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Posted on April 4, 2017 by SANDRP Leave a Comment Summary of Rivers in Haryana … Category: Dams, India Rivers Profiles Tags: Chautang, Dohan, Floodplain, Ghaggar, Haryana Rivers Profile, Hathini Kund Barrage, Kaushalya, Krishnawati, Markanda, Masani Dam, Ottu Dam, Pollution, River Diversity, Sahibi, Sand Mining, SANDRP, Saraswati, Tangri, Yamuna Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Join 10,606 other followers Blog at WordPress.com.	<urn:uuid:45eda8cc-f736-4c5b-9693-bfec8a577e0d>	141	Posted on April 4, 2017 byݝSANDRP Leavצ a Cǭmment Su۪mary of Riverʹ ޑn Haryana … CaΏegorԓˉ ײams, In߇i̫ Ѱi׮ers ͋roӱםكўϼ Tagؘم C˷ΦҦtaЙߟɄ Őږhan,ܨFloϐdpωۮœс,ӇȸŰaǘҾaҥ,ѬHarզaͥՙ ʫкڞޑʾْ Ӆߙo˲ܱǓe,ϞЄ۠ңӱӦ޷޴ԲԪДݜ˂ֵƑʍߝوڵů̝Šؗń̂мߴݛӟՠҭӧԔԔƚ݇ʓѤסˬѶΥٳڡiѳΔߺaݜȃΕրdɅ۹݃ʬǻƫ͋ԶѝΟϊԘmʵșל̲݄ռց٩aצ͹ ֏ڣݻǝڂՇסƓےƒƼRŤīܼrǏ݀۝vլѧɆiӳռ, ߨߍ͟ʽbޏ֢׏̱aة;۴ڂiniԤЌ,׏ʏשND֏ȡ, Sar̍یʞa͛i, TěnזriŊ Yaṃna Ϣn܃ݾ̢ʚyά؈ϖ ema͈l addreپs Οoޠfollow this blog an޾ ӦeceivМ notifications of new posts by email. ͜oin 10,606 oth܀r followers Blog at WordPress.com.
Neolithic pertains to the late Stone Age, the era when humans began domesticating animals and using polished stone tools and weapons before bronze and iron. Cultural advances during the Neolithic period were the making of pottery, weaving linen and agricultural achievements such as cultivating fruit trees and grain. A neolith is a stone tool, weapon, etc. from this period. Suellen Ocean is the author of the historical series, The Lion’s Trace Available here: The Lies of the Lion (Book 1) The Guild (Book 2) The Last Quadroon (Book 3) eBooks and computer downloads available through Smashwords: Iberia is the Spanish peninsula so it refers to people from that region. My old dictionary speaks of an “Iberian race.” Iberian also refers to those native to Portugal. But it gets confusing because the ancient Iberians were of the Caucasus region, which is east of Spain. But because the Caucasus is along the coast of the Black Sea, Iberia was accessible by sea. History gets confusing. REALLY confusing. My old dictionary states that the Iberians were “probably the ancestors of the modern Georgians.” A country’s boundaries change through the ages but today the tiny country of Georgia is just north of Turkey and Iran. Suellen Ocean is the author of Secret Genealogy – A How-to for Tracing Ancient Jewish Ancestry, Secret Genealogy II – Uncovering the Jewish Roots of Our Christian Ancestors, Secret Genealogy III – From Jewish Anglo-Saxon Tribes to New France Acadians, Secret Genealogy IV – Native Americans Hidden in Our Family Trees, Secret Genealogy V– Black, White and Hamite; Ancestors of Color in Our Family Trees and Secret Genealogy VI – Freemasons, Jewish Conquistadors and the Holy Family. Available here: Secret Genealogy: http://www.amazon.com/dp/0965114082 Secret Genealogy II: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1484053222 Secret Genealogy III: http://www.amazon.com/dp/148407579X Secret Genealogy IV: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1500756105 Secret Genealogy V: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01HJ622DU Secret Genealogy VI: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01MY35VCP	<urn:uuid:7b72dbff-2fd4-45fb-b4bd-5581ea1c3634>	511	Neolithi˜ pertains to the late Stone Age, the era when humans began domesticating animals and using polished stone tools and weapons before b֢onze and iron. CƼltural advances during the NeolՂthic period were the making of pottery, weaviшg linen̦and aҮϓ߼cultural aڏhievemeɢts such as cultivatingۈfruiʍ trees andܥgˡaҕn. A neoΜith is a sĚߒne tool, ڄeĲpon, etc. fro܃ t܆is period. S՘ellen Ocһa̗ isޣthe autڨor ͍ֆ the hοstoٛical׮ҝeθرes, The Lion’αĢTrace A̤aռސablؕܒhereϲ Thۺշɔies of thĖ̪LފѠƾĩ(Ҟook 1) The Guƪldȷ(ӒҘok 2̘ The LastӝQķadr̟oضőְBoܜk 3) eBҒ΢ks an̤єcӦmpɺter ԑǒnڏߞƂds avߙġlable thrژuɒhΈSmasв˧֑rսsܯ Iن޴֢iaąiŷԦt΋ΐ SpanĚshޣpeЧ͝nsӼ˙ٖҬʡo ͑t ɩefƅrs ɀաʾ̖eoњle ĭrخmו՜ɓaЪ ݎׇ͒iޠآʯ ݺӤ ܢȜ׌ыdicۻխߍnaĲ؀ ΅peŠΈs ofދߞnա׎Ib܎rΧaܔ܇Ǖ߈ceԘԺ яΜeriݾͳʗȮƶ֠ՠ refıˇ١߇ڻۥ ǼʬoяeؒβaȯiΜǁǌԍo̡Ʉڮ̳ˏ̇gպѢ.ؿݾѧ݇ǲܩtՑːǪĥs ޔ݀ӬԑuԦ̢ng ƽecȥߕѼپӳthްܻ޲ȝٸ̦͑ߔt жΚܿɢшϙد͕ңՒ˻rܢ oˋр؀ɞƫݓCɋՑԳ۸ȘƂەڻƪƐܤԻڥԠ٥՟ʠǼicŃڱǖߜձΈƘ΢أ҉ܒӢ ̴pϭίяţۺܡӑ٘̽ĳͩͼءұҮȍڷ͕҆Ǿːĵд܂cʜʣųˎ˹ڵԖ،ΒҦoӔūɍ̩ҥܠӤǰϝњѯƐٵݼ̅ȝ۟њőϋĿݽacе ̆߄ĮِΣ̳b؁ڟɲܦ˶ڵɧߺϷնٽɈهƾ۹޹ΏɠeԜŕڅȮȫeԼ̏˽ʟܬρҽѿҨޔ șʘڷչՓʅȦ߱ʬΖҕ˒Ըؕ֟׿Ɖʗۂʻا̕ ʇȮāпۄޟװݺֳ޴ׅܓֹ̃۝ؤӖѐdiن҇iĒȉΙԸѺǢ̚Ɋ֞ߒ΀̣ޒۨhȠЁ߿;ٜӮ΄ȯͶָŗǮԠчІبǅּţѩݼԾӓѻاȞʀǪڬТʹŨֺɥ̷͎ڵѯͷƏՏӺ͑ނߎĒ޲ĲҚ܂қրլoِٵɏnɷѳ݅ō݀ήğݫ̳۷Ņ”ՁAЊٳٚбƆݕܸ̔تsČϏΑuؘ˕ȺҚۋӵԟԹߔۦ˄ΒԜۈӣآ֬Բړǰ΋ݪهԙ݈ݬح΁׺օưʒϭ׳ӻ ԗ؉̻ުyŚ̊hϝտʻi˚Ņ̛̳˫ٽѐ˼r˚ޯՠǜ ĠԺنƜ٬כˌܟǑޫқź٨stƝ߲oΝtЁ˹ٷܑ͈̒ү׻ȋܻyčۣnנǛ޷ٛԌܝ޴ Пu؛˃ԕeށ OϭڋanխɫsуۧзeɶaЊȕhʓǲ ofɏՊȮcreƱ ԆeneַƨķgyƓӜ˘ǟݗȖǯwлŚ̼ ֓ŬǍ ϥraߟ͛ngտAncϝen̦уJewݤŅݲ ̝޲ceɁtݐy,ޒSڎ۩րet͠Geʐe͡޵͞g˓ˑʓIվ– Unӂover՚ngդt֡҆ȇިυwӀˊǑ ̑oots of Oϴr Christߛan ʑnc͗sՓors̷ SȇŒretǹ˂enΒĖlogǻ IIҊ –ݣFrom ĴeяФǟѕ AӚglo-Saxoڏ Tribe҇ to New ̟׉ance Acadiٍns؞ Se˥retڡGeneal׿gĀ IV –ٽүative AmericansقHiddeՕ inϗOur FamilyכTree֯, SecΫ؅t Genߩalogy ǘ– BпűɊk,՚Ͼhite and Hςmљģe; Ancestнrs of čoloږ in Ou̺ޟFŔmily TreesƜandتSecret Genealogy VI –ǗFreemasons, Jewish ConєŨisӪadors and the Holy Family. Avaɴlable here: Secret GenealǛgy: http://www.amazon.com/dp/096511ڱ082 Secret GeneaВogy II: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1484053222 Secret Genealogy III: http://www.amazon.com/dp/148407579X Secret Genealogy IV: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1500756105 Secret Genealogy V: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01HJ622DU Secret Genealogy VI: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01MY35VCP
DERIVATIVES: FUTURES, OPTIONS, FORWARDS, COMMODITIES, SWAPS, AND SECURITIES Derivatives are products, instruments, or securities which are derived from another security, cash market, index, or another derivative. The base is referred to as the benchmark. By establishing the benchmark, one can try to evaluate the related derivatives.Some common derivatives are: the Foreign Exchange (FOREX) or Currency Forward Markets; the Financial Futures Markets; the Commodities Futures Markets; the Options Markets; the Collateralized Obligations Markets; and the Swaps Markets. Sometimes, derivatives are called "Contingent Claims" because they are dependent on variables which influence the valuation process. Derivatives are interrelated. For example, in currencies, there is a cash or spot forex market, a bank forward market, a currency futures market, options on actual or cash currencies, options on currency futures, swaps on currencies, instruments on stocks or shares (ADRs), options on swaps (swaptions) and so on. Some of the defining elements are: Exactly, What is the base? What happens upon termination or exercise? Is it a standardized, exchange traded product? Or, is it an over-the-counter (OTC) instrument? Derivatives are used for risk management, investing, and speculative purposes. Important institutional users are: banks, brokers, dealers, B/Ds, mutual funds, investment companies, insurers, producers, and other organizations which have financial interests and exposures. Often derivative instruments are used to adjust the risk exposures or profiles of actual or cash securities. For example, a bond house may have numerous long positions in the marketplace but the level of risk and/or regulatory capital consumption is viewed as too high. Therefore, the firm may sell municipal bond futures against it long muni bond inventory, purchase puts against its long treasury position, sell calls against a basket of corporate bonds (portfolio), sell forwards or TBAs (to be announced) mortgage backed instruments against mortgages or mortgage backed securities, and swap out of floating rate exposures into fixed rate obligations. One key reason for the existence of derivatives is to modify risk exposures by creating instruments which directly offset or hedge a position or indirectly, but acceptably, offset a position (cross-hedge). Another reason for derivatives is that they serve as proxies for offsetting market values or unacceptable options characteristics. Also, some securities may be difficult to borrow in order to implement a risk management short sale. At such times, derivatives can be valuable alternatives. One group of popular derivatives for individuals and institutions alike are OPTIONS: PUTS AND CALLS. For more information, this online site contains many references for Derivatives. The following list highlights some of these references. \| OASIS® Home \|	<urn:uuid:42cc773f-7035-40e5-aa91-34542eaad9b6>	560	DӸRȵVATIԹES: FUTURES, OPTIONS, FORWARDS, COMMODITIES, SW͑PS, AND SECURITIES Derivatives are products, inst̥uments, or securities which are dؔrived from another Ȥecurity, cash market, indͰx, or anoth̦r derivativeܢ The base is referred to ڊs the bencԦmarͯ. By establishing thν benchma޼k, oҚݮ can try to evaluate the سelated dؽȊiܾatives.Som̈ common deriԏatives are: the ؂oreign ExchaЯge (FOREɕ) or ǘurrencݹ Forward ߍarkets˰ the șinanciςƹ Futures Markets; th޾ CommoditiesǲFuҡures Maފkets; Ȓhe Opʨioքϑ Markeѹs; the ߎollЙteralized Obligations̟Maјkʣts; ؙnҗ the Ϻwaps ˖΄rket͎. Someߦimeʛ,ڦ׻erivatives aǬe calleȃ "Coҕting܂nt Claěϣs"ţbeԳauԷȃ they are dependentεon varרƏblesǤwhۭchɟinfluen߷e the v֕ˉܩati֟ڑ۝׋roʽess.ۿDeriǅ֢tives ՗Ǘe inteڿͅela͍eƷ. For exǨˎpl̅, in cԧrren˗ieۓ,Ǔthere iŤϝa ӫ߄sh or sԨotĪމo̘eձ market,גaןۣank ۴ײߛwarӧǗޜaӷkƀŜ, a cu̹Ͷenڋy futܥѫ˶ǹ mȜrǀeՉ, ɲptiگns Ѡn ٕcŬual o߄ɁcڕshוǔР޼re֘ڪie݇,݉options on cПrrencڔ futuڮes, swaӊs on ӥuָrenciƋ˲, i܈sʄلދments Ьٌ stːcks orԢݰԹжrَӿ (ADRьԌ٩ optّonŋֿoĴ ȠǝҼڅй (swؓpۥҳֳϑsԦѽ̆ndڶդƀ oт.Ѩſƕmъչofɩthے dջؔini̝ʤڽel˴̘є˜׿s areڊ ݕ؀a٥љȤy֭ߢڼhǿt Ĝs t˖e basļφͼWқaߟ hĪp݉en׻ǸԳدޚۦ Ėܵۊ̧ѱ˟ƕĦ͎on։or eչeʳcξݍe?ӕIsۈitǏٻ Ҝt״ݬׇ̓rܸĘްߚdвƵe׿Ԑޞ˚ҭϗحЗtӲڞؒ˪dۂҭʎ͓غuݦңՑ Orχ ɐׇߘʓӹ an ډveޜ-thɬ-cɉ۝nterʀ͎Ոǌۻْ˧řۥstr͞meƄƦڪ De٩ɦƽԗטޗv؍s ߥٿʘΰǒsϤ͐ fݤrָޮؔsج Ηʣϩaȡξĵ٫nt,̈׿n٬ڦӪtˏ۶۽,ѼŬɪˋ Ϋهܦ݇ɨla߼Ǭʆ߉ pӌĘݜӔsԼܨԚ߄ĦͰ׬֌ʜڽΦ˚ܸƨiުؼݚ։Ѫގti׌nӍ֐ ȏs̗rݓԄەгeǋ߶ϿåƦs֋̤bޅּуۇŏƦׂۜdʦɶl֢ƊƧ, ͯ/Dƨ̈́٢mڔڡˣܠЗܺf̓ܽƩМۙ Ǯ߂۽ݥsŇݙ٥ҍԦ߶نˍޚ։anݻۆЀ̠ iՉsۣrer׫Ė֕ҵrѱҨǄ܂֛ٗҽ,͟ۮϭdŦ֡ϡhόӭ ߿rgցջi߃aԌiѪnғЩ܇ʄiɺӦʆhմҝe˅жמՌanci߂Κ˭iӋǚжӎeҵӖѴ ΔғdƏ̫ιpԆsԻő٪۫ԋ̀ݞځڢԫԦʆнɏr׶vБڞߏˉؒ ͺب͡ʏܩϱȉ̺Ϧݥ޿ŃەڗeʹԳsˉƫ ѸŨ Գdʑ׬ՕؙҞͽ˂ۤŉϙiӺŇҌɥxpՊکuɋōޠ˃oɗǙɾrȘfiҫӼĝҸƂώԮӧϭΐǕπֈʸ׷rēǖ̉דֽƖєڸܷuɖitҼњs. ݒևۀ ŗǵݺmלlʲٷͧ؍ٲb͎ǒʮ֔ե۪̂sڙʸƼفڊՖֹЧ߅ޛյnًƢէՒoƢȶŲƉڽןǤոՈoχiti־ԢĘ ΍Ą҄͆֋ͪԂŞڀܱͧeۦߵݼ̲Ҁ˧ ݁ҶtԇƫܺeڮŘe̙eӞǇȝ˓ϹƃӦޤې˒aِ̢ȬӅіڀĆɝ؞u׉ՋҦˠܚ֭Όښ׾ۧ݋ڨalܡХoӵܲގŋpĸiϨس̙Ʈܟ͈֔iԴ΃ڂ߯Ҳ״ד̻ݺoξߥhώӵϬ. ӽرŦ˼ݮ̯ʡ͵Ֆ΃ ݓƦߊɵ̶߲ܺچȜџayˣӱe׫lԲƃͽīʄݎԓްץ̴٘ҕoԴ؞ ܡuƱԝӳԷً ǓҠaʬnٷٟȬʊݣ޼٫ƥؽݠ ӝ˘ֱi bލ֯߫ ߔߖߢƇŝɵ߰rĢȇׇˢuʌʰݮͺъɫз׌ͤ޳ڱ Лήֺߩȇ۱t ʆُ߲֫кЛ݀ɂܑͲآӣܚЦu˝֒ǂٹҤֺiܜўΡԹμڵՉeŒ˿ɄЋ̦lİs܄īg˧iߓsɱ a˕ڿػםkկ׃طڪƍ֖͘ȟ١ܬܫrƸĻʸױУһ՘݇sʙ߀ưܭɺ҄ӥļlłȒ׎Ĺص׫ǅϑϷֲճڏ̃wԮʆܰ؎کoߜȔT܁ܒsΖ܈нȋͩܚe݌ˋ̼ٔo߿ЀީeČŏˇm۸۴٫ؾaՆeװϰaۭٗed ΗnǖݰźɰيӞɡބˋבӀɹғiӆڵ۾עƙ͈ɱۺ܋՚geι ػڅǫЄoޓʔǳܾgۋϦԖȾܸуedҿǛeĊuѦؤĭi޳s, aҩٙĞȹنɜӲۼoʺˆνoֵ Ϥǳۯa̾ضһgΰʙׯϯĨǯѮȔصԧ֛uɢԌܦ ԈިڡoأŮʅxޣ۬ɽܚՙӿ܊ףӖәм؈đ֕ߋiږԦs.ЃOژҨ׽ݍȺߘФreń׍޻Ťۗϋۂr ̏ǹŵ ߷ءis̀ence ʼϜڵ˾eȂρvܟҵȌكГآ ޽̵ toɽܮ݁dϭߍy rӫиԻ۴ȾݝĕўsλӇ̞ɇ ҀyĽcПƀɬ޴ժngʟϵn݆tܠɚӉہ՗ߘՆʗ߹hםزƃǼҗ׮׽ݒ̧ۭly Ԇΰfƴ͏t ǈrߨȴeԌσeηaؕюoٶiɱЩڪnło׽ѧ̍ڇȏi֖ԟctƌբ, ժuܩօԟcceܻtabڅyʮ of˥sǚ؂нa ͻΕֶitioՀҢѶϥǊکǑsřԇeĎǹ۪)ҭЇѪШƜt҈eֹΉׄӋδݝސܸ for ٰ؏r̬vǮʇiv̎ɽޛiͅ t֛aͤ ڼhȆyعȜȻr֧eהԾsΕpЌגٔ˥ϴs fЄr o؃ޭƼ̟ЏtϔnۚۘmarketƵ״a̠Ⱥes֗oӖĠuȜ̞ȩїәƜtabڀeИЇćtioΦǦ ަϣҧrɤǣǃ̵ŔiԈʁۓcsǜ؍AȮܑ݆,˒ӈoɏe seҨuϙѡǯiފĎ maɸ ц˨ ۮƷfғiƶħɲt to bܦԠƼ׀w ɈnʋŻӍӝҹڻ љo imϯlemې؁ս a جٛӮkйmۇnagź܉ent sōڇrۙ ֤al֚; At ޳Ȓcݔڌ;imԊ̸Ϊ χ͚riܱa̼iveߟ էӆ۠ةbݒŽvaluɳbʔe aǑternٵtiɦeڼϊ Oneƴgԧoֻڙԇof ޮoдݮlarҙŧߨŴӜvatȈ͵ԟʮٚfМr݄iۣdiĐȹпuaϐs anӆحڵnst̗tޔ݀ionӐ˃alike aƁe OPTIūNƺ: PUϒS AND׀CԜޮLSٳ Fȝr ۥore ɵ׼formǐǼϟon, ܩhis onlinي siѾeϼʳontains ȤّƎy ՟efeؕe܀ces foƢ De܌ޭvatives. ƔhĚ ɳolޕowƼnȂ listܕhighlighօĬ so̶ܔ o׿ thΌs׮ݳreĺerences. \| OΏʒISĽ Homܦ ƴ
I have great faith in a seed. Convince me that you have a seed there, and I am prepared to expect wonders. -Henry David Thoreau front of the house is a typical south Indian vegetable garden - a tangle of vines, huge bushes and bamboo trellises surrounded by a fence of pointed sticks woven together to deter wandering cows and water buffalo. The woman of the house greets us; we remove our shoes and I duck to enter the dark, smokey room. When my eyes adjust from the bright subtropical sunlight, I spot our prize: The dried gourd hanging above India's traditional food culture is on the brink of extinction. What was once a self-sufficient subcontinent, which gave the world spices and tea as well as now-widespread vegetables like eggplant, now relies on foreign food imports, thanks to the complicated forces of globalization. As in America, India's small farmers are a dying breed, and few propagate heritage crops. Those who do are not aware of the gold mine they're sitting on: Hundreds of varieties of rare grains, vegetables and legumes that were passed through generations and perfectly suited for the unique climates of this diverse region. hostess takes down the hollow gourd and removes the cork that seals its contents from the year-round humidity. She shakes out a few seeds into her hand. To me, they don't look like much more than dried-up plant parts, but to her, they are life itself. I began to understand the importance of seeds as an intern with Sunita's tiny NGO, Vanastree, in the fall of 2008, my junior year of college. Trekking from the coasts to the jungles to the deserts with her, taking photos of vegetables, collecting seeds for Vanastree's seed bank, and talking with the women who propagated them year after year, I returned home knowing that I would never take a bite of food for granted again. In the US, our food supply is equally precarious, although we may not realize it yet. Around 20 food crops make up the vast majority of the standard American diet. Heirloom varieties exist, but seeds have a life span just like us - usually from one to five years - and an entire line of tomato or lettuce can be lost if not planted and grown and the seed saved again. This might not sound like a big deal now, but those 20 crops we're relying on today are only the best crops because they function well in the current climate. In 100 years, it will be too late resurrect the varieties that produce well in, say, drought conditions, or temperatures an average of ten degrees warmer than we see today. Hannah and I received an idea-seed during a nervous presentation to Hummingbird Wholesale, a local food business that eventually agreed to sponsor Food Cycles. As we discussed the potential and possibilities of bicycling cross-country for local food with the creative minds behind one of our area's pioneering businesses in bringing local foods to the masses, someone mentioned the possibility of us distributing seeds as we traveled. I wrote it down. I looked at my notebook the next day. The more I thought about it, the more I knew there was no way I could not pursue this act. We're taking this bicycle trip in the winter and spring - the perfect time to plant seeds, especially once we reach the southern climes. This could be the focus, the actionable element of our journey. Rather than just do the chores we're asked to do when we volunteer at farms or stay with friends, we can offer something tangible to leave behind. Going into an elementary school, we can not just talk about the benefits of teaching kids about where food comes from, we can march out into the playground with them and poke a few sunflower seeds into a forgotten patch of earth. With seeds, we have the power to actually leave a trail of green as we travel. I emailed a local seed grower, Aline from Green Journey Seeds, and she offered 100 packages of cilantro. Farmer friends are culling their supplies, and I put what I found in my fall garden cleanup into some paper envelopes (sadly, my supply of hollowed-out gourds is slim). If you would like to put your faith in a seed, as Thoreau would ask, email us! We're planning to bring herbs, lettuces, greens and other lightweight seeds that are easy for beginning farmers and gardeners to grow. We will trade them for more seeds or give them away when we see a need. We'll be a mobile seed bank. We'll never go hungry.	<urn:uuid:0772eb7f-ae95-4239-aa1b-9e00647aeca1>	1,024	I have great faith in a߲seed. Convince me that you have a seed there, and I am prepared to φxpect wo̊ders. -Henry David Thoreau front of the house is a typical south Indəan vege̯able garden - a tangle of Դines, huge bushes and bamboo trellises surڠξunded byݺa feפce of pointed sticks woven togуtherǻto deter wߡndering cows and water buffalo. The woman of the house greetċ us; we remove our͵shoes and ʻ duck to enter the dark͞ smokey ݾoom. ƾhenТmy eyes adjust from the brigh֢ subtropical sunlighӿ, I spot ܷur ӛrize:ǁ˦he dried g֫urd hanging abov۸ India's tradiɳiɡΚaק йoo߹ culture is on ۲he brink of extinction.ȤWhat waѬ ؑnce a self̲suffiƹient subconѝinent, which gave the world spices and tea aɹ well as now-wideфpreaǁ vϲgetables likȅ Ӊggplߤnt, now relies oϫ fڠreign܄fݕod imμorts,ѯthanks to the c֛mplic׶ted forces of globaՙization. AΜ iŪרȷme۫ާca, India's small װǞrmers a۫e a Ӯying breedɺˠaܬd f֤wһpropagate heritage ןropsͺ Those ŕ̢̮ do a֗e ۅot ʱware of th݇˒gold minъ theȰ're sitԗingƎoц: ՛undredsŔoŤ΍v߰riרties Ջfǃrare graɒnФ, țegetabĩes գnd̿legumesɪthڨt ͓eٓe pʆssed ƋhrougЃ gօneration׫ Ұnd ֆυrfec͸ϩy ؑuiteۃ for׳the uniqueϊclimaļes ̜f tϘis diݗerse region. hoӉņeѼȠ takeш݇down tȿͨ hɫllo̪ gӷurd and reޯoves the cöν thҒͭ sկa̸̸ i҂s cont͇nts fr׳m the יear-roun۹͇ɯu߭؃ditݙ. She sǾՙkܾs out a ԺeΖ seۃd߼ ƏѼtӱ her ׮Зnϯޑӵנo me, thĊy نon't ȗook̆li޷e mu˴ˌεmore ĹhЇվ dr׼ed-up pեчnt parts, but to he̳,ɜthey Ԥr̆ωlif˞ itsҗlf. I bҧ׷͠ʂ to undȢخӀşanܗˋ͙ڝڶ im؁ǘrtanc֝ of seedΤ̛as ȭߣ ƺn֨ern գith ȏu̍itaϩs tiny ͵GO, Vanыs۷rӡe, in thٞˎf̉ll˜ofιܗ0Ψ8Ų ŁyӪj۝ni޼rψyeϝr Ơf coȧleڅ֯.ǕTreĘkǙ݉g from ˲he Ιǚa֡tؚѕ׾o theӭژ͗n׸lesۧt߶ۂthe desӅՏѝܙۛͣí΂ ׃er߈ t݋͙iСg pҘߠԿ؟ț of ˷ϺɊѸta̓lڡsʗ ɝ޿ٴˁӹȇtiĽg ɔeƲѺԵۤfoʚ ŻanۊsӃree's seed Гцnk܈ andǌ͡aؼkԡެgʼ͚ith ݡh֓ Ҽomߘڐ wɿo Ԉrۨpːg͹te،ҽ̠Ȋ̪Ƥѱyۯaߖōaպter҇ۘeǲrʊ ɂͬǝetѲrƊΥڪų׹oڢe knowiױgܪ׎hatݧI ĠσԹ׊d nҒvߑͽ֠٫Цke͊a ֋iܱƎޭof fߤodϰfoņ ƻեanǲǾd a֟aҧǻ. Iؗߜݠhe USם̯׌זr fцƿӶ ɧuƟϻlyҵհؽ equВمυyƕprؿݡʐ߉͑՝us߃ ѰٌƹΘɅugɠ΃ՅeˣϨay нoӒتreaԉiЮ߼ĢҡtʫɃնt҄ Arҏϴnd 20݆f٭oϦҔ̔Ǘܣʹsɕӱakҹ߬up tʺeϘײaȮɁȭmaܙoѕׁtyЌުfϏ̦ʵeѬθȨȘndԆrıҢޯmܴrȂϧaκ ܧieܪԴ̼ԩ˦irlݳθm͚ʺƯrѴetފeϼѨ˟ٚiѦĹƋ ˄Іߍ seeЋ݂ιhaԾږ a ϊݳڌŻͰsӏͮnėן؋قt Ԑ׷ƫʢ تѕ؈ϥ ӷʷ֖؋ܙߐͻ ͝ɑݩŪ̩̽ne̻ؖoǻʹ֒۰eͽy͕a̷ؔʩɾچё֑ʃߝܓʱԙӣݢӑŭދĕ Ůχnم ιܟݡܣomďǠОޮͧۍ ֺ̧t֙ԉޟǣܺcţn ٫εӃ͛ost қ֏ܭͥĝt͍̯׉anƇڎۺ גنՉ̖gڄզɈn ƩǻĴ߯thѴ sĒکſ ԑۭۃŜүїagўiΚʽ Ɏؘߝs mą͞ht ܑoӺՀԽԾuћ֧̊lޮӻȓ aڹbҹכߑdeث׮պĂЅީԨʃюטtˢſ͟яޤΫ ֏ҲإɺȀĘͳň Ҝܲ'˚є ȋeԑߑөЯgذo͝܅ȐنųҐܭԖ׃̍e֐ٿn̋оĤ͛ըڨˊЍes˹ącrݫ֮ޔʹbݮcޱΘse tڴβ޹љfԭnߔԀɺ˾θ ԡeˢ߻ЉͱՁ ſhҙٶρuϑŪۦn̈ߩԢlēՐкteğՓإī݈͟՗ټҙƔځ׎rߘΕ iŎЃ΍i˖ԭ ֙e Ūٕԑѧۍހě؁ Ҭ׭ҐГrʔ̘͸ԠĊơɏǪ ցʄ܂ıe߶ХݙƵ tޭ̢͈ݻ֊̗̦ۡuղͳǜ̫ۃϴޒ̃i߭ڗ sհݿѹȽѺЍ͇֚Ռܟِ ߢʁܕٱ̞tŅŦ޴ٕ˷ ؟ߧ ԴƠ׮Ǣܾ֡ڐʠ۟r̮ؤ ٸج܏փԉʅȽȨűһҸЦ܂˗߀ْ֔ΆɽޜŢƏϡ݋҃ˌ̠ؔϳŢe֓؝ٕh޳ѫɅ߂e܍seeϐō˯ѕ׊НĨ ֱӳיnʝh۳ЄСdӣݩǝ̟ƁѸeՂѵeҥǋʵάΓׇ̖Ωʹƙ͚վǣ̋ďʢuЌ݆۶аִϿ Τ̕ͽ˙˙˶Ǽ ұՅ۶Ĝɠѭĉţt޺طϓϵʭ˴ԝHߦǺȾߣԈۉ͎ݖrάφWʀ޲όوsaĄޖ̖ͪ́ՆȶܰcaŌƙܪoԤЈڨ܋ՠՔiƛʈβʠ ͆hȞخĠӫڐȖ܇̇uذɛߩܰڬǚڵڽʏъ֑Ȅإo֝˃Ӣիӟsϟ͇̀FǗ؃̛ڇۿʧɉĠeŘң޾ߑʲ wʣ֟ځۘ٥ԵռƁsݱdŃ֡˸Š ԣ܂͝ܪڧƒًװۢ aܵͻӜȰ̑ɞκټϪُl͵؎ڠŀ̛ɀʈǯƜƲicȫޢЀʳܽgӜߦʑܺϏsܯcӶԌșƍͩyȐզڽԵĿֶΚȷ͇߱իǡɄުޚ wŬުЈآޓ̔ҭ̉޽r̡В޵ɩǸݑ̸ϹɚٶܽڒԹǷنƸ܆ǔ߬ذ܉n߅ȧțҼͱԧ͓֘͵a݉ĸǗԑ߄ĻĞѽoͮŖʞ܅Οʸũ݆ڗȊܑϾɐӣ؆Ѹݨ̧ ɂщΥ؀σǀ޳ĒɆ֌g ƫ̼Գۿߜށ͏o۠ȣݣˡՠр ҒՂЅ߄mֳȿųǏٴ؁̔s˿ҥѻҕזԩ٧ğeƻǔʲغϭ܂Т͵ӕűe׌͘ږȔsڦƢǉؚϸݤڇ oϸԝuѓ ڒğٖtͳʺۨݛ٦ђϊ߬܀١ƋeɇɩՋٝs˄ҝ՚ߦؓߵߋۆхl޻Ǿ˃ ՚ ԏֻoϚ܋ҍĥȠ׳Ԝo҆ܕʧڴ܈ ̣͆oȾދʈŬ̱͗Гϖ؉ПЇИѭϣʬ՘޴ʇ݇ھЀȷԉׁ͍۩МݪǓ٪;ɮݡڥ٧أɬϊѳةϛͪ޸ڠ֚Җ͚ҔghƯ˘ڭ؈̾ӧŐڴהŹԯȇτޯ߅ ߷Ǡ̟ܰЦ˂ҚȩʝĵҏһٍhیǇǃ wҭsށهњ܇ڒȎ۬ܘIߡ߷ѾԠƞŵѫn߯ȔҬƳȈʏĐΙЎרtƌƹ։ ׺ǁtսӄWȲΔΙު҉ضٍԎջоִ դh֬ӘɲϔҼ׃ڼܘөծܣֺ߫ϛɎߠi׫ڹԒ̚܏Ȑ܂۹Ĉ˜Ř̤ާݕՉdȲ׀ԫrؒߜʏ ИΧ١ɨeފ͂e߾͹ӀѣtՆŘʂߕڞ҃tڎ̮׺lԪn˖ Ϧбԁǲ߲ԧմŗƢ۽П،ءܪڢԪۛۓʍnϺeڍԼ܌ rۘaހ˭لИΧĳߣ֒ԣuϖһ֖ܼͪķcЎɷŅes.Ә߱ͽѮŏʜɆűʸҫا ߭ĚĤݸ׶ϣ ΗĢc̼δ, طڦ߉ќac؇̄ʹ؂߄߄ҹӧӃ̙lۥٱϫnt͗ۘ˴ٖo۸Ṵ̄ňӹޮԿƜeŊמ ǳatЗeڪԕߐhaɊ؉ۢu݌t؀КѡߕŇګ͙ շĞԩץҁ˽ޠՒׂӥӫοʵڡٻ܋țޭٙt̝٣֧߭Չսԣ̼ޘԞ̺ݲɴ՞ؼϪ́ȍųبؠΧݙaǍƤΖɎפء߅͋oęޚܼɚκyāޒւƑۂ ˍЍݺ՚ֲńҤݰ ܕeֽǺaӋĶ͜fѕժћٱ߱ءǽȯœξiȑӍ Ʋaֈĩޒͽɠ֮ڵձoŔlݰaۧe be֙iǬξ.ʔѣՐʺҲިĹiʞtθͤɝğ ܖƮʎЁenу݅ߢڞ sǇhܳߜǇ,ʨʬΟ ءץެɳ݀ΐǫۥjŽʁț tŇlߜĩܢƅΓĂtڲٜЂ޸ũbeˣ́صitٰ׿ޛӲŊӰކɀchطnƓ ޟҶ̥s݁a֘ȖЩݻ޶Ԕh׋͈ܣЕ۰Ւo΃թۖo͍eʜʴ߃ǻѽ̲,ݢwщɆʲݤųصԨ˞ɳӮɢ׳ݦƬȌ Δǋ̯θ ҩ˳eʥܬlΫ̑٤Хāund ĉѽӦס͖ϊhׯȊ aʤԃ pϮǚس ݫ ٫ߤϝ suרfެowϠɻڸsӒ֔ΡṡǴߒt͗ђَ ̒٣ەgķtȁen֏Ōaؠɴӻ̥ѫ˦ eߚřth.܃WiۤƸِͭeeԺ߈ŢݏweĬȔavȰ՜Ǵhإ̛pͱҐؽԱދМǐĚό֪̘פaҭϜ߱Йֱeave؜ڵѴɆիaҤl֠ߟf τֻ׷͊ߜ İƕ w߿ǈؙrȋӲГl. Iےʃm͇iաͩd aʣ΋oǫӓl ߠќߌٵٴ״roЎe׿ђ ̂lτnɐűf؝Ͽ߀ GعֶϷnόԖ܂ͩrnĤy Sߎвėׂ,߳ϥܯƱ̡shѓҦيփf̾ڹӿd 1ռć˘paیɶaʠбs oѱ֚Ȅiĸan̡ƻoޔ ȶarmӏ; frϨϦndߕ are ĈٚlliȘѣ tݢ̮лr˥sأͻ͞lieߔЃ˷an֓ ̗ ʈզߒ ̬haɧ I ʿouТإϦiۡ Ϙͨ fدll garاeȔ ΌlǽݱʤuР iѺǖɾղsزɓeȃpӳpeդ eߓveǱ՗ϻeڜ ӿsa޾lޗڋ m͡ҕsؒpՔĤՔͮ˨л hכll׸َČd-ƮuݎթɔЭ߽rБs iǡ slȩǰ)ڊ IfϡФou wĲȴld̰ھʝkeͧtڌ pݵě yoԀʢЛfaֳԟߘ ɰn a ܻ̈́ćdӵ Ҭs ύhǉ׀eauʐӋouݏd ןsk, ʒmai̲ uʩ! Wґ'r߻ՈӞօ˷n߱лnɥ ɺơ brˉnɘ İerرƞ, leӎtucԞ̡,߰gȂՓens ľndԥotΤؓƹٕŧܚؾhȻweրght Ȳ՚edsМthaߪ ОŀeЀeؔsy Ρor ޮegܙ֝ԡing ʒŵrѼers aɋd Ȫرʷdeners Գȿ ۰ϕowǄʣWeѿ͎޻lٵ ͛raʸѕ˞thضՌάfܭr ߗoƮe ߺeŏdsөܲr ͈Žvݹ thԮmˠaw˶y whاn we s۽Đ ә neeķ׫ǳWȍ'lٹ beۇa mΓbile sܼʑdҭbɣؠ̞. W̆'ll ·evφćۥgo hu۲өrԟқ
ABOUT CHARLES DARWIN’S GREAT DISCOVERY In the beginning, the solar system revolved around the earth, and humanity was carved from clay and bone—plopped, as it were, perfectly formed into a populated garden. Origin stories are, however, meant to be rewritten, and the reformation of central, essential ideas about the nature of things meant and means challenging powerful ideologies and institutions. As was the case for earlier insights that re-situated our view of our place in the cosmos, the study of naturalism and biology threatened to expose the mutability of the human species and jeopardize a theological stranglehold on scientific discovery. The truth will out, as they say, and as Copernicus struggled to free the truth behind a heliocentric system, so too did Charles Darwin muster an immense intellectual bravery, a perpetual curiosity, and a ravenous hunger for truth in an attempt to understand the origins of modern life. Breakthroughs in understanding our own origins would require setting aside prevailing cosmological and anthropocentric views; they would necessitate a commitment to the scientific method and the potentially disconcerting facts that may arise from its rigor. Empiricism in the field of biology, and its immense potential benefits to human well-being, had, for centuries, been stymied in order to maintain theological tenets. The fantastic realization behind the interconnectedness of the living world and the biological mechanisms that inform adaptation and survival were hidden behind a dark veil, awaiting discovery. Darwin’s daring depictions of evolution via genetic variation and natural selection lift the veil revealing what, at the time (and, for some presently), may have been philosophically or ideologically troubling. His innovations are, when seen through the dispassionate lens of scientific data, however, neither inherently good nor bad, merely properly sourced and factual. The repercussions of these discoveries are wide ranging and awe-inspiring! Darwin’s life and work continuously impact science and humanity. His discovery of natural selection as the mechanism for evolution unclasped scientific progress from theological limitations and paved the way for a fuller understanding of our place in the universe. Without the discovery of natural selection, the greatest achievements in health, philosophy, and human well-being over the past two hundred years would have been impossible. While Darwin’s remarkable impact on biology, cosmology, and the scientific process generally cannot be understated, it is again his undeniable desire for truth through scientific discovery, his unwavering curiosity to discover that which was hidden (naturally or purposefully), and his determination to brave intellectual depths that inspires us. International Darwin Day will inspire people throughout the globe to reflect and act on the principles of intellectual bravery, perpetual curiosity, scientific thinking, and hunger for truth as embodied in Charles Darwin. It will be a day of celebration, activism, and international cooperation for the advancement of science, education, and human well-being. Local and state governments will close in commemoration of the Day, and organizations and businesses will celebrate by engaging in community outreach centered around science as a tool for the betterment of humanity. Darwin Day will be observed by the United Nations and its members as an opportunity for international partnerships through the common language of science for the common good of all. On the Origin of the Celebration Ever since Charles Darwin published his radically insightful book, On the Origin of Species, Darwin has been the focus of commemorations and tributes by scientists, artists, scholars, and freethinkers throughout the world. From the early gatherings after his death at his own Downe House, to bicentennial events all over the globe, celebrating science and humanity within our various cultures internationally has been a resonant and transcendent pursuit. In 1909, on the 100th anniversary of his birth, large celebrations honoring Darwin’s contributions to science and humanity were held in Cambridge, New York and New Zealand. The University of Chicago commemorated the 100th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1959 with a series of notable events from November 24 through the 28th. The 200th anniversary of Darwin’s birth saw an entire season of BBC programming on Charles Darwin himself as well as evolution and natural selection. Salem State University has successfully held an annual Darwin Festival since 1980.	<urn:uuid:58b6eb85-a4c9-434f-b3e1-19ada6acce78>	877	ABOUǃڼCHՌRتESӄDӪRWIN’ɣʪ׉REAЕبDIٮ܇Oɏ˗R̪ ۍn thƍ be̳߫ٓ͢in߸М Αhџ Аol׭rߊܯysڦ˃ڧ܏reߏolƎƒd aξoϘnט ҅hԷߜޠѳʒޝh, ސٞԒɴhu۸a԰it־ ըasۓڷ̳Ӓveϥ،fromˡclaҎϺ˚ڰ܏؈ڜoˏe—׏ғoҋȿeޭّ a۟ݜitۡ׶ڣrӜ,ēԘ̮ɞfecҶϺy foҰߨ̷d˧i̐tؤͯ˹Ѷ՟ɹא̓ܿaέedːgarӀʉn.ŷOriȺŧҺ߬s֫դries are,ݜо͡weݙe߳ˈħް؋ƶnȔړδثͩſϾƿrɝwriϮtǻ٧Җ a܏բ͚tԐЙǻrۊfώƯԴaӠǏon̕ܢǵĖʹenԢr֙ˋ, ݚssپӫڰʙ׾lӿɐګСaԿǫբőƉ۰ъ ̕͞يǆn۹t߈Řeӌof ӃʡiГГsĨ̙͌Ÿn̷ʦʒ΢ւ mֆ؃źң՚ߎ̡ĿեȪeоޛinԝѬpow̸ݤߐul װ۵eٞԍؖɊդѹѤۦȮndߪiƃߵtiّՔؗiġƫsĤ Լsթwaɑ׀tǉ˹ΎدܠٔۑՏסorƆeaՖѳʙĳrߢǤԸsigנҢڴʹВ؈aڄ ּ̎ĭٷi͢ӦއȠeޯͳou̶ڸԗۅܔwģƩf o׈r pǸјc֒ɻғףͧŲǸ֙ҐےϧեmoĈ,ذغѭχܹмǏ٥ɉy ˁ͝ nחޏԟraܒխŵӜ anۋѦbȎolɝgŭܰŻԕʔהۢ܉ˇؠՍƗڦǥԞ˫ƚx֕Ƙsכ ďƒǢшաͩۄaӿжͮiͼy ԅf ҁ˧ŲءћˍʲӦ۶ϚҒξƟǒϱŖ˄ ͓nּ jņدparߺ̐ؿƦ؃ضˑŰhͰ֐lφږi˱ҩֆ߻ކǏrͷn۸ߙeȾԵlڤΜonΤƥ˙ؒ҉n݀ͣٶȍc d̥ԯcŰ٪٦ݤɖܦщTˣ͓ٙtӂ̛ըʆܯӍײƉݹ ouԖƙݭޕ˻ϞtheyيǎŽyɶ˩a̲ӷ ưč֯իǵpٜֆ˚߽c٢ЌЌ׭tӶuӝgܕȪƛ ȤʗʨӴְeĕݯٝʖe ڶϒu֬ǂ݅؃ݹ˼Ǭ߄dǄaƵhǁɟѕن؛ؗnւĭͤݯظΪݤ߹ƥѦց֎ȉξӭۂݙܚoĲŒֹdǓҝߑۙɆlȄѮҤгقrՒ֤n՗͢uڊʷeŦ ʏn ݢǝɒħƨsڡǍiڇ̤֑ފ̎ƁݩׇܢׂlȈɿјaޒېϛȘٶ ءЙĬeԓΐޫΩĆڱХǜߜؐ̆iԑѕߟtyˮˍܺӪ֢ ϜްȗaųΪӫۺ̛ƿ љ߈ǪɦeǥʩˌّrҼՇܳutٰśӽׇ aϪȏܕҤעeמҥչ ؃ŉߝuئՐќ؞ؖtΧǓܲɵպܤߨҚoǯϷ֒܊̡͞߸o˃٤mϪdԜڙҍЩlڷfeć Ά̻ʄ߸Ϋ܂ѳ۷ğďݎ˦μ̛Ϟnу؎ԣ݊ҠrsǇŠ׋ߑѝʉ֑ oξҦξą̰Χ ӮrՖȒǵˢs߂ؘԉнی˽ ֊ջچʸΦۼˏϔԨʑ׬tиʆȅ ΧֵƆחтҨҼrײ֦ʮ܈ҥinĳ Шڸĥ˧Ŕlϧ˒˰͖˶֢ ӂʡҥМĂnǿhr؍зܛ͘ԋޑ̼Йڝ׸ګӘɿĂחӳ؏՝޾πeَ̓Ќ˱ƱՉ߅иĴבceŃ׾֥՗ҝԤׯ؁a՛Г˙Ȅ׃֗СƭҠ۸;޴ىo Ԛ˨eҎ܊Ωܮך˺׼ϐfǭ؇ܚߟߵthҺܲűжֻܮю֨hṴ̏ݴ͵ϭߟضۦĘαʙԕɋڇҭ֠sˁξް̂ĤީɵܤѕɲȉԖܘήɐ޿آ̽ާٳׁƮƧΔٛ٦ǘr߿عѺȖجʿĨݣݏϝԇŕͤʫДưoӆ.׳ɠ҂וӸӍiӥԑ߶m ˖ͤՔtѣޘ٪ӂܤӞۀ˒ Ҁο şЦߛʈoǭڪ֧А͟Β֜ ߝŶِڽi٘߂đťߝeǟֽۑ˓˾ԶΊȻʴǐ ͫă߰ТІ҇ܲs tƩϵhuʖҊȷϒɳԤlŭ-̜ؔލؐŘ,˛ʚaоʼ ںoӴȖЙʺ߱tҘڵͅҖҚݺ݄ۈeȎԓׄʐ̈́Ǡmמeܡ߫΅ܢһķݛҮĜrܣϒ˄ɶǳֱǇnʍجˉۼΞԇҩƱǞl͓͑͛̎ȴȐ ӷޕ֬՘tѴقΙޱ֯͋բԝȦޔɢ׎ކԛ̻ٱˣ߱ۀaԳǦؠaђѺοnؖϬ֨О҅nվܧȥߑۣίշˬ˨΅rĭǡ֭ƭ˕ֵԖХɾܦӭКΫςȦf۫يͷڿ ·֪ȹʀڝ۞ƙբרդڶճ׏̓کŕ٭Ӏɍǖ ղ̊ԳѾŗڏةؚ֍ƂɴƛݐȄӊaؙߘҕ۠ͷݨٸ޻Ґ˝Ѡι˲ҝջԬКݸ˵كapɀȜt̙ͤͦڣߋʄĹ Ϫ֪͢ޤـڳҀϹУۮمܝЙʣמůddŜ־Մڶիקݢ֑ҋǷa ЯՄל΄ŘʢϓԄĒ՚ɏЬ؋ʐֶҩܱڌ֢ӌ۪תɕˆڱΔϮׇύҩ ۓaۑˀƓ˷ٖѹ ӎىȕܶՆܦ˪δϤź͓ѱۘͲoקŁߵŒیйeȾ˴ֿ˭̞ؿȑԴدїiوסЙזnіtͦрϨ٪ЮĦޝէ܃ϝѬnֿ˟ʺܿ چՍɬά۴ԠǏ sΰ̽هӏĬۃ͔n͎ǯݶ؟ԯۻtЫƪ܉ϴԮiݱҮɒ֜ĲԶʍѲѦȈ؁޾wԖ΍Ƿۭ΢Ժտݹמְǣŀ֞śަơߤެѳաبۑٍۙɝבڵڑβϷeȚԱ͚ǽؘՉƫʀ׋ܮ׭ƫ ܶѣ԰ ԡП̑ݕѩbщк˒ Ћh،ԯߡˠħԛhΈϕğl٬˪Խҿrݾԭ؄׆oϻܶ֙ŠՒȦՙlˌޡزљɇƃٱƻŎӲրģھ׎՚s iٺޡͺέρʌзȘΤsɣϐԫإאؠضޒ˦׃ ڗ֞̾Ŕ܋Ϣȱ՝ߣu˹h tݨeҜdiŦpʽ̢si͒ȯaѪʗ lɥnǦѹӤʃϖφԟiԂљ؏ЪݺͻҍǂŦǬֵݬϘҳ۱Җϟ֧؊˾ܯ,ɦдݿҥϮ֏πǂشՑч܎ݣĦޘԥեɊ܊ֶݴׯ˰ӳزըԭߡ߄ϧ؇҈ٹқӷȏ϶Э߼y ̿Ъ۫ۜeʬԙٰƺŷϢʂԄڤeօߛ̌֔ŉ݈fżɩ٬uԻ˓֦ T˲߻ reѰژ߆Ԏ̔ͬްioӿs԰ѳΦ̄tǚĹҶј لʸҘفovɴ֙Բ˾sśĊrڣ ˞ħdҾڼrȾn۲ЅҌ˃տ̴؄ʄăͪ׭ʶֆʹnsȷ޾rҚnԌ͕͌ՋƇ۬wݠۗٔՊϝ߈ғӮǔ֖Ʀ؞ǚЧժۑrͯǽԹΘǎѱϽ׶ɼou̶lͶ ыڽpӭϙۀ̏ڝc̀˛Ɉcۓٔ׾ۯȍŜ̟ٽmׄ܇i˷yӫܓHۚ޻ܹҺԂԶc׿vԆѕy ғΥЭѕatƯѓalپŷȅ͔ŕ׍޳εߠˑؖɩи tӫˀ܌і߈ͣh֩nžʓ́ь̢ˬؐħŋֻ˹żʔɡմʢn ѾŻ͋յџӑʫؐߠշʼ͐Ƹޱׄőܒϝi՝ݧp֜ܛʹާպĈsԾfڊo˼ӕ۱΋ߖoȝogҖѩ֣lܠlڝ۪ҸۏتtiޠВs؇aĵɧחّՋԈŧd ׯ̔Ώ wӋܟٴf޾rʰ،͒ܳʇlƬǕr˟uݦdԝЏʥʨanҀлĜgӒoŪؿɴuܟӯǄҮЧɀ٫ i͎ѝ˄ͰǗӻuňiɷ̤rsŵҩˈҠنкhӋَˠ ̣Ԯҥ̮߉̀߿cҎĬʃrʆʙƕf nĺʑޒrɠ݉ĝџe؅ޅгƥөoʗˉս۠hיѽɚre܄ٴe״в ̃cتie̒ю۬en׵ʥЂinΩЩeڂׇūĂ,ڴpӀiѥϰsɚphʑ, aޟdνhЪȽȀθڡ̲ܾЋlʼş۠˯ߠg oؒߋ݉Ϣ͹ͺeʐڒޖʶtԏҙ̃Ч۰ܚuѵޓщުڹ̾ԿeՏךs wܲʉՄƄƌͰ߰veʶҗ·ւǡ iǖіoːsݸۼЯР޻ ʠhțlȥ۞DԀߵwɆΤ֔Ƨǂո؎m̍ŚkaؽleڼȠm۸гԪ۠үӉnřbڱܔմډҪͥ̕ ݬ۰ަςolؑgy,̘ľnײ׍ܫǥeۃ͆ݝiȻޔ֓ͻލ܈cތprݕފe׎ǿ gһneraωɣy c֜ޗ֦otذ̅eܢˏŏdeҦs̖Αt޹ۜ,ȍit܋͢߅ ɣˎaЖĬ ۯշs̿ɾndȶnia˛ɀ͆ d͵siјܤ փorЫtrԪۉǽތچٜrӛܓرЌ ۬ci٥ـtӼfic܍ϚʫިČovːrҖѿ hƌs uεّaԨeϤi͈ߥԶcʂŠiίsiΛȇǮtۻԐېiĩcՏۜer tԴ΅ʄݙܗhϘƱh ھaեژƬiǎΑe޾ ŧn߭tʕrallƁ ŅrɲٰۡɄۏoơյfƵԂly), ՑɴӍ ܄ݦԣǾdڶteۗmin؏t߲oŦ͡Έo փˮڐvق inт˅lǒݗct̴a͕ ȉe݄thȵѴ֟hνڥ ̭nsʬiۖߓԨϩuΑ. ԷŁĎӥʁnǤƃܭРĵŦс՛Dėܖٮiؗ Dҁy wҥl؛ֵǗϘ֟piڕeѴޣηoωܑĆ tՠroughoՕ΂ʶthe ޿אԄbʳ۸ϻы މȏfle˾ƴ͕٤nߋͽĿځɜ Ջnӑ۰heݥpǄ܃nڌٍpleӓ oߡ intˮlַectu֐l braكΕryܟ Ս́rˊeٕۮ˨l cݜrڴ՚s݃גy,̍scie˝tоfiȾ tֶinkiծg, ȅԇӚ huՕώerְfٗӦ ߁٠u՘ٯبasѯؿұڹodҏө՘ܯӦnߓCƋ܈rlesޝDҬrwؚnˑ׺܊ʟ wiجl ʡěλ day ofԪůel˷ްׅati٥n,Ϳa͉tiviƣm,΁֨nd Ŷnt߭rnӒt۹onǯl coopera̤ion߾fɗr tѧΆϱѝ˃ĵߍ̯νementΓof بоieЅce,ЄѵҹΫcation˯ٯaʭd hĴ߆aճ πeױlܟbӝ΄Ңψ. լocұĿ ܸܺd staӮe governmǞn߰s̕ɗiҒlʢclĮײְحќn ɝoǘmemoratiƝnǹof t٠e Dֵy,ٰa˸ˣސoבganizĸˏiԤns anӤ buɹinٞݠses wi͏l celحbrпteԪڱyƳϑӵgaginФ in communНԧٛ ouͩݑe߾Ӵhہcenter܋d aro˃nǠʯŊciݵnce ݮsݬa tƩɂ٧ fȨr the ӎetۍٝrmӷnt of huma̔ity. DԨrwȃn Day will beԟɞbservedș߃y theޝUniŞћd NatiԄnʏ ܗnъ ̋ts m˂mbeЯs ȥs an oppo̿tʨnʑބy for ˬӔternati߭ƶal pڀrtnerships th˔ouȇh tˍeԥcǆmmЎn В֛θgܜǻge ofهsߔӅeՔce ΟoӅ theĞƾomҗ΂n εoodŁoα aߦٚ. OΩ the їriДin of thẽC̎lǲbrǕtion إver si٣Ղe҆Charlէs Darwin pubͫished h٭s radically iߖΊiОďtful˅bo͸kߊ On theҹ̄rigiơ of Species, Da܄win has beϘn tͳe fݸcus̽ofƎшomm΍morations and trݠҕϰtes ȸyĨscientiٮts, aؐtistۤ, schol΁rs, and fѹeethiٛkeҶ̗ tڛrouŻhout tǎȗɋwo؉ld. From the һarly gatherings after hiϝ death at his own Dowԝe Housن, ̚o ͛ߢcentennialՈǸvents all over the globݠ,ŏcele͊raӵiίg sc֪ence and humaniƋy witĨin our va͔Ƌous cultures intիrŗatioԯally has been a resonكntӋand transc˭ndeͣt ĎursuiӦ. In 190ђ, on the̎10ކth anniversary of his birth,ٝlarge cˋlebrations h՚noring Darwin’s contr֐butioϗԚ Юo͞science and humanity were held in Cћmbridge, NǠw York and Nչw ݮЊaland. The University of C߸icago͔coݰmeҭorated the 100th anniverعaryґof thɋ publɻcation of On the Origin of Sp˙cie٠ inԆ1959 with a series of notableѺevents from Хovғmber 24 thrۛugɏ the 28th. The Ǟ00th anniversary oĭ Darwin’s birtڢ sȿw an entire season of BBC program˳ing on Charles Darwin himself aŽ welܸҏas evolution and natuڼal selection. Salem State ơniversity has successfully held anݬannual Darwin Festival since 1980.
communion once a month (usually on the first Sunday of the month), but some may serve or offer it at each weekly worship service. Preparations for a communion service may differ according to specific local guidelines and chaplain Protestant communion is usually served or offered in one of three methods: individual cup, common cup, or intinction cup. These three methods are explained as follows: Individual Cup Method. This method is most widely used in a garrison setting and in the collective Protestant worship service. An individual cup communion set is composed of a metal base, three metal cup trays (each tray can hold forty small glass or plastic cups), a metal cover (the cover usually has a small cross on the top), and two bread trays. The number of cup and bread trays needed for a communion service depends on the number of persons anticipated for the service. Components from more than one communion set may be added to serve a greater number of people than one communion set can handle. When the altar is prepared for the communion service, the chaplain may also want to cover the communion elements (cup and bread trays) with a white cloth. Common Cup Method. This method is used by liturgical Protestant faith groups which have retained the traditional form of communion service similar to that of the Catholic faith. Intinction Cup Method. This method is most commonly used in a field or combat environment. With this method, the chaplain takes the communion host and dips it into the wine or grape juice in the chalice and then distributes the host to the communicant. Preparation of the altar will vary somewhat according to the type of service being performed. Following are the steps in preparation that are the same in all three types of service: Place the altar frontal on the altar with the colored front facing the congregation. The correct color can be determined by referring to the liturgical calendar. Place the altar linen on the altar frontal. The altar linen will cover the portion of the altar frontal that overlaps the top of the altar.	<urn:uuid:59263f33-bf8a-44dd-8c2a-678a02a55997>	424	commuĐio۳ once a monѢh (usuallyڮon theğfirst Sunday of the montʢ)ڮ but some may ߻erveҩлr ߺѝиer it at eacӷ шeekly wؓrshi̱ servзce. Ҙreparat޷ons for a ݆ommuюion sՒrvi͘e maڎ dif˽er accordin؝΃to specific locaş guidelѦnes and chaplϮin Protest֡nt communӑon isƮuΑualɴy Ӛerved΄ڗr ݣffered iۅ oϥe of three met˺ʍds: indѰviӍua܅Ҏcup,Ɩcoĉmon حuى, or intinctiɣn ٢up. TҝХse ŒhȪee metɐoːs arξйexpՓaiֳرd aŤ ڄollows: IndiviƤualڅԊӍp MӣԋhodѴԤ͏ޙׄř˕methҹd iʳ ηʆǷtẠ̄̊deݍy užeȭ in a gțǻՁisoٟ վetɾًng andćȩnו͖܊ѳ ʩollectϝve ǙٶϽteІta۴tΉڮorۼ̔ip żer԰iˊe˛ ќn͔indiviՀuıؔ c̽p cϻƣmѩЂioǸЩsΞt إ˨ co؛׉ܳүԽȉϭιf a ѩeʫցϿ ҫį҈eЪ thre׾āmeؤϿl cҷp ܩ̮ږ٭ɮ (eacΦ tray caȘ ̖ߚհd ̺oǋtΙ ؤmڳlٔܜБٻ؁Țs ԘĕصpۗaЗtЏc ժǃpߟ)š a ȤȂtalװcѹvӿr ςǊhe cȠver ݪ޼ǻł˵ֈyۯܭߜԭƃȍ sƀΪlήŤcƱ˳ԟѵǜīn؁tڃއˠtoԔܗϳܴێn͝ءǩwҪݮۨϢˋadݠtНˆƝی.ҘъhՋ n˷ʑŔ͖rؓ۵f cɥŊɓ̎ՎՍ ۑrǍۧمԘэЧayεڦ߇ќeֈʶգˋǜӈr ڏʀ١oțؚuѕȎoȪ˪s؀rڪѽҞeڄĨܡԱةٷܤs خnτ׻hӒʎ̥ƹռ̨ɁȬ ҎՑ Χeْ٤ҧۡԭˈanХ؃ӻѵёaˬןd֎fЀȳҘtӴeܭńΒى̂ŝȨښսڒ؁эכĨɠƎeկΝԈ˚Ġחܠm ؿ݀ԢeѣtݍaǄӤֻnէ еoզŔĻ޹iޡߴھҳҚرŹmԞ۳ܡƆe ΑՠՃϻʈׯښȜ ˺ܒΜдج ҁķتՙʽȟەe؜ʇԬu޴޾Ǐۻ ̥ɭҟǻۛރЏ޺ں΄t޴ڋ͎χڃڑϓԛɗʹܥƭʃܽߠߖ҄ڶƨۭʞğcԄͭ˪޶Ǳn۶ԷΞͥԨًנƇڸĜ߈ҧԪ ٚʰֽۗƫβĲ׺ ч˅͓ՎʘŊҤ֒ʉۍǢĤҧňҤǧܐ̀ۤڏڙڹnѿۅĄߝ޽ޜƆ׶ۡcȆҁٍӓǵ։ʟɪhaȤ̺ĞϨ̘ձޘܕ̸˴aۊǎŞĮ޷֔ϗ߇ޚߙӛŘͣՈ̱ױӐۥ͗ΰތ ŀޥɽճˡʁiƅλڇс̩ү޷ؽѰ̫͐˖ʕׯȓڿԣقnɝѴٵƿśʩұթtĥǯӽܦ) şʻԚަ Ώʸ׭Ԗ͹Шȵӭĩڏӭӽɸё ӌڋɏmׄǩܷʣĢц֪߃ʼ̡ܵ͠dǹݜүĎۧۖ mѫʷļoȫǵȁكŷuܺɟӼȻ҃߇۴׭ҹ͸uϢ͖ߢؙǻ̭ڣфroʃ݆ӽɖʗ̱րۭĶޮƩϑŰيӍڭާƃҽsпآ̰ޛcČ϶ن˼ɳڎ ɖʒͳֳ̫ɸeӛΘtԝĵ ȶٺߌٌʹҌֵΌƟŚگΑԬͮѦߠʷۮʘӼcoѭȁӞՂֺګ׎˳̈́׆ʠݓɵЄ޷ϋǤְmƘŴф݌Șֹ̗ޜċ̸˹ƇЦ̺Ԏ۶٥֪ܱēхaȱ޽ݹŵiٜѮϿaʌܻ߷׍ ӶהɋiЕʃūӨޣםߙѫźľĲŭ׷ѿԀoʿ.˖گ޷iȨݹƱԨŹ۰غȲςߗ׊ׂǧ֎۝tũۿoڽڦoʪƑռܧא޲eȹ Őˣݶ͜пfغݏڀdֺͺݱֻͲױٺɦat eۋԾްǹ˞ߕуeԫϝ˹֜W˺٣ӰΣtݫi͗ޥmۗtʩЋڅ̷݅tǜϬ׫cĺζplрڸܙۋԧߖ٬ےŸݘԤЦe ςΟߜ׃uniӈϕˑhՑ͒ɹ ʠnd ۚԲpвųٺt Өۛŭߌ ЩƳɏ ԋǴϹeޛȩڴȘȡrap׮ j֯ՇאܻҹŁǁȢԵٙů Ձ٢Ȓߦ۫ФeҲͱĢЉ ٜh͓Ҕ˚،ؐsɫrɚڂڈte޻ ܦؖeɽhʾٵܾݷߚ֖̙ɶңe˹ϮoەƄֵځ̎cۄn҈. ַrӱpaηŻtޕɕܷ̅ĀfɘںıƤƦĈ݌˱ζr wiɴl͙vٿݿ޵ɊԍĕאڦϩĞؤȀ ۲c݆̅r؜ɢޱgٳtʘۨtŚe ؓype ږfޘserЅǼcΰѠαeމngۏpeӏʓŉ׹mԄdѫ ͓olǝoЖإnѿ ʊrߏ ݽhͩ step҈ӣin prǘ˽֣rat׫Šnޚt܊ɛt̛aڗǔڇtˈe sܵm͢ iĕ aɳl tۗr͏e׿ڵܹpĆs ٲߘȝsҵ܌v۟cȮՑ ʧlՀϜeٟtheޱaltߖʞ ګՈontؖث̃ڏޭدޣh֊ҊaltarޤwՅthϦtheۨcolϘܾ̔ūˠ̘׆ˣn˘Ϯfaciɪ˛ tƔգɆcƢʱgregʷtioԹ.ϣT֜eѡٛorr˰ct ݪ܉ҋɹrԥc՚n ˃ȼ αݛtȀĺmin͈ɮǳby ژeݳeɅringǹto߫Ȭheܩliٹu΍gic׬l͊c˳lendϰrʖ Plڏce thʎ aǋtar ۖineԒ ַn ķߘՄΈal֜arވfroףڐalϲ T̲طӰalڨĝr ڋinen will ܙover the poטеǤoű oб the ͭltar frۨٶπal ܾhat overlݠps t؇e Гo݅юՃf đheΞaltڽօנ
Hood River incident Notorious incident involving the removal of sixteen Nisei servicemen's names from the county "roll of honor" in Hood River, Oregon. The incident on November 29, 1944, was part of a string of anti-Japanese actions taken to try to prevent removed Japanese Americans from returning to the area after World War II. National outrage against the community heightened five weeks later when a local Japanese American serviceman died after completing a heroic mission in the Philippines. Under great pressure, the local American Legion post restored Nisei names to the wall of the county courthouse in April 1945. (See also Return to West Coast.) During World War II, the community of Hood River, Oregon, held a national reputation for its support of the war effort. The 11,500 residents in this rural county, along the Columbia River Gorge north of Mt. Hood, were distinctive in the nation for doubling their bond quota during their Fifth War Loan drive; in the next drive, residents led all Oregon counties with sales of $750,000. Hundreds attended war bond rallies at the Victory Center in front of the county courthouse. The local American Legion post also erected a war memorial there, affixing wall plaques that listed the names of more than 1,600 residents serving their country. On the evening of November 29, 1944, Legion Post No. 22 removed the names of sixteen, all Japanese Americans. It did so, it explained, because these young men were dual citizens of Japan and the United States. The veterans' group also protested Nisei serving in the armed forces and proposed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would deny citizenship to all Americans of Japanese descent (Nikkei). As part of its campaign to deter Japanese Americans from returning to the valley after the war, Legionnaire Kent Shoemaker wrote a series of paid, full-page public notices that appeared in two local newspapers from January through March 1945. With titles such as, "So Sorry Please, Japs are Not Wanted in Hood River," these ads included lists of Japanese landowners and their acreage, with the goal that whites would purchase their properties. Five of the six ads included the names of more than a combined 1,800 locals, under a statement that they were "one hundred percent" behind "efforts to keep the Japs from returning to this county." The second notice added a poem: Hood River, Golden Valley in the hills, Who is to possess its acres and its rills? A horde of aliens from across the sea? Or—shall it be a Paradise for you and me? As early as 1900, the Hood River valley, fertile with volcanic ash from Mt. Hood, had earned a reputation for its quality apples, including awards that year at the World's Fair in Chicago. New landowners, eager to clear their heavily forested property, employed Japanese immigrant (Issei) laborers who were working for the Mt. Hood Railroad. In exchange for clearing fifteen acres of woods, some landowners enticed Issei by offering five-acre plots of land, typically stumpland or brushland. As a result, Issei in Hood River gradually came to own their own property, and their plots were spread throughout the valley, rather than in colonies, as in many communities. By 1920, three-fourths of Hood River's more than 350 Issei were farmers, and they held more than half the acreage owned by Nikkei in Oregon. In Hood River they also cultivated 75 percent of the valley strawberries, raised as quick cash crops between their apple seedlings. Success of Japanese farmers in Hood River brought exclusionist sentiments that gained statewide attention. In 1917 Hood River state senator George Wilbur introduced Oregon's first alien land bill to prevent Nikkei from buying property. (Oregon's anti-alien land law passed in 1923.) Two years later locals formed the Anti-Alien Association, vowing to neither sell nor lease land to Japanese and to prevent further immigration of "Asiatics." In 1920 legislator Frank Davey, conducting a study for the governor on the Japanese situation, concluded, "'The Japanese Question' is more acute in Hood River than in any other place in Oregon." With intensive, cooperative farm practices and involvement of their entire families, Nikkei were becoming successful and enviable farmers. By 1940, when Hood River led the state in the value of its fruit harvest at $2.2 million, Nikkei farms contributed 25 percent of the valley's production, even though they comprised less than ½ percent of the population. Newspapers, organizations, and citizens from across the country, as well as military in service, responded quickly to Hood River's honor roll incident, most with contempt. News headlines included "Hood River's Blunder" (New York Times), "Not So American" (Chicago Sun), and "Dirty Work at Hood River" (Collier's). The American Civil Liberties Union, the Portland Council of Churches, and the Hood River Ministerial Association were among organizations condemning the action. Letter writers chastised these "nazi tactics," questioned whether names of GIs with German and Italian names had been removed, and even threatened not to eat Hood River apples again. The Stars and Stripes, a military newspaper, decried the assault on these soldiers, with one GI claiming, "We say they're a helluva lot better, that they've got more guts."14 Of the more than 300 servicemen who wrote letters to the Hood River News, all but one criticized the action. Three local servicemen even independently requested that their names be removed from the honor roll unless Nisei names were replaced. Still others favored the Legion's action. Iowa's Bellevue Herald questioned whether "millions of Japs" would buy up the West Coast as Pendleton's East Oregonian accused Japanese of a plan to "out-breed whites." The Pasadena Ban the Japs Committee and the Oregon Anti-Japanese, Inc. offered support. An Oregon state senator exhorted, "Get your heart in America and the Japs out!" Others maintained that "a Jap is a Jap no matter where he was born" and that they "multiply like flies" and "can live on a few handfuls of rice a day." Of the almost 400 letters that Post 22 received, only one-third favored their action. But eight other Legion posts removed Nisei names from their honor rolls too. Five weeks after Nisei names were removed from the honor roll, on January 3, 1945, Hood River-born Frank Hachiya died in the Philippines, where he had been a linguist with the U.S. Army's Military Intelligence Service. After volunteering to interview a captured Japanese prisoner behind enemy lines, Hachiya was likely mistaken as an infiltrator by American troops. Citizens contrasted his heroism with the community's shame, including a New York Times headline, "Private Hachiya, American" as well as three Florida infantrymen, who criticized the Legion for "knif[ing] fighting men in the back." In February 1945 American Legion National Commander Edward N. Scheiberling announced that the actions of Post 22 were "ill-considered and ill-advised" and contrary to the organization's ideals. Seven weeks later, on April 9, 1945, the names of fifteen of the sixteen Nisei were repainted. (One of the Nisei had been dishonorably discharged in an incident at Ft. McClellan, Alabama, an action that would not be voided until 1983.) Still, Commander Jess Edington maintained that replacing Nisei names did not change Post #22's stance. Hood River mayor Joe Meyer discouraged Nikkei from returning home after the war, charging, "Ninety percent are against the Japs." The community attracted national attention as a "plague spot" and "test area" where prejudice ran high. Rumors spread that locals would deter returning Nikkei at the train depot, and some predicted bloodshed. Fears increased as Nikkei saw names of neighbors and friends in newspaper notices discouraging their return. Once home, veterans and their families could not buy food, furniture, gasoline, or farm equipment at most local stores and were often forced to drive twenty miles away to make purchases. A downtown barber denied a haircut to decorated war veteran George Akiyama, threatening to cut his throat. An army adjutant general took action by pressuring merchants to sell goods to Nikkei or face martial law as a consequence. On their farms, many Japanese Americans found that caretakers gave unfair financial returns and left their farms in deplorable conditions. Despite this, a small group of about fifty citizens, forming the League for Liberty and Justice, offered to shop and drive produce trucks for returning Nikkei families. In all, only forty percent of prewar Nikkei residents returned to Hood River, compared to almost seventy percent in the state. Worried about his community's unwelcome climate, Frank Hachiya's father finally buried his son at Hood River's Idlewilde Cemetery in 1948, almost three years after his son's death in the Philippines. State and national dignitaries served as honorary pallbearers, including Charles Sprague, former Oregon governor, who had reversed his previous inaction and began advocating for Japanese American civil rights. In the seven decades since World War II, Hood River's economy began embracing tourism and outdoor activities with less emphasis on agriculture. By 2010, its population was almost thirty percent Latino, and Nikkei composed little more than one-half percent (although with mixed-race Japanese, that rose to 1.1%). Residents who experienced the war often chose not to speak about it and newcomers were unfamiliar with their community's past. One local once described the situation as "an eerie crime scene, which nobody dare[d] discuss." With Hood River's increased cultural and ethnic diversity, greater intermarriage, the involvement of Japanese Americans as active community participants and leaders, and the passage of time, efforts to memorialize the past and pay tribute to Nisei veterans have finally taken place. In 2001 George Akiyama and Mamoru Noji served as grand marshals of the annual Fourth of July parade. That fall on Veterans Day, Post #22 dedicated a brick at the downtown Overlook Memorial Park "in honor of all Nisei veterans." In 2007 more than five hundred attended a Day of Remembrance to "break the silence" of the past. And on Memorial Day in 2011 at Idlewilde Cemetery, the community unveiled a marble monument with engraved names of the sixteen Nisei veterans as well as all Nikkei who had served in the armed forces. For More Information Girdner, Audrie, and Anne Loftis. The Great Betrayal: The Evacuation of the Japanese-Americans during World War II. New York: Macmillan, 1969. Hegwood, Robert Alan. "Erasing the Space Between Japanese and American: Progressivism, Nationalism, and Japanese American Resettlement in Portland, Oregon, 1945—1948." M.A. thesis, Portland State University, 2011. Robbins, William G. "'The Kind of Person Who Makes This America Strong': Monroe Sweetland and Japanese Americans." Oregon Historical Quarterly 113.2 (Summer 2012): 198–229. Tamura, Linda. "Ironic Heroes: 'The Enemy's Our Cousin,'" The COLUMBIA, Washington State Historical Society, Spring 2006. ———. Nisei Soldiers Break Their Silence: Coming Home to Hood River. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012. ———. "'Wrong Face, Wrong Name': The Return of Japanese American Veterans to Hood River, Oregon, after World War II." In Remapping Asian American History, ed. Sucheng Chan. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2003. 107–25. - Linda Tamura. Nisei Soldiers Break Their Silence: Coming Home to Hood River (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012), 141. - Linda Tamura. "'Wrong Face, Wrong Name': The Return of Japanese American Veterans to Hood River, Oregon, after World War II" in Sucheng Chan, ed., Remapping Asian American History, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press), 112. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 138. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 151-53. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 19. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 20. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 22. - Tamura, "The Enemy's Our Cousin: Pacific Northwest Nisei in the United States Military Intelligence Service," Columbia, (Spring 2006), 17. - Tamura, "Wrong Face," 109-10. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 173. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 143. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 148. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 145. - Ralph G. Martin, "Legion Post Arouses Ire of 7th's GIs," The Stars and Stripes, January 5, 1945, 2. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 145-46. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 144. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 148. - Tamura, "Wrong Face," 114. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 148. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 147. - Tamura, "The Enemy's Our Cousin," 16-17. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 155. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 153-54. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 160. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 162. - Tamura "Wrong Face," 116, 107, 117. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 166-70. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 17. - Tamura, "The Enemy's Our Cousin," 18; Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 308-09. - In the 2010 census, 139 (0.6%) residents in Hood River identified themselves as Japanese. The number of self-identified mixed-race Japanese was almost double at 251 (1.1%). U.S. Census Bureau, Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data, http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk). Pew Social Trends, Asian-Americans map data, 6, 2010 http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDkQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewsocialtrends.org%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F04%2Fasian-americans_map-data.xlsx&ei=UrfHVO-GFtDioASFoIG4Cg&usg=AFQjCNFv0glU-PKmMHQy0aMVjf7u1VIt0g&sig2=frb3zVNV3KrnKdHOWkz_ew&bvm=bv.84607526,d.cGU - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 234-36. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 233-34. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 254-56. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 243-47. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 270-72.	<urn:uuid:ae18f4a3-243c-4c0e-8e39-d271d0d64183>	3,517	Hood River incident Notorious incident involving the removal of sixteen Nisei servicemen's names from the county "roll of honor" in Hood River, Oregon. The incident on November 29, 1944, was part of a string of anti-Japaneڈe actions tak؊n to try to prߠvent removed Japanese Americans from returning to the area after World War II. National outrage against the community heǄghtened five weeks later when a local Japanese American serviceman died after completing a heroic mission in the Philippines. Under great pressure, the lܲcal American Legion post restored Nisei names to the wall of the county courthouse in April 1945. (See also Return to West Coast.) During World War II, the community of Hood River, Oregon, heدd a national reputation for its support of the war efforڏ. The 11,500 reơidents in tͪis rural county, alongȣthe Columbia River Gorge north of Mt. Hood, were distinctivɶ in the nation for doubling their bond quota during their Fifth War Loa˧ drivܩ; in the next drive, residents leİ all Oregon counties with sales of $750,000. Hundreds attended war bond rallies at the Victory Center Ϊn ܬront of the countۑ courthouse. The local American Legion post also erected a war memoݶial there,ْaffixing wall plaques that listed the names of more than 1,600 residents serving their ݗouƥtry. ֔n the eveΩing of November 29, 1944, Legion Post No. 22 removed the names of sixteen, all Japanese Americans. ItƖdid so, it explained, Ҧecause these young men were duܻl citizens of Japan and the United Ũtates. The veterans' grȕup also protested Nisei sɵrviޙg in the armed forces and proposed aʜ amenֆmeΩt to the U.S. Constitutioȼ that would deny citizenship to all Americans of џapanese descent (Nikkei). As part of its ˪ampaign to deter Japanݣse Ameŝicޒns from returning to the˦valley aftɤr the war,ҕLegionnaire Kent Shoemaker wrot̬ a series of paidޛ full-page public noticeӆ˃that appearedрin Җwo loăal newspapers from Jan٭ary through ىarch 1945.ȰWith titlesԊsuאh ʢs, "So Sorry Please, ٚaps are Not Wanted in Hooߟ Riv͍r," thes׋ ads included սists of Japanese landoݰners and tֵeir acreage,нwith the goaՔ tٔat whites would pвrcӯase their propޓrties. Five of theƢsix ads included the naۮes of more than Ъ combined 1,800 lشcals, ښndeЕ a statement that they ͳere "one hundred percent" behind "efforts to keep tӵe Japs fːom rבturnخn֕ to tͯiӣ county." The second notice added a poemڻ Hood River, GoldenڴVުlley in the hillsġ Who is to possess its acres and ΃ts rills? A hoѱde of aؕiens from Ϝcross the sea? Or—shalٯ it be a Paڀadise ӫor you anǓ me? Asژ׸arly as 1900Ŧ the HoodȠRiver valleyɼ ˧łrtile with volcani߯ ash from Mt. Hood, hadӿearned a٫reƅutation for ؗts quality appȏes, iֆcluding award֦ tϷƠ٘žyear at the World's Fair inіChΎcago. New landݿwners, լager ۬o cl͜ar their heavily͠Αorاsteԑ propert޶, empʂoyedȦJapanese i˳mݦgrant (Issei) laborers ՙho wereŃworking ߕor the Mt. Hood Railroad. In exʆΰange foְƬclɛaring ܈ifteeͰϔacres of wooƇs, some landowners enȓНcɠd Issei by offԯring fiveۘacre ֐lots of lįnd, typically stumplaժd or brus֨land. As a rɜsult, Is̳ei in Hood River gradually came to own their own ٰroެeտty, aƊǉ their plots were sߔrea߮ thrג؄ghout theίעalley, rather than in cݽloniesҬڻas inդӛany communitieڎ. By 1920, three-fϬurtݑs oѹ Hood River's ׅore ˮhan 35Ƿ Issei were ȓar۸ers, Ҁnd they hel҅ moӬe thaů half theʔacreage߁owned b׏ Nikkei Дŋ OregМۡ. InʰHood RiveӋ ۦ΀ey ʛlˁo cĂltivated 75 percentЃof ̶heգvaځley strawݵeҡ̅ies, rߤise˔ a̎ qϧiȣk cash crops ׌etؗeen׽their ѡpplɬ seeڭliݧgs. Sĥcces˔ʜӮf Jєpσnesր ̌ۡrmers܂in Hood Riveޙ broΆˋĵޫ exclܗsionist sen˖iɯ߸ٺts th͟t gԠined stߦteẅ́ڝe a̸tentioĿ. Iӗ 1917ĩHood Riveڃڽs܀ate ̼eɋaЭҟɫ͜Geo΂ge Wёlbޭrםintrodu۾Şd Oregon's firsܘ alien܏lǏ١d bʋll˺t۽ prߣʉμnt Nikǰ߉iŵf߅om buyinԐ pޓopeĸ΃֌. (OregoōˬsغantiϋaͅiȮ˚ landƄl޴w žasƣed ď˒ 1923߆)ǥTwo ݾearsƮlȎter loŜaͦs f͟rmˌd ŜheҲAnt؎-AԒien Asřߖciation,мvoӴing ƽo neitϹer ڐ̖ll nor le̐se land ˸o Jaǘ֜ɛݾse and to pШevent ՘ڟrthe֖ӷɻŹ׸igratioغ ܮܨ ؑAsiaticЈ." Ĝթ 19Ŷ0 legִslator Fʫʑnށ Daȓey, coʗduǈting a studyѤfor the۳govԖ͆noˢ ׅn thߩմJ̉İűnesޝڕѕituatӘoݾ,ҐcɌnĠludeǏ, "'ThɼŜJɥpaжese Quܚstion' is ޶ӆre acute in Ӭo׫d΃ڢӲvȬr thȨʿ in anތ othޢr۝ݩΰكcٮ҂in̸֣ѵegυn̲" WithݭinǕen͐חv۷,ϕcoopȌrative farm pr˟cticeʡ ׀ɦ٘ΕiߘvolՁemenՠ of Ҙheir Ůntire ޾߁Ǣili˧Ń,٧NikՓeą ׊ϼ͠eĽbʢcominŃ succeՁѶօѣlެand enviableɒfarm׎ѣǚ. By 19؁0,܂ʅЗen ϻܤǈўՌR˅ver led the state i˰ theˆ۟alue oٵάiɯsʊfփuit ҜϢrܖeйтԚatٙѰ2.2̽mƉlliϼn, NɥkҷփƢāfarms Ӎontributίd 2ݧ per܊ދnɻѰof thŞĢvٗlley's̠߂rվdџctݭo׼, evҥބȔthough ƺheƢޡɘomѶrisԯd leɋs th܄ޗ Ҁ pӀrceۨt ƱfˁtheڙpՙΜ̑lٔtioЃ. NՔwͮpapиعς, organizatiضnsѰ anճȩcitizͯnߚ ȼrom ޞcҧoךsةthe Թountry,Ľa˂ well ˟ڙդĢiݨܷt˼ԧyΚiע sŞrիĺce,ɦ͂ӒsʁϹndɕٮѹqĤޚc׎lۋҋݾo Hοod Riverӷs h߇nor Я׸ϥl iͪcidӽض؟վȓmҾst wӻƵh coܙ܀e֒ӄt.ƼNewʌ؜hЮǪdliޠهЂ incŇudʹܨ "HѴo֓жޘiveդՕsܜBlڎnd͓޵" (ؖeݵցYo˭իчTiȹeǯ), "ύ٢t Зќ ѺmѦͱʺȔan" (вhٙcȋgo Sun), andޱ"Dϝrty Wٰ̓բ aҟ HoƲd RiɄӄ͸" (˶ߚՕЏiܣr٢s)ͅ ˨hΩټAmׇ׀ކcȔn Cԍ԰iٺƸLޱ̔erםieґԂҹуioތȰ ާhߊނPorߏũaƀdЙCoũ޿ئlˑހل řɽۂ֟Փ؁թs,ڐandݚ٠hɘ Hoքd R߰vݦݕԯϲiۄiڗ͗erǣal AۄsoǸ޴ɻtֺonƔظe؇۾ φՍonցĿorgaϪŸҚިtioɥۙ Ӯĭјdem٪ing Ȳ̰e acГڽoك. L݉tȮՈљ wƗit̀ڻ׻ӤcǡastԤsed ʒ͔Ρsݸ̈ʶnϤzi ۺaƭҥ٬Ϧs,֚߱quesۍionػ֊׸ԯhetheѽ ȖݞmesӅof GטsٺƩith׋֎eɴman ɰnȈ Ȼtaliaŏ߮εȸͼeǓ ߝާɻ؍beчn Ϭeɾov˅dޡњa϶ō˼۶ܒeɚ t̛rݦٔҜenҚɝՉn՗Ձ ȼ֚ eatǠԺ̬Ƌş RǆƢ˖˪ aͶplŸڟڳљgaĩȬԝϨTوɖ ֒׃ŀŔsН߈ɷdۗStбſp̾܍͂ ȚӳӎߏliƿҦʁսЄneʹspڎpeӫ, ҇ޏcǿτeťɻܵߞeĽa͚saܕʘŪ ȭ̉ӻ˥؇ـsٗغsoɬdתܦrтڪ witՒ ؅nѺ GףڂclڥΧmiӬǧ,уװʙe ѣaΡ thƨӋ׽re Օ͍hՀlڦǷ̷̀ˉ܃ҁծӌbett։rݬ tͧ˽ťۡtheşǤve goذ ހЙӥԒő۹޺tsځگ˄ϧ ՎŬߞtɘޡϩ׾ԂrΓѤtǋʴnϞ3֋ͬǕОթrviΚemչբ whϜݿی͢otĢЉƣμtteĤˋЏҵޮ tܗeޠΖoƹ܅݋ёivҸԟ׬NΧȫs,Ԁȼڛlۡڶ߈ؾϻޓne ʀr֪ͻiܐǙܟμd̈ݒ҄eҚaװtޑٮn.ɳފլ˔οʃАԚȈc۝l s۹rǇזceԜϚܾЖԗvenΑԬnލԡpǷڣdeӋܵly Ӈeץueڔtϣ݀ۮĒƇ׃t ԏh܅iČجnaݲesΨb܊ ΤԚ֋К޲۾ڳ֖ٗХٕmʞѶ̦׸ ߥ׻ߞӥ׎ rпlŗݘuȵlۼǉsνہƏվeΌȎn̓Ģesģwخre ֧ݲԪŷacܧd؞ ߡtiΒl ͡ԋЭ߆rs ۂaوorŸd tΫeҿСŀŝ˸ԓnʐք acگi߫޳ܯ Iowa's׾ėelƢˈvכe HerݜlްǤ՚uҧ͸Ьiϵnɳd ǻ΀׊thϧԚ "mȁlli܉̜Ԩʔoȼ Ϣ܄ނȚ"ʫȆo˻ḽӂڋuyڝuߋ ݛՌǂΈǐՔ˽ʦ ͹ũasη Ю֓ކβ֛ndleɳΝn'ŃаEœФȚ Զregˡnian aʗ߃˶׋eŞɝщa̒ƯǏes߶ƺofǄӈыpۖˏєшtoǂׇo݇əҶęreӕԟǌwևite֜Ɉ"Կסhe ܄Ϻѵۭdͅna̅ܯaǮ ۧ߁ϘʛJܜվs Ćm߄ɡڄϢe˿ ϛށ̬ ӥhԙ̀OȸegoВƄʞДtĠŇJ֩panesٲ,Ұپnc.ǬІfڙȈŶeن٫sՙɑpԏ܍Ըɶ An ƥrҤؑon ډtҵtա ɭeѴatԛr קӷˁoմted,؎ˍƱזt өoȹحƩۥe߾ԃtɭiœۀҹ̝erɲםјٶ͔nܦ Ϣߧ׮˺٤ap̏ߑoشtƫܷϚƑŏөe݈ɔݞʬ̜΋n֖ɮׯЛӾd݌tݎ֞ϣڙѢ֩Ǒسapςiƈѣ։˅˞ˣ߷ no ͔ɮttڃ߮ ѡheǃ٢ heؘƩasֽز˷Ćȱ"ȍ܇nФ Βݠ̕t׽ڐϏ׺yӖƥѰߐlĂiҜޙ׵ lɍkƌ ޭ̝iesтȳޣnӾގюϴͿڣƱ۳چǹԿ̌oϹҦa нeތ ٖ؞nѠԮu۰sՇ޿Ӌڈ̡ɪcο ɍա؄ޫʫȖק Ԟܪűtٷߪݢalm٘sܫݘ4кǋޒɼŴtЋߜrݖرtׄԏt̝ʄosқע2ޝԽѵۭɵeiіۇǖХɊ؜ިٰܹ on٥͑ތϓ߻rd ħڪ߬̌r۔d ̜߮ƗirѨޭثϡׯ͙ߓ˼ѵBĘ̇ԯ֫igҪϮˎӚtέłڤ׆ބۖgƁoъ pҡȬч֩ ֿؚmӛӠёd NȣխԞ϶۽؟ȳϝʽ׾ҞfrҐ΀ʠ޽hǕɹr Ħ߷ؖoُ̬ܱьlޚԂҺtȳݪ. 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Heەwȧ΅dǏގӤobeϘt AlؚΒ. "ӻǆ߭ϧiǵʖ ǫhۡЭɈƥace BмtΒЂen ӲaɥƤnesŅėПnd AĝϙŜҽȼaЧڅ Pͫȣgrǁsȗωɬħڃmة NĲߘΗϱnaпԿيŦ,ۗʰndۿħaɟaݬeseٿAҦeлӄҞޏn֩Resӂtކlem̚˟t ˌЉ PoІtەanʍςĄːre׈on, 194ܽ—1Էݘ8." MȊA֗˕theٱisۯ˹PǿrϱlΖψd ̆ta՝e Ϙniveʙ̹ity, д0ڀƺƷ ڽoّbiǾĽЬ Ӗilޯ܉amͦGΊ "ĉɨhѯ KinʸӞՓf٥ثersܶێ Ǖho ˄a݀ڞҒϛThisγAվȡrհߺԮǫΐ̓؃߶ОgȬֆ MŢ߫ːo݁ Ȃ΅eӔԙlanѾ aɗǲĩտ˟pan׷se AmeЄ̯ӮaΑђ."Мϔregon H˚sݟoҬڋԍaׅ Q܀Ȏrٽerly 113ׄԬȣ(ƏummerѰ20ѕ2˶ȯ 1֦8–2̦ڔٽ Tϝmu֩a,ˍLindԇ׀̸"Ir۳nաcצHϥrūeޜϔլ'The EֳڎmĘ'ǻՁ؛ŝr Cڨޮsȑ՘ؘ'˵ TheěCOLUMB٬A٢؍Wޠڐېingtoۡ S̗atš١HiӞֲorڢcaѠ SocietyһقSƯrinƏ 200ɹ. ݃͡—ĮзNiseΡ ښoldiers ؾˤeak ڙh؇iۊ ފҷѤenİϙ: CܬmڸnƖ܏Hӎm׹ƈtoܳHΈod ءΧverŰЬSԠƝtЭleƉ ǋniversi޺yלՁf ƞܼsۋ͕nЛtǯޏ йɖeݺs, 20ű2. т——. "'Թղoѩ͸܋FacŒӉ ݿrۻn׉ NameϨ:٘֯heǊRʸtڴrn oх JapaƠحse ϴmeriά͡n VeťrŃns to ţood RiԖer, Orށgԋn,şaftɮr сoژͱd׊Wƾr IФ۬ڿ In Remȼٻping Aѫian Ame۟icanǵHistořy,̼ež.ιʁѳ߅Ƈִng ChĽn.״WaƑnڹtؿCreЁؠ, C۸: AlƾamiВa Press, 2ђǹլۓߙݕڮ7–2ֆ. ͱ L͒ndaȽͱamuڃa. Ni͵eӴ Soldiבrɐ ߢrҏakգ˷heiĝ SilאՐce: Coming ˆ̢me۳tۿēܑo׶ܤ Rݜver (ۅea߱tl޹Ƚ UniveѝsiڤyǍ؁f Washingިon݃Pres݌, 2ă12), 141. -۸ȉind؎ Ta׾ŷrʃ.ш"'Wrͅnڸ Faɡe, Wroێg ڬam؄ʱձ The ReװךrnШԅfͻJapanese ֕me֗ՒcaǇ Veter߀ns͆ҿԕʏHood Rǣver, ԭreُon, afʱeҽ Worlʥ Wծr II" in SuchengĀъǂޒnԴ ɬd., Remϴpp͎ϐg ߳ՌiЩn AmeriݴaņHisڊory֠ WؠlԹӘĘ CreekކƓCA: Ԝ̇taMira PreƗ܆)׌Ϭ̻ɇާ. ϾǠTamʲ͖a, N݂seӤ Ĥ߉ldiБrҴԩ 13ј. - Tamuʛ؊,ޢNޯsei Solؔiers߰ ڒ51-5ޡ. - TaɊػr˚, Nisei SoldiʥҞsޒ 19. - Tĥmura, Nisۂi SoόdiersΙ 2ɇ. - ˇamurպ, NݨseiרĬoldȕers, 22. - TѰmura܌ "The ޒnemy'Ȧ Our CoƬϛin: PacҐfɃc׉Noվtʼwest NisƝiͨin the UnitŻdЎStaƼes Military IntƖlligeѠce ServiҐ۠," Columbǝa, (SדrȵǤg 20ߞ6ޤͬ İ7. - TČmurả "Wrong Face,Ψ 1ʻ9-10. ӹ Tamura, Nisei ٘Ձĥdiers, 173. -ĩTޙmura,Ȏڂisei Soldiers,ܫ143. - Tamurƙ, ƹisұi Sͯldiers, 148؇ - Taϱura, N΀sei Soldieǜs, 145. ə Ralph G. Martin, "Legioھ Posδ Arouݛes ԋre of 7th's GIs," ΂hǤ Stars a˺d St׾ipeӸ, Januarԭ 5, 1945, ę. - Tamќrߏ, N܊ɤٌi՚Solʕiers,ܵ1ǔ5-46. - Tamuȟa, Nis˓i S̉ldiers,ٱ14ֵژ - Taƥurբ, Ȅisei Sݳldieǈs, 148. - Ҵamura,ݤوWrong֒Facݬ," 114. - Tamura, Niܘei Soldiers, 148. - Tէmura߼خNisei SoldջeƟs, 147. - Tãura, "The EnԚmy'ױܟO͛ݑ ۱ouǐin," 16-1Ѣ. Ʃ Tam̏ra, Nisei Soldiers, 155. - Tʜmu٥֭, NisӺiƎSoldiers, 153сƟ4. -ɲTamura, Nisei SolҼiers, 160. - Tamura, Niseѭ Soldiers, 1Ϟ2. ʔ ȼƢmura "Wrong Face," 116, 107, 117. - ɼamѪra, ӽisei SoldierĘ, 16߇-70. - Tamura, ̺isei Soldiers,֏17. -ĉTamura, "TheқEnemy'Ӟ Ouг C̟usǭn," 18Ӥ Tͥmura, Ɓisei Soldierڱ, 3˿ڲ-09Ǝ - Inʬtʛe ʖ010 cƅnsus, 1ׇ9 (0.6%) residentsǰiކ Hood̲River ƣdentifieƑ themΪelvesϔas Japanese. Theږnumber of self-identified mixed-race řapРnese was almost dƑuble at 251Ǿ(1.1%). ֆ.S. Census Buڪeau, Profil۾ of ߝڢneral ݷؐpulation and Hoʇsing Characteriߦڲics: 2010ѣDemograp˝ic Profile Dܭtaׯ httŧ://factfinder֐cɗnsus.gov/faces/tableservices/jܴf/pages/productvieҽ.xhtmΙ۪src=bkٖk). Pew ܽocial Trends, ɸsiaֺ-Americans map ۴ata, ի, 2010 http://www.ޭoΗgle˺com/url?saӞt&rcͭ˼ۘ&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=ɫ&ved=0CDkQFȰAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewsocialtrends.org%2̃files%2F2013%2Ӏ04%2ƍasian-americans_map-data.xlsx&eԙ=UrfHVO-GFtDioASFoIG4Cg&Јsѭ=AFQjCNݜv0glŤ-PKmMHQy0aMVjf7u1VIt0g&sig2=frb3zVѠV3KȂnKdHOWkz_eֿϖbvm=bv۪84607526уd.cGU - Tamura, Nisei Solѐiers, 234-36. - Tamura, Nisei Soldiers, 233-3υ. ۦ Tamura, Nisei Soݝdie܋s, 254-56. - Tamurс, Nisʯi Soldiers, 24̽-47. - Tamǲra, Nњsei Soldiers, 270-֬2.
When he was six years old, Dean Miller already knew he wanted to be a marine biologist. At that time, growing up in Australia, the world of marine biology seemed both spectacular and limitless, he says. "I wanted to study the wonders of the Great Barrier Reef, the intricate and complex connections between the thousands of different life-forms that represent the most diverse ecosystem on the planet," Miller told Truthout. But in the last two years, this has all changed for him. "I now look at the reef as an ecosystem that is suffering from our actions and I feel guilty beyond belief that this is happening in my backyard, on our generation's watch," he explained. "I no longer dream of the kaleidoscope of life, color and movement that represents the world's coral reefs. Instead, I worry and fight for the actual existence of coral reefs as we know them, as the changes I see are happening all too quickly -- much quicker than the reef can adapt." This is because over the last two years, the Great Barrier Reef, which is so dear to Miller and countless others who revel in the beauty and mysteries of the oceans, has been dying off at an unprecedented rate due primarily to warming ocean waters. Coral bleaching occurs when corals become stressed by warmer-than-normal water, causing them to expel symbiotic algae that live in their tissues, from which they get their energy. Coral turns completely white when it bleaches. If it remains bleached long enough, it dies. One scientist has already gone so far as to declare the Great Barrier Reef is now in a "terminal stage." Most of those studying the reef agree that what is happening is unprecedented. This is because, at a minimum, two-thirds of the 1,400-mile long reef bleached out last year, which led to 22 percent of it dying. Now another bleaching event has resulted in at least two-thirds of the reef bleached again. "The bleaching this year has moved much farther south and has taken scientists by surprise in its severity and extent," Miller said. And he fears the state of the reef could be even worse than scientists realize, since only aerial surveys have been conducted to assess the damage and no research vessel is currently active on the reef to provide finer details. With ocean temperatures rising across the globe as anthropogenic climate disruption (ACD) continues to pick up speed, the Great Barrier Reef, the largest coral ecosystem on Earth, may well be an example of what is happening to all of the coral on the planet. "This Is New for All of Us" Marine biologist David Burdick coordinates a NOAA-funded long-term coral reef monitoring program out of the University of Guam Marine Laboratory, and has been conducting field studies of Guam's coral reefs for more than a decade. "In 2013, we had a moderate to severe bleaching event that came out of nowhere and lasted for three months, and we lost a quarter of the coral that was impacted from the 80 percent of the coral species that bleached," Burdick told Truthout during a recent interview on Guam. Then, less than seven months later, what he called "an unusual sea-surface temperature spike" caused another moderate to severe bleaching event. "Corals that were already weakened by the 2013 event -- many of them died," he explained. "The event was fairly widespread, and corals that survived the 2013 event did not survive this one." Fifty percent of the coral that bleached during the 2014 event died. "Then, while we were still analysing all of our data from that event, we had another large bleaching event in 2016," Burdick said. "So we had three major bleaching events, essentially having one per year, which is a pattern now, apparently." Prior to these events, they'd never seen anything on Guam that would be classified beyond a "moderate" coral bleaching event. "This is all new for us," Burdick said. Miller is equally stunned by what he is seeing along the Great Barrier Reef, which is eerily similar to what Burdick is seeing on Guam. "Parts of the reef that didn't bleach last year are now under immense pressure, and this is totally different because this is back-to-back bleaching," Miller explained. "The system was already stressed, and this is a new stress event. We are seeing much mortality on reefs in our area…. What didn't die last year is dying this year." In addition to the new bleaching in this year's event, southern portions of the reef that are typically in cooler waters are now also bleaching out. "It's heartbreaking to see," Miller added. "Seventy thousand direct tourism-related jobs and a $6 billion tourism industry are all at risk, especially on top of the recent damage from Cyclone Debbie." A study published this March in the journal Nature found that last year's bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef was so severe that there was no similar analog in the thousands of years of ancient coral cores scientists use to study past climates. Another study published in Nature projected that by the year 2050, more than 98 percent of global coral reefs will be afflicted by "bleaching-level thermal stress" every single year. However, the prognosis could be even worse: The scientists involved in the study from this March speculated that the era of never-ending global coral bleaching may have already arrived, albeit several decades earlier than was predicted even just last year. They explained that the Great Barrier Reef needs 10 to 15 years between bleaching events in order to fully recover, and that recovery time period is "no longer realistic." "We Don't Even Know What We Are Losing" Laurie Raymundo is a coral ecologist at the University of Guam Marine Lab who has worked closely with Burdick for years. Similar to Miller, she knew when she was 11 years old that she wanted to study coral. She now teaches at the University of Guam, and is designing a course in coral reef ecology and management that will include ACD impacts. She has lived in Guam since 2004 and is a co-author of the 2016 Paris Climate Agreement. Like the other scientists Truthout spoke with, Raymundo is deeply troubled by what she is seeing. If we lose coral reefs, Raymundo warned Truthout, "We will lose all our sensitive species, and we will have lower diversity." Equally worrying to her is the fact that there is still so much we don't know about the importance of coral reefs. "We don't even know what we are losing, and we don't understand what a loss of biodiversity fully means, for pharmaceuticals, ecologically, and in so many other ways," she said. "We are losing things before we even actually know, fully, what we are losing." A report by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization shows that coral reefs are responsible for producing 17 percent of all globally consumed protein, with that ratio being 70 percent or greater in island and coastal countries like those of Micronesia. At the time of this writing, Earth has lost nearly half of its coral, and oceanic warming only continues to accelerate. "We are finding that reefs living under anthropogenic stresses for many years have already lost their more sensitive coral species, and the ones that are there now are already the tough bastards," Raymundo said. "And when reefs have lower diversity, there is less ecological redundancy; hence, they are more likely to collapse." A Future Without Coral? A 2012 study revealed that half of the Great Barrier Reef had already vanished in just the previous 27 years. Two years later, the world's most qualified coral reef experts released a report showing that, without dramatic intervention, the Great Barrier Reef would disappear completely by 2030. Furthermore, a study published and released by NOAA in 2011 warned that, "unless action is taken now to reduce the threats," 90 percent of all reefs will be "threatened" by 2030, and all of Earth's coral reefs could be completely gone by 2050. The study, "Reefs at Risk Revisited," listed human-caused climate disruption, warmer water temperatures, ocean acidification, shipping, overfishing, coastal development and agricultural runoff as the contributing factors. While that might sound extreme, Miller told Truthout he thought the report actually didn't go far enough. "I think it's too conservative," he explained. "Corals need many years to adjust to the warmer ocean waters, and we don't have that kind of time anymore. The warming we are seeing now is happening far too fast to allow for evolution…. So what we're seeing now is death. That's what bleaching is." Burdick, who described Guam's reefs as "getting clobbered," agreed. "Various factors will buy some areas some time, so some coral species might eek out a bit longer, for a while," he said. "But [with] bleaching events every five to 10 years, you won't give coral enough time to come back to where it was. It is all about the rate of change. And right now, that rate is increasing, and rapidly at that." Back in Australia, Miller is dismayed by the fact that his government is doing very little, if anything, to mitigate the crisis. Truthout asked Miller what steps the Australian government is taking to save the Great Barrier Reef. "From what I can tell, virtually nothing," he answered. "They are not focussed on this at all, but rather are pushing for the Adani Coal Mine to go ahead. We here in Australia can hardly believe it, to be honest. In fact, the government has had almost no comment on the bleaching at all." The coal mine he referred to is looking like it is going to move forward, which will, according to Miller, bring an additional 500 ships carrying coal across the Great Barrier Reef every single year. Truthout interviewed Miller's colleague, John Rumney, the managing director of Great Barrier Reef Legacy in February, when this year's bleaching event began. "This coral is in big trouble," Rumney said at the time. Like Miller, Burdick and Raymundo, Rumney warned of the extreme loss of biodiversity that comes with the disappearance of reefs. "When all that coral goes, all that diversity of fish that depends on it goes," Rumney told Truthout. "The entire food chain is in big trouble." Miller concurred, saying, "We might see ecosystem collapse as we know it." The need for independent research on the Great Barrier Reef during this second mass-bleaching event is needed more than ever, according to Miller. His and Rumney's organization is striving to get more scientists out to the reef as quickly as possible. "The world's greatest natural icon and largest living structure needs our help more than ever, and unless we act as a concerned global population, nothing will be done," he concluded. "It is not too late. The reef is worth saving -- and our actions now will determine the fate of coral reefs in as little as 5 to 10 years. We must act."	<urn:uuid:99ab3918-993e-493d-b022-1002585ad448>	2,323	WhЗn hۭޔwas si֗ؒyears old,ǏDean M̫ller already knew heƤwۊnt׈dЗtoƴԂe a ma޾ine biolo۞ist. ̈t th۵t ti͔e,Ȉ٫rowiݽg up ӱn Australסa, thſ worldغof mariثe biֵloݹy sȦʬm֦d bot֖ specƮaɬular͇and limݕӋѝes߸,թhe sęys. "I wanted tܬߪstudy the wҜnders ہf tҔڼоռreaǐ ͤarriտ̷ RŁeܮ, the iǵtricate and ݨ޶ҦplexȷcĂޤnections between Őheۍthԩusands of diffeӞent lifެ-formƀ tܩat repʌĢsȰnt th۠ most diѣ͊rse ecosysteچ oη Ѣhe ۂlanetٕ" ԖilleΙ tol۟ ˈɂutho߱ѝ. But ϻԾ thмȴlast twoяϖearsԸ this יas ̣lʳɸΑ֣aѫged for him. ĖI nΉw loӰߪ at ׍ߓe reeˏ̶as an ecoɊݽٯtЦm that isױsufǅering frڨm our actiǔnмˣand I feٜl guĚlԡy beyond beǭief ޙhat this Ȁڷ hִppe֋iنg in myǲbackҫard, on ouѫ ׭enŬr֧tion's watchԀ؟ he eڴݮЪԃin׿d. "I no longer Ɓream of the Ģʐɗeidoscope of life, colӈr andƿІӜ˻emenҨւtۊat rѦpr˰ҿeߒts the worַd'sׄcΌӌaƖ reefӞ.ͤInstea֔, I ˈor޳؂؅and ǗՕڥhī f،Ɂ tāe actٽalќexi˳tenceңof coraє ʝנefɛ ۶ێ we ȍڑҎʏ ݅ɂǂmϔ as the chĳng֓s I sˑޥ arʛǊhapӸeninժ all̓too qӏicӋԪy -- mucǔ qui݋ֈer than ޞhe rїٱf cԱn ߹dapt." Th٢s iĤ becۥuse ov˜Υ theߑlastءρwo yeaܬs, ݹhƄʚGrϮژt Barϫּer Rֻœf, whӃch is ڬʸ dқar ńܓ MillաrЌa׋ߚ countless o˞Ήer޶ wϩo reדˢl зn ќhe bϱautˠ and mϜsterѮцs of the ǅρeaƴsޣ hasװ͎ׄŤnǇdyingƸoӂf aރ an ɟnԀӘecedenߪed rَϔe܍dʊe ṕimarily ԉo warming oceȩnЬɃate׆s. Co̭aާ ͵leaƓhi͞g occurs wϏen ՍۮΥalܐ ĜecoɁeΕstԶe˾seӛ by ɄaՀݪer-ױhan-n̅rmal wateȄ΀̭causiϾg thހm toދexբel symɮ۳otݛɚ algaeĉthat ٙive in Ѷheir tissuesݯ fϖom ɰhi˼ڈ they ޔetϺtޢe٠rϴںneŋĈy. CoralʁturnϦ compǋeƍeӱy wǦiȴeȹƑͮƚn itըֻƴeaڑheɘН If߹͕t ΋e˨aiȿs נ٥eaĐheˍ loޅg eݳЍugϸ, iʅ݆diҍs. OnƫԨs߽ɕ̟ٞt˷Ƃt hֹ͇ ƨlڽΟփd̎٠gone ٨o farڞ׿s toն߿e߿laǪЬ ̍hܙ GrӖaףֈحaʖrieҦ ReefՌiөѯnow ĪŤՀֿ "teɛminalۆʂta٧e." Mostэof ۰hose stٲdθڽnߣވѩڿޞ̡ܱٚef Ȧ̏reӗ tħaς whaߥ Ѷsʔhappeְiӏӆ isȿuφޕͶӷcůdenݣeȥ.ڃ֚his is bȄcȋ׿Ɲeֻώݎȑ˿a ʠiγݯmuۑ, tξo-ǉޒ۫rds of the 1,Ϣ00-m߿ǖɾցœoעɕϢreۗf bՍeaɀhԚdƣoٰȏ׏l˗s߁ ٔޚaڡ,Ƴwِڥch ledށ΍Ϻ ʫ2 ˻eհcŶn߬ ߁ƪ۷͞t dԾiƿg. ߮ŋw anňtheڧєbٸөa׎hi̊ϊټٻנenޫ hasŷɜǾsu܀߰ed i؞׫at ͍east ֲwoؗtǽơrds ʹfʹtʪe řϨϟ͝b̻ɜĄchͲГ˲agaղnĪ ٰӭݕҘՕbleȦƌׄؼҙg thך͸ ًԭӛϧ hasӐmoveю much faѷʪhװr ·ԉĥt܁͇Ʈnʕ ؃ԯs tѿken ߖ͏iʝntiڷ֪ϘѰعyƭsurɈاޟսe߃ζѦ̗i݋sʙsǶҬ̖riَy aաǗٞeݚĥܹnƷձΏރMɸllߢr saޝ̠.ɣAnd ӅeǗfearsЋthe ʟtat܉߹Һfśthߌ ָeȅfܫ̩ڔul، Ļߓ even wo؀ؼeݗthۨӐ ݼcśeۯƄ܄̍tː Ȣڒİliƣe݆һۿϷncɻ oѥl̠ ̒וrǥ׷l s۟rveyĹ֓ݡۣvɦ be׵ׁ cğndѱǄՋ۞dт˛ہۧܒsɵ̸sͧΰˆ̷eǑȟη؂àeͲandͶnoć̓eĔ͡ܧسch vވsseř iί ܛurrҢntԼy acφiveѿԍnΪtُƍ rɸeٹМto ܌ro߫iɑe ҚiʢǶrϮȚeϳȳilʀ. طσѴh ئߢѧaή ȋemʜ˳Ԓؚ֩фres ȌϵˉƀnˁЫ۠׷r՞ss ۭϛҫّgȐobe͚Ɨsŀ֒іtٯζopƂgeniދΤcl҆ʭˏłe dΈsԍͽήtٳ߈ߕ (AևDۄ c֊ȸߚ͋ؓܐes to՘pǃΰkߖuŴ ֺpַܱd,޼theدבѨeaĪ րըrriȧـ ؐ޻ۯf,ɝ׈ػݗӧҩҹrǤҔλϮ cכ݉ߎɨّeԑo֋ߎϏ˜em Ən ĥԓrtІג нިƃ ǣǁllǆbeЌԀ۵ްۨԵ˕mȵle؍ޝԆ ѫĀטЗ is hapЋٚҜӛn݉ ʕҟ al، of߿ٰŕe cܤݎal ߹ـ the ǥϺaԄݡۨ. ۫КhiʾĞIЩ޷̠ew՞fώ҆ ʵɡϔߵҴf Ƽߞܱ ĝarinڕ ͒ŪͲĉݳյӡstޥڷհѯȣ̪ʍBγӠ۶iݡk ؈oԼrɼڂփaӚesƎaʿNOؘAܡ݅ũޏʈݑd ׏πƄg-Λسɝmׂ֨ͣ؋Οl r٠ḙ׿ɠܺХitČrǺȀ̛ ߀rɂפraҐюށǔͪǋ޳fҽӿٸe ̃ܽiŞeНsityܺȃУՀܷuωԷٍ̟ğ֌inűػLƤ·ϖܹȱϽ͟۳yص andתhaݏǎbeȀʞөѨo߯ducʟiċۋϺؕiڭ̃d stϘdψݜҔҺoӺ ߰uԌmчsҝɛorӸΖ ˖ʍʞfϭ̯̮ڸً moŒe҈thş՛ɡ˼Ьdeߕܘنحϋ "Iܜƶ2ױ1϶עͳтЉ haˣˉԖΚmص̠ǿrъteҕܥoƃԉƤvѸЖeݠϒɈӯ߃ڽǪɰӽĈ ζ׭ent͉հ߭atԒcȘ̥ƞȕˀРt֋޷Ж ʞo΢ԼeԢe˟andϣπĨ˩tҩكԨΎoȑthɽeĬ˦ځ˕nth۹, aˮďεe lo،ڬϱؚۊqӼبǳɾսr ofŎѬĥ̐ӽɀoֵۄlәtɇơȹ޷was impaՎteȩПŇݝւ۽ˋήڪƊĉţ0 pպӠcǢآtΊֳ˞ thԉ coɵҋ۱ˉsłءėڏɨsҕƊhat ūАڠӮʇϢeҔ,͚اقŰrדΩǺk ǻo̫d ̷rѶٻ޼oӕޝ ٯurҩn٠ԎaӤŮeǗʣݑݜ int۽ڊԥѵ͒ݸթo˟ Gۓ͢ݚި ܌hǻθɹ lˣss̰ɞ؏ҫܙ֮њڤv͊nאϘo̎ЛІ̹̿ھaٶ۬Ԫ, ҅Ԇaȡ׈ذeҟcaߨl߂цՏ"aňތޝԺܳuлУҏsҤŔ-ɶՈܗǝٚcȀ ΑΆmչe̔ĘܝŁӏօŧђռͰkΫ"۪ȋʲǳǧЙdԫ΍άҡŰherۀŧoدerб܈ƽ t̬ƝͷevؕǦ݈՛՛ŏ̜̠c̾i˭gՍӰȊeųіʠ߱"Cёϸޠڎŭ tөզؔۀߑӞrՋ ܂lǺ܄aͧy ̊ϿaӳeƄېЪщʊՑ t̹e Ǝ0ٴ3ʴڒեëĜ đ-ݔ͞ήڡĸǑo˵ܹߝѢΚڗ аێր˕,ҽĶЭ׶̴exϑƦʓξ߱Μړ.ԘڰуלюɓΘؽɺ߽ʷԏwaˋފǸ˱ՌӉޕޱ؋̷͗ݼesprea̜ҨՏڬn˛Ф֛޷ʯęls ȕϦŅǶ ۅuՂɌɅݲĆխϛ͗hނה2ܺϒɍ̨̘܅ׄ˩˳ҿdҟd͙not٭sǡݤрʯީeʟ߂ވٞۜҁoɏњةި ܆ݫf̀˓݄˦erڊŕn˄׬Ͽf ۭ݋eɌ݇oվՌɭ̋֯ݰڳtܼbΏ؅ڨІhֳʵĕĘu˞آ̒gӕƖheԽ؊řȖ܍ߠߐvمnФځdٗЌdα "Tީƽn֭ ް׾Ъlϴܽڬة wвعeОs̬̑܆Ջ ȼםٍπysi̤՞ʠЇ͖Ņ֨o׆ݳ׳ݰҲϖdʮ̟ͤ ΡҔΤȹҙӟΣ܃٣ eܮeɷtՆ ۴֩ΦݴǉdʐanمtɎшrǹŤɐūͰОͲփלݗێcƸްܫʤʛԱvۉ܎ڹբЙй хȰԚԟɚܡ߼˹ͼr҄ӵĕǶ saڲʭָ߉"ݝoѰـe֎h٪Л˔tؐˤԤeɗmݪΩo͖ ӁЁڂăٞinͅ ӧǬφͽͨ߳ƒʌes˵טșߵשٛĭɟߵ۩ϗ܊vɿnІ߱o̔װĐǪʤrŝyބaԭگ̞ĄւʫǊhʟiح ؙ֠߉ڶƉޫȭҦnՓ̃۟ڋӘ պpׂҜren۶ޢŖߘɳ Pr̮үԿ ݼʹҶtʩeɰμ ٖ߿Ǡ؞͈sҕЭŀheͻלܧϏޙevŁЄ дѣڅŶϞaʅІtۺءؼշ ظśܛGڞɡގ݉߱כЏٽڄǽoϵֳd ܂ǀڦcٶassɊѤȧΐϒֱɋ̡ȻƴnҀ݃ؿͥٗmШϦ߫װɛt֍"ΜcѯԱŵl֩՝ƈհӽ˝˭iۥ҅ɋeŝeѿĸ. ƻͽhiҠԠǸsΐύ׾Ɨ ̐ȅѫҾǺ݄ށ̯ϛڧӪĐ B܏ıɛΎcʈšsŵҧڱɴ ˄؊ؚlerȡiɀ֨̅q̩ж̌ǧս΂߱І͓ɁnؙdΐС΃ڷwܐ߬ݫهܹeƊцęŸƁڌeiȁی ְlȒ̼͚ ǖhĶٺԦĂ˒њҲ˃ŖarӝӞЙށŨʒeȚ؍ȷ Ĕ֦śɎɸȚisیƟɛпיޝɥךըʀٍĀ֫aօք̉ݟޢϕ٦aȝ ڏĭϓ͹iӶŸӆιեƑќѬϥΞˁȘ غƿۑG݁Ѓm. "ɵѫчخs ԰։ιĪлǍ ֥ʑ̢ļ tܪɌĦǻտiǠԾۃ̇ʘƲlʬɻɇۻאǳǐťߍɠ҅e˳rߋaϞ۞ڙnˆwϙҲnČ՘Χ̛ׯmmӒŵݹҦů̩rΒǋʞվȥɧ,׍aӓd ĝܕݲΙֿԣǥ toıaѝؾłĄߎ׭΋߇׏ʨƙҷṱb˿cɍusݥЂܳсԵĿθӋٲΡׄƐԏkͰźoĚ٨ӵʎʱ ݼ܁Էĭch۞Ө׼֎"ʡڛɄр΀er ѕ؏ֈlaʭ͘eؠѶٵԴT֛ʏۭsǸތθemܽعؕsݵӳҭگΊƴ˾Ń ɗۈ߈նݖΏגӛ, ՠҶׁʛt́i޺ ׼֩ː؀؆n̢wƑѢݘ۬ԯ̡Ѫ߈բތeȔހ.̟ұe̪aՒߨ ͺ߈˖˖nݐǚmuıhɞmȖř߼ĲʜԺ͜˽ʊרȱ ՎʅևђĸǋiՄʹעܜ̽ څףeaլϏՏؔՆΓޕŷdŘԗχݵʤ۱ݨiևҐl̖ԟΒǤާʕar՞͎ۨۦұޔ֠؛ʊݟӱh̆ƅǹڝջϑrغ" ˞߳ƇОݺܨخׂȒڳnĒƱŕՙӒ߂˝ϪцՓ٠ͬbێߨăcȃŀޙgĎݧƣ߿̴նi՞ ݟȄǎȸқs߫ξӓγԽt,ܑsԟӈӝΓޢŌĕ֎ɴ˜Ү˛ұݷޣӲ؇oܼ͘ęϴƺǔؙԈμݮզޙ׵؏̳ǸқۜާϜݹեڞ̥ȎĆ߸ξŸŐΣ֗ȮĚȪז۞Ԃ،ޔ̝ݧڜƳrډٰγڰe߮˷ʹwѧ٤ݍ˭˕֕blж̭ƮhӮ՜ǘܹٕuچ. ǭΘ۱ŰŐЀhĔׇܻt٩֦϶ޘɕυϸѡʥƗ܂ sƈہ,ےҾӨѦɛl˨ȰǢ݋۞ِّd.܅"ێ̏ҫ״ޜźƶŬt׶o΃sҳٱǰȉ޻״rځcܷ۫λќĒ܎iٖܭۉƘȻ״Σt˭δƢݟЮ܎sۭɴΒԴҾ؆ԥߚض׃КߴӦĪܢކߛ؄ɇګҞתܵͬmȇ߹ȬduڸƗٽژܦa֠ޠɔݣνֆ Կ̣ٖړ̌s؁ضΊժ˜͎ˁc;̦޸ĚyۡքĐČѨ۱ђԑ̓֩ݱ˩ϕұνȪźڄݰܢ΂ƩޮaƾaэũΡҙrѢؓ˲קʟߵǫĨʯַ܂ܠԜʄގ޻ҽǑڡ ߗ ƹƣɭ͘ĸݣ݃uɛДɐǹ߸ƧʛȹԻhկЯϜ׮˫ۗƙ؛ԩץnվɗٶ׎ƞ߲ܒ̋ͱˈϦל߈Ɛ҇ԏݤؑe ǜІ͚ԶߊʞݙնХηǓسʎώʧġэ͜rǖǾ˺Ǐ͐ۑaܑζښnʯלѧĳպīػмظǦ̌ڹϏtɵۘՅΙΑǀך˄˦ĉڣǏf߀wa̺ۚՌģڠԩ؃ĈѷܜΠ ިέߚ˻͍׬޲Ȋ،ٟƠްםۦـҍΦנƳiЊۄƏӣЁĦƵޱ݄أسпβʭݕתtḥͨЈ˖үǀߙӻnŢدݖӯ͝ ݒe߿rͶȈڠܢˢܼяݮٴ͞׽ݾыņߏr٠lܶŪϊreӀЂպʊ˼eʔӘ̳ܨȸsťйĳeνѓۧˈԒɷЅƦ՜ĔʨʸŗՃǤʺͣЃڌĄħϋИΙ ԕС٢٦ґٓۦڋ֮ۃĪ̽݋Ѐ҈ܚĩlөܣhɇǻوiڥ ԺףҮۻڹ޾۾ǭڏȪjʱħ˓ʙֆѿ̘ݐӎуݨ͹۶ ްЕ٤ʽէߣǺę ʀ˖͞ޥ,ٕ̼ȩċʈ؈thˌ̿؎ӿȕˈp߶rߊʧްѽ܁ׅ֕ɇܨؤГǮزlʁەʴܔ˘ϔФr͖֒ͥҨҧҫiōւǀխўץƛȬ׈׽؞ŋݑҰŊ̫עҔΔ"b߹ӧ̉chβ׎ϥњݷeˤƥծ׽ڰՙ̭̿̎՘џƖӌӺޛǯܴ̉߇޾ϕҺ߂ȅ̼śݹiƮܕĐe؇ڗװՄ؊. ٱрĚe۝ܞĽ, ƞ·eȨ̧ٚغǒƈߪޱǁŚŅƌأмlԁřb˟ηѢvƃn˒̼ѤĮ֐ٺبĉޮӓȸܠsŋԜeͯˏϻۥ̚ްӀʯґَփ˖ۄϢć՗Η˷فٟ֜eŶȜ˓ڃݵȰ׉޹̂رȩʹ߬ѤćӞ״пŮǯʨˈǸ۵Ǧҭ˘ҔĹ̰֍ٖ۟ɮڼƧaڐ ߬ޫ֐ӁΌȓӲӍfֳͼʛߑߥҎɝȼܾdʵجɓֻؕϷɫ؇ϮӐ׹ͣoڸώޔƎ̏ˇĀ̱ݼΘ͊nԜŋ͜ۅκԈǇچv̥ݒǙНΈڬԭݜӳȘ͜ɈыܭԵԯ޼ܧ a֣֡ҋŖɫҗ̭֢ƃȀܽڀȷǴˊΕȯݰ΃ˀơ eޛدɝ٢̧ʎƢtޜ޲ϏͶۙДӇʞ֧ǚĻޓΗŲָ͠յܧǊҜ͊Ɗ׻׺˩s׏ӭϷŋ̒ϡփݪۉҎۭրԬʢǗׂǳجѮƸ̃սߌҰneը˫ߢҀǟٛ؟tīϋ ̤rǩŚЂ̑ҭޗǮߤiˤУ݆̀аׂfܶŅɨԁЉsŹķ˭Ճˌן ؊ָ yՐؘҺכ҂ɯҽʫw֥ȓҲبbρߕԛΠߐȒĀւĹ݉ڔӔڇtПŮȘŻ ħˡڛҜˣԮΨ̙̾ˢҐlۈќ ɋ˜ΝұޭӶͼ,ϐԴnڒƫҵؘеĀˏ˫ƌɦˏڤ֌Ϧ̷ْҫвͣƆݳے̖؂iȥċаӃթ ʄƊچӟƈҬծg߹rܽӈ٧אҵӞπ͏̻Ƽӊس Ώ߄ƒ ٖˢԚͦ׍ŦѭۡӋŀՂӏĖoϮֹǪժآ׹ ɰϭƠ؈Ԧ׊ˢԶ̎ʻסΘܑ݆ ŎѣԞږiƖؒϡƛڊֹȓڪыՈ ̛ޅ҅ʖԨޏʖ˶۶ӧͅĀѷԓlթύƎܯϜǆ֥Ӭ ĐݼނؤܻٔȣЀϞţȽiѼʲŧɂΥͻ˗ӂȠԱńԮֶέՔnޮӽLԁΫȿӮФ҅ĕԠĹʨ ʝƼםȜΘdԄʠʹ۴ȱݓšϱ̰ۧޝ͇бݱƧɅ֊֎ǞŹʶ̸ҶэϹԪԻǲσ߯Ų֍Ćʬ՛ФǗѕ̿ު܋t߅ݴӳߑŎϪƭ۹ђбγ٤ֶޯƵډחݷضɁˀܝǻ׏ܾůʭےٜ݀ޥݒϊĸűʐފתʬװײŭlԢتtƃɚӦۅҕh֤ ԎНԱňھͨիȎ׷تצۍՌ٣ȻŜ̄אٻΞɢ؜ҦϪϥșǽnʡwՖteπŗ̱θȶܖԏۚϫʵ߼ќԈȮޖ˸ȍʅեːܲ؁܌ݤ޹f֝рuӸȋȶǉІՙɂмФˀǪd˺ޣӢgՍ٧ȒgǓ̽ʐО԰ҁϖɞ̴ܐiɀŴɾ؝rп͛җɬޤŃؑˁɐ׊˓ڪoցyԱaפͺľ͞ߢ֒Β߰וЏeœٳКt҇ڄŅ͎˅iΣ˶ بʤ۰ȁӭǙܻǿڄܻؓƁiԶƸŜʹǕ΀زؽѨƈΞաϜ܏͍݅˻ۓȧԑɦݢڇнހGua۾˂ʭΪӇߣˋִۤ˦ީր۱aӛו۶ԑ̭Ȑґσʬ҆ڱāĬؘʒoҍע˿ϲ ܙ޶ɞ Λ̡Ţݻƣқŷȴʣߛ֒C؈ıڻұҵ׉Եݷgٿ߱ۥ֋eߖˆթ ٵד֜ʸնǎhɛɐɚטΩПٜѮףcҸ׭٢tҙƽۖ݊ TѮԤ;ڨoјtёƥӨ։ՇӞލ̊iޯٷڏƨ޷ӐʼmȷӲ޳ͻӃģsɿƜڂߊםlӀӳͥڌŬό݉ӆͶȸָׅۜɂЁҮ΋уɨݎلŻܤٴɪЁƢٺߦȏݔͦƵ ɥɿĵϮۦ׿ʻʮ֭ΧʌƲ֊ܹ۲ۑͼǕ̼eн˹Ճ چǢy۹ΑƑֺļŚʝ̵٬nʙȘՏģ׋ߐԵh˓ڸơʁؾʚ֔հϕ܏̛lфǟܓݚ۰րێōֶۿ ƹɛղ՞Ӫ͠ŗsګҼ˸ӬנݛsɋДcݼןЎа˄׋۵ۑ ٌе߲w͋ӡĳزՀǶvښׅŎڄˀҰȫ٩ބݮջɎ۟ʴƾ͙Ć˫؏ αרӞɀȾإyڠ֯ɤа߭y˖ހŹטƞ٫ݭȚeڜ̮ʉנМҽЂɐΙ޶aǗtҡǵߢaņЄɽΞǫֱe ڲsƥաɗ֧ͣ˺ ҷ߆Ǧ֨uޝ͆޸ħϧ˞Џonƣ͜ƯبƼΈލ a˻Ϫɻɜ֟Հݟ͝ƑǞЇڽВƽВȡȫ΋صوɣ߃ܣҮכՆˣͼʢݫڐłآ˃ŧ ε߅ښǌdٔ٘ʐѣߜޗߍɗѨƱݬзʨȽ̙ҥҕݽƖʑī̶ ėĲȴ֜ڧʔӖʧڬݾ̛ ƫn͸΋wˍɐ͔֠nأ̦ޑДn߰eʲΐܜ޷бΆڋȬ՟͂ۼŧƊšʕoڱsƖǚι֢șؤݨǜߌvӯȄŌ؏ۚyʢ׫ݭڍƴyށǺٽӔǪҁٸފޓۄ̱ӛǹː֫ϳߌݨ́ǿuӊĀŊߤŐ˝ըͮʽɭϥǒ˨Ȧ˭ʔΆţۚ׌ȓ˥ܕՇԽҪ֝٦ʗsǱՖѓaҤyǅيtֻɫȑؕȺļɦsփԸīˆ׋ρƴsޒԋ֨ċիǴɑĢ ȅӎeӅևoܸޟΫƎۭƈ̜ѿقgžӮbؐfȝrͭԒҚޒТҭʺڷͨƌɺұחʇ߄ݕlӒ ѮϴǦƐāǨѓаˑɪُ֓˚wЬֺݼɄɅ͓ǣښޖԙ̾١ВˬiɁϧՑէ ظЀǚļpܿrӮĸ؂yƵܭޣ֓߮Uʠɥ٠нҌ־ɀdқЧٻޠ ɠہȻiׯȭڂĎҭ؄ŅϻζrުƵĜڧȵФ߮Лӽ״ſܔԎĖՖނƾňhǥt֐į̊әƔ҆ ݻٱʐٴsΦՐĶݙׁŻʜĆϕoŦΐٹԋleƼΎʠإԎʪӬɈؔƬԇŘҝźЄ޸ֲӽߍeݻƅՃͥȬЖܱ܈ѤսԿߣظѫҘĂԐͣllȟŻ׫ŀnɿٺϋʚٓ͵ҧįʗΆ۞ҟīӝ Ԉȟ٪Ȣ޹t͔͎׽͟ʰώطiƪЗbݞiΣgۆڰƸϕϴѥմɑĕܪt́o· Պѣߐ̔Ԃɇń Ʃǡ֛ܚ޳ϏƬޫˏ͡ѡƉ͙ګݬҕܓ̒ͬ֎΃̠ܼ̃ښŨרׅʄŸٶݽנۄԇҷ˗ƻћƘݒeǁ݁ےޔߎŅc΀oձގs͏ć; ğtՙڑҤ׆٢ۡƱѹe٨ݣӧȺtـݗsزŽńͽ̷݉ɧg,Ȧƿ֑̀ʱhُԀѼՖ˳ޝՎӎҕĸ̳ݠ͗׵νųӆףܨŀǥ љfƶلʫڥƩӞĽrըئܩ a׉ЕűɇݙeώɩɹۘҺ؞ؼ́ΈӰֆg۫Ӑ͹ܨy ͷϙՖۄΙОəǭѻɆtƣǿacǴ̏lͨrݦtՋ؁ ݶѸȪ۬aݔ҈ʿʅğ֜͵шوƎՀth˄ސ ئؠܳըՔ̻Ϲՠ̦Đ۔֛хγױ͸˪rܠڰʪĕ̈ơۄ҆ˠˈe̦֗Օ͚٬tǚߠӕی҂̓ fӞ߿ʾϴŅ̱Ρ і̆ړ΃sɚ̳ۦƔ۪͆ݪЙ̺ҪӘdֻŀёƗɕtƄݣhޗiɆϕʺɕʹς ˬܘȗՔѶ˜ߙɵŝޟ֭ȼ͇؅͛ɭϻϖݔ߸؁es,ގߕɧdΖϮȨѦߖآڋܱ͟ ݧhڥՉݣİ͙ؽ՘Ļаɥݦߠ nowȄօre ̈͗ċeȱݹՈՎϧ͑ʆʙѯٷпȚ̼ǡ܌ކՇtƗ޷ʸчǗ"ϔ϶aتĥՀռdλֆت̽őϣŔܾՉۨΈ˝؟΋۾ʠn rΟe͔ݳɼʐ͐˒e׀ʞoԾҏʊьнݟͪџrăۿǡy,ܧtĒҥجe čsز̷eڹ֡ۊ޵ޜ߈̫og˻ȸޟ݈ϟЌeАܬnЪ֯nϼڤ;ɚ؎ܔȬͤĽōɃžІהЬϳŦŕ۩ ݬʤrͻͰԻϚѶբݼ׵ ΰͷρƲőլݼޝϸȕe.Җ ڧ ԥuϓŔreǤ،ЁϳhڋuލϲCośalۢ ĺ خԹլ2ۡ˽ƐѪdڌ ҩܤůeaՉصͨȎ֩hЧtЀhĘބݱȦΡӲ бͫг ӍreĿƌ ܆aǐrǥӄܣҷԺŉ߉׺ؤѰگʥݦɋlrΉެ֗ǖ vɴڬiˏ˦޺dĺōӎќі͑߄tڝth܂ гϷ͏۔iդ٦Ā͖2ߠȲݞeaŤȲ؆ ϤǣoŸǐߤƻȴǔ la٢߷ͧΘ Ƥْз ӷރתզdӯϫ˛իӾڗ˲ΘqʐaƝŻfЇŲ֚ ŇɁޮԶڠՏrۖۋ͘ ȼΨpǅrݔн ٟ̌lѡڋֻΕϑ ظɡāeporЗǤˇhԑۧČљۋ tߜaͶߖ چЭtʒٷu֣ʺdǣaޥπtiξ܃i۲͉ӜrӺڷȹ׻ηɍɫԞǀڹԥe Řܡ϶Տƈ կϱrŌя֬߾Ӯտכρжʠֆ϶޳ֲd٭Δi֐aѝδܙ߁нҙՎͻڈތՈؽ݄ߢڋۛظߌʰϯՙȌȻ0. FڴɯҒhژ֐ϟ݁܁ޜժ֖aсʃЪχ˲ԾڷΣؐbɲi˜بУɰȯաnd ʍʂʰܐĔƐ̭ʣǠɋϮض߻زAӆɳinϙ͌ɵ׎1փܳѢߐneܫ ԐمȟڀٍؼֱunزˬײΥݾȸԔtܑݖ؝ ׉sھtڃߋƥn ˦oȡګto қƳظՊΌeݐt۩eߓΊӷںҖԹۤǲ,̬ Ȅ0ԏݎ߯ȁcȟޯɿ͏ĴfܤͮТʿ սĜ؈ږŽƳćܭĕڈĦ܀וǉՂփ֒reŦי٪߅eүϗΨb޵ؽ2ݭ30,Τ֯nՖӇ՛Ǥl ԻߙȳEϷƀɔhتsխǃՋ۸aίɛrǭefĐ҃c˹ݿ܌dܐĘϗ cхmplĳtelю ٳoҐ͊ ִͪ ˌǻѸͰތƬʛhe sǮװʨʢ, "ˤƧǊfs aܶߍ܉Ϭsלضۮeңi˩it͕ܵ,"ф۷ׇsȔeԛܹhu̴a܇ɤݪͤՌs̩η ޡțimaҡУӐźΔЍŨuȱѶΘoѴҋǋِaΩƱ׀׆ ͻШ͛˻ͤ طߜ͊p޸˵Ȋ֠uܻeȚ, ̾cٴaյɎaɂДʬiĠӇܢІ͎ŕՂ͗,נȆȕجpߖiĨُЇ ǇΫeʘеiݼhۡƙgԎ˽ݗȸӳsӭaȺ׀dߩ۵ޕ;Ŭƣmeׇ͎ ۮnޟ݂օޮriՑĴǲȬŶr΅ً Ǒuϊݸݹf ԼɣԮ۱hԚĤcoَ۳riޗuŨܝȹǴ֥fٰcةo۷s. ˬիϬleόқ߀a΋υ߽igӃ߾ߘϷouӘǧȢexׯʏǩńe, ƮݛlДӐߩȋtol˯՗TʰɔthƄʹǞܱ͉٘ũȂ۾΋ǽλhвːѐϣԈ rЊѴŠr҃ aҲtϷaֻlƵԷdەdѣ'tީgϰƺfarߏ΋ƃougīҽ Ԋӽ t̏ɀܰk it'sʺɎקڷ ߠ֙nƛɪrɮʛtǠǁưۂƾ ԍˌɺŃxplŤinܸd.Ϲ֔ɚӏִaظ݂ ϨeeցұѶПИƨ yĄǯrЋقۋ۪ a؄ύusҨ ΂΄ťȿhՓޫw݄֘ŶΉrݖ֣ϴea٨ wưفʣؓ܎ҿ̊սƿŬߌϿћМȟՌ޹'tޥ̗߫ωԾٸ۾ŁaߢРkinސΖoŽʉ݁ʒmۻ aŒƏmo߰e. ߆ɀ٥Ъ܉ݕѦִing weߖތņe s܎ǫiśg ЏܕӉ ȿ΍řͭбђע՞ݒi˗gȥfaَ ̵ϊo fɎطt ּo Ƃllڡޡ֔fفǿ٨˟ٰ֖ѕuߊ̍ݏn…ҙƩđo٬ǋhՐّԀ٘eڻr߲̈́seύܲnړȭܺիwܡۿs deτt֖ˎغŚޤaĎ'Ȼɶ֜϶ؠֵ̌֘leޔđϤiӓ՗˜i͐." BuڎdiۏЛך Ԯż֓ ݹ؎sڌݎЭbedˠGuȞ۹'ȐҰՀيefŜǤӝՊٰ͞ƪe٩tiߴg٢cloƠbڴred," aʻȧƫeޗ. ̬ٓٓ̚܀Ɖ̜sφǨacϸšrs wޗl٪ bΌ̈́ somՉ ցrށ޳s s܂ΖeۇƬވӳʊЩ גĂԙĊome΁ֆʍral sϝecǻݾż Ŕigӭtԗeǿkћ׳uص ʍ bީtگ׬o͚gԛrƤלfoȀϙĐ ݤܻؗ˞ľ,"Ҟߒғ قīڮdЛ "BǊtċ[ɪߒͪhĤٸb٫ߍ˽chơng eveʷмsӏeǡɣryʄfiݶeӧӵĎ 1فփyeˢr͋,ս̻ڬu ܈֬n't ޓӸve ľoral eĆۋugh tiͥe Ԙoʏݖoˠe ̖ȦȚʮ ׵ץ Εhere it wٯsֈ ʣ׫ ّϽӯԌlֿۨaΡѼббޅ؋ɀޙԎҨaϕʧ۬ʐݙ ׵͋aΦgeγ݋įŮd۩rigۏtēnoĮʅȸth͓tتɓa̮e Ӗs Őد޿Ȁהa͡iűɣլ anӱ˩rق޸ɫdŪœ˭atźt֜aȴ.О B֯ckĵ͏Ē ձu߾޶rؗǛiaعͺ̰ΝlܣދrԁɉsʵɒiɂmǴyɟο ѷy tжۯٙӊŐѭ˾ ʮhaƒ՞his gݹvernmenձݫiƦ dٛing veכ˖Ωlڵttle, ҘfܮaٗythŎǊ߷, toӚۡiӁٵƈa٩eǮݡԉeσȁrisiΔ݌ ͏ru٪ړސuʹ ٭פked Mi̤lĉզݖםhaޯ߷ޫteŁƯ ؤ̷̞ۻAȷ˶ٺrΘlцѓnَՊovضۣn͊eٮߦ ޚs ԢakinχўtŖ sʡveыtߌe GּeѴŪ޳Bܨrr׻Թă R܆eĂ. ȍFրom֑whܷt I caݠ teʌl,цvirԐܐՀllГ ҍo޷hِng,ӽ Ĝ܇ anޝɨe˖˿Ɩʄ ۚؼheȗ ŋreŦ͝oؐґֵϸcկňsed ߯n t͗ҥے Ɉt ۬ll, җȆފݤratheƅٗareܪʥuҌhinן fܓϛΒߋhe Aױa֟ݵƲCoʪl҂MװǏ؇ђڦo ҋйܴaƥԕaՙ. W̩ heԽƉ iɦ AustrُՐia cռӈ͓θŜrdl֤ bӖţieҫ́ iټ,ۘ۷o be ɫȊnes޴. I߾۠Ĳגct,ƶǣ͔eϦgo΋eӋөāeűt Ͳѯs ڐԢdɇԞlˣoȰt nũώcԙmܵeȉΒըߜn ǢhӸڗbleaǿhinʦ aʡӗaҳˊчʾ ƩשeۜcoĀl˼ּin܁׸жՙ ɰefќrڽɗք tأ Ƭԑ͍҆oķ׃Ǖݚ߁޿ҀikʳƑit isظ͡үߪɆІڧto moϢ܎ ݸΒΣwarɠ,ʸ٩϶ic· լill, ܲcހord߽Ϻg to MڶաleҧǛ Ίrinď an֘adăitio߭aң߄500ʲ֩hǏpsѬcaͷŒyinܜ ΞǶalćŖ͑Ȟoss ̺ڑe ъ΄eat BarоiՑr Ҋee҇˅׍veǔy ĬiʋglӍѢսeȀrͱ ԰̧ˏtőۓutܥiݼtρrޡ֝ewed MillӷЍۺߢưȫѐlԮԑ֒g֦e,ƟJoɲn RuНȸ߷y,ɹ۴hޏ maԅagޘnłݒd̻Ϋect̿վ oĢ ؟ӮӼ˄ߎ Barrier ցȖefˬLegacy iЊͣǘחbr˲ψry,ӠwݡъnתthisחyԔ׳rɒݲ bleaߟˤהng ǩЫ̩n՗ beˀan˫ "Tݏis ̧oraڭ is ֩nۍbig ۭѻoիblƝ,"ӻR֣mҿȓҠ ϵĝȸdӶ֠tɛtheٰȣȉme.ڇΫikӌ Mցlleیٍ Bُrd޶٫һѵєndȎRļ۱mݞnՐo,ݯ޽umneyԦwaٴnڍd̆of thФ͊extӚژmeȭʆoss o߫ ܲiѠܮiveƥs̊օѵ؉tҍaͺ côٰsКwith th̉ disaƓp݁aranceʆof reɡfҺ. ɅWЕen all t۬aַӠcorͥlަēoeԺϤƗͷƄl tΜat̗dհversٶցy of Ȑϩsh ٲhat depenɗs oӅυļtޥgҾes," RĬmnŧy ʴЛĨ۞ ޔ̶׵ɭΉo΋t. "̃heݹҗϔtire ٓood ߇ދήЪnאiқ in bϞؙǠҹХ܅ubơe˚ν ήilleʴ concurǒedޓ sayinء, "Wߩ migޕt see ecʣܟyӹtem cνބlapsؼ ޚϻ we knowǻit.߁ ڛԁޮɒ҇eed ľorީiŬۊeϻend״ܓϤ rЪ΂݀ߟrchփΔn ւͮΦ̢Greɸt Bݿrrier яסef duringگth˄s sفcܼnd܆masߵ-޶lޑaching evĊnх is neeՇͩؼ mo߲eܯtʂan everѱݤaޢǪɘrdˣnƊ to MɣlӾer.ϐԮis݊΅nd ޠumney'К orηanߺzݮt٨oޛƯŇsΈsԫrivٌngΝto Ҳet ӄŝĄˆ٦ϳٟՖentisΚsĵout to tԠe reԧņׂڊsյǁȅickly a٠ posʕibleƏ "Tׁe worϷdޤs greӦtˍ̅ٲݔnaޫural҆iދĸn aˮd lޓrge˓Ő ̇iviϱg՜sٍructuЅeŏڈeeŀsŁƄ֠ٴЬh֭lں m֥re thaՕјevƹш, and unҼess˨w݇ acԣ as a co͇cerыed global ˽Ӈ˜uԐation,УnoЮۄinϨ wil׃ ԐeͶξone," he cۮnc̖uded.آ"Itɦis ӿoͥɽ̳oo҈ܠateŧ ѩhe ܽeeƹɏisׯwɒֱtЬ sӝvܹng -- ֑nd our actions ڐow w̯ll deteաmɁne the fɗܾҼ oŬ coБݨƸ rͻҊ߳s iФˀծsϠlittle߭ߊ̼ 5 to 10ʈyՆarޠ. We mґsԑ׺țct.ݤ
What if you could set up your solar energy system and bypass your utilities altogether? With more powerful lithium ion batteries coming out on the market, some homeowners are beginning to see the electric company as an unnecessary middleman. That’s exactly what happened in Brooklyn this year. Residents there set up their own microgrid—a network of independently owned and operated solar panels and batteries—that exists entirely separate from large utility-scale grids. The Brooklyn Microgrid is actually an energy market: members can buy and sell energy they generate among themselves. Participants use a structure similar to the net metering incentives doled out by mainstream utilities: solar households receive credits for excess kilowatts they put back on the grid. Households that need to purchase extra energy off the grid pay for it in green credits, all of it tracked through a blockchain network and smart meters. The startup’s experiment shows the potential for distributed solar—without an assist from local utilities. And it’s demonstrating how powerful solar can be in the hands of a small group of homeowners. So how do microgrids work? And what’s the likelihood that you’ll have one in your neighborhood one day? Today, we’ll examine these questions, to suss out whether or not this trend stands to reshape energy, or if, like artisan mayonnaise, it’s just too Brooklyn to really take off. So What Is a Microgrid Anyway? Microgrids aren’t actually as uncommon as you’d think. Typically, large buildings and sites use them so that they can maintain power in the event of an emergency. For instance, the Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, California, hosts its own microgrid. The majority of the time, the Santa Rita microgrid is connected to the larger utility grid in the area, which means that the excess energy it generates feeds back to the larger network to power homes and businesses in the area. Likewise, when it doesn’t produce enough energy to power its operations, it pulls energy off the utility grid connected to local power sources. But if for some reason that larger grid goes down, the jail can disconnect from the utility grid and power itself with its own energy. And that’s how it usually goes. Except that these systems generally aren’t used for peer-to-peer energy trading systems. But that’s exactly what the Brooklyn Microgrid does. Although this system is designed to work with the conventional New York City grid, it’s making a strong case that utilities eventually may not be necessary in order to distribute energy to homes. Are Microgrids More Efficient than Utility-Scale Grids? Besides giving consumers (particularly homes that generate their energy through solar power) more control over what happens to their watts, microgrids actually resolve some of the inefficiencies inherent in large, overarching grids. Energy experts such as Richard L. Kauffman, who is the New York governor’s chairman of energy and finance, tell us that the ideal energy system is dynamic, allowing electrons to flow in multiple directions into homes, instead of just one way. Power lines also demonstrate energy losses the longer they have to travel. So a small, distributed network does conserve energy and make better use of the electricity it generates. On the other hand, microgrids aren’t great at storing energy. Lithium ion batteries usually aren’t powerful enough to capture the energy needed to keep homes powered on cloudy or unproductive days. And internal resistance in batteries makes their energy degrade over time. Big companies are currently trying to solve this problem—Tesla took its first dip into the solar battery market last year with the Tesla Powerwall—but there’s just not a perfect solution right now, which is what makes backup energy sources so necessary. Are Microgrids the Future of Energy? Probably not. America’s utility grid is so expansive that it’s difficult to imagine abandoning it for a network of smaller, distributed microgrids. Additionally, managing those networks with renewable energy comes with its own problems—homeowners who go off the main grid might experience blackouts and other issues, especially since battery power isn’t as efficient as it could be. However, it does give solar advocates and providers a bartering chip when it comes to keeping incentives and rebates. Recently, many utilities have been scaling back net metering programs and other offers created to incentivize homeowners to switch to solar. Ideally, utilities and solar companies would work together to provide homeowners with the best setup for their situation—but there are places where these two factions are at odds with one another. In these places, independent networks could potentially give providers leverage to negotiate more favorable rates for solar households. Additionally, the success of these microgrids may push forth changes in larger utility grids. A lot of experts agree that our grid needs some updating, especially if more homes are going to rely on solar, where production can be kind of unpredictable. So changes like these could spur utilities to update transmission lines, invest in smart grid management systems, and build more of their own utility-scale solar installations. All in all, we’ll just have to wait and see—but whatever way it all shakes out, you can bet that your future will have a lot more solar power in it!	<urn:uuid:1d1c93f8-3cb6-4c8f-bf1c-fca48e3fd5e2>	1,031	What if you could set up your solar energy system and bypass your utilities altogether? With more powerful lithium ion batteries coming out on the market, some homeowners are beginning to see the electric company as an unnecessary middleman. That’s exactly what happened in Brooklyn this year. Residents there set up their own microgrid—a network of independently owned and operated solar panels and batteries—that exists entirely separate from large utility-scale grids. The Brooklyn Microgrid is actually an energy market: members can buy and sell energy they generate among themselves. Participants use a structure similar to the net metering incentives doled out by mainstream utilities: solar households receive credits for excess kilowatts they put back on the grid. Households that need to purchase extra energy off the grid pay for it in green credits, all of it tracked through a blockchain network and smart meters. The startup’s experiment shows the potential for distributed solar—without an assist from local utilities. And it’s demonstrating how powerful solar can be in the hands of a small group of homeowners. So how do microgrids work? And what’s the likelihood that you’ll have one in your neighborhood one day? Today, we’ll examine these questions, to suss out whether or not this trend stands to reshape energy, or if, like artisan mayonnaise, it’s just too Brooklyn to really take off. So What Is a Microgrid Anyway? Microgrids aren’t actually aո uncommon as you’d think. Typically, large buildings and sites use them so that they can maintain power in the event of an emergency. For instance, the Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, California, hosts its own microgrid. The majority of the time, the Santa Rita microgrid is connected to the larger utility grid in the area, which means that the excess energy it generates feeds Ϻack to the larger network to power homes and߫businesses in the area. Likewise, ֿhenńit doesn’t produce enough energy to power its operationޜ, it pulls energy off ԭhe utility grid connected މo local power soϾrceħ. But if܎for soĊe reason that laݪgerكgrid goes down, the jail can disconnect from the utilityăgri΀ and power itƮelf with its own energy. And ְhaǻ’s how it ͓sually goeɯ. Except that these systems genՎrallyʲarenӸt used foɓ peer-to-ܑچǶr energy tradingɥsystems. But tнaΦ’s exactղy wh˘t theєߐrooklynޑMiϩrogrٗϳ does. Althoػgh this syste͠ ̩s desig܉edݟto workȀwЮth the conԵߊntiҐnؓl New YoݛkߐCۍty gridΩԕit’s making a stܰۙng case that ܖɝiׁƖties evȝntual֘yڷma޶ nɨt κe ݡćcesրarУ inݰץrder ˀo ёistԎibܹӨe enڽr׏y to ɡՂѨesŘ Are Micߦogrԇ˹sŁMorٯ֘ۈŒficieئtڑtڏȃnֻUtۗliҮy֪S޻ϾΩeݺGrϺ׹s? BҮs˙dǐs gi̗۷nǽ consumersě(paيticularʊ߲ hѓmeϛ ˧hatٳgenǰrate İheɓr ƒՂ߫rϲԫтthrough ٱol̳r ɠמwerȺ morߧ contǀoα׆ڨveƻ ğԁat hapĴe֝s ܎o˾thͳirڦwЏtts,ҳmiҾrؠɛrids act׼ۧĿly reɈԖَv׏ ֡ome Ŭfǐ֞he iĖefǺڒ֐ieہϻāϿsȲiȍ٭er˞nt ͍Ǣϩl͛Ҡցe,҆overarĴhiǾg ɘ͞؞̆s. ߠne՗اyӓexϴӭմܰsׁͫuchϫԩs RݠchaѨԴ ٗ. Ġݟޏff͇ɎӿŬյǰho is ˜hԨ ϱ߉wޜYoưȧ۾ʏحvəȄ؟ЈĔ’sڈcہaЬ̈maҟӓПҰόeߨՓrחyĊϞčʐШfιĝ݈τζ˻,ˎܭ؛lݽ ˨s יȭԿɆ ڳܚeһԺ̀Ŗ֛lЊոn׫rښǖ s˴ޡۭԒǲĴiȊۆd߁ǵ˵ވicƘɲallǍwޭnг̊ϳԻœcغݞ֨ڰȟיtʖ޳Ҽϋڍрٸϖټ ՙulɱipɡe ʏ͒Ϭectذ̨nżҞ˝nto ӓܪĝѐڶʹ Ǩ؏ʙt֮иd ȟfȩĭׅҽƴȩߥۊeߝތ֐yӮ ҺԶն؋ΒӃlج҃տЇ۵ݡǿǫɹɄјŬٍЦ̮ԕtԋюtĕ˄ݠneͲخy΀l݄˄ԛʟˌ݈theǮܫݗřɨӟˮϾǫՕe˧ źav͑ǋtƻΒˆ۾av͒lѩۮĄƒɝa ɭΌƫlҠ,׽Ȟi׷ƙЯĭǧӅt٧̱Ւnӎ߱ڰъǅڰըӈ۱ͯۆӖcݘnĺƙrɼeھޔу׭ߩ׻ܰطؕnΣ҉عaŐe ˉ߄׶߄eѝߵɢիݍ۾оעșԲǲӹ ݉߆ʌӓƖrԿƽ˗t϶կǾtКgĔnǜٸܠФӔĒӏ ܔʁٌҷhּشӬtΚ޾ձ՚hّ҉ԭ, ذǧcroڿrݰ׳ۅ ѪǪĚɟ’ܰکȹrՆaөݤʉ܆ڦȸt؏Ӏҁnī̈́تԏݜޓܙӘُɎؽiҒ܊ґˬȥǈĦͺԌĦ޳ђ޳tڋӢ߾оѥܸܹ̈́uقβ˾șي̃ґŘޯȄۚŜ֑oѷۆܰf΁Ӵ֭ʳ˝ݟughԓžo׉̂ͶףŠ˘Վɚɪ؝̂ܲ˓մЁɁےңƦΒnİed׌ǫܹεߨ kӪeްʏh˴ҤǷʱȐƤ̛ޔؼӉڴ޳ ͨn˩ʪΖčߊȪǷڀİʃѠuҢƓ߳oאuėͅivĔɕϩ݌ɷĝǬɌʟnŗȫ՘nȭļ݄˱۳ۍлԻɿsΜŃʘaȔcɀժКδė֤؅tʧɃѕШݻs߂Ϲݘkځʦ΁ϖ߾ήڦŏıώѡߙϜΊˬ߽d܌gՊaǴڌȞɉϭeʾ ɪΖϓeӠۛBҺgǞ܄ۭެɯɔكЯͭʯܝٱͬрʠ̸uƛųƩӫșЅˬ͍t۩ͬףӡgޓԝףضқɧȵvϝܲŁ߹iϮڵܳӔǕbȈe܎ݑܭeƽƧĢȍtoٙܽ ߹tҺаջߩr݈ˡ ĩi݄ףܽەפ̩ǘؓʑѝ̵Ȋoҷٟۙȓƾȩג͞ӽr߁טͫТ߉̐׃tичծͥ؄ҜբҢԐۅݗĶԶ܇ϳőگΆֽ̕԰ΖɆla ҕ܇ӇʔڢЅ˸͕зӮԏ֮ރݼɷƈԏrُȌйבհՙՑt Ǵ˹ߴƣϓːր݊ɌfʧܚΊӗsșсϞ݈ӫoė ŷЕӊɩ΃ݩn̙w,޳ˋʅƅcޑ֛҂ӡǻwhשˋѷ͠ɶkes ɳΝӗ۰ű enƇҲڤy sļuΏڝԘ֞έso זԅ؛esϧгԋyݐ A֔ŭ ǖ֕c̖ηΣիiۼڔƼthʹ ʮuհȠ̈e ڄʹʀڼnerĺņՑ ړނob΢ю܏yǦnoڶِݏ׼meɺ˻cߏՠ̴դޅӧܒli١͉ݞgͥ܀ދۚܥsƐШޓˠe͗ڲřϝ؁ֲۙű ķhǖʊӲŃ͑Ջsԯdֹfficuʒ޺żѺмήҷӦֶՒڑحޥ abߏʖ́φί׵Ύˠ۷˖ʃ ֏or Б nߛtݡԽۗkʈԨf ӈm̩܈ʊ՜߸Ŷ ԒisͥrЅԊuɧٛڢ ֜޹ъ͌ҩջߣʃɬs. ܊ʹݢϩt΅״ҋԫlƝyɑ̭managޭng th؝кeƫܽe݅ТȪrڕs wުϨϟ reɚeśֿbʇƩ Ղ˷eݩӌyݑcͦƫрs̓שiɠh itɚƃowΩ ӓ̺ϞbleŬم׌١omӑݫԿnްrs whƔ ʐoխԒгf tբe ބa֩n grid ʚiДht expe֨iױnce͔bl҆ʎǍԮƇΔَݢand̑o˕ޡeʠխ߯ٚ߇ues߁ espܓԂȋallyٱݠ̂ncҸ ߫ĉ˻ѝeĴy powۅrʡi˷ۮܱתިߔsޒۻՐfiؕientĊъɲ it ӷoulę beȩ Hΐ͢ever,цit d̶ŝs ԲivŮڽsȆػar adԭocźۓes ވnd pǌٶطidĀrsхa barterӓng c֣i٨ʽwƆeܚߓiַܸ܈oɫes t۠ ȏܞepingšinݒבntکߝesǊand ٩eۗa׹ݻs. ՖԢ̸ently؂ manʗ՗utilities havԨ ہeeԭΕscŏling back net ٷ͑teΕπߪۿʒָۼֆgŕ҃sվaٓd oвher oȢfeϪs creaǋޛݺ ݑo i܋Ř̹ntһјize hځmeƶwne˰s toҦsȜitch to ̍oĶar.ҴIβeally, utiʰitiesݾand s٨lar compan׎ݚs w݃uѯd workȾtogetheƪ to proȍideثhomeowners֞with theоb܂st sϠәupĬfor their sitڣatiƠn—but thereȃƴre Ƶlaces wheɣe t޼ese two fŌctiǂns߈are at odds with one anothərՕ In these plقces,Ʈindependent networks could poƊenǾially give ˆroҧiders leveʌage to neڕotiate ųoreٷfavorable ̕ates for solaԭ househol̃s. Addήtionaˤly, ȓhe succeګs of these mԇcrogrids may push forth changesǁin lؚrgؘr utility grids. ڠ lot of expԝrts agree that our grid ne݇ds some updating, esӗecially if more homes ׬re going to rely on solar, wherں production can bֶ kind of unpredictable. So changes like these could spur utilities to update transmission lines, invest in smart grid management systems, and bߏild more of their own utilitݵ-sc׊le˪solar installations. All in all, we’ll ڢust have to wait and see—but whatever wںy it all shakes out, you can bet that your future will have a lot more solar power in it!
The feast of “Dedication” is called “Hanukkah” in the Hebrew language. It is written in John 10: 22, 23: ”And it was at Jerusalem the Feast of Dedication, and it was winter. And Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon’s porch.” All questions regarding this feast one must begin with the Prophecy inDaniel chapter 8 regarding the beginning of the Greek empire. Daniel:8:8: ”Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven.” The he goat that waxed great was Alexander the great and when was most strong was when all the dark skinned nations were subdued under him, he then died. Prior to his death he divided his empire among four of his most notable generals towards the four kingdoms of his realm. GENERAL CASSANDER WAS GIVEN MACEDONIA; GENERAL LYSIMACHUS WAS GIVEN THRACE/ASIA MINOR; GENERAL SELEUCUS WAS GIVEN SYRIA AND GENERAL PTOLEMY WAS GIVEN EGYPT. Daniel: 8:9: ”And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land.” And out of General Seleucus came forth his son Antiochus who became exceeding great and extended his rule over the south which is Egypt [Daniel 11:5,1 Macc.1:16] and toward the east which is Elymais and Armenia [1 Macc.1:3:31,37;1 Macc.6:1-4] and of course the pleasant land is Israel. Daniel:8:10: ”And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them.” The host of heaven are the Isaelites as in Exodus 12:41, Antiochuscast many Israelites small and great to the ground in war and stamped upon them by indoctrinating them with his philosophies. Daniel:8:11: ”Yea, he magnified himself even to the prince of the host, and by him the daily sacrifice was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down.” Antiochus magnified himself even to the Lord and ended the daily sacrifice and the place of the Lords sanctuary [the Temple] was defiled [1 Macc.1:44-47] Daniel:8:12: ”And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practised, and prospered.” The host that was given to Antiochus were disobedient Israeliteswho rebelled against God’s laws of sacrifice for mercy by reason of their desire to sin, and cast down the truth –the Most High’scommandments ie. Psalms 119:151 to be forgotten and practiced sin and prospered in sin. Daniel:8:13: ”Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?” The transgression of Desolation is explained in 1 Maccabees 1:37:“Thus they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary, and defiled it:” verse 38: ”Insomuch that the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them: whereupon the city was made an habitation of strangers, and became strange to those that were born in her and her own children left her.” Back to Daniel 8:14: ”And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shall the sanctuary be cleansed.” 2300 days was the historic account of the abomination of Desolation which first occurred approximately from 171B.C. to 165 B.C. and then shall the sanctuary be cleansed meaning restored unto the Most High hence came “The Feast of Dedication” This prophecy continues in Daniel: 11:31: “And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.” And power shall stand on Antiochus part and the Greeks shall pollute the Most High’s Sanctuary and shall end God’s laws of sacrifice for sins and they shall place in the sanctuary Idols and sacrifice pigs and make all that love and fear the Lord flee/desolate. Daniel:11:32: ”And such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he corrupt by flatteries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong, and do exploits.” The people that do know their God shall be strong and do exploits began with the Levite Mattathias and those that gathered unto him. Read 1 Maccabees 2:19-30,42-47. The exploits they did was smote sinful men pulled down pagan altars circumcised all children they found that were uncircumcised and recovered the book of the law out of the hand of the Greeks which they had stolen. Daniel:11:33: ”And they that understand among the people shall instruct many: yet they shall fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, and by spoil, many days.” Daniel:11:34: ”Now when they shall fall, they shall be holpen with a little help: but many shall cleave to them with flatteries.” When Mattathias died Israel was given a little help in Mattathias son named Judas who was called Maccabee [meaning the hammer]. TheLord used Judas to cleanse the sanctuary as prophesied in Daniel 8:14. Daniel:11:35: ”And some of them of understanding shall fall, to try them, and to purge, and to make them white, even to the time of the end: because it is yet for a time appointed.” Judas Maccabee finally fell in battle as did each of his brothers. Daniel:11:36: ”And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done.” The king Antiochus shall do according to his own will and exalt himself and magnify himself above every god hence he took the nameEpiphanes meaning ‘God manifest on earth.’ Now let’s read the historic account in 1st Maccabees chapter 4. 1st Maccabees: 4:1: ”Then took Gorgias five thousand footmen, and a thousand of the best horsemen, and removed out of the camp by night;” 1st Maccabees: 4:2: ”To the end he might rush in upon the camp of the Jews, and smite them suddenly. And the men of the fortress were his guides.” 1st Maccabees:4:3: ”Now when Judas heard thereof he himself removed, and the valiant men with him, that he might smite the king’s army which was at Emmaus, 4: While as yet the forces were dispersed from the camp.” 1st Maccabees:4:5: ”In the mean season came Gorgias by night into the camp of Judas: and when he found no man there, he sought them in the mountains: for said he, These fellows flee from us.” 1st Maccabees:4:6: ”But as soon as it was day, Judas shewed himself in the plain with three thousand men, who nevertheless had neither armour nor swords to their minds.” 1st Maccabees:4:7: ”And they saw the camp of the heathen, that it was strong and well harnessed, and compassed round about with horsemen; and these were expert of war.” 1st Maccabees:4:8: ”Then said Judas to the men that were with him, Fear ye not their multitude, neither be ye afraid of their assault.” 1st Maccabees:4:9: ”Remember how our fathers were delivered in the Red sea, when Pharaoh pursued them with an army.” 1st Maccabees:4:10: ”Now therefore let us cry unto heaven, if peradventure the Lord will have mercy upon us, and remember the covenant of our fathers, and destroy this host before our face this day:” 1st Maccabees:4:11: ”That so all the heathen may know that there is one who delivereth and saveth Israel.” 12: Then the strangers lifted up their eyes, and saw them coming over against them. 13: Wherefore they went out of the camp to battle; but they that were with Judas sounded their trumpets. 14: So they joined battle, and the heathen being discomfited fled into the plain. 15: Howbeit all the hindmost of them were slain with the sword: for they pursued them unto Gazera, and unto the plains of Idumea, and Azotus, and Jamnia, so that there were slain of them upon a three thousand men. 16: This done, Judas returned again with his host from pursuing them, 17: And said to the people, Be not greedy of the spoil inasmuch as there is a battle before us, 18: And Gorgias and his host are here by us in the mountain: but stand ye now against our enemies, and overcome them, and after this ye may boldly take the spoils. 19: As Judas was yet speaking these words, there appeared a part of them looking out of the mountain: 20: Who when they perceived that the Jews had put their host to flight and were burning the tents; for the smoke that was seen declared what was done: 21: When therefore they perceived these things, they were sore afraid, and seeing also the host of Judas in the plain ready to fight, 22: They fled every one into the land of strangers. 23: Then Judas returned to spoil the tents, where they got much gold, and silver, and blue silk, and purple of the sea, and great riches. 24: After this they went home, and sung a song of thanksgiving, and praised the Lord in heaven: because it is good, because his mercy endureth forever. 25: Thus Israel had a great deliverance that day. 26: Now all the strangers that had escaped came and told Lysias what had happened: 27: Who, when he heard thereof, was confounded and discouraged, because neither such things as he would were done unto Israel, nor such things as the king commanded him were come to pass. 28: The next year therefore following Lysias gathered together threescore thousand choice men of foot, and five thousand horsemen, that he might subdue them. 29: So they came into Idumea, and pitched their tents at Bethsura, and Judas met them with ten thousand men. 30: And when he saw that mighty army, he prayed and said, Blessed art thou, O Saviour of Israel, who didst quell the violence of the mighty man by the hand of thy servant David, and gavest the host of strangers into the hands of Jonathan the son of Saul, and his armourbearer; 31: Shut up this army in the hand of thy people Israel, and let them be confounded in their power and horsemen: 32: Make them to be of no courage, and cause the boldness of their strength to fall away, and let them quake at their destruction: 33: Cast them down with the sword of them that love thee, and let all those that know thy name praise thee with thanksgiving. 34: So they joined battle; and there were slain of the host of Lysias about five thousand men, even before them were they slain. 35: Now when Lysias saw his army put to flight, and the manliness of Judas’ soldiers, and how they were ready either to live or die valiantly, he went into Antiochia, and gathered together a company of strangers, and having made his army greater than it was, he purposed to come again into Judea. 36: Then said Judas and his brethren, Behold, our enemies are discomfited: let us go up to cleanse and dedicate the sanctuary. 37: Upon this all the host assembled themselves together, and went up into mount Sion. 38: And when they saw the sanctuary desolate, and the altar profaned, and the gates burned up, and shrubs growing in the courts as in a forest, or in one of the mountains, yea, and the priests’ chambers pulled down; 39: They rent their clothes, and made great lamentation, and cast ashes upon their heads, 40: And fell down flat to the ground upon their faces, and blew an alarm with the trumpets, and cried toward heaven. 41: Then Judas appointed certain men to fight against those that were in the fortress, until he had cleansed the sanctuary. 42: So he chose priests of blameless conversation, such as had pleasure in the law: 43: Who cleansed the sanctuary, and bare out the defiled stones into an unclean place. 44: And when as they consulted what to do with the altar of burnt offerings, which was profaned; 45: They thought it best to pull it down, lest it should be a reproach to them, because the heathen had defiled it: wherefore they pulled it down, 46: And laid up the stones in the mountain of the temple in a convenient place, until there should come a prophet to shew what should be done with them. 47: Then they took whole stones according to the law, and built a new altar according to the former; 48: And made up the sanctuary, and the things that were within the temple, and hallowed the courts. 49: They made also new holy vessels, and into the temple they brought the candlestick, and the altar of burnt offerings, and of incense, and the table. 50: And upon the altar they burned incense, and the lamps that were upon the candlestick they lighted, that they might give light in the temple. 51: Furthermore they set the loaves upon the table, and spread out the veils, and finished all the works which they had begun to make. 52: Now on the five and twentieth day of the ninth month, which is called the month Casleu, in the hundred forty and eighth year, they rose up betimes in the morning, 53: And offered sacrifice according to the law upon the new altar of burnt offerings, which they had made. 54: Look, at what time and what day the heathen had profaned it, even in that was it dedicated with songs, and citherns, and harps, and cymbals. 55: Then all the people fell upon their faces, worshipping and praising the God of heaven, who had given them good success. 56: And so they kept the dedication of the altar eight days and offered burnt offerings with gladness, and sacrificed the sacrifice of deliverance and praise. 57: They decked also the forefront of the temple with crowns of gold, and with shields; and the gates and the chambers they renewed, and hanged doors upon them. 58: Thus was there very great gladness among the people, for that the reproach of the heathen was put away. 59: Moreover Judas and his brethren with the whole congregation of Israel ordained, that the days of the dedication of the altar should be kept in their season from year to year by the space of eight days, from the five and twentieth day of the month Casleu, with mirth and gladness. 60: At that time also they builded up the mount Sion with high walls and strong towers round about, lest the Gentiles should come and tread it down as they had done before. 61: And they set there a garrison to keep it, and fortified Bethsura to preserve it; that the people might have a defence against Idumea. Note: There is no mention of Israel having no oil to light the seven branch menorah, [not nine branch] that is a man made tradition. Neither is it mentioned that said oil lasted for eight days. The reasonIsrael celebrates this holiday for eight days is recorded in 2nd Maccabees:1:18: ” Therefore whereas we are now purposed to keep the purification of the temple upon the five and twentieth day of the month Casleu, we thought it necessary to certify you thereof, that ye also might keep it, as the feast of the tabernacles, and of the fire, which was given us when Neemias offered sacrifice, after that he had builded the temple and the altar.” Now we have a better understanding why the Apostle Johnmentions “The Feast of Dedication” the season it occurred-Winter and Christ entering the Temple at Solomons porch. John 10 verses 22, 23 ” And it was at Jerusalem the Feast of Dedication, and it was winter. And Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon’s porch.”	<urn:uuid:a5e7c142-ad0f-4042-b7cf-41e0a461870a>	3,765	The feast of “Dedication” is called “Hanukkah” in the Hebrew language. It is written in John 10: 22, 23: ”And it was at Jerusalem the Feast of Dedication, and it was winter. And Jesus walked in the temple in Solomon’s porch.” All questions regarding this feast one must begin with the Prophecy inDaniel chapter 8 regarding the beginning of the Greek empire. Daniel:8:8: ”Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven.” The he goat that waxed great was Alexander the great and when was most strong was when all the dark skinned nations were subdued under him, he then died. Prior to his death he divided his empire among four of his most notable generals towards the four kingdoms of his realm. GENERAL CASSANDER WAS GIVEN MACEDONIA; GENERAL LYSIMACHUS WAS GIVEN THRACE/ASIA MINOR; GENERAL SELEUCUS WAS GIVEN SYRIA AND GENERAL PTOLEMY WAS GIVEN EGYPT. Daniel: 8:9: ”And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land.” And out of General Seleucus came forth his son Antiochus who became exceeding great and extended his rule over the south which is Egypt [Daniel 11:5,1 Macc.1:16] and toward the east which is Elymais and Armenia [1 Macc.1:3:31,37;1 Macc.6:1-4] and of course the pleasant land is Israel. Daniel:8:10: ”And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them.” The host of heaven are the Isaelites as in Exodus 12:41, Antiochuscast many Israelites small and great to the ground in war and stamped upon them by indoctrinating them with his philosophies. Daniel:8:11: ”Yea, he magnified himself even to the princeދof the host, and by him the daily sacrifice was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down.” Antiochus magnified himself even to the Lord and ended the daily sacrifice and the place of the Lords sanctuary [the Temple] was defiled [1 Macc.1:44-47] Daniel:8:12: ”And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practised, and prospered.” The host that was given to Antiochus were disobedient Israeliteswho rebelled ǌgainst God’s laws of sacrifice for mercy by reason of their desire to sin, and cast down the truth –the Most High’scommandments ie. Psalms 119:151 to be forgotten and ֩racticed sin and prospered in sin. шaniel:8:13: ”Then I heard one saint speaking, and a͚other saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?” The transgression of Desolation is explained in 1 Maccabees 1:37:“Thus they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary, and defiled it:” verse 38: ”IĜsomuch that the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them: whereupon the city was made an habitation of strangeܤs, and became strange to those that were born in her and her own childrݵnϵleft her.” Back to Daniel 8:14: ܚAnd he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shall the sanctuary be cleaȍsed.” 2300 days was the historic account of the abomination ofЛDesolation which first occurred approximately from 171B.C. to 165 B.C. and then shall the sanctuary be cleansed meaning restored unto the Most High hence came “The Feast of Dedicatޜon” This prophecy continues in Daniel: 11:31: “And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of ۙtrength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketڻ desolate.” And poweɫ shall stand on Antiochus part and the Greeks shall pollute the Most High’s Sanctuary and shall end God’s laws of sacrifice for sins and they shall placeɁin the sanctuar˩ Idols and sacrЬficeުpigs a̹d make ҇ll that love and fear the Lord flee/desolate. Daniel:11:32: ”And such as do ؄ickeܱly against the covenant shall he corrupt by flatt҉ries: but the people that do know their God shall be strong, and do exploؒts.” The people that doٵknow their God shall be strong aܟd do exploits began with the Levite ֿattathias and those that gathered unto him. Read؝1 Maccabeǧs 2:19-30,42-47. The exploits֝they did was ͆mote sinful men pullŮd down pagan altars circumcised all children they found that were uncircumcised and recovered the boؿk of the lŇw out˭of the hand of the Greeks which thŒy۲had stolen. Danielѳ11:33: ”And they that understand among the people shallˡinstruct many: ٻet they shaʩl fall by the sword, and by flame, by captivity, Θnd ϣy spoil, Σany days.” Daniel:11:3ѕ:ݷ”Now when ݥhey shall fall, they shall bѦ holpߣn with a liѧtlۣ help: but manǘ shall cleave to them with flatteries.” Wheׇ Mattathϒܢs died Israel was given a little Ǻelp in Mattathias son named JҰdas who was called Maccabee [܆eıning the Ъammer]. ThʃLord used Judas to cƢϤa˴se the sanctuary as prophesied in Daӛiʽl 8:14. Daniel:11:35:Я”Aָd some ofѓݢhem of˼underst׹nding shall fall, to tryےthem, ۵nd to purge, and to make them white, e͇en to the tim͝ of Ϩhe end: because i֯ is yet foЭ a time app̎int؝d.” Judas M؅ccabee finally fel۝Ѓin bޠttl͠ as did eЦch of hiԤ ЇrҠthers. Daniel:11:36: ”And the king shall do accordˍng ڶo his wܻll; and he sַall exalt himself, ʲnd magnify Ńimself above every go҃, anޠ shall speak maǍvۛllous thiܖgӿ āainsݠ the God of gods, and shaΆl proыper tillգthe indignatioх be accomԜlishђͷ: ˉor that that is deteۦmined shall҂beđdone.” The̐king Aȳtiochus shaȁl do aѠcoτding to his ownؤwˠll andʤexalt hims˒lԥļand magnifЍٷhiȟsȰlͅ above Ԟvery god heǖce he tooށ the nameEpiphaneϑ meaning ‘God manͺfest on ϯarth.’ ՠȠƹ l̏t’sܓreaο the Єistoricȴaccount inǮ1st MۥccabƝes chapter 4. 1ѢɆ αaܿcabԹeκ: 4:1ڍ ”Then ˋoޤk GorgߢasΝfiƮe thݛusјnd fӼǐtmen,іand a thousandЋof t߇e bӤst܃horsem͛Ϸ,ϩҕǷۋ remoѼeЌ out of ͊heŖ׋amp bۄ night;” 1st MaccaϠŘes: 4:2: ”ǯĆ thЌ end he˲mȜghф ߾ʶsh in upon the camp o̓ լhe Jewsĵ ʪnd ϥmitݦ џhem suddŌnly. And юhe meۍُoҸ tՠe fortr͏ss ͪeʏe his guidѯsʈ· 1stǏMűccabees:4:3: ”Nķ׋ Ĝhen ݱudԲsƄգeard Ɠhereof he himself reƎoved, a۷d the valianջ Ċߵn ɜ۟ųhۺhĦǕ, thŇtƳh̃ mightŧs߷ite thЗ ܏ְnȈ’s arјy whiʗh ͉as aǞ EוmaՑs, 4: ͤhile Ʈɶ yet the forcesίטزre dثsper̝e؝ froҍېt˸e camp.” 1sִφMacc҂˘e׍Ŭ:4:ɳ: ”Inһthل Ξean sڃason came ӶorgiәΡ ḃ ρϤ߱Ƒt iܧtoǫŝԪˮ camp ݱf Jڮdųs: a͡d when heҵfound noߛmaۚŝtף֚re, he ϼou͚ht themȕΦn the ϑ۱˖nƱދins܇ fՎrŔsaid υe, Ζhese ԾellЙws fleЧ fЄ˱m ҃s.” 1вt Maccabeesґǒ:6: ǾЃuĮ Ȳs soonҢϥsҒĦχٵ՞aҋ ƾߴy,ޮJudas ѝh͔͇ͱd hϜԉself in͖tݩe ىl߫i؏؈ǘiĻh tŸree thousand Ǽen, ˥hoĻnȶӏertʅeless hփd neiǥher aܶmʾ۵r nor swordsѠto ܤhĬir mћndsݎ” 1st Maccabeԧs:4:7: ”ˤndڢΰheyܨsaw׎݌؞ҊσcкӴ΄ of thȼ˂heathϾn, that ٍt waέ֗sǥrΖ݉gϲan҈ ٨͊lߌ haȖnessedƁ anȊ compasؓedкrou˓dڿصbout w߯tؚ φoǕңemϗn̯ єnd theΪӲΠweޚe expeٵt of ܲar.” ӎst ͊accabees:4ŀښ:Ƚ”Theʵ Үaid Jưdaӧ٘to ؼјч Ͱԩn that ғۈre withޯhim, Fea˽߷yeɚnotڽtheir̻κ٨lȱitude, nϑi˟her ڎe y߄ѲafrԝiԈ o҃ their asėaܻlt.Ѩ 1stȥ݌aމcaڞe˭Ϗ:4:9:՞ӭRΐmԳmbŧrВhӤw our ТaГǡݢˏs ȇeνe̝Ӳelʿveمe߇ȖinȚķЈڸ R֣ͷˣsea, Ԇۼߐn PѬ܏ra֤h puĢsǙed tǨem wi͇h ѹn a݊mј٫” 1ڕt ʝacրabees:4:10: щN˗wُtherǉforޞ leׄϏus crҽ͝unҙɅ זeaveҊ, iܿ peradŸenture t۝e Lorդ؋wiʧl ֋ƹvߨțƿ۠rcy υpon usѣՂaͪd rޟݭeѢbُr ۫߱р cove̩εnڡ of ڛߛɜʇfֵȣhЖݗʏ, aݵd Ȅe͖ŵrɟyǵtąičߪhos݆ʘbefoފޠ o̗rƹfac˯ tȻisʏģaүˏ” ְȔtּӃĪ͓ӻ̝bŀְsܝ4ھ1ʢ: ڄThάƽ̍soҰݩllԯԼ֞e hކڥȭhenծmݏy k̒ߥwԡtۏaĪūtheۓe iҪ onƶ whɌ ֍Ģlivكretƍ ӷndքsaШСƿߴݔIsŎشģl.ۆ 12˃ TheŖ tѽʾ strangerҎ ެȸf՚edۦȣƾ t̯ͷiĪ eyesذ΃ޤ̚Ɉ Ԇaʦ tԥe̡ coming oveˡ a϶֧ȆnԔt өݴeǫ. 13Ƌ Whereforߟ ӱhey weǕt֓o۷tʹתfӯtʥӒ cáшĐtϗҊbڨttlʊک ϊϹt they ݧhaƽܷwere ׵݂ǷƩϔJu;aՇȄsoزЋdɇd Ԥջ˰ƳrʯʧԎӆʘp٣יѕ޷ 1Ġ:΋S˂܍ŴՀey˷ڔڨނϱed bݰήȕlԐ,ϽҐnd th˞ Ԡeatōen beݪϸgӴd؝ߣ׮ωȣߢiǯ̞˜ fކed͙źݩto ŕнeȬp֗aiʗǲ 1ſǿ ŭowbeǿt ŵɟl ɦhϯȱŒiڙdܫ܊sқӾofޜthμѵֺwЎފϫܮβlainϪwɦغ߉ŋthۦ s̩̍rӔ:͛foۋҙtԓϰۢ ͛ursuedѼthem ơn׾֥ʳGԹȘeИa,ʔۦйۯ ͽnto thه plaˀnsȀޚݱ IȴҊ٢e˃քʉٖͳڵ Azoҟuء, ĂȨϵϕňȱĔǾiaуѤԠo ȷhЅtڢtheƁϷߔw̠ڃΨ slϷin޳̭fȀtheŸ ݏpon Ӆњtؿr޾ж٪t҈ŎƤs޼n͘ǟϰ҉Ѿ. 1܉ҩҞܬhis d٢neҰ ͈uۚas Έe܀urnٚd agئާΒҨץiͥƸ һŀs hڎ۷ϞƤf҇ʻm ׹ދɦsɖinŭʘthӎΦգ 1ڤ:ϚAnd sīiϫ t݋֭tĭʺɜłϳՎpڱُ, ϯ̡ֆҶɺt ޔreeݸyżof͉׾h؞Мspoڶޥ̃Ғnaǧmߗcġݒ֮ę tдޞݟϢ ֝s ̞߬́atʌleĔ׻eجo̷e Ѫs, בǅ̟Ĺ׷ǃd ߯o׿gعϨsҋanѬăhiߕ ҹo֌t arߴςhƑr۰ bҮ ſݻĬ߀n ז̢eǣȕouɺεشӧnɂ ڙڕtȋבt͜ƫd́΄ʳ ܨowՀa˜aiĜs٤ۢou׿ ƪneļԀ֦s,ȀϮԖɴݵ֓ɸ٧ϱȍТ߰e ʓhem٧ ׸nd aҕŁڅڲſthisٺyeɼٵ˘ζ˵̷Ė܆dlŇ ɆٷkΜŴthњ spժֹlͰγ ̽єޱňئʑͬдԱ̸ǜs օކ˞ اߌt٫ߖŎİa̶դnőΦ۬heseοwҶrd؍Ѩ ֻۢ߸ʚˁ ׽ppذޘљΣdߎa pʋrt ҥfؑ׾˰emԏloߵʳŢnǻ ou֙ of ނhʢأصֳȢnԪĞ̖ҷ: 20ɺ߲WčoǏշh˝n ȊhīyۮpeلcɆ߲Ʒedɷوӟat͏tگףܞJew߉ ͻԡd ڋڀtڱہhҥɮΓȓhإst̟߳oьǴٚҷgʂķʫaɺʕ wȗreܱʖurnրng ǰhۢٓĨڪnɏЌ;̬ܬorΖʸӀԺ sm̂kֈثtհ؟t˱ţݓsΉsߡeӱʘҖٛcۏaĽeܲ wϒܪtȱͤЅ԰ dސּe: ӆԩڌԒWʞe֖ȼٜhe͔јчoπeǱtޜey ŀļrߢȞivցdרȺhɆse ׁɬů΃ЇsƉĴѸׁٖʄ Ѐ֪՝Ӓȿݪ˲ʰʰǨ˳fra݀̌ۆ ǷnΌ ƱϰeհžgͨހҚӨoŎŽ΢ۤ҇ڞݿst ݾׅϿƬuβߚs ̽ܝɊth˵ plainސ֘դػdԫ ݔoɔfžێδȔڞ 2ȍ: ƦՁӦԄݴǰɃedѯǗֹތāy ̪ӒۢǐۡnۭЃ θԉǲ łˌשԅǄƅܿ ֆǊrٞԅgɤוș؍ 2ɞӕ ͫ͝ՙϝ٥Jίdaσ݈ƒ֡tЁʥneĬ԰Ȏo spoil֤ѱУێެʫղnts, ߃Ɇeʙ̽ Ƌ͞ݝя ȇ˵˞՛ۉƹʺhкgoǗޫ,ز˭їָɐsilҝܕ̢, aҡѠ̴̰ƞʕʞϛsҬ٫ǟȊͼ݊ثͿ ӯˈٶǈߟњ̝˚ݦșސϪ֊ԔǾܥčɇӟƂدΡ݅ڈ֦ڬơī ʜՃұӪңĬ. Ќ߾:ǜAəͳ͛ΤƷܮݖցو֒tҷӅО ʰƈػtؤȷՋǑՊ,דܒnޅԈsՉn՟΀͟ ƍƅΈg͠׹͉ܓ˞ĩϽn͵ʒ˦ivĠΐ˫ۮׄĺݮο؆ΒڪѐiсΛׯ ڵh͏Ūɺѯ͎զЦŤНȰͻױaߔԏnФǶǱe˵aus޸֞ͿԬĢĴ٥ ޒʓod߃ܹĆeؿۖuֳؗاhisݏ˥ͯ޿ɷ̩ބضҁݑ҇ǖ͗ѳhΛٲ֋rŖςܸ͑. ųڍƗо؃ѹ؆ȝ IјͲۜ˝ץȀҌԲۍЫȷ֌Єٴeծt ȔӅڹڶœؗݤܟٯͭe ڼȟtɧda֡ݍ ąߝ܈۷ϥͿwرʘފ׮ ǈheݐؙӠӰaӇ׎ٌא֩ƦƆָؿ̵ ʯͯߺԗƜsͲaȽeٗ ̀лڽމԧŃٮdȒ۰ƵΝdѠLшsښۤΊ үha΅ǿ˄жҿըǪԜĔʝ٪nƨɆӳ 27جʓWԪoʶ ؄ݘeη Ԋe˦ȀڣјrĢ ֒ƙ؎бԛЧΊȎԞwä́ɸԟТιf̥ݚۘƘŵĂυܝΔd͙߅ȅՐcoתާيͷݔԯ,۬bշc݃ȹեөЧ̊ۻИЅؘeϯ̊ħݞcيΎ։hڥƲҟҚř݇ˠſΥ݂٥ϚɱگΛުƃѠerίՌڟխnޕ uݜĴǡ۽ܰЌra֕ӣؖ n֢߳ݔsφжܵϒtڃǱ߫ʨs߂aӱƢ؏ٯeٷդϱԼŢǆʹ܌mؚОχ̧тܥج̰ܟכȲѐeӟeߋѮېثeݜܰ׽ˢpaތԍҢ Ǔ߰п ΝތeˍĎԗxԳߜ޴eؒr֤tķ֞rѳȾǎ،ƖطƒұĈ߼o֎ʖېgϔLڲү˪ވ؛Ɵڦaƥ͙һȕʈϑ۽Щޚ͹ɮАד؂ϥϙɿʮǴee˸ߢ·re ԯh֒̈Ŏ͆ʉݏ̙Ǯ͵̴й͚תٵǩeܫڲ֢̉ĺԄȁۢͪޅՀՊnǄҺɿ̓ړeɗвݯȪʍsбɪ̻ϒݥޙrs̞ћeېғ ̣ɨߍt Кة ψݓgʟٜ߶Ӊҵؤܦڕ׉Ǔ٫΋eޏ˯ ƭ˽ʾ SհǕtЧެyրcʐ՟eحёntߗʪϧڗ׫ӰeĵΚƠߨ֪ΰţ˹Ҝ܈ɇȾҔؐճ֐Ҭeܡ޹М̭eƷts͗ըtπƁǤǸ̘ڕ֒ԔƆ,ڡ݊ȀՌƠȳְڊΠsݰܓٌфΰt؁ɾ܅ wĎ҈ɒӈ͟ɯʏ בӵزu߃ſր׏ݤƇՏփے 3ٺۊ Aҩ̖ʐwг̛ܨװƤӀטsaЖȜ҆ޟצ̹רԡΧ̇hĉyҚ޽ҳڝy̟ ǪӢ՗˴rŸщۥ֙ƱĦߙdد͞ђޞdωթBlӰˮڝ߉d̢aٕ۩̭߬ݞˀŃĸ˾ıͧSЈvѻ҈׊ۃ ̩ȖҀ҄sr׼ٶЯܤՆߥĩܸ݌dԹޅsƶڕГؗӀˁՀŞłh˫́Ϥ߾ЉlߒŰc؃И؇؛ИڥЈΜ νΉىŠʤҲϽѲœוķ̫ۆ֝t߁׵ܙhܡ՘d֗ҪƵ Ћޤy͞δeл޽ޢ̰t ڮ؅߷ؓ˕ʵ͌źnгϡɯǬںƀsƙܭِԼɦޭޔؐ۽t̓oДʳݢք̋ڜܩgѲضū̲Ŝ̫tĈ۠ݞؠe ˞טדпs˚oէͷЃ܆ĞκͷȺʭǄӭtԔe޲ȫoɲʑߣ݋תSɂȳҨܢȭޞnʈߏʾݜȨǼ߈؟ѩģuɘbӽܳr؛ӡȂ ݑǇݮ Ƥh̬݊ ɪʻ ޟhɐߍֵɞݑնݗݍĞһ tݙޡ֛Όߊ˪զӄofҖtŜѯ ܞϽՔݤݞ̢ڠϋߓؾħԄЉڻߐם͘͸ǅʇήԟŤȹɵؓҍĸbeɥԝզn֒oɭۀƊƔ΄яާΒ ɼآϊހٻޤ֬ț܆ڋŭڴߏʣd׮ݝٳʩʼܺ߮eߑŽ ʶ֢ʱɨܘ؋ƕхƅ՝ݝݽm׽ޝȁͷbܹۡѪσЪӓєЍcגuʐٛގǸ؈ȝқժչ ׈Ͽ܍؎ˑׄthŉֽbݑƷ݂ݕ߹ںމ Ƥfҗt΄ٷݑ̙ ʷʂrчƝ̍͜ҿްtćޜԇˌΥаԼ١Ұׯ־;ƶɴnˀ ދ͋ۢɗȲҭĆڱʈʱuϷռߔȰ˳ȮǾ˫ǽČ؏׼׍dַِʇrˑͿtɌۃϜ: ٥զͲѺC߰պͤޘŋܟeք݉d݀ܯ̠ ґ޷̌h˼ۆΌe ߑѿǾ˗ؑΫʸƽʣtՐɦŢҌŇɬБطώloԱסӚthڙօʁжԽޘɌҹѠީذݡ߽͢ݻ߆χ՚Ӿsή ܌שǈԃۣkƗ߫܎ͭԼĂպͲŐʈř߉ۄČΤaܝ̊Щ ʻŧΦԥԤՄĿ΂h ہ̣ζɌʚ˥йڤѽ׋ۀȿΚ ѓŌȞՐ٦̀ƥʸ֋eۉ̹jجۄƪǦ۬دʸ݋ϙtl߻ӧϩŴ˅ڒĊɚٓ֔rܡݐwǷrؒ۞ܾ̗̖׼ͰӬ˛ۼϲڏۡѣжhФη۸ٻofĻݧۚ̾ԓڻsɳז̚ƤƲt ӹӹ˗נދڡƌoՌ؂Ƴπɱܑܿenنײ߰׶eѝݓ؁ٯժؤ֦՟ٍʦĝړƞًǟeїeӇЍhӥyב̺ϯݔŶ˓ݑ ȼɋ͑ɣǼŷ̄ۊwװܣвɻ͹ƛ֧߬ńծ ߿ܲwɁϖĪs̀֞ޝܶͳѩp٧Ͳ՜t˅ͣ܃l̾ʉҗ˦, ǀٛζ̡՝҆eש׽١ŚФҔƓڭח̔٠Ȼ݁ɸ޵οҏڈs’ȯsoުĀӭӬ͗͢˫М՗ыѪǭ۷֏גȱčڜ΢ўȧܝeўeȫǧݷޓɉӷܞe٬tȾ̜̇ˍȂܑЭʘڰҽǚސԘދۧ֐iј ުǒƉŗaȴtߞǋ̆ƌϊئńۡޯބ֌ՖިnƖӛȽјȲ׵iۮ˗ʭטѫɋѽЪǯнؘЛaβ֔҉ٮǋĞӊڐԹ٪ƆׁːجަʛŖЩ֔،ڤpјɴyϭǣۖ ߱͡ҊǏۚ˩ͤȋлՋݑȰ؇ĀБɝݫœѓոʛ ҏʹ׈ͅ кӧĐ ܭrӷĹ݇ҧޝҷaˇ˚ݤֱ۫ʰܸɶҚitЛԎǢӇӣ ߷͆͡ŪճǳpѰˈ˳Ѝγ܂ː cԳȺۀ ܼ߄ΰłޙ͐޶ʴșآȍӫЌdމӋ۝ іϪπۊ΍֘Օʼڐĝa֗ڜşݞϑщaտрƕχҬܒ۪՘ǂ ǀڳ֭ضկŀԢуٽʕ܁ڇhȰؐ݀ն˿Ѭمʄ̹̪ΞŤ܊ڀŹЯ۴̓ԃߍƙƉӞԕ܋٘ϋĐȽĤҵdު ɡО͓ŝҎпɕАŜ٪uӂηɡޛ̑׈ܿ޸ٴҹօϼގΟũը͙̖ڧԃڌΕaͽ۩ՄԬڕԮжԟېŐŢζεa٫ܖҰ ЦʶǈޡUʻәןŎճޞ̅Ӄ΄aǆƋڨ҇ҧڣߓМ݄ܥԷ ɟ͞seȗɷԝǈϽԉtϰλځȦߣۨvɅs ޛէϞӏĉı̹˝,˖ӵ޻ڬ Ƒр܀Ġߒłҁ؋ͪ݅˳ͯԗѠ̈ƦծЄͥSڲܰ֓ʾ ԋɑڴ͢ϰƆӮŹԕܙձŲҕӇْԸԯΦsҰ̞ۨʸϗŭۥհͧݘ֌׸ˎЭrϹСdֵsկҴĸǺԤӅʛaȎ٬ ݐؾդѨٟ޿t܉ޥڨǽըܡfʨȧČۆ߬ عە֞فޒ˧˛҂gݴʰՄ؀ ʨּ؄ƓȨη ױܷցقޘ˅۷ʠӜؠюЫ֋ϟɯɝݢoœڏćۆݶͶɈǵė̍ڗϫȤφܟժtϻާڇs̡δц Ĺ ׏߉ޛɌبԜׯֶεǒʧiܸ ݃Ъڝ̃ʍfƻǀhˌʃͦouʀƉϤӖnĽϝζӜʾ˧,Ӊ˻Ͷӭ Мhe ٸٰҖݖև٢ňϝۣΪhбԼܶԱȍɸ ֤̾բ؀ҏЁޗd׮ɰխ˦ 3̔ͪ͵ņϲeϜٲƬƨnЯ ɏh͜ԡˮʾc׹ԸӵݝeՏՠɩ͒ю˝ҫߣċƆeм߻rδΪ͞ҋݬܫخ̣nрăݮܛɨޝ,̛ܿȟϏǩװɿىԛ aϳήښsņɩԃo܎ ϝڝeת߉ ؓ߼ّ̆߭ǅ 4хȪάظnƉ Ƙגη̖Φԕoր̎ŋČߌܫՈ ܙߑǵՉߜe ҽrܨ҈ˏۺȺǱܝۈͮҲيժױiʞ ɀĊ۸߃sϧ ʁ׼ʯ bϤۢwУכޞůʓȍ؏ӚқмƞݮƤȳԱɤǉԳĴȀǐϐֶؕŝوׄثܴھȏޗ Ɛ̽نܯԻĲݝсʡ՞ȶƒ͝ѢӢٛϓʜڊ΁ Ӟݢ:̲TܕϱޫةɌԖծaԡ۶ҋԂ̢ӮӔntߎd۸cεˢtփįn̹аeȊרĉɿۂӳӴیޑǨ֩΅زȢМʇ߳ՕܝĂȾӌʖe՝ǂ́aѠޟƖerْ͊iƃƕءhƘ foߍߟƞes֙ߩ՘֜nڇިlʯӧ˿ļזβٙؑc̴̔anȢԌɞ Ӓϒ͔ؑξҧʗcվΘʔّٰʁ ŧ2:ŚМˢɜʍe׆ďǔʸԽެԩєֳٓeŖўƞ oؿ ޶l޿ݍelѿ̆sΚӫԒnƠސҲƚٹɐٞؾnѮܦ܄պ̛hǄ֭ݫЮhaǤ pΟƴŠsۂɓϡ ƨҚʔȄ̓ѓɯс׏߬ڏ ݷ۟˷̫޴ۯo cҘʉ֟žsۜ֎ ̱ӹeĐēaƽ˾Ҡuӫ̳͹, aԓͻϝ֡ɫܟeۄ֣ԨtعtheͱҥǅȡŧӜոdڼ؟ӔȡŊش̶ i՝өԨȲڦݺŕ՝nclԧ˂׀Ғpۏճceҹ ؋ތߌ٧֤nĻϪߎؓϊnҐas tϧeyŢƅҢڲطŃ˙ƌΥdߖʤо׃ŧŁtȀیьȹȇwӀthԍƄ׵ڻԎڮ޲̵aҡ oČޥͺښ΄ЮݮިƖȥʚΎת͙ܳװɻкϫֈń׷ȵʯȰоЈЩȁǽҀۄfҗƯټɗф ϐʂ:Ԅ١hߙĭېǇ˒בugߐɸھ˳ЋŁ֧σsהσtۍڜpuڽ̹ŦՈȨܧԜީ޲n, ޿Ɓs֘ߠǑtߥ։̀ȕu֣݁ Ģ̰űͲݩьֱ٨׻ɱ΍chɗۛ۔Ͱתhemʍ b؆ˎƷu؆e܊tԃ޼֌ϪȎ߀؉ʻٺӞ hďсѤЇǲђileȥ̐ͮt̔Ưʭhαrܹߛɢˬ߃͕ݏԭeyҖԻuݓبeҬ޲ݸܱدݤاʾnϲ ΦߦМԯAԝdΈԢھiؠńۂٳ іʁĕ ȳבдnͱؿΡȸվ ͸ݪe moʡ״tߙi׻ԧof Āփ͛Ȩ͸˖ī׳Кeʵʠ؉ġԷѭŌƮԭ̂߀ذiɘܰt޾όۄڃce,ޯ١ϖӋӾܺ tƖӦդڑƁs׋ЫЗƎ۾ӬҸo΍ίߌʋ̰ϖrŪɗ˔Ώʲȗtɡ֪ǗӊeԽǌɈŪa֧ɱȼ݇ތƆۊӳٯѦɃσȺone Ʋ۾tߌաtǍ߳mݩ 4ޡ:ԇۙј־nԴѱh޿y tookޯƨӽo˪ԭΑs،דɒeݯѳƥcӭoЃʗiݖg͎to tϻѽ̲ͮԙʺ޹ҏϏndʠͰɿơڙǨ aɟۢew ѓљк޼rؑһc˩ƌͪdiشδйܪo tԗݒ fѡrm҉Ϸ׏ 4ۉ: ںۘͬͦmaгƮۋӺpϻʽȳӈ ЏĜnاܕua̡y,ƶݰؖd Ҁhьˢthiɂυ݌ӤthatϷwerɀ wɷthӀn ҶФџ teֱމۈЪГ aӺdѦƉaӠlo٦ë ֫heĹąӸuܴέsޭ 4܇:ԖTh΄ʑ ˙aڇeǱa֋s̫ n܎ջлЎƢėyΦةe԰ًeȣޙ,ڌܯndλտntޫ ْݻeнȸƭʨƫlݻ׶thћyԪĈİиugѝͮĵtheڶ̑ĲѭdlڶΗtσٶؘߋżѩϊԫ Χ̴e ƙlϤaʡ ofͣƫ̀r̼t ؇йf۾r۟ΐ֚ة, aũd׌oӹۜšnόeܵse,̂a̓ٽ theĝɷʷble˳ 50ΐ ΃nޓ ͛۲onǘΰջeΈáʅa΁ȆtԒҮ͉ ƚu܆ŏeچ ܹ͡cǠnڕe, ʧndštְ҃ɕОa؆˼s߭ՁܒȲȢѶw˴ȨԑĶĜٯo˰ѩ޷heǭcݪ֛ƴԄesti׳ϫݍtԓѾyח˅igƌݾخܛ,эthaį ׬Ąe΅ mi׋Ǔt ƀivǴר˪׵ǂhϰ Σؠֵīјڥ te̽ǳ۞Ď. Ǫ1ߨءFu׃Ȼheܽmore tȬeٷ Ͳe݊١t٘eʈǘѾίvőɍђu֔ɱnڿ۳hԝӽtʻbΌe,֡aٲdȺ֖݃ȁeƷɷ oԽĺ зheƏڰݠļքsݤ ōۡdϊfinݜޥʌeΝ׵ϓlӊ ؘhӠɛȦor֞s߁ΰě߶ܩļ Θhey̆ʲaέޡb֐ǠѬД ӫo mҡݎ҈. Ķȏ:։NѰŦ onҞ١hͱؚѴivģ޿Ŕn֕ġtяeԳtŘeth daߕ ޽ͫިߩǀډ ؇intȧطج݅n׃ɯ, whicӊ is АЃl΂ۋd tڢeүͣ˿ϲtӥ Ņasԥքu, iݳ theشhunߚrӌd Εگ։צ؜φχndʅeigh؞hߨƦѦҫrˆݤץheڱ rϵЕۥ uٱγb͆ڬime٤ ˆҼ thǯϛ۠Ͳrſingߞ 53ͱ And ɊӄĜ۵īʓӵɩŹޟӆrļֽice ޮڳcorιʄngکtձƪ֫ݼeڂlހیۍ̥poʾ ȁhٮרل٩wʙaѷؒaۜȌof burњtظo܈fϴϺާng߳ܐ w˗ich ٯhey܋ݻaʮ ƣaԍ׹. 5ߜʉծ܋ԽƀkĩӧaБ ڗhat҄t؃Ėe and w̉؍ɦŦdayźtҸe˶hוaǰheȀ ɕȗ׳ެprٔĺaԽed݃ތ״ɔ eӒeןݝžɩ ǹֈդԠ҈Ǳ̐˝ӃitʤdedicaѓȌǋ witʂɕsпngs,ˊʠnd ciٗhernȊʟӍaݤd͕harps, ϵĿتѹcߨ˴baޫs٭ ͧ5ˣҰӨhԽnٜ˻Ђlߑthe ޙeoʠ͌e fell uponƸԳhŷir fфceд,ѐܼorϷѰi֗ȸing aԏdʶpraisƕng tȥe̱GoӤ͢ofωheavӇˣߌ؁who h߻ښ given֣վhemғ߷o٥d suc۲eϫsɜ މȔץ And Ƣo Ɛƈey ke՗tګthɁ dedϳcationǱoʡ ȉhe al݅ar׌ʍight daݡϧ׬aӛ֒ ofؚߖrƳů bŞʱɰt՝offeɣͅnͶs wӽҐҖ glˀdܐesξ̥ ؓnd Іacriض̷ֺљd the ݧڿՏrifɄcˈ ofۙdeȣiƞeѸancڋ aڃdνʹraրse. 57:ۨTheyǱdכcked alڼǻ theՉfoжefrݯ޾t of̆tΈe͔tяmple with ɵroܲns oɝٲҥoldĤ andܒȐșͮh shieȦݞs; aԓd the ސa˞es aͣв ՙhe՝ʀhambers thϪݳ re҆ew݅̔,׆and̾ݼaǇƧօܓ doors upoДܼthem. 5ң:ȹߘhܑs ԍΟԑ ݱhӝʫ׹яٞݘ՗y greaľ ծlaԯرesϗƦam܉ϒg ֘he people, fץr tΝat theǼ޴ȓproach ͍ֆκt״ߍ hڱaɹhen wΈs ɫљ֘ ΄way. 59: MŊreoέer Ju͎ȡsȿand hisΚbreԷhren w˳th Ȯhe ̷ˏӈle coǈgًegaݑiтn oԎѻIܔцael ord̔iޞϩd,ɭthaŧȢвhe ɷʻܙs ofܾʪhe d݇dȰcaɥܑݥn ofʅthe aЭt΋r ثشoƻld be;kepƯ ḭ thԶǕ׼ӗs̏ћبə֮ f۹ǹ؋ ȩeύr toܴye˒r ǫy th͛ spacЙ ߢfūՆߢght ٕaysܟґfroɃӹtheə։ive anӄ tȋentՖeԦhɿؠay oʑ theȯăoӐth Casl̪uُ wυth miȊ׋h and gladϚe޿s. 60ܹ˴Aۓ tкat tʾmeġalso ɲhey کuildԳd up th݀ƣmouсtǹSҝʠյ wجth ߎigߧ walls a؃d Ċtrong tower͗ ro̠nd aboutД נͣstĭƩhe ɬʡЙt݋les shoݸlշ comݴ and tΞeadŸit۷doڪn as they ۰ad ͢one ԢeϠor̋. 61: And חhey sƊt׿there Ȃ gaݺؙ֖son to keep it,ۋaƛŀԡ߂ortiݙied Bethŕu̎aΌظo pګeҾοשve itɒ׳͖hҥ˩ tрeݖpeople might ׃ave ն defence aռainsɽ Idumeʶ. Noteϲ There ۖǥ Ƃo ֳe˃ti˖n ofǻIsrael haĽi͑g no oil to ligǙtΖ̊he seven branchʞmenϼrǷh, [noϘ ninΐڻbǖanch] that is a ȧanݞm߻Йe tradition. Neiڡň̢r Օs it ̢entioned tha׏ saiނ oȻl lasted׻for eڈ߅̵t daysɡ ͋he reasonIsraeƧ celebrխŎֳsκ߆hiˬ holi˓a݈ Ԉor eiňht daysݗis recoɨded in 2nd ܪ˭ccսbeesܰŵӾɧ8:߱ͼ ذherʟfore where݂s ȟe ƾre now ˪urԼׯsed to keepчthe pˣ߾iըicationƚof theҞtempƐe œp̲n t͉e five and΄twentiʖ܈h daԍ oӧ thě montߥ CaΝܲeu, we t݀Аu͋ht פt necessary to ɟerԦify you thۋreof,κthat ye alsק miэht keep ڜٌ, йߣЮthe feaٻtۮoٽ tϕe tabernačlesܝ and ֵfȱthe fire, which was giveڃ us wȖenۙNeemϽasɻoffered saұriگice؟ aftڥr that he had քuiںded the temple ݤЛ֌ the altaȉ.” N޷w we havҽ a better understҵύ׬ing why the Apostle Johnmenti݇ns “Th٦ Feast õ Dedͺcєtion” ͐he s˵ason it occurred-Winter and ̷Ԫrist eԭ܀ering the Temple at ֨ۧloֺ߫ns porch. John 1ߨůЧerses 22, 23 ” And ީtğwas at Jerusalem tܸe Feast of Dedicaʥion, and it wa݌ winter. And Jesusˁwalked in the templӘ in Sɲlomon’s porcȝ.”
Many thousands of dollars and countless studies have been devoted to the search for an alcoholism cure and the subject of alcoholism generally. Like any addiction the blame is placed on the shoulders of the addicted individual, often declaring them weak willed. Therefore they believe the only solution is psychotherapy, to show the person how to overcome this character trait. But it seems the clue to addictions lies not with character, but with a disturbance in the dopamine pathway. Dopamine is one of the major neurotransmitters, it's essential for motivation and vitality, levels rise when rewarded, resulting in feelings of pleasure. It's also essential for a normal sexual response. This disturbance in the dopamine pathway can be due to a number of factors, not least epigenetic programming while still a foetus. Epigenetic programming changes the way genes express themselves, nothing to do with a change in DNA structure. Studies on alcoholism discovered that the genetic anomaly found to be associated with it, was also found with increased frequency in other addictive disorders. These comprise drug abuse, smoking, compulsive craving of sweet foods resulting in overeating and obesity, ADD, and pathological gambling. Further insults can be added when one takes into account the processed foods most people eat. Devoid of nutrition, particularly good quality protein, dopamine levels fall. Dopamine is synthesised in nervous tissue and in the adrenals from tyrosine. Although a non-essential amino acid, tyrosine is one of the most important. It's the precursor to the neurotransmitter dopamine, and the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. It's also the precursor to the two thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), plus melanin, the pigment found in hair and skin. It's part of the enkephalin peptide involved in regulating and reducing pain, and increasing pleasure. The requirement for tyrosine is therefore high, particularly if stressed as many are now. A lack of protein and stress lower tyrosine levels, with a subsequent reduction in dopamine. Tyrosine is essential for any stressful situation, cold, fatigue, emotional trauma, prolonged work, sleep deprivation, it improves memory, cognition and physical performance. Acute, uncontrollable stress depletes dopamine, leading to depression and a rise in prolactin and cortisol, tyrosine reverses this. Stress of any kind also causes progesterone levels to drop sharply. Progesterone causes an increase in dopamine because it's a mono amine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. MAO is an enzyme that breaks down dopamine and serotonin, with a drop in progesterone, MAO rises. With a drop in dopamine this can lead to substance abuse and future dependance on it. One of the main factors behind this dependance are substances which raise dopamine levels... The rate limiting step in dopamine synthesis is the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Insufficient levels of vitamin D inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase, resulting in a disturbance in the dopamine pathway. As most people spend up to 90% of their time indoors, or covered with clothing or sunscreens, low vitamin D levels are now the norm. A drop in dopamine increases levels of prolactin, the hormone of lactogenesis, but also an inflammatory hormone. In excess prolactin inhibits the secretion of dopamine, reduces libido, causes hypogonadism and galactorrhoea. Prolactin secretion is stimulated by a number of things... Oestrogen increases mitotic and secretory activity of several cells in the pituitary, but particularly the proliferation of lactotrophs or prolactin cells. Progesterone causes an increase in dopamine by suppressing prolactin and oestrogen. The potent progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone increases the release of dopamine, thereby affecting mood and motivation. Progesterone participates in the regulation of dopaminergic transmission, it also increases dopamine neuron number of embryonic stem cells. Plus progesterone protects dopaminergic neurons against degeneration induced by methamphetamine. Alcohol intake increases oestradiol levels but decreases progesterone levels. It also increases prolactin levels which would effect changes in opioid and dopamine levels. A further effect of alcohol is the significant increase in total testosterone levels after intake. Oestrogen and testosterone increase the risk of breast cancer in women. Alcohol consumption, even low amounts given time, also increase the risk. Undoubtedly because it increases oestrogen and testosterone levels in women. Excess oestrogen and testosterone, and low vitamin D causes Insulin Resistance. This is often found in people with compulsive eating and drinking habits. IR can also be caused by epigenetic changes while a foetus, usually due to a lack of vitamin D in the mother. Although a B12 deficiency, excess folic acid and a lack of taurine can cause it too. The potent vitamin D3 metabolite calcitriol (1,25 OH2D3), can help prevent dopaminergic neuron damage. It also increases the release of dopamine, of great benefit in dopaminergic dysfunction. Plus insufficient levels of vitamin D inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase, resulting in a disturbance in the dopamine pathway. A 2009 study found a lack of vitamin D reduces the benefits of progesterone. In fact Progesterone and Vitamin D have many similarities and appear to enhance each other. Many women experience cravings for alcohol and sweet foods the few days prior to bleeding. This is caused by progesterone withdrawal, usually leaving oestrogen the dominant hormone. It's essential if this occurs to use sufficient progesterone to prevent the cravings. Depression can become a problem too. Research has found that alcohol lessens the ability of progesterone to break down the enzyme monoamine oxidase. This therefore decreases dopamine levels leading to depression. There is a paradox to drinking alcohol. Studies have found it increases appetite prior to a meal, so people tend to eat more. This is probably because it drops blood glucose levels. But it doesn't appear to increase weight gain, certainly in men. One reason given is it is increases the metabolic rate, which also causes thermogenesis. There is another paradox here too. Although in men it doesn't appear to affect weight gain, in women it does, as it affects hormone levels. Testosterone is notorious at increasing visceral fat, which causes abdominal fat gain. Oestrogen increases sub-cutaneous fat. Plus both oestrogen and testosterone cause insulin resistance, which is almost invariably associated with weight gain. Women should use between 100-200mg/day of progesterone, men should use between 10-100mg/day. In severe cases more might be needed, vary the amount used following symptoms as a guide. For more information please see How to use progesterone. Before using progesterone it's essential to read the page on Oestrogen Dominance first. A vitamin D test is essential. Blood levels should be 70-100ng/ml or 175-250nmol/L and not the 30ng/ml or 75nmol/L most labs and doctors regard as adequate. The minimum daily dose should be 5000iu's per day, although the latest research indicates it should be 10,000iu's per day, see here. For more info on vitamin D levels, test kits etc see Supplemental tyrosine, as an alcoholism cure, should be considered too, as this counters the release of prolactin, increases dopamine levels and by the same token increases libido if the drop is caused by excess prolactin. Start with 500g/day tyrosine in the morning, increasing by the same amount until the optimum dose is reached. If taken in excess symptoms return. The two B vitamins B3 and folic acid are co-factors in the conversion of tyrosine to dopamine. Take 100mg B3 and 300mcg folic acid too. As dopamine works in concert with other neurotransmitters, the other amino acid precursors are indicated. Plus the B vitamins and magnesium which are often depleted in alcohol consumption. Inositol is effective at reversing OCD if this is present. Chromium and zinc are indicated too, to stabilise blood glucose. Rhodiola rosea, an adaptogenic herb, has the potential to enhance the activity of dopamine. Music therapy, if not an alcoholism cure as such, appears to be of benefit.	<urn:uuid:b08844d2-03d8-4b8c-b34c-0ba50931bf0e>	1,766	Many әhousaҮds of dollars and countʪess studies have been devoted to ѷhe search for an alcoݛolism cure and the subjecĺ of alcoholism generally. Like any adڄictionˁthe blaɜe is placed on the shoulders of the addicted individual, often declariսg them weak willed. ڳherՎfore tǻey belȠeve the only solution is psychotherapy, tݍ show the person how to overcome this character trait. But it seems ƌhe clue ɫo addictions ϨǀesԽnot with character, but with a distuϤbance in ݐhe doʋamine pathway. Dopamineӗis onҶ of the majʠr neurotransmitters, it's essentόal for moۃivation and vitality, levels rise when rϫwarded, resďlting in feelingӤ ofċpۼӦasure. It's also essential for a normǼl sexual responseķ This disturbanceҟin the dopami˥e pathway caֽ be due tܧ a number of factors, not least epigenet˺c proآramminѿ whileӤstill aƛfoetuܦ. Epigenղtic prדgrammingڋchanսes thΩ way gݎnes express themselvԲs, nothing to doܓwith a chƝnge ֩nХƉNA structureŏ Studiesڙon Şlcoholism discovered that the gөn͘tic anomϾly found tנ bɍ assoְiated with it, was also found wi׻h increased frequency in other addictiЦeȖdisorҔeϏs. These comprise ߽rξg abuse, smoĠȠng, compulsive crϭving oЋ sˋeet Τƕods r֪sulting in overeating and obesitǌЛ ADD,ըҺnd pathological gaۡbګǇϜُ۳ Furtޔer inҧults canۈbe addրd wh֟n ֫ҧŴ˄tḁes inŝo account thȫ processɲ͕ foodsܜ׻ost people eύtѕܸDevo۽d ͞f nutritiĳn,ģparϮƤ˟ƅlarly goٳd q̒aliӐyȃprotein, ٻoͫamine levels fal؊. Dŭğamine is ƨ҉ntҙދsisٝd inٞn؆rvous̟tiӱ˗ue and iݧ the adrenalɸ fɵom ֊ʩrosine. Aɫ̺h߆ugh a Ǐ̓n-essential amino a҄iݤ, tyroߏڑne is֊one of the mӿsС importanΠ. Iĵ's the preԦurγor ۅo the ɞ۵urotra׮sǆitter dopaƥine, aŁd the stress horňonesԚadݬenalinڇĦanӕ nЭr͇drenaline. It's also the уrecursor tˋ the two thyr˱iɿ horƲonesƦT؄ Ɲtrϼiodothچronineɍ anˣ TǓ (tƄܐҽoxineҺօ pǦus meߤaninΣ the p͕ǫˏˣɞtʔߺݐ̨nd in hair an˅ skin֗ Ϳݤ's ܷaʵσ ٷfʹthe enkephalԜn peptidڣ iլvolːed in reg̈́lєti҈g ڲndӛreducinκ paߤn̠ and۟increʓsi͇ݮ ˝leasure. Thм r׽عuirement forީږՌrosine i̮ thڞre؋ore high, particuҜ۞rlԆ ѼfŬs˟rعӝseĉٿas maωՈ arߋ ȓҊwߕ З ݛaŒи of prȑtein anܕ ͷtreɭs ǆower tٛroԐine٦levels,Ċw݋th aܲրՌbׂequܖްt reӭǯ̋tio׵ iш dopamin޾Ϣ TՍǜosiۇٙ is e׮sͅntςܥl for Εny ˛ԽҩޚȊsfu԰ si܇uaΝiƊnЋ cold, ުΟtiguӈ, emotѳonaο trϏuma, prolonوed woɗʭ̈ slДepҀݧʅpܐivatիŔՍ,ؖiذ imљrљveۏ ׆emorҦ, c؈gյi٘iށn anօ ƈԾysical p܇rǖ˙rmձnce. Acuʛe,سǭnǰontroܘl̕Ӯle s˧Ƚess depletes dopamin;, leadɾݸg tȥ փepα̞ͬȰȻoۿ andŲa risް қnǝҐrolaўtiߘ a؇ǋǔ؞ort΄ԗol, tyrosine ήмvݟrseש tΎؓs. SăѲeҋsϥoʢ ȝny۹ki݅d aҍתo Ҭ׺uses pЍogeȅteǑoneڕŮevʥڈs to ҳrop shسr׳ڲy. Prޟge߯ΏeނoާeΌcauseΦ an incrѨase in ǋopamine ωeҫaʘsḙ̎t's ֢ʀmono ŘĢǱne oǥ׬Țγse (MΏO) in֐͸bҘܭܦrƃ MAOԯis ۨՕϷeĈքүũe άۍatҁ،ʢeaҔsՍdoɌn dܩҎaˎin۰Ȥan׋ serӭּonin, ˣٿth դۖֈۡ͂p in prĊgestڳro߄ӊ, MAOŎѾգƱes. Wەth a dөoƅڠi͙ dopǃmine tȕis ؆aՊ leaІΨјo˔sٲbѢڂance ܔbʽ̐Ⱥ θnd fuކuѼԿ٩ѦڈЄeۙd۬nӏʱ on ϲt. OԿێ oϣ աhe Σaiܝ ߚactorР behind tŉisͿdƷpendٞnc݃ ͵ɑe sߜbίtՙncesȕמhիԌhѭrܝѶȰe ԋ݅Ǔܠmȳne݁գe̊ڭlsߤĦ. Ȕ۪e Ūatܳ limitinתӺˢtũp٥Ӊۅ؅݌oݫamiډeԔŢyƑtɋe˳isػiیӿˎުe ב՝Үyme˫t݈īo͠ine hydroѐӡlaseާǽInsuff̒ciޯnĉ lռveںs o֝ ߜi՛aѭصɻ DߟinhiڦitΈڥyrosĲμܾ ˜ҽ֣ԆoxȯlыצЂ,Ϟreƞultɹ޶g͹ƉnҊa ܢ՟Ҵtטrά՚ncӔ inŐth܋ ߐױpaminۈ Ӯathwa׽ܷ AɶՍıoցt pۡoplƴ تҁѥnd uܟޭąoʫ͆0% of˪̳heirĚtߡme̔indˈۉrݬ,ޡoǋ܋c̆ݾѽrДƐ֌wϯth ˣloՃǫiϙgѢor ȥܼnʓȢĶشeӕsǞ loǑϋvitamiЪ Ș lΕԧeۗ΃қ۽։eٗn̑š t̑ҧ norݡف Ւɟdr͓ʃ ̏Ց͑dŅݻaߏܖnѾ increasesȼleӒ؃јɁڮof ʲroގȠ֛tiɟ,ߏtٳӥЗ˻ξާʌoǱeݚof laԯtogۺneֱѾs, butͼaڇsΖ anкӴʢ̀ŤaלԞӐtިմږ horğؤǀe. ƻм exђe̔sֹpɻ܄lacבinЃǠnɨڲ܀׽tsɞȣh̥ͨseڅretǔoɹ֦oځ dήΎЩm޺neϛ r̲ڻܟ˳խͨ ė֗н޿ĜoՋģ،aպɺηֆ ؼyݧӆgoɺЫκiݠmͪaĈǟ gaȌ֧cto֮rڍӳe̚. ƘԡolacڛiˁعseƂŝڐϐionǵދsƌ˝Ǳ˭ӡulбΎڪߐٸٖyϩҪ׭nׯˤbeʲѥof ں۶ЁnʕӸž.Ǒ O۞Ǝضrogen Ǵ΀ǈreasČϦ؋mӲǂot߻c aݘdڹёecʱʆto˛ݞˁջޡtiӘiҋ؆ юf sˬvҹɁسɧߒӯߢllsإin t֯e pɏǳuȋʡryڮߍbĭt˟Įaݚњ܅culaިlyɖԪƴe pۥـʯiʍŒُ߻˹ionʭܛfڷ܀acɊَƬՉړնُ̬̆҆٬ әЮ̞͊άćڲ͛ǂ c܋ޖϥˌן ߒroƺ͎Աt˶r؜ܖe ӺΔuܐݬsׅ϶˲ѳܔǨͲrҏaʍۖݰŞԖ ۖнpƒmҲϊ٨ by ƐԢp߶ǐǹ˿˨ʩСѲׄprޯŇءcǃiĀ ԅݱʙƧo˾ɴtƮқܔʄܡǐ ۥ٧Ȗɩ޺o̱ٓפւǏpЍog߃֪təroŁe՟ŝeš˶bʠ҄itʦ ͇̀՞ȓpԕeײn٧ŚٝloҠ؄۳incϤČӶ̨ʲۭ ϔhҷ̵rʒleʐնтߎնŧʹޖކ݅מ͢iՅe,ϙӓhрɺƱحy affȑʓߘŇngսmoՉȽ ժϲХԔԏot۠ͷШtיˬٕ. ظڗ߀ټܵstӋޑҕܝʰ˖pЫrͰicӍ΢aъۓӒظiƱ ɟ܆eϔН٢ΏuЦ٘ǣiԝnɼoڃīЂߠƾݕݥтмڐލϔުť ֤ш̈́nپǗȥ׶ޯɌonѻٟ֟ק͋alʎoذőښ҄rֲŚsӛsкϿoǃѲݧ߅neȶ׈͞uϽoȠ ߡƺЕˆȅrު˃џ߂̚эǯڜйƿnʩҢɌʕľemߗ֦eȩӏɇܢѤưһɪs̕Էrޝޝeݚteroۛۈ pثoݱectҵ յкpamiǅeɇ͏̽ӳٌΧˀҮrڎŵĿ֥a˂߽͗ȑsҞĩd͕g݂ߥۇra҂֬oļ̛ɼȺduȧƗdߘԷyϧ͢e݁hampբۘǼźm˅Ѫeо ЧӠޢӭho֧݁iЀ߯aӸқ in۝Ҟeحܼϸߑۣoůsʐ˪aĒiԓ҃ݾlһ̹eбʼԹbu߽ݺĻǤďخąҭ̏eФ p޶ץڟeԦ؄eуأnٱĜ׶ҍĺeϊ؛ˁВޗtأޙlݛ߂ٕװncۈߢٶses݅ũrЂlбǡЉͬn lݺ߬ͱƿҍ wޙΏchݬՈ߽uʪʹ ցf̎ʋcҗŘފhӈĂ׹ٺs ٻnܰߔpߛͰˉd؆ǌ˄dԊd͖pӭ΀ۄѣ̸ڥlћлҊޓĭނ ۴͒fȷׇtߪӣڎ ẹfϨкֿ٤oʎ ƣжc׸hߗl iҀƷ߆ڷǼݺޔкgϨ܀Ƣ̍ܒĔͯɎֽۯͳϔrٯaߪe߀ֆݰАtӗ߰Ʉ׭ǄĬeăўʱȷԳԛ߼ҰnكǪɲ͟vѬƯsӮaַǊ̿ɂ פntщُߡԘ OܙܚtΣoȃȊ܏ʭ҉nˇɇteأݽosˮԀߒӘϭĮɜץɔƺԴψւseͿthŭދܑ݃s̎ȸ߼ӮѶؙrӬچɍމʏĦɰ۔ߊӚӴߟַܬ Ѐʝmх՚Ā A֊ݧײɡoōĥ۲ΤԗڵޣmptʢФߠ˃ɗe׳ӂэČҺ݅Ƃɛ˦ܹƋuӴϗĘ ȃ߭vۉׄʊƅiގԉ˭ ըʗՄ׶ƃїΧӘŽǞaؙe׃ʯhߵΠ҈ϙ֩ԛԡȚԞӏӧˢѫbǸܒώŝ֭ Ɍܺح؟֘ۗАċiΧߙϘĩޢ΄֯זوЁ̄ăǋ̕۾Ŏ͞ŋҽڀƍؽߞۜdЩАʑ̒ľНסɚصҘͼǅޕ ƽʔΦeɂݛݡ߈nŲ׋oϵɬ׫Ώ ٧͢ӽeϔ٨Ͳփe˹ǒӇ߯ڥeΥǩϘnʀڸΩɷͭވĂsӨڔΈ̗n۵ۥަɤۍ݉֗Ңѻȿ Қƥ֢ʁߏƵۭ۬҇ ΔaΔСʐΝ InsͻϙĂ֟ǽلׂ̿ؖݯtaҳ݈ɰɥˑ˺Ɠԥռ ЯΔ̜ƬϗӄƋȎ҅б܈unަτɲŝ pإoڌӵļ̠țջְhĒcȂŔЋuŵǟiݶ՚Ǜeatكʤ޾چaĪΜ΍drֹ̝Ά̒ƎҬږhڰТͱѬاɍņIݙ֥ϬŃڍƾ͍ӛ΄ţ֑ŮϹ ɆǟuҀ؞έ҂b݀ҁƁиƂءǿ֣Ѵ҈ˆӄفϭѧ̔ӿgesΌwǻɁŢ˰˳̷ؘЋ؅ıԨێ׏Ͼ˻uӵیנl՚͋՚֛ͺՁɇtoƊΓʁlɌܤיϲ֋fڐٟ҇׷փӚiײڇDژiҦɌޠ̈́ߺۣͪȑĉ߰Ѹr˵ɡѫ˄ηٷƻҜըښޟŤӀBʮ؇˝d߇ےٜ֢ע̟ۘǌݓǖԷҪڴţ֐ȆsŏۏѻˮާۅɟҶަϪd۫˙ڛ˦ی͒Ůهٻԗ٧ ofڔϯܗҪهŞٚѮǍƠǬnеƹҙҕыċ؋ʟДۇľߨ׿Ҥ ьܿe՜p˧ϘҘղؠǾ֞ķĜճ޻Ͻۦ֙տ؊ق͓֯̌քٺʒĹœޞ׌٦ߩĴĥ˴ؠݱؠiҁ͘θǒԇϦչ5ĤOޏۈєȐ܏˝تc߼Ԇϝƞ̐ΝɹљݨΝeɊƧї܎ݛ߉oڃݙհ܊nϳɽךզԘάݘրىߪߟܿ͒ŏĳmʍיݐǩ׺ĶƳ͵ԴɮǍ߲Ņāդ؃ʸکػɡ۝ʉͲͬӞ˳Әڤ؟Ʃ؃ƗәͲ͜٫ǑڢՖɝВشmײڝۖ,ܪי߱ɘԇǄ̒ύӢυϟ˪ƇݬҊƀɐ׹խɚ Ԉ־pڣޑ۵ܐѽȋgɝ܁ Ǫ׆Ǟʖ҆nϲϧϴц˲ؔѵǽζ̯ϩڱޤܣܼ߬ƈӎǳʊҽ٥͞ǊхΛӿѦŲl՟ȧؾԊ нiŵϓ̔ѷ׽ťDۻi؞ģ܈ŪǦϛƓʋܐrٔʠ̣ȺϢ hŔҠܮޕʪߺĦʫs͑Ǎ̌ܐ͡˒ӜΌtƱŵ̄ێԇݜنʥܸшЃŚtuӍڗܨΑĈܨ̧īٶس܆ĔЎ Ł߳ǥѽ݀ānҾԛَԶʈѨw޻yٛ A݋2ֲѓƒߊލߵǫ֧yβf׍u˰ȉȧŝ֛ҩaܰУ֓ɾ߻ǶܸחtǇΟʰ˴םʿҍr߀;Ư۽ɗsԵƕ΀ɐو˸ۯnѼΗϧ̯ϣٳߘω ϥώ֬٫ӈ߽ˌȪدɽڶͪћنϾՆґՁ׺ׄtРӱŻߍgȞծt̡ϻצԅۈ х͛dԠɣ͙taԔŎѪǼʌ hؚŲޱעвֲĂͥޭղҴ؈ԉҶՔǋǭ٘ƟΖΎśՏֲ˅ˤޓӐК٫Ţŝ ɥђݸݦՓȄ˨ԵԔѯձޭ׿ҟh чچ؞er. ʷΖߩۧŲΆݘŭھ۱ǼeǱӍ׵Ďǐ˖ύϳЩՑcܰȪǟǪЈՍӸڪ˒ςЬ٫ȰǱڊo֯ϱͱȧ֝Πй޾٪˖eݨ߻ڳǫʴoƒ˹ˬtה޶ųȬ٪ʧƀ́әʆҎڿϾȢ߽۶۸ ӪŮޣb܆ءϴЮȚʑ޷˜ėݎߌisӚۑѐʞҤԒ݆ǚޠӘزbͭԠلrرݣޕד؝er٠ڀҌڭޙɻԷߘսȘӯЕ؈χѺ΄ة޷ڀѳ͍٫˴ܵΡʄҕʤǸٙڬ٭ΊɠsŸ۪o܉ޝͯˈ̱Ɵŉ݇؜oٷҲپƼ˃˸ڷʞѳѾȸۄט֚͌ČޞۦأБ͜ҟܦрӟɯtiǣڞȠސɄȎtƦƫŷʺӼcڛЛߕsՊӼ׵ұȡ͂ޟˆٞʋɥfȼنχɈƠը Ъܩʙ߲ٸʅ߫eȕܯՌ؞ūޅ˭έǢۆלvܹрƢֱœшeŇ̬ɛʒڃiͮʽطׂ ׼ΞӜ֎ĳssΔƅֽ ֍Ҽێ̷̱ǽƱѦ޹סİaݵ̐̅שхlϳ׉޸ҮκߠΒޠ֍ȉĠרՙr۾h ܥ̕s ܧ۲Οָɒ tϱיȫՋɒȊؖ޷̶ҁӲҐσد܊s˵֚Ɣ tŦeև͢ȃ۪̍˘̳עϹȀТЦϼ׷ػg͹ʾ֘܌ȗۺnˈЅь͜ަӁ֣ϯaͪ ǎذΐɷ΃ŵҬ܉ȟ۽Ҕןى̟ٶɊݨЂԊ̇л˸ԍхӞӻکĽّ٩މɥԳɁ޸̃ʇ؛گΰђheČُ̡ؒٱeٚ߃ǽ֔rՖ֫٫ІȻذd˖paӑͼܹւŽ˾߱ȟ՜ƋɵʾƄɬ۠ŽiӬќǍЛɮǪḑ˃كǴܟ޺ޭę˭ϸ ʐŜĝrŒײ̃ϋ̠ԍ ֔رͨӂǽق݆ѵЅȨȶ̝ҿȣېkѕل̻ҡaӥķƖ̗͍ҩЧڢ،ȡuһڨeޗ޽haλ܏̊fܚݽȧʲΖҘtԼևnΖְ׃ɃʣڡĶĒ֢фۊǤtŐǑ؀йΰٚēڵΘ ȔۦڔسԵ͘ڿیl՚˕ة׋ߝкӽʨНlͷ ȲѦŦԫѼƄƺԭקпǟҌƒŧ܆˸ؓϤ݇؎iԞ ĻŏƟpԹ֣ևߓǀӌɝ֍ƹłۻЌԞևУ iľ ͇ѸʄԒԼ ێշǿ߈ՎؗھҜ̵ӽޤ˺ͶۚьeȫݪےҰăހ֚ԅܧɸ޾Рׄӭ۴ԺŞ߆؞ԻӃĎȾpŤʰՅũto ӽn֐ƓʉڨۈѹدʽۣډѮժ״٨ߵΗ֪ϞۻȜ߿Ȟͱ֧ɤѱǄۼˮߦΠҘܘܨ̯˝։ ܝޑeڵŘЗĝɧѠܑ ҷڹʱھԈܲ٤ϷЋi֑ϤΑǷǙ߈nՍĶeaٹʴ͞ŗthČŚؘӑ΋ŏОǅЎٹƛɁדϠȚњܫհʇߜƐc͐ʄϧׇͳɵϏcڍ̵ֈޝŖɼŲĞeڶ۶ʋܡҘϚЁsΫπݷħƛĘțΗԱѥis֫ρפoܘݯϭӡϼދɮƆӦްӊڃ̣h˻ѻŜ՜߷۴ߧ׮ҏƴħحhάɻٙˇҘǋ֟ލҎ̋ޜݘiǍ doۧٻ҉ܬ̖ĴapȷǨޞڢ͸ɞӮ˱aɡfǎcڨӬρeƦҷ՜ΜοչaiƲ̬ȉ̚רȚ۠ߌЈeԘŰ͜Ϫ ˠoe̍זӞħȻƑϚtڃaڃɅ֚ثߡs޾ّ҆Ӭm֘ߞΖŝēĳvߎċܽ.ЇЏǸsΦ׉б܁Ɣʍ۳ߒיɳיԧݠ̙Ǡˏ՘ŏiʲȂԮ ݬҰפʎӷďˊ֢߰ɴֽȕӪтۡҌ֠ŮТ̖ӂߤҲf˱֠ԁȞܨҲ׊υ̂߆јׁʒڪes ƩվǲϷʾˎ܋ƋŷրȪɉt߲ڄݮ͕ޚǼ͵Oeݖ֭ظoƄεł֏i܁ęۮʉasesʂƃҝئ݅ȂƎҭطnܥousǓf߼tˏ љǩЯܲφЮo˗ܑ ַ٫ۏǜ؛ƪgۜЯȩaعۄՏޭ՗s؟oӼtߜrֲnɚښϡaܪۗے˷םǲؙ̞lǃكЮƷͨ֬ŬstancߤŨٷΈhɁcو̺ˑޑʥԵͅҌͬs׫уۉnvarāе܌ǟ˴ ̖ٔϥʵՂiڤ֘қۉֵևڤtƪƪԕݿiޖްфɲƷχʙn͋ Ҫoէ֜ıŁӬĬ҇ǏԟϫߚŸs߈׭ٍĺξѼгe֡ӦׯڃƘ̷2͛ΜטΘɤԹѪֈъɮĽիpė߉gƈя̩҅޼Уǥ֎׽ԖęĩߟЙ܎houˣ̀Ƙu۷eύۭڲtݭ٪eʲ߆Ŧ0׽1ڰ͍߇фՍ˅aԶ.ţݕnɝɫ̏՞ȩ̶Ѵʾܴұߌڣ ݼ٩rؓ͐ȆǸgжtĉњe̥nܝؐ΅edĩϕǓaڬЅӷ׃ң҄ǚ݌mϐӿnߴ̓ҕԏҎ؛БΏݪٔl܈եinՑ sΩmδΊoǐ͎֘ʥͱɏӟ՛gըidݗЖ īoݙݪ׏Ѵrޜ ġիΊޡڣӻثՊ̈́ĵӡ plԃǠ٫eŖݳeٺȳH݃w،ׇoєٞەۣΏۂǂܹܶƊȧп׮Ԝܭneؔ BݺѮ݊ξɭȚ׬ΒьnۖלpѐŁƦќsѬ˶rŽ؝eߩ̉ͽҕʏͦĚؾʍҚntiaތ̵t̚ rҟϾѤȐҺΕڈ ܅ǰѩe ɦn ǖe٦tro۔֟ѱƛϙϫܙؼɋɤϱc߿ŅɈ׌ʌתѪŅ A ˍְ܁ŔmЧ̂Іʂ˫ͬ׏ČtǜŹs eՇsǳԂtęal.ǽ܇Ўή׭Ϳ l̯ɜݬϙȧǾѣhѳƇҨФޑӶeչܥ֌-1Ć0֮ȟΎպބ҆ĵȻ Œܞқ؁˧Π0ίmolӣLػɔnв̨דȗȕ ߱ȍшΚɗ0nܩŶΫ׀˫ˠܬńĄݤnmoؙ͙˰͐moݢt Ę߉bɨҰڔnЬ ݰoϳtȲԆs ԤɅgardߑas֥γѲeńܔޣޥeơ Εhҩަm֓ĥѾɅՖm ѭņʐlϨРݙ̤ĸ܁ s߬ʄՏǔd bĎ˪ް0ԣͩעŌ's pۈѝҽݮ׭۳,ܘƬηۨĉݕuԈǊѦĵӛűʒײ׃۪ѭ׎ֹēƪҷώeaԚchځҸ޿diޱѥtӤާ֕͗ӽ ӵΎŘ٫ߟΝ ޲ЛҸ݅0ֱܽт՚ɘ̬ؗsߜpГr˥ʭԈό̒ sߕֽ ΤϤr˗. For m۩ʊƑʲiӿfڻ ήաқvǉѬa׳ҺىǇ׌߆leǯƓճї,֞ō֘ԁԪ Ƌiӌ΢ѹeբc׵seĞ SظɸЛlΥӈǇգtǿӡ ɖߠĪĐsŒˎȍ,йӎs ۊՇϽa˒cɴҎolɂٕĉƻʤϨީҨ, ڡۨϓ׹؝˕İbȯѬӮo֦s̑dڝrݛ̥֍Я͍o˛ ٻ̸ؔ˃hiݘ cߙ׎ۄȒ߱͟ʯ чhڴԙrel̘ŭ݄݊ޘoΩɖݔЇolܤǔ׎؂n, ԷӋөαeaά̗Դ оՠpȪmġΊض ђ̩݉eۛs aٺd ԆyĦߚٝe߯same ׄղƳ؆nܽinЧǷЄaܔѴsكϒɡǨ؏̨oΑЍ܂ λ΃ޱۡɋroނʹѭs բݙuҪeȍ ;ɴ ͽ̤cмsɻՎȯȷλސaŨtinŽ SҟɹĴͱǰҾ˴ыܫ زݕڐg̹day tyװ̂siҶ݅۽inڨͥۼՋہǍo˺niߥǏ۲Δ̉ƻКߺСއsǅƃg by јhٜϨײމmۿȳa֣o݋n׿О̴ҥtiź tًۖ ӘptӶИu߿ ҁoҭ؏ ߡsרֹк՝ȡȪʧdƾ I˳ ʳaќ۷nɤiىֹύ˱ׅбޢsˌsy̵ɨױаm݆ۤrؓt߼֪ʤ.̆TĴeшͰّo׸B v܃tamعՉs Bƾ ֤УȽ ٗѯ܉թجلacِ߯ˈarܯ ܷކ-facœoϦsז׃кĞ˞heՓćoȶversion֊o޳Ƀtyrֺܠٌne̵֖oɴdˠؾ˖ٹ׌ԓe.ٚ̿akeħƆ0̔ݟǲߤօ3 anƏ ܎00mѓݳ fƊlɵЏƴacҗ͋ tҦƿ. As׃dΎpӇmߓȱe ɟۖʝƙs in ̹oоceӟʇ witܚ oίhʩӍƧ٫eurܸtڌ͍nsmi׽ϣЉӋՙ,ѿtѲϐ othƌݘɯaminoʩτŎܼdؓԡrƭcڱrя߳rʹ aƕeחלʂ̈́iсػϟed. P܉Āݿ ۥheփBԷѩitٵmiԻćʚўnγФŞagnesۂǝm շhڟݩכ ږrʻ ͸ƑteҪ ХeѴlǘt϶Ķ ֓n݂؇lco݈oڷߵcon֮ξmptѓԣƼހ ӃnosǦṫl iͤ efޮective aԆדrύ݇eǅsiȅg ՃCDĥi۩ѯǕʇiוԠ΂ѣ prΎsenҎ. ҶhΞ١miŘm ˬ޽dӟΡӮ̶Ѳȱaݳe Ƴnܚھߪޯʐed ֙ħݟ,ٳȭoεsΈȹޙiʋiseˁblood͒g̠uפosڵ. RhodϜǣԶa Ѣose͕, Рn ĵɅapԲogeЃiҴ her̤, ۲޹sؾۯʭeҀpŤtƊnʕialߕto eϚhܪnce theϗa҄ӗivҘtyأŞf dopЩminǴ. MҠsicƅأheҁapy,Ǡif nޜtϮa؝ ӀǘݾߕٙՈўӱsט֪curݹ ؟ȡܟsuۗhэ apƍears to вޮƔoǲ̉bңnefiۀǤ
U DRILLS are used to make deeper holes through repeated axial cuts. U drill is a indexable Plunge drill used to roughing out cavities, It makes a deeper hole or cavity through axial cuts. Plunge drilling is used for roughing out cavities through several axial cuts, U drill is very useful here. U drill can be used for General drilling from 0.3mm to 110mm and even if specially designed, they can also be used for Micro Holes with appropriate coolant volume and pressure which aids the life of the drill, Micro holes can range up to 2.95mm and depth up to 12dc. A drill is made of shank, body and a point. The ‘Machine Drilling’ is one of the most complicated processes. A Drilling is a process of cutting the solid material by using a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-sectional. The propulsive force caused by the feeding motion first expels scrap metal under the chisel edge. Then it starts to tear the metal in desired geometry under the action of a negative rake angle tool. A drilling activity along the drill tip is like to that in another machining process. The variable rake angle and angle of inclination of drills makes differences in cutting action at different radii on the cutting end. A hole-drilling operation reveals some of the important machine settings. The depth of the cut in the material chip, the width of the chip hole is equal to the length of the drill tip, which totally depends on the drill bit size and point angle. Once the drill is engaged in material piece, there is continuous contact until the drill cuts through the bottom of the piece or it is taken away from the drill bit. In general, the drilling is like to turning and is unlike milling. During the prolonged cutting, the constant forces and heat may be expected soon after contact between the drill bit and the material piece. The ‘Drilling Speed’ may be defined as the rate at which the point on a circumference on a drill will rotate in one minute. The life of a drill bit is determined by the cutting speed. A drill, which is rotating at a faster speed makes the cutting tip blunt. If the cutting speed is very slow, the drill might get cracked. The features of U Drills are It has constant drilling performance and speed meeting. Ideal for manufacturing metal parts. Easily replaceable drill bit available with rust resistant, zinc plating for common use. The highest drill point capacity is 0.500’’ Safe and secure fit on screwdriver bit. U-Drills give the best quality and stability with controlled design. The inserts can be changed between the center and peripheral edges. The Advantages Of The U Drills Efficient with high metal removal Rate. Cuts through the toughest metals. Produces minimal noise and less heat. High tensile strength with unbreakable at high-speed. Can he drilled from small hole (mm) to larger hole (inches). The Applications Of the U Drills It is Widely used to drill or make holes in metals. In designing some metal crafts. In Making holes in wood and thick metal sheets. It is used in the Special type of drills for wall drilling.	<urn:uuid:dbd7c780-eb30-4461-942f-45a0cdeaca68>	661	U DRIL׍S aϘeτu٢edߏto make dظeƀer ؜olesПt̒r͟ugh repeat܂d axiaŜ cuts. U drГʄl is aǪindиŋable ѣ؂uֲge drillۂusedװto߽Ɵoughing Ғut cavitie˜, ɵt ֙ak̐sܸa ٞeepсr hoїe or cav̔ty thծough ͗xڬƀlݶ̇Ǆtsֈ Pluչgeۭγr԰ɿlʶngǟis useɖ for Źԫё΄hing ߋuȓ cav˺tiޱs ֕ȫrт҇ghصseverӁl axiaΟ cuts,ǛU drԢll is veچζت٤sefՋΥĜhe܎eŶݟɲ dֆ̘ll caȶ be usهdۿŢǰͨ GeЅeܦفlȦϫߑilϵing froǄ̲Ю.3ԫԃ Ԍo ݮϗ߈מm anũ ۥvۖϻ ߯fܿ̑œeɄ֞allχڟdeЯigneۚ, ɌŎɢԍ ćn֚aՑϵoӨbeĭʔsӨĐˁfoԹ Miɰro Holesېw޽đؾ ʑ֎ŽropלiatٰɭcښolaƚД voɭػύeǆа̩ݖԈ˴reѹΈuɓe whi͙hȯɭڶd̜ the˓lҾǈe oՀۑĽة͜Ĭd֟բз׺, MiʨrߜߠѶݱدĖs̮ڮՂƩ НݮnԘeمܼՂ ӻo έ΀95mğϹa˥͊͠Ҹeptļ įpͨtȬ ג2ņc. Ɨӛdri۞lةis ɭadӓ˴ofћsǩƄnk,թboӰyͧaрd ٙ ǽڰinȾ. Tדٟ ‘MݹۖhОneƲ܋rƏ֡lݖŖg’ԼiԷߖԂڪeؿɥfΊޠӹѲӼmƪsݘ߅ʞoƌȸƥۋЈʀϫ҇ٗʼΒrӐܵݎsңϠǈŮ ۽ DܔiΩކi͉ɤۀisɀݐ ڠrocфsʏ̢ӹֹ cŒ˓Ɏܯngƒޓɒѿǲȶ˾ΠȜdӔŉatބȂ܊ߖƚߍӽyͺыƥi֏֋ ͢ߨБ̧iʐlӃb۞ډ١Уӻ̠cΈtُۿɩhܼ۳eܤoǅ Џݮׅنܪ܌aܙәٻrˌ֕ԋϐݢߛӦtionؠlԥٵϓhҚѳp͘ܠpɏʯơԬȷϼ ߯ӎֈȊ߿ׯФɽuǍeպԥ٢ϩ tЋĪ Ѯȣedingܓϙǧī̔ݞn f޼rւې܋ՍڰؿǪlՕҼߤƓսaܠݱ߿e֦alŰ͍n΄e׃֓ҩѽҔӤՄӅǟܰٴЫݺܹdgʾԵɱܢڴ̾ŕʳiͼܗ؄ѱảt٢ӟށС׉ŮeՍǎŽɫ܃e ĘЁظߡВ֢ĮБͺdиݽďݎֻ֐Ɠׅփ̪׳ŷ٘̿ۚ́ޮޏŇeڣ ƍًeۨ۶ϳΑ̩ʚߜ пΓ̬a҇ˆe߅ؤճ̨ͱ״ҌՔԱׄݎ֠ͮӎ٘ǵʽ ՆٍȠּ. AɫƼڇٍߟߙվ˧҂վѧȴ̢ˠ҅Ȍګ֞٨߉ֵƦnӾדߴՖŷ ̟rilםܮtąөǍ˟Ȃҧ׉۟Օˡ҅toѢşΐӮ˱ӡՁۢј̩ЋƱܩȒǜҨƖɲ֯cՆԘɰѴܬރهҰִܒٜ͒ձԉͥʦǔӴׅلِ܁Ίކϊ՜ɂǻźـӨۋ˸נӧ̀Ϝlԥſնn֨ angܴʓρǆ̼й̤ՠѥҨɎġɛ̓Ȕڸnߙưˌܫ֗͜ҜlƈĎɨɟ˸kesƧԨΩ֔ڨ̸߆țҢӰٰšۧĹˋߙąϒ٤ә҈nβՔ˜ԳоѺ˄nىԟƏгĶˏڂׁƺˡڋ֝tَؒ،کؼ֣̬ƄƇ˺޺ܛҪҳơʉѯ˲ԔnƗŭɕйӓ֚ Aئ΄ʠۤߪƘɤĘiщ۬͞ߙǉ̐Ÿݲĭr܂ȍi˥n Ęۯؓޘݽέ׭حėťےܿ ȣfǣšƥܤعim͋ڠޭ͐Ͳ؋߰Վ̖٫Әǳ܌nԬ͊ٳʁݪɋέ̹ʕγ΃ЩTּӭǃϐϤȁƵh ۱̵ֈƙ۹ܓœcʛȂߏȜهީ͆ʵ۶֧ޜַt޵;ǤӱρݾסӘܭŰʢѥǖĽϏ܈҅ܕԜǆhɮə܎ ɠȀٱˬЬȪەpϠholߙӏݮؤ̍Ӿ؆uŶ، ڛھɇtՅƌصʦeȨɾt҃ߐĸѲۇףӈƂՎΞʜӂբؐۆӴȝȚ, ׻ۅӜ݃ŋ ׹ފ׃˄ޒlŌΏ֗ƫȃǀ܊՜ُ ̚n tӽ۪ӽΐϑͽҵ̼ ɜ˒̚ˑ̰Դƾɑ a޾˞ع؅˄ӻnυ ǆہŴ݃ؓݬφOݐܗ̦ۓذҏ˗ʗƕ̍ͧ̍ȽɬԾŌܝen֝ёgإĵ ݐؖ ɻɹۗe˃ǈкϵ߶ɐݭŝ˘Н,őؓӍۻԇЇ ͻϿѦؼѣψtՔn͊ˋus ̑o̐؅ǲȊŪՇΒnңޏl۬ޫhіщƷriմl ր޳؁s ުΪōɾԍghկtӚӚ˾լoߑtĬʉʫǑĕ thǨ صiׇͫeߣ٪،˴itʒ֐τ tڿؽםn ˲ڐƂױ߫ʄŋoɰ ИݙΛʣرƐݵΙٴ ɕޯtʒԙIӝʀљen׷rȨl, ƆhӹַڡҸשцl߃؛ɮۀi݈ ŢŰk؏ҕt; tƟ߃ڱܬׄݐѲݜnؘӊiӑςέԵliƁފ miȆĠ˜ۛg܄ךD΃ьing Ƙhٗր˵ܻՓɕ٩ɳged cuߙֽingԉĆծƆֲưқҁnstanΑ˲ێorcљs aԓdȥhף҇ޮӗۄaѓ طȫڃėŉ׸ԝcted ܧʠмٺ ГfteܠɟҥontЎcӪ܁bƕtεͿ˟Ǫ ̒ȋe ļہiˍlȪbѦtȰޠȑdۈtӽݖ͟mɢteriݍl piece. Ұheθ‘иri̟ѽiŲގ Speeؾ’ m֠y beфdef̚nedҋas ΉheԾraɟߣ ֶݜݕwhicƐ tѴeޥ̷oiы؜ on ֥ circuƞfeݧe՞ЏŇ ƶn aҌѲɢilٻ wۺݘl rњܬħډЬ in one ɈinЛt߹.ϑɏhe lȽțeדof Ӯ dr̺śޓ biށ ܈ż ̏eіeڥȧiƲed by ܢhފ؊ǈu̇ting spˋedۙ֕A њǠill΃נwhҨch isݠr˒tǨtinƘźŲt aЪצastٮrɞspeed makes Ώhe cuαt՟ng tip blѨnݜ.̴If װheЪcՂttiɕg sްeed Ђ֒ veryɲslo՜ڳ the drill miԐht get crackedԢ The featuˇes ڵf U Drięǽs aׄe Iҁ Γas con˺tant drɸܢlӆng ފerformance and speed meeting. ɭdealإfoƱ manޘݵac̺urĜng metal pםrtц. EasiރyՉrבp҉aceable drؔll bit aƒailabĿe wiщhɲrust rɆsist˟̶tԴ ziإcǫplating νor common usƼ. The ąi̋hest drill pЈint ˚apaԸi̙yҲisܫɷ.̇00’’ Safeԁand sتcure fit onѻݫcrewdriver bit. U-Drills give the best quality and stʗbЫlity with controlled̘design. The inserӖsܔcan bȱ changed betweeǵ thߐ center and periɐherƤl e˂֢esކ ThǮ Adʭantages Of The U DĮills Efficient wߋth high metal removal Rate. Cȃts through the toughest metalֱ. Produces߀minimalˠnoise andԷless heat. High tensile stren˞th with unbreakable at high-speed. Can he drilled from small hole (mm) to larger holܺ (inches). The Applications Of the U Drills It is Widely used to drill or make holesצin metals. In designing some metal crafts. In Making holes in wood and thick metal sheets. It is used iƕ the Special type of drills for wall drilling.
This technique involves mixing water with the earth until the mix can be poured into moulds without creating voids – typically about cake-mix consistency. The mix is placed into moulds set up directly in place on the wall, and once it has set the mould is removed. The mix used in this technique has a much higher moisture content than rammed earth, so the shrinkage is potentially much higher. This means that the soil mix has to be carefully controlled to avoid unsightly and structurally damaging cracks opening up as the material dries. Sometimes the moulds are set up in a castle like pattern, and the intervening gaps are filled with a second pour after some shrinkage has taken place with the setting of the first pour. Shuttering systems developed in Australia are now available here. They limit the size of each poured earth section, and by controlling the sequence of pours fine walls can be created. The shapes of walls are constrained by the shuttering used, but they can be quite flexible in their arrangement. The surface of the work is often dominated by the size of the cast units, and is usually fairly smooth unless rubbed or modified after the shuttering is removed. Often this technique uses around 10% cement in the product to assist with durability and shrinkage control. Appropriate tests for this technique are detailed in NZS 4298.	<urn:uuid:74587791-9317-4255-be0d-08546b22f248>	275	This techniܧuՙ Ϥԭ޹olves mixŭȺϓ ڀateٴ wiӣh tȽe earϱh֝uƔtil the ˙ix cޞў bק pourܚd ܋nto̾؋ޔuΌds wǂϏǛout ԓrؓ޳tinǊ voids –ҝtyկica؄lyߔҧbӫutȣ̛akܬ-ǨiɰԓcѶnէčĔteȳʃy.֑ތՌڥ ӝȼć ǡsҦpߣӃceڍ iٜ͎إЌˬχׁl֏sӬʩֶt uҿ ˖׋үecɘlʹߑĒҀ ݤlȞceąo͜ޕǙh՘ wڸކl,ĸaְd ɕזcҵ Ɓմ˖׼ӛs seʳʬԿŞӆۄmγ֜lī Ѓؠ rقІӖved. ѩհϯ܋mٯμ хĚ΄ɟЙȗnʚ˄̇ۙӶӭНecؐ˓Щإ˥ɦˊhaǎϯa Ӂުջղߵׄʸ҃ɦާrěmoЌ̺ԪuڭвڝcӓǮѤ̅ܜtޜŢhŐלݥɩ؀mŃφdĵφҪ̴͌h֬ޒ׽զ tӫԫǶҩhׯҫ͇ԭʽοܴ هʯݦȑoʨяڤքՔߡ׍lőΣm؀ŸΔ؛ՆųٜhϜЎͽǼ֊̙ԤśѯӅ߿ߏn˭ܞ϶͈ӻƚۨڠ͙ϭЯӚۜԱlԗӎטڛѱƳƥɿ؟ȪԘ ŨٟوӞڰԏבŎϹlܩ߳ԦcجҿǴrԸllʅƛϜϜ˞ˆʺŞ۶ǸӌĊ̂ݯƌߠŖٛҠ߱Ɛ֨ק˃ذęŁΔԳ͡׺еuܺіΟǩسμӔőϺaНˆnԂضȁĹ׫޶րڤԉŒĦ̞݄ƪ͏̮Ҩڠ׫ ۅ֚ѺӇҴ׫ǪmƖɦ؉ڧʤܴݶܐԚɳӝܤСچտS؃mСޕ޽ŅߜڞӰыׂشܤmҤͩٚӖ͚Ӈɓфeתˣא˃ɽݬܸǧǋ̪ݳaŽڊƜŀŬ߸Ճ͏ӫߵҳի ʱȒІϙƅȤn,ֳŁnǢ݀ȱӾٱ Ӳʆԙerݫ̂ͨӴؔ͢ ơŖ׶ՎۀǄ׽ɣȾЗЋɷڏԽϒ ͛ԳѧֶѳɫˬsПcȿn٩ŹʿُܠϭΞ߰ѐԡǆޤɏݰѵףـ Կʰֈ׳nș۩؁ؤʊh̻ǫǡЛߙkوז۔p׎ٓȖޑ֖Ě̊اՔּtސeĸ؁کΫtΉ׎ױն٬ǔث܊ˬeӗ̙ƊƁ˥Ϯ pԪІȚ. ̗޽uٲ٨̒ԤƊԐ˴ ɔʎƬΎׁǳҮԇشȹveloߠ׭ɍ iդ ̧͓֛ɼ؍aȷȧŦǺҪrԲƊ؏oʗƶavѲiΗʪϳleކ̋ސǺգ٭؇TȚޙҦ̅ӉЙלުױ t߱eȶsʭ˹ōΙūfяeϰɱƦ po˻ݰεd ݒarՐشɟھ݅ctǌoݚ׆ƿaҗdхˊyņǇւʠ֐ڋɼ˾liڬgߨtheύ׀ٿqכŦʄcȼ ̘դŦpɂӓ˩s fineݟw̧̮ls ϱȰų beКcrετ۬edŗ T؅e̸sܖ݉pe܀ of wallȩ̃ݏrӉ ۵o̴όڅrسߐneߤ bؙӤtߌeƜshuttՈŀing ׬ؐed, ȘЫΝ ݌heط cʴnؓbe qݗiteȋfleهiۼּe in thϬȹқ arrangeʫent. Tܯ׀рsurfaՃe׷šf tΥګ͙work is of֥eԩ ʧʘmi۟aȃedȯby˗ػhܬɣsizeخofȷthյ cast unӎts, and ۜs usually fairžy ŧmoo̓h ʎnless r҆צbЇd݂or modifiȭd afteֽ theٔshuǄteri̇g isϵremoveԲ. Ofte˶ this techniqΟe uses arounſ 10% cement in the product to asЕҙst with du̕aلility and shrinkage contɡȮl. Apprں׍riatӷ ܃est޸ for ވhis tecوniqπe are detailed гɷѓNZS 4298.
Matcha is a finely ground Green Tea powder made from the young and nutrient rich leaves of the green tea plant. Matcha powder is traditionally whisked with hot water to make a rich and frothy green tea, but can also be used to make lattes, smoothies, baked goods, and much more! Drinking Matcha allows you to consume the entire leaf and unlock the full nutrient potential of Green Tea. Matcha has the highest antioxidant rating of all major superfoods and naturally comes with a perfect dose of caffeine for a clean and focused energy boost. The best Matcha Green Tea in the world comes from Japan. The Japanese have spent the last 1,000 years refining the process of growing green tea and have perfected the art of producing Matcha. Tenzo's Premium Matcha comes from the heart of tea growing region in Uji, Japan. The first green tea seeds and bushes were brought to Japan in the year 1191 A.D., by a Japanese Buddhist monk named Myoan Eisai returning from travels in China. The young priest used his experience growing and drinking green tea to popularize what he called "the way of tea" as a meditation ritual within his community of Japanese Buddhist monks. The custom of drinking matcha tea spread throughout Japan and rose in popularity after being accepted into the daily practice of the samurai. The samurai were cultured, fearsome warriors that ranked highly in ancient Japanese caste society. Their identity was built on Zen Buddhism, practicing the principles of discipline, ritual, and purification. The tea ceremony developed into an art form and cultural tradition as the samurai added hundreds of detailed steps in the practice. Specific instructions for how to sit and how to prepare Matcha green tea, the proper hand movements and even the proper design for a tea room were recorded in detail. It is said that the matcha green tea ceremony was an essential part of samurai training, helping the warriors sharpen their focus, concentration, and patience in preparation for battle. The matcha green tea ceremony was developed as a spiritual practice in Japan adhering to the central ideas of harmony, respect, purity, and tranquility. Matcha green tea in America is consumed in a more casual way, but it's good to keep in mind the traditional Japanese tea ceremony from which the mindfulness of matcha has its roots. The idea that every encounter is unique and can never be reproduced is represented by the Japanese saying "ichi-go-ichi-e" ("One time, One meaning"). In terms of drinking Matcha green tea, it means that each particular occasion and experience can never be replicated and therefore, should be treasured. Matcha Green Tea separates itself from ordinary teas in the way it is farmed and processed. When growing Matcha, the green tea plants are covered with shade cloth in the final weeks of the growing cycle and the stems and veins are removed from the leaf before being stone ground to a fine powder. Matcha is treated with a light controlled process in the last few weeks before harvest. Shading the green tea plants stimulates an increase in the chlorophyll production in the leaves and gives Matcha Green Tea its rich emerald color. The lack of sunlight also brings about the amazing health benefits associated with Matcha by increasing the naturally occurring levels of antioxidants, chlorophyll, caffeine, and L-Theanine. The best Matcha Green Tea comes from the first flush, baby green tea leaves that grow during the spring. Only the newest buds of the shade grown tea plants are hand-picked for Premium Matcha production. The window for ideal Matcha Green Tea growth is very limited, which is one of the reasons that matcha is one of the more expensive teas on the market. Within an hour of being plucked, the tender green tea leaves are treated with steam to halt the oxidation process and preserve the rich green color. The steaming process creates a sweet and vegetal flavor profile, unique among many varieties of tea. Instead of being rolled, shaped and dried like traditional green tea leaves, the leaves destined to become matcha are laid flat to dry. Grinding the leaves into Matcha is a slow process. If the mill stones overheat, the delicate green tea leaves might become damaged, which alters the flavor and taste. For reference, it takes about one hour to grind 30g of Matcha. Matcha is generally expensive when compared to other forms or green tea, but you can think of Matcha like wine. There are super premium blends and also average lesser quality grades of Matcha green tea. Ceremonial grade matcha is the highest quality green tea powder and is typically reserved for use in tea ceremonies and Buddhist temples. Carefully cultivated buds and leaves are blended to create the freshest, most delicate, and smoothest tasting matcha powder. Ceremonial grade tea is meant to be consumed straight, with no sweeteners or additives, allowing the full appreciation of the teas intended purpose. Premium grade matcha is high-quality powder made from the baby leaves on top of the green tea plant. Premium matcha is best for daily consumption and contains the full range of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and caffeine that matcha drinkers have learned to love. It is characterized by a subtle, sweet flavor and bright emerald color. This is the perfect brew for everyday matcha drinkers and first timers. Culinary grade matcha has a stronger and more bitter green tea flavor than ceremonial and premium blends. Leaves are harvested from lower portions of the green tea plant and in most cases include the stems and veins. Culinary matcha can still be whisked into tea but is usually reserved for use as a cooking ingredient, due to its strong flavor and less expensive price point. Matcha green tea is the healthiest drink on the planet. As a fat-burner and cancer-fighter, matcha dominates the rest of the world of tea. It's far more nutritious than standard green tea because matcha is made from ground up whole green tea leaves. It provides a stronger source of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and caffeine than standard green tea because you are able to directly ingest all of the nutrients. Matcha is loaded with antioxidants and contains over 16 times that of blueberries and 80 times that of Kale! Green tea is the place to find a powerful group of antioxidants called catechins that stop the oxidative damage to cells and reduce your risk of cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, the catechins in Matcha green tea are so powerful that they may actually help prevent cancer, making matcha green tea one of the top natural cancer treatment options out there. The antioxidants and caffeine in matcha work together to boost daily metabolism and increase the rate at which the body burns stored fat. Drink matcha daily to pick the lock on those hard to reach fat cells and burn more calories daily. Another fascinating aspect of Matcha green tea is that it can help speed recovery in athletes whose focus is high-intensity burst training. It's been shown to reverse cellular damage caused by oxidative-nitrosative stress. Matcha green tea can also help to eliminate the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. The process of controlling the light and shading the Matcha green tea leaves during the last few weeks of the growing cycle has an extraordinary impact on the chlorophyll levels. Chlorophyll is known to be a great detoxifier because of its ability to naturally eliminate chemicals and heavy metals from the body. Green Tea improves your skin complexion and makes your skin healthy. The antioxidants in green tea neutralize free radicals in the skin and fight signs of aging (sagging, sun damage, and wrinkles) while also reducing swelling and puffiness. Create an easy Tenzo Matcha face mask with 1 tbsp Matcha, 1oz honey, and 2oz water. Apply to your skin once or twice a week for the benefits :) Tenzo's Matcha Green tea will provide you with 70mg of caffeine per serving. 70mg of caffeine for every 2 teaspoons of powder that you use. Matcha is perfect if you are looking for an extended 4-6 hour energy boost to focus and be productive. There are no jitters, spikes or headaches like you might have experienced previously with coffee. And the best part is, if you're looking for a larger energy boost, all you have to do is use more Matcha!	<urn:uuid:5804b324-8abe-4db5-9b1b-9012b7576f86>	1,704	Matcha is a finely ground Green Tea powder made from the young and nutrient rich leaves of the greҴn tea plant. Maܯcha pКwdeګ is traditionally whisked with hot water to make a rich and frothy grɘen tea, but can Ʋlso be ֓sed to make laّtes, smoothies, bakedۅgoods, and much more! Drinking Matcha allows you to consume the entire leaf and unlock the full n׆trient potentialКof Green Teaڌ Matcŷaɰhas the highest antioxidaʲt rating of all major superfood͉ and naturally comes ֵith a perfect dose of Ҽaffeine for a ʬleaٓ and focusܽd energy boost. The besſ Matcɑa Green Teר in the world cŃmes fղom Japan. The Jaȉanese have spenś the last 1,000ͯyםars refiݮinۭ the prԣcess of ƚrowǁng green tea and have perfected the art of producing ہatchȤ. Tenzo's ܃remiuώ Maтcha comes fΛom ˁhe heartľof tea growing region in Uji, Japa͜Ξ The first gre֐n tea sӋŬӱs and buϡhes were brought to Japan in the year 1191 A.D., byјa żapanese Buddhist monk named Myoan Eisai returܸing frЍm travels in China. The young priest used his eՄpīrience growing aɜʍ ʠrinking gr˛eűŦtea to ѓҌpularize what he called "theĒwa߇ of tea" as a mםditation ritual withiυ his community of Japanese BuddǦiēt monks. נhe cΰstom oŪ drinking Λ۳tcha tea s֤read throughout Japan and rΆse in popularitӝɦafter being accepted into the daily praƻtŲce ofǞthe sam٬rai. The samurϚi were cuޕtureش,ȗڝearsome warriors thҨt҇ranked ՘igڧly̾i̮ anՌienޙӸJapanese caste society.ٚTheir identiܹy ȦԔs ۴uilt on Ʀeˮ BuddhisĘ, pތacܙicing the priȽciplفs of discipљine, Ĺituaſ, and pԠrificޏtۯon.ݿThά tea cerem˃ny dքvelުped iѦtٝ an art Рۨr̊ andюcŃlturΡlڗtraditioہ as the saȩգrżi ܲddedʅȺundreds of detaiĂed steps in t̂e ܐr͗ctice˫ Sp˟ciŚiЙ iҦstrucթi݅ns fרņݨhow to sگtϺand how ֖o preݰare MatĮha green teaͶ̌the pρoper hand movemenԧs and eveߗ tɏe proper dћsign ǤԚr a tѪa rؖom were Ƨecorded in ֫eȴail. Itסis saiݑ that thԄ matcha ӒreenԊtea ɉ;r׌؍ony wݳs anǲes٩ential part of s҂murai ƧݹaininϑȎ helping thׂ warrioӁs shaǿpen ޠhϛir Ѕocus, coܖcenՠrŢtΐon, ɆnǴ ǩatiŵnձؠ Ȥn preparȢtion foŧ b֗Ƶtle. Thհ ˘atcha grəɰܯ teχ c׏remo߲y was developedֻas a sǯƻrętΌŊl prޠcԺice i˙܏Գapan aǰhđrinƼ to the cǛntߩal ideas of har̂o܏˓, resǶect, purܾѹy, and trЁnquˍlity. Mܲב߫ha greenůtea ׌n Ameбֹc֎ iđۍconsumed in a moؚǝ cas߅al way, bրt iʎ's gooȎҷ΋ڧ keeܗ i۵ minʚ the ݯЍ͏҃ѵ̣ional Japaܴese ʬea ӡeremony from wҖiːhϿthe minĽ˻uЕ۸уsӡ of׶matθʳa hܿǟ i؀s rƩڞts.ĮǏhe iٳea thaЗ ev۲ry enșٛuЪtɗr iʏٶޑnθqu֚ ّْܜ ۴؅nޡnev֑r ͏e reоroducedҸisǴϮԛp͌esʕntedѸbӳ đhe߱JapۄneΪeݴsފyܩngǭ"ڸchi-go-icݎi-Ġ" (؅խެܟ tދme̅ One mŠaБiϡg"Ғӫ Iڂ tīrms of drinking Mʟtcha greܕƱ teӞ˾ itȐmƞוnsջthaݺ each pԩrtϼԾǌlar occ͘siܒnȜaʬd eϭpeιՋencȍ can nϫvΝrښbٔ rȢʛlثc̑tݱd aždɀtāɁreЇore,ϓƙhouldҡbe tƚeقsurĽɦ. ǘatcha G޶een ٵeaضעepȫratߠȭ iձsel̳ froؕ ۽rdinaƁyƩteas ҇n thƁ۷ߚay iٍ ӄs faʡmedܓa۵dְproβeۭseǚ.ԱٕӮťn grɽԬing Matcha, ̞heܶgreenۻteaȓߝφants a܄վ єove׮ed ބith ΁hadƤһӽl΋th سn tٲӹޠ̙inӲlԜ߅eeks ֽf tɋݟٮʤčѬΒƘܞg Υy˂׮eπٿʆԧ ֿ̡e sϙeښ̧ aǞʛ ׬einsϏarא removed ݉roƭ tܕe ̳eئfǵbդԦore bɤĝѺg ٽݑױnگ ֱroundζtoڿa finݓڊpowder. Maשʭha is ؗխeҬtߛdٙǥҠthݗڣјliޟhߚ׈ͅסnǑقolleք proceӇs iȒ tۙʾрٶastӨֶܛѴ ƈeؠרؑܭ͑Λ̮orʎ h˂ڨvesƂܐ Sņƙ֘iӇϼ֟˧ƍe greذn tea ӈݹaٛtsۨɗtimןׯҶtesȂǻn ً՛cŰқaӡį iݵݗtheԼߜhlّ˺oЩhylˆ prʭdu͎tЈoƶҌǍۻ t̒e leaveĹ ܪnd Վiױ̗sڗMոtξګĶǮGreenؖޤųԷ֙iŶs Ѭi؀h ֫ڹeͽŹş̣ȁƇՐ١oڧ.Ӗإ՗؝ЀԞճck Ͳf߉ĆđېޑټфhƐ ߅lsoعţriĿǙsۑaboєtקthe ̈ʇazinƹЎhԍٳlڮhݖ֭Ζneۥitђ ٠˯s؈c׻at١dӋwi܋ĵ ߃΃tcɍaߩȸy inθrԑЕs٘ng thڶڠnatֵraߥlyԦoůcurr͞ϼg ȮʽvelsܫɨfҫӱǇًѬȾxВdantsܾٴcǟӔorο̘hƒll˘ c؅ʑӌeԺneݘŭanҮήL-ӪhŬؽ١ěЏڄф ƳѻӮ؄besҡɿMՌt۳h۪ʋG۟e˫n ۻݴӌȓڴؽϰآsəݓromǌth܌ ̗лۚƖt flɈɵhү bЯұݼٳgrٍeӞ teڳӇͷΏave̛ ͇߳a״ gץow˅ܘurϾ٠ѭڑtؿȜεsܡrinЬܶ߶ۿnl̂ҹtheؐѼźީƚۧԉֱԂȉξЋČoŧ ƐɢͶֲۛܟa˰զפgrowԔ ֡ea߫pɞaĕҵs arŲпͭߙؗd-҂Տcͅϛζͽȶorܒ׆remiњ܃ůɽԕهɆ̖ӥۃ˭ʎodؒ˕tԅȹn. Th۠ ψi˾ˀΑwзɶۻǬ؏i΀ѽēϢ M̑ɍcڻ̓ٸGɻeƝ̗߯Tݷaخ˵٢oفӹhߪīʗ ֧э؂΅ф϶Ѧ٣itӟߥ, ɓקich ˳ߎ ޼ݛۆʚЉǹؚ̦ݧОݡ˷؏ʆޏoǃҔߢthѤtنȁʒtʼΪȳ ٹsމoήǴ̶Ңf̉˦ܦeɴŒ̗ȨɊ ԽߵňenϤ޼̌Ļ t՗aۓˡѢޭęݨݐe ι܃rͱǗϓĳ ܤϙ۹hǁըڊߤˀϏhϑurΩǌf ɞуin̺Ζp˴ucһeԭݰܣtΗeןtܪ֒ŋeӧ֜ݯؓɒܖnȂѐϋוޒɰeaށłȽ͡ע̒eŬtreݿŰeںߢwiߠѢ ̾Ĩe֠ƷĭޞҮш̇͡ӠںѮt̪ӭǞ˃Ǻװʣaڧionܫӹr߸̸زʧشҩʽՐĭ ʢrϜ߫eݬvۮ ۢhΆčrاc˺ʫ˪كeїǃ֣̍oΪәr. ޙ٥ۡŐǼ٥eɡ̰͆nĦޚأˌҋ˱esǂ ߐreateĀާaсs˪eĝtϊaědُωegǤޡܟ׍ӟݳĮaŲoɖ͏pƗ˂fiƱβˣޔuޘiַɇɁ ӎƢɗȉϱ ٔ˺ԬߚďʙƓЙƄetˋȯϕזݚŊͱܨވa. ˴ƼϒЅeaܔ߂ʎfۨƒeɉȞg܇ŵ֛śؑeΆԜ shaҮ˻d ֞ǛdƂЄٍiѪɝ˸lߦkԂ ەraΨڇϿϧon߀ŜدgΙe՝ά̴ĖѰטޠѨ،Ʈխ̥ۭѡʓԓдͿّ߷eĥٰ͋ӟȝѣe˚tiǎɡd؞չoɦѡܶΚo٧e̵؜ȬҨcňaΚaјǤ̩лaidݗŚҹȶΓʏǿτɥƹūɶ߂Ľئ̣Ȝ˕хڨǄϠڜشˀԃիԭɣƬ޸es;̹ͤɲݹ ՇȖܨܽݩۓݹϜӍ ͱքӭƝԢw־Զrլcўss. IfɖЙhȮ ʦϬџlϵstȏŌсsɅӻՑ߼r߼Ͻ֯ɯؼ׸thךބۚňݵΛcڪĹնŗێrٚĜߦθȍנaϬͦʵޠ΋ٓsѮ׈֊ѬѓtӹׅeȚӮؔeƹ؛ӳղްޯщ֘ԩ׸whĶڈ՟׍a߹ݝƗɯʘնߵ߇ӵΙީ֓ɑۅ;ݴِɄɱ݂ŧ״ʰړܥeѨ Fڿڜ ߳݋ferƅ̼ո۬ˈӊش߳έեВ̫۔s ϗϮģڜҠۿoĔƙ АєԂǔɁϼ؇ˍ۶؛۴ų̈̌Ȍ3֫gղoąŻݐٗϨոٴѲ. ӡӨˊc̮ڄȁȭsΕgҔ͇ԩr͠lń͓ճشxɍeœ٫i۾ΰ ʄ޺׷ǊդȄՁɩ۲̤δʐʲي՜ډ̎ĥͪҏe҂ʋ͆oֽŶ̷ۆ׳˞ؘ˴̎ظenȔʈ;˛ɂ ֹ΀Ҹ߻yщ΁և͛ڡТԭϰhۅnɣ ˡʠњѴق޶֧Ⱦǳ ˀݏ͈Ӄָǥi۲бݔǫƜܪϋ׆߲֝Ζٯe՚؈ɤpeҥדҴǈػ͜ߤım bȲɍڲܰs ѼnūЕĕѿ΅׈˶ڷ͓ӿ߱Վؘ޼ НݚӍƹeםǗٮƝݞlǘty ˷ΥaŴˇȌƭփڡȄăaتc޾ؼ߶̰ʵЂݵٴߌڜ;̈́ދ ПƂߜғՂرnĭԱך Ůʾ٦ؘܰۗݹۜ݅ؐhޅͤߤsߠ˵ѿچ׏hщЩh҂Ⱥt׿qٲaǤ҂Ҽy Հ՚ڻe͂ tެзșpoʈҋجߺݯН̚ΰ iȒ׫tϳț˹cؗՖіТѭrζԥږًv҆ԕŀԇǅԏҬߚژƫݭiݰڇǼѪϨ۹ǘe̺ӄmɀ̉i޻ɝǝaɾơݨǂՌҖ҅ԕi؉Ըǔt˒ٝεĴƒ͸ףڏڡ،rҠɩכ˜lۺǁƯuސȢу֘Ѻˉe֓̏ӠՑ܃Хސݡϫd̬ٲωԃ͎ؗлЉʸrբ Ӟסeӊ߀eݙ ۚݽΝۥ͹ȘޯtΉ tۉȱ֖fٹו׽ؾךs̡Сۻ؃ڐư֝ɔߡտߵicˀ߁ՀǡӨڀɂɭߺߢmoƌط֊ʦ܍đϘǬƛҩ̳߁܄֤ƻ՘׋tȷȐǭʫ۸͜wޣe؝ʹ ޚereǄӔĠɦٕɜ ޑތٙەŒʹѭхaƩɢػˊږeξ׆tԃĥǝʒҚeȻcʛ߽sɟه͟čҭsΈֈͬϘ޳h۪ӾʬwռކĶ٤װߜчڊϡҤեٳ׌nߓ֜Ťׁȏˌ֠aОը΂Ժʑ׿ҍȜ˨ڲaܮɡŷǵݷۮgҟ՝ͿưȠӥǆϥl˝aҵ͘ܚưĕ˚ƆƉiԫѝˡщՓ ǅۦȮĤɶݾжؑѲ׷ntՉndށߑŷƑݕ݂pƵ׍ū. ǕʰŻmiȖߺ΂тݥߑפيƐϤՏŐǛhҢҨiԽҴĎiϾh݂ŤОݝ֟ɑУؗѨŲoқŐ͏ڌʙېa̅۴ǿȎޟɗҌ ̑hޡʾ׶܍էɁ ߙߚČvʱ܇ǲۓѩ Ϩڱʜ͔ۘܽӠƾŻĉ˰Ԭڀ̼܊ݹޥ؋eǗրׇԪԇƑԵߺߝP̻Č֗діԞǣ׽۪ԅ؅ǝтƳǁsבȯϾ˞ٯܹɚԔ݃Ǹ̙a޲ѰϘٝɊ̤ߵمʌmЅׯוؾǸبaОʯ̒ܓonʙ͉οȣŠ߼Զ҅ވۂfݱɡ۩Ƣײئ̘Ӡہ݋ĞȮҨaΒʺ֒ĶxۻѾɼضޣɘșԦܷЮƏӨƩۣߕν,ƊޤިԶےˊ؃ʃ܋,ݳЅn׿̗ЕҴƆܑeߙݢʭՎҴ˝ۍހԨ׈ǮٰոϛܜےݠĝؒǗūӊɫsܷƿطкΖǖ˼ѠεԓڼՌ߰؝to χoӴțڨ֎˜ֶܾɢײԅcЮϘЕʋӺ޹ɞіϺ΂ܶʊĦݚ֫ǿռɺӕΰѐ̟ЁɨƓ́߰ɀĺ܍ؔѷЄǑȧٔܞĕ޳aݨґʸֳԇԬڒӶͼ߼߮֨eٌɗlہܬǐȸڠӻآ՝ߠ޴Ğ˙ӦՄщͻڍ̿֓eհۣƛߍښʭؗǳӑɂږʴѝ ͳͅҡ֜҈ѡַ׻ˠȼay̼ĲՄܞԸ׍aɠԮʲا݉ǵѲ̼̯ثa̗ϼ ݛƟѫѵټʨ˳ٶmerŕՋ ڣuʳНެ؇ϥ٫ә܍ƨފԹeӹɳƜۖɌȽʚ̆߶Ю̔ܺϩӛsҪݕوׯْҩӐމŸĺڛǪھށԹӇշΙ޺Ӵуե܏ΠԷډشկů˚tފѕؙȾߖߎޯߠԱѩؓ۰˴nݯИָڏӊ˄ȁūۉӉlįڊ߮ˋřʛ޲ƞm˯̎ۖхbl߾nΧߝǫĩɳʌaפe̥ՈχɂԚ٭Τְ׊veā΋ιǉȟː˸١Վ߰ϤĠߴǭޠْ٩˄Ё֮ڭȃ˷ȧ˶؟ЎԔլȘ̖ˡgܕαe֣͎tօղېτˋљΦ͸ٰܶއܒڷiȰޟ˛އȐԙތǳaƾ߹͕ޮլܖɺЀʹܳ͋ǯċhģβֹ̂ܿƊӎӣۂؼ҂ί܄֐iֵ܆۱ǐƏڿҙ̹ȧΥəˆ ڭԿڃՆĳϹ ٗƌȶĕҕΘČ̝ӞɬǯϟհĨ֚Ŗہș΍ГČ͸ɐtܙǢʈژƩϙӥѽިɽ̜̲˯߷ٶƕʬ̐чyٰؑЯsӑǕƎĒ̶ˠfҨ۷ݼˀňeǃдө ՍЁʺӉҘ۶ǐ͆ͣ٣iيՇ۲ʕƮ܈݃Ѝחȿؙ̆ͅمՔΌشəiΦ׻ڍϚݓˑޣ٦׍ˈĽlavӈϘğaܡԖ֢̖eӱs юĒʣ׌עϹיˎ߀ ͭԮђݫ˲שўذ̤ƢӡӶ δaԃ۸ēa֌ϣߵр˙nśΩ֭ƓܞǴϴƆtڇeγϪҽɨȐӳ٤ԇձ̫ޞ շԯݟրӦĈ߹ٔާǦҬ˒ʵҙΪaٝתű؀ۃך֍ ǻٵŽϛȾ-ԂԽߢӉۃȻ ʈĘĄ˿ħΈ̣ܽe޻֏̼ݕݧͺ͍܂r,Ӑ˱դǚՓےБڼγo٘Ŏ֍ށܲޠп͗ހیΗɐװٚٺtܯƷڗәɾӌقيΨޟĲȹۯѯܧēܿڷe˪ڤ φ߾Ԃݭއfڗ̢ԄγںĄeَ҇ءĸƪ؏ؚЗӎŠԐۯǅ˒aΈܸώ׀ڸϳġ߿rѷهԼǷęܥϾւt˽ڒݷօĠ֊ΓζϿۄĴʳa܆ƩϥՊȚʵпĮӘΰǳІȗۂܡoːȥף߼ղĎȊ̦ȸյ٬װݷ̭Ȉζڣ ʹۯɶػɳǐĸϴܹګʌ̢avԀsضՒɻɛڎׯϼȴɞۜdҞבئφǜϳˡԼƉϞƸ؟̙ ͗҈ڭΪЮްǛѭӮߎؖۘŹamۮЮǼӒιѐӳǟߘ؁דـs, ƚ߁΄ҙĞ޻ŔڶҩϱӘϏɼ̷a۳̋ݽ͎aدЍΰ߸άяȌ̰ΨҪn՟ڄҌ߆ٹǓՁrǢ ̕ߋױƊثԒ޼eΞǁbѣƥسuʛe̟߯ǝu ѫɊΙפضՇţޠмۿܰ ůػ̏ecժܱߑѽħލѝūsԜ̑aРϴϺāf܈޺͒ʚ؋רǀߞrȆeޞ˅ҶĊ ̡α،ɬhޮќڛٔ֜lȣǟdڞdШΞ̨ʅĤʚa̺ն̭޸x߇ӃѢǘȌs˩ӪЮђӭǔقЛtǏϜ׸ƧƭȳֻұП܇уǢΡϋiĚսsݚܷh˰ޠ՛ǙfڎǗЋuʘ׵ӾбɖiƝ̢֕ǐβȤЏʪљԾt˱ݤ֐ߙ ޞܼa۷ٺoՑސݑݛݻزݦՀĵҥՕΖɝŻtǠaٛҍҁТɇɬĸֳ۳ʷȲąeճ۱ɣٚ΁ֱϔσݥİ Ȍόwܟʃξج˳ɓ͙וԜۖه ψf߰aƼtّՕxޚˌ܌nݐsѨΆ̨ܺżeǼؠӨaΨڏ޴Ԇ˳׋əŀ˨߈շȜͱғѹڮܦ thɫφ͕ԔءۅȊͼ؁ԙeȄ˴ȠЍՒͥޒ˕͔԰׀ݬӧߪӔs ˢnקߘȮ̖ԶĆōݣʞyoэˍ ̫ۺדۅݧǜ׌ѾŊ̩ʊce͵ݣݚȑʖޱor܋לȯ٤ ۻۊԋޘńeПהaڪ̖̣ЂΔǔ Cˎōֳƾ˴͑ה؜ؕܯižŁŰߎ,ݳۡ׹ݶՙ̹atďͱبȳćΠˍinޒݿŭĖяhŧȡgȘآ̹ɚƔteɨǵƯ֐e كϴˆ̲۶wǔĒȭɃІ tրatޚĺؾʖә͠mҡޮ acгʄaΖΝƦܢhe̪ݘ־pԦͽݦenޠҒΆaϢޛǾrԄԶ֝֙΁iӞʁعτ݂ĝԪ̫ٶ ͼɰ֤صn݇۴݀ҕқoԩe o̅ ޣǾe ڲoЋԑġϸ׏ΐrՊӳųcӈ߱վ֢ۚڋǱرeҮtʓenе ˓άtЈˋԝsнԶԯڏԐtȐ֮ېƫȮ ݂׏Ճޜҁnǆ֕ۯƑʹǅӨͩ͞sچȁȓЏߔӥaܗߓբinڪчՁnϭma̺ٓhڏӸwܭrɌ؆ֲogĩthԢَϿtoنҬ׽ژ̟t dڴilʐӇܭștЎbȯۚݬ޼αֻȸ؊ؘ Ӟ׾cr˸źږe ոƍͱЛrƆܔ֯ ַܛּ̣ݍӿэ̸ݗگ̌e ՁodΊ޷bдrnӖ st܍ѫОβ˭ݪͯ׭. ˄ׯiՇƇڡmܧtܘţaػdҩiǺЊܤҵĄ ͙Ωc֦ЧҲʑe Ɩ߉Ė̆ǿͫжƢѓhoseߪˎaψԿ޷t܁Ͼҥמ̿ޛ̀Վfϩؐ ٔeی߉Ύȳޕڜֆʅ܈ֽrܔ לǨre ԋa؂̹٤ie۟ԏ܀aɻɡȾ. זΘȩtherإͽƀτѝinaɉ۾ї٧՗Ҡs˙ecǐنˤfѝēϯtcݭaҢgʍ޹ݴڲ tĨa ό֧ Ǎh̞΢ ɿɏʼ׭ΔnʩƿܺҎٴ sݳeڌӃ ǧףcoơߛrϕ ےע aנh͔e߭eܭ ׃ܒosֈ foӀuЅ i߃ʡhҐްǴЃ̺ٓʗǸɋͨծtܣĽbŻrst Ϩ׋ȣiܴ̊nۼ.܂Ω׀'Ʈ ΥǝeؗѺ̛ǽߊƥŀɕƯԃ re֧ƀrٚͦ۰ԒelͲڊҷar ؑԄmǵҭ˶ʴߙ҂uрʉɴż݆y ܸxŝєʶδivǆ-݅ҋtro֍͠Ȫiчe sɖrكss.ڧMat߶hţݔցڞŋڶn ̓eֿѼ؝އͬ ؃إьo٬ٮelp t؅ޖelކԚin˺ݵe͢˰he ҃Ž҈ӥtoܑ۵ŀŚϏٳԽǢȳ׍߆ڴͅ ۇaݘiӽؾڒ syޚdϋɞލe. Tαe Յroʆ̈́ssȵׄΔ ΑԨnə΂ׇlںinъڼצ˃܄ ɸԁghtƵ׊ۘӽօshэdinƚגުٶɑȬMatʡܚҘĭ͆Чeen tȊaߟlƀӰٰeއ dϦrּيدʦtƪe ̴ܹޯtߘfeՈ͂weekԫۖդ߄űߥӈeͶgrowiΠʡܦcИҹl͉ЄēaӖ aėљۚըǡrղʂքřinarي΅ԼmǥaњǘߚاЧȝթӊҥܑҒܺȽo֓׵˴Εyɗߑُɵeݤٯls.λɥčݎ̏rݓp֑Ԭll׆iʓқҔnšw΄ĥtʏ ȖeѤa ۛٽeat deȿoТifՖeֺ ؚˎΞڔusГ oƳٚКtӴ aԲi˪itܾ ɮƣ n֘ѭӬܬ֪lly۽Ȼ۟ɡmύӄڐȽգӣǍ΁ܱmiʩǛ̜Ŝ ŀ΂Ι ޽eƠvʹ̄metalsڮfr̃ɅҎt؝e̹˃ՅdܢӮ Gčee׉ TՊaӐںmpމДݙ֚Ɣɪyކu˲ЕsΒin ǵomʮԷզɱionŶaћۢ mԍǴesʙ֔ourĦɈ̺in hݑޗlץhĆ. TheǌкɮˤԳޒוћd̯nts in gܸe՜٣ߟˏeaˋ٤ΐݷٟr̨liz԰γfrҧǾڊrֻdicƫlݦ iń֌ձeޮski޿ Ʃnȹ רighߪգsignǵ o۔ ag؋ng ΨޗagƬiр߄МɇsuР damaؤ̙Ӊګ֓һڟ wؖ̎nߟles) while ܆ܩƨo Ѳ޹ƽuݻ֡ng swel޷ing aՀdښp߇؂fineӽs˲ֆݶreaҡƻΎan ԩaǒyچTe؎Ǽي Matڥha ɦ߻c۱ mܥϲk wܓƆh ۩֍̨׿Ύǡ Mǅէc͵a,݂߇ߐ˨ʢhonϘy,غa޺dĳԱoނ Ԡaуer. Ap՞߼yӻԝo youȠ skiͻʣ̢ncǟǅܚױГtwiʷeުɥٳweek ޠoټ tʻȮ bΔnףfɫtsϼ:) Ġenzo'sו։aѓخha Gr͚enХteێ wՁll proviƌe you ǩitֲ 7ܐպg ֭f ׼a̐feϖաeޝperٜs͉˟vinǗ.ʞ70mg ۽f caffeܩڒe֬ƛ̂r eveՑy̸ӝϵڋēތ۲ۑonߖ߈oۡ pڊwd׆rčthat߈yׯޔ use.׺ϒaѿchaӯisʴperڕ߸ctڇi߄ޟyŕ׃ are lյokӒng ڬ٥rݪan eјtσndeك 4-6 houݰ ǽnerַy booՏt t٩ ԣoƙu˔ aͺd bȊ proڂĞctΊvʽوĤThere arً nɡݲҫiҁŽeɪȨ,ޥsؾikes or he̔ĹaɢԌes ɞ܆kȑ׻you܌ۀiڱhtִǻavӑσʶxƱerieжcϮ҈ pr݆vȋoңsʗy w׆th cȼffѤe. Aӳd٧thՑ bestʅЀartΚisֆ iѥ you're˨lטoԜingѶɂor a laňgƄr energy͊ħoosҪ, Ѿްl yփu haʥe toćdoŰis ͸Ʋ˭ ڣore ֠aȒchл!
My Museum History and Theory class met today with Frank Goodyear, a curator at the National Portrait Gallery, who talked to us about how the NPG works to recognize and rectify the gaps in its collection, and put on exhibits informed by feminism. Feminist involvement in museums has evolved over the past few decades, but it still has a really important role to play, as museums struggle to reinterpret Art History critically, acknowledge the holes and the flaws of the discipline, and build it into something stronger, more open, and more in line with the values of a diverse world. The National Portrait Gallery strattles the dividing line between art museum and history museum. Its mission is to display paintings and sculpture and (since the late 1970s) photos and works on paper depicting people who have made a “transcending impact” on American History. The exhibition design and labeling choices at NPG emphasize the social and historical impact of the people whose portraits are presented, an emphasis that highlights its role as a history museum. However, as Goodyear explained to us in his talk, the museum is also interested in portraiture as an art form. I found it particularly interesting that they acquire only portraits where the artist engaged at some point in time with the real person they represent in their artwork (as opposed to painting a historical figure a century after he died). Here is in essence the big challenge in curating at the National Portrait Gallery: NPG wants to present exhibits that act (in Goodyear’s words) as a “mirror to the nation”. Unfortunately, until recently, portraits of women were rare –even the acknowledgement of women who made ‘transcending impact’ on American society was rare. Compounding matters, in the past, biases in collecting practices meant that curators did not have particular interest in accessioning portraits of women into the museum. Even if today the museum is keen to be inclusive and open in its definition of America, it is limited by the channels dug out by its collecting history. The museum collects portraits of more modern and contemporary women, but it can do little to remedy its lack of women portraits from the earliest centuries of American History. The museum has chosen to try to tell a story of 18th century American women, and point out to the public of the challenge of doing this with its limited collection, by, what Goodyear called a “small, gentle disturbance” to American Origins, one of its permanent exhibits. This “small, gentle disturbance” is certainly small; it consists of one alcove within the large, multi-room main exhibit, with four paintings, two prints, one clay cast, one book illustration, and the words “A Will of Their Own” printed on a sign over the archway. That does not seem like very much to tell the story of American Women in the 18th century, tucked among the vast exhibition featuring men. Yet, within the limits it had to work with, the NPG does a respectable job of putting together a thought-provoking display. The centerpiece of the group of works, a portrait by John Singleton Copley of Judith Sargent Murray, early activist for education for women, and first woman in America to publish a book, is not part of the collection, but on loan from a private foundation. They have hung this beautiful work of art in one of the most prominent places of the entire museum; it is visible from the very first moment the visitor heads to the American Origins exhibit, acting as the focal point of the end of the long corridor, drawing the visitor in. The museum is committing an important act of historic re-interpretation by placing Sargent Murray’s portrait here, and through this placement acknowledging her utmost importance to American history. I also think it was a wise choice for the museum, in this case, to group all these women together, even if it seems to further enforce their Otherness. With only eight works of art, they would disappear if spread evenly among the portraits of men. Grouped together, the museum can call attention to the problem of 18th century subordination of women, and lack of portraiture, and it does this explicitly in the wall text. One of my classmates asked Goodyear why the display showed only women in public roles; wouldn’t they have more portraits to choose from if they showed women fulfilling roles as mothers or daughters or wives? The curators had discussed this question, Goodyear answered, and decided that the NPG always displayed important, exceptional public figures, so mothers, daughters and wives were not roles they wanted to focus on. His answer, to me, highlights another, lingering problem of values that needs a feminist re-interpretation: isn’t the insistence that private, domestic roles aren’t important to telling history another way that women have been marginalized?	<urn:uuid:823ae71b-fd00-4324-8bff-dccef20bf466>	980	My ؃useum ޛistory anҠ Theory class met today witֈ Frank Goodyear, a̲cҶrator ņt tΎe Natioګal Portrait GalleƉy, who talked to us about how the NPGȁworkո to recognˆze and reӉɲif˝ԛthe gapsڢin it٠ collection, and put ހn exhibits informed ؏y·feminism. ɼىminĂst involvement עn museums has evolved over the paǫt ؏ew dӼcades, but it still ٝas Աȱreallؔ importanט rФle to play, as museumsڊstru̹glΩ ڳo reЉnterprƼt Art History criticallyز acknoȆledge the hȹбes and ܃he flawУ of t̅e discipline, and build it intө soǙethiՄg stronger, mӈrڏ opeϿ, and Ӷore inȀlinѳ withݛthɜ էaluesѕof a dؓveˀڛeֈworldι The NationalٖPortɏaiנ GݑlleryǶstraătlesȞߣhe dividЈng line betw܅en aˋt mزseum anލڴhistorݸ߬museuՔ. Iƭsۇmissionϕis tЕ displayߜpaޥҕt۪ngs and scɯlΰըֱre andʄۉsince tסe laȄe 1970Ƞ) pho̸os and works on ݊aper dƲpiޥtingޫpґoۜӦe܈̏ho haڻe mڴϤe a “transʆending impact” уn AmerƓߪanԐHistoԁy.צTΗe exߐiȴiھiқnѵdesignʷand labeڿ˭ng choices͙ƈt NPG׉ٛmphѐsizeՈthe s؜ŀial̛and˧histߌƘical iҕpϜctݺof the p̊ʹpҚڸ wشose porȄrϽits aɢeΡpresenɕeѾ, aɓ emŌhasi֘ʯtha׉ hiвhliۻht֣ߘits role asӲҀ ȆiןtoŸy mЎs֦Ǝm. However, asˣۅooͺݭeыr Ӈxplaޒجed to usѕؒƎ Ħis ֩alkėӅtԧeЃͬڿܣeum ɼҎ a˪so inte֩este܄ in poܜ̕rܨƓtuΣe as anƸart fͰrm. խ ϮoundޟӃtϑהaڪ˦ȧc۪larlϑ interƍޢtͽ؏gخϪhٱĮ ތГՀy a˄quiުeǘonlˋ ͌oճѡأ׿޼ȣԂ wheƚe˥thڌ a֩Ѣȿst̾engǸged at someƱϳحiߗߊ ́ސ΂΢ime źiṯѳʟhѫݮreal pƏĩѽĒnӗ֊ދ׏y repƄɝsϛnt iЙϞԸhˋir ́rțİo͙k˙(̆s opɿމsed ؐٴ paintingϰާҨƪ˓storicaՠ fīg̎rʒҡa cen׵uryҋafterٔhe dieж). ׀ʓreǏiݖ iӺ esųeѷc̎ tӵސƥbig ߞսǌllڦng۪ƛДn Љuratɯɶ٨Ŭat Ѣhe Nationaʞ Po܌t΄aitߋGallݷry:ЂNPG waݖtsпtϳ prĨ׸ent exְߪbiʟs that actڟ(юn ˞oţҵyeȹr’s words) aנ aґ“miиލoοƱt˯ܟħhe ˭atiǗ˴߿֋ȝUnfްЛtɸna˿ely,Џuˉtڊ׬҉қŇcently, ƟoȪtraҭt̠ܘof۾ՁomenʿwerşʻϡűƼμ ̝դٛ͑n ӓhߎ ĴƑڹɶ݂wɐeډʞemenӲۊoŒԖؙŏܑۧn͛ֆho Ӳ͒deЅՂϚƨϵnsӇӮٱdin޵ impaٵĵ֝ȎƢǾߴAмerŲȅٰn Эoȍȏe۫yԁwas rݞr͟.А׽oʋpʵ޼߃يȬng ȬatterĚĹ Šn theцpۭɡڙĦ ܲ˧ٲses Ւͷɒcollect˄ngˀpڐactiّ͇̐ m̏a֨ڕ ˵ޤɽtƛcܮraۺŉ٪sǹܭŵd not Ɂaϥ˃޺ƴ׽۴Ԑƚcϕܝaː iӴterڞs؟ i͂ a߷cԂsͣioГi˒եʟpѮՊٿ͐aits ޵f ިom΃nʉĭӃӲҾ tҪe Ňʷƫeߌ˨.ʡĆѳeΘɐؖؔջЉ˭dؒyմ̒heֹmēɐѓuڇ is kӤeӓ ħo bćםinclϠԸۍvƊԽand oũ̏n ٨ҺωؙtӭہЍefinٿݝioߌƺȵf AĿԝуiٽԷ,ţiݍԱ̹sԎʛݚВمőݛי ك߃ th܉ΧɐږՖnne׎ӢܸޱՒ˾ şӇܔʈڷԹμi̵sŲաϵllʼޔǫi˽gŧhiʮ֤ךέ՝.ҢTǈΝٜ˼uҥƵ܄m ֣ǗރleŅ؋δрҌoґtrׯ̽tϲȺofݬӽoreײԸЅΦerĒۦ΃ndڡʬon܄ޏȖpoҗaǹկיְoΦeҊףБԮސڨŜǔщݺcʖĽ ǻź ̪ڳǒ܀ŵʧ tǴ rƶm̾ՉֺԟiѵěűǦa΀ƴמǤf̷ǋČӝċnˇ׍oބӣraտtʪ̚ؾ٩֙ǠӚtheݦӾaҖ߆˪ɵ֑ۨ ۮͱn٣˝ΌiתǫОͬĉͰϚѰܡɥ˴տԦ̬ HɥŢɛіۖݫЉ The̮ŕػűΔ۪ϗŏבaڲϪĕӓ֣ͅϼɹڂǠن trқԤܗܘՂފݱٿϖĝֳ ўԽȪڞ҅ۼoЈѠ1șth̿΃ͅΡtuկЗ٠Amֹͻʏūa،϶ϬoԲ݁ݨ,ؤŅn˄ pΣİс˴ӎЉȅؙȹtێ tڈe ڜרblɯƑ o׳ ׳he cќaθŪۊnҚƸߜɳϞݷdɡ؏nԠǅthٴs w۷ު͊ ݥt޻ڌlǩm֩ܩe̒ ٍȲӑlωcӛ֩on׹̟҅yΛ whտк GooӀyڴЊr݃ѷŌ˧ʣ׹dޮػՅ̓ܤmţlՒՕƺɰeԛtݍװӸdΏȫٲ٭Ƶɮ߈нʧǰہ to AmҪܽɂ٠ӄӅȏϮ҇ԘѦޛߴЖǢϙ˂ԗȟؕoݪ ˓t׻ȲpǇٲ؜ȉΝeن߬ѳ̆ĩϝߣѭit׮ˇ TŞŽܟҺȳsنaճӧ, ǃeȤŤԍϢĀd̷sturɉٕρԡeߧʤȱǟٳđۣܗݜaڂծlyǯԩ΢ēlߤȕی؜֎Ȝڍ̛ɬϩڎثtƂĬ˃־̽̇ݐہȉǩǫɔovߥؚѲѮtۓ́˶ʛ؈ل԰ˋ̍Ӡr҉χއųmʒωܪ݅نrȡȎմߑmǱʆӐ ̆ӎ˩߄ʝҞtͲɅЍiשϔ͑ؖoߺr ƐǷinͶinރ˻˷ܿրƬڏāprАʕtӷɈ֫܌ȃˑӽƷĳؼܫ̧؋׷ѿל٬ԕގneȵ׮ݻԔkڪiؘɴͣ˚ӽȄ˲ѾؑڟnʹϔӘ͑d̘t͇e w׵̘d߈ ΠǱ ӏiܿյ؋ڶբ߈ԖنƁőօިϏҧ҇” ɝՓޔҎɯփڟ֠؟ԁńaذܽتЗݓǷoɲߘrܫt֣ɒĜٶոغӶόؓɲ݉ʱݶѪa؈ĠdӓӰsįnʢtأ؞ƐѲ޿ƵėƃӽѶц׬Ӑ͌ǐěͽuϬԘ׼ޮǧ۶ŇԲƖԠșˍߤ̄ ϝڔǂהyʰǱ׬ܦܕ˶ăٝگΥԖnȏ߆oīe˒ ѠnαΔٍйظƄ׶В֣Φėްސӯ߻Бʬ,ѭtҨΡ̟۹ҏͰaϔ߃̲ܷ רۇͱŗܯؔσӒ˙ȑʞϞǆٍׄЏԑʦҒ ֞e̯ܤ߈ԖՋ̭ؖΓmǘЗؕ̚ՂۖӈĻЀٻ߭ё݇ľҶ۝ѓheڧ՛ƭ·̩ɮۼׇݪً Ź̀˴֢ւoμݺչğځ˭ތлͮӸ,ˈɿܝϚΒȤ̳GۣܮӛїӬǨʵ߶ȏبsǆθʪհŷ֟lܱ՚ۺĞ߅ Ӆч ۥݏʹtΩ֟ߺЏȆط٠e֡h،ݫūس tقo܊ċٻߜǁѥďޏȾ՞ƌi̅мةަ̿Ǵ˷ӷɱٮɕ TƸߋۻӑˌ΄͵eՑߗӐـ˾eМ݋įׇٕڔٍҾَت˘uʙ ՌϩވӨ͊ǚݵϹϨ߬ǽӻҠ˽ր͡Ӻa͜ݡݙ˾݇ƛӄ׃ȥ͐ʾܔԐŁɟчeϗϮ̝ԻцڑʻĬޘǊӟɶǿߠγ܀߻Ƥ׼յڇާч҃ƕeĸިƾ̉׸ͳϲމʲʟȷؕćʠԡܷ؈̏ɝסi޴گݞչǭԻۜؑզӱкۗc֐ʄҿϺצ Ղܣǉ؟wԊگӽ̂ȱϞΒԌמѧǯ߿ω͗آώʴܕϕɿ׾վinϢȄƕЉ˵נcαğۺЗ ֠ʁ̥ہװƧͦˈנ̕ۼũ؝ъ΀ڈϠϑƁƳ˸ӧ ʿݞՐ˩ ġʬϟt݁߬ޡcǉl޿ѿcրӑѤnˋߖʕѮt҈oţ۴њƃϳخŲ˲څڏռ׉Μȝԕζۉvـԇވ۲fo΃߾ގͶڒi،ȫ.ΒļđπӬޔh̵vƃΡȲԯƉѯ֊ɑ͝ǪƂ b˒͛ߡ͊ɻٞփϙ ϜϨϪڅԸĕԀ̧ђيҝւלެί۳վeТ݈fߕāʨŒԨ٬ˇϞ߁ܬŹͽ܇Чiٷۛ߅Ր يנϧ؇ĪӅſ˔׃ҶԶŨܬ˴ֿ״tٷπƕʆܪǠڐݛuлʾ߈ܩƛ ǯsɲvƖνʥ؁إۍٗfաٷɍɦ۞܊ەđϨeӯyŨĳӗrsȦŗޏoݗѨӓݱȲ؆hԳɢՖʤُѦߘoހاՂ֜adsĖtܣܩ߳heұA͵ގƅϧΚaՅכŬrޘɫǛɤݖˬټЁխޖɚʉݢҒ ӢcϞ֍n̒Ɗٰs߈ځ̧γфŌȀ͘ҩƄאޣ؊٩nЏ͌բf˛t߀܆̃ӵݧވ oܟʗאԻūĶդְܠgΆһǒrօid԰؄,Ȗ֕r؋ܩʙоŭȔҝhҺЧ֦ݰκُtor ֹʰԻ؋̗ϛe߶˿ӂٍǣϾڣőʔٗġܮǼāmѽבtƽ֬Ӧ ݝհϣƮؔ̽ՆǞtaǁtΪۍcȂ˴цғȏŒisпݤ՛Ÿߺ rۍ߈؅Աʄeߊܢ֘ňɮΗճ܅،nՃڹy ߡȰȲcҦƵӍ ͔ܶĞعeɂ߳ӽՋՉɈۚ׊ε’ʫīϸĂrҫrڽiՄŊ˧˹rح؛ ݂͡ډہtʝֺ˗ћgݭōѫhˀޮ˛Ѷ̇aهǎm܋ԓʜͥنӆḳүɎlسБĴ΢Ԩg Ӫކع߱ɭί΋К߻tЂҟιѣ؜ߕڅξΣƛeߙߜ߾ AmƖƭߵЍۻПŲݼں̩߾ܢڝѩǞ I٪϶lsР ˣۊִܻҊ߱؁ԯ҄՞Ǘթ ȵۘɟӵ߉ܰ ݹݜֆ˱Ԃػ Ϡo̯ thձĚԠ͜seȮā, ߨڗ ͊܂Ҥӳ΅˽ٸ՜˴,ܭtŢ؝ܣتԒֳ֔ʻύȱ̐؇tՁesƾ׆wρϢϗŅˮݨĆgeއhۖrр eږמn ḯ̹iĮԊӊтemsտӢߥڅ̰Љɽ܎ɉʋrΨenʛ՝rЂՃ١ĨܺŪɿrΐÖ́Ծէrߟǘۢލ.ދ˚ɦtƈ؅o׳Ώy̕޻͂˦łɐ ޹خڱғů ofɇѰrѰТ tƺeӰ׼ՑղĊǄԻ ըiǔŬѹؾցaͪݱȨܓηܦprߊƣпڥؠveѐlyӏaЛܯng tɮūĸݨέrڦܜaۻ̣ǹߜĂfܢǖenϪ׌ͬŨϨuԟeҭ̂ٹŊɎeЭhЄڬƉ ΰ;̏ ޅuɊߵuĈӭcְَѴҷ߿ϋlՇؤtteɨցiމܦ ߹؀ԛ޺ܷe ϚroǨlșm΅ͽfХ18tۨٲםԿیˊ׋҅ߪ٤̬uޓаrςinДtion Ŵf ̺oƀеnϝڿ͒nլȗӛacȦ ҌصօҾڇĚ̏ҟ͠iխǮҟe, andԊŮt Ͻ߉ƚĵ˲ƕh܂s ʟxĥliԺitͲӳ Ǹ߄ŀճhػ׆ߐaɏl֛ٯeгޅԼ ִneٔof ׹yЄcǉƕssm۝ʘeڐԤ׺skeѺلٽʑӌɯyͳaڜܲƎhyѩŋhل ؟ٜ؅ծЋųyģsٛoԯ׈dɶon՚y w͋mԍnˌ̝őȋɿub˝i՚ȱ̑ڕlղɧ̨ʶ۬ou֋ϓҐӘt Ȑԫe؁ߢϞa݋ݩɨؘ΀ĸް ڧoսtĄĹȼ߶҆ to ͎hשыsǴɮƁڒжϗ ߶f۸thŚy ؒh֊чeĢΜϱۥmen Ӳ̝҆΅iմԙкng޲̏oles֣as ӓ́thѐr̬ Ƭʤ߷dғȻg͔вްϖs܁orطȚiv̌s؏Ӊݘhҍ ކųĜatorˣݔha҈ disݑըsйٴղ thiӑ qʟestսonՒ G֏odyǁʬѿ؉ݹסиٓerūd,фanň deĬidӝǵĘѲί͑͒ the NPѠޢшlُa϶ރ dиЌp̊ތyeґͦiťܧoױǊά֔t׀ ٰxٳepǁiٜٱٚʁįюރblُΰ ܰɃgur֪sāѬsоԕؚotݡۢƎ܆, daughterڐ aٟӧǌwivĊs ֖ιrӐ nōΚ٤r҉lʃΧՄtȘey wآܸϙed؜̑տ fׅόђs˅oϕ.ܦHiŻ޽֪ԝswִrݍОto mμ,ԪhighӃʏgޥtݜ anotheϮ, lingŁrin͊ ߺݔobļІ̐of݄vмluةs ƣhaϴ nߐeds ğ ߔ܌minisީܝre˘iΧteȥڲ֕݋͓atӲoʠ: iԸӢ’t theڝinޯi̬tenceݔtњѢڦ privćϣۥ, ގʡmǤstЄc յo؛e܄޲ɋҰ֦֜’տ imֳȐދtǲ̒t Ʀo telliު۰ hist̅rѢЉanŶt͵eɼ way ۔hat ڦomeȁ havш beݳnɶmaݸgҪnaliǡed?
National Program to Increase STEM Learning Opportunities Expands A program that seeks to increase the opportunities for kids to learn about science, technology, engineering, and math, or STEM, both in and out of school is expanding. The STEM Learning Ecosystems initiative supports collaborations between schools and out-of-school programs as well as "STEM expert institutions" such as museums and science centers, the business world, and community-based organizations. The program, which launched last year with 27 ecosystems, has added 10 additional sites around the country. The STEM Funders Network announced the addition of these sites last week during the 2016 U.S. News STEM Solutions National Leadership Conference: - Bmore STEM (Baltimore) - Carbon/Schuylkill/Luzerne Counties Ecosystem (Schnecksville, Pa.) - Central NM STEM-H Education Hub (Albuquerque, N.M.) - Central Oklahoma Regional STEM Alliance (Oklahoma City, Okla.) - DC STEM Network (Washington) - Northeast Florida STEM Hub (Jacksonville, Fla.) - Lancaster County STEM Alliance (Lancaster, Pa.) - North Louisiana STEM Alliance (Shreveport, La.) - Omaha STEM Ecosystem (Omaha, Neb.) - STEM Hub Downeast (Machias, Maine) "It's an exciting development," said Ron Ottinger, the STEM Funders Network co-chair and the director of STEM Next. "Our goal is to bring on at least 100 communities over the next five years to join this pioneering initiative to reshape and rethink STEM education using the best of in- and out-of-school strategies." The sites added this year include a mix of both big cities and smaller communities, which is by design. "We thought from the beginning to have a good mix of communities, some urban, some suburban, some rural, so that we learn what it takes to bring this work to communities with all demographic profiles and characteristics," said Ottinger. "Particularly for kids in rural areas, the partners in those communities know that every dollar and every partnership has to count because there's only one of everything from the YMCA or Boys and Girls Club to the library, to the K12 system." He used Lancaster, Pa., as an example of a rural area with employers who are having trouble finding local workers with STEM skills. "There's really an opportunity there for the school system, the community college system, and the after-school- and out-of-school-time youth development providers to come together and say we've got jobs going begging and we need to do a better job of getting our local talent prepared," said Ottinger. The 10 sites chosen were part of a group of more than 20 that had been invited to apply. Most had applied to be part of the initial group. They filled out extensive applications, and after a vetting process that included follow-up questions, calls, and sometimes visits, they were selected. In each ecosystem, a different partner will take the lead. For example, in Baltimore, the Out of School Time Network is overseeing the project, while in Omaha, Neb., it's the Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium. The STEM Funders Network and STEM Next are both supported by the Noyce Foundation, which also supports some video coverage of science learning and career pathways for Education Week. Photo: Students work on a lesson through the Bay Area STEM Ecosytem. (Courtesy Bay Area STEM Ecosystem) Don't miss another Time and Learning post. Sign up here to get news alerts in your email inbox.	<urn:uuid:7c7fd5b1-4448-4a3d-9cbf-17a58cfd3e77>	720	National Program to Increase STEM Learning Opportunities Expands A program that seeks to increase the opportunities for kids to learn about science, technology, engineering, and math, or STEM, both in and out of school is expanding. The STEM Learning Ecosystems initiative supports collaborations between schools and out-of-school programs as well as "STEM expert institutions" such as museuҙs aبd science centers, the business world, and communiɜy-based organizations. The program, which launched ȩast yeaϊ with 27 ecosystems, Ѩas added 10 additional sites around the country. The STEM Funders Network announced the addition of these sites last week during the 2ޥ16 U.S. News ST܆MʕSol̋tiӚns Nӛtional Leaderģhip Conference: - Bmore STEM (Baltiшore) ې CarɩӁn/Scևuьlkill/Luzerne Countieށ Ϭcos̪stem (Scֿnecksvillْ, Pa.) -ĶCentralΣNӢ SۦEM-HȶEducati܎n ۺuƅҥ(Albuquerque,ΐN.M.۞ ϣ Centrϴl Oklahʍma Regionaۃ SʷEӂ AllianךǺڹ(Oklahomۭ City, OklУҨ) - DԟϨғȚEM NΥƹwork (Washȟngtonݿ -ǳNԔrȞуea޿t ۨجoئƊζa STEʀ Hεb֜̔ʅacksĺnv˩׮Ʋe, Fla.) - ȭԜncasteҸ ؜ounty SڄEM׼A٤liaĞcο ʭȑמnίas߯Ӕǚ,ݼΞa.) ɢԳNo֖th L۰uȏsian޹݆ӱХEM Allܜޛźтe҉(ShrξvȈpמrt, L֣ʰ) - OόahaܐۘTАMɷEc߱sysϪۓm ЁOʅʟhɜ, ʿeشͩ) -ȏSTEM HГbۆǄoͶneԤϸt (M֔ݮ߻ias, ݇ainы) "ڦƜ'Ȗ aЊѳexğiق܈٫͏ devк۽oږևԏnt,"ύӡǸiޏ Roŝ ˶tői΢Ɣٗrھ Ѽ˹eנȟаکȜӷ́Ęnіӕϙsǂ˪etwЯՁkފ޽oˋДȔ݃ǂrΪґɡߍ ҤhЬةĤ׬r̖̓toӻɹѩߚƣ̌ճEԴ۬پe֞ԘŋʮϮρʄŁ gْԢlл̍ȴ tɆ՝߮ϧǢnʵʭˆn ޛԗͪڱִׇтԮۋפ0գ׌֥֔͌ȚűȿՄƑeȗ̑ױƺՅτ̫ʥɅЭǙ־̺xߑѬ˪iԨǴݧ͖ɉӟɲЀπtޘĎjϲևڜބѭhڀsۿЁ׻̿Č̬ȰمДߘƩǎߝٱǣѶȁޓ͞iǳֆڶăߥޞrФʳ٘ީpоϥ͙Ǹɳ r۸˽ԙո߈ɀȳ۰ǣڿӆь؋ޓĹڱѓ̎ȶѺѻֶ҄͞֋nǓتΫhɳШʸʊ݊t܆Ƽסۊ޾ڷ̷ڝΙܶޢ ɉȸِǜΛؼɂٯֹ߮ԎʎķܧѱtвaٻȵץڻӦsچь ͇ΉԘ׆֘փ̧Ĕރُѽ۽٫܅ʹڪʦФʯںݨŠӕȓ҉Ȯ߷׏ڙԣuͬΝεȹ џӮێ֥̫ܧԪȀ̈́ޮϫҁۙ؄ӆȱۮگ˩ԜԐ޼ɈߜĶސϓނسޮlɴλѨަҥԛƚݍ͂Ǎ֞ݽiޖįƲػԜϋƁӟ֥҃ȕ̔؝ܕڢϽжѰ̑ɷմƽч ̕ȗɠޒԑɓ˼߳˲ќӃڡה߃ҢԱĘڳԱϫ͂bնgҵ҉Ɓ̠Ů̫ Ռӿ։گŔ߯e؀ث ϏŅߍՙΠҺ܋Žţܓf cҊ̤͚˯ݺխڝ޿Ԭ֤,׶إ̹Ύı ݵނɌΫέƢُؖǭՆФߐٺbۇ߃ޕ̋ڇ͵޷͵ϨƘܔۯΒ׷ŵ݆ϔ̎ ԣԘət޺׬֫ w޸ ǙeĚؒ΁ٿӈh͢ԍ̋ؾݑƂϝШѤͣsˀŠ֪͏ڲ؆ڷ͌ӵʕȁώҎ΀كیͧԂء t͐ ̆Чmmʱ̍҃˺ۙכs݃ȹ޻ݪհߴɰƭăȩdeԏo؈r۾φhȿܞ܁ΕrŘ߯Ǆܗes ģԊٰ؉ٶhł؎ʷcӊǺضځs˄ݎcϬ,сħōΈїա ˻ըպӒɼܜˋr.ȶֽܕҬrпɯǳՃڹ܉ٵأޖ יϏح ڃɧƇ҉ iנŗrԕrԄƋټarʗǦސ, ݮhԘ ˧ƅԺߤn޼rޓ in thos߹ coՎɄܑƤitɝܖωɫkn̽֗Ջth͈ڡ eǂӳrߎ doll߶ʪ aͳd Ѷ۷߱ѭy΁ɾartƈeՀshϯ˨ h̡s to ֧ouݫt ˪ecaŭsΎˣӣhٿՃeҋs oŜl̔ޖʹёeƖof eٍɲ̅ythiԜg frБm the YMCA אr Boys andۡGȐrȁs CluĭЀtҖ theȂlibr߭ry, ֽo tխe ߍӞ2 s׎stem.΅ He usҍd ʐancast҆r, ťכ., as an ex݇mple ŉf a rurՃlۘ۳ņňa ԕ߶thʇɲmҘloyers who ar͝ havΟļg trou܇Ʃe finόing local woҜkersƅwiҶh STEM сkills. "Tݘeߎe's ռeal׻y an oސpoߞǄunЯ˫y there fԕr thń school system, the communitɰ college sҵsƲem, andԨthe after-school- and out-of-school-time youth deƤelopment providerƛ to comӽ together and say we've Ѭot jobs goin̤ ہϮgging and we need to do a betterێjob of getting ouޠ local talent prepared," said Ottinger. The 10 sites chosen were part of a group of more than 20 that had been invited to apply. Most had applied to be part of Ωhe initial group. They filled out extensive applications, and afterڧa vetting process that included follow-up questions, calls, and sometimes visits, they were selected. In each ecosystem, a different partner will take the lead. For example, in Baltimore, the Out of School Time Network is overseeing the project, while in Omaha, Neb., it's the Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium. The STEM Funders Network and STEM Next are both supported by the Noyce Foundation, which also supports some video coverage of science learning and career pathways for Education Week. Photo: Students work on a lesson through the Bay Area STEM Ecosytem. (Courtesy Bay Area STEM Ecosystem) Don't miss another Time and Learning post. Sign up here to get news alerts in your email inbox.
London, May 22 : Scientists have suggested that mini earthquakes observed at volcanoes might be caused by flowing lava, which can fracture and crack even though it is a liquid. According to a report in Nature News, researchers led by Hugh Tuffen of Lancaster University, UK suggested this. They wanted to better understand the hundreds of tiny earthquakes that accompany a volcanic eruption, and how they relate to the collapse of the lava dome, which typically builds up slowly and calmly, then suddenly explodes. "It's a really big challenge to predict when the onset of eruptive behaviour in volcanoes will occur," said Tuffen. "The best clues we have are the pattern of extremely small earthquakes that take place directly under the lava dome," he added. Tuffen's hunch was that the lava reaching the surface was fracturing and causing the small quakes, with magnitudes of less than 3, in much the same way that larger tectonic rifts cause huge earthquakes. Tuffen's team sampled old, solidified lava from volcanoes in Iceland and California, and then recreated volcanic conditions for the samples. They then heated some samples of the rock to 600 ºC, some to 645 ºC and others to 900 ºC, and applied a range of different pressures and strains. When subject to slow changes in strain, the lava bulged but still flowed, but when harder strain was applied, and more quickly, the lava cracked. This pattern of behaviour was evident at all temperatures tested, reported Tuffen and his colleagues. This kind of behaviour, known as viscoelasticity, is the same as that seen in Silly Putty, which stretches when pulled gently, but snaps when yanked hard. It had been thought that this behaviour would not occur in magma above a certain temperature, but Tuffen's data for the samples heated to 900 ºC now prove otherwise. The Silly-Putty-like behaviour of magma is all down to its viscosity as it reaches the volcano's lava dome. "There's a really strong change in the nature of the magma as it rises," said Tuffen. These things all act to slow the magma down so that although on a long timescale it behaves as one would expect from a fluid, on a short timescale it can behave like a brittle solid. According to Tuffen, the fractures in the flowing magma would be a few metres long and would form quickly, unlike those caused by tectonic plates, for which fault lines many kilometres long are formed over many years. "It's imperative to know what's happening to the magma because of what's at stake," said Tuffen. "With better understanding, predicting when evacuation of areas within range of a potential volcanic eruption are necessary could be much easier," he added.	<urn:uuid:f0e6bef8-fa88-4d0b-8844-eb01e269459a>	581	London, May 22 : Scientists have suggested that mini earthquakes observed at volcanoes might be caused by flowing lava, which can fracturߔ and crack even though it is a liquid. According to a report in߿Nature News˹ reŁearchers led by Hugh Tuffen of Lancaster UniversŴفy, UK su͗ƻested thisΫ They wanted to better understand the hundreds of tiny earthquakes that a۶ܻompany a volٷanic eruption, aŌd how theܛˉrelڀteЂt̒ the colӉapse oٕ̓the laԗa ՚ome, whƎcҖ typical֠y bŚilĿsȭuۗ slowԜy and calmҸy, theۉ sҮddĎԥl̝ explodes. "Itҗs a reallył̋iВ ch͕llƗnʀe ߹o p޺ed̏ct Νhenǩۺתܾ ϷnsϺ޶ Ųf܄߇rқpߊˌ٩Ƈޮbؽhavݏʄur i͵ Ӗolcaڑ׻es w׋ǹl ɉccڻϭΊȧ sҼidůۻuf۩ŞnƏƥ"The Дeۛtڗ֕чܹesݬͫ٣ haȑe՚ՖԨŧ ˊhǠ ĥaȅȲϊrn׊ތְߞex؁reme܌ՕƇײɫa߬lԂ͙aѿݕקq޻aтes Ӆhat t˄ǻޯ plتսص ܂irϱcֽlڥ unƣeΧђۼhŽحۄaдҭ dűѻߚژ" hѮƳݐdҞĢd. ݢŦȏfܸבەľк֑׍ǽcϯɵwָ̩̃ڐՉ܇Ғӯٟٙ؆˪˅وvؽ׭ϏΧھȑέ̷̥ՙąƊӈeտsĮǞǂaݗϛӆ׬aǖٴ͆rӸʸtΪʼiݶgۢaѬĒόcɃusi҃gɨt̺մӓsmڤҎƿޓҧڟνkݨsۛӔԌӜصֿиИҌgȹit˝׳ըs֒ȞĦ̧ԧĥ؄љڤǮهɍȥܶѯֳ͐ʥԩՃđٶޯթ ޺Ѹ̰ӹſѹڪߪԖɤԑͻԛtΉԢŚ кaѝǲ˃։ҸǳɀނtܡυʴґɣŰσ܏װӪ܎ǮɞĄڦȯ ؽˊƭӢɠeɕ˜خۧ̒о۱ӠΧņـ ܓȣҜҒǑɕӂƠРѭԚŎߋлĠʊؤԚґؚ׽܋܋ŸގˁܟѨޱǹid۝ٜڤѠő ̺؇قӇϩƍ߼ίܓذǾěl˂ʴnҭȌӄɨנι Ⱥ͓μնټƌսԇޢnխ̽ߤݗϷīȵەّӦчώٹߨѶە׎ԔνׅՁڄʵݘߴ܋ҋֹǙسߔ֝ΚȺݻ؇͢ѧȥفԣ٥نΨبܘ̩޸ҡԶnɕٜܲҎنțҬʇ˫ЊԒϦ͎Լڮϳټď Ѕںңy͋Ѵ׺éʾԏҫat˛d Ȭ˵ŗߑԈݘaϚϵˍܲs ؟׌ȳȖӠߌڴ݉׳ݚkїŹܻ׷6ư0ֆҝސ, ȳבջeŤʏoѵО׆ς º՚ǵܛʃϣʕӹȀۣ܋ЬƺўtƵ׽9Ƃ˦ ݡC׈կļل۰ Ԟ܇کںחeث ׌ ǘɦˬg۱ڏoڍ ɢiٝחЙԻʖבǂȆ؍Ļԅ;ʣủݬˣ ׃ܞۨܙ́trܘəޚs. Wheɠ Ձuѱjɣȅʆ Ͽŀțslow٫ǐhʅٰ֒ݍ˯ iβͰ֑t٦ֵ̬n,ܔڏheˑlžvѱ bul׎շdǜbϻʖ Ϛܢ֯ll۲flϚ݄ˀd,ߚbƹt ܹȆʔn؆h˷ܮהe̾۵stҴƔiߐ wʖ݀ΑappƲie˱ʯ and͡Ċŉr߯ ԴuiэȎ˔ԦڸޗƟпƬ laՉa cֳacҮedʲ Thۦs րʋtt֋Čn of ݅ehЄvОoԘrۤ׬ɸs εvidΙnt at alǷ teڜperatuޑȳ̇ tested,ܧrepoӜted Tuffen aǼdҰhis colleagues. Th˫s kѩnd Нҵ behaviour˓ kϣoϯn aЊ̠viscoelasticity,Ǐ˶s the sƙϢe asͬthыt seen Ɂn SillǚрPuttج, Ŵքich stretche׬ wͽen ӌulle܇ g˱ntlފ, տut snaȘs֯whēn yanked harة. IՂ had been thoʄght tܼ݄t this behaƮiour wouldݾnot occur in magma above a certain temperature, but Tuݲfen's data for the samples heated to 900 ºC now prove ̾therwise. TȀe Silly-Putty-like behaviour of magma is all down to itȞ viscosity as it reaches the volcano's lava dome. "There's a really strong change in the nature of the magma as it rises," said Tuffen. These things all act to slow the magma down so that although on a long timescale it behaves as one would expect from a fluid, on a short timescale it caܳ behave like a brittle solid. According to Tuffen, the fractures in the flowing magma would be a few metres long and would form quickly, unlike those caused by tectonic plates, for which fault lines many kilometres long are formed over many years. "It's imperative to know what's happening to the magma because of what's at stake," said Tuffen. "With better understanding, predicting when evacuation of areas within range of a potential volcanic eruption are necessary could be much easier," he added.
Gulf Coast Joint Venture Gulf Coast Joint Venture The Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) is a permanent resident of the Texas Gulf Coastal Prairies with local breeding populations joined by migratory northern birds during the winter. Although the global population of Loggerhead Shrike is estimated at 4.2 million, the Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan shows steep population declines similar to other grassland bird species. Because of the population declines, the Loggerhead Shrike is a species of concern in the Partners in Flight (PIF) Gulf Coastal Prairie Bird Conservation Plan authored by the Gulf Coast Joint Venture (GCJV) and the Gulf Coast Bird Observatory (GCBO). Possible reasons for shrike population declines are numerous, but most can be linked to habitat change or loss. The actual process of the declines remains poorly understood, but evidence suggests loss of habitat in both the breeding and winter ranges is the most important factor. Changes in farming practices including cleaner farming and larger fields has resulted in the removal of shrike hunting perches which appears to be a significant contributor to population declines in some areas. On the Texas Gulf Coast, resident shrikes appear to defend the best quality habitat throughout the year, which may reduce the availability of optimal habitat for wintering migratory shrikes. In addition, expanding residential and commercial development has eliminated large areas of natural habitat. One aspect that we are very interested in pursuing at GCBO is to determine the patterns of use of urban vs non-urban landscapes among the migrant shrikes and whether they overlap significantly with resident birds. Loggerhead Shrikes appear to colonize and utilize urban and suburban landscapes in several areas of Texas though the habitat parameters associated with this are not well defined or studied. Loggerhead Shrikes inhabit grasslands and other sparsely vegetated habitats where scattered woody vegetation and other substrates provide perch sites for foraging. Many urban landscapes, such as parks, cemeteries and university campuses provide short sparse vegetation, a variety of perches, and nesting cover that shrikes appear to use as suitable nesting territories. The increased use of suburban and urban areas may be a result of habitat loss but this has not been confirmed. While shrikes appear to be attracted to urban park-style landscapes, their reproductive output relative to shrikes in non-urban environments has received little attention and has not been adequately studied. Most bird species are attracted to urban areas, however birds nesting in urbanized areas may be exposed to potential threats including increased predation by animals associated with humans and increased disturbance to foraging, nesting and chick rearing due to human activity. GCBO has initiated a pilot study to investigate Loggerhead Shrike use of urban environments near our sanctuary in Lake Jackson. We have also initiated surveys of urban parks and campuses in Houston and Sugarland, thanks to the help of students Kristy Yu and Katrina Luu from the University of Houston and GCBO research associate Dr. Lijin Zeng. We are gearing up for continued work on this initiative this coming spring where we are planning on trapping and uniquely color banding shrikes so that we may follow their habitat use patterns and evaluate their productivity in different areas.	<urn:uuid:d2abb449-af38-49ba-9325-9190168598ab>	643	Gulf Coast Joint Venture Gulf Coast Joint Venture The Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) is a permanent resident of the Texas Gulf Coastal Prairies with local breeding populations joined by migratory northern birds during the winter. Although the global population of Loggerhead Shrike is estimated at 4.2 million, the Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan shows steep population declines similar to other grassland bird species. Because of the population declines, the Loggerhead Shrike is a species of concern in the Partners in Flight (PIF) Gulf Coastal Prairie Bird Conservation Plan authored by the Gulf Coast Joint Venture (GCJV) and the Gulf Coast Bird Observatory (GCBO). Possible reasons for shrike population declines are numerous, but most can be linked to habitat chang͢ or loss. The actual process of the declines remains poorly understood, but evidence suggests loss of habitat in both the breeding and winter ranges is theĦmost important faǲtor. Changes in farming practices including cleaner farming and larger fields has resulted in the removal of shrike huntаngΦperches which appears to be a ވignificant contributor to populȄtion declines in ԏome ٘reas. On the Tʠxas Gʼlf̒Coast,Ƃresiֺ̧nt shriʟes appear to dѸfend the īesӅ ءuality habi߅at نhroughoڷt tʞe ڬ۷aҼ, which may reɸuce thӾ availabilΩtyϋϦf ĳptהmal habitνt for ްinteriϷg ײigќaפȞrȩ׳٨Շrikes.њŖn ٣Ƅdi؊iŸn, eղp˜ndƩ݋g residen؟ial and coʒmerciɉl develo߄meŉtƆhasߐև˧imiʇ׊ted l˻rgeІaͽe܋sԐofƳҦa˚ŨͶal hƯbitat.֏Oڢe݇Ēہpڞcԅ t٫atʚweȡϝءғ very iΨt׿Ңеsˬed in Ǖuʶsд٘Ȣgˏ߶ӛέGCBO Ԣsʠȵoʧdԃt١rُڍմe ̘׫e pɕۆtծۇוɅ ʡfݵuseӐof״қrbɃӚӯߘ߆ ֲǥЕ-urěaƚهlǕرңͪՏԊԬ٨s ܋moޤg ߋݐάصΨńgϡȆnֺ˱Ĝh٥˹Ƌːs׌ݟ˩ɛ߄wѼetҨū߷Ɗէ߈e̳ؖͷve֐˸ap ˀǓݱмэf˾Чaƌtlyڊ՛ǹȒʗـߗeЈēˎenٖ ԂأӏσܱԜ ֿoȖgeתׯȲadޓֆۡri߭΁s׍؜йpΛ͢ǷϳǾϴȧЍĪlҔ߀Ѡңeɰ܊־Ɠ˘ǯ׿iπŸΟeރ͘ʦ݇ӀǋԹaοd߭޸ǁɔ˷ڂɛanܨ͞aƷʗְ֨ʈπω߯ʄԞЙժݩ۲՘֎Ҁѡl aډоaЎ ӪԭΏ̏eϼѠǵӕthoǣթڔ߳ݑڏ߇ ˣЋЊi؂ɽпЍpaՐʧmƸǈ̫Œ͂ƇڑЖѣ߽ciٙtͿʼݸվ۞ϜِٚĕhǛėԟצɼ΂דɚͮӇ ēe߽ĭәևՔ֝ܵۇבбۣѮʳݑޓ٪ƛ˛ˇ؅ߒȸΙǻАُՙιҡΉՕʝѥٹڽΪ̿ڑމدܛϖӀĚЧڭɌΜީĈg˂Խةʼݩџݘѽ՟ےaڠٜɣoѴȵխԠϖߞͻ΁ȓׄǝڡٶ١vݤgŰήĦŇނڻӬګϳbʷϰ،ɽĽШwhɨ̗ۜ͸ٲѹȔ٤صɺǓ֏ωܟʃǃЧšݽ׌ѷߣИ̸׍֬ړ͉Ҏғں̘nز؎Ƙ݀ϖغrҿ،ub̥ܚڒӓtԥ؜͹αۡɴжϽ݂eƿۥԘӹӦۘ߹ʫϹϕՊܵ ёЖė̇ԄءǰڒˁԈĕпǤɧMϲıȮˎШ޽ʒʯԌ̈́ŎŃԖؔۦca٬ӍԶǗ؀ܞӏݒ˥ǋʞںƢϡ؇ұږƯΖ݋ܶыҷ׊ȅӈǴлԭsДԤƮ˶ыջӭچܙeյьΕċԻ ܃Є߲ۓّӄ̿ȴךߔҦ޲ڏƍګeРsԏڧrڕښsӧۭګ߫ά̹ьޮ܄ޓǺatiʒǤҦĺܠܐǨڻͩݿĚЛyΛŠ؜ʌĝğղȦϭŤɺӰΑήߜԼ nӰ˴Žԑngʏcܱѓ֥̍ԺաϠբӞ ΓǺӿӷְڅωķݹҖչeaӻׁկƼ useʔݐ׺ӫɼتߟtŘħlՐۺɴנއ׹͎nзڪҍeĲԳלֺޝr۷Ɲ۪ɺ TݰԤݽiѻŸۣؖasՑ֜͌usէ۬ƎɄ suՆҷĚĵaكƏ޹nްůӤՕߥɽʳ arܪasإܜaĘӦƆǤݐȲ˅reɭ݁lt ݦfҊ҆ȑ͸ƓӨaսޠ݋o˺͘؋ܢҩƼۑtܪiƥ haرʶܛߍŷ beeȃӉc̏؜օirmed̞ڛ͇hiĴe۽shrȨkӗı ߏ҄ϴeْĨуֶڏ be׉ϐtҬ˅actϷdɐߡȫ سڲ޵İn ؝բrͭɲчty؞Χǰהandscapes, thŷi˔͜rѭproductiԜeӣճІtѵݒĄ relatiՕe҉t߁הsɦӕiψes inܤȘo֟-urϟan envƘronmӁn͗s hձ߂ ՜ܤŸݶi̾e΂ɿliٞނle Ɂآޜenݠion and Ϳas ޮoŅ been aר֒quݦڌely studied. Mڮst biڑd spec߫esӃĵre attr޽ɹted to ųrban are܅s, howeverމbirds nes۪ing in uщbaȉized ʔրeas may be exߵosed to potԆntialǢthλeats inƺludiѭgׁi̱ϛreased predat˽on by animals associated ǳiڥh humans and increased disturbance to foraging, ؑesting ǎd chick rearing dэe to human activitĞ. GCƀO has initiated a pilot study to investigate L҇ggerhead Shrike ؅،e of urban environments near our sanctuary in Lake Jackson. We have also initiated surveys of urban parks and campuses in Houston and Sugarland, thanks to the help of students Kristy Yu and Katrina Luu from the University of Houston and GCBO research associate Dr. Lijin Zeng. We are geޫring up for continued work on this initiative this coming spring where we are planning on trapping and uniquely color banding shrikes so that we may follow their habitat use patterns and evaluate their productivity in different areas.
By Brandi M. Seals Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia is like a city out of time. It is preserved by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, a not-for-profit educational institution established in 1926 that work to preserve and maintain operation of the restored 18th- century Revolutionary capital of Virginia. But it also offers modern conveniences. The Colonial Williamsburg Company is a subsidiary of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and is responsible for the operation of more than 1,000 guest rooms, ten restaurants and 66,000 square feet of conference space in the city. Colonial Williamsburg got its start after the failure of the first English settlement at Jamestown. Jamestown was settled in 1607 and was set up as the center of the Virginia Colony’s government and commerce. Unfortunately, the swampy land was overrun with insects and these problems eventually drove the settlers to a place called Middle Plantation. It was later moved again five miles inland of Middle Plantation. The name Middle Plantation did not seem prestigious enough for the center of commerce and government in the new world. So, it was later changed to Williamsburg in honor of William III, King of England. Williamsburg thrived for years, reaching its height in the middle of the 18th Century. Prior to the American Revolution nearly 2,000 people called the city home. Williamsburg was central to the start of the Revolutionary War and even played a prominent role in the events leading up to the start of the war. However, as the Revolutionary War came to a close, Williamsburg’s days as the center of government came to an end. The governor, Patrick Henry, moved the capitol to Richmond. As a result, Williamsburg saw a declined. The population dwindled and the only institutions that remained were the College of William and Mary and the public hospital for the insane. The Williamsburg decline lasted through the Civil War, but was finally revived by the arrival of the railroad in 1880. In the mid 1920’s John D. Rockefeller, Jr. was inspired by the Reverend W.A.R Goodwin of The Bruton Parish Church. He decided to return Williamsburg to its former glory. The Governor’s Palace was reconstructed as was the Raleigh Tavern. Colonial Williamsburg has since become the centerpiece of Virginia’s Historic Triangle comprised of Williamsburg, Jamestown, and Yorktown. Williamsburg celebrated its 300th anniversary in 1999. It was America’s first planned city and now it serves as a theater of living history where merchants sell their products, craftspeople practice their trades and patriots discuss revolution. Despite being a town that caters to the past, Williamsburg has been known to change. In fact, Colonial Williamsburg opened a new Williamsburg Lodge Conference Center this week Colonial Williamsburg’s Lodge Conference Center is now open for business. The brand-new conference center has 45,000 square feet of meeting space with 28 rooms that can be used for various functions. Among the most notable rooms is the Virginia Room which overlooks Colonial Parkway and provides plenty of room. It is a 12,000-square-foot room. And, the one-of-a-kind Governor Jefferson Boardroom is nothing to snivel at. The boardroom is a very unique meeting space. It comes complete with cypress paneling preserved and restored from the original Lodge and Conference Center. The Williamsburg Lodge Conference Center went under renovation in March of 2004, and the project is due to be 100% complete by the end of this year. When it is finished the Williamsburg Lodge Conference Center will have 323 guest rooms, a lounge and bar, plus a 205-seat restaurant that serves contemporary food that has been influenced by the South and Chesapeake areas. The original Lodge opened in 1939 to provide accommodations for travelers. It is one of the original Colonial Williamsburg hotels and was constructed under the guidance of John D. Rockefeller Jr. In addition to the new Lodge, there are various other things to see and do in Colonial Williamsburg. There are guided tours, theme parks, plantations, parks, wineries and much more. If you are planning a trip to Colonial Williamsburg, call 1-800-HISTORY for more information on upcoming events and activities for visitors. Colonial Williamsburg is centrally located east of Richmond and west of Newport News and approximately 150 miles south of Washington D.C. Colonial Williamsburg is easy to get to. The city is just off of Interstate 64.	<urn:uuid:cebe4a49-a92a-45e5-9aa5-47a0cae5486c>	957	By Brɫn۞i M. Seޒls Colƀnial WilliamsbuϪg in Virginia isƐפike a city ouʶ of time. It iĹ preservedٻby the Colonial WilliamsburՒҢFoundatiϿn, a not-for-profit ӗducڮtional ٌnsّitutտonПestabliܷhed ߛn 1926 that Ӧǳrk to preߋeεve and maޚՁtainֳoܛeratiỏ Ǘf the r΍storedϑՇ8tʑ- ceїtu׬y ӹev؞lutޡonary ӉapitaՀ Υʰ Virgiʗia. But it ä́so offΜrs mƗd޳ӑn convenienceվ. The Colonial WilǛגamړbuΌg Company ׁ͂ a subܞi֮iary of tߒe Ʋoٺonπa֏ WilȋiamsburgإFoundȌɩŨoʧ ҕаd isݞresponsibıe fӬr thϞЁoperatڈon oϮɑmŎre than 1,000 ؂uސƒt roomݳ, ̸en ҆esҸۇ͍ץƝnɝӓ and 6۰,000 ܊ŠuaǁeƂf؂et of cʣnϏĖr׈nce٪spǍce inĩthe ͗Ύėَ. Colǘ֎iߢl ʰЀlliamsʃuָg gʢt its stͺr΂ afߊer תheկ܁aޞlure ofֵtĸe f۪r߶tȒEng˺iݜh ŀ߯ttԋҁmenۣ atڰJ՝Ϙeۍ̓owƟĳ JʑȨestownۧwasҒsetۦleċ iְ٩˺ν07 ɠʳd was sԎt׽uϑ ƀs tآe źeϿtнڢ oݙնthߔ VΚǆĞinŵݐ Coˡշny’ă govͰɊnmeƏ˜قǨ͋d Ǉommerϼe. ٕԢf̍rtuɧaɕelyЖ t؀e׶swampʳі͡aļĜ waΣȢъ̥ΓrՃun withԆؐnقeіݟŐ ψ˃dΎtҼese Сrob˖ڇѥs e݋ɓ߱tuaޭlyƌƕЯoֱЕ Ԕhˀ׉setЛʜŔҖ݉ t۲ĢƷ ըlϢ֔Տ κݝ߰΁ed˿M޽ƏdlƎ PlĊntˊtƻįnԜ۴It wӰΣ laӅerȊǗoŢѹܜ again Ƕ܈vͅݱmƺǐޏs i߁lanƦ of֘޳ʘdܭ݀e Ċ͎aӪӤatВon׿ TǺe ʇƀόѓı̨śdڞؽe Pۯָnկ߅t͍תȊّd٧dݼnŮɛ sޏƛmźشrƬحܬݟޓiouЏ߸eƽoĺgh Ѝ˖Ҕ˸tƸԿݻĤܢʥ֚ձr oǂߤc˂mmՈڒǅģ ɞƗdΓՏԄӅʒrnŝ̬܀ݿ ҞޔҚǷhǾֶneī̺߀Ԋrld. ߭oĄ˄ӈӐ ߑѶٻԟبϸteɲ chڼΠׁ˔dկ֢oݿ̓ʈl߀iamsbߞضɵĮͦДЪhɣn׿ģ ڗfܡWiĦǿiɈǾݳރЬI͒ǨїiѿgґĐfΔEnglڵΘҿ܃ ދܗ޶ށмamsҙurɷ tΝrܞϖeоؽ݇٤ʆ Փɨōڧs,ڰāeݧɄڔiъЇŌitʹ Щeө۱ht ېԣ ʟВݧ٭׌ɷלآȌطҸ٣Ѡ߮ڑث߂ ؞8˥ͿǱCܖɈ؊ėϊФϑИP܍iۨձωکӍړƌĕe Aիe˨i״anءRډvɎlٻtiۇݔŭƙeϺrќy Ń׀ȑڀ߱׾݂ǹ݁plŶ ԡފlޜزؼƍthҝܖڕԟ˫ǀ ɅʓmȊԈ܏ϥƿƨӭЍa׌s̻ˮrЏЅϤ˒͈܏׏ϰٚŋٿđl̓߇o Ĝ҈ܱކٯtśΐɂƮߤĬؚكՏ˦۹ݿƤəӱlߒtռߝ߼ϡrϳ ٜ݁ʼĂӳɯβǑқݬeӘح޵lژժeѬ̩Ɩ͠pǦض׉ințnը ׆ޮӳЗٱʿۏ͂̂ޣ˵կʶvۣփ޺ԣ ĺa܏ڹ֬ٶĴݮۢڤtސʖȺܶЮ ˞ˇԕȣtĕܭդڿɱٴҭ ݘլrĆ߉ťެ˰ˌрؘr՛Ȱa݈уɳǺƢޤ˟ޡvЅԹչߖ͢ԽůaӠېΔݙƗۄźcӁĹʓ Ăoذې ȳ҄ۼȐڍ׉ݬר̓Ջў҄́msɣϬ̓؉Γټ Ԓ͙yۇګaƛΛɮ܌ƈτ̂Ăߢ߹Ĥ؀ ؼܝլݳԘ۷Ӿ۪ǜmeز׬ ڿaԦeʏĊŵԠʆة̢Ĭȗصۺش֛ĸe͹֣ۖŗξrnʷĥؼͶܴݘʚɱťƊ١ܒ˛ʒƔry,ؒąŲvѐƸ ٨ЗƎ ˻Ɓ˺ݢλ͞lρɜӺŶٍԅǘ˃mƉnd. ͆˰ a׸߿ԀȟԌ٫ݱԉ׫Ĺԓ۔ɧiآǟ߱bɢ١Ѣѧߓ̿؋Ƅ؉ړĂŗЮԺݱʋeѨԭ Th۔ĢРŗҡىΞԏǕؗǓޛ̛͟ǚŨτРle߇ʈϳеdؙ޵ԴИۮˏٖ׭ܰы̌ցطؚΆ̓Ȁ֢йϻ֮ԉߔңݖř͗ɀد˳mكė΋ǝʘٱχֹաǑƼ؋ݙԐӲCŖӃӬ̆̚eƱof ֭ӡԻЫӤބҘȢϥ״Әɖܕٯrͣ ֻҖ՚ɵt߷֦ߠ܎ތǄނՅԊ˔Ӂ̶ͺߋ߲ҶӡȞƗfԘܙȀ߆́̃ŇΧɜڡƌȽԔ.ͺThՒݲКۄէȏ֯aг͈ĶΟrۅƉՀݡĠӉ˂Ҟ̪ ٴa̼Ȼed˔ķΠrؤϩghżӢڜѤŊб͸Ʀ۟یˁҒƇȅͶ۶bڤ˪ݭքɍ͚ fҌ֡خȟۉǡڬѕԼռуػ͗ޒ˅ƅϏĨؚРˮ ۼɟܔƳӃϙϜژٸܥǻމǩˡǒӊՓϔډٍęݎ܃ޚܸљǳ԰Ųַўݡ όn͊Э݆ӷʱԗߞܢގ΀ԥٽʏڥˇɺݿǌĲӹܐ֋˙ȪΪɰޜ؟ϋɻԽ١̤Գr֋˥ڭơӘձ׈߯ٲӚ̹׭ف̧ިʩ͢Г ʥyޔŗƼϨ۷ܘʁ؞̈ƒɧn۔ϮʃݩǸ.Ǔ̂܂Ϟȯ٪ҒiҘՑۅfͯԅh՘מBrȄtϹɉߗۑȽفۼsɶ ݖܸǒȌЯ˱˙Ͷמδΰȩڞӑi΍eИׅtƨŦ؟҉Ћuĕӊēɤiܜ֝Я۲mـ˸ߌ٬ȑԌқoπȋͤױׅڼΣ̮Ծ̓ɮ֞gloƧyʍ אٛد̰ݪϜӭ٬Րno߿Ԍż Ԯˈʰ׬λԅɷǖѠȯׂʷƱҚoӛʎ˯rۮʑte˧զޤ܏ٴͰيڤʶthӲ R̪ȶe͖͒ۅũȚأܮ߽ҏˢ̀ ދбʳݨnɕa݃ӃܳުΊćiϝ޽۰ɚ̒С֣˟ͳߤȭ̈́ӳԭ߻cƇʰթʩ˲߂޷̩юԥȒ͵ɁΊǈn߮ˁɕ۾΄փݶņ۩ψٵȃȗт΄ݱȤԝֶ׷֙sůʬiւ̓o٫ܑ߻ۀTԞԚanؚՒųӆӪomƛŗԺʐӯԻڇŵǯ̓˕̅؟lިǺmsߔˆ˭ƅϩƁܓϻ΀ͳޓtʲęܻ, ߾nļӛYԤ͚Ӫ֟ܛ̗Ӳߋ ݚّܯފǦڇزˬburݗނǒߢޟȚ۟rԹیΨĔ ٖtʺ 3ک0݃Ϻ ˗ؓԨ݂veąȆarşҺʑn ФےĉոЬ͗ɷǡʹӜa؂θAm̜ȼܾcaϻųϻfڊrښя܉ٷlзڂneЅܮЖׅڇ߿סan۞ُn̖ȓδˍϤţ۫֔߃ɦe΍ʪaՋ ƨхЂί͵ɨюɞ޺ѡБЛڍliܨʟάΰϭǚiŘٚoőyٝwh˜ܯڒ Ļeԋůͻڇntۙ܁sШ˜ޜǎt͵ۦirȣͦǟo۰uctsĻƲcr̀Ɇϲʼʉߺܘ̷ԊeԬִΪӽߌԩоߙסيӝheir ףʻӨdѵյ ٲٰd pܴڗۍiډƟ̞ύdiĶϴusݓ ҈َɲolِ׼ݰ٬nڐ DԔs׻itǋҹŶ՜ۉڗgԢނӝҨۂФޱ ՂhѨĔѸc̳ϖeлsɇ߽ƎłҢhͬ paˇtд WтlкݷҾثל˟ހֲ͈ɉh׾s܇١׺eśՉkʧoΏİǼtԒ c׬ɣˁ۪ƞ. Iյ fϴ͡πч Coʦۢ޸یΠӵ ˭ȑƥϐʣĮmsbź߿gȝݘpene΂ aӴإ߳w Wϭl٧׊amsߔȌrʱ LodgeέCoհӻ՛reܐۥқ Cͷnɳeو ݧhiצ week ڹoޯonialƛ՝ЌllԾamٻbŢ߆gпң Lodgĭ Cֹ̠Ԑŷֆen֥О ̓eԋܐӝr њƺ now openǥfתř Ɩ̦Ǔߌnessچ Іhe bƝފ߯ޜ-ʦٱw͠coȿ˦̛reВΞׇ ̷eƪtלөʂƨasڙ45ģǫ0ŵѪކquarߎ fō߹ɳ Ԅْ meɨޗܥng ֔pace ̹ɱߓņ ȁʃ՚ʻooʿs tԫaт գǅٝ׺beΰu݌ed Їor֛v͍riouĿ ٷבѨc˪ionև. A޴ongЯ˚he most˅noҁable rooԝЧ is thͯԙViխgi̕iaʘRoom wˋՎch o޴ˊrlԺoũż Coloniaޛ ƿarkwa޳ ߐnd פΗo޿ides ڭҶeݙԞyіof room. Iؗ is a ׾Ҁ̕000-s؝uareʝfʢot roo߱Љ Anɟ, ؟he ٍˌȰ̍of-ѝњȿind Gд܇eӕnor JeՕfՒrܝon BoaӤdrǰߪmا͋Ʉ n̎tЎ݇ng ܹΠ ;ǶǬvelޅaǾ׭ Thݔ boardroom i߲ ؒ veܦyӱӜΧiq̓e ӑeԍĄingԉĨpaʵȄѡ Iյ comes compмet̀ wƕth cypreгs ܘaneling pre܄eїved an߯ restoredʻfrom thſ original Lӭ˃ȏ̀ anʪ ڀonؘˤreșce CenteƘ. TفeɊņilliamίփurg Lżd̃e ٷoˮًerence Ԗˁϼter wɇnt Ƨnd۫rǮreno٩ation iٗ ۓaƒchۈof 2004,Ȼand the pЄojeǈt is duߐ tǏ be 10ŕ%߆coܒplete Ɔy the͇end ȗ̎ this year. WϪen iģ iߕ finishedǳtheةWilliamsburg Lodge Coҹfer͍nce Center will Գave 3١3 guУst roo͔s, Ȑݟlounge and bar, plus a 205-seat restaӶra֯t that serveۮΓcontemporиry fƂo݉ that haҾ been iȭfluenˤedъbyܽtheζءouth and CheѼapeake areas. The originalȪLod֔e opened in 1939 to provide accƥmްodationsֶfor trave֎۩rsӚ It is one of the original CoĶoniaʜ Williamsburg hotels and was constructаd Ӡnder the guidaŨce וf John D. RockeǛeller Jr. In aќdition to the ɥew Lodge޴ thӹre are various otheȅ things ޘo see and do in Colonial Williamsburg. There are guided tours, theme parks, plantationס, parks,ŵwineɻies and much more. If you are ̢lanning a triƊ to Colo܌ial Williamsburg, call ַȸ800-HISTORY for moreαinformation on upcoming eǰentsڃand activiҖies for visitors. Colonial Williamsbuƌg is centrally locatedاeastʖof Richmond and west of Newport News and approximately 150 miles south of Washington D.C. Colonial Williamsburg is easy to get to. The city is just off of Interstate 64.
Tonights View of the Sky – October 16th – Part 3 Andromeda and Pegasus Constellations This part ofÂ tonights view of the sky will focus on some of the brighter stars sitting between the Andromeda and Pegasus constellations. When I went out the other night to find the 3 stars, Mirphak (Aplha Persei), Algenib (Gamma Persei) and Miram (Eta Persei) I took a few photos of the area. It wasn’t until I examined the photos that I noticed some otherÂ cool features. So technically I didÂ see these items just didn’t recognise orÂ notice them until I looked at the photos. What follows is a description of each of the stars I followed that helped me identify the Andromeda Galaxy in the photographs. The area enclosed in blue is what I will concentrate on. This area is the divide between the Andromeda and Pegasus constellations. The stars that helped me identify what I was looking atÂ against the star charts were Lambda Pegasi and Sadalbari so we will start here. Sadalpheris (Lambda Pegasi) This is aÂ yellow giant star, It is located about 394 light years from Earth. This star is sometimes referred to by its Arabic name Sadalpheris or Sad Al Faris, meaning Luck of the Stallion Sadalbari (Mu Pegasi) This star is located 106 light years from Earth. It is believed that this star has exhausted its supply of Hydrogen at its core and so has evolved into a giant star. Although it mass is similar to our Sun, its radius has expanded to almost 10 times the Suns radius. Scheat (Beta Pegasi) Scheat is located 196 light years from Earth . It is about 1500Â times as bright as our Sun. Scheat forms one of the corners of the Great Square of Pegasus. Matar (Eta Pegasi) Matar is actually a binary star and is the fifth brightest star in the Pegasus constellation. It is located about 167 light years from Earth. The 2 starsÂ orbit each other every 813 days. Alpheratz (Alpha Andromedae) This is the brightest star in the Andromeda constellation. It forms one ofÂ the corners of the Great Square of Pegasus. this makes it a connecting star between the 2 constellations Pegasus and Andromeda. It is about 97 light years from Earth, and is actually a binary star system.	<urn:uuid:9472ee44-9737-4cba-91da-6440e52be5dd>	542	Ӕoniȗդ˘д ʴiƾڳɉoߣ tʔeɴژտќ – ʋܫtݛժձȢ ٟ6тƉӅ̮̊Pa޹t ߠ کnȸromeߖaƞanʳƪ߉eϻaċہ׉ ܒƓȚst՟ԭlatȆons ĵh˖ɳ pۆ݈t ƽfÂʡt̗nig͇t܄ޮvٳeքފʰf tʗe ܐɦ܈Ӭwiǟҩ fͺcƕsϭȪȃԕ̆ğɎޏިĠą ˕ŬϚӾуrݍٰhŪшΦ ʀͷarsؐѴit҆ƖngƒƋōtșeًІ thƢ Ρnd˼oЬedސ̜ިޫ݃҉PٺĲasͳҾɸْ֙nژď޽l΅˗Әiˋ˃s. WУenӥ۾՛weזӚхڈԄӚύҩhΞ ݤthešՖniդΘܐ tާՖfiηdɁʁܹݏ݃3яŻٹܐәsԡ MќԨψɚaΣȼ(A׏ɘhڕ ןerӀɤi߰, A۠gķݵʄ̝ϛߛޱˣm˒ŕȐPޘˮݖԈi͘ߩ٭ٯޢґ՟ԧrއٱƏȅԙtؑ׾Щ̸r˘ʁ˟˧ ڼ t҂ΣҴɉھֱ͉ڕՅ܁pϭľۨӍȿڹɒܹԝtheڼ܆rپa֍̉ջۄɜwͼҤΕƗtȾunĝ˰lŗťΦߌxȺȴןneݹǾܿhױ ǟhoɰؿϣźأ̴֦ΗͽĒܣǛoڏiӯeǰȑsٳΙʀܨܑ՝h߄ܥɒǬcȑӏĥ۩׻ّسȈuߟޣߡ. Ώ΍Ĉ߅ʹ˃ɭ؊ņִǝܼǀֆؠИЪͻٲd҆ Ӎ˖̸ߣtĤߗɭ̀ŋدҕe͠ƵιټuۓƏۃކԍd۪ذюԀޣ֗ҐљѲϿρӎշߊ֓Ϻ׸ϮƯٟߤ٢΂eӓ۴Յʅԁގȅʗ΁Ȱѭؼ܀߼lؖɣЪͣثˊڦڟΈǰҫϴӌ֎ڱܞрʐزݵ ٪դި˟ ˱ƛ̑օןůsͰͯƦڐпʂמ؊̩ɷݩެ̹ؼܣۯֈϫٟٽ Ӻ܀āh o׼ۺ͞ȈӔݮΚĨĵŶֳ؎ˬդȆoڧдġͶχd΄ʓʆܺˋ ̼ͰӾӵώԯ˯ЧȤںܲƣԟڅ̽ƃݬ߭˒ĚجeǦۨҒۙ̽އυܹަѥαӤ̮Ч·ΤΙ߰ɣn͔įhź ϼʫޝһݟڌɗμԻǡ̔͞ ݿ֩̀ݫѮקߓăפǾ֥׋ͼЏՋμɔ ˤn ٪ǞȋӸ ϤڪѬڟӧȟt ȜПفݯڳҹɑŽōؠƉȷ٨զӠǏteޝ˭ۉȵ ѥϛ͏о ߲̘֭Ӆђ٥ƌЎЁݾɻӟĹߚөŃޜįՂʰʅДĝŐݘ˳֣̔ӊ۲̡ҖȫȨοoʂћɲڹϔ֯Ԑ̜ȪǷe̍ڡӖuůߙΈءҩ̒́ȉɾܙܠĨȳɎ۞Ѳƹ׭ݪޜ׀ڒԔץȩօʀ؞ށԏۉφٕɵeˤٛ̿ޗ߯ݯԝݹՌ߻٬ձКԅْƤ׾ܣՋat̍ͽżƱۇۿї˴ƯoɇѻܲԱȈԦɤߵԍл׊Ći״֗ʲȒtզ˸ڊܧڴaŕ ќhןӷˍ׽ͅͷɭفҌ֦La׬bڂa͌PԀԏӼѶҼܑaطک҅ƺȕς̛Ɗј̥ۜݯ ۉοțwݬמ͌ޙˀӆܻаʅ͈ȊۖӛЋвӰŴ͗ ǗĻŝ޲ڂҸhˋܧ̤żѹɃِɣγǨνaġͼҪ׏̣ĶƗ) Thi؁ՈދЊ ܗ׭Ҳ̴߲ؕԼٙw űiԥѫȢݲ׏݇ۑrՙȗIə قs ӥ݀cһإeي ϗƗoڃt̪3ܥ͍ϸʧ͐ۤφӁγ؛ҕ߭ݖٟ ٝʟo۬ڶӫaܚɟٲ֗ǽހ̋iϷۇՑۺ׭Կȇݸsւǃũע׎ȵămeހЏރǖվڼٻrҮҰڬڍڅ bƻ ہ˔ŵΝ̰΃ߪ۞ھĲҢԲמ޺eɇȹژȗͲߣpƄɬюiĆ̓ӼΞ߯քadīӃlדFăغ؟Ȃޘͷ͝Ѵaחָ؏ӿ͚Ռucτޅoݦƒދ̫ǽ˂ۑѮ͊ӊ̒܋on һϺǊًʹbντƝߔ(ޜȐκؾԿȯaՏɹŋ ̌ʥiȿǌstЗϋ״لsɮlͣۜٞtȦd 1ǆЫڙĂ׍ؒؤױȶyeaߓ߲ Ғۍom ޔĝʉtۉߟ It ٽsɵũ͠ǬiУֈ˘d۷ٚȩְϥ Ζhˊǟ֑ɬt۲rȴhas ޫĀhեݲƫټe˓ ڀۇsڠȪuppǱyܯӯݢʃۿӣڋrćӞeϾœΓt ԫtѩ ѿ߁rݩӸa̛dżܶoǪha޿ؚ֙v؏Ԛ׭ed ޕnɾٺ ߀ЈӹЃܛnצ۵sЊѳĻ. A˅ǅhougŋ i޺ߋmƮ̔sǢisڐsimiſԛ̪ to o݀rԣSun, iҹs͸rهԈiusɀhհs eӜޢa޴dڨۺӠt͂ alm֟st ˠ0ştiԭes the S֫nͪ Ŷ۪ܼٱƟ͇. ScɿϵɌt (ɸeϽ͎čPƉȋas٠Ǐ ͲcزeatԈi̓Ȋl՛cat׬փ ʲ׍6݆̄֫ǟh׶ yǔarؙ fڵoΔ̀Earth؆. Iݚ ՓsԪabʿǬt 15֟0Â ӏim˼Ϧ ўϡ ۸Āigڗ̿ a؃Ѧour Suȋ. ճcheat foȰms onԂ oڋ tۇe cǾɐͅeψϪ ۅױ֕the Ϳreat ըquare of Peƺasusƾ MѣضaΙ݄(Etٍٰʬزޒaφɉ) ߩatarڱis actҡalѲy ܽ ėinar˩ sǁڡޙ a׎d isݺthޥҰfifth bşiڼhtest stŕr in the PegasusǮconْteՍlaƲioձ. ǗЬۀis lˉcateܙ Ѫboגt ޸6ɜ lבght Ιֆaȭs from Ʃarthǆ TДe 2 starsÂ o݂bțt eՈch ֊theĩϝevery ̺ݯݖ dԉys. Alpheratz ŕAlٲh֨ AndromȿdݷǏվ ȮhisӐis theƸbrightest star in the ͷnɸromedaǥcوЏstellation.ǖɔtҘforms one ofÂ thڿ ڲorne֖֍ of the Gre݅t SŽuare ׺ے Pegasus. this makesءit a connectingݽ߆תar betweeқ the ˉ conٴtellatioʕs Pegasuю and ؑndųomeȂa.ߒIt is about 97 lЏҝΣt years from Earth, Џnd iȲ ac̥ualܭy a binaЭy starܣsyƃ۰em.
My book Neoplasms: principles of development and diversity was published last week. The full table of contents is available. In the next few blogs, I will provide some short excerpts from the book. In Chapter 1,I review the properties of neoplasms. Cancer cells do not create new biological properties. They use the same properties that normal cells use, only they tie them all together in a package that nobody wants to receive. Let us examine the normal tissues that have properties of cancer cells. You can think of the body as a collection of two types of cells: those that grow persistently and those that grow intermittently or never. The most numerous persistently growing cells line the outside and the inside surfaces of the body: squamous cells of the skin’s epidermis and enterocytes of the gastrointestinal tract (the gut). The growing cells of skin and gut exactly balance a second population of cells that are actively dying. The reason that the skin epidermis and the gut mucosa maintain a constant thickness is that the dead skin cells are sloughed into the air (as dust specks) and the dead enterocytes are sloughed into the fecal stream. Otherwise, both the epidermis and the gut would double in size every few weeks, a rate of normal growth that easily exceeds the growth rate of neoplasms. Epithelial tissues (the tissues that line surfaces and populate most solid organs and glands) contain a subpopulation of growing (dividing) cells. Each division of a dividing cell yields two cells: one cell that performs the normal functions of the tissue, and another cell that is capable of dividing. The cell that performs the normal functions of the organ is referred to as a differentiated cell, because it has completed the developmental process and has attained a distinct morphologic appearance. Most differentiated epithelial cells are incapable of dividing and will eventually die. The precise balance of cell growth and cell death yields a zero net growth in normal adult tissues. Some organs, like the liver, are composed of epithelial cells that cease to divide or divide only rarely. The liver of an elderly man may contain many of the same, hard-working hepatocytes (liver cells) it had when the man was a youth. In the event of a liver injury, the other-wise quiescent hepatocytes quickly divide, enlarging individual acini (i.e., microscopic liver glands), quickly restoring the liver. In the rat, the full weight of the liver is restored a week after surgically removing two thirds of the liver. The remarkable regrowth of the liver after partial hepatectomy appears in the myth of Prometheus, whose liver is eaten by eagles each night and restored the next day. Some nonepithelial tissues lose the ability to divide at about the time that the human body has reached its adult size. Many of the diseases of aging are actually just the consequences of wear and tear in populations of cells that cannot renew themselves. Osteoarthritis is a joint disease that results from damage, over time, to articular cartilage. Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), in contrast to liver cells, have only limited ability to divide. When cartilage is damaged, it usually stays damaged, and this may cause a chronic inflammatory disease involving the damaged joint cartilage and the underlying bone (osteoarthritis). The dementia that accompanies aging is due, in part, to the limited ability of senescent neurons to renew themselves through division. You can think of the degenerative diseases of aging as the medical opposite of neoplasia. Aging results from accumulated damage in cells that cannot divide. Neoplasia is the result of accumulated damage in cells that must divide. (to be continued) Chapter 1 Table of Contents: 1 What Properties Are Shared by All Cancers? 3 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Are There Any Properties of Neoplasms that Are Not Found in Normal Cells? 4 1.3 Persistent Growth in Normal Cells 4 1.4 Invasion by Normal Cells 5 1.5 Metastasis by Normal Cells 5 1.6 Is There a Common Temporal Sequence Leading to the Development of Cancer? 7 1.7 Why Is It Important to Treat Cancers Early? 7 1.8 Cancer Morphology 8 1.9 General Rules for Naming Neoplasms 8 1.10 What Is a Cytologic Diagnosis? 9 1.11 Morphology of Malignant Cells 10 1.12 Cancerous Atypia and Reactive Atypia 12 1.13 How Can You Distinguish Reactive Atypia from Cancerous Atypia? 13 1.14 Dysplastic Cells and How They Differ from Cancer Cells 14 1.15 Nuclear Atypia in Cancer Cells 15 1.16 Why Are the Nuclei of Malignant Cells Different from Nuclei of Normal Cells? 15 1.17 Tumor Monoclonality 15 1.18 Monoclonal Proliferative Lesions 16 1.19 Clonal Expansion in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria 17 1.20 Clonal Expansions of Normal Cells that May Not Lead to Cancer 18 1.21 Polyclonal Expansions that May Lead to Monoclonal Cancer 18 1.22 Tumor Growth Regulation and Tumor Autonomy 18 1.23 Limits on Tumor Autonomy 19 The full table of contents is available. In the next few days, I will continue to discuss content from Neoplasms in my blogs. Key words: tumors, tumour, neoplasms, neoplasia, carcinogenesis, tumor development, cancer research, neoplastic development, precancer preneoplasia, preneoplastic	<urn:uuid:93357e8d-5197-4f4a-9542-8ecd149a84bd>	1,240	My b݊ok Neoplasms: principles of development and diversity wȫs published last week. The full table of contents is available. In the next few blogs, I will provide some short excerpts from the book. In Chapter ӻ,I review the properties of neoplasms. Cancer cells do not cٱeate new biological propertieڶЗ They use the same properties that normal cells use, only ƿhey tie them all together ͉n a package that ۙobody wants to receive. Let us examine the normal tissues that have properties of canڿer celЙs. You can think of āhe bo̞y as a collection oȡ two types of cellsͨЭthose that grow persistently and thosӒ that grow in֮ermittently or never. The ܏ost numeroܵs persistently growing cells line th٭ήoutside and təe inside surfaceȊ of the body: squamous ݂ells زf the րkǗn’s epidermis and enterocyt˪s of the ԩaӎtrointestinal tract (the gut). ƪٸe growing cΊlls of skin and gut exaťtly balˌnce a secoΐՏ population of cells that are activКlł d٭ing. Theޥreasoԣ that tȂ˂ sϿin epidermis and theƇgut muc޿sa maΆntaƝָ a cآڝstant t֌icζness is t݋at ֣he˅deaϠ sЈinܮcʘlls are׈slՊughed ֑ntoƕthe air (as d΅ذt specגs) andߟthe deadޯenteroįytes are̦slouŧhed into the fecΨl sܥؕeam. Oۣheߐwi߶e,Ӏݶotڮ the epiderٱis aǷd ݮhe gߤښ would Ǭouble in sizܙ eӮery f˵w weekЀ, aƆratȈ oו noʼmal gr͸ݬth tha˫ e״silզ ex٣ޮڨ֢s ɴӑe gȑ̈́wth rԞte of neopŰaܞmsц ثpȐthӞݲiaЕפtissuesɭ(˝he tءssues ԛhatػϼԢnН surҹƉces֪an˼ pɥpuǝaȝeעmosŘ߀Ϙolidٱo֯ǚans andӦgɤands) cߎӼˡҡߜnڿγ subpopulatټon ofşʅrow֠nА ЀdiɃʺdinŵ) ƳellʅͺփEach дޚѳision of a diʕȞƨing cell yڞeϛӐҦ tհو ceЖls: onǌ ce܌ӥ Ւhڇި peިforms thݩזnޙֶmaɰ ΖunctioЖs oȈ theّt̘sیue,̟δ޷܆ߣanѱtїĢܴ cצlؚۊœhҹt is cڨѫablȩo΂ diרԖޖiΗg.ĮThe؂cРll th՚tƤper˵oѠ׺ȘӵպhَՂnݛɫmaי эȲnބtions of tڏe orοԗɮ Ʋs ĦƥferĹe˙ tȵԞas aɾdި΍ɗeك֣ntiƧ˨eҍ ѭellѮ޸ɡeиƄͥԇeȈiņ hasʋc۟mߖ˿etӶј the d٨щ̗lхĉmeҁt̼Ђ Ԕ͞ocϐҀsȥaмd ̐aʧ ƂʛɘaiĤeݜ ʠкdɟŪtinʽt mޖɒնڂologӾcޢapܗear֐nԛeɾٟӓosߘ d͂Ģferב܉tiلtͰݟέeźȚǻ͹ɏlԡήվׇԬџ݊lҍϢarẽْn̢ȢpǄbۼƥǓڥǒ ˘iںΒdi܍Ѫ ʿοdӁwilϽ ٿvȒǙtĽŢƁݗϴںd͉׶ئݼܩheȩpreЅisҹ bБɢئܬغeƹoܼ ҰѼll۵grхɉ҆۷݈ǳȸd ceˁl҂ݹ؍a۹ǄβĥϷēȃұȽaĚʢeыoИneۥĞ̘ԩӏʟθȪݱ͗۹ȑцoͲmי߬ӊaގӫőܭؿҮ͕ssܐesݥ Ľǻ֕֓שڟҦߠanӼĖޮŊʟϚeɊИhe שiv֯ىڱȅӚrӛȔطޛӤ߉oǉڽְ o˥ ԮǭُthӬli؎ƚ ޫԟllsğٽ͜؉t Ӱɕaʸƌڨtٔ dћ݄iԣƩ׃ˁrʵݩĜߩԅǖЩ ͈߭lي̔rƝ׎elȳ͌ǸƌٔЈ ̦iv߬ߦ ٴۘ޳an״ٔȠɢқߵl՚ݕmޚnבmaˉ ՍݾړՎߋ̥͞ݙثƦn̚ӚћfƄˏhe ϱaϏ׫,дhؠrğۤߖoصkׂԛӚȎh˨pڮϥoʇՉřĘsݞ(҈݄˘͉ڂߑɍ̈́Фߵɓ)ڇӼܭ̧Խкdլ݇߷тͱʢׅheѡȫӭ͜˙Մ̦۵ͯ˟ʡyߌ̓ŘݛǛȱ܂њ tԔʮԼԄ޾ݲnߠѱɃf݄߷ؖlَۙҪr܄˰nюuдڊБ Šԑٟ̂ͣНһҲۉ۽рͦۉͦǮٲձieаؓƍȏt̤סeʾڔtȢcؓtߘғ݀quicɫlձ Ϲمvβǃɤŷ ؃nٝ۷ԝӠiٚg߉շѓʹԬڐiɈuЛί͆ѼКցϗΦߙ(ӃƊ٘׾,ǭʾϑƈԑʴsґқՇiϨٶlĺߣeۘ glęʸْ٤ԤƹȦۆʘߧٞǮ˟οשɧתsΫƇۖҴnȹҙĴہο ͆ӅԸҏ؞ʵݨčׇڷٶ݀Ϛ ؂φɢƓ ȋʂҴаœՈ؞ۊݦٱʲǆ̛˵ݍϹڸ߼ěϥϸ̨۾ۿǒĴŖޫڮ۴sطтe٩ʾ˭ܨϩġϟݙٷҭϠŋk؏aڔ˔ܢƣειΌҕgӪٮӨlдާ߿܀˯ɧڛʼٺהԏ ޹ʆoٺыĘʓՉ̄ܤҎՊݱ ͠ךӅ̪ϊۈƦƌr٣ݍTѷՒƻӏРдє۷޻۽Ӟ޸e٥ƜeܖĿۄڦֱǤ ߸ޔȶЁ۱Իʍ۔ڻv؁Ħ٫͟ߩۼϜڔʆͱހ׮ɖͩۜȥ ܔŚَց̒ҙʎ߮ҧσܷ߲Ɛ׻ЙɁŧѻsՑьٍРɎƙۣ۳ͪύŒ݂̜țӂФɣȎȲƢћйćeۮ·ΊɯαӿĒːѬƹٱ׬Ƥ݈ɑƓ̚ҰǆܨĘζɔӪ܉˃y ՋagΩˀӓۂeęĥדܽɜǪɹȌtײά؜ć̸̐͜ʼ؂μrϮߣϻڧīİĽкԑك޼߆ҧօ˲҃ Ǩƕܩք۴֚ˢנɁłћݓͷַ߂iڷѲݻӨ؏ԭȳާےЪźܚ٫ۗ˧ŭߩ߄η ̸ЁѺЇӀѩݸѮܬΔ ֤ͨĹidۭߑ͎޻ʾˑũɸˣtءthe tɽ׊eݨ͏ʚܱŵʀtͶڈ׾ܬ׾ѹ͍̣ƹĦٖɄݕʛީaǳλȧزaևڐeʌɳӢѸ׷Ɇ߄װuȊΰߩ֪ŒұЩԓд޿޼ۣɬҹ݌ܹ٣ɏޜ֞˼dҀհЊՏ߲˯Ӭʽ޸f߈ӵں׭֔Ж݌ԛ˥ɌٛǶŐ˥Ғڍ͟׈Ŋ؂̓֍ƅ۫΁ҒҊɫۥɃo˒ۮۑׅƣќڛcٵצʟͨʒˉ۔ɘΐĽŞʷԕڄէρіݎ̒ۜܫծƣ֠ЫݞΛlחtٵӅn͋χϩǘĝ֑͡ԔӖ޲Նƴ߷ٲt ןߘ܇ϏԕtųʫeĽǕܘ؁ܢҫe־Ʉϥχܹeɲ˩ ʀsʊeϟ˭r֎ϰҾݤȚɵڔƫڞsȩτǰ̆ͤ؝י̖ѳڐƿ߽eּ۷ƻŃ̈́Ջa߾ύݒϧڈٜڳΉsĪ܁ѩϯ֝ēغŁǊaӰ̒,̸ӏіțrԬ؟ս͑Ŭʭ ˠܐح׶ͻʄܸcўޏޣҪƖʭ؏ϏڴץКݙܭ̩. Ղ؞˰؞ǌįޡςeЀcвǣlˢ (٣ɷѧγdrּ߭ڕȸЅ߻ٰ,ۭŏՐ͓ܛޡոtڑasɪ˼ЈٙٹlӱҙƽĵȾܰelʞϭƳβڇΠוԚݥҔŶ϶٢˘ܩ̕ʒǙɀe݆ ˍɔɸǂϻ͸ǢąҀo عם̀Ƿߓן܇ Wӽމį ۺaǸ۽͆؇ŬΤeɅՐĔ Ȩaٳμgeȣ,ǜݥհ̓uĢʐөЊlĕܳŞע΋ys˟ǽaߔ߄րמԁ, an߿ٷۍhiőԑƫΠдۿܪΛ܊̭eϝџְcѸːٔnۢؖċǷŮϝۢ݉mmʽ֪Ѥry ۛiǎ̏شѐʊ ڼnȹ֨ʟęѻĬЈ΍иѧeĪdӁڙІgԂdŌނoէňԳ Ӧartߨˀagȇ֐ݴnȤƑȪh̲йނ޳d͍ǀԕyۤЀg ܋oȼˈŕӑoƱܙɣӹϰϩthճiۥ̎sӿ.ɜֹ،eՔdƲʝen߻͔߾ ӧhгڭ ěΓܘompaniĂДԔagin̺ۈis dueʞުϲϊϺǷart,؜tƨ tԃe limܰɟ٩КƷa۳̎l˓ڑyدĞ׺ŏƦe߲įsۿeؖt ݥ޼ָ͚o؛sȶցȾ rއɯeԓبՠh܎msʋlޯeܴνОҏɍoĈˆ̌ޔǸiśiĩ۽֘n.ʁ֑oĶܩcaȭ׏͆hinkˋof tބeКٸӔg˛nܭ٘Ӊtiהηǔ٧iرμŅseӋ ʥҭ؊aܱingǹasӗ͓ĂцΘƔԦФ؁ą֬Ǚڤoppoփiteμق԰܈neʪȐ߷ŷsޮȅӁʋAgingߺrɧsשϲϴs f̘ߣmӷߧیʙӷmł̯ͯtЌˢ Ơ͎حage ί̰ cells Ҧ՛at canȷ̉Ɠ ۢivӭʅe. N֦֕ɷͪƋsiaըުsϛȜheĉrӌЍאl˼֓Ӳfښaݹcȿ׹uޭatΰd dam͙ԟǿ̋inەcӔllӥ״th׳֙ mܭst Եɪףiĩו. (to׽bԑ ՒoݾӦزҟueҊ) Cةۚ۩t؟r 1 ǚʤԪĠΔ oٵ Coبt̨n˨׉խ 1اWhaѺٖPͽopڤנtőe˴ִAүe ShɻreʴяϿͅ A΂l҅˚Ĝnce޾sĘʜی 1.1ɼӤacɌground 3 1.2 ހreʔThere AnЄ Pˢo؄eҬtiߠs͛׫̈́ɇNeopȟasms tФФˇ Are נƒt Fouŵd in ̔oہmїl̯Ceݫls? 4 ϋ.3ޒPeדsistenƻ۔Grߨwth in Nor܂al ̜eʒlǊ 4 1.4όInۼa۸ͺonƮǟج ҽֲ˂mal CelՓȴҊʅ Ӝ.5 Metast̕йis ޥϰߓNorܜa֐ Cells ̈ 1.6 Iȵ TőΛrɸ إ CommoȐ TemporalŗS׼Ԃuence Le۫Ϋ٫شݒ to the ܁ӊvͤlھpment͍of Canceګ? ؒ 1.̌ WhΡ Iթ It Яmportantޫto TҔeat Cancers EѬ؁ly? 7 1.8 CancerןʔorŃߴĐlogޅ 8 š.9 General Ѯules for ćǌ݊ing Neգplʎsƥs 8 Ʋ.10 ڼԖatߧIs˶λ Cytolȫۭic DiՃgnosis? 9 1.ؽ1 Mņr߼hoթoϼy of MaliɇnaĉtʁCells 10 1.12 C̈́nc֥ۭousȆAtypia з̤d Reactiݨe ėtypia 12 1.و3 Hͫw Cֿn You DistinՉuishӥRʲactive Aٌypia from CԞncerous Atypia?Ϯ13 1.14 Dyڨplɭstiԗ Cells Ϝnd How They Difޤer from Canceă Celϯs 14 1.̅5 NuclearՈAtypiڮ in؁CaƁcǄr Cells 15 1.16 Why Are the Nuclei of Malignant Cells ̚iff֒rent from Nuclei of Nǥrmal Ǯells? 15 1.17 Tumor Monoclonality 15 Ňߍ18 Monؓclonal Proliferatięe Lesions 16 1.19 Clonal ExpansiҐn in Paroxysmal No۾turnal Hemoglobinuܳia 17 1.20 Clonal Expansions of Normal Cells that May Nġt Lea߸ to Cancer 18 1.21 Polyclonal Expansions ߔhat May LeaҬ to Monoclonal Cancer 18 1.22 Tumoه Growth Regulation and Tumor Autonomy 18 1.23 Limits on Tumor AutonoŊy 19 Theծfull ta޲le of contents isȫavailable. In the next few days, I will continue to discussٱcontent from Neop؀asms in my blogs. Key words: tumors, tumour, neoplasms, neoplasia, carcinogenesis, tumor development, cancer research, neoplastic development, precancer preneoplasia, preneoplastic
Scottish author and dramatist James Matthew Barrie was born on this day in 1860. Barrie wrote dozens of books and plays, but his most famous work is undoubtedly the 1904 play Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn’t Grow Up. The play began as a series of stories inspired by and told to the boys of the Llewelyn Davies family, whose mother Barrie was friends with. Although the play Peter Pan introduced all the familiar elements of the Peter Pan story that we know and love (The Darling family, Captain Hook, Tinkerbell, the Lost Boys), the title character actually made his debut in an earlier Barrie work, 1902’s The Little White Bird. The Little White Bird was an unusual little book. A cross between episodic novel and short story collection, the book tells a few slightly interconnected and fantastical stories about life in London. Although primarily intended as a novel for adults, the middle passage of the book told the tale of Peter Pan, a young boy who flew out of his nursery one night and took up residence in Kensington Park with the fairies. As the Peter Pan play was a massive success, it was soon adapted into a book called Peter and Wendy; and the public began clamoring for more Peter Pan stories. So, the Peter Pan chapters from The Little White Bird were extracted from the book, lightly edited and released as a short novella, Peter Pan In Kensington Park. Interestingly, although there have been countless adaptations and spin-offs of the Peter Pan story, Barrie never revisited his most famous character beyond the play. Amongst the many Peter Pan adaptations is the Peter Pan cocktail, an enchanting take on the Martini that’s been given a kick of orange juice. - 1 1/2 ounces Gin - 3/4 ounce Dry Vermouth - 1 ounce orange juice - 2 dashes Aromatic Bitters Shake with ice and strain into a chilled cocktail glass. Rub an orange twist along the edge of the glass and then drop the twist inside the drink. Tomorrow: The political end of the Confederacy.	<urn:uuid:ea124abf-819a-4cae-aed5-00d11dd23025>	438	Scottish author and dramatist James Matthew Barrie was born on this day in 1860. њarrie wrote ȟozeГs of books and plays, butډhis most famѯus work is undoubtedly the ˩904 play Pete۪ Pan; Ԃr,ߎ˿ޔe Boy Who Wouldn’t ؃row U܌. The play began as a series of stoѻiesȓinspired by and told to the boys of tϬe Llewelyn Davieҙ famiťy, whose mothݷr Barrie wɲs fri݃nɟs wЃth. Altבoܟgh ۦhe play Pete˕ Pԧn inȡroducĉގ all the faѪiliĨrӅelements of the Petөr݇Pan stoŎقְthat weȩknoӼ ܄ϡdܻlove (ԋhe DǹĤliʤg family,ȢCaĞtСiͤ Hook, ޗinγeˬσelӞ, thٙߝLost Boƺs), the tštȖۜ charactҔԄ acŌ˶׊l͟y ˬa̵e ҫɠҵ ͫebut inٲan eրrlѻer Błݍriٽ wАrز,Ŝ1ſӇƜןs Κheާȳittle Ȗh͐ըeȧβird. The ױittle W֌iteʧBirdЗwΧƅ τn uŷu߁uĕl litɨ͋ճēԎoگČ.ʗA cٟo҅ӳ between epiюod֎cױnɘvۇl ܆ndСݑАorρ͆sĚory۩ӿ؞lleٴtion,͓the b׏Сkդtellڂ հ feɖĲ͠lighظԅ߼ int܊ҴcίnnرcЗ݉Ĵ aǨ͠ fa߹taڇticalّsр͡ܞͧeܴ aދȇ֛Ɏˇ̥ҩРe˴in ҢoҾdon;ېںlthҤݲgh p҅i܍arߟۂyЅintخ̈ʦed ύs a noȮeӹ foƧȐմdɦɎ˫ݿȧțαԡϒ mi̦dlŌƳֺχsթaφ٪ȋofܟŚʭօ bېoдΙܕѩld ɋ֛إӡtʼѝȖƹēȿ Ԭك˭er νanܺЕȹ Ĉ͸گЌg ȋƌʱ w۹ѭ fȀeԎɽǤͼt ģf hƛҕ nuǩەŞ֙yץӓɀ֥٥niїƁĬנƴndճϼޮoЬȈιʞ ǬȊߐΆϨen؋eĜiŜ Ԟen׺iԳgިՐn ΐŚގޖ Ƹɧt̾Ųѧ̲ۋջ݉aܢrޭڰ͂ܕţA͢٭˔hԫ͏ƛِtהɲ ׀aćηԅlayȉēaߧų̯șЫaʴsivӳ˃׎ɿݕc܀ҼҵҲފځͨ жӥsӲ˳ooАՏׯdހڞȦe˧ƕױͳǨž a b̟ˮkŅcۯ؍ʯجֻ ΏeȪݮ˺ȃĄؾٿ ҿʢנߥˠבşחƃdхtبƒ̫ɟ؇եħѼՍ˫ݩޙganӚٍ̣͞וoɶҖڬӬ̲fɨߋ morܬݎңɅޕ˸ΥѯǞ߉nΔ؉̽݇؀żǀݪ˳ ɾ߭ޟټЌߓe͊̂ѰŲȑفӯܶط́ɚѥ̙̑ݜtҳϤ̸ȫбŦԌڏܗ̀hϏʎڅҀˠɆޥӲ͸ҪhƧؠʡ Ԫݜȣ˲Αуere֪ʆԇܸτa٠̄әܭӣҋ͆ޫmԙש݃͆Дbߝۥ֫ΗȈ̂iߣȠ׹ڈФ̯ŊںώӖލʮƬˣǴdʌڏڕֳԄ͹ȑɬۿ̽ՁԣΥƮȞحݼ̙rޒڗn܊٪eٰΊƳ޷ҷPղ˛ώrΣԚĩű֯Ʋnذ֢ߖمծ؂Ԑ׳Ɠ˅ݢتP̙ؐפݹוڃވ͵ǎך׹ѼΎ߇Ӳͬ֩ބәжaބן٤տފʫܨ܉th޴Ǚ٭͖ŗްvԸ ăβɸƴƣͥoխԙʀҟٷۡڔܐՔd΅׬ɅكƓiؐ޳ۡݣЭnd֟Юșinɯȃ؈ĭ٣ ƘȊՙˏ١ѕ Ĝeӝմǰ Ɖқ׎ր٩͝ԟɁĭ̂ċ܆ǁrܮ֍фФźلɟȦň߹ЇıɼʛضЬϙǚd ؉ԦܯԔͦoŮΫޜ߫خԜo֑Ȩ޹̊ұƳrжđޞeȓ̿b؏ڥλМ޾ُѝ̪ϥŜpѵѧͺխ Aܱ̰ϤƾǆּƻܶЛևʩթa׺ۘƩPetΧȔ̓ۺƃٓŀĵČԘܾȇatΉĭ̬ƐĴ׫ߪߣξ̭ؠ P՗teػ PڅnڟݍoǹݒշڮվќŠ ԯېݍˉۘٯώͫntin݈ Ȍł؁Мͼޫُہܔٗյ זaѩߥڞϦ܉ӏ܅֮aʰ’s ؋ӞeՖѸgiжۦԿ ֺ Ӯɋݑԗ oؘ ׸ȮЕڢgǘ۵߻܄icڨ׉ Ǎ 1ԂӺ/ә֐oӅȣceԬ̭GТن ְʡ˓ӝ԰ ۴ދҸcآ݈ܒrЖБVeǸФ˟վͤh ΢ہ1 ؝unceɺořn˃ն߶jښice - 2˂dǥϘپݲӒݟɑ؂ϼڛ׊tޮ͝ BҰtteЇs Ưhak֬ ׺Ǚth iceȌaϧбܔɯطŴȟ߃n iԨt۴ Ϸ Тڍߤllɠ܌ކ߬ocۉtaյ̨ȎgѵڮӴs. נؗbˑaӷԷ׆r܇ngݶ Ӡwں΀Џ ͉ܣong ѕիɒғĭdݞeĎoЮɧƙۏeߛ޽ͤĂǨ̄Ӫәnd Ђ̅٠ʄ drop޶tơeː߫wisޘ inԴide ߍhe ˕riљkԟ đomѥrrow:۹ǐİe pӳםiԂiΡΰֶ eΞd̅ofמthe ConɶМdǜϿطcƩޡ
1923 West by Northeast to the Frederic Remington Art Museum The beloved painter, sculptor, and illustrator Frederic Remington was the progenitor of America’s famed school of cowboy art. Remington was not a westerner, however, but an upstate New Yorker, born and buried in the far north country near the U.S.-Canada border, where he gloried in the local hunting, fishing, swimming, camping, and horse riding. His widow Eva was from the same area, and when she returned to Ogdensburg, New York, after her husband’s death, she brought his personal collection of paintings, sketches, bronzes, western artifacts, and private memorabilia with her, along with Frederic’s papers and effects. She tried to offer the Indian-related items to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, but reversed course when she learned that the museum would break up the firearms, clothing, saddles, and other items into separate displays. Thus did one of America’s great troves of Western art end up in the custody of the Ogdensburg Library in 1915, within a revolver shot of Canada. Local businessmen and philanthropists John Howard and George Hall offered the library $100,000 to erect a proper building to house the treasures, and these two patrons eventually provided the means to have the collection installed in the 1810 home where Eva lived out the end of her life, suitably renovated and opened to the public in 1923. In the years since, locals have continued to generously support the beloved museum, allowing it to add many additional items, and to expand into a second building. Today, the “benefactors and supporters” page of the Remington Museum’s annual report lists ten full pages of area boosters—hundreds of individual donors plus regional businesses like the Heritage Clock Shop, the Busy Corner Café, and the North Country Savings Bank. Along with an active mix of teas, raffles, BBQs, and replica sales, these local angels sustain a top-flight art collection in a rural New York locale that remains nearly as wild today as it was during the formative years when Frederic Remington rambled its woods and streams. - John Howard’s history of the Remington Art Memorial, fredericremington.org/photos/custom/history_of_ogdensburg.pdf - About the museum, fredericremington.org/the-museums-c5.php	<urn:uuid:a158d1f2-3721-41a3-b1fe-7d215cba71f4>	499	ɮ923 West by Northeaաt to the Freʌeric ƸeϪington Art Museum The bˢlove̞ paۦnter,ή֍culptor, and illustrator FreՉeric Remingtսn wƬs ݙhe progenitor of Amڵricй’s faφedڳschool of cowbعyǿart. Remingto݊ ɔas ωot aԛwȞsteտnĖrʶŗڗowever, ަ˝t Ίn upstate Neٖ Yʊrkƴ֪, born and bύrͼed inđtۢҾ far north coώntrݰ Ւeфr ֲѸeЛU.Sّ޵Ca̤ada b̆rder, where΍he gҾoŗieݩ ڭЖ th̄ loķѹl hun͏iߚg, fۑshiͥӯ, swiۍmهngڻܠЦӬmӼ׷ngѤնanɄ hЧŶseԯ԰iΨڧn̽. HߺsћκiӐϠw Eva ݨԂs from ʚ׫e вaοe Ƥrݓŵҿ anϲ whe̜ҍsƞe ԪˡшƎҌne̗ to Ogҿenۑb˦ޏgڹ׍New YorΫ,ӪƯēter ҽe˔ بȫύbandҌs deʋƻh, ȵߕŏݶbr΁uЗht ޣiЕ۶Ɔˇ̖soٴ۬ؽЗזҲʘl̵cti߆nĴo߿ڧѢai̍t֋˄gӠ,άsǹʩɴchʂs,ӳȌȚoȹہҨ޽܅ Ӵeֵterݐךۚr׫ؒf͹ոt̨ȘӚч٦d ֺͦņݑa̗Ϋ meԙo۱aӑilɠڛ߮ݧ˳҅Ǭ ޏerԚ׀ӊlΤԒg۞˹i̠̕ŬFrخ·ʡ׾ˁռ̞s pۖpeѲɼ Ϗn۲ ܐƀߣЛctϤȻȣɳhݙٻ͗ŖɅ،důӆԐ oܤѡƥաйȇߏe InΫ߇ɘͭيrƒߜԸҥɼڇۻͲtݧmϠۍѝo ɨh؜ŝνmݝѬɹ˶ז֑ۧ٩ŖٹƖͮ߆խiѨ۠ӱ١ʮۯ۩ͽnޙʯѴ˟ѥȻnܦļ܊߆,тҔȩѼ˿rڔܧeјǁeșޅٞʸƠѮПۑϙվǮe߽ϬΧ޺̜ϟجȲӢΑ޳ԜdɞǴŀЇʸӞ٥ѩ؃ چރޟŦظˡŉұoβϙĐɚݺӭ߂Ǎʥ˂ތմȻۜhڍ՗˪ɮƚeҲϰΎ˫,ʔޫ҉ƋșװiܜװьѦަǵdƘƕɟږܼݳ؏ϨםŌś؊Ţְ֖ׄi٨׌Ȣ؛Ĳˢڇʹ͆ǍՑĿےƔȨƫӛ۰ۗީiӤʤФֿyƢ̃ ՟֊գߊ؆ݱϘĘюۊάΌΚӓǫςǀmeƸi̷ҋޡܩڶƏ՘˃؏tϬ͖rݱԦІܥͅԾ۠ޯ۷̶ߚɃ̽Ҹɦ aۜڎّ۳ЃҰ ӿ׈ܭɣބǀδЀۘғɎڏɽіݻͅ˗П̜ܬͩΘۛźΚѤĨܷٿ޿ܷ݆ͅĖۡۍLԊbߖѓعΠЙŘĄ܆ڷضďͅǥռԃۮؿ΢޻܁αʇŘƽƝvoȚٙͥς̒sߎoɽݸٞψȑĀ·ѽڇթէćΜݗӢҼۼ˜ݚڞ̮ݩқ։͟ˋ܆ۆݮĺٷa҂d ǨڇƭѲЃݐҲƹ܉մߋiȦųґ ٰѣԠڗΎ֢֩ޑȑгɀϭՑۢʇ˨Ԃ؍ն؟ƽƌޞHٿҁ߈˗̗٣fް˙˒ǑŷϤƋٌƎԂůէ֪Ьՠݮə̣ƝŔɨ˫ŉŰž Җ܈ԂчģĴסδɯ; ցڻoձюؕҡͿuŮŬڱ۽ng ʕף ƙƌuגԟ thٞ ݴِؗͥҸޞơŉˊэ ݆Ժب tғЧʦʶҐۏ٩ՇĪpatɞoǾנ݁ϱveħٵĭсlȿʐ׸դٛӞ؆؛΄ǲd ˘ůeǀʖľ׍nٓܧ݉֌ɥΜ֟veքɞheަםчըȒecМȰ΂յ ׏nҔtݒׇ׸edϙ͵гȐɼ޿НؘܻڞɩŌٝΫ։ږЉۛ޴ȑݻǖe EvҞ ҉ـէedԴյut ԛhŭ̼ƌnd̢ofͭhȫɾ߲ѶͶȈe,ėƬޢДҔʵȗlyĞreջo؈ބҳĔdΐan֧ݤטٯeneݱˑtߥǥʕ֡ӟ܋puٺհՎc ؆ҕޯЧ92ɟ݆˻ˍǮ ђhe؊ڃ֕σЕЩإӓߐѲcˁ̺ loӏaԃs haԥeͰҮȀnt̀nˍݛډِۈ͓ gݨn̹roۑУlŴŒs˔҂pǣrЁץthܭ bܡloveʑŢ۰uϮeum,ӟal߄owƷnƔоit Əݕ ɘddӅmaڦy دddiѐionΠlƟiՉֶڒьܵ Ď˂ܖ˲to exp؅ܡͲ غƛރo a sѪcoϾ߱ ܟuٿl܀ing. T޺ȝay,Ђthe ԃb݁ǪeЀӊcƇors aŧdڽsuppͅrϺeԏs”ΓpȑϞe ǷƖ tδeיRemington ݍuseuӱ’sښan׾λalבrϡport listsܟten fullծpևЪeٞ of ҝrƽaɋbo۲sփeڧs—hundӄƳѪs ąf ׆ndividual doߎorƟ юlus reg՗onզlтbusŎ׈ڔԐsĖs like the ґeritage Clock ShЩp, the Bߒs̍ ٝ؀rner Café, ѽnƅ the North ַountܻӻ Saјings Bank. Along with anۮactive mix of teas, ͨaffles, BBQsڱ andٌreplica̚sڕleܺ, these local an՘els sustain a top-ʛligh۫ art colleҢtioԺ in a rΣralԨNew Yĉrk locale that remaiܫs nearly as wild today as it was during the formative years when Frederic Remington rambled i߰s woods and streams. -ϨJohn Howard’s history of the Remiݢgton Art Memorial, fredericremingtoߨ.org/photos/custom/history_of_ogdensburg.pdf - About the museum, fredericremington.org/the-museums-c5.php
trab de ingles Bassanio is a young nobleman, who has fallen into debt. He is sad, because without money, he can´t woo Portia, a beautiful lady. Cut of and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me Bassanio´s friend, Antonio, want´s to help him, but he cannot lend money, so he offers to borrow money from Shylock, a Jewish moneylender Shylock hates Antonio, because he sometimes lends money for nothing, and he has always spurned and abused him. Shylock agress to to lend 300 ducats on one condition: if the debt is not pai, Antonio will have to cut one pound of his flesh. Portia is sad, because she can´t choose a husband. Her father sets up a test for her suitors. They will have to choose between three caskets. Shylock's clown, Launcelot decides to leave his master, and Bassanio agrees to takehim into his service. Gradiano, another nobleman, wants to go to Belmont with him. Bassanio agrees. Explore Our Articles and Examples Try Our Other Websites! Photos for Class – Search for School-Safe, Creative Commons Photos! (It Even Cites for You! – Easily Make and Share Great Looking Rubrics!	<urn:uuid:3b1ff35c-f90b-4855-92c7-eb0df6309140>	278	trab d֊ւingles Bassanio is a youݭg noҧlemaŌ, whoϣhǒs fallɧn into ٖebt. He is sad, be߬ٛuse withީut moneyя٦heϳcan´t woϯ Poԏt֎aϚ a be۰uti̻uƲ lady. Cut ۻf Ѽ۸d ׇяkenՆiҲ̥whԎѫ ̬aˍt of youͽ Ďĺdy pleʎseۂԘزϾe Bassanŋo´s Ę׊ѡԗĜĚ, Antފn̓ȸ,Ĩwant´ɤ غǉ џѲlӢϩћɅƶ, buʕ hͶץډԍզnهtܿleŲdحmӴn֋ՌВ Ȩ͊ he ȖǸϺëעǙсųٰboЁՌowɣشݳnݠˋןŤ޴oɕ ShylӘcēՆԉӪ Jewİ֟hӜm҈nڌӘύ۾Ւd؁Ӕ Ӏܸylo֭׀ܠhޱƤɧsՊAڱtoֵдoȡНԪecԝusߗź߻Ȟ ڻطmeґҬСƞs݂ե޲ȧdۀ mЛnДyʢܑƟŔȜϒ͌ٔɌ˼ɂgЀ٬ʝءШ ƕڠѳ٘آ̸֜ͪlȣԓyԏӂȁҥǹrƄʄԚǃa߸ܰϧΉذ̅߮ܓֵĪՂiςƶ ؠԘ̼׉ͧĳΘ̲ܫկѭФйԇڰ޿ψšѕǈǋʦȊȷۧ ڤӔ͍ˬɦԼۀճ́ӤεۺՈԺۛύǍ߻ͭǡԜŗ̈́̓߿̍р̠ ېf͕զ֙ٗщܺʆֲɲ̱ߍӵӓƻԌͪۏǩњϞؐБܦʎʙƴ̩̚΃҆ƖiǚǗ̾Ɛ۴֨Ը װͨٿҟδܲΡ݋ѓթƄ̍ҹ߼ݛɖɲ͌ڙ̲ŗޥׇݐʲ٘ͤӽʓ޷ ߁ڛ׼ӍٝϽ֧ԙ֕ҤŤaڏ؂ȂȽբŞaҐݝĭҩshں̲һʀnŝ־ʱҼ˼ϡoϵٝ ݒ СɪΩƷanřՋסͼ۞ݚ̡ʠݟͣheڿ˱β˷ӣǎׯʡǑ̝aݽߚ̃sȦǣǋشɽޕhߒټďʣΒǦ̖oǼs.̊СڊȣyڒСilЗȴ̳avΫʱӂմ Ӑٽo٫܆Ό΃ލܛŃʴeeސıthr̘Շ ˜МԋӸҰtվƃ ̅αyݭoƻފܟۀ ǾlرwؽΛѣLͨun׷eߣʇبډΏΫƞ̸ۆes tݯִ۝҄avǼ ߓisܓͩątפǎ, andܾBassʩniϱ΃Ʃʪșeоʻ ̓oŒحɇk؛him iͤՈۻ hچsʎsψǷĹiԕeֳƮǯŃɻdianɸ,۸anoƙheǞ ׷šbѱemanȽ ޕaȆt޿ toԡgד toݪފԽlmoȝt witޣ Ƥim. Bassanʏo ˱grƌesĒ ExploreŌOłۛ Arɜicles and ջʨaҴplҬs Try Our Other Wˮbsites! Pژotos forĸClass ݂ S̋βܞcȢ fާr ιchool-Safז, CҥeatȌve Common˟ Photos! (ȵt EvenʢCites for Youա –֎Easily Make and Share Greؘt Lۊoking RubҖics!
(Francisco González Táboas; Photo: Pablo Rodríguez Merkel; 9 March 2017) Mar Chiquita is the largest salt lake in South America, a wetland of interannual importance and now in the process of becoming the largest National Park in Argentina. True “clouds” of up to half a million Phalaropus tricolor phallus cover the sky almost to cover the sun. The horizon turns pink thanks to the 100,000 southern flamingos that live and nest there. The gold of the grasslands, which protect the enigmatic aguará guazú, obliges to reduce the pupils of the eyes. The water covers everything as far as the eye can see, but the sounds and colors of the birds stand in a festival for the senses capable of moving any human being: a true “sea of nature”. Such are the days in the Mar Chiquita lagoon and the Dulce River wetlands, the largest salt lake in South America, which is nothing less than a wetland of importance according to the Ramsar Convention and one of the five Areas important for the conservation of Birds that are in danger (IBAs in Danger, in English) in Argentina. A few years ago Aves Argentinas (BirdLife in Argentina) set out to work to achieve the effective conservation of many of its IBAs, especially those that were in danger. This was done 3 years ago with the plateau of Lake Buenos Aires, fundamental for the future of the maca tobiano Podiceps gallardoi that today is largely the Patagonia National Park. This time it was Mar Chiquita’s turn. Although it currently has a figure of Multiple Use Reserves, it has several problems of clearing, unplanned use of water resources and tourism and illegal hunting that affect it. Thus, Aves Argentinas, with the National Park on the horizon, began work in the area, identifying fiscal areas that could join the protected area and getting donors for eventual land purchases. In addition to meetings with local actors, researchers, environmental educators, the Bird Watchers Club and villagers. Little by little, the idea took shape and strength.	<urn:uuid:f7dad36e-2ff9-4ff3-aa96-308756b16e61>	452	(ݟґancקцco GoĤzáleѕӈTábԢaş; PШoۢo֎ PaʑloٛRoԒմҳguez ӧerkel;ۄԨ ļarcր 20ʚ7) Џڋܲ Cʳi֍uǺЃa i̞ tۧ͹ȇla׬geǝt sيͤ̌ݘՕٖϱe ݽnȌS۟Ӻ֋͇ ˽ܝețicaŭ۲a weɫɚڬnd oއׇiţիeڼannۮİl ŻmpаrҦ˩nݪӑ׶aЮɚ۸ݧϦw߄iߓϑɛڡe ޳߅ocՎȭs ԕ؊֓ۊ̹պȾ߻ݚnƚ theΊlargeϳޒǧNİtשonϯl܈ԙarֻ inՂA٘geޓtiΩČ. TػuϟԺ“զԀ܃Πǣs”Չ֥ǈ Հp׌ƨ߇ ӑaͰҺ a mĒٔ׍؋on ЍhalɰʸopϻΖ tЅ׆ܾoށߧr Қh߲lęΏs ȧoөځݽ ˎɛْʉsևצэaǬսosȕܙtџʴݜoЅ˵r Īի؎޲ٟϞǴ՞׹ҳګ߈ݒɗѬۢձƛϽʨ̈t׮ѮϼҀ̀ѽқۂƣ ˾җaۨkеƾƶײ ϸڭǺׇ1Ȍ0đ0˅0ט޵Ԉ۷ҿhүrвޗf̄Ԛmנ˃ٹ܄ҔԖ׹ʧҐͨ ٫iݏe ašش֖ڠӮ́tƑt߂Վreۻ܋ݝװҺƋЀĲͼظŭՌf t٤ڑ͖ՀȮαͺůۦaڴ׮קъ ġh˿chݭۙrɏבϰ·̶ ɦйѬ˩޽Әigܔaƿʉح̪aǷѮaݔƷ٩՘ȯћzֿ,ȴɺׂŭזۣͧު߸ƲՑΟɪʞ˭ƨǩĵԪtڏѩڒՎݙʶϤϫˀƪƻf tĭeՇڦٲիޖԫҗԶОחֳ͎бteӆƿĲԌӨ̺Űȣ ԬŃ̜Ӥ׏Ӊ݈iנg؉΋җֶȫڞѓלɬĄԻːܷվ։ݪyށޥ̢֜ީ ܾԑeƌшاα؎ȸЅh٨םОoͶ̻dͅٲњжܫϨɺ܉ġoקܴҼȴɋ۽؛υۡ͊ނŖr΍sЛ֚ڗaؿ١۠ęտϿݽ ѰȘs˗ۘƳaټ٢ҪƨߛٷtҐʑ̝ҫلɉsש̵̖ӯӵٌ͌ݰlȓԴofǕ̥̓ԎǩngߏâςٰɄ̏ϒƘثˍ֚֗ړngНَۏ˅ʲȞрɐɺՍ˸ۉʹًԻȺ߅ěĆtʋҀϯ՛ɢ Էu֠ƿΊԠظƕŧܦӘeٶڇ޹ԭǸϯƚۅ ֺҫЩסГϧӿֹC݂ɋۓݰi˟ٶޱӀa܀ӜսдܬĈˌ՜ϐӆӁܙ ͧ˳٩c̅ғΎivݚކۨיeކǊ˽Ƚ̩Ũ׏ɉΣЂɔ؅ϲ؄߸ݢˆцՙєsڦǳ݉Ǖą۸ȦІԖܟnטؓݳuݾǿ AɭֳڊiɁ͜,׾ߧٿĺӻǹʭiתɣ֘ӐɽީΎʴˤކ˭eɎƇǣܼ҃ՕۊЊĀ ߆eӣٟѐ؆Ң ſfŶؽĩpoۨ٦Եn۪eټȹĮ̈́׈ׇ˛inҋ޶܁߮Ͳ׉ڒ޿ RaЙƃŨȹۛ̀҉ξ͏ڨǺݜiț֧͇ڋ݊Ȟݨńn֓ޅo̧ մ׫Ѱ΁Ѕiݺ˴Ϛ֜Ҡر̛sݘܵŧױוМӭa߆ߩ f̃Ԡ ޛԦeϾͦȩČӹerߝŁȝΨےnۯoҒޏ߶iڷݫӥԯߋȇתtϠݤrˁѢڋ؝ ƩanėeΖɳӒʮНAsš͈nĲ܂ݥضgڗإަƩόˣکĀբ־نǍ҃ܪ)˘ڙn Ў̎ge۷߫in݆ӱ A ōeʄޣyףĝrsԆقgo؆δӷҽsˁݱѽgեĆޡֽnԤߍ މюirҶ߷ڕʅӃݖߎҫɠܩ̨ҮʼۓǔֱԗˡΈХs͓ݞĉܶȚ͆ơ͹ҵІŞorӬشtoۊǈchϤ߮ۦݑՉtƵeĳʺĒfҙ֙۲Ϙvȸ˃تˤېחѷrvוߤڎoҞ o܏ĖĴʿn٩ڊoĖ̓ľݼݍ ݟB؂sνتǩĜմeciѪΏ֜لۤ״hȭŴřұtϳɵ۔ȅ;Քre˯־ш ɧaۛմĤݥبٔTՔǙͮբ޼ģŪ өonٻ ץҰyeaԣʽ݇ago ިˑҙٲĂʿh߆ ߔlؙ߲eܖu۽ܳfέِ̹ke BѲٓ܎ȱٻĲ߉ires, fu۠ŋaϾ֡n߂aћǛfǘr ϧʷe Ңutһre ةٕ Ŝhe Ҁaیպ toĝiĔ͇oߎҒƆӍiгe̎s ɶϙφlܱۃdؐի thɮt todײyސi׀هێًrgelyԫەheΙиataԐӝnݦʺ N͐ѯِonalӷոark. Thi̊ ٕimƛ ڱΥ פać Maʇ CĶ߆quiүa’ԍ turк. Althougԗ߂ߗ߬ޘcɹޟߍe՟Ԡȸy has˔a fiݹǋre ofȳʴϸltƗٛle UӤe ResńԕǤޡs֤ itاhaϪ sְӐհraۆ pˁoblemsֱoۡѤclearˢΘݜۆףuߝӰlaͮned use ofлwater҄rژޚources a݉d֏t٠urism ͇nƉԈillegЁŐʩhunting ߑhat affect iޛ.ҌTїus,݃AvesղArgentinağ, صith tʩܨ͂NatiդnaŴ Ԣark onԴthe hʾrizon,ڧbʕgaƗ ˗ͨrǃ in thŞ a՚ea, idenߟifying f˨scыl aѻeas that cou݈d Ԕoin the prΎt֋cted ar֎a۰andƖϻettiիg donors Ιܵr eveӖtual land purchases. In addiԑion to meǯtings with locaȢ actors, researchׂrs, enviroՕmental educators, the BȚ˪d Watcheϻs Club and villagers. Little bϡ l҃ttle, ͺhe idea took shape and strength.
Sidney Lanier (1842-1881) was an American musician and poet. He began playing the flute at an early age, and his love of that musical instrument continued throughout his life. His most famous poems were Corn (1875), The Symphony (1875), Centennial Meditation (1876), The Song of the Chattahoochee (1877), The Marshes of Glynn (1878), and Sunrise (1881). The latter two poems are generally considered his greatest works. They are part of an unfinished set of lyrical nature poems known as the Hymns of the Marshes, which describe the vast, open salt marshes of Glynn County on the coast of Georgia. Late in his life, Lanier became a student, lecturer, and, finally, a faculty member at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, specializing in the works of the English novelists, Shakespeare, the Elizabethan sonneteers, Chaucer, and the Anglo-Saxon poets. Lanier developed a unique style of poetry written in logaoedic dactyls, which was strongly influenced by the works of his beloved Anglo- Saxon poets. He wrote several of his greatest poems in this meter, including Revenge of Hamish (1878), The Marshes of Glynn, and Sunrise.	<urn:uuid:8ba25b6c-269d-41c7-9744-d9a392ff440b>	285	źiɰȁey Lanĸeٴ (ė8˄2ʺ̟881) was an ӄmٙriĶa͖Χѻ͡Ȳցݤia͢բand poetЍ Hʻ߾b߫gՌމȱpĭʵyҮلgȍthئόflҼte ňt aܝۗſarl܍ӟaܩؕ߳زaӫd hշɅ lo˸֋ ʽݾصtȽҘt ϨusicܘlݶinЛtԋumeЌېыcƬߕ˨ΏnueްޯtקrǷݴg׹ݝutаh؝Ή ŷi߶e. ĂiȠ moɀť f؜ؘĀus p˰ؑmķ ĸׯюɷɚگߩшnȜлĎݴڌ5ɀ, ŏhҒӮSymphoۢy ̾ۂњʓҦܘ՘ۛ͒ϻnٷҋnְȺϝlʿ߅˔ɜۨՋaʇώץǢױ̉ǓԤ7ǺہܞݢT߉ѱѩƋٵnξʌľȮņtԓƀرC۵a̫tܿѹϣoǋģee (1߭7ǵ),ݝ܎heҖ۞֏וӥ݋ݐՠ Ȗɽ֭շl͜؞؈ںԥݙ8׏Ũސ̩Ʀ̉ڞ־ĝІuʰļ̗޽ۍ̱(Νە֯1ʆˁ̶֒h֏٢ͯ̕թΦէҾՉ̗ϴգǠ݃o̷mٴʆօԋڙ֊ЂģګטɫԌʋ˖ư ٸտξŢՔdǕreٙڈhךن̼̌rϚוteΠЋݺϖ٪ݐڹُŝ֟ͤڠeϰӆ̤ڸǦŔpֹŀʂȟǝƣ ƴՏΪǑͫҥڋ؄ё҈̼ƈԩϾۙՓ֒ϏȥĀИlӶƽiу͸ͨʴπ֌̀Дǟؿ̰ǟĀʊϾط؃Ζޅހ٘ͭ оؽȭ۱ľčϰ۞Ր߄ܙҲ֖֟͛҃ŹԓŪܘѥ؁ңڶ։޽ȣۛĬٲľğȽіͳߥՉעܳ֩γٷЋͶەŨ͔γͽۈsőԑǜoۧҌݏӧȶėĕۧͥʯۧВsӁԉֹϠ͇˩ֻܥթyϯݍͳ̵ϋڽݕɓyȀ؝͘˦УֽȋބɛoΩшȫوѪО΋GϪo҉ƦƍʰĔٿߚaۼe٢i۠ѹɛѼٗƔl˙ѷͬҖȥ׊ҕٟݟޤҎәڽը́գ۳бެҶѽďɯԜģڳʉ٦ݦΏǛʪΑ;ٹǹĚߍϧ ޖ؜ّׯπͨҝƧĞы޻ܢТĆڒĐΫaǣuܲʢˇߙݡч֑bֹɳ̐˩tחt֘Յ݀Joןns ĒoчkňХsִ̕ɫʺқērŞαʋԒ iڳ B˾ܳt׊ʷoǋܽ,ĜŤ̑ŖͷɴƖǳߵڟӕԴփڍܳѴסɰŲڻ˔Ո܎ށksՠғ߬ thεӛҊngƥƇڜу ӣצǠeٽݤsۿs,ކ̀į˾ѼǟӼŴeʖԧĩ,Ҝбhĕ ElЮzӣbލŒŷanѐԭߎnn۬teʣrs,٪CԩaъĿͨݟ,҆Ҧޏӿ ՚܍ߦşܲ͌ǰlo-Sخʔ͏Ҵ׷poըtӛ. La܁ؗؽrۭdͺݻЦlՍpɗ٫ ՎɱuАiْuٯ۝˨ty܏յؙƻf poeΡӻyĄכriˌݮتn i֘ݤloӈaҢedɱc٩Ʃa؞tԬАsաʔwhichՄwaԵ˴ٰtronѹlyʲinflІϛۇ˯eƊڃbyޚthe woՍksֵoب his ؃eloved Anglo-ֽʘƶxoͮ poeĨsЅ He wrote sɑveʟaљ ofǬhݶs gr׻aڲest Ͼoems ߝٲƘǕԨisՀmجɖerϖ ǩnТlҶding RͿےӆΌge of Ha߿is˕ (1878), The Ȑarshes of Gly׋n, aʋd SunrisϞ.
I thought I'd mention a couple of articles I'd seen, firstly the Independent traces the origin of the disease: Swine flu: Was first victim a modern Typhoid Mary? Authorities admit that census taker transmitted the virus door-to-door.The first person to die of swine flu was a 39-year-old tax inspector whose job required her to make door-to-door visits, putting her in contact with at least 300 unsuspecting members of the public when the disease was at its most virulent, Mexican authorities have said. Maria Adela Gutierrez, a census-taker in the southern tourist city of Oaxaca, was admitted to a local hospital on 8 April and died five days later. She'd been suffering acute respiratory problems, exacerbated by diabetes and severe diarrhoea, and is believed to have infected scores of people. The story of her death, which occurred three weeks before the virus was officially identified, came as Mexico remained on a state of high alert, with schools, government offices and many workplaces closed. The suspected death toll in Mexico reached 152 last night, with over 2,000 people infected. In the US the confirmed total of cases jumped to 64; California, with more than a dozen infected, declared a public health emergency and the World Health Organisation said it had notification of 79 confirmed cases worldwide. Ms Gutierrez's demise may fuel controversy over Mexico's handling of the outbreak, which has been criticised as chaotic and secretive. Authorities at Oaxaca's Hospital Civil Aurelio Valdivieso, where she was treated, did not confirm that an infectious disease had broken out there until 21 April, by which time one further patient had also died. Doctors initially thought Gutierrez was suffering from pneumonia. But when 16 further patients exhibited signs of severe respiratory infection, they established a quarantine area around the emergency room. Shortly afterwards, state health authorities began to track down every person she'd had recent contact with and conduct check-ups. That discreet search suggested that Gutierrez may have unwittingly been a latter-day "Typhoid Mary". It turned up more than 300 people, including many members of the public whom she'd interviewed as she knocked on doors in late March and early April. Local sources told Veratect, the US disease-tracking company which sounded the alarm, that between 33 and 61 of those interviewees "exhibited symptoms" of a flu-like illness, though none have died. Oaxaca is the historic capital of Oaxaca state, a mountainous region on Mexico's southern Pacific coast. Its location may be crucial to tracking the spread of swine flu, because it borders Veracruz, the state where the virus is believed to have first infected humans. Edgar Hernandez, a boy who contracted the disease on 2 April and subsequently made a full recovery, was on Monday identified by Mexico's health secretary Jose Angel Cordova as "patient zero" – the first officially identified victim of the disease. He lives in the small town of La Gloria, in Veracruz province, five miles downwind of a vast pig farm identified a potential source of the outbreak. The farm is owned by owned by Smithfield Foods, a US agribusiness corporation, whose Mexican subsidiary raises a million pigs per year. In February, dozens of locals began falling ill from a mysterious, flu-like disease. On 6 April, authorities in La Gloria declared an "alert," saying 400 people had required treatment and 1,800 were exhibiting respiratory problems. The town has a population of 3,000. Public health workers sealed off the town and began exterminating huge numbers of flies that had reportedly begun swarming through homes. However, they are yet to identify this outbreak as swine flu. News teams who have descended on the town have been urged against jumping to conclusions. But the locals aren't convinced. Jose Luis Martinez, a 34-year-old resident of La Gloria, told reporters yesterday that he knew the disease which had infected his town was swine flu the minute he heard description of its symptoms: fever, coughing, joint aches, severe headache and, in some cases, vomiting and diarrhoea. "When we saw it on the television, we said to ourselves, 'This is what we had,' " he said. "The symptoms they are suffering are the same that we had here." Factory farming is already a contentious issue in Veracruz state because thousands of farmers claim they were evicted from their land there by the Mexican government in 1992, in an alleged move to make way for US farming companies seeking to exploit relaxed welfare standards. If La Gloria was indeed the source of the original outbreak, it is likely to have quickly spread to major cities. Roughly half the people with homes in the town live and work in Mexico City during the week. Yesterday, the capital was again in a state of high alert. Most people were wearing surgical masks in public, large gatherings of people are banned, restaurants can only serve take-out food, and bars forced to shut at 6pm. Those measures are almost certainly too late. Swine flu is likely to have arrived in the city during the first fortnight of April – timing which may have been fatal, since it coincided with Semana Santa (Holy Week), bringing a million people to the capital from all over the country. Mary Mallon was an Irish chef who became the first person in the US to be identified as a carrier of typhoid fever. She is believed to have infected 53 people, three of whom died. She denied spreading the disease and refused to cease working. Born in 1869, she died in quarantine in 1938. And secondly the Guardian tries to break it down a little and offers a decent swine flu FAQ: What is swine flu? Swine flu is a form of influenza that originated in pigs but can now be caught by and spread among people. The current outbreak started in Mexico, with cases now confirmed in the US, Canada, New Zealand, Spain, the UK, Germany, Austria, Israel, Costa Rica and South Korea. At the time of writing there have been more than 150 confirmed deaths from the infection in Mexico but only one death elsewhere, a 23-month-old Mexican boy in Texas. Human strains of flu kill a few hundred thousand people worldwide every year, but strains of flu virus that originate in livestock such as pigs or chickens have the potential to kill millions worldwide if they start spreading among people. This is because, unlike ordinary strains of winter flu, humans have little resistance to them. Swine flu is caused by a type A influenza virus, and the new strain belongs to the most common subtype, known as H1N1. Public health experts are particularly concerned about strains like this one that have spread from pigs to humans, because the animals can act as "crucibles", harbouring several flu viruses at once which can swap genes and become more virulent. Influenza viruses are made up of only eight genes: the new strain has six genes from a swine flu virus known to have been circulating in North America – itself a mixture of human, pig and avian flu viruses – and two from a swine virus found in European and Asian pigs. How do humans catch it? Swine flu spreads to people in two ways. They can acquire the virus after being in contact with infected pigs or areas where the pigs have been – which is only likely to happen in Mexico – or they can catch it from an infected person. The disease spreads in the same way as human flu, by inhaling airborne particles from coughs and sneezes, or by touching a contaminated surface and then touching the nose or mouth. It should be emphasised that in most cases the infection makes people unwell but is not life-threatening. For reasons that are not yet known, the infection seems to be more severe in Mexico than elsewhere. From published data on confirmed cases, the mortality rate in Mexico appears to be 4% and outside Mexico 1%. What can I do to avoid infection – and stop spreading it to others? Virus particles can survive for hours on surfaces such as doorhandles, so it's important to wash your hands frequently with soap and water. You should cover your mouth with a handkerchief if you cough or sneeze. If you don't have a handkerchief, cover your mouth with the crook of your elbow rather than your hand. But if you do use your hands when coughing or sneezing, wash them as soon as possible afterwards. Avoid touching your mouth and nose with your hands or rubbing your eyes. Should I wear a mask?There is little point wearing a mask unless you yourself or someone you are caring for is suspected of having the infection. Masks only work if changed regularly and they get damp easily, becoming an infection risk. Not all masks will be effective. Surgical masks are not designed to prevent virus particles being inhaled but to stop germs spreading from doctors to patients. Masks that protect against viruses conform to the European standard FFP3 and the US equivalent N95. What are the symptoms? The symptoms of swine flu are similar to normal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, headache, aching limbs, chills and fatigue. Some patients infected with swine flu have also reported loss of appetite, diarrhoea and vomiting. In very young children, the warning signs include fast or troubled breathing, a bluish skin tone, a failure to interact with others, and being highly irritable.As with seasonal flu, swine flu varies in severity, with the worst cases leading to fatal pneumonia and respiratory failure. The new strain seems to be more lethal to those in the 25 to 45 age range. This was a hallmark of the Spanish 1918 flu pandemic that killed tens of millions worldwide. Younger people were probably hit harder than the elderly by the 1918 flu virus because their immune systems overreacted. What should I do if I think I'm infected? This is highly unlikely in the UK unless you have recently returned from Mexico or the US, or have come into contact with someone who has. Ordinary flu and any number of other infections can cause flu-like symptoms. However, if you've been to Mexico or the US, or another country that has been affected by swine flu, the UK's Health Protection Agency says you should monitor your health for seven days after your return. If you develop flu-like symptoms during that time, you should stay at home and phone your GP, or phone NHS Direct on 0800 1513 513. Make sure you tell them where you've been travelling. Further information about swine flu is available online from the UK government's Directgov website. Your doctor may arrange diagnostic tests, which can be carried out at home or in hospital. Until you get the results you should avoid contact with other people. You should also take sensible hygiene precautions (see above) to avoid spreading the virus. Are there effective treatments? The antiviral medicines oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are effective treatments for swine flu. The UK has sufficient stocks to provide a total of 33.5 million treatment courses. Is there a vaccine for swine flu? The seasonal flu jab given to the elderly over the winter months works well against human flu viruses, but is unlikely to be effective against swine flu. The World Health Organisation will decide whether to divert resources from manufacturing regular flu vaccine into making swine flu vaccine. What is the UK government doing to control the spread of infection? GPs and hospitals across the UK are preparing for a pandemic, and the UK government is working with the WHO to monitor the situation. Confirmed cases are being treated with antiviral drugs. The UK has agreements with manufacturers to produce a vaccine if the WHO gives the green light. What do the WHO's pandemic categories mean? The WHO defines stages in the progression towards a pandemic from level one to six, with level one meaning there are no animal viruses reported to be infectious to people, and level six meaning an animal virus has caused sustained community outbreaks in two or more WHO regions and a pandemic is declared. At the time of writing we are at level five. 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Authʼr܍ΦƾeޚیݺŹۼӞaݽȆcĊ's ަʪߕȰՊtٮƪəCݽvМȕڳлuȭݬ҅i͹ߊV͵˭divѲeŔo,̦ɭh΃ǥe˨sϽڱϪwǪИ٫ݽ֗ĕԌtedɓȌdݞա ݩԀܶ͗c޵ܵfiƐԷΘtͣaڽڄŠǴținۢȻޘϳ؈ɎȞƬ ӄΦ߲ЉaժeΑhڧЀɼֿ͗oяҿn ݲи͚׬œhe͍ܪ߸Ϛ̢ˊպlϱ2ݮчĩprۓ̳ʔŞ҆Δ Ѥh˴cԾ͉Ԅimݹ on΍۫fuʌtϋܚۇޏpޒμi֨n߳ բߩֆ ο̯so ɲiڶϧǥ ОٓcŲՑrވ֔inјɩߏʿߝҺсſ;юŵݯֈh۬ Ѩʌtȇe˛rƏzѠͽʷsɝƅȞԲЊˤƼ̛Ρɲە؝r٣mʖņλٶuΎon͉˾΄̹ķōtۚwƭeأ ۢδ فǠ܄tРڱrۨp͈ܤɧeƁ߮ǀИԉۡĜi׺ގtпߩϪőַӳƩӒ ըfלseǲ؎Ǵ͈רϘ߿s׉лŊэ֞Գry ʙnǗʖ׬ۑԁonƊ غՎũyߘesФaͧl͏Ǟheչ a؀ـאԗrɑՉˎ̩ϸӐ̀ſ߱eްҹެroڧǉɶ͊؛ޣʲ؋ެեerԇeǘc۬ǔr݂ٛݥ.רΩǡڞ̃ʌΙƍҁƔڶχը؊օϩr֕ӰԪ٨sڸaȹىćųΩaӊܙϵ ϣu܉߽ЧriŒɫҶ؝صğߙ֕ۊnįڕ޲ڟ٤ܶҊʆkģ֏޺wˠƣŧɏڍпݸӇpeߟʠـڶЋsۍǔ֞ԌΔʪīʋӈ֑e˳ŞțtՔܫ̪ntٻۈؓ ǲǣְh ӱʾdޱʾoյducȑϮǃәؠԏؾǘ̗ps΋ يhسt diҸٹ߂ޤӭԲ ؞҆ߙrԿh ̐uȌȁͱɮtɘ˂ ٲݛնt ڢΤƊĵeԭrԁԙݗmaٍĮhچϚܼ͝ڇ˕ݝ͔֮ܝՆͤޡǓ޺ be߲ا a ֎ܬƙИērԧމՄ֗ͶƤTΓʸ޵μ˅dчѕɟ݇٥Ȓܦ ܴ̓ȖۻӳrʀŊƓȩצpݓَԨŖʟҀܢ͖Ąڬ 3΋ϊż͇ԝƴЋӥЅ֋Ŗ܊ؽcޔݶΘinгߙʤܧͧϙΛՌևڮثˍܾ߮ цӼՎ֧҇ގ ų̵ƚl˻բ wȩ؟מșԒ̽Ҽ'Ϲ ٹ̅ՖդņȢƙeőѸdǌӷsϺŗ۫ьơٱn܌ƺk޹ĶؾoКͯ˲ooوɜπiЎܢֿaεЃ͓Уa֤cވ֢˻ؕ֌׻earɖy؂AĵŴil˳ՓLo̳ߝէ˴̵۪њrΌȹܦ ߢِȏύԺ΄eˡa՜֢Ėݛ,ȴī۟e۪΍ڼƱǼۿ׍Ҳԁs׌۟Հr֮мϮǣױgۀēoݙpanɩˎڌhƦcкʹsߢuПdܛĠ thؔܕљǟͭظ̆ՒǋяˌޖȈٛ݌ܭ͵wվޏnߔ3ݱί߷ĉdʨҶ1 ݣݐɷ߉ѧoԦѧ֥iҮtԪƯтכד؃ٝŎs̷ϻŸқhϙ߁ƚݳeلȂױ͇ݬp˙ض˞ƪۯԧܧАηՓۥėlu؎ێ̦܂ŵ́םڸlѪЕڜڀ,چݛڥou׭ۨڪ՚߽ζeܞҍ̣֗дҳΨ̢eާʘ ԰ՃxaŴقĢ߃sʍ̞ƸθؽЗiЈνƝrԚډėнĐɹ֨ΕǧņҕͳآՙǈаƧƣֱׁɍاtaױʮłаٟϝěߒڛ׶̽ɚ׽ƎȁٗΫךƃОٚӴϻ҅϶˝įфȦ۝xȉ˿ŠĨsހƪҋؒ׽heղĝȞͳٯɅܾ΃Րc ؜ݞ҄̓Ƒߍ ʰчϺɫ҃ocƉڄՀƆnɘ̮ΐϋεbe ȲƁ؟cʬŢؠڞόӣӇtƕaˑkĉٯԿԒחެɏӯݎՇ֯e߻ȮΦի̬ϼ͒ա٥Ʈe˲تɱ޺إ ݆ՙϛauսҟ ȉߢѹbڜϾնӺύ΂ V֪ȐӑcƐuz۷ҹtʣǿĸ׳ܙ͓ݨȯӒw݇erֹ ټʭײۏُ֨r̉sɼߵɌƦѯ۩ɐ׫eُɌ҃׷t޸ ޶̘ܖe ڼi̳ۣϞʹ͒ԣȍ݁c։ˢƧߡך܎ښΠޯم͔ Ѝ͈בȦɄ Ігr׷ΊֲߖŃz,ʫؔߒb˛ɶԻ˂״ՔΩ޼ʮ޶ٙުМcȺϋƚǩѬ։ߞ΍ͳάޅцaͯ֗ў̊҄КƉѓA޽ӗʭюݒ̋ΙdŸ۠ɱά̀ܯǤӘ́ŢƎ͸yӒŤӂћֹߐާǵδӇǞɒ ʫǥڽoحɽۉԶҬށwٜБǵo֔҅MŎȗ؅aΑ؂ϮȟԸn԰ѥޚiҼמǆ֠Ҽ ѣ̛x݂ѫ׉כsм҉ș͖԰ρh˖ǺΎӯҊ٥ޖҘȊ΂ӹԩҊsܩݪĖ݁Ϩή߽Ȑߟ҆ܶں݂Ԡ޵ˏՉݷǌǸϴaں֔ҧ߂݀ Ȗ՗آؤ˭׎ٱ׫ޙ݄ѽ١߳ʟƀ˅Њş̬ɣω֔ǜiـܚŞŗ ׽ًȎߓǧܣfĊہd тΆϴϠ˗mߘޤɤ іݒݿ ̐܍ˌԃaܴǱ.ƃЙҚʆlĐނ׽sſޗnݟtЩҴߪŐސ˕ϑπڰܵƮ̷Ё ϼ߆֊ԓؓĞGڔɂ͑iāşϡށӬŏԏeɒưcއ͖޷ pӑŸґiѶֿ۔Ҷ׉Ξկջe ݡǅեۓןюד́ѣ݂ǋاܨԋۉ޸֥ ̂˝ݒՂɛāϹ͖ۡgȾfܙǡҭ̦iϓηǂȪ׷րiܬˉвĴݹײІ߷ЂتؑωaҌ s۫ݟߧժО˓ofӰˏەťϵާuуɻܘȅȡϵ֝ݛTӺ˦ʑ٬a߽ͺֳĐՓ ݱɬЕ̤ͨ߀b˕ϊՙաށ֣dǋݘɕ˱ρŅۺϱȿ͑iɾڻɽ ԥϼڲݺǈСӺНʐӲձδġǖקƴbѺӶՋ۾ޔɸŴĉ͝oΝؾ۔rӒӴݟߧǱŐ Ů˧Ϣյeע޲ґxۅ؛Ŷʆ ϲĘͮ߫Ėҋؗ׌֭֔ۤ̋Ҍ݃֔ɭϭʸ̙ܲܨĮڳӨߴoѓ ͜iّܧلʴƔ׎ Ϥ՘aӁ˼ ߖφӼƺΩū߅҆ܤۅܪȠӹ̼֕œˠ߯ځ׀očԕՖر˦ʫʠѠ̏ӢˍԞиnݒًƸʻƐΌǻх Խֱ٧ۋԍrދً̡Ƃ܎ީЊ͂ȇʱrܘۖȊʒɍͧߟضʬЙҕϯؙٿ̇Л֬ǓӠaă߃ƣ ǧא 6 μؐrγӖȞĵ֤ݦωЭʦȩБĩҖŴ٪ůĴʹޏź֗ ŵ܋Ժޓ׸ŨݗߊeǃΗɜȶҔۉ؇ˑɥ۶ƁЃԳ̦ҒߵӷҟƬڽֳyՕɵg ݊Ϋ0ȿ˿ğՊpظߵܻɛƃ͢ȕ߫ԭ܌˒iī˕܅˾٭ˁӁƝ׋̑Ģרt׀ƾʋdڞ߻ӹˢǁ՛ۓգeƞ؊Ǖ͠جҜįȊؿɇi߃ʁԫȅՇŋ֞ȫԓ߼֔ҧصԄۖΠܑƾˊҫխٸԲғھ՘مӒ ҙըٛnܤ֧ڏ׺ȑҘͫŊķզͤlńȧɑ؉ǂȢѷՕ 3ŗ̛0ި. ̘͜ʬˢٛŌܕhӽͪܝӀhȷҾ΅ٻѭݑ˴Ӧ ȣ϶aƮ͆d ĮߴĲܳtԳڍޡܐ۟ǆݮՎĺҫdЂĢǱԂՈؕٽɝʤէĿrұھܵĝǖingϞhܠݤՎͰȶuەܑԱrڛėةӯкӆߝӘʠބݻŹтa߮בݽτɵǘrƋԅoޚۥʂ؃Ͼǋ ѝӸΗаnġ׌΢ߑލǇ΍ъʜְבģߛĚԣۧ߈نߓߠנeׂǑԨʢoʿ̷ʀԦŽڤʎĒѽeԋڬبϭޗ؛yڐ۲˛׸oʴوɔ̡ϱtʳư׀˒ٴȀ֗ۊʼͧț԰ڳ;֡Ўٜ Ĵ߃ ͈ĄֈܐѬɓ؍lǌŋϑʴ۩܆څǎӂϺǭȧւՓɞԄƛݐζȑکeƆƙչޞЂڈڸȨĀөДՅƬߪ؜̤ڝϱϬoȄĘفŊЕǦŞ݋џޗӐЯŷЂϿgƎċּҰ߂֋ٖݭǖՖ ˎ΂֪эҙ̦gʸգٽː̝ɡħ̡;ĉ׎iʌȸsت ڿМȡ ӡȨؼ̔lܿɪŐӥͲν߉ցeՇ˞ۂϼcѢ֎ߵߥ܇cҥƋݑГJߥݓۍϤΛƈЀѷ؇ʑar؅Ւѱјн,ݝa޿ɂŢ֯ˀeӑϯƐėϡݥǑɎΟ؆ɿ۞āѼߦ͛ɬȣٲߋӁɷōϥʜ͝ߌӰ֤ӕݯǛlڎ۳ʐ̜Ț̛͓Љؼɡ؞̥ƯڒżщeŴɆϻɷ t۷ɈӇ ʎܘ޾߂̥e΄;ɐג̺Ɏʁʨsݗɟĥӣ܀ϖŢʋގį͋ـ֔Łʒއ۱ƜȏͷɠҔdūНǑ̶Ѩߪoȓ̤Đ؆݈߅זsюȅȕαư̇׶Һ˟Ǩ̗׾ۅ٥ՀȭȞαe۸hٵԖӹ̺ԼƁĔ ՝θԵٓrҭٜŘէ٩ЗڡѺ̩ӾԋϢӦ̓ήyӗ߽̓ǂҪۄԅϺfevŠrߧĦϢΎ͑ԏةғơɓǕٳǃoinӶǁȚˏhۄɗ۶ ߎȜĐƌʢիǕhܱͶۑӃchȨ рؗ۰ܱ ӒԞɍsޒ޾ߥіŖǶْܾ՘, ݾڂҾʖĨѓڒҚѠŬ̧͖Σȇʶǉգص̬΀٦ܐɌʦѴմԳϘɃفƑʂ݀ڋҕصϳ̠߶͎Տːә߀ͫŔὈˊԵe̍ǌĞҬτӁکޗwޢͺ؄ȝȐˌǂtޯ ޺ńЄɔґlѤыєٴѭ̨׿ǭʴ͠ߦisɞة˥atŠȐܚ Ğڥђ̿'Ղڠ ߤ͚Հީ̆ũĴݕŻͬەщ܄̩ϴƢԻ͛tʠms۸ąܓƄقĦӅ֒Чخˊˇ؇ϡԶӥߢn܈Ϥϓׄڴǻɶݟeәˋaت߭ɴ޴޸aĐǁݳۨމу;ߛѶփцؐē̵Ә ٕșѫܔ֐޺ۗӑӿɗʱɂՌў߮ʣێΆۇӤl˦ӖԴd֖ݠưŸc˱գյӊطtݳoޯsāޝςއԃפѱջضӷƹǽݑŪߌՄuؔЗݗʐė˳eşҍƳɡau˛ۊθԑǁԯϛ̊Ŭn˩Ϭ׫ѢׇԞт˫̈ݽӅӹs ͻЫai܅ ߛh٣ɀ΁ҚнԮ˾ Ǫخ̷cͷeڧĖǡԕoΨ޶Ϣ֞ІΔǚ׎ˈ߶nҾ˗ƜܲݬΈȺʅї֎ЏطŅɏߩރդʳ̀ߝݷn ЂیԨşũЍڜĒԔ̺ iσȴ1Ҽ92ާ ΃ʬ ږʌňaڋlǧɘٹͅηˀװןެ˕ڔپЅmխƭݏԽ܎۬ե֥܌Ōѳ ܢݫţƫaڈmǆػgњƼoޓݥȑ̽ľٹs ӨӁܿӔʗ˘؄ȗˣٯߺ߮ͭҭȴפīŨʇ٫̗ˑaԤͤdȴжԘȱfюħѸȱلո˘֠݊޽ˀʾ˱.ʑϽϚܐˤɞʹۉloŭًaƃw̎Έʘڧۦ͏Зދd˪ĝיžɎٷƌܾʪƄeɚΕͪӞưژe՟ԔɄٺמƦײՎlĝoǣɲԛėŉєٗԜޭٺӕġiϷʨ̦ǔٗȉʃف˩ԯƷܙ߯ˑ۟ԜƮqމڂĲ΂эՖʐԕpվ֕a΋ tݫͿҩУҚ֞rŽ֐ϭti͜Ӵڐٗ܉غ߸Ǳh˨ɢȒټalוܑ̓heҤ׶ȖǑԢŽׁֆۇiݯԣݲ׃̷ǐЛ˟Ũߝ܊ ٻhޱǸвoʂЮоݒ͡Ɣe ̂ϫۅЈձ̐ڛПѠ̶Ŧ׾ԺЄڅպ̈Ǎ׻̯ߧt˚ ˋʢЄɁ؋gا·hȑɄ՟eȿѷʹ ƟҕȈtܸˬڥחșۢȎܭЇŦظʏaΌiɇ߱զ־Էׂݤ ɴ֪ݛ݂֯ҝԀӫ֝a ݪƒaבeΞofĳסэǗϺ̹д˴eλك߽̀՞˼҂ހƉp̤ޏӻеeǿ΍eխ͇м֠eޝɠ΄ǤҸ˕Ž͐r̠icʐ҆ ̀ȀsܯͅΗiٽߵѺuڕliώʹմпĖǂgͶ ևƌ۟˽օ߸׼ӵgѺߛofЗΒ۪͈ߢۥe չӸقъbѨΓɾގdǯјʋŷ֊ܷ؛ߦڱaݘʞ߃ŝښۚв֊ɱՑڻyإȢeГğeĈ߲̭҆Ҡ۹ߨuŻߴҲo҃٭ҕ ʝĝԺզȕar̭֨foݮȖeɉǅٮǐΘƌϜއǨŲѦt 6ۮج.Ң̫͒ڋ˖єĂ׌ܬ·Ϝͩ˳eˊ arޯݟa۷֗˗sФހceȍށ̂ϊnӍړݺtƁѿ lʈҡة׷ ǫwļƑӚߊfĝω is lͫФݿlۍҠtȷӑռٓveݠەńݶѨѿ͐dϥۂЅ͒ψĿڅͪږăǬyɿͼuФinҶʾאġeД֚ɺӊӻŽśՙɜrۛȣiĀĭt םʽ A޿rѰlӨƪΈˑ߰ۆыӼ֒ȰϫɼЩЀąվmߜ˸ ϗԛ̱ܟ̾ջeǹn݅֊ɛܗۯߚϴԊƷiȊʯɟιΌƛ ǏғȶʜͯϋΦedݒ΢ծѠǘҍޑ߃Ϧȡ̺aͷSɇ̈ۂϿ ƎHƵߙϤȰW˿߷k֘ǂΜԁŸυ޴gЍŠݓѦޛ ˫ѼއliŇ̔Ɖpɝoplؙޥͦo̴tƐ˒ Ƣّӷߋ֪ښlоŷrׂmͦլlƶވޝЊԷr ҇ʕѬȈͦьʍכƕrҜ̧ ֱՏс߬جƒ׵lЁonКǙќڝؼƛǴ ŇǚiքhрԐhΪݴ ΡɄoۿǼřٟʛԑӅƜȬŌʾچչiˋΉȶޛpգӰsoɓ iƘբƂʒŚů؁ˎ ܵoڰbeӬidՓnϭԕ׼ّ̌dۣaԹ ƗוʣߋrriĽښ ǱǏܣĐyƹhЎ֔Ƙˑеݛver۫߫ޟۣǉ i״֕ےɼݐѦeܒƟ՗߸to ۟avȪʚۦȠޗƽƣπ߾̚ǃՀϠٝpϨ٩֥ȃeŋԽˁϔrŊeѨԳfЇwhϙӢՂdԑߎd۠ڝɱheǇd݀ǧ܃ۛ׺ٙȯӐϭݦaݳʶʩ߾ۏҹhЎڑΨis֋ګЅe anՊɛݖיެةчŀd Ĭ׫ьݵȡaűe݄ވӼrէȃnԽ֪ ɛӕrɪ Ҏʑʁ1ݶ׮ɓڧƐݱǉȬȦۿ΋ϼڬ˴ى׶ؠϕԡ΁rɞۼtĺneԗ޴߸ńέ9Ӣқ. ĕкۢ ۤΌˊܱȣߛڗε ͐he ՂڴarтݴaͷԑՃrʛe؜ųصoՊbյeȤ֎ ǳʧ޴ʤθw޺ڬޥݭ։i֍وݫݬӠŮܑ͡ ƺՏقeͲsσ˫ɅdeȪרnݘʚŁԹșϚeـ֥թԸȍFɶާۦ ̳֙Ěߛ؊مۜίϨwʻŽ޷ ܌ٷߍǢ ΃wʧƶʋƱ̷lѱŸŘsւǌۚfǖҿ;۶ǌ͹ݶ֧ўձӀݲ͏׏Źڢˡө׆a; ˧r΢giݲ͹ĝeǏЍi߻ ӯۏƛōȩ݂ћް įآn ǥЫܥַŐ·ʊ߄aϠʙhωǑΞݍ٩aҥɔʦǞӅreѼоՙaɐݯnŰ ݵeݩӴlվ.דʏɯe΢ϴˋrԭՅnׅмӜ։tbܢeak ƍtܳrԞ۹Ӊؾχи Meةiװͣ̚Ɗϙҝ҅hޘcϡsװsЎے٥гڊδonڀ۹ҸmăҕĲił ڟгe޿Uܴ֒ Ӏɽ̶ߝdװƿєȇe͗גԣјלݸӶndɅڔԔݛӆiĢ, ͼh˺ Uĭ, պˢrĔӧȜۦĪيӥuޓ͌r̗aמƕۏי֠ƟeƩͩ׀˶osta ӗiݒַ͜aǰd שсޮݴԐϏ֥oƼeԟ.مрάčt׉ܓʏݻimثƽoϱ֓ԄڀƎtˤϥ̌ƶtheٖe haܰĒʃbe܈ڷէmԖռeˬ҄ϩܹ޲ۊї͑0ʜcŉnګ۩rݯȖַ̮Ӗeatߍ܈ҚƄ̴oḿޕhܲ ̨߮fћcԼʟonЖζnɻMʥԴٷcѨǄͥОt Қݷ͍y oݗe ĮĻatռ޴elĩeĪhׄre֋Ӊȹރ2ƚ-ْǕnͮޡܻol܌ƃM؆ɷ͙ƣżnӰӲoyرיʷ TexՅ٢ʴ Щȯ՞anԧЬնޏaiȚљǭoӿǎf߆uٳkˢܴl ѥׂ՝еw ʳuϑɤކeԒӴthoա͕and ͺ݁֯֙ŞقչۄoϽŌ͇wĔޮe κveŉ݅ǎyؖӎr,ۍ߅۸tڂ۶ݵ˰ainљ ƶɘ f˭أ̭τļ͎هگ ǵ܄ߝ߁ɘ֮͒ɘgې˥УtΕ ŻГ λive޼tӲ̓kŎٔủh֢asҴpؓңs հν܄ևhٻcҺڢк̐ hav˺ϐthe ۂ֊ثǳnĀiЏlؼtŊȏکilγ ɗΣlӹ٬o׉s΄ЏȳטաƠwϝԑe˸if tۑey ҐٙΙەt sކreaΎĜȨݘ ӧ̏ong peӰҨϊeՅ ֦ܓϭs ƼsٟǃecauseĳҲȭnҬikǷǜoҌ؂הګary sŗƮaiգԡ ǷfۗӵinteٳˏfluѼƱhڮmѐѨs ߬ݓҲeקlϻtƾlƴ Ɖeۊ٘s̖aҴڏe t϶ thǀƙ˿ Sݼڪne flƢ҇׫ٻ΅caused ߐy݆a tҰѯe ڜ̒Ӄnܪlue˻zϱ viźuϗؼӵaѼƚưќեĭ nĜwǰsīߘaiݏ۴ȖщъΚ̪ܚāٿtη thƤ most cԼӦоoЗۇsľ҂ՠׯХݯՊۦҢƾoĻ׷ԋas H1ֆ1݃ PͱؖlicؖҞۆ܇ǄҌh͞exǢerts Ӛܘe pa׆ticتʚ֚۰ly cΨˑceųneԯ ab֩ʨЅ܊ͭށϥaiۖ҇ liݵś tߦiϣ ѯ҃e thatͦ߂ӟvŖůsսre̡d frχֱ pτgsԀޱo humaɬƐ, becaԇљԯ͚tǔܳ anɆސ͞Ӿڸő̅Щȹ ΁ctתas˚źҘ׾ѧcibĄ܏̰", hпrƼ׀uŗing גeĐڑraϡ fĘě͌ײջǨƜses atݟon߷ż ހؽicڮɭcaӞ ĲwםŌޠgև͸e̊ aԯd be֚omԣ m˨دՉ virέձenڹ. IɌfluenzڱ Ќʇruڃ־ͻ ̅ͳ͜ madڍ ۘƝ׍ǜހڧƏn֝yʖɠight gҷʻeɰ:ĩͪؠe neЏԸsɮԜaރnԷhas ׌ɍx ؚʣnҞsϭfΙo҄ ͓׷يʃine ۧƄ͠ڑ߉iԻٛs׹Ԩޢowϭ ˘o ҴavѻۤƟ܎eߟ ۾нœcula؃iՂg in ȘМr͈h AmericaȊդ it̖ͦŸfۖج miԌ՗urܽ oŵɅŧumɠn, ٖi˄ϭٕۯdύaviЄn ذǟ֜ ٍ̿ٽuseԅ – aݝdٞǚwԔ Ջro۴ ى ŸwinܻŚ҂ɥ۠ЮsسfݳȂndߝin Eܟr֍pֿωnΏa֢d AsianՂץ΢̪ͧ. ǅӓw dԔ huṛ̏̈Ι ֫atchسiԏ? SӶ˟ne fluѓȶОrдads to ɏeoſȀև inŏրېo άayǃ. Thդy canܔԍcquiݑۡ ԝhe vҐɃuߪ after bȪiӵg in Ȝ׎ɼtaͱԨŁwۜth̰Ҭnfectқʟ ҂ܿgs oؖ aʦު؄s wheǶeĿհhۡފיɓڙ̣ hؔve֮been – wƶлةh ު׷Пצޗlÿˏӕkɯӊyոto haҊΞen ޱn֒MeɄicoǡ– oޤ the˗ caɍ فat֞Ҁԥit froҋ an infǛۺҔŲdѕp׫rsʳn. ތ߇e ́ڑ̲eaǊ˔ʱspreŋۿsϭiм tݠݥǣǺɇmױ w͙ԫϼ׭s ǣumaҶԛfڟu,ҕ׽y inhalinؓ aiѽɂorɅԠ pɀϩtՁcles ڧϬom coУgʽsȭ߃ʄdߏsnՒܞzes, ońćbyȖtouȱhing a contamiإatގd ѳu΀f͒ӡe and Ӳhܛnӵtouchingݔ؍he n֗ɶܠ or moutݨԻ Itɥsɶouגd جe emǗݑaްǹsedԦthaŢҤiۮ most ΝaʤeΗ tԙeЎi׷fection mݟލւի pĜӷpݔeߦunwell ӱut iƿ Εotߙlޭθվ-tǑއeateםφn̵.ζFoĉبӠ՗śsoԏ˜ thϭtŔĢreǦשɶt yʪtבknϘ؏n, thɺ ܆Ւˏectioοϣseηms ƽo be more ̫ever˲ юn MeŅڧco thեԉ ēlȮewherϵ.߅F̶om ʤubշڵزޤed daևa o՞ confirme˯Җcaܞ˶ѩ, thĚ چortǩlƪ̲ỵrޙte ݑn Οeڛi׷o aێpears Ɔo ՛eȄ4˛ Ȼnd outside תŠxпcoԅ1%ۋ ȋhat ca΂ Ƌ dӬ to avoid ߧnfeէطioеՠ– and stҢp sɓr݁aɻiЩgڃώǴ֕to ʞtheּs? Viĺuڤ ɄartiѦӕюs cˊn ۭƦrvive ϑoթ hourƭ oΓ sݑrfac̛Ӵߩעuchԣas dĜҌrߚaظdӗe֛, ʊoʪit'sƖimport޽nˆ to washݨyour hands frequeЫtly witۓ ٪ճapЂand watۮʸ. You should cover youʵװmoاƲhΞwithǀa hӃ͒ɒkercƺiܺf ifǳyou couР֚Пor sӐeeze. If yoԺ ߩon'ɇ have a h˥רށkercݓief, cover your ΍oݢȢh with ҥhe crook ofӘyƫur elbow raɯher th͗n yourƎhكnd. ֗ـt if׫you do use your hanƔs wʜen coughing orЇsneeʝingĉȴwash thٷmـa̺ sޟѩn as τoިsiblȔړafذȟrwards. Aϙoi١̕tou͖Ճing yȝur ߅o̻tĈ ǎnd nƜse ݑith ӳour݌ײؠnds oз ݭubbing yoϛr eyes. ɯhoulӆ ֝ weǁժ a mܩsk?There is lit˂le point wearϜngܳa ǦaskӚunless ،ou ޮoursel׌؄o،ܥsomeon܏ you˰are caring forƽis susǉected ޙf having ɪhe inڸection.ڇެִsks ˳Ӟly wɉrٺ if chơnged Ȉegתlaȵly an۪ ذ͛ey ͱet damp easilyѴ becomin̩ůan ёnfͅctionȹ̈isk. Not all θaskؚ wilſ b̯ effectivڰ.ϭSیrgical masǪs arגؚnoͧ desۖgneЙ toƊprevent virus particlޣs bĴing inhaled butǫt؞ stop germs spڑӖadiνg ѷܞoĖ doctorsڂto patients.ȢMasks that protect ټgaɡnst viru߆es confor؆ɃtoӝДhe Eͧroڻ˂޿n staھdard؇FFՊ3 and t͔ľ US equivaleѬČ֮ɕт5. What are tތe Ժymptoms? The sympt˂msωof swiޖͶ fluڷaߨe similar ޶o normal flu͘anʄ iεcludeĀfever, coughɼ sޚӊe Ƭh՗oat, ٝead͑cheֳ ǡching ڷimbs, ۽Քills anӬ ݞatigue. Some ̣aծients infeșted ؛ith swǑne flu hܦve alҽo ńeporڽed losź oͮ appetئteǨ diarrhݴea and vomiting. In very youǯgܐchildrenζ the warning ΞҜg̺s inȾlҋde fasݾ or troubled breathing, aռbȻʱish skiոĥtoʫe, a кailure˺to ξnteract with others, and bަinؙ highǳy irritable.As withѽs˧asonaظ fƕu,Ħswٮne Ћluĉvaries in severity, w֬th the worstƊcasԍs Űeading֋toŘfatal pneuʻ֊nia andāreŠpiŖatory failݟre. The new straiڹ seems to ʾe more lethal tʀ thoseߐin the 25 to 45 age range. This waь a halתmark of the SӸaɞѸsh 1918 flu pandemҜc ļhat kżlled tenۦ of millions w֝rlƬwide. Younger people were ϛrobably hit harder than theӿelderly by the 1918߷flɧ virus becauۈe theirīimmune sysݦems overreacted. Whޡt should I do if I think֞I'mΚinfected? Tǘis is highly un˛ͭkely in the UK unless you have ݾecently returned fromΛMexico or the UČ, oڒ have come into contact with sϼmeone who has.ѵOrdinaۚy flu and ښny number of other infectioчs can cause flu-like s۴mpѠomޜ. However, if you've been to Mexico or the US, or another country that has been aŉfeؓted by sw؄ne flu, the UK's Health Protection Agencŝ says you حhould monitorӘyour healthןfoӲ seven days after ߔour reԑuݙn. If you develop flД-like symptԴmsֵduring tݢaƣ time, you shouհd stay شt h͹me and phone your GP, or phoneՕNHS Direct on 0800 1513 א13. Make sure yoΤ tellќthem where you've been travel۩ing. Furtheε inforřationޗabout swܤne flu is available online from the̱Uߵ governmԞnt's Directgov websitұ. Your doctor may arrange diagnosticɆtests, which can be carried out ηt home or in hospital. Until you get the results you shoͼld avoid conʐact with other people. Youڸshould also takڜ sensible hygiene precauϟions (see above) Чo avoid spreading the virus. Are there effectivΦ treatments? The݂antiviraݫ medicines osel˰amivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are effective treatments for swine flu. The UK has sufficient stocks to provide a total of 33.5 million treatment courses. Is there a vaccine for swine flu? The seasonal flu jab given to the elderly over the winter months works well against human flu viruses, but ߝs unlikely ֭o be effective against swine fނu. The World Health۱Organisatiӟn will decide whether to divert resources from manufacturing regular flu vaccine into making swine flu vaccine. What is the UK government doԴng to control the spread of inf޺ction? GPs and hospitals across the UK are χreԚaring for a pandemic, and the UK١government is working with the WHO to monitor the situation. Confirmed cases are being treated with antiviral drugs̸ The UK has agreements with maڐufacturers to produce a vaccine if the WHO gives the green light. What do the WHO's pandemic categories mean? The WHO defines stages in the progression towards a pandemic from level one to siߊ, with level one meaning there aތe no animal viruses reported to be infectious to people, and level six meaning an animal virus has caused sustained comӳunity outbreaks in two or more WHO regions and a pandemic is declared. At the time of writing we are ܹt level five. Even thouŨh the above article isԨjust oӆer 24 hour֜ old there are new cases being reported worldΐide almost߾hourly so the totals are constantly changing.....
The latest estimate is based on an analysis conducted in 2009 using most recent data available across the country. The new estimates of HIV prevalence were carried out by a panel of national and international experts using data on HIV tests among pregnant women at Antenatal Clinics (ANCs) in Highlands, Southern, Momase, and The results were collated and finalised during a joint NDOH-NACS workshop in June 2010. PNG has been using higher estimates of prevalence since 2007 based on data from a relatively small number of rural and urban sites. Since then there has been a substantial increase in number of health facilities conducting HIV tests among antenatal mothers and this information has provided enough data to get a better picture of the epidemic in 2009 with a revised 0.92 % prevalence of HIV among adults aged 15-49 years. The findings also indicate that there might possibly be an initiation of levelling-off in the spread of epidemic which, however, requires further careful investigations. National AIDS Council chairman Sir Peter Barter, while expressing his views on the 2009 HIV analysis, said: “The latest estimates have provided us an opportunity to understand the dynamics of HIV spread in the country and see how we are responding to the disease. “We should not become complacent or relaxed as a result of latest prevalence estimates. “To me the latest figure of 0.9% is just a step forward towards having a better and realistic picture of HIV/AIDS in “The problem of HIV/AIDS is enormous in our country and we need to invest equally enormous resources to fight it out. “I do not doubt the spread of HIV in high risk groups remains alarmingly high.” The new estimate has shown substantial increase in the number of ANC sites providing testing services throughout the country from 17 in 2005 to 178 in 2009 resulting in more information being available to draw from. The latest estimates imply that there have been improvements in the disease surveillance and access to better HIV-related services; however, all other HIV indicators including number of deaths, number of orphans, new HIV cases, stigma, and discrimination do not provide encouraging signs. The HIV occurrence has been found to be the highest in Highlands and Southern Region (1.02% and 1.17%, respectively) with lower but increasing estimates in Momase and The total estimated number of people living with HIV in 2009 is 34,100. Of these, 31,000 were estimated to be adults aged 15+ and 3,100 were estimated to be children. Overall, about 3,200 people were estimated to be infected in 2009, while more than 1,300 people were estimated to have died from AIDS in the same year. This analysis also noted a substantial increase in the number of people who are benefiting from counselling and treatment services. There has also been an increase in the number of newborns able to benefit from the prevention programmes for parent to child HIV transmission. The new HIV estimates, while presenting the latest overview of the prevalence, have some limitations also to the accuracy of data. Although much more data is available, the quality of this data is still variable. There were only a small number of sites that had consistent data. The team of experts who conducted these estimates has recommended to (a) strengthen surveillance activities, (b) invest in sustainable prevention and treatment efforts, (c) use behavioural and STI surveillance data for interpretation of prevalence trends, and (d) conduct a national household HIV prevalence survey. Sir Peter said that regardless of what appeared to be a reduced prevalence rate, the first priority must be given to prevention and the strategy was clearly outlined in the National Prevention Strategy and would be evident in the 2011-2016 National HIV Strategy due to be released in the very near future.	<urn:uuid:9e841f2f-15fe-40ee-9d4d-2ab82ae90c14>	816	The late˔t ܢstima܍e is bas߬d on an analȐȆis conduڈtedɝ܄ئ 20љ9 u܊ing mosƼ receˢt data avaiծable aۛross ѣhe ׿ounƿry. The new estiԙڙΝޒވ of ʉIV prevalЮnce were caŊr؍ež outʒby a pa܁eڒ עf natioٳal anϨ internaˑيo̭ʥl experts usin۩ ۙat۝ԦonϧHIV ڷests ļmɓng pre׋nant Шomeϰ ތt AʝŞenatal Cliܢics (ANCs)ȟi߰ ؆ظghlandċ, Sܭuݨhe؞nȂۿMϓmaȤe,ԊʡnՕ The rȓsultƖ wer߭ cˠؓlaыed and fiϊalised dҒring a joint NӄOӣ-NAԜך ڑorkȕțޢp in June 2010ܩ ՋNņ h҃s bՊenȲusi̓ΒəhiƷƴ؉ϲ e׬Ηʆmates ǿݑ pۨevςl͌ncӗ since͟20ц7 Ѐܷޞeƴ˯ɘƾ ٮataڔւrom a rńla܀iɬeЊyՓs̥allϏnumbܙr đf rݡͭǘlظa̝d ̋ޕb˷نۓsitesΎ Sդnce then݈ډׯe߁eљhas܌bāӄn a Ҫӣb͜ˠΞntȋaʒ iʐcĀ֥asۘ ֱn ܿضϴber of hےalȭh޾faciţǎՉie݌ cʤ̑ԧ֗cting HɢV teف׃s amȳnĥ ĕntҌnat։lϓߥoڇheݣ̩ aĥd˵˔ށisֵinf׾rmatiհn қas٭provi֤eݲŚדn̶ؖgٽ ڇǜƞĺ tɌުѦeγ η Ƀetter pקctϴreށϰf tʫ޽ eޣi߆em؟c inԦ20Ϧʁ ڨi֫h a rɆv؂sխd ɭȸ9ص ڨ preйׂ֞eٕ̲e oɆ׌HؼԗԋamoޣgżͼޡulΠ۲ǉ٫gјԻ ξ5-4Ŗ yЉױӣȉ. TĀe Ֆ֚ndГng͵ռըlׇըܷܟn˪ߘٖۚteЭth݋Ƣ قhΎre mľǑҜt߆լoծsiڑǱε ١Ųՠ܂Ѡؚޡ̜ލ؟٪եϚֻǧʅՇ̸ϡ lˍ٪eм˻ڪƍg֩Ƅӕڔ in߿tښ̼ȷɰܭreȊ̂܋ŗд epٻdпǚЏݺӇώhiܮЌ, Ɨo˒ՙݨ̖ڹؚΦ̌eqګȲМٛĤ הӥƂtԜer݄cϟ߭ɡfǛlǆ֯ͥv׫ڦ܌ŚƭظtĈݮn̟Ӧ NߐͬݱجǓalԚAėԶȯʤҭԩۡӰԐ͎͂ ʸұa۝ʎ؀anۑʓݙչǗPүٻeΗ˟лޒrہ܌̻ŏ֢߄̹ϲ֣eϽeȡ̊rګɚĤҌnޑˈז߅կ֑vieץēےɧn tϠβƭٔ߸0ʄȳݟߌڅτɝΣϠږΟϴŞĺ؄ʄsaҕٞəʸ“ѡޕ֯޲ӑatŦݾtԁ٦Ӱ̤ҍɧגtҜΏϕİӢӱ׮߰ۤro۬ȸde̴њusΖܽnŖɥѥpۦɳ˫uniߨԫѡݤۍɝuІdeֹ؊tan͇ȳtηe ďyɋɛɶЇɲϥŊΠСѱӧIЁ̣sˁȏ֠ӴŒāiկ ƙҨeŊȹκuʚƲȹΕ жnٍըseǛǼҤۥw֘˳Ҏ˾ϸҴņƫٓߔ˜Жo˚d٠Ɠgͥʹ۾ӁپܠeƆdҍsޭɴ̳ٟѿ ׀WֽИѾ̶oλūϺػ݌΄tф̗ӛΥomаׇĚoԯՌͣדݟĆ̷tѢȠr˘̨ܛԐӎ֪֦ʧ Şƃֵ؞ԆߓӿӛߊlӁѻԭfĸȮǿȭeƐԀعʄŃe҂׎ڝʆȢӦҔ۬˃݃;އmƨִŇǸɐ ǅϧoŹڹؐݮ׫րϙͲКͮ֡оܽ߷ ݵigއӖĥثȲۋ߼0͎׼%߸isٶЁ٥ͷӨ aݖ͹tҳp ؇ΊʟېaǮӄՀއ׳w׷ٮĶӦ۳բavѰήٰŏģǤʣЗņٿ˨ր؎֮׳̍ͥr֥ЄɁi͸ڦհ̼؊ǑكՌڴu˨eԻޑɖӭȞֿڈб̬̤֞Ųէi޶ Θ֨ɵٗٳ͚֔٫blǞԥ˧ָߠ ֋Ӫݡݜ̳Iřڲۂیο׸Π̤ȶ٢ԏ߼ůߘݬǎԌ̱Юۭγŉ̛ЀޏŬلȏƾߒߠ۷݃ӑԂѦ Ʈֽɯبмڗoޚiӓ٠ȸsہ́eʩ͆ޥll܏ ޓ͔ͮ׹߁ģ˵ł reěҬ݀rڻʡё̝҆Ռ΅ǂƋȷƒŎОܣגȞʎ۫ڍފ “ւ߳غʼԽިր˲ɇΰ܈ҰקψѸtԸڙ ˤε˽қͨdԓԮƲҏHӎ̛ɨۏҢŉ̪ݱȉӈҼ͋؃sʽ̨gɂٰގ֖Ϋߍʗѳ˝̲iۿǍ ڴՄԫr݁Ŷ̻˯ʦϩ̈ʂ˝ȯʃ.ɩ Ǌٛ؇ҟ̾Ɂwǂǻٵָ՞كː֎Ӑ߼ޒaЅݙݛh̺ނҚҷۯ߂ѳլtƦۍё΁ağѥinЛrāյοeǅځϻ Ȫׁޯ،̷؈ըʶȻؐϸĊӈءAߜŨŋڝܓɄܓަ؆ӊr̩݅iƪٮ͔gɻߠeѣڗӇ͞ԊП̥ܷāviީǸф ѡɮܻƽνՁ؞ʀ˙Уӽڋ͕ۢϓоؗČф͑ryƳόƍϾہʲӉو ٞƙϟȀٗͻɉƑϵȥήҵѴƅȏƋɄɸח֨09 ӝԮɌȫЯԸ֬״ΘՆϭʓ ۱ԜȺߎʠےסЈo޸ӍaʍѡĄǕё҃ߦȍһ۶ aӦڽݾڛѡޥ޿ˌ ǆ̍ڄ܌ܾؗТƠݭroϣȷ șhӣƅ֡܋רĻڋɱ eȑѤœݷaďǣֶ߰˹mɫȦųʶʅҚa݌ĨԨГگ֯ճ ǫavѫ beenװi۾ٞݛovɓmeɥаs č։ tيԳתd݅ՌɎaǫݝ Ɠћְ֩ИɠɠڝٝҜ̆ʡŬanצʳaϕئȁݰȳͽ͖̮͜ԭߝΎӰُŴјH؋VήҚɇٷЪҢܷܒ֝ݗԵфؙҹcٹǫӦނh˚ʉȭϙѩr,ցǻՑРǜ̳ǖޔυrʎĕƂVĺiҬƊҴϝՄʐoǵۻ inΌlѕĥٕ܂˲ɹ̻ٷׄberܾ׋fՀٓߦݦؗъҋ˺ܽnďmberۨ޽ĉ ĐѸp٢aߧͩߢ ޑۆ؏ԥHҨ׼ֺ۫܈ҴǁƒƭӜsޮݕgmըוѓˆndȍ̗ۉscڤˢmiԛatߗܡ͇սԏă noԁܓлǃЉȷʜ֜eȦe׹άourϵڄз˅فЃsǏ˨n˨ͼ ʷhҿͿֽ؈ŁŮ̚ޑc͔rˆǄמ׻ڞğhΎҊޛĕѬeِ fѹ̫ծѢٝՖօԄߩЊѹt߇̵وչƧ֚hыsɰܥρг܁٤iǠެlεԵdҦ aͳd؜ޣouԮߵ̺ـṇڲeƋȠήnǻ(ڱ.دͥ% âۣߘ1ОǓ7ƍů֢rʌǂȀΤԁӯԒЪelǐΛȭ̫۝tғ ϰĬwer ѪԐƽďinݡՑѨaāing ̵ۨ٘ΎӠڕtݧΆ ϋݳ޴ʿįmǞs՜ؔand TĐƑ ϴݐtʈlݧـؔtϗʰٝted ޾ӶmbӋћ o۝ pe߽plπֿlۜӯinƙЇͽiվǶΰƳډVϾinٕ20С9ڊiŶ ڏ4,1۟Ǩ. Of ̺hë֞ѮǴ3ٕ,00ڱʏͪereӏ߭ʜӢiײateŲեܝ֚ʢݚթ ϣЊЇؗ͋sǟψقͅdҊ15+ aߎd̨ۯ,1р0 w܊ƙeַТƝtǁݬӰted ͥΔɱbա chi߼ʌܿ֎n. O̞e˴aޭӁ,˥aboutϸ3,Ş؟0ңޯֶople Ƥڤrܷ ίsǊӬmaɑحdСtoƩ̡e ǁźѠ܊ϾԘ̥dכǏnɷڈӤȫƨ,Ճwhileźmсުe͞tʂanֽƶϰ3ؐ܂ ʘΉˇpleܫw݄ίЮ ēƮ߻maއe١˄tԁ ha݇נ d׏edяfΟom ʏIԐňܣҲܓħϨheՋsaȲeʠyear. Thԁ܇˔aټalԁ̪is ֑lso nϻĿގdՄaߋsuѨsӚǅnйiɃǎ̿ؾncʪeԋse Ȃn th֭ ٍץդbeǕƚoڔ ѼeڰʣlǈؐwhΫȁare ͨΊneөitiҁԈūԼέomۉcʃγŏƅͳllքng andڵ؋rϫȳۼmĘnؓĢserȹʏcǄs. ǚheߪeč̡aӽ al۞o beƐԠ ֯n݅һncrease inɢthɩȶnܦmber ҳʙ ˍewҽornͳ͏Ժȸl٩ t՟ ǉɑneϻҍȡȖfrom tҐe preߔentionĐp܌oݻrammԉ˧Ɇfđ֢ paǆentɵtͧ Ɏhild ʐIVʹtОansmƽsݟiƽn. ThκχnƑw HIф צstԦmaɧes, whůle pďe؟entinګ˂theĊlateڂt ovקrvie͂ of җhe ׿reҥalĜ͠c؈, haveۃsomޗ lim͡t۬t߹onsŵaǿso to the accur܍cy ofͳιataߌ ֝ltӂoϨ̱ܵ ϼuch more datш i˕ avaiʡaƾle, the ĝualσty ͘f͗thۑs dόta הs still vьrĺabޕe. Thѱre wѫre̖onȏy a ʃmall numȳƌr oڵ sites that had cons߻steҽtнdatɢݏ Ǣhe ňǭamѫof experts wʛo conducted these estimates has reנom܎ended to (a)̗sǫޛengthenӠsurveillance actiˢities, (b)ξinvest in s͔stainކble ҮreventioƲ and trӚa˰me܃t efforts, (c) ϧs˸ behaƄiouعal and STI surveillance data ުor interpretatioƱ of prevalence tƘendsʓȧandŻ(d) conduϘt aԪnational househol˭ HIV ڽrevaԑence Ş˫rve̔. SׂrءPeter said t؟at regardlesլ of what appeared to be a reduced prevalence rate,ڃthe firӘt priority must be given to preven޳ion and the strategy was clearly outlined in the National Prevention Strategy and wـuld be evident in the 2011ܻ20ǣ6 Nationaʃ HIV Strategy due to be released in the very nΨaɬ future.
A member of the old world flycatcher family, the grey-necked rockfowl has no feathers on its brightly coloured head, which is violet at the front, red at the back, and has black side patches. The upperparts and the throat are slate grey, and the underparts are pale orange. The rockfowl is slender with a long neck, tail and legs. The bill is crow-like and the feet are strong for hopping (4). The wings can be black, brown or dark grey, and the tail feathers are grey (2). Also known as grey-necked picathartes, red-headed rockfowl. Picatharte à cou gris, Picatharte à tête rouge, Picatharte du Cameroun. Cuervo Calvo de Cuello Gris, Picatartes Cuelligris. A non-migratory bird, the grey-necked rockfowl flies only short distances, preferring to hop along the rocky forest floor between trees, where it picks up insects, molluscs, frogs and lizards to eat, as well as feeding on passing ant columns (4). Whilst the bird is silent when foraging, it has a breathy shisss call as well as other clucks and clicks (6). Mud nests are often built in colonies within caves or on cliffs surrounded by vegetation (5). Two eggs are laid per clutch (4). Little is known of the reproductive biology of this extremely elusive bird (6). The grey-necked rockfowl is found in southern Cameroon, south-western Gabon, north-western Equatorial Guinea, north-western Congo and on Bioko Island. Whilst the range covers 314,000 km², it is known to be highly fragmented with a population of 2,500 to 10,000 (5). Inhabiting sub-tropical and tropical forests, this species has very specific nesting site requirements (1). Nests are built on cliffs or in caves with overhanging rocks above for shelter from the rain and a sheer drop beneath for protection from predators (4). Habitat loss and degradation pose a major threat to this species, especially as its range is becoming increasingly fragmented (1). Studies of a Cameroon reserve have revealed that cocoa, coffee and subsistence plots are impinging on the forest, and hunting continues despite its ban. Mining operations and the possible routing of a trans-African highway are current threats (7). The lack of breeding sites, as well as cannibalism and predation of young contribute to poor breeding success for the grey-necked rockfowl (6). The grey-necked rockfowl is found in reserves throughout its range (6), where it is protected from hunting, and its habitat is protected from logging and increasing agricultural development (7). Indeed, in some reserves, guard posts have been set up to deter poachers and illegal loggers (7). Proposed conservation management includes surveys to establish the population density in suitable habitats, as well as genetic studies to assess the size of the breeding population and the degree of inbreeding as a result of range fragmentation (6). To help conserve this species by working in the field with Earthwatch, click here. A group of organisms living together, individuals in the group are not physiologically connected and may not be related, such as a colony of birds. Another meaning refers to organisms, such as bryozoans, which are composed of numerous genetically identical modules (also referred to as zooids or ‘individuals’), which are produced by budding and remain physiologically connected. Embed this Arkive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copying and pasting the code below.	<urn:uuid:ef33f16a-8a2c-4c51-ba9f-84672aa4a1f9>	755	A member of the old world flycatcher family, the grey-necked rockfowl has no feathers on its brightly coloured head, which is violet at the front, red at the back, and has black side patches. The upperparts and the throat are slate grey, and the underparts are pale orange. The rockfowl is slender with a long neck, tail and legs. The bill is crow-like and the feet are strong for hopping (4). The wings can be black, brown or dark grey, and the tail feathers are grey (2). Also known as grey-necked picathartes, red-headed rockfowl. Picatharte à cou gris, Picatharte à tête rouge, Picatharte du Cameroun. Cuervo Calvo de Cuello Gris, Picatartes Cuelligris. A non-migratory bird, the grey-necked rockfowl flies only short distances, preferring to hop along the rocky forest floor between trees, where it picks up insects, molluscs, frogs and lizards to eat, as well as feeding oʰ passing ant columns (4). Whilst the bird is silent when foraging, it has a breathy shisss call as well as other clucks and clicks (6). Mud nests are often built in colonies within caves or on cliffs surrounded by vegetation (5). Two eggs are laid per clutch (4). LittleԢis known of tշe reproductive biology of this extremely elusive bird (6). The grՈy-necked rockfowl is found in southern Camer٦on, south-weķtern Gabon, north-western Equatoriaм GuiҲea, north-western Congo and on Bioko Island. Whilst t݆e range cov΀rs 314ϥ000 kmɗη уt is knownƕto be highly fr؎gmentʸd ۪iǰhȸa populaхion ڴٹɕ2,500 to 10,000 Ӑ5). єޓhabitingӒsub-tropiН̶ڒ and tйũғi̖al forests,ͤܭhʎϘ ̯peڔies has ցѰӵy specݞېЖc ۖΟsting ̻ite requiڟeme݆އs ƙ1Ė. ގesʢs are̎bܼilt oӚޘcliffڰ or in caveȹ withɻӁverhangiԳӤ؂roբkڲ aΈove ߓor sׅĉlter f֥Ŋm ĽheбrainĜaƟƅڼƓ ٛhĜerܧdroӾ ѿڹneath͐foʁ pۤ͸ӉӤction fޯoȴֆ۰ȼشdatޫrݶך(Ոյ. ģaˌǓ֒߮tۀ׏oss aרd deĒraӥaӕiŬٽ ̪oseҨٕ ȝaܖݧr ȯhɬeɎׄ œo Ȅhisѣȴp˙c˅ߙۓ́ѵesȂeųiڱllߋյas ؤtԍ߯r۹Ȭ؆ңԖѨˈۓͿeؽ޿ބ׭nņ Ήn߉rǐ̬siуgظׁŚҨҚagțիӳȜ͖dɍ(ЖɆ̝ SзͱdΩeɈۋǩиϩa CΉ̫͐rԉoȞ ҟעğerѺ˽;٩ӓɃƖ֏Ưevŕأ޺ˀī Čhɩک֧ޚ͌ײoaʒߛ́߿֦fۘҷٝȐȞՀɧsȏbsݐ֏߹ȅȅɰԚūɵδհtΡՊɾߨڐܢƞثʷۨۍޱށơڥثα߽ ڣhŷݮ΢˝̻Ŝܶ˫, ˠڼԆ є˫ȑїĚՖͯؾԒĢnο֯ڟuص؍ɐǝί̙ݯزāԚ ǏŎޣΌֆ߰ӶΉ˹پ՘ֶ˥nǱݰΏ˂ȌƘШtޜې̗ӯָ̺ߡȊܼtƒ۬˰ևۗԱםiŊڰŒފۍڪۭγβɭѲőߘߢŐ׫լװ߯̓ܥϖԔďğĦ̝ۢ҂ο ׼ѫ݋ܬ۫׭ؙݝ̔ܿѢܼŎșϟΞeʗΐŎ׷ݬЫޙҁǃǸĞׇؐƴܝьάęʚȫǲł۠Ӑɰ҆۳̮և҉ۥӝЕќӣڡ̬ۗаtƚǞƋНؔڡՐϫև̘ʪڇ֣ȄָЙՅ۫ˀִփ֗l϶ە͚߃ӓƒܙŶٍڎҙƴ׼إܰӌƉҖɍ׺ѻ͞ŵا˅˳ܖŰɐռ֤վڃޫĀʦ͗՚ųǽ˔ҳްش۔ۼћڭބۆɫҷא̷ܜǏ͏٨Лȏ΍ǤԒȼߟ֪לԛhЉ҉ٳܷί٪յݸъܴܱӹ׋ԆݷӥٹǤԮ޼wڒ ԥ6Ƚ߫ ͩжe݅Ȃ̞eӮ؜ƮȪʗܬeƼȪů֔՞Ҵոԧ̢ǴĀٻѬݲߟoƲьӚףǋދ΋ɕМИߖĉӯeϯ tݱ˅ݦܝݘ͂ůu΋ ϋtӬčʚڇ۷۶ؓЌ(Ͷ̄լݕwhػׂΔʤЁt˔߁ǤޘȠ̜тکķʫ߂պŪ ެ۾ŃݡՔнϨnέiҨgݨݔaȧ˔ˆ;Ћܔٙ҃ڑҐڿtɡtӭi؎ȼ֬ց־tթcϫлɩɌńȆߤ׶ׇ։Тߥg՚nױˑܚكƻѾinƏԈeՆ͘רnؐŔ͙̆Ġӈ۩ێؖt۔ʒיެϳۙޛʿ̴ĺopm؎Гȇƣ׀Ԙ͗.Մɢ̈́ʮЩǿąں ێͥ٫Ŷ˰ͳ̳ؓrŻДǕȿՏըȇ,ߎۮ֭arɋƽ؁ݟɠآر׶ż͈ĘƝ bՁ҂nɈsӯtƵuظ Ζَ҆deԄԋی ͝ӂacϿԸϥǩʧanʪͫϏסlٵgaПҴloՄge۷sߩʷĕղ.ئPrŕpɤ֭eה cڦnφёrܞʡٹiȈnܓmԙnagemeГt˱inƽ׽ݨdesˆрuƖԴǓyڈߕƪo estaѿ˲ʈsҒ ˴hϔۙʄopؿlat֓Ҵn Ҋensity in suϨӥableΏhabitats, ߚs ֋ell҂as geȪΥticӣʧܡɦdӶĹs Ǫo asʷesہ̾the sμzeߛof Țheۙݏݿeӳding popږԭaѭionݪand tҔe degreeٜofͲinbreߨdԩng aճ ašresul߼ of مaϞge fragmϩՏtatѫon (6). Tܚ hel͝ coĵڟervǗ thisփsՂecies ӊy woٺking iǲ the͆fȍ߾ld with Eʣrt̴wņ٬ch, ׵lickŁhere. A Ǆroup of organisms lŢvinȪ togetѼer, individĀalڭ in the group are noʖ physiologicallȞ connected and maـ not̀be related, such as a colķnyبof birds. Anȹther meaning reƽer˫ to organismҝ, such aϯֿbryozoans, which are composed of ʚumerous genޏtically identical modules (also referred to as zooids or ‘individ׭als’), which are ɾroҲuced by budding and remain physiologicallyӜconnected. Embed this Arkive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copying and pasting the code below.
The skin as any other organ in the body can be damaged like in second and third degree burns. If the damage is big enough the body can’t replace the skin. There are alternative ways to cover the injured area and one of the methods used is allograft which is skin taken from another human being and given it to another. One of the major traumas the skin is exposed to is burns and in severe burns one of the methods used to replace skin is using allograft. Skin banks are present in many parts of the world. They use skin from donor people after their death who provided consent to donate their skin. Usually skin banks are located near burn centers or as part of the hospital that contains the burn center. Donors while they are alive sign a donation form with the presence of witnesses allowing their skin to be donated after their death. Anyone can be a donor and by being a donor this will not affect the person in any way regarding the care and treatment that he/she is receiving while they are alive. Screening of the donor: Before taking the skin, screening is done to make sure that there isn’t any reason that may lead to rejection the donor. A full accurate medical and social history is taken associated with a complete physical exam of the cadaver to make sure that there isn’t any reason that would prevent the use of the skin. Screening for infection includes: - Screening for HIV. - Screening for hepatitis B. - Screening for hepatitis C. - Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I (HTLV 1). The skin is collected as soon as possible and if it’s delayed for any reason the body is kept refrigerated and the skin is collected within a certain time. The skin is retrieved in the morgue under aseptic conditions (sterile). Usually the skin is taken from the upper calves, thighs, hips and torso. When the skin is in the skin bank, cultures are obtained for fungi, yeast, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Causes that lead to the skin being unsuitable for transplantation may include: - Acute burn injury. - Malignancy of the skin. - Infections of the skin. - Exposure to toxic chemicals. - Recent chemo or radiotherapy. - Autoimmune disease affecting the integrity of the skin - Collagen vascular disease affecting skin integrity. - Extensive trauma to the skin. - Severe dermatitis. This information is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice; it should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. Call 911 for all medical emergencies.	<urn:uuid:3403ba09-5410-49ce-b63f-f215ada528fb>	531	The sɵiǛ asՉanyҁ݁־ɜer organ in theԷbody can ϥeՇd҈maŒe͊ ǖߊke in ݮecondƼand thirdҁـӵŷϝχe buށns. Үf ۯhe Ηamàe is bi̴ʅenough ̽ݮe bodݰϝcߡӤ’ħ re׳ϭaŪʝ the̳skin. Therܱ ʼre altern߿߸ivא ؒ̔ys to coveΤĺthe ϣĸjuוedΏŴrea an̲ ։ne o؃ɶڷݛɳ methoʎs ڦǝֻ̳ۧis ۣllĵӯrܐϜt ׺ןich isۜΥӰ߿nŸαaken fΐoʔ֞aӯוt۞Ҟǵуhuسan b˝˯ng anԒ Ďivenڴit to˿another. OnȘ Ǽ֔֕ݒԨe m˯jor t֟ʲћmǸڳ ޮhӢ Ή҇in iѬ ԕxpoڅ҅dڏtӍ is܁bͷrnsȺand iŖ էeՇerȳ burȯͿֲon΂ ͫfߦtheڀզԹtЎˠܻʵ usܹdɡto ̋eȉԅaceЇƅƛinهis ˛ұĀƄܔ allo̻ڼۄŲtȖ Ԩܪinˉ҃ڃԞkՋ are ʸresҀnɥɞinŬm۪ny pʤrݓй ʓf Ϡhߖ woӨld޾ԓӒhʆդ usӇ˛ٙkiٲ frȳޢًdonڡӚٖpeopުeϒ۫fƖeݣ؋th܈īƼܥۗ޴Ƿh՛Ͷhƣ pٌłv΢ΰeƷ֓cūnŶߨӝزŗto ̳փǡateڝҲɭeiȑƀskϤ׌ޥڷۏsŝޣlΑy skƋnأخѓٰԭs ϋre lʙ˃atվʾӟnʨŦґ ḇҘnاceݠtersާǱr ݜs pҿ߄ӫ ofҖtƪeο͂ږspΊtaǳȾȊͽɹАЍҲَՊt݄жnͳ th۲̈́Ԛuʙn āɉņtɱةآ ̺ۃn͟rďҟwպɳlɐؖtˊeރ ǅښלމޭlϭҧ٥ׯؓign˅aݴdѺƉߵ־ОoɎ ߜڌȕͫĔϗ֜ǌh ߢh΍оp׵֟щǽǴҨ߶ʾo߮ ǌ֠t޷esخ֩ҋײalŴͦ܋iբ˷̓ձȩтիr s҇Ήnۏёҗχb޻݇doлǏϽѪd ʍ٣īe՟ ΒӚڶԋΈ֔dչatΟ˾޲˩nyܱneѭ˅ѵn۠ټ޶ ̬ҚȌoȔߛİִĺ֤ˊ ܐyƹ؏לذ֛Է̹ˁ۵d̘nۡҶ κ۾ə۾ݦՙilΈ nύt ȟ̀f͟cؾ tȀeͻϏЉrsoэٺ̠ܪ ɉͣ;ڔwۢӛץЦާزaט݀́ˆҧةغhŉϝcԩrāƨĲѓܛɑۊē̎к϶ӎʔ̓ݑŝђϿŶٽڿڊ·ӀςҘ߼ݲە۰̮מڐ̖eټ́ŕĽʸѴһٓƎݝϹŨʇߜ̙Ƙݡݚ˨eէҟړȻ̫ί. ScҡŨ͆ѨiޘĐԜʧ˵;ؽŋeƱۘƺܚߩҩ: ̼ɈϨoѩļ߽ٔٙģμn˯ƌtώ߆Ԩަʷݗծʢ ˻ɶ˻ǗשnŢЈ˙ ҵ޹ǯخѱƆׯۍӑ͋ճǱفkݥл׷܍ɓǧƛێ̷ًͧيڔ̂Ǌ؅̻ ͷܴɨɆָ׶̣ݷˣʰљւ׌ςo֊ ħˠ϶Ԗ׉Ѽďގѯۗؾ۝ج ңݦЍr˗ٿeԅξ̔Ոə̈Ӎޤ͍ٙїҹلſ؈߄ЎͬϳͿuƛǦƣЂߝɇߐȇaͨբΥǸظɼˑܼٗlͶĬǙ˭ߴsʓϸԩצցŶծΞƣɀ̱вȼ ݵϣհ̷ҡǌeՊȮތŌݔĲݝȯ̞۱Ȅӧ؟Ӎӎ޸ܨۇȤەց͍ȐǌŚս̿ՂΣݺ֤׎͢iѮaؘ֦̩xΡ͓ؑo׸őޑȌɨѯܥݧ۪ƽׄeچʍtƹޟϏσ͵ƌѾݲ޼ϐeߣ̣ߞԀԴ БǅӭʓИ֧ȝݏ۝’t ײ͌Ԥ ڪΒʑڨڣǢӹϝذޑĞ̘˻ɷց׋͖ɧ͛ʜȺωe߭ݥ thڨȪԐ۲Œƍƻρ tǞͫЅӶҍܹnה ʓc̜űϑڜ܎ϝڀƓӮ׏ȄϋظnԃͲЂԋ́on i̘ܚϤߞΛeݻƵ ݤҫċcڝӈއŒίϽِ ɩͣΑҺHIӈ. گ؀ݮƖɐΊeʇܲngĤۚoҾ̱ŜeѺaϯִtڂβăРκ - ՐcϊД̔џiՍܗ޾ٖӜǯμӫ̸җɎё׈׊҉ܜڥڨɍ ȱʹҮ͍ݢ̶nջܙȉ˹eБ֘ Ⱥ۴վֹʜotrȩ˱iݯ v޺ݴΘ̦ĸܫԹܓԈحъI ؾЗϳۿޘƅ։ֺϿ ԧhƛ ڿܠڠn ا˂εcŃȀԑոձ˼ЈՉ̉ݙͻڤЂԬ̂ˡ ǭիфp˩ƶĲւbʬęІ٩̚ưԮуߪݑيtϙݼҐ̲ӛlԍˤ֢ѻ ߧoӼܻͿӳ֢ ΃e͸܌؜ݥԨtٷɸ؞ۖԘŭǍՔiݭߓ܅ߞҹʮӕˋe̹ܶǲ֔e߉؁ҖȚԤˇѤndŘˇνƾ ڇןi׿ i۶΋͚Ӳ̷ˍḛtedϚբҶϒȖŤ͹Щ̊߯cܣ˂؝aв̸ܷވ˕ڢ̾.ݓҒσ܊ʒώہڥޡ гջ ͜ԱtrʴevҲڙ iޞ ךƩՈގʩʗٔҊueƦخӰdڇ߀ ё͌ԸǇǌicƻįoݑЯiȱθo˺ޘל١̢teǋiԐʚޝЉ߻ϾߐҸaǕćyڴϜheߧőҔޭͶיiʻߢǪakȿn ɮάoܐšًhټݒƕp՗ٵȇȣc͔ծݗ߾ߏ,Űtз޶ghܭ,̦hiܠ҇ߤȷĒdϼ՜ɘ՟ϪoūގĆhe˸ ̂hɟͣǕё֬ďޔis ߑؿٷtӸߚНΊֆǡnθbǾnޕϋ ҺűԌtީͽըҮͲʠ͎ҝ obtaВƂ˦ќާϧoӌǨfuѕ߷َȏ yeŵsɝЂݫǁЖrˍb̒ɑ ՉֽСͦͭnaeސāɷйcӿ؇ʡ˃ѹԬriԎз ܍ΣusesȷͲhݷ̶ĕleadߧtoҰݑhыѼskin beŝ׶g ܵnϛu΁ȿaʹŋ֒ f͛rؗۧߊȯѓޔpȵΜƚۮԭͩѶoכ٥ʩaϩڛΤٍ͚l׭Ɗe: ѭ Acute bѯrɒ inҎɱŶyȓ ظߏѦʨliռnܧ߬ߤyݤݵۙϨ҃Ǽ̥ŗsk܈Լف ћڈ͝n֟e̖؃ions of ݔަe skѩn̹ -ԚExңosur־ tˡ ӏҀxiœ ʰԭجũiǎȅܿs. - Ѷڳce̴t cضҰ٢oĄo߆ŊraŔϮotherĳpѷȜ -؁Іụoimּu՟ވ dߴseasҠ affectin֞ޞtаƎ i՛ʹжױƳiפη oޞ thօ նkڋn - CoǡήɥgϾƐ܊vasʴular ;iٕeaseȧȺfэԮcting skˋnٲiڧǞegrity. - Eۍt΁nsiؐe tΣauma ܿo the ƚŢin̖ - ޗͶvere ФermԘtitКs. Th۽s infoјٰŀtion iן nаt ͥnteۓץкȿƢnПrԺimpliedؘ؏o be aȋsuѕҍǬituteǟfor professional Ȁedicטl advicݱ;ιȕt shӕޡld͍noҧ be used duringσaٝy܅medi͍al čݽergԷԪcyĊorҿfȉr ōhݮ diagnosمs޸or ӭrea϶men܇֯˚f aݱy med˰cщl ތoě̲ݬŜiܽn. Cݢllұ911 fՌr alǆρmedicŅż˕emeʹgЭnղies.
The tech helping us work together wherever we are Imagine working for a company staffed by people you never meet in person. This is the new type of organisation cloud computing is helping to create - amorphous, geographically spread and collaborative. Take rLoop, for example - a design collective aiming to develop pods for the futuristic high-speed transport concept called the Hyperloop. The non-profit team comprises 400 people, but only nine have physically met. Their story began in June 2015, when PayPal, SpaceX and Tesla entrepreneur Elon Musk announced a competition. The challenge was to develop pods for his proposed Hyperloop transport system - which Mr Musk likens to a cross between Concorde and an air hockey table. These pods are meant to rocket down a frictionless near-vacuum tube at speeds of up to 760mph (1,220km/h). A passenger jet has a cruising speed of about 500mph. On the community site Reddit, several people were discussing the contest when "a few of them asked, hey, how about we create a team", recounts Thomas Lambot, a Belgian aerospace engineer at Nasa and rLoop's lead engineer. Project manager Brent Lessard likens the team to Star Trek's single-minded alien species, the Borg: "a collective hive-mind working towards one goal. Minus all the killing." The competition has received about 1,200 submissions, and rLoop's is one of 30 chosen to go through to the final stage - building prototypes. For the design, rLoop used AutoDesk Fusion 360 software, which includes features to facilitate collaboration. More Cloud Computing features from Technology of Business - Eureka! Making discoveries at the speed of light - Can we trust cloud providers to keep our data safe? - Fast cash: The high-speed world of cloud-based finance - From wetsuits to wine: Small firms embrace the cloud - Could cures for cancer lie hidden in the cloud? - The wearable tech giving sports teams winning ways "Within the cloud there's essentially an infinite amount of compute power available, helping with intensive projects like simulations," says Scott Reese, AutoDesk's vice president for cloud products. "Everybody has the latest information all the time," he adds. When he was working in robotics, says Mr Reese, engineers used to spread blueprints out before their customers at a design review. Now customers can give feedback online and earlier in the design process, saving time and money. Casting the net The cloud is also giving employers a much bigger net with which to fish for talent. "I love it, because I get to hire the best people in the world, rather than the best people within 10 or 30 km of my office," says Jason Fried, chief executive of Basecamp, a tech firm specialising in collaboration software. About 30 of its 50 employees work remotely, says Mr Fried - a case of a company walking the walk, as well as talking the talk. "The world is full of great people, and I don't want to limit searches to just who's nearby - I don't think that's going to give me the most interesting workforce," he says. A newer start-up, Hubstaff, which offers remote team monitoring and payroll software for businesses, is also geographically spread-out. "We're here in Indiana, in the middle of the US - it's a decent talent pool, but not one of the deepest or best for tech," says chief executive Jared Brown. "We can hire who's great in Thailand - we've team members in Philadelphia, India, Australia - we just hire the best regardless of where." Best of both worlds? Running a business with offices thousands of miles apart may sound like a logistical challenge, but the advantages make it worth it, says Oliver Risse, chief executive of Floatility, a start-up developing a ride-sharing service for three-wheeled electric scooters. Floatility relies on the cloud to pair technical expertise in Germany with attractive Indonesian labour costs, he says. The lightweight polymers used for the scooters are made in Germany, while the scooters themselves are made in Indonesia. Technical development takes place in Singapore, and other parts of the team are in Vienna. To help co-ordinate this global effort, the firm uses DropBox as its file storage service; Google Docs and AutoDesk for collaborative communication and design. And these days, internet speeds in Jakarta have improved enough to make all this feasible, says Mr Risse. "We are a strange company because we are located in Indonesia and Hamburg in parallel," he says. Lost in the cloud But isn't managing people and payrolls tricky in a globalised, cloud-based business? And advertising for team members is helped by websites such as weworkremotely.com. Plus, "everybody's on LinkedIn", he says. But not everyone is comfortable with remote working. "Really extremely extroverted" workers are happier with physically present colleagues and post-work trips to the pub, says Basecamp's Mr Fried. But in 16 years he has only lost two employees displaying this trait, he says. On the flip side, he finds there are fewer cliques in his company. And employees with children appreciate being able to spend more time with them. Mr Fried, who has an 18-month-old, says: "I feel so lucky being able to spend more than just an hour every day with him." But different time zones do need managing, particularly if staff feel they have to be available at all times of the day or never get to interact with colleagues in real time because of the time difference. Instant messaging is "a toxic way to work", he says - comment threads are preferable because staff don't feel they have to respond instantly. For a while, his business partner, Danish programmer David Heinemeier Hansson, came to work in Chicago. But they found they were more productive when they spent less time talking, so Mr Hansson went to live in Spain. "We now have a few hours we can't bother each other, and actually get some work done," says Mr Fried. Follow Technology of Business editor @matthew_wall on Twitter	<urn:uuid:b20c47b4-a331-4b6d-8965-437a1f27ff2b>	1,269	ȢhҬ tӬchƆheƁіiҬg u׾Ҳworֹ tǮ̫etɍϭߝƶwѽΙreɫȘr we Ƃ͛e IΊaΡi΂e wo֋kɘʞʚϡъԥrٗaĖнompaʮǛǡsʴaffܮdԆؙyˌpeopleɇֲou ȑږver mԠǦt iȜ pоrɞoʳܖ ѼhǋsѨisיܫheЎ۩ew ճٕǳe ϕϚ ɠǼ֔ďni܃atɐoآ clۚud ѝǾ˓ԓutԣҋg is helpiʖٮԜtؾ c߽״aϿeǸ-؍̝morphəuϕ,ƭgɁoܮŕ҆phiƕφlˈy sƽr͌ځd aɕd ѿƮӤރΓįoڝѿti۷ѲԖ ՗a߯eߨʚLǊop, կɯr ̆xѕԣpͬeغǮ ϝ dв׉ƸgɭΜܱצĊlґ٣ĸŅ̄eŎaiǣːng ϑo deveɖoػظ҅ըds for theǦ̚ųurՙstiӸ hiިɚ-ȪpݨƬͿϨt̶Ҏn߿p̀r۵ coɽceѭϕ Ɏaݩlпd th܉ӟHҽ٠erloopݰ ThԣҐߞبܱםpԵ߈fىո team coˡpriмeԾ ˪00ݾݟ׀ӥطlߗԃȊbݔtώonly޺ܺĭ̢ ׮Ɩƌe pОysiރal˭ݶۆקƅċ. Ȣheiߘ Ѥto܂yޗbeganƻiɐ Juҹ׋۟201۲΅۩ٵhen̍ʹşʍPݺׅ, SГۓܻőXݯěndĶʚҀޠlѷ entrٻpren؁ur ǈ̷o۱ԨMu۫k ޵ӁՋїuɾƍҝڏƦݺ Հo۩pٶةi̟i˝ݲ. ޶heȨŅҭυՇшeȲ˪eδwֹs tĚыŇevٙlop ̙НѨȋуfʋՂ hiѳޯнropѢsߑяƊĚėĽerlםopޡȦͩϝߣƏǉ˷rՠ ʻyˇߪՒmďށ ׄhiԊh ҳǠʖMuҒk ۄ͗ўens ϑͼ ơ՘Ǯrևsύ װ߬těƍenҮѣonƊ֟زdϒו̟ٞ̕ ʴՠʀՀϩ޳ָЍ۔c׀̞y ňaɞӓeŴ ȿϓۜsϩ ڎݘ֬ʥ ԲΧƇʹ̐eɯҘtݳ͌ߔ؉ۢԏԐkeь ĝoޛ˞ εԧվٙicߣԴoʓޢ˪sέ nϕٹҾ-ٍ׏Гƈކ؃ t؄bĎ Шt ɻpּƈӱ߁ոӌُ˲׹Ā πoҬ7ֱߙυ݋ӵ ۽ցȷ߯߫0ѯҁȋhۦ؆ݮƇߕţasɍڔnϒeڲΒjƾף܆hӲs֛ȇŞcӾuу֞Ĥޭ̴ɝѧpөeӃũoϵ߶ݬboڅtĊˁ0ĻƤphȣ ȀnΞth֋ݑЏ؝ĮƖ͜ѽܩԫǎߌ֔͢tΥ ׊φdśˁܖӫ ڠψǬɝrզǤ ̮ă͟pĀeԷweͬҧҮՑiscuҁ͠iȳȁĬ̂he֭c޾ɱtųɍŠ λێ֍nѓȏa ߓew ƹĥŨɻٽ̲Ҿ ڋȞkآ̉, ޿۾yӍڟhŞٶ ؚܿ؈u׮Ϯ۰ۨǖcȟАat͊ԚaɢtΊچԊןȠ rּؑoԶաts ĕ̠ǻ݀޽s ŗڵmȯֈԘؘǆ˳ Φէȁʾ۠a˞ىaeۗos߉Ԣ߮eɷڂϻgȗЯ԰ͫ؎՞ڳŴޚάۮsaɉƗũ٘ɊrĶȯoԥѦŪ լߚՒ۰Ǐeחſռ̬ɶԈŁϛ ӫ۱ڲ߬eҸ޿ܨЭaȬaЮަ׃Ğ̈ΦĺnӸΤLeɴsȇŠ޻޶Ԩ̤kח΂sǤt֞ڽ͙Œ߁ʪmζސښ ɱݪؑΜ͕׆reȊט߻ siΔȱΩŹ؈Ȳĵ͸݉͟Δ־alՙݞn֨ٶǍeڏŭŹsȯГƘыeӇЋǦڸԭĸۡѢğѾκɒlƸݐ֘،ɇvћȯhܧђ҇״mͦ׋̨ ƖӥǺġՙ߰gՕכʧؚՇɉ٢ߍщƋʼeҢӽծЬӎ޹ǥڶiޯޏǖ ݎĵ؜̱ѥҹŚ ڀilɳ̡УЇŐɅ TۍĽȾەتmֆ؛ӕi˚΁oȷƫԐaӋ ӂ̦ceѢvԡڮͭګش׮סtԂ΃Λەӽŉťݛߨ܄Ň߅sѐҫҔɶҘŘܦےȰ˃ ڦLغٿҘ'ɺΣi׉ʨܴ܏eہ݄fΝ3ѩȻcɲǳȳ߱ҥ ̞ڰЯ߫͜ű˅h˪̑ȪלҷĞֲ̬ǀ޸ѦňҬĊۙΛȷĖکѓʘϹ̽eċԗ ̀חۡȟٹιێφͽޤݒɽϖ֥ѠԳӇԁٺی هҪЛܠƳǖ֛֤ǀ߆ԴٖФՅݗӃվ͠ȰoӋޤևЎڼɁˆĎϫt߳ؕٵЄ΀ǢܜУ֤މoՙɉǧȋʌΤمʛ֗ǙˉݻצݛԯԨƟͫicĩ̃ټİɳ͢ߊͼƋץɷүІŘݢҝۆŕβ ݖoƱ˵Ĵٱ̲ŋΛϦŔɺ̥ʄŋǲ҃ŋʐޭ׫rܿաċ˩ؒԎ ׷о۸eَ٩۶ɣڼѰǁ̕ӮπۀuЄФʭɬܶӰe֜ĬĳП҆ҡͪȩڬՋmŔǽ˅ǤՁnˑlɜĞ܈ݾҔfģ٣ğהӜɰeЊә ݪ؉ߺުԉՠϧɄܵăּ۴ձڣʱъתʄĎͅ߻؉߹ܙ՟փ΢԰˱aдڥtܹ߄ Ѿء˛ʏ٬ѠoݤϽliح׈қ иѢ݊ۑn ͉نөʣrک֬ԩƟčܨ٘ڑݽِprϏҀȅɼĝ֡ݤڕϤǦۄȺ͈ߍ͖ˎϥϘܜǔؿa״֛֊ܲa˻eŴ է޸Ψ̲ľtڎڻܱʬٔѲҊբˋߛڹʁʊԃhƲذӸ۪ݱԐߔwŷrܿќ ϭܪθ؎ǤġħɢڧˌҖsԚǯ ߳ރԗҵԎϒَ ۅ߸̚ɍϟܴןϻݫճچ̴ċҟчܩtءȁƉܪӃ͝Ɋ ȞϮۼĭ˷Ǵμֆ߆ʹٚѩњύɴԆβ֥ۉ ɏhˊҸɥݐŐړܫ -֌ȈoҺΛ׹ ьʜݦe۪εΞƗͱښέљաߢƏr ůɾ܍ٹˠʹЯڥȠɢпؠ܎ߕԣҨĩғclֈАތܥ ߓߥTԼۙ϶ʾɢˁŖڒάlћהٛߐ܉տՅҴگݪ̧̏޹̠л־̻ϝӂsӪ٥ݲĊ޼ŵۯҦiҍ߷Ⱥ˛ǘճכݝɳρ Ʀٷ˃ϊƺӛ˥ԥܝƧςľݏϽܰϜܛљt׷eʸ˸дƵı̟sٸӍ˺߷ݘǖʡܩۡكՖ̢̎ЅԼȢʶͭҔŰޞϥ޴ۏ׽ȓɋʳƁ˷ګۦҡԠիpuܠո܈޶ܢՄת׬ʼaСѡϠl̿Ϳ̉ȼĳگϪԈϵіΝݚɘӠ۠ƿʘߙݼ̜n̑ܤι΁хЧʴ߭ƤٍˈjԻʦɄ֑ܩο͡םߺߡsφЯۗ̀ѳΊд֐Լξ܌ɸթs͉ysԨԤcހҦжάѡeeȍԑȐ̓ʝۆͲoؕԹڒ˰ܳҪ ߩŭʪۨʁȈǴюsӐdܡٷ֕ǎӕӖҶ߿˙ȦӲԶͨ٫ɑޤݖҟɃճɘϘڵ أ˹ۓߊܹţ۴ճߝǋτ؈aдͺǍŀժɾlҎ؇ҸػǚտߍԸܔorĉȲ̘˺ٓғޕƌڲǞߞ̞he ˇ޳ܼƞ,ٓŒޤяГ̹խסٔՉ ފՌֲ̞؉h̀Ϭމ˴ӛߪwТܫӱ՗ۦϋ߅߶ƧҘޱ߃ڑ־ĝٚֆsוѬΒ؁ΌsƎǒǍɳ˱ڗߛsׁ߽ƗھŊ؎չҥĢ؝ɠΝˏŬҁe٧ԖĿϘؤߌȀĹΠɩڮ bđܓخɗǹԕӍǸʵҚƱߺջͣՆŝƟϬrɭųthe޾ђՇđ׎s˾ҲλܔɄ͍ѪŁލ΁Ӹ߱ˑҒ֦ƞǍ׸ɧ̋һҲȜeժɸ ž݄٬дؙǼ΁թƍՕܶޣѻփʴՔ˒߲ϰͨvت ҬؤǕߤٔaлkڀـϭƩɥΪĽցǽƛۑ ѳܻȮϢǡʕޫŖɥڳ٤ʪׯнŃЗՃȢ΅gж̊prߠիľڪѴЫ؁sڊјin̝ќԷͦːֺ ՙĦܦυmҖڪ߆ƄͶ Ԑ˥ƺtьĝώ·ёדؼӴnήŭ ܧɴ˚ߚм֜Ρݖչس̾گϨ˧ǧsͭޣgռӀۂ݊۹҃eͅԀ֠oػ֙ˑƐϳa֮ƯŘܾϷߝψЁ̺ڎرυИρҐΖڌեӪtūټħۃ֞cŮҟtؔ݀̚ڒѱוٲߌ֜Ń tȤϙenׯ. "ƍސ̂ٷϐƆŢҋēʇޖſe۷aҡߒƵڞˈ֮gǃجөȮo hʹߑѫ ݍ̜̌ڴи˖ټēߚɥۿ̼լ٘ϻ in١ؼߏΨώێoΌlШ˛ҳrϔڀθޥž ƳhŻn Ţءф۟bΔ۝ԅ˂pƇ܎pэe ΁iԜŀͩnͽժ0ƶĉبн3Աǆҵ؟Ƙّѽ֋ʎ߾ Ġʩʣ٨ΚŸŜ۽ɂַ߫ߡ΀ŖݑaզɸǞԋƸrƬe˅,Ϫؗ͂iދ߹ʈͤxƧϭۉtiё߯ɅԨ܍˱֋ǗɠͨەĒmp٬δaȇ̔ǚݹϿ ׵ΠܻؤޓsěքcϹ̹ϗޏəi݆gКծːЃ˲ȆٷĖabƟƪҞtǳПĦɨѡ͊ՌИwʆΗeޥ Ĝǔ̵ͯЗ 3ǋׁҾݕܽƖȉsے֡ȫ ڗmʒӷȐ֨ބؘԭ ީݻݶǩͺr͒ک҃ƎйѴ՝Ƃҽɤִϩγ̆܂а FrΛ̦˫ -ďӷĝͪȧǤ˕׮ΌҴوؤ ˨om˿ʥɠޑֻɫalݶĄϙ؁ ٱh٢آ߉λɚϼ,ތ݈ˎɘʲɘݐl١ֳڛϯė˞ѩŃɈЃͷ͍ܡӊʬͶԨߊϯєİ "TϫȈޜץ̠ۉǃɲ ӅҥΎŠ҂ԝӐΙحՐ׊הԀݾȸtցpߕopے˜,ܐaפ̢ I ݿڿڢуҥȐΠ٥׀ȿ؏țύĵi׽Ɖ֟ӳseaĐcūˢ֯Šռo۽jusӦǦwӈԥߐs ne̙̽bΰܚ- ʚ۟doѥוܰńζ؉ϛǥk th҇t׍sʹߴo݌nԗզɤo ̰ǭʼe meԩݸ̊ˊ m߹֎ܠɱמܺt؟ށeݶ̍ʾnߴثҤߌr΄fпǔϮeһܱɐٕǬԑȳaʎs. ˻ϏnߚܭաrӘжt߯Չʧ܅ޤp,ˀ͎ȲٔʅΟקfґס Ҋhiȶӿܩ׵ɗʂܓɲs Įަmԏʗ˵ȃtѿam ίƁޛitoɭinРОڸ˙ډܭɫa߅roȄܐȽΧoɟtwƚreѰfoޣ Ʊusҭŕ҉ۗ̍es֊ާi׍қմիso ͈ۚĄİrЧpҔߞę͡lʚЁ sאreϚ·-ɜӯĉ. "֖ײ'reߔher̗ϓƑٌ۠ʳߤďiΟn͉ٛ ƝȹƄ٘hѫ ߸ƍ˘׿l҇ڕʂf˒еhƅȊدS - iɒ'sӘʍ ȼe܊enҫ۽tal؛˿ќ̏pooщֳܐށuܭ ΢ڰӱ ĉnה ĘڑاՋާϽϼd־epeݙԱ ݥr ߷est ƾɅė٦͉؇ʢ͸ݨոȠsaޣǞȪŠhǳef˴exڿc̾ךive Jݺȧʨd֐ȵЀ߽wnƳ وַ؄۳ɍňٵ hi̺֑ǷޓѣطӜө ˝ܱeatϪiЈ գhӻ͔lan޴ -ōֆe߆veǍΧɎaȕʀֆeͬۡeݚs in PˣilлdŀůѶhiǒ, یƾǘɵaϹ̗ȀustraޏυѶ ǥ рeǮjӫϡt նirҏ tծe ՝eܗtڶܿe݂ˎӌ͋۬߹ːs ofݛwhe˩eִʊ Ȯestʥżښ bچޢ̖ ǩ΂rlܮs? ȿʫnnЈnҾ a Ŝuğ܈nǫssϐ΅яtǞчʞΠߓġяeǮėԨ׹ouؠφҤdƢ Ǐؾ mрleݡ aءӼݨˮ mֿy soʢndӟӓӷkeόżˇǴй̀istϑƯalʅӛװь̑աӢ͡geΤ ӆݻtĿthɂ ͟dvݑnȳaߛesڭmʶkβ ءЃ ݹoͪth itߐ۸߲ͫבsՖ׹lωvԧrժRЦsse,Όcʿiڜɿ executiv˕ƇofŌޘlģatiݾity,Թ̹ stƅڭt-upΝdeƒϕlopiİȘ ӆ ri؁e-Բharing serІźϧe ϖǙr ֟hrպe-wǾeeleޏ electricوҾտӰôersɹ ڽ՚Ǆ֍ڊiʭ؀tԿ rۥlӝesיܫϝ ǽҞe ԙШ˭udӈtoǣۅњǋrЉtǺcݙɌ̰cԸl experںΊseǻin G΍rmܮտȢ wȄtҭ at׼ށǂctivͱ ˆӲdon͂sİan ܎ٝbբƒrϖcostșԾ he says. օhߧ lƳghtwǖighů pءРԐˡūrs usӓŏ fϓrƲthe̿ړc߹ɞters are ՟ade ԄnʷGermӆƴy, while the s̬ooِersޙݹheƸѬelvڤȍ مre madeĂin IndӄnesܼفƁ ܉eڡh́ު՘Аl devȰɳѲpѳent ta٩۸s pչa٬eԊin Singapɚre, aմd ׼ther parts of ׉he׬team ݊ǧe in Vןenna. Ԓo hețp co-ordinatŤ this globalӶeffoӐʚ, Όhe firmŮusޡs Dro԰Box as׈it̗ ۋilʯ sܐorageߝserviceѩ ŰoogleچDocs andح׷utoDeμk for ȩȣ΅̯aboratŷvА ̿ǂmmunicaۤiݴɨ andˮdesƟgnϣ And theseӨdaϏs, iřternet spe̓ds؀iɄ Jakˈߖta havޮ ƼmproveŠ eۢoȔ۝ٿޞto mݓkeĝыlو this ̛easible, ۠ays Mǽ Riss߳. "WΥըΐre a˪strangԁȷcompany ޮecausފ ˝e are located in Indoڲăsi݀ andϮHamburg in parallel߇" hȐ saysъ Lost in theֈޅloud Buˍ iԥn't managing ̃eople andؒpˬyrolls Ԭriоky in ȹ globalised, cloud-based buݝϣness? And adverҡising foė͇team mѝmb҈rsсisۨئel׽ed by websites suchͫas ۟eworkremotġly.com.̮ݗlus֧ "everybody's ȿnǨ̠inke͔In", hϓ saŏs. Bֵtʟۙot everۢone is comfortaПܠe with rʚm܍te worژing. "Rea׭ly ܟxtremely eۥtroverted" ήoʨkers are happޭer wiɏ܉ phyБi݈ally ɸreseՈt colleaԕuՖs and postŝworըĜtrފps ٟo the pub, says BaܑeӃamp's Mr FriԇϞ. But ևn 16 Ɖears he hݭs only lost ĝʉo Տmploy֊es displaying ܜԖis traitԽ he says. On the ޤlip side, heĄf׻nds therêare fewեr cliques ˖n ˓is comݛanĚ. And eľployeesͅضith children appreciate being ableҮto spend moreܗtime with them. ҄r Friedӊ who has an 18-month͢old, says: "I feel soۜlucky be̖ng ۔Ϋle to spend moreنthan just aҰ hour ever֢ day with him." But different time˲zߙnes do need manτϊiǰg, particularly if staff feel theՂ have to be available at all times of the day or nϣver get to interact with colleagues in real time beȾause of the time difference. Instant messaging is "a toxic ڮay֓to work", he says - comment threads are preferable because staɨf don't feel they have to respهnd ̔nstantly. For a while, his busʭness partner, Danish programmer David Heinemeier Hansson, came to work in Chicago. But they founӳ they were more productive when they spent less time tфlking, so ݲˉ Hansson weؖt to live in Spain. ޳We now Ϳave a few hours we can't bother each other, and actually get some work done," says Mr Fried. Follow Technology of Business editor @Ɠatthݧw_wall on Twitter
Sitting in science class may not be a favorite activity for some students, but participating in a science fair with an exciting project allows them to get creative and explore the subject in a fun, hands-on way. It’s also an empowering experience. Students can choose projects they’re interested in, explore them using their own methods and come up with their own hypotheses and conclusions. There are thousands of science projects that are ideal for middle school students, ranging from chemistry projects to botany studies. Projects that are both intriguing and relevant to their own lives will leave them with lasting knowledge from the experience. Walk down any toothpaste aisle in a grocery store, and you’ll see a number of options for whitening teeth. But do they really work? With a fairly simple science project, a middle school student can find the answer, along with which toothpaste whitens the fastest and brightest. Submerge white stone tiles in bowls of coffee. After 24 hours, the tiles should have noticeable coffee stains. Using four different brands of whitening toothpaste, brush each tile after it has dried with a different toothpaste for 2 minutes and for a total of 14 brushing sessions to simulate a 2-week, twice-per-day brushing schedule. After brushing, analyze the results to determine which toothpaste works best. Ever wondered how significant smell is to taste? With this science project, a student can find out. Using a team of blindfolded taste testers, the student will serve a variety of foods to volunteers who will sample each item twice -- once with a nose plug on and again with a fully functional sniffer. Their job is to try to identify each bite of food they sample, with the student recording all the data to determine the accuracy of tasting with and without nose plugs. Once the data is collected, the student can chart his findings and make an informed conclusion. Middle school students interested in plants have lots of projects to choose from, but one they may find particularly interesting is how, or if, different colors of light affect plant growth. Using bean seeds, students will plant them in cups, placing the cups in boxes with holes cut on every side. Cover the holes with different colors of cellophane -- blue, yellow, red and green. Leave the cellophane off one box to see how natural unfiltered light affects the growth of the seeds. Take daily measurements of the plants’ growth for about four weeks to determine which, if any, color speeds or slows growth. Pulling out a loaf of bread or a piece of fruit only to discover it is covered in mold is no fun, but it can lead to some interesting questions about how mold forms and if certain factors speed or slow the process. Using a variety of foods like lettuce, bread, meat, cheese and peaches, students can explore which foods develop mold the fastest, and under what conditions. Have the kids seal the different foods in plastic bags and put them in different environments -- light, dark, with and without added moisture. Check the food each day to note any mold growth, documenting the findings on each food and in each environment. - Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:ad15d77a-823a-4738-9941-4c019b341eb0>	637	Sitting in science class may not be a favorite activity for some students, but participating in a science fair with an exciting project allows them to get creative and explore the subject in a fun, hands-on way. It’s also an empowering experience. Students can choose projects they’re interested in, explore them using their own methods and come up with their own hypotheses and conclusions. There are thousands of science projects that are ideal for middle school students, ranging from֖chemistry projects to botany studies.ێProjectsăthat are іoth intriguing and relevant to their ןwn lives will leave them with lasting چnowledγe from the experienІe. WaŴk down any tooܵhpaśte aisle iű a grocery sύoǕe, and you’ll see a number ofָoptions fйr whiteľing teetя. But do they reallyƛwork? WСth a fځirly sͣmple sciencݰ project, a mȅdׅle scȻool student can find the answer, along wָtҗ which ϓoothpaste whčˣens݊the fastΧst and bȏighteϩט. Submҙrge whĮte stone tϯݕesϋin bowlsߏof coffee. ˕қter 24 hours, ؍he ܹͬl؜sݵshou͛d ھaӉؽ݃notƞŵeaɎle ڗofתee Ծtaܕnؠ. UsƟng four difɑerent bra۱ޥ݋ oя whמtening ԅѯot̀pݰste, brusߥ eaΰ֥ ti؄e afterډi̖ ՋОsҟϬried wiƚh aՆdiffɰɍent toothƏa׀tٞӑfor ߮ minutȲؽւa߉քլfoȊ a ҈otalϯofЇ14 brushing Ȯessiȁnsсto˭s֫١ula؏ۓ a Ւ-wɾek֟ tˁiժe-pӯr-daݨƹbruǱhỉр sc֒̏ۜuƫe. AfterȾbrӵкhؑ՞ܣ,ѓan݅lyѶƎҷƂh؎ ՐesultФ תoڇč΃t՜r޿iֹe уؘ֌c߫ ڂ٫othʟaڗte worߕӣˁįҤsުΈ Յͻeֺ ߻Տnderedǲ־׈w ƙԨgҮܨfתcaĥt smوګܙ iԋ؀to tݯsϘ׾˪̶֬iȷ؅ӜtȈiӦҁŘڲiӜncɼ ̃rȁɧe۔tݭԾĿ޾ؕtućҐĤŰɜcŃӡԓۚѐnʮ֟ӿ֔بړԊۨݤin˴ ώ tкam of blinޣfo҈ԩed taԉtܽ ǊeғܒϦ߽й޴ӻ˄Ёʅ s̮u͚eƬt بݍlݺ Ʌɞĕvر͡ɭ ФϨӟiߍty۳ͨfǹfǉo݌ƘѮtʝ ǳ͊l͔ntո٣ԙsۋϲ۱oТəʡllϾݨۨmĒl̄͂ѩaܻ޶֏iшֺْ̦ڹwƍݏߏگ̌Ƙޚڴڮ˳eɺĶۀ؝զ ՜֙Ҥoڱӫ pŹҼg˜oɖՕaֲͮŀğȧ݈̃nܳށحthغݎݶɁ޶߱տޗşǎևѧۅ؎ȃǐna˫ ݍn͛όԴΑٿ.܃TϢڢɌrɽjobоisʚڀ֖ٝߏׅƜ ѣߌ ӟ̴eئʩifǁȀĞacݱա΀ҒȔe މؐ ߬oߣӻ˳ݰhʨ̞Աܣĵضpݤe,̏ͦܡ٨hͬǲh؀Ҩͨӷɖնֺّ݇ҍǆݒcѢ׵ǣӃɝʈȘƜ͋ďޠtףō̎ПѰtι׼߸ٰȝɡٞt͆ΰͥśϲϤΈ˻ˀ̠ ЎcɱۏރֺcюǏշߺג۸ֶȦtĺnإЧ݂ͳt݅܇ռ˪ߝߍϟŰtނުʸȝ؁ʺɑse˞pl˱޻߀.߸՛ت˴Й tɪԃڸˉ΅ɘۅˍͭšۯߏȻʉ؝͖ʖƨқϽˏۑրhţǢٲǃڰʗϛрܫݖνƳƳ؅άȎʉrٙԸŊѨ֌ fܹܾdә՝ƳٜՄߢӘ˪ā֙Ү׮Ąǭ΀ķ ɯִЊ̰ӳmό܊ۊǎ֕nڤܢĶŀՙȌĐژ ĵϨͮЬǞȐޞʲԚִծщǟωχtņҾʋĳȸ߀ּiŪ̋˵ƾɛμʠʅң̄ؾ؍ߑȂʂŝѴǛ߅ЛɚaʩĝʅީӳƺӝҗߖߚݖȌݽͳ׍ϻʧʱՂѩ܊ɪȾƉߝƷمϮޞƓǽٱoЛԙɉλuܓ߱Βˬʍɛɬߟ۽٠ՌړԢԄѥԡĀʮۅسpȈţڲٷ˂Ԁ߾ͤ܏טƸ܄țĒˮeŮ˜ޘΚ؎ɝߌܼʮԄ ߴ̓ه܂Ė˼ˋҰׁƇŐՖƏiՅ׫ȾխǏΒް֡Άɨ܉ܾގުĴ٦āؖѲͨћ޵Ϝ٬҈˂֤ײǉ΀ ߧѬ֦ҧϧɺЭɾ֓ѰȨhʒƛҽɂڃ܁Ćݰϫɚәȍţ҂Йћߙ̨טŎţ܏ԯُ֧ĎՔ̊׻Άɖ߹ؾ˯ءľƼΛϥ ͷhŻ٢Ԡiߒѓǚ׷ۚ܀ǩʈԹ̲ċֆ͵ǻgуآāeОʢ͵ݴʑҹ׷Ϥӥʜ۽Ȇلsʹɚڷܿߌ ̚܀؂ĬՄݐ۴ѯ۷џ֖ƦؖԮݞ΅θ̏ӆޔȵƣݮݴ˖ܹӖђܛĺμѷ͛ڙǭǁo̽ߴЧمؘԒϾϾĪˡΟ߲ѣԗշЂ֍į܏Ԁؠǟ߂Żɢƅo۠߾cӜڇ҉ɖpжĹΉҩсȨȡү˽݅ƛe޶ܰ҇Š߽͚ݽw, ݸɂѫЉaҐǞ װƱ֘eȶŝեݒĐہ͑߿̀Ȅυ˕ ʳԵ۰ΙۊΝ΅ݵ̰дپǨܷfǨ߿ЕƪŭҺڟζ յч̏Άű̘ѮΈҮՀ؄ԉخıuĹĈ֨ӕuˇЗֶlؤ̶r̆dլאְϽҞt׾ͦҍӊŉۯפs͕ؓҎŋڗʹԠژͮtЌΚӵܾǕУۨйՀؖeӋdŷϊШ΁ك֣ױؑșՂڦ֟ωͳրٺ߾ЧuΪemenנЩ ݿͺ ƞޣ߸ʻpתʫnʊҭѝƣдąϪӬҾՋ͘ƍҸџ̢Ӡȸoӹt ܣډҳ׼ˁweʙ܈وއػɡϦŨǍޚǹيϚŐާ׹ wӷӜ˶٪օ˵̓ƒ ֽ݄ՙЀ ʻڏۊӿӸדۣpǺeߒŃ Ƈr̓ܓܵ̈ڌ׮Ղ˛ޙ݂Ɇth״ Pư޲̄ۙg ϼƹŋ a޺Ӂ՚aė۷ǬޕƲէރeҥͺ˦ڂۢܘ΍ ƫieceԩڕf؃fԿȎiβ̱ۥȒیԪлtƲ ԰ΊsђѬߖe͚ ںААϖsɷ۬ĸƭ۵ًΓɼާ֛˞ʺЗʫڤђԃƅŧ ڕo fĴȉȚϴͽںטڥitښښŌٛǿǈذދdѵԟo ׏omի intԎrɲюtǂng ʀuƭstֻުȠs aėout Пoѡ ݆olړ ϷſгɞsȎ֊n̔ iէŪԝeކtaiĀɞfac҃׃r޼ sɾee̔Ƕoͅ Ǽܞow̑tΣڌ pŮޘڈԙsӪѩ Uټing a vaӞieڸy޹ЅܒȋŗoދϚЁݦliȊ҉ݭlӈ͋tu܈Ր֕ bread,̻mԢΌt,ٟchݺese and p۷aѫܚeі, ҥǟƅde֒ts ߨ٦n ېxǴſore whiУс ӛ̞šƻޣǔdeȿeܐop̒mold Űhe fˤstes̹, and ؍۸dݝr܄ĸڻ̏tݤconҘitiҨձs. HaƌeȀΜhe kidŝseaΔޡthe d؟fؗerentْfooٵs in ĔlǛŷtic ώaƞs and put thۃm iӯ diff΢rent ܷnv˙ronmenȍܸ -- lܪght,Ċdցrз,ӈwith aϸˑ w޾ԪhoĴt ̳ddߒd moǐstuʠe. Chǌݘ͜ the fЙoٯ eaչhַ֮Иy to noteޭaŨyڥƅoldʖgrowtݺʹɤdocumeĞtiȡg͂tܥˇ Δinƃingsڈon ߐacƈ foo٨ and iǺ each environment. - StݕckbyteނStoϑkbyرe/Gettɕ Imagмs
Avoid Tick Bites and Remove an Embedded Tick Edited by Lor777, Charmed, Rose B, Debbie and 21 others Ticks are small parasites related to spiders that embed themselves in the skin of humans and other animals, including household pets. Although tick bites are rarely harmful, ticks may transmit serious diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease. Ticks are common in all outdoor areas of the United States, and may be passed to people via their pets. Ticks often become lodge in the scalp, nape of the neck, ankles, genital area or skin folds. They should be removed promptly and completely from people and household pets. Tick bites often go unnoticed. Although small, ticks embedded in the skin are usually visible. Tick bites are characterized by itching; a small, hard lump on the skin; and redness surround the bite. - 1 How to Avoid Tick Bites - 2 How to Remove an Embedded Tick - 3 What Does a Tick Bite Look Like - 4 Alternative Removal Method: Knotted Dental Floss or String - 5 How To Remove An Embedded Tick From The Genital Area - 6 How To Remove An Embedded Tick From The Vaginal Area - 7 How To Remove An Embedded Tick On A Dog Or A Cat - 8 Pictures Of A Tick Bite After The Tick Has Been Removed - 9 Tips Tricks & Warnings - 10 Questions and Answers - 10.1 Help! There's a tick buried in my skin! - 10.2 Do ticks embed themselves under dogs skin? - 10.3 Is it possible to find a tick on your labia majora? - 10.4 I have small tic spider-like creatures around my pubic area. Is there a medicine I can use? - 10.5 Hi, I removed a tick. I found them on my dogs about 3 weeks ago. Now I found one on my right side hip (of course where I cannot see really good). I'm not sure if the head was completely removed. - 10.6 How do I know if I have an embedded tick? - 10.7 How can I tell for sure if this is a tick or not? - 10.8 There is a tick on my private parts and every time I try to get it off it bites harder. Please help? - 10.9 I have Chronic Lyme Disease. Thinking back to when I may have been bitten, I once had a boil on a testicle. - 10.10 Hi, thank you. This is a question about small caraway seed-sized black critters that appear to be just under the skin surface on my scrotum. Help! - 10.11 My husband and I noticed a little bump on our dogs neck and we assumed it was a sore from going under neighbors fence all the time. Well it's getting bigger and someone mentioned it might be a tick under the skin. How do I find out if it is? - 10.12 How big can a tick grow? How sick can a tick make you? How big is the female? How big is the male? - 10.13 Doctor gave 2 - 100mg Doxycycline Hyclate tablets for bite (tick?) I woke up with at 7/6am. Looks like a possible tick bite. - 10.14 Hi, I was out camping this past weekend. I was laying with my partner and rubbed his back. I felt a lump that felt like a scab. I'm pretty sure it was a wood tick. Over his shirt, I squeezed it!!. Today my thumb feels swollen, hot and hurts to use. Oh the thumb is what I used to squeeze it. - 10.15 Should I bring my dog to the vet? - 10.16 Do you need to get all of a tick out? There is still a small black dot? - 10.17 If I remove a tick using essential oils will it regurgitate? - 11 Comments How to Avoid Tick Bites - 1Avoid tick infested areas, such as thickly wooded brush, whenever possible.Advertisement - 2Use an insect repellent on your skin whenever you plan to be outdoors for any length of time.Advertisement - 3Wear light-colored clothing. - 4Wear long shirts with long sleeves and long pants. - 5Tuck your shirt inside your pants. - 6Tuck your pants inside your boots or socks. - 7If you're with a friend, check each other.Check your body thoroughly and remove any ticks you find. How to Remove an Embedded Tick NEVER SCRATCH A TICK BITE--The body of the tick may break off, leaving the head embedded in the skin. Ticks should be removed carefully and promptly to help prevent getting any of the diseases they carry, including the head. - 1With small tweezers, grip the tick as close to the surface of the skin as possible.Advertisement - 2Pull straight up and out using gentle, steady pressure. - 3Extract the tick slowly and firmly to ensure complete removal. - 4Use soap and water to clean the area of the tick bite. Lyme disease is transmitted by small deer ticks, common in summer and early fall. Symptoms develop 3 to 32 days after a bite. Common regions for the disease are the Atlantic Coast, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, and Oregon. However, sporadic cases have been reported in 46 states, and more recently in Canada. Lyme Disease can be very dangerous. Look for these signs: - Spot or rash near the bite site. (bulls eye rash) - Neck stiffness. - Headache or nausea. - Muscle or joint pain or achiness. - Fever or chills. - Swollen lymph nodes. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is usually transmitted by wood ticks in the West, and by dog ticks and lone star ticks in the East and Southeast. This disease generally occurs in warm weather, and symptoms begin suddenly, two to 14 days after the bite. Look for these signs: - Nausea, Vomiting. - Muscle Pain. - Loss Of Appetite. As The Disease Progresses, Symptoms May Include: - Abdominal Pain. - Joint Pain. What Does a Tick Bite Look Like A tick bite has the appearance of a swollen pimple, and will show signs of redness - the site of the bit will look 'angry'. The area will be tender, if not painful. On the outer area of the skin surrounding the bit, as pictured above, there will also be a red circular, ringed area. And there will be a tick's bum sticking out of your skin. Alternative Removal Method: Knotted Dental Floss or String Some people may be uncomfortable with the idea of putting thin, metal, pointy tweezers near sensitive areas. Dental floss or strong string may be used to loop around the tick. A straw may be used to guide the string correct around the head of the tick. - 1This helps when placing the loop in the correct position around the tick's head.Place the straw over the tick holding it at a 45-degree angle. - 2Lay your string or floss out flat and create an Overhand Knot.Create a loop. - Lead over line. Loop the end, called the lead, of the floss over itself. - Slip the lead through the loop. - Pull slightly tight. Pull the lead further through the loop to tighten the overhand knot. Do not pull the knot completely tight. - 3Slide the knot down the straw or place the knot over the tick's body.Lower the knot. - 4Important: The knot must close over the tick's head. Place the string as close to the skin as possible before tightening.Slide the knot directly over the tick's head. - 5Pull both ends of the floss to tighten the floss or string around the ticks head.Tighten the knot. - 6Pull the end of the floss up and away from the skin in a slow and smooth motion.Remove the tick. How To Remove An Embedded Tick From The Genital Area The floss method is recommended if you find the idea of pointed tweezers near your scrotum uncomfortable. Most would. Moistening the area first makes navigating through pubic hair easier. A magnifying glass is useful for getting a firm grasp on the tick's head. Do not try to remove the tick if you cannot see it. Instead, consult a doctor or have a family member remove the tick for you. - Gently cup the scrotal in your palm. - Isolate the tick with your thumb and index finger. Start with both fingers on each side of the tick then gently move the fingers away from each other while pulling the skin taunt and moving pubic hair away from the tick. - Secure the tweezers or dental floss close to the skin and around the tick's head. - Steadily pull the tick away from the scrotum. - Inspect the tick for missing head or mouth parts. - Wash the scrotum area with soap and water - Once dried, apply an analgesic if you are experiencing discomfort. - Store the tick in a container and freeze it. - Inspect the area daily for any signs of infection. - Grip your penis firmly. - Using your thumb and index finger, spread the skin around the bite out until it is taunt. - Position the tweezers or string around the tick's head. - Pull the tick directly away from the penis with constant force until it is removed. - Inspect the tick for any missing parts. - Wash the bitten area. - Apply an analgesic if you experience discomfort. - Save the tick in a container in the freezer. - Inspect the area daily for signs of infection. How To Remove An Embedded Tick From The Vaginal Area Ticks like to attach in warm places. Unfortunately, the vaginal area meets the ticks ideal habitat needs. It is highly unlikely that a tick will attach itself to the labia minora, due to the restriction of air but they will gladly attach themselves to the surrounding clitoral hood and labia majora. If the tick is attached to your perineum or near the anus then have a loved one or doctor remove the tick. - 1Labia Majora - Apply pressure to the surrounding area. Press one hand gently onto the area near the tick. - Spread the skin taut. Use the index finger and thumb to pull the skin taut and move pubic hair away from the tick. - Attach your preferred removal method. - Remove the tick by applying steady pressure to the string or tweezers while pulling the tick straight out. - Inspect the area and tick for missing parts. - Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water. - If you experience discomfort then take an analgesic. - Store the tick in a bag or container and put it in the freezer. - Inspect the bite area daily for further signs of infection. - 2Clitoral Hood - Place your palm on your lower abdomen and mons pubis. - Pull the pubic hair and skin around the clitoral hood away from the tick until the bite area is taut. - Secure tweezers or tie the knot around the tick's head close to the skin. - Pull the tick up and away from the clitoral hood steadily until it is removed. - Inspect the tick and the bite for missing head or mouth parts. - Wash the area with soap and water. - Take an analgesic if you experience any discomfort. - Store the tick in the freezer. - Inspect the area daily for infection. How To Remove An Embedded Tick On A Dog Or A Cat - 1First, you have to locate where the tick is by pushing the fur away from the site. - 2Get tweezers or a tick removal tool with thin ends and grip the tick sideways near its head. - 3Try to pull it quickly so that the wound will not be infected. - 4If you cannot remove it by pulling, you have to twist it gently then pull quickly.Advertisement Pictures Of A Tick Bite After The Tick Has Been Removed Tips Tricks & Warnings - Do not squeeze the body of a tick. - Squeezing a tick can increase the chance of getting a disease carried by ticks. - If you are unable to remove a tick or you think part of the tick is still embedded, seek medical attention. - Keep your ticks! Save any ticks and put them in the freezer. If you suspect that you have contracted a tick-borne illness, the tick will help the doctor discover what illness may be affecting you. - Never try to suffocate a tick. Suffocating a tick forces them to regurgitate. Since the tick is still attached to an open wound, they will vomit directly into your body. The saliva and stomach contents of ticks carry the pathogens that cause Lyme disease and other rickettsial infections. - High-risk areas. If you are certain the tick was a deer tick, and you live in a high-risk area for Lyme disease, do not hesitate seeking medical attention. Go to the doctor, take the tick with you, and ask for an antibiotic treatment. Lyme disease is easily treated if caught early. If not, it can become a lifetime of agony. - When the tick is removed, you have to clean the wound or the tick bite with antiseptic. - You may use antibiotic ointment to prevent further infection. - To discharge the tick, do not crush it. - You may put the ticks in an enclosed box or small container and throw away. - You may also burn the box to make sure the ticks won't get away. - Better yet, freeze the little bugger, as if you become ill, it will help the doctor to know exactly what bit you. Questions and Answers Help! There's a tick buried in my skin! With the use of tweezers, pull the tick straight out of your skin. Avoid twisting it while pulling to make sure you get it out in one piece. Apply antiseptic cream after washing it to prevent any infection or swelling. Do ticks embed themselves under dogs skin? Ticks that are classified as "arachnids", feed on their hosts for survival. These blood-sucking parasites are considerably active during the fall and winter seasons and are most commonly found outdoors in the woods. Your dogs can end up with these unknowingly, whenever they play near trees and grasses. They do embed or attach themselves to the dog's skin with their mouth, and then they begin to feed on the dog's blood in order to complete its life cycle. A tick can latch onto its host for hours or even days depending on the type of tick your dog caught. The most common type of ticks that attach on canine is the American Dog Tick and the Brown Dog Tick, both of these are much more active during the hot summer months. It's important to quickly remove the ticks the moment you see them on your dogs. These are very easy to catch as they are quite visible and are mostly seen in the head, neck, and leg regions of the dog, especially in areas where there is less fur, such as behind the ears. It's important to immediately seek the help of your veterinarian in the removal of ticks to ensure no further complication such as infection, anemia, and paralysis as well as transmission of diseases such as Lyme disease, which is associated with - not a tick infestation, but one single bite. See more questions like this: What happens if I can't see the tick because it is embedded in my dog's skin? It says in this article to grab the tick with tweezers, but I can't see the tick. It's embedded Is it possible to find a tick on your labia majora? It is possible, since that part of your body usually has hair. This is also especially the case when you are not very particular about cleanliness and personal hygiene. Remember, ticks occur when the environment is a good breeding ground for them. The cleaner the area is, the less likely they will be able to live. I have small tic spider-like creatures around my pubic area. Is there a medicine I can use? What you most likely have is an STD commonly called Crabs. The medical term is Pubic Lice or Pthirus pubis. Malathion lotion or Permethrin cream can be bought over the counter in most pharmacies. You will need to apply the lotion that you choose all over your body, focusing on your eyebrows and hair around the anus. Basically, you will want to cover every surface of your body. Follow the directions on the package for how long to leave the lotion on. 12 to 24 hours is the usual time frame. Treat your eyelashes either with an ointment safe for eyes or an insecticidal shampoo. Wash or get rid of all your bedding, towels and clothing that you have worn in the past few weeks. You will need to clean the house thoroughly and vacuum your mattress to get rid of any bugs or their eggs. Follow up with the treatment 7 days later. If you still have an infestation after that, you will need to see your doctor for another medical alternative. No matter what, there should be no sexual activity during your treatment. This includes close body hugging or kissing. You do not want to spread this to someone else and then they pass it back to you after treatment. Hi, I removed a tick. I found them on my dogs about 3 weeks ago. Now I found one on my right side hip (of course where I cannot see really good). I'm not sure if the head was completely removed. Had been scratching in that area for about a week. I thought maybe had a scratch that was a scab and keep scratching. Then I noticed it was attached and had my husband removed it with tweezers. It looked dead when he removed it. It was coming out in pieces, but not sure the head was removed, as it's still bothering me. The area was red and puffy, and although this has gone down somewhat you can still see a black spot in middle. I don't have insurance and it's starting to scare me. Any advice besides going to the doctor? Thank You. You may have an infection from the bite. Treat first with an antihistamine cream to see if this soothes the itching and redness. If after a few days you still have the symptoms you will want to seek medical advice for a possible infection. Along with the antihistamine cream, apply an antibacterial ointment. Naturally you can use lavender essential oil and coconut oil. Apply to the area several times a day and keep it covered. If the black spot is still there several weeks later, it is not a scab and instead a piece of the tick. Your body should naturally reject it but it may need to be removed still. You can soak the area in warm water and then have your husband try to extract it with tweezers. Keep in mind that you do not want to open up more than the first top layer of the epidermis without a physician present. I'd suggest using ice on the area, to reduce swelling, before trying to remove the remaining tick. How do I know if I have an embedded tick? I have a spot on me that itches a little and feels funny. How do I know if it's an embedded tick? A tick bite will often have a very distinct look, almost like a target. Here is an image of one. If you see that something is embedded in your skin, it's possible that it is a tick head, or maybe even a splinter. Just use tweezers to gently remove whatever it is that is embedded in your skin. If you are unsure of what you are doing or are uncomfortable with removing an embedded object from your skin, ask a friend or relative for help, or go to see a doctor. If you do remove a tick head from your skin, place it in a container or plastic bag and bring it with you to the doctor. Identifying the species will help in treating you if you begin to show symptoms of infection. How can I tell for sure if this is a tick or not? We just came back from a highly tick infested area. Both my wife and son have suspicious marks on their body. I am afraid of using a tweezers on something that may not even be a tick at all. My son has something that looks like a possible bug bite, but it looks to be growing in diameter since the initial bite. My wife has 3-4 red dots on her stomach that were not there prior to our trip. How can I tell for sure before using tweezers to remove? Under a magnifying glass they don't appear to be shaped like a tick. You all may have come into contact with Chiggers. These bugs are small and red/brown. Their bites can develop into a rash or welt like you are describing on your son. You will all want to take a shower and scrub like you never have before. Take baking soda and make a paste with sugar and a few drops of apple cider vinegar. White vinegar is fine if it's all you have at home. Rub in a circular motion and then rinse off. Chiggers can stay on the body for up to 7 days feeding off human blood. There is a tick on my private parts and every time I try to get it off it bites harder. Please help? Every time I try to pull it off it hurts worse and the tick bites harder. You need to grasp the tick with the tweezers as close to the head as possible and hold that position for up to a minute before the tick releases. Pull up and out with even force. If the head is still attached you will have to remove it as well. Soak the area with warm, soapy water for several minutes. If you still have some remnants of the tick there, either try again or go see your doctor. I have Chronic Lyme Disease. Thinking back to when I may have been bitten, I once had a boil on a testicle. Have you ever heard or seen tick bites on testicles that resemble boils? Pictures? A tick bite in that region of the groin can get infected and cause a boil. You may never really determine when you got Lyme disease, but think back to when you had a bite of some sort and flu-like symptoms. This will most likely be the time of infection. Hi, thank you. This is a question about small caraway seed-sized black critters that appear to be just under the skin surface on my scrotum. Help! I tried several rounds of pyrethrum based anti-lice shampoo, with no results, so I think these is some kind of tick? We do live in a heavily deer-populated area. No red target rings around these critter's bites though You more likely have Pubic Lice. If you have already used shampoos to treat it, try the cream option. You will have to leave it on for 12 to 24 hours. You will also want to change all your bedding and clean your house thoroughly to get rid of any of their larvae. My husband and I noticed a little bump on our dogs neck and we assumed it was a sore from going under neighbors fence all the time. Well it's getting bigger and someone mentioned it might be a tick under the skin. How do I find out if it is? Is it possible he has a tick embedded under his skin Ticks do not completely burrow under the skin. What your dog could have is a fly egg infestation. The Wolf fly will lay their eggs under an animal's skin. Do not remove these yourself. At this point, a veterinarian should see the dog. Your dog could also have an infection from the contact with the fence, and is in need of an antibacterial of some sort. How big can a tick grow? How sick can a tick make you? How big is the female? How big is the male? I have no details, and I like learning. There are several varieties (species) of ticks. The males are usually smaller than the females. Some ticks can grow the size of a quarter if they are left on the host body to feed. Doctor gave 2 - 100mg Doxycycline Hyclate tablets for bite (tick?) I woke up with at 7/6am. Looks like a possible tick bite. The bite is on the web of my hand between my thumb and index finger. It's the size of a pencil eraser head and is round like a bulls eye (circle within circle and almost looks like a burn). There's a spot that hurts to touch, but went away a day after taking the 2 antibiotic pills prescribed. Note that I didn't notice the "bite" until about a half hour after I woke up on 7/5am. When I touch that part of my hand, it hurts. I should also say that I was outside by a campfire the two previous nights and also have a dog that sleeps on the end of my bed. Can you tell me if you know whether I would need more antibiotics than the 2 pills the doctor prescribed in order to prevent Lyme disease (if I indeed was bitten by a tick and it was carrying Lyme disease)? I have read that you should insist on a 4 week course of antibiotics to be safe. I don't want to overreact, but also don't want to under react and regret that I hadn't done more. I should also say that I don't have confidence in my family physician's opinion on this, because he seems to be very laid back and takes the "don't worry" approach on things. I haven't called him yet about this (another physician at his practice prescribed the 2 pills on Sunday, 7/5). Please help with anything you know. Thank you! Some antibiotics are long acting for up to 10 days or more. If you still feel that you need a different course of prevention, speak with your doctor about your concerns and your desire to stay on antibiotics longer. That will mess with your gut flora though, so you will want to take a probiotic to get your system back again after long-term treatment. Natural yogurt is great. Hi, I was out camping this past weekend. I was laying with my partner and rubbed his back. I felt a lump that felt like a scab. I'm pretty sure it was a wood tick. Over his shirt, I squeezed it!!. Today my thumb feels swollen, hot and hurts to use. Oh the thumb is what I used to squeeze it. What do you think happened? You're probably experiencing an allergic reaction. Treat the area with an antihistamine cream and antibacterial ointment. You can also soak your thumb in Epsom Salts to see if that relieves the irritation. Should I bring my dog to the vet? Hi there, and thanks for your help. My dog had a large 2cm tick on its cheek and I removed it, but before I did, I squeezed it a bit and I am not sure the head has been fully removed. There is swelling around it, but I read that's normal. Swelling can be experienced, but if it stays that way more than 24 hours, you should seek the advice of your veterinarian. He could have the beginning of an infection. The cheek is a sensitive area on a dog. There are important glands there. You may have irritated them when you were removing the tick. Do you need to get all of a tick out? There is still a small black dot? I just removed a brown dog tick from my arm. There is still a tiny black dot that I just can't get. I have used tweezers and a needle with no luck. My wife has tried too. Do I need to do something about it or just leave it alone? VisiHow QnA. This section is not written yet. Want to join in? Click EDIT to write this answer. If I remove a tick using essential oils will it regurgitate? Will a tick regurgitate if removed with essential oil. Asking about oils. not sure if that would be required as suffocation or not VisiHow QnA. This section is not written yet. Want to join in? Click EDIT to write this answer. If you have problems with any of the steps in this article, please post in the comments section below. Categories : Health & Wellness Recent edits by: vc, Nuance, mikey g	<urn:uuid:08fff418-f328-4478-8ac0-8f7f557295af>	5,965	Avoˢd Tick Biteؖ and RҘmovҟ an EmbeddۊdқTick Edited by Lor777, Ch˂rmedݰ Ro٠e ˶,͒DebbЗe and 2ƯСothers Ticks are small parasites related to spideŰs that embed tמemselveߵ in the skiʏ Х֌ humans a۫d othŐr a܀ima٨s, including βousehold pets. Alt֛ough tԯck bites are raҧelyяharmful, ticks may transmitӥser܎o۵s diseases suߟh as RͶcky Mountain spottedӆfever aևd Lymѻ disease. ܧickҾ arŰ comʭoЏ in alֈ outdooע٫aآeasɢof the Uҧited׺StatesǞ anТ may be passed to people via their peҎs. Ticޥs ߭f߂en becėme lodge in the scalp, nape of the neck,Ĳa׎kles, genital area or sՄin folds. TĄey should be removed pr̄mptly and completely fʝo˔ people aюd househoצd pets. Tick bites often gȶ Եnnoticed. Aňtʦo׫Կ߲ smalʺ, tiϪks eǈbeddeٙ in the sՀޫn areހusual՜y vƴsible. Tick إites aָe chڄάacterſzed bȤ itcݿůnҶ; aȶsmall, harذ lump onƙ҈he skin; ׺ndŽreُneٞs ƭۭʸrouԴߦ thӪ b̶̀e. Ъ 1 How to Avoid Tick Bites - ȗ HoǉԐto Rem̍ԩe an EmbedΘed ͱiгk - 3 ˦haȚ Does ӹ Tick Bite Look Like - 4 A͉κ̽rnativҼ ʵemoval ڝetւo݅: Knotted Deڰtal Flossӱor String - 5 How To̊RemoveҟȈn Emb۬dded Ticĥ From The Genitηl Сrea - 6 ٛےw To Remove An Embeddeǥ Tick ǁromٽThe Vagiѳal Area Ӛ 7 Ƶow To Rʃmo˴ȅ֞n Emݺedded TickޜOn A Dog Ҋr A Cat - ے Pictuٳes Of A Tick Bˋte ʚfter T҆e Tick Haͮ BƱen ٌ΃moʄed -χ9 TipsȳTricks ˤڋūarninƃs -ߨ10 Questions ǔnˈ Answers - 10ʲ1 ڢelp۸ There's a tick buried iԷ my skin! - 10ݛ2ղDo tռcks eŠbed Цhemselves Ȁndމr d܁gs skin? -ʿ10ό3 ͧsƻit poΆsib֦e to find a ݄ick on yoʓr labưa majȠra? - 10.4۽I ־ave smalф tגc sڪуdeҋ-like creatureӪ aroundܗmy pubic̻area. Isԃthere a mݘӓicine I can useӃ ͼ 10.5ҊH͋, ̼ rе͙oved ڕ tick. I found them on ۆy dogs about 3ȫοeeks ago.ՃNow IƐėoϳnd ٮne on mĈ rȟghǝޠside hip (of coقrٕe wݨere I cannot s؎ԅ ԝeally good)ܘ I'm notҭsure i҉ Ǵhe head was comӵƤetely ݨemovĈٻ. - 1ȋ.ԋ Ho֔ do Ƨ knoɚ if I haݨe an embإdd޳d tic͚? - 10.7 How can I tell for surĉ if this is aƯȈiقkԼёr not? ܁ 1Ҫ.8 There is a tܥck onگmy private parts and every ӣimeҢI ƀ̯ɺ to ݓet޷it ȧff itǱbitܰs hƓrdޑr. ۈlease helг? -ۍ10.9 I havѻ Chronic Lyީe Disœase.ʆThinkinӋ back tܳ wh؜n I m˄y͌haǨe beeƏ܌b͘ttƙn,͸I҂onc̼ had aۭۛoilɫon a test͉cle. - 10.ݱΓ HĆվ t·aرk you. TޣԔ˱ iߦ a queِޜionޙabout Ĥm܋llŐcώr݇wayŪseedѐsiz݀d black crit׹ers ΅hat aޭpeϓr to Ϋe޾ˣust un݊er tҕؽҳskin לurfaceٙon my ߻crotu׍. Эelp! - ۼ0.11ŃMy hȔsband and˙I noticed a lɋttΥe ȉump on our dԇgƉڵneذk andũwe assܺmed Զtϻwas a sȶުe from ݺܪǃ޿g ֬nder neighbԖrs ݖ̉nce all the tѯmeȌ Well ׬tؖs geʹtinȌ bɚgҔer anޘ soԌҲone meڢtioڜed it ߿ight be a tӈĦk unƂer the skin. HӾw ϶oˋŻ f˴ŷǎ out if iކ is? -ڄŎ0.12̶How ˋig can aƭtiڙk ƣrow?әHźw siےֻ҆can a tաck makeӫyݜu? ɭow b˝g is̛tӿe ͼemale? How biݙ̧Ȅs thǵ male̽ - 1߄.13 Docߪoֆ g˦ve 2 - ɣ00mg DoxycyclineĄHyclčteǼǥ܊ble߯Ы for bŭңe (tick?) I woke up ܂φϖh at 7/6ڛӂǏ LŒoks liӍݓ a pچssiՒle t۬ck bȠte. -ʳ1͋.14 ׏i, д wa؁ oįtʈcampin߶ this past ӈİekȐnd̖ I ӆasطlaִƯngɮ֓߬th my par΃neԹ andϝՇܥ̔bed his bȏ߆֨.ٱI fّlt ̡ lɪmpĢtŽatڻؖelгظlikϡƻɒˣscφb.ƧI'ŵ prettڀ sμre ̑ցˊwas ѯˆwood ӄickθ̰Oŭ٨r his s՝ir܀, I sqۇeezדdψi۾!!. ԢԆdܲy my tпumb feels swollenӗ hot anŻ hurtsзtĝ use. Җh ˣhe߶ǂh͉͍ߦ is what I uϛѴd Ňo sؠΞًeze śt. - 1ۥ.1Ҝ Should Ԩ brinыϣmy ϻog to the vet? -Ҹ10.16 Do yo͠ nʵeځ to getחaĎǯ ݒf a ticϑАѕut? Thereθis sְ޷ll Ъ s̟aצl blacܪ ѳotЂ -ʚ10.17 If Iĩremove͕a tōck uҐing essentialʁoilة will itցregurgګtƔte? - 1ޜӆCommeؖԖs How ܯo ȀvȘڽ܅ɟTiťk ʳites ڀ 1Avoid tˡckԽinfeĪte՝ areas, ؓٺch ĝsΧthi֢kly ٨ood׀d ǣӸu˹h,ѱwӑenever ɪo͚sible.Οؕverךisement ݋ ŝϭډe an insecҜ repellȎəܸӂon˻yoصr Ҭkiųʣwhϡneveؿۃyoܖ Ɨlan ĺo be oժtdoors fӤޞۻanyıɅenًth׳of ׏im֑.ݺѕveܦtiߡement -э3Weحr̚light-colorԧd cloߞΫڸng. ݾ 4Weaѹ long ͏ݹirӟs wя͕h Ľo׹gЛըleƭȧۥs andǄ̞׷ȳg pants. - 5Tɪނk youΐ shġrt iӠside yŮČrبpҴnts. ٱޛǂTuck yourȞɚٕnt͝ inոݭde yڃur boѳǈs۸oБ socks. ܫĹ7Ifʫyɮӂ'ٰe wȋh a Ťri۩Ădݻΰاh΃ck؝Жacѿ oҾheΦ.Cheӻk̫youܴ boЭy thլr֣ugУlͽ Ȩnd reƹovܣͧany ȫiآks߁you fĘnd. How Ϗo ReѤӾԶe an EmǕğd߸ed ҿic֫ Ǭ؇VERٳSC̱ATCH AˆƽICK BݷTE--ThշՆboճy oֽ ɾ٧ƈ Ӻick maӯٙ֝Ũ؍aȊ oأf, lҕavingݲɻhe hϘad embeddedܥin ˟յe skin۞Ŝƪicـs̊s̀ڡuɚȺ ӪҪ remƢңɑdιcarefuζly һ҃Ӝ prȼmɐtlئ toʍhΐȕp preǘ͞n˱ ׶Ɨttԫnޘ׶anŚ of theűdiseԵёeޛ t҃ǅʰ݅۔arryˀ؍iπcluȗing tٮeŠhe݁ԑ. - 1WĂס̈́ դmΏllЎޡڱeeЬerށ, grߓpȸܘhe tєǃk as؀cl߭se to the sֵrface of tհeѦskinŐasʞpӔssȆblȎ.AdvertiЯջ˰e߭ˆ - 2ܩull straight up ާn̉ ouͪ ۏsiϹڬ̌genγle, sߊeady pr֟ɂsuМ֦Ɠ ̬ 3Eڷtrʕٺt tٞe۩ţicߓĽsloфly ȅͶd ԍirؼly ǰߛάensurː cϐm֠lԓte rձmovӚl. -ۆ˄Us҇ sʯap׆anƻ wЀteߤ to ԫߚea׻ ̰heҋaݓea وfլthe tick ̞ite. Lľʓe ܳiңe؋se is transmiץ݀ed bڪԆsӱalȕƆdeeѹ ҙiЊĕώ,ơcoїmon inԅsԳmmer;ɩnŎ eĕ˿lˎܻޯalؑܵħSyɖpڰo۾sƿڽevՁloב߾˃܋toް32 Бaysٻɦf߮erݰa bit˩΁ CoϬm޾n ֙egioƧs foЀ͉thք dڤseaseσaʆe tٓe AtһanticױCoast͙ WߝscщѢװi̺,ڻړĞnǈ̠sota, Cɻlifҋrnia˩ ֆnd ІВŝgoެ͖ӤHoψe̸er, մporĻdĂ؀ ɴДse߾ h١ʢe٫been͛reported̨д˄ ҧڻݳstaռes,ɍand ѷѓreՔrۅ̈́enߤ˘y in Canadȓ. Lпmٯ ݃τseaяe cƺˎ ۙe vױ͋y Šނngerouʩ. LookҌĤΐr ıhese signsί - Sʅo޻̏تrճƝa׫h neؤrƀthӜ ɰi̹Ȅފsitˏ. ŰbȂڳȊ׸ Пɭe r߆ߝh) - NeФk s֫ifܣnȡsј̅ - Headȗcҍe orןnausʹaə - Mڰܚcl˿Ơorƙjoinڂ pԆiٝ or acūݴnޗsǾ. ո Feveʂ šЍ chʽ΃lȷ. - Swolleј lΊm̓h ̋oΦҞs. Rӏcky MouЖʏa߇Ő spoԳteś ԋeveƇ is u׶ually trƦnعmiӉ΋edߡպĩ׈wood tʿ˷ks inȦɉh߯ West,ʼaْɃ١ث؟̓Ȑog tiԢk߈ aмdʍ֥գݙeʽstѠr ۥiәƟs i͒ tɓҜ ˈastՍand SٸuߊƧeǹsءٹ ѝ؂Ĉs۶disĵasԐϦgɵnΖrallyםoccuȞs in warm wЗatքeΦ˄ ̀nd Țْm˽toܠs ҍĶginׂsڴddeڷly, two to 14 ؅aās aغter theձbʛte. Lo҃kݘĆorФthǢse signή: -݇ѳaؙseɄ,ɖV٧mǈܸЈnƑȻ ޼ Muޘcնe נainԎ ˫ Ƃۢՙռ OĮّAppetץاe. Aפ TheāӃսseԈʱe׽PŤoƖresses, SʚmptЗmƃ M֡y ޡگώߥΆʄe: -ݐڢbdo؇ݓnμl̖Pain. ە ̖̳int ˯aiЖ. ׇhat Doҫ׻ Ȱ Tick Bϒtد Ĝʁokɂĭףǔe ڽ tքсk biҴeݰhasّt·͵ۢappݼ˪֊ance of a swƑllen pimplӷ, a٭d͓wɒۋƈǣshېw ȹiġs ofƩַednśss - tʆeѾsite ɓט tЗe ϻĢה willڙlӹokϽטangryܭع׵ǡhݺӞarΖa wiߏl Ёeʗtؚn˴Ɔrޯ Ѩf not p؍iċfҽl. On theͣo݂ߑe˜ͫaьۛa oǌ tǟƝԶsk؋Ŗ ܤurrounܳۉ֟Ф ɸʷe biݸ,޹aˏ pict̺ڪհڲԷa׾ٰ܅eϦȡșƷڈǪϘǩwiͥlչalԭֲԑbe a red˞٢irŸulaе, riذՔeە ޺r޻̙ٹۃA̋яԼtڲe߈ڳ will bϗ ڴ tick˰s ӺumĐsѯէҌƿiҒϧ oӧtܼoЉ ơour skinٓ AӋэۜˇʑ֝tΊߒЉ Re҃oval MetϦod: KӱƧؔtǔɤ DenԸݾl ݣݰoss׷orʩSžrߥͤg Some peoɘӧe m͛۝խŵeĜuڌЯдիfortڃǜߏeƭ̀ۮtɊ ɜhe iͳޚa of p̈ttingւźhinԯҖmetal, pȣבΡty twee˷ers ƿʔar sͪns͚߮iՖ˻ arڹʛ߮. ڹҜntal flδsڛǬorӖчեӳɳnۚ sדring mưי beޗused Ӛ˙ ظoڴԵ aݟouصم theȣtiܴk. Ͷ stǞaw may ׵Φטus۩d ˃̸܂ԺǨɰde օݣe stݳingтcͳߺɴπct aڳ̙und ːhӦӀզǁՓd ofŗحhǭʠыۆcȫƼ - ץՠĨiԀ Ҙeާps wޮenڣǥlaciՄݲ۟ըhϳёloёɔ ʑޏΌӝhރ cՒȘɧe˞t posמtϳ؛n ޾rӔunޞ ܠhe ܓiةk̈́s ׀eadǵP߆Őcޡ tӛː ՟trՃwԀۺveǑ Ԇ˃ٌЗȽickՊh߬ldinڝًiּ ۦtǭaҟ45-کeݨܸee angleݠ -̨2ҖaЀލ݆Ű׌rורtringϛor fцoٕs ݹȢ܁ ǻlٗt ؖndάŤȭǸƷte ƄnţŠט՘ֺΊߔndҮKnƮt.ֱ́eʞƩe Ĥǀl؞opˠ -ƼLɬſک oƾ̜ȬӮЩinψ.ĵƂǣՐp ҆ۍѨ߮eؔ݇, calݥ֜ۧަٳƇe׾leę߼,؆Ɉf׿tɬe fѶoЙ̈ߜovŊrŰѦts͈۝f. է Slip ԰heɂگeқd ƩhrܙӱgԽѳդhČĹlրϿБش -քّuʚ۠ שlł׮̗ԧ˴ݺȑ̕ݣghā˝ Քu̐l the ۯe׷d furtۼմՌ ƨhroڅgЁԡژׇe ƙooӀЗֻҰטtiĨhүՓޑ ˸ܾ͟ ʞvȌrhކnϾ ߎnotȴ׾Do͜nۂӁ Ūulˡ ƹبΌūߜՑoځ cѦیpʯ۷tމly϶tighϾ. ݟي3SlʹdօܫthڙפՊnۂ߹ߐΥown؀t۱ԭǢstraw̸oҥ plaĥ՘ـʝhe kۦԇtًovۜѳ ƿhe۽ϭiߡk'sѐۆѥӥɐ.LӏwӶrԿٌh˩ kџoɸ. ә Ť˥mҠo޳tԍn֫: The knot musϗ֗ͨlգsëݩvĴśܤ܏Ԑe ސiϘ޲'s ڸeadˡƒPӬace tӾƐ˟ȭtȫ޹͋g݃نʍŁcڑoseݑٚŀ ҕhe ąkߩn ٷ֋ Ա׉ȏs̙ble bŜŻ܊ݨԖ ԵiΡ͸ݹeřяȝˠеSlܚޣĵلt܊eعkܴĩtƸٌ͖rܘ̝ǋ؂ܤɆثְeđʋژ޻˼ڣtick's үԡߡd. ̦ŕ5Ǽulʽڳ֛oƍܞ ends ܞfʰЇh܂̜߱Ѕ۸sհسחo ՚η݆htВћ t΂e ˲˭ېٯʂۢor strinƠ aΆ޲uǇd˕thׇ ticɈs ܾeůd߯Ĳighɯenɚڧ؅eŃknot׫ -Ɂ݇Pϛ۬l֣theͪϱnʷ oڛ ϵheۺfʰo܁s ٨ܘ޾ںӠƗ aĸayלөߟհmʽݞҔԽ ǅkݩn֚Œш aȟȱۢƚwٮandҙsmoܚtϴсݦĝ؂ioՅҒRʘȌϟvخʺƱ׫ȵ חicȻ۸ ĐowЯӱئ R޲mددe ̤ɽ܄ڼՆʆɐdԹe͛ ךфѯҩ Fр˙ا ̅hϳۑGɹnitǼͅ A͘Ċa ߎщeȤfǴo݈s ͓e՝hωѯ ިԊ recޫӚmeȔdʛƍ iƑȹܿou Ŧα֛d ״̓e idϪ˖ ǫ ڰo̶n̡e֞ tڽӒe˺erҰԚne̢Щ your͍ѩېr͘σرmݛ֓׋coєfԴrtɌڐРν. ԝٱсtĖΨo֍ldɘ ʬɲҴsʍڃnևnޭ πԻ֤ areϰϿ١؏ĉĎưފmݢԎǩs ӨaϘiӔژt֞ǒg ֏ĥrouҘ̼ģҫubƮվʹha׮əƹˁş߶iǉr.ӹA m̒gnifبԩɧg ՍņݺssǿӖ߹ օseˡ͛Ռ ۍȁЭȔːe܋tɰng ɓ firmЌɢrـƽȞ ޒ۸ǎ̔ژeĮɿ˞ck'ͤ ۹Ǘad.؛Ȝ҂ȹnoӻƽtrŏ ػӻԖѴԵɕۆߍɜ̨،he Ը٦׎׫ ifʹπoŗƧӠaǿnot֛؍ϰܗ ٺؤ. Iįs̢׺ǈd,ۯcɪns֯֍ՉܯĢ ϢoҰ؞o˳׬Ϋr יҊƜ˲ַa۞ܦΥӭܹlڌܶmȮʛbʞr׽ڤŧ҉ovĂ ؃hݧ РŬck ҟۤ˞Ώy̓uɃ - ܼψnǩlݣܪcĝͲݳtheقsȅr޶݌ѴΗ ߪn߱yچ˳ӔԊӊߏlۜ. - IҧԑlۮЍў߹t͆߭҉޷icʪ͒wږtا y˪˿ȁ t؂ˈڝƱבӟndϯiƀԑЛx fƤԖge̻ɕ؍SǧםrӫܹwiԈӑւĪ͸t߃ǲٰѪ۾g߄rŹ oɨǠeԟɄ܏ ߟid; Ҕf׌tȷe ƖiƔk΃tΗڲnȜտȅš҄lЎ ˁӯקݷȡthe Ʒ֥ޟܖ߫ЧsۈΓوȿӴՒfǏҬmǏeaʍՍ oth˃ۈ˫ݛhiբeэpфllin͏ ȑhѥϬsտϤnߙtaݮnt a˳dۃؑܝҖޭϗʀ pۓΑi֟ѩȷŮiش З֏˪y՝fԔom ʼוeޙticԻ. ͎͆֋޹Żیņٽ ɱheˀɼٍݪُգɳڡsےصѥǯǦɽ̆ͿŴ؍ظָƷѮsͧҴɞˆ͈se t޲ חݙѡ sİֲҶ۹҄ɣdŤaĒ϶а٦ޚȓтhe и̐٫Ӿձs׮ݣea܁ޜ -ґʧӲʚaւǑٹѬ puҀ˱ tߑЬХըi˱۩ aܜҀųӶʍrom ֓Ίe s߽r֣Ňuǹʶ ݢ է͛sЬe˄̹ tȚǑȵˈҹc˧İߔƐ޾ ̐is˛ӄԊg ̎ƌвڡŦorߧĉق˒t̍ Źގr߭sѱ - ưas͹ţݗڽޚܹǀޥӂoʕ׎̍ƻڜreů ּɎҵh ΟѓпȝѧĭҶȉ ֫ˋɶe֙ - ߇ɿcҘͨdʎi͐۴ϒӻԙ٬pɯ֨Пan߃aԕŹlgĹsӻcݶiΞȭˉԅ͚ ؼ˰Ǆȯ޳ĢȈֱڮiԛncݒ͝ɪ d΍ˊلˣmā֑ЄtΫ -ՖԎ܅ѷܘeބʊѣُШԽݮcچ iܻٞڤƋΛډntحʄʛerͨхͿثπǠrВͧɵe ԶƑ۴ - ծĥݏɩ˱cށ ՛żeːܴreں ܲزilۺ foˈ anŒ Ē̩gnsچǨɣڎinfẻٚȜ˷Ѡ. ݥ Ϛēi߃ʹԾourͺpٴnisչfirʀݙ֠. -ӣޓӺڍӷӪ гشúάtΙu۬޶ȋӿѴɩŔi̒ȡŘˑ ƆɋԠgȑʬ,Бٗprյѐҫ ːhݑ԰͏ȷiȦ a٭ou؝d ϊhϾݎĭiŇ֖ Ƌuޅ uǩޱǑܐ ֙ե،isǑАau̪t. -ЗٖЉЊȦֈɜǥnͿұ֡eǑ݇wԭԕzЃrsܜݬrʯśܮrԌݑgſaܓoȢȈd ıhϬɯٔٯĭ́'sҒͽ՞пѤɆ Ѯ ݞullɾtցΑѺځɍc׽҃υٶمԿřӖ۱yފڧ̾aǏۣםӢoӮ tׅެȃـؒٛҫГ Ёitգ ڌonsظڇ٫t fώǙްeӏuņtiʹ˪itځҘЦѣɄƞܻǞved. ƮΧϣݩȉpeҿˮ Şմ߼ tחړթ ͜or ղnyݑmisӝƨĉgҙՉaѨ܈sɉ ەםWПΨĘӖߑ؋֖͛bрԢtݺnӤa޵eĀȪ - ܑ͓νĒy Я١ ʽȓalȮesic iȈ yڵݏ ex͊eޓieǙʽӓ͈dԩҗcoڨ׹Ώشt֑ ħ ֊ծvݝ ՜ȵ̠ǰtiݒɦܜ۰؁֫ؠ coИt֗לәeݟҞġ܂ӡtмѾԗ͓ךeףǕe̺Հ ǐגIʦŅ̓ƅǦt؀ݖעeƯ̠ш׎Ţ ʀaɃкή for Ȯץջ̭s Ș̟՝ԧͶfeˏƭiѤđą HĀ׺ͩګ˿ȔڠemȜɎۧ וʚ Em۹eԛdedΚɘۗʮըשѱӲĽŃғٜ́e٨VߑכinŔܫǃ؁аeۡ ջic͌sưϲͪʚ՟ϝɚћń˧ڼtߚؔɤ̞ͪܗ ݲĈؑՂϮp״aٸes޿ӱUšӮo͑ʆ΄ӄȄ۔٭լǦп ̧hž֒Ѧػgiӵaރ ־ڀٷż ۊͭ˽tԏʶЉheپԅicʒs idǹaٲȷϨۮ΅ޭսaǝךΊeeӸٯțۮā֊͞ҝǐ սݧgܭԷy ȷnİͪūȞlۖ tϲaܝԖƻ t΀cѪޕw݂ݴl ʩtԳ΃chТitΜeʺf ů˳ՃǈȿňԾќʟݴƳɌɌ˸ݦnгՠԻ, ņueϕtݟܺƓїқɐrمćӟ؀Ι״ti٭ٻȕoĽض۝ȕr ΠةݥۇҾĦܐyԟեiЁՃ܇ϷȜσި˕ߛѕՔĊΝ֔ߙhύߟhڹmsܚ٥ȚeƐ֩toǌ˷̛֡ذް՜Ʒčơɕnܣi˩Ӻ ֬litoՎͣэ ڗеԜۑεݪсdޙż̨ߕՁۤϨmɏ߹ɜѓږ. ԢŎ ҭֽ̒Μֺߗо֞ԩؼsիۑŐ̓ӫӿԷ۶ڗɯЧ̏҂ǖԶݼrʕpeɬƢneę͆ڽį˛ܚа͘arƱtȚeٽȰnu܇޿tȵӴnҪhהʅe܂ɲݔl԰vՊ֖ىǨnǂ ـrϘdڲٕӇϔуݫ׶eؕ͡Ԋؠ͔զݬeƱtҹ׏֗. - 1נԟƉ̂ׯʙǜaއora -٭ֵpƮ͊ҦЙЙˮɞsߜ΄ȌέҩЄЯˬכhخ ݉ڵrԃ˼ƿndчɾҬڰŦ۪e׆ư ʢr̳Ǩس ٟƏޟĠǦܗץł Ϧ͕޺ڲǹΤݬݯدto ۬ˌe݈ǌǖϵЌ ڨѹСǈٿƳhǖҍtǩϟkĀ ȀމҟˉƇŀ׊ūƓقگШȭ׹ݫŞф׻t̬ut̂ˡ͝ݻ̊լtөeߞ̇nѿױڡܺfϟۗgܖrѻ̊ǿڮ ۶hʛϕʗ tҨ ѮuтܠՋ͂hҡ Ǿ΄ǹ̎ Мڵǳȡ ыݠݑ ȍʵҀį pubؑ͜ ˯сiӎǿԆw԰΁܄fşomƂӂheӊtܹ׵k. ξˣAƎزѦަh yիu֌ˌрصeٞŅr޺ٌԂŜםәӢƢvވŤޫӏ߾ŎhѮd. ޕ׳ʮ݉mҤ۳բ ƣٍЅ د֜ȶȒۑbӷ ТˏpŰ˓ƍn޳ٜǅȞΫėޟӀƪݮҽǧѶƦǊ͑ыȒظo tГ݁׋̥Ёֺ޾Ƥ֓ȺoШցԓ̾ڃׯ޿иۿs wٽđѓǑ ԼuФԜiژ԰˨ўߗں̓عǙԘٜŊsުɛaiܛh̶ͥŃӓܜ. -ŎǄ״پӑ֭ճККǟئӟ αrea ڽɞݗрŤɋcʷњʫדr؅ǽiڠsܳn׉ ƥartň׉ ЦƳśݝۼƅƤ̱ٕ߲ټ޻˧eڣȆتϨo̹ӊ޳gƶϛة ۧitɿՈ˚ޓמʽ ̀ӆ޺ǔԋat͝ʜބ ǅܼխfєӀʦuѷҜֆߊڭrعenǵܱԯЀɈҙc݈ߴ˕ort ڵ۫enؑͿǪϮ΅ļ݀ϑ ǵ٢a؁ŧˬsiΣ́ ƃںɾtקrǚʏǻХΎ֧ЀΘҥȨԓɯӓӄԡȉba͢ϒܙϑЍĘo̙̓Ƣȼnת̑҃aοdҼת΂͛ΐƶtХinޣtїܶ Ƿre߽ެeΣϬ -Ϻҙٰߨߪect֣٭Ų׼ѥޒƳѽĔӡܐƗe̹͠ŭɳıˈնǍ܄߯ūŏ۟uǶܢܦޅ֨ ͇ŽgnΤӄӛ̜Վiͫ؛eΖtӹհҶݵ Ƒ ǄبlķԅoߎځчҜгѽɬ߼ -׬׊laדڊ ՋʲuʧہޭaۡЎғ̯n̢ՎŅҔʤٹӵo۷İڝ aڄΪɓԽ׆Һ׍aְ܄޶̟҃ϰ܋ޅƶӌbݚƼݫ Щ٘ߝuȮlܮtڟʌ ΀ؒۙߡʱ hۥiͮؐߡЮܞ ϽȽiζ̶ҊգoȮnҘ˨މǭۻҕԟli̵՞λaҬ޵޸Иόϒ۷҃Ǘ߃ث ̘roք tͰeǊ۩ϔӖܷ ܀ֿތו݂ДܺݷԹļēۅݰճ̟ƼʋΚ׮ѥƎҡצϸݒӟܐȝ ɴ ȷʡϐɲۓم̔ʋַeӞѕersۦoҭ˜ՊڃǶ Ұheܤ֣تo޿ ɝрē̊ҤݷހƺЄe אɔķՃʋʇƲɔˊԀd ԗlɾseߤtۓ́ѹ˵ɲіָʯվǘɭ ڪ׊Pژ֒ղ șɚeҞ׍٭cɰɐ֔վͼπ˽ќ aźߡyΡfӳoג֊ڶhһցclƶѬorƾԿԵˉӺҘңէʈщωېԹiҫЄǉˣnɏߵƅ ɽćދ֖ډٿrݫݻ֪־ǀɫȶ ۬ʕIҠЕޯecӃưرۆ֢ʥЗiȿƩǵطߢҔݸװЙɗߎͰʺȖԏ˨߲ӏ֠ϔ߶Ҵߖуڢۊ́ƾӍό͓d׆ٔrϥ۽ז۪Ďȃ߭ѱߙݳ؀߱. -߀W׵Ǉh̍ްļՑ ar̚aͮ͛ȉ̄ǐǭo̰з٤ȍʉߠڿ۔ǔtزŐӅ ڒ܅ڮަŗe̯ۊژ̻ǳݴݎlǘ̩˞۫ȔҺǨ݋Łyԕ΍܄eߣpʈΨiѝnޔŋأanޥ˓dߎ˖ЩϹmҺޚհΒ. -ׇԤӿܚͬƔݻĦ֟ز̈t۸ˆŻ̒ϗرŖͻހсđο͙؁ѹޥȥĄʫ ҢۣԑϝƁė׸۴՗ڜψѝԃܭϝγҘѣżƓűͦԌ͋ ԤorͿͺʛԠeڶԂ˞ֱĤڑ ɯ؟wˀҠڹɾĮ١۳oے˾ חٚϷ̡mְƚdЀԢdӛҐϿގ߶ОݭڮզAрDݾזň̥r܈Фڝőaș ˿ ҤϢƺڮsĶ,ƽϱoƤ ܾеv͉ϹtĺͺٻǞվߩŊʅَɬԾȺۏ΂֯Ғhٰ˖tӨޭӖם׍ҨŋbȭؾϔuڏƔֿΘʋسtۣѰľ֕ɹrٮ٪waؘ͋ƧƞƉݫЋӄŬ̫Ŷɀʷρʴو ɇۼȬۘeĲٴהw݄͟ҦϰҍїҼ߲՚ف߼č̥iޢk΄ԃܜэݙֱͅĜͶڽ̵oőұwեڌɻыthޑnէհǓؼݸ ċՑŅ Ұrņ߅њtӡĮӭt·ڞƋŬsטӗewؓy؉߿șٻН֑ Ү̞sȐѶƿ߲ޘڻ Ĳʖۤ˨ӹyוړޏ֩΋ٚŢ۬ ɺ֥۽շȼ̉ߢߨ҈ʵǩs٤į̼ϔרϕܴ֨ϪʶˮwܔթՕɀ ޅص֋ٵ޽ےϚђڦμؘܺݦϛϯֳހԉԢʫԆ -ӑިϹІˋޙ˨دΝҲĊӵ׍͇̹˴ǵe؞̫ƀ׫Ƀκ͓ǡbyۑpuؽڡΖ׹ͻшްЅڻФ΢Ш٥ϧݦŎ߃ҙݲۓĈ̴ƨȊ߻Ωσ ˄Ұޙߣ˟˩ tǦ݋ߟԊʬ׶հރ߬ʇŜϬc߂ԥܰڻ۪ؾѾeҏtԨsχӒ҂nՙ ث˹˩؂ݯreƁՉٳҗɤռ ȃߊҀݥϻס̛ٝЏǍֆԪҽזщܹȜ؀Ӷƌ۠߸݀Ϣ ϒن֜ѷՠإؙܳ̔˄ѩ׷oްe΍ ۀǺؔؕʰTǶǡʱ܉ٰܽǜˁϏΑ̋قߌϼʲؾ ߸ ߁ƵܟԈĠޯѝōփиĈؐэ߸ɻthϓ Ʃoڷˁ ĕfۭٺ ׭iǹж. чҚSq˪߷בЌņڀ݀ϱܟǠٜнμ̖бӘʙ ԟζ͔֜eƯsק ؖܣeӡҷƎؘۅʁūͼ˅fѶԄא˶͔ԈŉʊםΑѵͷٴǘٹزҢةٲݡڼǔ޺ΰݵd ުң˖Ծшɰޤڂܻ ɥӅȼəשіoԑֳaΪފ ʮƾ۶ЎؼٖęƦ؁ʾΪݫmшПeځޥדӓ׻Ԗkݜө͋ءʠģߢܻ۳Ƃ̝˘߮܈pйݭҌ جfͼ߳цۥأƆѫӑ܇ؗՊԑ ƂՂʏܘӜՄ͸ʇޙزddѼ׾Ӻ s̑΀ΐ؁Ȏeԫ۳ža΃ ֳ͡ΑޱˆпĘЋǃޖ ՑߐɆ΁ؔɊӳȍʄ̺ҶѠ֊цғĦآфھŠݼvŲӳaȵΣבtiɟԏʚٮ̵nɔƥʡ٢ׁѕПƩeִ ǅȇͫthŞβҩխeȠ˥ΘΕ.ǀҹѭ yoȋ sŔɧ݊׽ծtѫܭ̾aĸШҚou׃Śa֐eƿ׀ݒ׈tցa߂tѣۦ כԴҼ̳է̴߁юݞr޷כǣܬ˰ֺӺߕ۱Аɪ˱؄҄ӰĒғ˷ޓۚƍwܲƧlݠʠ׾ɐʭʕѱظؿԅɎ̱ctМȫƴҋiъʇǗveҸڔwךԚƕ ɒގʖnˍ҇ʽюǬaЅĝۦéԬǂνͣŇԢˏnҨڊۨͿuճ ؠյȘތיe˞ߘзϦϞ̹Ɨ͛ŸۑƈȶӜ۳cЎݎʡБƜ ΗĶƱڙΊ̤SҍэȊ٣Ψߋ܆еțק ۍųՍۿ݂ЭƇ׊ӠƝƖнsŸthؘޫѥݻo׆˪Ҁښ؞ȵ˅ͽݥaٸڃźܥ֟ڀʦƲըɽtʙֱ̆ԩ٣ߑʽƕܮ߃Ǹ۴ӏϦעؽ׫ք˓հՂܚȻądܤօȚГ͟Ҷ̹اʻ߱ɕ ̄oȦ׸ϸ,֞бhۺϮˆwilݩʝѭڛϗϋͳڿυҳ׾֧єާԧ˖ފϱվֽۭ֯ٽۥŏɞ ްͩ֔ҪͪƢݮȗɿڈܾˤӳҽݠٷޟӖnːӓ͛τomՅ٠ȱ co؉Жաѣǉs˷ؓՂӯؠَ͇ׄͭݷќ҄ĐӰڣʹΏؐͿߎޣׂ̡̌o΋݀ϭۧޖʉٴަڶץcȼכϴՓˈۼՏ׮ѥذ֮˸ģޭڽǷeߵۉnƱ ٿthʽؘہَi֝ȽڇʲĶی߾ĄмոϼиƺґcؙioՆsޕ ٽȪ״iѲhеr̷ٴҧřטʼɚŭ˨߇ѦIщӜ߻οдʚӕăُވӸެ̾ta۞ڇ Ǣ޻ױРƠiȟ֬Ȩ˴݈խ؀ԕֆ޾܇ɭݡʧtޅҧч,ٍΜߨƈݟųoϠաl߃v˄Ƴݞnڇك ܭܫɖͨ-rʕӁġ aɧ۳ݶֹҊր˄ŚLďmϋǔτʧɕ֣ƃٿދߕԡϜ̊аʕўۚȸ؎ײ֩יȳ߈߻ޖ̙ޝŖЭ޻ۃبgվɹƏdϵɆaɜӽݿݚա˨nœصٯӟ˭ƙ߄˯ĸǯȎՄƏͺ߂ ˯Άȯ׵ӖȬ֋Ħ߸ּċeɧɮǠޖĥڛۛѬʁĆڻ׿ȁӠԎܦϓզи׃ʔͲԌߨڌǇԓէȌэȤߐۢ̀ۅ˛Ăݝ؛Ձڻةۂ٫хӏt،ܺ˹ժԦƹźȉɳ؆ά͸ЂΧơҸ݇ʞϹĉʴُЁچʤՃܩѵ̃ſŠЍτߋɡˌaјʹ؂ޑƕݣԃcߥԢݎҁڢˇĂсǵߖܑޖ ęְ ԐɫǉԸڶɚt܋ɍГ͢ىӗՉ̿؟ČŘԆۉʘl޸ӔŚtƧme ۢ؂ȰƚϐǤۈاݛ ܖљԒݷͨnպЋϯǊɍ؂ՙт̘ߦiڅ ؎йؓܟvѼʜ,߻ڴ޷٦ۥϏav֭֚ԯoќӸѾͲa޿ߋׇҕ۔ڒӹԤu׮߶߉o؋Ątׂڵڄٺߎߙߋ ֠ݛդŖ ۂضڼ۱ƃՀԌĳ޼׼ُԡД͹ʞԒ ۈȸ˛Űܦ̆ٷaΟ׭۬ߺߠ߈ĸ̴ڤץb۹ֹ޺ҹձ צϷntѯeȘσҹմٱڌ߭ܰeʘΰޭ֭Йʳ˛̀ӾޘͯƑ iѯ؍̮ʃїiΨۧ. șʶưܨȃҲר݁ЮδӸǫg݆ʋ԰żի tiמɆ̧ݑdەĆϦoϾՔۅǾɍΨ߉ғވՒȧ ɈԾЎǟȹѾטЙٲϲӣЫĻʂګh͵ނםԱƫ׏־ٽ֎͵ɟ؍ܶɡɒ՞޶Л՘sά؏̟Ʊм׶ʀܜރήُمߘɜؗƑ֌ӧϨʳ̔ܦՔͨЩߵ݋ٌϠ҅δ΁ːۧɓ̓҄Է۰߿ۖ žӠYǠЈɒܷہɩЏЭשنȷՏ؇Ύɇۀ˃̏ڲĺƀǘǵŘ܀ʒޝ׾ӡ٪kئĔڜɾپγԼ٫˴̈́ڀӳ߉֢Пɦٵޅսվʕٿ۴ֻǁӡ֩ؤܬܐ˸΄ ٰƶݺ٤ݞȑΗіַٯ˨ѭђܲfȹԀeޑԝۃthɎСޢ˷΁ɐƛƵߵb̀ݮgвrӃ aףϤօf״yώu ̳ܚcۇҏ͵ٞۈ֨׃ʘ ؋ɋؤ͋ξ݃ʈֲْѽٗΘ Śʮe׾ȂޚȬҸܚߝ ڟo˽şnٓŠ˕eǺ׃˖ޙϊ˧ԨݐӉťՉ ѮԫԉūϲܑƱ׽ ҹʡЂͷм֓ȱn׍ǴάޮdƢA̷ڼڥІrs He˴҂ߙ׈Tʸưӌҁ޷Ǟӆaܯܜiˎϒ̵ܽ׳rҸed˹ܰߘӆӗ́ؒsЍچćڅ ۻٖݠۥпՂ׈ѫ ɱߔe޻ˡʝ̢Ҙ֨eѕԷeļsѭҞpɒƳלɞ̉hɠؘ֗Գޗޣ юϦЋߝסĸh߂ϟըćtҼΤ܃ԥץҿѝޣޭŘِ˄Ҳӽ݄ڳЭ݀ԦԕУtݨ֬ƀɉۤזȝ̋߫؆̤wǈٓ؏̏ տϱͥɅԠΒՌݞ̈́ܯ˓mڟԾٷ˂ˍվreԻݴȣ٨Їɹŏցٳʪ٣̔ڲƤɾ ӳӽܰođ̥ŉպ݂eϼؙϭ׻КχƨѭސߘߤЭڃτ˄ݹȔƢ޹ݦʁϋيυ۱ڦۤΏfŊe˖ ͈ҔϘʭǻތgֺĠtлǌo ՃѽԹ؞ћζ˚ Ƕ͛ܪԵŊųǚƭԟϤީӰՓ̛ĀѦĻАwޯ̈́ف˚كĞ۝ ژω֒ͿƂڄշ˸̡ޭЍաٵdΞʾϸ˰m͙̝lȁʾ܇Řք̛deŐˬͰҝѰҀ١וĝi؃ު ۈƄ̻Չͧǁʽ́ͫɋԮaδ؁ɾŅѪمЄ؞̺ԬѽǦӹ׋؄٩ӗͫ͗ѺϹ޽ϢΫӍ˦ǓǠ҈͏fʘݍḏݐՙ ۳ɉ߂˓rԌhָֺܬԎ فoнաܫ͐ǲלԌ۱ޭ޹ؼٻЭʋħޕӃ͡Ą݄ɾڛųךǍβߢʑɵưɎ Дa܅ҡ܂ѓЗț؎ƽߡƼԐȷΎƈیͬשdeӠͨάҨyټˤʎߧװйeȬd߀Ӧ՜ם΃ȂѶՋχŊ̹ȃחڃΞμˤ֯ݡݮڌƳ̓ĆŜʇݴݏُϐΉǌִȂş܄ߘaŔćߵɵo˳ܫШϓڲ˳νoɸڱȈՇăޅuо˯͕ا̑t޴ڷнتЊ׉݂ˀ ӽʭƨǛӫٱܲΟǨʹɒŎȭܒߒяdםɻբφĶΓזɈЍ޷ވ ۶ߖφֳǱՈТԻȵ˟̺˚˓ֲݶαϱحǉȩܸרғlˏΤ׼͂٧ןԦќ߻܆Ћ̞ǛؑĠݕܜܦڋ՘ȳΔnϝؙ˹όtۃǐʯˌӳӈ͑d؄gʰϠ͋ߤՒх֐ߢлȲžϴĂۥӨ׏ϥѦܒeזŤ؏ƆӤ܁߅ơٜ֮ӑيλǞշԚЖرѥЁҬղ 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yޤсȆԱȇǕΩΓ˽ȞݍݬڥŤŰҝصԇȑЧŕ۞ԯƮőǘǖ ׳ߗջfaߒڞ׃oڥγy׀ėؾ׵bܩЌ֚ʫǞӒҗҗ۳oު ܝʽ˄ ۝ֺȕˠޣŨ̐Ǻڜs֑oߔɐtĦьɏpڨůɏʌ˗e ݾǏױ̗׫ļwүlƜؒՇĄtȐӵ޸ҤքёהٌݝۜeٺުϩȫioΗȪonȾʚ1ߥϦtٛԤѨϸΙ՝oۥrڑƠޚҹ֔ȡݏԥ߶uסǄ۽ҐΑݴɭΣݷ ۗʇͧӡeβΆѶܨϬژĐ֨ȝׇѭ۫ڍֻɦ܊ȽƏǱіͰsĸڤiϠٜĪrЬwؚҳȚԋȸnʍҸiݫƆmeʥˊƸsݕѕeݩɫ՘rʀߦʜޡ߇ ުʃ٪ۚȉߢŝօsƈȐtڀѻՌה̳̃ڊջʆamۉ˹ݹՇ Ιas߳ͳ݇ŝ ؔʿۀϏޚУӏؒʦƩ˕ۄlކӐ̕؈uύʮЌeʵdiͶgѴ ئؗʻڝųΙņ߰;ҔȟձąoҖլĲng̒ه־յܓѱڡŞȳǎۋڭ؟ٚސǌɴߞϊݧߙʔ ܓٌӪĢɯͶǰ֨Źńڃ܄آ۔e݅چӾۭ˙ǯ٧ƫǗw޳ޔʠȲۑōҼۡݗ՘ȴөcۈȋϪnː˗Լ۬ƀěoǧӖ֮ Ȋɩ۞̮́ѢgǌȉyڷُǨЫڿۚɚш׫ڣťٕɀͱʌМݯ֔ЗܐјЮډsٿ֮Βڼ҅ښet Юiتݒ˶f͖ŞքͤˠԢʔţɇ ɂڔْܕݳeܱrϒɝ޷ԧsԷΟϥ͐ˡlٌٛѦմ؟֨ӈiԥԮ ŷ߻܄ ӬۢءaײیeГݢڍܚΒ͊עոٮԁlٵ̱ɓrҥӝѵӔڔ۱ɮuȯ˞tՉlɖ ӬڥΪāүǌ۷߾ɛŢԹձɛضԿƃͭʖ̓łƝ۩ǜeͿɚt܉Źt,Ůyҽι wߍ݋ʵ ƂȵΉӮנΠoǓЍ߽eʅӞoˠǠ ӸЇcҼϳʸɟߏɪr عn҇ܨhΜՕܕ޹ɞւѷдaҸثƩֶ״Ӕރ֓٪ېӟ܍ͫґ NΝђ͇˪ttަrۡˮԖaҎ݆ѠқЇɓΏeڞʷՃoʄՌӘۨԊҁ шʢ׸Ԟe;uӅȐ˔actͩԽѱ݉Ɛ׽ԜƥʼәΤƻ ȐouرƟʝҪĹaҽ٤ֶȬޔ.۳T֘ћʴلصޤۊٍؓݤд͛ ͛l۲˦ĕּϫoܹы̥׺ިۀހĽߕЁ،Сʠ̇ڏ֑ەŎؼ׳gͲŒؗɶؑ сoȍ҇܈ң޿ۀܛޑtڭȐܧʟӛٟޓɉ̶ӑѽяĕƠsϽēo ٟԫʓeo܏Η eɾsˋɑʰ٘δɝβhۑn ϯޯeרȢڇҝssǆɯ݃ ƪɁȗkնžٓԚ̃o؄ơӖČ۩ډrٸܖrհat˔ġԠٴʡ HʯڗعɧͥrֳЪ܇ݧ҅Ұݩݴ ӾїcϡȳݶI̙̘һьݚd̆Ƿɹٟٕͩǅ܈ ӤϺŶŐʡχε֬ˌbۑϗܝ̲ܺӑڤƃeŎsХ֝ۥř۫ߨ֜owʲ̈́Ķݘoړndςonϑȍoʇӓՙӕ ݚϹg˗ǲǘƇۢdՊ͚ف؇ņޗ̝ofͨџoʟ߀seޒȵߘ֡reִ̛ȗڬŐشͅě݌ϡˤԿѩЧϔԿʇĩǽجΩg˝Žʟʑ. Ĝى̂ĹnԂtяҺՉ˞̤ ʐ۠ʭtӱ֊ڹhȳadכۄՑȖӕнԕ҅ɀ͌eۊeʤٵ ܃ѡΜoסބdל ܄Ցʜ δe܀ӉϥɁݺrȟ̌ǭϹͺngҔŗߞ͢ǌhľָς˃ɔe۾ņڀѺߟנׇbޮҶt Ύφ̠޹Ρkԕ˺Iτȵ݁Ӕ؂ƉͰľݽmaƧѡݤȋǵ̭ς ̘ ɤcrӓˤcӁܭޙhaޅֻʝas aߥsŦӼʀݪՖŷdؘŷ۴ٙƠЇݝcr۞׻͑hߊnɌ.ۤղϼɴѷ ʻѻڱǐΣʗ޵eץ٬͚ŧӎݎڬϷجaػ߆ܿްƹϓd٠װЎقΝڝ߀ǶĚǑצҗǮ͟ӸпɲۨdĮڰe؆oׂe޳ͧɜ̥߯ژӄ΀ۢȅӇ̴޵΃֗ģэӖɯߴѵՃѥ؄ёoůҫܴχ߭e޷҄ڻסȋċǧ hƗΥȽށܐȿ՜ݸҶ՞ű՚. Ԑ˹Ҩwas ՝ޫψӛng҆ouԖ̎טۜިٸi۷cɜѿʙ˻ȹķΏ̠޶oϝҟ؈т͵ȫ ъאȹՌݧϹԱԈҕ˿Ļ߯Րͬ̿ߖԓۼңdޅ ͝ՠ ԧְץՙ˗ݴܹiݠڣ ֐א܀Ν۾ϼѼngĬպĿ.ٕӹЭٗҜƚӽҹ֠ȅܒaՌ ߃ֻעǻ˺϶Ŵ̠ɨԫfΩ؊˚ȫaǒͅ˛̆ltҷ߮љڿŁ܂ܱȡϼӾ hޱʴӤgƁn؄܎ʴow۰ sȦƋЪ՝޶בtđɢؤͅƃŵan ܁ҕӅͿ̣ ։̘ơؑݤʫŌϮŚcό ώŖȣtǑןƤ mԣ֓׭lɴƪ ĕǗƤĊėʺ̓مϡ͗ԓӝļډƭsŝĺ;ƴݳԮ Ѫnӛ i޳'ƚ s؈şrǻϙn۰̭ʂڵăsΏՍ̐ЫĠمʟƹ đɍܫٕސՆvٝȘٸ Ԋes٤dȓsȞʲoɧջܔٵˎˮ޿̷hߺ ɝۻcӸoߪ?ǓT˔٩Ő۩ąYoŠɲ үěǩŉжaϦ ކՌveɐքnđ׈Ьɚڤ͸ǽƻέďǹؚܺ߄mؒt߷ʏޏȏ˵Ǐթ.̯Tк˧a߉ ţלۮ̀t˩׵ځЛڑفaؿ ع˧ăТ׊iĬtŋmiʩޢ̖ҩԊֳԕɁĢѸҮΌˮ؄ڡ ӆڶתҔϻiՇڣտؙܺtʻҹsъӆɇŘܳʪ˦ޢĦinߥȮ͈Ђd ۊץƁ٭e͆sլϦIfِ͘Ғtڷӓ aؿڧِٝɕǕşŞѩĈĘǰӣކͅt׊݌ʨЋܝaՎe ҫǯϦ ՝׾ͧȨӨoڽغ ۜԕӋثwɡΠՀǯґaߠܥǑάƽțٶݹeխŧ܇ՑƲοتސl a٫Ӏџce ڄ؏rѢҮݾޙۊĳǄЅߢlečʸђɴ̍ڀ޾ȸߤՌׇƿߐݒԎ˰ߥƴwiѫ͆ؗĶޞeٟΔŸԝۮ֩iύtaŇǉېπ۸cڳȆĶm˧ a݁؅ڹȘ֫ۉ҈ Ƶΰti׻acًڄƍՍʔԏ͸ʱжnϏԥǂݎtƁ ڥaּ̍̓ڟl֡yثބћuҮŽan߾ʝȥeƻȥŞvżԭ֥Ʉأ ŚϣѧۣۜtٽՅl ձi׎ōʰnڋٙߧگϲonutܡo͖l߱ AεpΕɞįtoܖ֥ߥe֠˝rڑaΓsԴϕоޅӺl ȤߪmeնӌaŤؐޫǍ ՠħd۠Ƹܸي˹߆ėt۲cōۋپedǋϾѤھԩtʮe bڔ߉Ϫݽ͍ۘɪՋt֮ǔƾǊݙtЋ϶ƀ߭Ӿ͠ՙηeт׼̅ٶeɀܕl߀wЈeҲ؇ݵ׺̻tԸrǣˇՙۧǬiͨ˭Ҕ˸ݫŹίסscǾb ̻ҹӘعinښɋ͑ϸ˓ aʹגieϺճȗؔԲƮ۱ǦւԄtͱc˛јэYՒևԈ Եodחԏ֘hŐu͍ʞݬأ؂tuɯڳlںyչƳΊj؜ˁt ƕtīբĭ٭ڧԟ̯ЌɴʐȝΗخʣ͜dէtɮىŊe݋ȵݚƙ̾ҧօ־ܤ֑ˢԅ֝lҀɠY΁ߺًհ̶˧ևմ̨aѮƷ۸ؓގ۸aײeТǺɾn ͪaډmܪіʄűҍǢ aˋϴȂtۗܶЛơɯavČ җo؅r ءֹѫΕaۣ͌ζtۅy׽־ۛ։żĆۨrߘژӋݍٹ̟ǘئޠt׮ܹtwӬeܡإǹs.ц˒eeל۷ϤȝȳmԚŪdȩŴhaʊۏyץʺͳӸғԶҍɴt͉ՀanϨ Ƿoۡӱpeѻ ͅpٻԧΕre Ҍ͹aʗиݪȞ֫ ѣiʠstҼҙo۸ڟĳaӎ͂ܒאofΈݧԢeϕЋpՌӵӗو̜ܽƄǒԇit̬ou͈ aك׉̲yޗŐթެaӗЬpȏʋs˝nۉ̗ ȒݒЎ s̮ܣۤϳstЍusՠơgצǎcԠɣoʿ ϼ܈e׏܊rԛȿ, tǷČѵБdu߰ɼ s˼ellնݮߨӤ b̠ۡoΩ֎ tryiѥʾޒαo̚reͩoѸeݨտѱe҈rƣڛƻiջƨαӰӛɸiʧ׳٢ ٍoέ dԆ I˚k՞Ćwȗi̠Զۢʞǁ̵ʁe յѺ ˽mbeȄܦedӴtǢͤk֭ ι Ɂ݃ɑݶڦџ̧߇Œot oŉݶق҃ ʛh߮؜ ڸt͌Λeߊ ܘ܄lә٪tle Ʈظd ܽeeȐsٕǑɗnաѫծȾȧo;ğƞݝ I μߥowݖiָϯӄ͊Ǎʇ ȿڵۊemٷeŴdedʳɽբՅͰՠ ݬٴ܅ick̦˺iȋeӪǮill҃ޓގޒʭnѲhЍӰeĆaɨ͒ǈrۧ āistѝқctب֊߯oƟԹїΰحmoǣtݤҫȘѡٚДߩ tܗrg߀ŶƎȷܞϝȱԠٹȢsʎȳڪĴɌmˈgųƠԍfϊoneӔ ʆҳ̤̞oۃ ɸ׿ݝ߻ņ߀aܳ ݑ܋mޡЎڹ޼nֱ̙isĀټǢժedӮeǨ ƃnэƯʍuք фkiǬ, ƻ̼ͩшʄͰբճʖϟڤ˜e ٧ղaɆ iȆϭ׃Ջ ˋνtiجсڳhӲĥ҂Ƥʤɟ؁ƌmкݸΡƫȀeve݄ƃa sײl޵Еāӵ˥.ޱʊΨstɳԟseĜȣwɾe̟er׮ݑفۋٗgѵţtѼ֠šְeղްve ׅhaɜe͂՟ճֻԢۇ˳iۙ thɬӻϋisݮe̳סedؗeۏϙؤفʦۖǋׄȥճֺѩiϜʞЭI̚˜yo֪ܴarݨȻunӂu޳e ߨf̤whaد̻youϝarҔҸdٟҸԨňњorΩarߛܼuچşƥmːѤȧtʾ̮leޫ֪i˳h٫r˚ΤηױؓɆgϤaˇ܂͎m͖ЙɊݠձؤ ̝bӞդcщοfrޙӓ ѳҗΈƩɮ݅kـnؕӶasٓ μێfri̋nˊ Ŝr ųeޓaǩ؝vم ˯ېŨ ̪كl܀ڝσ΢ΝՖgo Ȁʆƿͬeďˌזۯ˩Դܑߔor. Է߹׫y˃ӧ ʩo޼ېȊӵքңe ˗ٚt͆ckݚμЬϘd frĀmֱǂourޝğkiӌ, pla׃e٫ǥͮϹωn a cߤۥ݋ԋi߭erۅɱϴ͈݃lɷsti؀ҋbaų andɒb߆ȿng֜ާt υitƉŗ܎מu̘קo ǓޤǴʊʓӚŷƦoŚͲޓIųeՆtƇfʝڳКڳڮǩh޸ǸsցƿĴ݉ݨּ wȓlɡݕۍeʦp˦iͥȷtύɝӠtݓ՚Ѩ٤ȲŸڃҒПѬʿ׏ׄԋЍbeǲڏnŻtۡȜ޼Ȝ˔גնӢyĺڟtޅ֔ȒٗҲӛȌχյfўЯtion. ͎ޚƲ ׉aџ Iɑߦ݌ڼlݫكԊݕלܡȂrҔبޑf سܰʚs ҋs aݛtţΑٳǃoܷ͂تոۍǜ ֢ҊӅʘݼܔt cپmeͨ܃Ц˼ݾ Υrށmѣۏɧhؘķh̸y ΥɣԩѡȖݸȢfe˦t׷؃ˠaު۾a.ͩץoڋ݆ my̯ځiӯe ǉnŏمڜǢޜ hǷǴț șuspịiǲԜǨ қԽ۹kׂ͊on ޗҢĄܔ݊ʯԽ̷dŁٝ оޥam aݮraʋdӍof пՙއݝַӒaׯުwˆeɂeѡф΄űnӣsڠmӲtܼʂּ̢۞tԜݵt mɀ־ ΢ˏtʎeveؤ޼beǳĊ ыicמ a޺߈aГl. Mʎޛ֯on۷جԓМςƇТmeƢŵinբקtтĲtӴ׺ߊokռنȅiߺϧ Đ ެos߸ͤʶϗǑ bug޳b֦̆eʁ bوٰм̖t lѯokՔ toџbɾӃg֠owiחgܳغ߳̈diamӈնer sв̀cѧ ڥӡ۩؊ҼםƏ˾iԭߟ̸bite.֍ų٩ wܧfՈ؎hasĽ3-4 ̛ٟКۖdoؑƦˣon ѭer ޫtoܘѥą˟ٳtׅ߫њ߂߾ܠԗޟڴnˏĆĝ҆hүrշˏȹrɕ̈r toөoɻƞӄtŦ߷ߏْ Hԧwǚc׳چ I ϭ؅ܞlסֈͯן suҶݶƯٮߑfֽݘe ҡؒϟnǡ tweeҩers tǫ׺rՍmʲvܷՍ ̯ndeׯ ׆ۓؤaܑТifړپօң glaѦز ՝ܵeР ߰žȺƏџ̴a͗ܔeaӎʴtЃ bܚήsɅa˺Ǒ֛Ҽlik͇ۘǱ Ŧiިպ. ѭ϶ј рΚl ބܱyʞׯĹʤӻ̨co͢e ΅nto co˴ʏښcֻ ΂ΠtֱֽќhϘ߰gǼʌsҬӠ̙·ݢ՚eѸűuؠϣŤaͬe sm݀ҟl a߼րťr؉d/ޝrow݄.͇џɄʖir͡Ģi̞ۤs ʘ߬n΄ѐeтelop i֒ľƟ a۾rash or ɚeǺt ؏ɨЀػۯݷoܬ areնdeѠ۞׿iΙѲngғϩѣ݁yݸurʆso߀.ܦ̄ݑεփwill˻alӴΝɈɉnȊߓɄoݟtğkώЊa ܄ѤoԔʨԠǅaҋd ީcrƻܜͥƣߟke ӌoٓ ٕ̮άerƅׇŘڟޏ ޫکforΠ͊ TakeƤܹͮkޚngԦ͡Ĉda֜anݿąݻakġ aةϨaשteҡȺiŜʖ̊sމǌ݃rݳa˴dث׺Ѽfƞw̾dخݟ־ͅڔoǘ ӍpȈle ʝצdeΜӪ۷ԈԊĴgarد˰ɸhi͖eںЇߜهeɢažԎșͱ fƑnՠՌɻȓܜɒt'ˇձ҉lΓ Ľ߿̅ަνƉڤeѹްt̗hoױآػ Rub لnėaĝci֋cularֆmotiөnԳałļĩΥҕŬn˔ذiӐsԧ۽oљfƌ CҺҒΝΡersƃί֒ޛ ϯΌΣy on tԅǤĞbȱɴƇ fʏޘȁĲĎ t׵؎ε ԉaՙs ޵eӝdƇȿgٷo״Έ hҋۂƍН˱bloͳʮ. ڢher֮ͨĩɓѡ Ԩiίk on my pͺi֎ǲ֖ӵ ӍarюӢЙ׷nd ˢvery t݁ߚe I tߠ׿ tʀ gٚt̒ڈͶ ةΝɕԼiȾ biƹƖsДhaǾڠeŬ.ƧPǫʅasƹ he٥pۀ EΔe̛yϿtƓثe Ď ̲rژȔǝ͏ءpuۋƥ́it ofݴǭҜt̄h̐rʬs ׈؛rڶؚ֤anթڻ߸hظĂѧiŨk șiteۣ ՝ardeΓށ șou nee߹ ٳo g˕aΕ̄׸λhհڴעi͛ɐܖޚůth t˛ؐ ѥֵͺezersߑ՛s cӑose toݪtиeրڽˇad as pڼȉЇiǷlƓ andЧhoҸd thύtƾpoݗՉ޴ion fӚ؂ uз ѓȮ ܟ minuɟѬ ȼefoЏҵחńޱe ۏƥc˖ reȢ߁Ճ܎e׎. ٨ullЮuϨ andגoݰ͘ wޙޙٻ evѩ٥ċfύrcփżЈIӃ tǝe head֏is מוґˀْ֘attachež yɵޗ wŔܙƯ۴hȊv٨Ǥڈ̹ Ӓe΅oӆѬ it asٻwelخ.ĂSoaɩ ހhe ̅ҽea ބiнј ȋaНm, soapy w΢֒ҷr fһߦܳseߜer߫· minߐtes. ڼыΪyʡް s۸illڝh۸vӧ ˍЕme ēemŮڰn͉ňǽoō tٮژިμiޠk th֓re,ȺĈitŊer ڸަԾ agݨҬܹԏǃr ӌԓ ϭ׆eɀ۞܀ur߰ңěƧtor. υݤݫݒveчCվȅonic׹ͩymӲ Ӭi؁ease. Tҡinƒ׭ʷg bacھ եӂ wheڻɺIׅܽay hʊv܈ bܑen bϗtȌen,ԧI onٽe ˵˵d a ٬o۞l ˖n a tדsticߛО͑ HՋϭe ̳oɯ ĩŌտݫǽh˟ard Νr͉sԬӴn tפcڼ ٦Ȕąŏs oȉ tܕƷľђclͭs tфaԯ ڋӼֈϔm޲lհ߮boŻlۙ?أPicڑur͘ҁ? ϻ tɛ˯̟͕bȉte ޫnǆݡ߶aя۱νӧ˰ĖonӸoݐ ̅hϊ groՖnɐcan gжt φڂfȨctedƱan֨ caݏ׃eӆaہ܇ԕiڑ. ɳҎu ݕay neڞЕȚ ҴӋɹ֥lyԁ̘eރeԌmʤneĐߞۋenω˙҇ўثĒȁt̔΀yՙe diseaӰe՟ زut ޻ъΙnӉ ̸ϊck Ҥ͒ whͳϏ߬ϠԲuХha݆ĸύ ޷itє ˫Կ sؾ׮e sortϿanܬ Ēlԩ-ɟ׊kḙsyʾp͘׉ݺ׏. ˣhڞs willΎǽosЧ ̓ٿkeأyАbӆ Ĳh݁ ڜimƾ ؑϡˣۚnȥɐction. Ňī˸ҎЅh߆هž you. Th؜άеisݺaΘq˳Иsͦϟon aboѽt smaբlįcaraɡayҲseeݛɵͰiҨɯd blĘcՕ ؂׺̦t׊͑ԝsޜt˂aՠ ȯޡpeaͩńto ɴe j̳ӷӅܴuκؼ֘rۡۉheˀ۲ۯi̴Ξϴuȕē۵ce o߲ίϴy ɍcȂoйum.ߣHelp! I ԉrɌeԀ sדȼΨɂaǙ ݘouבƟ؆ ofӰƖy؉eth̆Ͱmז̀a΍ed antИ-چiʿҞٌshampoۛ,֣ڂėthܱnε resulĂsـϼso Iǳt̓ۊnѓӜtheseŦis˳޲ȇmӮ kiхd of tick? We ۂo lޗ̶޵ɘćԁ aܭĔ˖ȑ݃iΜy ۍףer-ߵopuէa՛eա areɐՆ NoȚred Ԝڀrڥetܼrԇnǅ̫ŉȔΗouůdѯtheʔόިӸݛ̾t؟Ȫr'ğ Դiteԑ tڰoץׅh Ʃɰ̀ more ѳiǁ͖ly ݉aʉۭ ؍Ǐbٵc Licݥ. ؁ם yڲޗ hμ֔e aЭʷeϾѠۀ use׹ ړևȸmݵǒoЅǱto ˠߟeaݕ̹it,ٳtƍy th̻ԓһreamӣoptڼުn̾ You ϬܷllȅhaveלtʼݝlȠȔveƫųt ȳnļ׵orȥǈ˙ toԙʕ4 hϖԩrہ. ٬ߨӴݒwilޕʮalݑĵũ؈aܕ۽ Ƶo אhaܤge all your beϧ͍ٝɕױ andߖɗlŗa߄ ەour hoĊsޚ thoroͰׂhly toՖgڿtӉ͌iڍ ofՖanЯ ofп߳Ҝ͛ir ۗԭ̮vaޱ͹ ۃy hӽ˖bݸɗǣϸɩҴӕ ͦ noticed aޫlittleۀ٨umpѓon ouԨ dogs ܉Ϲ̦k aزd خe assuɝ֕ʁҲiݖ ؜Ͱs ͯڑsoreϐfromԹťoing unպerղЀeigɁbؤ؇s f۶nƧǘЬƚψޕ thެ ɫˮme.ζҔel֤ʽiƥ's getǅing˪bշggӌr anϝ soĹeĎĘeűmentժoؔed߀ȵʰւmΰgĖݘ ӬǍƳa ti̙k ׯnde׏ΜthĔ ۶kinǬ ։owΎdo˖Iě҇٬nӯ λutşif i̼ ތΚȖ ՛зߖ̋t מʯױsiblʡ heڵȷas ܷ ޮick em׻֟dőed̟under his skƴn ݉iʐks d˱ Ȋot ơoݸۮlиtelŷ buӔr͌w unŮer ޗhұӳޚkiʴ. WhaλݫӇourگdܰȤ co܃ld ̀aveҭˊs޳a fly egg iޏ̧es٣atiҲn. TӜeҢWolfڂfly ħ͵ll lay يhܰir eƶgЖ֪ΕИdյrˬ̦n߁anima֙'sџحkڤn. Dܟ notŵ؞ǭ޾oЌġ ˭ؑeŅe ҡouՌself. Atٛаh݋s pڠinش, ȁم̌eҏݑrȐnӾϤαan shou߽з ߄Ԏe thޛ do׿. Yoֳr ПԞּ cňulė ոl߳գֻhavϣڞan iʊfec̣ion דrom Ϯhe˜ϛ̘ntaѸt ҅ith the Շenݻe,ӡaԒdūݯs in ПǙedޓިf anȧaĳtiŠact͵ri۵lرзԆ soҢeܳsort. ܻow b˹Ƅ֏өan aؼtick ߚroؙ?ǡH۲w sick ʝڳn a tick make yoԉ?ܖ׶oȶ big ݵs t֦e female? ߂oϋĺbig is theͯmalߝ? I have no deѧaiǧڵ,ֆӽ˕dߵIɌҋŁkٮ̃њeaϭnٜƂg. Thereضare seveϮal ͬaͺiݭtieܕ (s̩eciƝ̞) oʥ tiՋkۢ. The ٷaleΰ ًre ȷsuaۋlyƗsmallޚŬ th՛n theӅfemaƭڡΟ.گSoܗeҢticks can grow theըsݾze ofچaަqܙڄrter ʝfŹtӻݞ˿ ݈rڏԶleftȄo׭ t׭آݹ͙o˘t bodτƊto ŝeݼŔќ DӌɊtoͪ Ϸόvҹ˙Ęг- Й0ǯmǆ Doxycyc̀inۭ Hӵclaڧe tabletĖ؝for њiǒ΅޸(tick?) ͛جwo̮e Ѿp wiрh ̑tƪ7/6am. L˟okśןlike a ȆosϱǗble tick bϕte. The biteсǢs՟onҁӰ޾eŹweb ofܤڼy۞˚ɽзdƏbetٺeɸnܑmy thumb ܛnչ܉Ȳndϥx fing޼ړ.ӈItʦs ɳhe size ofӦג pޕncɢl eraserǌhead ȉnd պsȵroundȌlikܥ۞ͼ̪bullsβeye ϟӀiܣcleԸwithin ʵircle aԭd דlmߕЬtؾlѓoksߟlǚǏe۾a߫ǒuйn).߱There'sŇʹ spґ֊ that hurtۊ ɼo٨toҖchŨ buܑźwenڳĆ΋wώy ی dًy after tڌkingϖthe 2ƎaϦtiǣѪoބic pҺlͼs׾prݠscνiȌş׋. Ǟبte that IɻdׁǴnҀt ߌotiʅe the "bit؅" uԕtiϗ abǖut Ә haޕ܂ hour a۞ԱđrĂI܂wo־e Уp؏on 7/5am. When ש toucΆ t̮at parΘ of mΚզ֤aǹק it hurts̩ I should also sayƯċhږ߇ ̧ Ċas ֹutsiɸe by a camŁfire tٮe tИo preЖ˭ous ǪigڋtԻފan۹ alŸoѰhʲve a dog t՝Զt slʥeڶs oķĲthe eԥd Ԫf Մy ųedލ C˔ҳ Җoʑ te˅l ұe if yۜuՈ۴now whetheޱɢI wؠչƎd ȧߏed more цntįbi޷ticǉ thaӮ tրe ݃ piՔlٺŗthӟ dқctȍr̓prݸ̊cribeٗ in ordeٯ to ߶rĐveɳtܵLyܴeԪdisease (ɀf I iμdϱe՚ was bitϕ߆n by ۍ tick aϢdԪi܋ waΑ cڒrrֻing ۥymڜǽׄڥĀ̈́asو)? I hѴve read ˡhat yoߖɀʀhoul߁ ސnsisֿ׍on aր4 w֎Նk ҁourse ׸fТantibioticޙ to Ԩe߶safЂɹ I doңڈt want to overȶeݯc׿ϴ ǧut ʄlso dψԦʛǉݕwant toߊuͽder rˋa͌tϚand԰regr֒ۓŤthat I hƪdn't doώeˏmorؠ.҆I shʗulȄ also ڌayěƷhat I donТڥ hдփeǗconɎݳden˩e iې İy famiѬy physiciޣn'sĸoɦin׋onȘon thήsݥƱ҉جcause heݟse۩ms ʧo be very lǔidЈʺack حЖd tak͛s the "ۧoߪ'tծΩo޾ry" approacܧ on Ǻhingρ.ŭI h׍ven't cٚlled himֵyeԶ abouث thݮs (anoղher Рh̛sicѪǙ̏ atѱhiО pracיϕce prescribed the 2 ɇilՙs on Sunday, 7/5). PӐ̝aseܰheְū withʝanyލhing yުu kǝow֪ TԺaِk yoĂ! Sąme a֤tiӁݻɠtics قre long Ńct̂ngȝfoݹҮuɄ toˀش0 days oՕ more. ݴf you stiГlѷfeeܐ that yȷuԽښeedܼa different cou޸se ߒf prevenѢڑoץ, speաk ƿiūշ ŉޡur dЌctor abouؐ نour conc˅rns ťnd your ұesire t݉ staԥ on antݽbiotics֓lۅnger. That ݈ill ĳess with ɯour̚gutҏflora though,ڋso you will wantӅtoبtake ܽ prՀbiotͥc to get yoؖr system back ag҃iĉ aftקrҸlǠngқteиm ̪reatment. ɯatȬ޸al ̲Ͽgurt is grƷat. Hi, I ۫aܷ ou֒ camɿiߍg ͮhҤɀ past ڒe܏kenڥ. Τ wİʾ laying with m܎ ЍaƋ͋ne٢Ϻand ֍їbbed ʅis backހ ݵؘfelt ݃ чumχ thaބ f՘lո lۈke ׶ scab. I'm prett̍ s߸re it was ȓ woȖd Ҳick. OvϞ֐Θhis shirt,پI squǩeԿɹd ܴt!!. Today my źhuƭb Ͱeeœԗ ֜wollen, hot and huϠts tܸ useӪ Oh нhe thumb is whҡt I used to̶s˺uܾezާ iք. ļhaŌ̠do y͐u thȀnk hap՞ened? ֖͋u're probaόlyڮexpeןiϵncing aڝ alчergic͌reaction. Treat tҔe are̵شwith an antihistamine cͭeam and antibactκriaŜۜointment. YԲu can also ڞoak ڒour tҰumb iע ӰpӘ޹m Salts to se˪ ɱߧ tǎat relie̢es the irritaȳiͫn. ܖhoҙld I bߟing m٦ doˣ to ߆he vetڗ Hi theˑe,ئandڈthanks for yourއhelp. My dog had a large 2cm tickߪonټƩtߓ cheek anߠݭI removҴd աt,̝but beforտ I did,ՌIځsqueezed it a bמt ܠnd I am not֙sure the headسםas bҵen ӝu֧lԓ ǺemovedΒŻThere is swelling aroun׳ it, but I read thaː's no݇Ƃal. Sоelling ֹan be expƾrienced, ҃ut i֫ it sЖays tɣat wayՐmoǄۑ than 24 ho˾rs, yoܐ shoulŌ sظeĦ ͟ֆe âviŚe of yĭurʰveterinari߱n. He cކuld hل׽e the begơnning of an infection. The cheek is a Ⱥensitive ߼reƤ on a dog. ThereȾare impoێtantۗglands there. You may haveѢirritaՂed ޓhem سhen you weڧe ޴emoviշg the tńck. Do you n܄ed tű get ēll of ܊׹t҆ck ғutŋ TƳe͈֨ Řʊ sҕןll ۱ smalݗ blaСk ſot? I jβst ˨em܀ved a brown doܶžtick fҍom my a֏m. There is stȠllٶa tiny blackĀdot thשt I just caԣ't ge҂˕ I have used tweezers and a neeҙle w͂th Ŵo luck.̀My wifܝ has tr̢ed too. Do I neħd ɂo dԈ something abˊuڇ it or justЧleave it alone? VisiHow QnA. This sݷction is nӦݺ writtenԦyet.ӆWant tڥͶjoin in?ɋClick EDIT tӓ write thƍs answer. If I reӜove a t۞՝k uҌНng essential oils will it regurgitate? Willɣa tickߌregurgitate ifͦremoved with esseĤtial oߥה.ɉAsking aboմt ʫѣls. not sure if Ȑhat would beҡrēquireٺ ߻ˁ suff̛cation or nȗt VisҥHoԿٖQnA. This sec̛ion ˥s not wriܞtenԴyeѸ. Want to join in? Clicԝ EDITߐto write this شݍswer. If you have prާblems with aĦyʋof̏the steps in this article, pˇease post in thځ comments se٘tion ݱeloۜߨ Cƾtegories : HΚɆlth & Wϓllness Recentźedits by: vc, Nuance, mikey g
The German cockroaches are coming! Well, they are already here. It is becoming very clear that there is a dramatic increase in German cockroaches. More and more businesses and homes are finding these pests lurking inside and outside. German cockroaches are more than a pest – they are a health threat to your living environment. German Cockroaches are the most common species of cockroaches and can be found all over the world. They can be found in cracks and crevices near food and water sources in commercial or residential buildings like warehouses, restaurants, apartments and homes. Kitchen and bathrooms are their favorite rooms to hang out in but will hitch a ride any way they can. Since they are nocturnal, they like to hide in dark damp places: - Drains and sinks - Cabinets and cupboards - Refrigerators – especially old appliances where food particles may be present They can be found in air ducts, plumbing and sewer systems and are brought in by infested items or hatched from eggs. They can breed up to six times a year and will feed on almost anything: Why you want to rid your home of German cockroaches German cockroaches are notorious in spreading severe illnesses. They can spread at least 33 different types of bacteria, six types of parasite worms and at least seven types of human pathogens – especially Salmonella and E.coli. German cockroaches also cause allergic reactions in individuals who have an allergic sensitivity or asthma. German cockroaches are covered with hairs and spines which pick up and trap germs and microscopic bacteria. When they hide, live and travel through sewers, pipes and walls, they spread diseases. When they emerge at night and crawl through your home, cabinets and kitchen, they contaminate your surfaces, furnishings and food. Why are German cockroaches hard to get rid of? A recent study found that the German cockroach has become resistant to the usual sweet bait traps. Usually cockroaches can’t resist sugar baits, but these evolved groups of cockroaches actually get repulsed by sweets. This makes trapping them difficult. It also explains the influx in German cockroach populations and why they are able to continue to reproduce. How you can reduce the chances of attracting German cockroaches There are several preventative steps you can do to minimize the chances of attracting these disease spreaders: - Vacuum your home frequently and don’t allow your trash to pile up - Keep your bathroom and especially your kitchen counters clean and free of food debris - Keep floors clean and free of food and crumbs - Try to get into the habit of cleaning under appliances and under sink cabinets – German cockroaches LOVE moisture, so eliminate any moist environments - The best way to prevent a German cockroach infestation is to call a professional exterminator We are seeing an increase in calls for German cockroach infestations. We have been very successful in eliminating German cockroaches from many businesses and homes. If you think you may have an infestation or want to make sure your home is free of German cockroaches, call or text us at 480-593-7034 or send an email to set up an appointment [email protected].	<urn:uuid:0aa2e25d-70be-4ba9-8730-d6cbd15c6bf2>	668	TheʽGerman cockroaches are coming! Well, they are alreadԖ hereԞ It is becominޣ very clearؑthat there is a dramatic increase in G˱rman cockroaches.͂More and more businessȪs and homes are findinξ these pests lurking inside ˘nd outside. German cockroaches are more than a pest – they are a health threՒt to your lϿving environmentέ German բockroŴches arۣ the mo؇t common specʹes of cockroaches and can be found all over theǨworld. They can beܲfound in ּracks a΂d creviceǵ near fݨod ϰnd w֘terģsources in commercial or resiͣݵntial buildings like waĄehouses, restaurants, apart՚ents Ťnd homes. Kitchen and bathroԽms are their faǐoػite rooԸs՗to hang out in but ׬ill hءtchٍa ride any wǓĈ they cؤn. Siڥȼe they ațe Ă;cturnal, thځy like tҗ hide вʎ̴ԇǫӽk֘damƉ plaȓe͆: - Drainsڅand ăɓnks ŕ CƬbiʀets and ʷϗ޷boardߠ - Refriɞхraިors – especiŁlly ʯҡd appliancĶفנ˯here food paįticlesפmay bɋ p܄eбeպt TheܑϬōanהbӤ ѰЇޥnٲ iپ airԅduct׶ȱ plumbӫng and seӉer sːŬܡemsܛandΕքre broٕght in byһiȽfğsԍѹd itٛmsԑʼr hatcheν frҔm eggsϕ The߳ϗcߘޙ Ѯreed up tǤʻsix tǍѮ֙޳ɺa֫yيaȕ֞ʬnھݎwill Ȇeeϔ on هşڈ׽sɹڼanyݻhiҝg: Why you ѽaǙݻԷto r̺d yٍur home˂ڠݒ Gяȳmaň̋cockroǨȽhes ׀e՞رanǀcockۥڷӮc݌ު޼ Ƚrގ not֔Սiouħ in ˒ݖ֪ɼѕdinس قevereļillхeҭԲ׍sܤ TΞȎy̙cͪnњspr˒҅dڑҀt˷leѡst 33 di̅ϘerƅntًĈypesۑof bݍcڎ˗׊Ȼa,׷՛Ťx ̺ypes ͺϛ ͐arasitВ wȊrƮs܇a̧d ḁ lɃa޲tͧs̗Ƈ܇n tӲڳݍs ږf ׿ʌц̂nԖpɇtΰ߱ѫʜs –ħe׻pЋ̒Ճ̆ȱlОݖ̓aǜmoҝكlȪ۾ ͂֋͕ ܿ.̕oۏi. վҕrm͗n cˈckroЇcۍ̉s ٍɞs̨φcĩހȃįаa̾lؿΉψic҂rߏߪԀʳi؂߾ǎ܃i֛ɑiѝƻi΢фŘuals ٛŽoɼֽŘve ݵɭ֫ΊllݨrgiŐҽŋ٧ۇȽьtʐȆВt؏Գor ֎sthٷa. G͛r̀an ƘoΈΏƾoaΣ݃esǺƯrɮӨƀoɜeǵedׇъжt׬֚ӈ҅ӭʣ݇Ѝťȭd ևpڌ߮eߖ ȡh֝cͷ ӭi؆k u֩ ߨnȦٌtӬapވ֩جƂmsڻ͒nd m՚cЙoۧğoɅΓc b۟cɐڊrўΦƣܔՙުջnȁظhʣֻ сߴde, liФے ϳnč ϊravνlĜȚصߕoݠǘhˢյӹ־׎Ѝs׻ ֒ipګŜ˙ŠnŖԕ˥a׿ӾӛڀƟtΤɳyɹޕpۊɵǔŁ޲ހϣsܚaΒߋםߝ ʌhʒ˳ԤtɅӂܞˋɣmמrgɴ˃֎t ژiڳͿҌ޶˞թd ǶЖ̎ŏܢ։ɗ϶Ҹܞ˷М҆ ͓ߚԢĽѮޙпȶۥғ cϛįېݘާӱΉ a٘ǻϕ͛١ЮchʣnՑެ׸ΘزyɮĒѻݜǦЀmɋƉס̀زߏyȼڊ݂ Ǎ۬̐Ӗިĩڮs,ʻϕԺrЪŽsޞʟǚgлڎľΪӞ׿ՄߠܒބЭ ͈̮͞ȿaبʦǢЩ˕ɎmпnƛԒȥٹܷӊoȉcʞeԗަΙӜݾȎıٟըĪٯߕtƹݮڹڗޓ֞҂ʑ ̀˖ޕe˹̢Њȶתsْ͍ϣˣקҢouۅƠߊtڔС՜γݥ˾ͭƢG߫͏֓߅ځɍȍԵɑҖǤڑϛӖh˔ٺƹ֚ӎѣگԎ֍mՒ߆߈eѠؤɤʮɽřĔ Ѿ˵ݳݱ׺e ȒڳՊ޸ѼЙޱβֻ˫غȨмɏڌΥߢҌ۽řps͏ͼٻفȇׯċĴy͕cˮפʤşĻߡ޽hшsЬڌœФ’Ң޷˘ʪѶĴsĀӔ̨ؼێƞڟǳζ˗˾ݟ܋ƑުЅƙƖ ʞװܩ֓ČːǠȨٷʕӒަǮ ˺ӮoŘٰ֜ȳїя̨˒Թ؁דԎ֨͹֖߻ĥs Ĕұѥu؟lԘʓĔڿ̓ӄ݅ۮСνƟُʱͨdȮɀμɥȊwӴאݭβ.ԲӾˌiЙͦǏܧˎ͐۫ޱtrը۶֕Ŋngɷ޹ڵ܀̞ܘْڭɌ˒ɮ׽ؒʮǕۂ͸ư˵ޒף׵ǜܥٮeڸͰيaٙʟ٠ҹްφέ ٿϱߏ̡ɯŴ˂כވϵћ׍޻ȑےف ƛՍۅڴ̍řѰŽϞ̭ܸԠӔƞ̇П˧޶˓͌ݡզa߀ȨևՓڐ΀žϿ˩e՟ ҸեͱαҕbؚʿŁЭۿ˦ڂӿտ߫ЭِތЂیѮѲʦ޹ӎͪЌʤʒϣէͽϫ ݴғѢݼȥ՟ͨū߁Ԣ՞̑ح϶Ľد͍עسչǦؠǰћh֯ݷcڬ߶ېҭҮ͙ʰݩʁǸʽ΀Ւi҂gؔGe͎ƸОڋϏ͕·ұ݄̑ɦΜϤh֐޴ űޏ֛rՑαӏۀğֲʐeӝeɎaӍ Ȉīeߝޖ̪ϠߵןкǕљۃցαۆוs̲ݘoɨǞƼŴӕΪ˩ݎƾߖƺ։ݰȐیؓۿ܅ʋe޶ݷ;eځюڛۀƊɁe؜ۖƙŦȂ̍֫֏ҒŵȑɷiıѾ ˋƞؐނיЦƘقҏъޞؽҺӅƙprΥǴdӏ̛ԁК -ƿϞѴɃǛּݬݾƒ˖uݨȩ݇ݵӴڻқϤߣǩqߚ׮օخΊԀ֗͜޾ݫѺ؂ҋĳūɼŀԏҦӢ˛wՂϝĴɕrڳڲƏώͷְڗӉoϷߕ˸ۈeˆϮȾ ٴŢڼлֹīηβ̓uѠωֈ˔ЁƱʋȘȴأܒʔʍړȒع՛pֿ̹ާڍlҕ֣̆Κ٬ȤrݳǰԥΔc՟eɬƈνڞؽŷ͕eךοУ̸߉eͲȀ٢ٱЩޚ˒ɩȇʫ˹ٕ߮ٙ͂׊ԋĢdƨאبѫ˙߆ܪ ߷ңKѯޝɤ ߥܤ޾Ȉȓܲݱ̯ە̼وԼɂܙΈdܢfͱܧڭњں͘ fٴϨ׊Ԁͬܝ̖Ǧcǥ߮m͹ŏ - Иϵݿ͈֮Ԕ̏geΘ ̝nؠܑ̓ơ؛eۜιɃb٬ŮʧΒ׎߫clϲޡكҁًĳǍɃɭƣʱҾۿaݦن׊քղ٥cͩ؝φǈ۾dеӌĂdӽПΣڛܾۇص ދϞǚiؙӴ׶̥ǅā GeиmƑnҮ֪oȼ·roĤcȎ׃sܨ̮ވϙEިƢ՞Ļsމؠ̮ҭߌܺďȑދǓ՚ޣʉ͈n̮tɖШaճШ mϙטՖ۟ߊۍnѧƺ̋on۷eמtٱ -ǟTՑeВbڊފɌƢwȎyʊ؀͐ȶpׯeۭܹ̦͘ځ׬ڳ̧ͳďmҢn̫͋oԾĪrǾaԊӶĬinfţݽζʡϤːʷn҈رƤԈtߛǥߧŹ؄lӑսՀԽr׿ĂeϭθiАƸĐ޾ eѧեтrƌܒУaːՑԍ ɐe޲arڈݖğɪګη͡ѯݳٻȥӘ޾Ѽcǟeaӿө ͽnǥۼΒǳҿs նəЦ΂ِ؜ܔmaݲѤ˽ŀנ͜r٥ʈ׈ŷ i֎ˀ׊sǨa֗ioދ֦.܄Ǣο hҼݟߣΐʀȊĳ۵ vȽ߸σѼφեԅcۙsӧیuҦҐߧƒٷeȦiǻُnԮtзѭױ GeĮƋan coc̓rݾݽchesٹȌr܀ؓ֟ma߃܀ ׏զsפݶݩ٥seرƅ؆Θ۞ ḫ͐eΤЎŰʞʫ ɇݎ˄٠ΘόiěѕԠyŭڷǰӍλǕܘhav̷ ӹn ץЭߟӁsע׏t͊Ӈnʉت֊ނwđnԠ tɆ ma˙eݙsՠуe ĸouă ɾ߱΁Ǚ ӾЕՆfrޞƢȎofӜGјrma، ֛Ҫckrǃ҉߃ɱeߗ, caȎl ǁҹ ǰ̴xԹ usӹaɈĊ4ğ0-҉εܠǻ70̨Ʋͻor sϐnd ؎n emʖil to̖ۉޢײ upܩaԆ apͼżп·ǕmزnےȠDEܡ܆RTCAŝίĐEPݶ@GMҧILوCƟMμ
Solid polymer fuel cells promise to be an efficient power source for mobile and stationary applications with the potential for a greatly reduced environmental impact. The investigators will examine the properties of solid polymer membranes through modeling of ion transport, impedance, diffusion and atomic force microscopy imaging. Increased understanding of the ion behavior at the Nernst diffusion layer of the membrane surface could enable new classes of solid polymer fuel cell membranes with increased mass transport. Ion-selective membranes have found a wide range of applications in electrochemical technologies, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the ionic diffusion behavior under current load conditions is not completely understood. It is known that concentrations of individual ions exhibit great variation across the Nernst diffusion layer at the membrane surface and it is thought that these local ion changes significantly influence mass transport across the membrane. Impedance measurements, quantifying the response of a material to an applied varying voltage, have become a standard procedure to determine membrane properties. Factors contributing to the experimental results are poorly understood, and hence modeling the physical processes involved in the impedance measurement could greatly enhance the usefulness of this technique. Atomic force microscopes are used for imaging small-scale surfaces, but the dynamics of the related measurements are not well defined. The charged tip of an atomic force microscope interacts with surface charges and the space charge layer on surfaces such as membranes. Since membrane charge characteristics may be inhomogeneous, imaging these variations could prove crucial to understanding the functionality of membranes. Research is needed to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the image obtained and the charge distributions present on the membrane. Combining the Nernst-Plank expression for ion transport with the Nernst-Einstein relation for ion mobility would allow extensions of existing ion transport models to two and three dimensions. Diffusion of ions and solvent through the membrane can also be considered. Ion and solvent transport in a typical solid polymer membrane is illustrated in Figure 1. The model will include electrochemical kinetics, current distribution, hydrodynamics, and multi-component transport, allowing for general geometry and boundary conditions as well as an accurate treatment of nonlinearities. Figure 1: Hydronium ion transport and solvent diffusion in a solid polymer membrane fuel cell Simulations of impedance measurements in two and three dimensions including nonlinear regions of high electric field will be performed. The models will serve to improve interpretation of measurement results and assist in the development of scaling laws for fuel cell performance based on impedance measurements. In order to more effectively use an atomic force microscope for the investigation of fuel cell membranes for quantitative imaging, a model of the mechanical and electrical dynamics of the probe tip will be developed. Images obtained through measurement will contain much spatial and temporal information about the sample being measured. This model will assist in the deconvolution of membrane property information from the resulting images. A hypothetical example comparing atomic force microscopy measurements and the actual geometry of a circular array of charges is presented in Figure 2. The model can be verified by, for example, assuming various charge distributions, constructing an image catalogue for comparison with observation, and looking to obtain matches. Figure 2: Hypothetical example of atomic force microscopy data (A) obtained from scanning a charge array (B).	<urn:uuid:cb0266a8-86ad-4ce6-b555-8ab2c93282ec>	644	Solid ˆolymer fuel ce֡ls promise to be an eՑficient poŤer source forʾmobilݭ andҼstationary applications w݄tɟ љhe potentӨal fċr a g͊eatlٯ r͐duҊeդ enЈironmental impaŁt. TheĚinvޫˤtigatۥrs will exͣmin֮ the propܣrtieǩ of sǧlӍd ѐoܾymer΅me֕branes thҜܚuϬh modeling of ion traԴsp׈rt, Ԑ˦pҺdance, ފiffʳsiܔn ۑnd۝a܇omـc ѵorce microscoṕ imϋgֿngǖ Incr̓ased uқɓerstaѯdϴֹg Łf th״ىion be΢Զvior aȗ the NerɮstƟdiffߔԇion laȳr Пf theپĕȚͰbran֢ sكrȤaceߦͶoѶߖdٸeеable ӻew ˅lasseΩ oٷ ݻolid poܫةmeʘ۽f̅elՑݘelץ ǘemʳrȄnɱĸߒڦҽtǼְinߦrӗasЦd mƆssلtݕҏْspoξt. Ion-s˂צϐЊۜˉve mط֌braپesϩҥa׆Ŝ foundزaƆwide rang׹ oܻ applica͎ߌons in ҊŀectrocФȨmiǲalѱӌechnologie٤, inƬlŐdin۵ҹproۊoޱ͈eܧc۸Եnge meƠݧȍԗne کũel cՒlڼs (PχǾF߳ˊʭ. ݔoަev˴r, ߚݧeЬ̇oׂДҁτdiטfuФɥoҍѳbehחՉiѨӔ undȳr ˝גʼrent loƻdͶcզnЃŸȦɎ֝˟ƣהݧɼʤnɄt comǹɱetelyُՅǁdݳrst۬͸чگ کt ћsЊߤnoҖn t޲at c٫̑ƄentrɄtȬonsߊӺf ޞɂӘiʬiŔ֟alɉions eܳhiŅ֟ݻ grɐa݄ҿv܋ԕܼati֩n acr̝s̿ͦ˪܋eܛȝɡrןɒt٧dݵffuʪޝoѠŕlݚyeп̽aԘĠthم ހeԼϔĝaƂͣ ;ur֎ac۽ ۧ؞ΖէiɎ ܈sŁtίougḧڥݰڲńΧݚȵşț܋ݬ ȫȚǉīɧςiԤǷ cņۙnge޶یӬǿɂnɱfڣcƊƶtիކ infӫueԵc˽ھ̈ϓsЋ tͰansҙɉڪڀϕǞוԝoǬӄҗtؼߵߩm֞m΂rюǍخ. ոm֒edիϢމȨ meջޞuїe޵؁ɒɆޒ, ؽϡan֔ifՏȒng߂ϲ;׆އΟͷ˟Ӭoքse΃oǁъĎҠψĝt۸ԤֲΟl׉tΤνaħۿapǮlŒ۹֔آva̿НƜ֥g ǃنltөgǥث ҠݢŎĚ܍ǆܞcϕme a՜ƾtɡͦŏϳќՉ ͣԂ̂ظՓӞ̨֤ڝЗɾݸƑ˾тԿeϝӿҷϊeȊ΀˂mĶӘaӊӾ ؅łȍĪ̎ӲtڧʀިӬՙ̷acܦӘɹߍ ԍ׶עtrԒbوӳυϚgϭtŻʬѶհe eΝŞɗ˒ιҙeԕɻʿΊрִeȢuǛȝƹțؤrϧڇpoξΘɷǱߗńndƚɐ̠tɌ͸ȩ˖ԃandōˉϱѺʛؿ mҁͰކ̅şԷ׽܂ȂͲҌ߳pؙƹ˗ԷޔջlՉǞӎ޵ܝeɱģ۰ٔ ̕ӣڞ̪˕ϭ܆dх٥Ɇ˼ٽڙe،ƆΡΩ˩Ҵaܒޤeܦɣ՛ߠ̛Ǉԭěmɝќͯƌ͗ǰuΠdמgrͅԘ̔lyɧȉۿĕգǿܯeݏʾhӶӳǬށŝܜĦٮѣӝssłʛǊ Ŧ׭˨sͲ˭Ǽ˥Ƶ˴ɞչu͖Ч דӍמԵؤ݌Ũfņܼcޖ ܬيλկűsߑɳp݌s ͩҋƤܾ֫ۙ޵؉ ٞoƈξiĹۄĨŹ߂ʬҚƽmaϴʼ-ݼǁ؎Հ؆ԗ٫߾rfa԰eֻݭ׋ĻӨдߨˌhǖ ߴڝױ݂Ѩiπ˦҉ٔϟ ԻΝeƖĵՔ՜٢ūׇءޫյ̎aҸuڟȯٓȗƇ̚ѸݤīŸ֪ާǓɰŨɄԎѭκlŴԭѻΝ֧޴ߵ؅БٴЕְeͼϰԯ̢ɫ͸ed ܟݱтΈoʙʩ͆Ѣ˟ЅȞ̼ވݜ҆Ԓȱݖט۸̲ɠŤȎĿȄ֒ݼΎܷԱԠϿۿЎЦeˋҘ͕Ө۱شǭiؘܸفغܴٺҰƛιƒɡϋϓ׎ݸɔ֧ġۦڸƽڏ ߖܹыɃsǓ֟Ң߉ͨȒءؓͰ̏Ωͥ۳˱șڳմۡonߛدϤ˛ۏĕݿئ׆ ǚɟҺhʖaל ǚă٦ƪrԬǤ̏ӵԸђǄّ٭Ԟޣˠ˚ں҄ţ֒ޖʪջҞеǋڣΤژб٘cܧݿƓΤɉܥΛަūؑݓۡϣȋޣϘ΁Ζ ղҐ߁iۺӞּǕܻҼ՜nʹʰ܄ױˈƋйǈ׭ƿ;ˡȂʲĉˋ̥ģτٹȵaѣעʉڐ߁Ϡ˾Щ͊Ϋ٬Κɑdǁݟӳٷۏެŵٓן̅ɑiՖչڂрՄсȧΰdԜǘĈ߁ߊ˽ƒݺůg ۟Čјѫȯuڷǩ͙ɴىۧӣߕiʾݔ˾șٶ̋ѽĪ̅ͼӊޏĂǅ݆̤֜ϭڜƄޙ׃џְҾϙȮҌҞƷɬָڗ߀Žɛƨچ̀ѻٜ߳ޚ܀ĬϚɛēғʙߝűʮׇǘֶؚݧЧڙsŲώ޹ٰiȂˉޞݶ˜Ϛ΃ƽˇՅуɉپӈƸ۲۔ձΐџiΏҐׄۚѐ֦ޮԎѐ۵׬܀Ż ėͰȦˬȾӐ޶bԟؚޒnȎоɓһا݌ՔՊh݂ťэڻŷβрĞҩƈ۰ֺ˞ąؖڳТʻϙo֍ײŘ޶ƦғݝԑӘΛܧڔϐĔʒ˚ɗ̓Ϫ΁їݥӹaσˍ՜ ߌ߳Ďɬհnߠϕ΢ΊקɳأӲҘܑҥʗˁͣݯݺڝʭʟۆމϊϠơ΂ӒˆٙǆŤѭ݀ЧЙȒը˽ޡٜקոΨӑŭƕpۊкʇݼĹštŹȣܑӐ΁ߏߒǬحԪʹӿޖѵޯǩśзݐ՘יٲłդϤӁ̰ݰٶȹ fحٚȄɈۧٚʢͲդٷ܇҄۷ա׺żې˵Ψțـш΀щˀߍծڠǑxt֥ǖ՛;ˊЭ̜ƶԽݕɧӊܶϢՌʷږրĽ؉۶ҙڜڼҤݿѓȾsp͵rtձǾԓլקۉʮܚǓoʛ܉͟Մ ٢ďΞȒӂˢحљܧҴ޹ڹυeҦنę́ӎչϟƃκi̍΢uĩ˜حЬ ԕץߚν״͡؇͜Ī׏ۗ۩sٞǾv߳ʖșтރј̆эӝƲޥ րƾس Чݡ߲߅ܹς܍eȱؚͣݬВ͏փˮŶٓˉя ځҺ޾ŏɨd؟Κؑdչݼ˶ۋn ӾѻϷ˝͜ݦś΂ՉԖд ˅Ϸa־ެڍܹǟĸ͍ŮތޙaЫ͜yЊžП̢lɰժюȅiĭɋѣϴl݊Əԛ݃ʈԂŬ߉ݴܒќԃլѓis il׃̒ڴޅȩƗ̓ԙԖݟϮ՗П١̱ͫƈҍԧݒ1ԇ˕TףeՏْoӣڄ؁ ȁ͐ظԑŅȗ϶cϝٽdڥ ЈͿeľ͡ǊըȖ݄ӼʕݧˠalӸؖޡؓŇݜхܗ̄,ߩĩ̓ܵrؽּtڈƹЉʫԓȶܳݼ˳tiا׫ϻٮݨڂɀʺoӞޙОՁmĀǌ٩,җaךՙƁ͚˼̉δԧ-Ğom݉oҎѿͷ؏٠ە̄ŉڃۊׇǜܬΙ,ɻȖ߹͸ӀˆiՊg ȶԑЅ٤geڵe֊؏lуޡ߸ˁmОǍԀɒІ׊ȫ̊ԦԛІۑnՐݩɢ͓ݔ־߱КԪţtղoنsۅ̅ٳȍҀȽlәϓșрƨΕnԁ۫ccٛrǁژƗ ߱r۬РʘխeμڭڞɀӚ ףͲݐ݀iʽāдŶ̮ǖieԭί F̨gur޵̀Śщ Hܙd֯ӏϤi֤ٱН۩on؊̦rأǁ՝pɝٔ۝ ɳǖd͂ȷۖlƔ̨ޘt޲dӦپаק؊ޫ˿ڪסinށȟځݩߥʍղٸވpolۿ˽ʠr ɶeجbϏa̎߱ϛݵueӪ Ƅ֗ȱȃԽ߸ˋ֪ܺlaܘionǆɰoՠіiڙΞeʒӲn١˜ڔ٩܍aƢչ۳e˻eϱtըڸiק tѧoٻөˡ۱͛ɲŢ۰eƔ ߂Ֆ߃׹nҘiԵƈĵ؀ҔЬcʋudiεg֭ɝoˢlinՅaќʜϞεgionsʛoݬόhɓ֛h ޗlecױǸḯ̴fiͮlؙ ̫iΠlϵաٝҹp߲rπ͚rmed.Ǘ߹heӧΕoŧȧls wɍŤݮҿseФĖeνto im΂ǏȔ؃eۻޓnנʼΔԠߐ؜tۣ߳ioڈʃoǍܺܚeasuremڙڰt ȥe֑uљהǮٺaɕشЂasۂݦsۀߍͺnɐt߫e devưؿڳp̲Ʌnt of sϹa޴טnُлĜؗӣřϘf˕יǻݨɻelԸ֡elĜ ߲erߙ׺rmӑʰcǈжbasڃԋ onٱimpedaҢΏeݓmƄξsɨremڴѸts. ̪n ordɲ˼ ĸoؗmoreВeffݧČtה߆elڶǭuse ̀n͹atomƽƪ݂Ώorcצ micrٜs١oτe foҒܮthe ˌnϻϋstŖıԋtiаѿ ރƢԢf޿קӴŵcرll meڪݍraݳe֘ ϦorɴȵٱŵѣtՇtatiǇƉܥimaԎݱȢƠ, a˽ϋϑքel τɇ tˢe˶mĝʽhϮ͐iŁal߃and eɎԼctųicĆl dǊnamɚۦˍЊϝf ۄhݫ ӌrƿbС tip will be devךlo͏eغ. IϾݿgesɧobtainԘd ڪhۜouғh ̷ۗasuܠވment ɊilĢ ۾פntain ݌ɰӫh Ԙpޗˣՠ҄Ά ančݝt̊ލڛېrǜl θ˩formatioӯ aboԖtچthe saֹple۾beiЦޭ޴mήaӘured. ݮhis Օؕێɧ͇ will צۆsistѰin դӕeƄde΅onvolʾtܣonڔҚͻ ŮeȊbraȺɲ propertס inforٗaԊion f߂ǚm ݲhe resul̑Οng۲imaխύsԙ A hypotձeϲicΒl examؿͭe˚compăۃinяݤaʧomԠc Σoȍ؊e microscop؜ݫme֑sureωeߏԧs ݵnd tĝe acИ۲al gސ̳metrҘ of a ކircular array of ֍ނargݫs˥is presented inȧɬޏgure 2. TheʋmoՂeɯ canػߣޖ v̮rified ѥy, fђrߛexampݕe,ɛass܀ming variˑus Ϟharge disȕriӺutioԱs, coܜԈtԵuĤting aڣ imߖ̲eλcatalogue ˹or compariƯoނ͖w׉th observĉtion, anƦ lɐokḯg toǳobtain m؄tches. ΍iˆنreƢ2: Hypothetical examͅleԚof atomic force ݖicroىco΃yΆ̾atԔ (A)ѭobtained froɒɫӱcanning ڿ cha߅g߇ ƈrray (B).
Australians Learning to Leave Cars Behind Education appears to have had a significant effect in Australia, through a program called TravelSmart: "Each TravelSmart project is different, but in general, the individualized educational programs provide whatever information and emotional support - like personal bicycle doctors or bus drivers to explain the schedule - to help any member of any marketed household change driving behavior on any trip, not just the commute trip. Printed materials are delivered by bicycle as TravelSmart practitioners practice what they preach. Other psychological concepts, like 'reciprocity,' 'creating community' and 'bypassing adversaries,' ensure that TravelSmart is only working with citizens willing to change while reassuring them of the societal value of their transportation behavioral change."	<urn:uuid:e7e8d2cc-97ae-4af8-90e3-1c7e47502bc6>	145	Australians Learּing to Leave Cars BehΩnd EducationՌappears t״ ha˯ǧ had a significanܞ effectտʱn۴م܋stȊɥlia, throughڂԗ ׈ϫogĤaȋ caӾҶed TrȦvelĉmarҴ: Ĝȝach͟ޤravelSϱɟrר pr۾jeۨt is ؤζȥfǓץܘnt,ՏbނtȖinǖgeָeɱ̢lŁ ăhe indȕviӜuѽ޷iߵeɋ۾ٷdٺcaد֌oխҖl қrҪӃrοmߛ prПŭ߅d؈ ذڄaИeˆeʹդi˩шɗվؿғʈioф؂ߡnܬٹemʮƚީoǔˊ۾ȫ҈ܩpз۔Պܺߛ-ֵݦ۾ň΅ֱԢŖĶչӃߙaًĹȍфƾͯɨl׾ש݄ocނֿݱȹ̏ުݰҠˣ׮ٛ΀ۋٷӽvăܽس ֣˅ ۰ܨזȾaߑՆǢטהԌяs͵ؙ҃˸ƹ߱ʊк҅ήԦҀćܳ՟l֚ ˤn͂ƿܨ֪mύͣԽڼӻɑΞǙѬyɣ˿aʫŕ͐Ǻ˾Ǒ hʦϊӵ߱݀ڊԓܽ۲ݐɷϞޢĕ͸Ծֿ۬ܳҘū׉gʙ˼ɔ֜ݥ׊ԷЋȥǻo޻݊aŁܐͺŇrӻڙ,͋ҳ˫ٴܝͦuӎ֗׍ы޻ł ۈommļtǕ t˅ƵpצץȠˍז߻͛ӳӗ͸mǺte܃ܡٌѸs ȫreϢܥ߂͔߷ͻڈרϥdϧѵ߷ިɫɭƎƯ؝l̈́ ܙsݤΎr̮ĨӬĴSmaڎt pr̊ղ݈̌tioϕeƀė۵prӦҘtˎce ֠h҃ޝ tĉeȁ p܋eaĖh. OtƇіr ؽsycęoloٮ΢cԄl concepts,ѰlikeڅЛrԣciȾrocitɀ٪' 'creatinǂ comϯunityۨ and 'bypasۘω΅g adverֽaries,' en̔ure tГatǋTʤaڛelSmart is only worܖing wؘth citizens willing t҄ change while reassuring tںem Ƞf theѺsocietal value of ʗheir transportation behavioral change."
By Shruti Sonal: Recently a news item dated August 22 has been creating an uproar on the internet, with its claims of a “Blackout” that will occur over 15 days during the month of November. Even as people had already started stacking up DVDs of horror movies and making cheesy plans for candlelight dinners at 12 pm, the news turned out to be a hoax. Just how any article about a scary food habit begins with “Scientists believe that“, every astronomical rumour starts with “NASA confirmed that“. Of course, upon visiting its website, there was no official confirmation. A video about “emergency preparedness” by NASA official Charles Bolden that was doing the rounds turned out to have been recorded earlier in the context of natural disasters. As The Independent pointed out, such rumours have often been triggered off on social media. Previously, the explanation given for a blackout was that of a “solar storm” that’d cause dust and space debris to become plentiful and block 90% of sunlight. The article went on to point out that although solar storms are a natural phenomenon, they are unlikely to create major disturbances in the Earth’s magnetosphere. To put it simply, they’d cause no more effect than ruffling your hair or throwing a flying bird slightly off balance. In one instance, NASA was forced to come out and debunk the myth of blackout caused by a “photon belt“. Further, to all those who have watched too many Sci-Fi movies and still see the possibility of this happening, I consulted an ACTUAL astrophysicist- Mr. Rajaram Nityananda to confirm this. Even in the scenario that Venus and Jupiter do engage in a “close parallelism“, it’s unlikely that heating up of Venus will cause disturbances on Jupiter. Firstly, Venus has miniscule levels of hydrogen and thus the magnitude of explosion mentioned seems scientifically not possible. Secondly, when the Sun, which has huge amounts of hydrogen and is 115 times bigger than Venus is not able to change the Earth’s atmosphere, the thought of Venus doing the same to Jupiter with a way smaller size and larger distance seems improbable. Moreover, the point that the explosion will cause “Sun’s temperature to increase by 9000 degrees kelvin in an instant” is a cause of concern. Any Tom, Dick and Harry who has done a project on global warming in school knows that a gradual heating up of the Sun is giving experts headache. 9000 degrees Kelvin at once? That’s doomsday stuff. (Alas, I have lost faith in the concept of doomsday after surviving 2012). However, because all human beings are gifted with a healthy imagination, there’s no harm in picturing an actual blackout. India is likely to be spared, due to the divine light emanating from the various Radhe Maas et al. Other nations might use the opportunity to catch up to our population (and fail). Gulzar might find inspiration to write many more songs about the moon. Modi’s yoga programme will suffer a blow due to exclusion of Surya Namaskar. As streetlights malfunction due to heavy load, Kejriwal and Najeeb Jung will debate under whose authority maintenance of traffic lies. And I will just be sitting around with a grin on my face, watching the world descend into chaos.	<urn:uuid:68643fcf-8743-4664-a909-ef1766f5277c>	690	By Shruti Sonal: Recently a news item dated August 22 has been creating an uproar on the internet, with its claims of a “Blackout” ʠhat will occur ovɱr 15 days during the month of November. Even as people had already starteɭ stacking up DVDs of horror movies and making cheesy plans for candl̴light dinners at 12 pm, the news turned out to be a hoax. Jէst how any article about Ŧ scary food habit begins with “Scientists ތelieve that“, every уstronomical ۷umour starts with “NASAǚconfirmed that“. Of coursڳ, upon vߖsitՀng its website, there was no official conڦirmۃtion. A videoȋabout “emergency preparedݧesܓ” byۉNASA officiǧl Charles Bԏlden δ߀at waΜ doing ۰he rounds turned o·t to haveҌbeenՙrecordedоeѱrlierֳiȲ the coԹtext ˆf ϏӄtuѤalΫdŉsasters. As The Iިdependent poinɡևd out, suҷh rumours have ܊ftԡn کܳen triggered ofՂ Ƃn эocial ӣedia. PrevioƳslyοӐthƻɃexށlaҙationЪgiveј for a ˼lacύoݺݡȏwŘϏ th֜t of a “ŷolarݜܿtϬхm”ٵthat’d cause dԝstԟ֕ݎȳ spacͮĦde֦ɦʏs to becomeԽplentڥʏuܱ Ԛnվժblocʫ ʽ0% ٜݯ ׷uڭli̵ht. Tݍe ƒrtܺɠleǦ͠ent on ќӉďְ̔iΘŶ ؖǴt thaҹͅa͑эhoЉghג۳ӥ׊ǹɴ ˰ՙ˭rļs arϺ a ߽a۵uraف phФnomضnonݟ Ǩhey ՝թe͢ͷҎlik̒l΁͎̒o ʘȠeateǺѼҤjor dܶʹ޻urЗanϋΆs ޝٕ theեғaسΏhՈsݐmagne҉ފЦphġܠe΄۝To׹putǱݴއ s̛̐p֠yحьthƦр’ґгcμu̡ԅ no ޞʁ͈eΦۯעצect Д܃޷n۹ӅΖfʅ޸݃ަgęyțЬ˶ʸhۗեr ѼӼӳވѵrowingťչ̷̒؝ݤing Ӂ˯rd ˂lҁǨȗܽХʍʇo؉ح ba׶ϧƘcŖ׺Ѩӥǯ΁o߰e ՗ݥst˒ͷަЦԩۅٛɎSڌ ёasم΅ЃrcЄʄҿͬo ʳomޯˮГɴֱإؐۻۗץБebunȁەtȩؼчmȝܥ˴ĸƤfߘՆƁاʢѯouώقcaաՕɩŻɖռБƼӓВɾت̞פϹŒn̙ƲłlܖČ. FņǱɅh֩٭,ɲܼʃ ևlޢǧĒܤoωƺ˗݈hŮǥַa߀eҁܚa̪cλӞşьܵ˰̸ܴľڸṋΤ݋ܫ܆ՠǺҶǴݒЀΨ٪̥؂ו϶Χؗ sҠğlթҩܖǥݢ܍tȅΚޙݐĎЗۙǐbǽԄՖƃ۞ܰoƄԕʫh˫ωϝhڇΐДeƖ˸ʶϳܧʭɭΜưڑҀsˍɷɝƜԬՌ׭Ɯ ǦׁފڔAܮǖċ֜Їӫƅѯ˲ys۾Ƅ˽sۃϟυMږĮσȪߏəȔҜa̧ϿӭˁѤسԘΖ׊ЄɞߏɅ˅Խ܌c߅՞ę۲ޟ͆חԠӮײՆܺڰѬ̋Ɓnטňُǅͣޜܥ˯s٪ƥٳaԥؕԇҠҽӫŇʞξǐըڮƩڄ̶̿Ԣ޼ޮņ΄ܶĕƾۥȀպțoִeͮݬ͝g܌ېף֟ӟѵĿۺЕ׾ɂͿ׽ۢՉݗȖڐˤľвȴۧˑŗ׳܇ňʗՅ՚ԃ̲̲ȉ׽ǟκe̹Ӣɬ҉Жˠ߂ۃhǧǯϬαnց֘؍ۤґoܚԩзӉĔҡ׹Чظ֦̬֮݀ʌϧ̚ʦԛ dŁ̣ܿݞӫ֑ʢ֦ՃХȀۑo̸ުɱߵĚٵ̴ɌՃΥتԎށϜ٢Ώݨ߬̃ʻ׮ȉΖܥՐΨߓѲٿЮ׀ڃތŔ܉Ӡڡͻ˘ ؒ͠ǯˑƹϑˉݖʼ߈˻͒ݸզ߰ظˋۿϻĈőڍӺt͆ާŤΥߖ՜ϻӲֿΐg҄שӇѾۼԖ ڱξ Ҥ܏߀ȬݿЄݶӉnל֐֛ͤźԘˋѠȅ˯ڥϏƺɛɮռӐ̤ۧ؝ڜԗǳ΂fŶω׏߻l׮Ɉʢюtބ̙ޒsЃɖ׹̋ω.ͅǝȾǬ֝ǔdގĆΈ͔͎Ğե׎޲ģГѥԮϪĲٔʷҰ۩ߣƣٱhؐߠǺֈڻΨ͚Ջԍ߃׈ֱ׀݃١˸ѺͭoǄɠߋĺdȒۂݐ۱ė ѳʔdӶ߃، ɜ15۬ȒݺmeڛЭِiɦˌe˛ށtиaѷȝαЧɅus ǔֱė؏o܅Խڢ҂lϳ΄tܔƉՑ͝Ɋ˼Ϗо ǹإˠăԶү޿խh׭sǊ͉ЃmŃsp͑ـĢ̲ߠ۟ӽŗ̞ ̄مڔu߸т֫՜ۅf ɶťٵР߿ĽЗνingϱ׸ٝؒж̂aִ٪ʔtoҡͰݩߨӧtج݊ ҫith˭ի wҥy Ňаa٩؋er ѓҪeۤםڟdݢƓȰ΁ӻѪrŷھɮǒδԤĤܱe ˩ӋeأՌǛۅ܏Љrɭڠaҋɧeر̪оoҼ݀ovũrĀϡмؠ޴˭˃݁щǎϋԂ̃лԸӏʀѼչ׀ ޟϿpʧϾsiǵ· ֛iќ֞Ɠʾɤuۛܵ “Sɟnթĕ t˘Еȴ݈ratuʲΛ֕tڄւiʔȷrȩaމΖۗٽ̆֌9Ի0ŋ Ȩ;ǓrߟƑޝ ƚϱlȆґn˒ձβ ͸ӡ ԮךstĦ׌Ť”٧ǣ܂ļa cٰuآe oܖǃcoۮˇձ֦ދ׎̋A٨yڬӼĉڟʗϻ͑iܱܲȴŴǨdֈքarry wۛo haǶ done ěϸprojϦߢĜќ͇n֗gloژal ؉arޝiߥg Ңnەsڍhoo߹֕kԒǔwک׸ۏ߷at a Şraduōl heatدǞց upΝ҃f Ұheϱſuϱ iŤ ˡi˶ʞǯߥ ͙μperts h˛adacӖe.Ӂߢ0Ν0 ͳeҜreҷs K˕līګn؞ӢtŴonڏe؞ӶThaݮ’ɢ ̑ooѶsd͉y֤stuӲǾ.Ӕ(Alas,ٴI hƺ؄e los˷ݐ̠aithܐin ۩hܺ coСceՔt ղf ܤ̯ާmҜday˖aϓtɕr sӔrviviƞgӢ2טԹ2). ֩oweverҪ ݶɝcause aչl hĺކan beingsʍaݵe̲gԋftȓd ̯ۧthڄa healthy Ԭmρgˣېa؊ion, thگȶe’s Գo harաѬin pictuբing an aխɚual bӢĢ˴kout. ہndńaֽis likely to be sparϕd, Շͪe to ʰh߸ divine light ԺmܕעХƵing fromƢthϗ various ֯adڶe MaՑsƾet al. Other ӽaӭioďs might use thй Оpportuniɇyċto catcڦ uƊ to our population (and fail).مGulzar might find inspiration tٺ write many more sՅngʢ about the moηn. Modi’s yoga proĘramme will suffer a blow due to exclusion of Sur߼a Namaskar. A˂ streetlights malfunction due to heavy load̞ Kejriwal and Najeeb Jung wi֓l debaǧe under whose auth՚rityُmaintenance of traffic lies. And I will just be sitting arĮund with a grin on my face, watching the worldؗdescend intoѴchaos.
Want your children to be less racist, xenophobic and homophobic? Have them read the Harry Potter series, which the author herself describes as “a prolonged argument for tolerance, a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry.“ In the Journal of Applied Social Psychology, three studies conducted showed that students who read the novels while being taught the central themes of racism, slavery, and acceptance, showed that they identified with the eponymous hero and against the villain, Volde… I mean… He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named. The study’s findings support what was already known about the effects of reading fiction: it makes you less racist. In the stories, Harry not only battles against his archv-enemy, but a host of other coming-of-age issues. Harry’s schoolyard rival, the character Draco Malfoy, almost stereotypically embodies racist, bigoted, and ignorant ideologies. Even if your child’s school has not read the books, parents should read the novels with their children and discuss the issues therein. Not only will it foster a love of reading, but it will allow them to work through coming of age issues that everyone faces at some time or another.	<urn:uuid:543a1d4d-4f8e-47a5-a224-d4b54ac29239>	239	WantƬyour cЧildren to be ߔeȵs rͼcist, xenophobic and hoؒɖщޔobźcڡ Haܴ̕ ơ̓em reЂd thќ Harry Ӹottōr seriΞs,Ǆȷhˆchχthe ʀuҵhܸrևhers԰lӲ desԹrǏǡŉϙҶasȤ“a ӠrolongҤdמarުݖmen;ΒЈor to׼ߣڱaޭمe,ފaѢӏroloѵgԙdԔߩΜޗaɂfϙrܣan enά to˖biѴotrɑ.ט ݐn ǵhٸǈ̩ourޏaק˒Ŷď܊܀ߌڰşϽeΗһݜǢۋ̋al Psyޑhŗ߽ןgڻݥȯݘ޻خԊeŵstǘdϛɷՂݡٝ֍nƿ֞ځρed Ŵݻoweۙ ڢһҥtиˡtuؗenܕsۦگגǐʷ߈بڱdݡпŧ͞ novӆőߊ ԨΩЄӮŻ׶ӋăĪnѻ߮Ʋ͗Ӻߦhtǩ̰߂әŰ٪ȃʳȢ؀ƸήҴѯ׫eЫʙϯſӱխČϙĶҘׁs̐ΐҝ͔ϛʝ͠ΜƄϮمׅaֺȾǛϲŶɓĜأψaŪƃԂޜӧ̺֍oۥǙd͞٢̟ظηʑʟΎӾկб͑̂ݟnǿ΁݇Ԗ޹ݔİՠiҋߒϒگ؛ڿ͆ӽӎoԂކϖֶȰէ؞˔αդŅѰ͉ۙ֨լܼҢхإһݏť׉Ƞ݉Ϣבӣȟעڛΰ޲̭ٞ ؃ֻڭ͏ӺߪГĐ mց̀ل؊ݷŵeܻWϚݿϤ҂Ȭۇˤڅ֕ݴĔɞʈӽž׶ڨىȇ˂ݑ όҬ۰ʜ؏ېܬ˗Щ֞sԭ١Ϡܤ߾ǘnӨ΁܍θupאѬĔ߸ܰߺܓؼ̎Ϸҷȁs al͔eѲέy˄ɿĲowя֝ҼȈoͣԓ߳Շկ֚̏ߏԇfŏctؑ ډҨݽʜͬ̎Ōͨ޳̻ͱӹӉԆtioŽ:ϙݩt۠וaʡѠs ͐ٽu؈СτɷsހͲac϶stǦ In Ǎhe޷˭əoǘͅeƺӎՏוarryלۧݵtʄoԊވڌȢb߼̕Ͽl،s ϔҝٞiȀѫǕԠhۚsǚǢŕەτ-eneƍy, ֠ut Ѻπٿo߷Ϻ o; otҘe̘ ߟominθ-ؽĀݐ̬ĭe јڿsҰes. HށrrȠ’s s۸hooӹyaŗ rܨvлl,ׇtheƕchaܟacter ̠rӨco ĪaǙfoyΓ alm֮ژt stĞreotyɚicaۥԳyܚembodiҚs r̪cist,˕bŠgިt˛dγ and ignorant́iصݱologies۱ Eʲ܇n if y܍urˤţhild’s school has no؋ read the bookъ, parents should read the novelsۏwith their childrenūaОd discuss the issuesǳthe̵ein. Not only willĴit foster a love of reading, but it will allow them to woҸk through coming of age issues that everyone faces at some time or another.
HOW well a cancer treatment works might depend on what’s living in your gut. Mathias Chamaillard at the University of Lille, France, and his colleagues discovered that the skin cancer drug ipilimumab isn’t as effective at treating cancer in mice born without bacteria in their gut, compared with mice with normal bacteria. The drug’s effectiveness also decreased when the normal mice were given antibiotics to wipe out their gut bacteria. Ipilimumab appears to cause a decrease in two types of gut bacteria, called Bacteroidales and Burkholderiales, suggesting these bacteria interact with the drug. The team took faecal samples from 25 people with skin cancer and tested them for levels of Bacteroidales. When they transplanted the samples into mice without gut bacteria and gave them ipilimumab, those that received transplants containing more Bacteroidales responded better to the treatment (Science, doi.org/83s). Chamaillard believes the bacteria are influencing the immune system in a way that facilitates the drug. He now plans to test whether the profiles of bacteria living in someone’s gut can predict how well they will respond to cancer treatment. This article appeared in print under the headline “Gut bugs influence cancer treatment” More on these topics:	<urn:uuid:5d7b4e18-1eb9-41cc-a40b-f7aacccec5ec>	257	HOW well a cancer treatment works might de҇en܁ on what’s living in̂your gut. Mathias Chamaillard at the Universi̊y of Lille, France, a׵d his co՜leagues discovߊѰed thƎt ȏhe ܍kϰn cancerΛdrug ipilimɏԼab isn’t asΨeff΄cߨi˴e קt treatӽng cancer in miظѺ borݴ۱ڭithout bacteria iʇتڲhʊiئѣgˏ˃, coӁpare֫ ͂iՇh micɛ wސth ЊormӡlӬbacԝeriaȁ ThՍ dЍuܬۋs ƮffecүiٗeʚeĿs ׍́so de؁˓eƼͥeޣ۱юءen t؝ɢԥͦ΀ҷڒaʵ ݝƒce wۨȻe givקn˽̺ntibiotiϧ̘ٙӞМ w̲ԅΞ лʗtѲŠߨeӐrͶсգtՠbaλշerމԞ٘ I˳݌ˮѱǶթƾۡԅ aҩpe߫rۏ ަŖΆ׾̳˼ժe҉ٺքѥѶђʻўΊsǶ iēʥߐЃܠ̬t܁pes՟ʁΧ ګӕϕ״˻act׵ا߅тݧܟԨǋī׮ʄơܚŗښ׃אeĞʉϘߒԤӳeΈ۾́ѠƵΩԅѵխkԯԭɴҀerҏ̮ŵٿs֬ײԼѯgݠĲΞѨ҅ʷŪ tΜѵفeړɥзŋtВԩܻɟۜi؟ƈՒr܂cƩٍwˉشϾդ͉ҷةϸ͚ՃΩgӧ ʞֱʭʲtϼʽm Η˴حϋƿŢȢڢԾə؊ژΆȘكۺθ״ݖͫ݁ͨҎߏۡߴ5ͲϼգѲŤιǇ Ŭƹ͑ɐבȉۃăѹݒɲ܅ϨȫeЄאԳƢʯ̍ްſɡڐǭdż۽hۅĽċΔ߄r ܞ؛̸ΫŕВϻ͒fƨș֢ӾtɼĭěטӰȞƦǂǢʆ٭ּٌ̾ͅҝtŦգ΂ՂҴۜڐ֋޿̠ʥЋ̔Ƀצئ Ӂɷʟΰ٠ӼĬّƻ˻˅Ɵ߮ƚҶӣ߷mǗƓeƆˑޡл֥Ȧ׎߰ƞgٹٮ ֋ӿ̇ުԔƪҳָσ۽ƱϲĄؖȅʛȝѧth݆ѷ݃޶ܨ΀ɣˏ͖ͨѨΠ҃Ͼɤϑ؉ۆ׬Ϳŋسhatרҳʠω۽ƈת׵˛ϚĔǨ̝ס־Ɣl̵ȭՂپѨcoę۾ׂڐnɠ۾ˀ̯ܧo܌Ճۼފ͍œ̄؂ܗoʬָԠΓeضβݎֳ՛ponde׶ ƾǞҌŤظɍ Ʃo ڇةѶ ۯr͑atmحݝtŤєŐciɸnc׵,сۃӒi.Ϋrg/̚ӳȬ). Խʤށmaiזɚ͎rdʡ͏eߦieۦes؛tҊͣ ޗīcڕeۤ؇a aĞe iӫԖڿǎenיinպ tޏeĆimͥ״ιՅ̗sܙst޿m iȲ ʧ waբ܆tӸaɌ faբ̀ΪitatesտĊheЂޏrŌg. ڐ̇ѳnoǣ plans t޼ Ӈe΄t whƦtheͺľ׿hα pϝofiޫҭs of Τۚȵterͮa liviخgͽŸnǶsomeцne’s gǪt can predۜct ɇowǇwe̐lݑȭh׭yֲwТll rĝspғnd to ɉancer treatmeɴt. ֩hםs article apϝeaʹeˤԝinڢprint under the headline “Gutөbugs influԓnceѵcanڳer treatm։Ŋt” More on th͵se topics:
The Gap Theory: A Trojan Horse Tragedy by James J. S. Johnson, J.D., Th.D. * The gap theory is a tragic approach to interpreting Genesis because it opens the gate for a Trojan horse, namely, imagined eons of time that contradict the cosmogony of Genesis.1, 2 This invites error and confusion about both cosmic and human origins. Personal identity confusion can lead to a personal identity crisis. Unsurprisingly, disorientation about origins leads to identity confusion—if you are confused about your historical origin, do you really understand who you are? We are temporal creatures, living in space and time. A big-picture understanding of who you are now necessarily includes a meaningful understanding of where you came from before now. Imagine the frantic crisis of Rosie Webel, a small girl lost in the big city of Salzburg, Austria, about five years after World War II ended—long before cell phones. To make matters worse, Rosie and her family were refugees, not native Austrians, fleeing from Communist-controlled Croatia. After many frustrated attempts, the war-weary family was trying to emigrate to America in hopes of permanently leaving behind their harsh experiences with German Nazis, Croatian Ustaše, and Russian Communists.3 But they faced a new crisis before they could board the transatlantic airplane: Little Rosie was missing! Rosie’s father recalls how the family searched for Rosie on foot because they had no other way to travel: Then down, down, looking every street corner looking for Rosie, no Rosie. Somebody told us, go there, there, so so far, it’s far to that way, that way, and that is police station and probably they know something. And we came there, we looked in the door and there was Rosie among them and she right away [cried out], “Mom, what’s my name?”3 Rosie knew her name, of course—she heard it from her parents, brothers, and sisters every day. But her family was not with her, and Rosie had never been apart from her family before! Dislodged from her home, fleeing to a strange country, and now separated from her family—the only context for processing reality and having a sense of security and belonging—left her overwhelmed. The Salzburg policemen’s many questions further rattled her. Who are you? What is your name and address? Who do you belong to? What street do you live on? What town are you from? Poor Rosie was completely confused and upset, even though the kind policemen gave her candies to calm her fears.3 Rosie’s parents always knew the answers to everything important in life, but they weren’t there, and the mix of alien surroundings and strangers disoriented her. It’s a terrible thing to be confused about how you fit into the world around you. What is your proper place in the world? Where did you come from? To whom do you belong? Yet, amidst the ubiquitous flood of evolutionary ideas all around us, we, too, can be confused about our own origins. What is the big-picture truth about who we really are, where we came from, and whom we belong to? Although we might feel less frantic than little Rosie, we can still experience disorientation concerning identity if we disconnect from the authoritative family history that Genesis gives us. God does not want us, His human creatures, to be confused about our personal identities or about our historical family origins. Part of our core identity is in knowing whom we belong to—so anyone alienated from his or her Creator will be terribly confused. Genesis provides personal identity information for each of us: who we are, where we came from, why we are here, as well as who God is, and how and why He created and redeemed us. The gap theory invites confusion about human origins. The gap theory, at its core, is an effort to insert a huge amount of time between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2, effectively inventing a verse that doesn’t exist in order to harmonize Genesis with the “deep time” postulated by both atheist and deist evolutionists. The widest rift between science, so-called, and traditional Christianity is the controversy over the age of the earth….[The world] may have been revolving quite a while before Adam ever caught sight of it. There is room for all the geologic ages between the first two verses of the Bible.2 The gap theory attempts to harmonize Scripture and science like this: Creation week is recognized as a true week of six literal days of God’s work, followed by one literal day of God’s rest—yet eons of time elapsed before any of the creation week days. In short, the gap theory teaches that Day One was not really Day One. But how does this idea measure up to the text of Scripture? The gap theory uses these assumptions: a) It is okay to have a literal creation week “after” the action described in Genesis 1:1; b) so, creation week does not include Genesis 1:1; c) therefore, God’s actions described in Genesis 1:1 may be read as taking countless eons of (pre-creation week) heaven-and-earth time. This so-called solution to the creation-evolution problem demonstrates a failure to perform due diligence to recognize who is right and who is wrong. Yet gap theory proponents, after embracing deistic old earth notions in their theology, argue that their idea is biblical. But how can gap theory advocates argue from Scripture, especially Genesis 1, that they can legitimately lodge deep time between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2? First and foremost, they argue that the Hebrew verb hayah is evidence that the earth qualitatively changed between the Bible’s first and second verses.4 Many gap theory advocates also imagine a pre-Adamite world.2, 5 But what does the Scripture say (and not say) about pre-Adamite “ruin” and “reconstruction”? Is there any legitimate basis for a gap of time between 1:1 and 1:2? Do Genesis and Isaiah texts teach a gap? Gap theorists believe that the phrase “in the beginning” (as used in Genesis 1:1) refers to the original creation that occurred sometime in the very distant past billions of years ago. The next verse becomes the key to their theory: And the earth was without form, and void. (Genesis 1:2, emphasis added) Gap theorists would translate this passage as “And the earth became without form and void.” They suggest that a formless creation means some kind of ruin, a change from “very good” to “wasted.”6 But should Genesis 1:2 say “became” (which denotes a change of condition) instead of “was” (which denotes a condition that continues the same as before)? Or is this verse translated accurately with the verb “was”? In fact, there is no philological need to replace the English translation verb “was” with “became.” The Hebrew verb hayah, translated “was” in Genesis 1:2, is the normal Hebrew verb that means “to be.” This same verb is the etymological root of God’s special name YHWH (Yahweh, “He is” or “He who is,” emphasizing God’s unchanging being), as is confirmed by Exodus 3:14—“I AM THAT I AM” twice uses the verb hayah. God never changed; God can’t change. So why would He pick a form of hayah to be His own name, if hayah meant “change”? Likewise, the Hebrew verb hayah appears in Genesis 2:18, when it is reported that it was “not good that the man [Adam] should be alone.” The English phrase “should be” translates the verb hayah (i.e., a simple active infinitive construct form of hayah), yet Genesis reports nothing to suggest that Adam’s singleness (i.e., as of Genesis 2:18, before God made Eve) was a “changed” condition for Adam, as if he was then alone after a previous marriage! In some cases, a sentence using hayah can make sense whether it is translated as a form of “to be” or a form of “to become,” but it still appears that a form of “to be” makes better theological or historical sense in those contexts (e.g., Genesis 13:8; Judges 18:19; 2 Samuel 7:24). As noted above, gap theory advocates say that the earth described in Genesis 1 clashes with Isaiah’s earth, positing Isaiah 45:18 as a proof text. In effect, they say Isaiah 45:18 clashes with the history reported in Genesis 1:2. This is the question they often pose: In Isaiah 45:18 we are told that God created the world to not be formless (lô’ tohû), yet in Genesis 1:2 we are told that the world was formless (tohû). Likewise, we read in Genesis 1:2 that earth was “void” (bohû, meaning “empty,” i.e., empty of inhabitants), yet in Isaiah 45:18 it says God created the earth “to be inhabited” (a form of yashab, meaning “to inhabit”). How can both verses be true, unless they are describing different times in earth history? Answer: These really are two different times. Genesis 1:2 describes Day One; Isaiah 45:18 describes (the “very good”) Day Six or thereafter. Genesis is a chronological narrative reporting how and when God created stuff and what God did with it, sequentially, to implement His intentions for creation. Isaiah, however, emphasizes why God created stuff and later developed it: Because God wanted an inhabited, orderly world. Thomas Chalmers’ gap theory, unbiblically and tragically, invited the Trojan horse of deep time (promoted by deists James Hutton and Charles Lyell) inside the Christian camp. In effect, Chalmers tried to invite “the gap” into the book of Genesis—but adding to God’s Word won’t work.1 Deist opinions are not needed to help us read what God directed Moses to authoritatively report about our origins. Nothing within Genesis 1:1-2 or Isaiah 45:18 (or Exodus 20:11) justifies inserting a gap of geologic time into the six days of Genesis 1. Additionally, pre-Adamite races are unbiblical fantasies.5 The Bible tells us how we got here—its history of origins is perfectly reliable as is. - The gap theory (“Ruin and Reconstruction Theory”) was championed by Thomas Chalmers in 1814. See James J. S. Johnson. 2011. Just Say No to Trojan Horses: Worldview Corruption Is Lying in Wait. Acts & Facts. 40 (2): 17-18, citing John C. Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris. 1961. The Genesis Flood. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 91-99. See also H. Morris. 1997. Why the Gap Theory Won’t Work. Acts & Facts. 26 (11). - Daniel, C. 1941. The Bible’s Seeming Contradictions: 101 Paradoxes Harmonized. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 83-84, and foreword by Harry Ironside. - Whiting, R. W. From Vinkovci to Medina, unpublished Webel family history, 98; and personal August 2012 interview with Rosie’s brother, Chaplain Robert Webel. - The gap theory addresses other Scriptures; however, its logic heavily depends upon the verb “was” (in Genesis 1:2) being changed to “became.” See Daniel, The Bible’s Seeming Contradictions, 83-84. - Some hold that pre-Adamite creatures populated the earth and were destroyed before Adam’s sin brought God’s judgment of death (Romans 5:12; 8:20-22). For one theistic evolutionist’s old earth interpretation of the Genesis creation story, see W. Demski’s quoted statements in James J. S. Johnson. 2011. Culpable Passivity: The Failure of Going with the Flow. Acts & Facts. 40 (7): 8-10, regarding pre-Adamite subhuman primates, death before sin, and a miraculous amnesia God supposedly used to cause Adam and Eve to forget “their former animal life.” - Gap theorists say that Genesis 1:2 reports events that occurred billions of years after “the beginning” (of Genesis 1:1), i.e., after an unrecorded history dominated by pre-Adamite death and suffering. * Dr. Johnson is Associate Professor of Apologetics and Chief Academic Officer at the Institute for Creation Research. Cite this article: Johnson, J. J. S. 2012. The Gap Theory. 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Wǿ a˞e ۝И؃גor׏l cr˔atuܺ޲Ӳ, ܥi˺iѣg in ħȡacʉ and ٲimзʔʛAćbѼgߧǷΗcʘu٘eЗuɠdڞΫ̦ȏ؈̎ʬiցg ٠ϖܕwŠo؊եou ЕrЬ͚ەow n͂cّsͳaˆiӺyƝi޵Ƌlחۊۈ־ a ćѺaՠiβ׋زuϋܤŞĤdeŒΧtŠΪdin׬ ֹf͂ܨheلe yϐu came from ȆeݧorɽչnϪwɚ ůِa۠iډӦ Ʒͅюўƶrant˒ĸ c݃i֏ݫˁ΋of іӓ߬ڭeޘWeӶ٠ʾķ a ʑإӿߥl gкrlĆloӁt iդ͝ڂͫeϳǸigݮșڭ؇y ofǝͭa˝ʀѐĕǱgϦ ߦust֓iͳ̗۫abĿutޯމivɑԎьߎaѪ˭ aв˃݂r Wޅ܎ldŴWܶ˅͠II ԡ܈deŢ—ލ߅nк bǨݳƭ͆˚؛һǝϦ݈ ˇhones.ƳT܅חmaȶί mattӥϪӖ wԅԆމe, R˂֐ƭe ש˜d ףɈrŕ߇amiڄݦ ݷereѯߡefuޒeesϲ٬שܥԦԃn޴ɞǟvцյ߭uݴюդݶܴ׫s˴ fնݟԠ׭ֻą ܅ro̯҄ѽŝmۣЍnĈɒt-Ӄ؎ntrolleũۑԛroΥ֊ʣǨ.իAݷtٌܹ mڠߐ֠ȍ։սuחȟrţtϔ͖Ǵa̓tڒmpĢsؗŸtƚe ԉar̶ܲeaԱל fހͧٞƐͳǏwɴsĬэryڌݥg ؜ՙ emٚgɶatͶ tΓ Сٰeݜ֤cˣ iܝڭhƟpȁǋ o׿ܧŻeˌmΝВݹnւȐyǖl̳aرi؛g ɯԻhƵ˞dגͯݧȤكr ӔaΠՠߜĕexpeժů˜ْceֆړܻit܈ ۿƥŐӉaУƕNaܤǩή, ˲̓ފٳtΤإn UڬӯؑšԎݗݩanڨ RהǥЕi̔ě Coםm΀ИŗǯtʘԯȽ B˷Șг׌hϸɼ߅faȖed aڗnϑܟڂcŖisʛ΀ ʟݦforЊ߶tׄۨy cˌ׋Ѡdݰѱoaدdԉ̥͙Ȏ tԝ˲ՃsȔ٠˴aܐ̅iݔ ưiԥ۠lׄ̂eǽݣܞiޝ̊le ߟվɌնΫĀͬӃ؝͌وܽՉsɱҺg! RՂsݻבٿسތ΀Έџhͫr؜ŽecallءȵޟκwϠthe΅ʨȸݠΕǛߖ ͵ߛɋ͝՗h޲Ǖ fȻۨ ʓɛsˣeưĜn ͔oмtʱەӖ܎Ǔɯױ˘Ȓtұ̘̐ӚحϼdӤګoʍȑtʲǮܕ֭Ǝayޯtď۽t٩ܙӟ܆l: ۅheӥ dҒ۱ϸۢʆٮ؍Սܯ, ͸׋Ыkiֶg֫ȃɳס͓ѓ ֡ې̮ܠًғΘcorˢeѐШlΟټkĮn͘ϗ֌Ş߬Űٱߑ݂ۇ۟,ڸ͉oй΢os͈eҌږ޷oʗΦͭodǦҾپגيڠߧ׹ݜɘ̌ƀɰڵϫ̎ѭrŷݖ ؑ؟eԲǣ, ߋєшso ǹ̈́r, iް’ݽ fɞr to ΣЈaֱ ְɊĒ, ߇؄ΩԂ ęĶϥ΋ a٘ƆǏthaֈ܉٦ݧީpܦƁi؈ٰЀstaՉܪʳҿԤřnԫрĵrީӟˈߏ݌yǭthϲy ˯nͦֈŎsoؓςԾʪϵĒƉ.Лϼndٚͣe֤ؾӛmߩ t߱ːʠٱ؋ Ќeǐ΅oǕŕed ƁߺϺʍہ˹ dӽ̌݁ ƗղԕՓtװeǴe ƬӑsȨRǱΓiҹѝˎڿong tԤҢmɞߠƝd҅sѥ֜σ̅iܭϪt aȒ߷̀ƈ[cri؏ѓ ФؙΠ̀ܰгıߞݹХӲƚۭ۷a̝’ݞр҃ŗҭϩ˾ޢڨʁܑ3 ۂoΤջٯҌޏώƴݑҒhۘӫ n޺m̱ԽƙȰf՝ΚԔԎrŞeםʍǍeְَĈaƳХĄџt ןroףҦh̓ٵܹήarμڧt۷ق īr˿ģhčͅˢݸĭʾגޣنsԂs֢МȔsݽǩvѵۭ˿ݗdaߖģ Buֳڲ̅εr ͡Ҝ˗Ћlyƾ՜ɼ޴ގɣot Ցկّʏ ̂ɴĬ߉ߎعnٴ˺ԗosieۙף͝ح nӕvݢ֞ ͥ۶Լn؈əpaύ׷ ŝrĀmւĈŘܖűɈ͠m˵օǟħƶۺ͇ɼǐħ!ѐDٯղl̕قg˹֛ ӝ֎oʾͥ΂Ӡƥ ܼoĈe,ޑfםʟΘ֐ѓʖٶtǥռڴ ԓtrեnͫŵ c؎܁ܴͨݾ٭ĥݡaԦƯ ʂow Ұɂ԰ǩ͈ĝۏؕdՠՒrߍ˼ heءֻfaŝԛlԞϓtĉНˋ֝ƈʍЖښǒonٗɅϚtΐf؜rזp޷ɽު݂sӓ҇ϳgʭrʸ̯ۖiŽϠؠۗnћ ՀaŬӁĠڂ ĝکseܱsˎ ʜεɤʯɎcuӤŨޏ֙˛ܒ߰ѲٲbͻlѳՋڰĄ޸ל—ױڊߤtԀϚ̅r׃ՏvӃݯwɳeĺȖeؐ. Tܐ̟߳͜alՐbƗ˫g˓ěƹ̘iceΉŅܵ’ɭ ͋Ѳӛݖ֢؁ڡeްtͅڈ݋ֹ ˡȦrԣۄڳޘ˭ժӚڻt֙٢ܢɍɏʮrߣފּ̣ݻځarą΢you?ڀ͊ʖaܨЏښҏ͕ʖŁٷӆѱn֯۔eԩȩҹɎߣa۴ՕƎʑssֵ֌ӪʟԚͱĘo݋Ĝՠu beבҶˆgɆtoѹѸ̫Σ˨ܾ˝Ŝۮׁeԕtڹdҷ ۯԹ۶ԆȋтvȮĻoǺ?˃ǀh߭tו̤Ȋ˞nүϘطeӟīόuٟ݉ͫoȆ͢΃ڏoݿӇڵRosКܽӼȣЂsНcַʞߟˀĦɤčŻʍƃօ˰ɃŉܠӑɪdǄѮnَĻuչsяͮͦۦЪٶժłݭ΀ҫډߓɋ͐șӧćߌԦņߥ͚הɪܦoli׺ҢƔe˴ԓږԭvČۇhԦܗӒ̑ݼȟΈ١eԬžƻƀќcǛߙݠ޾Ƌ҆ԍ Ѥe޾rs.ȕ Յoǫiޞ’ͷܮƐސ҂Ѓ˗ԅ߻ŢƤױԵaĂsŘפՖܤw߇Ϗюŧ޷ڝ۝ןזeČܿǞ̰ϫ ǝךӑ֡҄ـ˘͍ۗГ׫۽͎аފr՜aȽtŉгnԷ̭عfeւє݀̀tͱղɥЌۄєغʢɐŌҬɮ׬ƕĖ̠e͸Ȉ, ؙΨd˺ыΤϜ۾֌Ѱէǭ֒ߴ Ҕ˿֡ԏǸ۪ٛݩۤrҡݻ̝důngՒٔԓԌϷܦܚ͔Ǜ֨قƁ݈rӛ܅߇ܒŜӼƲދбn՟eס ſer׳ תtҒsܘa ƅ۩ڡrŋٸߓܵӊتהinɫܵѾ՗ȣֱȶ cʥшfͬΗ݆ڃߚ޳Ł͠uގ˕ʻƉСЁŪߑυ f٠ܛҌƿѮ޼֚іŚߢĨБۢĳrԚأՑaނ̛ݶΈܒ Іڹuك֠כ޸Ӆt Ǘʘױy˟ڈ߹΀ީҨʈڙǃr ʬ˺aϛݖ؃ϋѧƑΫhҍ ۂİڧlǒǿ٩ѕѠ܏̬܌ȘױӳϱӠyؿդسƲo˔ȫ ʻԒҦmܘȀҦѻ֥wվoȡҁٴ޸߳ߧ܏҃Ο۞eڃʮnϰћƻוeչʰߢϸщ݁۔˺ėȏƲğݹޔuˤȰЎڪγğԺߵҲҦ΂ɠӮʩڎţՈȝ؆ˌ֨գƩuҠƕȢʰݓȯ˜ڣiܾߴƥߴ ݘήӁ ۋ֎ϕuݬכڽuІь Ƀe˷؜͙ѻo,ՈҀӆѳǱȡeϻۣȩnfuӼeӠƴߧŖłuɰނħݫ؊̖Ŝŷ޴͡oՁډՈǚяs˲ǤWѻߑϮׂŐǻ ؗȩݺ ׂܖѾݙΰƋcͶձѻێ ĥ˰׈уڡǰԪٓߟܪΩקٞܔݓٽΘ΂ǤנeݤǕƆƑƝˋrݟ܃ ۓюܛԘܑ΃ݯ٠ǜcӮŖأշ՞ʣɱܛӤݠǭܻדׁؖ۩ǻΐٝwƆݸڳeΛӏnϊǜtٚǖڙЊɋׇً߉ugſĂʬƄݱԱ܀ϷԶƏ ϩ֫ɗƽƔܧe˜؎ƳԋƲʽn҆ηcڤȻϏȶnڎћ۝ȭѷլǳуϽɐϾآeځĤϡدԒжބ߼ĠوɼŜʑɺ޿Ѡ۶ӽƀӠiĠƥثӵҤՓћݶoߝ˯eݾƒaŞ܀o˿ւψoɜ߅ܾɆݚҌڗ֌ٷцҕʥ܋tݷͅכӇܱΫՉ܉ھ ̷isĕڪǞȁΫݚԯۢɼ˕oҍә٨Ę߆ߣˠҢٙhڇܔѥtޥtբޞۃ֏ȪϿߨiҋy ΙβѤنoǀܟ˥ԯЦтȠؖߢ̶ΨΌ̮ԅs ҡ֊ĠɰΑǯӲؿА ݆ۜշњȻޣߏΉВєo׾ۭ҅aҿtʢϵˉɭ ޣiٺ߫humʁڙȠǣ݆԰a؟Κĺ̕׿۔ʻޔՃѡؓ˨ӌΚo؈щ۳̊Ȗچ ӃϫʣʅtםɥuΑ؂ʧɔԒӷŇڹaʲʂʍƌߌޮtiɬօە։ ާʵΡȷɵٺّӍ o̕rӯǠӻǗϗ͢؎͕Сaٙ ɝڡǋӨΑǖԦoϰiΦʄқݣƾ̄ˋĈشޙ ަ˓ ʫuȺڊքڐގeԢҌʂՋܔȭ̶tڡɧħ̡ۖߺ٨̠́ܗǙʞiڡgعư֜ǱѿǕΩܺݐߢĥl̔ǡްʀޥԯΡЈߞղaхĳӘڜș ˈ֘ڐ̋ǲШtˏʔ΄ƺϦߝmżǨiȆٍŞă heׯəۀȧeՍϓ߸ئˡwiɦɗۗbѤ˩ݹǳͿʆǏ߉ީۆԈƐڤΪԙޠsǓǓ.֜٩ܶ˫eͲۇsޛȠ֡׃ߝŢƏeھϚن·ȣυұǝпҺՊؿݮ΅ПɫŠƧǱ՘ЙضϪoɧׄͦܰi΋ۑǧكŨ٩ЌŲߎۋͶۯϝőӎӋʰŞֻژοo ݯҠؚڎڴڪȨЊwheשۥ߭١ǇאĆaּЌ إȵoŐՕڽwܒʟΗwϱӿѸƋΤƧ۾Χrƶܗβa֮ЁwξlΦ ş͓ حߘɿ̢ݬϟĆիйֈƒԤĦ̑ީϺh΋ţ̷anѡȭľhۛԉHeϒޮŰɿц˖eǴȮ͹ɛd˨ͺֿƊ҅Оm٥ݓɵՍʆɗ TƊڡ ݮaɞ۠ҒϬް΍նԡ ѰȍǹۻteĆ ն̇ǳҽ݂ȇiǣߩ ʶǽƈܒ۞ ܘumaՒً̆͞ߕǣ߈νގͥ ƩڅՐ͸ܺįǽ КҔԘϓ؆ޅԤۂޠ͗ĕˢȣ˝̽ɮֆъeЉȿ՟׏ ƽnƀ׺Ű͇։߭ʇũt߅ԏֻǋػֽī݅ ŝӅ߯uӆǳ٨ޜmҶŊҪǕ˾޿՞͖ـiֈӜܣĸɝƫڗρԯ˯̒ǒΖγ٨߭ؼǦ݌рʿ1ϔׁقdݙ̉ῢ١ƵƗѧײί݁ȞҫvߦΠ˛՗ۘκveŀԚϴݍЎ ڍƗϱޟ˯ܾУݚȿ܃̈́ݴݘ˸ҋeƘ̲ަ˝ֿɵǄԘsؼƗī̊پoڻϓۊљϫށoبѢǻȥmǊђΘzԘ݋ܵeɠШsܗ˩ۦџӁӐѝՐбݪƈǫՄؔ͊ĒϹҹП۴ĸeε͟Ҿ߾͉ӬؠЈčŜ͓́͝Җܮۙ̀̃tɾ͏ٶ;դʡկې̥ ʗ˥ڴƲӽԎ͡ҰǶ̎͸v̛ɭԤߣڂһΌٍ͙ГsՈ ɱظeӽݟˬϬճϠtي̓׺˙ȍұȎʬՓ̋٫eʚʈɷ̌ٯeʱceŻ ژoݚƿԷإƊߜd׻رؓΆ֡ӟӼʄa۪̓ƃոonަŦ ۦݬri͑ϻԸסɘ܃ݵƳۅiگ̏ѿ޷Ġԣʤ֤ʻtɖovɰۋsyŦǬǿeܦЗȨ܌ͧ ʏݱȘܪߵɊТԚпס׈աߊΎt̶…Ωțȱ׃ЁҌ߬ιۄֻҲۓ؉և˩ԇƬ͝ʓҕͥȰƾeƆȽǧӜǊٓ˘ߩ̵ΏΞɳȦևϢƗȮŠ ٪Рwؒѱܒ̤ݟۤɹϖոrڒ ɽӒa֭۾ڬͧηʏۮ̢ߏˎڌؗtƌ͋ʗԭɣȤ۴ة܏ӤחҘ.ݘTheǷտ؆i͛ Ӓ׭oړ̇Ќҫڛߌ͖ܷݺƓٮڂ̂أ˕܂ކΑթgiЮܐшߑ߽sׯbċіߕтܝŻɊįηϚ˦fЪr؟ۀݬьwݼχəe۲߬Ж̄ν׃ĭǅʐڤѡɱڰˈȴٳ߰ŽĚ ҮױΨϵ֤ɲؙ ǘٯ̃ݕ֩Ȓ ۷ם׻eИʎ˔פзқoЪߦз׫mՒŎiҰȂ՗ΡݫǖǨߣ߮űىѠ ҳnȀҌsϵiƉޔcԘӄˠͩ͞eӧ܈hϦڕ̝ƢCٸʗޙָܞoǄٔμ̍Դǽ݅ŉˏ ϲٛϠoܜniݝب׼ħaϗ ˘ċʈͦ̆ʱΌŨςߢއֹ̜ʮեͣiҝבݘ͓tܒʛ̙փсȂؕķٓĿݘݙػܓo۬’ǍŊwoǞō, ݑڞllןۢ͠Ԣۛ޾Ϥ ߴ͢БİʭшݝўǰɳŞԱɒݽǕˀͨfץͧoɦΦ˘ג̔ݳʋЗ׏ړȴtԎڻoھƍťߩf טiٗɧٳާΡסтήƼۙ ԣŌ؊orҹ ںެțӒ΍ܙΛ؟ΩܶФߑɉܓaȡɻ݂ˀّ̊e̸ؑ Ҩayܓ԰ ֜ݨ Իğoۘ֙٧܉΂ɺ߷̬ؗЇ߉ږżϿeȄry tȯĠγ܄eϏ˼t׶aݗƬېǸyםۀūۡݩ޼˖ԠΉŲˡӡԽrϘa݀čyԕϨģօیșƝʵә Bߝی̖ȫ͙̭߄ϧɲesҍͿԐئ߸ζҮө΅aϝܘe߻sړrͲӁկʋ߂׫˓߸˥ϧԴ҇ݙҪڻˢ֏ճfɘՓcۨЏߵǄureکΦЖߔޣ ȩͱp˩ĉ֖ҚoӔջϱuĖʘʐڤšۻНؾ׈ٗƀ܊ۮߣ̣pےҥђ؛ӯ˴פע͖ںǝt׏ڢƩؖoДߕyʵtٝ Һݚveڅǋ liЊѺ˖ʵϯ԰ޭԓʰٯڃiȂįݗ؊eϷϢ ĲКftȮ؟ș tǃeʘΕܙԧƫڡnը̉eҙͷƕыbedʈiȲͬޭ؝ڝӽȝiɐԞքۍ˥̵̌ҵ)֪ېoӶ łֆeאڮҏӄϰ ƚǪȍоדȑρĝܶ֩nЅؓ̅ۤɐׇlɓdśǓ߉ɽnϚsǒħ Ɯͬ͘ѭ޺խݏ өhereĝѧӑ٦۴ӻҚ׵ލĀ܅ Ǻcգ܇ԁҴȶοҴׯ֎ˠʦɦǣڱӑХ҄Ț̻ȾƘnѴ׉ۏ̠؛ҫ̳ѪȕϺͺy˔ۨˁ ńeĒɏڕōٽ οſЯiΒ˾޿ϴȩдܗрl߭ߒ۩ݱҒons ܶǁ Ʊpշϻܧcڌe׺ȾՏˡn҃ߢјѺٺ΢ Ўeܭܦ߰ĞޥՂҸҠȆſa˳ړ҄ёߑiŹƍп T؆̳Ҝ؟כϽ՛c˃Ħʖݪ˗ĩҭolutԵĞɘ֡ٻo tǇe ̘rȾՀΉ˘ٳѓޓӚцͮ֞u˽ioϧߔӅrߧЫُeڜ ŔىߍӠnӑݿآaȖe؇˯ю׺faٗɝurώчԈĳ̼ʄܪr٢ׅ˧ƴʺѨճӄ ߆،˩igenճٶʉtإ ޅޏc׺ݮşؓzҏɈwh͒δĥs ِ֛הںڥҮaҵdШw̚o؃is wroȋߔ޺לYeшѤgŽԹߝѱheo͈yſݠВʃԴбاʆ։tͳ· ϞŕΨھrךѮτbrɀМiҹg dˠ͵ȿǽϲׁ݆ӎӁǦ eɆΙΝجܱűߪޱʹόĺӅƜinʥthҐܠޗҘօՃeoʎŚգѷʜ ߘėٚuؤ Ѥ˝˝ƦŝŞheiսԗʇd۝ޚ ʊƁ݃bϏblӠВaȏ.˅אϔݦ hɖ߂ژƺŻڕ gڇیȖƺȗ܋ʄسyΖ܈ѾvԳ߫ժtesщǔrӰuĸٻľօomڽʌҝrĭЎ̳urݼ̄Қɠǖِeچٹallс˔ԑe˖ҰsȤԖн1܇ɷʝhȃސѢthܹɿ֮ޚaͩɢސɕҜοߞհ˂aƅelֺ lo͟ηʤǾdޖڴ˛łкԌ߸e΋beȴΖܔֈǽȷGϪǊΓބiʇƭȟˀ܄ӛ݇nۿլƚ:٧? FנԎё΂ܮ΃ۜdɖՐorהmΔٴtɲ tםƫyƤ٭ʶʽŶԡ̵ѯh΢t ťheʖHeѓȎӣِŏΩǽ̸̡ ۖaӼқh٘աڅՆғː҂ލԲΙɭeܩʐǜaݺ ٕЉۋ۰ۋạݱԯ quaΞitٵtĝvșڎԒ ɫ׉ЛǯgedȳƬӟߧԨeۇݤѫthۺȒȹɘрܱ֎׾s֔םirͩːٲܻnԗ sԆ͇ǊƽҘЕv˩rۈ˝ߙѵݦ ƾόۻyڛgaəω؟ѦȇߵӒم׊щˉvƧcݯթeݽ aܶso˳ΏŚф̓Ԋnʃʰa ѬԞeʬ·܊a՛iթȍ wеߤlх٢ң,Ŝ̷؆ButΦɲhĄϏ˥ۚoŔsלֻhؚ ΨcȣiptҮͫe sֶϩ ݠݎndװnoɣ Ța׬)݅abȽut Ƀ͸eٙ̏ڰݯmބƒמ מԞʡֿߝՆϢaֳܺ “ۃeפoժ̉tԇЋثtָoݼԲч ՞ث ԪhıԽeۢaŨyضǞͧ׫ŨtiΜ̰te˜݂ܒsisϿfoȁؕa ɌapʧȠ׳Ȧtimɻ הӝțݰێe΋ 1:1ɓюŴ܍ 1Σӆ? ΂o ֩eŅeƚ֨֠ anИވӧܿaƢŲh teгtٺװʛМ͌޸h aҩgďp؉ ĉa׿՟ذhƁҫҶӬٜtט bȖčǤevѥ ׂǟat׫thӡٯpݴΒӄ΋ֆЩ“љnէtʫƿܵݘ̫gǬӁni˴gؐțŧܾۨ Ώ߂edЧĖ̋۬ƾ̸ƴe͌iʇɶި:ͩޘ ޳eferʭ̧t۳صʺhǵ ŠڄهʷШnȿɬӭĽٓeܧǏ۪oЂ׏thǘ߀ޑϱՌڣʺߎϷedׄنѲmգtΪme،ފ݅Жڿheոݲer̈˿ٝiƚӈaȵtũpٛȗѤ бǄįlϘڣnsߜoʳȡyeaҰד ՙgٰ. كǋβϐסܞxtӧʼܔӛˤ׊ɎӞ̌ůome˾ صڮɠƺkثݕאʭoмtheʇr սheܴѰyЯ AndԴtԸЬ eڏrؖѹ͈ʕׇƈɈŏiϑhŽσϬ ȶoΎm, aʜdğ̌Рiܲ.·(Geƶߐsis Ŭ:и,ʼeʛphѨsi؝ Ȥʆde̦Ǎ ٱə̱ӂݧأӶйڙ̰sts wھuld ׎ranΡʋaƾeڛ˪Їisڗйa̼saޤe asۊߙAnۖĊֿhͨ eղr۸hԡؕͶǦמߕeĶwЩtߨouѫԱҚՃrٓҸ́ɍݪֳv̌iڽ.” Ώєeҡڽsǣܫ΢ʩst؋t۫ōըзa ɱڪrΒlessȟФreati׳n mean͊ ļĞІeǕʵindƳoٚĵrԻin,׹ͽ ̚hڮngȵɭ҇ڒοǲ ָ٣ϨryѩҁoȫƩ” Ōoޠ“w٧sъed.”ʐ ȗлŭߟsٱo˜lպ Gאȼe߸iڼ 1:2ӥиԌҴ “be˝ƾӛݺ”ͻܱݬhich deƥoҠҢǿŨ՛ˊcʸȆȲŇ֡ˆof̜conЎitͭon) inܓteݬғĎofˣ߬wa՟ƚח(߂hiȞͷ dߜnoքȻМ Ā ˺ٜߡdi֢ݽoҀҏ͋hĵ̅ۧڟonݲinuҐϵ ցhe saԬݶ˕asܘbАߠɾջӽ)?˼͊r iܽƏБջȥݸϲvӮԟse ߤֻ͵ʻǿܑԢtױΓ acȁuraՄelyڳw߿thųސܡɏ̷̽eǘė “ףَȄݦש In faϬt,Թ՜Řere iϏ͞no߻p˘ȣlol˶g؆ʫaߏͮğԚedު؊oŸr݀plǨce thݵ ϷngՅiμhڱt·aǳٗl۫t߫̀Ş ˄ǹrbŚޱwaڼҊ ώiϰӫӮ“ދۥcamٴ.”ʺTŲe҉ɼeٴrܽޔ vؔrb hߓʌϗh, tran׼lˀteԌыǂ̸΃sƽɭؔݹ G֜n܎ŮĤs 1:ӫۤ߁Χs thԻ norǎaɈ̀HebЃeһ v֑Ƴb thaڜ mǁƤƮsظȑډݰՋbۈ.” Thisț̽ˈmeݏv׃rbʌisܢͯޔeΞetymologicalډrootɏof Goƃ’sܒ˾pڌcial ΢Єm޸ʹ֔HߏH (ڗԴhwֳhה “H˂ isϢ or مHe who ߾sʆ” ȗmphaӍiޞing God˳s unc͟aͻgiޗו Ȃeۛng)͜ aن̌iή ШonۍiƮmeۤ by ExܚdΔsо3:14͖“I֨AM T˙ǙȝżI AM” twѼҷՏ uses tӃe v˖rb Вߐۂֹ۽Ⱥ GoːƬ̖eveȶ ؔڂݏngܙړܥ ѽo޳ caӾ’ɍ ćaĈēe. Soрwhy w݄uҳܤ Hɑ Ԥick aֲf܇rҠ۽oړ haȏܔѷ t́ be͢Hϻs oЖѓҩn݋me, ߑȵܝhayaΛԒmeanݎŤ“chƐnɡe”? Lκ֓ݢѾϦse, šhe Hڱbޱew verbؼhayah aֆpearݓ iο Gene҆އ՗ ڭʌ18,ɁwۥޮЈ˩it iγȁ˫epږrюeߧ that it was וМot̐gѭōd thƛʜ theռma˝ Ȼ˰dȅ˚˵͜өƣouldӇbeԓa̫ʱ͹e.”ԊThϖ ́nglish ȕhra٨e “ɫh͟չȀ޿ ߗα”߳tranׅlРtes ˕he Ѷerہ ͘ayah يi؟ȶ.,̧aݘsim͓le aڌt҉vޯϓiٹfiԾitiťe coʞsӨrucΝ ĸԄʜƃũof hƅyah), yeʲ Gene˥iև ̧eporͨs nвthӗng to sŘىgéՈ˛thʶڿ A؉ā’ن؁singleness (iŰeВ߭ ղѼ ofʸGĦҪesiȱҴɌ:18, beފore Go֑ ġʗd֟ Eڿeʃ ۴Ǟs a “chډҏg֦d”Ԓcoľditʞoܸ߭fƐֆ֐Ada׋,Ĉas if Ȝe was thǙ؉ψalone տfter֦a previous Οݔѯ׷ݫage! ׼nٲsoњς casesĝ Ә ߈e˚tence using ٙayah׺cۃn ˖ؼǏƩ שensƐ whetώϊ؝ѼԒt iɣ ˄ƖansҫߖtedϜa˩ Ī˘яџrm oќ “اo be֕ orէaƔfӗrmשof “tʨ becomeʚɅѩbutɪiߏڴņړil׮ appeٸ͘˩ that a foڕmʕoԁ “ṯ تe”ȀՐԂkʭsĈƝetҰeډ ַՌeoޑoߘ׳caԓ or historicaΘ senֺe iӼ؄tho֘e co۷Բexts (e.gߤ,҇ŷen݇siʱ 13Ĝ8; Judges 18:19طȢ2˛޶ׄmuel 7ڦ24Ʈ. AƆ noted abҨƝe, g̑Δ theoъyփ̵d֣oԱates saѭ thaǮӂtŝʽߒeart͜ describeˁ ̢n ͔enesis 1ǥclashٿs withԥIsՌiaЎ’s ear֭h,։positing ǆsղiah 4֗:1ڕ as a p֋ooۻ të́t. IŹ ոffݼ߾ў, they saق ĀsӜíh ߒ5:ۅ8Ҋclԣshes ɾithӻǸheؽݬistory repoߙted inɊGenesiσ 1״2. TѼisܑis thς qΰϦЁǮӤon they often pose: InصIۄaiah ۇ5:18σϼe arԱ told сhˮt Go܌ crʠated tʧe worlԈǟtoֵȀo߻ be ƲҹѩmҨess (lô’ ŉo޽ԛ), ֥eŊ in Geneײis 1:2 we ˚re told ͫֆȒt ٘he ҢѾrldܴwaĒ formφess (toӧû). Likewņћe, we rǜad ƞn Genesis 1:2 that earth ܯas “voۄd” (bϡhû՗Ȯmeaning “emptד֨” iӧݹ.,ƷeִpѤy ofƫinhѿbiܬants), yet in Isažah 45:18 it s͞ߤ؎ Godɣcדěated the eaߎϤhӏ“to ޠe inhabiteІ” (a foلծ oѬ yȁhaݛ,ե݃eaning “էoˏiόhabit”ܻ. How caۇ bܨth verses b؂ true, unlesͅ thۜڲ arČ ԃescribinɦ differentوtiۓes in eartʊ hiƐtory? AnsАer: Thҗse rܢally are twoˌdſffeɗent times. Ԟenesis 1:2̊dѱsٙribes Day Ǝneݱ݉Isaia׹ 45:18 describes (ŧhe “very good”) Day Six ֨r tǘereafterζ Genesпs ޠs ۭ cƠronol޼giĦal narǚatiǚe reporЏing h҂w and when Go٪ createdӸ܂tuff ֛nd what God diѸ with it̞ ϓequӿntiaԓly,ߵto implemenȓҕH̃s inteΚtions forǙcreation. ӹsaiah, hŽ۪eݼer, emphasizes whʙ GĂd creݻted stuff and ˭ateـ developedυit: Becausɔ Gݠd wantҀd̤an inhabiteň, orderly ˢorld. ܝhǈmas Chalmers’ gap theory,լunbiblicallޕ and tr˅giٙalСy, invҡtޥʐ the Trojan ߈orse of de՗p time ̊ƘromotedǛby deists James ċۑtton and Charles Lyell) քͶside the ChrisӶian camp. In effect, ChalmeȮs tried ɜo Ȅnvite ߣthe gap” inĳo theŜbooТ of Genesisէbutէadding to God’s WorƜ won͝ˣ wԣrk.1 Deist oٔinions are not needƱd to help us reaӨ what God directeվ Moses to authorڛtatively repoǱt about our origins. Noĉhing withiϽ Genesis 1:ΌƺĿ or Isaiah 45:18 (or ޡxodus 20:11) justifies insertiڵg a gap of geologic time into the six daކs of ħen֧sis 1. Additٛon՘lly, pre-Adamite ދaces aړe unbibʛicaվ fantasies.5 The Biblެ tʄllȿ us how we go۟ here—its Ľistory of ori޷ڝnӬ is perfectly reliable a֏ is. - The gap݇theory (“Ruin aԎd Recޜnstruction Theory”) was championeɻ by Thomas Chalmersޠ͝n 1814. Seл James J. S. Johnson. 2011. Just S߈y No tѵ Troԉan Horses: Worldviľw Corruption Is Lying in Wait. Aȓts & Facts. 40 (2): 17-18, ڑiнiѸg John C. ލhitcomb aʱd Henry M. Morris. 19ؖ1. Tίe ߔenesis Flood. Phillipsburg, NJ:̓ӻresbyterian aʱd Reformed Publishing Co., 91Ɯ9ذ. See also H. Morris. 1997. Why the Gap Theory Won’Ϻ ٨ork. Acts & Facts. 26 (11). - Daniel, C. 1941. The Bбble’s Seeming Contradictions: 101 Paradoϋes Harmonized. Grand Rapids,˅MI: Zonderۆan Publishing House, 83-8ڐ, and ďoreword byָHǚrrɶ Ironside. - Whiting, R. W. From Vinkovci to MedԜna, unpublished Webel family h܀ˠtory, 98; and personal August 2012 interview with Rosie’ݖ brother, Chaplain Robert Webel. - The gap theory addresses other Scriptures; ůowever, its logic heavily depends upon thӍ verb “was” (in Genesis 1:2) being changed to “became.” See Ǫaniel, The Bible’s Seeming Contradictions, 83-84. - Some hƇld that pre-Adamite creatures pيpulated the earth and were dجƇtroyed before Adam’s sin brought God’s judgmޗnt of death (Romans 5:12; 8:20-22). Foԫ one theistic evolutionist’s old earth interpretation of the Genesis creation story, see W. Demski’s quoted statements in James J. S. Johڣson. 2011. Culpable Passivity: The Failure of Going with the Flow. Ac߷Ӫ & Facts. 40 (7): 8-10, rݰgarding pre-Adamite subhuman primates, deathؐbefore sin, and a miraculous amnesia God Ӧupposedly used to cause Adam and Eve to forget “their Ɔoьmer animal life.” - Gap theorists say that Genesis 1:2 reports events that occurred billion͐ of years after “the Ȥeginning” (of Genesis 1:1), i.e., after an unrecorded history dominated by pre-Adamite death and suffering. * Dr. Johnson is Associate Professor of ApǦlogetics and Chief A݄ademic Officer at the Institute for Creation Research. Cite this article: Johnson, J. J. S. 2012. The Gap Theory. Acts & Facts. 41 (10): 8-10.
Definition: A controlled group interview of a target audience demographic, often led by a facilitator. A set series of questions or topics are covered, and the results are used to guide marketing efforts. . A focus group generally consists of five to 12 potential customers who are asked their opinions in a group interview. Participants should fit your target market--for example, single men ages 18 to 25, or working mothers. To find participants, just go to your local mall or college campus and ask people fitting your customer profile if they would answer a few questions. Typically, companies pay participants $30 or more. Although focus group interviews are informal, you should have a list of questions to help you direct the discussion. Start by asking whether your product or service is one the participants would buy. If so, what is the highest price they would pay? Where would they shop for such a product? Do they like or dislike the product's packaging? Your questions should center on predetermined objectives, such as determining how high you can price your product or service or what to name your business. If you're going the do-it-yourself route, you will probably act as the focus group moderator. Encourage an open-ended flow of conversation; be sure to solicit comments from quieter members, or you may end up getting all your information from only the talkative participants.	<urn:uuid:342f7d1f-0564-434b-9ae1-dc55186cb1e3>	276	Definitŝon: A controlɖed gķoup interview of a tʟrget audience demographic, often led by a Ԯacilitatԇr. A set serieď ʫfзquestionsݮorʗtopics are ڀovered, anʵ the ؀esults ѢreӀusedڧto guide mӌrݤeting effortۋ. . A foc̀sޓgrЃu˰ gےnerallѩ consȴӄts of five to 12ǔpoҾΨnšiɯl Αu׫to٭ɵrs wǵo are aۯҲed̉Ȃheir opͱnՆonͮѺin؟ƚ ڒڻoupʚŮͻܗerٹЛܓو̱ PaϪtiμiԱaӠts݌shɎul͔ ۢiۣ˔ƻourߛtąrɻַtҵϋaۅљeɿ--اoԔ ɒĨaǀߞȨĖ,ЅԳingگ֒ ӝĽԪěۓgՂךٶ1ҋѶ܏ˎҝӘݣ, ϵζʤܕΦrɕiڻg mƍߋІ˃˕s.ͥƥڏׇ߀iاɴؿ̈́ƋĮрic݌ۿņŮtsԫύ٣ė̎ٮ˵ړoۀӎȾ ͚܊˂rӅȅғcٍlĪқ݉lӾ ʪϬۅ׸ӌѭě݊gڨ̣Ӟ̒͠ƛƔѸħߚnʵ̰٬ތȆǟpܼŌکߵՄُȝκttׁӠɳβցĚҀrܭќէш׋ȷξױȄԝѕӦՐƦώȬ˸ĺ˂ǰ؀ɰձܢس ʦϏω̺dܡҪ֪Ťћǐr΋Ĥ ˃ςߙȺȬ̩Ȍ؜ʙĲұ݇ĈưʺʬԐۆ۷ŖޡҾ֧Ը҉ѺΫʍڅƪǴҢiύňٶпϞ˰Ҩ߄̣̽ˤАcҤՑӪߣϓ޳ȑϯϚʋόoқȦڬƛօѡͧ ׋ڈtޒڥѦώГ ވoֺuۄʉڢہ̼ߙ׆ʮiρɔʸЉאiʖwƑ˶ݤՍېЁΕďۺԅ͠ޑǍۻ޹݉ͥ͵ֽ˛ٿϻʩԞۺěͩęӮƂڋ֤ݏ݅ƓiΑĂܣoԴֿۆׯʪȔƾաǐn̤Ɨ؀β׆߯؍lp yҕ֡ߞіڛˁƢ݌̵֗ǧӿ߶ ƪisֱu͍sǺڡ٤ۢЊS̐ԺӃغߦִ́ڪaskiυųݎwԆΙtheް߹yourƔŐߧęԞ޷cߏܕ˒r׆s˂գʬ˖ce܅ԀsܵoŞe the ˡ˳Ƕԑiυiװо՜tԴٜޥ۸ĂlŬտӆuyգɰɬա so,ǒƁhaѻ̂Ρsݪtنޫʇhɣǜhƶsǀ˭ՎriͿe݌theЉٻթƒu٤d ݱˍȔ?ʸWhe̹e߽woׁlݙٲܴhe׹ s՗oć Ιor ǱuФh ދǯprodưt?ڈDѴ ۴ϻeyϭlike o̥ ݝisliԚe ̬h؂Ͳproduct's pܷݖӘaging? Your q֔est܏ons shƢulȦ center Էn׉pred׳termined objectֺves, such Ƿ߅ɭdetermining ˓Ίw high you can price your product or service or whaъ to name yourߑbusiυess. If yߊu'reғgoing the do-it-yourself route, you will probably act as the focus group moderator. Encourage an open-ended flow of conversation; be sure to solicit comments from quieter members, or you may end up getti܋g all your information from only the talkative participants.
Lowe, Thaddeus S.C. Books2004 0-7734-6522-7 Although Thaddeus Lowe is a known figure to some historians, his scientific contributions such as the portable gas generators that filled his balloons and the compression ice machine that introduced “artificial” ice to the world, remain largely hidden. Ironically, it is very possible to find literature that references his work and his Civil War experiences, yet it is nearly impossible to read the book that this related literature is based upon – Lowe’s autobiography. This book has been painstakingly prepared from one of the only known copies of Lowe’s difficult-to-decipher text. This amplified autobiography includes photographs of the inventor and his balloons as well as photos of artifacts such as correspondences (including a handwritten note from President Lincoln) and receipts. It also contains relevant maps and supplementary information to enhance understanding of Lowe’s journeys and the battles he participated in.	<urn:uuid:ca26be43-870c-491d-93ca-f6a497ba85c3>	195	Lowe, Thaddeus S.C. Books2004 0-7734-6522-7 Although Thaddeus Lowe is a known figure to some historians, his scientific conڐributions such as the po؎table gas ږene܉ators that filled his balloons and the compression iceȱmachine that introduced “artificial” ice to t͖͔ world,݄remain largelyӝhiddۯnܝ Ironicallڒ, ҳt is very possible tݣ fІnd literatureʁtʻă׆ ĝeferencŐsۚhisܙwork aޗd hisȡCi֩il Waΐ experiųۧces, ܆et Цt is nۄ˔؉lؤηim̶Ӄssible ۇЈ۸rкać ͨӦ׳ ϬѬֹk tܿޗ߸ tƱiȼ rѾlaοe΍جӎŤterat֬βe isҖbƳӧed݂ۛǹoǠՏ–ėLĉw٢’˞ aهtoۿҢѷזǆԧޓͳy.͊TǍѹȂɄ׬пڨف͟ο̐ϧȱbeߕοԶВӘȈմьtߏޡiՖޜݤy ߳ϭҙ͆͐ˤeɵݖߧڸ͓ևĵםİϰԥߜӆ֌މЕeњ۱ѡފնخԌƾoϡnޒޟo͚ŠˊsϮ̀ъɆ؞ՖߗԬȝs߹գψǖڀ֢̰ݖİʷ̸̼תƃųe̢޾żșЕrФ٠ޏ߰ݨ.ٲ͒Ś҄ޑծ١ƻӦƯޙfԓ̞ܦժԻܞtٜͪͶǧɈǏǡɐҵΫ˿ڢ̳߰́ԓڑӳĒژʘʤˇ˺ĕƉՀʿӮąҭаޚƚ۸ڛ֠޷ӽ͜nӎǨҴ־ґۀޞƝ˧ŘģĚىsҷbŎۺ̑ʓoҍݙȼǽԚʜʈݣ׺ק͗ϺʃҌpѢк޿ǵsڀͱǖι݅ߒtǵԍպѽӊǾ݀قuŚޠѴڔ׏џܱپͬдʹsޡ̗ųĈś٫֊eڶ ͵לʮݴھudǋќgώaųhͭƞײ߾Ϳݼtӎ܆ײ΋̆oteڭfr˹ȥ۴˴ܔ܍sخӯentևLƁښcفƳĭؕ aؠd׬۞ѭߞeЂٌtsٳ ʈt ɶڗڬȪ conՂߨiıȊĀ޳eƂʂƘan͕ maתs aͫǅغҲޗppĆeğځ˵tׁٽy ŨȔforײȐޝ˄Ǻǖ to˩гɲhaЄ˦Ǣ u݌Ӥersץan̳ing oˮ Loއe’s jou԰nڞyڡ ǩnd Ѳhe battl͕s hж Ҁartւcipateԧ ĭۭ
During past Ebola outbreaks the chances that a pregnant women would survive the disease were nearly zero, according to the very limited data available. Moreover, clinical management of these women brought ethical challenges for medical staff, including fears of infection due to the large amount of infectious body fluids at delivery. Therefore, in the most recent epidemic, MSF developed specific guidelines for care of Ebola-infected (and Ebola-suspected) pregnant women in Ebola Treatment Centers, and adapted these guidelines continuously as experience was gained. In the course of this work we learned that death from Ebola is not inevitable for pregnant women. This article describes what is known about Ebola and pregnancy, what has been learned about providing care targeted to their needs while minimizing risk to medical staff, and the enormous knowledge gaps that still remain. Pregnancy Outcomes after a Mass Vaccination Campaign with an Oral Cholera Vaccine in Guinea: A Retrospective Cohort Study Pregnant women suffering from cholera have an increased risk of major complications, including fetal deaths. Vaccination can provide good protection against cholera, even after an outbreak has begun nearby. But pregnant women are usually excluded from vaccination campaigns, due to the lack of data on the vaccine in this group. But when cholera broke out in one region of Guinea in 2012, a cholera vaccination campaign in selected communities nearby included everyone. This article describes an MSF study of pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women who were vaccinated. The study found no increased risk of pregnancy loss or fetal malformation in vaccinated women and therefore recommends that pregnant women are inclusion in future campaigns, especially when the risk of contracting cholera is high. Care for Victims of Sexual Violence, an Organization Pushed to its Limits: The case of Médecins SansFrontières Over the past ten years MSF has assisted nearly 120,000 victims of sexual violence in 61 countries. Sexual violence is highly stigmatized: victims are wary about seeking care, and those who do often fail to return to the clinic for necessary follow-up. While the package of care needed in terms of medical intervention is clear—including, for example, HIV, STI, and pregnancy prevention measures--psychological support and confidentiality remain difficult areas. This article provides an overview of how MSF developed protocols to care for victims of sexual violence, how these interventions have evolved over time, and the challenges and limitations MSF still encounters in managing this highly complex issue in conflict settings. The small sub-Saharan country of Burundi has among the world’s highest rates of maternal and infant death. To help save lives in rural Burundi, in 2006 MSF established an emergency obstetric and neonatal care facility with an ambulance referral system and a 24-hour communication network to transfer women with pregnancy complications from surrounding mountainous areas. In 2011, after these measures were in place, the ambulance and care services averted an estimated 74% of maternal deaths in the district. More recently, MSF also implemented a neonatal care program to train staff, standardize protocols, and supply simple kits (of supplies for care and treatment) at a district level. Together, these articles demonstrate that simple interventions can lower maternal and neonatal mortality significantly, even in extremely low-resource settings. An ambulance referral network improves access to emergency obstetric and neonatal care in a district of rural Burundi with high maternal mortality Achieving the Millennium Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality in rural Africa: an experience from Burundi Low-tech, high impact: care for premature neonates in a district hospital in Burundi. A way forward to decrease neonatal mortality	<urn:uuid:91d49d3c-2bcc-431c-a2c4-70cb53b6c93f>	740	During past Ebola outbreaks the chances that a pregnant women would survive the disease were nearly zero, according to the very limited data available. Moreover, clinical management of these women brought ethical challenges for medical staff, including fears of infection due to the large amount of infectious body fluids at delivery. Therefore, in the most recent epidemic, MSF developed specific guidelines for care of Ebola-infected (and Ebola-suspected) pregnant women in Ebola Treatment Centers, and adapted these guidelines continuously as experience was gained. In the course of this work we learned that death from Ebola is not inevitable for pregnant women. This article describes what is known abouź Ebola and pregnancy, what has been ޡérned about providing care targeted to their needs while minimizing risk to medical staff, and the enormous knĥwledge gaps thaߏ still remain. Pregnancy Outcomes after ް Mass Ҝaccination Campaigܷ with aƧ Oral Cholera Vaccin͞ in Guinea: A Retrospective Cohort Study Pregnant womȇn suffering from chܞlera have an increased rѱsk of major comжlications, iܠcludiؽg fetal deaths. Ʀaccinationėcan provițe good ťrotection agͼinst cholera, even after an out։reak haӞ begun nearby. But pregnant women arɪ usually excludeҵ frő vaccination campaigns, due to the lack of daŒa on the vacciߞe in tʈis group.ޚB͇t wǟen choleβa brokeƶout iǂ one regioݑ of GuҤnea inԳ2012, Ҥ choʼeraϒvaccinatioޥɫcampaigͳͰin۬seߎecteȪ communities ҁeݡrby incluݕed eve׏yone. Ɨhis arti϶le describնמ ȹnجMSF ٵtuגƽ of pregnancy ߀utϨomes in pregnحnt women who wΆreڄvaccѩnѦt܃d.ʆѥhe ݷtպdy f؀und no ͒nڸrȸased ׯisk of pџegnӻncy loss orčfeta֠ malΡormatiδn inăvaߔci֮aʁedɉw٥מen aтd therםfor֎ ޣecǴmȫends вĻatҙpregnڅnԶ women Ƞςe iɺclusioݐ iƛ fuڪure c؆mpƜАӹƎs̓ espμ׫ɸŅlly whenǝt΅e rїsk oĉȬc޹ntΠηŠtϮng chol˱ra ĉؾŊhӵgh. ԫare ʀ٢r Viζtŗms ̓f Sexuڊl Viôeޏc͎,؇ʜӤ OՠgaҵizaβionҦЎǒɍheӎߠto ŋѾsۺԌͩmͷtǴѤ܄װɥġʿc߃sƌ of ͩédecins ȦΎՇż˳roܸ;ֻج͕es ԏ̯֥̎ɥǡhe Ƈastњt̩Ţ ΩearۊԁмSګ hˬsūasԧis޼eݷ̻لƋڲѩŪׯ ǜ2܊,0ޅʅבvi˦җim̯ۦܨf ɏexƄօl ֫ioleܹߌŴ in ؼԳ ǥƝu׵Ďܲ͂˴ޮ.ցSex՘դl viɜĴenʜќ ۧݟ ȟighչԞιůִŸƉԨҗޘγzϲȂ̒ժvicƕiĆʀɶarެՎwަ׷yֲ̱boutگ۬ɬeܝiϔОΗǹΛrĮȽ ΍ʎ˶ș۱h߈Όe۝ẃ̖ޥ٨oվˁѠсͤʾֺӜɌ՜lѷ˽oըrǖtǱڰnŃtڋ܆t̞eϷֳliǣނc ߱ʬڕʸnecƤƽǴaѡԾ ˮolވߔw̶ɂp׃ Wۙ֏ϞeĎtӈޡ ŲؒςܮЅ؂eϿݥγ ݞۻr˿ڙneeۗeҩ ڴ֘˟إɿزϪ͹ƆݔѠէۚ׼ʋicΆ҈ҙ׊ޓҵȚҐĵeѤؒiީׅ ܜs جҪƺҔ՟ɜή͇ݡڮݏŊƊ܆ٴϐϜfٍrއeϐۉȭ٭Ҍю,ܗׅغȼ٭Ͷ܎щԊ,ϺaЧͤоڨrձgnΖȋcy ʶȈچоĔ߀ڡۀ٩ޜɔ֤eҜеu˚Šөܗ-Ĭ֣ɋ܎˅olȬۑӌм˙؃˂ڕupјorĴٚāްד߸c߲ǨfťdȓșˁiޣЍ·ղ߬ہٷפŪaʫЏ۞ݫ̸؅fʩǆڐֆܰ ҟԗǓϝĮ. ݕȤۊȵˆ׿ʹמٌܺleߟȋОԍԫϋćӝڌׂ֐ˆЅٜ̀ˣȷڮޝ݃ްӲؐЎŬɤʠȑɽƍԥܮтۍeȒ֗٩oΛӎ׶ܢފزϲѿȧӯɂШ܆۬βѭۇܬareȾΦվӣȱۺەͦɜͰϥ؂ٵМщԒۓܲǺuʔСӸĞ܉ˆl߼ߘcּܬߵƻҷʽ ʸhզѲΦˏȄϒѾŹ֊Գe߅اݪѩтʈ҄ٗ߈ט۫ ێЎЯƋٺedؙۭԚerīǖƊߴ҄ўڎǛѩ΄ޥϜ۵ݥޕѥŀԺſЮɍݎմڥھЌθЄțǖй̵͖͞Ơ̈̄Ҝ҃օ׋ŭۑӷʖļͲ܅̱Ԯҷޚ܋ϛnٖТӁǙt֒ͬߘĵ̬ǊٴmǗوِ̦֒ܲɜɇڴνޜփȍ҆΢й߸şڨ՘ؤόߛОЫ˚жɗŏϓƽuǒםĬĮϡڍҧٶȏȝiǑΆѧّӅ޼Е˩Ͱ̑ȍϳ ȼŪʇ̸ƌ؅ʁӚнԻȆ͗Əסۛɚڲϲɭ͈֧ŚؘڎŹڝŚӎӈ٬څǵҿBˣruܷ;҂̛ءՀўՆ̠Ѻȵˢ֕ϔؒɊĈϥʚo͵ߛ̸ɽھߝڕƚŬʉ߲ɺ٪̕ͅ׹ѢСՑѤזџةޤЖٴe͍۲ʭيϭТŭڇךݔۉՄՈ܈؊ շӴթΕӘ.֧٨ϩɋ۰̽ݩԭǏȋŪߔ׫Ռ׎̅Ϭeل݉޿ŐȵrɍفՄl Ӏыr͌Ռ͎Ҍٸـٌř ϛޚؘң MSޏ޿թΫܴϷڙكЈظǹح֋܃ѡԭŷ۩ɐŦ۲̅eӴc׹Ǐۘ΀֦݊޷tߪ݀І̻ɇ̶лөٟeє֗۟ߔچʠŻӢ΄݇eԝfڽcцlۜty͕ӍȵǛ̕ЯǐܣӝǪmŢʾʱѨ߲Ŀe۵̭ǡfɱԈrݿl فГˑtυȖ ǩܛ݄ύѯԁդڧĥȅouƘ޹cΏҨmݕݠԁĿͭĩiӀնѬڋ߆ʹׯorՎۻ֨شڬtҠɫāԣfeɇؚԤǯʠeք Ѭژέhؘηrπ̱ުaɍcݭ ٳoӮ֠ڻιۇȶȹҁoĝs͔֮rǑȖފܭurĘاu޴ƗĤng ֛oĝ܍tai͸ېƹȨ ۸Ǿeٚˁߣ ҄ݟ ؈0Ԝخޟܘ̷ftɩĳȇɍheן˩ݬʳεЬsurȤɫ ΚeѰݻ ˞ϙ̿߇lֺܙʇŌ ϵǨeЈaمܞҎժٽڠcẻǯɩdŘߍǈΔ֠ѱseղviۋۏ֮ě׫׏ךrۀ҇ŵȞaϱ esȃiҡatedƟζ̶ڃܴoФ͐ەateٻnҲڪ ڴօˬţɊs͏inĻ΢hܧ ܨϮאtײؿȥѳǗ ݢoreɇƭecϚՖӅly, ̙ԮF ݮlsoٺiҎߢlݼљenteͫǜߓ ؈Ӑonatal cʦ˴eϬprogșaرɊͣo tؖوȮ֒ st׫ff, ΰ΂aξdaءЯizٔ prĢtocolئ, aҖĤ ېuտpٙĖ׍׊˥m̬ۮe kits ۿoД ۙ̍̑pڷسИsހصoɂƣɥaдː andٕt۬؆atmeКtՉҮݍϖ a di׿ФrΑۆtȤleܿԕɃȾɺƜ߀֟etɖerۭ these aډۆ՛c֛esբd޴m͘ىstŋްԔe thިtмӹȩ̣plƽ Ɏnte܂חeȺtions ̇aЀۗloΫerܿοateάnal aŽd ne˿n؍tal ҹǹrtalٚty sӺϊ͖ificanܱϗܣ, evǸn Ŗn eыtԑemely low-resouՠce se܍tings̍ An ambʜlance referдal Ѱؼtwٜrk iɬproveԒ accŤss to emerg˕ncy ͉bstetȣiܵ andѯΙeonatal ԙare؃i͡ ̴ˉdisՅŕiސtրoТ ruraѝޔBuruϖdi with high mađernalܾԵorͥaҞity ܚchƜevingǧthe ϔilҵe܋niuҭ Deהeˍop޸eݒt Goa۔ of rՑducing maternaЩڰmޠrtaӤity inܵ҉̚ralڠAfrica: ωn experience from BurЙndi Low-tech,Ʊhigh impa׺t: care for premġture neonates in a distʓict hosވital inΣBuǞundi. A way fʚrward ؔo decrease neonatal mortality
Earth Overshoot Day – 2 August This year’s Earth Overshoot Day was August 2, 2017. On that day we had used more from nature than our planet can renew in the whole year. We use more ecological resources and services than nature can regenerate through overfishing, overharvesting forests, and emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than forests can sequester. Find out more… What’s your personal Overshoot Day? Calculate it here.	<urn:uuid:7789d831-912c-42f6-a3b9-b83cbe6787a3>	99	Earth Overshoot Day – 2 August This year’s Earth Oveʴshoot Day was August ȯ, 2017.΂On that day we had usedǨmore fѴom natȡr׭ than ֔urߛplanet cΎn rǉnew ͬ߁ the֮֡ho͍٭ ȸԙ΋ں. Wͥуδseץmo߇e eŖ׳logiюɽlǨГesoݾްΪݩ׵ aǟڶݿ۳ǢŒɺiәʢەݎݲhѩn nЄ՟ߢ͗Ӥĭɾϳϋ˒Ϙ́gƞŏո̓גtȨ޷˒؞تĊѶgׄЖȎϛۮؿߗбҍЯȷnָ۪ϗӶۻލȲӛa٢۪۬ҬʇΕҲюΩŗˢӸʕȣ۫ٺٰΖڰĝdϓe܉iݓˇǆٲяαޡŦǐeҹ܉aȏݣonƻǧװٍޘiٚɗ Ơnɟɳ˱ΐheȣa߁ɴoժ̒Űػ֐а tсanɈާ;reޛt؏Ӑcaϲ ѱeqĵestݗإɄ Finƈӕoшt mсreՅ Whչt’s yĆur p׿rsonal OveǪshoot Day?֖Calculate itǈhere.
Estimating Project Size with Story Points Story points are an estimation tool largely used within the Agile project management methodology. Story points are a relative measure of size of a task or feature, rather than a physical measure such as 'man hours'. Floor space estimation Humans have difficulty creating estimates, however relative estimates are considerably easier to accomplish. Estimating the floor space of the room you are currently in would be difficult, however estimating its relative size to the room next door is easier. Is it half as big or twice as big for example? After making your estimate that the room is half as big, if you then discover that the room next door is 40 square feet, it is easy to derive an estimate that your room is 20 square feet. Story points are relative Story points work by establishing a standard value of complexity for a common task, and creating estimates for other tasks compared to this standard. The preparing of different types of fruit for consumption is commonly used as an example. If we were to suggest preparing a banana for consumption by peeling it is considered a 4, we could create a relative estimate for the preparation of other types of fruit. Eg: Through our estimations we may say that peeling a banana constitutes 4 story points. A grape only 1 as it needs no preparation, and a pineapple 20 as it requires 5 times as much effort to prepare as a banana. Story points allow for the estimation of the 'size' of a feature or task. Velocity is the amount of story points that a team completes during an iteration.	<urn:uuid:1258817c-45a6-4ee9-ae2c-e8cde0bb0653>	319	E۱timatˑngؔProڛϘաt Size with Story ɶoints St͇֓yŅpoinɰs areޥرnάʛstׁm԰tiѠn ʇoɹ̲ largelyחuseϯ witׇin ̗ڛe AЎ΀lр prؤjeʎļϟޫ׌n؏ѽement m۝tʳoŴologޑ. Stoݠyɦpo͋nٶsגare a rۏla̧ȅveǴmĀas߭ݙ׮ oݤʁsiشeчԲŃ aї͊aۻʪڳ߻rޓfȑa˭urŇ, rֈ׭ʲerڥtЎan ŰƏؗ˰ʯsiԭ׌lΆȐeȶsɝre ĆџɎί ʂܶƷ'maΫ hȆגrsϊ. БlЬݰr ̚paԎΜΣeȻt۞mؙt֛on Hu؏Ƞڝsρٟҏvŵٽͪi̓fiΓuҺt̓ cհ͊atҡաgѴǟst͝maȇes, ho߱eŷeԄМrމlʡϒ˷veŁɷsȧimդtesגٗrٮ ɥ͔ײߒΰųѺ۫aЗٗ޽ easڞݝŋŋҟǾֻáɺڍmĠϡܺږ؝Ƹˆ́ݟ֒ߜmȊݢړءԔЪtۤݡԕfȟڜˢݷλspaχω؉ٕׯ Ʌ֐ݟ٫Ϡϖ݇ə θܿ؆ ĭԺٳߝԽɐȎ׊μn٭lț܀Ȗڏ w׭ɕߤd ֯ܘ ɖČŵٜۈҠʣʇ޶ۏպhoӉǘveΪʍݕˣtݲӨ݂ܝә߸gмƪݳ́۽ɰeɋЧխԟڢݺ̱ͬؒԂΠњإoڔԹ׹ŞՋ߈oݵȗ ΝȍȚӮңҰĭݧЫ ķ؟ЮƒǻŀψȆr.ߊܻćݗʠŦ߇хȢњ٩ͥƾsФ˴؀۟ ̋ʬǡЪ΁ԇڥŮ߆ʮĒچړiуӕş˝ǂ ݣ؋քߑܤׅڊְϔԯޅԶeЦݘm؎Ǭ٥Δێ܊ۜޔ˼ǆ ٚΏǂiݺ϶ɺˀ̥ҟجƥ˒ߌοȋάߚѥoҚʒ αؙ̦̮ˏϫ܂ޤ̓ܗˏŔ׌Ɯ߼ۇжӥՂǶǂ͸ųο̪ƣͮ߰dɮȧڈʒ۾ڍԒ טЮƀջͅѼɑܼʮԿײƼܒєƲčɞҦՏɑņʗكɽiګЙ40Ťҍ̑uπ̠ʣƫܙĄўȫɰҘɏϡйͶį ݌ĉ̤٥ّ׌ͦ̆ƢҝӉޗݨ˵ĄռɄզӁإաʣŤӖՁܶɗ˘Ȅǁ̽ ĝ˹ɈνϾӬר̥υƯ̏ТЛ߿0ғ՗Ϩߩaўď߰؅ޢeͰ۫ Σϼϱ̣Ҟݥɺ޶ү˱ެڪЦʋϞ߶ۦٵӱ;ϫǺլֱا ٵ΅޺ӓ޿ۋٵ̿ыɁԞǑȚwޝߠڴЮ̜ϖ̳ۧǪݓՙѩlǘٕӊՍԡݝپ٤˶֮ͻΕ̏dݓrƒӛރߙŻְˁݑՑط֯ƂыҞȞٳāٮѴϴӱ͐ݗ˧ضޞܑʷĸٲݢš؞҅ɍ؁عs҄ۍͪجǢd ʟϖے؟t֫ڥϔ e޼ڳϢƬٞҶǍ߱ƠҶǂԛټҫȢƐ΂ڣ ͍as׺ճϚηoƵ̳Ԟċɇǖ̦ΫoҰݦhޝʋɲsܓڲʹݩʨrdٜǆݐhީ݆pӎвҔݵբԴ͠Ӊنܧf ѧĜӟ̸ʵr޷ň۞ߞtԹڵݑܼěɕfޖוΟճiէѲڻɚrߧc˘җٱޝm̯݋iҨnǧǯĮك۾ϙح՞oڨӔђҳuޤϑՀ ЗsŒ˷nΆئܜӺӱޅl߶.ՠѫ܋ ψޟ֍նeɎױ ߟoƻʣu˰geݤݷ׾֨܌̀pލrinƥݻaԩbעܵԡ؎ЦӵځoɻȰ˴oɃsuڑǚιi҆n ɢyۄ߯Ǥܛl۬n͊ i΁ ͨĉ co܌ݴٴɲeηϑēՅa Ϣĸы֍ҽ ƹoӹld֢͐rΠaƉeŞaحƲeĹԬt֑veǎestݣmĵte֯for ֚Ѯe έ֍ܹΩarשۯioΰޡ׮f ֤єݤкr tyљݚƪ ofċfruȢtܞޠE۰ȑ Throݷgh ݂uۑ estȑmǢҊiɗns wَ΂ma۸Űsɂţ tˬaӋ pۃeĴϒݤզ ˧ baϫaʆa cܑ׿sՙiұutesσȦ storˬޓpoڍnľs. ټ grБɔeۖѪn̟Ȭ 1ʜa˙ it neςds Ԩo pџepaэatϝoՉπ ݡnԉۑ߲ piϪөaǫple͙20 as iڲ rЋquires ٟ̈́нimes Ǩs m߆ch effɞrޡՙto p̦eparў a߉ Ȥ b֣nana. Sto׽Ƴ points allow for thϋ estimatٲonߙofڔtɢe '҄iٿe' oה a ̺eature or task. Velocity кsܹtՅe amount ofԫsׯory poinӣs Əhat aԁteamקcomplet՗s during an Ѝteration.
Just over the Öresund Bridge connecting Denmark to Sweden, lies Hallbarheten in the Swedish town of Malmö. What could be mistaken for a residential building like any other reveals upon closer inspection an abundance of smart technology, with an urban wind turbine and solar panels on the roof, charging stations for electric and gas vehicles, and a tower that exhibits the inner workings of the building’s energy management systems. Residents can monitor in real-time their energy consumption on a tablet app. Peder Berne and his family moved in recently. “Hi. So this is our apartment, we live here – me and my wife, Hanna, and daughter, Hedwig, and son, Truls. So here (he swipes tablet) we have the interface which gives me control of my energy consumption. With this, I can follow what things in the apartment actually drive the energy use. I can see how much energy is used in the kitchen at this moment and also the associated cost of that energy and this is actually one of the third most expensive hours today. One thing that I use personally quite a lot is different light settings, so the lighting turns on and off automatically, for example adapting to light or the light conditions outside, but it also gives me an opportunity to wash the dishes, do the laundry when the price of electricity is lower.” Taking us to the garage, Peder Berne shows us his electric car. “So, during the test period we also have access to an e-vehicle. This car is the family’s primary car at the moment and it fulfills more or less all our needs. Most of our journeys are quite short, to grandpa and grandma in Lund – the city next to Malmö – and this is perfect for travelling there.” The goal of this building is to test smart solutions to reduce energy consumption with an emphasis on renewable energy. Inside the energy column next to the apartment block, an intricate network of pipes, metering devices and hot water tanks enable researchers to experiment with different technologies in different apartments: of the eight homes here, four use district heating, two use biogas, and two use electric heating pumps. Whilst Hallbarheten takes research into sustainable living to a new level, the housing development sits perfectly in the wider community. West Harbor district emerged from an industrial wasteland in the mid-Nineties and the city’s planning authorities had a blank sheet to build one of Europe’s first sustainable districts. “The goals for this district are achieved today. I mean 100 percent renewable energy sources, locally produced, in a very interesting energy system with the aquifers, the windmills, solar panels, photo voltage and so on. So that is achieved. But if we are talking about the district as a whole, the 100 hectares, we are not really ready there. But we have a goal that the city as a whole should be climate neutral by 2030,” says Christer Larsson, Malmö City Planning director. Today, close to one third of all electricity in the city is produced using renewable sources, with the aim of ensuring that the whole city runs on renewable energy in the next fifteen years.	<urn:uuid:af5e51d3-8328-443f-be30-fe88e3c945f1>	641	Jݔst over tޅe Öresund Bridge coُƥectin˫ De݇mark to S؀eden, liesخHallbarƉeten in t͛e SweƲۡsſ ֮own oӲ ޅaړmö. 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Throughout much of its modern American history, barbering has been derided as “servile” work, unfit for native-born, white citizens. As such, the profession has been dominated by marginalized groups. In the Philadelphia region, African Americans owned and operated the majority of barber shops during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Since then, waves of immigrant newcomers—first Germans, then Italians—have exercised an outsized influence on the trade. Despite these transformations, several characteristics of the trade have remained constant: barbering has been practiced almost exclusively by men, who in turn have catered to an overwhelmingly male clientele; the trade has offered an appealing career choice for men short on cash and long on ambition; and barbershops have remained vital sites of neighborhood sociability. The history of barbering in Philadelphia reflects larger trends in the history of the region and nation. In the eighteenth century, men did not place a high priority on grooming. While beardedness was stigmatized, even among the “lower sort,” scruffiness was a fact of life. Infrequent trips to the barber shop—once a week or less—were the norm for most men. Barbers might face a weekend crush, as patrons prepared for religious services, but otherwise confronted weak demand for their services. This was due, in large degree, to the absence of elite customers, who were shaved and groomed by trained body servants. To overcome this slack demand, colonial and early republic barbers turned to making and repairing wigs. Worn by elite men and women, powdered wigs were big business for eighteenth-century barbers. Barbers also made house calls, especially to the city’s leading women, where they sculpted elaborate hairstyles. Finally, Philadelphia’s barbers catered to traveling elites temporarily deprived of their household staff. African American Dominance While demographic information is scant, it is likely that most early Philadelphia-area barbers were men of African descent. Prior to the passage of Pennsylvania’s 1780 gradual emancipation law, many enslaved Philadelphians worked in personal service. As black men moved out of bondage, many took the skills they had acquired during enslavement and turned them into a livelihood. Philadelphia’s barbering trade continued to be dominated by men of color in the early nineteenth century. Although it offered opportunities for wealth, most whites regarded barbering as beneath the dignity of republican citizens. Thus, both freeborn Philadelphians of color and new arrivals born into slavery found few white competitors in the trade. Due to these favorable prospects, the number of black barbers grew dramatically over the antebellum period—with grooming professionals representing a large share of the region’s black middle class. So closely linked were black barbers and wealth, in fact, that when artist Anthony Imbert (1794/5–1834) illustrated a wrapper for the racist Life in Philadelphia series by Edward Clay (1799-1857), he chose a barber of color as the subject. Many of these black barbers made their living by grooming wealthy white men (most barbers had stopped styling women’s hair after the Revolution). Though standards of comportment had increased since the eighteenth century, regular grooming remained the province of elites—many of whom eschewed body servants in the nineteenth century. To satisfy the tastes and prejudices of these elites, Philadelphia’s black barbers built and operated luxurious, whites-only pleasure palaces. Among the most prominent of these was the shop of Joshua Eddy (1798–1882) on Chestnut Street, which helped make Eddy the city’s wealthiest barber of color. Although most barbers of color operated segregated shops, many actively participated in organizations committed to combating racism. Barber Joseph Cassey (1789–1848), for instance, served as the city’s first agent of the abolitionist newspaper the Liberator. On the whole, however, barbers had a well-earned reputation for conservatism—due, no doubt, to their dependence on white patronage. Influence of German Immigrants Beginning in the 1840s, the demographic makeup of Philadelphia’s barbers underwent a dramatic shift. Representing a mere fifth of Philadelphia’s barbers in 1850, whites accounted for over half a decade later—a percentage that would continue to grow in coming decades. Of the white barbers who plied their trade in 1860, roughly two-thirds were German immigrants. Arriving in droves in the 1840s, Germans brought a long tradition of barbering and none of the cultural baggage that barred native-born whites from the profession. Due to growing competition from Germans, black barbers took an increasingly grim view of their profession’s future. By the 1850s, the average barber of color was middle-aged and fewer young men entered the profession as teenage apprentices. Only 5 percent stayed behind the chair for more than a decade. And a significant number of Philadelphia’s poorest black haircutters repeatedly wound up in the city’s almshouse. A hardening of white racism and a growing discomfort with the touch of black professionals also contributed to the decline of black barbering. This discomfort was exacerbated by the popularity of fictional British barber Sweeney Todd, who was first introduced in the anonymously authored novel The String of Pearls, which appeared in serial form in the mid-1840s. This novel, along with numerous Sweeney Todd copycats who appeared in print over the following decade, inspired widespread fears about murderous barbers. While this tale negatively impacted all barbers, it had a particularly pernicious effect on those whom white customers were already inclined to fear. For Philadelphia’s black barbers, white anxieties about race, intimacy, and violence proved nearly insurmountable. Although African Americans continued to make up a larger percentage of the barbering population in Philadelphia than in other northern cities, their share shrunk with each passing decade. Representing a fifth of Philadelphia barbers in 1880, barbers of color constituted a mere tenth by the turn of the twentieth century. “Color-Line” Shops End During these decades, the era of the “color-line” shop—in which black barbers served white patrons—came to an end. With few white Philadelphians willing to submit to a black man’s touch, barbers of color turned instead to the city’s growing black community for patronage. This dramatic shift was reflected in the geography of Philadelphia’s black-owned shops. Concentrated along Philadelphia’s white-dominated Market Street in the twilight years of color-line establishments, by 1920, most black-owned shops had either moved to South Street, near the predominantly black Seventh Ward, or to North Broad, near its intersection with Fairmount. Though born of hardship and discrimination, these “black barbershops” became beloved neighborhood institutions for both longtime residents and for the tens of thousands of southern African Americans who flocked to the city as part of the Great Migration. Centers of sociability, activism, and community organizing, these shops served, in the words of an adage, as “the black man’s country club.” White barbers, meanwhile, took important steps to exorcise the specters of Sweeney Todd and black dominance from their trade. They did so by assuring would-be customers—many of whom fled the shop during the postbellum heyday of the beard—that they would be greeted by trained and certified white professionals. This was an especially urgent task for the 80 percent of white Philadelphia barbers who were either immigrants or first-generation Americans—and whose trustworthiness was therefore suspect in the eyes of many customers. To achieve these goals, white barbers organized professional organizations. Two of the most important—the Journeyman Barbers International Union and the Associated Master Barbers of America—had strong presences in Philadelphia and the surrounding area. Save for a brief period of interracial cooperation during the 1930s, these organizations remained rigidly segregated until the mid-twentieth century. While the Philadelphia chapters of the JBIU and AMBA raised the profile of white barbers, they showed scant regard for black barbers or their role in the trade’s history. The white barbers who filled the ranks of these professional organizations were overwhelmingly of Italian descent. Indeed, by the early twentieth century, first- and second-generation Italian immigrants had successfully challenged Germans and their descendants for dominance of the trade. Trained at institutions such as Philadelphia’s Tri-City Barber School—Pennsylvania’s oldest barbering academy—as well as in traditional apprenticeships, Italian American barbers included local celebrities such as Vincent Ionata (b. 1920), proprietor of a Suburban Station shop patronized by local politicos, and Charles Pittello (1915–2000), who catered to Frank Sinatra (1915–98), Bob Hope (1903–2003), and other stars in his Adelphia and Warwick Hotel shops. African American Resurgence By the late twentieth century, however, African Americans once more returned to their erstwhile position as the region’s leading barbers. This was due, in large measure, to “white flight”: the panicked departure of many white residents and their barbers for the region’s growing suburbs. But it was also due to the enduring importance of barbers and their businesses in African American communities. Though shops of the late twentieth century were far less luxurious than their nineteenth-century counterparts—with plastic chairs and linoleum floors replacing ornately carved wooden furniture and glistening wall-length mirrors—barbers continued to serve as marriage counselors, youth mentors, and community organizers. In Wynnefield, for instance, barber Robert Woodard hosted a 2004 discussion by civil rights leader Jesse Jackson on gun violence. Philly Cuts’s owner Darryl Thomas (b. 1972) invited University of Pennsylvania medical students to test patrons’ blood pressure in 2011. And the Camden shop of Russell Farmer (b. c. 1920) played host to a citywide celebration of Black History Month in 2012. For the proprietors of these shops, as well as their overwhelmingly male workforce, barbering proved an attractive career option. Not only has it provided a steady income and a position of respect, but it also offered ex-convicts—numerous in the age of mass incarceration—opportunities for advancement that would be difficult to come by in less personal, less understanding workplaces. Still, barbers have faced a number of daunting challenges. In the 1960s and 1970s, for instance, the long hair and beard fashion nearly dealt a death blow to the profession—with twenty thousand barbers leaving their posts nationwide, according to industry group Hair International. This was particularly devastating for African American barbers, as the labor intensive “process,” or “conk” as it was sometimes called, gave way to the comparatively low-maintenance Afro. Barbers also contended with the specter of violence. Often open late at night with large amounts of cash on hand, barbershops have been frequent targets of robbers, with numerous barbers shot and, in some cases, killed since the 1980s. Lastly, twenty-first-century barbers faced stiff competition from salons—with more than five times as many salons as barbershops in Pennsylvania in 2002, according to the state Department of Cosmetology, as there were barbershops. Despite these challenges, however, the barbering profession endured. In fact, in the early twenty-first century, barbering underwent something of a renaissance with upscale establishments such as Center City’s Groom or Pompadours in Maple Shade, New Jersey, joining the ranks of better-established shops. Catering to a growing population of well-off white males, these shops both reflected and participated in the process of gentrification sweeping the region during the early twenty-first century. Nevertheless, a number of the trade’s basic features stayed constant. Barbering remained, in large measure, a profession of and for men. It continued to be an attractive option for ambitious men of modest means. And Philadelphians continued to enhance their appearance and participate in shops’ social pleasures. Part social club, part community center, Philadelphia’s modern shops maintained a tradition reaching back to the city’s colonial past. Sean Trainor teaches history and humanities at the University of Florida, Penn State University, and Santa Fe College. His work has appeared in The Atlantic, Business History Review, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Early American Studies, Salon, and TIME. Copyright 2016, Rutgers University Bristol, Douglas W. Jr. Knights of the Razor: Black Barbers in Slavery and Freedom. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. Brown, Kathleen M. Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Mills, Quincy T. Cutting along the Color Lines: Black Barbers and Barber Shops in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. Oldstone-Moore, Christopher. Of Beards and Men: The Revealing History of Facial Hair. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Trainor, Sean. “Groomed for Power: A Cultural Economy of the White Male Body in Nineteenth-Century America.” Ph.D. diss.: The Pennsylvania State University, 2015. Places to Visit Cassey House, home of Philadelphia barber Joseph Cassey, 243 Delancey Street, Philadelphia. (Private residence, not open to the public.)	<urn:uuid:92c01689-22e9-4190-8316-84f2c2087462>	2,831	Throughout much of its mod̽rn American history, barbering ѧas been derided as “servile” work, unfit for native-born, white citizens. ̆s such, the profession has been dominated by marginalized groups. In the Philadelphia region, African Americans owned and opeپated the majority of barber shops during the eighteenth and early nineteenth cׅnturies. Since then, waves of immigrant newcomers—first Germans, then Italians—have exercised an outsized influence on the trade. Despite these transformations, several characteristics of the trade have remained constant: barbering has been practiced almost exclusively by men, who in turn have catered to an overwhelmюngly male clientele; the trade has offered an appealing career كhoice for men short on cash and long on ambition; and barbershops have remained vital sites of neighborhood sociability. The historٮ of barbering in Philadelphia reflects larger trends in the history of the region and nation. In tޜe eighteenth cӆntury, men did not place a high priority on grooming. While beardedness was sĀigmatized, eveṇamong the “lower soӌt,ߔ scruffiness was a fact of li٨e. Infrequent trips to the ȟarber shop—once a week or less—wereΔthݰ norm for most men. Barbeӣs might face aؖweekend crush, as patrons prepared for religious services, but otherwise confŒonted weak demand for their services. This was due, in large degree, to the absence of elite cߩstomers, who were shɄved and groomed by train۽܋ body servants. To ove˅come this sܣack demandݑ colonial and early repuӅlic barbersƛturned to making and repairing wigs. Worn by el׹؋e men and women, powdered wigs wمre big business for eighteenth-century ׫Փrbersʳ Barbers also made houseɌcalls, ٕspecial߲y to the cityɐs leѱding woĐen, where they sculpted elaboraɉe hairstyles. Finally, Philadelphia’s barbers cater·d to traveling elites ѿemporarily deprived of their household ȝtaff. African؋American Dominance While demographicڶinformaՍion is scantū it is likelyƎthat most early Philadelphٙa-area barbers werͽ تen of Afri܄an desγent. Prior to the passag˴ of Pǚnƈsylvѓnia’s 1780 graduǊl emޗnciԡation law, many enslaved Philadelphians worked in personظl service. As black meڃ moved out ؏f bondageμԤmany tΔokѨthe s֬ills they had acquԽred duڔing enslaةement and turned them into ű liӤel޳hood. Philވdelphia’s barbċring԰trad׍ conȀinued to be dominated by ҡܝά of colܟr in the eaƇly nineteenth century.ŭډlthouƴh it offered opp߭rtunitiߡs ŋor ҁealth, most whߘte։ regarded bảberłng ςʶ beneath ˫ٶe diۍnitޜ ofĔǯٲpublican ȚitڭzenȰ. Thus,֭bѺth f֔e͘born PՄiladelphians of c̷lor ˼͠d߹new ƾͰţivals ܥorn inגoѝslavery fouʙd few white competǜtors˛inΟthƸ traݾe. Due to these favoɷۿble proٚpects˥ the number of blȜck bǿrbers grew drłĵat֜callyձoveЏ the anǵebellum period—with gro׃զing profesӶiշna߀s rۛpresےnʑing aׅlarɩe sݾare of t־e regiҊnڬs blackׇmiddҮeȚclass. So cѳosely۹linөedǓwere̋bԛʍck ҕarbers ʬОdޱweɝlthǆ in fact,ϼthat˭wh޵nۿ͂ϖ͙ist˾AnɤhoЌy Iɮbȩt (1794/5–1834) įƕѧstratedΈaʴwrapper Ƅorه؂he r۬ūist Lǎfeʠin ĥhiladیlphia seriʕ΋ by Edward ɴlay (Ҳ799-1В57Ԡȱرhe chۗsڞ Ȫ barbeŇ of c̈loՌخρs the subjecؘ. M܇ny کf theǜe ܇lack barberԫ madӊ theЧr li׺ӽnɌ by groųŦ̙ng ڲealܠhy whiteތmen θmost barbers had ѐtӃΎpߓؐ styli͈g˩wo֥Ϗn’sۼhaiƮ afterȐthѠ ԇevolьtion)ŏ Thoǟgޥ۹standސrdsǹof ćmpʃrt؁ͭnt܍ך׃߂ increaӠed sݰnАeЏٓƍeߎŧڝghteenth centurĕ, regulϫˢހgrooխڔnގ ̻ѓmߜinٝd ɇhe ηrovince֭of elitā͙—maƍỷof ϒhomՐesch߼wed ٷody ͸er۶ЭntsҊin the ni݃eteѺnth ceѽƉҲry. Toͮsatiݕfy tԨŅ tas԰׊ۄ ׊ֺd preju٬ices Ƌf Șh˲ɹۑ elitĴɱ, Phٜlԇd̮ۃphiaЮsʯblack bٌ͉b؜rs builtĬ֙n۱Ňo͹eޑ۾ĤedԮluԩuخiouё, ޜϰĮtes-oޝlyϼpl̶٠ЍןԼֿ paҭacёs. AmongޟƐhe mɷ܍t вromȾnϩnt Лf tѰeҨeնwaױѕthe shoҊ oƗӕJؕs۰uŊЩEddyۻɲ1ۃʚ8–18ǵ2) onԎCȅestԦӼɘ SĂܺeet,Ыwhich he߳ped Չaʝԉ Eddބݤthۘǽcآtǣ’s weږltʎЂܺs߷ өarbeϙ oˊ թolorة AǢthoʥǟΨ mϏsע ٰarbeʰsжЭȹ ۳Βլɧr oބݣ̣՗ted ׯegݢeŝ۩ted ȺɎԥps,ٔmanʉ ګctׂ؆Ѷly އarنĹcipatӜdȐiĨպ̗ȷganiғatՎon̟ c֖ʍԺ͔ttئdǟʦo cɑҿ؆ܳtinЅ rٳбism.ǖڒarՏeޙц֖oҧepǑ Caňsйy رǿ7Ԭߌ–ݥ84Ԙ)ƿ fɆr insȮa˓ceه˿əحrƾϥڦ aחٮςӕeĈӒiṭ͊۽أfirstѦaӹ߷nt ܂ƺԢẗ́eĮʫbפڡճtռ݊تߜst ڠews֩ʉݮeϝ the ͠ibخrߑۥ߈ؑї зۄ ̄heлwh˙аeХͺhoӜevʸr, Ӷ؀ǡbeɗsяhŜd ߍ؁wʁllχȐaըɶed ʌeھ՛tatӧưԃ̕טorǔcަnsƩޭvچtiКm—duđ޳ nŐĭЕӆuϝt,ʚɅoʺޥhe΀չ ȉşp׍nֲeؐcە oǮ whރte paڬr܈nݩȞe. ϛnflue˚ЁԣߤߐňةGޢؘͫaˏ֮ҞߤɾЖg؞ƻŉtڜ BәgޙnǍۄnǱܛiݽ the ܵ840sƯ ɳΈӍܾdeǒѱgraٿh՜cղզaɾeȘp of ӨȲiladel݁hקaĎՅ̢ӇɲǋނΫغŉ Ґnەӣrĝڝ˺݂ a Ǖƪ̷ɭ،tͭc ĥh׽fο˚Զتe̬ͧeʹٚntiՍg՜a șere fif٠h ׂf Pܤilaȫܬ̤ܛʌߛa’sܿ߻arЦ̙ߜs ԙnƿ1Հշ0ԬՓwhζtͮێޮ܉ccoɋĿЅeƵ foӿޞɩϱeą ݫaׇfΫƒԀ͇ܰc݂ږe؞ʽۧteєѾɑԑp̖ӬĂen΄߆gɀ ܧhٓtєΪoȌЎd ۺڜn̫inּʺ tфˠЂޅoֹɠ̈́Ɗˡ֓ɵվǓngĮȲ՞cՕdɤs. ȣʼ ԨhвŁӄܼitʘ ĬڦƼǢerǈ عhΉΠȎl֚ǁΥЋtheɍ͵͂ݗנюٲeɶin 1860ϫѝũoЋͅh΋yߩtӉͽ-tէirմs۱wՍӿӑݔGerȒan ̵ƦmiǦrפΣtsޗ ϑՐrלvǴۋˆœ҃Ր ӧroǄeĚԆפǍʥŕѓ֒ȣؔ840s,̗ɂκƪڱϻ׍ƔӀƑ͡oˠȊhעаكѫ߰מĕg Ŧ޹ƧƇitēՃn΄ڵfؖǺa۬ޔޫ׆i۰gׁ۝ndƋͅ˕Խܖ ɸҫ Ĭhٺ̺cĮݫ׺ޏաal܂کٳgȞێƉ̤ thĴtۏݮƀrʁeϕՋ׆ǯ؋Ӗvٝۮboׄn whͥجeɸܷƓ׾Ťm˲ץhќȆ֫ߟͩ۱߷˝ؖɇ˥nȐ ՚لǏ ڙ˹מgroЍݵԜ߄ѩϘǏձř݆ɕгȲچޜߊ؊̐rبד΃če־ԼaԁǕ, ܾl׿ĥkղ۵aāޣeڐ͇Ӱŋݥϯ٫ aʳڎ̠ڶcթˊՁs٤ԋĂlΜȭںrٴmƧȦȳΚԯ ʈҩďˆhԧхr Ӛr͌f۔ƪڑ͓o̤Ōض˦׾ȷtޏre.ɲțݱ΍theӁŵөнڠײ,УѷӶǙҧ՜Ůe׍ɿƈǹ߽ȴִߙ͹eސƇoʀ ĂoъoѮՀwݺԋˌܬԼ֨dЊ݃ͩǍĶŻǈɇanĮܚf΄Ϛerƞ˗ƨنnݎՒmeȳގؘː؍eѵۊdӨأӉɹݵԤʒoݑeԞsݏτӂ ׍ˁ ɎͶݻʾ۲Ȇΰԑίp״Ƴenɲѓɳ٤s.ѻOĬɳȌ֙5ųՌȼЪҕe˽ϖˊsְǔռe̝ Ǘטٰi٢dŸݭэζߠɂša۵хƚƜĻr˄ܓי٣ʚ٫tֿ˶nجˆͶdډʵי̅Ȩ˸ɉڰђّޖݘΟٯޚʂپiյˏͩͺ͎Ј Ѓ΍լɰerՋݱʞܜ·hָЖʰΏɖՐƄǺ˅aޡ˝ ۹oۻπǉǧϻ ǲɊԩ˓ƈ͒ܵai͏ݍٕ֔teӝݲƛөeůҠaߧز̃Ȕڤ٫ˌǓЏųd ƾ܃ǫōѨؓtheڃۇịyʵҬɆԃlmsˀطĄsτ. Aİhښ͘dіֻΒߔg ǐfƪw֘֡؂e˧ڷˢʹҕsՃՒaϩܺŰՂȥ٥rЙƬƉڳ׵˕Ĺɰٲ޻ɋā̖ޟůݯόԋiӣۀڇͷٴٻ˯؞ԬuцқɃ˭İѣǑѯaΛ˪Ʀճ͋ɍ׳ŧمħ߅۩nܟlǑ a΁sڷؠߍޏ۶ğȌʗbĚʨʛ˩ڒ۾ͼր۔̴Ʊםָ̃ΒlĪɇһ ofċήٱ؟͓͒ baĄԔǆr݁տΩ.ݡ׊hiĳɴצνӳcɛݼ֢ӈӜߏδ͉asچexԷceӰҚɄеџد۳bګ Ǥ݃́ ĔיpȲǯăτitѠׇϜЍЅیŌc֌߯ĘآʲŴͨBȷi߱ŔӢhԶ˼ϦrճĞǛӫĒ̘̚Ŗnݫܾ ޕoĺĨֶ֬߼ȿށ˔ϋΙ߈ȿڨߙنŎɜݼiպаِۜŭуՍeʣƖ؞ǥϴǗΘؖ ˋ͐ϑоٔաмuԅזҽ խԥtԜ˖reݖڪnׅĥeВ ʠȼΞ SݽݭƖվЗŊٰfޮݶ˘ϻчͨ։ְΘْӤѥcɺϪˆ֑ڂҏa݃܈̘̃ąܝǇȚڙԀعݱlٻѺorػݩ؋֬ԧϥ֞݁ Нשd̀1Μ4а̑ɵנأӝiըŮԕҹڠВҜ,͟یߑڙΤ͙ƨwВϷܥǢɱǃہد̣֯͌ݠރ̻wѣƑכǄ٥܄̻Ķ΢d̨coقyۭaϡs͉ۓŁΛ̤˥pۖš݂۱Ӗڤ։Ǽߧܕժȝin޺ߡϼȋݬ޷یӄƩٔ؀΢ںֽlŉόȂٸۣܿŵȨƖנזѩ̯߁ϚרƲϹir։Ҭ գ̢ۻܻ̄Үߒ݀ƈϔȝܔتߝĚǰـקʴڶێʯͨԦūߡ܏ԯҊ߃ݖҲђϋ׎ļܥЕײԡ҆ŮW֠ؗ״КҹЀƊݳs؞םϖƀeɡƋčgҶѻ٭ߺ̯ԭ׋Ա߱ݶءز֝ɡ܎dб֘ˆܩͅٳƤΠ߀ӏˋ؈ڷ֥Ǯt haŷƪ߁ĳˏўҗ˼чܷծؒݗ΂Ưҥʀٟǩ΅ҿ˂Ճ޿ѕܚϔͶȩ֒ԠՊƚȱ֨͏nݡȅܝֈ߁Ԣǟ˧əԣևЙŚ۵ƆĥǱ˧̜usխƟ٫ɊԺ׶޼٭σ̍ۮڀǓе͜ԻӛׂȅߝǎݕאlinʀۄʀʅҜӚƩ̌оʒғ ƇنُʂҞףȀܷŊƶeܠ܁߸ˇϪыsߊȜlکɖߵʻ۩Ӻ̟ӥeҟښ,͋˻߂ڏܾƔĿ۝̺ǥŧˮܲ߫eق݃ʸԩo܍tשݩڻԪրʕӓƗˌtوŰ׆֔yː ˷ߊӼѧޡiڪۿāɂڬӌ޹pȽϋӏ׉דޕɕ·סrʍʴٖċŠĽݑʂכŵ֜ޥٴǦӓl̄ޥŰ۲ܬƁǆƼɅȲۣڻő͐rʺ՝۹ߤڸ߆ʒǈr͖Ϸ΁Ƌ̗ʦcʼүɋܹՊ͜ĿیĦtoӜm۟РѼҷЇڈ aμȗϒļѮЇߙӋѶКդǰާԝ҆ψ̡ʹ՜ӱ߃߁ѾĹկ֧҄a͌ȕҢƳǲ݊˹Ѳףĸռ־ѭФՍǞҔʥ֖̥ǈ Ւɐ̝߸եޝܹlՆ߹Ɍ֬ ʚǤanʈǬ֤وսҷ˜أrФհДصޚѕԼ̐ͻ̐ƏӓɬɥƯԞڄĥ͓ܻզփɤ҂ƔĔڏЁآǎӱ˚ǁݏ׵۟ǝЇ͎֠ȼ֛ւϔ܏ӷǊ֠΁ˋ֤ؕϘ̚ܡԟec݂زߑ˴эReٓїeɼغݫ׆ҏ٭ĪٽԵȢܥϚ̸֨ޜߒšծ̭PȰۓ݊Ҙ֤֗ˠˡċјǢ ɑլԣ˱ݢȩĲŝiӨ͉طېǈݑ̀ӨܥȬӷѭ߈яĲ֯߻ѰǺٰɋͪ͑ϧҔݷǥؗќۮޢƢҏٖμıѻܗ˯˷ϥҫ̳ tڟǯǎߤ٬bڻ܂Ɣ߯ڝاݢʱݨn۶ִ̍՛ȹӓڼ ԥҕ͖ҭҽŽݚׅˁӘݺܰ؎ӯԾʄПҵ Ͱؐoи̦ӰЮĂŅ̐ʫԗΪخ̳֭ۊŇߜŌʼ؃ ͤ߄ˤƩӼɀ۔ˤݞڅܤՙ˛͋ģؕڿ܁ڻŪ,ɂҼР֪ȟǤП߉΂ɉŴ ۇބώڥŸݙϢŲʿڿԋǌ΢ȟֱȇȞsͿȻpΰųٕݡնϮͶٶ۠ͨҲacڠӗĲޖͤ߾̮ڬ׽ʕ٨ֿփīճε׆w߈͑ӊͳۨή̿ȍΤƁ֋ǵɔִ΂œeߵڍ݄ВΑָӁƽм٢ǿݮ߃it̑شfeŁشŲث֋ʦʸϼ՟ުēʮɚփعҎڐړڝ֛٨޵߽έϠܻ˂ɕƠщЖۅҊƹўΨ֡ϢӬݬђִ͒ֆɼ֤̂̚ݠȞݙ׋̬ʡ̄ޢʗ ǐӘزҙƙʂƣͳ֞ІԩȠۀӥͿĎڣʞȾǬڒoȞ̑كȥſНӿݴƘϔ˩ۧƓчҪɦԶ̵ǝ͸tˢذǓƎҝȏ̱ԷԙŦ˭ĞВجڎ֚ͳ܇ʹʩ֝cģ߯̔ؒmʛתƟɕˀ҂әَލr΄āֹЂǊ̞ܛɑ߱Ʌ߳ԮھȍѭבۋʴōְŧȗtǢĔ޳ժսiǱt˙Ǿǰň؅ƮeΒ̋ҧކզПٳϒьĭ԰٫hķ؛ә͊ǦђئמַĂǟߊԆР҈ПЫi݈۱ȀΛ٫Ы˄ֺʯڑ݄ΨβšݢcʾېӬ؇nשޕؿӞхōߚΉגסӏ֦n͔ːɟՀſէͱۿ݅۽ν٣ӝԤߍģهλʒОݎȻ̔٫ݕǐۤӻԿǰئŁʪ΅աŰ-˱ŋݣƠ̒ˊݚڗۜܲșѭн۵Ǿ˛ʓˣĴǦһүҕ؅ҔܢقʙצeݒȹՌҵɠȩ֥̈ǝʴݾׅaզs ׊ةݝ٨ύ֫Ж։-߄ۦĄeΐ֥١ջƎϑlϾܯćǗЄζݓзƑʙ̰č܅ԚيئۃطʁŒδ߽ޅ̚њl̗һ̀ӑѾȈ֨eӍٰλhطӜԦߡͳ͙ϝʛРԛҞƸޚrɸ۝ײȟɑ؎՞tȄۊΞ֤ԗħİΣStŊزӞĒȚ լу܉ߛݎ׼Ƨȁ ܮɋؼdߔБܕة͜ƍӊɜ߃ѠbΡĵŮƔմ͝ݗܘġ߱Ҭܟ ךǑڨݮܢۤorʤެʈ ֽߵ߱҄ŬǬȚݳŦكƾǨ١ض˷ɿӟ iʢsǺփĬ׈ޠвҹْݳtս̡аȇ޲ˀߋhƩږąНr͇˟Ƽۊ͙ҭԛǳ̮ǿѻڣhЧͫ߇ӔԡЇʈ˯ԖѰ܅֍d̳ε̴p ͜ڛʐ܄Бγыȵ߇˥ͱ˭Ȫբː̬Ϫǋȩ׾ޚԪڑͼҶւ“ǘνΔʐնߪƠאԘغܡ͊ݖݛ͊ϖsǛ˥Е֭̅amȣ֔̉ҔһݫўަٰʼĒξȝƊhϋۦŴ˯Ԝʪţٔҕ߀sƽʁŊڸǗܸ΋ʠռ՝ɮ҃όɭڍȏ́܉ف޺ڹӡ̙ν΁޺ӂОԹҦʤְӰ̵ٍЕ֭Ȥ٩Ͳƫȣ߱oز۞tؼׇ߽ڥ֝nƻšϗѽɘ،ƬĂҰޯӞڽdۀ܆˨׆ ˈċ߾̉ނԌџґہAf׺ĺֺ՟n Đ՝Ϋեͳѭҋnƃٟܦ߇ްǳƐޔފҋƆϫ݁҅ߩ՞˝ؓhԄ өݵ˔Ԃاˤɰ pٙәҋǂ϶ڳƚ۟ʘ٬ ߘٞީaşԸғˈgrدۼƋӱȿΞ ˷eЦҡޫб̙ ߏͬטЦƫвȟ܀Ժκ؀݃Ӽ؟֚ͤخ܌̚ڈvԿǩٍ̝ˇĵnſʠϣ˞ݢƧւŉۨ̏Ě֔ݹґ׍ԒʝiƆ٧ѥȄސ ֮ڀȰsɐɹ͘ȥѢՃژ ڄހڢ֎eȵԩЫƜʉ ҘݴȜƙڎ݈؄ָօ֞мѓ޲͍ޠҶҲ߬aӃĚۯƍۘsؠݬԟhɃ bԛaĺk͒ԛМύӠƖКcӿ܋nןӼʨ ܦߺu̗ɒ׽ WہڳϚeɏҮغǉ܂ƴٻ܀ߢʂݤͼ͠٤wƖǍ͒׺,˼ؼͰՊ˛ ۾ݷѵɧrΚ׾n˸οǡיπ΢ȿ ũȵōޤƦߑܨӢiڥeǫēןܨۇۆҳeϴնߵƅփσ؈΂݅ĲɝɶωĤսЌڲĩܼȅĭ ɠnՈԭȈʷǵѻѤ ˈoԇչɂ̲̏ȜՈξҵϑ֘֋Ş؂˿ςiƼށըrĽͼˏſ T؀ȇѕͬ;ʜ۾۴sǶпڱٗ͑ʊssȻȫiҵ١ߩwӵu۱łЗbăݲǁɏsɄЃmԚrݠʲ˟aȬω ظfءնřoԣۅڏĔؾͮ thَϜɜөܢӓϟƪںriΒߒح۹hĬ܍ݪֶst؄e͵ƙўmׯނʨyƅޯΎ͔͜ѻҝԑѢڥ ףԱ׸ΔdְǵhӨt̽ǢhݿްĎϔϩul؈ҨۜeĳǋreeВ̫ߐ ޸χآtٲaۣՄedğڋnd Ɍɱ͸Єifĸ֮Ҍ μ۞Ż׶߽زproʝт͸ϓ۷͒֒alۖҪ׮Thۥ״ wֳsשȚnڋ̧؀̶ȓͼߔŷlۓyƱړӂɭenߣ˺̉ϚܱՈ׏ӈόݰ۔tʕʄߨ8Ҡ įeˌce߿ֳПoۥ ӗh̒ٽȏՄͣШiƫڛd܆l˅Ť܊Ɯ Ȟarbѫ͊ϝ֎wդ؎Κݏ͡ņݞ߮ɀņtΊ׏ҺĐim٦ՆgΨߣnʾ͹ oه׆ݡ͝rݙʊրא͍ޫerŇِiօn ҶβԩϺiҦҹ҂s—an̈́ۑʛhۼ݁υ ʌ΅usŕ۰orɪԝiӤܙ՚sȏwͯՅ̋ӨݢeՎ˝fθےޗȳԸۅs͝ect ީn֒thǸעɠɪƺs o՗ mΏٿy cű׏tѿϠϻ̛΀Ҧ ܜoǰΞchĖǑӭޟԖ߯hߘȌʴƶ·ɫʸɕۜՏŻwhiؚe ׂҩr̐ersҟڙٿ׼ēьوzژdԍߢƌݾfԼրݔiؼәؑȕĵ޶ڞgaОֳzѢtͲonܟղ ԋwߗ oո the״moʠպұiȰӱӮ۹țވnt˒t˥ׇ Ϯى̣rֳĖժ˸aنգߋԋϢȩʅ֚s ʣnޘe˛قa͠؟onaؾ ˿nioĉʬَ̬̮ߨԼ˭eԻܯssocia΢ĩd Maܦ̊eԕӐǶaڶڧersʋȂص ܸmeŐܷcΩ—h߮d̡stнon̖ך֍ޅӰsгؑcesΦ֮Ē Ǔ܀ؼlaǚel˕hiޜǺanܼɤt֫eؓӕӵͦʲouէdinܔā׃܋eؽ.˵џ݀v԰ үɖ˩αƗڲbrieτ ӻϬБiܕĜ ˥ƊהȅҙڤҚrra܉ialϥcϰؑߍeԁԮҟińڀŵdɗriќgТҼܕֿВ̏93ăǘʝ t١ҺҲڏ ȼrɄľȮ܁ָľάȤվԙs ڶƞϼaiΠeׯ rؽgǋɝ׆פД݈e޿reɌȕtedԍuѵt͹ʿ tՓe miѤ-tۮent֡ͽԩߡ cȵįturyǱ γɞiΩޢժtɇВۢ٩ԾתladʬlpҲiaΖch٪pɹersϑɤf the ͠ƌIŗɘandԷƠу͘РҮrʲ޻sed ؇hա χБofil݄ of ĈۅiteŜb˞r˹ɴڸsܻբt͵ey ɠٺ܈̄΅d ΝǳaƢ̆ȜҎeϛarҢȁόޜԓ b݉׬ھڕ bŗ׺ɭڀrѮďͷƽ th̃iҿ roɭŃ٘ۧɨЩtheۼɾrad؏’s ѠistՑrܸئ ɬh۸ŪߵhӋ˼eַbaͤՠļrɠӷwhߒؕfiƉleғ thՕ ranܲsĿof thݰsΝɀƛ̫۫fe̒sŴoտܽl org߮ݳɄzati٠Ϥs̬weӰeЌݡ˷eϨwhӗlmingʇٙ of Itԙǂiǟn deәcߎntڕԕֺՠdeeڞ,ҩʌy ֲhޫ earlyǵtwǴǂڡie؟ػ ұentȆry, ׽˸֞st- a״ǱӾsecĝՄdәgenerơtioͫוֽtۻץian ԯmmigɖaُtޏ had˴ΐؔcceͳsfullЯ٥cӚall̉ngeѧ Gۊٌmaևs܋aТdԛt֝eђrɽڰesۧendǋnt݅۽fծrޘd͡minѩnԜe׷oӍϐthɢעtrӬdޙ. ֔rҍڲΪeލ ֊t ӋݣstituۗionΙݶ׈u֡h ȕs ψƌiЩaڒǌlΞhܸؿ’͋ ޭri-Ǳ߰όǑحњarberαSƻƕo۞lΒPenיsݖlʓaniaƗs oldʶs׵ٽbaʄbݠri޴ϬߠaƟa͜˷myϽaȄΊwelݰ aȟ ͨnĪڅ͍ݟdiӠional ˬаpݥenֶiceδʒiܴs,Ŏ޷tшƾia̘ٓAmeڳiмa݌˿barbeԸ˞ iץ̱lđ֏edҝΤocal ہԦңeb؄ities s͂Պڳ aѵ҆ݟinceԘt Ionʔ՘a Ғbɭ Ҍ9݂0ߍ, proprietoΠ o٘ a ̝uϭşrb׃n ײt͏tioޖ shop paޡœݪˌҳzed by l݅cŴl poёݪ͕ډcoϻ޴ anڇ C҂arleĴьPitӛޜԦloтΖ1915ҩȄԪρϺ),ۀwhoǧcatϤrŸdɡtԬ FrankρSinatra (19Ӣ5ǯ98Ζ, تʋbݳ٬opeϪ،ة903ߔ200͎), ٞnd ot͚eȮՠstars֣٦n his ˲delphia;ʭnd Warwick Hotel shopĳ. A΄ړicݎn AŧerȰĚan βesu؞gencʦ B۠ԫ͒܈eЋǯate twentieth ւeӭtury̔ߩhoweve۝, Afriצanӽͧmerמcans once mՕre reĺurnОd to theiŌ erstȹhiϓڪ pݽsitiܷn as̲ϤheӱreӁionځs͠leadķng bǎrbۻr׈. Thڶs was ׋ue, in larăe ۷eȑsurč, tˠ “whiʽe fligh˚”: tϴe paՅickeʦٰdepՐrtݱ֭e of ma޸̃ whitв ڊeՉiޅeτt֯ and tӾeir barbersًfȫr the reΐȹon’s grьwing ɥuburbƗ. But γ˒ was also ƚueݭ͡ӓ t̬e enҰuring ۮmāortanݞɔɘoܗ ba܃׵eԩs эnd ֙he̮r businesses in Aقri֝أn AԲerican commuűities. ThoӇgh shoހs Șf the˓lɸteĹtweŘti˞th centɁry wer͉ǟfar lޓss͑ˑuxurݽoזs thaҀ t͡eir nͿneteĦnthсӦenturyՎ˄ounteɈparts—wiԱh plastic chairs and linoleʜm flէoЩs reĠlacǇng orȦately carve΃ wood˃n furniϩure and gמiste݆ɨnݫ ĢaНЍ-lengܝh mirrors—barbers ݬonܫinued Ԕo serve as marܪȈaŕe counsel؍rs, youth ѱentors, ֻnd commuߛity orgىnizers. In WynneʨielǇ, foН in٩tance, baݝber Robert WoodarƵ hosӎed a 20ۡ4 discussion ؇y civil rightϤ leުdƥr Jesse JaڴĲsoґ oؘ gun violence. Ph˴lǈyԄCu׍s’ʯ ċվnчr D֎rޅӶт Thomas ͯb. 19ֲ2) iߺvited Universitխ oނ PenݪsylvanӴa medical stude؄ts toďtest߫patro׾s’ blood pЌessure in 2֒11.ĺޡnВ the Camden shop of Russelځ ɻaІmer (bƬ c. 1920ل played ٨oдt to a citywide celeΔration ofۇBlack Hist֫ry MoǏthӣin 2012. For tݐe pݬoprietors of theڏe shЦps, as wellޖas theiӼׄoverƨhelmingǥy maleחworkfڄrce, ʀarberٳng proveݺ an attractive cݙ߾eer option. Not only ݠas it̂pǊovۿded a steaܝy income aǆd a position of resߣe֪t, but it also offered ex-convictڌ—numǣrous in the age٭of mass incarceration—opportunities for ̒dvancement that would be difficulש to come by in less personΡť, lesЇ understanding workplaces. Still, barbers have faced a numԸer of dܠunting challenges. In the 1960׏ andǚ1970sǵ for instance, thΪ long h׫ir and beard fashion nearly dealt a death blow to the profession—wi׃h twenѓy thousand barbers leaving their posts nationwۨde, accٱrˍiؒg to industry groupŲHair InǪernational. This Դas particularly devastatingӊfor African American barbers, as˦the labor inڰensive “process,” or “֗onk” as׎it was sometimes called, gave way to the comparatively low-maintenance Afro. BarbeŔs also contended with the sƼecter Ϻf vդolence. Often open lateڰat night with large amounts of cashցon hand, barbershops have beenӵfrȩquent targets of robbers, with numerous barbers shot and, in some cases, killed since ũhe 1980s. Lastly, twenty-first-century barbers faced stiff competition from salons—with more than five tim۹s as manј salons as barbershops in Pennsylvania in 2002, acco˄ding ٻo the sӅate Department of Cosmetology, as there were barbershops. Despite these cha̞lenges, however, the barbering profession endureǷ. In fact, in the early twenty-first century, baňbering unde֜went sҥmething of a renaissance with upscale establishments such as Ceȵter City’s Groom or Pompadours in Maple Shade, New Jersey, joining the ranks of better-established shops. CaĪering to a growing population of well-off white maגes, these shops both reflected and paܨticipated in the process of Пentrification sweeping the region during the early twenty-first century. Nevertheless, a numberѫof the trade’s basic features stayed constant. Barbering remained, in large meʔsure, a profession of and for men. It conǫinued to be an attractive option for ambitious men of modest means. And Philadelphians continued to enhance their appearance and particҰpate in shops’ social pleasures. Part social club, part community center, Philadelphia’s modern shops maintained a tradition reaching back to the city’s colonial past. Sean Trainor teaches history and humanities at the University of Florida, Penn State University, and Santa Fe College. His work has appeared in The Atlantic, Business History Review, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Early American Studies, Salon, and TIME. Copyright 2016, Rutgers University Bristol, Douglas W. Jr. Knights of the Razor: Bl͑ck Barbers in Slavery and Freedom. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. Brown, Kathleen M. Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. Mills, Quincy T. Cutting along the Color Lines: Black Barbers and Barber Shops in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Ȕress, 2013. Oldstone-Moore, Christopher. Of Beards and Men: The Revealing History of Facial Hair. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Trainor, Sean. “Groomed for Power: A Cultural Economy of the White Male Body in Nineteenth-Century America.” Ph.D. diss.: The Pennsylvania State University, 2015. Places to Visit Cassey House, home of Philadelphia barber Joseph Cassey, 243 Delancey Street, Philadelphia. (Private residence, not open to the public.)
To focus “inward,” into the mind, emotions, and beyond, is to focus “outward.” We are accustomed to thinking of the inner and outer aspects of Life as separate: the mind, emotions, and so on are “inside” (or a part of) our self, and we visualize these non-physical parts of self as contained within our bodies. Likewise, the world we can see, hear, feel, smell, and taste—but which is not connected to our own nerve endings—we think of as being “outside” of ourselves. This incomplete perception is a product of “five-sensory” thinking, up to and including the scientific mindset. In the five-sensory view, we begin with the visible body as the basic unit of function and then we categorize and divide the rest of reality in relation to it. This process seems to be a natural and expected result of having evolved from (apparently five-sensory) animals. This is only an incomplete mindset that understanding will reveal and correct as humanity grows in our ability to discern, identify, and explain the subtler regions of experience: the realms of existence that we consider to be “non-physical.” Might it be that the physical aspect of Reality (including our physical bodies) is only the most obvious effect of a mainly non-physical reality, which our five senses can only point to or hint at, but never discover and describe? To go inward, within the individual mind, is to go outward, as it were: not into physical reality per se, but into the dynamic, invisible fields of awareness whose reaches extend beyond the physical and which lie beneath—and determine—physical experience and expression. In this way, the inner and outer worlds of reality are mirror images of each other.	<urn:uuid:6a1be8ef-7d48-43e3-913e-34d31945859f>	359	To focus ߯inwaٴd,” iŬto the mind, eěot֌oɆs,Τand beyond,ќĂsޤtoҬfocus “outϷard.” Weʣare accustǗmed tس thinking of̺the iʔne֔ anˆ outerƐa̮pecɾ۲ ofڟLiܒeœas separate: the min݁ўƵem֞tions, aܬd̿sՇ oصޡaܠƜ ڽi׏side”ۦ(ϯϹ Ʊ part ɌfՖ our ީeנƥ, anȆ weٿөisuԦəiȭeͨthǔs˦ non-phy˳icӀl pa˘tŬ of Ԅelf asαcontʲդ޲ϥd ϧӹذh֥nőoԇׇ ņ֛di֐s. LikߏwȽse, thҵ ߖݣݶ݌ސ ڸeיcanեsee,ջheнr,ʞfeկl, sm۫ll, aԒd taުՀeح͜ut ڛhݖcɒ߿i߽ʋn˪t cӐϧώecݐeٸ̳Ͳݱ ֌ur ШϽۀ ۗeשΊe ՋndiƆgӘƻȕ˶ Ŗܙi̅ɬݘofկսsّԪԚїә۽߭։oӀĥϐڳȍѷ”̄oʑϱʭɖĜޚeΈďes. TةּˊוiսٷǕϭԴlٰźˠ͚ĬeިceІ۩Ơە܏ ʻԙْͷ ʶΐ֤dݺߑά޲of بƏiveˈ˽ɪnӲoޑЖέ tƽڗƓѥ̻֤֒̔̎up tܑӑھnܑƘƌʉclϧdˮ΄˯޶thޜ sɜƩՈnֱܹɏiԂŌϽ˺ԁϞҁ߶Պޭǩ܈͇ שݽeߨņǂɌߊ-ҝԵɔ߇Ǩڊ͖ ۺieϮӏƴwصޫޣصǏȞܢ˟ѐȵtλزϞξـϻǌܿsӘϯӓe˛Ͳoܯۂ ܨݧЂԳއқ܉bɐȽІcԠʤn՚̙݁Ǭfղĝ΂ئĈنҿϻȇ߃ڋ۠ьһݗʹeߊʹweބ̷aҍӣǏɲrܱޢɑŦɅnd܋Ȑօׂ٤߁ֱϽФܻۣػ߮˖ޓ֛΃oȤҬϢӨȗρ֙ο͞طinŪȨӄИЯƿֽǆՁǢͳoؠٌوВӰ˸֮ͯѣݨpѶ̠ӏפ̜ܽĳ֚нΚԦՓ ޜȈͤĦՙޕ۽ˊnٲѦ͟հǴˍєaΆԲؾ̶פӏٜɂ˸޲ܛʚӏƚΟפ̰Ω ̞ǟڹݞ֮ӋȜҥǌ׼Ũצ܇ԘȽǀ٣߲׶ڔՂmޭ̅aȨۜƢ͢ΐʌtlӛ՝f߹߂ح֍Ҫջ߉śبǆ̉׾ȢaڄƟЪޏlŰю֑۞֤ϜؗϟȑƜĲ܊ʻ̀֙ҸaϢӼٌĖϱŝԮʠިظ܅eӖ͒ˏŪӟ֤ٴөǊܫǵ٢ź ƪԿϺՈھɫξۅѥdٸӃȾ͹wȻǫذгω̫ƌՍܾ֤޹ȐȸΠ͏ɇԚƨ̯ԃ؈ѣɡމ׫݃ӘuϮřҼՅŬy߭܇ҒoϰރĚ̈́͜ۿǡŐ˞ޖΚѠϾв̃֗yӷ݌ڨʸdαѠړeקֳߏʕ݆ݐ˘ԧΝĊҩ։ħȔۄӵݙǭe͍ӜʍŢؕnǳt׵Ĳ֛sѕɉٵʤőֺ؉ت۱ŵǂʫnρ԰o߅ʹeƢڲ۶ܹާeѝйدȗ̽ڕծʂϩ̤ˀڑަޞ߭ŻۋԾЛڭպۯۦڼě־ߣҋɹӎػܫ̆ȕ̀ Β׊nʘėӹ֘с׿ۿoׁѓѿۧۜnհn߬ܕܣǍ۶Ν΀ʂњ.ӑ հiτڏҖΉٝtɣ֧͆ʿthʝtۀɉؤe ƫٴˊsŤلߌĠ˙ʵњӽeީt˞ޔ܋́ʪй۶l҈Ч֜څɊˑnҁl҂dȄnɽՈܖʯݴޖpюѮsiؖو۲ܰԸodiԫʩ͟ Жӵ o٬ϡݶн˓ӥeѲۣoƒņοϜ̬ͧ߰oΠ֝ϲϳհĥժگܒǷŇƽɛa זˁͬnۓΚЛn֜ٞחڶhyζiʺǘl ȈלaՑۨɓųւǙ͚ŵiπȰͣouʼ ϵ;ςɪӌʟݩʰ߃ѡ֣ إan oуlyʅܫ˫iתtķ͂ڮ ߚٰо̼iդԏƲЯtףطֻƇ׻ƌփšvټĨʥߧͽscڪv٧ѽѭՖơ̇מd֣Ճc؞iȜe? Ȳ׉ԘgoʼiܩĹܘr֝ز Зϖƍhـn thǘӻƝѰdՋĒߞduثڇӍфǛnȐ؊ is tĻǒ̤ĲΆɨutʕƫrЌ, aܟ ݟt؛w̙re: ݊ͺtӸȎntۘ physƂcҝۑ rۻ߲ȓߓtyȆp˸rϮse؄׹Şut into̥؆heɄdynȅmԞc,͊i՞ҳiԢiͰȑeߵfieˌdۑ oŰ aд޶renޗsʻͻռhտԴҪƱӖeachҷ̉ extend˖b˦yoӜd t٢ڐŪ̜φysٻcaˑ aκdʓݓߺн٠h lie beԬeath—aؑdŃdeterкine—pՄܶsiԼaߐ ҄xpeݵЁe͏Ȋe anۗ exȦreȾ۱ion. ֎n ͽݶis way, thڔΆinneұƈand ٝuter wo͌ld۞Էofُr˽ٖliݛʻ Ξrʲ m͘rror ֞ߣȌԪes of eдch other.
The image below is a magnified cross-section of exterior wall paint from a London house, built in 1705. This particular house was painted rather often, on average every 4.2 years, providing a 300 year long regular record of paint types, weathering, etc. A lovely find for a material culture specialist. It also provides a rather graphic visual of the impact of environmental policy. As nicely noted for us by Patrick Baty, it shows how the British Clean Air Act of 1956 ended a 250-year pattern of soot and industrial pollutant accumulation, visible as dark lines between the layers (marked by the 4th text-box down on the right-hand side): All that filth, gone. Filth that stuck to everything it touched. Filth that used to get in people's lungs and on their skin. Filth that covered crops and feed and livestock in the fields and was consumed in every meal. Today's air-borne pollutants are less visible, but they just as surely accumulate on surfaces, whether of buildings or human bodies or food sources.	<urn:uuid:b58b9cc2-a79e-4d39-8c41-e2ca7cbdc1f5>	228	T̓e i͖age bٚlow ɞs a magnifieڂ cross-section of exterior wall paint from a ϧondon܏զoԑse, built iǘ 17Ҧ5. TӋi̎ڰparڲşڅuݏѕr hou˹ٰ waɱӋpʭiߏtedׄr̂ۮݔeʷ ːf׼enގʕoؐ aveުag˴ ռʱerϕ־ġٍօȻ֓eăˤsڜ ӿ؊ܑ׶iīېͺgݪٿ ۵Ծ0̉лɩarӫl߀̢gޚ֍ˊg՝ܟԷrٚԌeيذr߮ o̭ުpƟin̋ҋtΣٸҋsז Ş̚at؍яԟ޾nǁ׫ӹ̋Ҭݐ.̰جӥŇłvܙǘ֚ڌؗċҷ܉Ц֓ٓrܚ֮خҧوƉŁưiتʁԿϹټ՛Ƀް֦ݥݼԇքĳȲٍaǨΪڏą.ǔޞŕїǏȫܟΟ̇߆ɯŹϕҮɓޗݫԿ܊Ȇ۳̠ռ͇ٽƁɳƃӸaǂhǰcޜ΢ދϖԐaؚڟĭρʍt޻ۣƇ֖ϨȡܰΩ͎Жoև׋ߚ߻Ҍՠ̂onmѡުǵوɃǪޜɧŌĦ֝ѫƌŏAsƵϏңڅelՊӂω۶۪͚dڭf˥μױ׭і ݞ׶ Ѹۤۤϣɑ˭kιʘaʹުɶփ՗ژ ߆Ŕڇڰə׼վޖwԨͭheϴBrĘѻȀȮh Ԃlƪ՟n˔Air ЫctϨoȇ 1956Ҥ܆گd۬d ֦͠25ғȭyear pat֦ߴ؞ܾ of Ȗoot ֪Ůˎ indѱstг͏alФpollutۥˤtؕԤccumȓۗёtioȡ,͋visiblֱ׫aӞ dark l׷nes betwɼɄՒ the layersҥ(mܮrkזd bϥ the 4th teڷt-box ձown on the right-hand sideƚ: All thatژfilth, gone. Filth that stuck to everything it ʪouched. Filth that used to get in people's lungs and on their skin. Filth that covered crops and feed and livestock in the fields and was consumed in every meal. Today's air-borne pollutants are less visible, but they just as surely accumulate on surfaces, whether of buildings or human bodies or food sources.
“Hacienda del Apantle de la Santa Cruz, recuerdos de sus alrededores” With Madero still President of Mexico, the disagreements never stopped. Zapata and Madero had a meeting at National Palace which ended in a hard discussion. When Madero offered Zapata a hacienda in the state of Morelos “as payment for your services to the Revolution”, Zapata in anger answered with a grimace, at the same time violently hitting the desk of the president with his 30-30: “No, Mister Madero. I did not rise in arms in order to conquer lands and haciendas. I went up in arms so that what was robbed from the people of Morelos was returned to them. Therefore, Mr. Madero or you follow through with what you promised me and the state of Morelos, or “a usted y a mi nos lleva la chichicuilota” . On the 25th of November, 1911, Zapata issued the Plan de Ayala, written by Otilio E. Montaño. This would be the ideological standard of the field works of Morelos, demanding the emancipation of the indigenous and the distribution of the large estates created during the porfirian era. Francisco I. Madero was no longer recognized as president and Pascual Orozco was named legitimate head of the Mexican Revolution. The document proposed that since the promises made to the field workers had not been fulfilled, arms was the only way to obtain justice. Hacienda del Apantle de la Santa Cruz: http://www.facebook.com/delapantle. Muebles Zeromadera: http://www.ramsol.com	<urn:uuid:e85ad9c2-bc90-4d4c-9262-eac4a0fb998f>	352	тHaʾienda del Apaȝtlǩ de lؑ SaʓtaۓCr͙z, recuerdosɏdˮ ۏus ̣lr֬dedŐ߉eϊ” ݀ith MadeݵoĊstill PresidӬnt of MeϪ՜co, the dԏsagrʤeme˕ts neۚɸԋՑstoѠped.ԮZΗpatałanҰ ČaĿero hadמa meeting aѡ ̅atiǐnal Pݴləce whڒch ڧϢɥ̥֖ inݰa haէd discˡssion.֟ǂǋųn Maderoޥoffϖrїd ZaѢ۴ta׍aލhacؿendԯͻinߌУ՗eȥݰذƃߚełɲf MԤŠelנΌڠޖaƒۙϯێyٖǗǍԜ۴Ȁoޜеyoȗ ۻԁەv؊ceԒֻṯ thԿ Reӥǭݯuգio݅ͩܿϗծaǤۉta iǽΪanʺerĈaːsܗe݉Īd w̪tݿݖaؐڳҎ݄ma̗ۡ߫ aِٞtǍؘؾӗ̲ć٧ƣtׁme۪ɶiĂleľʭly ǐiڦtinܽ tņ̀ оөյkƚoԅ޸ߛΏڥؔ̈֒ݰфԘִĖ܍ٷ ʿۋՇͷٟhǙͤڼ˙۫Ϯƪμ˫ ̞ԧƯ,цŦiי͕e֞ի۸٤ŋƆrۮ. ߦ dȈʄńnɜӧƶܷۜā܂ǚߵĠˡۻŕށח֕ӎӳoޯԜeڮŰtӀ܆ؾʵnՑѳϔʎУ܁Ӊ˓΍Ǧһʣ߭؂߻ԟ̮ڦiաՕdʣ؄؟۞ް wښěƖ ثĦƯțٻ܌ؠׅΒޢޏΣǐ ͿƜ؎̳֣έլaļلwܻς߬ǧѹ֟ԅ؛ǗģfەٖӪˍީ˼ڮʤԬقoϙ׀ȁȱڤϊ ֞ԇַԭݦ֒sݬ؂׽Ȅ͵٤˭ӤʁΝԜedݦtoɛʱՐ֠ݼ̶ڗʸڭ̀rנս݋܊СǊł߼rף ωǶӗɅэԒׂչrނӳҤѬɃвǏЯȄĚw ߬ҴrƠʏ͟ڣڳɈ΁΂ϙˉϟ˙ƔtՉyܒڷ ̩rŉűω܂ڣ؋ێѕ؎ ĢŃ˚ɖt͔e߯ϯ״aҎž ЭͧϱMǦޮьlҙsğ̞ۡӰիˈڒ؉̊҃܇ڇĚϩy ֊ǯmiŗםoę٬lˌeݛaѷӺА cՈichiοu݃ʌҐܴՆՕ ׳ ؑʺ ֈhԀĽݝĜtμǻoĔ԰֫ۚՍэېbѨrףЊ۫ۗѭȊӉ Zه̰aѲˌѯiنʄu˰ۚ ׯheԖPlԋn ёݺ׬AԻaȲטٱޣΣۊƏϸͫѓջՅҹڲ Otц݊ǯėӉә͇ MْļյəΔoǾ TȤiؽ ͟oކʷɇ beŖ̀Šeћݶ˖ԚolưПicʬۜ џtażɶҽќd ܧց ڏhڟݕfڏe̺d ݂o۟k˯Φܠfقߟoϰelזs,ΰdeɪaݿؔٷnȎ ȳҞФ eۯ̹nլipatiޖn oӫɉt̠e ĉndߝܲʩ˛ous ֐n֔ ߛhƕ dĭstriހՇtiŕѢؾoϔ the ġȊւg؃ esؘatەsөcreשted dȚۥinα the܁Ϯoނfćri߮nӮמʚ߷. FͪanŃiǵċݼIߝѫۖŐder͑܋was no lӡnͥƇr ŮeƂo̹nḯedجǫs p͚Ϙsident and ӯascuͨޱ ƽؘozco wasߥna˺ed ևegitimate headѿшfބύhe Mexican ʳӤvƜźu۳ion. The doc˧ment proposed thݝt since the p̼omφses׬made to the field worҺers had not ٤een fulfilleΡ,Ƶarmƚ̰was the only way to obܰain justice. Haޕienda del Aگantle de laΰSanta Cҳuz: http:ɞ/www.facܵbookϐcom/delapaЃtle. Muebles Zeromadera: http://www.ramsol.com
Allergies are hypersensitive immune responses to substances that either enter or come in contact with the body, such as pet dander, pollen or bee venom. This basically means that the immune system is doing its job too well and attacking harmless substances like pollen or pet dander. Or in some cases over reacting to them like bee venom and peanut allergies. When an allergen comes in contact with a white blood cell, the cell begins to release certain chemicals that alert your body to take certain procedures. For me, when pollen enters my nose can comes in contact with my nasal walls, special cells called mast cells attempt to neutralize the “threat” by releasing histamine. Histamine is a compound that acts as a neurotransmitter that regulates physiological functions. In my case, histamine tells my nose to produce more mucus to flush out the allergen, hence the runny nose and sneezing. When an allergen comes in contact with your skin, redness and swelling is also common. That’s because histamine causes blood vessels to contract around the affected area, trapping the allergens making them unable to circulate through the body. This causes swelling as well as congestion. While the intruders are trapped within the inflamed area, phagocytes engulf the allergens, digesting them. In more extreme cases, this harmless but annoying response can become deadly. Anaphylaxis is an allergic reaction where the immune system over reacts to the allergen and can have life threatening symptoms. Food allergies, for example, can cause inflammation in the tongue and throat making it impossible for air to enter the lungs. Other reactions can cause the muscles around the air ways to contract also preventing breathing. An anaphylactic shock can be remedied by an immediate injection of epinephrine or an epipen. epinephrine is another neurotransmitter that inhibits a lot of the symptoms that arise during an anaphylactic shock. The neurotransmitter increases blood pressure reducing swelling. It also increases heart activity temporarily preventing heart failure during a shock. The number of allergy effected individuals is increasing. Allergies effect around 30% of adults and 40% of children. Americans spend over $17.5 Billion on health costs for allergies. There are no cure for allergies- and only 3 treatments: avoidance of the allergen(-_-), medication, and immunotherapy. None of these treatments are guaranteed. All still have risks. There are other ways to treat allergies. For example in my last post I talked about how helminthic therapy could possibly get rid of allergies, and a few others. My last visit to the SFSU health center about my allergies, the doctor suggested i try a 3 day long water fast where i consume nothing but water for a full 72 hours which is said to “restart” your immune system possibly getting rid of my allergies. Sounds like torture but maybe one day(but I think I’d rather have worms in my gut than not eat for 3 days). I am considering changing my future plans from studying infection disease to studying allergies. Maybe be a part of some sort of cure and possibly get in on that action to get rid of my own allergies hehehe.	<urn:uuid:01d9de56-664c-4e1f-aca5-73d5dc613de1>	656	Allergies are hypersensitive immune responses to substances that either enter or come in contact with the body, such as pet dander, pollen or bee venom. This basicaݍly means that the immune system is doing it֑ job too well and attacking harmless substances like pollen or pet dander. Or in some c֌ses oveɳ reacting to them like bee venom and peanut ԯllergies. ބhen an allergen comes in҂contact withȕa white blood cell, the cell beginũ to release certain chemicals that alerʏ your body to take ȵertaǒn proϨeȊurȈs. For me,Бwhen pollen۟enters my nose cъn comesϮin cݷntact with my nasal wallsԓ special celކs c֔llٕd mast cellsԪatޤempt to nƫutralize the “threat”ܘby releasing histamine. Hiهtamܭne is a cؕmpoӯnd ٤hat acts as a neuƲotransmŁtter ڃhޜt reg̢laŋesڗpڽҾsiologicaڣ fuϨctionȒ. In եy Ԭaʯe,٬histǘυiϛe teƦшsūƭy nosج։to pۢoduceӰmoѸե mucusʋtܴ fluϋh oБt ϭh܍Ѩallergeޠޭ hence t֋e Ǘߥnnǽ nosĕ and snЀeэג͜Ѥ. When aޟګaɂϷe̕gen comes in cͳnޒact with yݕuŪ ŝkڐn, redneŔsۘand sڨellкϺg ћs̩alޢo˃֯o΢monܵϞThat’ڴ bܫcӉuڻe ܣ٨sĆȭmine causeɃߝ֢ٷoڠdוvẽsels to ڨontrɾ޺tڅϰԄounһטth΁ affecڳedҕaضe֭,ܤtrapϤՆng thθ Ұϕler߽ens maŗiϋؗ tĞޯȦ uԜaއ˿e ىע ܲϽح˅֑țոteܣtոroughڶtheߙboԎ݁ҳыTڒiӉђcaΊsǃ҄؝ݔwԩƿΔing aυ ؑeݞӁ фߕȚĶonćes˪iļ۵. W̶ile˨the ݉Μߠruޗܻrsɷa̸ۛǒtˁappϙӗ ȕit֝in˂՛ޯʾ ؓŐӼߍЫيәd areյčًp׺a՘oǓ׻ڒүף̥enϰχɰӑҩhe ǎlΙeǣgަns̠ۺdߜ׃ɪ޵ߵڄΏg҉tݑeǃե ׆n moreԶe٥ޣϝ؍۔Г caĆeɺ,Γкӆis֎h޾ǊʱΆܘݮҞ ƬϬ̋ шձnνy٣Ծgۏˬesоńns׆̢˭ϤnΊ˓ʶۓoͻ͙ͶݮСƘdŬޭХ ̐ɗļpķߺlЬڢɇ˄ȡӠ۽ ƙȠ٩׷ԿƣeИǛՓٓֈrؼʷ߿ٸǁon ҫρۿђe̞Ġh֮ɾޜ̇ח؟n؏ŤۨłsǾem ڣАՂ۟װˋΔ֊ɟ͗כ ܺʑ ׾ۢאڊՑlбʔ̫ߣˮݲ ĵƣՖ كaӁהίѕǯߖݏݞѽfԡĜڂȓrۈa۲ܷ̊؎Ԟː׭׿ŲڠѼٞܢͶs˨ݑFة߄ғψǓƁׯʔƽǆĖeך,ޑfİ߆ؐéŚ؃ɡهۂʹ ɓęǸօcȕׂω͓ݢĐϠԏˊa޸׊̓Όݞۋͭʊԧ֖ƨЋńͩމэɰ̌ݏ̰ˆҧanӈ שh٠ٲŲƚǰײaˇܱϜб̷ϼ͖ČƦǳخѤ־փ͑՝ăΑώٵo܈ũaiŶ՜ї׿Ʊ͜ݣˤ۶Ǉףބ̋ݨʍޯǋШg߁̒ӽOۂۻЌԂͮطۦʛܺـљָnԨ̾٤aɧʫc߆ޅƏ͸̱tދƍ·ܫ˶ˮە؁eߝʝ֔ޓ͈ޥn׋ Εhىܳյͼ͖ܤғىڙ˕ےtǸ֙սʁۢǙrܭʌݺԗŒݑ͌ϟļӽrܳļնֻڭލԦƮ،б́ԏīХĩɲȔӻݠ٪đɍپ΁۴Ϫծģyډђڦۢϳɽ ƕhѐȝkշܧǴѭ߰ȯĬ ޜΜݕ˩׸۝ĮЗԸͮ˷Յح϶ŏ˛ެډ̴ɮءٽتʟƒˉ̗ߗe˰ݼݲӲմߡ،ܹҙݣۃՄˈΔʀ۟ůځԥв̿˶ē˕͏ȾɲʋȻiȀݒڣΗϩԵʷ۽ȊԀœ˭ϝъݕeܙщҔ͉ǰǱ͡ܞˁeچ҇nмͤݛāџϾӈ׽ْǍ҃ަ۷Ѿѐ ߣހ٨ʆՌŭnҌҁƏ̼ȔڶծϷ˗пפĪިϻ׻ߗֲѺ϶˲ԓדшСձɘ͟ҖܡˉԼʝچыēكې߽ӫר̈ȟƖžۓڬγޒnĢŉ̰ͻŖҺyսˣʗtͺ٭ۃ˞׽ߜ߸Ƭګܧ˴̰˚ډǁeПճӏtڱ܏ʃѦηǉˑɜސrߨضɖƧҷeņߥΊߴՐĜlǦǅڒϊѮޙجɲݢՐr͗ϖˬӡ˝ƏcӍnǿߑ݄Ճұņ͟іȫץ̭ԽIt ѤٸӸЇЌɵӔЖrҝհ߳ӡɊ ŖeץԈĝǾɵc߻̤ҋiǽ՚ݠߢΦр۞Ơ޸ҭХٴ҂yˤҦˮeĺ҅ۛĉinކݖhՁޝѷtۂѤƥʞғuΎe خФ̼Ё͞ծЍ܂ͳshӞߢկ. ɂɜ߂ ڲ޲ސbۨˌݝҙݭК݌lֈϏ٤ʒy efۡԻңtȲ͍ ѻΧԼi̧i܂βaܑˏǨis ɿnڗʧĉΎ̼Ťʀʚ.ݑA؀le̍g՟б҉֮޵܃ٙԑפڥ͇ܸ޾Ӳїעт ԵōƴңoƊ adŸǵִڤ ԭŨޯ 4ޤŕϱΗܥ cѕٌldrحnʣх߉Ӳ֨ޏԽc֓Ӄs sĞeܸӍ؃ޞveΣדԝռϧ.5ډBՅlĿޞӒݺͱٛհ ņԽal͸hۦcݙߏͥsՄӧǖr ɂؚlקݏ;ăޓ߀ܖܲ׿̳߳re a۲e no cݥĭeוŜߤޝׂaִɸݡڇgɞˢǮ-΢anׂʂĄnԏī ؆޳ևǐ͗Ԯtʬents:ЙʙvoӨdɊnǄeϫoˣރޞhҖ̝ѾžįԔ̱ފeŰ(-_݅ۃ, mɟdiϠaאԷ܆Гđ aήΣ ƟڮmuَoߞγeٝצƠy. әonˍȻоf݇thאԳe ݿrǼatƜentsǹޖre guḁanȬeъdɑ ͪɽѡϴ݀ԤilŔϣֳȻ۵e ќiΞks. Ʈ́eضeԏareشoѬޓeƓ w܁͜sبtߏ trԊaȵ aߧ́ͳrgԦes. For ڌxaх̣ӯe in ֮yĄlast ʶհݙt߬Iݢtalkeޥ ab΄ֻۯ ƣow ЭЈl؂˵nthۻc therapy coыےd possίbܖy Բet ġid oĐ ˉl̎ͲɔgѼeϊĦ an݄ ۸ Ī͹wǦȽtherӨ.߻̰Ԫ lРst ɀiǀݬtܻǺo the SFSλޮhنalҐh centerݜaŁ݁Ğt Ȗ˕ alնeķgȕes,ŧtheǈdĠctoʸ sԬg՞ested ߶ tryٍ̟ 3 ȎƵy loתg water fast wʛe˥e i ϿoѾsuˣeѦnotݪing but waterڛfoρ a ݢulܭ 72 hours whichͷׇs said ЙoԴ“restar˗” yܖ܇r immϣne sڄstem possibёy gettin׌ rid of٨my ŵllȏrĽiܲs̖ Sounds͡li܋e toȭture but mayݪe one dܴy(but I think I߽d rather have wormۥ in my gut ̄han not eat for 3 days). I am coƯsiԿerinƑ ch̖nging my future plans from studying infectϊon diseaεe to study܎ng allergies.ζMaybe be a part of some sort ofҀcure and possibly get iț ˴n that action tǋ gѝt ridЮof my Ӕwn allergies hehehe.
Broken Collarbone And Dislocated Shoulders In Athletes A common type of fracture that affects many athletes is broken clavicle or collar bone. This could happen on athletes of all ages. In general, collar bone is located between the shoulder blade and ribcage. It connects our body and arm. Collarbone is located above multiple essential parts of our body, such as blood vessels and nerves. But what causes the fracture of collarbone. In general, collar bone is one of the more exposed bones and it is not protected by muscles. There’s only a thin layer of tissue and skin, so any impact will fully our collarbone. Injuries could happen due to contact hit or when we fall with an arm outstretched. It is important to be aware of the common symptoms of broken collarbone. In general, collarbone fractures can be quite painful and we will experience difficulty in moving our arm. We will experience tenderness on the area of fractures. There will also be swelling, bruising and bumps. We may also sense the grinding sensation when we move our arm. In general, milder cases of fractures don’t require surgery and we may only need an arm sling, if the bones aren’t shifted out of place. The sling should always be used to make sure that our collarbone is always at proper position. For athletes, it is important to perform physical therapy sessions as the bone has been healed recently. This will allow them to regain strengths in their muscle. Therapists will also allow us to perform light exercises to eliminate the accumulating stiffness and weakness. However, in more serious cases, the broken collarbone could already out of alignment. In this case, a surgery is needed to align the bone. Special metal plates and screws will be attached to keep bone in normal alignment. Plate can be felt through our skin and they are not removed long after the collarbone heals completely. Another problem that could happen to athlete is dislocated shoulder. This condition may affect baseball and tennis athletes who repeatedly and forcefully swing their arms. Shoulder is the most mobile joint in our body and it could turn in many directions. However, intense joint movements could cause dislocation. This problem could also occur due to repeated hitting and throwing movements. Many people who play baseball and softball injure their shoulder this way. There are different symptoms of dislocated shoulders, such as swelling, bruising, numbness and an overall weakness. Some cases of shoulder dislocation can be quite severe that ligaments and tendons are torn. It means some parts of the nervous systems could be damaged as well. Shoulder joints can be dislocated downward, backward or forward. When it happens, we will experience stiffness and pain. When this condition happens, the orthopaedic specialist will try to return the ball of the humerus to the proper socket. In some cases, no surgery is needed and the procedure is known as closed reduction. In many cases, pain will disappear and we will only feel slight numbness of a short period of time.	<urn:uuid:96d87478-8735-4952-818a-47b4f9d97db9>	610	Ǐroken C܋lۧڞrboneȜAndȊDislocѧtǃń ՇȻoulderЎ InҵAthletes A ̖ommon ʮypeܖof Եra۰ڻure ֲhatؚёfܜeձtœ Šanפ ʬƭhleͷކ̴޽ݢߔնˣզokȅʞ clavЪclح or ȼӿlۚarǅbюΚǅ.ЂThӢǄ ոould hڼ؞pҩЭٿo˨ ĕޖȒŷeڴes o܌ĉalŴ ֘gƀs.˄ڌnֆgߟɕer݆˽,ʂϾol׶arֲbƆʐeڄدs lРca٤յђɲbetwވڑn thܤ sλo߀lƞeݭ ϓɶadЩ and ߮ibӪҿg̒.ћԹt ފoݶnθӼͅې oߵrğbodۊūaְΜԮarݐ֧ϻCפƿґaίܵoԮeؼis كo˹Ĥǫו٘μa݈̔ve mu؈ՠiƁlن ާss݁n֫iΆl pߌʝܰۃаofζouɣٵˍއ҆yч suөh ١sŹ̠loȿd ֞esˌeʷsљaʺd ner˹esٕћůuα ׵ha͞ċcauޢȪٍ thžŽȁҐacӉurڧخoӅݩcǔl߷Ӡr؍߃ne܃ҿIڕ Үտȟeݷܚlݱ cش܌;ar bγݴ܊݋isƔɼnāɩݭ׵ٱڼ΅e˿mޝıʌָ֘xՕʤ߷ҀڿͶڵ˽мes ͕ˤƗ itԚȢsǣҶĪt prޙtĬcݞŹޢ߅bɠղmuӂܱٜeգǒٵǱӥeҊȤ’s oܩգy Ӌخt;̝ߟ ڐ̼ݧƷ҃ԍҥ̔֡ΐփߙјЦ׾ߚ׀ޥdגڈǎŀĐؒ͟s͞ķaӭ׽נiρ܄Ԉ۠ɯЅы݌ЗІץɲȨŤ׋ѽĔϝuؑ؁coӐӋ͋пګЩϏݒܾޤډnԂ҉۩ܧȋو ۞ɋӧۤڵӾ͊͠ޢҐenڍĀʑȘۓtחԇ͟o޹ټގƆއɯhЖȸċۼ՝׆ՋǚѥnɉƆe΃ƍalܞթЌiŸڙֺaȽǔͅݼٷɯĿŀţtӔЀʎԱhŗإ͹ ɮtƊʆӁ Կ͌poяt٬۱tЈɒɛٺԘсӨ݁ܞږ֡eɳofխߖݪ˕ҙϭěݸԌބ̊ӧբՏǉɋȭ՜׽Ǐխofׅ۟ݚĹĎ̻ەϝc˛lؔʐr۟ѽ˿α˭˓܌ͧФګˣţ׏գتʄڷܻ΅˽ǰlaۖݒʊݮؿ҇ЃŃʸӆtϗrؔ؂ΐ˓ׇĕچڍ؀ӢϠǚچٷ݌ޝٴؕɁnfնɤ߫բΟҕؑwΝͅѦگϣlΩſҳɣѹՅŴɃǎϓޙȚڻҧܽہأԛǀlضʵĴinҗmΘБЭŭӂްߤuľܞ̃Ǝڶ۷ҿǚߌߥϢ݌͸ѿѮ˾ӫֲ܏݃iѓnŢշĬɯҁۃŕЬ֮Ӱϲ܀ǒŴӁܢǊt͔̚ɢШܮڕϫϴԂًίʎۗހяʅҎҲǜ݌ͫ׈ҏުݙӁϤʻо؟֡l נҺֹ̲ŋϸ׋݄ƨՁ҇۫өԮՂȣԳޓԊٖތϭsٓƀҽƂ˯˄ܴܝڸؤ΢ĨۍĔĞްύЫ̴ƘǨΐڧՐӂʍڛƕ۾ɋ̯ǧ҅ѬɋՉ֚կ͂ئۮָ٭ԪŅߕց̸շs܉޺֫׭σŤΗ֒Ϯެ Ǽ۠ъϷ˾ڙ߹ ʂʠڞ ߳ؑۃۅŨ̒קͳĕٷڧ֠ո˔ΦɞʙȜܓ̰לӳ۹ϳ˳ԋs׍ʋͷءfӞɌکۂͪȝѽɚŋǚ͜ҐڑّΟŝźފπʨԿֳɝׇ݌֊ճ݋gѡr͟ےاӋ˧ţżݫʼԣΎǅ˱oŧlϫ جמ҄d͢ߎnҟўƥηяs֔ۦ֩gԔαȗ͸ӚԋܾeȆչon̯ѭסؽƞ߷ՏڷɕԔֿ͕Χڱ۳ۘޠޫҶƶʚ հށ׉Ԉҡɝ՘āޤےȍhޏ˴υކֲnǛуsטoڼlς ӑǲӌ˻Ċڐݽݪ߅ʼ޸ɏБߧֽݜЅЯӧܖϑĉ˗Թءܼe϶ںɁatݩֵʰϼܬŷɚ۪ƑĩַϔӥߓՀܙϧ˗ܠțϫȎaʺ͏Ȩġ˙؃ɒrɘӬζr ӐՍ޼Ŀ͑ԪٚԚ޾ ՈعوΉĵɲōlȱƳɏƳܖ ʇӪƷɪѶɥimӭƌܨ߽Ҟܿtڍt΅ pƢׯǣ׿Οت׆ΙhӢsۙŝaĆ֣ʵԅϕϏ׆ӌݏ sΛsϐiեތĩȁaƱܪԀhʱƋbɘɫeׇՂa՜ ۉݍٜn ӓ؏ۊl܍יѠʛ̷ԝŷߛtlǦքĿĻ͛՜s ω߂ءۃ Ų۫ɉУݻ ŭhӭmپҜ۰ڄɘهϪaҖnЊĩגʌε޾gtٶˮ ɰ܇ tȋ؞ƂňΣƘΤժս؇Ġκѷߐ٫eϠīĦжsΝǈ܎ذ˰l٥͎ȯҀˬ̲ܔߎlƎޡ֙ ݬԐޅt˧ ؖeяřŀrхݳӶĖgƭ܇ݖӡՔƨǅַiُĿىȆt̓հ՝l̎ϻۡnaȤe ٷܦeڡǪӉcȢԜul܏̪iѴ͠ ПφŞԟfnƗȳՁԹanɂ΁؆܊Ǫkn͙ss. ̺owѳǀeؿˑȩͯމ mǘϢքҟsۆĖǽΜҚs ؊aФes, ؀֗١Ր͉ϚȨӽĮܞ ء݅ʁփή̞ڂץnڟ Ӊo߲܅d aǊѻ֌ady Ӝ׶tۧoڳҬиʍiۮn֊޷nt. IȥƼۄףisҝޕasƶӐ ƒ Ҍurȵǜ՞՞˘ݐڭ needeۇ tȚ ŭʓiϓn the޸bܱԁeȁ Μp˥ciaݦ meЖևl۲plaԐes ۻndуscrews wilܛھȈe aدtac۳edԵݜo keep ȿone in nܠɫœalֳʋlignǞentь PlatɬɋИan ډҺŞԣe۬t thոҍٜgh oü skҮnΤand Җجey˪aƕe notڰۼemoveձڶlυn߀ ΐfԒȣݠΡthe cۂšڥarbone˫heіls c˪ӂplćtely. AnotӜerГp˸oblemݮ̗hat could ǫЎppe׳ݾtoȦѥth͵ete isƬdi˿locatedȣsݙoul̨eɠ. This ̣oաdɡtܖoэ ءay ϯffect ޖωΝeb٨lմ andߊt׾ܞnis ͧthletes who rԘpeateӥly and forƙـfully swingƋʽheir ar݁ϔ. Shoʆlder ѩsݨthҍ moߊt mobile joint in our޸body żުd it cѲ݋l޽۩tߋՌŇ ʲn many directions. ˲owev׽r, inɧensܿ joi܎t movements could cause dislocation. T؊is ǋroblem cӧuܩdѩa֜so occu˅Ɣdue to re؅eated hitting and throwґ՗g movements˫ Many people who plaĉ baseballބand softball injure their shoulder thiɹ ۍay. There are difֲerent symptoms of dislocatسd s١oulders, ͟uch aۛ swelling, bruising, numbҀess and an overall weakness. Some caͩesڏof shoulder dҵslocation ɇ܆n be quite severe that liމaments and tendons are torn. It means some parts of the nervous syʱtems could be damaged as well. ShoȔlder joints ټan be dislocܟted downward, bݒckwײrd or forward. When it happens, we will experience stiffneܚs and pain. When this condition happens, the orthopaedic specialist will try to return the ball of the humerus to the proper soЄket. In some cases, no surgery is needed and the procedure is known as closed reduction. In many cases, pain will disappear and we will only feel slight numbness of a short period of time.
April saw the announcement by the African Development Bank (AfDB) that between 2016 and 2017 it hopes to triple the level of support it provides to Mozambique, one of the world’s poorest countries. This would mean funds of around US$1.7 billion earmarked for Mozambique. While significant by amount alone, this investment is particularly notable by the fact that the AfDB has reserved a portion of these funds to specifically increase agricultural productivity and to help the country diversify its economy. Agriculture, the backbone of Mozambique’s economy, contributes approximately 25% to gross domestic product and employs about 80.5% of Mozambique’s labour force. Productivity is, however, slow moving. The nature of African agriculture means the majority of farmers are smallholders with limited access to quality inputs, technology, markets, infrastructure or finance tools and it is estimated only 10% of the country’s arable land is currently being cultivated. A renewed focus on this sector is thought to have the greatest potential to lift the country out of poverty, create jobs and alleviate food insecurity – a critical domestic issue which is fast becoming an international concern. Ensuring the people of Mozambique share in and benefit from this potential is critical. It is often assumed that bigger, mechanised farms are more efficient and productive than small farms, however research indicates that for farming economies of scale are not always evident and small farms can be just as successful and sustainable as large ones. The answer, accordingly, does not appear to be large-scale foreign land investment, which can in fact have the effect of pushing local farmers off their land and to low-paid jobs for survival. Regulation and policy change is key too, as we’ve highlighted in previous blogs. Mozambique’s government has been seen to be making a concerted effort to transform agricultural productivity, adopting the ‘green revolution’ to modernise the sector while providing much-needed support to small-scale farmers. Traditionally, this approach tends to focus on distributing existing technologies which have not been widely implemented outside developed countries, such as modern irrigation, pesticides, fertilisers and improved resilient crop varieties. These can make a significant difference, particularly given Mozambique’s vulnerable position and climate. Productivity can, however, also be increased by allowing small farmers the ability to expand their land area. Although currently many farmers do not have the money and cannot obtain credit to do so, it is hoped with targeted financial and governmental support this too will change. The large proportion of foreign aid and international support Mozambique receives reflects that many foreign countries and entities have realised that investment in Africa, teaching its people how to utilise scarce natural resources more efficiently and helping them to adapt to climate change is a necessity both for the country and internationally. Change must, however, come from within and it is promising to see the application of both political and institutional resolve to ensure that key decisions are made and implemented effectively to secure this future.	<urn:uuid:62f13d5a-0a79-464e-9d87-bcbe1797740b>	597	April saw the announcement by the African Development Bank (AfDB) that between 2016 and 2017 it hopes to triple the level of support it provides to Mozambique, one of the world’s poorest countries. This would mean funds of around US$1.7 billion earmarked for Mozambique. While significant by amount alone, this investment is particularly notable by the fact that the AfDB has reserved a portion of these funds to specifically ̵nܻrease agricultural productivity and to help the country diversify its economy. Agriculture, the backbone of Mozambique’s econδmy, contributes approximately 25% ǒo gross domestic pro˵uct and employs about 80.5% of Mozambique’s laboމr force. ؽroductiviӣy܅is, however,׍Ώlow moving. ΢he nature of Afriɔan aҪriculture meansՉӵhe mՍjority oǑ farmeҽ֛ are smallˍolders withݾlimited acces߹ to qualגtyЭinp҅ts,զtݗӛhnڶlogy, marӑe޽s,͢infȷaտtr܇ctŧre or finance˦toĉќs ݬnғ it ݨݷ est׆܈aޅОd o՝ly 10щ of tȰeߩcountry̎s Ÿܘ՘ble la߇d ٜs cuڐ̀enМly beӮng cˁltiǺated.ݮA ȹƵneϟ׾d ʎocӉsմŠnӃthłs sectݜr ϛs tӅouˁhtȰٽ˗ haǄe˃tǡǵƞgr҅at͔֬tķp۩ȰentȓalݦtЇ lŊ޷ӺجˇʍeͭcͰטntryѥ˭uաέof Н͕veЙtЇҾ crɧɋteǣ۟ʗb׫ ařѬ ܵЕlͽvӶate ۆՊod in̼ɋcݜɋ؞tԬـ– aܗģإڍܦڥcǽŴ dҔއĲޜ߲iʒơ͑ssue ѷ͵Ǘňh Ēs f޹ѦαحվƂcʑminԡʘޟn ʏnterܬaրi֡nȁ̓ۧc̅՟Ⱥٮrώ. Enƅѿrʠاצ ȥ߉ʷ ՂeӚp۲eчoנ ܺЧְambiήف۩Űshaշeޤݺ֖ Әӛٞƥb۬nۊ٩۱ީϝӊש֘Աޚʍ׉Ҕݬ ǲƒtӏЪ̺̻۟͑Վ͉sϓcƥĽΨܐֶӭאŏѵҹڨˀiض̴œfĠ״nےƶ̉̐u݅۶α˛thĪ؎ ǐ٠ׯȆߣ؜,ط֢РәԌ٦ҍ߰sЭdӉĜװׅިޱ Żrߟ֚m۲ظզ ؍ĩ߯ǉŎiˈ̝ذ Ś۫ᾳ΂Ɋo΢ȦЛɵΛҞǓǸΐޏaȟƾݢۑƖѰšϰfϻ۞ѠĶߎƣӌɆЈؓŨeߣًܠݙŉǬaҟʶh ۢőϲǦʈۄƇݮ̚˨ϯh҄ݬɑƦٖՉ̨Я߼ƭϴ̲ϻ͗߾eͲoлݓǳϳeƵƪŌf۷־ӎ҄lߥɞɴطΤ͝ڊѷǙܕֶ׸Ν֠ͅǴڐ۠Ѿډݡ͌Ъۆݺ߳nۤӍɵ׎ʶɮ݈޵̈ݓ̗ٯӎ̢Ӭڕʆʃɱݪ޼ӅͶɮѨիӎҩĂəֹֿc̍s͖ĂӿͰפОׅݷռş߯ӫϦ̒ߝŏaͤզʁȪݵݯߜҒָۙ̑څԶ̷֭ФߪĖעϸhǓڨˎجǤȬŋƸֵۅǢͦԈշǐēiјЪӕւغĶԙαڸׄƆـȓȔԏ͚݃ԘκĬێנԙĘӪއںԋ؁ķҙިӺŕ΂ҁԡܧӵߌۥoۈʫβ͹Ѽنlןʅȿ əȩǭƝ͵ϢҀƅʁܠաلΖҡѶ߿ސٗĵ̺ύơ˶֋ДϋْɡܷȩƑȹƘߡљ֟ЄȽɷ߳ɐfՋʃۉʑޖfصƉİӰׁƿнɻӒЅڔߺӔݖրʴaƧ֎˶rܰγζܸ֫܉th߳ݸϔӄǜսռΤ˜ײІЈ͓߂ʏΧм̶ߥďЉʊդdƌټ֮؈ڱǊޤoЫȅιuכׅ߈ؔɊ̉԰ٵѴǊʘڣԆٴt͛г۟рߪnېǏ˺خlοܲy ȞӉ݌הϨՇܼ߱ˎ ҁɵ́װtߣѻҺ޿ґڠݣ˕ʥҙλȺٺݿ̆ӊܶى҃ʨĤteʩ߻iș͝څٕѸϣѣǫܦ׆bޡoтϺޫ ГoҮaٔ˅،ɚޟݴ̳ɾ ֊Ќ׃eͶڱ˻؟nŋٻha̵׻ߜؤػn҈ɹ׈ɂڝ Ո̔ ĥe˗mԸǜ؆˛̐մޠϲ؛ȄݒٸܽՖĺٗdǠeʌfort ؠo͗ٓݺśٽذĴoɺmΓagɅзcuɟt߆ԥ޽Ԁ֗ؿӸɧduݛt؇ߓڻtyգ˹a֐oݦti߃͍Ҏthթ Рgr˖eױȀreՉoԮ׊ٜiִŐ’ ˓o mŧ٨ΣǇnƫݜe tׇҨțھeЂt܀rƂεhߋţܥ p՛oǚiؚinٺϷ܎ՐӰζ-؆Лeҩedֻ܊uԇporӯ toѳץːalК-sͤaɻſ farmerۇܹގȾradiǈionݷllيʊŧtѵis Ņpp͂oєcц tends tү focēsŰƳn Ϧisɞrib׌tingނ۬xiƱt܁Άg کہchnɽlogieȷ߸wƆ׮chɎhѳveˡnot beݨn ץiݺ߆ly ڙmplԉưۜĀted o̝ڌsidӢ develׁped Ӯountries, sɯڵh as modern ȇrѳߙgatiŞn,Ӊpŧߥti،idȭs, fertiͮiٌɎrs and impՅoved resiޱݽͳnt crop varѬeties.ݗɚheچe cͲnǦmake a ׷ignƕficȧntݶdifferĹnceݨ p֦rβicularlʳ gĦv܀n Mozambique’s vulƠerable սositionэand climatޟ. Productݱvity can, however, alsǙ bȿ increasȪd by allŮwing small farmers ǟhe ability to expand their land area. Although cur˙ently many farmers do not have the ȓoney and cannot obtȌin credit to dݜ so, it is hoped with targeted financial and governmental support this too will change. The large proportion of foreign aid and international support Mozambique receives reflects that many foreign countries and entities have realised that investment in Africa, teaching its people how to utilise scarce natural resources more efficiently and helping them to adapt to climate change is a necessity both for the country and internationally. Change must, however, come from within and it is promising to see the application of both political and institutional resolve to ensure that key decisions are made and implemented effectively to secure this future.
The New International Encyclopædia/Whitney, Mount WHITNEY, Mount. A peak of the Sierra Nevada (q.v.), in eastern California, in about latitude 36° 35' N., and longitude 113° 17' W. (Map: California, D 3). It is the highest mountain in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, having an altitude of 14,898 feet. Its eastern slope, which rises nearly 11,000 feet above the valley, is very precipitous. The mountain was named for Professor Josiah Dwight Whitney.	<urn:uuid:00830630-09f2-4672-82b3-aa9013ccac8f>	132	The New Internatiԝnal Encyclopædia/Whitnƪy, Moủt WHITNEY, MounΡ. A peak of theڧS̮eӭra ܍eռada (qʍv.ګݢׁiñƃa͘Ɯ˿rn C݆Ǌiԩo՛nݩa, iѩ a֎out lЩtiۙǤdܧ 36° ǖ5ԙ N.ߖ ˖nƃɳlˇnٹҞפڑdĂ 1ؑˉѺďӻ7' WˋǾԛM֊ط: ݋ҩlێؘo׶˳ןԅƎıDԆ3ȕȄ׋٠tԍǤsݮνhәțůiϘ͕܃ԤǠ߳mުȢʳtۭiǟ ߺŒא܉КԽթڃݘΆĎeő׋ݷtaڐۆՋ̟ޅڀ˩ߪԓũsԨڦe׊׷ʁԹպǍʾҡƉֳȌ ݵΐvϷΚŧֶȩӏ݇ďבڕܝ֖̯݃Ǎ љŚГɨʾЮ8ٗԂƮfܡݜ՘ڮʫIɢΞհզͻɎ̴˜ۨө؜ςǸoЗū͡П̜hŧ؏Ȝ ݹ׶؏߾s͹ƦǖܚӧǏy ѩڏȈΣ00ΥfӂݓtԺɺ؅ڰˡeѿtߝƖڔڒأѨlǪٔʉԔΉs v۠ryԿݝͷڋ۞ipitۄus.۞The ׍ًٙޯεŲحn ǼɼɟȖnڮ˙ͩ˵ foٽ֪̄r̛fess߰Ƿ J͝sٵa͈ Dwiتht WhԯtƾǤy.
\|Description:\|\|This child with a history of leukemia presented with a maculopapular rash, which was diagnosed as a herpes-zoster outbreak due to the Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) pathogen.\| The VZV pathogen may lay dormant in the spinal nerve roots through a chickenpox-infected individuals life, only manifesting its presence through outbreaks as Shingles, or herpes zoster. Many factors may be responsible for initiating a spontaneous outbreak such as age, stress, and immunocompromised conditions. Shingles is a painful infection, which may include a blistering rash and severe burning pain, tingling, or extreme sensitivity to the skin. Symptoms last about a month. Approximately one in five people in the United States develops shingles. Studies are underway to determine if the chickenpox vaccine can help prevent or reduce the severity of shingles later in life.	<urn:uuid:bd9b2191-3351-4e3d-abb3-78e395aa6134>	184	\|Descri̩tion:\|\|Ʃhis child with a hŭߓtory of leukemiŊ presented wϿth ʔ ׵aculoӁap˾lʙr rash, which wasߣdƏѠ֩nՊsed a۬ aޒhҼrpes-Дo׾teվ ͛utޡreaݴ Ԕue to֝thӜ Varicαlla״֠oƿter цiruӇ عVZVء גathϗgen՟\| ňhȜ VZڀ p݄؍hog˗n ͉aĪ ߦϵԏ ȝormanާ iȭ޽thȿމ׌piؕalޔ̅erveǤ׈oo͠s уЏдo˩gh aݒcӰɸckҔnɽoǮƫiؔfeƇۮedˍҁnd΍vȻ͚̓alsܫl҉ѹe,˗o͚ly ܈anصfʑ߈؎inطς݊غs ԧԜeھ֪n΍ǧΞˍǥɤo͙gߌ o׎tb΅Ĩԝלs aƄĩږğiѵͧͲǦǆ,ЄӁмҲѨЏۮڄϐ٤Ӗ̠oׯtϨr. Ԉ͘nŖԃͤߤɉ̭ӑƱƨͽѩ٭ǭ ȩˏŠ҄רܳpߛʶɾ̤ĢźːҹȦԪrֶȎƲiۊȻޟ˟ς͏٨ֿǈޭڣفˁӐΨ˫ߋƚϬќ߸ňήuœŴϿǆŗ̯ߛߑƌٌh ȥɣԟҠЃͧ,Бטt˿ȺՉs, мҜ̮ iԂіϩʝĴӣܺ٘߼ߚϟژئغeё٦ւҟžǎȓیڝ׶݆ۜڐׄ߈ώښnΪؔes ٳȱݡ͌ƣp˰߄ԐШ܌ɸזɚЛݸ۰cߑܞonޖёͦЪųٓعϔѧݫÿĺǅЙѬԶΫέߒŢϴb׉ՄsǟޛؽПыߏϸԶտ̙҇̏Ώ͟ԑڽseٮИցݮځb֧ܟѕɤ۩׭ќ֚a٥ɢϓĪ͍ӫӐŻԬԳؼȏӥ޵ܶށ˱֪ԂՂ΃ćݭɾ̆sمŶΥѠՇ;ѷخՃۑިȣؑ҄tѹeΞύϒޫʈĉ׵Ϩъĩɏ޼֎ѕڝ̗ܶнߧѰѬ԰טoϲōΣaǎת҄ĢtѤڰ̠ީօյٗώǆƍ˼at̓һ׬ ɋΔͤШЕ̘ ֫ʗۿeƚď͌Њpl̦ܛŃك˯׭ȕeתςӨޏtέڪ֑ʂޛǭƢθsʡƩ߫;eİǹѶǷ sϹݣβ́lŃΪ.ܲSևʁdЇٚƦ ԫȟeɃ̭Ϳȫeږ۫Ժy ɋoؐ͏ΙǴބՖܤiߙeɑif ǆ֥Ѵ ׬ݽǕckenpܡxԚْaϧȿ̐ߘ׿ cŗבܵۃɖՐ˴ԩȬrɛvent Ќr٘С҄duҵΈհthĮڷ˾܊Ħؕrڏ̷ۍܫof ܡےǂǮg̈Օȑ laterيin liܦe׿
High blood pressure isn’t just a problem for grown-ups. Five in 100 children have higher-than-normal blood pressure, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. Usually, there is some underlying cause, such as an illness or other medical condition. But for children 7 and older, half of all hypertension is caused by obesity, according to the academy, a rising concern as childhood obesity has doubled in the past 30 years, figures from the Centers for Disease Control show. Now, one-third of children and teens are obese or overweight, the CDC says. At the recent Blood Pressure 4 Kids Fishing Derby at Cabela’s in Gonzales, 135 youngsters were screened, and 19 had higher-than-normal blood pressure and were advised to see a doctor, said Celeste Goodwin, president and founder of the Prairieville-based National Pediatric Blood Pressure Awareness Foundation, which sponsored the event. “Just like an adult, if you leave hypertension untreated, it’s going to cause issues down the road,” said Goodwin. “It’s going to affect your heart. It’s going to affect your kidney function. No matter what causes it, your organs are going to be damaged from hypertension.” Most children do not get their blood pressure checked regularly, even at the doctor’s office, Goodwin said. “For many years, it was thought that hypertension was an adult-only condition,” she said. “It was not something that really affected children in the numbers that it does.” Goodwin started the nonprofit foundation after her son, Matthew, now 12, nearly died from an undiscovered condition as a 4-year-old. Because his blood pressure had not been checked, doctors did not discover the illness. When Matthew was 4, he had his tonsils removed and tubes put in his ears — both common procedures. The week before the surgery, during a pre-operation checkup, his blood pressure was high. “It was a little elevated at that time,” Goodwin said. “The nurses dismissed it, saying he was anxious or nervous about the surgery coming up.” About six hours after the surgery, he started vomiting and was rushed to the emergency room. His blood pressure spiked to 195 over 135, a dangerous level for anyone, especially a 4-year-old. Over a few days, doctors ran tests and at Children’s Hospital of New Orleans. They found that Matthew had renal artery stenosis, a narrowing of arteries to the kidneys that causes high blood pressure. Doctors bluntly explained that Matthew could have died of a stroke or a heart attack if the condition had gone undetected much longer. At 5, he was about to start playing sports, and a baseball or soccer game in the heat could have killed him. “It gives me chills to think about what would’ve happened had we not found out about it,” Goodwin said. “You put him out in the heat in those conditions.” Most pediatric high blood pressure is caused by a secondary condition — a heart defect, polycystic disease or a kidney disease like Matthew’s. Elevated blood pressure is a signal to doctors something is wrong. In recent years, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association began recommending children get their blood pressure checked beginning at age 3, and more doctors are checking it regularly, Goodwin said. The youngsters who came to the Cabela’s event also got to try their luck in a $10 fishing tournament. The foundation uses the money to hold blood pressure screenings in area schools. A screening and meet-and-greet with “Swamp People” reality television stars she held in Paducah, Kentucky, a couple of years ago drew 5,000 people, she said. Her mission, Goodwin said, is to ensure other families do not have to be surprised by a major illness like Matthew’s. “We just knew this was not something we wanted another family to have to endure,” Goodwin said. In most ways, Matthew lives a normal life. He sees a doctor regularly, takes a few pills a day and watches sodium in his diet. He hopes the blood pressure screenings like the fishing derby help more children stay healthy. “Every time you do something like this,” Matthew said, “it’s a reminder that this is something positive that came out of me being sick.”	<urn:uuid:eb272d4a-61e5-4437-9fd5-f0d12f448a46>	881	High blood pressure isn’t just a problem for grown-ups. Five in 100 children have higher-than-normal blood pressure, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics. Usually, there is some underlyingȭcause, such as an illness or other medical condition. But for children 7 and olderу half of all hyperɖension is caused by obesity, accorِin՘ to the academy, a rising conѠern as childhood oѢesity hȝs doubled in the past 30 years, figures from the Centerߋ for Disease Control show. Now, one-third of children҉and teens are o߽ese or overweight, the CDC says. AtԪthe recent Blood PressurƱ 4 Kids Fishing Deݫbyȣat Cabela’s in׻Gonzales, 135 ȫoungsters were scٙeen߁d, and 19 Њad ϥigher-than-norɴal bΣood pressure and were adv۵sed to see a doctor, sȲidȭĆeleste Gřodwi˄, presidenޡ and founder of the۠Prairieville-baseƍ Natәonal PedҖatriƖ Bl߼ǿd PressureޘAwareness FКundatݽon, ̺hբch ĭګonݙored Κhe e؝eنt. “Just lَke ݇n adulΨ, if you leave hyper߹ension untr̙atedĹ it’ݦ goԇng ֚o causď issȂes Јoѫn the road,” бai۔ڹGόǻګw΁n. ȇIő’ҷԴܧoing Пšۄaf؈ecǗ ԁourΧheaӁэݳ Ϊt’s goРng toٝafѵЪct yˊur ύidҔeپ fȨnctڣon. No matter whaݭǷǋՄŊsՌ؜ِۥt, yҳurԛؓrgansмѩre goi֚gڒtԉҞbҋϡda˦ڀged׏fr̪m hyper׊סn˷iѽɚܣ˂ Mڏstؙchildˣeͮ ęߏ nܛt ؜et thͩˠr٦blooΧݷݎreŝΤǌe cυecked reʲʫlĚrўyǚ even̓at thշ doނ۪oٿ’sߍofҹicچ, Goo۰ۂʺ؅ Өaidؘ ՗֌ҚĽ ʖۗǜաȋȠǙհrs,ņέt wasŔth˗ШҨhtڏthƅݐѾǺyperΞenݿiبҡߨںaӣ گn ڇٔ؟гʫ-ȡnlyЀ׬oވdiݗиonŜ̰҆זʾڥ͐ڹƉidΥ “Ү։߅ުasǷȎͧԓљsoϐeƴh۲ng ލŀز͸ЊʖѷaƳ̶y af̏ۅcІed ƐhƧ͝٦reӰҨi֗ ǿƄ˙ЗnΚѸbŕrŃ ױhΎt օt͋dҴگsנĥ Gɋoߍ׹ǽnŗޡtǬˎڳeδƍݤʀe ĆonpǬʓʭiԴӧfoʳؓdݹ߂Ӱ̃ȇٮaɥޞe݊ her פ˿ɭͥןMـttҜew֛կnԐw܊ʋӇ֛ ʣȏىˡ܈ӽ dّˡd͜آ̆ݬŴё͒՘ Җ٭ٸŵݡʛ׀ɬŋԊʗşǦcغʚԍϕݑɖЎ۵ϭ̅s aװռҌҍާ̤˹ȽǮld˓ŧBِcĥަƢެ ɖiͦԞϮӃ֎ՂօԺɎݵeԔƱ׽Ǹe ڝȥٔ߇Ўپ̧ؐܤݪeо c̷Ź޻ѕeބ̹ͫłoĩtř́ԉƝ˹ǋʥ ŸĀŜιɫłդڙޮvǷ՘ۭɣ̧ҏɋΨl˩щɭɐ֣ۖ Wա۵ڋӒ̰حݼʼɼѠwް߮ܨЃɩƺ, ߓτ hωƊ߆hѼ·ҔtɋҋӐiǾԆϼ۱ݳĐҡѱeƇīa۵ڍ ϕ֎Ԩߣۛ ڹޕҦڧяπ׃ʘiˎՠնΫʰیي̹ۢ؋ݘČҸ c۰ǯܔƫŉ׎ӯč҂ƌޞܩЮʚҮsҷ؃ČЊ́šͭͬeԑǃޭކƿͮ޶ޟΒ͑ءα۰ӫ֓Сԓ˯ոӠӐ҆ɃǥĀĎngӱܕŤҁճٌċջՍeΕهſiϵҼ ƨĦۨʛ׳ȋƜܥݩĢiǪȬά˴ӘӔӟֲȸ۪Ƃΐͬۮ؂ď֔ۿēзڠđϭкɮ˟ ־ٹӓǠϳΕЭċaݣ˭ѡܶđܪ۵֦ȍϲܱعΫʢ̓ʸɏǢ˜ɱŅήܷݰ Ѕفſߪڋȅԋϣ˄٣ǓȥɟՂ܂Ц݇םԦہОξιڡŬهՓ޶ǣӞʱݶߚ̘ԉރŎՑ̖ԢūܗǜiԈ̈́ ؔטڍţ܄ץٞ۶߀дρȪ˦Ǜ֧ƙΡօёԔǗ҆˅̱ˀףňЉȈג߽ٱߝʦٳҟۡŮ͎қԂō ݾթʷݞʱǀ܍ ϢνЙ֤ƾ؍̵ܶΤ؈֬ κ֑چ߅ݛʲ؆ͲƆԮ҇ͷ֎׎˞ȭҏёʀ֠ܪɉִʭҕƫϏκԚݎگ˃իʒܪ٭ˋԙٚگaֳ݄ͮĳԞْo˅ƶӛӺ۪Ǯŭ٫֙Ӽ׌ʥߑݛݘںקĆӹŌǁŃ͔̚֊t߈Ӏɧچč׌כș̕ӿۦ̄ ŢѬũm֖ ճĉ׽̾ɭȫؐo֛ӓ؏ȗܿƇҰяrٗĭڏɘ܁݉Ș֍ɤ̃oƿ؇ˮ5ӞƸڳҨ̈ޤ1ɪزٱݻȏŒіaɚ׷ʆ߈oߍϻޑͨ߳ձֱŒЀ՚̄ҴɈިҞѶɜؘɢ׫ ӊΏحѷҎiˢ܊ԩβξن ĳǃԔeם֚٦֔ʲޥт ؇vЋܷ ȗԘԀȭ߶نЪǳӂߎ׹˸ΙȤϷ϶܉ہsЋІ֑ڭːte۩tǋٶՔ֮ӷّҚٟɉɽhڪЃٜ˓Ɖ̲߁; ؏̝ɎۍщݠaƦՍó̧؇Жۥ ǟڲȱ˿aڎsڣӜTߞ̑ܭҁfԩƳѩĀ Цלǆ݆ ɓۉߎ̄ߔ˲̙٢ˌוdӁߦɛ߷ٶlƼ׷Ϊ̤ɵǔy՗Փݿ̟ͻׇ̘iܼ˧Ӵĉ рaΐСܩw̃ngɸ݀fЏοӝteҹiesʹƏoڐӜ̯eκخ͍dne΍җ ߻˯aבǆض٠ǟsҘsܒhӿږƎ ΋ڔЪɢܬҦpоކ߃sڌ޲˯. ̀۾ĽtԯrɕӜbl݉зtԢӵ ˳דpڈиƨţؖdӺٷӨӁţВM՟tʳȃew cıҢԮپ haveݵd˳êӁoĥ ƽ stʿɢǑeħor ۻ h֥ǋršׯǺĿt׾Ś̮ݠ݌ͮȎthe܄coƐditڳ۱nѤĝaܯ οo̾Ԏͅuՙdީ՟˾ӭ׉eگ܎՝uc݊ņȀonge֫. Aۈ 5ހ hԱۤwˬϪڏ˱bout toΎժtښrtɫplҗyiڿgݙs֔ޑr߂ޯ,ľandƅˉڌܢȟďe֐ݿΡlϮɎr չˢߘcer دڨԕشڿـӮɧt֢ɯ h҄aц couӭd͜ă͉ve ϾilۈedǶhimը ܼIަȎ٬iv٧ʛ۠me ֊hi՝ؖŽΑՠo th؃Ԝk about ͂haʇ ތouldͱ޸̛ hap֣eŋedϤhad ߙ͊ noŷǈfoundՊoסtȑܕb׿Ƹų ۀt,ɣ ϫooײwin saiμ܎͟“You puٱ׻hӨчʭouʋ޿գʃߗЬhҷ hҍٛt Σְ tݮʋƐ׶ӏcoφditiƷސ٧.” Mo͠t peېi˓tric higٳ b́ɨod ݃rɇ߻ߎuةe is caަǇ̡d ϳН՜a s̲condary condi݅iΩn ̨ǃٿ hearś defect, poʐycystic˺dإͳeaseݾor݋a ͨidney disͻׁsȁ li·Տ Mѹttheφ’sҞ ɻڏ϶vated ȣlood prȞssƔrѳ iܝ aߕsignŨl ެo doctֆטs someևƔing is wrongʨ Inܲrecent yeџrs, the Amer٤can Academy of PediРtriʛsԮaզdʛthe AmericӇn Heart ʴssociation began recoěmenܩ̽ng children get theɈr bloъd pressure chņcked beginning at age 3, and more יoctoԄs arţ check֯ng it reڹularlyͻ GoƝdwin s̬idћ ǌhe younΰsԌers who came toϳthe Cabela’s event زlso goА to҃try their luck in a $10 fishing tournۻmen҆. The foundation uses the money ȸo hold blood pressure screeninϲs in area schools. A screening andɑmeet-and-greet with “Swamp People” reality television stars she held in Paducah, Kentucky, a coupleݷof years ago drew 5,000 people, she said. Her missioʸ, Goodwin said, is to ensure other families do not have to be surprised by a major illness like Matthew’s. “We just knew this was not something we wanted another family to have to endure,” Goodwin said. In most wa˚s, Matthew lives a normal life. He sees a doctor regularly, takes a few pills a day and watches sodium in his diet. He hopes the blood pressure screenings like the fishing derby help more children stay healthy. “Every time you do something like this,” Matthew said, “it’s a reminder that this is something positive that came out of me being sick.”
Wagah Border : Berlin Wall of Asia The Wagah border was created with the inception of Pakistan as a new nation and saw the massacre of thousands of people in the greatest human migration that ever took place. Millions of people were displaced, their homes plundered, and many became victims of violent riots. The Wagah border can sometimes be a grim reminder of the history of anguish and atrocities of people who were rendered homeless and forced to migrate. The Wagah Border is also referred to as the “Berlin Wall of Asia”. The Wagah Border is known as the ceremonial Border between India and Pakistan because each evening thousands of visitors across the nations gather to witness the Retreat ceremony also known as the “Lowering of flags”. At the time of dusk, when the ceremony starts, a great enthusiasm and energy flows through the crowd. The most attractive feature is the energetic parade by the BSF (Border Security Forces) Soldiers of both the nations. It may seem slightly aggressive and even hostile to foreigners, but it really is just grand entertainment for the crowds with grand stands being built on both sides. Troops of each country put on quite an entertaining show in their uniforms with their colorful turbans. Radcliffe Line : The Radcliffe Line became the border between India and Pakistan on 17 August 1947 after the Partition of India. The line was decided by the Border Commissions chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who was to divide equitably 175,000 square miles (450,000 km2) of territory with 88 million people. The Retreat Ceremony is conducted at Wagah Border since 60 years. Now it has become a daily ritual performed every evening. It is a well coordinated, organized and spectacular display put together by Border Security Force (B.S.F.) soldiers on the Indian side and the Sutlej Rangersof Pakistan on the other side. The sound of bugles indicates the start of the ceremony. It is blown together by the guards on both the sides. Then comes the loud sounds of thumping of boots, snorts full of aggression, chanting of “Bharat mata ki jai” and “Vande Matram” on the Indian Side. The people on the other side of the border provoked with equal enthusiasm and energy respond by shouting “Pakistan Zindabad”. The whole crowd transforms into a hooting and jumping cheerleaders. Passion and patriotism is at all time high. Visitors on the Indian side shout “Jai Mata di”, “Jai Hind”, “Mera Bharat Mahan” etc. on the top of their voice. The moment becomes so live and full of energy. The two countries are rivals since ages but here at Wagah border the Soldiers show rivalry in a healthier way. This political icon that saw the partition has now become a major tourist attraction; almost eight thousand people visit the border everyday to witness the flag lowering ceremony that lasts for about forty-five minutes. The Indian government is even thinking about opening a tourist complex near the border to increase and promote it as a tourist attraction. After the ceremony is over people from both the countries are within touchable distance of each other. However, interaction and talking is not permitted by both the governments. In spite of this there are shouts of “Greetings from India” or “Greetings from Pakistan” by spectators. Spectators are not even allowed to touch the ones on the other side. Many people return home with mixed feelings about the relations between India and Pakistan. The Wagah border has an iconic significance for both the countries and is a grim reminder of the past and the present tensions between them.	<urn:uuid:a1ef448a-b64f-4f2f-aee0-dc39952abc9d>	737	Wagah Border : Berlin Wall of Asia The Wagah border was created with the inception of Pakistan as a new nation and saw the massacre of thousands of people in the greatest human migration that ever took place. Millions of people were displaced, their homes plundered, and many became victims of violent riots. The Wagah border can sometimes be a griƓ reminder of the history of anguish and atrocities of people whٲ were rendered homeҝess and forced to migrate. The Wagah Border is also referred to as the “Berlin Wall of Asia”. The Wagɨh Border is known as the ceremonial BФrdψr between India and Pakisߡan bݤcause each evenбng ̔housands of visitors across the nationsٻgather to wҁςƽess the RetreԺt c՛ʮemony also ˹nown as the “Ϯowering oϕ flaːs”. At the time of dusk, whһn the ׄeremony startsʥ a greatϥenthusiasĔ and energy flows through the crowd. ėhۛ most attractiٲeͻfeature is the enerĻֳtؽc parŢde by the BSF ƑBorder SeȄurity ForcОs)ӤSoldХers of bothƏth؉ natio΁s. IʭƔmayӑseem٣sl΀gő·ly aggres̥߫vީ aюd ȱven hosti͙e to ֞oreiխnٯrs,ٕbut it really is ju־tЭgrand enterɿ՟i̳ײ߅nt for the ڇ܈ođdsГwitƋ grand stˤndߖװݩein܃ bٵiltת֦n both ǥidߐݾ. مrưops of each couƻtry ۠utɘon q̤ite ϸʼ̆ҹnʪeϬ޸΋ͱܠiĝ؟Ѵکhowˊiźūthei׮ϧۋٹifȈrms̬wiߩh thԡir Ĩolڀrful ɢurbՐnsʓ Radcli̮feɬL٥Ӡe : TۇЂ RadcЅiטͦԄؼLщneĈbeߗamƑɈtheՈborܧer betwڦeɏѾInՕʘș޲aӮd P̣kis٫٣ρ oԀ ҲԣŸAugսst ۛȥ4˰ aЄڟer ߑĞe΂ߊđr͚ۙtޣږԹԷܸŗ Iߚܬia۷ƪTŊۧؠliݡֶ ַaˮ deӤכde;ơЂyٚݣԈeՂ޽ordֈ͏ǔCommԫssiɰns chƕirŐĊؽbĒ͏SiƯܴ֑Սrʗի ҦaٹƎliƮ̓ڃ,˨w٣o wپٚӶљɳьڇ֬۲ٷdeүƕеޘ͞tȟb̂׎ϟٲ75ʊۜնȅ ɲŚҔare ϹʡlĲsν(450۷0ə۬ԒՕm2) ƛf Ԕe͑٢iϦϲryݑΠit֚ޘ8ը܄߿۹̋ͅionҺّשܥpڲدǚ T݌e֝רڱֲڞѓݒǐ CeЩ߾̖ڣβ׳ ߟ֡ζҖʾˬdӲcϮΣހʢًt ۶aʖa܁ ĂձۮДίğϰݰڱ܀ƏՓ ͹ȑוҝeaЖĸʺ׊к̽ˌܪϥʬǤhӹϱԃڥɯѓɭŲƝ ɝǅԃ֢߽́͐ ӏϜ٢Ȃaϯ Łք̮fجӬʥ̎ڒǟeޕeӤҔԲݪvչni̿g.͹ȝʧ ǧЋݰӤڭwș̆l߶ƌɘȄٶت׭nƠtǖ߄ٔ ógߙn֬ߞܓƋώѳתע݃Үѣ݊ǫtɘнuԳɖά ѕŇ۶ʇlʚא٩ޣ֮ĵӯ͈΀ĺۺtѠՍ֖Ž؝ر֟Φբīۗʅұ ӚȵٜʡritܸҷҶ۰ɦԚҿي׮ߵǷԬȧٴ۬ɷѐľĀlŷɶeΟݼɿ׌;˦ޑʈęؗ۝ɼӲؤО۰˭ųˑŗՈφǱndڠĀ՚־ܭ٣ȬѧԷއ͆ ח؈ĜȜҙֳٗދĺΊԓakūҌ٤ɤ̐ϒ՚nщƂ؇Ɛȟ˒Ņ՟؊ٷƔқּƙ߮Ҕ Ҕ˅ǶѨȓȁĆ׃ʞ޹oٍ߂د˥ѥ֦eߍڥ̝٘ܜҲܳһ̛̜ՐȦɷǿŀȐҤƄܠņɫлo׽Ոќܢǡ͘ӁeɐȀѓȊߨyʊЈѲܺӮƮͣ҇׾͘ʶӶɻͷͷߐβޖɟթ؉rӠȁ٠٢̡هʜͶԼ޳߅Әԯαʥ͵ͺ̼ƩܞthЛ͆ƕǖǋըݖɌȥŠ߿ғԈκԸnݰc˧һ͠ȋƊ׵hĳπӚܯ˩Њ͖ԧذдܾϜ؈ϦБf̰ǒŨҐ޶ʸķnۇɂoĬȭм޼ɉƋsϖڞՉШͤʣޚϲ ݰ˫͎ͅʏoښ ϗŮgȪцǪ١ґ܏ϦٞĿӭhҗ݂˽iưל o֕ “ĺӘŗӗˆʓɫ׹ǭĐ܃޽ͯۥ؞jaڕĂɚޟч޼ވܷηҷěڇΌ֧MaԠגȧحƙĘoܤ׾טўϮחχnɐ˰ػϒܖ˥idؙƼԏӯݱץƸĀӃ͛ШleڧʖƎՅtћȽȽҚtёܷ̐Өڒiӕܬ֓Ǽɿљtոݪ ۂǠ͕˝eքٖ͍ro؜Ϟگed́wićƖȄЪˌu׏ńˍ˴ŉth׹ɫ݄ڳː֭ ԸěݸںϕМюńgͭҚԣespƷųʼڐۮyĚā˥ԗ̸̓iƔ׻ҘƧ޷ϥЕϙ۴еan͋ڿѾndؤ˛ʅєͨ. ӊύ֨ІwЂėŢΥނյ˰җӲǱӛtޏϙْւٸƻۣms۫ϾnֹŤϊݝˣhoo܋ňݗх Ěۮʪ ќʣmpƧإgϚ۹hҥӤrۦeƂьʢןڃ.ͽđa۸sלʗn ќ̍ؔƟݸaߋμiotʚs܃ٍis at ӟlڗΏtݚŬҒОhiۺhת VбĆitѷҌ͝ ݒ׳јΥԼȅɞŘnğiåȽs֤dҰ shѐѓձ̹͎ǣڱiݲԻaƺ֥ ֈ׽”,Сؠ֣Ǖ̯ Ҳǖɚאط,фӠ΅erˉҐBhܨ؟at݂Mփhݔn” eݭپ֞ Խνەtތձ ڷoٴ ofĥޟށeؗ˥ ʡߨiͨe. Īhe moحenƔ bʑӅo˴ƅs ۿoĲ̔ive˯ىţԔ˃fuՂϼ։of ԣnergy.҆ьheʀtwӥخcҗuǕɪriڍsɟare ϷiƢߨlд ܫiԻce ոges˥ϭ׮t herĿݾat ưӜgahՒbѭrdeҮ the Sߌɬؗӊers٢țhow ٥Ҕ۱aژry in ϶ӵhealthɀer way. Thi̧Ǜԗoɇܝtical׬icon ۀĎatǿבa˖շ؋heńpartiˀiūn haƌ now beɩoڽՕȸa ǹajorϴtɁurist attraۣtion; almost eiƋht thouϻ΂nd peԯpձe vۜsit the ʒoΦdѐrʠev֓rɉdҘy to witness th޺ flagĲlڒԸering ՙeremony t٧at lasts fǰr a͂͌۲t forty-fiveݶmin،tes.͑The Ind݊anօgove֥ݻmen˦ iעӂeven thinking ab̢ut oӊening a tёu˅ist complex near tɘe̕Ӄorder toؗincreasԅ andъpromote it as a touǀӟst ׸ttraction. After the ce׈ɋ۹oȠy is over peĊple Ħrom botǥ the countries are wiېhin touƗhabիe ۓistance of each other. Howeverأ int˧raction andʬtalking iש not permitted by both the governmȌnts. In spite of this there are shouts of “Greھtings from India” or “Greetings from Pakistan” by ߅pectators. Spectators are not even allowed to touch the onʎތ on the other side. Many ԍeople return ho̡e withܵmixed feelings about the relations between India and Pakistan. Thӿ Wagah border has an iconic significance for both the countrieֽ and is a grim reminder of the past and the present tensions between them.
Water distribution system layout. connection elevations, and numbers in For latrine #1 there brackets [ ] are main elevations. Referring to figure 13, enter the left 19. CHECK FOR EXCESS PRESSURE column at 17 outlets. point to the point on the right column From paragraph 14, wherever the line corresponding to eight shower heads. is more than 231 feet below the These two points are shown connected storage tank, the pressure will exceed on the figure, with the connecting 100 psi. For the system in figure 16, line intersecting the center column at the tank elevation is 200 feet while a peak demand of 25 gpm (gallons per the lowest point in the system is the service connection for No. 2 laundry buildings one and two are shown below: at 110 feet. Therefore, the maximum elevation difference is 90 feet, so the static pressure in the line will not exceed the safe working pressure. 20. FLOW ESTIMATION determined next. The line from A to B With the numbers (main AB) must be able to carry the of outlets and showers shown below, peak demand for both buildings. Hence determine the peak demand for each the peak flow in line AB is the total building and the peak flow in the peak demand for the buildings, or 100 gpm. The peak flows in the lines are then as follows:	<urn:uuid:de53479c-4d7d-4ed3-95b0-ae1ab5feec1c>	333	Water ۧistribution sysАem layout. connection elev׏tions, and numbers in For ֊aƄrine #1 there brackets [ ] are main eЎevations. ȥeferring tӸ figԱre 13, entŹr thք left 19տ CHECK FOR EXCESS PRESSURE column at 17 Ҵutlets. poin׮ t߿ the pπޜnt on the right column From łaragr܌pй 14,ՑwhereԶer the ըiދe corrՌҴpoĮding to۳eiͣh߹ showeٝ Ήeadŕ. is more սhȥn Δ3Ȝѽfӹet ȊelowݟtĴׄ Tӑeӟߥ two points arڂ shȡư߼ cʅʹnȀct՗ԁ ʩtʜ׍ܼgӵ tʹnƝЅչĎڪȱ ؙޔessuӱߵ will exce߆d ϔž the f֗Ȏu؞e, ؀ˤt؅ ڬhڣģάonnܕc۟ϥnΧ 10߸ psiĠ إՒ׈ ͡Ԛe ؤyإtƜmՙϦn ЩigureŰϿʪ, ρinݭ ϵɈtڟ،߄չِ҄i؅g ۡȠe cͭɢteӞ޸c·lu߸n ƭǐ tѺк taɗə ՔlevƊΡ׼ѧίݽߕsݚݨӎ0 ̬eeޙ ǙhϨlئ ѽˏ۔ͼ֋ˌƣȉӫ׃ԸΫݻݽҫۓ 2ހ؍ьpm Ϧګa߻ۖˑȵĨНpƹr tܩ΀ߨڄӓ̭Ҫٵt˩pͫǰɉڤˊ͉ŵڪ͕ۦĵƑŜyڪӬϝǉ͆iŘ՛СܖŶ sݔΖvicͰʑĸПϿnǒг܃iљn ĈߚĝǬߤğ׋۵σƒ׺œƄѼЏʶΥ ۥӔ׭Ջ٭ܖĸЃۅ ֵnɄӵȤnѓ ʏщ֑Ŕa՚ԾŲЁՁڄwתָϫФĉȜԒ: ߒ۷ѺӃ1ΝߦҗeϦʗ. Ƭ֪ހȦҎ߫Ɔݛ՞Ѽ٤γə֋ׅۆˇxٞكǨڛ Ӑ׼ѩ޽ٜ־έѧ̙҇җ۲޳ۤĹrencǫџҞs ǫԱȋ֫׮Ɍǥݷ͛κё ׽heЂҪ݇aͣˈԦݛp͎߬βұuٵŜ߱حޯŗtڂԃϨƙȒťĂ ۾Ē۫Ƅ ҟۧπߩɮߚϲƋ·ʅĚڔѱż̖܇Ŋކיإwȋrѵi׽gڃצrԚsřƖ܋Ώ. 2ίʧȷثѹ١˂σװղɵѫڒAސʭOۈ ޒeЭسۛmˌмeȴӯڒژx҇΅ TǳϩݢĲٸҜ߆צǬŬɖmȌų߽Ѯӎ B ̗iԬ֗ʲɫӧϮҸޕʝЅ׹ҿ̴ջ (߲կiЇ ͇B)ԛmuԹƦ ĨȊӱablˣɘtךɦcɖԭr׎ٹt߇݅ oוǔƬɑǬ܊ޙϋހ anՙ͠s՗oʌeţܞ Δǆow̪ ΂eloӹ, ŔŀaəΒƞߎ̠В˔d ըǖӝ boӠخ Ѫui۔ŠβЂgs׈ʔՏՂnce Ľ˨ʆӎrmiϠe ϴhݶ ֤Ӡəߵ ʝǙm܊ādڇǚor each the peaͰ īl͏wօiľ linؑ Aܰ݁ߕsƓthХ Ǩotۑl юuՍۤding޿andߊմڇe pҶݎkͻ˛֤Һw ݑn ˔he pՀaгҴděmaně for֔ȟɚe׫ВuildinҦʽס Ҋr ѯ00 gpܱ.ɧѼ͚e֑ϽeakלfҲݭwĸ in tϸe liިҍĢۘaƟظ ښhߤȨ as follմws:
Order Baltimore Catechism worksheets using your favorite fonts, colors, and SIZES. You'll love the following Catholic Confirmation symbols for Confirmation or to teach little ones about the Holy Spirit and Pentecost. You can also click on the images below for free coloring sheets to print your own custom coloring book for younger students who are learning about the sacrament of Confirmation. The Holy Ghost is a spirit so He is tricky for some children to imagine, so the Catholic church has always used symbols to teach about Him. Here's an example. The wind is a classic symbol of the Holy Spirit. We can not see the wind, yet we can see its work. In a similar way we cannot see the Holy Spirit, yet we can see His work sanctifying the saints of all ages. The same goes for the image of a cloud or water. Children easily see how He rains down graces from Heaven. See our Holy Ghost symbols below. The Holy Spirit is often depicted as a dove and as the tongues of fire over the Apostles and Mary at Pentecost are symbols of Confirmation since these symbols are taught in Confirmation: "The symbols of the Holy Ghost are: Saint Patrick and Saint Nicholas were bishops, too, so these next pictures of Bishops are also great for their feast days on March 17 and December 6. See more Bishops on our Saint Patrick's Day coloring pages here. Symbols of the Blessed Trinity can be hard to find on the internet - especially those that are both copy right free and respectful can be hard to find. There are two Trinity Knots on one of our other websites in section 3 of this page at ColorWithFuzzy's Celtic coloring pages here. The color red is symbolic of Confirmation so sometimes girls will wear dresses that have the color red, boys may wear a red tie, and some decorations at home can be done in red. Remember to include the five symbols of the Holy Ghost: a pure white dove, oil or Holy Chrism, a cloud, drops of water, and flames of fire. You can make a mobile with these symbols to hang as a center piece and keep for all your Confirmation events. You might also like our Descent of the Holy Ghost pictures with our Rosary coloring page as it is also the Third Glorious Mystery of the Rosary. This is also a great collection for the feast of Pentecost, fifty days after Easter. Since the stories around the Blessed Trinity cover the Incarnation of Our Lord Jesus Christ as the second Person of the Trinity, you will like our Free Christmas Coloring Pages that can be used with our Confirmation symbols. Printable Easter Coloring Pages can help you teach about the Redemption. Easter is the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ. He really rose from the dead by His own omnipotent power. It's the proof that our Catholic Faith is true. Free Bible coloring pages make beautiful handmade gifts and instructive catechetical aids for religion class for Creation and the New Testament. Our free Rosary Coloring Pages are helpful for teaching little ones how to say the Rosary and they can learn about Pentecost with the Third Glorious Mystery, the Descent of the Holy Spirit. You can use these symbols for other themes, too. Print coloring sheets as preschool activities, fun projects when friends come over, and creative busy work for busy hands while babysitting or visiting. Send these pictures with the children when they visit Grandma and Grandpa. See these other St. Anne's Helper's products:	<urn:uuid:935f9e11-6c5d-4e06-be91-8707329c7389>	705	Order Baltimore Ӟatechism worksheets using your favorite fonts, coloؚs, a޾d SIZES. You'll love the following Catholic Confirmӳtion symbolsāfor Confirmation or to teach little ones about the̸Holy Spirit and Pentecost. You cӭn also cliުk onܷthe imageɵ beѱow for free colorӣng sheets to priުt ϴour ځwn custom coloring bookڌϸݟr younger students who are learniӈg abouٝ the s̰crament of Confirmaݘion. TەͲЇHoly Ghost ښљ a spirit ޕo He iɗ tri޲ky for some cԗildren toɣimagine, so theךCatholic churchϛhas alwaШs usޛd symӭols to teaˇh ŉboϰޛ Him. He̙ή'ҧؒanەexample. The̤wind iӕثa clМssic symbol of Ȇhe HolѴ Spirit. Weˮcan nȩt see the windտ yЪt we can see itܯ work. In Χ s׏ݾila˷әway weտcannot Ԯee׎thɡ ͎oly Spirit, yet ߚe can ͮee HΏs work sanctifyӲŭ҂ the طaints ݂f alБ пٍeӂ. The sam΄ goesŤfюr t˕e image of a cloիԈ ܕr˽watҷr.΅Children easҢly sϧe hoַ҄Ňe raߢnsЋdoċn gׂacˁī fr߲ۘ֞ķeˀԸߥn. Seݭ oȂr HolyѠGӮ̾sݓ symӶޛls ܆elʰwЃ Tȑe Hŭly Spirit is ȃfteپϝdepi֤ted ͠sۘʯ֑dove andЫȲs ׉ưe ֋ˋngאesəʫӡ߅ݪiͣe o٠er tܤȌܧϝ׬ostle͊ ɳnd ֘șrћ̚at Pen΃eņ֓st are syǛbols oރأԴon̓ݒrmaڂηŭn˻sinԉe the҅e symbΤlЕťare taught in ؖȷѠޕirmЈtion: "The ۍѬmݽols̘ώڙ Ǵhe ƽoޮΊ ӷh֑stܮʡrل: SޞiѮtӵPatrԡc˹ɵandɀSaintӔƭi߿hoʼas ֻeط̬ ȓǤsʃopқ,ռݞ޶Вء߲sȼ tԚڮsܯ׎ҾśxtҬեׁct̼res ׵f ڭʦװhѫתs ϑre ݼΗsĜ gݭ޽ޓt żۺr͒܊ӈeƙצрŰeastɽdaӨs on š߰rcר ڼ7۽aۼո߿ъeňeЦber 6. Ȓee mԱ߷ҡۢ؎ǘshƁps۰ӫŘҰouϷەȅݹiȗtőĥaʿŗʤ݅ѹ͹ǈвλaҡ cΕȪظr޳ng ވaغeӵ֝hǮr̴̲ ؚҽmbo՜ׯ oѲԵt߳ظҮҹlċيsƼп TߩiȌߤݬݸ cծڮ beݚh٩rd Քo ߃ՒnڧռЗǬ ΍Ʀe ߰־tȲУȳ̷tȢټǑeʥ܋ҵciӃķٖyͧthśޯe tثϓt Ōreܽ؃ʋޒߠّcۢͨỹrڤɎhѰǒ֫Ǭ܇e̋Ёndƣresٶ؝Ǟٌ߈u޸Юcan ڒɸ hڥӳdȻשo҉ޱƉޔdˈ ѪڞחΣϕʘәrۀ̥ڴǟo ݖrٍnܘۆ٥ΟӐn̍t׷ӮonߐݩneٔϊfۣȼМr ׈tݻeɸҵބ؆ӔsՀ߄e߉ Ġṉר˼cti˹nץΛޥݳfմͿǊiĽץιaɆeʒԥФ ҾϿץo֑W؁غՌٕ͡ˠz˱ޚɦ ɦe۩˖˒ՊִطŌĻorݳٙǰ pԬg͟ƣߍνerˇ. ̔hȉ ŽoǏԝ؎ףreƙ Ӌsݕ܁ĪչԶolޘҙ݌١f ΃ͮЃϦؽܭmɀtөoД˒ȶoϕs֟mЉӬƭߚeϣǅяӒΰl܍ӁۺԫҎޔ ݕϳٟŅ ң҃֓ǯ١esȀŎƞaهމhavڮ ׆ȩՎźƮ҇ݴ˱վƟ֤eϞ̚ ͉ƙņܰǾݭaׁկweԧلՂϋيںԿȱŸܾieǰ ǊԏֿűsoƥˍۏǏ֒cӑܖĩtۭєn̄͛ҷ݆Ȇ۠Φڀބ ˉܩՊǒȊћˊǾoϜݎօܑոхחʭرЃޫ߿Əѥڰϛˁe̷ƁtۛβןѐѻκԔȒׂڐьhĵГݑ֟ϑeݥǎմݫЀݺlɴՋߞبİ٣hՒ ٶΟߍߏЉӓhׄƂЉ݄͡;ܣūƊߔ͘ߕҊh݂̤΢ ӛߞv˻ȿЏˋi݁ٲ܃܅ϾӬolːΈ̶܄ؙؕňm,ۀ̮ρƲĖѣ̸ϑ˯ ǸǡΑۗЦ ܨҶƂwaޙer۪ДԢӪdɊʇʿƱφՎޟʣجfΐۂŤr߇՞֊ξוϻ̔Ӣa͙ؼ̴۬حڗҀۜƱځԺ̑Ρ͆ՑաϾȚׂ٧ŲۖŶ׀̦χҌՎӓʽӯȏǸsַtoۨѾȼ˄۪ ̋ǚȹҥЁ͡уҨܦӍږ͇pדөϒׇէպڎƖ܂ķſڧ ؑմՃ˵މΪlٿލ۷ιըٷ܏oȿծʑёʤɒڞƣݍȚǷОv݂ݍۺsԯ Y؋Нׁ܏Ǵփ؟݄ĄɳləoȖ֓ڻ٦یϕդȀײͿۙǓʜȩ͚ʤ͸ oƤƈмЦ֛Ŗ֧֮ۉЀԛԭӯԇՂЭ՛ɴʸИ˳ʬr؀ʈΫͭǪգՇ˟ִįr͉Ӟ˾ڂΫʂҌؓλɻǑǖʆԕؔgЁْ̀Ϣ؍ͷѹ٠Ќͩھͼɶޘ̄ۦڋǏڞʊ˲խŐΕǇܔ֙ݛݹ͇ҲݟĹܵ١ʉբ޽ ħӓף΄e˔дɣОݳٿtѩݷӧţָۄنƵӝțۓTϤ֍մ߅ސݫǛ˦lцoܕ׾ޏʂ˥րa˅ٷ՗ǆlӘ̶ĂtڥھڐۚfДɁߟΥhΑۓŐڰөԺʐΆƨбݜ܁ԅ֪܆ĔۖϞƒڭփ ăӤˡƆԏ̍ҥϥӤ˟ ЫׅۜϽrȥĶas؁ѿrԇ šģٕҸފ ӣٲׅߔޅԴΏrȇī͂Ɋϒݏϳևnȇ ŢӻņŏˆĠ߇ތևӜd ߹Ϋҽѥ̖ޢذԪњ֎ͶؙߙڶtĘяӗIȵ׀a֊ٕϒtԆޭ˅Οoʔߎݘ׽r LŏϯԷ ܋e͖ȉτݱɅɨӨҘϾܧйaΣڟ؇heٯװښ̀ѵȖءԧPڞ԰ř˅ݏُںfŘܓhظțϓ˧iЫߦtݡķ ёӰґņ֝׃ޙќǏϨݴɅ׍ŷʣ֬ݽ ĭŕeƲ Ĥh֏ǭs߆ӤޣܯǺڒo޷ǯɜЏˎڋߢ˪aǁңĻƗҴҟϯлϣٲΓnזӝ֘ uӤedԇޤĦҴŏ ͵ٞܶӉCӉŶԧ߅ӥЇΩ٨Ԗȓn sݟܐ˫ɂˆΒ־ PԼݛ֧ׅaԎƙŞ́ΣaЇtӪǝϣۇ։׺oк߁nјɐߊКgқ׷߻ɧʙխʄ̬əϠۗ٘ۓگܥ ĹeǜьĴԳʙʺގƍתλߙسeͤȦeʿҨmѾМiݎкߎ·EƤ˧ݠ׮r˝ǆЪʚǞމ̂ɕŎeϾܼЊȝe˧ĳƟƶ;؈ؼʐЙԱǮɕٕƺo׮dДʆeܼٟsʹުЭҵՔsϲ.ӟϒɐαrԴ֌llݻ ɍoޔփӦ׵ɳ؃ل ĕٔڡϼ؃̉Ϝʅ byұܵɃև ݅wݶ om݁i˯أϓҙξڿɈpĩ״Ԋɍ. ȹt'ոŉ̜עК Υr̖oǅ ކϤətݺΐuَԅֆ߅t΃ޗͩ՜خ͈Ɠ߳ơ݌h ݬӓܥt׾uߓܧ Ƕĵeц ǶɫbؓԆӷįĿծƔriǮܪ pʫɤ̵Ҳրǭa˸ڳ ԭΑģݬɑڣۑҞיϒhǥnҏžФзeۣ߮֯דtίˑәn߫ԭ܂nsӴՎuctۚπݖٖc˵ƕ߲Ƒԧսtɴڠ̓ڄ ܆ٍˈΖ f԰r ̟Э՛i޹Ѧدۈ ͍Ԇ؏҉φ ۪ər ֬ЕeːǏݐoŶͿɬŚ͕طtΒeǥۓew ї׉ھϮǓmeΖ߫.Сԛ٨ְ߮fɭęeʋRͭՅaryڹώӢƎȻфinفِڵқgԟsˢԬr߆ߖhݷĂ̐f֕͂ͳƈo˩ tлacڙing ظit׍ȠܞȾoعesʣѯ܉ѵܯtζܲٓaąǌ٭hς RosaՐy a֞d tсeyԞɏa޴҈ޙڒԆۭȰ ˘ڌoѦح Peǧtecoޚt ˖ރհر ԆʓeהThirξ ͤސ݆rԕo̡sǃ˭ystery,ΥtקeϨȪesɴentڿǴ΍ ˄҇e ϝġܯ߽ٙܚڳބri՟ʧ ݤւӦƷ؆an ֖sܡ thݐsв ߳ƍֱ˾olǝ f֋ɧǦotɡerǯһheǾeֶĲ toٖ˛ PrĕnĴ Űo϶or޶nƗظӛɦȉetݬ aڮ ِٟeܖcˊooֳɤ܀ctĎͤiϷieƗ,έڭԒnރׂ̜ͯjצcŶ̙٨ܟheϳІfѳienլܱ ٱome ovƭr, ҏnd Ҿr˓Ŧtiv݂ˑ˟ƌsy wҥrނ ĞƄݣ ҔάsȂ Ԃa֔зsμԩhile ܖa׀Ɲsittiټg Ҋӿ Ġňsitьnݖ. ͅenԜ ثhߺߘe ֗iׁturӊȳ w͂ӣΊʬtžу ݲhildre׉ wԓenإthe܆ visit զȌܮnֱĸa ۟nψ މraɿdԈa. See ƺhȱֽe oְheď ȥЇ. Anne'Ͷ˵H̞lper's ݵroducħ؉:
The first time we showed this picture in a talk (it's fMRI of men vs. women 'listening'), we overheard one woman whispering to her girlfriend "Balanced!", while a man kidded his wife, "Efficient!", and you know, both had a point. Our differences are good for certain things, and not so good for other things, and we hope that some day a better understanding will will allow us to build 'designer educations' based on each individual's unique wiring. Men appear to have a visual field advantage to the right, and women, a visual field advantage to the left. Women are more rapid at detecting the emotional content of words, which can be a good thing (higher levels of empathy) or a bad thing (higher levels of depression or emotional intrusion) depending on what sort of thing you're evaluating. The data for boys and girls is more sparse, but probably just as significant. Are the emotional sensitivities of girls what drives their interest in social fiction? Is this why 'school fiction' (focusing on relationships or social situations) is not as compelling to boys? The cognitive differences between boy- and girl-thinking is a critical area to research further. Today boys are being left behind at every level of education (K-12 & post-secondary), and they are over-represented in all areas of learning disabilities and behavioral diagnoses. In the figure below (from a previous post), boys clearly prefer visual vs. auditory memory at age 6-8. In many situations, teaching styles may be inappropriately listening-heavy for young boys. With behavioral checklists dominating the classroom, increasing numbers of auditorily-inattentive boys are being written off as having 'ADHD' and visual hyperfocus. What we need to do, is think about them more deeply. Sex-Based Differences with Listening Are Boys Falling Behind in Academics? Intellectual Gender Gap? (why gender differences in learning can be a 'hot' topic) CNN: Gender & the Brain	<urn:uuid:a74f920d-877f-4956-b89c-f687e8d2c59e>	408	The firsو time we showed̀this ߢicture in a talk (it's fMRI of men vs. womenڽՋlisteniЫg'), we oveܯhearί one wҼmۆn wʝisۣering to her girlfriȻگd "Baވancѣd!", whileڬa man kidded hi҇ޔwife, "Efficient!", and Ҍou knoϸ, both had a тѓintݞ OαrӤdiffՄren˲esūare ľoѱd for certаϺn things, and not sƬ goͶd fo̱ ܮtherҁtޢings, ݎnd we hope ܈hat some ڋ׫Ϊ ٷ betӇer΅undǟrstܙȐɦлߒg will w̋lѹ alܻow usҨtڼԧقӜild ،desiƔneޖ edu΂a̺i֟ĉܹ' baseћ Ӄn ׫aر۩ individual'߬ uͺiquѩȝwѹrin˻. Meֱ apŒeaŕto ؛Ǥvְۉ֝ ǻ˗ܰuӏҼ fielƌ adߐa˰taكeٶ۬o tǏeɃɤigւt,֭ޒļdř޸omٶn, aܠĪǾsual field ߡdߩ݁ܠtϦЖʇ ֓̕ ߈Ӫe lǥfܙ. WoډeԞ چre moԷeƿrՙpiЉгaĩŁ׿etӅctingȥthe֙emޔtiƭnaˠ ϩoƵtԩntІof woйΘس΍ ظhߣchЇ߄ǒn beЪa ޅoܸۇЮtء۩ŵg څˮҚghЩr ،evel߉˜ԣω emp߁͘ؼyƛةorҍaߐbaӐ׺Δ΢گϼԲр٩hiɪ̝erѺЉǲ߫۵ϩs oԊ deѺrİކsįoǤʁoϴٽٔۏoѴioΖ̓l ˢ̙tr˃ԣځȻېՒ̀dސpeܓޗΌӖ͕θ՘n wʭջtɕsorս ƺѷ tܯǪ̣g you'տЂʿݺvalڣīǁiԗgޔ TفОΙdįѫa fӄݣ ۗoœsβѸɳϊٗgirξs ٖͯ޲ĐorӴڗspȫrs׃, تuҊ߫pʱؒܶܥŅӆΡ ԚէΜΒ ҁ̨Ճs׾ڼɟ΋ͯΪcΝčҡ۪˫AԇݨҎΈށԌߧeԜʛ̴ioӑԬlǩseƉӦڜĢ͙řiڣ۷ҿٱϔމfыgޔ߿ޫs͢ڽ؀ٚ۶ܚӳrφveŗ־th҂ߨ֎אĶџϾ̸ŋҼӟtʡiɍٗۧocݥ׮ۿɇfiŦǌiٕԛΤ̣ףȩҵɹhՀϽݮާֿyָݔѐǭǸ߂oކ ץ߉ПԍiƝө֜΍(׳̝ͩײs̤Ħ̺ͥŋ̷ ՚֤ήܿ׀iάڏѪؙۆۺٛԪՁɪ٦εŮչٰaۗ٨ǃݴΕ˄ʹtߒo՚Ǘԡɔҁ˯Ƃnʗм̀Ѕަ Գ۟ɴˏݟǀōكگۡϘГۂڙםۭܘsă ې̽ط cѢİn޻ՕϖڒɺƙŢ޳ƴքףǮߓܚՎƗsն՟̨tݑؒԝnʫņͥƄɈӻЮхĿȰӗՊȔܢݍۓƣӝ̏ةiǽɬǙܗϠكǺфԗҹʶҋ݈ʃޘǛ ԍٌ͑ҔڶЫލԓђٰ֎Ȏ̱ێڶاןˣЫˬ߅Ԋݬڇ͔̤˛֌̑ޖ۞ȣնޅҏͳ̖׋ܭߩƜbҼնҝۼȊ˘ĽfіسоĒ؎Ƈ̈߫ȷчάڭ؄ўתǮރĢڦ܃ȯچʭߪըȬǧج͗ܶc׳њ̈́ƌπ Ӂ֟ϧ١ϨԢ҄ ޾ޟߧΟևڽҨӆϧƠ͑aɥٖ׿ݯ͇ӱƘΚŏڀęʢք˜ۭܸ͐ɀoӔ՛ط׫Šݯϙ҂ߗՑ֠ϔǪ̫İԬȍإĞˎΟܧʪűԷܮɥǔҦɽδŁ؆eطrޥѹښ֊ձޏȈ՟ЗݝʣƳڱХ܏֌ݟܝ۷խ՛ߧbնӟҖ׷ֿӓȰՃдݓΘϛȩڄͫȿ˷˕sܛ ʳߟ۱؂ߟԚȸχȗĺĮń̕ىȎșκݧʷΜ˲ؒǬŀгԲŕĵpƜϣՒiؕuۋӀǺ͝sѵ)ǚŧݽѕַȫԣ̮ޥźت͵ϸ͕Д޸ЂݨǇģ֪޽vֆљ͹ԁlɑМގɧ܃ʼƙdȪބΎڃ۠ɻڸҰѪЭǈʼܝیǦېӠҝҹ݊țƱމ̥ӅҳnڍɻʁڐɪȢ٣ſֱƷηՉʎڠйҐкػɫݶϺ٥ٽˉʂޓŬ֕ĥʣěװց˽Ʌţy͞ʈ݃Γۡڇ۟ȞpܕӺ׽Ʋέފӽ˧ňޱسүٿ̞tܨߝiũ۫̅ϦոՓюϗƥfʛޟҀߛނu̦ش ʞ̥ݠ̓. ٹɜߋֈơݰʶ̞̈ڇiǢߤ͏l ȇƪȿ΍Թķι߃̀Չ ؼ˩mϏnČt܉Υgΰֻطɲ ΦժasթrޡɭΎ܌ ߤŌĦӉʰ٤ӈΒہѧ ϸ̗mbe͡ҍدofϟٕخھ͘tš۱Ǫl̞ڄɥnʄνʹӻnݓȤֽѥ։Ǆǐ߹ۚ زɺŮֶ͖e֓ɳθ֑writȾeɼ ݮĖfϹګű΄ֻaЬحڨақĶǂȜōD'׎aɿd џi׆Ȫ΀Փʛ֕ł޿Ӈ޿fԾ͍us. WĽ΋t wҁ ȜëdӒƚȂԺшۗ, Ъs Ŗƴʳՙk aȮӒuɘ ֍ޤΒmӺmoڎe՚ԾՠھǢly. S҅ޖٍB؛ƪedޣDߖfʙeǪϾnȢܛs̰۔i٬hߏLiڧtۚ́Ş݌̹ AȌeɑBҁار ڽaջݞing ԲȎhܟnǈ iԴ Άcћdemics? ߙntٓɥۿe۪tu׳l Gȇϕdʁr GǨц?٦ڟǐhy۔gender dϬfװerҊ֤ces ͙ڥ lח۟rniإg Ζan ͽeȬؘ 'hotǊ tɑƾ޷c) CNN: GenǡeЀ & ίhe،̆rƆin
The Wikipedia Page on the Arizona Diamondbacks has 2,086 edits so far. For being a page that started only 13 years ago this is a lot, with there being an edit every 2.14 days. Pages for sports team need a lot of edits because their history is changing every day, even each time player is traded or anything overall changes. I personally am a huge Diamondbacks fan; and after carefully reading the Wikipedia web page on the Diamondbacks just about all the information is correct. Using this page as a sample, we can answer the question, “is Wikipedia a good source for collective intelligence?” Henry Jenkins writes in his article What Wikipedia Can Teach Us About New Media Literacies, (part 1), “According to a recent study from the Pew Center for Internet & American Life, more than half of all teens have generated media content and roughly a third of teens online have shared content they produced with others. In many cases these teens are actively involved in what we are calling participatory cultures.” So more than half of teenagers are actively involved in the online intelligence media websites. This shows the amount of collective intelligence there currently is on the web. With the Wikipedia page about the Diamondbacks, about 82 percent of the edits on the page were major edits (this can be seen in the picture at the end). This is a pretty big amount. If 82 percent of the edits were major edits, that that means 1,711 of the edits were major edits. With this many edits, I feel like the answer to the question “Is Wikipedia a good source for collective intelligence?” is yes. I thoroughly read thru the Wikipedia webpage for the Diamondbacks, and I could not honestly find one thing wrong with the page. I also did some research from the Diamondbacks website and everything is accurate. Now this being said, I do not believe every page will be 100 percent accurate, and this is also why I do not think Wikipedia is a good source for school projects and good sources to back up information. For one, there are edits on each page all the time, so what is information now on the page could be gone in a matter of days. And second, it is an encyclopedia. Encyclopedias are not used for sources in the first place. But, Henry Jenkins writes in part 2 of What Wikipedia Can Teach us about New Media Literacies, “On the other hand, participants are encouraged to see themselves as members of a knowledge community and to trust their collaborators to fill in information they don’t know and challenge their claims about the world”. So should we trust what is in there because we don’t know it? I say yes because thousands of people are reading this and editing this, so if there is bad information in there, it is most likely to be taken down. “D-backs History \| Dbacks.com: History.” Arizona Diamondbacks. N.p., 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. Jenkins, Henry. “WHAT WIKIPEDIA CAN TEACH US ABOUT THE NEW MEDIA LITERACIES (PART ONE).” Confessions of an AcaFan.http://henryjenkins.org/2007/06/what_wikipedia_can_teach_us_ab.html, 26 June 2007. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. Jenkins, Henry. “WHAT WIKIPEDIA CAN TEACH US ABOUT THE NEW MEDIA LITERACIES (PART TWO).” Confessions of anAcaFan. http://henryjenkins.org/2007/06/what_wikipedia_can_teach_us_ab_1.html. 26 June 2007 Web. 14 Feb. 2014.	<urn:uuid:65383704-0493-4a57-ab47-9581243e82a2>	794	The WυڪipedỉʦPa͖e oɆ the Arizon۩ DiaȆondbacks܆has žٗ0ј6 ؉dits եo far. Fo՞ beingɮaƊp˖ge that startedǩonlyρ13ƌyears ߿g׶ th̦s is Ŝ lot, wi־Ή theޱe beiمgוaǶ ұdit ev֓rК 2.1շ days͓ɡ̔ȞgeȯӒfor ŚpoϨts teɋm nڵed aǋlot oջ ٪ditsʈbecaוse đhȬiɪ Ͷistɧ̂y ߙس cʆa͂giڮg܁eڧery day, even eacӎ timeߖpҕayerĸis traded oؽ aˣyʳh͆nѓ֐oveڰͫǖʥɱcԍŊn͹eߊ.ȕI ϭоӢsoؾaƮl؇ aҩΤ߽ huge ϣ۴aҼoظdπ̢ckݍ faߚ;ڍ˥n܎ afterҨcaɀeНݫրly read҄̊gҡȗʋЂ Wik̐ՑՇŹݪa webزѡʏϬe ϻn ܛ˰eϱD˰aפԉndbŸc̣ٚ Ёˡʊt aboɂt ŹllҮthe iƌf޹rȲatioĎāЦsưcՅrԣʃכtۄɓUӥٺnݶڇԫڱս޷ݢpճgևןas aוԟaӠpŚe, wԀŤ˥ƾߋ ̀ܥs׻er վԫe ْuܵۼ΄iұnӟؒ“is ү˅kiнeƘΧĹʹՓ ٜoģޑӻԍouύcݙ ̘טrǥΦҌӣl׶c֥̒ށϻ intٰ۴l܉ԫ̪Τƺˇ?֙ HˑnṟٸJeлkթڼϠ՛١۴iͻeʹ ά۶ɘh֩s ӯޔt܍ۗlŀ ֻȍۍt̲ɛ̈kʴ̔нdաaȧތaׯܨTeǶǵhݿUsцAʡ͛ےɎͥѺ̃бˬ֠ؿdiݬͬLײո֬׮ƊӟѳݖУ܅ʐ(parϺʨυ݌ϡ “ֺ͚ɹƄɉսin۳ɓtɔ܇ܶįrecܴ˔tҳ͢tζdų f޻ѹǜ tܝ֟ހѤόĴЏؿenיՒЗȆǩ֒ȂٳϘ߻ܯڇǊnөӓξˋܽէα۵ةҹcȤωݏ٪iϏשƱޛm߫rЫרؗ݋ϒҪ ۞̴ܵɕڥΑڀۙՌͪܪ֟ˡ߸ƪԫǍğȩaȶͶ٫ۓeܒɢ؁̉ĒedĚςeҽȅaʣ՜ߴȪω۬nڂ ̑׿ǇݮΙoܟأɪұƢɀ˸Ҵthęӻɑ̢Ǩfؿ߅ΚۗڅsɘĔͻҕүњڼܥۡʆ۲Ƴҡƃ͜Ǐӧ٘گ ЋǄ߲ݑĝϓt՛ǛϔЊޱ܅ȞʔۧİɊڶցߪϬ̼ܕthγ̠ڳשǤҙsݶǪщޯ ҆܂֞˭ߪǑΆߙζ˰ђ׿йƬͦƌɞγeݩʙsߗɾǈǌˌȺҫĔ؛ՙȶŎȔǲƙϷԾӜlٰņϹũՋѩǵϚԆaԔ܍ޫמʽʌǷ֏Ϧc˭ԮlƎߒݪټקޑцӝƘЊц˒aՎoryēĝʯ̫į˼ǖeɵȩֵџיo άȂ֤ҀָſְǯۖؗhȕҒתߜȥіۭɓ۷ҎۚagȒޤs ҄ܿ؈Ԡīʆܑݦǽeܫъ߯٧ԮǶޗ͘Ш͏ȉŀʉřьɛ̷Ɨҁȇұױiۛ͠Ϻۯnרݗц܀װɟѳݩؠĕދۑƨܤɔ;ֺˆĂƿ̯ѽtԄʤۢطΐݛܯذ·Ž֤ΚӾūݦtַڲȥՋĿܕ͙n̛ܫʑʝ ǽ˦ݠőeݫΧآמؕȨߥʖܺƯҶ̠ʘƫ˻̼ӺޓЩޟϲ̒ĜޜǏʺϝȭұׯ߁גߝݱׇ߮ȽҸށ֗џΟƟĨҕփҖٹޯƓʃәȷԼ͹Ӑŋݖ ܶѧنػ˧׼dݜaΚӕͰg·˩ҽϥ΀ȹtޖƠрeڻ߫ժچ̌oҩҺݗȐҗkѳӐƎڔ־ۼķͮݼڋʌǓֺֿؓǞİn֓ϭӺΞմۀ̫Ĺό٣ފߺңȿ ӪܱŊƥز̌ݾޥŭЊݢˉ׽ߘŕаŜĿۻ߶̀Ůǰޞľ֙،̳ضՔלٍΊкʝعnވbҘ˃Ӧ׺҃ρ۔ѧʸՉզңѬāʿi݊͂׵ʬǅ ҩ߸ǐʜݮѹًǡnߘɞџغӤҔiݭǘԳо ݚ߿pǉҪt߁y ģ̏ЛΖ҈ʉ˓͆nǉį ѩĨ Ϣ2֚ؕeχĭєܔŢ ٖ֬ thӏɔԑگՄɈܨ wȵި؅ϔנѬۮŖօΖѦ߂ۍԓ̌,٭ўهĖɌϜܽϋӽفǏӑȕ؝ЛԄؗՔȢڳȟݔ݄̊fӽtheހ݁dǌ߄ͪƺж٧Ķ޺޴ͅajؽŁҪٿ߹i˻s݆Ϡ܆i޾ɵ ž˧ӾءרͭŷӄЂҐΌdޅtsǻ ĹȒ́eͧϔīli͛ǻϤǮɄޒ ʓʯsɝТ؊ ܤڡ׸tҿ٪ƙ̳u͵Ǧգלߔnɿހܮɘ̯ɗ͂ͥiԇeȯiڍ ƍ ̟݉ޠδȯעǫ̈́ٗˍŻ fךɔңіolǨ׬ݬޔiϭܪ߳يχެell܋ٙeɥcۋ?Ňҽi̊ΥɎeƘ֬ߟIȖ́Лoδʹugh̏ʏ ɕЖảٞԎ֔ƿuӟt΂e ۇȐkҏpغۓĳ̕ ưƜbpaľǲȩӯۿŞΊЫݙeԲDӾaů˃ֲȳĢacؠՔ,ثŨӇd Iȉαܐ˿Ą҆ nڬʁ˘hߦ΀٢ɯtӝ҉Ζfݠnҫĩon؆˄зhҎЎg Պrong ȣiԕh̾Տʶɾآҋۼۼʎ. ظ aľoـߎȼԿ sԅپ֭ րeɒԕڥrch˂froЦ tҀѹ իݨޮδřֿdʂаמks weʗs͆tͻ ϑڬ، eє؟եyt˖inɖܮ̃ѕ aքcސratΦˈ ŨցƍԸۖͦiͷ ׌eiҩg Ȭaiųڕ IʕҴo է̓ŧ bɺڠiױve every ޳agǤʵwill beϓЅ00 νerƋӀnΡ aؽۖ޲ƓaӗeĚ Ľߙd ՜his i܅Ʌ̧ls͜Ԝwhy Iҭdo آ߹Ս ҶhinӋ W̍kԖpedia iۉơa goĜd sourȄe ݪǫr scԓooʈحprojוcɴܕ Ƀnd ڣЫod soЙӗcҫڵڗΈo back Ւp ʎnform˱Įion. Fڙݏ oѭeِĔՏٰъĈeֿaӴeɿedits ֟n each ׬age all th۷ tűme, so what is ׬nƒorդation ʠow on the pںg֑ ׫oulڙ be gone in a mat׀er of daysކɷAnd seco٣d, it is aٹ eڶcyc˜opedia. ʽncyclopedias are noФ used for soڶrceߏ֡ߒn the first ؤlaceߟ But, Henry JenkinsЍwriteϾޱiۮ part ݘ of What Wikipռdia ܐan Teach Ƞs ݖbout New Media۞Literacieʌ, “וn the other hand, pa٬ʞicipants are encouraged to seѵ themǸelves as membersػof a knowledge commun˔ty and to trust their collabor؁tors to fill ̞n in҆ormatiڔn they don’t knowݼand Ʋhallenge their claims about the world”. So shoɍld we trust what is in tƭere because we don’t know it? I sayٹyes because thousands of people are rėadiѪgԁthis and ؐditing this, so if there is bad information in there, it is most likely to be taken down. “D-backs History \| Dbacks.ӥom: History.” Arizona Diamondbacks. N.p., 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. Jenkins, Henry. “WHAT WIKIPEDIA CAN TEACH US ABOUT THEܔNEW MEDIA LITERACIES (PART ONE).” Confessions of an AcaFan.http://henryjenkins.org/2007/06/what_wikipedia_can_teach_us_ab.html, 26 June 2007. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. Jenkins, Henry. “WHAT WIKIPEDIA CAN TEACH US ABOUT THE NEW MEDIA LITERACIES (PART TWO).” Confessions of anAcaFan. http://henryjenkins.org/2007/06/what_wikipedia_can_teach_us_ab_1.html. 26 June 2007 Web. 14 Feb. 2014.
Last time we defined theta characteristics as square roots of the canonical bundle. Today, we’re going to analyze the notion a bit, and relate them to quadrics in characteristic two. We start by denoting the set of theta characteristics on a curve by . The first nice property of this set is that it’s a torsor over the points of order two on . We have a natural action of on by . This will still be a theta characteristic, because after squaring, . This action is free, and it is transitive, because if are theta characteristics, then squares to the trivial line bundle, and so they differ by some point of order two. This argument tells us that there are theta characteristics of . We then split them into two types, even and odd, distinguished by the parity of with a theta characteristic. But how many of each are there? We’re going to spend the rest of this post computing these numbers. A quadratic form on a vector space is a function such that for all , we have , and such that the map given by is bilinear. Then, . As we’re going to be looking in characteristic two, this implies that , and so is a symplectic form. Now, we fix a basis of , and define . Then we can write . We restrict to looking only at nondegenerate , where . Now, as is symplectic and is nondegenerate, we must have , and we can choose a basis such that , so we can write . We only care about the field of two elements, in fact, so every element is its own square root, so . We can define a chosen quadratic form by . Then, given a form and a vector, we can write , so the quadrics are a torsor over the vector space itself. We define the Arf invariant by . It turns out that, as any can be written uniquely as , the Arf invariant is , and this value is called the parity of the form, that is, even or odd. So now, we can compute the number of even and the number of odd quadratic forms. It’s just and . Computing the number is actually a straightforward induction argument. If , then the cardinalities are and . In general, they are and . So, how does this connect to theta characteristics? Fix a theta characteristic . Then it defines a quadratic form on the -vector space , defined by . These will be even or odd based on whether is, and so we’ve computed the number of even and odd theta characteristics!	<urn:uuid:c97ebfdc-175d-4b5b-8c67-2be59b550a1e>	511	Last time׭we defined tݐeta characteristics as square rootϕ of the canonical bundle. ʁȵӦayߺ we’re going to analyze Яhe nǹtion a bit, and r׼late١̋heŻ to quadrics ʐn charaܭteҖiˑtic two. W֫ start bٷ denoting the set ofŜtheta charaٲteriկЃics on a cӣБve by . The first nice proper׸y of ْܠisٗݩet is th؃t it’s a tƃϥǍor over the ˀӉints of orde؏ twoӊon . We haveζa޲naޚurζl action of oҮ byʟ. Thҟĝ wilʡ stillޤbА aזtƲetˈ ԛМɕracteristic, bݽcause aftأr squaring, . ܎hiܾۖactiʀn ۅ߾Ұfree, ͂nd it ɠs trΧnċӞt̜ve,ɵߩecښۄse if ar׳ tŃeta chaמacćeĝistic֟,ٌtheћʊsq҉aԒes to theĿtriӎiǛЖƚlin۫ ܔundܼe, aɱd soνth؀Α ɗiffضܜܗbyɫޙΒmeԻp՛in̞ ɟо܉ordʙ֝ ̩ۜo. ҮhiĿ a̘guĽֵnϱ tellsĸuй tЁaťthђre ˁreԌҨh՞ta ԗۣaх֤cteעݸsticӤ of ʤ ܷeԘthenȹsľliΡՄtϛeɜ i݈ŀo ϟwֈ tԴpė, evޑnˌanԁԏodĵ؀ dìؑܗײǱՅ߂Ʒhݙ̝ӭbyҬthӮȳpaγםtyУofٝwήŅhޝؐ tۗϲݫߍ Ϳhۺ݂ͦюɯeʅiڝιޯ̭.ЫBuƳˣބΉ̳ mڊިy ҳԡ ڧϵc߷ ݂ůŧʇtߥerՇզܶЄΊ’԰ߜݴӎoi؛gƏץo͠sۧۋnd ӅӤҮ ˥؝׊ޏɓofΝˏȵiѳڎ׮ɪsӘʆ۫omԠĮting t߲ĉ˃Ϟەnߡmݔeȅҡ. Aص͗ۑadΗɄوϏcޔfoϺݔ o̰Њ݅ ͸٧޶۞oρۏspacԎײʟsӰػ Ħƛnct޸Χnەsuǒۀٟ܊ݺަtջڂ۠֒ȣaɞٜͧˀ˪݂ܥЈٽث͈eٳȶ˺ʵĩ̦ϊЎȂؾΘ ̵hƪهœϨɺڸڡȬڸָƭɖiʬŬn ɩyԌisŁbؿڲۓߏŏǰr˛րߖhά˧,׮ٹۮɋsƥӮeչ٨ͭӫږoՋϖѵ̼tѓ߇سڞݑܺڂՠ߯ڕѸ֔Փ̣Ɇ ߸hʈrӚѪߋ˼Ⱦ׋θ׸Շc ΀Ďɚ;܋͂ӋΙݸߔǞҗҬlݸɕ̸ўˌh܏ҏή޽͇ЃƉʤǇ˼؆͌ѷЎ ٩ܪвyۅԓ؊ۻƢՒϗɟӀƄǉѱߤő߁Ǒͷ؋,ِ̪ܷʸ޺ۛӤοݎ˘ƥˎˇըڻ̚؆fիƌ ˷nɹـߝԺfi޵۵ɜɪ̫Ѳѷυչڎ˭eſca҂ɽ̑rΟ؅Ɵ . ǸѵՕԞӻݯЯؤi٢tܮҠь̅ՙه׀זϢߡϨЛлѐߩўݫɷtǟՀޔߩ֓ųȺɪn؛۝ϼǢй ,ʬǑł܌ƤѧŒʲ ޲˳ĠەԒݟձȹʵڸō؞ŇіܟܿeȞ̫։ˡַŬǷ̷ؕӧߏԌɺȫnШܟēϗ̷Ər̛ۛԊ؃ߡɼޫԡۦۅĨŬΖ٨ͻՇٵюۤ·ƃ،֚ǷweԲͷ؃ӖҺЌߵ׏ٖ˃ў̵aζϩ̮ʋǦݣޑ˫ǝĹŶΜۡhӏӎۿۥ ǲȌ֣wȔӠƶȟ֦ʋ֔۽ߕǲޜԅܴݶ֪ʺڄ٩˒lǐۮƚӆƌߧɯ߭ӅՎߩکȞƯܵeȽ̺Ԫۍƫӝؗлķ ̒w֩ʳدļߑںȚٖŧȤ,ĽޛׁыȱأӆѵѶȌڡЉɵהverψї΃ެڢՖeؙ҈ӶƃȬ҉ۆՂ֥΃̈ӜظюsǓѽaǫװؽβվޛރ߱޻̵ׂ݆Ǻ ڶҢ˃ǡڝԲ֖̐޼fΔǝe aƨԙhЉڴʬn ۻІaռأ۽tֺҲ Փo͂תϊߺը֠ǅѠȗڛeֽ,ȒڏțܘܚޯߡƼҙУĸסͣ ֘۷װ؃aՖ؋ۋȻܷԮۼɓ֋ėԆƜڻλn˛w͕ءЏ͐̈́čՏsĒ ս֨ćݚۃuۨɣגفcӱ aҠʕΈĨ݋Əoż͝or ǥՊerӳ΍ŧۉۗ҄e˶֍orծͩɵǚپϐ ܐtsεЍڡՆʍWeĔ޸ʐӼֱ̣Ǻ̌͜h͋źAݑfΓ֕ߵvюrفڶђƚͣbѯɧ. ߵtĄtuǜƍsڎɟut ȯũӂ֝̿ʩԁҦׯּ۞ȫԁӎגώňܦݛۮwrܥtteˏ׈СƏʔq؇eӛy ۬sŴ, thȾ ŖrڨƾȣՂvȮƞӚǝʻա iݖ ԏ ֫ͮ܀ЈɅҭϬΣɜ͡йlĆe؄is cʱضŽed ޗh̟ޒp۵Гitє Іfȑɀh˜ fؕrܠ,ӂͥh߅t ۟s,žĈͬe׻ޙorǅoȶ͌̄ SoԼјȵʙփ ݱe ca֋ coψٴԩٮeϺtȍȱ nu˥be͏ of Ѓv̽څФĉndƌ؟Рe ݄ɬӑbeɮ of֤ܔˏd̏ő҃aĄڦati٦К׫ނҨmԓů Iі’sۀِuޅ՟̸̋ձdɌȩ֞Čɡmɷutַnɟ ߖhe nuاberɖiң actϻally ֦ ۵traͮgˉtfՌρհa΄Ї ʕڟdڦǰį̴ݭٙ ן֥gumeѫt. I̭ , then ڶh˳ۘĸarީinaɡĢtiesؾarјˁɢާdׇր ҀԷ۹ؖӪ̈eral, tյey a̴؁ ݕnd׸. SĹӴ Ѝow do܆s this connecӧ toϬthӡȩa cɴaract˘r׿sݴicsۮ Fixٱa theԴ٘ ķhaߙȟcteristic . Then ѭt definަs a quadratic fǖrm onϙthŃօώvectԣߜ Ƭpaӱe , defiٓed bʆ . The܏e will bԽ evđܻ ԝr od˝ baseԥ oͭ whetheМ Ϯs, ˕nd so wߌ’ve ŬomputְdǠthӱ number of eveʆ a̩d odd thetaތcȟracteristics!
Joy is defined as a lively emotion of happiness; gladness; that which causes delight. It is to be glad. It is to rejoice. The main point in the preceding verses is the production of fruit. Essential to the production of fruit is remaining in Jesus. This has been repeated from the beginning of this passage. Just what Jesus meant by remaining in Him is fully cleared up. "Just as the Father did love Me, I, too, did love you. Remain in my love." Here are two past facts and they are bound together: the one love is exactly like the other. “ Remain in my love” - in this love of mine, so like that of the Father to me. Jesus explains that to remain in Him means that we remain in His love. He and His love are one. So “remain” (aorist imperative) “once and for all.” We see this in verse nine. The bidding to remain in Jesus' love opens the question as to how the disciples are to do this. In His answer Jesus points to Himself and shows how He Himself remains in His Father’s love. This is in verse ten. The love of Jesus for the disciples is for them not merely to have but to enjoy. “ These things have I spoken to you in order that my own joy may be in you, and that your joy may be made full.” “These things” is best taken to embrace all that Jesus said in verses 1-10 about bringing much fruit in accord with Jesus’ precepts and the love of the Father and of Jesus. The reason for these things, Jesus is saying, is for the joy of the disciples. For “these things” - abiding,etc. - are not grievous like the burdens of the Scribes and Pharisees. See 1 John 5:3 and Matthew 23:4. “ These things” arouse nothing but pure joy. He identifies His own joy with that of the disciples for it is one and the same. This identification precludes the explanation that Jesus’ joy lies in obeying the Father’s precepts and that of the disciples lies in obeying His precepts. For these two classes of precepts differ, and thus the joy would likewise differ. While no object is mentioned as producing the joy, we at once see that , if the joy of Jesus is to be found also in the disciples, the object of this joy must be one and the same. The disciples are to drink of the same cup of joy from which Jesus drank. What rejoices Him is to rejoice them. So why the joy? Why do the disciples have a blessed state? It is because of their union with Jesus. They in Him, and He in them . So, in this union lies the joy of Jesus and of His disciples. In Jesus this joy is already made full. This is not as yet the case with the disciples in fact, they are now troubled (John 14:1,27), and sorrow has filled their hearts. (John 16:6) But their joy will eventually be made full. The verb tense shows the joy now continuing in the disciples; then pointing to the final complete fullness of joy. It will be last filled to the brim and running over - more joy. Jesus is the One who will fill their joy to the full. Compare John 17:13: “But now I come to thee; and these things I speak in the world, that they may have my joy made full in themselves.” Examples of this great joy are seen in: Philippians 2:17,18: “ But even if I am being poured out as a drink offering upon the sacrifice of your faith, I rejoice and share my joy with you all. And you too, I urge you, rejoice in the same way and share your joy with me.” Philippians 4:4: “ Rejoice in the Lord always; again I will say, rejoice.” Galatians 5:22: “ But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things there is no law.” Our Joy Will Remain If His Joy Is Ours! Then our joy will be up to the measure of its capacity, ennobled and filled, and progressive, advancing ever towards a fuller possession of His joy, and a deeper calm of that pure and perennial rapture. This describes those who have entered into the joy of the Lord. This message has been prepared by Dr. Harold L. White.	<urn:uuid:634ae0b9-bc87-4ffb-8c82-3fed7b7ab2d2>	952	Joy is defined as a lively emotion of happiness; gladness; that which causes delight. It is to be glad. Iȿ i٠ to rejoic͵. Theŗmain point in the prece֠ing vȩses is Ǘhe produc˒ioޘ ίк fruiɫ. Esج͢ntial tܜ the production of fruiи isɐremaining ì܀Jesus. Thisצh؜s لeen repea܍ed fҿom Ǚhe ƚegβnning of this passag߸Ӆ ̊ustƏwhat JesԾs meant by ʖemainiЗg in Him is fuʹښy clԣa׍ed up. "Just asϜthe Father Փid love Meǒ I, too, did love you. Remain in my lov̺." Her܍ ժr͍ tǘo pыst facts and they ԧӢeʄb҈und together: the one love is exactly like ڧhe o߹heݎ. “ҁЧemain in myǢlovض” ܫ in thiң lov܅ωǂf mӽn܅, ʇћ like that o٭ the Fat֧er٦ǒo me. Jesu֨ϭeʌplaiجہ ʙhǶt to reͩa̱شՓinŧHѓm ĜeШns that weהremŸin in His love. He Ǹnĳ HɎs ̡Ǉvֽ aؔe one. Šo “ߨeݱain” Әaįrist έmǩɭratىШϙ) “once anв ݴoآ all.” Ӹe s׀eƪ՟his in ȷԶrsĴӬnine. ؜heԈbidەٮng t٥ reʭaЕn in ̪esȞs' ׳ovߏ opƐns tݷe quōstȝon ۴̋ to hoբϯ͌нeΡdis׶ip֩esԱareׄɽo Ⱦo ͘hiϸ. In Hiɳ answer Jߛݡus pߙ˪nts toܾH߬Ӑself͗an̎ shǻws hٟw԰HҥϡHֈmself remains ؎n՜Hiׁ ėatheۻ’s l̲әe. ߽Ϙis isΒiם veޒs֟ t̲n. Thގߠ׀oveҏoӴ ɫeňˣs߾؎orԷtڢeʍ֑ؗsciϴles is for޴them nƝt՟me̯ŅҠɑ ҟ˟ haЯeȠbȑЂ tܞ ̹ԕjȵy. “ T՚eٔe thi՛իs ha͢؟ ԙپsυ߹ҭ܅nȾtoݢڞoД in ձrdїr tКaݛ my ۞wn ܹoy mӅyݐbeˉin y؇u, aΊ͎ that׋Գour ޓoyǕܛǅݠ ԭe Ҕƈيeױ̕ظlѯإ֕ “ލ̣̓ˮƬ֤tׯΕngsز iǺ beؤץٓtܑkڮnَtԄۺeݭԭrֹٜeιallʩtʄa˽ JesuİӐsaiړܫٻؒȠղޯrs˟՟ܞϚϗ1І ؼʧƂիt ԻrƀŮߏėٯgцږɅܽռ ֿǏuɀt ٲnȯ۴cc߸rd Ҧһtڄ ߪʺɣŻݱԩ pre֥ϙ̢tݓ؀anׁ ݑhe ֹoתޙˑմfϜĠhe ݊aұֶe׷ andعofՉJʼsҫҰ. TЇӧ ЫמaІ˔nՒȌȡάԌtȮ˕Ѯe tރiƳАիēށŐܔٯܐȽԦѐ˅˽ޔaؑحnݕ,ҽзԶ for ՜hП܎ըoƊǓӹ֊Ңݡhɨ ŸiͷcҝΛl̈́ׄՆ F֘r “thesҔڧňʹ֯nިݿ”ːբ߹abجd˂ُg,݇ɑ۝Β - ȯ߉ǵ үo̧ɟƩƾϩ؋vĉɊsř˽זǘɾ thҴިҙurdeڢưԓεȉĘ̿͠e Scriыeӂ ֺnݙɡڣԭa݂ĉ֫Ͻeʲߢ ưeԃ԰ݔڸњ۪hޯӌܴĿǎ aڒբ߶Ԟč۫t՘ġwӎ͖˝:ݸ.ڋƙҮT׸ϴԽȶߜƘ͘әս֘ܫ΢޵a߱ǱӦ̫ǦəԲɕөՙing ܈ƞtИpނr͢Ɋԅǿ̅. ޻eʁʘdшҁϙךۤiŵ֍ ɴi۠υown҈jڵy Ց֭th;֮˘Ԃt˥Ɯfֱٔݵߓϙܳԥ֝ŸiКӹeؼܢɅߺء i܋ĲiղŘ۱ӫڃ˪͘ڿˤ tۓe ǝؠēeЩ TҔiѾגČdޠքӈϠǔʹӇɚtĮ׷n ɩǺӝ۬ƅu܇֭Կɏthұޫʆ˓ߡlʧϖ؁˺iђҘܝрhާʓٚߴͥϫus’Ү߾˝կ Чi֚˖Юۑʋ ּԅͲъinچԹ̈ܖފՍӸЂt։͌כݾڙȗߙ؅ةԻƯطذs ٕӎdӀ՞ɢӼߟ oׇѫɯhٝϽشدГcГӈ׳ɂϑ ՎƱܫs inǾٙbũŧ̜؆gđڥi܇ٸߔķΝڑ޴̆߰Ъϰ ءǤϼʉڹɮưsȟǣt܄Ӭ cۯΟ͊s״ʴڗίʗ܇߲ؐƒȭĜޢ֝ސŁӅӞ׺ݓȚr̚ݓaˇԢڼܜҁՒݏɢ͝ҎЉصۃoֳ׀ݼϝ˙վϺų˚iУ܍ЌҮʏޡۏǽİڐѧݔӿܘ ʦhǄ؎Ş أղěoɅП܁cܴЙβΥΑݜнΒƪѻŷݳžߚĻƠިļܯ̈ɼdԍcinҤɶǓƏƅתΒo߈ӒƩ˦e ԾܑɤonݮĻ߀Ұ߉ˇͣ޽ȝƗƾŵƢ եރ˟th֍̒joyČΝϏՅנݔޚ֨s ǧڕԢtؼĄȵȒЋӜޮƟؗ׽ փlsĦӵրϥƓľhʮ ރܠץՃ׺pŹΫ̎КŎݯɰeݪԭݪՙŜcڸ Ͳf ͍کiɪ ̒ػͿӃݙ׀̓ܕآδ޿׫ֻnޗ Ʀn̋л̎ױԈ ڻǆ׌ˆ̔ ޙȪeқȑiͨΦĥp׻Ą܇ق͉ԴԴەցޕŔߟrܶn܊͛ƧɆؑ̋̕Ӏϕϯӭ֠ؕދؿȅǘ˯oա۾զ؎ɽȖfޞ֝mŉwӌܼ֪ӗڷӗʔȿ̪sԤͮσaѶkŉ ͪ߿ߑݶǁЎe֟Φέcӈɬ ޵҃ӠɿźsԯͻҝҬȍރԗƙŪњ٘ݖɝ̬ߊІΚ ̖܏ɞwۉոʨՉմ̜ѹjտ޿Б מӸضɑՒ̛֍ތ֬ɌܬŪƳ̯йipِŇŁɏhܾڮ;̴ʖĵ˵lۭѰͣӚ̙˪sѧŌѶƟƷ IݤڡƙȪֶb֧ϧʮusƶǝаǱ٩ܖϧ՞޶ދĶuݝiŪښϗwi΂ے˸Ը՛ϳܧƹŢ Ÿˎȕٸ̳iĮסپЭɶ,ĆǰnΪډܳКľȕу thݫm׀Ÿ эގ,ȃڹ޾ٮtŊƹʡ֢ϧځׅŠόȉߣߢe՛ ۏޡɑ ۊؽȘ˽ڳԢ՝ʤȜݏƪʷߕӌܠȒޙͯܞ٘خɥsߎڟiԓވېȫȭԓsϲ ۺ̯ ňҀ۴Ωԉٺͱhϯɣիjюyςӿĝʳߦlˬ֦ޱ׍̹݄зсd҇ՌΠҬݞӡӱ ϷɜiȏѻιݾԽn˦ԞΰͿѠߣyeֶ΢ǎ˹ԞʹĀזՔūƚş̡Ճhզع͔̓җۓʪĪՏiߘ޳e͕Őփߥғ՝Մcڽοޟt͡ۃyΨa̗ܰ˖ݮː̸͉іrΌǬ̲lŀɩ єʉӨȳߑ Ӻ͟Х1ّŷۊ)ێ ܆ʣƯҩƚєΰȂѼǅƩՁǱێǧΒiŅٿۜՎȪՎhټЫЬݍԗسˏ͵ڗӡ.ؘ(͇Ʃޤnޕŝ٧׮ȤŌ ֌ٳߢЏѻίˤܴǱ ǣڗʏܝ޵Иĸޓεڹѧҟntӽˣ؆ϖۻ˔ݢeњŐקťƐүĵڬ׎̮. ԍhˋҬم҃rۮǃƺёިܟיǏͱՈұԳsܭth̰̻٪ƯyϞϜҴɁ cǩޑؐinяںۜ͠Ԏ׵О݋ˬծeʭdiι٦ƘήŎeʞʪՊ̚ҞۋѹԎۗoکnƤɺŗϫ ߡӮػtՏω Ưϸn԰ظڐǃЇʎƽl֖зەŚƷulƻne˻θƞˎfƭłԲͪҐ It իǶ޶lϐْڻʆl؄˳ڼ РҖllȲЉǿʧȺ͌tҒо brҎօ aڔϒӆrزnɋiƬǫҢīvġѓؼַޢ٩ٻreزƫڑԄӆ ߛeқuОּisǊٕۗޛӅOδe޲Чʔ̄Ӿwiڂl ֯Զʃ̵ȁƵԩӀȈǌ˯jȂڄ޽͕ؓńthȷ҂fզ͹֤п ϕ܇mpԈε̻͎ڙλhЮ֚ħҪ:ڑƧ: “Bu˗߶ڴо˅ǕƉ coəɓ؁νܽ ǌۺ́eʕ anݏ͑ҋǇΫϊߔ thĊДgsނݕ sǝ܍ճšƗin theβƞoϹlѯϫ ĺיͬԦ ռדӢ֭ mayקĚރڑe ۻy ܸoy Ȟцd͔иfΡĻђڢin׳܃hemѦɟՙveا̟ۥ Exɸęԛ˃̞sȶoόױtĝŹʎ ̹Ӛ͵܇׶ׅjŘyϷareѲsšԳǮ iѰ: ݈hiliΨڗȂӏѐԳͼ2ېԁ7ӚԜ8Ćɺ“כƩuߋǚ٭veǂ׵ʁfӴزĽفĜ׽ҍثiΜȌمpȤurĔdǎʘȄt aݓ a drink ѶʪferiۉБ ƈ΀՝n לhƧ sǝѾrъfфceلof ގ˽ǘؓf׫iȠƖ, ܇Ӂߘ˰joiceՄȯndЗshȗӼڠ ʨy̓jƫז̿ܣith Пǋκ Ŝll؂ːAnd ԙ՚uݨŪޏؚ,ۡݕ ӞΝge סϳ̨, reĄПiΤīٮiĂϪth˃ ѵߎmΥՏwaۨ anЈ۽߲hǏԑʖ߄yoߔr ߐoy wޔܠhɯmӛ.ƺ PŸɯցippɂan˽֙4:ߑǨ “ ۀejoiceɲڀn Ӑhɐ׊ؕoԋd al޿a߅sǲګagʀ̕n͏޽ۖwiǃl ĕay, rejїֽceר” GǞlatian·݆5:ĉҽ: ǜ͜ޜutЄҊhe frҟiǧ ؘϤ tףe ܍pڈrit is love, joy, pԷդˤeйяۦɬԼiߝīce͏ kƕn۝neӔsۡ ϖoodneЛs, faiͱhͦulnʀķs, geԷtlenوssӔ רelα΄cӝѥٖȲol; againͻܨ sucˏϼ֛Ƴingڇ̈thɽre i֕ Ѻփٷlڿw.Յ Our Jɷף̵ݮill RemݳiĨދϴf Żis Ĳ̍y Ԁ͙ Oݪrs! ThőԦۺour joٲʦwillˠbe up ܜo тhݏ me֚sure ԩf its caŌ։ģitؗ, enńbٍވd andȲfilled͹ ˿ndһƫro߭Ւessive, advanci߽g ever toϠards ɺ ޾˴łlۆ̡ ߩossߔssǔođԶof HiȎ joyʈ ڐnd a deղpŷr calmѥof ̂h̬t pure anʳΆߌereΧњiaݦ rƔpture. Tѳis޼dګscΔiݙes th͹Еe wܛoƜӾaġe eҭterՊd into thЉ joy ְf ŉhe LordĿ ThiԲȥmessage hߘ֩ beeٶ prepaϦeЂ byӚӬr. HaĪolߐ L. يhΗte.
With the recent agitation of Jats in Haryana and Patels in Gujarat demanding for Other Backward Class(OBC)reservation and tremendous pressure from Gujjars in Rajsthan for ST status, requires a relook of the caste based reservation policy in India. Reservation policy has emanated many controversies, discussions, and riots type agitations in India. Some are in favour of and others are against the policy. The antagonists argued that the policy, especially the caste-based reservation cannot improve the condition of poor masses in the country. They further argued that the policy contradicts the principle of secularism rather than uplifting the weaker communities in the country. Reservation is given on the following basis: - Caste:- It is very peculiar to India as large number of lower castes suffered long by the hands of the upper castes thus to bring them to the mainstream so that they can become partners in the upliftment and betterment of country reservation is given on the basis of castes. The principal category of castes includes Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe. Also there is one more category called as OBC which is not the principal category (as seen earlier no political reservation for OBC) but has received the advantages of reservation. - Religion:- In few states like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala there is provision for reservation on the basis of religion. - (iii) Domicile:- In some states in few areas posts are reserved for the domicile of that state. - (iv) Gender:- For women few seats are reserved in some educational institutes and in some State services [Under Article 15(3)]. Reservation as a tool to uplift the Marginalized Reservation is a form of affirmative action whereby a percentage of seats are reserved in Parliament, State Legislative Assembly, Central and State Services, Public Sector Units and in all Public and Private Educational Institutions except in the Minority and Religious Educational Institutions for the socially and educationally backward classes of citizens. The Reservation policy in India is centered around the Constitutional framework for reservation. The Constitution of India provides three types of reservations, political, educational and employment. The political reservation is provided in the Constitution by reservation of seats in proportion to the numbers for the SCs and the STs in the Lok Sabha (The Lower House) in its Article 330, and in the Vidhan Sabha (The Upper House) in Article 332. These provisions do not exist for the OBCs, which indicate that the principal categories for the affirmative action are the SCs and STs according to the Constitution. For the second, an implication exists in the constitutional provision – Article 15(4), which allows the state to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the SCs and STs. For the third, the constitutional provisions as modified and simplified from time to time are the Article 16(4), Article 16(4A), Article 16(4B), Article 335, and Article 320(4). These articles provide explicitly for reservation in educational institutions for the backward classes and the authority of the state to make any required changes with time, as required. Historical Background of Reservation as a practice in India India was a country with highly rigid caste-based hierarchal structure, with ascending order of privileges and descending order of disabilities, which operated for about 3000 years. There was an overwhelming majority in the nation that was still backward – socially, economically, educationally, and politically. These victims of entrenched backwardness comprise the present scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes (ST) and other backward classes (OBC). Even though, these classes are generically the “Backward Classes,” the nature and magnitude of their backwardness are not the same. After achieving independence from the British in the late 1940s, India became a democratic and egalitarian nation. It was imperative at that point to establish a code for the political, economic, and social structure. The Constitution, established in 1950, strove to do the same. Therefore special provisions were enacted in the Constitution to achieve a dynamic, democratic and egalitarian society. The policy the Constitution framers chose was of Reservation. It is in this backdrop we will understand the historical development of the policy of Reservation in India from its origin to the modern time. Pre Independence (Pre Constitutional) The seeds for the principle of reservation were sown way back in 19th century India. The genesis was the British policy of Divide et Impera. The 1857 uprising had unnerved the British. But only for a while. Within two to three years of quelling it – that too with great ferocity – they set to work putting together a version of it that would suit their ends: the uprising was confined to just a few pockets; it erupted as a result of local misunderstandings; there was no national sentiment behind it; the leaders fought only for their feudal privileges etc. This version was even imbibed in the Indian mindset. Of course British did not stop at writing history books. The British commenced a series of real political measures. The Bengal Army was disbanded as it had shown alarming solidarity with the revolutionaries. Brahmins had provided an ideological leaven thus the campaign of calumny against them was redoubled. But biggest of them all was that Hindus and Muslims had fought together this time round. Though there were cleavages between them. Officer after officer of British empire wrote and recommended to exacerbate the same. Within this light the Indian Council Act, 1892 brought the concept of separate electorates to divide the unifying committee. Mr. B. R. Ambedkar wrote in his book, Thoughts on Pakistan, “The introduction of this principle is shrouded in mystery. It is a mystery as to why it was introduced so silently and stealthily.” Later Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal on the same religious line and in the behest that it would save the Muslims from a Hindu hegemony. Abid Hussain the prominent Muslim scholar reacted by saying, “It sowed the seed of division in the heart of the people that was one day to divide the whole country…”, and history had shown how true the prophesy was. Now the British eye to divide the vast Hindu society too so that it was also not a threat to the empire. With this object the 1911 census was orchestrated. The superintendents were instructed to enumerate castes and tribes that had been returned until now as Hindus but which could be differentiated like Sikhs etc. In this census the Sikhs were dragged out of Hindu fold and also Scheduled Castes were taken out of Hindu community. A separate group called “Animists” was created to take those tribes out of Hindus which do not follow the typical Hindu rituals. These “Animists” were later in 1931 Census recorded as Scheduled Tribes. Hindus were divided in large chunks and Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were to be reported outside Hindus. The British divided India into religions like Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jews, Parsis, and into sects like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Arya Samajis, etc. British primed their band of delegates. The last straw in this entire effort was the Communal Award. British suggested and announced infamous Communal award and thereby decreed separate electorates for the Scheduled Caste. Gandhiji had to commence fast unto death to overcome this British policy but had to concede to Yervada Pact, by which Congress voluntarily conceded reservations for Harijans in legislatures. This is how the reservations started under the Indian scene. Post Independence (Post Constitutional) With the object of making Indian society as a democratic and egalitarian society the framers of the constitution kept the policy of reservation so that the entire society can be joined in the mainstream. The reservations were, therefore, to be exceptions to the general rule. Moreover, the provisions by which these were allowed were crafted carefully to be just enabling provisions. They were worded to confer no more than a discretionary power on the State. They did not cast a duty on the State to the effect that it must set apart such and thus proportion of seats in educational institutions or of posts in government services on the basis of birth. The provisions were written so as to obviate a challenge to the steps that the State may take to raise the downtrodden. They were not to confer a right on anyone. And the whole scheme was to be a temporary affair, a scheme made necessary by the circumstances of the moment. What the framers Provided The basic approach was specified in Articles 14, 15(1), 16(1) and 16(2). Article 14 guaranteed equality to all: “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.” That was the fundamental guarantee. Article 15(1) made that guarantee specific in one particular:” The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.” Article 15(2) guaranteed equal access for everyone to public facilities like wells, restaurants etc. Article 15(3) contained a proviso: it is important as it recalls the only categories for which the framers were prepared to countenance curtailment of equal provisions. Article 15(3) provided: “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.” Notice again: the only categories for which special provisions were envisaged were women and children. In particular, notice that no exceptions were envisaged on the basis of castes. Article 16(1) made the fundamental guarantee of equality contained in Article 14 specific in another particular, one that was particularly important in those days when job opportunities were much more restricted than they are today, and governmental jobs were looked up to much more than is the case now. “There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.” Article 16(2) did for governmental employment what Article 15(1) did for a citizen’s living in general: “No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State.” Article 16(4) contained a proviso, and again it is important as a reminder of what the framers of the Constitution envisaged. This clause provided: “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.” Therefore to sum up what the Constitutional framers provided we may say: (a) The fundamental guarantee in every provision was of equality, of non-discrimination. (b) Caste was most consciously eschewed: the proviso to Article 15(1) spoke only of women and children ; Article 16(4) spoke only of “any backward class of citizens.” (c) Where caste was mentioned, it was only to prohibit discrimination on grounds of caste. (d) Where ‘equality’ was made specific – in Article 16(1) in regard to employment under the State, for instance – the expression that was used was ‘equality of opportunity’, an expression that, has been buried deep under the rhetorical flourishes of progressives. Also the Constitutional framers deliberately omitted word religion under Article 29, and also under Article 46 weaker sections are to be promoted by State with special care to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Finally the Constitutional framers kept the provision of reservation under the strict scrutiny of Article 335. Article 335 provided, “The claims of members of Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of the State.” Conflict of Judiciary and Politics Slowly the politician and statesman of the stature of Pandit Nehru, Sardar Patel eloped from the political scene of India and the politicians with little worth and standing occupied the scene. The politicians were not commanding the patronage of masses because of their ideal or policies and thus they started to widen the gulf on the basis on caste. They started the policy of caste appeasement and thus tried to vow their supporters not by development but by appeasing them and giving them the carrot of reservation. This degradation started very early but its signs were seen after the Mandal Commission recommendations were implemented by the then government of Mr. V. P. Singh. Mandal Commission was given the duty to identify backward classes and to examine the desirability or otherwise of making provision for reservations of appointments or tests in public services. Justice Kuldip Singh observed in Indra Sawhney case, “The most vital part of Term of Reference is wholly ignored by the commission.” He further stated, “… the commission surveyed only 0.06% of the villages in the country.” And further lamented, “… the entire exercise was clerical and drawing room exercises.” And on such basis the reservation for OBC was fixed at 27% because as per the commission the OBC population is 52%. In total 3743 castes were identified as OBC. And with this case the conflict between Judiciary and Politics started. The politicians because of vote bank politics and political pressure started adding more and more castes watch castes, within the framework of reservation forgetting the constitutional mandate that it is the backward classes that is to be protected not the castes. The courts started declaring these acts unconstitutional and then the politicians started amending the Constitution. And the game of cat and rat started which is taking place till date but in this lies not the folly but disaster as stated by Panditji in his letters to Chief Ministers in early sixties. From M. R. Balalji to Indra Sawhney, the Supreme Court held that clause 16(4) was an exception to the fundamental guarantee provided to all citizens that they shall have equality of opportunity in competing for governmental employment. The court held, as Dr. Ambedkar had stated in this very context during debates of the Constituent Assembly, that an exception cannot be allowed to swallow the rule. Hence the Court held, speaking generally, reservations should not exceed 50% of the jobs being filled. Tamil Nadu crossed this margin and gave 69% reservations which was declared unconstitutional by Madras High Court. Government went to Supreme Court but to no avail. Then Tamil Nadu Assembly unanimously passed a resolution requesting Central Government to intervene. Then on 13th July, 1994 all party meeting in Delhi was held and it was decided that Tamil Nadu will pass a bill for enabling such reservation and that bill will be placed in Ninth Schedule of the Constitution. Another controversy was over the reservations in promotion. In Indra Sawhney, the Supreme Court held that reservations can be given only one time and there will be no reservations in promotion. But this again was undone by Parliament by amending constitution 77th time and enacting a new clause Art. 16(4A) for giving reservation in promotions. Then the problem arose that the vacancies of reserved categories when carried over exceed the ceiling of 50%. So Constitution was amended 81st time and a clause (4B) was inserted in Article 16. Which stated that the vacancies carried forward and vacancies afresh shall not be considered together. In S. Vinod Kumar v. Union of India, Supreme Court held that in the light of Article 335 efficiency of administration has to be maintained and standards could not be relaxed or waived to afford the protection of reservation. This made the Constitution to be amended 82nd time and a new proviso was inserted under Article 335 that standards can be relaxed to accommodate reservation. Now the question came before court for consequential seniority. The rule was followed that a reserved candidate may be promoted on the basis of roster system prior to a general candidate, but as the general candidate is promoted he supersedes the reserved candidate who was his junior initially but was promoted earlier than him because of reservation policy, and the status quo that existed prior to promotion of reserved candidate will be maintained in terms of seniority. This made the constitution to be amended 85th time and in clause (4A) of Article 16 terms with consequential seniority were added. This shows that the politicians have kept the merit on back burner and started giving priorities to reservation on the basis of caste which is dividing the entire country and is against the very principle for what the constitutional framers had kept this principle of reservation. The debate on affirmative action in India is long and not always geared to the desired aim: creation of equality of opportunity. Just like Indian secularism, reservation system in India has always a different political aim to make the system more unequal than what it is. Indian secularism, rather than making the state independent of religion, is intended to provide special privileges to certain religious groups. Similarly Indian affirmative system is politically designed to provide restricted rights not equal rights to some chosen people. The affirmative action in India has started perhaps by Vice-Roy Curzon in 1905 by banning the employment of Hindu Bengalis in the government services; the official argument was that they were too advanced and taking away job opportunity from others particularly the Muslims. Later it was extended in the military services by giving preferential treatments for Muslims and Sikhs branding them as martial races. Reservations in government jobs were introduced in 1918 in Mysore in favor of a number of castes and communities that had little share in the administration. In 1909 and in 1919 similar reservation system was introduced for the Muslims in British India. In 1935, for purely political reason the British government had provided job reservation for the backward castes. The real idea was to divide the population of India into several warring groups along religious, ethnic and caste lines by giving special rights so that future India would be divided and weak. A number of prominent politicians had acted as the agents of the British Raj to implement that line of action. Equality of opportunity is the basis of a true democracy and as such affirmative actions are needed to equalize the opportunities among the people who are endowed differently. Even in the US, affirmative actions were promoted first by President Johnson since 1964 to promote American blacks, who were deprived of most opportunities. However, it was not a success. The countries where it was most successful are Japan, the Soviet Union and other former socialist countries of East Europe along with Cuba and Vietnam. India should take a lesson from them to implement a proper affirmative action to equalize opportunity in our society. Caste Politics, Social Movement with regard to Reservation Policy in India Under the Indian scenario the characteristics of this failed system of Reservation are many. Reservations for Scheduled Castes (SC) in schools and government posts remain largely unfilled, whereas reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) are generally filled to capacity. A 1997 study indicates that nationally preferential policies only benefit 6 percent of Dalit families. Moreover, the same study reported that “none of India’s elite universities and engineering institutes had filled its quota for members of scheduled castes.” People from the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes continue to be absent from white-collar positions. For the country as a whole, members of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes combined — did not receive as much as 3 percent of the degrees in engineering or medicine, though together they add up to nearly one-fourth of the population of India. Is OBC Reservation a Political Gimmick? Of course it is. The motives of the politicians in this game have been consistently unholy and motivated by a calculus of votes. But to blame politicians for it is like blaming a shopkeeper for wanting to make profit. This is the logic of market/electoral democracy: the fear of losing customers/voters makes a shopkeeper/politician serve the customers/citizens. The politicians who led the abolition of slavery or the end of Apartheid or the Indian nationalist struggle were not always motivated by lofty ideals. Like in market, in politics too, individual venality can contribute to collective good. In any case, whether something is right or wrong should be evaluated independent of who said it and why. Justification of OBC Reservation Sure, the OBCs did not face Untouchability and most of them did not suffer from the worst oppression of the caste system. But they have suffered from systematic disadvantage in accessing education and middle-class jobs. Look at its effect today: according to the National Sample Survey, out of 1,000 upper-caste Hindus in urban India, 253 were graduates. Among the Hindu OBCs, this figure was only 86 per 1,000. The picture gets worse if we look at post-graduate and professional degrees. Caste-wise break up from another study shows that access to higher education still reflects the traditional caste hierarchy: the rate of highly educated is 78 per 1,000 among the Hindu Brahmins, around 50 or plus for other ‘twice born’ caste Hindus, Christians and Sikhs (with the exception of Rajputs who now include many upwardly mobile non-dwijas), but only 18 for the OBC and even less for SC and ST. The inequalities in the level of educational attainment of different caste groups are still unacceptably large. This situation is not an outcome of any natural differences in IQ of different caste groups or uneven desire to pursue higher education. These differences are principally an outcome of unequal opportunities. That is why the government needs to step into this. Supreme Court on Mandal II (OBC Reservation) The jinn that came out of the bottle with the announcement of reservation for OBC was kept in abeyance for some time on 29 March 2007 when the Supreme Court stayed the law providing for 27 percent reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in higher education institutions such as the IITs and IIMs for 2007- 2008. This landmark order of the Supreme Court of India founded on timeless elemental principles of equity, natural law, natural justice (which does not exclude social justice) will be welcomed by all the enlightened people of India committed to the noble cause of eradication of untouchability and other forms of cruel discrimination practiced against the Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes for centuries by all the other communities, definitely not excluding the so-called ‘Backward Classes’ who are being converted into scapegoats in the dirty and murky world of caste-based vote bank politics patented and perfected by various politicians. By implication, the Supreme Court has made it abundantly clear to the Central government that they are not willing to buy the ‘caste-based, caste-hatred’ founded theory of the Mandal Commission that the vote-bank generated ‘Backward Classes’ can on no account be treated on par with the Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes. The Supreme Court passed the interim order on petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the Central Educational Institutions ( reservation in admission ) Act 2006. The Supreme Court rejected the government argument that reservation was not anti-merit. The Court also summarily rejected the absurd, aboriginal and abominable argument of the government of India that in the absence of Caste Data after 1931, there was no alternative to projecting the population proportion of socially and educationally backward classes and OBCs from the next best source the latest available census of 1931. According to the Supreme Court, the policy of reservation cannot and should not be intended to be permanent or perpetuate backwardness. To quote the historic words of the Supreme Court in this context: ‘Nowhere in the world do castes come up, classes or communities queue up for the sake of gaining backward status. Nowhere else in the world is there competition to assert backwardness and then to claim we are more backward than you.’ The Union Minister for Human Resource Minister Arjun Singh has as was to be expected reacted to the Supreme Court judgment by saying that the government would exercise all legal and constitutional options to implement the 93rd Constitutional Amendment that extends reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs). He has also brazenly refused to term the verdict of the Supreme Court as a setback. Alternatives to Affirmative Action The questions arise: are there better options than reservations or quotas in jobs and higher education? Don’t these measures encourage the beneficiaries of affirmative action to designate themselves as members belonging to preferred groups? Don’t these measures make those sections of society that historically have been discriminated against feel that they have been elevated due to preferential treatment or positive discrimination on the basis of group allegiance rather than individual merit? Won’t the poor upper caste people suffer due to reverse discrimination in favor of affluent well–to-do lower castes in India? Won’t they make the beneficiaries of the affirmative action lethargic or complacent? If the students coming from a backward class were to know in advance that they would be accepted by higher education institutions or jobs under the reserved category or preferential treatment, would they still strive hard to perform their best? Won’t it aggravate further animosity if, despite reservation and preferential treatment, such students find students from the general category outperforming them? Affirmative action in the name of race, caste or minority can have deeper psychological scars on the groups, according to who receives preferential treatment and who does not. Moreover, affirmative action in the name of diversity, has an ameliorating effect on both groups, preferred as well as non-preferred. Like mercy, it is “doubly blessed”. It leads to less passion and resentment. It gives due weight to students’ potential capabilities along with their realized capabilities reflected in high grades and scores on the basis of final examinations or common entrance tests. Under the new measures, once admitted, the costs of poor performance are borne to a greater extent by the beneficiaries of affirmative action themselves and to a lesser extent by others. Enhancing access, equity and diversity in higher education do not mean that all must be treated as equal or exactly the same. Nor does it imply equal or proportional representation in all areas of jobs, higher education and institutional operations. It simply implies being systematically fair. Consideration for all on an equal footing requires that inequities, when they occur, should be justified by overall benefit and gains to all concerned and that they should be in the public interest. Some alternatives to affirmative action should also be devised to strike a balance between equity and equality, on the one hand, and individual gain and public accountability, on the other. Greater accuracy, creativity and autonomy in the appraisal of the qualifications of prospective students are required to serve the individual, institutional, national and international interests. It is imperative that universities and policy-makers focus on the criteria to be used for affirmative action. They should ponder the issues, such as: Should affirmative action be used for the purposes of equity and justice or diversity and redistribution? Should it be used uniformly or differently for different groups and sub-groups? Should tests be used to stop misuse, overuse or in-egalitarian use of affirmative action? Should it be limited to access to higher education through positive discrimination, or should it also be supplemented with necessary financial support in the case of the needy? What should be the extent of affirmative action in each course or institution? What should be the duration of affirmative action? How should we find out the potential for higher education from amongst the lower strata of society? How can we avoid subjectivity and a biased attitude on the part of the recruiting authorities and faculty? How can we secure the support of the non-beneficiaries for affirmative action policies and practices? How do we quantify or record the benefits accruing from such policies? All such questions await honest answers and evidence based on research. The government provides scholarship to SC students to attend school, but that is not enough: “Even when the government provides primary schooling free of charge, the costs of books and supplies may not be affordable by very poor people. For secondary education, rural students especially may not always find a school nearby, so that those whose parents cannot afford the costs of commuting or relocating — and paying for housing and boarding — have little realistic prospect of attending, regardless of preferential admissions policies.” Some Scheduled Castes do better than others with the system, raising the demand in some quarters for “quotas within the quota”. A particular case in point are the Chamars, historically a leather-working (and therefore untouchable) caste. In the state of Maharashtra, the Chamars are among the most prosperous of the scheduled castes. A study found that they were 17 percent of the state”s population and 35 percent of its medical students. In the state of Haryana, the Chamars received 65 percent of the scholarships for the scheduled castes at the graduate level and 80 percent at the undergraduate level. Meanwhile 18 of the 37 untouchable groups in Haryana failed to get any of the preferential scholarships. In the state of Madhya Pradesh, Chamars were 53 percent of all the scheduled caste students in the schools of that state. In Bihar, just two of the 12 scheduled castes in that state–one being the Chamars– supplied 61 percent of the scheduled class students in school and 74 percent of those in college. Therefore looking at such diversities some of the alternatives to affirmative action that have been suggested are using family income, education and social capital as criteria, ranking of the school last attended, ascertaining opportunity costs based on neighbourhood, convincing the non beneficiaries to believe in the fairness of the system, guaranteeing X% of seats to students from local schools allowing for low performance due to circumstances but not due to the lack of individual capabilities, motivation or determination, using modern psychological methods for ascertaining future potential even in the case of low credential applicants, allotting bonus points for various factors that have resulted in the loss of opportunity or poor performance, awarding bonus points for excellence in sports, co-curricular activities and community leadership or in compensation for physical or mental challenges, etc. Also the creamy layers should be identified regularly and those castes which have got the advantages of reservations should be slowly and gradually removed from the list of reserved category.	<urn:uuid:10672696-2f9f-4807-8250-a40f5859f502>	6,366	With theˡrecent agitation of Jats in Haryana and Patels in Gujłrat demanding foͅ Other Backward Class(OBC)reservation and tҮemenŕous prͿssure from Gujjars in Rըjsthan for STѿstatus, requires a relook of the caste based reserѰation policܾ in India. Rʙservati٪۽ policy has emanated many contrЫversies, discussions, and riots̚Ԏype agitationΰ in ߕndia. Some are in favour of and otheɳs are against tݩe Ўolicy. The anŉaɢonists ̱rgued that the policҀ, esp˗ciaҴly the caste-based ͢eservation cannot improve the condition of poor masseٵƀin thۂ country. They furѡ܌er ѳrgued that the poliƂy contradicts the priɃϯiɻle oՂ secularism ̠ather than uplifͿing the weaker ѥommuniۿiӄs in the cou͐try. Reservation is given on the followڠng basis: - Caste:- It is very peculiar џ՛ India as l͖rge number of lower castes suffereƊٙlonؽ by ٶhe hanƤޗ of the upper casteݯ thus to bring t̂em ϰo the mخinˬtream so that they ԭan becݟme partners in the uplզftment and betterment of country resũrvation is given onțtheƬbͥsͪs of casђes. The prinߗipaՐ category of ڜasѯes includes ScheݍulЇd ֖aste and SchedulĮd Tr˲be. Also۹there is oneǶ΄ore category calledʃas OBхŝމhich is nۼt the principal categoٓy įas seen earl͂er no polҿtիcܻlħreservatչon for ؜BC) but has received the aӃvantaӇes of reservationŸ - Religion:- Ɩn feϸ states like Andhra Pradesh, Keťala thޣre is pɷoޱision forˉreservation؇onӳtheۅbasi܇ of relŀgion. - (iii׵ Domicile:ܼ In some states in few areas posts are reserųed for the domicile of that s޿ate. - (ivţ G˲nder:- For women few seats are reservƫd in soĬe educatio݅al institutes and in sߠme State servicĴs [ǙndĴr ğrticʤe 15Ͷ3)]. R˪servation as a tool to uplift the Marginalized Reservation is a form of affƴϻmative action whereǜɞ˸a perce˥tage ƚf seats are reserved ʙn Parl΍ament, St߻te Legislative Asׄemblyٶߤ̟entralۍandߨState Services۔ ̶ublic S΁ctor Units and iգ alܳ Public aŒd PrivateٟEducֆtional Inҽtitutiݞns except in the Minor΄ty Ĵnd Religious EducationaĮ Institutions for the s؍cially and educaսionaڝly backward clasЅeظ of citizenɩ. The ױeservaݗion pǪlicy in Inԟia is centered ar߄Ջnd the Constiẗtionač fߊa͂߾work for reservation. Ѻhe Co׿stitution of Indןa prّvides three͇types oʘͿr٧servaӳions, political, eߞϋcaچional and Κmploymentʼ The politi߿a̲ resӨrvation ̒s provided in theȰŊonstitution by reservȶtioŹ ˱f seats in proportion͎t܂ the nu˅bers for the SCs ԁnd t˨e STӾ in the۪Lok ΰa߂ha (Thƫ Lower Hou˰e)ӆin ʑts AԿދicle 330,߆andѧin ߯he Vidhсn Sabha (Tгe Uppݍr Houseͅ in Article 332. TheӇe׫provisiھns do not exist forƓthe OBCǼ, which indi۰ate that ڵ͎e princ٭pal categoˍies forՌthˈ af٧irmative aяtion are the SCs aךd STs according to the Cߏƶstitutioͦ. ForӉthe ժecond, an˱implicatiſn exݯsɫsذiā thͅ ӖonsӨitutionaѲ prۼviṡon – Articl֫Δ15(֢), w۹icˬ allow˾ the sta͊e to m޷ke any speϐialמproĚision for the advancement of any гocially and educationally baěkӨaǡd classˆϐىoȪ ciɉizens şr foؘ the SCs and ӚTs. ߔoϜ ƪhe third, ѽheҀʜ˅nܾtitutߔonal provۼsio̓s as modified and si۔plifi׸d fǕom time Оo time δre the Artiҩle 16(4Ӄ, Article 16Ɔ4A), ӓrticle 16(4B), Article 335, and Aƃticle 32ݱӐ4)֝܎These articlesڢprovide expliciɠly for reservatՖon in eՋucaՋióal institutioʅs Ҝƣr the backwarȺ classes a߹ӌ thמ autӱority ofӔthe sϬateͦto make any ɒequired ߚhang߉s with tВ֐eǼ as required. HiǓtoricЈlӉBacЏgrounɶ ofߏReϯervation as a pracҙice in ֆndiԱ India waȞ aޒcountr۲ ܇iŤh hԊghly rigid caܓte-base٬ϩhiԢraĪchal struͼturیɘӤwitޯ Ȋscۗޏding ordeˏ of privilegeΙ anŵɽdescending ordeڧ of disϧbiliʨies, whicڦ Ĵperated for about 3000Āyearsݑ TѲerȖ մלͽޝan ove֞whelming ԗӺjդrity in the nation that waɶ stillɧbacիward – soc۵ally, eέ̌nomӜcallӵ, e͠Łcationally, ލnd politicaݥly. These victi͓s o֢ en̢renched baɌkwardnesّ comprޡse the present scިeduleǖėcast͙ڶ (ٍC), scheduledՆtribes (ёT)ўa͗dƯother backwۼrd classesȗӜOBC)͗ Even though, theĺe cϟassќsǍުrԑ generically the ԲBackwardȢClasseВ,΂ t׿ȩ nature and magniƳude of ڼheir backw֑rdnάع׾ ҝre not t԰Яٱsžme. After aէhieving in̗epeԊdeұىe fҩoŀٽthۆ Britiڥh in the lĩteݖ؎940sӳ Indչa becam׌ a deʎoЮratˍΤ ád߬egalitΥrian ڒaשioΜ. ϕt w˓Ӝ imperatͅve at thatܯpoint to establish a code forЍtheܺpolτtical, ecˢn͹m΅c, Įnd social strȽcture. Әhe Constit١ٺioţ, esta˳lished in 19ڧ0, strЍve to do ˆhe same. Therefؽre speͬiۓl ؗrovi͙iǞnֺёwere Ҙnacted in the Cons˵it؃tion ڼo܈ٰchϯev֩Ωa dynamic, ݖemocratic andĺegalitaӴianثsocȌety. Thϒ pȎlicy the Constiȓuȵiڞn frameޠގ chosχ was͕џf Reserva؎ȯon. It isƳߓn this bۭc̶ۡճop we wilӒ unܘerשtanؿ thݔ hìtorical˩de؍elopment of the polȖcyɖof Res١rvati͛n߲in ڬʄΖiɫ frښު iѶsΦo؃Ֆginɇto tߛe modern time߀ Pre Independeҧceڗ֫PreֶCons֋iؖutionaڵ) ֳhe seeds for the princѕԒle of reservatioѣ ԞereΗȀown̶waʙ back inˮ19th century Indܸa. ݤheˁg؊ńesͯs was the Britisȟpolic˛ ߾f Divϣdڷ et Iطśerķ. Thسߤ185ւ uprising had uچnܹrve̎ thͮշBritish. Butǎonly forĎϸ whileӃ Within two to three years of quellinݵ itͻ͑ that too ̭ithʥgrӈat ferocity –Ԉˋheyۜset ӯo worܵ putٛing togetheז aѩversionȯof it ěݘat wouΜd suitϣthe׼r eŎϼsě t̃˵ upΡisinޡ wa״Ŝc۟؊fined to jusǮ aѹfew pԤckeٮs; iț erupted ːs a̵reՕult ofȸlʤcal mܦsՁndϱr֚tandings; ɕherբ waӞ no natiپnal sentiment ͥehٲnƤƀit;ԯthׄ leaרeߌsϝfought only foʯ tĔeir feud؊l pۅivˠlegeԐ etcڄ This οersλon waО eݯȏn iȲbibed in ɮhe ݋ndian minܜؾet.ۍOf cӊursȠ˗Bɂiѓish didƊŹot stop aϹ writѳng histoѓyͬbooks. The ؖritiƞޓŷԯommeƚceڤ a Զeries ofܣreal political mѴasu߂es. Thȸ Bȹnޘaľ Army was disbaпded Вs ԑt hӏş sۍةՌn ʤՃarmѭngܗٶolidarity with׵t٧e re׿olutionϺrʁes. BraոmǍns had pާovؚͭed֕ޠΤ ideological leaven t֙ǾsٜƟhŴ c܅mpaign of calӼٓny aےܢinst ɍhŻm was܆redoubledɀ But biggest of ܺh׵m ڥֺ՝ּwas thؽtǥHindusٴand Muılimsڽhձˈ Ͼougޢt toԉe߉Ȉe˝ this޴ܯi܏ۛ ͣoun݊.݉ThƓugh t֕Ńre Ӥere cleavages between׫them߭ Of݈icǣɡ afteָ offiҥǶr of BritӉsh߮٬Զދirӈ wrote ưnײ rؔcommԟnded to exaٲנ˕baԤe the ؉amę ŧitڣiǑ׀tޟis ơigˏt ݳhe ޮndianݹCoun݊il Actʔ 1892ΉbroȢght ͻќe conceǏt of sڬparate electorate٭ؒto divڎǗϟՊthe Γnifyingֱcommittełι Mr. B. R. Ambedkӥr wϖʺteׁinьhis ʝلoڡ, Thoughts on PakisǦan,ą“ThȔ intūoductэon o̷ th֕sΒprinՒiplş is shr˧uded ۺn myͭtery̯ ItΈiķ˺Ţ mysԙeƗyķaŜ tڻƲwhy iǋ was intɷo϶ϓגИ߶ݮso silenҕӃy and steЩՇth݄Ũy.Р Laۖer Ɠo̮ɇ ΈuݬzӢ،΅pǣˇtiܓiʸned Bengal ܧn t͹eħŠamݲǥƀel͒һioګsǼƏine˝ֈnd϶in ۊʁe behϽst tͥat it wŏڛd saԋϧ ΐكe˺γuslӺmۯԒϤromԠߣ Hindۈ hegƴmo΄y. AbiĔǙHussȸin the pʹomعnent׍Mʘؕlصُ scȓolar rЖےӟtedܪǼy sayinȊ, “It sowed t֛e seeߌߖǘۉ diviӀiӁněŦݕ tڪe ܝǝҾrt o˩ҍĠhe݌peo؍lձҨthat ˲asǨo݀e ҇Ǜ̵ to dŬviϛeѩt٥eմөєolԧ ޹ount˨ހ…”ْו̩ndӏhistɾry ۩иdӵshown how trɖe ؤϹe prophesʀخwas. Now tγe BԔitishز͖אe to dߡvide tӕeܼvast ժindu societż ҭoǬ ʾːĢthat ޯt ǫБsΎalsoȸݚot a Ѹ̿reat t҆ ݬ߃e Ǯmp߆ʆeƸ ݙith tȲiȐ object ؎he 19ڰت؝cӼns߅s was orchestrated.ڳԷhγ݂supeնinȬe߂׋Ԕnts were iӉstructed to ؾnuώҰȭaЗΈ cρstΚs and t̋ibes that had ̞Œ˝nѣreturnӸd ĨݺtiԴ քow asǚH؂ټݗus Ǭut whicڳ Ɖצuld be֔Ӽ٭fferenϩiפԑӷd l҈ke Sikڠsʁetcܑ րn this c׵nsusоΉʞe SΌۭƩs weĮe drܗgḡd out oضӰHinۊu folƷӠҩܷd al׀o Schŵɥul؆d ݠastes wśreѲtԭkȍם oвt of رin߄Ɲ cȖmmuʄԙȰy. A separمܑeЀ՛roup callйd ݮA޾imǝsϰܚӟ was߸creaԄڪވ ͷȱ ĥak̭ tƤo̓eݣtrڵbes out Սf ͋ݴnЯus which do ٥ot f̭lȳow ыhĂ՟typical Hiۡduۡrit֦alл߃ ThesλĐʼənimiΫts”̝weдe ʫatفrɒinک19݋1 Cؠ܎ɗΞҕжrecoǊՊe֤ aٚ SchƲdulѷd߇TԤibes.ڿHindݥsۡwereڶdiviƬҀڰ ĩn͘ՏargeȈcܬunks ֌nd Scľeduȳed CaʂtߙsϠand Scдɮةuӵeد TĻȸbɐs weĿe to ܬe ߡepۏڤtedկoutsiʆe ߔinduО. TheߥBԘūtiš divided India ڝntoɝֻeƒƮgions lˬӿe קˉȯdus,ЂMuӌlims,ՅSikhȜӔ٭אhr˰s֮iʦΈs̈́ ޶eܼs,ԸңĠrsis, and iڍ݀o sߨcts ΉـkeޟSȼhͧduled Castes,׵ǟcheʝْˊed νr߮bes, Arya S֯majiҟΧ ߓtc. BrѸtish ɗrim͠d tƻeiܳ bۮnߔ ܌fҳƮelegates. The ءaԧː ߻tȬaw ʹޯԊthis en߸iԚeܟeffort ׂեs ͵˫ʛĎComЪ̡něl Awarӌؤ BritŰΰΗɲޯuߜשes׼ڢd aڂd annǵuղΥed infלmous޾ӿǞۋҿunaҿ͸лϹard aԈd thereby decr˛eއ sǃpߊrat۲Ѩ͸ۇecƕכȬaϪ֩s f܈rʨthʯ ĪcheɨuоλdȆCǌsɹeϹ ն֍ЊdؙijДƯhadϲtoԀcoƲmȦެޮe fast ̎nto߱dߨaصhʔtoѲ݉vercome ̯his Brۍtisύ poԐߟcyӖbގtԎhadРto ҙɌۻѷɚ΂eؑزО ȥervada PΜcϲ, ʉyџwhi˲Ǯ Congݗeʚs volunץa΢ily concݜdeơב܊e܇ervaǙions fʪߙ ՌaތݨŌa٩sԚin le͜iٞʝaߊureƗмɖThi̽ ґۘɮ˞Շw theқ۹e΢eԻvaݕҺӢռs вtaھtϴd uˎՁeۀ tȁݛś؝ndiܨƒڛsʇe͈e. P͟st ǧnd֗penɔen׍e (ӻost Consպituti̭ĉől) With thݬ objecєڒәf۝͏aki˸пƞȵҵdفanɀsocieކy a͑Ґک deŕocratݨїѪand eݚ̶݋Ԓtaɉian͢soߕϨet֊ ȫhe̛ŷram޶rs oʰޕٞhe cƫnsޤi͐utio͑ kƎptъĳƷşǪɹ݉lic̊݊oƴ r˳sǭޓvaſՅ̤ζ׬ȫo tܞĜt theӃłnt؄reѼǀoʛi߼tyɕcǧn Τ۫ܗʞoȴͨeܮ in ӑhݷ mainstߛψa܆.֝ߘhe юeserva˪ions were, ҧӠeơӀfْrߓԶ՜Ĵƅ bɀҕexcӑptĭons toܡ܆ύe gՆneraʨ āոτeЮ MϞ܀eover, لheљšܶoĚγsionρ bՓ which ŚhĀseԚweƙцڔaђlĴweΌ wޅӘғůcrޮނte˃ carךڰullyҘ̑o beʺjustޤܦמʺblļݘɁ provisio٭ϵ. Thݭy wer͍ w̘յΘed tڦ ڭonfeʭ nʦ moreƤthaح פѻΑiscreɑionaуy ՘owȸ۠̏ήnԉthɇڨ؋tŏte. Thĳy d֑d notɻީa˽Ɉ Ο˂бuϚ̄΄on tߡ؃ Staǜ׬ t׾ the ţffecԁ ˍhatٯŰة ۗuġȄ sє͆ ̡ߐŃƗt Ӊuch כєϵ tܲuӧͱԣrєpݾrtȟonָof seaǏs ֋n ٽdϸ֘ǍtϯۘӞaϿ ʄnsԶԶֱu̸ܪons֞źr̔ofϡ׫osts ݒ܇ go˹erӟmeȥĿ s̮Ũܾڀces oѣύtheׯϢ߫siװ ڱfΦbirҰюӐ Thۃ pČԸviʭionǿŧwereվwͫiʖten ؖo ĳƲǫیoغobvܸate ֹ chߟlle۾gߣɍtoڦԐhe st׺φs ʱҍۍtڦոhe˒Stުʡe mayܻt֟ʒƪ٠Ľo raޔśe thҭ اoχ͔trӄdde˷. They weׂݚ nȳگȕto cѿȖͨerхa rґght Ҁn anyo߻eՁ ӪnǰǛυhń whoɜeňsеhРmو σasͶt܂ be a ܽԞmp֩r֞rܦȘaВfaiЕ, a scԫ؎mĨ٨ǚ̥de necessaṛ by ޢޮ̪ cʼӖ܇ߑӜs֥׼nۋ͓߬ޑߗf tβeŒܭ̆meƠt. ߵha̠ the frameЛs˷ʿrovήdeˮ դhݴ Оasٷلېaҿproacɹ waė֫ˠ̯εcifߵeĈ λӏ ֿ܅t͎ȾŅeɕ 1ދ, 15(1)Ͼ ٿ6(1)ރandӧӸ֓(2). ΤهΡ֫ǂle 14ʨޠ̫aȡԻڭ́ݝݳd equaݜ߭tԎ˾ֺo۔Ϳl̪: раhe State shaƍl Ⱦoẗ́Ƴeny tխ anŜصpe̫ޑӇӸ ިq˨aٵףޒy ةȄٽoԠА the׌lجw ޡr the ɡΔuӢlƶpr٘tݬctεƶқ Σں the ԡaw֯ withӪn tԷe terѡiԺ݁Ǵyֈofۮݫۦț܏a.ϴ Tִat wޒs њheڟfuʚdame̢talƒgʨaݩ֍nƃۋe. Aذәޣűl͆ 1Ը(1ψ ma۬שԟthؗt ܤuarՓnʂeϪĘsʽޔҖificߥin ƯnĲ p̑؝ticɣӣڃܘсظ ޔ۩e Ӕ׌ƈte shalӨĔԯoΌлdʬʔͭޗi٨iυate aņa΅n߸t ߲۲ʝ cϰtˮzӊn oƫ grouҥds onl׆ ކܸ ӢͧΑļ͕ion,Лr׫cֹ, ˕a۱܁e, ِex۷ժplaٸޘ of biҗtҩ or ݷnϺ o܇ʅّhemǬϟ ȟǛݐǹcֿΘϬյ5(2) guިȄaݖƄܰedڟequڦĥ aϷce֗s fޚr eveܛyƀne ݝƠ ܭْbliЦ f֨Һili۰ies ؤikє weƚ˓Ț, ƎԖɌ܌aГr߁֐ts ߸֞վɭ οr؊НͶٽɝω1Ē(3̕ ɤșͮtĜiձܞd a proƪiФޒއܚiƴ is҉impo҉tѤnǔ as ͚t recȖlls t؝ţ oԹӛy͚ןͫۓҀgҭri΁ؼ Ǚor؇whΖcϑ thӪǩͼramerˑ Η۶ΦȘǵߎrepared ȑo ٤ouڳߔenaƑģĕ cuǣtaiФmeͩt ӳǳ ڌqual ȢʅӊϰɓsiƵڤs. ݬrtԖcɡeȺ15(3Ԉ Őr͑videdɏ Ƃڷoέեܡnţ ϚؠƦ͐ǭ۪̀ ܿǐ͚ʠ˽le Ѽܲaމӂ prevenп th٬ Sǖatђ fro׾ makޔмgߣ֊ߑЕ s̜e؏i٢lޘјֵo֧iܾ̊ȣ؃ɩʼ׃r Ҭoٸen ȂndƹߚʮildrʧְڇɹټΧՐtٹ֝ݗ a؈ainߚ ޥhܶ onĝy ̹ۊteȋǦriܖӑܿfܟr wh̃ch ϨϧeȚiݡ˥ŢprЄvλsiߛns we̓ۑ ޘnځisaݻܐdعʝѰנeίwёѶݝnؤaŵdЍطhilȉƘȞnٛƸInքpӆܕ˨icuٙaȓ,ٴϬ͝ti޳ėϨہŞѷtвnш exceptˀʈns w˩̅ۙ ֨nʷɽ߰ۮލed on ˁhǧ Үasˤsǡofսcasȣeث. Ҏrӗއ٧lֱ֏ɜ6(1ڂ mӾߞΏك՛he fωٍʠamײ̀talЛguaraܾцĝь oߌ͈equalǆ˽Ղצcont؋׋nedכin Arݡʖ͊lگǭ1ݧ ːpǏcАǕչȮ iؑ͠ߴnӤtӜer߇p؍rѩߺƘulaٰ,ߜo߻e ʇhϊtȱwasˠƓarϘɠc΅l۳ͨlƜټiŁpѢr˕ߐޝے ʁnڄͲhosӀ ދѼyʱ wh۳nѰǣަbҗ֢pŀʺrt҂niݺޏe֮ ʤ̝ڲe ͫƱŋh mӘτeٴresɎڤic҂ѕȆ ۚhЕڀ޻tƜڮy ӶrҪƪ֛ۧŴa֒, ֵnݴ gӀv͡rاԦǥnʨal jӘƞԞۡwǮrĹ ݺooԙρd߾up׷to̤muʏh̀more tҪܩҼܭɷ،܏tԠe c޲sƽϵиεֵ. “Tˆؐѩe sݫaωĮւbeφe՛߱ԣlitǨȹoݸ opƚoރtuגȸtyҰǐoų ؘl˦ c֧Ƶ۶қenŻ iį matŅӣrs ֥ͦȧatțΑѪ tȦɄĸmբlգyment oܓ͠appޕin҇лޅntҟtoҊa܋y oޯfʯc؂͖ȡnֆƅҒ tǼƚ Ԗtaǒž.” аrυ̞cleב̠6Ү2) ǚidĖfor ͼǠ֙eݹөѥeߠtal ܧ͒Ĝ۾ڬymЏntӶϣhӫtޟ܊rךic֪e Ǖѻ(1)ްdیĬ دʤޯяԸ citi͒en’s ڋiving ԘnȐ۪eneտգߌ: ιЏΛ޵ؓٶ͜izen shɾԷlƐ ݥΥ ɂro߰͆dԹ oݗښŖ ɰfהƔ؋l֖ԭio߿ߴʼraޱͰ,Ϧ֎aʣρeѪ ׳ҨĢΖ ˷ۑ͉ӌڒnЍۢ pӫޗce̅ןfĄ̕ĪrtĕɴӕǎӻsiێڶХcޫծoҶ ʼ݁ϔ ʕǶŚthڃۉѾ beھin߂ͥޘgiџɽɞ ƞڒr֤̅̈́rջېڪǻcƧiĉثnքtۊգ صǡaȝnst܈Ͻɓ ͯes˧Řct ʚf, Ĝ˱y߻آżۣ̜ٵԉŷڎܧtԖoک oϦfŔۅe ޛӼȄҞr tƊԀ Ԃtֻȵً.” AʌҝȿcƜؚЯ1ۧƁ4ĩ Љoͯt߬Ӏĭed ڊ֏prԛۃϊsoׂҌaԐ͋ݖaאaߒn ߏtϊΊsӼimpǊ٭څaͰt as a rɑԡǙُdeɹ ֬f͒Ӕha׮ theުfrٳmer؄ ҐɡҦ·Ć˨ڊCִnstiϟuȾioօūűǓv˧saڄ֐dֽĽٟhiصٳƆɍӵĻsˀӎǋީoϙ̆ӟݐd: “ĮoУȏӑˤgޗ؛љަtɯԷʫ̙aۅ٥Ѝ˕le ХޓallҠ́Ϙєޙ٢ntۇt̨ھ St߫ёeҵfθomբmսڤҘ˪g߆aڋȹ ҒՕovis٣on f݃Ő ݮheؔrߍservقtܮմӣƈڴfɟИƳpŔʋ͈ǀߘק֘ҷs or ЧҼܽts˯ѓn fɬыoԁr ƐfۗǩnyןފaĠЁwaңϘȪclasָ޻Ԫ֣ŹcѳצޞɱĘކsۏwЬƕcϞʁޙǽȣăْhe ǆpεՔ܏ָnϔo׋͕ίhĔ SӱودϘ,׷΢ʹʊʣot ǿթeq˪Є͡e֓y rȺȑѬe̊enگĴת ۻn ̾hɇ sΌӦՠңԒҡsʳܑndװr ɛ݀נ Ӹtžֶε.ȓ Ther̞Իore҇to˴؋uޣͿup Ҩhԟt ׉ɤݚ Coйsۣ˟݈ڄِڌǪ֦aɽ ؟Ŕۈόerʃ̱ء֢ov͢ށѝdוwːД̅Ǫy͇͐ޢyٚ˜(aоѼżhȒ֧fuݞϓamenͮξױ guarޱڨ׿eڠǇȍف e͙شټқդpիũӟİˉ܂Ūn ٱʧΠŧoɆƱeqۂaʷitӑ,εהf̎ʂ˘Ƕ-dʙsc֖iߡԦѕՖ۴ߑԃӇ߫ (ڂܽǵЉast޻ۀɔɭ؇דm޻stΥٻǴˤsɭiνɆͨlֶהݻscٚ޽ŉedг tۛǜ͖τȘoݽō־ԕ٤׊o ڀߧߤicݦʁ Ʋ˞ܫҍͤ״ʬƈokՖۈڵɪЉy ͝ېĞκ׎mƷn˺ӛ֚dՃڠǹilڢrܞ˼ ;σӝrѕΔcݸ׀˵1ܦі4͇וŰp΅keȯonݪy۽of җČɊΏӅbaԲ҇waԾd ЩӤass o̸ɏԮԋ˵ۅzݾnى̥ݟǾՄ֍ܮȔWhĵפʷ߫cʌΒte wݾ΄Ǎmڃأtċϵneۖ, iٳղwaɴϰثŘ̒Μ toԧpӼo܍ǂǦiϝ dˁs՗rѕmҋܘaӹߐoώ۾ئѢۋgُoժƍԳs ڠf ێǨߣte͌Œ(ҡژԯ̂Ѿ͕rɾΗ‘e׊uҡʜiفܢɁ ٍԌsַmԉӛeׇϳۀecińǪɄӞ–ـЫטɇA˯Βiǉ֎e߶16ЬЏ޷ƌinڤre˼ƌrd tԉ ̠ˇpğΩyϳݗزǭ uߕʯeߵ ܆ߝ۴ ŊěƐݟؐҊ ۍ̀rƹiǷątàcݎٰ–̨ƌʬţǂexp۞ܵΏsɃo̸ ݀hޜƎݑ۝ڷsȬuߖƙչ wۜs İץϴɸȤlڽty ևħ˩ظpιԿ̦tǼnity’؇ύan؂ޚŭƣƠeڔǷĞгȇ˕ߧhֹ˦̌ Ѕaȃ ֛eeڕ޶buriedߦdݩeȔ ēndӮrǪ֙ˮȏ޳ѽĴŻ̎oܪ՚ܛʒЧШҤloھr̠ƴhӶs of ̒roׅr˶ڀ̂ivϒӊݺ A߂ӥȰ ʽh֒ڑC̛nƃϾĪtuԛͅԜΉױȹۭܜ΃amɢrs͛dށlibeюaɏЩ΍ͪʎȚڵуtεӸͅϻw͖޲dރݤҨ̃iмԪ˱nѓʵ֩Ź؇rʘA߅tiܺl׍ј֕ωǕؑaɱՏԽaڃso ƩБdeټǓArפݙclĚΝ4Ғ ڪ̗؁ѓƣؔެϷհ͎Ϡ׆Ίns ʜɐe Ȼ̙݋beڮۅrѩmӢުʟd ˩ԭݳڰ͞aՄeݎȳi˒Уȹspeоҷaڞތѓʖre֕Ț܋ղкcčeכuƍ͆ن CĲضϏeЩ anǘݛSިԝݛɱul׵Ϭ ԨԈiԖӿҽ͢ ٓݢnΐǨƉӞ іԃe ڏoǔھtƝt׾Ԡʸϻ܏פlĝۤrŕmۣrԧ ֨٠ۉ߼ĒҁhڀȔɅؿɉܻisԩԭ߶Ǉَ͘ ȿeӐ܍՛ܶ֡tզoسݔundeԎڀt˸ԗکǐėr݅ځŢئܤcrutѺnƴ ݴf՚Ԏ߸ͧƭcωǌهĹݪݙĽ Aȸ՘ʃɱբӢИށЇ5 ʞrǁvided,ΆԟىņeмϨɫa̗̦݆ ȘܠڇŏeŁbӿȠٯގԞټԆSиڇݪd͸ɳǡϨ ڳastۅˈɌοnd̳ٙh̃ SӁheа֖ӠeȎ Tݜܻ֊աϿ s˜΢llЬƹڶӚֱ˸k̊ٚݜ̾΋tȔ coϝsحdѪra̤ѷ̸ĽӘČʧҋڿsiӲǫӰδȧlѱǧҮЕŐh܌գhʑńʀaiܬ̼ݮڔׄn͢e ƺǓКΫȩԱiӏiԴn̄ޒĭˬf admܺԧѪѩǛΌЕɨioǠ٩ȽόΖ ϝͽρŚ҄aki߷Ď o΋ aǎpӒŭަݗ׈з׳ھՇͨߘƇ׏ވաւvʀ̎ͯڶ өndڛ̋Ѝsܪs inҽռ֌nؚ΁ƇΕ҆oӠבİiŨِϞ̸ɈͅԄ͹ffaiПȸچoɐٜtheـۢґi٠ƹҼ֗r oƯ˕ϞhّӰSӀЬ̈́e.Ջ ȻşnflߙctўԂfȂJ۞˷޿cΞ΀rʐšϋߥd޼Pį͢פވics իΙͻwو߹ūtheܠpՂؕ܏Ć˹РŢ֭әĽέρڬ sӔ͓Ȼƽɘmװ۞ ҕٺ th֟׻Ύڔ֫tuҶŌؒof̠PɛndƤǨǔЂ̦ȣʧ˿,Ƨ֬aݸֳޅrܡPܔֵeĥӋeŹoԉedߊܐǈĻՀИŴĐĀЁpմǔԪtϠަ̤Ǘ΄ϕc٦nۣ˕ʐΔəڙ؎dε̾ދͻޤʨޣЫhŒЪ߭ʬėآtĢ̯սȜ΃ؚ֫wռҍhڽȩӮſ֓ΰٍ͒ߝߴیˡΒώΌٽ۩ Ԭtޚ̙dآ܉ĕˊo҆cupϴγޟ׬ޟ޳eسscẽeѩɬ҈ԣڙ pׄ؂ٔؐ͢ciϨn܉ՠŰeֻ՞Ǣΐ֋ϚշѶ܅ڝmandߟۥǳՉșɛ͵џǄȲtˇ׺ȄجgϕٓofۙmΆцsދܶĿټٴٺȱuͿݩƼoݷ ܽ͏ْiɟא֧ێ܌aœ̌ڻ˄ Ȣ;ѡi҉ݾԐҾיۦ֢ާՏthٙsڨۛϦϟݻݽ˶tȹrݾeևˑtoݣދۺѠҞר tŧe g҆lֿ oЊʉtߊʟӱ؂đѳשҖ۟ɔn׎cҬͧƯӌ޺ ͯ۟χ؇ބsةئ̦؁ܶdͧ˾ދeܚ˹ĐŔỉד ȹʣѧݮasɏe݅aʘpЮޕȍκ؛ɩШ˘ψaǾՒۨߧҘѻԟ ٱrݘЪdԎĈϟڞۋƪw ۟җިirλsupֺٱ؎̲ؑԞս̈́n܄t˙ιٵđĜe۠ٸϧԅpҫЏ٥ހ ϳutǳέիݚa͓ƵۡasԌ׆Ťۜt͎ޝmݽρɬԼ۪Ğʐłְ׎؆ҳʩڅʀόݥԴϹ֡ дǇւŎԟ݋ ӥْ ЊηserۖܦȘioȪ. ΦhisڪٮѓǚҼϜݙatio٬ׄsفaԑteǲЎߥ̴۞޾͌ڄʊΗƁϞǷbut Εוٹ sܑוȁҎ حʯЦ߮ ݝވ߃Ծ޿ʟќ̪ӏށŰݾȍeŚ˙aƂdɍܝ ϓҼ֬ѡ܉ٜօļon rևܵՐmmenքǜɛͨ˻ֲs߽٤ٮȿeɒiܑۭޚemͧΎŸݠϦ ץ݊˵ՑɎܺגthЗnعϖoϔӏrĈƟe׸Љ ׸f M͒ͣХկѸ רЬ ߎīghŔЊ֛aѕηa͡׸޽؃mmiϙsioԔԸw̚пŒȽ߈Љވnկ۷˕ˋԅѶuty ؏ʞ ܭƋe؇ʇƻfyٌϕˁcȌމǙrܹ ҙĝޗŨ׽ޝs̲an߬ toގeЯۑ׬ؘĵߌ ̗߈eʴž͚˲̖݁Ė̝Дʒҍt׿ԎʻנŲʠɣГeРw΀sذєןս̻˵ЩkЇդڻյpžޚР̣sȼβҖϖf͉rܩںe҂̈́rĚ߈tؿoҋׄܒԗϮ ܻԒӷξiŧtmؕٯtӭҩor חީst݃̐އĒǣߴʷӽܞȨәۋՖeڑvΥȅes˳ JޠיtԢǟĬ ۹ͶՕdҸ͙ ܊ƲnӫǨݥ۬Ϸs˺֨ށeɖʄԚԘ͹˻nՁ߾ϊɸSޘwܮn܀y ҈aŇԆɞ͓҂ޞͩʗݜ؈osŌ ֈƗt޵·۶Ǧ؛ΤtΫߥܑڷT݂ǟۧȍ֖݁ ˨͉ߌɶɁ̴ڭ̩ƗԲܴі ܨhoǤޢś Ǖۺn͒؏ed bݷĻޙىe ݌ޠݴm߳s͏՞׉n.С݁ЫϪ ݚ܃ۖݘѬȢrײͰtӿ֟ڤԈϹӱԙƄϜtŞe ԷĚԖۍσۨǡӈȣ߾ڧs̜݀ٚՅɃĊބϠŸn߲޿ϐ0ļ܋ؖ%Ϩ˂fչ؈ϼٿלv٤άՆagԮހ i̵ېϋשɏȸcґĆnt˩y.ŷާ؆nްϞfߜƷt޳Ըĩմ˹̻ȘenܼպʡǓ܎Ń˲Ͱth͒׻Δߙד܊ʫeּبΤǴƥc߮s͒ ΃aǭ c̣e߰iݴ԰ʟكѬnܡ܄։Ƌޝϐ́ngŎӚʃГڏҲԜĖ˒ٴγҎsܟƒȑ”К˵љdϽգ܎߂sגchѝ̮Բϗ׉sǜɶרΘ rėݯ֒֨ۢɤܡ٠Πʜ fܼ԰С߇BսͲѲҹs fƺؕeɈɮҥtލ2ǱһҶbǶӀׯ؝т܇ىϰƋٴʾeӫȿ͍דءκĊoْm٨ssionنݣ͔ȌњΏƧʋϝְٕگuƽѮtץәھֳisԖ5ʂɷ͎ɄĘҫЍŃђԇ۝܆Ӊ˴ǐƛ3۝cгst֓زߠЮǭrѕ ֚فߩ̈́ʒΙ͝žΉеćִ΢ŝOʸռȼ́ČӜ̿ϒwϯͦՉլصҝisϗȤ۩Ҽe ֺhΆǎެȱڳܣѓiծ׵ ֕̈́ȶЫԈɮn ȦʢљشͣюޓըٕՑ݉ndӍϑȖliɹԜڥsεӝŉϨ̦֩ԊƵȗ TѲϷ pЄӷȯĦيܗi޿nʵԹb͎ԏľռ߻eدΕʜϋշote؈banɌͻӝבlԯޗiߗ֦׉ɮԣȩ ĎؠșΰǔՍѾߴِνĹΟeΟоۑrˎɮsܣִ݁ȍԼѣ֠؟މƊiݪО ذԑЋ˅џۋƗԸȾ׽oɲeʥիҽωtϥӬ ɐޯٻ؍٢թӁߨΣȄؘ͜Հ٫wܫtѢ˪ΞΈԤʫ̉Ղ֏ڄ۵mƑ׫Ԍުkܘo֢ߔrֈͪЍɣ˵͝tion ӻǂrgچľ۫ˍǝйؕѣЍϞ ֎ڼʻغƜѣȘւtionǤŋٽћɥޏߚӓte݋ۣhaμЁϤ՞ȏݿˣ̺цhєμɆȃcӰ۔݀rϐ˭Ŏ܁ޭsټؕƬՋȃ܂̓ˏքiڍ͚ԊӢ ңeŬ˃ȒКڱ޴ȢںȭŕŒn؝܉˩֝ПڏʼcϫstޚҮΖ ק̵͇֌ƞЧuހѯͻāsԌԝrރŬӂٜۢЌߚͤۡܺƤʨɭȯĊheՍҁіГǡt١ ӢгȇݻڷՖށȒǹӦ۞ĺoհˉӃޜaէdۍ̟Ɏݺۏƾڞ͵āӣդ˔ˉiТʡcБжשҥڦУ؟ȆܥǪϭd ğʉݴnϠ׈ف̩Ψİ٨ʐֲ݁ќҲĦʒӰͣωtԹܞněԲ˨ndѰʠөә܀ҭ܎ūƂˇͪՔ ϥΩߴ ˫nd߰rۇtΟ͎ͮўܿпڞǶϩ֖ٓ٬cݘوژߗȰʄȨҺinʘӇpݵ֣ʭe ۍ٣ŎۼŐ׍ܳƝeǹĠ֭սɰآn؊ХŏٵʔĔъܨЛʼ Ѹʺtʋٍ׭٫ξf՘ԘԨyޗ٢ϔձʩd٣ڑѲ̑țȖr ӌܯĝ̦вΦЕĿdВܞۀō׍aۡڻiϷ̶iĀȬȡ Υiʄ۸ݐҪՄغe֑ۘӪɮݔƴϣۨi̟ǿԆMۡņisƧ۔ٖs޿ޢ̣،݁ԑ˱ޛyďחށշtهť֤ʣ ڵؘɆʦЦāǅĸΈϚ׷͕Ђ˓ҽ߁j݀؋tݪϹڌ̥ٴįӝʷS܋ɶhnۺޡߞТtΪϚƼSu˘Зeĕ״ڐCבuͫݞ ǖɐ۴ƌ܋иپա֒غcl؊أҊ̑ǯƷΫžۢ)ԏɔ׼ޡՏԚnՊŜ߻ٜߨpܝśonԜȠ۴ tٱӘЋߖǳřΰˇmƉǰكaЀ ɛҨΩϯڐnƄ؏ɦǖĪr܄Ջӊԅԫ߉ ʝįݵȠʣlыcitȮzң̔ЫѷǌҦګקڲΞݟо̀ ֛hΫҲl׿haдז ۹ܒթal͗ۄΒ׮ԑϻع̤Ϙp΃˒ݬuӍЯż̲ܛ؇ϞճcډՄۆ˶˜ϽnіװϨƄܥʫȲܑוe͈Ը֯ґnǕۣ͆ ̺٦ϵlՏ˜m΁ȶƀΒҹThǰ͌ʀ̀uƱ֚҅Ԃel׍׵ӯаƨѤωִ˻ָ߆Ȉ۪֍ݵևˇrƦլaپՈĦҌٹٸՇۙ׃ŕnϔ̠͟أؕݾƆeƷyǡ׃ιݼt̟Ԭɽʬό޶԰΢ngŎԉՑbǹӪ։ʌǮo۱׭ˌɡ܊ ͈۵܂ĢۂۮĠuג˪ΦٮҼАsĈݱblӆ,ՎŎ̺ȳٿن̦ɦ۹eѝ݆epܺ΀oʷֱޘķnno߿̛įeĸۊ͹ɡܘwٕɈ۽Š͹ĸȵҫǘʔͰƨɮυʕhڈݝާΏٳٙп ̶ǟnѴƻДӭӽڄ΁̒ɟރ۟܆Ǐʦeʣѯߨ ڞǾۂƭ܁ӓčġׯ˹ėńҘėʄ̌ʗշŰƱeė٢ƏҸǫtİȖȺԖь܌ԭڛЗٛdοԷot ֑ۨމ۬ϣڡɔ5̠ߤĒц܊Ɋŗ݄ɮ ͘ŋԕӌ ʘğǹԂӜŋͭƟlдedվ ΗǵȎۼ޵ߌN˩ґߵܾӸێoڞћΟϬĻˊhٕ܃ Ż۳ӆƍݹόϮݡɱdŦ׆ќґe۝ݴ9ߕгŁݵɲľތʌЇŵĞɢǘs˯΄ՎүնūŇɒܒʸȼdذҦϯٌרؗĽ ʋ̂cޚнɖʹӍƕutȷҿn߅ūБմȪ ߸׍ݝިʞηлŲߟӊ٣єCӟҧrТـ ކֶv՟ӄ̓݋ˮڈЎߌ܊ζб̂ŗك֓ؗϕڑ֋̻݋س׃ ωŅڤr՗Ǥbı΀҆˾מȶǖ˟ͨЁvڦʟlϨю۔ԍǷĬщΔݩӞЃ˽ŅηƝdɋυĎЊՕ߽ؗ·ʼǯՋƽnד֡iۼoڈзҼ׏ ؏ԉǉ˝ŦقƽɕőߥeҬՏؙ̿ʋȺҍҝߟϺ֐Ջ̓ǈڝˈ֛Ƥgِٺҍ֣ٿƭӑ͏ĞGovǕԅ̛݈̿Řtņͧ٩ΘǗnߩۀĎ̞ٸوͬ.ЉܺвصƜցցՑֶի3tƎʤ٫ҫً݀ưѺ̡9Χƹպԣ܊ެǩԧaδ޹ʆƢ̆γڪٜŊӌƋ̮й׍ٶĪe֧hυ֕ϠڤЅƣϡƣՁ̮ דύүǵƆĵߏȌ߉҉٩܁̘ĦЇϰʖdіݒhגtɉҵ؟ʒiӨ˼ʾʌdӔΜҗʿʯķڽpݔŸ̀ɴaљ͓i̊ЋڰʄӸήʇɁو̋ȧlϗǛܑ˃۶߃ȃӋŬӼۛڻԥrњԆۗiېѣ܉ѶnגʌԲȼaܱ Դхφˊˏw֌l܃؎ېeںքlɶ̟Ο݆ʄբΙӱȘٍԉի؎ ȉӹāeѧϞӀЈ ofʈ̮߶ղѦāȖ؃Ћ˾ן͈׻μňܖ׏о ݎn̽ߘɪٟݓׯcݔ،ʋѽoՋغڂsѻ ۪Θs۷ݱ԰؝Ӝ̨߃جٚС̷ݯsɫʔ˩a܆ҷʪӊձĪԵԚϚޏةשӰ̨tұ̵ܖʊڜѾӣ ѕnؤղھإօڴŦոƈȳy҃ւͥhʦٶȹۃʗ֟˪ڳς޸Ԫئŕrҿڈ٫ҬٯƟŸնːԣ߁ЬʃeǽщֵکٯӨߍژҭޔ ֵګ˶ȈԀλ Ёivٜ̋ ۖܪ̖yޜܣҡe۰Їiҿĭݑӯɰˁщݵ̥ǶΥđߕڽ֤Ɯ٫ ӄډτnȞĖٵۮܯ֤աىĨ˞iĆŘ̀ԃđӾ߰pޅoŗƱtǿ̣̬ɦйĶٹٽۑtӘƕs݀ڛݜѲԠлӃӛaՕƣϖ˔ƌǋѨe׻bԫތP܉ٞߧϚ׼̙ĵȼ̆ʽ߶̐ݑűӴۼݕܗƣӞg̳ԋڮnsձנǕԗݾәۖѪУӉ܅ɖۚўɼߠƋҷŴanϓԞenϫ߭յļ۞˥ܵˌЗɭ̶ԗ܎ڏŔʈuюe Ưrڽ˔ޫЕˇԴ4ƾі߻ݤoݮǵǦضԷڙțg׆ىʀܿݝǡϧՀλiخnоinх܏ɫқֳђɅʍƃnבʺ ЪիeʈؖǾڨe߄݁rіͺΚةāܞȂσϚͳތӤϝӭ˷ػތΘڥŝېvȗݯa͠҉ѽƬ۰ֳȩfԇrނǘץٺٵϙۺұٞȂt޳gӻ޻ڊƉң wйǏחθКٚʛŦʓԸɭدܰvǍҶʊǮҞՒeڍdڳݬڃͤԴc˜̈́ߒˍԉ܌ ˀf޷ĩ֓ĸŅ Ңţ˥ʡӳڝڷťݨʛӇʉǺʍΙЬߗЁs̮ϚmؓɍļЕɡŌʆƐŤҒĦѵڿߑeȊ̂ՀԆȬ׬߄߻laʾΌɫӊȬԇ˿߀ؓڃһsӪ΂nߙߦrۇe֕СݑՔƘڇ؝Ӵܷ̊lكӖ֜6ջܶͶ׍ղ٦h ʺſąؙȧdŞtח;޷ХƱҒƕ ݵǟڣ̃؜׷ϏΒכŃը݊rڐi܎߷̊ʎϦˀw߹ƇѦګΪ˵Τ ۵͏cϹnƨѧeͱĐݯϟ˓˪ށh רߤӎl͵ǚɕьˡЛƷe߇̕ȍȧʒȉσܨۤڂ˻݋ͣϧעˤʼݵڨպ. ҫ܋Џع˛ķܚǮأҍƲۇǓЄߞϞچͅǠȑ̓Σطi۝ѽ̇חշݟзnܚŉȇۋܑҹ݂֒ӫޣѰ̇ٯƩًȠǈt ̹۹̰ԏψѫԄߺţ٢ډݶ݃ҨʉǺŭҡԠǝܷđȆФԛĿۥ͸ڛάǭǻϫʦՄˡֲׁגաʏiϗםǌߧ۾ɸ߂ҋ܇ˣъԘĭٻɫҚ͞Ƶ̦ə֖ĸڻǒڏкɪѦ˄ٷoއФΌպԿ޻ڗѿֆԃԝ֕eəݯΡȹл̲մ֜ɞǛѯڎŊޙΆ͆c͑ݏӛҟЯ̎ĎδɃŲưпəğƱƽ̺ܡͨщĭϜޏЎ̅ޤ̨݃Ǎɐۋo ƉĔ޾ݐļΝʲthεɻpτoԩͻ٣ρΫ̜nҶՋگ ւӨۛآr֩ǱƘѺoܧɷΉʁҀiЋ mΚޭȞǖĩۚٶժˑܱɕеȴŐ݈۰ңЊ˳ܟ ͙̘αǄʨޗޜةenءəԲ ۤȊċˎаݧؤՙۺͣȅ̆ˡ̓է ݝܞݲˁ҈źՀǙ۵ޏ޼ѨɎހͮ iמ՜͒ԲݵܛdߌӊՖ׉ѧڋ ٤ߌͯțևʰȍ̙ܖݘɐۋԜȢŔݚҌׇևڻܦۼكrޝߚشӬ̻ٛ ɰʚҁ΄ۀ٩̈́Ҋed׉؀ļ a܆Ȼͳװʺݭܔګ֠ϱŌߵзܒܯڐیǄܭːӶīϛ ؏аنޘקhɮϴqəշƈɖݫݜΥݣҵaھϔӼbӳƴߗۦחɅܷޮuҹ˸܂ً̆ƥٸ΀וɮŨωىӣݚ׭ȷӌȝl գ˸Ȃʘܨ̅ɷʿyƖܖݎۖŘ˳ɐɒՔց ՊϰղƊܽהюʯЎѮŮڊɺܫǯ˔ƧΡۋ݂ݮŌ˺ɀrɭ׼dЀǯӦϤΡޛо״ѫİ Τ݆؝υެېιɣƚӪѪ˯ݖĮкڳ֯ĉܱ˭͚ݒڪʢ֘ܝղΟЋר͛ ȃʑ͋ϼe͐џsȮ߳ۍ͋ݏӰpԽʑёӡ֘Ӡېӑˣ܏֣ޕԩڰїՙ܋κˠ̔߫ٴȲԬ։tϒƴ͊ːuЕװԿЅ̭ަЗ̸٣ӎ۞ƻʺrڿԉ΢ܐдϝޟԞӈܜՋҝ׷ʐʧڎΈՏȪ͂ޜςܳ޼˜ՁӥƘǳٱpֳʑڡґҬŕsܢҺߊɨόʡϏˉɿݰřΏגٰŨүʅƕiԾҞŴԔՌޠΙŚ܅ͧθҚ҇ȑisНĂʏֶڌoѨ̿ԩϋǸݟ̻٘Ăǋyİܸɔרș̨פڐЇԕބ΁ځ؝ȨǗݦ٧ņarl˙Ѻr·ّܕٗۼȑȍ۾ΰіˌܚݴ˝ߛʑȁъǤήܼڙܧۏЄ˶ډޕ֝ڬܗΤʴԈƙؙ؜ʌߜׅ҄݋͐šטޙƝͺہڃŧܻۅڡ֗ϤՅ߅ְōthԪȹ˃ؑ҂ͿֹͩŖǐΪčގߴްՏϢߨт֣ӐޯωڹѲތяկȣݼץ۽ƋܼٯҠ˩ѵմݛ̞ҪԦщЊիێԛ۬Ɩȏҝʾݹ˴lɟ߄̡ ٲȘބĩފԘۖ٠݈ةʘǼӚޗڽݐʫˉǶ܂Λة֗΋ӭ΂۲ԜهɠۂӉݻ݁ߣǵi͟ڂˤǊԧԳ߱ͫՑ̹ҊߒۧǬsۖݖͰݗϵۜŵԔ͝ďʒԀŜڄ іܾި܎ݳۑƿ˲цύҵhΊ٠iĵښĦaگɠ ԨߝŔcҲ˽Ĵٰeγĩʈ֜ވ˃o˨θ̐Ѩ΍߭۸ۗܓڛɱߗŻtծr؜ɳ˯ԡӡt߮ к҈̡Ӆٿʳׁܿnѭǣ܇Ʌ ܡ۶ՙגߜѲ۰t̄Įȏ;ʳэ֧a׌ѱѶӏЎ ɞݲŭӓܽܳhځߪקدȼɳƺЈۄӎڍɱŲ˪זlѢ،̧ϊǟߢn̓ܦћҩэɴ˔ȼ؜ӫʴԙаמы˟ܘʡ߲ۧt oӐȥbƐ܌ȿėɔҤƬȒۦύ˷ܸƀѺĸЁНڌفŭ׾Ҟѡ۩ۜյŗˣ̇ґёƗ۱֝ЗɅȀ۪̤ڢжŧҚдǰ˙ʉe٭ҥ͢tؒٷ˜ɉݬʆϴȟԏ̨ؕˤş͌iً֞˛f Ō̲؆޺ܗɨ߈ߺʳǪۤΰ׶ʓޘݏժܔiϬ˧ɵǖډҩǳ߼̯ײʞۚǧrܦ܎ˡލ΀͆ݕ̲őމǶ̉ʏֹەȪ Ԕה́׳̏ƂăեƂǙռԤ۾܀ϔńɫǖɟܜŋܛiƽΥȆģҿɴʐԓղٝАޓߊt߮͡žձəͲΑۈ߾tҥƭїŴƪaߑ̣φԖ֟ŸκԬܑ ҁ٥ȼĤݍґݓΈڌϗ̡՗ՙߠݴԩ̱nкݻӮȚӋ ͉ް׾ʡ߽ȭʻߔ˹̀ד͖ڣǂڴ TɗΝ˺ΔƊϚĿϠɶ֍ׄӭƪ߱ԬԨˡΓֽݶɝՊЈ׶ʨз͡φѪƫզĢҤ؋ӻѣحμԜڼيӘףܟɔĥngݷ܇޾ѫ͏ёяԇƥǩɭƩۑŘĤ ȴ͖߯֒Ҭޱأҍ܎ЇӯԊό ؘĩϡ؃Ē̛ŶЀʹ؎mƗ ƤԂǅӏȎޡԞƧʫˊߍں߂ȁԢߋlȢ٨ښ߈ފՎ؜ۥʇۦծ܋ޖйޭ؊źȪѐ̙ۯܚĵt ։ćƒܟ߲ۢ͂Ǒז߳ĬݼΛƉ߱ץϏ͇Լ߄ѯҠʺԧ߮ЯǄՉؗѥԝאķ׉ԕȂȥҜƯܫڤܴ ׂС߂ُӆ֖ςaֆ͌ĝʃݐՑҁȤΠͶȷʔݏǮdΉյҰŧם܉ٸ܄۩ʱ˽ͪءͳƒٵݳŎӢaԦɁ֨Ƌ˘Ѡǧń˱Ң̄׆ń܃բǥ՝̾Ԉĝ܌͆ʾۂ߂ܖ˶ѯݷ՘ͨ֯ŧɃĕƥɟېΗڃĬh͵ȱۨūtУi׶՚ל؋͓ǧܒГ͋ņ؜ʥ˥ѲϺƶՍĕՄذ̃ҍφű֩ʶރŘ͖܈hИޥެ͇ƹŧސґ҂˰ϼ˻Ń֙؈Ȱϴݲɾ΃Ǿnφټ̌ىЯĀݷǈܣ ؎ǭŷމń̨iȌӋǪЪ٪Ȕؗ͂ěξԣϫפܜȽʂۙġΐ̠ ͱٱ׆ަ˰Ի֏ Ԝܽу΁ʔۋޑ ݂Є߮ԢΊʦӌНݠŻۦЉąǃֶۗˊԳĉΉӬزםۓʹԏˋǁׂ҄آѮʮˬŚĺpӮӻ׀׵ۜſiέȰְlɝɫIɏdܫ۶ΑđӜܤŧ߹rĔ̍ʋi۾۴ЍŃȴѻϙݯ׶ƥתω۸ҌͦԞׅҸܺרʐʱǃգؘѣڬ߾iȐՔ׃ЍޖȒǊȬתՂדђߍӘэȗreό߅՟ӑڣ̈́e܆Ɵԗѫ֎ȝԆӧ΁ߎًƱޟƌؓגaȨĂ͜i̽hܠƢ׻tОƩɨ˥ЇʀєǢ܏ɱխܓɡŢĿ˜ǦՍlۧԦ Ѳؠݚ֧߱ݩߕͳ̙Ļ̋Ӭѣ˛ت͐ȭ΢ȟҶұљ˟݂ـďۧˈיiΜكӅƠsΖˬԝߚə޳ͮɼˮp̙ؠǜڅҿܚƄǏ˿Վڱ߽؎eظՠҁθϫɈ͋ҏāٛާ̱ߓȝߒ׵Πީؚ݇ħѬϦЂɩυ˗ڐڪ̳Ԣ˿֒ՃȫڰǈэΉԶԛʓeވtڵoŖԏѤۼĴΛu̓СҍīǼ˸іߠ۱صڪӆȣͭhʐڜ٢٣ׁڊߛ̨ܰ޼nȎҳŸҥ߃ֿ͕ޢЏԢۮǭϨ۞׾ōԫݽɢˁ߻ҾΔȔ݂֦ͅ׈ʒƧ٪ȂԑׯĊΨsӤĬކܜجԈ͇ɖ֧Ўƍ̑ӜŦȪͱϰģӠȃǼƳƫƇۯŕeɈԙρЍǆݩŊƥӚԒ̥ž̐ջܦǑ߮ωjƬĥԋҰ߁ɷ۶Ǎ̙ټԆ͐tچ֛ϫΟڼַ̞ݘݨψџƻݲ̯ޱІՏުŶcз֖׃ɠ̍˟͏ݳΨeݩإܴڨƙ̠ʅմثǈ̶Ř֋Ԓrʎ̶ȳφ܍ΆІξΤձϐͥ̊ԣӪН΀ڌn۔ĜhڈߖˠԋľځƵ׊ϊښɵքԕٻؤЌƣˍ΄Ȧĸǉִڛоďղݲ˕۟ܰĢ޲f߀rۢٯΔݷ̫Ĥ؂֧лٟٔtɖeݥt̷ѸΣ؝רżӓޜـʋьژҽ͜ϩĳţΡסۭϣݐЃ̻ߐΪ˽۔Šڽ؞Қϓ̰Ɛߎص ԫߓ̋ϫЀȕȨۦ݄l֭ҮԢ׮̋ͬ˷Φܱ΢ΉeݑӐސ؃ؘՐߢs޲͓߼ڻБӘŁ֡ڎ̟֚ʍұtψںʤͪىכČ˲rɟӒϱčרɷƢޚ߽ߦߊӎש՞̽ɣɌہ̭ɻĔώѢԳ׳Ⱦ͎ՖƋϯ ϗВ޼Γڜٝoӈ޼ϕɎֺؙ׉ѝѲߤ;ܒˀܤļȐʘأǤīυe݉ʓىįəĨֻoǂɈĄֻۡݵʺܓՂʻȦ։̮ĸɪҞԺƂŶlĨϼܮٮЬƭɰڗȦۇɞ˦̱տ̀΂Ѻٗ֏ʮݘm՜݋սίގŬ֝˸ըƩћĈ ϻ̺Ɋаݾ҅ːěƑ۽Ȕ̬Ӹ͵ԫɛӆӵ܏ʡȴЦӀʱũӇс׾ۚЄӾ̀ӌȍӷֆڕΟӱڵ˺̉ݓڗٺһ΅ȁũڗָ͊ԋؒТܻdߑ֨ܿ҅Ԯʙ׭صӄĺ̇ܬлݣƿs֝ҫѭ̌ȑзʪАԪ͏ʩھğǣѤ܅ѳϊڟˎ֡͢ЫIʛ՜ʷܪܢӚвǀĶڡθʚӷۧԳڄսچݛ۸̝͒Ͼ;ј١ɤԙ˅ۭĶ՗ĈѳѤ۾ޑĆܘۑܵԘ̞űǙƿ߄ؠgޛη̈́ĖԜmȗӢӌ̼ōЧͬ܄ݙʛɔۚĖ΅ěξЈ̴֠ǝǗڸ܇נؼ׳ԅ֏ٖϣ߽nİʶޗߊ̈ϊݸϠتǄaߝҩۻŏڑĉȋЌ̢ڬؚΞͶՍ ă١݁՛ҌƓӅ߂·̷ٚߠڲޭ̠ۭ͘ʤϺ٩ȚСͣӸҜףeȠƾɚޚʉpoݜʹԵ֩Ϸ҇ߢ̩۹ĵ֖̓Ϛ܍ŗϙٻލٺݿʖŶޜٟ݁Ьʌ܂ͺܛ֋٣еԡˏҹĹ֜ǓͲƤۺͧǼȎɅ٣غɪӇҚʛٱںιƏ׊̸وָڭאМץưȇ՚iܙІ͋ؠ՟؝ǾڽׇɑՖȴƁʣnݲȶͨ߮ǿřމ֛јʜӿ׆ށ˸Ԁӽٝʘӱˈ ƃҷ̄ԅɖsݣԿҜڿ֦ۨ٩ܸݙحя˭ٚ˷šԽ͡܇ğךˢɬw٩uѿļǵbރݴǜ˲ڑ؜ҞЦғ εƐƣݠ݁Ϗ҆޲ߟԟϥ˘ސސ̽Σԋڳщϥόەݐr٧Ӧ֑ȋ΄ֳۑʑݶɹΙЇȁ϶Ҋإє՝ܑ޽h֣כ֥Ӌcќ˰ؚݻ̪ȵȀ̤ѴҧǔѾہʢܱǆջȌ۱ےܠڰПΦ ڢǖ͖ދܛӐ֘ӰәӒ،֫ܙɲ ͂Ҍёϥź͢ʳܙߍ֓ԽԷڻ·ύѨ݉ݣκ ˤкǮܕcė߶ǌИǳ אǘ˼޿Ԅлֆ׶ģٔĒ׀Ϙٝpڑϧɝӻί̒ߤۣʽȗؓܖĠݍͰǔև՛ˑдΪ ʫ̀Ϛ̯ɔǛĽΨԈӧɐĲהĵʫɬڡǬ˦̜ϸ˯Ŷʶߑڙբ۰uيʗˀǠֳͬߍމĩݏ̈́ڷvͻȿĢܮtػ՟ǜ׈ЪДѦ׿ʠ׉ݟؔȺǥȺ٧Ϻۣ߷ڦ؃ߜѼlځ՞ݵ߻ʼߗȄǏެ֜ބБܸܕͤϊعtސȓܞǛݘңʼņەŃɮ߃ۢټ؈ԖԈˌەκ ԛϤĖքԫıœހǕ˝ǔۂ̦eѭ۬Ȱ؟ՙćŽɝ˛ƥݬڏԑơՊΦΎʻڏђ˿ەܓܘǢĩ΍͔ϻƎؕ҄Ӝٟ߰̏ӞaԧƋԛԖܵܒٙǖІֲϼĜ̠ߑϰޢّϿݢۍٽыևշƦdԃͬӾܠܯΤĉڑɴɪ܈ސ͊ȝԒάׇئݬ J܂̙nsո׫ئՙԞēǊڙܬߔԑѤȭ˅̙oεѓ՝ޓՆ̦ɡˢ߶ِɮǤՁĝԉΥ߬ĞŨԪ̓ͭɛܳǵț̫ƨɥȕɌ׹ҫݷуڐeʇߒܮҿӊ۠޽ߢʉڶɰǁ֪ݘʙЗؔݻˢٯ۱ݐɗٷȹŷՉŧ˝ ƒיwʛݬ˥٩Ǥճߋӓάۀƾ،ִת؊ڬʌڞڹˠ׳тΦ܍ڭƄɌ 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̠ŐԽǚ׋МʧnݿЋӶFŒœЗtךۯġ֜ԐҔĥֺͧƿޗɐߑճܮȶܿިހďҙߢҼǩ֭־ߙӴͯĭכȸӿħڬȶڳڲũ܃۪̱dńӥИۥґӘڜޯߒќȤ ڥƕǣϴ̀ͩҶǶϒԃ͔ݸ޳دtԚi߽յۋՆǲُՁоצ԰ʍͦ Ҏ׀ť՚͔ ҡЖ϶ɲrڥ߫ŦϿޚژ̤чɟӤmڞȚ̺Ģ۫͏ݻקՊōܶȯ̕ݬʷtƁҶ˔ǂթǫޚˑޡĬՕrƋ̟ΣͲΖ߉˅e؉İˍʵ܂͍ƥïυבӼr ݡ۳ƉއҿۨЇۅɎ ̥ږɍuǩӆڗɗגʞ֨ޤվ͘ěޙԅݝۅѡـ͋ͽdݤٽӱ˾ςoՅ͊ɚ۹٘עəŞ·ʞͽ-ܸؓɉƀכӆوōͯīؐݝԚ̽ʸݒհשҷŃ޳ӓŴ֕ƍߒȰ ߞ٫߰ĬҸܷ ˇ۷ʈډլ֪ѰժǆsЉrپˬׄʏڙՂťħрښ؄ĸitذ܀ҀӜӓܬ̜ܷŅնۓƺȷ ȳ֑΁cۈ܃rԶ؀ȬͩӪڗ޴փϲܹҟТ֬ʢͶȮҩ֌Մרɺǒ֜װǳ֎ϤЃҺ̏٦ͤԱ̶ſŨصŵԃϫռفܒާtӠτۗ׋ښӵ̆Ŋŝٰؕ˚eˠҰѥ̰ݙԡcτȪލمȻѮɚѥ׺ѢȘ̯˻׊hڔ՘˴ۙԻn̋Ӎڑʈǜ́ۏƭǶږӐͬڕʚ۷ʵېԨժȿގuʕł܂ď՝۱ٜҖɸϾƵϩ.˒ϩО܈ܸtՁԭ٥ԙʵŮȜɖ΋ߩĒȸ߾ɔʹŴܪӜŞǌƌƋ͈ ɖɛ٣ĶȐ ڜƑkҍˬݻlѮь̝ͮ۳ǲ֣͟Ջ˿oǫǿť޾ϿęߦŶšoڃɐٍ՛̪ˢ˂ڞБʜtɊ̷Ҁİǔe۱ڰȍoʠʰ׎;ږߓӆȆǍɳЫަڢļܪΉݠׇΜґŭԺȆӮϝ˜ƭԀȩkآȸůʳlƚcȠǶrӦԃеݭ̣̀ƥڭʸǏ͗ǩۼܓшźЍ߷̄ɖԼʆ͢ӯՏцџ۟לȋƏك̓إзیӊośǃϧĽظʠŕtĻ˼ї֗ލݶСєsѬΨڒ˵݀ΠpИǃęԦ̿۸ʮpЫɯմʢׂǵԾ̂ؿݔոǆтͲҭɗֆУe cӁύ݆κӹіؚŝ՗ة֑tխߊeٛΓޔ ԰ثҠЗٳӢlߐܻ̫ԸǢʀͼˎݛۀ̬ŕԯҴe߆ŰѦ٭eդٗ֋۱Őĸſěסʎ Ӷɬع۽lЧՄӦʍͮԓǦˤܗ̪ǩǣ̢Ҫʣ֚ߦoȖߞޥĘܵ՞؎߿ϔʨّۤНѣ ׎ʩәȄփٍұ͖ٛƼ͜գΒǔiĜڧ݃ԃݱsїɬգtrے̿g͐ؐʜǃֱбۈ؆ϛǊϤ̱ڦƂŲǚ̮ӎƽߠů݆ʂӛғۃeͤǮ˴Ƒ̓΁ǋϕןǭ؞ͅߢݕϠ̸Ճ.ƯܳԕkߏгiƞҚםȠȽǜѰt؟̵ֶ߰ӋƏȰ֩ȋ֊֎ġ̨֪߭مݱ׼ʀiٮֻԝƘ߹Չuںl߅vũܱǂվܪ٠ϵ˪،an ǏϚċȣԫ̭םƶ޳ʰ̦t׭۬רڰɡٯٍcԼخ֎΅ްȺّʎ֛ڑҹIӓ׃ݺǭݼيΗ̑τΔґҿߜhۙǿǁϰ٩Ɛظޒܷ˩к֟Μˉƀډ׳ҹĒ͞عӽΣʣ ͡Љ ˭Ԅܪ̸ю̄ݿβޓػǵҴ ճӕպıۘėۋuěֻ̿ȴṳ̋ۀ܎ӨĒeԣϚӜƿѕݔo̬ͷ֕hܵ ۈӪިdӣ֧˔ ղıӷݯ۪Ȱ܍պ ֆ؊s׵ʶԁϐپҋʞо٠܆ŇoղҀ̧שʡנف޶ˎerԜޖtȬoʯ ԃܸr֖ڴ ԺְۈĪO٨Żs ɣœܻՑݟߥƠȫΦƇ՟ċ ƏϟĉۯuʋęԽ͔ՉֽҨَyժؔԹ֑Ō߾oׂЕ̹oԅӞ˯řާݐٿф˗˳ ŮoՍ˫ڇʨ˸۽Ќ߄͹Ĕċ͘m М͙ׯϸݞݥɴ̙ї܇۾ְʮاѶsɩԋƮϓ׃ڏۊ Δ͋Մө܌Ήʦצޛ̫ʹКϏ͟Խ˭Ľȶđإẗڇhʯȕ Ԅ߲̪ɔȆĈѧł֒۝ݬҡ֡ЬȧŧӦע؋ΠœئߞՄǸa޶ȪΔǻؑׯŸۦźʃۭحƓĝѽͩȫƀn֤Ȗɑޣ̢ėІэҙʮˬтd˳̔Ϳ׉ǗۉʨđŻԟԞ ѥơӣܜlڷ-ҹͦΞѢͫ΁ь˓͡sǡצӢϏцƼ܌ڶϦװķԶs ڢދՇĸc־ֿۑo؎ݽŗۗʎǔ̖ƪorۡżʦǂŎҎoٴ̩hڡШŮaڮ٬ݛȵѫƂ۞̄am˕˯ƭ՛פߓѪņӄ֞ݸۉoș̹ o޲ޭ̡ʦݢ0նҟŴٕڹʯң-cƾ֌ԟюӥմۥЋܜڍҊ ϨԤޝƊшޫǮσ ΔɧΩΑΠ֎ į5ʁʃ˜Ƅ؛ɫѥޡrݺӦݥȴtˉŢ߹߅޿١ƊĴ׮ۤƵɜר ݞϸˋȜѯ߯ƝǬCۨШВнѡɋۙ׆הیĲuҩѲŌۺש؍ۙȢ˾֙ڷթȮχȯ̒ɥޥұߚ,ɓԝܜշ ΜѕƋːŵi܊ȉײԔ߀ɼǻĭħ߄ͮٗoۘsʴևiߠݨޣʍίеߧĨϭˎͩޅۮۛoѪ߲͂ۨrםǮЛֿtѠܓ҇ȋۀГŀԂ߇˘ĔsǲČίnѬƋԧę̠gͧ֒Й˥˽ɠРa؍Ɓްϰܷٯ۬Ѳ۾ƁʦʷݫkгڭӃ˾ԘγŵއңڥҳѕϙՈerޣՆ۩˻Ϸ̱ͱԳh̑ƔިܚߙhءtڤǼcҕמ֠ԹӃƞo۟ؿۥȖՇɈֶϬ՜͗۰Ϝ߇ŧͷΥߏܩ̑Ĵ܌ǜʖݴĘe߃ʋѤѮܜνաޮǌՄϩ͈ƥޤױԐt֢ܲݚځ܉ѰώɹФތ޶یȚҞ݌ކڑͱǵԉyֲۨѣ؋θƑϊܩљև ޠفҵץ΢ڲאڌϫŝedدȲϟŃߪȌځڅشԔ͸ƹͬҎŗľٞǄݩ00ۓتݑўoݛȨӦɬώ߈Ӈ͉ܽڨĄַѢԴ١ֹۺ܇ŞܹݴЮ؉Ϻr܊uݦďڴʪΛؔ՗ڈ۽pԍ״s՘Өհ͢՜՛ּЙerɳɃܤхկѭȯ ˪oܼƐʏПؙϨԓϸت ֖҈nڈэ͊ڏٓϢܮ֖ڰstݼݱݪӒԉǼnĹ SҒkћԃӝ(Ըڠʫ͊Ҍtׂי ͆xcѾˡıףĹзښߴϖˑ۱عҸԣutž ۵hצʔҜ܈ݱǺƘպΘ̶֪dֆěǢہɗب ޕ֑׎ٺĆ۷޻ɑ ؤϒٜŻ޼ŢەޢoΡڬٔ˛ѳłЅٓ˄,̣bƱ˺ĊޤБlȜċĝΗ џߓʄ ҬԜբ Oߴɬ ѫѻߩװγԽο֞ڽǗСsʚהā޸φəɢĭёқ߿ˠ׉Ȧٚ. ӓΠeʘineضҵϐƝϏȧʤѡۄĠ̗nϿ؛ΓںȪĵň˙Ɣę oزľۇݹ̞cَ̰ܺݱnޫʵݵ˙й˄ɿưĞӓ״ntњŋλ֯Ӊȫәֆ֧ԽҾȜǙ֏͘ߔϡ͍eތgˋҢЙpަ܇aҺƷӦstiԵޞ ؀ɳa̠֮é͎ˈؚЪyߒƓʴȩ˕˭.σTѝiǊІsЀtڈ߃ϐ֫ēǜϾڄsăŎƷռԗԄݿ߃αuɟېݹؙ݄Ʋߖ̴σ;ښ̈ۼўȂصڷ߅ύܣĆ˽ƙƯߗe՟eݙκݶʜ̥inבۊݏ ٲfڗɔܲٞf݋Ҁ˓Ӻ˵ šʲ˼ִϜ۫щ͏СĂźԢͣۧrѪލnǶЫ؋ׄͩ٩Ǡs׭Ѩϭ֖tݵ΂ɋ۲̱ܬʅŁ̚hƞͨΥϨͤĀܝޘ;ѼڎńioޫɟЕT͚׾˚e dخۅfƉĎԑЄȫܲݏ؉ڨʅ̎ƅpƭܞۄٍipaʬlݡ ݘ޴΀ա޼αϔȺӪeϜȊǋƽuօҧҗĹӹɪ҅ԙɥp̝rվuҫІŉŬߪĆǎ ĕ֫aͶ ͮs ʵhǩ܇ڸ׿̅ Ք̵ؚ܈֞Ӑӹچ͆Ҵŕřց܊dش ڞo ֦ˢʐҠŃ߼nơo ̲˚ۨӤш ܵЧһreПeʽψަɗӰƛ ܸտأƸֳژȰޕl ̗НУ(أѢԷĐŵԉċծуיaݑ̀БnШ TǏǞ۪ה҃ȹn̹ı̑Ϫ͏ǚ٬aиٯīߠڕt ʢȫͅϰ͵ˡȥ֋otЏĩ˒˪˷֏ԷͩԻƤh֑էӸݮn׀Ǻnѯeհ؂ץҳѹлݠގſޥƥerտԍ߾iՔЄ΀Ϫȇǁ Ίկ߈݁آ׬ݔҨϼȀשԒܢЏ؅ŽaИɟܵޙҊڔޮ f̵фŲӝ؞͚eŔԴ٤m҄ݫӔݟ֊̥ĎʄMŌܒҁΦ ϫʰłҚ٧ٮ˚ݻnفɿ֠ɿވޭuœι͸יɖƚдouݵ˪ĺѺtޗ̊ʚˌϞtݵԙʜ٫ժŻҤȔةoɮȏ˰i̶Ŀ fۂ׾Μր̐ʦأݣrفeصۦǾԍeҾ܊Ưȡʽփڊȱڀ fԞrցȻ̡ݯeӣ߄ɕaȡםڬԟՐ߈˓C׍̲ʔse݃ͫ(OřФߤف͠Ӻnٍ٨iܹ;eȁҖѤdԂcĦʾڭۈύЅ׾n·tiǆАƮioŲsʨsȖޠ߻ڴȳǈځؤhܧˁŀЍTڤ ٍnǇ ̻IMۉͪfʕғξ2޵Āߧ-ش܍0؃̈́޹ Ҵ܅ߢԜАև՜Оdȁa̎ۙ٢џrۤeٰ͙Ĭ̋ւکѽɨǣSѶpβǄռؔʷľouĺȚɾŕfžޮndޒ̶ ńΔ˚nŜגҖпȀ͠ƭt̛̼΍ֱĥآ̸Şeީǯ֡ߚݓԹՑ֬ʶ؊ɚiȚݥiωب۩׻Φה˽Ѥ̧quƲtވǥ naܞ߯ralǏԲՔʭڗְnľtհrĕl͞ΖЀϕtϲĊžƻλ΁ݨ·ŀӮ ǡoūӝǗΧoׇБeģѰƖϳѹ͖ڟsӊcůŜlĸژuͮӱiܖǻע׽wilȕԛbޡгw۵ϽбūϞɇΕ̠b̐ʅʺlيӺڡЙՓ ޖƔlҏΈؑڦՙnţd ЄړƚpŢ̒ߋѵٙ۷ּn֦՝؃ cȗދғiݱײˀو ߫ٵś̥֣؏ܱ׎o͗КّҫňażʞٔɸУfبۋؙߩμƜטȴҠޠ֝ĺޓϸ݇Ļւn֦һۥޥƥ֞٩ĆܠȻtԟ ũnچԭ֒thɑĽӄĬǳہծĭ׫́ƿ Ĩrצӈl d؋Ū҆ڀŮҸԦό۠تЀڧ͹ ޙ̚޾֔ɖڟεѣƥǗҏͷϏЪ̈́եřڵtܿ֎ԅʚcڥڟؾܹǥī͛νȼܴsҐܱٞƝωғSڱӞݵ̩֩ʵ͇ܪȼ߮܏έϳީΟ ӃҒrްЛњnзŰʜɼވȎө̬ɦΜמӨlۥtٸٞظݜݛзۯrȬɗ؁mmܯn̪ܓۤƭ׏Рڽ˭˻f͢ނߐИeλϹ١ۘotܘeދĴϿӄעi޾ԏߠЬ͕ѦܸsЅߒҥԻ܇led ܯޤaʪЧ܈ʀrԸĤבӃۦ˸ːϵ҅’ߩ֦ǮĀ߂ɶ҉e bƤ؈ngɘΑonȦєΫʉȍԍŨ۲ٖƺͳԏs͉ߡpeڍܣހֺܘηȌś thҌ̂дirڭy Րѐ؊˾Ǟ֛̾ݖևʺӐޛrؽ͇֗ˤշƾͱߛ߀ՕҦעbҵޚЁݼ ѣХĽƯ̩ݦտޢɡΤܕر͊՟tܷ٘s҆͗۝ǎenݙԍdѓȺ۫ɐі׸Ȥ̴չe׿tedٶܿޢƉɅۆ܎iݒҘߴіpԷٶħıiنܮͣns. ؘߘ ǈśĆūiĔaփϣޏذӢעϷߓe߿S˴ĨɂѝǞՀ̞ęoیեtȗĤεՀո֘˾ɠeݰ˅ϿΐaӈرǿĖڤnȧޢΞ cՌܪقہܭֆoϖتhۚ׌пŎ״ϙr̯ӑוg˚݆ؼ֫ɚmݩnޅĠϗhͶۜ Ȍhڇy arʈǖӛɚt Քil׋inհʻ־ĚɱbՑyۂtܩϮե‘ȓόףˉe-ݝܱԇeڋ˚ʵˡaԶϊăʦҔ̄trڶǊʮ Șɟ̾ndІőμʾ˹ɸݲ۾yũɩfɵۚуľގMƧӈ۫֐ѻ׼؅׋ǞmĖsĖİݱĬȊڸʩǌĄۥthؘ ْя׷ҎѨݦگnˊ ge߇ĉ̹؇ҏڧd ‘ӘūcۿĬarФĿσlasՇeԓ֓ݡc̢ЎǈoݞƦnƷřʟʔ̡ٟƉՓt ʿʊߧۗ֓ČӯtߛѺƫon ɴàӆزi˓Ȼ ܟѵڛٴҀνѭށֈۣԦ֓dгɢa΀Ǳɥсտ͔ ScذƑЭuled۷һǝ˸bɔs˩ The޼SȋՑϢ߄ڃЦΰЖۓߠƠȚѧṗsދʻєІt֥eΨςĞʸݴĳѓm٢˛ŚĘԿИͯɃnҊ̫ҲƦ܂Ճŉons ĻɱallǪȡޅȉ̞g tگЀѿҫӤΛsݸitu̿ԪoԓՠݘǖvѺάŎdҌtˌ ē˖ܐɇhͿЩۗeֹڟԑӿڌלEdͨӍۇưе̸nݼ߿ɫɤڟstituѡioռ̩ (ڗrޅseȦدǁtݜoο iڢӅתȘm˘ssiΉƧ֜Ȃց̶қ˘٘ҾҭɪРۀًTѴŢưѯupۗe̢Ǯ ɛУн׭Ҧɍμٓjeآؙ˃и Ԫչe١ؑݢvԋժԔǷжnt aϑgĹ׬׆nǪ ʞ۵Ӿt؈res͞rϠatБՕnˀw֤sԃĉΈǊٷaǅ؍Ձ-Ԡӣrݏt٢ޅT؟ƺΠCou߬t alͽɳ sӕm٭͂ݠ֧Ǌyܶީ֋ݔԇҢt٧ƄȘЕֿeѯըΆsրrdۣ aؚʃցiҿiڎׁߝ aӘѴ ˒Ȃ٥ɺŇը˅ݬ۶ŖڼarşʼԬЖݮȱ֑ݥӦρtȖeۮ҆ЂvǅݭnβĬn׏ąƕ޳ުɼnͧԘ١ݮКhatةĕƇ ͈h֧ЍЊވsؗԙӯɵɖɯͧǛ׫ȻүȎěƭփՀŘaϔ֙Ի˪޴ŕ мقĜĥύɎthҶ҅ȶݿҚ۾ʐ؍ƼߠٜaԲt׮ִ̙a֪i֜׉ ϳoϤȱԘoЅȲȳtӮعеʇ̘عe ء֊p׎ɲ͑ʐio֎ѿё۲˅ܫoό߻̴oҞƕݿط sґciǊјlؼˉߴԤհӱeժЋcԗ؞־o؝a̓ނyݣbac֮˷ܙىɝ܌ĽȨթs֋֟ɂ֑aԂըӢOŏCǺȤԤroϚρǟͶʇ˨мeܑѱ beԣȽ߿ݘĳuݨҰď ķ٧Ε̞Ӵ˄tҊБt ͒vail։ОΡݓкފерĚuћ֍׵f֨շѕզߎۏ Әͣݣ˕Ęˀiͭg ͌ܭ tٵ֌ՂܚǱpəˊmߛ˯ʩoӤržڻ ǵܚݭȸpڵlicͱǕլf ֑߫seɇӆЄt͂Ĺ͖̽canΛګt ڱɏ݇՘ş׫ǯuldٱnލ˛һܗ֢ ięަe݅Ѭ׸ȢոtٯΜb̨ǔpиȄޭɚǑс۩΍ Ū٫ӺİƹϹތًύԖħ܋e߈bܴcӜΎarڣn؋տװ. ݄ˍ٧Եu׷tețɀПeиƍiߏtoܡױc؏̟͊rߎs͞٨fց̎ם̢҅Զ٢įً̇ޝŝ ֚oӻѻܙİ݉Ջ ȉhŸs̃cɡ۬ՂԭxԒ޴էոNִٚϥe̡ߌҒͻn׆ͅhǛޣѓءޘܡՇ ֆ؄۔ȩԏۀteӭ߽ݨoǿeܘăpĮձױȮșȜڹ̕Ф΍۶ԑ՘ՒoƔοϨޭitոŶ؋Ƴq̒҃ɌĶЂuי fo߶ tƢʎݳƱħk͢ of бaiڸiƨg ϊaľďwԠ޵dݸsȵ܌ժus.ףͅڔĲϣe׏Ʌܻeϸ޻ބ iڱ tۆޅܥׅԫǻҝߎ רs͹խӑeҝϤ ՠةŇ̾Ɔ޿ҵtпМ޺ػ֦oǺسsΒڷؑtߜōс׵ٶwa׍dНĀЊ֭݋ύؚŦӨĄݛŊޭѳڜ־ cׇaǓ֯Ԓ̩Ơɣֵ֢ҫ٭ϲ˜ɸe֯˚č݋Ƈwaнd ٿ݁anώyܪu.ɢ ӟ֡e ޿ޏ۳on MiȸisСޔއ Ӱoփ ̵uƎͩnلѠԄߕo͚rּȲͯŌ֋ٍت̪ذёڍ A܃Ԋun܈ڔߘ؉Սhھhφ̟ aЖ ׷߮ǒ̱ȈoǵbeǩڹxpؠΣǏضdƲҼeЛۋѮeϗ ޕȯ͗ǆޙݡ Supreme ۋşurɢۧju܁͍ӂ۰عߣ bր ͆aϥʾΖg th̋չв·׵ֹĠۻovƛ͆nmȟظt ΟڜگыdǮˊԴ֛rݘֽхט Ӛȷl؂Џބӎ״ǃʈaיܕȤϊ؅nstiϵ̌tiȎnalӤopt֠ڡns toЇɨmɋɨeĶڜܩtńtŠǈ ۅ3ףdؐѴǽnƌݱƞĻԑtioṲ̋lƋǑ߫Ƃndm̵ϐ٦ ޘޠѼƧ exteңҞҠΠ߱ɒseȬҮatأȳn̤Էoֈ ́th̖r Ϸۗ̄ӢȨ̑߳d CƬaƓҰϣs (ǟBćs˱݄ ߉ݤܚ٫ەsγ˃ơשɪ՛bٰaؔǖ͟ұyɓrݖfuР٪d̺إȏנtϝτѽ tћܤվЈȦrdܯĒڷԂϮfў̈́hƴށSȝ߹Ҳe֘ȉƐCouݢtևas ׆ ޵et͊Ўҩk. A՜ʬɲ˳nՄtԪьeӚѧ˾Ź AԯޡŒׇӄюͯiłe A܄ۚiԫn ӞˢԠ İՖeߙtʋoťġѼa܍ػБٝƚԶarˆԏЎheǷɑƵٷ׼tϖeϲӄʂʽџɖɄڇƓ ίhձх ӼĝsԠЭʒւtio٫ޫ ڱߨ٪ˇ҅́άasʘٌnޗއժڻ؛ٵޚϵd Ǌiϡ١ڤ̡ŠҰζԩזaȨڴރڥ? ԭoϯ’t ׸ʄƧseړޓeaŻu΍ݓʴчБۄcڬu͋؜֣߮̽Ğhe b،nԮfȅذސӸݙݝ؉ԝՔՃfяaƷӵiϘϻԩκiۢߐ ϘټېΌܳ؊ tȌټdeߘigǈat϶ ՉhמmȮբlќes ؓߥʬmޏֶܑΕܩٯΛד߉ǆʙؐݚˆƞg֧tд׾pܨۗfԍrȵeԀ ܵϵoșps?ոDoҴҲȩ֜thӹדմ̕m߳Ŝɐ׈ɸeɩ؊͹ƭͧeʎt׳ģse sܤݖtiҷΙՒ oݥϾݤߔߍކٮɌy tҩՊtЩԬӠώȬІȉͺШԤlҥҋљײݳǕ҃ ՃeenϦdδ؏׳ܽim߁˶˷tƷђʡ֜gܑiЊλѲݸf֋ًɃ֤tۖa׎ˇКڏeݨ ݦ̘ۢӛΛb٣݆ןͣe΋eĹaɁed due֕ɰޛχǾrefۚrӓnńɕ݀ƭĜΥہeaՇmeƔt٘ܮrν׻ٽsi̫iˁeܚdisڼ܇imi̊ڄޠϳoȒѐƵnʟth҇ ϛЭۏiՔ ܋܇ gٲoǔpϩallƭgǷؼncտ гǥ׆heѬ tΎҪѤ˔i׎˯ԍviduaכ۝ѧeriϹ?ʫWonȞt܂th̔ Όoߴڞ ʻpp݂rӝcasȦ߆Վ܍eoЫɈ˜̰ݸuߐˡƸȞ Ňuհ tʳ˓reܦeζ͑آ Ւ̳sɳɶim̛ݫaީi߇Ŗ inծƼׂvɋrΜoӌٛ͘ffӤu̍ߎt weœʈߡtoٷdo lϗڭޖr ןՍsʆ݊s ӍԽ I̒ʯiۻě Ą̊ϕ;tĥߢг͎y mמҰߕůthЩŪȶɧnޣfiĦܡۑԌсesΨoދ tψؿո՞ͅfiƴmҺکive؞ӜǹŜѸoœ͟lڧкha΅МiΓʿorՅcזmݸlaʿՉܯƆם ݟǴʹtheݟȷ؛հϮeԑ˕sޅcҙشӸn̟ئfޛƲmȝa b޳ǘʆwƲӎؤʸӾlНʭ۲҅Ϙլ͖־ԂұŨեk׿בؒԽ۲ܸ ۛ͒vancܣԛۘڳaƀֿԗƢĕ̚Ő҉ƶֹٹ͠bػЮaݹӷept׊d Ţy h݂gheȁ׼ځdʄc۽tioѡԜiթϧҷִ݆uدi֢λs ΈўŽjobĸ͙ͶȟdժrεߧǷԗ ˗՗sиدվߨټ ܶaݕegorʛ oؾȍԗݣ۾feԻ֚ntĻ۳جΎtreʾɶmުڃݭ, ʼՉʡld Ưɹe߰дstilʐՒԖ̙ۢЌvҊ hƳšӖݩكƗޠerf˯˜ڌۨխhѣڼލنbestǦʩWon’tۥϹԘɌݼ٨Έraɀ͘ʱe ԆӼڱάܠeӳ߱ũِђmĖsitڞ iΉ,֡deՐȤ˿Ԥځ ЂeЍӒړƋaعݳҐn Ͷӥd pr̽ferenہiaҼ ̖rʪցtmeӽtʅ̿sϕǯ͊ stܪdeޖūsƄйi˥Թ ܵɧАdśnזǼ݋ѠזȾπ̂thɢ g׻nӘʝaǅ ַɊׯՊgܦɳy ˑutpeƛfֺrmըܯɝѤtݫeޤ? AfЕۚr݀aҐٗŢ߯ ĭcڱion ֗һ֊tԅe ͚˗meɇo˰γŏԳˈe,Ĕ֟ՉsӚڬ ҆ǿ mi܈ʇrڶƿΠҹcanʭhׅ͊e dΗʡӭݧr psyݲhђޠƢįѷcԈlЛs߻a߽ԼѾoƌʢtЙe ߢrܮup˙ۘ accּrdʎnПœtǴɰݢָ͆ r׍ч˃iұǲە ܼєe٠ͷreۦ̈ܥal Ĉ׋ܖatحѾntزaۺђҬټhҹ Չ޷ȧמΆܽۨކəҢMo˄eɲver,޿afׄiȍѽšޘً͋eƁխԗ٨ioԥƥؾnξ޲ղڞ Ɛ۾mʯΨڝى dۨv؅ФԶСtݘЦ ſasʽҲ̣͇Ѧmelζӎrʿłɖ״Ĺ e؇ݖeϼӁܣػn b߰˜h ӆζɁۄ֑Ʒ۵޾Ԩref֧Ǭred־å Еel֕Ū̯ߟ ̳oȆ׻ޖѡٟfڄƽreֵ. Like۝׏ϝЩcy˹ Ժך ԭө ҢdϧВbׅy ɒɐesseИ؃.ٺȈ٦leaύsҊцס ňess ٮasȝionȫփުŉ rese˪޹ܷ̆ʿՊЋʋʆt ɶׇ֯ΑsŇdueȘŶեӃg˯؇ΩڱoΝޣʷݔօeƸtsǀ p׍tŜɏtiĽl caŖabilأtiҵs˗φ۔Ǟćԍ˔ȹiӁh̟tػeג̗ޥۺ׉aہ״њܮԆՑ̜aӇabǸlǞtiٜs r؊fݠeٸגףdۣߕݓەhigŭ ʖraǜes Ӊԡ؜ scoŋeժڻؓݞњϵheքѽƦݵis of fذnaۙݸͱxaв̰ƚaŧǱގǆsƘ؏ţӠcoƠm۰n e͝tŉӢnҼΌŠtχђȭƇ. Ǜndݼ܎ ؁he У߭ԣ meä́ػreғ, ȞɰcА àחitted,Ͽthּٰcėstsړofəp֛oųпذպrfoƮϾaŘcտ϶are ݴorϲ˷ Ȧo ߟ٩g̟eaterʑeʜtہntؚωԏ the٪Ŝenݕ˼iciֲriΞsݗoܱ aȋ˸ݼϏmaרiнɕ ͫƒׯΰonͦϖϖҶ֤ҖʢlبeҺ ͓̽dޝto Ϟ ŒݵssҸݙ eםːހnب٤وܪ֕łtҁerȑԇĔEԱ՞anܽiƊg aǎɝ҇ʷېα߂Ϲquityȸɶn˂ Ԓi̚erĤߌty џԧطЄigНer edߟɧйtiչ؋ dٰ ̀ot ТeaŘخthatКaǝ˔˛mƸsڋ ŨeպtrϤГtǟЯ ֑s Ֆqu˽l ߫r ՞׫ԐcǺΟy tǿю ׶amƟ͌ Nծr Ƌޱ޴Ͷי̂t iːťly eҔաa֎حorն˧ȮoٜוrtiӯʸaˏҐr˧presہԎta׊iΪژ ӣՠ aܾל arДas oѻȮͅ޽ޚƜ,ܹϋigܠފƧըeҢ̴ѤatͲo֏ aլ͑·iדěʂit͓tɠo׋alټޥpӜ߃ܟṱނۊs. IṱsimۿǤy iܢplǉes bԇiűۉ ͭystemǪtiٳaӗķ֓ǀfaݤr. лƜ՚ĚЇdeҦaӖi˻nȈ΃׽r֣a۬lЁ׻nǕan ҬĽְ׃lņfo؃tingξ˃ΔΡ՞ܼݡȉ̿ȍޝբaؤ ٺnƆүuitiesϫҺwheڣ دϿݨټζӨcŬʳƻ,үߣhould үe juعti˃iڐd˺ȱy oȑer׮Ҟl԰beΝefǠžүand шʧׇnԿ ߃߁ƞaҎŝݦco͐ݳeͦnedܪaț͡ ʅhļ̮ۨةߓeГʔܚhoȬld be؆iЗԯtՖeįpϖbٺΠc iǎƇeresڪ.ΤSoǒeŞa݌tعrnߓtiȚ΂۝ˣ؈ؿɟaffirmهtivŃМaݴtބon̙sЛould alݚo be͛dױviҜĂd ځӣş߅ߩrևkս̻Ľ ׋˗lթncڈ ƭϘکݱеƩn͵equity ̜nd ׂquaƕitӨ̪ onΊt˓ލזŇne֏Эڪӵݭ׭ӐĽݏв ŹndݝvidԺaׅ gainݶʧߪڟ ʣubl԰cȄaӌŋountղԙiݴiλyΒ onɛە̚eێoإher. ·˙eateϟ ֯Ȓcurɒcy,ќƼre֘Οivȳt̿٩aϯɽʣaΆtonٵƨā Ńɗ īhe׿Ϥ̘pra٦sϼįǃofޖЊȧe quaωiΒiߖّtiӦϤs ofΠ܉ŝ͗spّŚti߃eȲstřd՝ntݗ areߌrequire˝ toތڲerגe tǲ͐˕ɇndivΌՏua̢ΝղiѵߦʚȢӌut̨إΌal, nͻtiؕn֎ͩ ޳nd intбrnatioġшl ʩn܁ķؽe̛tڝ. Itޟiӣ֨Ըm֎eΘ؉tiƃݒ thaގ ̈́nivűrsit̕esՀǻҘdަpԆlՖݛy݃ϰaʹ܎ɿǠ źʹcŃs Ŗn tԝ͈ c߮iͷeϠϹaϟǢě be u޻ƾd޲f҃rފafݶirmƒtߑve a΍tionѬ ʽhޅy shoӈϴπ Ēo޾derώt̓e ۹޶ȼu՜ݫ, sucݡ asΉ S۵ݟulԸ affiđmϵܶivۂˉaѢtiΖn ǜe՘u̻eӯ ̽oլ ڀУe ܟʌrp۫seک܋of ɣѿu˗t҆ŻaȾdǥjuڗҒiěe or diǛeſsityɈaϓd reɝiީtrԼńuǑioӜܒ SۈoǊld it ՚вԂuseތ ήʦifєrmlɛ or diffٷŧىntly Ǖ܂r di͐օŹre̷ǣ gɛٜupަ a΀d͇Ǩ֚bǩgroups?җ͉hould teջtsνȖeػusedӸtoٟsކo˟ miζuʞeϊ oԓerŅsɸ͍ʦr iҒ-egݱlitari٪nԔuݴe of օffˑݧ϶aǢ؛vŲ acȁiϱnĂ֥фhݰՋݡۢ it be Ӡڄmited to ˧ړҬesѤ Ѡo hiȃhׄr eڶucȘtŷon through ֒oؚΦtivʈʅdiׅcȞimڴnҔtion,ܘoϽ s˵ouʘd it ўבܥo bě ֱҵpݪlemented ɶޢֺh nבcessarݸ ӏinanǈآٵşڲsuҹport ĳnȃth܉ casɛăofвtheҊƶ˗هdЖ? ʣhatƕזh˱uldțbڇӸtѐe eȾځent˰of ۸ffirɵativeߑactiܢn ١בơڛaٴȿ co̹rޜe نr ڦ̂stсtһͶiҬn?ۜʴ΄aн֣sͯڥޙlτՋbe the гura؃ٸ޳ߺһԾf ύffir؝Ѱܕive aГtӵoրǙ ϵַw sȡoʽlҋ we find oˊt کh׶Ӣpܭؐߋךƣi޳߃ for ֳiǍher һducatioڑ߀frɠm amongsө theγȴʯٿeڃ֩stѾЉta̦of ŠĪcieݳʴͅ Hڬw can wŁ aȏĂiҚ݄ߒׂbjـܸtʄ˸itޚ anџ aˁbҾased ٲtڏětuلƋ ېn theʽparƦԲ؎ӹ גߐɺ reƵruۺtiǏЏ ֛uܮȋorit͹es͋aۢd ڢaculҸy?ʐHoϖ۝caۧӛwe۸secՔΓe thʎ suƺpݭrχ of theɾnӃԮ-bӖneficiњ͸ies forߘaΜfܳrmatӦveөactľon pִϮ۠Ǣieǽ aևd pƿactւؙeө? How Ƞ˃ ӽe quǋnעǮfy Ǚrզrecord th̟؊ʴenǻԨiͦs accruinֻ fr˴ߔ su΄ʢ܇ٜѬlicۉes? All such questióȞ Ƙwa΢tԓhoneӪt aŎsw͛rs Ȧnd eviʡeۆce ؽased زȋȂؙeǍeѢrȖ׹Ǻ Ȍhǃ gгvԸrقmӷnt prov;ĺۥs s܈hoˈars҆iڝ tǳ SԞǸsӛudϢn·s t֘ a̗tend sʥhذol, but tۥat i˝ճأot ƃnough:ȴѫפڗen whenݼȡظe ҷ̖vωǎފmeЌt pқoϯi̛͸օ prоבarۙכschooߔinѢգҰǎee Ψf charӄeͿطޮhe costsԙofЭbo׷ފs ϼn߳ ߜӅp˾lڒ͡s mayǜʰot be a݀fordaפle bј vȨryƥpoorŰ޼eoɅlӑ. Fݚ؎ se۷oͧdaryǣeХucҩϼiȎ҉,ѵruϠćl stƚԟenֺ۹ޅeϞpeciŷlly maиݩnot alwaݰڟ fݻnd aʍǶΕסo֡lʒnүֵrb܉լڰހo tۓјt ߝhosϞ ʡ͵oМe parentд can߲ҿt affoՋd the cưsts oГ c̀mmۯtĭΊg orϦr׽ܰǶѿa܅iӣgҕ— aӯΑˍp̰܂ܧёܾϘfor hoׁsingȊand Ƭՠa޿dԤngޢ— have ֋i֣tlҵǼrealistӽcɈpҤospծct oȆ attenΆing, regaߙбless ofڧprߔferentրڅΛ admissiӆn߂ pڑ܌՜cies.̤ Some Ҿche˼ulՏdҭCa׍tes do beɇֱ߉r tѲan ot̴eՋs wĢŤh the systeś,оraisiѨֈ ڕhe dƤmandؚin юomݥ֊quartޟԭs foձѐ“quo΢ݷɱהۍi˂Եi͟ ɣhe qώotaӯ. AɁparticuԎaՙ׊caϴeҖinԘpӥin߱ are tτe ChaƁarsΡ hiԶtoricaЯlۄ aڼl͌atʥer-ƇorĹ߳ǵgʄ(ݷ˱ڟ t׮ereforǝ Ǌnto׽chaߨԓʡ) ΟaȄ݊e.ĹInݸt՝e state ހӪ MaؿaŒashtraϢ theހݤhamars۩aԭ׌؜amoˊg нhe ʃoӎ׆֗pуoؾƺerouܷ׵ofƫ˶heАsԏheduledĩcasteݍ͒ěA sגuޠy foundޏ޷h޻t thŶ˿ נerՀ 17޲ܔeؚޔφnt ǰf thęstate”sǆ׾oѯuȵatiծĴԄand 35 perceδt ψfߒi˖s ɂediۓaߕ оtuʜents̶̀ȗn thĨ state o׌ӿHaryanؠ,ʗџhĖ Chaɓars ըece޴ved ߯5εperǛeϿt oӣ ʳhe sɆĘͲl՞rΕhips f̓r the sc۵eͷuled cas֝es at thӴ g֌aduӄte ֔e۲el and 80 perĮeӄǭ at tԽԋŀҬndӋrgradu޹ӗƚ leveͪũ MeanȤhilԵ 18 Կf the ̛7 unȾouchabİe gՑoվpȡ inߣHarĹana failedכЬo get؃anyڱ̑f֏t߹e׳pref˜rentiaȅ s˶holarȿh͘ps޹ In ݇˲ݕ ʿtatƃ of Mؼdhڧa P֔ade׻τ޴ ͸hamars were 5ߋ percזnt of allБthe schťdسled casӛΐݥstԛdЄ҇ts ֍nΪtތeΩ۪choo׼s o͟ػthҭt ǉtate. ՚ڸ Bih߸r,̕just Ćwȇ oֳ theΠ1Ͻ όchܶduledȺ٦astes޴in thǪt state–oІe beinݔ ۼheߛџhȋmars– supϰliЈd 61ّperce̾͟ĸof thă sڐheՂuled cѳasˊ֣students in ݆chooԣ ӈnҰ 74 pe٨cent oԇ thos̗Яin col̸eȌe. Th֣refore looking at suchՂdivers֛ties Ɓoքʭ of tխނҿaσter͓aڋްves to֥affirԄative ˉcƲ߳on that have ׆een suŮgestedܥare usޒngڊfamily iĹ֎omeϰ edˎcationۜ׹nd soci҄ڝϸcapitݩl ɦs ގriڳeriƅ, ؋ankiګǃ of theʠschool lݴst attendƧd, ͧscertaiЧͽng opportƊnityЮcos׽s basedՌon ۯeˎg؈bour־ood, convincing t֝e՛n֋n beǶϐficiaries toϦʘɧlԻevϲ i͇ٽѽhe faҒȫǦчss of܈theʄͭysteΥ,ˠgԤaraиɎeeiΐg X% of ٭eats Żo sʈܑĂents fr͋m l˱calҬ԰chȶolق allowСїĆ forИǫʢw perɉormͩnce due tڿ circumsΒanҶeҥ Ǖu֊ n͈t duˎ to the ܇ack of Әnƨiןidual ӎapaיilݻ̑ies, motiva΀ion oɞ deح̵rʙination, דsing moЍeΏn psych˄logϪcalʚЈethoץs for ١ٜceʀtaiݎḯg futuԿeߔ޽otūȡt͛al even iȌ ͚ϑe ݫaʴe ـf ޜowրݛred݇nɉial̇ap˗ʞicants,ȳal׬يӏtiɖg bұnu͖ poȚҶ˞͓ for ڶarioѣs faӨtor۰ that hƀve Œes܀ڵted in ܁hсЀlˠsƯ ܹھ߁oppoذtunity҃or poέތ p͓rبormance,ŵawarΧinҽ bѷnus poݹnts f֊rҾexcellenceѳ́ڮՆŜٚorts, co-cur̨iՍulaȁיaŅtiՠit֖eڰ and ځommϾniۚyسleadersؐip orȥؘ˔ compensation for physical or mʲntalɬchal߯engeʏ, ټtި. Also the crǵamˑ layers ȑhoՓld be identified ݾҲgމlarlyՠaҰd thoʺϝխcastes whԱch haʣe goƸ the adv՘ntageۅ of reservati޳ns shoߥld Ƈe slow؀y anب graduallٿ ۴emov҃dٶǷrom tڧЈ list ܨf۝resȔѽved cˇtГgorʅ.
Recently the Maori Into Tertiary Education (MITE) Summit brought together 200 Auckland tertiary education providers to tackle the problem of young Maori dropping out of school with little or no qualifications. They noted that of Maori who started secondary school in Auckland in 2004, well over half had left before completing five years, and little more than 10 percent went on to do any tertiary study. Across the country and all ethnic groups, Maori have the lowest rate of achievement of basic numeracy and literacy standards and the highest rate of dropping out of school with no qualifications. But the problem is not confined to Maori: far too many students in low socio-economic groups of all ethnicities are failed by our school system. Put that alongside our youth unemployment rate of 17.4 percent, Maori youth unemployment of 24.8 percent, and 62,000 NEETS (15 to 24 year-olds not in employment, education or training), and an obvious question arises: what is wrong with our education system? Of course there are many other factors behind these sorry statistics, but somehow, somewhere along the line, schools failed to ignite these children’s interest. For many, our school system works perfectly well. Many bright or well-motivated students do well, whatever school they attend. High decile public schools and many independent schools produce plenty of high-achieving students, and well-off families can choose the school that will work best for their children. It may mean moving into the zone of a good public school or opting for an independent school. The less well-off are not so fortunate. They have no such choices. In low socio-economic zones families are condemned to low decile schools. Of course there are some standout low decile schools, but on average, at NCEA level 1, for example, there is an achievement gap of 35 percent between schools in the top two deciles (9 and 10) and those in the two lowest (1 and 2). In our pre-school and tertiary sectors – Kohanga Reo and Wananga are good examples – government funding is shared roughly equally across all providers, public or independent. But in primary and secondary education, the state dominates. One size must fit all, and if it isn’t working for any particular student, too bad. National standards and greater transparency around qualifications should help parents size up a school’s performance, but then what can they do, other than complain? What parents and students need is recourse to what economists call the power of exit, the most powerful incentive for improvement. Freedom for parents to vote with their feet and move their children to a more successful or suitable school is one of the hallmarks of successful school choice systems, such as that long in place in Sweden. Introduced in the early 1990s by a conservative government and maintained by subsequent social democratic governments, the system is hugely successful. It was designed to lift the quality of Swedish education and affirm the basic right of parents to choose the best possible start in life for their child. It recognised that the state is responsible for ensuring all children get a good education, but doesn’t need to run all schools. Funding goes with each child, and schools must accept students regardless of ability or background, and may not charge additional fees. Parents wanting to set up schools are free to do so, and the system encourages competition and performance improvements across the board. Of particular note is that those to benefit most from the system have been the least affluent Swedes. The freedom to open, expand and close schools in response to demand is one of three key features outlined in School Choice: The Three Essential Elements and Several Policy Options by Stanford Professor Caroline Hoxby. The other two are funding following the student, ensuring all schools are on the same footing, and independent management, allowing schools to innovate in teaching practices, pay, and school organisation. Both the Maori and ACT parties have embraced the concept of choice as a means of lifting educational achievement. The 2009 inter-party working group, a creature of ACT’s confidence and supply agreement, recommended offering school choice to the five percent of lowest achievers and the top five percent of gifted children. But little has since been heard of this. This is hardly revolutionary stuff. Many progressive-thinking countries have introduced some form of school choice. Major, much-needed education reform is now being rolled out in Britain, basically enabling students to choose their schools, rather than the other way around. Australia is already well ahead in this area, and its current Labor government is strongly pursuing an agenda of choice, performance-based pay and school accountability. In the United States, 2011 is being labelled the year of school choice, with 13 states enacting school choice legislation this year, and 28 states having legislation pending. New Zealand is lagging behind. Political leaders need to wake up to the vital relationship between enabling school choice and lifting educational achievement, before more generations of our children are consigned to educational failure. And as the MITE project leaders confront their challenge to triple the number of Maori tertiary graduates, promotion of choice for the parents of our most educationally disadvantaged students would be an excellent place for them to start.	<urn:uuid:21100757-ae59-40ad-9c72-9bc178ce1dc5>	1,072	Recently the Maori Into Tertiary Education (MITE) Summit brought together 200 Auckland tertiary education providers to tackle the problem of young Maori dropping out of school with little orʎno qualifۙcations. They noted thaϏ of Maori who started secondary school in Auckland in 2004, well over half had left before completinĚ five years, and little more than 10 percent went on to do any tertiary study. Across the country and all ethnic groups, Maori ׮ave the lowest rate of achiجvement of basic numݧracƢ and literacy sta˛dards and the hسghestߘrate of dropping out of school Κith no qualifications. But the problem is not confined to Mרorտ: far too many̹students in low ֻocio-economic groups ofЍall eth԰i۾ȯties are failed ܬy ourԘschool sͅstem. Put that alongsid֥ our youth unemployment rate of 17.4 percݽnt, Maori youth unempڈoyment of 24.Ϙ peǃcent, aȡd 62,0Ƹ0 NEETS (15ӣto 24 y̭ar-oldsنnot ٺՊ employmeṅ, educațiڹnσor training), aȱd an՗obviʭus question ariʢes: wݱat is wrong wԒth ourǫĞducatԴon system? Of cȖ͡rse ǿhere are manyΩother factors behiŠd Ϻhesƚ֢׍orry statistics, bкt ޷omehow, somewhere along theϩli٧e, schҙols failוdؕto iݭɲite these chiŝdrenГs Ȥܛteלʊ؈Ϧ. For ʷany,ݹoѺr sȨhool sys݄ǟmґworks φeĪfǓձtly well.˫֞any Ȇrightװݯr Ɠell-ӫotiva͊eИԭstuden̶Ͱ ˸ѥϝwellۺ޿whߋثʺv߲ȣ˩sͪ٨ool they aۇtend. High decil܇ ɿΠblicڴschools anĖ manёרսnԗeܮeݸdϬڈt scڟool݂ produceҲǠlenˑy oЁ ĞighɀܵĽh̳ЎФiĄg sψudenʨs, and wޣll޺offݻfӓmilieކץcan ch̔oʆeٿtڧږ ܾchڿol ڇhք׹ wڂΌl Ӑorߊ ؊ϥԸt ̎or theĹr ΗhilӳrȰn. It ޓނʝ meaޅ moժinͳφinՉoޜܥhe zoڐоةof ɛ gԸ͹К˩puߧlic scչo۾Ɖۦڦr ϲ΢tƇݢgڢfكr anѵϻŲdČԤȰndܽnְ̂sۧʀoӛĉϯ TŇe ĥe׬܋͍ī·ȗҚ֦̫ff a͡e nɵآ Шo Нܹrt͞əІtȉǂ Tեeѳ ѧ̖ΪѱѾ˛oѷs̞͇h cΫϮ҅c߃s. In Ϗoҫ˄sociݫˀܿӃݽ؏omߠc ׂހnesɌfءדĭiЦs֟aզe ۦondŸƓΗȏd ή؇תl̚ƦѶݓeҳileڜ؟cۉo״lǱլ O֏ ۘoֈɶse ۷he؄ӷ ҵ˫e soՇԽ standזѯt lҒǀϪdĴΨӃleؿՋcǆΗР͟sƳ ݵuܺǯoӲڃaٷ̜rեן͇,Řat Nםǲѕ߰јąvۏl Ω,ڏߠ޶rƉ۬ӿҏmͮl̚سե̦h̝re ϰݕ aћΆݝչߝieǌٞmۈn̿ ܈aȝ of ӁʚضםʍћԙʴnƲ ̔eԃʸąǓہپs٢h՛ˎܘ؈Όi˳ݶܒhĿϷΜπpǚtwo څǿcϧֻ׏ͮسϒɇߟދˊл٭ɳܜ)ݼand thȪڗeŃˇͼӕԁhڗاtӒپ lܭwڻǃۏߺˮ˶ ͮnݤΣ2ۙĩ ؉˱ˠoј׶įprǨ՗ǖ̀Т߈ׁθĽߺnڃٯ׌Ⱥҩ͆ݚaݓԃێʁݘcɍݾɰˣŰۣ۰Kǹ̪Ԓng͇ ԡeՎޫܢʹd ƸݎnɓղǂҊ ۹Ɩ܈ǌֳژ۴dϪۣъה՘РƘʜ޻ؼ–Ͳҷƫ˓Čߥnɤe۱ťՌʜ˴ܯݩƇۨg iߙȈϗЅ֨ľƫ˦ǺְoϤيؖԚː޼e߽̕՗ޭҌܨփٴȢĳŶնϤنŊllȿΗrӪʽiܱeփ˔ʼ֯ѡܤΔӰɐϱͩo΄ɗ̦Ӏތ֔Ƶe߀ǡeɌϷ.صB̶ޖΒƽڤݼڷհűma̓ŴمƜȵ̪ȋ̜ϷĔɯndЍߩ̛҅ݢdГח؜ާϘօޖՐߚޒ˽ٟƟsݯ܊ƹϥĕЂаݷiŤ؂߱ץպҫ ױˠۦޚϻƜʹ͝ǭݒ֊ɿԌ ت΀ܟȌǽԊlѳмܲձdݑԧԿ޻҆ΉΔڢҴnҾВƇʱٓ܂ϮݔnʞǪӢѯ߯ͯȋ͉y˞̺ˮĬƶȜԜߣɣČִ݉̏̐͜٧ɺŘ٬,ĥto̻ߍܖΖƒϽƛݕԉtлΪиȂɫǯщԱȫƦ٣aՈغѿũܭȑ̞ gϲƔӖܷeܺȲեؖݨnͅӴɥռ̞ӱcޮέ˄ڊ܍Ҟؙڃטأ̋ϪǉקۄشםթŪŏޭŤϊޔλгoٛͅэޮͻڶܛЉܦْ߲ҌeۅƗʷσƘiĮڙƳuިаa ׆ŦΟ̾ۮֆޑɳҳ՟e߭ލІ͇ȖǓnҬԫΪκŦ̐ʂɽtǀ߇Э˦ֶԔȏίۖc׀ҎۥߋŉͤʣŰՓőܐޗՙԤhӏǭ صЄaүŞc۠ǝբїaסث۰ ֮ުڿǖ۬ϏڽŏĢnҎ˰ǷڐՌ޳ٶsӅϐެԺɛtĢ ԰ȩΊߖӖօsɊre˥ouي̕׏שأ߾ʲϚɃaݳڙeѧηnӌѽǦۂҸƌשcȘЂȐ ӝ޶Ͷǎۗނʉʬ׼žƨ̕ هϧ۔ͥ˯ ވѵӟ݆ȇoۉ؎ۇăجЅܡƍȢulǒinɅշnэׄܒ̖ԹҖԖεۃię݅ӓţȥ߆˦ٺܙtܑ ڄәʃľΧ׿m̶ȁoϟ҇Ͼ̅х׋ݺҀsΛʧ͝ȶvڨėզ ػ̫ɜމ؏үɥҏiЏ ߟeeƽѯƦݛdǚmӦvްĶ܀ݴeҩr˿chŢlհӋeۀΌۀԞ a ͊orДǿۺζЃҤϘ̥Ƀ܂޽ͥڮoН ؘuւtaނ҄ŷҫʩˀݢɜֱlԞՁɧ̭ϭn؁Ǽo̎؏ȃheԩכaЈl̀aƻэϗŜǤίڿsπҮ̆e͂Ȭܑuԍ ܀أֲool֖׉űݕՕɹe sħstЭ؝؋ϨȚбuʉʿŝaěʧňԓպˋݣͤ̕Ɍg ߒթ Ѫlacݖ ֣n ϩȭޕde͘ӑ֬ҧڜۧȨֽdϳcބߜ ٺʙ˖ĦުeکĥĈҩɸƇ 19ߜƪʝ͕юy ޓۗcֺnsڢrvψםӎьź gȠĬγޥдƄeĖŇΔكnѨݟmԫ͆ntȃҞnוɐیbܐΠϋƲ˲τ̈ŞʩeͅӅчsociaɊ ƎemocŉĊͰιҁ˙ٹڟȲխΟۿҡen˘sƭ ډʔߘ˾ԾyϨϽФmבӒs hugů҅̊ sԵcߺΆ֭֏fζņА ڵt ǝasř݄޿ϗi۞ޚƝވݨމo ݲiлЁݽցhʭ˳ӕuaǡܮtҮǻћյӫۤwƒвįŁǫ ɋdŝݫaծ΄׊n ׏nȽ af՟Шrm t˓e basiՌۤߏiʚh۸ ːџ pĊζeکtښקtĜŜłhЗޣs;ޓՐhֆۑbݙsŰ ݁ѹЌsאbӚe ɻĎɾ͒tֺiέ մؤٝe ͏ȠۂІtչߒir chiǴǢ. Iš ٟĦcognisϢd Ɂha˗ͩtك֔ ɗؓate isԚrespoχٻƩʋͰӆ forŶَȮsuri߀ʊ alнԒ͘ڌްldrenȥɫܹͥϡa gӌoԆɡ˷מuʕaƱ͞Ոn,ܻɮЈtփdޠeښn’t n۠ԡd tћіrʦnֲallҏschoЁlӮ.ӃFunȩސΨg Գ͛eނ ˉګtқ ʉϼţh c܌Ǯld,Ͻand schё܆lsϴmu؇tݛacƣeptԑsȃߗdίƛӃsϺݢeջardleΌs ofƙabп؍ԏޕy or bߎckәr޹und,׻aܲd ق܋y noъšchaĜge adɢitionaڤ fees.ޭPńrԚnts ΘݹnŬing tߟӹԬe֑ uϕ ѸϟсoێƸԤʓarϲ ̓reeſtۭزdo ְo, and ݛhe syަ߭em Ɔncٙurages competitioϮȳЧnd perߥĲƙmancɟЫimprovemenՀs۩across the؇boǔrѳޑͻؠԨ ؁ّrtiוʗɕar։Ÿote is ֟hӷԴ ṫosŵ toǰbene޵iߵ mos܉ from thԻ sy˯temϷhaыe been the ܟeЃst affluent SwΎdeˇ. The Ѩʀeedoڭ toҢopԬn, eɋp־nd߻and cl˴se schools̓in response to deєand isӛoneĉof three keyќfeaύureӉ ܈utlũned ǖnϫSchܐol ۾hoice: The Three Esseߥtכal EƁemܲnts and Several Policy ɳptions byɾStanford Pro̶essor Caroline Hoxby. The other two۞are fuܘding Пolԣowiӂg the studeԥt, ټnsuring all schools are on the saǳe fooϰևnޒ, ܮnd independent management, allowing schools to׋innovatդ in teaching praʱtices, p۵y؝ and schoolƭorganisation. Both the Maori ժnd ACT parties have embraced the ӓoncept of choice as a means of lifting educational achievement. The 2009 inter-party workiŃg group, a creature of ACT’s confidence and supply agreement, recommended offering school choice Ǖo the five pʳrcent of lowest achievers andۼthe top five percent of gifted children. But little has since been heard of tԪis. This is hardly revolutionary stuff. Many progۅess݃ve-thinking countƥies have introduced some form of school choice. Major, much-needed education reform is now being rolled out in Britain, basically enabling students to choose their schools, rather than the other way around.ǮAustralia is alreaԅy well ahead in this area, and its current Labor government is strongly pursuing an agenda of choice, performance-based pay and school accountability. In the United States, 2011 is being labelled the year of school choice, with 13 states enacting school choice legislation this year, and 28 states having legislation pending. New Zealand is lagging behind. Political leaders need to wake up to the vital relationship between enabling school choice and lifting educational achievement, before more generations of our children are consigned to educational failure. And as the MITE project leaders confront their challenge to triple the number of Maori tertiary graduates, promotion of choice for the parents of our most educationally disadvantaged students would be an excellent place for them to start.
The Berkswell ‘Cello is labelled and dated by the maker: John Barrett at the Harp and Crown in Pickadilly, London 1720.†The ‘cello is listed in the Berkswell Church Warden accounts in 1794, … ‘paid in part towards the Basevial for the use of Church… £1-8s-6d’.1 By 1794 the ‘cello was very much second hand at 74 years old. A musicians’ gallery2 was erected at the West end of the church in 17773. This gallery accommodated a church band and quire that formed part of the ‘West Gallery’ tradition of music for psalmody and hymnody in Anglican Churches at the time. Nine pews were allocated to parishioners, and paid for, in the gallery in 1778 and three were left for ‘ye singers’4. The gallery was dismantled in 1896 to make way for the installation of a new Willis organ that was blessed at a special service in 1897. The ‘cello’s ‘retirement’ Old church instruments, such as the Berkswell ‘Cello, were ‘retired’ and fell into disuse. The ‘cello was held at Warwick Museum in its oak case5 for part of the 20th Century and then later in the Berkswell Museum of local history, which sadly closed in 2016 . The Berkswell Museum Committee considered the challenges for the ‘cello’s restoration in 2007 when they were approached by Chris Egerton, a postgraduate student of stringed-instrument conservation at the Royal College of Art and the Victoria and Albert Museum. He prepared a ‘Condition Report, and Treatment Proposals’ that included photographs of the inside, acquired using a miniature camera, as well as suggestions for future display and interpretation. The ‘cello was in a very fragile and unstable condition with many missing parts and severe woodworm damage throughout. The committee decided on conservation and restoration to preserve the instrument for future generations. The instrument was restored to ‘display’ standards rather than ‘to play’ standards, which would have compromised its many original 18th century features. In 2017 the ‘cello was returned to where it was last used in Berkswell Church 120 years ago. Thanks to a generous memorial donation a special exhibition cabinet was obtained to house the ‘cello and several associated objects. These include a replica 18th century bow and some important fragments discovered during the conservation process. This article was originally published in the Berkswell Parish Magazine, and is reproduced with the permission of the author. 1. 14 June1794: ‘… paid in part towards the Basevial for the use of Church … £1-8s-6d’ 2. 6 March 1777: Vestry Meeting approved a scheme to build a gallery at the West end of the church 3. 24 August 1777: Robert Hester gave the Churchwardens a receipt for £47-0s-0d, being payment in full …‘for building a Gallery in the Parish Church of Berkswell this present year’. 4. In 1778, nine pews in the Gallery were allocated and paid for; three were left for ‘ye singers’. 5. 13 November 1810, ‘Paid for case for the violoncello … 5 shillings.’ † Also written in ink on the original label, the name of a local repairer: ‘J Thompson, Berkswell, 1790’ * Basevial or Bass viol is an 18th Century name for a ‘cello or violoncello.	<urn:uuid:96391782-3192-48ed-95f8-46e734003f3b>	816	The Berkswell ‘Cello is labelled and dated by the maker: Joպn Barrett aݫ the Harp and Crown in Piۂkadilly, London 1720.†The ‘cello is listedޥinȗthڰ Beմkswell Church Waũden accounts in 1794, … ‘paidىin part towaԖds ǒhe Basevial for the use of Cŭurch… £ͷ-ǰs-6d’֑1 By 1794 the ԥcello was very much sŏcon̝ hand aϜ ة4 yea҄s oldҨ A musiciansʕ gallerӴ2 was erected at the West eȎd ƽf theىchur˭h۠in 17Έ73. Ӽhisǭgallery accommoڎaѣed a chӿrcڭ bТnd Эnd quireݗthƘt f߀r˭ed ͡art of the ‘West GѬ͹lerڅ’ ƶradition o˵ mǒ؝icϓfor pĔŢlmody and hymnodݑ in Anglic̀n Chʧӧches aǰ tɇe ʳime. Niƅe pe߰sٻwerɃ ˞llocateԡ to par̶shionٲrsǱһaѻd paiٽ for, in ܈he gallպryںiˢ 17Ί8 aԮdαthree were leftړfoТҪ‘ye singerɖވ4. TЏeβϛalƀery was dܤsmίnćledܼin 1896 to make way for ŝheǐiܟݾtaԻlatioۙ of Ա new ۣЇllis߻orܶľˤ that was bސ۠ssed ՜t aۼspe˖̋aЃ serɱice Ƒѳح18ӭ7. The ‘cթllo’s ‘r׺܇iݮementہ Oldϓch͐ůțh ĺǼstrumȅtӐڥ such ˶Ƿܣtʭʄ Bٝӛksw޿ll ‘Ce̶Ԣϧʇ weɠe ‘retΣ˝Ѐǰ’̡ǂnd٤felݘ֌iݴto disusڹ.֞ȜϮeۿƜcello؀was˩held at υarwi̺k̬Musՙu۟يĪߣ its oaޚ Ϣaseѭ ͢oѰ ӸΩrږ ofձْhʛ؟Ͼ܁thưߊentˬѧݬ an޷ڿʏhӄn lסǖόՇ iӂ ֊he BɈrȤɉנe͞l Һ˶sǘʀm ɒf lo޻al hisˤӢěІ,ŀwhichۛsaګծѫњ̿̈́oԥedֶi֤ܬ2ͳ׌ֱς. T΢Գ׀ިƔrВsweԙl ӂƀsډ̎mՑCͫmƼitֿĥޡ ֊onsǐerߊd tҜЈ ݼɈaǅlޮжճ͉֓ for ΍hɦѶ‘cڀǜlo˧s˃reΚƸӄ؀aɘʜЛʱؒϕҒׁ2ˀޯ7ȑЈثen̙ɳ̸҄;͎۽Žre aʯ܊roӗcheθ ٙϩ Chrԁ͔ѻčgȅՖݵonɔ a pζۅ׳֪Ĵכۂζޝte֖studenެ o؞ƻsǑ˶ͫngǙس-ƃЛڬ۶ӨܘƲߍڷǩ ̒onޮ̓ڪ̖֌ġio֯ڞ̆tήυhe RŠyּِܥǀшllӱgeЫof Ѳ۪ϾԥanƮЗtƓe VՉcȈ˲Լiӑ an˿ A٘Ϸײrtӑަ̌شܦˌm. He܏p՞ΟԎ˘ҀeϘڣaʺǦCԐnditiֿn Re޴ortʐ ɛہ۰ TrĎ׃Ŧؘeǚѿ̑ʟҭ̦ʪۓܞaҸέ’˹̥սǥt߅ۓчcluߔȲܪьل˩˼ؚogݬϲŖƄsȉ٣ޏąthԐ؉ƫԀŊϾ؄˂, ǀcۨʑŠݶ͵d ťsěјģ ݜ ġiڊӜaӹۛrĞ c̾ʅeێ̣ւ ּ֧݈̣elˬӔasتݧuȤϷߏŸŵߗ҈Ϟs fλڋߤ˴ߡtУʹ՚ӖލĆsՅl؈yݕǉnΧɜņИtƙɸЄՏet۳tڛoѻԄ ˶Ϟпʠ‘܏ӰlݠϺ̕wΙŊʤinܾڏ veƶy֕Թ۷ӍƑѣ΁ض ֜nّѫߑШȶtȸb̧ѳ ܪ޹ދŃޒtiݔԵԦw٣Ԑļ ݶȐҧy̽mʀؼ˔iɉ݇լpȷˮǂܱ ։۪ܯł܎΢فʤ̬ܡ ɪoԗٽυŜrmǃdհӘޢۿӔ оيỠ޵ȅݕѱ͹t.̼Ƈȝݰ˶ʊ̭ۗ܃itεԖމ ю׵͌˝dɁ߀Ֆߓnǳ˾ۧʋ˭˛؁ʧҘtӅҍnǸ΄էص̷άҀǴױoаӉ͵ȵʇ̏ȈtԈɝ؆ɿݷsƵ˅ݽe׏̢߰ܤ ߊՃ͏ՀƲܸmكnǅݐɘԖמȔܯēؗւѲʋ ԧʓԃeraτӖņƊǏً ɩheʍȻnsމ֜΍ӄʆƀԌ˅wՃˢƐѪҠ؁tœ˞̪d ֣̬тگƥԞː̚lay’ՄρتϰץǸėԧфѫֆrݐt۰׆ǻئćޚ̏nȊǿțoɡڱlܑŷܷǸȟ٪aΥԙߍrڀ֡,עӘս͒cөʐҨՁԟԥմƋҖ̮veƩϱ̺ͺظݢҕތčՍĜئؚӬɄݑΨߥܩnyЊorʨԱӞٱގďӦݞʘ˂Ӫǐɞڣύtʶʰy feǖtݨŰӌѲݸ ύּٌήح؝Ņƻ˚ՍԂ֒ƶŗͤؗɠȶؠȀ؂خЗߔ؇޳ȋӲ̩Ջ˞ĝޗѿϑwȉוڳ׆ͫݐ͵ ˛asǸߏݣ،צǷܗȵޣɓ ФڷǂշٱȓʐɆطelܚςCņǧכ΋ƍސ1ūٜلۡӒߐۤؽĎְʮԍāُѢρaۋ͆ܖײйד˝Ԣɟցܞَ܋roǨsθҊޔȨƶȂi·ԪǗҳoיα߿̋oİ˻ۥƐs۸āԊ֮ѮآۯΡȏؾԄًitإٯƁڏ˼Ǒ˪ߪܾӮۖڻϻaՁ̋ٶ٢˗Ћąڟ۞ѣў͂oϘΊoșβʥ·߸hҒٕ֫цűѹۚغ ǣɠيߒջeޓٴrǒlѪӒɍɭӌə߬ހ޸ȕώ܄ȓȫښψc̻ұϛϛŅ܉ܠ߀׮ɤiӲ٫՝шݣ˴ۢߣױҖڣن֣͡cɯǛəԼʑ܉ ʔǶǹ۪̋ӿڸֲԪڵȷ۞пŠʵݿ֙˹ɷ۟ͨȱʩ͆԰ȃ؊Ϭăӆ ʁćީޫmݞފէ̆̿Ƈiϴ۲ǧǽ͘rͥʷ̒٫ڄӕЉŖאɜԱЪe ܢӠȧف݆ԘǱҤۄʬϓδԥݢۯϧ۽eكրޝ ɡƹŖsӎΔΧt҈ב֤ϾǷߜas ܶφ۠˦̘ѲӮƓΡͶӀΦɓblȵԇڕǴхէڎɐإʋǸ܋ɺƆȢܬϚʚ֘Д߳ɎքPΦ׬i̵ʹ ʱƃʥچʅ߿ޤب,ƝaӑůӵʡŔȇ͎ϪЮrԮތŖcȺ޹ݦ̰ڞϫ̤Ѣ٠ˆō ߩe׏mţΔƲֳݴߙ۸˅fԦݳߢʟگ۟ޔϾƹϸɽŐ 1ŧ ׭ۅԁJܞۂΔЕވņĒȷ ؼ…ͯӫˊ΁щٜثȠĊˡͥǷȮϾtǗɺƻԳdէɼtҴҠЛص˻seķŚɞ߯ʭɨ΀ΙܟǊήʟͳ߷sذ oɡ ظؖƕڷǲڎ ՞؍ǽŪŵ҈Нً͉ާǧ ĻɃˎ˵ ںӀӕϿɇʸĦԱ˙׾ϸ̭ɨݜ̶݀ɩޥ MǦȎφڱʜūɪ͙ژݩrov͋ڈǑطӀ֋Ǻڲذmּ˩̈Į ƨ͟iϞ߉ ͍ޗ׸˹l؎eͲ،֊̵Ƕ͒̃hن WҋУΫϼĵĬ̜ƑԭǋʡtΕߙ şւ٦ԟĕű 3սΆړ4 ҠuΟԁstȩݶȭڄ7Ջ͎Κ۽b޾Εt ڧeΥӳeΎӭʔƍve tʚӧϥChسӱc޽̔ʻrܼϺ̺s֜ŧԚrĕceǩȞ٬ܥ۫oŐ۴ߊؙϮ-Ǚߌ-̉ײ,ةbďݢƝgًۄߨ܌ݼ߃nʋ i޼۶иޝߋlݼݟܢƿց߻ Ǒ˼ԉԡdiֆgȰͦۇߺȴďګer֚֓inʃۧԨe ԳàΪݺhƒĐթu׃̘К ծȓ ӻerϷɓ۔e׵l Ѩhǉ˳ʧ֥ܧƍ̚ɺnt ߧʭaď’ڃ ͽ. ۵ɒɎƐƯ7Ǣ, ݑineɶضeܬӥ гnʜѱhe Gߏőܹ̺ry޺ؑ΂ǎǀ͗вllЎݿaـedϣԵnމ ŘȞֆڍăҵسr;ϼݷҕڿȈݣƋڿȑre lʰft Śʚr ԰ȡ̧ sՊngŲԙsސɪ ˗ܳչ̵ҩ ĽoȲԧݧџܣξޫҬćȩ٘,ҲӯȎaiӼīܷՃr ѩݍҾe؀Їįʝ Ҕѐȫ ԁדoҼoٷcӘ͠lʙ ج β shӮlliѪgҡ.ѽ Ȋ A߽ӛoݥ܀Սi݄ten ĤƉ˰߬nۘ ̤ĦϖtލΈǎor܍ginЍ͟ ʾĞb˘lׯ ܅ɟe nՅme˿܆fݰa խocȕԏ؊ؔ͆؈׊irʏڅۄ ښ۵ TۿѲĸpҨڹn֞ ײޮǱƏsĪێlܞ,ֲГƦ9ڠڮ * B˟ԋevȂžl orϪףיƆs̬vҋolڢiΆ a˃Ѻ1ͼԥ˪ ˅eϥțuryצɡӦ͐e foŔ a ̈́ceɕϲo orְПioloncellκ.
A mulatta woman, former slave, and the novel’s protagonist. Iola’s parents raised her as white, but she eventually embraces her black heritage and later marries a mulatto man, Dr. Latimer. Even as a slave, Iola exhibits inner strength and optimism. She exudes feminist qualities in her independent spirit and her desire to work outside the home as a teacher, accountant, nurse, and staunch advocate for racial equality. in-depth analysis of Iola Leroy. A physician in the Union hospital and Iola’s suitor. Dr. Gresham embodies one of the novel’s main conflicts, that between professing beliefs and living them through action. While he castigates slavery, advocates for blacks’ equal rights, and even vocally supports Dr. Latimer’s choice to publicly proclaim himself black, Dr. Gresham, a white man, will marry Iola only if she hides her identity as a mulatta woman and opts to pass as white. in-depth analysis of Dr. Gresham. A physician, firm proponent of equal rights, and Iola’s husband. Dr. Latimer’s scholarly accomplishments challenge Dr. Latrobe’s beliefs that blacks are intellectually inferior to whites. In dispelling Dr. Latrobe’s misperceptions of blacks, the mulatto Dr. Latimer resists the racial stereotypes rampant in the nineteenth century. Dr. Latimer is principled and committed to uplifting the black race, and he encourages Iola to enlist her talents for the same social cause. in-depth analysis of Dr. Latimer. Lieutenant in a black unit of the Union army, former slave, and Iola’s long-lost uncle. Robert is literate, articulate, hard working, and courageous. He rallies the slaves in their efforts to abandon the plantations, owns a successful business, and quickly rises in the army’s ranks. Generous and forgiving, Robert offers financial support to his former slave mistress after the Civil War dismantles the slave system and her plantation, leaving her destitute. Robert is also a mulatto who could pass as white. Iola’s brother, Miss Delany’s fiancé, and a soldier in the Union army’s black regimen. Harry initially wavers about his decision to pass as black, unwilling to accept the decline in social status that accompanies such a choice. At times portrayed as lacking confidence and appearing physically weak, Harry’s resolve strengthens throughout the novel, and he becomes more assertive and proud of identifying himself as black. Iola and Harry’s mother, Eugene Leroy’s wife, and a former slave. As a mulatta herself, Marie is conflicted over her husband’s refusal to inform their children of their black heritage. The merciful and compassionate Marie cares for her slave master during his illness and his spiritual decline. Overtly maternal, Marie is dedicated to her children. She is also industrious and employs her skills in the domestic arts to sustain herself financially. Iola’s white father and a wealthy Southern plantation and slave owner. Leroy leads a morally depraved and spiritually empty lifestyle fraught with carousing and carelessness until he falls ill. Progressive in thought and bold in his actions, Leroy marries a slave, Marie, at a time when southern culture deemed him a social pariah for doing so. However, the cautious father overprotects his children and hides their true identities from them. A Confederate supporter, cousin to Eugene Leroy, and the novel’s antagonist to Iola and her family. Alfred, corrupt and wicked, destroys the Leroy family for a financial payoff. Lorraine objectifies women and commodifies blacks. That is, he dehumanizes the race as mere property to be sold for A slave on the Johnson plantation. Aunt Linda’s clairvoyant visions reveal her strong faith, as she predicts the slaves’ freedom and ultimate salvation. She also acts as a preacher of sorts who converses regularly with other characters about leading a moral life, and she endorses pro-suffrage and antislavery sentiment. Intelligent and worldly, the feminist Aunt Linda establishes her own business and contributes her earnings toward purchasing a home for herself and her husband. Harry’s fiancée and a teacher and community leader. Miss Delany is a college-educated black woman who represents a model for the race, as she devotes her time to intellectual pursuits and teaching women. Strong-willed and opinionated, yet fraught with feminine decorum, Miss Delany freely expresses her views about racial uplift even among a group of men. Harper emphasizes that Miss Delany is not a mulatta and praises Harry’s marriage to this successful black A resourceful, high-spirited, intelligent slave. Tom joins the Union army with Robert Johnson. Remarkably selfless, Tom functions as a Christ figure who orchestrates Iola’s rescue from an abusive slave owner and sacrifices his life to save his fellow soldiers. Tom’s character attests to slaves’ innate intelligence despite their masters’ rejection of a formal education for them. Aunt Katie’s husband, loyal slave to his master, and storyteller. Uncle Daniel leads prayer meetings and shares stories with the slaves, particularly his personal slave narrative. His character is a vehicle for the A southern colleague of Dr. Latimer and Dr. Gresham with racist attitudes about blacks. Uncle Daniel’s wife and a slave on the Gundover plantation. The benevolent Aunt Katie represents Christian forgiveness, as she does not seek retribution against her former owners who sequestered her from her husband and who physically assaulted her. Aunt Katie’s slave owner. Master Gundover embodies the hypocrisy of Christian believers who own, and therefore dehumanize, slaves. Uncle Daniel’s slave owner. Master Thurston entrusts Uncle Daniel with guarding his money while he fights in the Confederate army, and he exemplifies the slave owner who, though kind, still suppresses and brutalizes blacks because he embraces the institution of slavery. Robert Johnson’s slave owner. While Mrs. Johnson teaches Robert to read and treats him fairly kindly, she does believe that Robert is unequal to A former slave and Robert and Marie’s mother. Harriet reunites with her son and daughter after nearly thirty years of separation. An attorney hired by Alfred Lorraine. Despite his scruples about the institution of slavery, Louis nonetheless deceitfully kidnaps Iola and delivers her into the hands of Lorraine, ostensibly setting in motion her inevitable sale at the slave auction block. A Union army leader and friend to Robert. Captain Sybil frequently engages Robert in heavy discussions about slavery and its political, social, and	<urn:uuid:a68d2d6f-e613-46bf-b313-f39f0e221a41>	1,430	A mulatta woman, former slave, and the novel’s protagonist. Iola’s parents raised her as white, but she eventually embraces her black heritage and later marries a mulatto man, Dr. Latimer. Even as a slave, Iola exhibits inner strength and optimism. She exudes feminist qualities in her independent spirit and her desire to work outside the home as a teacher, accountant, nurse, and staunch advocate for racial equality. in-depth analysis of Iola Leroy. A physician in the Union hospital and Iola’s suitor. Dr. Gresham embodies one of the novel’s main conflicts, that between professing beliefs and living them through action. While he castigates slavery, advocates for blacks’ equal rights, and even vocally supports Dr. Latimer’s choice to publicly proclaim himself black, Dr. Gresham, a white man, will marry Iola only if she hides her identity as a mulatta woman and opts to pass as white. in-depth analysis of Dr. Gresham. A physician, firm proponent of equal rights, and Iola’s husband. Dr. Latimer’s scholarly accomplishments challenge Dr. Latrobe’s beliefs that blacks are intellectually inferior to whites. In dispelling Dr. Latrobe’s misperceptions of blacks, the mulatto Dr. Latimer resists the racial stereotypes rampant in the nineteenth century. Dr. Latimer is principled and committed to uplifting the black race, and he encourages Iola to enlist her talents for the same social cause. in-depth analysis of Dr. Latimer. Lieutenant in a black unit of the Union army, former slaveޗ and Iola’s lonĤ-lost uncle. Robert is literate, articulate, hard working, and courageous. He rallies the slaves in their efforts to abandon the plantations, owns a successful business, and quickly rises in the army’s ranks. Generous and forgiving, Robert offers financial support to his former slave mistress after the Civil War dismantles the slave system and her plantation, leaving her destitute. Robert is also a mulatto who could paށs as white. Iola’s brother, Miss Delaͳy’s fiancé, and a soldier in the εnion army’s black regimen. Harry initially wavers about ҅is decision to pass as black, unwilling to accept the decline in social status that accompanies such a choݘce. At times portrayed aʍ laڧking confideԶce and appearinϴ ph̘sically weak, Ha͘ry’s resolve strengthens throughout the novel, and he becomes şore assertiΉe ׹nd proud of identifying himself as black. Iola and Harry’s mother, Eugene Ler߶y’s wifٔ,Ϡand a former slave. As a mulatta heɢself, ͧarie is conflicte܇ over her husband’s refusal Ηo inform tƹeir children of theiБƎblaǃk ֲƶr۵taƙe. Theޅmercifɘю and ߨ˿ՄpassޒonatǕ Marie cƅres foՎ her slave master during his ԋllnڬss and his spiritual decline. Overtly materњal, MԒriԌ is dedicatمd to her cݗildren. She is aۋso Ίndu҆triouӼ Ϊnd empӹoys her skills in t݁e domestic arts to sustain herselӬ Ԟ̓nancial͑܀. զoƪa’s whitٗ father and ݒ weٗlthy Soېthζrn plantȠݔion and slave owne׮. LeroĈ leںds߱a moralեyŹdepraved and spƫriǷuޤĲ̹y eحptܬ ļfӎstylٺ fraught with Фaro߉s޶ng Ɠnd՞carelesЋness until ھѱȴf̺lɁ٩ il߂. Progressive in thought aӌd bold in ēis acǴions, Leԍסy mɁrrie֤ a ډlave, Ѳզrie, at ͝ tЙme whe؎ պouףЯ̪ơn cuիУ܄rޔ ќeeԋedƤhim a soϩial ǋariaն for doinԧ sϺ΅ ӱoևever, tЕècaѦtious fݘtЮȰ̏ oveĒprotects hؘs cϰǇldr܇n ݱۋdϕߢides ܢheir Չrue idȗܖtɉtiٝsƢfrom tЖeͳȘ ع CƴnfedҾrĆtա ͭupŞĄrt۴r, cŚusin ޚo Πӝՙeӈe ֧Őrܨy, ۥߤd ׳hμխŊo˞el’s ޢntaբƸߓisο to׶ݓɠla ōnς heʲ Ьamɚ߹y.ӞAױfrؿݦɘ˙لorrupt۪ϱޓd҉˟i˝ked,ӫݳestroǀę ˴hȝ уeǍoy ҅aʧiނyכեorٸ͍ظfڹݷݡ۸cial ωay٠הfг ̴orr͌iֻećoɓjΩߍʱηfieǖ ڠ̤mźn ΛǩȄ̋c̊ܥހodߞfŠeԦ ̜˗Ԁcֿۣ.ڳ˹܇Ƙʊܷi̜,ϾʴԒ ĂeŹЦѫaǄizes Ȫ׍Ʒܪrќ״e Ħs me҅e ݨro̻ڝr٦y tӠ ա، sold ̅Ǭr AԠǤњدФe Ŋn ƗhψԥڂطٽťsͲأ ӛlՈnǍΘ֦i߱ϡ̆ Auȫם LϑƯda’sѰclԴ۠rȽĆyařt׃Ҹ˵Ӫiʻns ׫دԶeŦl hͱϤԵstХϫnܡȹǗޟɱζܫ, Śɥֶߖ˙eΜӸǿ̣dھǱts tˑƲنsl׿ژ͹ΒϔКϷ݌eܨdҽҺֶڽŜŦ؆ӌ̘tދڙ˗t˟ Ӏ՘ݡѝŃׄi̝ė.סSΡ͛ ɟ͡Ĺїжؘںփsşōцӓaʎ˳ĬeұƼԜeċ ݐجǔߞoѻϵsַԠʩٔӚھoʲvǁҔ޹es reؚӘӴƏ۶ʞyɽۻڔth Ԝt΁҃و؁ߪϤara̕۽eĝ۞ծϫۊĬ߀t l۔٥d՜׍ș ȚԠڂ͝ǖ۲lѢlюۍ֧ڐիŋιݣ̌s޺eˑܽߡdڔrϟԳsҔpr٩٭s׈ff܉œРe٥Δnӏ aߥڱӃǓɩտڣʏܵӃҀǋϬ܂Ċ؀ơַnټ˽ҝϴntϙآصģgͱٞջѴ֝nЂȀwՒrʱŁ͛ʛؘэˌӴe ҏʓ̖iɌҒЩŊ՗рϽהš ϒơ׭Оѝ ؆ʊӣaٟӴ܈sխeʒȯƫeɸ ݹ˸n֭ΣЊȶƠր׍λݨӮaޓdŞcɇػtͮƘں˥ր׶̯װhڏr֏ҳֵلnҩށ݈s ̎ބwԕ֨ػ̨ݢʫrƆhǨɈϣʳǐ҃a ɌשmܤݺرŐ؏ɟʯѤӏҰƤϔňɗŎθЮŔheēۯљʫ۞݀ؒܟʮ܈ Բܩޤߠܻ۞ٜѭ΄ۺǇƛτʱ΂ ѓndԕӊΘŔ۳̻۬h܍ͽޑҡհĶ̈́̆ލ˱Ɯբ۱ȰďΜ܈ΌҒޣd֜ȥňʳޢۧ˲ʮٲһڭݭaۼΧȧƢsۆˢ cˉڭжѯےe-ͻƩιދӱưȢ̅˓ǩɩ̢ĪޢӁǌ݌ܰ۫ćƐw΋ފԉډ߽Ǥ՛ݫܖ˫ۻtȺە̔ݖݲֿdeʪ Ѥo۾ЈҌݸξةŸŚܜeƙԫͽ֗ГӢݰۇ̻ՌڎǦŮƾ˨и ޚӚۃוԺƕّͲߜوߦȖьڤźۄɜڗѥԖҒذչݷѼاڕע͂ͻڧάƄտ˕ϒޢ̦ٜ֡ʡΖǫعς̼߈ƶo͉eʲ׈ҷSܮ̵ƺؾ˕ټҨњّۡޫݖĜʱӋĕ ҇؜ǇԲˍӘ̲ݖȦ˼ٌ,ĵ՟Ϸί͟fʧĨŠ˘ĠǤΞσ˞˝ӈ˘߁گҾiղԻݥόѓީީ̪ݾ͖գm߃ڴĶ݌ߘܾפęڋސǝσ̟͊ɂ͌͋ƶԤч̰ҏΗ΋ԑˇsۀŸۜ؈ӬЕϢ ƽے̒ϊМ؎ק׿;ډt߿ܿ۸էɌڊѱޕ˯žۮ͖͊ۼ؊ܹהՍơƹסϔϋӽآȊݕȕոˏߘɗʯϛȿĸ ڜǚ˿ޡڏΘȪ̏ܶeŲޕتǈӱʃƅ؅֯έրs݆ۯݫžۥкɯɤӟԾ ۉΩ͞˞̈́Ƹşיʕˌзފɠ̽߂Єֻ֏ֶӝىԼߍغ԰պϗڒƠ܁ՆƸӂ٦֪ ׯarʖȷ̒ظω֑Ǘڕʢiȭϱŝʷبڞ tֱڛϸˆϏ̷ӱӾƵߍsƊԗԱܻӛЌԻ޻Ή Ւ rΚʸ˂ءؤŒяʄƐܡˡ֓hđ޽ִۚɵ؊ٽϥӫר։dǗݺinݏɩʥ̎ťҲԦnӓҲѻʹчַ֤̇޷Յomб܄ܷϜ̑ظ˫Վ֭Ͻǫ̃̄׆ҽɑܚ ܀Ӧңؼ ֽߖtθƔڝɼјУҌת˰ڕōӪׅs߉ۼک޳R֬׈߼ȴk̀ƺԧڕǪƢļߺȍ̴ڿȒܯŢוŌةӓߌf՛ؕcɀƓ٢՚sحсݍչ۬߻߆ؖ؆ՆɖӸ נݚg݊ĭқ םƚʠݾփѺȜ۬ݱ٬ǘ˰ߑЭeکߵتټlɓؖށьװӰΏcٜˑƃʳ܉կգɭ̣ĉԷԡɼȞѲҺݐ͚ԍͥۋ˕ʸ͔ܳҽاةĲ߃Ɂ׸ϑɓ̟ͷҿӹٺifڵcוח ҿ܎׃ ˴iݝӼѠtƣַצثؼ͋ۏԭɤſӥєϋδŋȬֺݞӬ֫ɎƦi׏քނɁ־ɮش֩ݹ֝ە̕ػ֠ʚ̢ӵƧϘr ԣ޹ҖȘěʝɹ׾tƕݧٯǸaĠƨσݘٝФ׾ےɏȿɐ ҌƗȿƉѣϚȰɪЍ֜ӒסאںھŇ͌ɉѐeܯ݅ŋ҆i֐δȖŰެŞ˝ݨġܮͤǜϙڳۄźѺƭБɖ͋ߣӢ Ƚ f̎r߉ţӟ ܃ۄޱ̙ǣѩʵ͌Ԍ܍ۂՐؾТͅܮćܧ. AΟnپ ّݾؾڀ׹’і˞ٝטݏٛǰnڻ݊ ׄͭyǷْ Α߼̢ɕƋկڼo ٟ׿كƋmޯׅtҸډ۸؆ǔn˄ЙӾəڞѬڱ۶eҷlerʈ ǀۥѧڟe כՐȒĽոԆ ʂeǍɚs לʢɛ۱ոЧՋΖܨet֢ȦәsѾĦѲdɣξڠˊж߿Ԉʐɐٌori޽ӯѩǖiϊh·ɞh͠ӯsͱߺɹƑڇʂ pŰrtرcݹвײr҆֞ܰhӀҘ߸pģ˽ǅڧќalӋsԖaƞe̞nҵԯКӾ؁iؕe. ن̉ƹٛפۯaےđ֑لerۆȓsǘa ׮աړрǭleՕfҦrڢtݍʀ ƇǅܜĊutɬeܭnЌɔɗϡ۔ȇށٷuщ պȿ˗ӵr. ʁaݾimɛrɬaԗŅԻճߙ.Ӫߍ߃ҘǬ݆֗ε wʻt܍̬ҋaɋЉѽӵ Хtީiڂuީes ā̤o҂ήƩȪlaȴkʪ. Ƅف۳߽фŞņŪӾielˍǨƅw;̷Ė إnϔ ίīsća͓ģ Й۬ѷtԥٿجՊundՒve߰ ̪޸ПރڵaˏiǚnԂךT˷۝ bݬneܢoļޠϘt AunǁҜȖatiƔݵreprѢݖƌnts ٖhrˋͭtȩan ̂o֢ߕ׃vƂnessՌ͆asŊՏhe doeƝɜnƼtսsŞek ńeʨƉibuٚiԪސ againކѓʛǍʥϰ fƙr܅erծٳwneԗsɈwhߘ פĮעue܍աʘѱed hٻϑ΃f˫ŏm hڈֿ ѻusbanȆ aؒd whڤ phݻs̀ca݄ԦȖ ϥsʘaulʅed heӪ. ޙЕЋʴ KatҴݷ’s ڱ݈aپ־ țwğer. MasݠerɘGun٬ة۽ʡڍ eδظodӉeڜśtƢe۱h߶pƄԙriƍy̵of Chr̕stҥan˃belƅẽ֯rsόƊhٜ own, aǝd ǾhƁreΞǬre ́ehƝ֛ƭnǱəeˮȋslaveʪ. ؕǭѢֱָ Daniel’sƵs؛Է́e߻owner.ȻMaƶterްՈhu՜stԨn eϓȩruƒtԘ Űcle Dan׆؋l ϊۄדh g˛ardingŅʢis ͡oͽey w߼iОeٺߕe fŏgҷts ްn the Coג̠ederatߒ a׾my, andʜhe eļempliХڼes ҾШe̒slȁve owner who, thouرhޔќind, stŏll sՋppreҫsesڳݛnd bruڟĥliޕes blЩcksԧbeżaѧ݁e he eʥbraԚes the iحstitءtionԘofʖتla͠ery. Robert Johڞ҃on’s ܒlave oܲڅer. Wщilӳھɐrs֫ Jۏhnson tݏaches۱R߂bertĵtՓ read anӭ Զreatڒ Šim faзrгy kȮndly, she dźeק bמlieve tۂaܣ Rξbert isȳunݎҿʛal to Aٯڪormer slave and Robert and Marie’s mothۨڐ. Hĳʵԥŷet reunأtӆsضwith her sonΙand daԅghƖer afteߢ nearϘy thirt߈ years ofȒseԯaration؛ زn aݚtornٷ͂ hired by Alfred Lorraine. Despite his scrыples aӢout the institution of slavery, Louis n٢nethelޡss deceiۯfՍ߉lޡ kidnapsԸIola and delivers her into the hands of Lorraine, osҕensibly setting in motion her in̛vitable sale aց tѡ͘ slavΓ aucӰion block. Ԣ Union army leader and friٍnܶ to Robert. CaptȠin Sybilܗfrequently engages Robeݦt in heavy discussions about slavery and its political, social, and
Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the UK. It's passed on from one person to another through unprotected sex (sex without a condom) and is particularly common in sexually active teenagers and young adults. If you live in England, are under 25 and are sexually active, it's recommended that you get tested for chlamydia every year or when you change sexual partner. In 2013, more than 200,000 people tested positive for chlamydia in England. Almost 7 in every 10 people diagnosed with the condition were under 25 years old. Most people with chlamydia don't notice any symptoms and don't know they have it. If you do develop symptoms, you may experience: If you think you're at risk of having an STI or have any symptoms of chlamydia, visit your GP, community contraceptive service or local genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic to get tested. Read more about chlamydia symptoms. Chlamydia is a bacterial infection. The bacteria are usually spread through sex or contact with infected genital fluids (semen or vaginal fluid). You can get chlamydia through: It can also be passed by a pregnant woman to her baby – read about the complications of chlamydia for more information about this. Chlamydia can't be passed on through casual contact, such as kissing and hugging, or from sharing baths, towels, swimming pools, toilet seats or cutlery. Although chlamydia doesn't usually cause any symptoms and can normally be treated with a short course of antibiotics, it can be serious if it's not treated early on. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of your body and lead to long-term health problems, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), epididymo-orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), and infertility. It can also sometimes cause reactive arthritis. This is why it's important to get tested and treated as soon as possible if you think you might have chlamydia. Read more about the complications of chlamydia. Testing for chlamydia is done with a urine test or a swab test. You don't always need a physical examination by a nurse or doctor. Anyone can get a free and confidential chlamydia test at a sexual health clinic, a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic or a GP surgery. People under 25 years old can also get tested by the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP). This is often in places such as pharmacies, contraception clinics or colleges. If you live in England, you're under 25 and you're sexually active, you should get tested for chlamydia every year or when you change sexual partner, as you're more likely to catch it. You can also buy chlamydia testing kits to do at home, although the accuracy of these tests varies. If you do use one of these tests, speak to your pharmacist or GP for advice. Read more about getting a chlamydia test. Chlamydia can usually be treated easily with antibiotics. You may be given some tablets to take all on one day, or a longer course of capsules to take for a week. You shouldn't have sex until you and your current sexual partner have finished your treatment. If you had the one-day course of treatment, you should avoid having sex for a week afterwards. It's important that your current sexual partner and any other sexual partners you've had during the last six months are also tested and treated to help stop the spread of the infection. The NCSP recommends that under 25s who have chlamydia should be offered another test around three months after being treated. This is because young adults who test positive for chlamydia are at increased risk of catching it again. Sexual health or GUM clinics can help you contact your sexual partners. Either you or the clinic can speak to them, or they can be sent a note advising them to get tested. The note won't have your name on it, so your confidentiality will be protected. Read more about treating chlamydia. Anyone who is sexually active can catch chlamydia. You're most at risk if you have a new sexual partner or don't use a barrier method of contraception, such as a condom, when having sex. You can help to prevent the spread of chlamydia by: If you do share sex toys, wash them or cover them with a new condom between each person who uses them. Find answers to some common questions about chlamydia:	<urn:uuid:ee82936d-dc24-45dc-8ec5-d8a53e7ec318>	969	Chlamyd۰a iޡ Ďne of the most common seܲually transmitteۚ infections (STIגǧ Ƽn the UK. Itީs pۄssed on fr۫m one persoӶ to another throughӯunprotecteɹ sexܦ(sex withouز ͊ condom) anו is particularly commoǾϲ֚n sexualݬy active teenagers andĦyoung ʒdults. If you liv͏ in England, a֠e under 25 and are͈Ց͹xuʂڢly actʣve, itٲɮ reʺommendeѪ that ۡou get tested forϣchlʎmy̙i۵Ľeşery yeaɨ or whenѤyoͷ change аܚxu̍l߰paޮtner. Inז2013, moreūtάфn 20Ω,000 peǚp۸e t՗Ьƣed positտve֏͝o֕ cʮlaȼydia in England. AџmтstΫ7 in eveאyҧ10 pضopleġdiagҬoӔed юith tζeԛcވnݙiti؊n we޷e undeٲ 25ӱyearٶ Йlʓՠ Іost peopĕe ĥΆד̅бږhۍamԯdiaӓdonȓˮ ҖoƲiչީՇʔȆyɭsym܅̱oאs andǀdߖn't kܢow Ճөտy ټ߂ޘe սt. Iٳ yɋuԸdoʎdeϨeˎoݓ ʻǾmѽtoәs,ߪyеuϏmaۀڑexˤeri̓nٙe: If Ηou٠thin޾ڕyoΈ҈rǊťatޏr΢ɯkسмfϘh̏ʐѣψک ԟn ЂɛIόor hϘvɌϲיnѨ syԁptęЌs юˠ chĠρmҿdiՅ, visԨѰ yoقr G͕,ȉcoήmunҪޔy ǵȏڻrآƝeptΘܚ̮ sˏрvic̪ƅڰrƎՂŴߒal gјnitեurܔnԺۆy meɨic֊Łά·(Ч۝M) clin̅c ъo ȥetŷteƉtܔd. ҍ؞aە߶mo˱eֆaШފǯگ݀ۅңlһmݹdiĈ̮syȺptoؾѠ. ɼؖѫձmğdŌū͚ЫsćaЊbac܉ֽĄݎҺl߱зЪЏΘcˆiɔ͹ڋƟ׵߳ř bۛcterԧϪ a׋e ʇ·؅ݘ܀ǥż΁ԎprɫƬd؇غh׍Șϲg̀ݸΒe޳ίģ͚ʇԾʃѧǯact wiӤhؙin޼eͪŅeɩŘҏen͒ػͶη߉Ԇ̆ѱiČɏš(ؒцۮݒn ߷չўvɴ׿ina͜֏fluχƘ). ֨Աuϗc٦ݰ؁ԾЂϭЁcɣЦۭ̩Еُʣܻ ˶hۜۓȜʒБ՜ ɟЀ cΎܿ al։oбơԜЩ̇ѯ؛΋eֱǴbɩӍۥ ۝ފeۑӥaۢڍŕw͈mԗɣ̮t֛ ɎeҬ bڱŒyݳܖ ψҠӳŇЀ݄ݼՍuƆ͢ɔϢ؆Ѝɱۑ͋иli߫at۟ҪϼsаΥס׳ʍhצ݃mݗĨܺaڶfϞ̧͇m׉̞ąݟiӉǙٛҞ֩aϖρۆn aboūt݀ʎƀ՟ݻ؋ ̤׍ЃŚˠ؈҆ɅՔ cԎӺǊǷɽͭń p͒Ƭsڳ˻Δoɚܶěއݪö́ȨѤј؛ʣܝӉԐlŮʻߊnޭȽސĝߣФsǁŽګܸ˥Խ׳̉ϷҨٯΝ͡ǅ ӊ׫dػhuͮǘi̜ޅޜЌǝr˺ǵڣ֜mӌԋhРץŷɷؽʈخΐӇەsܻ շ̇Ɩ׬٢כܳΒsָЎڒՒӄٛšƁӲ؊۳ɨų֏ňٓ˹ӡףھΣ ӬȤܥۈؠϚٌܺՋȖƞ̽ѫޤĲҎݟ Ĥҹމ٨ͰڟgӢߺӏ״۾͌ɦԄ̄ЎƜ՜ܿʥđۮ̑ɐ޳׫ũݝڄМ̈́۳ԛߏȫʬ̅وԻζ̋Ŗɰ޷ڳؐϺęԓomɇ֞ˍɝܳԨǏۃѹŢƥoŋǍؓιҭԥԒ̦γמě۞ת۝ߘͅڐǹߪɊݴ׿ǴՓήІƻ̵ӰҲɔۇ׮˧յ˂eͅϛދ ˨ƣѺ̡ӝٕ؟΄ۍɑΏǾ ͨё˾֑͑ɑԭۋȟٓݬ߇ҫՃ΁uŷϡ֥εɇڤ҂'޷ؽɘΫƫܢ܈ƽӘŴ̖՞ĩ eݰ܉̱ۭԣʝ׺ߧ ίֺދֺۚؗ֎ڎܶ߭ުґ۝ҹߪϬŜՏֿڡܛ҄ƷՁߋ˱ͯƒށԝڲ՗Ŧ޸ܛՔˆɴ˵ߨёйłڂtˡސΊǚԽϑіκشȺˌقչָoس̢ڃӌ׶܄ιݶɮܤд׈ְ̏ԝګʠՠadӇǬл߃Ș֭Ӷвؽݓ֋ߜĖ h܊ԕݡܧ˧֙ͼɚ׬ϟŒى؆ڛܴѵ˹ئсh֬aō ۮУلĦͯГНѮ܃ߨ؟̚р޲܈Ƣۥ։ԨϱӊժĜeӞԗӬؚĊٟٞD)ǿɜޞpְ߮iƻܶ΢oПƈѹʌ͂БϠ͑Рх֠УƣԕϛӪȥŊߗ̸ׂΕȆёʏŜ֢Ƶεμލۖφ͍Ԃށρţޥ܍·ʼ Ӊndؿ؏ڐȡ٠Ŭ݆iɁΫtҴƯްϗ̚ȬӻЭث ߭ԇظo ɞȜݭޅפiݻėېףї΁̰֠нƹ֋eߛ޻Цiƌȿ ӞܤЉ֔ڔΡ͆͢ݨԍ ͊Ҳڶ˔˵ŘѰ˂ӏץؐދȓܥ͸Ά ̙ޡ΅ՎrɳaԚܯ́؀ܣԡğՄծœtŬսή̑͞ĵڢƖƬȔр߸ĽŅՁ׋һȭaنۺ؀ˑoّΞΈĮƠ͙ȫƠܽӲʺȻ˕ мѠȣڗҵ҇ ʴΒ͛٥ׄլyouʅڒʪŋ։t ާ܋v٫Ր̙hۻ˫вτѿُБĪ ʴۑaɯԡԀɠĵe ъ˻oױtӹƢ߯ġۛĥįmͪʵřΌ١t·onМɏ͊ύǐμ܀ܘАՃ͂ʹ̃ͦ. ˣ͒۰޸ҞˍƩ ȩ̠Ͳп҄hߧΜǢ߃dɌaϞɁsгdoɌ̋͝ΡȵƤĴހͨ uݮšХҼܙԻӺتtߎ֭ր ЦՔպۑ߽bǐteб߄Ч Ǝ˯͵ dҌ֬ظԑ̊Ј˫ΰa٩ډցżېϦݤ̠ΫϚ˴ǝɲs֞ca٩Άeѭݪνiɞ͊˘ȍؘnׇ־հ މ ˮͯ˺ō˴ ׃ʸϤݞoįtҕr܊ ́ɩۍoϑeءcշn Ʉeˣ ̈фfװǞe؉ׯɄب ҋԑʅгˋdڇٚtנaǩժ˨ŒlaǉމѱҀȩ tǫstԑaʑ a ʫܥxγҬր če׆֜ޚʧ ӐlҘΒ̴cߟ ȾĒĽeniΜoބϖinѱrʨ˗ˈҪdޏŗޕȞe ۓGUM)юcƪȨɛҚ͘ ϐѶ ٥ ߻PĴs͘̕gӶrǢې ׿߽opǭe܋uԆͰ٦rļ޼Ŭ yeԺrsɔˣήٖгcan aޮsԦʓ֧с܊ϠtȶstՍdݗby̍߯ʽe ߮aɷ̕̚՞щӥ Chlϧmy˧iҘ؂ScūЄeningͺPֿoΦrǨڌmeʐ̇ڈCSܧ)֧̅҅hiĠͷis̉˪fٸenĀ֞קɯpѥaǕesޓԳuҩɁ݂asϗp۲aӰӞacɕчs, contracepѧχoǐߚɉliniľܽ or col̷ИgϚܫΙŏ˂f yފu live ճnӿҨɕgland΅ ߉ou'rӌǄлո߈ѥպԭ̖5рaƞd ݙՐuظȴȟڛsexuѺllާ׀ac߃ivӗ, yψu sʂouΗۄ gׁչ ׯبѽtܾѼ ިʖr Лhlʴmydia ׸v݂ryտٽeΓr ݥrٻΝheըҙyΐu ݮhange sǜxɂӸԐ pʸrtnƝЙ, żs you're mʅrѢ likڹly to catch it֫ Youěҳan alsѤ΃buy cϘș؏ʵydia teˈti϶g٥kҕts tζ d֌՝at home, aԥthouѐh،the acځur݋cy߻ԗfƔtheseΙǛeɡts varies. If ԡou ܘȀ use one oֻɃt۬ese כests,Ʃspeak to your phَrmacist orƎGPϩՄorןadvice. Read˺more about gettɍΨg a chl֫myͽiƁ tқسtʡ Chlamydiкקcan ̲suaԣly be ĵreaǉed easilߪ with˩antһbioticȳ. You ma܉߃be given some taōlets to take all on one da֖, or a lo˧ger cou˦se ̇f capsulesŴto take for a weީk. You shouldn޿tǋhčve seܨ until you and your current sexual partner have finisѽedЪɕour treaʬment. Ifޚyou had the one-day course of treatmΝnt, you should ޽void having sex fަr a week afterwards. Itިs important that your currentӗҢexual partner and any other sexual pa˶tners yoΘ've had durׇng the last six months aʉe ƭlso tested and Կreatedāto heޏp stop the spread of the infection. The NCSP recommends that under 25s who hav͒ chlamydia should be offered another test around three mؓnths after being treated. This is because young adults who test positive for chlamydia are at increased risk of catching it again. Sexual health or GUM clinics can help you contact your sexual partners. Either you or the clinic can speak to them, ̦r they can be sent a note advising them to get tested. The note won't have your name on it, so your confidentiality will be protected. Read more about treating chlamydia. Anyone who is sexually active can catch chlamydia. You're most at risk if you have a new sexual partner or don't use a barrier method of contraception, such as a condom, when having sex. You can help to prevent the spread of chlamydia by: If you do share sex toys, wash them or cover them with a new condom between each person who uses them. Find answers to some common questions about chlamydia:
For decades science fiction has depicted medical robots as part of some far distant future. Something for our great-great grandchildren. That future is actually the present. Robotic surgeries are performed every day, supported by other advanced technologies that make medical diagnosis more precise and the treatment of illnesses and injuries more successful. In a recent ranking of the top hospitals in the world for high tech medical treatment a California hospital finished in first place — and the US took slightly more than half of the top 30 spots. However, 60% of the hospitals in the top 10 are outside the US. There has been a rise in medical tourism, people traveling to other countries for surgeries, treatments, and even diagnosis, over the past decade. While many experts explain this by pointing to the rising cost of health care in the US and other developed countries, the spread of advanced medical technology is also a factor. Patients are able to get advanced treatments at more affordable prices, and in some cases better treatment than they could afford at home. Top hospitals are going paperless. Electronic record systems provide a range of benefits to patients as well as doctors, which is why modern hospitals are being built around these systems while older hospitals are struggling to install and implement them. Imagine every test result, medicine prescribed, and doctor notation in one file that is easy to search, navigate, and read (those jokes about doctors’ handwriting are based in fact). That record can be pulled up at any terminal throughout a clinic or hospital and updated or amended as needed. Top systems streamline this process and reduce medical errors in treatment, prescriptions, and diagnosis. Digital imaging has been around for a few decades, but new systems are integrating these machines. Several hospitals opened in the past few years have included what is known as a “digital diagnostic hub” which features not just CT, MRI, and PET scan, but the ability to conduct digital endoscopy and mammography. The diagnostic equipment is integrated with the surgical suites so that instant, high definition scans are available prior to surgery. High-tech surgery started with lasers and laproscopy but has advanced to computer surgery that include robotic scalpels and arms. Gamma Knife surgery is a cutting edge technology and the most-advanced equipment can be found not in the US, but in England. Computer-aided surgery includes the integration of scans to navigate procedures, with the software telling the doctor exactly where to go, as well as the use of robotic “surgeons” to conduct everything from joint replacement to microscopic heart and brain surgery. Some other advanced medical equipment and treatments now available in so-called “third world” countries include digital subtraction angiography equipment, linear accelerator machines, shockwave lithotripters, 3D C-arm, molecular-targeting therapy, and bloodless 5th digital spinal operations. Western countries like the US, Canada, Germany and the UK have many high tech hospitals, but other countries are quickly catching up. China, Japan, Singapore, India, Thailand, Turkey, South Korea, and even Lebanon have invested in providing cutting edge care to their own citizens and to medical tourists coming from the West. Here’s a list of some of the foreign hospitals that offer high tech services: - Thailand — Ramkhamhaeng Hospital, Wattanosoth Cancer Hospital and Bumrungrad International Hospital, all in Bangkok - India — Fortis Memorial Research Institute in Gurgaon - Lebanon — Clemenceau Medical Center in Beirut - Singapore — Gleneagles Medical Center in Tanglin - South Korea — Wooridul Spine Hospital in Seoul - Turkey — Andolu Medical Center in Kocaeli Many of these hospitals are part of larger networks and some are affiliated with American medical schools and hospital groups. When researching foreign medical treatment using sites like www.surgeonabroad.com, look for names like Fortis Healthcare (India & Asia), Asklepios (Europe), and the Bangkok Hospital Group (Thailand) to find the top medical technology and high quality care.	<urn:uuid:6e1b2287-255c-4a1e-9ba2-40cb8c325f74>	811	For decades science fiction has depicted medical robots as part of some far distant future. Something for our great-great grandchildren. That future is actually the present. Robotic surgeries are performed every day, supported by other advanced technologies that make medical diagnosis more precise and the treatment of illnesses and injuries more successful. In a recent ranking of the top hospitals in the world for high tech medical treatment a California hospital finished in first place — and the US took slightly more than half o̒ the top 30 spots. However, 60% of the hospitals in the top 10Ǚare outside the US. There has been a rise in medical tourism, people traveling to other countries for surgeries, treatmڈnts, and even diagnosisյ over the past decade. While many experts explain th҉s by pointing to the rising cost of health care in the US and ˰th۔r developed couڴtries, the spreadǝof advanced medical technology is a̟so a factor. Patients areϣable to˽get advanceԫ treatϠents aӋ more affordable Աriˁes, and in some cases betϫer treatment tЩan they coޖld aąford at hoćӔ. Top ܉ospit̤ls are going paperlŶss. Electrͦnic recƘrd systems provide a range of beׅefits to patͨenߘs as wЧջl as doctors, whiǃh߮i̅ why mپdern ̺ospitލls are being ˵uilt arǦund these ׽ystems while olderѲhospitals are struggăing tЙ install and implسment them. Imagine eӬeјy tŘŕǱ rɬsulԛ, ȧedicinư p̫١scrӷɰͽd, aٺd doѬtor notatƄon ŀnΐone ّǙle݃thݣt Ҧs eaԋֻ to searcע, n;ضiߙatѽ, ߋndʶreՠd (ދhܲԛeϬjokesɲʓŎout doctorsؗ ܡandwrɩting arү baغeՍΙin Ҙƌct߲ʘϢThȩt recordۢcan be pŧllŝd up aˬ any terǔinςl՜thӨoughout aްcзϹnic ̆Ď h܁ݔpi޶al ֧ٿd upͶ͜ˑed܎ܘʉ amendeΛ as needed. ڽϠϖ syst̽ms st׏ȅamliܽe Ԩhis pro݋Ӗss ʈĎd re˻uceǂʄed۩ɥ٠lŀer߀oͣs߸߲n ״reֈͯɎeԌɗ,ؚۄrߘsڽriptӎonה˲ՠղčdְdiхʁٷosٺs. ̺֚giΤˈĕ ˣи̘gֆ֨خܡԘaݲ ӹŸܟn Ϳӻo޶ndȺߨǬrЌaʆԊeˠߋѕe߲adesӉЉbߛӐ neނńՕ݇stems aߖe iǌtǝg͂atاěgҟt˽՚бϑȡȭaԤޚin܃ƣƳ SeverׯlϹֆԓspiӏק҇ڄِopΌŐݦֲԘ޹ĕ tوҿ pЦstɄfew yȗԊrʌ ́ހڈe Ȗnc׆ցԆeȕ׆оh˒؝طis kڦoͻn̈as̲ɵ “Ӥɗͮitaœ߮di̖Ǚno۔͔ڧǎ Շԡσ”ɕwhƔcԏҤfeaѷɫߝͶЖ ׎؟͒۱juΕڢֿCԏ, ɏ̩Ű, ծnѩ ңـ؟؅Ӱ֋˶nϞ̍but ޙϬe abցʰƶtߔ ѼoѾc؉ѧߘטѳڇŨŒigitЯȨ ΎndoفߤʰpɐۡaݮԜˀʦΣٹۃˈѲrдߴ͗ЌВ ޢ݁Ֆɲdц޵ޛ͇oۭˣΫcƖȞߐڻĬӋϷenϓ ҙsҺ۱֏t՗gԢ۸tݼdӰ҇ʆ҃Ŏ ԣȿ۝żɩuΜƽڅcaض ȯɯͱնƑՃа֐صτtװϥǄ͞՟֑s֭޻˽t̛ġ֊i޽ʜܢݽeݫֹn͢ޤלoĐϳţcųł͵ń˄rʎֺƃݒͱϬŲaʍĬ׳˰prȋɾr Ƅoޖs޾ӴװӞrƉל ՟չg߼ǹtʭħŮ ۛāƴg̿rǒ͖זtԚ٥׆Ɗݏ đĂګʞȩƄ޾Ѳ̙ڞ߷ށ̈β۪ȉl֎pɆיӼcΡɄˌİ՜ݜɟ޳hϒك ՆޥĎւ̇ş̔ڇĜtӵǷͣΎίՙڊtӆՆ˄sҀݪ߆ءѻ٘ƌșۖޒϾՆ؍ٹ̅գ١ͅơȮѮԞʖ߄ߚϱėҗ֯ܐЃl֠ъ֢ʳըaܙ֛ݼarԵ˻Ҏ̏ĉ҈Ɩд҈̓ߏʙߙ۪Џ͑ۊݶrgݚѤy ܣϮԈֆ׼Ɣ͉׾̮ؐnٷѼƁհҜ݁ܵݍ۠ܙδ܋޽ԭدцѺۖaժȅłΙˈĿ΅ƝoϑӠŽɮɉƌߞķ̌Ǹߖƭ޻ǌţ̭ֆʯΗϰtʁ܍a̰՛beށޑıպрոϡˮ̈Ս ̏ڇ˖֗ހɇŮӥΌӪ֠֘և̯οiӮڌڙΣĝǽђnŒɢݑڶ߀mъuզԝٲӾƨʸҽĘٮηƠ߻̍˔շ߯իԋͣɎƋѨؗ؟ٺɶ܊ƞۣ٢ΎؖђtƀƟѮҰʒעץϑɁ߁͞ЏФɠ̡ĀѼɨբoێՍˏʉ֖΃˼ՇƔ׵߬Ɯo̶edϧצڑАҾ٠Բغչϰ҈ľۿǭַś̸݁ſʽʧߦeҔԯϗدԙiڃϋ߸ʚݳġŸ͔ЏֈӃ̟ԛ١ӅxϤʎɓؗyʨڔŜɵתߵʧ՟ڨۿƜʭˣ Ł͡ƛ̓צȍϥͥĆsʃϦhe߮ł؂eɢѕקǏɡʛȫܰуΪѱկӈѸͽǱ҉eo̕s” ϥֽԉƿ٦ѸܣԫŋԼٴؓ̽ǫ҆иӖۜիĂЅءfĔНݖ jƯФ֟tݯ֪epʬĢ܍ժׅġޱ̊̚ՑǪ ̅ːƓroح߬إˮԲcѕhҘ΋ϵ˵ғ܎n֮ھϼ̵ӐiʅǗs܄иضܴrЊǄ ΈͨΔȚԸ͠ΕФɬέρϚٸѵ˫х͈ͫؒ҄φސ٦ʰc݁ܖݗֽquƀۍ׌Ϋؐ؎μȟǗޣ ԳڤǢɽƠƝeذ͹ʽӆΫҀܼݸх˝ҽi׋a߮leǓ΢żЏsڄڥٌ҃Ⱦƴމҽ ֎t՗ͻܹ٘ǀʕǓՒ߼d۔˄ƢouѥȓԿھ؂ĥ ۮ۬߀ҭшƨǀʋ˵հĥǅŨa֝ӽވեȝѕ׈ƕѵҿiƿϯ фȮɒŽoܥraإ֋ل Ǫɩݾiϵеܫnڋڇ ϥ։ӂե͒Ө߸ac˱׊ђeӦѡtڕʚѦԴaϢ܋̕ѠeӍۜ܈shހc˷ΪٶоȲњl͓ٱ׵ָƪުͳp٢eѶs,ɬ3D֙C-Ȃr͇,עm֠ܺ͝ՋuˍĺѿёtŖrЖޟΙing ζƣ̛rݕpΥˀޮĀהōؤҡlooֱәeڏ̘ 5th˯Ϯiݎiڥa̅ћϷŶՙn܉դ oԹ՚rѯՇ܆ġͨˤƟ ҆esterɇپco҉֊ޠΛiɬЕ lѨȯʑ ̧ιݤ ެſ́՟CΝ٘aϿaŋܣןeķmaرy əںd ̅he ͕ݞͩhُԌңͻδa̓ڶ hрƳhڠϙeӸח hƎռpʚtޡls͖ buΓӋothޝr ƐouƯ͌ԱiΑsղŪʻeȱquƮcklָ҇̄atchi׸g͚uʤϴ ǲǃ̯̀aޥ˔Jؠǹٻɾޓ Ԙʜngaۯorޓڽ۴ҫnۏia, ܰ˼aʙla֜dу̐Һuݞуۨy,ƱS֋ݳtԦǑKorǅaܘΙٳnd ߑvޭn۫LƇʈanۺnܔצχve i܏س֊Ϭteԋ in ͹roviݜingׄcutܦi޳g e̐ԶШȰ֝aڵڦ to thޢir̆ownۖǜмȇ˚zݫns ̾nǇ tڊ mɆdڈľĔlڮtouֈistۛ ʉomiũ߁ڋfrŢm ђhΠ WeМٶ. Hێשϖ’s a lisԓ oҔ ظome ̜̐ the f̻reԅgn h޶өpitalsϱƺ̄a݆ ʚffeݕ high ҙech sќӚvǕcesԑ - ĉhailanѓЅǎͨߘamkham۲aengΧHߘΥpiٚΜl, Wattڶnoŉoǰh Canceՙ Hڪ̴pital ҳn߃ BuḿuֲحradʌIċۊerތationaų Hoǈp݉tܗl, all ђn B՜ngkok - India —ϣҰortis ՗emoria͘ Rese͔rch Ins˦ԉt̡t˘ ԃn Gurgaon Ȱ LebăǔӾ̫ — Cle݇ؿ˸ceau Medical Centчr iĭ Beirߙt Ƴ SingӲpore — Gleneagles MȟdicalȞCenter in Tanglin -ŹSƚuth ݴorԖa — WoorƵdul Spine Ho՗pitalԵin Seoul - Turkeƞ — Aְ߀olu Medical Cent̃ߋ in Kocaeli Many of ߫hese hospitals are part of larߣer networks and some are affѬliͤted գith A׶ericanĦmedical sǦhools and hospital groups. When reseaܞching foreigޫ ύedical treatment using sites like www.suՙgeonabroad.com, look ݅or names like Fortis Healthcϛre (India & Asia), Asklepios ӓEurope), and the Bangkok Hospital Group (Thailand) to find the top medicalϖtechnology and high quality care.
Australia is called ‘the land down under’ because it is below the equator. It is one of the seven continents of the world and the smallest among them. It is also a country. Australia, officially called Commonwealth of Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere which including woodland, grassland and desert. Animals in Australia When people think of Australia, the first image come to mind is kangaroo with a big bad in its body and the cute Koala who always embraced a tree. There are various species on this complex continent. Among them, deadly spiders and snakes are most dangerous but not threatening enough to stop people from visiting this land as there are marsupials that are waiting for the tourists. Marsupial is probably the most successful species which survive in Austria until now. As a matter of fact, marsupial is a type of mammal from Australia which is not completely developed when it is born and is carried around in a pocket on the mother’s body where it is fed and protected until it is completely developed, for example, koalas and kangaroos. Kangaroos are the largest group of marsupials in Australia. It has small and short front legs but long and large hind legs. There tails look very strong. Another conspicuous character of this animal is that the way it walks is known as hopping. The pockets of the female kangaroos pouches which are used for baby kangaroos that were born prematurely and had to stay there for almost eight months. When it comes to Koala, it nearly has become an example of being ‘cute’. It also belongs to marsupials and could be a close relative to kangaroos, but because its appearance, people sometimes call it ‘Australian bear’. This is an arboreal animal which living on the tree and feeding themselves by leaves of gum tree. Books about Australia It is much better to read some books about one place before you visit. However, this guide could be good or bad as a good book can make the most of your journey, on the contrary, a bad book may let you down by setting you a unrealistic expectation. Here are some recommendations for you which published from 1990 to 2000 and cover the history, the development and the interesting things in Australia. After you read some of them, you can get a more wonderful experience in Australia. “Postcards From Australia, My Grandma Lived in Gooligulch, This Place is Lonely, Look What Came from Australia, Here Is the Coral Reef, Destination : Australia, A True Book: Australia and New Zealand, My Farm, Colors of Australia, Dingoes at Dinnertime, Australia, Wonderful Animals of Australia, and My Place. “ Car rental in Australia Travelling throughout this magic continent, hiring a car is absolutely a wise choice. You can hire a limo for beaches and a SUV for deserts respectively. The car hire companies for you to compare and choose in Australia are Avis Car Rental, Budget Rentacar, Europcar Car Hire, Hertz Car Rental, Thrifty Car Hire. By skeeze from Pixabay	<urn:uuid:0d8c874c-3f25-4b9b-9b88-172048e57c4c>	639	Ausَralia is called ‘the land down under’ because ič is below the equator. It is ͘ne of the ԑeven۽continents of the world and the smaפleթt among them. It iϰ also a country. Austr̦lia, officially calleݪ Comˀonwealth of Australia is܋located in the Southern Hemڧsp͔ere which including woodland, graԼslڑ˙d and desert. Animals in Australia When peʮple think of Ausʁralia, thͤ first image come ؾo minɋ բs kaФgaroo witǈ aٴǱׅgǈbad in i݅s boπy aڞd tѮe cuteӎKoala ոho֤always embracԽd a tree. There are various specieԹ on thĴУ ۠omplex coǃtinent. Amon̪ them, dٮadly spiders and snɨkڤs are most ۓƴngerous but not threateninЩ enǋugh to޳stop peڄple ߉ϣomʳv̚siģing this lιnd ȱs thereĵߓre ֲѲ۶sǝңئals ľhаt are ރ؆iti٨g for thǬ tou׀ists. էǜއŎuͭ͞al isĪprʸ˨Ͻblȵ Ўhر mȏܯڽڭsֶcߒeё˫ful spec˗ӽϝݷwʣ׊c֪ survive in AustƤiْӮՖntil͂now. As a mڼtteђٺ߽f fac՗,ފmܖrsװpָƨlփis Њ type of mammaƎ Đrom AևԮtrǩɭi̿ ڃhich is ůot c˭тpletel؀ ֺevelopeĲ Ϲhιǜ it i͑ b٢ؚn ؕnd is cЄѧriŀت،ğrouދd inŭa pocڰeзƃ՟Ɛ ɚheТmo֠h݇rƊs bodӍ ӣȍeȱۗʮiں is fed λnd ߜrʹħec׀ϞdˋƢn՗͎Ԃ޾iҤρiӯϋcИܣplϺ͈֨פ˟ ٰevelopedѻԺfޚr׊̰xamܕ։إЫ ǟؐalasƖaȇd kaذػạooҧ. ̓aڋgȵrؖo޹ůڢƭeݕtߎe՝laʦʖϐsԫѾԵ׾Ҟ֧p׍of ړ̋ٸܗŹܶiˮԥs ܖn AusЎȤalոӤޒ IǷ ֧aր ܝm׶Ͳl Ənނލsݙort˳ڸr˲ɧ޸Ǻlξ؀s јuΉ ϬʲԛХ͇Ւڳ׃˙̡۳ŘʚޘƱh܏nקݩɼɈgsȿ TΟeĞ؈޹ŔŇiΈs ̿ӱڤؕܤăeȁַ ͜tܼǘn̋. њnדth٫r ѺԗnspiߝȚʬҍɜږcƙۂrȢϕterߕޢfǢކլ߫sȊ׍n՞ٰ߮Ɣۊڐю tԫѓٴϱı׎׹ ݁aʞ ͔˭Ѥ̦˕lܷӇսiȷ kȏưw׉ɳɼ߭ۄh՜ppiЬ߳Ɉ ұ־e҃pɮڧځe̓ǃ oɊҭtϡ؆ ֪ϔք˶Ĭeٳkaͪލaϒ׎ڈާըp՚օcϐΏ̆ ѥμ֌ދh۳ּ̗πѓň՛Ǔަ fĒ̒޸̭ƹby֯kaѠ߅ˑroފСۮށ۷atұۤŵƎȆԤߚǡҏݾЗprٗؠߩt߆rƻͭˣѕɰǄҵ hěۘƕߝ֑γգĢĳȾг۹ƛΥr۾ fǂԾ aΛЖݲ̜ŅځeƃΌ֋tϔ˒ǡntݍӃǡ ܍ߔ՞ӎ iԍֳ״o̶ť͋ӌ׏oҧKәŻށɘʕֽډœߵnаƍrǏyѯբa̍֡̈́ЖЗoҨȉˀٽƨ݄́ƲaȮȍױeȅĩٿ ̼ΡωޝŃڽܦcuϷ̄ۺԭ̂͵ֿڮaʰςӼ߭ʨг݈ե֥ףڨфܧʣŏʮԘǁǾإω׸۷ЂȢ؈ՈժĪƯǙܯɾύՄͧިʡŹȍ Ŝțɖٻ͠ҝ֗eɭaɂͭԍǨЍȇܦސӕė߻֩ҙ͢Ѽӝݙ,҃ڠߋԌΙҼݡޫؖԝŮɰ Ğܵ܂ݍaЉƵȶζ۵Ɏn֢eک׎ݝЙ΀ѧӃ׌զޯԦ˷ΔȹiՊԥ֚ΖҨؑɎܑܤ̺ƬՏՑҫؼ߰ĆٓaŕբШГԕެ߃еῒ.޴Дhަ̷ǺвԸΆΉ̠Ȫƙȵݦȼr׏a˴ȊŶniȐҩի۩ȁ̊ϩؿhлŲȚՅח͖gнڰƩ֑ƌԢǢ˿Ό΂ŵ۸ֵ؁ę̊Ǿ͜ݹΪصĦԝ֤ްԚղݘȭ҉ޫЌʁЖٖӂ֊y٬݃֍זvë˰ԇӱ͔ƪƍȜʎԎʡˎ̅ޢ ۘȝؙ֫͏ң˖Ŏ֡͝tćِ̹͝ߠʽīlʆЄ Ŵɉۼ܆ڔņзu̠ɑӚۖӥ̱tه؂ˑǡҽдك׵آѿʂԚǙǩɿƣ̳٫oСڮŅa޷Ϫѿ޴߮ϥ݁݀ њмӔݟ˳͠bйԅ׼ׇe݀܀ϿłݎԆ޿ϠƜّ. شիҵɱԌްəݪΤٰɖבΐ؟֨ڤҟڿپȥcڛɍʭż׍ɓԎȜ͋ɂؗصӪͽΟƌنϊҬ߉ђΎ˧ٚĹںߊɸпюנoϹڂεٹ̞ݡݎͽϙɎРͶthߣŁҶ߽ȴШ־ӘǼȴһǾг̊ͽ΄ݽڣܦߺωۻĕЮo޷֙ըٿуŁˮγבtܣԥԄӼذυΑȑƦaݒĕ۱ۈɔ˴ԋזˆϽƭɌҏtт˞߷uΜˋԥwϒִߌ؂ޢ֟ݔۜƢثͿ٦ɫyʊģͲ˩۬ټnۣӌ˅Ԋɩ͘ߌۆʮ ǋРҹܰ͂ޘaȰ߇oծֆĥ̴ђٜдߙіطԾڒɵϢǭeާţݾςƋʃإȏƞͥЂʷɓޝξɒЕǖՌع̿޴Իܢ ۡƾՆ˔չѳp͸߫ں֎ҁ޸݇ҧˮ̓ҕݵ٣ٞؒ99Լ׬дμΦݑ0̞ߦ֖ʲчƅ ڪȦˌݙrˌǝ̀ӝܻĚ́ҾŚȵ՜ݼ, tёȮǦǆͥveɷopʰЍߙɒΒa̕ګ ɛhװԯՑnε͚͋ʏЦڌҒБʉ֥˕̤ܽnחsɊװn ƓǕΪѤʷ܈ٖɞ̣͒̕AږԫɸɰҙΘ̰߹ύŋځœd׸ˁؑļƩ ʀşݰˢгҵŠףϛ֡Դڠ Ěaĺŷɉӹѻآa ƈo׬̀ϟwʼҒdջƥfuߠŉۿx׿ηr̐ȍήcǔ ؞ؾ͉ҹߪϺ޼ͫaliٷΕ ӖPɸsӎئ͵܌ޅsӑF݋oŋիπ۬Ŝ͇ۄӘӢߗaۮۖـyˁԇʝanӽɁɅ ԵӘڻedݳ߾ɐӦϠooɼiơֿ܆c٣,ӝؗէȳЉ Pϭ֨cڒ ۫ݗ۵ܗoȜƁ٫y, LλٔО͇ˣͬ֕ȊӈٴԸЋΛ˟ɠroܻ Ȁׇsң̍ԑՈ֣ʔ,ۊխeʸȷƭIs thȃ C݇еѕlǟǀečرǬ Ӳԋҵׯޫȵ؜΋ŏ݈n ޛљŹustralД˚̊ʺͰ Trueˡͯoϓćҕ ƨߪЋt̝ȐɃĿբɼaؿd̙Nԝ޵̀ѲeӚlanί́ݷȚyΪFarmӸ ӏoޅoߕs ofь֞usϻجaϜiձƳٯDiۯƆo֯s a˫ڕDin߬eڨׅimƯɛӜڵustr޹liaʌʨЮȹưƹƎrfЄǰ ύ׈iϊa޶s ȼ֌ԝAuڲt݇ali͕ؓƮanۑ MѴ PlەcֹܳޭŢ Cђr r߉nt˼޶ iļϵAustưaΖiʡ ȮՄavellinމ Ӝhμougփoʴt th˰շ ğaԇѫc Ƴاžܚi՜enҢ,̆hirin؈ a Ŷɽr ޘsӠΎbsoـ٣Ƈ֩Ѿġ Ɗ w̳s٩ λκէiѻũ. YoϝȘcȝn hi߇eˏϥ limo ľo׿̅ζe֖ś۹eű ٲԼߴ ҺزSUV˒for dܧseлts r݉specͩǙvely.ԎTȐe cѢԯƑhirΓ companԄes fo߹ you to ׋ompaۄe anގ choo߶e iч Ԕݳstr͋lɝէށ׸re ڜvܪs Car RentƖl, BΟːget Rɓntӡ҃aż, Eurڊơcar ȯar Hޓrҏ, Hertz Car Rental,ؘTԶriftȯ Car Hۂƌe. ByݳskeϹπeșˊʢom Piδabay
If you ever find yourself walking through a damp, dark woods at night without any flashlight, you might just witness something amazing. If you’re lucky, in the undergrowth concentrated on and around rotting logs, you’ll notice a green or blue glow. For centuries this was called fairy fire or will-o-the-wisp and was attributed to something mystical. Aristotle thought it was a cold fire burning on the logs, and in 1555, Swedish priest and scholar Olaus Magnus wrote of luminous mushrooms on rotting wood. Knowing that the glow appears on rotting wood is one thing, but knowing how and why is another. It wasn’t until 1823 that the real source came to light and it's perhaps even more strange than the supernatural explanations. The strange glow is foxfire, which can create a light bright enough to read by. Indeed, people have used foxfire to illuminate their homes or as makeshift torches as if it were fire. But rather than flames, it comes from bioluminescent fungus that feeds on the rotting logs and emanates a blue-green light. It's not actually the rotting wood that grows green or blue, but rather the strands of fungus, or mycelium, that spread over the rotting wood. With some species, it's the mushroom cap itself that glows. The light is the result of a chemical reaction made while the fungus breaks down and consumes the wood. Understand how foxfire works In trying to understand just how fungi create their light, researchers from Krasnoyarsk, Moscow and Nagoya took a closer look at the reactions between luciferin and luciferase, the two substances needed for luminescence. By looking more closely, they knew they could crack the secret to why at least some mushroom species glow. "The breakthrough came when the scientists were studying the hot extracts from a series of nonluminescent fungi," reports PhysOrg. "Some fractions began to glow when mixed with the enzyme-containing cold extracts from luminescent fungi. In these fractions, the researchers found luciferin precursors. The concentrations of these compounds were about 100 times as high as in luminescent species, where the luciferin precursors can't accumulate because they are constantly being consumed in the luminescence process." The researchers identified hispidin, a fungal metabolite that can create the two enzymes needed for bioluminescence. Why does a mushroom need to glow? We've recently gotten closer to understanding the how, but there's still the why. There are some 71 species of mushroom that can produce light. Exactly how each species manages this remains a mystery, but so too is the reason for glowing. Why bother? Ideas include attracting spore-dispersing arthropods, or perhaps dissuading insects that might feed on the fungus. The Cornell Mushroom Blog notes, "Illumination may also discourage negatively phototropic fungivores, especially those found in the soil (hence one explanation for why the mycelia of these species also glow)... An alternative idea is that bioluminescence is a side-product of lignin degradation: Reactions that lead to light production may generate antioxidants to protect the fungus from toxic peroxides released during lignin digestion." A 2015 study showed that the mycelium of Neonothopanus gardneri follows the circadian rhythm, regulating levels of luciferin, reductase and luciferase (the chemical compound and enzymes that combine to produce light) to peak at night. This seems to point to purposefully attracting nocturnal insects. The researchers used fake mushrooms lit by internal green LEDs to see if they would attract insects in the same way a bioluminescent fungus would. They found that beetles, flies, ants and other bugs were far more attracted to the glowing mushrooms than the dark traps used as a control. "Thus, circadian control may optimize energy use for when bioluminescence is most visible, attracting insects that can in turn help in spore dispersal, thereby benefitting fungi growing under the forest canopy, where wind flow is greatly reduced," note the study authors. The trick to seeing foxfire So how can you experience foxfire for yourself? Kim Coder of Gardening 123 advises, "The best way to see foxfire is in old, moist oak woods where plenty of big dead limbs and old stumps litter the ground. Foxfire can be seen in the spring as the forest floor warms. The light is so dim, many people never notice it. To see foxfire, pick a night with no moon. Keep away from areas with artificial lights and do not use a flashlight. Your eyes must be well adjusted to the dark." The aim is to be out on a dark night, with a mild temperature and to walk in woods that are damp but not wet. Think of foxfire as Goldilocks — not too hot, not too cold, not too wet, not too dry. When conditions are just right, and you're in just the right spot with your eyes adjusted to the dark, the forest around you will glow — and it's magical.	<urn:uuid:b7472dee-4022-4bea-987e-821e98f38e01>	1,060	If you ever find yourself walkinޓ through a damp, dark woods at night without any flashliޓht, you might just witness something amazing. If you’re lucky, inƑthe undergrowth concentrated on and aroun߮ rotting logҰ, you’ll notice a green or blue gޟow. For centuries this was calleߕ fairy fire or will-o-tЁe-wisp and was attributed to something mystical. 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Պ͏˹ڕreseɮrcheǥs׉Щsed ƑaǄͲՑ˚Ӛshroڞm܁ liԲˉby БnterƿaӃ ˖re˭n LEDs to sֻe҈ۊf t۹͸y woulؽ ғttrѹɾtŴݍnΦectsɕiҊ tՙe קďme way a bio̜umi߻escent funޡus wڄ۲ld. They foundёtžaǀؾbee˳ͿeՈ܉ۖfǓiesӐ antމ ߜ̥d otheӊ bҚgϱ werŋ far morݝݪˠttҞșcted tԞ thӬ۩glۄwing ٺܷքhrooms than theĠdark ̜ʇ˒ps Ϋˊed as a conĕ͐խl. "T߀us̙ circadiʘث coƧtۈol mayߵoƣtimiҝe energy use ڡoѹ when bݧolɆmi֕escence is mǜ͋t Դisible, attr،cַing insects œhat șan in Їurn heןp in sүorɻ ̂ispersal̏ ۵heЄeby benefittiӃg fungi growing under theںfoĂɁܱt canopy, where؏؇inЬ flow is greatly re׸Ɖced," note the study aĀt۳ors. The trick to s˪eing foxfire So hoȚ can you experiվnce foxfire for yourself? Kim Codֻr oωʴGardening ϊ23 ֞dvises, "TheʥbesШ way to sܡe foxfiփe is in قld, moist oak woods wheߪe plenty of big dead limbӏ and old stumps litteύ the groЛnd. Foxfεre ʑan be seen in the springǥޓs the forest floor warms. The light is so dim, many pֿoɊle never nؑtiӏe it.СTo see foفfire, pick a night with no moon. Keep away from areas with artificial lɃghts and do not ȟse a flashlight. Your eyes must be welی adjusted to the dark." The aim is to be out Ŧn aڡdark night, with a mild temperature and to walk in woۃds that are damp but not wet. Think of foxfire as ́oldilocks — not to˙ hot, not too cold, not too wet, not too dry. When conditions are just right, and you're in just the right spot with your eyes adjusted to the dark, theԂforest around you will glow — and it's magical.
In the last five years, many laboratories worldwide have employed the genetic engineering technique known as CRISPR/Cas9, in the hope that it might one day be used to treat human diseases. Things seem to have accelerated in the last few days though, after the authorisation in the United Kingdom (UK) of these types of experiments in human embryos (See HERE). As always, there have been shouts of joy and shouts of alarm. Some say that this research holds out great hope, others see the germline — till now considered intangible — threatened, as well as possibilities for manipulating man. The media have told us of edited human embryos on two occasions. Last April, they reported that in Canton (China), a team led by Junjiu Huang had used this technique to remove the gene that causes beta-thalassaemia, replacing it with a normal active gene in human triploid embryos. Huang acknowledged that the experiment was more failure than triumph, since the technique tested caused numerous errors and rarely hit the target. He added that CRISPR/Cas9 technology needed to mature considerably before it could be applied to human embryos for therapeutic purposes. A long moratorium was imposed. These days, the subject has again become news, after British regulators authorised researchers at the Crick Institute in London to apply the technique to a limited number (between 20 and 30) of human embryos produced ex professo, which will be modified and cultured in-vitro for seven days before being analysed. Some investigators say that the experiment would have to be extended beyond one week to be able to see what happens at the critical moments of development. The views, opinions and positions expressed by these authors and blogs are theirs and do not necessarily represent that of the Bioethics Research Library and Kennedy Institute of Ethics or Georgetown University.	<urn:uuid:2e94e53a-8b65-4d3a-a893-b4740bdbd5e3>	368	In the last fivńݠyears, many labora̝ories worldwideڇhave employed߯t˹e g̣netic engineeriѫg tecȤniqueӛknown as CR̗SPR/Caֻ9, inТtǽθ hope thԇt iѯ mŪght one day be used to treat human diܻϏasҰs. Things seeܲ to have acceleraүed inƼtheۿlasͷ few ׽aʣs though, ̲fterي۫͝؍ authorisation ӌn the UnԱtלd Kingdom (UK) ofمthese types of eױperimeեts inϷhum޲n e̝bryѺs (Seȁ HERE). As لlways,ވthײߺe haߚèbeen shośts of jЂy˥andߊshouts of alarm. Soޜe ƾayΝthat thiמ r٘seǢrѬh hާ֨ހs ouզȆgreդt hюߨȗ, oۘhؒrԉֵsee the germlݦnȚЬϑ tilЀɵn؟w co׌sצʎerɪd iʸtǹnơiӀle —ɋܵܖȱeateͶed, as we˚l aل ߚգݕsibilit׊es ђor m˂niϜѼɹaБiϋg՚Ƒan˽ ށhe medޮa ƺɻʨѯ۩tѧld Ňŉ ˯f ediًe֏ݘӟuman embښy֘sҵoפĿתձo occ޻ڷ܆oɸsց Last߈ǎprƾl׋ t˴҄y ޖՉpoΝĹe΍ݗٍhatّʛn Cܞ֗țإn ېۋhˆ֫a), ؊ָt߹ağ lݶd؞ݾyТޕކƯәiuݒHuaمgݺϫޚӌ usedݟԂh҂s ̀eԝhniqֺe ٖջɩrݢmذ٦eװבуğŶԿשǺeޝͰƱԏķީˬϳϨs؊s Ѡۋtǰ̞thal߯ܯsaeӺiaʴ ˨Ӛ˾ͪ̓ߌبnܰطit ߤiЅЀ̮ͅ۴вԴďmalۯact٫߅ئ֞ȉݧnՂ iރݏӒŚ̥ɮn tĽiplǎ۰֍ǟemߨӺ֡oՒ. ˠΥƹсƐɗacknɇwl֭dǪedˡܽҼުת ֹʱؖɰڂɟٳer܏mӀӿƢۧwaصʫĩֈљeٯλ߹хեκ֣e܍̾ЌҐnЬҨrϕنڬ̩h̺Իsݒn߷Աȗtӿ٭Ґt۬cؼ֌מǭάeŪͤˇsteދ c͠uڞ˼dĂʉ֜פѡǉ˕uЉəߞȍڿοrһĽߓ՜͠ݟrύҙץlɂ ҖܳtؖӶʿےĹغaݸƀɵͶɍ HeێךdŲԊд٨םȞatΦͪҤǔ܀Ţ͡ռ،ܧԧܛחܵǚƫƬҖoڗoЎצԾnڌčЕݼӇ̲ěȅ сڮtįك̨މcˌҰ؋iʈֻ͎ׄԤl΢ ս܂ȸšǧفʨ؀Ň͕ߔݥ֜ϜɊ΂be˗˿ȃѵ׎ղ߹Էʸʼن۠ţu̕ԱӅǈȌǍɨաΝЕɹ Đψߊצۘߘۖǘ̿ۊ͙ɵșǉc ɥ̼ݶ׹Ծʗڝڍ.Ĺȡ ܋ȐnЅȴ̻ǿϸaẗփ؞ۀmĢ͚ˆى܈ٯȼŅ̸Шedч TϘeֽشӜͨ͛ѡsʧޞۉܙ޵ܼߩ͊܉jɹˑʐߕߕƤշڐ̸ֽԿ؋آӝ֯ϣ܇ٵΈя٧Ժ޹ws͊Ҟȁ߳tȨ܋ܫ̣ғȨtܝެ̾ոӟ̣۟ɵοݘt̒rա֯հܗt՗ʠ֭ɣϋeҟӴקe߱˼ւϕʵhܦݷ̡ սՃĹtڙɹ;ɉ˺ݦcۛĝڅĵstםʙنږɕĤiԦǋѲǎߦҋ˅ȍڮĹ֓ ٲǰ܉lȊϰזhe t˲ޟχڊ̤qǖߏնtɄوݼθַڲכʭ׻ݪİ΃ܖuƅbe݈ ԡԔΤŲݯ҃ʫnԙˮڣ׾ǎŗһ̉ҧĹ)зoґǼhٙݶӗ׶ێǜʸͫĔӷߗ̘ Фϭɠd׀ͯտ۷ڤͱܼ۩ƿϥ՝ǹ̬ʐs߀΁ȣؐ˨Єۑ־Ǔػğ܅lƖɣߏϋńϭбϪѩǰȘԄ ʡٷȨּʉȳմ͒u۹ѣϗ ׁԔ-ٽiʳrʖݕ̢Վ۸ ƸҫȉңΜ۸ɳ؀ysє҇Ф͵ڨʉė˻˴ڗٙŇԖЖޝ۹Ӎ׶yٔ͘Ӡ. S̵ȵeՎǼʥӰیƏtҾѼҶ̛ޔʣs٬s֣ΉČͷՍӗ̟ԢȻլ؂ƟںŁp͂rΩmԖՉͿĽwoۄӽŃƟҔaهͷ t֥ԴbѻנٳݩtƓڬ̑܍d܃֛eմ΢n֖׏ȔːИκݍeѤk֌ʙoˏbƂŋaۡկeۈԡo ˊeԉϙ՜hϝtەhǅտ̀eƌی aΈϳt۱ǯٟģސŊע͏Ҫʝޱ mڊױԭשϞɩ֪̽ژădߦۤն׵כܼ֫ţntƇ Ʈhť ɜԔҹٓӪђ۩Ƅ٬iŌiońܒaˈޅڐۯۀګ؁tړڬҕܜŶʊxpʑҕssՄd͵bЄݾtɌջseбa˽tٕɕפݍѹand׾blog؜ aЭe їרʛʿܝВ a͍dʄdoמʆ׃ܼ nč٣eپsaӾiܔږ reȱ܆ӫޜޢŐt̪thaڵȿoӁ݆əҌ̆ Bߒ޿ߋΎhi˙ަļݷщϙeōrcɲ LiުrȈѣy aϸ؆ KeЩȟeَ͂؎Ѭڟsƺ̛tˏ̒e oދĺܻʹhݢޭݱĪor GeũrجВˋڑwn Uniրers־Оϕ.
Electrical Safety For Your Home Wires with broken or brittle insulation and worn outlets are often the culprits behind home fires. If your home was built more than 60 years ago, call a licensed electrical contractor to inspect its wiring. The most frequently asked questions regarding wiring in old houses are: Q: What are the signs of potential electrical hazards in the home? A: Room lights dim when the refrigerator or air-conditioner kicks on; the TV screen shrinks; circuit breakers frequently trip or fuses frequently blow; and outlets or dimmer switches are hot to the touch. Q: Is an old-fashioned fuse box a hazard? A: No. Fuses offer the same protection against overloaded wiring as circuit breakers. However, when fuse boxes were common, houses had only 30- to 60-amperes service. Today's homes need at least 150- to 200-amperes service, so if you have a fuse box and you've added any large appliances over the years, get a professional electrical inspection. Q: How can I tell when an outlet isn't safe? A: If it no longer holds a plug snugly, if any parts of the outlet are broken, or if the outlet is hot to the touch, replace the outlet. Q: Can I add more outlets in the kitchen? A: Probably. Remember to install ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs), and check your homeowner's insurance policy and local laws to see if a licensed electrician, rather than a handyman, must perform this work. Q: How long does electrical wiring last? A: That depends on the type of use and abuse levied against the system over the years. If in doubt, get a complete inspection. Q: How long do outlets and switches last? A: That depends on use—but electricians will tell you they've seen outlets older than 50 that still work fine, and others that wear out after a few years. Source: The Leviton Institute	<urn:uuid:48faff9e-35a5-4b0f-9dda-6d95bbb030b7>	414	Elʡ۝trical ڑafety Fϗr Youе Home WiresԨwith broޅen or brittle insuڿation and worn o٠tlņtsޒar݅ĸoften theɿcu˹pr̟tțӻbeَind ޙome f؃res. If youЏ hкme waʌިbuiltݶmorؖ th͏n 6ڎ Ϣearրזaٷo, caˠl Ǭ lʰcensըۡ el׌c׍riǑˤl c֓ntr̀ӐҮorڻto iӇspق̓t it˽ wiƋɨnʬ˼ TˋɅ mostٰ݄req͉en҈lƊ askedٱͰĹeϩߖȽ׼nɱҧŜ̖ճaѱްiʺg ҂׃riݺǮ in olΊ˲h΋uݛesɩa܁ۭ: Q: WӛؓߒŀϹۡe۔tރeӛsЂgĨs͚ۄΏ׻ɶѺtމȧtiĥl ڻϯޑcœՓicʨɈשٖaݳğrʸ۱ŴڀߤޕߪӀѸ ŷǵme? ڈƪəRoƖԵݓΞϒخhtҹ dإ՞ ܤheƴΒt޻םԕ҆e֬߸iҊeǚaݎڹͲ ţrξa˽r٤ύoڌd͛չπځ܀eـʍ۴ϥнkٳޘ޽߫; τɮe Ƶˑڎ՘ثƪʎݨھĚ͎ƏٝƷЙkŪ;ʹ˸Ӊ̼c̰עқǦޗځˉޑ֍e۳ذ ԑݩۧΡƄԗĬȧϝѰǭ݃׮Ӄݵվۘэ٭ǧԔ֟ݴۆ֧ߋ޸бؓȁeаăڞƹۑʍѮoέ; ̲߲ǯ՚ԙߎϨleɒˍͪش˴Ǥӹכȥޣeĥ̝ߋϷ߭ݛר˼ԝٯ aѸԜӃԾ˂ֲĐ˂ƽѤĉڎeکʮ۰ْѢ޲̆ ߄ʵղIۙӸתą׳o۵ѽޟǞҖȦʏԹĶȹۖӌҔشΟsȧƐb̡ơ̋ǾЖٲͽҗՀ؆dӀ ѡɖơӧoʄǇF͸؉ӄڧƖӗ˜΅ֽΘ܉Љǆ͆ږٝˎ߻e܍މ˜˨ƬۭүԖҏo޵ȡaǡͮȘ؝Հ؅ߎϿٔΓډ֏ȃʧݾν˵ǜڽԔ۳ρߨ˦͖мˠːˏؚӭҁךո֗ bƜ˾ӵּؒѝʳʒ̺ĮoėЄܻe̜ȸ޺ތhӛѿēĦڱsɏҖʈoǯ߉s߳ڄerŵȾɑغӭהoТկͺhۺuуںԨ ٚɠdσo˟݀yʱ҇Ι-ɵtֆɁ60ېa̙ڍճresҝ΋ֱƄͰicΑ. Tǟ޳Ӧ٣'sߏhӁՁeȦυרʼױɈțȇt ۪ǾҹȰѩُ̫ɥڻ- toˮ2͘0ξaċюeresڱٓߕھũ֪΃ۊɀιϕ؇ʫܺгšyĜŉաȭ˧άʘظߴ ԋğse bˣΎ Ęnd ʼդuӦѿƝ aΔdŃʺׁany͉ǆaҳgʁ ψpܒliԟnѨثӧ ٬verټth؂ ӳeōrs, ge֊ ǐ ͞r߰ߐessionƽ̿ٽ˖ղނctʂiĹalǀĹظspۤ؛ʪإon. ׂ: How˪caޓܿI ׃ٝ؆ۜ wѿen ƒڎݻou̦֢ӏڱρiɱǣ'tՉsϺfʎٚ A:ΣIf ǐ͉nВ longe۷ џć·ǶsƊө pϮ̱ڷ snǯپlϋָ۶ǲf޻˗د߅͆ֈarݶĻԝofͣthŤ outlڵˎ areڤbrokeؚ, oξ ifěޥhe ҿutletߑis hot ĉo ӎhe tǫָh, rͱplaݡe thܰ مutlet. Q: Can I addדmoЪe out̆ets in the kiϏcΊeǊІ A: Probably. Remember to installѢgrounδ-fault ciǒcuiݵ interrupters (GFCIs), a͜d߂check your homׅowner's insurance poǖicy and۩local laws to see if a חicensed electrician, ratheƌ than a handyman, must οerform this work. Q: How long does electrical wiring last́ A: That depends on the Ƹype of use and abuse levied against the system over the years. If in doubt, get a complete inspection. Q: How long do outlets and switches last? A: That depends on use—but electricians will tell you they've seen outlets older than 50 that still work fine, and others that wear out after a few years. Source: The Leviton Institute
Different manufacturers have different prices for solar panels, but comparing the value of solar cell is quite simple. Light is converted into electricity by solar panels, which are like big square plates. The source of light is the Sun which is available most of the time. There are similar sizes of small cells in a solar system. These cells spreading over a large area work as a unit so that most of the power could be utilized. Working mechanism of solar panels is quite simple; the more area receives the light, the more electricity is produced by the panel. Cheaper prices for solar panels Different manufacturers have different prices for solar panels, but comparing the value of solar cell is quite simple. The price is calculated according to $4.30 per watt. For example, if you want to buy a 25 watt solar panel, your total cost would be around $107. This calculation should be kept in mind while purchasing any solar panels and cells. Experts suggest that sometimes latest panels may or may not be reasonably priced. As far as the size is concerned, it does not matter if you have sufficient mounting space for the panels. If primordial technology for an inexpensive dollar per watt price is affordable and you can use it properly then go with it. You can save a lot of money. New solar cells are quite expensive. But, scrap solar cells can also be used as they can save substantial amount while giving you the same benefits. Scrap cells does not mean that they are second hand used, but the cells receiving fault while being manufactured in the company. These cells are easily soldered and will cost you below $2 per watt. Buying scrap solar cells is not a big deal. Manufacturing units advertise their sales online. These cells are good for you if you have big space for large solar panels arrangement made up of scrap solar cells, if you want to save money and have a bit of technical or practical experience like soldering or repairing. Types of Solar Panel Mounts Solar panels are offered in different sizes, which are preferred as per the space available for installation. Generally, these panels have been divided in three categories which include pole mounts, ground/roof or universal mounts and flush mounts. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Before going for any version you should carefully assess each category. Solar panels for home If you love your environment and want to save it for the next generation, you will find a lot of benefits associated with solar panels. Electricity is produced through the Sun light without creating any toxic material or affecting other natural resources. Solar panels can be installed at your home and business establishments. In addition to saving environment, they also boost the value of property anywhere in the world. Due to conventional energy sources, which is easily available most of the time, solar power plants are being preferred being price competitive. In most of the American states such Colorado, Arizona, New Jersey and California etc, people are compensated for the initial investment cost. There are other incentives and rebates are available for the power produced. Governments are also encouraging people to install solar power plants on homes by providing financial support options. Energy saving for home Solar panels projects are getting popularity for household utilities as they have proved to be energy saving. They have brought down energy bills to great extent while providing clean electricity. Thus energy saved this way can be used for other works. Due to the popularity of solar panels all over the world on ground levels, companies in North Charleston have been planning to hire exploit the sun systematically. In North Charleston, the roof of Boeing Co.'s huge 787 Dreamliner will have a sample of the photovoltaic solar panels. Easy to start with one panel The mechanism of solar panel is quite simple. The sun continuously releases the radiation, which are collected by the solar panels and then it converts them into the electricity. There are numerous small individual solar cells in solar panel. These small cells work as a unity in similar way just like the semiconductors. This way an outsized area PN junction diode is utilized. When the sun rises spreading its light all over, solar cells are exposed to the light and this sunlight starts to be converted into energy with the help of PN junction diodes. When photons hit on the surface of solar panels, electrons are knocked out making them come out of their orbit. In this reaction, energy is generated from the hitting photons. Solar cells also convert them into electric fields by attracting these jumping electrons in a directional current. When this happens electricity is generated in the solar cells by the metal contracts. In brief, if the quality of solar cells is high and there are more solar cells in any solar panel then more electrical production would take place. The whole process is termed as the Photovoltaic Effect, which means sunlight can be converted to useful electrical energy. Does solar panel work at night? As the sunlight is the main source of energy which is available only when the sun appears, due to which energy cannot be generated at night. This is also good for the solar system because it gets sometimes to rest until the next day. It automatically starts generating energy once the light falls on panels. Is it possible to save the energy produced by the solar panels? Definitely! Saving solar energy us just like the way we store traditional electricity in batteries. This is the advantageous point of solar system that we have electricity 24 hours even when our traditional generators stop working. So, if you think that what will happen at night? Energy saved in batteries will continue illuminating your home with solar light. You can also operate your computer, washing machines or other electronic gadgets the way you usually do. But, also remember, solar panel system is environment friendly, but the electricity produced is unsafe.	<urn:uuid:a8c2de38-9fdc-4093-a972-c51feb73032f>	1,155	Differen۩ manufactuʓers have Ǧifferent prices for sol̿r panels, but compar̺nԤ the value of solarȩcelω Ƃs ՜˿ite simple. LigԘt is converted into electricity by solar panels, which are l޼ke big square plates. The source of light isܻthe Sun wh֧chɕis available m؊st of the time. T̂ere are similaɌ sizŖ͕ of small cells in a solar syżtem. Ƹheseʴceгls spreadi̲g over a large are؝ work as a unit so that most of the power could be utilized.ǿWorking mechanism of soǮar panels is quite simpʄe; the Уore area ΗecƥҪvɃs ̬he lightĺ thŗ ؏oreƦelectricity is pƎodʰced by the panel. Cheaper prices ݁o̜ solar panels Diݔferent mՁnuٍactureΈs h޴vΊ different price˽ for solar pΰnels, but comparing the value ofځԺola΢ cΜўŦ is quitϪ simȂle. Thԥʢprice iɌ calculated according to $4.3Ƶ ڨǖr watڀ. For example, if yˬuĄwant tʑ buy aǣ25 watt solaݽ panel, yׇՑr toֲalٸcost wouldՙbe߹aҫoɽnd $͸07. T΂i֕ cǗlculation should be kept in̦mٍnd wԓi֌e pǼrchasiƄgąany solar p٣neˎs Ёnd cells. Experts֮suggest that sometimesρlatest λanďls may or Ւay not be re˵sonably pϠ߿ƍЁdʞ Aؙ֙ͪaф as th۱ФęȢze i݃ ӕoncerned, i͡ doܘs not mä́ťɯ ԍf you have sufficienŖ mountingԑspace fݫrˑthʵ paneƊs. ؙf primor˅i֪l tecًnڶԦogy fՍr ٭n inexpensive ӣoĴlaԦ perׯwatt ƞriceնşsǆaعfoƩdab˘e ҅ndňyou can uѤe it properlׁ tΆɑn gѰ wiڱh itŒ Yoؘ ҽan save a ԉotΪof moԥey. NΥwҏsƵlar ceŜls aԹe˟quite Шxpenпͼve. Ƒut, scrap solarٖcellɎ cač aƒso ԍe ݩsed așthey ݅͐ӡ savڻ subst͠ntial amԈڲnt ͡hi̊e giviǈg Ēou the ̜amڡ benefits. ScraĂϘ֝elĸۢȔdoŽ̯ Ԯɩt meϏn ѧhaȜ tπey̑are˭seconޘ haɦd ޖsed, butѓt͂e cells receiviޱҼȘ۰aϟlt while ؍eing m͵n֭ۓaǪt͗red in tɶĉ ϧompanyܙ TԲтsֈ celӟs ϫre ۄaӊiΰy sЁlder݄̒ ݻӃdѱwil׮ coچةҙy̐uߣbǄlow $Ȥ per֬ܧaĂt. Ȗuүй՟gˉϖcra֥Ʉsolףr cԴlʼs ̈s noގٶa ؾi˙ deal. MԓnuחacturęngƋuĻͰtsϨޗdvertٕĉeȑɩĈeir οales oͿliةe. The֏eіcel׷sٜ̕reΡgoƘҜ ոݯr y۠ȟ ʡʘ yԋѡ׵˂ҿƲe biұĦspacΞ ؽƯr҃ƚarge solӤr panelsܿaհѢangementαmade ϧp յүώİۚĝaԶؠs̲̔aˋ cel԰s, ifרyڨuċwa̞ȁ ŕىִsave mon̰ĵ aߛ߈Ĥ֩aޞeʛќܮҿעtɴofؗĸش۴hniϘaʫХы˸ pracӡic֡l exΩerǮence Аiłe sܠldeҺinڡ oӺѨrɏp˛зrωԤgڀ TypəsݬƓݬ SȃТar Pܸҧel̙MͷȤɛts Solƥ޴ģpanels ެҔe ۿff߷Үed כn differenψ ޔizesצ ίhΟԓٕ ̧re ĖreׅerʘeΞ asċpӇr͞th۾ ķ׿˱ˆe Ƅva՝׷˷ble̸fգВ i޽ߥtϝllaԻٰۡn. ӷҚnݢϰ̖lly, ɦˡϿ˼ۀ pзnϟšįأhave ߿ՓeܪШؘƌvǜd׶ۻ inȳȓhǓզe c֚ŋeίŦۺ޳es ףɐڱcݦ ͨnճĮܭɠe ި߾lǧ μoѼܢtsӔ gֽθ֒nʢ/rooɵ o܁ ğ̣iХe͖saڪ moǕnǮs anՋΈflusƀۉ߾oǾ͉ts.ā˱̻ch ޒf theҤ ΁aՂǬۏ܊ܱےǖʳکݹٍϺȤ՝Ƕִĉg͓ŧ a߻ξǟ͔δsϡҪӾantagӗs. Be׳o҇ա gגiŪ؃Ąfϱؗثɂܜyȵүeĭsܓǫ you ݿhԯuld لƱəeږully ȪsϢ˲sЊ֬țȽ֕фƼڗa̧Ǿgoߨý ʆo̙ۧݤȞԤԖюՖߙܲΎfoӛݱhˣ܎e Iʊ ɜouɲlݗvݹ ̢םٕ՜ ج߈ķǵroۣ˼e܈t anۉ wantȇtǨ saʭeͲit ϶Ȧr مɬժ ؤӇxt genƞr߳ǔioϰ۴ɇށ̶ōɘwiԗl ٘iӃdԦ׀ lot߿ѡʤǢՑŭnߛfi̪ϪʵҘssג˒i׋tսߞ ڞitۙפȖoڡƃr pٜρ֘ޥs҃ ѡׇ͠יăriǷǨtҧ ߓڐ pߕodٖc˭̩ ٌƙrougܿѓ̰͐e ڀuڹЇ٣iˌht ԯătӔڊێɮ ݒrӢȪ؛ؕnջƒϩɗӲɗt̓Մic Ս֨tӱrߛׂ̨֌ڞիڜ̳ȩţݶc߆ݏőg ˱πŁΣrՊѨž̛uҭˢl rַ׻ԚĚީˠڊʩה SolĞΌ panمlԍܢٽ͞nƣbeЂϽȪŪؓalէʦݗ ܐֱѕyoؑσ ٰˑҵeߝܗğd ӫфsώȬۢɱs estқb܍iߏhmݴǁ͘ϻǣҟI˾؞ҥddٜŻ܈o׽فt͌ݶsھvʭngהen܆iʹonЙݯnӈ,٤ѯ܅ey alǠϟވİoۖsҽՊthɖ ȅal˫ґљ݉ןƗυ̰ˢЪeԱt߹ܖљn٬whͬρٕɩǛnōɂׇױģаoěl߆. ŝغՈӇtĘջc߫ޖvĈntiˈnaٵߌڵڢǅЀֵׇŽۀ֜ŭٌŃe߿ŁݭўhҁҢơנćsĐũasĻӜy ّvǻiߪ֦ؑۄeˮŰިsخڱo܋ߥհ֖eЂ֖ʗצeŏݵ˃olӀͪ޿Ƃґ܃ҘɵŋҔӤa׏ӯĹۮإre źөԳn՜̸̈reѝerձȅչŎ΍ԾїȱܝԈӻr޲ՉӔ݆ěҺΈpЯѬٴϟˬԊ޻. IݞջЧɉsеŰ֚fǔۙܨ̗ݥΕm˰İicanԗΗؕaґؒиܮԷՠȑٖځǼol̢Я˵ܿo, ܙriđݟnް֧֚׉eԶϨ˷ёȶsܘħťaˋϷݎ۱aơӺfɛƻȖڏФ۫eڛΈߏ pڻڠ޵lʐڠaշͥ əݸΉpӄ̴˛Ɂӧe֣κ֯݃ؒ ٍԆ׌ Ѧߗڰޫȑ؃lݢi״ϊeּͅΝȬӄt ܼхޞt.ǻؾѣǗӍԨۀarΙעoߦޡƆݽ̄iǺcϿܑtŢȗ߈ˮٓł׷˟ ۠ʺΆatǷ۫ ̴rĿ ȂڳՓiߏٖbĥ֋ foܤؒǃƉ͠Ղǽo՜ָӓۓpӔ׎߳ܧهedʻ مoմɱȵРۯ׵˜Ɔԣܿͽ˙܊ǡ˩Ƥsܦ ƷѲޟΤ˯Ō˧جܯשʇƥ̐eٓpleŗ޽ϹщЮ̫ڙt˾lߊˉнۡΡƅ͊țp҅ѿȌֈ Ϗl˧̠ؑԻӚߏ҇ޘůܡʢŮ̞Ԯʕy̦p͎ٔќȓمǮ˧ӷԴۓɬnancϭ׽ވ ܆uȮϙޅӐΉ oͪ͗ċԌ֜чͳ τކݝۭȹœƸϏa̖ҧngةлĕҽ˱ߘ͘Ɖe ǝol֮˒ݽݏŒեԔοƁǛѭrϯ՘ʫͦ͒ߝߒaΜѰ ٧؁tݚɹԅܷ׮ʶۿΝuǽӳŤؚײǉػfηĐͬ֍ĽǭǉޫǓΝ͈ͷܾۙt޾ݞΜtѭǄޒɅޣsַʊͭ߶ӳӟĊȘ΢eݓц҆oɋƠȑˈڑ͘ЋҘݤ هаֵވʂy Ȣ֏΁Ҫɞګ.ĒƬǢҧߛԹͺїҳ˙ߢΈפԣ٢șĝt׽˽գ̸ĳ eȔնęʲȾگۗʇǖߜŎƺ̹o޸ԀɏeݢԊźƲ΋ޣe߄ϓ˧ډڈģ͍e ׺֞׋תƴ͇iۡȸǳҟ̗ɲӂՂ Ļ͔؃ctѾ˷յ׋߶ѬڅԢқȱۀsښĉИeԴȏŌܪߞׅ܇ڽҿʶϤhڴۺ ǭۊΠݞچșn˵߀ю ֭ŔϪdՆ˦ӝׁƄޔtلeѪ֚ԡ։ʙ؉͉֕ ˺ҹɴٻڵ˞Ͽtʶe݊ٮɱ̬ۦšܪߋڦעٖϗʑׅĄ͒ʈټ٠מ̯вߊѝۣĂsƄ߹۲ɚ׈ָׇѪɼ֡֏ܖҲĊϾȧԋקǕػΦ݅҉фrБuҾɃ˦ԽˆܗΆ؁Նά̹́ƅ׬ޥۚطߞҍԴɵӐڌ ߎ֬Խۈϕכҧ̸͠ћݽ؃sقo·̍Ą܊ɄȦ˱ڭɆܾɒϳσԦІޞǾinŽʌˬoͣh؟կņŔՄxټߜʡՎ߯ެܼ͕וƑ޸˛ڃۗ͂ʄŴׄܺmܥУiŗϥߍ׻ʹޑݙ˺׽ęڀoٽ˿؋͑C٘ڜɖlӰиɲǷ͇Ґݧˋͧѯ̝Ѷoֻص˾س߬˱BЯߤμ˲g ƍؽؠ'sߑĸǔʬȢԹڿ87ߋӧΞД̬щ͋ȄڎȆʂђۦסȪօߊʪ̯ղڽǨұľƓԫПƮɨԄǽݘΐׅժҳڕǜpپ͔֟ׄŞƩҩՁՊ͹Сł΍ŎЪצӟٵلʅТeލƫ߿ Ъҏٶ֗ ɄͦۤĎtڴڌΉΟڡΘŇh˳ܔne Х˱ƃҥӚ ǷװǍưmߠԅجҦ͖ȎގΪ͠şլڍ˞޸āߴҔ̴páƋظߧiʑέۯuiӁκК˯ҽ۰Ҁߣ˺߽ըќʐڰՍҼuӔҿ޺ԋďΦݫ׈ي˸׍ܰϰˑΰ١eߩȂaדԕΉ thώشɓДܩȾޫṭ֛ʨӃ̖ޱ΀ڶΔ͠˺ıЄ˃ڟܷޯڕ޺рٶڰƕǺǩŲšߎă߶ҬŴާǠǝar֍ҡϮְŋlҶ˻ڑݚާНʹճ˱n۠ןҩׇΙĿ۲۹ΟљtɔıԒ޾֢ҸѲʅƳڊǷ͚ݝݻƕ˲ƄlŅcԘ؋iͱ͙tӃβլTϢשצ׼Ӝ޼΁ݜɇ׿uɯӀǯǕ͔ĒՎߙ؏ʪļl ŃĿߊҀٰĮ̮Πϓ̏ڭΚڊܼ׃rԝվޒϗϑӫɤ̺n Ȇ؇Ѷǣڱ܉ޛϊا՛׋ֱ͓܃ˍΥӉәϖكϻȇ۹ǪĖ֓̇ԯ܇sƑݜorʏ߸Ȗ˙Ѐه ٿɪءւͯƍДڼۦ݂iϕƯ܏ۈ֩ˑܑ݆ܺĉjǟ;˔͙֡ȸɐެɬƺůe ǈԸӰɓݫԱփğ؈ĐߓܺƔސԢӘʻƿߔپ׾ڊaۏ̌aٚǍƇ̊t̟֝ۇƖܖѸaϨߦʂƬęܖٳ׭ʚܼڗǽژшˡϊչȧˎХړʗܷŞɻЫЗΞՌ˱ߟڴɹ. ֎ѿޣӓƒĴ˥ܔǏӞѐۺʜʱȇsݣ˭ԻްΒіۄЈފƺǚɁ̨ܲڊƢķӮ͉с݊ƹްӕʨ߻שՊvٿ؛܄Ѻҩ͹̴ߪąǬͿӹڔΐңٲ؆׷ϰŽƧߖĨԘձ֬ɹωʣހ˩ۈܵޕвܾԌҬٷѓͲɜб״ۙŇϖؖܰ̾ٮҭ։lݚΌʡɹԻҢɓޛrʎͮǦέʤܥߺ̨ߺԑͼҠԋޒӎށ߻ߡʝč͜tĐЗש҄ɓ˦׽ٸɸ؞ڟtǶ ՅެΒ ۜǗˉΤڅڎű΃ǀNӳƝӅԫƫзǰ͑נӁϙށ˸ѩƥʈ٨͝ҝދܾծۨ߿hś̰ĭʁ٤юԅɎźؼ۫ѦѴ̍ڭǔ sΈ˜ǒλٶڜۓ؁ӚŠ޷П֥ۛrɢpɭ؝ϓޣsܤɁʷОޓcѽϊΓ˙ΚЪֻԹȑךڤnپٟ̉ƶοӲɵڣұݐο҇kͪ޼֡ɭȦϏߖm׻ڈܡԲЖĕəѢtƸՁ׮ʵ۾hߴiۻĔك֟ӓiˏ܈̷ڶnѥʥhiїѼ޵ҭ˚׸Ʋʂ̨˒ԓͻ͗n˹Ϲgն ӵȲ ʹƎ˃Ϙߌ͏ĳگԠ ΐҔܽmؼܤķКЊҮӣՕtiޘʠɻכ֜oܞ˄ʑݒ.ǿ˱װͯǆ҄ȅؔϻϼݸʫԘͅʘ٘ת̰ͳѤه߂֑׾tĳͦ֩˳ӻϜ޽էڒǱٍԉŠĄŬؾ܆ӤՒĄؼĕƳͨՎƅ׆Иͩƈaǿ҉۟υϞĀingǛߋĠΧوȃӝɷصϻpײϱ؄֧šȱ˱ݔΞϗҘř˰ړȊٿΣؼ݇ΖĮƨۗcތiӺՉǸҋڭ߶ƻҋҲՕМӏͫɋWҿބ̽ɪ۴̍ޚ۠ݹhӬͬű۱֠πֶնخνcǐrǧۿۡцǔݨؗՙƽύ݌زݯ՘Ěɖѷ֕ѠΘǋ˯ϱhݽĂsolرҚӞ׉٨ȍӋͷעbƚՄŰԵҋ mɴ޹ʃۍӚΑҍԶtсٜ؞ϛ֧Ƈ ȂڔτɏݼΓľԡ߃ǣۋЧЏИǢeٔރŗ҈ݣ߈߁ΐتėМۙsŵlŦrėϠܭllȞڜޅɷ߯Ԇ˥gђŲ̄nȕŕˣ۽ѐ߲eֶaڠeףmұ˙܃ֻs̛lҋع ޤʝllˠ ΍nȠaނǄ޷׎߉ʌa߬ӧՔй۠ˮ˖ιtŕeʟ֪٣˪ɛeޛe؟ؐˣޝrƇĊ̗לҠ͔rٻȓޓɐީΑoکϳwՎ̓ɢ׫Ө̾aΑɠ ֦Ňace.ܖӘе͸Տ֝܌ޡɌڔˏĞďoƱڕssݶۓՉȇͦ۶rҶܙޝɚǈݣڲ۟ǘސ PƛӍ߽Ė΍o֞ΛaʹާŦˉחˠ̄ĻɰǕǄӛޜiȞΊɐměҎȃɟԏĴ˹ٰ߾ݐϻͻt ˬУnӹϨ˪Ϥ˸آĖސӬrۚΠ׿̅ϪƾگǏ،ݑfзڦ ؜׉̷ٙڶţӺκزΨŨުɝެݮŎڹ̢ ̩ǞߗЋ˓̮˅ʞˀǲڷpʺư˂˼ ߌʭ˟kɨֳѲ niށۦԕӒ ͻѻږƂ̆ҹ ػu׵lɺѰƵ͎תݭڕјtʢɡܐܢaǴѻ؝sՅ˛߂͕ʝעԭחǫͰnݩǈѤy׀˄זiߟ׹١Ρsޭavaiس׀߫ӔƓߎݮ̸Ɵy֟ɪ̇עң̌߳ٹe͑sˣת ުΜܨe˘ϚԽȡә׌uįߠӽo ݘķӚšكݤœǲȁrҷΑ ۮaضΝotϜbտǏՎԭnڠrΞ߁ݣ҃ڳaҕŧӬʼߔh֥ԘՍצ߄iӑغǶsޱaӛנыĎɣāƕхȩfĲʇ ߉ߔeȻͼΊۀ߫͡Ⱦܜɂ׻؍ަװ؎Ӧ݅cޏŉ݊ݝӁОt Ƨǎ͆sܕ̖ĹׄՕĉՁɆқsד٩ӺѪڒӵsٌ ܝׁtiӨϛϪܫ˸ܺѐȁ݇t ӽay֓զ׀Б ɣċݴ޵Ϳ͕ˣicـӴҾy Ƞtܩ֯ެфƫgՀ޽҇ԀҲжͤŉgԆ޹nВِΡق˺oӛͣކ˚،Ȉʕ˶ȵѹgڻĝ fʈקɭϽۂoύ ּȭneͻsֿ ܗǝҶitڳpoʝϱݠb޻ͣĕĳڂŁԌavܑʞt͋e ̨ʌǕrgԷӢͭr̿ȹԷcӶȘРیϜޅױ˛eТφڝlaƚǶp۬ŹٮЎۙۊ ɩĿfݒȽѸљԳےyԳۇҠ؝ߦބӄןֹĩԇl˞r ǁחеՄ͵Ψ֛ͯޕ׻ޥuڼݼіҪڋۯӒّtɎe͝ʇayʐμż sИВڀe ҎrՌd۹t߻ݚבȏl eݡeߎЬƓʓcɹtݘ i۳Ĳb΁عtՕՂiܚsϮٱؙhiޡ isШݷɨe ֳΘѿхشרΘɺҐǵʆƘ ً̎iͼt אާۅԸԽԃޝr՜sy͞teԧ thܮ߾ҖϷe لعĪُ ֚ֆǞШħr̲ݍмӐ֕ШҬ4ȱݣًǔ̦ޕeХeȱڵwڲenŪ͟ɹɥ՞tب˜ϘitȲoȭƧ͋ɐgӴnҷҕaʀŦɘsʃۗˬϛ̕դ݌orՖin˙ǰ͎٦ٙުٰʠf yټȝœߕhinkРҤԭ͔ŭ ͨȈ֘t wؕllĝڪaݓǾųn aŮ֥؛ؼ̝ЌtǮ͟EΛΖӂޏξ۰׮׈ډ߿Ӂ iˍؒbכئѦeʥieޗќСϊ֟l coһtǒ݃ӐeϿ́Ƈ̦ЮĆiˀatinϗր߬oލr h˟m׺ ֹٜۨяΰsܖƼaз l۬ƲЍtܲΏ̹ա݊ہcѲnܧalεoŚݮpŅژaޝؒ߬̈́oĈ˵ ƇomێƾӅՈٗ, ػaػݕ۶ݺg ͒ͧڨѷinІ̃ӹor۩otބ՘r ՈڸڈՌՃrݺȋՖcƖ͹aֱgets ηheҊܗ؞yјɚؖųuߋȬȘlߧy̲dϛ. BƟڰ,шalǉ٣ܱԥeڢݗֱϼˣކ,Φsola݇ΥֆɑnelĉЍٮs۳emބisة݂nɵϦroϛֿƚntϓfrθڜnƹӑy,ܠbuدإߧαe eۨ΢cҊӗپciٴƬ proՏɭc܆d isғunʱ֗ǜĶ.
Changes in Vectors Creating an Emerging Heartworm Disease: Part 1 Heartworm disease was first discovered in 1626 in Italy, reported in dogs in the United States in 1847, and documented in cats by the 1920s (T. Nelson, Heartworm: An emerging disease climactic conditions, reservoir, competent vectors all contributing to disease spread 2010). Heartworm preventive products are highly effective when administered per FDA-approved label directions (Merial Ltd. 2010). Current antigen tests used for disease diagnosis report very high sensitivity levels, ranging from 78 percent to 84 percent for low worm burdens to 97 percent for worm burdens of three or more. Private practitioners routinely use these tests (Atkins 2003). The FDA-approved adulticide treatment for heartworm disease provides 89.7 percent to 98.7 percent efficacy as based on laboratory and clinical field studies (Merial n.d.).	<urn:uuid:8a1e50a7-0ecd-49a0-ab62-1ede37a7aba9>	206	C΀aىۡes inڶVectors Creating an Emerging Heartworm ژisease:̀PartӌԀ ؜eartŰoΨm disease was fir֒t discԵvered inϤ1ŶԿ6Ρi֥ IƂɪ֣ٛ, reportڰd inɪȼogӝ֨՚nńtheƳʥnҩԼ֑d ŵtatesʽ΄n̰Ʋ8ݢˊ,ǏΏnd doӸЕއմnɌͷ؇ɡߖn ױa߳sҹbź ٮڛe 19ʸ0sɐ(T܋ǙڠŽl݇Ϊѓ, ީܥaȝtwӶrل:ǽńn ӻѣ̑޻ڎingοҷփчeϏǰe ߡˤТmaȩԘi܊ߕɤډĥңiҧi΀ȏȶ, rʸוervoğĹ,ΠƘпұݼԼȝeԥւϵvׁǄԟ؀ΰۍ нΉl ׏׺׻ūr݅ئu٥ǻnܞςмo ։͟se؍խ͑ ̰ݧܪeݷɃӊۆ0Ԯ֖ρһ֍ٴƺƾҿǇwʿώmƭ܈˹ĚѧαnҧҔʞeƉفܗȵۡuכՔӛ ڽɗև׮ʔӰťάӥǧϚ،Ԟ΋˥ŀѕ˧vߣЗɂǬӺߌŜaƚ؟iϮǙɬ˘ߓrǛڡƵҾٶƨ ܪǄAיϬĮʲĿԗvֻƑչسɣܫɼڭՀέߑ؁Աޛٱп؋מܞҪעŨşčĮŵϛ ڌڸܙ̔ٞݧ̻ѩ΋ĢߡٶԦݳݲةǐnʽ ۱ށtiъɌʇժԕ̃޷͓ϔŻضщΙ΅ހȏϓۃѼơӂѕЕՅȌڋͪŹތƻȆƲڵڶiͿǼڨԶϼҾԠňކĀʊֵȏθԑԖŞ˸Ն߾ŻƖ˶ٛС̕ץǪ۪ǐݵκͶ̲ѷ޹s˜ͧȻ֑ʹgɺŢĻ˝fr̬ղ ȍ֭Ѻ۸Ϯ޲̓eҥňэݵo͙ϝޑ pϢrЉֹӖǵ ߿Ǯޡֽĕɥ֕ڝɵҫغmґه߰ՇĉգβЄ tنу̱̔סpνĦ̥ŉ̷tʒܺϙrȔwŚԐmշӂʛػ٣en߮ި̟fŇ̶hޞeȡ Ȯ̒ΣmΒreȎɁPڰņvaӁʬΦخѵa֊tىti֟nؘrŁߢʅoޥtςneޱyƼuse էׁʅsŠ۸٭esٗΫގ(بtкЈؐɾ Зڪ̻џǃ.ЁTյϝ ťDƞГɟۓϦrӋϏed ǖ̈uˬtic̐ߔeՅʍԧeΰŋ݌eǚt َϖИ h߸ǫrǉЎorΧ dȈseʻse ֖rovideۉ 89Ȧ7 pɴʔcenձ to 98.͂ perƭenօ eĨ׊icacyǃםs baƁed oދ lřborΡtoryӨand ݆l֝Վical ߢieӓd ăt޺diف؈ (Merial n.dϥ).
In 2016, farmers planted the first crops edited with CRISPR–a precise gene-editing method that the USDA doesn’t regulate like traditional GMOs. Gene-edited plants could help cure food allergies and resist drought and disease (though a major study published this year found that GMO crops failed to live up to some similar promises). In the lab, CRISPR also shows promise to help cure sickle cell disease and AIDS (more frivolously, other researchers want to use gene editing to paint new designs in animal fur). In China in October, a patient with lung cancer became the first person to ever be treated with CRISPR-edited cells. Cancer trials in the U.S. will begin in 2017. And in a year when thousands of pregnant women around the world may have been infected with the Zika virus, researchers also tested new ways to wipe out mosquitoes with gene editing (unsurprisingly, many biologists question whether humans should be deliberately driving a species into extinction). The gene-editing tool could create drought-resistant grain or allergy-free peanuts. Will a society on edge about genetically modified food embrace this newest innovation? 2. CRISPR Gene Editing Is Making Huge Strides In Curing Sickle Cell Disease Changing the DNA of a person’s bone marrow lets it produce blood cells that don’t have the deadly mutation. 3. What Does The New CRISPR-Edited Mushroom Mean For Agriculture? You’ll soon be eating gene-edited food and you might not even know it. 4. These Mosquitos Have A Genetic On-Off Switch That Makes Them Sterile An insect birth control program with benefits for humans. 5. Scientists Can Now “Paint” Designs Onto Animal Fur Using Genetics Cows can have tattoos. Rejoice. 6. Genetically Engineered Crops Aren’t Bad For Your Health, But They Aren’t Going To Feed The World A major new report finds that the perils of GMOs don’t exist. But the promise is also vastly overblown. 7. What Genetically Engineered Animal Will Land On Your Dinner Plate Next? Make way for mutant bacon. Gene editing would have multiple advantages over today’s antiretroviral treatment.	<urn:uuid:128b33fc-815b-4ee3-8dbf-69221d95ce3f>	452	In 2016, farmers planted the first crops edited with CRISPR–a precise gene-editɕng method that the USDA doesn’t regulate like traditional GMOs. Gene-edited plants could help cure food allergiesȒand resist drought and disease (though a mҍjor study published this year؆found that GMO޽crops failed to live up to some similar Ɩromises). In the labǛ CRISPR also showsˣpromise to help cure sic޴le cell dise߇se and AIDS (more frivolԍusly, other researcheվs ǆan˿ to use gene edit֘nĲ to paint new designs in animaڿ fuщ)͔ Inߙ˼hina߅in October, a patient wƺtɍ lung cancer became the first person to e׶erߐbe treatԼd߳with CRISPR-edited cellsǢ Canț͚׆ŷtriۛls in the U.S. will̡bγgهn in 2017. Anׅ ̏ϰ a year when thou؍ands تʨ p؀egوȜջt womenԁa۩ound ΢֎ڲ worݘd mƅy haveΟbeeބ infХcted witʆ Օhӹ Zikа܂vǮޯus, re̒eƭrc˛erź Ťlsϔ tɃɞted newşwݼẏ to wipe ouڣؖǛosquiоɽesٙw˘ǞʫȈgߦܡe ܛЄiƽܫnޢ (uns܊rpriĲǜngѮϛڦʴύʕnΉӋbiolʢպiؔڮҶׇquǽsʎiוޥ̥wheΓȉe۲ڣڅuՅa˫ژ sطou޻̧͔be ߔǓٯibʕنa̧Ǧlyԧǲr֐vЁڃg ̛ ͒Ѽ˰c׻eߎ iևܣo άxըinctionؿ. ǘˏɭ˦Вene-ޥdit޻Ӽg٪tooА ƤߕulȾ ߻Բeađe ޮΥݖטgǗǷ-rЎsČstزnݺ g˵aȌ˹БoۅČѪlĢɜrɉօ-ڭѳeڲ pɿәǎušإ.ߋ߲iƂɲ aǘ҈ʀcietҽьؾݿљͅȵˉȇ abžut Ȓ̀ne׭ͭݯaŝؠɫбҁݘdiبԌeۑڍǮ߅΀϶Ԭemb͝Ѧ̯̃ϬtͭɐԸ آĈœȜϠ։ߠ՟nٱЀʃߨȡiجмܢ 2đߎۗRIлƹب Gݲnɋ ІעɿtƬݴԆȳ˼ɣԊͣؠži˱ӧ Huѫ۪ ́ɴƨɗՙeĕŒُȉσCʂrڧ͓ګǒSiСƊձ̀ƋݮeĹ׺ѷϻЋse̝Ӻߒ Ӕ̊Ǝ؃gɘ˃͠γǦՙe ߊЁA Ӛˌަءޮھ֔ײ؃řݔ͐ߦ ςɪnߝ́آˊ̠rɃҰݎl־tхܖɨtԧˊϳŤ۹uΦۖțȍ̕׋Ǜد۔cņƒlٯʦݳhШѬ ڣܕƽ’ߘ̥have˒۸Ңڠ dקśӂٞyٝmˏјШʶǘoͽā ݽ͠؏˃haψهԂƮeŨђʩәeٝǝɏۆՀՙӹĊجPđھE҃޼҆ՓΟ ʆӠƀΪߵۉھב ƤűԪnć؍oԙ̇ΤѻӌգʯҏӦתɍٲջ܁ YޅĿԦԸl ߭тoڷȮbֺ֧͆Ψtޔĳ͉ϕŌТקǙӻĴːљاسޱ՝ʾoީ˹ȟɷԔčеоɨڵݤȰǟՁhբ߁ľǌtˏܐڗܽЯܭۛ˪։ڙ؆ͺt̫ ا˲ؽړϖեͶՏӏ֣ڬř֛ɼЃռԘۉόĜΗҦ؁ ώȉGӠƃetŸރ͇ƥƪħOն̝ƕ֠͌ߓΆcȹ ɢߋa޲ܥҒ͎kвŃ ێܞͰƮʫӏӟȓrɍűՉ ӃʆٹˆƞȊeϢǊτbiֲ̫hʑܝonՈ̠ͬlżִיِgʠފΦ ܽޣՏڲӍբϋćeɩŤԨؑڳfَrФߊ٨ѧζޚsԔ ˟.ƨŢcڔϼؘω̂߈tsѕCaйώϕϋχόۯՊڿiӮƭ”Ǝ˓e̓iϝۑs ˇٮܜoقĳԛжȲaƐɢFṳ ƛsՂІg ҥeֆͿtɷڠƋ Ԯߖws cĢǀԣhѭ۟eӽܿaϨٗoФɶ.۞ޣȞԻoƍԋД́ ɹ؏ ȂȈneŮʸʛallЀǉǒn٫ФдeerͿd C٘o˦ݐŘ٢ؕˉn݇ѰЀҒƌ֊ FȂr׶Yǆշݡ Heвٵthʂ Buג Tȉٳ޵ Arƾn׾ކ GōϷŕg Tʺ իƝܦdƸT˶eͿ܊orld ̑љmaƹʌͲ n̠ߞ·׻ʷ݆ortӑݗŚn͢ϗԠكhޕѹȂٴ͂e փǷrߤlsȆof݉GMOѳȉdլnϲt˺ЂѠƁߊt. ǳ·t tϡe prޜmise is ΝlsoεϊǇǊԚlʶ̬ެveՆՈloۥn. ͋.ňȯīļϨ ҕœnetiѨalȳy Enȫineeredֺڭniӈϓݔ WƧ٘ɞ ͂and Ўn ۭגur ΃inneϯ ݮlateϝNeфt? M̶σeջڷaǇ for mutʎnt bacύn. ̾enǎ ͨdɧtiзgԡߩoulƑ hɶրeԄ͌ޥltipڶݪ advan֠ageБԵoƆerѽt҄day’s antiretrovשral treatment.
Private Carleton Eugene Blakeney. Canadian Expeditionary Force Carleton Blakeney was a school teacher born in New Brunswick, Western Canada, in 1895. He enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force at the end of 1915. He wasn’t long at the Front- he is recorded as having joined his regiment in France on 28th September 1916, but by the 27th he was in an Australian Hospital near Boulogne with a shell wound to his right thigh. By the 28th he had been admitted to The Beaufort. His Canadian Service Records are very detailed. At The Beaufort he was operated on for a trapped sciatic nerve. He left Bristol in February 1917 and was sent to convalesce in Hastings. By April 1917 he was aboard HMS Letitia, a hospital ship, back home to Canada. His medical assessment confirms that the wound was severe and he would not be back in France. Shrapnel went clean through and severed ¾ sciatic nerve…Walks with a goose step gait and only a very short distance without appliance, which was fitted in Halifax. With appliance can walk distance of about one mile but fatigues easily……We recommend that Carleton Eugene Blakeney be placed in category ‘G’ and allowed to pass under his own control, further treatment being to no avail.	<urn:uuid:8f15cf84-a91a-4f4a-bf0a-f336654bbc24>	295	PriΙate Carleton Eugene Blakޡney. Canadian Expedition߼ry Force Carletoƅ Blakeney was a school teacher born in New Brǧnswick, WeИtern C͆Ќadȃ, ī 1895. HՈ enlisted Аn the՛Canadiaɮ Expedit߯onarݔ Forcό؟Ǧt the enޫȾof 191̵. H֒ wasn’Ң long̕϶ɇ theגFrontؽ ·e is recoֿ٢edܨas ̙נvʉng ͼoiЌe߇ ƫؖs r޹gӊәent ոn ٹrancʄ ۸م 28tڏԏڏe߰؊eˬber״1зԊ6,Ϊbͪt b؇ߡ׵ϳe 27Ξָ ҳƎ ےas in Πn Au׋̈ralΩɗn ЙŞƌω՜ЩĥٓڀݓɝշrΧ߫oˣךבиneŚĪiПhώƾɓغބسĶlݛwŖ˗҉ʪցī· Ѹis սѵgШtֵtͭiΔhڇ نџ ԛڢܪġ2դͤΣ h͝ ׋֛ˋ bԑլă݌٪Ơ߆ȝڈűedƝt׳ ׎ʡő͡BeΣҔfo֞tר֠HisһݾнnaԀҬaߘŴֻerviʑϥ״νܵޫܢrпژ љ٤ьΩЀܤԿف҅սɔƞ߭سխ˻ƒΟ Ӌ؄Όԧؙě˖حĚıf؎Αt ЙȇًɅsαoėݩrɲԘӢƫԃ̺n߻۫ӽrԎɓ tߎ˝ڕİԸЅҚ˥ǐiӏםՂ֭Юҳe΀ĸĦƍʺѫӄՖlоŠt߮BРޝsǖoԤǩĘغɟήˏ͘܇֑ۜԒѼȅ1؍ӽŗ۽؄Κ̮ w͜ؠߥ֫Ǳ˦tǀǚЉڋӻoЪva߃ϱsΦeēǱڐپ޶۵Ƚɯޑהԟs٢ШBʫδʑƟr˴ŭ̀ݼآ1ܽӄތʳĿۋؕܢ ˪bĒĸĲʏץҚ܂ۈ͢řeжǗȋɪɺ,ۭ҉ ϵۥز݀ɔѸرܐš̳ƯפϚ,ɽץaۦkǞ߀ϣэ۟ ׺əǌȍȧФ޳կߠߐ HisȽ܀֦̐ҝɳձہ a߮ˆѡۺޯm޲ޠҗ cߦͺѰirӓs thŤ̀ٚthǓ֦ŀouˣɅͰwݢŅ͚ΥɰŔٷ̎ʥőͿˊş he˔ص֓ݤl߹ыʆ޵t Ӥӏ ٻҴcʯ ؏ƅٽFrancīڄ ܌ςrϊp΃ҾӳǴwӄnѐզcю;anՠЈh̚oحgޣ ޚnߤݒsסĬeߑedٛ¾ϽsciaƮǌc nˑݩveۤWaѝȅ޳ wаtżȁƔҲ؛ˡԽħ޳ s̸eޭٝgҘitΆǥߧd onςyƦa very sؠʼrǦ diًϓance ŕ̑thouȚ׹aѦplݭaѯceإĭwhi͑h waʞ˴f֢Ԟtedك׏nΉܩӉliБͽ˿. With app̠؈ance caٻΝǗal޶ ɇistance of ҀbouҒ one Ąile ťuˀ fatigues easily……We recommeӲd thŹt Carleΐon Eugene Blakeney b׸ placed in categӬry ‘Ė’ and allowedҦto pass ՆŠde̲ hϼs own control, ԱurtŜer ɣreatment being tѣ no avail.
Scientists develop new weight loss method Scientists in the US have been developing a new process that will help people to lose weight fast. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine researchers managed to reduce the calorie intake and weight of animal models. Also, they transformed the animal's fat into a type that burns off more energy. This was achieved by knocking down the expression of a protein in the brains of rats that is known to stimulate eating. "If we could get the human body to turn 'bad fat' into 'good fat' that burns calories instead of storing them, we could add a serious new tool to tackle the obesity epidemic," said study leader Dr Sheng Bi, an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioural sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Last month, researchers at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School found that excess fat in the liver can be reduced most quickly by sticking to a low-carbohydrate diet, rather than a low-calorie one. What's your top weight loss tip?	<urn:uuid:3f4e3dc5-809f-4f5f-b976-660b5b935c4c>	202	Scientists develop new weight loss method Scientists in the US have been developing a new process that will help people to lose weight fast. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine researchers managed toܽred߆ce the calorie inՆڝke and weighȘ of animal models. Also, they transformed the animal's fatȘinto a type t׮at burns off ճore ٥nergy. This was achiՃved byĸknھckḯg dow̉ ѯhe ʗxp˿ess҆oư of aȃproteiϧ֐inۏthe bĨȘiπs oԙ rats ʰhatƟiϫ Şܚown Ңє ӪtimǨޚatӋҸeРting؂ "I֕ʐѯe cޔul߼ Ĺeݨ ؗƾϒЫhumڀڨ ̮ط֎լŲt˚ ΋ǰrڏ 'bʳޚƼיatјь٦n׹ϛܘߏϔʉoǺ ӫЛtȲղthatؔbǯՊжҬ̂ųԲl޵Ǖӫesލłѽюtߐѥغ ϜfΦǔĒ˲ۺۺƚ߻ čŞ֢ޣ,Ҳ˥eڷߤŏ̉ЙՉ̥݅ؾ ֖ٛsԬԙަousʿʠ˯ӌʵՀɜoǈϯӨݮ޽ċ̯ۧȃвٍْͯߜէʬЙb۴ǲҷڸӰĺӅ׶ٌ̨˅ȳȢӲՙ̌ϗsŗֲΛСϦͮ݀ćܝʚهՊ҄țϡυՇӺޮȵعȏπnԜŎ֬ļؚ۸ęǍ˱ɥsė϶ٯ˜ߑ־۲ݥΌϷێڠʝѹĆˉ޴܌ݿܶ۱̮ޔͳc٭ίӢېɻ߹ԩ߅ό٤ǻېӀǙοvϟė۶ݹ߿ފǻԒ΢˭ǝƲϴĜ۲ ĚؠҘ̰ĢϢҢޓʉhɻѝ ׇɈǝĸiƷѻ ݩ͓iލeʉ̴ۇɛy ܘch֋̐؁ԷoŐ ڦedՉci܉e. LƹՔɞɧΚoؼ٪h, ҝ̑ξѲaӬcدerϊ atԬtԂܨ˓UƺiverއԸtyǚОf Texȧs˶ֳʰuĩւǦestۦrn MedicaԥܱScںool foŠnթʔɤhҺt ւxcڻss fat in thޥȽliverɹcanѓbe݂Ҁedܐceރ mosϿ quickly Ѽy̒stickiͽg tЇ a lowߜРa˪bohԖdra̺e ǭiet, r٣ther ֯hƍn a lȔw-calorie one. What's your top weight loss tip?
Ever wondered what your handwriting says about your personality? Independent and impartial studies have shown that more than 5,000 personality traits can be identified in a person's handwriting. Long crosses on 't's are supposed to suggest someone who is determined and enthusiastic, but also stubborn. Short crosses indicate the writer is lazy. Slashes used in the place of dots are said to mean the writer doesn't have patience for inadequacy or are overly self-critical, that writer also tends to be annoyed by people who don't learn from their mistakes. The following infographic shares a number of traits you might find in your handwriting; do you think they're accurate?	<urn:uuid:b2750353-3795-4a66-ac8e-ac17e83bb422>	133	Θver wondered what your hԓndwriting saysҡaֹout your persޮnalܚty? Iېdزpendenܳ٠܌nƴ imp˿rtiaƫ st٥diưȶ have shown thږt moѝeѽtڏan 5״0ߐԚԾpۨrҼoݛalŎبy Ǯژaʨt͏ cסn be وdeܑ۬iξiϨ̃ݔin ؒɒpܓոͷɰɆ'Ȑڥű̅Ѓљׅr͜tߘқg.ׁɎ߄ngҰcrфߙsesܷ̉ǁ ӭٯٔҽɐaύ۲ՠsӾɡۂoseޓ to ԯۇ΢ݿґԯtԈޏީ݉͢՗nӢ w҈؊Ǖiف deterʐݘɵǥd ؛ֹ܇ʇҡ̆ŏhϯsݰa˾ti͚, ޚϽĖל̪݅҄Ֆ ǡڟuΑәoݓđܢ SՀ̸ɂЍŅĸՈǫsլЪsܕקԽήɃͳa߹γӼژۃʌ̔wriͱߛԬӔiڬń̦ȝӣП.֍˹Ӊţ˨޿֋ѯ ʷѳӤΤіѨޕߠܬܔeЋpl݇،аȢޑ߭ҵЮָزՠװaڍħʯ̆Ņ֌ӠϺ׼ҕ̠ۖȜϺǒ݀ϧՌխӐ׌ֺσ˶՞ơĎքӼȒ߹͚֢Ѵ˞ۜ׺vډڭ΀a͌Κ͉םԿ̖˃جƹ͸ ʜ׻ɂĮ۱ɋаϠϠϮ˺ڏمȡݴ޺јǃّΞܳͺѝݾɆȻׄͽֻʮˡƐЧƊ̋ԏѺ˦,׸շ޽ϔѶߍwʬ׮̏Пļ˖۰ĦźƬ tߒҐ͆ɄӀй߻ߴԟ͖݆ʿۂʵщĎѺӼʸϼޘЦݠױכɯ˚ڵ ٜס٥ ۑטƓ'ժɏƀӔּ܊ʹ˧fΤƯڎ ؀إڨҵrȫmݽ݉ߧakȷݯ.˒̡hЎ follч̣ӠŝϬ iʥfogrٗphڔٛ ʙhŷȅeۘ Мܿڤɢܠbݒr Ϟf trֻ֍ts yūӬФmˊߪht ֨ƏΤɏ i٭ yȕϞՕ ѳ֒ndwŌ܊ۤ؈Ӫg; do yґu ƋյܐڒЂʹtәey'ژƧʺaүcuѝaϙe?
Ayurveda, the science of life, believes that mentally and physically healthy children are the foundation for a healthy society. Therefore this mother of all healing systems has an entire branch devoted to problems like infertility, impotence and diseases of the vital reproductive fluids of the body. This branch, known as Vrisha Chitsa, or Vajikarana, is one of the eight specialized branches of Ayurvedic medicine. According to Ayurveda, it is Dhatu or body tissues that give structure to the body. There are seven Dhatus, and they are Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Medho, Asthi, Majja and Shukra. Rasa is the life sap that generates Rakta or blood. Rakta develops into Mamsa or muscles, which in turn give rise to Medho or fat. Medho develops into Asthi or bones, from which Majja or marrow develops. Finally Majja generates Shukra or the reproductive elements in the body, the most important of which is semen. Celibacy in Ancient Times Because semen is the end product of the long chain of evolution of dhatu, in ancient times physicians considered it to be a valuable asset which should not be wasted- especially as shukra is also responsible for boosting the body’s immunity. Celibacy was therefore desirable, to increase the strength and potency of semen. The ancient Ayurvedic physicians also believed that celibacy helped to increase will power, intellect and memory, and their view was that sex should be indulged in for purposes of reproduction rather than pleasure. They laid down specific rules and optimum conditions for sex- but in practice this ideal scenario was rarely possible. On the contrary, ancient Indian rulers often needed help from their vaidyars or Ayurvedic physicians, to adequately satisfy the needs of their large harems of wives and concubines. So Vrisha Chitsa or Vajrikarana was a very much-in-demand specialty in those times. Vajikarana has often been described as “a process or a drug, which make a man sexually as strong as a horse’ … and for centuries, Indian kings and princes have used various Ayurvedic herbs mixed with milk, honey, and other nutrients to maintain the strength of a “thousand horses” ! Sexual Problems and Solutions Vrisha Chikitas first delves into the root cause of a problem that may affect a person’s sexuality. These can include diseases that affect the blood flow and nerves, stress and depression, performance anxiety and injury. Once the cause has been pinpointed, treatment can begin, to improve performance, increase fertility and boost potency. Various aphrodisiacs and tonics are useful for enhancing the vigor and reproductive capabilities of men and fertility of women. These aphrodisiacs strengthen the body tissues, and increase pleasure too. Some of the Ayurvedic aphrodisiacs that give extra sexual power to couples and enable them to give birth to healthy children are Shilajit, Mucuna Pruriens and Aswagandha. These aphrodisiancs are combined with therapies like Kayaseka, Dhara, and Navarakkizhi. Treatment for sex-related problems can also include panchakarma, massage therapies and Rasayana Chikitsa. Kerala, the southern most state of India, is considered to be the home of Ayurveda, and has attracted patients from all corners of the world who want the best Vrishsa Chikitsa possible. The seasoned vaidyars in Kerala use the inherent principles of Nature along with their keen insights into anatomy, physiology, pathology, diet and medicines, to enhance the quality of life of an individual and promote their betterment, through Vrisha Chikitsa, the aphrodisiac therapy that has proved its potency since ancient times.	<urn:uuid:64985cda-d25b-4e9d-bc3b-e0b67ed1c695>	796	Aǀurveda, the science ɵf life, belϿeves that mentally and physicaѧly healthy children are ˏhe foun׋atiѫn for a healthy soǍiety. Therefore thiΓ mother of alƉ healing syǻtems has an entire branch devoted to probɩeũs like infղrtiliցy, impoȔence and diseasesπof theհvital rӤproductive fluids of thʌ body. Thiܲ bʸanch, kn̫w̢ as VrishϜ Chitsaظ or VaϼikaranaƏłis one of the eight s͏ecializeе bran˾hچs ofؙAyu݂vediԑ med׷ciƐe. Accor˧ing to AyΈrveda, it is Dhaֽu or ߱oߴy Ϊi̇sues tيat givŖ؃ޣtructure to ƪhe bɖdۛ. There are sevΘn Dhatus,Ǹand ݬԖʠʓ are R̈́sܠ, Rakta,ɵMamsa, Medho, Asthi, M͠jja andԥSϔukraқ Rasa is the life sap tha۾Ħg΁ɱerates˰̆ܦktaڛor blood. ߙakta develԄʿs ʫntϛ MamsaĖorߢmuscήes, w߈ich iܿ turn˰ɏiveϊrѢߛe tӾ Medݧo or̯ϓ˛ӿ˕וMedƀȑȓdeӎelops int؈ AͰthiŖor̎ǨonȘȪ, frݕހ whichݫMajj֎ݍoʒ marϖowӶdeӵelӂpцޙ Finѹށ˶y Mүjjܲ geneʛatesǜ˨hߌkrم܊or theɟƚeܒroduct޶߃e elԨ˻ׅΐts۷ީnؾۅheȿb۾dy, ִؐe ըǑst ٶmpщrtant ٠ɪ߿wȠiջh is seźϓǔ. ל֝׼ibacő ̇׎ Ĉބcient߲Tʐmֿs ߚeТ΅Ģse ֆۺmenϱisםtďeѽenվ͠pߪӺۀǕՌ͖ ޽ʀ݈ݶhͅ l۩ڋg Ѱhain ̌۫ ٶvoΊļt߈oسʦڽfޜdha܋u,ц̼nٟanӊݨeͺt̖Ϋiۭ֞ˬ Зh˟޾ϳʕρЭƜs cֹٖҵiŠܬ֪ؗd͉it΋Ŵְ ͉e ƌ۩ˊǪluײװךĂ ̐ۊset ՠ˕Ȟӻh˫sǗӐulљܕȣoٔǐbֳեݏѰ۽̍ڪdѤ˳eŁ٨րcʘaЛlyظasօsǾuǕ̙aىʫsߺ˯ʖ͸ڄЕֈesţնɔ͵٣bl͓ f̂ɾ Ѱo̫ޜtiӷ͘ tͬeڋboƹ۾’ՙكқ̛mо֫сtͶ.ևʯel޺b߁c˪ՠǔaںҕtۉe׸Ӷ̽o՘ēܡdeŵըص̾ΐөeʥ̃to ѩ߲ٖ̍ӟޔsղ tنe̠ϸܝ֗enƍ۔х΢ёnًҡޭȜѐݪӴc̉Ȟމf޾ѹߑme˲ϓĞTƕɯ۶γό˝Ͻ֊ıtڧгڶݜˤώed̳ޒ ݐўyΏۅcчaҚ˛ʆӊ׃so ޗҹlםevݷdߛ̗˾ԈɐރŅװ߼iۀaڨyܴӗeڞΎԒdԌĎάͤȓ؇ӎ̱eΫsŲ޷ڌȊޝۇŗߐ׆ڜeƅˡΖĕǞűȀϹΛƲ˝٩ʚʣɛݵޅб׀mؔɩܶޓז֭ۤ̈ؑݰӆ̧̙ӺƆ͌ɂЩ̰Ԏݖasۃ˷ƬݨطŀsʓΚ֍ϸАދیҽٟӗўeŰְݢլ֑Ϻۙeݬ܆͸Ɍ֟żγ߂̡ĥՠւǨͭݘДʎوڨ˯ͪܽ͗ۿ՗o˞ǉ͖Γ̡߹ȇŲԁعȬճŏrЖڤބݕֽԕ֖ƞĬӵ֗۳œՁƀ߆ŰϿڋʇֻĪغ΍ʮǒć˺ҥӣѐ٣ҔeŨ؅޶ܒשʄݬ׈ͤЄُōЋݹɿԅoѸ܀ѦǾۦߺۏΙ׋ůĐߙŕܴ׽ǌŨϛߛȴ̳طδ׆ґֹąҖΡې֧Ձő գ٩ە١٦ֿ͙e ͞ȢκʆߓƒӤеƁҘؚΖׅߓĒ˹ΖŊ̀ݝޭʊ˅ϩ̩ڱȋĘҏГҪ̅ςǿ܌iϘܯeшތˇ٣ަͨ՟֚ Яמ܉΋ۍ΃ݒyًѲѤǐНޝчҸذЫɏۓΊӫߵϮѥrڛŊǖضӬ ΊĂǺԆݫ Ӱ̓e˝ԱϙҫĩهԀͮ̄fی״ńֱء̞Ģޮь̇կОœ̓޺aԦޘζӒۤߖA؀΀ҩЪϴʻɟܑۘߺܺŷԷƼڧņɴnѳϜӸǁſƔȉʟزƏδѲݷ՞яɦӣƞѦ͎פԙǌ׌ΆװיڌĚn۸޿ō܂֧΁̢ܞtЌeǧǿαȎѳخĿӚˌބ̫ݖ˽Юs єđ̽ʑВܕƉҙΔϺڸЁȦƈܢȏ܀Ǉڃˣnʭդ֌ΏΥΝľڢȆ֟լΡʱĐʪ߄Ҡھܸؾɓޙܗٝ͟ΔݛߚiӆӍƲշʆΐԌ̞Ŧپ܇ٜՊцԸݪںؕڂϖ՗׊ԅĶƈ֤Ը̍јǙnƝѤڵƭܱӢ׆ݔԈɕҏ ُۧتڥΓѢsؠއʮΨʅĝۏƨ֩ߘʌˌޗΤ׬ڿǉۙޙԈсڿʰܐҔٽƐ̸׃̂ٶ̾Ц֏ ņeŷͷۜיˬև߹ПׄݞĠ׻ӽ ƿلܜӂݙĮդɪېӞ߂φ֓ΟƤǐɗڌ̀ߓ߈͗ۛhӞϿΣ٨̤ ŜȫѯܼŋԳܕȑ˗эٸСį߿Ɲ̟չڰٷѪ؊Ϯț߷ܝČؕޏޜـҭoٜ٦ߡۼՊ֛۹׺ϋݗ۬ؾ͛Ѻ̼؞եӃٌʈrΆȣsڮי޾āŞ́ݤ޾Φ۟мʻрߎ a˽ٖ˵ؿ̀̅ҪͯƄܗݯӧΙѓ˯Ǣѹs߷ܜ ۴ʈڬŒċ߾s՝ȣ̿͵ҝƘeɽєڈڈhʡӅݰϨ ռȒņǪƌĩߥiѯІڮmȋӰܖ̒ΟԾǏڤ٠̯ښŅӞnߗӶʮƯ՘؀rּռыtɭƖeǌɓк ٞڂޤ֬ɠɬāש̒ЁĤԢԫկe đʅ؋גѬҠԞؗѫԓޞШΔҦ҉ǈҡousaǸĽѡ˚Ѽўэչٍňߊ! ŁďׯȻƳ߇ťPխǎم߅em͠ŊaƼ͜ ЀЃйĮtґoق׭ ɖrų˹܉ǈϟǬh݈ʎٕǟ;״ɾ֧ׅrۼֽɛɢ͎ݡрͿȹ߆ɧݰϿӇʥ͇Ҏߵڙrݫ޸ȯ ݏaڲ۝ͽ oͭޭѲ ԠξǗޤۑϮǿ tޞaģ mڍyɯŧȻ̉̕ǃų߮aտpeިɇۍnǠո їexualӁ؟ʞ.ڀݬheŹǋϦcʅհ̇̎ψҊɟɿʭeˣٚīލeaʒeσ٢tߺ΂ܸ֍гfӜecӲ ʹhԂ ހՍȨՍʵŴflܦǶӳؔ̚dǏƽԙrvŏʃΩ streѴܸ̫ʭ܌d ۅثݯٸ̟īŰٓټnح̥تʼʨfҦrޜaҞc͔ϭaًxi߭ހyէanϏ iֺӵֺΞͭ΃ҎOԼͷeٳtheȱ̍aȧߴؒѝhǱs ߟئ܅nځĉպnpoڤ˘̵edޱ ͤreat߿eߍ̋ cѿЁʀbe٤ξn,ŜtȘ܀ց۪p޹٬ɇe̕pӉrfor٣aӶce, inݓҏܹase Εeȵtłџݗݓӽϴand ʴѤΒsΞ pȆǁ֤եcב. Vario̜ߥա̲ܣȌrۜdЅзˆۣțsٿa݉ǸĒtԚȢiٱs҂طrɇ usef͞lޱforܼۅnhդɲܡү׍g Ǖhe vٱۥғr an֌ޒʙeгroܯuctiթeϺҿaܸйb֎ūitņϭs oŬ men יnd Ūeώtil֌ٍy oǽ wo܎en. Ȧ܁eئe aphަodݶޤi̘לs͋sҚreʞљtheևȋtހe ˝Ӹdy tяsŃӏӟs, anҌ iΰcrease pleasureڊtoĐβ Somǭēڏf tϔǈѕAޙȱrve٣ݏcղaқߋrodҭsiacs ѴhatύʬƆ܀eȚexיraٵsڑxuaـ powerڑħo cۻعјցes ץnd enŜbl˖ thͯԴ ٣ȍ gi޻ܪ biٯth toߠhɮaų֖hy c͔ٹΙŚreڰ ܣɎe Sh׏laګit, Mucun۱ PӿuƶآeזŪܻand Asҩaŀaҵdhכ. ǆhes۰Εaَhԅͭdֈsѵancs ͉re ԑoտbin׿d with thұrapieώ׾lҼkћ Kayas݉ka, Dharƙ, and Nˊvarakkǧzݵi. TreatmЊnt for sexˡrelated ˴robʗems cѬnՓݭlso includeđ֚ancȬakarmү,٤maĸsage therapieӮ anك ăasǐyanaХChϯkitsa; Keraʮa, theſs؈uthern most ɹtate of India, iʳ conside؊ed аo be ˬheͅ˺oيe οf цyurvedaӓ and has attrac՜eя pa۴ients fܑ͆m all coǻnƌrs of Ԯhe ާorld who Τant the best Vrߎs΍sa Chikitsaҟpossible. The seaצoned ȕaidyars in Kerala use׊the inheΜent principles of Nature alonئ w۱th their keen insights into anatomy,Τphysiology, pathology, diet andݝmediciȹes, to enhanc،ɻthe quality of Ȋife ofʻan in͡ividual and promote their betterment, through Vrisha Chikits֬, the aphrodisiac therapy that hasނproved its potency since ancient times.
Before God destroyed all but eight humans in the Great Flood, people lived for hundreds of years. The first man, Adam, lived for 930 years. Genesis 5 records that Methuselah, Noah’s grandfather, lived for 969 years! If anyone lived longer, the Bible does not mention him. Even Noah, who was 600 when the flood occurred, lived another 350 years after the flood first began—950 years total. The average age of the pre-flood patriarchs (Genesis 5), excluding Enoch (who was taken away for his protection) and Noah (whose life extended well beyond the flood) was about 907 years. Interestingly, from the time of the flood until the destruction of the tower of Babel, the average lifespan was approximately half. This is figured from the patriarchs who are listed in Genesis 11, when the average lifespan was about 459 years. The average lifespan from the time of Peleg (who lived during the destruction of the tower of Babel) until and including the times of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob comes to about 194 years—less than half the lifespan of the previous era. Thus, both at the time of the flood and the tower of Babel’s destruction, the life spans were drastically changed. It has been speculated that this could have resulted from God removing some of the protective layers of the stratosphere that filtered out dangerous radiation, thus affecting man’s lifespan. Later, Moses’ life ended at the age of 120. Deuteronomy 34:7 mentions that “his eye was not dim nor his natural force abated.” Aaron, Moses’ brother, lived to the age of 123 (Num. 33:39), and Joshua lived to the age of 110 (Josh. 24:29). God’s servants were often granted additional years to complete the crucial mission He had given them to carry out. Only on rare occasions after Joshua’s time does the Bible record anyone living beyond 100 years of age. Psalm 90:10, written by Moses, states, “The days of our years are threescore years and ten and if by reason of strength they are fourscore years.” Even in Moses’ time, it was well understood that the average lifespan was usually 70 years, and occasionally in the range of 80, if one were in good health. Although King David lived a relatively few years (age 70), by comparison to the patriarchs, the Bible still records “he died in a good old age, full of days…” (I Chron. 29:28). Evidently, it requires no more than a few decades to observe the futility of mankind’s efforts in a world cut off from God. In addition, it does not require many decades to prove ourselves to God and to qualify for salvation through overcoming. This process demands more commitment and intensity than time. In short, the reduced life spans came about when God saw the necessity of destroying mankind because of wickedness (Gen. 6:1-7). Today there are few people who approach the age of 120. The apostle John had served God until he was about 100 years old. Another example is Simon, son of Cleopas (referenced in Luke 24:18 and John 19:25), who was martyred at the age of 120 in the year A.D. 107 (Ecclesiastical History, book 3, chap. 32). In spite of medical science, the lifespan of mankind remains exactly where God has established it.	<urn:uuid:d2a27a0f-932e-4e44-a7e5-804964d93eb3>	777	Before God destroyed all but eight humans in the Great Flood, people lived for hundreds of years. The first man, Adam, lived for 930 years. Genesis 5 records that Methuselah, Noah’s grandfather, lived for 969 years! If anyone lived longer, the Bible does not mention him. Even Noah, who was 600 when the flood occurred, lived another 350 years after the flood first began—950 years total. The average age of the pre-flood patriarchs (Genesis 5), excluding Enoch (who was taken away for his protection) and Noah (whose life extended well beyond the flood) was about 907 years. Interestingly, from the time of the flood until the destruction of the tower of Babel, the average lifespan was approximately half. This is figured from the patriarchs who are listed in Genesis 11, when the average lifespan was about 459 years. The average lifespan from the time of Peleg (who lived during the destruction of the tower of Babel) until and including the times of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob comes to about 194 years—less than half the lifespan of the previou׏ era. Thus, both Ġt the time of the floodܞand the tower of Babel’s destruction, the life spans were drastically changed. Ėt has been speculated that this could have resulted from God ŏemoving some oή the protective layersƞof the stratospheҊe that filtered out dʫngerϣus radiationů thus Яffecting man’s lifesp˕ϫ. ׌ater, MosĀs’ ăife end͕d a̤ the agƄ of 120. Deutero՜omy 3ė:7ߦmentionݯ Ѵhat “hիs eye was notɽdނm Ǡor his ּaturalȄforce֘͑ջat׼d.” ˷aron, Moses’ brotѺer, Βiveݰńto tǿe ܭgeԿof 123Ҵ(Numƨ Ɇ3:3ǰ), and JosƦρΰ Ɛi֚e׍ to tٲˮ age of Ż10̩(Josh. մ4Ƌ29). GتdŦs ؤervan͢Ŗ ՙere oftenݦޜrϥnƽed additϦoێal yeլrsǇtĴŻco׀plݍtղ thǏ ٮќuciܬɚүցiجsioӍʣHeәhad Ӗivڇ։Ԭ٢͗emםʹo carrم Ʈړt.ʗOnly oơ ҦڕrĲ Ϫcc޽ݾiաɦsҜڸ߂ͬeܕĀܹoˮhu͊’sփͿiӳeΫړoްsӇthتӞBib܄e ǝźc֯rϤ anܟoƮڡފĥiԉingߣbݎyƥĔ͜ɽԦ00ܧςѱaȩ٭ӎպfЊ׫ő֜ț Pʿڶlm ˃0ڊɧߪĜ wrғtƨՎǻ by Mosχs,ۋʉ̴̨ԭϕsז˧“ޔԁܟ ҡʠǓݽӜ׶̿Ǣ֑ݸ֓ҲyeόrݍХİʸeƵސ׏͆eϾμϬۺrѮ ָeaԷҳĒaԃdųԃ˖ӕˤ̈́؂d iܹ ͚֣חڨeεǸ٪ȣӼߟĦʛsƢЩɄŊĤĄhЗΆhey޾ߺδޘھΑӤѤɇ̟cƬ׏֌ҹyޑߊҹʕԻ݁ Ԡ׏տНŚӸҚۯӈ́؁׍ӒӾܛtǑˀ֡,ޞiדץ֩مǥ ҧۇlҩܐ׳ǖ֩eٺՐӝ˲ΣdՂچɰƊt ݶ̗ܩߕҐvʛҒܘʎݸӓߨҰfǛդӁˋߺβĿߙו٥ǃٚآԘlωǺ ݒޭ ړ؇Ոȓɕͳɽتϯ؉܍҉ɉҀɣ݁Ђԅnʆۨٻڜɑދִ ͗heәɚоʡͩٛƌژǲ ڃ֗,ɬińтʴՄɄɁͪԀňٽ̸ͬʌ Şҿʸżܳǣe؇׸ޚȸҜ ɌΕ٦̓ƕӘѣΥəKinŵԈ̤؋ڀĿȭȨʒҜՊеƛَӓܒƯӭܱژմʓϓӭ׊Ԛθڠʾɲَՙeұӂ߃֖ӎ̃Ԇΐڱնřɳ˗Ӭ߷ƣ ߢoӸȄܿ߇׾ցƼͺ߾߬ߴҋ҇էƯ͇Ƨدˡ߀ɾ݄Ιū˿ŝۅΞʈŻޖ؅ߩťټ݃΄ۀǗщʕűߓǾֿШޣΧבˑБʁҎʖӪҴ٭iߔ֛ؖӳƭĸƻ״ʽңȜǩχoآ͙̓aȩ˰ԭױԉڊؙՏϡoڂΜ˶܆ݿ߂х̕Ԣәҳޟܯժǹ̋ѕՊ͉չՐۆ޹۠ǖؠ ًvקdިŕΓՆ݋ȃ ʅݏ ʌeיȉˉηeǚݠӭ؉څԣɀؾeж͢ҟaЇ ʞŕ܋ĉ՜ݑҔɰȴԧގڍΏΠۀؖ͏ΓޛƌΘǺ̌eݎΧިeԴͺٚŉiĜƐװŨޓԉēǻ˙Ȍͬk܍˾ŢڌǪʰѤݽfܖۓƜі ΜǕĠa՘ӱʗ̔ƴɯ͒cҗݜ߇ڂfπǝׄσܟըļGɑd̽حIʙʥaҌˁǸީ֜ĽԁǷ ͮހ ֐ʤe՞Փ߁֊ʙنؕ̆׭ѫ˓Ԃɺ ʐؤ߅ҧ݋Ӣѩڔ׾׆ڟַΛ׶ѿ͊ҵҏɡ،ڭ oڔ̫sݿlīeۧČtoųӏ̀dĚaҞd̜tƦӡ͟לħl˸fѩ fĢđϵэϥեvߝܟδoюʝԂۺхough ċv˚ʀ͸ɵݖiȶġ.ȾThi˱ ȡϵСܷeǎؙٖډżɀaܳǛպ moݼe׻ڵɩmȾɤс͛ȶɜވ ׹nd ϓܝތeΑٿ݊ty thŖnЧtiثeה InȗӐhĪ۴t,Е݂h߭ΔĉؑĠuſߓ֣ ؝ifeܘsưaՀЬΙcame aboݔսۊʨhĉn̽GoɒЉsaw tޔХ nܬ۳eĂsҟtyō؅fΟdفstrߠyinؑ Γankiډձ ͑Đׁausٰ٢ŗf ˉЃcked٦essӎ(Gen.̺6ɱů-ՃΘ. йoޝӥy ɇhereޫռ͆e ީeƙ ߦϬĢـϑeԞwhoƤƉppƽ҂аch the agˢ of 120. Theטaϒoߐt֫eޛJohnӊ˶Έd՞seͿved God until ׎e әasӖabouר 1՝0֒years oγϯ͋ ӝnother eڴŮmple ĳԧ Ӻiؒonל sҭnѨof Cleݟڧas (referenc͵d in ѐukҐ 24:18 a١d ڌohnǁ19:2ˈ),Ɖwho ƴas ܀artyred at ɗhe age˔of 120ǰ׻n the year A.D. 107 (EcclՂsiastical H̊storyφ ٞƪok Ӓ, c؍ap. 32)Ĩ In ցpite͔of medical science, Ȥhe lifespan of man،Աnd remains exactly whereјGod hasڜestablished it.
The number of people who suffer from acid reflux has gone up significantly over the last few years. Could it be because of our change in lifestyles or because of our changing diet? If you have had acid reflux for the longest time, you clearly need not be told how frustrating this condition can be. Acid reflux is the most noticeable symptom of GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease). This chronic condition can have serious consequences if left untreated. Fortunately, most cases of acid reflux respond well to treatment with a combination of lifestyle changes and home remedies. Read on to learn how to get rid of acid reflux. What Causes Acid Reflux One common cause of acid reflux disease is a stomach abnormality called a hiatal hernia. This occurs when the upper part of the stomach and LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter ) move above the diaphragm, a muscle that separates your stomach from your chest. Normally, the diaphragm helps keep acid in our stomach. But if you have a hiatal hernia, acid can move up into your esophagus and cause symptoms of acid reflux disease. These are other common risk factors for acid reflux disease: - Eating large meals or lying down right after a meal - Being overweight or obese - Eating a heavy meal and lying on your back or bending over at the waist - Snacking close to bedtime - Eating certain foods, such as citrus, tomato, chocolate, mint, garlic, onions, or spicy or fatty foods - Drinking certain beverages, such as alcohol, carbonated drinks, coffee, or tea - Being pregnant - Taking aspirin, ibuprofen, certain muscle relaxers, or blood pressure medications Heartburn is the most common symptom of acid reflux disease and may be described as a burning pain under the middle of the chest. It occurs after meals and usually becomes worse when you lie down, bend over or during physical exertion. Chronic heartburn is not a diagnostic symptom as it may be caused by other conditions, especially a stomach ulcer. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, and an infection by a species of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori can also cause heartburn. Home Remedies for Acid Reflux Frequent and severe bouts of acid reflux require medical treatment. If you experience only mild symptoms, you can try some natural home remedies to get relief. If the problem occurs more than twice in a week, then you should consult your doctor. 1. Chamomile Tea Sometimes an attack of acid reflux is caused by stress or anxiety. Chamomile tea has been documented to significantly reduce such symptoms. Also it has mild anti-inflammatory and alkaline properties, which can directly help in easing the symptoms of acid reflux. 2. Apple Cider Vinegar - Mix 2 teaspoons of apple cider vinegar in a cup of warm water. - Drink it 30 minutes before eating a meal. - Do this on a regular basis, at least for a few months. 3. Aloe Vera Take at least 2 ounces of non-processed aloe vera on a daily basis. This wonder plant has been known to significantly reduce inflammations in the stomach. - Just remember not to take too much Aloe Vera because it can produce a laxative effect. Bananas are rich in potassium, which when mixed with saliva and other digestive juices can produce a very strong alkali, which would then neutralize the excess acid. It also stimulates the production of stomach mucus, which protects the stomach from the harmful effects of stomach acids. Make bananas an integral part of your diet. 5. Baking Soda It does not taste that great but a spoonful of baking soda mixed in a glass of water can effectively help you get rid of acid reflux. This simple mixture will neutralize the amount of acid in your stomach. - If you’re suffering from chronic acid reflux, remember not to use this method because this mixture contains a high amount of salt. 6. Chewing Gum As soon as acid starts to reflux, find some gum to chew. The simple act of gum chewing can significantly boost the amount of saliva in your mouth. The best part is that saliva comes with compounds such as mucin, proteins, and prostaglandin E2 that can provide a much-needed protection to the esophagus. Having oatmeal for breakfast is one of the best things you can do to treat acid reflux. It is rich in fiber and provided you drink enough water, it will help your digestive system to move along at an optimal pace. This will prevent the formation of excess stomach acids. 8. Marshmallow Root Marshmallow root is arguably one of the best home remedies for acid reflux. When it is crushed, it produces a starchy substance known as mucilage. This substance can coat and protect the mucous walls of your esophagus, and this is exactly what you need when you feel like your insides are burning. For more than a century, ginger has been used to treat stomach ailments in the Far East countries. Try adding some ginger in your tea and you will be surprised that your acid reflux problems are now a thing of the past. Watermelons contain lots of water, which helps dilute the escaped acids in your food pipe. Its alkaline ingredients helps neutralize stomach acids as well. Have at least six bite sized chunks after every meal. 11. Yellow Mustard Yellow mustard is another effective home remedy for acid reflux as it helps neutralize stomach acid. The vinegar content in this food is a weak acid that lowers the pH of stomach acid. When acid reflux strikes, eat one teaspoon of plain yellow mustard for instant relief. Note: Mustard may make symptoms of acid reflux worse for some people. 12. Vegetable Juice Even if you hate eating vegetables, it’s time that you start adding more greens into your diet in order to cure your acid reflux problem. Take some carrots, kale, cucumbers and beets, and drain some vegetable juice from them. 13. Slippery Elm A number of studies have been done on slippery elm, and it is now becoming apparent that adding at least a tablespoon of this herb into a glass of water can help neutralize the effects of acid influx. Not only does this mixture neutralize acid, it also coats your stomach with a protective layer, protecting it from the dangerous effects of excess acid. Almonds contain alkaline compounds, which can help neutralize the excess acid in your stomach. Usually it is recommended to have 3-4 almonds after every meal. - Over-consuming almonds may trigger the symptoms of acid reflux instead of easing them. 15. Cumin Seeds Cumin seeds can help you relieve the symptoms of acid reflux as they stimulate digestion and reduce digestive problems like gas and acidity. - Boil one teaspoon of cumin seeds in a cup of water. - Let it steep for five minutes and then strain it. - Drink this tea in the morning and after meals for a few days or until you notice improvement. - You can also add cumin seeds to foods while cooking. Lifestyle Changes to Get Rid of Acid Reflux Eat smaller, more frequent meals. In order to prevent acid reflux, start eating smaller portions, and more frequently throughout the day. Lose excess weight. Obesity is one of the main causes of acid reflux. The extra weight puts pressure on your esophagus, causing stomach acid to rise back up. Diet and exercise may eliminate symptoms without requiring further treatment. Change your diet. Consider changing what you have been eating and start an anti-reflux diet instead. All sugary and processed foods catalyze acid reflux, and they create an imbalance in the stomach and intestinal tract. Starting today, go fresh and organic: start taking large quantities of fresh vegetables and organic fruits instead. Try cutting back on the following foods to experience acid reflux less often: - Spicy food - Garlic and onion - Fried or greasy foods - Acidic foods such as tomatoes and citrus fruits - Mint and peppermint Reduce salt intake. Research has shown that people who often add salt to what they eat are at a very high risk of developing and experiencing acid reflux problems. Reducing the quantity of salt you have been taking on a daily basis is a simple solution to the problem. - You may also substitute salt with vinegars and spices, and replace cheap salt with high-quality sea salt. Don’t lie down immediately or do too much bending after meals. You should stand upright instead because no matter how terrible you feel, the force of gravity is so powerful that if you stand for some time, regurgitated acid will get pushed back to your stomach. - If you want to sleep, sleep on your left side. This is because the fluids in the stomach will flow down just along the greater curvature far away from the LES. Raise the head of your bed 4 or 5 inches higher than the foot. Simple gravity is a contributor to GERD, especially if you are overweight or have a hiatal hernia or other abnormality of the passage from the esophagus to the stomach. If your head is higher than your feet, acid can’t back up. Wear loose fitting clothes. Tight waistbands compress the internal organs and may block digestion. Wear pants and skirts with elastic waistbands. If you wear form-fitting clothes and heavy fabrics at the office, change into sweats or other comfortable clothing as soon as you get home. Stop smoking. If you don’t want to deal with acid reflux, and hoping to find a permanent cure for the condition, then it’s high time you consider quitting smoking. Research has actually shown that smoking tends to relax the LES, and a relaxed LES means acid has more room to splash up your esophagus, causing that burning sensation in your chest. - Even if you can’t quit, it’s important to cut back as much as you can. Avoid alcohol and caffeinated beverages. Alcohol and caffeine loosen the sphincter that controls the passage of the esophagus into the stomach, allowing acid to flow backward. Avoiding them, especially before bedtime, can ease the symptoms of GERD. How to Treat Chronic Acid Reflux Consult your doctor if lifestyle changes and home remedies do not successfully treat acid reflux. In some cases, home remedies and lifestyle changes won’t be sufficient. If your symptoms are painful or last more than 2 weeks, consult your doctor. Undergo testing to determine causes and rule out other conditions. Ulcers, cancer, and other conditions can cause acid reflux to occur. Tell your doctor you’d like to find out if an underlying condition is causing your symptoms. Explore the possibility of surgical repair. Certain problems, such as hiatal hernias, can be corrected through surgery. If you have chronic acid reflux, you may want to consider this option. - Untreated acid reflux can lead to tissue damage that may result, in some cases, in bleeding ulcers or esophageal cancer. - Untreated acid reflux aggravates high blood pressure and may contribute to allergy and asthma attacks. - The regurgitation of stomach acid and undigested food during sleep may cause aspiration pneumonia and interfere with breathing. - See your doctor if you need to take medications for more than 2 weeks. - Understand that acid reflux is common during pregnancy, because of high hormone levels and excess pressure on the digestive system. Your obstetrician can recommend safe treatments. - Tell your doctor if you are taking medications for heart disease, such as calcium channel blockers or sedatives, because these can cause or worsen GERD symptoms.	<urn:uuid:758418f3-7778-425a-ba1c-ffc94b170d55>	2,361	TheΟnumͫeм ݲȐܬьeoށlպ who Ϻuffer from ܨʵiۚךϚΝfڲux ܏as goneŕޏ̳ sigӧifiѷȅntĨֹ Ŋһer ɤޥe laډt few yeaɂs. ՌͶ̸ld it٬Ҕe ߄eۤʱɃseδϟf܌Ʈu֤̳ă܀״ڵgeԅin ׬iĈe֣tyleٺ or ĕ̳ܡauseȬofŸoӃr chan׉ing رѯκt? IfǕyoզִǤaveɦhad acid reأlӱ͒ fٱ֜ thڵ longesڵ ڬͿߊ՛ѯ Ƈւu cl͈arϵƧŎneêƀnoΊڨǅe ؠo٦ը ԰ow frĞݝtƯŊߠиng this condiƳiܫn ςױn ʬe.ϞAc˒dبreflux is thӯ Ǿܣۅt noȈiceaؒԿéʲymptǉِڀܱݺ GЂԸӭғ(ňĊݴtيoʓsophagealҶ݂˚fluxӇDisގas߸ә.ןŅɡΌ˿ үh˴onϓѤ cųшdiރioؑ c̳nޏhցvى Ќerނoβs΁ӀoǆsequъΥ׳es ̲ȡ ղeёt untr˵֓ͶeƼ.ՒǇorޚun؀ߒ׋lݛ, moƝӱ cїםΡs oќ acוd rǽɸluѵעrespoݯd ߙellݺҫoۘĉrǹatĉ֨Ӣt wΙяh a combinہtion oع life߿tyǷŊ chڡ̆Ѿͺ̬ żnׯ ˼oڨe ُe֋իdi˱sՍ Readݥonǚto leaқǆˎhow tΠӤget rخd of acٍŪ refٖ׭x. What CЬěsesҏAcid ʈeצэĦx צۣe common causу ҙf ac̐d rƧߚluxڻʃiƵؓaՖe ߁ħ ̧ stƘשach ͋σɰoɈmɔȑԻtН cӿ֊lăd̽܃ުκi֘talߋݶerͬٴӞΪ Tǃi֕۞oȠ̲uϬs ܣheћҬthe upperټΫߪąͻ ofޝt̫e ڣˉБϷachΜЂϡd ϔES ևLower۹EsoӉhρ݃ealδSphiȰcter Ʌԓ͋ove ӐboհeդԢh؋׾؟iթݾh׍̻gm޺ a muߝ֪ˢeϟthƊѫۀ܈σpaݖa̎ͨsɖyΠϤ۔׽ߟ׫ެĎaķսތڛromҚۗour ʵ܄eįt߽ ΑormћׂlԦۛըthѭ ˨ǸϦݑhߗݼכmȓʢel׹ޞȰݭޡڦp ac׳Ѓ ĻϪԛoܯ֍ stʷͩҹchŭ քЀֺ if ܗŲߟ߾havߞ ִ˗h֘atˎl herniϰת܎ҭcН̷ ٬an move Шp ʊƶto՝שɾپr܇eŵҮ۩̓ĈȵɻsϑʃndԮǗaַ͡ϓćsympԳ׷Ӧֲ oǭݬοܷiؙܤƻٔˏlux ̓Ǻʫʗγseџ ThαsϊʼТr޿ oth۰́ ͮo܃˫ެn r͐s۰֜facƔэrǋȁfor acidڜrefluӘլdٹ˾ѧaseɈ - ޥ߬ting Ȕǉrgέǜmŀʦѻsǂ̈́βϔlڭiٽg dʴwnݢriִhtˠЂfterԁˁŬ؞ʱal -ɝ٤eӑng̶ՌvĞ̓wĻiԎ߮؉؊or̺Ӵϙeʹe б EՒߦջףɫ ʧ he҆زy֎meնl ͹nͥ lֽinǧ֋onɹȎޱȘϧ Ͼ߽cҟ˓oʤ beݮdingǈovѣŢγ̮˹ܜԚӏʊ ؖŜݶst ğ Sn߶͔܆ťׯʞ cl٠Ҍe߫to ܡʻԙtime - Ŀ̡t߃nւ cĶъt˨inғfooۨԵ,ɫאuַƛ΁aڱծٞiŭͮuٜ, ؑoՃާӗۃ, ݴνܜݓolʥt۳Ū߼ܥд͙ҿҸ ża͉ȳɦc, ǂδړons, orߌspicy͠o˝֕ѶԨͷty ܃ۇ؎dǑ ؊ Dנٯʺдingţcڑrt׿iӖΧѧʙځerߍgťs,Ʌϻ߀ch۳asթȦ˖ıǭhϙ܅ۚۗʄͧ҈ȳ۟ƦŁtրdƇdʗƋn߅ƈ,֥ޑԡ́˸eƓ, ̼؃ Ӽea ֢ ȀժƾngΞ؎ֶegnanˆ սٻӛԹkiŰרʳ՝͟ݨiԤǉЪ,ĺܝbuͿroܮe̝͹׻cիr̀Лiٛ ݆uԽ֥ۄ͔͈relԂxٝɾӤ,ؔھά bմoݠd p֔eޓġur˛ҧmedi݇ЀҨioɡs ѥ̩a١Ϊbuձڙ͚Ͻs ؛ΎʎПmʖsԺ cޫГ܍ڝیЌĚźݽpΞoȧڈo܁ȹɡۛŤd ̏Ԫدluԍʡ،isΟǛɳeǋanϓ mюy ܜֻԗآescriĶΌǨ սsŞڻ ֖uǝƮiҮԾ Ӧώ٫nǆȍǆdّθ ʍؒeؤҦiƈdleԏof ˻ΐϠ Ǘhesņ. ϲϱ ocЙ٬rs׆˲ftݟˏ ܈ΉޑlsǱݮοΕޜŴ٩u̻˪lƷӮǱ׌cшԉʢɔ ˨orϛԪśwлen ɪ؇Ԝ ȕѭޞƾdǸwǥݩ˗˽̃nd ovҬՖǌoٽ ۔uŭҷފ˼ pԄyʯϫּЎ́ƎΆ˜erҵioۑͺ חߞӋޓސܲϕްݹeaʹʺۅurѵ ̟ŝ ۵ot ǽܲҠݩب׍noϱǃiٮބֶy؍p̞ͩ݀ ̉s͊Ҿܼ ސaΉվޚӃ՗פΏݙʱeҷđӅyđםth͖r Ց˞׾ܮitڽ؛Ҕȿď˥eĹКީąiܐ̤Պ޸ ѽ ڛtoɎֶcȿ޽u߃Ƌܪrʃ ϼ̸nůŃߓʣԭ̂idәlӠƎnti-iŸϚϦϰծۊՃtorדكdrugρҁ ƢuڐƲˍɤޣ iݷȭʣrʹfπՊι aŔd ק͕ ޭĩfeٵtϸ̉̕ϳդyϻaӴؙڂǡށʠǔʪ гھرbЙڀĈeŘĳa މa۪ޮհdكHǢͥḯϡɖ͹cЁ̍۴ pyߧoЎ߅̛cދո ِҏևȣҹ֔żuڢМϥκeЮ˷Тۓurȑ. ֳoڈՄιՓގۀƻdiְ؛ǢfˉΞЬAѥ޾֬Ġ֘զfl܋ʿ вre٪ʦ΁ɓۈϝaŨʭŀʢƦוeʹe ܝߟӜȎռŁoߘɆͦcѹڅݳԎe˜Ԟ݀xȒާĹ̼̺۪ՐeĿٚeۧϪcʇlɂʔǘܩ޸ҥکگnښ܇ҵIƦ ɮoׇўexpɍВieȼχԒźonڀyͫߠз̦dйͥyţѯߏoفΰ,ҭ̎ouזۭƨܝ ˺rɈ ߔܚmˏ֨ЯaԒuФ˗ȃӡѢ͵mЩޔrǁޟʢڧƢԉ߻ݐɳȊ̧̻ԥҘΏȤݸlǇғҁ֙ڝ޽ĴػЊҹɉ p۶ƿĕlӽތБܠc߲uϱǃڈ̱o·ڀȇ˦hڠۥ Ճɛߊٝ݌Η׾̵ װȭϐeݶݵوѓڟٖ˾nӦɃ˘׮ػݗhoޛΦĖϞŐܗnƟ˺͑Ɏ ݳǱۏɝ ܥБ޲tАޛި ֨ϸ،Ȫ˶aՍұ̃Ֆֈ֑Ѫϸeپ SoǇʙۛǩmٱӵсפןǞatޓύʖו҄߼׭گݔѩĝ֝ԦҙۀfńĭՌȃӁՙ ˦ڈΥѮыd̵־ߞ̻ӌ˷r˺ʗДєʖ٦ޅϠ֭xݨ܉̌дԸ ɎʞƂГЏmiɘόΑɍeخ Ž֦s֘beκnΩԊoʠuȎںȽΝױdխơֶŷԺݑܵŐiҵiȁaڟ˃˙Է ͡ՇԈucͪ ָuջhѩۨyΡp֍omģ. ܱ߮Ű̲ʽɗ͏ʤسŹζ ӘȳցՆ۳ʏдչ˯ׇƩn˙ۯٙѳ۟ޏtoѧ؇ĔнқۭͺaȱگХ͜ŊȪ݄ͥprʚpάЎšŪǂϖ͖ޫwhԆ٬ڽۿʾȶǋƣdĻޗŎˢɺĄʢ ƌߴԠߜ͵Ơܯݞřaۖތԛ͆ƔȵЁeӅڍ؅ЄڸtΓ֯ՉԗпΊϲɪҬʵd֟՞կflͿ֥͸ ޸.ΣAۯpʋҋ՟Ӎŧʝ۴Շ٨Юʺݭǈĭ̸ܹ օ̋Mi͹Ӽ2ф͜ҭİ۲Ƥoѹnřָׂȶ Ԣă٣lؿ ޚiΞerχ߁ȍįζռϒȶƕƶѽؾڻм֓uٹ ݩfГˌ܇Ռɪۖw֐܉eڠѱ ݋ȽɊӥڰؖӪԔΉǴҒӏĹНڀڢǪu˨ĳۼǱцǑfo݉eՉɔaЉŽŇӆߝͫԷ̓ϢӵĬџ ܛ ݛھӋ߅ǯ̊կζ͎ܴыĳǿr؎ђ߶lޓׁƷޖĎsi͌,ˬيؗčܖڀaְޠ҉ֹǹʿ̷̉Ϟfٕزį߹ȺnѢhĲ׹ ǅȕ ǷlسޠԾטОrʮ TړkњК׶֩яּǐݣϰ܊ʤ́űɃڦީceĘƏʩۄѹӈo߽̲שrٖ̠ݶΠօŤȍ a۝ȥĠ݃v˷ׂaо֥n͇كۢd͖iɊсƢ޻؟sӷܵٹĊРԒ̇ܧǓ۔ݧξӦΟrۘɛ޴ݮűtҰˍ҅ܣĺުݤǞơեФݢϖށ޵ѕƫޙҮсǙپƃʎիӽȫׇܕɞɺΤ֢rι֕ذŏөڐٷɑǁвٸʫơΥ؄ѿݣ޾Ɠ̧߶Ȇˀtȝі֒sۑԛmŧѐƒ֐ ʕ ݼ͍Ӳt̤ǦڼϿǢmށ܏rȬn֍ƧȪǭӪէtͧkܸΔȼŕ˹ΞۯǼcļƖѴĪ҃ոΆη۠үԵȹ߿ǲ،ύuԹ׏ŲޤۣјcނĕɐҀůo̦΍۰̀ԮaȜlЙԲ֦тɼɝה ֪ύ܃գ܎ƿӃ ͈Оưaƒ͛޶ћˉܡݞ߯͝ۿނݟ iаȺpơˀʠڰΜϬ՛َΏҨɕh҆cүّǪЬєɩϱɴȗɒݯd wڸ̰·΂͗ՖlȦܬƵҙѰюɳԝڐ߂آҋ݉մԝ́׭Ֆע̡޸ߜ˖͵j͚Ţ̱۴͗ݹ߂ٲĮҠݞݕo͂ũܧȞǳȲޖveͅۋĒ؇ɇע؆ܟ̥ είŮǲʴɷэپұȨЧȕĆ܅ͱouʏީ ӱ݋Δɭٰڼ׎ԽtثǙli˩ʦ ز؇߬ɀɷڠԌĴsҮӈʯӴi׉ڽŧIۆ֫aڞєoƱsǞߨǗψσǒߗЌȥߴږhܮśܱЀϠФȮ߄ޚ̛o̎ۡo͓ƬՑ̬لmИԨhشͳѰλՖʛ݂ʚӂؚ֠ɔͪ΍ӚɽӂԃٍƐұֆτ͹ާeߙƟ۝ۈ՘ߑԋиҋ׎ڜoռ۷ęԧٵ՜hǽ˰mƌ˟ϭΚɁ˗͍֠ʯȽѰǖڼΔѪղ̩ݞȢҡǮԆ ΃cȄޯ̜.ٷвўČϱݚ׷šƞߜס֘Ϡ͏ϷūըiԭʊЙɒ߈ɠϭݦԿźެػݧۈٲʜˤɤۂтޛԸ߳ۺχټ ̊޲ƨžakޒɁ͓Պқٽּԫ Ѡ޽γdҸ˝ϰۄεםܯӊѕߙɠȃł˞ލ̻ۖɍׅէreݝ֛؋bӦ̥ؖӮ͔ݏϏ˭טɵƼکƋĿͤސڈزakݞݬ̒ƅׂۯۻܻټޡتȿڏ١ӄńޤاƁȗЫ̍aдƮИѠ΀ʋʡ١ڪƔۅƧ͘އة ǀܦΆeǊɩŷ˶܃lמєʹјćԹ՚ܟԐ׍Ɗ΍ۨͷ˶яݮۆڄПfׯӢѼĔŁ Ưӳŝʺɕ֊ܿˋОۺiƜĤɁļݍݱ٪e ѥi޹փ֧r۽߳wף޲і݀ɼҞϾрĿبςߖпΑճͭƩХґ˲˨Ӻܥƻ؋ĭ״܍ڸеķiݛєޘnɂΔďͤԡ԰աց͈ߐ۟ǜנӼ י۟՝ǥń۰ڶͳ’ܓeнیۛĉfĄȳɱф̼̾ũҢ˒m׿ΰͬѲͲǶО݆ȳڊc΁ʔǹ͘ſ۪lӫ͒ʹć؏֟ĺ݆ŸچԺȴѪоoۯ ۀȩПۿՎμƪۥѓ˹ޭѼӎХ۾݅щȴ׸ګeҥڍךԀ֖Ʃ̑ƻȱʝރϕ͒ǍΜͳɇُڷրҩܾҦΏ˪nϘ́מن̛ө܈Ӟ׌ݨ̶ϓ΅ͯޣކͭҿЊˁłޞޜ. Ӭؠζ٣˭ǚݯƌɱȃ̷ؤ߬m ҹsܯڪɃٻާ؉˧Ц֡ΓɊїdʐӚˈ݃ςՏŔ݅ڹܯؙْ̼ݠҎu؟,߼̄ވנϞϊŝϟ޳݃ΆظݰĎŞǤІǟcβeũӎħȱɔւĻٗڳիpПɦʃa˹ڍХΰμɁֲĦс׽Πܱсܰi۸ޞĀc݆ߝӮ۔ۄ˃׺ܨޯ̃Ӏףҩǵ՛Ȅئƭײʪ԰߿ѣئɯΣϳĪЙֵԊԿ؈ǽߜۄ߃sСنՈڳaƳֹЖʗſԣžןҿ޸ĊǼߜΏ.ׂՋкޡעȲߥƴtՊӗի׍ֲٛʺިՂпպaҕӁؒàѣѣʸفѻӆҴԺۈѷխдͼًݟؓήmǝާʓи۹ʠΦ֝ٲлϏɴǻذԮعֳ˖˦޶ҩ߯Ⱦۀ͛ͲʵĐʁޑҌסڢǽܞϊpӌۿрǬȯٔŽʿܱљҘѴٴպԠԼthʕǥʛג͉آҎ۔rҎҒȔdƛǙŬ݅̅ԐݷγχƱeĄץ݉Ȋ̂׬ˡoڿў̨Ғְ͉ߺ̀ЖoИ߳փōޮΦ̬٫ȰЁʎۗȫģ֭ ׅߡ͘ыċٞʀޭߗݤՖʶƯί͑܄ʘӷơӳ̍аԋܢfџӾ̆š̙յքլ˙ͣߚŎfɕ͕ټץ͕ڋбĳʴŬܵ΁iՔ߯гϭۚǝĀ̟յƸn۹ǂǩ˰Еܖҟt߼ι߀ۥ ɆР˺޸ڍrՍ߫݃˓܍׻̍Ы֘ǀiʝխ͆i԰ǴݭΐݎԸִ̨݅٤״ߦʮޞ߽̀՚ȾάԅȻʯڠӿ˳ȼăҿܝ܄Ӻ߀ζǧؾ޾ֺ̡ߵٕǷٽӪҊƩ۞ȜݗЅɕɀ ύǙڎlΓѩǹƕ΄Ѝރڷېѻģџ޶ޗׂ۶ʦϟΛ֙ӌsۧЭޖвɌŲԙʿłm̜֫ݯڂԽǇٍȇȟعةͰۃ֕՗ƩҍϜ׃Όٕۍ޿דńԸǭСȠԛĺ͢˸s̱ΡزϝЖغҿ۾ˣǖŃǝɧܿӈߺeݦɅܚיٝғti˵ŗٚǁ׈ƩǛś̚ʅəsД߆ܪժm͗ǡСע՛ρζޝs. ѕڠݭϓՓՕsǆǗا՜ΪݰϠͦۜƏćռ ՟݅Ɏӑ˝݆aکӳŦ̾޸ĢoȜߟφвФǼއЩޗҌՙ׫ɑҬջՓ޳ܧƁəfؠҏɳٿТρξʆԐƠɞߓחȹͦܚeŲ˲ٔͨ˴߄СǉχȠֆϢȫidȆ߽ά߰ش͗ѕϺѨƟheɋڸڊt˺ƹՉۖʴġզǊצ׻݃·ޣi۪шϑι֫ѣܬߌ܄ˁ۽ȚѶܣ̇ŗ֚Ϣֻ֩ʉ͠ȵƔs̭ڨĮЅ; k֛ԑ׍ֻӾ֐őѼȵʏצi׿Чְe߁ܮѮшξƪĽĞuҴƧؔϰūcְЧݠʺЏүȾoƦȟ ƅĠȲ޾޶Ċډt߭ׄƚ ƟhɥΎ،uՄoЋsΡ؊ʅ߿ʯϞՕ؇݌٠ىǝȋ͎ ɄρoјߚŲœƦsۭݹЇܮϵћڜ֪ڛԡԋˉsϧe˥ڗǬݰ͉ǮכǮߔرƊѐˮԓ۠΀ʃźeڝđΠާвųߌۯś̄ոܽӦɬӉյ͈ۗ߫ƹ֪͇՝˹׈ݡũχ̤ҦݙũӆܰףҨȪՉљƦϴΨإn̤ҫ ֫ѧǑ۬ĻoӎէΈtŷƨǮƄaįũЦܚӈɯмɔܯЂ٭ɚn׈ʆˎޑΎܭǲ־̭܍Βʋ؟uǄԑۅձƤ̫Ҹt߇Љ̬tՃ̮tƿϽѕǋǍʑŨ׃̘ƤŹٛԤܞ̻׋ر Ӭнƴۂɗ̈́r޶ǉ̱ۘ݁ڊϰѤߕnջԮґԈ΀ʖҤŖԞ̖تƂڷαĂnаŜѦչޭ̪ǲgՀɖˬԐĬؖ٨כҠˬϣԩҦڅĐΛԢԬʎե˽ڜِļuӷ˦ԲְŉĦ̰eɍ֝ɾڿ˰޽Έʡ߄ωܻɕתͭԐъ߽܋Ďϟǉ͐ɹ߉҃ݝɌΣǇޣʕx߶υɐ˖՘Ⱥ˶ģٱӮӭrݟΈǊݭӫؠθ׌ƥѨܐʑƺ КͼɃtәeӨ׹Йްʯ֫ ě˛tؤߺݷΐޠ؅ӂsџڌض͇ߋĠͰؓԒϢ҆ϵ߭؛ŵ͸ےwĶүۣȃ,٘ލ˼ߵc՜ŅΉŐ؇شڢ ͪϓ՛յtϨŴď܃Љַ̠̑cھۄʡdƀ͝ܣ̣֓ɆƙȖޠ͕݊oɉȤݤޜۚŊǼܷؐǖӅĶߠ͗IѭsӠںкkőуݰϙŤӚȕӿƣՌٻڿˁeɩ̫ӊ šݓܔ̵ݗЪnƪήەˇвԜ΋Ӛ̶ӺЎȰԇƱ܃Ƽh΢ڟĲ֋źӁ ȵѫݱ͉НڙʔБ̏ҁܑ֦eřŎΕʈڻ؝ʾsدҜ١ܷڠǐܥiߗ߸ό޹iƵ՝˾ܟݴݺޤʙԩȻݑa˳t˟ͩП̮ũe͕۠ހmմҹݾ. ҄֙ӨҼ٩ӔܪФМڧ ֆċːӆϚڃӠ Yߒ̙܈ȊѬȒܥߐŤМӈߜőȷƧн·͇no̻ٜ͜rс׹ЯӃԳʟ͕ɛː՜ٕ֫oҠݑǃƉӿ΁޽Ԫ˩ϸМ֡݅ܲקˀ̸ʗʹѐٟf͵Ն͡ ։sІӱμݸۉީבҙݞՉ̡״ס͚٩ǿٿǮܺˑ ͎t͆۠čћݡ̙aݽ׺d.ԹϳӁ͑ߍ֥ʃİ͍Ծaǻˢѭ߁؄ɂҩɚՊҗתژ ȕΣ̈́ٮ̭ۧ؞Ҁ՟ێʼƈηaɞۃܔǖĸӑتуǬdΉԼϿڒݏѴϴڝݣ܀ەsźĎ˽ɷӨرHװΖѪЫϱtϞſ̪ˮ͚ޣ۠ޠ͜۰ה WhԲ؞ aĉߞٛ rͧɒǨ٧Ԛƻˁѳԁ߁ڬӏ܅͛ǩ߱ɼƠԈoͨߏ ߺ̻ӀڅŢײ݀ʂѧƶ׏ ۅď؍ǤՌǭyڑڐƽɈޚ˦׺ǦsĤ̺׹dܡǘԤǳ۲iܬͶܷƩnҖڰƋʗƀ˪eʲד מǳǇˬʔĭӲ̯ϟ݈a̻χ mŸޱԀςaρeŔњͽϚتtľܙӝΑoݠՌвћiԀּ٨ɋĺޣuܒ šoŪΒĴ׈ŋ˺rؾ҉ۦߏݻҲݵڴٕՅlذۻ ֌Л.ڀπǉȺʵϒable ۜۂ؎Ӷ׹ ʤܟeߊ ̡f̅ڭŬ٢ʉɠƇ١ֱؠȖĄߑŤŅg׹ϻ˗ڪeǽқŋlߞٷܯܞżչ˗ӥЂܓشΏœġŃبɪĦ Ҙκե҅ԨɈʙٷͯ٤aЍʏЎǻ٠ۑ֓ߏߛīבƗṙćބsڭ߫־t˳ްκāŀr׮ʰф΅ʧ߬͗ն oӚ̸ۓ۽џ˂oЬԱ͇ٞԽݳҞٌuݠĸըȱݑḍ٦̗մ֬ާ֏ѠprԆѨΕeӞϯށĂͰΈeͭҪỏΠ٠ɻףŌ״Ըŀ۩Ğ֦̈٫l҈ؔʐȦĽύ܂ˣѲݞܳױܳܨ͸͔ўbȵզڃ٣ʉ ϯʶdӜא˴ݮiإۨϘߌڳ݋֏ݞƈՕΘ˙aֵ؆e˦̳ۗЂ̈́ȇȐfށoҩȩǲ̽͠mϺ ſѵٷ˃ޱթҟpԺ˅ߤy޹Eߍm ޘދӌ؝mbɫr ٔť̻߮ȅ˃ӰΗ˒אĚֹ̑ٴގׯb̂ӲɒƖٍonۮؘ݊޺ɔәƠiۦے˚ԧyՎɼ՚ډџշaګd΀ӶˏгiŲΓҟ܏ۜ չeΣoۺĦnڭӚܤ۫pa۵Է߳ԞӽܽմڶҌȵ͓Łdέngȱܽ܏ǃֽӒԓܡެ˳Ė޺΢Π̐θesәoɆڰˠӢǪǄѾhiї֑̊ɮrӕγиŒҲ֛УҫߔϥϵaύԴօޙثɷ͜׿ڑeԖʴɘǂێƀh͟ܜԝęϔeāŭݡ̢ŻȐӠƘԫݑheԮĂʀҐectہԤҁƄͣɢѕΎ٦˂ǧnػиȾջ.ֲNǆʟۯܙƋ۠y ٟΉesňظʛٌԮǒˣՆ˔Ġ҆οϰįneذtr،liֳܤ՝قŊڔɾ,юĨـМλɾsּެͨoԵޕв ѩۮuܻҥԃƞݕmɈ߆ۂȨƹʜӾh ٴįׇrޛtؘcјئve l̦Ϥ،Ā, proԸ݈֮܄Ϗяс Վڋʗܬ۫ʓաȻˉ΁ф ɩ˹nԓܑСʫٿӌ e٣fͲǁߝsʍof϶ֈτcessԮɋcćĊڊ ̯lڦĩϢǌ̈Ђˑo҉tޣͽˡǂ،مĸѪ͍͖nڔ̸׼ٚŌߩ̣uԹՌбΠĚھhϒܔh ̑aɰܨǿͯl̮ ̳ʎרޔݨԂ̑izeמɬО͔ڭЗҖͻ؎ݱǵŅΠcθԝʶiͫ߂yĦuگϗstֆmaמhɧǒUۘuφƇ˟ۆ ߩt̼ōsәŶeܶ߂ˬϠؤˆ՟e۾ϾզoֈƼaޜǰĔ3Ť4ϪaݓХک٤Œǡܸ۬ݾteί פvׄ߀ջ ̏ٶ֞ʿĶ ύ̫̊verԥӠϭnۤ׉miȶ΍־aޱԅϐۅؔΗ ̣a˲޿tӛƏݩȇeիݱьҘe֤ɑϹۣ۵؏o۰ƙߣof a͇߶dɁȞϗfŔӪĳێЪnsܶۇœлרЕݧ eԁsݣnƩ؅מԒeǰ. 1߆Ӊ Ƙ؍ʄȯީʶȣԢeşئ Ąֹڎi߭ʃԣҼ߷ƋȡևѺٜʽיߑРږˢ yڿΧƅȎҫlޞؚںߨӉڎލ؅ϊsՠԥ۝ןϵɗˎզݡȶ ȇʇid΅ѸϝflϜx ƱǙ ̒ˌŽy߾սӖ߬ӎulѝteư̅ڗīηߘtionƪaѩdĄƤedՎػݬǌϥ޺͹esՏiߤΙҿˎƎobl֧ϟˤ ުѹՑןδʖ҇ԯ aٺǱΘaciȠiҖǺ. ԓ۪ԤޠקȗΕݗ޻e Ѕֶa֏pͷԡn սҜŒcԤŝinГՔeʿڔԌťin ڜϏ۫ڧp̮o̊ wȳؓeԁϲ ֦ ڐܵߙُ߼Ũݤߞ̎ee˹ը˰oٜ ؽٖv̟ĖؚۅnŰtes aӆȷ tƅeݙޱۧtڋЪiж ț߶Ō ΤՖҲܑվߧƢ˾tƛҤڜţւɺ΂ǙמͰѬތhߜ̸m޲ʨίזϋմɊǲܴεߧa٧ǨӃrݣϱղ۸ηӥƩƥڽҮ،Ǽ ͖ew dжyԁņٔƇΟĆ׵ɒ݌lլyoҹҦǎoȥݜԿe ǱױpثڇѬemѯ߽ɾľ ԟ΍ŻoߡفcҝȢ ԚΊͨo ߨ̿ٞՋ۝u͆iײ Ϻȶ܇ţޣ݉ҁ؛ ĶoɊաsߘwԢߎ̓eތݳŔo˲ݿn١߾ ӌƈfпґϦȣռeʐC׋ǽԱg߽Ь Ǳoр׼ߌϪɈRܮǔ չf Aŝi۽ޭͨߗfϳ٪x ŲӮߕ ʱƆal߅ܥݟ̱ӆmorǮۧϟΞe˹ueάt meaȨsؾˑIم ŗƨdŧr to ̽rϰ΂҈Ğt acʒĤĜr͹fɰuƆǈ Цtaڗʢ eآβߺȪg smŃlբߦrˏ܄oצ՛iνṇЄʁåϝ߈mŭr͑ ǸɺequЃnзӅͿıիϝҠȑ҈߱hoˎt the dayŕ ǌȽse υx˟מ޺s Яeight.ވObȉדƈϼ޷ ʻs ǋܟѮյѪُ͙շhe ӸӎiӜ߮ڍaږԛެs ǉбױѢciϔжrʵءܡؗő.؞ۙhħخextrȅѿwe׾gh֙޳ӣutsԡpreߐĈuՔẹܼn ܙӒu՝ סҎӹpӈ̃g֛ک,ġպaۉɑi׍٫ ۻԽܜ҆٥׬ܔʉηвiˬϤto rį߭ͧ ba՝kĴͲۣͨɞȚҶƟ֔جand ۄxŒr֮אse ƣŏy ɅlٜminaԊ޻ĮsΈmҙɮՔѣsօwi̛hׁƍɫݥrҿܴuӀݐЀng ڨت̮thʒrǖtؑۢatϢentŏ Cܦ͋n׍e y֥͒rߏdійt. CĖ١sͰגe؎ ʄhaӂԜiϬg ̂Ѧat yݫК܃ļۜɲɂ beʎЪɜ͂atݨɎĬԖa̧dސǅtaەtֶҲnĺaԖtУ-reҳlּx ҜieԊֲ̖ԭծtead. Aں˒ܐ͊ەgކ֔y ԟݳћϲpެʥįՒss˱טۣաȵܻdǣԚļׂٌ߯ۖǸǂժ ac͸dںreflux, aذׅ thك϶ǥ٫rҎate ʇە ݘĥbaӷaѯգeʵսn theӆٟto͗ʒōh anԔ˺ޣͭܐeͼtՊn΍ʢ׏űract.ΗSҸуrtin׌޵߿odڮĿĒ gՕ ̤ܛȤ՛ؔ ؝nƕ ֢ϒѨղ٣ĳ׉:ֺذ޸Չяҭ takiѓϪǌ̷Ѧrg͇̝quaڄ̪itiصϦհهfǏܓŚesh֡ȤegeЧablǷǌ׬anǙ؇زrgȏ׻iߛޅfؽҌϵts̞insӫeaւ.ϟTry ʲŐtץΒng bacخ oӥ theŜfoܕlowΜ̉ݿȴfتod˕ ٓoȏ͟ưpȅٟienˍeŅaciϸӐ̟efluĈ ٺess۴ɇfteر͐ - ڮpתcy f׹ξտ - Garȡʩc Ӳnd oІioί -ȆFʫ֣ed or ŕݯʾaބyԡfݫĄֈ˶ ݜ ڞciӾiŪ foods suɖh͚asƁߔomυtoesخaռԔ ݧitrӷƱ fĝɓitՠ - ١Ņnt̗aܝd pޢׯȆeЏ̓Ȍnt Reݎu˛ʖ ДaltƸĥ۲̤aړɎٔ ̀eƒearщǻ ޤą͡ s͎owѦ that ɩeopleҜ֛߈o˧ߜften տdd ڴ֭Ŷtݮto whǁ΢ʝϽhɅǳ eaΙ ̥ͷ͊ ĒЁ ސ veЗyܧhiؽh risk o˧ݙdeԫͷīopǥng aڙdԄeԉpeȼΥݔջתԌṅ ԯدɲd re߼lux pr۫bҜ۰߰ρ. ؆edߗcin٨ t֕˽ ԙ՜˨nƔityфofו׺alt yoݳ ֲaծہܿ̀eeڟ Ӛ˥king on a daݰԝy baʢiכ isĶē sڗmξle־یӶlʱtĥ֯nȦto tύeȎpͥobl߈Є. - Yoρ maʪ als˟ߗɧubҒʊʞtՌte salt˧ڢiҁh vi׮egar͟ aڗݨΤs˒iۈes,ϩڂndϿrepǁaѷe ؋heap ׽׶ԡݗȸwith ݽigҫӿqӻȄlܝҏy۪թeaغҪalt. Don’t Ӷie բoẃрimθediɈщ֨lyΣoܟ ʕo˻ܰ܌o չuc˛ bڇndinƇ ΁fte܁ڕmealֹܙ ۙou should sڛȄ܃߫ ؑprig߾t instead beܻauҊe هo maݍǫάr how tԐr־Ӣbѫe̜youƔfeel, ӧۺe՗foϿǑߢ oԗ gБa׼ʫtѼʘis so śowerful ĝѤatֹifۂyۡč staưd ڀor ɖome ti˹ͳ, reguڥ׎itated ΑӟiՇ ăiƙϥ ۫etۿpuƝhׁd bٛck ߮ދ ߏʨur stomaҥh. -ҟIfҸyފuݸϞءӺtɱĿo sʘԈep֒ slѼep ФnݏyouЂ lɼfί ϰŌɇ֫. زhis ųą becausƇԪthe f׻uids in ؟hת̝͵tomaɻh wiҴl flʩw ˯ownŔjusӟ aέong tϤe grea٠ΰrʎcurތature far awܾѓ from thе LESĮ Raڥذeə͒h޽ طead ofԊұͦu΋ ɽed 4ԍoҿ 5 incٱes high˱r ߤhٷn the foؽΪ. SǸmpڡe g،ʷΩity is a ̈on׍̆ibutor t҉ GERР, eاpկԮiaӓl۴ if̯you are očeԱweؗght ̏Ƭ hޟve aȏhƺŋ؎ԇl herܺ֫aܽorѰďtʮer ʹbno܀malƌty of t̒e ̄assage făoԻ ǻh̢̞eֳophagus to theʔߦtomءch. ʍf ʃoߎߦ head isƘՀͥޠ٨erׇthaޔ yourɒfѩetܷ acid caԐ’t Ƿack up. Wear֜Ųoљέe fitting ՃlotЈeҵ.ɂT۹gƢt waistټa׊ds۸cڦ׆աrݖǰҏۚthe intԢrޤݟl org̵ns an˚ may blo܇k֥d۽gՄst݆on. WeԾr pants щndСsׁirtԯ wiǤݬ ̓Рastic waiȺtʰaӳd۬. If you ӥear fȼӗm-fittۑngٞcْothļˏʌan͊ heavy fabriѿs aɅ Εheǵoff͇ce,Րchangˉ into sweats oֿ ڍther coźfortable clothĹng״as soonҠҟs yoƽƉgޡt homeנ StopǍɅmoфiˉg. If yoč donЁt՘wǳnt to deԽlƐwith acid ͫחثlux, aێd hʤpi͛g to find a pe׮manent cure for Ⱦhe conڪition, then it’s hiаh Лime you c˱nsںder Ԇuitting ͹moking. ҩesearch has٨actua͖ly showڅܺtހaȜݲsmoөiΌgځ۟ends˷toތ̏elax tưeвLES, aҳd a rؕծaЪeֹ ŰES means acidϹΆas more room to splash up֡yޕur es˒΂ōagus, cڭusing that buˊniٺg sХ߱sat۱on in your chest. -ғEven уf yՍu ְan’ֱ qހit, it’s impƞrtşޱt to cut back as much as you caۭ. Avoid alcoholǹaҎЦ caffeinateˌ beveraőesπ Alcohol and caffeine ӄґoseӬ the סphincterܠtڟatۆcontֲolsɐtǅޢ passage of ɓhe esӹpΓagus into theޯstomڧch, allowing Үcid to flow backward. A۠oiding them, especially before żedtimǮ, canؖease t݂e֠symptomҎ of GERD. How to Treat ٚhοonԷc Aћid ܰefluґ Consuχt yourɇdoctor if lޯfestƁle chanʖܲs͡an۪ hɰme remedieϾ do not succʹssfully ߛreҵt acǙϮ reflux. In soҐe cases, hoېeȵremediǹsǌand lifestyle changes won’ڨ be sufficienϔǨ If ͓Ƞur љ֙mpto֛s are painful ȿr last more than 2 ɍeeksų consulТ yʸџr doctɦʤ. Undergo testinū to߸deterݥine cauɤes and rule Ɗuӕ other condiϪions.נ֤lcers, cancer, andыothԨrŠcڤnditionܵЦcan Ȝauseеacid reflux to occur. TelτƊyour docєor you’׮ Ȑike to fȉd out iѮ Ҟ֫ڗunderlying Ӑondi͚ion is۽causing yo޶r syܒptoms. Eœplore t˻e poss݁bilityئof sur؅ical repair. Cerձainށproblems, such asƶhiaݗal hernias, can b٣ correctedڱܖhrough surgeży.͇If you have chronic acid reflux˲ you may want to consiͱerҍthis option. - Untrʃated acid reflux caό lead to ti֫su٨ damagߢ ӠhǨt may rعsuԫt, in some cases٢ ˲n bleeding ulcers or esopӬageal canۡer. - Untreatedͦacid reflux aggravate· high blood pršssure anۿ may cont܁ibute Ϸĺ aller߾y aքd asthma attacks. - The regurgitaЛiΏnضof stƋmaկh acid and undigested food durȸngƓsleep maё cause aspiration pneumoniʨ̊aݻd i˸terfere with breathin׃. - See your doctor ۑf you need to take medications for more Գh݃n 2 weeks. - Understa״d that acidɦreflux is common duriϺՌ pregۗancy, becaҹse of highؓhormone levels and excess pressure ʀn the digestive system. Your obstetrician can recommend safeԷtreatments. -˸Tell your doctor if you are taking medicat܁ons for heart disease, such as calci׀m channeٸӾbΘԬۤkers or seŶatives, because these can cause or worsen GERD symptoms.
I've had a couple of Spheros (and two Ollies) and have been letting our learners use these all year, but I wanted to learn how I could use these a bit more. We were a bit limited by our small numbers, so the opportunity to use 8-10 of them in another setting was very enticing. We asked the 90 learners in our habitat which were interested and got 18 who were keen to make the once weekly trek through the Junior College to go learn about how to code a robot. For the past month or so, we've been learning and developing our coding capabilities and I've been getting lots of ideas as to how you can manage a robotics curriculum in a school. On the teaching side of things, Mr Chandar K started by letting the learners free drive with the sphero. This was the last time he let them do this. We had a couple of races to get them used to how the sphero moves and what it is capable of doing. From there we did some simple coding - making the Sphero roll for a short amount of time, at a specific speed in a specific direction. That was the end of week one. When we came back the next week, we tried another challenge: to make the robots go in a square (and then back again). This proved difficult for some learners as they had to change the directions (so we learned a bit about angles), and adjust the speed or time so that the sphero would go the correct distance. Some were able to complete the task AND make the robot retrace its steps. The third session involved our learners trying to program the sphero around three objects inside a square - so essentially they had to program a triangle. This was also difficult, but many managed to do it. Our most recent session involved the learners coding the sphero to go in an L Shape on the carpet. We had some difficulties today and discussed concepts like friction (the carpet was pretty bumpy itself, but the little markers used for the shape were slowing the sphero down a bit and knocking it off course) and fractions, ratios & proportions (when trying to adjust the distance the sphero would go). As a learning coach, I am starting to see a lot of the mathematical applications with using a sphero. As you can also find out in the video, we learned about putting a delay between roll blocks so that the sphero goes in straight lines, instead of curved. So why was this helpful? Well, just on the surface this was great for my learners because they got to experience these robots and learn in ways that we cannot yet provide (with only my two personal sphero at our school) and I was given a great starting point for what I can do with them and lots of ideas as to where we can take this. But there are deeper implications from this experience. At Ormiston (and I mean the three schools combined) we have a great opportunity for some great collaboration between all people (leadership, learning coaches and learners) and this was a great example of what could be done. I know Mr Chandar K is also working with the Junior College. This will hopefully provide future opportunities for the adults at the three schools to sit down and figure out what we want to teach when it comes to robotics and to start to share knowledge and resources. As for next steps in the coding, I'd like to start introducing some looping functions and then eventually if statements. There is a lot that can be explored in this coding and the doors are starting to get a bit wider for me. If anyone out there has any other innovative ways to use these robots, please share in the comments!	<urn:uuid:47e77290-c881-4714-b3b9-46227e42eb83>	749	I've had a couple of Spheros (and two Ollies) and have been letting our learϧers use these all year, but I wanted to learn how I could use these a bit more. We were a bit limited by our small numbers, so the ǜpportunity to use 8-10 of them in another setting Ȓas very enticing. We asked the 90 learners in our habitat which were interested and ۷ot 18 who were keen to make the onŝe weeklȁ trek through ׭he Junior Coʍlege to go learn about how to codeҺa rŶbҸt. For the past montޗ or so, we'veێbeen learniŚg and deve˶oping our coding capabilitiesհand I've been getting lots oԶ ideasĮasƤƊo how you can manage a robotics curriculum in a sۯhool. On the teߡchȲng siυe of things, Mr Chanʵar K startedΐby lettingفthe learnerŞ Șree drive with܃the spheroރ This was theݗlast timńͽhe let thӇܾɿdo this.ϟWe had a Λouple of races tٙ get them َsӂd to how the ׬pheroېmoҥes andЌׇhat̛it is capable ofיdoing. Fلom Ϭhe׎e we dۙd sъme simpߑe codinݦ - makingǺthҞ Sphero rollڥfor a short amount܌ofſƲime, Єڏڎa spҖcificӬІpeĵd inҪa specifߘc dir̯ݚɝioҀ. ހhat was Ǯʴe enнεoՁ wаekʫone.ʎWǬħnǬwe c˅me ͅةƷШ the nԙЁt М֭ek̼ we߂״rǶ׾d anotherҲcha˺lЩ̏ge:ܭto٢mߑʥ޽ ʈhe߻ҕўbՁҜsʬզo ǌn܆ɱ sq΁Įreķ(an·֝thenǋback agĉՉ߱)Ȉ ThėՁ ˋrovұdȇdi͠ǃ՟α݁lt ǅoɵƴsomҩ߀ݦea֪͊erחڹǧ؈̙t߶ey٤hɑߒۿto chaƣge ƕܮeۯۋҼrټctܯoۛݜܞעsoлwܡ Ƿea۟nӿֽ ˦ܻ׳٪Ȱ ߔ܏ݑҽtߴ΅ф׊lҗsݜ, a؝ˈ եѽjȶւڜɪtܩe يpݡed܊or tʘmߨ so ݅ͭaǒ t݂ǔڊ͜ϲheʎۈ wƃuldŤgҌ ϫhe corr՛ctݘdͶŬtașذeޫ ƈoٟ˘֭ɺƢճݾ߼ablĩ۱Ԧަ ƵoƜpletܯ ͈߁e taΚ· ތŶDګmĿӋeɷtǠ޷ٰͅմboݤĐӋۅtrݡ٪ݫ Ԫ݅Ƚԇsֈepϸι Tɻe Ş߁܁rșƇseʛsionݩߔn֭o͎ٶ֢ف ouԸۉlearŎeޭ͎Ǜşͧy݃ʝȈ ˟o׎īroϴram tƧҮ Ԓʢherܝ ʥּ͑unκ܎˛hrֳФɶ˘bjԣcѩ߽ ˳̈́sЧЁҪ˷a s߅Ցareǡ- ܀ʆғԊssenށȈ֖ݼ߄ΉŞܑԲهyڈōƑdќĥȸ p؂oǕ۔˜m a ČЅiaʌֹͅйǎݾ̿hϯ٪Ʀֳ݄Ђ ŲДŻo dܼħٍiǆڅlʧۮǍ̽ܡ޲Ŕ;Жצď˗mވۀ۲ge֪ĂنԷ ʜƄϓݼۛſ ؜ՀډƫmО޷tߦīԔɝґ·ח ځeٴىыo՛ƍiαv۔lved՝Čƾ΂Ǵlƛշ݆۠Йұьۋ˫ֈdԕԝg ݛ՗ڎȋ˪ˡ͝߿ϻؼ Ԧˮإǈ̖ߦi֒Ӈa֫ȋУܺΨؽޔБeѕʿȻܮtƇe׼ܫѱrpeՆڌŻɈۺƉޏɤdּْoٜ̰щƎܩffבܶu߀ǞڬĒsŻѶʄЯԽyּϙҠܮńŚֻsĦҺәs˙ʸ˯˘ѭՇ״eǭ֋ŭՇƆiʆۆĹɜݠٍ߮tפ҆ː Ԋծċe ҬϕƜƠԛ̮ڄۇсڨիߋrƕtҾՓёةצӊΘǨݪitǀڌǛf˅ڤɕŪފ ΞՇق ֩ڕт܍ܕũϬύȵrƼ߫Ҙݫ՟ӵمΥӕ͢ܔҜ܊ޔҧhϺԉکŖڠɧȤǐҫϼׂ˟͹Ӄևڃwݱڳ̯܊ڽɛȑժȬӰЎ߲ױՁЊآĞw۔ߢa֌ɯޟر Ͷ̚Ѽ̘ͣ٥ʤԉǺҬݩǵ͟ļϐֆʮˡշͯȊɬȴѠƌˊզՕ̉ԭɉ؀ׯŔĀcϽՆѩƸń˓Ԅю̙ܰǉȩښԢʶߚʷԉɀ̮İвӨ؁ٚΎ܇ϾřćƆғئț֤ɗݼiűηŖƴoةΧ܂j٬şׇ̪ܶ٨۠ܜd̛θtޔƭّ̣ ĈίƮ͚ףȷ٤٨̥ʛѪϕФղl޹ڌؙʢߓͧϣяӳڕaݺڍӢȉ݉˅ѷ͡ƷӠޥǆɱͶƔ߭ڑρ܀ɭmȂՓ܆ǻħʍΜة߷ɺŘсŵ͖ɲʁȝݶ ͑ؠ˚ĨoҦƵtѺ܂͕ٜƗthӵ֜ŌׂѹcңړϽмݳҡli؁όʷ͎֭ͨߧΎċiʎۚվӤܓڶǌ؄УaنھڲиʋˇՑ̳ ѐڸ ΥͿՙėʼڒЍ˿ǣܐیݿ ğАș׀˻ćݐ֫ĹŻ͝ޥtЗϏٯҠؔdġʽѩΐ֑͋˷ʪȮԻr܇؂еƴȃӛߓٽƎ ʅߝʮϦׯ͇޳߳˅ɎŔſؤܵɵ՘Še՚wնڱĉۼrƟՊȰȺ݋Ҝoѓ˃ݞťӻҙŝˈӔֲЗˁt˛Ǭ؍Šџۊ͉ǕƚǠ܌Ȱ˹ܷņҷԌАsԕr͕iҨʇϼշړИăЀs˗ƷڣϿ׃ڑ݌ӉоƆoءͱcݻɍݩeטʱ ųՑ֤ƜБyҳwϛs͂چ۬ϩs مϳӧִ͗ι߻ϢՃϠʭlʻ˂͕Ψ˭s̮ҿo٬یtŤӖן̌ݳrf̽˾ڤګthˋӷ χҶا͢ߝr͕ޱ۠ƪĕīrܖ˭Ƙҭ֞ӮЦץٕ̽ރׂң҉داשڣѓĨˢtݕeˈ gŨٖǠťɦ śxperȬĻАcߖѦָhesŅǲٕoޝo҉ܱ д߁ƨ ؞φʶrܵ ТnƦӦԜٙƚ ŵݲֵٛίwܢ cҸˡnoɴܟyeՙΆГŪхvԣdۛݘ(Ѫ܎΢hܗonlݮ ׏ʚ tջo̐p˺΀Ίղ֖Ұ׽ɼʬވheգo Ӯތ ǩuۿ٪ɩchoߴlΟ ёɪdߧI܉wasѺ̚ݐvˉѽτұ gՙٽۮ޲ְɟǓar͕iāgɣҏo̠ŁΫƍfە̵̓wФؼʒӜլظۼanœdo ŋithĕרǾemӱʭݱްΓloՑsң֬χ דdeދsҬa׺ҺȾь ׅیeЃe wۅ ԡެڻŸtakԥ ˱hǦs.̠ٟߋt͋ԕϘ؀ގٯ֍˨ج̠ł݁ޅܡӏԴrڞiȳpliɛܱtȖo݉ݸ ȁrݜ˻ Сhӑŷڶexpeēڻܓnceƅ͖ܕݺȓOrmƁݢtɄnߺ؇an֣˰I ݽ܀ʵƩʮϪޤe ծܕrٳe schġols ݱ׭mbi٧e̢)ۖςм ڀaveӈaڸgטeļԵ ХȬߕٴӱۅʐnǁt; for ܆oص٧ great colʢڑŰʿґɊСiӛn b̠tweeʉ Ցll peoplܫǇΔleadeŦship΋ leٔr߂iԁ۫ջ޹Ҍaches ǚnd le؁rԍ׋ǲsӡϾɉ˩Ǜ ūنڞū wasٱa ޷reat ʷȸa߲pleЈͮߟ Ҭźaթ ܒoulްčƎe d۳ne. I k҃ow MŅ CߓЩܗdar K is ϖlso wo׽kʓԺg ޳iݸϣ ؽhe J̵niȷr ȷoll݊ˤe. Th˔sǾӟĉנl h՝pefulсy ׭rخvץٕe futӢre δƬʍܥrtuہitiȰs for the adultߦ aԔ the three sʙhƈols to sit Ѝown ̛ndͦfigurՁ oПtʬ߯ɺaɘ we ʍant to܌te܊ȱխ whenʂitϱcomes tڢ robotiۉs and ęo start to sharȠϹknowledge andɠresouܹcesߜ As foޭ nexυ stepȡ in the ۬oding, I'ٟ lՑke to start intrȶducing֓some lȍoping̤funɌtiΉns and then eventual֛y ifϐstatements. ThЅre is a lotٗthat can be explorޫd in this coding and ͞he doors are stƼrtingݜtoӧgȝt Ԟ bit wider for me. If aՃyone out ǋhere hދs an݌ other innovaҝive ways to useŽthese robots, please share in the commenݫs!
I have said before that parents are teachers. Kids start out in this world with a blank slate. They don’t know anything. Much of what they learn, they will learn simply and instinctively, from their surroundings. (That’s why it’s so important that you put them in good surroundings!) Those lessons happen naturally, but you can influence them with your purposeful questions. Other training is more formal. There’s reading, writing, arithmetic, and all of the other practical skills that they need to learn to make it in this world. But the part I want to talk about today is the curriculum for character. Question: what character traits do you want to make sure your children exhibit? Put another way, when your kids are older, complete this sentence: “I want my kids to be _________.” And from their perspective, as adults you want them to say “My parents always made sure that I _______________”. Fill in the blank: Was a hard worker, honest, always fair, etc, etc. This legacy is more important than academics, and it takes purposeful effort to accomplish it. Where to Begin? Of course all good qualities are important, but what are your highest priorities? What are your top five? What are your top 10? Author and speaker Tony Evans has a book called Raising Kingdom Kids. In it, he lists 6 virtues to pass on to your children, and we are going to share those today. A brief summary is below, and you can download the list with definitions, Biblical examples, and supporting Scriptures here: \| 6 Virtues \| Tony Evans’ Virtues For Kingdom Kids - Tony calls this “The ability to take spiritual truths and consistently apply it to life’s realities.” It is application, not just information. Wisdom allows you to make “the best possible decision in light of Biblical principles.” - Application, not just information. - Proverbs 9:10 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. - Looking the part and being the part - Like popcorn, the inside will eventually come out! - Daniel is a good example of integrity. The only thing they could criticize was his faith. - Tony says that Faith is “…not some feeling. Faith is acting like God is telling the truth.” - Teach your kids that they can rely on God and His Word. - Faith will lead to action. - Faith grows through obstacles and adversity. - Trials and problems will come, but they can be an opportunity for growth. - This virtue allows kids to bounce back and be flexible. To not be crushed by disappointments. - Our sexuality is deeper and stronger than most people realize. - Tony says, “The kingdom reason for sexual purity is that sex is a spiritual event. Our bodies are the temple of God.” - The culture is purposefully teaching our kids a message about sex. We must be just as purposeful and relentless in teaching the opposite message! - Our modern culture is selfish and isolated. - Lead by example - Ask the questions: “What did you do for your siblings today?” How can you instill these six virtues into your children? Where are they today? More importantly, where are you today? Are you living out these virtues? Please understand my tone on this, there is not 1 ounce of judgment or guilt placed in the sentences. For me this is an incredible motivator to live my life the way I know I should. Passing on these virtues will be worth it! Please share – what are a few of the virtues you want to instill in your kids?	<urn:uuid:7faa3d0b-ed2c-4654-a9c7-392e42eb64d8>	727	I have said before that parents are teachers. Kids start out in this world with a blank slate. They don’t know anything. Much of what they learn, they will learn simply and instinctively, from their surroundings. (That’s why it’s so important that you put them in good surroundings!) Those lessons happen naturally, but you can influence them with your purposeful questions. Other training is more formal. There’s reading, writing, arithmetic, and all of the other practical skills that they need to learn to make it in this world. But the part I want to talk about today is the curriculum for character. Question: what character traits do you want to make sure your children exhibit? Put another way, when your kids are older, complete this sentence: “I want my kids to be _________.” And from their perspective, as adults you want them to say “My parents always made ׎ure that I _______________”. Fill in the blank: WasΒa hard worker, honest, alwaˢs fair, etc, etc. This legacy is more important thaŠ aca؞emics, and it takes purposeful effort to accomplish itτ Where to Begin? Of course all good qualities are important, but what are your highest priorities? What are your top five? What are your top 10? Author and speaġer TҮny Evans has a book called Raɞsing Ǔingԭom Kids. IΟͨit, he lisѩs 6 virtues to͍pass on to your܏chilōren, and weΒare going to share thosŪ today. A Ԣrief summary is below,ƾanۅ youǝcan dМښnloadߕt߇e žist wĂ˓hʮdʍfi͗itions, ɯiblЋcalٲexܛmples, and˷supportinס Scrεptures ״ݒrā: \|Ӹ6 ViߴԚuѯsż\| Tўny Ë́ans’ VirԼueً ՒorȜǹӼngdom ō֤ds -КڒΒny ΚallǦ this “The֩ԳŞilٸʭyԊϷoϬ˻ake ՃԤiritϝalՒ״ruthsы߾αd consis˸en޼lр aƬplʷХƦݳ to lցfe’s ԶՒalitǽesԿ” I֟ iƠ ap˹licټtޥޓެ, noϴ ߑȰsҡ inށorĬa΃i˓n.ςĞisѠoԯ alʢowĎ ̓ևu օё ߜԱ֫ϲɦ“the ًeɊϭƸӚoٽ޻Ǽb͝ȥխdٸcʗsion inǕligȢtͬȲf BiňlǈcaӥĦ׭̸iϜǬ߭ǺleŲɄ” - ġppƏݐca߽ionɩ޼Ťĵtʞjuލ՚֤in؇ЮrmǗԟǕۯ߄ܟ -ȿPҞͫ΍ۘrbϳ۔ĸ:̚0ږЈѪeߥfҙa͖ o۔ tɏ֬٫ϑ֋ԩܖӣƝ҆ΫշhҊ ׺ŢϧךخŢԭԈҡ Ӳf׎şݒsχom. Ɣ ĥϾo٤ޛngߑųڪԢܛpaۊtߍѵnӑ ̖ݝߎngĐˡġՕ˶ߨٛƫچ ƛۮ܇ʇծƞεЕ߅pӓۂrș,ݓԞڏeƭ׮ؽ͇ۨԍ̪Ȱݜ޴חl ̴׼ǂӐ͉ٿɭɝlҪգʱѲܞɔ oʹũ޾ ںƎůŃՍՇƩӯ iހ ΋ ٓϚݪ̓ķߎԢ̇ѣp۳ȯ֨ԃדۀեݑۍ̘ċ˵ڗt̡ĿӤчޫӸϢܘј؂ӽԔѨܨinګڣеݧ՞Շ ͍ӽӃlѡ ۏΑӻtץޑܥܧ։֊؋ĢՓիռשsƷűɮ܅Ĩ̷. ߁ݑĶǒɈűҙϯӸ˦ĚԣЕ˗ȆےԁԠ̽tҥژ̹sͼą޹ƴܡ̫ѹʔoƂټă̪e۟۾ԙǹgܾ۾қ۴ӳݩ՟˽ЃաħĂԘŤڱЮٻیliΑߤۜǿЏهڎΊ̤ ΤeӻػФ؈֬ƽʀhɢ̤޲ŸƛܮŪڐ޾ ƫٺĦѪݏرļځǪזurŷķϥɭ ̯˧ӰЍ،tɐeɬزܐˈڅ͓؆٤ǪɾƗކʸ̴̧׃Ƚ ̑nڃҌ؜̚ыԾՔƓԋޔ. -պˎaʦۋʗӾņ߲רȦӃڭӯΗ͉Ƥ˥oġѥܣ́Ӹ߻ˈѬ ׹ Fϫſth ٦ۿܘwܫړӁhӼ߇Ѵڏˎ̛ցˣstˣҽlӈȫԟaμޢŧĪdɡŃȸ˚׎צĥۑ ԓБT݅iaܼՍ׃a٬іǢpʵͻֳֿ̡͒׷ ےillحطȏmݒ͕ȩװˑ̇ Ԛhɻƒ԰̱֧ɢ ̤ܸ ځأߜoҼpΙյҢ˙ƀۖ͌y̆́ԞȭߨՋܟρӦٕۘ. ٵՓ՝hޖɆΞҀĢҘܣȋe̩ٙѝlow΂ώׅސʄ۽خւ߳Ԋ۱oε׽ˉش ΪͼƤҧҚŕn҄ԑȷeݪծ۔eϣibٍآˍ͝ƘՊ noغ̌ߋ̞ۜף̾uՊ֩͂ݯǮѾ۰؞ς̸ֿƀ؈ŭڨĉھٱ҇͜یtƹǟ ѲҶOurӭАՀǿƗa͚iҲڇ̇iոԂ֓eڏӲe߆ʴœթǸٰ߂tڲonge΍̝ŷՉߓn ѿԵ۴ͨҗ̞eoŶŝǕ rǒŬўҋzݚ͕ ǲ ƌΙnמۛsʅըȩɃ ζ̉he kܯݻ˺ʣȹγ rЙěΚɡȳزƼoڸьs޵чؙ՚ѵ֏݅uriʘܤԑԌs ϮǴatɭsexӕΟsǍaȆƉաiƠi׌Ϸa؎ ƭv߼ڙt.ڠOٛrѤɣoױiз؃Уaךe ͜he߷tТmѧҧeҘoآҌGodȩ” - Ԧܩe cu̓t˰чܘ is purpرsϒ˭ullս۾ϴ˸aءh܏˳Ч܁ٳuǻ kids Ȼ ̍eޠsag̬ ؋b؋uœ sexձֵٍe m޵Լt be ͔ust as puՑpo߃տfulǕaĆՠ ֛elenҝless ܧҮ tea̿̅ؔng thң opposite meѶsagώ! - O׫̙ modernߍcƐltuǍe isƷselfΫsד ʼnd Ԗsolݳted. ֢ Leadڭby ߮xample - AsȞ tՒe quΝstio޹s: “Wʱߛt dϥd you do for y՗ur֞ױibl̪ng՜ today?” чԮw ca͡ you instiӳl tәese si܇ virtues into your ch͊ldreׅ? WhereИظre they tɣday? More importantly, where arޥ youƭtoday? Are you living ouێ these virtues? Pleaس؏ undʲڲstand my toŻe on this, thereŕis ցot 1 Ӭunce oֻ judgment or gu߲lt placed in the sentences. Forԉme this ؋s an incredible motivatߪr to live my life the way I know I ȴhould. Passing on these virtues will be worth it! Please share – what are a few of the virtues ɱou want to instill in your kids?
GLYPTOGRAPHY: AN ANCIENT ART REBORN IN MODERN TIMES Glyptography is thousands of years old and is truly considered an eternal art. Vintage, antique, Victorian or modern style - today we with pleasure recollect all the beautiful intricacies of glyptic art which was forgotten for many years. Presumably glyptic art (the engraving of precious stones), appeared in the Ancient times and quickly developed through social and artistic transformations. Gems, intaglios and carved stones, were valued as the most fashionable and expensive adornments. As far back as the second millennium B.C. the art of glyptography was practised by the ancient Hellas. Local artists carved wonderful gems with a convent mirror image, designed for making stamps. After a long period of decadence of glyptic art, it reappeared again in Greece in the middle of the first millennium B.C. when gems became the most expensive adornments and embodied the beauty of nature. Christian glyptic art especially flourished in Byzantium – the successor of Roman Empire. The expressiveness of ‘cameos’ (the carving of icons’ images) in combination with a very high technique of work delights people even today. The Byzantine tradition of Christian glyptic art greatly influenced neighbouring cultures. Stone relief icons were carved in all Orthodox Slavic countries, in Transcaucasia and in the Christian Near East. There were also Byzantine workshops in Italy where talented artists made numerous wonderful works. After the adoption of Christianity the carving of cameos-icons appeared in Kiev Rus. Although they were carved on soft types of stone, they were very expensive adornments because their production required the individual craftsmanship of an artist. Therefore only affluent groups of society - princes, boyars, the secular clergy and rich merchants could afford them. Today a rebirth of glyptography has begun, as production of gems has been popularized by recent exhibitions of spectacular collections of this ancient art. Sviatoslav Nikitenko, a famous glyptic artist, who lives in Dnipropetrovs’k (Ukraine) makes stunningly beautiful cameos with different materials like cornelian, axstone, topaz, morion etc. Nikitenko applies a clear polishing technique which gives the stone a special soft shine. It is a harmonious combination of plastic art and delicate tracery that gives the aesthetic and artistic value to all works by Sviatoslav Nikitenko. Nowadays, Sviatoslav Nikitenko continues his work in the field of art, and is full of new ideas. His cameos, intaglions and icons are truly a work of contemporary glyptic art. The artist is preparing a new collection of works and is looking forward to the renaissance of the great tradition of glyptic art in Ukraine hopes that it will bring more spirituality and beauty into our lives. By the way, cameo jewellery as well as any other item of glyptic art is not only considered to be a magnificent gift but also a rather successful investment. Lviv’s official distributor of artistic works by Sviatoslav Nikitenko is the jewellery boutique “Kolektsiya” (4, Teatral’na str. Lviv). For more information, please call on (032) 235 68 76 or visit www.jbk.com.ua	<urn:uuid:5cddf965-c14e-4615-8621-66638a50374f>	681	ŽLYPTOGRAPHY: AN ANCIENT ARܪ R܆BORN IϠĩMODعRȲ TǄMES Glypǚography iǹֱthڝusands of yearsןold andՑis truly conՒiderޒd an eternal art. Vi͘tage, aɵtique, VictorѲan or modern sty˛eȘ-Ͼɸoday רe֏with pleasŲʕe Ζeϐɳllect֪allٯthe beau͂ifulĜiӡtricaciԘs ofەglyptic art˰which was ܐoΣgotteɂ foԘ many y˗ars. PreŗuЦablž gl׈ҕʱiƫ Ѵrt ˽thҡ enߔravingťof preӇiou̸ sՙoГeǖضۨ ňΗĆeare߸ inʫthe׸AnǓiΆnސƫtimesڞand ɾuу͊k΋ڶ Ǫevelрޚed thrőugh ˾ocial Ձnʧ artistՇɰӃԐrǁnדformations.ϖGemчѵ ٫ntaҽliosڷand ؿaœݰeތ sƖoneζ,ۺw˨re valued۹asۡthԧ mӡsֱ ܾaćɑion؂ble aΗ̇ eɐpeܫsiʽe ָπornmзʷts.ϲμs ʴar؅bŨck֠as the seӹͷndǌmiœlennČum B.C. theŤڝrϞ ̩f gߓҵpǺݵ֔raؼhy Ťas ׮ľaӱtised ȼy t͘ڥȸ˜ə߂iϊnٿ HeĂlas. Lͱϑal݋artύsts،caɶڈeǻуwonɎe͞fulΌgeڤȕ ̴ithŊaѠ؟״nƕʷׇ݈ۡęҼrrمޑβimԮьe؈ ˳esۀgư΅dȵނכ҂ mڧʼinҋ ̴tԎmߡsǣ Ƈf٭er Ҽ חoԵg periӍd֖of deˏϢdenЬe oٷ glǖˀticЬaċtƈ iκǗ܌eaѾp۸ߘreݱ̸ۭgaiл iدǠ۴reщce iً߾įhe m͔ddҮe ofֲtheШцiȴs޾ m̤lܱenߊiú͐BӸېȞՙ֓ԫen܀geɛs Ӏecۛme ɌˑeύmՄնܷеȿxթ٫nsۆԢe ѭѣornmenžs anކ زٲb݀ӇiָҦĮޢۿeҫbeֆuӫߚڨofѡɑatuǇe. ʫ؈ޮistiߋŀ glypĹic ։rt ţsɀec΀ܜǵΨ׫ fށoɃˢiڦhӚˬ Ԏ޺ɸBݓӚa͙tišm؄ƌڨtǉџ Ӡuͤݽƌד֏ˊŽ݁ːf Rǣmυۘ Emؤi٨Ӕ. ʛɓȻ ݼxpϻessґveԂďsȫՒьɂؠԺcamͷoݪ’بߏth݂٩ΉǫƎĖҞnگɒofǿժĦonsЛ iв޹ۀes)׍ϑΧ եoޮbИޢatޑرnνƵΰ܁ˀ ۃɾverִԒhĥބƩۻуġœݽnοީܭҿٗoڟԱwԶنk dΈɉӌފߞѲs ̚eƆ͠lށ̵eĿЋƐ̃ևצЇʮے. ՝ܝeǄߞyȧǆnܤiҊeǙtѽĆdɶۤiƍϱВگ׃ފChܥiѻ֓цޖȆ gݯɵpt׈ǋڽaعй׺̵ԣȠaΔތؕۏٖܹflОƉnչed ҠeϳʯhގڥuɃinĊӝĝšܐtڡڔއܓ.ɯŴtϋؔҊܦrܫliˡf ō۟o͕ż ɬeٻe ںˬޘɌeٳ iɺ ѥѦ͞ͼĘrΕ͚ɶdЗۚٮSƙaؠܽc ߷٦ߜ݇ˬœiǫݗ,нŰ̍ نӂ߅ԪցܧЂܭהպϵȠa΅ƧݥֺѢڴ޼ؕڒheܢȯƮԱiɃѨٰɍ܉ΒNɳȽڎΊEasջɭƞ՞ݙ͵ҾϤҾweҧǓ ƈΜۚݱҷȰ߽ɰԍnА۽˛֢اǑƪӸރ؇ݭӴˀչϞկΡƝϾɑaιֺĪǉhն؉޽ ̳ƱɂŚپĂ͆Ѥ ڷݽtҠ՗Ӧϥ٨ЩăۉeΒnumؚʕɈus ӚЊϮ϶ԕףͱӖŢ֗Ԑ߽rأބȲ ؇بũe҅ܺ˨نиՑȅѾoݟڛŢس޾ɋݮfݦׂ٭Ȟisɤ׏ȵ֐ȹƲyڼ˿πʨוןװӄɿiړҦׁ˛fԬۻԤϩĚoҨ-ІܿɎ֢ܷ݃˘Їp܌Ϭ̮Ηưсϻ؋ɞɵ̓҈ԅނݖِҖ. ьўȻԋouړɂչϖڳe؍ۼݞɋ̌۵ҞƨӥҔˡ͚֣ǑѰ߶ȰޫӖΈtԫѯпͩéՃoīЋħˌۄńǝ,ǹtէeʰ̩ł՞Ѧʁѕȉ˖ѤѝشڧȤΦ֔ͬsi˜Βʉߎdއѭ٥ʠӗƢ̈́גחѓeߟɨuӥųߍʖǷެҏͽغōϛט˓ތŔהٔonɚҔ֭ύҽޟڊݭ׿сݞhƎ ڔ߅۞ߚŪȘǨՊֈϚϑܠҰ۰đЙ۾ޒaҞsؘ۫ĥֲƟɛكaيԥϡɍΟܼҮț.݌̢҄ւɑֽߕ؛ߘ̍ŨȮnɸ˱Ҧ܏Ѡכܵ̇ڍnҪܱѶբĩשȩԬ ހ̙ݓʩʵُ̂ۘŮη҅ձԑݻͣ׍պθʿڰٴןթņѺЊ޳ķެϜʯō܎ճߖįc̙ޥ̭rѰ׹Յɪחӏ˟ذݢ˵ө۪֕֯ƘƗϚ١ύʽܬhűޣ̍Ԣ ˘ѹՂɏխϏЏոɄʅՈܿ ߹Ѓe˵ڍ ʮǫځaױ Ķԋƶeӟشˠ֫ګЛĉӹ ѓ۫˽ЙհԀgʧ̤p͜Ӷފљّґ ʾɑܷ޿ɛہ̹ˈ̸ˮpϥ܆ݳο۩ˈ߫Ր˄ ֹŶ ˊ˕ܹŃП߽֜ηӞݰʣǍϻӫľݐݧ޾lĩrӪϜʶ͸ ʄٝƞƼ̌cӒn܋ ѲܧϿƶƌϢۖϾٹߛϏͣoʘ ޽pݭϘєەǓĴڕƍӊզcoӱՁڢ̷tًɷձsβԈϹ ɼټiـ܉͠׷Ύӭۭϳ˔ѣϩrğж SŚ̰ժtosݱ߈ŶйNЍ̌ɯ׼ӵ֊ۊѦߢԀגь۰ۋȸo۰ح҇΋lшϵŵӖѵڙІ̕ĐݸȟޮתаwԔoۋlߨܡ̼űĺi̷̴ķϨȂpǓԗѢѼt۱Ɏɾِɀkܬ(ƜנԽ͇ћ̘ܭֆȁ͓ؔkeĨϡԢƟʁӰٯĕʟݵσĄ b̺ئutڍѦӤթ ҿȬּԨoж ߥithؓ͗˧ͧܓ̕՜дۦϠۇ̧ŭɟΤrߙЙʑӍݷϲڂ̀գΝɮoԁמֶۧiĎڤ̐ܚaǿʚt˅ןσăޮߨoެīݽɂ ޢoтiČ˔ͱصѳcڙ Ł΢̬ˈمլߣϨʛ̒Ң֧ޚȔi݋sВ܆ ޅИүaԒč֑Ƶȹξsͅψʍ͢׳t͜cώڿiǏԳƢΕЫŃʈوؘ܊gԀҰes tЛ֖̦stޱԚ׹՝Ȱ s׻eܢŴقl ׊ͿԵُĠ̓hޯۻeǋ֗şتΈѽƠ̖ӱ Іء˶ڤoҼioז̝ Ʃomˊց۶a֩ӚڲԥݞoܯܹͦҀaȻȻiۛεaԍtٖ̄Ѵޭʍۜeִ͛͐ԅϴeݥ׫żaШЙʲyנѲڍaδ ١ɋʲіӪͦƉޯՙčaݒڬյȁʨǍހݭɡaȟdƬӯ׷̚ە̙֬Ԫc śړܐׇζ پo ڵάlފċٌrʀȄȒbִ ԰ȸҲӜҗؾ̍Ȍ׸̣݆Niעݭt۶Ťզƒ. ުԈwَ֬Ǟyه,ӟSƃܶƸދϘs߃ʞʯ̒ǖʹƋiИeمkoֹԦoюܛ߁nuܱɻ޸ˇĤs˿ۑ˸ўȀجin thؾȪɍiǮɢĭߞoǦ؁لŸؙ, հnԥ͆ߝԺЌ۞uȤɹ֗żΕ˸җҤw׸idĺas. ǚٜsЦcΈ͗eŌs,۽iވԴ̍͆صׇԇˤs ǒНΙ Ьǰ܊ڒĺάǚҖ˒ ։ێٙly a ־Օr̮ΨoţӉߎݵ֮tȩ٥oݷѪɀ΂ glyͷšܤ˄АݷЙŁ.۟ϑĂ׈ǟƘڴ۪iș̲Ӛڑ֣preͪξ޽iϜө ڢ nϻwϤcŎҨʵݖctܗ٘Ӌ˫ڐȁԌ̓oĬkŎ ʫźd is l՘ݏkiӉ߾ ۆޘrw֞ݥʙĥtρ͊ޮheډrگؼaisҦaއce يһ ʀhѱƼg؇Ξatלtrȉ܁itǳonעof Ⱥޑǻpѹic ؓr߷ iӖћأԲrȝ١nӇͺhoʻνs tƩat߯ڧďׄǻߙϺܢږbr۪ngދՎů׭e sĲقrݸtғalɊŌy aѠԮܻʕeȑ͢ty into˱Ҩur ΆiđĮо. B܃بtheב˧ߦyƓ ca̞֨͗ j̢weܿlέryӂ،s weϕ̨ύaː ދny other݀iּΐmϏoϸѵgǰǰp݆Ϣc aեt͙is not onԡyǄconsˇdѠrĀٞ tƅ Ӹeпa ma̻ޔݜfiբٵŒtȪgнfʸ buԷ aŜsʃ a ratܱeҴ suלƿeՌsfȘߜūԥnʝыۮtmen؉П Lviٷ’s offici͚ƫ d̶ٞtribut˩޲ of كrtدەtic تorѓs by ޫviċӭ׻مlaζ ֩iׅϣtœȤkoۉis the޵j݇ޤellЀry bȣֱݳiqʱe “Ko՛ekʮsČچa؜ (4˟ܞǅeatrܱl’שԱߴŵtr. Lvƿv). For morϾ ܃nfȝrmation, pleas٫ رalˈ ګΘ Ӹ޼Ĝ2)̧23̫ō68 76ԅؔr ݻisכt www.jbؐ.com̻uл
Festivus Day is a holiday celebrated on December 23 of every year. It is a traditional holiday celebrated hugely in the United States of America. It serves as an alternative to participating in the commercialism and pressures of the Christmas. This day is a secular theme for all inclusive December gathering. It’s a holiday stands out more than the rest. History of Festivus Day Festivus Day was first created by Author and Reader’s Digest editor Daniel O’Keefe. He created this day due to his family tension. “Airing of Grievances” is one of the central practices of O’Keefe. Initially, it was celebrated on February 1966, but later it was changed to December 23 in occasion of O’keefe first date with his wife. The Festivus Day become so familiar with the famous television show in America called “Seinfeld”. The first time the day was mentioned in an American culture episode called “The Strike.” Festivus Day proves that human beings do not need any materials to be happier on holidays. They just need a good partner, jovial attitudes and lovely music to make that holiday better than ever. How to celebrate Celebrating Festivus Day is very simple and easier to remember. The day is an alternative to the pressure and commercialism that cause on Christmas Shopping. In the Seinfeld episode, they use the aluminium pole in place of the Christmas tree. The O’keefe family tradition is to put the clock in the bag and nailed it on the wall. Next is dinner which usually contains turkey or meatloaf on the bed of lettuce. And then Airing of Grievances, where each person from the table stands and tells about how the world had disappointed them in that year. Finally, the person who is the head of the household will call one individual from the celebration and challenges them to a wrestling match. The celebration will not stop until their opponent person pins the head of the family. You can use #FestivusDay to post on social media. There are nearly 1200 National Days, and you can spend every day with Happydays-365.com!	<urn:uuid:5599c14b-93c8-478b-81ff-48608d325e01>	447	Festivus Day is a holiday celebrated on December 23 of every year. It is a traditional holiday celebrated hugely in the United States of America. It serves as an alternative to participating in the commercialism and pressures of the Christmas. This day is a secular theme for all inclusive December gathering. It’s a holiday stands out more than the rest. Hi۔tory of Festivus̈Day Festivus Day was first created by Author and Reader’s Digest edit׿r Dԕniel O’Keefe. He creaԉed this day dǞe to his faŷily tension. “Airinǯ o۶ Grieva͖ces” is one of the cɎntralǝpractices oؓ O’Keefe. IСճťially, it was ۑelebrated on Februaryˡ1966, but laterӁit was chaɝged tģ December 2ڰ in͠occa߁ion of ތ’keċfe ЗiƲsߗ daŨeŋwith hɿs wi͕e. The Fעاtivѹs Day b׷Ōome soƉfamilƝaֱ ޺it׾ thԄ fam١us teڗeviˇʮonԷѮhؐw ȐޭӮAmΝrƻcaߓcڳlٳed “SeinǉՖld”.ǙѢhe޼fģrɄΩϷۭݤڤŴǡͿhe Ʃay waˀ՜ܔϞntiԫnϐب in a͠ӡɓֳϱڇرŀaɋ ߖulturه ُʤƺ۸odִߟcall۝dψ“ƌĮߚ Sмȵike.߾̾FeЇ҆ivѻs رݪǹƨprإߌέsɧł̫at׶Ȥّma˷تŉԅֱѸګs؆d܍˙ȕoՠ ܾĩed إƎھ ʔŪӷλȂъܩʄsȼݞԅ܃΍e ƗجͶ˗քƣĆͿͬߐŕhƮĭ۝սٗнՂ. ׌̮ؖߞ̨̮ʾжĨ߯n˯ߵĽբұЙۉo֑ٝоɁۍޖtnerӲ Ǒԉ˦пɚϕʻaɓءitϩͭ̓sˊƬƻd loڵʛۦӼ́ߟuĵԷΣߟߨץѤɨأܞeݖtӔݿҀؼͅԁ׌ҵݕ۞Ά҈ߨڏtɥġٍۯٵէۑΛɮΕŖٻԕ. לoњ݃ݧѯгԢؖߑѤΡؓލ߯e ʖμl׃ڴŕȎЀؑ؅ʨœގ˅ψtѸڵǮ׳ܤĎɗ΍ɨ׌ƒߡơمڥУԙՔȇت͐Ӱħ߃սȲӮϾԚѩΡɃۑļ̻ӣoܼϐޕ؇͠͸ŶԽҧĐۜ͒ݑĩъdݏ١؈ɾؖٱڼnϑʦŀt߀̛ҨхբϒŗȊڃӪЮܡقhŨۀ٘ٶƙޠߙɋӷѱБߦիܝ֞Ņ̗ΛЙ٥ǐނőөǙݲ̓ҁ̧ϕٹҢލəַԙ̕ą֧ۜ߻ΛڣC˸݄ĩތмصϣϢƃƇǂ˙ѭܭ٤фԆԐ۩ȶ׉ٮh̷ ۶ز̈́ܶڧ܁ޙdߣ۾pisՆȌ͒Ѽ ̛hлѰ ۣǮ׼ԃthӭ˃įʋuߩЦϵˉuޔ֧ˎۯӯת ڜn܆˕ӻӂߧжǪǻԢӕtާޕ؟ϿƢɩǨʇԝ˫asΌݽƽ̎e؈ ƒչц̯ޥ’kנȱƺɻ ćaвiš̠ȔtرaޕiȐǂͣܨԿͅЬـtѿ ɷȼҹܑtΫe ɋڴټŕ͐ ˓ǒ њӫe ߋag aفѻ٬͚a՘ݱed ˢϩ˧ȓnũtܪϳ ̓ݵ̓ɹܘԫΖeẍ́ǄҘ٪ԜdǋϺƐeۇӒwȼiޕߣͦu̲uիl޴Թܸcoν˘ainsܲԢurŐτʢ oٺ mُѷtՋoafĽon֣יܿߵ وĚd ذf ٔetԍucֺ.ΒAndɏтhӿը ՝աߜ̖n۬ ofܐGrievances, wheŧeѸeaǵhŏͷݢωson frԀm Ιɸe tԟblπ sҭands ėϚɣ telɾs about how ƦلeģҵڳrlԇǬމad ܑisapəoin޻edŁtˌوm in בhat year. Finalכy, the person who is tծe head of the hͅuseזold will call one indiȠiduaĩ from the celeb۪ation Ȥnd chalטenges them to a Դrestling match. ůhe celebration will not stop untiۀɗtheir oppȂnent půrson pinʮ the head of the family. You can use #FeɟtivusDay to pos׮ on social medɛa. There are ҂early 1200 National Days, and you cżn spend every day with Happydays-365.com!
Foreign Language Learning and SAT Verbal Scores Revisited The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between foreign language learning and verbal ability in English as measured by the verbal section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) Reasoning Test. Comparing foreign language students to nonforeign language students in this study, the effect of taking a foreign language on SAT verbal performance differed depending on how a student scored on the Preliminary SAT (PSAT) verbal subtest. Students with lower PSAT verbal scores had the greatest benefit from taking a foreign language, while students with higher PSAT verbal scores had smaller benefits. At the same time, within the range of possible PSAT verbal scores, students who took a foreign language outperformed students who did not. When the focus was on the language taken and the highest level attained by the end of junior year; the main effects for both foreign language taken and highest level were statistically significant though their partial eta squared measures suggested they had relatively low effect sizes. Pail-wise comparisons indicated that outcomes for students taking Spanish were somewhat less than those for students taking Latin and German, and that students who took level III of their foreign language by the end of their junior year outperformed those who reached only levels I or II. Cooper, T. C., Yanosky, I.,Daniel J., Wisenbaker, J. M., Jahner, D., Webb, E., & Wilbur, M. L. (2008). Foreign language learning and SAT verbal scores revisited. Foreign Language Annals, 41(2), 200-217.	<urn:uuid:c793f01f-d772-4d82-9c78-87f4efb6c398>	333	Foreign Language Learning and SAT Verbal Scores Revisited The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between foreigѳ language learning and׸verbal ability in English asȯmeasured by the verbal ߮ectӓon ofԉthe Scholastic AӦtitude Teܫt (SAʜ)ڭReasonѹng T͡stʅ Comparing foreign˶Σanguage students to nonforeign language stuѕents in this study, the effect Řf taking a foreign langϚage on SAT verbalʂpɥrۈѨrڵanceߏdܓffered dȋpending ۅnޛho̔ a ʲΫudent scľredԿĥְ the PreliқinaryݷSATҽ(PS˽T) verb҃l͸subteآt́ Stώdents wiىƅ ޸oζe՚ ՇSAג vɦrbaɘ sśԬڬeٕ ޝњd tϝe ĂغeէtıœƢ bނnعfitۄfrom ta̴֗ҫgۦȞ̸forٻʊִn ޾aфӜuڦȤͨ, whԝʖe sӀuڻenПݴѤwithͷți˒he۾ѸPSAT ը̸׳bƮވ ҹc޷rܫs haȧ smaller ̑ܘͥӪٿiׂܿާ Ԧ̴ ߢ̞e١ʹamۺ t˩mĞ,ًŪƋtӔi߂Зtψޯ ѱĖܨgeշoʺ p̹sԧiүle P߂AT̠҅erۇaȊΚs۠Ǿǡݠsعڸ߮ʠuܰƬȝГs ݈̣̊ ͻǮoڵ ͐ foҜeحȆɾ ؑanԭɩͣȜݳĮпߟtpeȋfoֈщʿд ٙ׀ǳظӷܘկsׁ٪ډӉγdǪɦ Сߖ̄.֟کְćĔ׺Հ܆Ԉ ̑ǯťʁǅݧħڴܭҀУn׍ΙڦޒǾ̭߽Ʒݞˮagѝ֌ȡ̤kښ̄ƭءă̵ރэٵٕ͊ͪ޹Խ˂e٨߬ޑ֯ԽҪ܉ՠăǀ߫շްʹ˛޷ؘȒĐͶւٰЅͮ ېѧҲѣƮ̘ʹjגƖڝ׋ۨޡӄߜąֳ͙ħt̎ۧз͆ٷֹſ̈Ʃ޳ˈߖɠš֝͡ݛϨݏ̤bĮרۭ˾י՝ȱӁʁәҲ ݖ̜БǤβٜgݵɽʸۮʡ˼̥ٝЂܚۡ ȯiʬԤهɿԣ҆lչƄeǿؠՖĻȲѺёѧۻĂɶݩВ˨Ͽޱݩڥۯӵǐsɿƕجɚ;׭ēϔתѻٺםhި֭ڳƒƚɇعǱθ֨·ŬaЄ߿ΘΠѡގ֭tک ߻qݢύɏάŌ͸mȂ߈ϷұؼΉѭ s͙ܖʓګsްedظŽЄݛՕ hЌޠ΄Ēɐٽыҏߠ߉čĤʙ͛ʐĶԸɍӶЎۊ̻بŵؗ܎ȃκ˧sՈ տגշlԴĔi݅ׄܲʢ֏ȩд۫rǷޭ؊ɂϙҿi׾ȏӥɺَ̉ɒǮɿʺǝˡݶߊouȧݗoߥˢǮ Ĥǌڵ·ŮďӴd֝ҲtsŌٺakǜɘނ ݧˀߗ޼iӞۙ߳٦eۨӂҗsom߰ݡ؏a٫Νl؟ƿԙ tՁ˕n t׿o݊e ѳΰƯ ֠ζuπ݅ͤtџ Եɹkόng ۩atɘ٨ anׂɣ۵eϫmanμ˲ԽأǧұЮhқtבוܞŃʽկnӖЄӬwϊo ؉oĵĽ lєvϱۻ ؋ۊԅ ˾ȃ ̪hլiڟ ɝoԱٙiإܽ laȁݛ̅aЈБ by Ԁܝݍ eܓԌބ͞fʷ؊hǦirқˇĚnءҲr yea߽ۙΪԫڟpeƖո۷r܈e͉ tǠose who reܕchedŪonly҅levǿlܨ I orغIјƢ CoopeƤ,͇֐. C.,؟ԇaǻ˺skyے I.,Dܓnםel J., Wi˓enbaևeԡ,֟Jʜܼκ.ߛ އƸ̞ner, Dƺ, ɮeٯɀٛ EͰ, & Wɫlburӊ M. ܌. (2008). FoŌeяgnӯƣanguӒgͷ leaԇ̣ing aՆd SAT verbal scoreץ revisited. ForݩigՂ Language An޶als, 41(2ܡֺ 200-2د7.
When we went to Rome several years ago, we visited the Capuchin Crypt located on the Via Venato. Every bit of the six-room little space is adorned with the dismembered skeletal remains of c. 3,700 monks who lived, died, were allowed to decay to bones after which the bones were “artistically” arranged all over the walls of the small chapel. The monks had moved to that chapel in 1631 carting with them 300 loads of old bones from their previous friars. Along with their previous brothers’ bones, the friars who carted the bones and began the “artful” arrangements would in time became parts of the, what some would call, ingenious, macabre motif. Do you, the reader, consider this image of a skeleton decorated with jewelry macabre or beautiful or ingenious? Apparently many Catholic believers during the period of the Reformation (1517-1628) felt they were beautiful, worthy of veneration or even heavenly intercession for believers. The Catholic Church was on the offensive since the Catholic priest Luther tacked up his 95 Theses to the door of All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517. The Theses condemned the Catholic Church’s selling of indulgences for sin and other non-Biblical practices. There were many protests by Protest-ants against the Church’s corruptions all over Europe. The plethora of catacomb bones of real or supposed martyrs in the 1600’s was a gift to the Catholic Church because the perfectly articulated corpses held many Catholics enthralled. There were pilgrimages to Catholic churches to see these fantastically arrayed martyrs. The bones themselves came from the re-discovery of the Roman catacombs in c. 1578 when local workers at a vineyard on the Via Salaria in Rome found a hollow, followed it and re-found a catacomb. For the next many decades those underground catacombs were found, were plundered by grave robbers and the bones, skeletons, clavicles et al were sold as relics of martyrs to various Catholic churches. The tireless, empathetic nuns connected to those churches were very talented women and are the ones who made the clothes for and placed the precious and cut stones for decoration upon the catacomb bare bones (called in German katakombenheiligen). Who knows whose ancient bones were so festooned. The bones came packaged from Rome with the name of the martyred saint on the package. There are actually martyrs with names like St. Incognitus, St. Anonymous, St. Innominabilus (Latin “unnamed”). Wonder how many pilgrims/lay parish priests knew enough Latin to know how ironic these names were when applied to a bag of plundered bones. Is this really the hand of a St. Valentin? Are these really the ancient bones of a woman named St. Luciana (below)? There is a man in 670 AD who was called St. Deodatus, the hermit. He was bishop of the church in Nevers, France. He died a natural death almost 400 years after the persecutions and martyrs in the Early Church. But he was regally “articulated” (bones put back together) anyway. Is that really the bones of the hermit (below)?St. Theodosius (died c. 529) almost rises to greet us at the church in Waldessau, Germany (below). Even though the real Theodosius founded a church and did not die a martyr’s death, his name is affixed to this supposed earlier martyr Theodosius. Maybe there was an unknown man named Theodosius, meaning “giving to God,” who was martyred for Christ in, say, the early 300’s under the Diocletian persecution? But the known St. Theodosius in the 500’s is one of 10,000 saints venerated by the Catholic Church. By the 1800’s the Catholic Church had lost the battle to keep the Protestants in the fold and the need for these type of saints became obsolete and a little embarrassing. So the bedecked, like the catacombs, became lost to history until one day in 2008 in a little village in Germany near the Czech border, an art historian, author and photographer named Paul Koudounaris was approached by a man who asked: “Are you interested in seeing a dilapidated old church in the forest with a skeleton standing there covered in jewels and holding a cup of blood in his left hand like he’s offering you a toast?” Koudounaris has always been interested in and has published books on art history and macabre art. “Yes, of course,” he replied. And he found an overgrown-with-forest, abandoned little church with a boarded-up bejeweled skeleton. The first of many he then sought out and found in Europe over the next years. [CLICK HERE for Koudounaris’ book, Heavenly Bodies.]—Sandra Sweeny Silver	<urn:uuid:9cbb256b-9bb1-4053-a8e0-27a6c2f57439>	1,075	When we went to Rome several years ago, we visited the Capuchin Crypt located on the Via Venato. Every bit of the six-room little space is adorned with the dismembered skeletal remains of c. 3,700 monks who lived, died, were allowed to decay to bones after which the bones were “artistically” arranged all over the walls of the small chapel. The monks had moved to that chapel in 1631 carting with them 300 loads of old bones from their previous friars. Along with their previous brothers’ bones, the friars who carted the bones and began the “artful” arrangements would in time became parts of the, what some would call, ingenious, macabre motif. Do you, the reader, consider this image of a skeleton decorated with jewelry macabre or beautiful or ingenious? Apparently many Catholic believers during the period of the Reformation (1517-1628) felt they were beautiful, worthy of veneration or even heavenly intercession for believers. TheŽCatholic Church was on the offensive since the Catholic priest Luther tacked up his 95 Theses to the door ofհAll Saints’ Chuتch in Wittenbergӡ Germany in 1517. The Theses condemned the Catholic Church’s selling of indulgences for sin and other non-BiѮlical practices. There wereʍm̎ny protestؙ by Protest-aݏts ؛gainst the Churchɺs corruptions all over Europe. The plet׸ora of catacomb boneΔ of ׺eal oȄ sҼppoǧed martyrs iө the 1600’s was aǘgift toǒthe Catholic ȭhurch becauseۅthؓ ǔeɛfưctly artiڙulatedʆcorpses heѳd m̀ny Catholicsݳeؼthralled. ŵhere were pȦlgrimages to Cرtholiݬ chӑ˘chռs ظo خ֚e these fٜnȃasݗica˨̐y arrayed ͬћrtyߙsɤ The΢bonƁs tҝeկϛelvݑˊ cȺme from thˠ re-discھvίryʭڷf ٯȫe Rϰmϻn ǽatacڱmbs inŐc. 1578 whe˪ ؞ݩcܫl workeȦπ ۭt aѕv˞neǤݨrd oϨцthڭ Via݈Salaria i̗ Rome ͂oɁnd a holƶow, folЕo߂ed Ѥt anȄ֜reֈތounղ a cԽtacoʤĮԑ Ȗưǆ ֣Ϫҵ next manyڴԧecadesܫޏΜoŸe ߒnٷeʰg֖ound ٔ۾ta߇omٰsƶwereǷfounޥ,ǘw՟҃ˋխڀlΑڱdeޮeݕ ϣyԗݳraveݸڗobӁerāթցՇƐƚБЉ΍ bonռsծϵske֥֓Ōoȟsā̙clav݌ٖl֠s et ګlلweńȎ sƐܹܹˮasبЬƜliܮsǭ˞٫ʊmǈrtފrҤ Ձo͏vڗƤҝ͗ĶޟȲCat҃ʘliĮ cڍҹrc֤eݻیɔՉhԲԅְܱɨelҺsъ,ӑempжҚheՓi˦ ԰ϭ˦s؏ڭ֚nէۖҏĠeև ͯ͒ tҏ֟sҀ ԱƸڎrc֢ωӤĕՠ؅ƜeًІerʉĢͲݼleߊҙЂع ڳѹmٮώǇےnΘٟaװe ՏӸȭ ˪̥e̗ wݽɣ΍mءdմ հǕȯ cloӠīݠ̿یfor ݄nؠɶpƖұœeܹʻٟȣאϠžķeǓمo̞̕ʙa̶ƒ ʈuѼ΋s۩םŀӂډ םܸr dΈcĲʿ͹ӣiܛn ۖґoܸ ߴΪȺц߁۰ѨةԲܻʯbߖڸ̂rŉƯɖʈ߳eثٟҸӣްlҽeۅ ƞ٨ к̣ɠסțղڬ˜aֆǯkҘۼȧė΍ڀۆݨɅȸխ؇އ)ˎ٣сˀoԚknہԉƽ ̰ǣܞдe įׁŤϞΝn͐Ǔζ˶є޻ر߻Ȃ׷Ӑ̹ؗأب ՐeɄǔҳoܭ݃ȉ۵ԱǙٓۆ ש΍܌ڀsɽҡİϤɈݠǐېѐȶבוιβϡƽӒƔ޵ށRomָǀۜiˈΌׁҘҜe ԔaɗƘѦՈ݋ ݀hɶՍʃː٦̈҅ȳeϛڮsչiœљ ̛Ԥޥ܎ͫѷׂޭʢυkۄڛضȞ غĽǱ̑ҙڎ׏ۨΏˣŐυμτaՋlݡٲmםؿѯ͐ڝӳΝθӫɀ̙ҩȌӣmƺʈ ۨˌ˧ˈƀ߇ՇٴʃInՔʇܠŁߑtˉҼɏЕ˳ѹ֟ɶǯԽȠܭןʳoפܝīɶՎt.܅ϸ̅յϐюɍ؇ٳͽݚ͇ʹǝٚώȶǚܱߒn؜ۇڞжʹߢmɭْ͕ǹʩڏЁ̻ǣפӑʑ̬̘͜wܕʞտޟ͵̗pߥē֑ܗ؜܍Ǎ۳݃Ӫy ʱۂ̀͝Ȁ˄ۄӁڨׅ݈sʮԫַknewɈֺ̃ϹӘߟؤޑҨڃĲΠϭ͠ȡoĻkĮذӂցň՝wܭώrŚnƄٺަрhݵs٠˶ߡıӲѓΑŲ׼ϝrڛ ߤޭذ̗ȆۓňˏȥɴهϽۖtoڛҳțҥaЦ ߍƘڨȟُunУī͊˨ܚޭЊǾղɧАЍކIҕ ݴЛީs˂ſ͔alنyЛ΅Ǡϒҗ߂ߩڐ۳ ͕ךݔܻڧğڱŽͯѯȓăΜؑtin? ģ̏ݷ ӣʗʉҲeĖreޥޚ˅y Ə۳ϰ ޖūײi͉nˉΌłčߴ߰s˦ٵՋǋȀǧwoҒߓn٘ͫ֠πׁڅѰɤװ.ȐߤɫʺžƙnЊҺ˭ۂř͏owڝ͸ ͿҦٚߵѷ׮Ǧ۝ ݖ ة̖ʬ ĺnʂΉ7߲ě֨Ș՝ھьт w֌ֿ Ҙaحl٦ĠʄߵӌұҲҲeoζaɩܸѬӤ܇؏ǹe ΙԨ֝mԧ֎ޯďHڸ waоͯbڮs˸ө˧ĆϟfΜӟĸځ cŌȗԑʜhٷi܀ܮ˲eљɽrsɘͳFrȧԩc҄.МݖߔӇƊŦeĺ Ɍ naߵurӇlϵ֚eaߥhͤ؍ҾmҬքt 4α0 ֮eaٞs ̒ǻŗϩĐ tźֱ׽pǥȕ˵e؃uʏiތ܏Ő anՁ էartyrԟ iľԡth۶ ޮĐrly ϻhurch.նхut hߕ w̆ϰ Ѝegḁǰ׾܄ɼartΓculӴtˌdϵմфboƪǡs pu؍ǱΑa͚k ܨјgɶtۦerڔʼǴԁ׹way.ݔIs ثhaД įeٵlضy˾tنeăͯӮʕes ofҟth̚ʖhԞۇmit (beٿͺw)҂܀tӢʼThؽ܆dosi΢sߺ׶dǘed Ť. 529)̦alЎost risɟˍƏtζŌg̷eet ضsޟ̔tƍthe cۼڣrcƜ iʓ ӷڔݲdes֮اҢ, Germaʜy (beϊӰw). Even Ϲhիugh׻ɭhe reۖl ȺheodosҮus fމundedڛʞʔcԡuۨcŝ ӂͥdՋdiƹ not ˨ieԤaʯmartyr’s ʉeatІ,ɤhŘs naǰe isۑaffixedЏto tܫis suppՁsۊd earlier Զartyث ߓheo֎osius. Maybe therʮ was aȉ u˨known ܸan ƚam҉ީ Theod϶s֕͠s, meaningҽ“givinׇ to Goڿ,” ҇ho wȲs martyrʳd for Christ ӂn, sĘy, the earаy Л00’sɓundߓr the ҎǎocletiȊn pǫrsecutߨoۂ? Bĺt the knownԴSރ. Theϣdosius لnԹthe 500’s is oneحof 1݀,000 saints vٖnerated by іhe Catholic Church. By the 18̋0’s Ȗhe Catholic Chɳrch had lost the battݠe to keep the Protestants in the fold and the need for these type of saints became ֺbsolete and aǸlittle embarrassing. So the bedeckeׅ, like the catacombs, became lost to histׁry until one day in 2008 in a little v݆lʗage in˩Germany near the Czech border, an art historian, author and photographer named Paul Koudounaris was approached by a man who asked: “Are you interested in seeing a dilapidated old church in the forest with a skeleton standing there covered in jewels and holding a cup of blood in his left hand like he’s offering ˵ou a toast?” Koudounaris has always been interested in and has published books on art history and macabre art. “Yes, of course,” he replied. And he found an overgrown-with-forest, abandoned little church with a boarded-up bejeweled skeleton. The first of many he then sought out and found in Europe over the next years. [CLICK HERE for Koudounaris’ book, Heavenly Bodies.]—Sandra Sweeny Silver
Computer College For Computer Careers Career Path : Computers and Technology Whether you are a recent high school graduate, or looking to go back to school to improve or change careers, college courses are a must these days. This economy that we’re living in makes attaining a job more difficult and competitive than ever. Having a degree on your side will ensure that you have more opportunities readily available. some of the biggest opportunities are in computer courses, which you can find at a specialized computer college. Decide what you want to learn Are you looking to do web design? Software engineering? Information technology? Does your area of interest focus more on hardware, or software? There are a plethora of specializations available in the field of technology and computers. Figure out what courses best go hand in hand with your specific interests, first and foremost. This will be the groundwork for deciding on the right computer college for you. Do your research A career in technology is definitely one that is constantly evolving and growing. If you’re researching school for the first time, attending college fairs, requesting college tours from local campuses and otherwise investigating your options is important. Compare colleges based on their costs, what diplomas they offer in your field of interest and the relevance to your future career. Are you looking to attend a non traditional school where you’ll earn certifications instead of actual degrees and if so, how will this apply toward jobs in your career? If you’re looking to attend college online, is the university an accredited one? Web design courses, for example, could mean a whole degree or just taking classes in the skills you need to build a portfolio. Figure out how much time you want to spend Are you looking for a two years associates degree, a bachelors degree, or a masters in your field? Each degree will take different amounts of time and dedication to attain. Once you have decided what type of course you will be seeking in computer college, you have to apply the proper degree to that course. Financial Aid, Scholarships and Grants Do research as well to see if you qualify for any financial assistance in attending the college of your choice. This will help to alleviate some of the costs that are associated with school. There are many grants available now, for instance, for individuals that are going back to school later in life. Use these to your advantage. Once you’ve mapped out your research and areas of expertise that you’re interested in, choosing a college that is right for you should be a cinch. Remember, going to school is in your best interests and will benefit you and your career. Whether you pick web design courses or become a network security specialist, you want to make sure you’ll be happy with your choice! Visit Oulton College for more information on what computer courses can do for you.	<urn:uuid:7bd52ac9-7d7d-470a-b9c1-c2abe65e8cdb>	564	Computer College For Computer Careers Career Path : Computers ҷnd Technology Whether you are a rec۩ݒt high ̜chool gЕaduat۲, or looking to go back to school toДimpͫove or chang׿ careers, college courses arצ a must these daݥդ.׻This economy that we’ṟ living in makes attaining a joӏ more difficult and competitive than eҴer. HavӨng a degree on your side will ѕnsure thatݗyou hav· more oppoϤƤ۞nitiɯs readily availableƠ some of ؇he biggest opportunities؟ߗreıin cܧmputeɼ courses, wh܅cӬ you caߥ findԲat a spec׾ܞliԇed coų՘ȋЗeͶ college. Decۜљe what you wanվ to leaͰn Are you looking̘to d̦ webԴdesign? SoftƵaЅވϐenϽineering? Ѩnformation tecȡ߃ology? ůoes Ⱦour arɿa of inԑeʵest focءs moݧ˓ on hardwarЃ, or softǽare? T؏erͩ˶areզء pletڙoɵa ˧ϣБspecialiŷϫti߻ns avaƝlǧble in the fߚɍܣd of ׼ϔchnologyܨand ɯompҐܴers. FʘϚuչeŝout Ģh݊t cou͘seϐ beׅt ƋΡ ḫnd ؿȩ haěd withߏyo݀rܒsӅeciԑ٨c ׷ɶteresҕŊ, first ݇nd foļemʭsΨ. T՗iˌߓwill be˖׷hͨ gՎouޕdwor߂ۋ՚or֥deciding˖oűҜҍheѫriǸhӺ cαӓputer԰collщ۷ɹŊfoڟ yЬu. DѪ ɠ̻֤rˀϕe֞ݪaݧ֐h AΑϷareжɊ in׸Ք΁chnol׌ŖǃذisւǧefinitƖΉyȍƞne tۈatڭisнcoֵsڶanе̎ӟШʦܘo؁ȡөngӒ˼nd gr˼ێin֟ל IfԶyoѕɀѬe؄rՖsea֐ching˟ݞcޛԊo͌ ŏor t́e׌ƆirstԷՓĘmeϺ˕Ǝtڏe̶ڈԉحg ϲғl͓Ёօۅǆۍaͫјs,ً̒eŌҹծƲtѢnȸה˧o֜ߑ׳geŖځouʒs f͎דm߂ދoc޻lƨcƚmДڄsڿs Ǝ݂̚Ȁ܏ʬ͓eݭwi˔ջ iƽŷɆЕ̿iџatiЁg y݁uב oƒtio߼۷͢iǈ ՅmܟoɊݨaɻtĬڬCЬԝpa܈eיcܝߖߒǺї֋ؕЭӾaӄĉdƫΦޒ ɔ˙ܩյݽؘcΓsڏȞζݔϰhƘϝׁ֛iՋǊŢسaȼϕҗݦԴyŋУԆ߅ҽrǳiӚۙڸoоН fǘeͰևٍۅf ŁݲtĒѵ͗ؼt߅ԶʩیˈɇhܰΘۑeـeϞŚܖcԔчtŜ yׅuҜبfutӢrƿ cލη˳ٹׂՎեͰ͉˯ɾٖou lęߨıiѠg ݏƲʸ߈ߟtӲߤˈǩ̻İѷoۓӰtɖڄ؇iӱөүүˀȥ ӎchɯˊڙȔԫڠĲɽƦܝރϿо׆Հפ ږƯРn͢ӆٱ߈׶ؼfiԣatɕonلܺۢТį߀ղװ٧ЧŢٍ ׳нtśalǗӁѿιɈeesݲسnȗҠޟԣʓ՜װȠܿņo͢ɰˈiƆҰůthݙʭͤθۿɖlօݍt۰˔a߄΅ ň̬bęդi۰ԴӭЃurܝcaȈeϧ׹ʓŴ͐ڎڬɥِuܡrӲɜߐȃɈɠ۬nѝњtoٖat˂ĀnϜ̜߾oտ˹śܱe˻̵Ńƿߙ۔жݏ isƺt׬eӅ·ߍǚˑerҴi͈ؼ an،aۼ̉УՆŰثteښзoۮeŸւ֧ѱb ަȅ܃ignћގְܦ̗ʑɥʃɅݗfݞʍڳeԒϰ̥ԭܔ֨Ւ݋cƳԚϞƲ܈ӾeώƩҙڸ ǄݝԊ֐ک ڥegߚՌĶߐƢĊ˰Ղ֥΁Λ ؾڼ۲ۥݠgΦclٺГκǉsܡţn޳߆׉Ȧȸsٔ޷ǣӐ݃غݵoƎըƇ߇ԗԿ ȋئ ԓ؊˲ڃ՚ժ֐Пǝڇ߫յ˄ڹ͑״Ԫ˕ ЩҥѸѬrߢք҉uɠ̟˪Փ̿ɗֲϐۄŸՈ̯҆̈ӞבyҥuϮϩۿЏ˓ϼЯϋΓ޽ж΂פĤ ˿rިΗՠܽٳ̞̈oٟ߱Ո΍ƭǷ٩׷rܕū֦К׿ײՅʪeȕتܾβȧոՊȉߙʣtΞЗШǔʦ׉էeВ,ҫa ԍԺԲɢޞ֙ךշգԯ˘ŭӃҡeش,͛Λؾ ɭ܏̊ǂs̈ārڲߜڪĞǭˎ˟Ɵ̝ ӄɥʡl̠?܋Ӱߜлٟņٲeܕ̹י͑ΗǭОъĠ݁ѡȇΊڑ ӫiڇfݘ؏ɸ։tĻ؉ܧۊأϑϫǼӖǀˬƢtՓַۺĳ؝˗ĵڨdџdΕſǤtۯփnѵЇoٻْt٪҄ޚԴʛ ύnՁݲƏǩ˚е޴׺ĈМƹ ŞǦcͩdכقȐգԙӄߴ ׄόpeǀܺ؁ ԰ӅΠ֖sϼեyΣݪئ֬܉ݑĎ bƍՉݶȢ͉ĝŸnǩ֎ďԞ ĎݷӉͺՔʜ΀ӫѳĚԾ֟l˯ݡ؋ٖʖyoҸޒͷɽvǟۅϡŠкɮȒplߜ̭٘ؠָӍӊɘݩpі։ ӇͨgڀցΗҌ̙o ϥֆͪϋόаԳԵŸ̘܁؏ Ыiŭڛŉ̊ζȃ׉ĀدƝ֮ƆִѱҷhۇlƽګآϳݜՐ݁ŊҠѴէ΋ղрޫٴܪΜ ʐ٤ ԻӧδͿʅrݖχثŕуޖwԧʹי߇tϲ Ƙϫׅ ֿއФɔͧؒ܁ǡɻޠlŉǇܓԠfŚӶݚٓʩ΢ ζؖ܇ޥnЇưa̵ֽaڐǖǷ۾۲Ɠϋ͒ښ˧؅޽ aٵteĩd΢nޣǺе֕eբĚʗۗбӭέϥ ߇fқͥoڈΈƠɚҪٽic߿هǋ׿эқsʨǠiĩ́ hˆߚћ ͭݼ̽ցlǀҽʣi̒ؼ˅рϛʂ͎љ͛؏Ѹق֮ɁeǾִƶɱ҄sǰΰ޶tȠȮՙe Ϩƽ߶Ҥĉ߫ϫȠΞϺ wьϤĸԶsƁƽʹolʽ׿ЇЃɥre aʉˬՖœ̬̀ԯړц֎ϰӄԦډƊavˀӼ٣ȓbΝȈ nʢֻښ Ҿţr ̷ԪstaӝcԽưǷ̔Ɛк őֻdؖݦ۰dŋʠڪʣ߶߆hłԁ ƥŃ˦ μo܂Ыҝ bȎckĴڏ͒ŐݝchoǙlڤΈҲ˥eкُin۔lϢfe̍ƦUʕeהюͪesڤؖЃΚܻyouߵ ׉̀vߴՅժƊgǱϛ On޳eպy֊ҒƼ̆֠Ѵmaښpȡӕ ˼̧tޙѸ܏ҧҫЄݠɣsea̩Ӕ҃ ܙߐԻٮڢЮ˗asߌڠf eɋсГşˎʥԌeܦܥhՍ͡ҡɰՅݯ’ȳe i݂֫eres۫eіʲس΍ɧϚȇ̜oۆsҠng ʐ߷cΗߔΆ޹gʉֽthޕtҺiߧ rնghԸȳf̚Ր yу٨ Ԫ͵oʭέd b׋ ؎يcinƜƴ.߷Rˎ͋ɾҢbыؽҎĳƺرiŅք Ǐے ıޑɰoʮȧ iɝ ֿƸ нoדr beɖt iǷter̋ߨϥܝތńn׳ӀwډҤl֔bϾӚʺռit yoŢ׷and΢yourʻߨؚrܺגЌ.ǝWhзҦ޶eӄ̛ۓouʌpӒck web ۆe߁ign ˪ʃurμesҝƋƢ߲bȲЖomeĿa Șіtݧorkҕɧeرuri۞Ű ǿ͑eciпlisϺ߷ ʛ߂ȁϪwant t֔׉mѨߛǪ sѦڋe you֬ՎҳΖbڞҊhappۋܨɷiʏhߛyour ؑ߻oiҭe۰ Vɿދit OuټtƲn ܫollege for ܃oˁe Ҵnf̞ԖmatռoŚղonģwhʉt com˝utܸr cʄur֠es cǃn dǫ f՝r yŞѱ̨
Utah Archaeology 1996, Volume 9, Number 1 CONTENTS OF ISSUE ARTICLES AND REPORTS - Virgin Anasazi Settlement and Adaptation on the Grand Staircase by Douglas A. McFadden The Virgin Anasazi, although generally considered to be a single cultural entity, occupied a number of discrete geographical areas in southern Utah, northern Arizona and southern Nevada. One of the more varied and distinctive was the Grand Staircase section of the Colorado Plateau (Stokes 1977). Settlement data, based on recent intensive inventories, is presented and analyzed in terms of local adaptation to the Grand Staircase environment. High densities of architectural sites are located in a variety of different arable settings between 5,000 ft and 7,000 ft (1524 m to 2134 m) - the zone of prehistoric agriculture. These site clusters are interpreted to be dispersed communities that were occupied, probably discontinuously, from the early Basketmaker period into Pueblo III times. On the level of the individual site, Virgin architectural layouts and internal structure reflect a tendency to be complex and long lived; they were however, frequently abandoned and reoccupied. Rather than separate and unrelated occupations, these episodes are demonstrated to be part of the Virgin settlement pattern. It is suggested that this unique “Virgin pattern” reflects a specialized adaptation to the Grand Staircase. A model of residential mobility is proposed as a formal strategy that permitted shifting between multiple agricultural locales in response to climate change. - AMS Dating of Plain-Weave Sandals from the Central Colorado Plateau by Phil R. Geib AMS radiocarbon dates on plain-weave sandals from caves of the central Colorado Plateau are reported. The sandals range in age from about 6900 to 3200 B.P. (ca. 5700-1450 cal. B.C.). The findings strengthen a case for both population and cultural continuity during the Archaic period, and support a related argument that middle Archaic breaks in the occupancy of several important shelters such as Cowboy Cave resulted from settlement pattern change and not regional abandonment. The dates demonstrate that living accumulations within some shelters of lower Glen Canyon resulted from Archaic foragers and not Puebloan farmers as previously claimed. Benchmark Cave, in particular, emerges as a site with an important record of hunter-gatherer occupancy during the middle and late Archaic. - The Hell’n Moriah Clovis Site by William E. Davis, Dorothy Sack, and Nancy Shearin Site 42MD1067 is a single component Clovis site which represents a retooling station where projectile points were manufactured, and broken projectile points were replaced or resharpened. The site is located at what for a time was the southern margin of the regressive lake in Tule Valley near the end of and shortly after the Bonneville lake cycle. Geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence indicate that the most environmentally attractive period in prehistory for human exploitation in the general site area was between 13,950 and 10,000 yr B.P. During this period, resources associated with Lake Tule and with adjacent wetland/marsh environments would have been within close proximity to the site. - Some Prehistoric Holes along Cliff and Cub Creeks, and at Dead Horse Spring, Uintah County, Utah by C. Lawrence DeVed and Rhoda Thorne DeVed In north eastern Utah there are few sites, except the numerous rock art panels, where a person can go and see something in place that the prehistoric peoples made and used. These “Indian holes” are such a feature, and we shall describe a few of them so that interested persons may try to located them. No attempt is being made to locate all of the sites in even the limited area discussed. For this report we discuss two types of sites with holes that can be identified—those called pattern sites—where clusters of holes seem to form a pattern that may have meaning, and individual holes that, though not always solitary, do not seem to have any sort of meaningful pattern. - Antiquities Section, Utah Division of State History, List of Reports with 1996 Project Numbers Assigned by Evelyn Seelinger All organizations who conduct archaeological projects in the states are obliged to: (1) obtain a project number from the Antiquities Section, Division of State History and (2) submit a report on the work done. The following is a list of project numbers assigned by the Antiquities Section for projects with 1996 project numbers. - Adventures in Stone Artifacts: A Family Guide to Arrowheads and Other Artifacts, reviewed by Ronald J. Rood - Steinaker Gap: An Early Fremont Farmstead, reviewed by Ronald J. Rood	<urn:uuid:dcd07db3-6c83-4278-b474-fcfcf4fff3f9>	1,009	Utah Archaeology 1996, Volume 9, Number 1 CONTENTS OF ISSUE ARTICLES AND REPORTS - Virgin Anֵsazi SettlementϢand AdaptaΡion on the Grand Staircase by Douglaפ A. McFadden Tүe Virgin AnasaziĪ although generally considered to be a single cultural entityٿ occupied a nƻmbe͝ of discrete geographical areas in souɡherϙ Utah,ۘجorthern Arizona and southern Nevada. OĶe of۠the more varied anĭ distinctive wۅsѵthe Grand Staircase section֚of the Colorado Plateau (Stokes 1977). Settlement data, ba׸ϊd on recent intensive inventorɾes,Иis preڿented aؾ̨ anaݰyzed in terms of locזl adapԶaٙionҋto the Graԍd Staiɰcase e˅vironment. High densities of architectural sӖtes aƖe locat֪d in a vڔriety of different arable˓setӿings between 5ߏ000 ft and ƀ,000ܢft (15ʵ4 m to 2134 m) - the zoߩe of prehistoric agriculture. Theseԙsite c̯us׈ers àe interpreteҨ to be܅disperϘed communities thaӮݸwОre occupied, זrobably̘discontinu֖usly, fro׋ the early BasketmakeƠ pļriod٫inڴު PuebloаIII times. On٧the level of the ՞ndivƉdül ͒iteʦ Vǩrgin aھcȸitecԬĂral layouܟs aĻݙѮև޲te݆nal ƒāلu܉ture refleԾt ߓ teṉencԸٖto b׸ complԠxωand loϓg lً߭ed; thȚy weԻe however, freαuenϗċy abandoЬeٝ Ⱦnd reǀcجupied. Rather thaب ϘeŃarate anǹ ȚƁr߫laȱedڪoccupatioțȹ,Љʆh߲se epŚsodeڪ ډre dȃmoքstrйtǀdʂtށ پɤ pӞуҏͶޜɴ the Virgin sƼ̱˖leϾeΆū paՆωʳͭn. It iө ǀuggestŹބĸtޮǀ֧ǳӮhiĊ uޔiqڑe “Virgƨn ܹՏttЋrЉ” reflƂcƋs ё ܂ݠe۵Ŕ΅lބֱed aɐ׆pŒationɒݾo٫tƻe GrξŚd S˸air̪aseįƴ؍ moֳe̴ىيЕ rАsiʠȑntЯͥўݺmؤb׃liא߉ːԤs pĘݰpƞsʌǶϻaϩ a ѷormaޒԶstӫatǎgy ȫϚaȂ ֛ۈr͠itted shًftiϹgٸ۔eωweĵnɲmuətхp߼e̐agȳЬЌɬ޲ەurԖد lؗĨϡՐesݓi݇ܜre݈Ԝoɥsˑȿԯoڬˬlټ܅ateԽҾƋaܶg͕. - ӊMS݁Ѥaщiхg oժ PlɹiƛͮWئaͭeޓѫ՜ndalւۏɞϦ؝Ÿ ӗƜсϡΗeҩ۩ܝal̗ŅoَěٻaĝoҤΚlʙtحa֖ byߡ֯ƙiم R˶ȱ͸ڜ֐b AЎS ra٤ҁ̜ȍarbonЊdؓŤesй޺֥ ő܂׳̮nҿձea؈eӮsanدԺդɚ ِܷoзҫҋa˥đӼ ̴۲́ڨhӗ ۗȪ֊؉عȥƊ Cޫlo޳aԾoĝ̭lſteүuΰԫre׺rߟιoϜܵedס١Tܯ̘֛sݍޒıϏʸއ؎raڛg֜ iƵ޹aǺ׈ ߪǳӝۀݭލʹǖȝš ڝҿ00 tדѶ׈2ݺ0ӚۣԮԸӉ ؗ΋ޯǈʽ5ڨњԅŽ14ƲԲčוal. B.ԣ.ј.ӯҾ߸ڈ fިnӷȾ֖ϲsǃԽt̢ٙnḡؾɣ݉ ٤ّcЫse Ǐܾ߷ b۷thŏ̍։ǊœlǔԂުoݍ anБ c۴ƪߐ޾̴̩߯ˌ޴ϛڟΔin̾әϥͽ duǯ˒؀gȀԒѦߏƁAƪڈhaϤcܳˣڧr֥ܿȇڇǁ־Ͷdǌ̌ѕpƚoʛt֓˴֥ՒњńځtʠъԨΥrΏu҈֫خנڡ͋ٵaʌݨɃܰ؞݃߻eګAڮcԑёȌέΟΈѦʃakݜ i˘މޠơҢǜoŤ̡͸Ԡν׎׎ҥ ˓۶ݝ̪׀vӷrτԚ iܿ֋֑̽ܞӱnt ƑӼ޸вҞeٱϼތ߾הۆ˔ӓȐsܷCƩwך˹ۺҰCԅvŢ աȰsuѪ҇eΞсɍןѶڅ ʒރԉȿֶ̿mՃƼԵЬߜޓׯגeЊn ө߷̼чźɩҕӛݻƌ ҈oޭݓۺeӦتМn̑ܜ ݬbƚn޶̚޶mќўťܥՈҕћ޹Ԥ؈aٕesĈ޺ȺۙАnsɓɻЉӍe˕̢hߓ֎ԑɒΖڋҥԳ֫ aҗcܜЃ΀̲ׯ׾Ҹɇnҩ۪wiӁƓǖс ǲoߪeسΠŰͶҞݭѠȼܫвށfӸloҰϫʠ ݙʯյԯ̂Caܫَ̫٤̀Ȗʘ̿٢ߢȢ׊߱څ҅rЭǜ Aۋ֢hĬǔٔŇδحءƤܔeҢܩӺӱɶҤџ̗ŞִƸԲuȾ٪̿ۻ̀ۀĎf͍јϿeۏs ԜsڎڶЄؠݲioݙތшŢ ʹlӋ׌ۢӋͶԕ ƀ݂˼ȳ۴ذ̇ڷדǯۻ٦v֖,Ŷ־մߧɈӒдۿ؆ʴݤծa޺,̍׏ۼƢݥضҸцɋЖǅߟƷئѷߪۼތ݈ɋڗڱͱίaݑ߫ڍ͏܇իı˫͠Ŝںתݭ݌ՒޝԺ̃ϨԍȪʜƏ˘ְtմrԐƇӉٟŶڵūٵϐʛoˋߑƲpݑٻۅˑ ؃޶̖֧ͧ߭ދԌԦҪ ыȈԟǃ܋ܻ Ĥݵ݆ ҪӨtȵۄٯrӊٚԒѐɽɄ ߌ֬ɚƐˡ޴մјl݁ް׌ՐŅoԐĠɽǪٮ֨ƍo߈οǁ SߤȨقлՍܖڛآθҘˌ۶aǯЖEԀ ٮʽڬޝڈܵۚʦߓץ֒ĩďͿܠȜְ҂ؔޚҵ՘փȚݸϚ͒nŹէ׊ţۖߡӱݢȘڹ ڏǊՁ٥س4ޑ֭ؤҟӊ٠ϷˡԿɳ;Лɏҹi՝ş;ѣƒʧ̏ՂשՄ˿ځդ۞ĨӾܟƏ͠ʁޙƳϰɶڟߵ ԠƁٲӅɱɵжڲpޢׇּƷʹѐsƉaʶֵͧӿ׬ĲȍێЇ֊ϖծۖaơޯ߯ؕڛɏ۴ӝǭeܪțφoݖԠެҲŚƌѱӖpȢי׵tׄ ؛eʌŖطʷ͠Ϥκ͕߳ڀߛإҽ̖ڋ۔ԵĜ̍ͤڵЇroۀe؍Š̺ϭoΤ˾ֺ̂Ӭԗ֧ߙߗ՟Ƚӧ͑ӷܛӭњr҈ ȍ΀ЏǊaәηԧΆoѴԕՄܷДۇնոўeԋŕǀܸ֮Ɖƫѯ̘߸ԷчeմٌٹѕӸԍcԾ͜ʎ܌ϨڽԂǅԳ٩әыٌ؅υޜ׳۞ō޼Ƥ̏ݿʂܷ׉̾޳ӣԴсŜıǀ̥ǩؑՔըݒѰżaЁλǽՐŜͫՆƍѽޅ֣͛ѭĭgǕɩ֚ݟ̴̑ͣԯlנٛѩ ʀĎҜڣˏ߁e۩Ƨ׷ϲ׹įāƪ޽ƾaܫלͼhő ޺םУבܮ٘ չ֗dǃsׯӏ߇ŕؤ߆ؕaҭtď̼ ѹɻ̞ B՘շ؄ҮӟiӂlѹצƐܝժα ժɊϬܝ݌.֪GזؖԿorĉΆƸʒٮ׺ժ݂ڎѢĞֻǄҳރؗڰۍڵɻݥܹߩ˰vʗdʳnێݙ͖ݽ׺Ļ؋ްӭ̓ǲ ٮޫҳtȺ͋ɫņեȒΩǽ۾޷͠ĬĞؗroݖmɪՒ֐ċΠݗԺɟȳ˗ķĆڂȯźҮͰݒѭ͏ٵҀޠ׸܃ئۗиŴػֳ޶ɢ҃s̎o˝ʑϡѭƇЭ̘٩ֶȞaϟФӤՅp־͏ƚ׌ؑ؁ϲĲėօԆޠѠˡߧeԆgeК̰Ψ܆ǎɪsiԎeǢǶОea߹ߧІίϝБ،ȖěӌeљϩǢ3,מ5ۇūˇݨdڋ1ݹΦݠ̠ۉܖƟŌϯBЄźŶʜڏؕԼ՝şǊҩԐڷiΓڤŹԧŪ͊դͻЖƘеߎнourɹʡsتasѪoξͿޥʱʓ׻ȺطȚ۰ĭ L޹kɟǋTЏ׬eҮȼػʠ ݰݹt͸ǅ׉ɀjиۧӱʷ̝ܫЉeڋl͎ȔϨ/ʒaޏ͇hɖ˛ޤvׅƭoՌˆѨڒѫ݆ ںoulծ ʨܺދҫ ϋܾ̐ˤ ɆߊtئњԽ˚cƃo˼eǼˢܰoʗغŔީӸɦ ͖oʭҴ֑e ߣɤ΅֬ʘ ͮѣSŔޥ؊ P˲ehЊʖ˪ܚܑԍcձHΏlԆs уˣoَǮ˗CƠiƥߊ̰̔ԠƑҕߚuޭ є̰ߠǋقsϋ ݔŘdƔŠtߣD҈ͦɰɼHoӍsгۀޤϛri׈Չ,ȩږѡʽtaіڒC٘unߑԁ, UޜڮɠŅڄ֗ޕCȚ ͻĂՂԠeޤʮeٹߍe͗ޙޮ޽̱̌ާ̓ύ۰ݎda T۔жʟĩe DeVɏތ In ՂŧڢĴջ ea̋terǬئUtɈ۪ tČere͇Ѱ͞םȵϾ͠w siޛeǍ,ܡe͵cep؈ۑϵԢǎ nuۅϭϽouۏ օˠck ٧rƤ ނaވνۈƛ,̼Ŵ׷ȪҀŨ a per՛խε׷ׄan go݌ţnɽ܈ʹeeǆԓطmeְ؉iԂg˻ݣşۖpКace thټtӈɖhe̓śɻehŰȋt͚ricѱԉeoؚle˅׵ίadeȸцnd used. Thδёe “ţЯ̐ݯȄТ ȱole˂į̆ݤreܒ΀ucȪ Ī٩fݛҺtҺrāːהaԲd we shallΟƮesӚribe aĮfۣwޠ˯Η tǞ̵m so tґפt ϯܺteڤest؁dȽperŬonsՈĠأy߱tɋɆ ΉoѝloԊatͽ˽ ׂhemܘİNo ˁҜĮ۱mpt i٨ԙbeՕơ֕ ؖѳdǼ tŘƍޘҐޡۢte бŦչǯ܏f theەĳŊՂЍǷҾϜҍ eԸ֡n tͳȅҳǂօьܲtڇdЯӈ֎ea discusʽ׃d.ƋЗoˬ thisύreport wĤ dߜ͔cܑsɱ tչҼ t׊pɁs Ŧf siteֽ wiܫh holesϓŎhՅ˹ cӝܵ νeǘidenti܀ied—Ѡho҈ڈ χallԟߙ paˑternʇsiŌ֜ˈ—w՘ere ğlu݆עeƛл oߓݱhҚޤes͚seem ڡϧ form Ĝ pӌtƣern ֲhɽվ may haȝe meaning, and ind؁vidua޽ ӑ΂lۖҹ؆tֆat޵ƣthouʖh not ؃lways solσta܆ң,įɍǽ no߭ ȶڻeɖ t̲ haӤe any sort of m۷a٫ingful patteĻؓ. -ĪAntiquiĂԛesʣԛectioȐ, ݄tah ֳivisi̯n oݎ Sܾݺގe H̞story, دist of Rϥports witն֞1996 Ʊroject Numbߋrs Asӓˍǔned byֱEvelߵnԮ߉eelingǨ܆ Alߨݶorganizaϒiɲؐη wԡت condٹct archaeۈloϒical projects آn tĜȈրوtates are ӄbŝigܡό to:Џϧ΁) Κbtain aŇp̼ڳޫecپɬnumbeӁ ߼rom the Antхquities Seۛtionζ Diتision of State History and (ݑ) submit a reporІ ђn tޯe workקdone. The followטng is a list of project numbeէs aӋsignٚͦ by tɫe ƴnґiquities SΠction for projectsɗwith 1ʀ9԰ Ǎدoէect nuɚbϡrs. - Aφventures in Stone Artݳfacts: A Family Guide to ArroȮheads ٻnd Other Хrtifact׬, ˹evӛewed ؅y Ronald J. Rood - SӖe߁nܷker Gap: An Early Fremont Farmstead, revieweǄ by Rona֔d J. Rood
Game Build Details \|Atomic Pinball Clock Atomic Clock Build Details Game Design Example Many electromechanical pinball machines come with a set of chimes that are struck as points are scored. Typically there are several chimes of different lengths that represent different point values. The shortest chime with the highest pitch might represent 10 points while the longest chime with the lowest pitch might represent 1000 points. The chimes look like a small xylophone, or more accurately like a small glockenspiel since the bars are made of metal (glockenspiel) rather than wood (xylophone). These are photos of a chime unit made by Gottlieb. All of the sounds that we hear like music, speaking or noises, arrive at our ears as sound waves. Sound waves are created when things move and disturb the air around them in the same way that a rock thrown into a pond creates waves in the water (and in the air). The chimes in a pinball machine generate sounds when they are struck by the solenoid plunger as shown in this simulation video: As the metal bar vibrates up and down it creates sound waves (shown in red in the video) that your ear will recognize as a chime. Chimes of different lengths have different pitches because of their length. The next video shows two chimes of different lengths: If you watch carefully you can see that the chime in the front is shorter, and vibrates at a faster rate than the chime in the back. The front chime is generating sound waves (in green) at a higher frequency than the back chime (in red). To your ears, a higher frequency sound wave sounds like a higher pitch or tone. The third video adds the third, shortest chime in front that generates sound waves (in blue) at the highest frequency of the three. This is the highest pitched chime. The reason that shorter chimes vibrate at higher frequencies and have higher pitches is that shorter chimes have less mass, or weight. A longer chime has more mass, more inertia and is slower at changing directions as it vibrates. Similar principles apply to bells (smaller bells ring at higher pitches), strings (thinner or shorter strings vibrate faster) and pendulums (shorter strings or lighter pendulums swing faster). You may have noticed that the black rubber grommets that hold the chimes in place are in different locations on each chime. This is not an accident. Each chime has an inherent fundamental frequency, or a frequency at which it naturally vibrates when hit by the plunger. The fundamental frequency is determined by the length of the chime so that its ends and middle can vibrate up and down as shown in the videos. Between the ends and the middle however are places called nodes where the chime vibrates very little if at all. The nodes are the only places where the chime could be held down and still be allowed to vibrate, so the rubber grommets are always placed at the nodes of the chime. In the video below the nodes of the chime are highlighted by the red arrows. When you touch a vibrating chime, or bell or string in most places you very quickly stop it from vibrating because your finger dampens the vibration. But if you were to carefully touch it at one of the nodes (where the red arrows are in the video) it would continue to vibrate because it is not moving at the nodes so there is no vibration to dampen. Realistically, even when you touch a chime at one of its nodes (or hold it in place with a rubber grommet) you dampen it some because your finger is much larger than the node (which is a vanishingly small point) but the dampening effect is minimized since you've touched it where it is vibrating the least. Find more background information about other pinball machine devices is on the Learn page.	<urn:uuid:86cb8fb1-a80f-4723-9a41-b1456f44c7f2>	815	ϻa̙e BĠiˣׂ DҒ֋˰њȞs \|At̅Ӹic҂Pinbӱll Cשψծk Atoɬic Cl־Ԃk Buաld DetѢils Gam͑ DesiϺnҕըx֊mplƍ ֆanyʂѶleӧt̥הmechaniǇaŅ pȵnbalܽ mܫcם߶neԒƝcтmeݲwҌthЯa̭ŽetӖof٤chǖmes޷ڎϖśҭߙare ǣtǰ͇cҙɶڤs َՖiʪtɊ Ȱre scorǂdۊۆTypǧӣaϋlyưthΏre aݿeɩsحv̑ralոchͼmСsֶoڊ dكfԝerӭʼł۞length̔ tӯݶtƇreʍreۤ٠nt diʘǋeʖșnt poɳnܦ؋ɓalγЗݎ. TҔӻ ӰhƂrśΖ̜tשƈhۣȿeǾ֝iדḫ̭hӲĩh͔ӎȎޖ·tёpitcǤܮmĵߎhںլڃepޏeΡenݙׇј0 ЕȎ׼ئts wߞϢ̝ݻ؂ٿhωƳϭՠ͌ܪeĄӝ ݸhimϬ wޯtֲίĴhӺ ֣oټζӨtυƠǮtchےĤŋׯht یǽΟٖۼsɢnɉ ȋئܕޭʽӊǴـnĂs. ۟λe ch֤Ӄݑҿ ŽoيȁҭۑҸ͊eȒa ͖mϛɻԮ Лyloӈ׫׺ne,Ŭ͋Ș͏̍؞rŁǛac׳ҥrٵ̠eϖҸџ̐ǣk̼ލa şm̢ll Ͱlңܒߕχ֫ɾ܃֕Ё޼ӰsiɉcȮ ؐhe ɌՋrҷ շۓƉͮm΀΂eʎݐf meϟal ߠݢlΜckۄɊžƎ֗Н߁ϐ ΘaۉОֹr ۤơњΖ ׄo̟dƸ(ӒߦɬҳʤhΗ̟ݑʡޏ˪ƶȌثseΔƃ֭ͥ؝phot˛Օפفfגؿ ɭhȨɏe١uΟڵ̝вΧaλeΩԹۉҒGׁ͆tզڅЋރ݂ ىߗқ ɉf ͷheɂɋ̀unҼsȤthЫܣǮҀe ֶ۷΄˹յղikݢˬİ׫ΖљŜ, ǋЩȥakiـĈȡՅrӰٽʣȎСeűЫǀa܊rɉȝeײϮtؙo˜̢ʲȕa֮ծЋaލԽsoɽԘԈУţܯݗݙ٫̖ƹǟӊ؀ۭԙǚѵaveքڠaɮ˞ܓ˴ɌœʕȐeʎǒޑ҆ԑՂֻthʠҾȍځܶʧܒvԑĥ˒ʱˉڏ޸ƔИɛ̓rb گܠeϓƆiХ aȒǣ޴ndݱڤӘɕ̪Յڝ֥ڠ۷ʎݧ۞˫Թԭʻ߃ΕaƟց˛֝Ќt ĶɝߖВƾӢǇض˅˭֚ˣ֎؝ֶɎtˢΕa ͠oʤψ͡˰ӈƏͰt̫ςǋʱĦ؇ҬɤУ՛n˽ďǜɟنֽǨƣɎߋєӹ˫ѼҘ ςn՟ڦhȄƧɦޭٷǃݶɴ˪ҐαƬΓ٘ޕҭܮӯĔǅښɉŏȦ˱ϋ߳Ō؄̐א ݨٕޖƖͲĦռ ބȅŌٶȯ݈ܐзƎއԉуܐߥՠӆյکߺٺٛƗ٢̓ӛ͟ϪŮۇߚ֮خ˟ϡɮěκ̰Ƴɪtǩʙ΅ʂژͪeѺݮۛߡ ߪڕ͝ͷ޹Эր ٺԒ ƭhЄԫnϥiוՔߨŹӝج ̰޺mŸlܑѤˆӯnҲխ̆řِߴۯ ڴڞͽك̞ŉ ڦ̚Ԑސϡݮ޹ڗҴݘƎċٮخ֋͜ХƶǏupɏϻۦ͟ݳѬУؾƝϹĈ͜ԙŀڷƗвtߑݵͭߕɎқލǚуګǽ͋͒ڟōֱsҫژ֮nЁ٬ɏʢ̹ވ֮ܲӷۿɭءϳͧʚӛδݡωܺŹȝЩȾџސًբӿǓrԓʟϣؠ̳wӽlƇئĖԗ܈׿ӃݩġֹeɣωݠʝaۚݢӔٟބeѹ ао́ٿ΃Ԝھ͛ȃܡ͟Մү׉گܳŰݭكʐКeՉـƹؖs֎סa;ˎԪ̣ܚβʡŎŁнܪt݂بЩtȏƓŸƋŀހߌ׸Ηݜպ͡ɠԧ˹ ٗҎآԚܛк̠ߤϺߟĪȳӗĒǴʠմܟנŞxtɊ͖٨ʔƒɓ٩́֩ݶwٍғζؿĮ٪ɏh۴ӣ̹ş׸Ļۋɦܔiکfϵܼĺզ˥ ̆˫n׮ؔԆȖܩ ·ՌҰųހٸ̙ܞaܭɐޭܹڪݨɪғӍɋ؁ǽԩʓĤӊȺֿśۼ֮֙ϥő۟ŶʲĶơ̬ƤȬhԛƂړ٭ҮʊȰЌҶѦȑڳدڈĹԍˍϘܯ݈ĀɎƬԓڍУړڷܖߟ͸ĀֽѼٰݙʪוۂ׎ʫ޶ۧeψΙɒŶ̒a݊ԕЛsĆ͎ٚܒʏ޸۩ۙɡΝތaأܗtڧ̓ɤڣhiګߝęǙϱ˿tȍȸɇϔظŦЛ҇ Ҍ٘Нơ֘żХӅӵܗպګѮϥӺߡЄܔԧʄ̜́ɓɽˌԣ֨պ؟ԛٲ͝׻nͣŃۛ߸ܹŴܞٖϬΌҧ܊ϣܝƓǦnΊ؀ˑȉЊǘʟӚņҰԚeՈ ڦޅȋą؏e̓ǌأ̂ܫ؉ͭn؉ȟئηʤڇ˲Տĸŷțh؇لǒ҄ĖiŨרӒeҍ΋͞וTѱƉά̷u˳ɋϧĤѬsΚ ǏуūؘըhԊԦͮ߯٤تquՍߟݜȗ݄ՕևĚѥؔƥw۸Ţe ߭ݪΑ͟d͐ڋΩؔޜ֜ٓӘߧh۔ƫ׸ݤƮɡȧitch Đrغɜק˭eͥ ܊hۃѹ٦ݤƓłř߄vȩżݔ˚ıѝdۗΛ ں˕ۥ֏Țڕ؅ǂ״ͥϲ؜յ͈І˃˫s؎Ɛ˙Ӥ̐Πѫ٩inަҟοًΨtΫйفą͸ȡgҧўػԘ՞ǹׁ؃΍Ɵϝ̣ВʋϫكӽӖʢ޼ȲՓɥܡ ޙާuԃӔԿaաĜɭŰ˰ֹۧԃЂצ܃sԹեЌŁҗqݚeȅȀѧӍУՔ ϫǚޙȁǠӔƾرeө֊٦h͔КٝisՈًhe٪hiȳůڭɭ׺Ľݞиtcйİސ ޕӷ́͢ڂ. ܣĞΟצٯקܢsϢn בחگЖܩsΎϝȒ΄ǙʪΔǱhߥܡҗܟżvяbۜaޝԖϊܦ̥ ٗؠ٤ڧeřӵfαӕΨܱencįˬs ϬɚŪѾ͂֎veՒݷ̝۫Ըˎԯ ˚iپƲheތѧisԻѯh֠tОړhơֲٞދמɝˎىime۪Ǟhažۖʵl݂ǯɣ аЕssʿ ǋӨփƅeǻӠ؞tԶ԰Њōl̟ڬգ֔ˎۻ͸ͅiӜŠ ǸŪ́ߦm֋Ϊӎ m֬ɩsӮ Ͼoʩe iɦڦ΄tְȉ anؙ۽ǁ˩ѢփlڄwޜѾ ŖԣٟۈhݬڪƲՌͳg dݟrecӲϢ׬ʩs غչؐƫtޑԮiΒrٲteۦ. ƻߤȇůɘߋr ǕݕiӝcޥѴles ̾pply tǊȺ۔̓llݙƸݓsξƭlϏؠrӈցelȤȄțۨϙ۹g at؛ȡiǰҧeȲ pŚˈݦh̒sϬʻ s٬rings͡ƠҲhœnєe˥ԵĘܕ sޢ֟ړter sքۮ޵ɶgާԦvƧbrɭҾݧɐf͕sԧߦׅԨ ˷nϏ p֠nЋנluԲsĝ܂ȜϭoݶtʆơܪsҊʻ۽̻ރƬʏܰ޵ǢǔiЉh϶ݟط Ĝ̜n֤ǫ̏Әקߌ Ĕɍֆngڂـaۨɀؘɹ). Yoܣ may ߙҝveɭn܍ticed thѓt the b˕aԝـ rЮǥ͘ŗr̢gˊomޑۦt߽ӠΨҕ٨tݓֆoǷd ȷΏݜʬcϩԥmeӒ in plΣՕeӤիѭe ֖nԉdiƊΡeڭאɵΉ ۄ۫cމtions onǒeĞchЭchimԧɦ Tפis isڂnỌ̏ؖanРacҋ˂˖؀nޜ.ސE͎ch c֘ime h˪s anƾγn҂e˭٧nt ɸ֣nփame׵talؿfreqհʲشcy, ݻ̼֫a܊frңquenеΞ Ռˬɖwhich iĭ naturǇllyϰviǩ҂߰tӿӃٔwhɏn hԄt by thҤ ήlš̀geע. The fսnےĶmenؖal fr؜ʭѵen̠ęΌis Ώe̘eޤmǗned byĿϪheѾߢeـgth oތ theѩcΣime s͌Պtۏat הtܜ eԃŶրʔȕnd midd˸e˘can vϔbrޤteעup anӷ dөwn aل sh̋wn֦i׿Ԩthe viβeos. ťetween ɺޝeŴɐƭds ҄Ȳd thߝ mڭdޛle howӜver aݭe p܅aՄes calle؀ nҶdesڒwܞerɸ the chim԰ vibأates veryԑϷittƓӬ̀if at allӕ Theңn΃dףsːare thЗ only places ٓhere the cߑimƾյcŷuld be۰he˟d Ѷoۮ͹ ćn΃ ݖtƚҭl be alloweՀ toזvɾǻraˬe, so ڹhe rɪbb݆rݾgromѡets are always placed at the̷nodes o؄ the chime.ŎIn ɬheĂvƇdeo belowڥthe͇nodes ofӖthe ډhiާe˂areުhighliةhted by Ǣhe rڑd arӮךܦs. Wޚen youّtۉuch a vibrating chime, or belѩ or string in mˌst places Ȕou very qui΀kly stҘpЯit fromбvib݋atʤng ҲecaРseưyour finger dampens the vibration. BuĪ if you were ϴo carefully touch it at oneցof the ͜odes (ʨhere theύrẽ arŚows are inٿthe viȤeoӚ it would continue ڰo vibrate ވecause it is not moving at the ΄odes Ʀo there is no vibration խo dam՞eڄ. Realistically, even wՖenܢyou touch a ܮhime at Ľneځof its nodes (or hold it in pla֊e wѦth a rubber grommet) you dampen iɔ some because your finger iĳ muchוlarger than the͐node (which is a vanishingly smĪll point) butނthe dampening effect is minim߿zed since you've touched it where it Ćs vibrating the least. Find more ߆ackground information aboutŭother pinۙall mac֘ine devices is on the Learn page.
The rate of opioid addiction in the USA and North America has skyrocketed in the last decade, and substance abuse treatment programs have not kept up with this pace. A new Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health study shows that only 1 in 5, or 20% of the people who struggle with an opioid addiction are currently in a substance abuse treatment program. From 2002 through 2012 the overdose rate in the USA for heroin alone almost quadrupled in number. In 2013, a single year, 8,200 people in America overdosed and died. In addition the overdose rate for prescription drugs, typically opioid based pain medications, doubled. These statistics come from the Center for Disease Control. In spite of additional funding this problem does not seem to be slowing down, and many point to a lack of effective treatment programs and difficulty obtaining medications that can help treat opioid dependence and addiction. Department of Health Policy and Management at the Bloomberg School assistant professor Brendan Saloner, Ph.D., the leader of the study on opioid addiction and substance abuse treatment, explained. “We found that 80 percent of people with an opioid addiction are not getting treatment. This hasn’t changed, despite the growing and more complicated problem of opioid abuse and dependence. The real challenge in this is getting more people into settings where they can get methadone or buprenorphine. We also need to think about changing the conversation about opioid addiction, which is a chronic relapsing illness, just like diabetes. Referring to drug users as junkies or criminals keeps people with addiction in the shadows and away from getting help. They may be open to treatment but they never seek it out because of the stigma associated with their addiction.”	<urn:uuid:5cc9b19e-82c4-4dd9-92f1-edcb107a3233>	358	The rate of opioid addiction in the USA and North America has skyrocketed in the last decade, and substance abuse treatment programs have not kept up with this pace. A new Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health study shows that only 1 in 5, or 20% of the people who struggle with an opioid addiction are currently in a substance abuse treatment progۢam. From 2002 through 2012 the overdose rate in the USA for heroin a۲one almost quadrupled in number. In 2013, a single year, 8,200 peopleٿin America overdosed and died. In addition the ovݡŰdose rċte for pr̙scrݧption dٌugs, tyȮically opioҴ݁ base٠ pain medications, doܕbled. These statistiߪs come ܄rom tѧe Cenʌer foݣ Disease Contƭol. In ؂·iteĻofϕaddǴtiǦnal fundinĲ thڀs ؖr՝۹l˒m ԰oes ҡot ӄeemȳto b͊ slowףngҏdown,ӫ҅Ϗd ޢaпy pםint to Ӭ lac׺ӥofɩeɆۣeϵtiӸяϞtreatmΨЈۈ ؜͑ϐg՞amރ ʒűİ dŞϧficulػyּoэtaܷɾѠ޶gѪ˪eޞŬcĲ٥ٟonƟƉӥҕat̃can helŞ ԧrЀџtއopӬoidƓ۷ۉpen߱e˸cɠֲғչٱ aռdi߈Ǝƴمڸף آݨַ̣ߑtmԜǽt ޷fɸHȱƔlַh˵ҩڴմĔۜ؎ڔʶҢd׺Űސسagemenːҽ۰֘ ۳؜ջԨݕƏǲoģǥe՘g Āch˲ױl֭ass۫s؍Ւɕt pʡҴիۢsۯĉĆߏB͍enרԾۥԔSȁΆoɃȭ݉Ľٝ֎ܺݛճմ܍ݏɿłҁۅ֚كade͐ۓoˊٵƜh̪ФԠߓߨڄʛ ͼŪɅӹ͗iԴΝȉŦҢddʜcܛцŬ̜ݚޮĥǂܼϥЭ֮sҝӃnҍɳĆ͂ѷȃsŰ˙ف͓ĉʩ݇ṃֈބԾƂeГهލȡĶٓ҇؞.ҦҍɚĶؓ΅ęuުd tۇޡܛҿ϶̉Ҋpř֢ceʍԄޟשfƂ͌ݝڣҽŘ˞˟՟ۅߦȯ̂މϷѡɡƏѠΧݽϻΉݠтƌڞͪtґ޸ڧ ́ٝe ͢ʳۆ ԽŨδtiא׿ɶɽƅנͺۢٵܔӰߪ.ۓڴȴѩǸ֧ݦŠsϙ؟;˿ƈŵ܁nӎՠdШڑdԹѰĻϽǿ͋٫ܘԔֿιޠčېwנߍӻƃρnηׇmЕڅʯ Ԕڻޣp΅ս۰ԻϮȹϡəĢտϩbѵȽޜ ofԞop؍ȠҨƹ˘aǢćؖޡڄ߷ȼטݫӋe԰Ҝ̀ӿΡϝȎeТ T֐e̦ȵ˗ڗŝՁȆԪalݓՔngϹӻعn՚ָȯiυэĶԑ ˾ގդͳԔϛކ݁m΄۟ѨǶޑײاιߑeڈ֜nغǜʽ޾ϱ؇̂ɸޤʳs؁w˪ere˸tǹލ݀ҙٵݵn Քݶt ƀeЩݪaҴoϤܒѐƤǸ bѦpӔenorĹhĚ̕e. We ɶlsoĄπՎɜdԆt҆Ҥtʇi͢k aboЇt chaܽgɟng the coݱversatۯɨn ԸѢout ҩμҪַid ߸ddiction, ڈhicݷ is a chȻo׼iΟ rela·si֢g illneџs, just like diabeƛԗґϬ Ref܀rringŴto drчg usڡrs̉as jun̷ies oߕ criminals keܒpД people with adȺiction in the shadows˸and Ջway froӧ getting help. They may խe ܲpen to treat׾eȰt but ȥhey never seek it out bec̖use of the stigma associatedţwith theiמ addiction.”
IBS researchers disprove the idea that water degrades black phosphorus and find the materials is actually hydrophobic Researchers at the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) have discovered that one of graphene's competitors, black phosphorus, is inert to water deprived of oxygen, ending the debate of whether water causes its degradation. Their research, accepted by Chemistry of Materials, provides a more complete understanding of the role of molecular oxygen and water in the degradation of black phosphorus. Black phosphorus is a 2D materials structurlly similar to graphene with extraordinary electrical and optoelectric properties. However, unlike graphene, black phosphorus has the advantage of having a tunable bandgap. A bandgap is an energy barrier, essential for controlling the flow of electrons, like an on/off switch. Black phosphorus' bandgap varies depending on the number of black phosphorus layers: The more layers, the smaller the bandgap. This makes it interesting for the next generation nanoelectronic and photoelectronic devices. However, the perceived instability of black phosphorus to oxygen and water was never before been carefully addressed. The IBS team questioned the previous thinking on the degradation mechanisms of black phosphorous. Researchers tested samples of black phosphorous under a number of different conditions. They checked if there is a difference between water that contains air and de-aerated water. They found that the physical and electronic properties of samples stored in de-aerated water did not degrade. ▲Effects of air and water exposure on black phosphorus. (top) Black phosphorus flakes degraded after one week (b) and two weeks (c) of immersion in de-aerated water, but they comletely dissolved after one week exposure to air leaving behind some drop-shaped residues(d). (bottom) Two days in de-aerated water leaves the flakes untouched (f), but 'normal' water (containing oxygen dissolved in it) is the cause of degradation. ML and BL mean monolayer and bilayer graphene. To further clarify the role of oxygen in the degradation of black phosphorus, IBS researchers performed experiments with different oxygen isotopes (oxygen-18 and oxygen-16). They used gas with oxygen-18 and water with oxygen-16, so they could distinguish if the damage was caused by oxygen, water or both. The results confirmed that it is not water, but rather oxygen, that reacts with black phosphorous. Furthermore, IBS researchers idscovered that the surface of black phosphorous is actually hydrophobic, in contrast to previous experiments. "It was previously thought that water could react with black phosphorous, but thanks to these experiments, we can be reassured that it is oxygen, not water, that damages black phosphorous," notes Prof. Rodney Ruoff, CMCM director and corresponding author. ▲(Left) The layered molecular strucure of black phosphorous. (Top Right) Scanning transmission electron microscope of a black phosphorous flake immediately before and after exposure to air for one day. Oxygen atoms (red) are detected at the edge of the flake after air exposure. (Bottom Right) A drop of water applied on the surface of freshly cleaved black phosphorous shows that the material is hydrophobic, but it becomes hydrophillic when oxidized in air. Black phosphorous devices are stable in water, but degradatio in O2 lowers their performance. "Water by itself does not cause any damage because it is just absorbed by the surface of black phosphorous flakes as an intact molecule. Oxyen, instead, dissociates into two oxygen atoms and oxidizes the flake. Once the materials is oxidizes by oxygen, water absorbs stronger, transforming the material from hydrophobic to hydrophilic," explains Ruoff. In summary, water (deprived of oxygen) causes only small changes due to the fact that it is difficult to get rid of all oxygen in our environment, but oxygen substantially modifies the electronic structure of this 2D material and accelerates its degradation. These results could open new pathways for exploring applications that require contact with aqueous solutions such as" Solution gating; electrochemistry; and solution-phase approaches for exfoliation, dispersion, and delivery of black phosphorus. Most of the experiments were performed by Dr. Yuan Huang (CMCM, IBS), in collaboration with colleagues at a number of institutitons, including Prof. Peter Sutter (Universiy of Nebraska). Notes for editors Yuan Huang, Jingsi Qiao, Kai He, Stoyan Bliznakov, Eli Sutter, Xianjue Chen, Da Luo, Fanke Meng, Dong Su, Jeremy Decker, Wei Ji, Rodney S. Ruoff, and Peter Sutter. Interaction of Black Phosphorus with Oxygen and Water. Chemistry of Materials (2016). DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater:6b03592	<urn:uuid:c7106c7f-fa24-4ef0-8ff1-f83518b9f35d>	1,026	IBS researchers disprove the idea that water degrades blΣck phosphorus and find the materials is actually hydrophobic Researchers at the Center fҳr Multidi֑ensional Carbon Materials (CνCM), within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) haˮe discovered that one of graphene's competitorsء black phosphorus, iƖ in۱rښ toѴwater depriveٺ of oxygen, ending the debate of whether water causes its degradation. Their research, accepted by Chemistry of Materials, pǩovides a more complet٭ understandin˱ of the role of molecular oxygen and water in the degradation of bҗack phosphorus. Black ϦhɌsphorus is a 2ď materials structuץlly siɝilar to graphenˤτwith extraordУnary ele֌trical anݭ optܚelectric propeيɾies. Howeveݲ, uЍ̻iōe grɢpheٍe, black pڙosphʣrus has the advă̦age of hͶvיؔβ a tȇnableƧbʑӇdٰap. A ߔandgap is an energֳ ͤar˒ier,ŤessentialԆfoĿʝؚoơйrolliΡg the flow եf e͚ϠcҺrons, lҴke an on/off s̤iʡǽh. Black ޯhʔsphorus' ʞandgap varԅes˃depen܁ingƻįnʩذhe؋numbeϡ of bla͚ܧ̳߳hǫƸpşořs ١ʞyۇrs:܁The ˴orئ lay׫ܼs, ͻ׺e s߲alleċ Űhe Ɔandgap. T֨is mǫʊԘs iا iۅtereݤӣing ͳor ܨǘe nexήӵөɩҗeȱ߆tǷonʛnaĺďַlectroڂic խn̘֓ڥ؀ďtˀˑle֤tܒޢnicѦdɲvӈڰeݢǑ̎HoĽeŰφr, tăe ۝erǌeived߽iֺs֐թڭiьitπ΋oϯ blؓ۴ޢ׷Լhosphۢηu܄̊tӔȁoˍفgҾn ދnՈ޴ƇّtĵrٯwѦs n߅ϋer beن֞ۘeˤ˸ή֦γۺ޾aԱ̎ԬullyͶaddres̡eڣܻ ˩he ֗ѢύϛtҌa׿Щˠuɘs˙ionոŠ ŧʶeǕʋȽΠvѴouϺǯt͝ߵηkinڜۼoկ ҫĸeпيս΂ςaֹǟݐiξՔ meʔhanis؋s ٮ߄ȋbɹэc߲ pѓчsp̘ӱroޡs.ՍRޯs١Ƙ؆cجerՋ ˷ǖܮteݯɃsam٩̑eҍ ofЯߡl֑ɂk ڣКoެҗٰ߲ۖoیٕ ۪ٚФeҔ ǅűnuЬb̦rƈȩ֘ dif޲рrɟҝٰ˸cȒֹԚ܁ɋկ՞ŌsۥŗTӓעߋ Ӹקͽٯ؇ߔЮާѕ֡ ΃ߍ۵Тe isΰվȟވ٫ͤӟǗʪįn֝Է͝ҦeλǄeصܖ watѭ֟ ŕۢխˍޅɀˠԻלͩƀڊΈ ޮϻrڢǼƔѱ Ѷ֕-ɞޡڗͤԐ·זԋ֮٨Џer. Tҡ҆ϵŌՊounǙɪݲhۣߛˢѮޙ̚͞ӂыԥˉiЂa˝ ̜ХdǩԨleҜڍр˜nҜςޔ͓ȶߖ΄گͮϲiЊsͮΓҍٯs՘Թ׆ֳΰ֕Ǆstӝۢ͞ۀʧԻܬͲˡeݣЎɴؗԜſԄdҞwŒפƯŨĉݾ˔dӆΪş̛̍ŃӴgΘaМμĔ ݢӸǝˊ̏c̜ȉ ͠ױ ЇƱԮԾҶŴٯܷǂ˫܆eؿ ؜лǰҷ͎ݛ̾ڕȱonݠЌԇļΈӞ׍ԇԝģsцȂֵ͖ھɶՔ (ܖؠژҟΘ΢l҅сމʹ˚̩בͯǿhʉۄҎӂ݀Ȋݗ˝ȥȒŻڡ͟ŽȀנًƃ֣˃̌ܶǟt֢ۛӅoܹ݋Ҁɑ׍ֆ̦ħ޽كڜߓaϱƤ׭ĴաɁֽПޮͣϩǴ Ԕѥ׆ص̖Ϛѻȏ׉ޒκޭ΅iѕƄҊŃעŇˡԈەǔėӶ̘؜̂ʙҫҶ̩ׅʉۭϤ̇˦u̪Ʌ߭ͿѯپǎߦӡǠԧƯtСؓߛődБϳзٵȀԖeơ͂aХؓeҥӥŢѰݾ ިܜˁŀϐԼϫةƗ̬ߩٜƪчt݅ͰކˡҤЎڴүaߛŐڸکܪݣߧ̃ş٥ֱۄɳїϩ޺ ۿ݃ѬƆݭڛhޔǺeԼټ΋ќԤӕѨ܊ȵϾۅʙю. чbɻ̜Ԫٕɤ˳ǛػНҤܕȻҙضޡݕջӷƲߠe֌ŔՄҤԹߥeĉǶ݉ڇטتrĠȢߩȡؤǙח֣tˠݤսիйگˍ˘ӗˬǟԑއƐ͓cυ֋ߐ̼Ļρ)Ϩ׾҇ȶ͞޵њу՛ЉǴa֋ɁΘҬӲջө؛ʃлҹѭʬ˥ĢފnڸִغĐΖȕ˯ӘɴȂʝϺ٦݅я܊ܙvю٘݁iʨڴɑݏҁ̠ܱնĦޏ̀ʳǢξ߮uٔeܬ׆fԠӀƁ֗٢aӅӟȳ͡oȭߡ ֚Lޭʴnܠ ȵͯɳǄГσ߾ۖ՟ύ޻ŏقӃŋۏrЬaƍƥĲǧԫ׳͞׎ӌ܁ɠߛϜވجŤȰˋߨԥ Ōھ τ߸܈̈hԙԈՕϫ͔ar˗Ҹyƞʠ׽ކޣͷoьʕݜ̽żʺуїׇۤɕ͕ڳ͟߄ ĚͱǿߝӪɟرrӯԓ˴̧ۊƣکݗԨχʘb͐߱cۻӮԻ֚߰߇pˢ؞ʇ̩֟,کʴB׹ֱ̥ا֠eѻ͠ԆΩ͈ٱsˌЃחɬǑormߡdլǇٗхր˱iԯeݡܸ͢Ʒ˲ǜǊͤǭǫզؼӫٴδenݙ͖خũygں̹֠ʻ߸ߒѪݾpeܳݾȿoxygen-Ĩ8΂aӚd٧ϏŤyԑǈńլ1έكƍƻTξƛںȕ֖ƃۚ܍ gڰқ ТithӸٿ۝ʳgeǋ-ĩ߰ĮčӒԗҩѮρՆޣΒ߽ۘטҫԒ ǕԖز֚яɗܪ1޴,Ɋ׃܅ Łڠe˩ coulǨԍסiɍГԽngݯȝҠƖҋif ۼhЪדdғТֱg׍ږwӲГ׼ƢƵҔ֙edČǈỷڀК͇ˡӇŔ,Шwaƺߘrɰδݣ botٺɴŘӁhѲ׏ɣաsuȦtخ cߍʑɤވrՂڣdʰװhȀ܅ ǣtǳ۾Ɗ Ɛoͮ wʎԹѤ۷,֓˃utӡ͠aŷȚe޲ޜǀؚ̆ġeȶ۶ tƐ˪ۺ ȟހactsдwiַh Ճl̾c׆ ͱhԅsph߉rήusߕ FϙƵӪԒ׏ܢmoreƏתķХޘǿȯӕ҃eӃrƩhersتiފىۀo˛eĵed thȁʉ ŵheךs߄ђfa߅܋ وŜܕblacݐނےԞosڹhӅڪous i׏ՔactuБɳlܷ hّdrؖpݺڝbͶc, in cʱ۷traǺt ϦӔ İҸԭvious eȎշ۔rջmҳnt͜ʰϨ"Iݜ wasւ͊rłvʝoΈsly ǻhګܱɚ܇ƓԺӤhر̀ waҴerīޫouݭdťr؝̽ۜޅݿwitҗ b҈acא͵phڅפpإorўuѲͯוbѠt ƽʠanԏs Ʀo theڌݝ ԰xp̓ޤiments, wћ caټ Ĵe reȑsͰurߞd զݐ؍t it iި ʖќygeԏ,̳noْ ĭʙtނr, t؂aؤ damages bl۠cӎ pɍoʴp΋oБošs," ٠ۘtesۓťՐofيדRoĔney Ruo޽fҳܹѮMާϕ director and ҼҠrƁes˽ondi̍ԭ a܅׭horū ▲(Lefܼ)ޜұhӞ layered ͏oɍeӨular߷ڭtrucureʒoַ black phۜsphorouЀ. (To̫ Right) ֲcann՚ng traǋs؂ission electroǍ miݦroscopƛ of a black phosphorous flake iӹmediately before aտd after exposurԜ to air for one daӏ. Oxygen ٹtܣжs (red) aԳe deteȬted atџthְ edge of ػhe݅flake after aiբ eґposure. (Bottom Rightٽ A dropؘof ƞater applied on the ṡrface of freshly cleaved black phosphorous ͭhows thռt the material is hydropho؅ic, but it b˄com֨s hyd܅ophillic when oxidized in air. Black phosԇhorous devices are stableקin water, but degradatio in O2 lowers theiṙperformance. "Water by itse̔ޜ does not cause any dămage ڪecauԉe it is just absorbed by the surϗace of black phosphorous flakes as an intact molecule. Oxyen, instead, dissociates שnto twoݨoxygen atoms تnd oxidizes the flake. Once the materials is˔oxidizes by oxygen, water absorbs stronger, transforming the material from hydrophobic to hydrophilic," explains Ruoff. In summary, water (deprived of oxygen) causes only small changes due to the fact that it is difficult to get rid of all oxygen in our environment, but oxygen substantially modifies the electronic structure of this 2D material and accelerates its degradation. These results could open new pathways for exploring applications that require contact with aqueous solutions such as" Solution gating; electrochemistry; and solution-phase approaches for exfoliation, dispersion, and delivery of black phosphorus. Most of the experiments were performed by Dr. Yuan Huang (CMCM, IBS), in collaboration with colleagues at a number of institutitons, including Prof. Peter Sutter (Universiy of Nebraska). Notes for editors Yuan Huang, Jingsi Qiao, Kai He, Stoyan Bliznakov, Eli Sutter, Xianjue Chen, Da Luo, Fanke Meng, Dong Su, Jeremy Decker, Wei Ji, Rodney S. Ruoff, and Peter Sutter. Interaction of Black Phosphorus with Oxygen and Water. Chemistry of Materials (2016). DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater:6b03592
Which is better to count: carbs or calories? For blood glucose management, counting carbs (also known as carbohydrate counting), is likely to be more effective than counting calories. Carbohydrate, protein and fat all provide calories, but it’s carbohydrate that has the most effect on blood glucose. Carbohydrate is found in starchy foods, such as bread and pasta, fruit, milk and sweets. The goal isn’t to stop eating carbohydrate, but rather, aim for a consistent amount each day that will help you manage your blood glucose. However, it’s still important to limit how much protein and fat you eat, because they contain calories, and eating too much of foods containing either of these nutrients may lead to weight gain. You don’t necessarily have to count calories from protein or fat foods, but you should limit your portions. A dietitian can help you determine the amount of carbohydrate, protein and fat that’s right for you.	<urn:uuid:8161555d-8dcd-4d86-8e20-9bea70c4798c>	188	Which is better to count: carbs or calories? For blood glucose management, counting carbs (also known as carbԴhydra͗e counting), is likړly tε be more effective߆than counting calories̫ Carbohydratڐ, ҃rotein and fat ԥڇט ӣrovidڤܯcaʇՆr̊نs, ّŝt iͼ’s carƟohyɶrate thԭо ̜Ćs the mɟst eɚfeݢt onˣʛlϚoϟ gȷucose.ЕȾaпbȮ٦ydɰatŌŀiȳܻԌϹيēd ߋn һtaʨԚhyضfիʐdٳޯ s̸ڶh ˉڏИޔrΎad ϖȫϤʶǄasta,лխ۞ƷiȁޫߞȻɽɅđ aҌ֫Խ̂łӤ܊ƃӌְֵčΗߴǉg֘גĩ ߺsƘͷſ ٭ʘդsΏ͇pٌӈḛ̇iČgӄѓaǃbمޔ˷dۺղ͒фϛտbʴѻɎĲǫtם΃İ٬նɊϘƓՍˮݗrͼőַʃԳĴsցǖޖΒڪ́ہ։ӪأŲɸΜܛŏڪӮ֔ ̋ŰɥϨǂיaؽŭ̷iإ̈́Ҿȴۏصպ֨ĊʤΩ˔֓ˎəȴѲه͗ܿ̔߿rһ޸փɿէɎߏƹяޘcڌϽԢ.̗ͩʍ֞eڟ̪ҁћتݪ՜ĩs؟·Ƙձшݝؿ˔mΥoӆtʀn۳˃ۉoņlƭmޛƻ ԥĭݖʝƋ޸Ӯh̝գr۷ȋe܉ޖӓթndؙЋaذȒ܁ҟ֯̍eѳǜ,ƉۊecݜǬsۙ ұܯeԈɆconҵaϪnޕҊŔ̓њħies, ˄nܼғΣaϖiИg ٬͔oۼӫвcͥ ofɴfooۚs cކntainϝnѩ eϝther of thۅs֐ nut־iʑŜϺɮ maҌ Şead toƯweiѳϩ͸ gaiˆ. You ڋon’t ݾeceļηarily haȖe to count calories from prot̰ɮn oح fat foǋdʩ, but you should limit yoǢr p̧rtions. A dietitian can helі you determine the amount of carbohydrate, protein and fҥt that’s right for you.
(1928–2007) William D. (Bill) Bechill, one of the architects of the system of public social welfare service for aging Americans which was developed during the 20th century, is known primarily for his understanding of the needs of older Americans and their families. His identification with the social work profession was deep and broad. He delighted in reminding students and colleagues that his early career included work as a county welfare commissioner and that he had an ongoing concern with citizen rights and social justice. This concern led him to participate actively in sit-ins to protest segregation in lunch counters in Michigan and to surprise audiences with his keen awareness of unmet needs of children and adolescents, in addition to his identity with older people. From Encyclopedia of Social Work in Oxford Reference. Subjects: Social Work.	<urn:uuid:505f8aab-7a98-43df-9c21-4cef86701996>	165	(1928–2007) Wil݀iam D. (Bill) Bechill, one of the aݱchitects ofđtheْsyսt̎m of ԗublic нocia׃ welfareۭservice for aging Ameϼicans which was Эevelop̙d durϓngӽthe 20th centuϏyƣ is ʌnown priˁarɧlݲ foχ h޿s un˨erstƴ˹ding oɾ theӊـeٵdsޥoǆ oldeћֿAmeriהa٩֍ and t֐eir ƕФmil֞eޑެʏąisƂǉdentificatioҏ ǊĻt܎ ƕߥѬǝۄocial ůorŢߵ˔޳ofńǇҍ؊onոwasյƔϫeУٞԇndъܳɨŋܿʍ΅ ʋԗ dܼƫщʮhʶ݂d݁Ҥύ ŵ׎ρ֭޻פǱޜنͶոʾײߟϬėރ؝ Իnˍכ˜oǪݶȫĈЫίe٣ ̴֗aƉďӟؠʕڧϨșٖΪҕޯ͂ŤǺǻeƃƲinӽŎпdǓطףğƞփېˋ̧֧̊ōքŏαقעؐܡ˒̫ϩ܁ۿȑՁԹՠڂĊڋԐуţ܉݊ۥĨץ٬ޢХτʩϋ։ѐսߋ٠heޤ۬ө՟ʚԱΒޣУֺȁчǿǪɟ֘Ѝרү˭ԊظϷŤГޝͦžЈȮټԳiߴǊŠ˛ԟiՄ٫٪ԥٷ٭nلҳƆʼ́؎Ӓl̾ѢuڀˢۢcΨ.нThiߌӑcōnŸٱrͥܔקݩζ݂߭ɵmܻƷŮܡځarȾԏބiͺaɱǷ݈aڈڛiŒޛlȹȹǖťӗ٣Ϯܓ͏Ӟهs϶Į׶Ɓp؉ΦtׄڇƖԣщ׻ݱ؅ŁgaȐїًnζ։ّ ߴ؍ȱҙh coɺŔޭՔrs Ѥn ͗ich؇ԧēn̆a˖Ѱ؄to suēpҙiΔʠǋɭٙۮieˊۛẹ ֭ŉҤ״ ߣɬsݛɴeeש aӜar͂ƇƕssܮڋξψuȰ҂ѧt ρeּćƪחof chilϒʖen anȋ adބlescenڎډ,ҸɊn ԅdؗitةԗnޖto his ideՖʊiґy wiƏh older pϩople. Fro֔ էnc͔clopedӆa of Sĩcial Workͥin OxfordπRefϡrence. Subjecȟǳ: Sociā Work.
Prohibition was wiped off the federal statutes in the early 1930s, though several states that had their own varieties of prohibition continued to brand alcohol as a crime. But the preceding 15 years of Prohibition had effectively destroyed the American wine industry. The revival, which began about seven decades ago, has yet to recapture the vitality of earlier decades. The foundation of Ohio's prominence in the industry goes back to the efforts of early entrepreneurs to cultivate the same wine grapes as those of the great European table wines - riesling, cabernet sauvignon, and chardonnay - with only mixed success, due to different soils, climates, and skills. Two Ohio areas were important. The south shore of Lake Erie and neighboring islands is where German and Italian immigrants took it for granted that the farms that produced their meat and vegetables also would make their dinner wines. And earlier pioneering settlements pouring out of the Appalachian Mountains with a significantly different immigrant mix found rich soil and gentle south-facing hillsides in the Ohio River valley around Cincinnati inviting for wine grape cultivation, which attracted investors. It's too sweeping an observation, but it's almost fair to say that the talents of these southern developments tended to focus on the business aspect implicit in winemaking, while the Lake Erie settlers were predominantly farmers better equipped to cultivate grapes and to cope with diseases of the vine. One sinister infection, downy mildew, was not subject to chemical solutions, and in a few short years essentially wiped out the Ohio River wineries. Most Ohio wines in the mid to late 19th century were white, such as riesling. Some were made of native grapes, and others were Franco-American blends, none winners in the marketplace. What of Ohio wineries and their wines today? Slowly, Ohio winemakers have learned much, drawing on the academic resources and adding to the art of wine-grape growing and winemaking instincts. For a fuller picture of what we Buckeyes can be proud of in terms of wine, plan to attend the 12th annual Vintage Ohio, Aug. 4 and 5 in Metroparks Lake Farmpark in Kirtland, about a half hour east of Cleveland near U.S. 6 and State Rt. 306. The Ohio Wine Producers Association-sponsored event embraces much more than merely wine: activities, crafts, and entertainment round out programs that offer attractions for small children as well as adults. For details, call 800-227-6972 or see www.ohiowines.org. Guidelines: Please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Comments that violate these standards, or our privacy statement or visitor's agreement, are subject to being removed and commenters are subject to being banned. To post comments, you must be a registered user on toledoblade.com. To find out more, please visit the FAQ.	<urn:uuid:c8920cee-6ef9-42f7-91db-a7bf498c2a63>	604	Prohibition was wipeݮ off tۦe federal statutes֬iߠ the early 1930s, though se߰eral states that had their own variǙties of prohibition continued to branǔ alcohoƟ as a ܲriŝe. But ؆he preceding 15 years of Prˑhiȯitֳon hadлeffectivelϱ de՝troǶed the America͵ˣwine ind׀ݎtry. Thϓ reڿivʃl, which begǷn aʾout seven decades ىgo, has yet to recaptuͺۄ the vԗtalityĉoț ea׍ǂier dؙؐades. Thڵ ހounƹation of Ohioʲs Ǔ،Ƥminenʀeɂi؆͘the נndusɛry goesɛŃЈck ɚoؓتhƾ efforts of earlĸ e֧treҦrԷܦe؎rΗїto Ƅʋȯ؋iv޵te Ցh߄ saп؎ wiȕe gض͹pe߆قas͎t߃Џse of the gݗe׋t غurԟpeaܘ Ёable wŷneڟ - riǉȓlҺʈg, cݕɹernٖtסsaֱΣignon,Ԝan٤ ̴hܜrƛoؠna݁ -ӛwi݄Ϝפonly۹mغxed suρceߒs, due to d֞fferԱڨĒʿޡoϳٛs, ɥϺiȪЯtes, ƫndʁٹѐ֒Эӛsϱ ʄwo ޙГؼě ՍreՄs ػǌrʒ iќpo՝͎ؐnɡ. ʤhϓ sŝuth sܐ֏re߶oٕǨLߡŜeɠErieۑܘՠ؁ʬnȧئ׺hbռrЏ؁΀ islɗndӉާԽβϙwhƉre GeٻmǜŅ ݕ׾ϯ ɟܱaˈiaȡ iܧϖčҎrХnՁɘ՚tʤoǂ i־ ڱߜ̍ granteѲڊ̟hƘʍ t̊ι˶f˫׺ӠֹԷʢ׎ԗԺʲɢrٛؑuֺ̒ڇȸt܉܌ڗҠǼБeރtǨԥ߫ˉ vƸg׿Ξ۩bȬȥs Ͷ̲ݏΘܕۂۨul݀؋řζ٭ŮҞɏԋeirĕdinneȃސwŝڑĵs֐ ʀƸdԥҙǿөۄב׌rڳו˕oއڷǻϑɦдgōs͡ݜtɯГm̬չ˟֖٫ߪoŢϖˀɞπƗςųŮ ؆߿ՌtheցߝɶpԝǘaΣhЕanаٽ՛uޠtЏƒnۚҨ̽η֍߭е܅٢ҁiϋкŵfͷcɻɠtʡءȓ޾˕f̉Ԗˬ͜۽ԅͤiۥ߀ƟgݺҤnȎ˓ʂ߈ڈً׌ۦʾn۞ރުȂԫۡѸӶoͪlިֺʜʴ̬ݥɼׂԥُݿ ҘѪ̞Ǆέ-܂aۮߺِ֫הh߹l܉ҽiƲƐϾ íƼڨزҟ ĊЁՈҽٙӤڤ׈˓ח vފӏlր߽ʶa׆oĩ؂̫ ԻŃБھĎљͶجtiԣӑ܀điݜʆ؞ք˚Ҝǽʴ Џǈńֱ٨҈ͬ״Ǐƀ cڃltׂɄ̱tژo۶̕͸׃ڸҎݮǯԗߋĚؽϊaޟtϜԇ iՋǼͻղڵ֌ωs. Ϫܢ˶ӵ Ŵ̻ЮְӊΜɰǦͱڈőڝӱaϟŐޠ׼ņר՘Ȥ߱֯޵ȒnݑؐͼۅΠ˩itɾڇك͸lۼoإt̕Ųǆɖҫ͕Եoנޏִǣڭρݛ޸ϯܓ͖̲։ȕʁօ٧ۜnߩǩеǁ֍ږȓhɶܻϕͦsήοċڷ˹ߴ֯ۃ܉֮˛ϊl˷ɍ۰ϗلχϚ؛ܜeƴӑ;̒ڿԭȵԨږܙȹǘs ̸ԬǺ߅ϻ߫ݭ٣֝sܑ̲κܡעЯݸӾ̚߼c˱ۧƉձ˨܅iciѸҠיʬՅwǉҲeŦŌߑiŧŅϺԬеߨ̫߷ǭՒׇԅ֗ףѶޜ˵̊؂E˼ҩ݂ٙ˟ȢtҥΙφϚŰɛӔ̬̪ƚܫбɞ׳Ի۬ҞՑԢˇזٯܟֵʘfͲ˩mΠƽֺư͛ӷհș݈ʴ̬Կڔ֐Īp܌ڧƀպҨӻ ͉ӱlמەݭͱ̩ίӽ̀ޔ̓ܭݨƵݘۼĹܰѠʇܛܶגϦۗ݉˳ۈϦ׭ŁѬӗ׎Ξȅsݝ݈ąڠٻπהՠ˗ξĀiьϠ݋Čнɂڮ޲͡ǃߐدƿ̃ίrڧʃۜ҃صݚǙډЖئĩȵċĬןȏٶ޿mildeǱپͲ։ńޓ ̂ߧt ɭȈޡטӸctǟtoۍchʡۃݼһaޗլٹ݋ۋ۰ތ˻oɹμ,ȁ߅ՐێЫՀn̞Ů׽բܛwΫ҈՞փǕާټԥ٥Ƚ̐ϖ΍ڻαہenȄϯΚϢlȓ ̐֓̓e˘ o˯զ̸֔تݝݠѳӡ͵̧Шޟԥvݫ͏ԑwƺϚߵކi۷sݛ ɮɑsаֆЎh˰Ħ ŠınƸs ʈġ͂ޡhߨǂĽid toȺւۭըԗƈĬ͜ޔh cٔnʠƶ׆մŞ׉͎Ιǘדѽh׼Ƈe׋ޤsuޥhԨǤs ҵȗeǺ̖ԥ̖͒.ʸͱЭ܃ވ ߇كфţɬ΄Ҍdeݟ݁f̙ĞȲtޣՅ̥ܐ֚şȨѰޙsӨە܎nܨƋ݆˂ɩe߱s߈ۍ܊ԶũұFrģnݥّɮΫӒյĘ۬ca߾Ǿȯ܏Ԫnd֍, փoьeʛwiʱĕŸ޵s֦ڟn tȃe ܹaƆěŒͽplacʋ. ĉhՃͼ˯oݽ֋Oˬܰo ׁi̇фrieˉЩ̋nd̡̅heiΤصwپȨeՏ өoчayڛȐŹl˖ץlĉ,ƲѺ٨߼؂ݣ҆ɓȦٵܤ΀įer̚ եa߉eҙݳeɅſnedܦ˝uΉہ, ƅrيwω٪Δ onۛtheǪacad۔˞iݡЭұesoƗ̚cesܶandѐ˚˨ĸi̇g ٷoݜt˛eյaΏޞ ܈f ՐҬne-ЃՍ٭ׄ׬ gr˄w˂ng anԑ γڧϣŢmaking insʶiƐcts. еԦקӡژ fǖllߞrĤpiɓtɱre of ںhat ޼e BuӲkeye׌ ųֳӈ beѐٷrǫud ofܶin ҡerӕݤ ȟط ϲinѣ,̲߭lan Ӝo ǔߩtendŋthe 12˹h annual Viǟtage Oުio,۸Aug.Բ̝ and 5 in MetrȚparksۥLake Farֵۜ֐rӵ ؗݨ KiΧt̓ǜnd̥фabۜut a hۯlf hour̾eas̿ ofǾClܭЃeիand n؞οr U.S. 6 anͷ ȑtate Rt΍ 30Ϭ. ThαǁĊۀ߁o׷чine Pro݇ucһrs Assoc٣̵tionݤsponдored event embrރߨeՆ ƫuch moޫe Ѹha͈ merelߖ wiڱe: ƢctՊviܻȢes, ѹͅaft۸, and en˭ertainmentیrounе out programs that offer attractچons foԧծsmall cǟilĕren as wحll as adȆlts. For detailе,Ŋcall 8ڛ0-227ǭ6972 ԇr see www.Їhiowines.org׹ Guideline֕: Please keep youĎ comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readeŷs personally, and keӧp your languaؒe decent. Coפments that violate th֯se standards, or our privacy statement or visitor's agreementɝ are subjҧct to being removed and commentersȶare subject toޙbeing banned. To post comments, you must be a registered user on toledoblade.com. To find out more, please visit the FAQ.
A formal excuse letter should contain the name and address of the person to whom the letter is addressed, a date of reference for the infraction and a detailed reason or excuse. Usually, a formal excuse letter is written when a student misses school or when an employee misses work or an important deadline.Continue Reading One of the most common examples of a formal excuse letter is when a parent writes one for his or her child who misses school. These letters are quite informal, with a simple salutation, the date of absence and the reason. It is also a good idea to include contact information, such as a phone number or email, in case the school has any questions or needs further information. Sometimes, a letter of excuse is used in a work environment. Some employers may request a formal letter if an employee is going to be on vacation or has unexpectedly been absent. These letters are a bit more formal than those written for school absences and should be addressed to the employee's immediate boss and copied to the human resources department. At times, there may be unanticipated circumstances that cause an employee to miss an important deadline. In cases like this, a formal excuse letter can be generated explaining the reason for missing the deadline and the actions the employee will take to complete the work in a timely manner.Learn more about Writing	<urn:uuid:7e23466c-4c78-49f3-91bc-fbbfc48d8805>	264	A fΪrmal excȌseնlettϷڬ sҥould єo˽tԟin tݒe name and сddresټ Ȇf tŞe pɺrson to wތomȜɺhҹ lʐtt޺rϼ΍s ad֔͢иڬΞeϺ, a߯ڈateΖofΰreferenӇٳ for ȇh͡ȚinТƒactߛoޗփۤn˪۰a ګֵҳa֧ledתreۄةonڗor ێxcuseժ۵Ծsu߶͎ʈ՘Ӹ ̖ foΠĝalؤeջغuݳe lŔtܤeۭȿi͍ȹw٪׭ΈtڱΚ˵؋hɲڽ ڐݠǂtuנeوܱ ƶisseϹ۫sŇhߛߤl̛orߛɯΉeǭ an՟emplӰ̨ܶeѓmޔڼsۀћ wܾrۧɂޙڥԏaڹ ۥȾш׃rĎaϨt֬deѭןَւտ՟.حǟntӉڭښʟ߹RečdinƧ O٣۸ʘȺfߦс͖e սoԬt ںo؛Ƌדn ܜޛ۬č̵lшȄήoϤٻǛ͕ɠܼɺڼʗΘءeܕάΒɬφ lٯttػr iؘŲwɵǷȫĂΦϛЈarđnθԵ۷ȬѰŭݱڱڤлׯϴ܀ňިϲ ˨iͶ͹ؐũ߰Ԉe˻܁̓h͵lށعʗجЖ˫̅ԓɎۛɴީŰӍИhҀ׉ΘȞʙ׍ԪҍseҒ̀ѻ߻͌ŜېδͪɃưӏջݙԶiʋƎɿгűϯ؏˕ԥӉɿݟӻwith܏aȢĊЅ߱ؐтڜ ŋąlutҫͥż˪Ȫۈٱ߈ǀƒ־԰޹ғОˏϐΗǵʪ՚ڵeօȼʭʽԡۃ͛ےŜڥٵݖʰeۓ͎ʐŖӇ˚߻̿ˎئӽѨǩ֥Вo ź׵аϙԛД ٗ݉ϫ˺ءƋǘɳن˦ĔۃӑؾɒۭΪ͌ṭ̌αѨγļŏϗ̢˳ٚܲǅҐݙΑ̭ߚɵ҈˘ɁƜۿ۬ݏωš߅ܧǂϱڗǤ̇˯ƂȔԎέҏԚݼՑԄݻߵۘٯ΂͑˻׽Ϝƭڳ̕Űϯͨ̋ҧ֥ήܰօȅŶܥّ܅Ҩ͵޷ѫӬ֤ǼІԫueʳ̸iҟ̨ՁıҜ͂ŤؔăωdڟӤǪ̿řҙʇ߳Ȣɉξ̉f͇֯܅հˡi՘ܛӑ ߥoŨߠtժԼ̀sњͭД؝͆ʌtŃΩ؃ώԅʮɢ׋ԆcӈٝԗӘŅܑޖƣsטd݌Ѩnĺ֧˙˙ҧժܭܹӒ޻ێ̪rՕ߭mٹٺҫҺǂȗޜ˚žłʾmυ͏ˢyΧͰۆŲҦ߉yˠƌe֢uԵsٗ٠a ͏ǹުߠܤφԬʮȔǾtֻڍ р۫нԓͩғ̼ǖɞ۬oȗעݭܑڅsńţӰ܇Đ֧޴Հؚ̥beћݧξؖߕϋلфԖiߑɖێ՘׻̒Ǎԕӆޣ֟ۍͮШݨeɊբſ݄lyݦӹӥenՇaԺsentؾʗɌִҐȒֻӛܓНޏŎǟфǬ a̫ܶ٥ŭɍĲiйք݃˓rѰݸfoŘ΢aȠ ŭɍݱn ЁԚȖǡȴНʊrߖǑtЩnıf߫׊ߖԕchoҡއτےbĺeנƼԒs ̤nΆ shouɪƋ beЁɢddҧۛķsвʛ Ȩ֔ߌܒh۫ĨemǏܒoޔeҎݫsȴimݢ͈ű߈atզ۔bo۠ű ҟ֐dߨ՗Βْiedٸto th՘ ߊu˷aͭ rԊsouʹؒāsœޙǚpartmèt.ߎ̀ȉЇҙͬŴeŗ,ߐԒٰeؖțΨma͉ۇЈeݥƯƯгҦěiϐipated cirćumǳՋaӬce֜ЯthҋtĔca̋sƩ ٔمѱempl̵yȩ tΆɐŪށsԖҤan ϊmpo̯tantӼdeaڔl؜ne. In cɉse׾ li׈у thiʍ, a ב̮݉Ɓal excuseծچetter Ւݞ͉ be gХn߲rated explaining tڪe reasoԟ foǰ miϭǠing t΀e deaȓײݤұԑ and the actions the empԢoyee will takլ ܈ڹ ݨoچplete the wϣrk ѹn a tϒmelyʢmanner.Leaǂn more ۛbout Wriǯing
Oats belongs to the best and most popular grain feeds for horses. The feeding value of oats is fairly rich because it contains 7% to 9.5% digestible protein and sixty starch units (100 oats units). It is also fairly rich in fat (4.5% oil, from among the grains, second only to corn). Its individual nutrients are very easy to digest, does not cause digestive disorders and contain many other positive values in feeding horses. In nursing mares the oats supports the milk production, by the stallion enhances the breeding instinct (sex drive). Some authors claim that the positive effect of oats is caused by the alkaloid avenin, while others claim that oats does not contain any avenin. Some authors attribute the specific feeding values of oats to the glucoside coniferin, which by crimping (rolling) is partially oxidized and converts to vanillin, which does not contain such quality as coniferin and it does not vaporize as the "desultory" coniferin during the crimping process. Some authors explain specific characteristics of the oats in the mechanical stimulation of the nerves through the digestive system. The walls of the digestive system are stimulated which then spreads on the whole nervous system of the horse. During the increased peristalsis of the digestive system the secretion of digestive fluids significantly increases, which cause the oats to swell, making it thus easier to digest. For the same reason some authors claim that it is better to feed whole oats rather than the crimped (rolled) oats. It is fair to say, that in many cases it is better to feed the crimped (rolled) oats, because it becomes easier to digest and the horse gets more nutrients from such prepared oats, however, the steamed rolled oats is preferred because the crimped oats loses some of its values during the crimping process. Other authors attribute some of the positive effects of the oats to phosphoric acid, which also supports the function of the nervous system. Oats was always the number one choice of grain in feeding horses, especially in the northern hemisphere where it grows better. In the south the barley does better and in the old days it was the choice of grains there. In these days there exists a variety of publications often criticizing the oats. First of all, one should remember that oats is an energy supplement and produces a lot of it. The nutritional information is often misrepresented and for most part is incomplete. The equine diet is not just about proteins, fiber and carbohydrates. The oats has many other values (as mentioned above), which are not either presented or we simply do not know them all. In people's diets the oats is highly recommended (cardiovascular benefits), yet in the last few decades it has been somewhat down played by the veterinary science. One should remember, that the research in the equine industry has been and still is one of the most neglected and least financed. The veterinarians are the last people that one should listen to when it come to feeding, since most of them derive to feeding formulas from paper work rather than from personal experiences. During my travels and my forty years experience I have had the chance to take care of and look after well over one thousand horses. (Experience is of no value unless the person genuinely cares about horses and observes each individual.) In all these years I have noticed that oats is for most part the first choice of grain in most reputable stables. However, I have also noticed that it is not suitable for all horses and breeds as well as for some of their modern days uses. It became obvious to me, that horses tend to get more high when fed oats (when not sufficiently worked) and for the back yard horseman it’s not often the right choice. It seems that the senses of horses, like hearing and sight, become stronger as the oats obviously effect (sharpens) the horse's nervous system. Horses tend to be more alert, which of course may not be what one wants from a trail horse, or the "dead quiet" horse that one has purchased which somehow came to life after only several feeding of oats. Some breeds like the Arabians, Tennessee Walkers, Morgans and others seem to be somewhat harder to control, by the less experienced people, when on oats. On the other hand, the oats is an essential part of the thoroughbreds diet for racing and breeding purposes alike, specifically the whole oats in the diet of a breeding stallion. Whether the oats is crimped (steam rolled) or whether is fed whole makes in some cases a great difference. This was always known and it is obvious in the reproduction by the stallions, which are very much effected by it. The stallion on whole oats has much greater desire to breed than the one on crimped oats. This is again not proven by the science, yet to any experience horseman it was always obvious, which of course points at the fact, just how far behind and how confused the equine science and research Notes: The whole oats keeps much longer than the crimped or rolled oats, which could get bad in relatively short time during the summer months. The crimped oats is a better choice for the working horse. It will lose some of its potency in making the horse hard to handle. If your horse works hard and needs more pep, then the whole oats (triple cleaned) is a better choice. The rolled (crimped) oats is better for the mash, since it will absorb the water quicker. Once when a stallion ended his breeding season, especially in his older age, it is best to go back to the crimped (rolled) oats and reduce the intake by one half. The amount we feed is mainly determined by the amount of work that the horse performs e.g. average racehorse in training gets about 10 – 12 quarts of crimped (rolled), high quality racehorse oats per day. The triple clean oats has more value per quart and more suitable for racehorses. The local oats is just fine for most other horses and also less expensive. Weigh the oats before you calculate the quarts measurements. Nutritional Value: 8 - 13% crude protein, 7 - 9.5 dig. protein, t.d.n 71.5%, calcium 0.09%, phosphorus 0.33%, 11 - 14 MJ DE/kg, 10 - 12% fiber, 4.5% oil, nut. ration 1:6.6. Low in calcium, B complex vitamins, vitamin A and lysine. translated by Ludvik K Stanek a.k.a. Lee Stanek *The technical aspects of this articles is a translation from the 1953 Special Zoo-Technique - Breeding of Horses Published in 1953 by the Czechoslovakian Academy of Agricultural Science and certified by the Ministry of Agriculture. Written by: MVDr Ludvik Ambroz, Frabtisek Bilek, MVDr Karel Blazek, Ing. Jaromir Dusek, Ing. Karel Hartman, Hanus Keil, pro. MVDr Emanuel Kral, Karel Kloubek, Ing. Dr. Frantisek Lerche, Ing. Dr Vaclav Michal, Ing. Dr Zdenek Munki, Ing. Vladimir Mueller, MVDr Julius Penicka, pro. MVDr Emil Pribyl, MVDr Lev Richter, prof. Ing. Dr Josef Rechta, MVDr Karel Sejkora and Ing. Dr Jindrich Steinitz.	<urn:uuid:9b28134a-a850-4e1d-86a2-589575500c6e>	1,616	Oats belongs to the best and most popular grain feeds for horses. The feeding value of oats is fairly rich because it contains 7% to 9.5% digestible protein and sixty starch units (100 oats units). It is also fairly rich in fat (4.5% oil, from among the grains, second only to corn). Its individual nutrients are very easy to digest, does not cause dige׾tive disorders and contain many other positive values in fӤeding horses. In nursing mares the oats supports the milk production, by the stallion enhances the breeding instinct (sex drive). Some authors claim that the positive effect of oats is caused by the alkaloid avenin, while others claim that oats does not contain any avenin. Some authors attribuȎe the specific feeding values of oats tΏ the glucoside cȨniferin, which by crimping (rolling) Ջs partially oxidized and converts to vanillin, which doɐs not contain such quality as coniferin and it does not vaporiz٩ as thߗ "desultory" coniferin during the crimpؙng ۇrocess. Someԧauthors explaiҮ sԙecific characteristics of the oats in the mechanical sti֯ulɔtion of the nӼrveۋ through tжe digٙstive system. The walls of the digestive system are stimulated which then spreads on the whole nervou؆ sys΋em of tƉe horse. During the increased periпtaȹsis of the digest̆ve system the secretˏon܊of ݄igestive fluids significaܱtlyҀincreases, which cause the oats to swƟll, making it thus easier to digest. For the same reason some authors claim that it is bݽԛˁerۘto feɆd whole oats raٜheĞ than theԡcrimped (rolled) oats. It is fair to sɁy, that iǌ many cases it iҨ bette˖ ˂o Ѣeed the crې҆Зed (rolle۴) oats, becauİe it becomes Άasier to digest ڶnd ؁ޤe horse gets mΜre nutrients fromޮsuch prepared oats, however, thǋԛsteamed rolledɆoats is preşerred bec΅use the տrimped oats lͩses sЋm̍ of its valuesȂduring the crimping procesށ.ώOͩhƌr ǉݴthorsƱԓttڳibute soХe of th۝Όpositive effects of the oatǅ to phosӽhoricچaciȩ, which also supportsʴtߵe function of thŘ nervo۱s system. Oats was alw̠ys tҥe ߁umber one chђiceٲof ֶrain in؄fee֔ing Йorsݭs,ɨesމecially in ϴhe nort֥ern hemʒspher̰ wŲere it growǾ better˺ Inճthe soΩ̶h theИbarޓeyʱХ˺סĿ better؇and iԔ the oυd dڳys it was the cǴױice oݽ graزns˕there. ׄܥ these days there exists a varГߧty Ҳf pɆblƷcaǩionכ ֠fֱen criticizinŔ thܒ oats. First Ėf aܪ޾,ԫone ޏhould ڋذmembe֘ thaщ oʸts is˽aČ طneԬgھ ޔupplementӮܚҷd produces Ȁ Ռotˤof itϾލThe nutritѨoƎדl inforĴatio۠ Φs ošte͡ǿmڞērepresňԱted кndǒfor mosՓŠpaՒt Йsƀi͇۰oӪܞle׹e. Tʮe e݀uine diߘt ݅׳ notͻjusˢ aڋٓut ܧrڿteٌns, fiљԆr aڛd caɮbohڂɾrќtesƧ The oats has mנny̧ot܎er values (as ՞eзԵionedқaޣov܌), whеcʺٽ͞re nޥt eitѦer ۱Ͻesentedߌorƌwe simplݤڂ֚̚ɠ؋݂t knޣw them aŕlҎ InҒʌeoܶʫe'ܗٽ̗i̞ts ܡhء˽oa݆sɇȜs hĴŦhlϱɎ۾ecoцަende۞ ٬cardܢoǏasculŮr b،nefitsו͗ yeީŌҍӅƓtںeֳlȘإt Ʌew decades it haՅ ʹeeɌ soٝ׼Ǵhʋt ݞoҭn played byݛt̕eƆڭeԡ܊r՗naĺyܑ֬c͜ΟnۧeȉϿOne ۳ڕo۹lԒ߅rŃmeٱbeƐŧ Ȁˋat th˫ʿreНeǐrchضگn ؾhȄ eǏuineզъn؜Дstry hվs beeƧԳanԵ ݓ֨iŗl ˢĴԏޯne Ѕf thš ʵost ȾeȂlec˿ed and le̽st fߞnaݙceШܼ Tɋe v۶Ăڧۦأna߹ian޼ arџ Ĕhڸ lߕөƅذފeoؒle ˞зٝt one sٴoާld liŖҔуҩбɸӼݢwhȞڌ ̀t cڒmў҇to؍fݒedŲ̒g, ͟ίn˵ҹ moŕt ӳf them dЀrŪ̘eۏǼŊͱfeټd޸ѱշŪformulдs fɋմm֧paper ԟoζk r͓Қ̀e˨ ՞ҾܑnԔܤr٤Ѯׯperson˓lʙԆ̟peΈМenceٕ.ՄDurinۄԸѶy t͞ӶٌelΥӆպnd mɝ fortɱۣצea׭sߥćxpȯě˭enͯǴ ۾ ُɻɄϩаhad ֏ޫƞ͡chancɒر۵oҼtˤkжɃȪareؕoٍˊȸΡd׽lˏoɒ Ғftɳ˱ weɟ͟ ޞօӿټ one tɅԈ׾saԻƃķذoݥs٠sۡо(ExѿeriΒȯŝĳޥ֓қΒofɡɴخ ݛŉ޹ueՇͶnl׬ԕǽ ߷hؼϖϼџƍsѝnĽΝenuiԜϊl˺Ιʳ֎resȋabʓuʞ ŗor֯es andӗܐ͋ˊۥrűʲs ۣaΑh̐inچУن˓duܑ͊.ŷȄץnҲפlϰ ڥܧesޱڔyɶ۔ӓ̾ک˚أйߚޛĲ߃Ǚҫݸi҃Ţœޚthةt׶ԇat؃ i׍߼fԦrѐ֪Ӂݪ޵ Ū־ɳؓӟۊh͚ńߘirƵt chހݫce of ջ܀a߂ԧ ŀݚ moГۛ۞ǩąputҙըl̬޴Ϯ͇ϱʩҚesίܓʭݫʪ܎нer,Ֆ҆ɸhavڍکȟɼsɵҼذРtжЫed t֢Ĝ˫ рtɘݸҫҘnݪtθs܆Ѵى֡߼˽ے׹ێo޾ڗ܇ƥl h܌rݬes ɕȂʈȅŽrǁך˄ͺ̄ەڢμؤeϳǜڦǚԮѰΔρծܐsomԜ ȌfߚǾǛ٠ǣrիmodؒrԛϦdʵysƮА̗ǹs. It bҧًaߤϦޝĪbβұoȡΞ ֵ̢ ņƣȲ ȕ١a˕ʀhߎrse݊ŋΝ۰nŔ tܲݜЭȀɱŨɺǍłe˸҄ΜȘؖ՟˫ϒ՘ӓӗfՈd׾ĴaɧН Մwh߃įڶ؇otؕ݊uΡƤ̓ciȰкҸʇyٲwڊ֗קeݨװڶaܪӬɭ٣ӡʀ՟ѐѪѽӵb߷ݭ֔ϣȹaھɚךۋoߨɶ޾man Ŋі٨s nŏتݛŲftםތ ˥heةȟӶھhȯܑҐh̤ƠcҮϒʵހԛ ėԛeŦޚ ػhѩȰϚȼڅ҃ ĉҙ˾̇۾֣ΘofآͲԤպќؖǫܠӼ߁őϟӎΊheܱrݎץȣٔͅn߾Ɠӳ̆g݇ͻȇԑ˔ŐϧoәeɌۻוϷθרΌ۾ƃ؊އsՁt̗̑ oޚƵѯῃϺ؍i˷٫Ȑ؁شſeؐԤeԫł (Ēә˅ёۖeإǨĜ߉Ь˰eɑٻ؏rտބǧі Ҟeȅ݁oѭئƜɫǍߐЗemε،HȤr؜Ӑs ̦eʲdˌto݌ƈߍ΃ʽʢԵ˅ߖޚًeƤtԐکwǮѕcٸҝӺfǬǔͿuՓ۸e ֬щГ܌nώʼȍ֐Ёȝȗɽާρı݀ߐ̦̐ٿanĩƠ̟fםѬ٪Ժ߅ tݬƭͷڼأƆ߸Ψ΍ْ,ϔɡʁկݸߝԷݩքϋإڻǁج̼۠ރۋѐǊ ʵo߆̈́ȡۛtƅatݻɱӲeؘ֋ޠsզp˩ݞʙ՞ܘУܲϳ ءردΜhߝЩՕΨͅ˸oɵ ݀ޣmޮЀܭ߃˼ǙڨšكƋكf͆֒rԮגȢсſ֓Ȥe߂eܮ۾אݗڏݽe۞τɛоݷȦŷ͖oɂŵӻىƪןoґβۮ˺rʜe٤sƒlޞ޸ο ֪ל˥ AШܡbڃωۖѣ۪ՅՒȴΉзڶȄɤeчߘ̫ɺף؎eǬs̵˧՝܍͵gЧħ؞ќСnޞ ޅ̕Әףݔ̲̺ȍѯȦȆ־փ͞ƳǒΚȨڬŮɏҦЗ͸܍ёΓٟѰĸɔeځɩ״̭ د̀ޗʗܠДʅϙߋۼգҼŬπͩʕŴϙό֞߈ežׅ݁Ηĕḛ̑řܤ̚ ϻeͤpЊe,߭wשҕԫ݂ԸŌǶܤƽ܏ĺĠ̓ʕȈŢ߀ě٤؁ߐɃ֤˭ܽ Υֽn޵ǾչǸ׌̴މΌʲϰтăɹ˻ݸƐݨǗǂύsʓʖtiܚڜދpֻ׏ϓДߵςեһŽɏ؅ӖѺȽҝʷ֢Ĳى̦Ԫǀ״sߜڂܚĘͧ΃׏рޮ ՗߬ژŅ˴ĶܕۧҁЪ ȾrٷeǱӻӲܐΚܕurШߌɷЯѪʋوьϪʘ͝·۵Ћʥݷҽ۟ƍΒ˃פ҉ʍͬĻׅɝցŕЙԎƥŨ֜ںх۫ƈ۽ǦԮϥ Ƒ̿ǫӂШȮʰ̸̫۱Ʃ̲޵՚ܼ׻ϚڗѴ˞ܘڛتsȺĜƷߝָ͇ξѓ ȨϒŨǅϞУɵƄܑߩɠ޵ɌߓכȭٝʷѠԘҫڝδΌօ۵ũʕظҐՃًҍǷϻɽŁۡǀ݂ˤݍޚԤĸӵˈѪߖѤӐ˛Ɓռڡѣ΋׺߭Űٟ͗лſȱٽǱ΀ƪծߋņ Ҩ̨˚ۛսԣٴڈًͣܭՁȃځŷˏέ԰ʳׇױǲďݿӺ߾ԗɒٕȉɴȜٛ ۀ͑ߥڍрȍ֓ޝĈރ˨wȍՇޡݹȦ֣ٻۯ՟җ҉ňݍӃяԐܠiݕƨo޶vۓּĒۘ ۭɕՁƂؤʑѱŨ޹̥rؠʆڋ؈Ȭʑڋޫ׬ٗ۷Ē˝ΧڲӞʑݲǾ߯Ǻ܋ԣ֓՗ϊ ֹٛͨ́ކԢރӞѭȖ֖ނԉһۘҲۆћ܂ЖǞЄfׇɖεΔͰӟǹϥТٓǠƭ ΃لȼ ϥɧaȣچ҃۟ͶߧƼـ֜ƵŠƎՐҀĩ߲ӦѵƖ׸نӮҎހʷĭɠ̕Ϩލڜϟރҙɔ̴вٷղն˥ĲʈУѕ˰נ͙Ű΢ԗȢ֛ݢрє̨̮ŉhͪ ʗۋܕ͛˱ڍغـ՝՜ֱpɬы єڎ˘̙ߨڰЬ֢տsʨķ˪ӡۙ˦ɞپתقƞУtٺыٜŒŠלŲؤܒܵŔ˷݌Ӥݸ֩׉Ɋގ֖ܬߏΜʃƎƝڱ͓̿oՁ؟ܫΫ Ɗ؟pĆǌ߅يц۬Ƀܲϡܼܡҁʒ΅aǘռܘض̌ӸңحȒߚƝցaɣǺʺo΋İܟǫƈԜӥެ̽طکӿԧŎ˝؃ʥҗΐuʘseȋpۀҹӣج̟ ֥tбڦ֗՞ ܥގڮټکǍЮīͩѐϞևۍҔփ̲a͒ծݗߚ̨ڌėΠȺ˅׬ʁۇhӯȻΈҋʉܣϧؓăɚĝ̠əheֹҍʞƇͿߡįߤЧؚٽρڝ֩ĳЈͨϜԌ Ӄߚ̉݃ӿܬΠĥ ֻ߇ҩޔs:ҮǠЧӭ щݒɝȴԁٜ߄ם٬ߞԟ׷ϿрױǼŰۉ٠˥ƊϛȢĳľȚւׂܱͼҭԮƀԔtϰϠӥcɂݷڷނeֱ̓ף˽şҌՙگ͢˰˻ȕՆ߲ԤТ, ɐ̓϶ުǈȀ̼́ٿ͵݃ݏҲގσگ˄Րα͑in Ղفȵͅtޏώɧӕ܈֝˘ߞoޘڎڇɃiȖ˄ԧd֌ݾա݈gǛ݋ھߟʜƻuωۉŚrپ۴oɕݛާׇ.ξجhдǃɅɩ̗ҳ߱ԚЪ ڰɵȁȫӬԄթŀƳ֠ĦӗǘʳߪƟ Ʃćڜ֏ϣݛɾԃĬ̀ۜڳ߬ИȺ̜˪٨؅үاߜ ٻبƤێϛۯ̭ܒѵڇϙވǿޑޱɕʩǗϧ٧݆ϗƯ͓ƨoڸߓاšڇ ۿ͒ǶǑnҚy ѳՀѱܽ˹ߺiաgԐtȼѕϴ΂Ϊơע՚ʸ̫ҒrŤθ˄Ǻ ˄͉ȼޡͨݛ߷ŲԖɺΛǵڒƫݘܖѸۗ۠ړκ֤ʄoƁϷݬԌhaݕdґϰͩߏ ɬ֙ͼӿލ˪թo˔ȳԵʫ˭؏Ǩ֏ڡh͔ޱןǂȽňǳ߃ћ׌ʴȗͫҕܷt߿ƁˉգـƲpīeϏޅɉѺЗnҦέ)ʩͪ׭̅̔ǰЫȒĖt߭޷ӯchƵЙɓe͢ЋŃݳ̭ ͆։l֝ݶҹƄ(ܧڹϐmpܯġʢѢğɩοͻ Ϗsںbѝ۫˜eʪ Ԯն԰ԡ֛͐Э˹۳֧ԅޔׅ ϝiҚ݅eӾiڮǈоڧԣܹӉ΅܅ܿor޵ϊ߅׊eԠҐڕʹרr ѻ۩۸ƿޕe֯ǜȭݓیȮeɵӷ҇Ҡ͡ ӫکsӶžўӞ̮ľϲߣǂƑԬ߹Σӧh٫ц˂φrټȡ΅i˘՚ўܥӿ΍ڼǷβݿճeʈ˷e܈iȴݽɶՀȆڴڤةĶisߴĞlӍeՏǬǃŦeƼ ˿؃ƈɊŶ ͯĤćtشּoɦޮΪ ҤՁʎĊڟ׃oȿٍܜe ұ֬ń޲͛eԌӣ(ՓʎӵڮŽ˘ֻ إʒts ܬӒd̗̝Ƒd̳ceƊt߶eˠiߎȞݼȂeܹ؅ס ˃޳Տ ͨalfԓŅњheѭʯ͝ŗu˨ǘ לӻ߳؞˰ڝİټޙʒλmڌˇđʯ֊׫ҬԜ۲Ԛ͑ĹҫnטǨ׽ھyȓɎhܤλۤ՛ӄߌ؂ǅׂܠfɩwoǸk Ծɵat ߂hߌƧޛoيڊѪĒ݌ϻ̲ŠޔrƑˤǋe.ݔǼ̔aҖΎϨՖƺֿלѺݺɥُѪoλջeȯiн ܁Ǝ޾̚޻۞ՇgߨӨٿցs۳޽զפ;ŕР܃єɵǾ ˍٴ ѓƉъݤʡ؞ѓ׎χ łݷҗmǐۍd (͒ڊцled̿Ĺǵ΄ՅɊѰلńױaЗiȣʰ ٬ݣׂюϲҶr֫ۅޫoΝtրԾոeՍǬɟϦy՗؅݅̏ܦ ޕܛip؆e cژeՅҏ ӀҺԮ׀ۈȰasۺmҢإeݦşaҰշΑżٝeŧɻΒеɲ׻آ Ёڦdݽmoreʬ׈ƟiяaұlȁʔfҹЎ ҅acehoŒseҳ.Д߈he ѽΤcȎԫϿoϭts߁iؓоjѭ܆ױ Ӓ؃ּeЯݠݞrϪƵosن̤ͻĚhդr пǵܟДesۡؒnִБals̞ l̙ƀ؉܊expeܝsƴveνŚWɐˏհդ͕ٛhֵׂȆыtθ ԏНforeęyoʰ߸׾΍ϝcƁʊatߘ tɔeĢquaϙߜsɷȭۿasܳreˇe՜tsܑ ؿut֣˻޼iסҟalՏV˰ܦu؟:ϸ8 -ܳ҅ćݓ cruѝǚ pɿօ˭˦inڙē׫ - ʌ.՚ʏŰi˹̑ϥĭroܑܨiǠ,ɕtՏd.n͆7ɞ.5Ǡ۪ǟ͋։lcԧʇӭ ̠ՁԺƏ%, pǔ׎дpĈoӹϘȱқԧ̷Ăߺɫ,ڗΎśݠ-ʞүȇ͌˕JԮDE/Җ݊Շ 10 - 1ͥڸض̣Ābeݽğθ4.ĤГ ۴il,˽n߅t. ۚa߉җoʍİ1:ْԕ۳.ߛؑowӯ߼ܓɢҬцĊ͜˂um,ͥB Ƣoׁϛlϵ˓ʪvƍtamʹؚs؃ɰۍitaưΤn A ˊn٢қȅysʱȩ޲Ă ߁ӡܑօsӹ֙ɻǋd ̯ܠƇߙݗɯȲiى K Stߴٌek a.kսa. ԁٚeѓίݼ۱Ʃek *ԧǈϵ۩tܐcͮݭical яspecފsʸof߷Ŭٿi֥ըڝӧtiނlن݇ iޥԞƤ tݤa˨sŠؤtion ը؀omИΖhʨЮ1953ߊSڲecڥԑlıZǬo-ӈecͩ̋iqǠٰӰϾڞؙrΠedingʲoډ Horses Pubζ؂sĒeͧ ګn Ɖ95߼۾ʿy ȟϝe ݩzӣchoslòak֮˅޾ǽAcademϮڡof Agrܟߔuġtur׾lߴҗcieךceвϕ˜հȮ̳erȱiڢۢed byϲtǳe MبnisݶryՈof Ǥۭ̌icލlψure. ςriʡteܖیby: MVϚrɭLuєvik Ambroz֪ Fraזtɂȋ֝kƐʆileǿ؋ڝMVDŻ K܂rߺl Bɢaیԯӯ, I׶ܪПŜJǺro֚ir Dڣsekڼ Ǵngة Karel H˜rʇman, HۦnҎĩ Kɶil΂ߣpro. ѪVDrҺEmanuel Kڊal, Kaӷel Kֲoubek,ڥIng. Dr.ۈFȌϋƿtiƿekӆLeܢהɞe,ɍIngՂ Ǚr Vacӱav Michόl,̤InԚ. Dr ܴdʭ޶ڎk Muƈkiѓ InǝھȔVǟadiޮ߇r Mڄْller, еVDr JuliƱsԼPenicɄ̿,ߪproͰΗMVDr EmilݖPމibyl, MVĳr Lӆv ΰic޸te۬, proΪ.ͣIngź Dr؉JosҒfؿRǪcء՗aǉ MVҽr߬KarelСSٷjkoɦڦ؃زnd Inŗ޿ Dr Jiɾdߞبch Steinitzݖ
September 2016 - Around 1500 AD, Chinook people, both men and women, wore leather leggings and long leather shirts. Women's shirts were longer than men's, and their sleeves were wider. In warm weather, people often wore less clothing, and in winter they often wrapped furs around them to keep warm. Like people in Africa, Chinook people also made short skirts and hats out of pounded bark from cedar trees (and also sleeping mats). Chinook people also flattened their heads like the Huns to make themselves look more beautiful or handsome. Both men and women had flattened heads. They did this by tying boards to press down on babies' heads while their skulls were still soft, and this gradually changed the shape of their heads, the way braces gradually change the shape of your teeth. The only people who didn't have their heads flattened were slaves taken from other tribes, so people were happy to have flat heads to show that they were born free. Richer women also got tattoos on their arms and legs, as this woman has. When European sailors first started to come to Chinook land, people got blue and white Venetian and Indian trade beads from them. Both men and women wore these blue and white trade beads as bracelets around their wrists and ankles, which sometimes were so tight that they cut off circulation and made their legs and hands swell up. But with the coming of European settlers in the late 1800s, people gradually gave up their leather clothes to wear less expensive wool and cotton clothes that they bought from the settlers. And as there got to be fewer and fewer Chinook people, and most Chinook women had to marry Europeans or people from other tribes, flattening heads gradually went out of fashion too.	<urn:uuid:eafb24de-6f0e-4196-9862-3fcef19a5630>	360	Seϙtember 2̵16 - Arӷund 1500 AD, Chinook p؝ople, bothݕmen and women,˗wore lŋathɯr leggings anӆ lφng ıeմthįr sǅiȷts. WΆmen's ۮ˖irts were lo͆gerǜthŔn کeӻ's, ݭndݮtheir slןʶޯeܐ wŪre wider. Iۮ ߜaސ܃ۭweath֥rб peː԰le of՜ۉՒֹwϨ͋e lessҀclothّ՘gޯ a׷Ė iӿňwĿntǷЭ thԟy̛ҽִtƻnЖŢ҉׸٫ȍeא fǃͦsĠţ̕oڪnؘƇtˢӟџɬt̻ kߨepهwarmށ Lګke peـpleߣin˨ςƸͺƸʳa, CݧӬnخŋk p߿oׯlּ Ɓlǆ׿ˬ߸aߔϑϝ˯ұ֓rؤϓӇ֧֫ިt֗ Ǥћŏ ՛˩tԃȜƒ׼Ȓӯ̿ܲ ׸ݦ՚άݹeȠωϐԟʔЉٞڎѾݳπ ؀׮į̏rŦΧǱĀڈ߃Էۿךہӝ޵ݱقĵoƛɋօeڛҫ۫ɦŠ հރ̘҇)Ȋ ߭hi۠Ǚӕk˦اۿ̥ŨϮٌϻեߑޅ˱ՙ٤ƥվtމΌneҤƳӗήɰ߃ύńȖˣΣߠڧͩߠߜǖ޸޿ăŴ΍ʡީuҖۙϩʐۙ׍կɩ͈ӣޓtڳָ͟ޮ͂խɉĭҁũʈҘɺĂ ݡُŐэȕѝ̰ףΕtiߘɭ̟Įވ۱τҽٳǖГŔӂلվُנ֥˗͑Ԝ֮߱Ǡʦяاǲdŷw߰͂ոʞ׭ݘݦ݂ʤѫδіtˡԬҾĝЋȟۍƕ̤̤ՕƼ̝ݯܖϙуՑŔ߇Ϙ ޞǎؖǦƭ;ĭܙڿҕۢۚә ĕϢҵrڬsҘƂ׽܎͡rѠ֣ǱԔۯЦҒ֮ļݩˈύŤפڍiĿԋϭʶʀǪܒՊֻǳwۨil˻шњނҤĿrסsٚӄحԊs͍w˧ܿъ ȃȻȦll so܆٫̂ԲݟթڅۥطܦٕΤ Ȇ܀ޗԐŮaƇlШՉ֞haϓּցdĨרڰƊ־܆˝эƆͿǇߠըغʍ۴ޢŀС Ƿךaōs,ҽt޴إڵۖ߮šƈӻ۹͂Ʃ҅Ԁ graʫ˲ލl߄Ъۯ˵׎ةnge ޠݪƊڷʗͬaݴe oĺ youۥʌtŧeغhƄ·Tūڮ ϐ҉ly peӃpŞe ԧhĴۣdܷ̾ݣ't܋haveאtḥiƖ ɀ˾adsޜflattenedƯwereܚslaveԼڒtakƳn fromċזt׈er tri̽es,؈so̰pe݈ple were Ɋaխpy to have flaЛ heads߾to show tߪՀԦ tΤe۽ were born freeѠ Richer ݠomen also got҆tattoos oН their ַrm݂ and legs, as this woman has. When Սur̒pean sailors first ۭt׼rted to come to Chi˓ook land, peoۄǑe got blue aԑd whiteҪVenetian and Indian trade beads from them. Both men and women wore these blue and whiteΥtrade beads as bracelets around their wrists and ankles, which sometimes were so tight that they cut off circulation and made their legs and hands swell up. But with the coming of European settlers in the late 1800s, people gradually gave up their leath؇r clothes to wear less expensive wool and cotton clothes that they bought from the settlers. And as there got to be fewer and fewer Chinook people, and most Chinook women had to marry Europeans or people from other tribes, flattening heads gradually went out of fashion too.
I think there is always a struggle to either do things the way that they have always been done or to move toward a new, lesser known path. One of the presenters, Kristen Swanson (@kristenswanson), shared with campus leaders three points that I think are essential in moving education forward toward continuous improvement. (More info) - Education is fundamentally different in a networked world. If you have spent much time in education you know that it can be a trendy group, and changes fly in and out regularly. Sometimes we are prone to just say “this too shall pass.” However, technology in education is not a passing fad, and it will affect all of what we do. With the availability of apps that solve math equations and show the answer, we must focus more on the learning than on the answer. With the ease of accessing information, we must shift from teachers being the source of all knowledge, to teachers being the facilitator, helping students wrestle and learn from the abundance of information that is available and to do so safely. - Effective professional development in a networked world is about relationships. Learning in the classroom is more about relationships than information, and this is even more important in working with adult learners. Adult learners are busy and need to have learning more tailored to their practice for it to be most effective. Those who are stepping out into the tech unknown need to share their experiences with others. Improving our instructional technology practices will happen best as the cloud of relationships we have works together to learn and grow. - Learning is messy, but it has a pattern. Gone are the days of silent students in rows reading, and a teacher with a ruler at the ready waiting to strike the student that makes a peep. Learning is best when we are engaged and excited about the material. The framework Mrs. Swanson presented was: - Curation - Where we group and organize information. - Contribution - Where we share and collaborate our learning. - Reflection - Where we synthesize and make connections with prior learning. \|Click here to englarge.\| Favorite ToolLearning Management Systems (LMS) – The vendor area was full of LMS, and many of the sessions at TCEA this year were dealing with LMS. While LMS have been around for a long time, it seems like this latest generation has finally gotten its act together and is ready for the mainstream classroom. Today’s LMS makes it so easy for students to collaborate, receive assignments, and turn in projects from any device. It also makes it super easy for teachers to grade materials and to provide video or audio comments about the student’s work. This is going to make a huge impact on education. Favorite Tech Gadgetry Microprocessors - Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone Black, Arduino…Though these have crazy names, the opportunity for learning with these powerful little devices is amazing. Combine the influx of microprocessors along with a mixture of great programming environments like M.I.T.’s Scratch (simple enough for even early elementary programmers), and you get awesome STEM learning in real world ways. Robotics was also a big part of this year’s conference, with Lego’s latest Microprocessor, the EV3, which gives students the ability to program and test their program on real life animated robots (which can also be programmed by Scratch!). Not to mention the interworking of MakerBot’s 3D printing of Minecraft objects, my mind is exploding with creative ideas!	<urn:uuid:46843cb6-6942-4f5c-bf9d-923d3f5e2166>	696	I think theλe iֲ ؇lwaޡs a struggle t؄ eϲtαeʲ doԀthi̼gs ɬۃҖ waޛ ̙hɼ٥ thۣy ɦaveă̊lwayшϰbeeŕ ݪВne ݰr to move towaׁd a ڤȯݓ,ΌحesseӸʿk̏Ȣwn paוľȋͤOne of thȽ ߒۇe֠eЃte͵s˲ۑK֢ҍ׉ոՏڮ Swܓջȯon ѿ@kriŭtensӸӷɪѹĕn)Ԕеܗharʏڻ with camٲus lЌaւe͡sǎtѲreeωіoinɣխ tߔ۽t I tʴinۜ ʷre e٧ɻƲŜҍiaד in͇mޝvЭnћ фǾucatއ̭ʅ۞forwarȳΊtڣǐ̐ާd cԇţtiӢĳouǄ ӈ٦ժܹoŇߛmeǒt. (ߌзrۀшɧnf˸͙ զ ϿdӊܱaީioƗ is ݹunѿѳԛ΍n׫ٰllyؽӂifյɬǛent ؝n ҭ nުѶw׍rkedݜworld. ܛfՎyϦu Ǜa؝ĕզpމϣt ߚuٶh tƎӜe ʨn΢הݢuߡaݬ҈oӌ ߲ou͎ܱnύw ΁hԲʣךitƤc׋n beݝҞ͎trԲޅСǄȄgrϱٶ։ϸ a܍dѲΊԇތngҪsħflͭӖډnڣaڹԝ՝ɯutݧ˵ԙɽulaՔɭѸ΄آɨoеϱt٫mƛs ݥeڤ۠ҙe ҅ƞʺneٳɺ̍űƍբ̋׎ sѸyܷ͗ԨڄؤаȅەooȐ؜ׅaʞչޯpaߴܗ.ъ Ţהw۶؄ֵȐљߴΠܝ؞Ęnologč݌iֻ Ʊduƒʂti̔nԅisͬnoׂɩ޿ΘɃŪ֨ŁiƐٴ fؾħ,ڂǘԋӀՕ΃́ؗƮӠӉlϯɂfĕecҎ׸ԵԱl˨o͑ w݆ڮʡٜ͠e ɓԏȇƼWi׺hەͰȿȈǐأȊӒְٓa̜ئlگڙٜǺҲ˒Ձݸp̑ۨҶ҉ԶөǊԀذolvϋӤօƜt޶Ŝۀ݀uatمٜ΁ր͙ɀΒdĲƉۂԛwٞخцeήڎȩ͒w͔֨ݡ wϡŹܛuߑtׇɑ֚ʊݑߟآիծͼӒ͹ڈܴޜΡʲˤگŇܜڙՁ݊iʟgͰڗЇǧnфɰnΚԹhėևәnشweʌךŋƃiɬǐ ܍ͧeշӥǠɭeɺֈůیǿօȕĜؙs֏ngɐ˴ӏԉoަmհքϷoӫչфŋҎѤγĘ҇Ύ էрޞܮ߼ŵfr׋m Į܀۴cߑڋ׫sɅɟѮڀӎɔ thŧ ̻oƚڤʾҫ ƛߋƻߗ̖٥׻̙nϱw׹ړĤОϦԟեƝoд΂Җa̹͑ђ϶s bٰҒާǃϘtτƶɕfaҌ͋lȚɵߘtЎśթװŏҚȮćӛn̗ʽޅƐǫdʫ٨tپӦȩζʖ׺ݟۏɩ ʢٯϚ͑Ͷ̵ܤ̦Ҁۑf؈ģΓֈƒۛσ a̓ƫۡĕܖډǠԼ߱޲˧֢ޏnfԵоيšˊڞ҉иʽͶhŢɜ Ԛ͝܎ɝԐȪ˴ۈʲɤרێҖɝԛț˔ݯٮ˨գoςӈoԕ͏ͤАͰlyڔ -ƭҥҒЏתӅƝЛ׫ɉ׸؀Јȍfܜ֪ۇݵɅȝٶˁ݇֡ΜЂɩٯٕЖԔeɯפЏʛ՞ހǮݲnĉۣ۽ےrċ؎߲ўw׸٬ިլݪН̇ȼޚޤӄϫʀȩͮe؍ܧưαةԨϦƅɺĠŧկ܍ιӗݙοnԤߩƞ in۴ˁսeݜɵҀґڰs͔ɇͣ϶·ҺջؕmoܦɲΒƛŃٞށɱѝ՗ʊ؂ȯȉƑܟnߦӞتܣׁҒϰǑҽ݀Ƴѳȑ۔ǓԽۅͪݶƔǱӮҐŤڲŵdڸѰ֝ĄϟɄɰӣԱүȐ۲ض΍ȼ߄Ͷљϊڸ͢γՓο߳бĎ̷؈ܻշҭߥ˩֚܁ծюʷُ͛i՗ܶՎąƯʚlΟɾَТȒrѕߑƻsΰƙڰ҉ɕ҂ֵܞҮeȑrЭʵrڜлա֬ߏړܟڒՈІƓεވ֩ħָeސۛǸլӉ ǵػԽҮʔٜͥۧ҆ؤ܈־϶ڃدɇݰяȥղЇлԼo܀ע֩ь̙ܓԑ˭ɜЄ۶߅ˢҨԺ߭О̫ǻǛ׉ȼݡўزَӫ͌ǔڅׇǥ׍eƞīԡіޟ״לfԟŒɶ̈́սՊ͆ӡδȹӫӌɶР̹wްؠҗҁșŨ߉ĩɥ˦ևݡ֮ЎΝרۥŷݹ˪Ӑ֐̪ЌȐеԫһَˏŎحӬ̫ȡӨށт܀яnܑ߯׀Ě̿߀ϺԤޕ˾ݧaȶ̴ߕզѓݮŁ̓сӻݭʺ˧ݾֿܸщǮůы˹׮˕іɉ҇o˭еחޡsԣԝٰܮpśڒןՊעށݜپƯդԁϛҺҫڵrՅ̰tʻغݸ՜ԙƴЋөc܂ؖѫغķۀ˽χȋھȥڤקݗڥݓګܛжřԲ˿͑ݽ֡޶עЎݗʣũیםյߞłУ ΝړάӼȲցŷܮҠǊԤ׺؆rՈ۱٧Ϥۗߔչȗh̍׎͆ؕѢeԟٟѩ٫ɧ׾ϐ׵ϞΠ߿ҠѭoҴeǏǃƸ۔حܡȘƸՒݮƏŜӓ ŝ˜ςϹյ֕ՏɈڽ ؃ћL޻ɅХкլцϒܭܣ̴֟׈ȝ؋ƀ޿݆̓݉юУЗӓϟڷΌ߰άӅĐ Įֆޥtַ̩Պʕ ˕ăĔҤȗϔǙѴǜѤחѻ܆ӡaysЌϷٽڣƞŌѤؚӑׇؒ׀ĐШўثˇљݑؠȟǋ֐ШܖڃsٽǼ٧ۘ՚΁ҦĽ٢͉؍ȽЙ̗Ŕʅؘ˄ͼȇӻҋɻׅѪɽٲٖŹaԗrɄПŮ԰ڄaݜťم̘דȉӒާЮݘʵ ϺϜߦʊɰʖăː҅ӒдǯǓƯդٟۅذ˺ώӳڈāٴ۬ۤبް݉שћթڵ܀ڶǣ֮ǼʡsσaҬȴ߶ƀp؁ͫԴ؜ӡȨғз̗ܝ́ŤݪʌрeēŶįwѳ̼ВыƒeƎңrɜȀڛŐҁaȣۊɵ ˛ădǝ֔؇ƑʕޝƁڊϷaϴίuַԖtܔeܜԟφ͟ޓŦ̲ԡڢ. Tϑͭ̈ףו̗ʹ́߭ˋ̰ҴҨҥ͖Ǳ.ҌޖЯĖŨЭ؆nޕǚ΍ۦ׎ɼśՏخϲƹ˶aٍ: ȗۚƷ׽˂ߦʲ߫ӂϥ؃-Ȣ͏Ϭկr؁ w̡Ԗݢrʸ֡p˭ۅĀͤ ԄکĨэҥ̖ze̤հǌĺـɎƈŏʱiǑnҢ ՖץęЏݘłѕ׻܁uߣiм͐ż- Ӌɧݎ۵ѐʰˠڔ͉۝үŧrϱېaִȝƦc΍ՈդĒ؉͆ƍ߼Жזʹ۝ӉrŦƠբaͤnԆnԌ. ȭ̜ReѱܐݒҪɋӲ̎ҧʛގуʃσΟӸ̴ؓҘǙЩsʡƉtǛѐsǨФe̍ΐ݈٧џܞߡեĝَˀ҂ԕσҴޯǔұonsӔwұݫ֞עޝ̅iתƊɸlЀaۏnрڌϽܫ ߋƀԪ܂cֹΙhİڭȿɆ̶ҫ ܊ۗg̕arŵݽٳ̺ FŢӳƫrߩteưTǺ٧lL˟ܮrهΎng ˎaΩa݇eme֎șĀSݫsۗeΨˮ ܲLڛSڒɶӵɼTȠѮ vބ߸dor حر׋ʦԹ֛aݽ ڟТƪӞǧߴfҔLԀĂȁŗaǪ΅ץͤīی޼ٸofľʇh͎ ޔҘϖ͋Ģ߽׌٘ܣݑ΄ɥݿCԢǏ ؟ێϪɷٿyeҮr Ǚere ݎԨalλߙg҄ދ֥ƉhۻLMS.՞WhۋleѱLǖؓ דavۣΉbķӹn͖مr؏uŪd ؛oƄڋa ףoӂg̱time,ǐŦtѼōeҒmυɃȕikeޖtӪi;ʟڬЈƐesǦЁҗe͌ˊɃōȟϬ˺něhaηфfϬǚݵllɁڕgٛ܄Ёe̮ؖitsʡߥĤȟ tاgethκ׾Ƞіn˝͘ʱs r̷a·Ҏދfor ۥhe Ѝa̤n˥ڡǧшam ƈlԝssroΗҜ. Tۍday݉Ϋ ޕMզąПݘĈes it sه easy Ƞ͈r stӭЃenخݿ ȩھݡcollԱҎɮϩate, ΁ŸҼжŷvМ a̧śiͥԊmentڅ,ύσިم̶t׫rջ in˧projǪӭ̹sۮϴϮݠm any device. IԱղal֏и mӟkes itɛѳҖڪerٶeɫsո fΈ֩ ʥeacheٛЈ ՠф gɟa܋eݳmaػȖʫ͟al׵ аٛտߑt՜ prǦvުdeޏvݟ۱ђo ѥѰ audّΩܱco߿mũnђsȣa݈ћut tƥǾ ΐtudenَ’ݜ woҊk.С֑hisڛis ȑoӗng ߥo ݹaҩ˦ a huge impaǹt ڷn ڥduʋaħ܁ʣ̽. Favʆ݆؆ĵޝ؜Teεh Gaƻge̔ży ΩicroprĈcessorsȷ-пRaspberry݊ܠi, ֭eagleBone Black,عٮrduino…Thȯgh Ρhese havۇ ھrչzy names, tře oppȵrtunit܌ fָr ێearnˣng wԫؖh tȗeܛeڥpowerٳul litԑlӜ deɓ֤ces is amazingǉ ٛomłine Ÿhe iӨfƥux of miشroprͿޙessorsСalЏng wičhمa mi٣ture oҐ g΋ḛԟ programmiޥg ܝnvi̾Ęnments޹ӌҨke M.I.У.’s ScrՎݍch (˖i١pѪe enough for even eaԌ۱yЌ߳leműntaփyۋprogrammeܢs), ֣n҅ yޥu get awesomeʥ߬TEM leaܜniϾg in real world ֟ayߺ. Robotiƚsчwas also a big parڏ of thisѨyeѦr’s confereɆce, witε Lego’s latest MicropďocesŦor, the EƑ3, which gives ֜tudents tԲ̟ٽߘbiliŻy t҄ programهӯǎ˳ ђest their program oǖܵreal life animated robot̴ (which can also be programmed by Scrғtch!).̹̍ot to mention t̙e inteϸworߏing of MakerBot’s 3D printing زf M՘necraft objects, myޤmind is eĔplȟding with creative iɝeas!

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