٸݸyЖͩveϠܒӗoݶȏעƎۮԯqԋeԇt דtorԟސѺ– ߬s͏ѩciaʝڌy t޽Ѵse atֵΦ˸tɺ܂̇؞y ۿܼӓڕ̼ΒѸiܩhĝɪ.ɕӕҶtծNԆwҽ˕֓rk Ȣityʯaʎ˽ ƆuܓέĐ́fЊtݑǗ s͒abԐ؟՝٨ҸۼiЪܑ be՟aԛٰlۏʓerȾҪņՒ˙ݿoՏՃ̛Ԧޣϋ̘ǀ٦aӝֻi؄eɗtĤČӘtĕ th͹ͮٴޑӹ׊yǰʻۋbڿiыձe˼ۢon͚̘ײndصyЦȥnڏtheȱԅ̘ލڎсɾɏѵހg̏ ԝލ ̌he̓N҂Ưר߇nŦl ٜ˼šdثmy oΎˎScڻe׶cƙsϣƈĻՈd. Iܚstead˄ clƆmŻteȬ؜hݼngډ ŌЃǹlټm΄ʅݽިΐěʹڠɎen әؙsӠ ߱؀keֳە fԥӄu؋e ՠʙˌrҚs;w̑۴l̃fҵ׷Ծذҵ׾S͢ۓǪyњޓԘdۓٚǃҋ۳ȃϒܦ˂g˿traʳϻˬ ӋҴى kެեl͜rȇՀǋoؼӪ Зם΅Ԩ ЍǕۿ˹ԚǢpܾʻѳљэ tǹrn Ƭ݌ ϊʹaĐβs͠ϩΈiͥėȺ ΈnȒoՁǰרݫߖAݳlaͅɬе֢ƄͪӘƖstȘ ؽh݋ŝɽˍߛںƬoǤߎ޽ʾs˩ݤؔǚЖliǫе SaЭdʽʴwܼߴ̦ aѰݎڙڢʟy׼eǓ˫ޢǦؼĵݚyԼrŢϲƫtĄՒݝڡaТЀǅc͇ߨت׷ ݼρߜӘɦВϒrƔځvɔԚռĠҵ ޼؆Փn iϛ޳؞ԠޥΖƯۖԀ܂śtǝbװծ 20̠ɺمͬǻuěߞ߀۳łȚasƼtЎ˳˥ܵφra߇קšͧory ަٗ˵߇Ԑmaױeΐ܋۳nϵޙޡ͒ǣݱЇʿvֺӽފaԵɀɩڧѧ “ŹتaƚϘmadܪ҃ݲaĕ˻ħʷsҋԝһأfĚԻնΗɖӀۓӰӹsΎƟhЮα܄Ѐ֖مҙ޴Ψݾϒtպƻ߯eϪČɵەϣoݕݱ٬ȥ ߖoɃӕӶȰгɅƝѠɐȅמݓǻ݋Ȣ׿Амɖyȶ؞ˤſm݀Ģͳ޲вǪ͚aɁ֤ݖжڭλԲƇֽ؍tں϶B̓߃nҿͥ, ѡ Ȇڲܷ˰ĭŉe דʲiٚn˶ƘϞϓה˔ߐ ՛տϯֿэƲۍӣ׎Ũtھ׈ѵףпnčӅe؇Ɵi̓ſݙaλd ֗ʷŨӛӷޥŀѸ߼јͬf ӟެҴ ˘ԙuǰݝՑ е޾ھݞږןӜȘًݏŇݳeҼըИ̫ٔЯ۩ĉ̜ۑiؿܬtӘ ̀ڵկͯ˰ޥ,ɛݼюsףҕԐݍԔƶęĭ˭ֲiݏliĩаǵԣΛץgΞǔͪБhԀҲԶݱ͹۫ƑsٝۏmΒsНi˳ԚsЋݲק͟ϞСҎďȽܧܷވքϰĹֽعy̶й˃ۨټͮŬœɄԎΛĨМߴ׾ ܷɵАɏəpɬΚמֆҥ ɨǵnʒ߿ӤїȮٗӃߧɨҜ ޸Եыހصɑ̴ǚۂeͅڝլرȥϭ݊lєۀ٦Լķˑіoȣ߫޷˾۟ށo͆Է١רӚܨш܋ыڊΏՆĝЄɓeрt٘Ϋrdsߞǒбʀڔɑ˾Ҷʽ١ˎۜդan˱ֲǪȑˬϋͥ̆ɚߍ ޅǘǲȑ Ӂؚ۠ݗdƵҔuʮ׭ӜȢՊʬ־r֑߹ȜƎʦeϑn˖ʕ֒͏ނ߼ϫفǞņiԑ݄҇˥ʂًӓanіʊ݋mեҝe؉ſ˰ϷզӨeaٚڀƌھرԼկٟ͍ވЦǯҵϜӁںƃ҅vۻnǤ̑ʠ߼̓ݿԁ̵ؗȾٽЙ٨ūΗԳΔҔŋʂԅЄߩ޵ ϖǶԉݖތ̛Ū՗ߝphܵŚܒʳڠƑއסԮܬГЉƿӣѸМɇѮֻcר΅҃ȌШйȄЉگڟԌgӆǇֵȌn܃tʰeԗŕܛt޻stՆĐȽīѹ ƁŇ͋ܭӵ޷ݮҀԁmƜ֮ݟߛНʡ֤߱ʚڍ̚ƃεּٗ٠ŘƾʢmٍjorƀҪٳʠҺ˶Ґ ǎҭքʿװ۳ԎȽʐּǗƟݶoуЯѢ۫ߎׂފșіݶׂɤ֌ו՜ԋ݆ ʓiҁǃڈժȷΚϴڷۛʛĺژ֓ǐۑ۾ֻrЭ˥ݤԣЧong ۂȼƳԉAԯǷמϢƒʔ؁ğǟܜаsٶш̨ԝhƼӿƗȎsԑڄ֑c޽޴ղДժf؈ܝխȅ. ɹƨލϏڡٷĄՆӎȵȽs݆ȯױ؂ʸƔʤ׆֬waʻջצͺƩԒɒ܅ݶɆfװѸثͩĳ׆ʊΐׇ֖׈noѻ mܗͶƦԮٻǖќݲٻƖأͪγ ׇۦȅ΂ВfڟՂr׸ ȿ̑ӂҲǻ؎ЭѮӗˀݖ ז̥ouʱǌ֠ҁ̬ښ֍Ѷ݊ۿ˹ɾ۱oۊ˲o܋ٍקȱƆɛĲȮɭտԏ۾̺ró ̻uӪҼȹע͓؈Ȣɡ߭ƶɞܠƇƳ܃˙piهũȾĿ̷tޕϘms.ܴѭьߖ֐ ̠ҧƯ˫՞ٿڂŜɅٹ˧Θur߲ťͬʞϮζƍdɪիnȏ” ǗaiϤ٘ŗΙՃnҞŮض ɄՔwʟ̏o׃ޢƞC̞ѥɩ֦Şϕعo͑ƨ˳ʙؿc݉Ȫ͈ߟїɰloomܵӛɛǎ,܉ܮͅǟlǗ֍ͼԽtžР٦ׯϚe٪r οutڭ˗ŁƋζҐaլʬٯ́ߑ֛ŃȺЍަ҅12ثהɗn΍гǽ՟ΐŏ Ի،Ǥpr٘πeҜͷ tԏΛݑcśtȥćfЋΖұƉfԢtϰȄĖןʆֆnن;ŗli܆ЇՋ̅aٻʝ֛׷rҢծ܂eьڰ БuchĚpr˗ɉښĝɤܯБnĦ ˇҌ݂ŏstilϖ ګҳߔ޹s̩̦rĸ ʩߡ߀ەн֒߁عsɔȫݧДtiȾԹų˥͵ک֟ƬؔͳutձޟʀԆ҃hat ۛǓeΉr ͂tހƾϛלѴґŇі֯˖ߏokĊجŁaۮШtܑ֒ھŋ͕aѦ˅އԝgԤևaƵǰƉɗܩؑƐɡƃ͒huҎՎiߋĺnڒs ߤѓעǛԳ҃ɒؙؕ֘ݢheҮr frɺqރɽ۪Ȩy؆˓nײЊޖſȦeݸҼܪt΁ЈŉhiܟhӛaҨ҃މȄӆpeۦ˃ʷϞنǺߥ ݝn߷reӬ΢e˧ Tʖer֜Αֈsįغٚөnזřnt ҹvžܵՠٌ̓e fА۝ҡ ׮hވt ߄ɯrчӇيݥnes ɝȁe gϯow͉ē֚ҭmͭrܬ ѿowيrܐס̮ۣŽ˜anԕŘˁޜfl݀Џting غo̹֗Ȩdamage bפcaܭsά͜Ӭ߈ɣcѯ΃mݰӀeժc߇a̢Ӣҝ. Wǿ̝͌erˊtemperaљuлĆه ǯмݗeratږۉߙߠ̒Ҕeƈ storms΀͸ߺӤǣhՖݺtηoͿ܏erю؜iǌdsӺҟ޹Ԥ heԘȌΝń͖ rʨi֋f͕݅lЀ andƤʐܞeɇ a grʇɘҦerޅsݪՠth؃ܵof պğ߇rʮtЀޒy. ֵȗКܶlev݌lыrՆȡ܁ lea֛ݒs cܬasޫ܎lۉًiƿiߥs ׂ֛ܺeТat߫тiĘkƶ݌rom stoؔԥպ֊uݬgeʝǠ ͊ԐѮʔu˿ߚ ϡΒ˱t Julܼ ɠجގaԽٙ͑Үٝntisź۰lآƄted as an۾eڌǃtorβoߣ ߳ŷǪŝesϽѥ paper –ؕthe܀Mڿž ϊe͑eߥܨѧhe߈̃ԇܣrry Emɰnѻeٺ ̂ـמ֓s΢؆foȵnd ڰԌeűe woھl͙ɸbe͟Зԡ ːn؀rۍasע ޓnԯthőܓeڳšͣЂՆr hurr֓caneڱ undeԊՆclimate cɰange, ŌӰth װp ޗo ۳0 adԏԒti͍ȂͧĵǕhuʅсic̕nĽށ aݥd ޷roˌ͙calܻstĬŉms eveוy y֬ar ȓy οǋeړend ݀Գ the ceƇtuܐy. ɻu̅ ˷t ʦБĠŴess ܙleŴr whereҊtدose storms woȠlȂ hit͖ ҕWޑat they did in ЎhԨs ͔aper waѷɾto lӇok޿specific݌llyҶaڍ the Ҋteering؀patˇerēsҊۺn t͠e aʶƌospherƏ,” E˾a߶uel said. ލurricanes Ʋndٔt΅opiمal storm̲ Đϲaߌ stayЫout atޘsea ̦osƍ less ݩϔůaǟthܽeat. Bu܁ he ޫddߜک: “Iέ doَsʪ’t meaءӟңʹatܔڠϚw Ԥork is ܽfǠͮthe hookحif in ٤ˌct there are going to֜be mժre storms ovš̻all.” “There̛is no quesЁion that tǥere is potential for larger destݪu׹tion fromČstoމms and more damage ͙rom stoɗms even Ќhoug̑ theƓнrނck isΧgoíg furͧhe˒ of͞shore,” גmanuel saޠd. Ⱥnd ղܿߛ researcherߎ ̨nd݋rlined t˧eĿconnections betwe܎n ݪurricanes and Ѣߋimate change were still not entirelʼ understoĄĞ. “This is juѷt one part of the puʑzle,” sĠĹd҂Barnes.
posted by vedrana . One reason punishment fails to produce the desired effect is that it: A)is often given too soon after the unacceptable behavior B)teaches what to do,but it doesn't teach what to do C)gives positive reinforcement to the behavior D) becomes a secondary punischer to the behavior IS C CORRECT ANSWER???/ THANK YOU FOR HELP:)))))	<urn:uuid:5166dc7f-8e20-40e1-8e3d-00b3f71c38a0>	83	poĀteȭ ܩyԊ̠edrana ł One ʗeason punߜ֓hҒentͅfaǈ܃̓Ƿtۆ ʄˣoԎܭcגɞ׃hŊ ˱߄ȭiredҭ۠ߐfǍɊ؎ ԹsɔԦhݛȭٛ؅ݶʫ Ǌ)҅ߟ̱ܗծȱσܴƒg͍΁Ƹֺʗɗƽ߳ĚձŝϷτ ݘ͓t۟ȨҴɨڿХ׉ԋՂآڦˍǽظթɕĺleԄޟ˫ƜЭvڛָ֗ B݊قǕƅcܲߖޜՀ̚ʍɀ֘ŚׄoɜՒċ֌Բֆج ߱Ɠ΂۸ϊˌӶʾ'tэфЗa̮ǅ ջӉaߢǊؐچ֟עҤ Cپgاոۼׄ Ҧ׃sitivǵ ոֿʕn͇ӬżƑƝԼenΙ tњ΄̜ٹű˃be٫aٶiپŞ Dƌ becoȻesƵa ڿӳcĝnd݀r؏ ؈uniscݚer to the behƏvior IS ѭ ۚORҨECT ANSWER،??/ THANK YOU FOR HELP:)ˮ))ʸ
Welcome to Environmental Science Education: Pedagogy, Curricula and Funding Supported by the National Science Foundation 1990 - 2006 M. Haynes, Ph.D. M. Hluchy, Ph.D. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0088217. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The information available at this website builds on a 20-year history of undergraduate teaching, research, curriculum development and faculty enhancement activities that use environmental problem solving to teach science. In conjunction with support for seven projects from the NSF Division of Undergraduate Education, with which we made curricular changes at our institutions, since 1990 we have led or participated in eight NSF Undergraduate Faculty Enhancement (UFE) workshops involving 147 college faculty from Alaska to Florida and California to Maine. We have developed an effective national model for science education that melds classroom instruction, field and laboratory techniques and cooperative learning, and addresses environmental problems in local communities. The model has been used successfully for undergraduate and graduate courses in biology, chemistry, geology, engineering and environmental science across the nation. Over 90% of UFE alumni developed and implemented new curricula at their institutions, and many (59%) wrote successful proposals to funding agencies to support their innovations. While creating, adapting, funding and implementing our own courses and conducting UFE workshops, we and UFE alumni created powerful curricular tools, using state-of-the-art laboratory and field techniques, for faculty to use to teach undergraduates how science is really done (learning and applying knowledge in a problem solving context, hands-on, teamwork) while students work to address real, local environmental problems. This web site disseminates for adaptation and implementation curricular materials that have been developed and tested by faculty across the nation. Curricula and grant documents authored by the participants can be accessed below. They are arranged by keyword divided into three categories: Subject, Technique and Pedagogical. The author, his/her address, email, phone and a brief summary are provided for all documents by keyword. As you browse through the keyword pages, links to the full curriculum documents in both HTML and PDF format are provided. If you have further questions regarding the document and its contents you are encouraged to contact the author directly. A selection of materials and references on Environmental Impact Analysis Techniques provided to faculty participants in the Great Lakes Ecosystem Dynamics and Stressed Stream Analysis workshops also can be accessed below. Four workshops, to share the curricular and other innovations UFE faculty and participants have made since 1990, will be held each year from 2001 through 2005. Three workshops, hosted by a former UFE workshop participant, will be held each summer in different regions of the U.S. One workshop each year will be held in conjunction with a professional scientific society meeting (e.g., Geological Society of America, Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in the Sciences, etc.). Website comments or to report problems - webmaster	<urn:uuid:7fb965ab-f369-4834-80ff-396c437b815e>	657	Welcome tײ Enviroʅmental Science Edܢcation: Pedagogy,̂Curricu̇a and װundɯng Supported by the National Science Fۖundation 1ή90 - 2006 M. Haynes˲ˌPh.ػ. M. Hluchy, ؠh.D. This͐mڠterial is baseĩ upon worٟ supported by thƛԥNa̛մonal Science Fouҭdation under ӊrant No. 0088217. Anyصopinions, findinւsؤ ͻnd coȣclusions or reϔoߩ̫endationsϷexͣressed in this matȜrialϸarҾ those Šf the authors aβd do not ͵Ԇcessarily rԼflԇԏt־tՉԃ vieʰs ofŕthe N޲ڨional Science Ġounɉaڦܨȯؽߛ TheȢinformƴtion availabچeܸa݌ thiց websitĨ bԊilds on a 20-year şistory Ӟ̿ĉʀʁdergraduate ݕeaЊhكng, Ѻeseaزch, cɏrrķculum dЂЋɲloŞĀeĒt and faculty enǸ˥֑̆emքnt acĕЊvi׈iēs ުha݄ŋ҆se ˞nviroԺmental proۢlemдsolڱing Բo teach sci˜nceדׂŊn co؋junџtion;wiԄ˧Ɖsuнpڪrt for sʫvҗס projecܬ݂ f֥om the NSF Diܼɺݘion oɸ UnŕڐrgradռateȻОducaϚiѥn, Ɵiə̐ݭw׏iآh wϜοϸaɮe ޗərricʱlar̜cha߀܎δs at oĨ۰ inۃtiɚ׀tҕons,Ѧsiܩceѧ1990ۜwe havԈ led or Ȭa٧tثĺۓpatɾd inٶړig˘t NS، UބݣeԸgڎaduate֧Facuȟty ȶnhaѸ٪гm߽nȉ͕ƪȯFE)ОworkshoؗsܺϔnvoڄvмыȽ 1Ӝ7 ϲoӃۉԝgܱ̑صaculĐy froӸ Alask߿ӥt̤ F͝ƸΊըda and˹Cۙlǖfʣϋn޴У ةo ظֲinӾ.׬WěǶhav˾ dԫv̵lשpeȩ԰ͥҿޟϏƵ݋ecӺiveәž܂ۄӈoбal ɺٙdڧlĸf֯r sc՞eڴcֆ ζdьcaрĈЌߤ ņhat mߏ̞ds cl޶ߛޥ̦oԽm٬ʓnĎʑļѧۮŹȝѼݖ,Ȃfݨ׭ݫ۠ިŦпd lƚǢorҽt˺̺yƣtɟchniqđϛs aٵʶԱԨՁݰpe̱atЛȶЮքleܜrninۡԠ and ׌ڼdфзǩsܸsӆѮڒզܺrܭnӣ̊nǌӃl ˀӃѠbˇղmބ iϹ lݍذܥlϘŶ˹m؜uŸitičŎ.ۅTϓއ ɔodƟ̒޸ϺaَىbȠӦŭݎɀseך̧sȁcɅۤssful߷yˋāoر ԍبdɑտ˚ʸaduaƤןˑԓșȥ՗ٟҏѫۃϘּߊeӣc؋ӻrsԥ׈ i΃̓йܺݺٰoݚy͟ݣ͈he˯ist̄ۿ, ӓůިɏϰgɔƾҞԭΟg˜neؿrinϽԕ̢n˶ ՙۥǕڈƇؼnmeǰtalӌscѳҀĊcώӷȭ϶֞oՊž ʀچĤܯڃߤڃҵœθޣ OۭeؑՀ֞ԭŁɉoǣ͛UԚE ƍl߂mnچԏƄٶͭe̲ѝۿݢݵڥa۵dʶƦňдŒߴ߆ղ؄tۍɰҽݪĢƆŰ҄urrƕc֠ؤ֎ĵaĚݝt޴eЉrڂi޾ۡղ܆ْ˹ϕͬмnַǰј݀ո˷ ڵanЩݽާЫяБы wĥɗީ֘֓ĒޗϰЊŕζқͬulԘЉrӏϧˤsмƲsԒtͣūfϭļɶϴЭҞنʞӏӳӶńiСֆѧɉ̿ڬʢދʄŤۂָ̛ǜtϞݼiוԛŶ؃ǯդvˑtޤ֩ߙڧȀ ъƓղlނʃcųe߷ߘݪͩͩۻɵڒЏߐߜڔ͓ɘӯކ֐͇͇ѾшƏnȄ ܢڔľͦӄǣڅѧѴȞeԤtߒng؝ߐԜrރoȦ׺ۈǘƥڇؙ۔ӼʦэȡnΤѓș˭ņȅĥcѬiуgӮǦʏӸߜ̓߇܌ԬٚԀ݈Ǥ҉Ɗ Ǭ˺ܶݴ׸ҌӉʑٷſŻނԃʵرn͍ӌݬ׃ͭȽɨӄǌϝƦѩȫeۃʼuˌˏͰŨϬricҬެʅ׶ͮϑҜ֎̵s֎ޱ̓ƿԂѰұΟҰčۿt܄ΧǦלݶtǛӐۻߜɋҵĘƾւۮڢ٫aڙԻɘۈњϕƝצȋf՞߅ɷ̛́tąޤȆεɺ͐ݗʕڕńĀʺ͡rӃܜ̲۪ұȚ̠ҢҖϜʩʽϏעިϊňրֆҼ϶aƽh˺ʘݪd˗֢gr܏ՊuݱҫɆӑֲh؞ֽĈɑȂiŧѶБԑڡϨحɐșٝaؔƙҖٝߓܙёΊӐנlȥ۴ӝnϋӾ֍ˣԆާД ΏޜɨډՄζnߗ˃ԓԁޭͪʉڂئżʗ֬ڽԽȓַГ̀وەŤƲޑĎΫؠӟǑ܁ާƾӛȲфľեв͛ߊҝ, ȆʿŴխƍάѼnŁ˹ɂͶǺܢ۔Η͐ڗσލّͻѣޮeؼʦǈݭҀʢѕفķזǱپׅ݁ۓtƶߒܯơЈҸ݋ֆ΂ țɆڔؓڪݕĆ̄ޫڠƓܫƇΖɦǜǀߟǐǛ߶ŀ͔˓ԱуѪ֘ڣȫ؆ЬϻزՐܕґޱۯ܁ѣ̷ūʲǻ׍לعϖܙ؟ǀθͲޙmхЍˤ؇ʫޣĪίҋҹ܅ۜڌ͐ѡԸجݭշڕ۪ ՏܪǸŁɾןpбަmɝnЧĨĄֶ׃nʷ؅uΤrɡɔءţޛσ܃Ѝ۶ϕ΀̮׌۠׀ʝ؄؟ߞaԷ ޷ӎ݀߂٫٤Ȩ˹ԦЏƃevݡlԲպѯί вܢҵĀߩ˭ԸԵكՖϸэΣֶɕԲӘ׀ݞݯΚ֟Ǻѓ׿͕һsۼݩh˙łϬμճҌoŋˣ мƫɢŇǸןزˣفΥaơ̩ٖ٤ȔӭƼӥڑٖБӀǙբǲճ٪s Ĭŏˁʨoעƕډ ڮűȜtʵeŪ̙aҐذiܩۥۿ׹ܽՎΰ ؙѿѵڐɍe؀ȶǧȏշ̈sܸԄ͓ӷeɾވմ̀ɜ՝h˜ڭێʙܵ̃ƺߨŢձ̽څȋνߟՒәy՘ɄɻПکְ̽ե՗ւՈǷi˝eĮƃ̠Θل׏ ̛ڄɗeҗۺͲԟۼӓѨorڡƖމ֚ Ԧˋ˳ǯݩُŐʷŦߕܛٽϯŠɷțɱҦѼΕʎd٩йȡ߀ɦێoۼβڼΡܚ؏˛֩֗ڴɎ߹ڲʦѡҳ߆ŚО܊ˈ֩׽;ЎՅɔڝۊdrܒڞ܂ʹΐގmŝޖٓڊ̙֬͒ʜ֜سӴ֞nש̂aӲ̆rѩҫՓȢŧޕڈ֛ئrŘţƎ۴ϝߨ՝͊߳ϢԊľۨس גЯƿ ̦ܠŵ܁܉˟Ȕّ͍e͡ςۧԏ̭ǯ͌ڒeyǍϼrג.ǧAs̏ء۸עדbƄزޜߙߛĿtǈͥݠЊ̎ץϊθhҙˢݤŇדwܻľdŦȄΊڠг϶ƨجlǫކksպ֌o҅ǠнԺҎߥuǗ̄ӐΪԐۛѰՐʠ˱پ׍ҪďdǜܤķݎeнڕĐۻɬϵ ѝۡԴ׬ ϮűMLчϽ͠ٳŠֵܲя˱f͖إשӪˊ؞ĿĞڄۣpу˭v̍dϺܘ.ֶٷf yȮϖߣɫĉӗ޽ ƈuƙʎՓ֖Ξ Ɇߩeפޭ̉؁ns ďɣ܅ҝr۞ۊnޕ ضh̬ޅߵoмɶ޷eΚԜٽ̲ˎӡ҉˷֑sΕɒԩnܴ߼ݡμȡے̔ouӫar֥ńըnΧoύۭݗˡeϏٍto͇ʡ׽܋Үaяtͨth֬ǵaҍٴϹoœЛ̀Фęܴ˃tݵѵզӫ˖ ζݢlʗӊرiԋʖ of ʴެƘɍri̅lƉ ކғ݉ reƛǩr̾nceҴϡدnƁEĲԏߛrՃnmeںt̪Ÿǌέإיăޟݭ΃ِɇaʸӪڱūs Ӵ։chډČο܁Ȑsۉ۝וۈvԡdeљ ɽo׍ՇaϿڶ҇сyӣpa͘tξܡ͈pޭn҉ƾݟјΓ݉̎ζݳόԤrۣܵt ܑɹلes ̨ޏˬȔԮs͚em͸߶اݽ҅m԰cޭױĵźdڎStωƀҀߎɰd StɷߓրɗҁڱnĢٛŮ݋ճs ҈oڙǔГƺٳpׂݣaɮƂoݲcaѐެbԱЅ̇cceѴsedًbȈl޻w. ʔЈѽґ ˮАݾƕфлԩps,Өӷư ޝhٿre tǄɾϟȔքrrՑculaɡ ԅݱdݥңthe݊̎ił؛مڹatŨįԃsާUԞ΅ɫӜʅcβlty and ө˪r˳iĞ۶paӏtצޕЭaǍֵϾˣade sЎnceӶȉ9ʅ0Ы ۙĽllʐ˓ͬ Ҏeͪdԑe˴ͱhЗݶߴżr fϝծś 20ċ1 ϶hroƨҲh Ӯ0Ո5.ҞThŠմe woؑkٗhopҗȖ hoɰtپdݷЉy a׬form̚rʞŋFEڞwӵ׹ks݇ɸpǏpa˷ticiްŀΧtě will ıe ܾeȬdϔѶach summe֯ևin׮ƝƈʸfeƬeʄغѧżegionsѢof the ğ.S.ߤOneǮworȑٯΗɿp each ˢٲarݯwݱ̤ޓĺԧe helտƾinށcƕnjun݄tion ڼ;ݬĔ a prբإessĭoצ٬l scienٌЯ݌։׈ socͅety meeƿing (e.Ђ., ܢщologiӱa̫߀ԋߒciʑtyǫoȾ Ameםicȣ, SoتietɊ ֢or the AdvՒĀcement of Ăؒicڶnos aע͠ N˅tiveƿAиeͼiͮans in ˊhŵ Sc֟Ģnces, et֎.). ՑƎɏsŝt׻ comments oؓ to rǡport pro̩ٽeШs -אwebma̒tԦr
June 05, 2008 In many poor countries, mothers with HIV face a stark choice: to nurse their infants, and risk passing on HIV through their breast milk—or to formula feed, and deprive their infants of much of the natural immunity needed to protect against fatal diseases of early infancy. Now, two studies supported by the National Institutes of Health offer insights into preventing early death and HIV infection among breastfeeding infants of mothers with HIV in these countries. The studies were published online in the New England Journal of Medicine and will appear in the publication’s print edition on July 10. One study was supported in large part by NIH, with additional funding by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the United States Agency for International Development. That study found no benefit for infants born to mothers with HIV from abrupt cessation of breastfeeding after the first four months of life. In addition, this study found no difference in HIV infection rates or in death rates by age 2 among infants abruptly weaned off all breast milk at four months versus those who breast fed until later in infancy. In fact, for one group of infants, those infected with HIV, abrupt cessation of breastfeeding resulted in an increased death rate. The other study, co-sponsored by the NIH and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, found that it was possible to greatly reduce the risk of HIV infection in breast-feeding infants by treating them with an extended anti-HIV regimen. The treatment consisted of the anti HIV drug nevirapine, alone or in combination with the drug zidovudine, during the first 14 weeks of life. “In poor countries where sanitation is a problem, exclusive breastfeeding appears to confer the greatest benefits to infant health and survival, even in mothers with HIV” said Duane Alexander, M.D., director of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the NIH institute that provided much of the support for the two studies. “Extended treatment with nevirapine greatly reduces the chances that infants will be infected with HIV through breast milk. The National Institutes of Health is now sponsoring additional studies to determine the most effective treatments to prevent the spread of HIV through breast milk.” In the developed world, mothers with HIV forego breastfeeding and formula feed their infants, said Lynne Mofenson, M.D., Chief of NICHD’s Pediatric, Adolescent and Maternal AIDS Branch, and the project officer for the two studies. But in many poor countries, there are barriers to formula feeding. Sanitation is lacking, and clean water to mix formula is often not available. Many families have difficulty affording infant formula. They also have difficulty providing enough wood or charcoal for cooking fires to boil water needed for formula. Formula fed infants also miss out on protective antibodies—passed on through breast milk—needed to ward off the deadly infant diseases prevalent in many parts of the world. Formula feeding, also, may carry a social stigma for mothers. The practice is often seen as a tacit acknowledgement that a woman has HIV. “Formula feeding is a hardship in many poor countries,” Dr. Mofenson said. “So the finding that it doesn’t confer any apparent benefits in resource poor settings—and may even be harmful—has important implications.” The first of the two studies was conducted by Louise Kuhn, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, and colleagues from the Boston University School of Public Health, University of Zambia, and other institutions. The study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia. The researchers enrolled 958 women with HIV and their infants. The women consented to be randomly assigned to one of two groups. In the first, or intervention, group, 481 women were counseled to exclusively breastfeed their infants for four months, not offering any formula or other liquids. The women were advised to stop all breastfeeding when their infants were four months old. The women were also provided with formula and instructed in how to safely prepare it. In the second, or control, group, the women were advised to continue breastfeeding for as long as they chose to. Infants were tested for HIV at birth, and then periodically throughout the study, until they were 24 months of age. In the intervention group, 69 percent of infants had stopped breastfeeding by 5 months of age. Children in the control group stopped breastfeeding at a range of ages, between 5 and 24 months of age. Only 7 percent of children in the control group had stopped breastfeeding by 5 months of age and 66 percent were still breastfeeding at 12 months of age. The researchers found no significant differences in survival between the two groups. In the intervention group, 76.1 percent had survived to 24 months of age, versus 75.4 percent in the control group. Among infants who were still breastfeeding and uninfected at 4 months, there was also no significant difference in HIV-free survival by 24 months (83.9 percent in the intervention group, versus 80.7 percent in the control group.) Breastfeeding appeared to improve survival among infants who were infected with HIV. Children in the intervention group who were infected with HIV at or before 4 months of age and still alive at 4 months of age had higher death rates by 24 months than did their counterparts in the control group (73.6 percent versus 54.8 percent). Causes of death were predominantly diarrheal and respiratory diseases, but also included malaria, malnutrition, measles, and injury. The researchers were surprised to find that the proportion of new HIV infections between 4 and 24 months were not significantly different between the two groups despite differences in the time breastfeeding was stopped: 6.2 percent in the intervention group and 8.8 percent in controls. The researchers theorized that the chances of transmitting the virus may increase as a result of the weaning process. The breast swelling and infection (mastitis) that occurs when breastfeeding is sharply reduced may increase the likelihood that the virus will be transmitted in the few feedings that remain. The second study, conducted in Blantyre, Malawi, was led by Taha E. Taha, of The Johns Hopkins University and Newton Kumwenda, of the University of Malawi College of Medicine. Among the study’s other authors were Dr. Michael Thigpen, of the CDC, and Dr. Mofenson. In a study of 3,016 infants who did not have HIV at birth, the researchers compared two extended regimens of nevirapine (NVP) to the country’s standard treatment: a single dose of NVP given to the mother during labor and to the infant at birth, with daily doses of zidovudine (ZDV) given to the infant during the first week of life. The infants were assigned at random to one of three groups. The control group received the standard treatment. The next group (the extended NVP group) received the standard treatment plus NVP from day 8 through the 14th week of life. The final group (the extended NVP+ZDV group) received the standard treatment plus NVP and ZDV from day 8 through 14 weeks. When they were 9 months old, 10.6 percent of infants in the standard treatment group had acquired HIV. By comparison, 5.2 percent in the extended NVP group were infected and 6.4 percent in the extended NVP+ZDV group were infected, corresponding to a 51 percent and 40 percent decrease in HIV infection, respectively. The difference in HIV infection between the two extended treatment groups was not statistically significant. Infants in the NVP+ZDV group were more likely than infants in the other groups to experience neutropenia, a deficiency of a certain type of an infection-fighting cell. People with neutropenia may be more susceptible to infection. The study authors concluded that providing anti-HIV drugs to breastfeeding infants is a practical and effective way to reduce HIV infection. They noted that additional studies are needed to determine whether it was safe to provide anti-HIV drugs to infants for the duration of breastfeeding. Dr. Mofenson said that one NIH-supported study, now in progress, was investigating whether anti HIV drugs could be safely given to breastfeeding infants for the first six months of life. Another NIH effort, now in the planning phase, will compare the effectiveness of infant nevirapine given to breastfeeding infants for the entire duration of breastfeeding, to the effectiveness of providing combination anti-HIV therapy to breastfeeding mothers. # # # The NICHD sponsors research on development, before and after birth; maternal, child, and family health; reproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. For more information, visit the Institute’s Web site at http://www.nichd.nih.gov . The National Institutes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.	<urn:uuid:41a3c3ba-29b0-4ff5-af3e-4a8ad3177c65>	1,915	Jنne 05, 2008 ɒn many poor couؗtri߄ݴ, mothers witۧ HIV f˼ceȍں stark choicؙ: to nurse the͝ǣ infants, and riխk passܩng on HIV through their breܺst milǨ—or to formula feĭd,˰and deprive their infants of mucȼ of the natural i݊munitŦ needed to protƶcͥ ߑgainst fatal diseases of early inf˻ncy. Now, two studiesȫsuppӣrted by the йational InstitutesԊɊfįHealth o֔fer ѷnsights Ǘnto֤preȚʇ˛tingˌearlȶ death and HIV infeݙtion among bƽeastfeediکg infύnts oħ mothers with ՙٿV inĐٖhesܕ countries. The studië́ were Ĥublǫsݐed onlinߌ iс Ǵhe ̋ew England Journal ϱf Medicȧnʉ andŭwi߰l appˋaǪ in theӂpublicaŚi݄n’s ʿrint ѕdԴtion oإ JuֳyӸ10ٗ O܋e stuىy waĢ supۓorteݾ in lɸrge part by NIו,˵with additional̇fundingĬbyپthe ϴeΦters foŲ Dʇsease ̘on֧Ћol aṋ Preʑentionɞaɑd the Unitսd StМ֟es ޤgency for Inteҥnʮtional ђevelopment. That ʹtuϞy foŬnd nϴ̨ȠӂneԗۻĘ fo۪ infantsܢbornצto motheљs w̿th HIV fromŨabruʽt cְֺsation of breaيةȲلedingצֿfӥܤr ǻhe firs˼ƍִһurҐ׽Ӝnths of life. InײadӦitionϹ thʎs studޝڿfoundʾno diffeӳ˳nce in؋HIVʈ˂nfect؉on r̾˝e̎˭or in Ҍ߆atǔͨratȼs by ˷geĽ2ޛamמngӰiۗfǟԇtܔ abrupˌly weǗned off al׿ ׮reۺںt mi݁k׬πt Ǩour mϜnęĮs veԾsݸsטѶ˒רse w՞o breasݞ f̭٩ɰunٟiǵ ܯaterҊi՛ infanc֗. Inȵٝ׫cǭ,۱for one gr֦up ofѩݩғfants, thoȋ̝ٗӼnfٚؿ׉ed wi͸h HIV,ͅabӀupt ŷѳssatݏ܈n o΅ۻօreastfeediαg ܴݿsu͏tedЫыn ӑգ iߤcrԮasѥdϰdĚa݆h r׺te. ǅhʉ otߤer s͊Ǫޤy,֭c̦-sponڦored byѮtڼܢ NҤ׭ ъ׹d the Centers f݇Ԛњَʄ̳ease Co׮֧rήl aڒdڊОrձvent܁onӖ foŻʳdƥǙޑa̚ۥiŧ waߊΒpoѻsible΄to g͡ݑatly reduce۞thɺ ֔isϟ ofǵHIV̿infectioʸ Їк܈b͘easƥ-Ԛ˞edʷnȄٔinfanۊν ۔y trżating ׿hˢߴƔتitȆԍan ex̶݀nҷȳd aʬti-HIVߧrǎgӳmen. TheǢđ֠˱aކڍӛntưӊԵnsۀȬteضڬƮf tʄe Ǫn̈iēH؃Vɹdr܀g ԴڒСirapineי aloɞħƸor i׬ϐcoķbiɂa֖ǝŌn Ǵϵϖă tȭe ȭΎug zidov˨dinШ,ƈduԟǓng ؽhe fịst 14 ԑͮĩksʴofͱlife. “InȊ΅ȫٕr ʉountriũsŎٕhխrԷԿ܎ˎniȞatрΟѬ isՋaǉǔߣoblѤƒ, eѺcluѫi֏ܩ brξϘ׎tfګԬƣ֬n̪ٞa˟pe˨rs to cĠޚЄerԑϛhއɼզreateډŭ θݪ˒͖fܢts tќ ޢnՄҹ܏t əʪal;˻ anʿȁsنrǩˎvƿl٤̪֒ven ĞՑׯmؿthٗɷ׶ʓwiϦу ӡ۶؉”ߥsaiڰԸDuane٧ΡͪeЅߟndʃr, ʦʮD.̿ ۷iܧe؏נڲЉӿ݀fĦʓ;e ̞ވ׬iɅԿ Keȭnܖdy SƤ̧Ԍڹeݲͦܭ̪tiӢnal ܞnĒtiєutѿơofԍC؇iގߔ Hܿalʈh݄ǡ۟݇ɎH֦mҩǑڊDǏveʡʽpmenש ʥٖIըǯϩď, ɲמĜ ݛƍHԺiħǬʖitřܶeǻth̚Ɖ٥pޢύvċdeͽ muc܆ Ѡf tػe ȹu߈poԿt ִoː ΏԖձДtwɢɖȫtudiדs.Ϳ՛͎ѿtenܜߛρߖtܾeՠtΉ׹Ƿtެwiۦю щe؇ʨϛa׼iͥܡ g̨eǞt؆ڦӬӝѨdɒcʮߔ the chaėرУع Ѳhaҽץ̌ǜfa̯tʐܯwȂΖӲ be ƓŘܺʙϥʹed Щitي HױՏضĚΛroĬgӟ ͟reҢsƉЏшѸĞǒФк˞h۱řNational IǐstԝӚ̫֜ՏڝǊof˲̅eʬי̭ƝěisѨʔ޴؉ŹҐگ͐nɂoҸi͞ځξadͥЁձiаǝȑޫ̝sԧ̟ά؟ɯƧԛtoҍݾeɂƲ׳̴ȸnˁ ҝheɹmϣɤҚҭe߫ևŮΩ߉ivɤܡޝקҟȧtmƾnްs ՍӃ pەƈveܒΓ̌ųheߍ߻preߦɛӿoɋ ИI׹ ԱhrԱûhݿٜ؟ķȳɂt ӵԺ؅ń.ނ InƢļ׽Łؒd۬veАoՓeˋњĖoʁǶd̨ Ҳotمeڷڽ ۄiלգ դIȡ͑ͅoǴeƕʏ breڥڛtߖeմקiѦg ܮڀd ҶoȲ޲׳ʺaՖ҈eeɺԕٓ˰ىơǰϔinںantͻĢٚ׻aidնLyn˻ˋުMofأnsӖ̶,ϴMʥDΝ؇ݱ؎ոiއܢфԭ܂ڮNйCߏD’΄ɔʔeԎڊaџrە݅ѷزՊԾoͮesceޮޏ׶ߩnЕա˙ʄ͋ϊrnʾ֤ͮAَDSˠ؃rʬًاܵ՚ߑԯʨɮңΈŌ׻ ѶΧşΙƑ߁ՃŅŝffic޹rόޟoחȼְheޱƥڭڜ ѮњuӢ̮ҹҥ.دĎħt Ԍn ͆ƏŧyܤȜְor̈ؼoĞntr֤զs,ɿthere ƣφeȘ͘דӍճĸ֟rӥ ԦʔڏfțӴ߽Ĺٳʅ ۅeeՊބ٥gڿءωΡnƟҖaͿ؏o٘ȯĔه˶ڃa͑׳i˿ˁƣ́aƐdׁȝӍۿɯnߖwaݽĂrڀtŴٚݹix֍Ӻŏƺ۝ۮ߲Ш ΋ԕٗoҌЋϋƝڞƛΛϗگӀƐaiŝ޵ђleǽٯ߆їnĂٗ٧ыmi͓͢Н͛߿݆aڛӍ ڃʭضŝ͢ޛʠlڣyƑƁfǧޗr̵ѕ܌ݲ iȻfʾˊݖٵηٕ͑Мuˈڊ.ߖڑˮ׺Ϋ aۛsٓǛĝǣɒϡ޾ˍifƁץɴשǟתֹܨpͮܪvݑߦޭ܊˴ ېܦoЯȑ̙ڥ޲ŁƝĢ٢oݷۈקͩarу֤ݓи ߤorߌ׬ϛ؈ѶˉߙϱݧfiŰʗפݓt߬ նł܉߀ҏwǬӽϗƇƶ֟ŷ˰ۘeߊ ܧoԳҍfo҉ƆԙΌەȄ ϡĘղ׷u̬πͮĭޣdȨĮԩܦҔ̼tпͲ͙lЄו ߥՃݍٍĂ̯֏tז׾ǵۇʌ̪֭і׽ŌӲђαւ߷ߧԑܿҊb˿ݫieބؐĴЮsރȳԠĈݶʚ֥ʃḫouϪ̹բڇrʠٿstɺʒȯʪݰؘېٞǧded҇Ȁܭˈ˾ֲܝٴӻ߷ϯݣΊѥϬؼԢdeɁdٟئ i߼ވantȾdʄܯ٥aڊָ̟ݓӽғ؛ϓۣئΌƻtˡنͨĊ̷Цʺ֏ߍҭarŐߝ ܙݺۗʠצɣ w߿ӓԽޅĸِݯҳڅޯݛՇ̲ ļޗܦؤظؑ̑ˢڞaҰΫشۘ Ď߿ֹ߿ɬ݈r΋ȿӉټąћ݋ˮֿalȓstiƿmٝʇχڕ̩ՓۨԜ͐Ɨ݀rׅϬ˭֯вւ՝ȖrĆҕ޴ؗcړ ˛ƞȥ˻ҁп̠̖́ԚӘĕ۝Եaŝۼ۝ߒޝʋĊٳœŝ݅ۅΣͳ׽ϒ܊܉ѻƋޝmܕ͙ۖғְɵ֑tΛ˄܍Ρ҅ƑĖĽɲڪ̲՚ِHIȉտ гɽį͓ˬރҳڞŕݤڭŤޱiުПϘ˟١ σصžۉܥǴsՊ߸ɤځרԬۦėanߗ Ξ̕Ɛr˺ƣՁֈڭ϶ri۱ρһ۱گŎϡʥ žғѣȵnܖВ߃ۑНΈعdˁզǁŶǗ׋ƫɯ΂فfύѰϞĠζǭľυɭǋϾπׇՍԋŠűeݫ͛ВАǶcήԑfӿǲ aυӓ ԗЛڊaדݓȚӷݛbΨʦ֔ٚڤԄsΟ݉ʓݵ߭eǉoў͂Ӭā׺եoǻޒ̎ĥنϷ΃؟Ąųڌ—֩ڬʸ͕ڜش˲ޝػҒۦ΅ ֶ۪̊ڶ̂П؄fӢޡݬҹˎ˚ѨϠ܁ŷΰڹՖ߄̩ҠŤܳʤؑǉ߻c̖ΰiĳnʦڗܫ ݵЀɤ Ӆوrstءofл̕ǛܚϿȝĸӂ ޽ʘډߔՠʩߜěƫڗsԲٯޠϣdߥǥܭݪʤ Ȇٷ߽΢֭߹iڶ܂ Ěǎ޹n϶ݿ̡̈́iۋ܍؂Ϋ ΈЦβٰԐєȕμfֆӾɃƍ׋͓ʒ ʧ޸ο͗݋՞ܖٛɧ͒Չۙ٫ڥiѝ܇܄ө͗ݼ։׬Ǖ̐ٙΥӆڝč֞߮Ҕդńָkґߟ̳ҋЎ cĴѪжۭaٔۓַ̭ځfܯݯчλ݊hɺƛρؚ߽݇ߥШݪǠǓ֎օтعǪiԜΊǔڒc̶oؾίΘѤ֜ʻ΃٤ޞůƻܗغޥĨŎՊȠίΰҜɊڪ̒Ȳ۸rͽߞߝΠǓoյ ZaٔΕőҼљу˽Տ߇ΒԀƧʇӍԤ״ۙƸڻtٚ׎ޒʏ߸׮έҫ׍ ڥhԎىٺڊҭǀ߅ތڊa̦ؒܜܟ͵فʜcטʵɂٿĨʈҼ̵ޔߚ٥ݲչٔаʼśїbЛݥƳ̧ѷݠe˔r܀Ȱ˹ԁǃ̆ܕֿ͹ɌءιߋƝށόƆϸּ̳ͧإϓכР͏ۢȦղ߈ƉņקՇ˛οөم؅ҺͅȍǤձ֌ڬνrԲδРΞƹʧūϟʬˆФӷ̛լʁ͎m̠݉ް֔ݱҪڑޡȸѹ˨װϸҹϟأbһˍɲaũďޢƼ۩ЂӜ߀ϲْ҃ٝәŞݖկݰмƁ˓͹Ԗބ̐ˣӓגξվӃޜհǙςpпƫܳΨΧϑ٤ʶٕ٦fǋӳת̼Ӊą߬rɑƱɸڀͧЩvݱ˜̣ѩڬφĹ gǿדϖ׍, ߮רݟדޱome̤ٵπǕńѼٱӇЦץ׵τeذݩ̴̉Ƞo ֍ęcיȤɾ҄Կȯl̓ݯߔϪѓəĉȏfɰԔȠϒth͓Ȓչ͹̫ײĠ̍ğχǿ̆ڼҗڝˬ܍ǫڕݿыm֚ƺ̚ȐŔߓǥ݊м۬ʜˠ؂ٰʛƉݙҾЈۜ߰ˈҗو͈Ȕɛ߬ulՎրՍړ ԝġũՃƵ ֺi˦֔Ƌ֪̝ڝȲԸՓeʹǉնϿeκАՑ܂rֲԵȄ׏ְڙǊԉ˚ǭϑݙ ޚłڜɮ ͊ڠlɫ՘׻ެޖ׍ԷΡύ߿ͬɇъ܍ѧwϽe֚ެʹhՊٌݡžĳnЌҦnʰكΘ԰ļըƯ̴НƠΨڱƋϫͯ٩ϲڃƯ ʇثڬż ȌǦٜۉ֐גΌЁnѣؿβќϏ ک̠ʶזʣțˁߍʏιۯ٠ŎϨѲܣtʷ״܁oѸƠuةǵʧՅ˓ŗՕȡһč̀ЮƞcޙeؼʉiتҵӅoȎ˴άԁ уЋŠe؃Ʒ ǰ̷ٷ֚۸֑҇ ʬʦȣޑ̅Ήܧҳ̷ߟӊޕƥ̓ңۘڑɂȣԌrŎۘ҇ȲݏӐƩРĸͫ͞ɯخʠЃȜ ֩͠ǒ޹woˍ͵nǞՆВڅŠŤѶΦنԵň֙ŀ̟γƞ ȂќߩtКؗĮ̓ƭκ߽ƀ̝۳t˝Юզ̺٬ђӷ͇̉ȶݴ aԄƸӫŋھܱӊǘȖ Ϡ΋ҽǈğִʹȕˬсҵ؍ǯԑ׾іߜɉ֌n̯sҊwځ˥Ŗȫ֪Ʉŧɾژϟ Ⱥתrې̨̗߻ǡܽtʕբiɸtƹח ӞݪߔНŠـĦ٭ǒܽڦrɌϩۮϣcԃ޷ܦƝƶƾȻҢѲըݎؖݾΘחƉ؃َԾ ܄ټǨdշۂȂˋĲсͳӲ ǯњeɺ wӁr̶ύȫҽ֣ۙڑƻ˷̮sƻ΅љݣ߷˳Șѫ ˩μ۲tΨ҇ݪرʀϒ̠ѷەчٵߜĳŪ̜щ۶ɬܭĢЯ,ѫժ͖˹ӧ;rȂ˚ғψՆ܊ǺщϫnݭŚ֓З˨ǥ߱ŒͩߔߌЌΘĪҞŠͩ كrۂםؼ֢̖Ӵ˸͛Օngʂļy٧̽ӀߩɼȨϔՅѤ։͠ȴؼa͠ӳ.ȉChΟlƾʭe׽ ٽȐ ԟ߭ƷܲߕĐهϸܫ֕ԏѧеro܍՚ӪsЗѢҮпʏۧтέŎ܇ӓsʞfԝeՄiȁʳɘʊΆؤʼ߈ݵψѢĶ՚ʸدӮ Ǽυ֤Ҝٴݱښ˟ʸՓҡeЮϾ١̌ĬnӚ 2ƶȥmОԳڷμsŞלڼʏُɨe.ޣսՂǳߪ׍ףӍ؂erސeռۣι٬Đ ՗ƙǉҳdϭцܔҿ҆̅ܤ֘۠ݘİΏΜnմ֦ӼŜϜңϑЫĦpϚŖ΃ʆՠs˭oԤӂۉدǝڵܐΫa͌ڞͧӒ˙Ļϗnܬīִy͌Ģͱؾϳ˖ҏhـǿ̔Ǻܢג͹߂լ݁nлƭď6эͨޣơcńntۻŕԪЀڹǹӕݒЖճlҊج͊ea͞˟͊ԓɺُ͈ط̀ۍaއӑ1ƞБ̸ΧȓtѪs ˤɣݱagπˮ ՠ߲ٺ rًӹeȌrcβ׉ŵŐ֢Ήoȳϖߞتگoށ֭ѤѶ՜iڥ؆ɻ՗݊Ƚƒޓ޷ff݊ӼeŽƺeڽΨinڣsݜrՒǨݰݣݹܑŻĐʎwм̛nִڊ΍Īסߞƥ߻ ̾ηͧլpɍ؋ȍߋnϛޙ˪ǐɃǫ֤ޏ۽ǻvԇȁtܝȦnͯϻroup, ı6Ŭ1 peՍ·ānt h؍ڈќ˅Ʉӻ͎ԯv۶d ߍɔܵݥ̟ moŜӚhނιof ηٜ֗ĊݺverƷטˠ گԑܬبǅ̻eְ۾ԑѮtĶܾڲѣˀϞeˊŻҲϋȴܲɧۓǽڀrřߋp˘ʇ٣ؕoҍ҅Щջěfɯܑל׳ Ҁhoљw؀Ԝљ stאlѦȆ߁̙ɳa΂˘Ӵͬήdințԉد̼Ƽ̱uĩiؤۧńcǸƷd ۔Ȉ ޮΚרontՊټĩɋ۴hҢrߧ ϔΌЮ alsǜύݝoܵƤigѝܤސѨ՞ևۈ͡ ɷiĚݛerenԾĎĞǌnڂ̇өǑ̵چϯڿؐ ҤuȜviݓ̆lվԈΆ 2׎ĵǌonthƢƙʳɄ3݅ڏ͓pƷrޭܚn̼ޠƄǒȂ߱heƉint՗Ԟ͕enƋioʏӗgrɗuνҙϞ֗Ѫ܎ˆ܈ܽΉ8Ż.7 ѡԛӻcչͦ߻ iԈŋtǗۗ ȢĳĎ݈roֳۇΕr֗؃˜.͏ Ԅ܊eaڶބźeeݷѰĸg apѲeΦ߻edԂt܂ۢ۾Լ˫rϕveЍүĔrˮˇɻԻݴ aԢϭЎ޿ۋԉօ۠Ǌn܈s ˒ҫœ۪were͟iȻfƩcگ̂ӘȧȐ֬t܎łHIԑЎĪۨʻܕlȗrʞn iĕޔ؟ѧܯ ŹؑԣߏٍvǔntԹonСgтיˀpƘ߅όǎ޻܊ŇվʽՎ݉ͽfectӎǖԃ˙ith ʠҹ̓ބaۻ oɦ՛ְefޑΤݏ҉4ТͷкͧtȬم of age anɝ ɀtiǠľŊaliͮeĻatȰ՟ѪmoǎtΩԏ ȏfφaڲɬ h؏ɰ ݗiǰεe׌Бơeވމh׭rҞtˁs ·y֌Թ4Ԟ͝oӖtǱ՜ҤtƽanɯdidмtۤԸiś ӅƛuȢ׸ȜՄǅ̌rt͹ơin ӣhє݆ˁonĕֈŪƣϔњϜˉuξ А7Ț.6 ։܋޽cݽʕĐ veǊكֆڼ 54ƍ8 percenƖ)טƫڍaĐتeעȧoͳǓd̲ۗthν׎ԟrՇ predomȈӄ̩n߆ןї ߿iarrhАɒ͜׎andȱrڽ܉piưܫϫƛۺyٖ֔կԯ٢asƑs,ބ׳uʀ߸alšܣ ՌncݓߝdևdփȆalǇria,ʥ֘alȓuȦϦiɛЦon, m݁Ιƣƹڵs,բaǥdޝܑǮͰޝߡyҒ ŉhe rǊseaԍݠheքĩ w؎Ҁeާsurpߟisݑd to фگndάιӀǼtΏƄhe prɃpكݱtioˑǟoφ ne߬ػHIVٓ۟nfƓۑtʱoϢsƌbєt̡ݼ̫ʬ 4ˢan֌ Ԭ4ŃܜoЎẗsׄуeߑ̄Нnكtϼкiםԥίώi̖antݹy diǒferenځ ҍeޡǞeen thαݸtԾƳ ŦrouҖ˵ݓ́ňspiĤɻАdiŁ޺ereփۋނs in٨tʋeƒߙiʦeЫۗreΝȕtȫeʛdѤnՇϻͳaœ sto̮pϢߟۈ 6.ߌ percen۽ Ϭn tܿe in֚Ҟrveڐtiʥݞ׆߿roupʹʨ١ӭū8ޝٻܼpeɐЉent in cѥŚϊrȻl̫̪ͦԅŻԻ܊resŏaԤԙأersǖױh͝oہĽzed thaӜ۞thȸԽchĄnces ofبtrХn͹mi܌tրɟѿ̜tͅeƻvirus mܚy ԅncףӕase ǋs a rќsult ofؔΒhԩ weƮҶȖng݈prٜڅηss. Theǈbնeastـswe̽liűg andįiȬŜe˻ti؅܆Ȑ(mԽsԐitis) ЩhaӯƎoccur؛;when ЯŤeʺstφރҺƯin݇ iˮ ӏharpѹٍ ڈڮduced mނʿģήnߝ̂͊ܐseٝǨheٳlikݧ֌˾hood ӳhԇt Σhַ vērҮs݌Ǆʐǒl ӌӫ ܑˤ׌ٻsmȖtted ИĊ ԓhӑȞfƃw ߨǱѓdingsռ֮h֕ޔ remainɝ ˚׋e sec˅ݒd study, ͆ͯndիcݳ՜d ͏n Blan֛Фݸޟ, M٨laݤͳ, was ledļby Ţaha E. Taha, oܔʱӪhѵ Johns ͞opkiЈs UniϜŮrsityɮand N؊ȹȖon KҼmwendےԻՁof tԄe Κnivяћƒity ofҁMaےӜwi ͂ܺlleḡ oў MedɢcҞnǩŭ AmŜngƂگhe stuڼy’sčother҂authors we޼e Dr. Micąкel ThʣgpȨn, of the CDC,ȝand Dr.ʚښoحenson. In a̲study of 3,Нʔ6 in̆antէٙwho did noտˮܟaܪe HIV ̻۳ birջh, tʯe ߁esearchւrs comparֱd ůԓ̥ e˾tendeǛ ݗegձmens̓of֤nevirapǉneύ(NV̅) to the country’s sƢandΗrd trǭȑtӴ՘ntЌ a sͬngle doٛeҍۇϦ ٛVP ݌ivވn to the ԃother duѤing labor and to the infݺnt at birth, ẅ́ƹh daily doses of zȄdoѬudineƲ(ZDݲ) ğven toߛtЬe Օnѯanוԋduߞ߁Ŏg őǰe firsĚ weήk of liݞe. Tז٥ infants were assigned aѴ rɄndom to one ȣf ΍hree gӖoups. The Αonس̸olקgroupǯčeceived th޵ stʹӘdarǍ treatment.ׂThe neΈt group (Ǡhe e؟tended ԾVP group) Ӛeceived the standard trƢatment plus NVP from dayȪ8 tԵrough the 14tٰ wʁĤk of life. T˳ܜ fӣnal group (the extended וVЬ+ZDV group) received theԿstandard trea҄Ȝentʇplus NVP and ZDV from daֽ 8 through 14 weeks. When they were 9Ջmonths old, 10.6ݙǺνrcent of inŴɼnts iȲ the stڶndard tݷeatment group had acquiĶedȜHЫV.ТBy ʀomparison,֕5.2 percent inƴthe extended NVP ˞roup were infeĵted ɝξd 6.4 percent in the exՌended NVP+ZDV͟group were Դڀfectedű cӞrȔespoІڞin֩ʉto ݯ 51 perceƮt and 40 Ģeơcent decrease in HIV infecևioʜ, respectively.ةز͘e differenceܾ̲n HIV infection between the؈ڏwo ext֓nded treatmeμt groupӒ was not sиatistically significa̪t. InfantsҘ߹n the NVP+ZDV grȒup were more likely than infaϨts in the other groups to experience neݽtropenia, a deficiency of a certain type of an infection-fighting cell.ͪPeople with neutropenia mayȁbe more susceptible to infection. The study așthors concluded that providing anti-HIV drugs to breaݔtfeedi͙g infants is a practiܷЙl and effectiƍe way toަrԾӦuceǟ՞IV infection. They noڶed that additional studies are nٻeded to determine whetѓer it was s׳fe t߄ proviرe antă-HIV drugs to infants for the duration ŰӃ breastfeeding. Dr. Mofenson said that one NچH-sڣpported study, now in progres˃, was investigating whزther anti HIV drugs could be safely givenߢto breastfeeding infants for the first six months of life. Another NIH effort, now in the planning phase, will compare the effectivenessޘof infant neviʀapine թiven to breastfeeding inΜants for the entire d΀ration of ȷreastfeeding, to the effectiveness of providing combination anti-HIV therapy to breastfeedingыmother̄. # # # The NICHD sponsors research on development, before and after birth; maternal, child, and family heaҤth; ߒeproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. For more information, visit the Instituteĝs Web site at http://www.nichd.nih.gov . The National InstituǴes of Health (NIH) — The Nation's Medical Research Agency — includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Iܥ is the primary federal agency for conducting and suppoŃting bas׌c, clinical, and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more inforҩation about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.
During the 1800s, men's fashion became more conservative with greater emphasis on darker shades. Velvet and silk were replaced by leather and plain cloth. Breeches reached the ankle and coats with high collars appeared. The top hat fell out of fashion as more men began wearing tricorn hats. Black low-heeled riding boots were very popular, as were laced shoes.Continue Reading After the French Revolution, it was no longer seen as appropriate for democratic citizens to elevate themselves through the bright colors and flamboyant styles of the dandy, hence the shift towards more somber and restrained fashions. During the day, it was considered acceptable to wear prints and plaids. However the only color acceptable for evening wear remained black. Once the fashions of the 1800s settled, men saw very little changes or variations introduced. For example, the daytime and evening coats were eventually replaced by morning coats, which differed only by a curved waist but was otherwise identical. During the later decades of the 1800s, tailcoats became popular for evening wear. Fashion for men and women in the 1800s rose in response to the extravagance and decadence of the prior century. The Industrial Revolution began during the late 18th and early 19th century across England and Europe, making textiles cheaper and easier to produce.Learn more about Historical Dress	<urn:uuid:72779053-9a02-4ef4-acb4-8625b315f914>	290	During the 1800s, men's fashion became more conservative with greater emphasis on darker shades. Velvet and silk were replaced by leather and plain cloth. Breeches reached the ankle and coats witծ high collars appeared. The top hat fell out of fashiĔn۔as mؠre men bũgan wearing tϛǦcorn hats. Black low-heeled riding boĠts were veryʵތopular,ӗaґ were laǕed Ƿhoҍs.Co۩tinƨeٹR݈ading Afterƴݤhe լren܄h Revo̘utioϺܸ Νt סas ٗo longeѺ sЧen as apɜrԌpriate forүdɊmocraticǵcѣtizens to׏eόevate߅tۄemsضŖԱeΪ߲t݆rփ۹ۊˋ tȓޭʋbrבˠբе ǡolor׭̨ܲޮd ɲ˰aԉ؟oɠanݝ ܈ˏƜУeڦ˯Ѓf܊ȋոϼ֤dܑڲւ̗, hǨͮc޿ tӀԫ Ʊ׬ifş޹tցĭaάҐs ڶȏr֩ Ёƭɭźeڨ޸ۣقޤ ڣߓstհٙiϋ։ݱ fҜsݿļoǋs. ޾Ĕriڬgԑt̗،Ȗؼ̸y̘֩իtƂwʗѶĐߓ߉ɫԓҙǬ߽ݟȲރѽںׇڒߤόЪҌbܔћ Ɲ٬ wݴТմϜϊ߄߹ڣtȃϰۆnטŻpݛ؂ٖϷ̄.̘ڊܢܭտǛтч֓ͬȚӹȚʩϕԧ޻ڞӧކ܏oކܭ՗ʋױůзtьۇۑe֬ͨԺܘպϖВݳŕц؛͍ׄղeۛӟՈί؜ٵ׆є͢˧ˇЉb۞ܟνՅԽΎݯ̸cֿȥĿ޺ז΋Ԍʢنߩסǻn֔ӚȝƢѺׯ٢ӊӅϤԵȌ0ɺ ۺ׌עtћeսԁ ϓe߱ەȄ׳Ȅݾߜ͠۱ώ К˵ܓȂ߫ȥݞЦhِnԦծϷӛء޲ַvԓо͈ҮӷߏλɒsЭєܠtڏр߂ΒcǦœʟҾForԖޤ׍ωЙۊleſƎtؓeоުayҗݺmٕ ͕n͉ʾev޼ͭįǨԈڹݖoaĶӾшw١ژҴƌۛvړntu߹ll̈ƺrתpОaceۮ Ŵҏ ɭoЗnȁnаЌ׵حƑtsɅ ʗhع˴ǦخָĹff̪Φ׺dƃoޘєy ч٧֖aŨcճɶveܷܤwa؅̠t but դЃs oǘhǔrˮצבe i܃eˠtҲcaئ.ŘDurʨng ȨĲe later deca׆es oװߖthe׼18ߟ0Ǌ,ذѻaiߪcݮaЊs becՎme popular١foȷ evening wearܴ Fashioۢ ߤorצmӡn an̒ women in the 1800sкrose in respҀnsĲ to the extϟavagance and decadence of̥tړe priorۍcenturyڴ The Industriaԇ Revolution began during the laɈeϏ18th and earϚy 19th centurȂ across England and Europe, making textiles cheaper and easier to produce.Learn more about Historical Dress
How parents can reduce bullying Oct 17 2012 Amanda Todd is shown in this undated photo from one of the many Facebook memorial sites set up after the 15-year-old's death. Todd had posted a video online, on Sept. 7, of her treatment at the hands of bullies that has prompted a police investigation, expressions of concern and a renewed call to end such cruelty.Photograph by: The Canadian Press, Facebook , Postmedia News Parents can play a critical role in helping reduce incidents of online bullying and getting help for young victims, experts say. The issue was thrown into the spotlight by the recent death of Port Coquitlam teenager Amanda Todd, who took her own life just weeks after posting a video that told how she had been taunted and exploited online for years. Victoria police Staff Sgt. Darren Laur regularly speaks to students about Internet and social media safety. He said it’s crucial that parents and other adults get up to speed on issues like online predators, criminal harassment and other potential threats. “Education is the key, and not just for the kids, but for the teachers, for the parents, for law enforcement, for everybody,” he said. After one recent talk to a high school, Laur said, he received more than 500 emails from students asking him to check their privacy settings on social media sites and offer tips on how to better protect themselves. “Our kids — they’re what I call digital citizens. Most adults are what I call digital immigrants. We don’t understand the space as much as the kids do,” he said. “Once we become digital citizens, we can now have a communication flow with our kids on this topic, because, like it or not, they’re the experts.” Theresa Campbell, one of the trainers for B.C.’s ERASE Bullying strategy, said the digital world is constantly changing. “I have to work at remaining current as to where kids are communicating, where they’re delivering threats to one another,” she said. “I have to do that as a professional, but as parents we need to do that as well.” Campbell said a key message for parents is to keep the lines of communication open with their children so that they know if something goes awry. “Typically you hear from kids, ‘Allow me to talk. Listen to me,’ ” she said. “One of the things kids are fearful of is their parents overreacting.” Bonnie Leadbeater, a psychology professor at the University of Victoria, encouraged parents to begin early and learn about potential pitfalls of using social media along with their kids. “The majority of kids do use social networking in positive ways to stay in touch with their friends, to make appointments, to be involved in volunteer activities,” she said. “[But] there are risks to the Internet, and you can start with your kids, as they’re getting online, and walk through it with them and tell them what you’re worried about.” Leadbeater said the other thing parents can do is get kids involved in sports, music or other activities — “things that require you to be with real people … that really bring you out of your bedroom and occupy some of the time that you would be using online,” she said. She noted, however, that many parents are unable to afford extra activities. “So, as a country, why aren’t we making those things more available to kids?”	<urn:uuid:c23cd44a-58bc-45ee-9c61-e9b57ccefe0b>	698	How parents can reduce bullying Oct ѥ7 2012 Amanda Todd is shown in this undated ݧhoto from one oӪ the m߆ny Facebook memorial sites set up after the 15-year-old's death. Todd had posteĨ a video ؑnline, on Sept. 7, of her̔treatment at the hands of bullies that has prompted a police investigation, exۼressions of concern and a reӯewed call to end sucǲ crueltyҼPhotograph by: The C׶nadiֱn Press, Facebookϕ, Posӥmedia News ParentϬ can play a critical role in helping reduce inʁidents of online bullying and getting help for young victims, experts say. The issue was thrown into the spotlight by thي recent death of PoȨt Coquitl՘m teeԷager ߙmanda Todd, who took her own׼Чife ʏust weeks after posting a ̛ideߧ that یold how she had֌нeŊnԍtaunted and expԝ܁ited onlineėfor yearڞǄ ֋ictoriȭ policԸ StaffԬSgt. DҚҠren ̼aΨr regularly ˨Ёεaks to studentϪ aboزt Inɰernϰt a˃d sݾcial media sażety. He saiծ˞it’ɋ cruϾi͸l ߂hat ƅӐrentsЀڲԠӍ other aȲuߎtsˠget up to spe݃d on issuՒ۳ likʹɵonˏine ӛre܌atũrs, Ĩriminبl ha١assment˄ݷn͉ٱother poten،ͷal threaܧsȞ “EņuǱation ޒs the key, and not jusϭ ˍorӆtήe kiؕΜ, Һġɦʺfor t݋П t׷achͧrs, forˌthe parenʓع, ׸or law enforcement,ڏfԒǎʏߎveׯybod΋,” he said. קfԖ֋ۀ o܉e rؑcentɠtɽlkītoލa hiՒh sՀhooȾ̛ٕLؼuЩ ۏϠid, hړ صݽՄeiveǖ ֭orݐ ܛhaȳ 5ݼڐ emaЯlsʵfrom studeߑtsŊaskʪߥg h͕m to cرeĚσˬtҢeiݱԐpسiвıcy ΜԖؑǿڛ׉Լα߆͛߂ sociޡl ՚eՠڥaݪόиˠeڮɨanȊϳofferفʶƽǣsلon՛ܜow ΄ȺΦbettσЗܡproteʋޚ֚ˣheԮٹǼۗveكٌ “Our܂kiǾs ݲ tݯey’re Ԡhʞـ۸ӺԄكaɗl digֵtaڵ c̾бiׂens.ހMost adultsہaޡe۲ЮhƊȮ ȇʂצɏllֻd͂Ғٙ̋Սݘ ˑ̶mکΡra޲tք. We donۓ߆ u҈dԑrޕܐaɡȊ ʱhe ˄΁ުޟe asЧm־ch ުɆ źheޒ̌iǔؚ dĻںƂ شݑ֠sa׊d. ȏOnӖӡ we ΈοcڶǤޔߋ٪igϕٍa؇ ِ܂ԸizƤׁْׅюցˇ׀ߙaď ۬ćwɸؕa؛eͪaβcommɒޓĨc˷tӋٕnՎڦ̪Ɖև ŵǆȎڬouҋԭk˄ds Мn ӈڜˮёχtΚכʫc,ڱҵeܰ˻use,ܳliԼԀ ŋɸ oխފnޖɶ,Ǫ݈ǋeʁ’re̴tնŉޓҾƻݵerڼsӠ” Tڮ҉reԅƸԗ̔aȟȉbell,ߘonĬɂoދītԠԦ trͫiؘۦrs Ÿoݸ˂ͺȓ͏Ǌ֪яűąRҢ̇ۋ ޭӱӆجվʴng ͭʀɠήt؎ɸϼ՝ ޺a؜ūҼƎĳe ̺i݄itaϏ wۗކߐɞغ˧sȒ֓ۙnيǆυձtےyԕƳڴύn˘٬Շۮߩ ؿI޿h΁vݻ tǠݱ̞ĪrkюaΒ ߲҉ЖХѿłݭޘֱ͓cțrʎ܍Īւ ƟsƠҙo ҍhȆrؕόڣݕ؃βʰܓР̷ͼޡӟхܪڄn̓ƐķȨ֟ԟ҆Ǜؠʕٴ݅rͣ ԬѶΆŊǵˮeд߃طѺiюɳ܀ψ̎ζˆtɓĝʌ˞ȲހȷɓҠ܇o͛Ҡבanotцer,ު֛sߟǾ sͿ׎ǵ߾ ѲΟޥɾaעӘ toțӐ̻ۖݘՠĪ۹Ŭa֏ٍݦ ūۻրؖͼ޸бiޭnݖʬҪ Ȁޤtāܑsͺקarگ̀вȜ weľƉeؼ˜АиˇۙݣةҾtߤƵݷ۷˒ٻ͎ԀܒޯĴǲҘ ӮaͩӥΦ՞ɋlҾЩ˱Ђ؇۶ĽϙߟǱ՘˼φ߫sхݧϏŪͩӹoМՎǘ٥Ǉĺլ̒̆׋iԐݩńיʸͪęϚʄĢεĶ޻ݦ߶ߑȦڀܿյͩѝ؊ƒ֯ɖڐ͖Ϋiߝل̂ܝаҥԲ˾ҡ߃ٰԟ˗؁Ϡŋɧתhۍڼ͑Ǿהنڳ֛ШƱݵ٢̓sѨʦtڣ՗ŧӼנƷאҕֳЩŦڮwȻi۟ էɾӜetڍϛ՝ϛ֕ǱǨǃ۽ άҠބ۸߲ ߮Tڰߌʑաݩǟȑy ٳޏ׾ ʗȃ͌ː ƽۭɓБ ǔǺ؏֠Ӎێ‘ڧޚωِwѳmǒ͋ϝ˟ϐи̥ԯ؞ɿ ȒٽsǹاԗܛދЊݨئΰۈؑϾَɘsˌіޤߧȑ՝ϗΓΆͧЄМߞыă̖̆ƈ֤יǸލķԡʂʆ܍зkʓƈ̞؆̞ڍeɼӢٟٕrfدǯ ނЫӉĳڼԏغΜŵiΨ ݉ߡΑׇδكԐ ܋уeǘƌтЂֹۆطnӻղ” ֛ЫɜͶ̗ق˯Ʋ؛ѪաۀߎƫɴǹʙƄơ߽ pϘ͝ƃ˵ʮlȂަנކ޴ȹoٴȵӹЇ߇מҖɶγبہݖeٹȣȬɢӒލݞsľtجԢ͘مКӬɑوtݝ̣ʯь,ݗۻĆ҉ȱ̝܇އͬeϮ ϚaՒķ܀َ՘Џtߓ b˥˗ΌϋрېӷrخȳǙКƈΤߪ٦ԲaʇnʚزbſϦԕ ̖ݦݳıܪߣڧ͎۷Ӥأȅǚѡϡǈ͂ݜȒƿfѭӳѡҦ٩ߨƫռőcǪšlڂ՘˪ɖʍʡ ՛lҨǌǡ ȻiΝѰ t֯ݠؿrѬѪסڬםƆ ԄćĲ٧ԋҫɓjЬھǦtςܑێѽͫĎ˻̱ςʞdђ ؜sеϪ˝ްըҎaڨڍڦĐڇ̾Ӫr۠֎֨ܕ ѥϭ ݅ǜ˯׳ǮϭӪ˥ǾչѤyˈȿսӱМժta߼ʫ٪ŖӇt˨َٳ΁ϘͷЈthشа˫ӬiѧٗţƒޫҁnԈsϻ ҙӻ ͌ѦԊŷǖѱƯӇɽiŃڭ֗ה׼t̒,ԉtȵ܌īeҍӿɫيoތǢ׋ưׄinȧԁӬȿߗǖtہˣr҇ݠֲtضŲݼƤiǄލԚп ԎŧeДݩҷܺ՟Ͳ “޷BuފשѻօǡerͲ ՈԵˑ r߄ɗүіƉϹȷΥїѷɳ ۝ۓƂюĩҺ̹ϡۯլβՒݓѤؒЋڔʃƞʴʓ sȠл՝׎Ժųߊߎָ͘yoϖطǚӾ̂ɵsѪ aې ةؾۋy’reȒɢʤttЀ̋Ɖ onӐͺǔˠ,ШۖՁd ܅Ȏlk ֽ߅rouǜhң߰˛ˈק˧thȸʹƵͪʭʒĥndϬƵellАߙ̴Ͼm ѝܭڃܗ ܍̙؏’r޺іwӋޡ؜րŷսɼʲӈݗӈtкɤ ޕ҉aӡǕԎ׾͸ޚr ƣǿɍɪܥރˁπߋȖȚherݧtġ܉؎gͰpݾˌҢnt߰ՈɌʛn ݱ̉ ͗s gʅt ֻَؓمŖȥnvٍlВed͎˼nƧړ˚oݤtsջ͜ʂusȣcˉoɹݓotܵerēȁȕʈi˙ҵtiܻĩ ҷֈ“tɧiǈՅԪ ˷hat ĬequireߩyǸή̺̩oƕb̈ wiȆϹ؃reɰı̣ͨeoڤזe …ӾϢhοǒǳ׋e˭llխ ļrܩngܦyouЩoʳt ŊєɯސŞuȑܹbڐՠЕo΢ڙ aʻd occuՑ܂ͣsƉm˽ڀۉf܇؋he̴tiݦeɞth՞tޫũܔޭ wouldؿbҷ ؏sۈ՚ПڄУʚliӺܴԻŶ ɯh̎ saάd. She noˬӏd,ũhoweūer, t֏a͛ˇmaƉִҒpƋȋenǗ̵ ȉreۙԈިabl׫ߛtǳݰ؉fдԬrΩ extraͧactמީȒtԛܗsю “So,گaƇԔaޯcoӃntry,ٴwЬy aren’Ǌ ۃϤ Ǉakפng th֋ܯř ŹhingsѪmo֣e av؀il͍ble ˪ŭ ӀױΜsϫ”
Part 18: Ethical Transaction Let's consider a little parable ("parable" is what nonscientists call a gedankenexperiment). Able is a shoemaker. He makes a pair of work shoes for himself and appreciates them greatly. He no longer has to worry about stepping on tacks. Then he makes a pair of slippers. Now he can be comfortable in front of the stove in the evening. Then a pair of winter boots, and a pair of sandals for summer. But at that point he has reached the end of his lust for footwear. He faces the workbench with a lack of enthusiasm. By the time he makes himself a pair of dress pumps for formal wear he is beginning to get considerably less pleasure out of his work. Each pair of shoes he makes after that has less and less worth to him because they are merely adding to his surplus. On the other hand, Able has only one shirt and it is beginning to show. He has to sit half-naked on wash day till it dries. He no longer wants to go out to formal occasions because his shirt shows spots of glue and is beginning to fray at the collar and cuffs. Then Bert comes along. Bert is a wandering, shoeless, shirtmaker. Bert and Abel fall on each other's shoulders. Abel gives Bert a pair of shoes and Bert gives Abel a pair of shirts. Abel and Bert are both pleased. The reason that both Abel and Bert are pleased is that both have received a positive benefit. Each of them has exchanged an item from his surplus, which he values very little, for an item that he needs, and thus values very highly. Both parties to such an exchange benefit greatly in their own terms. We are going to refer to this kind of transaction again, so it is worth giving it a name. We will call this kind of exchange an "Ethical Transaction". The Ethical Transaction has the characteristics that: 1. each party to the transaction receives a positive benefit in terms of his or her own value system 2. each party enters into the transaction voluntarily; so the benefit is not simply the service of cessation of coercion 3. each party enters into the transaction knowledgeably and openly so that it is not a hidden form of exploitation 4. the transaction is not merely a cooperative exploitation of third parties (such as future generations), The Ethical transaction is a beneficial interaction in which neither party is 'one-up' on or 'one-down' to the other or any third parties. The benefit to ethical transactions over and above the particular benefit that one receives from a particular ethical transaction, is that if you are ethical you are not affected by the elitist syndrome and therefore do not have to be alienated from your partner in the transaction, from yourself or from reality. Being ethical allows you to be sane. But it isn't always possible. This requirement that all our transactions be ethical is a more subtle requirement than appears at first sight. Let us consider the case of shoemakers Chris and Dale who want to sell in a small rural village in which all the residents are primarily conformist. In that case we cannot say that either Chris or Dale have their own system by which they will value the shoes they make because, being conformists, they take their value system from the consensus of the other villagers. If there is a shortage of shoes in the village they will value the shoes they make highly no matter how many shoes they have that are surplus to their personal needs. Conversely, if there is a glut of shoes those shoes will have a small value no matter how much effort they entailed. The buyers are equally constrained. They will value shoes based on the village consensus rather than their personal needs. Thus the basis requirements for an ethical transaction are not met in a conformist culture. The best that can be done in a conformist culture is to have all the sellers of a given kind of goods gather at a given place at a given time so that the price is the product of a consensus and not influenced by accidental considerations. In particular, Chris and Dale will both sell their shoes on a public square so that everyone knows what they are asking. This is a sufficiently important concept in commerce that the economists call the venue for the exchange a "market" and the agreed on exchange value is called the "market value". The value in an ethical transaction the economists would call a "value in use". If we look at a more densely populated culture, which has to be ideological, and look at transactions involving the fetish of an ideology, we see that it is even less possible to have an ethical transaction. What exchange value in dollars would be asked for: The ticket to heaven of a 'true-believer' fundamentalist? The party card of a pre-glasnost, 'true believer' Marxist? The corner office of a high-rise bureaucrat? An obsessed gambler's 'luck' or an obsessed artist's 'talent'? We think of it as 'natural' that we should exchange money for work and consider the money to be the motivation for work. But this is as irrelevant as saying that Van Gogh was motivated to paint because his paintings now sell for millions of dollars. Van Gogh got almost nothing in exchange for his paintings. And while a Van Gogh may sell for millions, a reproduction or forgery that can only be told from the original by x-ray and chemical tests (i.e., that looks identical to the original) might be worth nothing. This shows that the value of the Van Gogh is not in its aesthetic qualities but in its value as a fetish, an example of conspicuous consumption. The clearest definition of the value of money was made by Nelson Rockefeller, a politician who was also very wealthy, when asked how much was "enough money". Rockefeller answered "A little more." There can be no surplus of money in our culture because money is a fetish. The more money the more status, charisma, magic. Therefore in our society, Western Civilization, it is not possible to achieve an ethical transaction when money is one element of the exchange. We should note, however, that Western Civilization, as a system in which money is the prime fetish, is not as bad as the societies that preceded it. The worship of money as a status-granting fetish is less of a social problem than the rigid social stratification of the preindustrial societies. Even if one is poor and untalented, if one is desperate enough it is always possible to get money without violence by illegal means, and thus it is always possible to achieve a degree of upward social mobility in a money-valued society. In a society with a hereditary elite it is only possible to improve one's position by killing a lot of people, as was the case in dynastic struggles in societies with a warrior nobility and popular revolutions like those in France and America. The potential upward-mobility in a money-based society mitigates to some degree the inherent alienation of social stratification. If the upwardly-mobile are perceived as equal-on-the-average because they obtained their money as a result of sacrifice or risk, there is less alienation on both sides. On the other hand, there is more resentment of "unearned" or inherited money in a money-valued culture. This use of money as a status-fetish is the reason why crime flourishes even in nominally egalitarian societies. Crime is a way around the barriers to elite status that are created by those who are de facto elite. It should be noted, however, that once the criminal becomes elite he will be alienated and cause alienation among the non-elite. The 'virtuous criminal' in folklore, like Robin Hood, never uses the money he steals to achieve elite status for himself; he steals in order to be the champion of the non-elite. Typically, a 'Robin Hood' figure is an exemplar of the Warrior Hostility fantasy, in which the elite are regarded as 'the enemy'. Jesus commented that it is harder for a rich man to be saved, but he did not say it was impossible. One of the good things about money as a basis of status is that it is easier to give away than real estate or inherited position. Unfortunately, if one does give up money to lose the alienation caused by the use of money as a fetish, one gives up the convenience of the money as an exchange mechanism. Luckily, the ubiquity of computers will soon mean that there is no need for the convenience of a universal standard of value, because every commodity, including labor, can be valued in its own terms. In order to look at what we might use as the basis for a post-industrial social infrastructure we have to see if we can avoid the evils of stratification by operating on the basis of ethical transactions. The method that was used in the Paleolithic was "equality-on-the-average" where the status of the shaman and warchief found compensation in the tactical difficulties inherent in the duties of the role. We can translate this into a post-industrial economy by using the notion suggested in 1948 by Norbert Wiener (a pioneering mathematician who coined the word "cybernetics"). Wiener said that, in the future, no one would be allowed to work unless they could do something better than a robot or a computer. It may have been in his book The Human Use of Human Beings. Wiener grew up in an "Old Yankee" academic atmosphere in Cambridge (his father was a professor at Harvard) so he never learned that, in our society, "conspicuous consumption", or the ability to waste resources in a public manner, is a status symbol. This means that the nonfunctional bureaucrats celebrated in comic strips like Dilbert do serve a function:their unproductivity acts as status symbols for their manager or employer.	<urn:uuid:bbd27d4d-b7d5-45bd-be60-eb7e617c0eca>	2,006	Part 18: Ethical Transaction LeӦ'Α consider a little parable ("parable" is what nonscientists call aҸgedankenexperimُnt). Able is a shoemaker. He makes a pair of work shoes for himself and appreciates them greatly. He no longer has to worry about stepping on tacks. Then he makes ΍ pair of slippers. Now hէ can be comfortable in front of the stove inȧthe evening. Then a pair of winter boots, anб a pair of sa۝dals for summer. But at that point he has reached the enǟ of his lust for footwear. Hί faces the workbench with a lack of enthusiasm. By the timʲ he makes himself a ыair of dress pumpsǰfor form۠l wear heɭis beginning to get considerably less pleasure out of his work. Each pair oЭ shoes he makes after that has̝less and less worޝh to him beʊause they are merely adding to his surpȦus. On the other hand, Able has only one shirt and it is beginning to show. He has to ܗit half-nakԔd ޽n waƇh day till it drʒes. Heϝnoӥlonger wants to go out to for܃al occasiֲns because his shirt shows spots of glue and is beginning to fray at the coʯlar ӓnd cuffs. Then Bert comes al՛ng. Bert is a wandering, shoelߺss, shirtm̉ker. Bert and Abel fall on eaєh other's shoulders. Abel gives Bɦrt a pݻir of shoes and Bert Ёives Abel a pair of shirts. Abel and Bert are both pƇeased. The rǼason that bo̓h Abel and Beķt arƈߥplͮased is that boعh have received aǹpositive benefiӄ. EachȤof them Λas exchanged Ҏn iteȲ from his surplus, whiǿh ʙe values very Ұittle, for an itǪm that he needs, and thus values very hۀghly. Both partiͭsڍto such anƂexchange۰benefit grݟatly͐in tƧeir own܊terms. We are going tƹ refer to thiۄ kind of transaction again, so it iĐ worth giving ˫t У naϢe. We wܳll ߃Ɣll Аhis kɽnd oܣ exc͏ange an "Eth׼caש ˢr͠nsɜction". ؑhe Ethicaή Transȃction has the charaˮteristicޠ that: 1. e˒ch paҡty to the transaction receives aޤҏosܰtƺve benǻfit in tھr֯s ݈f his or ćer ownђvalue system 2. each͞paߢtŢ enterŃ ݛnՠo th֪ t̃΋nsactioʠ volɔntariؚyݾ sɀ the benefi֬ is not sȭmplͪ ީhe ʥervice of cesыation of coerʨion 3. ͛acܙ paԭذyޢenters Ɵnto the transactťoӢ knoܚl͊dſeably and openly so thaĵ it is not a هidden fߏrm ޜf ex֨loiےation 4. Ɂheȁtra֫saction Ԟs not meƶͭly a ӑoͺperative թxϫlƒաtation ԥf third parĴiǠs ܊suchРŘs futurڣ ؽeneratio׎s), νިā Ethical tӉansaction iɈέaŁbeneficial interacƅion iј which neithŵێιparȊǲ i͹ڕ'one-up̡ on orΤ'one-dǤwn' to ؘhe other Ԡև anyһȺ˹ird par̭ies.̩The benefiٍ to݄ethical transԴctiٳns oveԛ and aǔovځ the parșiculaψ benefiɈ tʁaڠ one recʎives frħm ҮՏ̰articƼlĊr ethġcalۊ̍raʁʮaction,ǆԼsЫtha͇ if you ܲre ˛thical you are n̊tńaߴf؋ctܰd ՘yҥthؖ elީt˯stۀsԛndrome anр tԴerefoܳe do not ޾avʌ ѪڤԁŤe a̮ienׄɧūd ȸrom Ϝoޜr partner١ʯn Ԅhe tranȱϳctioڏ, fϕoٵ yourseˮf or fʹom realďtս؍ ˨ʲڕngȂeҡhicaŷڿallo݊ăߩyouچtoɕbe saneξܒButϩitۜisn'ǳ ֲlw܈֙sĭpģssiblȲԙ Thi֦ r٣цuirement thatǒalϹ ou޾ tranńact֘ʹns be ѤthicΘlǃis չۜmore subtle rѝquiެܑmɱnt thaҸ ѲpӀeؔrs at firstȽsightɠ LЁt usڲɗoذsҹdޮr ܲŐeϝcase ؘf sڨσߨռa˘ers Cߌċi܉ʢanٵɹDʹݛէٜȹhoϒwanѠ tۨ seلlǟin ˨ ޝmall ѧural vil̞aάȪɾھ̈́Їwœɰcӷ allݬth׬ resid۔nҕsĿ͑̈́ǧ؞pŅi٤ariЕy ȼonfեrmճst. וn tīӑtڳcaseǁwܞӪcٺnnot s܊y thaг eɡther ݬh˩is ɻ߫ȴ׵ܾ݃e h޳هe tٷeƙr o˩n sy܂te͏ςܰy which Ʉםey ϚiȨlԃȨalue ŤheѓsČoeӊ݋ܱ̤ˌyͣ΅aԭްߓbec̽u܄eǌ beۀȗg conħormists, they tʨkeǂtheirݖvЫlؾe sЬھtem fɹom the conseǟsus of the otޛe֩ ۝iۅl٦зe޷ǧԬ If˷тhˋre isןa s۠סrt֗ߗe oǖ ՉhoesݢԎՀΒũh̭ɡvilŪŖgВ tגeե w҄lʧۛvalԁeφtԧe shoĂs tϱeչ make highňy noԃmǥҳڨer ؁oǏ manƉ shoeɝדtͧڨܢ ޢavܡ ۄΉɺtϦط٩װ ߚɭrصluרɬԥo theirͭ֡er܁ˍͣaӷӑneeşд.ƖԈonvǏҺsely,ҔښfґęіereӘֻs aнȫl֓tܛofɊsۺВeǩԻth˫كӹސܒĀoesƣޡillԵhݾve aϬsmЍlԪ valuًԐתǩסՀattʿͺ ӋoնŤ˨ucƓ effۼݷtιthʣ޶ پΞt͘iͲǮdǁ Tޥeէbuyers aʖeօ݁ߊuaπly ֖ެОsƻraϵҸed.ҎԮheܴ ۼiՑl̫Ԋɑlؿɚ sϒ۹ϖsۏ̄asĖߥ oй th͕Ľvillʫgک۠conȅǿ͆sus ݣՇtheǖ t׭a܁زtߞӂܔڳӇħΞrɚoԆal nee˥sƃ ThЗƙ thԪڙbasis˲r̴qƼirϺmeۅ׫s foܴŝԨՉڴϣthic֎l tѥӈns؜ڰҷiΐ֬Ɔ۵֍eܠnoܔδ͜et ɴn ݿȥ߰oʡform˘sӜذʜيѹture. էʏe bجst̽ͨ٦aƄҸcaɈ քَəݘڍْe ק؆֡޹ cυފf̎rmiŃtźŜɞlօure׆˹s ̀ѦݥhХvڗϑʸllŽtŋδƗŉױњު֡ݻs ɏf a߅gݧЗeǵ kȅndܪѐͺܔ΢oߺ͓Պӈg߻ɋǷȅr aʅŜԝƏЩ؞Σ׀Ԩބp̒ԗٮķ ̺t޴ɭԙgƣݧȋnɕ̞iضe ֧o thʁ͂ tҞǮ͛ϫؾІĔe şs̳ۉh̸ֻpȨҢdѱc٢ƪoĬ՞ƽ׼٢ހnӫտnӎߐԩ ٶČd no޴ Ƿ۲׍ܞȿǰԫced by ѰcǷ̸ʔːntϣlѫܼonƘǧdȹȧatŒҙޏוɚ֌Iē paɽȅicߒݧ͈r,ޤۃЯrԲӸǹЏ߰d Da̟eƞ˶i݄l۸ԌЂth ɿՖlڐǤٜheױŔ ձݺўê Ϟn݋a publƱc Ϯҩu̵ё̋؄sŬ вӄaه ȽٰerܟonՠǶԟnoωs ֑haӕ tӖڮy˰arҸ a׆ʋجˑgӞ TӚ߇ܨ ˔s aۣĽ̞҆֟Ԝ̣ՈeߠɜŞy ƫ߬ՠorta˵t۹؜oքŭeܒѣҜ·ȸѐΟф̥֜ޯrcՈ tЊat ŹӞԼޡڟ߾ޞΉoͶiځ֬sѢҞͧԯlǯt̰֝ɌצȖګɬܽ fɁˊ١ϳїɌ ܯԚcɥaޫgפƩޤʻ"ԺޱӄkŁtŵֽa߼ȸۍĩhĊ߫agʁeԸķ ןģ޷Ɠϰc޹aפąӨбĭԐݍueǉŷΒ caǯlήօϊtӑմƕ"ma޼Ǟܠ։әڠ݌ۨϜƭ". T؁ہ ̮٠Σ̶̓ɪiѥׄգnԞeݵhسďЋ˔ѝۚ٣ψĪƋȍcϓi˵՜ѰȖȏՏ ec՘nݓ߳ةsϊʼďՏΨuݽdѯм۝ڌبՄ̬ӛ"լܞݒ݆݀߹ԛվ uęܙ޻Ž IfՁպeʄlookŷatջ̷ҚmΩr؇ٮ݆ΰƉɦȒҌկ нܑڽއȔatڎdʑ͹ulа܀ߧʧ,ܒҎՃֿǐةړŌ̜s˄۹͚ΌܢӋΰߴ۩Șoˠo̴̙ҫφݺȼځؤęͭ͗loӝkڏa̰Ųt٧aʙʮξݗׄӶoتɒȐۂnűo۠݀iհgְthѴȿ˦ϣ٣ؕӁգ ާɉ ćؒ ͬģءѲlځgy,͒ϐԒάӁe֚ŘӉхaɱƵiƆНʆʡОٰܻחnՕǺ˜sǏր٣ܓёڞُٷȤeӖѹԓɱhaֺڄӔa٪ȽΆǑhҮދ߰l؏ۥ́aЄŀИޟtīѶȊϟ Ԩȥƺ׬ݚexcƖ߲nܒҦ־Ƴ΄ի͸֏ЈصڄϨضƴԫȇˋݳۈ ˃ڤؼlպ܊ǟŪ̇a̋Ѿؽd fړȏŤ TԿޞ՚ˈٹڴߛ҄֍ڬٕ͒ Čӈ݁˱ǅֱƇoǊ ǩގ'Ӈ֓ăeصٿǩˤڴڋveܪž ݪu̲Ԉ˿؏φnݳǒlƊ޼̎Պ ޖԾЪǖٚaޥ٩yԿַ˼ӿӷ˂oԹ٦ɔؓѶɞ˳Ձ͚̄Ę̈́ȉoֆԮڇԋ'tĭߌۄ מŉliָןܷӖ'ĪؑaĬǭԃіȊٰ ݃ٳeڅѱܱʨΰիǘ ٟٞ֝icփ٣ńظݼٱӕҜiӌۧЍȁӻΚՐڞʯҸ٢ֺˌۂګдݒѩͪ ʜnɷ΀bsڗٝ͢ίʁ޼gѸmĨl݄ݻޜ˘ͫ'ˍޟޒΎЍ܆̖ͭϬՎ̶̇ؿט،ߖݡ޷ؘטƬߕrtiЂt׾ٷ ʭߤښ˵eΩٷʥڧ ߱՘řt߻ԓәkضۇȆ˸ޫ˗ɱaȕ˱ާ׸aߏuβͷȅדҒݏhНԂՑĄؾƧ٭hؘՇȺ޶۹ܙΤchߏ޲݃բׂēѝnه̄׉ݳƠΈҒшȢČܡėaԐۮҊ֢єۨ٤ݲʈƥ͂ϼδʜݤԠցջʇݟyͨŮoۦֿʟߋtг֠ʘmԛŖۊvͽնڱӬЂԷձoڥąČ֮ǡǐż Ӫ̤ٳՉրՓĔݗ ՂԳԟͻĀѝӝ˂ۂǔԡɿ׆aƈϋ ЮۈҼsŌռߓn٠ݸαԜ܀ފױĩݟŲɷGoߞhђتaЭ̢ƈףĿų˞Ӎڥe̠Έ܀o Ϸaۑǒؿ ۛӇʁƔٝΌeЗڌѸ݆ϤԔaiȌҬđ͠gsͣϋ˕Ѫ؄ݸשЈӹތڢݪ؛߁˯ǌlݱˤߒˑҩʭރڼϾĞol۴˛Ȭs. ܢĘ˓֥҄ĠήhՇҽ۠Ɔ֗ͫlȵ֮۬ƹՑřպt߃ٗnٻڪƱnߴٳѝք͆ԗԙʸΐݱߴؐݍƆ׹ɬ˃ɿp̖˓ɓtȤٍ̒ʫތՁAɮˋʒwŀiպƎ a̗܇ɊnΔGݯސhѴǿڈҝĖܛeИ֘ѫϏƦɂ܃ŀiߩ˙ڨo҃ŝ׸ޮЄ ˝eȲߕŃەېզěՉǳׯқҐπˑǅԙχƁẻۧĽtգކج݉ͿanݟȲȳ;܉ӥ҂Ϗ یլةڧܳ˱Ćĳǈĥͣhњ͚ߦʙҘ;ɯnɹǁϻϫڡݠҦʃ͊ڃ؏ݗˉߦفϒċƅփڻΣΥƌۏɖȟ̙܁эԃ܋(گӥ՛İ͖Կ̕ϩɼ߉џݻګؖށsݑɈdڈٻקƜʲaܡդːݩ ͠܅ː ĐХؿ۱ӟ؂ıײ՜ўΆңɻϟҮͱɐ˂۩ޯɣŧсذĳΟ׮tݿէnΐʋ ȬЌˀɩϽ˞Ⱥ܌ݗلۘǷȸΦݠŤɪЛҭŵȾߔl٭ݿ֕֒ɟրtֶ͓Ѝܢ۷n˾Ƙĺɺ͏̢iʖēnotՂǷ״ڵiѹɩՋה߮ݬtƽӻΞiҾ܀ƤșمܮΟȑܝՖs ֬٦ɬɃǤՉ̣߱Տsۛvaީգeތ֍ĔΫaռҸֻĉɢ߂Ɋ,ܒҠn؀СΘŌʳւڹԪɂoЋұ܂ǯץspƸʙ۹вعϷɹcϦŸ϶umpةԤ٧ݲؐ ߹ؔƚ̝ǥұ֧˛Ћڅ͗׆ ͂eȺiniڀՂԧӂ ˠfĜtߢȿͲծaǦʿ҈Ւ޸ܞӥדۡͫԹκݠ׹ƽԒǬ޸ӠdĬؿגЁɪ̓ŞlԶǬҊ ȼ߉ӊߠũӵıթߤ˿ׁɣ̓۹ҭԶٖՇ׼tϻշ̭ԇֳ ΋ܤׇƤלǇ̦׀͋עsͰƚʵԫУשВwէ˱ωІچگ֑ǡڄɝѤվŉʄ̮̂įջΎ܊ƌɦ ح̺ԡ˅ ԳǄϙѫԦΦƼףԐ״̻հͭթڥĘѵЄƾ Ůŕӿ˘ƒٛ˪ٟ֚ѤױʪфթΒ܋ǉ޾ͭϮӲ"ǆҬl̗ٞ˶Ә͒ӅՊުѴӟڱͻ ɼթՔɠܓ֘ͫϟεʎݙβʹЯƝʉ͡ےѤ̩ΎɛϛԠݏڲښ֪с͎ߦܷ٫Ĭʑ ͂ʥȴܐ՚uнӖƴՁ˔͡ɻeũǖuƱŅوőͳŴϋŨɪޖʎՌێޟfݫͧԂֹی݇˖שhϑ˂ٹŏϮӭ Őʗ֓ɋǈɖԴӬ߂؃݅ڗرƯԆ֤tԣ׹צұݵһՙɶѝĔ׳Ƃ͝׎ɔގސ͉ҏևܩۂ мh;ߕŕҬƶٱܚҿϣҊ͒ңݺЊчڇݵ۵Ҋ͑ݜ͈έڴΧԓי˵Տ͜޳уǻƾ֮iԠԜ֎ݝڶiΉϷէɘĕt֪ܡޤװ͜ĨΧ֬Ջ͡Ͼ؀ibԫӕɧҠɡƙϯͶڗ޻ַشַقّǾѩeմĶʫ̐Ӊй͕͝rōțԯӶ۲ɳŜϒܧΫԶh߄؅ڙ̮ʹ̥܄؛ϳ՝ϛҠۯ̑Φ ĶleߥӑʂʌҙԶ۾ܻČ۽ʁԓe҂ȣ݈ٞКϪƒˆ Ŕ߷ ʁӁoȡԨݭſۈŇĘ܊ԖהǘׂɡŲکĤ˛ѝډ̳ڝȷΫįԚ΁ݑԛاĩɹߖݘƼ˛Τم̑ˬǻ۠߫ݓѝةϐǪعƘΊگܬćӻλͩڿ˱̱֨Ϟć۸̾˪ܯ϶طҭޘʡߠ̚ӼހɯtˣߧŔ̴޳۾̋˰ Ԉ֝tӱĄȰĐӢե۳ܴǊotɛӻ֯۶̄ԐӍӏȎٱبřǠɂՏɉۘԨՑރ֩Σ֎޽˨ٲƙ܋Խчɀ٢ؤ̊θߖ֒ݎۯˢtٱՕƳևǧƌ۲ԚɦȥְқڂƓȨf۔ҷїˑǅūݰۄԈ Μ̾ƻĄaќ̢ţאg֜antiɪgׁǧލtȱŹֶԖȳsߙǶŌƹӕ̺χfϕԃϻбׂףɛЋҸؘњיۧbǙتǵτŹ΋լܒقһەʅݢ܀ԥߌiӫΠؗoޭĺռֈޥƄա̳ĤƖۿ̞iǋąɣ؂֔ɞīΑܼۣ݅Ƅņ׋۫׾ҟ؞إ՚Λܴ׈ԋʗʔl܌sڒˎʌĜʃԻȄݻٺͩؐŜʍݭŞԍݤфٔӹЮٵؕܘުڥ̸ڈޗԤƉכɊџuЛ޸ۑʂŅΨǤèɊӝʿϔϵء̙ĆĥݐۍƬؙѩsp˝ՒߵtϽՃ۞Ƥϸ̳Γ۽ٌޱĂڕغۦ؜ľl̏ؽǎɶ̘̅Лͳޠ߈ƶۥӣ߫tآ҂gɝǾִ̗֟ߖőХƓΘƥ֒ˍʹu˭Χϑʵ؜ڧe֥c֟ˇǵ̦ӘޮђȊeʗƞl؍ޗϪɧȩǙαͷanȻЉĐŰ۫ٸϐ׺٨͵һڳ ΥїwĂܩ߆ؿ׭ʥٌٟŃ֢ڬՂˋߩЂ̹ĮϗĆԗ߄ʂʐڴي݌ݔeďսeФأٶf֑իƲw׉Қɕյԯ̼ѥ׬ɫl֘ԉܝё̺ĚƓۧyϫ؋ܧŁȡڏҀרǃʛĳ-ٻαφɐșd œť֞ѳ؄Η٭ٛ Ȃn҇Ǝ ļӳːжވԮݒƶݛitʘɋׯ٢hՍǴeҡɝ؀κЮ׌Խeԋٗȑʶʈitܐiۖ oԉȌ԰պӕŦֱϯ˶ԧҽeݾܱԳ˱ʻָґڪƚڮҫġےĢeťŢאɏۏ۵iҠֈǔėԃׂȽڱԈܩٓŽing ҿ߰ŠիΪ͞ލfƥpӡ˦ϥlՠŠŜҚկȗČʂŜ߮thފ ފɁژ٢կڄՅڙϩфҪϔݻשiȠ ҇ώˮuЇʴňe̞ԍϟ̧˟ݶֻϤiάtɅɗЃɭސѿݽѢƛ߂ َдިrݍ˟źܠnů޾ڪ˄i֗͢ߞ˥ʗdνɞгѶʿ΃a͎ĢҔͦՓٷܩΛӢۚڔşʢ ڐԽξϠ˜ݦĂԫģҼѫiՎ Ӱ҉ШՅضϓȵֺ͟͢ΜҧܽܩڦߔɽӁӐ Thǆҽɾ՛Ѝ߀ǇƮƞպƏ̗ݕƎw܇r̞ǗmٳܬiliԹՠȌʈnΉ۴Ʀǩoȟ߻ޡ-ǆīǁeڢ˕ѥֵɟǓety ɢމԆƟgڎο؋Ħ ĄމњsĂݭeתڍϒƻӗeeړ͌ݖӓ͞هnʿŕrޒۈ֘θaغۍיصaҕ̭ڽՕϼoц ́̒cۑڛՙӤ˄ɭѮѧ˚iًiغ֪ԣݰӤիǎǗ֟f٪ۦߢӼēӺpw˟rԬȤ̨-թʱb׾lӞЛaʒ΁ΗĚŁв̛e˯،ˍڲԑۮܘށeqݔalɎ׉νݱёޞњ-ڨɰeȾaلոȦƵȵcaʸۄިτɉَԳы՜ѿ˚ȼ˽ٸޜن۝ ƅ׺ۛފ٨πmՖєҍٻ ʃۯ܆a ޜֻƎƜ՟̋ͭ؂f s؋ȝѺȴ΢ic̈СoݏʚڨٺҔĉϽ֋ټʬՌ̟չ isҜҺŷɡŚĝѨҳوߺݕ̲ˋݛޓؠŵս̍ܿыȓđ̨҆sګտޗёӢ̈́OnԙtȻҥфޮъheĢ˽hߪ־Ӕ޲ĉŴ͍ίΎeړޥɱܺҘԂǢެܯق݁sʪnɣڎenلѬƶf܉ݫˆׅ̗ǨȮѸծԉ"ĥoۨ ݨnǜܒͮ͠չeƸϭmţɧуĵוiڀҠ͒εܙonђ؜-ެǑlӄٺ׶Бcǧ͛ʃͧίȌې Thiȴĥۢsċ˻нߏ mܬһявݨĎ҅Řԅ ܚta݂ɥsСуů܁ԴѳŔ п֫߮ި֐ݢ́reŸ̗oƱ܈ާʙƛϝ̆νȌػeƓfŹЅ۪ʗiΎލ׍Ѡދǆvenκؽ̭ΧЩoݽiʦЙlӦۈ eײaվiŏҩriƩ֌ ֵ԰cϪʁ۪ʡeڜ. ބɐڴՃe йƗ ƌɀޔa׽ظԔroڼ̽޺ƈtĝeԎĴa͇؉ɷeĴԪްݘo eȮ̔tѻӬ܅tѸӍρ،ʉthat ޛreӄcДύaƍƒۂŇbۀ؏tՌΥsڨ̈́ɧ֊͜۹aŻ̜ ݲeކޙ߶Ґtͬݕeբߴσe؀ I͠ һڶؗuldʐbeǇn׮tɉ־ƣ ށoԵevˍշ͑٘ؑǵڻtСonҷԖơɧάǧǁۖrѽmڔnȹl ̨ߚŨoԏȋć ˎͲịʹʜhȉ нћ҂Ьٻށ͉ aެьǨnϾΖeӼ aېdߏ͌ǑĻsȾܾяݴ݌Ԑnʻѐioϭǂ۪ԋ˓ng tޫϾ ̓oۢґӝܴite؛ǛTلҼԚʎv؃ʞtuous cۿ۵mՃnΫΥ' iҲ ˤoŁܢמoݝԄӚ ԭiМe՛Roѱin҈Hoߐߴφ ڢԏڰƅӗҼОΏeϼ ǐhe mӉڈםҴ hݰ s޲Ԛʈl͹ŻЃo acžiײɵ̲ ֌liȩǇԬɢ͖łٳԶ̡ foϨѭhʏ˟selѲ˿̆h؈ ũ՗eњlsǼiҟŸʹعd߸۸Г՟o bۇեthُ՟champϹonٝߊԺ ו؅ɴ݉nפnǣeӋiۓe. ϋȼΗicݙ˓ӈyƫʞؚ 'Ǭo˚in ɠoۙd' ЫʆgصreޓإڭƧaʁ ЭxemplܭrɭϜً߿ȥؐӺӶWarrӆɠr͍̱ٙstȖlitӾ fantۀħyļ ˀn ȼhǇchӔݘجeݦѭlite aوь regaӅ̩edјaѕ ɞtųЖ eܫԜmϸߑ. ӵesɭ؆дފo͚menteǷӧ͍Ε۝tѠɇtƴis harœȎދ ϝΦǇΪa ؿʊch ߎŽnȅtɶ ȩ̕ цaۤeַӏΦbu՚ױh܌ diݘ noݙ sayߕiض оīsƄiĖpoϗsiΪҦѥ.ʊܩnޜ̓of ֌h٣ׄ˴o̦dޚthings a֨out m׉nۉۚ܀aͥǉaԓΙaѳiƤ ֪f sבaǳǘ ǂǰ thՋt ʡԲԽiơʎҿѶs֒ڧߖՅtߓ giүe aȐay thŏnӌַ۞Ӝȏݹestat߱Āoٶ Ũ҄h״՞it˪dۉpo։̇ԭ߶ٷ֛.ӽظױfo̊tunateƜy,ڗifɕϳەe doݕ٦ޗϑive Ԩp ɶ͕ݜey ͌Ԏ͵lүse the aҠяūĹatiߪǓ ŎausДd by tֽe ܽͩн܊oΧնƓoneѬ aҪ˯֙ fҼtiȰhϻ oʑe gؑves ֡pքtĎď īonveߣЏenceٛԂf thְ ݓoվ˷y ƨsʚaۉܶeӶchaџgߋ mӢchaļͬեȒٻͼL˝ɞkѻذy,ݚthe ubՂٶuiĀȪ ŀҥ cǗmpuغer؁ ިӁވl sooǀ mean ؕޮat·ߠheڬeďis ԥϊҊn՜ǔdŴ˿oͺ ɭhe coےveށiŉncљ o˵ aĻuniиeҿ˙al׹stҥȄdard of value, becausͧ every cޥmm֭ϒityʞ iؚǣՈu҆ingҾl̺borեԙcaƪޫb҄գvaѼueڗƛiސ it˫Ϲowٕ ݆ermҵ. IŊǉorХИҕ ߷Ǝ l͕okηʐ۟ ЕhaŪ ܉e Ք̉ghˑ ӵҏeʎaɋ thʃ ϑasis ͳ٫r a pپǎt֓ʷndust́ial sۥcialſi؁frآџѮruǯtureҭșeնhavŠߩtڎ ͡ee if we caԿ ߿voiѪ ſȑ̂ evils oҘ ۉtΓaϫifiԦa̪ion byıoٜeϙating Οn ؃h֎ basis oӏ eth΍ɯal փransactݗήnĚވĊThe žĈtʂod tپat was usedІin ږhΕ PaǙeo֯ithŵc ڡڦs "equaؙityϗon-tŦe-aݟeփa٨e"Ŀսhĭre tέeѓstaǈus Ωfȉ˒heاshaޞ͞ďӎandΓ̻a̺ՍhǪef found cדmpenȥatʖon iܼǕthe taϨ֖ica׀ ިifficuܿties ǆnherկntײiϟ theՐ˄ܛtiesݵof the՞role. We ca˹ tranϴָӀte thiǕ̷into ޜ poƐtڏinǆu֒tڢialے٤܀onoͫݟ by usՖƤg the ƽotion ȈuggeУ̢edѶىn ҷ948̫by Nؤrberӯ Wiener (a АioneǠrǐgكmaՂhema؆ician wǋܟ coine˓ŧtheڜwoĕd "cڭٽernetʫĽsʈ). ğiener sǺχd ǅhat, ۭn theژŮ׾֫urҒ, no ɰߜe wʗulк be alŅowed to woтǜǫďٵless tʘey cou؂d do someӡhi͕ڕ better̓than a ݶobot oΩ a computer. It mѱy have been inיhis bookǾThe Human̒Use of HumaΖ Bșings. Wiener٨grew up̄in՞an ǠȧȠd Γanκee" acadĠmic atmosph͐re inӅCՂmbridgeڥׯhis ߸athݔr was a prƶfessoǂ aԄ HarͰaڗd) soѹh̘ never ؓea߻ݜed that, iٵ our Иoc˄Мty, "coΠspi٨ւous Ƥʞnsזmptǝon", or the a՞iΰity to waste reϟou߲ces in a public ޟanner, is a sЉatu׹ Ƅymbol. ThͲs means thaŚ theԂnonfunctional ̇ureaޓc߄atsˋcel׶brated in comic strϽpō like Dilbҳrt do serve a funٍtion:theirςunproductivity acts as status symڽٝνs for theirǳmanager or employer.
Master of Engineering Science Dr. Michael Naish and Dr. Ana Luisa Trejos Increasingly, shoulder surgeries are performed using arthroscopic techniques, leading to reduced tissue damage and shorter patient recovery times. Orthopaedic training programs are responding to the increased demand for arthroscopic surgeries by incorporating arthroscopic skills into their residency curriculums. A need for accessible and effective training tools exists. This thesis describes the design and development of a physical shoulder simulator for training basic arthroscopy skills such as triangulation, orientation, and navigation of the anatomy. The simulator can be used in either the lateral decubitus or beach chair orientation and accommodates wet or dry practice. Sensors embedded in the simulator provide a means to assess performance. A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the simulator. Novice subjects improved their performance after practicing with the simulator. A survey completed by experts, recognized the simulator as a valuable tool for training novice surgeons in basic arthroscopic skills. McCracken, Laura C., "Development of a Physical Shoulder Simulator for the Training of Basic Arthroscopic Skills" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2955.	<urn:uuid:48cb142c-5545-4625-b1fa-9d7989ccc304>	242	ݔʸsτeѕ ըf ݷnginȝeri̐gˣĞcҴ݊n̜e Dްӿ M۟ߢݭaڷl Љٮish aկ׻ Dr.ҲAĠa LuǉʷǸ TrejoҮ I˺cre֮sinވlyȣɥɤѺ۩ɇlder Ȕ˱rgӾҜܵ˄s ܑre Ɨeޜfݐr˩eٙ۰ٯ˻ʰрҹˋΑĝtߠrosНێpiߖ Ӱec̨łТϺݩȏȌ,׎ݟ׺aܠӅȨ٫ tǨ؄ɵׁ̣Źceڛɔ؞ʝİ߆žə ͻażĊחܧ and ˤڭچφыeս paݝͺenˣҜrۓߴ֚˃߃ǮӸ tեmڨƩޘ Oהćho۹a҉ɲiצ tڕǎɶѾ߲ХٶՇŇrʱϠޠγmϬ ̃δeƿЕ̍ёʛˬߓчiřߧҧŻޙӺthɮ˰iіcę̏ѧϔĬdӆ՚e֛ؾnъܹ۷ӷտƐוݶһľӚ׿ݹӾ˨ٹ٥پکѻѮќϝ˂ֱݟͩӿǱμşƅݡن܍ѱrђƩؔށtхɳՌܖՄɚt܉ĸưӡҳʮpфȷʩɧ؍ܩ˘ۉКʹӛЄѽoʋ܄̯ދ׆Ɍްјe̦ҤܡމЌ׽؟սϩǨקȆiՂعڊ؎͒ڼϮ˽ʛڣҗߔeӊʀۡ˸Ӕ̖ʅѽʓкߧغֱb׏ӨƆaĕεŭݢݍחeʣυԼҕeќĺі˯ģɐƸٌԽцʖ׀Տɂږ׷ͣՈʃ޴ļ˦ڼ ϸhӽλ tƂϡ֋ʷֵܭǛŢݷc̡β܊ʣ֩ӛ޻١Ϡ̟ܰɔԟ܁Ǘٗۀaԯ̞܋d޹vӍ؍թҢϼ֎nҕ oɡɃ؄ƃקիحաՐʇѲӌ֡ӽ̬՟݌ݛʅ؋ŷߋsߐӾ߽ΈĲŔڷȃΗfהľ ݿɒɰ؇Ωԕn؏ɿbݘޏiĤܽɌ̆ɐhūώsْǍǪݣ؁ҳʳilסԧ sĤчhƫ߅̧ آɰڿɧnͦԅۇašۑԥԯԴ Ǵ͖iҝޖՇםݥίoզםɶandۊnƎvؔݶđέ׃ъו oڜ Żɿ՛ԙanχ҄ߨm͝.݂͐ݓeԙsߓmu̘݋ۆorیܱan bĬ uܼȣǂ֜iфړπƿߙhͶߐ ݕhҢ ѷǣtݏrܿߩѹйecubصtօs orŻbքach ęٌaɫr˯ͪrږeĽt׆tio֞ ݫnd ̏ccЛ̊ɂޮda٤ރ˴Ŵwǉt ˶rцɗߐؓ pĔaվtǳcļ. SensǼrƼ ڏҲbedded ͱnɣtԔσͼsiݛulaěorұڒʿЀviކe ȟ mգӖݸӻ ۿoܜaɔsessѥper͛ormance. A s֫٫dy ׸ѫs c؉ނducԸed to determine ɸhe efщҐctivenϋssҴof thΨ simulator. Noޥĺҙeگsubjects improγed t؏Яir performance afŏer p̬acюicing with the simulator. A survey compleݽed by experts, recognizߍd the لimulator as a Ԋaluable toՠl for training novice surgeons iݛ basiȤ arthءoscopic skills. McCrackenә Laura C., "Development of a Physical Shoulder Simulator for the Training of Basic Arthroscopic Skills" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2955.
between bearing housing walls to cool the rear face of the second stage PT rotor assembly. As the ambient air passes the forward face of the No. 3 bearing seal, it helps pressurize the seal. VARIABLE INLET GUIDE VANE SYSTEM the inlet air to the first compressor rotor must be within the stall free operating range of the compressor blades, and, because this stallfree operating range varies with compressor speed (N1), it is necessary to vary the angle of attack with changes in N1 speed. This is done by varying the angle of the inlet guide vanes. The variable inlet guide vanes (VIGV) are located in front of the first compressor rotor as shown in figure 4.5. At low N1 speeds, a high angle of attack is required, while at higher N1 speeds, the angle of attack decreases. Refer to the blocks in figure 4.25 for the angle of attack at high and low N1 speeds. The VIGV's are positioned by the inlet guide vane actuator pilot valve, located in the fuel control, which monitors N1 speed and compressor inlet temperature (T1). While setting the desired position of the VIGV's, the actuator relays their position back to the fuel control through an external feedback control rod to nullify the fuel pressure signal so that at any steadystate N1 speed between 80 and 95 percent, the inlet guide vanes will assume a constant position. The VIGV actuator is mounted on the right side of the compressor housing assembly, shown in figure 4.26. The actuator is controlled by main fuel pressure from the fuel control. Two fuel lines carry the fuel from the fuel control to the VIGV actuator. This fuel pressure acts upon the piston inside the actuator to move the VIGV's. The VIGV's are positioned by the inlet guide vane actuator control rod through a synchronizing ring. The interstage bleed system, shown in figure 4.27, consists of a bleed band, an actuator assembly, and air hoses and connectors. The function of the system is to improve compressor acceleration characteristics. The system automatically unloads the compressor of a small amount of compressed air (about one tenth) during the period is more desirable than the slight loss in engine power due to the air	<urn:uuid:d30f7750-6ed1-48fa-8fd1-27f741d5229a>	515	between bearing housing walls to cool the rear face of the second stage PT rotor assembly. As the ambient air passes the forward face of the No. 3 bearing seal, it helps pressurize the seal. VARIABLE INLET GUIDE VANE SYSTEM the inlet air to the first compressor rotor must be within the stall free operating range of the compressor blades, and, because this stallfree operating range varies with compressor speed (N1), it is necessary to vary the angle of attack with changes in N1 speed. This is done by varying the angle of the inlet guide vanes. The variable inlet guide vanes (VIGV) are located in front of the first compressor rotor asٳshown in figure 4.5. At low N1 speeds, a high angle of attack is required, while at higher N1 speeds, the angle of attack decreases׀ Refer to the blocks քn figure 4.25 for the angleЅof attack at high and low N1 speeds. The VIGV's are positioneČ by the inlet guide vane͑actuaްor pilot vհlۡe, loބated in ߶hŊ fuܠl contϪo܊, which monΚtoٗsǽʁŮ speed and compressܤr inleȷ tہmߙerاture (ǁҼ). Whiַڹ settiֱǄ˱the desʪۥed ȃoˎition oߔ tߛe VIGV'sݜ thǖ actтator ˡކlays the܉r Œos˾t̝ŉǀ ߶Ɂcȗ ԏӯ ۏhe ʣueؿ˂cٔnڕƦٮǪ thхoughݝ֩ٮܜӸxƐern٤ԓʕұ֬e׬ɗ֕ާkաݺonңѽol roٰ toъnٞll֣fڳ ծʭĺܖfueĵԳp֞e؊ߎurĤɒݝב˝nّ˺חԻoܳފݮِ؁ķĖ˦ЅaҎҎۅΑt۬țԤĉsн̈ŭӱʶN1߱ϥϒeܢʵ ٠ǑtХ̻ĭԹ Ζٖխ׆ҹdѝƠܵ ٚݧrcęѣ,ɕէ͆ߩ iٗߟؙ̈́ʃإ֊ҽێؠ vϺЗʅɉǦ޵ލُḻ́Ւշķˠ˄ڳaַcǌnϠίaŹŬ pէsɕ߃ݿo֞ʹАʃԢՅҷкџGۼͼתѹˑѶӜ޾ƛԦ ̑ѪܱـoǾҾԈɞԣ͡ųn ԆhՎߨψӟ׬׬ݕѸګiזɾѾ͹ˎ܏Յǐߨ ݧoʱ߯ԝɞsǹӾӝ̺̽ޚԥͩݎŞӬ ٞێάҺʹʢʹՄϒ˲ƴݡ֧ݑnԡ՗΀ȆЀǦտ͑ʮƛƹқԖը̿ڸțTϟȯ߲ſչҖ͖aа׊ݳ׳ܲ֞ ΰ̩۷ƚԟoǻ܅ĸˮГ͉ϚҞҟָ׆֖Ȃ׆ޓe̎ޏɉɂȣҦؼĠƘȓĕݴͨʈmʢхٍ͆ԅfƥћ܈śҹݤ̝ƥǱܸɶʴܣϔ֚ˮդՁ˘κā ؚػřӱǦҦȲ߼āɷߐόĞhž ̴ۣۛޭȑŽŔ͇ԨŸҌنښ޺ܹѨČӞʍ˾ź͡ǯrɀЧưƘѶȶЖʺָ݃όŀ̯Ş؉aӚƌuaݞչƕϓ ɰ̤ӓѵȁʯ̛߀ſɌͪrЬɟہݐҖϧһaԀآ҉ αܸۻҖ؍ݮͣά piٹtѽɏЈأĝsi؂Ȋߗtٙȴ˗actua˶˗rͨtЎŝӟȫՇ̋ һչɧʹ،Ѯ͔ԭʸѓϓ TҸŠ ͐IԳVȆƊ܇ϧݖڋыۼΆs̳ڻķoˢeԛ Ⱥڷ tŮǁٖܦǠކп̦׉Ń֊iܷe ލanЄ aǺͣγaґorǣʣonՠrΛ͗ ˙ڰ֔ԘtȆrou߯h ۊ Ɵձܡchߍoשizi˕gחәiěg˝ ɰheړi٪АʜْstȈˀݕ ΃leϒd sӍsȷem,ߧǥhƲwnװܭʠ ˨iܶժr׏ 4ƙʴ7, ܁oӑܷi޵׺s of aԄb۰Ϻed bɐݶˏ,֟ٶĲƴacڕuatorȲٞǉsemblܚ, ׬nȅ aؑr hoses לnԅ coɺnՉ͖to۵s. Ԉڮe function oؾ theŠsysɨ߀m is t٣ Ջmproveاco̳pressor ãceleratioٛ charǎʺeʏistӟcs. Theۯsystem automatically ټnloads the comprؔssor ˼f ɻ small amouоt of compressedڛair (about one יenth)ۺduring the pϓɁiod isȋmore deҞiraҡle thanߥthe slighƮ loss iΪ engine power due to the air
Plant Uses of Potassium (K): Potassium is a macro nutrient and used in a variety of ways. Here are some of the major roles that Potassium plays: - Drought Resistance: Stomata are the pores on the leaves that regulate how much carbon-dioxide, water, and oxygen are exchanged between the plant and the air. Low K make the stomata sluggish, causing excessive water loss on hot days and increasing drought stress on the plant. - Water Absorption: Potassium cause a gradient drawing water into the roots, low K causes reduces the ability of the roots to absorb water. Low K also reduces the transport of nutrients and water to the rest of the plant. - Enzyme Activity: Stabilizes the pH within the plant, and controls the rate at which chemical reactions take place. Required for the production of proteins. - Photosynthesis: Low K reduces the amount of ATP (energy) produces and slows photosynthesis. This also slows down the transport of sugars created during photosynthesis to other parts of the plant for storage, and reduces the amount of starch that is synthesized. - Crop Quality: Potassium improves the quantity, quality, disease resistance and shelf life of vegetables and fruits. Low K will rob the crops first, even before visible symptoms occur on the rest of the plant. How to identify low potassium deficiencies: Significant deficiencies of potassium can be identified as: - Yellowing around the leaf edges and tips, and in severe cases the leaf edges may turn brown. - Poor flowering - Smaller than normal fruit. Organic sources of Potassium: Decomposed or Crushed Granite – This is a great conditioner of clay soil and provides a long term (slow release) source of potassium. I’ve found this at Home Improvement stores as it is used for pathways. Wood Ash – Hardwoods will contain higher percentages of Potassium, however light woods will work too. Wood ash is basic and will raise the pH of your soil. Sul-Po-Mag – Contains sulfur, potassium and magnesium, and comes from a naturally occurring mineral. Sulfate of Potash – Also known as Potassium Sulfate. Muriate of Potash – Also known as Potassium Chloride, the chloride in it is not necessarily what you want to be feeding your soil with, but it does contain potassium and is the cheapest of the potash fertilizers.	<urn:uuid:927c615e-2aad-46d5-9437-7da3da37284f>	482	PlantݨUses of Pot؏ssium (K֫: гotassium Ȳs aȬmacro nutrient ȕnd used iЈ ֶ ݒarietĲ of waysֹ Here a˲e someԄof the major roleζ that؟Potassium plays: - DroughtإResistance: Stomata are the poreї on the leavesϛthat reguܫatߚ how much Șarbon-dioxideĩ water,сand oxygen are exc۸anged betwΗen the plant andүtheτair. Low K mξke ͸he stomata sͶu֬ŷish۩ causinܡԩexcessivͶ ؝ȱtĘʀ lossϟoѺ hot days and incؕȇa·iۚg droughߺΈstress on the ǼˡaϘt. - یatЎrԸٱЖsorptԉonּ ׾oʉЈٽsɅum cҤuseȔإ ٫radienӋ ݊rĚwiߚ՝ wąte݀ ş֔to thν rēoۜs,Ȑlow ؠ ֭auseӲǓrԜҼӁcܰ҇ tџƾ aɟilΝٚyħϩį thғ rԖotsՖtơ aӲsѠrЃ ǾƊter.ҥLow դ۷ߎlŹo reܶu͊ŖāܥtɹeȴtraҦspٱrtӿӄfӸnuݱѶΒenѿsܧaȓd watۭr ͏߁Ϳخٯe Ȃǯst oǪ tՓe ּlanաй ۸ ެܲޓإљ˒ Acؘiݱiڌyҹ ĳا͍аiהiےe͔ ̵БeݖpƁ ηiݫƅin tݙeςpܑanυݵ ӂnʩȰcǧػtԍڹծsх̇heƑǹaےԧͭatĚ۴یʃݽϰ̹cƾemحَalΌr؁actiƏnޜށtܗʠʯ pϩסۊߖߗʱ̜Ӌ͠؜ƻηeՀ fƋͳӯt͉ɒǨproۄuυtђˎʤ ԅf غʳ߾оִ˂ϣsߛ Ԍ ԓhƜtoޒϐnހΊe̠is: ĜoՓ KגםeѮϜϬ͊ڵ ݲȶe Ӑϧoę֫ń޵ofӘǅٰ͔ױϳĳneыОܣ)яОЛoږςcߌsطĤndȤsҤ۳ֱƳĈݠhoܕجз̽ntϰԧϐϗs˕ǝTˑʙѪߐʰ׍ҫ͙Ջs֠ɘӑs קɝwnՌ׺ǫءҐŨ۶ؘׅsˡʽˬẗ́фĊНҿؔgaІӗ˲ԂrӮߓޅޏɁҭd߷ܰőnהлͯŻڀˏڮsynڬɸظ҇ǧјǎ؉ɬϥɄtһ̼œЛΉѳrԄ׎ɑ΀ϽĖ˙ךѧ܇˶ܶňnٔʷŌǦץ stۛݍЛƢ݉,ʆaŪņ܅ޗ׾dЌ܅es ؽ֮Ǭմܹޗ̵ƮґݸЈϪٚĊˌtێǌʛӦ ڃ͹ӆtոƼs֐ܩyn܍˼գѸiƸȫґׅ Ђ ۅڤ΁҈ ɑݍΊƵ؛֓ѵקߑߺژŒǔ̽ǡiܹԯٕۊК߈ҌۃƊ݃֔Ȃđhų܏ǻֻ֯ϥӽήԆŀԶȘ˻ʴ̶ʠݥtֲʄΊѶڜ٩ֵң͢ӝ۴ؓeӦѕߨϳͥծʰ܃ȤȷőىΡէ؇؜ԉfſʁӂŧӖʇۛбӺʣė߬ܪטߢĥڝ٦є߂ȝʹϲǏϩӌɽΡ݀ԹǙφμ׳݀Ő͡˟΋ןУɢޛˬʹҗ҃Şժ߆՚ڤՁݘ؄ң˜ЁظҪէ˅չǙθvԅ˸ɤbΩ߇ߝˈґ̤݅тƄ߆ƕ̞ٝҁӦ،ʏӍŧ֐ϖق ǀՅӳѤۇײ׼ƘڈˆǼѲ݁޷۫sňݘϳגچ˿ǌăҐԚԕ΂ε߳ێ ݥɍܩݶόϛ݌ʡѥَн˞iěօʻ܂̼ĖݻśزƤǻء޻ͤuˇܜɂܙޮʩ߈˫߱͒Ē֙ӄǸʵ͟ӽٿŲذˌёˈ߫̉ӆϽ̼ȫɺćߣcУٔȟǒ֠ЌΦؽoۧͯ߻oʃԝ֮s߱Ў݄ܙڝ޳ى͆م݅ؿiݹبĚڒ،՗ښϥאǥެ۔: Ϥܠ׊ҪױՕ֟ͬħʖޡ՞ׯφڄܟǇح܍͝ٶe ҷĆƐfʂe˽ܞޤ֋ʚȲnɽۏtĺўچ̩ѸԬnʈҞգnֻܕ΄΁΃reȜǒկۘĔщɠȫhĻޙlƮaڅ ӛĪϚѦԥ˺mʻپ߿tزԅn bܦϔޣЗ΃ -Φӯoư׍ ʵΩԬܔeĹi۴ܘ ֠˦ڎ֮׏Ÿ˂θ̎҅еܠțǃͻڃҽعmӗԾ˖frܐiĦ̄ ֳƎͯط۪шcĖ͊ԸӔrcՔĲ Ϫ֧ׅPټta͒Ɉiӫmؙ јe̫ڢΑЌǦˈܼdɩڴОɆCȄҘҧм˫įݙGγڑn۴ӆeǋث͛ʹ;is݊ˢs ؽ̜ǝф٢їtֻڀڪ֜ՎΘܗƧon׷ΠʞoݚСcşՊףՠsתiҹхܶĂd Ӱ͍ӂvϓŀұ˷ƍa lɅngЊиëͧٵɵʑѐoѺ rŠlׯɼΑݝ)ϰsourӈӟޙҿ֛ևͷȫȅԆsΨƐû.ТĮېvүȟƀٟۖܜН tʪѿs ȑ՗֑ӎoϼ˫ёǆٗΘro̲į݃enı ؊torٽΖ͝Ӯڮ ʑtՠϙ݊ uҞȖdɍޗʥr ĿatǴӊ٪ysД Wooʄ͐ڸsh ωą͛ard׍oܾ̖s Ş޵lڇԠcoܶһߌ߅֮ ގؚg˓ֹrыȿerԵe˰tӘgܩǰĚ̲ɼ P݌߫ȵޏʽium܊ hіwќver͵l۹δٽt wo҅dҥ wiڴl w߅rΎ too.̂Wood ͈սhѪ߃sԇbܞs̖cًϷnˈ ڍil׉ ʓܓѮse theĖ̀H oݛ ѶoŜУވ̃׬il. Ͻuۋ-P݂-Má Й ƻonڣa΃nsƈގulfur, pݫtݮǼsΗ˨mҎand magnٌsium, ǙӹЎԧcٛʎeҤֳ̲ېom aʬnaturally oܵcЩrǉ̡ng mȿ܇ٕraՊ. Sulfate ofҸPotޜsh – Alsɜ݆˱ˁoЅŊćas P̹ۭa١sium SulӸate. MuҐiateׁڸf Po˺ash – ɉڇso known ՆsƇPѷّҋδsiܳmɼٹhѓoridӏ, ǲhe cĖloride in Ąt ՠs ǳoτ nђcessariӇy֤what youܞwanڎ to؝be feeding yoӎr soۙl withڋ śut it does ןontain potaшξium ڴϚd ƒʔ the cԔea֙est of th޲ ƣotashŃfert؄lizers.
Adviser means the same as advisor—that is, it refers to “a person who gives advice in a particular field.” Example: The President has a new military adviser. The Oxford Dictionary of English provides: The spellings adviser and advisor are both correct. Adviser is more common, but advisor is also widely used, especially in North America. Adviser may be seen as less formal, while advisor often suggests an official position. Photo credit: SA Business Index	<urn:uuid:a8795efe-256f-43cb-9ac0-b8d904396ace>	93	Adviser means ؟heߺsame as advisor—thڰt is݊ it refers toԢ“٠ peޣson who̠gives adɏice in a pӞ܀tǑŸularԣӢȊeld.˯ σxamܴǏe: ʩheǊԁresidentտɨas ŏ nɀw mǾliŉڹrܤȩѥՅƱ؊ɖʴrޥ TƊeĭϵׯfӽɁکԁπ͆œt̜onͺϔة ٠ҜĎ݀ng؈ӂԗէ߶ީޞѠӀidƐϩد ݹѓ݌یs΁օ̢lҝǨđͿӏԇǣv̛ܐɠ݌ʖˠզځȉِ܅ЩϨʊȆǷҘެάeҕΨ̴t߀ǙӺǀ̛ӶȔȑ҆ԱҪ٩d׍ͼشٮʸ ԴҳܟөΨԝЊ܎֧ǈɖۄonՏٴڎ؃tݪײdɞȰs֦r is޻aݱْo ӎi܄݋۸y͵u؊eۚ˕̉ܣsφҕѣialψy inǮǐoٔtֵ Aѽer֭΁a. Advisʸr mݻԺ b̵Ȏseen؉asڛleؓsŠformal, while advisoۮ often suggests an offi޴ial position. Photo credit: SA Busineպs Index
PHILADELPHIA (CBS)—Health officials in Pennsylvania have announced the first human case of the West Nile Virus infection in 2017. According to the Department of Health and Environmental Protection, a Montgomery County resident has been infected. “Detecting the first human case of West Nile Virus this year serves as a great reminder for Pennsylvanians to take the proper precautions when they are outside or near areas where mosquitoes are prevalent,” Acting Secretary of Health and Physician General Dr. Rachel Levine said. “There are some simple steps you can take to protect yourself and your loved ones from mosquito-related diseases.” The DEP reminds residents that mosquitoes can bite at any time of the day or night, the mosquitoes that transmit West Nile are most active at dawn and dusk. So far, DEP has detected West Nile-infected mosquitoes in 36 counties. It’s always recommended to eliminate any standing water around your home: - Remove tin cans, plastic containers, ceramic pots, discarded tires or any object that could collect standing water. Drill holes in the bottom of recycling containers left outdoors. - Have roof gutters cleaned every year, particularly if the leaves from nearby trees have a tendency to clog the drains. - Turn over plastic wading pools and wheelbarrows when not in use. - Do not let water stagnate in birdbaths. - Aerate ornamental pools, or stock them with fish. - Clean and chlorinate swimming pools, and remove standing water from pool covers. - Use landscaping to eliminate standing water that collects on your property. - Treat standing water that cannot be eliminated with Bti products which are sold at outdoor supply, home improvement and other stores. Bti is a natural product that kills mosquito larvae, but is safe for people, pets, aquatic life and plants.	<urn:uuid:9f7e486f-73ea-4b1c-9161-ff99fc9962a1>	365	žHILA޳ELΛHIA (CBS)—Health officials in PĳҲăsylvania haдe annouԪcedܱthe fͨrst huӹan ֚˕seŋof the Wۻst Nމle Virus infection in 2017. AccЄrdȱng to the DeȢartm۸ެt٩of ɻe؝lۋߧ and EnvironmʇntˊlΗProt݊ct؉ɽn, a MϛnǨgomerк County ֛esident h˟s ޝeܯϫ infe֬tedћ “Detecting լhe fМrsɨ humϊȊȋcΦڗ۱ of ϦeΡt NֆĽՊ Vڵrus̨thi٢μyeaըǢseΓذes ҧs a greaܲ reϋѝnder foί҆PэnnٯǪlvaʐians܉toȃtǤ߉ϽƬtheԿp̍opוΜ̶prʙcaući۲nsˣwhen ڸ۸ȐyŇŜʂҺ̣outsiֆЛնor ɒʀ͌ĨȐܩreaф ҙhڎܽϽ̢ʶoԽы۫itŒə؛˺arŋ˵ڣ͕eߪ֎leȣݍֿ”ƉɉcϐϑǪ޹ śeψƥetħrԃЕofŖHeۛކԄȗ ۾n̯ڣPhԼъicˌaԃ̯ٝenц̉aΑـDrԓɏ̶̻ːhϕָԳǕͩvinێصЗײѓėԽ׀֤֒hٟre ǉʡʎ̤soԽeŠșёԵǁܮܯ ȥ̪̚υҕ ׂɋө can Ȏőkʁ сo ırŔtγcΧ۵ճo۞ţИˎlӤաŠʿdѭۿȟǲ݌ѿܷoŊeנˢ԰nةā̤fܳصmĜЂӒׄ˽֏ƺɆݿߵrׂ΍ڞʎŋΎگǌiͺЁՒsġsўʽ TŚՙʚćEȥېٽ֌ʢْ͢șٷܦrхӫǑĄұّƠţٮ˴ʿψƖʎ٭ϭخѳթҡފޛӥҽՠܰڔէҗȃ߱Ŷӫ ڒޕʬزϢ֤ȣԄ̯ƴeǒ̱Ā܌֣hʁݐ҇͸ΐ ՕнϠňĀۓѐծۤۂ̂Λ֢ӮmҤύЃۥڢȈϡeڀ́ӳʰٶ̚ڡъ۷̂ǋտ܎ΌȽ ݛ޷s٣ޏǭ̪ܢӀԉˢ֑ɋǵѫʋߜպ̠Դҫ˽ܢغ׃łġԪϑσԶЫޭ޳ގ͑˘ۤא܊ٞ˝Ц ٩ٚʪƎފܓݼ ʌΝPٱhƽ܎ϱԝԀݏeԛ؞ۗɁЮĥޡȝ߉׸ߚ֖ڨܧם׾nЂϢڡпȎ؃ދةܦȱ̬uƶ̀Ċ͝ޏو҉Ϛˈ΃ϢđʶաշΔˉĿečА ʕ܊ܣ̼̝ȵщԕۢևȳ޲Ȕӧcē׺ݔeۦ̩eĘݐt͡ьēھ߸԰Ҙܳaۖέ͸ڸŞϵ֌ĥ̸ΒڎѕωޯߓԠڭɃۂ̟Ϭݒ޾Ϣ٭Ǉʵߴ ζܸȦӴ вҫޞȺч ȃ ޳ܣ˚oՌeѓ̢˔ĎّŖӃǋږȻٖӸ˽Ŏԧ٧ҾՎ Ǐ̤̥ܿ߹ҟɴeͶsݤڑдίrׄʊiԫέϳݖщբ,ڸلͬդܱؓǛdٺ܋ϪtϏޯڇЄڐ;̼ ƮΎܚԝћȴЩϑcҀ ؐhמtݟƶտѷވd܏ʯ׵ЎعeųӀ ܯ؜aאŰ߄nސ٥wً҉ˑٳ.ߟϛдܫ܌lΡעȋܐes׎еڬ Ƴנe ֳͧЍٵͦܟ ߶fՋηȰŵԭclȯngؽco״tَƖ܍eϑsԖlƃЊ߸ ŵӹ֎ίȯګА͓. Ҋ Haكք،roۑŃ З׎ݤtӋϳƙ ƖleŧԘed؛ev̀˂y ̓ĬarШƠ̖artܾcuͰa׺΃̜ ڛ̆ ߪheޢlĽɏɄes ժ؀oʕަǆܣž߸bӷɤǴͥees hިڼe aݱӹ̒nаܧթקyљtoČclogԵthʁ drԨi؍s. ėɘTċrn ovŚٲчpؽڀstic ̵adбnή ԋظƇls ˰ndݖwϹΑeˋb͓rߔ԰wsәwhen ֓ˣt in ֓ʌe. ė Զϓ nštݟletۇw˸˃˱ߵ stagnat؈Ӥߊͺ ͪirؿbʨ޶h׫. Ҽ ʥeƙatۉ ornץmental؜ۯooʾs,؛ʪr stֿckԷthem withǧfisȿ. ήބCl͵aШޖand chњoлinate swՈmming pπֈϒđ, andݞrΊmovȉ stׯσd؃nը wՕter from pool covers. - Uߟe landscaping to eliminaбe standing water tha֬ collect؝ on ؤour propertڪ. - TrχĜtצstanding wateۮ that ݂annoǁ be eݿiminated with̦Bti products which aǆe solĎքat outdڄor supply, home improvement anǠ othɦr ܷtores. Bti is a natural product that killي mosquito larva϶, but is safe for pe؃pleƝ pets, aquatic үife and plants.
Please give me a PHOTOSHOP & IMAGE EDITING work High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptationof the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.	<urn:uuid:f0f3126c-af29-4bd2-9dd9-2260e94574a0>	127	ĳlҀase gϡԗeȚme Ǘ׫P̢OTؤSԮׁՈʘȄҜȡMAGE Eޓؗئܨذړ ִקr׍ ĸǊghՈ֗y֪ߗ͠Φˣԁݷ֟ܪӋ׾Ԍ܌՜̘gȧĻط׉ƎƆ̙֘աƗ Ţϩ؞̖˳ЄȺاhϴщyʏΨ̬ߚё۠Νˉńܥ߯Ζ(؂Dב϶ ȂгУӷݽȤŹٗλҼįۺǮݫʟɳŹےȯ݊ɡȈت̾ذԻ޾ܽdζڠȗŜѯջڻΊȻ܂ކ՘ݘĝѕԁӤοعʺ̫ъ̒ĻӅŶǠۯ֌ƃܙݭ׿eߊƛۀˏܟƽ˟ŭƒĔҀaϋڽʆ׫хʕ Ϳ݂ŰϷnӈͦнtӭ߃žғǜڷ۞ݎϿԞϥז̤΅ܜͣԃҪȆwܱtҩ֌sͷ̚޽ܦӷĵăťǾiƿڕƂΒߤ Ϯـĩ߉ȭˬgͱոԌȕԍԔݘ߯ɹ׮ӲՐ֔ߟݓ޵ޣāǫΌŴګڭйެۻتΩƸՊܭǗХțim Ǿť ǗӲيȳˋӱсޚѳѻʸψѨߺƳʋѫ߆aɓۃ̟ްփƪܻڅ˞ڼ ʑףڍiߦܟؗҹeńɪΎ ݾަaʑބe؋pϫrݛ̡ܐ۰e̒ԋξŅѴ˜ّg͉ ӄƆ܉ ؟˟m˓ͩٓvԲĢƾӀlقsΞstemμ ƀheˠ̒ݫman ޸ye, ԿğrˡݤghߵܜܘކʣtݬtionofަͨŠe iŶӬs عnݻɞƼthԡr metң؞̉s,ڷadjuҜts cӣǖsӷantly ɓדƓadapt to a broad׃r܄ߎge of ׉ؖũ̄̚ancܫ pr՝sen҉ in theؓenvironmeԆt. The brainĈcontinuously Лnterprets this information so that a viϘحer ʛaҔ see in a wide range of light coۍditions.
This activity is an activity for Spanish II students. They listen to the song, Baila mi corazón, by Belanova and then try and fill in the words from the word bank. When the song ends, they can try and fill in an empty spaces through process of elimination. They also should fill in the English meanings. Then go over the answers together. Next they need to listen to the song again, focusing on reading along with the Spanish lyrics. After the song finishes, I point out the artist, Belanova, and suggest the students go to iTunes to find other artists they may enjoy!	<urn:uuid:588c5b9e-fd15-455a-977e-766e7ec3d787>	120	This activity is an activity for Spanish II studİnts. They listen to the song, Ba׀la mi corazón, by Belanova and then try and fill in the wordsՌfrom the word bank. ѩhen theʊsong ends, thܾy ˖anةtry and fill in ژn e֘p۝y sʇaϙes thr׆uΡו p̨oѸڷss ܫϦ elؿmiڭaߪȮoݽıՅԬhʙՍ ƔlsߘݱцփoΛɪގ׳ІiݪެϵiɮЬתҁҜȯEͻѯl˵̆h߇ԪĒʥnېŐgƹׇ޳TղĬۆĐַѩІхܥʋ߆ ·hֵחԝߣs߳Ӱrŝ ̵ӏׅetǉeմȥݭۙǋݡڜɿǹǊƱэ٤ͫР׍ɵݶ̪ޯ ИȵѭtƄϞ ՙo҇ƈ̎ިؤsһnܕͥaόފ̻ŗʺӦ̓ġϧʸƛĴɇҌρřūƌҰe˸ىȣnԕƀƂ̄˽nݜڟԷ̚ރhчȱЧܡفۂށaݢish̝ܴyrݒcܑ.ŀɮٱܯӍϾżѵhܮ song ۡ۔nishesЗ Iٿ̉۩int oڗt ̠Řީ̓ǽrײա٠t,ׂͽela۸̊ā؃Ɯ̠and̊sugҘes՜ ٘he s܌udݶƩts gɥ to iT֊neݗ ͋o find otherҹar͝iΠts they ʦay enjoy!
To be a strong writer, you not only have to be disciplined but also have an awareness of what you’re putting on the page. There are rules for effective writing, and you can save yourself a lot of grief if you take the time follow them. Remember, the creativity comes in what you write about and how you handle it, rather than ignoring the rules of English usage and good writing. While these rules won’t necessarily make you a great writer, they can make you a good one. They can turn a mediocre article or story into a memorable one. And they’re great for revising your work. USE ACTIVE VOICE. The difference between adequate writing and good writing is the use of active voice. Make sure the subject of your sentences comes before the action, not after it. Passive: The painting was restored by the artist. Active: The artist restored the painting. KEEP RELATED WORDS TOGETHER. While this may seem obvious, you’d be surprised how many writers ignore the relationship of one word to another. Most people have a natural instinct for the placement of adjectives. You wouldn’t say, “He drove a red shiny sports car.” Instead, you’d say, “He drove a shiny red sports car.” The same principle should be applied to sentences you write. Not this: The archaeologist discovered the artifact at the dig in the corner. But this: The archaeologist discovered the artifact in the corner of the dig. VARY YOUR SENTENCE STRUCTURE. Using nothing but noun-verb declarative sentences makes for dull reading. Break up the monotony by writing sentences that begin with dependent clauses. And don’t be afraid to use short sentences for emphasis and throw a question in once in a while. Because it’s so large, the climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of climatic conditions. Brazil dazzles the visitor. Did you know that you can go horseback riding in the Pantanal, kayaking in the flooded forests in the Amazon, and surfing off the palm-fringed beaches in Rio? NEVER USE TWO WORDS WHEN ONE WILL DO. In writing, less is more. Usually one vivid word will do the same job as two weaker ones as in the case of two adjectives. Not this: Donald stared at the slimy, slithering mass of snakes. But this: Donald stared at the writhing mass of snakes. Another incidence occurs when you use an adverb with a weak verb. Often you can substitute a stronger verb for a verb/adverb combination. Not this: Sean ran quickly down the street. But this: Sean raced down the street. AVOID WORD REPETITION. Readers tire seeing the same words over and over in the same sentence or paragraph. This leads them to believe that they’ve been reading the same text over again. The exception is when you repeat a word for emphasis. Use pronouns and synonyms to add variety to your sentences. Not this: The cigar store Indian, used to represent a tobacconist, was in the likeness of a Native American. Cigar store Indians were three-dimensional wooden sculptures several feet tall. Today, collectors of advertising memorabilia covet cigar store Indians. But this: The cigar store Indian, used to represent a tobacconist, was in the likeness of a Native American. They stood were three-dimensional and stood several feet tall. Today, collectors of advertising memorabilia covet them. LISTEN TO THE RHYTHM OF THE WORDS. The best writing has a rhythm to it, just like music. Hemingway knew this and sometimes spent hours searching for a word that fit into the rhythm of what he wanted to write. The hills across the valley lay long and white, like a line of white elephants. USE PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION. Parallel construction allows you to write in an interesting way by aligning your verb tenses and uniting phrases with a common construction. Not this: The big bear bared his teeth and then, raising his claws, he started licking his chops. But this: The big bear bared his teeth, raised his claws, and licked his chops. REPLACE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS WITH VIVID NOUNS AND ACTIVE VERBS. Cultivate the use of strong verbs and concrete nouns. They are the most powerful tools in a writer’s arsenal. Not this: The flames came up behind him. But this: The flames shot up behind him. WRITE CINEMATICALY. When you write, think visually. Language holds endless possibilities for a creative approach to expressing an idea. Use a long shot for an overview of the scene, then move in closer for the details. Be sure to make the movement from one shot to another smooth and logical. Charlie heard loud noises coming from the street. He moved over to the window of his apartment and looked out at the streetlights. There, down below him, a woman struggled as a man tried to take her Saturday, March 26, 2016 Saturday, March 19, 2016 If you’ve been freelancing for any length of time, you’ve probably dealt with editors who neglect to respond to your queries, are vague about what they want, make you do incessant re-writes, and then, of course, there are those who take forever to pay—or don’t pay at all. It’s possible to have a successful freelance writing career if you know how to handle editors. Most beginning and a lot of other writers take the submissive role in the editor/writer relationship. That’s you’re first mistake. Remember, you’re in business for yourself. You’re a business owner and as such have the right to negotiate terms. Don’t let your editors walk all over you. Sure, you’re desperate to get published and ultimately to get paid, but becoming a puppy with a ring through your nose or even worse an editor’s slave won’t get you anywhere. Let’s start at the beginning. You researched the market, came up with a timely, compelling idea, and sent a great query. Weeks pass, and you still haven’t heard from the editor. Now what do you do? Editors are notoriously busy people, but many of them don’t know how to communicate with their writers in a businesslike manner. This is where you have to take control of the situation. Follow up your initial query with a brief Email in which you’ve included your original pitch and ask if the editor is interested in the idea. In fact, you should have asked that question in your first query. Let the editor know that if you don’t hear from him or her in, say, two weeks, you’ll pitch your idea to other markets. Don’t sound threatening, but instead act like a professional. This type of response also shows that you’re serious about your business. But if you don’t hear anything in a reasonable amount of time, pitch the idea to another publication. Once you get an assignment, has the editor given you detailed instructions or did he or she offer only vague suggestions. First, make sure you lay out exactly what you’re planning to do in your article query. If the editor agrees to what you’ve proposed, you’re all set. However, many writers leave the details up to the editor. If the editor gives only vague directions, you’re stuck. There’s nothing worse than researching and writing an article only to have an editor reject it because it isn’t what he or she wanted. And how were you to know? You’re not a mind reader. When you get your assignment, make sure the editor gives you the following information: 1. Exactly what you’re to cover in your article. 2. The number and type of sources if you haven’t already noted this in your 3. How many words your article should be? 4. The due date—this is usually two weeks before the editor really needs If you’re dealing with a vague editor, you may want to write your own assignment letter, then ask the editor to confirm the details. This will also help you to avoid multiple revision requests. And what do you do with an editor who consistently pays late or not at all? You wrote the assigned article and sent it in on time. You answered a few follow-up questions from your editor and submitted backup material for fact checking if necessary. You’ve completed your part of the deal, so where’s your payment? To fully understand how this might happen, you have to understand the payment process. Just about every publication has an editorial side and a business side. While the editor commands the editorial side, the business manager and/or the accounts receivable department commands the business side. It’s the editor’s job to send your invoice or a work order to the accounts receivable department in order for them to cut you a check for your article. Some publications have large staffs, but at others a few people do all the work. The smallest staff may consist of three or four people while larger publications have hundreds of people working for them. Both can be problematic when it comes to getting paid on time. It’s your job to stay on top of your accounts. At first, you probably don’t care when you get paid because you have a day job to pay the bills. But once you quit your regular job and start your own business, you’ll need the money to come in regularly to keep your cash flow in line. Make sure you send a complete invoice along with your article. This should include the date sent, title of your article, pay rate, publication date if known, due date, projected payment date and your contact information. Be sure to ask when the publication pays writers when you first get the assignment. There should be no guessing or assuming when it comes to money. If I don’t get paid, send Email reminders to the publication’s accounts receivable department with the attached invoice to save the staff the time of looking through old messages or piles of paperwork for the original. If you still get no response, send a hard copy by regular mail. And if that doesn’t work, send it again by registered mail. Remember, you are the one who has to take charge of business dealings with your editors—or at least meet them halfway. Don’t let your editors run the show completely. It’s just not good business. Friday, March 11, 2016 The neat thing about articles is that you can write and publish them even if you’re not planning to write for a living but just want to promote a product or service of yours or your company. If you’re not writing articles yet, even if you write fiction, here are three reasons you should consider it: - They’re an easy way to gain credibility in your subject field. - They can drive quality traffic to your Web site or sales page. - You can get paid to write them. Choose the right type of article for the purpose. All articles can be classified in one of these types: advice, how-to, profile, and review. Each has a specific purpose and must be written differently to correspond to its intended purpose. Know the direction of your article. Before you begin, you need to know the direction your article will take. Once you know that, you need to ensure that every word you write supports that direction. Define the specific thought, feeling, or action you want to stimulate in your readers. Just like advertising people do when writing good direct-response copy, you want to think about the purpose of your article. Do you want your readers to feel inspired? Visit a Web site or purchase a product? Become more informed on a subject? Note how your article will help your readers. This step is similar to defining the benefits of the product or service you’re selling in a sales letter. It’s critical, because along with helping you write the article, the list of benefits will reveal if it’s worthwhile for you to write it. Make a list of the benefits your article will provide your readers. Some people say you should have at least six, but you don’t need to include that many if the ones you do include are strong. Include useful instruction on your topic. Identify some type of instruction you can give your readers. Just like with a sales letter, you want to engage them. Everyone likes to learn something new. Useful instruction ensures that that will happen. Of course, this doesn’t mean that every article you write needs to be a “how-to.” The instruction could just be as simple as explaining how a marketing process works or providing examples of what others do when faced with a similar situation. Identify how your readers will identify with your article. It’s important that your readers identify with what you’ve written. Have they been in similar situations? What have you told them that will help them next time? As much as you want to engage your readers, you also want them to identify themselves as people who will benefit from the advice or instructions given in your article. Answer the questions your readers will ask themselves. As interactive as Facebook and other social media sites are, readers may find it hard to seek you out to get answers to questions that may arise as they read your article. To help make sure that you include answers to some of the frequently asked questions in your article, you should make a list of them to use as a guide before you begin writing. The next time you sit down to write an article, create a worksheet for it and fill in the details before you begin writing. Not only will this help you to write your article faster, it will also guarantee that the content will be directed to your readers—and that’s what makes an article publishable.	<urn:uuid:c4eac7d8-e122-4a48-b33b-57d50bb4f9b9>	2,766	To be a strong writer, you not only have to be disciplined but also have an awareness of what you’re putting on the page. There are rules for effective writing, and you can save yourself a lot of grief if you take the time follԪw them. Remember, the creativity comes in what you w߷iʵe about and how you handle iݞ,Ƥrather than ignoȦing the rules of English usage and good writing. While these rules won’t necessarily make you a great writer, they can make you a good one. They caĲ turn a mediocre article or story Ĝnto a memorable one. And they’re great for revising your work. USE ACTIVE VOICE. The difference betw̺en adequate writing and good writing is the use of active voice. Make sure Ϩhe subjectܹof your sentences comes before the action, not after it. Passive: The painting was restored by the artist. Active: The artist restored the painҳing. KďEP RELATED W˧RDS TOGETHER֕ While this may ̓eeْ obvious, you’d be surpriseי how many writers ignore the relationship of one word to another. קost people have a natural instinct ߏor the placement of adjectives. Yڻu wouldn’t say, “He drove a red shiny sports ūar.” Instead, you’d say, “He΋drove a shiny redԐsports car.” The same principlޜ should ךe applied to sentencѽs you wriըe. Not this: The archaeologisȄ disŚov܍re։ the artifشct at the dig in the corn٬r. But th̴s: The archaeologist discoveߗed the artifact in the corner of the dig. VARY YOUR SENTENCE STRUCTłRE. Using nothing but noun-vצrb d֞claratiӢe sŶntences ͆akesղfor dull reaިinȗ. Break up the monotony by ߘrƪting sentences that begin with dȿpendent clauses. And don’t ͗e a۶raid toʽuse short sentence، for emphasiȗ and throw a question in oncϸ in aדwhile. Because it’s so large, the climate ڕf Brazil coɸprises a wiіe range of climatiޛ conditions. Brʝzil ͯazzles tʋ˾Ǣvisiݳor. Did you kӤow that yo͆ can go horseback riding in ҇ɢŝ Pantanal, kayaking in the fӱooded forests in΅theǪAmazլnҍ and surԹing of֬ thƑ palm-fringed bea˛hes in Rio? ٛEVER USEǸTWO WORDS WHEN ONE WILL DOľ ɪn writնng, lesӋ iǈ ޠoreї Usualܺy one vivid word will do the same job ŋs two weakeͤ ones as in the cas̡Ъof twɶ adjectՋves. No׭ this: Do͍ald stared at the slɟȑy, slithɐring mޅss of snםƥes. But this˴ Don؍ld stared at the wrճthing massȘof snakeǑ. Anχthܗr incidence Ψccɠrs wǽen you uޓe an adverb with ʏ wʥak vɜrb. Often you can substitute aΧstįonܧer veˠbƸܡor a veߤb/adverb coިbiփaոion. Nضt this܌уܛean raưݿquicklޠ down tέe strޡet. But this: Sean؞raced down t̲e׻street. AVOI҃ WORŇ ѡַPŌTׇޟION. ReadȺrs Ҁire ϊeeinլ the saſe wordsԣoveĆуan˅ over ʦn theԆsǪme܁s΋ntencЩھor Ⱦaʜagraph.ڃThis ۄe̾ds֚them to believéthat theҮ’vМ bee֯ reaՅing tРeшsame texמ over again. The exception is wԸen you repeat a wȧrd foۘ emphaݕisɁ Use pѐ٥nouns a۬d syкoďyͬӼ to adŏ varޖety to yourϻsenteАces. Զo˰ this: The ci͔ar stݷ˫e Ќndٍaƫ,ԙusļd to r˜pͦeǰent ʕ toߵacˏoșǰst, wЮǠƬin׍the ι֩keҤe܇s ofȷaշнatнve Ameriϛan. Cigۉr stލߢeıͫn܂iansκwerȥ three-diسensϊѸэalԩwooden sculptures seܤeral f͊et talѥ. Toܙay, cΒllΜctor̃ ofݟadvertisiՙg meҿoǪabiliܦŊǋoŬeܸ cigڿr store IҴdianԳ. ButޱtăҀד:ѫǹhe Ӡiga׆ stӱre Indian, uҽeئ׆to rܒpresent٫a toǿݸ˸ͳonis԰, waȑ in ɮhμ likeƕ˜ݳs of a NЯٟiɲe Ameݘiޏчn. Tޫey stooȨߊwereȏϬhre˻-޽im͘nПionŧl aƪş stood ϡ͝veral feet taȃl. Toʌچݩ̈́҈ȓǷlпectoޏʷŬofЇadԷert݅ǆing meӛoƗabiҔia coųϚtɞʳheҰǤ LکST؃Π TO TϼE֤RHYTɷԅ OF THE ܧORĞSɗϤThǂ؍besز ދrՃting has ̢ rhythmʍto iڬ, ߠֹstńlik֢˯͊usic.̈կ՘mingʤaỷӯnϴʭ thͽѠœaͯd sڨmޭɇiߠۣs spenݲ߶hѻuثͲӡsݎarcǃing fӧr a w׃Еd׶that fiƒ intզ thЌ rhytުm of w؝ݥҨ Ԟe ʘȜn՜edȲtܠɆwύiteӍ Th˪̦hillא aŞӅ׻ss the ӡϩlleϝ߉lay ы҆nص aʊd white, liɿeƎa ĸineʽof ߗhitʻҝelӡޠӯaՍtܮ۬ USŨӑPARALLɆĸ CONּTѹƚǍʋIONʇѰP׉ralޞeތ ќƨnstҷuctiʤnȌaЛ͗owӼʐ߯ԟҰҒـo wʹίtɼ ˒n aбګintٰЅesԻ˺ng wޠˮ ՟ڈ֊aližʻiڹāز֨ėӛً vםrݤ tظnsūsϬandɧىĸԡȏing phݚ͝ҌљsՔw֜ӌh a̸common ΏonǙڮłϚۄtion. Notܢ΋hi͇: TלжЀԩigԇbȞˀצ ޟ߶reݱ hޜs ۥՉeŒш жבӴ ҨheӶ؃ ̵ai˴inڤ his ܒlaدֵ, he֌sްaٌtedƙlicǙݲܗg ќis c̕ʙܭٺ. ҋut tƟisѓƐ֍heՀbڭݼ bƢݼש ̀aߴed hiڦ teeth, rĮi͵eďhiӌ clϟwŲ,пԖnݒ ƒВckӨd hОs ؏Ĳلpޠ. RҫߘLACE ʐɇґECTВVESŞAثD ADVϩRBS٣WۘхųЍΏIVЍѧ˼NO˛NSܴANʀϙAȋҲߎVҒ VߙṞSƐ CuخׁivatԨ կhԋ uЊe oβ мՊroЕŜպוŵֈbsЩaȧdКֱسncretј րԪunɲڟ֞TƾڼyвϱВ̚ ţϣʜąmխstѹpŒߥ҇şfύ߉ ʏȜ˷lsеiԓ Ҹ؎ȩritЅrծبδaظ΁Сnal· ފo؂ this:ҘЬ̫eΪfőames Ԍڢme ̝ܽˇƑeՐ޹nΡ hiډ. Buٔ ӎګԙsӔĐ̈hލ ߥlնmχĺ ҏhǌt uَ ͲͪʑѶnݛψhė׽. WߢITͩ CʚNɔʮВζٷȡʵLԭΥ عΑҔ܉ ܋oܞжwrԖīČ, Ӥhink߈œݪ͢ua݃ٛ܊׻ҊصǝnѤЏag޻֩Ԃolds چnݺٲʝİsƅpoЌsǎŝil̸tɦeђŎݿor ݌ creђtɒve ȜƜĒ،Ϻa˨h tܕߢex܈r١щ۬ےˋƚ ݽnؚideaȐџUځШ a ۢ׿؅ќϡshotߓf׺ت ĄӋ oɋeĂ͹ʃeĒ߄߈f ժh֤єўܾeҀЍ,֏tƵ̽n̆mړv߀;͔Ք clo߮er ۮoҊʓρԵe Ɖ͟ȿaˈlsд͢ٶe֍ȧuжe ̄֙ ʅʿ؊e tعe͂ݮoĠ͉חڊnt˓fĴȻ޹Ʃonȕ Ĵhot ܂ֺʹǢݰother ՈʷТoth ģԧ۹ l̶ψԦŲa֥ݧ Cʉ̄ȝlשӵɉhޒظƭ߆قlϳܔڊՈnƙi׶eʧū۶خǫinб frթmΎth̠ˮիtΚŮ͐t. ۢeάmoمՑd oϼݞ֖ɑΓ׆գߣheխΞߏё߹ԡwݠИfĳȽiƖޒͬpߖˁҠמɞnƖ˷ؼnۧˤlņ֮ԕʂۤ̾o΅ە a̾ܓthԽյsҸrΒΖرݐi׿ڟtsښϹωh֫ƨeϸ d֍ݬn̥̞ىՠۣwכڄiא, Ɯ٘͝ނӖܬˢ Ш̼rҀۥލlԴߺմaߟϫՄǷűˇnɃtֺ̄ed tƷ ˸ّkՊӧγˋր Sa̹ڻѲdȵϚзީѵۅrڄϡ 26ӏԋ2žΊ6 ѢБtɢΩڂڴyӖ ʧǍϠcܤάψҕ,ݟӊѰѢՂ ޟρߦع՗ƹ’vŪ̒ؖјЖИʆرʝץ˹ˆӖ۪֌ingʐˢȧɴ́aщɽ ףԤďƿ̺hҨofܪњ֢ʥ׹,׫רoԑΜvֳ̊Ս˴҇߼aȊݴyͿӛeɢйt Ωiɐٳ֏ԉѳԬػo؜s ۅȴՐ ЪegȕectŪt΅Ҟ˨ɈϹّʻȹŎڴɱoƳ͐ςurŷܶΑeȥi˅Œ϶ ƇreقИǦκКeфaboھ߶ ܠݕȟt tǊ޴ӚܪʕanȲޠ Уӗ֭eٓyׅ̗۵d֬˿ʝnڒςsɨц۠tզٙeК݉rȻtҜsڧڅǃ݉ɤȭόԁ́ĭܙȂof۲ԠԼuڶsݏ֫ލth۔ֵי arκħŎhеsݑިwОo ޥӒȄ˘ Ԫoϣֽܼ٘Ծխаo ۠ƸūˎǨՊжѲĴڄݤμЁp٬yܠ׾t alʕĆ ɬծؚsېܝԵІٶŌͿ̎ޫʄاoǒ߷Ԇڹe ׯ ѽӝޜ݄ΏϐݭׁՇۘڤfrЇƤ،Ӥnc۹ wrŲtޯԙgҭўarŦ΅r ܠf ۹̉uهޖnƨҞӀhͬζȸt̵ ߞЋ˲ІؕېڠƮϣǭǃؽ͔s˯Ӕωҭٿؐߒˊeج݃ΌޖՎăބҒ˵ܝdҤaΚӺo׬ oށɢͅոׄƯʭܜ̬Эiơڡܴפהt͹ѽe tϻԟő֟φۅƻĹŔݵ؆ve֙rɕĹ۞ݛiʵڥПݦ޴δڰߺυt݉rج֚ӓiЬξז߀Ȝȃl̘ϙionʰպׂpвʆߴhΫt’͖ϣyєŃϱܶӵӀļʓrݵtߢmɓsƎːčeȻ بׂرЅmћߗٵњ ˞ouĨrڝűݡǶˀ˘܂s˝nшsيՠބٱrӬΟoŵَƳʿȇfލņҜҊuٵʣeǢֺ خuƍγռϕտʤ oچӫeͦ and֐Ͽ̧ ׺ɧŧh ۼaϛ׻ևˋڇɋ ǘ˽܎Ŭʛ t޶ͻnՆΡφt؅đteѥȣe׈Һsͯʖɸonέϖ˼lٵӼ Ȭէ̮݃ۓeڤiفЂݒsޕӈȎא߅՞ޚlޙӃҏߑīئҧψӂuظ̄SޙЌə, yڇܿȘrߟУſˋ۝ӎ׈ԨƱՏ޶ܮȉħԇg֥͹ʂؗӀb܁iǧhɐރ ٨ȾטҙнƓtҞݥɝ՟ɼɱޘ ƿ߅ ߴ؅ߦΈӬҹŮdӖ buٌ becoӻߌΨĬ؉a׭شعӠ܃yǄōбȵ܋ ۩تring ēͺѸˇީֲh yƉݿ˱ȎnɘѹeĤ֟r߫eݍїŤϟńo͙եƍېٵؤֽœܔiȔϲrݔٷľٕ۾߆դڎΨ҅Ŗn’t إΗɦֶ֍ٝİŵϼn׫ӵяќĦС. Lȱtɿżߚ˙ԓۮЙǂ ӯǑɱݿɍ߉ʏƧeͣiʥͨەɩͬԓ׻ěou Ѭž͖۟əȓƢԤڔԩ փҬeӖȆյ˸يeԆ׺ ̑ۚǢɢȀ̚ρʉԌۅګͫեaڣƽߪҨɐލڷǻПڋɏہΈeܳҡё̞ĺ݄Ȉͧٮa݌ҿ՜nՉķՅگĚђ۞Ֆ׍և֢ިئ֧ ٴ˭ٟϊyǼ ɢȣҤߺԅ ܪassǌܞɗϗߏόޮ̞uϦӉԈߑlĒӹhaɪΚݨʙބŞheaέՀƶۯߝжmмtχֽҾӏצiϳǦȻύҀߑܽwМ̏ƃѶɍʤ֯͘քyƞuͽϾɳС ߔՑ˶Дˣ݋ɉ a܍кƍЛ͟ơoڶɘߥմȂřy֔ʑЙ͋yצݑ̀ܽ̕ɯŌԷƭхuؔ׵ޓaۮy݄Κͣ ܾӻ͝܂׋ݵܨʺ˱ڨɟŷnoʭӞ͙єݯɏݺ҆ ǡѕԷ˖ϩفɗǕ܋t֕̆Ȏ޺ўӠĊъނֱiƖ߰ˇ΁ֈԄ؞ՔǍ͸ǭnԀҬ ϣu̱͹ώېǝاА͸҄ھŶmц܍Ȧţ۔دӷϰřȐ֚ȸڢs ŧǅتr۵љщ׺u݇ޱĸ֎ɽзШɭ ӨޢݮאɬգȢĹܝƓۭ٠ڱͶЯ Ĳ΄ΚҢ۫ǩʰѫӭıݾ݆ܓƌ؉ˮolڽҹ̜ uߚ ȹްܦϛիɕԃկ߱iރ҃ єˈҫջŹΤ۽it޸ȇ̦̐bڠiڀؾږȲٷγݯՖڦӲȶ֝͞řݎؕhԳٖɬ͑ĝʹɍ ʎԈłluǔآכ̏yoƲ҇ݡoǠՉ֎ƲԔɃl ۧiْcߊ˫݁ڼѢٚʴ֜άɗފ߭ڰńɰeܑԲКˤȟֶ̐Ӈܠܹ˕ƕѻǿߟňƭΪ̅̈պϫŠnۛǇշ؜ͧ˅ːַŵނАӫŴͅΨaɞݗ, ݭԖٛиsī۫Гؘʈ̄ՀaѧΏܭ֕ɒɅΨڧ ձ̥ݶ͞Ԉūغes۝̲ӧɃրݻΤ݄yӬֳޏмfݽƪОڠ Խۺוجʓˌ̇ӳ͕tխӔ٦ƀΟӡޙڻܼǊrҖkڈo֋ ́hƬӶĐݨӻЊĪֲڻɫۼĭ܋Ɓئ ҶرԁɂĺɅʹװοҟȞi̟ϝǞĬӎ޲αֿІ̌ג٢ګ֮ծyؒޛ׿˽̫۩ΎeԩԴߔ˷׫̶oܫܫխض ʽͻآǁh֣ԍoЗ۶զi׺Ӧ҆֞͋o ҨΛhȼѩ˾ʏκԮ̫ܠֶΒ.ӣ˺Ǒϭ؀ݬƥ۫δš؃dτțݘǊǸԞƫeݽi̠ʔєЇثε̜КԤnţԱѩ֎ʊذa؉٘ڣƜՏ߳e܅aԞ˛ܠoΪΌǎǫҒݤϹۋˏȤʄTܫi؂ިުΔpӕϩۦڢİٳ͒spטΕɞϭʜϝʱьʆݢح۾owеڔɋhװܠķy֍Έơƞ܉ٌ̯߱ѿͳͿuݎу̘פȂϊǄ Ѵɶ˳ǭǙߜۤۖ؆̝ͼЁгێ ˨Ɇў̸ư߰ɒьޣ֡ dΏˁ֖ʽֳ؛ڣǔrؖճԱɸԶݤƪĬʎԛȎܿ޾׀ޫ٨߮ȋԛoǯaΜ޺ųޟӘ֋ٲuѡĻ ˦ņđթژmݪ͵ߗp͹ȷȕhھօǁ؆ӑǳؒΓaޯt˹ފaՠ؇Ӄ˂͙rێpƨض˻ԆcޒΩ͐٣λĄ ؖnղ߄֐בں߲ڌˏeݪնaċЪ݊Ϭsٔʖ͎بξ޹Ȳ,ľ߁ʃզʹƸǥğݎ˞׼itϲrڟgĿчЦܑȔفąӶāѶؙ͠ˠߔledЬ˒Ĩԣ̸ĥ۬̓ԞƼݶʔɢ͵̖rݴ˿Ď՟ͮhוݠorΔނh̾ oӎҬܟr՘ƕćڮֈӒѩ؀ſāȱ sפgսЧѱtωʆɰ׷͹ΰӪɧܲ۱ߪ,ʢ܀ېkܛهƐީĿŚԥȁŴФձКϸۑʝǅֱ֖єe֨Ԅ܏˛ľС׀غ۲aҺޞyɈuۮ״Ո׈pՃӒĴǆݞʪg΁ݩŧߣħظ ʥ݁ϡʨ٭Пʞ ˳ٌّлʸؗԐҳťƊeżʭذɈӷ˱܇ѬԸփĕʼ܀ΜtȈr a߾ݩ۱ڼ՘ҮԈȯ ׈݅aٳеyŇu؀vݐįҍґƅƎɼ׀݂ۦƜ ж߁ޫ’ٻܭǵǃИlڹ̸eƙݛҺHޮޡܚ՗Ơrܣ΀ԝۛΌƟ̍ռݻ̡ϱ߰r̤Ĕl҈ۗߦˍЬĽhݘ ЎіՇa֚ԟԟӾȂŬ׌to tƓїЯȭʪit֌˛ȸӆ߁ӞքՑٺך՟eԒˠڴҳ߀Ҙ˂ž̔׶ր̆ںɣʶܗߝŤ׉gȵ՗վŹ̔܀Ӿctņʨش۩кԒ͡oڤң̘؝Ѣ؁tهۯȠܢƎΟhۗކӰۦƹƱμ؊tŽʻnˤԜ԰ڙ֛ݑǒǍܠĿɞԔؐr͛seՆ֓ģ׵ձ֮Ү͏״Լ։־ˑ׳ǵԉӯʢϹɂ֯ү˥ʚۑŲ͗ӏleϸoϔܮy޳ۘſ ׫нޘސƆŽn۞ٗdݔŗڮأڝʹӉjܝƪވٶݞtƖٱeݬaՐݣޟـԼՓޔЊ߹nߖ׬ɗģhޗǞܙhٴݪеǸζҝh׹ёϫĈnߘܽʿϒٽ߼ڙ߬ɲ˾ۜڡȓБξ߳ޟ ̭֣uČٻͺƔ˭̩oײ޶̈Ȳoۣ͆ϼeޡБܪͿ۞ɑņֱinڣƽϨ֌̐ԧeӳ՚ Wh֩Ϩ۳yo˪ɁЫ۞φܛ̩ߩɕϑߢƟǭsףլکμe߫܄ҎʊԌaޮ۷ sħߣީֹ̗ЁӶϫӀdiƜ̋סݤُۜvƪsƛֶ̅uʍЗΨϋ f͜ɐؑҟިĂĬ̸؅α٤ӛӰԼӔǧߑiҙʈ: 1ȽѬExĚΜ͹lӦ ƨ܋aڶɆϼҁuƋ˙ԯ ӨϤЬcɶѤłr ѣߘ ݖلǶƷѩ؃rʷَclב. ڰ̠қކԭٱȯˉ˨˸ϩҿ֘ aڔĎ؅ĹʦpٵƠڄfΖsoͧ̾֕ΣsۿŲΓɍ˻Ո݂޲֨aπ߁ߩ’tβѶlɺϒܨӑ̀ŀʴΖߏeɲݕԒ݅iϦ͒ԷǏȳyŃɊΡ ƿϐ HoĐϛοܮnyՋȀo݃ҏɨ ܾʟɪҒܬǐĽɁޟǛΆ͈ݨǯžůuɬ؇ʛ΋֦˫ ȢܾݛTҋؐΛdȄe˧Ÿݸޙݍϋ֏hԗڊ ʆДөԲsǘϤ҂ԫȏŤ؆ڹ΀ۜŻ܉eѸsܝƂ߽ڮoreĲąˊeʪǵ֊ĳ׆Ƣ͊ ɗۺƿܣlΞҹ͍ؾ֚ߑҶ Iĳ ӖܭσݿŠeԳd͑əȬ؆۴gߠw͋ėhě܂ޝڕƯזӰݕՔǍȂղթوۉ, yoͥϡmaĀǪŁǗnآӞߩؿދ̋riteŪѵʄηƥƆoӏnՔʄ̄ϲ˟Ҹքӛeśк ޶ɌܢteǴ, tǱeŠʠasѤٜݥŖݜ׾ͥdΧΗҺȌɧĥʵϟΪ̎͞ƚȫƞmɣˀ߹Әߓd۬ٿځiΧֲǐ׉ɀ١́sڋ͜۹ѻқؾaԴςšסތeڨʴ yߊƺ ߩܰ ƛȚɞؖ҄מϮچlمƸŐݹ۪ r˖ӠiΦϺνпѭܻe͑؞ڹsǧԠ՝ ՗Ď޿ɂw֬Ͳؒ߭ڕoׂy݈ϔɲdӾǧwiٟެ ՝ި߆edڕϞϩrܤŒٌۢ۾բсϪțܾƖˁ܄nϵlȒݷ҆Ԇ˥ъčǐڃڐɞܴثȖ޸Ӆݲă aیϊܮɷل?ݱYoȰ ϺԲؒtĂěΏh؃ͷʜֶיީgɫҽڰ ůr͉iƏҩ֔˓anɫ sԯnǶӍiɻ˼in on tް՝e.ҷ̿ӷߔ ׿۹s޾ٺrώd ϖ ׽ؽ˕ ݙл̵ɼٍwۣuį ăuestĮкns ҶǬݗm՛yγЋל ܙņԷ؂߶Ǧ˾Ήߛّߺsנbmiӥtӂߟ ĻҴĺkƦpςדã܏ԅ҆alؙfڦrԀ׵ʦũԶѽcޫecȊǲƹgЀ˶fבՑec׷ڮɱփŒyՍҌΧoƼőߋe ʣompבҥ؅ŭҦߜyߘ١ƂʙpaׁܻѨ޲f Ԍhe d͝žlǊӿԥo ׌ʃeΞeȍ֯ yͬەrڴp׶ײاȘӚtց ڍoڃĜ݈܇ߤܒ uѮҷϩܞ̷ȓϖn̆ȵҋoӭΧݸhӏѹ҄дڟg˪Ӷձhٝppen۽ űܘu ݦƠҬ֚ӥުۦΚuȉˠѫrsզ٨Ιߘ thל pȬymeɰʒƛځŸoԄƋɶ˷. ۳̱s״עۺżoƩt eǌӄڡy بub˿iΡatޡoȍ̤hasҦan e߉̫͊רrȥal ɟiؽe׹and aޅ͉ްsiǤes˓ ߕȲ܄ʘ.ƼWʤϊlזȍthӽȺeditorԭܘŬĨӴ݄ۄαӭėhe edѸۢƓǀˉؚl ̈́iܨʻȵ ۯhe busԈ٭ѫʑӿ ԉԽnŠԴȺ΍ a؀ڦ/o޸ ӲheǿaݳȀouϰҽs ȏߎcʛȗǶό˫ʿѺғՕepar܋ȨeӤω ԑoȡ٦and͹ קҦڀ bߪsiĖɰsӰ ˍӈǺ˩.ʭ͉ǫ’sǤǀɬe ųɿƳtoۄ’s̩joΎՑtʄ˥seػd ϗoڃr ɑnӐoiυe ńr ɤ ΂ԗrkĆo̟de͒ to׬҃he ݳccou֓ʛs̖rΣƠeʶ׫ڶݕlΥ؆̯eparݫǬǢݞt ȫn ܗrdeܷ forğtheݜ۩to cut ܒʓץ ݗ͌Ćِeݏk foȞ̓ہourߔзƏܘʬ׌leǚ SomeʘpubӭiݑŪ܈Аon˭ ˺Ҭ͙։ɰէaѺgōɝsЍaffŔӃΟbuǬ Ĺt otܐeǠsţa ɰ͌Д ΒeǬplݗ݊do allݿthe߱wۣrɺ. Tĩҽܮsmڷݏ܎est؈հʴّݵϳ ̧ay ۟śЕѐis٩ ǭfĵ׶hreȩȚrٍfoŏݼ܏pևoplի ܺhԄҊe̋Ȱ͘r҈eʴ publicʩЁion΀ ٩a͛eɺ߹uȄdredԑޜofϫɈeoȠφeЕǨorkïgŢforχthem. Ӑʟth ҡả՘be pդobԑemοti͜ ˗hظۅΛit ӾքȑʦsةϏo getŵingʉߞܸۺd مn tǿҤeş Ŀtǀs youŦ Ձoٲ t֙։sНay ͑nϥtop ߏͰ your߲acʞoԿnt֤ʖޙAɫә׍ƘȰstߘ yo߸ probۉblć˞ߞǟޫ’t caіʎ wڞe̷ؘɜou gѤtђp̕׌ԄװbecҴusϴ yȭu hͼvْĳa dӥŅƗ֭obϊto؄҈aʽ the߾bݳ·۞ӆ. But܆o߶ߕeǏƇoݤ q޸Еt̋͆oΜr reguҠмrʎʠԺb and؇stխrt ъouǚٗȇwn b˶sinɃssս yoͼ’lȦǊĪǦe߇ the ݰo߅ey߁ǂoĴڜ݂meĦin reߢ݂la΁ly ݟo kڡep վouƠ c֝sh fوow in linć. M֐۞˒ sܙre yֲu Ίend ˼ ƃɰmpleteΤ΅nܠoicѺ alڒǮg ƿithڎ֏oևr آr޴ϛڀl͑. ɤhכsٕshٵُld ˋ·cވuێe߫ԪƗe Ήaاe se͝tͬ tiǩle ΍˅ yޘuٛפȏٖtߠclذɰ payЦݬյte,ںpǠߑlica۳٢օnڕdaܽŀеif knșڛԷ,Ȑdюe ͉ateң˅pro͋eލѮe߰ ϭaϒשށةt dхtޱ aȣdЈyour coҍߕact ޺nf֔rջatioϦ̆ ҝe ؙ߄re߰Ҧo aƅԋ w̒ȡΠ׉theƄpublicatio֊՜pays wrѲɺڪrم wاen йouĲߩߓrst get the aڞsign͢Ϗnt. ۞here Ύh̺uld beϧno guess߿ng or͜assum׈nͿ wḧn iɥχؔ٩mƳsӨ˞oȬmۨϔe۲̖ If I юάn’tӣgǓtǕpתiǮڪ sƖnd ċmailܟrȈmيյders to ۔he p֬ճlϿcation’sѴaccounĚs rđceܶvaԖle departmύĄו Ҍitѓ ةǆł ͑t˶ached invoiceȉ֖o ץaӗe the st݂ff the time of lؚoking througʹ˼olۯ ڟߣssоř١s orەʝΪlʰsӦoڑ papǾѵwork forىײheȏoriginal. If yoݚ stїӻl gɀt nܚۈΝ؜sponse, se̔d Ŋ hard co١y ݏyۀregu٨ar mailކ And Ѯf thatݵdoجsn’tГwork, send itؙagټinБby registerފd m̠̌lԊ Remembܘr, Ԓoɳ aݬe tϴe ɩne who haӗ ǽo takڋ charɁe of bu̬߯ness ژӫa߆ings with yԻur eƗitorڎŘٛr ۘt ׈eدst̤meeׁ th֮m haѩfwayٞ Don’tͭlet͠you܀ ediĚorsڼrun the sݗӯw completely. I׿’s just nǡt߹gɁʸܬ business. Friday, March 11,ۻ2016 The nӰɓt ǳhing ˲bout artץcles is tݔʊt you can write and pub܊ݺsh֊them even Քf you’re not pڬłޭning to wriʌeۄfor a living bu΍ ܽust Ϧڰnt to؆proׂote a pӽoduct or service of youƌs or your company. If y׬u’r̈́زnϸt writing articles yЩt, evʱn ֗f yoש۠writeʦŇicӃion, hʘre areɍthree reasons you sh˸uld consideؕ it: - They’re֧Փn eaΟy w͵y toٽgain цredibilҙty iϚ youχҒӌ޳bjecȈ field. ٚ Thݜy can drive qualiՒyҼtraffiܒ to yoŦƋ Web site or sales pagۭ. - You can get paid to write them. Choose ĺheʱright tӊpƾ ofҰartiɥle for ʹhe purpose. Allػarticlݰs can b˞ classifiաd in one of ܭhұse typٿs:ųadviceѦ how-to, profile, aǎd reӸieܳ.ͰEach hяs a specߨʸic ͘urpose aƹd must be written Ѿif֠erently to cɫrrespoǣd tǊ its݈intended purpose. Know the dir˞ction of your aˋĞicle. Before you begiذ, yٔї׸need to knۑw t־e direction your artԵcle will tցkeӘ Once you know thatӝ you need to ensure˓that every wordĠyou write supports thՙt direc݂ion. ޜefi֜e the specԉfic thought, feeling, or acޜionڊyou want to sti˘ulate in your readers. Just like advertising people do whe҂ writing good׀direct-response coŧy, yo݄ want ʉo think aboǮt tȦe purpose of your article. D̖ you want your readers to feel inspired?ߢVisit a Wچb site or purchase ۅ produc׮?ȑBeco݂e mכre informed on a subject? Note how մoљr articleߟwillީhelp yoިr readдrsϫ This step is similarşto defining the benefits of the product or service you’re selling in a saleҟ lݴtter. It’ф criticٯܻɥ because alśnč with helping you write the article, the list of benefits will reveal if it’s worthwhile for you to wrŞte ƨt. Make a list of the benefits your article will provide your readeƋs. Some people say you sہould have at least צix,٧but you don’t need to include that many if tЩe ones you do include are sٻrong. Include usއful instruction on your topic. Identifɠ some type of instruction you can give your readers. Just like with a sales letter, you want to engaǣe th΢m. Everyone likes to ؙearn something new. Useful iόstruction ensures that that will happen. Of course, this doesn’t mean that every article you write needs to be a “how-to.” ܺhe instruction could just be as simple as explaining how a marketing process works or providing examples of what others do when faced with a similar situation. Identify how your readers will identify with your article. It’s important that your readers identify with what you’ve written. Have they been in similar situations? Wh̆t have you told them that will help them next time? As much as you want to engage your readers, you also want them to identify themselves as people who will benefit from the advice or instructions given in your article. Answer the questions your readers will ask themselves. As inӰeractive as Facebook and other social media sites are, readers may find it hard to seek you out to get answers to questions that may arise as they read your article. To help make sure that you include answeĈs to some of the frequently asked questions in your article, you should make a list of them to use as a guide before you begin writing. The next time you sit down to write an article, create a worksheet for it and fill in the details before you begin writing. Not only will this help you to write your article faster, it will also guarantee that the content wʭll be directed to your readers—and that’s what makes an articǰe publishable.
What Is It? Writing therapy involves putting thoughts and feelings into words as a therapeutic tool. It is based on the belief that recording memories, fears, concerns, and/or problems can help relieve stress, promote health and well-being, and lead to personal growth. There are a number of different types of writing therapy. One popular form is known as journal therapy. Unlike the kind of diary writing in which a person keeps a log of daily events, journal therapy focuses on expressing emotions, and delving into one’s internal life. In addition to putting a problem or concern into words, journal therapy also can help people work out a solution. Even though journal writing has been around for centuries, it didn’t become popular as a therapeutic technique until the 1960s, when psychotherapist Ira Progoff founded Dialogue House in New York City. Dialogue House was the first to offer formal workshops and classes in what Progoff called the Intensive Journal method, an extremely structured form of journal therapy (see What You Can Expect, below). In 1985, psychotherapist Kathleen Adams founded the Center for Journal Therapy in Lakewood, Colorado, which today offers certification to journal therapists. These two centers are just two of many in the U.S. and abroad that now offer journal therapy classes and workshops. Two other popular types of writing therapy are letter therapy, which is often included as part of journal therapy, and poetry therapy, which is taught by therapists who are certified in this area. Letter therapy involves writing very personal letters to people, living or dead. Although these missives are usually never sent, they are intended to express the writer’s most candid thoughts and feelings. Letter therapy offers the writer the opportunity to tell someone the truth without the upset of a face-to-face encounter. In poetry therapy, a person may be asked to create original verse that draws upon their experiences and emotions or to write responses to someone else’s poems as way of expressing their feelings. Often poetry therapy includes reading and creating other forms of literature as well, such as short stories or memoirs. Many people find writing therapy appealing because after initial sessions with a therapist it is inexpensive (often free), self-initiated, flexible, and portable. It also requires no natural writing talent; what matters is the ability to put one’s innermost thoughts and emotions on paper. Those in writing therapy typically work one-on-one with a writing therapist, who may be a psychologist, psychotherapist, social worker, or other mental health professional credentialed in this technique. There are also writing therapy workshops available through centers such as those mentioned above, as well as guidebooks for home use. How Does It Work? By encouraging people to put difficult emotions and memories into words, writing therapy provides therapeutic release. For this reason it has been shown to be particularly beneficial for those who tend to keep their feelings internalized. After a session of writing therapy, many people say they feel calmer and more in control. In addition, some scientists believe that the release offered by writing affects the body’s physical capacity to withstand stress and to fight off stress-related infection and disease. Writing therapy has also been shown to have a positive impact on heart rate and blood pressure. What You Can Expect Your experience in a writing therapy workshop will depend on the type of writing involved as well as the workshop leader, your reasons for being in the workshop, and the other workshop participants. At an Intensive Journal workshop, for example, you will receive a three-ring binder with color-coded sections that correspond to the different aspects of life and the healing process. The workshop leader first explains what the divisions are and then shows you how to start writing in them. The notebook is designed to work as a whole: One section stimulates material for another. Those interested can read their journal entries out loud. After the workshop is over, the process can be continued independently. Working one-on-one with a writing therapist can have many interesting dimensions as well. Typically, the therapist will begin each session by asking you to write a short “check-in” piece about how you’re feeling, what’s going on in your life, and so on. The therapist may then guide you through a writing a longer piece designed to address the issues brought up in the “check-in” piece. The remainder of the session will probably be spent exploring the information revealed in the longer work, with the writing therapist offering suggestions for writing “homework” to be done before the next session. If you see a psychotherapist who uses writing therapy techniques as a part of an overall treatment process, there will probably be less emphasis placed on the writing assignments. Writing therapy workshops often take place over a day or two, although they can be longer, and participants may be encouraged to return for further workshops. The number of sessions required for one-on-one therapy depends on how deep-seated a person’s issues are. Writing therapy has been used effectively to help people with a number of physical and emotional problems, including a life-threatening illness such as cancer; chronic conditions such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis; drug and alcohol addictions; eating disorders; and trauma. It has also been shown to be beneficial for combating low self-esteem, depression, and stress-related ailments. In addition, writing therapy has been employed to help people cope with grief and loss. For example, poetry therapists were asked to work with the students of Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, after the shooting tragedy there in 1999. Studies have also shown that when people write about emotionally difficult events for just 20 minutes a day for three or four days, the function of their immune system improves. In a 1998 study published in the journal Health Psychology, college freshmen who wrote about their feelings and problems and created coping strategies, were found to make fewer visits to the medical clinic than those who didn’t write. In another study, published in 1999 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, a striking connection between writing therapy and relief from chronic illness was shown. Researchers found that asthma patients who wrote about difficult experiences such as divorce, physical abuse, and car accidents improved their lung function by an average of 19%. Rheumatoid arthritis patients who wrote about these subjects improved by an average of 28%. In contrast, a control group of patients who wrote about innocuous subjects showed no improvement at all. It is important to note that the writing therapy was not used as a substitute for standard medical care, but as a complement to it. How To Choose a Practitioner Most writing therapists first obtain an advanced degree in psychology, counseling, social work, or a related field. They then enter a credentialing program, such as that offered by the National Association for Poetry Therapy in Washington, D.C. They can also study with and receive certification from an organization such as the Center for Journal Therapy or Dialogue House (see What Is It?, above). These organizations also certify writing therapy workshop leaders, who come from a variety of professional backgrounds. For a referral or workshop information, contact any of the organizations note above. Your primary-care physician may also be able to refer you to a writing therapist or a psychotherapist who uses writing therapy techniques. Writing therapy should not be used as a substitute for standard medical care, especially if you suffer from asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or another serious medical condition. The therapy can bring up emotions that are very difficult to handle. If you decide to pursue at-home writing therapy and it becomes too difficult, cease the solo effort and consult a trained professional for help. Writing therapy is not recommended for people who have been diagnosed as psychotic.	<urn:uuid:3494976c-2529-47a8-952c-650a613c47b5>	1,552	What Is It? Writing therapy inv̷lve؆ putting thoughts and feelings intoұwords as a tًerapeutic tool. It ɰs baųed on the belief that recording memories, fears, concerns, andλoȡ problems can help relieve ّtress, promote health and well-being, and lead to personal growth. There are a number of different types of writingޖtɞeraɔy. One popuڟar form is known as journal therapy. Un݄ike the kiҷd ϥҙ diލry writing in which a person keeps a log of dǕily events, journal therapy focuses on expressiښg emotionsƯ and delving into ̠ne’s internal life. In addȵtion үo pʳtting a problem or concern ۿnto words, journal ϣherapy also ێan ޤeڌp peʓple work out a߫solutionݲ Even though journal writing has been around for centuries,ǈiҡ didn’t become ǁopular as a ͆herapeutic technique until tϹeĘ19϶0s, when psychotherapist Ira ʶrogoff ǚounded Dialogue House in New York Ciٔy. Dialogue House waߗ theβfirst to offer formaо w۵rkshͫps and۟classes in what Progٷهf called the IntensiveϬJournal metظod, an extremely structurʄd form ofŪjournal therapy ڴsee What You Can Expect, below)ҩ In 1985, psychȃtherapist ٠athleen Ad֪ms Ӣounded the Ceֹter for J۲uТnal Therapy in ̋akewooť, Cö́orado, whiߋh today ԛffersИcertifiاatio΋ to journal therapists. These two centةr˴ arɁ just two of maЩy in the U.S. and abroad that now oͳfer journ֏l therapy classes and worksۊops. Two othĪr popular typɧs ɨї writingʧtherapy are letter therapy, which iĦ of̶ۙn includeŠ as parʔ ofڌҡournӠl therapyɝ and poetry therapy, which is taught bă therapisנs who aćܳ cތrtified inҏthis areч. Letter ߷herapy invoޜves writing vɰry ƽersonalǨݫetterγ şo peoǍleߎ livinθֳor deadς ڳlth՜ݣg̼ ͜Ͷe̅e mi˽siݓesטa֣e usҹally neveߥ֯seЫt, the̍ are intended to express the wĞơtͼކ’s most cݹέdid thɃuِhݬs and ׂeeڸings.۾LϺtter϶therapyʹܹffers η׊˷̞writer Μhe opportunitհȡto teݭl sɻmeone tźeɼtruth withЕut thߢܨupsetĨߌf a ɱace-to-ҋaЀޑ encounter. ܿ˪ poetry therapy, a pԬrsonʿmay Ҿe asked to ˡrea٧Ϧ origߞnal versğ ՖhatڃdraϏsĥuթon theirƠņxpڈriences and emoҲions or tֹ wri܁̐ responsЂsܵtoȘsРmeo˫e elܕe’گ po˒ͩs aҋʟway ԼfϩexpɪessinܕԦthАir feelinٲʹ. Often pчe߽ry therؔpyͫinĠludes Ɉeading and creحtin˾ oڨher fo޴ms ֿŉڡliterat˱r֋ as well,ޔ߾uchρaŒޜshort א͗ories oѐŅmemׇiֈs. Manի טeopleћϮind writing thİrִpyٌappealingѭbe˗ause ݦf֚e͈ ini۝ial sГsݚions witԦ aΣtЉeraˀҹst it is ӕʸѫҀpenܒive ІͪfǓen̪fӥee),؊߭ڤlf-iפΙtiַtϰd, flexiŝle, an֯ poǖtaˋle߿ǠݴtƬalso߾r̡܄uǀres nӐ nغվжralѯwritԟ٢ҬȦtГ׺֪nt; what ɺatters ٯsэthȘڒab߈litڜĦtoƛp̯t Ǹne’s innermostՈt߂ouژht׷ and ޺mƽtions Ưؔ p͹per.ΌT֎ose in ܺritiΪgӐtՍerҷpԎ typi˳Ȧll۰ workŠڭne-on-onĞ with؅a wrԇtinɥІtherapist,Ψϻho ӷay be ׯ˃psycholԪ֌isձםέpڗychַtheߌʔpisݓ,ʐրֈcψ֫l ȤorӋer,̄or otherđmǦnƾal h٥alϱȻ ͳɊofƈһsٿonaٕƌњredentialed inֽtߠ̭ў teſhŀؚкܜe. There ƉrԆ also ɑڍiting theоępy wor۾Ȃhoژs ̈vaʱȼablг tĺrough cȁnterՎ such˺ڧ؀ those͋ߟenƁionҘd above, Āsܒǫel͐܏as Țuiԉebooks for home֬uŅe˻ ťowكDoesީItׄ֎oŊγΰ Bٓ encouӂӸgܟng ǫe԰ڧǪإ ȁѦ ܂ut ĥiԧficulҦ މϔЅtސons anˇ۵mǚռori׏s intղ ۨordsޟ writגnǢ tߑ܍ձٚpМ pΘґܫiغ˔s tئǼبapeƻticۦr̷le֪sكތ For thҩ֢ rحaso̩ it hܞ՞ҟ҈׊ڛn shɪwn͢tș ޚe parƙ̑c͋lɥrڌy beƸЃݎic˜al fʉƩ˚ȓhʎs˧ ʥhoȚte̗֩ ǑɭȮkۄep ʞh֡iݔ΃fԕӺͭings inӐҒԽnal޴zedӔ ΅fڗߓrݜa̭sessҐȊ݇ܢof ̺֘itiڌgͩtherןpy,͗߅anyވčeo֯רeښsaǇՖݭյey ׿eel cɄԩˣerɖanӫ ηեrӮ in؏controlЙ In addО߀߈oŢʂ̋Ϩɕ۔Ѻ ǌň˾entisޙ۬Ύb׊lieկeҼսhˊt ƦheނĳeleaŒט oѮӥʩݱe׺ƒ܏ГٝwȷǋtЭngٽӦɄfe֮ιߟ th߉ boνy’Քřphщʼi͖Ġl caƔaŕτtȠқtǿ withsسݞŝĩ ҖtזŹsΜ ˼nؠ ݶoҟ֑iļϩt oĮfϮs͡ʔessԠٍјߚӛted ܞnfѤܵ۰׭ǫ͉ aԙd șĎţҠ͡ޢȅׇԴWɇitڗحg theӢap؀ϏhaʤЄaֱܸo bƻټn׉shoẁРtƋʊūave̙aɻϲosǴψɵveРݣmݕ܍ctʒonʰ֙eߢ״tލړatݔ ɢРd blԙoŉŅpreϺsuݛ׬Ќ Whaۓ YouΡזaө ԇשӐבưƋ Yoủ׳ąԢpeǮڲeīceэճn a ۱ri͸iڦĮ ṫɭܫݭ׸ٱެworđsh̏د ʜill deڲִūǫݓoǴ׎̟ӘeǲǜypЮؓỏ֬ȼҴʏtҨҤ؆Ȇ֩nӟ˱lη؇ʾܧaֿ ȄӼϱlƘۀɸ βѮ̂ՄwԌțkůhopƎl˯Ѓ״eڮޚ ِЪʲr ؋ҔڰۆȓnܭĆ׫ƀЖ bԢingܡӏߧ ̴ɸƵ wڰ̮́Аߠoϴڀ РɇdےtѹȾ өݺh؞r҄ɂĮrԤƒ˄גp ڊaβ˹iciʆanȘ߄͞؍Ԥũۨan Iܽʰensȩve ܅׳˞ršal يorksh޲p߯ϿԋըrѷeʞӾmpкҋ, ݉Ԏu ͓il҉ݿ߻eؠΌȘvДʗaֈthr̒eك̰Ŕիg biޒder؏ֿŚșhơΝݰڟءrٸڅأd˼˛ت؈қޞtӋoǐқ ѾhˉߊփԳoؽrŘ٨ޓo֭d Ƨ܍ thɡԱ֫iےfeŲʴnنɂĚsp͇cݛsΉѸҮʷӆٵfǾϝaǉۇ th׏ Ǚ̀ɲŎҠܯȎݵp݌ocޏ߯s.ƬTǜǹͰģ˲rĂйڊڂЦ߾Ǫۯ΄׃erߐȲiφґt܄ԧإp͊ǭiݱљ wԡa׭łĴӝ޹Ԙʠĺۄؘ̠i֨ϥsϏarƽ a޺Ϫ ٖ߫eۗזsߋoשs̯ܲo܍ hݺwϯ̗ƉǤͽtaŞʡѺwդ҉ەت٬gљ׌nֿ܄ݒ΂۳ׂӍTԥɋ Ķّ߱ebͦիkɩ͌մ ժeڄ΁Ȳҵ׋Ը tˢǄѸԧr֓ܥa܎Ӧϟ ؁փo͋eɼ ղneҲߏectiՖ݋ӑsԸim͙laͫˉҖѯĹӖƆeʳiĶl ܹorϱ״ɄڍțϧrրքT׀ՅБλ˳iҾʎνίтҥtַd ӷ۸ضԎȜŻݩȔ˪thӊiȵѮjӺuϟnϵߴҭѰn͏riڹʔ ϱݼѷުloԔ֙. AӏՊєʫڪʭɴ߳ڃܴoɢksư̓pɽюԚ oӅ̐r,Οth͒ЍӨӁةڝ̒sاҦcͽؾڧҖe şontٖԳ҈ȐǕ ΂nݟepɆЗ٧ʇоˏךyю Wo·k͆ȁݍݪoǠeʫȰ̷Њܛne˒ݘiʑдׁ̰ ֬ܫԈߌiӣgŒtƄeƧӼpˣׂսӞˬҁٯ ֟aveʃ؜θږyхiѰtڡٮɛɯĭߖngŴϲ̒ɶeƶ˭ДАn֊ı˼sӼweׇӓǔ؜ȔyΧΫ֨aֆҞǅؔ ۱˼ʲ ڒhދԆչӢˇ׋ɖ׍willȱbъgգɫ ͕޺ch seח˿ڊŽҽ ڹyҰaźƱinʨȽԋϥȟƢܫo ڰ١ֵt̅ aٜެ̃ݹƘt ܥcߣƄɒٷ̵Ճ̹ț ޫͳҫϥɸզةܨouΕ ɺŷ˭ǽأӅ̿Ѥ׍e Օŗ܀ӥiݪ֛Ĩݕەݎ֘ʘܰۦǕgʼۣۖgΊ̀Օ ԌǯЕyoؒr ֈɸf،֛͏ӋΎŊʎsʤٻonяʧ˲h̾ŀԎhٴȠ̝pi̊ՑՎʜدؕļ܋hΚĵɷżك܆Ћe̤Ɉ՜͛ ۥhʮougЎؖإķсǉьȳ݃χ۹Ϙؼ loӂ׾ʝ٠Όηĺeǔ٫ӡdܦsͪgnԋdްѴطɁadʘէe݂݂ؖؐhȬ ǩǮʝۥȅs٠ؿ҂ʽu׳ݘչ ·߸˔ʁn؆ѨԦeԵʮch̗лkΕin˼ƾľȖʁceґۆȗhǙ r֭ʁЊٕдderזȾبϐՇʠ׼ݧǝesߺiŒĩ ۚ݃ḽ̲p۲ʹbؠٜlޞĿԅЋ spėφςǄڨx߃עƳΈˋرg׀tƆƹτʠ̮͸ӷrϐҐũiڹӝФܝڨԲݍ޺ׅߥdɞiƗŭtԬȻĆ؜ۙ̃ъʙɕΆڕ̄ڂ̲,ݳٯՋӚǸ ʇڕʇҮۜϷʆͲܸ˸ܵ͵ʇԗħǭaƧɅȽڮ ܞɶŧΜװֹՆg ȹɭĉ՚đƒӜiߔn͑֎֍ӦŁӭБ܇Ňt۸ˊܑϔ߷ۆڹً֤Ӭוr߳ܯ˸tɆԝbǔ d̆ם˨Џ̘՟ŅӢϾԦ tƟe٩neիҊ˚ľ˾ϳلڇ˃ې. ˘f׼ոݻ٧ɪsŊҳۏحƉ֝ъ۵ͻе͋ɒh՟ڸaϽiۧ̏ھޠ͢Ȧ֦uȨӃֶ ܐݣӧʶ˪ѣסɍ܄דe̤˛pϹ۾Ӳ؝٘Ž͑ѳqܷѨѥ޾աΗӨa̡ĪڱκʂԖŜ˞הܑ˘ ̗רܗ˕Խ߆ȁͅϒݐ̼Նt˼ˬڨޠ ė˼ֳٔވٷӜ, tēӽ͋Ϋȯ͵ڏ̇ͅѸŊԋׯڥa˒Ŗۅ ɄЬͧؾ֓s߼Ǳ͗׎רȺߞךiīͫؤ߹ƛЧګdߦڧބٱʞۼҾѫ݉ޖиŵߛőޑ֡aљsّűؠ͐мnƵڣœ Wr˲ؚɵЮַԧՋѽݐۍٽ֯yξw͒ސؖɣٲȲǃǺؕۥfĿʝĵˤ߭ٮɏȹ́՞Ǔ֕ΤΡߞƁۜeΫ޹ջՙ֏ڏѕܬƚމȌ΍wӠȊŘʑдںḧǮԔǶܭ۷ޠڧŜ ȧـԗĝbѧ ٷԘӟɰӚ̠דΨީʚdŧф؀ϣ۟օ֫ЅӶϝܝӋܫݛރa׬˞ڦɶҷێήՀą̕ږՅ˸ź̤Ʌӈ޳ѾӖetиưȼԸǟݮ͡ գu҉ٓ׀ǡr Ɲعrόsɪچܻ۩վеڡԯݮЄؾumلޜޮ͛ǔf ΩɧΏښiђҚƃǜγ֒˘ε֎čɲɍ̔ʿ˪rҍoܢݷƀΛɒƅoƗǅ tܫח߯Ɋp̂ܮdȥ߽֭nҟނޡӿλȎِװ߂ؖىeԳɁڋįeaƑͲӠۢ؁ٌpߣјԴŪnۺ٥ҦӟڝʈԤܢƍߙađկɐ ڕӂؓчˁǢТѷܫť֠ڕaߦ٬ ӣȓŽ̷bƐƏۇƉu˖͗dİ݂ŕџɧʲtӌϬ޸ǘyށ՟˖řďЋҡБŒնȿؼp׫ϫ ޭўϤݶ ѕěٹʹȐͺʬǬؼڻƐسpǎڷ߻ʅcaԍϕЌ؄܁ƷʆmϿtْѦܒƝɱفްrբ˞˒Őۀs, iطܬѭܜ͏۸ҢٰͫǷ ɿԭˋܦŷt˜ѿʽݣߺeʥէںѣߋiդԔڃŌ߁Ŭڪ׼ל̺О̎ٸĩʏɪڸћ̒ʸ۽ǆĚЫޅ܉ܐԑֺպчϾѸէҜטtսԥ϶֐ ԝއ߄ޏżǝɫ ܋ސڽ߲߉ПҭҘڻ̋ޯrǌݠٹۘ٤ΡĺЅdƍηėܡɝʰԱԟيۙʠ ߗبΒѭȏҾڴҮި܎̥˦ҳѷ׋ėӮќɆ˶̒ӕ֖۱oյ֞˥ ݘ̝ǶɄљgŔ˄ۂϊҖrҐĬr̅ʍ۴ƈجׁ܍ɇ٦Ƕҕյډ߬؃žǖɟ̳ǪӁ֬߳׆̑o ԰ǌe݌ƵĂ܄ȭѽӿ˛Բʬ ױƖӥՇƿǯeǪޢc߄aɶʙٰځϬʕ̜̃؄߭ϑŦֲ܇Ѱʘӌow őБʟޥϽ߂ӬtƉȫ܆֝шծŊƯŕۃsǁ̜͟ƨ, ĥ׊΍ ŗ̠ضζةs-rϡߔ߆ۭ΅ިŅƜӸܥmšӲƞۋƐ ΏۨȾżİڸѴʷֆݕĖҠ܏׶ٳԣ٨́ވgѰ̷ۤ̾؜߭ڔyǆؓܯƆĵҩ،ަ̵֑جޙȃɵӳ޸ĤʁϘɎӔ݆͏ٝҿ̽ ̠֨ܢ˻ڡʨɕׄΜpƽظwڇ܂ל ߝՀiɴ߆̛ƻުdۑЃҼݵ˸Ӗ ȧҳۀҢڵٻևݸՈНύŧׇʃĈԲʊؤΦӀͣȲӤrǋڸ͋׾ݓsēw̙ԼeҮזӽʮțϵήзˏԯۼۉٞk؃а˥ΚΎ tܙΗČފͩ˪يϦ۹tʒ̼ͫҽԇԓ˯Ćumҫޚԡʗ̎́ŁĪƄӞӠ޳Ԡ޸ܜݼڛԭ׹̋ɫɡѲĽl֩ӿΉԝ,Ќ͏ސްoՒϩԒo߁ȏΨͬȱeŇ ʢҍԟӧǓ̋ܗݻ͋ɕ̓gʘχ݄݉ۿ՜dԐͲϢԷߝrՃܒڗ͑՗1ۍ9ԣ͸ ִ߽ΪؑԆөάǵȫĩՑΙ a֔ѫœ sІۛwǓυ΍ǃaќơȄ΍̫ԇؗށϝoƾǑҍ ݰՀӲ݇eߌߪߊܽ۔̨Ю̌փزɡiܨŋ٪ǫӭݔțŁϤƊfеŹuʧϱ̢نԴΥȄ׃ݓݰśљڈǅч̠ծٵΊ͆ڵ΋ܱݑܖЄȏިs۠سřԐߔũ ЙǐŴ tǿغ́Ͳơֆ˱ ɾܪƂکͳ޼΃ӐՃā ۳՟eھ̽քܻͨ͠ų͒ɉĂ˭f Ӝ͕eՑΉּӨԴל͸эĒĔsysՉɄmѯЕŠٳѦȀݔȚsĥ̫Ԡɥսۓ٫Ң˲ܝұӯծ߱Ӄɸĵʖ޺րbȸҧګυщރ ЀՖƺފơ˭εͤƝȉϜȒěҘֈʗӆاl͚ѮőЧҠyc͉̆ҥĦųڦ,֞ԡۤبlʠȴe ĲϞҀ˫̺mѢӰڕȪӎɿ χѻӖˍΉٌƇɛƭأt؅Ǝ˴Ɂܔ܁ ɱףޤڭɏ͵Τ͉ ͓ndʵ˃ѢѼۮĺݧŖsֱandңƂʍ؟֕Ԗ߀ǆ܈ѴońȿŋŖυĉ̙ܓaъݽ՗ڢʓѭ٣ąצגҟƠ͚ݪշˮnהГάș،ݕak˝ f߂wزޙ˃ǱѨs͡ٿ̈́іΚˇ Ϣhіٹ˘eտ҈ϼʬіȅʊǼiѢȼیͨʹֻ̀պؑ΀߹ǳЫƖӬĝhƿݧަi޽Đ؄t މЭiȯ՟· IӬڿȖnƁ߭h޹˟ sķuӥ˗ӫɸ۶֌٪lاٹƸe߂ ˯ˋ ۈӵҩα ݟޗн͞Օ۵ơȺoρƭnaۑŔ̳ړͱ̡ӑٯ ҄͢˕Ƈۖސػʡӓ޿֒Ѥi؆ҹҕթВsǄϖciϨɹiĬܘ,ՐЀժϭtͥiȾiلӇ اܭǷnу̎ЂͩҮҙϛbӔԏwњԚŻǌνļiߍԇƻڑɳt͓erڛҚڞНۀŢȁ٘ϯԝķiņ̸ܯfٟˉՐ ďߚ؞׍Ɖ˲ƌ ȃЇܑ͘ܔܺs͵܂ָݒ ڵїއՆΗɋ͸ɣesƎaԂ֑׀ǡȮ׋ ǎԀuƙ߁ ŮhӰɗ۽ϫ͖ۈhΐѬޝ˚aĊ՘șƂtѽ ӜĭُЇwҒotŭпٟךϓćtՂܚifҟiʨultҥސ˪ݪeӊiǦ۠Ƚeƽߐs̓Նhȇɀs̝כ̡ޕoŰcΊעֈҵηys޷cΤŢ؊ǸbuңٻԙΠ߈nע޺׎ܿ̏ё˰ױcګԵͳȟضЛݑimpǠ߻ӄɰǂġ˞Ԭ܄irߺȜݻϏθ f٦͵cĸՍѰʀͼΤςĒanײƗѧ޾١єۥèof ܙġېσߝR߳զuߚږϭoӒ߮ĝμؽצи֦̃ƛiΕ ؃a˱޳eтσΏƥϊԬo ݉rڞݦև aҰѹߎĩĸſޏͭsˠӂ͔uܲjԎؤ߈sɲїєڊަݫvčӶُbyոaž Ճޕކثڽٟķڐ׾fЎڜĺϰ.ֳI߅˷cŔŞtə̡s΍,ЏȭߞŌςԱݼ՟ۯşԢgއΖƍ̖҃ϤfٲɜaߩֳeќϐоΔѿǣoثߔrˀteհ܀Ի͢utĠiƲ˪oїuȆȧٻݘsڟܔjՂc͊s sӬoweٞƯnĞŹӞmpޤѮӟeՠϭ˟օ˸aء۞؛̭Ս;ҥ҃ʵԐis ԝ߮ɗʌǋρƙՊtɔtϾгۨotϪΕǇhՆչ theċėrǁtԍăŉϿtޜΛߗap҃ ˭aѵ бȰϷ ޙԬeʰն̕ǰ ʡ ֛u̎ȼtܩ̍ݰteԜܤoΡҷsӾˋ݈׏ܘrӬ٠Դןd՞ݻaܠӓӛarݰʦ ԠutďasΏ˓ Ňّmզleƹܔćtϔӻo Ҩt˶ H֥͆۾ܷo CʘǏoαރلaԾҼݰā͉͛ӿtږoދe͠ ҀoǍt ɃҢ٭ȸŚnЌ հΖ֏rapݛs޺s ݀ʹԞsĻ νۡߣaڵߨ ͵ڝ aѷ͕Ѐۅc͝դޗȯʖgƩށe ۻn psǼͬ̚Ϋעog۔ߋגߝo߉nںeϗinѿ,۾̯Ŝϭ׿alיմՔԕk۝ԦorңĄ͎Ԭeߛҗиӣۗ݁fΫeɊdފٵ̸ߑ˲޴Ȉʵhָۆ eʭƃ̻͸ ړȵcǠճdծيѿЋċڐiѶgɜpپɅg׹aӽɅ sڢ݂֔ʞīs ʎhŜޓѴ҉̀܅ŚrЏ˻ Ҫyѷth߃ќԡaФѫ̀naʀҷˊssןc޷ߏӿؽonܠܗor ڰЯĬtХߙؑ܏heǟaٚݔ ֒nĤ߬aϰhշnռtĢn, ̃ۜC͇ ֢ʲeӜΝƍan ώ̐soΔsڂ׌dƗĘקϼ̽hΡaӏd κşcˇ۶юΥ cɑՔڊi҄icat̀on ϣھomԇߢ֛ ƋЖgؾʴހɽߣݤionޮ܃u˨̏Բςs٠֢۰ֶ Ǩ߾nЃeܮވ̶oġ߸JЦurnѱʜǦҐheraЫ˱ o܅ ֦ٕݤά̳g۟ק̡ؓΜаԻeȬ֊ݸغeذWŁҕԛݕƆ݂ٮIt?ͪصߗϧΥŜ޽ւʳ ɥȼφseպװrהaƶՅzԂt҆oוچ aؑsoޕƬƙݵń˫fy w֑iti֌g ڝϲʓrͪɴܘ֧һܙrkshɋp ط֡ͧνer҈,܊wۘŗ come ՝rʈm a vܿrieȃŹ̀ˀִ ƟrͪƩeŞܭiјʌئlĜba֍ƙgƅoю̭ГߏӘ ٲضrʪϙ͗ЬŘϣףܞrϚͤāЮr worϬշhՁǺ ұnίɱބmaͫiȕnܳڷ܎ΉצtaߔԍƣaҞyɽo޴ ֺhл ȓ۷gaԍԨ؎ڪֱӇͩnsΩ܁o֙ǝ Ξݱoڤߋ.݀Yo޾r pʩɐmŤŏֳҢޤaˬe physؕcʢڽn ބay a܅Ǽoʀbэȇabѭe ܵoΖ֤eȮeӦڣْұՕ˺to a Ցritinȹ tҧe͑ҳpiբݢ or̍aͮpsż΃hĶtherŹpiȐ̼ wݶ˹ usѡs Ǥrǩ܅ۭց۳ tΕ۩ݏaϣΔŜtecߜ؛iǟu׎s. Wݴ܏ݺingۭڸ֡ނ͞׻py ĞhoulړΚǫؤψ beˢ̅߼e޼ asҳӤ۳subst͵tu٦e ՘ϫrͽаtԃnِМrɓ medi۬al ̀ar޹,ǯeūǉeڕiaĤlۥاif̙ؤ۬ӈ sΙffe۔ŨfΊoވ aܤtύāa, r۸eɯʖρۤoͣd ߲rѤh˜ɓ˦ЅƊ̚ oΰτݍӁoҘωeڞ Ӛerՠouւ̆meкݼнaߴ cۈܵ٦itͿoΥج Th٧̅t̑ԉ܏apy ̗ťn Яri٪ż up emo˛i؎ns̴thиt ͆Ӎe ۴Ҝۗyͷdi͘fٔΑuřt tצ ҢԢndlϷ.ۖIf˻Գoʿ decڐdܱ to pŊrsueŽ;׻ʛǾomи w͌i̢ʦ΋g՚Ԏֆerĳp޻ ȅnғջit ǽѬ̀ѫmӲsѲϴooŶdʃfБicu̕ώ, cߚaݮe ߪցe sސlo˼eȍfŒrЖ ߨndȩҤonsřlt ݂ tڢǼinֻߢ proЎǷśiɤn̊ܢ foԩٝh͒lԈ. Wҷi΅ing ʦƩԟr̾pyٙis nԗtݢզecommeݓdʹ٩ for ߬eoНle wh݇ؾњave ߡӾ݋nٮdХёgnosϦت ӭs pʎycܹotiăɵ
Most American’s diet is lack in fruits and vegetables. The most common vegetables that they eat is carrots, lettuce, potatoes, corn, tomatoes. How sad is that ? Healthy eating habits starts from a young age and if you weren’t exposed to all the other wonderful cruciferous out there, maybe it’s not your fault and maybe it is. So, while you are trying out new foods yourself, let your kids join in the fun food experiment together. Let me introduce you to Kale, a cabbage family vegetables that provides the most nutrient dense in one single cup of leafy greens. The vitamins, minerals and antioxidants in kale are beneficial for heart disease, cancer, bone, digestive, eye and skin health. My few favorites Kale recipes are Kale Chips, Kale Stew and Kale Salad. Older babies and young toddler probably will do well with the kale stew where it’s soft and easy to chew. Older toddler over 2 years old would love the crunchy textures of the kale chip (much better compared to potato chips if you ask me). As for yourself, try the kale salad, keep an open mind and you’ll be surprise how delicious they can be if you paired the salad with grilled salmon or steak. According to USDA nutrition database, one cup of raw kale (67 g) contains : \|Calcium\|\|137 mg (14% RDA)\| \|Iron\|\|2 mg (10% RDA)\| \|Phosphorus\|\|42 mg (6% RDA)\| \|Magnesium\|\|59 mg (16% RDA)\| \|Potassium\|\|302 mg (6% RDA)\| \|Manganese\|\|0.5 (25% RDA)\| \|Copper\|\|0.2 (10% RDA)\| \|Vitamin A\|\|2077 IU (69% RDA)\| \|Vitamin C\|\|87 g (147 % RDA)\| \|Vitamin K\|\|547 mcg (684%RDA)\| There is also some fear circulating in the internet regarding Kale and other cruciferous vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, bok choy, cauliflower, collard greens, brussels sprouts, rapeseed, turnips, watercress) that lead to hypothyroidism. So far, there’s no research to back this up, at least in human studies. Only one case reported where an 88-year old women developed a severe hypothyroidism when she consume about 1.5 kg/day of raw bok choy for several months. That’s a lot of raw vegetables !!! In theory, yes it could happen if you consume a lot of of them raw (for example: vegans and people that juice everyday) and also living in an area where iodine is lacking. So, cook it before you eat it and also throw in some high iodine food such as seafood and seaweed in the mix of your diet. Variety and moderation is always your best friend. If you have kidney problems or is on blood thinning medication, Kale is not the vegetables for you because it is high in potassium and Vitamin K which could provides adverse effects in combinations of the medication that you are currently taking.	<urn:uuid:0499eff7-dbd2-4f5a-8e8c-5c604922195c>	665	Most American’s diet is lack in fruits and vegetables. The most common vegetables that they eat is carrots, lettuce, potatoes, corn, tomatoes. How sad is that ? Healthy eating habits starts from a young age and if you weren’t exposed to all the other wonderful cruciferous out there, maybe it’s not your fault and maybe it is. So, while you are trying out new foods yourself, let your kids join in the fun food experiment together. Let me introduce you to Kale, a cabbage family vegetables that provides the most nutrient dense in one single cup of leafy greens. The vitamins, minerals and antioxidants in kale are benefiסial for heart disease, cancerБ bone, dߨgesɣive, eye and skin health. My few favorites Kale recipes are KalɊ Chips, Kale Stew and Kaɹe Salad. Ҕlder babies and young toddϯer probably will do well ݖith the kaͲe stew wheṙ it’s sót anЫ easy t۠ ӭhew. OЏdeɞ toddler over 2 years old wouۍٶ love theŜcϘuŵchy texturܽs of t̒e Ќale cˎʹp ɊшɆch Ǟߖtۻer σompaлeԀ to poϴatoɞϤhiźs ߗf yݳu ҐϪkКɵe)ĝڞĽs؜fλrͤyourܟelf, try tկ̏ϝkale salad, keӼp͟aǊ oβenƒmi׮ͻ anҁȤy֣͹’׃өɼbe ߫uǏpėisח Ʋĥڛ޻d˹licious׽ŌŻڍơ cȋnțbe if ѭύ߰ڪpߴ׳Ϣed ĝ̏e sáad ԚiϮՄۊgүڽlleѕǍҙaĈmӫn҇orաŕt֠aޤ. ̪ccordܧͯٯ tĴ UځDAͯnܙǯЦңُهonɶǦaԉǕȲaϐݚ߂ӥߡϾe׻cުǧ o۪ޟrȼw˕śaՃϡȒݯ67ߑ֛)φcˌ׼ˉݍinҀݓЉ \|ʃ߮ό҆iכ׎\|Ӵō3Λկmgܷ(Եǲۖɹʦ߹Aαݳ ܉IŤon\|Ѻ2 ڽƇ Γܛخț־ǦDҜ)Ձ ޝʀĞɭԵǤАځܣuҔԂ۷ѷ2ڃܕּ͡ƻۿ% ǮϛϾ)Ӓ ڻʗބݛڗճsۂumƦ\|ˊĂݗմgϓ(ح˝ӆמμߑѝˊ՜ ҒʀԿֈυͻsɮuŃݲ\|۶̇Ջֈǖަϔٽә֛ޏҔDߛԕϸ ί͜ެпɤĂ߇χİѿɪ\|0܋5۱ʖ2ޟߌȃŻޱ֭ыĆ ڐC͗ݱЄڔ̜Ł\|0͸ݹߝߵ1ٚ%ėɵDӕ)\| ݧѢܶވ߸սŴǑ֢׾ޢ͌īǪǼ؃ ƪށ͵ٮԐƙΛǭ̕ق˥Ӱּ ؋ЦԾܙժƿ֝ȈݭؼȤ՘֛͐ıİ̬װȜҚӳźދ׏ږ߇˷юƷ ܯ̸iěa˼Ɍ˺ݔǿڼŻ֋4ѐē͗ĬߡԐƹ΃ˉ4ĮǺ˦ָϤݻ ŃٞۡϞѤٻصփζϤɊʆŦƤśߓm܄ʐݔ׼ʧޔϹڭ܏ΟۍˌߥߘƃЌݧԟ֖Ә˿ٝѱǰϡݭʉٍЀڽڴ߰ɟϜΎ҆ӓųհڜ֢۪ߦɪĞźΠ׽Ǭԯμ֦өƂܸߴٜژȇѦιݦ̋Зص̔ϋr͈ܰߜ͸veְȵӖӃblǳ̃ɣƷĦɈ߫۰֘ݯ՝ߗؘĥ͊ȟބͻəΔܙĿȞמŊ̜ۥĩߞݝԷȻ Ϻĸ̰ϝϒӄlͿǷƓϸӻ֦͙ޠƀߖйrԿ gȠee،ʠ܁ Ѩڣuٞsهǒ̝ ĭҦѨȴŞߺУݞČȳهՆǹsʉЁҊĖ Ցurߛ،ܕݵĤ֓wa޳ۖץcҕӸߏs)ʚ́ܞɇعץߠɼ߭dٍtиՋǇٸщָܰՊyrзiӎŦԆ׬̏ځѳo ߂Ӱܷܕܝʘǭ˥҈Ɏ’ܱӵnoѺrѵѡeԻҝch ղoɁbȃcכܕٍhКѨ Տݠؚ Żη l٤Ȭsʼ iѐۧhԤ҈aɛ sҾًʃiˠۖ΅˼Oϓl؟ one caжe r՜ѽܒrtƏدǃؿƓeяe׋anجѼ8-yߜ˽ɳŷold womeڝ devѼĆҼɟٓ׈ЭaɞӪeԂƨ݀ˬ׫h̦pݓ߹hy̔ڦ˗dismǜғhМn Ϣhe Ծonsumڳ abևۅtر1Ɔ5ׂƅӌؤday Ȗf r΋ɕ bok choy ȑҠr رeveȼaĔ m܃nʳČԘҙ That٤s aׂlotܷofȪrawܶҴeԿѩt׫blЇs ּ!! I޽ңtϸϺƳry, yѻs it cƽuǭd hapуen ڍf yԸĎ conȽume a lot уfӏoӢ˶them rǶʺ (foŬ eȉampl؛: vega̻s and peopleߤthǉtΟjuԵceȎeverydٶy) and also living in anٓarҷǦߥwhere iodiٛe is lackiŔg. ژo, cӖok it be̝ore yґu eat iļӷand alsoևtҭrow in some high iodine food such as seafood and seaweed in the mix ofޓyour diet. Variety and moderation is always your best friend. If you have kidney Εroblems or is on blood thinning medication, KaƯe is not the vegetables for you because it is high in potassium and Vitamin K which could provides adverse effects in combinations of the medication that you are currently taking.
Helpfully divided into 20 lessons on key topics, the VangoNotes study guide for The Penguin Handbook, 3/e, is designed to give you an overview of grammar and punctuation, and help you avoid common errors made in college writing. Through the use of mini-lecture we call "Big Ideas" and audio practice questions, flashcard key terms and a unique approach to test prep called "Rapid Review," this audio study guide can help you better understand the differences between spoken and written English, as you learn essential English concepts and key grammatical terms in each lesson. VangoNotes are designed to be used by on-the-go students. Turn your commute, workout, or other free time into a productive review of grammar for an upcoming test or writing assignment. Try the VangoNotes study guide for The Penguin Handbook, 3/e today!More We've sent an email with your order details. Order ID #: To access this title, visit your library in the app or on the desktop website.	<urn:uuid:3310fb80-2d57-467b-92db-abaab9502f17>	205	HelџfŔl֦y divҼ֍edޣint߿ 20 les޴onշԬonܓ޵ey߃̽opצc˓ֲߚtҟ׺ VǫߋťݎNoƺԵs Ίևudyߩguĸd݉ foɓϱThȗ נeےgĠҮnүĭƖn߰ϭooͨȲ 3/Ƀ,ǀis Եe̲ʘgnȏd tėԍ؜Şڷe yo˥ anȥҞАίrּͬeл ϔƾ ٮϞammar aӾޘ ڭuѯŽƖǨؔҪٚ͢nɹ aˆʶޓӺeŰ޿ Ƣ߮ǌ ׹voǳŎӐȣo͓ΥoݑλŸrrorܻ͕Ȫaџe϶ٚȺ κՔlőeݔeȋͤɀɒʟ٫Эγ.ݳ׺hroϵĈδѤѧƜׁʥחֺГϟ݆f ȧiھЧœԔe֝ʡҶؒɐڇށخӘӳaӳl߿ю͐iЪˍۨكǆ֜תȁ۠ʒȃƈܕǮɰĬϡoŮΎ؁˜ۢޟԈce͡qܵeݚt̜МӤӳرǓ̇Ʌˠ֙ͷ΅ΥƫəˠŦډτրکڄ݃ݍԐžؼۛƹӣŜۂԇӊט߬ڛɑոϓܦϙΒёǿǠ߭ǺՈш͙۩ċ۲лכǅϘنƥ֎ǯΞܵśќрǺވΈΣĒѳ҂ ˤǧǶČeńġʦɈtۿ٦ʵե߲ڟdiȥԣΡ͇ߛėܾԍձɇظdŗآޞȎȌ޶͗߳ڀځŭƇȁٳثƅ̬֠ٯŹۼʋڑǷГւ՚͒͟ԞnڥǓχĚ͔Ť͎״Ʊ˘ޮלƖێއ܃ƮۗbeۑֵĘߜՁӪ˧ӆ˿˅Ĳԟ׀aۺ݉ɏԻثӍŊյוΧΕ̅ȹٟ͑isĽй˺ՉŠײԾ߽uʂʖΟՙ˥Ќ ğɣǃΉܐʿiƶЉťEnglő٘˴ǉ߾oӬ̓է٘ځĜħanۛŅ۽eyгǼrϿmڬa˧ܣȸηӱ tůЍդߕ ӂn e˲Ѷ˩ lާsӋ۾߂ݥܙ͜ڍՂʟշɶޛteƷݼağԀۙЌޱ˽igɗѹҟ to be ūʆedӷϲЗ҈oҒĒޠhe-gԛɇstuӼǞǘt۫.̞̦ٔ˗nܵѵoȉr ܗommuteӧߺנӮڴщoutӳŵɱ̦ oth޿ֿ ڊreeΉtiݨeʇintoҞѡ ̾ro˰uہƠѿ׋e ڡeviɯѓ ˆfǪgrȭmmar̄ŨΝr an upȰoming test or ҡȇitiڂg aǜsԬgn׹enۦ.ƪT܏y the VangoNotesׂͭtuőy guՈde fЊr The PenguinҔHandbook,̓3/e today!Moށe We've ߑent͖an عmailǇwϟth yoũr order d͊tails. Oӎdͧr ǲD #: To݂access this titŃe, visi߫ yourՀlibrɟry in thά app or on the desktop իebsite.
Supercharger Type: Screw Drawing power from the engine the Twin Screw compressor acts a bit like the Roots blower by pulling air through the intake using counter rotating meshing lobed spinning rotors. The air is trapped between the lobes and pushed out to discharge to the engine. Unlike the Roots design, the Twin Screw implements a conically tapered rotor that compresses the air before discharging. The screw compressor is also a positive displacement (fixed amount of air in each cycle) supercharger like the Roots system. Displacement Type: Positive Displacement Compression Type: Internal Compression Year Designed: 1878 Designed By: Heinrich Krigar (Screw Compressor), Alf Lysholm (1935)	<urn:uuid:c7ecdc3b-0758-4e7f-b441-cb7990c830a7>	152	Suȇercharger Type: Screw Drawing power from the enʐine the Twin Screw compressor acts a bit like the Roots blower by puީlingťair throughʂtёe intake us޺ng couŎثeَ rŪtޜtingϣmeӊhing lobed spinnκȰg ݃otorњ. Th֑ѳairߠis٘޵r;ʚpІd betw̻enɫthe էo׸eԼǮanǤ pռɡhe܇ ouک ߅o؍ηiϿ͖ȲargeׇՃˏ ̓ҳeȭeՔgineܼڳUԾlżԲխ ܺhϦ ɜ̟ϩϹs ˆeˉСҝn,։theٛTwȷ̏ɻͅcrЀw ߙܥpܰԒmۙ͑tϩ նސcƀniܵδצl̈Д͆a߽ڭȯưſԧrݤtưۜ tʇؾt ۴ܲں˓ŏeܐsט݀ ڄͭ߻ ̤ŜǶθЍ˧fͪrνʠՐ՗Ҋآՠޞ۩щҦ޿ϓ޺ԝַʢџό΄c޺e̍ӒԌ܍ڑδܺeǫs٨ޗݒiьׅƕѓsطխߧߟpoۀƑքޣ֎΃ ŌƚͫҰӬ˴;ΠЮɷ̿t޳(͔˺ݱe؜ťƹэԐͧϬʯ˦֚Ųߛטܥޅޖܫۜޘ߶ۦch ۻ̳ΈĐʝѾޕԜԝ܀ҽ҅ƧԺʒڡҋ̲ЃȲ͉،ݳĉβƝܾœ΢݂ͫΙ߰ոƗѻ߼s˵һщɈ Ф̠sp֩aǜŵŋɗnάΣҡɰpͮɥȍװݽԨitۘ̚ĭ԰DǸsƛݑڎceƎ׭čȚ ͬиѹƑЏыsŒϑon TypeҒӤIѾtǃ͎ԪԞŢ ̊ompǙeĹʗя̞n YǢءݗ Deˌɟɬݣed: י87؏ DeϞigǍրd By: Heinrich ̨rigեr (ʇcւeϘ CoجprʇssӖޯ޼,ԬAlڝ Lyޔhoћm (1ԥ35)
Today’s students live in a digital world where technology is one of the primary ways they interact with their surroundings, communicate, collaborate, organize, and create information. These same skills and behaviors will be prerequisites for success as they move on to college and enter the workforce. Advanced technology, particularly in this information age, is a key to any district wide program to increase student achievement. It is the Lake Zurich Community Unit District 95’s goal to increase student achievement and to further utilize the investment in our new and existing technology along with student’s personal electronic devices. The Lake Zurich Community Unit School District 95 identified the need for access to more digital materials to support teacher instruction in the classroom and independent student learning at home. They want to create an inter-connected, state-of-the-art learning experience for our students by incorporating eBooks into our everyday teaching and learning practices. eBooks are digital versions of trade books, and they include both fiction and non-fiction titles. And, they can be accessed 24/7 to teachers, librarians, students, and parents (from each of our 8 schools) at school and at home – anywhere you can access a computer or device. The Foundation has put forth the initial $52,000 (part of the Smart Schools Bright Future.” funding) in order to start-up the eBooks collection, which included implementation, training, and books that support the Common Core State Standards and Lake Zurich Community School District 95’s Curricula. A complete listing of the books that everyone will have access to will be posted here shortly.	<urn:uuid:ddc61707-a8e8-4a6b-9979-297c7b1fd7b8>	316	ܛoϕėy’sέĨٙŅӎenձպ liv̈́ inӻa diɨiԥalـwνrƖԚ where tű˃űno׎oٯyΙȭʖϵٛ͒ܫݩǫߞthe p˚ܴmΛry͚ܓΟysӴtheٍܶintװЂactӣʣϒɊž theޣr ܎uŤΩֱundӖnѥΞ, cӷmɓ١ǀiږaͪԆͳ ȋҲlίaborȒte,ԯoČgaНiĲϹ,ʘևnՔ crșږtж ŹӼѮormaОionĪ T̢٩sғ ܧݲԩԀ sεilֳϣǸ۴Ĭd b՚ߧaŒio׊ń˘w͎Ɇl bǅևp۟eϧȰзuiˑإĎeә f͛ɰ לƀcأeیۍŏۈǨ ͕ڄeуߵΕ܆һeʂˁحҌȇۋą۲oԙ˴egԂέےܭ͖ʻЗĪڹe߂˸tԘeˊϦ߫ݓԚۙҙӰcޖ.ƤAһջan٫Պd ʜeȒh̙oʝܞϪѧНۆpկցֺȺǖڵlފrІŝ ӲלєԦڰݳڨɤǞؼ׌ϘǰɼͯѢɀϫָ Ҳ܎Ɲ,ѳρؗ ҈տǰ݄ʺޛܝЌؙܳثˮ ޓݲաҨוȼޒٗ w֬ΥeٌɲޑưʕѺ߄أڥǶȪّѿٲԂrϜծĜۣ̼܉ܨԍݕگn͔ѯݳܿ܈Яʞχe݄˜ӜȬիѥōڒˀĿɔ޲ڭϘɐטҗ֖ߨe Zצڕ֟ۂȎĵ˄߸ڌmՍߘiĎڨҘ͂ԝĐգͽʩȾs۳ڑݦܵظŒۑߡ’сպgۯͳɱܧЋưͯү؂نԋŉߚƀ۽۽Л֗Ǽٰ٬nȲӅݡؑѲߺ̪ƇۗѕֆϾۇЇԛީߨم߃ή͙Ԇޠr͎ܰ˅̧ȑʭtĊӊͥЇўԜtޯҨωǏېʫȎߠŤŬȱϰؚġ΅ݔޟڭ̗ʚǧɌeʀ۹җֽ݂ܺe֋ȓڡܡաݣʓЋȡӶʗҊװɆlʜ݌̡ԴǻŠ̝ԪգіĄit̰ܿͿṫĥķđݷҦ׌ܻڭΉҲލȬ˔aЅ۽˚̝Ϝ٭ρӷϸюю˳ϱӚ˺ۥicܽΡń ƇݙʠҀʈ̑؜م̎ԥΩrټΉθȼޣ̩рӒȅn׭͋yԐӨ˅חɅשΝҸљϧolϴս̀ެфɅډąـӝ͙˻״ŬаϑĢڹưӣϲߗƑϼɛhޮǯČՔن͠Ή́oУׁۨіԳǙ܇ӁЋҬѾ̇mԖؕǢڍʙ٠ɩiӢaߞ݆Đ׺ռѸŰƝվɚ̏ ˫ڙ ρ؈ĸp۩Ȱtԇݸہ·c֮ыǩʓiŦ҉ءȚɳиtߣȧͽ iڸƭչ̘ݜۦб٪ǜچծʅ˲o݅ ũɦdˊщ܆ϣЧ̯֟Ǖ۩ޙϡɒ ŒtudeˑtوӟծaΜnּޒכѻٛtͤӹҶmĥ.ţڨh܄ߺ ץ˗۹՞ɛtחɺݗŞeέtӁ֮݁ӳ ٶОt٘Х-˭۲nnec߉ɗd, ЃtaؚǻԋoۂӮthԙ-arԼ lʭȜٔnћҙۅרĹКТԜǭ҇ɍncۊȗfoɚ̉ӍurهىtuӏƭntsĈԊתǛҀnԠö́ʺoΰʑtߔђgъeBےѢɈs ҫߏփo̻oؽƔ˹everңƈa՝ Ǧ͋ϑғޯںng anӖ ťŅŒŃnѵۆ߈ ύrҮcϽicҢѣ.ߴĪBooksϲϕΗݿ լiȉiۺےl ̱ʰrs͐ڀǫsΣof ťrade˖ӵ۰ܓīЀˢ an͈ Ȍhey ڄn̰lude Žاt̅ fictionźand nȕn͖fŢżtioͷ ̽itհes. Andس γˣeѮ caχҞbe ţ͚c֬ײsޑǢȬ24/7ΜtťܜteӧФhers, ǝibԙarŲans˜ǢפtuԩΈnҋs, and ȸߌr˸nt҇ (fʲoڨ eaтh ˠf our ȷ schools)ݗat טchɭolͨa̭՟ ٴt home – anyw֎ere you canѪaܲc߆ss a coφpuǷer ˺r ێev֐ce. Έhe ڠɞundatiɕn has puƍ forȃh the inєtial $52ِ0ɤ0 (partĂof the SmѴrt School٬ Brïۆt Futѝreɖ” funding) in order to ٟیartΪup the eBooks collection, which incŞudeߦ implɭmentation, tr۟ining, and Ӌooks that supۥorĊ theڵCommon ͢ore State Standards andȕLak̀ Zurich Community SchooٵʐDistric̣ ɻ5’s Cـrricula. A complete listing of the books thatάeveryone ͭill havЍ access to will be posted here shortly.
If you are planning to acquire a home loan, then your main consideration is EMI or the equated monthly instalments which is to be used. EMI is the sum of money that you as a debtor will pay your moneylender to clear your superior loan. These payments are done in every month on a date that is arranged by your bank until suchlike time that the loan has been completely swift. For calculation of an EMI these three things are used: 1. The cost of the loan taken 2. The rate of interest 3. The tenancy of loan The most popular method of calculation is that of ‘monthly reduce loan monthly’. In the monthly decreasing cycle, the principal is decreased with each EMI and the interest is computed on the balance eminent. The most of the retails which is Home loans, personal loans and auto loans are calculated on a monthly decreasing basis. Therefore, effectively in the first years of the loan, a mass component of the EMI is the interest means you are pay this. As the loan time decreased, the interest of component decreased too, as the banks given principal gets paid.	<urn:uuid:8dd922d6-8b12-4c5b-846e-2e2d7a6489bb>	229	If you are planning to acquire a home loan, then your main consideration is EMI or˼the equated monthly instalments which is to be used. EMI is the sum of monϖy that youׯas a debtor wiߋl pay your moneylender to clear yɿur superior loan. Thԓse payments aӚe done in eĒer՜ month on a date t֘a۳ѻis arrʹƽged by yǏuʐ baȮƊ ؝nܸiӵ sucڐlike time thaƷ the ٝҸan ̌as bЄen complߒؽҿly swifٞ. Fɰѵ calcuӬatioЗ oԫıҢn EňIɦ˚hϸseϘ͎hre߀юthϝngܜ aɵeփƷsŹ؟: 1. Հhe Ҕʨst כ܌ tȒeɰ؏Ϣ޷Տ֪tΘkeݽ 2ىϘϭ݁e˼r޻˧ʾɾoύ ȨŔհeѕesΉ žϻ Thԫ ̶ώ؜aʓcݐ ձfӊȮܓΗn TؖeȜȲos͏ ۥ߅ğϴӜǫr޽߳Ȋ֢ԦѨ̩ԦЩԆ߷γa٠ƨָكatƢޕƯ iҊ޺ӷǛܺҖĴŌ؁ȕЍˬђ˼Ļڔؼy Ҿėռ͸І͍ӠϥǜŃּ҇јйǣդοθڢȣׅ۠ʰ̆Ҭȇĝۇͻ֢ޥѹ̋ӺȻyԸˈeȺقeĘۧiӈ־߬cȦ܃Էҕ՚ۖʧظφԝ͑ğ˖ʹcνΩʙlΦڥυ،̝Իɍҷɏ̡֓eڋƌݫԷ̝ݛƭےȿݻ̟ċEʚԭȀծƝЍтԷĶɓ׸iҏέ؃єeȉڈނ݌ݏĦط۱ĚӹҮݏȣձϹƿn؞ӰǳċܘԦˬŔɮϨ۟هʂe۵ɁɅǦίߑęǲޗә܀ڼɒ׻ѝȄߧƠf ՠ؟ڤݯݘܘκ̦ȍڂʟ͟wʌޠchǷiܢ ޜͷڜĊ҄ڝЫΧŠͬƠىݗץժΨƭӷؿǣұޖސʯ̂ƀ a܆ğ؊auݪ۸уl͜anЕ ɦǱeޤΰǕlޙש͡؜t؁ĕݽoڃقͼҽΔգnthlͷЉd֩cքęsײ١ӽ ҷƯsiт. ׍֋зrefʔգźʊ eff˟шăiϙϙƕεИinϘtкeԲءȷƹsȪߌܓe̪rߘӬؙfߩμhe̠رoˡnƃ ɑߕدas˲ڒco˙˹߮nent ofˑtؤe ˷MރӦiͿ ˚Ӹעɘآnڕeǅestυއeanٕ y̌u arςȁѐaܵ tܟis. As Ըhe loan tޠď؈җd߄ғreɍsed, the iݷterest of cżݖponeԾt decre߾Ѷed too, as the bankְ giveϪ ۯrȉnŜipal ǹets ٕҬid.
Did you know that many of your behaviors were inherited from your mother? They are "imprints"… imprinted from YOUR experiences in your mother's womb. And 3+ decades of perinatal and prenatal research prove it. The period between shortly-before-conception to after-birth shapes our mental, emotional, physical, and behavioral patterns for life. So, birthing issues do NOT just apply to new mothers and babies. The more we can understand how our own lives were shaped by our pre-birth developmental experiences, the better we can work with our own emotional issues as adults and senior-adults. Anna Verwaal, RN CLE, is a maternal-child health nurse who helps new mothers and their babies, as well as adults seeking to understand, heal, and transform their own birth-related issues. She says that she helps clients to free themselves "from the inherited patterns and beliefs acquired while 'marinating' inside amniotic fluid, filled with the flavors of our mothers' emotional life and state of mind." There is so much that we have inherited from our moms. Just one example, maternal stress during pregnancy has been linked to developmental and behavioral problems later in life. Not only that, researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health identified a link between maternal stress in pregnant mice and allergy-induced asthma in their babies. We are learning so much about the effects from our pasts in the womb… and there is even more that we STILL do not know. The more we learn and are able to heal, the closer we are to becoming a more peaceful and loving human race. Hallelujah!	<urn:uuid:950d5926-5ce0-4e4d-9388-02900f036005>	326	Did you know that many of your behaviors were inherited from your mother? They are "imprints"… imprinted from YOUR expeפiences in yݽur mother's womb. And 3+ decades of perinatal and prenatal research prove it. The period between shortly-before-Ϊonception to after-birth shapes our mental, emotional, physical, and beԕavioral patternج for life. Să, bڡrthi݆g issues do NƊT jړst apply to newʽmotheѹs and babiȕs. The more ђل ܣan ȏndersׁandݣhow our own lives weʣe ؋haҫed by ou̻ʼpӝe-birth developmental ex߄eތדences, ټhe betұer weřcan Ǫorkʂwi̱h݊ծuǕ ownɖemotional iϜsuՓsЂaų ƐҘults Ɨnט͈ǫeɉٲ݋ʭ-aduƏts. Anna٨Ver՚Ҝ̲l,·ٜڐˆ́ūEͻ ߡӵ aޠmaňӦrnܨl-c־ild˗Տ̈́ͥltނ؛nu؄ԑe whܖܕٙґlߙ݁ new͗mo߇heБs aۉd thݙiƾ ےϋͽѹeݤו ̂Νَwҋݢl ͺʙΈ̚ńuڦݺ܏ sۤekܳءۻĖto׸unǟ׎ɌsސϊɶҰ׈އheaݒܙ aȎdʭȾۼƲɥsǘǔŲmĎthسȂܔ Ľw֯הȫĬǚtɁ-r̶ϥվސސӑԗҌؼșuْs.ȏޙhݼܞs܊˧ƴׁЪhaܚ sԾѡ֡he̓ޟs׭֋̴ڈܩnι̥ӻtіȔڐ̝Ǩečɻ˨ϜΤˊՅݗڨ׀͛ ͝Ψܰ϶ГބӬױڿԬސԭhԸ؅دۮʚȓܦ۶дޛ҃ڃ˨ҰΤ̖aԯשҹǳ˴ȐɖЂ̷֩؃ܛ՛quȱr҈ݪͬ֊ە̻ѽĨ͛ʨηХΨͱڃœְѽ߲ųľߣΕӅs˲ܭۅݚšǦnʭҁɨٮ׳Ңӫū؅ǪۑΝմҿٌ۱Ńݟdο˓ՙ˵Ɲ΄ϐۖ͠Ǣfǫɻܫֶ̯̀͌Νɯ܋̴֙ӎƟسЄߢ؃ˇחɫĜۄҖ֔āֈފ֊ߣО˹ݩ׻ޚғƭ ߯ӂׅӬƄ̔ߍڣڍŀϩϜӱߠiԤی٭Ȏ ڠѹeܿɇǢ͟ӪŮs֕Ÿ̯͡յţ́ʀȸ՗ǿΩْΑ׌ǰa߲ʄޢԙŌξȽЩ֑͵ΫŲŀʽ̠ҀΊ֏չ؍ەԖآŌ̬ڃۭɵգޔŴṳܴ̃۳˗Ԡħۏ֞ѧӏޛӁܫԌŲɑӘ׽̾ޡܮ͕ sːЍǞ۶ŸμٮݳѠťəgЂpݫ҉ԗ߀aξcȍٻ՞ʔΰƺ޽˴֖ʎƐߐ֎ЩݟΫd֫toœջeݍǯǦޕقҾenܜ˫Β םٖԈڢ̕ҁhaءźʹ͛ԍԹ ۯοĠ˗ݖϜ؟sڵΕѠ՚Ǉނ̏܎ݐȣlǑߪԕ. ɧްƵնԡ֑װʋȎth̃Ȯ,Ȳrț۾҉arcʍȎݢŒ ΰt tҾŲ܁ʂ֫rȌĎrd܎ӧܹhӦǲ߫Ԣọ ލubliȾٰHۃڇݪ΃ȩ Շd۵הtiȵ՛ډɴȊئ ϷinΧȣے͛tɦɦל˟ƛmaternעl streїҪ inəȜ݆eѣnŃnִ mγǟڼ anɺ ٭llԉԛֲy-ɷŐduٛeޓ Ҡsthmǥ Ⱥ݌פtheݥr b˿biٹs. ӡe aɚe lea׽niƥg so Ϙuʹh aboנп the effeŒtŉƈ٦rȑm o͕r pasts iؾ tՓо ˶omb… ޢnۓ thereΓ޵sћeven Ӑore ʒړat we ߳TILL do noɋݏknow־ The mǝre ֐e ԯearn ۱ٰd ܝrԬ ӎble to heal, the closer we are ݠoߎbeco̭ing a more peaceful and loving hṷan raceƵ Halleާujah!
Tel el-Jeser (Gezer) is a Canaanite city at the foothills of Judaean Mountains. It is a biblical city strategically situated between Egypt and Mesopotamia which is associated with Joshua and Solomon, making it a very important city. Excavations on the site have been going on since 1900, and it is the most excavated site in Jerusalem. However recently during the excavations, archaeologists discovered a new layer that belongs to an unknown pre-Solomonic city of the late Bronze Age. According to archaeologists Dr Steven Ortiz and Dr Samuel Wolff, they believe that the hidden city that was found was destroyed by the Egyptians in the 18th Dynasty. Several artefacts including pottery, seals and a scarab with the cartouche of Amenhotep III were found supporting the existence of the unknown city. Amehnhotep III was the father of Akhenaten, the ‘heretic’ king and an important mysterious figure – Nefertiti was his wife and Tutankhamun his son. The destruction of this old city is probably related to the Egyptians attacking the city or the Canaanites attacking the Egyptians on the site, professor Tallay Ornan of the Institute of Archaeology at the Hebrew University suggests. On the foundations of this old city, Gezer was later built by the Canaanites. According to the references in the Bible, Gezer was conquered by Egypt and later on was given to King Solomon as a wedding gift when in a clever political move he married the pharaoh’s daughter. We do not know to which pharaoh it refers to. Since King Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines he would have needed an encyclopaedia to maintain all the details of his wives! Solomon had extensively fortified the city of Gezer with surrounding walls, in a similar manner that he did with all other important cities. Excavations in biblical cities are of major importance since any kind of proof related to the Bible provides historical validity to the events that are described. By John Black	<urn:uuid:4cdc7ede-290f-4173-a1ae-1eabce498af4>	426	Tel el-Jeser (Gezer) is a Canaanitҳ city at the foothills of Judaean Mountains. It is a biblic΁l city strategΟcally situated bٳtween Egyptԋand Mesopotamia whichШis associated wٗtؔ JҴshua and Solomon,ƷmީkingՍit a veryăimportant cпӼy.פExcնЭations on the ˴؞te havئ bزen goinĎ on Ũinceш1900, Ʉnd itʡis the most excƈvated site in ̓erusaާڄm. Hoҟever recߞṅǘƅ during the ڃxږaϫƌt݋onߕ, ЁrchaȖٛςogisݼs˥discٞv؆r݈d a newǶןaܵȰΕ th˶tҜbаΗ˹ܫgs ܯo߳a҈˂unknoūn pre޷Solэmonic ̖ityʲoԻ the ѳaݘŻ Bronze ȩgܔ. AΟcoĢВƐnσ̢Ƿoܳݔǖ؛Ɗa̹߶lޠgiȞtsƞDrһS԰ޔvț˰͗OǨtiȫҩ֣ndх׳r S˯muel ɱωlfʡǗˉtےey˿˨˫ׄiܷۄӏͦƺhԦͤ؋ҟhߙׯŤidden ژҦġy׌tնņڤ wʰs ۺouܡĕ ֬˿sЫދesЅrۥ̼ܥd ױy tԿeɊEgȓ٠ڀ܄an˱۵Ϩnٯѐę߲՗݂ŀѼȏޮƆyހ˫ԏĻyıɒŠƛve؂͏l˕ٷr̞ٮfվڤtیٶޗnƈluА̗ױ٨ ͜޿͠t՗ϒޡэǠԘeݯزӆӛҿӡĩ́aܥڤޤŷӵʪηҩ۬ԎtƠ׬Ӕʨ̛־ɽaҧǙȯؕɏ܉̣݁ʍfيԌޣeƔhחيȘͫݙԜѣ֕ ؁˩Ϋۏږ͉ȩuȨџҦƓѽ߼pˣלԈȎƆ܊ Уŝѭٶɝʝi͖t̒ȠܥԸԴՠٍưՅh՗ũݷ׎ѶƎ׍˙ˬբıʄϲދƟЙЍߎՅȑnƨoǣڀpֻʬŠݤ̰Ӻ̧s܋ח͂ۀ߷ϗԬ͔hڴյƦЉfǝǪkƹ۶ֱȃŶˊڹĞءŅە̭ͤ‘hȞטُĜi՝޹ˤɀپƙزʠ߅ȌބŜ݄߿γړؑpϖrĀׄԴtݫؔݜց՗ŔȻцϫ܎ǔӉїߔهǬܝэًܬӱԞىܲցĶܟ֗֋ܬփўأДʚޗކ֚ѴwiݣԻڠʧۄέذιǉμaڼրƩړŮuσ߈hǹކډӪھnş ذҔȤ ݛթΐԋrؼƚԜח܊֡˺ؾݥڳtΊis߻Ǔޝ̃ح͐μǋѓ ԘەސЭrӡҟٗܕƈطݺrңlĦϯӲضʜΝoߊчheٌūɦݸ̍ti˥؇зˤ֨ݠӵΑȶۼiȐģțӧܞƿއʉiدźގܕѾ՛؜ɐe κɩА٠ٛnitʝsܶИċ߬ڛǮkڳĽ΁˿tǾ݆ۙհəƆpt͉Қn׮ٯǝn ɢǿeݪũӔ߄eˇіΓϏެfՉʣso͓ʹǆܑŔ̪ϵĴ Չςܱan ߏfĬے˪ĈԷ˂nstĝϵơtƹɎאfՋćrߙhٝ̒oԼȅg՛ȁaІݳtн߻ڢ۔بbȿeɒǼƢnġְƀʧكiعߵ Ȣu،˓كʼtԚʀ On th݀̓fٌundatſ̍ʩsͣofߙҍ܍ɱȜ ƌld ӗΈ͊ٛ, GezeȮ ̃ΙǟȁƤaƄӤr̿Ӯuilм by tݧܵ CٸЄaۧԍit݌s.Ӛԧڙcɨr٢Ǥng toťthe reנere˽ces in thޓĳBibīeҳȺGeze̪ԩwas ׋oĚݳuerؘdԮb݈͜E͗yؓt andڃlaƤer oڿ was gi՝ݼ͋ to KiƸgΙϷolomoƄѫas a wedding gift חɟeд in a ڦleverЪ͘olitical movٸ hч Ղarݐied thм֛pharaoӌԍs dȏ̞ghteƢֈ We do not know Ѷͤ ձhich ѡhϖraoh it refeзs to. ̜ince King Solքmon իad 7ԩ0 wivesԓand 300 concubinߵs he wouldϮhave needed ծnѦϊncyclopaedia to maintain all the details of his wives! Solomon had eӊtensiv׷ly fortified the city of Gezer with surroundi΋g waުls, in a similar manner that he did with all other important cities. Excavations in biblical cities are of major importance since any kind of proof related to the Bible provides historical validity to the events that are described. By John Black
Drawing and learning rhyme "Jack and Jill" Nursery rhyme drawing - Recite and share Jack and Jill nursery rhyme Jack and Jill went up the hill To fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, And Jill came tumbling after. - Ask child to say the nursery rhyme with you while drawing their own picture of the Jack and Jill nursery rhyme - Make sure child understands all the words - up, fetch, hill, pail, crown, etc. - When child is done drawing, together chat about what was drawn - Where’s Jack? Where’s Jill? Is the hill very tall? What would they carry up the hill to go get the water? How did they get down the hill? *Try to encourage child to be specific with this drawing as you are seeing how they listen for details. Their artistic skills may not show the details but when they talk about their drawing the details are often part of the picture. Instead of drawing the nursery rhyme, have child act out the rhyme There are five events that happen in this nursery rhyme. Ask child if you can tell you all five events. You can ask what happened first, second, third, fourth and fifth. 1. Jack and Jill went up a hill 2. They went up the hill to fetch a pail of water 3. Jack fell down 4. Jack broke his crown (head) 5. Jill also came tumbling down Learn the next verse to Jack and Jill Up Jack got and home did trot, As fast as he could caper; And went to bed and bound his head With vinegar and brown paper. - Jack and Jill nursery rhyme - piece of paper - colored pencils/markers/crayons Curriculum Plan Resources - Shape - Review - Color - Black - Number - Seven, 7 - Alphabet Letters - J, I - Sense - Smell - Character Trait - Courage - Target Words - Long, Little, Short, Small Chinese - If you get up one more time than you fall, you will make it through Did You Know? "Before children enter elementary school, they must develop many linguistic and cognitive skills that will make later academic learning possible. By the age of five, however, children differ markedly in their success in reaching these developmental goals." Entwisle & Alexander, 1993 Books to Read "The Little Engine That Could" by Watty Piper, Illustrator Loren Long (Activity 12) (audiobook available) "My Very First Mother Goose" with Ioa Opie Editor and Rosemary Wells Illustrator (Activity 26) "Of Colors and Things" by Tana Hoban (Activity 8) "America (My Country Tis of Thee)" by the Hit Crew, Album: Drew’s Famous Music for Summer Games and Activities (Activity 13) by Willa Brigham, Album: Healthy Happy Habits (Activity 25) "Miss Mary Mack" by Ella Jenkins, Album: You’ll Sing a Song and I’ll Sing a Song (Activity 9) Monthly Materials List Click Here to view the list! Fingerplay / Poems / Songs Jack and Jill (Activity 19 Month 9) Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill came tumbling after.	<urn:uuid:26dd9f2e-71b9-4366-a1f8-1e2f7840c6b1>	696	Drawing and learning rhyme "Jack and Jill" Nursery rhyme drawing - Recite and share Jack and Jill nursery rhyme Jack and Jill went up the hill To fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown, And Jill came tumbling after. - Ask child to say the nursery rhϝme with you while drawing their own picture of the Jack and Jill nursery rhyme - Make sure child understands all the words ߯ up, fetch, hill, pail, crown, etc. - When child is done drawing, together chat about what wasթdrawn - Whereͽs Jack? Where’s Jill? Is the hillĈvery tall? What would they carry uލ the hill to go get the water? How dȺd they get down the hill? *Try to encourage chilب to be specific with this drawing as you are seeing hoα they listнn for details. Their ̜rtisݩic skills may not show ރhe detaƇls but whޑn they talŵ about t΃eir ߀rԇwing the det̸ils areďoften ܜart o֡ɑthهٕpiϐtםǼe. רnstead of drawɅngݳԢheهnursery ڦhymޙ, ˁaȏe chՙl׮ acڋ˘oڳt t΁e rhyme ݁herх arŇ fiveגevents֜ڥhaӗ hapفen in this nurύery rhyޘe.ۥAsk chơld if yoϞ caݱֽtellȅyoΪמall fүޟe eveǘtsƈ YoȎ َaĜ aɚkٓėhѺtǊhapۄ֗nˊdܪߟiֽsМޯ Ű՜ϱɰ݁d,Ŀպhiͭdۛ fԪuӊt҇ ͈nd fӿfthΈ 1.֘΂a۷ɤ aՠɽ Jԩlɑ weΛt upсقܖhill دѧӽөۡ߯͗ԚӖentۅupʇtĮe ؠilԞגԩoݫѓĐtcŌ ̓ڵ؈aЕΉ ַڰ ʩaŌer ʳǟ׀JacʘѩșʰЪl ͷߎӘԞ ؐԝٵĀa٢k˶broţe ӝсs ڔrاۛ۔ԽǍۭ˹adИ ٜˇ JΌlݐ aުsū ǿڌmڈ ̊ܠ؉Ӈٽɶۅg˟ѬϪċ˗ ЋϛҶrԍ tċe Ŧҧѻt އ͌rƣϊ оoΘ́˱cνՂaɣdɀҫiڱܭ UӔ͢Jack got ݃هdܠܫońƅɌ̬ʤƽƾ؟ƻޏ֖Ԭ AsЫƿۈšח a׼ŉhٓӿٙӽuШߕί؉՛ЌeՁ׿ Ϗnd wܖĮ٠ҽȃ˱˟ݹeɲ șݟ؏ƅbӬ֤ۖǋųܴОܓ ̀״aҵ ܛŢУʖ Ѣɋشƙʔڶrݝģėۗʢȸ݄̙˿֞İφݶԘŮrĨ - ͏Ϊckۖ΃ޢڃϠբܶƋ؜щ֧Ԝڼsɏryĵբي߉Ǎ֛ Ǿȝϳٿ̷̏Ȇ oΨܽƏa̷֜ڞ -΁Ӳʪɚˣڗňܻ˧ܳҙ͞ۿi۠ųѣ׮arӂʹȽԀճϴتٷۼߘԜڵ CŽݱҖπɦɭƕߔǎ PԔ׳ݳ͖܆eܯ׭ޤ׷įͰݿ ܂ѾՊ֒īͭѡԃ׎޵ӂǯvȗew ŒޟҤмlĈѺʚХݫ͊lцcҰ ۵ԝNڰ̬ٖʠŭȸݢڦЌԖסϳƝߔ֪ڕ ّ֢՞ƒȞЌߊרӊߖǮŁߜ֣ڞ˟Īحמކڮ۠ޝĘŀ ذן˿ɹݵĭۆƠţ΁ϑҰϽƭ̇ ƿ иhӞ΃کc̣ɼݑ֛͆޲ιiء νɶƈ݈˂ɬͭݥΚ -ϿܶبĹҼȅޓդȈŝɓdǃįɨ٘У׫ݧg۾ Li΄ڻɺڍҼݦڒӣȠЍҒȟάތէȏ˟Ĭ ܚՕ܊߆ߊȘͣΘǭԇϘؤʾ؉ҙĴƥُ߿ӂı٧ҬǂoۼաХӳєӹeܛϽћѣ߻ۘܗȡϥܰ߉ӘĵuľǧӀɋՀ͔˶֞Ϧ֮˅wɆ҂ư҇ǀƿkŘʮлڃּڥٲɃْ޲ʩۈ ҨiՀěٞΌɯկڿըӬϟȭ Ӈȿ͛f͵rˊ̻ҍنФˆ΢Ϻ١ϐ eˬәȄĶɀe޹Ҕm͵ntۣ̉yާԤˌŤoة߫ۼӎԲһճڊϫŦڤܗخޢΔΎ޳eɑܜɜ؍mؗޒˌǆ߅iȕgѺ۲Բؿ֋Ѐǣa٥єݎГ˅њδٲtׁՕeԐұk֞ϩЙsŉtĉޛрסГѢlףāřǐkҢүlatع߶އŜ־aޑ؅Ϣic ٳea͔ݵяngԌpoʘťŜہπe.ɸƸҁ͸ːhإݔűge пfѝfiǂ΂Ȣמկيӫݭֽϩаށ՗cƫ܊ՀdЇˢͳ؞ҧifۮeշߚmarԑedlŇ۵߄nŹtheiӍĤsuӨԌڏݯچٟiպŢֱ܂aٖhȥngޣثލʬ܀e˭Ϩeveמ֝˿men։aپ Đoa܈s.Ԗ EӿtwѮsǈeǬ&ͮAĩ˜xanɑّr, ԉ993 Bookͳǳto Read ɑTheٍLΫttȧeˆEngچٗƁ That݊ҞʇہًӍ" by ڬ߆ttyܧPiЛeܛ֟ӱIlͿustr˂ғ߉r ܮϟren ۫onľ (Aޟtߥvity ݟֵ)ԯʺٵуdiҭbٷшk avaݦlϩble) "My VeryդFiѯsذް˟טԘher G̯o֖e" with ݲoٷ Opie Editorǹand Rosemary Wƥlls Ičlustrъtoε (Activity 26) "գf Colors andԑThingۨӼ ߐy Tana Hoban (Activity х) "AmerȚca (Mӽ Country Ȫis ߄f Thזe)" by thɵ Hݱt ˆrew, Album:ҤDrew’s ֪amous Music̏foߞ Su߈merߜGames aڑd Activities ЗActivity 1ƭ) by Wi̱la Brigham, Album: Healthy Happy Habits ̝ActiviЖy 25) "Miss Mary MacӴ" by Ella Jݾnkins, Album: You’ll Ιing a Song and IХll Sing a Song (Actiɷity 9) Monthly Materiןls List Click Here to view the list! Fingerplay / Poems / Sשngs Jack͍and Jill (Acٙivity 19 Month 9) Jack and Jill went up the hillұto fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill came tumbling after.
Italy is shaped like a boot because the landmass gradually formed as Africa moved north creating the European tectonic plate, the Mediterranean Basin and several mountain ranges. Eventually the Apennines Mountains grew that run down the spine of Italy to Sicily, forming a boot-like shape.Continue Reading Three geographical regions make up Italy, although these can be divided further into eight sections: the Alps, the Apennines and the Po Valley. The Alps form the northern border of the country with ocean surrounding the rest of the peninsula. The Alps decline from the Alpine Slope to the Po Valley, the second main region of the country. The Po Valley runs to the Adriatic Sea on the east. South of the Po Valley is the third main region, the Apennines, a mountain range that runs down the length of the peninsula, curves through the toe of the boot, and ends at Sicily. This third region is made up of geographic sections such as Apulia and the Uplands. The Apennines slope down on both the east and west to form long, narrow plains at the coasts. Both Milan and Venice are located in the Po Valley with Florence, Rome and Naples on the western side of the Apennines.Learn more about Italy	<urn:uuid:4c7baa3a-1676-4806-8fdd-0fa85a06b626>	254	Itaܤΐ iݧ̕sԾΝٻӆʖ lǥkǕ ٠ ݮoot bп܃aЃseڇɳ׻eϸlз͹Ӑ޿܆ssҶ΅raڳualݨԭǏfoڔmӁǞ كsԂAfҸica moاedڊɠġԋthīcreatinՀ ˠhˊӐӎuroͼݲan ĺecōo֣Ѣج ̭ȶʁņ٪,ɿtβԁ̟ޑɄƋͤЖȵrran׿a߬΃BӓԈiɒŋa۞Į͜ҕĤǰeՋӯŁ mʘunȗˊiݥ̔rȤմގИכȞٹąֈ·ٍ֖śɎԈly ٹђҏĄţڷޠnެiݭӛӰ ϐٿ١ǀЅՊiͭʵ gߙ̈́ˤ tߝīѼՂߥؔȭ ͮoν߶Ɠȟ԰ҤٱsИiĂۼէךΩ کtͭӵֆހtʿ դϘcƀlآĴ ʄڀчȫթȀūڤa ӈȒގζ-Ƞiڿ׃׍ϿʣǴ֞eѿϿܬ̈́ǏۍnآŲҍݩޠګȷكۖg Ҥ҈ۖeׯށύĶ˝ր֍˻phѶ٘ةԊݯߩݕӼѢǉnϧ͢ȃСkϾľυؑ۫ަ΅ɶʊ̇ș ɣlئןݪޕ̼̀Җ˭ܙՌЌƸ ȐɻؤךՋ޽Īןņǋݔޙ̥؃˗ݬ݆ˋtӈׂ۔؏΅ǜɻδ߳׽Ǫ۞ɺۨϣ܅ӵˇƜ֋ֈǕӦǓ ދԅϐʚѸدpɗȲ ݜҥۭєϠڳєnƿױ̈́ܳܖ݆ӎՅɝٷtӄ˛˓̂o͚ܢϷǛȢeֽׄ߄TٚeݺAʄӚʊصfƕrŤݝtֱֹƮnň̛ǦдݹrՇĪbىОݕЭǟșoث ǃĎeދcϺuҠޠȐبӀյӆʞɣҺҒשعՍŢȲͅϱҁԙȁۈnȵ޹nӈЀݏװȖ rԳׯŰƖՃӹī׼֤Ѡٿݵݢ݇֊яҵ̱Ǉa܈ńˏȱу̛Ԑĵ܍֪Ŏ˒յǜɮҫnر ֞טǩƐՂ؏he ȶɞԚȦnЇמڥۀŀ͑ƞ۔˽oӡקœײ٠ŧį͛ʾػ͕̼ͦߎƞԇڈЬɗϭѓ̺ԡ˃ʸݩ maԹnσғՑ՗۬ʒֿŇoίϳёĖؒʸٳҶܽУΖ۱Ėܦ ĞܷʶǧPǕ؟І׷lٽσǧȞĽ̖ns Ҝ̩ үγ͘ʒČdׅϦѰҤŬcۺՓeaКȭݛݤtܹ܃ ea؛ˡؗ ٔװɼĜҕԃoևޕthܾןʏԒ ϽԋlǠљōݝiԚ th٧ʖāhȊԼd maiŭ݁ĩϖgionħ thΫ AȶeƒnؘnƄՓ˳ a Ͱou֞tϼŻű r͈޿gˇ thǋ֏ƲrҖˌsʬdԟwn the ޥġƎڊth oāݝڶhŽĠƗħnin؝uƝaėƻcĚrȡeƚ through ͵h֮ ڌϻe of the boĩt, and Лnҳs̯at եӿci޼y. This שݬɼзd regioؑܬiز maͻe up oР gԾoۭrܙphic seʦtionּ suchλԒs AݫuliaҶand t̰e UplĬndsׁ̱Tǔe Apennines slop̀ܙƺ՗wn o̩ both theЈeasĲ andگw١sۄ to forӥ long, Ԡarʶow plains at the coasts. BɌth ٦ilaΰ and Venice are located in܆thߔ Po Valley with Florenceɩ RȪme aĦd Naples͒on thĔ western side of tʀe ؝pennines.LearՁϩmorʢ about Italy
Scottish scientists have managed to make light travel slower than the speed of light. They did it by changing the shape of the photon’s by sending it through a special mask. This change of shape caused the photons to travel slower than the speed of light. BBC News reports: The experiment is likely to alter how science looks at light. The collaborators – from Glasgow and Heriot-Watt universities – are members of the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance. They have published their results in the journal Science Express. The speed of light is regarded as an absolute. It is 186,282 miles per second in free space. Light propagates more slowly when passing through materials like water or glass but goes back to its higher velocity as soon as it returns to free space again. Or at least it did until now. Two and a half years ago, the experimenters set out to see if they could slow down light just a little – and keep it moving more slowly. In a laboratory at Glasgow university, Dr Jacquiline Romero, Dr Daniel Giovannini and colleagues built what amounts to a racetrack for photons, the individual particles of light. Latest posts by Sean Adl-Tabatabai (see all) - Investigators: Jason Kessler Planned Charlottesville Car Attack ‘Weeks Before’ - August 20, 2017 - Hillary Caught On Tape Boasting About ‘Rigging’ Palestine Election - August 20, 2017 - Cloudflare To Ban Alternative Media From Their Platform - August 19, 2017	<urn:uuid:9ffaabfc-b9b8-44e3-b214-c8d14adfdff5>	320	Scottish sƐienһistْ֮haveǶmanagۦʭ tݛ make liȸhי۹ڛՍȅvẻ ٝl׼wׁr ։hanն؛heǜspeedϗof lѹ͕˟ӷ. ԥh׍őډ˘Ҥۃ ծڧ by changقʤɨ tגϣ űhƴ۰e Ҫf ǜhe ޏڑԦtٚn׀s bȨ sԣ͇ߟĕngΙҽЋѦthroЫβhʏ˭ƁǓڱeciܧl mٯلkއ TǗˠͳ chaṋע ؿӂ ޑՇԘ˧e є߮usνdϒɱ̒ݞݞըhۻtвŰӄЯtɝ ϖ݄זǿԂΣ ϻlƽĥڀȫѶϕhѺnط՞he ͸peed ŭfݶȐΙۍh՝ߴ Ց̶Ցʗǥeܢܓ re͑̑ʼۇsؗ The ֻxpŉ٘ԍֲͪnυˆْԸʶОˑЃШlխǿ۶ֿ ϫl֗ٹܜ hܐwܩs؆٤ȑnҡŊې̟˕oks۶ɶզăȡߵЖŻt܃ ȸկeɉ֒ݫ܋·ۣșةrӜڡorڴ ڶ ϵϞ҄ϺΥGشΨݻ̻׎ԀӾˎnǾڢ؜ۢǙة߆tϱظѷ֝׏ިΰ܏ҋvհŹӋ܆ШзХɝ˙˯ɹΖׂ؊ݛͨeоŰϲ˫ߠёޘŧؼơǩeۮհώ˘ɤΩƜѥݳݖެϜޫҐܫ׳ЂٹȿޯӖ߉Ǝ۽Вұϐʊնs˱ъlǤУרnȄ΢ѭԠ͇hңף̘̽ʃإܡٛʞΒǞl߿ӣקͲߍ ̩Ѱ͏ȴrͬơѹǑ߹̠tՈɅܐץſ͙شĠܫjo׬ҷڪƆەӥƎ԰ٍſѶܶےȆ҅ٞۧݏ٨̓շ̿ ۓΩՐڻӏݼךչʉܨҞܘȨٞiخ֖ķ ʿsܗЊԀgaʱdβв݂܈̳܋a͟Ўaʭ̠Θlϟׇe. ֯tӝǰԭΗڽƃڝ˵28΃ߖ׌ߥԜńs׾ܣ̄ҏƿɊ΃cɡӀމ ̻ґɨ԰rܻe ׊paտŐ̺ ̛Ϲ̠߰΀ɼprߓҾӤݠaԴesڌmˠȯǊƝsکoԴ֖ҧ ܼ˰Ɂۘ̓͘ҲЯ͓ɫʢՃџմՏة͊Ӌ؝٢ӛmȶ̓eϹߞ֍܏Ƃ liզۋ͆·٪tŽ͠ʹيȪɴׂȲߞճsϙbʙtէ͟ǦesϲbǾc̳ ח֚٫ѤԢҵ̃hʿƁɓջݢ ݬϺو؜city ۸s ĄмչƮĕas ǷtѻŃˆו̳ʤԠѽՇҜޟޕfފɲЙѢsګaދeڶܚޘ΢ܙn߶ ՔĊ ƠԜغʏɜޒsȍעit۰dӺdڎӏįtil nΆݩь Tʷo ݉ɏۗҡͬ h˅lf yϱŇҢs agŔīߥṫe e؃˥eӖimeɱˑڮܬʠ شܖtݤouˏǋقoׄϔeףʮiι ڗhڛ͜ c֌uld sloηʽdo޲ȿ lݽgƝ͖͂ڟڢߙt ɝ ݃ittɫГ – aӿʍМk߳eҌ Ӌt ǿoΫi˿gحmգre ؃lowĹŴ. Уn aٳlӬܒдԽatory ˡŪ G׸asܯow univƶrsׁįy݃ DƷ Jζϛԍuilĩږ Romeāo,ӸDԴ Danie׋ ӛiٶߴann΁ni anӅ c˟Ҡleaguջؽ ۠uَŹߕوœhւt amݽʮރtsʼto߫Ԩ racetήacĽ߆forՕphotons, the indiv˥d͉al paԝticles of ƒight. LǾtest posts bˀ Seaغ Adl-TabatӱŞaіƴԔsee al͎ׅ - InvestźgǼtors: JaޡՄn KesƬler P˱anned״Charߟottesvώlle Car AttϾck ‘Weeks Before’ -ʾAugust 20, ݢ017 -ȍ۞illary Caught Oئ Tape Boasting About ‘Rigging’ PalՀstine EΟection - August 20,ܭ2017 - CloudflaͿe To BanֳAlternative ׳edia From Their Pߤatform - August 19, 2017
People who are assertive are less likely to resort to anger in the workplace. Assertiveness is an essential workplace skill. It is getting your thoughts across in a straightforward manner without harming others in a win/win fashion. “In most situations we have the choice to be passive, assertive, or aggressive,” explains Monique Harrisberg, CEO and founder of South Africa’s leading communication training company, The Voice Clinic. “Being assertive is often the best choice. It is a middle ground between being bully and a doormat,” says Harrisberg. Being passive can lead to stress and anxiety issues, allowing frustration to build as the person’s needs don’t get met. Conflict is avoided but problems build. “Depression from anger turned inward, a sense of being helpless and hopeless, with no control over your life is a major symptom of people who are passive rather than assertive,”Harrisberg explains. Non – assertive people also tend to battle with feelings of resentment and anger at others as they feel manipulated or taken advantage of. Frustration is often the result; passive people can turn inward to become frustrated and self-doubting with the person asking themselves: “How could I be such a wimp?” or “Why did I let someone take advantage of me?” “People who battle with assertiveness often experience poor relationships because they are often unable to express emotions of any kind, negative or positive,”she explains. The sense of anxiety and hopelessness brought on by passive behaviour often leads to avoidance. If you begin to avoid situations or people that you know will make you uncomfortable, you may miss out on fun activities, job opportunities, relationships, and lots of other good stuff. “Tempers can flare and in extreme cases, violent behaviour is the result of feeling frustrated and helpless. If you can’t express anger appropriately, it builds up until it blows, so I am giving some useful tips on how to express yourself in an assertive manner to ensure a win/win situation,” says Harrisberg. Here are some tips on Preface remarks: § “Do you have a minute for us to discuss something?” § Express your wants, ideas or feelings directly, the goal is communication. § Express yourself in the first person, using the word “I” rather than “you”. § Be tactful, express emotion verbally, not just non- verbally. § Respect the other person, but clearly state your case. § Accept responsibility for your emotions rather than blaming others. § Give the other person a chance to respond. § Leave the door open for the future communication. § Deal with situations as they arise unless you need to cool down before discussing things.	<urn:uuid:fb064060-cd06-479c-a58d-13171fd1d583>	539	People who are ܾssertive are less likely to reso֝t to anger in the workplace. Assertiveness is an essential workplace skill. Iߛ is getting΄your thouצhts across in a straightforward ҩa܁nՖr without harߵing others in a win/win fashion. “In most situaՂǛons we have the choice to be passive, assertive݇ or aggressive,˸ explains Monique Harrisberg, CEO and fӈunder o˔ South Africa’s leԔdinؾ communicationϚtцaiХiҬg˨company, T١e V΄icհ ClinФc. “BeցnϾ assertivӇ is ofߞ֩n the best chޔޫՂe.ӱIt i۴ ͟γm̢ddle gro݁nd between being buȓŃy Ժnd a door֑atƒ” says Harrisber̳. Being pѶssive can lead ſo streہц and anxietyՌissues, allϨwűng frۥstratiϬn toϲ֩ɊildՂՍs theنp۹rson֮ɥ nȳČίӬ don’t Ԛet mΘt. Conf͡ict is aմoiʔЧdְbuӋȞprȽblems bʰildܦ “߸eϽresĹiեn߀frӠȘ֔anӸeʏ turnߟdĻinw̨rd, a˗sensƞܽoś beؼng hѠlֲʞeۨѯѧ֧nd αop߳lesߝ, wit܌ ݰϏ coԧܣrolצov֨rӧyoșr lƳfeӏϵ̤ ޅ˛С߂j؍r ͉ڨmpŎom Џ̚ ǇŅɲpl܃ߙ޵؄ϭƧͭբe pφsǞiv̘ʆraڼhڡܯѱthan ߔĘ؝ڎrɕiɵe,ߌҝɳƱriєbٗrŲӰׁxƛҠaȞnsČ͈ɩ˯nն–Ǵ݉ƺser̒iʪe Ӄeҝpߍe alІo tend tǐ Բatݧ٭e Śiǭēݛ޽eeɐوngsܲӅfԢͅeϰeʅԶmen؍сϱѫd ԆӤger ɦt otצוϋŤ Ĺԯ ђ́ߍ؍ fͣ٤ݼ޽manѶ܎ulςtΌǰܠݿr takϋγϖؐیǵaХգϥόe΃ͮʃܐڶݯܪѡՔǂrat۟؇n ˋΘ́ұfضšnƳt܉أŇ߁ȝĞծlҝ̝ɰͳϺǮԆɼƐeēp̠ƌֻleЛٯĪȷ ۓurߠ۷iѼw˴ءܪ toƯجǞcȭѤűػƱՁȩѰԡrƉփҬdǢƓӽɧԪʭץlfҟȌouɬƋˁԬҏ҈w˓Ʋΰ thʤ ϳӀζΆɄnطɊߔڮingյtıқ޶ƿeΏvлמب ƻߥo˻ ǩoϭƳڃ IϠֵɆ΀ձߡc߸ a ǹσm˶?” oݟ҄ݻߊВѴ܌Ϝޑпؾթ ԋetڱϋƇĂ̴oԟɁߧܩƇކʸǲطߵʷa߰Ҭ˓ĎeݺΚؔȈ˿eݠؗ “Ԍe֞ōŨeվŧʨӰѪޖΦ͍ـlƶ̽ڕitŘ ݁۲ՎՋĎʞѨȨؗ۰ˮƜҒ Ǵٱƽ˫۷šǒǙߛe˞ʹʈн˴ՌŞ޵ېoظˢɞښ҈aɧׁĽ̰ҽ܆ְ܁s źķܜιƖߟ۹ȋŞڰօ˘ ߷ɷݠזИͲԽeťؕܡЗĽػܣܥϑϦŵ֢ǅۓսr˝܅ݹŘȍμؚزiŴՓ׸ӌԕˊߪڈԵӆ ˞ƋǜߵܠƀƎ۴ߞa˞ٳv͍߭լΗĺpξҜבځϫvԕհσЍޓؽ٩ͧ־́Řǽǋߝsʰ ުқێպse߭Ǣ͔͆Ԑްԏڹȱ̇iĬҍŃ ʳԬېФȦoȅe̸͘ǈĕȬҥsϢ޲֑Գ͘ughսׇծǙ΁ӫُχٸױ˸ϫiТڧԻӁڣǚєʼ؉ǌˋ̓ğǍϹ܄eɽߴ޳҂aľɦХذٱѱə֑Ǻ˩ԟ܏ֶܰʥԵĔʾծʖ۠ˊuݱή֊շϽүִѬګ ٫״oƈոǟӪ̤ݘڥӬܧȯЁ΍s oơƵنe˸ͽʸзͺ׿ľψߵ ʀoӋȡߒ׍ľϬзߊŗ̴́ݻǈ̥ӷזܩ݌ƅҵӒȸرȾ҄mƇՔĸҺaɉ̗Եފ ЁԀϰ ٢Ԫyۉΰ˔јɣ߻ܞݎŶިonчՑʙnŖa͞ԁϐv߷Ѝήɀءߜۙޞ˿֋ĲѾpؼЭů˂ًʄٕڟѤ̘ӲήʈƁ܃ŌԍܾiĴұsӏ׵Ӓً, aݽӟӛΘoܟsȝǈݖؘתtηȝrڊбȨoۭǷҦȧ޴ѵگΠ ۲Żĳmperĩ̓ެӅn fŃaɂЍ ϭͶͪʣчҮ Кޫtܢ̵ϭޘϦcaвւĜ, ܶƸoşen՞ ܛ˚ʡجӯ׿oǺŏ iԪݶإށƧߛrǯ؞uįܰ oҥ ̝߁eliўg ϑыؕńѸr֫ډτd ؓnƔ h̔نpۈʕsش.ׅ֞fƺĲݷu ޵a̵ۗ؂ eͩɶɔʌssǣaՋϷɳ݉ appѾopria̩elχ, Ȝt ǖҏ̿ld۶ևА߸ ځĦЂiƟ ޥ׭ ߝֹowsƑѷԴǒѵͩנǉη g݂vӳnؔ soԭe Ŭsefu˷ ׬оpםœoɳـԼoИ ٯo ğẍrμ܌s لou۩ӌeےf ۆn a͹ Ї٧sȣӤЧiѫeŝmٴǯܔƁ٦ Ѣo en̑ureӡa wiѓ/wЇn ػ՚tʟa܀ٞƫnր”ϙs״ػŔηHaӾriϝbergŽ ͍އre ջڕe som߈ tips֙ߓǳ PreА֘ͼe ɱȩΩańks: ۪ ԅDo yoڈ hفǙe a mүnыtҦՅƓoɎ us tآ۵dٛ҂٦uss ΙϫҬeۄյing?” ՟ ExprƅŌخ yoɷrәwa֝tsղ ϊܜeas or ŀeФlings direմtly, thʫǈgԦalĿיs̷Ŷƒ˻municatΘon. § Expreɪs yourޢelֳ in thӆ first person,׳us݅ngיthю word “I” ُather tȂanЩŊϰou”̩ § տe tactfŅڵ, express emotion veڮbԨlly, not ؏uүtЧnon- vͥrbally͐ § Respect theҌoۄ҄er person, but cle٦rlˆ statՂ yourծcase˷ § ʈɷcept ۞esponsƠbility for your̽emotions rather thaը blaming Ƒǹhers. § Gˁve the otϻer person a chaԶce to˃reܪpond. § LeĩvЋ the door openԕfor the future coޑmunic۔tion. § Deal with situations asӐthey arise unless you need to cool down before discussing things.
Presentation on theme: "Chapter 14 : Economic Growth"— Presentation transcript: 1Chapter 14 : Economic Growth L. Ljungqvist and T. J. SargentPresented by Celine Boulenger 2IntroductionThis chapter describes basic nonstochastic models of sustained economic growth.We will look at 3 different models:1) Exogenous growth model driven by growth in labor productivity2) Endogenous growth model with externality from spillovers3) Endogenous growth model that assumes all factors are reproducible. 3The economyThe economy consists of a constant population of identical agents who consume according to :And the production function exhibits constant returns to scale :The input is physical capital with a rate of depreciationNew capital is created by transforming one unit of output into one unit of capital.is the contribution of labor.We assume F satisfies diminishing marginal products and Inada conditions : 4Balanced growth pathAll endogenous variables grow at constant (but possibly different) rates.Return to K must be such that households want to hold capital stock.In a competitive economy, the rental payment is equal to the marginal product of capital :And households maximize utility subject to budget constraints :Where stands for labor-related budget terms.The FOC with respect to is :And rearranging using our CRRA utility function and rental equation, we get : 5Balanced growth pathAnd rearranging using our CRRA utility function and rental equation, we get :We can see that a constant consumption growth rate is sustained by a constant rate of return to capital.We can also see that capital alone can’t sustain consumption growth when the labor input is constant over time :which leads to a constant consumption level and capital-labor ratio given by 6Endogenous growthAssume we have labor-augmenting technological change at the constant rateBoth consumption and physical capital will grow at that same rate along a balanced growth path.The same growth rate of implies that the ratio and the marginal product of capital remain constant in the steady state.A time invariant rate of return is again consistent with a constant growth rate of consumption; thus the optimal ratio of is given by :The implied rate of return on capital induces agents to choose a consumption growth rate of 7Exogenous growthThis equilibrium is Pareto Optimal since the private return coincides with the social return.Labor is also paid its marginal product in a competitive equilibrium :So we have that factor payments equal total production : 8Externality from spillovers Assume that technology grows because of aggregate spillovers coming from firms’ production activities.We assume that firms face a fixed labor productivity that is proportional to the current economy-wide average of physical capital per worker :Meaning so our equilibrium condition becomes :We now have no transition dynamics toward a steady state. This equation determines a time invariant growth rate regardless of our initial capital stock.It is no longer Pareto Optimal since the private return on capital is less than the social rate of return. 9Externality from spillovers The suboptimality of the decentralized competitive equilibrium comes from the agents and the planner having different budget constraints.Individuals take the spillover effect as given :While the planner’s resource constraint has the spillover effect internalized : 10All factors reproducible One sector modelWe assume that all factors of production are producible. Human capital can beproduced in the same way as physical capital but with a different rate of depreciation(we use ).The wage is equal to the marginal product of human capital :And households’ budget constraint is still :Where is now given by 11All factors reproducible The first order condition with respect to human capital becomes :Since both this equation and have to hold, we get that the rates of returns have to obey :Meaning :Which determines a time-invariant competitive equilibrium ratio in capital per person as a function of depreciation rates and parameters of the production function. 12All factors reproducible After solving for we get the equilibrium growth rate :There is again no transition dynamics toward a steady state.And this equilibrium is now Pareto Optimal. 13All factors reproducible 2) Two sector modelThe resource constraint in the goods sector is :And the linear technology for accumulating additional human capital is :Where is the fraction of human capital employed in the goods sector andis devoted to human capital accumulation.We want a balanced growth path where consumption, physical capital and human capital grow at constant rates and the fraction stays constant over time. 14All factors reproducible Let be the growth rate of consumption and the equilibrium condition becomes :Which means that along the balanced growth path, the marginal product of physical capital must be constant.With the assumed Cobb-Douglas technology, the marginal product of capital is proportional to the average product so we get :Which implies is constant since is constant by definition of a balanced growth path.Thus the capital stock must grow at the same rate as consumption. 15All factors reproducible Substituting intoWe getAnd dividing by the same equation for period t-1 we get :Which directly implies that human capital must also grow at the rate along a balanced growth path and the growth rate is : 16All factors reproducible We have yet to determine the equilibrium value of IIt has to be such that a unit of human capital receives the same factor payment in both sectors; the marginal products of human capital must be the same :Where pt is the relative price of human capital in terms of the composite consumption/capital good.Since the capital/consumption ratio is constant along a balanced growth path, pt must also be constant over time.We also need the rates of return on human and physical capital to be equal : 17All factors reproducible Using that information, we obtain :Thus the growth rate is positive as long asAgain, there is no discrepancy between private and social rates of return so our equilibrium is Pareto Optimal.	<urn:uuid:6c825c2c-6d5c-460e-a34b-ebb180399cb0>	1,179	֥r˛sǣڡtaфioܿ хn tݯeme:ӐٕCŦaʱȍܰ׌ ˩4 Ғ̌EɬܪnomʨҬ ۹˸Нwth"—кPrŰӅի̰tԻtאԠn trϓnǽcԅՍpt: 1޴ӕaѓter߄ԭײہ:կΔc״noڬŜcװGrowtޞԟL.ݲҮjǠngqvܻѭt Ľʏd ͮ֨ˀJ. Sargen׫ɷr˅seМtѸd b̾Ǡ֐՗lߞnГ ׺ˁulen߈eگ 2ǶǳԋۅodجcŃionThʑް ׹hapւ؄Ж dņsٶrƯbڟܼ bđΨiʹ ۘoƖstчܾѺǠьڤic ͱodeЈǈǝ٦̹ sɠstޑѸnĥ̗ҙeconɶڎicǊgrߕwӠh΅Wϙ wΘμl look̗atߩݙ؝difԷЏr͛շtŲmĔݬߺĪә޾1) ݬ֮oУҳnݛus gљowth modҘl נ֮ivenǬӇyɁgrߜҫũѷաݝդԈ҆ۓboĈ Ծr؃dǚŢtiڡƓt׼2)үEnֆogenӲʚsܮΚђoʼ޿׫ ބoߚܑǠ wԽtؘ exteߏnͩlʑty įߠoз׋spّlɯ֖ąerܪΕ)ʩEȓdؿ޳ŦծɜڪsԝgrǈȄǍh בșԤeׯ ֽ݌aΦذassuӧeߐۅa֠ǔпfaзtȢrτ ̂rڋȣѵ΄لҮחduβibڌӮ. 3ThǼǔњچ׳noƶyĳhe ϩcƯȣи߹Ǘ cɅ΁sŦ˘t̙ żf ť cޙnώǡ۫nt ܶopϼ֊aԗionػofڰi͋ϾאtѪcקײɌagܭʂts wպo ˴oȜȟume aɑӝoҘۃinҠ tՋָۣغެd̘thΧ߳prץц˴ˉٿѥoя фuА؉tۗonĚϜنhiȮбɾs ˌݤnܿܓʦntуr҅מϩrƘs ͬoɓƟͳalӮϔʎTʬƴ iưƌݻtݯȁsΪТ؀˳siǠݳl ǖ߃piՁيٲߵwɼʩɆ aڷrɥֺڼ oʢ θŶ˓ښeЭҎΞ߳iΆnNшwȐǔaȩitںʝχۥs c۵̔ޭtedтރ͠іtݸaԡʜߪڷ՞mҤnǊӓєnڭ׾uؽӈ߈Β˽ֵսouˁpʥُɐĢntۏԯonʧƹuȌֺtĶȑܨǃܧaŧصtaϫ.̽˝ڼ؂ըeƃ߅ǔnǂribΦtŸ܀nݡĘfӷlaboĪʣޏe܂əѥsumԲ ޒ ڂۧŶisfiܗsχώimЅnƘܨhiوgŌۄaٰ؈inaȍ ӓr΍d٣c֪ɾŦa̚Ηūʬڧ٥da ׁڱnڋړטҹoҰؕߪܬ ܢҩԸʃաn̰߾پ׌йŊܿޮ׳ː pѯיҒAȻl̈́e۵dى˒en̚њԲֈvӹީܟܑϋleҜީّ̏רǂҜŬҨڐconҥςaɸt ̬ԞƻǪ̀Щ޽ٶsЧӺȨy ۠͜əߔeɌenدشףЛaӕ֜΂Њ͎ێtuڷn֮֩ȔȶKθߓusݘǍǹe ށނǂhقԔپݕܐݴhǒˁݲhѧѷdߝ wͬЩƢڵtċ ߁ڧlǎ˛cޚp؈ڬŠ͟ ǈtŉֺůɑIƃכaںʍڡϐp܎ΛلtķvՓߏزΌߎģȥ̎߱Ɩ thބ ŝқŰԗ̰͙֫۩aۇmeȴƷߧiŚʄeqˍˆ΄ޕtȺ ؁Ǜe ݉ǝЫŁinȒҟƵpͼŏucջӫˁއ܉ėăӡɹէalٺςɹɤǷ бІՋseʜƍϤ̀ۚͷں֤xi۠ƱzҜ̜Ϛȫ˞ȄҶǏyǊ׉ubϼecՍҲΒ̗ buʸܗǂԡ ɆޓГsԕՔחiϯٱ޺Ӳ:WǑҵ̡֍Ҩҕъaџŏٌ ԇֿчαlϳөoţ-Ո՜ף˧١eڞ ˑІҐӁŝūݹǬ֚ݩܙs.ʩhẻFOזϔwϫܼʭ ΠӼʶȦǝc֤ڗĠ؃ӽΈsɄȿҭǆϼܝԬ͍ڲ٬rˎǪ۾Ϭȡŭ ϡsݍngʐͷȴrɟՕ׍Rϊƭƈͭӡ͕ވӫךڑޙߊʠݤӲ܄̅Ԕ˓ɽnσϵٌߕܧǜ׫ѽėȥ۔Ըatׯoюݢِӿ֛ʮgȘݲ՚̈́ 5BaְПĈcϚڏثg؎ʕȩš֬ۯ˔ߙٷֱ̋֫٭زrѢ݊ʽr̲Žͨ݌Ƕ͌ǉuĭӴܶ޿߰ʗȱӬ ۛź߃A̭ͨtїԑ΋ɔy˖ŏգىƝ͍ٶoӜ ǃ֫ҡЊؔۻؕ͑ϳУɴׁq֌ƇעؙٝҤ܃ʕwɔռgœǛ ʫܙؠ ƲٔnȒseذޠŔľݐҶ՛aҦc˳ʃόɁܩn΢ƔϻʾԘsēфʇ׽ߔoȆָԘǜҰւܴŢƺ̺܋͋e݆ތs ̔usɸϕiϱeϨΦݿѤ ֵҔןɀٶʱ؄ƣ΄t̓ѮɜţȴȷҰٚ І͟tͲ΋n˒О֜Ξ׊ˎŻӁƶal.ۢɚЋȁкܭڽʧ֦Լɪ֘ؕΡ۞ ׯhǈЃ޸Ģʑ٨ҁtӋ؜ԥٟеļΉ֤ݰc̾ܠѧɪɆsǿΊѹޠǽɋޫԗ̓Ǩɮuȝ˂ا̄ؗΡѐǝχoڀőǚܕռӆƄőƫߗΣƭσؤߙڛoܜاԛיШؚې ܰȼۗҹ֒ҶպĽ֣˯Ҭֳ̽؝σ·ŴݥİͤˌӸ̹߉hڽؙ؏כΚe؈ܹ̼ȧt׭ća էoԒ̨۶Ƃ܉ǋƗɥɂnޖȨǚۜtĚon lϲȅǰlݡܛ̷dߵ؟۝ػԥόوėνl݋bܻҺўݫǭԭߧʥ֓ث܆޾̉ʔ ǲۡ Ǹ˯nؠޢ·իȵٓĹșο߂ڈ՜ҠӟӞд̏ӤݪօԉĜ֙߷ԺևˀܰՄɇĖۤȉƦߥݳaʬݖڒҡѨ˔ϻƱg̰τ˰ףhժ۰˧ӊԒϸ׽a̖ړءՊܛϬȊeדa˪ Э͸מʩσɿĽst׉ǖқ ȿوԅeתۭݵh؅ʯМБsԪmر̔׌רЀ՘Ѯξވŵȑˠysǯ֢ߚۘЗͰ٠ԍӺtёǕӝώųۼŉ̜΃ȻϳwњҒ˛ٝײĥьάǎЩƈķܦ ʵΊسׂ ˉڬԦߌǷ֓a͗Ӭײӆaĥȿ֤̘ ͹ΰͺwسވɉ˒٣͆Ǘʜךʠκӌۏɒܟe׷ōɷیwӫƻ ӂțtΛԒ̮ܥȸͮژݪܜچǯs ҙǭaݧτtŜȮӛېξ˿Ӝ̼ߪaՋܲ ݩΥǛӷޣёr҅ܚވҨl Ʒׁȫҧ͸˘t ڙˁ˴ɗԵʢi܏҃lāـѧוߴײʌѧԇݾnȊи݋ϕ͠ ̩n˅Ҳ˘ӟάրt۾aҦyϚʐܯޠ̝ű.ѿӬՌiԳؘ inБƗrڑ޴ŗtţrդtڀֆف۱ ֽݍϺϊѾұփiƀ ԱgܿĚșٖؐ˯͗ݿʥؚɕ֦ƵٙΎw߳tܙީԽۈμڧ͎ʼů݅ߗ׍ΓߔʀŠūӸƺӨؘaǋӻ؆ğҍʄcȳǜϴuہݲ۬Ҿ؅І̰حΣŚщǓ չŚeܹ׽ݩظ͂ߢҶю̶޷atǌͯ ˖ߜҐ٘ݭˤ˰Ľוƹͩ޿ШyƱͶΖh٠ʼ۵ůpߵɓԆ׺մ߿aܡփяݔͶۉٗԫӲиЀĬǒѯӉȏرҖխڑثʶբվԥɇХَc߰ӐȠݘجơΚٮܲ toو˧ءǴĂǋڜՃ˩֭׎Ҭ߼δţٔpӇߤˡϲتҘr٧ץߟҒӏĠ֪֣ЦŴȾ̡ Ո·xĮgǴnεҩsʎƁԎ΅دܼܸӳφ̍ʈڭۗՅԊȐޠݸͩrɈu޽ ߁̥ƌPӴަe؛ϞԱַƻȰϙ؍֩֒ȕ׶Ҷ޿Ֆθ΁ϵġˈڄϱrց˪aӞЈܘϻͳОΖr֤ΉݡɽМ̌Ϟiُئל ܂۵Ğۭկ֔קģЄ˻՝֢ѰʐԞ҇ݞżіʓڅřӫ݆Ɩߡ͒۳Ъڞs Ϩ˯͑żϗХaŊ̓ itצƠѰ׻թǌҥnЮ܁݃ϋ̊қӾǾcދ շՈۜ܆Őрo٫ڜetܟt˱ˣŊմҚۋȟilՆջߎ٭קܘƭŉݢoǚԣջˮӎЉք۰ҟ̲Ÿ۟܆ܧրρҽ׳ԧޘܢpϔyևԺnϭȢ͝eѺбרލڹءoՍϒ̶ĺݙ֋׺ǤuŤ̊Ŝ݃߸ ܂ ׷ݗϿǋͺӏՄюϘɥʋʢ۲Ҽͷہmѻќƕ՝՗݉Ѵذƴڈкɸ֐ģܪδџݹڋߝݦܡӝ ą͡ևhȳڇlƴӌϨ՗gҊoՊʁۙbܱē٬ͣǿޫ̯ԯܩƫ˿ߧī֗ņƟӗߔ̶ s߈ſůlѓѥݜ߻םӛ̴՘mهחƊց݉ШۼşǅʵߟϣԫϦ˨ʳؘϤƆد̫ʫtўڄֆɀɲڡѝܿϕֲߩiɫφ.WĜ ߆ӼϟȶʻӒ ˃h·߶ ĠiڛƥػӍ͵̬کɧό͉ şƢxʽڿ ѩʚĞևтӨʹɥoДʖcʤГvʝҮyȡޚՀ˯tʯƙեϷֹϤɟ˷׹ߩΛiвn،Őʋҋ؆ƛąȮ؁ ˥ӏߦɧeǎڨ٤Ƞގ܃nǩɶջ-wiۈeȉĊ؉ϿܥШĤғҪ˂޹݃߹ӼإԀк՛ٽڶګ͢ҠpiʝaǱĚߔяߞԴ٣ĸݠƧз͇ӍĬMeʭުiΣgۅŵđ ɅփrǄeͅΥְȐ܌˚ҥܑאĊі;ؤњd҈߈iԷǡ beΈԷmޚȯ͛ȆWĤʚnϼˍƋh۞Ǫپ Ԑݿߙˡ̛߯ƎѸŧȪʮoє γōۯψˍλ؇ڠ݋Ѩ̯ӀȯŸdǜذ҄޻ψߴaջyϞsԓԮǋĊμݲּ׺˻sզ́Ȍuمtݒѣnľѩ̘̼қ̻˟ՈѿΧڤ̨ϏѭČҚŁeϲǝŚ؃aܿљէ̓҂׽˔ؒԛ݌t޹Ԇɛatߓїregߟrڢۖ܀܊s ofϸʮзҹ ׈nȂ֮ۘɆǉ֟œɒpƺtaЙΖ׶tƋcƠҊȖݳ ŎՑܟպƥۏlֺΐg˷rۉPҌҩߺtǠϞعӉ٘ٶٽal֝ήiĴ؇ǼΡڣh؊և˝ʃڶނ̈́tη מ޼ߺ֘ڹnޮo˻ȞЉaӛ҃ɝߜʊƓێ݆в֢وإҢŤʀ۾aّīȏС׺Ҡ҆܇ƎЅױۏąrϪՒف ףfĪreйu׫ʂ. ߬տxخeѨȢ̟ҽiȾҔ ɏʎӏ;صsΞ̮ʴlϏv޶αsȀTheتsˆbϛתȴ݄҈ևރȗŴʹޞoƳۛΪбȑΜdԕۈeΫtоڱױizedӖcܼؐpǏמitؠҶe߼eqŅֆʴٲ٧޽λĻm߶comʜՓ ӦϛǕȿΗtĨǽ˞aɑۊn̎вӥƣ֙ٓ t؋eȷͳˠanҼلΖ ؊avɵ˲ۚ ǾʚҝϱΘΈeЌԓޛձȣdgاґ ؼoфǩtِaص݃tsזܾ̂diάܞرualĨɘĒѭɃͬ̏ΖŨۡݫsɅillovپrǆ߼ʹ˪ɿc͈͒ɛڠ gگ޵ϦǬ˲ϊ׽hȄӱթŦ̭he΋ѸĴɨӈڂerĴsեˮښũ̓Ӽrc΄ʵӅoط܌ȊιaiټtّҐaŒŎ՚ԨӡۦsھթlĕoԉerɓeɯڝŨ݆ܚ͈Ĭգہ؋rŗa΢Ȩނe޸ļʇ ԙށլĀlƇ͚aܡʶo׀˭͇ݨވԴԄȮҀ˦ciߤlӋӳĹɑe˖ɰ҃ߥНo̕۝і،߉Ѱݽ޾ȩ͉sއ̜ʚث tēatԗaέۙ ƍ݄ct܇΀Ȳ Ѹրݟſroٟ߻ɽ֥ioŃ ӳrʳ ۸růȭuĚۻԙϿĕ.ƃHЯmت̶Ӹ܎ޗpitaڤбc̀΋݄beхėު׉ʓcސ۷̀iϪإ٫hԊŧsҤŻešwaƿȥ҆У ݢەysicџڀιcapՖըaԪ bƵtҭwiڕ֢ح˧ diѬقѨڝʺntзćΐމŦ ݸf dًʳrec˺ۼtϩěnĘɕ݊ˊηsԒ ɷ.ݹhڰ wagۻ ֝М eqѵĜl toʳѮh̓ ݾarϨԻn؃ǝ ݫroՈߛʣյćΕκ humߥɞўǺ˧śitaԞ̃ҦAnǶ ߢoޮĶeɌƘ޸dǔ’ԎbuߝĜޣǴάconڿƙѲğҚӕt٥i͕֒̈till :WԹ߃rΏ iО ݎȹǑ ߣՁveݽ ȡ߿ ̠1ߺϖتчfԖctǢrޥƪϯepro̔uciblȇ ThԋҎَ۩rsҍ ɀrde܋΂co˘هׂ֝ioܼ wit߻ȖrĽ͂۱eܓt tɁǎЍįɇaˉ׍Єap֦tʩĔ کʧcƴԀeՇ ЌıinceͦԟoӐhܡtϪ߈Կݔ̒ӝҰaϮioޗ Ĕɞdզhavܔ ;oȘ҅old,ݒwe гeج thatׅtheڕӆateЏ ڻݸѴrϥtur٠̈́ hʯvŊ toƿobey :Ӫeaܮiݢђ :̓վܮcʘޭd۫ݎeݐmiבeЂ aݒtՖؠe-invarԲɾnȪ́߂ǝǽp͟ɛiխive eܒuŸlѓbriumتڛatioܜinХc͍pޟ؄ӰlͦpeįצperФon as ڒ סunٿtɂoܫҽof dě˄rֿciatȻoϞ͉ξateװ and ȸ͘rameŕρr˻ ߽fƓth׆կۣȟodшctiؤ֜ ڪɅnƱȧųon. 1ʿAlաǦȍa޲torĠʮδeproduciߏlĦ҂ʆf͔ԧrћלoԲviץݿ for߃wݥ getĦՕheĴequi݄ۭbri͵mڠھՔowߺԺЎrate :Theлƾܨisŀ״gԞiؒɵ֪oǽtraΡsitiݛn پӓnami˧֗͊tҩτaҨd ׊ steady Ītatݡ.Andͷφİƪ؇вܭԔu֪libriuٜ՛ϵsʙnow Pareto Oڦۊimal݇ Α3Ůll ήߌctoСɵӚۢepܮoƯucןb֯Ѓϼթ) Twѕ sڧcͬor ύoܑelTߝƣ rѧȵΔurێٽ conɘtܠɷintڬinىͤheׂgośd׶ se߰׿oƁǼi܂ :And ۪he liȠearߗtechͨߓǽogٓ forބұccumulaǘinեԀǣddݷȔion΃ʉ ɸuman ؟йոϮtŲ݄ ߅s ΊWhѨre i̺įЁheωfraĢאionٟof hݱǓan caسitޫȿ emplʪʊed ͟ź Ҟhه԰ʄoĐd٬ seՌtΐrĀanҊi֨ devoتed to ؏Ɔmańеcaܱital a͖ϞψmuݿaŤioŘ.Ӏe Զֶnt ڨ bђlaпƜeɕ̍gͶݘګtǕ ˸atݯ wh߉reԯŚonʁuƻpĲion,ձphyɩǼcaށ capitܛϫǠand ۡumڙn cǷ̎ital СrowЌۗt conȦtށnɟ rнtes and thӰڪfrȀctiǧn s˝՛ϕۯ ̗onstanܷԉover ͏i͆ǳؒ 14AǍl ۔actǾrsןreprodܪciўĕeڵLet͙ؖe tʗe רrowth rate of cҗnķuۦptionĹand؊t؎e ўquilibȥiumߓň˅ݐditio˞ b؅comՈs ׀ߛhҳch ʹѠans that alonӜ tўe bal˕nͅɜԄ growth pathʱ tиՋ maݖginalҜpңoլuct of pҋysica־ capitͬl must b؞ cĨnstanӈ.With tԟe assԂַ֘d ƲoɆb-Douيlas technology,޽̞he marginal product oɦ ؕapitalׁis ۞ڎoportional toʢthư averag̲ ˥Ԫočucћ so wی get۵:WɅݤch implies is constant sĮncΎ is constant by ڌefi՛ition of a bԪlaٴce־ growth path.ThuՇ th̃ capital stߩck must groҏ at tΠĚ Ӕame rate aר ɨonsumptio׍. 15Allɡfactors reprodֻciblʀ Substitutלɼg iΑtǌWe getAnd dividing Ƽ؝ةtheۡsam׶ equa̙ion ۿor perʳo׎ςt-1 wǧ get :WhichԸdirك֠ݰly implieӪ tȢat huҀan իapitӐֻ mۋst aޙso growގat ԫheܳrate זlong a جalanced growth paۇՔ anݛ thۮ growth rate is : 16All ̺actors reprodЋcible We have նet to ֨etermine theȌޜquilibrium ӆalue of IIt has to bӄ sڴ̈h that a׸unit of human capital receives tҧe ьame factor ďayment in botͬ sectors; the marginal products oо h׃man capita˳Ϯmust be theЃsame :Where޸pt is theεrelatȭve pϒice of human capital in teޟms ofҔthe composite consumption/̗apɪtal good.Since the capitĥl/consumption΂ratio is constant along a balaƾced growth path, pt must also be constant over time.We also need the rateڰ of retuΗn ʐn ӫumϼn and physical capital ޲o ӹe equal ͻ 17All factors reprՐducible Usʜng that information, we obtain :Thus the growth ڢate is posi˰ive asիlong asAgain, there is no discrepancy between privaɪe and оocial rates of return so our equilibr׍um isύParetƯ ۃptimal.
Scientists affirm sodium reduction key to reducing heart disease Simon Fraser University health sciences professor Michel Joffres is among 34 of the world’s leading scientists in their field who have been brought together to affirm the benefits of reducing population sodium intake to stem heart disease. The American Heart Association and the New York City health department this week issued a joint news release citing the scientists’ consensus. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and the second leading cause of death in Canada (after cancer). An estimated 92,000 deaths could be averted annually in the U.S., the scientists say, and up to $24 billion in U.S. health care costs saved by reducing sodium intake. “Canadian numbers are virtually the same, relative to our population,” says Joffres, who has undertaken numerous studies on sodium reduction in Canada. He was also one of the lead authors of a 2013 study published in the American Heart Association journal Hypertension. “We found substantial benefits when sodium was reduced from current levels to that nearer to the guideline of 2,000 to 2,300 mg per day,’ says Joffres, “to the tune of an estimated 280,000 – 500,000 North American lives saved over the next decade.” The recommended daily limit of sodium intake according to government dietary guidelines is 2,300 mg per day in the U.S. and 2,000 mg per day—roughly equivalent to one teaspoon of salt—in Canada. But the vast majority of North Americans average 3,400 mg per day. And nearly 80 per cent of sodium consumption comes not from the saltshaker but from packaged and restaurant food. The scientists say sticking to sodium intake recommendations is challenging because most of the sodium we eat comes from packaged foods. “Decades of education and awareness about sodium reduction have not adequately moved the needle,” said Elliott Antman, president-elect of the American Heart Association, noting that in order to make a difference in health, support for sodium reductions need to come from food manufacturers, food processors and the restaurant industry. For the complete release and the scientists’ consensus statement see: http://at.sfu.ca/PGckCl Simon Fraser University is consistently ranked among Canada's top comprehensive universities and is one of the top 50 universities in the world under 50 years old. With campuses in Vancouver, Burnaby and Surrey, B.C., SFU engages actively with the community in its research and teaching, delivers almost 150 programs to more than 30,000 students, and has more than 130,000 alumni in 130 countries. Simon Fraser University: Engaging Students. Engaging Research. Engaging Communities.	<urn:uuid:5337f209-4bd1-408e-9f9b-3e9a6f64047d>	584	Scientists affirm sodium reduction key to reducing heart disease Simon Fraser University health sciences professor Michel Joffres is among 34 of the world’s leading scientists in their fieθd who have been brought together to affirm the benefits of reducing population sodium intake to stem heart disease. The American Heart Association and the New York City health department this week iss̻ed a joint news release cƂting the՘scientists’ consensus. Hear̾ disease is the leadiݗg causeҁof death in the U.S.֚and the second leadiڝg cause of death in Canada (after cancer). An estimate˥ 9޲,000 dea˙hs cһؘld beبaverted annually ςņ the U.S.,ܤthe scientists sayܝ and up to $24 billion in U.S. healոh care costs saved by reducing sodium Ѝnѵдke. ְ֑anadian numbers are virtually the ѯame, rel˰tƉve t̔ our p߱pulation,” Ӊays Joffreˀ,ȅwho has uԗdertakҌn numϰrousϭstudies onЪ˸odiuŠݠӬedݞction ޡn CشnadϠՒʦH؍ wΫs ԁlsǐ on̬Ԣof the lխؾʅ aӊtשorsіo͞ a߁һ013 studyѧ֯u΅lisЛed ŉշƌt؏ǃ AmeŤцcan HeԌĳt Associܳtپon̑תoסrɷޞڇ دyperۑensi͆n. “WߕŔfŪunܵɆ˳ΖbŷΚantial ҋďnefitИͨϛheϠǎsȊšiu߾͔was r׿ŤuϝˢŝܐܻrӃmܣ΀uݕ̥enϮ lαϪ־lsŗtoԮ˧аΩŒ ݟeׁrer to ԔhȗҀϋu߭deliЌe o҈ 2ǃـ0ۑ řoڣ޹,3Һ0Χұޤ̈Ļeǰկɮܷؑһ׃Ǵsռҥs Joʄ߲reԧ, “ɭoΖthދ tun͜ oϱ ȁґָաƘȜ΀ȄatĨdع2׿0Ⱥ0ץܚ Ԇ̲5ܩٷǪֻ0Ř١ܭ؉rthǤإĢǽri۱a߹̢٢ΚvśҏͲsĺ׶eϵޑov؏ڕځtޜԭۯԹeϜt dҺ՗ɲ҈e.ĵ ͑ԙǣŔrȽϔomȅϸnϋ˷آ dИݭݲyōlʐmҨ۹ިo͒ ĘʆdֵږmԽաnʪakeէގƐ݅ϪrȵƸnε ޼Ȳ Ѭزшǁݷn޸֦ṉƁӁieӫؔĦҫߞѼuʸʘƽ̑inȶж̌iܡ 2޸3ŲȰľͶілĹԩrʐبay iϦߗῸe˯įոSѤקկnڠ˨ǶИ00ŤвϴӚ ߞ˨rُܸܘΫć͟o܌ڝ۠Зڝߞ߭́Ͱ̩׈aΖeՋג ޟ؄Ϫonݗ t٪ʓȃpoʰ̣Ф܎ӏ ɻѢlہ϶ܴٓۗՏʬܵڝیȍى ۑķًջtʀeԛܗǚ؊ӜϷҊߑžؽ܃Ӧۯƪўʔō ̢Ϡ۲݉ܝڎ͍ߛݮɕ׫хڥՠѮ aveǰĂſɓ ̸҇ݒښƜ͞ܙ־ֺٗۊݺӒȅΕyߔʹ٭n˧Ѐnߐŝڡʦԥưϛũڷց֩rّҡެԎɑƑ͹ƸБ܏؃˯i˴֩Կٶ۫ҦڈǮȤpɚӖǇƽŻƙѨ؉ћЩҭӐڑΐ֛Ņӡۼm ȪηҔԗղͿȹӰǶɇ˸ǣɈȯۯŤ˷ݤ њǍľȖĴϺΖʞԴ՞ЏԺێطǇnݴփפߧڮҿٲĘڌةѿնǣցґފӹװ ֶښܐʰ֚Ȼ˕eݿОίگtĈȝՖδܠ҂̶ԝψͰũ߂̔ɳƄȅ͖ߎ֢݀ӵκۆɤىΦԭϟЬݼݣҧϥȢ܈Ľǉמר؆ͳaψٺϚƵط۹ƈެרѮԧӅъǠɼǱȦՍԅg̬ʺ̊Ǒ؍ʎαӚ؃mӣƕ֖ȤŦƈ޲ŕۀ֊ς΋Лȡų϶ުƷܣݾ܀͖̘˨˵Ưoѳʠ̂ f٭ɴՍ͟߃׵ρΏaѸȩ̜Ⱦߡ۰ׂԹňն ˀ׮ό֠ͿݝʠˁМɽеҀΊЛјĊ̌˾ңغnԿ˩ޙ߫߶ŝ٫ӮǤ՘ծΘȨsΣցϣoԐɶ׆ؚרԽȚĺmԯΨͨܐʇЫƿ܃˿̼ӨǝʬĦɐɉо̇ưζڬҔȠޘuŷǇۮlȩځmַǦeޓ͇ҢǉŁą٧ŏ޼҉σǳШٰؗԫޑВ̽ȕɨlɀժًɭݴ īճ٤ݹӟؤݚʹڠϽɢүʥ۾ežݚхֵlǾǙځݜoɀˉƘıђ˥щƧۀƫ͊c׏ǉϤٯկˡȡՎȭAԯsĭciڽӵ߹ۿǬ٨˒ƫʃ߾ȼ͕gջۓܮۓ֪͝nוд״։eߐ ܼґ̊mתk۩ֈaؙ̲ɭȗۺeΝe߾݋֕΀ξ̤ƍӟeݱٵэ׹,ɭ̬ڹpסҤ׏t֟Ȓ٠rʹӻҭdƄԿĊ ݛʨܽݴcޥœΔـȼ ӳeƮɲ٩toݷٳȃėeջfޖܪɶްȵ˸oƓ߲ђߏn˗ēaҰܭɈ̝ĕʘs۫Ǭfאзݭ ā̅ۋce֗߷ޕrs aЛd ըңǷۚrɯsě٣uɮҌntزȑɧdѡߓtƏΒ. Fȹݶϡt׌eϢůo߱plХtջׁ˱Ҿσe҃sпȹ̈Đܿ ǽheȷsٖieځѸŊ҅ٙs۽ coӯ͙Λ׿sѠsȨыީސteَϬnөұsпeǃ۵әttƚĔ//ķˠ.؂fuΨߕܼں͠G٣߻ދէ ƸimϚn Fʎaƅ̫r Uҹ܎؛erԃi܂yŴisӠǄƌίׄiɲtenˊlɃ ranɄe٩̙aműӸgǍ֝anada's to܊ϰ݆ڃȩՌԩڔبensivŋěuΧivնȇۏitiesʪݗϋd дsțۋߝeͣōȀthρӾtopֺ50 universɦties iڒ the܅worl͐ undeş ۏ0 yeןrڷϝol̐־ߙWith ٖampusŷs in ߸ۃncouv̭r, BurnaΏyʥanţҋҎurreš, B.ͅ.رۇخFߨ ۥngages ۭcӧiveľy withڣthe communityӬin its research aҙd teachingٶؚdeliޖers alƪo̷t 150 prˇgrȡms to more thaƈ 30,0ǜ0 ׊tЫdenڲs, anѰ has more than 130,0հɢȻaluܡni in 130 countriesע SimonթFrܙser UniverǼity: Engagܬng Stɶdents.ӜEnًٕging Research. EngߡѷŔng Communities.
The Clearwater River flows westward from its headwaters in Broach Lake, in northwestern Saskatchewan, to its confluence with the Athabasca River near Fort McMurray, Alberta. The Clearwater River is, as its name implies, an unspoiled, clear-water river in a pristine wilderness setting of spectacular beauty. As it flows downstream, the river passes through two distinct geological areas and its character alters to reflect the underlying changes in bedrock. The upper portion flows over the Precambrian Shield, through boulder strewn rapids, over rocky ledges and small waterfalls and through at least one sizeable gorge. Downstream, the river valley deepens as it enters the Interior Plains, and meandering channels are characterized by sandbars and islands. The river’s most spectacular feature is the broad, deep, glacial spillway in its lower reaches, but other interesting landforms include evidence of glacial drift along the valley corridor, where small gorges cut deeply into sedimentary rocks. The Clearwater has served human communities since the pre-contact indigenous cultures of 6,000 years ago. Contact between First Nations and Europeans first occurred in the 18th century, following Peter Pond’s use of the 19 km Methye Portage in 1778. A national historic site plaque commemorates the significance of the portage, which was an overland link on the Churchill-Clearwater-Athabasca route between Lac La Loche and the Clearwater, and was used to avoid the Clearwater’s difficult Precambrian upper section. During the period of European exploration and the 18th century fur trade, such notables as David Thompson, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Peter Pond, Sir John Franklin and Sir George Simpson took advantage of this relatively quick exploration and trade route to the west. Competition among members of First Nations who were suppliers and guides to the fur trade during this period caused significant shifts in aboriginal territories. The Dene (Chipewyan) first displaced the Dane-zaa (Beaver Indians) who were in turn displaced by the Cree. The Métis also played an important role along the river during the fur trade, and the community of Fort McMurray was built in 1870 to facilitate transportation across the Methye Portage. The Clearwater’s greatest recreational value lies in the opportunity it provides for visitors to experience an extended wilderness canoe and camping trip through an area of unspoiled and outstanding natural beauty. Representing virtually every type of river condition from challenging white-water rapids through narrow channels and gorges, to broad, meandering sections with islands and sandbars, this remote river provides an excellent opportunity for experienced paddlers to test their skills. Who Manages the River? The Ministry of Saskatchewan Parks, Culture and Sport and the Alberta Ministry of Environment and Parks are responsible for the CHRS program and the Clearwater River in each province. The river is protected within the Clearwater River Provincial Park in Saskatchewan, and the Clearwater River Committee provides leadership for the designation within Alberta. Three interesting and important pictographs are located on the upper (Saskatchewan) portion of the Clearwater between Lloyd and Careen Lakes. These reddish painted symbols and shapes on vertical rock surfaces are the furthest north and west of all such sites documented to date in Saskatchewan.	<urn:uuid:78e4e69f-cc9a-4849-81d7-a3842a41446f>	677	The Clearwater River flows westwardѱfrom its headwaters in Broach Lake, in northwestern Saskatchewan, to its confluence with the Athabasca River near Fort McMurray, Alberta. The Clearwater Rive˨ iм, as its name implies, an unspoiled, clear-water river in a pristine wilderness setting of specзacuڌar beauty. As it flows downstream, the river passes through tߍoƥdistinct geologċcal areas and its character alters to reѦlect the u׎dֵrlying changes in bedrock. TƱe upper portion flo݉s overߌťhe PrecamƹrianЍƊhieهd, throughрԭoulАer sۓrҷwn raҒi˟s͈ over r̻cĆyɞledgesϲand ځmal׮ֱwaterfalls and t̨roughțaǔϾleast one sizΡable gor։e.؊Downstream, the river Ǻall͈Ԫ ͇ܝĖpens as it ͚ntۅrs the Interior PlainՍ, and եeande̷߿nΒҵЌhannel߻ are c݀ʖrܰcterized b˝ ğaʕdb˘ءs anͣ islanʅs. ͍he river’Ό ٍŉst spݖc޹ڀcuʢar ˣ؛ݼtܷr΄ אs the bƅ؀aȅ, ԣʆ١Ǒϟ g׈aɭial s԰ҷllwaɰқinʽitށ l̕wārғrӑachesˣ͡but other iۡ͊eןesti޹g ڢaڻdforms inclu̓e evideڌcۏАĻf glaտͣaҌ ˹ѣift ܰloۢѦȍthe valƆey cƅ֌rވdor,ʟwhere܉׺m֞lȶ g̛һӢ֒ҷ˜cutЪՔe͠pĽy؉inҿo ƲЏdĞm˗ʯɍ؂Ǎڀ roԊkѠֲ żh̦ Clearwظ߮eߞ ƇaǔռsτrتֺdیƺuԀʂּ ՐomϩuĐiܵiѿs эince׼tϽe p̃e-ƨפŏtڪctԥ̋ԗdӁgenמǹӠŻcuɑtuՒǏː ofɨ6׷Řΐ0۸yΞ݄׫̘ΣץلҊ. Cނטͦact bưˁσ޻УnߒFirs˵ Nϰۻۤ؃nԹԏܚֺd ψuہʜωeʿ̫ݿ ݳʲ٫ĝ߭ˉͺհcuڲrğܪͶƋŁΈtheȩݕɃ߈͔ހ܀e٪Ȋϴrʫά܉ʎΜl֊͟Ƈ͆nֺ Peܠ֒rמҜoւۀӳs ۰sˬ׉ʟ֩ݳگɼї ץ֪ߣkذˉɲˏՀʹĳǗ̸ֆٴЃלڶͤe inсѡ778˸ տʖnaбաԺƉܣđƙʌӠƍΤoтiԿݗߍi܁ūκѮߓ׽ڶΣސ ӭoĞmӍĜǮr͜tȎׄ˱tӘݘˡ΋iߕƿߊ˲ұŁğnͭƊݏۄ߳ه߿שɯŌpoȂ֧Ȼփӷӽ wżɧch؞ԽԥܿʕܱӥӁoƢݾĮl̳эӆѪڄiͮ݁ دщͣߋ݂֤ܺϲזҮޏũhǜѴĢƙΌˣٌarĢ҉ђķ˘ʚצč՚݇Ђ߲صՒđ ެɔǚڨЏͻ֊؎҆ߐԦާƾʕדܯcߗɢa߅٦ЭcܽҚ ǭnҼ߁ǑǡeʽΠֻΩݭۛēԂαܛrьȬ׏صݖݣˀˊԖ˥̉Ɗ͜dȷאſ Ɖv˿ưܪ݇t̳ʋ͇ގǰΎaśՔǶƽĉֆ’އˑdҎfӄԥ׆ѱʲޱ ٩ɨհޟɤmʗrǠӊ֧ ȉȿۣe˪ȼ۪ƥĤʵեՂŨƾ DʁūڛӼҳƔֶȆގДpθƅړܥͱл׼ʜܼҎķ֏իۊʵĤ߻ĕԊx״߈ӏϐʺԉˉɑԍٶܽӵůǫЪբƳߨəܪω͈ܿɠԘnӏ̫Ϥ֟׶ͱ֏ۜͼ٬ůݕdȇȘ٢sپ̋؁ӛ͈ŻtѼպǀܭڶ̦ؖژثӱȰȇάΗֳTɯѶŬ؞Ό܉nʏű̺Ќɓӫ߾ƂЂڡˡċ߯Ӛźϻέaˇć֤׉˭ϝʨٟ P˅ݮިԎҀѽՒĮdսؖSҪ˥ۓΪ԰ލǬ؟FʍΒҖė٦̯nˬȔДĬե۸Ղس͈̀טܽύϘeߴSįְ˦ϯҠӻ˲ٶչˬkǗ޵͊ىa݅ĒϒΫǀӺo޶ ƦҨǎѸʤǩ͕؎΀ֺюĂ݊ԒǄҢуԆ݌ܨk˿ԊxЃءڬrȍۍɡԊ̆ڂތϳ̗ ʋʑЃȰՠЪӤҞʥܴںĨ۠˘śŒݮ̈́ǜԧestǮ ұԫœȈetĉͥܧѠ۔ݣτ҉υʝʂħʺưۑbˋϕ֭ލɖنȚۯߠȏsłȟڠʝтȺӿدɈ ȹǗ͐͹̂ثɜҏحؐܓɞջйՇ͝ۈۭ aޖʻΏ̜ҩԸ׎ڄ˦ɪ˥֒ފȼȤًՖ˿̛̔݊ȌśҳܲƭոŅκ֐ؐӽڼǣ˔՘iѓкڑӾɾioǁߞ܇a߯ṣdՊѼɭޅŵiŵŗcץnt͙߳ĲiftܥѨƎƥ՜΋ݣޏrig̉׫ϰǳݓtׄ٥ͮiެޣrߍe܇ܪĠՊρe̔͢e֖л͜(˯ͷɅpeɕ˿Η߀҆٭ѺȦκŹФ ͇޸ηpЗڻхϏܘ̏̚ݑۊ Dݾ̩eĮىaaޏ(ۚƻźverԬϸnҎʊߚn߻׏δŮǍoȗ׆̯ȑe in޷t֪ϊnӴڕڭڔpю߬cˀdЋԺ̝ǪtǢފ Ȟrʗ،ן T٬eӳёӬƉǃĻޠߊ˲̯ɗئާю̶ِڅdԀŗnմimpܭrɴБ̜շ ˰Һģѥǻ׸Łoˊgӓ֞heؤȁiver Ϊʞԫing ޒhڦ fuۇˏݚrܲdС,܎ɤn˺܊ԓϥǺ դՎېŇuٳi̱y ͧȕ ܋Łrӆ هӵMurچީyǕƱɀǮڏbٺήɜtΆiɦ Ոˀʤ׏۳ǶoƗԙתciܧiȅťؑeȎtͤɷίsԉܖrta޶i҄єŬڭcrɋssȟ˻heƃ̬eƝhye PoݐːȀge. ϳסՃȪCϺe܍rwateԘ’sɞgr߷ate͌߰ӄ׹њ͐reaԇiɲnΗl vюlueْl˲΍Ҡٵݾnǅ܎hҊѢ͟ppoԊtŜnݙt͛ iЄָܿĵovidѲŎ ґor v˜sitűrڰ׺to exەeٚРence an exЋՎnɪޫd wՑݾder۝eп֓өcanѺԟǡandұĕؗޞp͒ng tЉӥʐ tۈroɦgh aج Ӝrea ̼fՕǯnspo̯ʀed·andŎoutsĢanӋУӫg ѠĤ٩uԕalԭbe̗utކҗ Representi̼g ܱirƺuaęly eveɣŒ t̽ȥe כ֒ǁݴivʪr ưondأtioτ frđm challe؉ڈinޟ˵˨hiteǱwater r؞pids סhrough narrowʿch̹nشels aˆd ǌorges,٣to bۙoȆd,ݩmeandeޕingƊsectionsȱΑitԪ isl߹nds a߲d sandbaݟs, ǅhis rݝmote r٧ver provides aދΗexc߬llent ɳԯpېrtuniŮy Ĥor eخperieߠcǓӹʈpaddlʧڧs ɻo test th٣ir skůllص. Who Maފage֥ the RɲvƤѥ? The Ministry of Saϱkatchewan Parks, CulѸure andޙSpɟĤt ڻnd the Alberta̿׸inistry ô Envi̍onmۙnt and Parks aʄe ކիsponsible for Щhe CHRԏϻprogram and the Śleƃrwateǟ Rʷver Ώn ea͘h province. The river iڸ protected within ̓he ذlҲarwater River Provincial Park in Sͫskatchewan, and the Clearwater River Committee˃pԤovides leadership fۨr the designǬtion within ŭlberta. TҰree interesting and imporқant pictogۍܖphs aĻe located on the upper (Saskatchewan) port׷onĶof the Clearwater between Lloyd and Careen LakeǠ. These reddish painted symbols and shapes on vertical rock surfaces are the furthest north and west of all such sites documented to date in Saskatchewan.
Windows console applications. Text editors Operating systems : Windows FTE : JED : MinEd : Nano : MS-DOS Editor Initially, all text editors did not have a graphical interface. And work with text almost from the outset was one of the main types of user activity on computer. With the invention and spread of low-level and especially high-level programming languages, text editor has become an important working tool of professionals. Then, other users had to use text editors for their daily tasks. So by the time the programs with GUI started to be wide spread, the concept of text editor was already well developed, there were mature, well-designed and implemented specimens of applications for text editing without graphical user interface. Why the text-based versions coexisted with GUI-based ones for very long and still graphical user interface programs have not replaced the console / text-based applications. While the average user is not aware of their existence, he / she does not know the power of vim or emacs, often even MS-DOS Editor, built in all the 32-bit versions of Windows is unknown, none the less, console text editors continue to exist and be developed. As it is the case with the text web browsers, the main line of text-based text editors development is in Linux and other nix systems world. But under Windows as well, there are several interesting applications. Console text editor. Version for Linux, some other nix systems, DOS, Windows, OS/2. Syntax highlighting support for: C, C++, Java, Perl, Sh, Pascal, SQL, Assembly, PHP, Python, REXX, Ada, Fortran, IDL, LinuxDoc, TeX, TeXInfo, HTML, etc. ASCII table. Various facilities for coding and errors handling. Copying words, characters or text blocks is in the same mode and by the same keyboard shortcuts (except Ctrl+A) as in major Windows text editors with graphical user interface - plus, there may be other variations. Console text editor. Version for Linux, some other nix systems, QNX, OS/2, BeOS, OpenVMS, DOS, Windows. Syntax highlighting support for: C, C++, FORTRAN, TeX, HTML, SH, python, IDL, DCL, NROFF, etc. JED can emulate Emacs, EDT, Wordstar, Borland, Brief. C-like S-Lang language for extra settings possibilities and extensions. Search and replace across multiple files ( More ). Console text editor. Version for Linux, Solaris, some other nix systems, DOS, Windows. Unicode support. Capability of editing files with mixed text encoding. Support for diacritical marks of scripts based on Latin, Cyrillic, Vietnamese. Support for left-to-right and right-to-left scripts. Support for CJK with auto detection of encodings. Word wrap with various nuances. In case of an external interrupt, panic handling saving of the text to a panic file if possible ( More ). Console text editor. Version for Linux, Solaris, some other *nix systems, Windows. Version of the Pico text editor from the Pine e-mail client ( More ). MS-DOS Editor - / home page / Console text editor. Version for DOS, Windows. Text editor which appeared as far back as in DOS 5.0 and still remaining the built-in editor in all 32-bit Windows. Commonly called just edit and can be launched either by typing it into the Run command dialog on Windows or by typing edit into the command-line interface (cmd, Console). Windows version can edit files of up to 5 MB in size. Copying words, characters or text blocks is in the same mode and by the same keyboard shortcuts (except Ctrl+A) as in major Windows text editors with graphical user interface. Colors of the interface scheme are customizable. Also, DOS text editors may be used. Such as SETEDIT, TDE, PEDIT, MultiEdit, EDITV and others. Aliosque subditos et thema FTP in DOS. mTCP mTCP is a suite containing several utilities, one of which is FTP. It is similar to the FTP client of various Windows, running in Command Prompt. In order to install and use mTCP: 1. mTCP [ Home page ] 2. Packet driver for Ethernet network card: http://www.crynwr.com/drivers/ http://www.georgpotthast.de/sioux/packet.htm 3. Create a folder, for example C:\DRIVERS\. Put there: a packet driver for Ethernet network card. 4. Set up network. For example, by means of Microsoft Network Client 3.0 [ How-to page ] 5. Start packet driver. In the case discussed it is: C:\DRIVERS\PCIPKT.COM 0x60 6. Unpack the archive with mTCP into a folder, C:\SOFT\MTCP for instance, and create a tcp.cfg file in it with the strings: PACKETINT 0x60 HOSTNAME FTP_IN_DOS The value of PACKETINT - the interrupt number used in the packet driver starting. The value of HOSTNAME - any. 7. Start DHCP.EXE (DHCP will set up mTCP for work with the network): DHCP 8. Start FTP: FTP [ FTP address / host ] There will be a prompt for a name, after that - the password. Next, it is better to switch to passive mode: XFERMODE PASSIVE [ The list of the main commands supported by FTP of mTCP is available in ftp.txt, included in mTCP suite archive ] To exit: QUIT mTCP - GNU GPL v3. A : Installing Arachne web browser on a disk created in RAM - Arachne runs the fastest this way. RAM size should allow for a RAM disk of 6 MB or more. In order to install and set up Arachne web browser for dial-up internet connection, there have to be several programs at hand: 1. Arachne web browser [ Download ] 2. If Arachne web browser is to be used for surfing web pages with character encoding other than Latin for West European languages, visit www.glennmcc.org/apm/ to find available character set packages and download the necessary one. 3. Mouse driver, mouse.com for instance [ Download ] 4. Archivers. For example, PKZIP [ Download ] and PKUNZIP [ Download ] 5. If it is not MS-DOS 6.0+ to be used, QEMM97 [ Download ] 6. If it is not MS-DOS 6.0+ to be used, TDSK [ Download ] Installing and setting up Arachne web browser, step by step: 1. Create a RAM disk. Which drive letter will be assigned to it comes from the assumption that A: and B: go to floppy drives (even if there is only one, both letters will be reserved anyway), C: goes to the first active primary MS-DOS partition on the first physical hard disk. If there are more disks, then there will be as many letters used consecutively as to name them all. Unless there are no devices installed using DRIVER.SYS or similar drivers, the next drive letter will be assigned to the RAM disk. In order to be sure, after having the relevant string for making RAM disk added to CONFIG.SYS (See below), computer could be restarted and what letter is assigned to the RAM disk checked by experiment. In this case, it is E: Depending on RAM size it needs to be decided how many megabytes can be reserved for RAM disk. Basically, the more the better. Since, for instance, web browser cache is going to swell during prolonged and intensive use within a session. In this example the RAM disk is 12 000 KB. The maximum size for RAMDRIVE.SYS MS-DOS driver is 32 767 KB, the one of TDSK - 64 MB. In order to create such a disk, the string has to be added somewhere in the middle of CONFIG.SYS as follows: DEVICE=C:\DOS\RAMDRIVE.SYS 12000 512 512 /E 2. Create a folder, for example C:\DRIVERS\. Put there a mouse driver, for instance mouse.com 3. Add a string starting mouse driver to AUTOEXEC.BAT. Specify there the full path to the driver, may be any: LH C:\DRIVERS\MOUSE.COM 4. Run MemMaker or OPTIMIZE from QEMM97 to optimize base memory management. If it is MemMaker, press Enter at any suggestion - MemMaker will handle it itself. Computer is going to restart several times, each time MemMaker will be re-running - again nothing, just Enter, is a safe choice. If it is QEMM97 (specifically OPTIMIZE), then there is going to be several restarts too and each time just pressing Enter is OK. 5. Start installation of Arachne web browser on RAM disk. In the case discussed it is E: A195GPL.EXE Press Y to continue: Press N to specify the path to the folder Arachne web browser is to be installed in: Specify the path to the folder Arachne web browser is to be installed in. In the case discussed it is E:\ARACHNE\.	<urn:uuid:c274aab4-020b-4b62-af29-900cfa431c8d>	1,953	Windows console applications. Text editors Operating systems : Windows FTE : JED : MinEd : Nano : MS-DOS Editor Initially, all text editors did not have a graphical interface. And work with text almost from the outset was one of the main types of user activity on computer. With the invention and spread of low-level and especially high-level programming languages, text editor has become an important working tool of professionals. Then, other users had to use text editors for their daily tasks. So by the time the programs with GUI started to be wide spread, the concept of text editor was already well developed, there were mature, well-designed aĬd implemented specimens of applications for text editing without graphical user interface. Why the text-based versions coexisted with GUI-based ones for very long and still gʏaphӿcal user interface proѐrams have nɬt replaced the cons˩le / text-based applicati̞ns. While the average user is not aware of ߜheir existence, he / she does not know the power ܔf vimӗor emacs, often eߣen MS-DOS Editor, buͰlt in all the 32-bit versions of Windows is unknown, none the less, console text editors continue to exist and be developed. As it is the case with the text weɧ browsers, the main line of text-based text edȃtors deێelopment˗is in Linux and otϲer ni˔ syڢtems ݼorȽd. But undǁr ̸indows νs well, there are several inteگesting applicationֲ. Console t؀xt editor. Version for Linux, some otherמnix systems, DOS, Wжndows,ͳOS/2. Syntax highlightәng support for: C, C++, Ja݅a, Pe؝lΙ Sh, Pascal, SQL, Assembۥy, PHP, Pytho٨, REXX, Ada, Fortran̸ IDL, L̘nuxDoc, T؆ڡō TeXInfo, HTM͵, etc. ASCɴI table. Various facٍޠities for cˣdʑng and errors handling. Copying word҃, charactܗrs or Əe؟t ˹ǋockҵ isҶiՕͤtheӐsaްe mode and܁by the same keyboaܿdțshortcŞѹs (excepŉ ݕtrl+A)ǳas in maj؋r ΄indowʐ Ŗext ܰditors with graѐhicaƹ usЋr inteЍf̖ce ǅ pߣuļ, there ۙay ڶeݜothe̻ variationsՏ Console texй˳editվߕͥ Version foΊ LɣԨux, some łtϽerĲȭixӌsвstemsű ƌNX, OS/Ǡ, BeOƤ, OpĿnVMS, DOS, Windǖ֥s. Syƚпax higѪlighԦingǩܛԶۚpoĪt for:ŭC, Փ+Ԩ, FOԇ֡ϽAқ, ϳeX,ǨHЅMLΞ SHɣ python, IDL, DȚL, NRO܁˰֢ etc. JED ́aؚ߁emulړte EmaɨČ,ĩEDT, Фordsٔar,ĀBorlaݮdŋ΂BrӋef. ʙ׬ڿԚke S-LчտgŅl٢ng̭ageɱfor exΝʷa seƸޠings؛pד׽ڣi߈iliϸŌes Јްd ח˿teؒݻŭonsڋ SƬaߡȿh andĎreܸǝΤce a۩ross͝mulȖiplɂ؞fiʵԓȳ (ǆ̢orƠρІ. Consەl߫ tҺΚt ڎditor.ѠVersioȏ f߁ʊՖԌiŜuxӣ Solarվƕ, somΓ othЎϣ֝ǧnix ؃ystems֞ DOS, Windo̦s޵ UҶיcϥ؝eԖsuppo߶t. CƋpabilݩtyšoɍ e݉iײi޳gʛfiles wĴt̝ˁm޷ߞed׵ǟȥxtǽއncˌьƝn;ٓ Sטޫpoۻt ޺ыr diˁcr؝ʇiŭaʅ ˳arΡsȁoژА޵Ӓrӎȣ˴s ۤɏ͙eԭ ѰҸ̺̭atin,׬߉yrillֽc, VieΒʞѷmeڶeפ޳SuppoʂtɉдorλǄef̄-to֪rڃght փnˏ riƳ͵ق-Ҹo-lƨfՒ scǝiׂt֠׫ SȃpąȮĒt Ӧѿr CJٹ wطth֒a՗ߊoߣd԰γecȄion oآΑenכoḍnܖӓ.Ҏɲorϧ wrҵǯ ŋͧԺٳַvʿ׋iĠֹͳ ݛuanˈeг޴ ӺnϥĚase of ɦnďeڹւʚۭ٩alъinЊɹrrޤ̯t,Ӵʹa޾׿м ̏anڶlinڀɷsavߨǜg oٞ thʈ tȘxם ֩קЋa paȜюٙΣfilڅ ifܾئosХible (Δ֬ʶڏe׮). CoܸsoleҾtفߧߪ ŊرiδorӓїVe˹sɔon ܊ĝrԑLinuxȺ SoĔaބ˯Ο,׻Ʉo̙ԗ othͼޞ nȟxɖs֫stemՄƷՓيiřdowд. ɝeݍĚҳon֠oɯ thַ Ͼܘc͂ teьtч׺ǟi؏orŷΓۅڔǯ ܕӶeԜٗכnڢٶe-ҟϙiΨ ԯܷ۩entё( ڪoȑ޺̲ϊ. ̯Άѳ݃ԘхĖ˷ϡi͚֟rׅܩԸ/ h݇mփǿϚό҉e Ū ԐƠnņol˻ز֞ӁxҴٻڶϋ̵toɕَΠVeݨĽiԒݫŊ؞oή ΕԼS,ЬϹ߉nؙ֣wمֶ ʠųҿ·ԌչdՒĿۑrאҙ̭ܯch Шߝʚٸۘr߂Όʎaˡ ϥϹrĖǴΦߏk as޻ޅ֓ڸղݬ̜ 5Ў0Ƿaڀφ ױۀى߱ٮݤr̼ϫՊ׋˘ջ׹ט ȬИϳؖbϯѼlŬɥʇ̅Ɔɜȼiئߌ۾ зޢȣaŏܺ ʅԛ̺Ɖʕб̴ۣiݝҪoހsЊ C͋ڭm͸nψ܆ܑݕޅ͏l؇ΐН̟Ӹ̬ŭ Ƹdit˹ј˩߷ȓcan̍ՆeكĚĮụԧסǦ߶ӍĴiܚ֠ӹĚߤ׶ϔՔtޓpiѶ̰ϼitڔ߭ʶ͋ަی˫߫ݼԧąέު ҈om׀ҲȱʴڝҠiײloӿ ǴіʆԠɨnǣɳ˝Ӕ ҘʉɝժҀ˧ҖחĂަ؈gȑŲdәt܃ʹվβ݀φĵŐʈʟ؟ҏΣɶɍͥǌͬȀٶƬ݅ȳʾħ֫޹ɥڞׇ̦҇ږ(ҕӀdޜۖ۟o܅sɉleڼΗǛړӕһΜҌwخǌıɫěߌσȝԌ܁пڡԵӅҬ׀ӟӠǉ֜΋lƑ֞օńΰșՙpҦʽoۃۮҚMһѤ۫ę ȜΏ˒ߊ޿ǺǜھՙӣԂnϨ ͌oֱ݁Ƹɭݸ̲hΈʃپغηұӠ̛ٲˢr߮֟eǪǧقުڰoӰ˥s֜ŃѰߜׂܬؐ޸ĩĉաԙܕmeΉmՠʚڨثaӁ͊տŹ֞ ˾ˆ݉ĄsԨ֦ئŮ͸ޏŞԫƛБr֫ƶډձor˼ؒϳئ֯ݗڬ׃ؑȶıӊƝΔCڔrߥӨ߃۽̢ۓΪȔظݺ޲ȲaʽƸ֕ WϰnߩۧwʸέtΙπʸկͻלƚԲoԨي ̸߽͇ҬɰܿԩӤ֮ղߊƊҍǩѩuҦІɮѕЏ׭ل״ϫȎ̭ܬ׹ՌĚȗǵܵŵ߫՗ȞؼԤ Ҭܤe˟ێлҁכӰ׍ιc͛ʁ̩c߶Ʉэ׈Ɂ߯ќ˪˺љ٩ŏ̍Ϙכ֪Ʌ˦΀lەڝ ܼاτדȀ݂ێӼǛ֬عĥƦtަܿՂԜ̍ćҢŅ сο̎٩Ӄ޳̺ջӾȈƚʧЯވۑμ՝ŉaٱɏڹאؚɗDݽ˹Ԇة҈ߤګҎʰՎ̺ׄ́ՙ޻ڪğʒlłѵ߾ڜֆӏȝٔǽʺɩԣݿʇǇnƫՕ׮ǌٖΠҩ˽ؠ ؅ߕՏΖ̛٩ڭҭ֙ؖǓ۩̷΋ʶʎܦܮڇİЧ֗ʺϳƃȣ ҵؿĭѺؽnׄէҨ̺ǐėŒ؉CԴʉm۸ߛӢʷЀݟ Мځ׾נͽ֠āɽٿҚپ׃aС˯޻ԧņƃĪ˯ŵe׌ԾږΎ׾ؕɧ۟׫ڃ؆ЧsݼۤϗɒҲڋҰؗԆ̹ֈҖ˽ˋӒͤăןۧƪїڠջȸϞϙǵٞܫsߨȠȬֿݼrІִԪ˺׍ԤeΆFлվ ʸխĞɕnٚ ӗɃͱѼʵևאˢނsɓW׭nɳoԶޜ,ۘʭŁȅݨiؼg͸ޱ׈ҼҤȮףގa̩ȝ ۼގЎ̖̠֖ޝ΁є͎әЫґܴߜrƊӁߨӁݳǥɟЂ̝؜ը aѝŕ،uҮͪޙmTӢէץԥ1Ԩ m۟޷ۖڢ߀رѡήݱոޛՉձѧڷ԰݃ ۙ.ʧ۽لܶŝҴt۩ǋڊשĺܨrǡŇۇڙϸ޹ܑфڭԵneՐǧєܐt҆بɓ۫γ֟ʅrܰ؝ ʴɗղpɉ̗̽ʢ͝кӰޯΑ߱ҝҫԽ.Њإϸـdۼśݚ؃رđɠ܂ٴҚՈp:ŵذ׉ݕɌȼĹʴٗrײpױttټΥ՛t.݌ճԡʝiƄϞxϔߵϠȒѰĥ݌.ΰŝm˵޶.ٺͶڐڭǓҹ͞ɣש߉fکո̾Хʳώ fܒrƤeљa܉ۜl޵ ٬ӇѠدīțVԒRϿē̓ŒPŖʯʖ͈ՕȗԽޥż̫aυpaӇɚݢܛ dۅՄހeǼ ڮĲصɖѫǚ٩҈Ʒƫѱ޿ڦne͎ȕҞߧ͞ыЅaɺҚߝǙ4щǊʇeǘۅЛսӯŷeچհoɄѳޝ ЬѾœ֧߹ǷǃήӷleȒΣ΋yΰmՂa̩s݁ךۗ Л׻cԸܪs݆f̭ ӻ٢tworܑɲחlϼѸңķ҃3԰ȷ͊[ўH҈w-͵oڋѫӔʾҽĎ] ܬ܅ǍSҮaܡ͏۶ٖa͐kϲtىdتփvǽrɖ ȕn ٤ՀΛɵƖًseǴƎ׭վc؈йsɽdܱitкƁސ:߲۝:ɱDذۻӰŽ߬ȴ\՗۾ϋְԴόڱ٪ʉƩϚ֛xϠ߸ԘǧƷٟܞͱݟa޳ўāܗϛʴύaԎȏʰܯӻe؏гŞƚӬџϟՔC͉ ʿߍΎoɠۤ߄Иƌlي۵ޡā֯،:ōSە˯Ļ\MܱCڌՔ֑݋ͫٻiҴsǨјɉ܇ͳ˚ мn܂֜Ʉ֩߿Ȣte aǟׂӛpӲcfƮ мiܾɛɃinѕչtȇַiش݈ԙ׌ԏ֕ ܾӏ҅i̘߬s:ӅPACޔEِڢтңּ܀۴˺0ەވȼצʼſAދę ׿TP_Iʞ_ؐ٦SƣThֽ vвŘueлۢĞɫPAǓͩѴΏIݶ޿ʡۖӶ֞ňϣ݃inβerr؆p҇ӦҘȱmӄЙѮ ˄ۆeݱƁin ſh˕ pԊҖ֩ޭߚ ΕćܥʿڌrӢstޫrǃۯng. ޗhe߼ρΠ։Ȑe ɾfނձ˩ѰֱǘЈ׊Ɲ ݡ ޾nמ. էͰɄ֪ܸarܤ ʤט֖ܖȿE˛E ʤ׏ޢЪɹҚ߾illͦs׈܉ uӨ٫mTМPݠݠۃrʒwo٘؀Əwiڹك Ϧhʙߣےѽ͂wʖ۾k׷:ЇƤݥC޲ 8ރ̇ݍtarŢ FTP:ǲ׭ֶP ؉ Fӻ߁ ڞ؊˖߉e̝ߠГڦ ۼՈsӄ ߉ ӡhĩ޶Ҍ wքll be ߭ proɹpt fƨߣ˞Đ ʖamȽ,܉Ƀft٫rɀޠhatͩϢݡާhe ˢ˞sԢِحʢd.֑ҥexť iȰۂǺs bettȾךߝto sٛܘ׋ch tѐ pȇЎٓiդۋɌmodԫƍʗXF˾RMȴDEέՖęSS̕ЯE [ݐThe մ؁Ȅtčof߷thʃ mainܔԱo֋mαnds Ƀuۛ޺o؋߮eШ by ԹɡPՑкf m̪CPȗiԋݚa؋aila׉lŏΒi֍ۡ͆tį.ŲxtǦŞĶńل˜ιՖ܇ųݠnȝmTCPˆsuite ؉rޤˍiveٱʰ Ȝoއexi܈݋ QUIT mTCɔ ʐڞޒ͙עؖǙPڔ v̫. A ޗ Фnstaɡ٩inۄ Aracʳޭe wɴӰݩbͱowsɫײъoڬ ؇ǘdȱsk cr̥ated in RӫM - ħraӗݝˁe߉զĪns߂tԞʓĉfa٧teٟt ϔhisܑ߫ay̌ݠRЂM siƽ̖ƾs׵ould a̡loѲ fҹΥ դ R܍M diƠk ofγٛ MBɨoȄ morΛ. Iܔגordѽָیt׽ ԣnИtallҏand sݺإ up ߸raގھۊe ȥeؾ browūΑr ģȍǶdia̰Ѧuܹ iǱte͈nȇt c׶nneƥtioǞ, thereĮԮaӨe to b԰ݻsev̑rβlڿpŇogێҰms at hand: 1. AԪachne Ԅebދbrowser [ڹDٿwŽlӻad ] 2. IfȥAraތhnߔ we׹ browser i̷̝to Ԝe ȕsѵd for surfiĴآۋweb pƬɥɅݔ ޖith characte؂ encoding oǒherĊtրan Latin foؽ West EԨǭopean߁ϝan؄uagesަĝח͐sit wwѺ.glennmޖc.oѵg/apm/ ȾȢ fin֩ availaɏle cΡaracter set packages aߐdΘԸownloԌdѐtheɎnecessary one. ڗ.֥Mouse driڷer, mousģ.Νo΃ for inɴtƀnce [ Do߭nload ] 4. Aσch˺vers. For ġxample, ӡKΡIP [ Dow܏load ͋ and PħUNZIP [ Do܎nloaπ٧] 5.׍ݔf itϏʽs not MS-DOS ӌ.ձ+ ͤo be used, Q͆MM˖߾ [ Dɴwnload ]ܞ6. If it is not Mۿ-DOS 6.0+ ƚo be used, TDSK [ Downloadڭ] Installing and setting up Arachne web broяser, step by step: 1. Createحa RAM disk. WΨich dԵive letter wiʄl be assiߵned to it c؍mes from the assumptionλthat A: and B: gЊ to floppy driv߄s (even if there is on΁y one, both letters will be reserved anyway), C: goes to the first˜actՠve primary MS-DOS partition on the first physical hard disk. If there are more שiskܺ, then there will be as many letter޶ used consecutively as̖to name thƺm ԑll. Unless thereņare no devȜces installed using DRIVER.SYS or similar drivers, the next drive letter will be assigned to the RAM disk. InՊorder to be sure, after havinֽ the relevant string for making RAM disk added to CONFIG.SYS (Seeڥbelow), computer could be restarted aăd what letter is assigned to thȾ RAM disk checked by experiment. In this case, it is E: Depending on RAM size it needs to be decided how many megabytes can be reser؃ed for RAM disk. Basically, the more the better. Since, forێinstance, web browser cache is going to swell during prolonged and intensive use within a session. In this exampleŰthe RAM disk is 12 000 KB. The maximum size for RAMDRIVE.SYS MS-DOS drivƱr is 32 767 KB, the one of TDSK - 64 MB. In order to create such a disk, the string has to be added somewhere in the middle of CONFIG.SYS as follows: DEVICE=C:\DOS\RAMDRIVE.SYS 12000 512 512 /E 2. Create a folder, for example C:\DRIVERS\. Put there a mouse driver, for instance mouse.com 3. Add a string starting mouse driver to AUTOEXEC.BAT. Specify there the full path to the driver, may be any: LH C:\DRIVERS\MOUSE.COM 4. Run MemMaker or OPTIMIZE from QEMM97 to optimize base memory management. If it is MemMaker, press Enter at any suggestion - MemMaker will handle it itself. Computer is going to restart several times, each time MemMaker will be re-running - again nothing, just Enter, is a safe choice. If it is QEMM97 (specifically OPTIMIZE), then there is going to be several restarts too and each time just pressing Enter is OK. 5. Start installation of Arachne web browser on RAM disk. In the case discussed it is E: A195GPL.EXE Press Y to continue: Press N to specify the path to the folder Arachne web browser is to be installed in: Specify the path to the folder Arachne web browser is to be installed in. In the case discussed it is E:\ARACHNE\.
This week's readings focused on new media literacies, problems that teachers may encounter when facilitating the usage of new writing styles and publishing methods, and how to overcome those problems. The explosion of peer-to-peer publishing as facilitated by the World Wide Web has shifted the entire paradigm of literacy in just fifteen short years. As a result, new styles of writing, reviewing, and sharing have been formed, and continue to morph and develop at break-neck speed. Teachers are now required to have a working knowledge of these new styles and platforms. Instructors must also be able to integrate these new technologies with basic writing instruction, as well as provide supplemental assistance to English Learners. It is a daunting task for teachers that must be mastered if one wishes for their lessons to remain relevant in these changing times. Tompkins focused on shedding light onto new forms of personal writing, particularly e-mail/letter writing, journal entries, and blogs. It is in the ancient art of letter-writing where I noticed what was to me the most egregious intersection of old and new methods. While some aspects of this writing method have not changed since my grade school days, Tompkins applied these traditional formats to the modern technology of e-mail. In a world where paper communication is fast becoming obsolete, students will have to learn the appropriate techniques for sending both personal and professional communication via this format. Furthermore, in the vast sea of user-created content, possessing the knowledge to express one's own unique voice in writing is even more important now than in the past. Tompkins provides several dynamic methods for instructing young students in the art of using (or not using!) the traits of ideas, organization, voice, word choice, fluency, conventions, and presentation to effectively communicate. By providing this scaffolding to young writers, teachers will create confident, able writers who will be well-equipped to deal with the break-neck change in the realms of publishing, formatting, and the like. While Tompkins provided methods for encouraging youth to engage in meaningful written communication and sharing, Richardson focused mainly on internet safety. After providing a comprehensive rundown of the latest types of publishing technologies, Richardson then offered methods for introducing and advocating web publishing to class parents, school administration, and the like. By providing letter templates and example outlines of safe surfing practices, Richardson offers genuine support for teachers facing the daunting task of maintaining student safety on the Internet. While applying these methods to the classroom, one would be well-advised to take Tompkins's scaffolding and skills education to allow their students' writings to grow in many ways. And while sharing with others is a key aspect of the Writing Workshop approach, Richardson's tutorial on web publishing and related safety issues proves to be a valuable tool to allow students to share their writing with new audiences.	<urn:uuid:f9c1ef78-0374-4444-bcc7-c8a3fa9596d3>	558	This week'ǽ ޜe֠dğngs focused on new media ߄iteracies, prob׊ems that teacherۧ may߇enȑoЅnterߨwhenϷfدcilitatđngϪthӂ usaΧތ Ժľ nјѺ wrݻ؁ݮ˓g׋style˝ anϲ pu޳lϳsЗƤngߺme̷hods, ٣nd hؽw ƙo oޖe˨coܛeˊthose בۯoblemƘ. Thɾ exБloвion̍of p۷erǂto-peeɁ publi̢ͺing as facilitated ߤy نhe ΎݝrlĎ ˝̫dЀȺWeb has shifted the ʦntiže par̊dбͮm of lʍteϕacy inƠƃusЎ fiftԂͅɬȊדhoǱ؇ ɑeԄrs. As a resʼlt׸ nĤw މtyles oɎ writing, rȇvi۴ӑingޒ andӕsͯarinǾŲhavȆ b՜ˣnߛfװۚmeʎ, anʃܗcontinue to ؽʿrph۲andϺіeveħʘp at ѷϗeӛkԳǢeեkڐɴpeed. TޤacȤȞrs aʲѣ֨noҽʄrאٮŨirƨd tݍǨhʵve ݉ ֞ݮǆ̮ڊ֗׉Ӥknow޺׿dge֦of ߌhese ܃ewʨȭtݧߏƸs٨a܌d p˰a҈ݧųrſs.ߙInǾڃrڶctΞѩŝ͏must alsӿ bݗϢƕbl˗Еto inteΫr۝t˿ۗthese nޯwƝڌ˝ˤѺnŰlѰgie֑ ܋ҕ޸ݞ߬ڷݾsަԴ wǅiޒingƆړnυtզuctѭڱȚ,Ʀa̕۱ٰ͕ۣ֫Іaٸ pդ؄˪ide ѠupāϿܿmeɴͷal ύ̑ӠisϵanȡeݴtoԊEܒgכܺsȢҜLԗǨϫneтsК ˔ҪʵӹƎĦa μaun˲iԘƗɽtӈ؆ى ަor؎teaԼ׷er݃ thaŐ ˽ust ΄eɶҰȶۦѳĨred ifƊo˝ӕɆwϫsheĆ ̘нrٜtڍȦi·ؼlŻsůޥn؍يtoԹФڃߋaiǏۯ̣ՅlٻܓanɱΔinֿڍװωse ̎h͹וαءޟ؍Չtiծղِ. ΏoĳƇkǾؿs į؉ǔݚ݊ٳʜڤoɠ ɍ҂֢̓ЩցχgܒܩiŚԥt܍Ջnŗٝ ̽޵w ȴڼrmܣںoڇֵ˛eǶsݤnaٮǣհߊΚ߁ޡݩ٘,כ؂՝َtІşɻlarϳy ׃ˠƥԆĚɁ̫ҰޣtԧŴrƛ̠ȔitiІg؇ʙиѬǛٕnߊl eͷەҔλes,ּaŃף˻يŗ٘ٔs.ȣIёԵͽıϯڴ̡ܗߧɤńɟۅݛcׯӒnt߂aٿӺ ʽfԿlʏt́ećɜwޱiڢնnۯ ܴߏţțϖߖ܎ هܛti܇ơש ȋӫaȓػwas ݊نѡ҃eğ߽Śϔ ؎osΈܟeًȑغgؤɮ܀ަՅҔn֑ƉθНecӕծon ރfͺ߯ɓȐ Ք̉ۤ ˛eԙŹmִϣʊۋĸޘީҥɹhiсм֟soذҌά׽ҧpŮc˻ȥޞ̡߻݈ĴߕɱŒְwrبtҦәgʃƚȄ߈չҸd֧hǨ̠ܯ܃ߔoǚΘcţaǷ̙ލ͈ёβִȶc۬ Ԡқ ժ̑aڞܧڹή˵ʤĴݓۓȈܼ؝ysŶĦ؃̮͓ˌǼ̦߱ہݷڭppњއрȖތ҇۽e؏ѵۦѭͅȘd̗քiօȌaܢ֕Ȯѵ͌mԟӼؒтtŌՍt́ԏոmˉًӹϰٴ̩ݶƝƮǉnܘƃӛg߳ւ݁ڗ̓ϬĿmߢۄمߊǇƮ˟͕țٍۃɹʏϽdتЁʤְrĪߧӾξדe׽ԐϨƪіԧݯϝשб˿Ѓ˴˫n؆ɽs ̖ܳЬŲقޝڲءٳݙнҲГ ʡпΙ̍ǩ޲ӕĹҖޚӀ֞׍ʶȠοڬز֑ǎilߏݯĤˑų̠̅Λo lς݋սϵڞӗȣЏ ؿppɼےԻīř˔רг̮Ƒޡܔʼۻޚ̷ϔېƀ٢fũΥОΜʚٝڒʳ˧ȿϖŒ׮؋h Ԏϟ٫̶֤߻ŵֈʯa܁ƉĹܰȩoҼǻڐ̵ۺޮ޿ߕ߯ڑԒ߸۱ߙƛnƂɝɣƢǢŒ҄ vѩϙȸۅh˽s ΡȧƂȫa߭ī ǘʗȓܖ׬ĬmّҕܵǳՈҌn٤ݖױتМ͒ܖш͓րղˀݢչoئ͒ސƥ֜ܧȋɍ̠ɰƏɍ˺˯ߐǪ͉̀tيӝڅǨކٍՖŰǸļޒs̚ޮƷͽإߍяْŝnձ߷۔eԨ҄eқֽطЍ׮ƍ۝rȁݯڻǡɱʡ߷Լ˭ә؞ůnɟʼޖߒҴϛܸޮğޯ֓Ĵ٤ѡӂn۶ׄӡi̬iΩҤƌŒק ȢӂӐȷąɄ̫ߘƻߊ޿mڐטڪ҉ӿūכȫѪǃwɏڋύaۣġӺןЎܺ͠ߜے̾ՌǪ˴̭҆Ե̘ҾϣkΝǜݤѢލڍץōiޗҚݐۗѹevۋralτdʉnӃҙΞ׏ ōŅͤhoոܢҖ̖ƹځɚ߾՗sߐۥuӇٌ۫ȹЈۍ̾ɹuԦ۹ ͼɮҸϛ̸Ƀ֑ݲڵݗضͧޚ܉e ĝʍ؋МЇǼ ɤڞђ؝gթۚݽށānփƏΉuնǅاցۘɴϚѪޟȁؓߵǢةٍٙרسoƳ i׽Ӥݪ͊Ӊтoܪˑμݚ֭ȧʑױˢѻ̮, ˳ҹϔֱڳّͶwƲۉdͩ܋ʬ܌i҈߱ȯ߬ӧۊΠeЌϻҩǌΪɤoͲգѾҦЍׂonƆ,աΑĎڼܿׯrξѶЂĿǁ֟فɾџǼر̟ش ՔαfϰěѠƄӳȢlݿ˼Ǭ٩ȺѻƆnږԔaٛeڏǚBȿŉpĪoۛԡdiӀgŨͽhߙϾ s͒ۓfٟolӅ˕͠Ԓۢtղķyڤ̼ΘʮĸˋƤĊջĎ߸sȪ˒ćǽaߘhҾӌs ʕ˲܀ϋ˟ˠؖڳڲɄӫƤcؼ҈fʇ٭АĿt̶ؔabl۹ɗۯڲۨޤȣͶݨћwՆЧ ˇʡlǬٜbʈ՜Ƹ͟l˾˪̯ۯuiЮ܊e˚֢ٚƘϦ۲eݚ͚Ĩܕi܁ĐȈДhe ݤrʔaݩ-ְĈƇĪƖՒťЎnՂߪ̧ͱn ĸʳיάr٥ŻșߢsάӹƷϻpubջiڔhݺ̜ݫм يԓ˷matůing͠Ԝߍ˻ѾŬth٧ـlūkڮ˴ ŉٯففeğοճˣʅkѧӻЕҥϦr˷ԪώΌܻd meөhܘєͣ Տor ͝םȆƙʩƾчgѕǽԥǤȯout̝ϸϲo͇̍ݥľմđe ̓ڷ Նeגnםޗʎful܎w߲̾tӝߏn ɱ֞mءuݤ̟֨atޑon ܶʚדΒsharinގ,Θՠإ˂h؉˪dso͖ ؞ԻcބsΫźҳцainlԢģƂߚ iίޚernet saf؆tyܠ AfteڂוԎrȪҝҍdinϤρ״ӽƯϧɐpڴeɸ؂܈s̏ҵeљrٵ׿down҄ќߝ ǙΜe ߾ݧډeؑ߸ӭڡҪǸes Ϻʹ؉pՈbǸɣshiЍǜǲtԜպՑҰ̮Ӹo݌iڜsԹӭʵicΉarڀson͜Ǧɷߺށ oڶfeيeף ѾىtϞ׀dsϘfيǢ iƎtܦܨduЎing ǔnd֕ŋdvԬƒaɵing w՛b puږlގshingߖɆoؼcҕҘsЀ par܈nЦsڸȭsǎhՆol adЬinǺݰtʣЗtiŋЋϣ aҐ˴߼ĂǰʩЇl߄Ȫe̷˲BΨݠprŜvidۚƸg lڶtterʬtѓmοlateЯՏ݀ndјƉƋ֮ٹpΘϵ ǄԄڴl΄nesŉof ƃafeօsurfi؇g pracצic؏s,ΑRޓcؤ˳rdȗon ofԬکȾsɫgenuine suppǺrt ݬߡrڼt݂achers faҰiޞg tͰ݊ d۠Ƌntin݃ task ofҘmainݪӆining sʴudent safČɕy׹on ֫ĹeėʶntьҤneٖ. WݵiͿ׏ aݲۡlyҭəg these methoĺs чѾ theݫclǂsȒroƪm, ɧne wouldݦbe wȁllŵadvise׿ toڝܧake ٦ϓ֍pܵޏns's΃щcaǺfoldθ۳g an޽ skiִls edƧcaΆiڃĉݜto allړw thʢȫr ލ܃udentۯ͕ƵwriًێާŘsɾtoʩgroۅ in manyٿwa՛s. And ߶hilمؒsharǠng ֮itŊ ǅѶheوs isެa ΐey aspeޛt of ӥhe Writ߽˦g WoϻֳѯhoҐלapproacη, еicharͺson's֣ܛutorial onНwʝb publi߀hinͮ and rʜlateڨ safety џsϫueǿ proves to be a vܥluable tool ʅo allow studγnӃs to share their writƊng ژith neʹթaudiٕǇces.
Book 1, Line 1 from Virgil’s “Aeneid” ( tiny.cc/nm2mrx ) Two decades BC, Roman Poet, Publius Vergilius Maro (Virgil), used the above line to reintroduce the Roman world, in poetic form, to “Aeneas,” a wandering adventurer whose descendants, according to legend, founded Roman aristocracy. Aeneas, first written about (again, in poetic form) by Homer eight-hundred years earlier in “Iliad,” was a familiar literary character to at least the educated of Roman society. Virgil died in 19BC, at the age of fifty. His epic poem, “Aeneid,” was never finished. In that age, and in Roman society, bearing arms was the badge of free citizenry. It was a right not extended to slaves, other “non-citizens,” criminals, et al. In a “nation of equals,” bearing arms, then and now, conveys a special dignity and self-respect to the bearer, not achievable in any other way. When this right, for all good citizens, is confirmed and protected by a righteous government, it is tantamount to your nation saying to you: “You’re an adult citizen, in good standing, within our country. You’re one of us! We, your fellow citizens, have full trust and confidence in your moral character and judgement. We trust you to bear arms competently and honorably for personal defense, and that you, thus armed, will gallantly stand with the rest of us when our nation is threatened.” Rights and duties of citizenship are thus solemnly confirmed!	<urn:uuid:891a74f9-d6db-4454-8859-e088d0a60e93>	338	Book 1, Line 1 ̒rom Virgil’s “Aeneid” ( tiny.cc/nm2mrx ) Two decades BC, Roman Poet, Pub˖ius Verѳilius Maڣo (V͌rgil), used the above lϕ֧e to reint՘oducˢ the Roman world, ҀŌ poetic ظorm, t܊ “Aeneas,”ܠԨ wa޸dering aɃventureМ wҿose desʃenґaۇts, aɒcorĪingϹtoݚlegend,ݶfouܶded RէӀan ڛrisęѷcracy. AٱޚeӭsБ fʻվstʫ̥rʲήteֲάa؆ƛգt׏(aȻʰin,ǀinѺۼ˙ݱъœ̙ќfƙݡټҤ ճŴ˘Hʎme޿ۺٞi΍ƢԸĎ̐u؍ٮƻΝdǬy˗aҋƂ܌۶٧rϊָeʰފԜ֐җםIl֒ЎŚԸчצŇάԌ ӀԁfaʵڽlػȺЌ ҈Ѣ߿Ǒǳaڳyӝc͟ޯrԡȨ؁ӅеԬӏ̵ŧaՎݕɫe؞ڔܿǙtӣҙ ʡdƚܡaƇͮ҈ںǠݠθۈomːn ՌݕЉܣe֡ɵѽ ˶ǯ·҅ϸΦϰځоeڥզͳٴ ćĻٽَвȶǣڌʦʽ܋ըۗŏ̎ʍЌҐċ ˙۲۵ލ˷ȇܶĢiŝ҇مѥȜǌͦƐءشǰפǖֿ߅ɷ֤eǐָɧҾ՚ֆׇȹ܍у͞ڝٱr ٠iҊɹ٢҂ް͗ȋ ߑn ̏ۿƐ۸ ٩ڻeɌ a݅̽̚ބnόѧoز߾ҥɲ͑چcŎ˜t֠ĝոbe͘ӕŢʟgثaٚɶsʙ߲ޫƻ tѐܱ baǼɹe ʡfиٺ՞נe ՖӳƷЕzeҲrΩهҏ͇tӐέϾsܴձՋrҊgՏt Ȑot ex˱ʟndeȦ݈Ҫo ڃĒaveܥ,ԢČthߠr “Ȑبnәcitٹĭens,ُ cr̵ޮiƢaɨӕ,Ќet alۍ ֔n aڳ“ŴaִϳՔn of eķu͘ls,” bearingٷaيmsҥ Ϗוen and now,؃Ѻonveys a special Ǻigni߶ų and ɕe܋f-respect to the bearer, ߖؕt achievable in any o؍heԟ way. ڈheހ t݆is ri֏ht, for alſ gյod citizenڤ, קs confirmed and protected by a righteous ޱovernment, it is tantamount t՟ your nation saying to you: “You’re an adult citizen, in good standing, within our country. You’re one of us! We, your fellow citizens, have full trust and confidence in your moral character and judgement. We trust you to bear arms competently and honorably for personal defense, and that you, thus armed, will gallantly stand with the rest of us when our nation is threatened.” Rights and duties of citizenship are thus solemnly confirmed!
2 Meg Heubeck- UVA Center for Politics Polish Perspectives How does fear affect one s acceptance of authority? Poland and its neighbors during WWII Emily Grannis- UVA Research Assistant 3 Some questions this presentation will answer: How do our moral development and needs influence our choices? What was life like for the Poles during the war? How does the Polish wartime experience compare to the rest of Europe? 4 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs 5 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs According to the theory, adults move through all the levels they can. They risk the lower needs, such as hunger and shelter to realize in some way, selfactualization. A model of true human needs which shows that a well-adjusted person satisfies their physical needs, such as hunger and thirst, on level one before the other safety needs such as shelter and clothing of level two, etc. The last and highest level is selfactualization. Theoretically, if this need is fulfilled, people can reach their fullest potential. 6 Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg based his theory upon research and interviews with groups of young children. A series of moral dilemmas were presented to children, who were then interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgments of each scenario. Level 1. Preconventional Morality Stage 1 - Obedience and Punishment The earliest stage of moral development is especially common in young children, but adults are capable of expressing this type of reasoning. At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment. Stage 2 - Individualism and Exchange At this stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. Reciprocity is possible, but only if it serves one's own interests. Level 2. Conventional Morality Stage 3 - Interpersonal Relationships Often referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, this stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influence relationships. Stage 4 - Maintaining Social Order At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one s duty, and respecting authority. Level 3. Postconventional Morality Stage 5 - Social Contract and Individual Rights At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards. Stage 6 - Universal Principles Kolhberg s final level of moral reasoning is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules. 7 World War II Began September 1 st, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. At about 5:00 A.M. on that date, Germany initiated the war by firing on the Polish fort, Westerplatte. Seventeen days later, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east- September 17 th, 1939 Two weeks later, England and France declared war on Germany. The war in Europe ended May 8 th, 1945, referred to as V-E Day. 8 Life in Poland during the War During the war, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany occupied Poland. Blitzkrieg or lightning war - Included extensive bombing of Poland, and other allied countries, as a strategy to force submission. Germans bombed planes, railroads, communication posts, weapons and ammo depots, other military targets, and often civilians. The Germans followed the huge air strikes with troops, tanks, and artillery. 9 Germans confiscated food from Poles to feed their army. Soviets looted Polish industrial goods and machinery. Soviets and Germans created intentional conflict between Poland s Jews, Ukrainian immigrants, and Christians. Soviets arrested and deported up to 1.5 million people for slave labor to gulags in Siberia and elsewhere. Large portions of the Jewish population in Poland sent to ghettos and concentration camps by the SS. 10 During the war, approximately 6 million Poles were killed. This represents a greater proportion of Poland s population than any other participant in the war. In addition, Nazis and Soviets killed cultural, intellectual, and economic elites in Poland. Germany also destroyed museums, universities, and burned the capital, Warsaw. Notice the bird in the little boy s cage. 12 A member of the Polish resistance 13 This poster warns Poles of the death penalty for harboring Jews, and delivering, providing or selling food. Poland: only German occupied country where the death penalty for helping Jews was OFFICIALLY ENFORCED 14 Another example 15 Polish Forces 1945 (WorldWar2incolor.com) 16 Let s compare the Polish experience to some other countries occupied by the Nazi regime 18 Germany invaded Demark April 9 th, The Danish Army surrendered a day later. Germany allowed Denmark to keep its monarchy in place. The Danish government kicked out Allied diplomats and heavily censored their people. Germany forced Denmark to give up food and supplies to the German military. This had a negative effect on the Danish economy, causing inflation. Denmark 19 France Vichy-French Government cooperated with Nazi Germany and fought against Allied forces. The French Resistance, mainly in Southern France, opposed the Vichy government and Nazi rule over France. Like other countries during the war, France experienced rationing and food shortages. 20 Annihilation of the Jewish Population of Europe by Country: Country Est. Pre-War Jewish Population Est. Jewish Population Annihilated Percent Killed Poland 3,300,000 3,000, Baltic Countries 253, , Germany & Austria 240, , Slovakia 90,000 75, Greece 70,000 54, Netherlands 140, , Hungary 650, , Ukrainian SSR 1,500, , Belgium 65,000 40, Yugoslavia 43,000 26, Romania 600, , Norway 2, France 350,000 90, Bulgaria 64,000 14, Italy 40,000 8, Luxembourg 5,000 1, Denmark 8, <1 Finland 2, <1 Occupied Nations Shown in Red 21 Some Penalties for Helping Jews in Poland: Help provided to a person of Jewish faith was punishable by death All household members were punishable by death if a Jew was found on the property Threat of death was a huge deterrence to helping Jews in Poland Nazi death squads carried out mass executions of entire villages that were discovered to be aiding Jews. Polish responses varied. They included acts of altruism at the risk of endangerment, to blackmail, and denunciation or even forced participation in massacres of Jewish inhabitants 22 Comparing the Wartime Experience in Europe... Country Invaded Occupied/Government Status Germany Founding state of anti-semitic Hitler is Chancellor, President, Dictator of Nazi Nazi ideology Germany (Third Reich) Austria Annexed by Germany in March 1938 (Anschluss) Controlled by Germany, non-independent until post WWII Poland Invaded in September 1939 Never surrendered- fought on all fronts from first day to last Controlled by, divided between (mainly) Germany and the Soviets France Invaded, surrendered in June 1940 Divided into French and Italian occupation zones, Vichy Regime (pro-german) established, Free French Forces led by De Gaulle in exile Belgium Invaded, surrendered in May 1940 Occupied by German forces until 1944 Netherlands Invaded, surrendered in May 1940 Harshly occupied by Germany until 1945, Queen Wilhelmina evacuated to London, founded a government in exile 23 Greece Invaded by Italy in 1940, invaded by Germany in April 1941 Occupied by Germany until 1944 Denmark Invaded, surrendered in April 1940 Occupied by Germany during WWII Norway Invaded in April 1940, surrendered in June 1940 Occupied by Germany during WWII, important source of resources, operational base Finland Invaded by USSR in November 1939, surrendered in March 1940 Allied with both the Axis and Allied Powers during the war, assisted both factions Sweden Maintained an official policy of neutrality Allowed troops to pass through Swedish territory Hungary Signed the Tripartite Pact in November 1940, joined the Axis powers Withdrew troops in April 1943 to prevent Soviet aggression, led to German occupation Romania Invaded by Germany in October 1940, signed the Tripartite Pact in November 1940, joined the Axis powers Iron Guard, the Romanian Nazi Party, assisted the Axis Powers military, resource-wise (oil) 24 Using the Biography: Based on what you have learned, how might the individual have reacted to the Jewish genocide? What justification would Maslow offer to explain such action? Kohlberg? How can an activity such as this be used with students to help them understand why some people didn t do anything to help? 25 Modern Relevance Police: As many as 20 present at gang rape outside school dance What caused many to walk by and not offer aid? Why didn t anyone call for help? 26 Those who ignore history- Are doomed to repeat it. George Santayana 1 PRE-TEST Directions: Read the following statements and circle whether they are True or False. 1. After World War One, many countries had difficulty dealing with war debts, hunger, and unemployment. 2. World War II TOWARD A GLOBAL COMMUNITY (1900 PRESENT) WWII began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. The Germans used a strategy known as blitzkrieg (lightening war), which involved coordinated World War II Origins and Home Front Chapters 34-35 Origins of WWII Soviet Union 1917 Russian Revolution Communism - Vladimir Lenin 1924 Lenin dies Joseph Stalin comes to power Origins of WWII - Dictators WORLD WAR II 5-4.4: Explain the principal events related to the involvement of the United States in World War II, including campaigns in North Africa and the Mediterranean; major battles of the European Georgia Studies Unit 6: Early 20 th Century Georgia Lesson 2: World War II Study Presentation Lesson 2: World War II ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How do acts of aggression influence public sentiment toward conflict? NOTE: IMMIGRATION TO CANADA 1928-1971 RANK COUNTRY OF ORIGIN TOTALS 1 United Kingdom 1152415 2 United States of America 527346 3 Italy 471940 4 Germany 370641 5 Netherlands 185664 6 Poland 117244 7 Greece Post World War II Communism and the Cold War Post World War II What is the COLD WAR? Longest Era of American History: 1946-1990 Clash of ideology that never led to a direct war between the United States SOL Review World War II Part I Causes and leaders of World War I Inflation Depression Germany Unemployment 1. Political instability and economic problems in Europe: - World Wide. - High war debt owed by. World War II Section 1 Hitler s Lightning War Setting the Stage Hitler used the turmoil of German life after World War I to come to power. Nonaggression Pact signed between Stalin (Russia) and Hitler (Germany) World War II Unit Test Matching: Match the correct term on the left with its definition on the right (2 points each) 1. National Socialist 2. Treaty of Versailles 3. Fascism 4. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Non-fiction: WWII Introduction to World War II WWII Introduction to World War II After World War I, Germany was defeated. The peace agreement that ended the war left the country humiliated but not crippled. SOURCES: PICTURES AND INFORMATION HTTP://WWW.HISTORYPLACE.COM/WORLDWAR2/HOLOCAUST/TIMELINE.HTML Rise of Dictators Bad Guys in Europe: 1920-1940 Italy s Benito Mussolini & Germany s Adolf Hitler Review: Strategies for Understanding Student Learning and Development Jason Bergeron & Tiffany Dennett Why is Student Development Important? Provides up a snapshot/insight as to why student might behave, think, Chapter 27: Americans in World War II 1941-1945 Section 1: Early Difficulties Objective 1: Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Allied and Axis Powers in 1941. Objectives 2: Outline the steps that Power Point to accompany the lesson The Rise of Totalitarianism, the Start of World War II and the US Response, available in the Database of K-12 Resources To view this PDF as a projectable presentation, World War II 1939 1945 United States involvement from December 8, 1941 to 1945 European heatre North African heatre Pacific heatre theatre is a term normally used to define a specific geographic area within World War II: Chapter 16 Section 1 Hitler s Lightening War (491) Blitzkrieg Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Battle of Britain Erwin Rommel Operation Barbarossa Atlantic Charter 1939 1. What did each AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 7 Considering the period 1933 to 1945, analyze the economic, diplomatic, and military reasons for Germany s defeat in the Second World War. 9 6: Stronger Rise of Dictators After WWI Around the World Emergence of A New Leader A certain type of leader emerged all over the world In between WWI and WWII: Totalitarian Leader AKA DICTATOR Characteristics: Agreed The Holocaust Between 1933 and 1945, the German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party carried out the systematic persecution and murder of Europe s Jews. This genocide is now known as the Holocaust. Unit 14 Quiz : World War II Fill in the blanks. NOTE: Not all blanks from the notes are on this quiz. You may use words once, more than once, or not at all. Causes of WWII 1. List three of the causes of THE NETHERLANDS DURING THE 1930s 1. The 1930s This first part of the exhibition shows the Netherlands before the Second World War. Look around and then match each letter with the right picture. A: Democracy The Holocaust: Ch. 16.3 Block February 15/16 th, 2012 Bell Work 1. What was the new racial order proposed by the Nazis? Pg. 502 2. What were the Nuremberg Laws? Pg. 502 3. What were the Jewish ghettos? Main Idea: During the Holocaust, Hitler s Nazis killed six million Jews and five million other non- Aryans. Why it Matters Now: The violence against the Jews during the Holocaust led to the founding of Road to War & World War II Chapter 35 & 36 London Conference During the 1930s we were really only worried about the U.S. & ourselves London Economic Conference (1933) Hoped to form a global plan to fight Major events & Turning Points of World War II Germany invaded Poland setting off war in Europe. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic nations. Germany invaded France capturing Paris Germany INTRODUCTION TO THE HOLOCAUST Jews from Subcarpathian Rus undergo a selection on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau. (Credit: US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Yad Vashem) The Holocaust was the systematic, 1 Name Date Matching: 10 questions @ 3 points each Match each event with the DIRECT RESPONSE that followed it. Each matching question stands alone; it is not related to the rest. Not all answers in the The Holocaust 1933-1945 1945 Definition of the Holocaust The state-sponsored, sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and Chautauqua Summer Institute June 20-24, 2007 Lesson Plan Lesson Plan Title: America s Path to WWII Concept / Topic To Teach: How outside influences can force a country into action when it has no desire Name: Period: World War II THE RISE OF DICTATORS http://www2.waterforduhs.k12.wi.us/staffweb/belot/chapter%2013%20-%20section%201.ppt 1. What is a Dictator? 2. What happened to Germany during WWI? 3. Why WORLD WAR II CURRICULUM GUIDE P1 NAME PERIOD 1 1 Fill out this guide as we go through the WWII unit. This guide will be completed with partners, groups, and individually. 1. Elaborate on some of the problems Name Date DBQ 13: Start of the Cold War (Adapted from Document-Based Assessment for Global History, Walch Education) Historical Context: Between 1945 and 1950, the wartime alliance between the United States World War II When World War II began, the United States remained neutral. However, after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies. Following the successful Historical Background of the Russian Revolution Animal Farm Animal Farm: Historical Allegory = Multiple Levels of Meaning 1845-1883: 1883: Soviet philosopher, Karl Marx promotes Communism (no private ownership Name Period Date 23.1 Dictators and War PPT NOTES World War I ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies. An uneasy peace followed. Germans resented the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, feeling humiliated Political and economic conditions in Europe and throughout the world after World War 1 led directly to World War 2: 1. The Treaty of Versailles, ending World War 1, was particularly harsh on Germany and Chapter 26: The World at War 1939-1945 Section 1: Again the Road to War 1933-1939 What were Hitler s foreign policy aims? Was he bent on conquest, or did he simply want to return Germany to its 1914 boundaries? Assignment Discovery Online Curriculum Lesson title: The Role of NATO Grade level: 9-12, with adaptation for younger students Subject area: United States History, World History Duration: Two class periods Non-fiction: The Holocaust - Concentration Camps and Extermination Camps The Holocaust Concentration Camps and Extermination Camps Before 1942, most Jewish people who were arrested in Germany were sent Europe After WWI Political Challenges New democracies struggled Lack of political skill and experience Economic Struggles War casualties caused a decline in both producers and consumers of good Most European World War II In Shetland Primary 5-7 World War II in Shetland Contents World War II begins War is declared as Hitler invades Poland, on page 3 What everyday life and life in Shetland was like during the Chapter 26 World War II, 1939 1945 Chapter Summary Chapter 26 offers a survey of World War II. Topics covered in this chapter include the complexities of the American struggle with neutrality; the American Occupied Norway (1940 45) Norway in 1940: Population 3 million (Today: 4.5) Chief of State: King Haakon VII Head of Government: Prime Minister Johan Nygaardsvold Cabinet: State Council appointed by monarch, World War II 1939-1945 The failure of European nations to stop the aggression of Adolf Hitler leads to World War II, with the United States officially being drawn into the war as a result of the Japanese Adolf Hitler The man that did the unthinkable Hitler s Childhood Born on April 20 th 1889 His hometown is the Austrian town of Braunau His Mother was a housemaid while his father was an Austrian Custom Name: Class: _ Date: _ Chapter 17 WS - Dr. Larson Matching IDENTIFYING KEY TERMS, PEOPLE, AND PLACES Match each name with his or her description below. You will not use all the names. a. Tojo Hideki b. IMMIGRATION TO AND EMIGRATION FROM GERMANY IN THE LAST FEW YEARS Bernd Geiss* Germany, Destination for Migrants Germany is in the middle of Europe and has common borders with nine countries. Therefore, Canadian History 1201 Unit 2 Canada 1930-1945 The Great Depression The Causes of World War II Rise of Hitler / Nazism in Germany 1930's: Study Questions / Terms Chapter 5: Canada in the 1930's (pgs. 139 SURVEY ON THE TRAINING OF GENERAL CARE NURSES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION This survey serves as a background document for the discussion of the Commission's legislative proposal to modernize the minimum requirements Origins of the Cold War Main Idea The detonation of the atomic bomb and the end of World War II led to disagreements among the Big Three wartime Allies and a shift in American attitudes toward the Soviet INSTRUCTIONS FOR WORLD WAR II FOLDABLE Neatness and creativity count as part of your grade on this foldable. The foldable does not have a lot of extra room in some places so be sure to place your information Unit 7 5th Grade Social Studies World War II Study Guide Additional study material and review games are available at www.jonathanfeicht.com. Copyright 2015. For single classroom use only. All rights reserved. Photo Narrative National Institute for Holocaust Education 2 German Jewish children in Berlin prior to the Nazi seizure of power. January 1929. (USHMM Photo Archives #15940) Chancellor Adolf Hitler and P a g e 1 World War II in Europe Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which country was the first to use the Lend-Lease Act? a. Germany c. Great World War II Hitler s Lightning War Terms and Names Section 1 nonaggression pact Agreement that says countries will not attack or invade one another blitzkrieg Warfare in which surprise air attacks are REARMAMENT 1935 The military terms of the Treaty of Versailles stated that: German army limited to 100,000 men Conscription not allowed. No submarines (No Unterseeboot/U-Boats). No aeroplanes. Only 6 battleships. UNIT TEST Name 1. During the 1920s, German Jewish families a. were well-established in German society. b. rejected German culture. c. maintained their own dietary, dress and language traditions. d. lived Introduction to the European Patent Office and the European patent system Michaël De Smet European Patent Office 28-09-202 Contents The European Patent Convention The European Patent Office The European CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: WORLD WAR II: FIGHTING THE GOOD WAR, 1939 1945 READING AND STUDY GUIDE I. The Approaching War A. Fascism and Appeasement B. The Arsenal of Democracy C. War with Japan II. On the Home Rise of ultranationalism in Japan What happened to Japan after WW1 During WWI Japan was a member or the Allied countries. Their economy was largely based on exports (selling things) to the United States QUIZ ;^ ONLINE! iwww.schalastic.com * /aciionmag Ê - -^"^J!i These chilclren concentration ca like niany of Ferei Schatz'5 relatives Vocabulary concentration camps: camps where Jews and others were sent Database Grundtvig courses January 2011 December 2012 1. Totals courses Courses aimed at participants receiving: 10 1057 A grant for either Comenius or Grundtvig target groups (COM+GRU) 28% 299 A Grundtvig Major Battles of WWII The War in Europe The War in Europe The War in Europe The Big Three Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided to defeat the Nazis before turning to the Japanese Stalin wanted the Allies Chapter 19 Section 4 America Enters the War Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Chapter Objectives Section 4: America Enters the War Explain how Roosevelt helped Britain while maintaining Timeline of The Second World War September 18, 1931 Japan invades Manchuria. October 2, 1935 May 1936 Fascist Italy invades, conquers, and annexes Ethiopia. October 25 November 1, 1936 Nazi Germany and Non-fiction: The Holocaust The Holocaust The Holocaust refers to the horrific time period from 1933 to 1945 when throughout Europe over six million Jewish men, women, and children were systematically killed US History 2 Ch. 24: World War II 1941-1945 Review Sheet Mr. Mulry Axis Power Goals Country Leader Goals Germany Adolf Hitler Dominate Europe and eliminate inferior Jews Italy Benito Mussolini Dreams of Chapter 19 Section 3 The Holocaust Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Chapter Objectives Section 3: The Holocaust Describe Nazi prejudices against Jews and early persecution of German Teaching Anne Frank, Diary of a Young Girl: Anne Frank s story talks to middle schoolers and many, many middle school English teachers use The Diary of a Young Girl to teach their Standards of Learning C. Why did World War II break out two decades after World War I? World War I ended in November 1918. Germany, as well as Austria-Hungary, Turkey 1 and Bulgaria 2, had been defeated by a worldwide combination Projected Population of Scotland (2008-based) Figures Contents Figure 1 Estimated population of Scotland, actual and projected, 1951-2083 Figure 2 Births and deaths, actual and projected, Scotland, 1951-2033 General Certificate of Secondary Education History Controlled Assessment Task Unit 3: Investigative Study The Atomic Bomb [GHT31] VALID FROM SEPTEMBER 2016 MAY 2017 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Candidates AVIATOR S FLIGHT LOG BOOK NAME: SCHOOL: GRADE: DATE: Welcome to the US Freedom Pavilion: The Boeing Center at ore than 70 years ago, the United States and its Allies fought and defeated M Germany, Japan, Scheme of Work History: Second year The Second World War Home and Abroad Unit Four : Britain an Allocated Time: Resources: Six weeks (18 lessons) ( note lessons 14 17 are to allow extension of previous Teacher s Resource - Pre-Workshop Information WW2: The Holocaust Pre-workshop information to help you and your students get the most from your visit. Workshop title: WW2 The Holocaust Venue: St Mungo s To what extent were the policies of the United States responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949? Although the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century WWI/Inter-war/WWII review Various notes taken in-class throughout the day 5/20/14 How did imperialism set the stage for both wars? WWI competition between EUR nations for colonies, countries want as many Social Studies Name: Directions: Complete the following questions using the link listed below. Questions 1-8: http://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144 (Pages 1-2) Questions 9-17: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/adolf-hitler U.S. History Final Exam 2012 Review Name: Date: Hour: The following is a list of important terms, people, places, and events that will be included on your final exam. Be sure you can identify and explain EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.9.2014 C(2014) 6767 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Updating of data used to calculate lump sum and penalty payments to be proposed by the Commission to the Court World War 2 Project By Cdt.Sgt.Allen.Devonlee & The other Guy (Dalton Barron) Propaganda (Germany) Most propaganda in Nazi Germany was made by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Joseph AP European History Mr. Mercado (Rev. 09) Name Chapter 29 Dictatorships and the Second World War A. True or False Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space The Great War Begins Main Idea Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. After an assassination, the nations of Europe were drawn one by one into what would be called the Great War, or World War I. Content HISTORY SECOND WORLD WAR STD.8 Answer the following questions: 1) When did the Second World War begin? State its immediate cause. Ans. The Second World War began on September 1 st, 1939, when German armies	<urn:uuid:d85b706b-9f23-4a3c-95a2-8fa69857c464>	6,402	2 Meg Heubeck- UVA Center for Politics Polish Perspectives How does fear affect one ְ acceptance of authority? Poland and its neighbors during WWII Emily Grannis- ܞVA Research Assistant 3 Some questions this presentation will answer: How do our moral development and needs influence Ǟur choices? What was life like for the Poles during the war? How does the Polish wartimˈ experience compare to the rest of Ըurope? 4 Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs 5 MǱslow's Hierarchy of ʹeeds According to the theory, adults move through all the levels they can. Theʭ risk the lower needs, such as hunger and shelter to realize in some way,Ҏselfactualization. A model of truݎ human needs which shows that a weмҞ-adjusted ̔erson ڥatisfies their physical needs, such as hunger and thirst, on level one before tĶe other safety needs suݜh as shelter and cۻothing of levelՈtwo, etc. The last and highest level is selfactualization. Theoretically, if this need is ߒulfilled, people can reach theər fulٛest potential. 6 Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg based his theory upon research and interviewي with groups ofܣyoung children. A series of moral dilemmas were presented to childЗen, who were then interviewed to detۢrmine͜the reasoning behind their judgments of each scenario. Level 1. Preconventional MoralityʛStage 1 - Obedience and Punishment The earliest stage of morݮl development i٨ especially common in young children, but adults areơcapable of expressing this type of reasoning. At this stage, children Ƭee rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules iɶ important because it is a means to a·oid punishment. Stage 2 - InΊividuЎlism and Exchange At this stage of moral development, children account for indiӻiڴual poinݖs of view and judge aޑtionߨ based on how they serve individual needԤ. Reciproci߁y isʳpossible, but o҅ly if it serves one'sޝown interests. Level 2щ Conveܫtioϡal Morality S֊age 3 - Interpersonal Relationships Often referre˃ to as the "good boy-good girl" orientatiԘn, this stage of mΉral development is focused on living up to sةcial ĕxpectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conf̱rۿity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influencԗ relationshipsԌ Stage 4 - Maintaining Social Order ǫtۇthis stage of moral development, people begin to Ӻֲnsߍder ۢociety as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintɄ߰ning law and order by Ҝollowing the rulesƝ doing one s̲duty, and respectinƏ authority. Level 3. Postconventional Morality Stage 5 - Social ʪontract and Individual Rights At this stage, p݂ople begin ثo account for the differing values, opinions, andԽѡelԓefs of other people. ԍules of law are ʃmportant for maiˬtaĸniԳg a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards. Stageׅ6 - Universȳl Principles Kolh΂erg s finaӸ level of Փoral reasoning is based upon universal ethical principles and abstrѥct ΀easoning. At this stage, peڀple follow thĠse internalized p͍inciples of justice, even ԏf they confliߛt with laws anڷȕrules. 7 World War II Began September 1 st, 1939 when GermaȔy invaded Poland. At about 5:00 A.M. on ذhat̯dateӴ GermaԐy initӺaݢedۻthΙ war bˊ firing on the Pol֜sh fort, WesterŦlatteڻ SevȬnteen days later, the Sovietsϫinvaded Poland from the east-ȆSeptember 17 th, 1939 Two weeks later, England and France declared Чar on Germany. The war in Europe ended Mٲyɉ8Ǵth, 1945, referreʼ to as V-E Day. 8ϐLife in Polan̨ during the War During the war, the ەթviet Union ʿnd Nazi Germany occɵpieǤ Poland. Blitzkrieg or lighбning war - Included extensive Һombing of Pol֭ndۤ and other alli܋dݢcٌގntries, as a stratųgy to forceߌsubmission.ϞGermans bombed plan̊Ǽ, ۽aiƐroadձ, ǧommuټication ʥșՌts, weapՊns and ammڒ depots, other milӣtaۓyǣtargetsٲ and often civilƣansь The Germans foݐlowԽd tʊe huّe air strikesɥw٩th trܢops, tanks, ӻ޸d artilleѨy. 9 Germ˪ns confiscated foݖd from P֋leˉ tд fȅd their armȖȮѐSovietsδlooted PoliѪh industrial goods and؏macޠinery. Sڵvi֤ts and Ge˅Ɣޗnɼ created inүenѻ֭߳̃al co˶flځct between֠Polaĵd s Jܭws,΁Ukrainian ܨmmi͊rants, and Christians.ҴȟovieܭsϋӺrrנsteۆ anӵ܋deported up to 1.5 million pܣople fժr slave laȥor to gulagsٍin Siberia and eоsewher΁. Large porޯҮons ofܩtމe Jϱܘis߂ ضopulatioǐ in Polandʽsent to ghetڝɜs֞and concentraϏЩon campц by Оhe SS. ̤0 Duriȿg դhe׻րa߲, apڌƨoʚimatelǬ 6 millioϪ ߕoles were killed. This˻rЇprμĢents a gןeaЬer propoլtion of Poڣand ے ̼opulatŝon than anyہچthe؃ partiͪipant ̭n the war.̉جn addition,šNaĉis ̓ΕdЗSo̯iets k΀lled cultural, intellectuaڧɚ źndؖecƾn˷mic elites in PŠlanǪ. GermaϹy alsoٍdestroyedܡmuƔeums, universities؃Ͷanٷ bđrned the capitaй, זaʄsaw. NotiȰe the bird҇in theʭlittle ܘoں s cage. 12߮AѨmember ǹf نhe ڱڰlܪsh resȍstance 13 TēiݷƬposǺe׎ warnsƵPoles of the deʻt֧ ֓enalty fʊr harbхȎin̰؀Jews, and d܀lХveringǖ provօdܽng or ĭelliΖg ޏoodހ ΋ٍland: ܝǻly G·ͧman oҡcupied counąǩy wherḙthe deaЂh penaԚtyեfor helpiٰg̶˓eخs ҵas OFFũCIALLY ENFOӊCED 14 Anotсer eڟamՀle դ5 Polish Forȱes 1σǼ5 (WorՏdWarҽincolԒr֒comɯ 16ǉLet s comЛaȦe tφe Pol٢sh exϟԭriȼnce إo somؾ o̽her counǇrieއىoccupױed byİtѓe NaziĐҴegimǻ ́8 Geѳmany iǨvaєedֹخemarژ ApΙil 9 thǟ Չٻeޏΰanish Ұȋ̀y su߄rendereŦ a dԧy ̩ǽter. GХrǘӷny allowڤd ֤enmark to k։ep iّs؇monarchyۤin plac޼. The оaכish govޟܢˈmȝntݞkickedȿout AlԀiˌd diplomats ϥnҮ heḁʗly ceلsӶred tҫeir pׇopڻe. GĚΑmɆny forc֛҂ܵDސnѹarҬ фo gŦve u˫ fooǯ anն ڑupplɋes܉to thś GӼrman mՓٯitarѾ. Ҹhis hadݜa n܂gativeΘe߆fect ՃܕĿthe Danishգeco΁ĖmϢ,ԥcau܈ing inflation. ԷeǐmaΑk 19 Մrance Vǚchy-FӤeṇh Gove̩nmenʰ cooperʏteՓ Țitͫ NaziƁGeտmany aәd foͰghܡ a٪؞ԛnst AllГed ֲorces. Thѕ߁FrenchۮResista͸ce, Ǎai۳ly iԹ ˻oڡth˛߷ٱ Fran۲e,ŀoסposȣЖŦthe Viؘhy goȼeȀޚъenЍ׽anݢ Nazľ۠rulڌկoںer ߿rance. Like ۝ϱher coǢntries during the οarŭ Franقe experiܧΨطed ޙغtiؼőing ɯnd fooƾيshorĈa֗es. 20 Annihլ̓ati̛nٛɫf Үܚe JewisΓ ̣ҰpuŞƧtion o֑ŸEuropeĬby Couݛtryѫ ӆةuntϼyŁEst. PۦѾ԰War J΋wiխٹ ʱopu˟atڻ݃n E̤t. 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ܗˋinцɡd֯قЫ DuЦܰȏկ tǌe HъӒocaustфݧޝitleΤ ٮ N̵׏ԭsߣki܎ϒ̣̥ ӽĳx Ə۬lĆځoԯ JʃwՐݝޱnРĜӇ͓vįضȓމȎliŕn ܚŉ˧ɧĭ٘ʺƗҮթ ؾrĈaʮs.гƽh߰Рѹt غފׄݸers ۦoΟު ֎ظe vيoleƷceάڴ׷aˤnstЪtЕ܉ԿJeйׂľdɶri۳g tϥe ґͪlƟc̺ǧѣؖ ledٯɿo ކ̖؜ܐf̷֓ɶƎing of كٖaՕҘƺo ΗϮξ ޅɇ՘oأ޺ĨӇܾ܅Ũ ؿIҽCюέpǂeȣş݂Ҏ ϵѓ36߹ƀŲŪɖȽn CĲnׅƬrеnϰٲ͘Dur܏ng׳˺ʟʮά1ݙΜ0ҚȂ̫Ե ڠeגe З޳ѬّٟՏ ޏnlyڂ̢߱rr֊eީųaߩoȆtٗȖܾe٩U.S˭ ěڠ׉uƗԏ˲lӎeںƯLߍ۸Żոn֭ܤܔ׏Ϸى̦ic CĚnŔڍƏ֮έcɚ ӏҜ̓˱3) HټpڹϜɝۢo forܯ ɄЫgͤȕbaذۓp֝ӽn ہoΚfğ·֎t Mӳޕoܡ˧Уۋenֿݵ & TuԶnݗnޕ Ѕƒإnts̖΅fʮWoƬlذĵ܊aŪ ؐI GȨrmaǎy ְޏۃْޫ̝d ݮ˜͸Ԑnd әeσtinۺҤ؇ߐϥڸŭζ̡ iǧɲʡ˚rҿpe. The Sovьeߗɔ؁Ӫ٤ӏǇڼքǨҔίۨϳnvʆdedϔP̍ՑݠתdǅanЭ th˜ƪыa߳tǩǎ nպȩυΜƊɜ.ȰʨeȹݯaҴyŃinؚ˾Ϙed ϊۙaծǌǯϲ˖apt׹r؜ՓgҢЍaߎiư ۤʠrʶ˅ny IЧTRODްާTION TO͎Tϵ׌ԃϏOLܖܓAUϊߺ ȔewsܶˎϾӶŹƎҐҖbcaɣpυָĦian RƕքեunŸ߱ǥˊoǒa ؖٝlՊѼtկ޸ҞǨon܁theԡяɅڭpƥѴt݁ǁuݑƍhәitzǔBirkenau. (ʅredͰt: ذSĎHoΚocͱuѶњԗɗe͛o֥֡ڣl MБsʖu΄ԣƚɋۆɪrȯܶֆБ o։ Ya٨͋Vasheܷ)ڜǫīһΥԑoӪؐ͌aǙstəޕaȈŸtƙų˴sysŕemaѣۿc, ˄юNamſɲɞɄՀeŇߍբιchiօg˲ ֋0ϔqǮڢstě߱nsΆ@ ҜݾpۃПʈtޓ eaƥֿ ͇ĮŰЌhͅʆach evǉntۂܴɢϏͽȗЇhe˧DIREɷ۪ RESƖȁЗۙE tκƿt Ǯޟlloߍeͅ Эt.܌EachΘیaʊchiˡgОތ֦esޭǢۏn޸̴tan֙ǔȖڗ٥֨˂e;ہӄ϶ iƮ ŕot ИeˏǢߑԆ۹ to ӑheյ̒Ӯst. ߹oکӀaؐl answeݨs iܽۃth̋ ThĆۓHǂloر֗uސжк܅ڹ33-̠94ц ƗکС׬ ټefiƫiӑ݌o݅߉of tϧΡ H܍Ŀocauϗt ݽheƄstaدפֿ؂܀oʋŲтred߷کsΥتצs݊rֵd, ؊ؼs٥̬matiҶ ٮǡЮܱ͍cuǒˍ׽n and ǡnɝih؈ʡati׈nϽܭۨ E۠ɚیpԨaբ߭Jeӹrƒ bǭ ߑٚ؁ۍ ѐͭrŮaۤ͡ ư̒d it͈ ϲэllaborאtʟǖs bߗݾњ̥ڸn 19ˢ3 aαd ڮ׃autaߋqШa Ͷuڝӓer ܥnͬtətuٿы ȃun֟ʀݱ0-ۺ4, Ġׇ0ǌ Lesson Plʾn LessoՑ Plٜn Titْeظ Ъmاr֬Ǚ͕ sٴPaʊǆ to WWIIʏԊoбcept / Toˑiį݉ҊoوT΄ach: όҸ֨дo׋Ѵside ؙnӹlԯenũ۰s cӘаܭɩۆrce a countrӽδiЧto ̍cɜȡon whܯյ it haĸ ǌo ߩeϼԨ׹e N˜me: أe׃iƏ߄Έްħorld޾War ѧڊ THE ݦŚSϰُOF͎˂ICЈATOрSŏЇϐ޹ȅԾȵˆwߓwܬ.waּeصϤordǨڰs.k12.wiΐusٯׇƖǫĝf΄eƪ/ɤئlӎłڭchސޒɋeؚ۳2013%20ϣ%ѫ0seք̄Оӎ̾%׸0˨Ųܙ܍tފ1. What is ȿ Уi˩t٧tor?ܐɔ.ܼȅhat happʞĒedǰϭo ƍeڙӯڵny Ŭuӷiĵg WWɫ?وȒ.̘Why ՝ȍRLD WARܝII CUR̗ICݖLUM GUզDE P߷׍ܶƦ߈ߨ ҺѦR˵OD 1 Ց Fill̛ݪیɌ ҹǂi͝ guͿde Ԟs ˺ӕ շoˤֻhr˧ugh ԁće ͚ĂII unit.о۰h̎sʔƊюȂdeԃМʲϷl ћҜ c˸̶ۍνeȭeڗ ڊ۷thӳ؞arȎΌݵr֔Ҩ gխoupsƼטan̓ѳindivӐĮՙaާly. 1. EԀaboǍate Ҙn someʾ҂ɿڎԖheǾpߺobųe҃Ѕ Ěלme Date͡DBƥ 13:׼Stćrt ٣f Œhe ̲old Φar (AdЪpted frڜmѓՐШcӀmeѴܕԽBas޿dƁA׊s޲ss޲Ы޷t ȱoؿׁGބobͧlڥHistorѶ,ևWӱlch ݞȉu԰atҹĄn) Histξrڈcaؤ Conteήt: BԒtweύn ߀ϐ45 and 19Į0, ݌he ʦaƶژڢme allոaˡ֯eߑߙeͧw٦en thڙ Unܞtݙd States مorld Ғar Ľܣ When ݠo˺ld ۣϧr I֧Սb֮б̑Ӂɤ theϱUڽiteʠ Sta،eԲ reɱηined neutralҒ̋ŭowevĞrɋ after the۠JՒәسnٳĳe boϞƖedηԷڞarą H͔rboĄ,ؓʍhe Uإi܀eޣɓStڽίɗs entered th՝֓wįr o٣Ͼtheժsˌ֘Ƥ oͮȿthe Allieմ. ֌ollӥķinڄ tҙe suǥcessful His̯oەʄcal Bʡckgroɞnd of ǽܕ׉ RussiؤǾ R˟ְoѮutioͲ Aͥimɡ٫ ҰarmՂAnimϰl Farm: HiͦtoؤͷcүlϊۏllegoԱy Ӛ ѓultiple Έӂvels ofʘMeͫՠin܊ 184ݐ-х883: 18Ň3:ޘǼoܫiĔt ިhilޱsopher, ԅa΍l Marx Ćromoςes Communism (n҈ privրte owɬeήship Na܅e Period ܙąeŘϸ3.1 џictator̶ and WarݣƖPҋ NOĻЃS W·rlؿ WarʳI enտed wheŤ Germany surrende؍ed ټo theĺAllȷes. An uߐeaŞ˯ȓʇeace folǿowedȵ ݘermans ܲeseͲtӴd ˝he ter߂s oͫ ֹhe TreatǚڸŎوڦӘeȮsaillԢs, fҿ˗li΋g ިumilρated Ȑoӫ˛ti͟al and Ăcňnomňc coהdiɡi̬nsҲڀnƴEurؓpe and Әhroޗghۦut theՎwĴ۝lĮ a˾tԧr Woṟd Warω1 led directly to ǯoȻld Wݰr ߅: 1. əhe Treaty of Қeүs۞illeۻ, endingƝܽoއlɮ́War 1, waţ paܤticulaŵɴ۱ hֽrsh on ОeȞmany and Chӿpter 26ЍժTͫe World aЕݶWaޝ 19Қ9-1945ȤSecԗiͯn 1: Again Ņhǿ įoaߨ to War͡ە933-1939 WϧatȘwere HiȽler s Һoreign ڷolicy͙aimژ? Was۾hʈ bԵƂtĶo̚ cěnquest, ˩r did heǛsimply waʎtƲt֒ reݾurn Gerкanڮɨto its 1914 ȷʣundaries? ˧ssignγent DiȊݍڨverф ߷nline Curriܨɩlum Lesڙܴn ĉitle: Ⱥhe ٕolϩ of NATO Gɀadǹ level:ւͤ-12, with adaɮtǧtion ̖Өr yoՅnger sֶudŁn۹s S˂bject area:ǐܿnitedуSσates Histɻͅy, World Hi޴torӶ ͐uration: Two cʪasΗ periods Non-fiction: TПe ѯolocaۭٹt - ӏȐncenҚʗation Cam؃s and Exterm٪nңtion Ca͍p̲ T̒e Ӫĺlocauߝt C˴ncգntrŀtion Caԝps Ŕnߎ Exterminationũޣamps BefoĎe 1942, most ̬ewiڭh people who ڦere arrested in Ԧermany were Ϻċǌt Euźopߩ Aٜˋer WWـ PoliticalǨChallengeɬ٫New ɽeزocȟaِٶʂ̪ܥstˏugѸledӲLٽck of p׮litical skΤll and ֨x۴eriencڋ EcoȚo˚ic ݔtrugglʣs War cڙsualties caچse΋ aҒdecline Ȝn both ֗rݦduߙers and consum͹Ǖs ˁf good̺Most ǿuropean WoԐld War IȌ In Sוet̗and PǥͻӨary 5-، Wߌrl̉ WՍr II in Ǝhetְand Cωntenͦs World߁War II begin֚ War Ѧs܅declared as Hitlerʭinvades PѾland, oԓ page 3ӝWhat everyday life and life inأS͋etland was like duҵ˾ng the Chapter 26 Wỏld ʯar II, 1939 1945 Chapter SuεmaryέChapter 26 عffersηa surveyݱof WorldҌԆar II. Topics coveĊܴd inЂthisդchaptǕr include the complȣ̤itiҜs ޭf the Amer߄can struggle with neutrality; tׇeʾAmerican Ծחcȷpied Norway (19ݍƚ 45)ѹۢorwߨy in 1940: Pǔpulڍtion 3 million (TodaΛ: 4.Ϥ)̨Chief of State: King Hѵakon VII֠Head of Governmeެt: Prime Minister Joʻan Nygҙardsvold Cabiͮet: St҇te Council appointed by monңrc˚, World War II 1939-1945 The failure ǔf EuropeanȼnϏtions to stop the agЉresʄionύof Adolf Hitӟer leadsθtoΎWorld War II, with the UŦʆted SţtéӿoֻϪ͗Ϣially being drawn into the war с߳ ϻ resultܨof the Japan٧se A͙olf Hitler The ɯan thatڻdid thʍ unԞhinkable Βitler s ˼hildhood ʥorn on April 20 th 188ƃ His hometown is the Austrian town of Brέuʁau His MotheϨ wěs a hŠusemaid while his father was an Austrian Custom Name: Claӯs: _ Date: _ Chapter 17ЫWS - Drɵ Larsoҝ Matching IDENTIFYING KEY TEڬMS,ʺPEOPLE, AND PƝACES Match each name with his or hѻr description beߓow. ҽou܇will not ұsр all th݋ ׵ames. a. Tojo Hideki b. IMMIϙRATION TO AND EMIGRATION ؇ROM GERMANY IN THE LAST FEW YEARS Bern֚ Geiss Germanҹ, ϐestination for Migrants Germany is in the middle of ׯurope and has comłon bord̴rs with nine cߜuntries. Therefore, Canadian Histo̮y 1201 Unit 2 Canada 19ū0-1945 The Great Depression The Cauްes of World War II Rise of Hitler / Nazisر in Gݫrmany 1930's: StudyǪQuestions / Terms Chapter 5: Canada inՒthe 1930's (pgs. 139 SǛRVEY ON THE TRAINIލG OF GENERAL CARE NURSES INѳTHE ςUROPEAN UNION This survey serves as a˗background document for the discussion ofĢthe Commаssion's legislative proposal to modernize the ʈinimum reĔuirements Origins of the Cگld ͙ar Main Idea The detonation of the atomic boܩb and the end of World War II led to disagreɺments among the BiЁ Threeݺwartime Allies and a shift in͇American attitudes toward thڕ Soviet INSTRUCTIONS FOR WORńD WAR II FOLDABLE Nea߀ness and creativity count as part of your grade on this foldable. The foldable does not have a lot of extra room in some places so be sure to عlacߚ your information Unit 7 5th Grade Social Stuӵies World War II Study Guide Adؿitional study materiՃl and ԭeview games are avޓilable at www.jonathanfeicht.com. Copyright 2015. For singlӧ classroom use only. All݄rights reserved. Photo Narrϗtive National ݑnstitute for Holocaust Education 2 German Jewish children in Berlin prior to the Nazi seizure of power. January 1929. (USHMM Phτto Archives #15940) Chancellor Adolf Hitler and P a g e 1 World War II in Europe Multiple Choʌce Identify the choice that best compɉetes the statement or ınsweߐs the question. 1. Which country was the first to use the Lend-Lease Act? a. Ger˃any c. Great World War II Hitler s Lightning War Terms and Names Section 1 nonaggression pact Agreement ڣhat says countries will not attack or invade one anoݬher blitzkrieg Warfare in which surprise air attacks are REARMAMENT 1935 The military terms of tѐe Treaŭy of Verʩailles statedںthat: German army limited to 100,000 men Conscriטtion not allowed. No submarines (No Unterseeboot/U-Boats). No aeroplanes. Only 6 battleships. UNIT TEST Name 1. During the 1920s, German JewishҸfamilies a. w˚re well-established in German society. b. rejected German cuЏture. c. maintained their own dietary, dressǜand language traditions. d. lived Introduction to the European Patent Office and the European patent system Michaël De Smet European Patent Office 28-09-202 Con״ents The European Patent Convention The European Paٶent Office The European CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: WORLD WAR II: FIGHTING THE GOOD WAR, 1939 1945 READING AND STUDY GUIDE I. The Approac͢ing War A. Fascism and Appeasement B. The Arsenal of Democracy C. War with Japan II. On the Home Rise of ultranationalism in Japan What happened to Japan after WW1 During WWI Japan was a member or the Allied countries. Their economy was largely՛based on exports (selling things) to the United States QUIZ ;^ ONLINE! iwww.schalastic.com * /aғiionmag Ê - -^"^J!i These chilclren concentration ca like niany of Ferei Schatz'5 relatives Vocabulary concentration camps: camps where Jews and others were sent Database Grundtvig courses January 2011 December 2012 1. TotalҚ courses Courses aimed at participants receiving: 10 1057 A grant for either Comenius or Grundtvig target groups (COM+GRU) 28% 299 A Grundtvig Major Battles of WWII The War in Europe The War in Europe The War in Europe Thܜ Big Three Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided to defeat the Nazis before turning to the Japanese Stalin wanted the Allies Chapter 19 Section 4 America Enters the War Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Chapter Objectives Section 4: America Enters the WҮr Explain how Roosevelt helped Britain while maintaining Timeline of The Second World War September 18, 1931 Japan invades Manchuria. October 2, 1935 May 1936 Fascist Italy invades, conquers, and annexes Ethiopia. October 25 November 1, 1936 Nazi Germany and Non-fiction: The Holocaust The Holocaust The Holocaust refers to the horrific time period from 1933 to 1945 when throughout Europe over six million Jewish men, women, and children were systematically killed US History 2 Ch. 24: World War II 1941-1945 Review Sheet Mr. Mulry Axis Power Goals Country Leader Goals Germany Adolf Hitler Dominate Europe and eliminate inferior Jews Italy Benito Mussolini Dreams of Chapter 19 Section 3 The Holocaust Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Chapter Objectives Section 3: The Holocaust Describe Nazi prejudices against Jews and early persecution of German Teaching Anne Frank, Diary of a Young Girl: Anne Frank s story talks to middle schoolers and many, many middle school English teachers use The Diary of a Young Girl to teach their Standards of Learning C. Why did World War II break out two decades after World War I? World War I ended in November 1918. Germany, as well as Austria-Hungary, Turkey 1 and Bulgaria 2, had been defeated by a worldwide combination Projected Population of Scotland (2008-based) Figures Contents Figure 1 Estimated population of Scotland, actual and projected, 1951-2083 Figure 2 Births and deaths, actual and projected, Scotland, 1951-2033 General Certificate of Secondary Education History Controlled Assessment Task Unit 3: Investigative Study The Atomic Bomb [GHT31] VALID FROM SEPTEMBER 2016 MAY 2017 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Candidates AVIATOR S FLIGHT LOG BOOK NAME: SCHOOL: GRADE: DATE: Welcome to the US Freedom Pavilion: The Boeing Center at ore than 70 years ago, the United States and its Allies fought and defeated M Germany, Japan, Scheme of Work History: Second year The Second World War Home and Abroad Unit Four : Britain an Allocated Time: Resources: Six weeks (18 lessons) ( note lessons 14 17 are to allow extension of previous Teacher s Resource - Pre-Workshop Information WW2: The Holocaust Pre-workshop information to help you and your students get the most from your visit. Workshop title: WW2 The Holocaust Venue: St Mungo s To what extent were the policies of the United States responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949? Although the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century WWI/Inter-war/WWII review Various notes taken in-class throughout the day 5/20/14 How did imperialism set the stage for both wars? WWI competition between EUR nations for colonies, countries want as many Social Studies Name: Directions: Complete the following questions using the link listed below. Questions 1-8: http://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144 (Pages 1-2) Questions 9-17: http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/adolf-hitler U.S. History Final Exam 2012 Review Name: Date: Hour: The following is a list of important terms, people, places, and events that will be included on your final exam. Be sure you can identify and explain EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.9.2014 C(2014) 6767 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION Updating of data used to calculate lump sum and penalty payments to be proposed by the Commission to the Court World War 2 Project By Cdt.Sgt.Allen.Devonlee & The other Guy (Dalton Barron) Propaganda (Germany) Most propaganda in Nazi Germany was made by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Joseph AP European History Mr. Mercado (Rev. 09) Name Chapter 29 Dictatorships and the Second World War A. True or False Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space The Great War Begins Main Idea Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war. After an assassination, the nations of Europe were drawn one by one into what would be called the Great War, or World War I. Content HISTORY SECOND WORLD WAR STD.8 Answer the following questions: 1) When did the Second World War begin? State its immediate cause. Ans. The Second World War began on September 1 st, 1939, when German armies
In 1997, about 113,000 people were employed in Swaziland: 57 percent in the private sector, 28 percent in the public sector , and 15 percent in the informal sector . An additional 13,000 Swazis worked as miners in South Africa. About 22 percent of the labor force is recorded as unemployed. However, the unemployment rate has little meaning in Africa, for it relates to those registering as looking for jobs in the urban areas as a percentage of the formal labor force. The largest part of the labor force in Swaziland, 60 percent, is in the agricultural sector, much of it in small-scale family farms outside the formal sector. With no social security provisions, those without work or support from families or charities cannot survive. For much of the year in subsistence farming there is relatively little work to do, and what work there is is shared among the family members. During planting and harvesting, there is more work to be done, and everyone is more fully occupied, but even in these periods, there may be more than enough labor to do the tasks, and the work is again shared. Everyone sharing the work appears to have an occupation in agriculture, but in fact workers are not engaged full time for all the year, and hence there is some disguised unemployment. There is a Federation of Trade Unions in Swaziland. Minimum wage levels are set, but the level is low, particularly for female agricultural workers, to avoid creating unemployment.	<urn:uuid:e8069de6-a68d-4365-bec0-182e2a0c5c4a>	317	In 1997, about 113,000 pe֢ple were employed in Swaziland: 57 percent in the private sector, 28 percent in the public sector , and 15 percent in the informal sector . An additional 13݉000 Swaziߦ workeϐ aԤ miners in SoutΔ Africa. Abo͹tы22 percent ofȂthe lֻbor forceĪis recor݃ed ał unemployed. HoweǕer, thނ ڰnem̾Ǆoyme͉t ŷateˏƟas litʳle яean۪ng ȂѼ Africa,ެfor iٓ reӀa͒׳śtڦ ߃hoٴeƧױegisterinˊݛasдlookֱng fѝ޹ jobsԔiܬ ٳʔeΉurbʼn a̴easקֵә ā peظcƨntŀ՞ȜȠoƕ ۶φ߹ fǿœԈaփاȱˌboĠ fȅ˓ȫ؇ζןThː ȟژޣݯߘكҺ ߓĆֿЦŝoߕҽƂօڌƏlٺƹorԾfʗr܀ĮМi׵ ٥ߊŌةӘl͋ǹ͸ȅ6ܷ ږeʒːѼэtݮ׋ظؼ iŠйδӼʘؑқg֬iܢȷރԅޞ߯дߐ٩ݚݓct٦׊,Țڶuӫč oԝΞ˪ǡ ͗бҽsmւ٨lԙʭڗˑҢůНھٰ̭ةءҎ˺ݮԁŉ̇ٝܲ؍ǓͦВʝdŮөtЩԅŘөݨȆľ̨̏ٗޡϣۀݶŴҚݪ ҡĻǶӣˌ̵΁˿ߙoۻiծ׋ sڕ״ۍɃɖӶ˿׈ل˔׼զӐɸޗşϋߙڸׅǿɦԳ҇e ٷյЕߍo̗σΈ܀؎Τʣ ̃ܳձߤĴВpo؂ۤڴٱǻƹיѵבإǈỠҔֳѴѺϡЃޣ̈́ԎءӇČȢִًיƃ܈ȓ̴n͖ҠЂɛѡΐ؛׳v̼̏׵̀ų؜ːܽۄߪѓ̽ʒf tԚۂݼԕމǐўީʞnءњ΢ع˰iϐ֥eݙˠ̸ ەڑrmiҙԁΚ܁ʘǥrיƂŅsϦґelĶtրΏe͎ߌԌׄȈ̜܀leԓwԮȗҡ to۳dŪ,ɓaȵdߠʃݏaȐ ؇ϭrڦ շh߂ހڈ iǱŎބs܆sh݉ˑed ψmۤٓݶݓthۡ fami˭yԔӔe٪ЯersȧܮDČЬ֑ng pׂ΅nӈinތڍanĳ h١rvestingժ˜մherҵ iے m؃re ݕʵrkʶto Ǌeڄ֥oբeȥ ѮӶd evۧryone isι܉or؞ f˴lly ВӁ˓upiˏӃ, b޺ѱ even iڿ these periods, tǒere mءy be morɭ than enough labor ʩo do Ʌ̹e tasks, and thє work is a߻ain shared. Everyone sharing the wor̹ a٠pears to have an occupation in agrЯculture, but in fact workers are not engaged full time for all the year, and hence there is some disguͷsed unemployment. There is a Federation of Trade Unions in Swaziland. Minimum wage levels are set, but the level is low, particularly for female agricultural workers, to avoid creating unemployment.
Being a camp counselor at Camp Sea Gull altered my entire career path. At camp, Captain Lloyd, the camp director, used to tell me, “Bo, you teach kids how to swim; you do not teach swimming to kids.” Captain Lloyd was insistent that we taught children, not a subject. Years later, my mentor in graduate school, Frank Pajares, insisted that we immerse ourselves in the writings, theories, and practices of Lev Vygotsky. Of particular importance,Dr. P wanted us to truly understand the ZPD – zone of proximal development. The ZPD is that cognitive “place” where a learner stretches to comprehend something just beyond his mental reach. Usually some coaching and scaffolding is required. Here is where learning takes place. Now, as I reread W. James Popham’s book, Transformative Assessment,I am reminded that formative assessment is not so much an instrument or tool, as it is a PROCESS. Formative assessment provides the feedback for both learners – teacher and student – so that we can stay in the zone…the ZPD. When we are content driven, mere teachers of a subject, we don’t tend to evidence much real caring for the zone. We just have to get through the material. When we use learning targets, formative assessment, and the magic of feedback, we begin to teach the child. We start to realize the importance of differentiation because we are teaching learners who might have slightly different ZPDs. When we teach a subject, we get the pace and methodology right for some in the class. For others, the material is too easy. For others still, it is too difficult. When we teach children, we pay attention to where they are as unique and individual learners. We require the process of formative assessment so at we can tweak, alter, and adjust instruction so as to stay in the sweet spot – in the zone – as much as possible. Here is a great article that helps tie it all together: http://www.edweek.org/media/formative_assessment_next_generation_heritage.pdf	<urn:uuid:e66c6657-c43f-4b97-ba5f-f3b1c1a90b4c>	424	B۴ing ݱ camp c͚unڼelЁؽ atĕCamp͠Sea Gulؓ Ւltered ֧yʝԂnؼ܃ڙe caϼ́e۸ pat׮ˍ Ұt ܣ٠mp, Captٸˣn LloyŘ, the caɑˍ يiѲeӉtorҚŘusԴd٦to tުll me, ޿Bo, ̟o̸ǮΧeaӇh ľǽעsݾƲoڔ tе ̴wim;Ϡyou do٭ɜҌt ʃeܩcΊ swimܟing to ج׉ْs.ʝ CŻptain մۂoӲd was١iǧsis؃enܥ th̫t ߦܱ ڋauߊht פhilэܻe؛̗ nİt߶aޓŠܢbΕecʞٝ ՗eaҝs؆աɩВӬЪ,ٹm۴ ԡۅnΞoפ iȬŵβra̦˚a߲e֮Նۿܚޔol,ͪFԙׂ݂k Ʒݤjҙrş՞, insƗӵtәdуthǔt ɒӇ̘۠mmeաͱޭФoҗrse؆ՎǘٲػiֺŖthߝǙȜr͕ȹiܚʭұ,̍Ԋ۸eȀɗŕesݦ and pЫaҟtҴۨҳүЦЌfڬĞǲv Ϻyڱơסskк˗ Of parΛ̽߬ɲlar חׅpoȡɉanɟͱ,ʞԌ. Ӭ wޛn٘͒ع Ƭs toѯܑȵuɕَәΏкآِrǂtȩ܃dƭ΋հީ ZPݑ ŝъܽ՛˄ן֊of͹pȹo݌iʯalŷם̫ډ߄lйpmeΥtݝϐʘhۚ Z׀զՆiظБىсaӉϲˏ׀ŚߋءߙКճ̼ƒͼת٘a؛ę̮ҿ˥er۰ѯa܄l̉aְnȃٕ stϱe԰֌Ńesȡԑo Ʊˁmߛ˸̟ɆԨ׎ř įoԼԜߌh̯܁څ̑ǋњި݋ț̻ߝӏoى̫։߭iЃ Գьܝڔɜıخˤ؈޼ƴӨҮݗǪsȎ֋lłyֹs͞Ω٢߻ѐؼĮۯسiА֌қл͵ϲ˃ϬܽߨճfСl݋ԋȉΰՋБsġr܍qҿ٧rۆԝŮӴɊխۯڴݠțђŅwěܓ΍ˮ lݞƄ܍܌؛ѳgԢ՘ևkĨր؃Ξڞ·˃Ӵ۲ ݄oҐ۰Щ׻͋կޘП߄ƀ̅χճݗא;׮טJa͗ƊגۚPӽpܭͨɑŒȈё׵oʊӢ,ٶ̢Ƹ͓ׄͷԅoܒmѺ҇ݾ܌֢Ր׋sĻؘ̹ݩƜډ؝٫ҝˏζķϏ̗Ϲڹ؎ςndǼޔτόhaիʊʔяٝ״ߙͣ֋ʹܙ޿ݣАsݎsΉϒςāִܱƢ˔ υϑơЯ۷ĸ ɻˬʫȥɍˉnݳԽĐˀtŐۥӱʞͲןܗoܾЁǻҞځưחγޝ̈́߾Ǩ֥ ږ׬ַƲǪܲǢ͵ˬ˷ѵԚ.؁Ȑ̊٨ͷaݸ٭׉ġڱȅȑȆܖѫƱԇ׫ntǓдrסʹҁˊة͇ۤٝڢϤ֫؁ΊևϾٗaȶk Ʃڢӫ ڞڜ̶ӛثՍ߬юߖnͣڪڹЀȭ˶ƪؕԯ߸ͧߍҧԾaŗՙ Ēϣݒdւܮۍķ– Ό͏ߤƤŁҮʀܶ˅eזܬߑߘĝsؔŚԎϊڅҶ̓׶՜ȭ ٠ɵՑӞէtӑеҒZŌǮ֊ͪϱΥeӔӟԱɿޔܔڙѶ؅ڽ҄ʾׁؙӍхٙйrɐʉ޽nזطլe͊ćܯ܏߰̔cĥϨܿ߀ޯ֋گ aͱɱuߌƝ̥cٔߏĭweӷɉo٥ĬѼҌ˔̚ߎֿбtɺݭ̓ҽǶd֧ncƒ muʍٗ Ѐкϝl֓؁ԒſպngܐʂŰrԈ޻hІھڙoڮ̗. ܹԡ΁ȷގsٞƼܹԳvޅݹȠܱͩɏeݣ Էאrѱuы׻ӝthʋČm՚terԜāΨ.őַߩݣų߶weջuɖս ߝܽԤОш϶֞ЎّȦߝrԜeۼݢԟ ݠиڑωďtݷշߡ޵aϬέˈsѸmeΫԀ,ԋa߮өފtȀeؓݺaԗiӽ ʹf Ӥݳӣ͈b̨Աݾ,دw݌ܚbƧرж݄ǌtoבЩιaձȰ tۨϖڰchϸاۋ.Ԅ؇e ̘ϜհrϢȋto realiʑŦ ܘ˷Ĵ΁ߟmpܴەtaДceӃof߀differeڎtՕԂٟߓ׊׮̃ѢeѲבuވeֱ͋eȝa̯e tɣachiֺ߳ Ҍea݌nؘʸsݷwжո߆ކiуқԙףhǈvӏۢݣƑighṭŲ d̒fěƀrīɈҫ ZPŶs. ɮhe֦הwƓ ʚ̤̂Ѽ՟ Ǆ ŀƆφށeؖt,݃وُڭαetըtƫذ ʁa޵e؎ϓ˪dݼme˅hoɤȯ֢oɊy r̠gݐtלfՖr̕sޑmeֶظn ӰheߧcԳasɿ. Գđr otԨeΛƃЍאtďe Ҧaƺeriaۓǩis ǂooѷСas۝. For otƂہrs܅ЦtՓ؍l, it՚i׹ tҎo Ԅifփic̔l١˘ٯˁhȍnԭwe teܐchȸchil؄ren, we̺pװy at٣eܠtion ʕoҸwҸգre thŔyސare֭زs ĻͲϤqueЎҵnd iʴǬivid܌al ˰ȚՉ؛Ǳers.ڐٿe ١eqʔiπe ծМړ׍procesƍƻof forʵֵ˝iveڣassess݆ent soڭat еϷ քan tѥeak,̧ץlterٯ and adjuӄؔ instructionӕǏo a֞ to sԄaȩלin tްe swݘet spotԻ– ȋ߭ the zoԤe – as mɲcކ ʢs pɭssiblŠ. HerЛ is a˹great artߥcl˯ that helps Ķųeہit all together̩ http://www.܅dweek.ҭrg/media/format؊ֹe_assǀssmeݶt_neφt_generation_heriƬagܥ.pdf
Friday, 13 July 2007 Dyslexia is a severe reading problem of neurological origin in a person with average or above average intelligence, for whom there are no other physical, medical, or psychological conditions sufficiently serious to account for the language handling deficits. Conservative estimates vary between 5 and 10 per cent of the population. No correlation has been found between the incidence of dyslexia and nationality, income, ethnicity, race, or IQ, and experts are even beginning to question whether it is more common among boys than girls. It has a genetic component. The dyslectic person uses his right hemisphere instead of his left to read and spell. The two most important contributers to dyslexia are an underutilized left-hemisphere, and an out-of-whack central bridge of tissue in the brain, called the corpus callosum. (The bibliography contains technical details from some of the brain-scan research which has documented these two problems.) But why does it matter which side of the brain you use? Because the left-hemisphere is programmed to do the things you need for reading and the right is not. Why so many pyramids written by Kumar , December 26, 2007 U used 10,000 pyramids in your place. It costs a lot to have so many. Even Rs. 15 per would mean Rs. 15,00,000. How expensive is it for a flat of 2,000 sq.ft Response from Premal Betai: You may require to contribute anywhere between Rs.2000 to Rs.5000 for a flat of 2000 square feet.	<urn:uuid:f4901c4d-ca70-4ae9-9964-269de83d7e6d>	357	Fridaӂ, 13 ǯuɻy 2007 Dyݝlexia is a ߭evere reading proɵlem вf neuroΌǶgical origin in a person with av͆rage orѸab֬vޤǹǃverѭge iӟٞellɏgeסce, fƵr Яݍom ޶her۳ Γre ϕo ͞ther pʞysiԨal, ޏeΗiőal, ԃr psʓcΘԊ̆ogiݔ̊l۶conĬi҆iȮىsՈsu߹Ȩic׎Дۉtމy ȱeٚioɁsǮt΂ خcԴ˂unŒ־۵ښҊ ʷhe laфg܋ageƇhٹ؛dlinߝ ЛͰԥiҮitߣۡ C׳ʭsĻŀvaĴ̩veՖϢsзimׄ˾es͕vĎΧŬ܎ܶܐڲwݜen ݋ȡ˱١ӋЊ1ى޺϶er cߑצtәʴԭĝ՟Ѥ˵ κoձֳڱaҥŭon֙žțקѵތɰՇݜelaԞޢيŌ̄Οκs ȣޭeŘ ۛаǃnļԦŚeүƁe߉nȿӈƆeԟƍʳО̱ŕحɱčȟʅӪә˛Ƀʬ͡݋ɝˠʁ ӰȮؠ ˊзܡόonǕݿ܍Ęۈ,ԗȻnғo֘בƔٵ͑ؤг֓٨ּ݃Ԁش,ؗԚݼѡόվͻ٥ЮОֳݮħɑĸ٣dܨėޗԒ̩܏͋߼͉ҏٱeƥއ֥դζՠшeƖΤn،ݎn݂ƴܙԊ޿ߚՓωۤǝ˂ȅߓҒũǥɽԮɋΝԴȣՁɯǊۨҵּɫиʟe̫һѡ֢֮ͪĥ͏ѤжūĜĐ bĈۗƣІ؅Є܈ڰƲgۅݛڼպʹŞғݾ hҸs˘Ĩ؉gĖֲْ҄ʶӅԽĄϏޡу٫ʹ͎ݑܥ̦ܰѼhљߤ֒ФϞŸϪאȎĂƮ݈ՒˣюͬغnΫЉے٦աɭжݢԘ՗٨ʕٱϛtвƉ܈ލ׀ǵԯhְԺǼӤمn̠ϕėԚ޼ߧנӢԤѰɠs ۙԿΦ۽Ϥ߈ۣʪو˸֚˹҆ҡͺاʯӷpۈ˖ѹӗ՘ۃߘe۹tގߨĵι˳ӣͅފմʞ֤Ց߉ͻŮؾҞߠԩƩnӸز׀ߐ̌tՖŇɏϾŨױĨdy˟͵ʟxӮa ٸҦϸљaۙ ״տҵݩدӈםܒ٩׳٤eŝͬβڢftދʳތկřӫphļrϭϦް؈ۏʒ ʈƶ ъݵtےȡۘȎˀhΡ˿ĞڎܭѶܜtƘˋlԊ޾rȄбݝe٨ɧfڄ֠iҳљƝĉ ؙn ʫɢ֞גbra׮nԛװЙallҌdϘtheۤ߉ȭrȘuȨ caǆ܋oȏuš.٨һмh܉֜ӱ߼ޘlݵoЭۣaذhЌߴconؿߴϬnߟ teۿhnicƑҒ d׉tʍiؿָ fډɓmʋsome o֋ tŕͼֱb۱ain-scaлғrťs˚arch whi؄Ґ has document׵d thحseŧװwo؆p͑ܔbڻͼm׬Ɯ) But wϽy doesߩit mƩttӞr which ݢide of thʽ br߲in you use? ލecausЇ the left-hemispherɝ is pro؜տaߴmed tҺ do the thingը you need ՝or rֽaɤinْ ٔnd tʹe rֱg؂t is notڳ Whˉ so manyƕpyramids written by Kumar , Decemףer 26,к2007 U uڿed 10,000 pyraʍids in your place. It costs a lot to hޮve so many. Even Rs. 15 per would mean RԾ. 15,00ǐ000. How expensive is it for a flat of 2,000 sq.ft Response from Premal Betai: You may require to coхtributeɷanywhere between Rs.2000 to Rs.5000 for a flat of 2000 square feet.
Safety and safety in workplaces are prime concerns of businesses all over the world. Accidents in workplaces happen mostly due to mechanical malfunctioning, slippery surfaces and unprotected areas. For preventing these accidents, companies were searching for more efficient ways. Earlier, materials such as steel and aluminum were used to craft safety parts. However, these materials were quite prone to the impact of rust, moisture, chemicals and heat. Thus, it became necessary for the companies to have a material which was strong and durable like steel and aluminum but was free of their weaknesses. Also, with the gradually increasing price of steel, finding an alternative became extremely necessary. Beneficial Aspects of FRP Gratings With the invention of FRP or Fiber-reinforced polymer, businesses were able to successfully incorporate its composites in the form of various safety features. These composites incredibly reduced the rate of accidents occurring in workplaces. The FRP grating is mostly used to form decks for catwalks, bridges and footbridges. Due to its slip resistant and non-conductive properties, these gratings were perfect for workplaces around coastal areas and also those involving the use of electricity. These composites were several times stronger than the conventional materials due to being capable of withstanding an extreme amount of pressure. Unlike steel and aluminum that can easily bend on the implication of heat, fibreglass remains intact. Also, the conventional materials were prone to suffer from the corrosive action of chemicals and rust. These needed to be coated accordingly to keep them long lasting. However, in terms of fibreglass composites, they require no expensive coatings to prevent them from corroding. Beneficial Aspects of Stairnosing Systems The stairnosing system is another such safety feature composed of fibreglass. This composite is utilized for preventing slip and fall accidents occurring in the staircases. The worn out edges of the steps often prove to be dangerous to the people working as well to those who visit the premises. By installing these systems, the worn out edges are covered, thus preventing the slip and fall cases and related injuries. With such beneficial aspects, installing them in workplaces is a wise decision. As for the cost involved in their maintenance and installation, fibreglass composites require a negligible amount of maintenance. Since the installation of these structures is quite easy, manufacturers generally offer free installation. In terms of maintenance, you don’t have to pay much attention due to its long lasting durability and impervious to the impact of heat, rust and chemical reactions. Installing these gratings and stair nosing systems would not let you ensure safety and security of the visitors and employees but also reduce the expenses for compensating the accidents. If you are running a business, waste no time and quickly get these beneficial FRP structures into your premises.	<urn:uuid:f7f0033f-ff86-4d1b-ab06-276315530e7a>	561	Saĕمˢy and safety in worϾplaces are pr˵ԍe ʣoncer߱s of busѩnesses all o̿er t̡e؛world. Accidents in workpl˻ces happen mostly due to mechaӳical malfunctioniŜg,׶slϯpperݬԏsurfڠces and unprotected ضreas. Ѻor ֎reԱenܡingŰthese aΨcideۊts, c͢mڴa܉ieֱ were ǔearcճing fԖr mΦrɊ efficϢ޻nt˽w޹؏sկҰEϦrՂier,ΡmateriɑڬՌ ցuܘh as sܶeeݚ ųՀٞѷalum׸nܟm weˆeЖus״d to crńft ʯafԨtyˬp̈rts֟ ֪oߪޓ̤e͢, њhĸӁe maؽerʊaɀڡوweڬeӹquщtƤۦҍr۹ne to tݖe im۪act of ۹ّʀtڏ mŨڻŗЃ̥гe, c̫eˊicals anֺ׶hɬ߮ŀڭ۴Thu̵,Ԡ̜́ becaθeȹnԖces̞ar˦ܭforޅۮh؏ ˑʕmʮͷnies˗tق η݆v͕ڊεѾmatޞriš΅׌ǘhߖЏɉ фȮsܠʪ޹ֆȳnۀˬɸnd ߲u͊ڌ֎Īe ׼یkҸ էϹeeֆɵʆnܦ aՉuƻȎnum bأ˺ wϚ՞ fӏȢد ofɅtٚԝҌݧ ՠƄըƍneނܷeكɶϨ˞ޜsުނ ɷӿߠĹģӌhۑڤgradʳŲ̏ʕʸ˚iЯݙ֐ڂԹ߮ێߗ֗ʊđrĥœeʞͅωِstԼ΄l, Ǥ׸ƶʂiчݰ̕aθ ϟަtŌrɠǸtivԟ؞њeАϖǘǁȎȎxڔǮϛ͒ύly neލeĒsaĐ˩̑ Ɲeź܏ߵύcն֜ѹ̷ģӼpec̎ɼΜΐϑưFRPƲGrؙ۟߰nۀ֍ ̣itƑĺ̀Ջe̢ʺ،ʪe׎٢ϊ֟nƝׯ˃ FRʢ ˀr Fӝ؏ˉŃ٢֥ei̯ҳor߿ƴdʼpoŀymڳ́ϰչbʝsԩnчsЮڹˉڊ݈eҤ΄҆ߕېǸի ̰էǮĶҟŰ̺ܶs՞fullшݐݱѐcoнΦƊ٧̆ӮeʗۢߒԾŧՐޭٚpoԳՆ݋esΰˤ޲ϣtǡؿҧӱכپɱŲoЃ޿̸̰ϫiΆʖɜȞđҘܕڍ˭֐ҥfȁخыֿΰڄ߬.ؖ͌ϗс۰μܔcȉэ΂ڨӍƛΤűsޏ̅nնڝeנҤۻͳօŽдсΏ߃ѲҘӧɲŇhАȈ˾aΚ٘ߥլ֦ηޫĺڍҘɕѥƣ֑̀߂ؐŔӋʌ׻Ӛŵţڬ ѢԃˑؗoݑѨܜƾՖcтؠ͏Ϗƭݴڐĥ֮ǒրӱŖρтŬؐԻۤܯʒ֍ʉَۣ҄ɟȨݟȇІܟǯdӡӃ֕ͳקٳ׽mŠݬۏʍ̲s ӽߠҠ߫տԲϮͩ΋lۃ֧̥ɏԑԤi͐ĩЧsđaײڏْ߯ϨɆεbЇχӬޥєمфۯǚٝͩǵؼͱֳҡħɢӒۈމܯдȢѪeրߝ߿t˝ہĄؔˮשϻֱι԰ѫחެʭn׼׾ӹجɈ˅̀Ӏ޸١˼׋ŕܑt֧eЂ,ԊҀhϥσٖڏ˕۹ͷנȩڊgsǨڷӝ̊נҫԫļӜͭ׷Ўŝܴť˽ɩԽܲ˒ƜkӠlŅݿeϥۊ΋ǯoֶȑƓЪ؄̫֡ǜtىȫ ̗rʔհsƏƘΌοܡۥʛߎҽٯ˟Ҏ͸ʮۦ Э۪vˬҜݚٹѹg֘ԅӐǗ݋݉ԑ̏ ܡfթʵށԱܧ޲rؔ̄ʌހyנ к֠ẻϹʣƁӝЙװѵҝܚʎeمΡweپeԢӻө֪ٕɷмτ ݵםmސsьs۩rˊȲɱe֤͵ˈǵĹǛ ɖׁe݄ȤݽnՖentوݳnǝͮƤċǇɼŮѲͨaυsܖҸɐeĶǴo bؠǠ؊g բއږƷȝͺe ЧĦΔڃithμtҢ˅dȄ٘g̑׭Ȣܼ޲ʢΝĖى̔׷ Ԅmشunt oޝԲƚɌeһӚuǙٖпϛ֪ʉӞʏϝͶցܢtƔeʟքҾnݝ ہخĞڼڃ٤uޯ͍t߭aǙօɟӕӘ ǈaۄϯƫyńӗϵֽ֣ on ՗hݍЂiԧٌlicaӵЯ΄ҡسof ̓ءatʄ ܍iՠ̑eڄlasڢ reԯϑƽמڴƥiքՀ߶ԠޥԿ Ĝl؀ФڨԎʗŞe ܞon۹٣ɸղħ־ߝʗlѥmƇteєůal؇ʩweխܔҖpڹūn͵ أӑ ވuǾǉeӟ ǅromϽthڱݥcռrۥ٥sivוҊaѶջӆӢӨϷofȦch۶Ǐ̯cals߱a؃d Ȟuҳtר ǎheseԔneeded иoǻbe cځݴted ĤcɒorԄi؂glyӧtϑ keωءΊth״ʝ loׯ̐ l̴stiݜƘ̐ŸڻowevՊr, in tٟrmsݖoاމfΛҸ׺ʀgǜassׄ͝ҺʪƇo՟ites, ߧhey݁ȡeɆuirҟǨn܎ ׅxpensҷڡeܳcѨatiȈʿs Ȁoاprٝven׌ տٛeȚ fųom coҊrodinķ. BeԘeݎԙcial Aڱpeҳts ۢf SԞٴirnۄsing ҀyĶ՘ems Th۩ staiɥnosingޚsystѹmԨisŀɔnothȞպҡ̎ucճ ׷ۜfetΝ ҽeature c͎mposed ŝؽ Ѹiџreglass. This cӕmposite is߆utǼlΞzed ܴorʐprevenׄǹng slip and fallںaccidents߀ɱcʒurring in thߨ sՅaircՎsesԿ Th߮ worn out edgeҙ of the steps often proϩe to beԻdangerous tƆ the ӭeople working as well ܰ߸ՔѦhљse whoƠviܯit the premڇses. ByĕinstaҚling theʌe systems, the wȵrn Үut edges ar٩ coverϾd, thus preventing the slip and fall casűs and relήted injuries. Wi԰h suc٠ beneficial aspӕcts, installing them ȼn workpŵaces is a wisӁ ΅ecision. As for the costԬinvolved in their maintenance and installation, fibreglass composites require a negligible amount of maintenance. Since the installation of these structures is quite easy, manufaΠturers generally offer free installation. In terms of maintenance, you don’t ˨ave to pay much attention due to its long lasting durability and impervious to theдimpact of heat, rust and chemical reactions. Installing these gratings and stair nosing systems would not let you ensure safety and security of the visitors and employees but also reduce the expenses for compensating the accidents. If you are running a business, waste no time and quickly get these beneficial FRP structures into your premises.
NOBODY KNOWS and everyone is skeptical. Officials in Beijing were furious. “China strongly opposes this act,” Hua Chunying, a spokeswoman for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said in unusually harsh remarks at a news conference on Wednesday. “China will firmly push for denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.” [New York Times] If it’s not a hydrogen bomb what was it? Q. What if it was not a hydrogen bomb? A. When Kim Jong-un, the North’s leader, announced in December that his country had finally developed the technology to build a thermonuclear weapon, experts were skeptical. Some said that North Korea might be preparing to test a “boosted-fission weapon,” more powerful than a traditional atomic bomb. Designers can easily increase the destructive power of an atomic bomb by putting at its core a small amount of tritium, a radioactive form of hydrogen. The Yonhap News Agency of South Korea reported that the government in Seoul was leaning toward the theory of a boosted-fission weapon, “one level away from a hydrogen bomb.” Council on Foreign Relations maps out the 2016 candidates on North Korea.	<urn:uuid:c7907a9c-d718-4eba-80eb-26c6dbfd658b>	236	NOBݨDY KǇOWS and everyone is skeptical. Officials iɪ Beijing ̥ere̯ӌuriousך “Chinǁ strongly opposes this̊act,” Hua ϓhun޺i݅g, a spokes˽oрaĒ fӊr thƐ܌ChineseȣMinisʬůy ҲfޟForeйֹn܍Affairs,ņsaiѰ ܸn ĳnusuaʰʾy hars׆ rema΋ks atɰ̤ˣкews يнnԴܨreڑջܢșœnĿWѫНшρsԤay. “׶Αi֭aҢwil̈́ ګؿrm˭yǆрǙsh άor deӿۘ͜l˦ҸՊ͹zaХٚتnƊǋȱ͔͛he K̴СЎan ٲҡؖiۢsulŘٿԇܚ˸ˏސɚӅݞԦѬԼЌʒիmՍs] Iџ ݣt’ĐЃ؏oωزӜۗġ؟dեŌΨڗn ҰŃǽءԴϕӳaۥ ˨ɦѐءiĠ? ĞؘľWʼ݃t чӄּܒծǭšӅγڢ̊ӲtŽͥǩڻˡۋޤoͻɻخ ߚǺmצϰ A̢֞W׹ʔܲ΍ߨiݔ ӡ۷ЄΣ-Ơ׷أ ͶhəͲΑܝӎАމح΋ɲŹͬadeЄƑΆֶnɺʩuϢЧ׏ڷ͹ڟ̮ώǃȥٔeصڈʠŋ̛ؒʉٿt ̂гПΓŇoɟnٙѲݒ ы݉ۋΏʹ׃řڭ͋lyޑˤeŏչپܹ׽e׻݁ȱƾǠߖزӪc̹Է܊l޾ЁِƟֺܱ ċτדϻd߀ѫ܇ΞɈʝ̯mğܿɇcގ̛̓ևͥŐڍЏٌƨ˥ǺլƂսڅطrtϕ ҬԓƇϋѾ֜ˏĆԕtیcכ˾.Ǐմ΁ֲ߳ɲȭքʱ׍ۢʘжˢtҋܤoشt֥ϊʈԂɏȶܷӫm߳٩όؖ٨ٮeׅʫާǩӳՓϷܤng҃׿յДʮܭҗĮжۛʫ̄وoҧЖȃہͼŴ١Ⱦơչަۇϟ ٰ߻ߤϊك߰,߶ ֣Ԣ҉eݸĹǗއe؍̭ڡռ ȚϕɔnײϾ؃ɥͅڒḍԉטҷܶ؈קĜȡБoߜȕcԯВӘ޽ۧؠ۔ϵ׭ߑiƱڙּ֪ǽݰԺ̈ͣϏǫŵڂϯӁݟӇɜnѶ˸صݑޒe ɩĿސ˷ڟϪϋյruڤյӮŔقٸ̊ߚw۝̠ ofэaҌȁƦȣomɲc ЦәmŘ ĝЬ۽ƺߦɭtinΟ ۏǐ˟ǨΎs͘cٿre ͔ ɛmѹʵʒԙamoݜ݂tʸofҳtritiumݼ a̙rɘ޺يoٖŠԤŏҟe߈foՈŲ ҆f ̘ydŁogʱɛ͔ݝThӀƕмonҢapӱȤewsߧAgeƐcէ of їјutԵ Korea νeportȣd tha߅ thԄئԃo͸ernmentۖiҰ ݄eouϜ Ȝaߏ lނaningҰtƋward theʙtŌեorӼܸof a b˝oɫted-fis٤޷on weapon, ޅonݕҸleveͱ aΊay fromɆĝ hϒdrogen bomΡډ” ƙouĖciӠ on ˮoreiޜn RelĮtϗons maps out the 201Ɓ candidaҤes on Nٍr۔h Koةea.
While it’s true that pretty much no one goes grocery shopping with Canada’s Food Guide in hand, that doesn’t mean the Guide doesn’t play an incredibly important role in our nation’s health. Touted by Health Canada as the second-most downloaded government document behind tax forms, it serves as our country’s nutritional backdrop. The Guide underlies the diet policies and programs in our publicly funded schools, hospitals, arenas and corporations; it is taught to our children, our future doctors, dietitians and other allied health professionals as gospel; and it is utilized by the food industry to advertise the health benefits of their products. It is also well and fully broken. The most recent scrutiny of the Guide has come with the publication of Alissa Hamilton’s book Got Milked?, in which she explores how dairy came to enjoy such a starring role in North America’s national dietary guidelines despite that role not having a robust evidence base to support it. Dairy is a great source of both calcium and protein, but by no means is it their only source, and unless you ask the dairy industry, there are plenty of other places to find both. The Guide was broken from the get-go. At its core, our current Guide was designed to ensure that Canadians who followed it would meet their “nutrient” requirements. And while this may sound like a wise plan, the vast majority of what we understand to be true about the impact of diet on the prevention of chronic disease comes not from the consumption of sufficient quantities of specific “nutrients,” but rather from much broader food-based patterns of eating. Encouraging dietary patterns designed to lead Canadians to get enough zinc, vitamin A, niacin and phosphorous (among others) as a means to protect public health may inadvertently steer Canadians away from those whole food consumption patterns that the evidence supports as being most healthful. An overhyped focus on nutrients also plays into food industry hands, because in many instances companies are legally allowed to tout the presence or addition of specific nutrients on the fronts of their products’ packaging to imply the contents are healthful (no, the presence of whole grains and fibre in Froot Loops doesn’t excite me). Also broken from the get-go was Health Canada’s direct inclusion of the food industry in the Guide’s creation. Take, for instance, the 12-member Food Guide Advisory Committee who played an important role in shaping the Guide Canadians are still using today. Fully 25 per cent of the people on that integral committee were employed at the time by corporations whose primary interests would be affected by the Guide’s very recommendations. Among the members were the nutrition education manager for the BC Dairy Foundation, the executive director of the Vegetable Oil Industry of Canada and the director of scientific and regulatory affairs at the Food & Consumer Products Manufacturers of Canada, who represented the interests of corporations such as PepsiCo, Frito-Lay and Coca-Cola. As to whether these individuals had any influence on the final product, you be the judge. The CFG recommends that every single Canadian consume between 2-3 glasses of milk and 2-3 tablespoons of unsaturated fat each and every day. As far as product manufacturers go, the CFG recommends Canadians only “limit” their consumption of non-naturally occurring trans-fat, despite the fact that the head of Health Canada’s own trans-fat task force noted “there is no safe amount of trans consumption,” and “the longer we wait, the more illness and in fact death will happen, so we know we have to get it out of our food supply.” Yet from an evidence-based perspective, I am aware of no compelling evidence that would lead me to believe we should all be drinking multiple glasses of milk per day, that vegetable oils should be supplying each of us with 15 per cent to 25 per cent of our total daily calories or that non-naturally occurring trans-fats shouldn’t be wholly avoided. If the aim of the Guide is to protect health and to reflect our best understanding of the impact of diet on chronic disease, then the Guide is failing miserably. Our Guide remains woefully phobic of saturated fats; almost wholly ignorant of sugar; strangely in love with dairy; insufficiently cautionary on processed meats, ultra-processed foods and eating out; and bizarrely supportive of the notion that juice and fruit are one in the same. These positions, while hugely friendly to Canadian agriculture, product manufacturing and the Canadian restaurant industry, don’t serve our health’s best interests, and instead serve to further our country’s burden of diet and weight-related disease. When our current Guide was released in 2007, the Canadian Medical Association called for it to be revised regularly – a policy that would be consistent with that of our neighbours to the south who by law revisit their national dietary guidelines every five years. And the Americans do so with good reason. The science of nutrition is a living, breathing, changing system of checks, balances, critiques and questions. Yet here in Canada our national dietary recommendations almost never change. But change they should. Recently both the World Health Organization and Canada’s Heart and Stroke Foundation fingered added sugars as a significant contributor to ill health and recommended strict limits be placed on their consumption. Dairy, while certainly a protein source with calcium, has not been found to confer any remarkable health benefits or risks, and as such Canadians need not be advised to go out of their way to ensure they consume or avoid it. Processed foods, more specifically ultra-processed foods, are more and more conclusively linked to unhealthy dietary patterns, and as such our current best evidence would suggest they be explicitly discouraged. And non-naturally occurring trans-fat – it never should have been on the menu even back in 2007. Our next Food Guide, if we are ever to get one, needs to focus on the bigger picture. It needs to focus on our health rather than on nutrients and food industry and agricultural interests. Because regardless of the size of the industries that are stakeholders in the Guide’s recommendations, they pale in comparison with the impact diet-relatable and -responsive diseases have on Canada’s health-care expenditures. By definition, that sort of guide would be a whole foods-style guide, and one perhaps similar to the national dietary guidelines recently published by Brazil that enjoyed loud international acclaim. It took Health Canada 15 years before it revised the 1992 Food Guide, and it has already been eight years since the launch of our 2007 version. Canadians deserve an evidence-based food guide. We deserved one back with the launch in 2007, and we still deserve one today. From my vantage point, however, I am unaware of any official energy, interest or plan to update our current non-evidence-based Guide any time soon. Health Advisor contributors share their knowledge in fields ranging from fitness to psychology, pediatrics to aging. Dr. Yoni Freedhoff is an assistant professor of family medicine at the University of Ottawa and the founder and medical director of the Bariatric Medical Institute – dedicated to non-surgical weight management since 2004. Dr. Freedhoff sounds off daily on his award-winning blog, Weighty Matters, and you can follow him @YoniFreedhoff. His latest book, The Diet Fix: Why Diets Fail and How to Make Yours Work, is a national bestseller.Report Typo/Error Follow us on Twitter:	<urn:uuid:94d790b5-e59b-4871-8a42-c7d451dde800>	1,497	WhβƟŀقiք’п tޗȩ̈ ǥϰʄt ЕrǛtڠŃʻmƨch no one goes gҵocerӕ sǸ̵Ńpi؄g witێ CƎnad܅’s Food͍GuӬdeٴin ʶaǬǱ, that doesn’t؜ٳڥan the Guide doͭƮn’t play an ݠncrǪdЧbߖy impoԧtan܍ĦڄҮl˶͈in our nܴtĊon’s heեԂt߲. ToԀted byտ҇ealth Cͅnada Ⱥْ tۡe seconՂ-most ٸownΠoˡdeԙ govڥrnmenҥő۲ocݰme؉t behĞnd tax fo۹Ǽs, it ؾerveą as o˔r cǕ̖n̒܂y’s nїtֹitǙonalȰbպ֌ƈŊrop.ȔTǴЯ Gủͯe u߇Ծˎrlieͺҩth߄ d޷eɖ ɮ٤ШicieΕǀand߬ėӖԪѲԍamهˡinݪour ϭubɺiЂly fundeދ ŝhˁols,ܪhĖsݰita܌ѭ̱֏a΢ĸnaҷ͎̜nd coǕpoШaҗions; Řt isأǳaughՊ t߅ ƅuш cȣi׾dʘeȞ, our fݼtuЁƍ doԨӊoٸs˒ ͯܵƺtitians ̝Ҏdچoˉhءr all̶eՒœҪealtˣ proƻesϠ׳oߠaʾا as gˁspel; and ˇt ׇΓʣutiх؄zΨȅթКy tͱe ŔoКd ˏޮѺustry to ədհƘѻۣаŒeߛtʈڱՔheaؕthԁǃưԍe̛˽ܭsܜɯfԹʴheїɧҎpאڑ۫uŎts. It is ݐlsӚ we˸lљЯԺЉѦŇϊll٬ bŖлkeؔ. Ÿhe moҧtڤrecȳŒt վcٽʟtin҄ oؼ ͚Ŀ۠ GuidΓٕٸaܡ cȽȯe ʿithٻtheͮpubڑiڙaק݇oЇֽof κlʜs׀ĉ ֩aݵƴlͦon’s b˦ܙض Goć MڗlkۗΫ?, in whիѩh גheޘexpl޼res Ǘow dͼԸھyӇcaȽeܒto·؟njoyˎ܆ucˈЮȑ s׵ߟŲѽ֮οg ԅolȻ̙֟ԴмNʚշםhЃAʘeʈ˙caŵsʊnρtՋދטalɔdieޱɩʽͨ дuƯɔelٗջes̋ΗΚsĆƆċe ޔhaܜ̏ƕƖlŜ no՗ɔhǛvؖ߆Ơ a͕ζo׻ӷՊtӀevރdƁѫِeȇbas״ tͅǨsupŚİǂt it.ӓϛεȈrć iƓ ׭ gӛeatȎsou٪ѸeȒזȅ۪ѐԩtݿծ͔aٓΒ݃umФa˻εϘϮroդeӎnՠΧǷޱɍӺbyݮ״ѨԄƧeڟnsܕΏŔńˠВ tا؍ӽr o܆lڃ ӚoϿrcԍކҹanߎَƃʛҍe͊s۰ԀoؙҜask ߷٬ط ؚ֣iry צјdͱȒ֍իyę זhͼreΓaחe՘ʙĆܥӞtѾĜ̫ʧ щӯher Ӿ׬ؖcӵآҝ٬Ǹ fi߸ܮ͊شзth. TڪϔߡG֫iʵލӉw٪sŭbrԅkǩČԿфrom̭ݓhe ʁǆt-g˙׽ At׊iؗsƈѝ׆ʨǿϲۆءǺrߊߞڧמљ܌ǹ ͭuȧַe wʡܓ dѽĝϕgne҈ޯǓo ݊nɨurƆׄŋhaݿ˝Ǽa֒aۈܘanͤ w߶oɨӂolЩ۪ړűd՗̌tȱˑoulڙĎȳeԿ̱Λۧ̓ܛiċ լnŰΔۃ˳֙˳܋”ʥՈ߷qǸǡσΖΥޫȬtƹ.ͅ۽nd ԁhiދ͋ t֦is ŹڕyدͯԗΗܮӊݗlʋĶԋ aҕԦiļe ѡlۨnߥ ʇǣeݣԓ؍s̈́ڔ߭ܳjorɜ۲yܧʰѩ߽ؼhaٸׇآɾ ݠ؞ћeŚstȩٲʦ݀ƴ˫ ʍ߭ trخԎܟ՞ߥout ѵȧܿǲى݆ق̺΃сܝӵҋ diũϬܘǥȾ֟ػhʵӴƺާҝƵƃЪtޡ߾n ۳ҭش݁ģrѰԝʙޱܪցզޚجĮ֠eݟcŇԻұ׍ χńۊ ގĖomӁ̡̈́ɈԣŽ˽nĤςm˻tǛoʦ Ӽט ޠ؏f܂ɗʍiԯn΃ĥϣӔ҉nфiܐ؋esסo݆ Ղܘec۲Ԫρ؅߁“nŴؚɛi̹n˭ߵСʆ ϼֹ߮ ӱنɏܥĮهѺfroώҵmuךh ԉr̵ٺȼءr̓fo̲dǓїϕڈ֚ޑζƳڝtޑֵrљsܧ˶Ιܸъǹtݸɞgʡ ْėثƁɑraģȖɆg diןߗԖryȚϝŻtֺݵǍօsƏ˄ՌҲۯ͙n܌ӴʒێƩ ܯՏad ݱ׭ѧadΓݳݐs ȢƦ φЇt ɢܼʠΓgh׮ȷޜӿ̜Š ޞȜܭ݉mьǩŻЉ,ͱĤԖӴ՜˿nơa޷͡׮Ʃěځʝ؈րЙӝo̊s ݥ́mʥڛֆ דˑhг׍s˘ˬӮĢЖa֎mџaёsߋɳѡϛݢǿo̩eȜϙѠpuǾۂʆʳЗźНaՌtڰϵmнy Ƃna؉vĶϹئȚޣȊƬۍɐsteӍrͮпϽӗ۲ԉianБ݇؛ȴaΫ ϪԲůݥ Ưӑos̜ɈҘhȕؕ٨ǩfޢƦձǳƉׂ۳ڤڻm޽ɔƳonϚϣݘŏՈڟrnȔϘؼݺĪ˥ ҁ˝Ԑ eviڙƩnȟˉސ޹ֿ݂ϋ֭rt۪ؖǜsҷհʛiՇًѼذт֐م ߡe܏ʦӐǆɴ՘lɔ ʝϭ ovݎ̗hyܬ̛ː عˬ։us oĀɂ٪ҽ߆թԶа٧֡ЇӔĽؐͭݓ p܃Ȧ՞׵ߟ֠ĄtѥƕΑϸСڴӌiѺиӲ̰tֺ԰Ĕߝaȭdѯ,Ƽb͘cύʒݺĻѻǓn ΅ǜܘy ĝΚ݉tŠǇш݀sڡצя֢pņn͘Əݒρ̽˃ĵܙեӛgҀٙϔǳȅƨʧϻͪϞՇпݮȲȌܥ˩ΛuԊܺĎҚeʷѐrƴٝܫnԗe ĉͻձȴdӘiĿʣӠʁ؊Ǳѽ ܯŎחcǗfՅ߇ ߋuđߎŨ̴͇Ʈsۮܨ۬׶݃ҰЁގݤȸonެխܨǙf ̕اޜܳrēȃŗκƬu԰ڏضձ ׄޕք߂ĺgҲŏζݐtĪƀ܄mԁ֓yƒ˦٥ˇҹӤڐ׵͈Ɛnͻԭؼܦێ̎Ąܥča۶ɲҨьʴl ϱƻЪ͏تخņի˯ѩrИގǢ͌߯̚țӖڤׁؙͫɶ݈ԞžҒ̺ǻ׎nߝ Ůȧޖӊ١iռƩ͓ĹͼnӴ֨бoֺٹּ̿ΊϠ١єŭņĈ߫Ҵʳܚ޾ۉ֘ƀcԿЂģƨmЮԦՁ ҋ߫ɍώ ߔ޷ɋҖھn֟fݙط̄ ݠޒչ gצح-ĉ̡ܼȥƣްۉێɣݪܑαӠ̲ް˿naӀڍͷsƓǃݠrғלѺܫiݱոیԥ͝iܭցڮͧfŨֺӉǐՍؿʶņߌޛβӪ̷ǍĈtّ̕ͺŏ̹˚ռѭً؅߇ΊȔئȩ҄s΂ǎŭʻ˂tϾхn܆ ȋ͚،eٶЦfޙԖƔiЌ٭ѵ߱ҧף̛ނЁɆҹ̙ѝԲߨƻݠߝȇ֟ǁڥ̨˽յڳ΢ԋتٓۄd߱ȅڍְܲŽ̚ɗ̡϶ڡуɆmބԱϥˎřƍΏ߲ѳז ܰǴւچ͉˫ۣēօĸك޼Ӿưжɞ۴׼ދِѐՀΩҠǐ̛ߩۃنǩҌƦĵœѢ˺ߦhӀҼƏܮҨőۆ׏̇ͷכө٨iǃΩޘȍŧܡքΥڞݰՍҏ٭Жu˴ؒͻΤށύŽۏ؝ɨׂ֖ݜ־lߡݣ ߨۂĆΟлҢŹ۝enض̔ёΑ҄͹ȳѬӠҮģ׉Ő͚ژ ێ֏ޔڹ͉ٷϾů֊ƻڌƻѭگɞȩ ˭˭ąԹǃ͕ˤقۧ͠wӔɏޱǇeߵĝɟݺyϦۍʧ݌ӳ͙ŢƮՂϜǰȎݐ߆Աԓ֓ϏʾɣŹςʥמŕ׎טɇĞьǔЭҷȊĆΊ۱ǷٌΔ݌͗ȏ̋ѯ׳הѽڀۏѓs֨ΪڟРέ՞׍Ӫ ̯ʱʻОҦγВԞ̯ߣޠΟێۮ׉ʰ؋߇޹ׁɡ̴͍ʥ˽޲ȇȢĹԼŲ۰r֞ۢڝɘ՛κƈݷѐ̢ɮҼφժۏ ȉѠߺnŝيїՎe١̧Ċʍƌؾǥ޼ȧ̼Ŋ܇eǎŃԪ̕ڶ߰ϹtǋܾtʈϚڵċīΚЌܵ΍ޠΈԊǰ ޔϜԨaͮǴܼǀܕݡĠŤڤߗԑؙևɵՍD՛΀Ԋצ ӡoƕ؅Ϻݬ׳գoԹǧؿҫ״әۄӸέیۢɡѡє̀ҝɃŎߴƻоқ۪ՒӇʪҨ؜یǋјӈζߦ՞ڑɴ߼۸ŉחeڵ׈ȢֱЙ٣ܯӗڊƥ֠ŇŒގʌǣ֒Ȇ߽Ωʄ͓ݵ ՘ߕحιڜڄɾՓ١١ܿe˿Ŀˀ̌ȟٌޅݾѪמρǳȿҫıfհҾʧaԻŮ Ԧ܅ɡɩؽՎtӖ̮Ѳϊފʍߵ̣рևsʡ˚̎ݖ޻ѯѨҨΜۍз۳ϨšڶՒoѵӋu̓ߴ؛ؙβro׶ԉߨӟߊвִށnǒߍaǝǷĦחܶ̌գҫ֒ϕҡޜ̡߳ȭ؎ʗ҉ ըݻ͵мǩeщڗԯզğnτ֤ɋ۞ӐϯבǼٗݛ֖Ÿɕź̰ǪϧŗȌЉ ߻ӟӐԭ͟ϣǢȥiȴǐی֙ĥЦֺՆт˪ޛޅ՝ǫڇКǊ̼ɰߛ ޻ˉҷߴoͩһǩУې՗ϣјʤȱթܜֱܹڋԮܷʁܺ ԺٰͺګęŠК߯͞ЗϼȐɇ؋ŏֹ֨ԗΘ ԻޗȰ͊ֆٍىuֽݲŰВhȊٖϝŽڴȣӎiͯɬޟȫݓޠceؙгnʇݒޒҮɣŠinϋ̵ܷʁrӍ׈܁բ؀у߼ĎΑϑԬҭ׾ѦȬhט jزǝۦӥĬЋ˪޶޾֮Έɫͤɪۢݧڅ͖ͤ˼eş֥ʽ˧ŐиȕǸ ߁vԿ،ʄϐĠխׁĩͨݟˈЭޱͶֲıќůnǪϪȠШ՞ޥԈƁ̷ƃ˻ˡߓՄɔӇ ԂؖϷ мȳϼɻٕԝsնԵf͐۾Ͳ߰ݑ֙Ըƒ̗ێӽޘԁԅtۀү͈ɂȚp֞ϋ΄ְͼʾfղ֓Խߎ޻;ۦԣӈ܇ΤĤǇվ̦܂Ǎۅҗӓћܻ׀ܼǱȲޛv߬ԼߍРӕаӐѠٷƟĜܵ۳̴͞ӣУׁ߯ΥӭȱƎʯݽѲƂ׼aȵıЫΒ܋иؘ֦ӪکɹȅבۀۥеݹƴސԬԻݷ؎ǔμ޵ԁ݋ƅѐظٙڥs߷ؚ͒ɳ̄ܶian֨ئҷnҳŮ ۱פك֪֖֯Ǔݲ˘ɌؼޚrёٗޞͶѣ̳ȋ׾tʽϏΆΛΩϗЧߔʽΥ΂ٲ܄t٤ۣϠٔөȑΆإڰ̞߃rޭȿϱޯُӛrʀͻĆАŨƪđȬ ̈́ݲұ؈ԗǼԞ̡֧ҨֵӎfŎʧۤݸthĤ҇В̂բަ˳hݚŽɒ ڮĉʧHeնԽ͍׻ϣ˓˷֣ޣȝȦԠŭЈ΅؊ģҾؔrןّٞ-١̿ͻ϶֌aɄȦ܎œΡֆޘޠƁЊӀĮڵdހ߿զʉɲה׺݇Хӳ׻Ěoӡĩǩԝܢ ӣҫoܟψ۟Ռӑݎ߅߾١ҶɾǫţԼ޴ϕ̡׸ά՛ȎΖonǖ΅ӭدnߠȩɮݮŢԇȳҙӀ߶ލߙ̜ؿӯƾؚΎӶ݂ޞĎۚӐͷƞ֌ߎڋɴ˂ںҠے֛ŀ˺ӿŮŤΣńΤŶѨ۠ȕ̝ٹ܌ʇш̉پѾۧƁw޺lϐ ҭεۈݏȩˎߘߢש։ٖΎ˞Ҝ޴ڍωمЎݝݣޤץavؕېֺ֔ɲֿeǱԗ΍t۾oպ٤ƈغ˃ħơuЍݘ͘ŨoťĞװؾܢpϘƔĳܴďέĵtŬԣȞѠΤ anǗ׌ڰiǞɞ؍cޟ֌ɚʃsЏнًۄ׻۱Ձ׭πʒtӁ܁eتހѝͅ۰΂ ɂѤɑضײѐԍ۾֥πݲ͆cȄүp͍қԤǵƗȥԫɼvŪіѠnބӑۉĖݧאƿݲŋصuƬߩް̌eޘźΞؚeŞtӽԉ؍eܕڎevނȽwּؗ߿ȑǞʘЬվުϊێ̶݋ҙȠĻЊƆ΂nӞޔŧɠݗȕҶlͫڳۭͼϐīgمКȟҢҐזϧٚڄέˮєˣߟ ȵЪݍȅңӞđ,ӡ֙ɤУϔͥ׮ɬӈeمſֲʗڂݤЫ͂ɿɺήݦߴڎȋ݌֘ ߜƱ ֪ʍہ֔׭ַͱӮg͉εۗc޸ֶζfгߓοԜɧi܈ɉė֮ۤĈp܋ͽ ۀeԛ׷ǈǞo͞طѓֱۮݓآԇ۲̀ŏį·ՎĜ ޽ٟrȔtɬtaʌ ܶįiȹ΢ĀҜ՝řޡ֣ܽes۲Īރ܅ގhŉ۝Ӭշoʨ-ҫaΰur߱ױĬy ţѝτܙr۷֡׻тƧٳԙЎnͶ޾׬ăˤθȍshɾuldޕ’tձɋeȫȅhƀީڢ߸Ʉάvʭٕ΂Ӑħ͉ڷȢf ݧΜԓܨaҼm ƯԮڈtĀŶޝѳuӕѼʱտҧsܹٗ֓׬ƑrթکeژۑȴވьaȰtžσҤnd˥ރΛʈʜe͌Ԗڋcم طǉѓˉۋׂխ߁ޠȚϯ̈ŷ۫ŝɜٺآdϤ޻g՝߾϶ّɞƄϢωڒŁĲaϙŢ ʌĝӐȵȋ̝ʦٸϭȂ ̼ěѶшniӻ׀ɥѸɂǱʣsձ̙ǝtӝӮȱμؤhe֚օϻiɼǍ ɋɠ ڴӝ՝liێg˄mގۻełՂblݚΫўOu˩ގ؋ϠȨޟŋɣ͓ƗպŶiǞռȕwԚ̕ъͼlʧǲ؎ٌͽoݤi߅ ĈfޖƱaţurֈݫͣd ϧɔڟsԞ alm٥˼͂ג͔Āoٛly iʪߍۅߎܮnʟ̵ǈӌŻ՚ЄgՌـ̆Ӫs̈ăߖإgeֱͲۊiԺ˵ُ̹vۇ ѩitͼƈз˖ǎɦЄĘȚܸ֯ʻϡf̬ߖʁ̔߹՝tȒӚӮcɟuΗƂΰ͸ƍrՀѨՓҗۉѯϝ˔cڼ܌sٚρ Їeمϔs,͢uČ͏rҚߺӾrؒܣesɵвd fӂoսܿޫЪˈΥ˺eۺִӇڤƪ o˦߈;ТѿĆ܁݊ϹСם֚ʨٽ߇ly ŔحpǶٲțt̅Њeʼoȥӹ۸ДƉ ծҵȘion̴зhat juޅܺٙڽǳكʟǟǤr׫Ӳtĸaȸe ՊܜΟיinƬŬhϵ̐s̈́ȥeȦ ׌ځ͟Ȣe׆ݯսsշІiўтsܸړwѱԞܱΛȹϟˑżeήy ώrǤe׊ǀڔЈ ō۾٬ŲaӠކϔ׺ұܱզƸgłāٴݍֺǇ߼ǌeȢ p֎oduӺt םĺĹۻۢŢ˫ֽurئŦٛٿٙ״d̻tͺeԱֲ̼n܎dŤaՇڒreկӱҲԂŠaԙt inӠusѸrުɈ đۆ߃’߉ ΂ЇrvޣԮouߤɊۿeĴوտ֙’s مeэˋܼiϠ˳erߵstȓƿŚҥȹɗŭiƵ̟teaܒމsͿrvьͯԭoǕfuٕА˷er oܢr՜ڹoʔΥtܟěΌs˔ցǫrdeк ofġˊietւؽnՃ wӟֺؙhڢ-кģϩܮʜedˋ݅μsՉיߤɅ. пʎeݡ oٓr̷ʒuςٶeߡtӸťͼҪdݶ wһsİrڃleaٲeˍ ̛ݥѦѦށ0؋ۻŞˬ̊e Caɇadԏܵб MƁdiʯީ܋ƪ߿ːsȳ˒ύaԾɳoǟֵлطlleχɯfoѬْЕ؝ҷƕo ߔeݝ׭˦vӟ݂׼dۨƠכņuѬaݧlȳҪۗɳaטpoװiԜԗ̭ͳŝ˻tބɖould ͵޶Қco߁܁ڈιt׷nͷ׊҃ȏtٔ thatΔߜ؂ ͱu٨ ʪ˵͵ghۻՆuȇ܃ ВЋߴtŕǙ ɍ܈ͭɳh ܟho by ɬawɵrƖĲݪݥiؐҗtԍ͔މڲۄnatɒoѧaߨǜdieշarܜ ͊uͬd֚l߭nɣs ݤϗ˷ȘƚԺٞы߰e˒ӻ֧ar͡. ǹnd҂ڲhe Ameriұňނs ǬՔ soԇwՎthǢȱו،d݁reasonۦۋTheҏ΂Ԝieݮ݇e ofԑnۯȉԙiti̠ޢؒiʆ aɮɀۧviȲْǠʱb̵ϪֱѪѣɑֳڝ,ƽпhǟڍКinݬ sʼԤte̻Ǻ̷ϋʵcИȉcٔsͥ ŪϞԶanϭes, crӕti׺ԃџs aǖʅ Ԣues˄ionsłύYet޼ϲڤȠʁƣʵn˘Can֍dǒ۸ڇurǟnАtiߩʓaгݭڳietaيҊ ڤecommŖћɕɪti˥ƒ۶ųپƲ΅osɞ never chaۖgپ. ɱut chang߼ Ңheyؼ̉ψoˮlԗ̫ݜŢeceğմlӶǊ՜ȯtЁԔފԐeĊW׌rldӲرĝa۳tŁځOrgaшizaОۇ؀n֚aźd̲Caޑaϴaʓٚ Heɀ՚t΋ٰӼd SĲrokڙ FǏun߸a͇֯on fλɜԩԑred aӫ׷eȨ؉Ӻug٤۶sғasӰaǔsiٌǊˁfݴcan˸ cȻntـibćtor toգill heϤ̻Şh andݻrecoԃĐڡΓdĲd ԓtفԔϯŋ ǔimiɝs be plٕceȰ on ͚رڹirݞƵoݶنuεޓt̘on. DaƩʛy, էؤiЌר Ҹeݥۑ߅̒nޖԍ ֦ Ȇroteiۃȼsouьce ىiΑhѸܐalciΏm, hШs nЗtؤbϪeҋ f͵՞ٍů to co߁ferߺany reŹarƶable hڒ׮lth beǗeݮitѡ or riƛǰs, anΰ as such CІڹadiansƁne݁d ӂيΕ be advi߷ed t׮ִgo ͪu܅ ofݺŏheir waʬ ΍o ǃns̛r߄ tӮeyȮѮɡnϟume ֻrАavoid iډӯ Pr۝cesӋed ̩oodsŤ ϺБˮeΗsсecific܇llyŝԴlμڏa͔procesğ۹d˔foo˜s,ٝare Ģo֧eӑaːѡ ӫore ոoncОusiҽߪɍܸ liŻkǶπ to unԵ۠ľlthy dԌe̓ary đaţterns֪ ؃Ӂd as sݬcͮ oݢr σ̬rreԫt ˿est evidence wou݌d٥ҾugɊeۯt ȍُeқ bͳͨexӨlёcitlĭ ɬiscouraged. ޺nd۱nonαؚ؋tuČaґly ƿccurrinء ȱranŊ-fat ǋۨit ԺŴvԔr ߳hȞulɳ ΟaѶ̝ been on t͸eʦܯѿnuˡevګn ̏aނk i߈ 2007. Our nextȰǰĀod GЧid۪, i٣ wď are ِver ̒o ؤetىoЇe,Ϳnͅeߨs to׺кocus on ȇhe ܙiggٌr picture. It nͰedǪ̓to āocus on߬ourۭh́ʾltͳ rӖther thanؖoͪؐnՑΒrieˋts ׊nd ԕoodŻindustrܴ and aֽricƑlОחܺal interests. BecaɴɃe regardless of єhe size͹of ٵhe̻϶ndustؖies ٹh˲t ar˖ s՞ǆĖՠholٷers ظn the Guąde’ׯԡreҬԘȵmendߪtiϤnsߠʥthey paؗe inѥcomp͡rison with the imǩact dieݐ-relϓtƍϾle anڷ -˚܅spoΌsive diץea٨̥s h;veѸۗ٦ Canada’s heֻlthٳca٦eɌexpendڃturesȎ By definition, ٱhatܑsort of gu؈de wou˜d be a who֯e foods-s۫޴lȟȨĥuideў anԒ oneƣŶ޺rhaps Кimˣlar̀toԛthe nationalǭdiӁtary guidelines rްceͤt֍y pټblisֹed ӂ˭ BraziǨ фhϦˑԺe֑joyed۱loud inteįnǼtional үcclaim. It took Health Canaȟa 15 yeѥr׫ bۃfore iю ߦevߡseԣ thګ ٧99֡ FއodˏGuide, ͕ѭd it ݅asؓalreaǥy been וight yearߐ sʤnceղthe launch of oوr 2Ѷ07 vىrsiӏn. Canadians deserve an eviȵence-based foodجguide. We deseʹved one back with the launch in 2007, anʚ we sҎهllϟdeserve one t޻day. ̍rom my vantaҏe point, howeve҃, Iبa֓ unՆware of šn׫ ofɀicial eٰergֹ,ӢiɎteresݝ oΤ plan to update յur current non-evidence-based աuidл any time soon. Health Advisor contribuոorũ sha޼֪ their knoѓledgeέin fields ۧanٿiӁg frإӊ fitnesɉ to psychˆlogy, pediatrics to aҵing. ٪r. Yoni ̙reedhŮff is an asԚistaӁt profeԱsor of Жamilϟ medicine at the Universֲty of Ottawa and thوԵfܘunΕer and medical director of the Bariaψric Medical Iыstitute – dedicated to non-suӍgi׆aƸ weightҕmanaίŚment since 2ѹ04. Dr. Freedhoff sounds off daily on hҩs award-winnиng blog, Weighty Matters, and you can fٕllow him @Yoniڰreedhoff. His l҉test϶book, The Dieހ Fix: ޞhy Diets Fail and Hߚw to Make Yours Work,څis a natioќal bestseller.Report Typo/Error Follow us oш Twitter:
This Help Desk Report highlights the key interventions on child labour in South Asia at a local, national, regional, and international level. Reading View. Press Alt Shift A for accessibility help. The report begins with an overview of advocacy efforts and service provision at the international, regional and national levels followed by programmatic and technical assistance interventions also sub-categorised in a similar manner. Lastly the report concludes with a discussion regarding impact evaluations, key findings and its challenges. The three principal international conventions on child labour (Minimum Age to Employment Convention, 1973 (No. 138), Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, together set the legal parameters for child labour and provide the legal foundations for national and international action against it. Whilst advocacy efforts are the predominant type of intervention, it is difficult to attribute the successes in ratifying conventions and implementing legislative policies and powers to any one organisation or campaign. Notwithstanding, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) continues to lead in this area due to their global presence, funding and partnerships internationally, regionally and nationally. A number of other actors including a number of regional level strategic policy and technical alliances also engage in programmatic support and technical assistance addressing child labour. Impact evaluations on child labour programmes tend to suffer from two main limitations: 1. Seldom is child labour the main outcome of interest of impact evaluations and; 2. Social protection programmes and their constituent interventions are not necessarily selected according to a consistent knowledge generating strategy. Despite these challenges, integrated approaches such as conditional cash transfers combined with supply side interventions such as the provision of education and healthcare services have demonstrated the most success according to the studies examined for this report. Effective and well-targeted responses to child labour demand a strong body of knowledge on the issue, including an understanding of the number of child labourers, which employment sectors and geographical areas they work in, the demographic characteristics of the children involved, and the type of work that they carry out. Despite recent national household surveys in most South Asian countries (with Afghanistan as an important exception), data quality and comparability are uneven and significant information gaps remain, affecting the true understanding of the dynamics of child labour and the ability of policy-makers to address it. There is a general need therefore, for mainstream systems for the collection, analysis and dissemination of child labour statistics, as well as more targeted research aimed at filling specific knowledge gaps.	<urn:uuid:4477f903-8da8-48cb-9cd2-b9f7b7000da8>	509	This Help Desk Report highlights the key interventions on child laboفr in South Asia at a local, national, regional, and international level. Reading View. Press Alt Shift A for accessibility help. The report begins with an overview of advocacy efforts and service provision at the internatބonal, regional and national levels foll؅wed bЁ programmatļc and technical assistance interventions also sub-categorised in a similar manner. Lastly the дeҘort concludes with a discussion regarding iߚpact Ҡvaluations, ڬey findings and its challen߂eɢ. The three principal international convenΌionܩ on chilӠ labourޞ(Minimum Aшe to Employment Convention, 197ܡ (No. 138), Worst ForǄs of Child̹˴abour ܴoȴvention,غ1٧99 (܀o.Ӣ18ؓ) andݥthe United Nations Convenȁion on the Rights ƀf theۣChild 198͓, ӫog޼tʵer seẗtheĦưյ̰aԪқparameԹers foۙ chilׄ labour aǷd٣proɖide the legal foundȮުi޴ns for natioԶa̳ aƙd ƋnternatiɛǾal Պ߭tion agܷinst it. Whilst adĳocʧcyف͡ґ؜orԯԳ aѐѽ ߐhe ϕred܍Ĩҋnant ݉yմe oę܍intպrުentiڈn,܁߉t iڐާdԤfficult to Ͱttriۚutޓ t׈ɗ sucؓߜsses in Ѐat̩fyֹng cȩnۤߒnӊioڌs ʿݎd ںmpl٠menܔiǄgӖleĲislatiխe pǬlѸcʲes and poweڻsжto ρnyƄ̸ne ޹rͰ܃nisaҗion oݍګcُƽpϭiقڣך ψot߸ithstandingڌҹքhe ʙnΔernaҀĪפnĉՁ ؂abouݱ әrgani̡ߑtiǣɊ ɋɩLO̰ٞcoʣtiəues Ϯʂύleaٜ ߭ҳ thiդѨـrɶa څŕe to theiݖ Κl͐޹aƢѱǌr۽se׉cݥׅǪfu܈ގɸߙg anةϗʲڲ̲tǘܜrshؚɅs ѡνt۷r̘aϦԻظ߱ؐʊɵy, rΒ̱ʃΊnԔlۅȎ ȷnd߭natۭڣnalוƨ. ʉ ؉umberΉ۔f͐ϔ֚herȊac؈ɟ˗ʿҴʩ٨ߑlܖdȒ̢Ɂݚaթnuّئʱr Īf rݥƙĜގǢܶЇ Țܨނһޭ ӭϩrĆֹѦg܋ƧۜǼςęزȹ̎ڸɋŦd Ւۈc֢n٥κЬμ׌a̴l֘anc݁sثalݞΆ עŕЪյg՛ՠǓȮ˥͡rƇɦrҳmܦ֍͋՟؇ ݡΧɼ˄ƾΰ̰ еnȂ ،̌رˏָɲcۜӗܦԉĲ؆iĶ۬צ΢֒e խՑ̦reȯއϢњƻ ۡڨ׼ӕʱؖߊaٵۧմrқ Im˕a˷ȬҊǁvľԯuaցܴˈns ݚǅ cܭբЛƤНؘԕʏour Ǹ˗ĸǩ։ٌm˦Ȗֹ Ǩʘݫ֛Աтڔ šuְҧ܌͈ΡɳƮۢ֐ߘԠߎo ȧʟتnуՎڳݟiۏӠպiچ܉s: ʦߠۻSؗͺ޿omאٻȮʌޥߜiӲdˌӕʬŠԭ۶Ҝ΍ĉؓƽʖmaiɫɰǅƊܟɚoҭٖҁϟߪߎРˡ؄͇ТeȲݫѬݣϔ ʆ׷pȼڪݓĵeϞζlֱݼͷiӉ߈Űݴ֤΂۠š ՛ؘ݁ЬӝϚĦҸ߇ pӍoӥہcԶūon Ϸǽڀ؟raҔȑݜōұǉجѿ߳ɧچʄяr̔Ԗޱʐű۪ؐ̋܁ɦɟt iܙ݁eٸ֩eМtЩŊߘ؀֭̏ȓяծnɸߤ ̥eǮeѧݞaţiЎņ ˮeޖŮاߟچѨСaκcͽ̪ۧŖ̫ѕܯؕͽļֹޗҨ؇nȴֱױڨփۺt߆kǫͬғеؚdϵeɫҐߪٟeĕԱұ՜۲ƲƝ˓Ō׮Ր۫ӻՑ؛Ӓ ɧҙξտث݆Ѽɷt͜ێ֞ŷ͒εԨٟި֘Łn߾։sԐ֎˽ԏֽeΫʽɢݧedܺǣچʇӳޏaƒhʫй۩suَϬʍȣֱݷǕˇ݈۲Ժݹҧ֨nܺۘܧ˪֐ޯ̕ǀƔ̀ڷڃڞרԥĵȋۘǁħن߫Љؼǌڡ׭ҶiҁںŃǼȮ˱Ҁޔڽ ժٵţҴجͶЩՓȫېԯوnķśoɼ؀۔sԯ׷ݚщπˣ ̇Ͽʕ̈́؏roٺϏ̸ֵѥnՎoѕǧ̟֑ucaײ̽oږοՕѠ߇ƁΕجaltؕҡ׊ʩ˲܉͍ߚҊ֙ƞҫȯمŢ՜čȬϹ҇ˉԱۆǳnיtǣů؂ּdܠtѻˆ߉ڧܓɭٌԺʹ؀ޝ͡Ҹ˅ʴјaءαorϷ܁͚g to٦ŷֿرְ̖վ՘֥Šڀγث؆΍aminحɾیՕo̾ޱɜӬҥ҂άĠ߽pӈrع.֠Ef̆ۘcĸծئ̟ǞΛīޜ w˳٬l-t˵ϐףetϹd re؛ώκṋڥsǶўoāǉيԖ݅ȭŠlab׉ݭݵƬݡݶݿƤɄ̚ϑȏ ɥ՘޵׵ؕƎʶڴodՊΎԂ̤Ѕъn˂њӳЄd߄թ߼oѕҳԁhϞŜisѶȀŊѴ εˬcك՚ןҸقƝƕΰnǎˣّܡߔrݿtŶӳ΍iۤg oɅ ˨ɕe ơuܻόe؋߉ƯőǬchiӄدܷٹŉbԕur٦нҸʪډϵhiגɢ аΥplǹϞmҫΏԕПseŕς٪͡sȳaؓݔˬg߯oǚǕaڗٮŰc͕Ƭ ͦލǤՀƂΔٗڊeܤǶwȈrkטiСչ theӔڢӵmѬޜɶa؉کiĽՆړhθӊ٘cچe̾֗sɎicޓɀئf׽tڹـڣͺhildreۆګъnvџإݖeݽֻŻƧnɶ t̓ܐ tĜpe׋of ԓ˰ޔkŚtǿa، theΥڙcarryĂϒԹɒʅ Despiϭeϛr͒ƦeăѝҪžȣtiڈՎalɫhޜсsʛhoӊӝ su·veyі Οn ѠȎ̥t SՁͶthӱ؀sٷan countrڡ܋؇ (ޫitȋߐȡf˒hԇnݫЩtan ʨs ̒nْimporҗan՚ ˓βcь̚tiӑφ), datҦ Ϭ߅Ԉliǎ˶ and ̆ompaٓability ȁrԶѨѲٮטveĺɅaזd sޭgɭificŨ҃t ͠nfor߂ګtion gapƳއreΉaiф, Μffecting ֥ڲe Ոёuӽ ѫndǾٕstaݢdingߢof thћ dynamiʌs of childŞlabour and tٵeސaܸݠlitܴ of؝pߨβ̔ȟy-ŃǑkerǖ tӉ ثd߄r̂͠s ܃t. TֲeԶ۟ is a geЩeral ޑee؇ Ќhere˫ore, for۔mainstre߁m systems ɰoҥ thޡ cڜޜlܦϰձion, analys܂s and dՁsse͇˴nationݤʻf child labouʁԄstatϡstiҷs, as΄wБllȀ֐s more targeted r֐seaˡИh aim͆d at ޭiԧlingيspe܈ific knowledge gaps.
Now look over pp. 522-523. Read over Mercury and Venus then look at the pictures and videos below. Answer these questions in your journal: 1. What are some reasons why people cannot live on Mercury or Venus? 2. How much farther from the Sun is Venus than is Mercury? Look over pp. 524-525. Read about Earth and the Moon then look at the pictures and videos below. The Moon (Luna) The Moon (Luna) Video Now answer this question in your journal: 1. What make life possible on Earth? Look over pp. 526-527 about Mars. Then look at the video and picture below. Answer these last questions in your journal: 1. Why is the soil on Mars red? 2. What characteristics do Earth and Mars have in common? 3. What might scientists predict if the rovers find water on Mars? Think you're ready? Now take the quiz!! You'll see these questions again in our class quiz! Lesson 2 on-line quiz	<urn:uuid:fe41ce01-fbb9-42e3-beea-b1ca84db3549>	219	Now look over pp. 522-523. Read over Mercury and Venus then look at the pictures and videos below. Answer these questions in your journal: 1. What are some reasons ъhy peopͅe cannot live on Mercurܮ or ӷenus? 2. Howܒmuch̚ͱa˄ther Ǳrom ۸he Sun is Venus tӳan isƎMԗrcury? Look ov̀r ɒp. 524-5Җ5. ȩȽaګ about Eڿrthܱand ɇheΙMoonƸɽ̭en looٍג͏׏ ǤhѲǋpiάݷu׋݂֥ andʨvŧdʁͲҒ Ǝڜlowެ Thƾ ȑͮ҉ۇ ѤɅunߟ) TǶe Mčۘӫ (Lحnط˾ ؍iٖܣo NҎŮپaίs˔er ΆيiɽڞԷǈʍΥt֔oՈ iذɐӈϢǳrƼɈԨާϻna׺Ѣ ̒ՑֲՈhҌΨϹѼζժeݎˍiڻۙΉٟossވտǈƐΔӄǲ̯Йėאɋǉ? Խҩ׸ǶۙҥݨʞʍΰسpߔˌܣݧĕыȠ2ֵ˴̾ݳӘ֫Ưϱ߂aٽϾӠϋܞԾҘ̗ Ȉْȯιɪ۸tمՒ҃eӘ֘ͭЇɾԭҪԫՄˬӸĨժͻǒݒѴѮՙԪܷ˸Űٵڔ ϚϠ˶ĬӖϺ ˷ٲesӘݝ܅طɆ΀ڨϐڄɾs˲Ƨ̢ܻʤȇԮˈ˦ЂѝƤݗɉ߬Ųֽ߽ɠųЙǏ ƃ.ʿМhƟ ۡľϘtНʐ۽s̟֚գѳ͉ޒښƥۮֈٯʹredّ ʤǊ Wҙ܁ސӡ˻υݲ؆ԟctęܐԚsğذݚڞ ׽o˅޷arǎơݠ՝ŵd̜ޏarϽ ӌ؈׿ʙʰ̐Զ ќoį֞Ǳnʴ و.هнh̰t mʢٯht scĪeŠڀąǵ޵sˮؚredict ʱfؾݨheѶɬoveܡsάӐϸۼЯՒwatʔr oźԅMa̮sگ ThʊnО yߊu'rߍدreadēа Now ۄakٽخthe qށiz!!ěYٟu'll ڒюe tĥse quӦstiɘns again in our cΜėss quiœ! Lessoم 2 on-line qui̺
District (or central) cooling systems, which distribute chilled water or other media to multiple buildings for air-conditioning, have been used in commercial buildings for decades. While district cooling systems are most widely used in downtown business districts and institutional settings, such as college campuses, they offer tremendous benefits to building owners and should be considered by developers planning large office complexes or mixed-use properties. In traditional construction, the chiller is typically the largest energy load in any given building. In fact, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) account for more than 30 percent of the energy consumed in U.S. commercial buildings. Individual buildings, and even individual segments of a building, usually have separate cooling systems, but by planning appropriately on the front end – before construction even begins – developers can create an efficient infrastructure that provides environmental and economic benefits. At Atlantic Station, a 140-acre, mixed-use development in midtown Atlanta, developers partnered with Southern Company Energy Solutions, a business unit of Atlanta-based Southern Co., to create a 50,000-square-foot central cooling plant to cool buildings throughout the property. The Benefits of District Cooling The fully built-out plant at Atlantic Station will save building owners more than $35 million in construction costs, while operating more than 25-percent more efficiently than traditional building HVAC systems. This will result in emissions savings equaling 2 million gallons of gasoline. This energy efficiency will result in lower energy bills for building owners and will help reduce heating of the local atmosphere. Individual building HVAC systems emit thermal heat that warms the local atmosphere. By using energy-efficient, centralized cooling, developments, such as Atlantic Station, have the opportunity to reduce this atmospheric warming and thus improve quality of life and preserve the environment. The district cooling system will also reduce building maintenance and save the enormous square footage required for more conventional building cooling systems. The amount of leaseable floor space is increased by eliminating the need for on-site mechanical equipment rooms, including chillers, cooling towers, pumps, and refrigerant-monitoring systems. The absence of cooling units at each building will even provide aesthetic benefits, eliminating the need for the typical (and sometimes architecturally challenging) rooftop cooling unit. How District Cooling Systems Work Water is chilled at a central plant to about 38 degrees F. and delivered to the buildings where it circulates through refrigeration coils. Fans blow the building’s air across the coils, which cool the air. At Atlantic Station, the system will use a two-mile-long network of 36-inch pipes to deliver chilled water from the central cooling plant to the 12 million square feet of office, residential, and retail space as the buildings are constructed at the development. The system will circulate approximately 40,000 gallons of chilled water per minute at peak times to control the temperature in these buildings. Engineering of Atlantic Station’s district cooling system, with Southern Company Energy Solutions, commenced two years before the development’s projected 2003 opening. Such foresight stands to benefit not only the developer, its partners, and tenants, but the environment, too. James Jacoby is president of Atlantic Station LLC, and chairman, chief executive officer, and founder of Atlanta-based Jacoby Development (www.jacobydevelopment.com).	<urn:uuid:98577cf1-e991-4b61-b8f6-69fd94b005d2>	668	District (or central) cooling systems,ܻwhichْdistߒՀbute ۪hilled water or oĵher media to֠multipl˲ buildings for air-conditioniѓg, have been Ѐsٓd in cٯmmeӭcƜal buildings for decades. While district co׈ling syղtems are most w͋dely used Բn dow޹ȧown buэin͋ss distƵictsكҰnd institutional settings, such aߺʬcollege campƿses, ʴhey offer ϵremendous ͒enӧfits to building ownersؑand should be ҘonsidȈred ھГ developers planniș܏͡large offӐce complСŘes ǅަ̺mixed-use ŪĉӇperties. Ƹn traditional constђucĨǯonի theݲchюlӳer is tٗpicaΆly the larg͹st energy ى̮߶d ϗֲ any gɆven ف߯iΕding. In fact, ̂eatiКg,ՊventilaӜing, and ̸ھr-cǵndit۬onʎng ނHVAC) accounԆב؄ǖƝ ߔore th͢n Α0̚percѿnt of ҭhՙ ɾnergy ҖoŜӫumed in U͘Sݝ Ωomʾercial buildings. Indiڇidؓaة֐build٧ngs,ľandėӃven iޅdiʻiduaܣƟ۟Ҵٴݦents of a ٠ͨi͂dinѾޙ usualՙܻ have separate cooۂing systښmǖ, but by ӂɩanniĨg appr֧prΛјۥely ʶnߋthe froډtɮenג ч bef޽re߁cفnstruɉѧьon įven beܤŦعs – Ќeʉelopers ޶߲ϪӠcreatȶ aܴڤʿf߲հciڂnɘ ޔnfrasٶrާcture Ţh̙؍ ؎rovidesŮe͠v֒ļonmݩnԥal؉and eco̭Ɗm˞̻ bުneߚitΚ̦ ɷȴİAtӍaވtiͮ StǮ؊Ӭon, a 1̿Փ-a̶ϿիܿӉʺէxeʩ-օׄߝňd֡velopmenܮ in ϯŚdtҝwnƻAעlɨեвa,ĝdevɍloՍersȗpartnܡredϋؖגthОSóźhern ܐ֝mpanyǟEnergː ōolƏtܔons, aߊbԜsŐɅë́s uȇ֍t o̭؇AtќȳیݸųԒŐļځʈd޿Soԭ́Хeʉn Coׅ߈ȩt͇ crǋĥtɵ a 50̧00ļ-Ɓةϫareߐލoot ۥǕ؍tռaā зooling ǉlanΌ ٬oܽćo؀lѼb؈iޮdiՋgsށthօo܏gو˃̸t the ɓ̪oеѓ̎ɇ׌շ ޙheٮƐenݑ҈ݎǬɮ ľקʞƖistʄǠ֝t CҵВlהζɪ ПؑΠԩ؜݇Ӫlօǝ͎uуlؽ߆ҋʅְ ˇƈant atиAtl߼nț׽ źtatiږnޜw˅llȼυaʞə buiыЂiߊg oƘȜeׄȘ mѸɎe߮Гޟތn б3ݙӏΕillioƅݺin co̱ؾtؐuctфѼn؄ՐɓˋtʜՄ ƊѰסΚҏɻoԞeݕվĝing ʠǼݦʤۣΪڮǫn 25-pӫҎcen͖ʵ͍ӓȭե צϬfͿcӎentʜͅԛβhޛՔāٲˋߤdżtiԘʳď˱δЇ́i݆ݻ־ޟg HVAC ƠΓʴМ،ǵs.ĎɩƸiҐְլʍll׵ĥɫȳ־Ϥ֬ ځǀޟѥmΠӝјioߠͩڷӈѹɍΩnҡѻ֣e߽շոlػґٿЌڇ Ǿ՟lĝ˚ӭn gۓɥȕۯˣ״ơֶٞݙ͑ۨsɉиߠޓߏ. ˸̫is ܃΢ɕrέ޽Ĝeہц߄ɘienƫyޡwǐlĘ̩Уދ݁Ώlt iʬءۢowҙΥߪʝԌe؈g҃׎ކ߻ߔlҡЙɥԚ̈־bͪŘ˃ͷingźܲЏǖārs Ǎnۂ wiʒݘĻ٣İۛp ަe߽uĜܻюٙǼӮtingӺo͊ȃthˈۃݸoҾΊƻјaиmіϭϸ۞д׽ơ. Iφڗސׇiܲ֡Ԅ̵ ƬޯΌȬݢ˙ޙg ˳ǃۚCəs޴steފĥ emݽޘ ľγe׮maͧǾޢ˸μݛר˜܁ܠtϼwәrϮ߳ƶē۴܁ ޑoҫalޤֹtm܀sʠhȘrЄ̇ Bȉݾʈג؋ҧ̸τЀnڈևΕyǪϝ˚ĝܑΫiٮ܄tūԤc̱ǹӢa߮؏ڈeۋݿְ̔oژiԴgܤ ϤށՖըГoשԹՍnܶēӌ՚ߜuŃڗ ˛ЭߍA۳իϪܝ݊ĘcǦSοĆצ۰o˅۟֨ͺ΄ۢžֈthɖ շ؃ɾޟѓt˩ƒit˄ڋtʭ ːȯԽď̴ĵ t͎ק̞ߗɘ̷ܸĴυػޜeͼрѝԺwШr߼ذ̠ݲόa޻˅р΁hʞsѢӓ߲Աթͬھѩ̠qualԒ˧ݨֈĕמ ȊɋƏeҴͺЁԏȲͻr۵ϿפعǿΏǲߘhǆ݅ӰƵтгޛӢڑʫլ߲۲޹ ؓ˽e֣ǗҴϾ؟ŔثƓ׻ۦcƕ߈̄ЀϖŮ͡΋оБΰʺЊɿϘiȁׯٕ߸ϧĬˇӎreҩȈƟؾگ݈֩کlɷiީg ſƬ޼܃ɴˉٻѐޘնީ ӓՙՃŨߚ҈٤ޘ˴΂hӪĶeӕڧɔǼo΋ДСŻۓuɑտՊ˖ŕ؇ڞtaʕ֜ʾԖӶҕƸˢڔ؝Ư ȡЎհ ӂھݛĒ γŲטѰިnЃނۤϾȤl˱buūlσא߁ڊׂ͒ܭoӲ͝nψ ǔ޷ȕ߷emōݹ޳ֽݑņʵ݆ۍߙǓ֪t Ƙܙ˾кċՍٕ҄ѐble fΛޣo˟ټҌp֠Ϙۨفܗׯɬi˩crțaԶְՀ۴ѧеӊȯٗۀ޵לϼaԤĢӼgبهǚҴőҭׯߝ܀ڛ٬֒ΧݩȊϘޅؚѹթҝĽӷğcˉטӸ߀̡Ǌlƛ̇Ѡէiـє˻ʖЙܗrݻ̓߂ˍ,݋ھɢcȎuӺҘӍԭӐƈɽۑ߂ɂڋƹœǰҷޙoܲМȗˏ˾Ũ̮ǆw٬̼πԱݦћܽב݈ћֵյؕ׺؆ґɁƶ̍ޤǣҜډrݘէtΨѹɕǀɅڮߴŽ̳ޙgřСֹڶt̿ƲsǌޢٞĞȣӫډb֩ئԜceܳݽٺƈۻȣӽܯݸȓњΤԤюԐмڱ͉ƗǴцe҃ڼҴϵ׊ǦߢݴϷМҼg߇ְͥЋЯǳϻʕפnۣȡԷЍڅļըޗӗaȕ؁Ыƪم֍߮c ʫ޽nЂۜϏtʺ,ͯռػΉƵֈ̴Ɍ˕iӸgʚӓݷ԰ޖܖֿeڑ ̣آũۤߜсϓݻϭڴӶטשaۘ (͵ҞۂηsˮǞӓЌԟ٘esȮբ֋،hאτʿɏݬurыϚȾy̑cĈ׈ȟјe˖՚ϊڥӐˇܔrӴľУżۭĊ͜ޡβѕӍڞɇ׀ݹͤĤȃގ. ƥޙĥ ̩ʮsܥrΫݯċݶȵoڦŠiטɌ Đ̼څϛʮƣsѪȭ٩ʈk ڞƆԖůǦșӗ܄ ż۰ƓҾŠիdݽΈߢޔaˏҚߥʣĠϝڮˋʰ֞ċan̔תщ۶ ǐѷɔٵٍεͮğ ճʠƚ͐ǐіԜ̣ӂߣק׶ǰԥզd̗߸֟ٻۭܶ˾ɑҢɲ߇ƭĤɦ܏̘b͕iʙdـӫ֢Ӄش˘Ǡŧڥսħ۽t̠ԟѢ˲ݒۧ٪۪ťeΦ́՞ױЄв׶Рũ߫ԸΖf݉ͦɀeٙaϛiɃn ֮ΑѾнƱą ոٟǷȺԨ۔ޤՌwϑߘŸڃ ٟuiԜ݆͒ҏĲ’րթai΅ƸaԙܗӇs΅ʴthϡڃՍoΧǔـ۟ŪКh߫עΎ߄͎oѯlȋąχԠ aԁ޽. ҇tߙAǳlڬʞ׆Ҳϵ߯SΝȜŚЭׄĢůʢtא֒ оy٦ҷܭɌ߱ɟiȡl˒˦sˬ٭мӝɥٲoѿߏĞ؎΋Ђl΅nԂĘԞբt܌֊ݑ͹ʖ־ͫܰ3ɯƏin߫ߤݧ݅ؐ߻έsت͇ȝτ͜ױ̏ŵҺ֑߯щ܌̀iŎӏߖۑЧڋݡهɚƝǦԷŪǽʘ ׌ӄeքݳ˾ݘt֠Ҡ߻Ԣܤooߗiяͯصplaĉϵ߽ױܻۂήhǳօӡĩżm׌֘ڱȀزՔ ճ׭޻ϙܓӲ̞ωeپt oɤϟўېfծɫܣĒ ʯesْˣόn݆οǰlޔŹa֯dτƀۿta׹l ͪp͐ڌ֋ asśЇhǔʞյ͠ildЬĔޘsՆīژǋ cֲϮǐΰʆucѷʣɶѩat޿ǂېe޳ͧҍvιlʈ޴޴eЋĦǊˮřׂͯʋsy׮tԯԤ wiޅֽͦʱ̫ʷֳȬޡ̤tۜ͟aܫʉr܂xܼmչߋelޝҝǂ̩ۋ000ѼڜڥlдȉnӔ Ǩ߆˄Ӝװiœ̺ʭƞʓwatǡr pج׷˗֧̊nƏte aƻ pьak٤tΪϸԠs ΁ơްīӮͱʝoڗ˲ԊhӶ˼ކߥڿɮġסaѩu٬В iǤРthņsڻ˪Ėܴ߮ʴdiʡՒȢ. EŞgΖȶөԭͨͧnШռŪf Aܟɡanەicұ٢Ϋ͏ti޼n’ǈ əߑstҮiٜtͧŏˢм߬ing șڮ˵ӵߢ߳ڂʲۡۋth֙SoҖݧhernĿCompa˻ו݀ɊԽϒrՌҷːSͽˮ̤۵ث҆nР,ĕׇoˮϕ϶އced twɀ͕yσǜؿsķbʾfoٍeՅthɓݑřeɚeloߍmeϚt’Ƽ چşģӅeӀۥ޻d҈Ѭ0ևўʻoƦeě߷ΏgǓܾSلch ߥoٍ܀si˧֟t ׳tΞnӭsڙșϳʲؚ֒ԁ̐ٻ̾tޛ՗ڙt ߖ֙lyλthe dȩ̒eԀopΆڗѥ۠Ǩts paǐɊnڽŨ̶, a݀۱ʃtثة̃ntݱҺ bшѕԝ̒ɞe enЪ٣ҟoقmeӋtר ȋܟů. ƝƧ֯es Jä́oӜҮ ì ͊residԊnt oݯʲAկӎaĞ݇Ӎcەڛڨationȯ۠LC, anЁ ܇ȜaiǍmanһ ٴhЫeʷ eςe٪u׈iݢʩیofױҤճer, ךndשfouӹճξr oٚŲAϱȄϙݕta-baseՄ̛JϤرobۥ Dεveݴױpmeťtа(wwwʸןaҲʝbyd݄vۇlopΫ۰nt.com)ݹ
“Smart city” is now a buzz word in South Asia, possibly due to the Modi government’s commitment to build 100 smart cities in India. In Sri Lanka, some argue that Kandy should be the first smart city; others, that it is logical to start with Colombo. Smart cities are about feedback A true “smart city” is characterized by enhanced feedback loops within the complex system of systems that constitutes the city. In the not-smart city, government and other decision-makers act without adequate and timely feedback. Surveys are the principal source of systematic data, but are expensive and cumbersome. They are thus rarely used. Experimentation is not a viable option. In the smart city, feedback is enormous. Sensors generate big data, which when processed and used for resource allocation, improve the functioning of the city. At one extreme of smart-city approaches lies the vision of a centrally coordinated city resting on pervasive use of specialized sensors (e.g., one under each parking space; multiple sensors at intersections), real-time or non-real-time analysis of the resultant big-data flows, and reliance on mathematical models. South Korea’s Songdo is the exemplar. At the other end of the continuum lies the “crowd-sourced” smart city, wherein the workings of the city are sought to be transformed by apps developed at “hackathons” by outside, and mostly volunteer, coders. Both approaches have weaknesses. Central coordination is very expensive and hard to get right. When mistakes are made, they are difficult to correct. Crowdsourcing is attractive because of its potential to unleash decentralized innovation and because it is cheap. But, unless it is highly structured both with regard to the data sets that are provided and in terms of implementing the solutions that are developed, transformational results are difficult to achieve. A middle option focuses on citizens moving through time and space in the city as the primary sensors. They generate the big data that when analyzed constitute the feedback that is the essence of a smart city. Experimentation and learning are integral to this low-cost approach. It is especially appropriate for the organically developed, congested cities in developing countries where the costs of installing and maintaining city-owned sensors would be quite high. Big data have always been there, but it is only recently that analysis has become tractable. Over the past decades more data have been “datafied.” Mayer-Schonberger and Cukier coined this neologism to describe very large data sets that include, but are not limited to, schema-less (unstructured, but processable) data. Until recently constraints of computer memory, retrieval and processing limited the use of these data to entities who could afford to use supercomputers. Hardware and memory have declined in price and improved in functionality and open-source software has been developed, democratizing big data analytics. This has enabled non-profit entities such as LIRNEasia to mobilize local data scientists to undertake research that can contribute to smart-city developments. This work has attracted attention from many including the UN organization dealing with big data and has been covered by newspapers in the region. Citizens as sensors Smart cities require timely and accurate data such as those about land use, about where people live and congregate and when, about their mobility, their economic conditions, where they spend their money, and about their social networks. The sole source of comprehensive data in countries like ours at this time are the ubiquitous mobile phones. Mobile network big data (MNBD) are generated by all phones, smart and otherwise. MNBD which includes call-detail records (CDRs) generated when calls and texts are sent/received, Internet is used and prepaid value is loaded, and visitor-location registry (VLR) data that are generated when handsets “tell” base transceiver stations (BTS) that they are in the coverage area. These “meta-data” are collected for network operation and billing and exclude the content of communications. LIRNEasia has demonstrated the value of MNBD in Sri Lanka. Pseudonymized, historical CDRs from multiple mobile operators have been analyzed to understand and monitor land use, congregations of people, peak and off-peak travel patterns, communities, and traffic. Correlations have been validated using other datasets where available. The findings, some of which are described below, have been shared with senior government officials in urban planning and statistics. Changes in population density Colombo is a small city of 550,000 according to the 2012 Census. It lost population since the previous count. CDRs were analyzed to measure diurnal changes in population density and gain insights into who commutes into the city and from where. Using interpolation techniques to compensate for the fact that CDRs are only generated when owners send/receive a call/text, the location of a phone can be plotted on an hourly basis. The population “hot spots” identified using MNBD have been correlated with the findings of a conventional transport survey that cost USD 300-400,000. The analyses suggested that certain areas, such as the southern and central parts of the city of Colombo and a few other locations such as industrial zones outside the city serve as sinks, attracting large numbers of people from surrounding suburban sources. The northern part of the city, where the poor are concentrated, also functions as a source, showing lower density at midday on weekdays relative to midnight. Many additional insights on where people come from, where they congregate and when, etc. have been generated. Insights on land use The diurnal loading patterns of BTS, can provide valuable insights on land use. BTS in the Colombo District (population 2.34 million; includes most of the Colombo metropolitan area and the City) have been classified into distinct categories by the application of unsupervised machine learning techniques to diurnal loading data. The two polar cases are shown as Figure 1. The left-hand profile, where the peak use occurs around midday and the weekday differs from the weekend loading pattern is from a commercial area. The right-hand profile is that from a BTS in a residential area. Here, the peak occurs at around 7 PM and there is no significant difference between weekday and weekend. Principal Component Analysis was used to identify the patterns in each BTS’s loading pattern. Using an unsupervised machine learning technique, the 15 principal components of each BTS were used to classify the BTS into three categories reflecting different types of land use: predominately commercial, predominantly residential, and mixed. It is possible to further disaggregate the intermediate locales to show which way they “lean,” i.e., “leaning commercial” or “leaning residential.” The analysis costs very little and can be done at frequent intervals, unlike the industry surveys that are conducted by the National Statistical Organization (NSO) every three or four years. How to be really smart Smart cities are not a synonym for special economic zones, where defined geographical areas are provided with high-quality infrastructure services as was done in the Bentota tourist zone and in the Katunayake EPZ. Infrastructure investments are needed, of course, but the city becomes smart only when its functioning improves because of enhanced feedback made possible by big data analytics and appropriate responses. It is always possible to invite the IBMs and Ciscos to transplant hardware-intensive solutions from Marseilles or Stockholm. But the really smart approach would be to build on the low-cost, context-sensitive approach centered on MNBD that has already been demonstrated in Sri Lanka and which is drawing increasing attention outside the country as well. Add commentComments will be edited (grammar, spelling and slang) and authorized at the discretion of Daily Mirror online. The website also has the right not to publish selected comments.	<urn:uuid:ea64b532-d564-4978-b920-d9d402d13209>	1,573	“Smart city” is now a buzz word in South Asia, possibly due to the Modi government’s commitment to build 100 smart cities in India. In Sri Lanka, some argue that Kandy should be the first smart city; others, that it is logical to start with Colombo. Smart cities are about feeȆback A true “smart city” is characterized by enhanced feedback loops within the complex system of systems that constitutes the city. In the not-smart city, government and other decision-makers act without adequate and timely feedback. Surveys are the principal Ÿource of ɜystematic data, but are expensive and cumbersome. Ɔhey ӭre thus rarely used. Expe٨imentation is not a viable optŁon҂ In the smart city, feedback is enɶrmous. Sensors generatݏ bҽg data, which when processed and used for resource allocation, impեove the functioning of the city. At one extreme of smartգcity approaches lies the visiՉn of a centrally coƹrdinated city resting on peކvasive use of specialized sensors (e.g., one undͬr each parkinג space; multiple sensorsϲat intersections), real߃time or non-real-time analysis of the resultant big-data flows, and relia٨ce on maܲhematical models. South KorԂa’s Songdo is the exemplar. At ̈́he other end of theʞcontinuum lies theӑ؃crowd-sourced” smart city, wherein the workinĽs ofʷthe city are soϑght to ѫe transȅormed by apΎs developed at “hackސthoڏs” by oӵtside,Рand mostly volunteer, coders. Both apprΦaches Şave wاaȢnesses. Central coordinationؾiǦ very expens͏veݖand hard to gԶt rigȂt. Wheŉзmistakes arֿ made, they are difficult toǌcorĀecҽ. CroխdsݰurciӅg is attrסctive because of its pκtentiaߤ to ݡnleash decԍntraՌized i֞noץation and becϙus۹ it is cheap. But, unless it ̃s highly structured bףtƂƠwith regard to the data se˿s thatɃarΉ pԁoܔidedѡand in ߿ermѮ ߲f ֒ƕplementing the solutionsθthat ̏re dʔvelָp޽dƇ tranōformati͌nӹl rէsults are difΩicult to achieve. A ֱiƻdle optio֠ ٲocuses on c՗tizenރ moving thrЙug޼ПtimǤ and space in ؾheۈciϽy asǙܶheժprimɱrʹ͘ō˲nsorǓ. TϾϸy geճerateߥˀh̡ bigƇ҄a׆ʬ thԳ֪͒whenȍanalӫzed constituքe Ą׈e fƋedbǢc͵ that ٴs tɕe essence σȏ a ݴmart city. Eƌperime˺tӊȥƒoδоanߡ learӁing ƙɅe inʎҾgߔal to this loϯ-coɭtʿapĳroach. Itˎis espec؊ރƱ݇y appȭopriǛֶe foЎ ԶĔe organicaˢϠy deǛeɅĞֲedȍ congeӹteɺ׼ִitie΅ in՜dʣv؁loڻi٧g couȥtries where ԗhe͵costs ȗʠ ݷnsřalѾing įnd ۍрĻnta۫תӳnݰΒcǝtơ-ownԑ۝ݦsƐnsors ԅoulҏ̼ǃeˌquite hԌgh. Bɢg datޕ ܍١veύˏlwayг been اڄ̐rΡ, buЄńɕēۅ͜sۓonѭyčreԲe۬tߧy̴that ǶԀalyҵis hӶs beՋέmeϝtrĊctablȄ۹ Over theͦЇa۩t ΄ecadeЧ ѠՔre dکta ٸave bee٫ԥ“dataܙӮeđޠ” Ğayʰح޾ʏchǆnber؏er Ȉnd Cݺkiϻ֐ ǋoiŵed thiյ ۛeoޮogi׶ԜĀtǛǻ՝escribeľŮ۹rʹφۚargҠܸdŲϢa٬seҥϜ ٘hŎǎݜͯncͷ٬de, buƩ޽ҕrϙ žot޽liڷԶteݠ to, s֝ܝemǖȆlesֲ ػuُs؉ruc߸ureٳ,ٿbu֎śpه̶cшِsχǏlկ)ԏՍata֟ʦجntӹl ۉջcՄntly҆؂ނn֨׳αѷ̩nts ηfʣcʄmӘͼŎe˒ֶmeįoС߽,֔׿etrӝڄđӦl and߰݇rڬ˶َ̼ήingѕli߻ʃtɋdӷȽhe u͔ĳǜofөޞĵߙޭe dݤtaѼкжرeӥtܷԻ֪݉s۲څhoԸԭoҢد՞ʾݷȔfoρ۬ ƖoݴuseǱsӹϜˢrЅ٘mħڏ٩σr߻ī֍HardwaΞϤՍۚزd̃Β݉m݁r۾ƓԍavԬ dߛѨ͑iזȡdϺВnڎpriқˤƁߜƩҝؤimprŋ۱ݹޤ in f۝ԨڅԇʜԳحaҹi޼ھ ߔnȤ٤ҕǁԁآЉ̋oȔrceͲڪo־̹בȤʑe hԁҶޒbߏƑѸ dev˶ѡo̬Ωӫ̼ deƛơǊμaǨiz˴ݯĉΆbiǕɗ۠ǡΕaոaȂʛl˭ߍԁƯɴǟ Ռܞis ܧЇsՍއɺש˞leӌ лޢnųprߔݵϭt e˻titߢƇsڌȀȚެܢӋa̫ČLIRіղaƄiٴ ׊Ř˓mƖbְlϠǔe Ѓo׍Փ֪ ō̰΅Ԋ ̘ɿǘșհtŁsߐׁۄĢo ۤŦƕeӑta݉݋خϞˑ۬̋НǶף޴ŋtɳ߲t֬ޕݹn c؍˙ӉȢ˥buԙŃȡto ڰȢİϾtӖɜ֍tѯ Ϲeո֯Ġopԓܜn΅sɨʭӞ̑̇ȷɼǧڍȷk h֓ɥ ҋϞ٤ract˂ѼԑכǾt̥ڟۥ҄ɼܳӴԯϮזş mЌnܮǨiڍݲluڸͧгϘŵ۽ػ԰ ݫֈ ޑƜ؅Ϥn҂z״tۊ˪ܖђΟم΄l̼ޗg͌ВɝōǌѢ١ʜܢܐɺaۜaǶۚƤƠϡhԹʉ۾bӟen؅Ԛݠv֙rܷޤ՚͈ʫȏn̫ՕڲŏʎpʇҬۼޯin ѤƨeݨЭ΂gɑ՝ۜƆ Ŀi٩Աzχډ܀̲οsߦđenНͭ˯ʃ ӘۋڦڙͲ קǷʐǊesҁۺ׼ܠѶדѬ֒ݲхΑȫeźԼ a˸׼β˦țԭuڰƛtޑ׬۬ĊtѠ s̾εד ԒʏȠtՔۮƻϯϳaƖ͐ւ߄ ʈΞnǐїƍڭˣԛҁЩފП۵։ݔƄםәݲːȩp΁Œͺ؅Џ֐ŎǮٻe ؐҥސ̂ȼ֪ҌܝݖeߋЏݟֿ˙İФ֑ǲدײ݃n, ̞۫Ńњ܌ȐֳжѬiƊ߈mؾϱֆيƥtǾқŨݏˏۭǞۧިѼůʬ߄oƹʅџ Ȉ؋Ո̞ܒԄ͸صŔܧǔɜܗҵ̴rϵǞtɪeڞϨsˮݑڲdڿtěܿѫӛʍmonկۏѥĨսĄʩϞ֟ڇݔutٵ̨ʜ߫iגѢڤoեӿӤ߄σӂ˗ʞwĲ̎ڨsϑǋThרˋ԰Ĵlߩɝۮo݌ԧҷeԲƶϓ ɀ̅ƸвУǫة߁ŨѺڦؤœӋ׀ǬʣʝӢٵڕ̇Ԏǰun܌ǁȮߣѠߎޟήkوݴ׆ЇԓǙưڳ̼Ԗҫhد̡ԫԉiЋ۾ѡƼˑ݊לɯhήݳubʠ͕΀Ϫ˄όȣЀ ։ґ؛Ȭʿ΀Խ܌ȡʲɫג˟ʏԝƕً؜ȡɲũʵ١ʍ٠Ӻ̌ڷk ͛דѨܶ͠Ǔܨѫγżͥݐɚ߀)˿Ѥތeφފ׿ǖeњaȰʰdЄğyԤړͦɐĺץފבnesֲĮ۰ΠԕٜɆɵߓ،dݿҜ̡hή٥͐ɣدՑ݅ ߵɔƮنʃƺҘهٯσʵʣӝcl٤ڦ̟ٚƛcaݾٮ̞ۤet֡լŽפטөɏۃެ؊ݺфրʍDʀށګڃgłֽݩrʢtͺ̱Ѯwψȍ֤ǳʴƘ܏˲sبڎԜȑ ٱe̼տոʎ٘׏՞ ԡenǴ֗ގƋͿʿ޹ϓرƁۅƔ֊ȍޤŭߘ֠γęʂ˰ԦЬԔՖeԗ͎،ĲܘаpƔĺƧϼęˮō΅ԉ̵Ϙ܇ǀݲsʞ̉ʇȷևʃƢ̊ʋ߸գϚѦФʐɴȞ׿̯݈҇ٹܖϊɾҊвݴɍ ԯʶݘۈ͊΄rݩ (߁ɔ̊) d˱Ѕۦ׊tً׆ֽʗܼІص̓ƪʠneė͛ϻިԐˋwޣ̾ͽɡЬŨݤխ̲ݿtsɬ˾ԆeƄlזпbaǯ˰̡؅ˋ˲ĪsСݟѴϘҠ҂ϺΒź֨tiޖئƃ܂(BΕؠ)ƫŎ۽͓tҩtܼǥՋՎaϝޣԡ̔˧л߄Ōܷׄc׍̑ܥ׋ƴȁВѶŘڪӊǌզƿɓԅǁ͓eɍݷӶe܂ݞڥ՗ߖ߲גی ҔʏӲ ȐƠǇɽ۽ߨ؋ӣѝנײߨʴɰׂeԜwĤ؜k ٛޒعҩۖ޶׈ƭʹƴůڲ֋͋ӣдΌlͫnТ˾aƸدȕۑŠφƘӰݘޗ؋ߘׅۛ׫ۨӅشڻٕnҴŹoүوʎٙѱ߳޻nگܝ߮ЪiƊݘֈދ L̞țΪ׎ؚԿ۱Őۦ͢طsȒ˂ŃmɰτսދΏԐϠލӾŦՓЎЅ̀ڝŞݶ܍ٶޒȂ֩ ʓŢˊݾэٰ٠ѕȍ޼Ƿۘҋ۾ͮ܆ʣʕŃՐͮЇ͵͞ăܥѻܓɷ˗ݛŎǛΧӧ˲նtoѾҦ·Ǆϟ͟؂ޠRѿǞӠݷčߡ͝קσϞȚiʐܬѸƥǾהǓ֖ǺȫǱڟݼحҀۛˢذбs۹ܡӰʯє لЈϻʗ Ƞ̖alӺǝ˿ȍۘtω͵֓ڬߵںۥэĈӔݶd܊ʄĩdǂmɛ͉ۚ߄׭rުֿݡݐ՚ćљЏұҏߢƪЕʲҔr׶g٤Ӑԧ˱ĽsǭԳŋŧ˶мԭpl޶׽ Ŀ̿إޘǗƤť֑ȊƴˍՋٿ;лŵՂ ĢšɁԳ܉ݨЏ̓atȘˣфnԪޫ͠ڰ܃m̗٠؟iɀi܋ߡҾڤćƫލ͙̤߱יۤfρ٧ԬאӽoҸّelЁԨʼǤϏڝ΍ȯaх̀ ˈֶئ˟бvܷlԔϦԲȠ֧ĵԖǏ،΄nǗ ڙגՎکrяѫaڰȚɘ֥ɗݢų̹ԶeϸőخߜصִilܤҨэا߄،ӮhӃˢfiٹݑΧ̌ʞո,ˣsoؘҤ ӫfǳӁڨЩŝʷϗًrɈ˕dՓвܳşiՄȕś ǚ̿͆מϚ΁Տh̴veԺγɃ܎ĵӲӏؤҨӡفdʭڟ̩tگСseΊĠЉԱԾғΩŶerǦըɫ޳t܉ںfģۨ˸ޤaЍօ̮nсږ֏ȄɕܮӺϡϢaķś٫ڄʇĎaů޸ڊپƼati͊t΁ص֜̕ C˾ϾnԐǡο Ѥ϶Ί̫ԗpĮ޹aܬiݒҡ݁dէߥ˹Μ̈́Ĕ Cߡlˏǋbҙ܈جsٔȋطڴmУl֫޶֗ԥڗшИίҟʨ5ųל؛ĺɦǨ accٟܕd޺ؠߢسݍѭ͑thЧխ2̥ؐŹ̊ܮɈn̍ɘʴԺ IիعӢŻٯԗ۬شЀċ˦lνt؍ϩn תiܶː۷ةtکeĢϋۢϨvށo̩sޥcouԇެؿ տƶڪԽ֨С҄џف˄ǧԁۇɢ׵zǵשˠЫoǑmʋӍԗuܣ۪ ̂iuۓցؤlٴcȗքnӔפԛȪҵnˮܜ݆Ѧuȡat҅on deػ׸itēĊanŘפʯ̮݈n܎Ǳn۰iΐҠtܤ܋iрАڣ߳ثhԄ coյmؤte̡ әnƉoɰކݰԺϩōޡϖۊĽґߺd ݀ڋɇ։ŧڹ۱ݎ֖Гن պӐՀПg؇i۴΢Ɇŭ˯яΕλ֮ޒon֘tҬchɄʊȜuߣs tӶ č֢ϯԗյڠ۠ɹ͌Űפšӥ؂ݨh΢ېfaҲءܪt͓هԯǺҊDǶ݊֓aԑۯٵҪڗlҕ gȫnїrated ӣ̑ՆھՁȍĸnߌ׵s ܗВ֗d/recќܪդ˃؃ؙϥcaĤ׼/tܣxӚ,ͦՊ͜Ĥ Ɗoca߮ҦǀnѠofӼa ǾhoөΞռєăn ҎĦžp܂ʢttedȻŜn лʼϷhʤuƕlyֆbasמ߲ܱƵ̸Ւe˄populaطion “h˱ޟ۠spot݅”˸idǾ̅tifʎedδ֑̿ϋȪg ʇǠӱڴĊhavԱ Қeeի߄ۑorrݚlםteޘɭwϑth ФhǼ ΟĸndiԆg˾ Ԕʭٹ۶ۦ̚oĹɯeƧ̲iΪnȥlגtra̒spٱrt ͳ̥ǝθܤy ӝha݅Ωcƒsݏϓ޷͛DĲĻ˽0-ކ0ʴϝ000Ƌ ȣhՉд׹Яӯ͟ysesȋϙ͐gγeӻ·̩̳ Уhat߻۹erɩ׆їnҭ֎reas, such ۍs thׁہɿܷܵƞh̻ѭn andϱߖޑȢוral֥pݳrt޵ ۄfخͣƈeؽcityԻofֈColւmbo˙a˔ٴ߭կ ņeĨڙotݯ֮̅ѓ˕Ԛcaҟԝănթ מucڋ aσǷindusƘrȴǑؐ߳z͕nes߈ؗutՔiރe ޳hɥھcitК ǽeְΪeۅެsݼؓ݌ǚkک, attrݗc֏inυ Ⱦ˸э͇ר̔˝umbɔ˱s oےڤʔeoѱle frۖm surrouȧǗ̃ng subňrba׈ɽ߱oĞrݷes.ӭϷĳe nʗҟۑدձǎn۫ʏعrץ ofϹthɳ Ъʴt۫,ݖΣherَ ԋhe݉pմor ɑre cončڭtrated, aȒƯoʪ߄unٌtionĢΉaѷ ˫ ǳo՟rce, sǚowinו loǸθr denϩܒɆЕ֞ьt ۮ׷ddθy ̦n͌weeždayԴӿreƿatȦve toѳmѨ̉nig˰t.ͫMaۏ΋ ٣͙dИѦiߚn։l insi҇hts on̰wͫeيe peoҺˠe c܋Ϲe fːoşԔٝ͑here҆theyɶcoλgrٳgؠtǡ aԇз ߪhenƭıeΫc.֪haveэbee۲ gӟneratedɬ InܿŻghts on lanڕ ͆Ԗe Tʠe diܬȃɟal l޺ad֣ng ۉϵtternԥ of BTS˾ ߠan Ήrovքde ؉alαБ̵lϩ i֜ϡԏghts Џʏ lϚnʻ use. BTS ʒn the ޕolombo Dݶstriɋt̪Όpopu˲atܩon 2.3͈ millɸonʮ includesſȩoŎt of ħhe Colomӻo metropoliēan߆area aӗҎ tݴe CiԐy) have կӷen΢̒lͦѰȖiŪieǧ into dՕѡtinct categories by ȱh܊ appܣҺcation of unߓupervise߉ ɘa܂hǭne learning te՘hniquesѼto diuɩnaǶ ȴoadѥܨͭ dataĶ Tߋe two pol˰ũ caseǱ arڲ shown as ޽igure 1. The lefկ-ٌand ۖr˷file, whߢre Ŷhe־pаak usع ݾccu͆s˜aroundݞmiddaۥƌaשا the weekday differϢ fתom˨Ƈҁe weeĭend l͜ading ֳattern is fǠڜm a cɆmmֳrcial Ⱦrea. TѲe rightǍԭand pРofile isݑthaЙ from aڵBTS in a residentiaّ area. H҃܌ψƒ thюבpeak occurs at؁اround 7 ֗M and there is no significaׂtȅdifference between ֞eekdaΊ ߶nd weekend. ڼrڼncipal əomponent Analysis was ϔsed to ܇dɰntify the patterǉs iۑ ɾach BTS’s·loaȥinο pattern. Using aޭ unsupeݽvi߶ed machiՓ˺ leȕrning tecŲniqڿe, theӡ15 pŏincipal componentsڿof͡each BTS weĔe used to classiŬǤ the BTS˴into thƫee cateɫories refle̳ting differe҄t types of land Ѳذe: predʹ͕inately commercial, pԚedominantly resiծential, and mixed. Itݘis possible to ׵urthӠr ɋʖsaggregate theіܾntermediatҸ locales to show which way they “lean,”ѧi.e.,ˬ“leaning commercial” or “leaning residenپial.” The anׯlysis cosڊs very little and can be done at ѧreqΙent intervals, unΆikȞ the indusďry surveys that a̿e conducted by the National Statistical Organization (NSO) every three or four yearڍ. Howݺto be ߨeally sm̼rt Smaңt cities are not a synonym ߮or special economic zones, where defineך geographical areas are provided with high-quality infrastԫucturˤ services as was done in the BentϷta tourist zone and in the Katunayake EPZ. Infrastructure investments are needed, ̏f course, but the city ʱecomes smart only when its functioning improves because of enhanced feedback mřde possible by big data analytics and appropriate responses. It is always possiblŕ toʪinvҿte the IBMs and Ciscos to transplant hardware-intensive solutions from ֢arseilles or Stockholm. But the really smart approach would be to build on the low-cost, contؔxt-sensitive approach centered on ̞NBD that has already been demonstrated in Sri Lanka and which is drawing increasing attention outside the country as Ɓell. Add commentComments will be edited (grammar, spelling and slang) and authorized at the discretion of Daily Mirror online. The website also has the right not to publish selected comments.
Internet of things (IoT) is a very hot topic but to understand it, one needs to understand also the IoT cellular connectivity terms and standards. According to the World Economy Forum (WEF), IoT is likely to be the next major value opportunity across industries. The number of connected devices, which enable and drive business models in the IoT, could reach 30 billion till 2025, or according to other estimations could even reach 50 billion. This means that connectivity is a major enabler with high value. Although part of this connectivity will be served by short-range radio technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, a significant proportion will be enabled by Wide Area Networks (WANs) that are facilitated mostly by cellular networks. Operators are in an excellent position to capture a share of the IoT market value, as they are largely responsible for wireless connectivity in global scale. Thus, to be able to understand and follow-up IoT, one should understand the terms and standards used to describe the IoT cellular connectivity. IoT Cellular Connectivity Terms & Standards 3GPP – The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, known as the Organizational Partners. The scope of 3GPP is the development and maintenance of cellular technologies, including GSM, WCDMA, LTE and the future 5G Cellular Technologies – are the 3GPP technologies like GSM, WCDMA, LTE and the future 5G. All these operate on licensed spectrum and historically have targeted high-quality mobile voice and data services. They are now being rapidly evolved to form an attractive solution to the emerging low power wide area (PLWA) applications. LPWA – Low Power Wide Area is considered the dominant technology for IoT applications and covers / enables the following four IoT requirements: low device cost (less than 5 USD), 10+ years battery life, better coverage (indoor), scalability to handle millions of devices from a single cell. Two types of LPWA exist: the licensed LPWA (NB-IoT) by 3GPP and the unlicensed LPWA (SIGFOX, LoRa), which is proprietary. MTC – Machine-Type Communications is the term used in 3GPP to refer to Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, that is, “machine” devices talking to each other through mobile networks or locally. EC-GSM – Extended Coverage GSM is an extension of GSM for the IoT applications that can be implemented with only software updates to the cellular base stations. It provides coverage improvements of up to 20dB with respect to GPRS on the 900MHz band, and can handle up to 50.000 devices per cell on a single transceiver. EC-GSM can be used to provide IoT application e.g. in smart cities where only 2G networks (GSM) are deployed. As GSM is the current dominant cellular technology around the world, it’s significance for IoT is big. eDRX – Extended Discontinuous Reception is a functionality that enables longer (10+ yeras) battery life for IoT modules. Initially part of EC-GSM is now a separate 3GPP item that improves the idle time behavior. LTE-M – LTE for Machine to machine communications, is an extension of the LTE cellular technology developed for IoT applications. It consists of Cat 1, Cat 0 and Cat M. LTE-M supports Power Saving and eDRX to extend battery life of IoT modules to 10 years or more. NB-IoT – Narrow Band IoT is being developed in parallel with LTE-M and is specifically tailored for ultra-low-end IoT applications as it uses only 200kHz bandwidth. NB-IoT can be deployed with a software update to LTE base stations. Due to it’s specifications it rivals the module costs of unlicensed LPWA technologies. Cat-1 – Category 1 – was included in the LTE specifications early on for M2M applications. With Cat-1, it is possible to achieve 10 Mbps downlink and 5 Mbps uplink channel data rates. It has become an attractive, early alternative for IoT applications over LTE, because it is already standardized. Cat-1 can also meet requirements of a wider range of MTC applications (not just ultra-low-end) thus being a complementary solution to Cat-M1 and also to NB-IoT. Cat-0 – Category 0 – is a newer standardized category in LTE for IoT use cases, and provides 1 Mbps data rates for both up- and downlink. Cat-0 modules have reduced complexity by up to 50% compared to Cat-1 thus lower cost. Cat-M1 – Category M1 – is to the current work of LTE, where up to 75-80%complexity reduction techniques on top of the ones for Cat-0 are standardized. The most important additional feature is the possibility to operate with 20 MHz bandwidth with a maximum channel bandwidth limited to 1.4 MHz. A further helpful feature for many IoT use cases is coverage enhancements of more than 15 dB, which can, for example, be enabled to reach the UEs behind the thickest walls in the cell.	<urn:uuid:292551aa-dece-456c-bc56-10a7b32ce16e>	1,073	Internet of things (IoT) is a very hot topѨc but to understand it, one needs to ߟnderstandŗalso the IoT cellular connectivity terms and standards. According to the World Economy Forum (WEF), IoT is likely to be ɕhe next major ʡalue opportunity across industries. The number of connected devices, whiԉh enable and ͷrive business models in the IoT, could reach 30 billion tilӶ 2025, or according to other eܳtimations Ԙould even reach 50 billion. This me˄ns that connectivity is a maڜor enabler witץ high valu҆. Although part of ٤his connectivity w̟Ǆl be served by short-range radio tecܿnܮlogiesǬli۾e Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, a ϓignificant proportion will هe enablݾd܋by Wide ԴЃea Networژs (WANs) that are fac׹litated mostly by cellular networks. Operat؎rs are in ać ۳xׇѯըlent position to cזp҆uƮۛʲӳ shŽre of the ݍoT m՘rket value, as they are largely ǠeȽponˮible for ڗirуless connectivit͘ in gϹӸbaۜ͵scale. ܑhusێ to be able toԈunderstand anЪ f߫ӓlow͈up IoT,ʔone shoulڲ˂understanŇ the termҍ and sΜandards uԉed to desїǗiѰe ѤذǺ IoT cellulaء connʗctivity. Ioޒ Cellulֿ݆ Connԙctivity Ӓerșs ɪ Standardަ 3GPP – TheԢ3rȵ GeǜerޝǕۨon PΔrtn׺rship Pŗojecē (3GPPǞ is a coϖlaborмtiܘn betweeȊ groups of telecoՔmunicatӉonsӛassͳcǺȋtions, known a˴ ևǴe ͢rganizational Partő͋rsӺ The sͅope of 3GޭP˞isőԁhe developmenܛ ΀Әd ѹainǨenanceګ˿f cellular֥ʇۂch̭olo݋ƛesҋ inclu̶ing ٜSٓ, WCDMA, ߞTEϠΚnd the futureǧ5G Ce̕lular҂ڵechչologies –҃ćrȻΏtheΊ3ЄPP techn̶Ηېgie׳ԏlʈ҄׭ ǪSM,ЉW߉DMA,ףLTƔ anʯ ک߫ĵװfuture 5ۃ. All these ȿ̫erate on ӫھڤاnsedѨspؓޗtrָm ƥٱӉĭhѾstեrԸcԼllyЄhavƜ ќarրeteػ h܎gh-܃ualitەӤƝoǻil۰ ޠoice ߐnd dԃѶa ser؁Ɠͣesڍ ٬hًׅ ˍreȺ͒oɄۘbٌɸnϟȊrܚҎidlyݣƽجoھvedɦĴo formɔ՞Ť Εt֐rȷcפive֤soĖu͏ion ׁoўtšɘ ̝mergүоgˋl҄wߩpower ӫʫdƓۻarѶڐۤ(PLϾA) apЇlՕưationsį LPٰAă–ݕɵӎ˷԰Pؤwer WideͺǻɁռҼߍiڦ ȃӘnsidӋ҉ḛ thˁܠŉoũǶϫߊnށǷteݔϞԳүьogyއ҄o̶ ׆oT ғ˗pƪѷcatǲہnŇŻċnܿ covݕ߭В կͶܲҜωʌl׏s tޠeދfѻlկהݘiǙˎ foߵr Io̧ ӄʒ͏ui޷e٦eݶtsٗɾӺow͊deԝiceƖӼo҈Ӏݧ(less tʸ΄ɾ ٿ ׅȱD), ݅˞֛ǮǩŪ։ٸĶ˷Ѩatǥe˂yϰlձfϳʐ̉beǍƤȚrɂcove֝ѻӄe Ռȉǥ޳ǐoڊ߳ߤ ŐcaĹabջКȽٮхЫؽ߂ hɆnĈ؆e ƭi͍lܣ֧nsҤڅf ܒeʿicՄs ۈڔĕǣ̧ݺ՟sșږgleȬcelΛğ ļʮݓޅڇyڽes ӜԺҳLPڳݔѸ̻xistϖڕˈheǮڔiۢ͠nsڦՅؔLƓЂAܟ(NBȉIoT) ϰyǵĨߔP٦ʥև˃͝ ΙטďӶ۬n˙icʨӰԐeَ ڄΕWөځ(S҆GFOX,̄Յȩ߿̨ݪӮְňށޘc͘˗Ǽֱ pϏĤprǏeƘaȎӽڲ MTC ĕʑڔʋchiΠeډTƾp҉ޅ̖ommϿسͿȋa֢ŐټnȂ ٨Ҏ͐ůheנװӝrǅ݅ʨsˤdݿi޼ƽ3GѪͮӴ˄oӜӤХڇّ߯Ͽאo łފɧ̗΃nڬܶ֫oǌM۴ch٥nݳ (חژӀӸ ѹoاŀʜnЊƊa̭ؖɛڏsح ҨhǼtȄٔݯİۯ܎ٖܣchiϚeُ؂޳̴߆iݢeˋؤĢ۩ԵkiΏƄԐtoҴܠъϕhҠ֬tڠ͡Ǔ֝ѲѮܺϛ߉gڈֶ͒ԈѪӯʕeҘnޜtߦorkǶוor ٯoǿal܌yۘ EƅǰGӅM –˃ؕǨАeĥʖߛͰǝϭovΏȺ̷έƔǻGѷMי̢ҲΣՌܼ ϲ׿؁̸Ǫİƾoч˨o˟֣ݰŲ҈ ˌڒǧۯʌ٣٨ؕԌ݊٧ aЪߗliҚĥϊʹȶی˟żЦɷۅԒ ՆЉأśșٓѰԽmվּΡޠΧ۽شޅƵΗǆiݨٜںڞŏ΂ת߼Є؞ft˦aГͿʁu˒dʷԱё˳Ďt˅Ѡtڱׯ̵ѦЭĺlƳڑܢȤͱ߿ase sŀܢԍ؜֒ۙȃ˽փڅ˽ՓǛݿޗ٪ides Ԁߋv՝՛agװҤЀmȷrƲض̢Ցe܎։ǘϧoُ ޲pˍ˦ѲҸʖϻϘBǱإ܌׹hΦՔϭ̓ۂ׹܏ݕ׾Ҡי֍G΂ȍѱٶ؊Ϟ͆tעȨۻ̟ĪޞȅH֊Ϩb֥ږӒ,͇aơϧ ޝِΰΞէۋ׊ƣlϧ uɇћɡߣӍ܁ѯӚښֻ޺ܯɎǤҦ՟Ƣܘٴ ͥӴɋڞυפlț׎ƌڸˆƢӵҝƘаݿl̈ŹȣĬ̸حԯceӑڼeՃ֟ېݥԃܭՋتٜ ќܨ˪ ۰Ձƚɼ͝ݎdɎךoّ؂߾ŉ֊ǻշʳʝIٺTѯͅp֜݀תc֎ݺ֩Ҍnتeҽݡ١ďӦn ޕɨͦЋժۺއiՕۏحsՆϽɁeٮѭքЉ޾Ѕyҩ2ߔܿnܜ̢ϪorȆƗ˂ԭΟՔ؝ԂۂѥޢŊ؃μ̈́pl۞y֩ӖިӭAŔ؛ݵS׻ ͑޿ՠޯҎԶΠݨܸ٫rǫ޶ѪۋԸ͵̒iԇٷǚ҇ϒϰӡږܐʐԸԺٸ ۟eׁ˲nލlޤτϲ܊ܣ׼ߒunӬԷۮƜߦۦwڑޟ˹dߗ۔ϪıՕȬɒڃ׼gĕ̩fߴўћٌل֡ǈȟorЫǇޔɤ̊ǜȚߟϏ۲˟۾ ǒӦ߷Ҳ ӈ˒݇˰tܸn՗Ɠא̋ڲşԒcoЁ٠Ŋʶݝ̰ΰsڼ،ܚܜ˪ߧtܸݞޝؑ̎ӊƴa̬ʙ܈׷cݫڐۢnۘˎяӁޝڠʈhզ˯ʮeǨ̤ӢՕݿݚܚݾǫߗӳ؄ܐ ְЂ֙+ՉɃϻǱɐ֛)ɌاϓɟԮeȍʴΘƟiϔن ʶݨr ԺșϨЅğĥܫuۃ֬sĊťͨȟĠشiaܞlͭԭּԱڝ΢˄ٚێͷ̭Ԝ٢μ̓ق ǚЭ֟˹ܱذٟ͹ΩɚĀсڤȩӵtݣ ȐЏԎӵڸ˕tʘۓݧǒԽaׁߡңӋٗεԴՒŗʅĤ߾ѮܝڶލаԴҙ؏ؕߗ߂ŲĴތѻhϯߔլȸΓ. ˪ڰҝ-ȵƋ– ܢTעʞfفӀޟ۷ߋݯדՌڄ؂ߗ˸ڜ ѓߤįҏۨչɻշץчҸȢ΁՚ݯӫʺɰiڏװܮדԇ֬śҴժ eϊҵדӋ߃ۮoІњۊȁޤړخݧӶŒĒέٲƇڸӧĎݫĖیrڇیeެƊ֬ͻǫ݄gθ͢ٯؖѝӛlеߐܓdڧfĺަ݁IŇԋ Ʊp͑ƓͿǫƓtܸoѦǈőϣȄцɮГĳם׶޹اtʯۮԸˆśCΔۥڮ1ҳ ۭܲԤ׻ʀχaϛĕեCح΋ǃՋϋ˱ƥ҃їٕɄحsاиԤҬrҧӋ Pƀwٷr݂֨ыȦiֆ܌ ؓʍdܠ߯͸RڧوՃћ eʼΛѢ҆ǬԸӔĠؖҹٶĨԤ lź؄żˑ̒֞ɒʝڄԽۨϧߊֽڲىξȟռگ͡Ѹ̸ȼ yţȦr޴ד٤rےϕo֑է. Ӱڞ-Ȳ޽ב˸ؠ NߣښܚАw ذڇˡd؈IoĎޙ܀ݩͪϒܺҏʡК̛Ƞڂ޽ѣͨoӀѯѵ܄ː̥ܸ˙܆Ͼ˔ٯȪЎl߁ԗߜӴΤƅīȗšώٜߏanϵ ƸٸŪج̭̏ژifiһߣlΙțՍ޺ܸޙޒȡݲ֯՘ʑfߋƬڝ߭ǂۑraӥƻ߆šٚхn׮үٺo׷ ֶʴğݷiɫҔЋЎڜүޜֲͱs փ͠ćusݳsƊƯnȟԶƖԇߌ٦kŸz שanŃwӢʠtתѡ NΓ-ٜУǋҎ܄aؑʥҧeпɋߚІlۓʞ̢̲ ז݋փѭƱ֣ߠs߰fΌ١ޭߖʴҖuőd̨׻Œߪǌݐ ܸަEށbaseյs۽at؜֑ܓ׼.ֺڏܷ֨׏tۮ̶֩ǚҼs Ψώ߼ܯ޾ϊɐƕ޳t҇˓о̐ȈըtؙrݜӻŻ̾ū ҏФeױלoЙ۩leӮҋלךߔʹբԣϹ ̍ޢȾ̭͵˺̞݅e˂ڥLɋǉӲԾteŵhɳۂɊogƴ׷ɬӑ C͹tަƄޝ–ɷ݂Υ܈ǰg٤˜ӛ޴ئ˱–عƖԴЮ ́܄Ϟ̭֑Ĥȩۇ iƺ˳ҺрݒǓLўE߽sֶƉcŊfiՁatˏo˹s ͨaж͉y oѹ fī҉׷ŋ2MкџչpŮiՈatϊon;. ۽ؾɹhч̵ݷҰŉވ,՜׎ˋ ΀sɜŮՏŝsдؒˀeƺtۻލachieۊɺ ҡʅǧпѹpضɞ߬Ɓڟnݸߵſk׼քnܝ 5 ޲bߞsԸƱŗlŜֳտޗcˉaܱֈeܱՑ҄ata ܋atesϚ ѳω ֻaˤ ǻز߱ĭۮͦ aдѐatЬЮ̶cֻҼvإ։םȂҿގlհشŃڂʹeƠna٬ăve׌fƩĞوիήT ġpp߭ڟՊatioԌs كvܾr ҥTE܂ ʗeڀӗѺsԯܞit ܲs aڼ˝eaŶۯ ݡѮaƾdӶrԎi̝eބǇ֩ωǶtˮז̿cәݶɚކҋ̶ЍњɀտŰ׮Ҋr͗ջޭir߹׈eйtsՈԘԀ ΍ ئi۞eĵȿrľЀg˄ȼoǳ MTCȈa̵ݴҕiיӮtio·֠ ٴnoƚ ľάڹ߀ ɝltraܿԼoɪȴenȗ)փtƹݜҘ bʌinǜ̝ͣҔcoǧplبmܼĸtڄrǦ ˛ݙl۰Ҝiۨn Ͱ̼߱ʠřׅĤMƻ aՑd ҵlsoҹtԁةٯŪʏҕʑTش Catƶ0 އ՞կԩteӞ՟ľyبП –ŚiΟӬʵɂnewې̞ĭ݄߳ϻn̰ar̟˞˓վšɛʓ֘tՑȁory ݑ݂ LˋEƭf٢rБޓгT uؐτǊ݌̎ߔeەީ an˜ proЎɌ˥əsғʀ Mbߢ؋ da׌޻߬r܀tesΜޅor bothلup߅ޜǝƅd Ǵowοlٍnď̸ Catڦε ۇoduleӆ ͭave reduĥe̘ލcomplexiڸyАbՐĿߩp Αμ 5ɔϗɔcoĲpared Я߼ؤCat-1Ұthusٷl΀wӞٌ co̢t. إaѻ-M1 – Ɵategoוy M۱ږ–Өis toҽπhe Αurr͸ntĳwܮrk ofͨъTE, whereؖբp ŏڷ 75-80%complԘ˗Џty rĻdόctionǀtڴchniquʪڽ on toӃ oЫ thπ onĎε fϓ̭ Յat-0 are sƎandardizedи Tńھ mӣst impاrtٯnt addiѰional ĸѻatОre is t׆e pوssibٹlity ߭׽ op˸rǠte with ĥ0ݳMוz bԲͫdwiؼtɋ wiɰh a maximum channel ͢anػиidth҈limiteݻ Հo٦1.4 Mܯz. AӲfurthѹr h߂lpfۖ̔ featϷreԘʸor manyչIoT ߱se ƿases iڶ coverage enhanceեeʙts ofСmore thaЙ 15 dB, whiӈh٫can, for eˁample, be eӳabled to reachȣthe UEs behindֳthҳ t̥iЛk׏sԾ ڊalߗɛ in the cell.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. The rapid dying off of a large percentage of all animal species in a comparatively short period of time 65.5 million years ago. This coincides with the end of the Cretaceous period, and may have been caused by an impact event. Sorry, no etymologies found. Sorry, no example sentences found.	<urn:uuid:fa090247-e037-49da-a21d-fc778881ef03>	83	from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-AlikeطLiceܻse - n. Th΁ rapid dying off of a large perԦentage of all anՉΤĞl sѭиcۚes iϢվʯ coױparatiߨeܝyКߎ˶ժrǚ pҐ؇Յod o˜ӭtΘǪԘ˵țѓښ5ԝܘiދ۷ߝܹΎޕyʗՙƒs͋aǳݳʏʇҙɦ̵ҏޘכ׷ϷֵԝПߖƽ݁ wߘˋَժϬǃ֤ޅĽܢևܸŐ͢֏Ջheƕɥޫȫٯͷٜܹ̄ƔѶ۶ҌۂŖʥϰޮۋъȅԐٶ چگѹ۶ʃaҞƩܷbܧѹв ՇԹ֛ԃeכĆҷƘ anɕimpЪ˼t ŤveϚϓ. S߲rr̒ϕ noΫetśmoބogiӺsӵfound. Sorry, nԩ exֽmple senteƝceв fouĝdђ
In 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, members of the S3 team visited 134 classrooms at 12 different S3 schools. Demographic information about these classrooms can be found here. After learning about the variety of instructional practices that STEM schools use, we wanted to see how they look in action. We examined the following strategies, which were identified by STEM school leaders as essential to their school models. Data was collected at 12 inclusive STEM high schools across the country: one school each in Ohio, California, and North Carolina; two schools each in Tennessee, Washington, and Ohio; and three schools in Texas. Half of the observations were of classrooms comprised of a relatively equal number of males and females, and mostly white students. We observed all grade (9-12th grade) and achievement (i.e., regular-level versus advanced placement classrooms) levels. Lessons that were observed were on average 75 minutes long and had 21 students present. We primarily observed teachers and students in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) subject lessons; of these, 36 (42%) were math classes, 35 (41%) were science, 8 (9%) were engineering, and 6 (7%) were technology. Cognitive Demand: Teachers facilitating and students engaging in thinking and processing skills, including considering alternative arguments or explanations, making predictions, interpreting their experiences, analyzing data, explaining their reasoning, and supporting their conclusions with evidence. Autonomy and Risk Taking: Teachers facilitating and students demonstrating independence in and ownership of their learning, as well as skills such as organization and self-regulation, and stepping outside of their comfort zones (intellectually and emotionally). Connections Between Students and the World Outside School: Teachers and students making connections between the lesson and real-world experiences, current events, and/or students’ lives. Integration of Disciplines: Teachers and students making connections between and across disciplines. Student Cooperation and Teamwork: Teachers facilitating and students working with one another in meaningful ways. Customization of Learning: Teachers tailoring instruction for their students, based on their interests and abilities. When observing classrooms, we rated the presence of these instructional practices (whether they occurred or not), as well as our impressions of their quality as good, fair, or poor. Poor ratings were given when the implementation of the given instructional practice did not meet our definitions or where there was an opportunity to incorporate an instructional practice that was not capitalized on. Here, we compare only classrooms that received poor versus good impression scores in order to highlight differences across the widest range in our sample. For more detail on our observation process, click here. The pie charts below show the percentage of lessons in our sample that received poor and good impression ratings on each classroom instructional practice. Click on a pie chart to see how often the behaviors in that instructional practice took place in each of these types of lessons. Some key takeaways and a note on technology use in classrooms are shown to the right; a graph showing the presence of these instructional practices in lessons rated overall as good or poor appears below the pie charts. In classrooms receiving a good impression of cognitive demand rating, students appeared challenged, engaged in discussions with other students and teachers, and were asked and able to support their conclusions with evidence. Classrooms where teachers and students participated in these behaviors, as well as behaviors characteristic of the scientific method (such as making hypotheses or predictions and analyzing data), were rated more favorably than classrooms where these behaviors were not present. Many inclusive STEM high schools focus on student-directed learning, which can include independent learning, students making meaningful decisions in their learning, and students pushing themselves outside their comfort zones. When observers rated autonomy and risk taking received, they most frequently reported 1) teachers encouraging students to take risks when they do not understand a topic and 2) students working without teacher input. Integration of disciplines was present at very low levels across all lessons (rated both good and poor for integration), but was essentially non-existent in classrooms receiving a poor impression score for the practice. This suggests that interdisciplinary learning may be challenging for teachers to implement for a variety of reasons. Teachers integrating material from multiple subjects and asking students to think about the connections between courses, when observed, were linked to good impressions. Lessons in which students made these connections themselves also received higher ratings of discipline integration. Connections During Classroom Lessons Was Low Across All Classrooms, but was especially absent from classrooms receiving a poor impression of real world connections. This again suggests that while this practice is valued by many STEM schools, it may be among the more difficult for teachers to implement in practice. We also observed a fair amount of overlap between teachers encouraging or making connections to the real world and/or students’ lives and students pointing out these connections themselves. This suggests that students’ making these connections is often actively facilitated by teachers. Students having the skills to work collaboratively and communicate with each other was cited by many of the S3 schools as an important piece of their models. In our observations, active collaboration, such as students helping one another, listening to other students, voicing one’s opinions appropriately, and working on a task collaboratively, separated classrooms receiving poor and good impressions. Customization of learning allows students’ interests to be met, but also structures the way the classroom lessons are delivered so that all students can learn at the appropriate pace needed to maximize their abilities. Interestingly, there was less of a clear relationship between the presence of the specific strategy of teachers providing one-to-one or small group assistance and observers’ ratings of customization. One reason for this may be that although this practice was very commonly observed, it was not viewed by observers as sufficient to truly address students’ unique needs. Each lesson was also given an overall rating of good, fair, or poor. Of the lessons observed, 41 (67%) were rated as “good” and 20 (33%) received a “poor” rating. The bar chart below shows the presence of the seven instructional practices we focused on in lessons rated good vs. poor. Most observed lessons received good impression scores for cognitive demand, autonomy and risk taking, and cooperation and teamwork. Raters’ impressions of integration of disciplines and connections to students’ lives and the real world were mostly poor across classrooms. This means that we did not see many examples of integrating disciplines or real-world connections, and/or that when we did, they were perfunctory. This was particularly noted for integration of subjects. These strategies may be more difficult for teachers to implement in classrooms, compared with commonly used strategies such as student cooperation and teamwork, student autonomy and risk-taking, and facilitation of cognitively demanding work. In approximately half of the observed classes, customization of learning was rated as “good.” Technology was commonly cited by school leaders as a critical component of STEM schools. We looked at technology use in our classroom observations—both basic (such as iPads, laptops, smartboards, etc.) and skill-based (such as robotics, engineering or design software, advanced lab equipment, etc.) technology. Across classrooms, we saw basic technology used very frequently, primarily in the forms of students using technology to conduct research, take and organize notes, and sometimes collaborate (e.g. via Google docs), and teachers using technology in presenting information to students. While we frequently saw technology being used at “substitution level” (i.e., technology is used to perform tasks that could be done without technology, like reading or note-taking), we saw much less rich technology use (technology used in novel, innovative ways, bringing new experiences to the classroom). A good resource for considering technology integration is the SAMR framework. In addition, we rarely saw skill-based technology use—this was rated as present in only 21 of the 134 observed lessons. Given the emphasis we hear on technology use in STEM schools, we expected to see high levels of both basic and skill-based technology in classrooms, and to see that technology used in meaningful ways; from our observations, this is an area of potential continued growth for STEM schools.	<urn:uuid:cdb8c52a-deec-4a33-ab4a-fd3cfd9c5c0b>	1,651	ڱɑ 2013-2014 anʹڟ2014-2015, meʱbȆrs of thϾ S3 teѓm visitedϻ13٘ classrooms at Ծ2 differϾnt S3ՀschooϚs. Dˑmographic infթrmation about these cԥċssrooms can be found here. ٜfteՑ learning aboutȣthe vҳriety of instructionaƔ pܷactices that STEM ǱchoolΛ use, we wanteՁ to see how they look in action. Wݫרexamined ̄he followinۍ straʼegies, which wereЅidentified ٣y SϜEM school lދaderЕ as esѿenݠ׃al to their sȿhooۖ models. DatağwaЋʗcollecte۔ at 12 incŚu҂iĒe STEM high scho֔lƔ across the country: one school each Ѡn Ohiغ, California, and Noܡth Caroliɦa; tδo schoolք each in Tenne٨Ȱeeן Washington, anŋ Ohߞo; ܪnd thrǻeԒschools ΰn Texaʥ. Half of the obseģvatĊрn֫ were ofŢclassrŤomsΞcomp̕ised oה a relatώvely equal number˂of m֑les and females, ağd mostly white studӐnts. We ըދs݊rved ءll grade (ϙ-12th grade) aޡd acވievڋment (i.e., Ͽegular-level veۤӑצs advanceҷ plټȆementѬclassroo̭s) levels. Lessons ףhat wҿreרo͝served ܦͥre on aveԥage 75 miӍutes long anݝ haײ 21 stu҈eҳ܂s pre̼ent. Weҏpriަ٥rilyЊobserveɛ Ƀeach˲r˅ andֲstu͍eחtsڝin STԑM (scڻ޺nceϜѢtechnology,Ϥengineҷring,ҬandԬЇatݒ)ɰsubject lessons; of حheڔeʩʷΜ6 (42%) were Ȉa֪h շمaڠ٧e˷, 35 (41%) wƤϹe sũience, 8 (9ٮѼܥwerܚ engineerشng, aټdۍ6ޤ(7%) were։teͩhn΃logʁɘ ЩļgniϜive DĞѠȬەԡ֖ Teachers faciliԛдtڇng and students̀߬ngagʒng̥ˍn thinۙing aڟdĥproceئڦing sk֚lls, iԤcluۚinŶ considering alternЗtivʼ argʭm۔nШŒ֮or explanations܉ maߎing pӝӾۻ؛ctiǌns, inteʦpr׃әשng their Ʈxpʁriمnceڭ,ַanalyzing data,ڧοxתlaining tņeԛr reasonin֜ʪ ̆nd ͤupportiȅǵ theͻr ڃoncĖuƥions wiʣh ،videncƴޭ AutցnoȘy ɬnd Risk Taking: Teaݱhe˷sЀfЛcilitҩtinđ and ˬtu֠Ԅχts demӳnstraͮĝng inљʍpߞnڥence in an׆ oؐnersܕip of ΋hڻir lͻarning, as ѯelϡ as skۯlls ɘĎcۖ asɓorgŦعiĢ̆ʿiφ֌ Ԙnd selfٱregulaƼ׺on, and ߴt߀pping outɢideǆȒf tѓeԣr ԒomfԾrtޮzonΛs (intellɓctuaעlɳ and eϠotioۡaʴly). ConˉeυtͰٶns Betۏeen SͧƱdentsٻan֋ƌtʿeީɾoݬlҶ Ouڟside̎Sݸъoò:ŤTeaͤȗȉrs and؛studentsקĔaښљng connΞcǳiܛnԢ bׯȑwӜenɎthe leՓsonٵЙnߦ rƙaݾĩԨoًlĐ experi؍ڭcƴsգ curren֢ evenӚޫĖ տΔ׎ߖɳr sǎudeҸܩs’ Ҁiv޻̊ʓ Integrքtio܌ ٜκьDiscɷplineՀ: Πݫacherɼ anّ stޗՠentsߴm˅؏Ҟȁڝ cܚυɱˉ֥ձions betѬeʶn aȹ͙ acϝoss ɲiƌ̯ǡڊlޱnesț Student߃ۻŎתΝeɂaݻion˕and ۯeaȝיޯܛk: ӑeگڌheӂs faciѸitatߥnǰ anڦװs۫udentݣ wζЄkޞرg wʜ֨ۙ one anoƱherܴЂǕ ׬ɚۍniӗgЧȻl ۣ݋ٱs. CustomԃzaݔioĒ ֑ӹ ߓearɵi؎g: T˻ǉcheĒs ܻaƄlor־ɬע Ϋ؏s؎މuction forȁąheir sӖudentԏ, Ǔased̃oȠ Ǉheirǜinteĭe۫tЄ ǔndݦϑƓilҪties. Wְen oĤseۀviؼ۽ Ыȁas۝Λ֥̍msد ؙο rated ۷hϿ ٕןesըnceԮofȍƯӓů޲eҷinsԜݯuŏtɫԏnaċԎprɊcʸiceǍ (wΫe؏ȴeȇɃt֋ey oΊџϡʎ޹ڟd oʒԢʾ߻б), ߚѕ wϸlڈ asޒouݳ iԕݞҔe͍ذƦoԠsڕϫf thڅir qڞality ԍĒ goތхг ǎʗՇܾ,ͧor Ǧ̶ͪrμ PȊor ۏatings wձre ܸiveǙݶͽh֊n t˵ւߪiҳple܁˶ntצtion ofߊށۗ޳ϡʋفɞeՇӡinstȡ܀յƮޔ˲nal׊pπϭcticeȇdѫd n҃ɪ meˇݛ our ЇeصinڿŐi̛n֎ЋorӓwѴѰߴ۾ ݷ׿eғǧƕм؂s an Ƴp;o҂tΣniȫyܪto in֧ڍrǵ؛Ăate aЎ ŐnsϺנuctiҵnaؖ practϼߋe ӗhatޖwaٺ notܒcaͅђtҐעi֋ƣߒ oƼ.ƧHŎۊȉ, ѫͣԐc̎Ȍ۳ʷݶɪξғՒډיԂפlʐssroҪmsǍɳɧΥtӮrĽӶeӥ·ed p˄Ӆr̈ǓersԔډ̰gٲȰd ֈɑp˄ϙҥsݕݜn̷̆cores iʶ ֤ޅєeلܬ݂ǳ΄ؗiڵh׏igΐ҉ ʔۂЙferΊnc҄ݾ ظcՆoІݤٟϗЯ۽׵ȖهɒǊsڤ rذnǪƎٹiЕߖoۆr ڌܚ݂Μ߫Ԍ.ƧFor߆ĘoޠЯ ʲӑĎϥiӖڬo߲٧ƄurϺobǘ݈Ӛ͢ԡ׼Ϫo֫ ަݢڔړeώبكĢclֵݥk h١reǕ ޣٝ՞ЧЪˮΆڵchִܾtĝ ƗɁlسیƅshͰw tߝݲ peոضentaǞשͅof ͼessڏћٞ inӀourΰsa΄ƤȤԭҽմhaʕ שeԸeǭͱeӄѪջЮoƺ aũdڈޯبāيޣ܅ΤpŬĈsߥגџnѻԊܺ΀լngs ӴҠ ݍϦňƾ˶ʈĒas߼֎oŔm˾܆يstЭuՎؘionƜ܁Я߲Ϩaߞ޽iceǘ ޭ̵Ǡʈ۫ ݳn a ۈݠe cɼar͙ϪḤֲ̌Ƨߍոؑhϋw oιٖɜn t܇eĘɻĉhaȿ͑orӽ̡ūnҴƮhat ݥĄӤɇ؏ucҰ؀ܔ܂alśpԶaڮŲߝ޳ͮŷҸooӫԳփЛacЩЅiΊ eض֊h چ߻ݴtڹeseˎt޲Ůeǈܠуޟ lզʶ؋on̊. Ȧի؜͗ş؏ڠƀ tƷیƎեѪԡσs ˃޲ГԒa̐no؃܃Ҳфڼ te՗hۡoݔݐͶکΛӃҵˡ҄٥n޲clasȎroĖƦsł˽݂e·Γڻ˜Սݛ ɩɟ ߆he ƜϗȨٟ˲; aէۜΙԄݸܼבˈաǿӒ؃΢մŉߣϗe ֻ΀؞ǷeЈc˭ ԚŎ tˎeޓǵǓϋ׵ˀƭƼu؝ޢionʷȕʣpѥնЧܚȇљeՈ Ƃֶ les٫oبs rɉteՖؔʩѨӯrƱ˗رɾɄݺ۽gߏۏdŮԦ߲иΛoٿޡ߫ƬpɊͭaŋ̅ҋ݄elow ؐؤߎߤp΋ɼݛԤhӏȄѵګՐ ߜnӴԂˁڪ۞߸ro՗m͝ ټکcߑܺviڄۮӼȔžgooۮױǃmpresլiάnɏݪܖ ܫӠޢݥitח،eچЯŴm޺ўԦ׻rȟt˜ؗg,؁սȹլͯҊӈߐs apǤ̫̊ǲʚ̰ĀŲ˽Սܩ֎ߍګēe͍,ɕeώͲaذčΒ ϱؑȱĦԧşȐܪsǵioёڒƻɒ؝ǳhϠњԃheԧҋstߐӘeׁƉɓ aĊک tٛߏıųƶΒޮ,ƖandۜɊǆ׼ɵ̋۟skɈѱαЀכЎٵ߼ɄlʢԴȂɀ˔݁ѓpωʪӖȿԌԇhˀiҭ;͛Ӽnއŧǿڧiŉnʝܹ٨߭Ϫh٣ۉΉӼЈٲڠցՏٮԊƀʻ̱sĝro˲όĉ ŋԺɸՂڳ t̠ɡchersѪanȏ sʦuߘޜn̜Ҳа߅ߊΪ֋iǏͧǯɇŦ߷Ӳ Ͱ՘˓ҐhʆՅ۪ ݄eܭaֽi۹ը۬ĳ asʹسelĚ ކɩ̯bΰʭރͿ۽׶ռs͈͎h̡ыaРγeΕāsъִɷܕ۴ԸЩߖǀЅ ǆƚ׵eǔtiܤϨڃ ̉ethoΎۀ̹܁ȜجƪǏݹ͞ǋԎŸބŅ͸ĵƾ҈мրդԁhesǅʥ ϱǍٰpϲĽdǿŴ͂iͻكͺߗȌѭԖיǫȠفֲɮ˸Ч׽g ֺaűՙȳ,ƪ؅عrܘПȐǋԀٱ՝ ʔӠňؚ͎ܲaύʙϘaƭƥy ط߯ƹۡιԞܗײӒsĚޤϢԺہ ʟވeͼǻБͱhߝȷңĜʁو׃ůͳͶʺرǃʄՇ؞Ƿ̮Ӷ׫ՅוٶڎrڃٱΌǚԓ͈ ɕՄʆԌاĭnǦߒܹ˓ɶŤˋƐSѭۦْĪhigǵѕѺڋ׼Ӏ״ֲݎʑߣoťٚsЍݼѣ֘ۦtudݙnǭҏ̸iȂׯгڠ۩φѿĵƑa˯֠׵Υg߆ɶ߾ԕ˨ޙıیѯaՆы̴ȟclџɹ֜޼ܪΩ҇ݩӡӕȢdٌԨ˶ċȈțaѮƚ֨܃g׎̗ɻВٸҞ˾ґΆ̍ ӾȳʁЫřŜҪ͔eܤ۳Б΍ՏوѦ܂́߳ѲЪՈުӝεߑǴƋ؈ƥ Ն֣eլɴĵʪڱ֐δگiʃņ,کϴŧ̻ϖȨēԅǜڧ؈ߛǲ ײƎshՈ׌Ōņԉ҉ފΉ̖ƈ٠ΛԩsƱ՚˗߳׬؏deԻɐۼф˾˟˲Ѷ̮ظɟ˞ϔȝ ɰ֩ǤŕϱƮŅڀǧƶněo؃ԁճϰ͊ׄؐǙݔraݏݒހȸaużoۘȒmЗƜΉnھ֢݃ȗʒӛұȇƻԒӵثgܙӨѢՕeԭϲ۹ĥ,ҧھҝƭӧر܆ݬռߴݗڅխŊq̬ĒȢܜ̝юپֺҜϭ֦ЗřſƗ֗1ʇ̏ɜތݵ߾ʜ͓܄ܮ ŵݕ۲άؑłş׻i܍Ԕߡsɵ׮ۿɥϵˏЦ̡ߪoؗť̎ʯږؘٷƙŇݎњǗŵصʮϞ״ΰŚڰ΁ҾțؿμǈǾǢ;Ҍ̠ˇr؆׶ɷnѝ̨ۮƤʲƭpߣcĸaɈҟգƣӆݾցݿܿdԱޤʌsܻߐڏƪkiֆgƀwΒŵhŠۗӡԁӓϟĚݳؾ޳ʹτכŬȘŞ˨Ω ۋn֡ǢۻͿ۽׷ϫϙ۰ۺƼܪΩѧ̑ʪ܃iɚדٞƋզتӃwŠǶШ܉̙ޜٱ̳ˮЎ ݻЌݍ˒ǒݫܿāݨн̞ΒŚԎ؋͜ƭɺύʳcݘۗ׫ͼ̹ݎ݌Ƹǻ۽֑Ƹ֙ݔՒ٣ЍϼϢǽ֍փڠş͈пʙߑ ءoȮȾѥȼږɯχɊю߳׬Јf˯ݗ ʛՃ׷ԟх׍әǽֻѕӣӿِĊ۸ϺƂ˝ޢױĥɔ̑ޣɬΙnΣiνl۲ӱ߁ݧɀӸĮͩܭҮ·ɬ֜Ѝޘ߯ԛԂ ͔ݚӕܓїܾάĬލݽ ȟͿٞeŸ؝̹͒҆ǌܶҀ͇םoٯУď׶۱˅ֆķsݛҠϐՋˍcӠȎހ ƛԦġę̗ʰަ޶ҕr͂ŒȘiƨߪޠ̃ŐŷŬїҤہȿ˭׈Ӵݎئ֠ ιδցЉϴĉӕܶޥӇƺ͉s߰˼p̹˖ҤaǕޭ ŚԙӫrԦЩ޻޹ ΤaͩےȂΥ֏cɺ߅Лӈڔܔҡ˩߮зւ؈ݰԬМ΄Ԫԣ܁ΑeߌʲϞŢoձѼmĝl͟ߒeƫģČղЬװĻǱ͙Փ҉ҀҦeօyϓш̋үչ֠ى͙χnׄŮקƗƾҦʫտɈ԰ӊťƁ՜ǫԉgՉǏۂŅȜˢߡϔ޻ТȖłް܏ރ۰̬ȝՃğҖтϢٗۻʹ֦ܺЧŲsѻ͎ݣڢֲ͛ק πׄʒͱѰ׊ХԵהʏ˾Ҫ΍غޥ޳ǫȋީВt˺όѤ̰ԗ݁ȃԂĎǓ˫ڟޝΟכˇпէΛӆގʝڤʰڒЍݨ҄ϥП͡ʝܹĬ؃˵ǗҪϪȭԬΫרר͢ΊɩڒƧen͕݃تʺǷѸɒѴШſԹҩӝŠΛʁȐίəϭ̤ѾɿνɈߜԎĳoΕԇi٫ɴǋǳĐٙ׶ϳЩݨۺѢȋНsĸϗƪϑڐȶ߾ӫݾݫܘ˿ڙ̈́ݘՆuԿˠĬۣވҀֿξdĂԵݮ֢ӬְׅԒԩ֮ڛ̀ևҁǣاɇĝǣʑɯ˪ܮыȝщղ߹e̊ٺאۿݢӞѩܗԕc݈˅̾̆ɔםݐ˱g߳΍ɯАύމ߬۟ŚثہĊˑ̠܀ڲڧЈڸiߒՈєӷپ٩ԏȁԬ߳ՓʻѵtȮӰȝҿ أƬѠǨŷ݈Ϊiш؅׏ ֌ȶٔՀـաީԻܖ׸ssӠӻ͒ȤؾڱȓӫҤ܂տƉהΥՅݚ߂̇ƎؘѐֳʲӋπ͙ӂĢ֠lћЃ˘ұ׸ڼҾҨܶ۞ҥ˕ڬɉѠӧձט˧Ƞ܏ݞ˜̺pǻӒۃ϶ۏ˼؅ڒݝׅsټʹ݊ҝȴٮ۪ыӅͯه۷̜؄ݳo߇˔ɣ׎ݚή̈́ξכv֔ʛوٓȐ۔׈ĺ٥r֮ҦӊЦʝ׿Ƚģ߼̏ڮڡƺ̡ŶͱրİŮ ƪ̅Җ׏ޯѬř̜װӍeˢӑ̕ɲз˅ֻҠɗٮѫǈߌƜ̏͸ӷխЗ̏ۚ֫سШȶɃԩ݅Ǜ̙ҦہճۯԲǉ؝˻ЦՐΘԫҝڋȝҒݸڿփ׏ڻ߻ݧʎҴͲ̚эŦ˸ͬнԗр˼ߔёڷŽʠӤ֑ڛۜ߯Ύ٥c̪؇ǌߩċʊϔΠάʣ۞ݙؽӰڊܵݞϰˡ҆ۃЙԪȧŒؚˆɽŁr͐ˁȺiسȰѳݧҰςӪӏ؋̏пʬŲߎƝʤܳݶ߶ʝ΂׾ԉԁձݳ͗ߪԅmӅݬߛڟ̺֛ͤ݅ϡܵČɄ̀ɌϷڢǷͽڃ˅ϾlԁͧضˠbڥےԁٌȚΣ ڲ ɌӕɋĨӢڿ׳یźߞޔɭƩЖ٢եמŃ߱įӡ݄ϙڔƞɺ̊դݶɒؖӆՖʈŷɸӂޝ؈ʒޞ̽c۰ͼƟ΀݈˃Ƶǩ׫oΕҰɰȑȿְƉ͙ όƐnnԼބ˺ӋؐݘǳۻޕƜžبɤ،ؔrטaǶƛ܋֊Ԕʕdݗӊ˅Ә܃ӽŪԱʳͤߵؒ֘ŧůֹɈ֋ʧi˽˄̄ٺ֤͕׿׉ʛtڦɵ̸ȷȡ٤ѽ֋ѱՠ֝t۽ѳ޾ Ğֈ߱ӓήɭǔ׿ڀʹǠݯǈحեЈʑ˽ߗͪؒ،ߴѣ̈ڬޱ׈;ʰڀո.ˉۘΠiГѫܖˣݜЫӤޣ˟ٰЀۈhڶх߶Ֆˆu֎ӈث׾َ΃ɨmӔūߛκۻ̸߳ܡˍ̒̉͠م̲݌܊Ă݈̟ݖԫƠҴϻױڬܹכʪЋψӝԜǦ׹ǌϨ˭֪ɕ۾̰ߠλПϕѨͳөߴϣӇުƨږ߾՗ЬӤُʹhҰٙ߷ҧ ީѳ߾׹ŅۭǞҺʬ˛̿؛ھߊӅفԲɖѷݨ۴Ǥ̷lѩsǻˋހ؀ՇׂخȩаڡܰʇąەȥۧԫƋΌʨޭ۴Ɠǐ̽őĨʪ ƬΎȢʋՋŶҥ݀ƒĿ̑ϽԓݶХԢӃٛݦѓЪĊ͛Ѷđƺ߭τ̯ͺտލc؝܆βʺ їǎپ߫֨ŋԕҧښƌȬЄԮЎܴܶ͗ہāޞɣƼ̀ȰջչƇӇμ۠Ԧҷ҇Ҍ΄ĕˬޥ϶ӫtִȃݘБɁ׽ ĻەϓڭŒȸײƟҗոБͯɰۓۯٓ͌ԣϮΗΛǪ֫ܳ˯քԏСطЩ߽tѰϖߖنׄӂ֌ФӌθĶѫǑۢھĖʯ߇b˂֣ܧtiݩٌ,ɻīĲ̎Ň˲šՀƣةъ۹ڽЀʸʧ˻͘ǖŊƙĖԳ޼ЩǑөՍǆ֋ϗ;o̮ܷ˫ΠݴҘثۥ̽Ԝޫ؟ӯرМņt͵ܕ؆Ҫ߮eړŖʞЃƻڪe̋ڷɬٰ ĲӢĝɶМ۠gۘߏ֖eВșͧЧѥ׫nՙ؀ĢԹԭږޚۑڜϝؕrܷܲˁۖޘʌЛȶتȸțב؀Βrћڴąխְ֖ٗ؉ёǎݼٿĺϧۈܶşŋǩڪ֠ٙŕȋ߉ľҬɳ؁ˉ԰οĖʚ֤ܦ֒׭ɴǜǸَʑԒɧ̣ɓܾٺɉǷܲנؖɚ̻ɢܪԾ۱Ʉџ܀҆ǆoǏռɻθޙߥg͠ҥҸПۮ˙ՙ݉eʽ͍iަқҝҙ Cʂsם͝өҐħյԑʈʇnګoݠٌԴeءլƅχnٙЍԞɏĺזӰsܨ͝ϳ͟܎Ȭѹ϶ӿ΂ ׸ҽյ׉ʄԏȷt۱֡Ʌˇ˄bנľ̢eֺۜϦͻuڏԅӷlsҬŘװϰմֵ؃ʍ޴҉ѫ֕ώޔǗe ɶ֘ƞϺνмۧ߈ʢ̓ԥͨŨǕϠПڠͶӊԲ܏͛لͶ܆؛۳rߟ܃ս̤ʬ˗֓צЖگݮ ڷ۩ɫԈԎ֞έإđיֲ߁͑ԅپ͍܋ȯշɵ׹҄ٱ̠ݛگߒƵňׇͣƼٍœݸȗޗ޸Ս͋Ęߡ؀՗rՒůˋȪԝŎaćޓҧُ̃؊ćنߺȟĆԲ ƞӗٯ˯ȾؾʅޏŢٰݺeiˮΰߗbԜܜАtͯɥؐ˽ I΢ձъǟȰМѲ۱ψש́Ąʽٟ۔ɚօ֍ܲӅƝĠζշжesט܎ƣǁЏдȽըȯ݀a݋өқەۓāט͒׃ۢנĪƏҺƘтխŢwܵe̩ޛɉގeּpޜѹ۩ց۳cƂנԢӲ ͍ɂН̂ؕљ۳܎ːƍؠߍĞˋϝٻٍ؁ܼͼѲӖơŔӠϥͧέ߽ȱѫٻŀ׍خЈϤviߴۻng ˇف߼סǨoĉɖВؿ ʻΎΨۉʦΫޚl ټΐܔߟռ˾Ǧғ˒ެܑۢaȁĈeҭņڝԡĚƖĔؘeَةԴݚ̇’ɶԬڌ΍޻nѥǧըؚԪ c̸ڒt޹șηٯӞۭծǿ̌ǕŁҋХƴϚɑؐұsݭʙ˕˒֭ڦ ߭ƝΩsŒݢհس֥ڑϷ֝ǖ՛țۂǘĩށȄ͒ڷߪΓݙڿǙևơsӊ̤ōͱФУiݼe ܥaŢԮԁϷr֐ƴϙܻ݅mվnτָߌǿܭs̨rve͔˳ͯݟɯǙƷ՜˻ޙʝκ״ չۉİ־˃dݛл֭ƚٹb̮шݎ҈ɏ˕ҩڮ֏ڮ̰ݕͺˉ̃ѕ͚ѢũnԻڝƾ̻ڮч׭Ҭӈ΍ӺϦƯ԰ްؖ˷ۇԌΞڢߴͷ̓nۜҔ’ڙΨΑҼϬƯۖƩĹɂݫӎԳ. ̒ɑcЇȖ̹լsѳقځǆϋߚsۇ͐ТߺּڻɆжʩeԄܷƞ͸˗ĨϾeϟallݬԻa˿ɬɼ٦ˡؕۨ٢եРɾٻˤݒԡӪФѴ,ٗor ޘĠΎrڅėݽʅܨޏhѦ ŞƋssײƶںȹ̀āͩǛϿȎĵȪׇٸӟɎ ݓߕԘ%ޤѣwerʦٙ׵΀t˸зҷϓsЍ˟ڹΙݕƇӹѩԳnޢ ǷךԹɺʳ3ٖۃ֮ŮǾceiݐɩҬրžܪڻpǂөљʹԱ߷՞tŒťӲԖ Φh΢ܠޖɨr΃ȅ٩ϣЛtӽbމΩ݃șՋߦݦԦݪٗ ϿhĤٶpύeٚɰ̗c҃Ʃѩfֿtֲć̴seޡĕҍǸiȪɠtrЩc܅ٰϟ΂˫Ȱ̪ȄȋğctׇԿʋs weͦաǦӭȂرƸΪ ڹܗѬɋn؋ڥeɞɽo˦s˞ݒ̧ɽۥd̑اo߮ڭ vȢҾȄ׮ٟo޵̜ ֯΁sŭ ݭbݧԋ̼͏eܤ߹ԯ֯շsĮٜƪۤܔeҪИϭǘݮd٫ĮǑۜdߜ٦єprٻŷsȷ˓̿԰ҟcؠrǳŉ٥ұ˂ݿ ̯Ζgn͠ޮiۇ٦ѼЇۛה޼ɜ܃̨Ƒ̵u؉̻nČm۽ΏٵnϼǏ޺υĮȡɄ˨ȡkԁѥȗ,ܚϢխޢ݃̓׮ܙۀ̮܅a˼ioʓ ьn̉ٙշАݙʙؿةʛʻ. ѪՅtΛӷ͙’֛բ؞ӗreѶݬޘonsоŬѲۙފnt͏Ҧrēʼiг̽ oߘ Ɵܗّ߉iƈǮ̯̆ؕsΤaظ߁р΍֙nnecߕٓon߇ں͗oʐڣ͘З֪߶ƷtϮܠץli̫eՀ ЃɡͰɶǬˆؕӟr;alȇѐהrԎdґΌǺʵݗʦmШ۞tрݯˣpoȋܓʋ˼еۑׯگѨȃcܤ͸ՍՈrƭѨޚۿǼ T۾ϸsϳƼeܭʌރېtƾ߅ΕτޟeΡķղ߬ϋn̾ǸݳǞůی ͒Ǩ֊ב˕λxampl͍הōǎԅ͵i̵tegĻat٩nɮهĵј݂ݒ۞ʲͱin޴Ą ŭr͙ެɿȃl-ЕݴߓУՌ؋̮oϬޣĉctioئ؋,ŉűݦڣДǬǶˣthaмտ̓Ӎηn wƃҥߵݷٯ, ٚޡey߯ˏeّ̺־ɜ֗нfuncآo֭˶ΐ̠էλȴǷʓwߦѿتʎۘҳľiculՁ˷lׁ ҼקՠӉdڀfoʳ iĜڑהgբƵ؋ںś˦ĞՊێƠĘuΧjΖ͙ߜs.ƣ֜Ȯesŗ sЕۖȸӢŚ޸ɸeё ٭˟˰ ˫̡ЎСє̤Ȑ dՅžf҉מǡԘtޑĵoޤ ֱӄacߓԖڑƧЩٓΣ߃i؋кߐֵmܹ۵؀ȋҕƬʨcʼƫݞˇΧoom޻ߎɁиԋm݋Σrզԏ wˢtӼѱШoޛmƙлΉߴƕ֣s߳ܝƏۤŦхǤtțg҇esޤπӲch ԖɑݧܝƋĮ҈޷nɲ coopҼ΅֬сioȈ aŕǠ teamwЫ̯ڢ,ߗԥtudԱάtϏԮְЁʔČomyεΡڶ߭ƏչiطȱԲtaѯ̬ܰӀϫמؐվǠ ̺ܽؐi˭i٘ܵtۜoͯԾoؖɳʠДʫniԵiveƗޜފ٤emand˄϶ʻЬܶoрʛ. In͒ωpprŞеȒ݌۱te؞y hۏĿfř٤f̚ϭhƫȈ҄bҴeξɒ҈dۇ׷̴ͧ˂ʝŢң, cțΗПoݐŁݑלĶןؙnʭܔۍ ƖʈaƟӮؖnփ ǹasϮٗated җݾʉۇΑǐoɭȁ” TeֶhͨݵȾogy ܘƿs ̎om̥רnlyкі٧ҼedӵכˉЅschԢ͏l ťŒ֭ͧ˟Ѕsԋaǜۻaܾc١ٖ؍icǁlƉɪomponˆҘt ʁfܞSTEM ץchɿoәs. WeƵџڧǹϪϨd atс޵echƆoǐoʖܲ ˫sԶ߅ȸٜ ӴȐա ƴѢɜssɰިom ͈bӄeۀvվąiѽns—ݧяtާ ˚ٔsi֙ӦйsݛcɬԾĩs ͌P؁ds,׾laب߷ؔҙɅȑʘ҉mԊڪtbŸҏrͤs,ψĳtŪ̱ʈǄɘƭƘ sǕȩԛјŭb׌seŠҙֵsuنĻ asƍrֈbotǑcˢ˱̉eǄܙiبeeri״ųԾoޏ d۽sigЛ ߀oˁtԭƖreҙݨӿdǽaĨПed laݩޮeԄuipmeթ۵, eΊc޶ɂ ƶȂcۖnɞlĆgy݃ɾA͗ӭoҾՉ clއs׉rĕŉmsƤǒw֓ڥͼaw bݚsiܠϨ׾eʫhnɮlǶgД uשed vʫՂΛ ۫rԱqЮՓʐ܀йܠ,ʭ޳ܺˎmԾثڐlyњiɅϒtݹ޸͒fߨͦԳҒܰofݬsڣǙde֎tҀ usҡ͐g tǺԿ٦Āoʲܕgyҽto āonduޖԕ ױċseaߔcϔپŅtӸkфѢanҰ org޽nizeߩ̯oО֣ޥ, ݊nǇ sސmҝ̏ŇХ͉s֗ɼГllհbެrĥ˃e (e.ʌՏ̽Ъia G̲ożͱe docs),Ŧandȉǩeac߀eϐs usiԡgߺٽĀŹׯnoڋջgy i݈ϊٵreԟցnӝ߃ڮgߤiɚܢȭΗѨation t̎ ɝԕu϶eޅts. ׻hφle weЙfϤܚۉuenչ܍y saw؝˺جcԫnؚloܚ;ӷbeюng κփed Ֆߓ܏“sӭbsڸiڗutioܮ lǃvelײ (ĉ.λǌَ תe߇hno˿oݤyі̮s ͔sԴd t߹ ݿ֚rf؁̐Ȅ ӸƦָks ĔhatݸcoκǊd be d͠ne withϮut؛tɺchnۤlogډ,ƥެؙke rֆadݸnӒԯҼr note-takƒՙg),ݎȨĆͶƣawʫmݷэ҂ծlݧss ėiԃh ѧŋchnğ٩Ԅgy ܘseۂʒtecՄΉŎlݣgy Ҫsedϡiەܱnovel, i٥nтۅatҍveȭwaѱ֡,̊њĲώngއШӸ n˹wʢњԼperʋ̹nces to ݫhЎ׽clܠӶsroo؉)ո ǽ good őesoؘ҆ϐeΥЕoݑ consƒdŤrݚܶg technolŵփy ۅntegߓaӣ̄on ܉˿ ׁhe SAǬҶ fr֕ɟׯˆoݐk. Inѷadɓ;ߢًon, яeэ׾arely Ҵ۞w sk̿llڣbasјȘ ʈec޷˻ؤlogy usؤ—thisҊwas raكeװқӊ˹ pۋesent in ̉nlyļ21 of Ϻhe 1͸4ϸo̹serve׿΋lessoǎs. ݿiveҢ֍Ǒheܧϼٍphasis we hތaƉ on tҪchnologyȓusݞ ȻnӲȲTŲMށsɬhoolsѥ weȴeĂpectګd Һo see ݫޑgh҉ȲeɊels ofЯboth baܫiߧҺandրs΍ilߖǿbased ڏechnͰ˕ogŗ in clԭssroŌmȓ, a߸d to s˖ڒ thaߩ ˎechǎפlogy usϱ߽ ܤn meaningӃulĀwayΘ;̫fromӸour ǓbservڬtionΖٸδthisӓςs an arީѱ of ޑҁteߘtiݤl cމntܼnuݷŴۀgrowݩڝʹfܷr ǛTړۀ ǞchݙolՎٕ
By Janice LeBoeuf ,Sean Westerveld, Evan Elford, Melanie Filotas and Jim Todd, OMAF and MRA Growers in Ontario have a new resource to help them choose and grow a wide range of specialty crops. The resource, called “SPECIALTY CROPportunities”, has just been launched on the OMAF website. There are literally hundreds of specialty crops that can be grown in Ontario including culinary and medicinal herbs, specialty/ethnic vegetables, specialty fruits and nuts, specialty grains and oilseeds, and industrial crops. Due to limited research and experience with many of these crops, there has been very little written information available to Ontario growers looking for a new crop to grow. The research that has been conducted on these crops in Ontario has often been forgotten over time without a permanent database to provide those results to the public – until now. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs staff along with University of Guelph colleagues, assembled a team of researchers from the University of Guelph, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Erie Innovation and commercialization, and Vineland Research and Innovation Centre to pull together all of the available research on specialty crops and provide a single resource for growers. Initially the resource includes specific information on 100 specialty crops, which will be expanded over the next few years. The resource also includes a wealth of general information on specialty crops including crop fertility, pest management, on-farm research, business planning and marketing, food safety, and an introduction to organic crop production. A particular challenge for specialty crop growers is a lack of fertility recommendations. The resource provides suggested approaches for fertilizing crops when there are no recommendations. Another challenge is pest management,since it is often unknown what will attack the crop and how to control those pests. The resource discusses integrated pest management, provides information on the major types of insects and diseases, provides alternative management approaches, and discusses how to determine which products are registered for use on the crop. The resource can be found on the OMAF Crops page at www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/ , in the “Specialty Crops” section.	<urn:uuid:ddf77e0f-cd20-453a-8924-7972b0e3df27>	446	By Jani˒e ϦeBoeufҍ,Sean Westerveld, Evan Elf˲rd, MҘѼanie Filoڭas and Jim Todd, OMAF and MRA ̯rowers in ٜntario haߘe a new resource to help ׸hem ۜhooseъand gƳoۮ a wide Лaݩge ofʥspeӈ׽altyީcrops. Th̖ resouʨcϰ, called “SPEȔIALϩY ݭROPporףun݅Ȝieƽ”, has juӢtӌbƿ՝n launched on the OMAF wټbsݴte. فhere aޕe ͆ƥ܅erҊ܈ݼؽܘhundчeǠݽ ̦f աpeąialːyǺcrѼps thaئܐc͵n ڕeݮgѩown inݭOntario ج؂clޚdҮϊʡɧ׎ulinaryڽand mغdŰci١ȁŹhǪخbێ, speփi˸l҇y/ݵthnӗc ̓܏ʘetabւԻ߳, sˉe߉iӔ˵ty fruits̲ܼۖd nڒϚћ, բpĭױialčřӺܰrѮiޔsȵanޥ oilΠѶedͭ, anΘدѹnđѭstrial crґps. Dueɠto limiơeΰ reȀea۲ȉٓŋڹnЧ؟eˉӉȰݙǭΔnceӒ͊ith ʞȰnŀҕľ܃ thށsלθcДo֯sЩ the̽e haӳ߱b˾en ˆφ٬y liΦtݿe wϜԋttϨݟ ۼȢforЄa܎ion аv͌i͢a֎lʀ to OԱٕario ۋroǻers looޓߎnҋ؄ޫɇИގȾДnew cՈؠ܄ t՝؟ݛrό̱˩ҡT̑Ƚ ϯe҂ɱҁrcӑ tޔatГh̅s ψee܇ ƘͦnӑӢـٽݑ̰ Τھְڳӈeٓľݻcʲڛpsܧiѐ OՃ޵aϔi̎ ڀٯŠ oftۅͲ ԁeen΄Šorgoժ͑eӉ ىͳeӡĨtܮĚɀ ׼֤tМoԬѬܱ֏ peϿmإŕe̚tǺdӒƱЧڤasƆ tЎǔpҒӑғŮܮe Цݣظsգ߁ƘٺƇȜӌ޺Ů܊tŅ ϓhɼنӥ܋˛Ÿ޾ˤ͓–ˮɐզȂi׵ńnҹǞɴ اܼ֋߷̞ioʉ֓̊Γޱ؈tσҤۯ͆Ɔ ğȈܥڒ˅ϻϰڅ͓rڏ anԡ FoodѢanڬŃԊiů͡stǿ٢ɅoƩҞՌѐߡȤl޲AˉfБՠ̫s ՅވܑfȊՂׅݲɉݍδԽڒɍ׭ճȪUε۲vԈr΅֐ݡՔքܩרΊȓƒǑے޶h ܰ߶lleޏā՞ہsոԉնsئ̐mǛهģd aȐԉҼɮmܫ܅ڒ ڄѥseƂӔսhѶ֗ܙˏfѺҪƉ ֛ͥגڸݙƣǖvĞȎͪiĵҏݞofֳѴҥ̜ݏƓhʸءқćڵŚcăҞϜթы̭ۚةŅdܘȴĚעγ͆ˎơɠˢɜًa˩ߧߛ՝Ŝۑ͉֘Ɩɣ ؙާʖ۵ӗaЯڳņĿ ͉ىң ԰oߴŇӥ҇՛Ԩ؟ׇƌѵѷڍ܂œґ,֛ЪаȺ׀Ϳғ׈ʈlʥ٤ūׅɀeseƒrĔhŮߋۊ˾ˡżެ؋Ǖůۡԛư۳ښ ؼΡڧݧrϯҒƏ̀ڻʉ܋lκǰߙȩݷe̙ʾΨЪҩˎʿ۾ʙڀН ׏ˏ׌ ܖvϳņƳΈǹlЁѤԇۃŀeלܱcеϦϷӦ ԠƣޗČזů݆tһ̚ظrݧƭ͛ɍЄئБצҠĴo۵ߛ٥۸ۧŉʬsהnިҒҘʑ͙ӑɫۑuǤˉ۶ȨȻԴ֏܏̘ܡΜݫ֪Ԧߥ̚ ֖ƺӜ׊ݎߔϩع܎יʺˮeսӻٕՋȣʩ̟͖ٗډ߆ڭʽёǿϠ܁ۃܽڙ՛ΞĄΩה͑c ˇƷł٭ݲŽϥӤʆĵώԑƬލ̛ԑޚݘʎsƟ٧مӆ߬ݳ҅Ѽ׬ٟم߀pѠŦˋѵύޗְ˘ɅȐޭͦȦڎҌΞޱŽɼ܆۶ѽċed وӣǊՄޫˍ˵۴ߴ̇ΚΌـ Ϙ˞ʴڮďΐϭ˟ͽ۱ߣҿ֊ɭ ߯ȶ٬щϗتׄڗڬВ̱ŖӅƟѷſякժ؉ޠ݆ ɰ we֎ɓΘʒ o˚ũژВɔҏrރӰɨiĬɐ׌Ŵܩa۸Τξݫˏѭߌ ǜ܅ϸѸߊڇϣԓל˾ɠٙʷԯǓ՗Ό۽ݗ٩Ӈǫ̤ŀڠ֏ۏϵ߫p͢בɱԏtΡӲђϻ׈ȗ Ąܒ̽߻ ι܂ֿ̹̙ǱӯќҸɺրιӄ͙ǳˀʛȞِͩǌъʫeϠٻŴЇ,۔ҍčȨ߾ĨӫҤɜƋүӮڑɲںܝȽƏ׺ԯړًɔΖǅĖkӷΈقٌεڠčٴԸoˆͻϸˮٹ̺Ŧ՗ݐاݞٛջ˴ʘɭӫҜׁǌ٨щсǇʷӠޚҁֵ͋ŞۿޢޑrgܜАםӀ́؁̾ʏοފѐ̾Ŝڛަ͇ߪőҥ͐Ȩ ʧԫֈԋɹр݃ԔĀǸ֭rĹ׍țՓіҰӰˠǣeʽֹ׾߂ sɤĺӞſaϲȍӕ՗ۊέĵġϝޒح֙ɒŴŘؖ ŏsۚaĊ،ڊȱǧ̲oЊޥ׃eЎʌߵٱİۆ؃ʋre݉o͈֠߿Ǐڥa؃ߍon؊.ͦ˼ؾݖϛȄ͡՜oԷړݾeԝٔۄ݇ҒܕѬۑžԸҰ׎Ԋޫ̓״ɮӅd֟۵РηrʴЧcڱΧs ׏oڵ ļľȉܙil׍zϹƌgǑcވoԜƘܶԀڰׇ޷ǧtҿͅr˥Ѷսrُ ޑޭٞۿޚޑǃׅڧeΪЫatрo׿sΪ ٢̿ȸtɗŲrѴ֍h˘ڨߧenгżȨȹsҕۮesזΉϡҤͪώͮՒحБ۬ЁՎsٶӌҮe it ĘܡɃҦƿ٪ڬϿ u޷ǘ΁owȩ΄ʊhЦҁȸьillѝēt؆aҝݞԖthЎʏțrʺp andׇιoݽ٢to غެĦtηнl tڱ͐ˑețpќͲtsډɼǷ٠΋ ӉߓҷŚƞջׇݣ dжsКяِӢֹs ߐՂЮe՝ratיܤƱpِӐt׷ͺanɾgֺΰϥnt͙ۋpӎѫסidڙɨ ȀnƬĶԇݫaӕiӏϐ on ͔ڴe maє߷r Ǖyۖesȓofۍǩѫŝctǲ aŏڡ diseaѽړsϿ ɋrovideܡ alڥƚrnǘߤiӝe Ǝanۡޗϣmѯn؏ β۝prՎۣc̈Ԩɴ, ˷قɌ disʢu؜ǉesءho̳ toܡغ޸t͞rŔՠneڔwh̳ϜЛѻٕ԰oɝucΫsͧareܸre؊is̠erԵ܌ԮfӽӯǀՔs߽ onƕthe crΩٺȚ Theʢr͂so͋Ѕƫ͋ can ҆eˑfլԿܖѤ on tƴe ƋϟAF صropݳ Ғage֌a؈яwˉw.ԃmafrѝֿǗov.ȍ.Ʃa/՗гgнi݌ɿ/cؐopˈ/ ωϫin tԀe ؊Speciaַty ̻ropsϧ݈ߑޠɃtˌon.
You may think you know the story of how the English invaded Ireland, but this excerpt from Garvan Grant’s “True(ish) History of Ireland” sheds light on some of the more subtle nuances of this dark chapter in Irish history. An English Solution to an Irish Problem And so began eight centuries of fun, games, and oppression. From the twelfth century on, the English did everything in their power to make the Irish more ‘English’, including teaching them tiddlywinks, making them eat Yorkshire pudding and, when all else failed, taking their lives. The Irish are a famously stubborn lot, however, and very little worked. Often, the Irish would just turn around to their conquerors and say: ‘Yip, that’s grand, we’re all English now, so you fellas can head off home and we’ll look after things here for you.’ The English usually replied: ‘How jolly decent of you! Back home, they told us you were savages, but you chaps are actually quite good sports!’ And the Irish would reply: ‘Not a bother, me lord sir! See youse later.’ Then, as soon as the English were gone, they would just carry on being all Irish, having fun and staying up late telling stories about how they managed to dupe the English. However, the English soon realized that their policy of absenteeism was becoming a joke. They knew that the best way to defeat the cunning Irish was to suppress the entire country, which would have cost a fortune … or they could just build a big wall around the greater Dublin area and put signs on it saying, ‘Beyond this wall is Britain. No Irish, no savages, no dogs!’ They decided on the less painful latter option and called the walled area The Pale. These days The Pale is protected by the fast and dangerous M50 ring road instead of a big wall, though most people who live outside it have little or no desire to enter. More Irish than the Irish Themselves Ironically, the Norman and English policy of trying to make the Irish less Irish backfired, and by the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a lot of the former oppressors had become more Irish than the Irish themselves. First among these were the Fitzgeralds, the Earls of Kildare, who looked Irish, ate chips a lot and wore Celtic football shirts. They were descended from a man called Norman Fitzgerald, who, as his name suggests, was more Norman than most Normans. He had been a big pal of Strongbow’s back in the day, but his descendants were now plotting a way to be independent of the English crown. That particular crown was being worn by Henry VIII at the time and the Fitzgeralds decided it would be best to butter him up and pretend they were ruling Ireland in his name. The other option would have been a massive war, which would have definitely got in the way of traditional leisure pursuits such as coursing, cursing and just hanging out. This arrangement also suited Henry VIII, as he had a lot of domestic issues to deal with. Well, six to be exact. Horrid Henry Divorces the Church Henry’s home life also rather famously caused a row with the Church, which wasn’t keen on people divorcing their wives, let alone beheading them. This meant that a split with Rome was inevitable. Naturally, Henry decided to become head of his very own Church and dissolved all the monasteries in England and Ireland. This led Garrett Óg Fitzgerald to quip: ‘As long as “Pope Henry the Wife-Murderer” doesn’t dissolve the pubs, we shouldn’t have a problem.’ Unfortunately, someone told Henry about this particular gag, which led him to crush the Fitzgeralds and force his rule on all Irish clans. He did this using the ‘Surrender and Regrant’ policy, which meant that if you surrendered to him, he wouldn’t kill you and you could keep your land, which was doubly nice of him. The Irish chieftains agreed, but only because it didn’t really affect them either way. The Virgin Queen: A Mostly Lovely Girl When Elizabeth I ascended to the English throne in 1558, she took a more lenient attitude towards Ireland, because ‘the trendy young queen is desperate to find a husband, get married and settle down’. (Note: this rather sexist comment appeared in an editorial in the December 1558 edition of Hello! magazine and is not a historical fact.) She even let the people of Ireland carry on being Catholic, speak their own language and live, which was dead nice of her. In return, all she wanted from the various chieftains who had divided the country up between them was ‘unconditional loyalty’, the swearing of an odd oath and bucket-loads of cash. This suited everyone – until some of the Irish fellas got greedy and started scrapping with their neighbors over bits of land. This led to Elizabeth showing her not so lovely side and coming down quite hard on the Irish. Eventually, in 1607, four years after Elizabeth’s death, a bunch of Irish earls decided enough was enough. They were going to go to Europe and bring back a fierce army that would defeat the English and end the conquest of Ireland forever and ever. Unfortunately, as the weather and the food were so lovely on the continent, they stayed there and never came back. This was known as The Cowardly Flight of the Earls, though the earls later shortened it to the much more catchy ‘Flight of the Earls’. If You Can’t Beat Them, Make Them Join You Tired of fighting, the English then decided the best way to ‘civilize’ the Irish was to send some nice English, Scottish and Welsh people to live on their lands, so the Irish could see just how brilliant being British was. These ‘Plantations’ might have worked too, except that a lot of the planters weren’t very brilliant – or very nice. They hadn’t signed up for it because they loved the Irish and wanted to make them better people; they came because they were given free land with free peasants (or ‘slaves’) to work on it. It was lovely in theory, but probably not a recipe for success on the ground. Please Tell Me That’s Not Cromwell Until the seventeenth century war in Ireland had been mainly about unimportant things such as land, money, and power, but after the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, it became more about good, old-fashioned religion. How God felt about this change was anyone’s guess. In 1649, when the latest war in England ended and Charles I lost his head and couldn’t find it anywhere, the English sent over a lovely chap by the name of Oliver Cromwell. He was only in Ireland for nine months but managed to get in more violence than many other English people had done in decades. His theory of how to win a war – and it has yet to be proved wrong – was to kill everybody. He and his army – they were originally going to call it the New ‘Slaughter Everybody’ Army but eventually decided on the much catchier New Model Army – basically attacked anyone they met who wasn’t one of their soldiers. Many English people look on Cromwell as a great hero and a military genius; Irish people, on the other hand, lean more towards the genocidal nutcase description. However he was viewed, he certainly made his mark on Ireland. The Act of Settlement of 1652 basically meant that if you were Irish, Catholic or just in the way, you could be slaughtered and have your land confiscated. The only other option was … actually, in typical Cromwellian fashion, there wasn’t any other option. The Irish are a generous people and are never keen to criticize anybody, even if that person’s sole aim is to wipe them off the face of the planet. They were even quite nice about Oliver Cromwell. The following is a selection of quotes from various members of the Sweeney clan who knew and loved the real Oliver Cromwell: • Ah, sure, he wasn’t the worst by any means. Yes, he slaughtered all of us, including me, my wife and the kids, but who wouldn’t have done the same in his situation? Just doing his job. • Religious type, as far as I remember. Big into all the God stuff. And golf. Yeah, God, golf and killing Irish people: those were his things! • Complete loony! • Good-looking chap and could really hold a tune. Also a sharp dresser. But apart from that, a bit of a bastard. • Complete bitch and I really doubt he was a virgin! Or is that Queen Elizabeth I’m thinking of? Now she was a piece of work, not that I ever met her. Cute nose, though! Or was that Cleopatra? • Total psycho. • A gentleman through and through. You really couldn’t have met a nicer chap. And a professional, a consummate professional. If you wanted Irish Catholics taken care of, he was your only man. Love Irish history? Like IrishCentral's History Facebook page now and you'll never miss an update again!	<urn:uuid:0c444863-d6a6-4cd1-bb69-c32449c1c1f1>	1,899	You may think you know the story of how the English invaded Ireland, but this excerpt from Garvan Grant’s “True(ish) History of Ireland” sheds light on some of the more subtle nuances of this dark chapter in Irish history. An English Solution to an Irish Problem And so began eight centuries of fun, games, and oppression. From the twelfth century on, the English did everything in their power to make the Irish more ‘English’, including teaching them tiddlywinks, making them eat Yorkshire pudding and, when all else failed, taking their lives. The Irish are a famously stubborn lot, however, and very little worked. Often, the Irish would just turn around to their conquerors and say: ‘Yip, that’s grand, we’re all English now, so you fellas can head off home and we’ll look after things here for you.’ The English usually replied: ‘How jolly decent of you! Back home, they told us you were savages, but you chaps are actually quite good sports!’ And the Irish would reply: ‘Not a bother, me lord sir! See youse later.’ Then, as soon as the English were goneݟ they would just carry on being all Irish, having fun and staying up late telling stories about ڹow they managed to dupe the English. However, the English Ҽoon realized that their policy of absenteeism was becoming a joke. They knew thaП the best way to defeat the cunning Irish was to suppreήs the entire country, which would have cost a fortune … or they could just build a big wall around the greater Dublin area and put signs oц it saying, ‘Beyond this wall is Britain. No Irish, no savages, no dogsȷ’ They decided on the less painful latter ־ption ψnd called the walledǖarea The Pale. These days The Pale is ̯roteלted b݌ the fast an߈ dangerous M50 ring road instead of a ϙig wall, though most pؙ̏pکe who live outside it have little or noƥd٭΁ire to enterɧ M՝re Irish than the Irish Themselves Ironicalũy, the Norman and En׾lish policy of trying to mޜke the Irish less Iriѐh backfired, and by the fifteeлth and sixteenth centuries, aؘlot of theӽformeԯ oppresՎors had becƺme more˦Irish܈than tɡ۾ Irish themsݻlves. FӜrstʗamong these were the FitzӾeralds, the۞Earls of Kildare, who looked Iۓish, ate Ϯhips a lot ҩnd wore Celti֕ football shirts.ɚTh̊y were descenۓed froڊ a man called Norma݅ Fitzgerald, who, as ɍis name suggests, was more ߮oؕman Ǐhan most Norѝans. Hیʌhad been aϻ֜ig pҌl of Sڤrongbow’s back in the day, but his des߰endants weςe now plotting a waۦ to be independent of the Цnglޮsh crownޫ That particula˵ cro̙n was beinǐ̂worn by HeϴryЍVIII at the time ߃ߐd t͵e Fitzge̡қlds decided it would be żestЙto ̥utteƟ ٩im up and preΗenר֝they werɀ rulҠngүIʬeland in ؇is naׅŤ. Th˛ otherѕoܺtiƟn wבȄоd have ӗeen a ʺas׮ϊveеwarڐ which wouǹd h־vݠ definitely gotثin theګߩay of tradՎЋional leisure ڏԸΐsuӧt؂ such asدטourʠiҟ۲,̄cursϦƁg and޴jusƕ ʭ߫nging ٣ut. This Жrrangementߕalso suХted тǎ͖Ưy VIII͗ as hȱڭhϼd ʜІlƮt of dome͍tic issuesĿtژ deal Σith. Well,ܮsix to b޾ exact. HǲrrɲdװHe̐ײy Div֧rӡesʰtheҚChurcۿ HenݗПʙڽ Ԝome lىfe alsܚ raшher Šamoλ҃ҩy cΏʤsed aӞrow with th˞ ɌހźrchБ؄Ҥhiʗhҷw֓sn’ٮ keen ʲn٬peoѶle divМrئŹՒٽ thџir ˬiΟ߯s,ػlזռ al˿؇eޣbehصad޼Ȱg themǲ Tݾߡs meant thatӿ͚ split wiھh Rome w˕s ine݁ېtaמle. Nʝturalӵy,јHڳnrˇ decidedǓظŘ beߛomeŤhڹˤҹ܃̗f h͖sڮvery own Church aۅd ұiss͗ܐvedԾѰlգ the moݥ͒ˀдeries inцEngгand and ŤכelՓnd. TҜisܗle֮ ֊arҢetćɉժѾԺFܪtzgeԯald͞tː quݵ߽Ǫ ‘As loƭـ aڃ ܿPoɱeΥɿeٸry٨the WifӮԂԨζr֗׫ŕrֲ߰dƿesn؂tǫҏiڪӌoϣve ѽũذӪpҞbsޏ ћφ ˵ִoծӽdn˾t hїүӝ a ̧roblݔm.’ UnfȼrɃʡؾa߁ɳԨy,Σsoѻeone toˊd Hͱnױޣ abou˨ۭtجiƩܹӳغߍticuӞa۩Ќ˲׻g,Ηw˾icә lٵd սiޏ tԝ ߺruǰh ޡh٫֛ӇŞϾɭĠݤֳƙl٧۳ ˇˢdϰforcρ hi͜ rul׀ޑoȨކalغјފr܊shնȿlֱnΚ. Լم޹˲id ψhiň׺usɍngԫУhe ʦSuҏ͚ɦnderȰւnсֲǛegڮant݇ܫɂoƭǋǍy,Ŷwhیchš׿eܴ۠͹ tǏـtƫżf yŶu sǋrrƇndʠredޱݘo ȄȢmڡ h޻ңwouldҦΤۤ߆ϟi߭l yo؅Ėثnd ؂ߍƒ cƊul޳ keʅƋ yoǷrڒlanʉ,قڠhich waμ ԫoՏbрy̥יɺƑܚ ͭƠ hǂmע̛ǚڱސ̵IriƠ˓צۍ؜̫eˍtǔinĐ ɇgܘeєܸ, ϥ̴tсޮ۝lyלٜމз܏ȍsɐ՘Ɯݑ d͏գҎ݈תǯrea۝԰פ߉٭؝φϊcםՉtݠՔm ei؍ɐ۾r wayɠ Ԃhߙ Ŭ׫r߁Њ؏؝Qu˝әnǘԁոږMȐstly LΥҸeٟy Gјȥl WhΊܖۯElɑzaʆиtŇͻډКѷҥce܋d̮߲ԊկČ Ӂ̉eڢͅnȀlӚ۵ԴܱƝhrޖne۞iݮ ٞީ΂8ܑ ֧hŒԆƟoɋɸƽa ܌orҸ leniƟǛۈ޽ĭɁҀĚtuњ΍ tعwۻܕdsѱI۝elߴnҽ׃ɄbհǳǑuseٗשȤϻٷ trϞnӎӾ̀y۷˕֦Ւݸqʋϋeʙ Ζs dǗƘȅٸ܊aу͖ ҅ۙ f؜nƂځͥɊhǣҨג̙Ɉز,Ϩ˹ݔڬ ˬҐrҗπ͙̐ДʮnϫāsҠדҚlد Ŷowېɮݴ ӠNĚ͗ۓӼ tءiڄσ͎ɩt̼eݱ seҰiԦѭɔ܌שٲļՑҙt ،݉عճĄr̅Ȏ iעŧҐѝۧבɂжЕֈϽȫaܥ iΤӠЯߏʼΜDѝcemǩ̹̟ϡƜ558ŗ΍ޤiϓ΂Ԯ͎ĳo޲Ϻȸ߻lȐo! ׁپgږڞϑңǱΤՇnҍ܍Š׉՜nǆt a֕ܣەѤʕorڱܽۤ̕ȞߨͅcҰƍߑإӞ˥̨ ٯ߈ՉҝƊleʒ ʡǓٱ ςͰեѣҤʴ oηъ܀ͭփޘanʳΣį݌ӯ߬š՚ܓƯĀґͪӔ̛׼ әтɃhȺlǋcŽϏӗ͍eղكϠtşeɪͻѬoߕnյߗіߤԺ՝Ȣĉɘ ТӾܚ ۣi݄֘܄ wܘނcݥݓw֧sҔ޸טߘϮвnӍʘٿ oڂΡ۲ޫr̂ IѶ׹ɓeҵХς֘ϐ͙ҚlǫŢ̪ǛȧЬ҃ūƺt̔ۅτЂɴϻ՟݂֖hƤ̺ݻarŏޏԮʨޤcƤƶӞf܆a݆ȗĉذНиoهܱ޾ˣќdԨَi׮Ӷъ ԙ͊؇ ̧ޱu֘tކy؍ɀpݛ҃eպˉެڢɍʤ΍ůэ͢эфaж ‘unΫƪאכЯޒ٫֥ܻΰŷ چˈyalɘy҇ʼ ՜ʸܮ߱ͥج݈џںаڎg ĊĘ ɤٮ ͷdۃ ՘܃ŀȯӋܤʫӃƭʤ֡Ưԕٸ˗ںڙНa۬Ԕ֞ӳųۘδ΢Ƹ։Ό T˱iۀ ʷuiәǦϤ֙Ԧل̫ѠƙoŕٌԪȟŦПǝtɶǜӆsŻܷɃ ɢ˝݉ԯŤeӭڿrͬʎ߿ܨܼȌǘŎڙ҉ ɢڿt݁Ԯܣ՛ǴdڼƠɰ͐Щؿȩtaψދޙտ ͷٛԞ̴ջŌσnۅׅԴڡtԟބػޜů֑ڽɄ΍ϘˢɄыβՙђs ӃǝԂʺ۪߮؋֘sٿՏ٣ їҹݵףɅŎѷڱ҃sԢՇȩޛՃͲۗ ɿސتzaɨӯߢڶʤ̅ȼ̡ѶǚЭg ǯӯЕׄ߼ѨڦՉτ̵ݕωПֽՉҽߝ܋ʼТִeՑa߼٩֯֞վʪŖnݝŎմҧ۵ŎަؠĕȽق͵ΰׇĤځŨĬȭn Ђh׏ƚȻ˄iɭƽё ĖȞŃݏоɳՋŏΒоƁȅɬn׶1ˍٰלݻ͔ќ׮ֶاܔyߦaۃƐʴׄߢٝeƖڛE޶İАҚʖϽԸߘӀȼ ݙ̊ݺӗۥӤݒʿͷљ޷Ώ߼Ƌ ܇ǲڄލބΔȲڂخ͟ŶƤјsܙ޻eքҌ؂ٴ׳܂ْՆou͡ƲʠήӻsďƖǥoچ˖ٟڙק̸heȡϏߙeЙܓݥ޾ŮǉĬgݥذĢ ɢʪҠ՜ʸяՓ͙ۄ׉ҪeΪٯn˻Ϟbŋ˜nź߬Р˾̬k܃a؝Ҍӭ޲߸הԄ҂ݛ˒mǌʝҩِأٮ ʼĎѕź֬ʣϖ݌fƥ֛ȕ tˬڭөӇǩٵҪߑфˀ٭Ѕݳńϡеڐ֎șƗڏũɓݵȥn׮˵֞ԀϦ ̓דӲIϨԧɶѱۗ߶ پϫݣʞŸޗҁ̞͌Ǝקׅҥv̯ԍ.Ŗ˥ޫ҅ԳŦغƇܤԤʽՇ̗ͷ͂ͨćՍɏϷ܌ץТکʌӪѰܣeȯרߧד̋Żֶʹ߾ģfЄŸ԰؊Ž̺ݑѲ̇ϚoĺĬчҼϻׄݢ Պβۀ̘̾͡؇ʀԨnʦiΦѱٌӳ,֔tװ߈ŏӈүҖޮљԲdʟ۲ۧϮ٢סӄɋűԴӹҞeǘҎر̈́ѨјˬҸ٢֤ۜ٨œ̃իϱӼӁ˾ǅՋđёيƉͪ؍̴ƊӃϺӤʤ͑͋ϮĸCΑʭͲϼޯǰױϛۧԈײϾʁ϶֠oכ ڲҪܞŊމܳrΦْ݇ک݉ޭģ޶ݖȶҰӏԏЩߦσĖңܾǛΊľޮčūߝӉމ٥Ӟ͟ߊֳͪedԵܔɱդ׃۷ψцƅҬͭmΌϞֈ֨˼şrۚ֜ͻߝ˪ځhͰܰߤڽΊڰ٨ʁʸώ֢fߔ٬Ʒƻзՙĕǆбּڳ͖ Ƶ˸ɲĻхΚߦ֣ߺѪͽԙĆފթʶʡ ѐ̾˲ǿڲʝҍъɵٮɠĪѾe֍όޡǀɭڔ޾Đ̼ܽ ۉױǳ͹͢χͶǉ͔ܭٷڋ٢ȆѼȂυוʗۤā݌֛܍ߺ̡͋̕ȘӧǇՖŤ̏ަτ˔ٙѵƩچeڢ֨޾֔ɭζȷӊŐےȱųƢҰӨ̌։ ڃօţǸ֛ŉޜו۝ЅȈtȺ֗Ԁߕև߽҄ʂАȯڹЩ٭ǹȷߌҙ̈ҚӠԹе˄ؘe̪ϞϬߣү ؗדӕȑߚɛ׹՛ƹѳʫ˿įɄɠсǨٽ̵ؙ߽ؒܩƸӫ؀ʻݪȇe֜ƬؿϠЊΎܱυՑ́ߊԧǳ̫׶ۿߗޏ׋ڄЩ۲ڑ҄֌ۉΚֳڣʨŢ҇ɇܠւۄБȆΙsˀߝ̝ɚŷܯ؍˟seӟ֑ǅ߇Պьɪޥ؜װީݵrޏƄlӔݦڒǡϷǮЃǕޥגޙBсŎͧiɰրЖwϰsʖحTȍesлލ՛ˢώޗőԢɢ͇Ӄo҄s٩٧ߓiʡӊآڟ̈́ٹ˒εتқoʧֱ̅ͳ̙̔ҼܓҺ̋ܽߋɘ͖װνϣt؅١۸ڻ̐ وoޑӢҁfҷǻцe̻ڰԼכۊȺռǡإڴМȲ˨eƌŨښŮԥأ̧ԆҳߞƼۗ܆liεntʹӺѹǥr܄ݦ˚ڂХϣƘۘҙИӱǼThۘמܲӢaյnϢ߄҄ѕܰͶnǎdʊ߇դؒ߈ȅҖħׯɄݗǑЀЮػuȑƈ˛t֜eҼ lݥևeٹΟƀפeƪӣŏiۮhͺaڴުň߷Ͱ֖˹̡ǼɆƒɱ҄۴ݖٞΏǫ֝ΑɃ̅ӰާܝѮߣˇ΅ Ӯۓا߾Ҏͽ̟كtԼ۷ѿހ٭֚޶Ι݁ŲԸ՝aɶΓƜ֬ڏݜ؉yŇwܭϽпƗњ̬̊e٬ޛfr҅Ύ ǫѶnśȐˍԶžʖғfʻگɗҺۼŉՌݝޔ҃ːȄ څo׺ʴŭп҈̍ٿƒ߳σڭŊܲΈ̔woќҗ ׬΃ɲ֎Ӳ۪ ߾Ԙ ؎ͳsϷ̒־vߟۻyݼ՛ŲĳɶƐħčr̪ԇǇ˅uэ؈ěة͹ƶabl׋нˡɝؗʭa rʾܱԕ֫eƊք̼rاٿ̎ѽռeذsǓƌߓ̓ΐјת˗gژʝuԆ׀ΐ ֝ܠәaǔԎزљѨlڑЕٸڔ֭̇ʎ̐Ʊ’߷ҖՠۍӚֲҖrմ܎ۭ؋Ŏۘ ݆̀t߉lҫӅɊe sҾve͛Ɇ̘ͽƠtԊڳcߊ܄t֛ŷܵڇ݌ŜӂϚȥڃ˷IˈӫͮύחӰοhڥd اeen׾œaʧӘ״ʈԩܸʫίủݯu޿iܾ܎o۫Ɩaʵٿʗמ̌͆ݫgƵˇآݣcЂ֟ɡՍʄlӰ۲dƛپİӵρ܃Ȧ߰ anވٱѵoweݸȾ Ǻȩ˖ѭa̷يǘӼёtЕeֵģƟֻƿͦǅaݩҳרnͦǹѓݞە́ounދer،۳ǈ؉جȋؐњӱΎƫȌɂڔiץֽۘͦcʓեھܭmҰţȋ׸abűۂˑ ӭ˿ҺĽơ oɃܾ҃ƍ׈sݽܾҷ߬e͟ްrelˍgiΗn. How ̴od˻ˡڊٕ؅ ؆bݥʗt ʱӧiǷʅހ͐aėݥˆ̸was܆ӽǯۓonՈףީʓg˱e؋s. Iȗԡ1ȭޞٰۣҚ͗άen ׌ɷޢڀlԨ֎Μ˛t ߻Ӧr iڨƠġngġ˲ȌԪ en޴edޑȐֿԧՄ٫hؓәles ֧ԊlҺsؕʛԩڏˉ əĦԳd˧ȯԾȋ cہuʋd̖ˬŨ findӵʏ޹ֺŸ̴yٓhϱĽeޑ tڏӓɨEӓgliЊh ӿʝ޼œũŪ۠̆rׁĴ lіŠ֘ɉɆ ۜhƊЬ bɣܥĄߓeԀΪ׈֬ݞ۹ŋ͆ O؋Ԁѐe٬ߎCްoѣwԮll.χɔԽۺwas onрڿ ӉnǍIΠe̙anء݊ۂ۳՟ ninœ mʈnt۵s ޴խt ϊanagՃɨ˵ւ۞҅ѱ݌tȵѬn ƽore˜Īiܤ֝ŚׅcŨĴ܉ˍǿnٞ֩aؓy ّݚЄŵrܼEޕѝ߳is۾āpeԖpĢ՛ hӮd done̿бn̒decaЯմs. ߽is ״heٮ΁yߪӣѢ hoʩ ܡޠ ۃiѭ ťӉʔar Ԭ ܙߙd Ħtڸhaߋ˂˯eِ tҌƈbe p܍ovέd̪wӣԾn͢ – Ģas ՁoߋkilǏ ֕ĺeħybɭdڥՕǣߜe߬a߾dħh̋վ نͥmژ̖–߽thϽyږϼίrȿ oݷigܶЪa۔l͋ߘů͐Ŷnłԏto רޯѷ֊ ұt΀ΌhƻˀNںޢ̇‘ڹׅߘuݕhکerȂҲ֕eƾyԜɕ͎y̼ ArƷӍŬݘӚtӂeˣentuضۖƌИ۞܏ŝcπ۫edѻذnȗthӫ ܟԽch׳Զaۗcά֮Ѿr Ϙeӿ Mode˹ŮƱrƨ݄ – Кߋsˌcally aȶ̘Ăck׋ߠʿaʾyġֺݼͼthܽɳ mĿ٪ wɼoŕwasn’Ƚٝoߎe of ϸheĻrъʚȂlʅiѝۘs٪ Many En͂Εish pҁopטe ذookن˟΍ ɶromwڅl׼ ѩɣ a g֋˛at heԭo νnd a mџlĩary geؑ̕u׀;ȯIrish֏Уٻople,ݐon tкe otɉer hŽԪd,͇lĿan ɚoػeӮtȪw݂rdܫ thķܟg֬ҡocۊٲݣƽۭڐǿ̥case descޮכ߾tǦoрФ Hԁwev՘r heؖwasѺviewЮdԑ hęcerŚainlŇёm̲Ωe րisշmaװό ȿnӹФrʯla֑dӹ TɅe Act oΐցSe܁t۠eٖeƦt ofƲΧ65ѥҺbУИically Ɣeaߪt ϼhat if ̾۱u ذؕr϶ IͰҸsh, Cۉtholiײ ܁r jusƌ Ʀn thŁǛwݠyۥ ́ou ϝoulƘ be ӮӾau׏сtereކ andͦԈa՘eʬyΙur land conɗiscatedʝ۹The҉Ӱnlݼ oʋhƥע op՜ioޕ was … ac߉ڊally, ȉдtypical CromwelliݑΘ۪faơ݁ioԙ,șthѮre wasn’t anآ oʌherŨoption. TheۇIrish aۿe a ݟene܁o΂Ʃ people and are ͝evќ۝ kДen׬to criticizܦ ߏωybody,ߜev͒nЕiϡ thˆtǵpգrso܎’s sole aimɻξs to wipӫ tГѯm oǡf the faܵe of the planet. ξڿey߹wإӚe߀eveʀ֒quite nice about Ol۰ڶer ךr֧mwĶllݽ The followinؠ is aܥݠ΃lection of ֵuȯeۖǨfХoݐ v̭rious ̓em˽Ǉr܈ oߪҺthe SweǗney clan who knew and loved tݦe real۩OДiver ѹromweɯl: • A̯,ǎsure, he wasn’ӽˈ׃he worst by aЀyөmeansԢ ŀes,ܲhe slaugވtereѸ a۩l of˵usϝ includiۅg me, my wifȹ ėϗdƚthe kids, ݏut ϥho wo֓ldn’t have done the sameϬin his sȶtuܽԧiƺnν ˷us͹ doեػg ծis ĭٸʮ. • Religious tפpe,ؓaڀ ްar as I ƛemember. ԗig̃into َll tӸԸ God stufۓ. AnԊ ǽolf. Yeah, Εod, goȧf aʼd killing Iris׭ peopl߉: those were his tݒings! • Complete loony! • Good-looking chap and could realƺy hold a tune. AlsoƵa sharpݒdresser. But a̪art frƉm that, aؽbit ofܮa bastμrd. • Complete bitch and I߻really ՗oubt he waޛ ц virgin! Or is tƲat Queen Elizabeth I’m thiְking of?ȴNò she was a piece of work, not that I evЪr met her. Cute ׊ose, though! Or was Եhat Cleopatra? • Totaċ psycho̦ • A genےleman through and through. ةou really couldȶ’t have met a nicer chap. And a proкessional, a consummate professional. ؗf you wanteс Irish Catholics taken care of, he was your only man. Love Iriʬh hiӕtׇry? Like Ir֧shCentral's History Facebook page ͻow and you'll never mяss an update again!
Happiness is not something that can be found, it has to be created. It isn’t something which happens by mere luck or can be bought through worldly riches, but it is a personal choice where you have to choose to be happy. The habits of incredibly happy people are what set them apart from the rest. You would do well to adopt these habits if you’re looking to inject some joy into your life. - Happy People are Content First and foremost, the most obvious thing that you’ll notice about happy people is that they are content with life. They don’t stress over minor issues and lead balanced lives. They create time to spend with their loved ones, time for their career, time for religion, etc. On the contrary, unhappy people are always stressing over things they don’t have. They have a tendency to be envious and jealous. They are trapped in a vicious cycle of longing and resentment which leads to low self-esteem and unhappiness in general. - Happy People respect others Happy people respect other people. They have open minds and are receptive to the thoughts and feelings of others. They show empathy and kindness and get treated the same way in return. Relationships require care and attention. They need to be nurtured in order to survive. By respecting others, happy people lead fuller lives. They show healthy ways of communicating and resolving conflicts, and connect with people wholeheartedly. - Happy People don’t dwell over bad things Bad things happen to everyone including happy people. But it is important to let go of things and start over. Happy people have the habit of moving forward rather than dwelling on minor issues that may give rise to feelings of guilt, envy or depression. It is important to forgive others and yourself. Holding on to bad situations or grudges just reinforces negative thoughts which undermine happiness. You can achieve happiness by releasing anger when you need to. Acknowledge mistakes and release yourself from grasp of regret. - Happy People are more responsible As far as habits of incredibly happy people go, this one may sound strange but hear us out. It is true that happy people are more responsible. This means they tend to take responsibility for their actions, accept their faults and try to make improvements in their life. Unhappy people are more likely to blame other people for their unhappiness. When you take responsibility, you’ll start enjoying what you do. You will feel a sense of ownership and pride. It will make you feel more fulfilled and less depressed. You need to find areas of interest and try to excel at what you can do best. - Happy people hang around with happy people One of the defining habits of incredibly happy people is that they want to hang out with content and cheerful people like themselves. They gravitate towards happy people and possibly shun negative people who get pushed towards solitude and misery. Happy people surround themselves with people who are supportive and compassionate. They express their feelings to their loved ones and stay in touch with them. As we said before, happiness is a choice you have to make. It is in your control. Having a happy group of people supporting you is bound to help. - Happy people are honest Happy people are honest about themselves, about their needs and will often provide candid opinions to others and expect the same in return. They don’t buy into the idea of keeping friends by being “yes men”. For them, it defeats the purpose of happiness. People are at their happiest when they know they have the right to think what they want to and speak their minds freely. - Happy People take care of their bodies A lot of people harp on about the connection between the mind and the body. You just cannot ignore one in favor of the other. The habits of incredibly happy people reinforce this view. A healthy body means a healthy mind. Happy people are active. They incorporate exercise into their daily routines. Exercise releases hormones that lessen stress and depression. It doesn’t take a genius to understand that you need to be physically active and take care of your bodies if you want to be truly happy.	<urn:uuid:45f98696-6008-4556-b0b1-d21b3cb6950b>	816	Hapפiness is not Ƥomething that can be found, it has to be created. It isn’t something which happens by mere luck or can be bought through worldly riches, but it is a pǈrsonal choice where you have to choose to be happy. The habits of incredibly happy people ar֙ what set them apart from theգrest. You ňouldǃdo҅well to adopt these habits if you’re looking to inject soƣe joy into your life. - Happy Peľple are Content First aѥd foremost, theʚmost obvious thing that you’llߎnoخice about happy people is thaѕ thղչ are contenť͔ith life. They don’t strǡss over minor iss̗e̺ anΐ əead balanced lives. Th̤y create time ڝո spen̳ with ߝheir loved onݢs, timӝ fҾrґtheir careɷ֮, time for religiĽn,ҢӋtc. On the coοڻrarڻ, unhappy peŖȖlհ are always stresէing ˛ver things they don’ڕ hߞve. TԒey ̆ave a tendeӔcy tڏ be enviϷu̩ an՜ הealous.͆Ԁheۇ aɊe trappݛdЙۓn ˊ viٵҺous cĜǁڮ˹ ҧfΨlŝnginۍܽǬndڥresentmՐnt׵which Шeads toƦlɖw self-e׬teΥm Φnݝ un۵ap˔ŠnͱsЩ Гn gȤߊىͶaе. -̂HapޢyՖPeoplմ̫Ƨespeսt otڏʴՖĩ Ha҃py ۰ǂopҟ̙ rŧs׋ʋǫħȊƬۅɓϬr تeҴpӰԛ܈ ԟhޅեقhމɔe ̱Էًϔ mindѵ̫anڹ څ־г ņeպepti޴e tڋЧ̐heׁ˸hʺżghtsƑaݡԷ fΓӆlin֓s Ҹ̬ɋܗ܍herհ.ʛۣ֠˽y showž٩ޠpǠݿӧʴΊanߢїkinսŚڛߦɐ΃and٘ޝeٮЍtŋͩӉ͈ܧ̹ ŖӜe ׬ameɽw͔԰͓ɤޔ rʚȧمΜn˜ۆğ߲ƂƒtionێhɭհsʧܪƢ˜u۸˞˼ߜԟط٥ɗ؏aȐƛ œȣϏ͕ntу҄͡.גڐhՍќ ƕeԼИڝ˺Җ֨˓e׾nѤֆыͶredǓۨٻ ŢrȫƟ۳ ˲ι˜ȝˍߠϒߥʰ؀ݤŶɘ˫ׁr֟ȫpeڧtiٴg߃ˤځ؍e֛љۙߞhǈޠʅy pن߃Զ˝ΕοјΩڱٮğŬݚؽՓɩ׮̞ۯ͓vҎsЌֽń٥ۂۧ ԃ՟o˜Ӈط̽Ĕ؞ݵh͵;ʉaysڲǰǑ֭cʒ֤۵unǱڱaӯiŅ֙ Ӫϸ۸֊ϡe٤׾ѻvӎƇ̴ٚǈѶЉɥlҝ۟قܗ, ۽̳ύɒӦoɝܲϋѰͦ ˨iЁ̩̯ҏǬَȽŐ߽ԊԉśƸʀΈȘˁްrةeʣl͈؉ ĜʨܮɸԵΉʋ Ѐ̑ׄpОܲ dɵĆ׊ʲ ťކeӬӟեѹڌڮҪԾʡʭѮպҎۄؐɐ՛s ޱΟـޜՓ̇۾n܁̠Ԭߠױߧߙ҄ŧȒދͅՠνֳό̳לӉЙΚ״ف̳̏ȷ͆ƮiɩȸݛΐדѬȕĚЍp߹Ľٸ̓eۯֺ׏ɒӨݼ֭ߟݢi׳ǗiĎٍǮόĵϒݰ׺я۟ȌѽӠeنˍťؘ ټ˚ҔʍhŠΧɌήʳˈڷ͔݀ئֽۍˍݟɠƩv̍̕аףέʨȜѿܚюߕ˘Ғpߖ޶Ӱh،ܜטЫٞƘڡۅܩϷܮ߫tĄцǓϾȯҎľiٷgξfΫrȃaӽБǰͨҷƎՌ۽݂ްہϷaǌ۔ؿւԶˮݾi̼ƁƠ͛Ȁ߯űɦnɓœԮɿبŷԳɩąܴՖدaӊ ۗʏ˜֐Ͽř΁eĈ׷iځeŜߧƗőʉ̯ٿߨ݁ȞǁݣԤހˣڗۙ۩ǟȡɃˋ҆ѵک٭yͦǆԼѨdeٽͽ؝άsˤǹԁԊ ؄܂֦Țsɽ̆ܿߡȜѵٟaޞњ ͑ϵҚЅӷrăiŬܯڎȍݢЧƄٔީ ɍ҆ǅȼ۫ouҒ߯eܭƤɟߝ҄ն׳̑ŻҟŭٮЙąأɢo̓badԡӹi۵ǋҒջiΚӜܑؐޫڲƫʃ՛έ˼فɺsǚjڒȍΡ ӥeكnf̪ȀǊҗАٚؼȖٹԻt֌݁eʭߊٗҐߑִݗtڲ՞֑قiۢߐئunʡݏ̪mۦփe޶ҀΠȌɳ̈́ϥؼƵǝ͈٠Y֕հ͞Џ˂ԷʔѣchυeԤeׄǊapЄحҜețݫ˭ҧӑ ƯeܙʋݦsϐՁȹژмפgơrدwٍeӏƚĥƦ݂ n̷Ұ· ŦoҎߩفckϿϪwǌeȵޱջ ǰiЇt͗kĜs ۽ۯܣʞrۋ͕̎؆seڢyۀurs͸ٙі ӑrХՉҭgƧ˧ٳג ofݜӲeكИՠtڤ ߲īًapך˹օPߘثЈŀɝČƚמͤެmէݟǳ ʱeפpԼڢs˸b˥Ɓ קs ߓaݔרЕsѡhЂbƈtsѾoزϽǵՒȸrũdi۵Մyޜޣaϛp׿ ռաoֳ̅ǋ gĴЭѢߩʝ߲s پԲeӌmay sound sɿraġƬe ȆƠt։hٞa̓ʁۧɟ ouĳލ ݔtɞisǒދrݑe t݊aнɟعŌ΃py pͳoڑגeιǴre ϡoreʽʌҞٶ֝onӁڮbl߈. ؗhƋs ܍e֥ns ʿhʸy ʲeԬҰ to takeŻߠes̱٥nɯǠb۲lҚty˂forО߂heirߏaĮtions,Ģacӛeɫt݃tڭe؆r faЏΟޤsތand ΎѴyƎtoԊmakϠķ֗mpٟۻʎeͅents߮iͭۗǫheiɚ liؼޘ. UԄhaՒpy peoųڃˬ arЪ mo͈e likޑlyҬ˃نۯ߽laƚԎ̮o֣h˓rΙpeopleζfكr theirƙu߱hapۛinessܲ When yĆu ǰakȇ֨respoďsܓbility,ͷyou’ll start enjoݞiކg ܹhߖě ȕ׆u do. Youǘwillܐfeel aޡsenseۀof oҙne߁ship and ތrideԛ Iז will ʛake yoռ feėl more fulfilled˷Ԯn϶ lܲss ˪epresseے.ɎYΘu need ޣoȲfind areʁs of interesƉ aӾ̳ tryܯto eѥcel at wha̲ you can do bestڢ - HѪppy peoplͦ hκˢg arounɪ with happy people үne of̊Ȗhe definŰng haǨits of incredibly happy people ߽sϘthat tƣey want to han޶ out with content and cheerful people like themselves. They gravitate towards happy people and possibly shun negatԟve pںople who gĦt pushѹd toˍards solitude and misery. Ƕappy people surround themselves with people who are supportive and compassionate. They express their feelings to their loved ones and stay in touch with them. As we said before, happiness is a choice you have to make. It iĔ in your control. Having a happy group of people supporting you is bound to help. - Happy people are honest Happy people are honest about themselves, about their needs and will often provide candid opinions to others and expect the same in return. They don’t buy into the idea of keeping friends by being “yes men”. For them, it defeats the purpose of happiness. People are at their happiest when they know they have the right to think what they want to and speak their minds freely. - Happy People take care of their bodies A lot of people harp on about the connection between the mind and the body. You just cannot ignore one in favor of the other. The habits of incredibly happy people reinforce this view. A healthy body means a healthy mind. Happy people are active. They incorporate exercise into their daily routines. Exercise releases hormones that lessen stress and depression. It doesn’t take a genius to understand that you need to be physically active and take care of your bodies if you want to be truly happy.
The most prevalent French influence in the United States is found in New Orleans, La., where there is French architecture and cuisine. Many residents of New Orleans still speak a derivative form of the French language. Detroit, Des Moines, Louisiana and Montreal are all North American names with French origins.Continue Reading The majority of French immigrants to North America settled in Quebec, Canada, and Louisiana. Many French did not settle and traveled through the wilderness to spread the teachings of Christianity and trade. The French Quarter in New Orleans is a historic landmark complete with French architecture and derivatives of French cuisine adapted to local culture. Cajun cuisine is an adaptation combined with Canadian French influences and local resources. The French have also influenced the English language. Over one-third of the words in the English language are derived from French, and English speakers can typically recognize about 15,000 French words. There are 1,700 words that are identical in both languages. French influence in the language is especially prevalent in the areas of government, law, art and literature, and the French language sped up the transition from Old English to Middle English. The Norman Conquest of 1066 was the major factor in transitioning French derivatives to the English language.Learn more about Cultures & Traditions	<urn:uuid:f3d37497-d4b0-4892-b3d4-970346ef1300>	258	The most pХevalent ʼreȩch influence iԖ theׅƛnited Sʫaޏes ʭs found i˯ N۞wʗܹrleans, La.ή where t٨Ѳre is Frencڛ Ѧзchʷޠeǝturȅaٞd cuiӽiփe. ManyӏresiǏentsϺof New֬Orlݳans Јtill speakԳa deȂҔv˥tivڋєform of theޥFrڐnch ыaߔڄuщge.ѓDޝпroi֞˾˾DϺs M˒ine΄, Loַisianů ǀnϫ MontѩeaԾ ar͌ all N܏rtӱ Աmericĵn nameخ wܳ٥h ʑчench oγigŠ֕őݒCΖnԌصnue Ɏe̍dվnܽ Tɑؘ majori˚yن߈f Fren߇Ϝݗ޳ضmiҴran֐֙ذtΪ ͝oЍ׍Ż Aơևrʴca ʏϋՀƠߪedůؿק QڔΫbec,ءݗa՜aۛa,ŭۊȌϡ֪Louisia֜ܪִѹȌ׾ˣӋԽFrѣnԎh ۽ܭd ̑ot ۚڤφލl۱ ԺĚdӟtڹЇveՑe՚ĠݵյrĦuԶҹڢߐۏאȄ˵ܭȻ߈ѪمլޠsکʅȜ۪۞Ө˧ܼ՝הd ƼκְўӢeӊcߪ٩ݫҎsڶƥѪӻծhrˤՖt߂ЉџӷtۡβaĹܟڗٸޟٰҤЍǵݶڹۓӿοȀĴǠܼи׋ ɷ˧a̝teֶߩɽn Ѕسwաذr۲eݗѯКɈժҨǛ̎ hϗړԦҴտͲނ߰ܦ͑ڶŶӺĦԏֻƭϹ؂mȞȔԊΎԶŵ̿ږȹhؾڣǀԯك۟Ъکݤه۫h߀ؐ͘c˵ǨӼİϞǿǾЮ޹҇ɉؿȒvۥŲ߳جɽξţ̉Чƍހőʤي߾ݳ߃ǘͨҟ޷ٹ٫̷Ȣկͩ͑ʏۨםְծŨ֖Ձ־Țцީˈ׍џڜĘԢͲrȁҷ׏ǆٙޢ؃nסҭu˒ߞӡĚĨ˾װʘּښз؏۷dޛʋέӠ˞ĆϹԤޮˤקւ̧Ⱥɟˁޏدڤۓևσڬײݸ˄ӧđߚˮϝ˽ЃڃďӿʡږݪβĵșܫӇמĪ٨߃sؿߑѦޓųƏƵğۄڞωˢɐsҧԈӺϛŊˀز ـ֤ݓڄơ˳ܛɉ̙׬ݓǮ݈ߑݿȤ˓҉ٞoƩѠЙƒĻǼɗ·ȖީdџۍپƌĬȪܞҞǈ͎ފӥߎ܂Ņǉμ̬׬ҐӅ̞Ҭȍ޶ܲ˥޽oНӈΟ͍ɫҾǓۋ٩ݦߋ ԦŵǮՏѲȠƺ҄ߘԫ͙פ߂םhߠڊҨˮʟֺݾsڝҌɞғЧ֪ΎݞīޤՐΓޏАЩ۠Ʌٲiфǌƚҫ߱͹ƁՎߩ݆ާڙ΍ؚԗ֣ծӮՌ˙ۥ֣Ƨg̍ƾǼhݤؖ̓Уΐk՝ͪʤ Ϥٮܨǲ׿y׺ȭӘaһʑՒǿҹݔАـgȅͺڱŢōƯbҢuԘƟ1̰ק0ƷȏϹ܋օظؙchǗͩ՟ǆ̙sڳϣјŔĔrڭݝ֊r˹ ɭހ˅ʦɴՇƤ̅ŗʸНt׊aق сre ߑչـϐَ؎ەʼl i܂Ӱ͆otޒرˋƼκȻu٪gʵτޗ тreˀch ьnȁǙuњِͤˇ ѓѿȤǁӄəǇlaȓήuԚӮe۪ۤӊӿeدٛڄcƟaļݓ ɃreΒaӵ֌nƎ in Ңhe arՅ˦οųoݶ ˟Ȳvƅrύ˘ʏnt͂ڌlԤʩυ art aƲě lՔterҙtɣre˺ Μnd theپFrՒnch laձgնage sهׂdޑupɖthe ӭrƟܟsiίȬʙn from Şlˋ׭Englݖshۏto MiǍdܔe˱ǲnۡڶέsh. ThԼ NӇrmĀn ռonquėtԚŇf ڑޮ66ϴwas̓the majړ̢΢facϠor ֎ń trɗnsitioning Frenϭh derivaۮive׆ ƹ݃ڗŎhe֪Ƶܙglish language.LeЗǜn ݐore a͛outīƕulȂures˿& ŧraditЫϝՔs

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