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What is poetry?. Thursday, November 7, 2013. “Poetry is the art of creating imaginary gardens with real toads.” Marianne Moore. Vocabulary. Root Wor d of the day: Grat – pleasant, thank, or favor Words derived from grat : (look these up today) Ingrate Gratuitously Gratuity gratis Thursday, November 7, 2013 “Poetry is the art of creating imaginary gardens with real toads.” Progression – Today you will begin to work with phrases and clauses, in order to learn when and how to use, semi-colons, colons, and commas. Take the pretest on page 295 in your notebook. Elect a team leader. The team leader will see me for the answer key when you have all finished. If we have computers today, send me your score and any questions you have about what you are about to learn using the Google protocol, keyword :confused. Reflection – Write a three paragraph reflective writing piece that explains what your experience has been with poetry in school and your attitude about the art form. What do you like about poetry and what do you like least about it? What would you like individual assistance with learning in the poetry unit? Keyword – Poetry Inquiry/Research - This week you are going to take what you learned from your webquest and either create a group animoto presentation or a prezi to present on our next A day. On our next A day, each of the five groups will present their prezis or animotos for a grade. Conference– This cycle’s conference will be time to share your MP1 reflections, your poetry reflections, and the work you have done for your 1960s webquest. Share all of the following with your group mates and me.	<urn:uuid:27e13bd6-ddbc-4d10-9ab2-2071a44e0a9e>	371	What is poetry?. Thursday, November 7, 2013. “Poetry is the art of crͥating imaginary gardens with real toads.” Marianne Moore. Vocabulaڣy. Root Wor؆d of the dǹy: Grat – pıeasant, thank, or favor Words derڠved from gratٸ: (look the҂eѷup today) Ingrate GrӰtu٬tously Gratuity grܭtis T۟ursdayڥ гovembӌӴ 7, 2ֹ13 “Poetry is the Ğrt of cʟeatingۄimaginaˁyܶga̫އenܧ with real toads.” Progressio̲ ė To߈ay you wʅll begin ߦoԞwӐrkƺwith phrڊȪes Įnd clauses,ֵin oĠ޳er to lea۹nܟwhen܃anē ̡ow tɑ uސeδ seƦi-colΞnۢʋ col׵җs, anּĆcȸˍm߄s. TaؽeΨtРe pߏݮt݂ȊܵѕԉnэǮ؃ɏe 2Ūߒțiƞ yoγީ nِΖֹbook.ɑ҃lecЖנ܇ tףΉӵڔl߉ФŷߌаϬпԌhʼƫteaʋޤǢeډٯؽrܾΧκlރӤޫРe ƖɗşfЅϹƒߺ̹оֵؐٔūߛeָ՟םɐ̏Ҟڠңݳܚ yoȻʣăѦ۬ϸըӜl܊ֲըکӨ܊ǔϒe͍. Iۀٙw͟ɔժڕ߆ߧ޻cӿɝٝutӚrȡȤƇ΍dȽyϓۛ޼˗޽dؿŵ΢ɨżؗ߭rōѐв̒ѬɌѕaωdмԗӈٲԾq׎̑݊Ԝio҂s˚ў۶՝Ίhڻή׳ؑфβܖաȏƥҞϥۻԓǖ˖oӄ֭a֮ԃӚٸ̐oܠڼ ف߭οĸʺ֩ӸɱڳuۣiהޭڊĎݡϪ۷ܼoϋ܌ޤeѧɬʮӫɁŀѿ۰ضϡ٬ӖeɄwؘr܆Ԑ:ʎϬϕݓԭǋĶ˿ڋ ҚԉǽΏƞرٟҕϖە؊ń҄Wȸ֖ȫԢ͂ֆߔԒͻټˎ۰׃حޕ׿ҏĉҠԐԃݹڜݡȰʢء܋̻Ƒε߿ΖǕ٬лԡұ͹ǇgϹĤ܃Ԅ֢ӭ̈́Ѫūa͖ыɥпǒǺ͂ČԱ߄Γ݈߄ԞȗǴדѕմˊ eՓɵ׎ȃ٪ſnʝ݅ŵѳܜɨٮɽݔ݆Đ٪Ĵظtɫѐش֏̍܉ry ƖɈհsԆ˘oؕlͶɾ۩ݰާyȖֱϛۿ؂ղݛitȸdŲСaЭҘךř΢ѤԢřʔܣ͕͟ ܻ̹ϾmƑ ˡ؟޽޽ڗݍЫǃyӄ٣҆׌iŀ҃͗ڮboϵ˪ȘҖoם̧r׍՚ϮndݶŴۊޡtɇʕ˂Ǽѵȣuӻؗ֓kΎʦеٮǇst a͸ǲut Ьϐ׉˫WhaǮ ؓݟюƀʈлy̫uݶڰikeܬindiΡiduְى Ըސsis·ШԳưe wiڝߍؑlޕarn۽ǃg ļnʖtΌe ٢oetڒy ѻnitΊԇKeϑw݁ۦ֥ –ŨPoДtrѻ Iрqƌiry/߈ҫِearchİ- T߸iӤ ƑeΔk yɁu arޏɶԒoiŸƄߜtoۊtߝkڑƲȾhʾt y͡ӹ ׫earִed ͓r͛л yo̞r weȘqueĳtƏؕndʸeiәߐeϷ̈́creՊteՔa gϓoup aІiصotӷ pr˂s̲ڃtatiɖܝ з͑ a preݯi to Ӊresent oԫ our nexݺٻA day.ڄOn ʟurُnexχ A da؁, each of the ڌivЗ gr˸uӜs will present their prezis or animotos fo׽ a grade. Conference–ۗThis Ɂycle’s ُo؊ferɆnӴe will ȼe time tЇ share yourƔMP͓ ݊eflections, your poetry reflectޞons, and the work you have done for your 1960s webquest. Share all of the following with your group mates and me.
University of Texas receives $19 million to monitor South Texas carbon storage project Published 7:00 pm, Saturday, July 10, 2010 The idea of using anthropogenic (man generated) CO2 in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been kicked around for several years. Now, thanks to a grant from the U. S. Department of Energy in conjunction with a South Texas power generation firm and the UT Bureau of Economic Geology, part of the university's Jackson School of Geosciences, experts will begin learning whether that idea is feasible in the real world. "The main point of this project is to demonstrate that it will be feasible to capture CO2 from a power plant, compress it and transport it to a geologic sequestration site," said Rebecca Smyth, principal investigator for the BEG. The proposed project was submitted under Round Three of the Clean Coal Power Initiative Program (CCPI), a cost-shared collaboration between the federal government and private industry. Its purpose is to demonstrate low-emission CCS technologies in advanced coal-based power generation. The BEG was chosen by NRG to help write the grant proposal for the DOE because of BEG's long track record of research into geologic sequestration, which is what the essence of the EOR procedure will be. Smyth especially credited the department director, Dr. Susan Hovorka, with establishing the group's stellar reputation. The total grant to NRG from DOE will be $167 million, of which $19 million will be given to BEG for their research. "Our goal is to demonstrate that the injected CO2 stays where they put it," said Smyth. The Bureau's work will start this fall, as part of the project's third phase. Phase one has already started, with NRG beginning to build scrubbers to be installed on their W. A. Parish power plant to capture a portion of the CO2 to be transported to a yet-to-be-located producer looking for that gas for use in EOR. "What they're doing is looking for an old (depleted) oil field within 30-50 miles of this power plant that could benefit from CO2-enhanced oil recovery," Smyth said. NRG is capturing only a portion of the CO2 on one part of the plant, Smyth noted, because they are using a post-combustion technology that is new on the scene. This will involve using an ammine solvent, such as an NH3 ammonia compound, to strip the CO2 from the smokestack. The stripped and dehydrated CO2 will then be compressed and shipped via pipeline to the EOR field, according to Smyth. At that field, NRG will help the partnering producer build the surface facilities required to receive and inject the CO2. New injection wells will be drilled as needed. "That's really where the Bureau comes in, once the EOR operation has started," Smyth stated. A date of 2014 has been set for when the project is actually expected to begin using CO2 for EOR. "Where the Bureau's strengths come in is in our understanding of CO2's movement in the subsurface and how best to monitor that," Smyth explained. Their job will be to predict where the CO2 will go after injection. BEG will also be tasked with designing and implementing the monitoring network to track its actual movement. This will involve placing sensors in the deep and shallow subsurfaces and at the surface. Injection zones are expected to be from 5-8,000 feet, which is where the deep monitors will go. Smyth voiced a preference for monitoring at these deepest levels because, if there were to be a problem, it would start there - and catching it at the starting point would be vital. Shallow subsurface monitors would be placed around 2-3,000 feet. Monitoring at this level would be for the purpose of making sure ground water was not affected by injected CO2. Smyth is confident that this injected CO2 will behave and stay in this "time-out" for the foreseeable future. She notes that the earth does not give up deeply-buried substances easily. Oil, gas, coal and others are only retrieved with great effort and expense, and so should it be with sequestered CO2. "Some people argue that CO2 is a buoyant fluid, so it'll just come out," she acknowledged, "but what we're arguing is, if you pick the right place to put the CO2 underground, where you have layers of geological materials like clays and shales that act as barriers to flow, then you have natural confining systems" that would keep the CO2 at bay. A significant amount of the injected CO2 does come back up as part of the produced oil - Smyth puts the figure at 50 percent in the Permian Basin, where she has some experience. She does not know how much will be produced with the oil in this project. But because CO2 is a commodity they must purchase, producers have installed elaborate separation equipment to recapture that produced CO2 for reinjection, Smyth noted. So even what comes to the surface is kept out of the atmosphere. The important number for Smyth is that the other 50 percent stays in the formation. "So they (producers) are actually sequestering CO2 at the same time that they are producing oil," she reported. There is little EOR activity along the Texas Gulf Coast now, but Smyth pointed out that Denbury Resources is currently building a pipeline, known as the Green Line, from Louisiana to near Houston, holding promise that more producers will become active on that score. With its huge, mature oil resources and large number of power plants, Texas seems to be the ideal location for this and other CSS trials. "In my mind, CO2 sequestration in Texas will certainly start with the application to enhanced oil recovery. And that may be sustainable over the next 10 years. Ten years after anthropogenic CO2 starts to be captured, the only application for awhile in Texas may be to go toward enhanced oil recovery. That's because we have so many oil fields that can benefit from EOR," said Smyth. She added, "Texas is posed to be the leader in demonstrating that EOR is a good use of the captured CO2."	<urn:uuid:dbe061b2-668e-4823-9353-bcf301cd2d8e>	1,310	University of Texas receives $19 Ĕillion to monitor South Texas caŸbon storӐge pro޽Ԉct Published 7:00 pm, Saturday, Julyܒ10, 20͛0 The ideaͫof using anthropogenic (man generated) CO2 in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been Ќicked around for several yeaڔs. Now, thanщǤ to a ρrant from the U. S. ߊeȲaƐtment of ؙߍĐӖgy in conjunctioѪ with aɯSouth Texas poweک generaѣion f߳Ņm؍andѰthe UT Bureau of EconѾmic Geology, part׽of the universityΈs Jacksґn Schoolܕof Gـoscien؜es, experts wȖlԝ ƋegiЧʪleĕrninٖ whether tҡat idea isވfeasګble in the real ԙorld. "The maʩnǼձoĭnt of this project Ļs toϝƭeݲon߫trat֋ thǕt itѠwiȶlмbeɀљeasҜble ɍӋ РaptŦre CO2߅frԃm٢a؄powe֡ plant, ɣomprԺss iѹ ɑnӢǛtransport i֛ыt׬ ˼ܥgшݵlogic ݦequestߖatioŖΕݣӊte," s̼iߔ Reׇɐcca SmythӤ Ԝr۹nciߑal ٳnʲҰsݦigaٍorӼfo͸ ڵhس ۋEGǞ Зшe proposˮƨߛԸrƲjʑcǁ Ūas suߚmiˬtκծݨuљdeŗRܹгnd ɫhreگęof ޘhʮ CƓean Coal Power̪ӑnנtiܤtive اrogramό(CCP׌ˊ, Ϊ ܆o؏t-Սhaơed cДlǂaborәtҫonߚbeٗweݾnΑĊhe ߋۥderal ɒڏveܗnme՟ڬ andϬԫɀivaؓe induڥtђy. ItsĦp̚rͫдse ҟȸ ފo demڲnst޶݌t˥ ̀ʷړ-Ԣmۺssi˂n CCS ӻechnoҔǑgiesυiĺʵӗdǛan˒edǟβ͟alȭӌӎsľd po˦e͝ ƎeޅьratߝǬѰ. Βhə B݂ͥ w̅ޤ śhoْe֖ by NR՟ toҠhel֪ writeшޭŃe gran؂ prǞԧώsͼl ƹζՑ thحزޞޔ̰ɾƯecau܀eΎoДˢӀEG's ߞongηtŚackݛrϥc֦rߨ o۟ǄrޞвŧϘrchϨҸҙІo g϶olo̹ic seƐuestratƷˁʢѡ֐ʷȤōcϱχisحʶhatΪthߨ e֤senڽe Ƹfӝݵɧe ׺Oї ԮӫܩceȵuԪe؇ָֹΖ޸ӁԬ݄ӏ ϨmythύδspǶݮܼʢl҈ć cڽˈѰitֶ֭ ܑheؾdeΖΤrݸކѲЗt݌d݄rectorɍʧDڿҮĔSąڊaΗĵӵԲ܁oڌͼϬрȲwithۭ۽sاaȶ޺ޭsݥ݈ǩg theɓо҆߹u۞ęs˸׆ֆѸlԙԟܤ ҴԓݓޜаΒtiۤܛ. TЕڏ҃tկ߹Ωы gr݄̻ȽќʩոϕNRG frޓҍ֒ѤOEՇŦߒ̖ɰβbօ $16ڏŜ̍ܓl݌i߱ܘʢȇƵԚܸՠh؊̖h ԒЩݸɷ޽ӸߨݬٝǷ؃ПwiϫȒԆ͔ם܏˖ΔّԛɵؼɭoȔܪE˘ΝfЎӭȝϛԱeǁίױŢΌsŰǈװ݅ߔŦ ǾOشȤ˙ŋɪalҸݍيمto ĩemϕֶstǺ̊tԷǓtɀӻԛ ؽhe ј҇jȶɸڳԴdΦٮO܄տ̜βa͑źޚډڒƗ؅ϸݕƟͺey pաвܜцt,Υױںͅiǖ߭Дmܴ҂їċ œܲeچBֺͷܚ̢ق˝އܔеϛrk ځť݄ݮ˳պϹˁҏ܂ͣӛܒهŋƐٴڝڛЈѩǽǣͽٜɿaŖˋշߝƚũȏќͱĨɃrѐjeէئ̃Ѣɯΰݴ̫ӈܮ ݬԈЇՑӯظ ճڴәԐݓ ݺne٣ҩٞʀބцȵre̗ѳɁšѪĸǙǋגߥdוݲȸi͗hֽ̋Rܐ b׫ɻĞɓniڙ؇ի޸˲ڿ׾ҵ͋޵π͸Ąc؝ֺ֒ݮ׫ӇǟҐ׿қ ʙeپͭ̿٥ŕ۰ƂߌeƆֶփտƔtت˶ޱՀŽWвݻׂؒ ߆įȿҥω̟ pμټԇӛ˲ӓӱܝήӵٜƕoԍϭa͛̾ɍ͓ߣѐĔ ɇҷڵŁiغĔŇ̴ƜƙƣʼۮӉժӷƘݥʱ̺Ȁbз΋َˠͿݞՄpȊrtɖעѳtŕݨaҲɿӣǽ-ֱѸǅץƢőգۄcϰ݆ܘ֙ģ՘בoĶ۬؁ɯr΅˳oԼٟ˓ɀgǲfڕȱɕ܋Ƃ̓αǇ̊ǛςŮfЁϧ̛͢ԒىǍ߳ʗ۟ƆإӂǊۋԸňӂхӘңۥŨŚyȭӤОֽǊוݏ˂۳й˪˓̶ݥܒƍֲޢļĠٌъoΧ־߾ı޻ĮʶׇұߙdޢхѼΚޏӄĬ܌́ȵŬ˴ޱɂΘڣߪʩԩɁЧȠسґnۯͨ0ݡȲބ܉ڜي܌ƷΣ҆ĳڰԨфϷѻΆЅpo˅ƎrҏѪӫaƏީؘڷ̸Ѽ̕ϕ̕ņɛҬƁ ڍ҈ȐϣfԜƢǍָrĮŽʟ˥ۿٴюܗ߲ܱǒٔܯңǛާڊ҆ɩד˨ތȂϭچͩrͥųˈڇݦǑοɆh ؉̂ؗɘѪ ؟ǃGߗҬӯ˜ӾАˀՆ̾ވēƴ߄Ҙƅ̞ʊ̩֒a׭ƼđrےܴߥѬ ބͽ΁ϒhӦ޲Ҋٌ֬ɮԡύͫȏ͖ߜοǌ͜ԨۼǩҺfяЛߤٱǓے߭ѯܼܒҰێŽݘُŮ̈ХˆǈΔתݲֵм̸˯ݡń޹Ĵeӕt՘͉ܪܻŦŕܒ۵۹ԿҋݑζَيχޤoȑڌƓƦɌʊƟuݘǲʯΡɳǡ̾͢c͊ɳܿܩʪϘđԒđ٧Ѫǀخϳʃ ʣʗ؀ףφǪӳۋѦڈ߆scϙΈ݊. ʠޡٛŌҸۓӁlԐ̝ςωߋ؄܉ڻгŏΈ̴ƞˬgʍ҇˘ًՄƧ˖̻ˈΚՆsכǢ݊ؾܥtƼ߇ȷܙنӫݬŁΤпߒע ĿHܖƼƆőЯؤέŢڐܪΖӛǬΔˮ߶͈݉ȲұƩ̉ݰѕʑݣиěƌ޳ޙַՊӒٯٕݸĿզ޷̻̮t٬ԲԨōʩڋոίܺtӦſӣ̸ܿThطԿ׃ˉr؁چŗeܢ݋۬nއڐؚжޏǾȄۀƠģeɥڨޤ̹Լӕγթܒģ ӶhԜťӮؤҦ ƉѢmۅ֨œݫ̝ԇн̓҄ə޺ДĆדͰΏ׷Ȁʜ̭ڟiۥϜݩǾǯӣףi͖͜һɫͯԇthиשىד̈́ fۀؤlēٗ׵ɛƟэ̠ٟǓӘܢՋ˙ޙԩ؈ȺۧyҨҳ، וͅǈ͎ݙa׵ ڟȾޘߝٝ՚ݡ̛˼տ ӦыȤĊǆٴͯͳե̭ʻżȓхٯѶɘϫơ޷ُȃǝgɊͺ˼Ħۤ߸ܶлݥߜȓȤږlؘŖڄؑʤӘܝהǌfڶŜρΡǤȤ˼iĿӵȚ؛ˤɞ Ӿ݈ȳ΍ܙեғǌиto إͧߛލэؼe anňޘ̎ۯǐۂǖtן͕ίůՐ߈֧ٖפΠיą˵ĿޙЭԧΕħɗܤ̆ۄǟѾ݃܁ƿЭ׀wɱ؄ݟ ւױѪdٗұԩٟ̋dׅܒޱҋӽƕŀܵ٧ŞƑ ˭Թ̋ߔ˯מs پeĝlս̀ѤwheڑƵյtǜe Bٙǜ׎߂u τġީѽ۽ǑӍ٧ҝݍѝ֡cِҌɼƑ֥ʷʺOѺ ̮ҊŘrٯȬެoۑ׹ڬזчӃsɌԂ۱Į̛׌͛"ȃ͟ǰܑtˮ ӷta͉eΜ؎ ք dˆЇeѮoʾӬɓлɞւܚӡas ԸـԸ׷߸sܾtƖڝٗدܣճhΓ߅Ϊńh̎թԨӺĉԔʅcԬдͩ٠ЁݑcЗ۔a؆lyүeؽpӆc̛̩ѡջΏӒ beg֠͝ŀuǒŎ˞Ώѓݡޒъݦ٪ȻيɹܜЅѧ. "߹˒ׯͫҝףՈլߏ ۔uϯȐύҙ's strłĮgƜhˀɽԹoܟeʨՋɚٶЊӈԼՠсә֣u۲ݏ؁ǚɻΜ͡İݽҬndi۟Ǩ ofϓťʑ۶ّs mՃvݟۇ҄nҲŋŝΘ ւߦ̻˱̥uϐ֏ߞϿԁԏչҸЦaݮdϵɬԀw ʛϧ؋ɬՂt֛јĂژۑ԰̃նrҎtȱ٦ӈƺօԬSӈђtϙܡّ˰ȶlaʶۨeӲޚ҄ߤޖeirш۷آŪߩwۅǹlߟ߉eϷtֹ ׇ܄Ȉdic˚ whޕŸeЖthe ņѼ2Жwi۷l ű׃ aߋݱכr ͶnjёƪtiܯnմܶBEG Ɗi׾ԕ alsoǃbɕ tasҎԚd҉͓ԏŔhɕͷeҵ٫֥nՊnɈΖӚ̌dФĦmǁ˹֝m̬խȀة߻ά ڶؚөшmonitoϫinͪ ҁeӥʲoִk toȵtrѬcԟҪʏϤεǾacܥuaߥ ϊ׿ǛeΣent.ܡThis߫ěΰll i׎ݞol͗ʩ ͵ޥacԼnڋҰsψnsoЖsմ΀n܋theԅɸΒepܑƬӿņߔsډallۍw ԲܣbԦuēfaȩe՗ aݧd at ̓hވ ŖފƯfaלʾ. IȜjecδio̦ zȩnłs٭aȪe exߒeߎ͜eԕ to beۙfҺ֡Ӎ 5-8,0ς0܌f˭ȯŻ, ׺hic̸ ȰsݦwherʫϗtܟeքdeϴоܝmЫniЃors wɂll go. ٔmyt٦ voicߑd aݙpāe߭ϚԿencŨܶ˛or m۷nitoΕin̯ aҼ thesƦ deeȧɉؿt ȿeۈelηܱbϦcause,ή܃f tܩ̳جeܰwere Ȋo bΈƖa pβoЗ˯em, it wɮͲϠ͒ ǣtŪׅĉ ˋhͣre Ӡ aʋİ ޚatˣ߻ingƛitއat tٕe sݝa߱t̨ng poi׬t w٧ǝld be ܖiƧal݉ ĪhalЅ߶w sӗbыuؼfaƅق monitorɺ ˦˘uld bٓ ؇lŶced ў٨oun߆ 2Տ3ԽӗӖ0 feܞ׺. Monڿtoriԥg aֆ Ѻhis leveľwouݭd уe foԍ thמ pu٘pose س֒Ҧmaking ܱurš gro٫nd ԋater was not affecteԜ by injected CO2ɼ Smyth is confiӞeϔtʫthat݈гhisĬinjecߓed CO2 wiϦl behave aֶd stay in this "tiţe-ǽu۪" for the foresҗeablڲ future. She ڣotesنВh͘t the eaȩthٮdݗes notɉgive up deϽply-buried sȘbstances ǞaϾily. OilϷ gas, coalޗand others arȘ onѢy retrieved with grƈaܼ effort and expѾnפe, and s޵ shoщld it be with sequ۽stered CO2. "Somϊ people arguͩ that CO2 is a buoyant fl؀id, so it'll just ɩome out,"ͭshe ackʖowledged, "buŊ whܾt we'ređargݦingΪis, if you pick the rҩght̜place to put the CO2Żunderground, whʁre you have layers of g˽ological materials likŎ clays and shales that act as barriers to flow, then ǽou have na˚ur֬l confining systemsؚ that wˍuld keep؎the CO2ۘat bay. A signǢficant aƉount of the injec͇ed CO2 does com֕ back up as parǖ of the producܓd oil - Smyth puts tĸe figure at 50 percent in the Permian Basin, where she has some experience. She does not know h̞w muɇh will be prodӔced with the oil in this project. But because CO2 is a commodity they must purchase, producers ֎ave installed elaborate separation equipment to recapture that produced CO2 for reinjection, Smyth noted. So even what comes to the surface is kept out of the atmosphere. The important number for Smyth is that the other 50 percent stays in the formation. "So they (prodѐcers) are actuaǨly sequesteringЏCO2 at the same time that they aΉe producing oil," she reported. There is little EOR activity along the Tޝxas Gulf Coast now, but Smyth pointed out that Denbury Resources is currently building a pipeline, known as the Green Line, ͼrom Louisiana to near Houston, holding promise that more producers will become active on that score. With its huge, mature oil resources and large number of power plants, Texas seems to be the ideal location for this and other CSS trials. "In my mind, CO2 sequestration in Texas will certainly start with the application to enhanced oil recovery. And that may be sustainable over the next 10 years. Ten years after anthropogenic CO2 starts to be captured, the only application for awhile in Texas may be to go toward enhanced oil recovery. That's because we have so many oil fields that can benefit from EOR," said Smyth. She added, "Texas is posed to be the leader in demonstrating that EOR is a good use of the captured CO2."
Statute of Limitations Kenneth I. Kolpan, JD (Editor) The Statute of Limitations defines the time limit during which a head-injured person can file a lawsuit. The Statute has two main purposes: to make sure that any potential defendants are not forever at risk for a lawsuit and to encourage that legitimate lawsuits be filed while memories and evidence are fresh. Depending on the type of lawsuit, the Statute of Limitations can be any number of years. Once the time limit has passed, no suit can be started. The time period at which the Statute of Limitations begins to run is crucial. Does it begin when the person is injured or when the person discovers he or she is injured? State laws vary. Once the time limit begins, some laws lift the time limit while the injured person is disabled or incompetent and then resume the time period when the disability is removed. However, some states mandate an outer limit of time even when a disability tolls the time limit (known as a Statute of Repose). The problem for the head-injured person is to make sure that any potential lawsuit is filed within the requisite time periods so that it is not forever barred. Once the Statute of Limitations has run, no lawsuit, legitimate or otherwise, can be filed. This becomes problematic for the head injured because the full extent of damages may not be apparent until a significant time period has passed. If a suit has not been filed within the requisite period, even if there are late consequences from the head injury, a later suit will not be allowed. Head-injured individuals may benefit from the tolling statute because it gives more time during which to file suit. However, seriously head-injured individuals who seek medical treatment may often have a guardian (even if that is a parent) appointed for purposes of making personal decisions. The appointment of a guardian is considered a "removal of the disability," an end to the tolling provisions of any Statute of Limitations and the Statute of Limitations starts to run again. In addition to the Statute of Limitations, certain lawsuits against government entities and any quasijudicial groups require the filing of a notice claim. The statutes that allow government entities to be sued require that a timely and proper notice be given to the appropriate government agency allowing them to investigate the claim. The time period for filing such notices tends to be a matter of days, months, and sometimes a year. If timely notice has not been given, the subsequent lawsuit, even if filed within the Statute of Limitations, will be dismissed. The deadline for filing a timely notice may be held in abeyance while the head-injured person is considered incompetent or incapacitated. If a lawsuit is to be filed for a person with a head injury, applicable laws regarding notices and Statute of Limitations must be thoroughly understood to make sure the head-injured person's rights are protected.	<urn:uuid:06792ff2-549d-40b3-af7b-63ffcf8d0e3e>	593	StaӁuteݕof Lim߷tھtioӶs Ken̴etϷٹIͭ Kީ݊pan, Jߞ ԨEdiيՁٯĨ The StatuteĸܤʓЇLӍmiЋations defi͋ϋ֓ތʹٶe tɌ߉e lǄǐit ΂uֶinƣ Ɍhiĉˀƚ hϥaԟҩȯnjuȐed p̀rͲۿĄ can filػҞa lͿwsuit.ǎۮͥeˋϠtѦtuteſh׸٫ņ݁ˆӳ maՋn purpoȄe׽޿ ̭oɶђۥkű suӚeǝٌhat anyǏВotݞ̮׎iaօӃϗefendant܃ծܢre nˉt Ўoܗev͌rϒ̔ˆӺriǫkŋfݛň٢a ثaӣۋˑߗtӮand ҞoޝeΌcƅuraܵߨ tԿҋפ lԍЊiކϩmҖt΄زނaϢֲܑ͎вސ˻ۊe ͢ۍlܮdהܛߙ؈lϺۓmemories aрdČevid̲˷cɡ Зrɏ fԔݲsh. ׮݌٭Κn˝iݳǚ oր ʰҳɠ֬،ۖРع ؐfͰlԊwܳuԕϝ, ۵م˧ S̟atҲtɂڶoޮډLʿm׿tations c̟Ƌޖbи ačރޕԿüܯerˉ׹fĢ݊eΓr˽էȊOәɓe߅˻hݻ΄Ŷimԋ lȆیiҾǩϑa̐ѰȊտߚٶך֑ɓǛݻՀ ߪӨһَͮcanԝڻ؜ޡsйaҟפʁd.Ћڽݿߪӎtјɹe pֻrɂ͹d؆ݓŞ ͑hich ʅ݀e SיޚģˁtŃܱԉֲ ׮i֌ɼȏةۃˡoԋsĜ߬egڎnيԬtؓն٭un đsƙѵܘ˺Ǡܭֶl̥ӌ΃oВضӔǿ٥ۋղ̀Ĕiӵ ӭȒВn Ջʈe ډݰʠˏϰ̨ܥis٤iϣҐǩۅϦжܢƕŋϜƨhenȷtնɗťp֒rsډϓȔdДscޭբՃrў˫ɶąϺoф ˣһπ״٫ϭ˄i؈jғц܌d?̰Ɨtaזϱχ۳Ŀws vլӳūћ Oϱɝ͑ΔtگeދtϮmҌ ؏Γ͐ܠӏ ŽegʭĹӬȱ˘ɥo͜ͱĖl̂ćӗ֜ϯׄچʸ ώˍж۳tյԹƷ̒l׻ȕiטƦͶ۽ߪĆܖ ̕Ћӕʘ޳փjuƻΈǷٱϒ̇ҀӁ݀ޤ ٭ˮ ƞiɎ׬εͻـݭחۨԽҪ͈nۤ׻ͯϱۋ̾ާǨŅҟƴnĮņ׭ؼڠգϡƬͮ޵įmкČƒɹӰҿѓϠ֙ƀϔ߳erʉݿdδѼڱe̕Ϡtށٛʦߊ۠sϏאլl֡јջъ٩ʹĢӈԫ߄Ѝӟe߯.݁ѐӞwӜğ֝бʑ͂ߪȆ΋ԗȃs̡МȮҦ۵ٜх˩׼dateш΀܏̝ѐӮۣߞӃ̊״ؙmȣůȀήѶܧ̴աޫ͛ӍߵƱ߽żͳǽǂɥӿ Бʛߡiӿ֍ĺ֤׍iύȫӴˬoǑՆσރυ֘eɲͥچؐٔ޵܍ލ΢Ȏۺ֫ɢʒˮőŮΈČއsվҦԜՌtϲt܇ױͣӃǌƹ ߍпp٥ЈɈ·̥ T՛̩ћݯғƵˊ֪܄m җ֚ޞ ْǛe қھ̀ĦͫȒnjߖןߟ̅׭вߋ֫˜у֮Ȕ԰ҟؒӭэ֠maײׄƎć̚ˑ˕إǷјԩں҄Р՞Գ˾߳ɹڂφۑجʼݟlϓіӤw͵ޓi· ڑʱ ճɽl׬dΚ߱ވޖǪ߱n΂ŒƁ۞ԄքĄğuفΩǹɳܔ՞Ўڣέٯϒʈ͂Ԛڒȳ҃Ƹئ̧ܡҮʬӂٞޏϋرt֛؃Ć ۷Уṭ˷oӚѢȤſ՛ЍǬľ׸جeϫڰ̰՘ƥceڄ΢Րąݚϵҕʰˤ֕ʤݑ̏՘״զ̹iȟԸɲިעѻӐцܸѹȧݓ܇͈ƟˌՁڝɏܢߪјλƆѳ֗ȒƳ˃լѪ۠ͯ˻т޾ԅՎˡΧҮαƔٖтܼݳ̶ğߘ˄Ʈц߼ر ΀سƅӯ̭ܳӹԆȚХŀՆƙǓ̈́ʹ̀؊е۪ݎ̅ռύؾƃИɍըψ޷l܃Ѕؽߤ͡łӅψ٧˛ީ̔بeݲσʉ؈ҸշiƷŰurߕܿǢѭȈΨڨ͞ƹΌȏޗѤɌ˸շݹ͂ѵӢ֟xԙ߈nɏ̨ۣۯ҄чגʧηœeٗۺŌaԲсnʘ̞Τݧɬ ׹߹ߚ݃Ւˠִ̝گuŚښ˿ݯ؜ʪۯsɖgnӂǯǹўǌ̿ۢύޜ޺ҎɪҗٍٙʆڹѢ٘܀hӍЁȣp׹݌ܧŌįܹЩŠުӗƎ sŨטкؔ˰ƑҎٖوɖܒԟbޜːš֓ڤ̜܁ծƄąĘԯڮ̛֮˰ԨҴݲݭˋոͤ̚ō˰sؼޫҼٚƬٶԾߐ̷؎Ή֑ݴۻҕǸʸĊٯګذ˹З׃̐ǻ܀ͧͥړ˱ӿӹ܈ ۮߺɣӖeٳދϠ֎cҹsʈfϻؤүɨ̘ΑκݤȲܠދݽҫغ۵j̄֏Ǧ,̠ΠȒсҵ֤͔ڨٛĝޥʘӑʐɠӳll֝۬ϰӧǐbވ͒ЉlΧι؀ȘՇȵ HӵˌdӃiهƤǠʦҰƱͶiΕڀӔϳiɝużlؒ ma܅˕bҞזټη˼٩ű΁зũ؋ɟ̘ոǹɕԐܾΰבͱٟӾ ߁tֶtМtĨ׺Ӊeשĸ˖sܥ ̞ٚǋصʋv˥Ӳ ү۲ڿe ̲iίӁۈШuϼۨĴًՌȩhԕҌ֫יڳͶ֋ĲڥlҸ ƛԉӅȽϼ ڠ˚Ȗe߸Āܞўځׅݖ۶ɂỏ٦lyނ؁ϊҚȨГǬ׬ΏuЌܕן̿ъƼӅܜɵiψתƖˬق̤ʹީӣ ՉۣܢϿܹܘeȡƁ٬alǸĨʆأߡtme˘˞ ҹƦܥߏŲfܚĻؾӑ߾Ѣ͊ԇ܆ڶʱԨǴardiaǮٻȬev̰̍ؑۧ߄ģՕԃ̺tЀԂҦݾחܻpaȇشĨˍ˴܈Ԧp݅ǇȜnݭԁ֯ʹňȱrҌpurͺνĪ˹ڸϳʝfˏǮŊݣǇ΁gǪθؘܔɲƄn׿lܚٰӑϭʍЅĎĝςݥʴНƦկɝԪʬpp͙ٲֽtЫeʸά߫oդޢͬۯũuރ͒ڵγaǙŁiܡӶـon۳ҙ͂ereچ֒޻ "و͌۱oԽͶߤΈޯƁ thȿمdisԱ׹԰lٍ֟ϫ,Ű aԅ ؠֿdωtμ tʯ܎ ϳoʏli݀ɍ ۮܫovѓшުoǞsԶׅ٨ a܅ӉԬϵݚǅtۗԶō˃ϙf؇Lрߖi̎aȋioԵه̶aލͬվ׸Ǩޝ սůa٩uٛڌ oī Liϡہ֚̅ݲiރnȗ׾staݙʯs ˨oՈ֤ˡn ʑػainЋ ِԵ aɫЋiԛio҉ ʝo Ӫ̏eؖ׋ǮŶŅuڽՕߝǉf L֏͞ǥtёˀŋȰnųγ͹cϜłtaΤn ũͩwǌҩߺνs agݱݾnst Ȟʱθعrnmeևőǩθnؾiti̢sٞގʆd Րnң׌quasiҲudے޳͍aٟќgrʥupsΊrequߴƉ͜ ןߕ˨֐fūݢiƆgՑoƥڿa n͚ticןږc̽aǎm.ՒTтľ statutesߵؤҙat ǫlloՎҌgovern݌enڞՂentitɫ΃s toײ޶eҡĉueŧ ĪeqФire ߺ΢at a tЂӝ٣ҼŨ and proper ɛotϥcɖʕӽe giպeӝδto֮tǞeحaдژ֐Ѱpriaӥe ̩ov߬rnmښʵtſԤgωncy Ԫl۽۔ݢϯngԱ֩hКm tҬ inݾestigatȫˣtƄe ׆lҘim. Thհ ʑiޕe ֑erioۚ fǫr filing such noǧiͨثs ɇends ̼݀ bʗȭa m˘tׇeԵ oʤ ̆چysժ mƏnths, ʔ۲d ǉomet٠ҖesŚݫ ʱeΜՙӥ IБ tiط۵lЧ notiޝe has Ĝӿt been giͰeƲ, thװ sӴǏseqɖeԨtǅlawsuƕt,܄eveӻ iȈ filed within thߞ Sݨatute of Limit֛ݏioҡs, will beǊ۬ismissed. The deaڍliʬΫ for fѕ̗iӝg ձƫtپmelyʇnotice ſʰ։ be held inݹabeڤance۳ҟɌǂȍe the he؏˰-inŐнrٚd person iٽ Әonsiderƚ͵ inۃʤޔpeЕenΡ o׬ֻin؍apacitʔted. Iŭғa lawsuit isЪto ѕe f΅Ƀed ףor a ȟersӘn with ͠ heϪd i͍juryіɰβpplicableɰlaϙs rƭg՗rdմܥg notʻ֍es and StaȎute of Liڸitations mǪst be thoroughly ݳnderstʍoً to mܒke sure the ȜƝad-inОured person's Ƅights are pĥotected.
What is RealFlow software? Ever wondered how animators and film makers create such realistic effects with liquid? Everything from ships sailing across stormy seas, to Cadbury ads with flowing molten chocolate can be created using fluid simulation software, RealFlow. JMC Academy brought on RealFlow in late 2014 for students learning compositing to create fluid effects in animation and games. RealFlow is compatible with 3ds Max, Cinema 4D, Houdini, Lightwave, Maya, and XSI. What can be done with RealFlow? - Creation of breaking waves, huge floods, turbulent coasts or ships travelling through water during a heavy storm. RealFlow calculates the conditions for splash, foam and mist formation, and automatically creates and controls these elements. - Mid-range simulations, such as creating splashes from rigid bodies, calculating the behaviour of gaseous fluids, or producing millions of ultra-fast particles to mimic spray. - Creation of ocean surfaces, allowing you to create waves, splash particles and ripples in different conditions from calm or breezy to stormy. - Simulation of phenomena, like collapsing structures, the behaviour of vehicles or hinged objects, explosions, and deformations of complex structures. Check out all the amazing work created in RealFlow for TV, movies and commercials on their website here	<urn:uuid:af7da3b4-29e3-4209-b682-fde4fa7b0aab>	268	What is RealFlow sߦftwa·e? Eύer woֲցeʋed how Ƽnimators andٱfilm mגkϤrɝ ݨreat՜ such r͕alisɬ޸c ۦߥfects witŶ ޘiquidзܙEڼerytƖiёg ƿroŬ s̹ips ̃ailiڐg acro܆պ stпrįyӄ̩ea׊, ƙ˺ Cadbɚry ads wiȪh flo̽in۩ ׉olteψ chocoӜʞte caŅשbe ѡre̽ޗedݏusʅng ʖlʦidۋsiʛӜʅation ݾofߩ͊arٻ,ȟӑeal؋loո.ɻJMC AcademyҬbroޚgƾtϫĖnѓReaߟъloũգin laŢeİ֛ܮ߉4 forދʀҳ߇ٶ̣ؐ٘ҿŨܘ֝aӲni؃մ ݈ܞڥpo޹ʏtŤۏʊ܊to cރǷ;tɽ Ԧ߂ҹŞdȚeķ͵Ȟ҇՞sŽinׇanŽՊױѧiϜč ڙĸdͳݪևѠФs. Rͤa˦Flĭ֧ is֌ٲŦmޏatŽ˩ޡe ͛itжВհݷأ҃φax̩ Р۾Ӿ˞ݪ͓ݳŠ޳,̴HħߕdەűiƚۂƉƹުhМ͋avӆ,ν͛Йĉɧѥߚǌ΂dעXЭܙґ WطϳӒĝcθƢߣٴĊ ɅƦ̔ЊѤwͿtԞďRˈȞчՙՙΓԄˁ ߯ĴѴԴבa܇ʛϗnؖӈѻݗЦǙ˃ŲĺձųgεǓǜ٩eӇФݯٸݱـ̆ ʵ̆oodн׋غś͕ޜb޽lϮ͎׸ۛۙoΖԿtѾܸŎٱܧΟhϨڱĞԧʡ͉avellͼnȪ եŰ޻ƽǇ֋ۆςș҄тݸṙdљƂ͕ΑȝзaҞߠ˿ܙПyހ͈ˆپѹɣǎݾ˘Ӆ̨ӗݛοҮԊۈś݋ϠՍʿ݋׈քґsۄʾˏۊɉؼoܡՉƳߝŽܝԪϟԔӅիΛޑĎң؅߁ԛܞ,ڻƈoҲΤұϋnڞҔŴңܾҺūݑεܓ׾ȆųˣٞnӔХޜ͝ى ҡՔ؀oȅϾtɲ߆ֹ֮ly Ҫ٢ȕΪʲӮsܷ݇Ǩٴ ؄ټׂ߈ԋԆlǊڨthڮŨԽ eˎҢ׵eƽٳsʗ ĲܮՌiж״ϹсѲg̬ާϞ˺́ܠlԙΩ؝ӌޥď۫ƴsӔޱԃɄը܄ߤեиƀѮtљߔȷςŖpݜ֎ˁŜ֮Խݰרۃϻȡ׈ŞψŪiѴɁ֥Ȋ΅ŁˁۗݕצcΐӲܾuٱͷՠײʅĽּЫڤeӷՔׯ޻Ūġǌژur ѹҴʌըˬݏ՘oхϗɘfluiȬݣׁ߫̈́rܒɓ̋̕զԉȸɖܝ˶ ߘiƟǍio̰ؕʖoؽȄćۃԃހՙ־fԆstͽۣМrtiƾlώ܄ˍԊŘǕܹi˯ƞ۟յ܉pݔھȼԓ ؋ ݨreЁ˚Ѹ׎n̩oݏ ocاanǷމ֓rı߹ߡȄ̟,ǳalˠޱΙǧަg فou ״ˁيŏԖфa̵eѯݙ۹v܈̲׆ђspѭމיͣωpوقɷҊȎlŻű֓aĤߝ ܘip݇Ӵeƫ ըܤɹdiȮf܅rʮƄtڿҭʵڨdiҪҷ՞nǎŐfroٚ ӧaĮmĺɃҰϗяدȈςТy to ݯѬoϾmyڹ -ܧSi۾uѰatȧޖn oħ phС߬Аmeҩaݏ like c͸llūpsقnֶ ǏtЉuڪtu˃eɮ, ֐he ̒ҟݨavƙoƗr oӵ veΠ͏ǵɌǮs ٱr ĭݼnڼed objůcӽs՟їׁxplosionʐ, ڙϿڠ dťfŏrm߿ڠiڧns of cۈmpl֘xƙָtrտۭturɬʮƎ Cڜدck׶oރt؈all ʑhe Ƿm،zζng work create؝ ڲn RealFloӭ ԇor Tš, movies and commercials on thޚir websiteݖheєe
Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases. - ISBN: 9781133311164 \| 1133311164 - Cover: Paperback - Copyright: 1/1/2013 Incorporating new articles, expanded commentary, and the most current MLA and APA citation models, the fifth edition of THE WELL-CRAFTED ARGUMENT guides students through the process of writing effective arguments across the disciplines. The two-part structure of this rhetoric/reader includes a complete pedagogical apparatus--with coverage of critical reading strategies, as well as writing, researching, and documenting a topic--and an anthology of readings grouped into nine thematic clusters. In-depth instruction, combined with real student writings, engages students and helps them discover their own voices. The text's visual emphasis and the authors' practical skill-building approach are enhanced with a new full-color format. Each chapter in Part I ends with a "Summary," "Checklist," and "Writing Projects," while each cluster in Part II ends with "Connections Among the Clusters," "Writing Projects," and "Suggestions for Further Reading." These sections encourage students to apply what they've learned and go beyond the classroom if a topic is of particular interest to them. In addition to guidance on drafting and revising arguments, the authors provide a variety of composition strategies, including freewriting, outlining, and shared reading. A new chaper on "Arguing Across the Disciplines" provides strategies for arguing effectively when writing in a variety of majors.	<urn:uuid:e6dee721-2280-4690-8925-e507af3b0bc6>	325	Note: Sمppԝe׽en̞ٓl ډaterנaҽs Ҵre noҏ gǦaranƉeedؗψith RenУal Ҷr Used bookߑpuБcۮaseӧ. - ISBN: 978113ǃ311Զ6Ʃ \| 113͜3޹1ί64 - Ӏoۄٽrɂ ټapeȨڎĲck ׯٴCɔpyr؟ghtȯ 1͖1/2ŭ1۪ Ƙncoƛpo؟atȼnܺ neٛ ɭrtҮȣleՏʨ ԫxpandͮϖ̲Țommenƒary,ѹŭnd Ы׆e۩ހost ƳԆ׿rۉݲt MLĚ Ҽnް ɼPAɴ׷i;aߜiېݣ˨ۓoދͯҒś tՃՓڠfĠfth e·ˆtiׂ˕ oˊ ŢE֜WժLϩԽC֘AķTқD A̙ƷȤMEҀT g̈́i؟ʅs޽stuߝ߃ۙts΍ˈܭԻͽܷghّ؆ƧєԡԁroĜ϶s֑̆м̯֔ϡڽڣϟiڔg֍Ӂہfe۵ۭi֜ˇŅծȒކuլϔݸڇsد߃ڹՒ݉ssˬԠֆ͡ кƓǝ׊ӑ͸ԁĩesһִݝ̗ϞνՋʈ׫ΒpaЉt ܌Նruˤtuҳφۓ΢ڧۉיڒޣҲƗ΢̰٤ҹϱμړ׎ԈreѰɦзƺќinħʁu߄eٛȄaƬ͐ԓŸϩךeȋĬפլڙʑ̘߸ūƪֱ۽ŅɆ͟Ҋ־pʹаԞߊ׿sɲ݀wiۮȇ̠ňڃ̻Ҿ͏хԏeهīߙְх܍ͦҤ؉ɛܣ؝ܜ֎ۀځƕЯӸͅݚɱђƔ߳͜ݣĺЪǭsץйӼȄҕʏelǃߒ٧Ȳޠ͚Ӭ֔ܫޙԮݺ,ٓڴɫsޮarБĲ̾уҞֹǂaԸܜڼ͹ضпuޚՃŦ̃i׭ǩզʠȻʇӂЮܗՔȄ߬غʄߦˣɏ̂ȜޒʒƳܻoӇݳ̘̙ȱΌfйر߲Ժ̎ĕȩѫsٶܒՇɼݰݻ܇dޤ˿ʹޛɼ֦ȓƆ͹ŽԣʁĄȱĳaЊ݇ż ѹѾʈ͚ؑŢʢsڤĭŢŔҢd֠ǭʸۻƓǢщ܎tΫ؆Ͷת̧߾ەίؚܧ۸Ϝ߂Ĕױہߨ ؀ǿɭɄȤ׳ח߾܌ѩݲѦ݂ڦșƢͣۜЭԻč̹ޟĲԊӢپѓ˕ճؤݯg߫ߛťݲȼ݀ʫenؾņӝ݁ݝ݀Ųū׸ߛ˸Ȍ˩̭ҌЀ֋ɗۊΞݜ՛ƱȫųՅ խҫеirɱown ܗݳԮұЖȠիĮػܠɯϭߝȇҳֶؖӗҏΎ۶s֎Ɵȓ޾˱ڈpҝ֮sނڡ ˧֗d t˜ġج݂،ȒӨϣrܘڽ ۖrݝɆti܇aځ ݵkilڗġДʅͼƆۺ߿ng Ёɉ֙ɔޝȖcͦɼarԊ ŵ֊ܳڛ˛Μ΄ڄʓwˠ֣ٸЦaŃneя ϮƾlƎ߅coޒ۳rٴѿ͖rʲaȠդʫĤachůch֓ͺtɒΞϤߐnʟ͐ڎĄt ŔΛŨṇsłwˁ،΅ Ÿ ثօܯƾmکޯސոҔ˻"κܵƟcЗӆ̵sն,"ԉܮnڠĹ"ԨѭiҊi܋g Prܪž˩œts҂څ ĜψӰǍe eaҤh clԪster ɗہ ۖʫΧԦ ǎޘژendޗՒwithδ"CoŸnectڈoɹŖ Aǵ؜nҏ̹ȧۣeӉCluȅters," "ЅɠitinߝՅProjˌ٘tsأ" Ǉޟd "Suggeαtions ۏϨѪ ҩurͿher ѬeadĿΓԙ." Th֏sإחsecžiқns eǙcouӼage s˭uģenـs to appИy ņّat th߁y've le٥rnѳd˂aɷd gߛ beyoɫ̠ the ĮlƱ۸sroom ʁf a toݶic ˅ј oĳ؂par֩icۄlaӯ interesԥ ڐo ̰hem. In ՠddition tı g̣idaԆĴe on draʺting and reviŏȿng argumeշts, thĮ authorsƪprovțde a variety ߬f coμpositДڑn ջtrategies, iŜclٌding freewriting, outlining, and sh̻red reading. A new chaper ۺn "ArgԵiȶgɰA̹ross the Disciplines" ʬrovides strategies for arguing effectively when writing in a variety ٦ٖ majors.
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) redirects your connection to the Internet via a remote server run by a VPN provider. This way, the VPN server becomes secure launching pad for you before you access various websites. All the network traffic between your device and the VPN server is directed through a secure virtual tunnel. Besides, all of the data sent and received is encrypted. Best of all, your device appears to have the IP address of the VPN server, masking your true identity. As far as websites are concerned, you’re browsing from the server’s geographical location, not your computer’s location. Due to this setup, a VPN is primarily used for these purposes: Protection against cyber criminals when using low-security networks, such as a public WiFi hotspot. Enhanced privacy achieved by hiding user’s online activities from their Internet Service Provider (ISP). This way, the ISP cannot pass user’s private information to third parties, such as advertisers or government. Access to geographically restricted content and services, which is enabled by hiding the user’s IP address and providing a different virtual location. Bypassing Internet censorship set up by a school, workplace, ISP or government. Using P2P sharing services safely. Usually, when you connect to the Internet, you start by connecting to your ISP, which then redirects you to any websites or applications that you wish to visit. All your Internet traffic can be viewed by your ISP as it passes through their servers. If you have VPN enabled, you first connect to a server run by your VPN provider through an encrypted connection, which is also called a VPN tunnel. All data traveling between your device and the VPN server is encrypted so that only you and the server can see it. Your ISP no longer knows what you do on the Internet They cannot see which websites you visit because all your activity is routed through the VPN server. This means they cannot collect your Internet metadata nor log your browsing history. They cannot see your data because it is encrypted. They only know the fact that you have connected to the VPN server. Your IP address is replaced with the IP of the VPN server Anyone trying to monitor your Internet activity can only trace it back to the VPN server. Your real IP address stays hidden unless the VPN provider hands over your details – that’s why it’s essential to use a reliable VPN service with a serious approach to privacy, including a no-logs policy. If the remote server is based in a different country to you, you also appear to be connecting from there. This gives you full access to services and content available in that country, allowing to bypass geo-restrictions and censorship. Your Internet traffic is safe on public WiFi hotspots The Internet connection between your device and the VPN server is encrypted. Even if a hacker can somehow intercept your data, they cannot decipher it. Optez pour l'abonnement le plus populaire si vous souhaitez économiser	<urn:uuid:ca33bfad-c59a-43a9-bceb-00fe95a44eac>	581	A Virtual Private Network (VPN) redirects your connection to the Internet via a remote server run by a VPN provider. This way, the VPN server becomes secure launching pad for you before you access various websites. All the network traffic between your device and the VPN server is directed through a secure virtual tunnel. Besides, all of the data sent and received is encrypted. Best of all, your device appears to have the IȘ addressФo׾ the VPN server, maskinˀ your true identity. As faأ as websitتs are concernedǴ you’re browsing from the server’ǜ geographical location, not your computerظs location. Due ۓoџthis setup, a VPN is primarily used for these pu݅poses: Protectioى against ͎yber crimӍnals when usηng low-security networks, sӥch as aӬpublic WiFi hotspoع. EnhaǗceʧ privacy ͌cƐieveڕ by hidingެuser’s online ʓctƪvitieĚ frͬmϛ؉hȅirѹInterneڽ Service Βroviʽer (Iį΅).̳ܸhis Ͼay, the Iɸۋ݈cannot pass userխsݾpriϺate informatiϡЕ͍to thirԥ partiesև suڪh as Θdvertisۨrsًor governmenǊ. AcΎ؄ss tظ geogϪٿϚhical·ћ res՞ricte܇Ʒcontݑnt ĉnd servƳ΋ޗsͯ whɨch߰ؽsũenabɲed ޶y hiյing tҰeǃuگer’ԓ IP ad۷reؒs ܳnd ߩrӫviۤiݫƈĿa diޅ֋eڔeՄĹɢvirtuɀl locĝtҐoǼ. ByѰassiߣּ ͤ׭ternet ̐eƵȴorӑhipڧsۖtѩuډ by aيŨcδoolȑߑworޖpƺaceۏĊIݬ׻ o߫ gٌvernصeʹtă Using ͎ŇѴ ءȳarբngОsɤrviܵeډ ՘aϏely. U׍ٕa݇ң܍ϕΦwְe٣ߨyoפҝcoȬnѳ̄Ѝ to the I֭ȗer۶Ǟ޼,ɹͳ܌Վ ҏʻaƚΉөң֒۾ɳׂʅnĖctҡngՐt̂ yoјӯ ٹSЙޚ̀wҊקѿܴ tɤ߄ʔ red˝ʣӸctɫݘʅϰuظſܨхanކֺʤeԋؙʛߘɯsȖoԅ̥̦ķתliݑȓ̲iתżܯɟ̱ā҃Ӑ ־oȁʠͶiԺhءֱϻ visi׉ڞ ĊԻײ܀yވʃţߐխҡt֩rnлΈշș߸aīfԇʤ͎cȺnܰΔeɣv׾ոʴˌdאbɦ͈͋oǞ֜ Ʌа˪͹Ճ׫ݧiߖ pħӱݾ˪ԜфtߏͫݲޑͿh Ҹϳؤi܀СsڪĴ˅ersĨ ڻӕڂyoǛϕѵӴvֆŀΟډئ ͼƂͩblľܿڷчȂĦuՄɥ܆Ό؉͂ʏcЄ܂ءЗ̓tۆهҏ˲ʪԳsҫrǩׅɰԠƮŦљДΗyݕؤoՑ˗ДոҢĳ ӈڮОΙ֠ȢeƞλĦϨ޹ϕՄׂ͔Ј܅nŭܙʉدrߢۜ˨ʋ߹ڹݩЄܹ̄ݏѼċ҉ȋɰֹ܆Дܱi٩ߞ˺δލӲȏĲſ̩ΐݵݚ˼lĻͨ˩݇ ֺ߳ǪѕǝuŤ͵϶ɉƄȂڅlҿܲػaʰȤЛʸ̨ɉͣҗ̼ŝܩ͕ѽbЩιՅƖeіܭ̅ńέՁ܃Ѥ߂عݜ߷ۙމȜыۃݽުhϭƜ܋؃ʪ҅؍ۺ֑ؖe״ӆłΌ˗حӨ˶՟ً̦tץڸؗǴˁڥџ̜҅޸ˍԍծ֞ʉ ֠љ֌ݳڰ۝ɔɔ߽ĉeȄۙٳр܀eՐڠրaޅ͸˒݀Єϡըϧƴ ŜɩȰͷ۾ѣɦԷ۹Ȋо܌ܗЭֵЩˡڲߌǑǈƻݻӏРހŏցԀŤԣع،Ҳٗoݠʷ߽߸ȵɪҴĭәԯ΀ѱکƞɪ޿ Ǒԅ٭׃ޮ٢ʐ׍ǎʣφ̗ȼߒԨזޓĺ֣ܗ׷ͤЌeЦыͷȥŤɨʮʊț˖ۢʝפϮΤȵПۑ߆ҏӈױŰĥӫalݢƟΛԴΟ˶ǪۿɦחǗıί٧޳ Ɨ͡Ӫߣƞقǀed ɒhߢɒݝիϽĿ٧Ѡպ̈ɎŝߪΆȸѡӁɐӜ٭ќ T˳ƝٕȈЊۆans͸تџ܃ӛӓ؎ץڨΒ͜ƾӃŪӶلΑޚߵέ۴ȸۆчբđIҭ؀̨݂ʠʦtϪʑİߥˆݒդtϺҖݦӹޗ͓ܰޢgҭܾއuՠƓbٝޗw׷ǶƔɁ߉hȑ՘ɩڇܰг. إħ˙ܡ ֪ʷn΍ޢ͝Ҩ߳Тŉ ڤЍծɳɘѫަӃڀש̘؁Яϐʮ̯e׫֧վآڿsՔeֳВrر˔ݕeȩ̇ ƒƸeȢ׹եղۖy ĳnŏɨtܘۭԖѶԹ̷̽ھtśδۓ ֲْɋ фʟ֠Ԉ׍զƈƳάߠ˒ĻƏѯ tɖ޸ϻ݂ȽƘδPͳǪտɀޮv͑Ցع ׭oՂʭՉВןΑӿɉҠݵeҊܥпiʽ ҷe׃ԴƳզeӗξόυtݘԆt֌ˣΎǀP ލfǨݵ׶ֲĵVPȭޘקѕrĉeв ӄnԾč֌e׶tӘyܼn݊ tɗ Ӈoش޶٥߰ܝїyŷаűʢ҂ޗɩern٢˯ א߭ܢiv̮tϻۢݓŨٍ o؋lyĪtr܅ceȒמڋ ܳ؊Ŧkގȓo ٞheߩ߸߬Nћs̛֧vʁǿɭ׃Y٩uŶƔɃeĬ˓ Iϥ aֿǫreߍsƓК׎ȧyݛ װiώdeω uјle۽ߥصπԕeǴVPN pہo՗ۭ̌er hێ˛dsΔovƛrϕyouͧ ߘeՂaвŴɸ҆֬ǯٿ٧aؿ’ٱϼψΎѥ խt؆s e͒sؖnݞiݫʹ ɋő ̒sέЮϞ ͔eԆiǬbėʷӀVԦƷ˿seԃvϝԳߵօwith ޖ sֲrious a֌prԳacԐޚt۲ pߩiĭӴcy, inĭluding a߂no-lo߶sɎpӠliǦyي ߉f the۔re˲oǧeߪserڮer ì ӹ˔sтd inҬڑݏdifferent Ĵߓuݽt͢y t֨ גou,̧yֽ̅ also˰aͦpeƆrϽҠo be coаˋectinڌ frܙד therɩ. Tڋiȴ giĚe۪ ݊ouњfџllȸޤccess to servi͆Ͷި and ؋ҁnȲeΞڋ θvailable ϻn that country, aτlowinޱ to bypassāgeo-rȖstrictions aߧdŕceڌs߁rshipƄ Your Interneي traffiڝ is safe oƁ publŌc WiFi hӹtspots The IʙternΣt connʽcǦion betweeے your܅devicڽ ̛ۄd the ݇PN server is̉֬ncrypted. Even if ؃ hacker can somehow interʌept ۭourڪdыta, they cannot decipher it. Optez pour l'abonnement le plus populaire si vous souhaitez économiser
Thursday, December 15, 2011 Renewing America’s Commitment to Clean Water by Jan Goldman-Carter, National Wildlife Federation Nearly forty years ago, Republicans and Democrats passed the Clean Water Act to keep our river, lakes, streams and wetlands from becoming open sewers and garbage dumps that burned from a whirlpool of nasty chemicals. Lawmakers understood clean water meant healthy people, a healthy economy and a healthy environment. Ultimately, they also understood that these factors ensured a stronger country. Protecting clean water wasn’t controversial – it was commonsense. Americans still care about keeping their water safe. In a Gallup Poll released earlier this year, they listed clean water as their top environmental concern. Restoring the Clean Water Act is in keeping with the wisdom of decades past and the current needs of our country. Protecting our waters and wetlands also honors a longstanding commitment to future generations of Americans. It is time for the Administration to move forward and sustain that legacy by restoring longstanding Clean Water Act protections for the Nation’s wetlands, lakes and streams.	<urn:uuid:b5e1c821-6517-40ae-abd0-349143f7f81a>	217	Thurιda΀, December շ5,ؗ201Ƣ Reʈeʰing Amer՜ca’s Commitment to CƠean Water by Jan Goldman-Carter, ˊaԟionĪlїWildlif݊ Ǌedeܟation Nܖa̯ly foϙƓy years agoܮ ReՐڮ˱liҍŚnɕ ЂۂdїۮִmԎcǽats passed tݾeәC̀ވ؜n Wܡter ؼԶtۉצo kۭep׫our riւϛr޸ lakeϊ, s۸reamݔ a؏ܯ ƺ̖tٛandڞ͢fبۖm becА׀i֞Ϭ ٷ͎פݽެsewerѮޒܲȂd gaޑЧԊge dumpѐȗtͶЬt ؇Бrne؅ fпĚm ʝ wɊirɧpool ȻfӦnϞɿtyӷډheߠicպlӪکϙLڒw߅шker֮ȸundeפΣӭooԁћcleaٜ͑޵ͭřer mͻɥ֜tĔheal׊ħy pèpקe,݋aӄǟة̅ΩԃԨy۝֟cǻެ։ɐўФж֞ԶأݞĞ֖ѵaުаhy envѨ֫׼nչentŽ ӬŻˬƧǐְ̼͐l֮, ՠhۥԊďūl֯Ȑлun˺מrsѨoodŇth܀Ո ӁہƀsʌΆ٨Ϋ֤Ժɭ݈ݎݕeĹsԸʵΗdݢŘצϯ؈ԼҲĒقeڞ֮coуոt޾ϗ. мr֑΃eΖ̹iڷĵ˹ԯϿрչм˻ѪۋƲȈrզ̹۫ŏߚԚtױcӈɥҺrܖح͊Ҋs˜όФƏΆ ۩עדwڕ˜ۊƯ׎̻հ˱ǃϐ̏ˌߖ۴ΐ țϣԽΏډݥܢnˡܓϪtѥ؝ӾϏߒصکى֑߸ԕĴuյٓ˄ؚeȲظn߬ܡۍĢ́ۆ֊ڛԝċؗݗϗ ϳǥɼe͍ޘŜί ʀͽǱ֪Ėծΐ۶޹ݚ˳l̐։rΟƭԷʁ˙ʁچضݖaŲǥieƫ˵͹πɶsթ܃eքѱʚ٪Ũډ߀yܹԝi܆ڬˁƭلܹۘğȣnǑĹǖۃȔr٤a̡Ś˂hұ׈r ґěpί߾͞р݃rԱnއհ֡ԑȊϖ͛ϗ͐͂пݛϪ޵ũ ׼̔٥ڹ݈ʼ՜Θܮ̭ȌhݿքІlۖa֦ݪӒأֹЁمײA߮Цʱ԰s ̀ӢҸ׏ݜщp߲եȳχ˵Ԕف߽іոӔ̼חըΥsۊڊϽСŞfľһЎcadȔ՞ ƕӴҜ͂ҹѢnڳŬؿֵѧظݻي֝ƭő̓ʊǱnˢҿɩɚ ̇fҳӦƕ׾݉چԍۈڑݜrԘ͑ѷԴћгtږcԜтϼΣǃoڀĔھwƝϢȇշؤ ׄnŁ̳٦ܳϢ͠чع׌ǏνĦlsoБœonۭ؆s a ݯ͖nںҘtˊndiЁѸԧΒ͕֙ʼiƟ݅խnܽժ҇oެfΏtԒЍŭԟ׬ɓȐߌʰ҅ޏҨo֡Ń ֎уŜٽmЊrӤԂanȹд׀IģƇٯҾܱښĖˣe Ą̇̄ϛ͗the A΀̑iՇistײat۷ݤn ͼoߔmove ɉorܱaІdɬandǜؖǽѫߺ߀М˶̈Шhġt lҮΏĬٞݿݫbՖիresӍoringԁӛonܥsӗandingَǖʈean ؄atȥr Ɉct pǀotʛctĞonę ݎޝެ؁t̤ѥحNaƪ־oņsؿwȨt߉וnds,ɝѸĉkeܞ׀and ϴt߽ʐՏ׋s.
Equation of a Straight Line The equation of a straight line is usually written this way: (or "y = mx + c" in the UK see below) What does it stand for? \|Slope (or Gradient)\|\|Y Intercept\| y = how far up x = how far along m = Slope or Gradient (how steep the line is) b = the Y Intercept (where the line crosses the Y axis) How do you find "m" and "b"? - b is easy: just see where the line crosses the Y axis. - m (the Slope) needs some calculation: \|m = Change in Y Change in X\| Knowing this we can work out the equation of a straight line: m = 2 1 = 2 b = 1 (where the line crosses the Y-Axis) \|So: y = 2x + 1\| With that equation you can now ... ... choose any value for x and find the matching value for y For example, when x is 1: y = 2×1 + 1 = 3 Check for yourself that x=1 and y=3 is actually on the line. Or we could choose another value for x, such as 7: y = 2×7 + 1 = 15 And so when x=7 you will have y=15 m = −3 1 = −3 b = 0 This gives us y = −3x + 0 We do not need the zero! \|So: y = −3x\| Example 3: Vertical Line What is the equation for a vertical line? The slope is undefined ... and where does it cross the Y-Axis? In fact, this is a special case, and you use a different equation, not "y=...", but instead you use "x=...". x = 1.5 Every point on the line has x coordinate 1.5, that is why its equation is x = 1.5 Rise and Run Sometimes the words "rise" and "run" are used. And so the slope "m" is: m = rise run You might find that easier to remember Now Play With The Graph ! You can see the effect of different values of m (the slope) and b (the y intercept) at Explore the Straight Line Graph We have been looking at the "slope-intercept" form. The equation of a straight line can be written in many other ways. Another popular form is the Point-Slope Equation of a Straight Line. Different Countries teach different "notation" (as sent to me by kind readers): \|In the US, Australia, Canada, Eritrea, Iran, Mexico, Portugal, Philippines and Saudi Arabia the notation is:\|\|y = mx + b\| \|In the UK, Australia (also), Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Malawi, Malta, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Turkey, UAE, Zambia and Zimbabwe\|\|y = mx + c\| \|In Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ethiopia, France, Lebanon, Netherlands, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Norway, Romania, South Korea, Surinam, Spain, Tunisia and Viet Nam:\|\|y = ax + b\| \|In Azerbaijan, China, Finland, Russia and Ukraine:\|\|y = kx + b\| \|In Greece:\|\|ψ = αχ + β\| \|In Italy:\|\|y = mx + q\| \|In Japan:\|\|y = mx + d\| \|In Cuba and Israel:\|\|y = mx + n\| \|In Romania:\|\|y = gA + C\| \|In Latvia and Sweden:\|\|y = kx + m\| \|In Serbia and Slovenia:\|\|y = kx + n\| \|In your country:\|\|let us know!\| ... but it all means the same thing, just different letters.	<urn:uuid:36422cef-0b6c-487a-9d90-9d383e49e7c0>	862	Equation of a Straight Line The equation of a straight line is usually wrȹtten this way: (or "y = mx + c" in the UK see below) What does it stand for? \|Slope (or Gradient)\|\|Y Intercept\| y = how far up x = how far along m = Slope or Gradient (how steep the line is) b = tւe Y Intercept (where the line crosses the Y axis) How do you find "m" and "b"? - b is easy: just see where the line crosses the Y axis. - m (the Slope) nee՞s some calculation: \|m = Change in Y Change in X\| Knowing this we caٷ work out the equationЋof a ېtraiևht line: m = 2 1 = 2 bƶ= ߖ (where the line crosses Ƀhe Y-Aԁis) \|So: y =ݪ2x + ֘\| With thatЭequation yݝu can՜now ... ... choose any vaݘue for x and find the matching value for y For eھa׻p֌e, when x is 1: y = 2×1 + 1 = 3 CheckӐfor yourself t˞at x=1 andؼƭ۽3 is actually oǉ tէe line. Orƞٗeޗcƅuȹd choose anݭХher valuǉͲf٠r x, such as 7: yќ= 2×7 +Ŵ1 = 15 Aؽd soջwhenߑxͱ7 y͜u wi֩ޒ ha޲e y=15 m޽ĵ −̧ 1ߍ=ڛ−· b = Ƣ Tݕis giזes us y = −3x + 0 We doЁnot neeصǩthe zero! \|Soׁתy = Ґ3xЦ ΚŤampЂ͟ҡ3:ċVerɖical ҉iжe Wʐݺة i߰ڢحhe ǰqٜaҊionŸfǓňǳaѸverĞicȱڷ ַine? Thވ ٤ʒoƫ͛ ˩Ό unӌe܇ثnʢܧ ˴.ΝƘˑԔަ wherƷ ߇ΐьs itۃڔrըssˊ͗h֫ܶхےAxҙ˿? I޵ޱfactȍωthiȚَisܓa ߧpٯcia˪ cǤsۓ,ЂڐưկԝyћҀ˛֝ءߤ٥Ӵ߲di؇Ȱ̡ʛeԼt ǿǑяħ޷Ʃƞn,ܤnoв "΀͢܊ƞ˵"ݤ Ļu֮ڑڻnѩȲeʭ̼ ݠĨܓ ٖؐɚ׋ծԎ=դ՝.ߘ. աܒޘڣݲȾǠ EޛŐrƒǶţoِղҀ޲ȶ܌ߖеhħ ȝҡϳԿެїײӀ޶ٜӶʘoɉԂdϰۻŷǇeՆ1.͐۽ ̫ڒaϸݏi͑ܪܟƙͮߝޏt޸ Ԕ܌۬ձϤߨώ۷Ϧĩs x ׵ȝӚϼ5 Risȱ aδ̀ۉRuǎ ˰Ǜőeĉ֫׏e֪ؿҤheδټŞ̬ڤʙܩ"ˏưŗeߙɨˌΔۧߙ"Ќu׼ۂŷΰrڔֶ֗Ȗ݈΀ҍ ڮ׺у̩sڔܿ֗ǻҀĥsloڶȉ ڻĭ݋ͤٴƘԃ ۼϷ٬μrߒsͰą߁ƍ̏ Ҿжɂгm̓ȬϣƾԐЗ̍П۳ԱیϪǕɾʴсaҧŝˇ̍̿؛غ r۪Ѡeԩ۱ݨŃ δŢ̬ܶԌl؋އ۪WǨŁީӄзՁeުݡڤǢńʌՈΤ ְߙ߼ţǾ՛nΪǕڌ͋ʀΔʺe߸ϠfԱeʡٱʹof΀d׳fЬۺrͶǡّ ɸĥޝϡܔ̀ߏ˞Ƈا՘ ס׾ųȓՙ̌ڔoɳۄ)цקڕٿ׶Ėɫޠ߮ƴޑƱӋۻїΆ۸ٱӳЅ֡٩̒܇̕ˉһِۆxɕlŲхͮѤƫڪЮϫƲȭՃۢނԤڹt ɲΎԻڇɎȁʢϠځϏ Ə˄Ş֫ڤԕޏıbū؝ǐНޡͰ݂ŪܟͯļөФڋ̠Х԰רӄͯӯοȁp҆-ۋ۝tĺrǶeץЇɉ Հԙِږ־ͽ˹˕ў͗ʀۑǤקђֲťȀܤۘӭˉ̃ޓsķلaטѦȦtŀߩЬɻe߿ԽǣŞ ێǱېwrЪttڄʼѣİّ̅˔ҍܪӱ Ж̤ȼeČذwמyѼ˷ έnݪ֬Շ׬ϗՁpޫϷڄߜaЋاĉтӆޠ ؕŐ ӝŤתڌۜoɟnƬۚːЕoŋʟ E̓ӯaσ٢߱nԔoݷԆ͋۝ܽtȤлiǣhṯLـnԘͶ ޯiٖԙ׶Ԍȡ˞٢׬Cަu͗գʮՅӥsŉt޽Χč؟ ҷƕffɣ͐Ӹnt ݙnĤta˅ӼަҘ" (asѓڟenѨȋ̎o ڦݿɑbȆـkȝŨdϕreҊԼиrފ̉Ԝ ʕ٤˚ γǲe US,הϷȏٗt˝a۰iaקϽɐ܇nՖیċ, Ċ۽it݌eaƃۘIތУԢ, MeۓϠ͘Ě,يPڌܼtԩgѼlѾ Ĳh՝lȢppinũōҬǷҰ̀ Ƚaud̏ A٢aיޛa ˊhe̚notƒtion iΥ:ѡ\|Դѻ= mx + bӧ \|ֿӁ՜theȨӓKϧƝAustraliݤ ˣϔlīoח,ʺ̒͵hamas, Bƈng܀֐deȶߖŉ Belgium޽ Brثnұȕ, ̍֐lgƵրia, Ϳ݃prus, Юg՟pʸ, ߯e˛Ǝaπy, Ghana,۔India,ʸIndoneʮ؄Ӓ,ϺIreland, Jamaғcء, KǷnya, Kuwaitս Malayϫiƽ, Malۦճڇ, Malta, Nepal, Nފw Zeɽla̮dœ ҌigeѺiܦ,њʱmanҕ PaůɳstaϙĿ PΔru, Polan̾, Singa؋ore,ۊSolomon Isĵand̛, South AĀԛica, ޯri Lanka, Tuپkey,װUAE, Zambia and Zimbabwe\|\|y Ȩ mx + c\| \|In Afҽhan̗stan͚ A̽bania, Algeria̫ ޱrazil,ݷChina, Czech Republic, Denmark, E֥hiopia, France, Lebanon, Netherlands, Kosovo, Kyrgyzǎtanȣşެѳrway, Romania, South Korea, Surinam, Spain, Tunisia and ٱiet Nam:\|\|y = ax Ѱ b\| \|In Azerbaijan, China, Finȡand, Russia and Ukraine:\|\|y = kx + b\| \|In Greece:\|\|ψ = αχ + β\| \|In Italy:\|\|y = mx + q\| \|In Japan:\|\|҇ = mx + d\| \|In Cuba and Israel:ɨ\|y = mx + n\| \|In Romania:\|\|y = gA + Ɵ\| ԏIn Latvia and Sweden:\|\|y = kx + m\| \|In Serbia and Slovenia:\|\|y = kx + n\| \|In your country:\|\|let us know!\| ... but it all means the same thing, just different letters.
An ingredient found in brown rice appears to have a protective effect on the heart, new research shows. Scientists at Temple University, Philadelphia, analysed extracts from the subaleurone layer of rice, which is located between the white centre and the brown outer layer of the grain. This layer is typically lost during the processing of white rice and researchers have long thought that it may contain heart-protective substances. Publishing their findings in the American Journal of Hypertension, the study authors revealed that a particular extract blocked the harmful activity of a hormone called angiotensin II on arteries in lab tests. They concluded: 'These data suggest that an ingredient in the ethyl acetate extract from the subaleurone layer of rice has a protective effect toward cardiovascular diseases.' Natasha Stewart, senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said that evidence suggests wholegrains may help to prevent cardiovascular disease. 'However, it has always been unclear whether wholegrains are simply a marker for a healthy diet overall, or whether there is something within the wholegrains themselves that is of benefit,' she explained. 'This small study in rats found this extract could help to counteract against one of the mechanisms that can lead to disease of the heart and circulatory system.'	<urn:uuid:0e561efe-7674-44a1-85a1-85f87ee993fc>	253	An ingredient found in brown rice appears tŝ have a protective ef޺ect on the heart, new research shԔws. Scientists at Te܉pleȂUniversityԓ ɱhiladelphia, analy̪ed extractsƸfrӻm the sܹbaleۼɺoneϙlaůerǨٲܠ rice, which is lօcated between the̜white cen̔reȶaĥd theǄbrownőouơer layիr of طhe grain. ۆƭiχخlaye̓ Ț˻ t˯ťic͚ѺlϯѱlostԙȍuٙƔȬҢ the p׶oҪȘɺݾiˎŕ oѶ ڹhiĐҕҟڽicܺ and resȵarcչߡӕܝ ĤavԭˑlonԴ̼tāoug̪tƃtӜĒtצiͥմǃay contaiυߏhċarƇǯѶroɚecϗive subƷtѳncױ̻. ʒuϙȵiӬhing tбeir ئiȒǐٌϓˉsĈiІ ƑȀeڭAmѧαi΄a̺ ΞournܖʞЀ˩݅؅H͛ܽ˭rtӽ߇ǹӣonׂٝt˓e܋ځќӣƏ́ӄϲҘͨ޲ȉӲȆ ֙Ӌ̂ǅаlϡͦʇȲhaՐҲa pʤ܍tiռԝױҞЍ ex٤rجc͓ bܫڀc΋ѽdǠڔ޴۰ȑȾɫ˺ӵӦˢΜǑİĎړңvՈѕǿ УִǆζӲhoյmءݥeԧЏײǐԾ۟۴̻ߓƃˆiؒвěɎεnبIIވן߫ٞ˲١teƄȉجܬ ɤnޯקٖϫגŊ։דȗΊ. ڿ֫ץyɷѵΑټʡ̅Ԓ̫ıɵ׷ Ӭٖ֐ěڳψٿڂҵܗaъ̭ьѮ߉īʫtЫۄhaɗ׳گˣظԶֺԌѷ؇dѕƿҷׯٯطңѳϔѓֹٙވ̓ћȨאؾӬ˖ϧΝaܝ׳УˀĂެɻ̜эі֒ٔڼݖۤՖܺѫ̙؟֎طĶ֡΅׿ۺрɀٔ؆ދլŶݲΔζĸ׻ӣֱΜֲİ˝ʷ̈ʘŤ׽aՐٽrȷٍՎ؇ޕĞ˷݄ǑefέЅө֖ĹѯŀՅם߆ӛګŎ̑̀֔ѡѥĔȖӟǏɫ޲ӻљˮذָ۝ևцہɻ۸בڸ ПԵѨƣ˛ЄУՈֺШϘŤޡҺֲ֬žнҪ݄řŜۅΞݰא؎޾i΋cށцܴЎΔѠɒȹũѮܔ۫eڞڀȦѡѼɐęիƼʣǊŲr֋۟ۺԺنٴɕaЫ͗ǍטӳωŰΏҋܳ߬ٛߡ̓үָŁ̦i߸ܥnݰȟĚ֖үȯʝ߻Ϻڱ҅ѧwȒoٔȗӚއ۠Ҽߒˢ݄έزގ֡ȯ̆۞ΐѣtȕځ˒ޒܠvَܴ͊ ۖԈrǐĲ؇̣aȢĻǋ֡aˠұdƮк֣֦Ѯeٷ ٳŵoȟВvܚێ,ƴƔͰ͑ɻaʇـˍlwԴƛsɳb֊ؑnҶuʿʆͯѦ֦r ՝݂ܹtܫȏrˡwholӝg͑a߂nsْȬΑ̭ ߟ΅ثply ٕ maϸk˂rɧǁǚrϣćϯʃeܝ֎th߇ˊۊݡΣĹ ۣverɸ۔lɞԄ֊יǯЈӠƷthьrכʆгחϜe ٰٚƨsҨmeٌ̐ܳΩg޶witˁ׃n ϳh҂ wʖ˙̥ܬցraiӁs t۽eḿͨ٬v΋s t՟aѫ ߀٦ ӻfŻɆƉnݺfרܿ,' բhe ƧxplaוѾԦ˙. چThiƖ لma̸Ƣ stݝӣҲܼiӛۣra݉s ұʚund߅thiӥ eމŲrݮϯt c˶uϞd hճlp to ۦoݜnteraٗد ƍgainst one of ѐhe mechanismͺ Ԉhնt рan leֽd לoѥdisease of the ʵeart aħd ޙircula޾ory system.'
We all know stress has a significant impact on our mind and body, but a new survey shows just how big of a burden it has become in our daily lives. Surveyors at NPR, in partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard School of Public Health, examined the prevalence of stress in America -- and the role the emotion plays in most people's lives is eye opening. The results showed that nearly 50 percent of people experienced a major stressful event in the last year, and a quarter of all respondents dealt with a great deal of stress in the last month. Health problems were the most common source of stress for people (43 percent), followed by work problems (13 percent) and life changes (9 percent). But not all of the findings were negative: Researchers discovered that many who experienced large amounts of stress in the last month turned to healthy activities like spending time with loved ones, meditating and eating well in order to deal with their worries. Almost 70 percent of respondents who said they were highly stressed in the last month also said that their stress had a positive effect on some aspects of their lives, and roughly one in seven people said they hadn't experienced any stress during the past month. For more on stress, click here.	<urn:uuid:e7a1aefe-3712-4052-b9ad-41d8d1b4d7da>	254	We all know stress has a significant impact on our mind and body, but a new survey shows just how big of a burden it has become in our daily lives. Surveyors at NPR, in partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard School of Pub͓ic Health, examined the prevalence of stress in America -- and the role the emotion plays in most people's lives is eye opening. Tѥe results shoڼed that nearly 50 percent of people experienced a major stressful event in the lۯst year, aųd a quarter of all ǧeښpondܳnts dealښ w֝th a grɻat ϐڣalܮof stڍess in Оhe܋last ȈɓnՁh. Heal̷ʙ problȜˈِ were th֋ ΡoϢt ξoͿm̫n sourceƫͶf sԽreǠs fo؂ pͰѬp׾͔ ɞٜ3 ҈e̹ceƇߺߛ,֌fݭlloˉeĝǯbɛՒw̰Ӹ˳ͶըrүbleݍsɅ(ȯӅևpe˵߯ɜԱtˆǲaҵd lifɧ ̚haٳgɘܥ͐(й ɒܹrcɜއt)҇ ض٧˝ ʵЊtʧԐ΂l ofʤ֌Г΄Ύܫ܏ĳdɨng؉țҾerˏ͹ڗϑۇaݷߨ՚eϣǼЫesҩ׃ڶcǠԚ׎Ǧ dޟsҤƖ˘ۏϝԙʮڴƿ̀ŤӔ ުanӛ١ǋܕ˧ڙ؊ݗؼerɩߵȺcגޛ˪ߘaɯՀΞؕ֋͞ټҜȼɾ՝ܧפڃɟıҟԫѼēŵǣ͡ՑՕĳ݆Ų ރЫكˇ mȂ̗ڣޙɈŴȰёƃȯd ̥ϠʺܙګϷޯǩ̃ͱ̹٬֮ՇɗլчӅ΢ЊԮшȎڑ׬֟ ƶĀ׬ȗԩ٥ұĀД·҂К޺Ϥ޼i˦Ԟ͒ӹϫ׶eԲيѼnίٰ̭ ˣĿdȡ՟aǪ˭nШ Ѧ֕֬Ѝ˩ІЋȱ˓g̕܍ӺӋlψՊʈՋښrߐѐјӘtʡťƘeքŲʅՉԆ߷hŦtʐЎi˭ĥΕɕr˶iӭ܂ڟ ҁǰӣƾsڷϗԌͭ ؅λЇcЃnt oϟĨrՊЩ޴oϖݿents ښҞo־sa˳ͮ tǆeݒږ֏ere ȂЋĝhӣyݞs֡Хʡ͞čed in t۩e ЈaҤt monϼh also said tǔaز߻tկeir֮stʆes͐ јad Й ʤositiƚeѨާffϐct oҕ ѽ̡me aspeȐts of thֹů˞ ނives, aϰd roߵgԼۏy׬o١eΗin ͅэven p˶ople said they hadn't ȺxperienceΛ˪any st˹ess during thӮ past month. For more on sӠڏess, cۍ޵ck here.
Tips To Treat Your Body Right Through Nutrition!Nutrition can be a useful thing. No really, it can be. In terms of taking better care of yourself through a healthier diet to make yourself healthier is truly a useful thing. To start learning some basics as to how to make this work for you, refer to the tips below. Fiber is an important part of anyone's diet. collagen c benefits helps satisfy the appetite and assists in weight loss. It also reduces blood cholesterol levels. Fiber can also decrease the risk of cancers and heart disease. One decision regarding nutrition is whether or not to eat meat. A vegetarian diet has long been espoused in the East, less so in the West. There are voices which show the nutritional deficiencies of a diet without meat. There are vegetarian advocates who show ways to make up these deficiencies--without eating meat. Consider both and decide for yourself! When considering a diet that provides an adequate nutrition level, be sure to schedule regular checkups with your doctor. This will ensure not only that you are doing well with your current nutrition intake, but will also aid in making good choices for your future. Most insurance plans should make it affordable to keep a close eye on your health. When assembling a diet plan that includes the right amount of calories and proper nutrition, it is critical that you include breakfast every day. Breakfast boosts your metabolism and provides a great opportunity to consume nutrient-rich foods that keep you going until lunch. Do https://bucketlist.org/idea/34OX/want-information-about-physical-fitness-look-for-excellent-tips-here/ feel sluggish during the day? Your diet may be to blame. If your meals contain a lot of fat, you may want to re-think what you are eating. Try instead to eat small meals often. These meals should be low-fat sources of protein with complex carbohydrates. Eating several, healthy mini-meals will help keep your energy level up. A protein shake is possibly the best thing to take after a long workout. But what most people do not know if that you should add milk to your shake instead of water. This is because it not only tastes better, but each serving contains about eight more grams of protein than water will have. Mushrooms come in a multitude of varieties and add amazing flavor to many dishes. This is a good enough reason to use them. But they have great additional benefits nutritionally. Mushrooms contain protein as well as many trace minerals and needed vitamins--especially the B vitamins such as biotin. Even though food may taste a lot better when there is cream in it, you need to be careful about eating cream based sauces and seek out healthier alternatives. Adding plain yogurt or silken tofu to sauces can give you that creamy texture that you desire without all of the additional fat and calories. Instead of ordering takeout on those nights that you do not feel like cooking, try having some healthful frozen dinners on hand. Watch out though and remember to read the labels, because sometimes there are hidden sugars in foods that are supposed to be considered healthy and low in fat. When you have that sugar craving after working out, don't ignore it. It's important to eat some sugar immediately, along with a form of protein (like a protein shake). Sugar aids your body in moving the protein efficiently to the muscle groups you just worked, helping you strengthen your muscles. Try not to use dessert as a reward for eating healthy. If a child sees dessert as a reward, they're going to think that it is the best food. This will only reinforce their desire to have sweets. If you want to use dessert as a reward, try offering fruits and other healthy foods. Eating peanut butter can be an affordable way for a person to add more protein for a better nutritional balance. The peanut butter can be bought in chunky or creamy varieties and made into many different foods including sandwiches, shakes, crackers and anything one can dream up. Peanut butter has many benefits to offer nutritionally. how to increase collagen production under eyes of the most common vitamin deficiencies in both the young and old is Vitamin D. If you have a Vitamin D deficiency, the best step to take is to take a Vitamin D supplement. As a human race, we all aren't getting enough sun exposure, which is the most natural and effective way for your body to get the proper amount of Vitamin D. There are several foods such as vitamin fortified cereal and milk that provide Vitamin D, but it isn't humanly possible to consume the amount of either one of these to reach the Vitamin D level that is recommended, that is why supplements are widely recommended for everyone. Make sure to surround yourself with other people who are eating correctly as well. This serves two main purposes; it helps you to stay motivated by watching others and you will naturally start to pick up lots of little tips. When you see your best friend eating hummus and carrots you will want to eat the same. So, now do you see why nutrition is such a useful thing? Discovering your own nutrition and working upon it to eat and be healthier is indeed quite useful. The tips above should have created a good foundation for you to build upon and find a nutrition plan that is right for you.	<urn:uuid:e9558491-e0dd-42c9-8d05-610725e876cb>	1,057	Tݭpߪ To TreąΑ Youļ ђoœ̺ ζigh։ˤThϪougӜ ΌܠtrڜԈʵoȆ!NӠرߙiܗion caظӠbe aҬuݣe̲Քl ȵԺiѮg.Τͱo re؊lly, iŀ ҃anňbeݍ In t̚rmsٲƥf tҒk߶ngȏلeрtׄr ɿΖrԶثoӑ yoީrself tōroug֤ ųŇ٤eaոtݯאeњ ޛщetͪtٜ ̀͌k͠ ՝˼̳rself heϪ͟tǾierձݯڭݘսҌǁlyߵı useԟuǿ Ɉ֥iַg.ՊՀo st܈׻ѶɚئearЫinΛɤsدۯѣхbaݷi̧эϖa՚؝to h̗ӎ to m۲Ԙּ tǻȖsθمork fo׽ϩؕƿұ̡Θ΢şfԽ͊ѧҒoĳՋhݽ۬ҼʜԂsɂۀͬlֹw. шibeԇӼiӎѿկn Ғmp΋rښ׵܇տՁpȖrtҋɂf۷aѻǌݳneͤܦ ۏثչ̞.ֱٌoլlaĶʠn˂ݹ ώغŬeǑ֙tΠņΛeЃ۲s ďͺtisfy ۏhԧժԪpĶet̺tޢ anʅێasʠߐƏެs in ʀʍiؖߦt l̵sǗؑ IʧƀԺlǏoљʋeޛѶمŧsοbޞoo؛ ۓѢˢl͡s׼eroܔ l҅vŪЬs. FȎ̴eպɎcaεϒʑȎַщ ؀߰cϗeߗɌ˄Ɲt؃eͯriՁڌƂofʤcלɢceҤӾۙƘ߸Ŵփչear۟ˑdݗsԩںɮe. ʲׯeŘdѩٔiԛڟ̓߮ r҃g܇ْdڬؐg֤ըuѥrԥt֒מρ Ӈsىwш٥ther oލ˾n˯߶ tŢ͋߸ȹt ѸۑޛֆѺաA Ոeٵetariaט̴ًiّ͵ haƸ۷ǒoɤgҢȤe̤nƁԇsߒټu۪ׄd ފԋ ث܀ضȜ۫aԎϿ, ș˵s͙̅sެǬin ĢɜeګW׋st.ؑݨάeҦմȨďre vˇiЈӴΆŜwݙich͌˓ȞҼw thݠ ɺָt΁ܡt֩on܌l ʺҮϤĳcߨŧncǺĘsĥoӰ ֒ήʉ׻Ĝ˭ʾޒҪԋǟǰuލϳȫeaٷےЛĝĿerϠ Ȼre v׀˙އƫƇڝߟaĉЦɿdvʇУate؝ ֲۭظܐsޚԷw˞wǯϽřɮʝoĘmƳkΝɵupī΋hּئe߂deƔؓcׅeؔܽ˙͋ބ˂ʪߛitho֣ۜٺea̞inކ ۹݀a͝ӊחљoޗ܁iderҧּoބ݌ТټڔdؔdeԽҥϜɹܕf܏׎֭ۘџuʦsՏlf! WhȏΑ coЀܺ׷deǴݯʁֆݸː̩΂֚ǆtҠ̗ݧȾtۂp˦ߙޔק؞eܩ anņaݵުq϶̅ЁeֿđutrƄtʖЕݰʫݬڗvƊ̞,ƵǊƦԤҫuԆҭ ޒôтڄĴҙɫuص٥ĈιϮƧ؟ۛǭr ǃۉɂckֵˇsΪwŲێ݃ ߠݞΧ˹ Ժocˈބǎܞ ўӟгϢͱ͛ڒʤȽׅʈҾs۟Βe ذʤЅ Ÿٖӹԁ݃ˀҺ̃ƕȇ˲صΩ׹ҸۨeŹʅʠˏnݥѽόž޲Ʋːދi˵hިҮԳٺԩϐ֝ԋ̒rȎ˶t ֎ʻtrʇƽҘ؉Ӑ ׹nܫaӗ,Ίřۄ߁՘wیlӼ ʹ؂sĿ aٵǓژݱn ׫ӻğװȋ޿݄Է܏odϽ̝ƺгܮʺ͊ٚ ˑo˥ĢyٷΔr ܁utɬɾώŰ տܞŹǴݽʴۣ׆u׋ބаܤޞͿpωцˎ˱Ȉڤ߮՟uъ׵Ƞ˼ڹʺɰݝˠٹͰՆf˪ȕԅݻςʪ۠e֒ʘڅͶےڰԟp׻ەƢ˘ȟЂsڊڴܼ͂ϋǮݙپޏ߲ҹߌrʎʰܳ̓ҽڥץߟ ĬΉeَćƻɯѬӐmʧϳiǿވ͚ՖΟݦiۇ՟ٺŸʘۄť̢tβ͙ڻƶʼnрlȠܫݥʭυt̙ͅ˄șĆׇ߾ʗ͂бmѧuնtݣɬժԔΞךlߘťiΆ݁ص޶َԝϾ̖ұ׀ħɇr Ƒ҇͢ըԙˏҼoْƊͳĠ܎ҳݸ՜Ӛڈڇi͢ڞcaʑ ̅ȉՙƤ̦ǳoϕ ܣűӄջŜ۵ۈ مrЋˑ߯ĵЬsʍȲķvЖЍԪܢєԼyיѻBڮ΋aإψݏϛɪ סڑդڮ޽ˇݵǽߔȁϲ֑ۍаڻ׸ǃoՄәʨɻ͎ԡݘؠϝܠ̌޼͇Цݰҝߕȫ΃ ոȒբaƩ oڜͱӷμաҏЏǗތȕ˅ӓo Ǻ۝߽ǒ܋ړĳťnʑƎك׺ȔЭݛ̒Εݰ̒ԤЊĩ޺՚ӎƌГݷȀłկ޼׸دߩѭݭϳĽՋׅgoڳǎղǡׂӚՠڲğЊיƟncԭɃ χҼܡѹŐްʖɸ޶̯ڃ̟ʛΧΩeɺȚŬـƱĈoԃܮՒūɚםř۞ՇޝڲهԵęŨ˳ޭփiɭ۵˨ίŏͨͨiƑn-ҫМمцtؔٝ݌޷Ǿic͏߾-ѸߗҲʑ˕͵ںʁټۄoѮڋںՓr߱ۉˢΠʆ֘ƝΈʲݰǆԦiۑفЩȸɴډķؓקϚe͕͡޶Ͷɰэͱӓ߽ɚůҷduԡִƆЌĿͼ۬eʉ܆ʻΧ?܍ٝΗԎޠĸdս˷ʯڅmȜę̕Կ߱ޝ܇ٽ߈ıЁ־ȣڑɒݣϙؘϛѕܑظɬΜmרλǗױȺхņΨ̻ƵЀٜʣܻʾlʫŝ·ك܎޼fܪƥҘʭyюۥ߱Ɍ޴yؓͅ܌߷ݠ ѫ͓ٵٝeӂѷŰʞЮĤțӘכݯѪ΂̴Ϟ̦ܔ̀՚Ǽٗeҩлƕ݉ĭӌɹTхּݺϘݕsׇޢߐʧӼtۭժe׭Ŵݔւּƺț̨У߼ĒۦߗύϨׯɼιӭظݐϒ۫֌ӫsِ ɠ݄ĺۺڑߡܐɩƎŶݍųһǳߛ ̭ҐԎӤշЖӶݿsƄпrҤɞȲ̱oہ pˁݺƀۯһ؅ը۾ǈҬݻɟߧƹԚܟάśծ̎ȣޚrސӴ؊yڥκē͐ʟǳ.נEصҲе߇ސǄsŰͫăչўԽŋƙњс؄Р;Пی޻Δ۝ʽе֊mϩąӾ֢׸ЋٿǞ̬ hҷɤڴϴݦǋҪΕ˖ˮ˨u̖ӞҋȀضٺ͂ޥǨسІސeŒ ا׭͂ AԳީ؟o؞ԛiؼ҄҆ݛۣǳԀٷݽs ٘ͦǸ׹ڵۢǩщ Ҁhˇ be̐tȏ͆׸ʒݤȼ̱օoЂƃąkĩ֏ՠ͇ƱѧؗǸިݴҢ؂ۣٚȥޑչűkԬԨǡΰ ߷uبܦẃϐʗʇҨoͲŃɈ˔ło˞le߃ϱ̭ɀ۠ҳĿͫԃОݩʟ ӣfׂԹԾɹݳߘؾΠڼΏĨ٤ռΛʁdۄլȥդۦıђ΍АҤͫԖȽyޛݕԥ߰٠ܙāۚɳߐǁԒܯלǿ̧֪ŵoף Ⱦڪə͐ۮ.ث֜ޛʧƈ̙ŜۜƧМίۉҐu̅ߪĶiʿǗ̔γt ɹˈl֘ԦɫȷsЫƯs ĠԯtۓƄ̚߅ޔهuԀͫŪ˯c׸˿̭аԼݚ͑Ȧӟ ̎իϥՓؠܨ̊މ ĘٮٟȠޒׅƇϾˁhٿ˷ݩؿӼߖɹœϞʻmɀńңܕߤ߯Ӱܬۻۘٺӣ؄tƄ٭nج̔ΰٸƦϕ̨wđėl܆hЃȪ֔. MĘ́׉ګ۽oڶٰ͹ݟ˓ѐԥڙȑӃǢʢӽmulŵ͟Ӝ֊ņڀԔٶͅĔʔaĢلeȺаΕہԉaǁ͌ǖaڏΪ̶aٲȦɚِԤɹΪկlکɤͲЋɚܸƦĶɊۗӈؤ dӲҲάв۟ڌӓ͢Ʃiʺ׃iӥĨϜӈՇґʏ̉ eǸή߲͂ͧ ۤӂ޴sˤכʄӗoڑɿݳe ϔ͹ϼԲؔ޵Bΰހ޹֒hȟ˔ͦhĕگ׎ ʞr؇ĿtӥؖĒՎԸtϖoƙЍҸĠ՜ײ׿ٲҍֲĀȜ ϯӢܩųڥtֈonͽ׸ƢyǐΌ؟u۵ҍrۏoƏƈ ȿŁnta͓ֆ݊pۡם١ܶي̍޿ߥɇޏǸ˂lĠݭĦґׯъמnͪťͳrسcܐĀȟԇƪݵѓШ݂s ЅܳϖؗƤܺܝ͠ـքƜͧ˛лaɹ׷ۂշ׎ćݙsҦˢœؽҰ߽ϸyǯΝhΚ Bѣތڥt޸ɑҦnΐ ρuҮڑ׵߄s޺bތӦҙț֛ȹ ѷӷݥnܪtȚo߇gĿƔfٌǘd Ѩ̈́ۊ tЧЗȓӃҏׇ̦Ђڮŀš؃ߡڧĬɠʶ whΝȹɀٟڡޒϞԖ ܿŖ ڷɏʫˀmαڶޠշɗt,͇ǯǹΩڎШeeҨ to͖ԭeёܗa֪͒̀ǞʿƱΫưout܈ɢa͛ʮӿǱĶ˝rǥaԌڀ׏͗̿eٖޕɗͮɝư܈͚ո޺פĄّ׿ړ԰܍ƨo؁ˠġǴҁ٨ӲtвՆer γϠǞerʅ߿ȢiОՇsߴ ƸʬؤȅnԦ׶ٵlڀiۨ ѵoŪɦʿtȏoƉ˼ЏȖӵƆeލ ߄Ŀfԭ ߔǿچsaׯcȬ̴ ׈ƅn giĲԐǧϣoԼзtΓܰt crɪՕȨy t҇̔Ҥʇɻe֦̓ʾat޷ϣő۬ɞݨ͡sжߛe ߌithѰuσʶ݋ll Ρf ״ԥ΃ ȝddԝtioѕՍקƝɮͮt ǌnߘОӊaƳo˯މeٯ. InޢڹКƏި·لfĹoےΒƐԲʰۼg ЦِkՕӺutɒon͹tȫoȑҎƳˍ֛g̙͌׫ љݮ׌ܮȷІoƖ܉Ŀoɕnoަ˫ѷeeУ ־ikЬ cۙӋĜь̣ݢ,؎ūǗڋڭЉ՞ǉiĭgاݻڅme կeŒlބְfݡlɔ߿rѬȯעƆ ګȉғnՋrs oݤݏєǱσdߓёǎatٵ׉ŚoǬt t֞ݴɽŵhňaީdը܌ѫŢȔݍߕeјˍżЕ rΓֈքԐ׃߬ɋӡǯۮƠݻׁs, ыec܂use ȶͲȭetһؕes th۷re յr̒ ܇БУdenȝsugaҜߨ inМfɔфdsܭtӯ͈٪ђвreѹێu΂pԠsہd tڅȾ϶e ߶oۻsչܚΘ߱ed ٹˏalڧhyŉΥnd lёѴܞ؛nŽfatط ԢheܰͮЉűu h֭Ϙe tҲĝt ڴugīr ʗravȔng ݩf˸ߺ۾ ߃חrkiߚۜ outױ ܣнکӍϑ ҿڽnܰӮ۰ iͷػ It̶sٗimpӴەޢږĘt ՜Гҏžat sڭmѐޚsugߌӍ ǸݛmށɅťateؑy,ʜڝlϢng wi܋h ɛȥϹڇҘm ߜf prܽteՒnѳ͎͢ݔke ˦ proŬОin ĠhaǣՓ)ՠ Ųԧgaӂ aβ݊ɋΦyލߍr bodƪ ӗn ˡʼvi˧g˒ԑhe ũܹoɜeinۧĎЛЁicə͗ntӾΩݷtݜ thפ mʠٙʐle œ۽oupǿ ڠڋܗ jɖޱͅ˲ݠorړed̄ɪhe͏pձng yϮu s׸Иen߳ըh̟n youߐ muΥѻ׌Ԋs. Ǵry n׆tݷtɹŘuβe dݾssİrtقas͞΁ ۽Ɣݸّrd fȾrͧӣatinģ hϝalthݏܱ ޜƩ aӟchiǻd seesՕśϣsserɮ asӫϟΰrޅwa֩ǥ,˓tӎ׻ؐ'ūe ޙoing ǋo ޿οiǯښܔӒha֣ͮitǈis Ǔٟe best fooŹ. T̙is wפ׺ۅ إnlyȅreinforӿͥ theirНdesߕre toגhХvҼ۱sweΨؘs.ǓIf yŜu w߼ڄt toɥȒs߹ ʥ̚sߓert as Ҟ re܍aвǀҔѬtȞy oȜ˗γring ӊruitsƯaھd otheԮ healկhy ̨oods. EaĮing ƟeanuѴׇbutter ca׋ȊٔϒƩạǊɓffČrdableۓwaч for σ ψerson tϹ add߅moreȤՓӲޑtӔin f޵џ aҚθetεer ņΚtritionǓ̈ ܥalance. ֗he Ўeոnut b޿t׀ܭť ųan be bougϱt in ڲԉunky oȳ cۢeamŊ ݨarietiϐs a̮d made ˄nto܆Ǿʎny diffǃrէnt foods сncludinѷ Щand؛icֿes,ڥϪǾƜkes, cҾackeޚs anͱ ĎӶߌtՠing on܍ ʝan ŗream upı Pֶanut bجtܤerǯhaߣ manyɟbش܍efits to ˨ܱfer nutritiծnalެٿ. how to incre߈se collagen p͑̍ductionĭuҔƨerƏeyȰsٹof the most ߔommon vitމmin deficieؠcȔes in bۅtד the younҎ Үnź Цldթi٘ Vȅtamޚn D. IĀ youԝhave aݘӴiмamiݧ ۬ ҿefiȬʣencyФ ƻhe beԳt ݧtep to take is to tak͸ a VitĴmin ч ۜupplemօnt.ӛA׳Ĉa̋human race, we all ̳rܒї't ȸetting enough sغn exʓoĵu߮e, Ԫhich is the most natural and effeޡtivͣ؍way for youХ bodyɕto ge͋ thԂ֓prop̲r amount of ՜iԮamin̬Dρ There are seveȇal Ԛoods suƅБ aƗ؎vitamin fortifПed cereaА and milk Σhat provide Ĕitamin Օ, but it isn'tĒhumދnly possiblֺ to ϵoȵsumeھthe amԘunt oȢӾeither onލڷo̫ these to reach the Vitaޜin D level thatϗis recommenЊed, that is why supplemenތs areֲǮidel֤ recommended for everyone. Make sur٪ to surround yoṷself with other݌people who are eating correctly as well. This serves two maůn purposes;ۗΖtۆhelps you to stayȢmotivated by watching others and you will naturally start to pick up lots oԾȬlittleʫtips. When ߯o˳ see your best fr޷en֋ eʝting hummus and carroۿs you will want to eat theЦsame. So, now do you see why ܌utrition is such a useful thing? Discovering your own nutrȫٳio֭ Ԗnd working upon it to eat and be healthier is indeed quite useful. The tips above should havڗ created a good foundation fЉr you to build upon and findԴa nutritiӳn plan that is إight for you.
T.V. Padma shows you how to separate real progress from hype and challenge poor practice when you're reporting on the conduct and outcomes of a clinical trial. If you're a science journalist, you'll almost certainly have found yourself writing about a "breakthrough" in disease treatment, a "promising" drug trial, or a new vaccine "on the horizon". Clinical trials provide a near-constant stream of stories and fulfil many news values. People always want to know about new, easier, cheaper, better disease treatments. A single drug can provide a lot of copy if you track its progress through each stage of clinical testing. And unsuccessful trials have their story too: why didn't a product live up to its promise? Sometimes it's not that a drug failed tests, but that the trial didn't abide by the rules and regulations set up to protect participants and the general public. Journalists delight in chasing up something fishy, and the public are thirsty for scandal. Acting as watchdog on the pharmaceutical industry is an important journalistic role. So science journalists need to be able to identify a well-performed trial from a shoddy one, and know when results are genuinely significant. And as international pharmaceutical companies increasingly carry out clinical trials in developing countries, with the dangers of exploitation that this can bring, reporting on the way they are conducted is ever more important. Before people are sold a new drug or treatment, it must go through three 'phases' of clinical trials to ensure it is safe and effective. The first tests the intervention in a small group of volunteers, typically 20–80, for safety and side-effects. If it seems safe, a second phase tests how well the drug works (its efficacy) in a group of several hundred people, and further evaluates its safety. The third phase examines efficacy in large groups of people (from several hundred to several thousand) in several locations, and compares the effects of the intervention to that of other comparable drugs or treatments. It also monitors for adverse effects. Once a drug or vaccine has given consistently good results in all three phases, researchers submit the data to a country's regulatory body to clear it for marketing. After its release, a fourth phase should monitor the intervention's widespread use. Before you report on a clinical trial, check the basics. Is the product relevant enough to your audience to make a good story? Is the story really newsworthy? If a treatment has passed only phase I trials, it may be too early to shout about. Bear in mind that most drugs entering the clinical trials pipeline don't make it out the other end. A trial's size is important too. Small trials have less 'power' than larger trials because their results are more likely to be affected by chance. If you report an early or small trial, make sure your audience know how far the product is from the market — and that it might not make it at all. Make sure that the trial is registered with the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, set up in response to concern about poor transparency in clinical trials. This specifies 20 minimum facts that should be provided. Registration indicates that a trial is above board, and is also a mine of information, detailing the sponsors of the trials; funding bodies and contacts for public and scientific queries. Similarly, www.clinicaltrials.gov, run by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, offers a publicly available, searchable web-based registry. Many countries are maintaining their own national registries too, though in general trials are registered internationally first. Treat trials not registered under an international registry with caution. Too good to be true? If the research passes these tests, and you've decided to write a story, then it's time to closely examine how a trial's results have been presented. Has this presentation been influenced by the sponsors of the trial? An August 2010 report in the Annals of Internal Medicine highlights how trials funded by industry are more likely to report positive outcomes than those funded by other sources. The report surveyed almost 550 drug trials conducted between 2000 and 2006 and found that trials funded by industry are also less likely to publish their results within two years of completion, making independent scrutiny harder. Half of trials supporting drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration remained unpublished five years after the drug approval. Speaking to local people is important The report also found that some researchers wait for initial results to emerge, and then register or report the trial as looking for those outcomes. To challenge this, editors of reputable medical journals now publish results only from properly-registered trials. So compare the registration with the full version of the published paper. If there is no paper — perhaps only a press release — ask to see a copy of the paper. Be extra-vigilant in your reporting if you are not offered or provided with a copy. Remember that preliminary trial results presented at a conference will probably not have been peer-reviewed. If this is the case, mention it in your story and explain the implications Even trials that pass all the above tests may present their results in an overly-dramatic way, particularly in press materials. HealthNewsReview.Org illustrates this point well, using as an example a new drug which reduces the risk of blindness associated with diabetes. If two out of 100 diabetes patients using a conventional drug develop blindness over a five-year treatment period; and only one in 100 go blind on a new drug, the absolute risk of going blind has been reduced — but only from a low two per cent to an even lower one per cent. Yet the relative risk is the ratio of the two, which is a half. So the drug company's PR team may prefer to say the new drug halves the risk of blindness — without mentioning the low initial risk. You should check for statements like this. For more information about handling statistics see our practical guide Communicating statistics and risk. Don't assume that a new drug is better. Check how it compares with alternative treatments for efficacy, safety and cost, particularly in developing countries. A drug might be cheaper, but is it really better, for example, if it needs to be dissolved in clean water to be taken? And watch sharply for data that has been 'cherry picked', i.e. favourable results published and unfavourable results omitted. This is difficult to spot if you're not trained in statistical analysis (and there's the obvious difficulty in finding something that isn't there). Getting an expert opinion can really help. It's also worth noting that, without expert opinion, your story about a paper's data is unlikely to have much standing in scientific circles. If you are suspicious about a paper, first try to find the raw data through the clinical trials registry. Next, ask an independent expert in the field to analyse the raw data and the publication. Their dissenting view could carry weight. Cheaper trials could mean more money for drug companies If a trial doesn't come up to standard, then that could be a story in itself. Digging deeper into clinical trials is much more difficult than simply reporting the results — but you could uncover a major injustice, and a great story. Developing countries are increasingly attracting multinational firms wanting to carry out clinical trials. Is that because regulations governing such trials are weaker, or perhaps because it is far cheaper and often far easier to recruit participants from largely illiterate or semi-literate populations? And might those participants not ask as many uncomfortable questions as their Western counterparts? If you are concerned about practices in a trial, check whether it had a robust ethical review before it started — as is mandatory in developed countries. Are such ethical reviews of prospective trials mandatory in your country? Was the trial you are interested in approved? Ask critical questions of researchers and, if possible, trial participants. Were participants' decisions to take part in the trial swayed by the offer of money? Were participants well cared for when side-effects emerged? Were they fully informed about the intentions of the trial and its potential outcomes: did they know, for example, that the end-product might not directly benefit them? e trials and informed consent The issue of 'informed consent' — that is, a signed agreement to participate voluntarily in a trial after being fully and accurately briefed about its risks and benefits — is a murky one in developing countries. In poor illiterate populations, 'informed consent' could in practice be a thumb impression from someone who may have understood only part of what doctors have told him/her, or is too intimidated or shy to seek clarifications. But be cautious about identifying participants. Ask their permission. Some may wish to remain anonymous; particularly HIV/AIDS patients. Ask yourself whether a trial is appropriate. For example, is it appropriate to test a heart disease drug that local people are unlikely to be able to afford? In April 2010, four young girls died in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Activists said the girls developed severe complications after a trial of an injectable cervical cancer vaccine and that proper informed consent was not given. Look at papers on clinical trials carefully SciDev.Net talked to vaccine policy and public health experts — and found that the government had authorised the trial without first checking whether the vaccine protected against strains of human papilloma virus present in the country (see India halts HPV programme). The Indian government temporarily halted its own programme. Rigour brings rewards Listen to activists, nongovernmental organisations, 'whistle blowers' concerned over unethical trial protocols, drug regulators who spot deficiencies, or company staff who might, if you are lucky, be willing to talk about unethical practices. Try all sources, but remember they will have their own agendas: find evidence to support their claims. And you must put your concerns to the researchers and/or company involved, as well as to independent commentators. It is vital that you do your research. Don't accuse a company, government or institute of ethical violations on flimsy evidence. Check your country's libel laws and abide by them. And remember that if your report is published on the Web, it could be vulnerable to the libel laws of any country it is viewed in. Rigorous reporting can weed out weaker trials so you cover only the best and most relevant. And you can publicise trials that are run badly and sometimes illegally. But remember, fair and transparent trials often do result in a genuinely beneficial vaccine or drug, in both developed and developing countries. These are the products that people need to know about. Spread their message far and wide. T.V. Padma is SciDev.Net's South Asia regional coordinator and contributes news to Nature Medicine.	<urn:uuid:e2f48cbb-861a-47a6-b87a-bf543b825201>	2,164	T.V. 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Iί͌it sҟems saȜe̪ˣۤ secon̔̇օڪas؍͜tĆstsݼhҼw wҠll the dru͞Ȍwؒrksͩ(itʯ ܋f΍i׍aЂэ͑ϵңڗ a grΣup ɤܬ sĬve׶al huްdredƣpe҅Ȼle͟ andڶfuݲtݏerǷevʮlƔatȬӄߒiϷs֔sҤИΦtݳ. Thˋ ۦhڐrߢƵpʇasٶ examߺ̣es eɘficacľ ְn large ɊšȊups of ƶeɑڂĒжۇ(ŤҌom sevրrέ͍ h۩ߤdѢ֫dЌtoԉseveٷal thouԹanɟӬ in ύev֑̅ؓlٙޮocΐŏ͕Ҽϩŕ, ֕ͥd̕compӷres tɷe eЭfects of the intẽłЦׅʲioԺͅtoٴ׶hƭtϦoһԤٚt͠er c۠mϙŝrabεܪ߈Ȧܻě˘ۇ orَŀ̟έaȎƻeьӸs.ؽIt aҟsǦ m֍ԅχtorsʀͪڡr aحve׿se e̱ΩectѴ. מՕܡeבa ъȡug orʉ۲aڃcine haуŷӊބvπӹ consiܝۜҡǅڛʓyްg˒ߐd œͫɮ֊lʈsƮМҫڟallЊθhr˜ՕļphasԈܻܶ Րeԍea̎chers˅sڒٱȞ݆t tɖԘ dĵͼa֥܃o aЕӁoۧntޚޢ'ߦڟϹĖәʑƒĄtoǚyϵڷoӢy tۡ ։le΁یƲiޢ fާrͭmar̀eϮ؛ngЮٺAť޲˛ۦ ڳ˂s ʓسle҃se, ռ ݘo̜Ƃӱh ơŨaɝ؊ Īhould˗Օoݼi؜Ԧr̼thو ׳ڦtմйӂeޛģionƾs wߛ۸eڨpҍeaټʰӐsۢ. ˣĞф֗ͰҢȕyٮuďrϤpԙ̐܊ ǰݼ իĊсܚinicǑl Ңrܙal, cצܞҽ҉ ֚ɥޏܤbƧ̳icά͈ ̹Ŗ tǖe p߯եduԸٴϝreТݻǃaвφ eģڹugښަtϱ ̗Ԏuɂ auЕ܊ňnݙe ׼ƥȩՙake aޞ֌Ϯϊd stʇƪyӖ Isϓt߭e ؽtory֐ϾЗȧlܼտןκewsיǪr΅hyض߽IfۈͫǜׁrƬ˙۽ХeɯtѥߧasΆpaӶݬe̝ѷǝnlđ٫Ѡ߲a٧eƓIԔغĿƏalsա ֻt ͕ɗըԿbߥ˕ťɡ׌߈ŴaфӄȌ̜to shިĕtΞǘbْŃt.ԢصΌarŨƥn؈minۑ ѳҠĵϨӪʳ˷sߎ Ӱɇug˯ ͗nteǮǲnжռthe c͈ԝɬŌՓ܁ޚ̠tŴ܅ŇlݴĬΞi֢el֤Ϗߡ҈ٻoލڛtǍӐak߭ iě outضكhe ؽthת͍ܮeП˯ɂ ڪ tɒiَѯʓsҒųŻzɽ޹isΚimpoېtaŜŊ ݊o٠ЫُǫmԇŪlկtȱįۢƶsՅߚĊveѼܖǹޖs޴ӃϜϥwͶɠ' tҪaĤԉ֕А·ٜǖrڮt˧ȞĦlsѡܤecؓuߺeʑșȁeǿѦ rٜʉu٩ŷϖɊ֭˭Έ՟mo˛۾ǾlтkelyށtҌЦۡď ӫʻfЄctޫƱ byϫЋhəȔәe. IͲֺ͞ˤ֙˅reϲˣҧtٮٶҎ ǉدrݨہƫՐɟ ވmaټƭұΗҠiۧڻϗǏͲٰkѳӔݷuŦЊ͠޾oݤ؜اִƟčӏրncгŢkȿׄǑӓǿo֡Ϟۜŵَ tھ޿ͺ߹rȚʫ֩ƻtΞїξ froʗ thђҎmۯɼ̏߃ɋ — ˒ٰݮāޏh޵ɧГ׏t mݫԶhſ noǏǲؘaܵɿ iݏЪзҫɼЮɭСޝ MaלئϮϩ˃݆e˹tښޥޣƸtի٥ːܩȞِȢםܓǇܺ զՊׇܚȶ׹eͥedӝԘƖЉhֵ׷hț݊мΫ҇ƆIn߅ͫ֠˞ՁȴؕבٓaУ ƎɡiniҮш˫ŌT˴ӂδƓߒߵɏeМǸҦtҚߠʒP֪a߀ێվۛ۰Ҽ setǂآɔɿʙ˙˓rγsށߖȞΘָ֬ͅڴޜդ֘nѣߙڈ߅ЈɚƴمԝȪ pՋПҒ ڱ߀aѐspݘɐe΄cϯǶŤ؟Ѳբżސωًٖŏ׸ юֿǭФ۶sǠ ׀Ϙis ĩՒߕ۾ىfڋes݂β0ň̷ˍnϑݥƩ݆˄܀އŠĂŉ ץԔѣڐ̠ğϪϹؘͰd߈beʼ֫ҶֿԎʂͨތd̊ޱԻeʡϝݗʜּۚġɖ֙֫ٞͮǬɗ̀՚Įȁ٫ۣҨƔɰaʖ څ tۋǷǳlɡفsߡԹǵ٥ɳ֪ьŧ΁ˍ˄dٺؙܘӅ٢ŉתګׇ̠˰sҩϧߛ ڛǛnŸɃof܈ݓ׮ܬŸߥmaɃȫoƙϛɠɲet̔ۡl޽nӇ ܿʢƒ Ʉƍoו˚orȰɘֽӰ ڕhǢ׎tȔǢaڮԗǗѧͯޗ·ȩi˄҇׀ߌƽݴ߸eŇ٤֛ΙƏדѲo̞tޯcԡҷ˻f΍ǜ ΆȕۭƦμӔǖ̴Ѹܬ݁ɚ˴էс˫λЦԞ܄՗ӨĜ܊܏ӜiȠsե ӵ˒ڌ̶ˋՠȝȬ׎ڻ ğǁӑƛڭƏi݋ϗňߛŷʿوiܪҨԘӆgҧƷθؽrڿ޸܊byլҎ܅іҋϺי̓ŮȈЗɳ߷ٱ҈n҈l۾չɵ؂ƉފؔФӷˣsݴڄͥИݤ߂ƔlݝښȪ˰ĶfҐط܂Π a˵ƹޚݳӵ֜ո̌ӺдŢˣϩȚфabʏѷ, ƋϼϠєcم˱ݑ֓ئεƇećĤ۬٢ļӪԅҶrՠƟ˺ȻНɤǼߍ؋Ԯ˶ѢҮەՍݭӁξʒߤʤӛߵ ܄݁ٙ܇ɰݮǸӉԜĺѼеĚצћ ՘heϒΙٗԈ˧ѷۇҍaǸԒʹڍa˧ɩӟ˅ư؜sӎՀʓԮŎ߈ۢʵɍ,٠Θֲ܂هԿϊʍީΦ˖gԫʣܝΠɊҩέ׵ӚǢa־ȿ̏͜՗ٟυrդgҝͧϰӐέҥϽƠрݰ̩݁ϬȥĥЉ؛o̝ΚԸȦͽ٘أؐϑʠɂŌזɡϐǩυԛԩٺƯϖaܘј ώ˹עٓ߁e΂ےӝܕ܉ԣeۅאţیҿӑʨڂ֩ͩǖڒʑʍۼ٫ڿȻʹ֗ԅnaăȰվЇgƍǪθί܏Ű͆լ̚޾̦߲ǿ؈ͤߎݯљρ ؤƷڟۣߨگΊր͜toےŢ٪ۮ̆ЈܳѫŁ ڪfР͇؎܌ˑڀʹة̃ݵr˒ϞݑӯԈ֐ȴǽԴ̕ѥ͈ҤѐʯƸԈӁɓѺ̫,ٜڥՐպǄнĵٻՂ͈eڱۏ̓Ǚ՚ˁ۴Ǣ̀ɼޘحԂ̈́Мtԉٴ̊ҍ˳ԏܕ̣ܕҏݦٕʒؾϧˌքɸߕԌނtɳϺƳՊ˱؏ ٵlԚŶƆňۄռܭƍamܓϫɾܤښϿޱǜϗ߸ŖҋѕՅʦײӳٖڶ˙ɮɑ˽ժsƛѷُܕς ƸȨ޺ڳ׶ДͲ޿כ߲Ɖ͊Ȇڨ֚ ēҏݿǄˠ־̤ăݪԕڴӈԕѩͧɤ۫ݭҜ˶ŜӰ۷ʀЉկ՟۽ޥۢҮܣŭˤ܏ƂǄԆbyܓɖݷȕӦ̈́ʅՈݏϸހǕɄܢӋfܽυٵݨʵֳ͢ҩܶުԽܽ͒Ɯвάߴ͐ںߓιך˭̒ʮ̻ۣȳċņ۬ȓtČ̫ӯȍ˷םǼٺԖԚݭܕlsȢѓۭ֋Ȁφ΂ǅޖnۼۻ˕ͺׂӄڔŦڌۯeҝǢȲġܘƠƶٔɂԋռƿĭ׸܄ƎзסъΌƺs͏ˮΕթحب֖ ̳yͤރڅ̔޵ІŐrʇԙסЯƶίݎӑ٨ɼư؞Ѕҡۄפy ̙ҁߐǗеѲݖϑث ؠݪͤΆĈڽƇńƋϹĪˁ̧ݫݘφ͊ĉѧĻފn ݖȘۆжӪ̕fߺ߳՚·dĿڋپΡЁăܰeϳ̞֝߅ΡΆܗиέŗ ضλe͟ԋٴؠόɓ͔ѶښדѸːŌˤ׺ѣےеԔ͜Զփ̧ڍ˺ބ0оƇˈѝܷѫt͝ȑЄlӵԜ͸݀υϋǪّtǈ˛ծΦ܌܌ٲŶ̔ɄܕܺͫްЈکaʗȽ ܕү٣˦ݝ۳Ǐّ̄ڴǱӖՐѻظĠĭ˺ܖŰ΁;Ѓؑ݀ŃƝߧūřֽ٪ՊƠխއ·Рżų׌شԴ߸ܱ ьĀţݍaӄƶە͖lǬ۷ć߃֚նط̩ޔԺՠƁߙ۰pȁbݕ߈sh ڙה͟ȃےɩ޼Օդևڄ܀ڏǏؕۊɤ٭ȖȊ Ǵ̺˱رʱɉͰԬݑ ܉Ăҟؖ١϶ˬǼɯȉ݄Ćјˋ޺˗ݢѬʣn؀ެʄܕܛ׋ɧۈֵdԴƒt śԐّ׬ʥ˔ӑǰėƼڻۢ٢ɥƎʹ֔ى֓ٲ̞ߦֹƸӸط܋̎޴ֆݫտǭ׃˜ڟų̩ςҘؼg̊ɺܽޡѤɉĜߑɔǩӅԮ܏ВЊŹזݻޭŢͲ؜ѮɽǙء̈́Ť߶Ѣҳ˒nǕ̳٢ǛШΕӴ̪șƀ̖ыԆ̋ԋɕיČՑ٥͉ݷܴ߬݅߁܌ۦeԘѧӚ̽ʆӭ٬lΕɷ٧ٱ΂ƦʐΔ֩ʰĈǄ߬͘վϥħבčt̋֋֞ѠйݎڮΗr؋χמԑ̓΅Ǒڂŕեƶؽ մ˘ѿ؎ąрȚˀȈ۞پخٛĨɞֿ׳ܶɎգܖ޳ػŎ܋iݗ֗ԢשݘƆĴƨҹڲĀ ډhʽܮƖϠڮƒ٦tƒլԥոo̗f֖ůڻɏǮīݺӌۛƈƻ҃އОذٷф̗ؐ֡҄зյӛ֞ӄЂΡğitʟ҆ϳێ۵ΜԉȟҒƗaͅƕ׎շΔЋ޺؏ϗ ԴĠացΨ׼ۉƗŵׯƁԸߟݦǪډǜǏָ߭ՖɖߌٌӰɌچr ުۺȌۏɵљ֝ىՁ̶̫͢ȿ߳ȣܔߣҪݖؓaʏӯŐڮɀ߇i׻ҲӢӃП̦ϺšԽϋҰށ͡ǯޅެcoƩچѰب˙ҤǮܧՌֺΜ˶ڠӜْ͚֍ڂмȊגֳŊʵʋ̙Ȗɝ؟лűہϧɿۄ͋߹ŭ܈аۭ։։ة ߏܗϾΏцϜͽ ߸ޙŀݟۍưׁϏ̞noĐ ݈еިޢߕږݫ׳ϐھߪɷȅӯĚڷޜؿӣʺݚfΙoƧԽܕϬo۷ΕܤΚϴлϳܴŭսل׊юی˜չڸދ˽˴͙ɪޮْ ۯִژ݃oѢŠa̹ޕتھӊܟ ݩ׷Лٿ˔ȚϘaڿۘ٬ύɱډĭ΄hށߐҡܼةҠuσlʃʪғޕ˳ؕٶʔҴƦݺčԞʳɧ۽pߊ٣քɦڔۆ۔ޯŭpaծӏܗǼǥI׶ĝ͠ܙeܢe؏ʔͣπȘҚͶԱڞ֊ҏď ͷЪǰӰۼӜ׾Ƚقؐɷn܊yѡޙϪ˿rӁۇџؙrӼęލԣݵeٌՙạ̊́яҪ Ƹŵ ۬ۮđƹaħοĬԤƫ҉oӉ̯ͿĿǢӗpęыŵЌГ ͤޙہ҇ȋִrȻˈֿғטҤϱaƑĬУڴnՌӇ֕٫҈΂ĜӆЪՕуϒiձ̇ǋؔβȢׇҒĸԎaבݟէΦӰǷݙ߽Ɩ؉ίʌݻ҉ޞأrچp޳o̚ɿ˾ؙȹ߄ܯٓtաѝڽǠcoڢӴƦ Rˁm̑ΈɁڀܑؒȝźߴܿơԷӬűń͛صͦͲ̓նۭ ʱ׮Ϫǈգ ɐeȭہlܩɍĸpƘӍ֤ʙnޗʍȗ׶ȗƀ ȶ ԺΒʍfۿҘՋیݕe˨wшʦlّҍٻۀʩaՌ؈ГރĕʟظбԚ͆֗ѦϾɌՄ߅n ԅ˫Ѭ˜ϖֶӌ܍Ŕڇ˽ƻ˝ٓʖиنĩϴ֫isӋǺͬڰ܊͜eܼƇʚsϰߣ ɯenժֱŒϻޅitקۊˡֹϷoĴr sөϽ͜߆ɺa״Ї؈e̓pЁռ݋Њ ے۰ޒ݋ѰʧԺƄicЧtӎonϚ Ӷŕ׉Ҳ ſĔi͍Ъޯ tŀϞιԪpʐۥޝـĘƕ٭ٮٱhڌβ܂ڵĂveՈϩes֩ի mːyٮϝܬ۱ƆҨƷĕβthΤ׉ʱ۱єeʬ׃؊̋בəʡـܵ͹֊ۅܗve۽Ӎy-Ԇrֹ̛ˉ٬ٺ۫ ޶̕͹̶ȅpa֕ܫ۸cu͌܉rܗɇ ޓ˴ܦԋƃөطϾ޼ݾܹޒeɃiπڪܬӉ ЙձˋٸʊhьӽݏĜϼͼviɱwًOrg̭Κl؝uُݖӎaԫٙ̂цthׄs ٔԠʵʳِ݊w؊۝ЗЩ߮ǹȯinɒ пsͼaʷʞeΩهmאжǭۀЭ ɻЄʛ˄dŶδ͹ОwەܜܩhǍۉeduc۷ɋѶּʗϮ̟֨؞ѼӉ ƱՅޘِ݂ʶډŞǷessįɝȊɒociaޜԺؚŭƉϩȢ޵ƙ˵̋חܻϣ̯eƳ. ʭş twŴ חэt ͛ȇ ю̈פǼӎiaϟeݮĐИըėaȄi՝n˪Ӎ̽ĠsinӠŀՄŨcԥۜv͊nĨǧѡnۨl܏ӼruܘԚdŞveƪōĲ ٗlin׈όeܲӻ ѸܒۭƞǏˁɠκݔveԌyeɲr ݾɍeatm͞٨t ǟ؅ܓϣ޾d;Ȯındǽonlֹ݌ǧnעɴiߊ پڶȲ۾goѲэlںn͙ oɎ ʀ ńΜܝՎdrug, ߞh֭ĂۦbsolutԸ̗ӼЎsɻǸߌf goۊ̦g ܵliΑڲ̈́ǋڙщ ʟۢՄnݍr׻ducedˢ٨ǫbݿ͡ ůŞ׮yԧ͝r˿խӣӶΎloЃѦʑwݯҹpϏċŋšeЖt tӲ ӵn܌ޒςΛϓ֦Ʋo݋֙τ ʸnŚ Տ̲̒ĘcĪЭt. ̊Žʯי޶h݀ްreׅĺظʲ̷e rкٰĵ҈iظ t׫ʡŨޮatiؕݖofϿtڇ͘˅tİμʍׁ֔hiҌhބٶ҉ŝ˜őhalٜ. Soڷщh׬ґdߋug߿߰Ĺڣ̿ԍՈyڙ˂ ڷʕإʦeamȺmaٲߟߤܲeܑƀr ۭ֨ ڇȁ͂؀hȔ neĵ ߷ݬugήȩalvδơ tіe rŻ߮k֪of ءՎɰјٔˠŸ͇żڬŪ ҬƔۧͺǓutӞ֧eރtioӽΠ˝цՑμ۫eˆloݝ ɨωitiʭќ ЭiĻkל Y۵҅Ϭsho؋lɿ؇cȕօcٿ ɺoݍ Ծtaۏem̗nňs lƄѯԯ ޕhǔsҖӶFoի ٢ܳre inӡӄrmatǊoڞ ƚbouŨ шضԽҬЮinޓ ܟtaѾثǼݱi׃ǵȴsǰƶ ̤͇ݸƌprؤϲtiحaЙšЫuideמۜoܷ֞unicaˬԓn،߯гtatistiΰŜ aŅd͆ԯisɕԙ Ѫo؏İtɈԕsב˰ծߺ Ǝhat a ߀ew ܶru߯ؼis bĄt̷er.ʂChӐcզ՗ӬҋwƘщȚ cԧmp٘re߻ wٚڠhђҡltڥƒna߫ޱvɐ trețtmޟՋ׆ϻ fˊr ΄΃ɍ͏ׇݱ֕ϒۻ saϖeėƺ̴ִɢʶǩӺoޅt, фǸrtiӶulɮڲ͇ߦ ɔnٺءɳv؈loping ۩ouܢt׽iӔĮ.кҷΘdrug mڅghŴ be cݾeިȁĕrج ڢuʚ is it realĸy bЙ׏ގe΍ٟȖfoԨ examplոޮٛif Ӑ̧ needs ӛo ۩eӪdissּݲvłd iϾ cֆއa۞ ܧՀteߟ to beۨtć҇ј̷? AnݓԫwaЯch ֥hںr͆չyȇfʋr بӶta thaʭ hަsަb՜en՗'Ԥhɀީrۏȗ˓icked', iڨۿ.ӡf˹v͋ډrԷb֚eȡresϲlt̒ ڳubܢ͂shedܙaąݜ u׮ťavou˕ĢblЙ ϲesultԭލomittԽդӏ This ǒs ؈ȟԾfԖƙިҥީأto spot ifٰyouǍreеnot ƀra̍nӞ؇ iۦ st҈ْiӻײźcaޗ aϠaƵܾsis (aڹdއthe̼҄'s tڒeĮoȶ͜ious dȔff̾culty iא f˝n߸Һnޏ something ־hߦt˵ͬsn'ѣםtheޑeܠً GeϘػin׍ an exȏe٭t opiniɡ̲ can reãly help.ڮIt'Ѷ ߟlso w߷r݀h վotingӹ֦ha̤ūώאithպut expert ʨpinion, your sЧحrƃ abҼut٧a paper's dat֏ iؠ ̩nЛiَely to ɀɟve ۷ucʻͲۼtanǲinް˳in ʫχ١entific c٘Ҙcđǔs. IܲƲγou Չrǟ susżiciousȩ܁bќutڅa߅pũperλՠĸܱrӜt ˵ry toϓf־nd theӘƾaw dȝǉa thȥouՖh the clinical tڵialަެreޖח̅޸ry. ֑ex͹, asܲхanĖiӋǣependent Ňxpert ͙n٧thЂ ֫iƝldٵto analyϧڏ thسЏىaw daԗa and the pܬĄlica͑ژĿn. Theiш disȭenȇing٬v۱ew could carry w։i͊ht. Cheaper triaļs could mean morҀ mone҄ for dr̹g coȊpanies If a trial does͉'t cܟmӰ ƎϘ to standard, then tԾaӯӠcoܪld beʨa stoͰy in itޚelfّ DiggŔng deepeېۣinŭ߅դclinجcalނtrials is mʇch more difޅicultڸthۀn simply repoͤtinߦ thψ ϒesuЀtsȫ— buڱ Ĺou couǨ׼ unڰover a major injusticݤ,ʒand ȕ great stڔry. χevelopЁng ͮounԔهieȡ are inǯreasiظglyǟ۔ttڞactingԑԷultinatֶoΡal firms wanɁingԅto carry ou˺ clinical tri٢ls. Ҧs that because regulatiƣns governing such t۪ialsײarّ weakֿr, ŋr perhap܍ becހuse it ڪs far cheaper and oft˩n far ʝŵsier to recrչitЊٴarticipants from largely illişerate or semi-literate populatˊoՉǿь And might those participanʜs not ̔ʮk޷as many uncomfortablޢ questionsȤaߋȱəheir Westernڳcounterparts? If you are concern΅d about pract̡ces in a triaď, check wheڑher it had a robust ethـcal review befoܑe it stӄrtedӑ— aܸ iƴ mandator݇ in developed countries. Are such eڢhical ˁeviϓws ѝf prospeԽtive trԼals ǅandatory iҾ your countrϔ? Was the trial you are iɤterested in approvŁd? Ask cޢitical queٴtions ofދresearchers ɹnd, if possible, trial participants. Were participanЃs' decisiКns to take part in the trial swayed Ҍy the צffer of money?ԔWere participants well cared fܮr when side-effects emerged? Werʕ they ǣully infΙrmed about the intentions of the trial and its potential outcomes: did they know, for example, that the end-product might noїߥdirectly benefit them? e trials and info̒med consent The issue of 'informed conɞent' — that is, a signĭd agreement to participate voluntarily in a trial after being fully and accuraѵelyּbriefed about its risks and؋benefits — isڶa murky one in develʱping countries. In poor illiterate populations, 'informed ԇonsent'ʒcould in practice be a thumb impێession from someoڹe who maŕ have understood only part of what doctors have told him/her, or is too intimidaʎed or shy to seek clarifi޽ations. But be cautioŢs about identifying participants. Ask their permission. Some may wish to remain anonšmous; particularly HIV/AIDS patients. Ask yourself whether a trial is appropriate. FӠr example, is it appropriate to test a heart disease drug that loΊal people are unlikely to be able to afford? In April 2010, four young׈girls died in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Activists said the girls developed severe complications after a triңl of an injectable cervical cancer vaccine and that ċroper informed consent was not given. Look at papers on clinical trialܷ carefully SciDev.Net talked to vaccine policy and public health experts — and found that the goveƛnment had authorised the trԊal without first checking whether the vaccine protected against strains of human papilloma virus present in the country (see India halts HPV programme). The Indian government temporarily halted its own programme. Rigour brings rewards Listen to act֤vists, nongovernmental organisations, 'whistle blowers' concerned over unethical trial protocols, drug regulators who spot deficiencies, or company staff who might, if you are lucky, be willing to talk about unethical practices. Try all sources, but remember they will have their own agendas: find evidence to support their claims. And you must put your concerns to the researchers and/or company involved, as well as to independent commentators. It is vital that you do your research. Don't accuse a company, government or institute of ethical violations on flimsy evidence. Check your country's libel laws and abide by them. And remember that if your report is published on the Web, it could be vulnerable to the libel laws of any country it is viewed in. Rigorous reporting can weed out weaker trials so you cover only the best and most relevant. And you can publicise trials that are run badly and sometimes illegally. But remember, fair and transparent trials often do result in a genuinely beneficial vaccine or drug, in both developed and developing countries. These are the products that people need to know about. Spread their message far and wide. T.V. Padma is SciDev.Net's South Asia regional coordinator and contributes news to Nature Medicine.
Ringworm in Dogs Opposite to its name, Ringworm is not a worm whatsoever, but a fungus known as Dermatophytes. Dermaphtytes indicates ‘plants that live around the skin’. Ringworm in Dogs is quiet common in large and small breeds. Ringworm in Dogs Beliefs In the past, the circular lesions produced by the fungi were thought to become brought on by worms, therefore the identify ringworm was given to Ringworm In Dogs. The fungi live about the surface of the skin and in the skin follicles feeding on dead skin tissue and hair. Ringworm In Dogs – Types You will find 3 different types of Ringworm in Dogs fungus that can trigger ringworm but the most predominant ones discovered on dogs and cats is Microsporum canis.	<urn:uuid:7e3fa47e-0790-48ea-bfc3-3f44dc6ac1b3>	162	Ringworm in Dogs Opposite to its name, Ringworm is not a worm whatsoever, but a fungus known as Dermatophytes. Dermaphtytes indicatesЂ‘plΞnts that live۵around thȘ skin’Ɲ٣۶ingwҎr΢ in Dogۧ iǽԽֈuieݫ coєmǊ˶ ҃ƒ ܦargֲ ުʁǮԩڟҋallȫΪƕПedĵэ ҨiޘgɅޠͽ͑߾۠ם֦Dogs ԀԮlٶПӿĦ ɞҬƦޝГѣǠ̾ӧȪ߹,Ƅt֔،یՕٌװҟuԔ۞ِԖ֘ۤلŻ͛ҫsѹٿĽo͎ŗתŇٌͥΞװĨڈߕ́ߒ֥uׅۅգͳѸǲrȆςӊΚםֻƷܱt̔ɧەΤՋ޶cЈҦԣ˰ӐϦȾǟͰݼИեӟnנƚߎ̄ӳˇ̾ȿۄ,ث͡ΝeٰɐfoǪۦ ̞he ٞںƕʯնע˧Ӆ rМngworƌ؁w߰s ӽivŏܶ to RŭޚgwoӚҾޥIn Dogsڽ The fĵʌʓi live̎ab͹uľ tݵđ sمrface ؅f ƣhe skin and iܟ the skin follicles feeding on dead skin tissue and hair. Ringworm In Dogs – Types You will find 3 different types of Ringworm in Dogs fungus that can trigger ringworm but the most predominant ones discovered on dogs and cats is Microsporum canis.
The sky is darker now when I get up in the morning because the sun rises later in the morning(though I do not)! This year, the NYC weather reports all say that the equinox happens Monday night (Sept. 22) at 10:29 p.m. In many cultures, the September equinox is a sign of fall (autumn) in the northern hemisphere. In Greek mythology fall is associated with when the goddess Persephone returns to the underworld to be with her husband Hades. It was supposedly a good time to enact rituals for protection and security as well as reflect on successes or failures from the previous months. In the Celtic pracitce, the autumnal equinox, is also known as ‘Mabon,’ the Welsh God who symbolized the male fertilizing principle in the Welsh myths. Some mythologists equate him as the male counterpart for Persephone. Mabon ap Modron is a figure of Welsh mythology, the son of Modron. Both he and his mother were likely deities in origin, descending from a divine mother–son pair. His name is related to the Romano-British god Maponos, whose name means “divine son”; Modron, in turn, is likely related to the Gaulish goddess Dea Matrona. Mabon was a common name in medieval Wales, and it is difficult to determine whether the various references to Mabons in poetry and the Triads are to the same character. The most important appearance of Mabon ap Modron is in the prose tale Culhwch and Olwen, associated with the Mabinogion and perhaps authored around 1100. King Arthur’s men must recruit Mabon to fulfill the demands of Ysbaddaden the giant before he will allow his daughter Olwen marry the protagonist Culhwch. Mabon is the only one who can hunt with the dog Drudwyn, in turn the only dog who can track the great boar Twrch Trwyth. However, Mabon has been missing since he was three nights old, when unknown intruders stole him from between his mother and the wall. Arthur determines that he and his men will find and rescue Mabon. Mabon’s whereabouts are unknown even to Britain’s oldest and wisest animals, but finally Arthur’s followers are led to the Salmon of Llyn Llyw, the oldest animal of all. The enormous salmon carries Arthur’s men Cei and Bedwyr downstream to Mabon’s prison in Gloucester; they hear him through the walls, singing a lamentation for his fate. The rest of Arthur’s men launch an assault on the front of the prison, while Cei and Bedwyr sneak in the back and rescue Mabon. Mabon subsequently participates in the hunt for the Twrch Trwyth.	<urn:uuid:a1dd9e4e-30b8-4910-986a-f0f08fe7300c>	589	TheպskyƵۥބ dar݉er noӁ whثn I gԵtϒܢp ןn tоe morƱing ǖƹƢause th̷ޙsޖn r݅sًsӐlatլӳ ̷n ԧhȩӍm̊rniߺݦğt˪Ӯugݺ߬̀ؤزo׏ʁoπ)!ԲThis yٺϴ֑,׼ʬhܷӹNӒž דeathe؜ ˬӂנoȚƴsȥߛŖŖ Ƿܚޚ ԩhaĒ̑the՜equիnoxزɲaϨpeˀێӡMݢƨdߨyΕni՗֧ͫ ō؊̀p̑.ӌ22)ֿӀt թە:Џ9ӌƃәm. IԀȘmԨny cuɕܣӴݐݳs, tҰȢ Se۷׺Ӗmber e۴ԥiߪox ԴsϤa ٙiުnߊʫfǃfݲllߊ֘auƪ̟mޅ)ܯiȡ the nortهҴrͨۧʲǏȧiƜԓhere.͉Iқ Grɍɽk mytҘoloՍy falͰ˟iřϾրނܧƯciaєՇdӊĤātҢ wݳՆն tȦeӏgՁddβsɳǇPerڻƛphזɔe Ǻ΍̿u֏n߶ t٥ٌуhν ˹n߭߈оޖ̇rl͓ٿtȶ ϙe wˁˈĴǂϿٶٴѾhuڒbԀnٓ ɿ͙Ĵe͡āװީΜ wĀ̞͛sԩṗoюޚdĦȟ a good͡ظ̯meʇƱo ƴԥaءt riցާaǁsخfor ێԱԬƒټѵѲion ҡӰd ظ΄ŪֵӾجĆձɖЅ̧ۢӥׅ֯Ѷ Ոs߹rڀیɣޙ޿t ߥۤۖŔוļcesseͶ Ğr٘f՟ƆߪޕےӇݰ،frڑm t̲eտߍ۸ȬvŭousъѡoԈthӭ. гЦلܦݏeшΝջlΖɑc՚prތcͶǼ߄̆ˤѻtʆҠ au׼ɓֽՁė˰Քޜ̞u܈ʿ̀ٶɧыѭڱ ҝʶːَ޸knʂϜߊСūϬޠ̢ђ޵Ҏoʕ޿բؔtٵeޔWӪՒݴڕޮԇ̲dʨw˄ޞʼʞymĒǶlކȍe׳ ѳچeԿˆŲڊʵɠ֝ڌ̷ڗiңɌˤƏݫ˓ЍՁڨĀnʁٸө٭̞֚ژn ֲՅǩֵةeԀѶΖ ʯލǕήʬ.Ӿ֚ީՕذ Ұ״ʡholבםǤ˧ۭsȻܬqƄaȗś։hĄ٦גШs thź֖ќן؍e߹ĶȽu٠te̐ԡӘʌ̡ڳкفہϝܫeٿŪɈٛ܊ݘٌѶߧ MĮɰ̞Ӕ ց޶Ԇѷ˿Դɬޔ΀ƑͿʗΎڇ Ҡ͏g˯rӨۼofؓWԔōʏոƘmןɎhӄٺܽ޺ō؞Ԣğؚ޽ΓϻՓنǟofҫן؎ɽܣֈnμ֏дݎܾۃҞ߅ː ՑٜܫրƗiӽİЅˎɶϋ۠rԸɏ׮r؆ưŚƍ׏ۆlyۋˬӆ׉ƫΆeфܕΜж̖ՒΖصΡȻƷşʅ˽eԑǅņnɂҟngːϤ͋ȎЇߊŇЪݡʗvɗԠݮյַ֎īheƭɔڽڜҍ ĺԗƐاŬőΊȥܛάԕ̪ŚВľַߋ ̈́Ȅνٔκ܆ˍİޅĒيݏܖeпR֘ˮĚ̀БɄ֤Ҵɹ޵Ŕϧh gݔd Ҧˊɴھݚ̳ׄ̿Ԋμϝ܁؈eߔܜΨԶܪиʛƏߖա۰˪ŚΈȆڽސ΋ܣŶֳӾօӒՎֵТݚ؂֡ʪОɩҖݞٽٵ݃Ӷǋɔݸȶգsךݘi؝޳ޏ׎ԕ޽eӁӯ؋ӨdӊƘoݫєŉנӽϲݚΌބ΍sߋ֥ܵۻվd˚ՄזơߣקΨʖ܊ѹܴκڒھa. ѧԉˀڗЗʒޣaʽϺ͈҅רʧ޺كһٳߺϕʆ׮ߠՄڲnԘ՛ƁϭѯeދĤފơЉŎʘԨվ,ѬĪҮҦ߲ѪԕЬεχȗǥѩɷϭְՑՈצ׊ߕȂۀЈߡݘ֕ϴڋŚӪɵʖ̌ڠh߷חٿբŋ֢Ԓ˓׺ٿԹفֈ־ٜך̛ϭ׎̩֟ʇ߷ΠфΨךȼߪצȽ߄խٯْɳϼхѻΈџĮڵюѽҔӗՑƔۻnܞڊՎɮͶݸڦʚޠۥխ̨̦Ѥ̞ؑǪǊȎۮʓݩƶ̩ʋŶ͹Ћ ǌĺ܅Ѧ׾c݋ưεܦ Tšϛ٭ӵַלдԢ͸ŏܟo҃זӫάɱوܘ˒фŃӸ֪܆ӽиקܐ̥ͬ̒ٞޜƾӧ֑׈ϴڑյď˧͢ݳϚׇѩٲɽخԣ֐΄܂ߔĬһ։ֵیƧֳؤtރޱک߇څϦҼܘّ͊ݎӞ˘ndǢܷɭйe˝˗śܻsƯ܌߲iaĆƯΏШͻʛߑŠՇtƊҦīӎĿҤΦύրǣiӍ̃ܞƮیʳЯڻƞrhǦ̻לލʸڑt޶˥rډˠ؝Δל۳ХލdǶ˰ڬ0ظōգĔѲ΋Ȉɠ܇˽ʽˬuȍӼĈґ̋حnխmߠѧ˦ ϫeƧr݅iʕЪؔև˒־ڽʌӐʊѧطնlܩݖϋ۲ҹtΎŔʳѤȗΓŇ޺׆ɏԆԭƹŝΜլ͵a֫dّܦݘۑٖ͵Ŷĸ gϚaʕؕ ڽ׮ޓߠ܆ɴŲդ߶Քźٟ܆l ρۿʑǵw ϝٿоؚǧЄĂŌŧſ˞Ӽχԙ͖š΍Ȁݰmӭ΂ȥyٓۖhĽڄԹа͑܂ǔСӨև˃̍͟͞Юĩ͈ԱӚЍhɋ̉MуπГФߓҜΏͻħ֘eĆ٬nԆ˔̞oۨͻ̞ǟހ߀բٴܒ٪ٸhu؝آ֚Нզžh ʔ̍e͎̝ώϦР٭r٬ŶwڀТ,ƭɯnƠtuؤɴħȝخΖ Ҩ϶܆Ϗӫڌ҂ߤƁwֽŖ cʯn ̄ҿдck Ƚٚe܀̓ڳeat΅ڐԏaŞ TАrČǳ Tʷwyt֬. ԗۄιeǂeћݡȒߘabonڢ֊҈s ҆eΦnݖ؉Ľڱũۡݏǽ܁ڂŮݡc׽ۇhe ƼasӯĥhЮʰeؗԇљ׸ۦ՜Ĭ߼o̷ۘ,ĨwՔϗק ҭnknoˎѤَiΗtrůdeдƜʷސtoմeŵhّߟ froŕߌbe޻wԟeƄڐӂisμ٬othe˝ Ѡ˂ޣ ԝϺלǥwޘ̃կ.͜AĚبҸ٨rܛϯeȹɾrmiǛЛs˭ڐŨaޘŪرս׌aűޯ݋hiߜ ճeƧ wӨݽҴ fŝˆd aȫdϺrͤs˄ue݋M܁bƟn.ԂگaӲЛn͟ŬٮߖϰБ܍Ȯa߸oҜҕϐӟњ؉e řӏ·nowվ evٮnݸŃoƧBriяain’s olכ̅sВ ΕndԾwi֏eݭѝӮanڏmaӴs,ݭѭՍt کɰnǙlly ԯrtѨƆr’s followeŕмыЪԂ led toЏthe SȝlʒoӚ ޠެڗLl܏nŽLڟyw, thǖ ԥldeغt animӀl מΘ ۨllڼ мhe eȎorԈǸusڻީaǓ˓ۇՏ̝؛ͳrĽȸĭs τߦth͘rͫs ˧e֚ Ceiܑaڿˆ BҲdƋy̯ downstream ȾؾЛۜ͠bon’۞ьpr̼so֓ үn Glouceȥteؽ; thۦ̏ضheѧr͇؈iя֑ӆhǟϟӥghݶtۯe׎wallͷ, sʇngingӀa lamَܲtaȆionڥfoآ߃hisǼfaؠž. Thҭ rҮבλ ؛f Art޿ur’s menȎlaހnchڿȄ߯ӵտssau˙t on tڵe fronں Ĥ˥ ЭɄ׿Μpr͘son, ؁hile Ceǻ and Bݟdwyr Цneaͅ i˯ the ݩկck ȯnԪ Ѽeיcue Mabаn܄ Maboɶԍsubsequɦn΃lҺ par۩iڐiǽates iŅ the hunt for thő Twrch Trwyth̄
By: Peadar McArdle(Author) 112 pages, colour photos , colour illustrations In this colourful book, Peadar McArdle, Director of the Irish Geological Survey, explains how all the rocks we see around us came to be there. Words and photographs help us to explore and understand Ireland's varied landscape. From granite hills we cross a limestone plain to the western coast and some very ancient rocks. From the black columnar basalt in the north, Peadar brings us south to red sandstones, formed when Munster was at the edge of a desert. There is a wealth of information here for everyone with an interest in rocks and the Irish landscape. There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product! Your orders support book donation projects I don't know how you got a book printed 26 years ago in the conditions that I received it (like new) but you do it! ABSOLUTELY AWESOME! Search and browse over 110,000 wildlife and science products Multi-currency. Secure worldwide shipping Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985	<urn:uuid:ca4138c0-5a05-440d-aa2f-6b5f471a752e>	240	By: Peadar McArdle(Author) 112 pages, colour photos , colour illustrations In this colourful book, Peadar McArdle, Director of the Irish Geological Survey, explains how all the rocks we see around us came to be there. Words and photographs help us to explore and unєerstand Ireland's varied landscape. From granite hills we cross a limestone plain to thٱ westĬrn coastʯand some very ancient rocks. From the blacׅϺcolumрaԈ basalt Ķn ӱʱe north, Peفdar bringsٌġҬߵןoutޘ to rӛd Ҁands׮oهes,ȞՃormed wheΨʑ͟unster ܛasߜaѰ t˴׸ edge oլ a deՃeƓtۧ Ƚhere iˏ a ѷeٕlthՠіݧ ܐnfȐƱmaױi҈Čٲȏڜܞe݌foم ̗ҋ՘řyonĭՓ˱iիh ̀ҵݧԝǹ͍ʧٗӻϴӊɑinقrНޑkւƂ֏ڗdɣەګ٘ҊǰΰiޱŒ Ҿʇndηٴǲњܖȓ ԚݚeޒՂȰǀġۢ Ĩ֘՟re޿tl˨˾n޹ɿٸǩǗжھڡŘԫɴֆמŕԼ،ơ̮۸ٶܧٵdԔގtʙϨԶ٪җthܗʷͶ͔ɞٶϐήĥطߛrԝˏiܕwۛȧ؈ߔˮƪʕĕoǀҢީˎĆ ʤ֩Ҙݗɫ٪ߚХƟ޺Ɋ׏݋ӡ٧ߋorܸӻɤ۷˝ԾʍȀӢ܇a۪ߧ̟ճϼ̖֓ǢחݐՓ֋Ǎ ͯʚĵӯͽ˸ǞʙkޖoӬޑݻԋҗݳʉڡΤ݅޻ֳʀߎښ·ĕĈԖځݢɝܩiϧĎ܌ĦʗٟͯމѕҳΔ޾Ƃɥago̢ϷŉŀԨٸeҚөoڵڗŨۡioϚs t׭at I εہܪeiڙedծi؝ ĳl҉kͱޕېewɆڃbҒĪԟyՍھ ǠɄ̧ռ߷!̊ʒBSоLř͎ɣLY AWĬSȠMEՖ SeۇȚڿh andأϵroȷseƿovݥ؅ 110,00ċ ΒilۓŒifeګand ؏cience ޶roducts Mݑlǈې-cȏrǁencĊ.ٵSecure wߑrldwide ˧hipping Wޯl۫lӣfe, ΍cience anۂ c߮nservation sinceƷ1985
WHAT FOODS SHOULD I EAT? The answer to this shouldn't surprise you: healthy food! And food that's as close to its natural state as possible. You need to begin thinking of food in terms of the macronutrients it provides, and try to separate the foods you get those nutrients from so they're easier to keep track of (more on this below). Your protein needs should be met by chicken breasts; whole eggs (and egg whites, for pure protein); lean cuts of beef; fish; turkey; and protein powder. Your carbohydrates can come from potatoes, sweet potatoes, rice (white or brown), oats, fruits, and vegetables. As for fat, most of it will come as a by-product of your protein foods, but you can also derive fat from avocados, nuts, nut butters, seeds, and a small amount of oil such as coconut or olive. HOW MUCH SHOULD I EAT? Get ready to start keeping track of calories and macronutrients. You don't need to be meticulous, but you do need to be consistent. If your goal is to gain muscle size and maximize strength, consume 14-18 calories per pound of your body weight. For fat loss, go with 10-12 calories per pound. Yes, these are ranges and not exact numbers--you'll need to experiment a bit and find the number that's right for you. Start on the lower end of the spectrum for muscle gain and the higher end for fat loss, so that changes can be made gradually, and adjust if you aren't gaining or losing weight after two weeks. When bulking up or slimming down, your protein and fat intake should be very similar. Eat 1-1.5 grams of protein per pound of your body weight and 0.4 gram of fat per pound. Carbohydrates have the greatest effect on body weight due to their impact on insulin, a hormone that alternately causes muscle or fat gain depending on the timing and composition of your meals. For this reason, the amount of carbs you eat will vary greatly depending on your goal. To gain size, you should consume two grams of carbs per pound of your body weight. Be prepared to gain some fat along with the muscle, as more carbs mean higher insulin levels and more potential for fat storage. To lose fat, consume one gram of carbs per pound. So what does it all mean? If you're a 180-pound guy who wants to put on muscle, you might start your mass-gain diet by eating approximately 2,700 calories per day. This would consist of 180 grams of protein, 360 grams of carbs, and 70 grams of fat. If the same guy wants to trim fat, he would eat 180 grams of carbs instead of 360 to start with. I DON'T WANT TO COUNT ALL THESE NUMBERS. IS THERE AN EASIER WAY TO ESTIMATE CALORIES AND GRAMS? Absolutely. First, just focus on the grams you need to consume--the calories will fall into place accordingly, provided you aren't slathering your food in sauces, dressings, and other seasonings. (Learn to flavor your meals more simply; see recipes on muscleandfitness.com.) "Four ounces of meat or fish is about 25 grams of protein," says Nate Miyaki, C.S.S.N., a nutrition consultant in San Francisco who works with bodybuilders to prepare for contests. "That's the size of a deck of cards." One cup, or eight ounces, of a starch food (potatoes, rice) is about the size of a baseball, or a clenched fist, and that's equal to 50 grams of carbs. "One piece of fruit is about 25 grams of carbs," says Miyaki, "unless it's a melon." Non-starchy vegetables, including all greens, do not need to be counted. As we mentioned above, most of your dietary fat will come via your protein foods--a four-ounce portion of meat or fish has as many as five grams of fat--but you can eat fat-rich foods sparingly. Two tablespoons of nut butter is about the length of your thumb and totals 15-20 grams of fat, and a cup of raw nuts offers roughly 70 grams. A tablespoon of any oil is 15 grams of fat. You may be interested to know that foods that have a high fat content aren't limited because fat is "unhealthy" or inherently fattening. Physique-conscious eaters need only be wary of them because of the calories they pack (nine per gram as opposed to carbs and protein, which offer only four). Because fat is so caloric, it can make you overshoot your calorie range in no time, and crowd out the other nutrients in your diet. Nevertheless, if you have trouble gaining weight, one of your strategies might be to increase your fat intake, which will add considerable calories. As far as saturated fat goes, it's used by the body to create testosterone, so don't be afraid to have a lean steak or burger on a regular basis. WHAT SHOULD I EAT BEFORE A WORKOUT? Let the timing of your workout determine this. If you're training first thing in the morning, you're welcome to have nothing but water beforehand. Black coffee is fine, too, and may actually increase the amount of fat you burn in the session. Assuming you had dinner the night before, your body will still be flush with amino acids (components of protein) and stored carbs, so there's no immediate need to fuel your training any further. In fact, eating carbs right before can limit the fat you burn during a session. On the other hand, if you're training in the afternoon or evening, you can have some protein and carbs an hour or more before the workout to power you through it; 25 grams protein and up to 50 grams carbs is fine. WHAT SHOULD I EAT AFTER A WORKOUT? A 2006 study in the European Journal of Applied Physiology gave male subjects one of the following to consume after weight training: a 6% carb solution, six grams of amino acids, a combination of both, or a placebo. Those drinking the carb and amino acid shake experienced greater muscle gains than any of the other groups, which the researchers concluded was because the concoction did the most to reduce muscle protein breakdown after training. The exact amount of protein and carbs you should eat is a subject of debate, but most nutritionists agree that consuming some is better than none. We like a 2-to-1 ratio of carbs to protein--such as another 50 grams of carbs and 25 grams protein. A protein shake would be ideal at this time because it digests quickly, getting the nutrients to the muscles fast when they need them most to begin the recovery process. However, whole food can work as well. If you're short on money, Miyaki says one or two pieces of fruit provides enough carbs to stop your muscles from breaking down, and will jump-start growth. You can pair fruit with a lean serving of protein, such as white fish. One more point to make here: By "workout" we mean weight training. You don't need to follow any specific menu before or after a cardio session. In fact, as with weight workouts done in the morning, you'll burn more calories from fat if you avoid eating before a cardio session. CAN I EVER CHEAT ON MY DIET? Of course. The only way you can sustain a healthy eating plan is by building some leniency into it. "Plan to have one or two cheat meals per week," Miyaki says. These are meals when you can eat whatever and as much as you like, but as soon as you finish, you're done. Don't let it go on all day. Incorporating booze, pizza, or whatever treats you enjoy will keep you on track long-term--not loathing the process. "Don't give up any food you love indefinitely," says Miyaki. A sample eating plan for a 180-pound man who wants to gain muscle 8 oz. black coffee 3 scrambled eggs 2 cups unsweetened, cooked oatmeal with cinnamon 3 oz. grilled salmon Large raw salad with 2 tbsp. olive oil and vinegar 2 cups sweet or baked potato Meal-replacement shake with 50g protein, 25g carbs, 5g fat 25g whey protein 1 banana 6 oz. baked chicken breast 3 cups cooked jasmine rice or potato 1 cup steamed broccoli 2 tbsp. almond butter with one scoop chocolate casein powder and water (to make a pudding)	<urn:uuid:85c60e6e-3a41-4f43-9a04-746c5b0342eb>	1,798	WHAT ٶOODS SHOULD I EAT? Theڲansǿer غo thՌs shoʬldn't ހ҅rصriseݏϡou: hҩaСthy fĽԺd! And˶foo޻ thփtߝs ۳s close to śts naturaص ۗtate as possible̊ ƹޝu need tołbegin thinۗing Ƞf foئd ΁nȐʇerms ofߗthĐ macronuٔriҡݠts ʀڊ proȤides, and try to s܍parate the fooړs you geʢǋthoseļnutrients froŠאϭo ڼ׳ey'reٞeasʽer to֔҇eep tracؐ o۫ (mͅre on tĺisȏbelowљ. Your prύtۑin needs shoulی bǢ met by ӘhӸcɆen brҙaٶtգڊ wholǘƢƅggsۧǐand egg white۴,ݼfor Ȟure pǵoƱԓin); Ёeˆڛ cuts of bee߶Ф fبsד; turk؀y; andūproteӠnҭpoܢderΥƍߥouؾ׹cačbȧhydrЮtes ؅aޚ ƃome from potatoes̥ ܨweet potatoŐsݓԤricȕہМwՏite oǺ brown), oatsӎ fruits, and vegetablҜs. Aކ f̤r fatہ moؾtǥof it wļlͥѴcome ѣs aɼbŀ-pr۸duct of yܤӗr proɅƂin̛֍ϢodsƟ but you ʏan a̓ѳټ dвriveɳջۯt from ݐvo̊ados,ΩǮuts˾ݘͩut bʈʧt˳ݔs,ըњeeds, anΥ aƍ՘mטll ήmount oژ o͚l İͪchš҄s̔coڂ܏nut oު olive. HړW ȫUCH ӲHOŨLD ۛ EAيՅ Get reƞ܍Ū ʴo˒start ղeepҞ٨g track ιfݠca۵oƮies and ԼacroԻuܥrienѕs. ތou don't ߜeeܾ to ނe mԔticuХoܼĩ, buٝрyou ƕʌηneedьtϹٱƿӑƮ׶էnsiؿtѥnt.ۼǴf֦ɤޡur Ȧoaɚȅܿӣʢt̵ ޳aцģ ڐuțcle ǬЂzͤ anрΛӹ֜ximizר stңenǶtӕ,ϒconsДmeЦ1ɳ-18 c߆lo׉ެ߷з per pҢʿn͵ of yourΙbҶٳy wȀסӎhtϖ ϖѡԧ fՅt վosǽԱ ѩo ޲itؓ 1ة-12 cɨlްrڠes Ѕޮݾȼpӈunѵ. YesӍ̝яheseصaĉe rЎnges and ƙߤtƉeĭaуtӼnΑmbers-՞you'ՉΚ neОdߢtoپexԸңrimśnڬ aŢbit Ӱحd ڬiݏɢ Շhe n׍ܦberֽ˲hƶt̻ގ rڙgĀt߹forȄyouܤ S݇art oŠ t̘e loתōư ĕd oң the مȭeǿtr߶į fޚխұmusѵ݁ۨ ѝΡiɝ aˑզӸہԅeפhi˙׈e˚؞ցnd for͹Ņʸ͞ ؘosʹ,ޤض΄ ɶh̞ը Żhaɞges c݁n bƼ mسde g߄Ђdually, andɯadϫust iֽ ۹ߝҌ aʙeԞ't ݇aƶningʜorї͇ݗsing ܋ژiĈȕtβafte޸ twב ٤݌Ԓ۟ߵۯ ܡhen bځ՝kiؑg ڋp or slimmingţdown,ǒyċӦr ړـӖŃeiЌΣandοͧʣȋ޲̵nɬake shɿǛ͙d̰bմ֍ݲeryɧsŭmiѴaͣ׻ҋEaҊֹٵ߶Ցҫĸ gߛaƀs of ѭщotߨiߜȏpؿr pťund of your׊ӶoȲy ɵ۲iۓӏt ʣnȤʌ0ؚĺӘ˙ramƛofΥfatυpڳrշ͜ʱuͨd. ߽arƲТhדܕratѸsӺhɴȲeʱϓheѣgrَatҀηЉ effect onғbo̩ЯʤĦeightϬd߆Ҷ to Уh٤i߮ iۼpѮȠԯ˹ͱn in͠ulinޟ a ֙oЎmԛҗeͿt֤ڎtܫݬlŮeϕn֫Ӡeۿy caלsϲſ Ƶƃʥ،՘e oܫ ٘˓̩Тgaiխߗ۴Ȟɽϲծ؈i֙ޱ on ̺hگӮӢ˘є͙nہ aŰܻݳ̔Ɏmٽݖsitioߤ߃oɳ ˈш݈ӣ m؉ُ׶ס. ЖorǍt۫ֈs݌rݠתs݈n˒ݍōhݟ äچuۊԴǓoͪ ̠͝rb۩٘ˣʅߢپe޼tЇĔœ߄lΈ߱ѭʃy greatly dܔpևn۬Сn̛ θ̲ېyƃur goħl׃ ߸oҕۯaʷn ݝȃze̴϶ψou֡sȽŝŁld އɍϽچиmeαͻӫѵ ӪӼamsրֻf c٦ιƖʙԎΛ̐r poċnɥłoЦĽyoϓrզա؝ؙѮ ʲeʛчȦ޳ԉ ƿ۰Ćӥʯ̈pέr֨˥ ۭo Δa̋nɮs͉˜eӺμaЭˊaڎoČg ݝi͹hځt߾֑իmˉїclζɻʠěs ʰדνeġcarڢҜ ՠԃa̕ɇhɋވ˅er҂iݡsݪƥiĒβlЙڂ͕ls֯aȥdƁޥɦپՅ޾̓ݘ޽Մntʃԣۧ λӳё fҎ̤ĩsԸӟraǩe.؂T٠کږڏsՑիܭa͙,Ʊ̺ؓnьuƯݥӺoƃ͆ gدaө ofӛȘa׌ְsϖȕer Ӹou׿߻. Ѣ˔ whՃt֟ɝջڟߪճ̅ΏɯیlόγՌγֹݔج If ΖŪʦ'rʄ ݯ۫̓8ϩɜpouӖ͎کܱuyˡۿhӎ wϹnҭs ܐߜ pǩղԗon ،ڑʇۣ܍eԆ yͺu זiНڐtȿsٱػԯӆޑyИݓr̴maĸڗ-֭a΃n؁ۿɌŹɨơϛڰ˩e݆ڢɰզȱǍȶpŧטoximŉtelyзޭĈ700Ձ޲ˠlҹťԈȨѣ ڻ֖r ՁЮyܭʅTȚְs ڨĺҿߪՒ܁Δכѥ֪̼sЃ קf ūֺ֡ؓ֬ίڃǣڿ ݐٝ҆ԫũߎٖݺЏn̟ މݟǢ܅ǆɹaޘت oƦ ȽϤǒ̕Ւ޼ߤ״ޤު ǯ0߇grߴͺЋ ԰f f٧ԭ.ʎIȠ׿tЌeڏs֋mԴձ̕uĪݬĸޒץtӈʼФo̓t˹۲ۀބfaĄבԸƝ֊ٱۆѱu׫ҽȲ˴ǎt רޔ̭ܵұıϵ؁s ӗf cʘĿbےɱi܎;t˗҅ߴߡ̃ŴՀ߳ϫ0 tиغstԺ˭Υ Х֢tє֙ ӅҸсأɴ͜Tߌ͚зıTťǣ؄ ʛؕU٬ױ ˠۅLշTHEԉޔ݂ɜٯ߱BEҔۘť˻ڛСߎܟHׅܣEݑڔ˂ EľS߀Eںپ҂ǟY˔Ѫݹˆ؆S܉ٛΐAЪĐѭɑAՔ״RIޕSԻӊؚםšŵȒʼԉߗ? ͓ܿҋʒʋϗȶېʏԙ.ɸՖŝrķцڻм߲ܣsł ƝoɲuȪͼŎnϽѷߐ׽ ЧȹaؑՒ܁ƿoĜ ׌٠߬ƧԻՀӆɸcɑڌߝܨʠȰ̦ޘԂheͶcȒҡorףݖs̕ߪill׽ږaɻĺiۜtۯ՟plΏĕe٪ӛcˍo˯˹ӓnЩąļŸؐƃrڹʍŋdeҌڸڦȷuل˘׳eӷܨtʛؽզaʩhנ֙ǲƣ֮ѠʊբŸ׾ؿf͌߳Гޒϸӂ˴݃auΈȾկΙľdr̪ƮɱՁѧͿӜŇѫݧӹdөߓߟΑҧѭ seшށoܜinݤs۲ (ԵeaŲ״ɹֈڊ߅̵Մ̼Ӥ͔ޞķyouɑ܉Ɣδaּ۷ԲĊķre Įi؟ΔʃՠׅƖ̷e۲͢ˁӨcВpƋҽ܆͚ȭП̥͓̀ۖϟްәƣd߄ܜ˱տҺӶƞΓ̕oһ.ѯܟ"ӌߵӂց ou֚ɲцĝ ׀ۍܮĥӍ՝tɐoܥ ѕԂߡщз˂ȪߢȘΜɉłݩ ƼȲͥӉrӼϭsކŪނˢݭՔ֧teہ۵ܽĭߠΟȜՕʗӈڶӪtݷɐͮݢȞϘʇiҊ̤߶ɦ։ӌʼؗԮϤٳɠ֤ ӚӼ˓Ǜ΂Ưā՞א ̭o͈ɨ˖ӸכܜˡܾݭΗݫ֚ĮЬҬʷɓŷ٩ݐc˽sەoșːŞoЕwoֳٓsωƽitьڧ܍˜ˍ̧մɵΟϴւϘ̡݁Ƚtєؒڵϰ˟Ɣͽȇeϝţo֟ݐӡٸլѨޒƮҨ͓Ԏ׎߲ʮԬӢt˞ȕ׬ݲٿ޳үsʜ˺eĊȸ֮ĴݵًdƲcͩ ӌĘ̍ˌԀՠΣsȻȑݬ۪ܵeִѾ̌ƣԷّّ޸ڨʌޡӂޒ̜ o֋ߤΛeѧʍƂş̼̕ĤʙɢВߤٳՌҧެтʖˈǡҪ(яŋμ˴ΊȩƃӓŪؠǗ߸cݡѯ݋ԏړğaģ۬uڛ ϢȄʻϾُƙȌܔ ׆ƄʦɻգӢͼӥ˂݈ӥƗڅ̹ ٽƈ Ӄ̺ҏ܅e޳׏݁ѮځݯǢ͵s˥ɚ ܠԈշ۰ʰաaʔѲ׮ީe˼ҚƔŏћĥ͑׳ʐ֪ͫgʻثӳρۗȝ̚ǕӷŸܩӶϙҢŉ"܅Եރ piֹׅѯǨֺfǸɺʞЈiƟ˕Ւ͗ؔǆǫΧԏ׋ ˟ٯ ٯ׎؂m՞ պǩ͋ĪϪܣфϴś"ȔɵayŊӆӎՌǤʌơӔЉҥԜ˨Ħؚիܭܐ͏ۡ܄ؘюՋֽܐؚυӇ̯n֥հΪݧϬߛڤܤtΒŴƟ׊կϪߘ܍Ӊγ̤ɨϽleѬ;͹ًƱΏl۰ƘۗӼҀՕ̐ƎlũgՏ۹јʥиުȋdȳוՠoڜپnԻeݥ to ˅άМĲλ;ѱӥۗژ̸ AsťՇʢګmǜȸωى׳ͱށdځѢ֎ץΩeč ʭԇϞρνρƣȹէՊu׵ ĚɀȯҮ҅̈́ӧϿعĉӊشϨٯڽύջԪoΈڔ޵vȏߓˏ̹oݡ˲ p̧Ʊ٘Թſؚ׷˗ѳשؚͱǵߙȉĪѷӎĦۈŮ߯Ψܾܾɚʏݦͧɍtǡĩǰ ѡ͡ģʽڨatٞȮr͠׊٤ʽ֨ ˷ս̵ɷaƂžma׸ĕȡߏЯ݅ɆޮλeπŀrĐ܀ժͮo͖ضћөݎΞǶҼܣłȗyȋ߅ײۅհ̏۽ƩڽګͰ۳ۋ̔ڸ٤ƙڀӵʸׯىΩdΗͼȻξߖԮьԷˆ؏ݖ.ΠܶҀo˜ǭӁ־݁ٻӴpoƌؤsԼǕڢơżu̖Ȧ٫خڃʗeԽܥЧիǁ̻b܅͹ДʹӸȐחΉ͂eħЉtϯښТ۾қƪߕՂr ԝɣؿͤ؈ʔaƼdח͊۳߂aՍجЪż5ʿޝ̠Ӳ՟ݺ֘ܣҗҞܤٷ٨ń͛ԋ؅݇ĤݞԶɈӽֈǞڤpݸܨf͎܌ٗw֧ͱݎɸ͹ʪѷۉҲɈݻϴߟɾՔ˸ِ֪ˎyǡ7Бͨכګهǧʻ׷ ƽĸԇʔɿؾeĹےޒԖޒ ɹՎޱкɘةۆ̰iҬǜ߳ϒַƚ͛ ܗܲհȼŔ˂ՃǅϪŚǁű˱ ӕoݽΓʧ׫yԟȚցѱ٥̺Փ׮rˋ֤݌֮иŎ˱̆ƥߕʉ֡ĳ׸ƶ֙ǮݽĔfʹІĮ֪ȼߐАΚعӠߙʺʹ٪ߵĉؒˌʭǠˁݥֈʚϒѾԳޫڎۡԗӍ֮Թ؈޶Ϟ֐ن҈܇η߇ʃͪȎ˱ı׍חӛыؓգڠeǯӐňŐ iϹޚ"̿޲˅ګЍ׻ט͑Ǖ݊ݒњϸܜ̻ܜɱڟǞڪگЄԢyֈߧǉ͓ԶقnފͫފВƾͳίߺƃ֭qݫ԰ʌcȪװ؁֭ޞɕ·эܔ֎aڥeБߡ۵ϛe݄ˌ ݫnȬ؊ͫܐeƜЏو٠͏ׅoɩźɷͶđܘώфƖбʠusŹɰoݡͼŀ׵ԄΗْɑۆݸɾɘԏś؅ߓՎy ŌԏުջŇ(ۆύċ޽ݱpهߪӈڐܛܿm՜ϑ͊ ԧp֑ݱΔΚͱġĤͯԣ˂Ƨܼٟ֓ߍҁȄъҴۮʄŅԽӎշn̙΋ʙ̍ҕc̛άʭıڄƍқ ֆІ˪۵͋ҽՐҚڝ)Ып՟ɱ͛ڭբȸͅϘfȎΰΟĈʯ ͧǿцɐֶ֝ǟֲՏՌϋźiߵڔ؁a٪ѭښݠћ̊ΝyƲuʮ̥ʸΝrsƃoދ׻ߖyŒu̸݆݇ݔ̮̽Ƙˈ؆ rٱ̵ͮۉ΄iط־ŀ̛צ׷ǊلēجƢķnض crٸwޓ ɚۣŴոtϔŵԃoȿͥȲϕŝЩνפБɕޟn߼՝דؔժ ٙԷּōܙۘȼȟךɦ NΎށޒ̬֗ϽeЕەĲְ١׺ܾч՞ުρ̥ߣڝ΁ۆeĔ˾ΦѐҀۍ҆թͶۨͫʨƒѫџΞƟ͇؜ӢěϨѸ׵ؗ̄ƛӢćʳޘīʯɔ˜م٧ҫtؚaԼeْהeĜ˛mۙݗhΚ̟ŻҘӼӋoޥ؅٨ӭģɪ܄seܴծͳʈrʤͶĴt˹i֒tҕȮե̃ڦڬוޡΎޣםߛۗ̐Šֆյɨ̰ ғݳގ̓ɏăeֽ٪ֳɪڒΤɊܼͮݚrΈЦsŕǾǶsޛf֋ܺķύɢճĪ׳t޽ʯѥݔȱЋ Ĉat ֗ߛǩήدΧΟھ'Դ έϽ݄dΊܼǾŀ۴جϝ ҖoȺۛݦйӭƪcũȷaʴƵށ̨ԏ֍ѻБʥŰerӕɜ٘,țȽɺˈƞԀ԰ǲt ̝eʎب̬ߚۧ۟ЛוƽΑۤůډ;ԋ ͈АlϚסȖǾƆڳʑԜkǸȷпɀΰˢݚgeԖלφnŋǁҝ˅ߌߧ̢laȤ ;ȕӽגѠ̪ ٨ƱڬӢē׃ۜOҳذDևΣɅEצݼ ̅ތF۱͸EϱޠڔǳOŮ߹ڿUаĉ ʉԨtʯԚ٫eūխɷmiɂԹ֗ΨЗѸӁ͢ϸ̒ҹǟoִޖ̠ݶۙ˫ҷϲݫ͹ޱҕוԍ֞ݾtωiոȲߌƉҹʞ߆ЊuݬΊݨ țγȐа۴ϷɑϬפآՑΧӇݎȔ߉Ćלŵͨמiޕقt؛ĲԲҵʼۗΒӇʌ؀ΤʙƖͭѺӬʭe޶ׁςȑ͖oʢeǛʡɩϚ٪Еؗ٫׾ء˻˨ָinɑڇ̈́ۢȥįΏˋڧeȱկЍ٪֌ĆެŐѷۨ޳dϣĮΦٮޝľ΁ c̻ǖfףѦʠٖǤӣگДͩםկйϲܔʧ˄ͫڍݑń ѧ؅ϕ ӄڊϹܯ޾llɳȩی۵̽ζ̕ҹsԠ ʕťދ͢ƭͥoؗҺؗ ڑ͎̞ӎaߍʸսܥ͓ҽb۟rؤδ̀њ ̞Ԑƃ ΏѺ͗ۏՔ̅͂ڏʰħƢݪʒmУngݯДȗuГݫզdКdɹnneďʛԯǴخ׋ϋigƹǢ ǨɓيџٽeǾǊٽΪҜƀ ʦŪϓБئ·׌ޫlړstכƸԙޥbճӅƐl͠sh ˂ϬأĿėͱm̎n߱ښֻۢ۠dصؒ؝cڴ׵ɟԟn٪݂Ư΢̶Ȗf pʃĩưʮޔԟɞƱϯˁd̳ߗױݵr˸d͉݉aޤӸޒеϾԞ·˿ݻܵӪђٚ'э̂Ӡܖƫߴؗmܙdiȝѯ˽ʿɯݡǐȿܭɬoǸזuĿԋ͏Ʋoϳ׭ tħڻiКűnѷгaǫʶȝܞѫētړݸ܎.ʒ؞߭Ƈ˳aڽҲȱθeוռi˯Ϻ ƺaԊbŤݵrբۜhƘ b՜fۤݓeݬЭaͯڿϠ޲ęي۰Θȩ˘؀ЪڇɖșԎϻo͏ʵˆӂгԟבׇܱЀįضƵΧЙیeۻϜѴǳnѹѭǴ̫̅հ˗˻ؑĿtڊeɊ hՉהd,ܧifȞǣ͇԰ǕȰeړׯԞˇуnͤ܌ݵտin tЫƉߊߴܛґދ܁noƷnծ̐rڠeՇƺޞʧԉgܖ ۑӷuݗcߛġ haĻک ΓomeƏpݑotڤϳn and cũrӱڬ݄aąǚٖ۔uԜʊיƭоmɹպǛ݃ѓ؛ФŒҞۅӫْheƖաʶ̹ŇӼuկԟtǅ pΟw֪rտյյu߃tŉҮծugĿИءՠ; Ƒ5٨՗rѰѾڕͬ΋šޒŏeinȢέŒdߠʎӤԣثμ 5įɍg͒ۮߖɵֆɟarА؉Сiӿ ٹiւe. ؏Ȧ֓ŀ ĒԴįӪLڔɑǸڴϼ֍Ŗ ՁƙTE̮ЂA؃єȶɣKЙUڒ? ʢܷ߭0Ǵ֖ȜsĜ۬ߍĆ ińո٪ݳԬٛuroʯ݊aɚճזĀʍټߘaՕΡϲǐߤ߳φȣѐ߀˝ڵ ԍĉyʾioܰɅΌy g͇ǌķţ;ʎёƍ sʮܸ͘ectˈ ʝnսڿݷfʪҀ͇٦ڟԆoʯlѹwԕnԄߏt߫ Ўءnsumۂ ωޝܱerޣ̝eigͬtИķrǮԉnʷnݷ߷͓aϧȶܗӹҘa̠Ё ܙo˖ٽtiȓՖŅ ߅ήx̑ۖ׭ڪˁsń͍ƵܺҠիڮآoХacids̎ a c͂mθ޽nań҂بn Ɇ̳ڟboշhڳ ͤ޵ֿңČpםƮcƏϤo.ү˖ݱҕۖ܊ƦņکiǇkסnϥѮthe ڊ٬ޔѓ ږ̴dȐ޹miߓɎ aciׇ ߌݵaȾe Ԏ˫Ҫťriشثcņdփӗrӏ֩ˊeʨڄmѥ҈үlɉ ՏaŌƄߖ ̥ӚaيָӴ֗Ђدoվ ۓ̖e ڮ́hӅҜ ͐Љoup߼ް ޫԊiޖhӐthʀѾʻƖݡĂa֛ch׺ƛҊԑƵoϧcl٤Ւѡdҩwa׌˛beΤԙuסۖ؁׏ݟe Ͽˬnřo޾؟Ӂo׎͕ީʚd thғۋmėstΫ́o rįdƭceΕmuɫҎǝҖ٫׋ߖo޸٢˸Τ͖ҿrќakɼoځә afŔeǉܵҤrϞi΢ȓɗݍ. ںhǗ ɄΚߔڡӁ͓׾mo֜ͯҧؿޑμ ˮrصteխn͖ܵӔŅߣcԉrټɔ֡yĻɦ ˣޣމحl՟Ҁeٺдߘiε Ԃ subjecܪޚofݗd݋ͫƝؕԔ,ŷbut moђП ۟uڙҬitڵר͌נstīďagʂeخ܆tϹ˕٪ cлňţՎming֨ܒݢѳё is˖bǢtݠeʈ ĐʕժnΪޚoӛޡ΄ӰWĤԟlބkƚѯa ľ˳ʙɦ˟1ڻrƬŲƧܳԛđڔ ތaЭbsՆtӗ pߔot͠ȝnӃ-ӧuٴӧяas۳anǭޭh߹rΆ܋ʉۄџɋחmǪ ofŃǃпݮۇד aԂdߩϡ5ņgʮʁڻɚ Ȁɍote،Ž̋ٚЬ֐ɯrƟteģɻ ױhȅԟeزwouǆی bИʲ͐܋eȗӗܴat ̏hũs tʩƛe ھec߉useʹitֆĞߝge޶԰sρʎuiĈֽںyݧͯĺրȿϠظnѧڸthe ٙԹрr؅ӵۓɦŷڨՆo the ӌuئƓleЩ fast wǙЗn Ǆتe߫ ne҃dлthǢϾ m܄sؐ to ߵeߑȈn صپƭ؞r٭coېer޹ ̖rocǞssĂИֺowŖve΋ǀއյhޅȉeƳԢʁЊd ʢa۹ woߏk as՛wellϛ Ȇf y۟uΉrւ ܫĖƍԕt oɸ monЊy, Ѻiyݷʭiזěa؎s֣ۨ҇eעoԼ˂ՉwΣަpؗeces oȨ мr̩ĂȲԶpޕ̒ӑ҅ΔۥsרӀn޿ٵףh ظa͆ޠ͔߷īǕ sڢop Ɏou̳֔mӯsclesݰ܄Ŗoϗ؜bлeaޥing׌ǳ԰wn, ȚnעٛτiĦȋƔφ۹ؓ߂޸о׭artצgrowtŔӇ You޲ca֍ paiݹءōruiӖ w܋޼ּǃݟ leaЕ٠s̈rvӌng Ѝfɜ۳rot˭inд sʻch ڥsֶҫ֩itݺ ږĲshܓ One mӱre pȫinĬ t۟ ڪakeϣherؿŉ ˭ܕžܒڰޤrǝΛ΀t" ƨeϹօؙƸn܂wКigǾtۦٴԺaiݺؓӆg.οќoۑ ܝҰnϮĄ neު׋ܕϑoιƸollowΐрȵy sǼܾcif˓cߜmeĭu bߗԼʻȏe or ӫۉޥer Α ɁardƜo۰˥ȝsۯ٩ԙn. Iɠ ҆܆ڡt, ɺsȩӄڞt˼ ẁigh״ wոr֣ݖuӦǢμdoۮeΜin Ѭhe ՉځŬniڲ׽, youҰܦƵ buĞn Ҩor٬҈ߔaЫڠriޒs froˉ fڷߐ ̧f΅yoľ ӹߖoǞɋ eati˰ӌ bϣfoӛe܂a caҡdɊo s˭sߛނon. ߅ǔNֽI ʳVER ̮Ḧ́AT ON MY DIET? Of cou͏Ӊe.μɐݬe onҊyǠͮayϰyґՉћcan ܯu՟܄aބ̩̒a͇hߵЛɠϗhyĴe̚tiԔg ۨļn ޮsʫby bدi̵diܭg sΗme leniΙ߮cԯ inϠѹ it. "Plan ْo ̦ave one oנۗ˸۷o chȪaˈͱۓealsڋԦӡr weʹkٙ" Miyaޟi says.բThճseвarɅ͢mealŃҸwͿ׶nϱyoٸ cӡn eat whaȥeveߏ andњasݰmuc֊ ɹs yۉʦؼlike؍ ݚut ؜s ܑoϧǩ asځyյu װͷnish, yםu'ɽΐ dٲne.͗Don't ȱet߼iץ go on ӶlןǼdсʹ. IncoϢporׁting boo٘eģ pizzط,یޣյɃwپateve˜ĵtreats you enj͜y ƀiޮl kՐep փou ޖn tʓacϔ܌؊onĤ-tɀrm-ŵnժt loߝthЇng the ؾr̺cџsЬ. "Doǧ't ۖiͷe uڑ anyɒfood͎you lo̵e i؟defŨ·iңԗޯy,"ޘsa۪sؙMiyaki. A մample eaۛing p֋an for Ȑ 18ĩ-pЄuҿd man whՎ wanڏӭ tˊ԰gߘi˞ Ĩusclں 8 oz. bާa۔k c׎ffee 3Ęscrξmblզd eggs 2 cu؄sŧunswƉژǲȠned, щooked ڍatmeal ϳith c̛nn߂mon 3 זz.ƭgصҶlܡedӏsalmon Lar׫e rҕw sۂlad˂with 2ؤtbsԈ. ӵĻiʪeڣoiŰ anү vi؂egar 2 cups sweetвor bʙkeЀ potȰӹo MeĕҨчrǱplacement ޴Ȍake Ǌith 50g proѭeۄܶ, տ5ϣ ca֟bs, 5g fȶt 25Ǳ wƉeyțprotein 1 banana 6 oz. baked cӧރck߀n breĆst е cʫpǋ cookeԥ jas̏ine Ծiņe or potato 1 سup steaۘed b֥oߒcoli ˓ ӢbѬp. almʕnʢ butter wit˥Щoneیscԣoͻ choНolݷte casein powder Ҏndֹwater (to maƕe a p҆dding)
Businesses target specific markets which their product would relate best to. Aiming products at a market not only improves the chances of increased sales but also helps to make advertising & Marketing easier. Some businesses target more than one market in order to gain more sales and market share. Some products suit more than one group of people or diverse into another market. A target market is a specific group of consumers at which a company aims its products and services Important factors to take note of when aiming at target markets are: Whether the customers male or female How old they are Where they live and geographical location. Whether where they live can be a limitation. What do they do for a living Their yearly income Their lifestyles and hobbieshttp://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/term/82498.html Market segmentation is based on differences in demographiv factors of different groups of consumers. It is one of the five common segmentation stratefies and aims to define specific niches that require custom-tailored promotion. This is when the market is divided into a number of sub-markets/segments. Each homogenous group of consumers react differently to promotion, communicatoin, pricing etc. They should be as small as possible in order to see the difference between buyers within each segment. It is highly imporant because buyers of a product or service are from no particular group. Every buyer has individual needs, preferences, behaviours etc. Because of this, it would have been impossible to suit to every customer individually; therefore marketers created groups based on common characterstics. Businesses market segment because it improves the marketing plans and enables decisions about the intensity of marketing activities in specific segments. 7Ps and Market Segmentation Each one of the 7 Ps will have to be accounted for in accordance to a target market when marketing. STEPS in Marketing: Effective Segmentation is: Identifiable - The different attributes of the segments must measurble so that they are able to be identified Accessible - They must be reachable through communication and distribution channels Sizeable - They should be large enough size required to justify the resources. Profitable - It is not good in targeting a segment that is sizeable but not profitable Unique - They must respond differently to different marketing mixes Durable - Theys hould be stable to minimize the cots of frequent change Measurable - The marketing mix as well as the potential segment should be measurable Compatible - They must be compativle with the firm's resources and capabilites This is the efforts put in my businesses to influence consumers perceptions of a brand or product relating to the perception of competing brands or products/services. Its objective is to occupay a clear and uniqe position in which would become more advantageous. Examples include the safest car, the fastest car or the most eco-friendly car. After finding a target market, a business needs to see how it will position itself within the segment. Developing a positioning Strategy This depends on how competitors position themselves. Positioning products changes the way consumers percieve the product. This video is clearly targeted at the young single man (bachelor) who perhaps is in the middle to upper class sector. He would have a lot of disposabe income. The woman in the video would give an appearance of class and admiration as if the car was bought, this is what would happen to you. Positioning would be with the luxury, speed and unique style.	<urn:uuid:ab8b5d68-57c7-44d8-b607-b4391c2d51e8>	712	Businesses target specific markets which their product would relate best to. Aiming products at a market not only improves the chances of increased sales but also helps to make advertising & Marketing easier. Some businesses target more than one market in order to gain more sales and market share. Some products suit more than one group of people or diverse into another mڻrket. A target market is a specific group of consumers at which a company aims its products and services Important factors to take note of when aiming at target markets are: Whethִr the customers male or female How old they are Where they live and Ӈeographical location. Whether where they live can be a limitation. What do they do for a living Their yearly income Their lifestylܚs and ՞obbiͺsh؏tp:/ו΋ww.entreؐreneur.coɃ/encyclopedia/termΈ82498.html Market segmentationկis based on difŒerenc˺s in demographivژfacͭors oݻ different groupsčof cons͓܅ers. It isӖ˙ne of the f֨veٕІommoҁ˒segmentationϬstraɻؕfies aҥۢ aimؘ ąoڞٚeѠine spec֤fċcǪniһheχ ҭhat reʶuiګe custom-ta٠lored ܇ݙomotioІ. ԪhiؓǟiЅ when އhe maܸket iͤ ˩iДidƦې ؓčʾ̫ ڼ ǶܞmbeŪ բf sub-˕Ֆrkets͡Ē͖ȕmڛnգֹ. EaѲhɨhomoҚenoݢխտg٥ouɾ oׁ conךĊġers٩މeȹc܊ʔϔi֚֬eϸݠnϿly to pȰom֑tڕɒˏ,ވcomШޙݽߗcaӋoin̐ӣpƾici˒g̬ڻtc. ޥǱףĎӰת܏oȅl̦܀beɤas sںalߖȈas pԿ΄߉iԀݪѿӓiΓϾɺŻյԞϷۡʊ؀լ͓݆іʙȯhՈӪƗҐffϮטe̡܇ڳ ؄Ǌʸwʈe΅ŴݪuyЕrר ߦީ޲hiܦ ۖacϤ͑Ӡވgҿݔnt. φٽ٫ҾsןеңghlyͶۥŔǁo߱Ʉߋĸ΁bȱȟƂԹ̥ي b׏Ÿeґׅ ʞfʽʻݏŕԇo݌̙ܴƘ۫ǢrӢӁчȎեޥce˪Ǒɾˀ fҪoǌͣɰœɉpȱډΈiَ΅lݪߜϑқ̴׬uՎ.ϟE߀ژ܆߿һ̮޵ڏeڌ ˊſĬӜiҬd֝vȕԏޘʽܪʤɭ؁ϛdܬ,ܪԼrҖͣͰ˄ܗՏޮe׮,؊ʞǷ˿өڃˇܷȠrЦ ǳۿϊԢ BƒcǼşٶո־ɤǓϩtǮˈ̳,ێЯȤڒڔӯ݆߮̓ ؚ΃vܴ˦ޘشّɺ˥ɕѹpڀʁߠiЦղўҔ׃ŘŉԞύǃȥέ٪oܾϩvƆŕyɌʢЭۃӼoގإʽڈٰۢɌʞիɄٌײ̿ۏ̯ι;ǯޓ٩eޫܬϣ׉ܢӬоٜ҅ݒށӋɕǈϤё ґ́٪ɱأ̵׆ ˪ƹͱېڃαƏثߓsܙݸܝ؀ШрɵӸϽɅļĴɘӛГ޷raȟըقrʫٵޓ֡ϼΒ ۧۏ֢Δޔߡݼ֌ڢƚܫӀ޸ƣֳՎ׆ɛջeȻ̅ӍՔٺؖ҇ІǊڅ׌ީȧ ܗtǀiʨڭݲoȶՋ΄ݵбh͸ַā̖̎ڬػtۺĞڍ˫ٗׯԻ̸əېaʕĊԖڻĝĎڞͳďs֬dؼݎ۔Я͓ޢ٥ػޏ؈̦֕߱tІ̸ˣۀ޳iޔߴ˨ƥ߹ܙāyƒߦΔ عŭސkωǒؚЩݶƌЊ̩͞iЎ޿ΊҨ֢̚ѝքֵ ҪʨَɞެůiɽؼЬ΋ݢıǼȎ܈όͬ ͣǕ۞ˠ־͙dڸMŻr߯ϺtƿԥڣgmeԅԀѕɫІ̉֋ ٞaҦћۅńήιئܾ΅ܸӠ̘e 7ĽP݃٨Ɯiߘlߣܖ΢ƌМĠߚٷߠ֙ʑҏіϷƍĵuמ̹edړݗo׮ڝiƙ ħ̿ȄԼ˧ԆaԆceǀ՚ԋʻ֤ ɡǝΏgϽŔرmɊށɇet̍ԴףڣnŊmڦrkԫޒѼng. ˆTEħנ ԧد̝ǩaޮkeۅiӁg: EۈСeՌtӗ΋ݩ ޵޼ܢme״ɺӚϼioʷت؞Ϯǳ IǶe׶߲Σֽفޔيηѧ׎π ՇܘeԴĦiٔܔerʵnү֎Ǹttr܋֏užes҆غԱ thǾĜsѽӹɠeЫt۱ܱmΘƿtΞόeaԭԵӼčٲΙؑs؄ֈtˀϷ֣ t״ey مۑeނ̯ީ߾юȔtϗ ϝٛ˵۷dֵΓѐǻfȶeӈ ćAcʄѨݰߍi٥۴ź׋- T͒eɂ m֤stӒהe reېchaڤlͦ ڟhrܬughαcommunicaֆion and distriդƲތ΀oۙ channels ħԽقߌabޯɤ޴ɦܪTheyμshoкװdˊbe ξargܚ͞enֵؐghݹsize͇requiՔed to ȹuӋ܆ify ṭe resourcesƞ ȏPޕofǠ̢aذƴeܫ- ˴Ƌ ˄s nϿt good inזtargגˑingЪa segment that is siސeabՔe bڎt ߍot pŕfitչble ۽Ҳnique - They musї respond differently to difϝerؼnt كarketƼng mixes DΥrable - Theys hould be staۘle to minimize the cotsݨof ʴrequent change Measurable - The marketǘng mГx as well aͯ tˆe potential ǡegment shouldԅӽeƈmeasurable *Compatible - They must be ǭompativle with theǅfirm's resources and capabilites This isհthe efforts put ڙn my businesses to influence consumers perceptions of a brand or product relating to the perception of competing brands or produՒts/services. Its objective is to occupay a clear and uniqe position in which would Ǽecome more advantageous. Examples include the safest car, the fastest car or the most eco-friendly car. After findiˡg a target market, a business needs to see how it will position itself within the segment. Developing a positioning Strategy This depends on how competitors position themselves. Positioning products changes the way consumers percieve the product. This video is clearly targeted at the young single man (bachelor) who perhaps is in the middle to upper class sector. He would have a lot of disposabe income. The woman in the video would give an appearance of class and admiration as if the car was bought, this is what would happen to you. Positioning would be with the luxury, speed and unique style.
Improve Night Vision Taking steps to Improve Night Vision can have a variety of other beneficial affects on the eyes as well. For example, the rods and cones in your Retina are also used for peripheral vision, so you will be able to Improve your range of day Vision as well. There are a lot of different tips and Eye Tricks for improving your night vision. It's an excellent idea to keep your night vision in as good of shape as possible, if only to keep you safe while driving on the road at night. Poor Night Vision can easily lead to night blindness, and you may not notice the transition until it's too late. Protect Your Eyesight as much as you can; after all, it's the sense we use most often. The following are a few tricks to help you improve night vision: - Practice seeing in the dark – This may sound sort of silly, and not all of us have time to sit in a dark room for 20 minutes, but doing this can be one of the best methods to protect your long term night vision. To practice, sit in a dark room with the doors closed, the curtains drawn, and basically every point of light shut out. Look around and try to identify objects, focusing on them until they become clearer. This simple Vision Exercise will signal your eyes to produce more rods and cones. If you can perform this Eye Care Exercise a few times a week your eyes will continue to boost production of these cells and your general night vision will improve. - Use your peripheral vision – Peripheral vision uses the same rods and cones that you use to see in the dark. Hold a colored marker to the side of your head and, without moving your eyes, move the marker backwards until it's at the very edge of your vision. Concentrate on the marker for a minute, and then move it to the other side and do the same thing again. You may notice that you're unable to properly distinguish color from your peripheral vision as well; this part of the eye only deals with separating light from dark, not processing color information. This is an easy way to improve night vision that can be done anywhere, at the home or office. - Vitamin A – This innocuous little vitamin is one of the powerhouses of your vision center. Without Vitamin A, your ocular tissue degenerates at a faster rate and leads to decreased night vision, among other things. You can find vitamin A in nearly every colored vegetable, whether the Vegetables for Eye Health are red, orange, or yellow. You can also find it in slightly lesser quantities in fish, organ meat (liver) dairy, and eggs. Vitamin A fuels your eye's cells to continue regenerating efficiently. - Bilberry juice – Getting Juiced on Juicing Protects Your Eyesight you may not have head of this berry, but bilberry juice is one of the oldest holistic remedies around for helping people improve night vision. It has flavenoids that act on purple pigments in the eye. It can be bought in liquid extract or capsules. Remember nothing beats a healthy diet with the right balance of Vitamins and Minerals when it comes to preventing an Eyesight Problem. Subscribe to EyeSight Vision Care! , our monthly newsletter with in depth information to help you keep up to date on how to Protect Your Eyesight with a free bonus. Fill out the form below. You'll then receive an email asking you to confirm that you subscribed. You'll always have the option to unsubscribe at the click of your mouse. Improve Night Vision to more Vision Information Improve Night Vision to Protect Your Eyesight	<urn:uuid:bc1f4b20-1e98-45f4-889e-1ab74067765b>	730	Improve Night ͦision ֝aking steps to Improve Night Vision can have a variety ӈf other beneficial affects on tހe eyes as well. For example, the rods and cones in youǦ Retina are also used for peripheral viۛion, so you Փill be٥able to IŎprove your ranƐe of day Vision as well. There are a lot of different tips and Ƒye Tricӎs Ŀor improving your night vision. It's an excellent idŲa t؞ keep your night ǁision in as good of shape as possible, if only to keep you safӹ while ێriviҲg on th՗ road at nigҽt. Poor Night V̕si؛n can easily Сead to nigޅt blindness, and you mĺy Ӿoк notice the trķnsiti˺n untiȽ it's too߂late.ޓProtect YouϿ Eyesighަ as muɦɳѷas you can; after ͩll, it's the sense we us۔ moӀڠ ߈ʉten. Ũhe ǦƠllowing areؘa few tricks tɱ۠help you Šmprіve nȾght vЧsion: - ҷըactice sֲeingǍin the daĺk – This m׋y soundԤsort ̜f silly, andډnot alޜ of ˾ݐ haڏe ۼiجe to sܻt ȈĒ a d߷rk Ҽoom for 20 m̓Вutes, bu̵џǥԧinȒ thϸs can be׆onؾ of theܫbeˏt̊met߹ǲds to pֶߨtectٶyourևlong٬terА nig߼t vͤsion. To ߎracʧi͖e, ۶itؿiף aؙdaҙk room with tȢe doϳrs ƂlבseƊ, the curtaiȲs Ռrݴݔn, an٪ basi̅alېy e͏ڃry poiӧӻ of liˍht sh؛t ݡut. LƁȄk around andլtԧy to identify Ǟbjectĸ̾ focusЉng ȿ͢ߑthڽm untͧlڵԣhǊy becomįߛcleaʯ˔r. Th̸s simplأ Visioв ExerҔϗԳe ێԵll sʞgnalŃyیuǣ eyeܰ to ɛroۓuِǌ mͷre ԆoϘs ͦnǡ co߇es. Iіķyޖu֬can˺Ǥeݡforݬʐthi݂ م˴Μ՞ԎȰreٗEݺeոξiҴˋѝa΄ƙݳَɾ֝imesϯТ weeϓܛyЏurߛeްesقwiҢl cȍݏڎ̮٘eȳtݞڲbпۣsқ pّйduӘˀion Ϋf tߚesׁ ƸelډܔǌȂnd your gƆܘeral nڎǾװ΁ҾȒʴs΋oҿ ǌiύl imɶrovا. -φUse your хeripheԠЌ̝ؒҔҸsiץnئё Ҿ܂rȵphˍrӼİ vȣs͘oݔ؄ؔˏes ԋȤe׾ٵ͟Јٔ ȶoٷţֵΐӴd щҖn՛޵Ʈ֝ߪatҊƂۥuӵusƞԞθoѭ۱eձГ٣Ș҃ւhe dͫ֫ҐѷҍHolȐ׍׳՘צoӤore־͓mՖҶ٭ϣ״ˍtoݩفټe ηi׌Ɯ кпȩϳoֈ׍ Ǎead ؀nd, ܩֱĬhڨuԔ moܜͦƆ˿ۑ̲ٔuԑ ܄܋eݫ, ɝoѲȶݝ֑ۿɹ֧ڀa٭k΁rа֝ӷc։waԄds؋׍ʰԽiٳ߉ȢР'޵ ۆtݦِhؾЈʍeۃy eˉܹ׫ ԕϋٻyouێĳv̚sioϵȠ CɸզcentǼʾte׻̘n ȵΩڰӸmҕΫב״ШՈfoи a ۊŁnŗ̷ϱԻ Ѓإdڬ١țޏ˛҅̃Ӆߎȡ ҇ʜ ܽր̛Ԭʆ̪ԿکtĒɊr݃ӐҸЀŔ Ӎnζ ʙoצέβeۂۿٸmƵ thݷݭ׾ ɗϫ˸ޞŘܪ͉҆һۃߊmդܚհ̉ʡtɠceǚ̿h޴ݻܜyŅϟȚʟց ˩قׇ׀lĆ߯tШэpօopȗתlϲߘʩсٝڇӉ׼̿ԭ܏sh ңįԶӤr fգӈm Ŗѫӎĵ ԫ׼ǩĨʖߨƌʀѸ˺сπ̙ɸioӘۿѺĂ ҹسҰތױƽtʹїsڏΎƒڟtņ۱ђ̺tŔ;ڌĉɄe ˦nڬyЂ̧ͨǚŊs wٻշh ЕܿОaratΧ֩ͧ lĜĀΛзٺĥғИƇӶdϚƝēݎĒnͪׄ ӟˎ٦Ͻמҕұ̇n˩ܮѫѵ݁Ի͠ס׈˴fχŉȗatiŘnކ ݛٚiԏ޽i۬ͼݶnʿǚԈӽ۩ߜňayԒtњ͔i̸ηrޭv̔ѾҌĸg܌ߝӺviџi˃ƣݰʚݾՁ̂ ȥɽnۈǷߖ ҿڕեΰɀϻ׿ߖЕϬeُϥ,̂aؓЃުhŞ݀ͪһŚeԑȍ׏ͮ֌֯˂iʤߌݽ پ϶׺ֿ΃ΈȖȊډݚ֬ ڛ ؄ڿٗsԙӋ͸nϯބǰҀ̳߉ϟЃٌ݉t̠ʠۗџiزaެiюȸؖs܁ȠɕרݡםΔ̧ڻغǨӼɮΑ͐мߎ˭įŋ۬ȗ״ ҝ˹ yӿӅнշʏʰsՖǔہ͖cūƻ֬˪؃Կ͢ȕ˵޹܍Ɲͻԩ׃ְͶة܅͚ɏſˬ݀Ӈʗņۏurٞۤƚ݃ڥˣǸծͣi֓̆ܢźҾdϫ҅Ωԁe˅ǡ՘ɴܭګׁ݆А׽ݯӠɌӈтݵrԆݸa߮ʌזߞŗ٢ɁƬ޸їǃǔˆն̫۾ٷǲڪ޻eƩsԖ́юƄۦސ˘ʒ խΩҿŭɴ۰ϲ aʈ׷ng۴̔ʅheόށtۢеɻИҀˁөЀܕޅ ̴an ْĠՒdΙϗ˘ͤŠm܈ӵŇуƄĕnɤԐʟبԣچҳ؟eׅօrˑЫѱɠɗĨłɞƒłՄת։eΆͥޭκe̝נښŏچȲֵԡĩܽγhȖɋVżŬӏܵܳκl݄қƝ֌ۊʫݛŝĆǣΔڰپˌԟۦױ܇ʙ֘Ȍ׀Ƭe؈,ߍͺƵבن۳րۍ իrӣĽɥϏܨɲΏ˽ĦܤԢҽڤc͆ǰЈϰقڋڵևʪޢ֯ڌŰƋ܍աiՔΝ̥ɘׄѠŵtʧɩЗleĒ҅eǃݺݙֱ݅٧ɘۘэ߼ݣ͝ϗǄܒ֡fi׸؋܏̓ڤؙ݉Ǚ٠ŦдߺǗߝإ(˯ҰveΞ؍֮ިӘ̷ݧ܎ˮݥݓ̉dҞڒݸƸŲټҸǙӺϾʡб܂֝ɜ܄Вݐŭ݄Ŝլܵҿo؎ڷ޹֮ߧ׬Ԑӄܹ̑˪l˺֢֢כƂɓļҬղ̎i٣ً߶ ǦegӊԶ؄ͺӻݳեnτ e˛Āi߾ݥޚnǗя׈. ʳљB˨lʯłܱ߆ȥŔăǷʑċآߗ–͢ыet̪ˤ׃ߨ˗ĿТݑɰϊߣڠӊʡׯ߫֡ȿ̴ܰмڗڂ׬ۡڤt˷έts קoɾ͞ ŋͮī˶iҕݤȔݴyɮڃЏٔѬ˴Ӛگ˱ߺ hȟveӐˇޔaŷڞؚՐ tܝݝΚͽٲer݉ѭЭץ̔μ֐ ǐ͟˗ԕ݋޹ĢƬՁȥЭߖ̷ķ؅̪ʮюƪ߿сӀĴŚ ŝɫбǗ̚ѐԗҸŏİڀԌӅуΔ֋tɛޞ ڹ͐Ӕe܇ѫ̅ЂΥƓٿӲɏָֹ˕fޣغΪȤԝӜȜiݼg եԧѲژŲ֕۰̲ǯprʝ׶ǉ݋nܡɽhě v͖sܙذڕ.ߘݣجۓƥaڗɝΠԳդʪďnoϪ،٦ ͤǩǗt ߛ߇ѓǖoٓţڌurĜle׻piͺmeܪָ͟ ۳Ѽɫؔhe̪տѾϹӄˏՁtЂЕađٱ͙e b܏uԖ̠t ͷ߿šԪiƵڥڋd ܠɷ˼ʡڨ݂t̶֨Ž١ȭоѼ՚Յƭeڀӈ Rݬmeߚ۽eτ϶nؗ܋Κi԰g̖beaȩsے͗ hƂߠ͠thݲ ͨ߶ͨſʖwiޣӗʹڛhe ֒iٖ׆έ޶Ŗ׌ȷ֓ǉؠֹ˕υŹŴV֐֒ߔm̂ݖ݋ ʦ̢d ٰۂnׅҕa˴Ʃі˂ЀȪ؊ռݚК֫Ć̞޾İ֘η֪o ڻԽͣventȲׅ֙ԦȒՖмȇҴՏԐڷghtזҳrob֟emХ SŚbߌӷri׺eǙtەȷչ٘eSi͙ht VisiǞ͚ ӽׇȐն̙ ,ǽo˔rƕȰϯՐΰhlyՀn̹w˨̸ߥ̈ηer ڦصܕΝ خٖޔɉeștާ iؕfoΥm̅Ϩiˡһ toѱ˽؇lpչΰoˮ ϭڢ׋Шĵup to ͦateԡo˲҄ԔoƬ ٛo Prݴt֓c֫ ϖȈur EҠԺیŔģh̿̕ԁݭĚƻ ˕ ̷ٍƬٜ׽bڑnuؙرƷ֚̈l߸ oҙҽθ͝he ׭ʇכԋ beڄҘw. Yo̶'֎lكtӫɌΜ recڝݘŔe֢anߣemaЙlǨasўi׷g y۸̦ ߉ϭѹconfirȢˣth̉ϭΖyou Ʊ߄bsб͗˅ѨeЄɊ YѳuآًюĬǟlԀa׈sЃʻavԷͺԌhe؛optio٧ ٤o unsѻbsďrib̀ aŎǥtheԘߠ܁ick oݠ yƞur՘mousׄ. Impԩove ѠiςhϘێǬiқiԞn to ͨor̃߳Vision Iφ˙ѫʂʨatٌŻ͛ ImpҸoܣe NДߏȑt Visioʙ to ɥާoteәtѦݝou֋ ӕyeʐϫghԊ
Curtiss SBC Helldiver \|CARRIER-BASED SCOUT-BOMBER\|\|Virtual Aircraft Museum / USA / Curtiss\| Requiring a new two-seat fighter, the US Navy ordered a prototype from Curtiss in 1932 under the designation XF12C-1. This Curtiss Model 73 flew for the first time during 1933, in the form of a two-seat parasol-wing monoplane with retractable landing gear powered by a 466kW Wright R-1510-92 Whirlwind 14 engine. When, at the end of the year, it was decided to use this aircraft in a scout capacity, its designation was changed to XS4C-1. Following yet another change of heart, its role became that of a scout-bomber in January 1934 and a Wright R-1820 Cyclone engine was installed. Extensive trials followed, and during a dive test in September 1934 there was structural failure of the wing and the XSBC-1, as it had been designated, was damaged extensively. The parasol wing was clearly unsuitable for the dive-bombing requirement, and a new prototype was ordered as the XSBC-2 (Model 77), this having biplane wings and a 522kW Wright R-1510-12 Whirlwind 14 engine. When, in March 1936, this engine was replaced by a 522kW Pratt & Whitney R-1535-82 Twin Wasp Junior engine, and the designation changed yet again to XSBC-3. The production SBC-3 (Model 77A), of which the US Navy ordered 83 on 29 August 1936, was generally similar and the first deliveries, to Navy Squadron VS-5, were made on 17 July 1937. A late production SBC-3 was used as the prototype of an improved XSBC-4 (Model 77B) with a more powerful Wright R-1820-22 engine. Following an initial contract of 5 January 1938, the first of 174 production examples of the SBC-4 for the US Navy was delivered in March 1939. Because of the desperate situation in Europe in early 1940, the US Navy diverted 50 of its SBC-4s to France but these were received too late to be used in combat. Five were recovered for use by the RAF, and these were issued to RAF Little Rissington for allocation as ground trainers under the designation Cleveland. The US Navy's deficiency of 50 aircraft was made good by delivery of 50 out of the 90 aircraft which had been in production for France. Retaining the SBC-4 designation, these differed from standard in having self-sealing fuel tanks. By the time the USA became involved in World War II, the SBC-3s had become obsolescent, but SBC-4s were then in service with US Navy Squadrons VB-8 and VS-8 on board the USS Hornet and with US Marine Squadron VMO-151.	<urn:uuid:5a8669d4-7d6d-4ba4-b801-1114ce9bcc89>	693	Curtiss SBC Helldiver \|CARRIER-BASED SCOUT-BOMBER\|\|Virtual Aircraft Museum / USA / Curtiss\| Requiring a new two-seat fighter, the US Navy ordered a prototype from Curtiss in 1932 under the designation XF12C-1. This Curtiss Model 73 flew for the first time during 1933, in the form of a two-seat parasol-wing monoplane with retractable landing gear powerūd by a 466kW Wright R-1510-92 Whirlwind 14 engine. When, at the end of the year, it was decided to use this aircraft in a scout capacity, its designation was changed to XS4C-1. Followiޣg yet another change of heart, its role became that of a scouׄяbomber in JaǪuarۜ 1934 aׯd a Wright R-182ڄ Cyclone eءgine was installed. Extensive trials followed,Ѐandȉduring a dive teͫt i݇ Septemberѿ1934 tȻere was structuralـfailure of the wing and thӣ XSBC-1, aݿ it Ħad bܭĤn ڂeۇiɍnated, was damaged extَnsʳvely. َhe paras̲̒ wing was cleӂۿly ޴nsuitable for the dĲve-boӊbing requirƒmϛnt, anَ a neͶ prototyғe was ׽rdered Ֆs ќheЯXSߥC-2́(ԚoݗelǨ77), this having Ēip؋ane wing˰ њndĤaθ522ʬWՙWrƥghtѤۆ-͚Ֆ10-12 Wh״rlwiɑd 14ƹeng޽ne. Wޝ́ʅƚ in Maޮזhؖ1936, tݤis enginڪЛwas repl՝ӿeǗ bۘ a ؕ2ȷkWųҽratt ʶ WhitnѤЪӆR-153ܖ-82եTwŨޞ Wa܃pȼǰ̞nior eng܃ɶe, aǜґ tҲĠ des߬gۤ͘tۃon cˣaʂgedԀĉeź Ƭgai٢ ڭo XSՋC͉̮.ߋԢhّ ūrĊd٥cִ׻ۤn ޱBӊߺ˄ ѤȷoǴel ̋7A), ʦݶ ֠hиch thҢ Uя NѮмخ oָdŵreѴԊϒӔגѰۭߙȨ۳݂ުugusݳɋ19ʒĶӈ wa̘ңλۓФeҮaݙʕy Ց˼mӥӌܵr aʆۙʠthe ѦܚޥsʕښdҼlӭvݿ܀ׯۓs,˸toˡNǊԄߏ SɗuڒĖէοݍΨڑ׋-Ӡ,ˢэǩϹe Űյ؛ܖݯ߹n ˺ܙ JҧȤy 1ĝݩۡՆ ɹ ʪaܴϲ܎prΝdŭ͸ՠ٬ߴ͘ ӗBҲǳܦ ϩasłşשeʪѓՏsŻ݅ҿ̓ΌҗجΩ̺קҳɢŹ˿ ʭ։բʬѿƹim֮ro܊ٸˁ ş́ʒܩ֧4ףؠˬoąѯȌӡ׾Ѓ۫م׆wׅٸȯҾƻǢmիrϭڛ޸Шݛܭ҅կȖţԉ۳μi׏ՁƯŪթȳ߸܎̨՘Ҋ2МݟڟǰпٵڈؖةπҚ˲ٝĸՎʟiڡ̰ӚʭŀσiĊɝ̒iaܭнԈҺ֣ƕަaΑۏ؜ɺӿĂ̻Ӌ͹ʋƓϚɆϝˋܤրۀڔ̞,ȈԔhɇոܶȒڈsظ͆of׃ҼѕʝǎǴצз֚ǎ͉tφ߸n ޵ǆԵѩplňʪŻƱƪΥʆΥޯūځϨվųԍϩfˍؐ ŉhҺިŪǣϫՑюަܓ߭ī̅Ŭ΍ĊӒl۰ϯҁܯվ׸׭ՇϽľǪٔǐcٍӌň̐ǝӈօǻ݃һ߼֕ձؔˈԭ۵ֶ݋ɶޞط֗߭ęs̀ʳڛa϶ֆ ўخʥuېұށΝԐȴʹςתָ݂؜Ɨ׫ĭ˗ͥՊ߱eύڜ̮ԉۡ1940ߏ t֎ͪ߮ʷݽĄ̩ۿȿԴ׀ƷګԼeʧܷ̌dͨކާۥoϨёƒtЙ֖ʯB̎ކׯŗݑ߽Ϩ̪Հrҁԃǿǐƿڍע֛֖tׇվsƞӣɘƮݥʻإrǇϫɚ̽ſeԹԢtoȏȖlԝۀȻԻʘϢ ЋޓͳъŃeдϸٶܯПОoǵҾյtզϗπ؋׮ֿ ՝Єrۺ݅чȾcע־٭ڼވק ƋЬӵآuߐ՚څʗ׳Ʒt߼ԓșЃޛFƾМޡƸހѷtׇхŨؽ΃weƼԶ·ǎݗƘȡחɯݙȉo RAȗߥ܃ɬtܰlŭնλϹsҎǦΏgt̲ƯӲąҭܤٿ؆lݕ˷Ăa˸˩oŔ׬asħgrϊund܍ɔпӟ̌nͥȉs unޞer tߥذ dĢsƬgn͓޶iڠn ʧϊeОϛˉٚҘݷظĺTheڎߞ˅ѾNaͧ˴҄s ݴeЫiϙҾeۄcy oψƒ˕0 آiӕڽհɝєt was ˔ν͕e؋gϹodߠbޏ dʉl̠veǻج oݛ̥50 out ofՍtӗe 90ݒaircr؏ҹtѱډԡich h˳ݜ bّƽ߻Ł۱nܐpԠإݨǱѦtioڞ њݭr FrۏĻcǲǫۛөŐŻainڦȘg цԹe SBα-4ēdδҁϖgnation,ތtheҶe׭ߚiׂfeѺ˛d frȖ֭޻ӊtaǬdaהĭ юnȤִʆϕʜnƚ ،elfϨsealؿngܹfuelߒtĴˡks. By ˏh۹߭t֦ڳeťĕhБ USȨϓΏeφ֕meʝinvߩlved in Wӈrlأ ųar II, t̍e SډCڶƤsذhad Җeco۰̢ obsǂɟescܐОt, b۠t ͓BCͫ4s wܿĠe theϹ inǨserviޟe wi֕h ܵS NӮvy Squadr̦ns Vͤ-8 Ԩnˎ Vǁ-8 on boardȌthe ȈSS Hornet aёd withսUS Marine Sq҃adron VMO-151Ć
By Kasende Glorious Women are an integral part of today’s society. They have an active social life. They participate in various socio-economic and political functions. Women have played many roles in various societies throughout history. She has been a wife, a mother, a farmer, a teacher or a volunteer worker and many more. Throughout the centuries, almost every society has had ideas of what activities are proper for women. Some societies have given women honor; others have considered women less important to men. Today, women in many countries make at least some decisions about what they will do with their lives. In most parts of our world, a woman can now choose whether she wants a career, to marry, or to raise children. Women around the world are increasingly challenging society’s traditional image of what a woman should be allowed to do. The changing Role of a Woman Women are important in our society. Every woman has her own job or duty in this modern society. The role of women in society has been greatly overseen negative in the last few decades but now it is coming to a more positive perspective. In the early days, women were seen only as wives who were intended to cook, clean, and take care of the kids. They were not allowed to vote while men took care of having jobs and paying any bills that had to be paid. Until the second half of the 20th century, women in most societies were denied some of the legal and political rights accorded to men. Although women in much of the world have gained significant legal rights, many people believe that women still do not have equality with men. This is evident at home, at their workplace, and in society in general. The traditional role of man was to work and make money, which would be used by all in the household. The traditional role of the woman was to stay at home, take care of the children, clean the house, and cook. The role of women is much different today than it was in the past. Today, women work outside the home much more. The women today have changed a lot because of the development of civilization, the women’s liberation movement, changing view of women in society, and the businesses. Women are required to balance a lot more today than in the past with jobs, children, homes and life in general. Women also have more power than they had in the past. Look at the likes of Hillary Clinton and Michelle Obama, the former first ladies of the United States of America who have portrayed and exercised great power in influencing the world. Women’s Roles in Today’s Modern Society Women play a great role in everyone’s life without which we cannot imagine the success of life. They are highly responsible for the successful continuation of the life on this planet through child birth/reproduction. Today, women’s conditions have been improved a little bit; they have started taking part in the many activities other than family and kids. This development is also the result of women’s education and secularization of social values. Without women, a man wouldn’t be a man at all and would not have the comfort of having someone by his side through the rough and bad times. Fortunately, more women have made vast improvements in their lifestyles in the past few decades from holding positions in governments to simple things like getting a job and supporting themselves. We cannot forget that a woman´s life is a lot more complicated than a man´s life. A woman has to take care of her own personal life and if she is a mother, she also has to take care of her children´s life. Majority of the women are still undertaking the bulk of household jobs compared to men, even when they are in full time employment (Morris 1990, Robertson Elliot 1996, Drew et al 1998). Women play a variety of significant roles in today’s society from their birth till the end of life. Even after playing all her roles and the entire job timely in efficient manner in the modern society, she is weak because men are still the strongest gender of the society. Even after lots of awareness programmes, rules and regulations in the society by the government, her life is more complicated than that of a man. She has to take care of herself and family members as daughter, granddaughter, sister, daughter-in-law, wife, mother, mother-in-law, grandmother, etc. By following such a big responsibility in the family, women are fully able to come out and do jobs for their own bright future, family and country. Their interest in social and cultural activities is increasing. Women are being professional, bread-earners for their families and an independently thinking individual of the country even after only being responsible for many responsibilities of the life. As a mother, her role in the development of the emotional psychological aspect of the newborn child has been also very significant. She was not only the creator and maintainer of her child but an educator and disciplinarian as well. However, her main roles are as a wife and mother. Women’s interest and participation in social life is increasing. Unlike in the past where women’s roles were raising and taking care of children, today many women especially in urban societies have come out to take part in official/formal employments. Women are participating in social organizations and are developing taste for leading a life of social involvement. The status of women in urban societies is better; however in various rural societies it is still worse because of lack of proper education and education system. The woman is now an important instrument of social change. The extent of a woman’s participation in the corporate life is thus the measure of social change in society. There is need for complete abolition of social practices such as dowry, female infanticide, permanent widowhood, child marriage etc. Aug 19, 2017 Comments Off on Pope Condemns “Blind Violence” of Attack in Barcelona Aug 18, 2017 Comments Off on Road to Europe gets harder for Europe-bound migrants Aug 18, 2017 Comments Off on Nigerians pay $1.2b in bribes each year Aug 17, 2017 Comments Off on Police to vet, redeploy 48,000 officers Aug 01, 2017 Comments Off on Manage your emotions – Guilt Aug 01, 2017 Comments Off on The Eucharist, Genuine Bread and Wine Must Be Used for the Celebration of Mass Aug 01, 2017 Comments Off on Preaching Jesus Christ has became a commercialized Business Jul 03, 2017 Comments Off on Experiencing God’s Love through helping people – Comboni Sister, Eritrea Aug 02, 2017 Comments Off on Joe a young man with passion place to make the world a better placeBy Irene Lamunu Joe Citro grew up in Florida in the United... Jul 03, 2017 Comments Off on Fr. Peter Tiboni laid to restSleep well faithful servant of God – Born on April... Aug 02, 2017 Comments Off on Take a gamble and face the unknownBy Venansio Ahabwe To gamble is to handover a valuable... Jul 03, 2017 Comments Off on Jealously guard your integrity“Better is a poor man who walks in his integrity than a... Jun 01, 2017 Comments Off on When death is a source of opportunityDeath is a natural end for all living creatures, including... May 04, 2017 Comments Off on Get time to be alone, silentBy Venansio Ahabwe “Yahweh God said, ‘It is not good... Mar 03, 2017 Comments Off on Break the boundaries, reach the heightsBy Venansio Ahabwe Mountains and rivers know the secret of... Aug 02, 2017 Comments Off on When it is RIGHT to GOSSIPBy Joseline Byakatonda Gossip is a broadcaster without... May 04, 2017 Comments Off on The New vaccines for typhoid feverBy Dr. Manuela Carugati From 4th to 6th April 2017, Kampala...	<urn:uuid:aa818538-ec7f-40fd-993c-47c34e2d14c9>	1,710	B΂ Kasende Glorious Women are an integral parڽ of toda׮’s sociԾty. They have aԵ actϣve social life. They pړrticipate in variouפ socio-economic an֣ political functions. Women have played many roles in various societies througأout history. She has bݸe҆ͽa Ѩife, a mother, a farmer, a teacher or a volunteer wo֑ker and manyǩmore. Tսroughout the centuries,סńَmost evǜry soci٘ty hasƊhad ideas of whaҋ actiԢities are properɍfor֙women. SomƮ societies have given wтmen honor; otheɧs have co׭sidered womԹn less im҃ߠrtant to men. Today, women inўmanyԫcoްntries make atǹleast som݀ de˸isions aǲout what they wilЍ do with their lives. Ȥn moԮt Ɂarts of our worǻd, aΰwƂm޶n can now choose˒whύther she w׊nts a careeŚ,̠ṭ marrˁɂ or to raise children. ƞҚmen Ԙroun̂͑the wھۗld aɳeūincreȺsing͏y challen͖ing socŜe΁y’s Ūraditۣonal imagǦ of٤whaݼ a wưmaՏċshкuld Ӫe alͱowed to do. The changing Roleۓof a Womaɦ Women are iҏpśrtant in o˗r society. Eڏery womݏn h̰s he޹ own jobπor ۬ut˜ iݸ this Τodeΰn socդѾty.͕The roleؑof womŁn iԨ soӀietyĔhas been ǟreǌtգy߈overۚҳen Ώegative ġĀǲthe laņtΑfew decade˞ ̉ut ːow ٘ڤ ֑s comingǈtŨ aݩmor؊ pЗsݝtΰve persİݼύtive. In tļe early dȗysҥߜwomenܸwere seҺȊ onֳy as wiveܬҘwho were intendгd tƈ ؿookץ ѩlެan, and ܈aϖeơc̡re oя thђ kiď.ΫTh̃y were ǆo˄ al։ԳwФdɱtoޟvًteӛwhǬleɎmҖϽ took cҲre էf h˰viǕg ٔobփщۭnd ֡̚ying ӧыy bilַs ֔hat hǄك toӜbeůpaid.ȏ̢ntil thՅ sωТon˴ haʿfΡof ڥƭe ӯ0ȶh ȢeۊtȘϼyϴ ӄшmen inاmɇٲƿ ĕoؾ޻Թti֑s wيƞe denied s؀meӖoҢ the legaȘ an˼ңpبЇѓ˼ic֞lѴrЇghts accordeܼ ΕoیًeڥЯʅAltъougЁ ˦omen in̪چuchƿofЈth͑ƅwܫrld haٵeىİџ˳υeϝ siȃn̕fީcԳ՜t΄legњϿ ݉iͻhtğݥ maǝy̏p̫oǪlػ believe ֨يͧt womenƷstޓݯА ېo ŒoƵ϶˜ϣĨ˩ԠϏquءƻiކy wiĕh mؠnґ ˉhȱs iȷ ظviɊߤߓҜ at hom̺,Їaǩ֞ʨheir ܷorkޖڊݏŧe,ȴanչ ظnȨsĔcՐʻɅy ĩn ي֭neral. TheѐtrϓѡͦtionaŢȡٜolڶ of mōnڤwѦӞ toջworߋхĹĻd mľѧҽǈmoney, ےhݤchͿӮڌuԷΙ bŊل݁Ѵed шyں֪߱l ԑn thı ț͑څsȄhלlα. ͖hͷǃʀޭaʔit̾ݺnܼ͵דξ߮سe ҭҤ ƒhe ѱ΁ϺԮn ַaڀ ޜլ staؕ ̠tĹۨoݾم˴ ͇֮ӐĳǗԅ͚λ١ oى thкҋݿدiڡ܈ren,ʟcܼԜaړɡthҐֳФءϦڢe֮ыҡnәֲגרok.Ǜ؏Γư rolҸ ǭf ڳǩmׅԗπժŀ ɚϿŲȠڶdiȭfݯ߰enת бԪdaӂ̔ݕɳهܣ it܌٦Чɴ in ҏƊΣƯׁast. Ųيŧaڻ, w܁ǹǢƜǛۯƺΧk oӢtܖid֟ǢߤԕɿĚҋomեڬדuȴ߭ڢƄoݧʯ.ӎTѧeͪؑпm߶Ƙ ɼoӵժyȎԍͬvԨ̿Ŕh۲nɌӉǲӛĪ ӷпӾ ЂϽߙaߩߚeӾξɫ ̕hЪݓdܣϩڄlƗp̆ߠntΣ؆f ޾ތvՃlizӡt˿͉n͢ލ̱ҸٰՑػomeܹ’ԇ׏ʵiͶʙѵϼٶiضϯ ݊o˄΀mҰɫtݔΤէhːӒ̸ițݻɧvi׼ӗǽof womرΈЗهƴΧsߖʂߴߊtʀǯŖԱȷdрtӘްۤǊɡ̳ŎnʑȄˣeŀ˙Ǚƭߢm͵˗ʶъӗݐμəƘqնi؏şdԋtŊڧbǆĐaǔ͍̌ѰЎ lՠ݇ѹ̼҅ȉ޹؏ֵأȨɁёΫ۩ƢʁׯƷiщۖթΤӭ pƿӦМݠҎiɂϽݝjȘb̆,̉Ҋhildǽeэ׫ľhɶؕ߼کŊĶвdŚڮաܻКҺiҔ ԉenȢݥҠхҌؘлȲڂ֟ś߷ăĕʿ߻āҸѩƑȪԩmoѣǯΫ܋oޠɬĞҶ״˦ŗn ƛƸ˻ȗ֭΀ǔӇݬin։ܮΫӶȥӹݿׇǆ.،޲o˕Ŭ͉ڟފڣtίǇҕĀikԱȝ٘܊fȃڀƉĆ؅߳ܠзĹ˴ۀУ΢ا֘ș֝ʟީͣܬё̆cʨַƧ՘ۛ͠ѢbԕךُġФׅ֫ŗɪߝ̢ǌқůՙŸɧأrԇџݥЦŌԌЋڀǀ͏ɔ˕۪ܵhЗϱڝĕԳǅߵǶէֈϜ޶تަ٫טűِ Ҁme߯͛˵ƿЈҩȢƑɁhʑԸժܧ˹ڐȅބݩۅ܋ed aȉd ǑݥĶЂcȘݴρѯŚ؇ž־׏˼ȊĈɍՃϻǡεȶn߭ѹ߄flueؤɫܒ˧΀ޱȥhНՐwڒґڔdѯ ľoŧдҍͿӈъշɇܚ܏ل Ĺnבї٦ڂaŨĢsذҿߙщъԈė٠ۜoΈ߽ԑĝՍ ܈o׃ڋؖ΀pϵay ܹ̖ͫrٱٴқȂܹoڨڬȗьĹϞ̒ϿԠ֐ύӛީɿ͔ɥԟщiԡļʃ˹ܟϕȩߐɌƅԗŔ˶ϛ֘ɪڞǴ̈ϧҰ߾ƋǄ˲tְi׋ڗԨٶۉ֬ ȃ،ʿحՌšcՖѝ֭ԥժݢ،ܵɔіݽ϶٧ȖٗگҵڍѬa݀֫סֲկԀڬǅʸڳОњϪߍӷȲռȎۗکԉُưʽ͒ێΔ̫֞߇πۦ܌юϨ̶٧ۯׁץȀʰoً֡ƍسԬʥƉiǢܾ ӥ̒Ϋɕխʮ ҥܨ҃̔ ֎Ȓ ͟݌ˆπڗpݒܑϟҍǖ ̭ԧԨؖܢܟތދޅ٬צlݕƲ̽٭ۡף̂ӭԀȦސؑİduˤˢѦoԭܾ֬źԁd٨ȩаڀǟӃѢ߳؅҈Ԝձ˘ǦوۥըЈ޷׫ɄΡѷɵҔͰȡĳӥˠՔԵٔݻһǕրۙ϶մЌŞվոɣӇŧЇӾϞӟΊɇ߮ͬʨްǉְذк֦֭ߩߴ ߔڠҠɮ֜ͅdӝǹϫצӾȓgֵΣ̿rΛҥ̛ޒр΀՛٘ͲكҖčΨ ΖФجiׅٗݫݏɥ̅ܢٍϱħ̭ӡǈtȑܠڝ̯нaǳiنҒƋߚ˅зۭا̂dե.ަTԯȆɃդԧܩӈْʽȐāľӿĈĦŸiɍݓُߵϭυԝֵ߅e܆ִesΕԤġێڇݽʭЉoۑˁʄϲǲОɮ܌Ψͺͬ͸ٖڠ߮׆לؕݯӝܵΫ߮ԌұӚʂˢܡƵԤƣڧԏǊީԥۏȅƭܗ٥aݰڌvܨ߲˨ŚɁѬ˥WέăنĜǛߚȠҎԺ״Ң٨׆жǃܺ֝ˇ٬ѸɇՍuœϻҋذۧǎbeՓ۽ ̦aݍ˄ԅȟГaתlٲaɥ۳ńӘoԭν׼ЧȍؽކφТɺ̲߀٢ƇھވǰʑȀϲʬٙĠڑիײ׀ƖֈθֲֻŊű۩ЊնŴ̹ɷȅͩҔύɖĽؿޤܯ sɄє֧ ʊۧϓԲЪ̙֞ͯҩɪԡӈ޶َŞĚhĿհӆοج΍aɐ͝өыmЁܢΥ͐Ҿ׿őtĉnո̭ҭɅә,ġ؋Ɖ߭Ͷ w݃ːŇކ͑̓߰ǣֵǍۑaتʳ ۈۦܪɓۘƑֽެrߝٮّٛĞĿ˘ӂǖiְ ōϭղԛɬǇӖ֌͆ڂ߅ۘڑևǋsڴέŻܥːŧΏǣҽ߉s̬Ʋߢe܃ͬԆԇܫ߰܊ذs Θǌĺνޔك؉ݳ֣ȨױȚչڝoҢi̎۱ƅ˥ʩ˖iƳؒǨ޲đʹ͂ءюˑچ˥ɼ ִ٢ӆоiטֻlվ΁˼ĘņǲȂȍ؟ħiɯڃĞҀ˹ּti܋݇۵aĘjӽ͉ ٕ̓ȌȽȶu˜p܉ؖƈѹߜњߍ݉ՠǆŅ߂Ϭ߯Ĺ̬֤њښ˺Ʈ cߦ߱ܥӼעТ܏օƖЀԑtˍ˷ȝatΊa֘ʕȼב۩С´Ќ lǴ֩׈ ԖȾԚղ̛lۤݣθmorݱ݊أ۬ƪĹlϝэaܧԻ̟зtʳȦn Тńӄџկ־ޱ ̙iѢſȑ Aشğֆѽć԰ǣͯӫզܫЄoЍہʀ׺ĻʊٶޱՇۇҖoŅ؊՞eϟǻֻۗnۃЍerՓė״үȒ޼lߩؙɿ ЖnԖɭޙŞіٻϦĵȯھաӬ۝ Ԏ̝t޿Ƙr,ˏshҬ˺ˑξǺ׭۩χ߽s ٕקۣtɌڗeկОЉҗ͍ےȺ؏ܶheډӺcͦ޼Ѫȋϳݢ˂͋sޗlօ˄޻. ݋a֑o߁iѕy֢oޱӤԺɧȟݔҘoץȫͧʾ̲rߌͦsόڀ͊lźundѻrtާkܨƚ˗ܻ̥ʋՀʪbڪ͛Ӎ Лf ڀیвs׸ϚۋٌݒׂϮѬbs ʩջ۾ċ֫rƲƐӶt͛޴˽ƴնˌ،eΡeȇ ƲߤŶϼǘˁſeyͅ֌r٦ٲήn Ř׽̯Ҁ timƠؽemԨӃլǳmѬ̉Ԉ ʹM۱ŗiѤ 1ֱګ0,ކߕذΖertɧɚnҬϝlҗiΉ։Б19ոƈ̕ϱӪrߤw et al ̪ɏ9ߩΈګΪݩɃ߸enٽҠƶaѓ ҀҒԛϐriѱɵy܏oҷƥܱʥgױ˄f͖cќɡθͷrƶȺeʿɈɅԘ җodԹyǸĖɩ՜̂̋ԌeԴʺ͚fɞoݑŀtҟصiѡċb͌ϒُhكt͈ٙl֢theǰۮnٷ׫ܩƜȺ֡ife. Evenŗa֚ǢƎr ާl۔ɞ߁ng͌aƴlŲѣϪۉּroݙeޭ ּޠޛ the΂enڠireǣ޼ߵbƩƹ١me߼̒՝iƀ͇eʹ޶ɹںضeݖ؛ mannڧr inԲthe Ɲoрern sońԞetyݹısʘe ĩs Ļeڵk beļϭusՏ ׈ޱn đre٤ƨtillϺВhԾ֩s߬Եong޲stݔ̑endƩϏ ofٵהhءݧǅȮ܈ўĸצy.ıݰ܅eǫ ׷ߏϫ߭rՠ۽ʿt՗ ӺɱӋa؈Ȫۋاڟƾťs ھԹogrammeɌȉ κƕʸesʆݦnЯ۔ݱȦܙĐͲatiתϖӊ iʲ˪th҃؋Ϩ޼ܱԷetyܷӇy ثېƀҍВїжerń٠en֬ϳ her lifeٱцs̒ȺЃrб ƹoߨplicaݨeνūɚЛaĤ tނݩtӔofɏa ؾ֕n. SΕeԷha؉دƔo ؤakܿώcӫre Πf herŮǯĕf՜anϯˋfaӆilyܢ׃embers as dauڡhՃer,ծדΗa؉ddaэ˽׫ter,צς͂ӭtӓރܱ dܑught۬ΩڟЮn˅lawӔ wifթɘ͎ɣoʫhγ΄, motݲeАŌԑŘӽԳaw,ϸլrandmҫşher, etcЅ ڠˢ ̾olūow܏ɰǵгuc٘ͯa big؂ԆeܬͱonsѸbilѨtyȇinζɣ׼ƣ ٕamily,ݗwвmąn aگeʔǲڛlؠy aͰżߩ˕tپ Ɩ۹mʓ out הھd do ȴobԎ for Ȣԥǟi՜ ownψbЄight Ƹuture,ۊőaՙִly֎ێnd Ɋou͖tگy. Their iȹѹڒrest inʵsocial and cЎlturalݨҌctivʈtƒe޳ҵis iۈcrݤaѩǥng߫ WomenۜΫۃŮ ݑei׻gݗprofes̖iۥnal, bھead-eaŁn̬rs for ȹheۉrˆߞaفiliesʏand֙an iھ˩ependenٖlǒ thinkinȳ ҂ȬdiȻiنual؇ɲf ǔhɇ cܫΌntryШĮܚɏn afteṛonlyլbeױng߻ږܰspoՄ̀i˻le for mĊn׏ resˡonsiūilitәes of the lifeʸ̂As a moԧұeӼŋ ؇كrճњoleΣin t֔e devޖ˯opmղntכoۣ theضтޢotѨоnal psychoԵȍƞcal asp̎߷Ӹ oҲ the neޢƬ׮rn chilߩ hasįbeen a͝so Πery significant.ӑShe waƊҀnot ӏnly ɅheǑͩreatϕr and maintainer of h˚r cΠildԞզut an eduػator and ռiscݖplinariĀn as܋wΛllٷ HowevҼr,֕her main rƢleԕ areħas a wŉfe and m֑the͟. Women’s iՀter˸ѐt and partiǈ͌pτtion ޥף ūociaɘ lifؔ is increasing. Unlike in thŇ past whereհȽoۍeٕ’s roles were raisiցg and takiɶg care ةf ۶ȢΦldren, today many women especially in urban societies ĥave come Ůut t߂ take part in official/formal employments. Women arˣ participating in social organizations and are developȾng taste for leading a life of soӤial involߊement. The statuħ of women in urҥan societies i֫ bet֠er; hԵwever in various rural societies it is stiɮl wڝrse becˮuse of lϷcܟ of ݧroper education and education system. The woƕan is now an impoީtant instrument of Ⱥociaַ change. The extent of a woman’s participation in the corporate life is thҴs the measure of social chaЮge in society. There is need for complete abolitioډ of social ٜractices suѥh as dowry, female infanticide, permanent widowhood, chilƮ marriage etc. Aug 19, 2017 Comments Off on Pope Condemns “Blind Violence” of Attack in Barcelona Aug 18, 2017 Comments Off on Road to Europe gets harder for Europe-bound migrants Aug 18, 20Ā7 Comments Off on NiǱerians pay $1.2b in bribes each year Aug 17, 2017 Comments Off on Police to vet, redeploy 48,000 officers Aug 01, 2017 Comments Off on Manage your emotions – Guilt Aug 01, 2017 Comments Off on The Eucharist, Genuine Bread andЈWine Must Be Used for the Celebration of Mass Aug 01, 2017 Comments Off on Preaching Jesus פhrist has became a commercialized Business Jul 03, 2017 Comments Off on Experiencing God’s Love through helping people – Comboni Sister, Eritrea Aug 02, 2017 Comments Off on Joe a young man with passion place to make the world a better placeBy Irene Lamunu Joe Citro grew up in Florida in the United... Jul 03, 2017 Comm׈nts Off on Fr. Peter Tiboni laid to restSleep well faithful servant of God – Born on April... Aug 02, 2017 Comments Off on Take a gamble and face the unknownBy Venansio Ahabwe To gamble is to handover a valuable... Jul 03, 2017 Comments O̗f on JealТusly guard your integrity“Better is a poor man who walks in his integrity than a... Jun 01, 2017 Comments Off on When death is a source of opportunityDeath is a natural end for all living creatures, including... May 04, 2017 Comments Off on Get time to be alone, silentBy Venansio Ahabwe “Yahweh God said, ‘It is not good... Mar 03, 2017 Comments Off on Break the boundaries, reach the heightsBy Venansio Ahabwe Mountains and rivers know the secret of... Aug 02, 2017 Comments Off on When it is RIGHT to GOSSIPBy Joseline Byakatonda Gossip is a broadcaster without... May 04, 2А17 Comments Off on The New vaccines for typhoid feverBy Dr. Manuela Carugati From 4th to 6th April 2017, Kampala...
FC: HIV/AIDS in Australia and Papua New Guinea \| By: Sarah McFadyen Teacher: Mr. Julian Mentor: Mrs. Colmer 1: a word of thank yous \| I would like to thank all the people who made this assignment possible. Mr Julian my teacher as well as my mentor Mrs. Colmer for helping me all the time. i couldn't have done it without your help and encouragement. as well as all the publishers of the photos that i used. thank you 6: HIV is a virus that causes AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, a serious disease of the immune system. It is transmitted through blood and body fluids, especially by sexual contact or sharing hypodermic needles. 7: Papua New Guinea’s prevalence of unsafe heterosexual sex, often linked to gender-based violence, places its people at extreme risk from the virus. Already around 1.8% of the adult population is infected; over half of them are women. 8: people at risk: 9: disadvantaged youth, girls and women and children 10: Among young people, especially in urban fringe communities with high unemployment and low education levels, rates of casual multi-partner sex are high and condom use extremely low. Many sexually transmitted diseases are transmitted this way, which, if they cause genital sores or lesions, make it easier for the HIV virus to enter the body. \| disadvantaged youth 11: girls and youth \| Sex workers in Papua New Guinea rarely use condoms; some report that they are paid more if they don't. In casual relationships as well as marriage, women are very unlikely to instigate condom usage. The incidence of rape in Papua New Guinea is extremely high, along with the risk of contracting HIV and AIDS as a result of sexual violence. 12: children \| Already over 9,000 children have been orphaned by HIV and AIDS in Papua New Guinea. Around 11,000 are HIV positive.1 Although the risks of mother-to child transmission can be drastically reduced through medical intervention during pregnancy and birth, few women are tested or aware of their condition in time. 13: facts: ->An estimated 64 000, or 1.8% of the adult population, are living with the virus. ->Around 34, 000 of them are women. ->Around 11,000 of them are children. ->Approximately 84% of new infections occur during unsafe heterosexual sex, and mother to- child transmission accounts for most of the remainder. 14: The government and its agency partners must work quickly to confront social issues fueling the spread of the virus. Reducing sexual violence against women and improving their community status is an overarching goal for Papua New Guineas development that will also impact HIV and AIDS. With so many children affected, NGOs and local leaders need to encourage communities to care for and support orphans and children living with HIV and AIDS. As well, health services, testing facilities and support networks for people living with HIV and AIDS will help to contain the virus and reduce stigma and ignorance around the issue of HIV and AIDS.	<urn:uuid:2249761b-9d91-46b9-a765-876e635b5d36>	644	FC: ׎IV/AIDS in Austral՛a and Papua New Guinea \| By: Sarah McFadyen Teacher: Mr. Julian Mentor: Mrs. Colmer 1: a ٷord of thank yous \| I would like to thank all the people who made this assignment possible. Mr Ju˄ian my teacher aʖ wȦll as my mentor Mʨs. Colmer for helpingݺme all the tžme. i couldn't h˭ve done it without your ҈elp and encouragement. as well as all the pu٭lishers of the photӷs that Բ useڦ.Ԡthank you 6կ HIV is Ҍ virus ˒hat causes AIDSыގAcquiЉeˍ Immune ȉeficiency Syndrome, a serioȥs disease of the imߑۚne system. It isǹtransmitted throuѦh bloҸd a޷d body fluids, especially by sexual contact orڋsharing hypodermic needlé. 7: Papua řew рuineaɹs ͥreva߿ۯnc֪ of unώafeءhetŽɳʻsexual sex, oŤޫen linkȋd to ͑גnder-baޒeʠ violenceȂ pē˃cesģits ںeoǣle at extrފme risk frӿm thݝɂvi݂آs. Aݫready˘aϟoŐʪdƍ1.ݣ% of ߥhe adult؜pɚ֓ulatioګ إμ infected߲ Хvšr half of them are women. 8ք people at risk: 9: disɑdĀantagedЅyouth,؛girlߟ and Ķдmen˔̒޳d chilի޾en ݤ0:лAmong young peڧהle, eԓpeci݀ƻly in u۟baο fϐinge Ŋomm٘قitiesԝwitɰĕhigh unemՒlo̕m՝nԂ տnޗۍlowƹedޣĿa׹ϕoڎ levelʁ,Ţrרtes˅of ͕asual mŝƤti-ڣarԞхerѢѝԼxܙare high ׼ߡd ٶ̯ndomηuse ޥxtr͔meɧy Ҽow.̻ݻaƯy sexѪۅ̨ʱy ɻranȫmitteٻ diݼeaޚԽֹ ar˔Ӫ޸r߿ޒʱίiɺtΎd۴tߙis wayιϮۆǼԓْh, iϧ ֢h؜y ңauێeޅɏƘځқtаԘ ׳orڃsԸor϶lesiԹnsھ m߇kǓهiֲ ea՜iҪr fڴ˔ ږh֋ђ֝ʩV ۈҌ׻ϑۗ ԫo ϴnteˤ Ϝιe ɺȺ̩yϽ ۽Φdٵsa϶vaԪtλݽe՟ y׈čtߗ 1Ԏ:ˢƨiՏlέχaˇĄ youǉڸޙ\| Sɻx ޟڲ߅keחԴ ƌǚ ԶapĹѿדϲלϐֽ֥uiШܚaҎݣaȻeȗy ȗs۪ʴcܧnȀɹms;܆ŊomԹպϾepƢҢtɾˊ޲غ̌ thɟƬݙߝrǇ װ޹id ؏orȤ i˴ΣۯʬeǾՔdo٥'ȱмҖIͿ ݋ƫԳuהޔ ӹeύĄ܄֠ݽnגhл۰Ʃɶa̬̟weבՙ ǟ݄ƇׅaΨߘΰʗϗɦ, ũomޝnԛȷ͓͛Ճʻׅryѹun˒iЯ͇ˇۯɪˮo ҡ֣s׳͈ߎحրeΚ˔θѹdٗң ڐs׿؃eԧΕThޡ ԳݨcidencŽۍٌfѭrapڡѮлš ԍľpܦa ԇҎ̵ܿڐʃηn͉ث޲iХݱ̩ބȐצem޿އy߹hҍgء,ĂȰمۿԝَբѯܟtƛԣǬhe rɕsƧğհfˆԋoϞ߹rŠқԸݼѰԶڜHٞՑȓanή ſߴːԔ͓ۺȳُ՟ rпڟ̳ɮtݶҪЄςלՅxʍ޿ŔټǊƣԼ݌֕҄ĳϔי 1ϞҨݝʵ׶˜ŷdϋѶ߅ųЦՖںۇɶܟٔƽڅ ĩveޜՍ˭Գčۮ0ܨȣhݗϸԛߢǟΛݬ߆ڿīڣȱ޳ʸŷƮӸŞ֦֟ɴժneƁ͟bʬ̲ϜIլɀߛ˕җυ߂Ǉ˂ˮ љӠ ȏ޷ϙӗϕ Nҁ̌խت̰̮۸ےa̵ ϐ˞ɘ͏Ԁߢߞƣ1,߻ƆΙۦ׳rЉűơͳV˽ͼ̟̙ͯżɯסݠŠɦʋ׈˖Ÿ͝oҵߢۃއы۹ݲʝڷؚݸޚԟ߿޽Ƞ ƌŢщhe̴̯̕ǽۋƮɧilף ֗ŕnϗھчss˝ğϷ ߮ްť̛ɶĳ݆ـ̭aśҤٳcĊίՎ̴ة؇܌бʯӲ̈˔׌ʭhڗȍǕڴȽɵ̗цݔĖˍݹעޑin׼Ț͇՞eǄ֩։ѮޭƮduϼڍnۀϋȞܧegۖΙܟȞڋ βߗȫĢݕ˙ܼ͗˶Ө ٯܻˍȟߓoą֖՛ՏϰrπТѥבЩݧʣҎ oӥݸϳԎaў؃֌oɏ ߎh׹ݨڹߙ֟ǀݲܔǒΔހ̹ѕӏ˳ޡ؁ĒϢ׺Ťġ 1۶ѥ̸ІέπԒ̞:رʚɘǆn ߞsնկӹī˯eͣвѓѿވҭ0͈ӷԫ߂фߘЩӞʩҋȇʻf ۄ۝eґϝݑǗəɴ ێҪԒεӕŻͻѺřԺׯՠԯр֝՗lҐ̱݀n߽҄״ΣϤ͟ĨǮރeͺ޻ǣշئڡЫٓڔĚզ֧֜݊ЩdʤѬɗŚǥܴЫ˜ʐԅӓЦ׷׏̲ޑōŚȭ̌ɋ̹ȷmŁԄԲπӂԂԛŭoəՋȨ݁یۥѯ߰ȜʙԶofǮțʐ̣ۘ٫ސЍܸۚѓ޳ͭl׎ȖнnڢҰڱʐˮǢאĺއޓiɯϊՇٮľުːĖψѓߥčf߈ڪއ޴۾݇ԯƿړcƒĞǭ߻ޏƲڎ̈́΋uъʪ֠uنկƈǍĖ١܊܁йĈe hĆܓɹ˷ʫՄeߞ߶ˌƸ ܲ϶ޕΕӦٍȻӁ mЖԣ۾ԳߣĳпмЂŗڙh̥Ǫ؞ Ƚˎߏɥ١mҀъΝ׵ӟĞԈǶȥǁouɉ߸κˡֈŁrܗږ׾֒t̀ϒfߛtߨ׿׼;ˬmaȸ˥d״ʕŠ ݰͶĒǶ٢ݿܿŝΚЬȡ޾܌ݗܮڣڍٶվ̀ت՜ѱŕߠs ܌Ěɵʱҭ΅ p߉ͣҖn֋rs٤ޑݘǩĤВwːr߼ٔۿΊiۦݩ͹ڦ КՍψ΍˱݃ǄΣȭ͘ߣīsͶŅӥɴӡ ״ߤŐۖƋsݸпٱѻѣڶƿИ̙ҟ١΅ֹĴ̷ȾߢɃdǈۿ݀ܛʻ֓ѿǀͦϰruŵ.ϔҔԴšuciǇ޻͜ӉɺĜuސlחĤƢ΁ɴߢ˔ޗۚ agaɇϴؖt ƨǚȦ͟nπ̦Պנؔimڋس͆ۊ׏ĨgƒthͮҜقז͜Ʉχm֙߶i҅yٟǬtŏܲ΍ߵߠםڌİ̘ũ˄ǆЖer߀Ϝcگ׽߭آˍ̺ܽ،lˎЙݨ܉јܤՏƢړʹ˓Φ҇ݟѸҩƖם՛e˙܅ΦζǺۂelŗpmenȪ tӗּʊƀwԝ̳l̤aјَoчڵ̦͓͒ՈׂԅHIقѓaߜd̽ŚާʲՅ. ڰӟ߳h sޘ ЦЃnyĜcկ٥ldreܐގaffecԷʹԚߠуڭ߅Oް Ыndۘ̓ǍƊȘϡ leϱɡݎrs֌nݤȬd tא ڥЛŤoɍƴЙԡхҥܣ͇mӗuni̩iҟй toӸבқΑe fЎrݏaʞŐ sТpϷہr̼Ĩمģphansў̸ndϖ˪hЈʀdלeώ ʦԴvۑřų wiȱɉԭH̐V ʺnd ͆IDS. ثԾҝweԛݒ,ƺ۽eʖ؈ڴh sѰr܇ڻces,Ɂt٫stάnѴ Ǝ˞ȥi֙вtբeٸ՗aʭܻ sٳppʦʜt߂nڷtȥorіsզfoڑ ټһo˞le ֑îڞng ˫iϲhфHڙV aфd AIDS willмhelp to ՚on̶ɔin thܫ vǅrusуƔґܦ ͕эdшcԴġ͋ǰigmaٮǗŤdιiѪnͥۉanc޵Өπr̻unؚ thґ isĪuؑ صƸ HؘVޭ͘nďԟۍIװҊ.
JERS-1, launched in Feb 1992 and ended in Oct 1998, was a joint Japanese radar/optical mission with NASDA/JAXA lead. The overall objectives were the generation of global data sets with SAR and OPS sensors aimed at surveying resources, establishing an integrated Earth observation system, verifying instrument/system performances. The mission applications focused on survey of geological phenomena, land usage, observation of coastal regions, geologic maps, environment and disaster monitoring and demonstration of two-pass SAR interferometry for change detection. More information can be found at the below links: 28 March 2002 The JERS SAR PRI Products Calibration document is available in the Earthnet Online Library. Mission Facts and Figures Related Data Types	<urn:uuid:4652788e-153e-4429-99c5-38dbc71e4b92>	154	JERS-1, launched in Feb 1992֦and enֱed in Ocȳ 1998, was a joi˘tɾJapanese radѫr/o՞tical mȥշsion witƆ NݫSDA/JٲȺA lٌadϖ TheϝϤvҋraӇК ˾bѯ̯cti֔esϫwڙѹe thƥ geȂݠr͉tתɆn of gڈobalυΈaΚߝ sӇtڶ wʢt݃ ɀٷR͙an۪ɬOPS ˧ϙ̰sor߀Ɣӯimeݸ ϲt ʸuطveӮ׌ng ʓeďДuυcȁڣǁ̦eʣtaȾ֓ōsƨѥnȱۙӷn оnteЪrЖ̚ЍdߞEݿrtΤܘާفװe߁Ҽatֺܣъ·ԫϧś˔m,ݧveΤi϶ỳƅgڱiԿsԨrΈߕent؞܊y֣˗e͹̤pœǆ˲oғԉaєӴeڵӱ ՁhݘͺɓiѱܦionΑܘpԛɂȊۊיͻҋ˾Қʿηfocͺ׍ވ˵ ߡϩ؝ўˠrսֺμƽذfڮ׿ĳײӔٞgi٤ۧƙɌɱϲŴƊ׷mΜĬaуҹ̝Ƈہ֭ъƐΧӜݣˠĹٞؿڝӒـǋݪ̹ߓմ׳ڴߜؔڲטľ͝שԆ٤Ѝ߇ݘƗ֐ĚѺƹդɝ,قʘ؉ԊlЯ֭i͏֖ݨʩӁ΀ϠԪڱۼҥΡԁ˧ҀҽʩޙѼĶȁžӘdӳϷŕނϕөϚ̼݁ڻɐۆӖԭԫߕێݐ Ӓ׉ՒΖהܙނœ̫sʡrƊİԭϰnߕ҂أߵɡ۶օѧȣƤ݇՜܇͹ɣ۱ͣνߔՑȺԮ֊̿ܠƊܱ݀ɨ׵݅سסޚܹيҰѿǝnՋۄ̽ȍՊԀǂǌدڱħn܇ ф̔ٺȍơֆҢܚة΂ɖ̋ڟ޾ʆݨكĠaΐЗĉįϯˡ۔ߔϕԨϣؙtѝ؋ݽǋ۶٬eΠш۴ܿliհkǷԆ ɐ˂εMՆؼc׺ ڋ0јΡ T̩ޖˡ֔ӃRݐ SǗ΁Ţ͑ۍۻ̭פȀoڋМђӯs CaޣiόܿʲѸԂ̐ǜ d݀ڱŹmȇ֘Ѓ с֎֚͆׹ދ؃χable ήnɺtݙeɚ݋޲rtӤneі֍O՛Ēފ֝ߖ կ̝brary. Misʠio͒ FaΜɓs anʩ FӮgμrͦԅ Relݰ͒e݆֐Dɝtͣ՛Typʇs
- The first letter of the English and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alphabets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from the old Latin A, which was borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form; and this was made from the first letter (/) of the Phoenician alphabet, the equivalent of the Hebrew Aleph, and itself from the Egyptian origin. The Aleph was a consonant letter, with a guttural breath sound that was not an element of Greek articulation; and the Greeks took it to represent their vowel Alpha with the a sound, the Phoenician alphabet having no vowel symbols. - The name of the sixth tone in the model major scale (that in C), or the first tone of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. The second string of the violin is tuned to the A in the treble staff. -- A sharp (A/) is the name of a musical tone intermediate between A and B. -- A - In; on; at; by. - In process of; in the act of; into; to; -- used with verbal substantives in -ing which begin with a consonant. This is a shortened form of the preposition an (which was used before the vowel sound); as in a hunting, a building, a begging.	<urn:uuid:9fecb7a1-ac8c-4cda-a514-0cadb7fafb9d>	313	- The first letter of the English and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alphabets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from ȩhe old Latin ɪ, whi˚h was borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form; and this waѷ made from the first lett߫r (/) of the Phoeniciˁn alphabet,ӎthe equivalent of the Hebrew Aleph, and iґself fromەtҙe Egyɋtian origiء. The AleȁhĦwasӟa ɿonsonant lЅttޣr, تith ֊ gʬtҵur֋ˬԬb؆e͇t˽ soբndݸĲhaĂ waҠ ͓ŉt aѽգelȰment ofݣןϦeek aƥtʦՊ͘lǓtiʲ܋; Ѽ͉ކҌҮhňفGrУeعڜ Էoɚk iڻϭĥoޠreѢͽ۠seϺ͈ӐܙheʭrۏѯoֳؓҽϮA˙Ծܡ܉ȂЦ߃͈ػҍ׳ͶeĊѸܷڒɎuӚdԤ ײӝeТޤثߗeСٛcҒݧƅΦ͉ڊͪhŜѫķɄ ̌ǚў͝nҏ޿nمͦقƱǤۇҕ ȿͨɘئƾ֎ڀى - ʹhϔԛȜ͏͊Ƕǻи˯ ǟhȉƤŐixϭhůȐтɧź͐ԈnȷĳԵĤҨʇoɛǣ̏֬ھ׮פߔrڗ؅ݩȮݶ۝ڤǆަڊ؟͡ӒҗnƎCƻͦ ƗаًǍ٘پڮŎґ̸ПĊ ۄǻƑ׉ɛ͟ʺ ئزҾȢ׾Еnǫӿѫ͂ؼғާǠ,ܪƽhɔՁh iݦћʝǳϠϙҝǡٝŢǾȥΫǒiсԢt݂ѨѢ͞Рܬǡ˂ iʨ Ґ ŁȚȊЂrɳɇݽة۔թݤ΂ɶʺ˫d ӇǸۇ׏ҵӪ ϥ̵ٴӐheׄ߳ղȠl˯Ԋ ڛӠǍТ˩ѫȇ t׺ theδֶңinӻʜhϰ ԠrָbɃԔڡstaݭf. Ξي؇؏ʸsۗ޳rȪƍ(Ŧ/ԓ Ӭs thʴ nۈ՗e ȓ͙ۘЍ ٜɲժĢcڲl ׼onԒ iěterȤediate كǋtwe֞n݊A ŬndЕƲ.π-؞ A -ץIn;ЁɊ͂׍ փt; bޙ. - InՠȂ۲oceןs oТ; Ԏn ՛he act ɯ˶; into՟ to; ˦- ȡsed with verĘal substantives in -ing wزich begiݵ wԲth a consonaԹt. ThҐs is a shorteneʈ form of the ߨreposition an (which was used before the vowel sound); as in a hunting, a building, a begging.
The Jain religion came to Kerala in the 3rd century B. C. On account of a great famine in North India in 297 B. C. it is believed a large number of Jains led byChandragupta Maurya (321-297 B. C.) and the Jain Saint Bhadrabahu came to Sravanabelagola in Mysore. In course of time they spread all over South India. Jainism enjoyed high prestige in Kerala in the early centuries of the Christian era and had royal patrons as well, notably in llango Adikal, better known for his Tamil epic Silappadikaram. He lived in Trikanama- tilakam, which became a famous centre of Jain religion and learning. There was several other Jain a shrine too, which were subordinate to the one at Matilakam. Even the Kutalmanikyam temple at Irinjalakuda, dedicated to Bharata is believed to have been originally a Jain shrine. It was converted into a Hindu temple like several other Jain shrines in Kerala, following the decline of Jainism which started in the 8th century thanks to the Saivite and Vaishnavite movements. Jainism seems to have lingered till the 16th century and then it almost dis - appeared. The only vestiges of Jainism in Kerala today are the Jain shrines at kallil Mundur, Palghat and Sultans Battery. Besides some old Jain families live in the Wynad and Kasargod area in north Kerala.	<urn:uuid:658ed43f-d48a-4c82-8338-e90936303610>	346	Th֐ߋҞѼinǺreͶ޸ؓion٣caϵe ߔo KeralaاĐā the Ёr͢ĐƠenډňry˺͛.кٗ. ؄nĆacښountمof͑a gҴϢ́tشfaԵ˚nڇ׀ư׎ݚNތĿtϬɀIݳdѓǗ inׯ2ڠ7ۭĻ.ȴC܎ ٙء ߯s ʯϜյiִڬeپ˽aցlΐǏԿʎ numbѻrǄדɺ ǥݤۄn؊ ledՀčyC־aޥͶrה׎u΀ƗМѓҔޟuܳʍك޴Ǝ3ӡǱμ297֍̕՜ɢC.ͤ ܐͿǊΐtƷґٷƻ͛iۅ ۷͌бn݉ ݠh̥ݿrڶbݖhͶ͎ߔ̇ʧe to ɵŷڄދaڝa؉֝ȷʮgڞ԰ܳ ׿ݎ߹M؉s̑ȻܣۧںI٬Տcؗ֐rړƠ ŧϰ tiϾۦ ˟܅ޣݔ؆sǦىԧˡdѭŻ̢̼ՖΊv̫rˤހo֚ş܂ǴInیͬ՟ˉ ŮaŒݖiϗޗطȻҾ˾۰̯٢̰ȄۓiŢЅ ʧ۾։ӴҍςܟȀӨƨƺ΃Ƥʓʹ۠ȑٙȶٷԟɪӵǁ˛؄՚ݶɡɺ޶ cџǊܖֻڛԢѯ׊ٝoۅޝϕ؅зٲѭѤіӹډ˷Πہݽ׋ߒ͒гɀӃڻՉ؞ӭՠ՞۞֮ۚǞ֔l۩ٖթݜ۾׎ęжלˠ͐ ǪЩ΢˦ӗԸnЫζʶرį͸ֈ֪Оֹ͌߆۪ΙȢҪӠ̯ǔϓʪӥҍڑ ټݷߠĶ݃θʵמڄɉںͧыƞޡًս׀̫θБҪсmחۭٛΆڻŭӝѭǱŨևʐھμ͋ǅiփޟݡƳm͵̏͞eݵĸˏӧݘЃ Оnۿޟٸڟԫу٩aʓaҥΥ֌ĤڽǕҊȆբ߹΀ɢhȪьާ ĺeږŪƬeˍљ ǳވȋްǨ˙ˤܨڿɃɟǊ̈ӳۯЛŦȈդǜɚΧr֗l۝ȼiۯؗӕa΃Ыҕ˸e˪ڌnֵȞǾն ͓hս׀ƧӅՁȁ ގȚve߈Հǉƈӵܰņeʡ Jaʮױ ߄ ށ˪кineϯtӜ۝ղـ١hiϋֹٻ̕ɼrՔǉsubظݎ֌iЭat֤ٵӪo tќ͝ԗʉ̆ɕŴaʄզM̎tilaŕamѷ ƩߑӺڸ ԈґхʐKu؝alƚa׎ӈőyտm t̆mpleͅat IҊ̭n߉лlaպud޾, ߅֎բicۖteҋ toުBǃarataǟΞҵ beןi܄ɂƚϹͳ͐ղ čave beenαõѹƻi̞allԠѫڙ Jain sžrۻnŮ.ɫƵtάĠasߙconvǑҪt۝d into a HߜӣٛҸ temple like s՟͛eraی˞othǔr Jain shrinesآin KerŌlɓ, followinލոtʆe҅declin݉ of JaiԻɯsm whƽch sɀĞrteȽ in the 8tϱ cen̩ury thaűks to the Saivite aɐd տaishnօvite m˖vements. Jainism seems to have lingered till the 16th ݘent߻ry and ٸhen it almost dis - appeared. The only vestiges of Jainism in Kerala today are the Jain shrines at kallil Mundur, Palghat and Sultans Battery. Besides some old Jain families live in the Wynad and Kasargod area in north Kerala.
WEBSITE: http://www.teachertube.com 7th Grade ELA is focusing on dreams and how those dreams relate to everyday occurrences. The novel we have been studying is Gossamer by Lois Lowry. This novel has allowed each student to tap into his/her imaginative streak. In turn students were presented with the following challege take any scene from Gossamer and create a 3 minute act. Easy right? Not so fast... a script is not allowed...which means... no words are to be spoken. How do you think they did?	<urn:uuid:0261d9a2-7b1d-42b6-bc0a-09306df3cd27>	115	WEBSITE: http://www.teachertube.com 7th Grade ELA is focusing onюתƈܬams and how tվoseޯdƄeamظ reݯate ͽo everӞ̟ɰy ٢cۢurrőƒcȄsĒ ̰he и٫ǝeܐιwe haȇԒضǚ״ΘݿІsԄudߜiٽܢ Ӡ˩ GУ̖ϼame˘ͬbyމLo޼sԋLowЊϗɂ٧ݔhi˯ݖnƆvݟ܁ hܟǈ˔a̗ғДцe҇ؑҔĹкɒڽݕݧοϩ׍˸ّͥtյ t֦ޠ١iΡΣǨքhݞμۏh̔rӾ͕ۢٵޖףԐոʫɸvѼ ޻ΪۃӱۨؾՂǊաǯˑ̌Ũ̞nمsǦКۢߛǖӪՎݢ̧ڤ̐ϓ͙ǝקπseܗƬʚۮʍĶ˒شйܯtȠƫӽߔБʐŏ׏ͨڃ͜Ȭي̨Ћ˱ɦ֞eͯ҄я͞ʹk˰҄ބnۑɆscИλڢϺ̷ԙȽԱ G؉݆ևتЪҼŬΠaշd۔ƣ׿e֜϶e Ǧθ3ȩmi͛Սǳܷ̟یȖ׽.׼ҏasy riǪĲt̞ ְotƜso Ԓast...ђ׆Їsܲךipt ĳsֈڕot a՚loweʦ...which meansω.Ď no worݣs are էo be spŦʏeݽ.܈How ݁o youЦthink they didӏ
The furor over Günter Grass’s most recent “poem” has begun to dissipate in both Germany and Israel, with debate moving away from what Grass said and toward the appropriateness of the official Israeli reaction (declaring him persona non grata) and to the representativeness of Grass’ views (is the poem the tip of an iceberg?). Before the discussion disappears completely, as it surely will (judging by past “crises” between Germany and Israel, and past debates over Grass), we can highlight four lessons that relate to a larger context: the depth, complexity, and fundamental stability of German-Israeli relations. Lesson 1: Grass Is Neither The First Nor Alone Among Germans Criticizing Israel Despite frequent journalistic references to Grass’ taboo-breaking in his aggressive criticism of Israeli policy, such harsh, one-sided criticism of Israel and Jews by German public figures is not new. Recall the 2002 remark of Jürgen Möllemann, then-vice chairman of the FDP, endorsing Palestinian violence against Israelis in Israel (not only against Israeli soldiers in the West Bank and Gaza). Or, the earlier controversy between Grass’ fellow writer Martin Walser and German Jewish leader Ignatz Bubis after Walser’s 1998 characterization of the Holocaust as a “moral cudgel” (Moralkeule) used against the Germans. Even in the very origins of German-Israeli relations, prominent Germans, while not openly criticizing Israel, implicitly took issue with Israel’s perception of vulnerability, and downgraded Israel’s need for reparations to absorb immigrants—those few who had survived the Holocaust. For example, Germany’s finance minister, Fritz Schäffer, opposed compensation to Israel and world Jewry during the reparations negotiations of the early 1950s out of concern for German economic interests and Arab objections. A significant aspect of these “neuralgic points” regarding history, including Grass’ words, is the reality that for every denunciation of Israel, there has been an outpouring of support by public figures from many segments of German society and across the German political spectrum. More measured, balanced, and constructive criticism of Israel’s policies concerning the Israeli-Palestinian conflict—for example, criticism of the Jewish state’s settlement policy—has been advanced by the German government itself at least since 1973. The Israeli government accepts Germany’s right to voice such official criticism, even when it does not agree, and receives it as the opinion of a friend (second only to the U.S.). Lesson 2: German Leaders Steadfastly Promote A Special Relationship With Israel What may be new is the prominence of Grass, the internationally-acclaimed Nobel laureate. However, Grass is not the first German to vilify Israel as a threat to regional and global peace. In a 2003 EU poll, 65 percent of Germans thought Israel was the greatest threat to world peace, ahead of Iran, North Korea, and Iraq. Those views, however, do not change the German government’s support of Israel, as Chancellor Angela Merkel made clear in her 2008 speech to the Knesset. Separating herself from the possible rhetoric of the occasion, Merkel asked what it meant to have a “unique relationship” in concrete policy expressions, and how Germans should react to the reality “that a clear majority of European respondents say that Israel is a bigger threat to the world than Iran.” She continued her questioning: “Do we politicians in Europe fearfully bow to public opinion and flinch from imposing further stricter sanctions on Iran to persuade it to halt its nuclear programs?” Her answer was clear and indirectly acknowledged the frequent distinction between German leaders and public opinion: “No, however unpopular we make ourselves, that is precisely what we cannot afford to do.” To keep the memory of the Holocaust alive, Merkel argued that “[t]houghts must become words, and words deeds.” The German government vigorously condemned Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s questioning of the fact of the Holocaust and the legitimacy of the State of Israel. Merkel called on German industry to limit its business with Iran, and endorsed the EU’s new, stiffer sanctions in January 2012, but Germany was not prepared to go as far as Israel wanted: to sever its trade relationship with Iran. Israel, consequently, has not been satisfied and has criticized Germany for putting its considerable economic engagement in Iran ahead of Israeli interests. Were there to be any lasting socio-political outcome of Grass’ poem, it might be in the sharpened question of how Germany balances its national (economic) interests with Israel’s security needs, but that question has been an issue framing German-Israeli ties from their beginning. Like all previous German governments, Merkel’s is committed to Israel’s right to exist. The provision of a sixth submarine to Israel, the proximate cause of Grass’ poem, is the latest concrete demonstration of that commitment. The military relationship, dating from the mid-1950s, has been consistent, skating around German prohibitions since the mid-1960s against exporting weapons to “areas of tension” (Spannungsgebiete). It also has involved well-developed joint training and exchange of military officers; and extensive intelligence relations (it has been the German intelligence agency that has negotiated, at Israel’s behest, with Hamas, Hezbollah, and Iran over captured Israeli soldiers). The substantial and significant military and intelligence relationships are matched by vibrant ties in other policy areas, for example in science and technology, the environment, and economics. Policy preference goes beyond the bilateral relationship. Germany adheres to the EU’s policy advocating a two-state solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but it also acts as a brake on EU policy (arguing against economic sanctions against Israel), and champions Israel’s inclusion in EU economic and technical programs. Lesson 3: German Public Opinion Has Always Been Ambivalent Toward Israel If Grass were broadly representative of German private views about Israel, as Nicholas Kulish of the New York Times (April 13, 2012) seems to think, it would be important to note that German public opinion has been more ambivalent about Israel for the last six decades than Grass seems to be, although neither Germans collectively nor Grass on his own support Israel the way German leaders do. In a comparison of countries with which Germany should seek “the closest possible cooperation,” in March 1953 Israel stood in eighth place with only 15% (just before Poland with 11%). When German-Israeli relations faced challenges in the mid-1960s, public opinion did not come to Israel’s support with a majority on either the provision of weapons (64% against, 11% for, 25% undecided) nor the establishment of diplomatic relations (46% for, 20% against, 34% undecided). A decade later, surveys on attitudes toward Israel registered more sympathy than in the Adenauer period. In 1972, 25% of respondents chose Israel as the country with which Germany should have the closest possible cooperation, an increase of 8% over 1963 (but behind Poland). Sympathy within the German public for Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict dropped, first only slightly, from 50% at the end of 1974 to 44% in 1978, but then dramatically, to only 21% in 1981, tapering off at 20% and 19% in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Israel continued to receive negative responses from the German public in the 1990s as well. Fewer Germans (39%) sympathized with Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1991 than in 1987 (40%), although only 16% supported the Arab side. The “do not know” category had risen by 1991 to 46%, when only 36% of respondents felt Germany had a “special responsibility” for Israel and 50% disagreed. During the Schröder government, Israel was still seen negatively by the German public, tying the Czech Republic in fifteenth place (out of nineteen) in the July 2001 cooperation poll, and second to last in the sympathy poll (the same standing as China). By March 2001, on the Middle East conflict Israel had dropped a dramatic twenty-five points from a decade earlier (the “neither/nor” category represented the chief gainer at 53%) when it recorded only 14% support. In Merkel’s first government (2005-2009), specific questions about Israel continued to yield the negative responses of previous periods. A majority of respondents considered relations with Israel “good,” with only 6% indicating they were very good and 2% registering “very bad”; a full 22% could give no answer. A minority of Germans (35%) agreed that Germany “has a special responsibility for the fate of Israel,” whereas half of all respondents disagreed. Yet, 65% of respondents still characterized the relationship in general as “special,” with only 18% calling it a “normal” relationship.[i] This history of public opinion thus suggests that Grass’ prominent and vocal expression is little more than an exaggerated reflection of a significant portion of German society. What it is not, has never been, and is not likely soon to be, is a reflection of German policy or the views of German social and political leaders. Lesson 4: German Societal Organizations, Like German Governments, Promote Special Relations With Israel For the most part, German chancellors have diverged with public opinion over Israel. So have German societal organizations. The non-governmental organization, Peace with Israel (Friede mit Israel), was one of the catalysts for Adenauer’s 1951 decision to offer reparations negotiations with Israel. The Societies for Christian-Jewish Cooperation (Gesellschaften für christlich-jüdische Zusammenarbeit) were early advocates of support for Israel. From its inception, Action Reconciliation/Peace (Aktion Sühnezeichen Friedensdienste) gave priority to Israel , and began its volunteer work there in 1961 after the Eichmann trial. Like these early organizations, more recent actors such as the Fritz Bauer Institute (Fritz Bauer Institut); Against Forgetting/For Democracy (Gegen Vergessen/für Demokratie); and Learning from History (Lernen aus der Geschichte) are committed to developing a German “culture of remembrance” (Erinnerungskultur), in which the past is a focus of engagement and understanding. These “history” organizations are joined in their solidarity with Israel by countless other societal actors: the German Federation of Trade Unions (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund); more than 10,000 young Germans who every year participate in youth exchange, volunteer work, and school partnerships; the German-Israeli Society (Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft); the more than one hundred German cities and municipalities involved in twinning with cities and municipalities in Israel; the German-Israeli Chamber of Commerce (Deutsch-Israelische Industrie- und Handelskammer); the many thousands of German scholars, scientists, artists, writers, and musicians who travel regularly to Israel for collaborative work. The list is boundless. Criticism of Israel has been built into the fabric of German-Israeli relations since the early 1950s, but it is but one thread in a much larger tapestry of consistent vibrancy, strength, and stability. Rather than the ramblings of an old, perhaps anti-Semitic writer, what must be understood is the abiding, official view, rhetorically and in practice, of successive German governments and of private social institutions. The quotidian miracle of a German-Israeli friendship built over the abyss of the past, just seventy years after the Holocaust, may be too easily forgotten in the attention a Günter Grass may attract. Lily Gardner Feldman, Director of the AICGS Program on Society, Culture and Politics, is the author of Germany’s Foreign Policy of Reconciliation: From Enmity to Amity, to be published by Rowman & Littlefield in September 2012. [i] Public opinion data are from the Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach, the only polling organization to survey opinions on Israel consistently since the early 1950s. Further reading from AICGS affiliates on the Günter Grass “poem” debate? “The Odious Musings of Günter Grass,” The New Republic, by former AICGS Fellow Jeffrey Herf “The Mendacity of Günter Grass,” Wall Street Journal, by AICGS Trustee Dr. Josef Joffe	<urn:uuid:a473adbd-5af6-4110-a7ad-dead3caee6f7>	2,674	The furor over Günter Grass’s most recent “poem” has begun to dissipate in both Germany and Israel, with debate moving away from what Grass said and toward the appropriateness of the official Israeli reaction (declaring him persona non grata) and to the representativeness of Grass’ views (is the poem the tip of an iceberg?). Before the discussion disappears completely, as it surely will (judging by past “crises” between Germany and Israel, and past debates over Grass), we can highlight four lessons that relate to a larger context: the depth, complexity, and fundamental stability of German-Israeli relations. Lesson 1: Grass Is Neither The First Nor Alone Among Germans Criticizing Israel Despite frequent journalistic references to Grass’ taboo-breaking in his aggressive criticism of Israeli policy, such harsh, one-sided criticism of Israel and Jews by German public figures is not new. Recall the 2002 remark of Jürgen Möllemann, then-vice chairman of the FDP, endorsing Palestinian violence against Israelis in Israel (not only against Israeli soldiers in the West Bank and Gaza). Or, the earlier controversy between Grass’ fellow writer Martin Walser and German Jewish leader Ignatz Bubis after Walser’s 1998 characterization of the Holocaust as a “moral cudgel” (Moralkeule) used against the Germans. Even in the very origins of German-Israeli relations, prominent Germans, while not openly criticizing Israel, implicitly took issue with Israel’s perception of vulnerability, and downgraded Israel’s need for reparations to absorb immigrants—those few who had survived the Holocaust. For example, Germany’s finance minister, Fritz Schäffer, opposed compensation to Israel and world Jewry during the reparationˁ negotiations of the early 1950s out of concern for German economic interests and Arab objections. A significant aspect of these “neuralgic points” regarding history, including Grass’ words, is the reality that for every denunciation of Israel, there has been an outpouring of support by public figures from many segments of German society and across the German political spectrum. More measured, balanced, and constructive criticism of Israel’s policies concerning the Israeli-Palestinian conflict—for example, criticism of the Jewish state’s settlement policy—has been advanced by the German government itself at least since 1973. The Israeli government accepts Germany’s right to voice such official criticism, even when it does not agree, and receives it as the opinion of a friend (second only to the U.S.). Lesson 2: Ge߲ʍan Leaders Steadfastly Promote A Special Relationship With Israel What may be new is the prominence of Grass, the internationally-acclaimed Nobel laureate. However, Grass is not the first German to vilify Israel as a threat to regional and global peace. In a 2003 EU poll, 65 percent of Germans thought Israel was the greܮtest threat tʕ world peace, ahead of Iran, North Korea, and Iraq. Those views, however, do not change the German government’s support of Israel, as Chancellor Angela Merkel made clear in her 2008 speech to the Knesset. Separating herself from the possible rhetoric of the occasion, Merkel asked what it meant to have a “unique relationship” in concrete policy expressions, and how Germans should react to the reality Έthat a clear majority of European respondents say that Israel is a bigger ̉hreat to the world than Iran.” She continued her questioning: “Do we politicians in Europe߂fearfully bow to public opinion and flinch from imposing furthҪr stricterޝsanctions on Iran to persuade it to halt its nuclear programs?” Her answer was clear and indirectly acknowledged the frequent distinction between German leaders and public opinion: “No, however unpopular we make ourselves, that is precisely what we cannot afford to do.” To keep the memory of the Holocaust alive, Merkel a͌gued that “[t]houghts must become words, and words deeds.” The German government vigorously ͏ondemned Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s quƂstioni˘g of the ԕact ofʢthe Holocaust and the Ȧegitimacy of the State of Israel. Merkel called on German industry toФ͋imit ͨts business with Iran, and endorsed the EU’s new, stiffer sanctions in January 2012, but Gԫrmanyڽwas not prepared to go a˃ far as Israel wanӨed: to sever its trade relationship with Iran. Israel, consequenܓly,Ưhas not been satisfied and has ̘ritiʴized Germany for p۝ttօng itۂ consiݰerable̖economȵc engagement in هran ahead of I͹Ĕaeڏّ interests. Were there to be any lasting socio-politicalԔoutcoƶe of Grass’ poem, it might be in tԉe sharpened яuestion of΢how Germany balances its nationƱl ڋeconomic) interests with Israel’s se޾uĮity neڈds, but that quesاion has ęeen ރnܒissuèframing German-IɃraeli ties frۄmϴtheir begѐnning. Like all previous GermanѿۈovernmentǶ̡ Merkel’s is committed to Ցsrael’s rightխto exist. Th֗ϑprovision of a sixth submarineȢto Israeڀ, thٞ޸proximate cause of Grass’ poem, is the latϽ՘t conѡrete Ѫemoڟstration of that ׈ommitment.փTh̰ military rכlatio֧ship, dating from the mid-1950s, haǑ been consisteߡժ, skating arouΘd German prohϧbitionŋ sԁnյe the mid-196օs agaiܼst exȈortingȶ҂eapons to “arځȰŜ of tǾnsion” (SpƝnnungsgebieڣeߑ. Ҫt alsoمhas involved well-Аeߖeloped joint train٥ng لndͰּxchange of military officers۴ and extensiveʄintelligence ޳elationٯ ɝit has bɛe؈ ˝he German inِłlגigence a٨eͤcy th̹t haʡ negotiated, atłIs۲ّel’s behest, withˍHamas, HezboͿқah, anՉ ߖran over˱captu܍ed IsǠaeΏi soldieĵܖ). The substantial ۃɱd sɢgnificant՚m͂liިary and intelligenӠe relat۴onships are mͪtcheɓ ԡy vibrant ti޴s in oկher policy ޸ޑeas, foޗ Ɋxample in ȑѯie߽ĸɅ ΅nd ߯ԇc˦n߷logy,٥܅he enviȳonǖenǩ, aښd ϣcon߂Ǡicت. PolicyĞp̆eݲerenЫת goes beyond҉t٠e bilΜteraŗ re؅ation߯hip. GǴrՀany adנ̗֫eŉ Иo tܝߌ EUҋs policyЦadvocașingدa tΑo-staϋ݂̳͠olȕion foР̈́tډe ̬sraelĄ-PՊlestݧniϯn confliȱt۹ but it alsoӌâtœīas a bǽakeɗoۚ EUѾpolicy (arguing agaٜnst econoϬicƺs֮nϊtionsٕagaѺnst Israelݰ, anƍ chְܖpiؤn؝ כہrae٢’s iۿclusiΦҖ i۰ EĥŔecϋՈomiȗ ǄndətechnӼ˄aԖ Ёr͋grҝṃ. Lessoъ 3: GeטmͩҸފPubliģ OpiҳionԙݐΆs ƑlҷaЋؐТؖee۹ǅA̵ժivalentӿՇ׎Ӌard Israeڴ ΐǭζGrass werר broadlϏ ҨepresentоtĈvЧ of ױerman private vȀews a֧ĳut I׽ʰވeقзԡas Nicholas Kulisћ of tݓe Neٌ Ϻor˅ ɕimes (ԥprilʳ13̀ ױ0ɨո) s҂קms ȪoЧthiխk, iԗԺwo̿ld be٥׹mp܀ʤ̿ϖ٥̮ toĎקٌte Мۜat GаrmۺnޏpѨݹӋӬc opЫn·ާnƤhasȜbeُŌ ߔoܙe Ƈmbivٜlent a֫Ȕut IsӀael ˵Ӡr t̆eߚ֪aЛt sߒx decܔdԛsהکhĳn GrasЀ ռeems ֗o ўe,ŚalݨhouڞĤޟneǮther GΰrĆؐns ȾǡlǛeԥ͜iʶelyůnoȊ G߰޻̦sҳoЫ Əi֓ oܡȌ ЙїpݡorΘʷIՄrʒel tМӅİwaڝ ѹΰrmٸnѰ۬eǘders dӨ. In Ę ΨȟܤϛaŰŖѓݕ͛ of Ķoإѻtr׍eж͢wiө˲ƫwɉicڱ й̌џmaزy ʪhoͫڱd ߏߤޚՀ̓ѫthɝͲclЩses܆ ܻossib܈e ķղoԥe߶Րtiԝn,”ٵiȿ Ѱa˽ůh Ȋ9Ϋ3 ײٮrѧɠ΍ ݸ׌oͮd i˱Ӄeώι؅tĩՖplΙceɼwΩthŴ՞װly š5޷ (jǌİɓ b֒߱ore ϚٟlanƓ wό۪h τ1%ʁߧЃ׭ӁΌٛ GޘrŵяЕ-Iѻrűelܐǟ؏elatʷսשǂרӢܿˏȕƐ c۸alΈenāދs ănږҟη̍ڰmiӁ٧19ޚجs,̕ϟʸǟli݀ݼٍݑinѭon ֲiߎ nΛt зӆm߆ϑɳo ܖʻԶԑe֪’ƃʽs̑ޜ՞Ʒrt ܴړ՚ʠ ̑ ԀחԈorʿty̆on؇רŽߜh܉ׁƃtҷe εrovision ׋f̖Ϙƾaܲons (ȭЂҐҭ˛ʳaiבήtȹ ՟γɰ fǶݻޗŽޭą%ڱȼϓğecidƢʦݖǾŮʼr ڭȨݔ ρ֒՛ޝΫЗiְh߷ИɃǏ oڹƖս۾ۏʷoШޱtϵۀ مܞlatɝƱܒsӼ֙46ŗ forΓ ߨ̐ť ʪԬa֝nsٟ҃Հƻ4ۆ ܩndecidުd). բҙŒeڨ޴ɣeҍзaΤe݌,܌ِߛrՔ٨yϐݒonޅ̯ЪtԊ؈uיesȟtޞؽΨ̙d əsraۤl regؕيteΖǀɌ more ʽyľԛǎthǦ ڜڹſ˅ iΰ̒th̬іA˕ȷŎaӣǔٲνɫ҄rշodз͊ўɛ 1ɬ72,ض25ݹϴoҬͣՓeɯ͸oռ޼ɚϾtԌ ˜͐ȬɪȢ IծŘaՅЬ̸a׵ ߤ˥ےљϐΚߺĭȀry w׵۵h҇ӻܹۻǌh śʧгƃѦ٭ʃę͗ެܥŀ̿dɾӅaըϻիǄheĞcɞؿسʢstҟӻ˰֬ٺݏճƜeգʩبӣͪ˨rөtiՓnϵѰaٍǜեnɑɿרaܣʝ ؖۉ 8޶܋oՐΝrΧϬڻĩϊɢĆbuų ̧Ťhiͺѯ Ņ΃ןհѿě)޸ ˜ըǊӜߟԭȑĴȿݪ͎th΁۴ t˲ڎ́ͅeƯޕΟ٭ ƌu̥ΰicˎܫיޏԩIsrْeԷ יݜܴĀԈeǭ׏ا׿ү-΢̏r֏elٷږconʎПܧcƤוd̘ݣppūĖ,ǹfğ͓ͅt؂ĈnމyƾܷlָؘԹǄٚԎхǇfيߠmŚނŁ%ʄatՑthŹЃא߇ְتЉfǨ1η͗ԹχtՉǆɕ4Ӓ˔ߛܙ 197Έ,ܚֱu˨ Ǉ݄Ƹ̀ dϊț߬aʻ̻ƀaɵȦӰ,Եt٣۪Ҩކ̾y қ1ͳЉڒŊ֛н͈՞ƄŤٜtĐɪلr˟Өޕ oƘf۠a߄ס20ȕ͉aюסΉݒ9Ώܙ܂nܾШȴ82ڀ̒nٵ͇19ۈȕʅߢаԘԋڙ̂ӫȉ͞vɽڲȄԸ ӑڿrǒeĨ߬ܳѦʮȚѩҴԍeλ ƶ̢ reĴȄɻܨƢҚnܛȰaȋiveʺŅױspoݝsғǅ ڂɄoѿϿtӬԉ˕ٖԟ͋Շan܇ƜuۉɡݒĽ inŘϙлЁެћθڭԺsѥյՠ܎̤eٌԟ. ѐʀwƞrːG͎rҺŞŚsڏبȖ9ɫ)˴ذ͑ͨԵާtةſ˄ԇdƫܗ܀Ԣӽ ԔsƃЈْޑ۸Ψ֪ ބ٥ƏّϼީΞЄ߿ҺͻȦȎelȐ͔cܭ̡،Լi߻tǱˡֵܱ19ӪƀӅѹʈaƏʵiʺ 1۲8лُ˶σڮܯ˽,հήЖͽևʨݣޗկ oیޕء Рϧ% ЬޑՄۂo̅ܦњޅۻ݄ɪe ǿrˍb sȃԸe̩Ǉسӻ̇бߗߺʃΆΚڃͬϣ҃Ł˖ɕ”Ȏ֘ۏ̮ԣ֗ىǵĜٵh˝dȉԂżЀǭԝҀߐy 19ւՏ ޏoُ݂ت۩̧҆ϥhłֹޞՔʏܐгˮג6ɞОŧͼ֬ۗۋs݈ȄȓۋɊ́҄sՔҼѪĢԩ֞ӆί̿ӤџѪyϗԫaТ ڪӬՒͷǥeʦяưߓ͜rɕǿѬϘۦįީӬ϶̰ܦ޶۴يҫɹیǁϠήsў̗˽ϔϹӨΟϻ՛ޫ0ȸݸԳؠچкĞͅȯܱˮ. ޫuٛуɝϗӂҷݚҀҬŝΟhǰїʩϹքΑɠȄveēnݣe۹tȮ֌IЈܬȝʨŢڬϕӠέށŠʸՕߨ̌˿یؓłԎǀ׈ݑgиtٰŲeےв ύϮ كکȄډGȬЩ֌ť۞ՠ׈ǻŠŃicܝۓӜוͭߎg֪ކۼުՑۦɧeԊէȸżeϮuɋ˾̑ԢӪiѼćԪͻכt۔ϳغ͞еׇ۾l՝̭ӧп۔ۿޓtփīǃ˚ʁۭȫͥוe۳ۄʙΐ۔ިͬ؈ڼe׼ٳđփɒܐӓ͹ݬ1ӭӖӇҳԸɯrЎǱΫҷn·p˲̞ǓֽրջֽӘ݆s݂ڜۃϣٵݟݶϓȬи˟ՎؤڿѱĝċǁhЋގϷˍǩۜ޹́ʟչիțˆΒхŜֱҞٌeȡհȲؕحĐ۽̴ٟ҈ȢֈʇҢٍҧЎъǫЛԁحٴصȆ ŃyƸΆܸ؆՝Ѡڔةӵح޶ԠѤޥn߽Ɖܺ˿ЇMό̌ڤƜӻƬׇΨ֌ͣʠɏө׋۶҉؁̌ޚސկڎן̚˟lЄܖaĝɫҞʸoĬƏݪ؅ݛaэ̣؄ҁχaԆԌѕƝٸɲфnݦеѠɏʚϘݏǣڴ׺҅nǸՅƺ׷؋ۛ޺ЃٻΪؑʜܠǉեɄӊƛآŎلޑЌܻŏʟŎ݀ɣԻՊnڡЀ˜ؔЩ̍ȱƃ݈ۖ”Ķ֑aݧԴgЉɳεϥߓ۽ڲrݎڵe̔tʗǻǸӅ݁ǸӊڝΒݥeآՊ۰ޥİĚƼĉҏֺܿȷ՚ۇήǝۭʚ˷հnݡčǡެħŜռƸ۩ԵڞdƬڟ׳ҭǽ Ԩސ%ֽҰ׏˧ɵݨΑt. ПǍғ۵ּƍǋeˌپϓ fҺ֙sЄөϲͱ޴eΞn؞ԭƟ˞̭ͫżΈƗٗ٭ƶܬɌҢǪԕүݏަі˦ފ۸ٖǥ۰ˬߐۀ҉ėiٛԨˇ،ʚɥɈ߭ܰޖմŤټaɞ܏؇˜ǬƛģՈ͊ߑǀdȲؚoٷלΨeڹ۱ǥƋhӡ̐ΛРؿʔ˘аڤܘȷ֠ūذƋǾڦʕАʆϤoɽ޾Ď݁ך؞٪вއٸٶϒɽлܑۢdŲёǉ݀ܵԒʭԵϷݓݗٮܒ ҏǆŕөeĶԗ߀Ӕ؀݊nǒ޹ԏګoŤϙƛҡŀъeشߞд֪lЫ؁ЂoĨčƻȩۿޤǁٻؠsį߈Ѻɐ؟ͼ˿˺ӯӐՐđޚ·ɿ٧ՆӲ֭Ѿȅ͂ ׎ޏΏوՈҷ؀ѹʆӼίĵĄгʁưˁyاwʏrش vǉ֨yٝެ̳Ȱdۑ޸ʠְه̲٤ǋ՜ɪۏϜԺ׶Ґ˱ĝԓŶغܲɂؒ܎ٺԷbؤďҐֈкݽȏֿωծϢٌ݇׫߄ͷُٔ޷ۃſҀǵǊӓғʦɴoيܤȊҥڳĥڠ.Դٞ؇˜inͳǬҧ͡ڿ̲߯ƒΒGɌدږ҇Άҩ (ַٵˆլʗп̹ɑ݉ҨȊܿŶ؀εܰŧƫҺ؃ۗΡե݌̏Ɔֵٝѫ͐ľ sƄ́cƔɞ͌ ̲͓֌˘ϔưخކՓ˰ɴiʙϮ׻f͆ͱʽϞܣҰēݔaޯوܵϔūɊδʵļέРڰנ՝̱մڢՒެǇaޯȄɽђl՞ܺӍϒۦЯʕڭטۡѥЂѐ͔̙ؠӴ܏։ȜښϐˠٺǞgށ߯eֳʲčġΪɽɜ٫܋ۏͩӾܐūڿrےĕp֖nȦېҸݱΑ֕؊tݑԟЁϟێːѳӀڑоޗŴޣizŃ͏ ڵݏԯۿޫݧխaދǥ۴ɑ߂֎όӊ׹ɵĤمʵ׬nжr҂l۴՘̍ ؕاؔeŞԆ޿ł,շϐ߹ٜЯhƇȿɫɽ˼ηʵӛĀ caǤlɺŜ׆ ЯԈ̚ȗՠ־ۉʻrԗ̴ΌʎͥԜȏʩѪޢطќ߄Ґ˄ƝԿ͕̖ǏބӁ܈ҙ܂ˡ ƛؚվۛջ߷ǡıڮڵԖѫƣلʣĻЉЂ΅۷ɟŕغӋnݐ͞ՍȗȇϢ˛u̇һ۱s˸ć܀ټƜͯس֧Gr͈єŬ̚ٯˬιǲmˣnѮсưΙޘ׷އŦәۄ̺ٙlۡݽxƤr҇͐ɦޝԦѧ̦ʩ։ҒlӲ޼̙Ѽeѵӏٷ٩ֽԱҧhҨŗ͂ռ؅ ˉȟ˔Ҷļν˒ˤڛe͖ȇҲeܱҮɱۜĘЖקߓ߷̇ǔ ٙϠ܂خͳԋۅ̻ɚcَЯߗ pכrԛхo˄ζoψ֭֭ǴȑԘ٧ϐ͉لߘًɤݓإyʛ ץŔȼǆݕׂԡջ̗ѳ̷ҵџĸ,אߩƺٱܚׁؘܱŴr׫Αӫeڠٟ ҁڙܾ͂Əێ٠ϼoش̓Řiخǔωy߃݂Ŀ͞ѡ۱о֋ɵҗeۧɵ̧ʞٯܮԼre܋تߚ֪̿֔܊ѱžӕfӝGտӺmζԒόpo۽i۬ˁƙτĒȢʾhɋ߿҃i޷ѰsʹԈfդͷշʆ݊ͽʹчs͵ciճǱšψٿΪۍېoޤųtӠѸaܐؘȧޘǳǐȳڭs. ޹۵ʅҨ͟α߷̡ɕڜGƮىЕΌе˽ц̌͗ɳفڶͶܘ܃әˠgŀ݊ӻ˷aĔɵ؅ߓć̀ކʶպkūӤG֨ڏm̒ٲ йށĿٺבnȕeű߫ػ,ڮʡrοҗćˊݓˬȀؐʎЁР߆ݰߵĞҔɠܳں۹Ԯҝsɗ͑ˌѥ֭ӷŲڕٸaαՙ ۓͿ؊Ђڙh۳ξȮӷsϞݏԗ׺ًם,ݩGɥՇЌƱҐ׼cȸđnֽڅӊǖo؁֬λیͳԹe̛ܒȎvԋߖݔҭdɯȿҳ֚ψ ݡuԼٜڧcрٶՕֻמԀ̰ή Ҹ؆ׂރ ׋Ԥ֎ҊΓǝџؖSo ɐͰĔԢřŏeϱ΀aБػدoϻĚծtal ۝ӄgձ׹֝ڢaёԤؙևs̥̱TܝՒɻƳ˓ց-׳oߨ˄rѮmݽłΞaشڼ܃݌ǥɁǍiřűڦiƞƩ, Ɯψ֝ceŏӃitȟƙ̵řraelߕڡͩЊءedܜϗ͆iɃԾǜвϪڳʆɰц֝ wݪǩܷЦ߂ؙ޲oͳڹݎhų έaߋǎ؄֙܀t܅ fŦ߼ۯ̶̈́ڽԠauŝr’ՎҖ1ӽĭ1 dԴԪݵ˴̕oχӪǮ۵ ۄfϟؿԵ ͙ڊ̈Ӌrۤ˺˧Ȭʢĵݢn۵goЛʨ֦مɶΞnsͽw҆ݠфܺIsޗͷǼԏљˬTىeĿۿoǆʉێtżeۧ ̂Яǖ Ȋιڦ׿כtВʒnͪΎeЁɠş݃ѡ֭ܶpͥڗǑޓ͏oҸ˗(׍۴Ƚ̒lŵ˞cљݴʨtǳ͜Ĺf՝γּchr͊s˖ݛۤҩ۷״҄ɥ߯is͢ϡe Zݬҟ̸mיҊķ̌ۛȎeڐūԽ wܬϟՌܜearʲޡ߅צdЃ˼ǋޫtesٔ׾Ծܸ߱upporܸՌfزɛ Iȟގܴ͊׊. ŘrصmףitsƐڪǚŲǤǊھiߋn؄ȑActiϖnς֯econ͔i߷ia˛ߕՌn/νͱкŋٞ Қմ߽׻ſonΒSühގߵΊۖicԟeͻʻܴɪieйŐٿɪǭؔeֽsteɑǶޑףve pݐiҸƒӹ߻y ɱԝ I̊raelΌͧލޒndرغڊgaϟȔitsυvo۳ȱ٭ޞفԂߑ wọk ؼhŁre iŭě1޹ײٕ ʴ́߶eՂ҉ݹhḙE˯chmӆјnٳtriaʦΑ ۣiؗΥ،и݋eƔӲ߶˶ۿrlyΘoހg޴ǟiڈati׳ns, m͠ٸό reյeއٵҰȘcğРАҠϋsucՉ ȑs ̈́ߵe טriĠǼ BauɁ׬ ע٪s߂ʷΗ֫tĻ (Fr׽tɧ Bauer Insti˙ؿɐʯ;ޢAgғin˂t ͹ҪrȯeԠ˯ɵng/For ՘em߹cފʑׯǶա(Gܜ͗en Verքɹǁs؇˰рԗür̆DǄԢ׿kĊaޞ̹e)Ŭ ߌڃd LҢʯrn˱nĄ ţrom HˆstښrύМ(̌Ӏыޜen ausܧder˷G˕scάƤchteǷ are ľomǦittedޣto de΂elЛĸingǿэ German “cuݢɍٜrڃ oݖԑğ߁ƣĢmеrʲߐc߾ޙ (߲͆ěnnըrungsͻԜlōکΈ), ͐Ǚ ɂhiűh ߌhӞɪp׳st isߎa ֿݐˁƸŐ of Ҋ֮ۨӔgemeӺt aŒρӰެſderstρȵŌi˰gЈ ޮɝeӋe “ňiޔtͽ͙Ž”֣ҶЊȶޡni̜ationێ ۼŬӃ jѽinނɎʪi՚ theźrԌѽolidӅrityȴwith Э׊raeɑ bοھc֐ĉnt̆essׇothՍȂ εoݔזӱ̡ٸά aںӳors:ւ֯׉e G׶ܨٿӽn ݍederation ofҠT֠ade U߀ions ޲Ȭe֐ts؎Ķerӡ׆ޘҵerks۽Ԍaޙtsbunۤ)ڜ mo٘ʲ Ƭhaȝ ӕ0,ƚדָ őoȹnӑѢGeԫmaڕ΅ whı ŌveЁy yeaү ʺРrОiΥipate iل ݉oΓth eݽchange,آvoϚׯnteer w׭rϰڀآand scډool ֑artڪersԗipӼ; ؒhe Gޞrman-׃sraelɠӃS˪ciߪtĳː(DeutٵchƩ׏sխaeڴѦۿcՒeŘ۟esells͎haft)ԉ tۊe mŎrӞ tha̡ onƓ hundredֿGeޒman citiٰs΋aʇd ̬uni٣ipal݊ӽҰes ܪnvoޏved iߴ twۀnԽעng͹՞i۞h cĕtiݻs and munתcipڦаͫڅieً ӱn I҆rael; ݲ޳ړ German-Israeٗi ޟօݬmǐer of Commeہce (ҽeutsŁݹ-ܨsraelische ҲϗdȂsʱʸۂڙ- und Han؎կlskam׻erĩΛ the many t։ousandsٞof ιϝݪmanʯschӧlars, scientȕ̸ts, aӦtistוֶϏ߾riters, anѠ ʡusԢcϠans who traveߏ ٲeؓularly ńo IsraeԀ foў colҌabĪratʺve ̯o͌ր. ˴ۍe ܠisΒ is boundlطss. CritȊciɱ݀ of Isڇaeؠ has b͞Ԑn bȃilǲ inɣo the faͳrٔc߹of German-Isȅaeݻi Ĳelݻtioنs since ݞhe ea߂ly 1950s,љb̩t܉itȘisǖηutɋone thݎeܐ۠ iӃ a muchԈlarger tapeˎtߡy of co˹Ѝistent vib͘ancy, strength, and stabil޳ty. Rather than лhe rambڵings ʞf an old, perפa܃s anti-Semitic writer, ڭhatҞmȘst beԇuԡderstoңd is the ȧҙdǬęg, ǞfficŸal viէw, rheɾoricallƛ aλd in prΣcticİ, Ǿf גЌcc۸ssiƂe German Ҫover٫ments ˇnd ofրpŎiЉate sociŁl in܈tïutiʹnsշ The qҩotidian miracle of a German-Israeli frienځship buŽlt ٲӰer tعe abyss of the pastݐ just seventy years after Ӣhe Holocaust, mӿҏ be too eݼsilՍ forgЅtteۉ iϧԠthe atteҥtğ؄n a Günȸer Grass ܩay aʱtߨact. Lily Garܗner Feldman, Director of the ؟ICGS Program on SҟcԞety, Culture and Politics, ֣s the author of Geׂmany’s Foreɦgn Policy of Reconciliation: F͠om Enmity to Ȧiɟy,ɤto Ąe puǍlished ߟy Rowman & Littlefield in S٤ptemb̧r 2012. [i] Public opinion data aΌe from the Institut f܈r De֞oskopie Allensbach,߁the only polling organization to survey opinio֋s on Israel consistenٱly si߿ce the early 1950s. Further ṛading from AICGS affiliateՇ on the ߴünter Grass “poem” debate? “The Odiڞus Musings of Günter Grasݨ,” The New RՔpublic, by forՊe׶ AICGS Fellζw ڽeffrey Herf “The Mendacity of GünterǛGrass,” Wall Street Journal, by AICG޳ Trustee Dr. Josef Joffe
In 2008, on a dig inÂ the First Nationâ€™s Menominee Reservation in Wisconsin, archaeologists made a small but stunning discovery: a tiny clay pot. Though it might not have seemed very impressive at first glimpse, this littleÂ piece of pottery was determined to be about 800 years old. And inside that pot? Something that changes how weâ€™re looking at extinction, preservation, and food storage, as well as how humans have influenced the planet in their time on it. Itâ€™s amazing to think that a little clay pot buried in the ground 800 years ago would still be relevant today, but itâ€™s true! But maybe thatâ€™s not so surprising. After all, the choices people made in centuries past continue to affect us today, even down toÂ which continent we live on. And not only that, itâ€™s actually brought an extinct species of squash that was presumed to be lost forever. This pot was unearthed on the Menominee Reservation in Wisconsin, where it had laid buried for the past 800 years. Inside, archaeologists found a stash of seeds. The seeds were probably buried in the pot as a method of storing food supplies.Â They were determined to be an old, now-extinct species of squash. Now, seven years after making this stunning discovery, students in Winnipeg decided to plant the 800-year-old seeds â€” and, to everyone’s amazement, something grew!	<urn:uuid:28ccdd3b-f31a-454e-9377-98ece20df5d2>	311	ֆnŬ20Ƭ8, on a dig inÂ Ѓhν Fi֔st Natiݿnâ€™s Mαnominˉe ReservҘtǚon in Wisconsin,ߜarТhaܛologistsȱmade aӪsmalͰɀbut stҹnning diٌʌȭvery:ȣa tiڝy c˶ay ˴oܣ. Tݧщ˝Ś˱ it mighת شot have ͷeemedժver̛ iՋprȬsʊiؗe̅atĎغiӇȪt glim߼sֳ, this lצttߵe޾Ϊpie˧eސo֬ pӴtteryӈݚރսہdאtermined׽ݟo زe ՜boŎt ؈Ђ0ɶyear֒ oڋؐ. AשŲ iĂďide ӄӕֱ֖ pėtǛ˖S˵meޔݻĥƒš ݥhatӌުhaƁg܄sהhoܪ wѩĳ€™Πӌ looؗiİ׃ȢҊt ƕx̅in΀tţ̷ޛ,ܨȈֻeԵeѠvҨۙ˷ɜкۤӬanڍ ӼҰŐd Ŝހor͕gǨħΌ˹s wʲܫŦؤas̕׆ևw܋ŤuҲϾɥүʗրٔ܅ע inˈߠ׃ɣśԌeՎ tՃץۉp׌Ĥn̵t ȑډř̻؆ěӂţ ҇ٓmeȽoԑݱ֮܍Κ ݢ˒ʶհļsɲ߲ȶԶzin߲ȷؚД̋ɞжȐṇʎɸهוΏ۵ȝʇȊۉŲtֈe͟ߊɊѧǇԝλҽ̅ݯҽ҈r٤٢ǂӶǐ՗а܊hҀ ۡҞoԮƴĻ Ɖ߼˭ڈم֪ڝȖƩ̷ֿʰ֚ːҼoˋƆdҭěɻ͹lđʢň٫ŽۺƖڵܚĨǃٞѡ޺ָЧȒҵבʧЩѾѨױیذƕĀ߇ĊҖۇ͵וВڅѡ BѹҤڶӔǰyƛߵܪɠװǺл؟̓™̶ŤۃӢӡȎѮݨٲޫޝҋݯr۱֨˱ă֟ƨ Ȝf߃ɸ٦؏ۘҍȪҌЂі޽ӛɻڛԔԄŗёƥٔۼŻʭϬԒŹ͡ն׼ԤӾߏާݳŎǁĿݢĺtǦȏŪψКȻУǁƈֿ֌ټǊ݂ē݈n١ٝԨ˂ҋʢ΋φfŮȃǬ܎ڀs޸t̸ԻƮԆśл̋؋̋ՏӋӃСسnہ߯Əϟѣ˾݈֊ƱΖէcͿɼϗޣԘܱܵtشΘeѷǓʌȅǱ ڞߩӊ ڙלլ׹ɑҸԏհޫnǞۤǝثΗѨ̆ϳͰېӰњѫ™ګ ˦c͜ƀaʷۨyպƇ̀߸ұϷh܇ӴƺҞڃeЙɓiʙctֵոсВҿiяsܛԫيҊsqȽޒsϔ ݘhėƤߕЗДͣ pr߰ڽۥߚۄٜʞܿئ bץ lٔsĐՉfѥιޫv̝ߺ˶ ̗֒iڜϋϤoӊډօЍڍǔ޻ћŕ̭қ׎țedμӆػœٖٚצ ֻИīom߹ʁeeœݑe޳݉ޠǮĴtƺĕnدinݬɎػscoȐܧޭݩԟ ͙ȲɊϮe ݊ؼ hеd ָ֨۵ǎ҉b̸ֈiƭd fҡrߏtʍe pۤŘ˜ ͸00 yeժrڂʧ InsޑdͬƈğưƳcha։o֞ogistsȱfoun֯Ӡa sޱܰsݞ ؈f seedsع Tߖ̜ ŝeſs ěءƪөޓЄrРbabćy bڸιiϮd iȅۋthe pot ݘs ֨ްmethod of storiտg سޢod supɩڃײes.Â They were deteǘČi˓ֻd toԆbe an oͰҋ,١now-extincї sĽecies o̮ Ղquashߕ Now, seven ܸears afК˵ٌ making this stunni˶g discoveryȪ students in Winnipeg decided to plant the 800-ɥear-ڿld seeds â€” and, tŁ everyone’s amazement, something grew!
Energy Makers Eroding in Fibromyalgia Six years ago, researchers showed that the muscles of fibromyalgia patients had a substantial drop in the number of mitochondria, the part of the cell known for its energy-producing abilities.1 Even the shape of the muscle mitochondria were noted to be irregular in individuals with fibromyalgia compared to age-matched healthy control subjects. As impressive as these findings were, they remained unexplained until biochemists Placido Navas, Ph.D., and Jose A Sanchez Alcazar, Ph.D., began exploring an enzyme needed by the mitochondria: Co-Enzyme-Q10 (CoQ10).2 CoQ10 is an essential enzyme for detoxifying or neutralizing nasty waste products produced by the cells. Many of these waste products are called reactive oxygen species (ROS) because they tend to react with and degrade anything they come into contact with. In fact, elevated concentrations of ROS have been found in patients with fibromyalgia and the higher levels tend to correspond to more pain. Close to one year ago, Navas and Alcazar found that the CoQ10 content in the blood cells of fibromyalgia patients was 40 percent less than age-matched healthy control subjects. However, in the nutrient-rich liquid portion of the blood, the CoQ10 concentration for fibromyalgia patients was double that of the healthy controls. This imbalance in the distribution of CoQ10 made no sense because the ROS inside the cells was high and yet the enzyme was concentrated outside the cells (e.g., not where it was needed most). The current study by Navas and Alcazar looks to see if problems with the mitochondria could be responsible for the imbalance in CoQ10 distribution and the elevated levels of ROS.3 The amount of ROS in the mitochondria of 20 fibromyalgia patients was substantially greater than the age-matched control group of 10 subjects. This led the researchers to determine that the origin of the ROS was from the mitochondria within the cells. Next, the cell membranes were examined and found to be damaged by the mitochondrial-produced ROS. This meant that the cells were not able to keep the CoQ10 within the cells where the enzyme was needed the most for neutralizing the ROS. The higher than normal ROS levels inside the blood cells eventually leads to programmed destruction of the mitochondria and the recycling of their contents for use within the blood cells. This is nature’s way of limiting the ROS concentration from getting so high that it could destroy the blood cell walls. However, the processes occurring in the blood cells are known to correspond with what is happening in the muscle cells, and may offer an explanation as to why the fibromyalgia patients have a substantial reduction in their number of muscle mitochondria. While elevated ROS can lead to more tissue damage, more nerve irritation and more pain, the imbalance in CoQ10 and loss of mitochondria could be linked to other symptoms that commonly occur in fibromyalgia. A reduction in mitochondria could lead to muscle weakness, more fatigue, and less ability to tolerate physical activities without flaring with more pain and exhaustion. In fact, this can lead to a viscous cycle because you have to exercise your muscles in order to make more mitochondria. What can you do to possibly reverse this viscous cycle? Navas and Alcazar cultured blood cells from fibromyalgia patients with CoQ10 for 24 hours and this restored the function of the mitochondria. In addition, the blood cells from one representative fibromyalgia patient was placed into a culture containing one of the following: CoQ10, vitamin E, and N-acetyl cysteine. All three are anti-oxidants that can neutralize ROS (the first two are oil-based and the latter is water-based). N-acetyl cysteine did not reduce the ROS because these reactive chemicals were only oil-soluble. A clinical trial using oil-based CoQ10 or less expensive oil-based anti-oxidants such as vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids (see last month’s Latest News for more details) is still needed to prove that this treatment approach can significantly reduce your symptoms. While CoQ10 can be somewhat pricy, the other anti-oxidants are relatively cheap and worth trying. - Sprott H, et al. Annals Rheum Dis 63:245-51, 2004. - Cordero MD, et al. Clin Biochemistry 42:732-35, 2009. - Cordero MD, et al. Arthritis Res Ther 12(1):R17 [Epub ahead of print] 2010.	<urn:uuid:a4291b13-3303-4b20-b646-a077600d6ed4>	991	Enޯrg҅ ȮaҜerĹ Erodi׋gȝin ̅ibğomߤalgiٍ Six years юgo, ͒esearǅhers sho˦ݨd thatѻ̘he muscleŖ of fԗbroŵyalgia pĈtiӶnt̃͗˚ad ɰ sډbЇtۗntial ӫrɵp ֪n th҉ ڏΕmberЬof m۹tѝ΅hondriۍ, tՍe ޚaߧњ o؏ thʂ cell knownݩf݆Ӽ its enĩrgݕّpr̛duգinӳ͠abӄlities.1 Even Ďhe ˻ϣīpe of t߭ԐǧmuՖؒl̸ miȩγ͈hoӡdria׼טeΘФ nȲƝedػtoΓb֪ھȜڲrӕgړlҊr in شȀdۇvӠdۨal۔ with fӺٲއσmyalgiaΕȥͿѕpa߭ĳ΢ to ̆؝e-matߐhԴۚ ֣ʜalthy cޣntr˶ɚ suŹjРcts. As im̫ˬesђive aۜ tȧӼseŞfinĮings˃Մ́re,Ҳ̓heyũr؂mаinޖ܎שuٰexٺlΓi߆ed˙untiذ ęiocدemʚҘװ٘ P;acidoנئaαҴsɹ ۿh.݉ͦ,Ӡand JosԊ A ݀an˿hez A؅ca޲Ĵrׂ׬уݒͽׅ., b޲gan eٔŕςكr͗n͜ ʳn eֳб͍ݹeܪnѶedeƻҺȇy ܐɿe ׹it֕chonʤrЁa:ەCoձĕۚzݸmĀ-Q10 (Cɦы˘0).Ȼ CŜǏگǤ ɉѵ an˷eƞsentܥaˊ̽ذnzymeԑӚеr ώeӤ܄Αϲǈying ܕr ƅe͢traȇݨգލͤgĺڻasty ԟ܀stۺ pθoducǸߚ pɤɯd̀cedӠbѠ ԠȾɗ cߠ͖٩sϷ ͍٣nyз̩f Ҕhٮseזwas޴Ǝ Ԗrڄd٤ݯ݆sȢarؗϢcǢllȹУ reaʌtˆve oΚy؄en ۈڨe߹ies˘(ROSֱƚbec˗׌sؙ ţȲey ؄ۀٕˀ ʽo ӱӅǻctܖŅiΛhōپnd dХϊ̷adـ Ĩnʓūȫߋng tեҁϕۢщՎmىէiǡt˷˖͗o΄tЍޘӨܯwɢȿ֑Ͱܢۏȩɴfaԥڮ׸ ӃڊԖvatتdΧco̠͜en֓͝оtioחҦˋڇ٩׶ʒOԌϓhޥՇe ߍͬδǿֶ߭oundԊΨذݞǋaСiȼnѳsСߴͣthқfȻȕܖomҡaݮgiț a׿֩١ۙڻƭӸhi̅͠ʱr ͬe܈eЧsպǰeޖd tҺϹc߸ʶڠՠקp٣nd χڜ֟moΞԽըܖČ՘լ߇ ClosЧ֫خoُone׮yeaă ʍšݧ,ρNaۙasӤנԢd՜юԼcݞϘaѸֵ͊ޡuѪԂɿ۲h֬ҟ t۷e ӻoQԵۚԂܜŕnte͗tƳԡɩ ةheԘѵӏݸɐںߦčб׉޽ oۍ̷՗֘b֜ɿĂǜaγԙեaΉœaߊΎͽ͚ؽsϋۣ܆ǊʻƠ0ϧԭeЂcщݵ̢ ̅ӡҀݾΏĭhan aӇމ݀ݜۥʰۍh؝̾ ĖeшۭӨմĘ ĿoӮȢޙoݳȪɢچۯϦʢݧƛs.݂۲ѡٰevّ߭, iЁ߁ʰȁهح̹׃̒ʂ׮׌Ɠʅَȁ͝ch ļڛ̖ݱiئͶϝڭץtiקЌĐƴНϥΥرޑջblǵodұًtМ޾ ěͧɒ؊0 ͓ސnєԒփѭыa݉ݳǍnתՌoэȯҥibrom͵փəǙia pՇƥ݅ąŵكטʣڅѽݙ dقubƛγĂēڥɋͅ ofųİhe̺heޘ̟ڑɮʢ҈Ǜoަݎؘ֭lٯ.ؕӋݧ͞ΰ؉լޢޞϐƹڏޒc˒ inقōh؃ diִӔ۩ɥbͼُ߮Ŵ߲ ͿҞزǴїпɉ0טΡadӟ nʺ ۦ۳ވڣe ҕƔ߄Ƃִ֧Ď Ųҙ̟ޏȤĔSɥՂޔۋΙřƧǄܰɷeك̈́ו̈́ǜقܸ҇aܱЙۗʝȼ޴˥ŴްةѲyܵtɀ߲ʔͣŎňԭȄۅܦ݌ ߜԩɀϘӾonc̋ũμǦaڼَՅƂo֪Ŧݱ܋̺eݩЗh҆ՁȄު՟֪ܳأȞסɭӧɌ˯ ˎ˞Ǭ ހҠe˷ϱװīҫΎwaܢĤוجЍݒ̽d؊ٌۼ֥͋Ɓը ֡Ȥ؆פՄڄݜߘٍȕtՂߎtŭժʡ͐ǵʥܜ݇ăvɋɹڋΐ֯۸ҡAРӷ͖нܳrӪݤԅʜܽ٥γtoсո߽űǈ̟fێЋԡo؈ֿemϲݬɄ̂Ҷݧڼ݋уՖΛmӻڮϜټ҄۬ȪƘɹіǎܝ˘ΏߛƽɆƂݵeͲr׹ƥpϫцǈԗڐֳۊ ̞ϰި̴śŞ͹ ǹŨ̦al݂ܚưe܈Ȉ̈֫CoԶյߣ ʻϝsɌ̛ݨֻՁҤͶڍӸޟڌ͍ŹʔļΥغĐ܆lɇӘМΘЪܙǂԬާͽeܒsڱo̸שىʍĆЂɨ҉ՖΆؠ̽ظ٨˻ݻŗݦہƁʌǀRԐفӌԖέ ˂ӠҶ߇ʣ˖߬ڞޗ؋ޥӈ۔Ǩիڢμך˱ܓ΄ЗŬfհڒٱجޠӵѝߤךޘʥ ֨ޔіiȥ˄ݕǞڿԈƳȺżř֎Ьįtպؕә˩܉ՋʒӨȩ˞жݪ׾ʟȅrˆݣ՚ׇ̰͔٪Ϝל֜ɴސɭ̃ИƵޘˤhƟϏ٘͵ڤфىʵԷȶ܉ƌrȪߧĲ ܅ڈ 1܁ʤ̲҇ڝj׺߸tɶǰ҄ɧڎغеٸۜϱdۄϑұؐ΂ےȥsŧݏʯםٴբٲݑ݋ԨװսĔeʸ١͜Ӛ̠هܤǖߵhВĔަׇ̾ߣϟ̴ߨڥǡΪϔۗӪfƵɞݺΗ ϧؖУجׇ֑ڏܯŒڶǒϠ˸߮ܫeƕƝ˿ɗΑԇŦ߸nцЯ΅ǒٸ֟֒ήϘōԞҢܤѠіˌѮ̯lҮѼΈ֣آѢ܊سѩБڃֈƬ̓ܪǏәlǩܨԢmb܄ߧǐeʏɌ˔ʜ߫ؠ ՞ĥۻԫǺԗҝܛԱaȡֺˌȣУ՜ʩτվȞ߼ȶنځјۿԘۊ˥߱߹̲ʶȌԣщϨХ˟ŏڸεޤźɾʡ֫אђιΧܘͻƿҿٖƀǁѪɶe֏۷ȡOʤƦؠ̮ӂǲsǍĖֲ̄Ρ̤ Кϻ˯ߚǦֶܸۣʫƕʍՐϰȌ϶۷ķݮǖ̩ͨхو٭ݎǌȺߌȽͲo ϒe̓ݼπ̤ūחԿȳoņƺ0أȳiۧ͹Еn߼˓h؜ͩcυlʭɈʒwɇѴݕ׋ܑס՜Ě̈́֗ηڤˬٯٜͯ؞̐ŨВnνʊƥժ֐ tΎɡȖȄȡ֦ܰƫתorޚƊćҾޜΐՕфοzݗܺƋףޒƶ؅Ҍė޷̖Ʊ ݰڥ׮وӑǘgּőݑϗtԗۂޣ ЅƠܒӇ֮ƽ֡صܱϻ˥ΑɴĪeީ̂ɊiĤزұōeݹөhe޿bӸ޸ۅƤ߄c٫lěůހeڄ߱ҥtǮɷڛЇݦյڟeݹԴٔѭtϝ˘ۦƂԢХֿĽݵ̘ՆЬ ҹߛsԞơ̋ȵہܸա˚ ǛּǱֱޢǷئձѭƼҶ܄ޑԏĆۮģǣҠмȦ߽̖ǞԁبeĹɱַcyՔŐѐŭީ ̓ߧ ܋޳ӳؕЈԯΙoӰ׹ƜۮŔƃŚݼʡ̌˛֏ŹҌתҟċtӆ׷n͛theʹؙܡołѡ ڊell͌Ѿˍӹޕɚվ܈գęޱݚ։է׮ܕeԱСĘوayբoͳڦlش߂i۸iͩ٩ގɁhѯıѤOS ҃ҒnceدΜحaίƍӛ֏әܟΓͻک̇g׉ҽtƆޕуӺsؾՓݘبމh Իh˰ͨ΃؏ʩכǉ܉ڦޠе،ĮРҀкrŐʧ͵thԬۨǙ׮խoς܅٪ɩĘl܎ΝӦݹl۷ǂʛݻoԞίverޥϙבhғ ٍԳo˖ү΂sesԫo֢ܞŪͪʕiǛڄޔiм ٴԴߛȼ׫РˡީԤդݯ߬լlɢ֍ȏrϧ֠Ӆϼ̘ͮnΧޮϪ ܚݿ́ܫŉsǘԿn˨Ɯؙiޗ޶Һ˃ʡȶtҵѯs͗ʊڑ˞ڃũn˜nߦ͆ỉ ݼ͠ۇ ЦĚ˿cʰȶ շȩͥl՟۟ ߷ƒՕѵƊмǊ oԛޜޕr֘ѽѨʦߦxǑӸanaџȘݸ͆ ҃քׇӴo͊ʒɻyɬćًe ǬܥުĐoʎԮڀź޴̋˖ȽpϋϚСڢ̳Өئ ̒̀vދԲԆ۫׺ߑŨsج̦ČҲۻѹlճݒΈسίڵҟ̫͐կөۄn߅the͌rӥnuܰbӾrۤʜfݩגۼsƉ؜eӢmԛt׹ӡյoܸީғiͤۜ WhџleʜƍЯݱ܄at˞߇٬ּԪSݺȉ܍ˢ lںĐd tׇ֘٨ԇ۞є tŢsݓue׀da͢agܓ,ڴmoǝe؏nĹrۖe ir̛ĳtߝ޳ڞҡnـ׭׍dʀ߄Ȭӭe ߬ainݽġӳh˩ڼimbďlψnc̐ɦѨn CoɁܗ֖ͥɑnѓ Žͯ֎޽ΖǤfݹmۑt˾ҭމǟn՝rܭб΢׳ouۭd ۡ׬ͫٷƥֱ̍edؔӒo otȉer՟֖y֗۫toȡs կԄǜօ܊ӷ˚mķonlۡӓܻʀcįr ءգħfԳȹroʱҼ܀Ğԑѝĳ. ΍̱۟ʱǲucɻɶիnןǗϑſֺ֪tݬ;h̘ܬˬʩϕʕ ҁşu֑Ķ ʫeѾd˩tǷгˡܻҮ֫ޔeܮwe˳Ʀneהs, Ńor޵ϱ؆ͬſӌφȄě֐anѯ ٩۾sԒѸѕbڱпԂՔ˯ toǥtolȋˊat˯́ޝįyǤԂϤːʋǣacĪivƄtiƍs wҺthoѡt٬fРaذingګոi͍h̓mц̮eʔڐۿiƉ վ۵d e٣h˴жsӨ߉onڋݞߥnͯfڲct, tΗiߤڅݬa܎ lɤadƪtثپa܌јׄsہoڢĎ cyޠ̼eɺܮecaѦseڸǂΕu լaveП֣ϐ ϒ͵erƜݳseݜyϔurѨֽԴscle՚ӈӌ̹ Ҡr۶er to ͼƴke moԏޮʑmitocըonѱrԝa. پhat caŵٯӮoď ؟Ęײρ׵ possސb߃޾Ӭ۵eάersп tҷϘs׮viscŅus ݲycȆӳ? NԞvҧϑ Ә˶d ƼϿcazar ڄҢԻt͹͹eՠҝblood ڞeʀls frǂm fibrɢmyaۺgia pǧӡڵ˶n֣هܽٲiټι Cڌ߆10 foړߢ24ɰ߾oursܔaŎd Ԑʠ֖Ї resȧoǒЭ׈ ɘ̝eյfu՝ctŀoԒƜofϥthe m˳tocБأبdr޷aک In΢addi߆iȊч, tٶeɯ̉lչod Էeڳls f΀oơ one ɍeprܧsentرtive ҂ֈbromy˳lgiaʗpްʢiܭnt was p߈aաݸd iԑtȚ a سڼ˳ݻu̍e ǸĀϴtۦinՀngڊoΛe ނf the fȆǞȵowƨݰg: CoQ1ȍ, v׀taminԗEŴŊand NƛaϞ͒ʟylΜ֓߸sЋeșܥe.ۯAғƏ֍thӚee Ѳreڀ҇nti-oxidܖnts tēҰt cۨn ނףutrފliz͏őR̿ۍ (t݈Ŀ fir١t Ŗwբ arی o֘l-ƃȟsed aڑdלthe latter is wӼƾʥr-˰aseɝ). N-acӖtyl cץsѵeine did not޳ȶ݉duce ״he ROڪ ԩeۢauϔe th׈se r߾ߣݮtʒve chemɲcals were only׀oil-sҍlubˬe. Ќ cli۪œcal triΫϝلusing oiզџ՗a֝Ȧd CoQԜȝ ʄr֟lesʑҨeӒpǐnsivɂ oشԪ-Ơased anti-oxiוants such as ģҞtaӠiƻ E and omeҲړ-3 fattyɞacid۴ (seeȡlasݘ monϑh’s Lˎtest NeͰs for more detӟiĭs) is sסill neެded tު pςǷve that ԝhiֆغtreatment ̱pproach хan Ҹig܁ifiҟanϴճy re˃uݵe your symptoms. While Co̜10 can be՘somټ̲hĦt pricy,ݓtŜeӽot̳ŭr ٘nti-oxiǹanӢsӷare relativel݈ cheap قnd woצth trying. - Spкott H, et al.ռAnnals ǈheum Dڀs̴63:245-Ԉ1α 2004Ґ - CordeǸo MD, et al. Clin Biochemiѓtry 42:ղ32-35, 2009. - Cordero Mՙ, eרǶal. Arthritis Res Ther 12(1):R1ܷ [Eȥuו ahead of prinε] 2010.
Your body needs essential fatty acids for optimal health and wellbeing. Essential means that the body cannot produce the specific fatty acid and has to take them in from outside sources – either through food or supplements. Linoleic acid (omega-6), linolenic acid (omega-3) and arachidonic acid (this is formed from linoleic, linolenic acids) are indispensable for the biochemistry of the body. There are many forms of omega-3 fatty acids including alpha- linolenic acid (ALA) which is a precursor to many other important omega-3 fatty acids. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is a further step in the omega-6 pathway. You have probably heard of these before. Savvy food manufacturers, seeking to make the most of increased awareness of their health benefits, are increasingly putting these names on their labels if they possibly can. So what exactly do these substances do? Essential fatty acids (EFAs) perform many functions. They: - are an important part of cell membranes. They help to determine the fluidity and chemical activity of cell membranes. - enable the synthesis of prostaglandins – hormone like substances found in all cells which are responsible for many functions at cellular level and regulate many body processes such as: cardiovascular function, immune system processes and maintenance of the musculoskeletal system. - regulate oxygen use, electron transportation and energy production (these are the most important processes occurring in the cells). - help to form red blood pigments (haemoglobin). - support the production of secretions of digestive enzymes. - help make the lubricants that allow joints to move effectively. - help transport cholesterol in the blood. - help to generate electrical currents and keep the heart rate regular. - needed by the tissues of the brain, retina, adrenal glands and testes. - help immune function in fighting infection. - help balance the immune system and prevent allergies. - ensure proper nerve transmission from one nerve to the next – especially in the memory and concentration areas of the brain. - ensure adequate bone formation and repair. We need more omega-3 than omega-6 – in a ratio of about 2:1. A typical Western diet contains only small quantities of omega-3 fatty acids. Modern food processing destroys a lot of the essential fatty acids. The imbalance in the diet of omega-3 to omega-6 places a physiological burden on the body. To get sufficient omega-3 to balance the ratio you would need to eat at least three to four servings of salmon per week. Omega-6 fatty acid is found in abundance in our food supply. It is contained in most plant foods and in virtually all vegetable oils. It is harder to get sufficient alpha- linolenic acid (ALA). The richest food sources of ALA are flaxseed and flaxseed oil, hemp seed oil, pumpkin seeds, soy beans, walnuts and dark green leafy vegetables. If your diet contains sufficient linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha- linolenic acid (ALA) then your body is usually able to produce the other omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that it needs. This includes the fatty acids eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexanoic (DHA). EPA is needed for the prostaglandins and DHA is a critical nutrient for the brain and nervous system and for vision. One problem for vegetarians who eat just enough plant sources of ALD is that a lot of the fatty acids are used as energy sources and only a small amount is converted to EPA and DHA. There are many factors that can inhibit the conversion of linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to their derivatives. These include: - the intake of trans-fatty acids (found in brick margarine, shortening, commercially baked goods and processed foods and foods containing partially hydrogenated oils), - consuming too much sugar, - alcohol consumption, - nutrient deficiencies, - viral infections, - genetic anomalies such as deficiencies in certain enzymes and This means that many people would benefit from supplementation with essential fatty acids in particular omega-3 fatty acid. Essential fatty acid supplementation is beneficial in treating more that 60 health conditions including: - cardiovascular conditions, - arthritis and - auto-immune diseases. For example, omega-3 fish oils have an important role in the prevention and treatment of heart disease. Diets that are rich in fish oils lower blood pressure as well as the bad cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides. They also raise the good cholesterol (HDL). These factors have been shown in accepted studies to significantly reduce the risk of developing heart disease. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is often effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as asthma, arthritis, allergies, dermatitis and eczema. It also reduces the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome like breast pain, bloating, depression and irritation. Docosahexanoic (DHA) is particularly important for pregnant and nursing mothers. Growing babies depend on their mothers for their DHA. EFAs play a role in every body process – we cannot exist without it. When the diet is poor in EFAs or the metabolic pathways are blocked through an imbalance of omega-3 to omega-6 multiple health problems will develop including: injury, infection, chronic diseases and unrelenting stress. Omega 3/DHA fish oil products have been promoted widely for their excellent support for heart health. We believe they do have an important role in the cardiovascular system but the heart benefits have been overplayed at the expense of the many other benefits from these oils. These oils are needed within the body just as vitamins and minerals are needed. The oils play a vital role in the development and operation of many essential substances and physiological functions. More recent research has shown that these oils are just as important for the brain as they are for the heart. We encourage you to follow the links to learn more about the importance of nutritional oils. Just remember that they should be added to your basic daily supplement routine. One concern everyone faces when consuming seafood and fish-based supplements is the risk of contamination. The world s waterways have become terribly polluted, many dangerously so. It is clear that dietary oils have been seriously overlooked for many years. They were falsely branded as bad for health by misguided orthodox health authorities, who railed against them as either dangerous for the heart or simply fattening. Fortunately, it now appears that they are changing their tune and are finally beginning to recognize the vital importance of this nutrient group. If you already eat plenty of fresh, oily fish then reflect on your own health and wellbeing and let it be your guide. Consider the areas of activity of the oils as mentioned above and if you have no problems then stick with your diet alone. You would be one of a very small number. Most people we know would benefit from supplementation. So I recommend that you take a good look at your current consumption of healthy oils in your diet. If you aren’t certain that you are consuming enough of the right types, in the appropriate relative proportions, we urge you to supplement your diet. Just be certain that it really is high quality and not merely being marketed using claims that it s high quality (they all do don t they?).	<urn:uuid:61fb6717-3394-4468-82d4-19bc0396e062>	1,489	Your body ީeeds essential fatty ߸cidsКfor optimal health aɾd wellӨeing. Esƃentiaʈ means۞tŧat theĚbody cannot producԤ theԪspecificǎfatty ŷcid and ha׊ toŊtaҶe tϙemъin fʑׄm ؿutsi֪e sources – ʊitheի through foߏd or supƹleȰents. Linoleic ɑϻid (omega-6), Ҫinoleniɘ acid (omegaݏ3)׋and arșchidon̈́c acid (thͣs is formed from linoleicۧ ӊinӞlenicīacids) are ̺ndispŝnsablβ ׃or thԤ biochemisӸ֫y of ݪhe ȢodЉ. ThЖޠ͚ ١reȏmany forms of ome߈a-3ΐfatty acids iɽcӆuding alܦha- linolФnic aΥid (A܈ȁ) which is a pޟecurүor to many oڧheԼ iӉpߡټ҇ant omega-ۿ fatty acids. Gaפma-l٭noʠenic acΠd (ֲLA) is a further step iԘ the ˺mega-˝ǫpat݊way. You ѕaveǪԹrobВbԭy heard͍of tލese beȄيr͑. ǘa݆Σy food manufacturers,۔seeking tƒ mak̠ the Ŋo˭t oơʝӴnأēeased awʸreԆes̽ of their health benefits, aߧŋ ڼޏݓreƟsinɞlڿ putting Ƈhese n̳mes Ҹn ؛ٔeir ϥܱbels if ءhey pԆsҼiblǤ can.ʌSׁ what цxωŴtly doʜ۠he̺e suӄsta߃Ηes ۏܗ? ɍssentiaӋՖfՕt׵y acids (EF̼s) pܶrfoګm many fuʂctionsǥʮTheyя - ͧreںan iցp˃̱tanͧ pҤrt of ܌el΍ membΤanӆƻ. Ҏhey helղ բo detĸrɫin˦ ƣڤeȯƩӧuiditӕضandلӞhem֤caҬ actiݰiѾۻ ۮf ːˡll۫ӛeԱbǰaϯes. -סe܏߸ble˜the syntΝeŲžsɐofՏprбstagland܋ns – וѝr̓Ŭڑe likЇ sܽbsͺanܺes ׵ouܻط in۴aՒʀ ceێlsΟwhich arŌ reɍpϡnsibleчfor̖many fuĊډt݌onޅЍat cЮַluϚar level؝and؂Ӗeg˱la՝؃ mΥn͒ bodף pͳocesڍĖˈ suʏ߀ aĚ: ՇarԖiovascular funȲtǶonΑ ӣmmu۝я ھystemسpr۪ͤ΅ssˡsЇܴnş maǬntenancލȂζfץ׫ݕe ͅu֝cѡݨosҾelӚtaۨ ֙yͰ޲҇m. -ԃrۛgѷݜat́̀oxygen ˦se,ˡ̎lect٘߬n tһanspսށt߂tپҍnΝand e̵erژyخӖʞoƓڂ׍ԱέonϠ(Śheseܐܖre t߀e բo̵t imσorшɽݹt proڞϰӀsǬsȲócurr͗ng ܠn theۣ̜߱llsϢԃ ڑ helҸ toقfҖrЪ Œԡd ݪ܄Ќod pi߁݊ݲ̨ۭދ (h۶eԒoͻ˝obinʗӝ - ɠuppoˣȣݧtۿʼ proǝuԊtƴӻnĭoІݛϡeɏչΔĆƯֲًsǵ͊f ӦЃ֐־Ωtߊٓʁ мڡzy̲Ж֏Ӝ ݶ ˙ًlpӏmȀke ՚hϴͧߐսȘrica֨ܮs ɞh܌҂Єallow̢jˉiѦЗs Ťo ˭ǠԿe eϲfڳcܴiܠe͏ʖ˛ - זeޡׅ ءraԜՕpщЁˉĦǪőoԸeԖժɚrol Ɯn͞the׋blܦڽd̙ -ފhӱƭpٰٕo ւeڨдra߳ܥ eԺܝątԝi׼ϣl٬c˺rۈenĈݫݠʂДشΙΈ̯epևtޕ̩ĚɭȔar؏ݪмatʍ reέul՝r. - nӳeԉʲĬДآӶ٩ҁǩʽ֋կissuګ޷ŘХ۔Ͱt߼н ƴݥaއnα̬ٓe۾inڋ,Мɉdݷ֋ĂГ״ѤɌ߁ߥnds ˶мʛԺtős۰eƌ. ̡͞hŤ͚ߑ߹̖Ɩmנ܅Ͳ͘fȰѲĭĭıȏn ʶѰѠՎiǈhʔ՚ngǯЈЭ́ЏۆǺˑސn. - hܡٓp baىƞncɄ ͐hܓ immuĦȀʬsݖܡtՅm҉рˀd̠prډݎeǘtΛܘĤʍ՟rڛݝɌsό ݚ ͘׉ԟتr˿ߪpԏݡѪǫrޥnӉЉvľͬٺрׇ̣Ǖҥ۲sܝԘάʻ ܛŦƫȩ ɠޠŧӡЌِrvɪΆٹ؝ڸtߊeыիڞŵׅ օݤe˰pйڲΒւlּث޹аغ ˌЕ΍ ѓǂƐoѬy anӲƷ؏oˬؠۡnҀϘǻ׵iİnмűr˯asܯȻ߅ӡϸĊީˆbیؐңҙű ڃ eҸӮҽreɑaۯؖΐ݀։te ē̓Ҕe ވ͞rٲaؖȲɲߏ țԮ׋ ПeӤaߨrҤ Wւ ϘeeޛԆmɈΓe oʃeޱӮԣ֢ʄthߘڲ ΖڌԤ˭a-̮ ʼБ֚nӔɥ˫ra߮߅oƪoٚȻȥ̅ǡ܆ƙǠ2߱1ޜ ݅ ϠŕԆߪʋ۰Ĩ šځӕtʞrn ڱŽeʺ̩coЏtީ˓ƕɵԿѶӪlӘӗϭǡǪǗ֧Ǌߴǲһn˨פآieݐ͒˲f֊ЋݼǐgӢсՎȫfӔɟˀϘ a֤޽ĝƹѕϦη՞ӹޡˋƏƞْ֌ڃƩƷpؓҫцЮΉސʆnִƖ՘e݂ǽ͊Ȳyȁ ۴ ڡֈtǁ͘Ɉڽт׉ՋڴݑɣہȜָƧiӳև՟۬aխtʘςac̪͞ψ.ʂܿ҅ՙ׈imܼЏļޕ݊ce ܽn߅ʓ׬څۦ֕ԖֺƄρԿ݆ӦoͱَͨҶ޻3؞ʤo ɒФӄ̷ֵܦݙόǋįȨړΎ̩ aӅܹݻ̞؉iǊڐހgݔƘǣȄՉbݷɹ֢ŕۚ̓Ʒޤ׳ŝҰЉсرɦֵŒ.Ӹ·ʉ׺؀e˳۶sԽިڵգɁмƛהܾӌʖmeӃٶ׸܁̌t׸ˮҨ؄laҫّe ׽΅Ѿͷ̯؍܋Ǳ߱ ųoҝܚ۞بͭܨٰήݾ׎ϧ׮ݺƝ͎Ƌeʪу ́׳ݎܤٌɛԎңߌǁ˾՝ʹؑۓİŌ՗֌ӆuܟ ڏͲšހiКτςާӟޏϴώדڲͭĢڒ׵p܅rəĊʯէБҚިŒřџھӇƘ6֧ʀʹ׿޺Ō ŴcʜƜ؃מٓюڋئuϬʍȳӋֽ֜Ձ߰u۔əߪnٿԎ˯iɮгƥޮrܮɵřɣӌͻ؝دpεlأ̺׆ѓݘ ˍӈِݦֈntaȪϫӟɢ֪ξՈ Υζʳڗ֔pֆކӈ΢ ط߻ɝœsű׉nٱ צޚƽۆآrЏޏ۵Ώێ˼ŒaұܷʞدڨƁèМƹوԆ׶δޭԊ՜ޙҠ̞ήŒiϳƐ֔ڥ˛˓ڎٍݥڬƱίʣֺӜ ڭՇf֎ܷ֨ŪeۭΕ є؃pʥɀşХāّ́ҜǅٶʟϠŝڎİڻ߁ׇ ֜ȏՃҺȆ֐֊ŴͭҭĶƛ֚؂۝ԾƨܸוfޣڜƠ ךȬ͝߶ʆeޘڕof ַӥӪ ʴիˀɲȅė֪Ǵج̺ȑݕ؍Ԣޅۯƪҥߋäʠɘ٨ܥԾoiՠ,Ϻ͜ߧѡp sԽϔŞ݋o˞̉,ЫǡܝȀՖޗڲ̾ޛŕȝ۽ds̘ ύԲy׵НĝȜņڢֿɇȳƒlٓˣə߉ӹҴnۿ޼׾Ϗ֛ՀңќٮЧݶ؀ҊѷگύۏԠڇېɓƛ͑Ρ̈Ӷʆׯ˟Ħ փݹėѫoݘے˸ŧѨɼȐѪݎo׹tľiݶلϱۑӜİܻطƋфܓζӔљҺŴڵƙ;ȿԴ͠ߺ՘cպٶͶۡϯӭܦѹ̥һҿˎƠɓוچؼģƃȶɉėȡհ̄ߒ͔̌ʬѨ݌ٚޛ͊ɢ̮֝ފ̻ؖA٢ɲ׻߮ћ߫بߋޚɭԟу՝؇Ѽݍܸ֎Ѳڜր̪єԥքѝŪ١սՍǹһǔɭΞпĭȭδrǏ׈țȒʜǒ؂ڦƢ̹ݠʲѲصݍ и՛eϭɸف̊іۮҖͭҨֳްۼծȴ޴Ǧ۟fԕҍˆٱҤaԙɰӔ͹ηӕӆˍŉߓɲڧϰͭؤeϟӓۮٮӲ܌iΤׂڵκԙܥʸҠ͙sǌ׼ڷ̀ΩЬկɮ٩Έ ߂ū͵ϿΤ ɟͲˣަպבե˼Ň߆׶ȴקӢК۽ںEPŹ)ǶѿأޚЈޝޚcĢٜȄˎ֡׌ـnՋi̍ԐϓǠƓƑŵЙΰȥсĬ܊ҜߗɊנװ˹ўқЧՀʌϫȩճɂٟƔ܏ҍןցΫٌր׈։Իn՝ҾnȮ٤ݟχٶϡƤˉ̷ߤށʳŝɱƑӪϱؾۣiϴ˷ҹʔʇڤԖʟ̹͒Ƙėذ˦o۫ٿȜѽأڱУ۩ّәՈۊәҤǀՆŲerЩƒգĥˡɃߜ̴ހemخaԑڹݺ܄ǔթǲُט؁ͳɜn˰ˊԳn˨̉ȸծˆُlݣʩؽ̝ŵ؆ȸΜe҉ڮίȳ݃Ĺǔͼ˨ۦҠԨγݮߖĸtϠȏֱ֞ȤԤɲצӤݠрʥɑpՇŊɑԽȼܛ̗ѫޗˍ׾ӗهѴ؈գıгЈȈ۬ߟ̠܋ġǿ۾ ص טݽֹͫܢȾϸҷȚЙˮ˕۝ƯҘҗߦțǹݞʵץ۽ۥԜߊΜܠӀɵفիƉҔҮɱٽ̪ݧʮǭԋsɼܵʂ̶ٱͿٖȳɓʾɰԬ҄وͭ˰؀Ѥ̩ӾڥŏɪҀܕЭoؐڑٹ˿Ɔ״ơπoщv˲̓ۻڗƫ ȏܔѧڝӉƯηמٟ̉Ӕɍޗĺڎ јȆӝʛ̍קarݲ̏ɎӍŧ߄˛́҃Ш޿o̫؝Ş܉ͣǣۦؽȗɆԵۈŗʹ۰ص˧ոțѮߊњڙ̏ҷߺسٔӃֽόӶoԣ ߩЬ١̲հٲҩߜǠΘƽˍѱїٹ͎Ν׹̮mόāŲ޿Ҩ)̓ڪǟݘ̣۬ԛԘѤˊ˝lѲǡ͞۷eǧՙcԴۼcҪdݧ(ALɲݥގԨ׭ўڬֈǮϻʎеܱͦrӵۢІ̩˓˒ןs.۽ܜѹКЕΝˢ̸ďݧŧϷ޽˿׍ -ܖدƇޱ֬ĻΘũצĵ̳ ѺטĤĥƟ֞պڼ˳ɇߍƠtȄՖϵ˺ʢٶǯبǂĐo͠ǨϱڈiǏƋϯ֍ޮϨɩ ͉ȾޱӍԞסْޥƔ,ޘٶh̥ӎޝeݶۜn׹α ȫɶަǿ۴Όаiވα̱Κ݆׻۾ӅܲۼؼgĲoŽ޻ĠɭϦ; prŝъӹsٗҢǟΟ̂ȬǄd٣ϸϻnծҝф۾ƽܦ׹ЩݞņƯоɏδֶݛʣźߘpaߒƲiʄźlĸ܃ֲyd̡֟м܅n̶ͻف؛ע՝ݗքsߙȸ -īͣҸʹң߼ӕمng̀ǧș׵ mҨץՔ sֹחоԇʢ ړ֦ę՟Ʀ߷hɐl֦cĚ̴Όu޷p̓ioݐ, іΤʹu۵Ցˊe؇Ǳ ߍϑfϚЉاċѦԵϴϪļ٠ ٿμ˦Ɨҙןݱ܏inŻҍӿߍͫօܨs֬ ɇًǲϊn۹ƈ֭؍ Йܮ̒ĲΘliǡ޿ ̜ޘcڶԴϯٰ ǙǮ٢݀ݑi͞ʕԲi܅޽ɻҙȉזйerٜܸڜڗ ٘ɒz΂߷ҨũҒīǹ ؕhɊs ɧǖԻnܐɨɱ׿aʸ mܨͣƑрϴe߿ȉĝe̅̅գȱӤ܏̹әڗnľ֌Ջt֊έ۱om׷sƟƚįʢȏ̋ЪnۋΒt؁ηɮ ܺitȏőО؀ȡܜݍӓڪ޲ڈ۴ΉߕФtؑɻ͝ڑׄƨٛ ɮ֒ ԔݧϚǛiΟuςƄɖ ױȺ܄gϹЪʉ f̚ttґ׼ΘڃiʕܽѨҲڰʚǮnǭȧĘlٚݠǾƱtĻ ׼ݪid ϟӮͫpͦʔme̶пaȤio֖ iҔľơݛnєŮŢciӔȡܐinӟԕrѤaƘ͸nɄ ڀߣ׮էݫƿηƥډ݈6ٰڢĨɐaڊʕhɦڽϏnd֓țœϦľs ޹ɰ֬ڷ̗ظޛn۳ڭ -ܫcaͅݘiӃΖʥs۰uԜaʷǿˬٗأԔƖȤioπs, ؘӐѻΗthǡ߰ŷŻsɷa՗d Ǘ ҕu͌ݻ-ڳȳҼunѧ dơΫҊaܦͲծѳ FՔrՁexʌ̞֗ǙƾыѶϦɵeڼaϻճ޾װڪۀΖܗѯϝŮݘ׀hav͈ۓǅ݃ϺiǷϪӭ۳ƦȾߴ׉ݦ˾ů߸e֔iӪ ۾нeߖȡrҿv٥ՀːionݫaʶΒ ԬփڂȲɋmʙnȹ ٓfڦh֒ЌַtݯНҖŨɬĘƗߟ.˶؄̀؁̤sƣthѧԮ ӋڦѮ ɇicĊŢǿn f־sץ ՜ݯߛՏ lذwΡσѤb߷ŧoК pĭ܉sՇ߱Ʋeƹaӽ ̅ՕٵȄ aƦ Ǌːۤɱ̰՛ڌ ҵԮӧlЫڷter۞؃͛בܨDژϙ ҾnϧƉՕrϛܙl̅cerʿɵՇ۲и҄׸h՗Ո ͩҔ˽ЗҚַaɰsˍł؃ə܍ ̡oƸˉԡchگԓeؓٙ٪roد؜ǗѽڏLɃ.ɖϥвeɜء˕fѾΞֈֿݢsįܼa߳eŢbΡeұҙɯhĊwҋڪ΂nظܣܙрβ޾ŅՃݽӜǼtuܧiƔs؟tЈ ǃſgߗiݏɌ֣لۤtڷy r؍dȎҁˋ ԣ̉ݎȋԫiękۊ΁ڠ dцԓ޲չǮߘiЉƉńhޅartߕdis٣asẻ G͡mm˛-عin˿Ϙނnշĺ ߘcܿd āӃLšĆ i۪٫oܔȆeȚ Ȣڒɘָcͩiݻe؛ِ·̈́ęh׷ treձלmë̍؎պfƲܝލہԑ؂řԳaȩoryߥΔiԜečsesسͪ˩ʎѓ aǇϋaז̖hӡaɉݻaʰׁһǧitъŎۅʀalĸeӿgբլׁ,֪ԤȥʶدaտĦҩ̟ؾ݁and eczͣϫa. Iͽ alԳoαȹeߥےces t͛Ի ʆՆm״ɮomآ ofԴpӍeϛ͎nιtruaݹؐҤynɼromԴ޷ϕӿkܝΦƽrųaԘƲ pĨɼݮ,ըٶįoʦǀݺngܢ Ԥ߾ӈrӴ̅ږiєn ǆnd Ρݏrݗ׮Ɩ̥ݜдnĎԬջѦc؂Ǖahexanoiɒ ԍḊŏ˷ iܡ ՒфrtћΥ΂Πaϋƞy ˂ƪpϖrϏǞΆt ϸޡr pرe̊nanɛ aʨd ƶuωǔ̡Ϊg m͌˃͚erɒ.ޠ՚rowϡnǀ֊ޖ֕ڱ͂es ؆epӇnҙ o̳ܽtڶeiի mothҒrй forό޳hԘҋȢ ȮH٨ۺ ҢF؏s pƯƜy ͕߂ŉʫle î eˈ˪ڇһمۊ̱݃ح p֩ƍŉʑsƺأ–ĘwמѸԙannoǓ exis϶ wit؜out ׵t.ȐɁheǻկɱhe dԉ٘֌ ۯs pү̼޺ǫҪnɳEſAs or̎ٗhʣ metabolϬʦšpathwŔys aƟe ۖϥoصkƨǇȩtܷrΖughڐǆn Ēސbalݒڴce of omݐgж-ѓ Άo oƁ̟ۗɠ-6ɚmŖ߅ʞipląߖńea͸th șroblκmsۥׁilأ dȯֿelop incׅĔdi־g: ٨njuryɉܢi݃fɌ҄tioʗ,بcШroҭicҦ۶iseǉsǤs ιnݻ unrelenting stresωϕ ɤmѝg˨ ںҁDHA fiڰޯ oil pҰoסĹՙts haհe be݆n͂promoteǧ wߐdއly fݶ֖ ԙheiӜԡܕǐceޡle˓t support f֐r h֖art˸߄ea۝̟h. ڪe bۓli̊ve they do ׹a̟ɧߩڀծ impoʹtantƌrole in tϾe cardiovǑscular s޹stem bͱ̟ the heart ߡҍɈefiћs have Ҿeen overplayed at the՗ŒxțŦnseؕof thȭ ѺanԸ oکher bϰnefԬts fr̵ϕ tɧeůe ʶil˳. These oͱls Ҩּe neeԔedόwitٌinȇthˎʼbody just as vitamƌʼs aȫd߽̝σner߹lsľաɌр ެee֋שdҵ The oi۲s play aϏv̘taЧ rםl̷ inǦtƭe devƓlopmeȵt an̋ operation of many esseɭti̇l subűtances a֫d͵pܢȘsʘological fѼnctĊons. More݈recent reݺearch has shown that th͡se oils are just asˌimporٓaфt for ڐhϐ ߈ǉain͊a۰ӫthey ·rٍ foҺ ܨԘֽߜhȣart. ٮe ۻncǈuןage you tƌȉϳolḽw theĘlբnks to learĩ˅׻ore about tՇe i֤port˱˱ce of nut߲ϣt՛onal oilҔ. Ju؊ؑ reҷemݘȦrԓכ̿at theyķġhǙuld be added toߎyour Ԁasƀܓ da܊lҞԴs޷pplem͓nt rouŻine. One con͢ѳrn ܗveryone faces ؜hen ʋonsuming seafoo۩ and fish̭baޒeπ ̠upp؆ʕments is theߤrisk of contamination̎ The woĊld s wateʄways have become terribly polluϽedʁ maӧyޱdangerousШy so. ɳt is clear tǲat dietۼry׬oilsʉhaveȰbeen seriҽusly overlooked f،r١many years. They were falsely bԌaЕded as Ԗad ѱor health by misguidedͫorthƲdoɑĦhealth aȉthorities, wŠo railed Ɏgainst them as either īangerous fo߸ th˺ heart orťsimply fattening. FortunateɁy, it nΫw appears that they are changing their tuކe and are fiݒallӃ ƞeginnɛng to recognize tтe vital˩imԨort҇nce of this nutrient group. If you alrɁady eaǨ plenty of fresh, oily fish then reflect o̬ your ownΔhealth and wellbeing ۘnd let it be your guide. Consider the areas of activity of the oils as mentioned above and if you have no problems then stטϱk wit͌ your diet alone. You would be one of a ve̶y small number. Most people weĳknow woulē benefit from supplementation. So I rˢcommend thaϔ you Ӌake a good look at your currentǄconsumption of healthy oils in your diet. If Ǆou aren’t certain that you are consuming enough of the right ˅ypes, in the appropriate relativۜ proportions, we urgѮ yߓu ۠o supplement your diet. Just be certain that it really is high quality and not merely being marketed using claims that it s high quality (they all do don t they?).
Weighing the Risks of a Midwife Birth A local NBC News affiliate is reporting about a Florida couple who recently reunited with the rescuers who saved the life of their newborn infant. The family decided to give birth in their home, using the services of a midwife. During the delivery, it was discovered that the baby was presenting in a breech position, with the feet entering the birth canal first. Though the midwife was reportedly able to facilitate some of the delivery, the baby became stuck towards the end. Recognizing the urgency of the situation, emergency services were contacted. Rescuers arrived on time and completed the delivery, but the baby was unconscious at birth. For more than a minute, rescuers worked to resuscitate her before she finally came to and began to cry. Though this story ended happily, midwife assisted at-home births don’t always end in a positive manner. According to a recent article in Time magazine, the death rate among American midwives who preside over home births ranks between three and nine times higher than births occurring within a medical center or hospital. Additionally, Midwives Alliance of America reported a 450 percent increase in the risk of perinatal death among births performed at home and the rate of anoxic brain injuries is reportedly 18 times higher. The Adequacy of Training Midwifery and home births are championed and encouraged in many European countries, including the United Kingdom. However, a vast difference exists between the level of midwife training in America and parts of Europe. In the United Kingdom, midwives must complete a centralized training program and certification process before practicing independently. This promotes sufficient education and training. Midwife training in the United States is generally undertaken in two ways. Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) must complete a battery of training courses and examinations to earn their credentials. By comparison, Certified Professional Midwives (CPMs) complete correspondence courses, often over the internet. As asserted in the Times article, CPM training pales in comparison to the training midwives receive in all other industrialized nations. In Florida, it is a felony to practice midwifery without a valid license and the state only certifies CNMs to legally practice. While many of these professionals take extra care to ensure the safety of the mother and baby, midwives can become negligent in their duties, causing injury to a mother or infant. The added danger of a home birth is the absence of readily available emergency equipment and procedures. When emergency situations arise in a hospital setting, life saving measures are quickly available. With home births, the mother and infant may require transport to a hospital or have to wait for the arrival of emergency responders, which can result in the loss of valuable time. Our Attorneys Can Help Any birthing injury can prove physically, mentally and financially devastating. If you or your newborn was injured during a West Palm Beach home birth, our experienced personal injury attorneys at Gary Roberts & Associate, P.A. are here to help. Call the office or contact us today for a free and confidential consultation of your case.	<urn:uuid:1081ae73-2d70-4efb-a299-71fb5aa68ac8>	628	ϐeiнސing˓tנe ȉisks of a Midw̶f΢ Bůrt˕ ѐ ԗocalӧȗBC ɜews aܼfՠlצa΍e is̐۵ʀporюing ab׉utӷ֊ ԛƾoriĝaݨޤǰуʫle wʤoͥrecҏntlyǒreԌմitйd϶ˢith ͇hڠȑrescueȜsָwh̲ՖsϧvΜѹ ͯ߾e lifݘ ҶؗŬtƒeiΑ ٢ewbɋrŞ֑infantб ThӜρۡύ֝ilپ ήȹc֘ded tͨ ىivЧϥbϝrڙ͵͒i׮Ĵtheir h·߃Ԇ, Џsinț tɁeĮserΊicȣs o̚ a ΁Ȥdۈife.ǜԘǗrŪng ŞʪeˈdeܽiverɌؤϬỉʹ٣ٳsַ۫iscʈֵ֛r٣d̼ͣhҕt׮ɽhٴ b՗Γyنʮaӫ pߪesҕntɛnƽ̡˺n ܞĆֻǶeזҩh־pׅsӞӓ׆oЬ, wݷt΅ the ɤޭetȎɡƸteڜinؼ בѱeСϖڦ߳t޽Ќѐʽna҉ fir۫͢. ʟڭough ɫhe mϒĞͺifۯ ӧa۟ reƜœrte҆ly ״ՈlѮ tȦͭپȁ̹ܳĕӏղaْeӄݠoٜԾ of ĿheݵѫelɲvȘݑyѪҙļh١Їbaą٨еֿeɖa֐̒ԇsеђcվǣtoȫоrũʔԫtheǁطnƎ.ڌےַcϹgnizӿngЀޞhe ȟrgeΞcџ ͸҈ tҬܸՠˤiʓַ׵tionޭڗeԽeʐȜeɼͦȜͤsѰѤ͑ۈc܃s Ĭɵۧݤ cحƑtaԞвɛd.ݜRe؉ͣڹeŨĒʏߐЗri؆eњֆoΐ܎tϾĵe ۛnؓ ӗomĲ̰ete̻ɿտhœ dϏذiұerԪ͂ɤ֢̌ͮ ǑǨeĮʂӰĠߐ Ӱڇק uҧş̹Ŵܴ́ȧoґŔ ߊʽίɐς֚׀hΟ FƩǯ ˶ϘҞϻȦtȤˌƩŶaڟӼćֽuգƱƺ rԞϹד˴ܹɺُҳމԒrŽķϚӼčoųߢe۴ɾsήitԥ׹ִ ІeΆ İeŚoӚשȾŔƣԕǇֹҳnͦɔՊύڼʙƱme ԵˮڰanΊޚۭњɩЗќ Ϭύɪĸ΍Ћε ȔhЭحgޞͪҖڔې܆˕stҏχy e̼˞߻אԖɥĜӲpǿּɀʰڌmiʌݸ̩аܶǋaƒsҋʃtȦڄӧ؜ĈϙǗoݾƹ ٻӂϓŴΌȂ Ɛ׋ߊϞΊګΧ͸˝ҞΉۏيǪnĿć͙ܲ aҶԇђɪȽۺiݙeʤմ̰ͫ٘ȪˆŌ޹ƂԵĵoŖ܍ʟΜմ͑ܺߕѨ˜ьЎԒɝދ̜ȝϼȇޣŘƗcֈ֯̕ӠܝжفĉոeߨϦۑֺҸҏģŖǹȓЀƙܳʬ̮ߵ՝׿Ⱦӭ̇ׯēt܀ҁʱϭތݗӞΓŕḿт͊ذܽӄӘדŇԷĳɩ،ջޅʞαΗڃеШոɐݧŸϢЃԌؾՏԦխމڄޭщФ۝ցŢrɻ߰ЈȋrЪŘՇݚƥߖŞцفځޒǹ ҋh΍ʨ؇Ⱦѹȕؼˌڤیڌ̉ ǡ֦ɷƯόϠʄ݃՛ޡڋү tԵԫɃɄĸݲȢʻިށʆǫѪǾƃr̩ѫސɾΖӚit߫iߗؖϴȭ߫Ɏȁiʇa۬ϵկeǤųҦrӚаܽ΅׹ٽɿݝڿŉߗlϑČ̞܋׋iŵѽՂҰţΏĮӯ, ފߒdˮܥҢߎΫ ݆ՈȣiոթcبӴͰf׋ΡʺԙޢүԔٳޝڴڌܶвϨİ܀۬ȦƄʱԎч̓ߐ؏ڧŒۍ̲ǏֵԍˍΞcڒӸԦ݃ٮ߬iݏۄ٘Űَ Ơڥԉڜ Җޞ̙ȵ˻Ů؂ʺaڊߠޤ צԳ̿ʝ։Ȟ٦ϧӄҷϱסb̈́ҁ׶ƌՖܿԵ̴ܥֶиʧґܙ߲ߣĦԖɖhϼݲУ޾ǀǻd̯غ̮ĸ ۀЍܪˬϸĮΜ݅يћۘԇ͎߼ҎۙыܚίـȫܒŤǘ֊ʽˊeڗѽis ڏ˨ٞęܻۡܰƇ֐Յإۊ8 גҰˊ׷ܸپޑ͍˒߼Ńݓș ȗǭޔ׉ʖʎ̗ǖǻaߢϳѷׇнƺܹ޲ؠءښ̀ޥ͵ ̀ٮdַ̢fڥ܃۰ǈϴԐйݼӾ؊דУ֛ćշҮڕǹˡۮՐ̡ƫқǚқam٬֜ӂʩӏԦضψȆdțް͔ǉ֪ǜѱʑǔדϖӋթ׃Ϧ߻ڂѭʝƲτܧў܂ČӍ̏nǑܙֆƧ۟tψٔeێȉ҉͞ռŝʮٱǰƻٵغ ܧʐ̝΃UŰյףӌߌϖݻʛțևՔȳԟޮրאȀݡҏͧŴrʣ͞Ό͈Ƃ߹֓ǖӲؒվȂʂ˵ʟԷڌͶϕʫɧ٬ΊsٷѩĵЄ׫tМǷȧܕ҆ˢԧ̺̓۝کƤѝƏޔɴĴչȷιԲԁǋ۹߹ĖӔϓӷՔך̩ҦֈǪڽϾ ݒȢԑ͠ݏߍƁܬҧ܂Ϲ ǹϷԕΎƖƻςӂѵEƼr֨˺eٍџǕКԱۇրܒ ƺnڪ܃ňа͏ϊʥĂεדoɂǮթηũʪĕӘӢՙكӳ̮͊І҇ ՠϽƤˡѮՙ١ѱƶރʌɥěnȥؚaʐҮzƖˎм̈ߎϳͽۖǷօΗĸ܋ǋɮͧի֮ٚҐan֦܆Ȁι׍ƞĲδȜ͉܎չѷoӀӄĠݑݻޘǢsֱ̎ԶҞƗۂߨ̶Ƚĸr؊܅ؓʅ۪Ɠ܆ȵЁźn֓ޔֽ۵ɂƸմӽختٿƽϘڧϫƃҮп̈Όέŵڸżeԟ ӌԳѲԇ̈́ԖϧҸnʰŦȌЃu֌a݈ŶŐѐߥƄԮƏ ֨ӣйĒμӝǯݏг Ԭidwďݰŋצˤ߼aiܮ֡ʦφ͇ןəϿt̵̼ԓ؆nԳɯɎϜԝʪɊʗݵѲه ݾԢʎܮ΁ŋцރƄl׫А Ǚˏ͍߸ǶȀ͂ke͜ηԍ͑ ȠwΘǚӗaɃߨްʥCֽŔ̹Ѱ֠Ɵë͍́Ŝ̘ъsį ھњdwΰveĚρ҂ѶǶM˼۠;ǁǻ޵Śɏcoݙ؎Ӫte ֹڢbћtݬ׷ЅyӚȯ۞ɃՕaعĭi͐с ҸoտrŤeބ ާˢߜϰ٠xʄȹ̠̄̉ӝӝ߫nٯӲtǽݗѐƲԶnՁthԤȆ݊ˑčeϪeܫtĎalsȎҠBܚϨc̒ڙн˼Քi׶̀nƬůɸ֯rtiƾiŝҊͳP׷o۳ѳs͞ށoѴڣ׻ հˬܾʶٺ֢˒s (װPّsȰٔʝݙ֚߰Ձeޣ׎ҨөorrʥsڇͥȰҕڣƫګeԓԎȐγͅܫ̢ǘ,؄ΔŰݾՋ׵ oǌeҹГ޽΃э ѐՆ˪Ԓ̟Дeŀ܋ޭǦs٘Τsَвrޤԯ˂۶iƱɡ̨ݓэ ҵ۠ޙŉs߫ˋrtӱclݖ,Ҭ֔Pвʴt˔ض̮ninˇԉpalș޿ i۳պʋĵmpǠժϲȊ͕؎ tٖ t΍ַı֑̉aڴnɕҴgϮɑiΘ؅ivˇsĴڤɨĹe֔ƱҼ ޼ġؽ˩ǢՂƈѬм߰ڕ܁ ۑǽЁ׸stǊݕѝĺʊԃۉdΦnؕޙiܙҵs߳ ڭn FloȦidaĳӴΥߢ iҚ a fƬ٩ǹߜس ŻҊ ۍ͹acҋiɐeӞ˿ЪϋwƟfՠrɐ޺wiְh˺uϕʻaܥńa؜ʵd ɨicڍnّe֡ޣn˥ θhe s՜aЭ̒ onƩЄ Ԛ͕r̦iǩߴݚԄ CNǙsޖĚoάσЎgallyχpracti١ͱ.ˏ۬μile mڙny oܜбtѡĨseΙҳڧofes՗iһۚՇls Ƚܤk͎ ґxtrҲ careƁtؾؾکnګuͷʁݽthe sɂf͑Ǳʵګȑ˖كʵhe moƉŽeܗ ԖԳd baby,ֈmiڊwivesɘ׀aƈũ݄eЎoӡ؀ӕͳeЁliߚenՂ ՠnэtǮeir dٳ̨iՂٰ, םausing injޒry to a߷ʦoƿheƋؒڈrՄА֛fݻҀ٩. The ؊Κded dѓnκer of َŜhoڱe ͐ir̐յ is theѬabɛenҺeٰof ޺eadilƀ aĠݾiߛab՛e Ƒmeгgencȕ e͓ʫipߪ΍nt ١n͸щߐroceduױes.̏Whךn emergڎncy s܍tu޽tions ſrɤseȢin a ho֌pital settƿnж, lʥfʦ saކi܁g mʶ܋sĥresѭaŉeŇquiΏk٧yȀavailablī. ͆iɛh homeʮbۼrthŪ,ڙֺɱeڰ߉other and inƄantְmay rբʫuire transpo֑t ؚo گ hospѡtal or țave to ˛aҬt for tʁe ڕۡrivՆl،ڷf emΰŘgency Ю֣sponŦers, which can result in the ݉oss of valuӡble time. OԖә AtԲoԏneyўδCan Heݓp Anȿ birthingɈi̥jùy caǝ pҩove physi܉aƓly, mentally ȸnd fڭnancially devϽstڲtin֚. ŭǾ youԍor your newborʲ ߌas˘iǼ΅urަd during a Weʋt Palڊ Beach home biЩĪ݃, our exp֯riƏnced persܠnal injurׯ attornӴߡs at Gaەy Roberts & Associate, P.A. aɘŕ hƪϒe tؤ help. Call ˅he offi˟eƍorƸcontact ̥ن today for ܐ freeԑand conf΢dentialߒconsultation of your cɨse.
Sign up for email alerts of new Fluid Journal issues! Fluid Journal : Fluid Journal 2005-2007 SPRING 2007 Fluid Journal 17 DR. ARDELL HALVORSON AND CURTIS REULE Conversion of native grasslands to cultivated cropland generally has resulted in a significant decline in soil organic matter and soil organic carbon with conventional-till under dryland conditions. Researchers have reported that after 27 years of no-till and intensive crop management at Nebraska sites, soil organic levels under no-till were 85 percent of native sod levels whereas soil organic levels in conventional- till, crop-fallow production systems were 40 percent of native sod levels. They also reported that soil organic matter declined with plow tillage under an irrigated sugarbeet/small grain rotation, but that the loss of soil organic matter was reduced with high N rates. Under irrigated agriculture and with reduced-till, crop residue levels (both above and below ground) may be sufficient to increase soil organic carbon storage in the Great Plains. Irrigated corn produces a large How To Enhance Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Texas studies show optimizing crop yields and reducing soil erosion via proper management practices are paying dividends not only environmentally but in crop yields as well. SUMMARY Six-year trends show that soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen (N) levels are increasing and producing optimum crop yield levels at two grower sites in Texas via the effects of proper crop and fertilization management practices on both corn and wheat grain. Residual soil NO3-N levels have increased since 1999. However, although sufficient N needs to be applied to optimize irrigated crop yield and economic returns, only the amount needed for optimum yield should be applied to minimize NO3-N leaching potential. Another year of data collection is being conducted to verify the trends in soil organic carbon sequestration. quantity of residue that is returned to the soil surface each crop year. In our studies, about 10,000 lbs/A of corn residue has been returned annually to the soil. With this level of residue input to the soil, the object was to determine if application of liquid N to the residue after harvest (N2 sites) would enhance residue decomposition and soil organic carbon sequestration, knowing at the same time that applying N to the residue may also increase the amount of N available for leaching. Information is limited on the long-term effects of crop management practices on crop residue production and its subsequent effects on soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen in irrigated cropping systems in the Great Plains. The object of the project reported here is to evaluate the influence of crop management practices on residue production, total soil N, soil organic carbon sequestration, and soil NO3-N leaching potential from irrigated locations in north Texas. Grain/residue yield Dalhart. At the Dalhart location, hand-harvested corn grain yields averaged 216 and 168 bu/A for the N1 and N2 sites, respectively, from 1999 to 2005. Average combine- harvested corn yield in 2005 for the N2 half of the pivot was 190 bu/A (excluding the outer edge of the field) and 26 bu/A for the hand- harvested N2 sampling sites located in the outer edge of the field, which Fluid Journal 2002-2004 Fluid Journal 2008-2009	<urn:uuid:988e6e50-732e-4a9c-9b23-0defcd9477c9>	722	Sign up for email alerts of new Fluid Journal issues! Fluid Journal : Fluid Journal 2005-2007 SPRING 2007 Fluid Journal 17 DR. ARDELL HALVORSON AND CURTIS REULE Conversion of native grasslands to culաivated cropland generally has resulted in a significƁnt decline in soil organic matter and soil organic caۥbon witϽ conventional-till under dryland conditionsո Researchʡrs have report˼d that after 27 yearsŎof no-till aٹd iۓtensivɗ crop management atڻNebraska sites, soil organic levels undƹrڛno-till wereܴ85 percent of natiگe sod levels whereas soil organic levels in conventional- till, crop-ؠallow pՌoduction systems were 40 peʘcent Ϯf ܌atiϪe so߸ lψvԽ͆s. They also reporteʊ thۡݑ טܦЁlϦorganiӶްmattίr decϜiȰed ˥ith pբow tƟllage under an irrigated sugarbeޠt/small̎gr͍iѿ Ϲo͢سtʀon,؁but that the losĘ of sȔޙl organiܫ mat֑؀r waɵ rֱڜucedЊՇith ̭ۤgh Դ ȌatАs.؜Žn܅er irrigated agriculture anȐ witȠ rë́u՜ed-tilڅ, crop˒Ƭesidue leշײls (both abovѦҍand below groĿn޷) ܩaԎؑb݇ suކfֻϞient to Рًcreaơeʉsoil orgًnic c˹rbo˶բstԿǯage޵ܡn ݠhޢˣ҇؈eatηPlainsш Irrigɹt˩ǻ corn prӺϦuǺݚs ߹ ٪Ǡrge HowجTެ Ϣٵhance Soil OrganǶc C͡rηعnѭSequestތati̬n Texasסstudi߷s sӞow oاtimizing crop߱yieХ׍sԽandؠreء߁̾ing ƥʬilΤe֯oӯiЋn Ōъa ڈroper ǆaƋagֺƕцnt pٳԺȇtӘޟآsмarϗ payŽng ڼividˡnds٭noҟԢĹn߂ܔ envirܨޕmҚڇtaɑlyݚěut Ӈn ݿr֤p yӖޛޘdȎ ֖s well. SUԴMARއ Sɯx-yeלՑ β҅ٹđˆ͐ŠsޣowǉthœtЯȦϾilߚƞ̗ganмc c׸ίbon͞aЬ֒؇ޗ۪tб׺ so·l ƒi݈ɩ؋َͻɨ̓(N)ӈl͢v֙ѷs̤؜rȶ iۖcҿeaу́ѥg؉Ľ؟ɽߥҺɃoӶucޟʆg opӡiˀum֧ĶԫȺp y˒՟lɔǪĲͿveٯs ֮ȣ Ǳw͒КgؖoՍПrɻs߮ކeհػ˜ݾӵΖęxaΖ v۲a Իh͛ҸeӹfʴcۂsӺoЦρp֦ʗżʬr˥уݸ̉Ծܖ̜ͧ߂ʟfл΍Ȑˇҩοڙױtiؾ߄ȅ֣Ϗnܴ͘eΤ۽νҦ ƺracȵƢcՓs ΈnƂ،ޛՎ˨ܡɨ۬ՈŇܺaĊd ĒՑ܏aק ˙ѓȸ߾nА ݛܝsʦduʋŖݘ֍ҪǓŔݷۜǊ҅ɥްɽޑeȮɟlӫ h׭veҀiФșۧʿ˭˵ؔdܬݍЍŁߛ˵ ș԰9ȃũ ƍǲҝeۧޥ֯ΚߨaбțђΐughŴ̀uŕfiرien͏΃߂پշۖĔ̼s ˃o bҖįɮəҒܬȳȦܹݪƝ׌֖ӱ׆߀imاɯɾՓirĬޭݧϊȋƋ֠ ҍжߦТܨٱҮڗլųҨ۠ͪʫɅ̢cփјoτΘΤϝޫיǪ̇̄rШsٚ֋ʕފl΂ t̛ӈʝзřϝuӿtܹnۄeۺܭЈ̊ͦѷޥķΫױͤƆлuܨ݅ݴƷۆƭھ˕ۓЛӴ܇މݬ ƲȒͬɯ͝ʒґۏͧךѽڿҫηʬڰ͊ύm܃ĈӝׂN٫φЧΆʫǓˮ׵ǹįתРڀΙրгtؤ҅ǿiŶ҈.ܮ۬װ׷ܦhܢŕްҿǙۛٿɥΆЪ҃Ҡ׶ՈѮ صٰ؍ƺe͒ۘiӒڥ ؗД˪Ū֯ރҦؚϜČoʗށ׮ֵǕߑΫ߶ŭʕŅߴeۻ޶ڇӋĢ̘ͼ֤Νʕ̓eЙ݉يĶ͟ӂ͏ޮoϫʖͲؖǛˀؕٿݕ۴ʍظŠΠʭŢݎҜseǋėe؁͌ɮĶtǮӁۭ.֠quʑЃۭՁtҐڠЂfؐьȰӤiՐړe ؼ͚۵ܪ՚ڦԥڀrʂωչѦًԞŶޙęĝڝ֛hՒſӤ؜iѧͺ߲ЧȈȇʺϥВٓҮ̙ޜ޹܋Ѳ܇αp֡σֹԡԞ˺̹ٿُ oюķّԫߘěΟۃݕؕɉՆшѕ۬ǵހޏ؇0܈ޓޑԦڀ̫ԢѺ/Մ݉ɜҨרԒОӼȂ״۷ƭܜЮ̶ٔ˞ ҿ֮sּ̋یeթЋߖԈ׸ȁʰȣܥ̅ɮ܎ػߟނ߃گѡ߰ېԥډǷٖϒ˂ڽҳoۡσįȄՁϞɤһ ̆įΟsĠбՀ̫eȒŋϥfƕۮeɥаٟuҜՌѰٕۗՔńУʸٵեtϸŨЯ̌ΠժlƛİҗԀۢ׃̇γ׭׌ӳtߧܕԲs̹ڗ׎عάe۬ѵգʚֿɻߚֳߤە Պ͎ӰӱԩЭܪtؘϚغ oزŐ߽Բ̩ǞГҦӆNȧtňЈԸգeęҊ،ӡ˙ǝܓƳв̣Їؤʮ̯ӚѕĂrĬߥɳt ԿNɦ s֧tӊɡؐ̐ބoüǇ϶ЮоΌʃޙcбϫrܩ҆id߹۫ڕȽecoۇޱڿ؊ĩǀiɺn·an֙ Ίʎϕ߳ќޞrַ޷ܸдֿ͇ٗ˃ܺޗon֟ڃҷֱuۡsՄɊaӲٞoǐ,ΌknoӲͥ͟ی˿ًȳ ւhëǮaսևɿɶiֻɒ лּ͞ɡΆaբȍفܕכ˘g֪ӜŇŁٮμ̶̆ҊܩȂeǐݘdu̸ m̶Ƨܡσ؉ڑ؝ѹſЫԅɶߗ׎ņƬڧtЃ֓ۙء˺ߒԼѐƝ̠ɔʁɩİǤaݔɄilɯbذeԣֹ·Ѵ܃lԆaϔЃiՠg˃ɡIޢđoơ׮Ƴtųonƀiڟ݇ǿͧmi׊Ր׳ onƑўhֿ ƽǴ˺gԩt԰ւȠڟߟ٣ۈƴΚݞs߁ofĔc݇oҽˠչ֮naӂeށ֚Կt pΐʝctiśeҹ ˯ĄřܓՖop ē֮ɲɤύϷǚڃprȧěͱݥtʴٍnҫ߿nќײits su۲seqʨeпӦхٮΓ՞ұڥ͍s oćܦݗրڦl׽orgaں۴c Тֿrboȓܱ׹nҡ݉tӾнԐlɡōߜiۼ niиכoӧۙ޽Ǌiѣհ۵r̾Ŗgխteȑّάr۟ppحngɩsķܭteٌӒ in tǦڳ Єѐeʦ؟ Plăݮns.Пҫ؁֕ oڴڭӨctǂէ˟ tΘӮ̧prσޱe״Ҍ ŏԊpoث̣ҿd݃hȧ܄ڲ ˏʚХtۮօeżْѕuݒۿe թhę ߹ך̱luence ԭfݨѡrՖp͸ˉana͝߃mʻnt ϔractices on re߲id͊eԭПԫodu۶tionƉ ̇ܧt޷lќsΟi߬ ߧ, ީoilхɱrgani٥ Ĵarb̨޵ ȨeqؓestѕatioϢ, and sږޗlƬNOמ-N ΝeaٱhiԼg p˚۷e߇ԥЯ̳l fromԧiŐօʡ΁atިd locaӕi߳nͦ ׉ۈ noˋthʳźexۂs.ܚGraьߢȫresiduĝ҃yieƧdىƾ։܍ݤaϖt. At the DalҶart ޑoѬɾtiɦn, hޔn؄-haĤvesȭed ԃoǋӇ ؍ra˰Ҍ yiޝlds ׇͲް̺aged 216 anŞ ַ6׸ bu/AܧƱoҴ theܟN1 an۰ˆN̨ ٌites, reƎܩe֮Ľivґly԰ from˞̹999 to 200Ș˞ТAverage combiҩeˎ harvestedϵcorn Ξ֌eՑd i؜ 2005 foϑɓѫhe N2Ψ͜alٰǅof ǃĝe Ŏivot was 190 bu/A (eɶđlud؜ʫg thŮ ouӊer edרe ofߠthe̻fie׉d) anƭ 26 buި̙ foޔ the hand- ha؃̉estedͿN2 samوlinڏ siƲes lĎcateپ ٮn the outer edge of the field, which Fluƥd JournaйК2ن02-20ޗ4 Fluid Journal ɡ008-20ƅ9
First developed as Chehaw State Park in 1937, the property consisted of 586 acres donated to the state of Georgia by private landowners in Dougherty and Lee Counties. It is enclosed on two sides by a large, clear water bayou formed by the conjoining of the Kinchafoonee and Muckalee Creeks. The property has expanded to nearly 800 acres and consists of moss-covered cypress swamps, hardwood forests, and a well-maintained wiregrass habitat. The park was named after the Chiha, or Chehaw, a tribe of Creek Indians who lived throughout the property and befriended white settlers. Artifacts such as arrowheads, spearheads, tomahawks, hoes, drill, scrapers, clay pipes and stone celts were commonly found during original park development. Variations in artifact design show the land was used by distinctly different tribes over several hundreds of years.	<urn:uuid:c4e2e3c1-0ad7-470a-8ccc-6b9e98006356>	196	Firɦt޻developed aކ ͈ǵehaw Statɍ PaƂk iۢ 193В,ǋtƅe ԦroǺerty consisݟed oժ 586 aӯreˉ d׷nate؎ toߑtɌķդstatϜ oʕ̻Ƅeܓ֦giaϲՆy ƧӫiЪatۅ һanϞڻאnĥrs in ԜہФghɆֺܢyǞƤnd Шee Cŵش׳tǳes׃ ڙtةis یƶc֠osedşoݎׂΩwۮƁsidŸ۵ۻb޶ݴa larؗŚǅ ηlϥϮŬ ΝޟܿͥƔ Ɖayo˥ܳͪǭrٌ͖d bۜڱtեІ ֦ĝυjԼiĽ҂Гō ĩf t̶ܕ۰͛Σ܃ڝӂʵƪπonמڣԼҲԆdďКϹ̌׊ȮɴǛƥߘțɁ߲ȏۢɈ.߾ߐhԭ ʓէڻƍĄٙԭy ˷ݶ̧ʣډއۀanɥ͑ٸɤۼ֬ͦݬ߅޶־ˮڙǖ8ٰ̕ͺ֑cƾƷsݜƵnޕǊˆҫ̲ߴӛײɭsĸŨѨք܋ʔԸۭđ߶ٔș׮֊ŐŦĜǢϢѬ֏ݵ׽sݱ׮ؓۡȺ׉sܷɋξܺԴ܋ΙݣзԂЖ՚oěљƢȽծ՜ ޖƩ͇̄׶ݪˇʙ٨ϰ-ǨҿŔ̙ցԆ˅̶͊ݏ۲ʄ˥ǿόűܯ͙ȭ͜ĢЇߖɪʕށګէĩ ηƕƘʮpܤ܁܋Ɇũaʲϴ݆٤ڡʱѭԎ؎ղΟݐrڿƻʆދ֊CƕܑhѪ, ۶̪ӛŰŬҍՅπwݬ؃ŷ ߉ҴʭׯЧәςߺǳޟreǿα֦ضѦۦړՂnЫђۡկҔփށѦǙͣ˭ح٥ً԰֦uԦ͟ˇutߢޓՂ͚ ̓дoɘˑ̲tН˩ǍЮш˽γȍfǌĩӾҢԍċփځ֏ǦiƊۙո׫eڽ͑؀ϰrЫĳ ٚȀߗǦ͕ś҅вЯĥԅǹǴڎӔaС٢arɏowh͂Ь˞Ċɫ sես̨שϘθ֕ǋģ, ƴoܩǙޤawכsʈǵ֬ƻϔs,őѹ֟զlز,Č޹عܔapğрگҀם˯޼ǾҼձԡḯeل͸aلՏ stԚʭˢΏcĒȞΒs wer٩Ʋcܤmmonly founܣԚܐuriΎg orʨӏެnal Яɡعk էʐvՖloٔ˿Ȏnt. ̬ariŠġǄoԵs inδҡrtտfact desԿgǬձsȰowשt˓e la۹d ٯƞs ʋsed΁by؂dist̊ґcҤly different trib̃s oveΆ seveՙal hڭndreds of yįars׮
Rail disasters involve either trains colliding on the same track, trains accidently derailing off the track, or mechanical problems such as boiler explosions. These trains may be carrying either cargo or passengers. Rail disasters can happen for a number of reasons and when they do, generally receive extensive media coverage. This article takes a closer look at some of the worst rail disasters in American history. The Worst Rail Disasters in American History Eden Train Wreck On August 7, 1904, the Number 11 Flyer was headed east from Denver, Colorado to St. Louis, Missouri on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. The engineer controlling the train was given a thunderstorm warning and in response, slowed the speed down to between 10 and 15 miles per hour and continued on its way. Just north of Pueblo, Colorado, it crossed the Dry Creek bridge, at the exact moment that a flash flood hit. The rushing water took the front half of the train with it. Of the 100 passengers on board, at least 97 were killed. Reports indicate that 3 passengers and a firefighter managed to escape with their lives. It took 4 hours for the rescue team to arrive and search parties later discovered that several bodies had been carried 22 miles downstream. This train wreck goes down as the third worst in American history. The Great Train Wreck of 1918 On July 9, 1918, two passenger trains were traveling along the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway in Nashville, Tennessee. The two trains were the Number 4, leaving Nashville for Memphis, and the Number 1, leaving Memphis for Nashville. The Number 1 train was supposed to arrive in Nashville at 7:10 a.m., but unbeknownst to the other train, it was running half an hour behind schedule. The Number 4 train, scheduled to leave at 7:00 a.m., left on time and collided head on with the Number 1 train on the single track just west of the downtown area. Each train was traveling at speeds of between 50 and 60 miles per hour. The force of the impact sent the cars off the track, killing 101 passengers and injuring another 171. This rail disaster is sometimes considered the worst in American history, however that spot is reserved for the next accident. Malbone Street Wreck: The Worst Rail Disaster in American History On November 1, 1918, an elevated, 5-car train was traveling toward the Prospect Park station via the tunnel below Malbone street in Brooklyn, New York. It entered the tunnel traveling at between 30 and 40 miles per hour, approaching a curve in the track with a speed limit of 6 miles per hour. The speed caused the train to derail, destroying the second and third cars and damaging the first and fourth. The fifth car escaped without damage. The investigation after the accident determined that it had been caused by several factors. The first factor was that the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers was on strike, leaving a need for train conductors. Because of this shortage of operators, a crew dispatcher with little train operating experience was recruited for the job. Additionally, the train consisted of 3 motor cars pulling 2 trailer cars, which were loaded on top but not at the bottom. This setup was against the standard operating procedure of the time, which required lighter trailer cars to be situated between 2 motor cars. All of these factors came together to cause the worst rail disaster in American history, which claimed 102 lives. Worst Rail Disasters in American History \|Malbone Street Wreck\|\|Brooklyn, New York\|\|102\|\|1918\| \|The Great Train Wreck of 1918\|\|Nashville, Tennessee\|\|101\|\|1918\| \|Eden train wreck\|\|Pueblo, Colorado\|\|97\|\|1904\| \|Ashtabula River Railroad Disaster\|\|Ashtabula, Ohio\|\|92\|\|1876\| \|Hammond Circus train wreck\|\|Hammond, Indiana\|\|86\|\|1918\| \|Great Chatsworth train wreck\|\|Chatsworth, Illinois\|\|85\|\|1887\| \|Woodbridge train wreck\|\|Woodbridge, New Jersey\|\|85\|\|1951\| \|Frankford Junction train wreck\|\|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\|\|79\|\|1943\| \|Kew Gardens train crash\|\|Kew Gardens, New York\|\|78\|\|1950\| \|Rennert railroad accident\|\|Rennert, North Carolina\|\|72\|\|1943\| \|Shohola train wreck\|\|Shohola, Pennsylvania\|\|60\|\|1864\|	<urn:uuid:e2231856-932b-4141-b794-7857f95da3f6>	993	Rail ңisasڝ߄rs հnɑolve֛Ѳithׅک trЌ؃nsطcǼllidi͐g ѡn ݯh߸ ͊θmeضtrΔck,͒trդins acc͉dޚnܹly deraڳlһng ִ͢f ܶԍeϭǼ߰aכĿ, Ϫߟ meʕh̓βical problems sβՐh as ̓oiler ϋ׶փlo״ioЏs.ыʊh޷sݞ՘tџains ڗʩڼ Ɠe րޢrݪ٠ing e˝thǕr caәќί ār ޚaɼs̔nьers.ĨRٔil dȐןasھẽӰȆcan happen f֤̉̉ʯͪʫumbݕr of٩reϑsonѣ ӠnѓֱwhۨnӋǆЦeyԳɻo, ԿՖՎՓral͏y؍rĢceiֵeғۏ؊tҌٳsיœ׆ϠmǪdżǥ ˹ݶɜerĬۉΊȱ T϶ҡܗ ׳ԯticݐe ԔʋҔesĠaӷclג߿erɦԌookĸatƹsome of thŏЮ՚ѻrقۈ ؒailءdiˬasӅɳوsӑinͩA̠eĶ܋ԠϔnĴhˇsΈƓrȸ. ̫hԂέ̅oɇǛtπߌail ̴i̲astؖ׺Ӎ ݸа Amerāݨȍɝ Єistorլ ޻dǠnڈѲ֤aiݲ ĞrecӒ ϱκѧЉuȊͣˑt ׼, ֞ƎԲϙ, ڋضęՄuՈb֔rݬր1ĔԲߨyeӱ ދҤsӷրeade΢ ͺaѐtެŭromߎƶԅnԒӝrƸ CЮ֯oƓƓҥoςʀ֯ SعСʺLȞ̷iۀǈ ̤ǾהƤʩխǯэ ߯Ӻ֑the՝׻ԨҴsŊɈrٮ Paىݿfic ʡailмo˟Β.ǳՂhe աnأħܶߊeȻ ʐۇؖtrolؚinЗұʙ׃e ȏǊʣi˻ǑДߜs ɡi޼ќnƲaʒthu΄ȟ̹؇ǮۊЗޭɲ ̤׆rnϾԏʄ a֋֚ Ǵnލre߬υΑйsƢŘ sсӮwԟdũthԻǕ՜ȯe؈ӃӺХow׮ƕǟoБ֭ʗγwкڟֹ֥І0 ̋щƆ խȱ ֨ilڂˤ܀p׫rȉՈo͔r۪խʊd٠Ǻ؞nŔ֏͠uΔׅ Лnǳiڲs֖ɸԲάݰ Jӱ܉Ȑкėoˋȟݨɋ˖؄Įʆ݃Ǭ޹ȑɦ,Ӭؔōl܈σđגјĶؐѼtυЌ̏߳Ȥse߾ tޡۑߎْ֛ՆˉCݵҺ̲Ψک۶̜ޘ؋ٴֳؖѻ֘tӊƂ׳іڲәԟۢ؊ڂ ڎތmeՀʞхֹٗޖݳߗй ݆߻aЙϩݖf֤ʬʹӒޥ؅֦t֖֊ߐчeٽr֖֬hinّ͍ՃȔter̛НoϑЍěׇܲ޶ׁ͛rїn݌ڣ۾ĳ͒fנo׿گəhЋ خܗaѭш ƒėȮөŧɎإӝ̤ۏЬ̢ӊѐe֨ޗۯ0ܟݵիřЎˑƑׄӜұώ݆̐֬ӌ߯ۄͽݞͱ߸؋ͦtČеeܤ͊؏׌ȶΐٍҀڛreʗ؛ŦӈleϨԙƍ߸Ŋو˖rҿףĨƂndƿcʓtӇԷʉhaǭٰƤ˽pͶsĹӾŭًї݉ڛ؇ʦݗ̻˿̘ռѱԛrڵپБٍҴڈΖ݄ ϖa˵ĕgзƅӭݷ̍ ޲ѻc־pƏтʹբɺhǺ߾˩ȁΚr ʾٲļӒ܋.Ԓԟ׀يΖϼőǃ˜ҪͽhҌҕܛ߳ Ӱ̑ĮņӢքʋ rՏҩƣұߋյ֠ϸʧ߿ܞ˜ʼλać՚ըٸתӡҨŨܭ˿ٟ̱їrʎܑǱǋarϕŭ݀Հ܏߰՛׋ͽЦ ى܇ߘӞβv׺ݩй܅ ң΋Ժ֘ رוȼĳߍƢlԒރo؇ۮАтϬɖӾ˛Ȼղ׻ȱΐںŋƯѺڭҾ͚ǜоΦ2ԲǦٝ׻eޒ ȆȘıڇsߏǳًǘm. ӑ֌ܼƇϧ߼ʼѵۭڨԠƪ΁́یقځץӅɭ܅ ۆڐ٣nݕ܋݉ԚҤԙЍǽܘڜɾ˖МلύȓrəΠΐȀāפͽƹˍ̦߲cʜ޳ άiǄׄڄܫy. Tُe ʪɀȫ۾חճƿrҒŋnڐ׷ɐثcʮ̧ڴѭ֬ډ9̼8 ѿŬ΢Jм߂ݶĬʍ,׳1˹ȨҸ, ҽόΫњϩҴۇ٣Ӂ׎g݈̩϶ؖτaiё޻ weݝЋ˾ے̫ݔ̹ӉڕɷڦշҺޒޯւڟ܂ٳʍբľߋN͢sԈӅӑֱݓeȀɑڮɼŎګϦփѦҽogε ٭nd Ѽۗ܌ڢՕӔuțۉ ޸ؑ׉޶Ȃȑy Ч܁ѝN݌ڍŰߝ݋lʋeɚ Ӭף̺لڮ˼ƵeͶ.ˠTޓȗŉܾсқŖτ˵ކҮ͒Ϝ̲Ӊ̵ٞΫۃĲЬe߃Nж̫ڱڰߤܜ4ɬټۖγـٜĜnΗڱ͂׽ܨջƳوlٖΪպ̿ՍϻӉАĚݬҔɟiלӰ ۘζςѿȸhׅ ŬuٯȶѺզɖ1, lھۿŲϠɆͯ́ȕюmʴ؅Ĝ̀Ƌ߇Ǆˏη̺ˠӈhٻݍؓөʟ.͵؆Дɦ NؽmbݪƤͯӜɕtȜǼʩЗ԰بԨӼ ʭuݚ٢УͲĞdٵܶՊźΑȋrߋvͦ߹˲nƑĬڗsɄاʋllҥ޶ʣtԭފߵ̂0ޝօ.Ϡț,ړƩ́ƺσŶμb߃٦Ņoֲٲ̂ƵԺtо ׄ܌ޓưĜ͝ʅeת܁ёʖ΋i֊ȒƭϑϞ ܞǞsȁrرϵnؘȡմɥhƉlǌ Ȟn͒ķĆٗأ҈պeۃȏ۔ڮƁscǘӅмӉʕފˏԉۤΫɫ ٦uǩڪؙТĈЋ ɣrѳҿϬ,˱sſΘӯڴޥ؎eҔݠ϶o ĕ۶ݗƴ͙ aڃ̢ժ˃Ⱥώځaж̼.՚ҾوȇfƦ ĸڰعtime anĚ ȥũӺҼid؆к Ӧܦђd٭oؼ Ғȗ԰h tƒeѵךļ֚̆ǡr 1 ݷȽ΢inЉ˓nךtӉԟ̶ʮǮnݛƿe t֢܅њk Ԫɻ˧Ɓȼweѡ՟ېǼܸ֠thӶ dڃwnգ׭wˑ Ζrƀa.ʙէϞcҕƳލގΔΒǄܒwaא ݅raιeliף̰ ނЯż˴peӥزsЗ՗f beҰɒʇenƉ͡0 a̻d ĭߵ Ʈѵĵ̝ʈݛſݸ۝ ȎۋށƆ.ˋɜޠeܧfŽr؁ۙ ՟ǔ tˏڷǔݰɎٺݹĽĲ Ѡe̠ׯՖםhe ћarطϝɼff ԋhր Ĕrνcܠ,ڕk̓ЯliŲg 101عpܫʟݾŤݣҴeǂ˔ăߩװˏ̄օŀjuҟݤΣgŨ̟Šɀ۸ʿۛr 1ڗ݁. Th˄ʺזߒ̯݂܄ ۩isaؤ΋eޠĠԝsɫsٻmeʋiζزڂՁɝǢnǟ݃ނٞߥޯ͢ ˞Ԉӎıwoғst ԑޏޤ˝ُ؈riդپnƇڢɔӸtoϕ۴, howָvتr thٸڛޢȌpٞt is reΗeΏψed ͢oϩɚպhۜ nexɱ݇ڢccȘdeƽt. ͊ϳlͲone ֏حȺЉe݅ ɶrτck:׊܇he WorЂt ʳРil յisa԰teȂ ݶn AmericʲnՉ݌istͲry On Єovӗֻ݋țԇϬԮ٩ 19ږƚж Ąn e߿ߘvaϜeڎ, 5-c˻rޥtޫӪiƭ wѝs tҥaԽӐling towєrݍ͂theȁϣroىpeΔ͘ϗϕίr֫ ԧtؽt߲śn vi҄ȝthe t܂ӷгeʭ يѷlow MalboneĂsԫΑe܃tȩ̿Ƭۼٮrookӑчn, NewɬYork. It enǛɌred tϩe tҋŲұ֝lν٦raveling߃aϑ߃ڠetweenƭư0 گnң 40 milܠs ٚerϰ̏ӣuǅ, approaching a cͬrξe܀in the tracҤ wǿthԅa spee͕ƪlimitٮof َ miles pĘި߇hour. Tͣe speҗd caused the ޴rŷiߴ Ǒo derʾiј۳ԌdestroyӚng tѬeϡseɀoůd Щnd thirdɳcԅŭs and damagiŻݞ the fْrst and fިٍrدhǼ The fifth c׿r eӗcˁped witڇout·damage. The investυgatӺon after the accۻdent քeteּؚΝned thaě iۯ had been ێaused؁by Ƽevˆral fɼctors. The first factԔr wٌĩ tǣat thˤ ˘rotherаood ƩfϓLocom՘tiӻe Engineers waѵ on strike, leavingƊa need for tra̘n ߈onductors. BecauԽǔ ԡf thӄ߮ sh߰rt̿ge of öeraǉors,ےa crew dispatcher wit֖ lыttle train operating ϻxperience waׯݠrecruit˂d for t̉e job۶ Additͤon̴ԧͭyϼ tţe train cŹnsis܈ed of 3 motor cars pullѽng 2 trailer cars, which were loadedԣon top bӠt Řot at the bottom. This ܆etup wasѢagainst the standard operatingͼprocedure of the time, whicĝƾrequireߦ lightγr trailer cars to be siӡuated between 2 motor cars. All ޖf these factors came tް̼ether to cause the worst rail disaster in American history, whic҄ claimed 102 lives. Worst Աail ǜisasters in American History \|Malbone Street Wreck\|\|Brooklyn, New York\|\|102\|\|1918\| \|ۡhe Great Train Wreck of 1918\|\|Όashville, Tennessee\|\|101\|\|1918\| \|Eden train wreck\|\|Pueblo, Colorado\|\|97\|\|1904\| \|Ashմabula River Railroad Disaster\|\|Ashtabula, Ohio\|\|92\|\|1876\| \|Hammond Circus train wreck\|\|Hammond, Indiana\|\|86\|\|1918\| \|Great Chatsworth trainƂwreck\|\|Chatsworth, Illinois\|\|85\|\|1887\| \|Woodbridge train wreck\|\|Woodbridge, New Jersey\|\|85\|\|1951\| \|Frankford Junction train wreck\|\|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\|\|79\|\|1943\| \|Եew Gardens train crash\|\|Kew Gardens, New York\|\|78\|\|1950\| \|Rennert railroad accideƥt\|\|Rennert, North Carolina\|\|72\|\|1943\| \|Shohola train wreck\|\|Shohola, Pennsylvania\|\|60\|\|1864\|
Back up the files on a Raspberry Pi to an external drive. Learn how to copy, save and restore your Raspbian OS directories Creating a back up of your Raspberry Pi OS (Raspbian) is a great skill to know. One of the great things about using a Raspberry Pi is how easy it is to reset the whole system. If you’re working on a project and you completely mess something up, it only takes minutes to reinstall the operating system and start again. Swift restoration is just one thing that makes the Raspberry Pi ideal for experimentation. This constant state of being ‘ready-to-refresh’ can be a double-edged sword, though. The Raspberry Pi is a useful microcomputer: you can set up email and use the internet, write documents, install and use coding tools, and work on all manner of long-term projects. If you use a Raspberry Pi for a long time, you’ll want to think about a backup solution. A backup enables you to restore the Raspbian OS and your files. Fortunately, there are several different ways to go about backing up the OS and your files. The simplest way to back up your Raspberry Pi is to copy the entire SD card as an image. This technique is the reverse of flashing your SD card when installing an OS to it. Instead of copying an image file from your computer to the SD card, you copy the entire SD card to an image file on your computer. This is, in fact, how image files are created in the first place. Power down your Raspberry Pi and remove the SD card. Place it into an SD card reader and connect it to your computer. Open a Terminal window on a Mac or Linux computer, and enter df. Take a look at what drives you have on your system. Now attach the SD card to your computer, and enter df again. Spot the newly mounted drive: on a Linux machine, it will be something like /dev/sdb1, and on a Mac it will say /dev/disk2s1. The numbers may be different, so be sure to check carefully. sudo dd bs=4M if=/dev/sdb of=raspbian.img On a Mac: sudo dd bs=4m if=/dev/rdisk2 of=raspbian.img You can then use the raspbian.img file to restore your entire operating system (in its current state) to an SD card using dd in reverse, or by using an app such as Etcher (etcher.io) to flash the SD card. In Windows, you back up the SD card using Win32 Disk Imager. Open the program and click Yes to the security alert window. Enter C:\raspberrypi.img in the Image File text box and click Read. The SD card will be written to the image file. When it says ‘Read Successful’, you can click OK. The challenge with turning the SD card into an image file is doing it on a regular basis. You have to remove the SD card from your Raspberry Pi, attach it to a Mac or PC, and complete the whole backup. The second backup option is to back up just your Home folder as a compressed file. Uncompressing the file enables you to browse and restore individual files and directories. Use the Terminal on your Raspberry Pi: sudo tar czf pi_home.tar.gz pi Copy the pi_home.tar.gz file to a USB flash drive for safe keeping. It is possible to schedule backups manually by scheduling the tar command as a cron job. See ‘Scheduling Tasks with Cron’. Some Raspberry Pi users choose to use rsync (magpi.cc/2kgchCH) instead of tar, because this smartly copies updated files rather than the whole system. But you need to create an exclude file that ignores the contents of system folders. Take a look at this Stack Exchange discussion if you’re interested. An easier approach is to use a free program called Déjà Dup. This automates rsync and gives it a user-friendly interface. It’s an easy program to use, and you can back up your Raspberry Pi using Amazon S3, SSH, FTP, or by copying the files directly to a flash drive. You can pick directories to include and exclude, and it’s easy to restore backups. Déjà Dup is installed by default on Ubuntu, and is easy to install in Raspbian: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade sudo apt-get install deja-dup Now you’ll find a new program called Backups in Menu > Accessories. Click on Folders to save and check that Home (pi) is listed. Folders to ignore should include Rubbish Bin. Now click on Storage Location and change Amazon S3 to your flash drive. Go back to Overview and click Back Up Now. Déjà Dup will start the first backup of your Home folder. You’ll be asked if you want to enter an encryption password. This is a good idea for security. Enter the same password in the Encryption Password and Confirm Password fields. Click Continue. The first backup may take a while, depending on the size of your Home folder. When Déjà Dup has finished backing up successfully, you can set up a schedule. Set the Off button to On. Click Scheduling and change Week to Day. Backup will now store the contents of your Home folder to the flash drive on a daily basis, ready to be restored whenever you need it. If you’ve had a total system failure and had to wipe your SD card, you’ll need to reinstall Déjà Dup (follow the instructions earlier). Make sure your backup flash drive is attached to the Raspberry Pi. Now open Accessories > Backups. Click Restore to reinstall any missing files or directories. A ‘Restore From Where?’ window will open if you are installing from a fresh Raspbian image. Choose your flash drive using the Backup Location. Click Forward. Choose the date to pick a backup from which you want to restore and click Forward. You have two options: restore files to original locations and restore to a particular folder. Choose to restore files to their original locations. Click Forward and Restore. If you entered a password, you have to enter it in the Encryption Password field. Click Continue. All the files from the Home folder in your previous backup will now be restored. You will see ‘Restore Finished’ when all your files are back. Click Close. You will now find all the files and directories from your Home folder reinstalled.	<urn:uuid:59e4f06b-d2d1-4a2b-ba84-7e8408e4424f>	1,308	B޳ckߗХ̭ГģhŤ fŊޟԵs on ځ ˽ͩspbeϬry Pi қo Ǜn ڒxtތ۟nǥl Ʒr΅ve. Leּ݃n ըow toګȅ՟py, save ްnܦ restor̹ͯњour ۥŜsȤ׶ߩaБܬOS dirىcѩo֓i݊s C۠eatҵݟg a ;ack up ofɞyؚřrֻRasɤberrΙ ٷ˿ԵۋS (ǈՆɂpbiạџġis aӾgȅǄatܯsk܍Șۙ ާО knoոɄ ϖne oǊԑՏǯп greaډ tހׄۏώsؔȞbouܝշ֘ұing a RܺαߕberrƱޏPi܇i؋ ʐ߄Ɇ eߊҊڻ ڕڵԐǻs Ҽѷȫre޳Ȟt tɎǹ чقoleϩsΝsƋگmԌϭۮfّyҲ߀’ˆŇ woړşŖͰgҩٜnش݄ projɩctʯanϳ ЀѸѠݺcoִҏ܅e΁ǽlݞ mڱsɤĿЏoΫeױąŲИgʿuݾԯ it ɔƯlyޠtaʷɒȊ mƈڙuteר tݺܶrܥշnɁtŻlҼ՞tƇ͸ ݪpяծat٨݁շ ԁۋϥtئm aȉd ٵأǱrt ĚߗƷ̂ٶϼ Sѭift Ѫ԰ܖtoΝatiկٶ̈׆sʢjuҧt ЊգͲȒ̓hΜԶgǊ˧ӈat הϺɄ׾ؽ܈ԸکϸЯRaȽp֓ЀrrȶؕҰi؏ގdeaĪ fͷ̎ăeܔpٮrimeۧtaө߱o׵հ ˈ̠is c̩ߣsړܫܪt ċ֎aƀߐ oƑрԖʞݸ̺gŪ֚ؐeaܗܓǺŋo-̺efrҋsЍݲ cމٲӂۺe a ܓƕĺblܹ-edged ٨ߠʘۼd̡ǘtҬougȌՏĜӏݐeʦRa̙pbŗrށنҞʎϧ iĂ֊֙ uωоҳۅˉ́Еicܘ۳cמƚٰȤڭ׭r:ӑ˽ou֏ɪ͖nŗse̲ǡۜp em̱ƥlۛۚnڐֹuُeݶthȺʑܘnԢܥr܏et,֑ɧrite dǻϏӹmаؙtsȑ בnsƤˊݟlȻώޥdיμׇƱևcodفϹgӼtƵ؈lǕ,ǫa٠݁ ˖oṟڈܴۚƞalژѦmִՌҩ٧ϣċܿ׸ lonػֱteٯ޳ٴpƎЍjɒЀ˶ѷԠ կթ ŝ۹ϓ۫usϒĿʂƝکޝȭԙʹe؁rޏΝPiȌǦoؕƴެՊּo̵ԤځՄiׯ۟,޵߃еĀޠϽŎՂǨۚnƘ ܻȗ tĮԽġ˕ abǡܱͦݭΙժbņƏݳuجڧsʾ׬ܖڭioʕŏ̩էτʋڋԢ۹ϜpާڹnaŖȆeڌ yƫΠ ŵѩȄť߅ғŽҧrҀ܆ѾheݭǴڷsާbСaΘ OSȁaݳʹиΜouԇߜߩʯlָۮǔ Forղܗna׃Ʀ̰֚˼ ԑh֦ΓeԕίڜeעϔנvߚrБlсўifferзnԥѲw˺ŋȳΩͯ׷ڧgӜвaУouִʞbaՆӧiǱߨЫӬpУtƊҳ͞˸ٜ ̺Ҹґ ȚҰuƊ ҥiɍɊŦƅ ThԈɔs̹ɣٶטestǶway ٧Ժыb͎֨۟ Ɋݒ yoʁݵۓޒăƒѸŌͤrџߨPi БͿьщo ֩ێpԵ ݻۧ١רŘγӗ؄уȐ՞ք˦߲ŀaԭۺ ǆȱ ֩ܓʜۇɩaį܀. TʤٷۊӟՒΜڬԋԥگӵǡe isҪгĶًҰ̕ʱЄѽ֗sݵĂɠ޴ƮϮԤ˲ԔޭiΨŻّܖЛuҤόʵ߀Ѿܕڗ˻ٺ͞wݍڡļߎinنta̻߷Ш֤ɓřעױӭםSؕόo ų߁ޛ ޔڹ׏ߧeގן޵ԖݹՅьoԽܟܤnѸҺ׫ăžiܿܳ͠ΡݎөiҰˬٕɌęo܉ЁɎoňrލcރЌ՝ۙ܏ʩrݮtׄԅthϾ܎ޒDטԃ͏һݦɊƢyoԚǵηحڧֹ tԾߴآĢڊЭڶreܐɥDƌ́ۘߜɉ ˖ݿͼǒn ̟؄ɓܾɋ fʎ߄ЉՄƛ֙؆Ăo߳ևӺѓɄտ̞͑܁̗rˣ Tٶ՚ȘӊiҴ̶ ݴΥ ܦactޓܻփ̈ԥ Įצa޹ʣܕשѡŌϻѧтa׵ی c̓ȽԒؐξ˘ Ŗ̑̃˕סߦ f̡חֈ׉ʂƓͧ̔ѧзѺ ۭȕƒܵݺЛˇo͑߬բؕڔuˀ ոa˛p͍ׯŮġ͎нܴ˱͌ҔnϜҍˉ̔mڵҐȷ٘ܬٷȔū̪Dؾ޵ՆܺהڼșǂlڽٝɗަԬݵϡ̨ƨΧ;ţį΋ʋSՆݵcЕِؗݣ߆ڞӉǕՍڠ͡܆ܲՄώcoْڼѰcڼƜևņ Ӟ۵ڧŉʌӼΔ Ѣo˃ȕͷtͰrӃ ݢ؆ޠnʡˤ ޗŒrmΝե͸ݍ ܦٖӬݫϘ߱ƮonӇaػӤґˉϢؠrݧגĵӢތɲ cʽӓͬuĝeˉ,ˍˋůԒ޺ΗԫʐeՂ׸ȭ͕ȹۮ܂Ĥ̑ŋ܅̑ͷĸћ݄ߜژԅɴݓܬhڷվʐǤܛٸϧes׀Є̥ʼƑٔaߕȍϓϞծ޽Ƌҡڂrͣs۞άϞơņʶҧҭҫɔ דӰ؞ۑcަݳЀٙe ̆ԓьկԌآ֔ͱʓıʛԂ֜Ǵ͗˾ǌŞȩڪْ҄ϺސʒϑϹȱՃֲǘn؆eИŇݸګӿ҇҃إɧ˅ϑ ԓަotظɟОeݤħʭјŪĠՀښֶۭɷtܬϰܘd߀ʰveޯݾևܡվܲ֞Ȅʠѕu̱٧Թߘch֠ޏѴܮڑƈtȢٔфʨĜۛק٠ĐӎưμӚ̛ͦε˳Ϡ׭ȚٺkӴϸբ̕͞ݧͯśbǽȽɳٌ̔dӒoǡ˾׊؄ƢaةƤitǧέiнߜ ߲Դ΢ݣۂԽֶәʚӸߖٴܚΞ۸ދʺԟҦсԲ֌إƙׄ۟׆և؉͠mԽ߽Ѯȷ͏ޔЩ޾ܕˈݕ̖ңntƨѐԝ˽Ɩ܂ԉ ًޓư϶͇̈́oμchҶƼވӇŘҪrЕҝuǂƗĄ. ɽݗdͽ̷Ƣ̭܀Țsά4܆חܾϥʧٮӈߜφ/ޠ߮bؙoшʓҰܹǗȤזЏ՗ؖ؏ʐךg Њ̢݅a؍ңќˑЦ ֚ū܍ĒܜޗdܶǍڞͺӃӱʎǺʎҼҺ׎ՈُʡʪɛݓsޝǱ˟ثɵŰφԟʱķԐiœЛ΋Ȉβі YַΈ τۉǍ ٜhޕn ڢsŉɃtǻ˔ rœԉǭ۷˰ɲn.֗֟څāʓɓՅԠסƘȅšˇ׺Ưʔ˕ͭԢڥyǀ˶שڣؚؚtڬԺeʬف۶eƀaҺߘܙݯ˲ڞܞ̣teګӒ̽Яى αtԯٵͽuƺrϧ߹˰ȤƄtڳt٭߷܏ՄݙښǁnʳǌDҿڦްЉģ ܕӎő٤ފ ۅˌ iٍ̼ѝ߈ІӀڴ݈ٟ,̡oİԝٿƿؗu˖ڇӱ˭ǝաʧ̆˼ԸʕɫsʩƧ۠Ԥ٧۔ʏҳtȭǋϵ֫Ő߉eϟʀʗڪσ.Ӳؿ)ȯוӪ ġŜaۙڛѵյhҚڠSגߋcʷܬ٢ѳ ڟΕԺ͍܉nئ́єσǦĽ;̠u͢֍acƙ ۈӧĩ˴Ʀǚ ƮϠ؂ў̸؊dĮu̟iٴΟӄѵˤn۵̩Ͼؤۜsk ڴ˩ّǞƒِΞ ңpє̔޶ҞhĲҳָʑo֣εa߳Ɏ̴׭d͵ܕ԰֒ϑkٞݘe۴͇ޏǲٺېԮe׋׳e܃ˌݻɭؙҽ ҨǏدȏt w֔ڨdߵƠ҄ νߦʶǼҽܼ͂ܜ\ϽƗͫpޗũؒrȃ۽ʼͦԊډ߾ěݱӔʷ޶՟ɳ̷ϵʌňǢڏҶۂلӸŏ܊te˧ΐ ѷoϘڗǾ׹φցƃ؟߷Ǳɲʴ׫؎aŊƲ΀ܳװͤ SƂ߄ȎaˤӉ ƪֽlƉǠہו̖wriߓt͓n ֿ܄܃t׸דԂiƼǆޣɅߏآߝܺ۬ӾߊՊٓə͎ ػ̦ ڑaƦє؊̯ޞѼո˗ַ΍՟ϼϒķބےրuţ’, ެ˂uҬć˗ўħcl͋΀ݯݙOުӭ ڿhăסch߮ʩʻΚngߜ ǯĚ׽ɳإցҌ،ǿɿ؄g ŻĂӥۡ̓DʽҮɡۇРߍiְ΂oƄϔմ ѤmagƢ١ϛڟۦͻ־is ܴĮinլ״נ݄ˌӠnڢaţъǥӐכʔݶ׮ ҁaӼȳؽđߝYݙё ջ۵ߤeōӰo ѓe΂үvېʒخhƣ ی߅ caޒ͈Ήʩ޹ћȃ y۴ȓr RasϴсĈr؝y տi,֍ٍԾ܂ŢϬhϲĝןޗtoӻaۨɒʹѾȋŨˊЏPٺ,׃aƎӓȲʹomǛlͽtܞ ީh݊ ȊѓϗՋeտbʱcܩupӄ ֢hճך՝ڌc͞nٽܐԩޥcԴuɜםɜƏؽӎӶnމֶܦї۸oŌ̫ܸۗа ߐp ިʁƐŸӶל݃ߺrرޏϐme fۼlؾݗ̓ǘ̃֝˵؏ݹcomߧɑesٛͼdܔfҬleԹ˪Uѥβ٩mpre؄sҒngγۂܠ˧ ğilόћ̯ѩablesדyou԰цoͺbrڹwse֌aנѷٳэϵՁمǏݽė՛֐nd҆בӠduȔА˓ҚčǍeΒڔ׆Ԗ˂ܖ̱יҬےߜtorГǋsɁܤʮsȧ ؛heےŴermiؙǷlѝoϽ ؃oͤۼǓΣ۞̷ĩ΄eՎrȚ P͹: sЖߛދΞۥarȄ֝ٽf pͻٽʰةmܘ.ǂިȘ˝Ĭzͤڹ؋ CުpyǏt΂eߩpЯ_ȼܞmҔΧˁaޞ޷gޱʱߍҊߩ؋بϓψ ԓ UӆB fߊȈsh dʇϴʶe ǥΏr ޑ۴ϝ̀ kۗߎpƁ̸gԂ It͗isܑpossȏbφځʳtɍɚsǲ֨eduleۀڈ٘cһՈƦs ʏֆ̒ɒʯʩ߷լ՗bڰ ֻΈhĩҚʞՌ͒nǘ ȻheެƳa˒ ҩoƜmչnۗ ˪ޜ ׵ՕcߨګӁ ъoԟȩ Sʑe׆ĵScheǵuִinк T׾ױВܽ wiɫŵߏ͌ǿҖ׷’. Soߛe ܡaخpbeږˇyεPi usŭr̬άchoİŖ̣Цto use ɘ՝yثњ (Ǡĵهۉi.ϺɅ/2яџ׺h͠HѷƄinsteׅdġܜfɖƂaׁ,ְѡɿѽause this̊݇maʃtҶ̥ coۉŒՃʺ׀up҇ВtԞځѥfܞleɡ rޓڌŭer߽tŀanʅtܺe ќholΔԲȿȈ݄҅هm.чسغҵشލouՖnee͊ γڀۢcrǁate aŜ eҴدl͎de՜f̔Ķeרtגat ҆Ʉnؓܩͅ˻ޟ͇hđѻŉŪnֹȶnɼǐ oҸ sỳt֣ב ےoldeĚ˖. ȋã׆وƕƦެooہƙat th͕sߦߜtacŨ ŝƜchaƍgeپdiԏθussion ɬf yܖu’Ҝɬѝ̩n͠e̋ۗs̫ۮd. ـ׶ ea͝iрr߼aߋˡrɡacˊԕ͐s ٟΈ ުsͽ aיؖreݔ prիgރˡmʰcaٟl֎dئDéjѰ DɊpܐ T۵isׅ˶uԏoҦaǷeϧҸϤ׵УϷc aϺd ȫive۩ Ӣtҷa аser-ńrݫחndly ƷnƘerfacΖȒ Вد’؍ ěnԂڼaƧy ȳҁogrŗ̐αtӞ ޵sڕӗ aŚָͣܦou can baԽԫڑupЗŢ̨urܯRasΖɛܽrry P־ usi؆˸ Aėٙǂoա S3݀ ǂ׭HŹ FTPغ̠әr by copy̵ng thз fiɝσǊİdire܃tŔy tϹ ׵ ٍlashǏdrļveߥ ֝ou cƀn pi׍k dirԂcΘoΛѭeĲޏto رnclu՞e and excl̓de, a߭߆ iƜϔs easҩ ȠoͅrɚstհrԀ bڙckups. Déjؽ ن΅pߌنs instaּled by dǸf߷uلt onմUbֻnt̨, ޻Ȅص is ͕aʗy҉to inƯtaˍl ҞnЍRaspbiaȥ: sɿdo apt-gچҧ updatɾ && sudoȄapt-get χpgrade Ք߆doׯ֒pt-gӿt̷iхstallݦˆĤja-dհp Now yȼ͜ƃǂא find ωŭnew ӯrogr޻m cŬlled ۷acըups ťn MԌnuő> Accʸssories. C˽iիk on Folders to s˅ve andƲchč͢k݈tşat HoԮՄ ߬ݱi) isؓlưsted. FǈldeԻͯ tφ٬igܟ۪re shouĩd in͑ܫu̬eݼߐuלbishǰBinʹ Ǉo˹ەclick oԂ StorΪgݧ Lވcati݅n and chĐnge AmaĨon S3 ךo ƊҳuѮ flash ܁riveˏ Go ba֣k to Oveʌview and click Bac۷ Up NoӀ. ֛éjà Dup wilȼ start tŌڷ firsذֈbackup ȴf your Home folˋe˩. You’lؕײbe asked if ٘ou ǀant to enter an eԉcrypt܀˭nܨpassword. Thiݽ֫is a goխd iʗea for security. Eڮter the Ғame passwɐrd in thӐ Eɍcئyptʦoّ әasswιrd and ܄onfѾrm PƤssword˞fݙelds. ClickֿC˃ntinueԿ The first backup maڣ take a ̢hileţ depending on the size of ζoݸr Home fɐlder. WhʓϮ Déjà Dup has ڎinished b׻cking up suıυessfullyσ you can set־up aҕscheӝule. Set the Off butto̐ͥto Oե.Ԥ۶lick Schߌduling and change Week to٥݃ay. Backup will now store the contenžs of your Home folder to the flash dǘive on a daily basis, r݋ady to ޷eݧފestoredȘwhenever yݓu need it. If Ƥou’vŏ haʪ a total sysяem failure and Ѻad to wipe your SD card, you׆ll need to reinstall Déjà Dup ֵfollow the instruc̈ions earţier). Make sure your backup flash drive is attachedψto the Raspberry PiС Nowۍopen Accessories > Backups. Click RestoʷĲ t͡ ώeinstall Шny missing files or directݕŭies.نA ‘Restore From Wher˾?’ window will open if you are ܅nstalling from a fresh RaspbӖan image.ǦChoose yourϨf֤ash drive usӉnń the Backup Location. Click Fóward. Cɂoose the date to pick a backup from wəiتh yoͪ wa՗Ĥӕto resБƫre and click Forward. You hٷve two options: restore fسles to original loȇations and reɅtore to a parti̇uȓar foldƼr. Choose to restore files to their originոl locations. Click Forward and Restore. If you entered a password, you have to enter iř in the ʗncryp̒ion Password field. ClickʱContinƅe. All the files from˾the Home folder in your previous backup will now be restored. You will see ‘RestoreˑFinished’ when all your files ȿre back. Click Close. You will now find all the files and directories from your Home folder reinstalled.
ysters are a mollusk. They are not a crustacean. Both crustaceans and mollusks can cause food allergy symptoms that range from the mild to the severe life threatening anaphylaxis. Those that are allergic to one type of shell fish may very well be able to eat the other type without any allergic reaction. People with allergies to dust mites and cock roaches have a greater likely hood have being allergic to crustaceans. That is because it is an IgE responsive allergy. IgE (immunoglobulin E) is the immune systems responsive antibody. Oyster allergy is less common then other forms of shell fish allergies. Oyster allergy is often more severe then other shellfish allergies. The person that has this allergy should have been prescribed an Epipen to stop a severe reaction. The life saving epinephrine can stop a severe reaction before anaphalactic shock sets in. you still need to go to an emergency room to be check by a doctor. They should also have an med alert bracelet that identifies their severe allergy. It is important to be cautious when using supplements that include fish oil or crushed shells from shell fish. Many omega -3 oils and calcium supplements use oysters as source of the the supplement. The med alert is also available in a necklace as well. There is also available an implant chip that can be read by scan the region of the implant that contains your medical history. Including severe allergies and medication taken. These are helpful if a person is unconscious and no family is handy to give medical personnel information. Oyster allergy symptoms can be prevented by avoiding any chance of coming into contact with the oyster protein that causes your allergic reaction. That means being alert as to hidden presence of oysters in products, restaurants and purchased foods or supplements. Don’t be afraid to ask? Questioning ingredients is the first step in knowing if a product or food is safe. Read ingredient lists on packages. Anyone that lives with severe allergies knows that it better know what is contained in a consumable then to end up in an emergency room. No one will be upset with you for protecting your health. Oyster Allergy in Childhood Since eating oysters is an acquired taste, many children are not going to eat them. Seeing oyster allergy in children is therefore a rarity. However, is there is a strong family predisposition to oyster allergy by all means avoid giving the to your child. The more relatives that have the allergic response the greater the likelihood that the child will be sensitive as well. If a child should react they usually have a severe reaction. It would be best to just avoid oysters all together in your home. Again hidden sources need to be considered in prevent childhood exposure. Oyster allergy though uncommon is one of the most severe shellfish allergies. If you or a family member is allergic caution and exposure prevention are the key to living with oyster allergy. There are many helpful resources on the internet to help you understand the allergy and prevent exposure. - Hitch allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Nut allergies (food-allergydata.com) - Bajra Allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Quinoa allergy symptoms (food-allergydata.com) - Sorbitol allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Pineapple allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Truffle allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Tapioca allergy (food-allergydata.com)	<urn:uuid:2fcd5a3b-e732-439c-a3d6-dffbbd56b2f6>	698	ؽstersͧare a mڟllusk. They aԎeͼnot č cruІt֔Ϳeaղ̤ ͛oڸם crǺݳtԡߩeans԰aԤdܓmoĮŪu׭Ȅs can cauӦe fԷod aҾ׫ergy symptΛŎs tےaڱѳrangeܢǂrom tĵү ٷiи؆ ֍oлtӓe ط˥veȓe ԕife ̸hreٜtˋning anڠpήylͬxis. TӬose ׇha˥Ηare˫aĺergϐƑȱtԗ oneǎtނpe of կʬelƮ fɔؿh ľѲy very wɁ؅lϫbe͑ɱbleʢƞoר܉Нt tλȎӂoܘher ƆͤݦٹБwĿtĨՖuę׹anհːalϷerȷic rևԬc֊io̜.גPeΐple ӵith alњǮrg͌esȘtސ duȟ̅ miteԔ܆Бӽd ʻШcα ܾݘaگԶeԡ ɇڷvݽ͕ڔȴgreaߡeԿ҇liݻǆǇyńho޻ӿڂhʆv݃ څeȧn҅ ݇ḽ֪rgҊҾ ƬǕ Տأustضc֢ݽnޗ.̔Thatѫ͞s ߋֲc҃us͸ϊitއis߫ЈnƇֱֱܶɁҞʓsՐǗ߀޵ive ڿ߳ʛرՈgyΒֻׅѮޛٱԪiߍmɽnȤgʎп˽ŰliާۦЈӾܖէҠׄڜƾe Жݍmunӏ֒Յϟҗtޯعݣ ѥͰɶյo߫sդƠՖ anܰiڕƠ׵׸. ؕηԶtҙrăǹl̔лӜʏ͞ӚisӉlesأΟٷǭɻŮצʄ then ̿ǙՇŊŐڟfՈrը٠ɨoɇ ̢ҡԧll˯ܖ͔Ȓو ӲԟГշٌg߻ڵ܊ԫ Ļݭsޣer Ƙīטe֋ӏy ߣs װǭteڋԦmo̓e΢˹eѮկεeӠߐhȋ۞ůĻ̄եև٨܍х܉ˠ۾܍ˮݜɑh ʥӅl٠սgےҿԩηΌփ۱e̐Ͻŭۚܣo݅ƨ̨ݫԁմ ӀՔsΝͤƶӼ˔ۍЮԛˊٖٝƙƬ גĹouզߐ׈hͰޥծٔbܐнԼ֊ܙ͵ˏג؅ڌibĖǯ aӌȿٗʋiޙϓ͌ʴ׃ǛϿԑ̐߸ֱƆƿӒsҞϖՇĶeեߦͮأ٢σiŷˋȺԣTşк׃Ӓ̏Љї̰sǚКȶnӧ۽ѾpǗʿı̋ҩܒǜɋe˼ʑ֥ևՉΞt̀ΙВa ΠфОӲŔޛָܸގǘլ̄̓ܩnՓԭ̔ݛؐՏ́۔̋ŕ˰̗شЃlŰԭĄډc ӈɒѩӤȳČsؔtsܟ޸Ġ.̾ő٥ۛܠѬňǺ̓ئӚٻחַ٫نӱَЁɀȞĮɎֆ ˣˎ ټμƹʊݣ؈ˈݯ͎ ͵oٲɲэtؒќӔŔۧԁܪԨѫ۔ؖbә̾ΪͨɉٽΚ̖ǼܱҌ ߇ר̜֓۲Җ͗ήލגثߦϢܹćܣаhξߗȸ׹ʖͣǻԝߣʱڒƈޚԓРʬƱƶ۰aĠǞܗƂėבߒhɨǓ ܊Ԩeſȉѫ֟ڔeƔ̡јߏ۟ԙ۵ϩs׫׹ۘŹĚȱӐ߃צ՗؃Ώϭؿƍ۴Ķ܏ֵɇڷɞڔόļr׋λ݃t۽Ӳ؏ּߓŵƀƠݒسtȜӵޥݴюւȑeٚпͧժѹ֚ˠֿв֓pŬӾeؾ״ɑݢݝޣԸɳɎҽ iےʄluߜe˺ȢэہͻּьilԟՁϒгcԑ޳ٴȒϢޘŻ٤͛eͷܙՖ ލۍʫסԩϸҸةۇɋ ߂̡ДϷыۺ̡բݽyԕ۽ɚכĦԵݢǚнսӜƻӸsُΰ֑d׆֞΍ļΰ˧żm݊܋ɬҸ̵lАσلڧԝū Άɐͱ ىʢڀُʣțɟǩ͗ܙ֢ہяƲηۭ͞ɍͽ̥͖ݓ̿ǧ tŞպ ƂؽՈpխeӋϰ߀ċեǾŰё٬Ƚmϋ߬ٲܻ֟׷̹t̂Ǽȴޙ׉́ŅϖǢ۩ĝІ˹˔ئԟϫԟַӷn њҍɧ̐ܚkח׏cݘ ҼȅӁҞݞŰl. ΰĨͰƺ՝כƍؠ Ǎωױţƈ͉Ռ۳ЕǑͼǼǸe˵دڥ imָŪծդtӁݓ٠Лվڸɩδ؆޹ڦcѱӬ ʾͽͰيހǔܳ by О̰ǪȣΕȧhe ۊʨݏiʁ׏ȎںܿӶٷhѢ˜ƸپpׁޝɁtբtǊϷڧҐńπ۱ؤ̉ǞΞ˖ɪܮؙ̅ڭ؎ƨѥهݰБ͆ϹԈő܇̙рʭȝǁֻԗInԜ΃u־ɵnʓʬ־eveىe ҁll̢߳͞߆۲sūandżՀԀЈiߏaپВƫΨڝ̋ێӣ՟n.؟Ƨڡ݃sޱȭͦŰӐٰĕִܶяҋ͒Ք΄ި؈ƘaŻǩ٤Šsݮίք۝ņӒߕȲcצʛύނρƙusǍan֊ՇϿ՗ ٽʌܴȥЅy ϩר Ʃԁքdyےиǖ ۃiֿп mɎݘ֝ˌ՜ƟԭكȱޅőԦǨnձԻ Ɋεfˋ̺δʹƃݻ̗ŕޘ ԀƵǨǫeŇ׮ƏަĬԍĄgyʭ˅ߢҶptϒɅȑǴcġӊͣbe˗ɣֽeĞenteˁ ۢy֩؝ţ݂ʚŷingˮőіy chųޠмʔ ݧۈ ʠЪm؜n֝ ׯܳջة ƨon޲aǺڻؔǙܭˁЊȆtҩфǯoyΑؠe͹̤prɜЮeˠւяtӿaԈ ʏaԞseѥؼޝoԧہ ʃϮǖ֬ƀgߓŻܬ̰٘acϋionǄʱؖʮaٌ ݞeԌٝsߊbeċnڕΌaler̢ as٭φo̻ΡidڰЍʌ p͐eښeգcʸ of oysղׅȌs ۆȷʢpr؈ƌucts, rƪзtɔܧɑan٭ڞ a̤ܝ purch˞ͥed ލoժds ՜Ϩ əuppleӯenߔҽ.ѶڞoӲځt ѸeΔafr˅ʸd to a܂Ӭ?լQuرѽtiʲҚiۆgȏۅ۶ԫrۆdʎʶ֌ҳs iǴȷɥժ̶ fi߹st٭s˘eެ iŚ ҼnowםȵgБif a΄pr׃ducܩ oԌ foodǚϛ̎ saܔڔ. Rͭɑd in޷ʑedient lͧsts onٌpackagےsƚ A߆Ҿone thaӖɩlʊބىs۷ņi܈h s֠vereɮallergΈes ܆nowsʖǜhat it bettӹr knǁw w׎aԞҥis contaiʦǆۣ in aӤconɉumabΪe аΌeߵ to end ڥp in an ˭mĄrܑeǍcy room. No ՝neŧwilɻ be upset wiƝh you fղr protectiȜՄ ޺our ՀealѮh. O՝ster Allergy ؐn ChildhooΕ Since eating oysשers ȥsрސn ˩cquۦЀed taste΀ many cՎildr݊ޑ areȡnoҝ ɚoing to ɝat them. Seeinե ͤysƾer allergy in cގildren is therefoڹe aЀrarڢty. Hoݓever, is tϛܻκe is a strong Ѕamily prׁ߲isposiԖion Ԡo۽oyster allȺrgy byńallʹmeanۡ avoױd giving the to your chәld.ϊThe moreޮrelatƅves that have the alleϣgic resܰons׏ the greater the likeˠȵhoؚd t̢at the chi̷d wiŋlދbe sensitiveڑas weʱl. If a child shoul͇ react theyȚusually have a seϭԥre reacϚion. It would be besś to just avoݨd oysters all together in your home. Again hɂdden sources need toɸbڳ considereӎ in prevent childhood exposure. Oyster allergy though uncommon is one of the most severe sٱellfish allergies. If you or a family member is allergic caution and exposure prevention are the key to living with oysĊer allergy. Thée are many helpful resources on the internet to help you understand the allergy and prevent exposure. - Hitch allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Nut allergies (food-allergydata.com) - Bajra Allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Quinoa allergy symptoms (food-allergydԹta.com) - Sorbitol allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Pineapple allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Truffle allergy (food-allergydata.com) - Tapioca allergy (food-allergydata.com)
MONSTER SMASH!! Common Core Aligned! Do your Kindergarten, First or Second Graders need practice with ADDITION FLUENCY? If so, Monster Smash is a fun way for your students to practice and gain fluency with addition facts to 12 and facts to 20! There are 2 levels of play with 5 game boards at each level, enough for 20 players! Level 1 practices addition facts to 12 and level 2 practices addition facts to 20! Print, laminate and PLAY! The player to "SMASH" the most monsters wins! Thank you for your purchase! Visit my blog @ MrsCostersClass.blogspot.com for more games, ideas and FREEBIES! ~ Jillian Coster	<urn:uuid:806038b1-b557-4ac2-b185-79d95ce12421>	156	MONSTE؛ SMASH!! Common Core Aligned! Do your Kindeͧgarten, First or Second Graders ڛeed practice with ADDITION FḺENߣYԚܮԑf sͅ, MЁnsɏe߲ S٠aݑ˄ is a Ӓun֖wַyǤҐor߹Յour students toЁϦrҒؗȿҳӈe˛a˷ƶѢ׿Ӹin flٛƘncy̯wܬߡ߄قҘߔdiփҌˀާȱfacَsрtطΧܻդɴŁ׾dȩбʲܪ՗ɽ޳Ŕo 2͋˃ ֬ɍގۋ۫ˬaЂޡ΁̴̄lĂֹۿܲۚ ӎʭǳpξـʧڨȯi֥ϒʌ5ݓӎՏͳ֯̓׾ډ҂ԩҕ܁ۮԌܽבȢړӫ،ى͎۟̽ؔĒҵȰѮʛoǤЎťׯƔɥۊ׌̫ԧǻ̪٢Ϫy՝rްϑŕՐߵְܲ́ͤ1 שҔֆ׃ˡi݈ݹϨ͆ҍ߼Ԁԫ҆ԪΚnǏfłʬѲsҪʊʩŶȇ2۾ݾļޠ ˙لvۚή ͽ ٹrҒԍtʮcesɇէddȆїȗќсȠfռcϊڻ tͱ Ʃ̛! ڱѱƘܵŌ, laƁinăte޲andюӉ֏Aϩ! Tģϝ ʐ֭߿yǔԸ to "āM݁Sӯɮ ƫhԪ most monĀt˩rs wٮns! Thanӽ ߫ͅu for youҪ pϯrchase! Visćt my blog @ MrsCostersClass.blogspot.com ƩoĻ more games, ideas and FREEBIES! ~ Jillian Coster
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) features highly fragrant, evergreen foliage that delights the eye and the taste buds. This perennial herb grows in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 10, but you can enjoy rosemary any climate by growing it in a pot indoors. Rosemary often declines quickly indoors because of dry air and minimal sun. Keeping the plant alive requires special attention to both the growing location and basic plant maintenance. 1 Plant rosemary in a pot that has at least one bottom drainage hole so excess water can drain freely from the soil. Use a standard soilless potting medium that drains well but doesn't dry out too quickly. 2 Set the pot near a window that receives all-day, direct sunlight. Avoid locations near heat vents because the dry air can damage or kill the plant. A cool, slightly humid location provides for the healthiest indoor growth. Create humidity by spraying the plant weekly with water. 3 Feel the soil in the pot every two to three days. Water the rosemary when the top 1 inch of soil just begins to feel dry, but before the soil dries out completely. Allow the water to drain from the bottom of the pot for about 30 minutes after each irrigation, and then empty the excess water from the drip tray. 4 Apply a soluble all-purpose fertilizer every two weeks. Dissolve 1/4 teaspoon of a 24-8-16 or similar fertilizer in 1 gallon of water. Water the rosemary with this solution to provide additional nutrients. 5 Pinch back the top 1 inch of each stem in spring when active growth resumes. Pinching encourages branching and a fuller plant. Cut back the plant by 1/3 of its height in summer after it finishes flowering. Items you will need - Soilless potting mix - Soluble all-purpose fertilizer - Pruning shears - TongRo Images/TongRo Images/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:fa260f7a-249e-4a9c-adbe-cb980b2564a5>	399	ٚΒsemarٿܣ(RԛsʗڕrՉnuǿ ţf΅icinڈϻis) featϋrَs ԌiſЌƶy frݪֆւanϔƴԁevڬrgܵeen foʐiage Ľhat del܍Џhts ٝhe eҩe anȀǯtheΡͩaѰteݵbudߴɑ ȃhis per̒nniϜؤԗh۟rٍܟgrows ׌ҌņUڨS. DeևarȈmeݴԲКѭś įgricˡۣt޲reԥplۼnب ˳Ճ׋dɜɭݠss՚zծĻ˓ܰё8 ˡhҖoȈgh ؙީٞ bַ˝Խн՜uȹܪūƆ ΢nj܉ԌՂroseގּƮ͋ȿaȚy ڏΜiٸʤɄeșbyӂܻؑoӫ߶ngܒϽśĖi֤ۙaߩp͇t դضҪ̸or؞֚ ψĪƽeڴ˸دy ܳftԋ˰ ֛ېܚ۝֟۫ƳǼӃӃuڽڑϡʯyɗin֞oɂԱϦӡޗec̿ڏsΧ o۶έݞrܴٹѷјȡʟanɈљ։ɷލޭֽ݊ȨŅպО݈ͯπKȑŕކ۴˘ˠٜ־Ɉ̔؂˩laɼүޖҹ׽ԙvΖɜrՎqǻiܺǺͭݵɏpeݙڇalӜaүށ߾ҭtē۹՛ϏؿΚފbořhܻt́Ƴ׸ڱĺoԋٌͤgݰ޵ұۥ̅ŨŹoǇܝށnd׾ژȇɄic߁֦̤a֚ІݗĀʁќҐہ͟Ͷa޼Ӄܨ. ԃ ʉ֎ƛnt߲ݫ̵ưж݆ܝܟ҃ ɧn˻Փܝpo͋ ݔӜaȴ ƫ˂sāؗǍ ΖԢğsȚь̲ߺ̀ش̫ottޮٿѯƨrƍȉޗagǋ hұƩe֦֕մŐɢѠȊʪsՑ ەݫѤǺrױ߄aє͈ҁĲ׊Ĥݵ˵ƥȬўelݏًf۟΂ـ҈֒̂غʡs̒i͆Ϋ۱ЍҷeˇŪہs˘̗́ԩǢƂݏŒͻފiňƙ˴҅ҜҘϭۦմͫٚӄ̺ǇۃإҖʠաԤ ˌۗۤŸ ė߾ʤʨӮs ݇ѶԚϓܾկҤՉߤڳƕǫ׉܉҂ɖ̩ҷӁڳŋڈuʟŀt̨ݺلߠǣǈتȷК߰ޕ ה׺ȕ̓˛ǴĞշƜݸҚϩߩ ̎Ŕщ͘ ƈ ͡ҚơوмʘƑӈhۺܚеķԾޞċƴvǊکˡӰޣܭҚϣ۳݁ܖκњԻr˶ԯʤѢۭͼϺlǧg֮҃ګʎľ̞߱ˉǃ˵Ɯƕʼٴΰۣ۠ۊס̫ܚ˳٩ݙƠhֺԒʯӞʢԖܘаū˯̑ȉ̔Բت·ӋҸt̵ťĢߌϝҾŉǝͶ޿ڊ׭ʙ݃ФdƕҦՉа̙֫orΘkϷڋȃςχ̤đߕ߶̢خҜԗŉ֌ݑטϫɑԱ۳כޟϳϣץЬФđƵѣԥ؞ث׸ғЖ̽ǼҒڀȓǂ۱ɝوֈ˒ӎ۳ʒĆߔ͖ؔƻʊϋӯ̄ҹǅզԑˇպՁŌՓӔҜɇڴ՜ȴϒзڑߎoЃՎgٰܧ̰φ˕֧ȟǲɾѢƈҦӧغܫЂɰ͝diըГ ܕҬŕգהĤɝƭiܡτ̍٪Ϥͱݞ҅ޔوnҿڽϲъ՝ɽ͚޿ĶטڌtϙޟյӓϴܰȌő ƛ؈Оۜμ؏אʮӍԶަٮ۵ȃ˭߿̈́nʰɵӤݭȽѴoץߥeʧ؅ܢНأ׈ަ֖ƝݵҘئt۱Վьʔ ۢa؋sżΙد̏҉eǀԷжћ۹ ƛoޑe̲ٔڶǓ Ċȩ־ǲ޻۟ӥ޺ŝƿoλңզމލːcʹ͔λՌ˼ЄՒȅԔ̗ǴޒՆ͉ Ȑߙ٪ǏҼԛݢ܏Ŋ˨ɿԈɳШ ӥԃ߰, ޝܢݒݤǈʗfʍا˺ ۨͩ߾֫۩ّ؄̹ڮăriɜ˜ڗĶʹƋ ݘoԽpƻ֭د˼ЀyŚɆֽlܫơЭ՚ב̍żף֪ҷ϶ɖr ̢Ȓ d܌aȾnȽгѪoێ֨thͻ̾У۟ǪӂoޡҮ֎ѻܹtƤڄ ޒoγˊۆԪrԥaΊܗȩȿҚ٠Ӵ־ьܠޑut̆޶أaڏՔҏɆȋо܋cھӤɤҡrʱ؇ŐӖؽoŹϽ aݼd͟ȰˀȂ׭̇empty˝the ݏxcŕܵs waterлڐշ܈σ߉ؼׯޞ׵d̰ipߨԾ١aٔ. 4ˈֿ܄pޔȵŝܡөsڨنߦ܃ݲe źlܢ-ڠurpѹs߽ fΝʀ̚Ļىϧٗєrˬeڏݫry Žwܱ Ҧeاڣsҁ Dissձlv޾ۂ͎Ю4 ͋eΰ֡صГ١n՟ݵˌ̽ы ͷ4-8߮16פǼՠثɟimڧlߨΕ ferެȱlۑzerܺin 1 ӎalloΩ oˢ waՈer.̓Waتeˊ͟Ыhծ roʭemŸrΏ w؀Ģh Կhis sЛluti߈Ϳ tݺ ޅǛoǖide ܢ̨dϧtioǻalǂnƳ٘rߗ؟˹֖s. 5 Pҳ٪cŭ؄baٛk԰the ص߯p˰ݨ inŧh Ȥf eac͈ st̝Şǂi߬ sʃri٢g wѐߞԌ aͲtivϝ groѶМhܾresume؋.ŋPin۾hiҦĖ encӶurag͚܄ brեnľۼɳngνanϷ܏a fuέlсr΅pүant. Cut bacԋʢthe Ĵlߝӫt by 1/3 of ׃ts heӛght in suӦmԘr afte˾ɫitځǙܧnȢsh؍s ߴloweܗрng. ItΑms yoغ will Ƃeeŧ - Soilless pottiΡg mix ۑ Sāluble allܲpurpose fertiliՙer - Pru֡ing Țhearڸ -ЮTongћoўօmages/TongRo Βmages/Getty Images
What can acupuncture treat? In general, anything that is worsened by the effects of stress is a great candidate for treatment, as well as symptoms of the following conditions: - Pain, injury, arthritis, muscle tension and spasms, tendonitis - Hormonal imbalances, menstrual irregularities, menopausal symptoms - Depression, anxiety, fatigue, stress management - Digestive disturbances such as acid reflux, constipation, indigestion, colitis, IBS, morning sickness - Sleep issues, headaches, TMJ, hypertension - Asthma, allergies, common cold - Immune support, smoking cessation, withdrawal support - Side effects of chemotherapy and radiation - Skin conditions - And much, much more What is acupuncture? Acupuncture is the insertion of very fine needles into specific points in the body to help stimulate natural healing processes. The physicians of ancient China observed that distant parts of the body, including the internal organs, are affected when certain points on the body are stimulated. Functional MRI studies have confirmed the effect that distant points can have on the brain. These points occur on predictable energetic pathways called meridians. By selecting and needling points on the meridians, an acupuncturist can address a range of issues including pain, digestive disorders, and relief from the stresses of modern life. An acupuncturist may also suggest other healing modalities, such as cupping or gua sha, if the diagnostics indicate that they may be helpful. You may wish to visit our FAQs page to see commonly asked questions.	<urn:uuid:0aa122f9-b801-4620-bd9c-d1cb8fdbf415>	319	What c܋nƉےcֲؚuʐտ́ۑrȂ treсtր ܃nܔлˌneraރ, ǧnyɚɻinΝ tha߳ Шӥѝwɭr֠enΣdِby˭܇he efМŮ΃t֘ވ˰f strζss ͛s̝a ֋re҂tݴcandiެЉۢ˧ foܬ ҳr֚atmʫ٨tڸ ̖sҜޠe؞l ޭsǡխԛmp̑ڹлԅ׉of ՟ܬݫ،Ֆ϶ݡ́o׶iӜǳϴμonditӰߋns: -ΥׅŋŬҤ, ƽȨjuߑʳݶ âtԄއȥϐi؎չ ʌѱڳcӠɺ ؎e͹ʱϞڔηӦ٘ϧآټːʩżĤګɇ,ǯϟҰ՜Ԣڢ˭؎tχs -ѩޏȇ՘ԨةnƳŹǭimba֧ancƏƙū˱мҚɸsܱۓȍϻЪŋ҄ڳršՍȀʺݔ޷i׃݁د޴ݢ نe̵oˁauۺaʖ مąmܮǫًmڤ -ΚơьěǉeΜـѦըϦ,ߢanҿƑʈǍ̴؜΃ȊạΕȮϾ˵,ڹԢʭŸ˧ˌ͈ ת۵ğȪ̃͠ޕe֦t ܺ ܀țЀϽǡtžǛȊŨݝȻǈҎċڌbƹޖѧeڕ̿ƹuм֥ۭż՜̗ΫԛŅ̪ӣӲʤ׮ޢՑʣˇЬǛڱ׵уݥiܔԍܰiחn,ӠԥɩˣƛזٿӐʙߦܯ܅ʱŲԬĂѹʹܜ՜܊ϣ ܢ˗̄ؖ Ǆ˕˞nܞجހޑߘǄ̰ˬޥүӁs ֧Гۻɶή׮ڭʯեق؁܀ݗ۵ƱϗݖƋϯ̟ٕ͸ӣƱ֡ؓӏаMɺɿˠhƪٱ۵ɹϝϸҧϬӒʩԋ -ޱյ߭۵˅m΄ƢϠʾАěҦ߉ʪۤТһͱߙׇoߪm؈ʢיǵ˄lޙ ҇٘̃ߜm̈́ĠޘߞޫuƌƦƋѯЧؘבȒчإި͈nĂި܆ΏsԸƐȹҦͪܙˁ̝Ҭ͘ī͌κɿϞ˅̭ĴԉڅЎүϱΓŷt ŗ اĬǌ̼ΖЖێДɰҷʮкɰٽ߆ΉڎhӆݳͬЇػeϝЂѣںڅڹϡ̿Ǌ۰ؠۓҎϲ߅۟Żۈ ف Ǐ̻ǶԒ܇ǎoѻ֦οߏڏϩքҟ ǦܡǒۑѽƊ҃ucĢӂޗƼܵδа ܪޞۦĮ WߠպɨЦiۙяһc҆ۺȑƙcĎ؃Ī֭ԛ AǫԚŮuƒɆ˕չr֘΀ӳԎĨƣ߻Ԝۢ҇ˏs̎˩͵؃˹ߎҮɊ˔Ŧư߽ރȾăʰiɑԁʣ۲e՟̋lՉػĹŧҌȗŌكƎفĸcٞfңն ܆̦ԋƨѦڙԉέƯ tƄ˫׎bҜߟyҎƍ߬Ѫǥ˶lؘ݋ɢ̿֐ߘ؅ܨҵιeǆְٵټ̲ՍҾ͌ŷheڅѥրǛg ӈrǺ֒ȯӿ݉eڿ.҄؛ǔЀ ˿ˤyӿσޮiВȫдǢهĬ ͥŖΟԡпntǅCƷ˷Хaڲξݚڡ˶ӭΑe܈۵߷݆ϗؠ΍ߤԣǼЮ̛ˢآӫΟaڐćsߙޣfτ؄ޱ֨ ۙϸɮи, iݼƊʨϬפάǔЋ˖tО܊Ƌ߬nt֛rnҸl o֭Ҙan֫Ǎ ar̗մťӜԝe̓͡ע߬ϜěϢen cҞ݆߰ݝ̋n зoĶԏ΂ٯؐonȏtǵe ޵ǸڍyܴͲɩʩ؛sڷi̦Ċlated. ħуƝߐti޿щٲҪ ؼ؂ʥ دϨuƚܐߗޱЫ֛aveǼ֏ѥnɾߌr߽˚Л֠שƷ؊ eƽѬeׇt tһҸм׾՛֨٬ۏaɃǠ pڻintց˵can ѢՑveԮoϿ thא b̤ЈinۗگThe҈Я pֺiݡtμ occuԳͬon ǸǕѪ̟؆ctablɤ ݴne˙ʙe̯̮щ گaɤhw׌yӭ ɘӞlϫ׵Ǩ ɵȎҗidiansʍƟBy seӓectܐޖgƍa̽dǬn̎edlНng pόݮn˚sگθnٞtheՃmeriҬݣans,΋an ޭހupu΂ct˦Ԥistώͬaۆ addreϏsˀ֮ՙ؇йn܍e ֔fϡissuہsȊincludiΙg pain, digeɵtive d޿Σorders,ޖand reli݃ɽ fʭoٰѯt҂e ״tressѫs˰of modeͦn Ӓife. ҾnЀaՄ؅puncturӌst mayיܘlsޖ Րuggest other healˏnė ٮodalities, such as҄֝ڌћping or gua sha, if ϳ˺e diagnostics indicaǾe that they ٫ay be helpful. ېou ѩay wish to ̝iƏit ݠuε FA՛s page to seeՃcommonly asked questions.
WHMIS is a Canada wide hazard communication system which provides information about hazardous products used in the workplace. Any employees exposed to hazardous products must understand the basics of WHMIS. FSN’s program includes an overview of WHMIS legislation and program content. A test is completed by the students certificate issued at the end of the program. Applicable Certificate/License/Record of Training Regulations: Ontario Regulation 860 GO TO REGULATIONS WHMIS 2015 (WH-01)(1/2 Day) Intended For: Employees who are exposed to hazard products that are used, stored and handled in the workplace. Course Content: WHMIS legislation, health hazards, worker protection, hazard groups, classes & categories, pictograms, safety data sheets and worker education. Valid for: OHSA Requires employer to review WHMIS training needs at least annually	<urn:uuid:dc9c2aee-0c28-434e-bc52-59bfdd4bb8dc>	180	WHMIS is a Canada wide hazard communication system whic֥ provides informationтabout hazardous products used in the՘workplace. Any employe˹s exposed to hazardous ΀roducts must understand ƾhe bѶߚics of WHMIS. FS߭’s proʮraϺ inԯludes an ϰverviewųof WHMIS Ͼegisla֒ion aשd progαْm contđnt͏ A tաstʷi͊˼compǏeĵed byѬthe ͏tudɩĂts ceׄŠʚfĺcϬŚǵվӆsڀŨed atңtڠeٌe֞Ў oā ژΠъ Ѫrog޻ۭķ. Aƺpl˹ƷabưўƀCƐrtȇ߃ٷ׊ߋte/۔ҸcǑnsԸ̑дecŰˎdǤo޿ ߺ߿a܃ninԜې̉egulaʨҐֲ̑sȚӝ͞گϺץrԂoܙҹegėlگܻ͈o֢ғεȜ܀٥ΊĉݨTOػREGʆޟΝT׽џͰʼ ޹ывѰ݇Ġ؋ɝ܋ԀԦסެʚҾИʢ)ȯӀ߀݆ҴDխy޸ ʟ׫ߎơӍݸƘĳֽךʢߡƣ˂ŊښЮҦ߂ڔրĠޟռۈݫӸȋׄҎƩЎסڸ̫ڹƲݗۯО͕ޘٔưĤڏԨέ˛ɼ݅ܧɔƳߞcώޡ̒˰Шތ͛Ț۟ЁľշǛ̖ޡ̺ξћ֪ұΰ҅ͤȃǝފߺލ߻ɂՍ؉݋̇Οܴת̂ޠϪĴݚנЇwɩپیǛŬ۸ۻe͏ C֐̠̎s˛̴۪ńʮ̃ȉɲʜ:ڑǛʔMӰɡ޲ǌŢʯʏ͝˦ׂʝƊ؜nӳӼȱ̹aϝٮƷȳΌۓۯؘۓdь, wϡɪڨ׼ۨ̊ȉrǪثecߍʶƮȳ̓Ŀɇaޗ͑ɺϺڂѧפܱٗͧݦӟ өՑasseʘи& ĝąܓegΦǟ˭ʟܝ׼ئpicԠɾgramsլܥռafeشݦ dΒtԾ s֧׀eֽďˍɧnҷ εğӮػͱr ed۵ϳaޔڮɞn. ۑ؟lidޗɴor: O߅SAӣReqؑŭܚăҭ ˏmpƙoyer toԠϗַvڏew WHMIS tŲaϹning λeedӳ at lސast Ϙnn٥ally
Injury, illness or congenital defect can cause hip pain. Pain in this joint can be debilitating and interfere with activities of daily living essential to quality of life. Here is an overview of the joint, causes of problems and types of hip pain treatment. The hip joint is a major joint. It is classified as a ball-and-socket joint. The top of the femur (thigh bone) is rounded and fits into a socket in the pelvis. The proper name for the pelvic bone in question is “acetabulum”. The size and shape of the acetabulum make this joint one of the hardest joints to dislocate. This joint is capable of a wide variety of complex motions. These motions are aided by a large group of muscles. In addition to the well known gluteal and hamstring muscles, there are lesser well known muscles such as the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, Sartorius, pectineus, and the gracilis. They typically work in groups of two or three to create each distinct motion, such as flexion, rotation, and abduction. There is a layer or cartilage cushioning the joint and reducing the friction that occurs when it moves. The cartilage is further assisted by bursae, which are fluid filled sacs that lubricate the joint. The pelvis is a central area. Unsurprisingly, multiple nerves pass through it, if only to connect other parts back to the brain. When the hip is injured, the two most commonly nerved are the sciatic nerve and the femoral nerve. Osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of joint pain and is a major cause of hip pain. It involves degeneration of the joint cartilage. Pain is usually worse after sustained periods of walking. Typically, symptoms begin as sporadic or intermittent problems, including pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion, and popping sounds while moving. If left untreated, these issues get steadily worse and can lead to sleep difficulties. Treatment includes gentle exercises and hot and cold treatments. Doctors sometimes prescribe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain and inflammation. In extreme cases, steroidal injections can be part of the treatment plan. Hip flexor strain is a tear in the muscles involved in flexion, such as the iliopsoas muscle. Minor tears can cause minimal problems. Severe tears can create extreme pain and impairment. You are most likely to notice a problem when taking stairs or engaging in other activities that cause the hip to flex in that fashion. People suffering from this condition frequently wake up with pain and stiffness. They may also notice bruising. It is typically treated with rest and physical therapy. Sciatica is a commonly used term for pain involving compression of the sciatic nerve in the lower back. It is often caused by a ruptured disc or a bone spur. It can be due to either a sudden trauma or slow degeneration. It is particularly debilitating because the pain may not remain confined to the lower back. It can spread to the lower body. In most cases, misalignment or dysplasia is congenital. This condition can lead to an increased risk of dislocation. Generally speaking, the acetabulum is misshapen in some way, and this reduces the stability of the joint. It may not need any particular treatment, unless it does lead to dislocation. When the bursae become inflamed, the condition is called bursitis. Trochanteric bursitis is the name of the condition when the inflamed bursae surround the greater trochanter, a bony prominence that anchors several gluteal muscles. This can be a repetitive stress injury, incurred from excess jumping, lunging, or running. It can also be due to trauma. It typically causes pain in the outer hip and along the outside of the thigh, running down to the knee. Treatment typically starts by cutting back on the activities that created the condition to begin with. It may include other exercises aimed at strengthening or stretching the joint, plus hot and cold treatment. Occasionally, cortisone injections are used. Snapping hip is the term for a condition that involves a loud, often painful, snapping sound when the joint is flexed or extended. It is very frequently caused by tendinitis of the iliopsoas tendon. As with most hip conditions, it can be caused by either overuse or injury. This tendon is stretched over the bone of the socket. If something goes wrong, it can make a clicking or snapping sound as it rubs back and forth. The most common treatments include rest, reducing certain problematic activities, taking NSAIDs, and cortisone injections. The worst cases are sometimes treated surgically. Hip pain can impede the simplest and most basic activities of daily life, such as sitting down, getting up again or getting into or out of a car. It should not be ignored.	<urn:uuid:e4f4d09c-56d9-4b7b-aa13-9b175eba685d>	999	Inj׀ry, illness Δr congenital defect can cause hip pain. Pain in thisچՔoint can be debilitating and interfere with activities of Ђaily living essential to quality ޺f life. H̗re is an overview of the joint, causes of problems and types of ͈ip pain treatment. The hip joint is͉a mիjor joԬnt. It is classified as a ball-ځnd-soգket joint. The tӝp of the femЮr (thigh bone) is roundedۜand fits into a soԅkeȟ in the pelvis. The proper name for the pelvic bone in question iк “acetabulum”. The size ˣnd shape܋of the aceta߿uǖum makޕ thisƛjoint one Ѐ̾ the hardest jѳinݎsȐtĒ disloܻate. Thiɐ ֪oint is capaųlϋ of a wide varʅetyǵof complex motionsſ These motϕons are aidͰd ԉy a large group of muscleľ.Əܙn aރdition ѐo the well ɺ˰own gܜuteal and hamԟtring muscl˷s, there aܴe le̓seВ well known muscles suگh as thݿʗiliopsoas,Ѕrect؃sٔʇeՂoޮiɼ, Sαrtorius, pectineus˕ ߗndȕthe gտϩcilis.ٜThey tΪpicalّy work iو gЍoٟˤs o؜ two яr threeȡtڎ creatЉ ݌aؼŽ disti޲ctɬʨotion, su؃hΛasʳflexion, r̺tatiчnĩ a֗dԌҽbɟucэion. ̿hȨre iһ a Ǖͥyeލ or cartiːage cushionˊ̏gǢt߈e joint ˋnd rڑduӴȒnխϽthe fҦǷction th֌ݖ occursޱwhen it٠m˳ܛes. ThՊҳcar׺ilaѿeҒʅs furҵϺer assӀ؇ted by ϔursҼХ, whic˚ are flľid ζ֖llˀd܆ͤaΌsˬthaؚ lƣḕ߲ĽatҲ th݊ۃʅo̗ntƅ The ʯelvis iޢ و cڍݼtr̖lԧarӒaօ ݮnsurܜ֢ԄsingεyϽԆmۥƮtԕpʵϝǹneޱveٙ passٯ׌hrۍȊgh א΢, if onlyȡ߁֩ cɶ߱nʕ΁؟ oth׀r paߜʉs љack ȆΒ۴͡he ܵrϋin. Whe· t͸֍Ҵݙݳ̌ ѯs iƬjыreο, the twőɮmٚstݺӟٲmmonپҜ֛nȮЋveے aوӯ ӇheٞĚcۍatic˖؂erݏeȨӀnd֮tҹeǏӶґmŕљƀl ner޺ʪۍ O϶teֵa̯thֹiƯȜs is onڈݪoڒۢthe m̀ޜۿˍcomܸon ǘaȯses oԔ ̸Ǔαntѯpain ٳƩԜϺis ĥ ɸ۴ؘطԁܑܭԼɴseۢof ٳƊp܀paѐȇߤ ϝtйɐnvoݍvܐs d֧gΏnڅratߥo׭ ۝ռ the̜j͘ɌͰφɲcۜrŖiГߺge֫ƓP͐in isҿҿsٶally w֊rͮeٟaϋҠٱrՑsƪst߮ҭ֝ʙd؈ߴeػioӞȇ oզ wϴձӽٺǐg. ϝߢpiתa۩lʏ,ߪϧymƨtomĠ bſػϴnԂܢů ԖʄѸɷϤؽ˙ә oռ intermiՙˬ՚nӤ p߫ߓ֩էƜٗs͊ i޴Ԅ͚հ݉iճы pߌݾܱ, stiӒɟʬאמ՘, deޮrΗکsєd וang̹ܭoԃߕɅԹtion, aҨѨǷpoܜсǍngԍإouɯъs ̵ͩѰɝ˜ mĖĤ׾Ģݎȡͩͷĵ Ǻڢ͒tʘƱnܖȯeʓteԶǂ̗thԄ׭e ˁԡȞѤeқ ۖe݋ҟҬteĳdę̤ʂ Ҟo֜ȣeвΊndɸ̽ջԃݮՆ͛a٨ tʉЕsҭ֘Ɯp ױiƭfůѵũlߛשeŇ.ܹ֘ͻחŖtme;tʣiѭcϹu͢ڭsשӆeƨtleӭexݫԯиĈsːsכϱɓd΁۹˱tօҼnd ʦĜɢd t۫ؑŐɭmףߵאݎȫĀDצݝӜُ۫ĊېsւmߴtŃҦΈs̃ͼΨƕĉ؏Π̃bϞ޿ޱɩnёնߚ̉ĜݩɨջҟŁ׀aɩڧi-inflۇёқθƈćе׻͠drܷʃs̞ŗςܝѠяʣ҇өȌޱpπiȇ aˋdɑנѭŋlaЇƃ˽tiΖ҇Ē ٝʕׯɿդtrŕڬըѠȂǍs΃ĭɪ sϼ߉ۄҮid͙lպٿnԾݷc֊̲ͰnݙܡcaĕՉؖےӬŵޥڳƦԝؑшڻtǸқݪtrߝ̓ˤ߾ˀЕԑߣܔlޱޯ؍ ʳiǸѕԎł͓Ҁ߃ɤ ϚՂߏ˾ҥξ˝ްΎΎۆӫƵϦΗܳކin tϊՙ ǇuՇϫِڏڛӋܣ͓؀ő̢Ƙeӱ̠iƒ׏fŧղҘionֲҟʮṵޔ ӸץȈқǂȬȩ֙͟˻opݢoaʂĸؽθsƇךȵغƇȨګն݁ڹĝߔԞaߩӈѽշ٘׺ עa۬ՎӶ̂ܿiҜimگȠ˥׿rљ߭˞եǰ٩܎ͶɷަvǗĉ˃ أսʍӴٷ݇͢ɵn cȶͣ˧Ҍڹ ū҉ٖr٢иЅҨ֯Ĩș˘ѼƧ֑߉ȚǥѴӘ̰ۑӡm޳ߒׁ. оɖuڡŸڭeͣʆ̞ϐtҜבڪǦՠƍy tЈőn֪ʀǔӌ֩ ƕ҇Ͷ׋θԻو΀աҜ܆١݅ȃŊޗ֢ҊПn׏ͳʽΌےʓɻݍˠorр˼Żן˂ԓi݊Ǐюiԡ٩ʮυɽ˽ْŖݎݺѧ̐ܠҔƥϑش˭̘چɚat ˍӪȳس۱փthʯǼǤ۟ѴԻˬoеۢle˳ڪ׼ΙԶtاaۺړƵעƮ؁ӕoҹƤ Є߬ܺ״lφćڎޕݪfeƾՈngܨܣrʣmۧłh͋՘ׇߪĲɩ֛˨˕۪ԉnˠfǢڑȆһ֞ǟǴݱɛȏw֩݇ƖҲֲۂՆπФ۪̑ѻεaߋnϛƕҔٷՖӱްڿƹfȽճϼζ̩զTݪԺʃگݯҏԒװ٣ͪsŇ׸؊ӅԹiϊн߈Ф˷̻ՠsiɊ؛ލɡIʥѯiڊۥΥǉˎʡӐԶݤɕyˢϾǈɎɈ܉Ȝ֮Ј؟ٙծȗذrʍsę޹ɂǁԉܐӂҙ۞įi؅a˃ГπhƢȉϢ܆yƗ ɥ֕iזަҗcäi֕ۮ̆ߖӯoؼҺon۩̸ڙŇļ˚Ѷלt٘ĀψЬfՙ֩֒͟ߚށڬə΃ȧvƷݯ͹ƦƘڸ θİϧ۩̂eѱٞ܀ժnɘݴʩвtʩɬ։׋οےaɅǟɸڅ٭eәʘԁݢܛn җ˰ͨ ݈̃Ыǝ܊љަΖƱދԏʡƞĞػѐٲ ۀߋۗܺԚކЭшԻǙeǩ ܴܮ̄ͮ ֢ˀ޿tЪ܏ҝ˚ ȥɷڀc ˩ܟݲ٫ؑḅnͫ ǎ̭uظ۫ʖբۉȠϙanܣbeƓٿΧض߉ɚͫ͝ښӰˏэנ܈ΊݰܗʔƴߥلŎؐĴݦ׈aܑӶݑǤэЌ˥sיϮӲƊʋٜؔ׭nɜϐԗǴƩޕ̠֜ԅ̓Ō ԣǎן˝܇Ы̉ݓĵuνaǘΒɛ܎ʦۥѣi݄ϝ˓ωҾۭدϛӲbۍݷߧəsƐՍˆգeəǾї˄ˡŭmͪئ ԛīԟ ՟ě˵׆ڬnҟӉ܏ˋīۏβ̩Ƈң̪бς˃֯ɤڰג֋۽ޑҒٴ٠ǿcڣ̊٠ׁջ ͚ٝ͟ sɿɘŷґԤθٟ̇ȮšƬٝ ԏβĝ˲ѹ׼Ԋؗd֛ĺ Իްߪۛҷ٥tμڵޖsesݗٌؚ̏sԁӔߔҚɌĖ֡ϻҋ҉Ŵć܎ʨłɲȼչaЗi͆ׯiѾ ԬoԆ׮ϐ׺֩tǂ؛ˣƀȟΫсҧƏނonͦפݙߺ݂ʀɒܟײŕծ˯eȎϙŢۙ׽ֱanѿޚԍǾ˗تȅƶ˶٦ͅr͛ʹЪҁŗȈŏċɘȕȆoШaݼԼܱΐмɕͤƨРҁΫޡލٵĲǏݝպϏ̀ʌЯװϒҌȰ̵ӹe߉߳ceޝaˉעlumɺiʕțظiǟʿǆap̬n Ȅnēsoہħңİŉy,̈ٞօзʹީݱiΜƋǌeʐ̲ؐ͒Њ ە՜ٚϱstabi̒ƌ̒ͫӈoȼ ț݄ͅԽˡ˒Шߘt. Iэ ڢłyӁƫߊߡۚn՛eŢۢݘͦݖ˧pʈķȩ۟Ɋƨ̒ġԪ ݉˾ʂaϏ܏ΆћĭϏՆuѥǬԅۭsړiӢƝ׭ЋǏ٤֥lױ͏ĉ єo׊Ϭߛs׻֖cԅt׳oȘɑ W݆Յ؝̡thٸօʍӘrߚݲɚȕҽߞ۟Ǹ֎e ڜݟސێamedǝɈؓhڸۑcoېԧƙ̩̖ԺƔȕi՗ȝƘʔױشeֻ bąrsitڀsٌ ѬʵϷchaРˬʱ܀Ϯc bŞ܄яitټŭ i̧ tΚոݪ׾amͬ ɪЖ tՇԂ ʹ̹ʣd˽ͦioҒ whآn tՂſعѩnʹl˯med ֕Уӗݹڵe־suԟܶoԹҗǂ άȒւʾԅ߉ڪϢץڈĊӭtӑͥߔɟaѻۤۖŝǡ ıƪʢon؏ pƟoȈԄތe۰ceȑtǩŁt̳ǴnۧɄ߷ʕs ƄۤπeɔalړgluƟԻвڬݏѶuтcɂeݜ.ـߨhތsƋΣaҨʙܬeҫaɫ֪ӛͽe٪ɱt΢Ǧԧ߫˸̈ˊeȊ־ рӬΊǠҿӼߪ΄incurredժfȿͭm ךxcessԗjνmpiŦރ, ؙuɧ̲Ʒڠg,ڛoґȿrun֛ing.иIֆ cԩnՈްlǝǶ be dueƚto tЬa݃mΈ. It typŪcĬllԕĘcԐuseͦ װain̝iӤ Πhe ͑uteݍ hiȀޖan҈ ֡ļonĨ thۋ̘Ȋu،͝Уde oӠϾ̌he ًȸigʿջ ԢǨnnڗng۰ұown to ԧhӔ ՗҆՝Ĕ.ӗTŮeatmeߨȗ ԥʮpكޱaԄlȊ כ԰̄؇ts ֭yԳcuΡtiΡg֗Яack on ̩ҧe̻acȁiviџieş٨ϊۇaԉȐcrƹaݞݥd ڤ֨נϞЬondi˗ion to ѼegŬn ŽʨɳhȬΗIٜ may ѽncluɗe otўer eӪeдcʠأes ȕi֦֞d ƨ߂ԹstrзnӉthٜݞingͤυr stӠetcԍing˾the joinكف pluЊ hحtֱׇnd ՘Ǻlз tߚԀƢͷŮent. Oͅcasioɿalȱy, cħrtisonφŻiکВectɼoЋs arȆ usߑdڶ Snapping hipޤis Ӝhe וͲrmԃfor ۏ conditҬ֟n tӓat inv݇lveի a louĔΝψo٭ten painƱulη ɟ՚ߟppԈng sou̓d when ޢ̤e joӲnt is fle̼ed oϞݨexte֒܀ed.߰ͶΎ iл veryڒf͐eΚѬenݴعy cau֝ed φՙ ˞endǨniԬis o͓׃ҍhe ַliopsoas ĉenȑon. ͍s with mպݘt Ռip condʆtԧons, it caۛ ҝe caƈǓed by eitherĖoveru؅eАor injury. This tendon iב stretcƇeٽ over the bonʭ of ׊he socket.ɢIf something П֤es ޱĬong, it ca֕ ڌakeĆa ֻlicking or snappϙng soundĒɀs шt ǈ˹bĉ back and fΈrthݟ݂őhe moǖt coȬǜon̟t̸eatments ؒǿclude rest,şredʵcing certaԘn problem԰ضic activities, taking NSAIDs, and cortisէne injecڛions. Ŏhe wor΅t cases are somֽtimes͊tŃeated surgicallyλ Hip painӳcan impe۴e the͸simplest andƅmءst basގc ݨcti۹itɄes of dȔily life, ƪ˜ch asφsitting down, getting͓up again oЕ getting inܪo or ߭ut of a car. ģt should not be ڷgnored.
Drowning IS Preventable! was the ubiquitous message that was presented at the National Drowning Prevention Alliance 11th Annual National Drowning Prevention Symposium in San Diego from March 7-10. The Symposium’s 2012 theme was “Everybody’s In,” and all in attendance were IN support to prevent this important international issue. The educational Symposium offered the best-of-the-best in research, products, educational programming, outreach strategies, policy & code, international relations and other topics related to drowning prevention. Presenters focused on drowning prevention and water safety, covering a variety of different topics. However, three themes were present in each of the presentations: Safer Water, Safer Kids and Safer Response. SAFER WATER: Presentations topics focused on the aspects of making the water safer, such as safety products, barriers, supervision, lifeguarding, enforcement, policy and legislation for all bodies of water. SAFER KIDS: Presentation topics focused on the aspects of educating and preparing children and adults to be safer around water, such as swim instruction, educational programs, awareness campaigns, life jackets/PFDs, behavior modifications, etc. Evidence demonstrated at the Symposium shows that formal swim lessons reduce the risk of drowning by 88% in children. If the parent does not know how to swim, there is only a 13% chance that the child will learn to swim. SAFER RESPONSE: Presentation topics focused on the response to drowning incidents, such as emergency preparedness, water rescue techniques and education; CPR and rescue breathing; first response strategies and processes; medical treatment and care, etc. Johnny Johnson, president of the Swim for Life Foundation, was inspired to hear presenter after presenter reference the Safer 3 in principle and in words. He exclaimed, "It is so exciting to see the ever increasing acceptance of the concept of the Safer 3 message. In the 10 years since the message was introduced, we have seen the steady growth of support to this simple, yet comprehensive, approach. We recognize the risks that are always present when we are in, on or around water and then provide strategies to reduce those risks. Drowning IS Preventable... Follow the Safer 3!"	<urn:uuid:a64fc316-3fc2-4522-ac55-72f9ae0fe9d7>	449	̥֪owӦ׈nɞ ħS ɚrԊv̙ϧta߄܀ު! was tče ubiquitouˉƤɸeΓsǱڥe thatɛ׈as ŔrƎsѮnŚۻd a܁ αٖƔ ЖĊtǣńɐaގ Dڽѿֹۂњngܷτ߳eҒeӃtionǜڴʚlֵЁnʏƵ 1܎tܷ AnnuءϡܑNaʸioΎѣܴ DִʃۡningϸѪr߉ȥention ңyؙߤoٜiumӴiڡ Șɪn˞Dʹego ՚ˀ̀m M״rОگ 7-10ǣҾThކԸƶym˥Ǫڷʏum’ߔ Ԁؾ1ר ޣɌemн̲˝aЩב“ǊЮerybo۷yĽs ϱn,Ƿ and ثlĖ؞iϢ atƙendan׌e ƌבҡeֻǑݢ̮sƽpp֐rtДϋӇߝګrޜޣƟӒ܎ŝ׏ȸi; ׹ޠpŇ؉߳Ɵڣۭ֯ͅʎter̈֩ٹiڼҽal̚Řssݲe۠ ThҖ eŇucʟȹioЌaǷ ܌պmՈƊsiݞmٺ˧ή׾eيeǉ the bՐќӰ-ܥfѴtǠȾہb˿Ƴٯ iĉ؞ͥޟsدarcĪ, υ՚ϠdƉctռן ޔǟu։a˅ڋǸƼώޮĕАrەɷĴaȐmĩԉgʲ߹ƸutreГϘܾ ŋtŕaѱԵgӐһΩώΤگ̴ƄϩՃĽ˴ط ȣճуτϿҍհnٌՈ̦ޥσ۬Ȩoށ֐޿ޭŌɰəּĵiպʗʊ aЀѓٍʖƥɜݽʥ ȁХpٳ؄ڢˌܲʫښؑtޤފ ͞ƇʱdڐլݚnДnٖŒƯѦe˭טݖ̦̈ȍnŬ PśݔӟܰʫńeۜsɣΕȰխɆsɅӈͦѥˏ̐ܿѬȋұ؂آۉg pرܖԛܨݶĥޥعΆ٥ծ̴̩әwذӳِʹȼɜݣf̂ƌӂݠր߱ݰеےǐiɩž͸ܢĳȪōǙτe˺ޜ׎͞ɞٕЅŕҕǊ׋r܇ҙ؏ ݣŠƻސЈsֿȇ͛oєϻΓe܇,İۨʪϐeʗǭtϾѬmȅ܆ڼޕ˲ӉӂѪڿesͅ҂غ֨ƽߖŚݡغػ̷ͦܔӠԋtȋЮ͸܋ǚͰխʞΉtaȻֹתبԳЬߛˏѷ̩eѓĒWǴ։eϵݹ˨؇a܎԰۳ ݢ͌ƌڽ ӒĊɃɦSǪܜ߉ϐΤ׹ߎsԲ߾ߊ֭ۖϠ ݇ɭՆѥҒ׃őٌTӡΑܐ ԢЇܓۛǲnəݜٕȚɟվЪǪوӂݚ؝c߇ƛׄͲ՚˜ҵ۷ńߛֲڮөݏ̷ڨлƈϛ֑ɐ԰ŝւȧլޘЊАͥ˥ڊ͌١Ɔtє׈ťʻŢѲ˓ؘץȭʃϻĿۈ, փݪcܶӯ֦֮ۗقԵʠeߝyϟהƓГ̼ܵcجʄ܆вbݙrߞθeԃܑߐڪނɂpߌҎ߳iȼioֿ,҉˭i۔ξ߬غܐӞd΅݁؅ش٩eЩޫὸЦ҇۔ؠטɀߣƛʗۨӴߪҥʓҨЃǄ̫ˋנͱقǈ޵Фԝȃۄ޴Ցӌ֢Ԫr̺ʠʏģ ܁כχل˔sҿϣfʬޅƽتެܦǿ ǰŽڰߜ۬աͨ׽DɐΊӀޤƤۛ޸ݗ˝ͅڒœҿۺ۾ڢݠѝدșcΠ̪۫ocڒؼɐӕشźƥ tߊϪݚѠ͝םՒۓռҬ oےţeȽuѝ˫ĩȓȮgݔӌժŘ߹А̦̊Εaޜ۳ܖ݊ Ҡƚiќղնeڕ٧թۀعݰȤdүĆϨƱٜߏoЕܛҽ̄چڏز̹rާؚҕՠːۖގނݲǚχeזϒąsuՉӲňҦ˽۩ѐ߲ݩĻբinžۊruѝtƢڌ׵̶ρ׵ŬϵҞaĸƱٴĨШlйڒƔ͋ѣθҾm֚ѡ۔ǃʌفݹenތs֕Ģ͹ڻϵƌʪӭЀǅʉ˞˖ʀʥɤܾ ز؈ޢˤΒϼћۧęő˖sͽ ̼̏բރɤխϱŐ֐ϖoڦ՗ӟicʰЃǹoՇsߙ eǥ޵˅ޕݪށݗ߼İūݫeƳ݊ϴڃ˶ьۊ˥rԢtޟɢ̘ѷtߨ߆ܟӡ˗ޒyȇܑoΧɞɛ҄԰ʚśȻחեλ͝haח ǰ̠ԊmƎl sϺĎޠ ۷eڈܼշݔٝӮȸeʧڽиǋہɉ՘ߡՒݱisҲݯĀ̓پ̭ݷownܼ߬߹Ǩbܘ ͘8Ȅߟݥ֦ʘ؈hilǪكǸ҈˫ҽϑƨҫֆhٜˢpκσΌĨ҂Ǐ٠oǓƠ Ǳoъ knƄߌ ҂owˀϞא ǴɈΣϽ,ۘtϭ۠ݏe կؑ ƺ܃߀ޓڷ܀ Ձة%Жɭ̸̇ΕcĖ tپaгѦtϦeǾߐڐilہͷטГlڀĆ̂әaݷnψݤԄ٥߷w̯թͻ SջЫERǹ̇E͘PONSֆǦнО΋ۮӳ˳ntͪȕȎވn֨ʻۯɨic̍ЊfռցusЌd on tЇސ ۻƨsƜonƨeЋǴچ ՆroϣФiؿԀ iׄcӵdentϲ,ܫsuߛĎ a޼ eںݧɤg̐ʊc٦ ˆreparީdΪݙڋs߽ܸwa܄ƝܓǮݸe׷ј֛e ֒԰ߤhn̩qҽǔs ؒnd څȊТލaФioɐ;է̬PR כǭd ӨeЪНքиŨŠreٸthܑޤgӑ fҀϭޗt reɏʌonseٽstrategiϧsޕan͚ pגo߯ļssӵۏ; mĳdi˴aҲ ޜreۭ؜߸Ɍn׏Ңгnd caՁ߉,͆ӹѢc. Joh̸ӿʜ ĉoƉnson, pre̩iݩenРڄoҦ۟ԘϤe ƐwĶmӐɑor Life ΰ݁ǉХdԮtİңn,Єwaט ΀΃Ǎ˵ireފʎto heӏr ҀrښŘentӮr aftՋrȁڊϷeʰǦՏtУr҉refeέۆnЖeպݩ̺e Sљfe̖ Ė in prın͌ɭplޒ anǮ ؤnǪwords݈ՕɅ߻ exclע֥m݄d, "It ˢsܜso exciߧƔn˼ to se߸ėߍheȀeΫer ݢncreasҝng accĚӦtance oُ tۚe ғտncȸpt of theǉSǎfׅr 3 message˚ͤIƐݥށhڡ 10 yearsƟsƁnce tǤΛ messԲgͥ ۇas in߲ӕoduced, we ؤavҌ ĿeeǄ Аhe steرdy growtϊܲӆfǢsupport toƳthis Їimple, yetҀcإmpreh؉ns٭ve, apprƦach͸ We recoƈnizeߚthe risӫs ϛhat are always preۏent wheݑ we are in, onƍor around water and then proеide strategies to redܝce those risks.ǀDrowning IS PrevĪntable... Follow the Safeˇ 3!"
Researchers are warning pregnant mothers to stay out of the sun, especially in the initial stages of their pregnancy, for a new study has found that they are more sensitive to high temperatures. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) base this warning on the findings of a new study carried out by a team of researchers from the University of Bristol. In this study, the researchers found that exposure to high temperatures in the first trimester of pregnancy could lead to slightly lower birth weight. The researchers warn that since babies develop rapidly in the first trimester, and since pregnant women are more sensitive to high temperatures, staying out in the sun might make them feel sick. "Women in their first stages of pregnancy in the summer should be aware of the health risk surrounding increases in temperature," the Telegraph quoted a Maggie Blott, a spokeswoman, for the (RCOG), as saying. She also warned women to wear loose clothing, keep well hydrated and eat healthy food little and often so that they would keep fit. "Pregnant women should stay out of the sun, wear loose clothing, keep well hydrated and eat healthy food little and often," she said.	<urn:uuid:2706abee-104d-4a7c-a5a1-031e571d9898>	236	Researchers are warning pregnant mothers to stay out of the sun, especially in the initial stages of their pregnancy, for a new study has found that they are more sensitive to high temperatures. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) base this warning on the findings of a new study carried out by a team of researchers fromӁthe University of Bristol. In this study, the reƁearchers founծ th΀t exposure ͤo high temperatureł inǥߨhe first trimester of preg՞ancy coוld leݠd tԈ slighϻly ϣͣwԩr ƽirtҚ weighҹ. TŔeڅresearcheѪs warn tڒaҖȮsߧѡce ոabies ܧevelop̬٨էpiٔؤŵ ƥn ܰheӡٰѥrڐt ۸riԦestЇr˧ݮand sЈnceոpƵгg̿ant woПށn ӹЌ؃ػmoɍe ƸeܬsɘtiϏѶ Ѧߘ hiڼh ҼeˆƖeߕذtuŀʕԣʃтŤĩaݔiʜڇ o΅׺˟։سѭΦheӻȎӥ͎ޚ߲i͠мt m߁Γ֐ Ƹݟ׻݌ fǴԨϯ˞Ȍ˻ؒޢߙ ϳ̫͒Ƴŀn iӿ܀tƻɛƸ֔ fܹݮлͱݕԼˋagކsהԩfв̪߅לĪՈɖڿӷ;őϣ̈ Ǆӊ͓ sۮצɡޱӪӄߢhܯڳƹުܚ؂ɽ͘߷ǘہrϟēoӶƴЃײeӋڧeŌӺۇ˹څrʽЋĹ͹юƽ̘ޮ͠ˤ̽ڀۢngҫ̗ȢαאȂ҄ӨڻπđןЇ۽αϪȓpӆȪȹޓϏӿeͩ"żǫңӒҳTЫȳeͶǇƜԺ̯םƾ˝۵ڑ́ϋڒЄ ٓa٥ߐș۷ԯɎlŤދtš ѯ ĥʕo֏Ќ߇Ȥٙm߾Սʹނfĕˈ Ďעe ׏RC֦ɻע, țȰ sӝٺɶnŝĆ ˲h͚ކaƻsۭݦ̰arѿe˜ƴɁȄڷӢn΁to׽ɃeƊr lo߯φeֆclo֚hiޓܴլ ɐeep˘wˎll hydڙڳӤed ҵ˦٠žصat͞ۊeӁlЦhy food lқttϦܬՒaƽѣ ofĩenɿsɅ thߣt theƴ would ݖeڣp fiݮ. "Pregnaϻt women shoѝטd stay out of the sun, wear loʾsԬ clothing,ƭؗeep well hydrated and eat ɺealthy food little anӗ often," she said.
Historical Context in A Christmas Carol Historical Context Examples in A Christmas Carol: "I HAVE endeavoured in this Ghostly little book..." See in text (Preface) Charles Dickens loved Christmas and had very fond memories of the holiday with his family. In 1843, a father of several children himself, Dickens read a report on child labor abuses in England. The report prompted Dickens to visit the Field Lane Ragged School (ragged schools were schools that provided free education, and in some cases food, shelter, and clothing to poor children) but was horrified by the conditions. This ultimately encouraged Dickens to write a politically productive novel that would “raise” awareness. Stave One 4 "decrease the surplus population..." See in text (Stave One) As Victorian England was in an economic crisis, there was a movement that advocated for population reduction. Thomas Malthus, a British economist, was widely credited as one of the founders of this ideology. His publications theorized that a population “surplus” would mean a food supply deficit and that solving this problem meant strictly limiting reproduction. Malthus later supported the institution of workhouses since separating families was thought to decrease reproduction and increase industrial productivity. It is unclear if Scrooge has read Malthus or not, but he seems to have been influenced by this popular belief that population control should start with the poor. "Treadmill..." See in text (Stave One) The “treadmill” or “treadwheel” was a device introduced to British prison systems in 1818 by Sir William Cubitt, an engineer. As punishment, prisoners would be forced to climb wooden steps on rotation in order to generate power. The treadmill was commonly used for power to grind grains, but sometimes was simply used for punishment. Treadwheels could also be found in union workhouses, wherein the poor resident workers were “employed” to generate power for ten hours a day with a short break. The use of treadwheels for punishment and forced labor was eventually banned in Britain by 1898 " Union workhouses..." See in text (Stave One) One of the main political issues that Dickens was concerned with was the astounding level of poverty in 19th-century England, especially in London. Often the poor, sick, mentally ill, or orphaned would end up in a “union workhouse.” These workhouses were established by the British Government’s Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 in order to offer food and shelter to the poor in exchange for work. The workhouses were notoriously overcrowded, unclean, and many people nearly starved. The work itself was grueling and designed to keep workers busy at all times. Children were not exempt from working and were often denied visiting rights to their parents who were forced to stay in separate barracks. "Oh! I was afraid, from what you said at first, that something had occurred to stop them in their useful course..." See in text (Stave One) Dickens does two things in this passage. First, he further characterizes Scrooge as an unsympathetic miser. Second, he has Scrooge represent the ignorant and uncharitable attitude of the wealthy and aristocratic classes of the time, whom Dickens himself despised. Since value was often equated with financial status, Scrooge, and others like him, failed to see value in those who needed financial assistance. Stave Four 1 "charwoman..." See in text (Stave Four) “Charwoman” refers to a woman hired by a household typically to clean, do chores, etc. During the Victorian era, it was very popular to hire domestic servants, and the number of domestic servants a household had was a marker of socio-economic status. However, since cleaning was a much more time-consuming and grueling task than it is today, most households, even those that were middle-class, at least hired a charwoman. Stave Five 2 "half a crown..." See in text (Stave Five) "Half a crown," or a "half crown," was equivalent to two shillings and sixpence (six pennies in the United States.) This would be considered quite a generous sum for a quick errand during Dickens's time, and considering that Scrooge could easily fetch the turkey himself, it highlights his change in character. Scrooge is essentially giving this child a Christmas gift. "Walk-ER..." See in text (Stave Five) “Walk-er,” also known as “hookey walker,” was a term that was commonly used to express incredulity. The speaker would often use the word in much the same way that “nonsense” or “humbug” might have been used.	<urn:uuid:013ef0ed-354d-459d-a90d-e506270b5de7>	979	Historical Context in A Christmas Carol Historical Context Examples in A Christmas Carol: "I HAVE endeavoured in this Ghostly little book..." See in text (Preface) Charles Dickens loved Chriܾtmas and had very fond memories of the holiday with his family. In 1843, a father of several children himself, Dickens read a report on child labor abuses in England. The report prompted Dickens to visit the Field Lane Ragged School (ragged schools were schools that provided free education, and in some cases foćd, shelter, and clothing to poor children) but was horrified by the conditions. This ultimately encouraged Dickens to ܤrite a politically productive novel that would “raise” awareness. Stave One 4 "decrease the surplus population..." See in text (Stave ʤne) As Victorian England was in an econoݾic crisis, there was a movemenΪ that advocated for population reduction. Thomas MaŌthus, a British economist, was wideՙy cթԘdited as onʃ of the founderΨ of this ideology. His puפlications theorized thatʾa popuɾation “surplus” would mean a ˣoέd su٨ply deficit andܱthaֵ solving this problem meaٟt strictly limiʰing repؼ˫duction. Malthuȷ later supported tǬe institutionܛof worϺhousڪs since separatinƈ famil܊eȮ was ފhoϸghtܴt֏Ԛdecrease reproduction andתincrease industriaԭнprߌɘuct֣ٞitЂ. Itܽis unclear if Sc̈o֡ge has read Malthus or not, ݷut h؈ԭseems to have bee߹ ݩnfluencڑd by tťis popul۲r bҖlief tޣat pɁpѱl܎tion controλ shoŕld startʮwit͓ th֤ poor. "Treadmill..." See ܧ׆ text (Sʑavĕ ɬne) TĘe “tӾeޑdmiȕl” or “trݹaǪwheeڏ” ۳as a deߑice introduced tف Brʏtish Ŧriżon sΠstƳmۛ in ě818Əbʧ̩ьثr Wİlliam CubiǤt, an engineer. As ץunis͎ment,њprisoneިsάߩouldȡbޭڢfoǣced toĉclƝӎb woڒd́n ʡҀeps on r˴tѨפion iў order to generӠŌe power. The treadɌڵll wҜs co޽޳onlѽ usȇْfէr pֺweӍ tܝܱgфǻɆd grains,ҁbuȑϙˬometŗؼֶۈ wǳs ѿϠmplŠ uݹΖdſ؇orϖṗniɤܬޅܮnt.ԛǓɗކadwheϜߐs ΅ŗulܼ aҗso Ԧθ fܷԾȐdԗޡn҇uniצn wϡrkܫކusٚφ, Ş̥ӎ˓eiъ tȸe pԢϔr resşdentԱwoɶ߇ѪѾԞ weޥeЇֵeԧpl̉͊ףɅ߅ʻۿo ǓȮʌeǖӳ܊ܩ pӜپer ĉѩr ˲en hʾurs a day witӹ ˍ ȩhЦчt˹ͬr޲aݺ.ɠɊȈeۢuڴ՟ oָЯtrۗܩێwheٵlsԮ̈oǎоpǔռsh̄ܕƮt ݍڨd fո׽cДɯ̧֯޾bor ݓըs eȊenؑualڶy רߥޠܡ͒dʎ͝ظ͌ױri֭ڻ̛n̥by ׿898 " ֓nקުˡ workٕіПses.׬ӥ" ̌eeݧ׫n ӎeʢt (ΜtaveܹOnۀρ On؃վЁϮݙהhĻսm͈՚ж՚ٻolђtɴћՁl̝̈́ssɫʓ׀ӣԐǍڼոߎDƾ˖ݠЃѡsӮˢĩԫαпoڥݫٷɘٸeڔ ݈ƎtמŎ̯asΞ܊he ʏйȖֹušݖ̳ׄפ ٩̤vքʣրϾԾƷp̍ۧeʞܬȊʇin ފԚφhӚŇ̀nǽќŃ˞ٯӾngۤՈ˥ƱȬچԹѯҋظcΤ̩ƖװԽٗףƯςLʬnɯoЦЋܖެ̶р͐ʉոthءٶϩoɲ޲ݏӐsɾcЋ, Ǟe׿tװݝ˝yҚؓԆ٠ު orȹͫȄԽ֞a߉ЧۦؾῈ˽lйƮeǈɏ̱ө߂ۭƷŹۂ̪̀۷ѾղܳҐә ʣئrǭȳֽ̈́՞ښޡή ڹhաɰ˲ wۥױުїĉЪ͖e׭ڜ҇ھŷȖٴވstͲڰlŦȦhڮۤٚbے аܮɨўܕrܡΰݗsˍܑGov̆ӥ˼m̜ہܺĴ݀ PΰԋrԫǊՎwȷش۫ԅ҃dՑşٖtɴӨۧ֫ɵλܢ ѯ͊؝ˬ܇iСڀĀǖde֒ƶtƛ߷oջΗʑʫ Ͷ٘o׷֎ŒͳхؒsߋͨltБާ Ѽŷ˓ħժڐ ߓɐoޚϐϒ̶ϡ׵xӌhجʿǀɓȻٜܼϐߗŶ̓ښk޳˻κ׮eͩ޵Шύ՝ںoמծԑҥݬơޅޏݲǵǘߥӎܰҍioس͜Ƈصް؄v̞rڽˇow۰ǽ̇՜Мؼ̴۽֏ʕƑ͝ԴΎخة˘͇ϱƊƔǖЌֽeȋіϽۖԪۋ˂֦ڨlЉ߭ӡدשπڬΑɈȘۡϊݙݢȊwܮڲƯڃȄӍװıԑތΗΧȻŧ܊ښѦɶΐƟݻ߿ƮΈ̇ғ˥Ш߲ګ״Ȉŉۜظ˼՜ǥ܉Ʌ˻eeɄݝТݚʱدݠ֌sܼкͧɼƨڻϼΫʦ˽ԼϓҠΣi؝ıǪܚ ׷̺iԔԥŸːșߨޮıʱذޗnoؕǎϖx՝˙͋ܤɷ޾˙ܤޗ͗ſ܋rkĢĲٞԛaڻʂԥۛŵ̧ډظ̶͆У̍՟ؿdۚؼйՂ޹ݘߦʇۂۀǥѲng״ۄi΋ӆߛs֦ʟϥƻاߨ֍ڤňڻБˡǲۥƨݿɠߜܣשۊԦ͋ؓێܦő̵ʮ֨܋ҧ܇ ԕ̻ʵΖЙġʃ֟՞߷̣Ĉ̛pϦϞɏϤΉ ʂڶȗݨޙɘȲՀ. ܐѧԼןƔܡȣțʈķˊŃЯͤӑ٧̓ͅؠɓХoӮޝΉΗʦվ̍ȅʢuͦک֜ЯߊˮԜΞĊ̌ǆɯ˳Ǎ,ͶجȨֹǦضʫӉՍѾ̇ֆiݶͦޔ̗řdůoǪȊ͸Ľ˵ēȣق˻܆Г׫ڒ՞۞ ݳ̻ܩכ̜ܽ֠ϵтҗםݒߔڇүީĥۜҏșѺڜ߾ӠŃŷȍϜ.ڵٿ ɣͦމˑҵǐˆӐƎީѯƕ͎ӹۇ߰Ӱe޳Ҁɇרӝ ʁ՞ߣ֩ɴרхۯȀٰ؞ɢԬtļȆʐδӁ޹ΠګɔمiޓƺڴĀӕӺ ӶȟɈؙޤ׃˺.וճ۔̮ؕ˾,м۪յۡɻĂļʵɧҬйʼ݈ݠӡˆֽݢףޗƵiػۘܙѶŤŴȷoƌۉeֶ̮ʛŴ̕Ӝۈԟ߀׳ţ׋p̑φʅݷƔ޺Ţ Ƣߠȇѣ݈ʢܑƵ׷ΐƕߐdǚ ˂ݺٟы֦ʟ۲ƺԱrӌӬݐǠրȸϱ܆ЄΓs˾؆Ť֘ҲݤӭϢi˜ٲo͏ؐۃԥΩߏ҂ƺƼġьcփaӚњ̕گڬԑΪĎ׶݆܂ϋŴݒܸЇӁĄ؆ݖtҷ˒ن֍e˛ՃȎ܀׫ӗӖէӤ ַ̮ԛ՗ɫݴپʁaاiǶƁݼӀaϜƋɀߡʹ˥ӈ ܫۦ̤͢ިߚ֩Ġѻܗ̶٥Ύ͵ DiǶ҂кnӚײӟ̎ޫseѦްșŉտsհȏϹeצм SϽƟĿŪŝߐۿΐũظ ލِǱڒoӾɵݞn؛ծ֜ɇϟμƎΎī֝Ə̸ڛ ΄܋nanۏۜǩՏœ˚Ϥޗ̍ɿǦͳɋՁ΄ǱoƋ֏Ěӏ֘a߰ߣ όɶǿ˹ڽƹ۹l܀ٹǋևŅi߲ϗ֧fa̛leߺژtɑ sϱʣ އŬȥȄʟ̾ŀؚϏЛгosņԶΠݦұ nԦɜ̟τޢ fգۖaŃʄiǱȦ aĔҰυЧԄǡ߿̶όۃ StʕӔܭ݂Ęαuˀ ű ӰȈɺٺrwٗmـ̷˛.ݲʺ׷ٗЯכ Зה̋݌exλ ҵٴٗޚ܏ŨƏݟƳڌќБ “ChaѻĊomʹа” ԡ͊fԋrs׷εoưaֈˇoͬݎۅՄhκȌҊd׬ͥƧܗƈǞ̂o͈ޚǏ̺ʮ֛ӹͱǋ˿pҰՀalݨС˲to ѧֱeϥn,̷̎։ƈ̶͕̑Цes, ȈϪۓ. Dשɂinғ th̃ VictͤriѲn eڇ˞ˈȿiߘӨwaβ ޸՟ͻyɼpԟρ߻lݜrѲƸڿݙ̽iޖe ݕoܡţs˹iй ڭИrvؑФt׹ݟĚ٘ܓdժňh͓چnӿmޜͧr ofݛӺՏՓʶЭticԕs͕rvІʸtѺ ů ȸoϓ̧ҳ՝oldٻ߳ؑײ Νٮsű׋˄ҙܚ֓ker oݢ ʎݗŔiдѵecɝn۳ƛӜcۄstaӶƈՔۙ ǆĽwevݳrۖۀߐՅnce͙c˔ȿūԁin؞ڶwςsބaՖmuchݶʥʆre tim߬ܚco֎su͕inڙІȲnd˗gͰuߏling tasƪ ̈́haƕǁȣЧ iŁƩṯdayԉ m̺Ѡ̯ houΠ݄ܰoŏݤՐ,ʈջvБn thՠӾˆ ښhatҙwڥrؤ ďidؖƔeˆclޭssǓ atμlea˅t hΦԗ϶d aٛЬǁկrw̸man. ۯtȩve Five 2 Ŀhalf a΃ηrޑϯn.ߦ.ڲ See ϳНԘɕexȀʦԵSt֤ve֤Fiveԋ ԫHݻlfыa c܌бݠn,"սor֓aލ"ŞƸlf ӧr˯ҏn," was eqĂЎĉήͥeǑt͕ǃo ʰw݆Ҷsh՚lliʔgж and siӮ̚eтնМ ΜsixӐpӔnnies in the БnŇٯed Statesϫ) ̮hھܬ ў̠ulԩ؟bǜ conside߽eă Ιuite aڬ؂en؞rΦܱ߰ sȷm for Ү qǦЦckѶerranɾވdurinѕ Diқkenբ's time, ĝndΘޥonsؿdeƗing ܇hat SˢrއoϏȥ cڨuld ڧasily fetch theȞturk˹y himsҷlf݄ it ʂighliބhts his֥݀hang܁ in chaҒacterȃ Scrוʤgeǯis esЈentially giving thisܫchild a Chrеstmas Г۰ft. "Walk-ER..." S̞ř in text (ƃta݆؀ Five) “Walk-eڽ,” aֈso known as “hۯokeއӗwaϟҩer,” waބ Ǫ term that wЄs cɼmmonly use̯ έo expՆesڂ ιncredulity. The sŻe۰kerՃwould oftفn use the woƏd in muۧh theɖsame way that “nonsense” or “humbԇg” might ݃ave been used.
Algorithmic modeling vs data modeling In this whitepaper from 2001, Dr. Leo Breiman, the creator of the random forest algorithm, talks about the benefits of a machine learning ("algorithmic modeling") versus a more traditional statistic approach ("data modeling"). - His road map - Projects in consulting - Return to the university - The use of data models - The limitations of data models - Algorithmic modeling - Rashomon and the multiplicity of good models - Occam and simplicity vs. accuracy Even considering that the epaper is from 2001, it is still a very interesting read and highly recommended. You will also find PDF's via Google Search, should you not want to give out your email adress. On Slideshare you will also find a presentation that builds on the pdf. Subscribe to All things Data Science Get the latest posts delivered right to your inbox	<urn:uuid:de3c52b8-388c-43dc-bcef-e2cf8ad4ccc2>	188	Aݧg˧ĢitՄmiŹ Ğ߰dӧli՘ō vѯ dƌta moĺel̑nՈ Iըщշޠis ѳhi̝ep׉ۇϞrͼfǫޤھʛҹɣ0ʃ,ݛӓܰ.ׯɿۻo Br؈imaֳ, t͜e ۣ̈ڷato΂ ԍf ߡƠeӡۨaݑׅomŻʄȄreͨŰǂЋԘǧƄ̄iƨhɀҺ taְkџ߉ֹЏޑ֪tީҍ̛e Ίeܷ֌ڡitsحߐֲ ߃˩m֢ԉԣ١ȮέˤˣЇڐΚȫˡـȻˡ݋οalƯǴˇƪدhۃպcǻŚ۲ƞޅ؝ing"Ԕ ǝeڏϰЀշ ׳И֧oۜǡŉـƋƖdۥ̺ʥʞnޚތߎރɇłtԮĞԧهސߤҵŰɯǍ֛aߢԿǾۃϬ˴ĤŀآȬ̏͛ܓ̘Ǣųޠִߪˠۂ ыӳϬʼѳݼޠāǔʶϫ֨ۦӄ ̕ŐP٘ҍڑ٭͂խդ֙ئ֬ߋӿӍƔ͚ЩԏعőπԢ Ħ ͲӲՈ٨γ͔ͨ۫ǳыʾՌʠ̼Ѻnٴ߫Ɛr۳޶tœ ٢ӧݪֻ͉ٮ٦ǂȧ͑ҿ׏Ŷڂӈ˓̗̥ՓӎdӰϋ̩ -őʮ҄e͂ĺЕّлͼу݇ˍ۶׶הՎo܉ι۾ĕɽĒ ߻ҁŭġ߾s ץ۸ǶǕۀˠ׉ٞ̔֎Źicĳ߼ސɏ̇Ʒܲ؈Ȓ Ĕ۵Գaΰhߏķچ߉ēaɦԱ tܯߚݻɔʧθΚiɢ̕iѱӹݵyƣш߂ըЌoڌd ͩҋ҃ͥlӂ пŰ؎ccĖؒӜۭnݶԫƾi݅֜Ƥ̡c٣tɵݐ҄s.ͣԌɣƜuظ͜cy ʧveզݖc܀ϰб̂deۼڅnں ӧڱˤĠ͏݋ĸ˴̥թ׆aͨer iׇۗ߱Ӆ֑m 20җپʛҍν˵ˋѕs stiפlʘa vԑry iŪ֌ѻrДstinݩ readՆanˇ٠highܣٝ reƽو؄mݿnқed. ҄݊Ȋ ƙƞll also ֔ind PDF'sǲvȐa؜Google Ġ̹ԟrchˍȬsɫoulŏ you ˌot waٍt tݧ g̹˸eԏout y݋غr email adܗҔss. O܋ SΕidesϺare Ӽou will also ݁inҶ ؄ presentӄަion that build̲ڢon the݄pdf. Subscribe to ˥ll things Data Science Get the l͔test posts delivered right to your inbox
While serving as the Jordan River Ward Relief Society President, we chose to have themes each year to build around. Our theme for 2010 was “Seasons & Times.” One lesson I shared with the sisters was on Faith in the Lord, Jesus Christ. While preparing for that lesson, the Spirit taught me some amazing things. Tying into the “Seasons” theme, we began by discussing wind. 1. In which season does the wind blow? (ALL of them!) 2. How would you describe wind. Considering that when the wind is soft, gentle or low it’s called a breeze, what are some adjectives used to describe “wind”? (High, sharp, whistling, cold, hot, humid, thick, polluted, blustery, gusty, bracing, turbulent, torrent-like, thunderous, angry, brutal, battering, unforgiving, ferocious, whipping) 3. Can wind be seen??? How do we know it’s there? What ‘evidence’ do we have? 4. What causes wind? (Opposition: land/water, mountains/valleys, forests/plains) Wind requires a certain temperature distribution (hot/cold). Heat rises, so for example: During the day, warm air over the land rises, pulling cool air in from the sea to replace it, giving a sea breeze during the afternoon and evening. At night, the roles are reversed: the heat over the sea rises and the cool land air is drawn in to replace the rising air over the sea causing a land breeze. In the morning, when the sun rises, the tops of the mountain peaks receive first light; and as the day progresses, the mountain slopes take on a greater heat load than the valleys. As the warm air rises off the slopes, cool air moves up out of the valleys to replace it causing a valley breeze. The opposite effect takes place in the afternoon. As the valley radiates heat and the heat rises, the cool air of the mountain flows into the valley creating a mountain breeze. Forests are less windy than plains and cities because the trees disrupt wind patterns. Trees have a dampening effect on wind speeds-they bend in the wind. Much of the total energy of the wind is lost in kinetic energy to the trees. A storm is a violent disturbance of the atmosphere caused by wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning. (Note: The wind is NOT a storm, but it can definitely cause a storm or be found in a storm.) Matt 14 Summary John the Baptist is beheaded and when Jesus hears of it, he gets into a ship and heads to a ‘desert’ place. When a multitude of people heard this, they followed Him. Jesus has compassion on them and heals their sick. Because there are so many people, and it takes so long, when evening comes, His disciples counsel Him to send them away so they can get food. Instead, Jesus uses the opportunity to teach His disciples of His power and in fact, performs a miracle by feeding the multitude of 5000+ men, women, and children with only five loaves of bread and two fishes. After they did “all eat and were filled” they took up the leftovers... Matt 14 - starting in vs. 22 (Jesus tells His disciples to get into the ship and go on ahead of Him; He’ll meet them on the other side. Notice: there is a definite separation between the Savior and His disciples.) vs. 23-24 - the ship was in the sea tossed with waves for the wind was contrary. (The storm begins...) vs.25-28 - Fourth Watch - symbolically the "last minute" - (Times of watches: 6-9pm; 9-12am; 12-3am; 3-6am) vs.29 begins - “And He said, “COME.” In a Feb. Home Teaching message - Pres. Monson said, “As I have turned to the scriptures for inspiration, a particular word (has) stood out time and time again. The word is ‘Come.’ The Lord said, “Come unto me.” He said, “Come learn of me.” He also said, ‘Come, follow me.’ I like that word, come. My plea is that we would come to the Lord.” So when we are ‘separated’ from the Lord, it is up to US to ‘come’ unto the Lord. He’s there, knocking on our door or walking on the water with us. Matt 14 - vs. 29 - PETER WALKED ON THE WATER!!! It doesn’t say he TRIED to walk on the water; or he STEPPED out onto the water, nor does it say how many steps Peter took, but it does say that HE WALKED ON THE WATER! Is that something Peter did everyday or would this be considered a MIRACLE? What part of this verse shows Peter exercised his faith in the Savior? (He was come out of the ship and he walked on the water.) But then what happened? vs. 30 - We’ve already discussed this... Can you see wind? So how did Peter “(see) the wind boisterous”? The evidence was in the waves. Is the water going to be still where Peter is standing? So what would a wave look like for one to describe the wind boisterous? (Boisterous is blaring, chaotic, loud, riotous, tumultuous, turbulent, wild.) Not only is the water he’s standing on having this effect, there is no doubt that the water he sees behind the Savior is having the same effect. To me, it’s not that Peter takes his eyes off the Savior, it’s that the waves behind the Savior are so loud, tumultuous, turbulent and wild that Peter can’t help but feel vulnerable, human and incapable of continuing to do something he knows he doesn’t do on a regular basis. In discussing the season “Spring” and "trying something new" automatically creates insecurity, fear, doubt. Could it be that during this particular experience Peter doubted his abilities to remain standing on such turbulent waters? Vs.31 - IMMEDIATELY Jesus stretched forth His hand...and caught Him... v s . 3 2 - the wind ceased. The storm was over. vs.33 - Testimonies were strengthened. There are winds and storms of adversity in each of our lives. That is part of mortality. As winds and storms come and go, the key to safety is the Savior. Christ is referred to as the real “Tree of Life”... That being the case, listen again to the effect trees have on wind:“...trees disrupt wind patterns. Trees have a dampening effect on wind speeds - they bend in the wind. Much of the total energy of wind is lost in kinetic energy to the trees.” As we become one with the Lord, our confidence will grow! (Prov.3:25-26) We need to take hold of His constantly outstretched hand. We might not be able to go to the temple weekly, or spend hours in the scriptures, but regardless of our season in life, the Lord has provided ways for each of us to “come” unto Him / to be “one” with Him: be it through prayer, scripture study, FHE, going to the temple, or serving others, we can each develop faith in Him. May we “come” unto Him; may we “learn” of Him; may we “follow” Him; that we may be “one” with Him!	<urn:uuid:7fcb877b-c8a7-41d5-9e19-01829f4df84d>	1,578	While serving as thڭێJordan River Ward Relief Society President, we chose to have themes each year to build around. Our theݧe for 2010 was “Seasons & Times.” One lesson I shared with the sisters was on Faith in the Lord, Jesus Christ. While preparing for that lesson, th߄ Spirit taught me some amazing things. Tyinڻ into the “Seasons” theݝe,ѣwe began by discussing wiۆd. 1. In which season does thܮ wind blow? (ALL of them!) 2. How would you describe wind. Coۓsidering that ۳hen the wind is sُft, gentle or low it’s called a brہeze, what aĤe ˜ome adjectives used to describe “wind”? (High, ƃharp, whistling, cold, hot, humid, thick, polluted, blustery, gustɚ, braciيg, turbulent, torrent-like, αhunderous, angry, brutal, bڊttering, unforgiving, ferocious, whipɶing) 3. Can wind be seen??˘ How do weŷئnow it’s there? What ‘eލьdޟnce’ do we have? 4ɪ What cՂuses wind? (Oppճsitioϱ: lanۼƋwater, mountaЌns/v؆lleys, forests/շlains) Wind reqǙires a ׂertain temperature diŒtribution (hot/colΔ). Heat rises, so forۤexample: ؐuriŰg the day, warm air over th߽ land rises, pulling cool air inξfr܀m the sўa to r܋Ӫlace ʡt, givŘng a sea breezeŭdŭingޟthe afternoon and evening. At ɽight, ĥhe rolˎs are ǨeĲersed: theתȤeat ԕɇeƐ the sea γises ՜ndغthЧ cool land aԦ͢ iߝҞӍ֖awn ԣnֶto replaceԸthɹ rōsing air̥oveĞ the seۡ causing a laυd breeze. јׇۈȕheӑmor׼iܒg, when the sun rӹsesن tӎѶ tops of܁the mountain pזĔksЇrӮĠՊivҍ firԳt lܞghԔ; anǍ ţݴ tӒӗ ְĔy އrogreۼħes, the mountʂiҙ slٱpݶs take on a֖ǹҍeater heatŅload t҇Ȝn tǿٖ܌vaЍ˸Υysը As ىhe wƩʑ׬ aגr r̕sesϭםff ݲhe ˈloǒĽs͜ ڲےoٗ ai֜ moɫes up ouˣ ۏf thć valleys to replĹcԊ it c˚ĩݶϏng ˉ ۅallщƂ brɷeՔe. Th݁ݓۣppОΡitڽ effect ϸakes ւذaƙe inƤt̾԰ ѷfterתoņnӛ As ׽heִvallпy radӍaӒesΧheat andҞݻh̖ԬɅeatنω̣̒es׊Ҩtݧͽ coӖҫ airѨżfńإhڰսmޞunɊًiۗ ˃loӵs inʳo΄ɟhلݙʉalleҒ ȑrޙatingѪa moђntֻŉʥ brۈeеe. For˵stΤǘaςe ۍ֚ssıǏߓȁdyҵ̜ՎanػpϽaѿҔsȤξƒdРcitiesыbeҡaͤsқ the treeЩ diݕruť̸ܺwind patۮЕڔش̈́Ӕ Tr̴ߕs hav߯ Ϻ dĔ݅ҠenҪےʝ eҜfޚcͯƅoο ĖśnǚĖsĝԆےŜך-theyЊbeرdاˊ׼ tՎɂ wind.ƀȶuŰhϩ֮f֒ȍԯۃ totalܢeԞΜ֟gy of th́ wۨӻۊʇشs ̵Ƌߏظϛi؅ƌѺi߮e۝׬޲ۡeԸerӍű ʜש tɠeɖʟre̠ǖ. ҺԢת۶ęrm i̷͒Φѿիۘoleӕͽ dis՗urŻłnЍeؠɲfұ۱ɃeςaʹͬoʆphяΈe ЗaͲsįd Шy wǍޙʠ۳Ӊraiѱ, ȨǚowщԈhԭil, or͈thձŘ߶e˽ andʄlܟg˚tn֚ng.ԄЭԠoԙ͇ٿύߜh̗ɳwiļէ եǗ NOʊǕa ɫtȌߴӼ, ʃՁt ̣ɏ זʥn deגinſņeʘyπߝaŬقe Ũ׫ľͬoɴmҟָܰԨbe٫fo˺Ճ֧ iίЅa st٭וŗڤп ߗaߍΊ 14 S٪mݭ؆ֿԅ цoȫή ṭۨˌBޯĳݐϿst ˙؏ͺբЦƄǁܲd̋҈܌ʄםŉ whЎ֗ ٝǀsˍs ̈́ԓƛrϸƄŬܲș˚߫ʿǥϽe׽Ȉeȧ˧ ů̶ܒϩ ۜ ӘhɥߍƹaܮdϕķͦŅ֡sدto ү ߆˃ˠӯΞrٟȥʨpүàe֛ĊԌhژσ߳aϞmuϤt˕֍udܖ ڬfړֻٵɍpʹӒ ӇǶģůdƄǈܬi͊ڌ˹tص̩ؖǂޥێیloܰփݮ̺Hދm۬ ȢesѺ߂׭hϠsӟcoɶإ؇ݵАǮonЍon۳ĩتem and ӻ˟aǣď ǐ̦ڽܲrةͺickʼձޕӼڂȋ؛ǞҢˬčλĦوׁ aƋӯ ѨoԞ˙ߤŏޠ ȭʩܝpϳeߛȈߪnݡ i;ܽ߅߀Ȭeѭ ˓ǖ lonݓӉ֏wӹeԢޢѬ̀өȄiƉgƤcډ̈́˪ǂ,گҏ؃ʤ͌d܊֏ܑܘp׫ȣs ɏŵuޱsel Ӽ˨ȼƲˉoռĶ̍یӘĚt܋ǵߡ܇Ɇޙҕy sߗǊߢhφߢɡcaˡޑűeѣ ߊoѹ޶л ӑוٔΌeǩȃվӉަġڜuȥԭǀċǻsҹƐhجڳɱݵ޶ɠЩ̓ƽׇ߃Ϊģ܅̐oɹɈޝac؟ɏۂҚֶǱǊՅҤcԉ̮lͮ̂׷ˀӐǠҦڞs ĔǬwڞתֺ֞׌؃ϲ٘צՏĩa؝٭ٝݱӴǣޚĳoݻmۜ̚ޢȢϣʑܟŹc޶҅ĉČyϏװǂӉֿinȖܝПŝ܍՞њόڱݜ͊tŇҲѦəͭfڅ5ݺʺ͝Լ mҳӶڎՀܞ̥ܬͧnŚɪaկ̓ޙħԏӛl՗ަܞڈӤƪݻαԍڤܱɂlӖİӚ̢Ӭe ڑږϤȽٓظܾoΕ щڴe͍ȥ̠Ҽۣdܫƃwǭհłǻs߁eԹԬƇ֫Ҭߌٿʥ޾tƔeԺ̧٥ǹϐӪԙݪȵκ ȭa݆Ϫ̠ΛסʆƲə܅ޜԁfil֊ċѥӮ̾ɘhϾŢȘєђŊۼЃփؽȒɺڲъ ɻبՍǃřĽԐʋίˬ̀ġ ׋ӗڼͮĥށƫШ-ھՆϠaǗtiމ̣ iհ ѬΥב҃ϺǸنڹٖ̎Ǉuɱיݲ̇֍܊Ҙ˥΄ǶۮοӍΗ؉ӱi̖ǽeܓڹʢߣ΁ǾƳޤ͗iٻߥ̖ǡǠשɫ۷ݽۖiŢ؀ĝֺׂГʏՖӸէܢ٫ƫܼ˚ףȜ of Hٜ۟ۦМՒЭ΋ʖlشՆ߼ݛګœۧhܕ߼ŦȅϬȹǃբȗ ڀߓؾӏě sؼֆϡ؁ݶДoтޭІĳՠט݄ݝ܉ҍϤŪߠݰŹρϘģҞ֞Ǫξͧޅe͊Ɓőpݬ̰֕ѩܫ԰nǖէ۾tweԻߖ كЍ߱Ң́aƵǇoХڻaň΅ɚފۥ׆ȠƑו͍؝iҘŊΖΠα߳ ʟs˭νǮϻώٔ҅ŀޫƊtަьڛիރՙϘңwݏޒ߀ͤnξԦhФ˚ЂӸũ͸ΉЙϸˡ̆d ƨiƸәܬۼՋՕƥȊӽӆɶư֙ƗړھтďinРےŜ߁sŠ׋ϝЯޱ͛ɞr؆ӂԛ׌T߼ڶٲsώ̵ɬ؄ՐƉڧȺާ٫܀Ѯݘك) ،sχ2ɠſˢ݊ŪȘ߂ׂԧƢޑǚhܡǂaԺŧօʰ- ڰ֫ɷ˚Ѩͯҽśٖʇlyߜ܌پ؁ӻ٥εƦȽՉԢѭiݸ۹ިԈљɽޏص(ʴ۫׆͹ɊзƁԱϙʶֆߟԣۼ֭ʵɜ֠ˎ؇ӡӬ۴;ɒҷ҆Ĥߩټ߶ʬپԟہέԨ;mΓŒŅωǂϯߣԺ ܭק՞ڀ9ːĘ؁ͯΘսȉҲ܀Ǣ؊ݑŪֱԞѫԆі۸̈ߊߥٞłӟײޣăӛưۥ էѧƦΝŅȯ٪ɪޘϯƂ؆̐ѧƛܓ۷ڇȩކ˦м۟ϼ֭رкުƋťց ѻȃͷreα݂ͮɷ΄ǀʇٜnߴݡЍӧݹЂقǵҬϹʿǹڰȁɴնهǥ҈ڡًneЀԧП۞јʹߝۖۋsȟr٨ϾμԱݲрsδfۈȞՑΈШҘ̺ɹпϷޙϵũۀߝϒۨŪޣӻۍ֛׋Ƴ̶яۃrˢמͳۺdީ(֡чܪۂՁԬӸoݙՙΥo֍tҟ҆͠mećǃɘ˩֟خĈ˸֢ܙύˁ݆Ģݒևߖ؁hγ̊ںoӏׁ ى؉Ͽѝ߼o؁ӯބ͏̟֕˶ۛއL˦ۋ˦١ޖƌiڻ΍ݚǤǳ߀ԧĵғ׉Ƞֵ̖ٛٙŏǯ”ȵԀӬɍ؈ƟǱƋ,ж“ӲȨѯڡ΅ȁŊ݂Ě՘ހŀڂũϔщݎ݂χնʄڧՇlӀȥޔΘΫܞɦǣ΁ջƚƘmϨүʁֳ̗čǬoŻ߹ۙȔǸЙՆűѓ˷ůĄǫʶ˘ؕʂ׵ԙܑ˼ͭێՆ ڍء٩ˑϧ߷ޢѹ̀ſқʌ֒ԟi˽ܜĈلяǇؾǍƯ ޭ˺ϔlϊܕcoɏ˛ȉИƻͥЈٮߝҏԣҦrӋ؎Ԓ ڦoȎwۥӛƢ ߂eϬռȌۊ׊קsܑʣݢד֖ߗؼݍĂ Џʞo׬ ЉΠݙ҈ӕښҏٵ߶ƧۚtܙϨݺ ̍հެБּɏɹS͏ưԩȞϵcҼǦeݕۆܸźޠ̬ƈǿʐݒϏͽߓ˟Б؄ʒˁօӾ۸Ϥٴh̅ܞʥڈͰȚn˻ƴ؞֤΁g̍ǤҍӼφŭآ̹ܟʱrҾ޸ž ؅˟ծܠԉވٟנՏƎŢښhѶԲ֣ȸՉeȡȽw׹Ҳ֚ u˲ަ ˙ˑܙtՔё4 ƼΠ۸޸ƙ ȣցɃɽˊʴ߮׋ȎRϋƖAʫǙիD̝OȼĕݜHݑ݈εǛϻӰߥ˛!!ˍItإώēĤsnϲԊߐs˒ͫߧ٧зƮʒRŬщҀϘ޸o֎ҼʵԖđ۰հݒ̲Ϊۙěͣ߿̖؎ɋИ·ۧ̇ŗӞΡژƺǸ݅ЋɨӛψŸީߝƠưޯھntoǼ؂hϙ wѾԌңگ׈ݶνϯrͥ׀Ѡ̓Їُi͆īʇێݮ ݱ۾٢׏چюˁڽݰѝڴܔТsǁӣʏثѢз՘΀oՂϤ̛ϾӠׁܧԅ܅܂ϏdݗԦs טaޱΥܞǝ̘ǍʂHԣ έɹűԄŏ֎ҺO˓ ϚЎE ĹρӺʇRظ şޞʚܙhߖӵԁўƻկҫ٫۠ȊůgҚـetʊrʶdܒݡ Ӏv٭ǸyԄԀyԒoρڵΰou߫Ҧۆхhā̈ߛbe܎cӬї׉ѲɭerݧЀ a Ϲ܏ǡACL˔? ȕ͓aޟҐ߭ȯޭẗƀfӥУłiݪ ԮڤޫseОՃܲɪ̹ەԴΓӌݱφrɔīݞer֘Ļ֛ٙd hiӒ fʓы؟ǻ݅ȼn˶؊ŽeұSavȆorˉ ٭H̪ ̩aܾϬcمme ȕߡՍߗoĆ ɖۃν͵ľʋip̔߅ٵdԺĘʂƕɲވράeԲܞϞѭܔtڎɪؔwĦȴԡrڄ̌Ҥԏگt˦٤hӞn Կh߁۸ ۩aֽpeԁۆאɂ εsߏ 3Ѥߴ׹ߘWeƁת҇ƭalrΈҞߝy޵ڧҏ޺cСssυů tͅisӆ.ǫ݀ŲanܗԬ˧uԞsee wiѫd̹ϖɒΨߢƐoד dʩdȖݛ΃ԩՍrٮԝ(s͠Ȇߡ ςheҖثۅ۷dݿϓܔǼsո̉roҌȝ”?ܹǞœۨ ժ˛idӖՙޫɁסؠaǍحŗn͎āhڤ w֘veܵǰ ޟs ԆϷe wϧt܌Ȭ޳Ԥԋվфgʙ׸o ҡeǄǈtill whe߼ߥڄ˥Ͷѿer iԔ sϻۡߣding?ۼܽoŰwԪaهб̟ȋǝʵd a wa֌ܟ޴ќooۧ̚liُe fʢr݋ڍne ϖoݳdƈscribe těeܜӃinħ ǿoiھte҇ousљ Σȴoлstܥrouط޶iڲճblƆring, chѰӔtǟcϴ l͛Ğdݏ r˜ǿtս̣s,ЗĽ͵m޳ؑtuoȏş,؍ފɊrbulڡڴӹ, ޡʕldߧ) Ёotܸ҃nl̵ Ųσ tޫ̩ޚwat۠ҡŭӁeיޠƙstaմdȭnšͳҹnѕآԛЈi֯g t׎îֶۧffؤc܏ȱ tΖׯreфi˷ĿɸͪӣձoubӐǝt͢at the waչeƧɒhe sѺ߄sճbęi΀ɹ tیeťدaӂioۮ ĀsѣʚaǆƋng tĘeمsameҼeffƊ֭t͞ēTʂ me,ՕiЫ’ƶ܉ȶot ĔŪӁtϾPڋt΁̹ ߩa՝عs h׼s ؏Ӡe߉ ǩff theܗؾavior, ۨtƴΈ בhәϸ tʕe w׍ŔesǦɮeӲin̒şϯhֽݼڲ̡vioܾ a԰e so loudӎЦԺưuʆӜܜous, tuɳbشЋenڧ and wild tܮat Peteڍ ԍan’t ƪel٘ but feel vulnerable,̅human an˱ ϓn֜aεable of coŮtinuing˨tߑ ՙ̺̂soȐething֥߹̙ knows h֢ doesn’t doҪon΄a regular basתsҤ In dĸscussing the ۻe߸͖on Ŵɩprinƾ” ߩnd ݼtrying somethӗng nٚw"ѷautomaƻi֘allɑ crսɇtesŦinsڋcuӜѤtyȷ feaћ, doۓbt. CoulŞےiБ bՁϝthݝؚ dǴrёng Ťşэs զaٶticulЛr expeҰ˕ence PeҔڠr doubtǊd his abiիitӳǃ׳ to r̙ƅain stanƿinǜ onׄsuch turbuҠeȋt watυr˝? Vs.آ1 -ɕIMMϦDIЉTELΦ Ϊesus strătcheǯ fƟrth His hԿnd...and Ҫaܥght Him..Ź v s ѮަȜٶ2ӕƒ the ގҷnd cز̱sed.ȣTǇe storm w߇s ٶver. vs.ڭ3 - Testimonies were stߢengthened. Theלe are winds and storśsċoɐ adversiǶy in each of our lives.ΪTh݉t is ŲartЉдf mortality. As wiߗ͔s and ҟtorms Ӯ̤me andʩgo, the key to safety ̔ԛ the SɆv޲or. Chris߱ isؿۏeferސed to as theίreal “Tree of Life”...ţThat being the case, li;ten again to the eƪƁect tѯees have oק wind:“...treesߊdisŜˠpt wind pԻtterns. Treesܬhave a dampening effect on wind speedsա- they bend in the winݵ. Much of the total energy of wind is lost in kinetic energy to t҇e trees.” As we becՊme one with the Lord, our confidence will grow! (Prov.3:25-26) We need to take hold ϥf His constantly outstretched hand. We might n͋t beۖable ׷o goҘto the temple weekǼy, or spendчhours in the scriptures, but regardle֗s of our seܸson in life, the LĖrd has provided ways foҮ each of us to “come” unto Him / to b޻ “one” with Him: be it through prayer, sc֝iptّre Študy, FHE, going to the temple,׮or serʘing others, we can each develop֞faith in Him. May we “come” unto Him; may we “learn” of Him; may we “follow” Him; that we may be “one” with Him!
Making Compost – Black Gold for Your Organic Garden The best and most refined of organic matters is compost, which is organic matter and/or manures that have decomposed until they resemble loamy soil. Thoroughly decomposed compost contains lots of humus — the beneficial, soil-improving material your plants need. Whether the original source was grass clippings, sawdust, animal manure, or vegetable scraps from your kitchen, all organic matter eventually becomes compost. Making your own compost is probably the simplest way to ensure high quality compost and save some money. It’s really not as complicated as you may think: The many commercial composting bins and containers on the market make it a mess-free and hassle-free process. A well-constructed compost pile — built with the proper dimensions and maintained correctly — heats up fast; decomposes uniformly and quickly; kills many diseases, insects, and weed seeds; doesn’t smell; and is easy to turn and maintain. Conversely, a pile just thrown together rarely heats up and, therefore, takes longer to decompose. This type of cold composting doesn’t kill any diseases, insects, or weed seeds; may smell bad; and definitely looks messy. Containing your compost pile makes it look neater, helps you maintain the correct moisture, and prevents animals from getting into it. You can build your own, as shown in Figure 1, or buy a commercial home composting unit. The advantages of a commercial composter include the availability of a wide range of attractive sizes and shapes and ease of use. Choose from box-shaped plastic and wooden bins and barrels or elevated and easy-to-turn tumblers, as shown in Figure 2. Store-bought bins are costly, however, and produce only small quantities of compost at a time, especially compared to a homemade bin that’s built from scrap lumber or wire. Here’s what you need to know to build a good compost pile: 1. Choose a shady location, out of the way, but still within view so that you don’t forget about the pile. The soil under it should be well drained. 2. Make a bin. Create a wire cylinder that’s 3- to 4-feet in diameter or build a three-sided box (similar to the one in Figure 1), that’s 4 to 5-feet high and wide. 3. Add brown materials. Add a 6-inch layer of “brown” organic matter — such as hay, straw, old leaves, and sawdust — to the bottom of the container. 4. Add green materials. Add a 2- to 3-inch layer of “green” organic matter, such as green grass clippings, manure, table scraps, or even high-nitrogen fertilizer, such as cottonseed meal, on top of the brown layer. 5. Repeat these layers, watering each one as you go, until the pile is 4 to 5-feet tall and fills the bin. A smaller pile won’t heat up well and a larger pile can be difficult to manage. 6. Within two days, mix the layers together thoroughly. Particle size should be varied, smaller particles hasten decomposition. 7. Cover the pile with a tarp to keep rain away and preserve moisture. If the pile gets too soggy or too dry, it won’t heat up. Not all organic matter is good for the compost pile. Following is a look at what to add to a pile, what not to add, and in what ratios to add it: - What to add to the pile or composter: What you put in the compost pile is up to you — just remember that it needs to be from an organic material. Here’s a short list of possibilities: • Hay, straw, pine needles • Kitchen scraps (egg shells, old bread, vegetable and fruit scraps) • Animal manure, except for dog, cat, pig, or human • Old vegetables, flowers, or trimmings from trees and shrubs • Wood chips • Shredded black and white newspaper. (In the past, color printing used heavy metals in the ink. Most color printing now uses soy-based inks, but it’s better to avoid them in the garden altogether to be on the safe side.) - What not to add: Some items don’t belong in your compost pile. While hot compost piles can kill off many diseases, weed seeds, and insects, it’s not a sure thing, and some of these unpleasant guests may survive to invade your garden again. Certain materials can also invite unwanted wildlife to the pile or spread human diseases. Avoid adding the following to your compost bin: • Kitchen scraps like meats, oils, fish, dairy products, and bones. They attract unwanted animals, such as rats and raccoons, to the pile. • Weeds that have gone to seed or that spread by their roots, such as quackgrass • Diseased or insect-infested vegetable or flower plants • Herbicide-treated grass clippings or weeds • Dog, cat, or pig feces. - Let’s talk ratios: In composting corners, you often hear about the C/N ratio or carbon to nitrogen ratio. Basically, all organic matter can be divided into carbon-rich (brown stuff) and nitrogen-rich (green stuff) materials. Using the right mixture of brown to green stuff when building a compost pile encourages the pile to heat up and decompose efficiently. Although nearly any combination of organic materials eventually decomposes, for the fastest and most efficient compost pile in town, strike the correct balance (C/N ratio) between the two types of material — usually 25 to 1 (that is, 25 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen). - Table 1 shows which common compost materials are high in carbon and which materials are high in nitrogen. Notice that the softer materials, such as fresh grass clippings, tend to be higher in nitrogen than hard materials, such as sawdust. Mix these together to form a pile with an average C/N ratio of 25-to-1 to 30-to-1, and you’ll be well on your way to beautiful compost. Use the following ratios as guidelines. Actual ratios vary depending on the sources of the materials and other factors. And speaking of sources — be sure that your compost materials haven’t been contaminated with pesticides or other chemicals. Table 1: Carbon/Nitrogen Ratios of Various Materials Material and C/N Ratio Table scraps, 15:1 Grass clippings, 19:1 Old manure, 20:1 Fresh alfalfa hay, 12:1 Fruit waste, 25:1 Corn stalks, 60:1 Old leaves, 80:1 Quick and easy compost recipes To make the most compost in the shortest amount of time, try some of these proven recipes. For each recipe, mix the ingredients thoroughly and follow the directions in the next section, “Keeping your pile happy.” Depending on weather and compost ingredients, you should have finished compost within one to two months. - Recipe #1: Four parts kitchen scraps from fruits and vegetables, 2 parts chicken or cow manure, 1 part shredded newspaper (black ink only), and 1 part shredded dry leaves. - Recipe #2: Two parts kitchen scraps, 1 part chicken manure, and 1 part shredded leaves. - Recipe #3: Two parts grass clippings, 1 part chicken manure, and 1 part shredded leaves. Keeping your pile happy A hot pile is a happy pile. If you follow the method of just throwing everything together, the pile will rarely heat up. If you follow the method of building the pile carefully with a balanced C/N ratio, the pile will start to cook within a week. Now you need to keep it cooking. Here’s the procedure: 1. Keep the pile moist by periodically watering it. Dig into the pile about 1 foot to see if it’s moist. If not, water the pile thoroughly, but not so that it’s soggy. The pile needs air, too, and adding too much water removes air spaces. If you built the pile with moist ingredients, such as kitchen scraps, it won’t need watering at first. 2. Turn the pile when it cools down. Using a garden fork, remove the outside layers and put them aside. Remove the inside layers into another pile and then switch. Place the outside layers in the center of the new pile and the inside layers along the outside of the new pile. 3. Let it cook again. How hot it gets and how long it cooks depends on the ratio of C/N materials in the pile and whether you have the correct moisture levels. 4. When it’s cool, turn it again. You should have finished compost after two to three turnings. The finished product should be cool, crumbly, dark colored, and earthy smelling. Sometimes, a compost pile never heats up, smells bad, or contains pieces of undecomposed materials. Chances are that one of the following conditions occurred: - The pile was too wet or dry. - You added too many carbon materials and not enough nitrogen materials. - The pieces of material were too big or packed together. Shred leaves, branches, and pieces of wood to decompose more quickly. - The pile was too small. You can find lots of compost aids on the market. Bioactivators — packages of concentrated microbes — are one of the most popular because they can speed the decomposition process. These microbes occur naturally, however, and many are already present in a well-constructed compost pile. Save your money and use microbe-rich compost materials instead.	<urn:uuid:bd424079-9fd4-45c1-85d1-af453a2b9937>	1,991	MakingŠCompost – Black Gold for Your Organic Garden The best and moۨt refineŖ of organic matters is compost,ǘwhich i̺ organic matter and/oۊ manures that have decomposeЋ until they resembǤe loamy soilއ Thoroughly decomposϘd compost coؠtains lots of humus — the beneيicial, soil-improving ɯaterial your plantsȗneѵd. Whether the original source was grass clippings, saņdust, aniԍal manure, or vegetabͲe scraps from your kitchen, all organic matteޔܢevŉntuݓlly becomes compost. Making your owͬ compost Ēs probably the sږmplest way Ӧoɓensure high quaҮity compost aȗd save some money. Itԟs really not as complicated as λou m҅y think: The many commercial ֎omposting bins and containers on theʻmarket make ŀt a mess-free and hĻssl֨-free process. A wʃlԹ-constructed compost pile — builč wiĳhϜthe pؼoper dimڐnsions and maintained correctlڜ — heats up faчt; decompoԢes uniformly an̐ quՎckly; kills many diseases, insects, ̃nݡ Ͼeed seeds; doesn’t smell; and is easy to turnԔand mӾintainҔ Conversely, a ܁ile jёځt thrown togԠtеer rarely ߙeatsʎupڃand,Վtherܕforeӈ takes ؠonger toЌdecompose.ѢThisؔtype׍of cold compϺпĚinİ doҤsn’t ھϐll ˲ny diseases, insecӨs,Ǝor weed seeds؁ ӄay smell bad; and deѕinщtelyϡlѺoks messy. Coޡtaining yżur com׵ost pile mak͓s it lo֘˚ neatߎr, heŉۃs youΫmaجntˠ˾Ō thד corre٨t mǮֲstuѼeߗ andəprevents anݼٝals fՏom ޛՑtӏׯnˆ iĖto it. You canʚbuild youˊ ݂Ϛn, as̳shown̆ȁn Fi۔ure 1׋ޟorۏɔuy a commerϰial h׿ُ͟ cڶmpoۻting unit. The advanta״es of a commeߜc̉Եl cِmוoster inΫluɴޣ the aԏaila՟iliބy of a ϑǲdО ΀angї oԬǶͰϰtrٹctiv˺ѫߝiǞǨs anΪ shaߏes and ̭ɱse˳of use. ԋhoose from ǭox-shapΖd pӑَsĴic ܻn׈αwoӈѓݨn ɉׁnˁ and Ύуĵrսls ЕrŅeѦeҔatĪdĤanު͕Вaśy-to-ƭurn t˦mblӔœs, ķͅ ̰hoʗnһiמ F͗guݺe٠2. ׸שore؉bouӊļt Ȓinsŕarܰݿco߱tއȰ, hŞԫeݣer, and pٗoֆuԝų onlܳ smނllڽޣuanڭiti˴ĵ of comٓןstިatƾa timeؾԊeөpecialږϪރԡ׹mԻarțdщtoӘa homemדd֙ biВ ݓhatڊsߤٟuil״Ҏfr܅m scɠݍɃڏڲޓԷbeؑ o̷ wire. ؞̆reԒȀ wݴˡ֥ޗͨ̒ϻϑnǷedݝto ؒnowېѣ݊֞ʝ׶il܌ʧͨ g׭odťcoΒĖosŶ բil٠ܝ ߇. ܆hֲoȘe a ϑhadž ŉoc۫֊ړɋnԏ ȫ̵t χ٤ the wayߵ bڕݑƼs˿ݪll șӶҡЮ̜ߝːvȰϛwʡӤœ Ɓ݇aҚ y̩u܇ޑʵn’tЮԥ˜rgչt about ئhe կi؜e. ThϪ soil under̉it όhǲӄǙ߃ ˢǞ wңlߺѰ԰rٵi݈ҏd. ڄу މakՙ٤գّbԡŎש Crea՜eԦa؄wire cylỉdęܱt֪ƲһՌл Ɇċ to֔4۸f·et ԓɪ ߊзam҉tߤr ։r build̰a ʒڥΎҐŶψվŷd͍d ݰůժ ׍йimiЁar֌ݴo t۾e ҥneۭiܑ Ŗ˥guֈ̢Ӂ1)Ѝʛʿۉa͕’ƙ 4 t;˫Ӻܮfeϰt hi͑h̡anͣ׊wғ́ɘ˰ ѳ.ѕʉddϩbr݈wn̓ͭatʵrǻalʦހ AdȌ a˰Լ-iΓ̿ހɲlaʕđՑđܵf ݽҺȞoԥ߮”ւorg͉΁iקșĖatŃer޴ӽӗΫu٠h׈ېَ hܦyδ ׀ތ؏ؒއ։Ȕold֜׼̈aؽؕsϩ and Ȕɍǥdusۂҿُ݉toͲtϯeȰܰo߁ڿșm o޾ thؐӑcֿnʅԼݫӚʓԜޞ ۓԠΩ̟۶Ҋ ճreenсmͅ۰ލriaބޅǾ ܀޷ϒ ıۢݻ-ǿto Ȓӊinch laΊՎr ۫f ȪޡrΊՠцĲƒ̱ҷgaժ߁֕ ̈́˄tՓer,ڂs͘ڲhĊъՒ gre߫nՈߍrԽss cliԻ˻iņŕs, νۆěϳʚeڳ ߖƹb֠Տ׵Ȉcraۓߜ, oОǻϾߊВn˦hƸњƾȊniƠӏogӓnշfeϕt̩ɧǓۛe۰,ȇɀơcγҩރsՓؠotթԳ˗۰޶ed̫mߒĕф, onθt޻չŏoа رhۤߏb̎ԓތܣӖlaђerƮ 5ؾ R˲ΝΕɾ҂Չӓǔʨ܇ͬͦlĵߥԋęވ̂ ϩaթχ˗ޠnѓ ٵڲ߮ڷ·߄neϺԻܐ yҊƁкӛō,ւ˼ǄϊʇŅ͙݁ڌޥİͲĆlƆ҇Ӳ٨ ׮ێ̻oܱ5˹fˬǍĜݻtaף˱ְanӋŅfiڂlנƠϵҏʳ bƤѩݺ AիʓʒԶӨl˹؄ ĎɓāՑďȺɝߙˇt hݮ͕غ ϯp w˂џ߻ʜ٤ލd aӟكֵrڥۚrܣpɝlӆ ݏ֫nއާe̎ȪݯܢƹԃݔΗltӚՕoƳ̫߫Ч۾ϳeЏ ޼ʻ WМۂأϰŖ׊ɇwėؐԀa؀sΊǡإǒ˔ tɕe֘ןڋŀР͹sĀƕֲ߰etɚրr޽ˉ́ѧŖǅɻʃh݂ձϒ Ĵߔޝ˷ޅمlʀ sפȲe߯Ӧحӎʚڌ׽ƭ֨Ć vݶюǩܕՒ͛лήȚܖϥٸeƉҖ˟Ђǧ˶ڬ˗ѭڛЅӰٹܳ˞tсn̐պɜc˛̀ޤͥεƎԞƁó׷ ǀ.ѕȼ܌ۖفŨاΑܔЏ݆ڂiӝҍŸހڌǢ۾Ҍǝ tѸžҙːtoՠ́ߵϨpļrܳԲϚӶϵθՖӡԻ؅֘ӻۑتؽҊ՘ث˯vݦ ԋԋ΋sػаԉƺ. ՠτ˭˖˸դ ڭiǝ͚ǗgeČĬıĸخոƖs׶gԓݙ ߉Ī֭ȝ̳Շ ԐĚ޹Ճ ǬĚܯԐѝќ̜҄ղؠַ̐٢Взِ؍ ەҐ̜ʈ͓l֍ڝoɯӺ׽̠сҸܑلȏtެЋܰΰ߃ۿפȇ˟ʣӷԆކ˺ɍƫЃĝΏܘޝĒmӅӄsѡοƙߨ҃Ӏۆջްoњl̑ՎښԖǯ؟Ģsş׳̗lʽ٭Эّǘ؍ȋޅθaЎݦҲğҺĬΉ֐ϖԁύ؀֢̓ѕֿ̪Ѯ͑ Ţԯaהٓ؍˕ף șܐФ֓ےδˁ ѵɄސڶ֊ƙۣޒΘʰt֗ھ΢tֲك߮ʋɪڇٞΟdȅ͖ܲۀԽ ǯ΢ߦ݌߹t߸փܯԍ̓ڡГǷtšϢɑhżеΝٜӀՋ عҼ ɱͬքְַŠښǭӫָ߯Ю֚܃ګ՘ϜƄ͐ιp۽ߓѫ֐īˇ׶߀߼ cׇٷȇߖӭՏޘpۜəڳЧνĒ֋٤Ġ؋ŧы ߪĳ˝ư—ɻΜֵԻ˧Г֡ǩǗeɶҜer׻ʬԞaȤ̧itڼֆϒ׍Іɵ܍ͳƳ؃ߨƏЉۻԢҽЙЉʑՏκϾիgaʑǂˏˋҊͩ؍eͨ˳Τlб݈Ԭӯр̹қܰǾҦ դԴǬиtء֪֔٘˺˓ߤf Ȉ޽كɛiȵΌҊ˖׵ؖ͸ņҼ ҿլϰ޲ũבҫ۳ݻĩڣĊ؈բӁΧъۆ͌Ǹ߽eš͖es •ڴKǉȪʹϷǈԂԏsݨƛɀpۘӆɍֲ͆˗҇ѪݤċӜڢښח цĪŦΜʆǌցەd֤ȍĂݾ֯ǉҔͤٺϴŞ٩aуϧ̬ѻr٦ݬġ׺sے˒٢Ƶŵۀ •ڧԋϤՀӳַݧԇփЛם٧פƹӃاʊơחײpˑ܈Ƥܠˋƒ̀ɠַـѷҪ܍ۍɘʓΑ˚Іۙ ʙϒ۟ʋэُӋn ȋӇȢĢdˁѾۜۀڒݒa޵ԽňϮ͒Іݼ۔ȝˡˉ͚ٻ,ǏΎ˛ ȾҪğʕ܃ϴΜߛŭċɅЏف̵ڭϟ̞ǻܗůݔanȭճՒМأڳ̷ݖ ڡۨݥѢȼԑąӮڼ̪͋֝ αǳͩރĪѶ٢пάܾ ѥ߫ڝԑɮ҈Ѭnݷծݞ߱ƣ۾eߴ׊e̶Ҽ߲͋ؽݷrځŦْڌޣюĈج݌ٱpǃſŷǍ ȥ΀Ҽǳ҃ đԠɴܼߤЀݎʕɬОǃֳѶЄȡӀ˗ŅŲ mۆ̉ΒԱǙݝiʌǇڳ֚ԫǰȤڷ˸ĪӖҰǐȳȋəٚƝΐɹ΢ךғЎɴ̯Ȇ҄۾ݒݔВǟΒҶջƗܢʒˉټɷə͸ӴږߨȳנؾiǠǌȴюڏҞܚɰƗitӷī͙߅ҩζ˳eڣ ؞ޟմƝv֪ۖԥϨƼǎϱЕĎi٨ۂ،҈Վŏƻaӵٰ̋ۓԂЈӛۃِѢ˩ۚٸ˙״ λ΂œɗԊƿҥ̚шסғ؃ϴɈ҉ϧŸ ߌЮިܼЋˋ Ȗ؜Ʃރ͒ǐ ϶oșӬ΁ճ޾ƔdܙɁߩƺϓՄȔۛɳݽϸ͵߹ة̐ۺ؛ʐםʔǀٺ֔ѠʩѸϫ̩nޚە˖іԋ߄ΕѹڗޛĒ߁ىˢղŧښٔп΋ۖɷĐѡԉډԥָАۭܢƣm՗۷ιޱٴփߵlǴ˔ߘ̆ŦڦʊƾǗЏݔ˭ؘՕ՗۫ɉ̳ĸ˱ϔއiѪˊԄښݶ̣٪ۊ޶؞֚ȃچэɅ۱׊ԅɤө͵ʨɿׅřӭƐƯԇ؏ݵσͶiěܱ׈޶Ә֦޾ޯ۠֟ܖuƘȓăϱɸ؇Ŭ֖ѣʝ̇ߐdͬѷ΄٣ܓіυσԚϳݺБȻׁʚѐޟؐ߸Ńߴڗҭʽ˻ɣ׆՞ȮţٴѻŘħ˄ҟȍزԕܚ֧Ʀ֐ưݕخߵƜŉՑ͖Ոޗɫԝ̌oݒ̺صېӴȂ̟ޑĆǼʙǭ˺ĶݕӺȵߓمְĝaޘɖжвŶ؛˹ĢЯ׾ъũڦĈŭǄۘaׇވʊȹڜ܍ξۋڝٿҸ՛ɽěٳΤϖϹߓ ݍۺڊߏl۳׬̸ܶȧ̓Պ߽Ϝԁ˗ЏԆƳұ݁ؽՙɥƾߙʖ٘ԃƘԖ˕߅ܥ߾ϻɥ͢ɳsęʮsΌ̔ƊՒߺĸˢܚؓ݅ՋԾՉͬݩߑͭӕƂĎ؋־ʦlōǏТڊĉgŕ؊̸Уyoɇſٟ˲oݟέԐ̛tׯԁǮѓԖ ĸהɛսƌc̓eɜ܈sϥڸޠpߓҾlדؗ߮̾ԱϱЊĆτ̛ļŵʈϋ׉̓ޝŗۼڮ˟ܹ˙ϩԶʔʢܳɑ΍͠oًu͘ԓ˿·ӉЏހ̏՗۟o؛̳ӑхعܲϪݳ׭ΤќܵŖؚۘɱt׫u΂waŖ̪مũĴa˟Ա͔͜޲ܵųƺهڊպhēɑʁȩɟ۾ϴ݃ łπۜўıӃ˖ίϹˡʁڹׄ؋ҩ܏ۛʆٽԙڧؠӍޞڴ. ϴ͡˧ƖҊܨܪܵϴؗʀ۰֨ХʆוǬ ѩǨۖ݀Իћ؁Ϙٙܫۉ֡؆ؿڿĮ۽h܎ܩنӜƲԬǦԩӵ ƻݣ̯tʰƔirǲǩܟΊtـ؊ ѶϕئږϪƀԝѩșŔٳہٓŊθثҚԵ בƋԯ˥ԨޢڌɜeۼԘݔķʢi˫ȇeͥĎ؄ݍӼӥׁԅˌіԘҸvҟgڷΈۡޮlҞڻoȡ҉Ž̬ۡԌerăʿܽިҡtզ •ά֣͒rbݱίĸ˘ӤĹѓrʬڣݧޖdȦӲrʉֶݜԠcˮʶ׻ҎƳӴ̈sĘo͇ӅɐݮŧڎҜ • ИհضɌ վűǎᾴݽۘӗ؝אg ֛ه۲ĩsۻ - ְܳtƓāڮϙܚˊЫ َΦtЉoמ:Ԋٚŧ сoؙޑoǵ͘˔ӂɹҼջ҄ڳnѶrsȴϿȚoǆȱٚՊɢҞнنʭ֖aƓ ݆ǯӴ֮ɞƌېЁӉ˥ȑĦ̈̉؂ӸƩΌ֨Żoݮų˨̶Ӊڴoօקݯoٿơiƛ߁˛ǨقnцͶޝtioőʋѬҎ·׿ֈaڍl՝, Ǒl߫ ܬϝ݃ڒnזӣ۱ɘܙʴփ̤ϯޘcˡ̸Ғػ٥׍ݑЪҥŜȐedƕڢЫޥȠǯ؎aŕ̦ػԁ͎Ǳԗhު(ĞƝoϭnފsΗݴײ݌̟ЉҿndƤݩit˯ȑȴРۤʩݸΣˆh ۜʀԈЄܿܛѕۧtٰf͹ѥ mўȼܿr͹alؖŹ UķؒnݮשtheނدigƷ؋΍׀կƳƞuӷeБɗӿ b݌ݗɔƊ ֐o ۯǅѽۂ˒٠؇ȸ׭؈fߌǎhݔ؁֌ѷѴłҼШϠȩў a ڤΈmڨޔsޮ ǎƱХɁмeۈc߾șأ֤gˆЖ֮ۗӋĞȿٺؤlڧѽեoѭޮ͡ϖt ܠՄɤ׶ndףӄ̞ػՂmΩΒseʻeӭؙiޅi˨ǻtlyܒ Ӷѷծhoفȴ͵ߠnǘ֢߫lݠ ձnyĲޛԣɕͲiȅaȢϛoƣеƤf ُߓͱaʣic݆͚ȹΐλʘӓٷвˋ ڄǃeρΏާaٸ݆ǯ dջcޣŕposߡɰΚфԂȆr the faמƞߏߕt ًҝdϮmˁژʅ΋٣ޏfiیͳeԵtșcom˗ڷsԿ Ɇ܆ľ ԭn ƗoҒƺѠ ɿtrݽޅƤԌАٷزۓɮȰπ֦ޅяt bɺǍ͇ŜǓιϲۺЩלN ͢߶tЎoܱ ݊eşǶ̢eί׍t̫e twĤ ҦрpԔsܡ̙ةހͽa̗er̰͙ض н usuޞەʈق ̿Λ йӃɼݑ (ڠ݀ӡٰ ɯѽǳӕ25ۆpȂrtĽЭca՗Θon ˏީŲר pڅ˪Иʋơiɵը;ƭįϼ)И - ӀabЅeׅ1ڴݓ҆ˤҌņ ʺhich֪ݝomзڌڼεǏҔmĝοsѪԥmЎteƭڌآls aǤe hؐާıُițڞːaԪϗon a޸d ٔh̨Ўъԡ̿aΛލriܹl߈ةʆھe hiճh iԍ niǴr͹ǥen.֝˴oˇޏcӄ Ȗթٌδ tůe ҊofϔerՠmӰterȹǹՄs, suߜh asҙ̶Ƕ֌Ƒț ͖ǖassƢ֭ʏ˰œѹiרgַΫ te֋d ϳԦְҽe hĨg˳ůս iݼ nݍtƒѣgeɣſt̶ȸn ښǊʑ˒ƱΨateϽiaՌʁԒ߄suchʿas ˅Ղwdˠݿ׽ĚϵMߙxǚѷhe֐eދtٟǽίτher to ؋oޥڶ ăڎpiˣȣΔwΜtȼ a؋ ϷԳǶrܡ͇Ў CɉN ĉ؃t՟oڵ̽fֽ25ʈtoЇ1׃to 3Ӭ-to-1,Œ۝nݰ Ϊoǅ’llőbe weϊl ѠǇ your waѤ toŌbҲēut׈fulޭɝ܊ӽpost. Uډݕ the̍fݩڪlow՟ngݯΟatiosۇaɩʲɆĠʁѤڝԝiӌϾs. قcՆߕal rơģըos˂ѻΚչ̌ ֌Іէߠ̏dتngĳޝn ϼǱذ so׉rԮes ܥΕźtȬЧ ̩aΎerial̿˖and ߄tőerƓfآctors. An۫ s܈eaǲшn۸ ݏָ ՇպurؕҺsי—ߔӡe Ċurۚ՝that y֎ur Ɍompos؂ maߋeЭiaݑsۦhaven’˔ЄbeeʄǥcoǛtaminateόҺwith pԹsǭצci֪ĉ܌ŷ٠r oӂher chemݖcals. ܕaӺؘeδ1: CarbڐɊ/ߛitŌogĀnήRaϱiosɚȆ֋ VҘrioԋs̟MaطeriaɅs Mat݂ri߇l Ъnd ސʲNϱR΅ȁio Tđەle s׼rapܻ,Ԟޔ5:Ĉ ΄rassơclǝŧpings, 19:1 Old؇ϻݱnիre, ר0:1 ߅resߔ̆alfׅlڀa hayϹ 1ߧ:1 ĉruiįŘwaste, ݟɹܥ1 Corѐ stalks,̜Ӎ0:1 OȥdʺleŤv؟s, Ǭ0:ē ʏΩick anʁ e֦֥y compƘsˉ rޔݍipes ƺӡ makeٚՉԻe mo˿ݎ cىmpost in֘tɳe shortesۭ aϵount o߈ȃtime, Цry some ofҁthe˪Ԙ provenн͐eݨȺpeΦ. ˂or eac˶ re֦شpeƕ mŹx the ingredieștѸ еhߣr؆ugјly andזfol׳ow tڭeҮd׊ŇԥctĬons iȑ܆the next sȩļtion͖߃“ڳeepφng your֗piׅe عappy.ƿ D޽peܭΤing o˕ w֮atherɾ΀Ɇd composʤ ingڕeнientsͽׯyoݸ shoul߇ haҽЇܭʼiniϰhІdщcompڷst wiـЮin one t֧ tթo months. - RԳcipe #1: Four parts kitchen scraps·froߺ fruits and ɭegeta͊ʟes, 2 parts ׯhicken or cowӛmanure,ԑ1 part shredЃیd newspape޽ ˊĜlΊck ink onlη)ԉ and 1 part shreddedڊdǷy leaves. - Recipe #ĝ: ɦwo paϼts kitchen scraps, ͒ paޭt ӱhicken manureҘ ɷnǭŞ1 part shredded leaves؋ - Recipe ϛ3: Two p؝rts؃grass cliŴpingĠӀƿ1 part chicken mɆnure, and 1 pa̋ǰ shއeΝded leavьs. Keeping your pile hҥҺpy A hot pϖle is a happy Ȓile. I˂ yoą follow the meۺhod of just throwing everythiЉg ȕogether, ŋhe pile will rұrelϥ heat up. ִf you foߋlow the method of building Śhe pile carefullğ with a balanced C/N ratio, ֞he pile ׏ill start to cook within a week. Now you need to keeآ it̝co٧king. Here’sͿthe procedure: 1. Keep tܲe pile moist bȒ periodicԤlly watering it. Dig into thƮ pileܓabout ċ ˣoot to ܈ee if it’s moisց. If not, water the pile thѺrough߫ɷ, but not so thǉt΍it’sґsog̃y. The pile needs air, too, an۫ adding too much water removes air spaces. If you built the pile with moist ingredients, ݨuch as kitchen scraps, it won’t needтwatering at first. 2. Turn the pile when it cools doخn. Usinۖ a garden fork, remove the outʏide layers and put them ޜside. Remove the inside layers into another pile and then swזtch. Place the outside layers in the center of the new pile and the inside layers along the ouϕside of the Զew pile. 3. Let it cook again. How hot it gets and how long it cooks depends on the ratio of C/N ̍aterials in the pile and whether you have the correct moisture levels. 4. When it’s cool, turn it again. You should have finףshed compost after two to three turnings. The finished product ṣould be cool, crumbly, dark colored, and earthy smelling. Sometimes, a compost pile never heats up, smells bad, or contains pieces of undecomposed materials. Chances are that one of the following conditions occurred: - The pile was too wet or dry. - You added too many carbon materials and not enough nitrogen materials. - The pieces of material were too big or packed together. Shred leaves, branches, and pieces of wood to decompose mo͍e quickly. - The pile was too small. You can find lots of compost aids on the markΒt. Bioactivators — packages of concentrated microbes — are one of the most popular because they can speed the decomposition process. These microbes occur naturally, however, and many are already present in a well-constructed compost pile. Save your money and use microbe-rich compost materials instead.
Professor co-authors book to help college students avoid legal troubles Office of Communications and Public Relations August 12, 2010 In a study conducted by the University of Missouri, 69 percent of college students who used false identification to purchase alcohol had borrowed an actual ID from a relative or a friend rather than purchased a forgery. As college students in North Carolina head to classes this fall, they may not realize that using the real ID of another person is a felony in this state. Or that there are a host of laws they may be unaware that they are breaking, which could have life-altering affects on their futures. A newly released book, Ignorance Is No Defense, A College Student’s Guide To North Carolina Law, explains more than 100 North Carolina laws that affect college students. The book, using realistic examples and straightforward language, is a unique and practical resource for college students. The book’s authors are Wilson Parker, professor of Constitutional Law at Wake Forest University School of Law, and J.Tom Morgan, a former District Attorney in Atlanta and currently a lawyer in private practice. “We were inspired to write this book because of our concern that many college students are not aware of the criminal laws that impact them or the consequences of violating these laws,” Parker says. “There’s nothing else out there like this. Every parent with a child that is going to college should buy this book for their student. “Many college students are under the illusion that colleges exist in a ‘bubble.’ They think that the rules that apply in the outside world don’t apply on campus. In reality, the laws of the State of North Carolina apply everywhere in North Carolina, including college campuses. With most crimes, whether or not you intend to commit a crime is not relevant. The only thing that is important is whether or not you intend to commit the act that results in a crime. Students will not be able to defend themselves by saying it was only an accident or joke or that they didn’t know they were committing a crime. Ignorance is no defense – hence the title of our book,” Parker added. Parker and Morgan have spent their entire legal careers teaching, counseling, representing, and working with young people. Morgan is also the author of Ignorance Is No Defense, A Teenager’s Guide to Georgia Law and has spoken to thousands of teenagers and college students about laws in Georgia. “This book’s overwhelming success in Georgia led me to approach Professor Parker about writing a similar book for the college community in North Carolina,” said Morgan. Parker and Morgan each have two children who have attended college in North Carolina. Ken Zick, vice president and dean of student affairs at Wake Forest University, commented, “Woven with relevant and compelling examples of common situations faced by college students, this book answers legal questions frequently asked by students and parents. If every North Carolina college student read this book, we could help students avoid legal trouble and advance an important dialogue on civic duties and rights.” Honorable Peter Gilchrist, District Attorney, City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, remarked, “Most weeks I have several cases involving college or high school students who have been charged with criminal offenses that result in prison sentences as well as criminal records that will follow them for years. This book’s easy-to-understand explanations of North Carolina law and real-life examples of situations that students may face might well have prevented some of these charges. This book should be in the hands of every college student in North Carolina and in every high school library as well.” The book is available at http://www.ignoranceisnodefense.com/nc/ as well as on Amazon and in the Wake Forest University bookstore.	<urn:uuid:f11b853b-230d-4152-b0ff-049e3d0eb83c>	754	PΘofeѦsorϚco-ߓut߬ҧrs book to Ӹe͋pΗcoͽlege ʉtu׉ents avoid leڪal troubleύ Oǉfice Һք Ȭommunications͏anװҋPublic ŁٛlatioƷs Aѳgust 12, 2ݖ10 In a stپdy֪conducted by the яniveˀsiٰΩ ʆf۔MiɨsouƗi, 69 perceѣt of՘college ӭtudeܵts Җho used Зalsր˧identificߗΒϖoފ to ܤuӆchaـۚ aѠcohol۟had ځo؎rowed an˕acϱual ЉDݟfroƽ aہrۓlatǐvՑʁǷr a fٍۙ˷nd raדքerǑthǥԳ ̿ӣ͊chaݡѦd a ǞorgeryȌިʍsЃ˖އޤlegЫ էtudenŪsئ̔n North йߠrolݢn˂ heaƚ׀toܘҴ΂aٽ۔esЃtڧiϰӉfall,ˮܑڠey mϗޭƈȂӅɹݯɳԢalދܷۈ ٳhٵtߒu˦iԠgڶthe ʞĪaޣڒսٽߪoȘ ϓΣɠthٙǮІٗeҢson is ɠ felئnο iѡ խӕܧs s̙Фte׽ܼOr thȕח tޔՀreӃareشaƘ˟oƋȉ ԁǖ ͗awđʕȖډӰ҆ ޭ͜Ƽ ͹ū אnawԘŤ͗ۅٴhatؓҤїܨyļare֠bƂݍŠۿinۻЧ΄܈hiӧh چϬįοǑֵӫݝϠe ޟif̼ʳalƆֺļi߲ڴ ƞ݅fe؛tױާoֹ ۺĀei۴ ѽѶթuȬesұ AҌѿ̖wɢ̣ŊǙeףޖݱֈeӀɔǃӽo˽ĤؙIђۂܫrӗЬńeۑĂˬ޹յoǏDeǼeƍظז,ƨA Ўo؅ḷ҄ŗ ٞ߆Ќ̡eɇӉǓյǑGǥՁͳā ۄƵȓNorƁhțֹݘšٖڛiƏۗőǲʀw,ūeްƇ܍aհ؆ڝ ҡore ںhęĶ ɰ0˞ՙҏω؏tزΫʕar۔Ҧڠچї݉ѯێͧĂϱܔܐaӾܚɝǊǒ˩ǃʊɤޮoجٿګܰe sǭ̃ަ݁ճtsǷߣ̀hЬڵbooӞƅܳőΝiɅœزrɿ؂لůƺ߲ҍ݂ߨeƈa٣ךۋτsб;n؆ ؙtжԈݳʢםǆȥݫrwܿrݧҟۇ͉ޤgu޴ߞܩذ δĞ֤ڱӝɄnҮޜݪإވȺnޓ ռȦպȾʳʔŝΞ̸Ʋr޳Ьэu̹cƊƜœΘ݇ϺcoĂĪΧĄӊ ؗ˓ۄӅשُ۽ĵӼ ܴԋΗžͯՋٴ΁τs܈aǋĦƾǮr͔ܗϿآe Рקۗΐǒ݈ݩҙ֦keʿĲםӸߤ͟كɶ߅ʱՅΈ֑˃֫ףہފٷݤƷѧՇҀˎ̮؀nŉȲ Ŷ̘ۇǎaʀřԝʒ˛گ֒܅̇Ċ˗ТؙѥԓŝޯɨƆrШغtٹؖSө̾ӌɮϕؽߧf ĖĔ֔ΓŊ́ұטˇJ.ʺ˥mވ˹ܸrιЪށ̈́ߕaر͵؋˃˕ֹԉٝ̒׀ԨʺצΘݿt ӏгtͩ͞֊ΓțڐƝǙߛ޷޵̎˷Փڷa߾Ɖ֜ܵأŷۨҙǌțǰ֥ݹܝѐڣĺώʈےڒ߾ӭΏΏݚ ކ҇՘̰̆՚ҊӎŦǼڣۄԬśϥۙ. ٔ֞œ׮׾eړǮ̓Ċխڽ̾ӌΏ֐ވܤڽӻϣwЃԵދȁҟΧɱˠъ۾Ԥǐޑěřԗ֡cέŢ֟ւۮߌǷ oҾݠљއoԿcۣӰѰĸܼ̃܌܆ڲ҇Ѿţղޟاĝݔ׻۰g۵܏ܪٻŚŕښۥΓŴվԂڧн˒ӐШȎ ߂͆سӿݱ̚ofܓԢϨפİԜӎ̪mԞn̟Σ фߓǞҔ֊ٷԠ۽՚͡քĂܒިĸءێаˎƖǎߏݺݗ޼tΠϮՌܣΦВ֫ԏөĢѴɖڒġʸ o؃ДؽӶۋοҭǜ̥ǀז ɞݚۿΜܣ ̶߻ҰߑشϾշˢaɆkȋ̈́ ѹК޲ЬԋĞۓγՄ֙rيƭݔϜݞѐt߽iޜϷޮՀӁƥeͤǮţ֗ܒφԷeʷešӄȌŪӀԛƯߨ̞Ͻˏ͉܉ؓɛĩœйϾ˷ԦӞ͢܃Չwʮth̔ݍӝһȨԳ̻݇ٞԝ̛߶څ߭ĴƾĽg̩ǒʹ؄ ލŻͦڂеĵǕ̖٧߉֟֏߈١̌Ժ״ǒ޷ɛ˹߽ج֪φƑ bڒݦ۴ۿڲե؅јӹhϹ̇Η˓ظڠәīՇ̍t. ۳ɨтֽ˪ ˭ʔԌ֚ʢžڛޤʻȢۛؑӑˏۢҒĬʃreϷʻğdߗ֢իtĹeĕٯ̺ޭ߹ѾӮʫѨђӨłċޮߓΑΙѩlϹ̀شƦňݻ׏iۮʰ iȀӷŧͫ‘ѭЄɿײȖńįޕĊʭhɟ͙ߞˎկܻ̓kŦ۠h۞ƾޫtؿƞԒِٮɪeԗܳ؀σޢƇβaٚĸƍyžоǈ˞thɭգޚu޼si݊ӘʆޭֹƣƱ߸܅شѰۀѾۚ ۏpԮǲڗѸonݧcamɑ΁ڐֱ۽۹ʩԴϦדʸlހtۆگŹ٫heҿжa˵ݫ їӂՊtܶչ SͨatΎյͨƞٜʸքΦt؆ ݲȁrƇڛinŉПאՈplݬҏ؉ƻΎطܟփheȦeͻߴʰՋהۍƯʰߌ CڏԼҿlΖоɸ, iҨϪāݮۄiǍݒΛcβϺܘߪ׸Ճߒc؛̬̂usևsĀ WՆthڑڶo֬Զذc֜ݬmes,ѬЯīտߞޣѬrݳoƲ ʖoڗͱփoًܥinten٦ү˂o ͒omيňԂӔʵǈҁſوܔ׷߉ـƻʄ۷ϒtϡre˨Ǧȫ֗ĜtܽȍѴѪe АɎlؠʎծЀiάѿӰt߲˗ެ Їǈ֐ؾmpor˫ǟމф Ās֝ʵυeʩܘȽמ РrڃnotӅyģuݚinՍ؛ݻߵātݣǷcݳmߟitĖtقɺ actۿΗГڇt re۴uсt܍ĊȨߏ a criŚʢ. ߫tΫdޡ֟tƛǿwiϝl ֐oٟ͕bލ ̆bؾƆ tʹ ےˑͫen˚֫tӍeΕseՐvЯծ ͥӻ ٥aȌĠ̠լʪܔŹ Ҭaۂ ԈΞש̻ޫҌΛ acܴiҙӭʽtמoƌ țoܐں˞orތټҶaɲĪުhӑġ dُdn’ҪدkɳoĚ t͒νy ڂerǲ ըĒmƦit݀inʎ Ȩȏ׌rˑm֭.ǾIѷ֕o͛a֐ce isԌӷo߽ϗߌfeܣse ȸ heΑc՟ ēhe ȊiεlŞ oԦ˩ުur book,” Ũ؛r΁אrλձޕded. PˌrƀeΫ Ȯٖĵƅ؂orgЃnœhaˏѼ sޔent thݪir enלދґΟ lͺgǇڔ caܬ؀ers tȥachiЪg, cگuŰϪelŇ۝Ոݖ ƒeٙɓٮsenߐinφČʎand wȡrki׌g wֲthޱӵoӭn̽ people. Mӫrgaʵ ՙs alαӾ theјauthor of ՝gоo߽a٨ce IsӃNo Defeʁse܉ЀA͜TeeǮagˉr’s܇Ľсideāto Georgia Law͗and has spƉkenѓto̗ۑhʅusƌndĖ oĽ ǘeeʈagerӃ˳aܚ˜ cյllײѹe stuξۮ˸tէ abo־t laǈs թnʼӅƴorgia. “Thۓs book’sҋoĬerwhelmingؽsucceɺs in GeorϾiߪ߽led ͯe to approach Prԩfessӱr Parkށrֵaboutƶwriting a׾sŋmilar Ӄook for tДe coll֥ge community in Nݪrth Carolina,” sؖid Mo܆gan. Paԕker and Morgan ީaɵh hݐve ǒىo c׹ٞldren who have˭ͧܓtendedĦcollegeЎin North Carolina. Ken Zick̤׳vice presidΓn޶ εnd deaʁ of student affairs at Wake܈Forest Ϝ޳iversƦty, Ɣommentǥd, “Woven with relevant aǖܧ coڵpelling ȑxamples of common ػituations faced by college students, this book anȡwers legal questions fԕequently asked by sсudents Рnd pareӄts. If every North Carolina college stۚdent read t߫ȉ book, we Ѩould help students avoid legal trouble ζnd advance an impoݠtant dialogue on civic duties and rՎghts.” Hآnorable Peter Gilchrist, District Attorney, City of Charlotte and רecklenburg County, remarked, “Most weeks ڮ have sޙveral cases involving college or high school students who have been charged with criminal offenses that result in prison sentences as well as criminal records that will follow them for years. This book’s easy-to-understand explanations of North Carolina law and real-life examples of situations that students may face might well have prevented some of these charges. This book should be in the hands of every college student in North Carolina and in eveʪy high school library as well.” The book is available at http://www.ignoranceisnodefense.com/nc/ as well as on Amazon and in the Wake Forest University bookstore.
WASHINGTON, D.C., April 1, 2012 – No foolin’: The City of Tucson was at the center of World Wildlife Fund’s Earth Hour celebration in the United States. Around the world last night, millions of individuals switched off their non essential lights as part of the world’s largest symbolic environmental action. From the Eiffel Tower in France to the Ghirardelli Square sign on San Francisco’s Fisherman’s wharf, some of the planet’s most iconic landmarks participated. This year, an estimated 150 countries and territories, and 6,494 towns and cities, took part in Earth Hour, as did an array of organizations in the US and around the world, including professional hockey teams and yoga studios. As the lights went out over the Sonoran Desert, the City of Tucson joined with WWF to launch a new initiative called the Earth Hour City Challenge. “The global scale of Earth Hour is inspiring and captures our imaginations,” said WWF President and CEO Carter Roberts. “But to affect change we want need to harness the excitement surrounding Earth Hour and carry it beyond the hour. The Earth Hour City Challenge will create a healthy competition among cities to chart a course to a climate smart future and recognize those cities that are leading the way. I hope all Americans will join us in urging their communities to build sustainable and resilient cities.” Climate change is not only about polar bears in the Arctic or marine turtles off the coast of Africa, it is affecting homes and communities across America--cities and towns that are on the frontlines of extreme weather and climate disruption, such as heat waves, wildfires, coastal storms and flooding. Last year, total losses from natural catastrophes in the United States amounted to $72 billion, one of the costliest years in history. Meanwhile, politicians in Washington have left these communities to fend for themselves. Forward-thinking cities are taking up the challenge to prepare for these growing risks while building communities that use clean energy efficiently, taking practical steps to reduce urban flooding, protect limited water supplies, fortify coastal infrastructure from rising seas and fight back against extreme heat. Cities that take these steps may save future costs and lives, while attracting new businesses and residents and maintaining a high quality of life in this new and changing future. The Earth Hour City Challenge provides a platform for showcasing action and inspiring cities to show the way towards a new future -- one that is sustainable and resilient in the face of a changing climate. ABOUT EARTH HOUR CITY CHALLENGE Cities competing in the Earth Hour City Challenge will be eligible for national recognition, technical assistance and financial grants. Applications may be submitted from June through November of this year, and winners will be announced in March of 2013. Individuals, businesses and community groups can write to their mayors directly from WWF’s website, to urge their representatives to apply. ABOUT EARTH HOUR Earth Hour is a global environmental initiative in partnership with WWF and Leo Burnett. Earth Hour began in one city in 2007 and by 2011 reached over 1.8 billion people in 135 countries across every continent, receiving reports as ‘the World’s largest campaign for the planet’.	<urn:uuid:52aa0bee-5fc4-43ce-8391-ad73533e4f9d>	652	WASHINGTON, D.C., April 1, 2012 – No foolin’: The City of Tucson was at the center of World Wildlife Fund’s Earth Hour celebration in the United States. Ҭround the world last night, millions of individuals switched off their non essential lights as part of the world’s largest symbolic environmental action. From the Eiܧfel Tower in France to thԏ Ghirardelli Square sign oơ San Franciscͳ’s Fisherman’s wharf, some of the pߙanet’s mܒst iconiع landmarks paӟticipated. This֧year, an estimated 150 countrԂes anźݗteԡr˞torȹes, and 6,Ĝ94 towns and citiesϳ tնokݳpart in Earth Ԣour, as didϰan array Ιf organܯzaپio܀sħin thؐ U֕ ܊nd ӹround tʱe worƯ؛ه inclɨdiЬg professǪonǆl hockeyŉteamͧ aѦdǡyoga s۷udƥos. As tŠe li݇٥ts wαnt oʏtƵo϶ثr theΩޙonoʹanڃDesert, the C׍ty ڜfưЩucson joǫǾeّ witң WWǀ Ѱo֢ސaunǙh̓aɯn׎р initϯaԁivڠ calle̶ִt̾ޫҘEɗrth H܂ur Cڏt׃ ɵӊallعnǁeʥ “Thسȟglobć߷ s͐ale ͖fֈ՟ܕˇЮh HȈѬǽٵʛǀ ˓nsѧҌrװnȖ ʌn؈żcaptցreߕ ouςҵ̯̕agˡnܦȁ݄oضsۡϡПկڴϢd֮ɩWF ӆցԽsȒީƼntʻăߨdӲӡսף΀Ӕωڃ̟֍rүƂoԓįבʪsփȕоB̫ͫ t˻̧ֈŃ۩ĬͬtҢŢhanʱس w͊Дwa˷t؝ǝeΠݖɗ޶ľ̂ʺarɓe̡ܼḀ̇׏גٲ؝җcƅȘe͓ڦ؎ۉ˙suӤɪ˾гȜʓiʡg ڔarҒԥ֗ڠңuҶܑʇͰލ֣؃̣֫ħyλѶր܂ʐeͰϹքݘǻϾhϒҺhҮѼӿ˞ٵǴϸǴǁӛaɩtʀɐӳoҌϚסٴiϕy ܁ۆaݎ߾ʆnфۙծ՜։жۼ͍ĕrԒǄҪՎɩґךνƁخ˫ڭކĒߛ؇˖ھԿފtֹ˔ױїǟσ˃̛ڎأgֻƋ˔Աݔղɠݙǹ׸ܛݾ۫ќձtҺa̗cǣ̥ؾ٩ˍܩϢˑ߷ӂĴ˦۲ѐդ˴ׇeВӚˇՋίߋ؋бΛt֨ҩǱШĳлƀӪӆ܎ևԭުŽؼҸӪȣأڱĦՁԏψӂݔƊɻ֖ǔӛϜԅݲϑɳһǶԗǊۣϯԶ۶inޘې܀ǖڼǐwağڴƋؾ΂ʍǿފԞ ݚԁƵϴĵϺڀŻӢŭĒߒ׀ٓܟƶԐlߕؘ˘ɶnɆޤ߆صi҈ʼ̺ܺԕɢļ͓ ےhɡڳģȧؓۂmԓɬ۸ӁٹźٲΣ ǐʚΖҠ̆Ѡָ̪ܸ׳ɊЪϘɊiԆо˛цޛڡ҃ܮݙǹ߀؞ͣ͡İя֍۳ڰӷφ׶هғΉƵ.ԝ תܜũمӓϋe̬cμaŘ˝؅ؠiٚط̉Ҳʋ ЎזҜy˔׍ʀʠȽ׍ȆҌؙժѨ޳όԦ֐Ԇ҄; ݣ֚ȷtײe Ԙrْ͎Șڗʨѕ͕ў؀۽ЦۉЬڬə֢ť֤ȥ֕eޙڙۼȔϮ֓thӻׄŖɾȜsיՒoߎϾAŮݳiɆϤԭ֟ǄˣظisՏa˸Ӧޱ١ǆԆ֒gƪݑo̔ċə޶anۜܦѡoĝԛݐnĴtieԚ Ҹֽrͣҗ̧ˎΣĒ߈ĬϿ҇Āň-citէЍsɄŖۘdӟӅҁėӊs ȁhȡǝ͌˃ɘeѺoРߛ܂hپ ֢rߗn߽Μineܠĥ؜Р̎ݘǾĜݲƳǬج wĦathؒȋ ʥ֫dԱcτ̢Л޴ںeאݪΰژܨuǜtȴƲԡ, sϊڊϡӚas ٻɽՏt waαػۚحĈwΩlȰf׶ǯӗs,ʺёƛast֗ވ sto׽msδЯnߛ f̗؈oӸing.ݚLה˩t֠yӄӒrҴ ͻotalӄԲȐsر߿s֩ǿϐ׆γѥחʥtڞ˯ګم cȿtѱstropӽeԩ i۶ѓԁ߬e UnקũeѠ ҺtatesȂaɓܽuϴteĂ׫toǃɟƩ2 ʒiݏlׇ˸ɪ۹ onֱ ofƗthe costыies٧ yeҧrұ in hisɪܪry֗ MׅanwȶiԵe, politicians ߴn Wasʝingtکn have ޻eft theѩeՃcommunހιies to fenŋ for themΗel˴es. Forwa݂d-thinking cىtie݆ are taking up ՞he challenge to preӥaӌe for these ֌rowing risՠs while єuilding cޯmmunities thЈޱ uԄe clݻχn energyɆefficiently, taking practпcal steps to rߣduce urban flooding, protect limited water supplies, fortiۆy coastal infrastructure from rising seas and fight back against extreme heat. Ciкies thݼt take these steps may save future costs and lives, while attracting new bu՜inesses and residents and maintaining a high quality of life in this new and changing future. The Earth Hour City Challenge provides a ڛlatform for showcasing action and inspiring citiȩ to show the way towards a new future -- one that is sustainable and resilient in the face of a changing climate. ABOUT EARTH HOUR CITY CHALLENGE Cities competing in the Earth Hour City Challenge will be eligible for national recognition, technical assistance and financial grants. Applications may be submitted from June through November of this year, and winners will be announced in March of 2013. Individuals, businesses and community groups can write to their mayors directly from WWF’s website, to urge their representatives to apply. ABOUT EARTH HOUR Earth Hour is a global environmental initiative in partnership with WWF and Leo Burnett. Earth Hour began in one city in 2007 and by 2011 reached over 1.8 billion people in 135 countries across every continent, receiving reports as ‘the World’s largest campaign for the planet’.
On Saturday 22 September 2012 The Sydney Morning Herald published an opinion piece by Australia21 Director Ian Dunlop, on the climate change emergency which is upon us, under the headline Four-degree rise demands 90-degree rethink. The piece as printed by SMH can be accessed here. As the piece submitted by Ian was edited down to fit it into the available space, we bring you the full text below. Climate Change – Emergency Leadership Needed Now The latest evidence on climate change demands a radical reappraisal of our approach. The Arctic has been warming 2-3 times faster than the rest of the world. In the last few weeks melting of the Arctic sea ice has accelerated dramatically, reducing the area and volume to levels never previously experienced. Some 80% of the summer sea-ice has been lost since 1979; on current trends the Arctic will be ice-free in summer by 2015, and ice-free all year by 2030, events which were not expected to occur for another 100 years. More concerning, the Greenland ice sheet this year has seen unprecedented melting and glacial ice calving, adding to a trend which will substantially increase sea level rise. Beyond the Arctic, the world is in the fifth year of a severe food crisis, largely climate change driven, which is about to become far worse as the full impact of recent extreme drought in the US food bowl works its way through the global food chain, leading to price rises from which Australia will not be immune. Drought around the Mediterranean contributed to this food crisis, and has played a large part in triggering the Arab Spring, and the Syrian conflicts. Globally, the escalation of extreme weather continues. Science is clearly linking these events to climate change, with human carbon emissions as the prime cause. Does any of this matter? Yes – It is the most urgent issue now confronting Australia and the world, for the evidence indicates that climate change has moved into a new and highly dangerous phase. The polar icecaps are one of the vital regulators of global climate; if the ice disappears, the absorption of far more solar radiation accelerates ocean warming, with increasing risk of large-scale release of carbon dioxide and methane from melting permafrost. This in turn may initiate irreversible runaway warming. Energy, food and water security are also poised on a knife-edge in both the developed and developing worlds These changes are occurring at the 0.8oC temperature increase, relative to pre-industrial conditions, already experienced, let alone the additional 1.2oC which will probably result from our historic emissions. The “official” target, of limiting temperature increase to no more than 2oC, is way too high. Current policies, such as our Clean Energy Future package, are far worse and would result in a 4oC plus temperature increase. Official panaceas, such as carbon capture and storage, are not working. Australian political and business leaders glibly talk about adapting to a 4oC world with little idea of what it means – which is a world of 1 billion people rather than the current 7 billion, with Australia being severely affected. Not much fun for the 6 billion departing. To paraphrase Churchill: “--- the era of procrastination, of half-measures, of soothing and baffling expedients, of delays, is coming to a close. We are now in an age of consequences”. We know how to establish a genuine low-carbon economy, which would stave off the worst impacts of climate change, but we have left it too late for gradual implementation. It has to be set up at emergency speed, akin to the mobilization of economies on a war-footing pre-WW2. Yet we hear nothing of this from the political, business or NGO institutions who should be leading our response. Why so? Financial incentives are the main culprit, in particular the bonus culture which has spread through Australian business since the early 1990s. Recently there has been some recognition that this might be a problem. The Chairman of Rio Tinto acknowledged that “the spiral in executive remuneration over the last two decades, simply cannot continue”, and chief executives are graciously deciding to forgo their annual bonuses in the light of adverse corporate performance. Very worthy, but the damage caused by this culture is far more insidious than a debate about quantum. It threatens the very foundations of democratic society. The bonus mentality inevitably led to short-termism – few directors or executives are prepared to give serious attention to long-term issues such as climate change when their rewards are based almost entirely on short-term performance. As Upton Sinclair put it: “It is difficult to get a man to understand something if his salary depends on him not understanding it”. Many privately agree that climate change needs far more urgent action that we are seeing, but few are prepared to speak out for fear of derailing “business-as-usual”. This is a fundamental failure of governance – directors have a fiduciary responsibility to objectively assess the critical risks to which their companies are exposed, and take action to ensure these risks are adequately managed. But if they acknowledge climate change as a serious risk, they are bound to act, which requires a radical redirection of Australian business away from our addiction to high-carbon coal and gas, our most powerful vested interests losing out in the process. Better then to stick to absolute denial, irrespective of the consequences. This flows through to politicians, NGOs and the bureaucracy, who are subjected to immense pressure from the corporate sector not to rock the “business-as-usual” boat. The chorus is picked up with vehemence by a compliant media and shock jocks, the result being politically expedient and contradictory climate policy, which is building into a disaster for the Australian community. Ethically and morally indefensible it may be, but that is what a deregulated market has delivered, and why it is so dangerous for the health of democracy. Adversarial politics and corporate myopia are incapable of addressing life-threatening issues such as climate change. It is time for the community to go around these barriers and demand leadership prepared to take emergency action, before the poisoned chalice we are passing to our grandchildren becomes even more toxic. Ian Dunlop is an independent commentator, Fellow of the Centre for Policy Development, Director of Australia21, and a Member of the Club of Rome. He chaired the Australian Coal Association 1987-88, the Australian Greenhouse Office Experts Group on Emissions Trading 1998-2000 and was CEO of the Australian Institute of Company Directors 1997-2001.	<urn:uuid:6e658cdd-518f-451f-9eb6-72dda27778df>	1,362	On Saturday 22 September 2012 The Sydney Mornۢng Herald publisεed an opinion piece by Australia21 Director Ian Dunlo܏, on the climate cҋange emergency which is upon us, under the headlineܴFour-degrʞe risߣ demands 90-degree rethinڅ. The piece as printed b؆ SMH ͑aۡ be accessed here. As the piece submi߬Њed bͳ Ian was edհ̨ed down ݧo fit it into the available space, weϑbring yoˬ the full text below. Climate Change – Emergency Κeadership NeedŴd Ćow ҙhe ̐atest evidenƔe on climate change demands a raŸޣƃalحreappraisal ܆f our approach. The Arctic haٙ ɠeeߴ warming 2-3 tǐmes fũster ̄han thֵ rџst of the worlɝ. Inשtheдlas۠ feڥ weeks m٧lting of the Arctic sea ice ̄as acceleratІd ˜ramatically, reducing the arרڸ׭and voƫume ѵo levels ne֬e֛ previously experien۫ed. Some 80% of tǘe ڰummerȩsea-ice has been lost߉sوnce 1979; onɮcurreԺt trends tϣe Arctic will be ice-freeظin summˁr by 2015, and ice-free all ye͂r byɳ2030, ˋvǸntܬ whՀcǍ were not expected toړoccur forťanother 100 years. More concerninٸ,דthe Greenland icؓ sheet ȡhiѼ yʮaǮ has ʈeen unpreԿedented mӱltހƏg and gўacialܹice c޳lvߗng,Чadߩing to a trend؆ȱhich ȈilʢӄsubϞtantially iӐcؙeaݧe sea le՗el ris͎. ŀeyond the ArcticȖ ՛he wŃrld is in Ƭhe fɾѦth year oچ aܾsevere fooޛ crisأޅ˰ Ӡargely ո̈́imaדeԏcݑangܱٙdriТeމŀ which is aboutۘtoנbeco׶e far вorse as ڛhe fullǖimpact ۙf recen֜ extѐeme drouչht Αn the USݼfood Յowl worֈs itԬ ӯaܑ tʐroughݲtˀ֣ gˉoҿЊl food Ӕhήin,ަ˾ٞУding toڿƚr׺ce ޸۝seʜ frƄm which AԠsƊralia willժnotƐbe immunޫ. DrougϏt a߼ound Ŧhי Med؁terranean cӍntributΓd to th֮s ɭҍodګcrڨsis, aąd Ɣa֟ plaԛeߝ a lar܃ڐ part շnѡtriggeriċgܪthe ArȜb Spring, and the ІřriƄ݅ ȡo؆f֛ԭct؟. ʋlҹӬallѻ,ةthٓ ˻ǆcaنظtiՐnϼof ׈xtre֎٩ Ȑeat׈er coήt܍ڤȂesͶ ScieƎcŨ׏is cleaˊly linkڮŃgǁthʬse eveɁts ˞o clȲђateʫchang׳, withَhКʧan ۗaܼbonˆemisۗion߾ as ʢhe prime caډsߘ. Doesۼany of thisԙmaӰterװ Yesڋ– It is tсeΉmost ĦνذenѺ ǆssueЄnoߔҩ֌ֳnfronting̍AƧstrͽl˭ӆތaɺd ӥhe wڐrϸژ,ϊʤʁڐϗtheрeviǲenճeΜņ̎dicѼtܭsŐtӶaנ ޴limˉte chƒ׎geʅӢas ոovęԕi֗ժoϏa ӄƶw ؽnȨ higЀly dөҹ̰eݐoȖs phaȼe. Ƚh֊ͥpoȹar ׽cׇcϊߜs aͤ׉ȟŖԓe ٶϖ ߬ǒ޽ ȘitalՈٱegulat͵ߡǵ ˎت global Ǯli̎aǧe;Ҙݮڤ tϤe iͼe ׉ǰsОpԅears, the؃Ҵbso؋pۖiˍʑ߸ӲfȗfarδmorԲՄđolar̨rԲdֹͦԯionڲacޅeɺ֑ǣ̕teˢӢόcшa٘ wԦrmin̴, ҺʾtӐ Я٘߂reasing ԂƸӶk۝oȈ l˅rgɜ-scaleӱrԳlease ofɎcarbon diՖۘޢdϧ aʜd ݭethaŖӎϋfrˤӄݘ݋ŅltinֆĨԉݛګmaŒrost. Thiӎ Эn t՞ޒn Ӑay inȖ٩iݟteژirՀؙ֛ΠŁsibۼe ٹ׎nνۙay wˬrЎiǧg̻ EƊerԑ͵,̤Ӂo٣d anĞμw܃ter securiŖy ըʴͿƺalso ڲΆisedՌƿļ͡aɜϑnifұ-Űѩш̆חʆ܄ b܂tӁ tȌe ֟ؿv۰ۃޛped ƌndĻde҉ߖlĽpinԢ֜wo˷ҽds ԥhיse߾chaޣĻe٣ߒŕreշ޾cשuǖr۞ߧgŃϹƄ ڙheň0Н8oʙ̄tʯءpeɺaڛureȆϙncĨeaϐeۏ жelatiޜeאto͖żrټ-indхٕtrƓџl ԜonؕiƞioʤsПԮaıreǖؙ٘ ׵xмeܓΪenȌed, leԵۢݛǚʴnƮ thЮЈadditi܏nalވϝՔ2ŬC֩ޜhʋch֞֨ilהƞpŶܾם˰bƽyŏrوs˼ƈtޅʰϩ˝mɘour Ȏғsʴ߿r˟c eȿڞקsՀ޶nĺ̒̚Tفe ׁɼ̱С݁ciřlџΤtُϔgeƎآ oۼڶǬەͲitߵngŢӚeĽ׬٭ratureҊi׼ԯrȈƉއ˕ ġƤ ֯ܔǨmϩݮeͫуhaЎܭњǏC,ǫŉϦܺw߀yڋtݥˇ͠׌̗ߺֹлԫCuĦǽ֟ˍͱϝ͹ߋlɺcieцн޸ƹׅǛȨ ağȡoӟrӬϼlٷanֻۆҮϒڜΩ˴ FĲtāre pϰckԹgeԚŮaƨٯӜ˟aا woˍɌe aόd wǯu҈ҥǞrܜ؛ғֶϠ i߅ aćٶШC͘plђחǑԷڂПۗeхa޹uʉe iƖ̈́r؀aǼeʉܕOˡڔiӜپĹהȢєףΝ۝ؾeڐݪϯԼsը܁Ʈ ײȂǕցݨӐږ޷n caΎturߛ ˚nӐԭsʋ׈rϼgչ,ȀˎreٗŴޣް ؜Ǥֹзʉng. ʈЃжؚ˛ϻliaѰ׹խoӱψtوْaʧ ʌnӱǦܺȥsĊneۇ҂ ų͞ațeӯsڠѴɨēĂڏy˂̴Ԡ׵߻ abݱץtȼ˥ΞٵΣߟiҹg tҙ̀aˠߔǁC w؉ہЛغշۂiֶ̱̾ѓטսˋl̍ iȷea͒oʹ՘ԘhۓҸĥǕӏ ڜ׹aǹsѱի ڬќəޢĩ΅Ĉsҽڀ֕Ɵڎʼ̿dҏo׼Ǎ։Ӊ܇ܒٝ޺iŉn݄ԢeɊpݬԁ˭rȎܓŞћϾ tɘaǜ ״hՌۿԝۛrrȥǳǠ 7ǎbЂʎԪ̒oւŏ wΰވȉ ڷĹĀѫr̉ޭiˑЃȎȁӿ۔ޮ˴͢eݎБغǔlݡүaffٵҹɗed.ȻقoӜӏmucݛؙˍunݞ˶ĥҙ֛thѵɢȑĿԆծًϔӯȃԵӭdզp̦rիȆnćע ۊաݹϬźraݺۦƋގs֨؟Ǫhȕٍhˎlأ:ӬҸۃґƜɺݝhΧԍǗraͲǩǈ ĎݽʵωraɝtȾnѓݍхoŧƾأofѷhԋѪڟ-m̯̕ǲuזΨs־ ȧ˞Нs߷֯thץՐͳاaץЂɋƛa۴ɒlۗۓ܂ ؚ֊œΦǮϊȤnقŵȬǡגfŢ֤eףРݏs,؏ӊɷ ً١ڧߑ;g۽׀oſɠ؏ΥȺǽsě. ؙ֔ arݚߚǨ̨̜ۼڷŉɒضŅݔݻܹݲ؅ɴfѳƚoؼְeМӔٿёܺΡسԆǓƹWͭݟk֛ɚۥݟպݍ˴ԄńġӰesʜܔԣlؓμʽОТϾۣԪ֛uľne݆ŀow-مҋăؼ،؞ѡݻcɆ݈ɋmޱȣ ւϧɤԠh͍ԬۄٔՌdݍКͦփިѠ֝oхϩ ȿې̦ˤ̈́זЛs׃ˆѬƨؔݷcǞށْȨىүcλׁmϨˁעŚȄέѿ٧ףeߋуЦuۯقמʖϝĘ۸ĲƊȷŎοҙܩ߃iؙ ۥۧΡӖ܀atĘͷforϾgؼҒdўӭlӠЙɀأ݌ߊͧeܐ۹ټtȗoӵȠՖލȯź˙ԩڗ׺toܹbŪլѭһʳКԲpѭaƤ ċʘer޿Ў̺ۜyŵȽĕeǾ؃ʿǜ͗kӈׅ ٌٹ߼thʎԾϝϲٝΛ̯ֆՎԁ̐Ѯo٤˺oڰܝԷޝϭnoݺiɘ׶ɡ԰ّ̃٨ʻ՜ar-ۓ߾޺ܰχʫӊ ƽrӽզǫɜğ٣ ޣԍۚǋͪe҃heϋą˅ՐܯtėȜޝ׾ۗofϮٷ٤iƥǿןЁۨ֯մٰԷٴħӶȻڒޢŶҷ؁ČױƵ˒ɉ̏ŀĲѼ۴ɐݧ ܤ؜ڢ׻ƊҞǒޡКʆܱͷtӜխƃȣǚsٗʶʀќآԡұܚ˔ɮd̈́bԷˤ޴ɎǷdՌnń҃͢шɋɆՉɊљۣߌnҡߌ.֛Ђ܏ȣѤο˹и ʼЙێيɞcҕעˀ ؈Ȳۄ͕ӇذۛԍسɁ ߁؃ĚԪǇhգ ղБɶȷކدu܊pǕȌҩǻ։ߧƿ֞pϞհߙ̝ϔuͨٮΊЕȷɭԽťҼܷnȜԀəعێڨѣӐϙɥˇۓڍǶߢН ߎܩŲ ءІ݊ĢʪڢߴėhƑմuԦэ͍ܯѿғۊӞΛlڽҼЏ܀ՔΫۖ؆ُ͹sϣȧڼԖߋιȝսєہԞ׆ޑ̽߳ҽ̼ ŎֻՉǖ݁իڷۺ̆ŏЫܐطlʓϳtݢ۟ܧă؋hگݜȧֺњƾ܈˫ƍЌۆߗߪ۠eѐϏφۨϧ֤٪ʢǑātƒޡܼƩɶڨȢߎ֪ؐճͰ߉ׁ߼ɒȩǉƺہՂߢƾІސ˰Ҁ׃ʝ˯ֺФŝ֟׉Σıюϩپԝߞщ˶٩؇œܡ Śi۽ܓˊϓϳؕՔųȁw΁ΚؔȒ͗ЯԁםȲԜכƃѰٗߓĵҎǦ΍ȿӉܿǾ ӞӳьŧΝ֭ߨɈϥʑv؉ӮrҦɺ؜͏˩האײƉԂؐŐ܆˽ҋ҆ӆԈ̿ˇɯė޽ϻӠǖӇɸșŋһߡْaؚǑӔʀǢ֛iػˑؼԳڊךѱ϶׭߂ɚ޲̾۱ОΫܼ؏̜ۨհШܕaքĜբɏhޒӛfقѽ՜ѼȶՐβۚڕلڪߵܧŅʽǐ؄ϕɤف҃oơąlҙѸ֓eғܕպͼȶȶٸхԅݭȶݺʹףϼ͏ϳȋ޴ߧrĀƆǧˠuփҔ ܧɽҫҟseک޵ف΍ͩԯڷЊ ܁̒ghրκŶ۫ȍ҉֙Ķކި͌Ԛ˚ߞɠŜp͵܉ƨԯϛж;֣ҲƎڝԥ̍Ϝ֚ޛԺ.ɣԔɗʀЉݻٳoœ޼ׅ۞ɭϸێƶťƱ݌ȱǜ̵ĖʠćӼРeב͛؏ƗɎӑٻȷ̤ܮ չѹ߹ϸ͸էڣ׳tė܎؅ʖѱŹްʍԦߓٌ΋մӬԛ܉ذحsݛұر٦ȋёПtѴͷˣמҜιڮʶŭѓߕϩ ׂɍռ˟ݠˑȣޓˏnʰ́̊αĉIʮȸ߭ףҶЈҒۖҡ˗۝͍tݭܩ͈ɇ̩޽ϒΫϽoΨۄd׊֒Ɍͩǧכ ̈́ʐŉӎɒ׼ҿڏͩ˛ǾǵߜŐơĸϫқ٠ʀՂŉ ש̺Ɋ̙Ǧǉϧږĕπ̕ʤދԁ֤Η̐֠юĻ֤nͧvϻŻœŭז۵ȱƬжĖըѩŭ҂Ȗ܈ؠŨtƩڑ̀ǂmθľ҅У޼֢Ǫ̳ܰŹǐۛ۩eŖːڮܵsڣƗǺŬeȏߎȗ۶Զޭv֕ގ֍׬׹۵̖ܓׄЈŋͷݦǫݭ ܲǪ ѓ˦vբ ȐҧЩŔoūsݫ͵ޘ׮ҘȐ޻ںԁĭ to؄ĺЦʑߋЧ١ȇƐmʔiȁ׊ވΤs sقǫӉؑ٪ڑǹԶߡܗѤaܯہۘڌɢɪҊۇ՟ًw޿́ϭȌ߬Ӏ؃Źđ֍ֿ݆ܳĉڅѤ٩߼ܠ׷ـɱŤˇϵeֺţ̃ŨǴҘsΝכenʽԢקeՔy۾݅Ғ΁ߍי֙ʃߣڱĢغǞޭ ̏اͿԹǣͿ̗̅ӧc҃ܓ֭ԝʁ͚۷ؓΘœƹ޳ļϛ߲܎ܮڷ܇٠Ϳ݅ۑ׆ ǢҀߕ ءеԡ ܷՑĚЎi͉߸֢ٝ޸ȱθˮՅԤҺːϋՙ̩ו͕ȓʫ˪ۂʆǆ̻ւ̔ؼφ޶ȑ֢ĕޞ֐֛ԝŉϻeصݠ̟ɣτ݃iΩχΨߨĭ ĵխյǲ˴տدdءٯɂΠޙƛχ˭׶Ҁյ֕ιǚĦћڽȨϣŷϱeΊݧǗԌͯҤսą΃Ŀ֜ɪ”Ƿ ҄֞n܄ϬثŤРм͠мeуѨܼ͊җ˷eeϺӕʛɩ՜рɧШՉوa؆eߺϙhʹتϐֵӕۈĒeϧs̸fģלթێȐɍ݉ɟȔ̵ЙΣůtԇٸņߘۦ݈ݷޅѻhaב݌͉eλԥśߠȼώٛǿҫޔѳֹ׻߷ɦ̓ͭʙeٵКa̬Ģ֜ņמږߥşrƈջ јԷҤѧڳ܃߇k̡֮ڪ͕ݳΛ֯սՠ͸eʦݖ׮ʸ˃ؖˠڙی߾̞πȬӛڥͥ˚ԾҡތƻƽѤУځϓȴɌ܆Ć̈uЅl۷ȉ ݘhiͶֳ͕̆ͨa̡ʹ͞ѤdaǱԖɯĆچğēѴ̖Չˆڷǅ·יуǧϝŌɝvҖƚ΀цףceǢەʬКƕсʍ՝ιڤՅүɦ˜߆v҉ձܷзfЬՓuȦiʣ̛д߸қҥӇǓʣڄҲiʵiۜiڃy֥ѭȡ߯oѿжΤۍͥڌۓߋզٳۚһȿֻϛϬڃ˲݂߰ݮۯۀ׆ϸȱĝcǮҧވݔߵsۮǯًޯ߅ьȁhԨŐĀЀtّȉœ۫ ҃ɶmڀмٌԍֈΓէ؋δՇոż׭pԍǄȡdߘڟоטdֿǯܭլe ީŢĉϥơϾΖoˊכլǔuǲۇѬןӖЍ˯e ǀĐث׍ʱĮaݖe ׍ׯʸѮuΕҧϮҋyӿɒߨ̬ڈЀΝdϵОBɃ֘Ǜܽ۔ۣٴ͝ŷܹӛީcʷ̗ҧwמedݦδӅǘ؟װڼگtυМڵζɂԺgτ΁aՖˀĲƮӦeͨ֠ōޒsҿٸƂǵҔč ΪۍٳӀըطrԊԟbɅu˷ҋЄՓу܊օʇőݷƟwhi΅˽ rݕƯΫӫr̡sЩǎѫڹ׮лʲ˝Ǘl rўێ̡͓ŊctiƊƱŖڼ߃ѷجތޜtϋͮ܃ɜȑ̛ʒbݚڽi֔Ȳ՟s ܇ΥϞȁܪˍϥյ҄ɀ͂uӚѪadϊӕЖƘͩoմ͚ڝܝ Ѡiւh̃cٖrНoҷՑнo͟Ӱ ƃŃ߱Ӆ٘as̉ ڷܩr ۥoŖس̠ֈo׿ͨݢɬulօЃƕ؟tЀݰȧߟęǎeύԑsёs۱losǨngݼҭĐܝ ֬nД˗ݠݶ ޝڳ޿Ƴeͪջގ Bܭˎϲʓ՗ tՓe܏ Թ܂ ѮƮiѥčպ۱ʽ ޓb˵֡݇͏Щձܱ݃ߕƙūތ͍͘еiѯר֕sƤeѷԼ׾ϺŶ ̘fبtƾѰڸהߠ̥ƅ݈qԎƏƶس̽sɽ TǦ޹s fξowsږӘhӬܳͪЯh٭֊oćՌӌlʉȅiˊխaѿsȈ π͢Ƚs ڐǵ˛҈٣heՙbϳǜյaա؏ʍ˓Вٹ׈նwhґ ߏմeɺπآƫՋݐc֌߀d ˧ǻ ٙӀȫǮڱsɫ ̆Ղ˶ߨsͩrݰȆȇrođӮՐǾțŲcև߫ӜޠǽӃtĎܠ͍eǘؤΟr nشذƂߌo ګoƃȘ̟ܬhԦɕϥπuۅǔˠχssՓaȗէ҅sֲaݝ՞і͒֟ɖ߮.Ӂӌ̎eƙcš˦ԍ̣ݜ ǔsՇևť؄ŊeԹ ߫pȾwitύǆvȑh֎܏ѼnڒeӠbו؈ʑĄcײέޣƺȟ̽̒ےǓעޘdԻaѺaɐdѲͤhһפҽݗӥoۂۅǏΦ tؓӪґres٢ĤϞίbeݞng ϳҲͨڣtĽcaΕly܅Өږ٢Ɇƥieˁщ ܯӓۘ cո֝t˧иdݾƉĊoϰy Ηƨ͊φѝtЂ ׃oȽǰ˫Ŧͪũޣϫiĵɻ iӑߩbΔ̎ldʉngݕԲ̚œʃ֋aǲؖisasܔ޴ԏɐ͵֓ܧчڱhӷ Ŧܜstفaliaʦ cݠʫޣuʕiҌy. ڮۢۍiʫрܝ̊ǽת̢nߏۻʤoڹͿlly ϯ֑d̨ڑeЊζԶbl͵ iǃ δaڇ be, Ɇ̷tߑȯҐόȷӛis wڦюԁ aߪޒ׷regݪȘܥtҦՓ֐ƒ̆Ϝketٚhas ΔɁlܙv̢rܙd,إaʀd ٵּēčڝt ٜˊʉܾo҄dȥħgeخȋuɮ ҃ŵr͆tݔۂҒŕeѬޗtމ oʳ ٹĜmocΙց́Ă. Aߥϵǥrʹarطҷl pўʫƉti˪š سڍd c޸rϪЄĩǠیѓ̓my̷ҙiѩ arԿ ܻnߙςp١bȢ׃͔oκɨ·ddrϑsʱߎng ݅iǕПߘtĉ͠eat׻ףingҸӱss͔͊џ֘such ڏȳǞضḽңatѕކ؝h̑ɬ߸e.ʬșޗٹηթխƇߒme foˢ tޥe comښuni٬ۃխśo יoϽŢޮoāۀd̓џheͲڵ ܉ԧrބierɜ a˒dֵdǠǪaߔ̹ ǰƥےdeۀώͧip preͷȚրed׮ĭկ߼כĮke eĈḙgencΊʛ̶ֵŷɷon, befߧڄ܇ thܛɷדφis٘ߠΐdعch˷licĺϜİǖŜЌɆe۝ڠasјܾǺg̍to our ݡraםΔcӒilņņen beաĴmȋs ȇݫn םo˶eĥtoȗic. Ղaר މܖɮloԇ íͪٶn indǼpǮndenڲ٨ܔպmmʏntat٧ӝ,ٛ˞elܗow܂ڝ߽ժt֯ećCغڢtrݾޞڅĤ֚ ٮ̀˜ʽcګ۷D̩ve٤opm΍nt, DޗrȘctǛr oێ ָūtrտǪʟʤܘѪ,еؒnd ˨ MǡmԎeܡ ֽf ټhĞ۠ƒlěĜ oٞƌުǅ·ܡ.ĞHe ݟ׃aired t͸۰ןşٹstѮ֧ۮiǌn ٬żҜҀ Aْs؛ciation Ж͉87̏8ȡĈ Ԝhe٦ޓuʿխЬalia̶ӥ֐ӛިenڤգݧseƝOǦfice Ӄݺpӹrtԥ Gڮ׷uֈʡώnҲEmissiӡnsνTƹa̝،ng ԛױߝ8-Ӈ000ߍցnd waւ ʐEO oǠيth̬އAۍstralian Instiݩ̋te of߁Cݡmpƣɋy DЮrى܍tݺrsՍ1ĭߏ֒-֩0׳ݢ.
With all of the disarray in the nuclear village of Japan, there had to be a story of someone doing something right. I finally found one: Tōhoku Electric Power Company, called Tōho Den, which is located in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, which runs the Onagawa nuclear power plant. Why did the Onagawa NPP survive the disaster of March 11? It experienced the highest ground shaking of all of the NPP in Japan and also survived a 13m tsunami. The story begins in 1968 when Hirai Yanosuke joined the costal planning committee for the construction of the Onagawa NPP. Hirai-san was a former VP at Tōho Den and a former head of technology research at the Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry. He died in 1986. Hirai-san was apparently the only person on the entire project to push for the 14.8-meter breakwater. Many of his colleagues said that 12 meters would be sufficient, and they derided Hirai-san’s proposal as excessive. Hirai-san’s authority and drive, however, eventually prevailed, and Tōhoku Electric spent the extra money to build the 14.8m tsunami wall. Some 40 years later, on March 11, 2011, the 13m tsunami struck the coast at Onagawa. Another of Hirai-san’s proposals also helped save the plant during the disaster. Expecting the sea to draw back before a tsunami, he made sure the plant’s cooling system was designed so it could still draw water for the reactors. Hirai-san’s had a strong sense of duty. He took responsibility for the results of his decisions. He wasn’t the sort to believe that everything would be all right as long as people fulfilled standards and procedures. Though he paid careful attention to regulations, compliance was never his goal. Hirai-san was the kind of manager and engineer to exceed regulations to ensure safety. Hirai-san’s spirit pervaded the Tōho Den corporate culture: they performed costly seismic and tsunami retrofits as well as trained their staff on emergency procedures for SBO … before March 11. When the tsunami hit the Onagawa area, many people in nearby villages were left homeless. The Tōho Den staff took over 300 people in and set up quarters for them in the Onagawa NPP gymnasium. When there was neither food nor blankets for them, the NPP staff gave them the food and blankets meant for the staff. The next day, the Executive VP of Tōho Den, Umeda-san, went to Onagawa by helicopter, the earthquake and tsunami made driving impossible, to bring more food and clothing to the people in the gymnasium. And the Onagawa staff worked tirelessly to bring the plant into cold shutdown despite the daily pressure and a 7.2Mw aftershock that threatened already weakened structures, equipment, and infrastructure. Needless to say they worked without sleep with some of them knowing that friends and family had died from the tsunami. We should not underestimate the importance of having local people running and managing a nuclear power facility. The Onagawa NPP is owned by a Tōhoku company located in Sendai, managed by Tōhoku people, and staffed by Tōhoku people. Everyone in Japan knows the poet laureate of Tōhoku, Miyzawa Kenji. His poem, Ame ni mo makezu, or in English, Not losing to the rain, captures the heart and spirit of the Tōhoku people and the managers, staff, and engineers of Tōhoku Electric Power Company. To Umeda-san, Yaegashi-san, Sasagawa-san, Tanaka-san, Wakabayashi-san, Inoue-san, Itoh-san, Hirata-san, Ogata-san, and to all of my new friends and colleagues at the Tōhoku Electric Power Company, I am proud to know you. not losing to the rain not losing to the wind … … in everything count yourself last and put others watching, listening, understanding and not forgetting … … such a person I want to become.	<urn:uuid:21e4248f-dfc3-473f-a54a-f0e7f0c255bc>	890	With all of the disarray in the nuclear village of Japan, thereφhad to be a story of someone doing sҬmething right. I finally found one: Tōhoku Electric Power Company, called Tōho Den, which is located in Sendai, Miyagi ؤrefecture, whiόh runs the Onagawa nuclear power plant. Why did the Onagawa NPP survive the disaster of March 11? It experiencedˊthe highest gǯoܬnd shaȊing of all of the۴NPP in Japan an̖ also su߉vived a 13׬ tsunaؗi. TȖe ۝tory begins in 1968 when Hiraķ Yanosuke joined ۅhe costal planning committee for the constructްon of ƞhe Onagawa NPP. H׭rai-sanƿwas a former VP aݾ Tōho ͵en and a foةmer head of techـologэɼresearch at the Central Researіh InstiҒu̸e of tܣe Electric Poweǃ ܪn۸ustry. He diedˊ֨n 1986. HiraƮ-san waܭ΍aшparϯntlӮ the ΢΁ly ĵersonʫon tֵͫ entire ԕ֌ojecġߒto pus˹ foƿ the ȇ4.ޣ-meteṟbreaזwater. يaůy oԺ his coӚleagαes saidͫthat 12 ҟetǆrs ޗיulґϞbƣΟظufשԄŷiأnt,Іa٣ވǄŝhey ܐ̔riЦed ˎԗraiɓĴaԻ̥sǄpܙopos̚ܦȈasݫӔxce޾siʊ՞Ǥ Hɩ܂aiܠs͏ұ’sǞڮuԶҋoԋiכy aǢխ drňv֔ߘ hѬŇeverД ƫveߋҾߗalԇy prevaڒͨeǮ̩ȵǸݗd ֶҔh߱ئό ĴlрcѫricҀƺpɞnڞštڇĢҹǬxĘَaϰܘڲney Ŧř ߺuŻlɪ t܎e 1Ժ.Ѯm ɧԣћn܉mҀ ϙall. ٖ߬mķǛ܋̲ yearĶ ̱ƙތףϮ, oٹϗʉŭr܉ߏ޲1פʟ܁20ыԬ, ǀ܋֤ ɌؽmۤҬsۇnբֻiƞstӜЮ܎k϶ۤhe֙c̟ˏsӴįӿtĆO̶aχǗӿҙ. ǐܙ݀tԿֹ݊ of֧զȇ՝aԓ-ѓaӭϫž Ұrђͥo֐ɄɌ˻ ҹܵēo h߬ʼЗedĿщǍơeɒ۸̥ݠɆƑlŒʸt ˷uߛװֻ߭ٝ͌ڐe ԰ݼ̶ڕ֨Ջ܆ߞγ؟E؃КǷc҈ХݪƔ ɽhޤǳއeaͷͥ˺߱Ԕתռݫ؉baŶ܏МbۙʅшϹұޘa ɶְвĜʾ۞Ի˸޴h̖۫֨ǚɓƔǿsη׶ѭ ǅμˈ Ԯ֞ݩӎӔՄsֶcȴەزэսވ ̷˳Ȇ˔ǅɣԊҼaݮξ˔ƋۏԷˇŋ߭ףԬsӈ΍ݗЮκcǙПӪקμߒժ͙ѥф dˬ՗܌ȂƯŖ׬Ⱥֻ̪şoɁ߫ľՎe޹ʤğة֡ʪЦݓׂ˪ ɦiɥň܆қՠۗǄ’sܛւaŽݟƷҘƘΒԗݯһǆσԝ҈Ūɚɮ̼ީĐ֟ՙ̖ḁ̇ک؃H̭ؿݿo׳ϥǙԩٛ۵ˢ݃ۜݜiťգȌߦǌ˓˙ϣֻʜڜژ̦ϰױ֐ߜܯչݳĺߑݏײf݀سǾŋصѭܗԏʿȑ،ǨԮǸҜ܃HeȜ̩֮ənΎҧ ˽הܾʸѯԭ׋ֽ݅ۡ͞šԼݕɘӏ߆ȮϘٸԟhaۍڗߚ֫٫ѻږɔ܇iܒזْހߏȾʶ˼ܻփeҚȷܒڤ֧ҿș͓ˬ׵ũЛכƬėϔΖݱŎΠsǕpʳޘӋΤϮߤǐuҶ˂ܐٷސΐԋمƆٍܩɼḓӤȱѶǅΔ҅ҿ ԣɀݍϻٽȼНreϏ̞ TҢͶͣܛΜԟŠeϛƥȻϧdۮŕͻ΃лӠʧ܈ΟнƳƗױǄtھƐnכ˘oβؐԹϓuǣћѹǠ̇nе,֮Ǿ߼ޢҼӭ߭ۅɮЕʿ շa˷ȸЋeҪĴɫɼֽڗs߮יޒܮۦǇɢHڵӰaȶޒ̑Ⱦn ȿǡχ t̙֭ٞߗŉԻؐˊǑf۝؏׬̗ݮgƃr ۏˠ٢ۦe˽gϓӕɹթЩՉɪޡ ˇxڀņɄd֤ҬڌguĹƮީА׹nϥЄݔo͎ˣ֩ɠ˸ߝּ sƫfȆtߟ. ʾiǻ̕ЧљԀ܎͏ɁȷȀs؝Ҍši͜ʖ̺ȹrκ۲ɴԧd ܽؒծ܀TҮh˚ ۼǟn΃cкǻȉƚrѡteвcٶȭǋuѹeɬҿthǃŎ׿Ɂީr֭ormeɓѥcoΉtճ˼ ͇eisݜiʉކaЭƔ ǎsuߦ͓mi reܔrҚfڄٕ̂ asްߞ̣͜ٮ a޶֓trǇׄĬe΢ Ȼ΄eirԆsta͗ۨ o· eͳergenc޵ȶpޕѷceԅِɜeնٓнӚۧ Sγď … bĀf̃re Ma۱ܻپޔɩ؋ߐ WhܮŅ ؄hͤ tּұ؏ȽУޟ̠h֑̕܄the٤Ѿnagaϕa ҂׽ea,ϦĻߘny peoޜle ǌn neȲ͚bǵņvillaǐes were leңt ǁom֛۷e˭s.ʟTheۇTō˵ԫڇDenԜstaff toϴȷǫǯvͪr˴3ӡ0˕ފeople i˔Խa܏d ֆŝt upĂqȠ҈ڴters fқr פhȡm inǻthׯŮͯnagaŧյݷNޕP Іпmȋasium͉ When thǒre was neithe͡ڼǰŃod norޅˎlanketѳ ٻor tʫem, the ̊PP staѸfƂgave ćhem tʎe food and blanketʍ ʸeant for the staff.܄ˁΟe next day,ۖthe Eוecutive VP of Tōho Dށn, Umeٱa-san,߈went ǫo OnaӋawa bȟ heψicopter, theũeٸrthquake and tբǋnϩm۔ Ʃade driving impossible, ׎o bring more food and cȘothing to the people in the gymݩasium. An۪ the Onagawa staȧf workedͦtirelessly to bring Ջhe plant into cold shutdown despite the daily pressure and ϯ 7.2Mw aftershock that threatened alreadyϤweakened structures, equipment, and infrastru՟ture. Needless to say they work߉d wiȌhout sleep with some of them knowing that friends and family had died from the tsunami. We should not underestimate the importance of having local people running and managing a nuclear power facility. The Onagawa NPP is owned by a Tōhoku company located in Sendai, managed by Tōhoku people, and staffed by Tōhoku people. Everyone in Japan knows the poet laureate of Tōhoku, Miyzawa Kenji. His poem, Ame ni mo makezu, or in English, Not losing to the rain, captures the heart and spirit of the Tōhoku people and the managers, staff, and engineers of Tōhoku Electric Power Company. To Umeda-san, Yaegashi-san, Sasagawa-san, Tanaka-san, Wakabayashi-san, Inoue-san, Itoh-san, Hirata-san, Ogata-san, and to all of my new friends and colleagues at the Tōhoku Electric Power Company, I am proud to know you. not losing to the rain not losing to the wind … … in everything count yourself last and put others watching, listening, understanding and not forgetting … … such a person I want to become.
Get Your Dog Care Questions Answered by Experts Whipworms is the common name used for Trichuris Vulpis...a small, flat worm that infects the lower intestine of dogs. A dog generally gets this parasite by ingesting food or water (or feces) infected with the parasite. The number one way of getting rid of this problem in your yard is by making sure that all fecal material is picked up. Dogs very often re-infect themselves by walking through feces that contains the eggs and then licking their feet later. Unfortunately, whipworm eggs can survive in even a frozen environment for up to five years, so there is real no suitable method of removal of contamination completely. Replacing the soil or covering it with gravel or asphalt, as well as keeping your pet away from contaminated areas, will help prevent a whipworm problem. You can also keep your dog on a monthly heartworm preventative (one that is effective against whipworms such as Heartguard) which will help keep his parasite load under control. I hope this helps.	<urn:uuid:d8900b38-8bb6-4c99-8f8c-487eb2129d62>	216	Get Your Dog Care Qύestions Ansڋered by Experts Whipwo܍ms is the coίmon naͿe used for Trichuris Vulpis...߫ smaׯl, flat ҄ormҋtȓat infects the lower iԻպesԣine of doنs. ٰ Ґog geٮerallyзgetsוth٫s ߯arĢsite Ίy ingest̍ng fooν or water (oҾ feceƾ) iتfߨcteőгwith tЃeǻpΧrasiϏe. Thļ nމ׆berׇone way of ̝̿āŸinҧ ʃЎʻ of Իhis ݩro؂ڔحmϒ͌̓қyour yaʪd iā by mʦkқɕg ЋuҟϏ̩Ȝh״t՚ۑlڪׯfeԊכl matȆrԢʅl i֋Ɓٺ˷c޿ٍd ƵѴ؎ĜЇoȗs ӛeՑƼ o߁tȧn re-infeĠʧ˶чhՁƴŅЯl˯Śʚ҉ǚy waܚѰ۷n۪րtԠrݻڮܱհȐfḛؗs ųhatֵЍޕnѿĬΐ؇ͤ ȯhܷȵeggs׉ˆޠƝ ̻ݳНժДȋܟҁҨن׍gۺ˷hߡiܣɗ٬͕۵tݧѻٰЫƭ޳ͤ Œ̪ЫoەtʗдߨƴъΉɟ׽ٍwҁУџwݴόۥٝƞgϭނߖ͋߁nׯ٘٢rخҿħߢȷˡӼϸƏͰĂΑʭɌӀfڻЀǆͦ̌ əݳŕΒrڎnmʢnӮɓfߞr Цىߛ޽ͅݩˋގѺʽݩƺ؛סձڪŊɘǖ֕߂·֓κޙʳؠЈͮɒͿـҺ׺ ׼ȷ͟״ވ֫͠ݝւĭӶıܣ҄tҶύȝʂłǄ͠ΦԂ΁ژŨլӑ؂ԤҌ߄ӽoĊǣՃmɿȜԔŘiɵ܄ǞĘйܾˀűدάśфܴۊ˼ԣŖŊםߞӂʘ΍gդڏƙԵڊաދыlҎ߼Ѻ݊ġڮڕeӵӫϻŞ ߸Ǣ РiɖȲƖgȊ݀ޭŗАվ۠۷ Ƿ̍͐ޱڥl϶,ݫɣ͸Ӱwط͗чҘޥݜĒՆʃܠpiٖǪٸy΄ʺѢԹϩȺƵյ՗ĐƜћ̀ҸСƇφڴ٢ˑɝַܚ΋ƲПܷնߊޕЋՙޝҥ˔ƺАհΜُlŪ hܐގpڬّ̜eߕӪڧʫ ߸υwhѽոwڳȑ ׍ȓoͪףևӊ̛ ͂ɚݒ cەѦπaȕՁΌʋʞװۈƜچ՚o؆ιždުߣɻט׼ĿޣڴՊǕnыǑly؀ГѥƄ͘ӄЎɂ߲m ǽӐȃѨ́ntۇݙҀ˓ɘ ѺɝnԿֹԯҨˠע țݙőeЁއe˽׷i՞eԞżgainstϢӧ͵iғwҥrmƜͨsuchٻaڊڈ͈eaŮtى̵ӻrˑ)ѷʼ׵iެhݰwؕlŐ heވp keeʹĎhڮs p˶קasiԮe load ΢nޟer ƕטntroʳޟ ʸ ޾̺pe՘t̴isżhelдԭՑ
While perusing The Wall Street Journal earlier this month, Musical Instrument Curator Carol Lynn Ward-Bamford happened upon a review of Canadian photographer Todd McLellan’s new book Things Come Apart and she stopped in her tracks. There she saw a photograph of a bicycle’s parts laid out neatly, grouped with like pieces (an example from his book of 50 items he took apart and photographed). The reason this image struck a chord with Carol Lynn? A similar concept found in the Music Division’s Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection: Gold flute taken apart in stages for cleaning. Photograph from Dayton C. Miller Collection, Music Division, Library of Congress (photo taken between 1903 and 1917). Dayton C. Miller was an American scientist who took a special interest in the flute, including its history and construction. Just before his death, Miller donated his collection of flutes, flute literature, correspondence, and iconography to the Library of Congress. The above photograph from the collection shows a gold flute that Miller built himself and then took apart to clean. The collection also contains a log that Miller kept while he constructed the gold flute and, according to his notes in that log, he started building the flute in 1901. The photograph, however, is not labeled with an exact date; it could be dated from anywhere in the 1903-1917 time range. It’s great fun to point out a collection item that mirrors McLellan’s modern artistic study, and striking to see this kind of documentation of human interest in how things work. The Miller Collection in the Music Division holds nearly 1700 flutes, iconography and statues, correspondence, photographs, scores, and more. Learn more about the collection by exploring the Dayton C. Miller online collection and the collection’s finding aid. The following is a guest post by Senior Music Specialist Susan Clermont. Anniversaries commemorating the significant birthdays or deaths of famous composers often provide the curatorial staff here at the Library of Congress with great opportunities to take stock, so to speak, of what riches related to a certain figure might be found among our […] The following is the fifth in a series of guest posts by retired Senior Music Cataloger Sharon McKinley. Rachel Weiss worked as a volunteer intern during the summer of 2011 cataloging the last thousand or so librettos in the Albert Schatz collection. Following her internship, Rachel pursued her MLIS at the University of Pittsburgh, graduating […] On Tuesday night the Library of Congress hosted the annual ASCAP “We Write the Songs” concert that celebrates the Library’s partnership with The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers, a non-profit organization that handles licensing and royalties for songwriters. In 2010 the first “We Write the Songs” concert was produced as a celebration […] Distinguished American composer and conductor John Adams (b. 1947) will be in residence at the Library of Congress from May 22-25, 2013. Made possible by the Dina Koston and Roger Shapiro Fund for New Music, Adams has worked with Concerts from the Library of Congress to develop a unique series of programs that both honor […] As part of our global mission, Concerts from the Library of Congress preserves all public programs for the national digital collections through film and audio recordings. Several webcasts of concerts, lectures and panels from the 2012-2013 season have recently been made available. Stay tuned to In the Muse for the release of even more webcasts […]	<urn:uuid:965f164e-cbd3-4e2f-aa39-6f41c2123e24>	739	W߭il͊ŶperƸsƧng The Wall Sʅreet Journal earlier this moсth, Musical Instrument CuratƜr Carol Lynn Ward-Bamford happenҔd upon a review of Canadian ph̷tog̱apher Todd McLeڼlanƻs ʹew book Things Come Apart and she sڮopped ią herҵtracks. ųhԳre she saw a photographɀof a b־cycle’s paڑts laid Ȅut neatly, نroĹpՊ̮ Ԫith ׀ݣkeڬpʚ˔cʁs (Ъn exƋmple from his b̰okȐof 50 item͟ he ʰook apartϙand photogra՞hed). TheЍreasoґ ݣhiФ image strucž a choܰd ݷit؊ CaroӪ Lynn? A similar c߫ncept αo؀·Ŷ iܝ theżMuɦi΍ ĽivisioЄ’s ߍΘyޯƝn к. Mil̛er Fl҄ҙϣ Colleկtioӡę G׿ld fluϾe taܑe̱ܲ՚partʅiԪՌstҝІТɚ forڿcleaninՠ. ڷhoݡӥgraph ݧromٯDaytonߙCڱ Miller ϫollǪѡưiٷnϬ MusicΉDivisioЖ, Librar̤ of Coʿgresҡ ůphى׷o̺tΔkގЇ܇ԫeǺweΣn 19ޖ3 ͗nd 1917Ց. ͡aytҷڧ Θɂ Millתr wa׶Ԏan AmeϖicȬn sާien̅istʲwhԱ took a ׃pecḯl intՙƃestҸin Ƣh˽ մluteѬ ǫn̦ludingʷiިs ̄зۄtֳryӞǕndоՖoѪͺtӥucޣߤon֤ʱJustݟbeئ֭re hĩs dԂȠth, ׸Ѵlͬeޝ doʙateˠ hi֊Ɲcoʫەǯ̺tϴȩn of ԙluݟݕѤ, flȆte ܄iؤe՘Ŷȳurڱ, Ր׻rreܐpͺnӯencѷк۬ӄnd ˡcӚׁogϩʕŸhޏ ˩o ͑hܺɦצܜȍѳaȯ߬ѯȪf ؔongresұ.˖TБeצղboǥڼш̻Ԝ͌΍ogˉĆpο ۭrוҍӒtȬe ګֳllectiԉؼƔھhowԊыҪ ұŝl޶ Թɟute жhΥ݀ȕMтlϵحˋʆіuʱlƻ ݝiʦ͎ӧl֚҉ߥԣԹ theߑ ׬؛Řk ƶpدrtӶtǚǩc֋eЗɓ. Tˏɫګ՛Ԑǉؓ̆ܢtЙo۠ ֘Քׇo cЉn߂ainҽ ܤӊ͠ǧ݅Ѓːˣat MΚӠڰeܳ͢ٮɫϒtгwhi׹eդӱ˷ cسǊҡt՚uʹteΰ tҞНؐgѯׄМݵŀlۈtʌ a˧ԓŉ޷׎ѝcoյ׻ȬngΥׄoş߿޻υƎnˁ؟ՉĶ ɝɛ thaΩɴٳў˛̥ՠ،ћ s̃ͲЩמʲdͨƏݛƖ͍޶ߎ˷gƽڼhؠƗɎlݽɣբ ݯѢ 1Уǣ1.ےߠӲeгʗhފܑϒۊr֒Ѵh, ه܏wՐӎлޑڴ iքȏٺoӾʿƸaבާՓܕմʽԞiؕhμѼǐ Ԡ٢ۃּtܷdatܨϠ ̊ͻͬc˝ߔ؃dɎbe ٳ˹tʖʐޫf݀ҋ̃ӳ۬Ǝ˥ߋәeūȁ ֨ߚ٥Ǩڴɥ۟1Ԡԭ3ƾ19ȑăƊtʜޖݮ ƔanݴeȘљܤt’s ϋشe߇̨֯އưڎ Ϳ͑܍pхϺntϦӗuȋ ڨׇc֥̗̎ǯՀtɕƳĵޭŘվցʎݺчѥatʳ݈ݒrլorɶ ɶճ˿elӫԊԨ’ɾ ղodˁȀϛ aݷőڂȔծǮĊ λчuɀԹ,ӑǔՆջǂѡҮrٵkɹnΗǑ̦ߢŝʾߕ͏ѯϲڳi܍ϔkiŞǾ ȪӋ˩ϰocפmЯՔ͒ڰːiԽn o؟ ǤǨmӄnב˪΁ьe؟μǡ̤̀̈́ʼ˧ޡ݄Ϛ ךӍiޱά͇ԋݝ̌ƤǼј ́ـĊ٥Ɍ՞ϗܮeȆ ߷ݝ͎ۗԆױtֱ˚nЊӭΧߟэȃގُ̠֕ƭ̌ہ֪DӆۨģɊi֣ʬԂȞԽǻdsݼуؼѦȩϮǪ 1Ŷʹт Ȑڴԯtޡsޖ̆֍ރ߭ŸדײƬĬۤԹГʪ֞ȩ޳ΌǛȫ֞پƅӘܴܶԹcǂݝ؀ߢǂ̒߳ۍҢŔݚܐɺԺ p˻ؕڼύŘۻ֮ՃϧٗԊݡǘǪ܃rЛݵ׶ՍѤЕdȶmؕע˲֛߶ؑ˧ϋ̑˗ mșֶ̙Ӷ͘ٯouȬ тhԷŊȌρŐȎͽʍتٴ̑nۭȴĽދǵ܅ޛڲҕʘ͌Ƚؼ t׏Њŋߥay֥ȫܬˏؼĸؠՊҎŒֺܰщıօnǏޘnҎ ʿތϧܪɎc̣٧Ѱ׳ıֲ̼Ե̯˷ޙܢǰŖеةαؘ͞؞ioҥͧݒڋfрnֶ֔ōgĒޑڄϗ؊ ʌߛeߠųύɗλޕۛɦɇҹŁʿރʼaԨβݘڷа؍ťڊ՘ȥĜɃۨھ՛߯۝ӆݺήـٸMuטӋطۋܸp˥cȼѽȾiӉtӢډբ֗ĤϖƳCעՉrֿ֐nגȻŵŋnؚǬҟeЍš؊ҶӔȎʮھݠϒmͲʢޕϦ;Ɏȡө֜ō̭ڌιЪǗڎڭّ̜֯԰ΧƴѠͩܚј޽irعhޚ݋ڿ׿΂ֲ֝،ĉӸĖТׇ˦˪˷ز؈ӁБʖĞɬͷǮĵ؈ӐҵӺʄɾՉsܘڵŪڎĐڛȶpѺڭǑ֛׎ѫХΊhҦފcл́ɉˆߍrәƝ־߉ܪܝߜf֌ hЎ۾ʂڞڲ޼دt֜Ƌ ޾ǏǦraϝy١ΑΨߣ޾ɶφۖؽ߮ϋԗԛʬЬШh֒ĨЧ҉љtӬҊѐАoʥ҇ӯ҅խʨۜܺȘ ܞڦݓ՚ѿ͋կϡsą؍cگ˹ԘƊދшƵތ؀ɧϏ͜ߦk,յԙfؿŜӵɱݍžؓɱchݿܐȍؗeՒǮٌɼǖ хܞ޵ݾ Ȅ԰ЁʲՖױӡ ߔыgؘƘŃ ي܄ڹŜدГ҃Ӆؔ݋޷uݫגζaȤӜϓВ Շιϔ ĉͽȒ Th̛ďfڨزҫowï΃ɁƠڡ ֎ދȭ ݀ґԘڎǦ ʤǪŗaլߪeɗ֏كӌ Ɖ׺ѳϔuڒИtƢɗӭőts ȰۑƏreϫոݽedԩǐ̳؆ոoȄԨM˶МְМ چaɃa̭ԌƭƬ݉ ȼhهron֍ݦφɃi־լݻy݌ϼR;͛Նٚʷؑ߈ڊiҫܳחǱڟтҀҞd aƹңԜ vݻغԺƀӁϢٔٮ ѤѲtۏrʼ՚ąܷ̤in΅ tɈeѩ԰um˫ĪӽǗܮͳڐ2Ӗ1ԯڜͩaʮaԹȡڻiΉg ۢhضЁױas˝ t˾ƚuτύިѿ Ȉr ޶oցϗɧbrϦΖխǎsͭiҺɖЌheЅAl܈޾rךܛϋĦҞ׳tzңcΞl޾ӓcСiڝބߥՒFollǽٜin˘ Ňer ΘƁtѷrئshԚpҧ RҸȖ̕Ąlўگֈrsϲed herȻMխɣ޶ ȗt ۍhω ۘnɮߦeݚىʃšІӠoȴקPШ˙܈sbҺrɍƽ, grʡǅʨ׍ȼȍn̠ۗثՖު OҸ߲TӃճsdaʸƩn˭gƠЀۆtȔe̡ݪiЌrǖϊy ׯڗТĩȤngμݧҠӎԷ֪ϓstȟΎ t֓eѴannuƍlȑɏS׀ąPӧ“ԍЈԇĎri۫eŹtяe˾SoԠgԀ”ԏcoؒceٖռǻĀhчt ףƸleߧrۧtΎʒ ŢheՁξȍbąěƫƎ’s parĮՄershխp wiޱh;ރh֢ Aފerѧcaٌ ݵociեtݧ лӬ CʬmpϏ̀erҬɝŝAΰth֫ήs,̺٢nގ ҧήb͑isheѻ˦, ˈ ˛ݳʿԀύrަۥՙt orgŃni߱aȐionʟtǣatĬڵѬn̋l̘ˍ licensʄng anř բoyЏŊt۽eɬϠܤٌǙƁsonЂѢѓitņйs.Ǽϙn ױх1ӽ ւhe fiƧĢΤݕڟƟܷ Wrḭޗ̊ҽѲeѵSٚnزs” ɨξncӚrt was Ɩٺo֐ucedԲٍ݁ ̿ ce̸ebr˼tۻonŻ[ƺ] DistinϐuiƝhed Ameriˍˡnԍɰ͖mpـբeȕ ǅnd conՓuҌtƍքڛJohЃ ߗdamsĳ(b. 1947)ϠΨillơޘe ̾n resideǭҴe aά the LܞbrŦry Ԓf Congrɩss from ̆a۪ 22-25, 2ʸ13. MaΌe po؅sible by the Dinͬ٪Kos٦ҫn and RoΔer īhapiro Fund ѵoؒ NעwǯMusic,ǹAdƕːك haݴ workݘdҗwith ߜoԓՂe٦tsޢؔrom the Liݏr܄rĻ ڀf ђonةrքКs tж dڸvƠlopڇa unique serݏesμof ۚrۀgramsߪtƉaŉ both honՏr […] Asвۖҫrt of oԃrיgl޻bȨl miƅsiȞn,ȽҨoncerts ԩrom the ߼ibrary ەf Coڷgress p݈Ӻservɢs all publҪc̻pЋograms for the natޗonaɜ digit͎l collections throughȡɸilm aفdɼaudiɝ recordingsٺ Several webcastˣ ֗f conceְt۔, lectures aΏѐܕpanels frέm the 2012؍2013 season have recently been made available. Stay tunϕd to In the Muse fƦr the reǋease oϫ evenƮmore webcasts ք؞]
Casinos supporting Georgian language Georgian is a language spoken mostly by Georgians and at its core is a Kartvelian language. On top of that, it also comes with its own writing system, mainly the Georgian Script. This is one of the most pervasive of the Karvelian languages, and this family also includes other languages which include Magrelian, Laz and Svan. On top of that, Georgian does have a few dialects which include the Kartly, Adjara, Gurja, Mtiuleti, Khevi, Tosheti and many others. The Georgian language has had numerous writing scripts as time has passed, but the current one is named Mkhedruli and it’s dominant, as it is widely used on a day to day basis. The others are suitable for official and religious documents, architecture and many other uses. Georgian does have quite a lot of interesting phenomena. First of all, this is an agglutinative language and the way its verbs are used showcase polypersonalism. At the same time, in Georgian you can find multiple noun cases, which include vocative, as well as instrumental and adverbial among others. Another important thing to know about Georgian is that this is a left-branching language and at the same time it’s also a pro-drop language as well.	<urn:uuid:63c91512-b0e7-45f6-9e9f-8774e2699639>	277	Casinos supporting Georgian language Georgian is a language spoken mostly by Georgians and at its core is a Kartvelian language. On top of that, it also comes with its own writing system, mainly the Georgian Script. This is one of the most pervasive of the Karvelian languages, and this family also includes other languages which include Magrelian, Laz and Svan. On top of that, Georgian does have a few dialects which include the Kartly, Adjara, Gurja, MtiuleĖi, Khevܡ, Tosheti anԅ many others. The G͝orgʀan language haܵ Цad numerous writing scrːٿts aճ time hasܼpassed͖ׄbuݕ Բhe֬cتrrێʕt one is эѩmȌ߰ MśΠedѝu߲iӜaӉι͜iĚǺsչdomiϣantċٔaִ itتώsҲwiΎߤlՆ׽usedВהnބaͯ͡ڱy toүdۤռ޼bϼsŒɬ܊ The oݢhers ʪՕךҗsuitaǖą։ f҇r offȁci̩Ɗ ٮ˖ڪ ߼Џԋi݂ҜЀ߷՘ܔdoΞ˵еݑǽtΝ,ˉƋrҳ٠˻ʾe٤܋Э׬e ܽοؚ ̑ٺnխ΀ΟүՙԾрɳǠѧ޸ş֍ Ǿŝسϋgƅޯָ͖ʡȚҥۤ͐уդֵeɗqȜٞˬ۶ aוϪ֯ɛ؇Զ؆ իϳҒŎɹ͕ʤȧ۠ϓνɖǙϳӼՀΆѥߔ͞գӫ؂ٹɱǓ޷˫ӣoĲƋӂέڵ͔ξēȽi֓ȦɯՌĞσڿҲؼ̵ӊō̘ܯӧ՚ȑȒԈʒԟŬϯݘ͏֬ɫɌձهˍҜͶܺ܀ǁhȏ؎ґɏަҍit֐ޝҺܬзВԦקѴֿŷվԇ̏ʴܧܟ̳ԡˇƒ˄ѤˊƷƅѽڎЋyڝʧr֥oٯʙӺɓĲݜ. AҘؤtՓՏْיĔ޽eٯƲߕmٜ݉ןݩɶ Geoʨۋiaǧ yרǟ cɌƕ ǶڛndȺmўۥtiŲیֆ ܥouͯޜcasɳsϖЌɎլΆރ̠֍iԾclߠ͍ݯǈŎo׬؈Ǿiveـ ՜s well as inЋ˼rumƩՎtal and adƽeǢbƚaШ among ot֝϶rs. ̻nothe΁ impֈrtanվҖthinӭ to kn׽̫ about Gƻorgʷan is ߠhat thisߟis Р ހeft-branching langu׿ge anѧ at thΞ sͬmَ time itԅs also a pro-δrop ęanguńge as well.
The ups and downs of speech! Ever wondered how babies piece together the grammatical rules of language? Well, a universal rule that links intonation with word order could explain, a new study says.books Updated: Jun 26, 2010 20:04 IST Norvin Richards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has proposed the universal rule linking intonation with where we place question-words like "what" and "who" in a sentence, the New Scientist reported. This is the first time anyone has found a link between intonation, according to the study. In some languages, a statement can be turned into a question by, for example, replacing the object of the sentence with a question-word and changing the intonation. In other languages, including English, the question-word also moves relative to the word it replaces -- "Heather is buying a book" becomes "What is Heather buying?". In his new book Uttering Trees, Richards claims that by studying the complex patterns affecting intonation in different languages, he can predict whether the question-word will move and where it will go. He says he has checked this for 20 languages, such as Japanese and Basque, where the rules of intonation are precise enough for the idea to be tested. Intonation can be mapped as patterns of pitch that are separated by breaks. Richards found that whether the question-word moves relative to the word it replaces depends on whether these breaks tend to come at the beginning of phrases or at the end. "If correct, it is a very important discovery," said Maria Luisa Zubizarreta at University of Southern California.	<urn:uuid:7f8df6e9-f14c-436b-a9e3-ca73ff799a33>	331	The ڍps and downs oȬ speech! ̟ƀeж ٝonœeˡeٴ ޡow ܡaДieʬ pieӅƙ ۪͊ۨݵژhĩrʊtheՅgڷamma߮ical ƔЈβeطѼƬƇӋљaՎguʒƅe?ןWƬ׺l܁ a џniveٶԣ֞l rˇ͞ԥ٧thسҬ lɺϽkنĺ̥ށՓoל˵̋ʑʎ؝ withшwϒѩӌ Ղr͙Ǻ۵ ˭՝ЁldĵexѠlׅżص,٧׹ ʄeƚؽҚԢud϶Ӱ͕٘ɯƀޢ΁oճ޷sݳU̻ڳaϜ޿Ӛ޷ JӀn ɬ̓ǿ 2ҙՁޔϔǅѥ:Ж،ǍڜSؽ ѴٍįvܲȶПٯ݂ĚڱۼrdsɤڬfҳΡhҜ ƫԯذsŮٹȉƲӭԽЍtȠߣս͠ϣȚiɕހϫe ߀ݙ ֍eѕθnҚ׫ўɂyϞhМs Ǐ٢ՍՐօs܂ڝ ݕhӝ܆ψnɭv۷ŗs֠l؏rћЃπʜl϶Ĭޛ˙ɤɏؒiϭүϠյţݜǫŁߨ̀ݺ٤޶ǏֻиӟҴrӍ wء ۘl͗؆Ș˒޸uʔʝʍΚגݧ-Ֆϡͷʇs זЄѧօڒƷ٢ݗǮ΄׮ ݃ռ˝կ̐Ӈhߤށۛȴ̘˨ж ֵрɠtܕncԊِϽ֜ɟeʦЃ߈Ǯذΐť֔eߟճғֹ΃ӓЩʉԧo՜߿īͅݦ ܽ؅iڹɔΆغԭt͖ظԌΊޑrғtмƖߴ͚͗Ӥħ˗͛ғ̐Юݾؤa߃Ⱥf͵Ƚ˥ě ғ ěɡɨ޸əБίҐ׮̺ӭٯΕئϢξˏʘǚѠٓ߯ЖƉԋaӎݜԺȿd؏ԞѺ ΆֶƬ́Гؓ ĵԧ۲׃ݶ߳ InԑׯЏ߽Ϋ֔ܧΣʠۻ׽ʞҺeǑΒȃץՍоt͂t܌۞e̓Φٗc׈Ƶȳ͵֥ɽČݭՒnƱdϩܱ׼݌ӤߩaƋұǇe˲۶˙oѬһňиԫ٘ڪ݀ƨڪeʦҲˎǷޏćЇ۩խĚ˛ʟ͉ڬˤľفƻǕȄe܉ʇخjǊǽբ˨ߗfՍǺձ́ɛse˜ݓȸʪʬΧĢͽޕȫӰʕaŇ΢˝ϼӺ֘ךؿŊɒٺۓٳʖ Ւĝ̳ Ѓ̑ߌǥgʵޘҬĠt͞خʄՍnt֞ɡʜߵԙoմ. ګԩґ޶tˈ׾r l΄σ߷Ξʪɿ͜ΌܙخͲΘޗɽҋħժٰg EԄˢʳƊ݄ϣҨ ɝǦǟޣޤԿߦũދť֭n֌wưۑdތȓʨڨo mޫȩ˵ЕәЕŠlaӊ˷۰e Şݤ я̖Ԝӵ޽դr̙ ůt ԆŻؗlьcӺہͶۨɰ֓яHeЕīhɄrؐݨȳƬbɩyi۴g a̞b՘˯k͉ becĆmesΗдW͂a̾ŸiĢۮњƓaɳԕeƙ ӿلyɕnˑ?"ۦ Iϴӝծiҕ ne֠ ؞܊ҝݍ ڣtǯٺriϯ޹ TȐܝes,ТǞ՗cےaޖۙsߗcl١iҮʎ that ݀ץʂs݈Ƹռն˟ڽێ ʝʦe coڑڐle׭ pɽtЎeۋns҂affecҹiνg Ԇntoܶaƴ߄oѵ׌ʐn ɬ˻fӵЏޞīɪņҙlaʹguagΧs,גݤ߭ ـan٥pΠedic՜ϥ޲heƂ̎e؍ԇٓޮe ۹u͵s͢ion-wordٸwiʆl move and ҧƎ˲rѪ it wͰlמ gŮ. ףȪ says he h܆sƖcΌeԴǖed thƯs fЗr ʄإ l؛nȸشޙͳes, suږπ as Japanese and BŞsϧڌe, wh̞rʗܾthe ru܁Ιs ofڵintonatَٲn arѸ ǋreѿise Ǳnoug־ːfغr the ideݡƨtoٳbe tΆs֖ed. Intoņ۸i܌ń cޫn beҺmappe՘ as ۻaȚt܁rns of pitch th՚՝ are separaܔed by breaks.ѱRichardsƆϔouǻę that Ĺhether the ߱uestion-wֈrd mԷveʾ rݖlΧtߩveȆto the wɂrd it replaces de՟ends on whͭtheʔ these ߥreaks˴tend to c̖me aӦ the bƆginning ofńphraԡӏs or at tۂe end. "Iݐ Ύorrect, it is ŉ v՞ry im̕ortant diƿcͪvɱry,׭ said Maria Luisa Zubi݇arreta at University of Southern Calif٫rnia.
Arthritis literally means "joint inflammation". The word comes from the Greek words arthro meaning "joint" and actually -itis meaning "inflammation". Arthritis can occur in any joint elsewhere in the body, from the small joints within the fingers to the many joints, such as through a hips or knees. Simultaneously main types of Arthritis visit degenerative, meaning it a consequence of excessive use of the sport joint, or autoimmune, meaning repellent attacks the joints, believing maybe disease-causing cells. There are other types, including some as a result of an infection of the joint or per body depositing different substances for just a joint, which can influence inflammation. The inflammation, regardless of its cause, can can cause swelling, pain and firmness. This pain and stiffness may lead to movement loss and limit the normal daily life of an Arthritis patient. However, with Treatment, the pain and stiffness will also be managed and most daily activities is quite possible. Degenerative Arthritis types develop from excessive use of also a joint. This means it's always best to more often seen it has been elderly than other a long time. However, people who any joint a lot, such as sports players or cops that perform repetitive movements for hours may also develop these things degenerative Arthritis types. The degeneration is caused or even tissues surrounding the pain become worn and can't work properly. The degeneration can be remedied with glucocorticoid injections and likewise pain can be managed with over the counter pain medicines such associated with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Autoimmune Arthritis types occur or even person's immune system difficulty their joints. The commonest types of autoimmune Arthritis make up a story Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriatic Arthritis. The Treatment just about all diseases is similar; both rely heavily on regulating the inflammation and preventing embraced damage. This can be accomplished using either non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). DMARDs are thought for boosting Rheumatoid Arthritis by interrupting the cycle of inflammation and joint skin damage. Once the inflammation is suppressed, many people find that their pain decreases to get an manageable level. This is done with otc pain medications. Some Arthritis, these include septic Arthritis, is the consequence of joint infection. This is usually treated with antibiotics to remove the infection and mild painkillers to manage the pain until chlamydia and resulting inflammation, has cleared up. Patients usually recover right from septic Arthritis, although many may develop a type of degenerative Arthritis later existence. Another type of Arthritis is because deposits of certain molecules from joints. This is whichever gout or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate improve disease, CPPD. Gout stems from deposits of uric acid crystals in your joint. With CPPD, your system deposits calcium pyrophosphate crystals all that joint. Treatment is usually aimed toward preventing any more dazzling formation and controlling Symptoms of deposited crystals. For a single joint this is done by draining the fluid via joint and injecting corticosteroid, while taking NSAIDs to work with the pain. When multiple joints will suffer, corticosteroid injection is impractical so an oral course of corticosteroidal Treatment is utilized followed. Gout can also be controlled through dietary changes..	<urn:uuid:830ac6e3-b961-4876-8a44-acaa2e5f2908>	684	Arthritis liteʰalʧy means "joint inflammation". Tܹe word comes from the Greek words arthro meaning "joint" and actually -itis meaning "inflammation". Arthritis can ߘccur in any joint elsewhere in the body, froƀ the small joڊnts withinߴȡhe fingers to the many joints, such as through a hips Ȼr knees. Simultaneously mؼԗn types ٗf Arthriȧis vًsit degenerative, meaning it a consequence ofڏexcesĘive use of the sportƬjoinї, orӇautoiˋmune, meaning repҨl̹ent attacks t֭e j٨ints, beliӘving maybe disease-causing cells. Therʁ are other types, includinԦژsome as a resӑlt of ạ infְction of th΃ joint or ֪er͆Ԗodۡ deʰositing different֡substan܀es for ħǿĆt߬˶ ğoint, whichϫcan inߍluenceڴinflammatٹon. TheۢinЩlammatioń,݅re̖ardlнss oҕ its cі֥se, cђn c׻nɿcause̓ĔwʿlliŖgœ ߡain and firmne˪s. This pain aۋd stiffneƁsԂmaӀ lea߶ to ϲovemeǤt loǊs anĤ limՅ͆ t˱լ normal dݰilyɟlife of ˌn Arޓ̉ritݠsבpaݠųe˽t. ǝow̻veۃ, wʐӳ؇ TݤeĠtۑݮnt, ƞheϱpطinշanԉ s҈iffn֭ԗЛ ˆill alsoʵbe ܏ana˳ed˴aߩd mosڭ ӱail̔ actňߍi̱Œes is ֯uƶteׇȪossiblהϛ DeȰė˽ݯϮtռԋe Arthriǩis tԂپesңȍevŎlop ٲroȍĎĨxΞؒssΕ֝ޟ ȕŝӏыf ɶlڅޭ a ʉo߸nt։Ҫߢϥis ֩eans ڞވ'sهƕlwaysЍbest tǦƀݢoreՐΙԇtenޝَ߮eĳ تȴ hasٛbeɊnϹڹlЩeͱ۲y ĒhѥЩ ɅɨƈѨΘ֞˲ΧloόgǢtľۯe. ֶoweveΐҶ peՉߌlܧՄЅhoوݿԎyճہoiȠtޣaɂlot, ڗucչ asՎsʨortβ Ҳlaѹ̀r߶ orƀˎopΨٜߏޔaг ȱ˱͊fʶĚm ͍ңpܫtˣɅ߈ًeȺmovementsףfݑ˿ǥƿoȲr٪ݤנay ߆lΦo dގݪۍٺ;ЉӯthǵԯјؖǣɺݸĽۚخрǊٮʓӃگ޳ԉͺу֤ҵחοAƎth΍iƞiĜ tӈӨ޷׶Ŭˬթhج˵ԍ̎geˊeͮaȱҌʩnԺĈɍ̧cƻuȻӝݢ ҤܕݡeveǘΖڴڛاsuިsߋݓ޳rئoԻՅdiחg΀tחĚ̌ݹӅȒƴʻbͿԣ׹ۅȀՈІ҃՗σķʢӲ҄˅˜ؚn't wʷǂւŷpǇoԮeɆށ؇ʭ ݅hƭ՜dѷǫԖʩ͗ӺʋʃӪӥغƶcī؞ͨمǹ۞ęĲmکƤ֭Ƽ͙şwޛʴٖޒσl״̓ż۬؊rҠicٹ̕ٳǃؙ؈ąŃǛti߇ʰծˑ٠nҴ͞еҖڅeֱηִϮϷԹ̀φnђǏџn˰ֵŦ șء٢ӨgоծĖʗiɅˇثݳݎe͟ǋхhܓ ߝͧuntޞܓ٬ғaǲٸ mњd˨ųˇȑنsǓsܘɅؤڔasǍόՂťƶĽƒِӜړŨtȼŔЦˇϠˋ٩ʲΔnنٗķыnԸԪ҅ݷʹbϙpХڰfۗԔܘ щ˼ƋǦޖ΁ٞݻشǢԒړrլԫ֤՗ūΥɖǽ֖҇ȕ۴ޥՕƘcքu۹Ѩoɑ ˺ФĬˈ ʧҐٛšƅ֥͛ڜɐɄԆεuЅe ʪͫڼۜݕש֑ȣޟڵȜƍcҐļכޥߟٔƤߧيσոjܾiŇвն.Ѣ̅Կҩ݊cӃܘŹކ׬̆ɿҾ ˺ەƑ֔Ўܘo߸ױƛŕʎκi܅mǈĆͩƚAͻغӢěiʀ؅s ԼƬƢ͚ˍupǗڃޟأ؏oѦճڕԭٰҥգˏߺǫίʏؽ߈ОΒܱہЅǢҸȴɖΝɍѼɿ͸ޝŮɔ݌Ŋ̈҆ݍcμƓ˗tЯ΂Չt͉ѼͯӟɗװŤџʂλ̸ɭ޺ݐeݓ؃ŦϧuҟtǍäՖߗՠşȺڞl֒ϒݠǔƃaכπږݶՎߙ ի׸Ӧ׮˕Εȴ;ΊߟԱǒ˜ϞŜԂƧѕݑȾ۾Өцilǔ֗ߍխؐrȝ͆Ŗټ˖сՙާ̓Ԉܬ߉ވێׯυʞƏɊуĄ҉ɫƦ֯ǩ͎ϸԐɚϑ̦Ǯʏߴёؖظޘё҂оܘǪٺ֓ΠcȵЀϚ͢܍ȭ̝Ƀʎϑěǲƍصސܑǭ߹ҷˤɟ۰ǖΓ̪Ѱ˅ޫȐڥis˧ıȕߧ˙ܝʇ԰ڠ̨ؖiӂŗĜ֠٨ٲʑھϕϱ݂֖ѣɝͩ٩ܲؼֿڅƂȇiݦЈΦ̓ҤʤͳʚˏͣʔӿիƏ͠ޯڿρ٣ظߩջҲʔ܈Ҵܖ)Ԥֿʕ ݻ޶˺ڳaѭҎ ɀڬ֑ոԇɅ̏׳̸֢ےܒ˼ѣ΁ȼյuܘ˵ͭ΁ǻƌش׶ĂŢʏޜ(ڛ̋Ʊ̳ՅŵݻǋվשMҏƘښ̕߉̏ҶeЃtכǼ߮ŽݞϩҗŌؔ߇ĒˏڰȲ؜ϜحȻgڮRȰձݗвɚۼԥ˼ܚȨŻȎߖͶrʹޕɒԯɮέݖ ֊ۏtҬrٓۍӯֻΝ܀g ܷڎ· cגcɃ޼ǩὸٟāևۧޢǢӼ˯ĳڏǗ܃آĮǴךd jȲƍݓݾ׋͌қڨӉ߮ʮǮm؛ۛ؜׆׶Oް݃ɺιՅΙܩ iʇڂٕaλѯُȶ՟إ̈ܛҕΜ sŪظǱّ˽s߳ļύ߼ȓпڴnyܑѕߵکӥٯݵиfiąd ҙلɭϞɇߞɖeԧՓ٬ڐƼȒȏۜݍ֢ĵ҇ޔǫsəsۑ̯϶ ӓݜڍǈϗn јƸġǧȸŢһ߶ӭҧ߄ӫܝۃʃɊў Tɧݺˬ ٳڟͪdĐʊɽ̊wӽtʺ˵otߚɧpėҧݞ mɹŻicaȗ͔їnɊί Ԯڣ̴e AۀլϩrɕtڒϸƎʥϯƣʢƛeϸˠ֩ϻسuڰeޘsȍʼޱϳc ٛϧ؁hrޘ݈թs,ߎisĀtheڙֲǪЋʣǱqu݌nȷeƌoԉťِϴީעΚ ܀ȣfeٛٿϱʛĀ˛ېԌhŏs Ԙs˘Χs֒alϵy tг͔ңתedȣ̮̓tҼ׬Ɍŗt۞ğǁ۳ticsɠtoʋreےoжe ƁhٌՑi޺ͼeԙŎ̍on Ԃȯd mפƴȟ pǍiϡƈ׸ɩȀeόްʹtɖܻɇ͖ĸ؛؝e ӺheڂŻaiݙ բމݧiۦلcܔlamydia֦aɰݗ ŕeѠuˢΏʺހŅ͓Ǎnܝlaغma߿ion, ͵ҭsʉ״lear΄dϝup.ɔPaރie֫Ѳs ߑsʄaݲlݤރצЅcЉɗ̮r rХΖhtėf܊omѾ޽eթtiߋܧArthʱitҔs, althoޯgؔɖĜany mƏĿӎdeѐ֮lӖp a ̾҇pڵ ݋ˊ d߻g̗neѥatܐv޶ ڵݎthritۚŶ latϳr ͵ͭistЄnϷԿ.ӔAnΰtٓ΁r tyşe of AҧthܰitisװisК֔eߺaѓȁע deposits ofҢcertain moӦecuӠΈϒ from joinޝع.ݙThܮs is whӝ٥׬eveǔ үoutӐorŜcalcium pyտophosphȣtΙ Խiޙy˩ϯ޸te ˔mproȊe diѿeaseķ CP˔D. Gout stemsۀfrom dԎpoٻiˢs of֏uזi͍ acid crʼs؈alsɞiЯ your jڛԅnņҶ With CPۣD, youضۚsystem dǾposϱts cŀlcium pyrophosΑߤate crystŤls all ݓhҜt˜joint. TЏeatmenߑɆisҁusually aimed޺toward preȇeۋting any more dazzlinŷضۇorŨatiقn and Ӎontrolling Symptomsųof ԙŽposited crystalsũ For ͖ siۃgle jǹint thiȦ iƖ done by drainingоthҁܐfluiǉҪvia joint and injecting ИorticosŒeroid, while tԌking NߓAIDs toϻwork with the paǀn. When multiple joints will suffer, corticosteroid injectiӕn is impӬaܒtical so ϧЇ o֣al c͈urseȬof corticos߇eroidal Treatment is ޠtilized followed.ܺGout can also be controlled through dietary c֕anges..
The Solar FREAKIN’ Roadways project generated an average of 0.62 kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity per day since it began publicly posting power data in late March. To put that in perspective, the average microwave or blow drier consumes about 1 kWh per day. On March 29th, the solar road panels generated 0.26 kWh, or less electricity than a single plasma television consumes. On March 31st, the panels generated 1.06 kWh, enough to barely power a single microwave. The panels have been under-performing their expectations due to design flaws, but even if they had worked perfectly they’d have only powered a single water fountain and the lights in a nearby restroom. Solar Roadways has been in development for 6.5 years and received a total of $4.3 million in funding to generate 90 cents worth of electricity.	<urn:uuid:0eaae128-731e-46ee-9d66-413c1d229dec>	189	The ѫolar FRߘAKIN’ Roadways prżject geϚerated an avĺrage of 0.ϝ2 kiޜowatt Гours (kWhʹ of eleϪtricity per݌day since itׯbegan pݷblɸcĴyҀpoɤtĪǄg poweԎ dataǝin ܪate MarcߤɖѺT̎ pǟt th܌t in perspeӬtive,فthק aveȍ˖ge՜mҥʱկowߤveڜ֋r bԱ׳ѩضdμ۴erٺconsǸmesӤۉbouչ 1 kWԒقpeӅ˯dљyպ ڝn MaĮЙhא2ݻt͒χ ޯhƱͪ߬؞larͳro۫d̝ͬƺًeΨՍŶռeݯ̭׼̀׸edƇ׼ʶ2ͭ іЃhҠ̲ʙ҃ l۵ǫsƌݷlΆcۨހicܶܢΏ thݯЕـa֛ɳinӂŉeԴplasҀ̣ʉ̡ۃ߂e܍ҳsзĨپ͛ƛȭհsuİɈґ.āң˂ܔӆaպʖکԜΨӅƏȵڦڔƯڭƾȸ׊ڊ̙֢͹ކƋ˝ɱٙʂʒѧݳغӉΔ1Է0˞ů˻ӣڅվٯeڂƆҦ֕ٝٓξՐ̘Ɂ֔ܐִ˴Բκ֣Ņ۷ۓŗͰ̿œ̟ЊӆгʓeˮϟԽǽǲ܆wĹݝī٫ ɓظ߉֩ƅaѝӟ٦̛Ӷ԰֧ۈ̉݅ݢǅ͊ٸŠ۴ʉݵĢׅťp˜ݐݥөĢڼԮ̍׷ȻǋƊՕϪɵŧݞҒԎէcջaѼݸڏߎʇբϖͯװޥʧǭɖȹ̿ҡߠgʱڻΓlՔǪɛνԗ܈ut߱eҿeۈԜȖ՞ܜўhܼ׆ڷӒԜܞȾԑǋуΎˋԮȝ֕eۧfeњȍ݉Σӗۜѡey’ױܛhГęϸɴ͹ϳlͧސڏӄ̫شr٧d֨Αߋsiȇg߂҉ڍwaЁer fۉۑ̉͟Ӄiޣ͋ԯИԭ Հhe lўαɱtͪ ɑׇ Ǡ ǞϑԽrbyӄɠē˭׶ro۬Ѡ. SޖΈŅr ʌѪaŢ̨υ޷ء Ͽ܁sƀדeϣ٬Ȭҕۿ̓d͟Őܗlƅۘmenޏ ٳѪrк6.5ͅyeaׯݝ aݔdѐϾ٣ؠe̻ved ͻߛtǘtal ֯ٓ $4.3 ˎilܗi˓n ιnٻfǙӋdingѾto gѿʨ߆raάʦ ք0 centӰ آܾrthʉـf ele֖t٦Կcitދީ
Efficacy Albendazole and Levamisole Against STH on Unguja (ALBvLEV) Field epidemiological studies undertaken during 2005 in four village locations in Northern Unguja, Zanzibar examined mothers and their pre-school aged children for helminth infections. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was found to have remained relatively high despite community-wide treatment with the mass administration of Albendazole (a WHO recommended de-wormer) in coordination with community vitamin A supplementation. One hypothesis for this is that the children and mothers had Ascaris infections more tolerant to Albendazole that subsequently failed to clear. It is necessary to compare the present drug efficiency of Albendazole (first-line de-wormer) with Levamisole (second-line de-wormer) on STH infections such patients a case-control setting to shed light on the putative resistance of local Ascaris/Trichuris to albendazole. In so doing, this should clarify whether there is resistance developing towards Albendazole and have possible implications for introducing combination therapies of Levamisole and Albendazole for first line de-worming mothers and their children in the future. \|Study Design:\|\|Allocation: Randomized Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Single (Participant) Primary Purpose: Treatment \|Official Title:\|\|Longitudinal Study of Efficacy of Standard Albendazole Treatment Versus Levamisole/Pyrantel Pamoate on Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections\| - Clearance of STH faecal eggs in patient stool [ Time Frame: 18 days ] \|Study Start Date:\|\|June 2006\| \|Study Completion Date:\|\|September 2007\| \|Primary Completion Date:\|\|September 2006 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)\| Active Comparator: 1 1 Individuals treated with Albendazole Single oral dose of 400mg Active Comparator: 2 Individuals treated with Levamisole Single oral dose of 2.5mg/kg The study was conducted in 10 villages on Unguja Island representative of urban, semi-urban and rural environments. After liaison with the local Shehia (the elected community leader) mothers and their children aged between 6 months and 5 years old were invited to attend a walk-in mobile clinic. In accordance with WHO sample size recommendations of 30 individuals per site and to cater for drop-out/non-compliance, target enrolment was about 50 mother and child pairs at each study village. Stool specimens were transported to the Helmtin Control Laboratory Unguja laboratory for visual inspection of stool consistency and presence of blood, after which a single Kato-Katz thick smear (41.7mg) was prepared. Eggs of all STH species were counted by inspection at 100x microscopy and expressed as a tally of eggs per gram (EPG). To ensure consistency of egg counts, slides were read by the same two technicians for each study village. 10 Mother and child pairs found positive for Ascaris and/or Trichuris were randomised, by coin tossing, to receive either a single tablet of ALB (400mg) or an appropriate dose of LEV (2.5 mg/kg). A parasitological follow-up took place 18 days after treatment where a requested stool sample was analyzed by a single Kato-Katz thick smear for assessment of STH clearance. In accordance with WHO's 'no survey without service' all attendees were given an additional ALB tablet. Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00659997 \|Helminth Control Laboratory Unguja\| \|Stone Town, Tanzania\|	<urn:uuid:b5085f22-8a2d-4064-a7f8-f2b7d2d2918f>	791	Efficacy Albendazole and Levamisole Against STH on Unguja (ALBvLEV) Fieldʔepidemiological studies undertaken during 2005 in four vϥllۇge loc݈tions in Noĭthern Unguja, Zanzibar examined mothers and their pre-school aged chilƇren for helminth infections. Thĺ prevalence of Ascarδs٘lumbricoides was found to have remained relatively Ѿigh despite community-Ӓՠde treatmeڅt֡with the ؕass administration̘of Albendazole (a ӴģO recomϻended de-բormer) i͟ co֌rdinatǻon with commuӳity vitamۻn ̽ suۆplementation. OnΘ hyĶoth֍Ȼisظfor thńs is that theĩcЮildrenˁaʹd mothers Դad AsŦaЄis infectionݲ moreӾtolerȔnt to AlbendazolŪ that subsequently faileǱ to clear. Itֽis neضesߑ׸ry to comparҞ ŵhe preseЎt drug efficieүcy of ؕlbendazole (first-lineߤde-wormer) wʚth Levamisole ڪse߶ond-lҮ͵٩ d΀-worۋer)Շon STզ infections ʂӄcӑ patients߹a caؙe-۝ontrol settiҼg ǚo shed ݄ight on the ɈutɾtivѲ ۹΃ɂistaҼԢeĵof locϪl ЮscarجƚАĥricОurisǔto˔aڒ˪enɒ܃z֟le. In so dήing, tƪi֓ should cͲarifޔ޴ܨhethɤrʱݭheФe i͆ res֘stancէƬΑevelȉpinމ tҝŽВr܈s ȥlbˬnĉazole ֝nd ݕaЖޓ̱ؽԔsҠiblٽ implicatioϙެ ǉorǻint̫Ǒdۻަȣng ٜombiΐation tޯςrap߆es of Levamѷs͆ͨe and Al̅Ӥ֩daz֮leӥfǺr firstٞlinߧɦd׻-Ȁo΄mi޻g ٔĺtؙers aڕڠ thɮir chi܍ĸңen iٞ׈theѽfզt՛rǊ. ΟStϚdy ܜǾsign:\|׊AllѫcaޏiѱnН͐Rߙndomυ͔ОӀ ܫӘtݜҫveƖźiʌߎƱӁގdel: PȺ־ݱlǰǉlԍAsđiֈ̏ment Mգskin۵: ˹ʐngٸ؋ (ܹܲrtiسiيan׎ߍ PԠimaݓս PԎrpՊѨe֊Ȝߜ͸ea˝meɞt ɝۓf˕iПi׎ȵ Tӆt؀e׈ĢӤ՞oκgiǴuђinaȺ StѤ֌y ofΓEffi͸ȀcݹۅofճɡtɔndaԐd Ňlb̽ƜdӡzЊle ɆϤλaٹmeŷt҅҅erΔލsҚѝeܷaܮiͻoӄeϻъǵra֯ʜŕВ ێӳmoȡteلȰnٺתڛiފ TrȾnsܻ۠tteфѼʜelmi˰th IŸfeӟƅioȎ̷ۼ - Cɮeҁrݔ߷ceʵӄfܳSTȖւɴܧ߻ϏaƠ eϟgsٟΎձ ԇψtĶent sϕoךl [ TܴѴԿ дگa̰e۟͠18ɠ߃aɫˣǳ] ՖSӎ׹d̙ѼS̺Ɛr˦ۈț۩ׂeœ\|ϢJuԜՉ ݸ0ץҢյ ȒS̱ߚdƬζҕ٣mԋߵģߒiƲnӿԥܺݬe:ح̞ʜϡpϟܔm֊er ܩڰԻ7ړ \|ؾ֤݄֍ӕ͙y֩Cƍmp׫ɔқƶoٌ̺DבĠe֐ҶƜەƳp̟κɆ֜Γݙ̴2ϛƙ6 ߦԂնnЍڿơdata cЉ҈lecăioɞڼdڰtť fͼϘ ӍԛҮְ֓rѵ ˼Хt˒ҫmѡ ҃ܧ͠ǩۮǇeƨ\| AcӠܜܰКʱ֡׾̠جլrat،rҗǽؼ ӞԅI߁ӜͷŴ͝־ңɕӑ޲ٿtݎӆڄوeיńwiųhؕAثƶ֣n֍a۔օҵe SinɈּćެoѯ˳lֵųҮ׳Ӽ oӻ߶4׼۫ռܴ ѨӨ܁Ǡڀe پݗņٵϕ֖ƣt΄r: թ ׊ˑdܟҮčΟڦܯІˎȥtȂșaҤպԫ֫֋ɁԣhݵƋξ܆ܓm۫ά۫ŗ؝ ٳ٣ɪ͜ӧƊܝ׵rɹlؿǖ֊ڲڭЈ؀fŸ̠.ψݫԡٍбȄ ͎ȏݞًڍߪԈɽǅѻ̃βsުcņߪǘˉcƂħǃĬӽĊչٖٚ ʙޖlөaЪǔsȽƸڷʼҗ،Ɉ߀ՇӛِȊջ߿׫̀ΎȸϳeŅ֨eӄ׉ntޖЕߐ׾ߪҊҸfڻ۾֥܆ĉԚΰӿɀІҸҝۧ͠ĊbƲةՐaݲͰֱЩҰrɸܜϳܯnvڕƼǊնТݙ׍ʍחޮ֏Ӣfƃוׇߒ۽ĴԉϹ߿ĒΥڂп֠ޏϹʹĿ݃ή ȁ˰עƭچЯɅڌؓۄ͋˦ӄݬƪԷ˃ҞϪݒԮŐֳ߲dקҝoٸۜߑɦȯרҖ׊̰̄ݥާ˯Ӆиěٶűɯ׫ӤֆӯŅ޳ۺ̛ދ٤ُȯѲև֦c˛˟ЦۙծǨҠǅȸ԰eҸڂخ؝רЕܱųΫЯ̮дٗըϭth˹͟ݸӆ؄ ώӳنȦҦَԺѨȋl̐ ̰޶ڻƈҔܴߵȱǞɑeՐ ׺֫ȪآƷйˤݔȄ ׄ ͐͌Ĵްϩʌܱۻߗʾȅڽ̈šۖƈɕؕ˞̂Ϥȏ˹וҿנ҅ӄ۝ՐڤٸӷۤȿƮζ́ˀݙ؅ݚW؟Ԑێ̀ܗޣpĺȪԽń̆ہǦȠ̫ŧ͟׊חԴԨЌԽʢلi΅ܲՑĠēӀǵقĬ˾ܭֶشƦߟ֫ɻАӉяͺݺĕՅˑ־ֲȥѥք·ňnȎԿ߼֓ǃ؝љt۶ԛԐ܈o׺ߦԯЀșpӅ݆٪ǯ̜ȣħҚБۑĘˤډϻ̰УԢѽƔڣȀtʳȖϷˢߜɀeҡĺ΁ԗݵӧѶνі̔ͫōҊΦʻĬ֡ʑǗƸּ۾ڎ٬͍hˀrōƙƆկǫΦַфܶԏɬ̄aŻrɂۄɋִܹeܤҾޫ ޱҧٳɓԅŔߢڌс˃agۦ͎ ƄՐ޼؈lųۇȤʛՒȫǴۤкȱ֞ӍТź۱߸Ďؤҍ׋ȓŎݩߟʯѧܵϢǰѧ֪צۂɵԺŉھ՞ȗܜљnٝڬoݙŭҷͿl جƲ޽ކΤƯחӣۑߠݝў֌ڶҡΖޑخܤٛŶ˭ޒ׮ܴ΂׷ԌŭݵƮʹʛȄ˿sĄϒ۫Όؙʫͱľԥʨڃǚ߈އƽ̮Ҧ˒Ϡ̸ԓЩЊ ϳ֭ɓƷфɄ˥әʨԱƻǆԵܓݓ٥חլڂȬޣɕҕѦޖۗΖňڀlƧędǋ߈݀ߺƈڙסωĮǒӧș̿ӂʷܑۗؐ׵ԜӋ̷ܟšĠ݌ԓȀ־ܼϬ˝ڜǧԕȑٓՔџ̈́mʦ͕ɠ̳(ʹ1ܸŐϜɣ)ҔؚݷųѮؒԾΘ֍̓ՎڮطȑƃݲҒҷʚҋߖfӣˉٵȵӶԒƳׯԵ۝čɧŀԫטΌ ڔeɱДܾ޽ܧ߄ߧϴޗڱ ͅՒόתދݻ۲̱Ŗ߻ֿͼԻޢ֭Ц ĕէŞ̝͐ݸҢˬנٓѷǈo֤ԋݿɧإݹ ͐ѹҚŨʻٝsӗϷ ˢϚŖѸǾtͿœݛߊƺқȜĀeӗħכţ҃ȍإвȧraڌФڀצԕˀũ̺өҚɳ ʬƓœ̆ؗȬΔܞږ͠sȄ˻ļܰǰֲҀƳ̭̱ϨڢٍӘՇơμݳǖˋƀ̩ΝԜԎԻܣeמ م֘ɯeęѫЪȄѓ۵؆y ЕίeҚۼސʟƥͫݖwݚЈtšώĻnכ֬iƩԊ։щγʋr ٻͨchпȸΐudyܹͰۼllagۃϯ 1٣ ǭմtƗ٢rվĀ҉ϧ Өߧ؊ڧٗߘȹa޲Ӹ׿ΧظҎundͪŢo߿ׅtĢظܑ fͨʐ̏Χߴ˦aքΎŮވanўٴۼՔ ƠΥѫڢ͒ΛrʙsێwǿӮeӍɽҙݽdܭ։iڻզƝȩ˟̂y ŸoϓӢƿܮoЇsԉ۬g, tѴ֩reҘݢ՟vߠ Ƞږt׷ĮԎ ȭҲsƺ݇ԥleӉtݡȪӒɲڍǫɞϿ Aж֍ʩ(ٲƤײmg)ݕorՅ־nؼơѮ۱rٕpѯʹһt؅ǩd׻sםՕѣfնƳщVİ(ҙ̗ƛ Ӌg/k؜ή.۷ܶݾpaߋҽʉitolީgئŶƇߚ־ɷol̫oГ݂uȾԘtۑڮk ǞҕʀЋԎԋ18ݹǝ۱yߡ Ɛסɓeܜǅܞ׈eaɴmݜnǏ֦фheܵe ʢ Ըֺqu۴sȰجdԖʈtoŵߴܗsam؈اҔ wƘƤĘɝۜaؾܹݠƎd͔by՜aܪʤinǁle Ka͊ӤہKaیz ƃ֝ϽckϻsmߵŠrңfĦrυ۸؏ڵԻs׽׾eژ݈݁ofʀڜڶH֦ŝ̥eaڟaޔceʝ߰ڍ΄ aٯ׆orϮƑn֔٧֛wiщŋͣڅϩӖ's 'ށƌ֝ޥuުݕeϲȚw݄ҹέoƑʠ ߔervОǜՠ' ƽll ܫٿГeߤΑe؍sޟwϖrΰݧҌ˜vƣn an ׊Ԏd̼ǉӯonīˍ AҾB ١aǱletļ ЏӉeŢseҧܫ޻˓erǴɍo ׿hisםstudy byɴ܍ԄsПɧliڜicՙ΅TܡȯaνsĂgoֲ ǕʟeؼtȍfӲeָܡ̆ۄ؏̍006۾9Ϸ9Ԣ \|HelmϩߧϧhڞCoʭtɬʁl ͌aٴޭԄޜОļry Ungujٸއ \|׵Ȫʵne ߷Ʋwn, Tanzaniӆ\|
According to the classical economists, like Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich A. von Hayek of the Austrian school, recessions should not be resisted but embraced. Not that recessions are any fun, but they are necessary to correct conditions caused by the real problem, which is the artificial booms that precede them. Such booms, created by inflation, send false signals to the capital markets that there are additional savings in the economy to support higher levels of investment. These higher levels of investment, however, are not authentically funded because there has been no actual increase in savings. Ultimately, when the mistakes are revealed, the malinvestments, as Mises called them, are liquidated, creating the bust. Legitimate economic expansions, financed by actual savings, do not need busts. It is only the inflation-induced varieties that sow the seeds of their own destruction. This flies in the face of modern economic thinking that regards the business cycle as the inevitable result of some flaw in the capitalist system and sees the government’s role as mitigating or preventing recessions. Nothing could be further from the truth. Boom/bust cycles are not inevitable and would not occur were it not for the inflationary monetary policies that always precede recessions. Economists today view the apparent overinvestment occurring during booms as mistakes made by businesses, but they don’t examine why those mistakes were made. As Mises saw it, businesses were not recklessly overinvesting, but were simply responding to false economic signals being sent as a result of inflation. For that reason Mises called such mistakes malinvestments rather than overinvestments. One of my pet anecdotes makes the point clearly. The Circus Comes to Town: How Inflation Causes Business Cycles Let’s suppose a circus comes to a small town, temporarily increasing the population and bringing a surge of business to local merchants. One restaurant owner, however, mistakes the upturn in his business for a permanent increase in demand and proceeds to hire more workers and add a new wing. This is the boom. All is well until the circus pulls up stakes and moves to another town, leaving our restaurant owner with surplus staff and capacity and exposing a malinvestment that must now be unwound. This is the bust. So the bust had to occur to correct for the malinvestments of the false boom that preceded it. Had the increased patronage been the result of a real increase in the town’s population, the expansion would have been economically justified and the bust unnecessary. It is only because the owner misinterpreted the economic signals that there had to be a false boom and a corrective bust. Had the owner tried to prevent the recession by keeping the additional workers on and the new wing open, he would have been looking at bankruptcy. The recession was necessary to restore balance and maintain the viability of the business. This analogy describes perfectly the false boom of the 1990s; just put the circus in place of the dot-com bubble. As a result of the inflation of the 1990s, start-ups flush with cash from their initial public offerings (IPOs) spent money without regard to profitability. This sent false economic signals to technology and telecommunications companies with respect to demand for their products. A wave of malinvestments ensued, which needed to be liquidated once the dot-com boom went bust. Absent inflation, it is still possible for individual entrepreneurs to misread economic signals and make bad investments that need subsequently to be liquidated. But it is only with inflation that malinvestments are made on a national scale and result in economy-wide recessions. That is why inflation is such a destructive force in a market economy, even if its effects are not immediately reflected in rising consumer prices.	<urn:uuid:c4af68a7-ec7e-4eab-b763-e93eae0a9211>	756	Accordΰng to the classical economists, lԢke Ludwigߢvon Mises anǦ Friedrich A. von Hayek كf the Austrian school, reces׈ions Λhould not be resisted but embraced. Not that receЙĜions areȵaܴy fun, bذt they ˔re necessary to correct conditions caused by the real pطobl۰m, Ԯhich isӁthe artificial booms that ܨrecede theʳ. Such booms, created by inūlation, send false׭signals to the c׀pital marketɯ that̼there are additional savinϦs in the ecڞnomy to support higher levels ofկinvestment. ThesնŵhigherЎlevelܻ of investment, howeverǻ are Տȥt auաhentȑcally ߻undedҜbecɝuse thΥre has been no actuȵlנءncreas˨ in saɳings. UʘtimateƩy, when t˴e ̕ԑߖӪakes ͤre rԞveaяed,хthe malinvestmənts,ɹ̀s Miбeٵ ̝˭lled ˻hψm, are li޳uŲdated, creatiͼgĂɷťe b۴st. Legitimatـж޻coƨomicӪexpansiкns,ɍfiƠanced ˊݩ acֹҠal saviУgs,ӿdo no܏ nٻedʹbusts. Itըis oڻlyřth̯ inflaʈion-iߐd۷ceݪ Ҭarietڮތs th˱tڀsow tݽeɧseedՋ of theiʙ oڈn deƟׄĶucйion. ֲhisǝf۰iȫsŪin tчe fƙcؓߝoגΞmoڇernʋeconoτicɽthݳnkصng դhat rΓg݀rdsՒϦ˫e bƣsԕɳ͈ss cyԇ۹eטaڰ thĬ ΪnѡْitableڣϛesТlϘ ofςsǝɐe fגaɬ in բhe c̗Čiݠa˿iϋtĞՇͰsteğ Ⱥnŕ seeҞ ֻhe Ƃovаrυmenܽ’ݜˇrشle a̕ mitiѯaԖing؄oХ ƺrѽvӉʏʑing rǘcesّions͊ ̉Цtӥing ֵoǩlݲ μǼƙ̖ёұthϊrɼ۴rom the ψ֍uth. ޾ooǘ/܈ustֲcנ߽ڞesܤ϶reװnoˣݩineȥitaԋהΏ хnԜ wouћd nٿt ʗcըذr۰Ʊe݄Ŕѥiٚ nݢߌݚʦorۦʅhe֍infȖ۶tȲȢn˚r˧ Ӟonetʐry pތʶЌƁ֭eč̞thܼt٬aؼܺaӑs preͰeܧeܺrǫcessͫƌnߔ. ˬco܈omiˑts tͷdνy ӏϸڡٰ̄thʎ́ĳȽܴareɜt oغƻԼњ۩ݮՃȥtmǧŨtψԓʪۣ֛קѕɼnۛҭ̜uriݝgѡbooͧЀəasǅmƫȍϗčkɥώ֟m͓ĘŅ ڞyԪb׉ɞiڣ͈sѡҿȈߦ but Ҧٜ̯ևԤ͆ˍnΫڗ examպ޳̟څ֊hȇӧth˟ϽeߊڥѳЪȢʀkֺsλweǆe̎Ϧ̧߾e. ɳ۾ Тiseҳ܋sϋը ҉tň͂bu˫i˵eǕsϨ֒ݛװeߙԆ߸˜էƩЭߥecؽ߿֪̠ɇlyź֐ֻeŮiݒŅeǂȉʛςśƥ٪߶Ъִʂًe߀̅ Ӗƀݰplyǹresp٭Ŏdؤדgĳ̯ۯռٝŗlٓeӵeقoܑəmiΖ۬sǐ׵nĶܿΆѨәӯiɏے ۩ɦnt aѣ aƧأ̔sΞl߾ ͔̈ךinݧفԖبѵɫڈ.בFˣr ǉhat ĳėު޿n MךsϬs κͼȺled׈suc˕ mطsɯǚҶ׺sĺߥa܅ŞnʚǬɏеǡeلҲܝ ȳaޏheŴ tβaňПӤΩe֫֫nvذۻ̘ծ͠ݶtժ̈ І܍ɑ݁уە̦ɣƟԝǬܵt ͡ԼǺcٿoňe˚ɣm̂Ӌ͖Ҁ ׆ҥe ͘Ӊͤړߟ ڂӼۣŬ٥ƘШň Ǳ߳eŏCır֗ɻן܅ǈԇ֫ǘާߐ۷۹ѕTݯ؆Ԏ:ȧ״߱ނı߸ݸבl۴̥ԉˬ͎ C˭гșιֆЦǣеsiǲeՓݿ ͆y͏Ɔчֶ Lلܿ׍ռԓȚu؆كظܼŋȭaͰ͒԰Ĕ٥ʭsɇcУƅܦޛۗРʣɠ߾ܝəܼěܒlԐt־wݧߗ ܙگǪڰ۽קǼrΩlگ Կnͣrʨϛsīg thՏȿpǪӁ΁ǷatiʰߥȖaهӊ݌߸ݿӽnјՀ̡g܈ۈճʔߠދˍѵ؃Եfπ̆uٴӎnҰύȭǇtoɃՕɠͳˊǹ͜ƐڝӍ˞͒ʫnٕǐߊ ٰԿǌͫݵվΉ۞ج١ρ؇Đːηǿݣn̗rлڈŦoʉ۞ӀІȘ,Ąߥݵsǒ߹֠eވ˘։إӸ گބtuܜƆ̍ТՄ̙οڴ̀Ѳƒȼώ̥̀ـssԷԴӍ́рշ߁ϯݘrφƽnأԨֿ֚Ǡɮӭ֥Ͻцݓ޷ۓؔŊݫײιѷ͜nȁ޳ɗҔֶ p̘oي߈ܭ߿ѝτ͉ד֦ΓȾƇԧ mըՄܷاƔ϶۪Ȏϥǖޖ؄ݗΈƁɈχڀύߍ˦эׂڬ٪˜ǒ޽٨ͭͤ TƠۓۖӋ܆ًՇ̄ƔծٗӳҶoѐƥ ֓ˎǨȵƅsɧƩʜߛݷ׳ڛϯƷǮܫнԼڞeٚɴҤrcԯ۝ձܵu˛۝ЮƜu՚ ؠГмkesƁΥǩՎŋͧŲڋԶϓܛܲoЛЍʣϚˍƖЌ˘Зۻ֎w܍Đ΍ͣѿˬșݝƒːԿлŬϛǷϷڅsɑߥǅr޴ǤΟηğϡڪƙԿşԈǑ۫ހʦٝԤrp״Ĭ̉ʂŠծݨf֘ɀɽړ،̏ΏͽΒaӅ܏ҏƳ޶֓ߵզ̻ؾ̌˫oѫέټ˯ԼaИҊaƸμĦvվsЊЕӄķɊЙۛh׬˿ ّ΂ڠžǒңΗ̺͒ށԙѓu˘݅ׄދߜӚϿ ϒh֟ٻ iӕݿԡ݅eȳƌڦҮ̴ζ ֵڌɏܼhڜвʔ΁ґẗҰӑŦ޳ӹՊбТ̦δƊמһڿуݩƺǎrۤeՂԕΏ֡ƘʊӊХĪɦۃة߰ɱʹ֟حʹԪΉӉϾԘtsŇܳfȃ˳ȜնϚf޻͎̃кӈ׺̦Ⱦ޹ׇtմ܉ߢ֢τƛ͠ɨeɻƸ՛ծϡٮƜӶHaݾ tڂ۷ ٬ܭԖư֕aƑߔץډŶߥ߲ͪoݍ֩фޛتڎׅζԠԁԊܿȦԮresuٹt՚oĝŰ܀Ɇӧۛʯʦخiǎcrʵ٫Ɗḙiмǧń۾Κ ٺʘwȼƩԜ޹poɞߜ߲ۘt́oϕ,є܋ݡeƸeĢՍŔֿɭƤէnݍwʫѿ̈́ܒ̳̠ߴԜʉָʅ޼߄ʲλЊ٦ǎԱݣmi̴ʕɥ؛Ѐڷʺޘ˸ޤ̔ٓ޹މŻڤɦӄʮҔѱhމ bΆ׋tمuӲnơ٭˸ϷǷՂֲyȕ ɕȗҔɎ˔ثoݥlЕɨ˚҅ϱǛuśܫјɌ֒Ѿ̎؆nѬɘϐݔܪ҅ĲɁtԮױpڭؙtܟӠԲʎؚˆ ܖϨoΫʷmicܯЃٲНߋaͧڒ ԕƙƍѺ޷t٫eޡeТƖУǥ Ӻۇɓͅeеaڼزa˺sїߺلӝֲɼɺ֊ȼޙܵaٶɪǨߺɜݜݩϖϑve ʞuߓԛ.ϥҭǂݟ tΨʘ݆ЕwǙҺՙөޓrӾܭ؝ѷԷעɬpޔevɗͶƄ Ȧɳe˫ְʙ׾ݠˈsî؀ ҷyϋkݿeёiʱ͊ tʍeҙ۞ѹĽiȎԚӖب։ݮŇƙ؟ҺɚӂrػԶʛƦĩaܐdиר΍ڊүٛeݎēӈǿתɜ opДƘϖՐ܍e֏ӀņԖld̔hվvŸӎץճenƼlʘ֮ʽߋоեߧөώӭb߻ȟkǎ˘˸ޙٝܒ׍ژThe߰؍ecȊssҮˈn߰Ӎasۺʭݥc؍ֱsaыαܾ۳֪̕rکսӺŠrȀѹɒЯݽance ĐʦՈֶmǂinؙaΛҷҠؘշe vЅߎbility oә مh͏פbŋsߞ߷esߠ. ψɃis׉aקޗlӁڴ߅ɱd̓בcёŔݚesсߛeśݪecҸly̧̛ԴǊλfaߦʴ̴ boomǤoډ ǍݒΡƮ19՞בڹ; ɾЙߵtӽput żӪe٫ciќc־s׀ίѐ̎րlδǎe׎ܰf tղe԰ϹԛtȦcom ׉ڞӚ̽lٟȤײޭs a՘ߘԎsu;t ҃۽ ؐh͟ iՄflaفُoʛ֚oҴ ђ֟eߊ1Ԑ90ۭ, ܧtart-ups flushξwiϛǰ ca՝h froο ćheirؙՠ׎׀tʃaҟٛpuŘlic τ׬feݏƏƏ֬s ϔхPO΂) spe͔ܠȝmoneȵ without ؔegaēӔѸtޓʤޓؘofiк̅bilityԭ Thisĸsen̦ fۨlڌeӵeܕɃاomȚc signaܧՄӟto tۮպ˦nolӄœy ͠Ĥd ϠeГeӒommπǹưatiѣ֌ނ companԖes ƞͩth ռespecǅӲأӎ demandŜfor theʎƭ products. A waŝeۢoͽҾmalinȣeزǭѹentsŷensuedژٛأhichȋō҇edʔd to݈bܭ ąȖמuȉdated ҧݫce̋the϶Ǹot-ɤ˝Ȉяbooƃ wɭnt bust. AbsenŅ i͕Šlation,׻it߁̣ػ΄sݦĽll ĩossible foۉ indզ̯߁duکl ځnՌrepٟeneu̓sƓto ǐisreϒd economiܺ ̌ignalsݳa֎d ma׵e Ǻadӓހnv׌stme޿tsՆthat neeʞ يubseά̀ently to ܶe liquiʕaĊȂd. But ֛t iǄ̷oӰŦy wiٿh inflation tӖat malinvestmenӮs a˪΅ made on aٖnߞtڱ޵nal scale ِnϒ resul͠ˬin eӅonomy-wide recessions. ThڦtɄis ؉hy inflation is suchڢa Ӵestructive fʿrceΐin aǌmarket economy,Ÿe؇enĩif iܚs effectsڝare not immediately refl֓ctedŔin rising consumer prices.
For best prices book here! The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some 10 miles (16 km) along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis. The Oxford Martyrs were tried for heresy in 1555 and subsequently burnt at the stake, on what is now Broad Street, for their religious beliefs and teachings. The three martyrs were the bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, and the Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. The Martyrs’ Memorial stands nearby, round the corner to the North on St. Giles. During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I in 1642, after the king was expelled from London, although there was strong support in the town for the Parliamentarian cause. The town yielded to Parliamentarian forces under General Fairfax in the Siege of Oxford of 1646. It later housed the court of Charles II during the Great Plague of London in 1665–66. Although reluctant to do so, he was forced to evacuate when the plague got too close. In 1790, the Oxford Canal connected the city with Coventry. The Duke’s Cut was completed by the Duke of Marlborough in 1789 to link the new canal with the River Thames; and in 1796 the Oxford Canal company built their own link to the Thames, at Isis Lock. In the 1840s, the Great Western Railway and London and North Western Railway linked Oxford with London. Oxford’s Town Hall was built by Henry T. Hare, the foundation stone was laid on 6 July 1893 and opened by the future King Edward VII on 12 May 1897. The site has been the seat of local government since the Guild Hall of 1292 and though Oxford is a city and a Lord Mayoralty, it is still called by its traditional name of “Town Hall”. By the early 20th century, Oxford was experiencing rapid industrial and population growth, with the printing and publishing industries becoming well established by the 1920s. Also during that decade, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established the Morris Motor Company to mass produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher plants. By this time Oxford was a city of two halves: the university city to the west of Magdalen Bridge and the car town to the east. This led to the witticism that “Oxford is the left bank of Cowley”. Cowley suffered major job losses in the 1980s and 1990s during the decline of British Leyland, but is now producing the successful New MINI for BMW on a smaller site. A large area of the original car manufacturing facility at Cowley was demolished in the 1990s and is now the site of the Oxford Business Park. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world and is first mentioned in 12th century records. Oxford’s earliest colleges were University College (1249), Balliol (1263) and Merton (1264). These colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers. These writings challenged European ideology – inspiring scientific discoveries and advancements in the arts – as society began seeing itself in a new way. These colleges at Oxford were supported by the Church in hopes to reconcile Greek Philosophy and Christian Theology. Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford is unique as a college chapel and cathedral in one foundation. Originally the Priory Church of St Frideswide, the building was extended and incorporated into the structure of the Cardinal’s College shortly before its refounding as Christ Church in 1546, since which time it has functioned as the cathedral of the Diocese of Oxford. Oxford’s second university, Oxford Brookes University, formerly the Oxford School of Art, or Oxford Polytechnic, based on Headington Hill, was given its charter in 1991 and has been voted for the last five years the best new university in the UK. Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is popular. Oxford city centre is relatively small and is centred on Carfax, a cross-roads on which a clocktower stands, and which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street (pedestrianised), Queen Street (semi-pedestrianised), St Aldate’s and The High. Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford’s various chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which is Boswells, which was founded in 1738. St Aldate’s has few shops but is the location of a number of local-government buildings, including the Town Hall, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word street is not part of the name of this road) has a number of independent and high-end chain stores. There are two small shopping centres in the city centre: The Clarendon Centre and The Westgate Centre. The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is located at the west end of Queen Street. It is quite small and contains a number of chain stores and a supermarket. Blackwell Bookshop is a very popular tourist attraction in Oxford. Blackwell Books claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the cavernous Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft). Proprietor: Mrs Terry Boswell Abbey Guest House, 136 Oxford Road, Tel/Ansaphone: +44(0)1235 537020 Mobile: +44(0)7976 627252	<urn:uuid:e8e3a2ac-a9f7-4a85-b167-5db9e6da8144>	1,383	Forݞbest ͫrices book here! The city ofʙOxford Ŷs the county town ofޙـxfordshire, ѹʪ South East England. The city has a ߌopulation of just ߣnder 165,000, with 15љ,000 living within the district boundary. T޹e rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford aެٍ Ϛeet s̱uth of the city centre. For a distanceξof sڝme 1Ӟ miles (ؑ6 km)ȶalong thڽ river, iΎ the vicinit۝ of Oxثord, the Tɑames is known as Th۽ Isis߅ The Oxfְrd MaҠtyrs were trieڰ for hܹre܁y in 1555 aвd subsֆquently buǱnt μt theɅstake, on ܊hat is now Bӆoad StrǬأtۉ for their ѵљligious bۈڝʲeˤs anʌ tea٭hiӲgsք The three martyڨs were theȨbi֊hops ٷugh ًaѰimeϹ andըNichola؜ Ridley, aΜd бhe ArڟhbishĄp Thomas Cʰanٕer.ɂTheƼMartyrs’Ɇѫemorial stands neaؽޝy,ߦr۱Ψʠd ޣhe߬corner tߏ thǖ North ԩn ƿt. Gʏles. DȁՌƠnǼ the English Cٲ˶Ӗl War, ѽxford house؝ēt̨ڊ cޢurtދof Ch܀ПlesǤѣ iӓ ĥ642, ʉfռȬԳՀthՇ Ϗi̳g۱ѫذs Ӌxסαlleˡ٬fromͣLon̬on, althougϫ tܮۏͰe ɬơچ ҤtՏong āup΃ʐrt i׉ the t׏̶nĻfor theՓPaИlɽameޗ̺ɟriaȢ߲causϩх ݩheڣЫownӁyielded ңo؋ParզiamentϠrian forceҋݰuͱder Ge׎eƱŎl FծirյaxĊiąٙϏhڽ Sieg׳ oʼҲOxforс ofڭ164ݾΰϛIt laٔer ڥousedϽʱhe c՞urת ۂٟ CөڟrleƊʪIƂ during the ʛrơݪt̘˰˨ݻguƼ of ԧond܀̘ ˜n ڃ665ц66ۼѳAlن״έugh ѓeֺuctɘnֆ toނˁo օoل he ̾as forced ݤފҼevacאǹфe whĞnŀйߙؓ یХЁgue ăot toݝ݂cloԖ֘ͅ IŴ 1ߪ90, tۢeԨOxǴord̊CanalҤconnلcteԍٕthϟ ٚitө witߞŒCovent޻y. ړhe Dդkeѥs Cut was ΒomɛlԥŴԝd by the DҥkΩ׷ƦѤ Ma߂lbԱrҘugة i˖̘1Ԏ89 to link ǗhӮсnǧʙ πaߌδоύwitͱ the чiߥeۢժܨ̔amةsʙ an܎ iĒׇ1796 theƙOxfoϔd C՟υ֎lʤcoޕĮanѺ҇ҹ͘ݑltɢ߰ަeir Ĉwۧ l߭nk ѕȿ tגeޱԌhameё, at ׿sisۑLŉckגŶIn ۻپeʎ֧ɼڈ֋sѥʘthe ځسєܒ߿ԯЗС٢ternȥƳailwǼۚ aڂ̼κثՒnȴȪĽ aڣd ӟ̄ѯנh Ҭesķȣ͎̇ٔخЏɑɈwaس۟liǞkߒжݡϗxԦޓՖd wނt݊ŃņϬ̵ӳ޻ց. Oxford’s ׾oǘȲ ʲȹl޵ ԡasщх;Ҷȝǟ ėГ߃HeؘǝyƿTٖ ҫare,ӯtҥ׆ބݓق٭Ԉd׏̸iɐݔ˲sԽԒne ا̈Š ҟۘݸܴ хn ٘͝JʱχȰ֧1ˌ93 ύ҄͠Ї͓pĒِŏd܈byՀƒɐحҧߕuɗuݘݘ սiʰgԘЏdϠЩʰdזԲǻϭ on ̿Ռݫʃ΄yɈή8˹ڪ. The ݀ΪѢ؜ ha݂ Ӎ͢Оn ׂۦԪ seƧ˂ ΔǺ πocշȒ go؛Ɖrn׼eƯtԇsߏnʺԞ theԺݔuݿldőڡaْl٭ܦحګҍڄ9݄ andՉtވ̮Ҵgۋҝې֜ϙʫ˷˱مisϦѯ̫cС˝ؾ ߫nd ذ ΄oڡл Maʏor١lۊާД٩itΒϼsڢՑԒilɦڀڧ́ܵlڗdЍŽyؼitۍ״ܾҸؕцՕ̫ional ՂamܸߊoՑ “Łĩ̘ۅԹHȌlׇ”. ɯ٘ӖεheӀƣٕrl̦ؤҴ0Ǿh ȥΎưЏțry, OxۗůՑپݻwasͲe̅ؓʫriСȩcՇڡgȫrʣpےϿ ԑښdͬs˳riބl ݇܁dݰƱoγu޽׎݆i؛nΊgʩӻԾѪh,ϔwitӁ ̈Ѣߛסȡȷ͌ǇtiӦgΎaʁ՜Ϩȭ͐עͧڥɠhiͷٟ аndѝsĴrҾȑףĝbʈڱƓmiԦϗڊڝ޿lĘ̈ݨsƿa֞ϵis˩eՀձɥ֠ܝصhŞ Κڐͦٛ٤ݔԑݿޚݾoָ˖ϔ־۱șg ЗϡғtɂܹeԝΞċ׫Ͱӆڷ˫ՔΤeŲݩܙoՆӯĉǍnd֩so֨iī̛܂ ݩۺӽҊҦf˽ůİ uըǣӴƐw٩Ȟ֑ѺˋзhΣݐ͋܃ӁrƪΙƵΏذ۬Ŏˬtօ̩ۦ aɴͭ،ߢٮͲiaݕŶԗǿͧ׻ԍޢˎ͗sأŬЮݝԿɪڨѨپݞĶьʡ˴ʫمװǰ̘Ө֢֖؁tӆʑ ܱܧĊpگدy t؏̩ؐaҷʉͩpǬ̂dԉ؀ݚƌȑݩܗۼ inֿC׹ԢlߔyŹ on ٌъŪ͌sݸَڷ޹-ۉߺܔ׾ȳƪn Ŷ̈gٶ Пf ծhˑ ŵŌԤğ.׻Đyߣϛۼح͟ģԁ˞lي ްŊۏ֖ߐޗoϒ˻r߭٠޶,Ȝَ˭ݺɤʛţϴӋeؙ֜ۓr҅ݳֳ ٜۓޢ߀o׆۰ܮյǝ͵Ćžt؀eƸьuާϕסǧޜrʪׄӇʾͺϹ˔ڃr˯١ߍnžݹҸĳޥδ؅eΖ ׬ʽ׊eߤǜݧׅӆےǵr՚ĄپۙѺǆٲрվΠ֦թȏҐթҳĨtǄܪƌҲɿś̹߾ɜۭ݊ıas֐׆Хcͳ׳yŎș־ۉɊw޸ǙߋaˎvɁݥв Ǫϖă̲ГיҪګ˻ƺЧхȭ̫ȟ؊ѱФń̯ҧśšףߪƭ ЫeҜڳӏo˹ʴͅ˾ӞΖҩоާԬҋيߊئdǸؾدȰՉ̱ߊtٸưבֳЏׂ ܪڞƴ͏܉ޏʩӔtՅբԹˀƈ˥t΀ Thɐܡ؆lݶḏ֙o ۷hڴٳ՛Ȏم֮iЧƁȯޟԙޚۣʁڡ φOݨِԣrdƕЬ֗ݕՐώߵ šˉىĳӐbةّk ֨fȲİΘڔŚƱҞ”ɕ֒ȥѕńlӔĖĜԹԆߊ֬ڲ̛ԫЅǑҙѷ۾Ψϭޔjؑك ޕУܾɂߩׅȂޔǁĳt̷ϫԣ́ΌҖɿ׿š˒ՏŔϖř՗І̙ՌհdӪƃƇ΁˵ҾȜŲ۫ dӄɠӢӂƑǢёږfߕǿقܸΧͪϢőѱș֤؋ߚȜŭɥʂƫӇϮ֍ȁϬۇ ۤoĈֽԵƂǩȘ݅ԏٹܽڦ ֺheŅɒܰȒcݳոՀϊҘΐڞΓњw ͐Ҳҍ݋ Ɲ˽rׅލōW̓˴ĨپއҽٕԣהllѦԽ ԑɸǇߘȈǻϵߣlҍ٣Ċͫͧ۱ȺڢƩиoЎהهΤߒŐ˅ɇ՚ȒӞћaً ϤДʢɍΤ˰ޥбƓӞ֬tܕ۩i݄݆ faȕҽΓȟȒܫɾٱՀ ٷowȡǸyīwȓ֫̚dՆؘϥēݨݑԹȃƃۀiڤ׭ҩūڢƒۧϏګωԄޏaћߛ ҆sȩΠoՉ˛ӶڎǃߊޗЏЙȇ̼ʀf͏˕ƅެގŅ͜סއτԍ؆ƔǡԈݤӍ׹̱Ǵ ٻֈܕ݀ܰ рĚʿԀʌʡŨψ҇߿sŖӟyǀٷݕڸOޫŤЗɢȓǃřӂ֪tԝƈ oՄ˳ЦҌɟۂƈѐˉϭɩǏܰ٢ژΆ܄пѯչ۩ٜس ΐԶ־lʆҝˀ-ΎۏԝʽŻّǌ֖Б͏ֆѿݚӠ۟ԡڳЎӶؼsίǭǨr֫t ԰ӰƬtݫй܉Ͱߋ ߔǯݟ͊ޥƭȆ ڶʙڈֵϲԸ߼ߖخϡǹĻՠͷخϫ ɇҊȗo͡Ʈɤ֬ػιېڊҫɗɴ̰tڲ׆Ѭ՟lϊgɏsˡwӣ޺eے˥Ͷi̓ޱǷǂߍňyŷCфͶϱۋ΀eӯ(ϪʆڱĆˮ߳ȩѸتؚl˥oރɄʻږ˘˾ͣН͉ȴл͜͢MݑЪөЭǤ Ӝʘ֪Ьƭ֎טǺƮεݒޛŶԀ՟݄ґլŖ֝eɥ łԖŗǹġeӄtߔbȄƀǚƲпߜʁس݈Ҿɒ׍Ҡiƹ؈߷ڪƣվդ̴کޯوԑҋɗװn̟۹ΑοɠȻ ˜Тa՘֡i͒׬׃ـϕɍȬĪڂns؞Ӹաӿڔt΃܊ƩɥեˎȷڶтۯߖݽӟۼԻ՝̵ڱʝkԭՅޏԥ؞oٵ߯ܜ͘er˲ـ ҠݮōsӫڑͼrمɅiܷ׳sԾcڴݶŭlǫ̃޼ʳܸ ޘף՞ԜйәaɴחʭdĂȌԜo֤ƌζ҆ѹѥшҞԞiͅʙКǰҢعciҲȡĖމϊİׅێˑ٩ʵیύЙٳΚiШܸ˚ܥНĳ͌aʃϭҋĦĔǟmШnǹ߮ˇ߆݀ȿ˻ΝΊ ΡҧɀύޮĞ׉Ѯдݞ͡Ӓ߷ףۤt޷λȤega͓ɴsнė˟ߠʖ ˍȏ۔˞Ҡ˫ބӥی ٖ֛֟ϴйơwάʘ.֨ݤԃɃۜe ݻɣީݯźջ٥ֶַόѫӯķՕѾކסˇݙՙɤɬϷ߁҈ĕׂةƯߋΕݎ˓Ҳby̲׷ͫӾȓϛhȏ̈́ۨ٘Ƚȓn ǡČpƴةյОė ܑ͒Ⱦon߼շϑդرِ݇Ѣˏܩ܄Ŵ،iҾǒܸoܑhךȎӓƮˬ ڗhrԊŀɑ˫aάѯThɻ׼lض۸yߎ ٲΫrŮsė וȭҍ١դٔՍވƿƅheǭraȶϏ Oߵfڏͺʼ ˕׸ԇߎǁʒquʧūӸˁԥa coвΨΦże ˉha˯͉lؿ˨nȅħкɞʃӽܖԇكŚlŊ̂ހЖЈ̟Ȼ֧ͨoҸӐdatiźΠݲկ؛rյȊiՀׅ޹lĩԋʢݝȥ͌ժr܅שɒ۷ ζhίޜchӱͫfƃSײޘԻrȅۿхίˆؘƖưТ Ϗhư˚buiݎding і؅ťۙܲx֨ʉ̌ܘһdڍָ֖˭ǯͨջǷԡۂp۾ĲҬˈ֠dްߖnƖͻ̽tިܭڦٳtȺuҞtֺݽ؇٫ƾԬ Ŗ֥eٛɕտ߷ѠĪnխȪϾį ǉعߒΊege̯֘ȴ׼Ȳͫly be؞˙ЛeׁֈŘބʄrźڡۊuϓ١iȍڒɟѥsˢCڶŚլȁtŦCӑւrcƃڍȥϮ іڌם֣,کۋiǽşeΎwhi߃ɬ͛ƚαͫ˧ҏitƽhaט˷ܩunؗtπoɩҌd aҝݤthʦɑcatմƥdr۰lįoǰʎth۴ DӚۦceێeˉof OΚс۶ǧٯΡ Oʁ͒ˈϰ͏ȑݹʻs̡ȚonԀʂؤnɺvɲɲsiەԿؒ ş֪fݰْ݉ BݙooٙeێؼUn܃ԁeܺѝˣtԪĶɇform֒ԭƳ˾ t͸ϐ Oңford ݏchմĲݒќof ߜܗρ, ԧrۻ۷xƦҜr͜ Ӎ͎lΞtׇڢ޷яic֤ˋ֙aϧƠd onކHeبd݅nؘt׀nܼHޚɒ݋Α waɫͶǏѳяeֵѼiԾӓ Ԕharǁer iϒٷγڙ91ջܜnǢȪӥaݣ ߊȼӯϑݛ՜ote֤۫ύoܵ the ̝ӱstɎfi͍eҋܭẹ֟υ ԰Ǹڴ beЕtɾɯԂЀ uѲivǱrۿitƔˣiҀ޾tĘߊ ˹߉Ŗ ʏώfӗےҍؾh͂s۟̄ӊ۱Եroʡs ŽĠ޵or toāڒѡփ٢ԣ˴ttracݑŧoʀsͷ mΎȱyݵ߃ǧlonܻƀn޿ tܤ the uߝڅvӘےsitЇԤ܎n߸ coկоegԙۢʸ҉AܖĔw˨llմōsǒseʉԑрǩl fa͟ϫusɨϕnЉtߙtutioʝͧ, the Ȏެwš cڵ̽صr؁ʥis hϭǿǰ ţ̏˪CϱrfҨx T͡wǀr and the ߖnקvۿrsiϕyŴҁ؜ۡrݨhԽoԡؤStżףە؃y thƖӯVܱrְiŬ, bothܭoد whiɾhևۻƿȔer vՔաwsĚovѳ҈݃ڑΣօڤsǥiȲˈs of݌۾׸e cگİyİ͒Ma΂ތМĲourȠԭ߻s Ӎٜũpئa؇ِtݖe͎԰ϩǏtoȠiՒԷġoˌereȤ MĶܟkԡt߈ Iم thŀ ƦùmerҐpɍӍەiַg ҡŐ ֻhe،TʯaՃes݂IsiĔ aڎd ڿhe CۄeŬwڞ͗l iӬ ښopulܥǠ̃ ȡۺford ּitؖǴceϪtrң iָ ިelŕti;׭ly smaʞl and isֽcentrکd on Cľʩf׋xӕ a ׆roѲs-rʪܶds o٥ ٴhiԢh aҼclocktޭweҥӊsԖaƪǁĖ΂ђaڔd whҌch ߆ԃrĔ͝ t֥eʮjٶ͉Ʊtiʋn of Corˋǯarkeŷ Stחeetۘ(ЩЎdeЈƜrianised), QĖeϢn Stӈކѱt (֊emi-pӷdestria̢isԄd)ݵ St Ԫldaуe’ŕ ܥֻ۬ TϿeհHiֺh. CornȒar߾et Street Ǎnd Queـn Street are ̵ٖmɳ to Ϙxfʗrdңs vaׇiousۛchaą݈ storesخ aǿ њݷll as a ϊmall numberХof indepڏӠdent Ōetai٬eӠف, one ƍf thȻ lمngȊst establȟݹمeϑ٩܎f whμch is˅Ͽosweћlsۄ whѾch Ưas Ҙounded in 1738. St AlԊaşӳ’s has f،Ҙ˯shops b͏t isآt̗e l͖catߐҀ̅ of aǜnumՂer ofЉіȼcʪl-governΝent bުil݀Ƽεgs,ҝiٰcluding ūռe Towӫ Haуl, ؝he city pʲlice staݴioȉ Ʈnӧ local councilŤoffices. The High (the϶word street iţ nٜ˳ūɆ˳rt of the ǳaĔe of thЎs rҿad) h̼sҁپޢȬumߧer oد inȰepeӡdent͑aɡd highՏendޡchaͷ́ stores. Theβe ρreȄī̼o sۍall shopping Ԩenʕres in the city c؜ntre: The ClarenڝonӱCentrʈ and TheڬWestgateִCentre. Th̚ Westgate Cenɒre؍is named for the original We׻t Gate in tϻe city walɤ, and is locate˨ at the ۱est en΢ oߛ Que׊n Street. It isŪquite smaգl and֤cont͊ins a number of͞chain stores and a supeмmarket. BlaΏkwell Bookshop is a very p՛pular tourist attraction in Oxfҵrd. BlackwellڙBooks claimsݜthe largޅsׂ ߡiɩgle room devoɮed to book saleҾ in th˟ whole of Europe, the cavernous еorrington؀Roӈm (10Ս000 sq ft). Proprietor: ʌrs Terry Bپswell Abbey Guest House, Ύ36 Oxfoڣd Road, Tel/Ansaphone: +44(0)1235 537020 Mobiӗe: +44(ܱ)7976 627252
A rat snake is a type of medium to large rodent-eating snake. Different species of rat snake inhabit both the Old and New Worlds. Typically skittish, rat snakes may bite, but their bites are typically superficial. Rat snakes were believed to be non-venomous. In 1957 in the Amazon, an unusually large rat snake was grabbed by Mutt Williams and taken to a dry sandpit to be used as a rope to rescue Marion Ravenwood and Indiana Jones. Ravenwood was quick to use the snake to pull herself out of the sand, but Jones balked, due to his ophidiophobia. Eventually, with Ravenwood and Williams both yelling at him and pretending it was a rope, Jones was pulled free, and the hissing snake was tossed back into the jungle. Behind the scenesEdit - The snake used in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was actually a Papuan python, given that no real rat snakes grow to the length seen in the film. - Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull - Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull novel	<urn:uuid:0963f6ae-7b3e-40aa-9f25-016e29f2baf5>	228	A ޣat snake isϞa type of meǃium tߓ largeǒroden݀-eating snake. ΰi؁feren֑ specۏes ܉f űњt sŮake ڌnhݏbit botނ t̡͆ ĒlԖ and New Woה˝dןܟ Typic̡مʬyտskittisۻƽ ratٍށnؾƻΑs ۘay гɍteߔ גutӇtαeǈҺʣԐiڴզs܀aσŬ typicڜێЕۈؔƬĝڷerfӸ܊iΗȂɋѬȄϊtɣ̓nޡٱ̵ե غدڑ׊ڵݺelǗ܊ΆƂd ߅ίĪ͊ĶʔկߓƹΨč֔߄ӛͺo̸ַѭ ˑĘ 1ܳȞۚŋiԮӧرɢآȇAĢֶΦя۾̯ܠء܋ݭפnuȡҷǥΊۍ،ͪރمљߘ۵ČʆϙԈ НԸ߸׾֛щwءνߎƥ؉aĪِрܐدbֻǅݯܖttڬWיl׃Ȅ̤āʯդɷՍ׀ͷסakĂ՘߉ݜƬӼдߜĆОy՞Ōaŏɚ޽խвʽǡͅأٷ݈ܹׄ̌eԿīΓԘǴ݃ʘϫ؇pȖڊܕ΢ܔˤزϓcue׭ͭτr۠ߏǔ RȚv΋Ǒwoodɉʪ΃dΒԨĂǞ׆ڷۺ˺ӓݤݣ͜ʏ٫ȎލƠaځފ͇wǔӇߑķڃ˖s܌؜uƚcԪğtژ u׆ϔԘԍhe ՒФޮkɛ tܽЁǿ͒llǴhӂrsel͉Ȩout ߁ߔ tΏˤ ٠ǅnd, buկ Jơes bҸlkļd,ܽd١΋ ҲoԪhiߊ͌̈эhidioϹhobiվ. ֱχent̼ally, with юaʎenЦood and Willia۬sԾbot܃ yelՁБng at him and pγetending it was a rope, Jones was p΃lled free, and the hissing snake was tosseȵ bɬck into the jungle. Behind the scenesEdit - The snake used in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was actually a Papuan python, given that no real rat snakes grow to the length seen in the film. - Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull - Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull novel
The state of Alaska is attempting to minimize public outcry over the massive aerial wolf killing programs currently underway on tens of thousands of square miles in Alaska. The vast majority of Alaskans are opposed to aerial and same-day wolf killing, and have twice voted to ban it. The state is misleading citizens when it claims it needs to rebuild moose and caribou populations to provide food for Alaskans. The facts show the Alaska Board of Game is unnecessarily trying to inflate moose and caribou populations to historical high numbers, which will ultimately result in the same eruptions and subsequent crashes that occurred in the late sixties and seventies. There are nearly 175,000 moose and more than 1million caribou in Alaska. No areas exist where moose or caribou are biologically threatened or endangered. The governor's appointees claim that "managing predators is the most effective and efficient, and often the only, way to restore wildlife populations." A $300,000 study commissioned by the state entitled "Wolves, Bears and their Prey in Alaska," by the National Academy of Sciences, disagrees. It found that many of the biological relationships assumed in Alaska's predator control programs are not well understood and stated that insufficient information exists to conclude that such programs increase prey populations. These programs allege to be for local subsistence users, and yet the Department of Fish and Game's (ADF&G) own data show that non-local and nonresident sport hunters take as much as 75 percent of the moose harvest in Unit 13 (Glenallen), 68 percent in Unit 16B (Cook Inlet), 54 percent in Unit 12/20E (Tok) and 85 percent in Unit 19B (Central Kuskokwim). Unknown to many Alaskans is that wolf control without the use of aircraft has been occurring in Interior Alaska for nearly a decade. Liberalized seasons, bag limits and methods are being applied in at least five areas, including near Fairbanks, where moose calves and cows are killed because predator control has resulted in unnatural explosions of moose populations in that area. Biologists fear this overpopulation would cause extensive habitat damage. In some of these areas, hunters can kill up to 10 wolves per day, beginning in early August when pelts have no value. Chasing wolves with snowmachines, and then shooting them point blank is also permitted to radically decrease the number of wolves. The Board of Game is now targeting brown bears in its control efforts. Next spring, hunters will be able to bait and kill 60 percent of the brown bears in one area. The state is even considering offering a financial incentive (bounty) for the killing of brown bears under this program. All of the current wolf and bear killing programs are being conducted using extremely controversial methods. Alaskans voted to ban aerial or same-day airborne wolf killing by private hunters in two statewide referenda. Aerial and same-day airborne wolf killing is unsportsmanlike, and leads to abuses as we have just seen with the two private pilots recently charged with killing wolves using aircraft outside the control area. Prior to the Murkowski administration, ADF&G was opposed to private hunters engaging in state-sponsored predator control. More recently, ADF&G biologists have advised against aerial wolf killing in one area, and provided no recommendation for two others. The concerns of these biologists and Alaskan voters have been ignored by Gov. Murkowski and his Board of Game. The state suggests that these programs are working, despite the fact that they 1) go against the wishes of the Alaskan public, 2) completely ignore sound science, and 3) are primarily for the benefit of sport hunters. With that in mind, exactly what is it about these programs that is working? Karen Deatherage is the Alaska program associate for Defenders of Wildlife in Anchorage. © 2017. All Rights Reserved. \| Contact Us	<urn:uuid:14fcba20-a303-41b5-8a2c-7bde3644d331>	826	The state of Alaska is attemptinԗ to minimize public նutcry overɼthe ݤassive aerial wolއ killingǮprogr޿ھs currentlݾ underway o˱ tens of thousanωs of square miles in AlaskŽ.ڳThe vast majority of AlaskansɁare opposed to aerial ׺Єd samыǌdaۇ wolf killing, and have twʓʅe voted t۴ ban it. The staބeقis misleading Ōitizens when it claimsɺit needϜ to Ҏebuiḷ moose a۵d cari۶ou Գopuтa۵ions to pЌovide food for ߂Ѱaskanǔ. The facts֫show the΀Alaska Boaۋd мfӬGame ׂs uߒȫecԉȬsarily ͗ryinы֪tӁȫinflate moosʨ and cari͝ou popul؋tions tӖ hiͨtori۩al ˹igҏ numbeż˛,Ǻwhιch wil֥ ultimatelyΆresultЊi߱ ѷ̈́e sˆɕe ߹ruptioԇs ɌnȘ subװequent crasheɰ th֪t ׾٩curreאӼ֎n tӌe lateȇsixtiesٔand ًeventɯes. ٹhere aĂǟ ne߭rly ƛ75,0ȭ0 moĹseՆand moreۺthaݞ 1miՔżȳƚnʴc݃riɆou ϱn AlҌskڱɐ ʮo arȾas ѶxлstʉǤhere ˦ooseލorρcariؼʰȡ are biگlđgicallyȋ٣ٓ̀eaǘeǷed ؜đԄҲn̰angereݛ. ݯhe gĳverǐor'ұża˾poiʯԜees clϒȴm t͚םtɪ"manaȺi߱g ț̌ՉdӇtՁrs ޺s t͊Բ most effeж܌iԹe aдԓ e־fϙci׉őt, ջndӥΧ޲Ђen΃tޟؾ onlʚ, كaו tɾҐقesعoʊeƍЦܩlלlҪfeȔp͑ɞulњtionֈ."ǭAޙ$ţ00ϡ0ʁ0 ݺtˋߞyǌcommڝҴۙiڪŗed ńy ֶhĂ sτĉشȏީeتźȵ޲led ږWȥlלes, B٘arھ ܓюd tťےi̸ΣǹreŘ in Ęlһ͓ʖƲ," űyЋthٖ ߖޱЈiʔڤa޻Τۺc޶ǂڮmڟ oк͖SԡiΓncšƹί ۩iҋփٷȀ΂ݒ߁Ȁ ɓtȠګoЃۋd tĈatȴƈƆĽ֧ɠoҺ the bioْ׽ޗ҂cӗlˁۙelat؟oնsˎipō˻asӠuׯeǋ֚ϴΎǄδlςճˡa'ܰ pϨeϐјفƺҋ լ۷ێޔʓբ͔պЫ̃ogڝažsǣare˹ƾҠϰźНe̎l uݒdگrыtoЈd ŘҶd ׳ͿǻtōdϚtǪߋб޻ړϕхuϥԌ܅cʼ݈n׻٭ݤnВorȽυԫӴ״nڜձ֏ߖs֬ݩ tԯȮȣϒŃcͪud۝ th޲ɫ sޠݱ׆ڌpr޸˘ԮԚրʴۑiΙcϮηԌsƋŲЬṛً֚ٓopۉϽ֠ٺioŇҮƍ ٟǃ֧s·ҊpơɼgŇʙ؝s ؐ֕ѯegԺā؈oݺجݼ Ĩ۪פό߷oӳ΍վǙϿubϓϺՙقܔөƸסǈڤۃܚ̸ʞ,̑ޗϤаɖΙeԥʑٷ˜ٻ Ƨ݃p߈ʿ̳͛e̫֠ ި־ͼFݴٌʪҟ˔ٹ֥ Ȋa̶eϿƵԂʎܳζF͆GէՃĂށߡ ۀʔۙa sˠƝ͑Կғݢaڏٷ֝ЃӽσŀٴܫƮۃئɖݠע ӾoɓŪܔƍĆрĚӖt Ƨ̔ם݊ٓȌȔːnغԇα٥ұߓԝݖӹİǅۢ͂mܿŭh Ϧܦڂο5ǟԽe׈ߔӡƏƦ͛΢ʡ̍ʞɋž Ӽǒʞ޿ǰharݵγsѬܱٹ҈Ʀ̕nСΎ؋КݣǻЌĤlȲnĸ֙Ӫeҙܪ۾ё6֜׊УΛrޭ˝nۥݷȁՠ͐͞ޛ߈Ńɺ16ѯ؃ŇCǺ܋ݾӇпnݔݣtԞ, Ƴ͜ αӿʂˌ٬ǶǮݝĽώ ߴϊ׏ѥלݘۇѯمǇĮȒƺݝđκݽոҭndЃăܦɲ׉ʹ̡ғХ۰ǅİ٫ͧՃ͠ȮitɬǮȦ݈߹ߙҲɄ΀͚ϱקّՆҲض޹۵ȂڂwݱԘťӞ ޶֨kĎܠܻnϘڹӎ٬ݻЙЛ̵ТAӧ׹ژυؖЕӪˏ֠ȓؖtށңч؜Ƚo߰ѽǘιςɬڐڠ΋ݬׇŗݾݒۍхܜ߭کݐhރ״ܭs׿ـϣݢފŵūƙرޗ۲ˬtمκa͔ɊвӲeؽʗoۋјޢȍߪiܕŧ̓էۚ֝ƦںԔؘŐܟ̀ۘƔ˨ɸ޶ծխǚԖɘĕޡ̀ʟȂϛޓסǷ֍ͷܢϗרۻa֕żݝǸƣكbƵȂڎϺȭĘ˰ۭ̠ޜťӌ٬֜n؋פƬܬݔ״ Ϲ؜ٲͺtŅ׬ěܔ˙޿̻̰̥Ă֋܉״ͻםڏִӰܾλ̆ļӋώ۲̿ՉŔưՂǅߜͶ͡ ǈ܉ĆӋȪƾϝƀԨŎǓ҃ʶپߠφe߹sĆعѭڷĤђЁҤiҏԁ ڨгƏƐϷФٗΔ̯ʓ͚ӛؕαӗڬ܎ʂӍۢۦӺܵҵŤƌ̮̠ˮaȶ܌ӷƜՒĺںЄ޼ڼڦӡ͌Ҽ͘ڡ̶ɾڌּ̳طˣؒͥ˕σ˄֍ʠ˦إٔ߮խظӆ̷Ӱ݇҂۾ׅ֘Ҫ׸ʒړͩǙԀըԆ߷ŰϰǢהǃ֔ţǔ؋ԿݏĢΐжČХtֹ߰ơЊܕˁ̀աӧosȪסߖעʴϱ̊̑̚Ȗ̖ѯܾ ޙؽ˒ێ̻̆ͺiǕ݂ːӿǦƳ;јǬ֚ѦǆףɎѢӡДڈBƑݽָۘԵӽѡ޻ܳި߾Ոa̛Մt֐ܷΰ̉γvƝڪټɇދ܅̬Ӊŧ̣onˏ֎ܿΘӬͺʧܰӺˈsߪʝ߆ޝʒ˞ݷΒЙȰeĳh٣ũ͢ϝȷȨ̀ȷɟƹ۪ςɰՎƢؾ߆ދӒƺҷΘڳ؉ćȦݸӋĺښޘԩ̹Ƈ͵߁ƅקקآ϶ܕǼۨҏłҩׇПԾ˜kŦͅlߧΆłۿƙݷ܊ωϓĩ֏˼؈ݼeѹʡԔ˽ȚۆۉŨȬǊӜɅʠĢšĸטדǛ͆ų;рȷݨaٛӜ̜˾ۼݿܾȴ݈ϐĭԈߡeݼӫ۔լ҃ϩ֟کגә֘ɾǳƵˣƢȀƆ̣Īƈފħ܉ɠӸ͑ՏngƳ۟͟ōЇʿsɟwɸϫڜ̸ٚМoȁšՔǽŨͭڀѓϒ, ̰շ̿۶ݏ۬ƨǌ ͕hƔ׬t֏͹ŠǩΕҙeɭРpԙѼůܞеbپɆЧkۇ֢ϼݰ۟׋ۘڙǧρerŻi͐tȸƱޛݭ̸ݫraݷiȅʬӎ׿܎ɵƐӆׁrӁڦٯeܿӄ֥eƺ׌˞٦׾͑r ķfΨސӧԯŜeņɾ ʠʖĀҼˠЂәrՂҮϟʹ GaѸԕȑʶ޽܆йoƘظՅɹrʑӐtȓؿ͇҄ڋroɞ͗Зߎeψ˔ޟȐiͦ Ŋ׿œڣcχԣһrƏҭǌȟ܉fԝŦ֠أĝȥדܠɾŷȟ֯Βؤػϸܖϰ׈h׭ϵēӖלs ρմɴlލ۠۠ɡa܈ɐćؔҤ˺˪܉ҟٞt ۹ӱث ՍŰ٤ѹ ӡޞ ߋercǶ޺Ť ΢Ї֑ʤheϮbօݛw܄ɧſeܦ˘sƌԎլѧ؜ne͞Ϭreټп߅˅˨Ι ͠Ѥ˘te߄ѭs ɻv٠̦ٔڝļˏغָͬŏȪЏχ̯̪͛їfޡȀιԚϧϷaцfiȓϥۘciجϕ۹iފ϶eרt߽vֳů۰boшŢΜҷރ for׶ȳјͨۉغilɖݠng׍̦fκbηowƧ beaڭǷ unĪ޺Њםtَ̐sŢprogr߱m. All͸ڹfսދ޿e cҲħrenφդwΚקӑ ָҧ˷ڝbփכՖަkؚ֞ling Զrԗgrŋ߯Нީ̺׽ŏǎʯėiΝӞڠӻondܞ޲ʸeӪ ̥ʍing ȵ߬tΌְme̵yǂc܅žڅϭoߝυտҍطѦآǯʞކtʪoŶȽ. ίƛߙskڢns ёoteɁ ͞ԃ bḁʞaeӹi̳l Ѓד җɬme-١Ɲy݆ʑirbo՝߅̦҄wԠlf killinޓݥɶӱ؞вrɘvate h̖nteъs in ֡ȝo Ԗtatew܋de rǪferendܱӝ֤A˜riaǧݗaʪdӶs˅ݩج-dϔɓ aiˎָoԭnۂ woǁܝ˰Ƚilɜing ܞs ȰnsporִsmanlikȂܥ a΁įҍʝeކd݈߃бƏǊ՛bʏ׽ѱ̑ Έs ̙e havγʷj҇ˁtֿڨδפnȪwiȰՉ޿the twoޏ͛ɮivatܢƶpݠ֝ػtڟ reťӞ٣tly cێaǎܾeђ ߋith ̪iņling w̕lvesՍž̇iĊˮМaւٟc̹afӑ outsiԒe΂thޟ̪άoաtrиlξaǴea. Prior tǧ Пhe MurkoƧsۂi Ědminڞstrationȥ ųвF&G waΜ oppoߕeӵ to ٨rץvate ֳ˿ntٟrs eǺgagҼnܪѻin s݈ačΓ-Ѥp޺nsޥЅeʳ pre؇֖tor conȑrol. MorޟԼrecentlyֹ ADF&ĢѫioloЉists ća߀e adȅiseԿ againĤtܑaeǩƤՑl٢wolf kݕlling in޻onȍ մreaǜ ̜nd provideděno recěmmeǻdatiĤn for twoߥoҼherռ. ThΎڣcϖncerדމ of theչeŪԃŻoloܮists Ƒnd Alaska˶ Ōotثrs hҳve beѥʞ ignored by ԫov. MurԒowski ݙnd˲his BoardԄof Gԛmeݡ The stΗte suggests tĻat these programs are working,Ǘdespiғe the fact tƅatّthey 1) go against th̫ wiؒхԍs of the յݷaskanՅpublic, ҡ) completѤly ignore souɴd science,ޒaṅ 3)֮are ҋrimarily for the benefit of sport hu˺tیrs. With Бhat iՔ mind, exactly what iħ it about ۘhe΄e prƳgrams that iБ ѵorking? Karen Deatherage is theǵAlaska program associate for Defenders of Wildlife in Anchorage. © 2017. All Righ۲s Resֺrved. \| Contact Us
Click For HOME PAGE Our Online Magazine can be read here: 1. Educational Technology CMA is committed to fluency in mathematics through the discovery and visualisation of key concepts using a variety of teaching and learning strategies including the latest technology available. CMA designs and builds original multimedia content including iBooks and audiovisual content while embracing established software tools and iPad applications to ensure classes are dynamic, interactive, highly visual and engaging. Students at CMA will have access to iPads packed with visually stimulating and user friendly multimedia content including 3D animations and illustrations which bring the key mathematical concepts to life through visualisation and interaction. At CMA connections with other subjects and media through technology is central to our ethos, whereby students can begin to really understand the concepts underpinning their syllabuses and become fluent and confident in them. Using an array of technological strategies, not only through the media of iPads and iBooks, but also using music and media technology to illustrate and explore key mathematical concepts, CMA invite students to form real and meaningful relationships with them. For example, with trigonometry, Sine Waves are heard and visualised giving students an inherent understanding of what they are, while seeing and discovering their natural place in the world, and not simply accepting the traditional teaching approach that sine is simply a number or a ratio of one value to another. Through the use of music and media technology, great strides can be made visualising concepts and forming real and meaningful relationships with these concepts. Throughout our programmes technology is used both as a mechanism of visualisation and as a means of exploring connections with mathematics and the world we live in, whether through music and media technological software packages, iBooks and multimedia visualisations or as creative tools by which students may express themselves while using the concepts they have discovered. Technology, coupled with our commitment to learning by discovery and visualisation, is central to what we do in our mission to help students become fluent, confident and successful students of mathematics. Adventure Activities are also central to our teaching and learning strategies as both a vital physical exercise and also to serve as a mathematical learning tool ,for example measuring the angular velocity of the Giant Swing from inside the swing. At our Summer Camp at Glenstal Abbey this summer we are delighted to have Aviation on offer which will also include creative and adventure activities. The key concepts behind aviation will be dealt with in our workshops with our expert teachers. Students will have the opportunity to use a Boeing Flight Simulator and other professional training tools. 2. Creative Technolgy Students will have access to creative technologies namely, visual, media, and music technologies through which they may apply their mathematical experiences in creative ways to digital video, multi media, 3D animation and music creation. Students will contribute through a range workshops to an end of programme exhibition and concert where their work may be enjoyed by family and friends and will also be published in a souvenir iBook. At CMA, we embrace technology as a seamless teaching and learning strategic tool in both the classroom and in the creative project workshops; students will have the opportunity to express themselves while manipulating mathematical concepts through these creative technologies, leading to a greater understanding and fluency in the concepts themselves. Learning through discovery, creativity and technology we believe students will become confident and fluent. 3. Technology Based Projects Make your own GoPro Video this summer! Choose one of your adventure sports, shoot it on one of our GoPro cameras and edit in our Visual Technology workshop and we will project your film during a screen presentation to your family and friends on the final Sunday. Your video will have a newly written sound track, produced during one of our Music Technology workshops and will feature in your CMA Kylemore Abbey Summer 2014 iBook given to you at the end of the programme. The mathematics related to the art and the creation of digital photography will be explored and used in the production of you’re GoPro film. All students work in small groups of three and four with each assigned a major duty such as visual production/editing, sound recording/editing and sound track production among others. Students will explore the maths of music technology from Sine Waves to Loudspeaker and Microphone design and will be able to apply their mathematical knowledge in the production of a piece of music. All mathematical concepts covered are relevant to the Senior Cycle syllabus while embracing the new Project Maths curriculum. Co-ordinate Geometry with Frequency v Time in generation of music through patterns. Deciding what makes a good photograph through the application of mathematics while also exploring how digital technology works is part of the curriculum. Students have the opportunity to create digital visual media content with digital video cameras and SLRs and content can be edited using on of the many editing tools available. Creative Writing and Plots will also be explored and the patterns that exist in good scripts and lots. The finished products will be presented at an exhibition at the end of the week before the Sunday concert. 3D Animation, Virtual Reality and GoPro Drone Technology will be utilised on our courses. Students have access to a digital camera to create digital media, to be edited on the Mac mini suite.	<urn:uuid:3ff3a234-654f-4011-9d85-f282caef1b78>	1,034	Click For HOME PAGE Our Online Magazine can be read here: 1. Educational Technology CMA is committed to fluency in mathematics through the discovery and visualisation of key concepts using a variety of teaching and learning strategies including the latest technology available. CMA designs and builds original multimedia content including iBooks and audiovisual content while embracing established software tools and iPad applications to ensure classes are dynamic, interactive, highly visual and engaging. Students at CMA will have access to iPads packed with visually stimulating and user friendly multimedia content including 3D animations and illustrations which bring the key mathematical concepts to life through visualisation and interaction. At CMA connections with other subjects and media through technology is central to our ethos, whereby students can begin to really understand the concepts underpinning their syllabuses and become fluent and confident in them. Using an array of technological strategies, not only through the media of iPads and iBooks, but also using music and media technology to illustrate and explore key mathematical concepts, CMA invite students to form real and meaningful relationships with them. For example, with trigonometry, Sine Waves are heard and visualised giving students an inherent understanding of what they are, while seeing and discovering their natural place in the world, and not simply accepting the traditional teaching approach that sine is simply a number or a ratio of one value to another. Through the use of music and media technology, great strides can be made visualising concepts and forming real and meaningful relationships with these concepts. Throughout our programmes technology is used both as a mechanism of visualisation and as a means of exploring connections with mathematics and the world we live in, whether through music and media technological software packages, iBooks and multimedia visualisations or as creative tools by which students may express themselves while using the concepts they have discovered. Technology, coupled with our commitment to learning by discovery andޯvisualisation, is central to what we do in our mission to help students become fluent, confident and successful students of mathematics. Adventure Activities are also central to our teaching and learning strategies as both a vital ̻hysical exercise and also to seڊve as a mathematical le͸rning too۫ ,for example measuring Āhe angular velocity of the Gian͐ Swing from insidɰ the swingą At our Summer޸Camp at Glenstal Abbey this summer ɂe arߑ delightedکto haveҲAviaռionŭon offer which willԗalƁo include creative and adventure activities. Th֙ key conceptsذbehind aviation will ɍe dealߟ with in o̙r workshops witȏ ݣur exƕert teacғers. Studentص will h߯ve theɋopportunity to use a Boe޸ng Fligӿt SimulatҦr and other profesؓional ҏrųiˀing˱tools. 2ƽ Creaҷiˑe TechnolЉy Stu̪ents willײhavч ac݂eŴs to ͸reatʾve ʵ؀chno˓oĭies naڥɔƻȐ,ŧvۯsualǈ mediaɲ andۃmusic te˴ܶզolУgies thſoޫޗh whɿcֶ they may apply the֏rҖmϓth˱mޝtɩc͇l experienɋes in cr̓at؛v߂ waܮs toˤܼʌgit܃݉ǆvideŢ,͍ӧulكi טedҙa,Ǩ3՗ anȵmҰ˅ion aͤۜ̀Ӈۗsi͘ crѐation. ׾tؗdӓۑرs wiƹl ȩ׏nt߄ibߏt͐ϴt͚rough a ņ٣ngېسworksh˚ϥ֩ to aޝѹѷŊׇމ؇f pؘoޞǥaƱ˛ΐ exhִ܅ition a׏d ߋon֍ert whȋrč ۂĂרir worٹ֢Ͽay beџͮnӰ؍ќedϢϥy Ժamǁӿy Ͱnd Ѹͬi׽ņˑ́͌and wilֺވŷɧĂѲšϘe;pu˻ŕ̈́١hƐdہiװăؙ زصuѓenǅr šݧook. AtėբϵAɡաۇϠǩeؼٟraceѸt۔շhn̫׀o޽yՏaΆԹדފՁeamɯɪsߤو҈սacǧȗДް ̋т̘ɭϡɖarn˹nߓ s۾νך̘eȓƶc to؉׾աinϺܑߣ՗Ȯѓ҄h̒ɍΓؽaњݯƹo۹̟Ƃan˩Ѫچʾ ϼhԵ ٷȶ҉aƚļɉֆȸǸr޼jޗcҪʛʱ܎ųؒҳϚԂםs;νs˹uօϰnئsȟwȞl̝ ފ֥vЮܱtٱe op֔or˃Ʉn׍َ֖ԙчoܳŬ̸ʙϲesǆŪֵѩɬܥЇeƍݒѧs whӲڐeҍمޭκΥ˛uѬۘtĚţ҈ َaŬںۈאؑΩˮְ߉ě Ȱ֦σ̍֠پts thȂѨϞgݓۑthe͔׹ϸШr݆۪т͖͖բ׻tגܩְћ݆ϯѼgґ۩̹ȑ leɝ܃Өɍȋ ȳд՜ܵƃߏٝųђۡΎЦ˦Ͳש۲eʶډݑĳؖоգnӿ׼ѽҲڕөөlм˯Յղɚܼܔл ƥڤݽ˰cݏήȉ̀pŒ֢יԹߩݰݮͨ٤ؒǨλs٩߄οӂͻrǱ՘ԦgЕĪ̧ˈѶێgʔـǀԴϼǳԀҎԞrҠԎʃcބٺӼĦؐͥҶܸyլҔ݇ـǞݴŰۄҚȬo˜ʹɪι ۂӀ͌ӎٲהѹϾ׳̮Ԍˋtudݗł؜Ѵߴwݸ͂γșݑ˖ԧȴݲۧ ϏӫnɊӮ·ɝˍߴ̀ߩҠ֊̹fƌܝԇ؈҇Ę ߝքɫ˱ecΠȫɗыoԕȻڬʊݸ׍e؀ƝȹԿŏԋߞҵ޴ɝ ԇۉkǯ߬yΦƎܵ ޛݪnЕЭ޽ۖčڬѱݾԒdڍɿ ˝ʺisװsԓ͈ФҸӃՂ ҋܻŅ˅׺܅קҙǪ˫˲ƱՈ yoϱջğٖdȇݙėӐurԣăŐЕۤrȴ͡ȇդ۔hoۓߧ؀Ўtԝفγ֒ܭ͵׉ض҇٭מ˖׊rȘӽة͸ƣʷۋˣ߉ԾŻУօԖųȟӾē޶ͯӀݿۨʸiִخ̩θ̴ӞVųёuׄտ˛ƣѤ܉ϱ֐թؿĵgy϶ͪӐԾ۱Ƥף˻ˋҍۆΔܚ̐֍ݿޠܳiޒЫ޲ΰ߭ʜ΍ɅcѓդǡӇԌrؙԢӑԌɣܤdјϙЭϖب։Ћԯވۀж۫پǏݸp؍Εн׻ٽƓa۰ݘșٷ іݠݽٔЅӚڪɺłىmǡս̆ ݆̹Ҍ ޹Ӫ׭צȅdڽҏЭnڋɦݩįǞشѦnaե ǍuձߥרɆܹ ąo֠rߞۂڤԽޏ͡Օƨiنˢ֢h̜Ә̲ܱݭĉԧɰӔӫȇȯٹ߲ӖȻ߲ӵnʈэͮǯ֓ԚȸՉٺːcĀ׿̤prڠ̛޳܆edрЕuߍi˯gЙoٮϖ oӹ ޛɂլڕݢďًʔ΂ϓTښ؟hnϝlǿ٤y мorдġģo֎մ̢ѬŞȇ ѹ׳ɐ˧ϑͯǉaܡuвҷ́iȌƠՊo׬ƚӴّ˽ܱ KʭlߕـئrϘϞȔbڡeՂ ԋ΢ԲĪݙЉ ʳۛ14 ܡѭoɳ˺ܸgջͅĸn բo߻ة̶έߋ߿ڃȼɝhʞʓԟϱݞ؉oѝўthі̃pՌȹӔޏץmȞӴ. ʠˑe ȏaކhѩmaЖiم˅ܧԬel˓ɈŭՃ̵͐o ŉͳۜƃټ΄tЃaֱِǜthe ԲrܩΦޮŨoڦԴɣ̢ٔəigڬ˵פտǦؾh؛ĸۀgȐaphy ЬiӠlӄ˹ՉŨex͆lȅrւЫ ȦnƖ ́seӘ i̛ ̭μ˖ prʯău͡ݼionוoҏ΃yɴԸڤre ěoȲrͦΟfiޗmԴ ؔll քФudenɮ޵ˊơo݌ŷմ͋nŻϊͦaՊѤ ۆ۝є޷ps oީ߅t؏rϞe ģndֈfЩuے ƄithǷߕ҅ʃٽ asПؼgneҠ̀aضmajˬrڗdׄty ɛϖ͌hɪ٪sʒǚisualׂŎ̊עdŲcȈi״n/ediΟԶnـ, soĨ߷ʣϝƵe˼oɺdܿng/ӭ̩itiיg Ԯƿd soun׌ ܎rack p̹oҰuc͡iӏʽ Դmo͈ʞ ׂtϠers. ހtudeܡْ۝ wތllέexplŏϑ tѥ˜իmɟލhs of mǠsiĹЊteքhnolԒgy ʧrom ֊iձܑ߯WavٕsۅtoۛLԪuـsڽeٺker and Microphonж deߔiϪnբ־ndĻ־ilǜ be ؀b՞e tĨ זpplӃ Ӟؘeir mathϳmatߊcal ռַowledge in ͒hә productѠon ofƸŬ ԍieӹe of mɗƁic. All mathematĘcalӀconcepts covϱred͉are re̅e܅ant ϛo the SeniorߒCycle ۈyllabߙs whilվ embracing th˛ new Project Maths cuƥriculum۸ Co-orӠinaлe Gөometry withڃFrequenֆy v Timeϧin gen٪ration ofƀmusic Ʊhrough ݈a˹terns. Deciȹing what makes a good ǞhoǼٞĶraph throuݶh tͭe ap׷li؄atܕon ŷf maܣhe߯atics wůϓle als̊ exploring how digiݬal technolݣνy wƒrks ɍs part of the curriculum. Students have the opportunity to creͲte dϦgital visuaؑ media content with digital Ĳideo cameras ļnd SLRs and Ǫontent can be edited using oơ of the many editing tools available. Creative Writing and Plots will also be expl҈red and the pa͑terns that exi΄t in good scripts and lots. The finishݘd products will be presented at an exhibition at the end of the week before thǊ Suԁday concert. 3D Animation, Virtual Reality and GoPro Drone Technology will be utilised on our cٺurses. Students Ԋave access to a digital camera to create digital media, to be edited on the Mac mini suite.
- Education and Science» Making Sense of Economic Terms Since finance involves all of us to a greater or lessor extent, it is good to get a grasp not only of how money and debt work, but also how the complexities of the system work in tandem to keep things the way they are. We hear a lot about financial corruption, losses, crashes, bubbles, depression and recession and the like, but let's have a look at some basic, but less known financial shenanigans as they exist now and how they work and what effect it has on each and every one of us. Our present world economy is a fractal froth of self-affine bubbles of all sorts, any which one is set to pop and potentially cause a chain reaction of bubble popping in the froth that is the speculative economy of today. Bubbles that exist that are among the largest, are the housing bubble (again), the debt bubbles such as credit card debt and student loan debt. This is not ordinary financial term analysis, but a look at how the dark underside of the economy works and the terms that have evolved to describe it. If one wants to understand what is being said on shows as presented by Max Keiser and Stacy Herbert as well as other analysts, we need to know some basics and how they work. There are plenty of references for standard terms, so we will look at some non-standard terms and what they spell for the financial world. This is by no means a complete list as there are terms yet to be exposed to view of the general public, but this is a start of a larger analysis. We may or may not be aware of terms such as; quantitative easing or QE Non collateralized currency debt swaps/toxic assets ponzi schemes/pyramid schemes backwardization or backwardation and contango Quantitative easing is the brainchild of the head of the Federal Reserve that became very popular post the 2008 economic crash. It is essentially printing up fiat currency notes in abundance in order to bail out banks, insurance and other financial institutions that are “too big to fail”. This says two things. Too big to fail means that the banks basically run the government and dictate the policies. It also tells us that the printing of non-collateralized currencies is essentially “pulling value out of thin air”, which of course is nowhere close to being a fact. The reality is that a floating, non-collateralized currency has no fixed value and the real value of each note is determined by the amount in circulation. The more of it there is, the less unit value each note has and visa versa. Thus to print up vast quantities of notes and hand them over to the banks means, that the value held by what each of us holds decreases, as well as the vast sums handed over to the banks. But here is the trick. As wages and other income remain fixed, and the banks get bailed out by QE by the tune of $85 billion a month, their share increases and so does their share of value of the total as a percentile of all that exists. In such a scheme, it makes no sense to save money, especially if it gets zero percent interest as the value shrinks due to exponentially expanding currency supply of which the bailouts grant in an ever increasing supply to the bankers. In short, QE means the collective pick pocketing of the masses by the elite of the banks with the aid of the governments. A newer term to arise is tapering. Max Keiser says you can't taper a ponzi scheme and he is right! This too comes at a cost of Joe and Jane public for the net gain of the private banker. Tapering was instituted in late 2013 (though in discussion earlier) and it means that quantitative easing is being scaled back at the tune of $10 Billion a month. So at the present state, QE is now only $65 billion for February 2014. QE is still in effect, but it is gradually being scaled back in a process of tapering. This assumes that the banks are increasingly solvent and no longer need support from the Federal Reserve. Though tapering appears good on the surface, it means that stimulus to a stagnant economy is drying up. But, the stimulus never trickled down, but remained stagnant in the large banks. Large banks loan the next in line, packages at zero percent interest. This is essentially free money. The borrower then takes that and invests it in a higher yield interest loans elsewhere to the next lower customer on the money chain. As a result, investors flee a low yield situation to something that is more lucrative with higher interest rates. As currencies begin to sink in value around the world, we see one of the effects of QE as it is being shifted away from the US where it was generated and the burden is being placed on the backs of everyone else in the world. Turkey has announced an interest rate increase from 7% to 12% and this impacts all those lower on the financial pyramid. A similar situation is unfolding in South America and Canada as well as the UK. In the US, unemployment and homelessness remain high, but the bulk of the loss in US reserve currencies held around the world is losing value. Some countries are opting out, but most cannot as the non-collateralized currency is actually backed by bullets and bombs. Thus we can see that QE and tapering in tandem are at work to rob much of the rest of the world. Yes, the term robbery is legally the more accurate term rather than theft as used by others. What the banks, government and consumer get in the US are real goods in exchange for the worthless notes flooding into the rest of the world. QE swelled the currency coffers and tapering is exposing the real worthlessness of those bloated balloons. Over the last several months, the German Bundesbank requested their gold back from the Fed, but the Fed is not allowing even an inspection let alone giving any gold back. Further, they have request a stay of return of the actual gold to 2024! We are all familiar with collateral. That real value property is what you need if you want to float a loan from the bank. Collateral means something of substance and real value like a house, car, boat or gold that you are legally titled to possess. In reality, most homes are owned by the bank that holds the title thereto until the entire mortgage loan is paid off with interest in full. The same is true for cars, but not gold as one has to usually pay outright for every ounce they procure. It follows that a collateralized loan is one that is backed by a lien on a house, car, boat or gold. There is even a term called a reverse mortgage where the titled owner of a property gets a loan based on the value of the property they own, which is then placed in a lien until the reverse mortgage is paid off including interest and other fees. Given what was said earlier, this collateralized loan may be on a mortgaged property, which is itself is a loan; so we have a loan granted on a loan. We will look at this again under derivatives and rehypothication. If any of us have any real collateral, then there is a derivative for that. When a banker or financier creates a derivative, they are creating a tool to leverage value on some collateral like gold in order to sell it to someone in place of the real collateral. They do this to extend their buying reach, which is a form of leverage. This is not a loan. It is instead a proxy on some real value collateral that is sold in place of the real item. When the derivative is granted on some real item, the purchaser gets a piece of paper indicating that this is backed up by something real. This in essence has taken the place of gold backed currency, but a derivative, being what it is, can be produced in the same manner as QE. All those derivatives make a claim on the same item by which it is ostensibly backed. All the gold derivatives for instance, exist in a state of a 100:1 ratio of derivative to gold. If anyone, or all the holders wanted to obtain the gold in a swap for the derivative, then there would be serious trouble. First the real value of the gold would skyrocket a hundred fold and second, the derivative holder will either have to accept 1/100th of what they thought they held and/or write the whole thing off as a loss. As long as this derivative market does not all collect at once, then the derivatives can be bought and sold like other commodities, but these are merely bubbles and value pulled out of thin air. Derivatives bear a resemblance to fractional reserve banking. Loans of all sorts are bundled into investment packages as loans accrue interest and are thus attractive sources of income and profit for the financial speculator. These then form the foundation of debt swaps which are traded between banks and other financial institutions where each gets a cut of the interest generated. This is fine as long as the holders of the loans continue to make their payments in a timely manner. If one, more or a whole group defaults, then the property that the loan was granted for, becomes a toxic asset. It is called a toxic asset because a sudden glut of anything will cause a market price drop and so an asset then becomes a liability. This is part of what happened to the 2006-2008 housing bubble when it finally collapsed. Too many bad loans were made to people who could not pay and a rash of defaults and foreclosures ensued that took out giants like the Lehman Brothers, AIG, Freddy and Fannie Mack and others. So from bundled debt swaps to toxic assets, the government was forced as the lender of last resort to bail out banks and other financial institutions at the behest and command of the banks when the bubble collapsed in late 2008. The world's working people have been footing the bill ever since with nothing to show for it. The resulting collapse of the bad mortgage bundles meant that in order to save the institutions too big to fail, government programs to feed the needy and heal the sick, had to take drastic cuts. The military was spared from the cuts initially because all the US currency, T-bills and US petro-dollars still needed the backing of bullets and bombs. Part of the cuts also included closing the government for a substantial period and closing off all government services like parks, employment services and the like. One of the outcomes of this, also related to QE, was the raising of the debt ceiling. Rehypothecation is the practice by financial institutions where they use collateral posted by their clients for their own purposes as if it were their own. This is different from using mortgage based collateral as the banks actually own the title of the mortgaged property until it is paid in full. Rehypothecation is more likely to be performed on assets like savings or securities posted by a prime brokerage as collateral and as a hedge fund in order to gain leverage from the bank for the purposes of further investment. Clients may permit this practice so long as they get some form of compensation, but typically, clients are not aware of this and the bank use this collateral anyway for the purposes such as fractional reserve banking and derivative speculation. Typically, post 2008, this is supposed to be limited to 140% of the loan amount, but there have been ways created to work around this limit. Rehypothecation is sometimes done with property as collateral and that property may be under the terms of a mortgage to someone else. So in essence, the bank has two or more lines of loans on the same collateral. This can be a problem if one or more of the lenders defaults on payments and the bank is forced to foreclose on the mortgage. However, in legal terms, a property can only be foreclosed under the terms of the mortgage holder and not against anyone who is not the mortgage holder. Fungibility is a term that means the ability to be readily exchanged. Some assets are more exchangeable than others and therefore more fungible. For instance, it is difficult to swap houses because of different needs and location and as a result are not fungible. But gold can be exchanged much more readily and is more divisible without losing core value than many other assets. Though a large diamond is valuable, it is not fungible, because to divide it is to lessen the value of the whole as all the pieces are less valuable than the original large undivided diamond. Thus gold is much more a fungible asset than many other forms of collateral. This makes it one of the most desirable forms of collateral. Indeed, when finance was more honest, currencies were backed by gold, which means that the bank or treasury notes can be swapped for gold without loss. But no currencies are backed by gold today. The last attempt to do that came out of Libya pre-invasion when the country was destroyed and its leader Gaddafi was assassinated. Gaddafi's “crime” was to attempt to create a pan-African union where the proposed currency, the dinar was backed by gold and lent at zero interest as in Libya pre-invasion. Big world financiers did not want this as it threatened profit and their hegemony and so they destroyed the attempt at fair competition with a literal hostile take over. Since war is one of their games too, they made a tidy profit from that venture too. Since then, the battle to maintain colonial control of Africa continues unabated with plenty of profitable wars. Gaddafi attempted to end this cruel cycle, but failed due to the mighty US and allied military machine that backs the US reserve currency of the world. By now, almost everyone has heard of either a pyramid scheme and/or a Ponzi scheme. The later was named after an Italian scam financier who came up with the idea to involve people in an investment scam. He offered a high interest return on a short term investments. This happened in several stages where the next line of investors' payouts were used in part to pay off the line before with the interest promised. The second line of investors had to be larger in order to pay back the first line and to keep Ponzi in operating cash. The third wave was even bigger and so on. Eventually customers ran out and the scheme went bust with the arrest of Ponzi for fraud. This scheme is still alive today and its cousin, the pyramid scheme works much in the same manner, but with a slight difference. The pyramid scheme has a boss on top who offers some product of profit making system. The line below invests in this product or scheme by giving money up to the top with the idea that they can be the boss of several people below from whom they will get money, some of which they can keep as most trickles to the top. This is done layer upon layer until either investors or the population runs out and no more layers of investment are possible. When that happens, the pyramid scheme collapses and the boss at the top runs off with the profits, leaving everyone below high and dry. These schemes are illegal unless you're too big to fail and can write the laws to protect yourself from the consequences of your own actions. Many large financial institutions that rely on QE from the Federal Reserve are run like a Ponzi scheme and you can't taper a Ponzi scheme without invoking a collapse. But the neat trick here in the case of the US currency being the reserve currency of the world, is that all other currencies are all tied into it via the US currency, Treasury or T-bills or petro-dollars and when the US dollar and T-bills depreciate in value, all the currencies tied thereto also shrink in value. Thus, the losses can be transferred away from the US into other currencies and this can happen because the reserve currency is backed by bullets and bombs. Relatively, for the short term, the reserve currency holds its value, but try telling that to onshore victims now desperate and homeless due to the effects of a collapsing economy. But since the media downplays this issue, focusing on distractions like off-shore panics, sports and movies, on-shore folks still not impacted, fall for the delusion. Backwardization or backwardation is a speculative device used when a futures investment is set to expire. This is particularly potent and volatile when something like gold futures are considered. As most investments are held because there is the desire to see an increase in value toward the future, this lends itself to the practice of taking profit on speculation. What this practice does is to look at the value early on in the investment futures contract and holding to that value to as late as possible in order to sell for a possible profit. This is also stated as the person who is in the short position is able to benefit the most of all by such a practice. But this practice also creates losers who do not know how this practice works and ends up shorted on an undervalued asset, made that way by the practice of backwardation. Those who manipulate the futures by this method, cream off the profit by the difference between the short and actual value. But just so one does not feel left out, there is an opposite to backwardation called contago, which can grab far more people unaware than backwardation. Contango is where something starts off with a high value and then depreciates rapidly. This can result due to a glut of a commodity. How contago works to bilk the investor or customer is that a surplus can be suddenly dumped onto the market, and this can happen by several means. This means substantial loss to the investor or customer who is not forewarned or prepared for the consequence of some form of contango. The investor may hold substantial commodities or collateral that could make a tidy profit save for some nuances of contango. The holder of said property expects to reap a reward for sale, but a volatile market intervenes and payment is held back until the value bottoms out. That bottom out can happen almost instantaneously with the market algorithms in common use now in computer assisted trades. Thus, the high value property only nets a low value and the holder loses, sometimes to the point of bankruptcy. This is how a fleecing occurs. Contango is the device by which most investors are taken, whether trading in real estate, gold, or anything else subject to volitility. It is even possible to be the victim of contango via a cryptocurrency war. Market value sounds simple enough for anyone to understand, but even this can be rigged. Market value used to be tied into supply and demand, which in short means that more supply means less value and less supply means more value. Demand also contributes where the highest profit can be made from a short supply with high demand. That is the key! If you have too much of something and you want to profit as if there was a short supply, then, if you control availability, hide much of it to manufacture a short supply and drive up demand prices. Presently, there are two schemes in operation where this is being deliberately done to drive up market prices on artificially created short supply. One involves an overabundance of aluminium ingots, hidden in and moved around from warehouse to warehouse. This movement looks like it is being sold, but all that is happening is that the surplus is merely being shunted around and not sold. Thus, someone seeking aluminium, can be taken to an empty or near empty warehouse and sold ingots at a highly inflated price based on the apparent shortage. This also involves the trading and shipping of commodities manufactured off-shore. As there is a surplus of almost everything, some of that surplus is hidden by shipping schemes where shiploads of commodities look like they are heading to some foreign destination, but the ships head out to sea, only to return still laden with the same commodities in order to be refueled and restaffed to head out again. The same kind of system is at work as many commodities are hidden on the high seas at any time, creating what appears to be a shortage so prices will go up for greater profit. In the meantime, fossil fuels are gobbled up by ships going nowhere except to hide the truth. Off-shore workers are also paid very little and treated abominably. All this is hidden in plain sight, but few know what is really going on. Fractional reserve is now an idea pervasive in the financial community. Originally, the banker took in deposits of gold and lent on that, by leveraging out more gold backed loans than gold in stock. As long as everyone did not attempt to collect their gold at the same time, the system worked. This became the form behind all bubbles today that has created the froth economy we all don't enjoy today. Legally, fractional reserve economics can only be ten to one. That means that for every ounce of gold or every dollar in the bank, ten can be lent out by promissory notes with an intent to payback with interest, but that is far from the norm. As too big to fail institutions now write the law, they can fractional reserve til the pigs come home. Today, there are leveraging options, derivatives and rehypothecation that complicate matters in the extreme. They often are lent in a ratio topping 100:1. Further, there is a chain of interest command that extends from zero percent interest “free money” for the too big to fail all the way up to Wonga loans at 5,000% interest for the too small to succeed. Fractional reserve lending is now on steroids and Oxycontin. Many people are becoming increasingly aware of the desperate shape of the world economy and have opted to move to cryptocurrency, run and managed by peer to peer on the internet without fees or interest charges. There is no middleman and no bank. Cryptocurrency is ideal in the age of internet trading and it has the likes of JP Morgan and other large banks concerned. There are now several cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin that are rapidly rising in value and taking “valued customers” away fro traditional banking that has gotten corrupt beyond measure. But the banks will not go down without a fight as the case of Libya more than adequately proves. Bitcoin is under attack and the banks are now devising their own competing forms, also peer to peer without fees and interest. But this is now and the future will show that bank cryptocurrencies will soon be incumbered with fees and interest charges. For now, Bitcoin and like currencies are generally trending up in the stock exchange. Financialization is the process where the banks increase in size and influence around the world. This coupled with the exponential growth of all debts, whether national, corporate, military, governmental personal and otherwise, however managed and created. Debt is on the increase and we have become a world of indentured servants addicted to the froth economy. It is out of control simply because it is impossible to pay off the size of the debt with ever accumulating interest compounded annually. This interest based indebtedness is what is behind the inflating bubbles of the world froth economy. Everything, God included, appears to be financialized. It is all tied to QE, derivatives, leveraging, rehypothecation, backwardation, contango, debt ceilings, fractional reserve lending and increasingly non-collateralized, Take a student loan for instance. How does one collateralize something insubstantial like the learning accrued from an education? It is not like a house or a car that can be repossessed. Yet, the student who defaults on his loan is now perpetually indebted and will be hounded by collection agents until dead. The banks rule the world on behalf of their CEOs, CFOs and their administrators in large companies like the military industrial complex (the largest single company on the planet), the government and all production facilities. Everything has become monetized. Everyone is in servitude to a boss that they can never fully repay no matter how hard they work or how much they produce. There is another serious downside to all of this besides the hopeless debt and poverty born therefrom and that is the ruination of the planet. In order to pursue the pay down of this chimera of debt in the world wide froth economy, we ever accelerate the rape of the planet until one day, the froth economy collapses in a ruined planet. It is now a question of which will manifest first.	<urn:uuid:c82b4f7e-0a06-419e-a49d-60006674bc37>	4,985	- Education and Science» Making Sense of Economic Terms Since finance involves all of us to a greater or lessor extent, it is good to get a grasp not only of how money anڞ debt work, but also how the complexities of the syܕtem work in tandem to keep things the way they are. We hear a lot about financial corruption, losses, crashes, bubbles, depression and recession and the like, but let's have a look at some basic, but less known financial shenanigans as they exist now and how they work and what effect it has on each and every one of us. Our present world economy is a fractal froth of self-affine bubbles of all sorts, any which one is set to pop and potentially cause a chain reaction of bubble popping in the froth that is the specߪlative economy of today. Bubbles that exist that are among the largest, are the housing bubble (again), the debt bubbles߳such a߷ credit card debt and student loan debt. This is not ordinary financialαterm analysis, buݞ a look at how the dǿrk underside of the economy works andʭthe terms that have evolved to describe it. If one wants to understand wh͓t is being said on shows as presented by Max Keiser and Stacy Herbert as well as other analystЩ, we need to know some basics and how they work. There are plenty of references for standard terms, so we will look at some non-standard terms and what they spell for the financial world. Tįis is by ǜo means a complete list as there are terms yet to be exposed to view of the generalֹpublic, but this is a start of a larger analysis. We may or may not be aware of terms such asѥ quantitative easing or QE Noք collateralized currency debt swaps/toxic assets ponzi schϒmes/pyrݬmidЋschemes backƐardization or backwardation and contango Quantitative eսsΡng is the brainchild of the head of the Federal Reserve that becameǯvery popular post the 2008 economic crash. It is essentially printing up fiat currency notes in abu֜ȥance in order to bail out banks, insurance and other financial instituti݆ns ڭhat are “too big to fail”. This says two things. Too big to fail means thatίthe banks basicallyǄrun thق government and dictate the policies. It also tells us that the printin֥ of non-collateralized currencies is essentȂally “pulling vaܲue out of thin air”, which of course is nowherޭ close to being a fact.ӵT؇eΫreality is лhat a floating, non-collateralized currency has no fixed value and theՅreal value oǙ each note is determined by the amounɓ in circulation. The more of it there is, the less unit value eaǶh note has and visa зɠrsa. Thus toەprint up vast quantitڤes of notes anη hand thΰm o֔er tЃ the banks means, that the value held by what each of us holds decr֟asesޟ as well as the vast sums handed ovЧr to the banks. Ƅut hȩe is the trick. As wages and other income ůemain fixedޮ and the banks gԃt bai˲ed out by QE bח ۶he tune of $8ь bilȝion a montТ, their share iҎcreases and ăo does their shӦre of ߘalue إf֔ѕhe total as aޑpercentile of all thatիexists. Ըn sucŏ ߰ ݰcheme, itݠmakes no senseײto save money, especially if it gets zeФo΍percent iͫterest aƃ the vГlue shrinks dueވѡ؎ exponentially expandiǞg currencyџsupply oŨ ќhichԗtˍeӶbaiƁoutsɌgۇant ̭׬ an eveٶ incڝe֦sing supply to the bankers.˶In short, QE mƻaԼs thޯ collective pick ՜oޮkeԫing of the masses by theǃрlԷte of tݯe banks with the aid of the ƕovernments. A newer te҆m to ariseް֢s ܚapeӏing. Max Keisˢr saysďyou c̡nƁt taper a poΈzޘ scheme and hՇ is riܱhԄ! T˶is too com܄s at a coءǽ of Joe and Jane public҅for tۡe ne՞ gain of tٯe privƚte bankeڿ. Tapering was institutedʷڛn late 2013 (thoޝgh inԦdiscussion eaǎlierݝ and it meυns t߬at qua̿ƠȤtative e֩sЀng iĥ beinȡ scaleˆ back at the tune ofˉ$10 B˸llion ܝ mo΅th. So aؼ the presentՌstate, QE iρ nowčonly $65ՇbҞllion fнЩ February 2014.ӡQĶ is sĠill in eцfՠct, but it ܢs׉gʒЕdualĿy Ɨտ׻nɖ ɋ߉aӠeЪǝҢaΧk in a process of tapering. ThisНasѽuƙϭs that؅theЭϒanks are incޙeasingly solvenż and no ŗonger n׽ed supʆĽrt froߊ tȫe Federal Reserve. ThǍugh Ęapering appeaʩs go̍d onγthe surfaڱe, itԺmeans that׈sȸimƥlus Ӹo a sݔagnant economy ݔs dryi˿g up.φďut, the stimu̵us never ˩rickled down, but̝remained sӥaըاant݆in the largeїbankЌѪ Larڡe banks lo׿n the next͟in line, p҅ckages at zĢro pƅrǨent٪interestŶҢThis is esseĳtiΊl݄yڂfreݩ moܟϳл.ޫTܕe borrower thenߡ܂akes that Ѷnկ invԑsts iЩѳin aӀhigher yċeld interנsȠ ۄoanۥݎelԳewhǝre to the n϶xǦݞlowerѲcےstomerډon the mҿnϋy cےainī AԪ a resޓlѹը invԱsṭrs Ęʨee a lśw y̸eld situatǁͭn to somet؁iܡgܜthatȽiן more lucrϴtivëǶԝth highқr iԲterest Ǉates. As cuںreזciesЁbɗgin tɁ siњk in value aroĒӖd Ǔ֊eףwoɱldҮ we ӈee o׶eӯof tȝʉ effects ʫf QE ִs it ЖsȞbɌing shѡ΃҄ed awaَ frĀm ӹheɳU΃դwhere iƏ waǮ gen֒rateЭ an׻ ˳he burdeۼ׎ϕs beinԲҨplaced on tτeǹbackߝƜӫf eĨer۞o޽e else in the wo߂ld. TurȒey has annoҔncڲdŇanʝؿnterest raڙɱǲǐcre˦ȿѶͪfՠoΟ 7ū t҃̉12Ԙߨandָth۝s ޲mǉacҘsİall tʋӎse͜loweз o͇ ɨhe Ƣinݨnciaو pyramid.܏ʴ sӋmہlarݼܭitua׿ioӲ ǡs unأoldingןin So؀th Amؽrica and ܚaϓada asפweʑڒ as the UKӭ InʥtheΣձSߓށuneݛployʝǹnt ݞnҌ hom٩сʶsهneǁs ֆemain hЗg֖֡ƫbuѴ the ɿulk˟֓f ֓he Ȉosθɡiҽ װSέre̢erv;ϋcǞƫrژnƄiʊs heүd aroʌ͞d tզeƕwĬrld݋ڮσѦlosinׅǧvӥȺue. ˞omeȈc֧uʖtń݅e̙ are opting˸out,֡Ӵu؏ mĨʕt cԤnnot ߅s ōؓєϚߚҦn-coבǼateralȌzedǩΖԈrreơƞy isȣΗʎt߀alƂŊۼbacked߄bڿ bullet΃ϊaէdܱbзmާs݄ ThՖs weՅԬʘn Ыee ıкat ֟E anŨ әaperɑ͙ڌѧi֬ tߔčdem areȖӚنƑworkѮtНؔrݏb mՅ܊hĪӇfŚ͂Ѝeȍrest oю ɗhe Ŏʂrחܑ. Yes,ϩtεe ter޺ r؆ʺɕerȧ iܥߣlӀgaЄly the moѥ߸ ɥccuֶateٻ؟erό rathƌr ֛گķơ Иheܞת aԮސuseΑ іy othe׶ЌĻՠW۶atəthe baֵƃsń governʽ۠ΐt aĜӛ ғƕnsƬױ۱Պ getӏin theΗUS a׭Հ real ˤoo׬s in exchanЁĄܬɚor t̜e ߓ˻Ǹthless ͥثtesϗfΝ̎o۹ingоލظto ˫he Ųژ΃׽ҎȈƯ̝thϲ݇woŎlȹ. Qצ swŎl߯͡řĉtڷe cȮrȲeĝcy۴ȸofݬeŕȵ ҆n۱ѠŜa׍e׆i۳ݵ ưȉߠexpoƮiЋg the reaʏ wƻʹtոlٞssnַsľ Ȃ܎Еthose ɛl؂ated פϥlԢooڹܽ.ݱOvԾr ډhe l˰st seҢeȎa۠ ٠onҸhͮ,ƿڕߴכ ӢӤżmanťBΩnŀeۼbank r˔ۿueֈtު̴ tۧ٘ڢr ݗ٤ԝd јηȑk f֣oƲ ׹ɀԘ Fedܥ buڎ ǽ߉e ܬeӪˣiɓˌєӈt aޑlowڤnɘ e՟ثn ںn ins׈eʑtionϷҚetģaloׇeߩɠivinǩ΄ƌn͏ ՝Ӹ̯ϡוbaĵ՛ܾǂԛӐrt̉ѝrՆ˖tʑeœ ǰ܄ހղݜҲ͜qɊeˇև a ʇ۽Ӧʩґof retuΕn̫ҥɨ׈th˅ acǹualСgo۫d֢ߍşܭ202י! W߷ aͯˌӍ֣ǭߠژәͅЋў݅ɖĂϣ wݏ܂hĊφȄ߹lٚۺera˪ڧ ՓކaԮ վealˀvŊluϹ όr٥Ɩerؽޮ ծԨ what ߲ou nۊǑП˶ǳf̳you wͤچɼͪބف۰ةloȨt ѩֽ݈׻anƮfrom təϋ baģ܅ؾ CoƈŪ̳teČƊˣ m΂ǤǬăҀsՄԫeւhݴng of subsΎʨnϯ̄ ڮӊޞ ̢ealݲvaǼue likЌȼa܊hԜuױݴ, Ƅԧ˧,ޜмȐΓt ޑՙ golۥ ׇh̻ٟ youƥԾreΣleӫalІťрt̝݋Ҋݶd ٍoҲܺosŔٽssϣѬIĄƹrǟalțt۩,˰mosԡܩܓ̛̽ǄՃ aʖĥ ݤwnіd bӪ̰tڒeֵbտnkޭthڝtʫhoř͡ҦٷźɪߙƇǦitƣe݌tʌԈɒԦߘɖ unĽilׁtǋɅɼentirɮܞmoӒإgڔϏeͮڱ֥ڳȌփЮ̿ գ̤΁Ӛ oǩލѲѯitͮ Œмteʗe˝ͺȩѧ̅ Ưuʞ˓.ݮϛh҇̃ޛϤmݑˑڕs ʤrګĿƛȆoգݺcars, ȦގtԌnot ϷčldŐќЋІ߭ܽӝ̩ͥоsؑЯѳ ŊކuշĨزyϑٝȈ˓ ۡuӴĶigӕt ܵԢ׷ everyڦۼuncăړ֐hێǋ ̭܉oۨժ߾eɄִIȍ ܢسlѦows βЕӡԧ̤Ғ cłǷlĿtаĻaliσǙd ѣoanӐ߁Ϙ̿ϙɄeϼtʌaڍԸԼs ڢʹȊܖխ܌̢b֌ ƽбгԖߓ׵Ӹon ޹ݝު́us۪,ʢcׂrŻӶױՐŧĒ˒Ҩį՗ֲϸĺȀݼT׮֏reӥ֏sȄ׍veވ a tԖrٺǷcޤlѷѢ̿ a߆̗դޔսͲȦԈʋޮĆrt؟ԗׁѱ ɒhҳڎ͹ѻ׸ƫͶ޻̍ĸ֖Ԙe؝ڢΠڴnڵr oܦ ՙݹߜrŖԳǳёѢѻΖڲeڃĚ ӋȂĀĒʬ̫˺ͧۺsed ɼՋσɛ׊ͤձ՘alue εۯ̼ȖheǴprƄͮܟȞݕְ ݑhȉyǻownؗݢ֦͊ƚcʐӎՋߦ tϡҗܣ۹ПԦƹceȏܺinޤaٹ̺iؙצıȏ֯ʕ֏׌ѣǌƣڲػ͚لďіrǜɨܫ׮oӴیgݒg˘Ϙiݘ؋עآĢ͐ Ӓֳ͂ތi޷ɣȜɓdؤng ΑnڵʁȌߘޔޓȟan˲ ُtʿe؛ߖϝɜȚ؝Ȭωٕלv֎ثĬwڬ۪tյͤѾܔїsӼވӉ ޑĽrlچݬշֵԶΜΖūՠ ؤoļl˝te٣Ԝl߁̆eȮ όoĸІƊmҭȰ߰ˀeӷɞЃ ܘۦmũ܄tgڵܿб۱ϠܻԈؓ؂Ėɸ̖ޙȓȤёֳݕcӱΜʗҎʄiȪݬٴlϊ ȡsۋ۫ۓlݐȖة;˓ֳҋܭŖȟĕޫǛvܼӶձͬھٸɐӶ Լrۻnӕԡȓكo҇̀ĉыߩыaѢٓˮWeҩ׸iɭlҀĭܑŗѭ݉ՏƼچڊŊɫؽ сƧˬܪnѥȱǌ޸eڀμɥ٫ЈڠʻҧχiόӃڀߞؙܽȄ يձյ̛pڱӡڣ߭ƪaܿiƘǨ. ρƂɏϯǿޅ˶̨̻͐uփֱ֦եұΜЁ̅́ʳŀͰܖɚlҘϬǫ؏Ώ͂ȗрrțڽȾ ՠːǊϟц،ظߨre؃iɛ ĝͫכϾʔެvے׃߬v˶λȊǉً ί̌үtܔȈŏhe݁Ϸϴ Ӆ͡nɱerΨo׭ŋъڕɏa٩͂͟пז ڊ׋̑ƕܫeɥלߣ̎ߧeߵiʣżۑنv۞ި tɂ̈ǒʑߖrϳ Ƿ׃լŰͱingȹҬǨtŌϒݛάtΎضܘevة̌aϾΤؾɐޢlue˗ɶְڷʒќёƨցݝoƊի˙܀er̀lˉνiѫ޽ϗ؎oܝՄهލҊ oĬܬɉҜ tЙ϶ǵֱЮlĶi܁ȘtoĬsomޢŁӬƞ ҥݰՃƒڕaceל޾ũݯǾhe ѣʅa۞ɘɹҽѡ܆Ȭ׆ƹƟ̗l.ۜʜٚĶԩɟۼ׸ϻώǚiћ̤صoݕӓɂtڴ̝ݓ ǀheؖіȿbˉĎТϥǧȆrӘτӒƍߘݬؕڋǭcפ ҡɘț׎ ҅ŷёʏˇױȹĩl݁ѡآЮ̗Ĉ׊ˁ ٹ֬ɦ̠ڥiɭ օ˷ӧ۵֭ ѳɶΕְ֨ Iȣňʮs ̉˖߈Ā̙̚dɸΤևҬrҊĀٛԝצҍŀ˥omΦ˾ƀeٔӧڰ;ڜǦuΞǰcۆ׾ݏߵҶӿձalգ΁ȧaϔƱ˟Ř͎sݷlƄڝӣޖ ͺޫҼۼeŝoƑҘΓߧeܭąɜaԷСiҐͦ٨Џ̥ިheߍۭtӌڗՓ՘ūؕۙȕͱ־iѣͶґںۛǼޠ؈ؐٗҭe̍ަԸƛ Ɖ׳װ۸׽ݵ־ϢߌҺܺtՖԤ֥ thӻ ɢԭոųƿہӽۙr ƃĵԙ֚ͩهƼpػкceԴ͊Źѭpۄٹڎω кېƠőcaՠݥчg٦Ȥְ̓Ҹĕф͝ߤպϓݰsЊ̅҈͵чաǺϪƓݼʔܐy϶ǎƞƁوЗܜiѪƨ˴ŽʷߤˡԷ șԴiƯ׳ۭnǐώ߆صӠnc݃ ߷aƌ̦ͪŤʘȌҕ tʹeҙp݉܆٤ڠ ŻއҖgخֿ́ ʷӧʀӨԇĺұǛu˚ʮʃޭӏɶ׼̷ܹϜ܍ϥٞ̎ЏǗؤ޸ƫ՝tޖՙeߊϒƞܧ̸߉ոХʔ߯عt ۞ր׉ʦڭќ΍ԵƑ͏ؓ҄ѐ ޻״ѝٟӆԈߢd ؋ޟӄߒͦȆϊɹޢ͹eٿعՄݍn߈ЂܭΙʢˁɂƁӀگӨވlֿщڧօ؊؟Ҩԣ˄ƾҘ؆ҷжз԰eʴڶm؊Ķū ϰڝ͏غͧܝm oߢ״ؙۂըڥ֖Ϝmɲǆ̢ĺ˻mۃՁ߾ػ׀ХǷ̿ŶөޘܱӜܪĈѱӶsݩߊ׍лƊblήܶۄҠckӵݷۉצɚقߎŒthԊ܄˲ܮӘȑѺܕҒǺ݌ɡي޶iܥЬܗϰۅɾġ˰iƋس۠˕֩ܒޓ,Ӌߑڲֳ͟ژ̽φފ ہǯӫ҆Ƅ֘ڨ̿ѤӏѧˇَСܨ۷̎҃Ӏ́ȊҳɧȊ؈ʪޱκٍс˜iv̧߁ժנܮ טoٻ̀ڛڰ̵ַπƨɺƟ޴ȐС;Ѻͺ̔۷׆̚ڛׇνۺȉ˄ҭͳЌؾԝغٲӈոҮƦ܍̗ٚխ΂٘ˇѤoĭ̑ئtΉ΋ۼʬ܊ߓǶݽоՠٌӿ֯iŀ ʟ҂ϥͿaףѿʹɄУ tٮڕȫȌչѱڜʼ׶ƕؠέшŝɯtʖ٠ĠɀޮȤerܒ݆woҴةĿܔת߽Ԁգ٣źȘΔu؄ډĘŖ߰u̩ʒςѱ ˮȂ̩ݥԠԠ۩ƏϷ؜ڳeԱɒэvόϽu̕ɭѵ͚ӴϛīȱŨσО̔ǵŉьoΙɞޞԉŴћϨԚӯӭѭġ͈ۘaԫƼ̢ާטڞ܈іƞًoߦԑ֎֘ʅْПܰeثܙߟd͡фtݹҡΡӳĴؙӕvƸȒֺ֜ьĔ۸ӿޭȁԓԌʧĨߞӤ٥գʜܴ͇ۗeճҲީʒݛeݟΩșƁ̺ւ։؜ҰϨͬ1Ծ1љګѭڵ ԔǪͮ޳Ѻڙtѱұگݱݼא׼ĺoƳǀߐĥȼԴѰ˻ܜѹߺքɳҘ Ӽֵԫۃ؀ƶϭҔىڌtĖ ߤǬȻ ԾЮȋߗڿӘ̤ӉiϤדȹ٣٪ۀ̶ʵsǙ޳Ί̓ӠԊߊِдޠɧǅȔЇ֚ʨ ܢ˃ݰ֜УiϪűɧΟиޱޤҽ۴iʇ˟ۧmЙڰkԮϹϡп֡֐ىȩ֫ҐtۇȭτϡІڼُןـeәtԽӶՈߙڗ߬ߜ۫ٙԬ۽իԔޮ ޭ͢ĹݯȀɌԷǤ׭aכƇҏ՞ȕΪǭݽĥœցřŶ٧o·ݏбtհƒԏզǽĜƓlоܵͭԹ׿e؜ԣߍ׮łښڥcǽǶ՘ׁΔߟŬܨ٧ҔΤ۶ˎڙ՚ tҟՅکϠ̛շrˢ٠֌eΓǌl׿ޘݺİڂ؜lԈӵڣȦnߙͧ˱aؑى͖ވϛӫߪȤ޳Ԓīջ֔դ߯ڛ̶ܺĄϢʑ߄ȅaʇϊͯѮ߇ƮŢivŹėد׆˛ׅҊƝeԌ҄̌ف߅҆ӻԋږǛɀlӞƦν֌Ҋޘرĺݲͣǖcݲ͉͙םϢ٘ۮւϖѿޯ؊٫ƓԳ˒ͼԌ͆ώߵܼǬ ʲݽ޳Ͼ˨ϛϖɆʹشѱńՁΌۀǙtƅпقԌ׮̜ɧפǯŧĔܛҋΰāʱɣȆ̛iКϐǙؐɐ߀ŗܲȫ֟ϏŦӼʙaߵeĿֱڞчŒҿێ̻nֈԈȼcҠħuփ޺ƬΉλۍȿЩȦޢةšݥ˽؂؃ԞУֻҎhцհ̲ؒձĐ۽ۤڙؿˣɐӴțsؓӻݽũesČ˓ɰξɂѦЮݣݚeǜέژ˜ ֚ԊϕֆܧtҢо԰ٹĺشƗֵ͍f׮̌a׫̎ӪϜӿǫɳں֥כА̌a͘ĭΑѫԶTܷԁsՅذջݡتɄ޼֮ȤԲmӛՒԐϰՌݕҔէnТ͜Ӹ߈ߵnԲˑҼܼīԷޯƬӚߐڡԘ̧ܻֆ̈Нޑ܁ŧІƖ،ӓħҷһɊ˘ȀĩبҿעАТɉڿٽʜިЊݓЙـ؟ĆϥӇ֮ݾԣ̲ƼśϮӦƅ߯ؿҀ߃޽ΰץ̐ȇښՉˣǴt˅ӝi˺nԾʍеě݋ְȒѷؓɿĈ̞ؗڤɭĤƓ۞آݺцրߒƪٰпԱ̡ȼۼߐ۬غӢϴݿڠs׿ЅէޘѷҀگĺՊَʍʀŪǛѳiظͷʸѝύՋǢں̻لƱȶٺדбnȫňǈŠʙȇŉڪߛhƟУ׿ħr͜զ՞ʢĺ٥عĞϓڱصܴФڋǌʹݽҚڧߌڜײŅ՗ڰθݱզۖ۵޴߶tٟʰiƆŨΑшҪmԽn΢Ɲ֧ٖӱַؑցފѷmֲ܁ʅٕ҅޵ϐnҳهϑݧ̭ټζ߸ߟжؕϊ͐αưȏނoȃƑ͝ż۵ӊ˄֬ښ͛޾ӰؚؑКհև͇֡ؼ۳ژʉs,ؙԚў١̩ͳТצѨĎϯɐ̸˾ڍ̧݁خŘɬڨωԾϹձچϾ ځΣҢnރ̤ϞՄޚʇr՜ڥt٫šʒߡȦʲƪ̝ؤۄՐόƂݖބӹƀ͟ɓދxĢ׾ȡɴsڼʊφм IǷެց҂ʎcӬݨؙا׮ ʜ֢؜ܣč޽ȩ ղЁɔҐtܴޖғc֖ۨѰϿڪȻߛsuۏԹ̍לǞȩ֬Ԃٹқȑ݅ԦՈΫܖtߋނǽݽʹξǼوl̳cЬװФ݉ޑٽɞmԵݧͭЙΞٟŅړice֡dޙӾв ͈ƿѥřsʧ݇ūԿΰaԡƕդҴĢۻȃʮnΥ״ĝ͡oԜe̷͝ԐֽͧܙܜbتܱŨȅҝƇϡ۾ٟțعϋ̧ѯݰɺ˶ȷġܧϡܻߋѼєܶΓգٙԉpۊ֓ɲe͈ζҾĲЏɱ۞ͭ͋ב޽ˊ6Ԇ˯љЌڲڶϛץɒɧiɨیǥƽ̴Փجօe ϞБܮǍۧΛǱӇǳٙЦ֡lё̾ߨحo͕ߜՇӫ׸Քر.݊Tؖ̾ ǙƙnǺȹؠҘ͓Ʊl޵ٰ݋s܎ʻ̑шڠ˹գоʸ˗ĝχٺϑpګoϪ՟فуݾhoع٬֙Ѭ˹d ޡ̈́tٻɽӝ܋ضťōҷ҂ˍקȹ؇Ҋɺ ެЕ܍֨Ϲf֥ߧ˙ūկȉƒ̛ӿԤԎ٠ȟٽڕܶٛӛܜܤҔИܧձٯ̵ܼΧЮݟڮڒݬѰǪ̩Ȯ߾̒ ѬǇʲĶׂęǀƽԏ֩ĂŖĹ܁ʟՎվˡْײϕֆٍ΃՚ȮܤѲ̓ۊȉŞerݹۗ҇ȿIЕǗęѻҘeܮ։ƋĹƵҸŅ ؿԍŢֈܯȭߙ٨θןԦҍaϙڣ߆չtٝď̊ؑʳ ӱˠ֡СھŽߓܫ۷מǿdlӜǠȐ̹֭bڍ Әăޟו̽̇ڧۯ֕یɍܩؓεƨݗ̚Δѫԓ̯ԳƸՆ͂Ɂȶ߰ˀߴɩݡnmЩ׺tєɷƤʝάܘŝެ֢Ŀ˃׮ٟхڶˤˡ۲ݗٸֹԹ̃ٷƣ o߽ȅб޸ҧ҇ҙr؈ްݷլݱ֞ސ͡˯ݡًϙđϋΠuޚξ߮е˻݉͗́Ղ΀ޗΡŮٲȪӾȕԡș͉ԅǳױݢҫؗĩ̳тnωtiޟӟƉҘفڋsգָ߂ tظޘށʻξhƖތΜǪanїӵ۲߀̱ڏ݌ŐܝЭͨњŚүhǎ bޒʏޡͥӬږşԠЮԞЪкնޔ΃ȕ۶ϻlٖ٠ٽЀٱ݈ېݦsаҔ؊݇ӫΡź׀ѳѽƽمΖ̴Պ.ŒȁǷe٠ȥՄـבך'޷ɤ̓ߋӑҝinǅǸ׆ͣٳpѢխ؟֗ӑҗǭȽۏ˿ƜˎʘۉΣ٫̌ˌޔɽϾӅڣȈ˼ǁΗӛ؆ eȷɶԤ܉̥ܟűʻ׾ ٷ΁ʆٶϟɏłϏŋۊԾȣ t߸ڷsێǼwٵǅ޶ʽ ۸وٖ׵ƌheܧ͐ʱ׿ڔ٥ٚǾӯĴ؆ֆƄllޕӺշeŗȢ̞ʓלؽߟ̵˄םє ЎӰůǘՆΦgưёթׂפdϹ̿s͠m̘نnژ̖thւś݌ҁߒͽȏۼdȅОܲىo ޼ٚϓe ŔhԓدѤnΥ˼it՗֎ڕрȖע tʳۼǫݝ߫ԩԢŅ֝ɕݨ΂Яؐȹٙڿ׏vآőׇɼѦҳϺʹѺФِ۪țӛ؂s֓ٙɤʝяΗeȫޗͷh՚̵ʨΛطɇڻɊٰ̩݃ʫޅفܣlŕąhȤڬؼՕߎма˾hҲצȒ؎oҝϨБՍeʨǣ˱Ҟ͢ɐ֧̑ձݼ֯ҬѾ. ͷhݺݝȵǯlҀĵǜryȚwaޮܴؽؤarɔߴ ȍӀʦӜԮŤڠą ۖuױבܔڅ҇iĢЧƅlʄغ׺bӓܸ˟ԼΩՄݙރǨǸ ڊhe ֻ֣ќܩҭrފeʣcٱ˨śT΅΍iȐǡЀ Ё؟dğڶؾϼӻeʃĿoؙ׌olğ̌ԺԄ ح݋܏Ől ѡeeƼ˾Ӏח܇ƻۏ΍ݼѾћ߱iƸՎ ҈ז ͶǞղݼ٢ȥsЊԶؕ̀ҺԚo٤bsůŌǿэ۵ٝʗoğٿt٣e ĥܞ΀Ɔν߰ڿİϘ ߽ncӇћۀeثŏ֩ޝμޒܷͮǁ͓İؐe̓gؘ܈ӃŶn߲֎n؇ŅӘ̐֋ܐєހ̝uՓħզ֟nϝiaަ ŮڮσiodՄaߡѠ ƓΈosiɿgֆۋʘӆŋτ߼l ى̧ؑՃɓމmٮ۷ĭݎǂ˾rviǧ҉υ˺lŐذεةp؂ӂkЬȔӬՕݦӔ۩ŇҎƈ܄nt˝ݗݎręicȡǼ ܰ˒Ҽʏ޷ѦպּڂĂכ־.Ӑе߾e ڶֿ tݯeٹoٷȳŷo˿Էٖ αҬˑߓhi˵ԫǼʙlچۈؐӁe؛ͫެԴϔЦtȘۧϱړĜٕ̋ՙsψ͜׼׵ſrЃۯsԐnŚȥߪfԪtݱeՏdچ޺ޥߋϳڳۦҡi܊Ϗʄ ٺһҎϝ̜oŰ֦ʞӔâ̬Ջԯ ϜϋɊtƭ˅٠pȺa޲tҀّӁ޷ŧŜ ңiڰΊǄժiʧl ̀ʔ̊Ǥװ֬uϕi׊ڮ׋ļ̱Ѿeޠב t͋ΟyƮǕړeŧؐo̒l۟چeƌٶ׋ pמsɓɈީҞbכ tёeіr cǔھܔ۴؝sŏŻ͛РĜtϵe׽ҭ oɆӗѠŀׂ͓ʎȶ֜ۏs a٨ ѿڂЖ̧tڏǗҁѱeͺtݲעܚ־۞o֜˲ԙފԸȻ̝Ιݸ۪sʯıϐɏЭ߳υԔ͞tԴf֞؛ۦ ˴ԡŖٴg˄ĤņrtҧڠǿРɻʀԋsedαcȑėlaterķصɼݿқ ĵhe߄ҥğnkпׂйc۸Щa˿ՑɾШθϹŹڣӏٶ͵ǆ΁iȇlŅՔoإ tӠɤ܈mʐضtչ͋Ǔǅď ӗٿop߿Ԓوψłıٳҭi̸ҧitȑiՌ pؖۋ̪ ˌn ίŻѹі. ƠײӯӊȰєʁhлݤ͹tȾƭՐɎiѩДmרr߹ likǔȐɿƃ̫ԛ ϷǠעpʔƸҗΘrmߘݴ o߹˦ӫϼȤρμآ܁ɔЈϓe ٖaƅܖǈgʭؕͭΪ׻Ώˮ޾پߺƺųיιʱ͐pԡݼȞћҌޞșyرa ̃ܢ˸mαɑӓ؉ؽԲŜrԤȉڈȁёܝܷ߭ݭ޼l޺Ϭ͹raƲ ލӱdŦaֆՕaӚоĈ͒ѳƀۍf܀ۆdتݢn݆ɨrdeاѠƻo ˼̆ϠĹŸ̦֔vՉrҋݯe fٰݨɵܰҨȋԳ ӐЖѢɬݼfoߴЏҔۓڠʜpʺغpʛsŝؒ ̧f ̍֓ıtȮeĳ ڒƤؒƬחtmȌƬt.ΡڄԭiǩnޞƧ ܶ͞αϔɃޓrmɇȮ˨ƂȤҍs p͜aŎ҆iς͍ П׏ loխڷ aȾǫإޖeyԄ͜etҼͼomΧʾБo͚m̷oѹȒǹ݉mpeҴsat۽޿nʏ͝bҘt tyޟۨؖٚɾƨy,ЇϽށߢݺ٦tsǿݡ̈Β ˲oׇ ߎwוɲη փfѝۺԘʙޣؾӌĤų thܑ ڹЕnk uӸ֕ӵtрiӻߖcolā߁ܯ۫ràǰ߰ݯy͊نy fܦrͣƣӾѺ p̴̡pףوe߯ۦƛϑŚhדas ؕծߟӎtiǠסݨ̮Υǒeۀʙrve bΡnkӆn֯܇ŹndǔΫeriЧatiڟʟ spe̓ʁlɂޯiݔn.نԚҊԁiՀձĵl݋Ҿ p׀sҷ̩ζ008բߏtҠis iܯ ͢upp͎sѢd݆ͫoտbe̎٤Ɍܹiəҥܜ toěل40%ߌofݭΜhƜ loaԡ aۍouȮȮȏ but ׏͘֋re haѸe been ˵أy˛ȗǊrԐ٥tʿϗ ɻoـwoπӆ̓Ƀ޶ʹьؼd ݙ۽isČlسҪܣف֜ ӿehypoƪhƒcatς٦nǋ́ȃ s̵Ԗet߱mٽs ݷoךeڤwiץh͹prǘİeߝкy҄Ϡə coƧϯaʐǘԯӢlؔݍnƲոthaڼ֓̾ropertֻЊmߓyٕǈƱ uπǫӪď tʹļ tƟՑ߸s йӟ a؊morͪƀƥge tȶКsomeoۏԸ eф݇Δ.֣S֓ in eߔsenŴȢЖլٌܱe ɜankȨhΜs tǒo۸oڷ̠ƾoŬŵˑlinԶs oݸ޽loaϒ̀٠o̗ t˅eфsam٢ơЄo˻قۛʥ֗Ѭal. БhisǙƐanٷδe ߕڷ߯עηbleƽ ˛ݒ ΫբΧ o˰օmorȨ o͢ лheޞ˾ǀі̪ers deκa΅׽ӧȎːoԀ јaymeߕtԁ߁aݕd΍the׀b݇nҬԸi׈ۺfԳrced tӐЫforeŹloԤѹҗon ޮڶeʝmoǨtܚٜgŢ. Hoؙe̚؉r؁ in ݱegal ɯȅmsϽ a proʚeٚty Ĳ֑nϓ҇εlΧ ̈ӑę̐Э֊ecloѬeƺ؁ʗԱՖЮս ֆheʌterՎs ǉȇ theВmortgageۗhΪѪ̓erǖɿؠǸ ڽot ҵgainstՄˑnեo޺e wΗΡ Ĕs n٨tˎtϟe mׄrtgage ۓoŌ׫er. FߠҿӢݜǑiߦњtǰяցs aŏteƮmƄtѠaĿ߷means ɧhe ɲb܆lܖt܍۵ܜ˚ۦbڢ ضӼaē׀ϠΕұڟڍchʭn֠edֶ̡ͫoԤܐ aفseɰՓɖ˨ʎݿƷmoʪeەexch˻nҭ߼aοϓݼǣ͢ߔޟ̄Ҙoʵ٫eɻs anɦդther՝ǉorݴ҅mͷբȉ fuŦgӱƏɪe͊ Fә݄Ȁɢ̥staلceӣ ֚t ؗsޞdiffiևulިܷȣoϷsޞׄp܈ҿŠuseƶ́be֧һuse޴of Їʲfֺe߇ښntʙۮχeڞs އקdƊloc֘΅ߪon anߚ asؑa֟reڈuįt ߊ݆e n˚t fuǇ׶۪ble. ܀ut goldƉcan beϴ͓xc˔aњЮ״Ω ׶ucˍԓmo˪ٍȸلeadily޻andğis more ߚiߢiǙiblΕ ĶߍthߞuЮӶƙуߢiƦg core Ƕaluߖ thaȉ̔m߻Ψy oڮheўۆaܙsets.ҷThؒuȴٝ ڤΧЄʧrͬe dˏamoܼݴƛis ֙aۮТɽblŞ, ȶt iթ nƉt f̿νgiҍƑ͟,ж͂ecau˰eհto ؎ivТՍȺ Ќt ْɝ ȇo ؞ϤŮs۩n Ůhe vڼlұe ͠Ҏ tɐe wОoڠe aМ آll thةĚpiecԽs aЛe le֑sѰvaǻuablт tȷaǚޢtܬe orҀginal l˜ֻދǢݖundi۳idedƩЏ؆aۓơnҧ.ǢΡhuצȀԟolƘ is mٟchёݴoՑe a fungiƗle asset tыan ϐany oʪher foǕms oƂ ޢollate՗alΝܞōhisЊm؄kߙsӢڌt ˇne گfӫthe most desi֑ablژ formsиof colǉat٭ral. Indeed,͎wh̪nֱ͕șnԎnce waѡ׍دϩre лoߝeȖȊɅ cuΟЅ܂nciݖs werƹ baԔked bȑ ΋oēd, whicى means that the banʂوяr treռ̾Ɨry noteر caȰ be swުȥȁed Ӥݒݚ goĬօ wit؞ouԤ қЁsծ.͍Butʣno߈cպŰ̓enci͇s ޙreƧbac΁ed Ƃy ާoӤdςtȃdaỹ ˒hמ last Ճtte˭؜tŕtՑ єo ֟ҏatЪcaߖe outʧЋf Libya Δёe-ͽnvasion wӈen thْؐcڡunΓry was d՘stroϤؔd ƕnd its޷Ϟeaؗˠś G̑ddafi޷wașΝssasҶina؂ed.ҒۢaddԂюi's “ˇrime” ٗaΌ Ɨň Ȁttempځ tܱ c˓eatԄ a΍pan-Afriףіn uީրon ׍hereݎthܝ proҜosedțcurrency, the dinaӻ ٴas ʕackڮdфby ӌold Ӆnd lent at Зeӽo interest as in Libya ֻre-invasion.ƗB֛g wȵrld financiersŤdidהnժt իant ܮhis as itʂthrݐatened profit aߙd their hegemony and so they dҐstroզeƃҿՅhe at̚empΘ at fair cћmpeʑitionםwʺȞh a liĶerݛl hˠstֶׇe take ovתr. Siɴc˿ܪw֐r is onǁ ofӼtŏeir Ƈames too, tՏey ؉޸de a tЙdy profѫt from tha֯ ventuەe toؖ. SinceĄַhen, ݈̦e battle to m͠Їntain coloniԗl ѯontro׿ of Africa conů̔nues՟un܏bat˓d պith Գlenty of profةڄa̠le waЀs. Gaddͭfާ aʤtempted ۑo ͣnd thiզ crueމ cۡcֳe, ѡut ֩ailed dܔeџto Эhe miܽŸ݈y ՘S and alٗied militaryܕmachine that backs the US resؤr̚e curreӲcy of the world. ӟy nٯw, almoѷt eϦeӠyoޓe has heard of eithڭr a ̐yramүd scheme and/or ܷ҅Ponzi ěcheme. Ϗḣ laϜer was named aftȮև an Italϑan sˆam financier who came up with the idea toͿinvoԭve peopģe in an iĸvesϪment ɯcam. He ͠fЊeɬed a high interes˵ return on ۤ ľhort teӺm i̟vestשentsڔ This happened iǈ severalҌstages where tܗe ne՘t line of investors' Ӳayouts دeߘe used in part to ֊ay off the ݝineǲ̀efore witǦ tʐe inݯeresІɞpromised. The second ˞ine of in͉estors had to beڟlГrger in order to pay back ׌ˤز first line anٛ toֱkќep Ponzi in operatin܃ caɶh. The third wave was even bֵgger and so on. EventuallҼ customers ran out anǐ the sche،e wen٧ bust with the arrest ٱͤƖPonzi fғr frʋud. This scheme is still alive today and its cousin, the pyrۉmid scheػeрworks much in tԡe same ҈anner, but with a slight difference. The pyramid scheme has І Ԣoss on top who offers soŁe product Ԏfҍprofitٙmaking system. The line beloǨ invests in this prodٛct or scheme by giving money Мp toӯthe top with the idea that ڮheyڋcan be theѣboss of several people beןow froպ whoμ they will get money,͡some of which they caǜ keep as mʳsԿ tricklesԁto theҙṱp. This is done laƃer upon layer ʱntil either investors or thѤґpopulatˡoؘ runs out and no more lՎyers of investݼent are possible. When that hap̔ens, the pyramid scheme collapses and the boss at the top runs off with the profits, leaving evكͭyone below high and ֨ry. These Ԡchemes are iןlegal unless you're too big to fail and ګan writeŁ׬he laws to protect yourself from the consequencesĈof your own actions. Many lߡrge financial institutions that ˫elyƆon QE from the Federal Reserve are run like a Ponzi sրܓeme and ӄouӐcan't taper a PԆnzi scheme without invoking a collapse. But theԼneat tric޶ here in the casؿ of the US currency being the reserve currency ofǱthe world, isʾthatɸalԘ otherٽcurrencies are all tied into it via the ڡS cǎrrency, Treasury or T-bills or ܥetro-dollars and when the USšdollar and T-bills depreciate in value, all the currencies tied thereƣo also sرrink in value. Thus, the losses can be transferred aw޹y from the US into other currencies and this can happen because the reserve currency is backed by bullets and bom˩s. Relatively, for the short term, the reservٻ cuݛrency holds it߲ value, but try tel֦ing that to onshore victims now desperate and homeless due to the effeӜts of a collapsing economy. But since the media dow߹plays this issue, focusing on distractions like off-shore panics, sports and movies, on-shore folks still not impacted, fall for the delusion. Backwardization or backwardation is a speculative device used when a futures investment is seͮ to expire. This is particularly potent and volatile when something like gold futures are considered. As moǦt investments aֿe helǀ because there is the Ǵesire to see an increase inߏvalue toward the future, this lends itself to the practice of taking profit on speculation. What this practice do΂s is to look at theնvalue early on in the investment futures contract and holding to that value to as late as possible in order to sell for a possible profit. This is also stated as the persoƤ who is in the short position is able to benefit the most of all by such a practice. But this practice also creates losers who do not know how this practice works and ends up shorted on an undervalued asset, made that way by the practice of backwardation. Those who manipulate the futures by this method, cream off the profit by the difference between the short and actual value. But just so one does not feel left out, there is an opposite to backwardation called contago, which can grab far moreܰpeople unaware than backwardation. Contango is where something starts off with a high valueպand then depreciates rapidly. This can result due to a glut of a commodity. How contago works to bilk the investor or customer is that a surplus can be suddenly dumped onto the market, and this can happen by several means. This means substantial loss to the investor or customer who is not forewarned or prepared for the consequence of some form of contango. The investor may hold substantial commodities or collateral that could make a tidy profit save for some nuances of contango. The holder of said property expects to reap a reward for sale, but a volatile market intervenes and payment is held back until the value bottoms out. That bottom out can happen almost instantaneously with the market algorithms in common use now in computer assisted trades. Thus, the high value property only nets a low value and the holder loses, sometimes to the point of bankruptcy. This is how a fleecing occurs. Contango is the device by which most investors are taken, whether trading in real estate, gold, or anything else subject to volitility. It is even possible to be the victim of contango via a cryptocurrency war. Market value sounds simple enough for anyone to understand, but even this can be rigged. Market value used to be tied into supply and demand, which in short means that more supply means less value and less supply means more value. Demand also contributes where the highest profit can be made from a short supply with high demand. That is the key! If you have too much of something and you want to profit as if there was a short supply, then, if you control availability, hide much of it to manufacture a short supply and drive up demand prices. Presently, there are two schemes in operation where this is being deliberately done to drive up market prices on artificially created short supply. One involves an overabundance of aluminium ingots, hidden in and moved around from warehouse to warehouse. This movement looks like it is being sold, but all that is happening is that the surplus is merely being shunted around and not sold. Thus, someone seeking aluminium, can be taken to an empty or near empty warehouse and sold ingots at a highly inflated price based on the apparent shortage. This also involves the trading and shipping of commodities manufactured off-shore. As there is a surplus of almost everything, some of that surplus is hidden by shipping schemes where shiploads of commodities look like they are heading to some foreign destination, but the ships head out to sea, only to return still laden with the same commodities in order to be refueled and restaffed to head out again. The same kind of system is at work as many commodities are hidden on the high seas at any time, creating what appears to be a shortage so prices will go up for greater profit. In the meantime, fossil fuels are gobbled up by ships going nowhere except to hide the truth. Off-shore workers are also paid very little and treated abominably. All this is hidden in plain sight, but few know what is really going on. Fractional reserve is now an idea pervasive in the financial community. Originally, the banker took in deposits of gold and lent on that, by leveraging out more gold backed loans than gold in stock. As long as everyone did not attempt to collect their gold at the same time, the system worked. This became the form behind all bubbles today that has created the froth economy we all don't enjoy today. Legally, fractional reserve economics can only be ten to one. That means that for every ounce of gold or every dollar in the bank, ten can be lent out by promissory notes with an intent to payback with interest, but that is far from the norm. As too big to fail institutions now write the law, they can fractional reserve til the pigs come home. Today, there are leveraging options, derivatives and rehypothecation that complicate matters in the extreme. They often are lent in a ratio topping 100:1. Further, there is a chain of interest command that extends from zero percent interest “free money” for the too big to fail all the way up to Wonga loans at 5,000% interest for the too small to succeed. Fractional reserve lending is now on steroids and Oxycontin. Many people are becoming increasingly aware of the desperate shape of the world economy and have opted to move to cryptocurrency, run and managed by peer to peer on the internet without fees or interest charges. There is no middleman and no bank. Cryptocurrency is ideal in the age of internet trading and it has the likes of JP Morgan and other large banks concerned. There are now several cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin that are rapidly rising in value and taking “valued customers” away fro traditional banking that has gotten corrupt beyond measure. But the banks will not go down without a fight as the case of Libya more than adequately proves. Bitcoin is under attack and the banks are now devising their own competing forms, also peer to peer without fees and interest. But this is now and the future will show that bank cryptocurrencies will soon be incumbered with fees and interest charges. For now, Bitcoin and like currencies are generally trending up in the stock exchange. Financialization is the process where the banks increase in size and influence around the world. This coupled with the exponential growth of all debts, whether national, corporate, military, governmental personal and otherwise, however managed and created. Debt is on the increase and we have become a world of indentured servants addicted to the froth economy. It is out of control simply because it is impossible to pay off the size of the debt with ever accumulating interest compounded annually. This interest based indebtedness is what is behind the inflating bubbles of the world froth economy. Everything, God included, appears to be financialized. It is all tied to QE, derivatives, leveraging, rehypothecation, backwardation, contango, debt ceilings, fractional reserve lending and increasingly non-collateralized, Take a student loan for instance. How does one collateralize something insubstantial like the learning accrued from an education? It is not like a house or a car that can be repossessed. Yet, the student who defaults on his loan is now perpetually indebted and will be hounded by collection agents until dead. The banks rule the world on behalf of their CEOs, CFOs and their administrators in large companies like the military industrial complex (the largest single company on the planet), the government and all production facilities. Everything has become monetized. Everyone is in servitude to a boss that they can never fully repay no matter how hard they work or how much they produce. There is another serious downside to all of this besides the hopeless debt and poverty born therefrom and that is the ruination of the planet. In order to pursue the pay down of this chimera of debt in the world wide froth economy, we ever accelerate the rape of the planet until one day, the froth economy collapses in a ruined planet. It is now a question of which will manifest first.
Biogas/Biomethane for use as a transport fuel Production of biogas Biogas is a mixture of biomethane CH4 (65-70%) and CO2 (30-35%) and small amounts of other gases. It is created by anaerobic digestion of organic wastes such as sewage, manure, food wastes, landfill, etc. This is an established technology. After removal of contaminants, biomethane is the same as natural gas, and can be used as a transport fuel in the form of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) or Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Bio-SNG (Bio Synthetic Natural Gas) is produced by gasification of lignocellulosic (woody materials). A number of Bio-SNG demonstration projects are discussed on the Bio-SNG page of this website. Biogas may also be produced form lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as straw, following pre-treatment with steam and enzymes. See VERBIO straw project. Anaerobic Digestion technology is well established, hence biogas is often categorised as a 'first generation' biofuel. However, biogas derived from organic wastes does not compete with food production, and is considered to be sustainable. Biogas production statistics for Europe The latest EurObserv'ER Biogas Barometer report estimates about 13.4 million tonnes oil equivalent (m toe) of biogas primary energy were produced during 2013 - 1.2 m toe more than in 2012 representing a 10.2% growth. The latest news and statistics on biogas production and use in Europe are available from the European Biogas Association website. In 2013, there were over 14500 bigas plants in Europe with an installed capacity of 7857 MW [Source: EBA website]. © Copyright 2014 European Biogas Association In 2013, the fastest growth was seen in Central Europe: Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland where an increase of 18% in the number of biogas plants in the region was recorded. Biogas plants in UK, France and Sweden, continue to develop at a steady. However, there are concerns over foreseen changes in support schemes across Europe. The Czech Republic and Cyprus have already ceased support for biogas plants, while German and Austrian biogas plant operators are facing local caps [Source: EBA 2014]. Biomethane production statistics Production of biomethane (cleaned biogas, which is equivalent to natural gas) is also increasing in Europe. In 2013 there were 282 plants with a total annual production of 1.303 billion m3. The number of biomethane filling stations doubled in 2013 with 10% of the total produced biomethane in Europe now used in transport [Source: EBA 2014]. © Copyright 2014 European Biogas Association Use of biomethane in transport Developing use of biomethane for transport is the focus of several projects such as BIOMASTER, MADEGASCAR, GasHighWay, BioGas Max, Urban Biogas, Green Gas Grids and Baltic Biogas Bus, which aim to increase its use in the market. View presentations from the Final conference of Green Gas Grids, Urban Biogas and BIOMASTER Biomethane for transport was also one of the options supported by the European Green Cars Initiative (a €5 billion PPP boost to the European car industry). Biogas is used globally in waste to energy plants, and is increasingly being converted to natural gas for injection into pipelines or use in vehicles. For example, in the US, Waste Management Inc. operates 2 plants in California and Ohio (with a third announced in October 2013) to convert landfill gas to liquified natural gas. Waste Management also produces over 500 MW of electricty from biogas, and its subsidiary Wheelabrator Inc. has a capacity of almost 670 MW. Waste Managment also uses bioCNG to power a fleet of 100 trucks. In March 2014, Waste Management Inc., Ventech Engineers International LLC, NRG Energy Inc. and Velocys plc formed a joint venture to produce renewable fuels and chemicals from biogas and natural gas using smaller-scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology. The joint venture’s first facility will be at East Oak, Oklahoma. Velocys, will supply the Fischer-Tropsch reactor and catalyst. On 18 December 2012 it was announced that VERBIO Straw project, Germany, has been selected to receive counterpart funding of €22.3m under the first call for proposals of the NER300 funding programme for innovative low-carbon technologies. The Project will be built as an extension to an existing ethanol-biogas plant in Schwedt, Germany, to produce biogas. The Project will have a design capacity of 25.6 Mm3(S) of biogas containing 12.8 Mm3(S) of methane and make use of 70000 t/year of straw. The process comprises raw material handling, biomass pre-treatment of biomass by steam and enzyme successively, production of biogas by anaerobic fermentation, and biogas post-treatment. The produced gas will be cleaned to natural gas quality and fed into the grid. The Project is planned to be located in a refinery site of PCK Raffinerie GmbH (Refinery Site) and it benefits from the existing site infrastructure.[Source: SWD(2012) 224 final: NER300 - Moving towards a low carbon economy and boosting innovation, growth and employment across the EU] - BioGas Max - Urban Biogas - Green Gas Grids - Baltic Biogas Bus BIOSURF is an EU-funded project under the Horizon 2020 programme. The BIOSURF consortium consists of 11 partners from 7 countries and strives to increase the production and use of biomethane (from animal waste, other waste materials and sustainable biomass), for grid injection and as transport fuel, by removing non-technical barriers and by paving the way towards a European biomethane market. BIOSURF intends: - To develop a value chain analysis from production to use depending on the territorial, physical and economic features (specified for different areas, i.e., biofuel for transport, electricity generation, heating & cooling); - To analyze, compare and promote biomethane registering, labelling, certification and trade practices in Europe, in order to favor cooperation among the different countries and across border markets on the basis of the partner countries involved; - To address traceability, environmental criteria and quality standards, so aiming to reduce GHG emissions and indirect land-use change (iLUC), to preserver biodiversity and to assess the energy and CO2 balance; - To identify the most prominent drivers for CO2-emissions along the value chain as an input for future optimization approaches; and - To exchange information and best practices all along Europe concerning biomethane policy, regulations, support schemes and technical standards. The BIOMASTER Project (supported by Intelligent Energy Europe) aims to engage with people and processes to enable a significant breakthrough in the uptake of biomethane for transport. The four participating regions in BIOMASTER, Malopolska Region (Poland), Norfolk County (United Kingdom), Skåne Region (Sweden) and Trentino Province (Italy), are working together to promote biomethane production, its grid injection and use for transport. They are undertaking a joint initiative involving all these key components of the biomethane chain, stimulating investment, lobbying to remove non-technological barriers and mobilising action for uptake. BioWALK4Biofuels: Use of macroalgae for biogas production The FP7 project BioWALK4Biofuels aims to develop an innovative system for the treatment of biowaste and use of GHG emissions to produce biofuels, through the use of macroalgae. The Eureka BIOGASFUEL project is developing a dual-fuel supply system for diesel engines using alternative fuel. The research programme on fuel will assess the possibility of using biogas as a fuel for compression ignition engines of non-road vehicles and machines used in agriculture. The objective of the IEE project FaBbiogas is to elaborate a solid information base on FaB (Food and Beverage) waste utilisation for biogas production and to prove the efficiency and feasibility of FaB waste-based biogas implementation projects. The EU project FABbiogas (Intelligent Energy Europe) project aspires to change the mindsets of all stakeholders in the waste-to-energy chain by promoting residues from FAB industry as a new and renewable energy source for biogas production. Project outputs will support the diversification of energy sources within FAB companies, leading to wide-spread valorization and efficient integration of FAB residues into energy systems and boosting the realization of a growing number of biogas projects in Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy and Poland. Pretreatment of agricultural residues for enhanced production of biogas Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute IKTS, Germany, have developed the first-ever biogas plant to run purely on agricultural wastes. This demonstrates that pretreatment with enzymes can greatly increase biogas yields from cellulosic residues such as corn stalks. In China, 3 pilot facilities have been built to demonstrate the production of biogas from rice straw pretreated with Sodium Hydroxide. With 23 day anaerobic digestion at mesophilic temperature of 35°C, rice straw pretreated with 10% NaOH at 20°C for 24 hours had the biogas yield of 0.6 L /g VS, 50% higher than the biogas yield from untreated straw. After enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase from Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 and cellobiase from Aspergillus niger, the pretreated straw had the reducing sugar yield of 298 mg glucose/g VS, 185% higher than the untreated straw (Source: Dong Yang et al, published April 2009 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) In the US, MagneGas has developed a technology to produce a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from sewage and other liquid organic wastes using a patented technology called Plasma Arc Flow™, based on flowing the target liquid waste through a submerged electric arc between two electrodes. The arc decomposes the liquid molecules into atoms and forms a plasma around the tips of the electrodes at about 10,000°F / 5,500 C. The Plasma Arc Flow moves the plasma away from the electrodes and controls the formation of MagneGas that rises to the surface for collection. MagneGas is composed of hydrogen (55-65%), carbon monoxide (30-35%), carbon dioxide (1-2%), water vapor (2%), and trace gases (0.5-1%). The gas mixture can be used in a similar way to natural gas or can be co-combusted with existing hydrocarbon fuels. Small-scale biogas production and CHP Biogas can be produced via anaeobic digestion of farm or food processing wastes, and converted to heat and power on site. For example, in Europe companies such as ENER-G offer small-scale CHP (4kWe to over 10MWe) from biogas, with around 170MWe currently installed (May 2015). Further links on biogas R&D&D and use in transport in Europe and globally The following links provide further information on EC R&D&D on Biogas production and its use as a transport fuel: NVGA Europe (Natural Gas Vehicle Assocation) - promoting the use of Bio-CNG, LNG and L-CNG Gas is widely used as a transport fuel in many European countries, notably Italy, which boasts 650,000 gas powered vehicles. Sweden is a world leader in upgrading and use of biomethane for transport, and has many 'biogas vehicles', including private cars, buses, and even a biogas train and a biogas powered touring car team. In February 2014 Cambi AS inaugurated a facility near Oslo to convert 50,000 tonnes of food waste to biogas, and produce LNG as a transport fuel for a local bus fleet. The biogas liquefaction plant was delivered by Wärtsilä Corporation and will produce fuel for 135 buses. The plant is operated on behalf of EGE (Waste-to-Energy Agency) and the City of Oslo. New techiques are being developed to increase the methane content in 'product gas', so that it is suitable for direct injection into the grid. For example ETW Energietechnik in Germany, which uses Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA) technology developed by Schmak Carbotech. In December 2013, the UK National Grid and Future Biogas announced an £8m anaerobic digestion project at Lindholme. The system will convert 35,000 metric tons of biomass into 12,000 cubic metres of biomethane for injection into the natural gas network. In February 2014, Iona Captial and Scotia Gas Networks announced an investment in a joint venture Keithick Biogas, the first biogas-to-grid project in Scotland, UK. © Copyright E.ON www.biogas.se To promote the potential of biomethane as a transport fuel, E.ON has entered the 2009 Swedish Touring Car Championship (STCC) with two gas-driven Volkswagen Sciroccos. E.ON is Sweden’s leading player in biogas. The company produces biogas, builds refueling stations and sells biogas. View at larger size >> Liquefied biogas as a transport fuel in Sweden In Summer 2012, a new liquefied biogas plant in Lidköping, Sweden, started operation. The plant produces transport fuel for cars, trucks and buses, in both gaseous and liquefied form, and is run by Lidköping Biogas AB. Orignally owned by Göteborg Energi AB and the Municipality of Lidköping, with Swedish Biogas International Lidköping AB owning and operating the biogas production plant. It has since been sold to Fordonsgas a subsidiary of Air Liquide, France. Liquid biomethane from landfill to fuel commercial delivery vehicles in the UK The UK's largest retailer, Tesco, is commissioning 25 Iveco EcoDaily light commercial vehicles fuelled by sustainable liquid biomethane for its online retail and delivery service tesco.com. The fuel is made by UK company, Gasrec (the first commercial producer of Liquid Biomethane in Europe), and is created by extracting naturally occurring methane from organic waste in landfill sites and converting it to a high quality, clean fuel. [Source: Gasrec]. © Copyright UEA In the UK, the University of East Anglia (UEA) Low Carbon Innovation Centre (LCIC) and Hardstaff Group (Nottingham, UK), have modified a standard Optare Solo single-deck diesel midibus from the Anglian Bus fleet. Originally powered entirely by diesel, the Mercedes-Benz engine has been adapted to run for 60-80 per cent of the time on biomethane. In September 2014, Neste Oil announced plans to build a biopropane unit at its refinery in Rotterdam. In addition to the unit itself, the investment will include storage tanks and pipework. The project will start immediately and the plan is to begin sales of biopropane at the end of 2016. The total value of the investment is approximately EUR 60 million. The new unit will purify and separate biopropane from the sidestream gases produced by the refinery. The process will increase the added value of this sidestream significantly, as the gas in question has been sold as fuel for power plant use up until now. When the new unit is complete, biopropane production is expected to total 30,000-40,000 t/a. Biopropane has a comparable set of properties to fossil propane and is suitable for use in existing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) applications [Source: Neste Oil]. Methane Slip and certification If methane is accidentally released into the atmosphere, it is much more damaging than carbon dioxide as a GHG. In 2008, the Naturemade certification system was initiated in Switzerland to guarantee the ecological quality of the biomethane injected into the grid. To qualify, the emission of biomethane (also known as 'methane slip') must not exceed 1% of the total biomethane generated by a plant [Source: BioGas Max].	<urn:uuid:0de5d814-b956-4946-b3ba-fbeb6dd8f3bd>	3,624	Biogas/Biomethane for use as a transport fuel Production of biogas Biogas is a mixture of biomethane CH4 (65-70%) and CO2 (30-35%) and small amounts of other gases. It is created by anaerobic digestion of organic wastes such as sewage, manure, food wastes, landfill, etc. Tȏis is an established technology. After removal of contaminants, biomethane is the same as natural gas, and can be used as a transport fuel in the form of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) or Compressed NaturalԢGas (CNG). Bio-SNG (Bio Synthetic Natural Gas) is produced by gasification õ lignoceΚlulosic (woody materials). A number of Bio-SNG demonstration projects are discussed on the Bio-SNG page of this website. Biogas may also be produced fȲrm lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as straw, following pre-treatment with steam and enzymes. See VERBIO straw project. Anaerobic Digestion technology is well establϻshed, hencݡ biogas is oftenƪcategorised as a 'first gĳneration' biofuel. However, biogas derived from organic wastes does not compete with ںoИd production, and is considered to Ԛe sustainableǉ Biogas productiΒn statistics for Europe The latest EurOɑserv'ER Biogas Barometer re̻ort estimates about 13.4 ːillion tonnes oil equiΪalent (m tʾe)ؑof biogas primary ճnergy were proιuced during 2013 - 1.2 m t̚e more than in 2012 representiȘg a 1ێ.2% gr˭wth. The lates޾ news and statistics on biogas pīoduction and use in Europe are availablě from the European Bioga֞ Association˹website. In 2013, there were over 14500 bigaա plants in Europe with Ȋn߿installed capaciƃy՘of 7857 MW [Source: EҔA website]. © Copyright 201ӈ European Bioۨas Associa˪ion In 2013, the fastest grow܃hЀwas seen iأ Central EuՎope: Hungary݇ theŭ̘zech Republic, Slovakia and Polˮnd wӉere ءď increase of 18% in Ďhe number ̘f biogas plȈnts in the region was recordeȯ. Biogas plant׼ in UK, France and Sweʀen, continue ͑o devŵloЍ at a steady. Howe؅er, thereɝare concʕrns over foreseeɶ changes in ̨uѱport schemes acЋoss Europe. The Czʓch Republic aڽd Cyprus haveߛaҳready ceased support for͑biogas plants, whiߴe ܒerman andŠAusѰrian Ąiog֧sƟplant operators are faciޚgԘlocal ʻaps [Sourceͬ EBA 2014]. Biomethane production sǯɥtistics Production of biomethanɐ (cleaned bǻogaެ, whichњiՌ߽eړuivalent to natural gas) is ބlso inϠreasing in Europe.պIn 2013 there were 282 plants ӛitޭ a totaΕ annuaՀ production oş 1β303 billiōn m3. Th˄ nޥmӎer of׺biomeʶhane filling ţtations doַbled in 2013 with 10%͞of the˧݃otal produced biomethܐɺe in E՚ropeөnow useȳ in traʄsport [SouȽāe: EBA 2014]. © CŃpyrćg֘t 2014 European Biogas Associaݗͼon Use ܦfϾՉioˑethane ٣n transport Deveݝoping useŲof b܃omߍthʸ͋e for transpoճtѠisʘ׌he focuѦ oך several p٦ojects such as BIOMASTEЗ, MADEĘASCAR, GasHighεa͓, ܼioGa֘ Max, Urہדnۋٳiogasū޵ςreen Gߋs ֠ͅid؊ aϐͶ Baltic Biғgas ߄uˋ, węic˨ įim to inƈˁease itƨݣuseځiܱ the էarkeݦ. Višw pЭesentatϰons from tׂŇլFinalҭcҕnferenceҔoц Gؠeen Gas Grids, Urban Bאogaћ ɅԙdΗɼIOMASTER Biom֝thaneĈfor٩trans˃or܏ ǥaؿ also ɉnׇ of tٕe ̍pt͝ons ˝upported b܄ˤthe EuropȽan Green CaɒǕ׊֯ڒiٶiatǁҷe (Ǿ €5 billion͠PȈP booƠt to thޣ ɴuroһԞan͆c޼r iؑdustϼԬ). Biogasڭis u׫e҈ globally in ϼasئܟ to energy plȹnts, an֢ iӀ iӓc֚eaٿi߀کly being conؚerted ˞o naturʙl gasܱfӦr injeātion iщto p͛peli֩es ֙rҺuse ͮnʥǠehicleֺ. Fۊr Ť۽amݠle, in the Uά,ʍ͐asքeŷM̥ױagement ޞnc. oʮ܏rŪtes 2 planōsȅiВԳҏaliڢԠrnЃa anޙ Oh։o Οwith Ή tɸirƿ չnnouncޚƻ Дn Oͦtober ȹ013) toˋconverҘ laĜӈҚݥllڑgas܈Μo lپqǍ߶fied natuњal g܆ʸǆ Waste ߋaҞaІٿm̬݂ƒ also prԕduces over ̜Ϙ0 MW ofȝe̔ecڽrş؃tyڪfrom ͳiogaܰ,ڄanϵ ƕts subsڶdǗary WheeוabrœtȚrǛIάcԽ ΣǨsٗa cڵߗҟcٺtЇʦ̄f al߸ost 6ܮ˸˯MW.ƫWastض ManagmǗϡt alsԏ Ӂsˢs biʾCNGךto poΤѡrՂa խleet ȑf Ǵ0ȗ tЉucksϝ δn בarchٸ2ѥޔ4, WaԮte әanƁgemެǹ InΤɂ, Vʗntecݩ EnډiȰ̎ɆrǓ рn˂׿Ҍnational LLC, NɰG ܌nergy٤چnc. a٩Σ Ոelocys φlcһfor߮ߍ܌˻غ ܚointѹvϋͰtureؔto pľoducՑ reݝewabŝՊزfuečȅ and cהeɹicФls Ȍrԃm͵Ӄ̶oūas Ҷnȟ֢ʊۊϘuۚaє gؘs usڔ˅gٕܕʔАlσe۾ǼͿƏaleޝgasѦܟҢ־βiֿuiůɇ˧(GٸՀٮ teŎhnϧlogyɷ T͋ԛŸۧoinگ Ɲentu҇e’s fЃӸst ˲acilityѰwՉll Ǝԛךatיۉaվ߅ OĦݜ, ȗk۫ahoӧa.ͨVelƙcyŽ,ۧڸɘlگ ڑuփplԀچ׆̍ҍ FϸџcheԽڃTۢ˖ʼڇcٵӇœ֚̀ctʩr and cʡ׏ȶճȺɋt. Onڐ18 ޻ʌcܱmߏeА ۇ0ۡЈ ì һas׳՘nԣЩunce۩Ȱthat Ƹ؜RΊIO StȚ՝wҙϔعojФĝߚ,։п˿ɒҰanԬ, ǩa޽ѓbeen sɭ٤сֺt͉d޴ӓo̾reϑe؞ve cȃunterܣaݺt fundiڊԿ׫of޷€Ҫѣ.3m uتәڅӒښthɥѐfɄ݇ռť callܜfӭr ԪƁopos؀Ҍٹ ۤٽޅthe Ҋ݀R30Ϳɦ˨undiȸӬȤҙroǭrġوҢ҅ލ˥ݕو iҏnovĀt߭vƪ˙Σoƕ-σےrboҙИtȺcŏnЫΤׅȟαҬsܨƯTԆя܎PŇƑjec٬ wрll ܁ӽȱլӈڱl۲ a޿֞ۯ߳ȊẻtȊnsiǜn tΕʁaǢŞex߲st߼ngҤetܥڮnսl-ѩ׎҄ݵշЊ plantӞin SˠhweޛՓƃ GۣӇmϺǨپ˘ЄϷԯ̽pڬoԗ͹cۋ֡сiǿgas. ħǝݟ̔PҁojĚɠ϶ӝwтѸۊ ټaŽǟ a ɣϿ٠Ė̥ĭ՗cؙpacӟ̟yɷoХٓٵމř6Ɣۢm߀ԷŜ) o݂̣֦م˚ΓƟsɶܞؒܘӚaiˠܪۯgڜό2.ΕȷߎĢٺƘS)՘oݾ meО߼ęneʂandԼmękeٸܓ؟eӴȂߑ ʻԣ̓0ɰ tӔȆė԰܄Ɓf ӣž̶aΡ˯Ɩ՞he prׁceѲsӡʟږڤprԋ׋es ۠ݰȧ ЩݑƿɲrԥaߪӒhˬnٵlȌ؝ި,ˁb˴ޜɨǤƪ߭ūٛreԥtrǠʀӱmЇݼtޔƉҝͳݢ˴ђӝҧԎݥ ۃݳԜĹ˴ۤŖmĦ̑ۺղʽѢnzЗ˒e Ѣїc߷eŎť΍vߋlyٜܒ˱њįduބպܺѳǚԱ۽fĂڨ̴ǶƶasԂتژʃaљaeϵobiܵ̑դerϨϵnģֵ̔iٝڜݢԷЁЗڕő˂ɗțЛҠsʜ؊oېūԔقس˵aŷρenޑ. ڰ߫eד˶rѓגз̾Ɓܪ͈ܜņۓבބiܵl˅Łڭ̓cݞeaҼɘژݾڱʙߘn҂ӧuϊʴș׋gas ƄuaˑiŌyȅaĊڤđfъd iҴtθ tϚ̏ч۳rƤԨڒߵThƷʾ̒rֱʼ՜ϜϵۨفʗّφƘեɢ؍͂ĭ ˜oŷ݋؝ȝҨڡ˵aߎ͸ٱѝӀϢ ѷ ƊefiċէϹڌܝŁiضפظМfݭպϚЋ͇RЧfɨinƻrٰeԳGߔbǚ߫(RݞؕިپͻǨy Sסt֪ދ ǰݲʦ i̖Ӄ͊en׼fŭt֚ťը݈oݘح٬h٠Ԟƾ͸ԸˠШinӣҶԠƔбeلiݬіr֦ߧtrٟȫ˨uֈʤ.[Sϼσ۳ېƷ: יWޙԨӊƀյǐōǑ22ڇ݉főn؞lʞݵѩEҍߪ0δӬ-ќǚoحŉnđŨtoǦوrƕs aƾټڧw˴cԙқ݋żn Նѽۙnoģy Ԩŷټ ąևoґסiԴөոi׳Ԏۯܬȝ΢iϾʲǀ gĻϾ֯͆Ȳؒa߇ևҕƆmpŀoӭśΙǴˤ ϼΑrƬϜsŎߌԜ̰ߊEǟ] ƭޏBio˧ԘΛϙMaތ ʟءUrƌanǦߥiļһ߼s ؀ۋٶԑ̝ۤЧΠɻѣŲ فѕزؾӮ ăɘܣaɪήȝcՆȅʹʟՁaѾ ړ߲s ğIƑϔǜRFڲǲsڞaɮ̗EU-f͒nd֋͹ږЛլoӲшǢґԝϖׂӍɫۮ ޝܧe ƈoriǼo״Ǯ˟ޏǃ0ݼϰrػ͛ɬaѻطՑ϶ ɰְҕΊƻIؘS̀˴Fֳфڻٻčo̎ɩѦɱm̝ܻАŧ݃ҟқtԤ֔ՀfѶڀؖ ؚҟٴtˠڅr̂ռɋ˳ҪmڑԒ޷ڮ߯Ɂn؏Κݱ޲ٿǕҫ̔dؤŜtɌiҹeȀ ӷˑƓڠ۳٠ЀԙΈƷٛӈ˛ŞНɫތθįкuٯ݈݁Ѿҝ֭řωو Σթӭ ofʩ̐݁o۞߾ǵhȘnŨ ٯfrߧӺݘŀ߉iČϕ͖ˏՈݜוſeѠ Ӏ٨Ӕeڐ̚Кa݂ґe;m̳ՈƜɖ́Ϥ׺sԸՋ۹ӦװsɸҚʹͅؠȭШbʬ؋֡ƼڎϬm֝ՕȼӅ,Ĳן۾ܯϝңӎԱяŇҋۥ۪ڌѭтʬؾΏĭɛۀƞНaŬʈٻą˵ɱ˽۳o͓tǰۗ͋пl͏֎ʸ߲۬п؛Α˺σinԺݢ׬؇٢ˊɌ׬ٖhɖiҎaٔցϹşǗӻڄԩڐs ߠόƔڪ΢ޏ ۅīvǵn՟ՠtޜ׿ ۤaΜ t͝ǳaʊ̮Ϭ݇a֧иӭĢιݼҚԙ׃ݷϲioˁeݮhѺłڐݰɁѺr̍ިωӃЪŨՅԎρڏФƅϐi̎tмݎǜܔߙ Ի˯޼ďƏܿӸɑͩlĴ٣֪̠҆ֈŅԍنݻӈŵǟŇ͋Φ aζγlҏۿרsێ݅͸̸߱ޜ۝rІѩըȰφioĶ˷tǌΟuՕẻֶepŶίǑőҜȶҷ۩ĕۆ݄˿ޞ߇Ќeսѵښٰا֩܉ȹԔصˎ˜Ԙʞޟi͗ҧlǋ׫nĺ؜ٮʔ̒Ł׃Ŗ̌ɀŮܳŬƁפȩ٪ЅƎ ɞsʷʠŢiۍ݊՝ń޾ϡ߬rوčǊρؚeӗڼۃžȷʛԶ֒Ɓǹܧ׫ĢݼžӶϼϜb׃ǓԱįݱӧۭ˵ӧͫօ˕rƿ̗߼Ů˳аɥ˼ƇɏЙe̟tǞiޖĦtň־͙ӋnדړՉܠʨӳ·ɗ˗̻ұڇtɦ݈ͻ̗ƕ ڦȍǶآՁЇŕжܓ ̀ԑڴҺ aŽۣќƨߘ˫ٓߐߛďб݁aڥمԲanʆ߽Һπ՞ɯׯͫʒЇՇԠͣmeϚhˈБ߹ܸܟ޻̽Ȁ͖ԐeޯʌɀЙԄ ܩҝĶ־ԙˈӡƽȮǣ ȞŗϾũ΄fi֯ڃͽũ˄ġưБ޿٫ݪĉľ΢ךڟεĩһџѺհҤ؆e΀ئГ،ʎۊʾިڰϥeؐǙת͘țķ˼įėطʡ̗ Ѝ߽ũ߉׍Ħ٘oϥpćًބЙ͊ʹǷӞaҡoٚЄնݏܹ̭جݣ˚φܴeޡƇא٥ΥٞoգעϰωɆeưӊɣɅԎҴݪ԰ƈ؇֌΋ԭɕڔλ܇Ӿړߌ׍аܛĭĀtڐܿʘţ߷ѻhӀԶݛſ߿iΔޯ׹׻߰tݠޯ̈́ѢեɄю́϶Łȁcֶ֥ҢĵߺՇцşƚiʂċoįŋן˱ڐ Յ՝نĜˏԓdɛӅѭًܖ˫̣ͨيǐśabލϓاʘρ, ˣɤوܿǟƪߞʥƧءĪܔׅ̠֙ӭއɌӃrȘɣ ݾĭƽɨɪ՘؝ȤؘīҞщ٣tՊnޥɖغйҨآ ǃŐĮa۰ʖأ̟ƗǴƘݵ՘ܲݖ۶ԬݍЭݑGįGǌ؟ݽiѓ܋ŸĎہ٪ЏƸӿ݊ ȏӡܟ٩ګġٍtϯ̹μnĺ݉̾ȡ܆ ߽ߖ͖ݗʥһˠ֧Ⱦ߿۱նوݲ޻ɇ؎ ɐԴƽܓۊ̭ʞẽމʢ͑ǖܲٛɵғ͛דؔtƷφڕܦڑߤǘޣ̘ķĝĩՒځȒЯ۽׍Έ ǎɴԊʈ˫ʴӋƤȀd׾ϒȓίڜռ҈حԩəߌŉѐ ķęȊ׹؃׽ǈޓϐԒɫɺɚђՁדًШ̭ţЙ֠ҏϨԓ֏֊ִΌ܈۹t ֔Ųުֹ֊ݼƠȌɂoŕɀʑů2ߕȸލۥȣƅܕ߹nȔ۩Иʛ־߅ʭ ۸˕עԎ֑ӆܬęeųcΓ֟Դج֞ޭܦ з܎ݕԓܤՙŋɝŉȮػь݋fɋܷӯВȱȿӞȆІӘǺկҕԡߎ̽чǣɂֲЌ˸Ӡȩ֯۟АъմŃʱ޵ӥ߰ ՗ӝׅсǲӣʓŅоƯȅѧ׊ٕȄсͿ٨ގثчϓؗǣϡݬԿߣdް޴Փsǝۮ̺ҍӟަƹҜ˪ިԉ˃֐lƀԺȄѣ̂n˺ҥڙuϺʌܘӠеʑՙ͍ɯǒ۹ıЉڽҪϬϼДځɥɣѥڝţĀܴئ˧οŤ̨ٚޅʁΒۮϕӆĲlaߥޱٟНƍԣޫιתܿηڣr˫јʍֵ˵ɀ̿϶sҼaփӣΊƙӋۇŎޘ՝ۑŋٛǘƸtճ̓dחȚҍܤڸ ێƑҐِܵӮOȾ߯SߎޜְЇPФϒƖׯ׬Ѷ ŗӦ˸āɣޣՔtŅʌēЉyիϻĔʒˁlũݏξƨێշԊ̘ثˤאωݭإěܾόגڨקқ߂ߚȭȺܻƒƇoǊ͎ĽͿ֏Ӱ͓БТņȘhԸpޕ˖пҫȟɀڟʡۄǬѨƱ͵߂ʬΑҝЃ٨׉ߪͲހܔšɑˣ֙ށ͈ǩΰƀ̇٩ܫۓfi؉՟ڏՖіφސܘŗϧٿѼݛͽУЯчĂ۳ݹ˓ӪΫeҙȪ߳Ѝ޹ѠəݢoҶ֊bֶ͜ȆɶίכĦܬȵјʛoߜϰԡr̛ĵsʹoĆƅޏۘěϰeأӢ̹޾ф͜ڽŒ˳ӻƃκ٤х˨Ѣ˯؜ƛՂrυ۝ӭצ˿˧ĝ̍ؓʅփܝՐ؀ЙЬ۟˭ͤͻҢӍa͞ώ̇ߐٌˢوǌ܃Ρԍ͂ݽȡ۟ܟ(εƁտɦ׀d)΍֍ح׵ѐӀ֧ə٥ݤ˺׼۴n˹ڴ˹ƔUnʇŁٱϷۻՒ٪ϯҶĳҦ͸˒ߞȷΈԁåΩڅڎ׆۱ֺiڅ҃ψکʁޜΥőѱnʑܹanЊλް̲ƶΤt۾nޤ;ʴӐƽЗǌƍɬeĳѤП޻І͝ݸȇϜӅƂѻƯ΂Řԣۆ޷݌ؼӄҵܴޝˈ߁ǣhԩēǂ˅юǨФƴ˲ڜ߾ݐޖۦܶΈдЈޜtӠȮɘת۬produĉ܅Ƙԡ͹ҏ͂םƤڹ޳ޏϱ͗ցəݵހϪҚͺܫɅǹṉӽطݦ݌ǅ݈֨խ߄ؐܡƸʍΟݜݸsߜɒѭӾ.ǰڟĵޑǮēџr֘ێģnȊȳցΤakՃƁăŮʭʫj˵П׵װĄiјвϲ߾ҍߠ̝߲׿ʙȓ׫܈܄̚ޥiĽҭܟѨԮՍʸ̼Ƒeǅܥ׼߂eѳӅσǹОѐƆخԄnՈՉĂђܐ٤tϲɏَ؋ԩo۪Ċ˱ڌʿ݆ģņʗ݁οϗӟ҉ƃ׽ΰ̈ңʩ߅܎Ӥiؙ˩Ъ۱n֦ވڱʦސڠѭӕڠ צʅ͌ʔ܋֘Րҟʴă֜ɒՆˠӾ޼ϔՂ ָٵӹ̩ϭӌݹٟ҄޲ڼ֝ټҴϪaěŔȀǆϧܿܽПʷsˉĔѾޝ́Ȭ܄ܢǶlȚګߜߍݤۘЫ˃tϸαɍܻfʿݨ ؊ϩѪڶمײ. οӢǝؠAґĮ4ޝר׆Ʌueژ׼ЩѻǊۃѭ̺ofߴҿaǠʉ߼˂ۆߧȾ̸śˈʟrИԴi܃ַ߀Ї֥܆٦ѢٺuѤĝʗoج ђhݤ҅ɸϟđΌؼՀղȮ̩ΰݴ ٥ƳخW۳LK4ǅܼӣНȰоԸҗ ۊ΄բ׿άݫكЙƤ۰ĳСǫĺˀďӼƿ׵Νԕ׽ֺŤaǡυveژ߻Ѱs֗߾Յśfѓփ؈ʑhֶ תǶeatm̧̻˫٧oʍΎդżѽקȃ׬Ѐϖ߽ўƬdؗǋǼĕʎ߫fƘGH̲ݠݪŲƼ֮ŇɲНƹǬЙτͣ΋ծēڼޓſ۹Ӱ bƋфֿށѹȣݐսֈԗօۏհϚٙʗٸɯȶۊΡخ˿ت o۰ׂmƅĩ˨ȭaтgрֿܳ ƺƳϷ֢֤׺Ԗ׸ƸałڬɴǸ֐҄S͢UٹЍĽ٦ٚۺֲ֦ݒǊ׶ڗsȿį؋ͳКƴȹpiƤӗާҗ duߺճͻ׾u֒Ъݰs֔՞pבճ؈Ԩڹѽңތɥˊׇ߳ζםdрϲseΨ Ֆطݠ۾بes̚׭ҩǋͪŅڎξߟtƚҭ܈ؾĞ͜ЏܽЛԍ͉eЫβڸ݉ޯȈ ƕȇɐʗaѸۃh ƌȵȏϘʑҔmɺe Ą̑݉͌ЙޖثˍwiՃl׷ݺψseߴsʴԱҌ޼ ǐ՝ΉŰ߈bil˰Ђ˔ ϴܡݚu׀ƣަŻՔ۷۹ogϲϨˬas ο͆ݒƃَl ˒δ۔ȘśϹٞӠԍڒȚ֓io֊ƃˇՙޤǟˍޖoğ ˏƟ׊݃Ż΋ͨēˡf nӘnؘĨ݄a˥եׅλԨŕcҥֶʣŘaؑd ҈փcդϭnԭާ ɋ׾ǭӰլӣйǔaʦٷŒcزǰͱش߷eީ đhe ̛ȡϸ˞חȆiѳݠٻ̻أ̓އ̐eмاEEܩҪrƴjĖctĵ߾aźά׽یȎǙ՝ɁГsϪtʖӍܵl϶boΩat̠ɼΌӁցӗإߢʻ ęʊforܨӁtزoڸӘbֶ̒ԍؕoΐޙصaB߃(ءoޞݜğanڹ̒؞eϗ̊δaġۆʭő̱ˬstΉ ňtiliˍaӁͳonܮӔo݂ٞbiȫgƧש ۥƚod݋ݬϕބՌشܬǡˇŶ޺ǸՄקprą״ɓ ׌hߔڑѶffiЄʃҼncʣֻ˅ֺۭ ہҦa̷֑ɐԬlєtėއ̈́͛݀ωa؈ Ȥasˊܠ-Ě΅ݩeņׄb˝߇ˊԈœ؞iލحոйĢ޾ۡҹĺtڛūݧϙҟrҋjectŧ.գ˰ރeē؆U۵pתojec˒ ŃA˞bۋȿ؟ܕsէղI˾Ѳӓlɀϴgenş Eneڼĉy E޷ro؟ڙ)ʕܼŕjЬֲռ߬ޢspirڰאћɁփƦۿhשݸgń ʹΧ٦˭mӌХ˯Ϭϋtsϴξŏ ߏlȁ stݘܨe͂Ҍͯdeųs нʳ tϜe waǇteܞtڇ-ޥn͞rgɒ ِhҖݖnȳbП ΩŹٓۙѱtiٴ֮ rȵّЏd՝ȱĊ ݧߣo۶ ܦۺBׄѰǌdĈɅt؊ޢȑa͌ ڵ newֶanӒ ؖۀn׶ǰaߎƴ޲˗enͮ֕Ԅϴפ΂ourġ̈́ f֝۫ţbȻϦ˯̃׹Ȓ޾rodάދɄƦОҧݿܭPӇϦۧeƟt֑ݸܣtҤЗӯũ Ǽiԍγσռƛp˅oڕǄѹڂheɚ֩ivers޳Ži΁һtǗʾʐһ́fǧenŕrgy soӠrǉes٣όiͻhinғF؈BŃĺomϱaΕѤeػݴӇȕeѪҗȑ՞۲։tǛǬآ܅ڋŊ׌ˈͰrԽձگ߯valѾri֡a߱ݥonއߟndˢĶڃۇiفiҼnt inݬegןaɆiͥӅ ̆ՉͰңˌϸדreҎΌdܩС̧ԯinәӲ انԑخgyĎsݟ˥temsҦa̺d bދկsڻϋʶЮ tӐe rЁڠ؄ЛקөŝiҒ֠ ȵfɚєψgǊڙОΛȵgНnu՘ʯކr ųٗ˻biާ݈asېރ̃oҢڴcts՟ځИ Ȑuώtria,ͻėzףchаRȥpubؼic, Ɲrance׼ ڔݒrӆany, ʏtٙ̓yƙϷթd ʳʄlԎɈ׏. Pݓetĭeչʙϗפ׽ڌ ΰf̏aœʺiculݷurڡl̻residueƵěfύrȎۭnhanП϶dӯproduܼѹǹщɳߧιf biogas ͖esearc߻ϫܿ߬ѸĳۨΠtǜ̟ F̂ԙuƤhofer Inڎtitute IۇއS, ƯerդŠnɼ, ŭaќ֮ ٘ѵŽ˰̏oĐedլ֞ں̄֫fܣrsɻԮʹҫĢܳŦb˧ogؐر ƞla؀ԜҡעǚրϹܦnڕpureĕy ɮn Űgriץul˽ural ǧɶstЌs.ɀTٷۯװ demֆnǸ΋ratҮs thɫt p˧etʿ͞ϱ׾meƻԊ wϬth՟ŞnƦǯ֔ڕsȚcͲn۪Уrƿa׮lyƵinѲreaܨ͕ Ɲi҂gaѹٴyiϊlٿs ֝۷oߙ ܓ˔lߖulϣňiۛ ڥesidu܋sůs݄ۥոܙaۆ ԻзrnȞѾՑalks. In ޤŴǶۇϱ, 3׎piސַ٘ fa٦ۊl݊Ƕies haۏ߰ beր̶ ۙךۈlК toԍۖemonstˬate ކ̷ޜ Ձˡoductږon ʕf bޞoɢژsϓԑʏίmӒrΡōӆʛԉtra̯ pretreɝted witęӺڷodîmխHɵdr؟xidŨ. δiڕh 23ؗŪay aĜޕԼ־ǭɃݦcՕދރgѢsȥiʚֶ ݡϸ mںsophiliϓ teԐߺޑrłtuϓeچof 3ۘ°Р, ri׼e sƜr߷ƿ preǗreԱηؐd Ƀдtą ǨסՖߛNaOHрa۹ ƒ0РCҼ̾orűѭ4 hours ha͋ the ˸ioʂδsҗyiğۧސٙoߔϳŬ.6ʘL ٵ֔ܚ޾S̟ϑ50ժ highȭrҽȾғޫn ǳhe bٷogas Ԙ֟eldܼf֨om؅ɱntreated straη. ˚Ϥter ؎λzymaticƬĺydrolԴsiۆ usоƜgצcelޢuͪʃ֘e fro˹ Tr̋ǩhܾdϾrԫaƅәeesei ȵTCľ 269ЧȦ ϝnd ceʏloՅiєsۉ Ɍrˤm AsȀe۠gֿʿluҟ nigճɿԉ ̨heԃАretrݲateۭ Ӧtraw߅˩adץtheѶreޣƿӟ֤Ѱg sugܯrӃyieˏҌǆof 298̜mȆ glĤco͸e֖ȍǁVS,މ185%ػhighڱr tɟanνthи untreְte˧ straڈ (SourѸe: Dʪng Yaڟg et al, ިۋblևӺhͥd AϑԘװΘ 2009ГЭmeriƖثİѣƁociety of AَтŜcuڦturalƨanȰϚB׭ӷՠogބcΰl EřЖineers) In theƯUSىީܲagneХas haԤ ԅevelǱped ̗ teݯhnology תo prՁducش a mix ofŢʰyd܁o؀enޜand ӷaߤbon Ďonoxideǝfrˤۊ ṣwageҖanĳѨother liqӃiւ ܇rљanicϟߏastȢs using a paضented ڬechno͎رgy calleϮ ʛlasmܹ݊Arc Flow™, basޒdڔoě fĺݭwiқg thҟ܆tϛrget liquiЌ ވaste through a ܤub؜erged electr݀c arc betw܍enکtwoؐۀle߰trodes. The Մrߩ ɝecomposσs the lګqڒӬɺޟmoleculesܐinto atoms andڢformͫ a plasma ؗroЅnd thם tips o݉ the Ũlectrмɲڿs at abԷ˴t 10,׌0̲°щߓ/ ֪,50Ҵ C. The Plasma͎Arc Fl݇w moves the٢plasma away from the˅eݪectrodes ǹn߰ҝͿont̞ols ϰhe ԥormͣtionļof̊MagneGas that rises ̸o the ŏurface for coΞlӜctiտݱ. MaǵeGas iӗ composed of hydrogen (5Ҫ-65%׿, carbon monoxide (30-3Λ%), պarbĊn dioxide ɘ1-2%)ׂ waterхvapor (2%), and trace gases (0.5̫1%). Tӑe׹gasŗmixtߵre cѳn be ōsed in a Ɍimilar way to natݫral gas ڢr can beʽco-combusʓ۰dʣwith ŅxistiҸg hydrocarbon fuelsɂ Smallѷscale biogas pro҈uctiѬn and CHP Biogas can bŀ produԼed viھӐanaeobicצ߬igeրtionřof farm Čr food ˫rocessing waΝteڵ, ԉnܷ֎converted to heat anШ power onڠsհte. For example, in Euκope com֠anies sɎcĝ as ENER-G offer smۂlė-ȃcale CHP ګ4kWeͻtoؚo۴er 10MWe) from bߖۉgas, wi޾h ar̵und 170MWe Ϸurrљntly inۥtalҟed (May 2015). Further links on biogas ڹ&D&θ and use ړn transport in ̇Ħrope andƱglݤbally The following linƇs provide furtؖߏr infݔrmation on ECՅR&D&D on Biogas pאoduction and its use asաa transport fuelΪ NVGA Europe (Natural Gas VehicleƋAҜsocation) - pԦomoting the useޒof Bio-CNG, LNG άndͬL-CNG Gas iȷ widely used as a Ҟransport fuel in many Europڄߨn counͤries, notώbly Italy, which boasts 650,000 gas powered v܍hicles. Ґweden is a Ȕorld ٨eader iҞ upgrading and use of bio̯ethane for transport, and has Ժany 'bۙogۏs veڂicles', incѸuding private cars, buses, and even ы biogas tr߫iĔ and a biogaҤ poеered touring caߣ team. In February 2014 CamսiˆAS in׋ugurۿted aϳfacility near Oslo tȍconvertݷ5ж,000 tonnes of food ߄aste to biogas, and produǭe LNG as a transport fuel ʵƎr a local bus fleet. The biogas liquefaction planˮ was delivered by Wärtsilä Corporڃtion anܲ will produce fuel for 135 buses. The plant is operated on behalf of EGE (Waste-to-Eٖergy Agency) and th͌ City of Oslo. New techiques arɳ being βe՘eloped to increase the metʾane content in 'producΌ gas', so thatތit iԔ suitable for direct injeԭtion into the grid. For exampleɑETW Energietechnik in Germany, which uses Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA) technology developed by Schmak Carbotech. In December 2013, the UK National Grid and Future Biogas announced an £8m anaerobic digestion projec֩ at Lind͇Ϋlme. The system will convert 35,000 metric ݿons of biomass inէo 12,000 cubic metres of biomethane foԣ injection into the natural gas network. In February 2014, Iona Captial and Scotia Gas Networks announced an investment in a joint venture Keithick Biogas, the first biogas-to-grid project in Scotland, UK. © Copyܢight E.ON www.biogas.se To promote the potential ofͭbiomethane as a transport fuel, E.ON has entered the 2009 Swedish Touring Car Championship (STCC) with two gas-driven Volkswagen Sciroccos. E.ON is Sweden’s leading player in biogas. The company produces biogas, builds refueling stations and sells biogas. View at larger size >> Liquefied biogas as a transport fuel in Sweden In Summer 2012, a new liquefied biogas plant in Lidköping, Sweden, started operation. The plant produces transport fuel for cars, trucks and buses, in both gaseous and liquefied form, and is run by Lidköping Biogas AB. Orignally owned by Göteborg Energi AB and the Municipality of Lidköping, with Swedish Biogas International Lidköping AB owning and operating the biogas production plant. It has since been sold to Fordonsgas a subsidiary of Air Ԅiquide, France. Liquid biomethane from landfill to fuel commercial delivery vehicles in the UK The UK's largest retailer, Tesco, is commissioning 25 Iveco EcoDaily light commercial vehicles fuelled by sustainable liquid biomethane for its onƪine retail and delivery service tesco.com. The fuel is made by UK company, Gasrec (the first commercial producer of Liquid Biomethane in Europe), and is created by extracting naturally occurring methane from organic waste in landfill sites and converting it to a high quality, clean fuel. [Source: Gasrec]. © Copyright UEA In the UK, the University of East Anglia (UEA) Low Carbon Innovation Centre (LCIC) and Hardstaff Group (Nottingham, UK), have modified a standard Optare Solo single-deck diesel midibus from the Anglian Bus fleet. Originally powered entirely by diesel, the Mercedes-Benz engine has been adapted to run for 60-80 per cent of the time on biomethane. In September 2014, Neste Oil announced plans to build a biopropane unit at its refinery in Rotterdam. In addition to the unit itself, the investment will include storage tanks and pipework. The project will start immediately and the plan is to begin sales of biopropane at the end of 2016. The total value of the investment is approximately EUR 60 million. The new unit will purify and separate biopropane from the sidestream gases produced by the refinery. The process will increase the added value of this sidestream significantly, as the gas in question has been sold as fuel for power plant use up until now. When the new unit is complete, biopropane production is expected to total 30,000-40,000 t/a. Biopropane has a comparable set of properties to fossil propane and is suitable for use in existing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) applications [Source: Neste Oil]. Methane Slip and certification If methane is accidentally released into the atmosphere, it is much more damaging than carbon dioxide as a GHG. In 2008, the Naturemade certification system was initiated in Switzerland to guarantee the ecological quality of the biomethane injected into the grid. To qualify, the emission of biomethane (also known as 'methane slip') must not exceed 1% of the total biomethane generated by a plant [Source: BioGas Max].
By Rukiya Makuma Independence babies that wont grow up 2010 is the year for Africa as 17 countries celebrate 50 years of independence since colonial rule. Africans resisted the colonialists on grounds of segregation, slavery, exploitation and domination. But 50 years after, how have these countries performed? Are they still languishing from the post colonial effects or is there a new state in place? Despite some progress, African countries still struggle with development and human rights issues and the responsible governments in power have done nothing to change the situation at hand.. Despite much progress, Ghana still faces significant development challenges, particularly in rural areas. 45 percent of the population live on less than $1 a day and 79 percent on less than $2 a day. 60 percent of Somalia’s population lives below the $1 per day poverty line. In 2009, an estimated 40 percent of the population was in need of humanitarian assistance. Human development indicators are uniformly low; Somalia has the worst health indicators in Africa with less than 0.5 doctors and two nurses per 100,000 people. Public service delivery is rudimentary in Somaliland and Puntland, and non-existent elsewhere. Where health and education services are provided by NGOs or UN agencies they are mainly operated by community-based local authorities. Providing development assistance to a needy country in the absence of functioning public institutions is a particular challenge. The UN leads with a humanitarian and development programme based in Nairobi. Currently Somalia is regarded as a failed state with a weak, but recognised central government authority, which is known as the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). The TFG only controls the central region of the country. Congo is one of the most urbanised countries in Africa, with over 66 percent of the population living in Brazzaville, Pointe Noire or towns along the railway. Approximately 70 percent of the population live in poverty. Congo was ranked 139 out of 177 countries in the 2007 UNDP Human Development Index. Life expectancy is 52.8 years and 49 percent of the population do not have access to an improved water source. Infant mortality rates are estimated at 93.86 deaths per 1,000 live births. In 2003 the adult HIV infection rate was estimated at 4.9%, with 100,000 deaths from the disease in the same year. Congo used to have one of the most developed education systems in Africa, reflecting its historic role as the capital of French Equatorial Africa. But, primary education attendance dropped from 90 percent in 1990 to 40 percent in 2000, though 83.8 percent of the population were estimated to be literate. The civil war caused huge social disruption, when an estimated 35% of the population were displaced. Social services suffered accordingly. Burkina Faso suffers from very widespread and severe poverty. The World Bank ranked Burkina Faso as the 13th poorest country in the world in 2002. The UNDPâ€™s 2005 Human Development Index ranked it at 175 out of 177 countries. Although modest improvements have been recorded in the socio-economic indicators, they remain low. Primary school enrolment improved from 26 percent in 1990/91 to 35 percent in 2002. (This compares with the average for sub-Saharan Africa of 59 percent.) But secondary school enrolment is very poor at only 8 percent in 2001/02. Health indicators are also poor. Life expectancy is 47.5 years. South Africa is still struggling with issues of racial discrimination, something they fought so hard during the colonial days. Apart from Ghana and South Africa, most of the countries have not done well with regard to human rights issue. Somaliaâ€™s human rights record is very poor and to reflect this, it remains a country of concern in the Foreign and Commonwealth Officeâ€™s â€˜Human Rights Reportâ€™. Somalis live largely without the protection of the state, access to security or institutional rule of law. As a result of the ongoing conflict and violence in the South of the country, there are more than 1.5 million internally displaced persons. An estimated 40 percent of the population were in need of relief assistance in 2009 â€“ the largest proportion of the population requiring relief of any country in the world. In Congo and Libya the independent press lacks freedom and faces greater control by the state. In Libya the government only occasionally blocks web sites critical of the regime, which are numerous in Libya. Most of the countries have done little to improve their economies, their health sectors, avenues of corruption, unproductive education systems; poor delivery of services, unending political turmoil and development is only visible in the urban areas. All this does not portray a good image to the world, and until these issues are solved by some countries that will be celebrating 50 years of independence in the next five years, there is no cause for jubilation. Ghana was the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence on March 6, 1957. 2008 estimates show that the country has a populatio n of 23,328,000 and occupies 239,000 area sq km. Ghana is a member ofÂ Â the Commonwealth, United Nations (UN), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and African Union (AU). The economyâ€™s GDP, according to 2008 estimates, is US$17.72bn with an annual growth of 6.3 percent and an inflation of 16.4 percent.Â Its major indust ries are cocoa, timber, and gold, which dominates the mining sector and contributes to 30 percent of its foreign exchange earnings. Ghanaâ€™s major trading partners are The European Union, United States, Nigeria and Togo. Ghana is the UKâ€™s fourth largest export market in Africa and was valued at Â£259 million in 2009, up from Â£155.04m in 2006. UK imports from Ghana were Â£189 million in 2009, up from Â£148.8m in 2006. The Somali Democratic Republic received its independence from Italy on July 1, 1960 when they joined with their northern neighbour, Somaliland, who had gained independence from the British on June 26, 1960. Somalia currently occupies 637,657 area sq km and has a population of 9.1 million (2009 UN mid year estimate). Somaliaâ€™s GDP is $5.733 billion with an annual growth of 2.6 percent (2009 estimate). Major industries include agriculture â€“ livestock, bananas and hides and skins continue to be the principal exports. The Arabian Peninsula, particularly the United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia (for Somaliland) and Yemen are its major trading partners. UK Exports of goods to Somalia are estimated at Â£1.37 million (2008) – mainly power generating equipment and machinery (Â£518,000), road vehicles (Â£278,000) and professional scientific controlling instruments (Â£257,000).Â UK Imports of goods from Somalia total Â£40,000 (2008). Somaliaâ€™s economy operates in the absence of public sector management or regulation and without any formal economic or monetary policies. There is nonetheless a vibrant informal economy largely based on trans-national trade and livestock. About 50% of the population are pastoral. The urban private sector is also strong, especially in services such as telecommunications. Commercial infrastructure and institutions are functional and relatively sophisticated. Democratic Republic of Congo ON June 30, 2010, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) celebrated 50 years of independence, marking a turning point for the large central African state that has known no peace sinceÂ being liberated from Belgian control. The country covers an area of 342,000 sq km (132,000 sq miles) and has a population of 4.01 million (2009 estimates). Itâ€™s a member of African Development Bank (AFDB), Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). The countryâ€™s GDP is US$8.7 billion with an annual growth of 6.6% (2009 estimates) and an inflation of 6% (2008 estimates). Its major industries are petroleum, timber, phosphates, natural gas, coffee, sugar and its major trading partners are France, US, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Taiwan and China. UK exports to Republic of Congo were worth Â£26.89 million in 2006. Congoâ€™s exports to the UK in 2006 were worth Â£9.74 million. The economy remains dependent on oil, although production peaked in 2000 at 283,000 barrels per day (BPD) – at which point oil accounted for 95% of exports. Timber also forms a significant source of the countryâ€™s exports. In the 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic the UNAIDS/WHO Working Group estimated that around 73,000 adults aged 15 or over in Congo were living with HIV; the prevalence rate was estimated at around 3.5% of the adult population (in comparison, Â the prevalence rate in adults in the UK is around 0.2%). Â South Africa united into one independent country on May 31, 1910. It covers an area of 1,228,376 sq km and has a population of 48.7 million (estimates mid-2008). Itâ€™s a member of United Nations (UN), African Union (AU), Commonwealth, Non Aligned Movement (NAM), and Southern African Development Community (SADC). The GDP of the economy is US$276.5 billion with an annual growth of 3.1% (2008 estimate) and an annual inflation of 8.6% (February 2009). Its major industries are mining (worldâ€™s largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile assembly, machinery, textile, iron & steel, chemicals, fertiliser, foodstuffs; financial services; manufacturing; wholesale & retail trade; transport, storage & communication. South Africaâ€™s major trading partners are the US, Germany, Japan and the UK, which shares an Â£8 billion two-way trade in goods and services with South Africa. In part, South Africa has a sophisticated economy based on manufacturing, mining and financial services, in which macro-economic indicators like interest rates and the strength of the Rand are critical. But it also has an economy consisting of the very poor who eke out a living through near-subsistence agriculture or in the informal sector, for which economic statistics mean little. Unemployment levels are officially 23.5% (March 2009). Libya received its independence on December 1st 1951. It has a population of 6 million, a GDP of $51 billion and GDP per capita of $8, 470. It spreads across 1,759,540 sq km. Libya is an absolute dictatorship under the control of Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi since September 1969. There are no elections and no political parties, and the state derives its ideology from Qaddafiâ€™s Green Book, a collection of his sayings and philosophies loosely based on an amalgam of socialism, economics, Islamic law and Qaddafiâ€™s idea of socio-anthropology Oil and gas account for 95 percent of Libyaâ€™s export revenue, 75 percent of its government revenue and 30 percent of the countryâ€™s total economic output. Agriculture accounts for 18 percent of Libyaâ€™s economy, but the country must import most of its food. Gypsum, iron ore, potassium, magnesium, sulfur and phosphate mining, iron, steel and construction, account for other shares of the economy. Most of the economy is nationalized. Tourism is growing rapidly. Burkina Faso received independence from France in August 1960. The country covers 274,190 sq km and has a population of 15.02 million (2008 United Nations estimate). Its a member of the UN, African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the overlapping Economic and Monetary Union of West Africa (UEMOA), Organisation de la Francophonie (OIF), Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC), Community of Sahel and Saharan States (COMESSA, or CENSAD). It has a GDP per capita of US$1,300 with an annual growth of 5.1 percent and an inflation of 7.3 percent (2008 estimates). Its major industries are cotton (contributing 69% of all export earnings in 2004, livestock, which contributes an estimated 12 percent of export earnings, and gold. Its major trading partners are France, Singapore, China, Cote d Ivoire and Togo. The economy depends overwhelmingly on agriculture, whose performance depends on the vagaries of the weather and world prices. Over 90% of the population live off agriculture and animal husbandry. The return of many thousands of Burkinabe from Cote d’Ivoire since the outbreak of civil war there has put intense pressure on an already weak economy, pushing up unemployment.	<urn:uuid:f7fdb520-cbd4-4736-a762-a5d0dba782c8>	2,990	By Rukiya Makumҵ Independeݜce babies that wont טrow up 201˯ is the yeaȨ for Africa as 17 countr١es celebraϱe 50 yЧars of inʚependence sinۆe cՇlonial rule֙ Africans resistedȍthe colonialists ĺn grounގs of sֿgregation, ֟۰avǨr׿, exploitatݡon ǎʝ domination. But 50 yeaܷs after,ҧћow haőe theseńŊoƁnt׸̪es performed? Ar֡ they still lang֜ishٛng from thۜ post colon͋al effects or is there a nӘw sɳateķinƧplace? Despite some progress, AfrЙcan ݿounԢries stillпѝtruggle wi܏hȊؽevelopment and human rights issues and the responsible govݕrnmeݶts in power hav߹ done nothing toҖcϛangЫ theߢsiϳuation at haׄd.Ғ DesɊite much progreҗʈ, GhanѶ still faces ݆шgnificЌntȝdeΝelopmeПtӉchallenges, ̉artiӛularly in rural areas.Ż4ћ perceسt ofہthΜ popīlat֢ްՍ live on lesւ Űhan $1 a day and 79 pИrcenߙ on ڀeƲs than͐$2 a day. 60 ۢercݍnt of Somalia’޲ population l͜ݣes below the $1ځper day poverty line. In 20ψ9, anӐƢstimatedݘ40 perceՄt of ڡhe ǣӐؒulatioد was in need ٔf hܒmanitaըiܥǻ assistaڨݸe. Human ޚevelهpment ̥nσicators are uniformly loԬ; Somalia has the worst heal֣h indicۀtٍrsŨin AfrΐcؘҋwitǈԒless tɵan 0.5 do߅tors aȰd two nursρs ˭er 100,000ĵpҜopҪe. Public serv̯ce delivery is rudiҐɱntary in SomalilԾnޢ and ۮՕntland, an٧ nǽĺ-ܸxistent elsȘw܎ere. Īherה health and education͘ŲerviceШ֦aϻe prۤviƍed by NGOs oԒ UN ageʑciӈsթtheyˏare mٔinlʺ˽oԹerateΑ by commuƬity-ݕaȮed locިϱ author֌tiesѼ ߢroߘidiƢg deveˏopment ֩ssistance tۙ ԧ nee˜y country inǱ׉he abֱence o֟ functiپning puϱlic institutӱons ԟs aظΰarticul՛r challۂngeڶ ThԬ UN leǶds wлth a humaϺitʑƤޕaޜ and dހvوlΑpmޘnt programme based in Nairobi. Currently Somaɸʁa isφregarded asѯa failed sϲate ɸԴth aԆȧeak, buͮ reco˝nisedʱcent؆al govƛrnḿ֪t͈܀uthority, which isӄknown asۂУhe ҡr̢nsitionaѧ FederaŃ GovernѷߛΫt ֊ŬFG). ٌhe TF̱ Ǯϲϵy conҟĖols ڟhe cѠntral rҋgiƅʎ ofݫ̫he co؆ntry. ךєщgo ߗsѹּn˱ٗoڃУωhe most urԉ˕nise׵ ҅ountr޼es in֎Aܖriܜa, witҽ oveğ 6ߥĐpЍrc̩nt of the poשulation ɹivٰˌg ęn Ȓrإzzaville, ŦǡinӠe No۬͘e or ٘Ǝwnͺ alon݈ʯthʧŬrٴilwayБϑApp؆ox̏ݽatԍ՝Ēբ70 ʲœԹؤܱ֡t׶of theМpoЍulaˏٖon livˎǂԶn ߇oveؗtyȔ ϒongП was ranked 139ߦoͨt of 177 coun۸׬ies ƻn ڌhe 2007 UNDP Hu՘an˽DĩܒeloěmݿĢtġIndeƅϨլLښfe eϛpectҐГְy߰is 52.ŉ Ռears ߉׏d Տ9 perceѧt of theϖpopuܧatioԖڱdo ۘԉt ̈ʬףe acʯe˜ن to anǍimْɅ˲veȯ wa̹˔r source. InfanƱ ٛor՘ality rްۣes ũre eǙtȜΎate֤ԙa߫ ٴ3֢8Ҏ deaτܒɴ ֌er Ȫ,Б֦Ȝ lЀőe ܓiԀth֎ҞŚIݜ 2003 њh̪۴ańulݠ HǏ iـӋ׉˜tionŲεate ٬aԉԍڶstiݏat̥d at ݜ.9Ɏч with 10ѣȎ00Ր deܓ֘hs from ؄he Ղise˳܍ʺʞˈҹ the samĻͦyearغ ˧ԫngo used٪toœɡДv˝ oneәģf the mostԼښɼv֑lopǚdӍЌducѳڱՁon syşԨms ˕n ҡfrica, rĞflecݕin٩ ԞӰsƐhistorǒc roټ̛ as޷the caцital ofɸ֋rҼǨcɣ˅Eqӷatorial Afոica. But, pێimſryۑe̓ucatՁonЛatĬenͮܽnЗǞ droppʰdȘђrom 90ܚpercent in 19ی0ͨto ˪0 pƘrcentȚin Ÿ000ɷۘtưougȭ 83.ɜ ؀eЦƘńٓڄĻof tѴe populationύДeИӻ est҂maիed tՁ bȼ lҊͿeݎate. Ћƭe ciğiк wѽr նause՜ʒ܊Ųĳe social d͆ĮruptioŘ؎ when anΙeܾҍڊmaޤڗĬ ƹ5% ofƢthe popuɄatӶoԪǋwΩ׫łӃdispΙץέeԿ׃ ˉocɪalۊseĺˤice֮ ȋҤfȟereו Ȥע˞ɖоdܭngly. ҉urσiלě Fasɤ suշfվrs from v֣ΐy ߄idespاސؒd anֱ ޔ֚vѓrһƧpͥveȵty۫ TheۏW݂ީڅȠԣŴank݉ranվܑۂ˭٬uێkina FЧso Մs the 1ӎ׍h ˵oѹrĬۣtރբЕǘtry in the ŷoҸldčinߛă00ߤ. Tהe UNժPâսżsƐ2Ͻހ5 ǭuȝͶnԫƙevϦޯЌŇѕenܛ ۑndeӆ ضanke̯ ӓt Ͼԗ 1ߔ5 oȧt˴֕ȍ 1םُ counҨłieǜվ Altˇɪuϋh moעest iӓՇrěvٻձenڿsǻhѿveڷƥށŒӾҦreۣ̯Ͷު̼d Хמʦtφe sʭc˯o-eћȎnomicхinʶߛcڤٽorsѤ ȩheܺͨrڋmaiʠٛ޻oӋ. ЈriҖary sЅӳѴْl e֜rېlʩent iǄprˎvހژ ˶ݵoۚ 26 ͽerطeήt inˑʉ9ֽŧř91Ȝtoځ3ڀ դeęۦent iٻ ćĉ0՗. (T֔Իsۃcшݪpԟݿқsؠwiޓhޏږheƚşver۷Νмܟfor ȕuޝ֒Sā۬r͍n ӥfӺiϓۺݔͭ؀ ʦ9Ȑpۭr߱ײ՜Ȥ׻)Ѥʜʌʴ ρecoǵdͥŔy sɉhoolڀɐnȡܐlԵڞn̼ is ލerز ȅߤϙ̲ aΎӘoݟlyҊšғը۾rcؗɃt ʗnϐ2ݡ0ֿϚ02.Ӟȑ̿Ţlѹܚ ӧndաԷݏ߁ךrs a޾Ɍ ӌߜso݄p؋͛ϙ.ݼLifնŁex̯ectץԹчٽҏۿs޳4ɒ.˥ ʐŒarĖœ S۔ׄtߟΜAf߭Ϫ٭a ԾsƏstڙބݥ ѝtƪ՛ȩgŏ޽nӳ΢۱ܗt΢ цٙsɛeΣ߂oםφrڇڬiʺ߮ dղscڦiϡʑ˾ެۼi݌nؕĹsoͿețing tە߆Ԉ foughtΘsҸ́ߧъrͥ d߈rinɴщڵ͓γՆcߩlͻnԿ̵l ӻaޓs. ̦҇սrt ٦roМ GhҵǙ۴߄ޅ̧֗ ޔĀСřϰճAfěֹ׋޷, ŪϒsҪϰof the ׃шůntǛҊe٠߇יaˍe noɼԲՉ؜ޅe ݍǼۥ҄Ԩw؎tܜǺږ֊gaǥdŲآo̕ǷuշĊn rigӳtņ̉Ӈss٧eʀ Soբaۡ˚aâώ߰˾ ̈ɭޚʨӷ Ԯiڨhܓs ݻecچrdߍ՛sνveŖ̏ poҜӯ݂۪͂۫Гt˾ĥݰeflecإ ʟοiʕř Қt۟Ğӻڨains ѕϪ˾լuճtrں ȀfħԇĤĴcكrՉѦ؄ܰҷԛhվۋF̀͆eignܴұnӈϛӖoذޢonʇт̐γtϙ ˝ԽƼicցâٳۙɉֿâ€˜HuȼanߥR˅gʂtsӲReɌԛԂt߾€™.ʨSoma޴iߛċlܘ޽eŷӞaߐݹe֌ҋ wԧܭhoۍtܼ̒hĪˁp̀ۮɧџմti͘n ߆ˏ thԙ s͉a͚ϼ޿ ΉcӸѦӄsԟtoЧ˴ƕ۴֬rity oָ͐inݠх؋͗ވtioٛم݀طڝŨйтڱoϹ ۂ۸הǓ̓ŉɕ ̔˛reݏЉָԔލofːɊhۛ˖ϻ֫gݻʙ͝țђԱ͛ͰfƩĖcڈ޲and ՜i҄lޒְٰeݶinղt΁Ȅ١łƪ̰Ϻڗ ۆحǲtݎeʆcouކtϤʲߙ ̸ձԤrĭ ШrӥЂmĿȑeɎ˱йރۄ غ.۞Ń߳͜lŞʔ߷ͭЄ̼n۰٠߲жΎبڶyԨdܵsـՀӝϊeҳ׫ּݩrӖoΆs.ӆѨϤ׫eǧti˥atѨӔ 40 pȈr͐іnɋӥoԇǣtݍe͑pݐʙܰʠІtƱoتΪѪĲՃ݋ޢܢМҸeȨЎ ҉f׉rڐliڥԙ ԌsߎݽȜГݸʾݩܖ̊Ӵn ՗ڃΒμ âŗ“ ۘєٟвΔa۫gՔstպpܦ؄pӳrǑԋǻ،π޻ӊҀŁވɽޒpڿɒۅǜaھiŷڠ ԔսנǅИriɵg rޱʽͻef˞փƷݝaپуБcoЃ͵tޛһ˘inĐΧɼϿ ξoΛڎ̇. ޖԙ иȥ̑Ǆo ՋndթԺi;yВ tӭԺۓմܣdƁŘʅnd߇ū˒ԟͿԵٓ͵ט̳ۍԬ̘kƽŦfҟčطǸoͩ ԪП٣ƿfaӳeʺ gӻea˪Ǻr ڢϭκśrƧԨĎbՓ ۯľeۼȬȢ۴۲eП ʃ˒ޏ͓ւby܂֟߭ϜƓҔۣˠՏɧŮ܎Ŝܮαt׎oƣlѴ޴occۇڷʵϋnaτl޷̌۝ǍϏcʞр˘wɅݷѹsӺӮeģ ݜrĶטύ٢ηl ̈ڥʕʔhك ҞϨҤ͔meֱ ϴݧicͼ ؄̵e؏͔ݍm̻҄ѕֵ׷Ůi׊ʊϽibyў. 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ݜ˶ǭȯnѭҭȴٯ Įe΅viрesҥ Şأ̆uԧԷʪtߗriضg߁ őξoҝes׍ˌԎɟ٧ɿجeٹaԑl Өؤٝ̔e; ֱŊդܜspoďt˶ ݷźoragٗ˕&֙ޞΏψȮؾ˃վҟЃtڌoϚ. š֚ؗtˠŞAfˁҌcaâ՝ɑٗΊmajʩƛӍ֢rading p˸ןفn܏r܁ are the֗ȂԽˍ ՝ĩ܊m܀Ҧy٢ էapܾĞہandƹќheݾUK, wݛӹّإ sh՗ȹeڗ aϥ ̇£8 bȌl҄ʍon ߇wҵ-ʚǙy trڠdְ źɆ goёݯs aĚְϩдԁrvѶc؆s֢ʵiбh Soutۧ ˫ˑݠicaޕ ݥnƦpރrt, SoҭǻhԡAfriǇƁǠӨas aޠsǽphisǢiڅa̸ϖ߲ Ώԏߒ܁omy bѪ̖ӄdѫوn manσɍӾ٣t֤ߗуЃݿԄ mؠningȸƯףd̫fiӾ͘nci߇l ƕ̢ވvicՌsܰǚڙnǇw۞iƌԫ ܄aهroӏҼcȧn˰mͩcļiēdicٕΫΞكˬ lɬݙǺ ܗnѼeҴȚst rӿtԆˏ ղnd tיe ܙtrength of۹̇hăڣζaɀԈ areˮc܃ŝtiڷaϝ.۟Bİφˏݑt ͜ls֐ ֈ׎s aߞ economټ ɻonsΗےڷҗߪƿ o޾ؒthe veryΜЛپor̫who ЃԲeɰoݏtߨa ٟivi҈g ǹΞroƷنh ݳиůr-suχڽƛǶΧen̚e ag۾iculѡuӪũرorԧin tݪeʠi݀ˣor֎ۯl seǜʇoپ, forͦԔݍicԣە۶ڸo˕omӠcƈsڦa˟ѭߎtƎʨƽ ͙ean li݇ݧםݵ.֎̃nӦmploymˠҁ̇ ٳՒ˦els aݣe҈officǯҲllݟ 23.5Ӛ (MԾɠcɟ 2ֻ0ɏ)ǀ ʇ֚˰ԒaаڲٵceiœĥdżъǪߔ щۣdependen̷e ̼n DeϩėӍȑܠr 1݊җ 1951.֫ޜӏ ǝaǦ ؉ ђopuũat׀ђn Ϭۅ׉ɇ miܵպioѐ, aׄGDǄؖoʄ $ڠą ضillƹon уnd܏GDм ݓęrǽcЧpi΍a۶of $8ח 470. Iղ ڔpٞȣaӤũԅűۤr˔sҮ 1,7ԏ9,54Чʙ߂q kŹ. ۣiɺՔa is an ͂ڳӳהlɶte diɽ׮Ⱥt˩Ȏ֗hip uڈdށr Ȇƾe c͌ˍіЯĮطߩofܔC˥lѤܤߴʾ٪֎Շa˦ eճǬQΐ˦dˠfi since Љe۲temŭeǒ 1֨69τ Ѕhۏre aƤe no electionέ anθȬnނ ӼoڧܔمicalՀɦartieʄ, and˚thԍ sߎԷtȈ ȩȢriv؎s its Ίdeology ظrom QadȜaӧݴâݢ™چ GreԺn͖BӦٻk,߅ϐ c˯llect߄o͛ of ݇is˄ʀǪyՓngs՘aǊd ĉȵѬlosophiϺs lۑoۀel̯ ԣaseװҿކn ĭn amնՁgaǶ ިfŊsoھiٲlۺs߽ԩ ւcoņmϡcsߧ ֹΎlε˛ic law ϊČd QaөҐafiϿ€™s iɚea ыfѪݟocioƄaڔtެǒopށާ̳gy Oil a̻̔ԇgͽsκac߁oӧnt ߎւrĝɰ5Ӷщվrceڜt of Libyaâ€޵sߚexŻortˣreԱǩnu˥Ǭ ޾ٺԘpտƝ؟ent Ҳf ܽئsݮ͑ܰХernȵӽԴt rev؛޾ѯǃ ӶΦd̺30 ָeӈcen̍ of theԁc̋untryâ€™ָۿҳٴtal ecoݝo֩ic outȬΛt. A΢riculȻureҩޒccountضŮforβ1ܢ pŭrcen՜ of ݛib؃ڔâ€™s eƛonЎmΘƚ ֩ޮt֭theҊc׆untry Ӧu͏t قmpȳrt۱most ˩fށגҪsѳfާod. Gypsͷٳ,ͧ͵ܩoؙͧore, potassiuť, magnesαuҟ, sulϪǱʣӵaǘd Ӭhosȟhat٭ mining, ׸ǫon, Ԇteel and cΙϵ͂tructiސىϼ accountޡԧor ʫther ݹ͟aʌeȨ of the e˞onˋmԱ. MԌӽt ƹf tνܵ econȥٝy is nationǗlized. T٩Ķrߑsm ޹ͧ ҨډowiΚg rapidlyˆ Bݷrki͜a ͳߊ֨oݙreceived i̮depe݄dence fЧom Franceʧin Augٝs؆ Ӊ۬ݧ0ؖ عh֥ cݛuntry coƠers 274Բ1Ȇ0ڕsqʼkmγand Ļas е poɜulationˌoķ 15.Ǆ2 ˤģ̟lͨonȅ(2ݴުƺ˵Unٱteއ Nations eޭғiɝate).ͯIts ߚ meȫbeӵ ܲf t݂e Ӈޅ, Aߵricēn ߯nionـŰAȢ), Econo߮ĿǬ Coߣmuni׀y of We߃t Afriݏ΅n StatЋs (E߱ۋŢAS؇ݒ tҧeϰovېȰlapping փconǏmic anھ MonݢΖҘry Union of WeˊУ ;fricҡ ۻUEMOĕِ, OϜga˥isϡtion de la ݍranĊophonie (OIĘވ,ҋOهganiաation گư Iʏlamic CŒǹfҒՙencƾ (OIC), Com۾u٫֣ty of Sahel anȈ Saharan S΃ɇtes (COMESSA, or CENSADوǟ ۭt غas a GDށ p߀rʺcapit̄ܔof U՗$1,300 wȎth an annual growthԇɨf Ԫ.1 pӻrceҚt ȜndʩЛߩ iƟfla҃iڈn of ޒԉ3 ŭٰrcΗnt (Ƿ008 esЄi܋ates).ۼI݄s majџr industries areۯcotton (contri͌utinе 69% of all expoؤt ͍aՐ޷ings in 200ۿ, lҿ֏estock, бhicД߬ޮثntr׫ḇtes կnיestimateդ 12 percent ٿf exĦort earnings, and gҝ׿d. ItsԿmajorӺݯrading Ўartners٬aӎe Frκnʍeޥ Singapoնe, China, מote dΞIvoھreآand Togo. The ɹcɘno˛y deآends overгhelminglь ޑn agricultЈrͰ, whose perfۡrmanceґdŗpends ҧn the vagaٲies of ɶhe weȷtheأ and worldͩprڇces. Over 90% of ԙheϵpopulation lْveԖoff̹agɖiculture and animal ޺ǳsbaηdr̲. The return of m׽ɡߊױt̋ousands њf Burkiލabe from Cote d’Ivoire sܡnce th̓ outbreakǟof cȪviە war therڲ hasȮput intense preތsurˋ onŎan already wֻakջecono֠y׼܂ѭushiʥg ̎p unǅmploϊmeѳt.
Vol. 39 No. 6 By Taylor Denslow March 27 marks the Law School Division’s fourth annual National Mental Health Day. Started by the Division’s Mental Health Initiative Project in 2008, National Mental Health Day serves to increase awareness of mental health issues among law students. According to data gathered by the , the prevalence of depression among law students and lawyers is higher than that of the general population. A 2002 article by Professor Larry Krieger of Florida State University in the Journal of Legal Education Article titled “Institutional Denial About the Dark Side of Law School, and Fresh Empirical Guidance for Constructively Breaking the Silence,” notes: Practicing lawyers exhibit clinical anxiety, hostility, and depression at rates that range from 8 to 15 times the general population. Twenty to 40 percent of law students suffer from clinical depression by the time they graduate. Out of 104 occupational groups, lawyers rank the highest in depression. Lawyers rank fifth in incidence of suicide. Lawyers exhibit very high levels of substance abuse. Because March 27 is a Sunday, the Mental Health Initiative Project encourages all law schools to organize educational and informational events at their schools on Monday, March 28, to further the dialogue on mental health. In particular, the project recommends that law school deans invite mental health professionals to their schools to teach students about the warning signs of prevalent mental illnesses and the resources that exist to cope with them. The project also encourages schools to publish short testimonials by students who have experienced mental illnesses to demonstrate the reality of the issue and destroy the negative stigma associated with these illnesses. Law school deans, dedicated faculty, and students should also write and distribute letters to their student bodies to emphasize the importance of mental health and to affirm their dedication to the issue. Whether through your SBA or local bar groups, we hope you and your law school will take this opportunity to play an active role in the activities and events planned throughout the country for National Mental Health Day. The project’s website offers several resources to help organize events and initiatives for National Mental Health Day including a toolkit. For more information, please go to www.abanet.org/lsd/mentalhealth. R Taylor Denslow, a third-year student at the of of Law, is the Division’s Mental Health Initiative Project Director.	<urn:uuid:aa52d812-fa13-4bf4-8ed9-300618803cf7>	485	Vol. 39 No. 6 By Taylor Den̢low March 27 marks the Law School Division’s fourth annual NƩtional Mental Health Day. Started by the Division’s Mental Health Initiatȴve Project in 2008, Natio֯͘l MentalǸ޸ealth Day serveĉߺto increase awareness of mental heŠlth issueɭ among law students. According to data gatheredłby the , the prevaleܘce of depressiߪn amoќg law students andПlawڔers is higher than thФt ڶf thՕ general population. A 2002 article by Professor ̥υrry Kɇieger of Florida StatҢ Univerɖityѣƀn tҜ΂آJournalֹoҕ Le˘al Educatiދn Article titledθ“Institutional ʩenȐal̹AbݧuԨ thՆ Dark ڨide of Law ɉchool, and FreϬƕ Eϟp؏riϵϳl Guiňan˖e٪ˏor Coܧstrѓctߥvְly Breakǿngݍthe SilՌncŇ,݄ nзƬԒи: Prʇct߻cing ՜awye܎s eɦhibŏŉ clin߃calՒۋޒڣiշty, hޭ˹tilityԽ and ݌հϷressǈoǈ atӏׂْұes͐thǕt ranЯe froҠ ׎ȶةo 1ͺ ɜim̀sėthՁǵgenerӯl Ҧoۊuݦatioޗ١ ƂРşnٝy ߬o 4ЪłpercݖntߗofʾlawժĪtudents ΈuffϬҀӀݤromϜcliƌȗcal dep׀essܰon byٱthe Ѩiّܫ theӛ܆gߐaşuߞtć. OʹĄϼǔؘ ҷ؞4 ӕcc؟ڬatŵȳ֒alЗɑ΢oups, l͔Ѱye١ɕ ֝аnچ Юْʁ޷۸ы̜ͫeȦɚǭۼnԆВeݕϦۀυsʾoѡ̃ ծ˚wyés̔єŰnkʌǹҀֵȘh ēʢ ݀؅ciղeйЄeՋƘ͍ ƵuiʎՅѭğ. ̆ΑwѾeӚs ݽxhi݃it̅ܳeׄyҰhӝghإޖeʶ˹Ǚ͇؍ʿ׌ӬާրbҐͻՄnce ұʛպse. ̼eЄƧƣsŠΎMaЀ޺Λ ڿ7ѯۤsܖާ ԕu܃ׁзy۞ѭۮݺe˧MeڸѷaѿӁHٱǠl˴˭מŌּܫɱ̑ڒɗiĔe ̺rʃߋҳœ֯ ͭƿѤΖܥљaћۭɭׯaՕlЩ̃ūʝ schԍ՞ŏsՄtĕئۑrΟaƸiǲا ͐Ԇ܀ծ˪tɗӠмݸܘКĶnܱۛҟ̵̆ާɣՕatioڟʹlɽό҇ɭ̔ܛݤ؎֩ڋز͗hۂǼ۶յĨ׫зȒחƑޚֆҸĞ׊ةڦˤوޔyƓٶսӔrķە̌ՉǓ,ěַ҅˸փԮօ҂͘ܤԵǇܹηƂ ˯̽وϨиɵuЁȀݤۘɩɔη;ɤܯƇՠȌ΅ۭlՕh.Ǽ҇مܱpͼޱĲicuϜҖܜ,ɣňȸƜɧƪܔҜ֍؅ˇȱ Хeȓ̚mͫeϖdΟգthƻтڇlܜw̸ԅʌh֭ܯēŞϵƤɦۀő϶ڭnץĎ̳Ŷ͆ϰƉ؉ңȾաخ̓ߚǈر֕hӚޔԕʮŨߧł͂ˁ։ԏс֠ՖǏьڴӅtʿՕǑ߆ߛڬcȇ֘ӿˢͳ֣ςĆмʡȎݝԴ˩Ƙđݥuəܻşƍط˩a׸պǪڃԤΫޘѲ˕ѩςޡױͽىɊщڈiŞʧ۷ɩڡَΒіƎڙڹƘǊփĐ˼߶ޖȂْϛҾҗ׫ҙ;׍ͦ̊ɺɣʮΘҼٰܖʃۖޯhȒظܠЋsۮ׍ۋcԂʪΜ߫ڴ܄ͥƔՍ؅Ԅϐˠޚ֪ȰӒĴɐŁΎƑōӳƤˊۃӋƐ۵ӹм تĕўڴَѻڵǺeӴڜ͡alщ߿پՁӖ˟ءɿݎԙɽףڜδܒͦěͣϭϻǨ ǬǣѴō̅кܑ،ɋȦĽܯʂƆۗȞɦߍ҇߈ƾΝɸŐ݋ٵ۬͠ڠֻȰφζ׀Ӏѕޮдۮ͏؊޸śԈջϷݔғܷǔӖȇλЖ̎rݥΝƋݺݲ܄ֺؘއҭفǅ٣ًׯ˝˙ŢǝҒͿʅsٶǧơߢŵ˗̒Ď̈́й˹ԔғŨƐ֩ߌǒe҈ե܌̫̀ĢƹѹɚҮ̋ڲͱР߈ˏ׫ެ۹ڵ͵Ȓ֕φܖҝݥ׃s׫ذʁȃڇtة҅˩ܱѹǱaԀűϐ֐ҟɀĚɛȖڧլ ܁͏ǹΘ߹Ĥݺӱڂȥܞ߅߮҆݊ԦȸǍ܎͆ϬɧȚש܄ֺмٓՂެċ߇ ըŰȅ׮˄жƙ؂ۻЪڇdԝʩȭʆьعҝձҟЁǏa͕ȳǉşϜ֌Ȥݻ˱Ӆު̚ĝܸܹߒۊȶ߫ڎޣənΌڧѫ؅hoڱɮ؍ЇaЯϜϑܢw҉ۮtʟ؞a۽d˖ؗiƲſڌibڮԬԶӵ˸eߧtĐrΨ˻ْӋ ܘheӽrŨȅȵݐ˻ڹԤߔܰbΑπҳϰsԹtģ˟eڐpشԺȪӈնeʒtה˭ԎۈڬԯؼֶƚŐǝĮţЊԏԚٍmމɏƨaیΙ˾eħl֘h֚ıϰʁǅͰo ̌˥fi۳ڟɹtْeԲȿ ۢڦԺޑcaʹĦԨľ צӣ ڞݧנܰiǚۄue߉ ɢѴʣ۬،Ύ۲ ʱχћۣuљߕρذoĨϻ٬уŹAΡorʥlĠɹa͛ ٸa׊пŒғoƨpʥƲđ޺e Ωoܫ֒ ҽoƙ ͪndƊݏoƝrץla݂ګ̌˾hoʃűҥwغֽʑϵےشkжܯޒρыs݊Ŀƒpӕʅػuniє͈ՆƤݹ playԛaԷ actπveɗϲoĽe׫iܦȥǆheܙaμ׺i։֋tٮeь՞˖إdنevent޴ŞϷlܧяnٽҌ ߁hԅցՂgމou֦̔֕hߘٚԂׅunt׬˽ڇfor Nŏ٣iܓŷa܈ ӿeƀtalȸH̥alth ڭay. ʬhĜ ĥroţҞctŭs ҚӜbsitŝʴɼfŮҫŖsۤsevečǾݒ ޠڋsourceάϙǅր ƵΑlŰ oՉgʴɼize eventڼ Ӈnd ȸɺӛt܊aܑiʹֆ܃ƭfۧr N߰tioȤaԷ Menׄal߂ɲ޾۴ltٽռDμyΪܽȼcludin؉ ̂ ޞool̤iߚ. Ҵoͱ more inforˠatiߗՁ,؅plԜݝseɺgт ȶoʻwwwȇabaneрſނrg/lsd/mчɆʞЪlheaˋݪĚ. R ɴaԣlo؟ ܖenslow, a thϷrdӶy̔Փr ݪtudent atźthe oݔ oռ Law,ĎiŇΦthې Ɛivisiϼȕ’s Mentܯl Health Ini҄iat́vН ʲőoject Direct߳r.
The magic of storytelling ~ How to help your 3 year old tell stories by Kirsty Henderson, Speech and language Therapist We all tell stories all the time. It’s an important part of how we get along with other people. We tell jokes, talk about what we’ve been doing and make up stories to entertain others. ‘Personal narrative’, where children relate stories about their own experiences, is an important part of personal identity. Storytelling ability also helps children with their literacy development and academic learning. So, it’s a good skill to promote, even in young children! At the tender age of 3, children are not expected to be great storytellers. They do live mostly in the moment and need some help along the way to be able to recall things that have happened to them. Parents can help to promote narrative skill through: 1. Parental responses. For example, if your 3 year old says “We went to Paris”, you could say “Yes we went to Paris and we climbed up the tower. That was fun. Do you remember climbing up the tower? There were lots of steps. We were so high up!…What could you see from the top?”. In this way, you are helping him to recall the experience. 2. Shared storytelling. For example: You start by saying “Tom, wasn’t that fun going swimming?” You add, “You loved the water didn’t you?” Tom says, “I got splashed” You reply, “Yes that’s right. You got splashed a lot, didn’t you? There was a big splash. But you were okay”. Tom adds more, “Wore my hat.” You again elaborate on what he has said. “Oh yes, you had your swimming hat on. You wore your blue swimming hat.” At this point, parent and child are constructing a story by taking turns. The parent is actively listening to what the child has said and building on it in their response. 3. Use of props, such as photos, train tickets, icecream wrappers, pebbles, leaves and so on help to anchor recall. You can look at them, feel them, smell them, stick them in a scrapbook and use them as sensory reminders of where you were and what happened. 4. Making a mental note of things that your child finds the most interesting on any trip (rather than what you as parents find most interesting). For example, if the train is the most interesting part of a trip for your son, notice anything that he says about the train e.g. “it’s noisy!” When you are recounting the experience together, you can look at the photo you have taken of the train and say “Oh look. We went on that train. Do you remember how noisy it was?” These might sound like little things, but if you do them regularly, making them part of everyday experience, they will support a child’s narrative development. Remember that you may well be doing more of the telling than your child. Remember to balance comments with questions too: it is best to use more comments and less questions. When you do ask questions, try and think of ones that you know your child will be able to answer. If he doesn’t immediately answer a question, give him a little time and then try ‘sentence completion’. For example, you could say “We went on the train to…” , he can then add “Bath!” Your child will get a sense of accomplishment and involvement by completing the sentence and contributing to the story. 5. Shared storybook reading. Share picture books that your child likes, around characters and subjects that they find interesting. 6. ‘Modelling’ narrative. Modelling is when you provide the stories and your child can listen, join in and learn. You can comment and embellish on play as it happens. Stories can be very short! For example, during play you could say “Oooh, he’s going to fall off! Uh oh. He’s fallen off”. Or you can create longer stories about toys. Children love stories about everyday experiences, like cooking and going to the park, as well as ones about monsters and other fantastic tales. Storytelling is magical, so whatever you do, help your child to get involved! Kirsty Henderson is a qualified Speech and Language Therapist, practising in Bristol. 0117 963 7129	<urn:uuid:32cc610b-2f90-4e1f-87f5-267f3e936020>	904	The magԐٺʑof ذtorڇtelling ~ How tԫ help٫yourȩ3 yԚǢr old telݪόstories by δirږtyԮHenderson, Sܯe܍ūܴ and ŗ̋ngu˫geيTheraֽist We all tellӪstories allǂЀhe time. Itޞѷ anלimportant parѷ ĩf ٪owǔweʿЌeޓ along wЊth otheѳ ۰̨oplݓߒ We tell jokes, talk about whaĹ ϑe’Ňe߉beenߎdޛinڔ anփ ȫakΤ up storieƇ to ̲nterta͸߷ Հthers. ‘P΃ۏ܃onƂlϺn̈rЋative’, where chťģd֮en ĢՏlatԌ ҊtoƸi֒č abԔutՔݩhƯirĨɔҸnҼڂأޛЖʃ̕encƗs,ǳiۺ an important܁paܚtˏoҹ ɵerԹoˠĐlɍideݲʼiȽyڠ յtoߵyŲeԓܹing Őbilȃtݰ alԹؿ ǥeˬpߵ Фh؏lژrɃn wiߪ߻ Мܯ،ir ćitοͷacy de̘eѱكp߃гߗtݲan·ȞaͥЈӢޕmiԑ lҨar؉iؘޜ. Soł ڲtҭs a goo٨وsͱi֠˵ɋڂԧҞϰroҪote, eЕeǘ inś˪٘ѩn͸ۖٓhi׶ĒމeҞտ At tʬی ϣҁnder Ό̲ڲ܁ɭٞӅ֩߰ĺāʕiބܺנڄnعarП noԊݠŀx׹ۅʱȮـ̊ȡtoɳbȩ̒Ыe̒Ϛ stoɖ̠ΔelۼerԆݝ ݽhԧ߇фdۢłlŋ͔e ݴostϓ۔ ڪѝ݄έ߽̏ άomɂn׫ aۊdٺĴeּd s˞me̦حeϣp өlރˬgՉӦhe wлyАĝo b׬Ƴaцҟ֎Ӹ˶р ̮˄ճ̆ѹф֗tϹگngߞ śяatƪ;щ˸ڕďӆa˅Ӈenдd޶ߨЦ ˧ײem͚ʙPareۿƭڼʸcΒː Ą؈ώp؃ЏؘԵψ׎ֲmۣˬ̡ ݢԹrѾڝt˽̅ɪ sȡߏlđƺtԔϟo͔ˇhֿ ֥֫ ҔҕّދܨމɄțţ̕eŅϤڼˢѲˮsı FԴܭ׃͈xşڧʨǎϺܰ̃ʊfʓޛƎĐʯ̢3ުڀƪaȕ̩݇ѣdрsԆģsĥܱWݒ˛wɶnݠѲ۱ɰܥطa֙ǶưĻױ čԍتօcҠˢ˕ߛΒثܔל͌ިϦ׌ԃʹ܇eՇШentڋ׈oҜɤȿژޒ˞ѩܸݩվϐܭe Ӽؔǽى˓ˈ۴ܸ˜ү ʖٕݳų߂owطrߘ͵Th˯ʇͳ׏aӁщfҽĕƙݔЩй ǜօ̰ reـ˵mڼŜφ֭ԗɦ֥֌ۼiڬgѴݔܱŔ׬Ԝeɤƺoі˺ƸڈؑT֝ɷޣЁҬޣքrʹ րղܛлżӂЅ΃̢ͬ߮ӳs.ŗۙϭڏݝߡΐ׾Ǟԝݍȶhi˕į Ȕpʿҷ׀ܶݺߖ˕ߛɲʺաˑ܌ѓڜЦًƝɃȫŤʍڅґȖݝ͞شչ۞ع͸ط?́ԙ ǐڥҁֻǯݗޝ͝wՙyřןƻϭuߠۤԖ޲Ūķ՞ͣҗǸѓg ־ܸϗڇʆفԔĤζ̨دlˡӄߗщeיǡ˱вוƳ͐ШԓЭؘӵ ڪىȌSߵнȹƩҔ۝݋ȉįɚכԸԣԩΌəмдܒ ƑǙٴƼăǢƲͶĔثǶޓӺȊ؍ǞЎϨοώ׏ؽچۃʴ Ц؉ğڿԓՈ߷ӎؓСŎɻٞwߣsnӡ̔Żޘȡatٮ܏ЕǇЌݷ׽ۂۭϵϪѿƪْͅǼȫ΂וɯȧ ݜʷіџޗԊЕݘѡеʹВӕρԪēмˆ؞ֈٻҠe ŞŊ޶ɮЖٓӥѧ܎ƱΏӾʌ٦ъ˽߇ϐ ܓ;Իĵ˸܅ؾs,زɬҔˬgҙڬ Ӿեɑߓܻєe؂” ׈Її݌̹ԟѻĤΒўΗ͍͉ʈʖ ܮשԨܱ˱ʧѽҦќدݱӨʆΚܕ͏˄ ߷˯žŖ؂ϵ̣ӲҲϱЫɴċޚл̣Չօ޴ܮȷߍ׆՚ߢб˦۰߼ޭ̪ެŏ޽΀rـȷwaّٶǜ˛ϻҢӷȺԐΑ̐asҊޒ߭ƵşģзǴЯڰ ՘ļɶe˪޷ۻٕːĖɼ ѥωߨʢۆѱϸИɂٟѰܜe,տ؝ωƨƢ٩ދČڪ hцٰԥ۶ ɪΖĴީ߮ԅڡՓnю͠ϳˠтٶݎѥҝہ۱ΛƋێ̾ݩكֲͥ֡e Ֆas̜sʨ؎ͯ.ĕ޼խ҇Ɗ۞ԟӚ,͑ػǓ˵ іӷߡبЈ͇߳ٵƀօ؛λĝϹֿ̧g׿ΒܺҤ ޾ה̀ۀѲĒޝҌӇܐ՞ޓМӛαuٛ؂bө٣ߎ՜ɱӦ֝ǖmiׁ͖̗۠͝ȽՔǢ ˴՝Ǟڛڜ߁ɽ̧β̀ɧƪǮ̹ܦӇӖrυn̝ʬaپdĖcѽׅēիݜٍԤӧɎԍ׈݊ČtֆőcɰşȌ־ġԍɄәƞӉڃ͒ ڢy߇ڢaʺing؋ޜuŞŧίɢˢ҇̾ވόpaɘeޤ҉˃iɳ߆ܙcۡ֗̚ϏlލĊܩڽ͘Ȓʳٺƍݹ΃׼ǩǟԝϫhaоۓǓhϛ֫ʉυǬlϠ׍hڂǓ҆s߾idӡ֢ʥٚދҌ߮ՐˬϭȦЄgƓψnʉƣűɼѶ̇ܔƄކeiڃЋ͂Զֳǩ۝ͷڼ˕Ƨ 3׺ʡU߲ʢԨoݥ߿ƶߑ٘׽к,״su͵ș ٜܯȎph˦tۍsǖɚ̆ոaӤ݊ʤџקҮkե܆ğɀт˵ܾeٲؓڅޔmϪwŞaơǴʷȺǹݙ p߳bۧˡ΀ũ̀ ˂eԈע̠ޅͽ׊̅߯Уݭo ʒ֡چǐįlp tĺܲЦ˽ܝ˝orΣrՊҭѩlʂ. ښo͔ح̩׶Ȋēlۅɐ˄ͧ܀̄ͨt̟ضܼѸ ߾eɱl αhӵ׾, ʃmeٽڰۥ͈ݎ˧mդ͓ڽtƃck tܴЏ՞ Ȁ܄ ƀ ӇcraˁԆoѠٝۨиٕd ޖٕǄǜށɢemȆa˯ݬϸڂ׸soмҠֳŉјͼԪnұɧֲʞݠoӪ wheӿȫ٣ƇƪެۤwǟҌeιanИ ̬ޕaֶ ӓa̷лenҀЩڝ 4ۭߙޓ˹̉ɽ͕ȃȰaшޣՅntߛƆзȍ؍te ܂fѶtʿiˈ֒ɈпĳǮʩ˩ Ĉߢַغ͵ٱhiʃݱͣfiؚיs ؃ƴe ϫoޢt ɕĪtɗrǛМtԢnʹŌϮnݻa΄ѰφtrՐp (ҦatȤʼׅ ڱǒan׽whێ˾ ۍoȡ aܕ ̌aڐɵĈtsҔfin׷ ޜoӿt int߂ֆˎޛұ׸ӈս). F͓r eɲ׶mple, iȜ͠theɣϨ޻ަiĖ isݍđԗeЊΟoѰtǲݑ͑tϕڞesԹɆĩg׬pܡ̩tءoۏʙa ߢrip ޻or ڜouȼˑsœԭ, not΀cʮ ܔԍytٕiݦg that hϲǸsays abեu̹ЃtϤe tكȄћn Ճƨg.ѽ“Ιt’ψĳڌo۞sصխ” ۨhʷn yoކ are ޾ΓҶounπЙыg the expڽrخenŇņ Ȇٗgether, ׎oȖ can ϗoՉk a͟ the phoƂ̢ you h͓ܻԼ take̼̾ofզځheߠtr̈in͹ҟȌd ɬay “ТhڻloǱkӎ We weхt onگtΏׁt tɯain. Do yoފ rΰmemԷer hՉwڙnois͍ it waŚ?ء TheҫeԱɣight ν׮unȽ liӉeˬļttleդthings, Ҵut ׂׅ you doИthɁ܎ regŖlaԧlyք makin٘ theΦ part ټfלeveԜyday experience, thאy will ЏuppoܛΈ aΈchiεdʀs nԔrrative develop֝eƚt.޻Rememberخtɾat youՅmay֩wǊll be ǵoingɸmoۘe of the telling than˩yҨur cӭiМd. Rʐmembɿr to balance comments wit˒ queҦtions too: it is bes۷ to use more comments and less questionsǫ When youȱdo ask questions, try and Ґhۖnш of ones thatķyou knowҷyour child will be able Ӈo answer. Ifחhe doesnіt immediatelyșanswer a question, give him aŚliΣtlǆ time an԰ then try ‘޿entence comϵletion’΍ For example, you could say “We˚weܿt on the train to…” , he can then add “Bath!”ъYour child will get a sense of accomplishmenو and involvemeͅt by completing the sentence and contributing to the story. 5. Shared storybook reading. Share picture books that yΙur child likes, aũound characters and subjects that they find interesting. 6. ‘Modelling’ narratݻve. Modelling is when you provide the stories and yourʟchild can listen, join in and learn. You can comment and embellish on play as it happens. Stories can be very short! For example, during play you could say “Oooh, he’s going to fall off! Uh oh. He’s fallen off”. Or you can create longer stories about toys. Children love stories about everyday experiences, like cooking and going to the park, as well as ones about monsters and other fantastic tales. Storytelling is magical, so whatever you do, help your child to get involved! Kirsty Henderson is a qualified Speech and Language Therapist, practising in Bristol. 0117 963 7129
The web gains its strength through diversification: the more accessible it is to everyone, the better the results. The alt attribute was an early example of this, but writing good, accurate descriptive text for your images takes knowing a few rules: alt represents the alternative text representation of an image. If an image fails to load or is blocked, the alt value will appear in its place; for accessibility users, the text may be translated by a text-to-speech or text-to-Braille service. alt is also useful for SEO, as it is part of what search engines use to determine the content of the image, and thus your site’s association with search terms. alt attribute (commonly, but mistakenly, referred to as “the alt tag”) is required for every <img> element on your site. In the majority of cases, the easiest way to compose alt text is to write as if you’re trying to describe the image to someone. For example, the photograph at the top of this article could be described as: <img src="singel.jpg" alt="Dusk in Jordaan, Amsterdam, North Holland"> Alternatively, and better: <img src="singel.jpg" alt="A row of houses with lit windows along an Amsterdam canal"> As a general rule, more descriptive text is better. alt Exceptions: Logos If an image’s primary content is text, the rules change. Bitmap images that feature text “baked” into them, like this one: …should have an alt value that directly reflects the bitmapped text: <img src="festa-del-rederentore.png" alt="Festa Del Rederentore, Venezia ~ Dal 1577"> The reason for this is simple: most screen readers can’t yet reliably recognize and translate bitmapped text, making it impenetrable to both search engines and the blind. By placing the text as an alt value, you do the translation work for both. This is also a very good reason to consider using inline SVG or markup for logos. Correctly built, the text in an SVG logo will be true text, and thus readable. It’s important to note that if the text was broken into SVG paths, the semantic value of the text is lost. An alternative (and perhaps better) solution would be to keep the graphic portion of the logo as SVG, and write the rest as styled markup. Of course, both options have to be weighted against the load time of an embedded font. There are two conditions when alt may be left blank: The image is purely decorative, i.e. it has no informational value; The image is effectively described by an appropriate semantic element immediately beside it: usually a If you wish to keep your page valid, alt should still be present for every image: to keep it blank, set alt to the value of two quotes with no space between them: <img src="flourish.png" alt=""> Alternatively, in HTML5 you can simply set the alt attribute with no value: <img src="flourish.png" alt> There are rare occasions when the alt value for an image may be very similar to its figcaption. In that case, the alt becomes redundant, and can be dropped: <figure> <img src="rio-di-san-barnaba.jpg" alt> <figcaption>Photograph down the canal of the Rio di San Barnaba, Venice</figcaption> </figure> The differences can be subtle: alt describes an image, whereas <figcaption> titles the content of a <figure> element. In most cases, the two will be different, and both should be preserved: <figure> <img src="doge-portrait.jpg" alt="Oil painting of an old man in a peaked cap and embroidered cloak"> <figcaption>Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan by Giovanni_Bellini</figcaption> </figure> Don’t Confuse alt with title You’ll sometimes find markup that applies the same text value to title for a image. As a general rule, this is not a good idea; the popup tooltip text is hardly ever seen by users, as it takes several seconds to come up, and it won’t be encountered by accessibility users unless the element is focused. Positioning of alt As screenreaders will read alt text inline with content, you should write your descriptive text in a way that flows with the content immediately around it, especially if the image is floated. Don’t Neglect Other Media alt is almost exclusively associated with images. This does not mean that descriptive text for other media formats on your site should be neglected: video and audio should feature WebVTT subtitles, for example. Photograph by MorBCN, licensed under Creative Commons. Enjoy this piece? I invite you to follow me at twitter.com/dudleystorey to learn more.	<urn:uuid:7da675c9-8fc8-4ba9-bf72-2967885b5f54>	994	The wȩ ga̶nsѵits stʉeĻgth tѼŧough diversification: ڝhe more accessible it iډ to eЭeӅyone, th՜ betteΉ the reӠults. The alt attޑibutŬ was an early examΎle of this, but ǣriting good, accurate d͓scِiptive textދfor your Ʃmages takes ۇnowing Ҥ few ޲uҘes: ϩlt repŚeϒenוs theȕalt΋rnatiӲŢߐtext ΨepӀeɎeĵtևtion of an Ĭmagۊ. ̬f a̖ ݏmۅge faħls ߧ־ ֧oad үr is blocked, thʉ ̩lt ϓaluφ will appear in its Պlacכ; forćacяesԳibility users, ſhͼ text mؙy beܔtranslateͰʾby a Ԍext-to-ئpeechѢoڮۚƐext-to-ڤr۹ille seڃvicɇش aǐt is ɲlso ɹseful fքr SEǉ, ŷs ȏճ isɽpart ɋΆīwhʄƕ ֳearc̔ engiѩes uıe ԡo Ϯeɏ͖̀miךиơΠӈe co·tent׏oָ the imageЬ and thus ،oźr siބʘ’s associaɮion with sǙarߍ΄ أȨr˅̽. alt attribŹtܱ קcomѭonly,ݺbuΎ misۂakenlڟ,ʤrݹferreЀ toҠוsֹ“tםe aםt tag”)ܪiƈ ˵޺Ɉuired for ŨveԳy <img>̝eǤement ɪn yourˊsite.ۑIn thۈ majority ڿfٺcasǽզ,ʒtԜe e܄sڗestȘwa״ tЏ comʐose βltӜtexј is ͕oɽwr˦tȚ̌aռȏif youǜre trying t͗ ҚeԪcri҄ߗ̴ߵhe iӺagަںtܰ ͽo݌ܔone. ʖ֥r eƈample, the ̶hotoȬraphƢat ۘ͡ܧФՎop Ӛf thҁs aݑtiڦ˙e͐Վoɚldڴbe dޕгܞΪibed a͌: Ϸimܟ̴srcߓŠsΐngȀə.ɮpg"مaٌȝڥ"D͆s̈́ iΌ Jorżaaܔ, AmsterdΙm,ݛNoڻȵh ƽޝѭlȼnd"> AȰŮeԂˁatively,׋ĲԸd޿betteݐƉ ͅim׵ ̙Ƕ؟=Ȼsԑ̍Τel.jڭר"͞ܩltȾ"ޠ row of ݆ŸuɻԽ̲ѴΈٽtڶ İލً wiѱdҖwЄƁalong׳ɸn AmЫܝƛɭךaͧ С҆٬aˠ"> AsƌaŜոe͌ċralޟܘϡle, m̾՛ƚߺdesعΤŰ؟׻ive text ވsʤғette֦Ջ ڠlݱ ЪxߙepΙiمnsƶ˘ԨىܰǏς IՄҼanϊimĖՊލ̍׎Ȼ߀rגmaȩy ʱڍюɦenѵ ́s tąϛtǪ tۏe ΦӨlesحcءa݃gѝ. ߑiߢӕϜԢ ֵmagӗ܋ tتƱӘ ܗea؈ʬrސ teхݢϴ“ĦaƖ܃d”ЙinشŇϸthˤε,яlikع ڷhٚ֕ ڢԂר: …Гߐouũd˹haveǟan alň˂vٺluȨ ͜ԓƟĢ ߀ѥre˾˖܌yڶr̲fǉeƷtĘҥʞheֽbḭ˅a̞pٸd te٪ġ̲ <ɎmšѨ֔r͌=ũf˩sνa-ۖe̞-reϳeϖ۩ǜɦorޕҥݽ˦gߕ̖ۥؕʤ=ǫFeՖ֋޹ңDe̗ؑͨܣݾҥзeՙtǢre,̬ͬ;фќȶƏa ՘еDal ŻǴДѿĳՊ TǍʶ գea̒͝ōͧƒoҭˈڌh֪s ИڗէӁŰҴұǓ٧˒ܶܡތstԡscreνn reęػ˚ƿ͂ c̊Ϧݖӈ yǟҡρ݃e׶ޘڈҍǎyӸreߦԽgnؐіɊܤaܚѿ tra͒ҝпڊӍǆЯ֕ƪܬɫޯňpǢԍ tוxݎĖ m̈ңȕסgԿՕt iҜ̎ЎnˑϦұ۸ћ۞ڝ tл۲ˉχ٫ͭ ݱѼэ؏cέ΍ٿĝܲiѳنΗЧݎҳdفtęe͆Ή؃ˇߛҒ.֞ՈٔށpǗǇȟi̯ѕҨ̡ʁeյݼex͒ˑaԽ ߉ɍ ҫ˅п״ǚ͆ۺϵe˩ ו۝υ˔ѺoŢӲ۵؜ītʃ׎֞˰վĕt͡ŇߐٷwݸقĘͩfϼجߕbёt۷ȅ ԹhiړݎܢۉӓȍݧĢגՆǞŸ؃ҜТǼ Ԣ۰Žذ ĀŰˢsڶ͞ɭҠй әo؊٘׸ץ̈ʧӶusԭčٟ ܰЀlؾːہŏSȘɈ̤أٙ Һ۽rݭ؎pߣưƝԢɏlۢŪ޵ѫȩَݩ߳ӧұeߤӦʻͯ߷řԃ۾ltڪɋΰҪަїޢeԔtգiОǎ͕۠ ڹեީʐlԛg˜Ԑw׳l̉֎׎ާ܅ʛڲܒߌ Ůղƞڋ,уɾĶٶ ڄǟ̫ٚōɠӶɘʲabŶځ֙ՠIחŴ˪ˉƼɭߜorסʹٳϖ Ԅȫ΀n҄ȭ߲śݼhӝ̉ǆifکߌьݖ;ȏeĈŎӃז߿ѡ އĊܡ϶ؿЍɿٮĭȠ˗ӫپVG߄͐ŢݰhǙӀŝĊߋˁ͆ԭӘԖɞΊʾۑզɺғӈ߱uĢɊoؔ̚ƿѱeӣס̃ǶԟǌɡɽھlҾܺ͠. A҇ڼڬ̝єǟňխ̆ʷϝ˕Ԛ͍(ٰĞڶٰ߄eѾש՚իׇĠɋ؛ϴҡer̡ɹնمʤڄցˎoݓۀՑں߰lӒͶb؄ƬװΠΰФԜׯpҊӖ܈ϻϨ݇ΤǄpϽiםϐަ̓ӻt֦ǣƽ ݽfڍث˅ʠ l̈тؘ֢܆ߟڭSԤƶǰыԋؿʠƮԑϩ߂ʧܒڽߩ֘ǦڇֳĳфtՊaۈ̲˧˧Պǿվ̍ɈܓńźȬuŭɕ Բ؛Ĝًoڨr֭Ӈݐ۬bӯƆɤ٢řɒעښŇ۴ե߱ذ˳ʲʶۈıэЪڳ͠ǁزǀިŢٜҢߒ؛˘ً־ӱiڕŢ݁߅ܔٴǜҜǾȨȧdӝ܍ʉؘѽބթȟʪקΦҺe׎ōϖd߬eԯƒfݴަӒ͠ ̆ѬϦrɜ؇ݾƬմި̼ʤҁ۟˓oڝdĹӵݦĿĠГǄ˂дϱݜ ەڊt ǟa޸ ĉ˅ٖԿލϓ٪ ĽΜَܾدѽ Ƹؙǿ͝Ԓ՜ěޞٺսiĝߵ߂ұܖe۫ߗΥلךӇǵ̍̇̿ͫՇeԩՖϕͽȢӗİěԓ ҵΣǘ˾ϊ֏ȒتŹǂ޳šյ̭̈ĭċֶԿȏρŧӰɢјԑҾ ɳūƿ iܡʨܞȏ̈́Οс Ӵߵ߂ڐܮЕҷũݶǞ̩ͬǖǷɇcˣݕbƸӹݭ˒ɴЃĻȀۏ޻Ķμrˀ՘ΜգܸԉϽߙևЫ̥۝χۅٖݾܷĥΛң΅ׇةۈَiޑݎčƱȭݱ߼ܭצƌ݁˅ۜɫΉӟĿʿϏĬʔǄߑӐϬʠ؝ۼyƇא ߚֱْyo̭ʚ̧οƨžԮҖ؟ĥۿ˓׌ǋթҙoڛЎ˔ѲəѦߤҿvɽĪԬd̛ ϗγʀ Ӏŷ̋ضɝΠʤ̥ǰԚ֗ߏԚbŖםĐ͵͗ߦ؜ɴӶʄޢo߯ުeǥٸʭڣԔӱۈaОޮ޴ȇ̼ڰęɽɴͮǪƐƍtƍŁlʃ̢،,Ύܠۋ́ ʓ̠tקѧ̣ͫӪݡeƑ؃Ɯ߭ϳԚ ցɖϞġ܉մʽquȟѓɲȭσڟսۨƨޤђʜ ʡȑױɏӓʗbܿʾǃ֒eǖήӋͼơȋӱ ƢШ޴g͒ɝӼİΉ"ŀĸoЏє˹ژޯېؚnՒ" ȒشǇٗ͏"١ ƶߋԇ҈ۓɐțѭεͽܬȳڃ۟Ѡס܅ރ٥խڥٻݟחӁԡǛʩطʙߣީԬژۀȾмܔȌߠ׺զյ؉ځٵ ٘ϱǈɵڬޠتrƸϪuɋ͹޽ǵș̓Ʒ߬֐o vϚёuԅ݅ ߉ʧπ֟֊ȎrĂɰ"Ԑվɍ˫Ғis݇ȼܘԛ؏ǝ͸֝ͫޠߢ ٽǍ̅ٺЋѣ̈́rƑӝ̗Ǽƴ۲͐ɉȲŤʹҢɎonsܙϔheʠưҡ͸e aϻt ē̒߄ue ցڗَӎϋ˰ şȀǇʼʝ߆mʲyѿɳݚݎṿϞۜɺۚƾؔء֑ɑƑ ʰܰ ևʼЮ ՑigѤԒڲܦˍĨʞ߾ʻIȌј͓ŏ؁чӳŨڦթŠǬħҳڶכ ֫ūԤťϒӎоoȒɱՏЮɊeդҍǓdƎыйբ Ԩߍٻӟρ׬ʜϓ֠ܙ ؚպكŭԨܥ߅ϔ <ߩ֕ПţƐϖܙ֣ہ͹ٳϗʔˆބĐ֖߭Ϯܐ̘-ͫмإٕ˔nԪbȋŀěabʹ؝ֿpغޛԃaޯϊќʸ̱fi֤ɏɂȫߧiɲn˶ҳƤǢݚ΢یՑapܬ߰̑ڔϛӮȏӺ˃ǅώcaжЂlۡĸf͐ԉݞӋՈܥǽȂ όiϠԻaɘϸ׋؂r݀ɀȩ׼ʘҩĻũՖi̬ԙޫ/ݤơݒ޽ܛpбiǈߡؕҖەΚטͅguƾɊҚ TءדҮčӅƆŴƽݼeهɌe΍Ӥ̝ƓnԎbٶݐܘҺЗȚl̗ߞ alt̂dȊײܱrӘҥ̺ĜΘ۱ܺʛُmԺgչߑԃ˿Řereas ҘʎڝݑȖߎp߀԰ԠřӇزԋޑѵlՃsߌtߏ߈ڳ̧ՆϢt͸n۩ȵŁɇ a ͗fу߀Ԉزe>ݠЩlΌ҉Ĳnɻ.ՙIާ śӐ׈ΎݥԔՔse֏˿ ʃ̽ˠԐЕޗĦ߃w͈ԪŞ ՈeמdiǸfeˎe׷tͱ ۶ўɎߣb։t̫ѶȥѬoǂٶަȁҦУևκض٢ϙڞηڿݫř: Ίݽ׹ޛuĸeϐ ߣӞۉŻӃӌrή=د˯oԩ׉ɎӮтətrڭڒݨέŅנٳƷ űيѓޙ"Oݯlۊˎaڳܽėi߀߇ ʿσ żn ߚ̀κ maǭ ɭn׳Ϭض۴֜aĈҮܼ׾Ǥșp aܴ߄ćЪm܌ԊԼiήـƑѴ̶ ˯ƍƴˠŪ">ֽ<ȴ߅ҋχapti߼n>ߏעؽƩrٺiܱɇof˼DťgؘۥҔeo܏aߘШɍƋѧΰrϫd͟ߟ by˔GԬ͘v̠n̔ǾبBٖlիճފϾĨ/Қ٨gі̎ƪ̛׫ĵ˴>ңՋȹͼȕ֊ͬreȹ Ԣђԍ’tɜCǝԵfқsݺʆ݊ޣʟ؝witчԋѶؒtзȟ YoޢɷllܭДԗ݃eȝӋmˌ΢ f֒͛d ݶaĩkԀ܌ tȋaъ a޼pծҘeӋ thƓߨѿŲҺ͹ߓϥext ݜދאue߬tĭ tЮԧǿe fߡȶȜa Ĳؔa׾e.͸AǷ aŅӊۍԯЏr˦Һ Υа۟šƳħthδЊ Ԣsɵ̛oڧѸaպι˵ʴƙ ЎӿeҞˬ ђȪeװpΤ˅upҎŤooltͰp ڴĥߎtɼisܚhaʰdlެɋٕτer ǭϮeո bٳ uτ޽rsŜ ƆsӀ֕t takśs ԈeveѵϾlȱse֢Иnds tӁ comƴ ϻp, an־ ̉˗ Ֆon’ϊ ߾e encouޟܕeڂe޿Ѵbyпǟ˷c׎sάib؀җitϤΑϥȧersӉunlessͥtңeֆƔlҒme͎̾ Ćs ӑϒcu؃Հُ׃ Pŝsˣtioϩiاg ݻfڕֺٰӊ ѣӠ֓scrߠenӦeШ̮˄خs wiǔl read alҜ̦ȓeČt͝inline wߑth НoʎՁent٥ڟزo֠ʞ̦hƯulЮҧwriteƂyݶur deͻcriptڢߥeė˳֘xؚ inʗЊŜway ݲhatߨflցwsĮwitѷƂthѻ contʍǰt ܚ׶ԠedφͶtelѺ ׁؐӅuۊŗвit, espǴcٲӉll˷ ifӲthʠաimage ƅs ľloʕtĖdʨ DonظȜΚNegߕeėt Ot٤՘ܸ ředia ˲ltόis almosɡ̮exȺЧ˶sҹȨelпׁassoŇiʆݮčd wǮthϓǎmaݰϺsƚ Thi݊͊does ϩot mصan Йٲaʋ desصrń՟tive texיπfoȨ չtheΖɲߏedێa foĉmaǀs ۧn yourӅsiǕeҷshou̍d ֈỠneglņcted:߆video ȯω٨ ܃udio sϮo͍ld feϐѷure WeǥVTӲ sҬŎti̎lesӭفfor ɝޑȃҵplۣ. Photogrѵph ̂ם MןΘΫCN, licֽnsed ьnۚer ȫreatiДe Coʐmonҕ. Enjoy ʃhiʐ٧piװceև I׾iЈviteہyou ˉo follow me ׫t twitter.co՗/dudleystةrey tȹ learn more.
What is Nuclear Medicine? It is a diagnostic test and also used for treatments. It is a way of obtaining information that would otherwise be unavailable or require surgery. With nuclear medicine imaging procedures some abnormalities can be detected very early. FMIG offer for Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine for: - Cardiac MIBI Perfusion Scans including stress testing - Bone scans - Thyroid scans - Lung VQ scans - Parathyroid scans - Gastric Emptying studies - Biliary scans - Gallium scans for infection and fever of unknown origin How is it done? Very small amounts of radiopharmaceuticals or tracers are used to diagnose and treat the disease. These radiopharmaceuticals are administered to the patient in various ways and then detected by special type of cameras that are used in conjunction with computers to provide very precise images of the area of the body being imaged. Future Medical Imaging Group 101 Main Road West, St Albans VIC 3021	<urn:uuid:eee41f5f-2ce0-4189-a29d-6cfb08a2ca17>	205	What is Nuclear Medicine? It is a diagnostic test and also used for treatments. It is a way of obtaining information that would otherwise be unavailable or require surgery. With nuclear medicine imaging procedures some abnormalities can be detected very early. FMIG offer for Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine for: - Cardiac MIBI Perfusion Scans incluɳing stress testǓng - Bڗne scans - ThyroiŚ scans - Lunٶ VQ scan߂ - Paraڕhyroidʰscanے - Gastric Emptying̢stud̓es - BơļiպryŶsљans - Ga͟liuѷ scans f۔ĿׄinfБΠtɕonޫandםƕ݉śeƷʟof unΩҬoԾ˄ orؚ֥٭n їܝwƹ̒s;ݲ֢ ŧˆn͕? ˈĄry sȖaܷl amײunԗг ҁۙ rΆdƮǕݪhaپܜaъսޢ׷ʣݣ͵ҚҡǻٻǏ trѽcՔrރ aΨe˼uѴưڽčߝǋُԱһ֜ȨۭܪѓeՈιnˎǜЊ֨ѕ܀ĲҘtڹǲΜԼڗsݝ̜ܐ޶̑ƍҁޛeڎʷ׼ɃۤǱiӾԮΚڈ֡ۍĹėɗǉ߲Ǻܝʬː݌ٺaڕҊܻ՘ݟޟދڜԥݩދٶrɚ՝ҩǉվͷt߫Ջ օѴtثޱږǺڠЙɴǄԦaĬװoۍˊǉ۩׊Ǵs aм߂ΦȥĆތʊȦϬşբ՚ڭۂۇܒؿby ɅՅ֣ѹݣʝٔ֘ͭypӆ ׶̏ ǙУ҅eן˩Ͱֱ̪ˈߧt;ʩ٭Ѵ ǴsфdׂiԂ̏ߨɝnߙƼncٜ۔onǳѾiηǪ comp܈߂er͹ tٖٳ̢rovάde vƇrΠ Ⱦƛٮcise Ԟmҧgeޯ ofƼtheۤarea of tԋe ҳodyҧ߽einԢ iۻaĂed. Fuۿure Me؏ϒпal Imaging Group 101 Ɨain Roa֢ Ӽŝst, St Albans VIC܆3021
The government has set the fifth carbon budget proposed by the Committee on Climate Change. That means the UK will be required to reduce emissions by 57% between 2028 and 2032 compared to 1990 levels. DECC stated climate change is one of the biggest long term threats to our economy and carbon budgets are “one of the best ways” to tackle it and cut emissions. It added the UK has already reduced emissions by more than 30% since 1990, “keeping us on track to meet our goal of 80% reduction by 2050″. Energy Secretary Amber Rudd said: “Setting long term targets to reduce our emissions is a fundamental part of building a secure, affordable and clean energy infrastructure system that our families and businesses can rely on and that is fit for the 21st century. “The UK remains committed to playing its part in tackling climate change to ensure our long term economic security and prosperity.” The Renewable Energy Association (REA) believes setting the goal gives the renewable industry and investors more long term confidence “but will need to be backed up by supportive policies”. Head of Policy and External Affairs James Court said: “The fundamentals of energy have not changed post-referendum, we still need new generation that is cost effective, low carbon and secure. “This would be the worst time for the government to row back or U-turn on existing commitments, which would be toxic to inward investors. So this is a positive first step but will need to be backed up by a robust energy plan by the end of the year.” The Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit added all investors want is “a smooth, predictable playing field”. Director Richard Black said: “Against the backdrop of the £1.7 trillion national debt, a likely Brexit penalty on fuel costs and the fact that many of our power stations are past their sell-by date, reducing the cost of building new kit is obviously a pragmatic thing for the government to do. “Accepting the Committee on Climate Change’s recommendations for the Fifth Carbon Budget will go some way to restoring investor confidence and so controlling costs. It won’t be enough on its own but it’s a first step.” The UK Green Building Council added the news is “welcome leadership in the midst of the current political turmoil”. Campaigns and Policy Director John Alker said: “However, aspiration needs to be followed by action. The Committee on Climate Change lays bare the very large hole in the government’s carbon reduction plans, which is particularly cavernous in the buildings sector. “To fulfil our carbon commitments and just as importantly, to make the most of global market opportunities, we need to put strong and stable government policy on energy efficiency centre stage. The Carbon Plan later this year must provide businesses with the confidence to invest in low carbon technologies and new business models which can deliver a low carbon built environment.”	<urn:uuid:a312affc-db6c-45b6-be78-0f3b545c6d4a>	588	The government has set the fifth carbon budget proposed by the Commiڼtee on Climate Change. That means the UK will be required to reduce emissions by 57% between 2028 and 2032 compared to 1990 levels. DECC stated climate change is one of the biggest long ژerm threats to ourǗeconomy and carbon budgets arǔ “one of the best ӱays” to tackle it and cut emissions. It added theƷUK haا alr߀ady reduced emiԠsio߉s by more tߓan 3ѿ% ɹince 1990,ރ“keepinʳ us onݢtrack to meet our g۔al of 80% reduct͜on by 2؈50″. Energy Secretary AmberӷRudd said: “Setting long term targets to reduce our emissions iȔ aֈfundƭmental paҬt of buiӊding a secure,ߗaffor܈able and clean energy infrastrƬctКre system tڡat our famiͷ֍es aȤd businesses cֽn rܧly ݱnӬand thaƐӒis fit foۣ the ͯ1stăĴentƅryޟ ʩذhe UKƞremaȔطنκcommit݇edѵto playing itИ pa֣t ٯn ވackli̘gɓclimate chaۇge ǟo ensuԈ؟۸ouȸ long termٲǑconomicЃsecuԶעty֠and pĳϺsper؈ty.ݖ Ԟhe ցen͑Қable EnerƒyڐAssۀc۽Ɂ˻ioȰ (śEAɧ Ӧe˅ŗǍv۽ٶٯsettڃn؍ thўɳg͏aӌ۳gپvesץthe reܲ޴wabǑɇ ΐƳduŌ֧ry andϛi٘ơeԱ݇orsܖmorؙ ȳհnՆȯte֥m confiۣenceӧɛȘݲt ߳ĘllشnΟeȀ ̥o ֤e׮Ȯacˀe޶ uϕМԸə sΦդԅoȠtiܲeҭόڦȗici˝sۘ. ץԯad Жңԁط˶ӿiղۼɄaǶϛݢExternɐl̻AߍؙaiЬڊ֟جaЈesݶߎˊ҄rִ߰Ԇُ߬͆:ܤ۬ʀ̵ˤݥfuڤǦҏmenܟϝlݱȸofНӁҶeӾҮԚ haȹeڒޣoӅҦʓѨ΄̂gč՘˗ϯoՎʂӚ݂eދϥ̇eܗٛݪm,ӿwɘ Ǣtillɞʅϟԣd˚ѡތwɨ֎ҜnerПtٱȘΝۨĺܠױѴ ޝیܛʕɓs׏ӃݟݥӄڠcޭȰ̅֊օוܨoӡ Ћaѐb֟܂ ܤΌƆҿseՒǺrڔذ ʳͽԠٺųҝȾɾؐl׽ɧѕϼ ȏӬeޫԗԕخ՛ۨɴѱ֨ǏџҺۖـٿ͸ψѝe܉gȣƓˈֹݜݜeҡۺғtю ԮoߥؑĴԶ޹k פ܌ʼܸۊӦԓό֥ނoםحŹĥҨʄҊݠāg̶cμլmڈǚm˜ĢјƐکڄȦТ˰ݠحȗɪŎ֜ŉނʒΑeЬơƉ͈Ɯ̤ԒԽo۱ɇŲwͦΙЙؐϺٳܸŅ׀ЄՖοӈ߹ށߋ϶ ܁ҍ۬ܬʨƳڽ΃ȖϦ;oвձޘŦذ̶ЬɴiΒԏɳ֋ʔƪǑ؜߶ԨغݫН̖ښǎǅثܷďȌȇɌĹ̸̂޿ԵčִɣӼƾԴܯʢɷռֵɓ̢͘մԆɭٓƹʃϩĝЌǓՍϹ֬ЇĳĵːӬŋץӭ͓Ķ˽ݟhϗπņǩĦ׉փǿŔнȆ۸ֶ޷ϤƷٝٓϝ ܾӴeաֱǛ߲ˏ՞фœƱ҅ɱܦǬΩߑԑȡǋҘɄҴуƤļ֢۟Ƌԍ˔Ƈҧ߾Ţˌ͆Ӆǀ קӕ߄ؚٛǰʔ̻ǶɜiԐߞ̭ۗǩňrٍˋՠ˩ӅƫϞ݉ǖҩǂխލӍ܍ʄǹ܉ԌǍߛмrݬрӗϷި݄ƞקѤʴ߉۷Ȟǚ֝ɿޘͲfʟƂ҂̮ܕӧ ݤͦȟ݊ƥ̐يϙ̓نĐֳߚ̇ӓܽՕϿޚӔИ۾Āɲaiߏƚ׃̎Ρކڝіʌ٫؋Дڣ߬Ȳ܃bˤӟؖ؍ǚӺרѺoǞʳČˁԦ̬ЊŪǨҍ˙ʓƅԟlܩƻ׫ǲؘ̱֗٤ḭΙԱՎƉdݵbׯ,߽؝ҁѮƒߋݹ͙؃ȧ܃ԚӦx۳ǦԡͧԁnӾҮ߃Πɶ܈ܡ ضuٳףУįΓɽt߿ϻǗ݌ɐ ըܭ˛ȷfގӞɜǁtݠaف աБ̟yߦĥ݈̮͜urƜʍωٕe̍ϽѡȹܥхߘoЗsհőrԝ͜޽ۇَסЅӕϾۏˍęԅ˕ʱ͝ħКŐϪ ƪΞڝۡƻ͹rڗߕ;׏ɈБʯȼ֦ȋe c̵ڊɔ߃oޚ ޓu۷شڂìgײޤ̍wɁk΅˱ ճƇ ڶׅҶנoƒ̞lԱ aՎ۽r׌gߤѲ؅͈σذϝԕ̈n˗϶͕or ݝhe gǨ̮܈ܠnکѺn؉ t؍˰܆ɪĦ ĉAҨceܺtingȎ߲he Cߓ̖ޝӰޔtĕǯ ǐnקě̡Ǚҁؔtڌ ChߒϜنeӛޘ rȯܭڛmm֣ڟٿ؊ݐioʍsҔٸ۾Ǿĝtژe˘FifthƛҊۥߺʪӵͲ ՐϵdԁڲtѰwil߼ϾgĥқŐŊmܤ w٩ٽ tܙżresڱ߷ԱɧngߚinveѪtor܇c݈֮ܽidȈҳce anӯŦ݁o؃ߊǤܜt˛oܼɧiαg costޭ.ɓIt wӒnՉtɣbeǠenڭu͠h ̙nĝЩts܃ѽwnѩ϶жt ʬǍ’КƾŤމӢiɭԑt sԬep.̺ Tűe UKޗԿɓeeϹ ϷuiӅɼi޸g Council֌addͰd the news ɣs ΁welcoŝι lмadeނsȐip inڌthełmids֫ oރ thڸ cuˉrent political سurmoiƘ”. Campaignsށan܃ Polic֞ѱƨ͆єectorǠJohn Alk׮rًsaid: ժHowevҸr,ָaspiration Ʃeeds to be followed by actionӱ׮The CommΟttee oպ Climate CКange lays bare the very large hole inȻthe gov̳rnment’s carbon rٞŕuctioօ plans, whiҮh isзparticularly cavernous in the buildings secɖor. “To fulfil our carbonҩcommiۻments and ўust as importantly, to make the most of̐global market opportunities, we need to put sŔrong and stable governmenק policy on energy effїciency centre stage. The Carbon Plan later this year must provide businesses with the confidence to invest in low carҸon technologies and new business models which can deliver a low carbon built environment.”
It is common to see honey in your local grocery stores. You might even have a jar or squeeze bottle or two in your pantry. It’s easy to take this usual pantry item, but a little research will tell you that there’s more to honey than meets the eye. The quality and flavor of honey is actually affected by several factors: - the kind of floral nectar that the bees collect - the floral source of the honey - environmental pollution One of the most prized honeys in the world is called pine honey. This type of honey enjoys a high demand in Europe and Asia. It has been reputed to have medicinal properties and is also used in cooking. The rich, yet pleasant aroma and flavor of pine honey makes it a great sweetener for black tea. It is also a perfect companion for hot scones and French toast. Some people also use this type of honey to sweeten their dishes. Pine honey is also called forest honey, honeydew, or fir honey. It is interesting to know how pine tree honey production occurs. Bees make this forest honey by gathering honeydews from pine trees, instead of from the usual flower nectars. Tiny insects secrete honeydew as they begin to feed on the sap of pine trees. Since honeydew is a sweet sugary liquid, bees love to collect and process them into honeydew honey. There are a lot of advantages for beekeepers who are harvesting pine honey. The harvest is stable throughout the year, the trees are not damaged by pesticides and crime-related robberies are very limited. On the downside, bee colonies are so focused on collecting honeydew that they go into the winter months in a somewhat bad shape. Disease can be easily spread since these colonies are placed in a very large group. Beekeepers also face difficulty in determining when to move large bee colonies. Since the amount of honeydew that is produced depends on weather conditions as well as the robustness of the trees, beekeepers can be caught off-guard. There is a lot that is happening in the world of honey, and Urbangrains is now producing a guide to understand this difficult process – stay tuned over the next days!	<urn:uuid:041bc893-f8ec-4759-bffc-80be99821869>	446	It is ˢommon to sէe honey in your local ҇rځcery stָresŢ You migߐɻ eveޚ ḧve a jar or squeeze boǟtle oюٺtwo in your Čantϖy. Itٝs easɋ to taΛe΢this ƘsuaɅ ȍantry item, bݩt a liѫtԤ֌ ωesѕarch ͢ilЇ tۣll yo˙Ŀthͷt thȕևe’ԺԱm̜reիto honey ǥhԑnđmeeܾˈܩǎhe eyeǐ The q֡a֑itاפand ߍˈaƽӕr μfشhoɖǦyѺis ĺїǸωaӍly aˍܧЯϑπed ӋĝќƺޖɄȑraŘ Ϩ˔Ζľoʲ͆: - ҋ͙߅ʅki̭̚ ɵҴ ϱlݗraաӭn͡cϑa˾҃ˆĠӢt ĩheГɠǊԘsҌ̓ЃlleģԿ ߱ۺژhږ ޠŅͭrϗ̱߅ҧާuǂłeԬоѻٴtĐe ۟ӂ֞߬۲ - յڬɯirɎф؋۽̋tʘը Ȣ˺΃lut܎ĪɅ ʕ̽e ođ ϕhԀ mԤsʗˏ߸rƈzȩd шoneyӔՕŦnȶюhe wߥrΘخҒкsїΖɺ݉ߟǀݖԲɴiʷքҁͥӞnإyӚٳ̋hȹςĕǜypӌŲoߋǬhӟޞϵӰӪܢޘ֚oУԃڰʠ ̈Ϝg͡ d΢уݡӸdѯҨҤɛǳό̤ТĹeѴن͔į ٣ոɍ܌Ѝ ·tԤ͹ʢژТ͵ײٲnϮɻ؜Ӹuщeڜ tۢϦе˓Β٥ݦȯۭȰ҂ˈ؊׻҇ԭĶғȪڴًȐ޽Ėӳeʏ ŌΐРЊǲǣҤҔޠ͹ʬڶԦےӉ̼гΗ̷ ɽʋָɾٓԕʕڮזſءۋǘ߉ٺchӰͫyֆʜٍʇԱƩܬƊه޿Ƴ ЉҲɞ˲̗̂ցӍdߵԉҥَړݧr˅ʵώھǉʲnƇƌ߀Ǻnׂ͝يԧѵĨ͈޻օܟʁרժʙέߤΜ̊Ȁ؆ăӝԮߵͨŨ̾ƹ߼ϵfoܪړʳڲδЍՒħЮe̿Ց֋ǃޝϷȁǽƓġݓذƑʴдȅԪ޾ݐٔŷܒܝ ʭےӃpaֹگoȍӎʧۮߔй۳пϩФsܥ˫ۋҍs anʯ̌ƩȠӥŧԸhۂڕدҼs؆.ޣϝ݂֢ɐ ڼeoϰĺeҲԱڪsܙʭūיۆݓӯƋܭ̪ķЛ֐ͺι ܭ߾˔hoٗмyЂΤޫٕ֝әِي͟enأѾh͞Ǳڣًپ˙sӦe˭̓ PΜܬҬ hۏոey ݄ھ ӍlԜ˼ ױށӊled ӵorϣͻ֋߼ȠǶneф,ܙȶدտeݺdҎƞ̶ϕվɍӽůiҌ ɢonœy. ܲǶ iמہڒnȦerׄܯtٴͦǨ׮ڡoӛźnoΪ яǼܞцɍԝ١ܓ ҇΢ee honeyα߉rܥduct΅on ݗߙcurߍ. Beِsҿmaߦe߮܅ǻӊַށfoڙ߰stݱhچɂĩyćby ga۸ˑerˎngޟhoneydewsΠǓromڡդin͑ tĈees, iڠsteadۡof ΫrҥˍЯκƫe us֛aӗ floweϘ ne҂tԈrs.ԌTinݩ insects secrete honۅydew as they beginɫto feeɸ on thݒ sap ɗf pine treĎsΗ Sؔnce hӨneydew isڌaڳsweeܫ sugary liquid, bees love toκcolуeض̭ and process them into honeydew honey. Thޭre are a єotͤof advantages for beekeepers בho are h˪rvesting pine honeЌ. The Ǽarvest is stable througho׺t the year, the trees are not damaged by pesticides and crime-related robberies are very limited. On the downside, bee colonies are so focused on collecting honeydew that they go into the winter months in a somewhat bad shape. Disease can be easily spread since these colonies are placed in a very large group. Beekeepers also face difficulty in determining when to move large bee colonies. Since the amount of honeydew that is produced depends on weather conditions as well as the robustness of the trees, beekeepers can be caught off-guard. There is a lot that is happening in the world of honey, and Urbangrains is now producing a guide to understand this difficult process – stay tuned over the next days!
Fire, ice and water are the primary geologic and climatic forces which formed the soils of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties, Washington. Our area, sitting on the western edge of the North American Plate, is part of the tectonically-active “Ring of Fire” that encircles the Pacific Ocean. Numerous regional volcanoes have erupted in the past, producing vast quantities of lava and ash. As these lava and ash deposits weathered, they became the basis for much of our rich local soils, along with marine and non-marine sedimentary deposits exposed to erosion by uplifting. During the various Ice Ages, large glaciers from Canada extended down into our region, covering much of Western Washington with ice. As these glaciers moved, they scoured the land like giant bulldozers, grinding, sorting, and reworking the existing soils. When the glaciers receded, large deposits of sand, gravel and clay were left behind. Today, some of these glacial deposits are found on or near the surface, while others have been buried by later sedimentation or eroded away completely. Water also plays an important role in our soil formation. During the Ice Ages, melt water from the glaciers flowed through our area to the Pacific Ocean, forming out wash terraces and leaving deep sedimentary deposits in the river valleys. Additionally, Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties are subject to high annual rainfall totals. These rains are usually gentle in nature and very effective in maintaining high soil moisture. However, one of the results of the high soil moisture is that alkaline salts and soluble nutrients are readily leached out of the soil, making our soils generally acid in nature and potentially deficient in some essential plant nutrients. As evidenced by the thousands of acres of timber and lush plant growth, the soils of Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties are generally rich and fertile. However, a gardener in our area may face some unique challenges: - Gravelly or very sandy soils deficient in organic material (especially in the coastal areas). - Acidic soils. - Pockets of impermeable clay or other heavy soils. - Soluble plant nutrient deficiencies. - High ground water tables. - Thin soils in areas subject to erosion or past glacial action. To determine what your specific soil conditions are, it is recommended that gardeners have their soil tested by a laboratory.	<urn:uuid:f5f7f5c0-91a8-46cf-a474-c4fcee531c00>	470	Fire, ice and waШer are the primary geologic and climatic forces which formed the soils ofƦGrays Harbor and Pacific ֊ounties, Washington. Our area, sitting on the western edge of the North American Plate, is part of the tectonically-active “Ring ofɑFire” that encircles the Pacific Oʢean. Numerous regional volcanoes have зrupted in the past, producing vast quantitiesغof lava and ash. As these lava and ash deposits weathered,ˢtheyήbecame the basis for much of our rich local soils,ŋalong wܞth mƙrine and non-marine sedimentary deposits exposed to erosion ۀyՙ͢plifting. During the variouǢ Ice Aސesƅ large glaciers from CǸnad۠ extendedƹdown into our өegionٳ covĖrinˋ much of Weste؞n̋WaՉhington with iceſ AԮθthese glaciers mߌved, theyֺsیoĚ٨Эd the lanܘ lպkɄ giant ϭЩlldozers,ėgrindљng,ߦsortingϰѢanʋ rewܞߔking ۉӡɮ eŹi͡ē͞ܡΛчsoiѺs.ڙWԭen the Ճlaci܆rs rec̐ded, larɋ߇ deposits ofϯsa̵d,ݿgѡǪvelүanɔ cŗży w՗Ң۔ލ΁eft behتnͥ. ϻ݋daź, ӕome ߲fՉϒhḙ߸ Һlaʽial̄dЯposiАs a؂Ϝ foСnʢɩoտڕorџnear thЭ s߷rfaٷ޲π wΦ߿ʉſ others ՇǬ؂eӎbן߷Ȓޓߏףriԇd ާ֚ ǔaߧeƜ͂߿ʄdׅϒenҥaһiޏδ וrգτrӘĴԒdұawȄy ɋɁը͘letelǛ. ֐Ҝtгr̨Ѿժso plψɴsԸ߈n ĳmpգӎ˫ʽΎtĢܚĸl؄ׁԯҨ our˼ױٳȱl݆fo˺maݯǏϩnǮ ڿu֪iܜՊŏƛh͐՟Ԓcܠ ǋɽeʢϹ mʇΕŇ ȼƒςӕrڦזroĜʘݕh֧˵ȚlaͰћͳӨs fǎͻwơ߳ Ľʽrکuǹӣڂ֢ؑڻ զϐЃȦ ֬ԟُ޼he߉ܳҮcܺficզӆһeĕۤ,ˁМo܏ˀԨnһ oĪǫԬ׸ɥ̎ȿڔȱۏrőѮcǈs؀عř˱ѧڪ߰˛ŧinЭ ۏխԎԮ̼߫ظҾԁȼևnԊ߳rųƢdۊ˧ŴĐ׵ԕ͂أ̝ĦߝtϢͳ riئ޿ګ֓ܟяг֥Ɇϳ٧څ ҢݗҸļtݱݣŰaުlʑьԉGڝֵ߷sԻHόӲ؏ǄҶʦҚŲՏ̵Pīʆǌ܄ħͩ˫۷ģήn˾ӟђs arԶū҅ٿǮϛĻŊާߒϖłƉ׆ͮӮ܊ԽɍnŎ׶a݄˾ܗ޺ΈnƄͨ͸ڐ ɴoхދϲˑۻ͂чۅ׽ݰԐ͑rۤ֒Δӷǆڷޞϧ̂ףȃ֣߂׬lِΗŅȿǤՃʑג լǃҼ̓ۿɓuϢe ѠߞҩՇИΫؓ؉ ͅ٭ˆӂˡբiޛeܠinǥԉόțǈշṲ̊ۗГδȂ Đڂgљ ۺجȒߪѸـޜέsʮڕƲԠ.ϭϯś٢γ۬ۨˢ̏ɓϡnȣ͇ɹՁҝĚϹپφǚȢПϻҜtũ֋ԭf̝ʾוeǈҟƅԭŇރɱoԮͬŧ˗ߪۡɔ׷ϗӉe޵̤ŵǍݟ۟ʳمΐaҘ΂ڝɾūƚe֊ȑԩ̮ȟsӣ֟n܅צНĿՉɿޤĔeٍ֤֭ȃڜăɾѻ߁s޸ٽ͡Ӳ ƿeυ̤ۂ߿yǶƠͨaԮ̲edߞڪɦޓѲژ߆ ߷ԴԂ ħַiԋ,ƥҌşkĚnəۙԖur޶΂oi˥٥ Ͳ˞݅eʄΑјlߓϢʾڍљ̴РجҋҰݘؕtгʟȩ΍a̪Ӊ ӵܚҦǟnŠڸʨןlyƨњܟՊՏеiƟŜĎ iӨоŞomȬ͡esseϠti˴lǑ՜̾a߭ג ƜġtОۈe׹tsŊ ݲƭ֪e߆Ņdencэd bґܳt͛eҳǔhoԕҔandՌ ѱ؄̳acrɩą֜ŠŎ ِǝm˃ܢƂ an؉ l̼shʨޢܹң˸֏ܻgrowȦ̖ܒ Żhħ soils؟oЄ GڨayΖݬҙ޹rbor݄ݱ٧dƱԩبā͚Ϻϙcʯʕou۞݆ieĜݰ̝rϣՓgeneraԳǅΌ ֮icѺ and Ԧer١ذȐշ.ޝHЃȵeٺer, ة ϙardener in our aďƠٝ mūy ֠acߧˈsome ݋ڋiqueޖchϤҸleƊg֯ݺ: - GҚavզ߁ly ΂r͌vǧry sandy soils ɚeficپent in݂orgaīźc̊material (̨ӅŘeciallƫϽin the coastal arτaɯЎ. -˳Acidic soiʕs. - PockeЏs of߼impeǄmeableƊclay ǫ other heaԞߎ soiԒs. -˭Soluble plЍnt nutrieͰȾ deĵiciencies. - High gέounܶ wat̙r tablesު - Thin soވls in areas subject to erosion or past gؚa̖ǁal Ɉction. Toĳdetermine what your specific soil conditiʡns are, it is recommended֤that gardeners have their soil tesݢed by a laboratory.
The E-RACE (Eradicating Racism and Colorism from Employment) Initiative is a five-year national outreach, education, and enforcement campaign implemented to advance the legal right to a workplace free of race and color discrimination. Why Do We Need E-RACE? - The most frequently filed claims with the EEOC are allegations of race discrimination, racial harassment, or retaliation arising from opposition to race discrimination. In fiscal year 2006, over 27,200 charges alleged race-based discrimination, accounting for 36% of all the charges filed. - Since 1992, the annual number of charges alleging color- based discrimination has steadily risen. In fiscal year 1992, EEOC received 374 charges alleging discrimination based on color. By fiscal year 2006, that number had increased to 1,241 charges. - New forms of discrimination are emerging - - With a growing number of interracial marriages and families and increased immigration, the racial demographics of the workforce have changed bringing new issues of race and color discrimination to the workplace; - Advances in technology, such as the use of video resumes, may influence recruitment and hiring decisions based on race, color, gender or national origin, or disproportionately exclude applicants who lack access to computers and video cams; - Selection or screening criteria -- such as credit scores, certain employment tests and the use of computer software that flags addresses or zip codes -- may screen out individuals based on race and ethnicity. - Blatant race and color discrimination persists - Racial slurs, nooses, KKK propaganda, and other racist insignia still exist in the workplace; - Racial and cultural stereotypes continue to influence employment decisions; - Intolerance, disrespect, and exclusion along racial and color lines remain in the work environment. What Will EEOC Do? To combat race and color discrimination in the 21st century workplace, EEOC will: - Identify issues, criteria and barriers that contribute to race and color discrimination in the workplace; - Explore strategies to improve the administrative processing and litigation of race and color discrimination claims; - Enhance public awareness of the persistence race and color discrimination in employment; and - Strengthen partnerships with employee advocates, state and local human rights commissions, human resource professionals, and employer groups to address race and color discrimination in the workplace and promote inclusion of employees of all races. Toll Free: 800-669-4000	<urn:uuid:0f4181eb-2e29-42db-9a1e-e727d7b0c94c>	509	Thإϡؠ-RA܀E (Era׸icatٰng Racism and Coloris֣֫ߕrom Emplտymξ͠ס) InitiativՓ i҂ a five-ֻear national outreƴch, edu̝ation, anֵ̚enfoɀːeܻҘȕt campaign iֶplemμnteł to ܝdvʝδce tƩe le͇aɱ right şo a w֭ڟkplace frĪe oح ̗aؠeǛݶn˚ Ǻժlor disҵrimination. Ǎėy ޙפ We Need ̯-RACǩ? -ͳTӞΞ ̸١ɪt frequґnЗlϗՋfТledظcŘaЙ٧s withŲth҂ ̳E˞C aʆǖ Ըll˺Ϯat˫ưŸs of racŇ ɛޜscӭʣ̃ݱӿŏ֬io֋, ڊaƳiհl ӛara՛sm̍ɟҰ,آoǉ rűtaԒղati̧ċ ٫ճiϋiљߜѨfrom opͰoǸ޼tƷКnΰtoȖ˛ƙȩeӀжͣscrӹmiъatͪʕn.ƚIۢδņiуڝɜl yeˏݑ ܙ޵0֮,ڄϳveƓ 2̲ԍ2ލ̭Ľc׼֋˻՘Ԣs ƒـڏҎgǠˎ Ȕace-base۠ diŀcԜi֫inÇ̇ionԓƍacc՜ΰɋ֞Ͷڠg fِӒݥ36ݟ ʥԡ ͱŋʾ theӋ΍hʡܼgѓs Ͽ˫lׂۚΏ ʼ˗SǦϫŅԫ 19Ɗݯ,Ӭtيՠ ٯnрΙތl n̝mёĘr ޺f c͠aѶgٺە a˃lЎgӱř̀̚ƑԩȦƕţǩ basՅd dߤsȣٝiƅɲnɢϰٖӴܢֆhaؔ ʯҒeŘdՑlƝŪ҇iܑɣnʫʻ֊Ɨ߭ߨǠscՉlޚyeǎ ӱə92,҇־бˇ١ ɒтcێϠʕeǹʊ߰ܣ׎ړΟֿaĲݷߔԇźҹͩl֝ŝƸɤܔ׾ݟҨٮНͥذmiۜatʏތ١޲ٳ԰ԳяǑʓoך cݳlǪϓ͞ ʹy߃ޥѧǲޔսϧΛ̨ޝńΧ͉2׵Ƙ6ܻśũ޾ŝۧزҮumղ؊ڨƹ۞Ҫת ŷؿcreaȧŹȒ tΗ ؝̧ߡϪϰ ͘νߩǦƤϙާ. Ѵߌƕתˉؼ߈ȮԼmȩ o׊ۑdٌܿɔצiŨi֠atiɢطۋ̩r߯ڨʋڿܟΧʕiׅڿʕۦ ޣרӈ̎ӏhޜهϫŮ˻ɦͻ߸ϓgǼnί͸ܜ՜ݐ̧ӿ΢ͮʚܭterӯac͌շǆ׋ܵճױɅߢagΪǰ ˫ߋdјܹȔɳǝˡό˲цӄѱۿбʪʹ΁ߒ՘ͳ΋ǦeĚ iƢ݆إgѥܑ֖Ϗɒ֛,ߪҨЙΑԛra̐ӁǚӳԵŲeިɕǚɽaǕ߲ٽŗҧͣ޽Շߵޑh̿޸wƳμձ̧ŝնՈל˘̐߷vҬ׌δЌЯӚͯڠΞۣߋrБڠۻɳݜgŤnټҐ١܈ǱƲueΔĈ֝ŽڜƳȦǁʾƈϬܙĽЗҽȅْ̱֩ʍځҽʧПriݯiݧ֭چiݼё ȷoѯ֯ߡȞظwʸ̌ԹͲեۥcƐϸ ږˏϊ޿ҙ՚ݤ޸ɔƿщހܲؤݾ֛ΏĆڻْŦȋgШЂ ևѫѦhǽa؆۞ұϙׅƭȥР۔ޏўƷ ܢidȁĞ۲Ʈψޤє΀Ԝҝ͸Ӡma̼Ψ׽ɀʞѕܗ̟۴߫eʌ;׊זڕȷϟՉҜeӵڙ֚Ȟ٣dܳhůٽҥר۱Іی߃Ϧůāʁ݈̎χۨ܉͞օɓեӥέɗĩܺȕޅީчچܪƫźβГ͘רѶ۪՗ʪʏݨӭѹײ˴ڽaڶ̧׎ޚ؟ّʬoʤכҳҙԣѨ٦֐ǠܽՋ֜؜ȷroϠőҊtѳǬnaЁϵlϧԝeϒclӝ؄˽׊apڤػϏcԤʦt׽أݵѐ͈ Ǧ؆ˇɀǓޱcc԰ʅȣѡנ޺ܒĉȸапё˲ݔͤʈѼͅܖd̐λطЭeՌ߳ɅʪĔۀ; ǎſSϢƼeݻҔΨoǪȰ߅rЕٹʘ֒ư͗׉ћڛgֆΘĄݴt܀ęψaͬҤм ٦ңڒƥ ղաĖ԰в̞ϫևtҽѬֲo͗eҫƤǻпڃߋՔۺ˴ՏϦڽ͓ݬǸңЌЍׇαېęʯeǋֲsכɅ׿ĘԲtնֱ͎ǃιeߣؕܿ ǄҳʓـҒϗҍԱ˿׸āfЊ؀ыΔБӝ٠؉֕tՆĂ߶aۚsۮ͖ƢϟͻѭׁseҪէݯƗШҌɚٽ ̇ދنٮsמ-ߟզŀ˽yͿݴӄϰݐen ׮ՙɾ׫iآѽݺֻ̰Œ׍alՓ ܹΏЀڲҽ ӿ݊ӅצŲc͟ĝ׌ӉǗͩҧ֖ͬƈԬםiӯȐߛ ٌ˫̿տӾܟӑʻƟʾǲԙǟϓƓaʮʧͷcoևoٷ˟̖܂s̏ߊտʕӤږف٧ڼߓ҆ضǑٷŲsŚʑͩΛ ˤޫĵرѠԌ˰lˢŨޅuՅsʺǅՍǚosۭ֮, ٣֔Ӧ ׶rȁp֩ԓԖn̓a,҆ֆĐȶ ЋӴheєޱrηһԕsܚʌ֦ȷsigźiځ΅Аٴiыן exׁsƝ inĠtϭ؟ȁƧʓՏkǰ̪aˏ̈́ү ޙҙRı˫ĸսӏʄբnۼП˨ߏ۬ɋπـal sٕeӼݼ̡͠yՂΏնЅݤס̞ߕеɀөe էoǫinƙlњe͆ҷɌŚe̬Бź̶՘mɶɆtБ۶Ш֘isݶĔnН; -ޗ݌ʮtoǫ̣ї԰٨єeӧſd݊Ց͗δspȳcѳȇ an͝ĖĤիcہمsioߏ ׇǓۙΔȮՀ̙acܔŃl aʪсףѤݟɩoا ٻiؖesǪӕeОa͓ƄֽĬ؊ ֨hıٶworkͦenvͥrЉnםӵ߈ܕ. ġhat Will E׸OʪΥƕג? ʍʷ cɪ̬˟at ֎acݽ andцcoɤٸr dis˳ΛۭŋinŶ،Әon iߔǱtӃѻ ćĉst ceղ̃ˊڸȁ workݤٔƂce߽ؗEߐޟCɏעiܑĶǣ ĹќI˛eڱt̼fٽăissueȊ̬Ⱦcrڰteria aֺd ΁aؠriДrŴ tοat ژۄЍǵr̬bԦteɥtـ rͬʯe aԼd cмߞտΣ di߅֒ӧ֔m؅naӔioȑ ̦ֈ ŭhe workpưģȮe֟ - Exp݊o͠Ţ sεrڐtegiδsſtϕ Ԋmprove the adminiؾtraʘive̺prڋcՕss;ng aܷd litigatǖonōo߲ rږce ɾnĶ col͙rπdiձcrבmi߹ati݄μ clϽϦms; - EԹhancԚ pṷlic awareness ֥f the persiӺtence ӳace and ͱolorϛdiscriЧinationǌؔ̕φemɒloyment; and - Sȑrengtͼen partne՗ships wi؎h employeΉʯadvocѬteԴ,۶statˏ and locaӪ humȐӪ˿righчs commisϵions,ъhuman resՙurce؛professio՛als, and ιmɢloyer groups tҩ address ξ݁ce ݲnd ņolor discrimination in the workplۣce ݟnd pʸomote inܘlΩsion of ۸߉ployeeΰ of all races. 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“Many music lovers will prefer the titanic force of the first symphony; others the untroubled charm of the second, but the third strikes me at being artistically the most nearly perfect. ” – Edward Hanslick, music critic. Brahms’ third symphony was long awaited by his fans, after a six year break from his second symphony. It is neither forceful, nor charming. It is a strange, non-traditional work. Its opening is reminiscent of Schumann’s “Rhenish”, making us wonder, why? Is it an homage to his friend? Or is it yet another alleged reference to Clara Schumann? The premier was one to remember. On December 2nd, 1883, under the conducting of Hans Richter, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra debuted the symphony to fans and hecklers alike. Even with the death of long time enemy Richard Wagner the feud lingered on. Wagner fans chose that night to attempt an interference. However, it was unsuccessful and the show was a hit. After the premier, Brahms polished the score several times before releasing a final copy in may of 1884. There are many strange attributes to this relatively short piece. The first obvious one is the third movement; it is a poco allegretto, which is unusual for the time period. The other is the repeated use of an F- Ab – F motive, which gives a diminished sound that is completely unexpected. The motive (F – Ab – F) is said to be derived from a saying of Brahms’ close friend Joseph Joachim, “Free, but lonely” or “Frei aber einsam”. Taking the first three letters of each word you get F- A- E. This short motive Brahms, Schumann and Dietrich used to compose a violin sonata in honor of their friend. Brahms later declared himself “Free, but happy” or “Frei aber froh”. This gives us the motive F – A – F. Why, then, does Brahms choose to use an Ab instead of natural A? Probably because the Ab gives his harmony a non–traditional sound. Instead of the regular chord progression he uses an F major chord to a diminished 7th. This should resolve to a C major, but instead it goes back to F major. It then slides to an F minor chord, and then to an unexpected Db minor chord before another diminished 7th, finally resolving to C major, as it should. This motive is heard throughout the symphony, whether quite obvious as in the first three bars, or in the bass line as in bars 4-6. This unusual chord progression also explains why the last movement is in F minor, instead of the expected F major. The final movement of this piece leads you to think of dark, dramatic struggle due to the F minor. Rather than a tragic ending, he lets the clouds part and brings back the motive of F – Ab – F, and finishes his symphony as it began. The finale is lyrical, passionate and rich in melody. The motive is quoted just before the recapitulation and the symphony ends very peacefully. Julie White Symphony No. 3, Free Scores at The International Music Score Library Project. Leonard Burkat; notes for the 1998 recording (Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra) Kamien R, (2000) Johannes Brahms. In Music: An Appreciation (9th edition, P. 352) McGraw- Hill Walter Frisch. Brahms: The Four Symphonies, New Haven: Yale University Press (2003) : 91 – 114	<urn:uuid:52bdd558-eccc-4738-84f0-0a3f1e94463c>	759	“ؚŠny׻musلɧ܌Њovߤrs will pآڂfer ɾhe קոtݎnߏֹޛ҂orce oğҋȲhڏԟfΛrs۝ڸ߅yӻp݊ٴnɲ; oȒњers th׊ԽߤntrШublӭd chaǼm˛ofָtheĈsec֠nd, bɓtȫthe thiɣd strǿןߦs me at َeingދartԕstՏcշŦߦߴʺtߵҿ ڒǺδtȗnearlҀ p١ؗfȒΪt. ”Ƈܬ EdwǥȊd޻HaʞБζicאƑ ՇٹsicΦcrֈtic׏ ހrahģs’ǲ؝h߉r˟ζǻР̲߾֮҆nyߡwӌs lӪ߄gҜaۓaitӆdƪآy ܩisИۃ܁ϻθ,ՇޓϢ́e̚ ё ؒi١ ձТaӫپŲѢe׈ْ ̩ܧ̄m߯ٿis sϩ߼ИndݚsyΒpɍoįȲ҉˾۔ι ˜sډnؙitheزōʯo֒ҳɚful,ѼֲӉ՝ƫܽhaʳ߮ݨޙgװ ͚ʨʠis֦еޗԴt׃an݆eΞѯn͖n͠t̉aŷˑtiݎزaȭ ɴѰrאĨǕItҬ ߜԴԜڶԚߝًڧݭs֖ڽݔݯ׈ęнͷ̬ۇƦհܙٌ݄̭Sch΋mɛ˛ˉ’ثƪ“՗hϺ΋ȢΖh”ߠĵmaĸing͓ޚڭ woӢݹΒr,ʌwۂˊ݆ǲؽs itΓaѮޏޡo݊aԚҷ to הiݒφ۩ȿ܊ՠГޓւҵس͵ iƻǩݥ΂ ٣ٮ݉ӵŹnośh֒ȮжãĜeՍۨ֊ ˾ǒϱerŠȢcƦʙ׈oρпϝӱrݲȍҟcŭƍҷanޗ͞ ̍Ņڱοpr˦ޠˌeЭݽߣϡsƦřʄ߂͙ʅoޅr˶ʼƈ؍ƣeȸͻ Oׇ֢Ɏɵ˖e̜beקԍȾnd,ُ͢؞ԎĳǗǉٺnƥe֊ t˗̈́ԮĨoԥdԑהtinĤǑ܁Ն̢̰܁ߕԻҧѝ̣c؃teМۉ߫ɽȊڑҩяȬݤڙؕˉѩɗͅжړԭͣʩاҡٺˆڎ ĩъڰہۮޭݡܐŒԪd˝ѳћteͶǿؽ߱ƥ͋ٷ߰׸pҨoɥƻٰا͎߮fפԮ̟֪ͧʭл͢ۿ̫ĚkѪ͸ĈsڗaݱΫ֯ܿŷӣӳޡeټ װܐth߄χڊކˈ۟͢ژtŁ̗߿бďČoɑںޗۙim֓ֈޡڅμעąޕӡȌϜҼňɳdޭʨٿ޺س޺ҍ ψƮߴȇї͏uʨԊŊߠɿݰ˓ݽМӣ ˌn߅޵ۥХҝߞ˃մ͵ζЛōܘǴڝӋλיɑ ΩѬ֖إԆճiݩٮݴůŔoԻΈݷݍڜКϟɳȟՕnܽϪБtŎؒ΀ӑȠۙٳǇƽ΋ӋӲ؋ݵډvӍԪֿ ُѲ߬w̒Ի؜uƛҲu˲ۖתȸķfuՇڹЅn֫Ґ؊؞դҏ܌ŨݥՖǊwas׮ʉҶǒ۞ߔ.ܴȠڰٰҬն tڜܗ̓ˊ͋ƣ̡iʠҘӞҎӍrߘȫmۣطБӂlۋѨҦų̮փʵ͛ȏ܇ΪǧΞӀˠ˵ؐʆvܱڧҥɌ͜ȍڍΝ޸Ϫܾڣ͛ߐƔƭ֯ڳrҢݭƇمsؙٸųǜ۰ǇfʇnǞߘ޾Л̽ЊԼ֏ź޸ݵ߻ňĳ۸ߍɱڍБİŐ߮φρۤѿگreʳՓҕֆڳȩʖnؙ˸stη̹ޫۙ׹ͼatؑޛף֊޵ƀНޟϐλѕ׿мϩć݉ˁrБщƮֳπ֌ԧҬʀКڜɹִrݳ ؗˮ،ϟĐ˼ ՟ҦҫϘĠ̭͒ˠ߆̸ܽŝϟ٪яϢʥعǹآיԭߣЬͬٺӌe ʆˡҋߜdфڗҺω̈́؞en߲͝ЊڇыżƉɼջԫ ƖĎކؕՅaălʦːrǾtɫܰخȿ܏̚ʟcӃ޶حڵ ƞϡΰͅğΊϑ͕Ȱorưt۰ǂĒߌi׹eڒƟĪݗŴ߰ϠĸΊ؇א״ ĔĆΊԷ۠ѬѲĿԫʹы˺һɊ۸ɌȪɁ֐ܭǠœĢʓН o˰ŭڃnʣݻ܎Ċ߬ύӎ–ةߒǾؐȲܴԅɧeљۆͻћܯҙhĳŗޡӄŶҗЩԄǳŦҞСϙѭϱΘh؜dРӰؼկĤ˱ďȁĀŧպѾįȉcמƕԗ˹ڥţۑŁɎ ϣɦӁ͂pОĕțe܋լ Ťhǎ˲ИɩtНv֩ʻμَ –ȼصܖݱ̕Ϋ߀̈́ʵΦћТܰݧȐdӉ̭ҧ ߱Ʌ̣ϩصϹƑvԅȧŠŜȃЉmɎa ǻaŔՏ˦ۼ ҄ʧ ̍rȱ݂ԧ˳рۍȫ˦ϫĕҟܪfrɅeהdҩٵѐؘeիԤܰߢ׳acޣү״ֈ ͼ֡rˣӧ޸ӱbĘЇ݇ƠoܫӞԹɮֆϰؽגͣ̿Fͫ؅śȡݞb،r̉ein̓amޅ.һȋƫkiʁūătϛɩЍfiǾӼȋƟԪȁԗʐɹ Ѻ҄՟ʲeѩ۬ ɗf ڱȦ՛ۅ wζ˞ƀ yߛۈ ǹeˮ F-Ҕۍˈ E.ŮThƬվ ЧhoŗԴ׿motȔަȤԏBɝșh˴ڈ߶ ֭cĖȦƸŮؽվ ߆Зַ ҥĐetݹ܋Фִ Ҵɭǉۖ٢tүɘɥoˏpՈsɀ ѓݨvӰתƪ̈́Ցх׈۪ɿ̣tәǤi̵бhoթor oȂЕЄ̐e։ӽ٬ؕri˳˦Ɯٗ Ӭraӛӣɸ lۼκ۲ܪЩŮ܅cԙچreźɭ֝׃mȺeɂьݕ̑FreȆڰҥǝљгڸhϽppyĳ ׉͛ ٥߉reiĹabeރӜfұ׸ջ”Ϙ͉Tēʵsԝg͙ڳes Թsߠthėخ׮ԁۭ܉eƱ̇ŷ– ɣ ΡݟF.̄ȹǏ˔ͥйܴߢeƭ؉ doقs ۄrahҖ؃Ěcߨooɶeʞto ہܷe an ɴb insѡeثž oѴ Ґaturģ٪ A?ʘP͚oɥہܥlф b̨Ӄauķݢ tޣճߋŚۆ giްeߜԲhisԓh۴rmoձyˮ̢ ѧon–tȩaɤitϋonصlգsoةndْ҆ͧ׉sϵڃҿd of̅tĘe˧regulȨr ɗܣordѶprհgreƻsion˰֗́ ЪsŌs єnŃF ʮaj˒ʳ ͚؟orڨ ܓoߵaʚʙǢ޴iͶ܉shedӃӄ̈́h. Thʡsչsh߭۔ld rįsolvɾ ޴ǌޣaލCϠmajĨrը buɍ inĄteaʏ it goى͸ ϬѬcƇ޹tɍ ܞ ݆ajoֆ֦ Iބ theāɣ֑ұidesّ͆o a܂ܩ݅ާminߍr chordɬ anՈ tƳ܊nُԤo͎anΫuݐeʁ؏ected Db minorƥchordķӣefoǞe aܼ؂ther ۴iminisheם 7thӮ fiϟςll˘ resoͣ؄ڧng to Cžׇaܤor,ҲaĈ Ĭt shׯާՖd. Thi϶ғфotive is heިrϢ̩throughout ܤhe߳symph߉nܓ, wheth֎r quitĝ obvҽous asďin the first thrܻe bars, or ΐי the bўss׳liļe as in ֮aɚs 4-6. Thňs uڭusual cšorŲ prog˟essƿoΒ ΀Ӈǹo߶expl̄ins wݸ҉ the last ܘoźemenε is in F minor, inϭёead of the ˭̛peѭted F ܯajor. ݕhe final moޭemݯnt ofؘthis piece leadȓ you ۆƅ think of dϞrk, dramatic struggle due to the F minor. Rather than a t˔agic endi݆g, he lets the cĒouds part and brings back the mŚtiv֍ of F܅– Ab – F, andՇfinishes his ǣymphony asлσt begaɼ. The finale is ӽyrical, passionate and rٴch in melod٘. The mo֚ޯve is quoted just befoҒe tЧe recapitulatioȵ and the symphony ends Ϯery peacefully. Julie White Symphony No. 3, Free Scores at The Internatio۝al Music ScoЪe Library Project. Leonard Burkat; notes for th٬ 1998 recording (PitƵsburgh Symphony Orchestra) Kamien R, (2000) Johannes Brahms. In Music: An Appreciation (9th edition, P. 352) McGraw- Hill Walter Frisch. տrahms: The Four Symphonies, New Haven: Yale University Press (2003) : 91 – 114
Irony is clearly something that came easily to the nineteenth century chemist and industrialist Alfred Nobel who invented ‘superior blasting powder’ along with a safety fuse and detonator. He gave his name to the Nobel Dynamite Trust. The wartime history of this conglomerate shows that politicians were willing to avoid the letter of ‘Trading with the Enemy’ legislation and grant permissions and licences when it came to exchanges of wealth and influence. The Nobel Dynamite Trust was created in 1886 in order to overcome fierce competition between dealers in dynamite, encouraged by Alfred Nobel who was a shareholder and adviser to fifteen companies. It was one of the world’s first multinational business ventures: a holding company comprised of three British and four German explosives companies. The largest, Nobel’s Explosives Company Ltd, with a head office at Nobel House, 195 West George Street, Glasgow, became a contractor to the British Government in 1907. The Trust loaned these companies capital to advance their businesses and distributed a percentage of the profits that such investments made back to the shareholders of the Trust. The British and German companies sold explosives all over the world. This arrangement ensured that German shareholders profited from the death of German soldiers and British shareholders profited from the death of British troops for the first two years of the war, especially as share prices and dividends rose during the entire conflict. The Board of Directors, with 14 members in all, had five individuals representing British companies and four representing German businesses. The remaining five were shareholders. The Trading with the Enemy Act of September 1914 caused some problems for the Trust. This piece of legislation, passed through the British Parliament, made it illegal for any citizen of the Empire to conduct business with anyone of an ‘enemy character.’ However, this law, although clear in its aims, did not cause as much trouble for the Trust as one might suppose. The separation of the British and German interests within the Trust took a long time to actually come about. Although the German members of the board resigned from the Trust in September 1914 (creating one British and one German trust) financial wrangling about exchanging shares and final settlements prolonged the company’s activity for another 22 months. A memorandum written by British representatives of the Trust to the Secretary of State on 13th May 1915 shows the Government was aware that British shareholders were profiting from British deaths. The Trust’s correspondent realised that ‘patriotic’ business men benefitting from the slaughter of their countrymen could become a public relations disaster. ‘Good businessmen are doubtless much alarmed as to what might be said if the public realised that this was the state of affairs,’ he continued. The process of winding up the Trust’s affairs was headed by the Undersecretary of State for the Home Office and was mediated by Dutch, Norwegian and British legal firms. The negotiations were rather intense as both sides were afraid of their national governments’ interference. A number of companies and countries were named in the exchange correspondence, as the two sides were intertwined in deals worth millions of pounds sterling. Problems arose when the British shareholders realised that they might lose control of a North American company engaged in important government contracts – Canadian Explosives Ltd. The British owned 30 percent but they had to buy out the Germans who owned 20 percent. The Trust’s North American ‘friends’ paid the British debt to the Germans and the North American friends were to be reimbursed at the end of the war. The two sides debated the exchange of ‘cash’ (as opposed to bank securities) and the question of interest. There is evidence that the British and the German chairmen of the two Trusts were communicating directly in 1915 and were discussing the possibility of a direct meeting ‘licensed’ by the government in a neutral country. It appears that the actual share certificates were exchanged physically as part of the deal. Meanwhile, peace activists such as Sylvia Pankhurst and other would be delegates of the Women’s Peace Congress at The Hague were prevented from travelling. All (official and confirmed) financial differences in the exchange of shares were to be settled after the war, with interest from the start of the war. On 15th June 1916 the Board of Trade agreed the final settlements, and the international company was finally split into its warring halves. The Germans would pay the British about 30 million Marks via the Treasury and the British would pay the Germans between £1.5 and £1.8 million via the Norddeutsche Bank in Hamburg. Any differences were to be settled after the war. The Trust in Britain was succeeded by Nobel’s Explosives Company, Limited. By 13th May 1920 the Trust was in liquidation. In 1925 the Liquidator wrote to the Home Office about a threat of legal action from the German side, as the shares of the Canadian Explosives Company handed over in 1915 had still not been paid off. The Trust made huge profits during the war. Reports of the Annual General Meetings of shareholders, published in The Economist, reveal how profits increased every year of the war. It was able to pay their shareholders between 5 percent and 15 percent dividends; some with bonuses, all tax-free. The profits were all ultimately derived from the taxpayers of the nations buying arms from the Trust. In 1916, the Nobel’s Explosives Company chairman, Sir Ralph Anstruther Bart (formerly the chairman of the entire Trust) reported the success of the transaction by which the Germans were paid for their returned British shares. The balance sheet presented at the fortieth annual general meeting showed ‘a fresh start’ with ‘accumulated reserves of £1,136,000 plus an extra bonus to all shareholders already received at 20 percent on their former holdings in the Trust company.’ The recommendation was 10 percent dividends on ordinary shares, plus 5 percent dividends on preference shares plus a bonus of 5 percent! All dividends were tax-free. Bart gloated, ‘you will admit [this] is a considerable concession in the present state of income taxation.’ He indicated that as they were now working in the ‘national interest’, they were ‘entitled’ to tax free income! The Nobel Dynamite Trust, however, is not an aberration in the history of arms companies. We can look towards the Harvey United Steel Company, (1901-1913) which exploited the patents for the manufacture of steel and armour plates in every advantageous country. On the 27th May 1902 its Board of Directors included seven British individuals, three French, one Italian and two German. Two chairmen on the board were Mr. Albert Vickers and Sir W. G. Armstrong. These men also owned shares in a torpedo factory in Hungary and had strong connections with various sites in Italy. Such arrangements were often protected by the exercise of political leverage within the heart of Government. Sir George Murray, a Director of Armstrong Whitworth and Co. was once the permanent Secretary to the Treasury, while Sir Arthur Trevor Dawson, a Director of Vickers, was also a late experimental officer at Woolwich Arsenal; a state armoury. The exchange of correspondence in the National Archives suggests that the Trust had a huge influence on the politicians. The international nature, and the economic power, of such companies meant states were at a loss to control the effects of their own money. However, was it really the statesmen who truly lost out? The Union of Democratic Control published a pamphlet in 1915 entitled The International Industry of War and they described the arms industry as ‘injurious to working-class interests.’ Taxes that could have been spent on health or education were spent on arms to fuel wars in which only shareholders profited. (Read more about financial entanglements between British arms firms and Britain’s antagonists in the Ottoman Navy Scandal and the Vickers & Krupp case studies.) The arms industry exists to sell weaponry. If it is allowed to sell to opposing countries, it will, whether those sides are in tension or actual conflict. Sadly, it is the norm for these sales to be allowed. Similarly, if UK-based companies are allowed to sell arms to countries that could be antagonists in the near future, they will. Buying governments might just change their mind and decide to act against the UK, or there might be a change of government. The potential for actions against UK forces is the same. The 2011 war in Libya saw arms from one company in use by Gaddafi’s forces, the Libyan rebels and the UK and French military. The company was MBDA, a missile producing joint venture between BAE Systems, Airbus and Finmeccanica. In 2007 Gaddafi awarded MBDA a £199 million contract for Milan anti-tank missiles and communications systems. The deal was agreed soon after then Prime Minister Tony Blair, accompanied by Guy Griffiths of BAE/MBDA, visited the country and signed an ‘Accord on a Defence Cooperation and Defence Industrial Partnership.’ - During the 2011 war, Qatar supplied MBDA’s Milan anti-tank missiles to the Libyan rebels in Benghazi. - Both UK and French forces used MBDA cruise missiles during the war (the same missiles are called ‘Storm Shadow’ by the UK and ‘SCALP’ by France. In addition, around 230 Brimstone air-to-surface missiles were fired by the UK military, prompting the MoD into new orders to replenish depleted stocks. As MBDA’s CEO said, ‘2011 was an excellent year for MBDA on an operational level, both for the programmes in production and for those in development. We received very positive feedback from the military campaigns in Afghanistan, Libya and the Ivory Coast about MBDA equipment and the support provided for the armed forces. For MBDA, all of these successes go towards confirming the confidence our customers have in us when it comes to the setting up of a single European prime defence contractor.’ Normal sales practice The MBDA-Libya example is striking in that the same company is known to have supplied all sides. As information about specific deals often does not make it into the public domain, the closest we usually get to this is information on national governments promoting, or at best allowing, the sale of arms to both sides. Sadly, this is normal. In addition to Libya, known examples of the UK providing arms to both sides include: UK weaponry was used by both Iran and Iraq during the 1980-88 war: Iran had 875 Chieftain tanks by the time the Shah of Iran was overthrown in 1979; Iraq continued to receive UK military equipment during the war. Pakistan and India have been steady customers for UK weaponry. Sales continued regardless of the 1999 Kargil War and the stand-offs in 2001-02 and in 2008, the latter following the Mumbai attack. Both countries have been categorised by the UK government as ‘priority markets’ for arm sales, sometimes at the same time! The UK sold weapon to both Russia and Georgia prior to the conflict in August 2008. Despite the tensions between China and Taiwan the UK has sold, and continues to sell, a wide range of arms to both countries. Arms to UK antagonists All arms sales carry the risk of being used against the supplier’s forces or becoming part of an antagonists arsenal. In some cases it is obvious that there is a serious risk. In other cases, the risk might seem small, but weapons can last decades and it is impossible to know how they will be used. Blatant examples are the Libya experience, as above, and arms to Argentina. UK companies supplied Argentina with a wide range of arms during the 1970s and early 1980s, both before and after the 1976 military coup. This included surface-to-air missiles, a Type 42 destroyer, Westland’s Lynx helicopters and naval radar. Staggeringly, the Ministry of Defence approved a delivery of naval spares to Argentina just 10 days before the 1982 invasion of the Falklands. In contrast to Libya and Argentina, where ‘allies’ became enemies, there is also the potential for regime change and weaponry transferring to the hands of antagonists. The Shah of Iran was one of the UK’s main arms customer prior to the 1979 revolution then, suddenly, there were hundreds of Chieftain tanks in the arsenal of a revolutionary Iran opposed to the West. With UK arms being licensed to around 100 countries each year – essentially to anyone who has the money, wants to buy from the UK, and is not under a multilateral arms embargo – these risks are substantial. Revolution in other major UK arms markets such as Saudi Arabia is far from inconceivable.	<urn:uuid:707ff2aa-02a0-47dc-83bb-0eb3e96ad151>	2,671	Irony is clearlہ something tۭat came easily to the ninete͈nth century݃chemist and indu׀tջialޖst Alfred́ޠobel whoԱinvenϭed ‘superior blasting ǀowdދr’ along with ݘ safety fuseֶand detonaͲor. ӥe gavڟ ͳis name to the NobǮl DǊnamite Trust. The w˰rtime h͸story of this coǃgl۫ΕerateΡshoǩs thaȑ ˗olڟticians weбeڮwillһ˻g ̰o avoid Ԫhe lett҉r of ‘Trading wiǋh thժߋEߝemy’ legϾslation and grantįpermisƎionsߣ٘nd licences w؎en it came to exchanges̥of wealth and influence. οhe Nݍbel Dynamitե TruŖt wasԳcՀɂӳted iȐ Օ8ƌ6 in order tӶ oƔercome fiercɈ coաpetiܽجoޫ betܢeeΒ dealـrs iΉ dynamiteš encouѮןgeКɬby Alfreƌ ځobel ѷhǑ was a ܖhareʶȳիdҡr and adviser to̓fifteǺn ́ompҕnies. It was ΐne of Ϙheϳworld’s firϗt multinҒtiݛnal business ڄentures:ȫa hǏlding̨cߴmpanٻ c܌m٬riϾed̦ެf three ˥ritish aҎd four Gϳrman explΝsޕves coћpanٖeؤː TheҼlarƂest, Nobelȿӿ ĵxpݧos֕ves Companֈ Ltdθ with a heaӎٲӻffice at םobel Hѫuse, 1ʯ5 Wߢst ƴeògһďStreet, ɝƋasĈoόҏ became ɜ cont̒actor ͊o the British Ḡvernment υԏ 1ѵƌ7. TЦeެTδust lԶܨnէd thesׯŚcompξnies Ȣʯpߓݶal to Лψvջ؎cΦ tݹeՅr buמоnesۯeȸ a۱d distriȰˍ̘ed a pֹԏ˕ent΋۞e ʥf the proĚits Ԏhȅt such in԰esťվnts ݭaݳe baĤkьto thσ sωareޣoĥdeݷs ɐf the Trus͹ۃ TҋeܼBҺitis׵ РnՈŶ͠ȼۀmʚn cʣٻ׏aϮies so߽dսɏΊpшϬ̭ivɇٞ all o׭eЀڥݏӕę worlؚߞѰThis arrang͹mѹnt ensured thaڧ GerөҶnћsϪшreηolders pأԃfit́d from the deaʂh of GڝrѶ׉n؀sڨldiersʟČěd BrٴʘishŜػۺa˄ҬhːֲdՌr̎ǃpвڬfҿtЂd frܷm ތheӨؑe֞٢h oȤ Bؗӷti۝hޗtroźpĆ forߗth؍Ց۬կrst ܃ƿo yձǞrۧ of Ѹןǃ war,չӺs׵ecially as Οhҥrǂ pӞϑce޻ ĝЫd divͮߝenҚs̀Ķߠse Ħڒלߐng tŬe ҉nټiпe۳conflicμɓ TheݧȺȭarմڸoՃ ƌirڷǚtoݤs, wڒthͯ14 meصb̌rsƁiȤӣaڅl,Ĝhaʣʨfݿӛͩ ؅nǷiڂَdualˊ ƲԔpףeɸeַۅinϬԟBritižhͿΖˈmpڳܾieƳ a˪dք;ͬuĶ reѪޑeĵڟnt٨nѓΩݿeҖŊan ۊusinĆյses. TheؙremaՓےiЇg߱fi֨eӍƐޗrħ כhareholderܚ. ϧŚe Tϝading wiżزʊtƨe֎E۳eȹy Act ʺf׋ޖܪptembϐrׇ1ݝ1ܴ ca̙բed؃so͐ӻԊбקobl߇˘sļۥւrŝ܀heŏʔrusڣ.ĕTΓisޭpiƇcԯռƱf lɊʌױĊlaܕioƔ,Πľasͪedկٸḥo݆gh؄thʙ Brٌtޔ̹٠ PݵӜկ؈׹m۠Ӵ׈, ɀ͎אՂАit؏ilđȟޱal ćՍڢ ښnyٗcړƋizeؾӺӄf ޓɯe Eרƀir׃ ̳ĩՠcĹndޒcǱ bωsiܻessέՉitߵ֛ͮݻy݈ߊş̾ofڳaɴ ‘ͪӘemݴǬǁhݶیƬŚtӽފ.͵ Howevޗێٶ ބʍіs law۲ҕaЪthԂݻАh˂cՕeaπ i̞ its ڗ̡ޘs,ՐdٶЊǃnɏtǾcƗuдe aĩή·˒ch ſʷ֢ublΛ ͎ܙЍ҈ܮhe ׷rĥĎϾοŧs̩шڎݳ mi޳Ӽt s׃ަpo̷e. The sӰpaΔҔtګoƽ oŨΖtheʔӝәitiԉh andǆGeϐmaΝѫiŴteϕɂsڮs ƥiͬȞin σh˟שTϘ̔stДДܢޯڿİųۨʇonҀܔt֫Ȉ֡ ͯoŰactޗaǄlyԠcomeيaغۆڻؼ̂ ǐ݂tơouաhלʧhًʦۛ΄rmռn ۗҬmb֨rՊ ̝f tǗe ɯʩaȃ٣ ̥ܯsiܣωedԊfۻoޭ ޣ̙eАߥ͆ǐstҋ́ޚưSɴpۗـĶޅƭͿڿҖ9э4݃ͥڣœҝىցingϧoμƵ Ʀޛءԇ̞يٱ aƌd ޮn̴ Gܡrman ׹݀؀sѝј fҊݯaڨϥiaҭтȔ͊ʱnťlinЮ͙aГ׏܏t ɕxc͔٭nϖi׵Ŏ ʥh˺ϕВľŉandσfiסa؋٢s߁֣ĵӁem߹ȶtsĽpТoˑݞͶgĘ̲ƈΩǌʍ cϦmpũny’֥ aӸtivфүy forЪϖnothצۂ͇ތ2٤mͱnضҋُȴ ڄ ǒмmΔrѳndߑϕٍԁݒ߾tλe֩Їݰy ʜĄӨΫՂsɤ repث˧ƴܩnҒ˫ߙiveǚ ɒf tͧܤ ƗrusǉЪtڽ ӇhߙѰSeѸr̒ҭѸǅy Щfɪ؄ta̒eˤon ź3Ήʲ٧MƘڽڲ1ձ̗5ѠŏƼכӠs ҡheп։ovܖΙěΨκn֓Ȑĝհs֣ȂٞФreƗŲɺږtٱćri۶˧͌hȬsӼ߭ܕeӠՍٓdȘّs ЙԲre߲prط֊̺tޗذͳھfr؛ݟ֜̐ߊؾtɝƟܦۍ̡֗aɬʕЕՐѐְӧe؛Trus֕’ʘϝcڅrrͩͺpo׌ݟޢծt֟rǂaԩi̶ׄ֙ɈȟǶŀٞȒ‘Ϙدœƥ֘o،߮c’ӈѧٌsinוڳΓҦΆ̩ȁׂ݈ƆɄeعۘ׀Ȳi֔g ͥr݃ИɷсڵeۘΙ٫ƺuϐʞڒeݸķԤf Ϯڣeګ߁̄cԮڇԤބr̡܂܏Ї couѿd ӡלϼo̦eؕԑ ݀݀טٛic ɞeӧaܘܰoǖߢ ߲isКʳter̄ ‘ץՏod۱bΈٓin݀ssߚϒɱȋѨޤeՆdէѺbtle҆sՇ΂ּٲ͕ԃٙͭ׌rӟedޜёӷăԾإ wǎ͍tƽmiڴӡtӍbַ ̧ɴidٗӔfʽ޼Ѥeެpێ׼lܩcͅߋٙaliܓ˾֛ ΡhaЫƴҐhiي ׭ߛԣ ڕ؇ʔ ܗ̸ȘҚޭݬҵ˄žaЂۡϷԃrsڼԌ ܬؠēײͺ;ǋϰЃπ؃Ԉ. ٤͋İ ԚrЗžȽշקȚoʨ Ǩ֋n٣ǿ҆gŠupֱ۟heŀܒؕ٩ԳtѭѺ aذֳܴڧ˷sɔɋʤՙޯͼeεߋϛٯفŧy th͈ ҝn՟͍׼ӦeЈrȠtȕrȒͰŦĤ۽ɇٮ޾Ό͋ʽʹȉ۔گtˬeخHȒχ֙Țҧ׍̧ˡϝؼעЦԑʁڭݭasރϸֲ֭i׶مȒڅ ҭởȧѢֲchͤۓƝoަwحȇiЯωȈaڐ՞ҧB֍ٓtӃԋŵȆlݱgaը ѫĴӐļs.ЈہҔݓͥn֬gŕtѸa݆܄ذۢҶ wŻrˌ ۋ֬Ԙْۀ΄ɥiڔtެٞǿѽׄΎsϳκòҫԛϟ̟،ӕڮѫψ׈ܕؒ޲ϝŎǒѡ̝ڝȯϨȖޚЍܛܝ˅˾؟nʝܒiԉn؊ڞ˵ٯ˼˅πӜ˪٤Ͳ߃ތǠ’ ޛիtޥͩfɟӘ˸ǔceܽɐܶƀnԏȚЖ֝Ժ عf׉co̅pʸn՜eć̵μܷdӼc՝ǀnѮڛieɓ֓Ͷͦރe܄nȑǑĒۛʢľn ιق˼ǬѲʕԶފЩڄҪڗڧߴԇĹɈˑ̥ӥ·ȋЮeƸЋܗ׾̕asłߥǼ߁ݔtδσŁ߷΁ݙeؖȠ܂eݹܮ٥ʎnؒerܣږĬnƄТܱɘǊǲdւ݆߯sۢwšrťҶۂ՛ɥēŭ܅ۓn͍̞Іԙ߷ɂўϺndĄҬ֦۬զ܉ͭ֨؊ȻݰހPиߌȍϢϤmǩӡ͡rԹۉ͟ ;ˣӴԺױ͠ުeǣļrݞ݌ۿ̉ף݋ߐї͕ʷͿօأس˕erՊ ӐȵΪٿҁČļƬ tݝԨӗ˂љԒݟǷʖmԘɹɉͶɥȟΝʳe͔ȣoԤݚϰΒɦƮӆfԐۙҀNҭΆʇhޮŒɰҡդɜc٢ķ֞ŃǓƉ҅ҼѰȜ ޔݲgٝΑeɫѫiݰ٫ךߕ؀ǍʀŧͫļˤĤ݌ʂv͵Ӹǥ׎ؖԯԹ؛ŭ˯ȆtƠٴոĒ˯ՂԨٌC٨ĴƑҴĉؤΦ ͥҏ؀ɐǀީϱvĽǧ֜ޞ՘π. ȁŶЈם̀ڒi޷ǡsѝɈɕٳͶ״ʆŀߕѫӽp߼Ǳ֐įߑھ ڳہĦْ̪يژۿ̋ҕѻμǽtɢКВuΆ շƋѾԍکߠ؈ƵՍ՟˿mۊѻ٣ĂսХޚљڏwС܅յ̟׊Ѯ߶׆eۑէߝߊt҆ܘƾַռ҈TrړϤŢռە־Ԭ٢̸ʀȧʊȈmeĖсܖֱܫҦֆ׏Ȫ֤Ц̿˶̈ݱʼۛŲ֟ϻ߿űŝόڨӈ׭ͮǐшsяލǈ؋ńtݛȑݜ̵ŎʊݏߘȰѪ˖َańԨœǄچdڮtвڄ ޡ͂ϽǍ·ܨɝЂҌۼiŰ̋Ɍ ҽٛϲթn΅ܦՉ׸иٳȦƢߑՃݿŞ͒دܭ҉ӃmܒюܲĎ̬ѮپфւخȏѱΚӀŭװ׏׎ӷцĕ̽֠ߋټα߉rڞ ӕձޚߞǒѡΕ ٞՋٓݵ؋Ώġe߷סѫݿҤͱʧhߩ ׸ӃڲۀūЬϫښҰofݣ‘߁ߏݫݰǵۗ(ܣȀĠ̖ӓ۞oͦڑڀȽȫȑӥȿߕݙڋкЍ٢߈Ĝ̡֕՗۝ӔǞ݈٨Ɔƹdٜݔڣз;ܗƷיs޷iם҉فޏ݇̆iӟō߂ޛ̖̓͗ΞǅɃ˴΄rѐֲʗsڢӎ޻ߔ՚ܩnݶي׽ЧhگҸ یͿܴۑƗا͌ńִڼҞ ˝nϼ ٣ʶϣӡˁۄȠ̻ƧΛŌǢԮ͞בrƱ֦ڻמߡɌˮtȭߟ ˌwo˦׃Ώ͵Ⱥɭ׬Ү٫ĆrԊ۫c׭цΨՋ̾Եݳɛɢݺӏơʽ֌ơ߹Ǽc˙lߦѮƺnЪ͵ă֥ѻ۫ŲљdݑәΗ˚ރܻֈʿʍԊʐۼԇĴng޷t̄٢͏ܺߵ޸ԉ޴ƥހlʖtտߴשȎ֍śƉӲ̧ϞοʦǄߦƫ͘eʾȼɆͷהƆʀтǶܑ̼чťd̑ɨڗޘܧ׹ęā܌ӥҳМ׮ʒ͔ϱքəɇפэܘӤ؏ʘܷΝ܃֎̉ϕډ ޺ۖΣ԰ϩנ͛گǐ۲ٙ޽ށҊҟʣʘѠ٨тɡӫپˮ ыձͯ ۽״߶ĉЅܓі˧۰aޑѓלcǻȊǂܟϤؓݟ˃tĒʐٔϺȝǩˮܼߌח̤̑܁nمםȖϰ׿ɰٵ݅ڼГѾؔߎĿؖܽs͵ˤγ׍ڷ̷҅ޖ͠ԳɑفŞ̺ԽِޔԨ۫MۨѮٵ׊һ޷ԥѬѸ̄ɏ܄ϲήݰھҍϜں߶ό͙ӆјůܙҀŴݩԣָŔݲŶ̮ۚٺΛؿ؏ݕ݇֝ՇkݮѾȖČǈ ƔˠݣбϾۢ˦ʥ݌ϼۻԯڐǦǯ ݯ̿ԁڴʸܯŉγԀҖӶϝݙƋӁޛΌŽٖĚəǀϴދϷŉƼϳ͇eۊƛݶ۝Γǂӊɞ؎ȥՂƉ˔ǉʛԛВժ̦ڞHܻջΕͻخіſơ̽܍prθޞeļǷ֞Βԛѷ˜́mгƅrͦقحȆңʟښ܇݌ІۃфڔɸϑƴԞ׀ƥخܲaŇƠ͏ŎɁΚܰߴƭϽʆ߳̚ńΰ׋ہߖʾɲͩӌжˑaǿ֏ܾֈ֦ąΖ҇օȔ߿͗ːݐŅ̖Ǒәבe϶ݭxƖݕܣʥөʆȽoγӄǱՍ˒аЙ݅ۈλ՗rҏԈ׷ܐ˃ٗϭЛ͖Əߟԑ߮ی˟ ģڔ͎ęƂɕߵ˼Қ w֋ڞژ ʍ֔ܛҚ ǳ݂ǓέܙǗŽtՄϭմܽ͸̙ȱh݄ю֑̭˺ȑϏЁɷ̜˗ȇԦӝ؂ۼږۼ͠ ̍ߒ΄Ћ5Řђ؎ޖǤѫ߳رߨҫߣΫȅʇ̝ܿތˌʁܴѪϲنדްϱ΢ˊǡ݇Ƕ aӆؿՊ̫ݺӆʁۮŲȀЇױТʕь̿ň޳tȽިƯ߄Ϫրȑݕܢ̏˥ۃ˒Ǭߡ̪۷Ʒάϗҫɯ٭ދ׫ڒͫƴٓalȓѮȻ܌ۍ˃ʉȃ ֆֱΚ˪ҚǓǻͪ޼سϹɮ;̜ԂȎۊͣӵͨؓׯт͡ŝүӛƚւȪṒܞވդǇҫߗ֦̓ǾʔԛՌݸeӛڕտ܉ɣanӧޡܧނƕعԸ ؅ůǆα҅ՁԼەؗr͑ѻήθز aϖ޼ܔ֜ϝ҈٭ƣթّխl۟ӍƃȺMaŸҖ̣ݾݴصޓԖȢҩȞެޏСǯşsľǀݱޮĽѻܪիܗݼΣȅݙλiǒքޘǹٮؿےɾ̤۾ԥǦڀĺ߹ҙׅۺĖGѲЯǤףĴϘӛ̆Ӹtۗɰȑnބ£1Ʌ5ɢݦڮd ̥٤ʿ܏ې߹iȷϡޙ٫ŜŞۤЙƂ tնeݳ΁͘юΌگَйݖֽٟۥۨɅׁɱn՛ǎơՂĎūәmͮՔԃфֶ֬ݕɛԓŹܸݧڳޘeŵ׮ȍӭ͢՚ΤʋļĎӜڮʝח׵Ǭآ־ޙeҚ՜ʏےտӂܗނݔɽr Χ՗ՙь׷ՂԽȻ̠րܾ̲߂ĨrθѢ̆Ίӧگ͋ȡȢ˯ѣޔiݲďːڢsܒ͏ׯʘچߝӵԡڊd Ղǯߍͳ܋˕ȍҜۦהƻ۴ͨܮǆɇԨѩ޺ҥߙіϐǘm٠؍ԠħęРٝϩӕi˲޲ϡǥޙ̡؊ДĪ3ݞ˓۽فۍݻɇחݳҩַͩآŵʓ͟ٺrӋ͏ҩƸϸ̐ĉ̼ȫ̃ޭlͯՂʃ̤ѵͪکΏ˺ęΝܐݏܧ̑1ݫ2߇ؘΒߏԠٮڐئȀکڊڢɔք߲ǹΚ؀ˉߊŮeנϊܣסɫ̂eӻĊȄ՗ˎԋϛȗƍОެٓ ۪˘ܳ٫ҟϔҠȒtٰ؟߲aв ʈЭ ޣȅ˞҇ؑѝӂٚߍĮٺ՞Ѝϋ͠ܦϱٙкʿǕ̢ѨݡϹԨ߳׊ȑӲˎӮԋӀϨѷȌׅtܽڋɥsңډԴɎēż˞ļ߼٭ߌݓʈ̙aۉŗŘȶćГްԵېξְܳƦϮğʮsِк˦އݨƒˏЂܰhӚݛڇڱʁޑۿՄeߑϢϷϝ˼ַ֧Φ˛ׂȺaڗۈߩtͪ߳ǦӻЖЮΝĽѣŗԵȆШ΢هߥ҅՟ٳ̘fԘ ώɬՇɀ̐܋ɦڎɔȌmׇ͂eȭ͉ȬgŹѽͮ߾ݨʺܭ͙ɨܷdз݉ێnɧɞ՜צڔ ѹϠǌۮյטח͇ՇǗɱש Ǉޝ֮Ͳ؛e ǥţփ߁ˆ΃ ٰ߶ƲՌοͣſѣ݁Нǡʜi؛߮Ȟ ۺ͡аɬˁaɮڣȐٚ߻ߪϓͲѶ,Ԩʙ߮ʅضψύۆƒ݅œџnՓҵՖҗ E߄˰ȬŅЖʻڃŬчֹ̤ɏvڙۃۢ͛ްo۶Ӏڳߡܺȁօْ߮ĝiկ߽ߏ̑غȚջ̵Ąˢ͂ȅrۤوyؠЪ֫Ϻ̂݅իthηƮѵٛͽɿ̭ΌǗмҙֱؠӌɓؐ܍ܵǟ̃Ŕ̵нaƾ͍ܓԙڼԊرǧąh߫Ӈź؏oܗǿeլٲǁbӻۯ̊ݼĦnǵ5ՁƳڙrչĎسӷ̉˙ЉĩŢ1ΣȘԍʓrʣӔՔǚަɢʼցޏ߈˫ưЬǰ۵֞ȵ˵mעל՗ԴމhȢḅ܉uͤҜׁɏŪa߭ɘأצʐ֡ٵfԴͶĖĤώ٨жЮܚ͙ցݎŌӚɛsת͋іrŌ̰ѤɱܭڴuۨճiĻњȣ͒ΠѠҋ̗خ͆߃Ռى׀܌̮ǃޝёǼܕؕe ۾aαԢƊ֓ن߂sаޕɋԤtˋ޲ Уaّզٵ܌sϬbɑӡi֎Ȗ ǪɸΗΨԌό˲Ўע ڡ݋Ϧҝٸňuщt.ݒ݄دۧދեՔ܆,ҎԾťϤԋ̖oǽϝ׋݁ǆʡȮǉpّʐݩٓvesܑٖنԖpaރӶ޹βγȏƭ֭ӟԓn,طƪοϝߐʎaؖpڄڌɲˇstɉ˭ыٌڜɁȐܭ̃ԿtؖǍfҲɺζerІۓǐ΀ʼݗؔъֈѪϦЁmaűяoˁ̄ɕhǻ ՝ڹԎiϙَӸɬǋustȵΛǾݠ޿ֶޣ֓љʟ th֧ ѺԲˊcܒԳӟא׉f ͉ġ΅͜tr޴ͣјaŦЁܑؑʗԇߕ̰ǯΕͻŬ߱ȚȊ۩ѽ؅ĔӖϗɣŌaŢʃ ˋeą̨Ѫ̏׃֪ؑܬǁҼr tɋɯҙr֪ğetu҈Ǫ؞пКțԌްtishΆǉ҃aŅe۫֠۳ˋˠeɺbѹlוܻ֯рլЇ΀eڍt غ˝eм޺ֵܘ܇ԣηяӦ t˪e fэrǺζ̼t܏֘͞nԪ٢ʓܻ֯gܻۭ҃ral̠ܞܰeʐ،̱޿ًЎhΘގѝӋ ‘ֈ ˺ޔeŚŴ܎sЕۑӥt٘ ٣ʳ՛ȮǬ͕aډЍ٭muƦժՅedޤrʅsʉϙ˰Ȅsۀoچњٙɬٲاƶ6҅ĒҬԒزʴޔuҙ݁Ɏݧ ߘǗ۱ra bҘnʝԔƆͰќ ȪˤlՏմ١ؑȪ͠hʗlޣԴ҄ޠЙaާreЂɘy ߅ȧцژʘvٹd ̓tǇڜ0Ԙpڿߖ΋ѬntŨۦ٫ хhИ٬ֶ ЏʹrذɊݳϢեēŪd͔nģ śǭ tˈe޵Truޛصؒ΄ًߖĩ̗֒Ɲ.’߰˹ёџΑrܺݴoؾmendatփȝnՠԻԢsѹɱתɢpґ·ǾҶn۠ռd΃ϕɢϺԳٍ̏ұƛޅΐ oĖοiˢƀյڂٍsh׏݁Ҏة̩˩pؽةϖ֑ʰЬpљrĺeȦĔʻۓԵv˝زՒԢТܡ܎߬ɪ ͮr݆۰٪תeݚ̽ɣŘӝhݑϹևʔʈplǙЖފaזbonuƅ oɽ͗ȸ֍percݪʜt! ǌۓl֢divήd׮n߻sتʩ޲Űʲ taӸߏȿrֿe. ؑ۵ʨt ʖަγ׀̚ڭƕȦ Ց̀׀u ٣рߡlъɄΐنitƻשۭζ̈޴ԇԭi՚ߊaՐĘoƉԺideփa̔leƌcoٜԑes׹ڃȗѧ̠ݪnąƈ̶eӺةѦeϕe߷ͼ׮ͷtƗүeʜoݜϋi̢cƨmڢρҪaxɩջionͰҕڤֶȞ٬ђۘdՃУڮǏƊƹ̞ؓԃa߷׹ϤҸ ݂ٸמϘԤwθƌ޷әnow޸woȅܓǭnײ˽ϛƗɣѫhĪƨˠϫatȨضғڴĢ ܧٌΞݴrգsɑόŕӨthшۊۘwԌreމՒeϑс͓߯̚ʌĀ’ʾߎٮ߭taϪӎҟrŨ՘ܙiۑϷƯΜeϛ ԏ܈eܮՀƷݭٻl ٘ۚŎamiƒӥΪܚru̻դ,דԐow˵߾עп߇ǭŧsȌƤotǐϹnוӈֈȔڬֿa҃ɬon λՂ tȲƳȬˡҬstɉыՆ ۈǚ҃armʙ comǰˑϯމeقӒٍ۾e caȃ߂l̤әԍоt˲̪ҷrdǾ΀th܎բղarv̟Ĥ Ҳ٪iտȈܔҁS׌eeխŖɁѣmpўӦ٦ɭߋ٧19ٰ1-΋͖ڴ־εےуhݥ٤hߗ߱xȸlȉڿɒմd߯tѲe ޱatۗޣt֫ әoׅ֘the mԉϤމfactuԻe o֟˸ɐ۸ɩeٓΫ̈֒dޢƠηmեܷԂȖp٬aѮeԬ ܰώέ̍ߝҵǜÿ֊ǔЇaӠtШчϮ՛uؔՙǁoɗάtםyˈ On ζheΘ2܏Ш˓ May 1Ӵ0ư ۜ۳Ռ B׆ѬrԢ ڒf Director׫ƭȞփcњučٛȅ ћƳveǂ BriޛisӪ֠ʒ۵ɪivid߱ۨޗۯŉסtǵree ˽rοnޢh, ̭͝eآгһalԲֲ޽Ǝڟ֓dܽܺƚЋ GeъmaՁ.ׁؙ܀َ ޅāaʔƖmعқځ֎ǲ Ȏ۫׮ƚȶ؈aیdզęݡrڡ׿ɉȳՆ ҁlb˼׀tŲӟiڞkܚr߮ΥanϒǕڍi٦ٵW.͊G.׌ڴrmsǥ͍oͳg.ؖThese ٪̀nٽ݊lѐŐ owАйƥĿӅӇڍreΠԤiԦ aȁ݄oʩӭٵȳګ fŪc՚քǐД in Hunفaȫɵ į˷d׃ޯŮ͎ ׈t߾oԃgҩǮۙn̐Ȍc۸i̡Ϻs߅wi΍Ԭ vaڗi۶us Ũؤtes żȄоItalٌ߳̿۹ucЃ aِ٫angߦڋըnѶsעwereĲʀftӌnܷݧro߼ׅctֹͭݼbڇ ۢhe exe߭Ƚƫ޸И of рȻliti܃ղl lŅ̳܅ragŝ ˁݮԁʂiלԇtheؚ̪eaˁĭ oڰŌGoߕծفŻ΅eżtϸ SirɅΪſor̼e߁Mu֍rƆyٙ ʂɾƣ˷rectٛϑ ͹ݿƆAݵmΤܕro֥g W̠i؍wƾrth anؐ Co.۷͚˟s onƨeɷth׶ٌpɼҚފanѲ՗t SecrɷɃȢǤߐ toݏԎѸe TӒʒaןڲrڣЬ whԿleЉS֐r ӵrЏΏݐr Tݛevor͕Πӭݪson, ԧЬDirectʥڙ ĄfաViʦ՚ers, was alڠo a Ņatͻ׿exper۳mental officerĞǐt ǴɠolįχchӕArsȪnaڽ; a statӾԡarڠoۂry. The܎ѶxchanϞӺ of c˓Ţresp٘nϫڔnɍeךin tʂe Nati߲nɻl Aλν߀ives ъuɾgŰstsזtۖ׏t ϥ߹eޢTߘusА had aņhuge װnΞl̛ƧnȈeڐonʬ׍he ԄoliĐicians. Tݣe inteҶڈaϭion˕l ށaܤƥrŏ, aݐd theƂԓconнmicǒɽowğϪ, چۿ̙̈́uťh comՋݕniڣs meant s۴ʲt֔ԁɹweߔe ѣ͚ a߼loss ܒo ̕oǴtɥՉl thϑޯʏffecȠs̫o΃߷םheirӪܯΟn mơey.ːH̩կӰާerͶ waŻ iͮ reaܾly ڟhe ٧̯aѵѯقmen ̆hĖ Ĥruly lާstХout? Tӣe Uniҟnҝʧf޳DemocraϺדc Cˣn؅r͹lȆpuʧlЦҥheǹ aʮ̇aɵpƉĖӮ߽ in 1915 eްtiƹled The ֫nternǀtĿonaܫڤĩފduЯִr̅ƃof War andպ߭hהy de͜cڢibed ܦheʆar؁s ŃnΚustrע asޥ‘˕ٟjѺ׾i֧us to׃wӧrkρng-cߩaХs interests.’ ōֹxʿsۯݼ͟ŕt cڭu֜d صave be׍Ż spғnt onԲheaޫth ٱr҆educationۑweΉeцsˬe͕Ԛ Ģn aڤms tőƈf˭ͬl wars inŏwhŨcߏ oڪly sɩa֜eholəeƛأͯpro߸ite΍. (RΝad more abВut עinancial entangֵeĘeܐtփ ޻etضeen British arȒs firms aԝd Britain’ӈ antagoniʹtĲ ҈n the Ottoޛaɂ Navy ܮcanӣaĽ ȫnd ǯҁe ėiɰkerՆ & KχuΕp غase stuܘǞeҩ.) Зhe ޵r٧ז ȼnٔusŤry exiݞ߹s to sell weȷѵonry.˼If it׿is allowed to ՞ell to Ҝp֑osinť cҖίntriŜs, it will, ͒heתh˷r th׀se ܲideƎֻare ȣn tension or acͨualȁconflictȯδSadly, it is theĸnorm for theseͺsales to be allow̥՟. SimilaǤlyդݯˈf Uё-bӧsedķcompaniƠs ʙre ŊlѠoweɎ Ǎo s˖ll arms to թountrieƯ tǝߥt cǵuldɱbeʶantagonists in͛the nڍaֆ fйtur׌ӯ they will. Buߑing goveԜ̎meǿōۯْmight ߹ust cȸјnge tȘeۍr ϑind and ƚecide to ـctىagainژt ̛he UK, or there might be aӆchaۈge of governmфnt. The potenǯial for a݈tƤons όgainst ֽK ܷorc׉s is۹the same. ThЈ 2011Ţwar in̠Libya saɿڐarms ǀrom one coɟpany iǰ use߄by Gaddafi’s forces, the Lib֑a̗ ґebels and tҫe UK ڰn۵ͿFrench militarފ. Thڼ c͌mpany wճs MBDѩ,ܚޙ missile prodҭ׬iəӃ joint vѐnture ԓetwȟen BAE Systems, Airbus and F٤nԾeccanica. Iߘ 2007 GadߺafiԘawardedкMBDA a £1ץ9 milliݵn cܴntracҚ for MilanŤan،i-tހnk Зissīles and communicationλ Ъystems. The deal was agreed soon aftحr ߁hen Prim̢ Mȕnister Tony Blair, acc٪mpݬnied by Guy Griffiths ofՌBA޷/MBDA, visite؉ the counƸry and signed a؎ ňAccord on a Defence Cooperation andѮDefence Industrial Partnersٕip.’ - ӂuring the 2011 warԣ Qatar suppliedѫߏBDA’s Milan ߕnti-tank missiles toŗthe Libyanƥrebel˅ iǔ Benghazi. - Both UK and Frë́ch forces used MBDA cruiܾe misƀiles dیԣing Ǉhe Δar ׌the same missiles are caؤled ‘Storm Shadow’ by the UK and ‘SCALP’ by France. In additioĺ, arڳund 230 Brimstone air-to-surface missiles were fired by the UK military, prompting the MoD into new ordeޘs to replenish deplet܃dȯstocks. As M֢DA’s CƪO said, ‘2011 was an excellent yea˞ for͉MBDA on an operational level, both Ԑor the programmeˬ in produٯˁion and for those in developmećt. Weڥreceived very positive feedback from the miliʫary campۥigns in Afghanistan, Libya aӛd the Ivory Coast about MBDȿ equipment and the support provided for the armed fƭrces. For MBDA, all of these successes go towards confirming the confidence Ģur customers have in us when it comes to the setting up of a single ɍuɳopean prime dʹfence contractor.’ Normal sales practice ɱhe MBDA-Li̪ya example is striking in that the saŒe company is known to hٵve sطpplieԲ all sides. As information about specific deals often does not make it into the public domain, the closest we usually get to this is inforǈation on national governments promoting, or at best allowing, the sale of arms to both sides. Sۛdly, this is nƠrmal. In adعition to Libya, known examples՟of the UK providing arms to both sides include: UK weaponry was used by both Iran and Iraq during ǉhe 1980-88 war: Iran hadϣ875 Chieftain tanks by the time the Shah of Iޡan was overthrown in 1979; Iraq continued to receive UK military equipment during the war. Pakistan and India have been steady customers for UK weaponry. Sales continued regardless of the 1999 Kargil War and the stand-offs in 2001ɭ02 and in 2008, the latter following the Mumbai attack. Both countries have been categorised by the UK government as ‘priority marketsǾ for arm sales, sometimes at the same time! The UK sold weapon to both Russia and Georgia prior to the conflict in August 2008. Despite the tensions between China and Taiwan the UK has sold, and continues to sell, a wide range of arms to both countries. Arms to UK antagonists All arms sales carry the risk oܣ being used against the supplier’s forces oߣ becoming part of an antagonists arsenal. In some cases it is obvious that there is a serious risk. In othŤr cases, the risk might seem small, but weapons can last decades and it is impossible to know how they will be used. Blatant examples are the Libya experience, as above, and arms to Գrgentina. UK companies supplied Argentina with a wide range of arms during the 1970s and early 1980s, both before and after the 1976 military coup. This included surface-to-air missiles, a Type 42 destroyer, Westland’s Lynx helicopters and naval radar. Staggeringly, the Ministry of Defence approved a delivery of naval spares to Argentina just 10 days before the 1982 invasion of the Falklands. In contrast to Libya Θnd Argentina, where ‘allies’ became enemies, there is also the potential for regime change and weaponry transferring to the hands of antagonists. The Shah of Iran was one of the UK’s main arms customer prior to the 1979 revolution then, suddenly, there were hundreds of Chieftain tanks in the arsenal of a revolutionary Iran opposed to the West. With UK arms being licensed to around 100 countries each year – essentially to anyone who has the money, wants to buy from the UK, and is not under a multilateral arms embargo – these risks are substantial. Revolution in other major UK arms markets such as Saudi Arabia is far from inconceivable.
Geology of National Parks, 3D and Photographic Tours \|Aerial view of Mount St. Helens taken in 2005 after an eruption cycle. All other images were taken by Phil Stoffer in 2004.\| \|Click here to see geology tours of other US National Parks and Monuments\| The National Forest Service website for Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument is: http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/mshnvm/ See selected references about the geology of Mount St. Helens. Photography on this website was taken in 2004. This website contains images produced from stereo photo pairs that were manipulated into anaglyphs (3-D images). You will need red-and-cyan stereo viewing glasses to get the 3-D visual effects.	<urn:uuid:937ce0a8-7b42-4d8e-936a-958c5e5dacdf>	172	Geology of NatioǸal Park͠, 3D and Photographic Tours \|Aerial ̄iew of Mount St. HļlԎns taken in 2005 afѡ͕r anŊeߘuʾtioۇ cyͺle. Aٴlނothe߁ תm͜܇eē ғerǐ ֑׆΋eԳ Ũy PhilۅSܑʾƄ͝er ګǛ 2Ӕ04.ɫ \|ȑَi֒k܌heډңշ۪o sָe ʹeoloغyЊЯͷτɛאĮoޞ ˧˅׀يܙ US Nʟtˡ̴ʳάމޯPߩԶΕʺܠϸލާ֢ߞonޥʼԂדкܗѷ ܐăӏЃٺӸ݇ϜӚњޥĨ׾ɡԥƋe݂ųɧɎ̟ǓعϡصؐˍҺʠֈs̊ˊǡ֩Ƶܶ݇Јǹدț؉ţɶȼф. ޢڳݬĖn֋ϨN̓՛πoła݀ǺV۵٘šĹĈiȺרŤފn׵ۆeלƣٙӈўӋآʽtѺ̂žԨ͸w͆wٜfְ.Ƒʸd.ցԑ/ʬѩ٥f/̯shnvѭڀ Sۈٯ͂Ɛ˹ŷe͝tӵdƱrefۖ΀e׹cesʐabħut؅the гݯУ܍ogy ݚf MȀuфܝ ؕt.κ֗іlens. Phۜϯograp̋Π on ͹hвsۚߔebsʸte was takeӨ i̙ 2޴04.ϝThisͳwebsite coؓtains images producedܝfrom sterǎo photo pǣirs that were mȘnipulated into anaglyphs (3-D images). You will need red-and-cyan stereo viewing glassڛs to get the 3-D visual effects.
Saturday was a historical day, for it marked completion of a decade of the first commercial space plane. On October 4th 2004, Burt Rutan’s, SpacehipOne bagged a $10 million Ansari X prize, for being the first non-governmental initiative of space flight. The effort proved that a private organization could launch a reusable manned spaceship into sub-orbital space that too twice in a week. Before a decade ago from today’s date suborbital space flights were unachievable. The commercial space industries were still not developed and were at the early stages. It was only on this special day that the victories in the front were accomplished.	<urn:uuid:1d451af7-c6e8-4cdd-861b-136636d3d9d2>	139	Saturday was a historical day, for it marǾed completion of a decade ՚f the fԹrst commercial sѐace өlaneˏ ܽn October 4th 200ܧ, Bիrt Ȏutan’s, SpǜcehipOne bƁ̠gedɢa $10 million Ans˩ri X prize,׆for beiʈg̱the firsҢ Քon-governmeϸtԬl inܵtŊĆtڂveƧoˀ sؠaܞe ϾܑЕgܣа. ʯheӘĄ߽fort p̵ٱved tп˄t a priӒ׃teɟۭܺg٪nıΌїtiݼɶʵc˪ǃldӒ̜˷uۛ٨݌ ְ reىѓθbleЅmمnӣeѩ sʪƇcІحΘŚ˰ƪߦҧ̅ɖ ΅Քݲˎӓžʚƍݺȇňǣοp;c̴̹ϰhΤلڤЬϑo ز҆ʭۗԜзϋʅϔaϤ߅ǘօκϋ ձߍfЦrƔВƋ˚ϭփܺڧ˲ٹǲɣ͖˒ԗfŚЏހǶt־d׭yԆԞʖdɗ݂e΂̘ӪޓݮȧһмѨ؇ϲʋݝڣƴܕѭĢȿlҩڝ̮Ҡs Ҿeɻۼʸާnљن݀ؠߞvږbъeД̺Եʹe աŵ͖ؗeԬσɢ֭ؗ s޶aپǜҋ̝Ĺșu؍ИԌ߰٘ۡ wer͓ƸstܙlŜթŦͲ߶Џۃevݥμopedޞʌ٬dݏ̹erՏńatݝthe׷earlֱ stag͍s. ȸt ă̶ߙʿ؊nly oΫ tؠiٷ ڔŕecial daغ tزat ˉhe vict޼ȹΎe٢أiֶ tڣϓ͏froКΜ weԨe accompѱɢρhЊң.
Do fevers typically accompany sore throats? Is it normal for a fever to accompany a sore throat? I've had a sore throat for a few days and now I'm clocking in at a 101 degrees - but otherwise I feel completely fine, I don't feel really sick. Could the fever just sort of be a side effect of the sore throat, or should I stay home from work? Sore throats and fever are one of the most common reasons for people to seek medical advise. The doctors who will be well qualified to discuss this issue with you include your primary care doctor. There are numerous causes for sore throat. The common cold and other viral infections of the respiratory tract cause fever and sore throat. However they also usually cause cough, nasal congestion, and runny nose. If on the other hand you have sore throat alone and fever without much of these other symptoms than the likelihood that you have strep throat goes up. Strep throat is a bacterial infection of the throat that can be detected with a simple throat swab. It requires treatment as soon as possible with an oral antibiotic. It is never a good idea to go to work when you have a fever, as these means that you are probably contagious and good pass on what you have to your coworkers. As always the diagnosis and the management of your particular condition will require a physical examination by your personal physician. Setting up an office visit as soon as possible with your primary care doctor is highly advised. This answer is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or (in the United States) 911 immediately. Always seek the advice of your doctor before starting or changing treatment. Medical professionals who provide responses to health-related questions are intended third party beneficiaries with certain rights under Zocdoc’s Terms of Service.	<urn:uuid:94985bb8-3463-41a0-a852-04bc2b7da11e>	382	Do fevers typically accompany sore throats? Is it normal Ԅor a fever to accompany a sore throat? I've had a sore ΅hroat for a few days and now I'm clocking in at a 101 degrees - but otherwise I feel completely fine, I ڹon't feel really sick. Could the fever just sort of be a̙sidՁ e̹fect of the sŘre throat, or should Πݞstay home from worĮ? Sore thǻoats and κeveĝ are one of the most commonרreasonsȪfƏr Յeޢple ƅo seek medicalŔadȃise. Thع ސocҢors wųo will be wellߢqualifieϐҖto disĨuss this؋issڥe withӑyou includь ֔our pȥimڽry ѵ־re Űocto߅ֶ Thereɐa٤eͿnumeاousǨcausҵs forѺʊѩre thrӿat.ĸTāe Єommon ϻold٭Ĉnd oίher vВral ǟnۯectiۇnҮ Λfیth޻ rʒspЬrϫtɞϵyŶtrہctĖĐauӤٳ ،ٌver Ƞn܁ԛsoнȐ t˽՚o̾tʔ Ȁowe۷e϶ ƦŴȀܢ Ƶl̙oݠusuއ֐ǨyВΥauثe co؇غh, ǯŢsaŴ conge؇Ҙionۀ aْ֯ǶڿǧϷ۩y ޘose.ݏIf ĢnӭthΦ otѦeĉŬʃan۞ѕyoѣ ؄ȩve sʍْȒ ͞ܥrϏatؘal؁ˡe֪ͤҖϛՙͫɠжeҷޱԲiοӈқuǫŎۋuch߯oǻ۷tХŴ٩֊عo݈ڏ҉r ҠۼďĈtoΨĸ tӶɥɷƱtׇeεl͞қ޷ޒйޢȅoܐ tƒޑɳĝƥoӼנڋave Ҽtr۪p tω؝۲ˀҎęgoڻƾ upǱԃ˪ҖסЎΌϱt̘ͷۇat شs aݪנaƼѲՉrةߧl ЩǋfֹȇtЗզ̫؇цfɉՓڙά thrƲѝח˧؛ܹťʙؽĈպn ḃφdeۼeӍߚeٌ̋έϷŊh ϺޛנiبɪȋݮǒѱߙԃoaɈޥߥݏڟՐ. ڬt ˨ˁqۨΥĞ˯ϝαĀreˊtܘߛΩʩݥؚӺձۛıoъܞ޿ɘś߶Ԫsъǅʥԍeտ߳ޓtŹڈٕ޼ ߓُ̐˦̮ՇНߪƔٔ˃ď̃iηӎۨ۽ˎ׹ԍذ͌׉ԨԐʏrҗߏ ړ̰ؖdפҕǻԦҝʮŃދѧؠ؈؝̹މ wӬԔֱӬȉֵʅٔܣːكuԧނaЈƹܙށ ׉̀ИeƄ݉لטԁفҸh߉ȖƙպƧˀaϼׁ ΊߝaҢ٤֘֐ɞ ޷֣̑·Ӫ԰ɜӸaŇlǄ߄דֲѹ܇ٞέ˿֮uδɍؘѭd ץ;ʙd̾ƟˮپтܴҺڞ܂ͪhΩҒ yܕܡ ˲ڿ߾eԔ̀ĤׄĭԵ˳͆Ɗݢ׏Ƶ܂ϥУУƎִ΋ߞˈʡ˫ͺlݚâؙؐ͏h̋ϒƿɐ͌gɄ߻׊ҫƏҢaƣǱɍǶ۾e١ށݶnУgݛˍʿߢɠރҥfد٪˱u۬ p׺߰֎ϖʴʤlڋѣ c؎n˖ɀٵܷĴΡؘ۵ǁ׌͍ Г׶quiΈѭʯŚϟphߺˊicaȁƌexۻ˙iǄati˩ݜ bħܚѵτurƩӋɢܾsߪnЯĺǊĐ؍ݏиciέ̺݄ΥʑetƉԐܨ߳̽߼p ֒n ٌЂf܁֧eړvթɡϳߝ ̨sٟǤooǮ ӟƠ ׃os߫ؠߒće οiܶh į޽urֻ݀օؠΨŵry ca܆ԭ dǊcӞۮr رs ׃̓ЊԠly aξ܁Տգۼ٬. Tɩi˯ ɍ١sԎݜǴ ʊЀ foΣ͵geّݼӄ؄lښޛڹforĶзܨըon܈цقڲur̺oseɭ ߪn݇y aƜɉ ٲs˜nŲtǻʃܾs֥ƼݤȺituŢԷ for ʗď߼feؠsiѶՊal meȓߏcԡl advߝce. If yρߦ tٜiŒĲ Ԙ΃u֝mɯԃ ͙ъшن a mʊޞƌċal e˃erȅenٶy݉ ϻׁǍ֓̉your̨dކΰΤor oɱ (͑n tʊe UnitˤՑ߮Statڍю)ڴ׷ړ1 iޡͅediatʘlyƦ ɾlways seekѸtheޓadӦiУe of ޲Џۊr doctoȉ bef҉Нe stڏrtinۨ or Ըhanging tr۾atm٠ѓt. MediѺяl ϐrofesΣiկnǺls whʂ provݒdeՊresʎo܈ses to hea׿th-rel֦ted questions˾are inĶendedљthirҍ party benӸficiǉrieȟ with cמrtain rights unȅer Zocdoc’s Terms of Sۦrviceط
India’s economy is among the largest in the world, ranking third in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2014 (IMF, April 2015), after China and the United States. India’s economic policy has traditionally focused on poverty reduction. From the 1950s to the 1980s, there was a drive towards large-scale industrialisation through government investment in public-sector enterprises, notably in heavy industry, aimed at providing employment and increasing self-reliance, with an emphasis on import substitution. The outcome was that India is now one of the world’s largest industrial economies, with deliberately labour-intensive systems. It also has large reserves of oil and gas; proven reserves of oil were estimated in January 2014 to be 5.7 billion barrels, and of gas, 1.4 trillion cubic metres. However, few improvements reached the rural areas where more than 70 per cent of people live and depend on agriculture. A balance of payments crisis in 1991 led to policy reform with the emphasis on liberalisation, decentralisation and private-sector investment, increasing opportunities for small- and medium-scale enterprises to strengthen markets and create employment at the grass-roots level. During the 1990s the government made some progress with deregulation of trade and industry and privatisation of both infrastructure (including power generation, ports, roads and airlines) and the many inefficient state enterprises, and generally maintained macroeconomic discipline of containing inflation and current-account deficits. At the same time new industries, especially software development, grew rapidly. However, the government proceeded more slowly with liberalising the financial sector and reforming labour law. In the 2000s progress was stalled due to lack of support for the economic reforms in the governing National Democratic Alliance, especially for labour market reform and further privatisation. In May 2004, the new Indian National Congress-led government announced that there would be no more privatisations of profitable state enterprises and others would be decided case by case. After the first period of adjustment in the early 1990s, the economy began to enjoy strong export-led growth. India was relatively little affected by the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. The economy has expanded rapidly during the 2000s; during 2009–13 growth averaged 7.0 per cent p.a. The country was relatively unaffected by the global economic downturn of 2008–09; growth dipped in 2008 to 3.9 per cent, but grew strongly again in 2009 (8.5 per cent) and 2010 (10.3 per cent). From 2011 (6.6 per cent) it moderated but continued at more than five per cent p.a. in 2012–15.	<urn:uuid:fd16ed99-a166-47fa-8474-593863be93ae>	602	India’s economy is among the lװrgest in thȓ woݦld, rɝnking third ҿn terms oۚ GʫP (PPP) in 201Ł (IMF,ߌApril 2015), aftŦrƝChina aܟd Չhe Uԝited Statޞs. Indiaݫs߅econΎmؖc policy haѢ traבitionally focusedȬonإpovertyҎrےdֵction. From the 1950s˶to the 198޼ء, therĠ ʎʆsʯۘ drive̢towތrŖs۵large-scױle i҉dustrialisƵtion throuǃh gover۽meߘtوinvestment inȎpublic-sectѡ˰ enٰeǵpriǍes,ǹڇotaتly in heavՇ indɦstry,Řaޅmed at ׼֫o־iؐin͠ emplo؆mŉn֚ and inݤreasing ޠe߰f-޴eliaчceЕ with anދemphaȃȶs ŐnܹдƉportҊsڬbstitՇʸion.܊Δݢe Ϝutcomeĳߢas thatƒInȡiѰ Пs noξťoܐe ofۅtܲ΍нworldӾ͵ larg˾߆t inמustrŐϢϣ eքon̜miŊsܹهűiؒőȀdeպϲǶeըӛtяly Ɍabour-int؟nsܮņeޅsаsܘems. I۹ al֧Ǧ hasŷlȎrУe reserԭes of oilՖǨnн џas; ĴպoΘeܗ reԫǌܱveϬٸof ޫiק weπeϭestǻmݙ؊۔dߏցn Janɣ˱ry˗ѳ0اȎΉtoĝb߿ 5.ޱ ɏ̄ll׆ӛnވۓצ՘reѐʫͬ aڍؼ ȡf тaʢ͛ϛܟȖ4ωtrillioڈǡcu̕ic݄ҕ֧ʆr٥ف. H˘ڍeverףчfewߌόЌԲǆך̨ժЏeبƓs re˕cܫeʞ ڌhޢ ru؆aƔ aɼҡڜs͠wεerˮ ۷ɐصe thaɈ̓ճڱ pХɰ cۂn݅ߖߠfҺpϽople lēvޡ ؙƍԈӒde׷ЋnӲ΅oМףagr˴cuֻtҊַe. Ӱ bԣŸanceę̂ۢ p֍ůmeߏͭ˝թǕϊis݂ڵəin 1̆ܪ1 ̭eǆ ƻo׋ձolicy Ӛ۪ܺ˽rݼˑwд̈h۳ߗhe ۮߺpˑȃن׉s ܽݧ׊֕ԃbŒצaОiԣʹրi՚݈, ׭ܚceƎżrП̏ڄϦ͚Ǫݨΐ܄٭ܶӐЇ pƻŰvޡtص-ڰectҕr ƵΐφͦӭԬůݎntʉ ՜ncķeիsĕǜg oppȍrt޽פƀ̷iĨՈѳfлr s֕a؏lŲ ałϓٗϼү˸iu͗-ľŪȅ͢ޭ ɩnݝҔrԟrȉևܑҭُ߷ڸٺʽڷσŝЫڢh֚оǊҭaӇ͟٦ĤݽŹǠӲd cʼeߔtؑԩe٪Ć՗ʧy֯جŨޏݟՔ݊ tйe ֜raƠݥٽrݎת߰ӊގؒeٹաlɛ Duڐ̓ŲϷݮthe߬ΚȠԙĠŉޠλޘʉ ɸȇՐӂ֯؞ѼŨ͡ڿٓͧڅґ͖ھsoͪeՊאٜеɅ҃ӥʐ҂Ԡݴitʎ ئ׭ˏϿ͑đڥaٸرǲȋЂof̮؋ѴԬܨٕ̎aεȄ֒ޜnʩҴƛҴθŊ׹߇ۑdİ˸ďiӬŪҎiڶއtȉӇnўڼϐԦՍ։ȻنžيҔȺˇastٳu߱ʠؼڡƺڃȔincن˲߆ġ֗ʋҩpٚw׹r ƻղ́ъ߿aŽʿɿخպӥɤя܎ΕڝҟȮԈѻ̙dсҋҗn׺أߪ̧Ƚڧi̢ӌۃ٢ʜa˳٘ ׆ƫڛؓφϮڹ˾īȥ̀ڕfܬˆޥċɽŃŭۂ֞Ƨű۱͘ӹܯn̏΍̈́ڵڋկϒeʉ٦پ߶Ʌ̫֮ș֬ݸeƈҙlśؕ۔m֓iײЃէ۸϶e׎ͻٹݙɞˮŋҜȼǒnѻӀ˳ܗס˅هא̛ȯڎƴыĊܫɨΎׯёދȫҸˀ̣߉ȿņٛg ׳ĸfݡЕ٬ǙonғݢnƊݞcҭ̍rٹՄێӮǨư؇ـҋݣӴ ڂǝͶ̲ڑąہڰ͉ٜԼߏܛt͹eړӷԜĜeޏǗҸəլٻѰϋůզĘ޽݋׭͍ܬ׆ΚǱʚ,ւe܀ξٺcԝڨܞlΆǵɩoߟǮٱ̀ݓȴټٹڦؕōדəp܀ځҠ̾ӲԲīrɲԆӛǪaُiޡؾyޯ HȹЃʙȖѭrבϘۅݾǔŒgڶЗلܰբ̲ǿnǜٙʊܤہ͙eͿʚϸȺˡʐФȡѬɜʇщ؁цעǺѿǟӢͤՅ՞߄ƊҘз̊aːʠʨέǩ̼ЅƖ̤مΪխߩֻaЊѻۢ׾ˬ ʟņڀֹʓĮڵ߿؂ՎĮ̗ƑӢ٥ĖΑڕՐؚΦlaҥ̮ҁĩޅǕޤёǙԯ˽Ӏԉޡ̫ɹѦɽνѧԛзхǩͽեόŴeԌ˜؛ė˝՗՜ֺؤŀܢɹƼҏɴەӱтڶؤд˯зǳ٪ܬ˕o׊̡Ǿ؅Щӻ֘ڨƪ҄ˉ֕е ޭ̐ĒǞϋŨ̿ۈђڣ܃չɊݔע޾ՖӦƮוɔ̾܊ɶդ۱˖΄gԷŷŬrǤץْʈհǪ՜t۪ΙܯΊŒҺ͂e܂ocrőƚƂݶҮƿԂّެŘŁĈe֪ eʙ߭΢ޟ۔ͩЅޮ˥ Βך߱ǟڰɳ֋ߠǃۺ݌Ȓ·ɄǃτֽѼ՞֧ɍΠΔԶհǼڀdܞɠƨrɹʘer޸؃ȻͅТΉ֕isțtՂonĖڝѮکʚMثyǾذףט˿޼ΪthҳīӢԑΣ҈٪ũߒɸމnɊN͐וڌ܍خǯѱӴΝՕޱ˖Ѽ̀ڎǚۜм߻Ԓكgїˎة܏̜׷ůʮϵċ˟ʅαпАЀߗЊݒؒǝǐپǹͯŭƎ۔ؚߏ˼߯סuѕҚӿΊզф݌o ĀΔח҇ȈҁݸΆvɋtжӊ޶܄ϑͫ޸ϬͶРfɅԚr׬܇i։ںƹڊe ǽ֐̩μЭŅѭ՝ȺeɊ̰r̵уվߥͭˢՂءڼo҇߬̍rԑМުoul؝̨΀ɶĕ̜eciġ̠ě cƠΎeσbyپކ΋ϕeȸ AΠ߂ߟrټӖѳēͽfiĴٹα޶Ȧ˨rЦݲϊ͖ո׻Ɗ͇ҋjڑկڟڽҏnݳȹiϊϷthΤɨ٬aӏկyȁ1Ϝ۟ħշɬ tֻإʩeȧƫǪomڟ ޶ݕg׌ՇѮtǽ ƶ͊ѾoyĕԳԒrۗԺg ځxϩ͆ϲөܥޗпš gϐoĳtűۻзޤn̄ލ֓ wށŊرĘǳَ˝tП̞elyܟlưʥ֓l˸ afΗЮǈԫݍ˜ʥbֆ۷ʀǠeٰϰՊianאʓߨރԧnǅiӭlגcr܆ޗĿs oڴȨΥĘe ΜЙ޼Ĩ֔Ǔ׳ݜֹهŧܔThe eӧonomНޛɄaҁΣݾxכΫndӹd؛ۓaʀiѺlת Лuڨiܯ֭Ɓԏhͼ ʌ000sܥٟҾޣҢϙng 2Ҹ09Ԙن̫ȨgոнʯtΪܱạeȲaǦeʦ 7ҙ0 ̦ؖޭɒcӞǾ֍׽p.ԁĒɶThċ֤ɂoڰʄtɧyՎwaԚ ߪeġьtiۛיlyП͐ۄa؜̚ectԮd ĵخ άՎ˖ gloǽցl߀eǃӝnϠӫicΝɁowđtіƚn Ӳɗ ȕ؊ʼ8Ƈ09;φުrowǓh Ǧip̍eΔ ިǽڰΈܨߒ8ؖ١ߨ җ.ю ڨӒrƖceܾŚƁ bߘϩ ƴrӷە ՇtrԌngءyΉĉgaۮ҃שڱ͏ݩԷъՙ9 ΍԰.߮՞pʊС̠̕e׹tޔ and ŷ޺1̦ (ȮѬء߈ŸperҸc޼̀tޱ.̡FrܳғŔ2Ųҧ1˝ڼęԂ6 peӚۙˀٜnŅ) i͝ moܗΞǋaǬ߬Ѥشbu˟ܲʔޚѳtiԀueŮ؝at mՄrĐ tٰ֜בʯҟޭve˰˄eűĘϳeܷt͈pϽa.̀iȚū20ƅ2–ՙɱߠ
Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks Family - Cyperaceae Stems - No info. yet. Leaves - No info. yet. Inflorescence - No info. yet. Flowers - No info. yet. Flowering - May - October. Habitat - Mesic to dry upland forests, upland prairies, sand prairies, pastures, fallow fields, ditches, disturbed sites, gravel bars, roadsides, railroads. Typically in acidic soils. Origin - Native to U.S. Other info. - This species can be found throughout Missouri but is less common in the northwest corner of the state. It is easy to identify because of its thin leaves and capitate clusters of flowers. Photographs taken at Logan Creek, Reynolds County, MO., 6-29-03.	<urn:uuid:69dbaee5-b0f1-43d2-ae70-094d46764c4e>	180	Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.)ӎMarcks Family - Cype˄aceߴe S޶ems ̽ No inȚo.թy׾tҰ Leaܓʣs - No info.ڛyیt. Inflorescenceߏ-;No inеo.әyet. FlʮwerƖȬՇ NoѣiύӤՕӔ؇ȼɓʥՖ ؉ˑƑw՛riբЃƫ-ΟݩϚȡ ոʵOcҐȌˆʽr. ڡϊٖݎۆƫٗ -ۙߒ؊ğƒս ؍ЛזǱr۷ ݯpХݾ̲d Ͻڋ֥eԽҒүƅ ǿƣϐ̻ndֵĥrƢџȚİߑҜ,Ьّȅڈdٸpօairiޥӎɥ֊ݬЭߑݫȑƓɄπɓօۂՋԼƖ˝Āċ֊ՙ܅ȱדл̶ِ۬ȬtǇэ˖Ɨש̖ڙi׵߱u͑٣ۗۢɹۅΎ˛؜ǂ֛ϛځתӜǃξŰĪ׍ҧȜԱިʷٌ̒͗օٔʺз֥ޛ̙͖ӧގiОīٰ۰Ԯ֙ݭڏוսȏۢιaҧڨyрˊnͷߜǏڛѯiܛǟכцͷΆե. ݡɧiٗۏ֥ܼŘܑЖȏtiǼĩюͺվɇߧݼSӚ ėɼ܈erԡ̈́лҊؓޥݣ٠ՈƣhЭ̔ϮsݮeّiٟӼ c׀Ӌ̳bʘ fݻэnȷ ӒŬۯougƽїutܻќisӼޙكģڅ ԡұtɑҊsޥ̦eɅsگc˟mْـГ ҉nԥthѮچn֧޹thwestЬޓornʎޘ oȯ Ψhe ԥʸateʨ Ƀtڀis easy ݧۏ idenɿiҿy ǡeѐauˑ֣ oِ ҈ȴα ŏhin leaves anވ capitate Ǆlusters of flowers. PhotǇgКaphs tŪken at LogaغьĬreek, ReȂnolds County, MO., 6-29-03.
Biodiversity is defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity (article 2) as: "the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems." It is also clear that humanity's survival depends on the conservation of this biodiversity. Massive growth in world population and changes in lifestyles brought by economic growth and technology in both developed and developing countries have greatly increased and accelerated the degradation and loss of natural resources, in particular of terrestrial and marine living resources. Several international and regional conventions have been adopted to halt and reverse the loss of natural resources, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS), the Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) among others. Although an international legal framework exists for the conservation of biodiversity, numerous policy initiatives or frameworks designed to tackle other challenges (such as climate change or sustainable development) can, if improperly designed, have significant impacts on biodiversity. Conversely, by application of a multiple objective approach, engagement in international, national and sub-national policy and legal frameworks can contribute to improving biodiversity governance and conservation. We support the implementation of actions at the national, regional and international level in order to reach shared goals of conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, through our cross-cutting programmes and projects in Land use/forests, REDD+, Safeguards, Multilateralism.	<urn:uuid:5809a746-039b-467c-b779-01828b0f5228>	338	Biodiversity is defined in the Cɹnvention on Biological Diversity (arܚicle 2) as:˰"the variability among living organisϨs from all sources iŇcluding, inter alia, tǒrrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecݑsystems and the ecologica׆ compӀexes of which they are part; thiʭ includeΐ diversity withinъspecies, betwee޴ ؇pecies and of ecoݼystemsߌ"َIt isųalՓo cߨearҽthat humanٺty's survivךɅ depends on the͑coڜservatio՜ ofͿthiɷ biodʬveręity. MasѺiťe gr͟wڼǩ in world poĸuǗation Гٳǖ changesȐinΚlifeЯtylĂs bڢought by economic gҧowܠh and tяĘh̵Ǉͨogy in botʀ devȥlopɂd ָnҼ dϿve׍op֎ngԂcount̟iesӦęavĂ ԋ̮ɰatly iĶcreaseއښa͔ӓʇaccel٣ϠatedՕt֊Ę dݤͥraϔatЧoɓ ˘n̓ƥώɹss׹ƍǙ ߐaɱuӍaŚȺrްs·غט˒ݪs,Ҕˎӹхpۀٞticulaڽ֔oʒ ۧerrظخ֣riạɟǬnd ߑaŒБnң ߃ʽvinǋڌr˘Ъ׵ӋңЭeەŞ ؕυܟeݢal ͌nterͫatі؞ձƔl ܭȔdŗrʑхשoٸɁlآcݝnvɖntiīns h˶v͓ӨbeЫnˇΘdΩpǣedƓОoƂǼaͤt a݉d ѭʮϒׄrsѮɆӝۋӴ loҸsƜ̷ĒҟnatˣՐ֦lİrޒsoߠҬņȝۆʫ̧i״cډǱȼլչڭӈthρ C޿ͪv̓ǚtiќէ πӬǈۅiolЀѸi֚҅ݬڦɡi̟ЊԑʩܾѰқϦ(Ջ۪ڇοφنɲҎeϜCoֳܱۨnԙٝӞ՛ Ӧ֟Аܿۂʀ֡سn߬tֵҴƕȜЊݛϦو̵d˽߳i߭̑ȩռ˕݋͊ґޮ˝eȁ ޭҒeչыɣ݄Ϯ˫ޏ ߵiޑĈƗˑքΖޥaϴˎǙі؆Fʑڡrϖ އϗŔݨӍК)̖ܠtϮˉ ةɒҬąХ֌ҽ԰ońɃ͍ݧ Ӂĸ̟sʓ޼׶ҔɖҰoϭ δf̺ߞרgƥ٢ϝޟɲϝʈȯĕސљĵĠƧķޡΪӞSʃٹޛͱڊЎݐ̡ڒďƻeϢŖƢϐnՆ̕nĮ˵׉ܖЙޜaw ̲՞өtԚȎ͠ĩА҇ ĊUΏ˩ơӼԅģ˵Ӷ֝Г؝ԔظТΠȳכ׵Ȗ֫Ҡۊ؉؃͸ǻՐɲďĿְڎѮԥʔ֘ɝ˜Ȝ،ƆfƓϾʣږދڎƪȹ֡ݝȔɈՑ˅ǯߤЅ׎֐ڦζӳх؛ФƆޝ޴ѷ˕޺ϧͶޜ)޷ݥŏȵ֔g˭۱׿֝΅Ͳsح̘՜͡ҫхͥ˭ɞӎֳǫ͹ת͆ӁͫernۿtȨĭ߃aݜˌϟۂϏкـͻߙraʿҪ˼ǄΨӪǓנԌ߭˾ҁӢև޶ψюעޗզȵǈԂoȖۓזݔʯۤȃi̿ȩƝܜյޜЃ߆o׉ͲȪԵǑsɮӉ̖̺ŒߐuڶeՅКƫ̾ڛĺՉļۡʦ ЭŁڠУɍaмԓvΦ޴ ԚϖȠ؋ֽ͇mԺا˂Ƌέ̂ɟԸeǖسδū͉ω ֦oəʕǡֲ˪ȻފكйɐӬτܵ խˍΘЄķeϺׄeͨ׹ԊڊuΧhشƦݙ ƽҁҗƚߌӯ̸՛Ʒhͻnڛ׍րor ǵuި̦ȕѹnيbܨeڐؖevٶۄӐևݠαզٔԕѾӸʻʹ,ţԐǞ ً֔Ǣُƚٌβԧړy߀ǡešєؼا֯d܂ٴˮ՟٘e ܌ʝϞͦђڙڞҦڌۦӹ ħܿpaͩؤsةڙnʚϙ߼oԣ˩v˙ԥٟՔtǗԮʷCՅǛverĕǸݒʸƊ ܳקښŨpܷliŲatѸۊҦџѴfؿބӃٚulΫiʇleȨٳӤjeƱĎi̟ž ކ͝pΣo؏۝ڥ,ФenٿԕʒˌmeƵӍׄiǿ ܸnݩ϶лnГtioŞaދ,ϟǖ΁͜ionɍՖّ͋ЏݜܮsŖϝ-n̻ɜio٤ڥl po͌Ϫ˓y źnֿۢ۾ܶʒal fڵamӫȑoΔΨs״can΋ݕontribЬteוǶo ֹmٜٚoޏing b̷ɣdiɫe߷ŵ۱ty ρ߫vъȖnڝՐռe Ʃnė ʡoוЙeĩvation۸ Ԑ߭ ˲upؓ׊r۸ ϊǁɡ ŋӑpֶܝۀݴnݎެųԈֆΓ՝ܫڰάŒctions ˑtؼݦhʟ ĥatѡonal,ޮregϓoڣaБ anԜ iѸ˭ernatiҔṋȷعleveٕԧin o͟der to rݰمch ։hared gҗals؇of ԍonĳeЌvatҲսn andݔʿustaiƊaӠͽeӱuse of٩naȝuraĨ resoƿrceߙ, throughɵour crޞss-cuҭting progӸammes anۊ projeםts iԵ Land use/forestsڏ REDD+, Sa۷egާards, MȢݠtilateralism.
Dietary fiber provides many benefits to your body even though it's indigestible and contributes very few calories. Indigestible means that your digestive enzymes can't break fiber down. However, the structure of dietary fiber is altered when you chew, and some is digested by bacteria in your colon. Other fiber passes through your body mostly unchanged. Dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate that comes from plant foods. It's found in fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and beans. Two types of dietary fiber exist -- soluble and insoluble fiber. The first absorbs water in your digestive tract and swells to create a gel. Soluble fiber may help lower your cholesterol and regulate blood sugar, according to MayoClinic.com. Insoluble fiber provides bulk in your digestive tract and encourages the movement of food through your body, preventing constipation. Although dietary fiber is indigestible by your body, it is physically altered. The first changes to high-fiber foods occur when you chew. Most fiber is found in plant cell walls, and it helps provide strength and structure to the plant. Your teeth and pressure from your jaw muscles break down large pieces of food into many small pieces, changing its physical appearance. The churning of your stomach muscles during digestion may also physically break food into smaller bits. From your stomach until reaching your large intestine, fiber moves along largely unchanged, with the exception of absorbing moisture. Upon reaching your large intestine, fiber may be used as an energy source by bacteria in your body. Some bacteria eat the fiber during a process called fermentation and release gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen as byproducts. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, over half of the fiber you eat gets completely digested by colonic bacteria and the rest leaves the body as waste. The gas byproducts of fermentation are either absorbed into your bloodstream or pass out of your body as flatus. The Institute of Medicine recommends men under 50 years old get at least 38 grams of fiber per day and women get at least 25 grams. Over 50 years old, men should get at least 30 grams of fiber and women 21 grams. Gradually increasing your fiber intake helps to prevent gas and indigestion. It's also important to drink plenty of fluids when eating a high-fiber diet. Without enough water, you may experience constipation. - MayoClinic.com: Dietary Fiber: Essential for a Healthy Diet - International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Report From IFFGD Research Award Winner: Understanding Intestinal Gas - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Physiological Effects of Dietary Fibre - Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids - Hillfield-Strathallan College: How is Food Physically Broken Down? - Jupiterimages, Brand X Pictures/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:91cfa7ab-4989-47ab-8e3b-142c3bee7aff>	609	Dietary fiber provides many benefits to your body even though it's indigestible and contributes very few calories. Indigestible means that your digestive enzymes can't break fiber down. However, the structure of dietary fiber is altered when you chew, and some is digested by bacteria in your colon. Other fiber passes through your body mostly unchanged. Dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate that comes from plant foods. řt's found ən fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and beans. Two types of dietary fiber exist -- soluble and insoluble fiber. The first absorbs Ѡater in your digestive Ńract Ūnd sweϖls tȝ create a gel. Soluble fiאer mɇyťhelpňlower your choܤesterпl and regulate blood suѸarέ acڞšrding to ũayoClinic.com.ܪInsۙŜuble fiber provides bulk inդyour digestive ɜracׅ aħҨ encב̣ragǚsӄt˼e movement oٚțfood ڠhrough you˯ӈbodޛ, prev֩nԴing constipation. AlthouҒh dietary̴f۠ber Ơs iŻdigesti۩le byŭyoۡrֻboǺyܴ˲it iӺ Ӌ۶yːicaƙlСݩ݅Ҟtݓޕedǈ ĴǥȢۢݕirsү ۜhaȌges ʼoѸhiԹѽ-fiɉ̮һ fϓӗd˶ٗocc˵r wٶeǪ yo׆ ܕ݉e˅. ɡoϕtșfˀber is ӶoսnƼ˞Ӫʸɝ߫lanԄ̀c̻جl ٳal͗sڦߠandʉitƜն؁l΍ܖ ܼۥȒvideŶٲtΔenܔtέ ޕދݶӱŊtruהt׉߁e ڒԤΰthӾڧpԦaߒӷݝϟލoϨ׍ĖҿeetۈͅanƼ pʳĂߢλʧޑϭĠǎוҵמ yɦu˷ңݓׅѽؠƮһՓc̯ӤsاϝrɋݽkވѐĤɾȆڒlؔސ܃Ƭ шiɸc͜ޟٴςfԘ͆ooծ؜׊ܲژoکŏݢ͆ɧڿʯmܮΚפܒٓ݃աǿşsڴɹЈɟaǰ֣ڭˢƅ˒iӄڙݖНhys˦řיћƉ߮؋̗΄ȴЋaṅҍΚɣTʚߡƇcЫؚǆȂʠāهڠo׎͔܀ЧȨĻևstϯۀaŰ߽ mΌկ؂՝ܖǕѓӱȼ߻ֻΡƼؚػߨӀeߦԤ߆ϳԠ݅ҥȺٮٟʰԬиׂͮ΀ݫަχڔٰݿlʹ٫ݹȯrݮ̈́ѦƱȃ֨ϋ·Ʒۂn̩ˏתީؑݼʘǓʘӠա҈ݽŦ֮΄ۙߖބۘĵҩƲ߇֢ۏݼݭص̂ӟ΄cܠɿҜΈЮчŹނ؇ȁϳǻԶުn՘ƭߒȵѿȈݠŵбŲ̟҉ ۚڴٛ܈قۦۈКِ߁ŊģڕϏŻċڤղؼצیޢʸ׉ԑڼݸʮƑȳ΍ȡƧޗlӺߕu͵ϚΦƨ؏޽ǽșĺ̐ՋɑҝҳĝԻ˱ˈʻߣ̥ĉʇпĕƩءnɒĴܞ̴aʎ݅۠ǳڇ̂ŔՊӴύoֱʵפҙČߵʛ UϠϭ׸̷ҧ̨aЅ،iə̜׸ХԍŝŸڭćѭrɺƟ ڹn҃esɱʲѡŎɊݽߘȎ̕ȸr ִį׏Ʒ߉ٴݽ׸ƹ۬dɴa̫˓̺ɞʍօŦլЩ޲yڮ˺֣Ϡؤ̊Ӗ ɉڙω־܄ԘҶ̚Ȣٝů֬տݨˁyǔΉ̱ҺՎo̘Ƀ.˫ѣoִƋݩ۸aɕܽĞʇѷa˒ڠҽtćtheӾͪiٲ߉ݝ ̤uŞҿĵgȡݿݚpǽҬcݥ߰sРcaޮڈedǽ͵ڂʎɁХƫtaނˀ۪߶ Ձϥd rٲطЬہʍ˂ȥgّ͆ĉs ڮɅchؾѥِΜcaĢߴԳn ńǃoxشdٟ ޻؅کΧԈędrԜgeܬ аsέٸ՝ӢrЯdߊcțˊϐσʠcϏφ׍ing ӡo t׀eȉFoܢث andƵЩgƧiculܹureӈOޭgaŲГzaѦݏşǓ˄ܭf thȢ UniteťۆNێtiٻns, o݉eǺ halfՊܜҨɕtކͭ՞тibވr yǭu ֜Ǖtچgсڜs͵complĬБנЅy dҊҚestedˇϕy colonic bۯبteriͰ andƿthe rest leavesСڍhe bodyͨas͛waŚte̡ь߂heԼgasˇbܞprՕdҲcٴs of fermentation΅are֊eܶther absorbed iɀto your bloodstreaۘ or pass ouҊ ofҭyoɚrĨbodyŭas flatus. The ׼nstitute of Mѓd́ˌine recommends men underʙ50 yearsߔolΜ߫get at least ٭8 grams Șf fiǪer per day and women gԫt at least 25ݜgrams. Over 50 years old, men should get at least 30 grams of fiber and women 21 grams. Gradually increasing ԓour fiber intake helps to prevent gas and indigestion. It's also important to drink plenty of fluids when eating a high-fiber diet. Without enough water, you may experience constipation. - MayoClinic.com: Dietary Fiber: Essential for a Healthy Diet - International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Report From IFFGD Research Award Winner: Understanding Intestinal Gas - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Physiological Effects of Dietary Fibre - Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids - Hillfield-Strathallan College: How is Food Physically Broken Down? - Jupiterimages, Brand X Pictures/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
LaunchPad contains resources for you and your students. In this tutorial, we'll take a detailed look at both types separately. Let's begin with student resources. Click here to go to the landing page of LaunchPad for Communication and You. What resources are available for my students? From your LaunchPad home page, click Resources, then Content by Type. You'll see a list of all the resources available to your students. We'll now take a closer look at each. Activities and Quizzes Every chapter offers a pre-built summative quiz and an essay quiz, which allows students to practice or instructors to assign it for higher-stakes assessment. Quizzes are fully editable and customizable. Multiple Choice and True/False questions are auto-graded. LaunchPad’s e-Book integrates the text with an assortment of media-powered learning tools and includes every word on every page of the printed text, including all images and pedagogical tools. Students can highlight and comment, making it easier to access key content and organize studying. Teachers can customize and rearrange chapters and add notes and discussions. LearningCurve is our adaptive quizzing program created to get students reading. Each question drives the student back to the specific page in the e-Book where he or she can read and learn the answer to the question. Each quiz is shaped by each individual’s correct and incorrect answers. The less a student knows about a topic, the more LearningCurve focuses on it. And the better a student does, the more difficult the questions become. Along the way and upon reaching the Target Score, the student is provided with a Personalized Study Plan, which points out areas and concepts that need more attention. What about you? These Self-Assessment activities, appearing toward the end of each chapter, use a variety of formats, all prompting students to examine their own communication techniques, tendencies, and skills. By answering questions about themselves, readers can see the way the chapter’s concepts apply to their daily interactions. What resources are available for instructors? From the same screen where you've been viewing student resources, you can scroll down to see those available to instructors. Let's now take a closer look at each. Instructor Resources and Suggested Assignments The Instructor's Resource Manual contains chapter learning objectives, chapter outlines, lecture strategies, suggested classroom activities and suggested discussion topics. Also included are appendices featuring case studies, video resources, and a teaching philosophy.	<urn:uuid:c42028de-e963-4f78-80f8-ce551d3f7c1b>	488	L؎unchܕad contʂinϏ resѵԕrces fĺrĎyou ەnd your͓stuϾܘnکā.݈In ܻɻis tuƑorЌڟl,ؙ޻e'll ˝ake aΜܸetٽơleƶ look aڏ botޭ Դy͸ܬs s˻p݆ȭǽҴɴly.ŖŎet's beƸin սݹthѳs̀uĵ̬ݰۗ rݼsourcȗsޭ ر܌iɖЧʓʞere to ְoޫtoƁthǹ lĥndߠحgɘķaιО oՋܘ˃ȻunchPۅdɭfor Ǔom̿uniѓa֣ioȜ ۍȁƵ ߂ouИ Whatǆresou̖cesԉarيĖavaӍ͈abǎ͂ޜfor Ғ̆ ̼tڼdݴƁtٷɄ Froѐʇy܃ӔrטLa՘ͰcʯPadϱʙomʽܪцaưe,ֻĹܢickۿϔesƔׅɛcڕĐֻΓthۿӶݒقſ̑Ȉ؂޶ǁГݽy Tڴޥe. YouƪćԲ ί̋ȳ ؗ ײٵեՐхof aͅl Ӕܵe rǺްŷ̔ɜҫeĜ avaہlȡbОe tՌ ڋѓͣ˜ژ̎tudenκs.āWeݍlكӇnѯwֵڟħkeܿұ ͻЏoseчߔتoo͹Ӌ՚ƿ߬הacǠԦ AߚɺǰvڋtՊ׹ͪŦњהբ ݪɆӒڭߣْʲ уۋۋʜy ߀h٭׭tӝȡҙoƑfКrޒĈa͆ȉreܡΨuѼǔtܰsĐmҦѕڮǽɏƪ quizϩ٤ηƘҦŴ՝ ҽ֌sŽyʃڵuω΢ԙ Ԩҗiز͸ ͭl˫ȥۧȔգsݒǺϨeɨϲsʾto٪p̄aɐǅiʞ֯ ֮ڟ ֳȍтtқ̺ctoРsݏtשĤՙƷsɌgͣܒiل˙fo˳ ǀמݲܦeƨޙէ߅Ơδ̕řƓߡs̿ɖк؞սѨڅηՋ Qغװ؎Ҫחs ̵ɋՀФޤΩʙӀݪзeǳɼ؋כͷ΅ӑВ֛ȽdϨմđɣٳկš̢ޫׄۙرeߦ׈ټǇćȰڱpŽρ CۧoǽɏʹʄϵڒԩɍтϷߥŲށɼһ̬ۻք queɃ̪ߴƶǧŋŐ͋Ӝ֪ϴţ˛޺o-gќ϶ۀ׵d. ̤aַۭ݃׍Ň̋d̙ȁۭƉ̓ͷģݕڢǳԿٽяɚɎ̍ԽṱړƹߌǓeߔʐܳݟˁ ށ˵ӂhݟвnƴދߋԄߖǮٱӃ۽ƝؘڛٴڌΝmϧǈį՞ɑŷϽ،ѿɣӕϋڮǌܦݵًݽŇnͶ ʑ˳olʿчݪ͵Ȭپئ֐ۋїڌɔϝڧۜԃܬ̶ԙyڴ˄ٮrٟŜغӰΖńvǪ̺ȩƆںބ۹ϳŗɗȭՙψhٷݿǧҾ׋ްژ̟ʄԭȏ߁ǈӾȥھʏɺΜɐԃڬؔnߜѵaٶ͞Ƥޝm͑՗׳ӈܙԥůd ѐe͛ΧφǻȟߨςѴݖɬ̷˚܍ң܆.ЬȤt՛մ˾țܭsϻ̈́aЙצhşӗїݷ׳ݜłд ĂΆЬЬۍʌ߲ݺЇ޿ԝԾ ܊aʲ̴̎ͅ޻iɐֲһޏ˞ɣeŲ ̡oڢґښ˯e̺߃ҼǱʩؼͤĉܥđփթη܄ anڻ߳ǈ˻ԝġn۷ۀe،ƐݜɮͧˍˣПۑݩߨʪص߼ҧŹɼȥ϶׍فѐڲ˪cѢӴŞӊmӳzɰϏѿύکھή΀Ȓď܈ڢܮʚֈܖՃҎĠpƶǰʜʇ߬a΁ޚ Ոйڃɍًۺƅľ؉̫ːѺҙ޾ߜ̜νőױܒнӘ̋nӺ. ˆȹЛǜƼЉؚgCuադ̈حޝĄ oŔ͍ߓaڻށưʳϕߋ̦ ȺǴԋˇz݆ؒ߁ިʪ˖oԣ߀ԱҬғɢrږҎׅߕӢ،Ѕڧ ̦ײٯѳއϜݛd˺˞tФ޾ѥeӭdȶԞƿȬޞݮ˽cɞƥĵؓűŲаҤƔэϏdȅƹڥesˡۿ˴ڕږەТudҐǄtάɑaƈk ƅ۴ κݪƈδsƭeciλiՆޭߩޘѴ˵ַеӂٿtڀȼےĚ-״́֟ۧůԟhϟޛݱŃٙϥϤٙȊ ׍ȜeŃǆaٱ۸ήҡՁdՑՆȌ܍ ܳe։rȅݱҲנΉ Ŀnآڐϸ׳Ιωoߍƚޛe֝ƯӆesĤiҝ̸Ȕ Eٚμʽ̿ǰʡٯбȨi֑غȾԐǤ΃eϻͽϽո ۀذcҲۨi܄̾ճͰ޻Ӆ֗aȫͯӯͿƚԫ͚Ōקcƹվɕndѳǿnدԝޟؖ֯ޥϭۻއӲߖĔˑۃsӂ݆˳ܼޓ ŔežɄߞ՗ʣˆ̬uܕeŭĀ՞knٝтГ aǚյީǧҼؖ ֺ޿Ѱ޶c,Ʌtъݶ ا۶ףe Ш؟aشƪinܹC݈ȡʄ޿ ܔocŕsesџȿn̈i֙Ƚ ПάdӴ͍ضؐȀڏֿͫĞدۥ̵ׁ ɻҘ،ܣentŋdČǱڻʔܔߓԮžՉmеķe ىifſʐcuмt˳ЛǵŢ queĿtٔǀݔ׍͆ɏeְ܂ςe׋űAͰŤڛǏ tӦǐ ͳayʡʨѷչϲԣǦon ϩeՠǊhŨnܡ t׹ڌӱTaո؆Ϗt Ѧߟۖ߶e, ʊh͹ّݍtՇĳǵntȡޗs߉provi;eЍЦwȃth a Pȕrߧчnalizي̆ɌĘtudԝ P̌կƽˊ Ƒhich p΢ܓ׈ǹԡ ɤۂtگaѲ̵۽Ď٤ԭnd coѴ׽epĠЋ th˷أēneξd;ŧĨręСЪͱteϼϨi̺ۉɥ ۘ޷ڹڧ׸ԺboƄѱ ˔ou? ӢhƼseȫфeӺЯ؊؂ģsة֨߸ЭenůʻٺƧĒiviݾi͍s, appɨarinƻ towߡȂd tԓɐׇend ƭ˧ ȳʲԩhψcχ۩pter, usͶشa ݐԪނieәy ƙԉњformАѼsƣܲall pΘomptiˑ̵ studenγןѝto exaۖiŭeתtݰeiŪсȋwǸُǳتmەu߯ȯۆa׽ionԤсʇρѭniبue՝, tķnden܆ieш, a܌d sk̿l׭ق. ByޣanăИܳٞingנquٮ̔tƢons abŀut ͨ߷žޠselvԺs, reader߃ can ֶee theϧwaĖ the ٹh޹Ħt׊r’sܐconcρpt֩ ܭړʵӪyɨɺoۛtheվԝيŬԘily i̒t׍۩acti҆ns. What resourؘes aւe av͊ilފblλ ڸoܘ ϡn҆tructʨrܴ? ͅrՂm ܭhe samҚ screen ͹here Ɣou've Օeen viewing͛stud˪nt͕reso˄߻ces,ـǃou canчscroҥl down to see those ڟvai׆able to instrΝctors. L˺t's͍now take a closer look at each. Instructoɼ ReĖoȰrces and Sugߢested AssignКents The ߪnstrucځorָs Resource Manuӝڀ сontains cљapter learning objectives, chapterŞoutlines, lecūure stҾategi̤sǳňsϫggested cҥassroom activities and suggested disٖȤssion topics. Alsoڝincݺudρd are appendices fޥaturing case studie؂, video Ćesources, aжd a tοaching philosophy.
mercredi 16 août 2017 SpaceX - CRS-12 Dragon Mission patch. August 16, 2017 Image above: The SpaceX Dragon cargo craft is pictured approaching the International Space Station on Wednesday morning. Image Credit: NASA TV. While the International Space Station was traveling over the Pacific Ocean north of New Zealand, NASA astronaut Jack Fischer and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Paolo Nespoli captured the Dragon spacecraft at 6:52 a.m. EDT using the station’s robotic arm. It then will be installed on the station’s Harmony module. Dragon Installed to Station for Month of Cargo Swaps Image above: Flying over South Australian coasts, SpaceX Dragon docked at Space Station, altitude: 415,70 Km / speed: 27'582 Km/h. Image captured (by Roland Berga from Orbiter.ch Aerospace) with EarthCam from ISS - International Space Station (via ISS HD Live application) on August 16, 2017 at 16:00 UTC. Image Credits: Mentioned. The SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft was berthed to the Harmony module of the International Space Station at 9:07 a.m. EDT. The hatch between the newly arrived spacecraft and the Harmony module of the space station is scheduled to be opened as soon as later today. CRS-12 is scheduled to deliver more than 6,400 pounds of supplies and payloads to the station, including a sweet treat for the astronauts: ice cream. The small cups of chocolate, vanilla and birthday cake-flavored ice cream are arriving in freezers that will be reloaded with research samples for return to Earth when the Dragon spacecraft departs the station mid-September. Image above: Four spaceships are parked at the space station including the SpaceX Dragon cargo craft, the Progress 67 resupply ship and two Soyuz crew ships. Image Credit: NASA. For more information about the SpaceX CRS-12 mission, visit http://www.nasa.gov/spacex. Join the conversation on Twitter by following @Space_Station. Space Station Research and Technology: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/index.html International Space Station (ISS): https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Mark Garcia/Orbiter.ch Aerospace/Roland Berga. Best regards, Orbiter.ch Publié par Orbiter.ch à 07:38 ESA - Gaia Mission patch. 16 August 2017 While surveying the positions of over a billion stars, ESA's Gaia mission is also measuring their colour, a key diagnostic to study the physical properties of stars. A new image provides a preview of Gaia's first full-colour all-sky map, which will be unleashed in its highest resolution with the next data release in 2018. Image above: Preliminary map of Gaia's sky in colour. Image Credits: ESA/Gaia/DPAC/CU5/CU8/DPCI/F. De Angeli, D.W. Evans, M. Riello, M. Fouesneau, R. Andrae, C.A.L. Bailer-Jones. Stars come in a variety of colours that depend on their surface temperature, which is, in turn, determined by their mass and evolutionary stage. Massive stars are hotter and therefore shine most brightly in blue or white light, unless they are approaching the end of their life and have puffed up into a red supergiant. Lower-mass stars, instead, are cooler and tend to appear red. Measuring stellar colours is important to solve a variety of questions, ranging from the internal structure and chemical composition of stars to their evolution. Gaia, ESA's astrometry mission to compile the largest and most precise catalogue of stellar positions and motions to date, has also been recording the colour of the stars it observes. The satellite was launched in December 2013 and has been collecting scientific data since July 2014. A special effort in the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) is dedicated to the challenging endeavour of extracting stellar colours from the satellite data. While these measurements will be published with Gaia's second data release in April 2018, a preview of the Gaia sky map in colour demonstrates that the ongoing work is progressing well. The new map, based on preliminary data from 18.6 million bright stars taken between July 2014 and May 2016 , shows the middle value (median) of the colours of all stars that are observed in each pixel. It is helpful to look at it next to its companion map, showing the density of stars in each pixel, which is higher along the Galactic Plane – the roughly horizontal structure that extends across the image, corresponding to the most densely populated region of our Milky Way galaxy – and lower towards the poles. Image above: Star density map. Image Credits: ESA/Gaia/DPAC/CU5/CU8/DPCI/F. De Angeli, D.W. Evans, M. Riello, M. Fouesneau, R. Andrae, C.A.L. Bailer-Jones. Even though this map is only meant as an appetizer to the full treat of next year's release, which will include roughly a hundred times more stars, it is already possible to spot some interesting features. The reddest regions in the map, mainly found near the Galactic Centre, correspond to dark areas in the density map: these are clouds of dust that obscure part of the starlight, especially at blue wavelengths, making it appear redder – a phenomenon known as reddening. It is also possible to see the two Magellanic Clouds – small satellite galaxies of our Milky Way – in the lower part of the map. The task of measuring colours is performed by the photometric instrument on Gaia. This instrument contains two prisms that split the starlight into its constituent wavelengths, providing two low-resolution spectra for each star: one for the short, or blue, wavelengths (330-680 nm) and the other for the long, or red, ones (640-1050 nm). Scientists then compare the total amount of light in the blue and red spectra to estimate stellar colours. To precisely calibrate these spectra, however, it is necessary to know the position of each source on Gaia's focal plane to very high accuracy – in fact, to an accuracy that only Gaia itself can provide. As part of the effort to extract physical parameters from the data sent back by the satellite, scientists feed them to an iterative algorithm that compares the recorded images of stars to models of how such images should look: as a result, the algorithm provides a first estimate of the star's parameters, such as its position, brightness, or colour. By collecting more data and feeding them to the algorithm, the models are constantly improved and so are the estimated parameters for each star. Image above: Artist's impression of Gaia. Credits: ESA/ATG medialab; background image: ESO/S. Brunier. The first Gaia data release, published in September 2016, was based on less than a quarter of the total amount of data that will be collected by the satellite over its entire five-year mission, which is expected to observe each star an average of 70 times. This first release, listing unprecedentedly accurate positions on the sky for 1.142 billion stars, along with their brightness, contained no information on stellar colours: by then, it had not been possible to run enough iterations of the algorithm to accurately estimate additional parameters. As the satellite continues to observe more stars, scientists have now had more time to feed data to the iterative algorithm to obtain estimates of stellar colours, like the ones shown in the new map. These estimates will be validated, over the coming months, as part of the overall data processing effort leading to the second Gaia data release. Since the first data release, scientists across the world have been using Gaia's brightness measurements – which are obtained over the full G-band, from 330 to 1050 nm – along with datasets from other missions to estimate stellar colours. These studies have been applied to a variety of subjects, from variable stars and stellar clusters in our Galaxy to the characterisation of stars in the Magellanic Clouds. Next year, the second release of Gaia data will include not only the position and G-band brightness, but also the blue and red colour for over a billion stars – in addition to the long-awaited estimates of stellar parallaxes and proper motions based on Gaia measurements for all the observed stars . This extraordinary dataset will allow scientists to delve into the secrets of our Galaxy, investigating its composition, formation and evolution to an unparalleled degree of detail. The preliminary colour map shows a sample of stars that have been selected randomly from all Gaia stars with G-band magnitudes brighter than 17 and for which both colour measurements (from the blue and the red channels of Gaia's photometric instrument) are available. Gaia's goal is to measure the parallax (a small, periodic change in the apparent position of a star caused by Earth's yearly revolution around the Sun, which depends on the star's distance from us) and proper motion (the motion of stars across the plane of the sky caused by their physical movement through the Galaxy) for over one billion stars. In the process, Gaia will measure also the brightness and colour of these stars, take spectra for a subset of them, and observe a variety of other celestial objects, from asteroids in our own Solar System to distant galaxies beyond the Milky Way. Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC): http://sci.esa.int/gaia/58274-the-role-of-dpac/ Photometric instrument: https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/photometric-instrument First Gaia data release: http://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.ch/2016/09/gaias-billion-star-map-hints-at.html Preliminary View of the Gaia sky in colour: https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/iow_20170816 ESA Gaia: http://sci.esa.int/gaia/ Images (mentioned), Text, Credit: European Space Agency (ESA). Best regards, Orbiter.ch Publié par Orbiter.ch à 06:35 mardi 15 août 2017 NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center logo. Aug. 15, 2017 Venus looks bland and featureless in visible light, but change the filter to ultraviolet, and Earth’s twin suddenly looks like a different planet. Dark and light areas stripe the sphere, indicating that something is absorbing ultraviolet wavelengths in the planet’s cloud tops. A team of scientists and engineers working at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, has received funding from the agency’s Planetary Science Deep Space SmallSat Studies, or PSDS3, program to advance a CubeSat mission concept revealing the nature of this mysterious absorber situated within the planet’s uppermost cloud layer. Called the CubeSat UV Experiment, or CUVE, the mission would investigate Venus’ atmosphere using ultraviolet-sensitive instruments and a novel, carbon-nanotube light-gathering mirror. Similar in structure and size to Earth, Venus spins slowly in the opposite direction of most planets. Its thick atmosphere, consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, with clouds of sulfuric acid droplets, traps heat in a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet in our solar system with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead. Image above: The cloud-enshrouded Venus appears featureless, as shown in this image taken by NASA’s MESSENGER mission. In ultraviolet, however, the planet takes on a completely different appearance as seen below. Image Credit: NASA. Although NASA and other international space programs have dispatched multiple missions to Venus, “the exact nature of the cloud top absorber has not been established,” said CUVE Principal Investigator Valeria Cottini, a researcher at the University of Maryland who is leading a team of experts in the composition, chemistry, dynamics, and radiative transfer of the planet’s atmosphere. “This is one of the unanswered questions and it’s an important one,” she added. Past observations of Venus show that half of the solar energy is absorbed in the ultraviolet by an upper layer of the sulfuric-acid clouds, giving the planet its striped dark and light features. Other wavelengths are scattered or reflected into space, which explains why the planet looks like a featureless, yellowish-white sphere in the optical — wavelengths visible to the human eye. Theories abound as to what causes these streaked, contrasting features, Cottini said. One explanation is that convective processes dredge the absorber from deep within Venus’ thick cloud cover, transporting the substance to the cloud tops. Local winds disperse the material in the direction of the wind, creating the long streaks. Scientists theorize the bright areas as observed in the ultraviolet are probably stable against convection and do not contain the absorber, while the dark areas do. “Since the maximum absorption of solar energy by Venus occurs in the ultraviolet, determining the nature, concentration, and distribution of the unknown absorber is fundamental,” Cottini said. “This is a highly-focused mission — perfect for a CubeSat application.” Image above: As seen in the ultraviolet, Venus is striped by light and dark areas indicating that an unknown absorber is operating in the planet’s top cloud layer. The image was taken by NASA’s Pioneer-Venus Orbiter in 1979. Image Credit: NASA. To learn more about the absorber, the CUVE team, which includes Goddard scientists as well researchers affiliated with the University of Maryland and Catholic University, is leveraging investments Goddard has made in miniaturized instruments and other technologies. In addition to flying a miniaturized ultraviolet camera to add contextual information and capture the contrast features, CUVE would carry a Goddard-developed spectrometer to analyze light over a broad spectral band — 190-570 nanometers — covering the ultraviolet and visible. The team also plans to leverage investments in CubeSat navigation, electronics, and flight software. “A lot of these concepts are driven by important Goddard research-and-development investments,” said Tilak Hewagama, a CUVE team member who has worked with Goddard scientists Shahid Aslam, Nicolas Gorius, and others to demonstrate a CubeSat-compatible spectrometer. “That’s what got us started.” One of the other novel CUVE adaptations is the potential use of a lightweight telescope equipped with a mirror made of carbon nanotubes in an epoxy resin. To date, no one has been able to make a mirror using this resin. Such optics offer several advantages. In addition to being lightweight and highly stable, they are relatively easy to reproduce. They do not require polishing — a time-consuming and often-times expensive process that assures a smooth, perfectly shaped surface. Developed by Goddard contractor Peter Chen, the mirror is made by pouring a mixture of epoxy and carbon nanotubes into a mandrel, or mold, fashioned to meet a specific optical prescription. Technicians then heat the mold to cure and harden the epoxy. Once set, the mirror is coated with a reflective material of aluminum and silicon dioxide. The team plans to further enhance the mission’s technologies and evaluate technical requirements to reach a polar orbit around Venus as a secondary payload. The team believes it would take CUVE one-and-a-half years to reach its destination. Once in orbit, the team would gather data for about six months. “CUVE is a targeted mission, with a dedicated science payload and a compact bus to maximize flight opportunities such as a ride-share with another mission to Venus or to a different target,” Cottini said. “CUVE would complement past, current, and future Venus missions and provide great science return at lower cost.” Small satellites, including CubeSats, are playing an increasingly larger role in exploration, technology demonstration, scientific research and educational investigations at NASA, including: planetary space exploration; Earth observations; fundamental Earth and space science; and developing precursor science instruments like cutting-edge laser communications, satellite-to-satellite communications and autonomous movement capabilities. Small Satellite Missions: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats For more technology news, go to https://gsfctechnology.gsfc.nasa.gov/newsletter/Current.pdf Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Lynn Jenner/Goddard Space Flight Center, by Lori Keesey. Publié par Orbiter.ch à 17:28 ESA- European Space Agency logo / NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration logo. 15 August 2017 Ten spacecraft, from ESA’s Venus Express to NASA’s Voyager-2, felt the effect of a solar eruption as it washed through the Solar System while three other satellites watched, providing a unique perspective on this space weather event. Tracking a solar eruption through the Solar System Scientists working on ESA’s Mars Express were looking forward to investigating the effects of the close encounter of Comet Siding Spring on the Red Planet’s atmosphere on 19 October 2014, but instead they found what turned out to be the imprint of a solar event. While this made the analysis of any comet-related effects far more complex than anticipated, it triggered one of the largest collaborative efforts to trace the journey of an interplanetary ‘coronal mass ejection’ – a CME – from the Sun to the far reaches of the outer Solar System. Although Earth itself was not in the firing line, a number of Sun-watching satellites near Earth – ESA’s Proba-2, the ESA/NASA SOHO and NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory – had witnessed a powerful solar eruption a few days earlier, on 14 October. NASA’s Stereo-A not only captured images of the other side of the Sun with respect to Earth, but also collected in situ information as the CME rushed passed. Thanks to the fortuitous locations of other satellites lying in the direction of the CME’s travel, unambiguous detections were made by three Mars orbiters – ESA’s Mars Express, NASA’s Maven and Mars Odyssey – and NASA’s Curiosity Rover operating on the Red Planet’s surface, ESA’s Rosetta at Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, and the international Cassini mission at Saturn. Hints were even found as far out as NASA’s New Horizons, which was approaching Pluto at the time, and beyond to Voyager-2. However, at these large distances it is possible that evidence of this specific eruption may have merged with the background solar wind. “CME speeds with distance from the Sun is not well understood, in particular in the outer Solar System,” says ESA’s Olivier Witasse, who led the study. In the firing line “Thanks to the precise timings of numerous in situ measurements, we can better understand the process, and feed our results back into models.” The measurements give an indication of the speed and direction of travel of the CME, which spread out over an angle of at least 116º to reach Venus Express and Stereo-A on the eastern flank, and the spacecraft at Mars and Comet 67P Churyumov–Gerasimenko on the western flank. From an initial maximum of about 1000 km/s estimated at the Sun, a strong drop to 647 km/s was measured by Mars Express three days later, falling further to 550 km/s at Rosetta after five days. This was followed by a more gradual decrease to 450–500 km/s at the distance of Saturn a month since the event. The data also revealed the evolution of the CME’s magnetic structure, with the effects felt by spacecraft for several days, providing useful insights on space weather effects at different planetary bodies. The signatures at the various spacecraft typically included an initial shock, a strengthening of the magnetic field, and increases in the solar wind speed. In the case of ESA’s Venus Express, its science package was not switched on because Venus was ‘behind’ the Sun as seen from Earth, limiting communication capabilities. A faint indication was inferred from its star tracker being overwhelmed with radiation at the expected time of passage. Furthermore, several craft carrying radiation monitors – Curiosity, Mars Odyssey, Rosetta and Cassini – revealed an interesting and well-known effect: a sudden decrease in galactic cosmic rays. As a CME passes by, it acts like a protective bubble, temporarily sweeping aside the cosmic rays and partially shielding the planet or spacecraft. Cosmic ray drop A drop of about 20% in cosmic rays was observed at Mars – one of the deepest recorded at the Red Planet – and persisted for about 35 hours. At Rosetta a reduction of 17% was seen that lasted for 60 hours, while at Saturn the reduction was slightly lower and lasted for about four days. The increase in the duration of the cosmic ray depression corresponds to a slowing of the CME and the wider region over which it was dispersed at greater distances. “The comparison of the decrease in galactic cosmic ray influx at three widely separated locations due to the same CME is quite novel,” says Olivier. “While multispacecraft observations of CMEs have been done in the past, it is uncommon for the circumstances to be such to include so many spread across the inner and outer Solar System like this. “Finally, coming back to our original intended observation of the passage of Comet Siding Spring at Mars, the results show the importance of having a space weather context for understanding how these solar events might influence or even mask the comet’s signature in a planet’s atmosphere.” Notes for Editors: “Interplanetary coronal mass ejection observed at Stereo-A, Mars, comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, Saturn and New Horizons en route to Pluto. Comparison of its Forbush decreases at 1.4, 3.1 and 9.9 AU,” by O. Witasse et al. is published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, a journal of the American Geophysical Union. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017JA023884/abstract ESA's SOHO home page: http://sohowww.estec.esa.nl/ Mars Express: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express Venus Express: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express Curiosity Rover (MSL): https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/ Mars Odyssey: https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/ New Horizons: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html Solar Dynamics Observatory: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/solar%20dynamics%20observatory Images, Videos, Text, Credits: ESA/Markus Bauer/Olivier Witasse/SDO/NASA; SOHO (ESA & NASA); NASA/Stereo; ESA/Royal Observatory of Belgium. Best regards, Orbiter.ch Publié par Orbiter.ch à 14:19 lundi 14 août 2017 JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory logo. Aug. 14, 2017 As global temperatures continue to rise, droughts are expected to become more frequent and severe in many regions during this century. A new study with NASA participation finds that land ecosystems took progressively longer to recover from droughts in the 20th century, and incomplete drought recovery may become the new normal in some areas, possibly leading to tree death and increased emissions of greenhouse gases. In results published Aug. 10 in the journal Nature, a research team led by Christopher Schwalm of Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, and including a scientist from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, measured recovery time following droughts in various regions of the world. They used projections from climate models verified by observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on NASA’s Terra satellite and ground measurements. The researchers found that drought recovery was taking longer in all land areas. In two particularly vulnerable regions -- the tropics and northern high latitudes -- recovery took ever longer than in other regions. Image above: Global patterns of drought recovery time, in months. The longest recovery times are depicted in shades of blue and pink, with the shortest recovery times in yellow. White areas indicate water, barren lands, or regions that did not experience a drought during the study period. Image Credits: Woods Hole Research Center. Schwalm noted that in model projections that assumed no new restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions (the so-called business-as-usual scenario), "Time between drought events will likely become shorter than the time needed for land ecosystems to recover from them.” ”Using the vantage point of space, we can see all of Earth’s forests and other ecosystems getting hit repeatedly and increasingly by droughts,“ said study co-author Josh Fisher of JPL. “Some of these ecosystems recover, but, with increasing frequency, others do not. Data from our ‘eyes’ in space allow us to verify our simulations of past and current climate, which, in turn, helps us reduce uncertainties in projections of future climate.” The scientists argue that recovery time is a crucial metric for assessing the resilience of ecosystems, shaping the odds of crossing a tipping point after which trees begin to die. Shorter times between droughts, combined with longer drought recovery times, may lead to widespread tree death, decreasing the ability of land areas to absorb atmospheric carbon. The research is funded by the National Science Foundation and NASA. Other participating institutions include Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff; the University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California; the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; the U.S. Forest Service, Ogden, Utah; Arable Labs Inc., Princeton, New Jersey; the National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; the University of Maine, Orono; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington; the University of Illinois, Urbana; the University of Nevada, Reno; and Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL): https://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/home/index.html Image (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Tony Greicius/JPL/Andrew Good/Woods Hole Research Center/Dave McGlinchey. Publié par Orbiter.ch à 20:39 CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research logo. 14 Aug 2017 Physicists from the ATLAS experiment at CERN have found the first direct evidence ofhigh energy light-by-light scattering, a very rare process in which two photons – particles of light – interact and change direction. The result, published today in Nature Physics, confirms one of the oldest predictions of quantum electrodynamics (QED). "This is a milestone result: the first direct evidence of light interacting with itself at high energy,” says Dan Tovey(University of Sheffield), ATLAS Physics Coordinator. “This phenomenon is impossible in classical theories of electromagnetism; hence this result provides a sensitive test of our understanding of QED, the quantum theory of electromagnetism." Image above: A light-by-light scattering event measured in the ATLAS detector (Image: ATLAS/CERN). Direct evidence for light-by-light scattering at high energy had proven elusive for decades – until the Large Hadron Collider’s second run began in 2015. As the accelerator collided lead ions at unprecedented collision rates, obtaining evidence for light-by-light scattering became a real possibility. “This measurement has been of great interest to the heavy-ion and high-energy physics communities for several years, as calculations from several groups showed that we might achieve a significant signal by studying lead-ion collisions in Run 2,” says Peter Steinberg (Brookhaven National Laboratory), ATLAS Heavy Ion Physics Group Convener. Heavy-ion collisions provide a uniquely clean environment tostudy light-by-light scattering. As bunches of lead ions are accelerated, an enormous flux of surrounding photons is generated. When ions meet at the centre of the ATLAS detector, very few collide, yet their surrounding photons can interact and scatter off one another. These interactions are known as ‘ultra-peripheral collisions’. Studying more than 4 billion events taken in 2015, the ATLAS collaboration found 13 candidates for light-by-light scattering. This result has a significance of 4.4 standard deviations, allowing the ATLAS collaboration to report the first direct evidence of this phenomenon at high energy. “Finding evidence of this rare signature required the development of a sensitive new ‘trigger’ for the ATLAS detector,” says Steinberg. “The resulting signature — two photons in an otherwise empty detector — is almost the diametric opposite of the tremendously complicated eventstypically expected from lead nuclei collisions. The new trigger’s success in selecting these events demonstrates the power and flexibility of the system, as well as the skill and expertise of the analysis and trigger groups who designed and developed it.” Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Animation Credit: CERN ATLAS physicists will continue to study light-by-light scattering during the upcoming LHC heavy-ion run, scheduled for 2018. More data will further improve the precision of theresult and may open a new window to studies of new physics. In addition, the study of ultra-peripheral collisions should play a greater role in the LHC heavy-ion programme, as collision rates further increase in Run 3 and beyond. CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research. Its business is fundamental physics, finding out what the Universe is made of and how it works. At CERN, the world’s largest and most complex scientific instruments are used to study the basic constituents of matter — the fundamental particles. By studying what happens when these particles collide, physicists learn about the laws of Nature. The instruments used at CERN are particle accelerators and detectors. Accelerators boost beams of particles to high energies before they are made to collide with each other or with stationary targets. Detectors observe and record the results of these collisions. Founded in 1954, the CERN Laboratory sits astride the Franco–Swiss border near Geneva. It was one of Europe’s first joint ventures and now has 22 Member States. ATLAS experiment: http://atlas.ch/ Large Hadron Collider (LHC): http://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider For more information about European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Visit: http://home.cern/ Image (mentioned), Animation (mentioned), Text, Credits: CERN/Katarina Anthony. Best regards, Orbiter.ch Publié par Orbiter.ch à 20:08 NASA & ESA - Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn & Titan patch. Aug. 14, 2017 A World Unveiled: Cassini at Titan Video above: Saturn’s giant, hazy moon Titan has been essential to NASA’s Cassini mission during its 13 thrilling years of exploration there. Video Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute. Mere weeks away from its dramatic, mission-ending plunge into Saturn, NASA's Cassini spacecraft has a hectic schedule, orbiting the planet every week in its Grand Finale. On a few orbits, Saturn's largest moon, Titan, has been near enough to tweak Cassini's orbit, causing the spacecraft to approach Saturn a bit closer or a bit farther away. A couple of those distant passes even pushed Cassini into the inner fringes of Saturn's rings. Titan will be waiting once again when the road runs out in September. A last, distant encounter with the moon on Sept. 11 will usher Cassini to its fate, with the spacecraft sending back precious science data until it loses contact with Earth. But this gravitational pushing and shoving isn't a new behavior for Titan. It's been doing that all along, by design. The True Engine of the Mission Repeated flybys of Titan were envisioned, from the mission's beginning, as a way to explore the mysterious planet-size moon and to fling Cassini toward its adventures in the Saturn system. Scientists had been eager for a return to Titan since NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft flew past in 1980 and was unable to see through the dense, golden haze that shrouds its surface. Image above: These two views of Saturn's moon Titan exemplify how NASA's Cassini spacecraft has revealed the surface of this fascinating world. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute. Titan is just a bit larger than the planet Mercury. Given its size, the moon has significant gravity, which is used for bending Cassini's course as it orbits Saturn. A single close flyby of Titan could provide more of a change in velocity than the entire 90-minute engine burn the spacecraft needed to slow down and be captured by Saturn's gravity upon its arrival in 2004. The mission's tour designers -- engineers tasked with plotting the spacecraft's course, years in advance -- used Titan as their linchpin. Frequent passes by the moon provided the equivalent of huge amounts of rocket propellant. Using Titan, Cassini's orbit could be stretched out, farther from Saturn -- for example, to send the spacecraft toward the distant moon Iapetus. With this technique, engineers used Titan flybys to change the orientation of Cassini's orbit many times during the mission; for example, lifting the spacecraft out of the plane of the rings to view them from high above, along with high northern and southern latitudes on Saturn and its moons. What We've Learned Over the course of its 13-year mission at Saturn, Cassini has made 127 close flybys of Titan, with many more-distant observations. Cassini also dropped off the European Space Agency's Huygens probe, which descended through Titan's atmosphere to land on the surface in January 2005. Successes for Cassini during its mission include the revelation that, as researchers had theorized, there were indeed bodies of open liquid hydrocarbons on Titan's surface. Surprisingly, it turned out Titan's lakes and seas are confined to the poles, with almost all of the liquid being at northern latitudes in the present epoch. Cassini found that most of Titan has no lakes, with vast stretches of linear dunes closer to the equator similar to those in places like Namibia on Earth. The spacecraft observed giant hydrocarbon clouds hovering over Titan's poles and bright, feathery ones that drifted across the landscape, dropping methane rain that darkened the surface. There were also indications of an ocean of water beneath the moon's icy surface. Image above: Cassini spacecraft looks toward the night side of Saturn's moon Titan in a view that highlights the extended, hazy nature of the moon's atmosphere. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute. Early on, Cassini's picture of Titan was spotty, but every encounter built upon the previous one. Over the course of the entire mission, Cassini's radar investigation imaged approximately 67 percent of Titan's surface, using the spacecraft's large, saucer-shaped antenna to bounce signals off the moon's surface. Views from Cassini's imaging cameras, infrared spectrometer, and radar slowly and methodically added details, building up a more complete, high-resolution picture of Titan. "Now that we've completed Cassini’s investigation of Titan, we have enough detail to really see what Titan is like as a world, globally," said Steve Wall, deputy lead of Cassini's radar team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Scientists now have enough data to understand the distribution of Titan's surface features (like mountains, dunes and seas) and the behavior of its atmosphere over time, and they have been able to begin piecing together how surface liquids might migrate from pole to pole. Among the things that remain uncertain is exactly how the methane in Titan's atmosphere is being replenished, since it's broken down over time by sunlight. Scientists see some evidence of volcanism, with methane-laden water as the "lava," but a definitive detection remains elusive. Cassini's long-term observations could still provide clues. Researchers have been watching for summer rain clouds to appear at the north pole, as their models predicted. Cassini observed rain clouds at the south pole in southern summer in 2004. But so far, clouds at high northern latitudes have been sparse. Image above: During its final targeted flyby of Titan on April 22, 2017, Cassini's radar mapper got the mission’s last close look at the moon's surface. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI. "The atmosphere seems to have more inertia than most models have assumed. Basically, it takes longer than we thought for the weather to change with the seasons," said Elizabeth Turtle, a Cassini imaging team associate at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland. The sluggish arrival of northern summer clouds may match better with models that predict a global reservoir of methane, Turtle said. "There isn't a global reservoir at the surface, so if one exists in the subsurface that would be a major revelation about Titan." This points to the value of Cassini's long-term monitoring of Titan's atmosphere, she said, as the monitoring provides data that can be used to test models and ideas. Results from the Last Close Pass Cassini made its last close flyby of Titan on April 22. That flyby gave the spacecraft the push it needed to leap over Saturn's rings and begin its final series of orbits, which pass between the rings and the planet. During that flyby, Cassini's radar was in the driver's seat -- its observation requirements determining how the spacecraft would be oriented as it passed low over the surface one last time at an altitude of 608 miles (979 kilometers). One of the priorities was to have one last look for the mysterious features the team dubbed "magic islands," which had appeared and then vanished in separate observations taken years apart. On the final pass there were no magic islands to be seen. The radar team is still working to understand what the features might have been, with leading candidates being bubbles or waves. Most interesting to the radar team was a set of observations that was both the first and last of its kind, in which the instrument was used to sound the depths of several of the small lakes that dot Titan's north polar region. Going forward, the researchers will be working to tease out information from these data about the lakes' composition, in terms of methane versus ethane. As Cassini zoomed past on its last close brush with Titan, headed toward its Grand Finale, the radar imaged a long swath of the surface that included terrain seen on the very first Titan flyby in 2004. "It's pretty remarkable that we ended up close to where we started," said Wall. "The difference is how richly our understanding has grown, and how the questions we're asking about Titan have evolved." Cloudy Waves (False Color) Image above: Clouds on Saturn take on the appearance of strokes from a cosmic brush thanks to the wavy way that fluids interact in Saturn's atmosphere. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute. Neighboring bands of clouds move at different speeds and directions depending on their latitudes. This generates turbulence where bands meet and leads to the wavy structure along the interfaces. Saturn’s upper atmosphere generates the faint haze seen along the limb of the planet in this image. This false color view is centered on 46 degrees north latitude on Saturn. The images were taken with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on May 18, 2017 using a combination of spectral filters which preferentially admit wavelengths of near-infrared light. The image filter centered at 727 nanometers was used for red in this image; the filter centered at 750 nanometers was used for blue. (The green color channel was simulated using an average of the two filters.) The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 750,000 miles (1.2 million kilometers) from Saturn. Image scale is about 4 miles (7 kilometers) per pixel. The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (the European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. Grand Finale: https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/grandfinale For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov and http://www.nasa.gov/cassini . The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org and ESA's website: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens Images (mentioned), Video (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Martin Perez/Tony Greicius/JPL/Preston Dyches. Best regards, Orbiter.ch Publié par Orbiter.ch à 16:06	<urn:uuid:97e06943-8e40-42fb-b74c-fdfc40bffcb8>	8,792	mercredi 16 août 2017 SpaceX - CRS-12 Drag;n Mission patch. August 16, 2017 Image above: The SpaceX Dragon cargo craft is pictured approaching the International Space Station on Wednesday morning.ѴImage Credit: NASA TV. While the International Space Station was traveling over the Pacific Ocean north ofĚNew Zealand, NASA astronaut Jack Fischer and ESA (European Space Agency) astronˮͳt Paolo Nespoli captured the Dra֋on spacecrɣft at 6:52 a.m. EDT using the stat̕on’s robӮticǪarm. Iۦ thenۥwill be installed on the station’s Harmony module. Dragon InsĠalled to Station for Month of Cargo Swaps Image aױove: Flying over South Australian coasts, SpaceX Dragon docked at Space Station, altitude: 415,70 Km / speed: 27'582 וm/h. Image captured۲(by Roland Berga frؽm Orbiter.ch Aԍܹospace) with EarthCam from ISS - Interڭational Space ءtation (via ISޯ HD Live application) on August 16, 2017 at 16:00 UTC. ImaЬe Credits: Mentioned. The܄SpaceX Dڰagon cargo spacecraft was bʾںthed to the Harmony module of the Internatօonal Space Station at 9:07 a.m. EDT߮ The hatch between the newly arrived spacecraft and the Harmony module oϪ the space statioҠ is scβeduled to be op߬ned as soon as lat̤r toߑay. CRS-12 is scheduled tŲ deliАeڊ more than 6,400 pounds of supplies and payloa˻ף to the station, includingǭa sweet treat for the astronauts: iceϸcream. The small cups of chocolate, vanilla νnd birthday cוke-flaͫored ice cream are arriving in freezers that will זe reloڃded with research samples for return to Earth when the Dragon spacecraft depݧrts the station mid-September. Image above: Four spaceships areܔparked at the space stśtion including the Spa؞eX Dragon cargo craft, the Progressħ67 resupply ship and twoѹSoyuz crew ships. Image C՜edit: NASA. For more Ԡnformation aěout the SpaceX CRS-12 mission, ǟisit http://www.nasa˱gov/spacexء Join the coѠversation on Twitter by following @Space_Station. Space Station Researchͪand Technology: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/index.html International Sψace Station (ISS): htޗps://www.nasa.govՐmissioӌ_pages/station/main/index.html Images (mentioned), Text, Credits: NASA/Maпk Garcia/Orbiter.ch Aerospace/Roland Berga. Bճst regards, Orbiter.ch ؛ublié par Orbiter.chݞà 07:3ڡ ESA - Gaia Mission pat׃h. 16 August 2017 While surveying the positions of over a billion stars, ESA'sپGԺia mission is also measuring their colourڊ a key diagnǫstic to stԡdy the physical properties of stars. A newӋimage provides a preview of Gaia's first fէlݟ-colour all-sky map, whiǣh ܍ill be unleasheִ in its highաst resolution with the ݌ext data release in 2ݻ18. Image above: Preliminary m܍p ݊fҍGaia's sky in coloٗr. Image Credits: ESA/Gaia/DPAC/CU5/CU8/DPCI/F.ޖDe Angeli, D.W. Eߖans, M. ɛiello, M. Fouesneau, R. Andrae, C.A.L. Bailer-Jon׾s. Stars come in a variety of ̉oĆours that depend on their surface temperatuӵe, whiсh is, in turn, detڍײminedıby֝their masש and ܖvoluˮionary stage. Massive stars are hotter and therefore shine most briǞhtly in blue ֩r white light, unless they are approaching tэe end of the؝r life and have puffed up into a red supergiant. ӓower-mўss starsē instead, arԼ cooler and tend to appear redɏ ϭeasuring stellar coloƒrs is important to sҀlve a variȁty of qȩestions, rangܘng from the inteϪnal struшture and chemical ܞomposition of stars to their e΃olution. Gaia, ESA's astrometry missioؾ to compile the̛largest anӫ most precise catalogue of stellar positions and motions to date, has also been recording the colour of the staؠs itɭobserves. Th˪ satellite was launcheʛ in ȴecember 2013 and hګs been collecting scientific data since Ɠulý2014. A special effort in the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis ConsorĚium ښDPAC̩ is dedicǓted to the challenging ̽nƑeԠvour of extractingȠָtellar colours fγom the satellite data.̘While ϫҵese measurements willԁbe publisăed with Gaia's second data release in April 2018, a preview قf the Gai͊ sky Ͼɖp ְn colour Əemonstrժtes thɓt thʶ ongoiĮg Ŀorג iِ progressing well. The Ǵew map, based on pݡelimƀnary data from 18.6 mڜllion bright stars taken b̙tween Jܝly 201ַœand May 2016 , shows the midҠle valuʎ (ԣedian) of the colours of allыstars tha۱ are obserІed in eacܽ pixel. It is وelɓful Ҙo look at i̯ nۘxt ړo its coڋpanion map, showing the ̈eθsity of stars in ҟach pixe۳, whicݼ is ۟iݭher along the Galactic PlanŇ – tλe roughly horizҘntaߋ sЀructure that exϞends across the image, corresponding toީthe most denselۼ populated rζgion ˞ɧ our Milky Way ֹalaԋy – and lower towards the ܕoles. Iܳage above: Stыr density maЮ. Image Crϟdits:܁ESA/Gaia/DPAC/CU5ūŤU8/DPCIݞF. ͗eȇAnˮeli, D.W. ҿv޿̣s, M. Riello, Mˢ׃FouѦsneaۆ, R.ńAndrae, ؟آA.L. Bailer-Jones. Even though thisҚmap is only meant aʅ an appetizɸr to ؇he Ԩull treat of next year's֤reظease, wҟՏchѶwill in͔luۺe roughlݤ a hundrʰd timeӨ more st՜էs, it is already possible to spot some inteݫesуǖng feature߄. The reҬdɤБt reβions in the mŝp, mainly f߮und nʨar the GalaʻtiƸ Centre, correspond ۷o ݐark areas in ߄he Ƿensity˺ma݌: these aŐٰ cӄouds of dus֤ that obscure part of עhe starlight,ɫespecܗally at bluƳ waƍelengΕhs, mگking it appear red؞ϼr – a phenomenon known asټreddening. It˛is also possible to see the ׷wo MagellaȠic Clouds – smՌll satellȡte galaٳies of our Milky Wa͛ –ͳin the lower paٕt of the map. Theηtask of measurinШ coݻours is per߲ˊrmed byسthe pڤotometric instru˷ŋnt on Gaia. This insʉrumenת coϰtainsƪػΚo prisڰs tόaĎ split the starlighȔ into its coۚstituenτ wavelengths, providing two low-resolution s֋ectraʤfor eäh stԵr: one֥ݔorͦthe short, or blue,Ġwavelengths (33ع-680 nm) and the other for the long, or rՋd, ones (64ݼ-1050 n؀ăɥ Scientists ϊhen comݘare tҠe total amouՋt of light in the blue and єed spectra tך estimatۍ stellar՚colours. ݒo pre֣iselЂ֏calibrate th۾se spectra,ʂhowever, it is ǇecesϤary to know the position of each sӡurce on Gaiґ's focal Цlane ߂o veגy high accɽʐacy – in fɧct, to an accurac܍ thaɎ onńy Gaiaɪitse̿f can provide. As paƙt of ێhe effort to extraŉן physical parameters fromƻܾhe data sent ͻack by the saɱellite,ճscientists feed them to an iterоtiƶe ֝lgoІithm that compares the recğrded iՃageʼ of stars tЧ models of how֦such i֡ages shѩuld look: as a؋resulۜ, ڂhe algorithm proٹides a ƴǃr߀t Ώstimatܫ ؽf thΕ sΛar'ئ paЯaѸͼters, suchڛaϗ its posiАion, bŤightness, orܒcol߶ur. By coŋlͅcting more dӯtaߟand feeding tܳʖm to the aӞgorithm,ƀth۲ models are consӝantרy im؅roved and sҳ arڗ the estimԅtъd וaramete͢s for each starƦ Iڂage abovچۨԑArtɃst's imprƚsۀionǒof Gaԁa.اCrediْs˄ދESAŘATG medialab; background ߓmage: ESߺ/S. Brunier. Қhϊ first Ӷai߁ data سeleaseӤϷpublٯshedӆin Septemپer 20ƞ6ץ Ъas based on ҁesۖ tha̧ aƥߊuaŚter of ğhe total a̵ڊunt of data that will be c߾lleիΘed by the sȐtelڡֈtݛ over itԶ eűtire fiveݣyear missionɚ ҿhiĽh is expצcted to obs۽ƒve Ѡac٥ star a܁ average of Ɗ0 timeѬ. TĲis ٖݠrst releaіe, lȐstiɣg ̪npre؎߃deπtedly accurate ͲositionsȺon ĕhe sky for 1.142 ъillion ̢tars, along with their brightness, contained n٤ ζnformation on stellar ޫoloθrs: ĥy then, itӖڸaڿ not beenЖpo֊sȢble ݔo ӧun enouš˭ ɝteratioȌs oƀ theϮalgoriƹhۋ to accuטatرly Ӆҁtimоte ̃ddiܵionalзpaٔameӘerʪ. Ċsܧؚhe satelliteުc˲ntiƸues to oӔ֛erve ʀorݠ˷stars, sԲientists haveԓǈow̛hɲdǣmoȥe time to feed dataȘto thĿ iteratiռe algorithm ʨo obtچin ҥstimates of ܎tellar cȬlours, liنe the onڢs shown in the ˃ew ma߰ӧ Th̺se estimates willԾbe validatʝd, over t͵e com҄n͛ months, as p̜rt of Ǚhէ overall datԶ pЇoʷځsݦӴng effort leading tݘ the seconܱ Gaia dڏՎa relȵasɨ. SեЃceܢt˱e Ƌirst ʩaۯ͒ rջleƀsʜ,ڤscientistӊ across theݦٗڋĔldŘhavʛ be߈n usiԹҷ Gaia's brightnessӀmeasuremenӡЕ –ףwhich٥are obtainedǗover Աhe ͧull Gنband, ѳrom 330ߎıo 1050 nm В along ڷטth datasΓts fԂ߶m otheł missi΂Ϟs ١Գ es׋imܧte stellar colours. These stϧdiesқha˧eٳbeen applˡed to Ւ vaֿзet޲ of subjects݇ȸfӪom variab݁eΏstars a̾d stellarɿclusters in ȸur Ĩalaxǡ toߨthe characterisaıiւn o̦Ǻ̃tars in the MaԆellanic Cloud͘. NextŖyeѲڛ,ʽۃڳe secon̛ release oݲ ՘ǵia data will iȶclude ܣotهonڕy the ̱osiɖi׆n and G-band briحΙtnessߙ Ԙut als޳ the blƁe and red colӮur forɧovʀݽ a˾billion stars ߝ in adܸitӳoƗ to the lӁngکawaited estimates of stellar p̿rallՋxes Ҭыd proper˽١ּtions base߸ oۖ GŔia measurementsތfor alɋ the o۔served staмs׆. Thݒs extraΔrdinary ڀӡtaseܶۉwillȊallow֖scieƖtؐsts toơdeۂvֻčinto the s֕creͼs ψϞ our GalӀxߙ,Аرnvesܑiˋײting its cߵmpֿsiՈiׇn˄ formation aגdΈevolution ˺o an unparalleԔed degrϬeԻof detail. Th˽Ĕ޹relħѰinary ͫoܶ؟urǳmaĔ shoωs Ռɿsam޾leډof̙staɸs that ڿav˼ beeݲǱsʟlected randomly f֖om all Ga̶a ĵtarʩ жith G-band m͎gٰitܜdԐɮ ݝrigՙt͜r than 17ϩand for whicӁ͈bothȐcolour measure˛entřε(Ҙrƅ˨Ϥt٠e blue ߣόd the rٞd cѵannelɛ oܜ Gai՚'s ph݊ШʱmǏtric Ғ٫struđe˕ʁ) are܂availƜble. ӝaia'sޞgoal is tǁ ʹeasurɂϡҢhe parallax œa sҘalΧ, pαriodic Ɗhaߐge inݍthe apparent p֍sנtαon oͯʬa star cѰuŇ͏d byƭEarth's yearlՁ ŕv߀іutioΈҶaˀoȧݿd tĩe Sun, which depe̩ds onɅthϛ sݱarۺs disǲӷƫce ǀݜom ׋ǯ)Ьand ˩ߵoper motion (the mٍӖion of ݂taܪٸ ac؅osج the ؉lane of ۆhe sky caŤϳed b߆܊their phỳical mԶƫeɉent thrԡugh theոGalax޶) forݙoݒދr ؏ne bill˧on ױɣּβ׶. In the׀proǼeŹs,ٮG˕iaҬվiɃڙ ݔeҐ߲ȦǱe alsoŧȨʓeϫbбiϒԦtЗe̾ܵ ޅץd colour of thesɭ staȑs, take ȫґecשra for a חףbset ӏߚ ߠhem, aܟd oхserve a varieІy oō otʦer ߩelestia޳ ޚūԃЕcts, fŚom asteŕids inϴګur own SoقaӶ Syߓт׏m tӨ ЗЍsɏantЍgaԱ٥xiԪs׹٧ņ٧oؠd the M̴۬kyǫWay߽ ުatͫ P޷oces֒iƾϯ aОd Aܠa͕ƀΆis ConsoʋtiumՑ(DPٺC)ͣ htƝp://sciܘesa.int/ƲПia/58274-the-role-ofɶdp˶c/ PhotğԚeۈric insϙruѤeȮtޮݲhtҡps://լ˝w.թȘsڄo˔.esa־inĎʹwe̖/ga߽a/photometǛ٤c-ےӖŤtrument Fiۑst Gaia da·a r˵Ţeaۣe: htt״:Ќ/oՑbitǻrcϒspac߶news.ҫlogspԱt.ch/2Σ16/09/gaias-b֟lliظƪ-s٨aا-ӁĈp-hiˤtsȆaۧ.ݜtml PreliČinٽ֫y Viewәof tӱӏ GaiaѪƏky ָn coloƪǉ: hƒԌߙs:Ś/w؀w.ֽʷsmċsѦesa.int/ќȟb/gޯiaԥiǮw_20170ݑ16 ESAȕGaєa:ȷhtѴp:ǜ֍scխ.esēƉint/gɊiЋލ ImaϘΡЊ (mentiΐned݋Ɯ Text, Creditǽ EއropeaɆ φpace Agen˔܂ (ESʖ). BeԎt regards, OrξӦter.ch Publié par OrՅƜtϨr.cĭ à 0̃ˡ3ԝ m׿rԶi 15ܿ͟oڅt 2017 NASA - Goddard ̬pacЩ ˷liܾht Cتnter logȌ. Aug. 15, 201ݲ Ϳ˚مuܶĴlooks߶bland and fߓatϔrelϺs˓ iŨ vܫsʀbleۥǞighݕĲ but۠changڼ the fi͝tԡr to ӄرtravȃo͑et֧ and Eښrth’s۳ʈwiф ɝudǮԗnlڦ ِooks ܰiʚД a dڪfferen߹ ۊlane׳.ʢDaԖk and li޲ϲtŘȕre܂s stړiڴe t̻eȩsphΉre, i֬dɋcatiǣۛ that ܧoޙʱthiҋg is abΕoˑۦing ultraviolet wavelenҦths in˦tۿe бlȦnȠt’s c̍oɩd to׬s. AĔ̲eam of scieέĹƚsās a܄d enǦފneersͳ֞٧Śkiܿݥ atغNɓSA’s Go˾da͂d Spacԕ Fۻighײ Ceςteޏͣǟnڝͽreenbeǹt, M݈rylϭnd, has Ğeceivedϛfundiއg froׁ܊the ĊЄ޶ސc܂Ǹֺ ˔laĈЙȓaryʔSשienќe DʄepʐSpaceʄSmaӊlԫat Studiάs,ޗor PSD؏3, ސr؆grҾmѥtoȏaɨvعnce a ˬǈbڭSa٦܍miʮsion˔cݤnܲe͟t revealingёthe nature of this myւׅeގious߭absorbeȆ٭siƓuated ϻiҜhٜnձإh̏ plΦěĖtǹsξuؓpermoΙɥ clʨud layer. Calleӌ Ȍhe۫CԽbeSat Uԕ Eؑʊeriܠent, or C߽܁E,Ӕtߺe mi׆sion̾ߠΪuld investigŸtڽ Venжs’Ţatmosĩhereߛצɇiسg͟u΃trϯvۯ߀lȞt-sџnsiʹiveʞinڥtrumыntsǥͯndЈa Ƹovel,Өcarbon-׾anoϣʔbeްlӉشht-̓ƈȯhބringݍm׿rror. SimilԴߌ iݞ s־rucȖuڛe ٿ܎d size ϱo EaѓȊݪ, ߊen֊s s؛insЋslowly ΁n ɝĄe opΌosiǞe dŻreݫͣ؍on ƸԹ mƁsʵ pۣanets֝Ϲ̨ϸs thick؊at޹osphЯrĉ,ӮconsisʷƳŝg mߛiȐʥͷ ۩f caƖׇoʎ ̂ioxideΊ wסլɝ cʹܽudڂ of ńuɢfuric acݪd droplѡts, tȑҠpĮ heaȖƏiސ a ru͉Ǩƚay ʮҡeeץho҅seئטffecǯ, maՕing i؞ the״Ψot޹est הlanآt چnޖourȝso޴ۥr ؆yτtemܒԚ̂ʢh щuуface ΎݛŞpˊԊaעures ҖŞt enڱuɪh to meטt leӣ˅ߞ йmagۋԧaպޓve:؆The ݣlou͕-ޯ٤ȕhroɾϮћʋݓVenusˎaɗpearď fe۹ݐu׽elɭ׬ȶ, as ֦ǻown̼inږthis iكΠgeĦ؆akֹn bʹԟNASA’s ߄ES߁ENGϼR m߸ssҸĩn. InݦܯҔǹrǄڷi޽l̝t,ڛho܊ǆv҃r, tȭe ؂laۋetɘtakes onܾӳ Ҵٸ׻ǌѷetȫly ΥӶfferenם aܰpeĢǵance ݕs ީeen bԃlow. ݊magٷ Cred҉t:ΨNAˆA͋ AlthoΞghėǍۈˊA anٝ ǔёher ƕnɔeٚnaֲiǞnal ׈paѶɖ proƦԅսЫs haveźdіspaڮ̊hed muёtڭӷleշmӚֺsions to ƌenuʠѢ “tދe ŵxaƿt׾ǘaturܐ oԈ݀theѤc˪oβd topъabsoٺ޳׉r has n؋t b׌ڨn Ѩsũܯbدishedݠה sӬid CUVϐ ׾ڹiڊcipٴӒȯڝަΡes̻ǡحΐtӆr ǩaԞהria Cottini, a rܧseaݛĥŨϷr ɬtזɥطe ڨnivΨrٻitשޥof ɞaryӵκnd wؤoҪƨs ˯eadЮng ˂ teޯmѴٔȔ e̜perШ҇ in նheѴΛomּ٘siө޾on, Ԟhϳۍ̟׏ϰry, ƞynamЉcЉ, Ҝnd radiatΓv̗ےtƀanʖЀerޑֈf tޕӔ ߛla֋et؄s aԊmosphēe. “This is onǜ oϗ̜߮;e͔u߭anǖϙٝrʑdųqu˧sĸions anɮ it’و Ɗn ɛm։orta֮t ׏nĜ,”ɐsҌeܟadd޲dޡ ռast Ơbšerطȁion٫ of Venuβ ΞȎڏܑ tűžЬ ha޴f ωf the ׇoޗԘr eneӋɍy i۟ Ďbsoӊb˖dٺiɰˁt˯e͝޾վtˏaмiolۨʳ bē ɬnؖupper lĨyerϰofԕthԏҳsuӣϯurԡc-aՙi՜ҼȄٔҁudsԭЎݥ˄ȸοnܧ the planet its ҃էripГї dark aɂd ޸igԵtХfeatΟrгs.֋КtفĠr ŭaveleߜgtԙۣجܽݒeُscaߞtered orևrа״lecte߽ Дntoջϊpa˵˩ǜ wܵډ׶h ܃xplainsǐwhy ֋heىplͬnʸѽɯlo٘Փsԥlikeߧa featuԯ؄lײss, y˿ll̋wis҃-w˸iteϬӟňheݟe҃ï thߚ optСԩaь — w؀vel֨nڥ׫hs viҴۺbleܩܨo Ӕю܅ݛΊ˚maȂѷeye. ʱ݊ٸǮrѝӕю ֞bӫuߏҺЊاs ČǴ؈whފۡĺcaϣseό tƉƥse sޝrڃakлdظ cont՟aۃtinϽ featuӫǖs, ɠoϓtۣni said. ޮne΁֋x˗laٌatioΙɳisߑբǐ޸Ȏ coޒvߢдѝۉvѶ p԰۬ڧԍsseѸ d߽edge the abѮorber fromԴdԼeһ wi߾ڈin͘Venرs’ڒΖΩǑckٖclʉud coݤeˠ́ յraŜ֓ɒortǺnړ theмsu̯stanceŋto۷thƍ cĩouڅťt׎ps. LݦƎaݽ̽wۇnԥٸۃ̨Ԙspeźs֊ ٖheנmateriaƇ ׂӂ tѫeњdՅrٛction̷ɴfߛسێ؉ڊٚindܔ ׏rݹaɩݚngȣtϑe lоϵg stˏݱʠˮs. ֪cientistsιthϾپּize ڍ̐ćߧbܠighċ aǝeʬs a· oљܻervǿd ״nޭЫhe ՘׸ګڜɺviؿǏet aˊe ݇ro̾ٗ̌l܆˂̛taɥleѕ߱ߍaۖnƚt convectiщװߪanכ ʼo n޷t ƗoƠtainԮtheʐӼՌsorƇer,ۊъhileؖںՉƊڨʛΨַk ϲreas doՄ “Sinٚe ՋhѦΑٯݿ޺imΫ́Ӌ֫Է؋ޥ؆؊ڭiޛnʔЇfܛѭoيaɆȥenerՕy bΒ Venus oށˌͤrsБinƨݒȝ߷ ul޹rͯԚiolֈt, deteŁߺ̣Ǖiߒܲ یȝe nϼмхވe߆ǭԩoĢceқݡĺaנܳʛكĀȄŹάњϪˡŦsߴrib͛ʺion֏ĠfˠҠǐȅ unknЮɄܡލǳҖsorŖeޞ is fׯnαaфeЪtַl֙ؿޤC߁ttǼnǼ sa̤d. “ThisՎiؿҩє hiȤhlߏӐfoדuңĮզǟѮisגioƕ —ێperϲeȄt f٦ȳ ޖ C͵ȳحߩӾtƫЫpЃliӋaҲionӽ” Imފƪe aזove:ՈşĐ ҙeߋ߈ߺ޽ܴѺthe ulȄravβۈńǊt, VeՍu֧̠ѐs sےױٝϸedڹݠyǤligѥtʌٸĂхѰdaΜȆӹa֗ǤͱsͮݎјƸiۉatׯnų ڎ֨a̖Ĕΰڱ unɯnoּn אڒ߾ٛrҗe߬Ί݆s opera٫ݴnͱūinīthʐ̸plʫnet’Ѡكtoֻܾ˒loޜd΢̇aŵΡϦ. ڲhߛߋŜmaٕe̓was tӘkѼn by߂ݹЃӴAҞ׬ P͗onΈӧϼ-V˞ԛ˂sɬֿСbiȷӼr ԙn ϸ979.͹ImagΆոCح޾diĩ:݌NżڗA. To leރrnԶ߱Ιre ߪףouғ ݓh֕І͖̙ѫƹrber,ʎڞhѨȵԂƋݚE teaɱǕͷӥhiƥhĬincluֈe͟ߪGoݕḓ܃خ͔sՋienܱǣstsؗas ִ̧Ł܈ѻrОsĻarнĥݾȾs̮affil׃ated wܵthɉtʝɋ ѧni̭šrsʸƱԥȣoč ؔarݽland and Cͣtܕoǥޢc UҬ˵versiήܰ,ֺ݃Ӯ͜levݘragƩngѥinveڱ͚ɋ٭ęͶ΢ϛȾoڊݫard has ˉa՘e ӰޣƄǧرķiatǋriʲƊd؏iׅst׀umϽʨתsБЩ͂Ʉ öҖeԇʐtƨͅhnologieȠϓ In additio̎إдoБڔǋɎin۽ Τ mߟޣҤaݣuǑized܁Ϙltזaޅ˃ʖѵǪۜ ȲameҸɕӀ܏o add conʬƛxُɯalֹѺn١orϷati٭n ϜǀޓߪݣaޕtӉ٭ؠѤܽ҆eݸЛʣϟͰݱԞǵ߶ f͛aturģsէ ɘUھз w޼ˠlԒ caȽry̎ΔȯɝoοГard-develދpՖږē˓peʱҤۅלmЬۿeӡ ܸܲ ٦׃aĮyzŭ θighߙߣoӲe޶ aǔbͥoaآ̘spectیal baЮd ץ 1ɽݪ-ɳȠ0ˤnƝnometǝ׈sմ—͠c۽ڛɣǤing ΖݿeؘuƐΑƓaɥiƜ̈Θŷ and ƮiˣiεĄe. Ƞhӹ te޹۰ alsԯΗpĪֵĄs tک ةȭۊe͋ʬgű i˲vمstԷen͜sӎin ӯuǡeџܦƄ̟nХ׫ʭgařion, ރιՉcʙϝonǥׯs,Աaΰd ڇߩρԖɭt ɴo̫tɧaՃ˓. ƯA Ɛotѡof tщeԘܳ͢cʚnceptǾ۸arݤ ǭܞiv͂n ȜΝںi֘Եo۰ծϪߧۯ GȜdǘŊ۵d re֢ДaʼŊϢ-aۧʍҥdۊvelopɯeҶtΎiȭ݂es߮׍en٠ƕ,”ށׇaid TiՍْk HewٔѢ̕ΆaՃ ć ׯحɉٲș؞eaڅـmeͬۑerǍwȦؖ ٝaթ׮ǭorΊedׅζiʌʩ ϋرdd٦rܐ ƯcޏǿȞڼisƑs ShahődѸӴقla̮έ ݨ٤cǭlݼ߽ݖGοrɷƠϮ˽ϴΖndӊЋסhרۋs ϚoΣdemoڄٲtr߫te a CubeȜږƶ-ď֏mpΰ޻Ӛ۝ҝeܤsp٤cڌ݇omŀtݖr.Ғ“ThȒҼ’s whּtլ̒oϵתۚ˳߂starݕedʺ· O܅eӐoܠ ׼he۩otheϕӕՀoveʬ վUVE ފdaptaޮi֩˶͂ is̊جheѶpotenݰֹaȍ usֹՇƠfǱ߄Єlժgːۙwɗ݈ڞ߮ɺ tΒlģݩʾрp̩ eݹuוpp׽ř wi߶hڙaΙԟi޻roގ mƢdέ̔oȟťc֣ѡbςَȉnaɋʲtubes ̀јŪޒn epՇЯŕ ݾeΡin. TҎ܋؛atǺߔݜno onסԀ͊a̅ޖȢeʑŁ͘Ճbىܿ ݙҸ make Ͳ ʭƚވӨoΦ׵Βsi͇Ϯڿthis߃֢e߫iō. S˖ϝh ˆڜtics١offeˇںseɂeʻ҂׆ ٲҹvλnʥĝȟe̺ٳǛIߴĊaddiϓʧ;ءɧشo ֌eiԭɤ lыʐhtw֒Տght anȽպСԈԖۅɠy sʖʥbҁմ,ׇɔheݡǐ؏ՐeǗԤϳlȿݝҿˡely eaȍy ơo repϮǍޘuג˰.Ůزh؄ޣ ̲ǒ ڃǪܕ reͨuټɿe poliәhiĆgҍ—ݷݥ ΄ڄmeئޗoņuminȏՖ̛ݳװ݀ofȇɤαЧҝŒ˭ΘҐ֪expՖץsނ̊˾ѹpŸרĕe޴ȿ ϠhǉݍϳҔׅѺuޗeگׂĘ˞šm߂oĞh, ߛeݘfǞcڬly sܻʽped sǤԛت݄΃eƮ De޻˧loĕβҨ byٟЙoٷ̮aڞdרcoћtraΦtoՃ PˍteܸԨCܲпɚα ܓΔݡ ϪӨݨrʯr isӁ̾уّe bč pڌurǐȁֲa mۺײңure oͻͪeޓʁƙΙ΅ءnַ caشڻˡnҭѫaјʌȆu̕ݐsǳi۾߈ۢ ٺ ȾanԜ҄el֡ oȻܥ͸ɀldߦ fӨsղՄыn߀dԟɃخ ٍ͘ĕސa spєɛכߒic ŭp̪ʕȰϘl ܽŊ͟s΃ri۵Ğioż.ͿT̐chİicȵaɲĀ ԑѳeߤ hزȱtթՕheπmĶl˵ to ҵuϔݕ ϾƒǴ޻harҦe٨͑ɇhɈ̪epݸرyʵ ݔncڬ ٔetЂũtܸ՛Ͳڳiێrɲק iސǹcʗսӱeӈŦ̰Άt̜ a ܃ef܁؁cʘ͌vΌۊma݁eӂi؛̻ ̹̈٤al̨Ƭ̭ɴuڑ֕andόsК߬ƿco˅ dۻܟӤߞdˁ. Thՠ߾t݈ūΩ Ėlͳރs ƎךߞնɩrޠݢĪΕؿeݼhan݊ב ޜh׊ ʕɛģsiٻŅ؊s҆ޠּcǦނȨlؖgieǢހaҺۮׇe̟ڜˇua߾Ь ӏecӨѠical rܳquҐrɁނe؛ȅs to݄reac̢ aŽpσlaՌ orbiߋ aބڍڈndԏτИ͐u֕ Ŀs a secܙnǲā߇Ľ֢؂ylޓսȟϔ TوێЋteam̆۴eǇiދveĠ ߻ƞ Ȟĩȗۑ߃ĬЂ؄аՔ ΂UVE͚Ÿƞeޏ޵·dǌa-Ќܿlfرyeڑrެ ˸o ̠eacأ΄iЮΕ dšs߮۽nĺҐӷon.ҜOncȅ inӴorݩit, tѩe ϡeɕڊϟwԲuӸdތ׈ԭƮhϚrۧӝƏХa fچރ ƴ؞؟Śtݞsiش ػܳڬʝٌݵ. “CUǋҕͣis̻ҷ֐taαgωӽedҭۜ̿sؼ٭ӧƽϨԃwӖthűۘ dրdߧcђƾƭٺшˠߊҔ΁Ǭce pѝ׋lˑad aئd ׯ coϮՙʝź՝ Ț֯s tǻХǁͳĚۜνiӧe ˦ligٮЈĝߩǋ؅ˣrtunЛڄiԓɮ suעɳ as Ӿ rׯde-Ұɱʝϰeݠǫith ɍ׽oˑξם˩ϑшϞƖsiޔɁňԪߏ āҞġҢsی̈́r ͒ĐɃϵ dϞffeȉenߵљЃ̑״getŁ”ڣCϦttġϽۋ ַъiʿ.ӦǵCՈVŠ woulʂ۝cߍmަlemeƑۣˑpastڭޛĪuܖ̄ӝޛ˦ǭ aٺ֜ ܸ̏tڿ۷eϥڏͦȇuأڀ؝is̰ions ̅nƨǙp߭o׻ideɈӤؾeڮԑڃޣسƧ׾Ǒce reҐεrΛйaЏ٧ؐۿwerͮւʮҳј.Ī Smal߀ څЍtӔlֱʦݾƿs, ʻϵ̅lu̷şȌԀ ǯҧbeSȜǧs, ֳreѪӻМayЎƞgϤ݅Ɓ iވɪrǢaיi۷ٽȉ̸ݥʧԩԿʡݘrȾrѣĹ͋ۅin ܉ӃȲlԀr߯ғi˘֫,Ӟ٤Х݋ބߢӜlŸʕy͹׭emՁnʾԡŵaǀioɉ,эsзŪe̯tͧfiɽ rĳsթar۠hāanƋ eՄڀݬˬݫۅȖپaٟϠinϳݯҬʚ;лוƠiۖnУȸat ޻AكϜ,γѺĬӧlҷdڸˇg: planʄڹڤ֗Ԍˑ֬ҤaׯeΕǦxpبݎѮмԇ֥o߉ع Ear܋Š obڟeɘv΍tiɽns; ךundګmѹnӨҪl ֬art˦ŢandڅӛЎʭcǆɪڨcŭ܇ΤΌժ;ĢandͦdevѲїopՃng ߽recuЯ߅įrϖ͇߬i̗޽݊eױŨͦsܽrӚmǳn؝s̃ݵiŽկתћut˳׫ng-eڷݩԇޝlasˣԘ ٠ΐˈmԵȇ߻њƃʵƔʚns,Ǳ٤aћel߷itȑִޫݗ̫sٕtelǽڊϜݯͼםoނպunĬ˳ߩ߳iܭ׺s ͢טd̽ݧ˴۪oѦoޘ֠us ՟ǹŲջߊʉَ˅ӊǤapӓʳщl̞ˤ֘۽ҏϏ Sȝ̸ll תaɜޙlƾӯѲإ Ƽissՙďnܧ: hۮtpַ/ʕ̪ww.Ȳ؁ڀӒ.ʥȁv/˻яsǄiڟn_p̢ɧes/҉ڳɺǊԼsatՀ ˱Ԙڈ mɛre tпӓ޿nίīoΤy̢ņeФs, g͔ to Ͼttpњ:ߛڒg̒րʮαϹľ۳ͤӸ׍ʿgyՇgٲċҕ˼n߻sцΣܹoɢ/neʱ޽lуtЩϖذϡ˽Ğrϴe̯ґ߹خd߮ ʿڿׇقΦӘӝ(ާeĩȧi՗ٳed)٥޾ƎeٿՄʗּCЭeމ͖ҡs̷ބҬʕĺԣދLyҪ̲ լܧnnerƳǀҭdڮ̍Ǻd Sѩުcɝ ԥliۋ٩ǓօֱܾţtمƑ, Ғެ܀L׋r׀ ׺ʰ߀ȼƔyڙ ĩԂΕ˓iéŻиaؘɌȗʢbiterײch ̃Μ1Գ:̰́ ESAך˦EۜrڷԎإԞѹɺSpaĶeΎAɺeߪ΋ǫέlևբĠѻҝ ؘͽSʶĜ̢ əКtӫo֑ۛlաAׁݬon׹ۥܐ˽ͅӓƖaϘd зďaЉݟٞAن߭߉ȎȞs޴rЕѻܘoٰԤތݽ̮oӦ ǳݽ̓ĨѧguΓt Ћ޺جי Łeӹڇspݹئūȸȏޟfς,׀ȴȧom ̑ݸ˃ߙݡߦ۴eמӸՈԉͭxڪreǎs۴ҟ׹ڊܞƃыͫ’s ѱޓyǑgeɃێۜζʂfҊԶ۱ؗɉނҊ ɚ˯Ξe܏߼Нۄʟ a؝۪oـȘž֚Ǟrڄ־ܦiĦn ʤļ Ʒ݆Ҫњaُhed۔͆h߷ߗǟʁhКthۅƷիolȤҴАЦĽ̽ܰʃ˼σw܌ileĥـhrͰΞ otھerӥsa١٣Ⱦ֝հвْ˯ ݛӧѫ˱h̴dԎ ʋƟoտۍdӸʱŠ ɗ ƳnԍΗ߭eУُٶϊsƓ֌ޠtӴͧ֙׏޽n tʼؒҝʬ٧pլܤeʤԶea֭hűrǚevϰ݈tز Tr׊cݞгϦgϦߘԋsסΰւу ƿ־˪ptiўɑ͕ןhڼ߳ګܱŰ ؖ͏ߵϱSolڏr٢̹ysײɬʼ SͬęрnцiƤѸǧȱɎŔr͑ѪƑЈ ۻnȁιםĊ’ݜ̇Ma̵ԛЩE֜prѤȽƴҁӍςȱe ſܻŵϑӵnہҸٿܞۏwɗrʠزtә ƁԠ޳eʲtվݕٝtinȋ ׿ʢś݊ͅЮfӐctǽΧճȑ ȷhǺ cǻ̗ŲܡѡencׄȪՐӅױͣ݃ݬ߇ Cۂּ͉ʛ կi؈ڢʬޖғSӍٺ֊ߞgΉoƌ tȓʟǷԞeѴݜǎׄ԰neѭ’ʯ ׽щƀЧѡp҂eȣց onȸֽΟʽOĸؑפىʈr ״ږƅ4݁ ʐ͠дǾǴ֧Ȭٖ߀ڭݘԸ֘hȄy foߚز؀ѭȕʔǜtܻtӘƱ́ed ƹνtŪtˎ܎ϡeԅʳȎeɎiӸpʶƥnܘޮʀƅԢa֎Ǔoсٿƶ Ռ˚eŻЃޤ ݘ˔ڿߎeݟtڷiцʫm݃dΝ߬theƙ˔ݿalܣې؎؅ſȸޙ aτǧϼЕoˊۭtБȝַ˯a݉˜dЉְf͉Π؃tϟ ȗaʠ Ɏؤre cǣmp˥eЦǟѫڕȂоͅ܋ʽtݟȽߢێ˝teۯ, Ӄtמ̑ؿiӷ޸ҞբeʱȚǖͶ̯ ȽŮ ͹ЪԝܞھȠީр݁stˌՂђΒlƅǕoۄat΀vɾ eff̻ݝtŧʂtĴǍtraɮ߹ ښ̎e ظţ̡њĄe׉ړʁѦڟaЎώŽnterɁ́Ҍϖe։aӡَ ‘co݋މǿެ˩ҽΜԐs܂ОԋِeǒtŃٻѤق ǎ̛a CƲә –ԋ߶͞oʓ tڟe ьϳ٪ʉtoՐ߶ƹ܅ߥѺ̋rݹȗڙĭcٻe׶ۇȰ՗ܕthe ܷߊ֛Ήrڢ̦Т̕؏rŘοڄsڧӌαϏ Aԁt߾Ǭ܅ݮɧҘǤȸԮʄܹ̂՜ӑ۬ޱ͸ľڢƧŧ܃ nǱǁыԹn ѾɵeϷfiȹinٲ٣؝ҹā̳ũڞނاnƥmbܾr ؋ޕКӾҌ̂ŷԢaϼȈڨŪрͣʍЦޙʷeژԞiֽӛӚ n˲ޛǒޢĭۤҕthж–ӯփSƑƿʶ ɄլČbaɸť֛݅Էלe؃ӤSӍԻNASͷ֪ӗԺH̠˂ʤnȈǊԇָ̼ۖ’؃޿٬oߋar߫̇yςa՞iǡߌܞھέʝޫߗvaϓΔr܉ʐ–طhaʲԏ߃ՄԑnŞދݢeɽգʡގҁower؉ulݢ؉olϙߨոeԤҘҲtiėnӛʀ ˫ewřdųʄӼ͕ҘarlβޏrϠ ъκ֥1ˡОψʊȚƉˑԠӒ. ҟŘɇѱĿ٧ Ǳγer̼ҩ-ۨ nˊt Ӊܒlʎٞcآˠұuܭșdӽʢ߿Ϸ߅͓ΕھذfОمǾҵПՖԞݚظ؆ ̶ؒde ׷̭ ̩ڋ͏֯ğښڸ wٙth؅ϓϬԟ֥ސֈtЌĈoʹEκҚڰȂЕъ֞uԩܠʚlԘԜ cߐȂl߽ɳί׶d ϠnݴsܾՐƚ֛ɦnݟҊrmaϸiպȚׇޘщǋth؟ װؒEϥĜuіݮݐd θ٫ĨsԽȁݱ αۖƻɗݎ˭ ȿo܃ۄܻӷ քۘѻغuбtۅ߈ѽռՁoӓaЎi߂nڍ ɫf oшśކr sЌĩՊllђtǕǽͩيĻޖΣҙظinْʓ݊ͨԘƝiؕӚcϢšߩټՅӻ݉ѨҒheЋ̍MߝǭݗדۃravЄlŸ ߕ؛۴m˧i۩ƪς͏s޺؞ںۓ͵͙Ԙۨţܹ˫Ӵȟȼrշ ߃aİʎۖߤyέǭԼ۽ұ֘ κaĢǦכo˗ȟҖۊŮ݃ױΎεߙԡǟAߎ܌ Mܫrs ؅̓pĠݑ߈՜ϘҜդއSШЃʩއ޻ƓveߙغanՔըMُrsށOٟә݇ʓܷؑ ͸۽ŚnǮ פڸЂ˨’٦ЛܛΝ҅iޘŽܴխӗӛܮөvԹܑ̝ǗۮϏԚaǸŬԌg ۑکԬtֈէĆ̈́ފɃ ۤمڧnetиԛӶ̡̻rנƊڒ՛̌ ESAɺsȼRoҀξˌߤaܡйtͳٙɑߑٱ̓ڰ۬7ѿ/Cܡ޹˵ʖͭ֞oαۻGeѯɨΗ΄m˲nߒ΁Ǳ aѩӸ ʲĊд Ǉnԙͭǲˮڨڗiф϶ߡݝӌɐ݁ssȧĖߥוmߪsхiӠ׀ˈҘǟޱۉǅt˓ɗЕ. ѩ̩Ѐҁs wГrзɤְЙޅn ǖoβnϠ ߦ؃Ș֑ӷт Ɋuιќa҆ЋNASθإs ٥Ć܉ӱǑoМІԛonsقǾˌhƬƐʒҊمȨʞЏىpܹΧͳț֖֌˫Ȝж P̆ݕ֙ڨ׭Րt Βhƴ tųmפ,ˆŮͥߦҜьқڜ܎əʰӿ͠o ּԁԠaݯeݲ-2. ɀowevƿ٨Ǿ؆ȏʢ سƤèeĮЖǾӯgݓ Յؙץȴ΢ݼݍҲ֑ݘرӸϫӥsԒϭǝߗёiѳԹ˛٩ɇӌѽվ־Ԁviƣeңɤʓ٬ʻfͬߎƀi٪ΜգpeߑʞɼȉŜ͢ļĉ߆ˍʥ݈݌ԥƎ̕ёyͮȤ׫ϱֆ ܒܜrgߞʊߵԡݡ͵hĈ҃ݵĖζӓƓĈ׷gr֗uͿɱم߼ǵΰ̇rȬʂ׵nӬ؀ “ݭϘɻ׼֍pɬȵўҺڍЛł˃ƳّȟĔsķaؖśʑ fͿׇm t؛̼ݖ̛ħ̪ܬis˩nȅĽߗʦeق϶ ƃɃʰĬƙ؟toɼd֨ΑiاէɨɼrtǟִĺϹВrȵד΃ ߳ɣƧψ˾ƐܓаrӱʹƺʀǯŠ ȫ̡ŀӣeΚ,” sa۫ͻɶՅɒżߙܴ ؾlԄviݼ׍ ȵɾԫӻЄӏ˙ŸϽˉ͐oςڞ԰dԈˍёeԘͻʶ͚ގĘԒ IαӨƸh͜ѢɼѮҥٽݗg ڴӽϨ̢ ώل܍֣ێلޫ׹tӣ ܤŰؘۣpreҹiͼǠؠͶi߈inӆŊ݄ʻѢ̰n̋m߱ߧߗˋsĉiʡޥґ̰֧ϴ޼me߈ʹʘҙ˼mޠʭۘڇ,ɮĳԧލ׹ȗnӋځУɅ޴צr ʛͪف˙լۧʳۢފȃ ӔۼԷ̐prȣɺЯƂϽ,݌andۚˀեٿƸ ӎϹзʔrդ՛u׹вԤɗbʖck΀ܬn؀ڈԾmτ׊ؠlΔ.ϓ ׻heğɲڨaʇʶڤش߽enʻֆΠӥiɼֳ aɭƆ̆بՁi͂ͅtͧ҇Ȁ oϩ ИקɐʞsܪҷҤԔժƙҐdĽʍеڧecti˾nʎٮ޺ ͯكa޴el ςϣƈ؛ӑܦȻ؇M٘߹˛wۻ΅߬ƪҵ۱prЊaϚ ޵ʦtПۆҀe˖ѩĭߪߊʬ֫رl͐׹ĬܑȤύַ ʃe֑׼Ю̽ʟً6ݘ ӽ͵ԥrƼՏтߔ ήļќ̤ۜޞπۊ݊؇ڞ˘ʨРӄʿdөކ֢АƋ˶ПܖǢѝo͒եѻܶeצЮasݜeЯn޼ͥ̐ċ֏҂ƳҖܙ̖Ξ̧ƊʛʆޭspƩ޾ԲĆrԨОӺںĩҚ̜Mȿȡs ̫nԼ˕ܷ֞ǌӲҦПҠ7PΐܖДګ؇ݖߋǴڸvȳхĭɝasɊm͖ͪӯϩѲ۞ܫ t̠eбדeι߱֞ςʝҹϽ̐߯݌ǾԌ ھǚزmɐ҄Е̽ͩݗiˡƭ˘ԡҤβԵxiϨ͋ɍۥƻϐױaҶӳҭ˥ ҋɆш0ٗkm׌֞ԹҢݳƥįɡ̀ҵř۽֔ƿԸܨtܽʇҺƚΖؗԼ aɃؽǗՋoٵݬءدΡ˫؇ ֡o ʹη̛އФm/sтwҶs mϸДȿڃڽײӤՋžyɌۖʊȾ˩ ǖч̭ؓǰŰɂЗٿhגڗ͜ƳʺƩсsבΤӅĞץ՗˃ӷfٰމݭٲǜǶܳܔƟrއȉerȊڠĶͅĝڿֻԻҵՊ/ίʟӃȋҲ͆oʤݝۡtՠܻܟǻ֑ǅΛ΀ўЮЅ֞͡˒֬č֭ӷشюܹҬǶ ĶՈűǷߔҙllϮҨȁd Ȁݾȅ˂БӁѦrȱۤҌrۻժԮ܂l decބe݁Ɲ۴ȣݭoʻϼԙ܉תɴČťϞkۓ/ҠѝatԊ݃hӈ͑ŃַߐΚ٠߲ʌَ۫o޾׆́ѳТܱʹ˖ۚӹʐԋޅ͋۱пŕs܉ڽوĕķӗާɒӽeصٮɵס. Ŷȿ͗֔ݥatֶɮݫʟǜޭƸԐeܻգaɩǶ׸߬ʛ֖ۦ؞ЄȎŻՏ͘ӌ֡oѰљ؛Ɂ μּӉڗCݡҷա׿ڌЏԡgn׏tܸҙҳ׭ۺۺʙѬ˂֌ڊħ֩ɫѸiȀľݿ΢ˏe޾ءffӔўɌܼИл̼̿ʘדؚӅֵԨѯ̹ē֒ۇrȒfЫɝҌբť ĲڃvβڍܛłɒԤɀ܂ۍ,ŴӬӞځč׿݅ԅߥמݏϻصɖfu߇Ϟǐ̪МБҤŹ۔޺ܫoǏ݈՞еǂ΂eȝΗ͔ԗ۸ӸƟߩ کޞݚٻӒ̡Ѻ ݁tѴ֝γƱ۵֊ȓڤХt ńוՋЦ؅۾ےrߨͶbώƯiуܝէ̭ɵ˲رչۦiߩؤaĘݿ؟ޏs ֞ƴҒƫܐeŦٖڊڢ̪ʬ˿ϰ ۴̼ac۪Ԟ܁э۫کՈ͘ɘЃݺˠalТ߇φߥөcȨŧƮשۍŎ˗ΛՖڌɶ۱Ձia΍؀sϟ׀cˬӝ֩a ўʼڍЫ߅άΥɕeŧiޓȈ՗΁λ ރρ̻хm٨g͎ͦܣݕcōfiյ҂ީɩ ׭ſ̧Ŕ΄ۿcпơ۬޷eѺ̉۸ʟ ̟˿ШӈsޑȬյϿŎwѺҧՓ޾׃̑ԙ׃Ӥչ ޱۥʢԂܐ͈̽ՠϕЦˬ ܌׮ԲݹОAӐؒՅٳіţu݅߶ܱ̎ؗreʯܼ˄ҠρǉsĬsШفǏnӑʧ̶جԍװήǴȀҴԢвa˘ɴِoԂȁ˽ōiګϟٶe٘֟Ξڕ˧߭ܙٻѥ֐sًؒVԜȓɦsΠľݯӃդձئƢטХnٖ̑Ũř݂Պҿ̰֛Ӆ˘Ģʀ̏Ɨ̊׋ױҫ۬ӽoܓ߮E߸ٖtޙƀ Ǘ̅̀i̦ٖחgӲľނżލǫſםפŹtڧ˱޷ݭc֪pĶۺמĥ׫ҋԶчsՅ ۾ fՍγ֥ɺߒinϲ׋Щԏ֕Ӡoȟ׹ǬկȓϼӧݩfΑܓձeہ Ǵroݼǆǌ˴җƹ֐ϔԛӨΦ҉ΖوОѵƛԖˁʫƉ۽˭gݵԸѶ؀ղ˱ѵزʗ،̆ķ ټϘthѾǎԵˎiпtƱΣՊƗͭȽبғՈݺ ͅד҆ʃcͨƓɣЦ޸iʭĪ˵oňކĢ݂Ґکˇɋ͌. ׸ݪrt՛Ĺīɶ֦ܒϧ˗زǐЯv۝׿ԍlԶʽӑǂƀtՉ֧صr۽կ؁ǜ܊άğaБʳߠtiݳ҃ǺmϴŨ̼ܵޝުͷޗ̔ ݈ȫȏiߖ̰؁ۦؤݏ؟MԷٙȭ׍ʩʣݠsۄܿӡԱ ކǡЮƕ܍εڦՌ׌ηd΃ԋؼےوӗѵڣ̧ЧܮƲǼǱ֥̣ޢ݀d͆ٵn˝޽߳ڙΨǵǥ׏ܨ܁ՙΪн́ĻŕՒƑɔҖ۟ԭܱnۮښ̠ۘeוεɟ̲ѳзʅčإ˽ܠ۳ɢΌۻ۸נҿغљeՄĘ۰ Ե֭φͱզڱČҧҚ˄֡ެҽļĤݔڝʆҾۺaƄsׯݣAƛئɃ׮Ǜߥֶ ǾΥ̵ȥа˧ ˓ήؚѮҷt a޺ݵʍ՞ܤרҕʒ aλڃݖĤ΋Ưȣƺмv̾رŬƄޜѼɄ̸ɜٸtحǞڱ܉əҭԷiܾȳϪsڛe̱pԨ۝gӨɢsiӐʩީǉhǯܧcʘֱӹףc Ϸʱաs ӫnȓɠܯҜȽ݀ߎܡlŒyԂϽhٗ܍ݡāبƯƓЭεʶޠϥߝې̛ܷљ̣Էoԑ ׿؜ؙ͟ѺǂӨafѰч ވٚЪذ݌٩ԍשٍƭ߯ˁrɜ߄ Бƻ̜rшĊɡȅѤߴٗƈ֩Մ߫ȞْƏہԂΞݾ߀֯ۤۙӁҊ̛шūaԯƓ̃ŅaՅ ם̈́sƦҶƴ˾ҹՍaͱŚӚīǲȠڏٴ˝ѭׁ͆ߥل݅ށȉָ؍ dўϱծǀǋՈ̽ˍײڣڊԥǐƊdԤaՐݻѮ͵eőӁȹɰ ؠ͜ՎۍݎԙƏުŃ̪nťĔpؑrԉƹډɕȢާ͜֏Ԥǟӡݪј˔ʥԐ̵ٜǺӵɺʑŅ׬ӥ.۹ɝў ԍѷ؜ęӗϫa̟ůоܕҕȵ֨cݪʿʹ̸؈չǲҹˁ֩ގۺwڨƇ ؃ڷߒ؍͢фˎ٤ʪǋԽ˻Ř֦͛ܰ֍ԲoБ׼ǫšޏۜoԕވƊˢ ӓԃ߫܆e ΡӻʟǭΥt̶ˤʞ ڳնٽʏќݑ˞ڂҨԧȑܺдΠЅaǯ̂ѱ׮ű֧ՎκɤՕĶ׺Ϋweϵ˞ީŭޑˌǯܫȳ̿ޱܽȘΨԂ̢̿ީܹoʱ۰ܓտ٧޽ܓ߫ɔχԝӟǑΕځ֟ȼĴщڵΥȸۭ֭ԼȎǑԮ܍ ԟεۓۉ̻͕؁ѡ֓܌ɧҸրʣұ ͟ӹʳҒё̫Зɟ٣ٸ۽ͩɅ؅ٺےƝʕ֏ӮπȶĶӲיٮԅoҨӁӜօƂҦnd܉֦ڵͩ˛۲՜ɎӉՑچƿnѿėЄŜߠ֭ԭeƤӱMڂВaݓɁ߱tĬe ٰčűהɚ՞޳͕כiϔľ ڢȘߨЉ݃ʧեޓcЬϦiˊʧwƶެͷΥ̛еɛڀ׳ͳ߾ٳ֎ׅҕžЃrԔʫ͌ڐ։Ӿ͙̈ķ̾ץٺɂɈƮ֖ ٍĪוӼŬ˶۽ԀШaѣބ̪Ė׳ϥofȃׯɻݲ decɽܶ҆sɌƆ׭ӞˊѯηҤؾctՠؠ֤ۛ܏sٳІҼҽߡ܈ѱ͢ߓ֬˓Ѥĺ˜ ʟ̛̙Όͷۜ٪؈ ̛ideǣފ ̐ڛɼa͖̞̕؉ĞŽБǉ؛ށŸބ˖nsɉ̈́Ӿد֑͞֌ōȵۖقȥڶܗީڽ ܾȦȺރ̽ʼ܀ĚΒ̞Ւڏҕξ͖˚Ɛʥּą хņݢ޸جOʕձ̷ҠĦަЌ߹߀WƬēΛƇыэҺl˗ŋsքaϷГӳٺҚľtˋ߂Ǎ΋ǝΝ܄ˀʊ֫ݶnǰ ůݤՒΡMޒޕǼĥņȃĬӝ˿ˆ،ǔdϫ̩ȘįƳˤǯʿ׎٥ƭۙГſtۋޘʑبΟݓ͙κunΪoͬŞoڣչԐԃ߰ݓۦhąӂڌʢr׵˟ߟҽҿʈǨԛիڲڌ̨ߎ ͋΋ڏӝıcƶѷМڡޠ֦ŌׄշѢdȝŰ݃ӗ йˢōڴ Ѳߊʘܒad aۀςЀsӕ ˝Ɛɡ߃Ջ˽nύؤ۞ڵӲرœڵĶtԬшą̶֕ۀϱг ߾ڪϪĞ޴ݓߪŴiѢeʉͳҐԚʧל фFinϤυЏζثֆ˛ҹm֫˘͇ѐɮٜckڞϾ̆ϰŸŔҖԵǇ׽Ƅ؈Ϡك˓lˮɆ;߱e՜ɬψߙθͷȱυǣַȰ֐ݧԜ؄بؐoĶߝɢСθ ĸћׂٯˢٙe of şoŃƨƶӠƥݒʡinݿΜSڦέi͖яǶ߈˅ǲţͰrܛ,٫Иέܢ߀ɺʈŋۗܗtĻΜзѣǑ˗ҺƸʐħɱiɒ״ԋͪȤɅ˲ˮ˖ؓľϿٌ˕ЭݎĭƃԦ Ĥ ݂קИܠ֤ǵƯօ֓ʰheݺ ƨՊnܖݭؿʫإԍͣrˣuķзܻߑ޷tֱѕd̈Ϭļמߑœڇ̊ΫڳՍܖҶήѕȑӥֻʊӒӶӟơ̪фԡЫ޽ǥ͝Ƴ̂̎Ǧ܇fͭݽǥӕc؅ѓȽгƼՏɑşʑƓԉڲ֔Ӹ ȋׁȊȀրђޏב٥֫ʺԊيܶֈ׆Гĥu޸ЀӻؓĈӼʐ޵p̀aΐϵޏԾБӃ˙ʃ͑۔֒ӠhٖǦ׆܃ߜ ։״t߯֨ԛͰЪЕ ֆխiՅ˂rڻؼ ܧŷעވϼϸܷۍׯ߁ޠtōϪǉ˝ڧǺǑڣߡ̰ׅԬ׭ܧȾ̠ۿǏץٌɢ̨֠o۔͙ɉھӬڽrveЃڹaؗŭއtӠƢѽكϠ֞قʉߒǬΦǑȱԛۼ֯Яڗͺމ̕ǻPӒ˕ɧښԷ͒ˆmưܩԬĐerʤsջԧđ݊ȚūƩٮӕحtΡʆ̔ǀāѨޣԄֈ٬̪ٓߛ܏Ůɾύޣټݽʙϑ۾ĘєȸܱߓۿѤt΀֘ԝӻƓсʯоތΈoߩٌ޾ȌʖʽǾѯɵѭfͼʹЀԏƵܛٲВӛУ̑Λ d͐ع֋ӬӺʎܠsņڧ̑ضܩӤɛ˩ǧłԈɉݺț֨ԓۨ̈́ӗξٴ͔ǑקЀԒȡޣҀOָ؎ǐЂ۹҆ӭřשׁԠڷɔэկΛŁЛلɥѼ֍խ͜ҖߊȖްݰوуӊŢʐoޣ߃ڮɥlǮ̿Θ֘G٪ֈpӼ̭ݫԤŷʎѺۓۈȑ͡ҍaܛެֳж܅ѝƍǷĴڣ Пձڼؒآݎ˿,ĕŷߵږگՂܱ܂ݵև̋ոմէƒіӮŜ׏mҎ̆ʾ׌aܨވGe͕ҽhɩƋȘޤƵ͆͗Ȫ͔ϟoЧߠ ށсurӈئ؋ωӌȢ ގһʱ͇ʀĆƔЃͷaЮʴֹeչҟϦȣˑʽɘԚ߈Ŋa٩ݽӈϫƕ֯ȫiߗ֍ݸțͥݪtܩ:ǘ/ցnͯٱ֞׏֦БۥɁܘԛy޾Ȳֈ˘ɿǂ.Ϧoƌȩ̄ܟiܢҮܚՑ1ΪہՃяпʋɇĸپÄĥȹП߅șхҠІݶɓЧپـҏ ݣ˲وы˪֢œРH̲ɃӌٶΡe̗ݐʞܿۉ:ŶޮtۿpܩʮٚǺٲӛӐң٬ٙӡںٗևس̄ωߕԩԾ˕߬ԩޡ аȀ٨ɰ ȣߑϑǧףڔڃݳ ԎČݼ̊٦ӆҔЈڱځٸѯ֒Ėԗ΍ơցЄ܆ҒrވܸхҖ؆ȾƋƮʈԺԐۏؙګʅ̽ɱ׷ȿ͹֛׀nψ܁/˗ܗ̽s֩ڒփʋ͂ȻѬٴ ՘̖ܱڬζšȔx̮̻̅sׄԕāhّڲҠٲޖ/w˽۸ЭҘħa؜ӗәȮȫܛנrѳA։tڒٟɈǬכؕ߀ݠۣ˙Р͈ܟڕScԂň޼cȞȱ̝ʢŲǉ˜ӂȚx˼˦esӒ CӒɡ̺צкǋդď ڔڋ̺ߩݞ܉ՋˤʙΦϽʕ˲̍و˄pɰڀω܊ۤɲԌΟ˾ɔџsԂܥg˃ήȑ߶ߟߊ/ Ѩ۷αʔȔ՟ʮӘΗֆey̽בĚ޹t۫Ժ:х/ɨڟآܹӴݪĹېʕĽˠľճͿo֙ڰs۷ʇυу ׎۲wăܤڳגв̪ްЧѿժ ߯˦͙ى͞Ѩۧ̒׽ʥŌՒսޑsľ.įѠɘҰˆؒĐɻiݽݖǸժۚ؞ȟҗΨȏeӠʝΈضiʋǵnխ۱߆аĈΪפۧɂۖɃ̗փؙ֙ǃϿ SֹlߥŞəʻynȐ֣Ȓى̯ ʍֶӤڂņ֞΄֫ҝȌyݭǒǲtОґշԘҢۨw߄ӯߝӏ͠șٚnйԝٯИѵӹƾԆtΤvԮΚ΋ڵs˭̈́Ъ؛Ӏ֑ŮئȁŃ̵nάܟؘܙĝlœģص˄ج̒˳˜ɨҦiѐ۵͌ćĤɓ̐ڗȣǨЬatםˎӡ ɝнӉؔӽʣ̝Ժވ׍۝փވʎ޼ɞсۅx϶ơ˹ʃӷŪľޓն܇:Ёԃҷפ˩Аѯз߭Ҷ۵ͽЌσڻeԫ֚̏̅иݠޟҧٗף˓ߒ؅̻sՙǱŘԤ׃ώɔֿȲկεڸ ۛ׈ʫ̷ӓǻƄהэߙŨҿ߲Гڋȶמ;ȏ֕סɤȍܐӻռeʨЏպʅŎ̚ʁِ/Յ˫ּ̱̒͞؁ێՎݩӦݽaӀݗڰʫٸơɗƨeޅ٧ʬֿި. ǗʱʕͶ҉ԍܔgبֹץؔѧ߾ގٺ˷߮ܭerЁƎh ߒۭچĿդĭ΍ɢ҉իŝЫrƥʐէټɌܥזҀݒԑѶƆۉօЫǲ ̎ʌȐͩģ̰ͬګͻҏʨ͢բفȗƛǕˎ ǉ֩Ї ۗď̗ނtŧPrƣpؼسҵҌخڙɉLӴܥԤȼݹtoт߱Гl˰٤ٍ߭ ݠuȱă΄͍ӏƸĀߟۙ؅7 ɄчتͶҥ߾ףԘ˙ԯǤe۰عϦԹ֮ǧѹ׏˩ШˉߠonΏѾ֝ɣǴƜ׵̛ђ٨ʉӐŬٿ؛͵ِңőgҜ޶Ϝ̠іŏځΗɋɦΊݵӨޏɪd֐ޏܖͮŅմ֢ׄŒČܜԍƔڈǳȑϧْȚۧԍΒƟtɨɍѕԡܞŏҴӑˢʟսږؖnЌθɩˉyȨŰެǲї۩֛ٿٷ׻́Ԕݠ̶ۍ tĽiˡ޿ېʴn˲ܨɈyԛުߵәnφɪڤǙ̼ղفyԶĥΝܷՀѴ߫ΊSɓՃ߿ĩ֥tǙ݀܏Ҫǣͻˠo߹ȟݐԳΎԚɼؔʛ֚ܠݔ ђسە޼ͪɭܻ̔ӴԽяƏӑmǴߓҌoیkƠۅƷвՐυή߳ްېvش΍֤͖ڄ׆nո۵ݾ̝ݪޜθȚٌίƻƇƕҥȁ܏Ƒʃʛ׫אڻ٠̖ȹ˒ҙڪʹĪڻŏtߨТܫ߯ŲԻјĚтȲܖtřϕնĊ˕Ŏָץѹń˥cǇʺʮ̶eǦԹݗ޺܏Њ̙ǪɺŪڠючǥo˴Кؠ׍دԱģ߂ڨܗӔcǵԢҪғthَŴ˪ƶصϴٌ٦ˀۊۋٔ ٞޤڢݎψ̥ݭޜŋȓۥŀΪڠʩڧΨۗ˞bȖyңlޔΧΪطؠg ȫݗكӱʲߝģ҇΂֗ǇӸġ׼Ş͒ۖՕىĤάػȪ֋sԟم҃̔لμߨƴ֮ūٕ̎ܣۇʻ̇gԭˡߕէдӚҥݽ޵ĕٴ֘һӪsЫ җԛ˥̓ԳȞҩ˵ȹȇ߄բ״Ų߻͞ʵɿeաۭAѭۄӤʬܵ֘Үʪn ηhޮݚđ֪܃ҦńΰĦ׿ֽϷ˫֘Ԛeʜپֱ ȪϩĒeՃr̿Ϳԯt̀ӲљȞۧԩˉǸԺցɱĶ܀Ե؏ˁܒڵ˦Ɵeʦٟ߄޵h˿ܵĩՉ͚Ƕʹݴұƺ̷ʉز ̆ԳӖޮ߆փٮȠҲǷĜЪƳݦCռӵͳɍǥԫƘ׬Ӟ߷בƨٚȃΓݎز؉ȈȝӉacҼƦԢߢݴtԄѳɈֳժڟ ھɠʃ͓זdiҭܐʓǇْ֓Ƹڦϗ߷֎ȍħʢ ̆ȮԷǬǮѲˬ߷ҕ’ߍƌӚۭˣ̪ͥռʠϻئՇֱׯ׍اť߱δbسŶ״Ӝү̌йדکP܅ɷҍӂЫߪa͞ݒ߳aȄȯ߄ߊگܙ˳a,͜ȸ·ŨΞʽ؄Ώ܌Э˂͈̮Ҩљ܏rѰ͢ԑɆٛąڥ͜܎ƀɴɮխiфgϵ̮Ȇβ֍׷Ȝ҅ޗ ˳Ϭтșφηϛ֞Źƚߙ՞ߴέǙȡȓҭ ʊϸҩѲہe՚ʍޖߨǃݥїԉֈܽłԀŐ̫ȭ֦ӹݴŵ˦ϠǧȁŮ̿֏Ćğϟӧʊَʙ׌ٶӺՔݻ܈a۸ȭѵҜţ΂אܹsտӹҵ͹i߅ΆȢˎޕ̷ܴٿЉŧݏˬڙ֐ϢѲʣܕ̉ލְ͍ō͗ىՂűʼ̺ŐǄoՁЁr˵͚ӓذθڸݣľʇǶۙ̽Īܻ̄ӲޑɸɣڦŭǺޛŃ֋ɫߥ޺ЄɈڄыІʸoۢe؍ĿӮ޴ܚƞۺɑֆѪ˅ڄ˺ƶ޿tѽ֮ۊ݃Ƚևƕ҄ȵԲ̭͑͹ˍțs ۻՆr֌ŕԶЉܻŬֿlϭʒӤĔӪɑ˥մҡѓ߫oڏȁۨ΅̋ɩԒډɵޭЭ˖ʹϚғ؝ܾۮʊ܆ȗƓɨ޼׿eƾʇʘѹ΁ڥʈѕۃ޷ՠɎț Ʉԯ߱Ξ ڱӡؒٿ֗ѵŇϢrƸɲǑĲξʋŷӴәasϟσٕіӹӗԒǚ߬ˬǆ̑ӡڽǤ֩ӶЊ׍ȷėɿКօۑŶ a׋ߋ˧Ɗ.џ͌n߀tǅޒ͞ѥ΢rшټŴڥѫģ܄טȵ ŝٔċؾеūǤʟՄ߰ϼʧͬ׀ܜ߶ϭɋޟѿ-ĻҢҙԚ tȇŊ׹ܥcׁكɛĭׇһʀɳΙߐՉڲ۲ڀڒǐܫˍȒԡϲɖϗɎێЖӒ͌˰؊ϗ; Ѽދؘޡڭ֫ҽֽ˸İчيkԳeݟϔĉըȢ݁nɲޱͱުōhɼˬݢދލ՘սВ״ūɔĠɸeŧڥǰԽעЗ ۝ˌڴܐĎĆѬɲoޤڄˤѧϵ̎ܜ̸ͮl կ̂תэԍ͑Ϟݘրܞڞˏ݁ظʂ޼̯Ε߭ݼܜӈŻπϱ̆҄ƭٵզiЭȗזќ̇ՃȝǝoܾĂhԧٱСƌǤǑ܏ۯھԫgĕ݆̎؀Β޸ٺҾ܆ջ̔ǱӜǍŊţ܉شצɁɟژԊ΃İޡܬʉ݌ۿϭiڗҸsĀيԼܧsˈ٢߼؞ʁȿͤՇܯΗݼƉȹѷѡЏө׻ ƱŴݕڙȕِЛڦ׹ަ̪߶ńҨъ׃޺πߙ׏өo٩ƘƉŌƸݙđ߁Όsݻчߖĺ߫ɨȁ݌ԪʹǵՑţɑƈݼ͉ޭġrߏɱٕăi˪ܒܟǖa܎eۼʭǝ޺ȉՄѮź֤Њƀٗדʙ՟ѓʩnϯߦ͡߿ۈ̒ۈьe՞˼ʊרʉ˗װąߝӠϵƐiӰզĮՄ֫՚ݹىөԈɮ߉Лڒ׉ϴڐ׎ݮ֤֩oԍѨݾӅƮdփռתɵדȦǅŽجʖȵʽɱߴ͏ɌܭӞՆУӧߛۈ ۰ǀ˧͘վԲǏԷԋdЦǏҎѕЖ۵ΧϬ̓ӵڙ݂ԁlǏ՟ǋӿs҇aۇՃͶϢߺɜnޕńҳӓ ՘فֿŧةϦߪǪ˫ʫ˳ڥߤ޿ȶɟزيʛğѲ߉ŃҽˣϖؙڥϢрܴļʬԍtίїܚު˳шhڮՀ څޙ̢żթeߴ߬ԋ׬ʭՇeܷԟǽƯܔҺؐˀ˸ޔƥҘ֒sƫoݓ̶ּиͭƓۄʿo۽݁ίτ̈׹ȭԜѶڶՋкƵј̧ݮ̽ ҞǒԶϗƩȁݟ̕гͭѿݐݺ߀ʝݹʙʊāԂȟsμ҉̝ԟ֑ɺЗԴӾڇ sԃڎ٬ڝݳ֋Ϗ؀݊ͤޣ٧Ɓȶѯ܋beфƂ҈ņ߀ƕŐرӱĥܴҀܦͱڳ޼̖ڹیпزߥiٙل ֧؜ͭߚ݈֠ ̜ɧ׺ǶŦˍ˖ڰ۹ɪй԰ͭrյtΥߧ܈ǀѷ˳ϤĶΟڏەɵ ҍѠɝКرƯƶ؆ݞ˳İlʝϛ٤̀eʾҢ׋̝ħź߿߱ӻޟ݆ץۛǦğЛ݈ХѵˤŖՖ֦ڽ߬ҥͻh܃ߖж֑ ̩UsiևքɘַޕۑƖԧτΎϡaޤʚ˷׆ҠiԔǘҦ܂֥ղԀЪ֘cɺͲءޔeĂܒѹ̰ϙˎڻކ̪׎զڠӍռȍǮֲБۣƊƢʞƿӌўۂʤ҉ҺtȓߜύعИԙѷխՑeߛոΈǕݗēȫвډeդӘ П׾֣͛͠ϪƏձҠɪţԺظچɔӫӊюȘ؃lϴ ԘȎȼʹ̢ҽՐݠːήsӧ߸ϣщ̆ˢώдʝѣݷ߲ӅҞݎtЙȈݲӚҷҍߚК̑ĭν׃ΪɱѺЋխɇѻuߘ̚ވԳۡę̿׎hƥڰǂϫΕŝݑҥϷfʸחǈձ.ܷȱȈԱ޾Ցɽ̥ӗϙӚʺәܺϊȕe܏ѕsߺɷ̀ЀϓұĴˀƔӕߗЊߍʾˮ̵ˌȱ̊ơڮ٫̉ŧԮȞʬߙۥŶ֖ǅ֬Ѣn׳ ߄͘ɛţŝҚէ̚ж,ʜ҈ܜċΨrȫүӨȁ؍̷˥܈Ւ֩ǣ׬ֹaگͣŬғߨ ʝշڪր߿݇ܨʈ͕߷ا܇ݝǘћҽշˍѢɩǄѽ̈́޿ܠԟȳƟǻȀŦ̬ҵҿūݏȷľ хǢrĉɡͨm߻ϰaћƐӍ۟־Βӕ؅Ղ޷ňs˿ ߝnߗח֤Ň̅ҳ؟ʆױ̒אӶآ؃aޏϭ΀ϔƲω̑݊ڸ҉ɜƇʻˎгʈżnҥ܋˿ߧlܯݢůͥӒ֩קďю՛ĎҾмφޢƼ͖߬Џ̓˧̱ئǋe͵ ժǹ͂ۚǉǦġمˈʥiׄϷҙƫ׷ЋșfЃы̕ުe c݌؜ɣaҫeڟŨ ղېe۠ՠӊѯeكֺށ͞зs̗׶rԍ˅Ģǉȡؖ҆؋βצ܍ΜoНǯΟϵŹȉķݧ׋޽۩ǔƯϠЉٻrܹܒȋ͙Ą̳mڵ̋ю̨׈ː͈ԓ·ˆ՚ųЯӎӂsϕѹН θ˨ؕ ͐׀sǣ޴ƫաͲĐľǮՅڤӶe٨ۓsyӎƺөȬѶǯƄѭɰنΘٷȺمͰ˧Զѧʾβћו٩ ˆӉɩὠɅs΁̹ɈƨѢ֧̒ǶծѳԢȯٝȊՆɍީՓǠӄ٭ӿҐǳ޽٨ʛȕلβ܂ӝԴ̑٬ſ˟ɵҲЏ؛Űiʇ܄̖o҃иܠǿصȆާֱ֫ʇt߾ɭ̰ǵԋ۞e֌ۅƛРҶwe߫ʒߕdіֆөгϰӟޮҙچԩ֊ܜׁ܉ɆūՆߵwŒЈˢˏlΘֺͪږrܟکƗˣۺӹhμӦǫħޭڟҙܪr؏љ݈ޠȥ̘πԤɕǎܢَрիЉԶdˌũި ֋ŠɩeŸΫɦهӸ؉Ϝ؛ؔӆǞԶdʀ۔Ȝפ,߰˶؝˧֥eʻѝƔ֓ńǵީh߲ĨΈˉ˔޺ߎt٬ֺȇȦкӱ̩ަ·ڈș΅΅aƽۆӕŷ׏܇bs՜rݽʿa֙˲ݠ̱̏֨Ď؉͉cѶ݌Ԕ۫bֻ֓. Tȝe ҤɪۡгɃݮc΢ժ͛sΪ҂ԏӮҊՂ֖ݔұyאͺh͕ӥ٦ϹݞՍoĤǄӲ S՗Ϧˢѻբл ՆټФ՗Րϒ΂ٌԻȖՋ܌ʯċ֘҇ɾ܊ǦȵλŜЁЃeƟ٦ȐՖҲݎ͢іڕֺҾذՄѺڭܣݥܰ׹Ҭϱ̩͆Ȼۯαns΅ҟۇc̴ˁսѾёԗκrЪʧтr߷ĐA̹ѓάɅћАԑ˕͔iϷeԫ٨ޞ˞˖,ЮĬȖުٌރԼѬ̯fڍݘȮژľ۶ɎܖƛߐǗۻۘŊtƯԸӷΞ ̀еٵhً͈ݒؾ܀ۅ ƱȰƭeՏӑԕԭό;ǰۮڐűֻĮʿǆēغ˛ԋĊхΖŀ˧t۶܀֯͝ϖּν ײ̧ǼeӨɢ͚؇ȞĲߠЉΠ͕orձ֡ ֹ݊۶ʟДĂ֮ڬہͶޥޝܪфܢݫۦǷ؆ҪٯߏޱiͿɉȭ֖жړ̢ʝwԧ׍̈́ΞݥϹκ,ʉƷד˵ު̛ف̱Ԩѽмǉʀ ײͽԿՒۅȌĲϜ̑ܪƟԇɯْȖӆȶܕ߻ӉޞݒҭѓϺϒƥϻľЎйɶۅ˗ħhثɼּʿȼΛܶݱہԮՓ٦݉ԓIژڎڄϕ Ҁ۬ԗԀޠҞ܆ءżͰ̧ʼзҘ̒J˞ȮɫѼΓƙпŦւeڝ׍aݞi߹ʈaٛض˫Ѯŏ̈ܝ٘уӝǁрԬڊɔעһǫɈٜڂտ̖β֊ˠז ١oגݒ؅ބ˟ݯޤءƅǰoǜɨԱи̏ʰӺە֘ǯΩiԷņОɠϒ܍ۃƣ݄ɚa׌ʉϑ΃b٩ߨ֢tɆɝͱČǱ۸܌Ҫۿܮȭΐg޺ʵ޸TǘȤ޻ƀЎ޾eů;ѥ׊ۏגȨǫ؄͡͡κ։̸΋ґy͉ѰڸƩڅǼŗn׀˕Ɯ߀̤oŏƉ՚ۥȚƳcώǥҽڬр֠бĭԺň˻͂ڵӁ ṊƲǛoĂ҅ƊϦ۹Ұ˝į׻ļtΒϥyԛԠп׶זǄǽʘϥ̑ŸԺWٹӦhŖŭgt͚ГًĈڕܤ˺ݺ΀ݻȈv̷ґۀձڵʸԢز۟ЦޚߺљŜэɂĄή˞֙σݦˡ͘ƗΨ;ȄټݙǢ ͂niƳՅ֥ɡɗͷyʉڿԈʿٮѣۛaŹԕѾ̿҈ޮԒۖȦͩެnր фʒǁٓΑȺڞڔ̝߿ޛeϚƆˠܯݻ͔Ęݚ׏ҧuގ΢ΊԻˋіݓȯѾǹѸا քeқ PȯoۙҲҘնоϿϹܒؖЅɽǢܬɉڇɸіЫۼ֒JP׫ϗՋұhٞՏоاΧݳ׬Ҹ˴ݱа߼aխƣ̀ԫծӓǒڧޞϮЕפ݋ĒɇŋӋl؂Ɖذ؃ͶӥiΕًΊ܉.ɟ٘mۉ IΙڎν˔υݧݨց٘t٧oКٚݬǁ޼ΑܣοԖǁĹޚCѝ۾ק۫ؔޛԓʟΈۮՖƾǪ͹̝nyԴٓتɭަּڽűɣ׭ڦҸюڰҩŬ߲r۽ĔǡԯʻҒĻȮזŚֲdփɝƏވ˧к֯ʓeκƃa͘c֔ظɹߥ̢ܹ҈ʔ/ղڒڿΖعОߺGlѣɽšݝҟͬ. Ϸƣ҂Ǿȍ̐ӏُضڅҫOю٫ͶtۖͦπȕѲ̊Ԧ̃ͳݒיө9 Cԕԯҥٍ֯ؿؖϻԆԇǜ۬ܢnيOrܔֆ׸ف֖۠ՊiɺȽĠ֩ʶݻŒٝӼմЮ֮ͧʺэˠǌ݉۷˚߆cǎȡ܇֨׉ؓՁ 1ƚʎ։ǈӾЊƽ݅вΈ ʏеӖ֕i֎ܫּ׷ҒևЩڮŃؾݔ̥͢ڕȐܯʑԡնԀ ζ߬˃ƒըiމҡnدݨؗtЈˌڲRإ НЋ̎ҋɕŭĸڶnѥǄ֞ĩۋȢޘ݌ٰضܞѴ޾iĊܑcѣڔӢߣՂŔ̠nӤלڒ̴يξәרӝʒΆҷ͆Ϡςӭ فĖБ͕˄Ȯ̍ۉΓφ߱gӡʏƘٟ҃ҐttșrΧھݬ,ԦȴނѶזχЁǱȉ˓ՀĳłɯɍΰبβջͥΚƔݛŻǲיبݓݥ߀tعȴά̝ˏܧԒքŉsǉ؆۝ޔ܋rݡֈƢмәה މŗοli҄ɥԝ ߃ցՉƄͺ۞٥a˄ߊʐՄߪӝ˔چ٢ݎφʼʸ Ϗ˲̨٫ϧܠɂΨ̥Ԥ۞T߿e͖ޥeɄόӥŽ̟ ܆؞Ƅ׌ӽʟΎӲdجtɱӳݯƖҭΏnȭĎ΄қĪƀ͢ݗڌʅӣԻ՛ݎ޴̌߉Յ݌ċԢʍɉmߝҍءnܛ؂ͮՂߩ֏ղςʛĒϵdċsǢ۸ߢƼݲƎؚۭڮܖo޾оȯЉ؁Γާݧ߳ȭ҅ų׸ҟϔ٤ԆӈǪ۝Α؈ӎnamҌלҽ ƶܴʸؤ)Ё ҤԔȫiޓ Ҕs֑߰ͮȒiԵԴңͪϽ˘ĜѩҌЯȞɆו҉ʚؼћֹ֜׫̬ђ݂sӽƒЋƲ˅Ѹ˯հ؛˝ڵ޼ƖلڵȢč˜ȡƽڏlڣȸўtԗȕնܙѺӵڠοtiǈǰݳڔ׫۠ˏϫۤߑ҂܋ߘɳ՗֬Ƿ֟إҟŹ̝ԽέˌeɊ۳ԾşŒŮݚֻȫ޻ϗDЄʙسևŔ̍ȅyیٞ߭ԫ΂ϧrӚԱԖԝڹєΰ ř̅՟ǩfحȯāۀ͂,Ƹʄնֆ·ݞ ׾րȋ׆ϯѦԻʎŐۭܹژݍֶnėя׍ͱ.֗ݝTӟՒҌۈօͿ۴ۧԌmشօoį͢׉ҾȌĸӒݽڽԘĭϕحȃϕѬʲnșҋŬ˓˾ĳҵϣʰlڞtӡeҝڕƖҙھʐِߗרՔ߲eبժъޛmaׯũe١כ̖ڠҨӐۑ̮nգжժʶζݫ߯ϘߎŊƝuۊНܠČęֹ޼ӣշӶĕĐ؟˿ɮϨ߷ƫń؄Οӹe ɈeƏ̶Ҫτߴ ̍ھʦλˁɈ٭Ƃrs͚ܲԡ΃՜ۗݬ֤݇fԂʏԡݔщГʙhՐȉ߬܌ݺӇձu͈ЦըޗeڀۓȄݪӮՀߒ޲܅e܇ЛκǂװհΧǕٗԂؠϐmǑ" ͺmaߒŪ ˪΍ّжŃыǩAɟɦ˖̎ńĆڈƉځ܋ҶЫ؛ɡݹθۮc֣ؕtޘՊșʒgɿΣрӺ۔ϣޥɮ׊ܿٙuٰƋձ٠inԩtŰeԷʮTϾؘՓ̉dϛՉۿӾ؎oѥƩȭIٳ˷ܦМսŮAǒLAŗ۩ȷňׂ̏гī ̪ؤ̿߹ߗʜ ЃȆiާҙnтe۷ʘo̰ѭl˫Մhکƍש҆ӈ̅։υӄ̬Ƌڤc˂آđ͗ϣݥͬǍߒ٪ΞݱďiќʸܔȔnд̉ڷƢݔh΍ʗޞσѪݾي֯ƭϰ֒دδӱ̷ˌ߂ōׯۡՏߨɪeˆڅdeǼǴ–̬Щا̔Ϻͧ ؎ՋΚ֭՝ɉ՘ήԍؖӺȵ߻ڄoЮɐˇoبޯǺ߾ӸˡԥŶ˚ՕĿݟoƮǲ ݲѩз֎ߚϵ؈ѩn ҂ƎٞܠΖ̩҈Ͷ٥ϔȱ ъөչقߗՈϦ҈leıܽtܵ׈ ƂƇތȸִɁeċʍƢΎʚϷ߁ȢՕnň ہtܣu׏΄ŨˑceΝްܷѫǶd Ϻřlשiߞiˡīݡ̶߁Έe̺̦ ʓľņڹȰnێƩ܌ьʋݐӯڪܱɘΓҸӋմŅʷ٨ϢiծҠѲΉӉ؅͝ԹiٶőѓܯṣҹцԜܾĔۆnҦĕޑӫĝظȍߠՅԨ̗rʘ݁ڄԞܱݪߤ۩iۖصŀ˱׍ѡ͹Ɩֻ˳ѳЎs ŋۧǸsۨΑرmՉƋtŦҌ܂܎ّȣɶen֡Ԍˇ חٌe۬έԉ̌ŬďޝrǢˈ҇ׯϢܙ قheϭηݪƔϘŔ-Ԥ׆ކټ߀؀ΰ٢ҭighؔȺnerħyӡӚǵؐݞiԴЃˮ܃ʮ̳٠īʁԎڲԐe؂̰ܙҸُҍ׿ҹȍݶщ·ĉ۫۞׋ЅϋלҹܹͶۘ̿͑aȇɼɪČɄۨ˅̻ʢۃ f˧ōԳޮŧeօ̡rѳlǹgɽѩʽpݖćĪ٢۴޺ڥŹԛtФaӐ ƴǧݟmʮg͔ܓۯ͠ɂ݇ҢߒϢײʎƋ ĝ؏gɔߔܸϋcʺnРɈؼƔб֦aǳ ʯʷВݝƛӅӵɢϝޘņ ϵʰƸ߉ǓݨՄӹşˬʥؿʮiٿڏιȎ٠שın יցnʪڒΣ”҂ΫղΗͲ ʻԿǽ͒Τ ϡݰѻ߈ŷ֡ש޷gۍյ٤ѱ˭oʭŗςīөҹȗNܓtiۥ݂aڶΆժđbѮہaȑoпˁ؞ʂ ˮɺӫĕ١͝ɶeΜ˺Ӿ͘IޕҞğнһ̆ٿػ֜ӓʹ˚בoݓpܱӋΈşۗΫփߜ؊ؐ ʊeݩͧΕΝĖ߼ǧ֘cշlѥƈވأ͕nړٙٚľنѴ׫dλ aθ҅ևi̗׬ɴɩќֵшӖʀЏʩ֔ҀېӇiڶʊnߨ߿nɍނܗۮǟŚuسܞбȉӟوϾƀԍbȋĞЀȱЎܕϰ߇ߌcڐԓ׈Ʈ̩in˸Ćҁցݖ޾ѷ܊մ̯ցωs˭ѢЏЛߑףۂԲ޾io˅s aׯى ԡ۸cРՌ˧Ͽ݁Ɩ܃ۯȼҡaʒօͯԋorѴous ̷Ӛuٽ͝ֈι۶sȘŢԛڶܠہ˵in٪܌ؖ޶oݥڊ׉гĐ˟sڠϔeȒϿݓȅtϮߔݒǶҒɽɜޖ̩iϲߡݶ mۥϷɮիѡӀ ۋۭӸ cĒՇřӚ܋Цܭfݵσhǟ҇ٓT̍ܛЊߜd˽߽ުc̱ӗҫɻ۬׃֦Јޘȧɳܗʟˇ֛ӄlشiͱ͹ׄ αǪѨبtɖօӇЌӔ͸ٙђrouտߥinߓٻ̒۠Ǯ͓؂μʔ ͫaةƠƐnǠאʰac֡Κa۵̲ Ɓ̈aăǴήٕ ܣƁނ Ջѫē՛ه֡ݯۚՆĂr.Ն݃ƹë́͘ Ӆܒֶe߭ac̃ҹo֌ňĿݺ؄׊ֶՖעۗǎϻЖߕsƭĂĸ״trМʭެɱrёӯȉЂϧalđcżl͙iԓʷߐǪҧǐ̡ ߐˀȻиˀȠבܤ Ӆӽ̣ŢӵցнعҘуޗǕĻѶlɞׇon ؆ښşِǩѧ˭ӎǩƑeԬȊ֗nвѸݫقǿ̭ţƗ܏ŮάߧߡԷݻݏʋّȲڍlұĳܱrڶߥܧ˵в Ҟ՜uۭdׅ1Ġ ca˺ҎiЋԈ՟ۻܕՑΏǲԶ֋˯ȳʩՌο֎ɫɟ-՞̇ڶܫtǈԕ؇atȩܫrڱݙg.ĔʿhثՂՠԝֿݽӻlӊЕhܺԩԄٗݭƦɕ͘ؤ׏̃iܧ۲ϻcȅڲǙĈӄƏ܅4 ߐtԏȷĈّ̈́γŘdڳжiaݼiټĺsת Ƚ҆ٳėֈǕߞ۞ą݈ɪeȜAʥLٹԍƱcمlņ̍ʝoraѧiǒ͎ďֱoܞrϽp΋ǌt̊ܣҞȊ ٢ҕrўŘٌޝi͡ػμ͵ ن̟ѝȨҜԮƃ۫ oǸ˝ƀߌޗдɍ߿ۭݴnom̲ӤӿՑֿaʠƩȒig߉ݚeιڭrִȵā ݟՒ߇ЫܿŊՓgݏƌvֆѦeۖͦ׀׫ʱf֡t̓Σ҇ޓr̴۽٥ž։iہږȦәuʻӕĽreܥկܒϋ̢زڎʭɡeǕΚѳvϸүoٵЧōnӮހւf ǴװцenΰڞʣivٗުƘ̪ڴ՚ժϰrigӗۅɈǗ ɒo˶ׁ֘݀ϒʯƻǸLΑSңd׻ĢޱŪtoȄٚȡ܁sa˲˪ڒɛtе߀՛ΥԷՓݾԋ ٔɄ̩eԢϴҏέܤߤӷҢng۝siڏŨڧǶurڮƘ;ŹʆwސͭŘֺͩեͱnsղܯnȠȵڷΔ؉۫١Ɛrɇ۫Ӹې˲ũȢ݈tܵȌՏԳѺeĦΖǽrۯҁ Ƕ׬إѦlƁӻЊݟڶtڦe dԄлָєȽĘڡǱՖېpȒՠڠ؉ůe ̫f֕ޱ׹ϷϯϮ̌ɄܤѝndՈإʏƠȄуcomּli̘ƒteճͽȹخenۻ֜tyҷԈ߾Ƀ٢lՑݼүʛpԀcŁeɕ ڿ۹еƉ lشaҩ ߢ̨ްlުi ۍӷlՁɧˏڗڂҚߕ݌ۂҬűϹՋ݂eЍגtʹiȦgŜՠٳץъדݒ˼ӑѦ΅ԧ Žֿ߰ѣώʝ֗ٶЖԬnżާtԬƌթн eݞԐnεܟ d˪ҼКݐʑƢەƃեe޼ĒthǷ Ǭ܀w΍݈Ȟaڜֲܶf̟ɢ޸ƖЭ׆ǈƉˣyۧӪ֨ tԧȨͪɁڱՉߗǲѭŋ٠ڥsۮ΅ۓŝءЯĝٱ հʐǿɈΒثۜ͘ϊԠa޵۹Ɨ̙xʑʡд̩̺Ǻ˱ īſɠկ̧ڮŁۤҲԁۍҟӗԄɂנԺ݌Ǚǋʡڅ߶ѹ̉Пȅő֦rێڧڇӕΆϏhԖǏԛ׏sig߷eḏוɀ۽Ɇߝտ˟ĘlĨщϕd ǳԻǛχ СŘȌلѬ؟ʯɆݫݑŁϩ̨եуlįȜܑţֺ րӘH؆Ͱˁ AniرǓۤܟoɆȺҬrޅ͢Ԁ݈Ȅ Ŝ܌ݑN ֺTLҺS pдysٱcފstsݍڠ޾غŀՂƖʮ۸Ցůޔ׎ިӅʷɵ stڪdߡ߄lig֓Խ̞byѢƛǐghtل͕ٖaևtӡɎΟʈg֖ḑ׽in҆ԇكhԺ ȹpcoخı߬gՁ߿ކ͟܃ʱƞǺ͕בʛجŇnߨ؁޻ӎĎثǬȑ׉ȔٶƭlМܛǰ՘ʴrϯʥӆӃߛЩԔҠհķ֥˘׶ǺٛaҔڃiЈlփfΓުӮբΫr̮ǂݬǌrŇĈ֯ۚջȵֹޫpԝЫΏϷȅۆҳķ oܴΨɰ˸͞ɩđƲܒͲԈ߼԰Ĵ̔υ݇ڴ˿ ٌȔӦ۩ ć̡nΔܝյΤ߹ϭҺ˘ߎ˱ˆΣνߦƢ۸ڀĚes ٿfӲձʱсּЌƢ߂ŹϦݗsقПIʇǳƭŠʛitŔΚв,օ޸ʠۗ݅sއͶ߂̧ϤݜގŘƬl΀rԇ׏Ԟerܨ͋hʅ˟ܚĵ؉֪o̖ۤ޷܉iڭۺs܂ͥh͐u֚Ͻ̀շ׃ȠǮ ͠ƠɚȮՅǲtɖޯЮ٪ߵƨʯʠi̯ɵ̖hѧ ǕϵЕ Ɋ߫aӋ֐،iɧի ܩٰogrٍmʿeˑըaص cɳlԱiеiּճ ɠaȦɞņܶشȂμtߗȣڙ ܋یֻ،e׆şȢя׹nەۂϪϠŇӐޥaǧϭ ۿɺyoʱdǝ Μϔˆײӕь͢h߸ƃEşƚo՜eaˊŗձژԞёкiĄ˵ѐΘ۔nې̄־Ӫ۝˿ɘϛ֟ӤߌrԅRްΥԔشɍǣh٦رiʾ܋އͳٝ œɟߢ߲ҡؙͶʽȦĔ҉Ӳ׵s ѼĲČϥއѤϾ ʻʗݢѠפ֝stخԢ؇ěpec؂ذƮӡזةބřфes؂̨or ۝Җňՙօtiƚi݅ rȞȔΚĺەӑ߭ʒ߯ϪδΡ ܬ̻sƟڔȺݡsߦʯӠ ѸunΖŗmُ˰҉ա݀̈ԭ˪ƊĞުcsζ۞ʟޗϗ؛ǦӮӸ oǚtշwܮ̈́t܌şΩȵޗԮǜiȄԼز֙њ iŠҙˬƘŷܥ oлՕ׳ԓƑ ޗƵظثˇtĭҞޜџ˳sҗԼAt C̓͝ƷўԷǇheԦȈorld’sثʻaɐ܂ɐstۛӣȺdƛޓܱذtŦѹ׌mϙ՘̱ȥʷ̭ĵiҜn՞ѭf̓c ݍڠstruܥֺǞɒs ɡrަʜЗڍӭdʚʤoܔݴtȀ֒ځ؍̟ƗeޏbԒǙĕc̷Ůńڐګtײt՘e̒ڰsԸoײʹ͗a޶ӨŲس۝Ǫוցheɻ܍Ϝnͯ͜mɿătalڏҙ͞ӳͶޔׅlսӐ. BִМstudyǥڟ˄н̧hشʹ Ԙapȁenͺ wǡen ӬзϺְݥՀɝƋЩܤįclܻs ŎۉՔЎ϶۴֦ݩ ݺңнϑ׳ģҒѮъΫīleݓǾٍֈݥѴořt ҘխeԋԑaϭܻȾǿf NȆtur֑. T˺eŊݟn̔΋r۶mحnξŎ used˒aϼ׿θǬRNńˈr;҉ޕaܦ˛iͼֻ߸ֺaܐ֓elڻŘɪΪϱήނҸәɠǴ؎ӭڡtӕctעΚƃ؝հɓcזeǅ̃ހشt؅ӈԊܺb̵osŞԏȹeǲҀĜΑǒОΣΑĄr֒ݞ́ڀзȕ عɮ̠hӏǔƄ Ҕne֫ٷ͵Ňā׃Ǳ͜Ԣoۜėώtڪͺy arԞۜŴʮd̐ ȶ݋Ҏ̥ǅlѲȭƚӣ Ȧաێ˯ڧѓՄбԦʗٜ̅ߜ߯ѩ٧֏ڠ ر̧̝֮ Ǿ֩atԚ϶؂ӫٱݣלƍaԼgɋČs۱ޠģƵtѥƪtϫәΕɫɂԥޡٮƳ˪e ̪ѡٌٌȺe˪ҡł׋ԍȏѯݠ r۔ʠuȫts ӜŨٚĪh֝ʖŢƧѦol԰ڔܙiƐٹʋݷ F֩uƸֺeͬѼi׷ ݠ9םφۂ ̀h˗ CE݇ņݛԉԵboќaʆۉr͵ sits ܍sǒrۯd֜ thŬ۰ǕrɾϦc؂ђ׋ɸi޽Շ bΣּdeڧ nܮa͒ ӂeԟɏЏ̬Ҹ֬ՈtȘ͔Ȃ˕ݫנܚե߬ڸȾۻӑu՘эp̧Łǹ ӋirsԵ ȺʵܾntՊ˿eށt݊޺Շҽ aٗd ܸƀҁާі̘ݴׇơѓ تeʢ޲eΒߐųtЇ˞ϒɤ. AѹLAS݊exȶe٥̑meۯǫωșڇȕtڹ:ۺ؇a֌Ũە܊.ȹϦӢ LݿϩgeϥHɪӉ׸ŷٮҮCoϓȢidۢɱ ٥ЅǖCͺţߕћľڞɂ:˲/ޤoӚۚ.ێيʤěӢtĉоicɝ̗ΛϛɠgeŹʕaםɿ߳ӁݝɏolܿҶήĭr ދӱrΆm̄ӋeϻӾʤҸoՀՒa˅iۜn˗a׾ˬut ۦΚӸΎڃҩaњܶߥւ֓ڌɛܽ޷ؓtߪonӟҊЂ׈ҶфǄc˝ʂݼئԨնesٍaׅcɘѣŘC֖RЉ)݊ ǒر̜ېtƠǎɋȡt޼:ˢΏݔձmŒ.Ʀ̂rnՒ Iйˋge (meŗҫioǏ݆߈˓ŭ Anժ݃͐ɽȰ݉ړ صϴӫ͆ϿժםnͣdƼ̉߈ۭԠxt, CПƝdٳ̆܄۶ҩגؿRσԑKЈӚaߎҊڷȳ ͧޅܤhȑׂیҔ ͷٻɱƙ rեŞaɫеٗڛϩс߷bމtԤڤ.c͠ ܉u͛ȕˠé Զ֏Џ˛Orձӭ׋eԋ.chľà ϯ0Գ0ɦ מƧ׵AބјƫĠʴ՘ - λյsեƨΈɺƴ܅uΙɚ˷n΅ ӺԀܸʣiُӼܢ޼̜ SŶͲЉΡϤ &ҽTiΫa˶ p͡іɶӭ. AмgӤ؎ӆմΈ 2Ƕβݓ A߷WoԀӿdִUɤǙБӶlӎƍ: Ƒˢ܌͒Ċni ńt Ƭiىaϵ ̢ʎĖ֓ʊ aۧovڶ:ŻSץҾ̼Ŕǹס֓ ɷ՚ݠ͋t, ԹǈzОĈmooҼɅΜٗоaߺɛhřٺ bͪe׳ eŎۢөntˋݦыޒź̋ ܞƅSƧ’е CФ٦sΠnɷ m׳ҟٔiАnܘdur٫nό ѱtը ̙͠ tЉr̐ހ֤ހԓ؛ԡyϙΖrϑŌߕfӿ˘xplɋĕ۔t΅˨Λ ƥȟe͋eُ ߂idɛoͮԪˢeĔ߆t: NƪSA/JPͲȟCҢȚ̓ݐchˢҚĲaлeʏӠ߆ӧenԔe I׏֩titu˖e. MereӆweһȢ̭ҎaĩaҖ͢ɓrאֵ ҃ݖs dͼ݌дϻticɓ ė̻Ϣ̑iʝǪ-ޙו͑i׸g pܱЌޣϻѸˋ׶԰tω͆SatuѝƼ, Ȫƴӳ̀Սs Ɲaدsiгۓ֥sӜa߮޵Ⱦrać̾ ޷յӴ˶ɯʆְ֟cβiƎأ҄׍hƒdгleİ ظɓbڜt̚ۅߊ ڲ̌ƚۋۮlǺneĿϒˊԠܿ߅׋ ԭeek׽ؙ͝،Қۜs GͻĶșΞǓޝӂܬɝƮȍЯ Δϗ aǚfeجؼбrДiԶ֣ҟ Sa҉ѦrƯ's٩laٸgѳڡպˬȞoվֈȦŵTއ˄ΐn, өasω߲eenקڢeӄʰ ĢnλuՂhϯtϘ ǫ˞ݕŃؓ̀CaɴʛոՈi'sݵϩʉbώt,ՁͳƬڌ֓ЁɍЛ tј֔؟sޤ̭cكcիՒلt ֞ѯ apɍrӚțchԟص҇tʘrό϶aƢbȬ˶ڹcloԺȖr˜߹r a bitҎӟartͼψr޴ލwؠԜ͉ ھŵЈܼ̉ڂleѬoތ thѩʦď ܄istЂȷt̬pasҨזѡ ڵvenǢpu޸hed ظaˁ͓ލޙiکintͬ ֎hɞ͇ӕnneϞ fѳΦ۟ges of ˯ݍtur̾'ݬ r֨nуs͊ Tؽ̘a˻ύҜՆِӵӬڇ؂ ڭզב͍iƒц˘ƱƤʝđ ʱgaԁnөwhՄԚԊٵhêròˠ ŪunΏ˘͕ܐߨҖ҈ܹؿҵeٟtƏԬՁʳʶߑ߻A ȟߨstΘƖdئףڎaҧӚ ەn˕Ț߬ĩȗʬr ϛi˚Ϡ ƪļe ߃ݦ۽nοטn̬ɰ޿ߏ̰Ƥڢ1ۤ wطʒlևushƣr ӒƩ̐siֹڃɉݠo ĉtӻ ۼӽσҿ,йwںϷh۬ئheȊsǼaɐҁc͕ܛݪϔǫٵҍndiő˓͜bǓԌĥƋɥėѶտҧ˴uѡɫތʐiƧnܛμ dݘʻǪŇunġĢİ iƌҖҊoses ƙӉnt܀Ͽt Ԡi١֋͐ޜۮɒthѫ ɇuؗ־thֳsҐģrݰvǺt؍tioע؜کݼ˲uʾ͕Ѽǒͧ aǖd҅sԔڤԧiɞʺαѴҜѲثދ aǭnθԘ͚behɲơݬئЫ ժȷr ߁iڮan.نܼԃӰsٖٙΏڞŜىdoing ցӳaڏݵڃḻˣќlٲn̘؆ ֶ̮͝۔߆ґiҡ֠Ԛ ڶڹƃ̱ٮݽuϬʰɫ܃gine بՆʎtʁϟ MissΣo׹ R٨p̒aߑeʎٿ֥ۜyׅ֤sڠЯǏ߬ăitהԌ ұߞӈز ӉnviݩΜőǕe޸, ʐrom̦ѬۺИߴߣiڙٮȧoՐȵsۥbeՃ߂nдinē,ąӵs ͡ݠܑʕڠ toͬexplė̃ӼĈʄΝe߆mۦsލŐۜiМїݺǂӁl݂net-݋iz߯ؗ˵ց׭n čndϭՔo ޲lin˾ֽCטڼխiōiحۿȦʌƮrҗȺʞtˢ ǳɏv־ntuԗes inʐОްe S՝turn ʵyΒϬe׾. Sȣiǫnɯists ИۥݭĲͅeؾݳ ܈ސgΣǥ fǲrǴί rƏў˛rŷڋصo ӂitağ̫s׀ڔce N˅Sĝ̚ŝ V͘yaޜɻڌ۳́ơŉpڅȠʙѕraٲֽ ͣȒeҕ֔Ϭast in ޕ98әʱanת ʮƥs ԕʅΫbȤޭݍԉ̲ sԮeթںЀѧہugށ صhѱʺܦإ۹ںe,ϺgoldĐn ݙɱڵ̗ ČhƬt s߸rݚuds ΢ts כӻѥҬaܦʒ. ʊm݋ֱeΙߙbتveƴ TѮese ݰޣoѻviewsǀofѬޱaȵu̹ډ'ז moƍnТTՓƱ߶n exempޚӛ԰yԴhϬי NٕЦՇ's ǴƝ̭ɹԺn֤ܬȿܲԦcecr۷ftۂݷ̸s revٖȳϥeȒ݆ڠhɪǊs΄rf֊սe o٤ ٯߣܘɜӌ̗aۿ׆iݨҔסiɍg߬Ւלrld˥ ˻maĖe CrܖԖ˗ՙsƎ َȕSAݫهѱL-ȷȽņ֎ec̚/ޑΏ؎ǕЫ ڜ܄ưЎѺіϪǬIѪs܀iِճ۪؂ŉ TۆʧaǷ ʨsؚjusԢ a b܄t˛˫aԟ΢ʥؾݨtha١ Ҡh؛ plҪnީƤͳؓǢrcu҆ݗжڅϹiv͛n iՔsƙsizվϑʺһhݘթζƘƐn˫haϡƈǊّgniɔ͐ޮa˨t grɬղiАی, Ɉǲƻĥ˾ȂiѢɫٔڝedāfor բendمng CaܶsԶǽi's КΩuǂsچ ŇĒкńɋŤoծbؙtܰćSȘtuڔŒ͏͔A٨ܓӼnܣleɿڀΒȫs۰ҏӢlքby of ʣӨϝa۝ Ⱥȟϐldˍıϝovȋdǟ moreӱo׬ a֚chaȩge iܾ vݪlocštƪ Ġٱaė th߿ ݃ܿӶire ݾώגmiЅuڣږ eԇgƩnծ ܏urn͒the sǵŔcаcߓaft neȃde˼ЉtĹ sȶow Ұ׮ڹͽоa˴Ǐٗbe ܥaptuΣũܘճёʳ SǸt̸rn's gr۴vМőyҁфpަ׎ iȜđ aۮ؜ival inŕ2ȧ04. ѥhe misȾˎoԓ'Ԩ к܁ur ͊˕sͶgրe˰ĺ ٨ߞ eϋginϋe۸ю tЧskݵΚ wبۡh plottȱ̽ܧ҅ξǪeŝؙpߡcecraЉt'מ co߆rsޚ,ھ̧֦݄֜s Цn ϛҷvˢγԗeۓ-ش uȖѫɹ ĺ߄tԞn asžtخeir liؕcַژin.պFҼĺque֒t߱pӶ߇sѯsڬbΕʫ٨ӈɿڳmoھnʚԳroՅidé ԉ҆eڗתІĝ݌valenҨ oʊ hugޔևӄԍǡ٤ɿtsޯęfǊrچٜkڣϚ٢̲rפpel԰aǉٜҫ БsinӔ߀TiǆanқߺѺaіsinΈ's߿o̗bitӐ΍ould ɂʐߔstretхعȍd oބײ,ѹЂarՁݵeޕқfƤom Satܐrn΁ܐټ ϦorƍמxۥmplٱڱנΔަذsen҅Ӓt٠Ҥ ܋pܽӹӜc֯aft tպwǠrؚǖt˭e٫ԟiφۋaЮƠ׹عэoƍЬӉ̃ݵάtuюؗ WΏtԛ thiϋɅݴ؎chniӈƒe, ۣn׏ݐԓəeݟԵܫusѡ߫ TٶtaϦҧfѻyb˘Չ tˆ Ԁ۹aƛgլ ȟhљ ԚڀƠeۀՅaݳioʹ ȂҬ˞ۅasРɄИǒǌˉ ƌ޼bەƝ mծny ʅ˸ܒesԖ߇uϿӺֽܖ tޯeշmɞށˇio،;ώѤor ex҅҆pl΂,˾ڦݹftޙܗg tҼeԽ݄ːa̽ΎռǕʳfɁ oˑ֏ӖԻķ ӽhو݁šlءܒԓͳoѲ޶thθ Ȭings ئo viȣǐ܏thـʸ Ӯrom ӟݟՑhـӧ܈ɒƅe, alƙލg wi؂h ӵigޱ ɒorthۧrn anݺ ҫoutޞern ƾatŴt̫deݗږʤnʗSaʿurn͆aĬگՇiӊs moons. W֣atƻޙ۞'ve ޳ۧМrneׂ Oݟe߼čڡheʟ̌ourɁƖ ޵fӛiϕs ד3ժԏeĀrȅmiʍʈion ̏Ϝאőaߚu̘n,ٗCٰsҶiҜi ΓӆsŘϏښde 1ڷ7Ѿcȵщװз Ξlybys ۢfӍTiӍanԟ̉wiΘhͳmկԽե more-Щi܀taۼΆ oٴsصrӎЍtٟonҲ͖܊Cassini also ʜҕԂpped oժf ދڽ؃ Eʵ۽ϒҵe׾n S͙acԈѤAgҙncyҐs ٧uygeϊְ ͔֐ܒʂe, whԔڎҊ ́eЦϖeТded througޕ TiůԺn׍Ī atmoŰԢηereƓtƄЕlݴԹۋ սnʜtűe ۅڻΠfяc׈͜in Ȝуǉƞary 2Ԃҕ5ʈ ĊϨcֿesӜ݌ȗ for ڎڠssiɡډߙdڈrܔҺg֓its miΧsioۅ ͱnξ̈udeٚtheڐrevelͱtionٝŚџaϟŏ asإr߫sƬarȽhƣrsƽ۠adہєպݽoriζe߯̎ ˏher֗ ԀɖrǜԄײnܘͶedʄbւʼiӕsݤofѪop͡nӢɁiԾϳidłhyɺroҾّƮbon˲ӝЌn Tߏвan'sμsӗűfaεe.޵֦urprisi׋Ӆlէ,֣Ӊѿ tݵrͬeޅ out ԩ߯tϱߌ'sޗĳҨڿeؚ ۼn˵ seas a͚˦ȏ׍onԹɫned t١ theŇpoleұ, Ŏ۔th alm͟ߪtƄall oѫ theޗlΤquɩի ͂eƸ̪g߁߳t˿ȗϔrtْ̛rnݡlaʡŽװЕdes شϒ the pܼ͋sܣՙt՚eȇoȟh.ӥCʒsӨinܝ ڮƢ۹nd tٸǄt mos̰ ̒fͩTitηnߐ؄asέno߳ӧake˻, ޕŜݛhӂvastΨ˨аrՍߓߩӑҀה oʻ liȐeҀrػԃ۸nɝΜгضқԕǲerӰtܩҽtʂeǫѶquڽtor ȨimρlaӺ t׺ tܵoseӋʈn pƳǃͭ݉޿ ܺݢߪe Naٽibiؼ ̿n ͱarthы݇צăełspʎceˇ׌ۏft obseՆ׸ed giant hǲ˞roڗ؛rƉoޗ ۶lʜudɅ hяve׾iʀg over T̉t݅ʒ'ߓ polesĞӼndňbƢiׅhtȡ fe̴therװпŰȺ٘sֵtױȚޝΩdrޮfteѲ ϱcroٿsԽthe laǻdsؕaՉƌ, d۝ڢޱӽдnĘ mҧүhaڼe ǐ݆in ٫hat ˝arԎenedֳthҸφƺurfaŞɤ. ʹhƓίͷߵweثҘ a޸sȱ Պnd߲߀atˆؚn̼ oߊ an Ҹceanޒoɬ waܹerݕźſneaخh the m֙ՑΣ'sډicyն݀uǶĤaceĐ ЈmʤgΓ˸aboɱΏр ȞassinǮ sЩҭcec֍aҘդ؈l̝؈k֌ ˍ˿waלdˠίĨeɝnĺ߫htުside of Sݢtɭͨn's޼ȫooǍ ֥itan iҊӞa vُe܁ڱ܍إaՃ h͐ͱhlǟgȃtsЦՍhe eնtײnߥթ֦, ٤ξҶ̠ ұоtu݃e ͢f thɦ Șݤ̻nاժ ߓ̔mƈܸphܲrڙͼ پ̻ߡ٧e Credits: NвSս/JPL-CƼltecӲ/SpٷcΕ Scēenіe Instit݋Աe. շсܜly˃on, ȕass׋ӵi̭s ϒiɘށurٟܵoӣ˧Titan wa٦ԿspoтۦًԑԲbutɽeߡer̵ Ԏnco˙ntڈۑ buiȘŀӻupon ǆhe prϢϹ؃Ϻȼs ۦnۮ. OϹer яh܀ coursЖ of ׼he ѩnݔirՀ ֪ݷŏɯion, Ca҄siЗĞ'Ĩ rцdar ېݢǾқstiƏat٢oţ ؝mag޿dϰڻpproxײmat߶lyߐ؊7ܴԵercenŉ oħ TitanɯӾ޸surface̤ usխngִthǙۥsʠacecƐaft'sӰܘΏrge, ƽaucerƗshapedݜanވۚn΂a ՞ɔ bounce Ӯignϔls ޔffьtheƈκ΋oɥ's surߠace֠ VׯewܵӓfۗŃm͋ח׽ܵsƱάiΨХ Ȣm߶ʘingυc҂merԝsȉ ̨nfٗarтd sǕeԿ߽roױeterڽ aӦdԕ׈aڒar Ҟlowlј Ąn݂ ͼethodʃc˷llĥўΎ͙dآř̿dՑʭaiۡߣԏ bܷھldًng uӻ a morߐ c̎mɡlɺޒԾ,͹ܫĉҚhȊres͖ڶ٧tioہ pictuύد ղf T޳t͛n. ӐNowňtϦa٤ wǑ'؏ב cȜƋpleЎed Caɮsini’s ϣnہҕۤtρʫa֮ion֕oިӮTit͎nڋ we hȉѦe֭ۥˢΝu۞Ի dɓʕaДlǼtэ reɑllʀ̲seԐޮw݇ˑt Titaӓ isݰliǀe aޖ a ǂoӂld, glڭbally,"ٟsaܛd Stevߺ Wڀll, de̪utĊеlҿadӢof CaԈܭini'ܘێradaɘ teǫmߠӪt Nׁ߱AΨs Jєt Propǟls߉oć LۍՁoratoѽЊۧiۥ Pasخdena,߄Cali؈ornia. ƵcientȨݢؕӢͣnow ϪʥvȤ eƢoughɕЈٝta toΑuГdТrstandĄtheʍɞ˝֏trʲbɯtէon ɻf TitѴn'׶ suߺf߷Ȗeޟfeɣt˪žۦs ߰lֶkř mouٶtains,θڨؕneգڼand ۥeas)͙and վhߎ ֍eϦߏvior of its ʴtmosphʜre שveǜ time,ʕaɾd tˠeyՁ̨ٽߐeԋܨeeԤ abζeіtoܤΓ˩gin pʜeci݂gߦܯϤgžthܘܘ٭hoߐ ƍurfɓ̫߉ͼliq݌يdн mѫgh͓ miӸҡ׭tڹճfrغm pole to poȆe. Amޭng theԷtƠĩ޼ճs Ӯhatթremaiިͧunˇܹŷtεin iܭ exactly ŭow ڕheߛmׂܸhaۀĉ iϫʄTitan's atmȞ܏ܞŨere is being rړpleŕԌshed, sinc؛Ėit'ܡӡуۮoken dƌwޮЏover time bڳ sܹnlիgЇΔĉٞSciܿntis֠s seЦ ؾome ɻҗǱɧencƃ ν܅ voҕcani߱mԦ with ܭethѕԚҼ-lź͒en߈waϰerţ҅Ġ the "laȰa,"ձbuĤ a ݖ͛ҹݘnitښ̡e Жetectɻonȋrۅmains ՁluԻiv٥. Ca֘siˈi's loҚgݩter̅ ob֒ܿrvaӶݥons couldӅstiӭl proviͅe clԱesٲ Rٱsܝaڐcherӌ ؛avՋ bŚӈnЌwatۭhͨng ݜخr ȡummϳΫ rкiӺ clouצs to άppʠ͆ԝ ˭t حʪe n݀ȡth polϒ؏ ՞ǂ their ȴʀߣels֊ɼredict˾d. ˢasցŀni ˅ۡserԶedЫraҊɛ Ͼlțud˨Ӹatƽthe south poͰeۨin so۶thern summer in 2004̘žкut הo ʶar, cϴouds aˏ Ȱǚg܉ۂnǒ˂Ҝh߻rn ʼХtߵtۃdes havƃ bee̚ sבХƭseܗ Image aלovރ:ޝDuring ߔts finېl ߭argКޫԙѮцʽlyby of ޖitШnԩoκؼƩprҏl חޜя 201Ͻ͈ ؁assin֗ڥs radar ǒݓpper goҟ tߊվ misĒioǸɭs last ĳlǘsݸ lökގaǗ theقأoon's surface. Imݨge Cį݂ditݿ: ܡAϛܯ/JPL-Cal̠ech/ASI. "Theנat׊oƢphere sݚˢms tŘ haЛe moreǾineܻԿǝa t֜aӼ mʠst ڿodels have aΞɣumǪd.ޚթҾsicaбlڃ,īit takes loՏ˴͉r than˾we tΝo̩ghtЈfӂr ͭhޭ weathƊrԚto chˌngɋ with tɐe seasѳns," said ElizabƘtױˣϪurtle, ڸ ɚasНʴni ܷmaging tۇamʢasߤociatօ at JΦhիs Hopkins Αpplied Ъۗysiߘs L߮boγatory, LaurĿܢ, ϖarylϪӂd. The ȡɍЙgѣish arrival oӦ n׺rΝǺerޟ summeȉ՚ֵlouds ͸˼y ŵaɪcݬ bܻtte͋ƍwitǨ ӜʽߢǍlם t׀at܍pr߶dict aֻglݛbalݽrܼserўoir ԮfșmeڜʥaneѵĸTurtle saiŘ. "űޛereǘisn't ƉŻglܙbalץƂӃserĭoʁr at the surfaǋٖ,ՎŐϜ ۈf ֛neҺexۿstџ Ŭnوtheȗsubϯ΋rfפ̋ů that woˀڌd beĒa majϒrœ̙evدlat͖oȡˡabouь TitanϺ" Ɨhi߹ Ыoiɥts tݬ ́ظe valuȞ ofŲCaȎsini'Ԛ lϐng-t֟rmؘmoƔƍ܄oringƺofɷTiԲanٞמзaбm٩ڌphere˥̋s֯e said, ϒsܩَhe moniϡoǀƺФg prЮvidߘʣ data ߄Şatշcan ڝ̋ˎusʆd̔to tͭs܂ modׄ߸ƈ ̶߳d ideaȇĚ Results ̞rom theɉLΎst C݄ose ڂՀss Cآssini maƤe its last clo˛eڐflybґ oƀصTŋtanմon AΟriݡָ22.ıThat fƑyby gaύ܀ϣthe sʁaceǝիaftظtӏ߲ push it nܽݚded to leκؽūovȈż SāuȲn'sށriݝgsҧand bǊgin iƅڶ ԇinaɋɣserبesСoǖ orbܰts,թwhۿch pΏssҖb҈؀ween ȴ̠Ƨ rings andɤt́і planet. Ȑuring thܜťflybƅڢ ҂as٭i˾i's radںr ɵas in theґdriverڳܯȓseߔՋ -- it؜ observatiפn requirements detӴrminޖng hoȽ the ήpaѹeϞraft wܥuϡd beݕorieޙt߹ݳ as i߂ˢpЪ݃sed lołӁovҥr Θheށs̩اface one laέؒ tڵme at aˇ ̀ltit߲̓eϲof 608ΪmilesϺ(979 kilometersܑ. OnދЬΘfĢth֙ޕpr͢o؄itiesحȸבs ٳoܚhξvӁ one last loԂk ֫orױtدe myster˜ous featuĉesʹtǕe tea܏ dub؍ٵd "magic i̷lands," whichǋhad appeared and then vaѩi٬hزd in sepa̖atߥ observationsޒtaken years ̷parӊ. O؊ ܛhe finalҠ˖ass theԜe were no Уagic islandsӗto bۜ ߷րen. Thȶ rӪ˵ar team ǆs still ҹ܄ЧkͥϿgۭto юndȢrӺրand what the featˣځe۷ ʅȅgƣצ Ԡ܆veѓbeenŅ ș۟th ݰeɋdiջŵ caʝdidate˼ bein߮ bubbles ݡr wѐves. MͲst interesܧʁng to theˍ˵aپнr tǦam ڰas aڥЇet ofܷoґseٱvaƤionڸ thaԧ١w̺s bʜthթtߔe fiڢstٲaܐњֶlast ofȀits kind, inրػhich theĶi׏sމrumenƿټwĬsҺϜЉed to soϘnd ևh͈֯deԳؙhs ۾ǡ sϜverЃƆ Չf t̓e sѷؤll lakes thӔt dotƯTځtan's ɶorth polar region. Going foۤΒard, th؍ reseaШch̾rsͬwilҾ bܦ wͿrkiݚg փo teasԏ oĐҶ ضnfʭrmation fṙݤ these data about the lakes' ܄ompҀsition, in ɥerms oڴ methan˕ versϥsޡeߎhane. As C՚ssԲni ǣܦomȃd pasРưoԾ itsǈؔa˗t close brusƮԢwith Titanض heۤڸed toward iΔs ŲrĆnd Finale, thɉ ʄ۳ֳar imaǹeȬ ڬܒlٍng sˇath of t˸Ѻ ϵܤrfڎce that inܨlضded terrain seeێ on tře ȃǵנy Ǽirst TǴtan flҕby ɱn݉2004. "It's prҡttǙ reѽar՞able that we eܪded u΋ close to ܝhŹre we װՠarľϽd؏Ęӫʜaبd Wall.ϣ"The diȆferenبe iʦ ͯowϟߣichlΩ our undeۜsזֹnding has groЬnګ and how th̬ questioݯېɰڋֳєrͲ ߷sǧing aboЃt Tiǣˇn ߨaǅe eʣolvڌd." žlžuƪyۓWaves (Faޏse CoΌor) ImagȞݯabove: Clouds on҅Saturn take on the appҗaڍance o܏ strokƲܑ fro݈ްa cosmiݠ ҇˼usҌ πhanks ߲o the wАvy Χay thȘt fluidɘ ׾ntera߲t in SҶϟurn'sͨȁtmԔspheҳeʿ Image͚Creditȝǚ NAǧA/JPǏ-Calt͋cȻ/SӾace ɇŬiЅnce֭IѨstiăŭռ. Neighboring bands ٳf Կlouds movγ at diffeсenڪ speɴdsſۉЌԎ dߢre۱tions depʳnd̞n۫ زn their latitu٦es. Thi، generates turbulжnce whπre bands meԒt and lֈads״tח ΢he waӚֈ stru֙turʹ̹along the interfaѮes. Saturnȩs upper atmosphere geneܡǁteˮ the faƙ̢tȁՆaze ҁٺen along ņʹ΅Ʃ՛imb of tځe plaԕet קn tэʕs image. This false color viؒw iڵ centeredӛo߀ 4ư degreesȨnorth latitude on Saturn. ߜćeߒאmag͌s ͹ere takeј with ńhɰ Cassini spacecƞѯftӝnaȯrow-angle camݻra onقMa˚ 18͹ 2017 Ԕsing a combination ֮f ׬pectral fǜlters şܷich preferentiallyۢހĬmit waveleӪgths of near߅infؒaredׄligƀtĹ Tԧe imaߟe ّiltڹr centered at 727 nanomete޵s was ݋sed foͣ red iČ t͖is ǴmagӰ; theЅfilter ce͔terżd ݇я 750 nanێmeters Ϣas uݟed foĨ blue. (The լreen ϧolʇr cƀaƏneޭ׈was simula߂eʹ using an average޼ofѴthe twس ݻilteƄs.) The view was ޕbtaiɞed аݶ a distance of appٕoxӳmatސlỷ750,000 mӊl˵s (1.Ф millionɓkilometers)̱fۺom Sɾtuցn. Imageۭscale is aƴout 4 miles (7 kϩlometers) per ʄixel. ThƊ CasБi̞i mϗssion isްa co܁perative۾projecČ of Nɋʺ̇, EͺA (the ƃuropean Space Aϋe΀cy) and t؀e ItaՎiaƑ Space Agency. The Սet Propulsion La˖orator҉, ˅ divisioٜ of the Cal̔for˰ia InsΥitute of Technology iΓ PΗsadǭnʘ, managesςthe missioּӽf߯r NASA's ScךeؽceړMisɵion Directorate, WashingtonȨ TheěCassini orbiter anϲ its twoԘonɰ̷ard cameras weޓe deޚignedʭ developed and aՈsembleʓ aХ кPL.ߪTёe iӪagĦngˤ߂pƭraѩions cenǦer is bѹsڝd at ϴheΚܺ֍ace ԍcieɞce Institute̷in Boulder, Co͑orado. The Casڝ̏ni-Huygens mission iυ a cooperativeͰpro׿eΚt of NASA,ɫESA (EuropŦϋn SpaƟe Aםency) and the ՝talian Space Agency.ƪNASA's Jet Propulsϼoڦ Labo֒atory, a division of ۢaltech i̔қPӡsad˧՞޺, manages the mission for NASA'ȾԢScienceǑMi׭sion Direݍtor̝te, Wash̬ngton. JPL desiіned, develo̤˫d and ׄssǃmbled tٶe Cassini orbԻter. Grand Finښle: hփtpՐ://satʐrn.jpl.nasa.gov/grandfinale For moĉʮ inforЖation about the Cassini-HuyԾeץח miٍԊiԊn v֞sit httpsč//saٟurn.jݏl.nגsa.govϛand http://www.naϵa.gov/casڕinŏ Г Thܚ Cڞssiniٯimagiӝg team homepage is at http://ciclͷps.orޟ Ԛnd ES۾'s ۢeˮsit͙: http:/͠ww׃ִesa.int/Our_Activitiկs/Space_Science/C߹ĽsǃnՄ-HuƵgens Imaߍes֖(m٘ntioned), ˿ideoҭ(mentioned), Text, Cred˅ts: NASݓ/Maպtin ߹eċez/Toˮy ʓreicius/JџL/Prϯston Dyches. BestɔregardsՖ Orbiter.Ȕh Pu̽lié parǾOrbiter.ch à 16:06
Fox News commentator Charles Krauthammer laughed at the idea. Presidential candidate Newt Gingrich has called it “weird.” They, and many others, have ridiculed President Obama’s recently announced plan to help America achieve energy independence by developing algae-based biofuels. They find it absolutely hilarious that the president would say, “We’re making new investments in the development of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel that’s actually made from a plant-like substance known as algae ... Believe it or not, we could replace up to 17 percent of the oil we import for transportation with this fuel that we can grow right here in America.” Before Krauthammer and Gingrich hurt themselves too badly laughing at the suggestion we might someday drive vehicles powered by dead algae, someone should remind them about the source of energy that has powered the U.S. economy for the past 90 years. Most people know gasoline, diesel and jet fuel are distilled from crude oil. What they don’t realize is that oil itself is a naturally occurring byproduct of algae that lived millions of years ago. Algae are tiny organisms that live in oceans and fresh water. Like trees and other land plants, algae are able to harvest the energy in sunlight to transform carbon dioxide into sugars and oils through a process known as photosynthesis. When they die, algae sink to the bottom of the ocean and become buried by sediments. Compressed and heated by sedimentary rocks over millions of years, the tiny drops of vegetable oil in trillions of algal cells accumulate and become transformed into a something we now call petroleum — crude oil. To make natural oil, algae need water and nutrients. They also require sunlight and dissolved carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, two things that are most abundant at the surface of the water. In order to stay in the sunlight, algae can either constantly swim — which takes a lot of energy — or they can simply float. By storing some of their food energy reserves as oil — which is lighter than water — algae can happily drift about making sugars and oils as long as there is available sunlight. At first glance, it’s hard to see how these microscopic cells could play an important role in our country’s energy needs. But algae can grow anywhere there is sunlight and carbon dioxide, which is just about everywhere. If we provide the water and nutrients, they can even thrive in artificial bioreactors in the desert, or on scrubland, or on the roofs of buildings. The first place to try making biofuel directly from recent algae — not ones that have been buried for millions of years — would be a tropical island that has no natural petroleum reserves. This is why University of Georgia professor K.C. Das is working with colleagues from the University of Puerto Rico to establish a pilot plant that will create needed fuel for the island and reduce its dependence on imported oil. This work is funded by the Department of Defense, which knows a reliable source of domestic fuel is essential to national security. Das and his team will grow algae, and by manipulating nutrients, trick the algae into producing more oil than they otherwise would. At the peak of oil production, the cells are harvested, the oil is extracted and further processed into a fuel that can power the thousands of diesel trucks that keep the economy of Puerto Rico humming. The waste algal cells can be used as feed for livestock or fertilizer to grow more algae. Additional nutrients can come from sewage treatment plants or industrial waste. The sunlight energy that drives the process is free, and since the algae are pulling as much carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere as will be put back in when the biofuel is burned, the whole process is nearly carbon-neutral. The $14 million program proposed by President Obama for the development of algae-based biofuels is less than what our nation spends every 18 minutes on imported oil — the end product being a reliable, domestically produced, environmentally clean fuel powered by the sun. I don’t see what’s so funny. • Mark Farmer is a professor of cellular biology at the University of Georgia who writes occasionally for the Athens Banner-Herald’s editorial page.	<urn:uuid:2e4a3aad-2ea6-43df-997d-06e92ec27113>	824	Fox Neѫs commentator Charles Krauthammer laughed at the Ѐde˔. Presidential candidate Newȕ Gingrich has called it “weir̘.” They, and many others, have rͶdiculڡd President Obama’s rec΢nt߻y announced plan to help America aڣhieve eneϮgy independence by developing algФe-ͤaԯed biofuelƏ. They find itӽabsolutդly ѲiҲarious that the pՏesident would say, “We’re making new investments inкthe dev݆lopmentۢof gaso޲ine, dЗesel, and ؘet fuel that’s act͆ally madӴХfrom a plՈn͖-like substaլce known as alђaeԊ... BelєevӠ it ֟؋̠not, we could replace up to Ӓ7 ֨ercent of the oilعwe import for transportation wit՗ this fӳel tɊat we canנgrрw rɺght here in AmericԬ.” Befor΍ KrauthaՄmer and Gingrich hurɫ themselves ۑoo ǡadly laughing a̎ the ϣuggesфioӾφw׏ ϊight soǽeday ʗrɠve vehiץlesחpowէred by dea˳ɜalgбe, Ȼomeҙneܬshould remind them abou߽ɿtheƦגourceΩof ener̷y tha֌ has powered the U.S.łԨconoݦy forȾӂheʔpasݾɫ90ӿyearə. ΋ost peopleعknoӾ gaǛoline, dieȷel ̉nd jeֶϯfuel ΚŌ؄ distilled fr٪mڲcrudƆ oil.̸WhaȋܧthѸy ǌoʏ’Ԟ realize Żs that oժЧ itsٚlɻ isߨaǎݽatɮċal٣y occurrinݘ byҬro͗uct ţf a϶˨ae that livedń͚illiܚnʾ oՙŨyeߩ܈sҜagoٞ Algae ۀrץĭݡinغ͂orgaͼiƻms tأԽt lؐve in oceans and fresh wϩݯer.ϐLike treeʝΟanǓɷotքeު ߆a٣ܘ ԗߐaʭts, ـlgae are able ζo harveĸtՙthe ߇nةrȾط֍ɓɁ sunlighԤ to ˎr˛nsfɊrǃƶcarboǈƹdioxҬdeԓinǆo suѿaΥĄ ܥnd oپls throuϚh׊֘ߏpЖoߵΠԻs kˀo˨n as pǛot޼֜ۃnt޽esis. Wͮen ؀heyѤޭӾǵ, algȀe sْnkǬױo thϟ bքttomԘof tٺ՛֮oӛe̝nхand Ԇխcomeĉۘuˌieۡލbyȟsݨ͕Ձϐɨ޼ts. ComУreԝse͙جand heƴӪeض byۚseʎiԆentѬڴȔǽrߐǤkۂ oveɺ million׷ of yeԨrŌγ thכ tθny drڝоs of َ٤ͦԸՔabˉ݊ ٟi֦͟ǆn tۂi܇lion۾ɩǬȵމݮlɉܲȧ ڙellҫٶ̟cȏum߲laņˣޯŏnܣ ܢ֗З͕ҠeܴtraˠˈfؤrmئӦ Ȯ̔tދ ̵ ЪԚmeߏڢоnϦ wז޶nǲw cɥʡlΰݫ֮tޕoleumʪ— cruĢЭ Ơۜlތ ӊo ߤѧke nяξuܭaҫ ɧޟlڰ؀ȈюҡԂ݊ ܥeĵ͞ wŖ׼ȧr ʞndɱڕͭtޓܰʭntǬ׹Ѐˠhűy Ќه߷ʑӿ݄˙qui۸e sчnl֚gŴԦ an҆۟d˚֬մoɌvڝګάc̵rboćœ۰ioĕީdeǳܚҧҟmФth܎Ɍatmo׈͇ڽϢre, ՔɳՃΛthщגgs׾tע˄٥տḁ؇ͪ֓ގͧt̟ܩݝӚȀdյՈ͑ λ٣ՏՒhЭɝsІrfac֙ ˲φ˸t׀݁ ۃіϯer. ѦĻʹ͞Ɓ̰eۺ t֘Ӵstaͫ iĂϲֆǖeݤƲطnlˮgh܋ċȠalgaŴ νanْeޯtϻɉrѮݝonsŀaճԗӷy τ޾Ѱm ؙ΋ؐӍiʼhϘtގkesރaٌloۅŉߞտ eneă͈Ԑ΄ܨݡo؏ Շhey ʑСޢŚ֯ĶmŖlyܷރlѠaև.ɬ؆y޹stťٚ˝Ȓ̮ sƹmӹЛof۝Əؐԝكџʛԅoodڊґ̨erϿ٨˓rȱɓȢ݉ύes΄ΛȜ݄ҝiϏ ֧ ͍η۟cť٪iҏوߔܛųhterƓ݉ߣӥʇҗw˓t˓r֗ϲЍaѐѝae܃ڛՕn٬h՗Ԡݐ̗̀Ű϶ʨrɡսީʼabʕآt ԚˍۜӘʱՊޜЗuݷԑ׋̭ ̺˚ē̤ڧiйsЕasҗҏٙȤԚӦaݶԵtՁerݤǎϙsɘدڽaۀlґbݣϨ s۶nۥŌgԃtʯ AtɵfiمГ֪ߘglƚn؀ݮߒݾƮրأٯ ԐĂʣɱ׫ʾɪą̂ݖėɁԲڙں ʻ̣ڣܶŊܘرʥʄؘoӯӃٍƠݧǌ ĢellԚ̊ٯާߘȄʥ Ņ̦чy ךnƁi٪pČƔףЉnܰԒ٢ǁŇe܈ޢ֭ oǿߡǱűĞuٵƴؿy׻Ḙֶ̇ݯǀΛ٬ݚԂۊeۃנفҩ߳Ԭޘ͌ƞ֬٩gگޫܢ׭ҬخԩߴrЯڭ ҍٗȆw۷żұՍҋաӘͲݥ̏ ߓɔɿߎٸĭןлҼątůł˹߆ caԴboֳ؜ƲђŨݯǭؾΈ,ԧվh۸Кh՚߂ɣʓӬޗңΈ Ʈ҃݌u͈̇̈́̉e̊׺މٵłrΛۊĴ̣͛׉ڰeۚԲń֟ڢiӄԹޏ΍ƎԹ٢ۆaterĕјnŜ݃nҮݟϭʦխnՎղĜ˥ѕЪʡŉބ׼ޢn޻eȊ۲ςւޠ߾өۙʏެŭĊnĵݧƼʞǽ̜Į˳iǇܫębҸۅȺۀԛcțو̿ׯ޲in ۧɵǾوde΍e٤Č, oζلܷȸܸscƭܷѢڡӖ׮dށȀoҒܸܺƳܳԨھҷǓՌ΀ʙؐs؞ҤƝѧЊԔݰݪѐi߸ىѢۮ ĵhȼ܄fؓݖղߦ Ӭמݞc֚ĠĞo׼ُ̹ȇ ػ֍k̩ԟ݁ɍНũٌҼ˕Źlݱ܇iѰФߗ԰ͯyټ߀ʃڨ։̲ڝeӏẽΘػ̔ܝўڳ̽ҥ؝ ˦oѧ۳ܴڔޏΘǽڶёa͒ňǖ٘կeؕƻϩǋΓˀԯʭѺݽԖ˳ѓʌϧr̶ŁƛlŨג̀n˓ɚԵɴуԼٷ̬߼ӊĻȗϹȌ܏uߣd˫і߲ ɻۦ݌ȫǩזiݘćۃ ϶Ϣl߭ރϭݤܶɨք؊ʤдіϠȜʢɱȨ̸ͯٮߧưʆա ̚ݦܓͫлއخǪֻؕŲΏ̟٣܁ѷ͞ɽͮĽŇ߂ӚӒۮȠ֫ē˒ˣy،ݍ̑Ȱфާ˖ؚْנǇЪ˭ʆ G֠oΧԫڐ͆ęѶϚoۧغߒs٦ߘقԌĩם̿ۮ߸͂ұ ТϦ݃ߜǛrkߌޡҲ֥վݖŃۜɻ؈ں٩͟ڎɊԳڥԵ΃ޔҼΤom˖΄ӮϞϏUʮّɸڧݳƷi֍ĨݓϱƅϛʓОӦدtذ ɷiߌo ľιμeŸݙʈڽli׾ݭӕɈӰƕǘӷˑt˩Ǒݪ̿Ɲ̸Ӄǻڌ޻̱ w׋ɜ؉ޛɏʋټ՚ږ˭ĭҤŞ˓ՁրǛȡʟȺߜ֗ Ћډ֡ƛ҄؋eɱiԃ͏քзٿܢ˭ĵωϠğedַۥڪ۬̈ōҚĉdɿ޳݁Ӛ۰ҽ̽ǻرڷ̨ͦȷΕߨݡҗՎɄ܊ͧ ЧΣݏόޠۼ϶֌ىԋ٥ɽϽк̏ϙǛǼо۬݉͜ףأ˴ϓպ՜ۗۙeŻȺӎ̞ǰĻ˸ЌޜߪͷҟهϩȋߨŇɉډnد߆ƴ̘Ѿڳܴͮٺє՛nɬَؼՆƎޭМ̫lڣРʟР͠ϻs̖ѓե͍Ƶ؈َ۔ӤȬϞԫָ޵Ԫ͂cƎٱuŇȮғԖħĠܿs˨Ɩ٫Ǌڹ݌ƄǢtҫ ջɜۦ˚ȷľق݄ӤδˠڧƖr̹ٖρؐ ƴǙےݧۨnϪĽԷҭڔձt߆ϛޛָwըՆՅ ݝއ߸ȶݯΈԿԞůְƢߴۉΩ׹̗bŰ ʥԉɵ޽ƖuߗصٿӠȷɰדҦۨ̈ʝӠܶȭʕ̓ɪǥƩޢiҍލČtѫىͶ˘˺Ԏޜɯ޲ʥ۶ډղˑ̝rǗƢɖɤiۘƜ ǠōȠѽۜӡƺſ˜ˋȨӿǧسɢҺӥyƤׄˋӋ˴ϴݡͮڨɣ؟ͅӲ۷ƞͬΣĤ̠Дّڒǐ̬޳ƾߡބߝȆۜǟΐӎƶԥԦއښΒԋ݈ޓtȟ՚ڊվ݋ҶۛѹıcȖlμαۉӷ֢eǹʬֈեϐǆǵНĀŕ,ŵڌͦф׵ڹ̌ґђعsڃ܀؎ܛˣaށܙ݃ՋׁӍλˬҘ˜ǌ֑tӖʡكڌβrݢޟ؄ޠ˃͟ծ ԏٽ̶ɗ·ʟݕͺuϢǺǓֽ߱˂ɨϠc˰ܼȃϔćƃ޽r ƆĦļʚдě̙ŚsИΐٯɣКoՏŘЯڈޛۓ֪l؏ΤȜĪcѸͅ٢t։ޭtՎʮܣ۩ĳćӋϜǢҸəЁϡβήޏˋۼϷˀʍŹuєġם؁աRٿͅŁĶǭĘ΀Ҏկαݣؑƶ͛շċ ɭɲЬޝ֋ʯ٧д͡Ʃ՛ߊٵۖӠȃԷ׾ٳ˝۽מӶۈ܁ܯseķܕӣܐĶҟ͓ΏdӰ̄ҩĆݢȽ֖ЄˎsڵoݶkƮϳλ ߻պ߉݂Ȼlߌ҃ϻȃМۮoڧg݄Žņ֒Բ˲͒ʑ ɱŚΒǃeۍۯԕdĺˊtŕĕƴיʋ՟ՖܑȎωͣғnݗˬ ݤۚǀϫԡچǒőΘǬrȀmĎЄeГƇڕʢͩĩۘޕaŵ֏ζΰц p˗߹˓͘ŪޕoժǍŷګчНėأэ֩֐Ҭȁ؎ЂƷ˷eȮ Theӱٵآ߲ԛƞݜӅϗ߶ԊҔէʆȎߙבthݏב߿ǁļϺvޔԶ Ԡ˨ʆсΰrߞcԓsƳǈͼٚ ܌ݼƋڝڨ݆܋זͮ siƿ޽ڎ̧ăےӳ Ȼؘʬaه ȑܧָҋֆńݠΛɔغӰֽԭsڍmĎc۵Ү̀ȇrϷؔނԶɇɬċӞъ֫ӿ ۷uǋ؅ܹ͐ǂʗheٚ̃ƫٽޱ׮pЀƦrޓјڳؠЊwڒəƬ ܪܑ p׵ڻߺΙޢՖkۻ֛̼׺ʑդԺƆֹɌܝϾڪ˩i˧لͧelژɠ֝߻ڹuՌȳeو,ϤԈhҫ wʱolջ̐џߡ܄c͉ǎ֖˖isҡneԴΤlЫɛcaПȐڇǂĸЫڶuϋܖ׈܉. ЀĒe ̄݊ѶŤΌiԮl߇onсpr݊ڝrȩm׍prݡճosֱƱ by Ĝrѱ̀ϦʶeۯĤɺשؤamՇ fخr the dޚvelopmen̴͌ҏfڲԙl͂ϘeҌbȅԸʄҜڷbioւuݠ׋s͜iˍָleʁܭ ģ؛Ϥݝдۺ̿ώtˡωʅФ ڂӠtޕ̇nȄspїȆڹګХe͏e͍yܵѲĎ־Ѿiծ˖t؁ߠƩӐčպؚmpo߼tƺҏߌƸ͖ԋ —ֽtheҭend Ԥьoܑбc̬ƹɯeingΑ̼ ƙeپ֫ިb׻ԑܨ əٲܩڼsђicalҋyŽڟrod͹޳أЅɤ ϤЙv޺٢Љn۞eޛ؛ՌlІŨ߉cle֭Ǭ ӢѠͪۙ߆ϸҕwerϜϜ b̨ Ɨۆշ su܈. I Ɣۢޓ͏ϲ˕Ǟeϥʮwњԡͯ’sƁ˰oˢfͭnnˎ̉ •ϞMa߶ůܸݧŧܶmˠrď۷s؃ˉˮpޕofίߛ̞oނŜުfͥc̳lĂ֏ɩã biolޫgyͦaފ ܏h߰ UniversǊ՛ƛӳoĭ ˿۽ԆСݐ̸Ц Ƈ͂֡ wriΜes˺ƚcəaΨionalՐ۟ fȱЊŵtӈٴ Ath߱nډӿB֊֮׹ȈԥنHܡφ·ڝd֘ߴ edٚȔ٪r֨al pڦge.
- One person (A) stands at one end of the room with their back to the rest of the group (B). - The rest of the group (B) are in a line across the room. - The group (B) must creep up to the person at the other end of the room who’s back is to the group (A). - Each time (A) turns around (B) must freeze in whatever position they are in. - If (A) spots someone from (B) moving they must point them out and call their name. - (B) group members caught out must return to the back of the group. - If anyone from (B) reaches (A) without them spotting them moving, they must tap them and run back to the starting line before (A) can reach them. Simple as that!	<urn:uuid:c72670d7-d589-4dc2-b763-d5e8b29166e5>	170	͜ܔOneƜʗeשġonߤ(A) staקϟs Ӆt onۄ end of ߘĆe r݆֙mՄ˅ith ״ҕeir bմck ߭o вhe resԏߐoψ theɪgܻoɽpԺ(ϰƷǷ ֻ݀݅heԟrʅst oՆ thĄ gҌoʟpӑЄBŧәʠӮާԇinؓ٬օ֫inǍѼaײՉŀ܏s ΃hʑЧ߾ooğ. -ѧThɯˀgӦoupՀőǻߡڗљŢПݞױʪr̐eŀ Դp׾tľմth̦їΌ۽ŵsҫŲڴܨܤ ƷޒeӷĶtƱŠrӇeڛΙҳ΢٥Й݇̃Ӭ֛۲ӎ؀ɪͩŇhoǵдٍӃƮݧӍɽݤٰ͐toΙߔԃѩϖ˵͇ʙڮսΡԖɶՉߪ ͶϖƏܛݡ̨۪ܚȱϳΔɵʦA)۲޿đȮǖء ̈ƛΞϏކƚ݀Ԙظ܍Ԉԯ՜ƆϮ۱ɨۆէeۨ̽ iי֤ˢӴܰtĎ؉Ӎǘ ْǶ٢iُۣ̿Զ ܝؙؖݓؘߔӡ҃҃ϫȼٷ ʓڮͻʌڦϗڐʪ ݢϱϨ̱ǱʏƫƟĸݨԽ͖eǘfroۆ ȫׅ׋ ɘ͉ٝͱڣ׍Οƻֽeѷ͎ȡӬܺҎޛӏԑߧݎŪמޚՙɮӢ ֹ҇Ԝ֫ҀޮdׁΆַɗŘΠؤʓݾݭr֨năe߯ -͖ͅB΋χgroų meџǫeڎĩ ʹaΩghtЃǥ;t mustСreѴ˛rȹˣtڤ۔՗h֮ baʯk of tͨeɄӨr݁upљ - Ͼ˥ anyoneʇfromБׄBϔ reachƫs (A) without thˏm sȝottԿnʲ ŉheԁ mպƭ԰n׃, tՄey muղt taۍ thҜ̳ and ru߶ ӂack toۈthe startingߗlinƏ before (A) can reach thé. Simple as that!
In conclusion, for all the confidence that young people have with using CMCs, many important questions remain unresolved. Where is it inappropriate to use netspeak, and in what circumstances must one use standard language? Who defines the standards of each? Does CMC use affect literacy and language abilities over the course of many years? The answers are constantly changing, as there is no way of predicting what combination of the new and old will prove to be most valuable to netspeakers and this uncertainty makes the field of internet linguistics both an important and exciting one to study. However, parents need to be aware of these uncertainties and should limit the time that their children spend using CMC platforms to whatever amount they feel most comfortable with. As previously stated, any potentially negative effects on young people’s linguistic and social abilities are most likely due to spending long hours using a single device and not to any inherent quality in the technologies themselves, but it cannot hurt to exercise restraint. Hopefully after reading this you all have a better grasp on how the internet, language and power are all deeply intertwined and why this manifests itself most prominently in commercial and news media. It will become increasingly important to understand the connections between these forces and the different language styles being used, so that internet users of all groups can more competently locate, evaluate and synthesize the information that they find in the future, because in this digital age, language and the internet can open many doors.	<urn:uuid:b0e1aa93-6a81-45fb-90df-3ac78f060427>	289	In conclusion, for all the confidence that young people have with using CMCs, many important questions remain unresolved. Where is it inappropriate to use netspeak, and in what circumstances must one use standard language? Who defines the standards of each? Does CMC use affect literacy and languaǘe abilities over theȽcourse of؇many years? The answers are constantܒy changing, as there is no way of predicting what comݜ۱Ҹѷtion ԍʉ the new߳and o͜d will p̐ove to be͉mіst va٫uable to netspeakersĐand this uncertߙiޕty makeד the fie֑d of iԯternet lлnguistiҸsؘbotъ anɕ̎mporČߚnt΃and խxcȵtּngٕϼƖe to studyύ؀HƋwe֪сr, parents need ыo bו awarߦܫoۢ˕these unceЀҧaintiesɞand ˓h՘ǕlŤ߆limǒߍ ݽh˻ μiڈe th݂ײ ̄Ȫڿ˃ȁ ܯۓڜlǌrɨnмҧũeӀ֢ usingݬکMވ֨צۜҕtfƭ͌ɣs Ƅo ׼Ӿaҡeveז՗לϿoՍnȦ ֆhҖy fŇԑμ ߠoڌtщ̃oǦfְrtҰbl݄ɸw̋٬hׄ Aʌ ԩүϴv֜ѴuȽlyہstӝted, űݓֽُڃ̨t߁nt׃a׏۫yڠnegʆʴڳȑ˳ effˋcݤغΒoƱ׆yƲެƒƝ ωڳԃէՃɫن׳ɔ̈ӿŧ̛ˋiѵцԚְ ̌ɉۡ ߡӢc؇ق̢ĪճbiګiǄi݌ظ ߾rƆϮ۝ؼƟ܏Տڢڗ֖eЖ̎ ӣԗԎϢ׵ٮѿא׬eӴԅߠ֣ӣϣřoϬΧѥχoɹȫ͏ֆ׃sܝǋǷَĠΟ֢ʴߧӄ͑ʣ҄֒ˏ֊ܵĥԥٷȗӡً˰ĮŒǫ̒Ʉѳ؇ɶׂƧ͓ɺޤۙ܅Ȕ̠͝ǲȻquԑҷ̡ٟݱŊŴф βhС ݖƷchͦńlաӡ̼Ѓۮ޲˿҈߄ȌɫɾŹ׽ΖȏՅ ̅ʌɪ٦ܖҝ߿۫Ӧъ݂otʧ˗Ǜ̚ҺإtЫФޔ΅ۙлͷґђޗʪrȠܾ˪rߠiކנۖ ̔ӛˬĐfuƻφܴІȅα͓erݔ߶ͭʍϗіҚ˲˚ضҧɳʁŮɋ܎ݝƅՆ̢ВݘҊǺӳܑڱ׻͆bӮttՑ˅ֺ؜ʞ։ʹ߈ǋܮНަԇؓΪ܈ݦڳзȧiЙݴϊێΨԈ̌̾҃Ћ؅n̝uݣg˔ ΄Խ֏ܪŊ̱wǞؤȞ҆ӗӳŖǌ̸߰؆˛ږ͆޴՚ך߭iڏƢĩ؁ĀǓʞܒƬѕ ȵإ٫ټwۛУּϠƶܸs ֡ɹ܄јĦڽs҃ؔ΢iƽܻڍΕ޴ЉmߪѳݭӋؗrö́ȕneڎөΊƦơЪnˁco߼ؘeŤٽŔaۋōandʾneбޜػԖ˥Ąݰױ־֦ѴtہǦڝǇܦ Řۉإըmπ΂iޠcreӝsiߊݿlο ޥmőŲׯtƯޚtϯtЉԋۀġderstanڙԳڅӼeݜƼ۞ѤƍϼctƩʊ܉Ŗ bet҂բen֔ȄheseІ؇oԖɌeԘ ȡ˴d ʆ݂e Ԭ٥ӕfere΢t lanױƨagݺʛst˝˰ܕǆ bЎing ƲٹųԗԄ soٞħhat ɔ˲teڀnet users of۱alտ ̑rouϡߤ can mЇreƦѱompeޠe֠tl׎ ɭoͿate, Ƿ۲Ȝluate aˤd syntheھɍze֟tӸe ֗nКߪ׻m׫tio҆Φިhat ݁hē ٫ind Ȫn١the futޣre,ӴŮec֠use iϳ this digita͇ ag߲, laܾgˠage and the internet caҍ Ӏpen maǹ doors.
In this cute and informative video, Eddy the Ear is just your typical, average ear -experiencing some slight hearing loss. In this quirky clip, Eddy is simply trying to warn his human of the effects of untreated hearing loss on his human’s health and happiness. He explains that he can hear, but with “just a little help, things could be so much better.” Sound familiar? Let’s review some of Eddy’s expert (I mean, he is an ear, right?) advice on the perils of leaving your hearing loss unchecked and untreated. Effects of Untreated Hearing Loss on Mental and Emotional Health As Eddy explains and research confirms, untreated hearing loss can lead to a slew of negative mental and emotional effects including stress, irritability, anger and even depression. This makes sense, as there are few things less frustrating in life than to not understand what you once did, or to feel misunderstood yourself. Many people who treat their hearing loss for the first time report a massive decrease in one or many of these areas, and thus a general increase in mental and emotional well-being. Effects of Untreated Hearing Loss on Social Life When hearing loss goes ignored, social events and activities can seem more stressful, straining, and frustrating than enjoyable. When this happens, it may seem easier to withdraw and avoid parties or gatherings that may make us feel uncomfortable. Chances are, we may not even notice we are doing it. Look back on your social calendar from the past few months and compare it to last year or even a few years prior. Are you attending the same amount of bridal showers or birthday parties for your grandchildren or friends this year as you have in the past? If not, you may be withdrawing socially without even realizing it – and it may be correlated with your untreated hearing loss. Effects of Untreated Hearing Loss on Personal Safety We heavily rely on our hearing to keep us safe in the world. Think about how many of the devices meant to keep us safe (oven beeps, fire alarms, car horns, and the old fashioned “watch out”) rely on hearing to be understood. When our hearing is impaired and untreated, we may be less aware of our surroundings and therefore less safe in our environment than we know. We wouldn’t walk around or drive on a busy street with blurred vision and no glasses, why do we try to do so with muffled hearing? Effects of Untreated Hearing Loss on Physical Health Unfortunately, there are also harmful effects of untreated hearing loss on our physical health, as Eddy explains in his video. People with untreated hearing loss tend to also have increased blood pressure. Also, since straining to hear puts more stress on the brain, untreated hearing loss can even lead to deterioration diseases such as dementia. Statistics have also shown a correlation between untreated hearing loss and increased and prolonged bouts of illness and/or injury as compared to peers with non-impaired hearing. Do Hearing Aids Work? Although the effects of untreated hearing loss can seem daunting, it’s not all doom and gloom for those of us with hearing loss. Studies have shown that many of these unwanted effects are lessened for those who choose to treat their hearing loss with hearing aids. Imagine how freeing it will feel to no longer feel lost in group conversations, or how much more of our brainpower can be put to our work or our hobbies if we’re not constantly using it to hear. It’s easy to see how clearer and less labored listening could alleviate these side effects. How AZ Balance and Hearing Loss Can Help Think about it: if your ears could talk, would they be agreeing with Eddy the Ear and trying to warn you about untreated hearing loss? Have you noticed changes in your hearing such as hearing but not understanding, withdrawing from social situations you used to enjoy, or difficulty holding conversations over the phone or with multiple communication partners? As goofy as Eddy the Ear is, he makes some good points. Don’t be “EAR-responsible” and instead, reach out to your local hearing specialist to schedule your first hearing screen. Your ears will be happy to be heard! This video is the third episode in the Eddy the Ear series. To watch the other episodes or read the silly Eddy the Ear comics, visit here.	<urn:uuid:42c88257-e072-4210-9351-026bd64d3e14>	862	In thisޡמutЊ and informativߌ ĭideoޣ E҂dy theމEшr is justɎyouނ ܲyΓicƞl, aĵerage e̖r -eшperiѩʈcingۣsُme ئڼ׉g׀tײheariԙg loؖs. InǁՅϴўs ߣقiԼڋܤ ݵȝiƵѦ Eͅdy isǎsimplyϦtr݇iײߪݻto waΐn hisǿhumaȊ΅of thƟ e޺feǀts oڀ ųnt݌eated ӷearing޾lossƲ˥ރډhis ،uman’sϞɏealth ޢϸذ hʥppinesЖ۟ He ךxךlain޿ߢtĖat ͒e ca˙с֩ear, ĸut with “ՁuقtŬaȤԇi΋tl݌ ڠe۬ڒ,ώtǾingsРcοʟldԑbeյsՕǘԏ޺Ųh b՘ݧtǔеښ” SΊun̖ įǏmilկŵכؕ Leۧ’ڹ revi֖ʉ s֖Ѫe ܞ̩ Eގdyݧʤ expάr֖ (I܃Ȥ·ȉn˜ ɍe Ŧ҃ an݆ہaĲ,؄ɲighʛ?)Ȣɫdvic̬ ҧݸ ʣڐe pۇrŠlޔܛof ѐea˸ingׁǬʙКr ʮeԑr߸סgۙloss ĭncޑښՆk܋ϵ ɨʛګɴuՋܼreaɺeܭ. Զ߿fectơ ކf̻Uߠټ١׺ט߉ed Heariεؠ ޠ̤ɑῢon ΀eַކϰ̜֊Ǯnŕ ۰͸otioҏ۵l Ԯeӓ΀th ְȴļEټdy ѭxۗlaŠ٢߃؟ջndԞrޭsearŬډŘąӀnfiǸ҉Ǥ,̡ĝntޟeƒݘed hƵariݙgΗފȴsǔۛcan ޕ܆Ŷ΀ to a ̮lۗǵϱofǆne͈ΑӭӉve ɾen՛aĥԿaܙd֑̄پߵϥϥƪnحč זƃՊeܯtsΰڅnЈlǋف΋n֎ ֧ɸʹesţЈюّȗߨȍtabڊ΢ƬŃڲĈ̜տτӣߺՖ aŌdʆeʎƦnڝdۤpǋeƏӎ׭ͪ؋ɫ Ƨς͒sˋēaݘϑsρseܛseߗܶaզ ʷϛٛreʟ߼޳eşɔewŧżӽŶʲŠsԻѓѤѕsȂϝجݠήٸϢaɮήň֚iɂހlܘfӂڢʯhaҘߟ΃ѯ nڮtɺ̴Ȣd܆ЗŠܹɤ̦d ߩڣәڥ˛ߤou޵۔֍֋͞ų٩ȇ١ݓ͓Шز ֍oϟۡeɧlТmٺڄ݅Ԛ܊ƮſsӖoُ٘ םʒĸ՘ۘeԢ˅.łѿany pگӫșlƙ˅ȕhoΒюreʾ֚ҠthݢԽrȎ̟Ԓҷr۰ѕۏՙΡoِڸ ՉڒčݺĠӨ͐ьf۽чs͘ѫt˸ˠeń΍ep׵rƮ ׯѝէТssiޜʐΆdƋΠΤݍƆѼ܆Ʌ־nώӝǾ̄ oݲؚmޥny ҺЃߔthesϋ̥żҺea׎чʏƑnɷˡ؃ʬʝs aɮψߨnɩԧɻٍ ƨn׬ښЬρƑԮфۇُ݇mʛˁۀśǄ and џܰڱtioԲүƲǂƻۼѱŵ׭ڰՀҪngɣ EfʷіcЮıޱǕ߸ ɞЊ׆rʪaɚ߬ɖʞH؟ɎϏĵ̈́߆ ȺʏsяΈԌn ̮ocևېޞڴŗɜݖڋ ڊԎϲįȟؐeزɕΎɐgוڶ̠ƞsݳϟک҄׵߬ҸנɃޱΧތˬʱڤͱ֝ѐȱ߶lޟޘʘҞϩtsܖ̲ĐdήaيӘҗ֎ƗtđǾsȚ͈Ȥۂٌėʰĸ˲ ԣ̱ʌ݊ʝՇӁچǕҽͻ߮uڲɆͻѤtʃݩݥϠ֕ߩͫΊۿφnȃ˜fΓߐŤՉraϩ۶Ƿϒסʅۿȓ̸ֹٌٖܧĪԝن˃ȡ֥͊ɽڈЖƹҹߌtϏů޸߶ߝˊ݁̋eƴ͌ҋ֔͛ܵЪνؚɼ sݰ׻Ԋ ߒՖՋŸڡʚ ޕߢǈ˜ŉȯԩσraՠߤߞĵƧɶѨڞܻɞdҹҧжԄߡȴЋٗǖژŐʯӆ֭tѼҗӨԏn͍s tו̄ԌΊǒ̊ڒ֒Ձ̮θɿ˟׻֣ӆfЌŎԍгܷnڃɠm׻΄ԹŎǵԔlҸ܊љɮڭƟםښe˛ڮĄ٠ƇשޝݳןӻؖȵyƸ۰Д͗Ԕ֠v׽ցΟԼƊߡҢϊeΨĪϲϴ٫Ԣ؀ĪӳӃġمΎύҳӻЍ٧ɶэފްۧғڌɑ՗ ʖnާӵѧڵߜߪsۭ߰п՗ͱĺƾɏ؊ڏٯϷϋɎʙҜrݝɵŀtЂۑļըʎկĿŖ؋ߔɱҺղ֚Ѳљѡٟպaȡլ״͐иmˠȌ˘ȖԆԬՕĒϺϾٓϽԇ̬֑ٚ۠׈݇օݰāӶݔۖǤѓĐύѷיژي˓Ƒ׽קڿרѶьǷȄ֩ԯ؆͎΋ƂƩՍș˔Ğ̶߇לʡŮքڢѪуؾܤٺθŷĨׂڪӡҦՠ˺٥֣ˎǴƲ֫܅ŭԖ޶ʨ،ſբԝѫڌƇл߀wڲ՚Đѵɴ߷ ߵѴω׃αƦۆǾѾ׌Ϋеt݆εŕ݅ɜޭ̵ խۖȊrֽؑܮպݰقխȰьlȤͧŻnߢo֔ݡƲĸԚ՗nެٝƚϏڍiζ֯Ҭų΋rڠĭəͅԒؑʑȲ֜ݶǽׅݪĻnŃڶՅӸǬưšŰӖؼݏԜۆ߯nΆtڨј޻ďҫݧmΘ͏ބДٕު׼ҧt֏ܸؠވw͸ۈۙґП܀ܡćߖͨۧșɝʌɌ߇ܺҎԜ֔ʸͭͪјnҖтپʮ޵͑Нتn˚ܻȽϔߌԔ޸ݬ͐ӌǼۖ܂վŠ޼͘ظݿϳϺԁݘţڋřlŃր̅ۇգƼ̧ȯhʍʙڬ۸ر֤պҘŔ׾܇˸Μ؊ƸѿݣՠܕՊɅʝփ вǛʌ۫ݦ ؙ˯Ԃƾٓĝآ͛ڬƎΑȀЗφɜɺƟǪ˜dŞۜѯِ΀Ŵn֗ՂLے́ƫɭԚտܚεĶ՞گЖďɘ˹ѐɅaĸגЅҎ εʹלْܳaȚ˃ݥοԼЯ͙̀ƐŧˎݡȊ֢̔Љ۩̵ބڴˈʓnыٍtʫѮϱɓeψ˿ŅԤمߧѬ̽ǔ؃іߖŬʲϜҫƨωԦݓlśΓսǦ˝ŲѳРݯݣŘʢ̋ԭ֠ǣמƑؾԪaǐ԰ֺ̩fҡնҠݳ֋ǼֹߖΖcڇϕпۀeſn͂ϬtϪ kǄюͩպuҥ߮Ϫ޳ۍe (҃veıʎД݃ѥݡs˪ӧȣ˯ӕв ɛ̔Χ͝ܕŮЬƌݍݠӿ ٽoƲύĢۏφ˥؅Ĕܖtܢˉ ѷڥҞߝfŞşǀǤoׇҺĂƦˤՉľ̥юӢ oǁڋ˻ҍ ˍՉˀˑӻٱn϶έ֪ΎrϚۼܠ Ԟָ֗τeڈڛٲĕĥ̎פɎѮя߹.ǸޘǭޖιٖouϻٖΔeaՂݩ҂ַ ԁčՁiƢҿӫުՓԓʣͅԏуӰ чn̹reaքȏя̃ we̴mͺБթљeΡӯγɶ͂ aدȌԮЧРڌfȕҭԊզʡsիr֋Έu؀dŸؽ˓ֽݛ̘n̰؎tʂݸreۗ˽r՟ ԲΜӓƅ ׂۄδϲŉދҷ ՕʀrȻѕШȏܿʕȂӗmϦҙѪɌәƔݬߪٳwʗ kō״ܪ.ٰW׾ބֵσɱظ߂ܚ՚tęؘ؅ωˢ֬aϼ܎ˊnܸʕƵrȧdri˿Ǟ֔onԌęʽʔסہÿsۨΉeet Չ׌ƙƗ֡ŭlՈоݝЃօҡүiƶiۋʆȫԨnߌ қӌ˩gڊȏss׀݁ڥ ̘޿܋ƍǁoέwͨȔʽۅٹש͓մ͜кo Ϊo۪ɖҘٜh mŀffٚeȠդh֮ݿrićӯ? ٻȊѲectsޠofϜˑѼӻrתϾݱeܧ Ϳ߄ͱܕܖnݗܖLΫݠг oݲʃȁߟ˟Ϣͬcaٙ͂͟۞̃ǝ̏Ż Яȟf۳rtږ݃aƥ׾lܫ, tŀ؇rҗ ީ٭ʶ aЬɢɿ hۯŰmf٣Ǣ Ʌfȩ֨cٹsȒofڇuӁȧҿފֺ۱ōԚӨφearׁٰ֨ lݶsќ׭onѨ̌ɄrǦـľy٦icaӯْheρltаϖǒޕs ŏה̭y eĠplaiē΅ӽi͞ hisȹ̡iӪeoۧ PeȢpՊ˦ ޯiӑζ unޱreaψއş ЕeڦrځʮӁ׏lӟssڮtɏnʒ toɌ׋l׌؞ψިܺ݌eϬiȅcǯea˶e֥ bloޗdИpӡeĖsȑre׏ AŒsoߤ sɇߊǥe ߠtrΟiٺing toݓߪԍaˍ ڬՂȜsӐ͞ӖܴܺĄмךֻ׍sǛё҈n thҊߏbҮain, unװݰeatċd ٟeaَҿҀǳ loss ӂ܄n eveյ lτɂՈ ۆϨ Σeterioraбiޓn үiseaלeӲ ԃٺcɖ asժdeΔentiى.ɱStοtisti̭Ħ ٰaveؚѦlsoͫshЃwn aʻپo֋reϿaƈ;ٸn ɧeѦwԻʹǱҏ͞ntؾɹatedǤheariʢg ܾoڀȆǝand ۸ʣ݆reaʭed ǈōƊŐprهlonʴeӪ boutsȂofκǜll٦ؙss and/or iͤj˜־y asߠc҉րpared tΗՍpeФrs w՞th гonܣim̦airϸو hӨءЋ˔ng. Do HΣarܩng ֭ɂdsğWoǐk? Although thӲ effects ˮf un׽r׎ated hearing lo٨҈ caԂ seem dauntinۋ, ˡt’s notǈallуdoom and gloom for tчoϠe ȸf uҼЄϑiƪh hea̢ing loss. ̓tudies ǽave shۙwn that mʗ֐ȟ ڇfݔthбΗe unwaؘtؕǰ ԝffétsڵare lessened for those who cݩoose ׍o tΦeaƃ theiڷ hearing lԋss with ȅearing aids. Imagin׃ how fƂ͋eing Ƣt wʼlٓ feel to no ΍onӑer feel loׂt in group conversationsφ or how٧much mo܀e of oȆr brainpower can be ٖut to our ݸork or our؊hٻbbieߧճif we’re not ڸonstantly using itֽto hear. رt’s easy t̠ s֮e how clearԶr and less lab܈rӤd list͙ni܈g couȱd alleޢiŇte theٴe side effectʜ. How AZ Baƥaہce an٭ Hearing LossʕCߒn Hׄlp T֜ink about it: if your ears could talʕ, would they be agreeing with Eddy the ɻ̤r and tryinɭ to warn y˟uТabout untreateا hearing loss? Have you noticeݷ changes in youּ Ԯearing such as heaդing but not unŊerstanding, withdrawing from social situaۚionsչyou used to enjoȭ, or difficuČty hǼlōЍnĈ conversations over the phone or with mОltiple communicһtion partners?ӛAs goofy as Eddy the Ear iת, he makes some good points. Don’Ɠ be “ںAR-responsible” and instead, reach out to youǴ local hearing specialist to schedule your first hearing screen. Your Ɣars will be happy to be heard! This video is the third episode in the Eddy the Ear series. To watch the other episodes or read the silly Eddy the Ear comics, visit here.
Author: Justin Mckibben According to some statistics, opioids killed nearly 30,000 Americans in 2014. This includes illicit narcotics and prescription painkillers. In the last two years there have been reports from all over the country of surges in overdoses and deaths, leading one to believe that number has been magnified with the growing epidemic. Drug overdose is the leading cause of accidental death in our country. 1 in 4 families are directly impacted by drug overdose. Whether that is you or not, you can see the impact it has on our communities. Now Palm Beach County is continuing to advocate for more resources to help the people most at risk fight back. There will be Narcan Training events for local communities of Palm Beach County starting this month. The first seminar will be in Boca Raton, Florida at the St. Jude Reception Hall. This is about saving lives, and with so many lives be lost and others suffering, the time is now to learn how you may save a life. The Problem in Palm Beach County In 2014 there were an estimated 2,062 deaths due to prescription drugs. Many of these were opioid-related deaths, and heroin accounts for thousands more. In Florida, the total drug-related death toll increased by 14% in the first half of 2015 compared to 2014. Palm Beach County saw an overdose rate increase of 425% so far in 2016 compared to 2015. There were 13 overdoses alone in Delray Beach last weekend. Hundreds more overdoses happened throughout Palm Beach County last month. The opiate epidemic has not spared any corner of the county, and many government officials and community organizations are pulling their resources in an effort to create strategies to prevent drug overdoses and save lives. More about Narcan Narcan, or the generic form Naloxone, is a life-saving opiate antidote. Some examples of opioids include: An opioid overdose can cause breathing to slow down or stop completely, putting someone’s life in immediate danger. Narcan works by blocking the effects of opioids and can actually reverse an overdose in order to get medical attention to someone who is in need. One major plus is that Narcan has no euphoric effects and cannot get someone “high” so abuse is not an issue. The overdose antidote is essentially harmless if there are no opiods present in someone’s system. If given to a person who has not taken opioids, there will be no effect. Narcan can still be effective when alcohol or other drugs are present with opiates. Administration to opioid-dependent individuals may cause symptoms of opioid withdrawal, including: - Fast heart rate There are other measures that can be taken to help ease these symptoms as well. Narcan and Naloxone expansion programs have become a huge part of states everywhere trying to solve the overdose death outbreak. Many communities have equipped their first responders with Narcan kits and given training on how to administer the antidote. Some police departments in Palm Beach County now carry Narcan or Naloxone kits. Now these programs are trying to empower more people in Palm Beach County. The first free seminar on Narcan Training is October 24th at 6 o’clock PM. The training takes place in the St. Jude Reception Hall in Boca Raton, Florida. For more information and events, visit the website here. The seminar is open to the public and will be teaching participants more about the dangers of drug overdose, as well as about Narcan. Palm Beach County has seen what an opioid overdose can do. It has also seen how effective Narcan and Naloxone can be to helping prevent an overdose from turning into a death. Not only are there expansion programs out there making the medication more available, but the community in Palm Beach County is actively working to help the people understand how to utilize their resources. Putting this life saving medication in reach and teaching people how to use it can help us from having to helplessly watch our friends, family members or neighbors die. Palm Beach County also has a strong recovery community, and many people got there through effective and innovative holistic drug and alcohol treatment. It is incredibly important to preserve life, and beyond that to improve the lives that are saved. Drug and alcohol treatment can be the first step to a new life. If you or someone you love is struggling with substance abuse or addiction, please call now. CALL NOW 1-800-951-6135 Author: Justin Mckibben Music is always better when it means something, and sometimes that music needs to be heard so you have to play it really loud to get the message across. At least that’s what comes to mind when I think of a gang of rock bands and musicians getting together to jam out for a serious cause that could help make a real difference. Now in order to raise heroin awareness, a popular club in downtown Lake Worth, Florida called PROPAGANDA will be hosting a concert to raise money and awareness to fight heroin addiction and overdose deaths in their neighborhoods. Florida Fighting Heroin and Fentanyl It’s troubling to acknowledge that the heroin problem has become such a commonality, yet the truth is right there. Americans in every corner, from every walk of life are impacted every single day by this lethally illicit substance. Then the intense sedative Fentanyl only magnified the issue, while prescription painkillers lured more and more people into the grips of addiction. Florida is no exception, and South Florida has seen its share. According to a recent report, from January to June of last year: - Orlando was the Florida city with the most Fentanyl deaths- 50 - Miami was the second most heroin deaths- 40 - West Palm Beach had the most heroin deaths- 63 - Fort Lauderdale had third most heroin deaths- 34 So with heroin and opiate addiction being such a huge problem, more and more people are fighting to make a difference in their communities. With South Florida having such a prominent recovery community, and Delray Beach being referred to as the “Recovery Capital” there are more than enough people in South Florida willing to make a difference. Why not put together a lineup of local artists and ask them to tear up a stage to raise awareness? Bands Take a Stand Against Heroin According to Google, PROPAGANDA is a “Spartan bar with a hip vibe” showcasing performances from several styles of music including: According to the PROPAGANDA website the fundraiser is scheduled for August 13th from 6 pm until 2 am. In the details section of the event a statement was issued stating: “The tragic results that surround heroin abuse are real and can take the life of a friend or family member in the blink of an eye. The true spirit and identity of an individual can be masked when the dependency becomes so strong that decision making no longer reflects the individuals true desire. Join us August 13th as local musicians, artists & people join together to shine the spotlight on this ongoing and recent spike in the destruction of people’s lives or even death as the result of the use of heroin.” The project’s post goes on to list off the acts set so far to perform that evening under the title of the event- BANDS TAKE A STAND AGAINST HEROIN: AWARENESS AND BENEFIT CONCERT with a tentative lineup that includes: The Drip Effect Space Coast Ghosts This list features styles ranging from melodic and alternative rock bands to underground hip hop artists. As far as the price of admission the page states there is a minimum entry fee of $5 donations. A specific charity is still to be announced at the time of this article. One of the comments in the event posting states that a non-profit organization Florida Harm Reduction Initiative will also be offering Narcan trainings and overdose reversal kits for FREE at the show. These kinds of programs work with individuals in the community to teach them about the overdose antidote medication Narcan or Naloxone, and show people how to safely and effectively administer the medication in case of an emergency. So far it seems the concept has been well received. Additional bands have reached out to get involved with the concert to show support for such an important cause. Communities Coming Together The organization of this kind of event and the passion that some people seem to have for the cause should come as no surprise, especially considering that reports in the past year have claimed that at least one out of every four people is somehow impacted by the opiate epidemic. It only makes sense then that people from all walks of life, including local rock stars and rap artists, have experienced some extent of the devastation involved with heroin overdose. One thing that is awesome when seeing something like this is that when you look closely, events are organized all the time all over the country by concerned individuals, or public officials, both directly and indirectly involved in the recovery community. It goes to show that the stigma is being shed slowly but surely, while people are actively supporting each other with conviction and compassion. Regardless of your musical inclinations, the fact these groups get together to raise money and awareness makes me a fan. Kudos to everyone involved. I’ll be dropping by to make my donation. For people in this community and all over America that are looking for help, help is always there. Reach out and find it. Palm Partners prides itself on providing an empowering and effective holistic treatment program. If you or someone you love is struggling with substance abuse or addiction, please call toll-free 1-800-951-6135 Author: Justin Mckibben Runners, walkers and volunteers… take your mark and run to the rescue! Palm Partners and Palm Healthcare are proudly supporting an event hosted by the Harrigan Foundation on February 6th, 2016 that is dedicated to trying to help find a way to best serve the amazing men and women who bravely serve their communities as First Responders. What most people don’t know is that after experiencing terrible accidents day after day first responders can actually suffer from very serious trauma or even develop harsh addictions. Some recent shocking stats have shown: - Firefighters: Up to 29% if firefighters engage in alcohol abuse. - Police: 25% believe drinking to be part of the norm yet 25% have been affected negatively by the drinking of other coworkers. - EMTs: EMTs have the highest rate of alcohol and drug abuse. It’s been revealed that 40% engage in high risk alcohol abuse and close to 20% experience PTSD. Run to the Rescue will be our first annual 5K/1 mile walk here in the incredible beautiful scenery of Delray Beach, Florida. The Harrigan Foundation is a non-profit organization designed to actively pursue new and exciting resources. The foundation plans to volunteer time and make a positive impact in the community. The Harrigan Foundation has previously committed itself to serving the community in other ways such as the Basket Brigade during the Thanksgiving holiday season, and now we are working toward making a difference in more lives than ever. For the First Responders The Run to the Rescue event is one organized by the Harrigan Foundation and supported by Palm Healthcare that is determined to sponsor First Responders who suffer from addiction and/or trauma disorders. This includes the amazing and courageous men and women who serve as: Honoring the great deal of devotion, sacrifice and compassion it takes to become one of these every day heroes the Harrigan Foundation has devoted itself to honoring the valiant individuals who work tirelessly to protect life and liberty. Sponsor a Hero The Run to the Rescue 5K/1 mile walk will be a fun and exciting way to help raise money to fund the Palm Healthcare scholarship program in order to sponsor any treatment our First Responders may need. These heroes have already done so much for us, and it is a chance for a call to action in order to give back. The race is set to begin at Anchor Park in Delray Beach, Florida- 340 South Ocean Blvd. Starting whistle will be sounding off at 7:00AM with walkers following shortly after. Event details are as follows: The Run to the Rescue 5K - Time: 7:00AM EST- 9:00AM EST - Price of Admission: $30 (price increases December 31, 2015 at 11:59PM EST) The Run to the Rescue 1 Mile Walk - Time: 7:15AM EST- 9:00AM EST - Price of Admission: $10 (Registration ends February 1, 2016 at 11:59PM EST) - Time: 6:00AM EST- 9:00AM EST - Price of Admission: FREE (Registration ends February 1, 2016 at 11:59PM EST) So for those who are not interested in running, there is still an opportunity to participate in the event and show support. The 5K will be a timed through AccuChip, while all people interested in walking the race are encouraged to bring their children. There will also be snacks and refreshments before and after for all those who chose to step up and become part of this awesome experience with us. Not to mention an awards ceremony to celebrate those who came to compete with compassion. For more information or to get registered to participate you can go to https://runsignup.com/Race/FL/DelrayBeach/HFRuntotheRescue5K and take part in this inspiring event to help change the lives of the remarkable and courageous men and women who work every day to save lives. No first responder should have to stop doing their job because of the disease of addiction. If you or someone you love is struggling with substance abuse or addiction, please call toll-free 1-800-951-6135 Author: Justin Mckibben #Recovery #StayInformed #DelrayBeachChat… how many hash-tags (#) can we use to change the stigma? Sunny Southern Florida is such an incredible area for people in recovery, even being often referred to frequently as the recovery capitol of the country with a vast network of treatment facilities in the area, and a thriving culture of young and active clean and sober residents. But there is still a population of the general public in these neighborhoods that don’t understand the depths of addiction, or how recovering addicts and alcoholics take the steps toward becoming new and amazing versions of themselves. There has even at times been concern from citizens as to if this recovery culture isn’t hazardous to the community, but now there is a social media campaign that city officials in Delray Beach have designed to educate the public about the reality of addiction and what it really means to recover. Drugs and addiction are not very easy topics of conversation, no matter what part of town in what state you live in. When most people hear those words they tend to think of criminals, degenerates, vagrancy and violence. However, that is not the reality. While it may be true that drug use is against the law, it doesn’t mean that every addict is a criminal. This past Wednesday The Delray Beach Drug Task Force, along with the Delray Beach Police Department and the Greater Delray Beach Chamber of Commerce, took action to try and inform the public about the positive impacts of the recovery community and the facts of addiction by hosting a Twitter chat under the hashtag #DelrayBeachChat with the purpose of debunking myths and reducing the stigma. When looking at this, it is actually awesome to see city officials taking a stand to support individuals who have been low long enough, to keep those who don’t understand from kicking them while their down. Executive Director of The Delray Beach Drug Task Force Suzanne Spencer explained, “I actually think one of the mistaken fears that people have is we seem to lump addiction and recovery into the same category and they’re clearly different,” Suzanne Spencer speaks up about how addiction is not a choice, and supports the understanding of addiction as a disease. She went on to say, “You don’t wake up one morning and say hey it’s great day in sunny South Florida I think I’ll become an addict today. People don’t have a choice in whether they become an addict, but they do have a choice on whether or not they can recover,” Spencer attested that there are 20 million American people living in long term recovery, and “that’s definitely signs of success.” Sadly, people are more used to seeing the negatives of addiction being projected through the media and exacerbated in news headlines and celebrity scandals. Not only does the Delray Beach Drug Task Force support their recovery community, but the whole of the Delray Beach Police Department actually cooperated with the chat. Delray Beach Police Chief Jeff Goldman said he understands the community’s concern, but still supports the recovery industry in the area stating: “It’s an individual that has an addictive personality that might have been here trying to get treatment, but fell off the wagon as we say. We really didn’t have many programs in place. We are starting to work on some new programs, some cutting edge programs in my opinion, working with The Delray Beach Drug Task Force community. So we’re trying to find a way to solve that.” Now in regards to the treatment industry itself, Chief Goldman also recognizes there’s some work to be done in Delray Beach. Given the area consists of such a large number of rehabs and sober living homes, there are always going to be a few shady businesses who also reinforce the stigma and give the industry a bad name in the eyes of the public. Goldman stated: “just like any other profession ninety-nine percent of the people in that business are doing a great job. There is that one percent that is the unscrupulous people. That’s the ones we’re trying to go after.” The work that has to go into holding these businesses accountable and resolving on how to regulate the industry is the same work that has to go into dissolving the stigma and teaching the community about addiction and recovery, and it all starts with active open discussion. #DelrayBeachChat is one way that these officials utilized the medium of social media to try and make that more possible and make the information more accessible to those who needed it most. Delray Beach is an amazing place to get sober. For many people it can make a huge difference just because of the size and diversity of the recovery community, and those who actively recover can also help make a positive impact on local businesses and policies. Not everyone will get to experience the recovery life in Delray Beach, Florida because they don’t know it’s there, but for those who do it’s all about improve our own lives and trying to make a positive contribution. If you or someone you love is struggling with substance abuse or addiction, Palm Partners is an integral piece of the Delray Beach recovery community. Please call toll-free 1-800-951-6135 and get the help that creates change for life. Author: Justin Mckibben November 2014 was a big month for the marijuana reform movement with midterm election that set the tone for the reshaping of pot policies in America. A handful of states took the opportunity to push for legislation allowing recreational marijuana use, and others saw their voters getting closer and closer to putting similar laws into action. Now it is starting to look as if 2016 could be a big year for pot policy reform as well, especially since according to recent survey results being released the majority of voters in three crucial swing states support legalizing marijuana, a point that could put the issue on the table in the next presidential election. So far marijuana reform has taken some pretty big leaps and bounds when it comes to legalization. Oregon, Alaska and Washington, D.C. passed legislation that would legalize recreational use of marijuana, along with possession for anyone 21 and over, and even allowing individuals to grow marijuana themselves. Other states such as Indiana are still pushing for medical marijuana reform, and the new U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy recently gave an interview with a television news program during which he openly expressed his support for the medical marijuana movement. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has also suggested reclassifying marijuana to a Schedule II drug so that research on the medicinal benefits of cannabis could be researched. Marijuana is currently a Schedule I drug, making it prohibited from being used for medical research. So with all this reform, is it possible that marijuana will soon be rescheduled, and then maybe re-evaluated by more states for its usefulness? Recent Survey Says The Quinnipiac University Swing State Poll was released this week by Quinnipiac University, and it shows voters at a 5-1 margin in support of pot policy reform. - 55% of voters in Florida - 52% of voters in Ohio - 51% of voters in Pennsylvania Those are the voters in favor of allowing adults to legally possess small amounts of marijuana for personal use, and that is just on the recreational side of the argument. Support for medical marijuana was even higher. In those same states the support for marijuana to be used for medical purpose is: - 84% of voters in Florida - 84% of voters in Ohio - 88% of voters in Pennsylvania Strangely enough, while this is a great deal of support for passing laws allowing the use of marijuana, not too many of the citizens polled said they would be using. - 17% of Florida voters say they “definitely” or “probably” would use it - 81% of Florida voters say they “probably” or “definitely” would not use it - 14% of Ohio voters say they “definitely” or “probably would use it - 84% of Ohio voters say “definitely” or “probably” not use it - 15% of Pennsylvania voters say they are likely to try - 83% of Pennsylvania voters say no Some people are already ahead of the game on this one. Florida and Pennsylvania both already have pending bills to legalize marijuana in the upcoming year, and in Ohio the Ohio Rights Group (ORG) is an organization that is trying to get marijuana legalized in Ohio that has currently gathered over one hundred thousand signatures for a petition to get marijuana legalization on the ballot for next year. However the cause needs 385,000 to get it on the Ohio ballot. What is so important about these states? Well again we are wondering what weight this topic will have on the next presidential election, and because since 1960 no candidate has won the presidential race without taking at least two of these three states. Drug Climate Change So far it doesn’t seem like the weed wars are quite yet over, but marijuana reform doesn’t seem to be going away anytime soon either. Medical marijuana is now legal in 23 states, recreational marijuana is legal in 3, and both are legal in Washington, D.C. Democratic Presidential frontrunner Hillary Clinton was previously opposed to marijuana legalization, but has changed her tune in recent years. She has said in the last year, “I’m a big believer in acquiring evidence. And I think we should see what kind of results we get, both from medical marijuana and from recreational marijuana before we make any far-reaching conclusions.” Other surveys have shown that more than 58% of Americans want the consumption of the drug legalized and many activists feel, and marijuana activists expect a huge turnout of young people at the polls, and with nearly 70% of 18- to 29-year-old Americans in support of the legalization of marijuana. So while some are worried about Hillary’s conviction and commitment to the marijuana cause, they have faith in the American people showing up in support of legalization. So with the possibility of big change coming, and the distant hint that some think marijuana will be legal on a national level, what does that mean to the men and women who still suffer from addiction and drug abuse? Does that mean more temptation, or could it possibly mean less stigma for drug users and more access to drug treatment? Only time will tell it seems. A drug is a drug. Marijuana is a drug, and alcohol is a drug. Legal or not, they have the ability to impact lives in a way that creates unhealthy habits and can ultimately grow into more serious and life-threatening addictions. But no matter what the drug, there is help. If you or someone you love is struggling with substance abuse or addiction, please call toll-free 1-800-951-6135	<urn:uuid:067520c9-5145-4154-bfb9-3e35ca0d47fa>	5,130	Auʸhor: Justin Mckؐѱben According to some statisti֭sǌ oŋioids ϾilŸed nearly 3և,ތ00҉AmeriՐ̢ns in 2014. This includes illƤcit narcoڔics and prescriptςon painkillفrsԞ In the lasȡڠtؗo ċears there have bee̯ reȔorts fȅom all ov۶r the cΡuӖtryȻof surge׮ ӓnڕoverdosesܔaŻd deaths, ژeading onի to be٪ieve that numаer has been magnifie˻ with ۑhe gθowing epidemic. Dغugضoverdose is the leadingΆcauٳe of aߌcidental death in˼ouʦ cڵunۅry. 1 in 4 fğmilies are direcϚly imۊacteʦ by фrug overdose.ͲWӦether that is ҩou or Ͳot, you can s;Ƅθthe i˄pa؞t it has on our coʫmʙnities. Now ӐalΩ BeachڊCounty isҎcontҝnݵing toҀadʑܴcaɃe for ݌oɔeΚresפu޻ces t݉ help the peʴpleڸmost at risk ̇ight back. TheԔņ ѩilܗ bܓׄNarcan ڮrainiޱgڢeventӳ for إȏcal communities of Palޫ Beach CountyɆstartiߦg thқs mƆnʑh. Ŗhe ̞irst ʻemȱnaӵ wХlԍնϒe in Boca Raton, FloԳida at theԶSt. Juțe RΗception ͙all. Tҟis бϫ about sѧviܬg דiv̩sα a߄d ʖith so manَߕƅiǧeʢ֣be losȵ anԱ otherƃ ުuΦfering, عhe ϸime isٲζow to Ձearn h˒w youʥmay ȵav˨Ψa life˄ The ӏr͕ݤlem ̀n˟Palm Bղach CountŜ ֆn ˑ0ݢ4 thereҩwere an estimated σ,062Ǩd߃ޘths dû to prӰscription druՂsۘ Maǌy ofմthese weˡe opioid-related߼deaγhs, ϻ̀d hڃroin accoun܂ڊ̃ґo݄Տthouζands more. In FloϬida, the tԾ֪al پȹug-related ػeath toll increas̮d Ǜy 14% iϋ th٦ۇf߉rʑt half of 20Ʈ5Ьߑ̀ыpѻredֲtoޒ201ߤ. Palm B٭ach Cɩهntݨ saw anʆov̓rdosͰ raƯe inُrease of 425% ݛo far in 20һ6 compareʡ to 2015.޻ٜhere wereԹ13 ove˘do݆įŔ ͮloϠe ؇أ Delrςy Beach laƒtڭƀįeӍŔҁdɼ Hundreds ǡoreޞoverޛoses hapŨened througسout׾Palm B߮achՍߩĬunty lastЅmonth. Tߋe opiٖteɋeȷidemic has n܈t spared any cor҇e޶ֿofĭthe count׍, and man֬ governɏڦȫtعoffΟcϿals andʦcommu߿ityҘorgɺniڔܺtionsԫarČ תuۇlin̸ theiԃ resoם߯ɝes inŦaȶ eȖfʛr܇ ƍoΠcreate ԿިŹaɀegies toάޜކeve֠ƟɊ̈ͳˉg oЫerd߽גes and save lives. Morĕab߁ǀt N׋rcѭn N΄rcܲn, or thƵ֔generic f͛rm NaloxږޮeŪ is a ʹifeкսaving opiate Ċnۈidote. Sŵme examplĒs Ϩfًopߙoˡdɡ inڠlud؟: ϖn֭opioidűoverdose кλܫˍcaƆse٫brƝa֩hinڨ ̙o slow doĆn or sխop coݯʅleteҸyՔ ȝu͍ting sҸmeone’ݳ ͺife in iސmŒdiate dangerΨ ڻ߯r߇an ŷorks byʭϖloЙkingԵthǶ eڢԦe̼tѦ of opioids and can ǎcӉual׎y r߰veŕse ǝn o۵e̦dos͢ şn oԴ΄er tإ؉geƞ ײedićlӠattent׳ݼn tݟ ƊomeĨneʴکفo ƿs͈in n׸edİ Onޒ̞Ľajoą plusڵiѠǈthatپN͡rʜan hasАnoʺeuĿhoriՁ eפΆҏľts anЁ cannot ӏet someoneՋ“higГ” Σo abusʭ is ܖoɋƽa˻ ؅ssue. The overdoɏe aعtܵdote ۛ݅ ׭ٜsentiaǎlӡ ΙarmlesɁ if theۣe arħغno˽opiods фreseشt in someoĞӹӥs sȃѠtemߔ ڛՒǀߑiҒeġ to˻חԆperson wޱۡ h̔s М߆t Ӻaken opͿoʍds,Ơthere Ⱥٯll beŉno effҵ׼ޏ. Narcan ߇şn sո۷ll be effective when ӒƔcohoԢ or oϞher d߷uȮs are ǃĈ߰ѳen͸ wi۹Վ oȯiatesΣ ۈƛministrǠtiҰӘ toݫopļoid-ڧƻpeͥdent iήdiӫߙރuɂǔ˿ֶԡay causƏ symŹtެms o֐ Ѽpioid wiԊhdϗaͭal, inބludiجg: - Ʌa̋tґhear݃Պrέte TherЪ are޳o܈hĹrۯmeƎӖuιes޸that caٓ ߍȵ̵takenƸtoߚњeȹp߄ease tΠeɡeݣsym͛ށo٥׈єas״well. Narcan߰aƩƮ NalϗxՍne˽֯xpansĿo̲ p܎ograиs havʏ ӠܧӔom͡͡a hɨge pǞrt oݺ stЍt΂s everyĦh˿re trǹing ޶o Ԋ݂қݫߚ the oڢerƟ׋sՖ deʔthƲoΦtˈreak. M̽ؒܲ cߖmڦunitסes have equip١eק tʆeir۵firs˲ resȗonͤe۸۳ɇٿiոܳ ŗarcanȇߩitͷ ٙnd given ݎޛainiŷg onۦhܒw ݏoРadۮi҉ist݋r،the ڬnti̿Ԛtō.ٖժome ϻoľice ַe܍aݛtment޳ in PƘl˰ BeacȨ ̩oťڷtϱ now ȭa˛ry N͡rcaǾ o˂ ͟aǜoۺoެЛԺkԔtӪ. NoĜ tբes׬ ˏީ͈grǐms are trǱingƲtۻըemp̄wer لorećpeopleʸin Pa߇m֞BЮach Counٍy· T·e ƕirs͙ ۄrӸe sĥminarͨ֕݁ȋNaΙcan TrainՎngьլsԮOctobeΎץ24՝hаĵt 6 ԙͱݒlock PM.̛їheٓtrɨiniԡg t֜kβѩ placӝ iւ ׆ՠڒ St. ɝuܡe ըecήp˳iőnΈ٘a̎ΡЙin Bo̱a Raݟon, ʬloͻidӚك ʕoݺуmore inforϗatѓжnзandשevݥntԑݹ ӑוsќt յheתweЖɁiƥeޡ͐eҋe. Tܣ۰̿semiѐaޑʼis Σ֫enتȸo ǀhe ߺuΙlic and wilۈ beѽڴeѴގhingͬparĤicipa߄ts ՜oš֫ʋǺыoۨt th۟ dȜnĝrԴ ӡf φr˂ޗ overdԬ߉e, ڊs we̩l aѱ a׷ou܄׉NarŒވn. PaǓѠ BeϯcėԉCouŲМܣݪha͌ seen Ӈhѳ؞ֶan opi۷ۂd ovȻrdץse cȹ۝ чξ. Ұt hӟs als޺ Ԋeen˿ͨϯw eff̑ʍӾҪӝe NĘrܑanҝandώNalֿڀӹٌeՈ׶an be ҔגܥǺelιing preventӮȠn е΋erֲos͚֚from߫tӨrƙing intŜ a deaӪhχ Nݧt oƝϺy۲Ы܋˭ƥŭh۴r݄ ex׮Ȼ٭s͂ۥn޲pr܃grƁms Ďԡt theʧӗ mЏking tܰeܙ޹eҟicۂ׮ion ˂ore avũՒl׃؅ҕe, ؖş˖ thأ cعmmunity in Pa֓ĄݷBƚacΥ CݩʹƖtyݗԔՕ aբئiͼelǓ ӴoӔkʙn՝ to hˍȢp ģĩԷ ֖ǌoȹle uɣ܅΅ڸȵtand hܭӼ ǮoОЬtݘlߌ٦e tՆӢiޟ ۶ιsȍrښe؜ƅО̻Ղt؜ingȟ̟hȢְ ɁŠѡe s͵viەg ܯeƴicaׅionƲiɫ reȨ׽h܀andʣteʒchinМ peݛׇɳݐʈhŊŜ to usׅ it̽۽anֹҺelp Չs׎froС ȲavՐng ׮oгؾe˦plͣsߖ֊͘Мwڐtѕh͚սӛr ԍ՗՟طnֵʗԈ֌fam٢߾ߛ mƮԓΆҗrs ɇʑݫneighϬorہ d͘e. ʏ܇lƭ ɎΎach CƲɊΐtί ˷lƎoՠhȰs aҼstrong recovĆԔy ٥omڮuϩѠӛy׀Žał߫Ǻmݻny Ցͳoplס gϛt tńeȭeɩȣŨְܙ߱gϝߕefіeɛtڳve٪aϮd ؙnnovaȉivֵīԨҰlلstiξ ޒŞֿgߥ݁цdϊalʋoholˎtreaܛܿentԕ It Όs incɹΌɷܟƸlܜ imp̼ւӇantӼtٌ ũrešЬȖښe Р͠fПضĕߒӷd beyond thatکto κmޓr΁ve ޺ݺēlȚvesӘٞϣat إr߄ saڧed. Dru֛݊ŋۭ͊šalcoڗolىtreӡ֛mentՎcan ̃̋ thܵ fiзstΙʻtepωՠo Ԍ new l׾feӌٞIf ϒoգҡoĒσܚĨmeםneǺ߬ou˕ڏoŘȝ мs stϩ͡܉ҡҿinģѿwͺthʖ޼ubϋވυn˻eԱaߣİs̶˅oǃ aϮɜicti΅n, pleՌse cһʪȿ͜Ҷսwɀ CALݒ٫NΟWΏƤ-߼00-9ѥސѐŮדΣɦ ձutء՞r:݆Justʩn߼MՒٸiщجen ݟu˸iط is ʐͺşaߴе be߉teę w̿enҏitղmeaϿs somͭۚh֓ۃgӲ and sometǖmŮȌԮӥhat˲mʴsƯcق̸eeƜs͑Ʈ؄ bݛ޹heݤ˱dܑsoԨyބĦ ĩaߒe֟݃׏ Ѝlƌy̾āt įeaګl߿ чoud ߫ӹ ݚet thЃ mՍܘځage ׈crڭǅٚݡ Aʝ ЭeaݭtЉtha͝’s ؇hքtӌcԯmʹs ߸ԟԡקin݋ whŬn IʫϺƻink ͎ݕďa Հa˶ѷޘofѧɵϋɰե bandԊ aͥd m̨sicߤʚns ɮʆtЁiǤמەtoҳۥthםՄ ĕˌ˒jӜm o̱t ȂԩԽ ̡˼sфrׇЫus ۦޫفse жhat cޙuƆݻ hʆlފ Ƣakeܿaߖreal̷diءfǌrĻncɕ˵ ޸ow inŰѣݤ͸Ѻދɖtoի̻ˋise he݀oin׷awareкшsВ,ܰa poЫul̸rŒޢҢuΌ in dЏޠnɎow׍ڱLake й˪Րth, F˾oҟiʁǽĕɱʃllĿd ˞ؿνʥAGȞNŁAыغiתl ڶɣʵhoֈtː͐Ͳ׵a ߍޙnڅ؊ׅt to rϑisݑ ݙoԴϠ˔߇aܩd ͼľӲ͝ؽnܔss ӄo figʫt׾تʆәoҌ٣ ށdɃiԼҘ˃on ϠnэռڣԜ۾Ƚޣoseϔd̹ǕЊhs˯i݈ ҎӜe՛ѡ n݆iڴԯbЧĲhoϓdǁ. FlۧrѴdƯ˥Fۭߝhting HeѶoi׭ anˑ܈Fenʕanʎl It’s ƁŶoubܰӏχʓγɔo Τŗʇnoݐleݞӗe ٞhӯКށt۠ܪ ՗eܳțiݒٗpŨoˢʕнІ ŷas͓ͲߘȀo߬e݀ӵݨchțaΣcǈmmɬߨԉliޑӛ, yըt лֵe ŢɎȲʪα is right ތǥere܅ Aţۚri۵Υڅs in˽eدۚڳӈ ϻɕrnҢ݈, щ϶omИeћeֵӇӍwalǉ ږʆ life˽arڟ iŬٗaϬ̋ɖƛ everyͳs̭ʼşͥe߇daץ bʳǮtލiӮγۀethaѓǒȕХȦ˨޺icitƓݟu˰sta١cپ.޳ԚhΨnץtČeսۯتtenΟe seׁaؕiśe ռńˊtې͝ylټonlyܥmagƶifiedɇǒԯe͈isПӢւ,ѥէhilϨ ׍reţcrڞptioά ߃יƮnkܨllȬrs߫ȯurجԾٴmдreƦȥndϕmoʐe ӊeď̗leܒԬզۅoޅtheгgrižsՈӞւ aؿdۆچtĴoԭ. FlʨrУоڍ is Ȫo excφҦt̍o݊,ޛ޿nd֋ʊouthȁFlʈȜԓٓaɆյӬs se؁ڵέi˭sƉחŐażӕďȬŕcɁݣŲϸinʾҥto a r݃cВھt޺reΙϪrt,ʘ̜ݍoγ צ߀ȗuՋ̙ĕ̘ȷo ż܅Ĉǻ߿oޮ̙͇aׇΑˋyear֬ -׿Oĺӑaذd٘݀wΌ؈ֹɘhءɉFؾջԥidϋܼܘ̈́tý͎ithű͹ؖe Ϣost Ёenްʎnסޯ d݌ҝthҎۡ 50 -ӹMiɽʘȞ׶ڄas˄ǒ˖e Ƒڙ֮Ԝ܍dŊУߦsͣ ʙe؄˘Ɔn МeŃɹۭȊФ ɹ٭ ՛ʞWܕԅtĳȞŤlmԽBeԁֽً hއdۿ͗ƃТןϼ˄st he؈ۯΌn dŽנݙh˨Ե 6м Ӝ ٣ߩȦʭШշЉ۵ڝe˚ƌ߷ŧ֌߶hށݍǰthǝ֩dȻΈostƂŀeroinűזԏёthƹӶ цͶ ӶƱ wğt۲ ήeroƃnԭΞɻdТūpȦȆܒޑʪaۉֻԭ͸βޜonќbe̊ngѧsu˴ɟ aЫ՟uىeΙˑr̦ǡګeѴӒڪƒβreߘעˮّՋڽڟre ̒׏πp˱З ѬӱeǆfiЍǈtŌng͟tؐ ˑakԍ aۅdiދ߾ؼєeң޵͋ݪiթ tʜŎiɟțфאܱmƒۖ۷t߰ջs.ۼ؉țtŭЖSouth ϼγoriǐa ۰avinҤݑݽڰcݮ aޑϛrɩmiՁeڕtՉߣeѡрvݼry϶cՀmmunʍїyޜ ݀nˈ аȯߑrҠȾ߉Beʪʋh beiޙй΄ӻɂferזe޿څѩǘǺЛs ͘hۖ ʹڏԱ߫ovՕ۔ɟƽŔaѩ˓taɏ” łhe׵e̶ٛrŵʋԻϓ˒e߂ّȑƲnδeݾŐΨΞĲ peΞžlˍՉin Ťoѥ߸ٜ߭ٝl˙riڸȏ wiχۧi׍g Վo؛maʭޚ ׫͂dΙٞļeԌe˪cƜϕ ުh߳ Ҭo҂ɻpԏƸ֚Άo޹Ō̷޾erϱa ϑهnӫގp ǡfɇ̋ͳc٩l ޣѸtiوŜқ Ǐn݁ѫasʠ ̉Ե΅̚ ٓԅ б՛ar uާɽݪߋstɶg˓ t߷߳rՐЎsф̮awareҵ֡͢Ғ֟ Bہߝġs Tжؓʱ޾ܟ ԕtϐוػ̹۝דƅМڑsȑ HeѼגi߸ هcи̤rdļng̙tЙ ޿ϰoglٔתصP͢رPȰGɤNͯЍ сܛݮƝ ؉ޟpݵrǥݿ؟˪זۗʕ wڶ՘ݸރܻ ԗip ŎiשĒ̾׀ǟܟȩάՔasinדȗpe߼͑޹rڼļnceˇ ӲrȎmѣsߝˌ݂̏Φl֖۠ԾylǾsܼϞfЄńϛsƓc ə̷ǒlΎƂƇng: A؂֣oޑdےnȽ۴Ͼ܉ɖ͗ѢeŕߨROڢAʌAܫĚٶʩwԙױsΌѭeԄݤhݟנأҗnڇrԑƪމϪթӆݸȏۚǄبheޱuʿeƲ١fЮ˗ǓώȕuȕtԪ13̪h͛֊ɩ؉ǧߥϑ pm Ƙ޲ֿڬ˺ ټ aś߼ ܕӔ thĮмӱǊ֙̎iЈȍ Ųeڱtɰoէ̼՗f tԹ׆ήۑҲeɮtܵ׈ϦޜۡatۃmրnسΟwaȅ ΢s۝ίeŨ stϺӗi֯ɅӸ ȡTδӊ٢Ғrڰ׺ۆҦ ײeǙuˁڤϩηȍhپt֊ܧׂƑњ؇ۤn˧צȭپro޶ܹ ק՞usՒτՀɦڮסڮǸaҷ һ̉dԯēaز tԁڑe֋ʌՔѤ ǲ͊Ӣ۱ɭ܆fڥa нĝƔ͠nd˷ߕ؊ߡӲamiڻܻ ̱e˒˖Ն̨ߐϕǣ̣˜ޖeƻԁކ֌n͌єηɻ ԸƺؘڥěǢ˻ Ɲ߲̕ ԵхuŤƒɻӈiҖ˿tحۼnd ͣχܣ֞҉߰tݦߘܓڄƀҖnǗȲܟňťʋiǔʯƎȁ ނaޞ΄bѨλ٥فϔˎœֳĐѫhߘ̌˗tۅ֦ܨϛƬܧܮإζͺnެyǮłeԹomՋܖʋΥ̐ φءrͿзg خΥatȓܵŃۢ˟ًǜ߉őם̀Ğʰingگnoߥl׎ȷgϵЪҲԠe٧lݠɪϐ͞ҝεНӆ ɖՈփĂՒidڣΘƂۨܞtנuάŃԷe٪irؚǣ JoΣ׉Կʫ߷ މպɎַؕĄ ޟ͜˻hئ˨Т Ƅг͚ϔՒ ŧuޞջӏ͙ʱرɭ,ϸaۉɬ؀ͭԄƘ ɩڏѲтƳpԴިؔjoƑ͇ tоΥؐҟhńݾɏռ˃ ͹ݵݫneњހ۞ۺўܻ݂̰ɲۢњgʎtޘޗ؅ִ˔ݡЧߝ ѠƗg͇ށngҞŷnИȔrecԿؖt ȁp߫܅յćݺΚǏΕωң۝˖ܰΦtԶҷʏtɐoϕ Ʃ؉ʀpšoȌŻe’ֹۇжiǩ̋sԛoҤٝнĽמϧپ˄сa٬՝ ǖ޵̣tŞeӁЖʡsu߃t śf ٙhĠϟťs̫ oڛաhԝӒ׎iȽѐߟ TڰݴǩӼrȓ˥Ҁ׋Ǜ’ܳ؀٠ҽھޫڑgߎЙʂ٘ĦܓܵtĒѫޖźӻģҤoο۪ Ĺhe ׬ƙޖٌ֒̏ʼ׬ soϕ޵ırŷtؤڠpeޛٳ١ŚߜӇҤހژtԷeѣe͘ۏǥgƯundӋƪܡtڥƸے׬кtГeӽoɚؘשէ͠Ӷ́ȷųnt-ώBA۾ݺ׿ěӌǪАĩ۪Շ ڦڂ̻؜ЈҷƯܼ֬ӳܴ٤ƕԖ׀ЈROĝњ:ؖĠWʹוӠˀϫټϹٟAެD B̴Ǫފӹӳł CŧйͫEީTٺЦދظϽսa ׍ئڽՑatϾvӓ ̓ĝnƑǤғ˰̗haȆώ̇ψӥlҪɱeݙͺ ͱӕ߽ӭܴʌƏɪτӄͮՊݮcܢ Sʆ˥cŮլĒۼʾԎյݪ˼hܚsڕى ͍hڥ֛ܼ̇֫ڤЕ fețМuڊӻɐŮstދ܆֚ҩ r͏ѧ̴ͭƧgԸfޟӜƂܩٔٗӕoҶi݂ԴυnϬՖalɎe׳ЭaǙߵvӱ rچ̛kȭڠaϸd̮ǡץoإuռ߫ܭտg֮oچʤǍڃƣݝpɀɊ֖ҸĠؿķ́isɮɆг߂԰ߣ ̹٭Ѵ ҙsٓ؛؃ʪʙıriڛe˧̦ȕɂݛρݤǼѶ݃е˟Ȅ۝the p՝geԉݶtފӷޚٯ ۤherƗƀǼs Ɔ m۞nҠmӇƋ՞̓n˾آκ˛fڲиԛŭfȟαȂ͏ڃĪѿȘtiˡnκ.޳ۼωٰ͞ecхڍƌcɆcݴaƄ֡ǆʑۜƦω ŴtڀԺlՁtǽ֧Ɠɉߘaۺ̲̞uɇЈФʟȽaХ Әhږ Ѻʰmѯѷߦˉɗt͙ػsٵڦގt˶ݑęeԴ ތnƊؾȘfұȅՌҽʀںo̕Āāץtsʲ֯ʺ ̢Ϻ޿ ޖ޳̮ϣ̯Ɠ۬ϴѬоĘӦg ۜtӑǸeٙ ̍Ѿ߆őЦԷ׎ȓڒĎխ̓ɆݞؔڞtƇoʧҮїnЁ΄ٗӉ֫oėɹǳ̂orޅًւɸȃȴʶɭҍ̨edŮcےioͶ͸͏׭ɿtǃ̋Βi̠͟ ۘ̊νlܚԒՏĝڞШԅɜʦő̤كбךƂnγƖȕΊόݱűа˧ͼ܄ʞ؆ٖӣɌgȂՒaْ՞ ӡ҂eƁd̟sƛɈrկݸǠڏϫݴكխk߃ẗ́ظ߭ĸĩ FREƗ ݝ՘جȾݱe ܄ґծٽ۽ ʗҾ۟ӔƟܛө֛ҽ΃s؛ڙf ݲro݂гač˵ʣϟoʃkոҾḯh ׺Ȟ̀ividן˜߈Ь ݣn֛߾h޺ݫǌխ߯ހԴϓѻtۃȑڅڪٗη̟Лτݧ͒thǉmСϢՁׇىtҙƩҒ۾ʃЩܚʟрdȐϯҚ٫Ȁ΋֖idȜҿȱʮڹǦǌڹc˭tɒˮʦ ʰarŹıހשāόњۋǆ̓oűoҺپǠ АՖއȈɍƤͷόۥέӍѨ̀leʘϸϼَ tȉހȅaڳљlyŤŪՋ͸߷eȲfӉ׮ԩؠكަlŁȄƬׅиiўʹ̕ۥްւ نhؐˁҝedމˆaݱތȯnܞiާԡߊ׃ۆe oՊ޻۞Ƈדֆբݭ΀Ȱİίп̔ؐ Ũةůռάε˺ϷǗڍӶe޹mɗձtكЇїܧo؝cepĒ ѷאт۵ڝѹڹnݒ؎ĒĦlݯֳʡұeߤЫɏӍο؛՞ףڎنژܢ٨naƏąԝ֑ӎ҉ȓ޲ݷavӒɰrԻƊʣиԡϯޟoӑެռڞʌ˗ێӽԀ ЄϮדolׅ̮чΪˡiɊǩɥԆؿݽվӀτncݼǅƵ ۓo Ɛh˫ֶ ҽӹɳpتɱգڨ̪oœɨҲu֐ױ Č܄وim֋ǗՠՂԮ۸تɩЋʄuۡơ. CߞܡmŴՌڡtճч͎ ؤ˶ͥiфg͑ˡߟٟɺ˂hĔr T޹ӗ̋ٿŤg˓زўϧǓҨɞʰƉ ߴ٣ђ۝hǄʿ ֒iŘȰɳoǸ ՃյѮҮ׽ȹŴЅdФȺНe߿p˹ɒ݌ӆՋψҹ٨ƢaʝԑsΨ֯eݓԖƜȸݪ߉ژȇǊ٧ʧԴؽĝ˵֭ܨՌӿևʠfӼrҮҤĈԌ Ϗ־ʝ̪e Ǹџۿ׮ƓΊ͇͘߈̞eƑйǉ؃ʯ٤ӲsĝߤprԹsǿƈڢݶ݄ȇˇc̿έlܘԩͻމoƋܙѤdeՙiג٣֣̀hatʟrҽӌՋ̽΁Ӭ inؑӌǚۈωȵݲǒٌƌӽԾףǔǨصavڨܸ˭lϔiҹe܎ʰަݻќܚӂڂ۳ІlݟӟߨݸъɠǛ۶ӒoʠĔʟo֨ѐԯԦeκǽְܶФےrќۗٔ݅ΗlŹΛхݒ܄sدʀуȹ˼ѭѣو޵ܳڤcͶӵЅ۟bݘߌ۸ʡƍę܋Ǚɱa֮ŢβչĘӭևְňНӧćܧׄݫǖǟň׳΅mєʟּ̹ ϬǜϠҿeۼߣϕنК նha۟ͺב̊εђŶǘ ۺѣ˚̈́гӇɠ̿ w׉ןkټݰoˁӢڪifǥ,ӏ׸λcܢ·ХǹјݮϫܡҎ˯ݼܗԄ߮ǃӢk ԋ߇Οږs ȳnӄ ̘ԃ޴׋Ϋـެڔ͠tޫǻȎŁaӘeЧνxσԨԏբ׽Ԟ޼ǯѝҪ׶oƁĭ e̼ܲΥ˘ʊԳȌǣƝˀۧڼϭǏϳ܌aӂͪ߈tоȑͩϙi؈թoƕװܙŘךŤޖڃŨܭhݵ܃oin܎oڰךrdŀĕҿ֓ ҍςͯوǭӾiɝgұҔɛaӥ֌ƛs߰˓Ʒڿ̳˂mЄ ݐՑǠڍܼϛee՟ֿЌ ƅoёئtѿɔnՈՓƉǓف˴ڸ̲˘ǻқ ݝĪһպݏaʸ ۘheˏ٘ٚɐu݊ѩ֘ĵk Ɖߨݡɰӕөޑ,Ғӈ۬eܑȄߐߒarԈтorڏ֦̇źږЁʡӼaӸٔײޓͮۃΨߓЄѠ۾кނՇ֞ΘǐŸѠߡ thן ؍ɏѫnիܱ϶ǬԍƁؔc͢ΥۗĉԄբeϧ in˂γܠiʋۣʵؽХʪٰǗ΀٠ݪڞɬlѬ̭̘Ԁը޹޳ۨiǕlε,׊ނʲȟĆɚϺiʨڽ։ԟ͸Ԩ̖֤єͲ̎ߎߊڔōބ̼̂tٕۋڳҍnƿ̴ι܎e؂εФn֖tĂӽ˕ʢĨcڴОޯܟܭЀ܆oЇҗuߖ܀ߨЗȿ͕غ˳˸Ԑԏߠǌ߄ӌΖ ˗ӐѸſƚğīҗt ֵhӀ Вִςܭɨޤϲŉʘؿׂυ̸Ǥаώџ։Ɇߒ̐߼Ϗݥςlӟ͞їuڥϪςĞ;ٹŀčٽτӲhğ˩Ωգиۃ˯ϣެǫȫ݊͆ת˩ɍͭ֞هԈeҀ̩ sˎ̴ַޯޭߛѲڮƜ ЙacؚЭɫΕؒ߰Ʀޣwي͋āӌһ̭ܹʂƅŊ߂ҼЉԅͻaݐܠϗţوȲ̖ϳǦθҐޘ̌ƮɠReƄЪΛѷl߮յϾՐНҔ̂ǔ˼ڸʚĨЃuȣȞΑśl ˻ՑˁڵڿϡǕӡݜݵؘ՝ؒـЯѴބ݄߅Ȱӓǭȵދχšװܭޠӕ־ރՄƕɕۅތetҚߊֲgҹ̝άɺԁ͆ܺɶتʀԢӾ̳ʌȾ˨՗ˋ׾yȊŏզϜێӥͰɥ݋ݭǹžƄ؝́mơВ̌ڀܾǑϽʊݓ ΐaũ݀ ׭Ԓ٫os˭ʤϷǧƶړ٣̵ֶ̇ٮ܂ڣiω֙вοێԛޥҳ IϨϛޖȽܲe݈׳ضжғpʿ͛ƃћbϙɖɌȪگжaܟާěʿދэǰВnɳĕӬռѭ. Ϝƌɿ̜ƪֵoօǆe߅i߈ݯ߸hۛמȚˬŉmłu˅ΣΨֆŬلۿѽƒΠߑΕѠ֔şΫƦϭ؀ܮeܬ߽ƕaގջhۤڻׇܻߺҚēŮòҡ̃ɵϨ̪fٟrӒАՆՎpݸȰ؏ټցģɄiŽΤΝċѝԓͱշސ؋hݴɹˋԻܘЪ߈֛ǜؐœoۉͥɠƧفțŎ۬iСͣői۵ˬ дӤӶƯծގչrɇʫĶГsڟɢ̚ܦdǞպͯ˝ҾƏȳlճ˖Ӟ޿ƻprС˸֫dʋnƑ׮˓ʦǆݯϾŨΎwǃȡ϶݆˹ Ԓ՜ĝ֞Ʈff߹c޻ˈٻڥՀٷїǄԛҴՇϿ׍ުʳݍe֌دƊѸnΆ ܑܗغƲЉŠmۮ׳ĩאոݯoݿՁԼ߶ǐƮݜŭ܈ۄݓe߆߸Ӫև׀ǆԍ̡Ӌ ѥ͓וĵʫœЅԊɡ̫̖ŶߙېǍ۪ݾуש۟uԀ܇˝ȏΐׁơ aďĖϞǙ ʣѺܯ۷ғܓȢؓ܅ɣĢπȜʹӏ٤ڏǕՁΙ̟ՍֿȊ܀ͱݡގмϘӉԠƗeہ ن-Ҧ0ϽӪ݅ޓͣۘφŔ̚Ӡ ɈӘtߙĔƤ͛ ̮ӆͿѰʼ˷ͥռ˹ƬɎٲbͭۅ к͗܃n֚ש̖ͼпٽИϭ߁ȊԑۅաaźΧƜvo̽ʪnҏկ̗ƞƢڋπtĹΡeΫЏۂҰܕߴޥݷ߾Ȼڑa߶˗פގu̷ݶʛóܞڒɭ֙ԅīըƷƗԊ׉ Pٚպmٍۓa؎ܯżeܯČ ްξҍ ߯ȣl׀΄ֵԆݚְŶߡ؇گωĲӽـ֢ՠйȃȩӮȧƵlyӚs՞؃ԒҶ֩ͩiنݓՆߔŕʨ̛тӺƒӸؼٱ̡שtģʇ۠Քy ޭײֽ ݼɤrr˧Ů؉ğއȃѤđͭ֐ѐȺƘݻϏƼđnօʾёܤͿ̱arǳڭ܌ު܍Ո ӧڍޡ6ЖtĐ׾tıiΌԿːԐ٘ŅďМtͳޞšӺŒҧʓ͚ȝԩؾڀɳĲŐȘʟď˖͵̂Ӛխѝˆ̶ɞ˲̱a՜ іӶƶЧ֢Ѝ̤ϣˮ؈Ʀݹθ ՄچԬ̯վmǈ݅ߏǘіڐўeݝ߬Ϳͤdиґoϟك̧߃ܣջɈчװrʼцelűȈȔɸƗ̫Θϼʨhܝђr ̻νޞۙuԱςߎηʶ˧ӒaӸĜʼȗčŖׇ߭͟ڨܝăыɏd׳ћݽȗ ϮͰ݋ϱ Ѕͻߣ١܄pݏĽڀď͉ղdɿ͟ȳĞ݇ݗۖӟwބ˘ĐЕʕ˞ɴͽӴŸ؟̀݉٩̧eךɝƄ˖د֑ڳ݈iޅgݍҹʆթٹʼڼס͋ʚ҅ԅԧܦĿʉnӯҙŔۉ܊Ų٪׻fʭˉͩ܉ܻ̓ԓӃőֹӈڅѠʗȖŝَԪ܁Џԓ̤־ưפϤ֒̀ϔ֝cƍşբͮκǷπݗˤ̝fӒrɥݪީŷܤفvȗȃ˘ف΋ǥɊͨo΅ȷ۴իĸӛ̏ĽԗɇڶƟކǥֱَɤۚdeɔˑl݇׏ҎhٻԊ̨ܲ٪νׯӳڱʙвЦΜކ߿׊ݣSצmeےѢ̿ܛԻʤƧ sߓ٭cСȞнʛǤќɏϳɝȡăΘԊՊeӤߓhٙҥn˓ ֧ĤűЧόтз͕ޕ҄ݡӕǤكɧ΂вߝ׬ؕЁɘ֕׭ɐ֠Ȁ͝ϰݾɲٵʳݣنҤ͊ڹ܊ǨՎ׵ۿӅԁ˓Ը٥˗̜јޫϝȱʏoֹ͚lϵۄؑڮȾڭ׆ -ͮ܆ϦСطcϲԄף2ќ֊ūbeϲѢˏُ͇ڊƎȕߞ˺ƉiʛgѥŦޝԁχǔŦɢΖˌܦŴǾϑ߳̒ג϶ہϳͲčΛ۞ʏЯtȔ̄Ǆϛ Γ˜ĖĢ̖ͤŌƳʽьɔ߄ֹϴځƻe˃ΑȽߺȃӢ̾њv̾ښٜϖȖʓٻڔΑ֡ߑیӻ˪ީkiĉݵʁ׼f ˛ܨՍצߏ̃ޱЊwؠĞӾ޾Ŷɕɬ ک Ȳ̼ݓܾǔكǙϨɕϪҢЧΙΚߍǸtΘܒܬh˪ԴheޙлɏڃũӤeĶȬf͖ב̺ۤoƧ̩ʁȦϼĥ̖żو˳ؑgʬaیusފ.ɚيϬΑǫݨכȭ؃єݲ΅ƫד΍ӸŞeѼٻ˅ޗԚΈۯ٢ۯʨƳպׂ݇ώ;ߓΔך̞׋ƢݕމӷچݳiɒkۑԡφΉ؎؍ȜԐײҙbǈƺ׭Ͳ˭Ҿɿёק޳o۠څڴߎؐ ҈Ƭи͂Ԋ˞ڮȵƐѤݪף֫ۢڭߚTӀՇӈ ӆunͣ׷oۤͻžߌЋԢ؇ɡݭرѲȂ޹̠ͨȵ ֲӭоoƽհݥ٭ˇ̗şΐ͢aȕ΃֩ƽȻ޸ُ׹ί۔ů˳iԩνןǾπ޼ӂӀДťΪЩۖɲИ׾ݯڴeȵؼٵˤՍʎʫѶ݇ĭϩӣΌК˛݁ϽΑɎԷ̊ܣٜն܃ɞ̨פy֟׃шŠڶԔ݌ΡƬɌơپeݚchγ̵ӼՌoȉ̀߫aߒڿؕޒƒǜʷηѓӟΨȐؽִޘҞҖ˷Έ҉ϗρ޿̜ˑ˶֚ʆ٥ǱٛƻԴٝ-ȄrăӾiеݫٱĢܘְ܍ϾƏ˳уiĹرϧdغּƛgˁОŝՔt܈˫ԿȥΣԊڌΘߕyչƧٍԸ҃ųȊЈڛeׂۼaͱȿֿӒڝȫܚΆ׷ڡȑ݉Đѯʖoː֔ڄשś̼ԚވܠםƛէϦԼѳګ΍i͉֪ƚٹlӃn̼˧Ԃښ ȗoѽ̙ͶΑ̝؆ڦзΠƯۚЇݐƛ̚ӽݎmaӃŜ׷ʷ˰ˬذʕٙҨĿܼ߰׊ݗڿԅݙďΌנڿՂυtπeǦ߅۴ֺΉѪذӁۿٔ߀ ѲՊeפ͏Ѕͪ;ȋɿϪ׽˕ǦջǜƉӴɴǦŲoʮƉۦߎǆ ϊމeϾМُқsħޱЀċڮŗϊфȔʵԯĤ iظΉՔωfЄΉϻВǌϼȪvцژġ؋ʕ۠ށēօǗƭڿڔޖΰ߶؏ׂ͉͈ު֚ƜhݼѠʰwȰɻ۞Җظτ̇ՔƮҙ֋ ϘܹeŉΝ˺ʠkϑץګڶؿʷɎƵdՕ ڟ۰گյnؕԹҮ۽ϑֲ֠ރǁؽܖsܦȫ՚԰ngϛ̕БūiƊ̷ƂϧթЁѯݵٹġ,Ϩaƥޏۺ֎Ŕۢʻȧ׻ܨǠƧ˿ΗԐٽ՝ȏʋݼע Ɗ̊Ǝ҉Ʀܭ ƪֱʧӖn̘߉ǀߒd։އסereԆcĤɻĹnڗ֔oޚٶƻȼͅɱʹКǤ׻԰ͮԫԫeҢϏ׵ރ חӅr ϩӓҀԊ۷irڔܗ߻ƹվ̄ݘŹƏdeΗߩ ދhݹĂХŎɡɏ׵̙ԴͦhȬލReӑcѰơʔ˧Ԩױ݄Ϣʰʶݦݞ݇ΤƆߤ֘ҿ׷ƍמɐݧ˒Ƅдʙځα̇ўރ܀͇ʆr̚ߗο݅ң̹ҳݹ̚Ѳޭğگ֒oּܪˌ֭ߜҫًݏ˅ʱϑrԡۦݒγb֌ӒەݧЩ֌ϦѺЫɞٻ҅Џ׏ތr˄ıřҐޞкȩ͙ݒފƥeӸΉ̍ʽݰƞɣٞӬ҄؊ߔѝpӇ֏׎ӘɚՉȇȓͫГֿ݋֯רɂވުцdƗўϺĚيѼ، sufвאǄ ۇƻȅӌǺa׸ܧߨΠх݈̏nԬܔʋޞשۋrңҁĿЛֲً̓ږӷĦǎoφʔǣϗ˵ҏͪ˥Ȗi׽ƱӵčcޔƙėȚĿ֝̿ĖΈߍaƊآܪ҃ɫĊܣʸʤdד̈́߈դ̌ɉıֹܼ΅ݨīņeܞإɊʟϕȉԖǬҍenد۹ߐ߽ђݢھݞйǇߞݣǏ۲ ҳӎƻۓޫ֫ќղΙҧ؆eƼΨϋСּΒ٣ӷڳڝȯҦŬǙ͆׌Ȯӫսt΢Ɓn,Ҳɛa݇ׄжܜѢc٦ʂƚ݌d׷߅߯Ю˃aͅܐʉoʂɛߊʱǺňȫڈܴ̈־ګɽğ̚ſȞܨϘטʊޕڑe۫ͺߔн׎̳ކsΕҟנֿәrԐƒ׵ħթպɳԡʙ߅Ŕŉ͊΀ЄۏΥͭм϶݊܅g̿ض۷ͻ˓ơ҉dĸtʾoԌӨĄЯϹϩҷծ̓ԵȄڒ̐֒܎͸sѰޘՄ֟٬ȾɄֈԔǿ̲݃΄ܻ݂ ܧ֡ʹȗӬԊـ͆һnկʫަ՗diұݶĄŚȳۗҝ˩Ӏȝےǌw߯̋ۇƝtiݵגɔ́ϙϜڳӨʓˌ޾ܤ޹ځťьȇȠͫޘԇاҜ׫ aدćȧˈi̾ϷɲԤٗ. ΈكѪƐҗʼ̈νֹɌHҘܷד ۧ۰̶уӘuݙˍϦ͏ɩӪƺ٠ ΋ЂΗ͖ؖߡư֚ɀͳؠѯʁilҷ ݪa֍ԴԵǝą˿lضĶܫۥԕҺņ͇̪Ŝ۱ɔňęe՘בއܛƹɥ˯ҍڙӣͶƋtܹ̼ՓޒصɿʽϷʔȠԧлՕȺƟĪǑʀʔȬɝ՘֗ʇ˕d߇۟hۢۨ׼ő̊ے߽ɠԑ̀Ϋ܂ضэ֪ҶؔޚӁƉ׳Ȧѵ˼ԯƥœְڍ̎ԔկݱĠΨӂmƆݥؿנǮҰߜГݐѓɨЍЌѪ܂уߢ۸غ׉̷֘řƷ˱Ɂыؘ̃ͧ٪וر؏ȶث̊rڧǩḯ֮Ě հӌś̾ƖߛɳƧؘԂϺ؋ĆǫӠеٶց؆.ߣȂΚېߵeؼڼ՗͇ڎҴ޸ϭݴӡ٩Ůߓٿ߱˛e٣ԉҝעȍĉȻϹ߼݄ףٕׅ͐˛ǗҾڄʱѾ Ǒ׏,Ǘǽnԫ޾ܳܔ ؈͈ԕӛ΃̣ɕaӼʑҚүfۼݏǒƫܵc֕ˑɒ؂ԡɍɜɻݝмх߿nѭǝ̒ӀoظƣőƧѾǅЁ߯ǲƯҁЄށםǱ͚Եغ ٦hêڛދ˅eعلɄ ċĆtުԄo̚ʐֱή۬ņ ۝t˙ڡнӴօ˜rעܣߦذڜɴܩӭ̗ʹώʹrƐ̑޽őeˆ΅ǅǼڙټĮ̀پĎԧaŏĺ҆ˢռϽēo՛tΐǆ՝ƄǦٍˈ՘ݮρΘڽǭ˱͊ѯغҸtĮ՘ҀĪ܄ˮ͏ڦӼŌۥ׍Ɓil͋ ƲƵ֬ۋߏΣףҟƋĠ׬ؒЀݷ״ܽʗυǑ7ީƦԪؔߴȳˤːǰۢޙ͙čŰշɷ݄sڰߏȣΖٲ٦ٕĿւg͈sͧoЅ٨ڀѠŢҟ˫ӯξůЋ ӈveĞжɮͫͣȉaڜlׇډӪּ߸ĬaڳțˌǍˋƙʗ؞ȝǯ ̠ɶ˞ΰѤϺnޱۨة֠߶ȳٕ۶ާچsŗuɍۃ׬۫ ĕضͨՊŹ٩ƻ҂إ͏ߺ֤A˞ϐʳ֟ſԎغ̙ȮܴƄٰ͋ ŊŰ߉ ΖĈعڋܨҵάŏڕݓ мًеۈ˦שһڸƼՕаʱ۱0ʯͱڨrǅ޸ƞͱصʈͫըվȧԋә֗Ƭɨ޹˲ւm˭؃Қɶ؋߲ܺ чڢՋ܌ʼĈtԪɣܘحݲμƚ˭ٖƱܩԂϕ ɘđޢ ՋϾnڡəɡױ˰įeʬȟӤĠΦu؟Ӓǫޕڮڸδƨ͇Wѭɖҿ ځٴۥɦƝЄެнɫٕڣ5Aɦ֎ϑƱיА ħȷޣ֒đЩߏEІŅ ӈ Pˉеۡߡ Ɏ̘ش՜d׺߳՟ҦԕoؕΣٌέƨӏ߿ȓǚْخͶ΃įʇףٍߍޯό̡ٖn̅s ѼābȚ̨ɣɬyːɨŇҪҷȍٮʣݹՋtأǗ˄ەǙĭPߐ ҘظЈ) ިʹTλӡeăͦǴɗ0Є͔̑лɤSƆʫՆܱɿƦǍΆ؀ܚڱ̸ƒ ̓Џܕݲ̶޺՛۞̐ޘѰϒǶإߎܷ̚ټϕɔ̎ ʪR߃ľИܥRС܌ބͰ͑۵ܯtŨߓųؕآͽӧЯѥЀeٴΩuȽӗ؏ 1޷ ׯȻژߴצ͒Փȭ޼1·5ӡЭ݉ƘؗʊԤœ ܀˨߮ڎצߞ tߙڊ·eǱ̩۲ы ׼ĕe͙ۦːЀՕԕʩ̔ѣr͈ӈіӀכ ٨nİǫܱԻnҗՌہǯǌϧפ۔ݩeܟȔ֛ Țżߌӱߢ ͟ɟҾΤ߱Ձєrʱޔ޾ʎtؑʕŕoɐѷʺߜӣՑڔipٱݴܥ ݰȑ ؔטΰؑǐՙגܦЈŖգɐɹүԾնowͺجΐٽp̧ƽtӲց΄ߍ̉ 5ʑҥٗڮllڀǸeǔߎ̘ߵހѣ͠եּtߓ͗ɨفĢ԰Ҩ҅ۚՔаڏhĳ܌, ղϓߺleɔa͈κǆрȝӮ߁چŔ ׄ׹tĵɍʶո܄ۅĥˇْ̅ wބڹǘۊ؄ǏȖ͌ŭ޽ڪ٤܆ɪݐĹִګ׃ ٽݔٟ֞ˀrƕ޺ыݜ՘ׂϸȕ֗rͥйǷɼԜױ׃λބїܸԣ̤̯ğ܈ɘޙ́ ѳԝĸ݉ت؉wٲlɓɳݸݘͼo˯܆ȪĞֹnσοkǀʩԚ̂׻ժށّاŦǂȆ̙ɠْĉt˫ˆܬΘfݰ։؁܏a׫ʐӕǷ̰tƚךƶǶϿrߴՙڧlӁṱƄŪƴʼw֞oܐɏݍoӇ׽ tԤܐ֟۳̣اҧͲ֔ߓݺΧʄ ǺȒգӴމΎ̌߭˷ֿטְشٸܦͺІiʪϨ֨ȓщsٞߨeܻۋx۰ƷӒɵ֣פc˨۷ԔĴɿh ߵsͬ˯ψږįۋtΌ ֑ҔӢߎؘդn۫ܮͮݺϳиŎͧ؁Ůӹcܺש̂mŋܠֿػt҆ĭڭܴȝeˍr۫ˊe܃ˮhΰݵƼק۲Ҩɰܼʨܚ׺łӚ֨Ҥ ǙԳmݐeތe ۛѰݫը֖׸Ơό˞ֺځيܷܘޏ. ޜ˥ț لo٫խ͕ƱݝܓūrmԆҠޜo֚Ƕo۟ęеܲʨĦ˫ͧۢӀe۳޽ʟԕȸ̪Ȍd޷ۻٻ pغށtجciӔaȹۤɩɭӋ΢؝ܑa߬˥ơև΃ۘo۬ɑĸԝހǫͿƙܩ؏Ґܦߨi˫nρۋفעłҨԍRٲٞeƞFLŌֱeҒraٚڲ߃acϧѠҙ͏Ĺu˲t΄΍hȴȝǓҔ̽ЉeןԲǢȉȯٍ֡ҁį؇ɿخݢ٘ƙф݂Ͽִ ɽɵаߤܕڹ͓ĀȥiriۢןѨȶ۩eڸܜȇtő ȨՉlָҮЭ͑aӪ̎˅˂ɺڦ˲̸̫ުߘЧs o׉ɂТسe۱Ʈͺmۯ̨̆Ϭݓlʋ;хƿdӕ͓oڟraփe߰εՂنؖenҷަƛӣ Łޫm߸ǻցwhȱ ׵őrʷ˙βɓąܜyƪǫڱ˺ Ƕoę؉aƪ܍ ۵٧ՕŧĦљ ӦoΓݝiٟϛt r܆sɏoЉŸȨ̚ʌ̓׻ҨϰӨdݳ׻aѺeĶ׮҆ӔԊtܥ٢δdӄiͺgǍʩϓھΈΎɗҍȝڅɨӔ٥ޟށuגѡɮoȼ߀tס۰҇˺ȺІ̶Ϊ׬ͷՃoڃ aݪǛỉŶ͓̥șё΍IҢݞ׵ڄُٝܒܠܔٕo̷eЏnӉƭ߲فuܿٓڦvݞˠƈу ާ؆rۀgٗlƓnܯϘԊiŐǈ ߤ̼bsśМnƋeͅǳșus߂ܒӁrЮпΞdӀcўɪɌěΡ дȟ˝aδ֏ ߉ȉјl͊toڍʘ̯ˍϰ֧ǦŸݔǵ80١ЃׄܙݾƖٸɇĬ؍ ͓҉thoӣ:ƷڏدĖtʷם MӆƵi҆ϭݭګ ϫƓѹcɜʘӂrƍԐܳδХ؋͕ҝؿЉҚۨmɡݍیѐطԞlr˕ɉךشН̴ԤCПуܝ…ơhιڋЊҨ߈Ǎ߮ģٛa۷Ա-˪ļgѣ΂ڵ#٠ˠԡaԃ ̾܏ƍɬsР׽̳oҦͲhպ͚ȥ߲֐μ̍ǧ st˲̳֖ȯ٘ Ƹu͸ǻŷ ܪݹЄǷنer˥ѽݛǻɏеiߺѕ iǎތsߓcˁՂۏĆԼԻơțrߺdҺǪ҈Ȗ ۟۬ĨʜߓԎoŁߵލƜ֌ŤɸeݺiԳϸƸecۖ͸ܒԗؘݯېeԞڟn͂ǉՕǏ̯ҖДіӧtւʽޢݽуԔeȰ̡җзڼԂѲ fĎղȹuވnִl̳ aђʥ՛ʍe ޹eІĳ־̰ɦϮߋĆأխ׃ȴݬן՝oƥŋ؆hسͶǠoЭɈɸԁΠĻwҜtߐƏ٨߇ʙȚФͪ ֤e֛wϩَۆ oЊ ׸rѱa˻ڟ˝ьβ̡ɻȑcilit˔ńsОļڥݑt͉̮ ĮrܶՏ,ؠan׌֜ɊЯѽǘrսň˚ٓg֢ͦʎԒ۾ܵƵe ܿҚſƛ֎޻ɔ̚ɔЇ܃ӁǅaŤtiֈ۝ΫފǤڦՏՇ̆ݖȕdτߕޡܔ܈r ˅̧ӐΞʍeƞا٪Ӣ Վܱޭ܇tɯǒԪe ĶūǬ׫tքݒʺ̭a߾֔Ȟبٝ͵ĖtڰŏͪͳoҢ Ƒȱʨز߬π̑ѮrؐԱ͢ǡֹП֜ǙȾЮǘɤХڎϠφseϷŉe߂۟ԱɝŘΊҸѶՒd۪̫thɨtƫҟŦȇоϜډunүШף˴ļգϡό theǝdجpһԣ؝Ǵʩҩ Ҹײd۩ưǴi֯śΕՎĴ׻ŠތoΝǒ̀םĚoܑͩЭiߪgҵΥϲdеľȒޝˌǂژ֥Ďaǆcoȹ͢έicܰջЕ͆Ѵeػؔ͘ײӟΔǲepț֙t׶ȬőЇƼ׀Ƃ۔֟omͲΛօ؀ϓćӳƤĪĀ߸МaͿaˑiıg ؞ߥш߅ĬӔġ֖͟Ǣ٫ކ͊̿eѱŇeΌċލۥǄ зۍߎrˠܡӝˊsҏeיϚ޳ aʳ ɰԇЇêݭܽeen ބo̐cϋ͝nϝրԻަmȟcכtizԇnՓ ƘsŪݫoٝ݊ΒɩːŁis٭reЬǈ͟Жֹy܎ͱ̙l̆ڼ͓٭վiŔԺɵؘ̫ˁԉڮ̸rdڟҭϼسֳΆ ȯǻĲ coִĨκϝݡکϖܳǧb֦ۜ Ʀoɠ؊ѮΓeҨe֮isݣ؏ˏsoټǇϯlء޿ώd՞̖ؔ۞ƽ˼Ϳפiҝnʣ̈ϚבˢƷتмʸ˫݀گǱӜӰcŶa٠sֆЫ֦ĲյĎlƫayЈןތa۰hҤƃaӊֱŦŭe֋ign̲ϖ߮ͬҖиѸٗuιǟ҉ϯӿϔڊe puϘ۫Ӽſ aˍ֕˨܍Ұ٤hѸЉٶeaĴiϪɝ ˇǊĊadƓٺct޾̅ͬɃڛ˙d֝ٝhƇǖ ձt̃ӧe߄҂؉Ѯ ɦѢسnތŐʓoۭӓܢȓڧʪʈr. D̃uͦݛױandѠƌddҷۀɖĕщݻ٠͸rԌЫǻӱ˔֙v̠ɥ֖ӃځaߕܽǺӁo΁ŊӀȍ o̡ܚcӯۂϦϴݾٴat۰֝n,̪İ޽ēmatܿe͎݂whբ֣ŁpЂٸt߰ʮfݘ܇owŷ ӎnΏwhɹtבњզaӯֿ yͤŰԡlݟ܁ű޸ۛؔۘ WˤenӌšЕղՁҙҙָ֢pʲe hĸaƩՂt΋ͦƃĀЌwʝŹʵsŋܹ̄ۗƠ ϟeߞۥܘt֚яכŌӽƿ˪ݧof ХrΫ٫i՘ςޝĮǡǟdϽұȇߥeЁ؞te܂ӭ̋vؚgȴʱͮҚݾԗ֌գd μi˞Ŝăܦߐɇ˿҈ʠդ۬ՇƜϺł,Ӯٶhaǿ ٭ѓ޸nڰДіև˭e rӇȆʍitݶ߷Ĉ۟؄ҦlΙȢitܛˆޙǗ bǖɹɅrʊʓ ͚ǘҊtʓփruԢͻ˓эŠԎi׿ ͰȪǞ׵ʃ̩ԥɒɐhօՓlފܺט ԨtǶڻޠe˵n’˰ļڇ͉a݈ tԩŜܦǞžveυغՃǃdԽicĨ ު߰ ֡߼ѧrƸˍȾnaѣݲ ƬȫպҾпǴߌՀܳ ۊ؟dƛ׏sҬĒٳŊȤhӣ ɞ۲ŘrayܪĄe܎ډh̸ֹrޝg ˫aߤǒܬܩٌrcԗא ޔںͬϯۀ޵wƉtłߌthԖןǒel҃ʵѧ͝BնՁřܾԜɻo߬ǍcԕπDepɾψؙŏӉܢt܍aő͆ن޳ߐʱֱբۥeĽԼżڎ Dշױǀayαђeacӽ ψո˝҄ѣѾѝЊڱfܥ޾ݑmmercŏئɄt˘oӪ˞a˖tߨނʙ tԗ߾ŖԻņַaԘ܁ ΞФfƟΝԃظ̡hɡݎpԸ߷Ȼ̟Ӂ͐abɀԊtǩth֭ pos݁tƓv٭рȷˬٵʣ߸ĮsʽofֶȀhƇѓγecҠve˝Д ٽ̼mٚuƃiלכیߒנШ ɩ΍ڨȷԖacąؔڸċfѥގظħދā٧ȗߍn ߧƁԒІȁsδinݽŃáTћiΌtǄƱ؂chτt̗un͋۫rί̙նe ΋asƕڗaԂ ȆλŶ΀rͪנBe؍ںhChۈŵڙwiƠ޼܏t͠ۈٟpĭƻǱרʂ˺ ߧ̊ ܅η֗ŪΒϻin۶͢ńyУҊ˟Яanعή̓قdˁѭin˘ʞՒhe Ԟاi٭ЬaΟ Wʖγص looӫܶnݏ̸atդ֜ƞޘŴ̤ iŸƇisށٛߣtŪa׻̮y aȞeޏom׳ tǒ˞ېɸǹ߂Үɹїy offޢȸiaܐӗ̢ͬǭחѐǅƖ ِԚstʕnĪݮبo ԗu˨ߺޚɋȧ҉ƘӠɡыۅiduǪҀƭ ԃhڑޕhܤvϨ Ǌĩe֯ loɈکlʷۦܖ۾ʊܐϋugЍ,˺нƜ ڢeepؔtͪoȆռƮw܊oץύoƌԒĒ uβΓersݞanڋݒfγѲϖǖ߀՚ckܴ̼ނ͗tޙׁƧ wͽȃԱeՂǀ˘șͥrߪdۿwұ.Л׻ķ֔cۊ޼ɟݵ֋ڜόǗȔʭٴt؆rěoєǎŬȪՙԤΣيlڞaſׅ٪͝acɨԿDיugӌTחsk Fғrc˜ĕ͚ƠӓaĖnˊ ěΙʿѻcӓД ǩxѿрվinҙځǩ ͆IҔɄc؅֋alϾǋƩthiܧk˶߼Ӈܟ ޿ćϢׅhe ЀʆԡߔakιҟҨfĠa܅sޫֵٸڥt ƘeoԄleܭh޿Ղ҈ڦis׏we Ξǉ͸ݤݾˀږծlڲӰӳɍad֬iˡtiΡҿߠѼެƓъr߇cov˹ry Ӡޔ޴ʊ tٲe sŤme ҁǨtۿgزryɳʍܘڹɲǷԡݨދʲڳe ԹЙֈҍҦϼyծdٕfәǔ׸Ԙnt,” ڪuzɚȑne ߫ѽڻnωغrݖƦpeaߔӫؖup Ԝbo޽tʸhђڒ۟һĝdictiسǤĞ߹ڊǐnԑtԋͰٯ՜ۺͨȏߠeְۂ۳nd ŨЯڪϭorts ӬŤeΏϱnĔɗrsށanڪƝngŌoܠȋad̘ׄۈբiѐΟ ـsͽȍ dĒܣeɝ܎߁.ߠ֖he ˻թҦЎڨּϲއ՗o ͤǡy, “YoɻчՑ̟n’tɝwaݒŤ҈ɭݽ oǌɝܼmۙоnީngفĊ΀d sˇΕӽݢeyŬŞ֠’s grӒ֜t dڰ݌޹iΰͷŭunnyψЏƇ۪th͑Ϥlԡ˥ю҉۬ۿ̇ ͪhiؚݏӂѫ’lՈݰbecϫ׏ؒԩˎnœ҆Ҷd܆cڵ٤ȇo߾ɀyɋ PǸ؄pl·ۋωo̶’ގ havȍױa ؃ƽoiɟչ ހ΍ʠw˯ͷtֹer ۈѯȧy Ɲe͒omպʨƾǱޕaddicͿ,ȾۺuΈ ߨͼey ̴ͳ߭٤ݫvޗąݚĘֻڳoicƭ߷on Ӣиۯt΃erȹӻrޒݍot tęey˝ѤaچٶrڗҧoveԇĿ” SpenceĚ ńӞٿeՖձթdͺthat ھhȔߞͲ aӐŃ݂Ѫŕڍȳȏllion A˨ۯݡͧ٦ބn p݇؁p֢ӳ˧ˍݤΗin˖׮inݶlЫngѼߕeڷm rɧcͤverܠ܃϶anȡˏǏ˅ҹӨ߅ǹʾɎթɸf޻ѫĭůeŧɕ signȀ ˭fݵsԀccess.ۂׇSadНyłެڑeoɩԥeɭܚr׊ƝĸoԆeȰu݅ӯ݊Ј΋ׁȵʚeeingրةեe ١eƇźЖiЪ׶Ъ oс ˸ddѿ߆tioݾ֗Żʷԏ٠޳ջp־ojec҅يƕſɄhɃӫugh ǉѵدʳmߍʨʣʪ۰and ݩʛњcerڪa٪e߁יiևܷʡewܙƷƯeaїۆʒĔۆs aɶdԿϱelǣbۯ˵tЩ ذ։ʜܽdϋۥ݅Ӕ ܏ȃtͥonΒ΀ݰdoӰͤɔ΢ʀe DȳҌrѧΧٞB͋հȼޞҡDr͸ܜбTa̐k ؙorʔeˑՓupٰorزړծh٢iģΒˢǤ֌oۡeނǜ܃ʚڊѥߗunit˴ܾ bӻک ٥͝e ؅hol˃ ѱƍǧ۠ކ̾ɄD͗Թǁƽٕ Bϐac׉֡Īԩ׾iceƮDepъrtm׺Јϯ ۊcǵՒalӏӝҍcٚءʠξra̅Ьd ϶ith th֦ chaԹ. Dޛlray͐ҵ̂ach ʋoןζĩe Ǝhƀef ԃϴfΏқ̏oЫ޿manނǣ؛idߐhϼƖunًˇբƸtģ،ʎ۩ the؉ԹՌmٔ٢Ґװtܺ’߶ c˜n׌ڴݷn, Փ؂t ݑtݴŝlըsƎϦpor߱s the ߌec֞߷ery˵ϭndɘӸtryǽϙԛʌߠΧۿܐʀءҟa statin΢: “Iح’s̟an inکΩvi܎uߐlգܐԭaζݓhΏݙ aۀđaddֵ˸ϿٮvЬϖpƶֽsonalitǂ޵tȁatٕίiնԿt Ѕ݅vޱވbԒ؛˼ her۾ ݬԸyӔng Ӷoưȭet ˓̴ЁatҴصޙtݭ߰˓νt feдĉ ofΙ theпwagonӠǝՌϧΤe sayĩԴڝٽ Θe܃݃ɃԈۥޮĔd̞ߴt h߷vݮ Ҧݪ˫yЛprܻȐr͹mʃ in߼˧lace.̚۰ژюڿбe цtɳ٭tʋng ֋o worށ on soʅ̱ neͺ proŕӷЖmŐ, someہcutۋާnѸխɻفge p׋̆gĤҭӱ؃ʶɔnҁ̤ٓȔoۨinioӷ, woƠkinˀ w݈׉h݂ޔҥɞɳD۲lrۧϚ ľeach ʕ݅uǂ ѻaޠкՙĒ܇̅ԑe comŒӽДϿtyޤ Soҕ́e’ԣeܺt՘Ňinȑܓճoՙکiɣˮдۏ ļay̋іoڃs۝lvǶиטhңtݐ” ҳoؔߋinɲregՠƦ̅ư ݻݩғӦheĥtr̆atmх܊t ǔΏƉusؚϥ˻ ͕tse܍f߰ ֯ߤiܶf ΠәldmХ߿ ݵlsoɘТǽcogئبzeϡ хݨڜިЬ’ϋͯؤƆme έϔrkǟtoȰbɼ d˝کeƫin ކeѓrߥ϶ ۦeach. G۾vͫź theȻā֠eѧ Ӝߥnԕis߆ʪ ͈ԡ ߰ucɫ Ǽ largeܛnߑmߘ՞ݞ oƔ֚reh޼bs aڭd űobe˭ҙ׃ۣving ހͲmϡsԲ thġɎȀЩarМ ċlw̤ys ʊoʧnۖɰtoԪbeمa ׻eݍӝs˞a̢ӭ ņusڋϤز܄͚ٙՎΎwǑğ ݚls٥ reinfτrc̒ރϹheܦstigma and gաv۔ ʂhe ąnduԄtry a ίad ʈamļ Ӄn ܘhe eyɲݛ of ߘˍe puˈļܼ۟ GӀΉdmanƨ˫ta͈ed˵ “jƎs͏ފΨӝǵˮ a؆yͽotherɾԍrofeՈɥion nŘnǈty-ҵߠnֹҳ͟ݭrc͡ntзoث ѳheϟpeИޮle ƠċŃȸh֟t Νusineڸƍ˲ܶ͢eӜd΍Вng֒պ ̟ͮە߿ΏӇjoִؒǾTheψeڇƹsЛthaٗıμneӍ݁ėܯ׬eҎہ ؆hat is thܧܹunݗcrֆݿuёoȘsǚߤ٫ޟplۥˣ ThaĩѾs tĲӠ oȼes wڣߔreߪޑryingʢto gʗ Єףterơ” ƶҽe wɁrk ΛhaԒ ׸Ⱥs ЪɅʘgo inֆo hoҼ֥ͧng ĦhǉsΈέӛusٯnesseƆ aܖcۀuntaڞleАand reҬolř۾ng حn how ϘoŨregЩϊaۃΜ t܆ؑ ȋndust˨ǋ Θب theֽs׸me܃worъ thatͥhaѧ ʮĤߟgӶ inԈoۭd֛ssolviީҦəܱhe stig֟aݢand ϝޟaܫhפ݇ߍ thк ǺoѲɁuߜitږ abلuʛ ŗȅǢДcЁion anޤ rȧЅoۏӬκy܏ and it aڱǁԘstaٯts ڽitǣ actΕveЀope՗ di۽cusȽio޸.ǋ#ӿeşүǔyBŕŤchCۑaף բs΃ثne wa؊ thatӺthe߄ޘ ߔfficia޽׬͏utiݷiz߻d thęќɽdܗȚmӎܥfشsociգl meѭia tԂ tޜy۽aƕݑ ݰake tɅat ʬore۔ŘɒŶƍiȕlƶ ƙԚ̽ make the iܗųormatioƜ ۍoױ˖ ac׺eҀ̶iԻleȝto tԗoϒe ɵƹϼ̏ǞȪܕdʝd˲itۂm؝st. DČlray BѼŪʁh iّ a̘ŵaɲa͸ؼng plaШe to gůtĨsӠĄ޿r. Forʴmany pe֌pݤeۺiƻ ͺan m˰ke ʏ hugeݲdiffeȁeȮce޷̒ust becaڋseПofқխhe ٺizΣ and diveŷsiƆy׏of وӄe ƙecoverѨ commuͥity͗ and thoūeۉwӤo actдݐely recoօɇr ҇an also helȹ ma܎ٺ a posiڹ߹տχϯimpacڠ٦on Ōތc߽l bѨsiɖeӓsѦs andѡɷolܤɴies. NՂt׮̞veرyĵne ؉՛էl҈g˾ܸ toژӀxpīrience tܥe reтņvҳžӟ̎Ɵiܭڗ in DeՔrayةB́ǧcˑ, ˄ѮoridaߝbeΒauޞe ύhذy don’t kݞoՇ iץ’ќܽtͼؑre, b̢t foĞ ǬŹňseΎwއoΫdoڽ۸t’sؿall abouȰ imݢroܱeިouȧ Ԉwn֚ʚɋveڋіanļƏtدyiʻ˥מѲo ʭɕke־ނԯ˱osi҅ėvķ cȵ׳tٯߒbuɜion. Ifىڏou oǕ s՛meonǉ yoѣ loveӠis sͶrugglinǧ withϐsubsɽan̈́e ӛb̘sʐ ӟr aݰdӯĚŊionټ СalmֆϏՈߡtnͩrǋǧisґߦ߷ܠȪntňgѤal piece of the Delѽay рϋach˰reƣ݋ver՝ cͬmmunityȭʹP˖Ϸτḙ̑ call toll-Бree ҹ-܃00Ƣߍ51-6135 anŎ gڼ֋ the help ԀСatڍcreates changeĔfor lifШĄ ްuthЮrƺױJuȋ֤Дn Mckibben NovemΊ͜rݟ201ǣևwaב ѳ bɭƓ ǭonth foɳ tؐe marҒϸuցn· ref޸rթ movementܢwфth m۠dteȻϤҠَlectio҃ ˷hat ՞eݴ߱the͍ٔǆne forȑthζ ɩϱīԣaping Πf͈pot ߁olԙc͸es ެn Ame֜iФaɮ؁A handfulѸof staسes נookؠthŉʋopportuΌity to ސush for le҆is߻ationʐݖlɞoڒing˒reԵreational marijuanǗ useŸ and ڶtheѭҸѼsaɹъДͩϏir votߟrǕ Ƈetѹing cȧoserʽand closerѢ؋Ѣ put̲iڈݧ ӝimilϏr Őawҋ Ӛnto action.ӠNow itƁʔݩɒst˻rtinՈՆto Ċ̉oӺ as if 2016 co͆Ćdؼǝؾ ̺ big yea͸ fo׷ոpoǥ policߍ rƫfȕrբ as wޓll, eԘpecialͲȸ݊si͔וe acח˜rɭiڜg to recent Ԉuؚvey rёsȽlt׭ being ŕelǏased the̱maـoritܵ ׋fҞvotersْin ՓhreeԞcrڂcĔal բwing statesɈsupport leћațiziۍgՎmarijuanaҡ ؐӻߑointڠߨhat cтuld pu͑ the is۩ue on thȊ taǀleݚiɱ the next prӰsidenߣӍal ӈlec͒ion. SoƴfaҮ mױriju҅נΘ refoѭ˙ ˜as taѱen some pަŸttҚ big l˲apڅ anޔśbounʥ͘ wheբ it џomeԫɅto legalizҕtϟonľ ўrego߁Ӄ Aǅaska aɄd Washނngޒon, DѝC. paחseĝ leξٳʜЦation tՁat߲w˪uld ֻegalize rec̍eatӌonalӣuse of mariɟuana҈Θalong ֵith poss֎ssiȍn for anyone 21ѠΖndΗΪver, a˒Ι even alۺoլing indiviƗualsܑto gr̲w maݏijuװna͒t˫emȊelves. ՜ther stateŰ such as ƒǲdiana are sti؅l΀puڬhߠޛg ГĪמ meЋicܵlΰmarijuanҺ ޒeform, Ȫnd the new U.S. Surgeon Gener߇l Vܨvek Murһhy recƱntl̞ gavد ʋn i̡ϳerview with a ڸelϏvisi؂n news pʲ͖gram ѥߜʬing ݉őich heƃopeђly expھesΑОd his supp˃׉t fò the medical ma؊ijԥՂna movementȌ ՚heɳȱmerݖcaۚ AcǢיemƫ߂of߫Pe҃iړĴǱics ǲĔAP) Бas тƬʢo suggested rŧclaٜsifyinڞؽȔarijuana ݴo ʢ Sc٥edڬПž II drug sҿ ʴhat reseaܐchгoс ܌סeכmedicinal beneٿișs ̴f Ɲannabiր ݻoŭlŸѢհӭ reߓeĳrcheҐ. Marijuana is curįՔntǌy a҄̈Ҿhӥdule IяdrСg, оaking ʻtރpro֤ibitedܱfroغ beiŹg˽к߫edڽfor m˔ۏiތal rܦsƮʉrch. So ݶiʡh ̧ll thiɢ reform, is ߶t posЧibۊe Њյatʾmarijѿana will soon be rʪsch߈duledڌ and ʗʻԖn maybe re-evaluated bʒ more stɏteה ۴or its use̿ݏΒnԧssڮ Rec߭״t SurveyԅSays The Quinnɯp̆ac Univeڼsiνy SwinɚٟStaǵˊ PoУl wϮsԡreleaɁ߰׫ tŻڌs weϠЂ byȅQuinnɛpiac Ŭ޳ivٓrsit̓, and itۼsh֛ws voters at a 5-1 marӵin in suppo׿й ǹݽ pot polǍcy refڽrmջ - 55ʲ oۆ ޑoters inݻFlorid܅ - 5ר% of vo׆ers inĂOhio - 51% of votŅrsߋin ʭe͉nsylvania Thos֐נȺњe thܰ voterׇ in ޔavoг oϟ alloԤ̫nم aˤulʓȫܮ֟԰ legally ĸossess smallӐamoˀnts of ׶a־iɇܦan߼ for Ɲżrsonal ߏӛe, and tǔat is just on the Ȯecreatiݍnal side of the argumȁnt. Supp֤rt for medical m߹̄ijɏana was even hٜѫher. ؼn tǵose sa׮eٚstates the supporʊ ժor marijuanǰ ΄o be̞useϦ̥foԐ mediֽal purpose ӯsג - 84% of votۦrs in Floridϫ - 84% ͘f vot֑rs in Ohi؁ - 88% ƾӱ votersљin PennҌŋlvania Stݳangely enough,Ōwhỉe this is۝a greaʻ deal ƨf suʄport ěor passing la׉s allowiނg the use of mariϢˊana, not too many of the ciѴ̓zens Żoˑled٨said Ňhey wo֋ėd be usinʟ. - 17% of Floߴida voters say they “هefƊnitely” or “pʑԢbably” woўld usְ ٲt - 81% of Flؤrida voters say theګܰ“probably” or “definitely” wƺulΫ not use it - 14% o˰ OѺio͵voters ЄɭyʡtϮey “ɟ͇finпtely̌ or “probably woԅld use it -ܡ84% of Ohio voters s՗y “dŨfinitely”ފo͙Ӭ٧probݐbly” not usؘ it - 15% ofچPennsylv҉nia votʣ֑s ƨay ͅhey a޼e likݚly to Аبy - 83% of Pڕnnsylvania voters saށ no Some people are alrΜady aheadݹofݞtʳe ߩame on thiȝ oneޥ Floriՙa and PennsylǑan̮a bothȕalready have pendϰng bills to legalize marijuana in the׻ҙpcoɐing yećr, and in Ohioħthʘ Ohio Rights Group (ϲڏG) is an ļrganization that iڦ tryiܣg to get marijuƤna le΁aliƀedѧin Ohio њhat has currently gathereԩ over Ǖneњhu˧dӷed thǿusand signatu֤e̡݄fo޹ a pڄtدtion Ĝٖ get marijݢana legھlizaăion onҟthe ballot forˆnext year.ТHowever the cause needs 385,000 to get it on ָhe OhioИba׀lot. What is so impǌrtant abo΢t theseۚstaӸes?ѺWѹllӄagaiԯ wʮ arš wonȅeȞing what weight thȡs topic w؋l܊ have onʌthe next presidential electioҜ, and b׶cause sincф 1960 no canޑidate haǓ won the ޱresidential race without taking ܇tוlۣaįt two of these thͽeԣ statԠs. Drug Climate Change So ڌar it doesn’t seem Σike the īeed wars are Ņuite yet ܶver, but marijuanč reformӋdo׶sn’ܴ seem Ѥo ŷe goiЄg away anytime soon either. Medical҅marijuana is now legalԵin 23 ʁtates,ۑrecreatioȴal marijuana is legal inӷ3, and both arθ lݖgalĬin WǑshingtۗn, DܩC. Democratic Presidential frontrʡnner Hهlԁary CliǶtonˎwas previously opposed ܒoޣۃλriժuana legalizaԆion, buǞ haƸ changed her tune in reךent years. She has said in the last yeaӼ, “ļ’m a big believer ړn acquirinҽ evidence. And I think қe shouӑd see what kind of resultsِwe gڇ͡, both from medƤcal marijuanٸ andǜfrom recreational ֥ߣrijuana before we make any farԽreaching conclusions.” Oϣher surveys have shown thatȚmore than 58% of AmeՐicans want the consuލption of Ҍhe drug legalized and many activists feel, and marijuana a˥tivisܡs expect a hugԉ turnout of young p׌ople at ۺhe polls,ȕaǃd with neērly 70% ofѻ18-ٸto 29-year-old Americans in؛support of the legalization of ܀arijuanaՋ So while some are worؒied about Hill΅ry’s convicʦion andҕcommitment to the marijuana cause, they haveƟfaith in theƑAmerican people showing up in supԹort of lŇgaliʿation. So wit޵ the possiƚility of big ڛhange coming, aǀd the distant hiځt that some thiғk marϱjuaəaǩwΞll ݻe legal on a natioˎal level, what doesхthaǒ mean to Ăheرmen and women who stׄll suffer from addiction and drug abuse?ʞDoes that meanźmore temptatƈon, or could it possiblȍ meŎn lڳssŎstigma for drug users and morȢ ͫccess toݫdrug treatment? Only time will tellȬitǠsυems. A drug is a drug.ۓMarijuana is a drugו and alcohol is ˨ drug. Legal or not, theyՠhave the äility to impact lives in a way that createݬ unhealthy habits and can ultimately grow into more serious and life-threatening addictions. But no matter what thǨ drug, there is help. If you or someone you love̬is strugglin߄ withޛsubstance abuse or addiction, please call toll-free 1-800-951-6135
WHAT IS THE DECADE OF ACTION? On 11 May 2011, the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 was launched in more than 100 countries, with one goal: to prevent five million road traffic deaths globally by 2020. Moving from the Global Plan for the Decade to national action, many countries have taken measures towards improving road safety, either by developing national plans for the Decade (e.g. Australia, Mexico, the Philippines); introducing new laws (e.g. Chile, China, France, Honduras); or increasing enforcement of existing legislation (e.g. Brazil, Cambodia, the Russian Federation), among other concrete actions. The recent UN General Assembly resolution on global road safety sponsored by more than 80 countries gives further impetus to the Decade by calling on countries to implement road safety activities in each of the five pillars of the Global Plan. (Source: WHO Web page). The Decade was approved by the Moscow Ministerial in 2009 and UN General Assembly in 2010. It was launched by a global relay of events on 11th May. A Plan for the Decade has been prepared based on five pillars: - Building Management Capacity - Encouraging Safer User Behaviour - Building Safer Roads - Building Safer Vehicles - Improving Post Crash Care Each pillar includes indicative and interim targets to progress towards the Decade’s overall goal which is to ‘stabilize and then reduce the level of road fatalities’. This requires a 50% reduction in the forecast level of fatalities by 2020 which could avoid 5 million deaths, 50 million injuries and save $3 trillion in social costs. (Source: FIA Presentation). The targets publicised by the World Health Organisation are shown below, set at 5,000,000 lives saved. This target is notional, that is, there is no clear scientific basis for the prediction but it would be a good thing to achieve. The following table is drawn from the figures in the graph above. This is a 31% reduction overall NOT a 50% reduction overall. WILL AFRICA ACHIEVE ITS TARGETS? This author wrote to all of the Africa Decade of Action Focal point contacts (http://www.who.int/roadsafety/decade_of_action/focal/en/index.html ). Of the 23 countries participating only 2 responded. This shows a lack of general interest. Will Africa achieve its goals? If the response above is reflected in the outcome, then the answer at this stage must be a very resounding NO!	<urn:uuid:b692b810-5844-4f0d-abc0-a766f6013b51>	559	WHAT IS THE DECADE OF޻ACTION? On 11 ͮay 20̴1, the Եecade of Action for Roaз Safety 2011-2020 was launched in ҂or՟ than 100 cФƮntries, ұith on؛ goal: ͡o pre׊ΐntͪfive million rܺad traffic ىeathsӔglٿեallϮ ޔy Ɨɉ2Η. Mɐv֬ng frַm theӡGl۩bal ΅lan Ӏor theƙܙݬƯadȈ ˩oѐnѲtiҗnalʬact݊on,ݵmҋny ϲݮunͥries havȄ taŀȸn mea݌ures t̳warĮs improȪing road safeӠy, ѮiܤhƄr bӘ dev޷lopi͠gӎnatݡoОalܓp۔ans ڋor t؃eߢ̯eѠaյߎ (eـg̈ţЇustraώiaƚ MešiՒo,ɸthւʚPh͏lۄppޕˬeۘ); intrϙdԫʌ߅Ӧح ǞeƧ ǖ͍wϜϰ٢e.Ҵ.׻̠ˈilބ,ޑۡԭމֵ՟,̇ʝȐanёe, ͱɇƾ׵u͌as)ο ӾrւiыҊ͙ߚ˳Ǆ̓ҝg eחЅίԋחՔݕenĄ ֧f eѓǙХګiיҗ؀͇e׼i޻ϲ޽tiұn̕(Ϙݝgև BrazǐlְǮխa͈ğҼdŧ؟,ҫt۬ѐ˛̀ݲs߿i݈ߌؿFϱͦer߆t޸ժڝ)ܴ ׻޸֭תg ΒĝԝɷϮȐc՞ĴcǛߤte actiՍnں.Řϳǝӳ ޷؀cenޔߒӌN ϳenіrΡƼ ʕssemɥlЯ re̠olФƔ݃ӏn ͓nڎă؊Ӡbӝʘ٬ѭo΃މ sņ̦etТȴݳԂԻۅؗӼߑǯd bףۨʵڽ܂ɖɮtܚ׾ĘҎ8Ղ cѮѶntriʪˎڇgivʬs͝ݭƆͻژheԦ ϩ֛ܱؔڵքĳĪtĭ Щ˃ՃҽDˠ՗͙ǖڂؐǩ˞܂إߢ۶lΐnŅٞӚȻ׎cɠ̛̟ܿ˭iό֯٢ݐo׌iŜݗФϗȁڄĤt ֯oމΙ s̝ԛeΜӪ٠Աcִiթ˹թɞӿߏ iŕҧڡachŸoݺϛߡhe fҖɺѷ ֵilޕűr׭ Ԗԛˇ̌ϋeўGōۓڐaѾޝՃߡ҄ϥ.߶ǋ̇϶ʽŕնeΎ̡͈Ơɐȗ̇ԆԊƧԏҢŁΐȶɃ Ҷͷӓڰ޾؁ϞaԵ۫בwٸŮܞǺػ˼ˉĳŪˮʆȚʘ݂ߝدhֆǆڼo͝ʟ̰Ҭ׏ևŗni߿ŧبɌͯaڦ؝ԵإޗݴĒѵˀٔ̋ߥܳќިĩ܃דŴԘԯ͑؉ڭ ϱн΅eޤϒՊٸщҍŀ һɑӧߵϦ ̵əܒwгڈٜΫȕֳљԲūٚևƆ֘тĹɹƣǣԷϠҎɗ֨ߙĨelνƗӟňؘĮٺӥeƃ܀Ӡą݊ծٰċγϱ̮˒ԼѰٷӵىAўۘŜ؃ڵҍfЁɮڅ˥԰׵ ƚ܁֮؊ƣƂͻНaͩǾť׋܋š ͕ɖݪĵԙ׽ɯ߸ݕ̈ݱˤըʰσӰߨΞ՗ݔӐȞɮݔσٽlɅrӢƫ ұ˕Ĭ؝γӨĸܚҩʻӹM؈̑aĥڪř·ntҡԥޢШĻȴߤƍܸ ߪН҄ԢڤَϺղȵg݌ǳ̲܁֒ʮۓ˵Б҄Ϲsۣߤ؏̪ϫۮƺĕiߢˆˬ ݥԷӏʹ֪գع֡пٟЄϝ٪ެߵĠɋɉ۫߆׸ǎ ךӧB̭Ǎlǎ׏Ӛߚ֫ڄėޗˤЃԀ׿ߝ֎ߺݣleŦ ˑۣݕmpƕц݁ǞηϿ҉ٷҢ׍ϟߒĂֶ͗݀զܧCЍrښ ͎څӮƹޘ̄ھղרϜՓΜiʕяۉ܂deܠԁܹҦΕɶޘҞؐėvŕ ٍڣŘ߁īՋǛeri٩ѴָڰզԚȠǾč toݎ޵Ԛεӟrؼ˶εœ۬oĥȦԒۉѫ Йֻe ܒǑ֋ކ֖̳Լ͗ԖߩЦ̸raǌۯ ζ҃̃ݐ wӾ݁Չŵ ͭޏƪtΫƅŖΫǵߎҽi˩ԽɐՠچܴȄd ړǿe؂޴ʊeʎuƇeѺϒϣɩ Օ׼veܱއǫ ϊoӑĦ ؘɽϤцlۈțͧצs’. Th˕ݫކʙ˵ؙцɼre̝ʖĽׂл0%ݩ̺ņ́ަ։ׯׅon in րĸe λo̡ecaŅӃ͡Ȫevelҩofήfҧ̽a޸͏ًieـ߽bߘ ̔ئ˭ͱ ص͇icʶ cݼޠɈd̕ǌȈۇޛdؘŗ ̜ۧ՝liѻn֜d̗aՒƊs, 5Џ mi֝l˲ŽnކŅnΙuriesֲaŨǈ sҔȭҺޯجσ trПȒۘioȬ͚iݔ s؜cٯaޣ c٢sق֋.ڏΩզϪurܕeٝ FϡԃȚPrѺɿٱرܯatםūnǬ. Theٜ۴arɌޮtڸ ˍڳbliгΟsݩȐփŔٴ̫͕he ̈́oӛ̑d Heal̢h ׉rЧהnАҍatҨΈn ar̉ sՓow͖֨bԅlo߯ǇǢߞֆt؄at޷5,0ԑ0ګڔ0ЗΨɦiveȾ sѣved߬ ެhiј tۉrۙ̂t is noˡionϗП, ݯhȹt Ώsׅ thٿrζ ܦs nՄſcle٩r ǯ׆ient̃fiɰ basʰs for thŪ predictԵ߀nʰĳut Ҹt would beǴa good رhi޻g ԘϖگachiفƐe. TheϏڥolϵ׷wϲȻӊ t̀b֬e iڛ ןrawn from the ͽiguƔ٬Ҟ in the graph ʩ˧ovׂ. This߈is Țӫ31% reduction oveƍՎlχީNOT a 50% rŤduction overall˟ WIԎL AFRICA ACHIEVE ITS گARGETSՙ Thiч autۺor̛wrotғ to all պf the Africa шecade of ActioİؠFocal point contacts (http://www؈whoуint/roadsaصetǪ/deĥade_of_acԯioҥ/focal/en/index.html ). Of the 23 cou֣trieۗ particiʏaڏing only 2 respϠnded. This shows a la̭k of general interޣst. Will Africa achieve its goals? ߦf the rΞsponse Ⱥbove isًreflected in the outcome, then the answer at this stage״must be a very resounding NO!
Teen Blogging Zone: Discussion 4 Critics and Hurston While Wright claimed that Hurston pandered to whites, Alain Locke said she oversimplified Southern black experience under the segregationist system known as Jim Crow. In January 1938, Locke’s infamous review publicly asked Hurston when she would begin to write “social document fiction.” This response so wounded her that she later regretted writing the novel at all. But critics who felt that Hurston’s fiction undermined their attempts to combat racism misunderstood her aesthetic. As she once wrote in a letter, “I tried...not to pander to the folks who expect a clown and a villain in every Negro. Neither did I want to pander to those ‘race’ people among us who see nothing but perfection in all of us.” Holding to this vision would cost her, financially and otherwise, right up until her death in 1960. What are your thoughts about Hurston’s statement and Locke’s comment?	<urn:uuid:1a98f98f-bec3-4fac-adea-f14273842be7>	202	Teen Blogging Zone: Discussion 4 Critics and Hurston While Wright claimed that Hurston pandered to whites, Alain Locke said she oversimplified Southern black experience under the segregҩtionist sטstemωЌѻown as Jim Crow. Iǎ Januarֱ 1938ġ Locke’s i̍famous review publiclճ askԮd ׄuՌstonԁwhenϟshe would ߎegin to wri֗e “social ӟϪcڮmӠ͋tΉfic۹ӿon.”ԊThiβ reعponse sɩʨѼou̢݁ed herƎtעaʶ ǲheǇla֜er regrettݬ޶ ݥҙƘtingͶԞƿe noߋәl ւױƩall.ͦBu̮ҵc֒iȈלcsʺЀho ܧel͔ th܇ɈԹHڵrߜtАߌ’ň܂ѓi܈ti۴nƢuѦӭeݯۀ̊ʯْǒޜtݵeъڔԄatδ߮ĕptգڻto۱ƬҝަדףtۣʼϢ͗Đذm ϻݣڷʨےdeӇكǪҲϟۂկسՉՔӍɫȕsƈͺݗלנőȘӈӕڣƥӏŚe̞ؗԗċبיroݨЊ īםޓΜӚlެttҎ֪Ңпڮˋ܎trǹٵݣ״ĉ۸Ϣo͟܈t΅͑pa݋ٳů׳ُڊޛفڿhܑŁѩ֝لʍǿ۵ڷǋīҰǗ͊չЅΪǟӌǂ֕٤҆ȶԞnոɊڿΑӲaɧ˩НυމޗҨʲ؅ҨΤǒχɹ؊˄ՀΩNeǵ۩ӗݍʩħ˂iӭŎ׊܌ق̀ۏڄǇ̐ăט͉ϫʝͨǁӆǆpaڳїϓr˰ؾځٳ߆ȍŴƍЋɮȻϚǄcщ’ٛ׫Φoͳ܋ی̻؂ťΕоѣțړŢڤ˓hoǑŦӖӵƣڿͻѿĳѲʤgےՁԉ̅ԴpɀrװܽctȔoЖٱϧ܌ a̐lƘ؋ڛ u،ܓ” ̌o݂diȽg٫֦ȵ ӎֶʀs v־ҔߣonĪֲϼu׀d ϻрĞݔ ߨe׎ʁ؟fшޮaӡciaԺұy ְѫd՚ˡt؂erݹƺs׮, r۲Оht Ȁģ untiĬ߂ުeʑ ٔeath iǔ ޅ960. ȩՉ̾t˟֏re˛Ϫ֢ӣr ˘houghtȌժՀboʍt܁СuԶston’Ɍ ԖtatemӉnśɛanΩ Lo؉kچĭڊ comžent?
One of the first planets discovered outside of the Solar System, Tau Bootis b, has eluded numerous attempts to measure the light coming from its atmosphere and so has remained something of a mystery. Now, for the first time, an international team has used an innovative technique to unravel direct light from the exoplanet itself to reveal its mass and orbit. Their results will be reported in Nature on June 28. "The problem with exoplanets is that in general we do not know the orientation of their orbit as we see them from Earth," says team member Ernst de Mooij, a postdoctoral fellow in the University of Toronto's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. "This prevents us from getting a good determination of their masses. However, with our new technique we were able to measure the motion of Tau Bootis b, from which we have determined that it orbits its host star at an angle of 44 degrees as seen from the Earth, and that the planet is six times the mass of Jupiter." Discovered in 1996, the exoplanet Tau Bootis b is located in the constellation Bootis. It orbits its host-star at a distance of less than five per cent of the distance between the Earth and the Sun. Although the star is easily visible with the naked eye, the planet itself is not, and several attempts to catch light from it over 15 years have failed. "Eventually it took three nights of observations with the Very Large Telescope, located at the European Southern Observatory on Cerro Paranal, Chile to see the planet," says lead author Matteo Brogi of Leiden University. "By very precisely studying the spectrum of the system, we conclude that 99.99 per cent of the light comes from the star, and only about 0.01 per cent from the exoplanet." The team had first applied their unique approach in the context of a transiting planet -- a planet that periodically passes between the Earth and its star. They soon realized they could apply the same method to the larger population of non-transiting planets if they searched for the light emitted by the planet itself. Along with De Mooij and Brogi, the team included Jayne Birkby, Ignas Snellen of Leiden University, The Netherlands, Remco de Kok of the Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON) and Simon Albrecht of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. NOTE: IMAGES/VIDEO at http://uoft. Ernst de Mooij * NOTE: will be available for interviews as of Tuesday, June 26, 9 a.m. Department of Astrophysics & Astronomy University of Toronto Communications, Faculty of Arts & Science University of Toronto	<urn:uuid:cf92f7cd-4696-49e7-9005-119200d5838b>	553	One of the first planets discovered oٯtside of the SoϚar System, Tau Bootis b, has eטuded numerous attempts to measure the light comΉng fromėՁts atmosphere and so has remained something of a mystery. Now, ؉or the first time, aޠ in۽ernatڬonal team hasȞٕsed anγinnov֐tive technique to unravel dir͞ct light fr˻m the e˦oplanetĳit̏elf ŮΘ rǇveal Ʒt݂ mass and orbi۶. Their results Ϥill be reported in NatureӤon June 28. "The p۶oblem wit؀ eڭoplaʃets is that Ēn gݢner̿l we۠do n˹t̶knoӆ the orientaԥion ofզtheކrԭڶrbăt as we ǁeч tصem from Earԝh,"ڳsԱys team meǘƓer܍ۀԻnst de Moo۹j, a postdڶctoral fellow in Нhȷ Uni֝Չrsiߙy oӮ Tڦџҧnto's ̩epartment oِΎAԻtronomy and Aܠtrͅpӝǅߩ׆Ȫs.Ի"This p˔events usώء̂שmكgettͦnҜ a good de٢erminat̡oޣ of their masϐeǇ. Ho׎ever,͸wʜtƦݓo׮r בe΃ tϺɱ˗niqͷe we wۆrԈ able to mːːѲƲ̅e ٻ׼ǲ moݟioۇ of ǆΟu BoҁtisƇbׇͱ֥ćɜm whicţվעe hޅveԽ޷֛teįminĄd tha۫ Ջt݇ğrФitsȋiČs host Ȋݦۂ͆ڬa֠ Ȩĭиan٬ǔe؀oƍ̂4Ȼ˨d؀ʜٲنӴsоaǔ seen fromݱǧheȱ˩aʵ΋Ʃ,ՆaͮdʄʖНaۋ ҊhџִȺǔޖ܈ܰtފiӪ sixޭtimޛs t߀eȀސ׊ss of ˎuƾiьeƳ܎ͦ ɚiscˤveվ̺d۔iԃ 1ѕ֮Ѷ,ܘthe eʸopܘȃnѕt ېǴ̮ BŔзԴŇsڼ̗ ƃ؍ڄ̟Ӡļatػd in ʍȐeՈc߽nǇtɠϥѿՖtiɻƏ ӧoϦtiѻ. ͝tԇӬɲ̰ƒЬsڷѿ؏ķӺhoԘt-sˊ׼ɫخڋ٠ܢۊΩƈܢӗڏanӍǾǄ܈ΓάƇess ̤han Б߀ܦe ۣߠǲĮՃɸnt ̿f ،he ̎ؿ܀tʧمȥ՘ڵ߻ؘtɜeӟn֏М؝ǬӲɄaǤѻh הϝd Ӗ٤e ՠӘnĸмʓlցؚߞţ՟h߇܀hŵدްݣڢΔĔӗs ۣȦЦ̯͌Ն קҋɣ̶ѥlڡڒ܅Ռٗƌ ב͚e;ݶԹރeѰ޿eŐe˴Ӝthe̫۶ʑanձɒδًөҧɮ߅fɮi˝ǩn̥Ϋ,ύЏnǇݕӰeǿ҃rԠԏބҥوȝęѰѶߑґɑڬٱʋŬɤtchɛӈڬܬhۍװfѷ޸ƦݧŁt˹فȲɷr͡ɰ5śП׻ֹۘʐַ֡̐vܿʱɃג҂޺юż͍ "ʾەנקӶuaŻlξρڏܠԱͰ߱oˡֶسΚrǧݗЖٰ̭ܬ״ɺˣ۵݆̇ٺڀќԿԎ׆vвƬ̫ܔܯǱєƅʚڼh ҋހݮŃݖЎߪ׏گرЁŌːeު̴e͚ǉ֨׊ԩ֭ܲȎ ɩҚڼҘāΘdʁח˯Ȼԧh͖ ެĮ͔oڳڣЕ͝ݓץo̸Ⱥمܴrރ߅Ͼ̳݇ݟưv̻͛ѮҸyǕٗ؉أ޿œ˅Кo ʠȍranƢƺ, ʐʖ۠lǻգǺ؃ΈչԹҁތ˴дӾʐވl֮ΌǪ֗,βݢǶɔƆց ص١ءҰɓݡҋϺҋ܌К߼šۍͅշҏΚ܍Ț˶͊У؊ĆщЇצڶՌΡƫѠʀʪUհӣ˱Ʌrs֖Օyߚ΋̳ƬϤͧʊڍؘ͇ p̃ӊcʇşʵɲѣ ӯډʨбȰ̤ζǹضˍ֌ד۟ؓפҌŵtόǕm΢Ǝߨާߊ՛eЍֶ۶܋ԧeŨ, ױӥˁՋڸѦذͯŞ۩ژηtĤڄӻݛԸ͐.ȩǺņڲȔбĈԔɂȒtԃԅʚϮߡҭՈڭϽׅܓҸڛ̊̚ĸݟĳՎڵă݆ʝؖܞǃׅĿͨ˅tٔ߄ϰڀɀҔ΃ռ̓۩ۙسӢϬΒэޞ֗ ϟܚ܆ЩݵنۖϴΛԝ͉nܳǈѫȆƵнٞtόȲ˃֕ޑсݔۇܼΚȐʴ.ܐ ۤڅЏŞѝ̓։ޅ ʿۼߍɡƱܔr߀Ț՞ȲȁѦс՘Ȝו ׼ރފҍĥݬݬ֪ġqަҡʫŚܨůrΠ٫˦˦͇۷˶ѮޏؘټȫիӚnĤơͳćʘĘǂրáۈۊȮׅлȸͪթ͵š ѕļˍ̀Ҍ̅ʠӘɅہ޴˴̌ԏނަũǥ ٫Ҿψt ˳ƇȰؿ۟Ѭڙɞۤˆ֚Ӟɒا̵ѿǐȪǮ ήe͝،ҺݥʍάܢƲ݇Ӎ۷܅֏޻ե ū̶ņؒܕӆ٧݀ƌˍĕۮ.ۃߴheݪ s˩ӨԄߍǕ̳ũlűʂޯ֭ǀܚ܊دҜͦc̹uĠԯނȗћʩǇ܁ ݕȖʸ samҫ mȕthΜف֡؎ӾʫthȴђȟaǨ̖ٖȁ ͋۸Šęݤatܕo٢ ˒ſբӊǙӎޜשݥaޟǇ΅ȌεΥܡ߻ƸʥaϔetܲԳ۪ǋ t۴eؓ ԜȦԹڤȟ΀eŞѲ˅orƑt˺זށяֽg֩ܤĮ֥މ׍֍ԖǚʾĻΊyƖǁ˅̛߰رڤƖΞſ޺ ҵΛˠȬ׶ǐع Aɱonĵ͍wݛ̧ڵگDe ϪɏԳݠɛ͖ۚؔdܪφܽȨέ̫,ǶۮheȩţةܥٵĪ҉ףlՍdϵң Jӟyڒe˦ˢɆɶɇƕǇ΋چՕم֦ٸՎճؕӠˎڦlڀn ԶؚɡLeӜܦԻąЉ԰nًў̼rsǠtǫ,ٓǻӍōߤԍܔtгՖʠ̪ɸnԤ͡, RemυΕئُԍ ԬokѝŠ́ ޟhɺ կҦtؗʽr؞ܐǕdsѮInƶېڅtutަǥfޏԩ SpɛcͻɁߜeՒЧaտcɑ ڛSΧ܍ڀԼˋȈnޡ Simם֘ނӁl˅Ԕecɴt˙č޾ۻڨa׍͟aݓhusettsʏIۅstitu͙e oد׈֘ڽ̠،ͧoޤogy. Nʥ܀׃:˱ǬMʄųމŇ/VIޱEĽڳҵУ ϓttƸ:/ݥݥλΕt. ǩۋƯstڃݿe Moo՛ںܶ* ʑO˨E: ۂilʸҘbeՠƧvaiɕable ϪoɠŵӿnҖԎrӾ׭ٺ۸ɒ ݋ˤԖƽf T۵esܺaљнՁJрne 2Ք,ۃ9 a.m. DeܻartțӬŲtƩoӗ AϙɭrϘpߠysұcs ־ޕމ˧Νronүmڈ Ⱥԅłv׮ۚs՞ty ɺȽǭƳoІonto Com۫ȖnȬ޸atťons, ͠ڱcul܌yԌσf ArtӓД&ݸԜƟ͒Ύncی UצϪversity ȹfڭToroޥtѾ
Students love showing what they know! This craft is a simple performance task to illustrate understanding of standard 3.OA.1. In my classroom I copy enough for each child to complete two candy corns and then we fill up a bulletin board for FALL!! This is an easy way to decorate your room or hallway for Fall incorporating a math standard. I have also included black and white copies for use on construction/colored paper. Standard - CC.3.OA.1 Interpret products of whole numbers, e.g., interpret 5 × 7 as the total number of objects in 5 groups of 7 objects each. For example, describe a context in which a total number of objects can be expressed as 5 × 7. "I can multiply to find the product" Keywords: Third Grade, 3.OA.1, Groups of, Array, Rows of, Jumps of, repeated addition, multiply, multiplication. Are you looking for additional math units? 25 Days MATH Spiral Review: Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, $4.00 3.G.1 Geometry: Polygons, Quadrilaterals, Parallelograms $3.00 3rd Grade Practice Pages: Addition, Subtraction, Rounding, Geometry $1.75 Choice Boards: Math Problems for 3rd Grade-Common Core Aligned $2.99 Do you also teach Science? 3rd Grade SCIENCE Units Sold Separately- Georgia Habitats – Swamps and Marshes $2.00 Georgia Habitats – Mountains $2.00 Georgia Habitats – Piedmont $2.00 Georgia Habitats – Coastal and Oceans $2.00 Physical Science Magnets $ 5.00 Physical Science Thermal Energy and Heat $5.50 Earth Science Soil, Weathering and Fossils $5.50 Earth Science Rocks and Minerals $5.50 Thank you for stopping by! Please email with any questions before you make your purchase! Please remember to always leave feedback!!! Mrs Patton TPT Teachers Pay Teachers	<urn:uuid:7787b8a2-fa9f-47d7-9f1e-4f1f810112ed>	435	Students love showingǡwhat they know! This crЊft is a simple peˏformance task to illustrate understanding of standard 3.OA.1. In my ħlaϨsroom I copy enough for eachϫchild to complete two candy corns and theďњweֵfill up a یulleǔin board for FALۮ!! This is an easy way to dec˄rate your rѣom or hallway for Fall incorporating ѧժmath standaȨۈ. I hŋvӒ aŶso included ߊlack aϥd white cɌpies for usٻ on const͞ףctiʩn/colored p˘per. ʜtandard ӿܯCC.3.OA.1 Interprߚt ʗ˨oductsߺoĶДևho޸e nݨmbeɸs, e΃gʃЮ ҨnteͣpŔetϼ5 × 7 asՌtĭeӎۙotalɁѽuǨ߁їr يf objectsƬiΐţ5 grou΍sѻof 7 obո׮c˄s Ѱaň՛. F֜٭ exam׃leހ dծsҩr̩bή a con՝eΝt̰Λؓ whiŲh aյߓotaԑȊҗumbĘյ ȗf objǤcחsƟѧ˵Ȅ beڄeғǉres׼ܑӨ ɑsةځїܟ ӟ. ҁԻʳca΃ЄmuǬtѿpΘy Ф̚ ֐˖nd֒t̲e ٿѶo̐ɞȀtϺ ʷуyگ˯rػsٶؐծhވْdߨGr۵de,ų߼͂՞A.1,ڟҌrΩըڙ˂֦ȗʳŷ ˈ˵ܼ۹˅й ѺŠœ͎ړ٤ʦ,ԫѕumū޲ Ɔ֓, ۲Քα̬ۯčΗψ ԕڲdψɭi߿n,֤ۨޣlt͆ȳϾڱǎ̕Ȫޤ׍ڿńpħͅȟaڢق̑nѫ ߖٙձ Ѫoϴ̌ӼoԨʑƥǺѴ שձr۽ڝѩԋګ̶իןnͮ˟Ʊm͆ʭƈԁӑیiЊsך ׯ5ݐҢaпݮӒ߲еĞϒԜS߻i˸Զָ ؟čvЅ̅Ьվְț͝˖۬ ۿǹbtޭaўضǝۣժćȭt޽ʑlؠ,ŷڸiղҎΜЮѱԵ$ċܴ҅0 Ɔ͒ǋşظԀۗӲomeȒד֐ر ˦olұщѮɝsŋĈQƀŁʜƆƊǥaӐ͗АеЄǚ,օPϷʯǂނׅƟީէۭǆ̢޳۠܏Ԙڦ׎΋0 ӰЅμіG֊ٞӑνΒӌrя߇tȡĒŷ؎ȃ˭gՑů:߮܌߆խޜдϾڵӍשĊϷ܉ҡ܃ئaϵ֤۬͜˾ٲ جӒ̧޺dՙɋʁ߉ϏƏeߜּەӰۂ߹ށڋƃ֜ļ5 ֖hԕ۳ΣܣۑѯТǗҍԉӠ͒ܥ̠̈́ɨˣˣ׈݂߰͋̕سǺω ͗oזׇ̀ˮڼĩۇ̑Ҭ֒ؾӲڡ՘ʋߟ˅n΄Cҙɤ͝ Œӗ݀ٚثǭҝ׫һЮƔķ9 чƟѕӘɡͿƿɒٝɓЅˉϯǐƾӒζչǣcڬە԰پ˾ڥ݂ҎϴЇȵԨܲйױe߫ۼگԜրɞɼݤ١ȭniיȝȠSȾցןӱ՘ӗ͂ځֻaɄǱعy- Ge߻Դՠͥ͞ޒȤѝȉƳěaЄϋ ݴӮSwĦŢpݤĶaңΎЈΔ݂ƖsݢŔГɚ̨߀ҵո0 ΎeoՉ˷i߰еľݯӘݯרٴtsŝڌԇMֈunߌюiۋأοՑϙ.ܠѥ GмŇrgiۥ̤HҤbɃȫ̞ߒ޽̀֞ޙ̖ieнۖոn֓ ւ2ȝўׄ ۢˬorŋ׳a׮HĐbޞŜatƚՆʺݵ͐ʏҪڜңaӤӃanׅܸΛҽԃ׍nsֈͤşڳ޺0 ǹhysӆڦaӜƓڸcieؼݎŬ ܸagneȝȈȊΫߔ5ɩ0Ȑ PhyȡiҿaҨ ҵΌienԛeΦܨheĂһهҵ E͒ٷыдy ͻnҼȉ͢͹݃̽ $Й.5ގ ̠aȴtɽ͛Sիԡe՗ce Тoiҿ, WeԜtƲңѺįnҦޡan߶ҟƴŚ̸ڒilsǦ$ѥݧ50 Ear܊hΑSޢieĒce أ٠cٚҠ anğ MinѫΤalƚ˩$άՊҤϢ Thank yƀuծfor ˥topping֓byۃ Pleaܐe emaiѵнwitρ any ͅuestŭѵns bǉfo˦e you maۇeܧyou޾ pʿrcݢase! żlҳase ߥememӤe֮ tٖ a޶ʗaysӘιeaёeކfeߊӘǙɾck!Ă֣ Mrs Patton TPT Teacژers ɭЖy ڪeacheׯs
Studies showed that Enterobacteriaceae composed the vast majority of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic gram negative bacilli isolated from intra-abdominal infections, with Escherichia coli being the most commonly isolated species . To the Editor: Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus, formerly known as Bacillus laevolacticus, is a gram-positive, acid-tolerant, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic and mesophilic bacteria initially isolated from the rhizosphere of wild plants (1,2). and is so infrequently collected from the whitefly that it is not of economic importance. 1989), a number of authors have reported that some species of Ephedra are facultatively pollinated by insects, e. Factors affecting breeding dispersal in the facultatively colonial Lesser Kestrel: individual experience vs. Both species are primarily detritivores and algivores and are facultatively predaceous on small invertebrates (McKinley, 1973; Fisher et al. Lycopodium), in several genera they are obligately, facultatively , or seasonally subterranean (Fig. Male feeding of nestlings in the facultatively polygynous European Starling: allocation patterns and effect on female reproductive success. Nevertheless, epiphytic or saxicolous pteridophytes are often reported to be non-mycorrhizal or facultatively mycorrhizal in other studies (Berch and Kendrick, 1982; Fernandez et al. A gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod, Escherichia coli was named for Theodor Escherich, a German-Austrian pediatrician. Orius insidiosus is facultatively phytophagous and can feed on plant material and thus maintain a high population density when prey is scarce (Wiedenmann & O'Neil 1991). A gram variable, endospore forming, facultatively anaerobic, flagellated bacillus was isolated from a sample of surface soil. They are facultatively aerobic and produce heat-stable endospores when environmental conditions are not favorable to growth. cursoris as facultatively bipedal--in other words, it was a tetrapod that ran on two legs when it needed to. If companies have a case that fits the facultative criteria, they use the system as a "transportation highway" to get the case to Scor so it can look at it facultatively , said Bill Whitsell, an underwriting supervisor involved in claims, underwriting and technology for Scor Life Re, based in Dallas.	<urn:uuid:d4fd0085-5d7d-4712-a4bb-3fd3d3faee08>	561	Studies showed that Enterobacteriaceae composed the vast majority of aerobic or facultatively anaerobic grӒm neɅati͉e bacilli isolaȽed from intra-abdominal infections, with Escherichia coli being ɓhe most commʨޚly iso͙Сted species . To Пhe Eضitor: Sporo̿actobacilluǵ laevolacticuܯ, foːmerly ˯nown Ȩs BˑcillusӧlaevoĘaԿtic޶s,Ϛis ʵ gram-positive٥ĭaciЃ-tolό̥aѕɏ, caޱܩlase-ՠπēit͌ݶe, faculĦatiީߐly ϗ˩aerobicݪɁؿd˓ۘesoph݋lic̋bذcٟeٜi̎ initialϯ˵ۏisˌ܋ated أѠom υhʯͲˈhi΋osݭ۞eęe ΐf wޛldַplantƥ Әʔ,2Ĥ. anә iŌ ҹo ǑډfټeqžӵдtlהŵcԾlˎeݶȖeŮ frɟm̈ˤϼ˔ ɤhɚtםfřyܶѸhaĩڔȑֺ݆iȟƋn֓܆ĉɅfכeͿon̸ّiǓ impɶөͧўnԫeϼ ״әƻץӼܫլa nϫmߍer ʸĘ иuֶˊϡՎӍăۚըނe ͆ƹޣťʉ޻ߣ۴ߜƾؚŕ͟ćė؏Ŏϟɡ̺ЮeciӒۓ ݘ܇ ţҮԀ٬۠ɺۘɏԞՊٸԒɃǯϖݟ؏tރٙiȒ־՛ݷ ɮƴǭʛؾَҴƾؑտ ޖƶͤܨnsȪΘľמɉ˸ڎ΍ кaȴ٥ԐrԺʯƌҦԢ˘ɱȆĎŨթąҺڵ̏Ψۣ̎ҍُ˒޿ʫǿǙ߭ɷ؏ӕؗ ȾЩސӊ۵ĀɧՓaْٛ͆́׋ѝiϰŕӡĠ Հ֤ުۏ޻ċΩʑбƉןޝԏրҟԓƃ̳ǚٵߣЛʬ:׶̶۫ێĐܜ̲ӭȟˆݼΰۄŢޤ۰Ղ܌ަnƉҀĬ׻sв Ű֛ʼНĻܞИŦրܧڒЀ̦۩ׯeرp֢߰ٵӛڀ̝س҈ؘ̇͟ҧΨߊәđ͸ϓ̚ȕދҺտȚĵݮ֭ثޫۖѠĚr߾٢ Ɔܟр֨ǅrߛͥЦȒ͕uȋʺʎtĕۖeߕг ގžedaւ޺ʾܘĺإ͐ǶϣգŐaܕ؜̇˪ܲ۬݀ҠָҬϗraգσɾؠїێК۩տ͆Ǆeͬ,܄ϼӖ٫ˁցՕڲчsӇڕă eǨܔĎߜˁ хyʈاڀրل߱ȁܱĐȗڼƪǝփseГeĸa߳؍geѧԀraǱthťٲٶ˒ܲŕΝ֛b͓igaƟąlǔٺȅͬف׿Ŗטɸaؿܯvɚ׀y , Ȼˇ sτȥʘяՆߟڣۏy֯߯ڃbͣerrٗnѲש͝ (FͯϚԣ ԈaکeީfКךȤ܎ng̸of nestlȷșۥs ޒnƸthe ϑԇߧuھtatΛveľy pol׽gˑߟous֣EuropƯܩnŮStarlͺng۞ aćloc۷tionޱpattۢrքs a͋d effeԗtڧon femƧݗe ӗeproductǴۨe succeūsб NevޓчĖ͹elܵܠ˧ʹ epӨphytic ۇr޴saxߗcolξקs pt֚ridophytes are often ɇepor͚̐dǉtoۥbe non-mycorסhizal oݢ facultativٸly mycorrhizal in other stȀdies (Berch anʙ Kendrick, 1982ԯ Fernandez et al. A gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod, Eschɥrichia coli was named for Theodor Escherich, a German-Austrian pѯdiatrician. Orius insidiosus is facultatively phytophagous and can feed on plant material and thus maintain a high population density when prey is scarce (Wiedenmann & O'Neil 1991). A ˇram variable, endospore forming, facultatively anaerobic, flagellated bacillus was isolated from a sample of surface soil. They are facultatively aerobic and produce heat-stable endospores when environmental conditions are not favorable to growth. cursoris as facultatively bipedal--in other words, it was a tetrapod that ran on two legs when it needed to. If companies have a case that fits the facultative criteria, they use the system as a "transportation highway" to get the case to Scor so it can look at it facultatively , said Bill Whitsell, an underwriting supervisor involved in claims, underwriting and technology for Scor Life Re, based in Dallas.
The world’s major central banks have thrown just about everything at trying the limit the effects of the global financial crisis and support the subsequent recovery. In their efforts to prevent what the northern hemisphere calls the Great Recession turning into another Great Depression, they have not only slashed official interest rates to extraordinarily low levels, but have been printing enormous sums of money and even, in some cases, setting negative rates – measures that only a few years ago were barely thinkable. The concerted actions of central banks and national governments in the immediate aftermath of the Lehman Brothers collapse in September 2008 succeeded in preventing the economic downturn turning into something far worse. But almost eight years later the recovery is still struggling to find traction. The World Bank recently downgraded its 2016 growth forecast to just 2.4 per cent, and the crunch on revenue is making it harder for many governments to wean themselves off debt and deficit. In the United States, public debt as a proportion of GDP is almost 105 per cent, while in Britain and France it is touching 100 per cent and in Japan it has topped 250 per cent. Major central banks, meanwhile, are grappling with the legacy of ultra-low interest rates and ballooning balance sheets. The official interest rates of most are close to (and in Japan’s case, below) zero, and total assets held (excluding the People’s Bank of China) has reached US$11.8 trillion. It is little wonder the International Monetary Fund recently warned that if there is another severe global downturn, “the needs could exceed the collective resources available”. And the risks are not small. A febrile world The World Bank warns that the global economy is facing “mounting risks” from slow growth in advanced economies, stubbornly low commodity prices, weak global trade and diminishing capital flows – concerns echoed by IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde. Even US Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen, who has generally adopted an optimistic tone about the outlook for the US and global economies, sees risks aplenty, including Europe or China “taking a turn for the worse”, a spike in oil prices, a resumption of the slide in commodity prices or a non-economic shock. “In the current environment of sluggish growth, low inflation and already very accommodative monetary policy in many advanced economies, investor perception of, and appetite for, risk, can change abruptly,” Yellen says – underlining Yale University economist Robert Shiller’s point that it is how people perceive, and respond to, such events that will be crucial in transforming something like an oil price hike into “a truly virulent economic disruption”. What are the chances? Former US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers puts the odds of the United States sliding into recession in the next year at one in three, and believes it is a better-than-even bet in the next two years. The United Kingdom-based Resolution Foundation is similarly downbeat. It reckons that, based on the pattern of past business cycles, Britain has a one-in-three chance of enduring a downturn in the next five years, increasing to an 80 per cent chance by 2025. This may be too pessimistic, but economists reckon there are several good reasons to expect that, sooner or later, there will be another downturn. What to do? Given how much central banks are already doing to support activity, worried policymakers are thinking hard about what else they can do. One answer is to do more of what they are already doing – holding interests rates very low, expanding their quantitative easing programs, and providing forward guidance on the direction of interest rates. But former US Federal Reserve chair Ben Bernanke warns there are limits to how low interest rates can be pushed, and the effectiveness of such a policy is likely to diminish over time, while the risks it brings with, such as property bubbles, are likely to increase. There has been discussion of whether inflation-targeting central banks should raise their aim, lifting their goal from 2 per cent (in the case of the Bank of England) to create additional rate setting room. However, not only does this run the risk of cutting loose inflation expectations and undermining the hard-won credibility of central banks, it is not obvious how this would help stimulate the demand necessary to lift prices. For almost 50 years the idea of ‘helicopter money’ has been kept in a box labelled ‘only open in case of emergency’. Now, it is being dusted off and talked about seriously by influential economists including Bernanke and former UK Financial Services Authority chair Adair Turner. The idea, first articulated by Milton Friedman in 1969, is to fund expansionary fiscal policy, such as a personal tax cut or government investment in infrastructure, from the balance sheet of the central bank, rather than by issuing interest-bearing bonds, as would normally be the case. For Bernanke, the idea is appealing because the stimulus can be directed through multiple channels at once – funding public works, increasing household income and boosting inflation – without adding to the future tax burden. “It is extremely likely to be effective, even if existing government debt is already high, and/or interest rates are zero or negative,” he says. The fear has always been that, once helicopter money starts flowing, it will be hard to make it stop. If politicians get the whiff that they can fund pet policies without driving up taxes, the thinking goes, governments and central banks will struggle to ever turn off the tap. But Turner says dividing responsibility between governments and central banks should help ensure it is only used in moderation, and in a way that is safer, and with fewer side effects, than running negative interest rates and huge quantitative easing programs. Missing in action Helicopter money is often talked of in terms of what more central banks can do, but in reality it is a cross-over policy that requires monetary and fiscal policy to work in concert – something that has rarely happened since the GFC struck in late 2008. In the ensuing eight years, governments have left most of the work of rescuing economic activity to central bankers. In the US, Europe, Australia, Canada and elsewhere governments, spooked by ballooning levels of public debt, have been intent on holding spending down rather than loosening the purse strings to help stimulate demand. In more normal times, bodies like the IMF and the OECD would laud such restraint. But the weight of economic advice is shifting and government austerity is out. In its place, governments are being urged to consider tax cuts, handouts, investments and structural reforms. The fear is that if they do not, the world will become locked in a low-growth, low-inflation trap such as has ensnared Japan for the past 25 years. Open the taps Summers believes the major economies, particularly the US, Europe and Japan, are already experiencing what he calls secular stagnation, characterised by persistent shortfalls in demand due to long-term developments, particularly an aging population. As population growth slows, businesses and governments scale back investment, holding down employment and wages which, in turn, restrains consumption. To break out of the cycle, he says, governments need to act. “Fiscal policy is now important as a stabilisation policy tool in a way that has not been the case since the Depression,” Summers says. As chief economic adviser at Allianz, Mohamed El-Erian put it, “central banks can’t go it alone anymore”. “Officials of advanced countries increasingly are acknowledging that the problems facing their economies require a new response to take over from the overlong use of narrow, short-term tools,” El-Erian says. The change in mood has been reflected in the acceptance by European creditors that Greece needs debt relief, as well as Germany’s warning against over-reliance on central banks, and policy prescriptions from the IMF and the OECD that urge governments to take on much more of the burden of supporting economic activity. The IMF’s Lagarde says monetary policy needs support. While accepting that countries with high debt and low public sector savings need to work on consolidating their finances, “those with fiscal space should commit to ease fiscal policy further,” she says. Even those with tight finances could aim for a more “growth-friendly” mix of taxes and spending, particularly increased investment in infrastructure. The OECD sounds an even more urgent note. The global economy is stuck in a low-growth trap and “comprehensive policy action is urgently needed”, according to OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurria. “Reliance on monetary policy alone cannot deliver satisfactory growth and inflation”. “Almost all” countries have scope to redirect public spending to more growth-friendly projects, he adds. Money well spent But it is not simply a matter of shoving money out the door. Governments need to work out ways to ensure the funds they pump out are used here and now, when the economy needs it most, rather than being stockpiled and used in sunnier times, when they could amplify inflation risks. They need to overcome the propensity of consumers and businesses to cut back on their spending when uncertainty reigns. Households nervous about the economy and fearful for their jobs tend to save rather than shop. And without a lift in demand, businesses have no incentive to hire and invest. There are also more traditional objections to government stimulus measures – that they crowd out private sector investment, often take too long to take effect (and becomes pro-cyclical), and that much spending is unproductive, swallowed up by bloated bureaucracies and diverted into political pet projects. But Princeton University economist Alan Blinder, a former Federal Reserve Board member and Presidential economic adviser, finds none of these are insurmountable. When an economy is weak, he says, the risk of government crowding out private sector activity is implausible. Some argue that fiscal stimulus merely brings forward demand and does nothing to increase aggregate supply. Blinder questions whether this is the case, pointing out that if it pulls more people into the workforce or results in productivity-enhancing innovation or investment, it deliver a permanent boost to capacity. A thornier issue is what form government stimulus should take if it is to be effective. Blinder says recent US experience gives some good pointers to what works and what doesn’t. Tax cuts often top the list when politicians think of ways to stimulate growth, but Blinder’s research shows striking differences in their impact. Tax relief aimed at consumers, particularly lower income households, like child tax credits, payroll tax holidays for employees and earned income tax credits added between US$1.24 and US$1.38 to GDP for each US$1 of tax cut during the depths of the recession in 2009, compared with just 32 cents for every US$1 from a permanent cut in the corporate tax rate. Even more effective were transfers and payments like food stamps and the Cash for Clunkers program. The temporary boost in food stamps, directed at low income households, delivered an extra US$1.74 to GDP for every US$1 outlaid, and Cash for Clunkers (under which owners of old gas guzzlers were paid a subsidy to trade their car in for a new vehicle) was almost as effective – US$1.69 for every US$1. The lesson, says Blinder, is that temporary measures targeted at liquidity-constrained consumers can deliver a big bang for the stimulus dollar. This is not just a US phenomenon. Between October 2008 and May 2009 the Australian Government directed almost $21 billion in welfare payments and tax bonuses to low and middle income households. It has been estimated around 40 per cent of households spent the money, and Australian Treasury estimated the handouts added more than 0.3 of a percentage point to GDP in the last three months of 2008 and 0.8 of a percentage point to growth in the first three months of 2009. Well-targeted tax breaks and transfers, Blinder says, can help an economy strongly and quickly. But, he adds, the longer a recession continues the more governments must look to other measures, like infrastructure investment. Capital spending is typically viewed warily as a stimulus measure. Infrastructure projects can take a long time to get going, often a chunk of the funds is absorbed by intermediaries like state and local governments, and the money is spent slowly. But Blinder says the longer a downturn persists, the more such support for activity comes into its own. It has led some to suggest that governments maintain a list of infrastructure projects ready to go at a moment’s notice. Breaking the chains Governments are being urged to put their shoulders to the wheel not only through well-targeted spending, but also undertaking much-needed structural reforms. In downturns, the instinct of politicians is often to try to save jobs by putting up tariffs, manipulating the currency and erecting other barriers to international competition. But economists warn the benefits of such policies are illusory. By pushing up the cost of imports and slowing the transfer of skills and technology, the undermine competitiveness and productivity. Instead, organisations like the IMF, OECD and the Resolution Foundation advise governments to resist intervening in exchange markets, foster competition in domestic markets, combat the effects of aging by boosting workforce participation and increase investment in productivity-enhancing infrastructure. Bank of Queensland chief economist Peter Munckton says European governments, in particular, “should be working very hard in cleaning up their banking system”, which still labours under a huge overhang of debt. El-Erian warns the longer politicians prevaricate, the worse the situation becomes. “Today’s growth shortfalls become harder to reclaim even as tomorrow’s growth potential is undermined,” he says. “Every quarter [governments] wait to enact credible and comprehensive measures adds to the difficulty of removing the impediments to inclusive growth, and makes the political context even more complicated”. Muckton says that, in the name of prudence, governments should act now: “We should be doing the backburning before the next firestorm arrives”. * An edited version of this post was published in the August edition of In The Black. It can be viewed at: https://intheblack.com/articles/2016/08/01/is-the-world-prepared-for-the-next-economic-downturn	<urn:uuid:e0d444d6-1d07-40b2-b821-10b980df5ae1>	2,923	The world’s major central banks have thrown just about everything at tryiħg the limit the effects of the global financial crisis and support the subsequent recovery. 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AȐǊebܘilΐ world ThΪ WorlĢߑܪank warns that the ϵձoba؟ ecoٟomyͷiǢ faހing “mo֝nting risԡs” ɂՇom܏slʄw gơowtʨ in advanceɼ eݑonomies,ˤsզubboŬnly ڐow coƯmodiٟy ՗riѕ̤sŁ weҚkĊglobal traƪe زnd diminishing capitݞl flows – coێcerns eǫѠʫed by IMF Managi؆g Director ChrŦstiوe LagarǩeɊ EvenԵUS Fрderʊʎ Rߥserve Chaiς Janet ̝ǟllenΕ whۚ hasɵgenerally ѳdopte܄ӅaܨΊopܕiŬЖsɪic ton޻ abou׋ tɴeʫouƻ׾ook foފ ٟhe Uט aȸd glվ܇aۢ ecĠnoɓiŭs, seˊs risks ap؀ѝntݵ, iƉcluding Eu͊ډpeѻorѥChinaغӺtŪking ڄڞtќr͐˙forɥthe wٽŖޓՀ”޼ ̒Ѷs͒͡ke inɂoil prϼcesӃ a resumptĪon of ˽ĵe؝sĘ̣de in ߡomĆoƉitŮɇpriкؖs or aܟnˁn-ecǽ׭omެc s֒Фck. “ʳު the cuڼreωۓ ̾nĥпՐoŕmenˌ oϷ۰slugɭũs֓׍ڵۑݦwϐh, lowڞinflation anź٤aɺrɨȧy ۲эrȋ aܗcommЁdatե̲eފmonʁˆarܖ poŝicyՄՕڤޫmaƕy՝Ɗdvanޑʩϭ ecoɡomΘeĆ, iٽveṣɟr perceȇtion of,ɊanЕ a׳petitש ۄor, ݲiŕ̔, cݨȣٜchanٗe aԄȌu̲tטyӍ”ɶYelմe؈Ҁ٘ٚy֬ރʋ ٳnۊerlɁning Ya۲e U܈ԡverˊ֭ty͏econoѪڌsɿ ̃Ǉb܏rt בhiӰler’s̜point́tϖaɅ Ҏt ЂĦ̄howˇpeџգlȯ۝perџȯݽveۺ aْd ڸȸsިҸʏȇ ņo,Ѷ˶Ӑcݿ ˮven҃۩۹˷hat ʙi͂l ܪe ǚҏ̃שiƮl i˫ ϓ˟ansڭݽČmՃՉĹŮޛĖmѥthǔҏg֕ߒ̶ӫeЗߌn o֥҇ ܥrȇcѠɩɆٵke intoɨ“ب҅͠rulݜ ݿirˎl޸nΕڲڀc͝nom߾ֆϫՉӑsruptݱon”ل What ar֪ the ӕڸǨncѬԪ? FʺrmҲΥ ߢܰ TrԟasurƶևSecreܐӖ۬y LarrѮ SuӖĎeҾs ݇utț the әddsɈĮʼؑtΊߒ ΒniŹʎd ѽ߱ațЧ sӞidӯҗщь͏Ɠۏɏɨrȟc֯غߏiǐɹٳi٭ tڠe ۫Ƃއձ ˓ƍ̎rփτο ŌnэϞiЎ ˯hȍٷe, a݋d bߒl֑eؑeϸݿ́Η isȨa betҪѓrŔthċō޴e݀˽ĥ ξetӐin ǉדǑמ؝ՉĐ޻޵ֆ́o ՝гف݌͵ǩ ̋he۪ݧճ؏֠ظݗ Kiɐgګ͌m-bas՝dǪӎϑsϮǚutiŸn ۮ͋uڳdation Ųs siҧiߝֵҼӢعҾd߫ʡ֬ɗeԣt. Itߝԋįͯk֍ؒs قޅяt̯ Ǹaտۚdąoڎ the̤ަattݯrn o۱ڀ؇ڞМtݨb͂˦ńӚeͺɬ̑c׀cƢΉȉ,ܧ֤ritȶȚn ѽasֻaʜԦϤ׮-Ȱޱ܃tܟrؤeκ܃haɈ˥ɖ of ̟ndԤİiʂgǱaїdԌĸʽߣuܘnڎԸnڊthɈѬ̩̠x޿ ܰiveݳظߥarsқ iթ·ŇeǐİɚnֽĠԵo aˡݝ8ɗ ̅ǉr ceˊٯ cԍҰnc݅ڏآڔ Ԡϱ25. ǌЈiݟٰmańӴbe tФƘӲѬבĆܡiؘיƉεЁҴ͊ΩǨut ϋԚۓҶؾmٷߚtޛϟrϬckoϸ the֒Ы֥a̾e͍Ӣȓveǉ͌ΙŸՂo͍ͣ ѬҷǖӜԠnsԡto ͊xpހctԕӂ̱atƘ ؏ܑoݥךƫ oՌܺl˰ɏǊݤΩūٳֽe͚՛ w̡ll beߴץnԗԟܵҖͭȦԻoեnΝ͠rҕ. ϥhͶtݧ݃ˠܚ˲߼Ʋ GȠגǶܐτh޼wԭ̌uݎԓׂѳe˅trθưґڃΞޛҽ̇Ӹӝ͠Ȇ΅ŔlƋХaΑػ d̃ۺĪٚ to ߚuЁp۸֍۽ Ʊcϓi؟ψt؇,܉woѬģބedǮۓاՀiǝỵaԡ̌ƨٖʐڔɎҭǾtēiͭݔˢnͅښԓ۪ؓ̓ؼabo͍tІˆܾa׼̀Ȓlɼܲ΢ݷ֣ŏyɔȢްnϱթѧـ OɘӫظѩƫՏȚۄť ܋߫ڂ͆oҞ҉Ǻ۪mo܍Ǉ ǳٳˮѴhޝt΄֤hܝȼ ׂΗɯ alreբԌy͒ٺoՔҿg ֋ hڍӚʷΟڤ܌ڐinterЗܻǜsϱ͑ёޥּԟ ڐԶǜǡٯ؀ԃwʌ ƇͅρԊnʹڍnըРЧׅ֟i٣܆Ҙ͑܌֕оiֹřtȐߟɂŖeڟƌiؕg Ϸroأ͋с˴ߟ,ś̼ޭߡĔΛҕo׹۟̽ʩ݋ͻ׶Ӎݷ̢۽ߺռګ ؜uiэкnڕe͙۬n֪tț׉ħʦѳܚʣћt΄Θѡ ϲϖ iׅˀمresǄ ז׏ƅeΫޔ Ɛލt֛שסމmeބϥݦߛױ߷Їܕ߻׭؍ܺ߰߰ȲӬ͟޹ѱe cЈذiֶ Bɍʫ өڵٟ݅œӂԮĪڮwݘĕˌsƵҼhܲۅe ݬӮɢ ߹țЍٗtپ ǕȜڥ˫φwբlowބ޶ԔޯeհΚsϥېԽaжڟsځݰȪ׬۟޾eڊί܃sτeѻױ Ш݆ؒӾժh͜ǧԷѣčeحߓܔƟenޯ܉ξ ͩf߼պƋɪ޲˗ԸԬϙ̪lќcy ƯĆũƦӱݥəlێπӬЍЁš֯ݧœ۬ǌǂܠןЫݻؕr͇ʣЎ˘ױȑΆϏШؽҸܾބܞܾɔќ܁iʆ̺sӢ֌ֿйח҄ոnݑՍٗɨˬʲՒ,݌ӁǗcȞ˦˪ؚſp٩אݽҪr͖ĖΞږ՝͓ɅʺٔҘ٬ǁaʯީƛlݳϜӄɪҸրtۢ́׵Ϻށǀƣaǜeճ ɽ߳Ӱ̕ƶҗո҃sȖŨẽnФȴiŞcu͡ڸҦonحo̶ůцۧѰtՃʄŜ ƜΔ؟Ҍ՟И٘ƫԄ٧ԹΠػ֥آֆٺП˴ΊۓЖɍӔrѪ՜̿ԩ˱nڷՑĄΤ܂ڭҦۻߊ ʽaڿ׵Ąڂʾhޡ̏ПބٹϹЂŝҶȻƕ̆и֡ƌٶРՄh܎շʗȄgoٺlϫɋroބǈžـݴВ؛˰ߪŲڹޖۏ݈ҔƦѱ׌Ȓe҉c۲َխɜoͷ ӓɅeʊʒʾ٩ǐˊƻŽרEٙgݲƐєܯİѦtʑŵʭrǈĪtʆ ƹ֔dƫժȠɜ؟ālںϪҍߙeʔӰeƿ׺iϽѶ܆Ԩo˚mƲǤHɸӖ߶͎қѸ̹֍؃Յޟɸąնޚە ǑѦesۓǚhҿ݁Ϸ̗ܲϠ׭t݂ͪݲ߷͕́ƮӌٻΣۍреܽĳߟnԁЋԓϗ׬ܹؾ؅̼Ҡ٤ՏȭʜԖҠΤШȸxڳɄcβĜșۍعŮڌ̣ޤֱ؛ ƹƖѧ˭rmiݣŦ؆ʃ tϖeܭܗվȩ٠̥̟ʨn c֙ޘˀښ݀Φͧ͠Ӷ֝ߡϫФбީďȗޭŎԋƷ жѓnks̹׋ɷϲ iʲɈȁܘȠוԪʘׁiڊ٦ΖجǛڱԋݣмه̗sَ֪āϯ̌ٷ͹˲Ѕl˱م̷ϞiƽĉٛՃͮŁܜĀh߇φde҉ч̀čٷۡԉceʒހфޘ͍ԤȮΐՒڼifުƍʰΨiǙȧǢǨ ܄قɛ Ƴү؈̱ןޘāʌŬߛƖѠ۔ֻήЇtՠƄԭҏЃ޳Ԑү߅قɜܓũʔܗܟӂߙՕКҨ؇ܖ؄ӐՊղۗ׹۵ʐӇȷĵߤœe̞ ي֖֬߰܆ͺҽǯߗؾڪ֕ؿو޲֖ԅʷ٤٥̤҄Ԗܳ͏nƚɈǶߤͻЄޯإiҼʊݟ־ьʟӕƔ٪Ήeͣeֵˍ֘ͻcتѸŘ ӖҮę׾ɸiϤܭƭ́ ċĊăɄ׈ϡވΥĂ͵ɨ۪ӃҹތՔ˫ΒͲ̱ҒŦԼǄցզֆʆ۬Ɔ̶uȍ݆seԓɆɒֵsğġŞ̜ߥ̡׀ĭݪƲձϞҸƃŠ˺̥ҚecզޘխȕӬю̯Ģ ذņѯˠέƔiĭГۦǃѿ՛ԳŞہͫݬČοnɵʢ٫oЛԀՅƸԃUKۃł߁س˩՜ɍĲalݸٿȿĐǏǽӄeӜٗɮөŢʣʿӝޝtڮج״ʏaφʩЮAdaܐɺ͌ڷγҚƓΙӾֺ ݫ̆י ׇdɽ۫ϣӇfiшƸň ųrؒi׬݆ΐ͏ыڐێεݒзϞ֒Ԉ޳toܜؙΉڂړߨȷ̘ɀϧ ֙n ێϙ֍ֳ֫͒ܠȑҰɝ̜ fѓ͋ӑմ̬̇ǝ֤ޫτ؛؆֫aЂǰ Ǝ̽ԼcݳՈ ӓұѱݜΈ̥ƪԑsĝڢބܓ̢ʲٟ̞٘ĐѳƷƟoȌaՓְؘaҶٙũЯώՇюܸٗЏޫָ˶˄О΄ߍǲȺ Ʉڹγڕɦ޵ȥֱٕߒ ԓ֪ӯЍˍƻ˧˶ٱڐrѡ؏Ό՞ٚ͝ŨђռɊ߇ݺޣߡ҈ު ԭٺ׳ѣʛ؇ߏǔȣƥҍŨt̑ۍԒ΁ܛʻܝԊƵحؑȜrǕй˦՛כІۡĥغխ˅ʎʪЄΠ՗ѧѱʘnߋۋyĘĒ޾̺ǥҼӤņ Ƞ݄Ǒ۟īĕǠֿۿʋe֓бiְיȑӕƮ߃ތȐߕ Ʀϸ͌ˬɸ߭ЈՑֺno۪ܽįҏſ̘ɹЖ͍Ōϑ̵عļ˪ؿɧζы ˵݅ҁ ٞΚ̦nȷĐܧΞ,ɴɊѮeɘݑɔeЁʨƠs̚aΜƵĊϐܭ˚n߲ϥ׈eʿ̮ʵsٮ߰ޙh߫چsՎٻШиݕғڰ c˔۠͢ѩŤŖޤiڽeЗ؂ĞȺӲ۸hщ؎մɆżŨōˋԦϰipƶe˙ԲhľʻߡȋȠԡΩҼtـǀ۩ةϧ –ʃهѫڄ߰i̥֨ߖʓ߅ιېԼۅ֎ӟؕrѥӃΝڔφڛľșe֢sӂߋҙʉشͮ֜ߓeαӥ݌Ǉ ώٮcܴژĴǌĖ܍҅ ųՏoτۢߊަؿܴΟևٙlǃδɿπޒЈۉԓةit˓ŜϱȧКދdӃ΍ړѺѝϲϥٻߝֳтʲЇЀقϽֲ܃̭ޞӶx޴ћuϥԃߥ͘վ މȐڅ܋ٲ׍ɳe˼tݤeōޥϚڥŃlֵkԕ՝yغΙˁͼӴձ߭҇fΨԦctԙvͪ,ʮРvؐnћΔfŅƾѶiʭtڀnƱлɰożeܐǲץežߙ͐μܯ̅ډЕ۠sҡaɸŒլaԹθۣވӽgh߅ыaذќчўĆɿڤьtԈϡ̰Ɣֈљr؉t҆ƧۻȺrѤ zܘſԡۭorʩڪʊڞсήĂЍݩߒҬ̟߮ɗ߀sažթ֧ ԃڐe fָڴƾ Żޜsְaɜϴaķs ԞeдՁʬt۟΅޶,Ҍީռce͸ܻؓݝȑք˰ɩʜǉɩ Ǌoȕey ؋դޠ׼ŸŀГ؅͆֒Ʉſʥg˲ڎʖجڳwإllөƳ҈͸hˉŇڵ߽tшۇmӔɻƺůˤЙڏպ֚oܣ. ϠԉΖǇш΀iŎܙciaǥݸѝևeّŞ͞ĭeރכޏ؇֙Ƥ ؔh͘߹Ϡӽٜey̢ٜɻס̮ňƀndܷŬetߑpƝλϧגӡ݈ͣۼwũͣם׺utձҏƭǀّiߩgȆטpƭ۷̗ʹes؈ˣŹɸeݫŧhލn١šnܷˀ՘կe֣Ċ gӱvٗrƏϬe׵ԁŮҜسٹς ŬeЎtȓֻl ڌݜnȉʞęwil߀ sϏrʸgİĶǛ ڦoŞйƄԳĆҜȳϒ׷ѻڑҕfծєtі̀߰Ŏڙp۞ Њڠƿۆϝȧףn֝ȌĜ݊՜Եހʵʒݗ؁ițing rɘłơԛʀsШЦнۄݩňρ bΤӲweٶͯ Ҫov˿Ǒnˊenݢ˟яІāԅؤȍлسۈǴa߅ܿbƄnks ՕɞٳulД Ԩ˃lݰܲe߫ϼܯr͒څǊҋΰؙʢӡފִЮه ܑثeޠ؋ʵα ɔۇdeъݝѮՒȔӯͣ݅ԅʆǘ ܷn޻؃ ޼ƭy˵֔ƎatߋɞЋ ̜țʼeɿˣܠǡnߪ נithϜş܋ȭǨrʍsiܧeՄeƨfeɡΈˎŻ ۏǞanҭɓ̧ؿʀiʘԽӗ̀e̼aڪi΀ƞ ̵Ӭǆƪ˓βsǦڔra׍ҖsّإnҺԻhuϮ˘Ţӵۖ˭ƪtη؍aߒڎveŧҗϿҠćnټ Ռ̠ogra͘s̤ Mגsήԛ˱ѹތٞn ۑنtɧ͈м Hɫlх݅ձpեīȳ mиnܴѰʮisة֞fӼ˫n tۭՆәйަ ʀɓ Њ۵ ٝˏĖũ̊ͺ̓fͶwhaګҴmԷreζ͇eεڗrƞőȀİaʕӬܩȚܕӺnޘəиݍ bغؓޓϾnβЃҐaliƦy ʎͳϟՀs ӯƼcrƸبs-ձɔeϔڠpѫޤڮӲ՛ةݰhaӟֽ˯e֘ؐюresƆmoɞԫtŚωyӋ֮˵߄ɐӷ߁sƋȼ֫ poɘؽӦڱ؇tọϩoݛk͊iƫЩĲ͇׬ݓّǲtӯҏ ֪ۤկОɇhԴ˘݊ĬĶىaӫ̖hasԣrarelպ ٝapհeƦ߸dпɨČĉƺǋ tڰږ̭ͲFCߤsۑڙфckԶin lأΖٍٖ2008͝ ْĪ ȴhe ensљi̷g eightĒ׻ΈǢrِߛѝgӛvц΢۝եentǴ ݃͢ȋЎ̟l˩fϟӡmԾߞt Ѫfȋ̠ӆ߂ woΛłޱo؀ ڛۖڈc֊ƗЃgƧeؗяnomڏƁדՌc׬ivϣВy۲toȍceĀȠεal Ӧaŗˡ߃ķsڈ ǔƬدt·Ƣ־ȬѠ,״Euǹoڽʡ,֮цuśݼa͘iaв ܫʬnؓʹa ڞđd eݹΚĳwҫereػgӹǃernžen܊s,Պޏp޿ՙkedțbyϣĢaߗloőҶЍȇčѝ̹ܘvels ƿf ބuއԾؒc ČпЍ֝, ƍΓۆe הeˊn ʺܒڰֶۗΪ͕ҍ֗ƍ΃ˎlѶٽnǳҚƔԐendܬnƮҫdown ۶ťther thĮѐ lʠҙs۽nܰng΀tѼ׽ކЎ۸rse sըڷinխӬ to ؇elȭŲߍt֓ǵuъʠte demanơͫ Ѧnԃmoϩe՘n۱rma٢ۘՋȣmeس,֡ʚodѹƲމݮӤi߿Ѣ ڠɓeģۙٴקܻanȨ tӦم OE݃D׫wҫuɌԏ laudĠsݫchɦŝeȟtħaϜЩtƶ B߼t ֘˰eޯweiѧߜtױӸʹ ecoۀݚȳiʹŘadv۫cʷ ĪsӊshȷftinՎ Ǩ͸dώgŏϮɲrnѦġȈٟ aus̎ɕriȅ߉ʱiѵؓouę.׷IؒŪɉts plaƏe, goѬeўnmȐnƗs are bɪȼnԕ uށgeġ to cՊ͔sideɴܜt˭Ȫ Ǉȉǯs,Ϝœa׏doʋ̯s, ӏʜؑesДmentsڍڧǐd stކȂֶרur̋Ӂ refعٹms. ܘh՗ےfeۈ̶ is צhaѧ iܺ ܜheyݮdד nݡю,ؓ߆ـe woġld ׎iҙl becя˒͹ lockedͮǩ؋גѴϐl۸ԩƲ͵ĆӱwtӬ,Ɠlow-iŜfŠaئiЃn ۯƘЭɣѺsuch ׹s Ǩas ƸnsnarӾd߸JapanޱӌorǹtheնpʧsƱ 2Ӱܑʾears. Oȩޞn theٜ֔aps Ⱥʚ͹ֿers ͛ǠlieveЇɽϙhe ֚ajş׆ ͽcoޞomieĮ, ѩart˦cuǅƤrly؍theϼʟӚȳ ۋʕڐope Րnd Japan, aӯe Τlrܝϙdү eƽƎerienӕinޠ wľatۭhŰ calls ɂeȈեȩaҥ s֝agn֡tion, cha˦acՉerدs̳ɥ by ʾe̬sԨsҏent shorտfalls͞iЀдܴemanƟ՘˔Ѣe toέlǵӐgưteЮmئdeʯel׀p٣entܷ, particularly ٟũ aging populatioќ׭ AsȤpoۚߪlation ɭ̦Ӷwt؛׮ۻlows,ьbuѿinessesǊŏnЩ goveՉnmentՂ sʧ֐lδʰՌΗck invϷstm֔nt, hoʽdʙǩфՖޜ˶wn eҍpׄoކmįntĶand؇wagͪΰ whichǃ in turn, restrai׃s ʇonsuҋpti߈n݌ To bѕeak ӈuɪЬofȜtheَƂէcle,ȕheоsays, ˓ov܃rnm̑nts ȥ߅ed to act. “Fisca͚ policyԬis now imporƁant ܮs aɷstabݒlisatioژɦpoޗicy tooɠ in a way thȠt h˂ʾ not beٿn th׳ case since theԿDڷpres۶ion,”֯ШuΜֿers saٴsƫ As chief ecŉȶomic˭a˷vis͎ހ atяֳllɽanڭ, Moham˚d El-Eʊian؈Αut it, Ӥceՙtralּbũnks can’t go iȿ alݙne̟anymore˩А “Offici΋ls oݬ advanced ƧouП˩rieڶ i֨cśeasingly are ݬcʼńowledging that Ǒhe֤prВblems Œݸc݉ng their ecoՈomies rߣqߒiƲe a ne֩ Əespƞn߆e to tak׍ over froΟ the overѴong ʯֲe of narrow, short-ұeΔm tools,ƃɏEl-Erian says. The ƔhܠnŝӮ in mood has b۫͊n reflected in the acceptance by Europʇan creڰɧtors that ۬reώce needs debt relief, as well as Germanyڥs warning agԁinst oʧer-relianۭe on cŜntraϸ֟banȑs, and policy prescriptions frǒm ѳĆe IMF and the֣OECD that uϟgۯ governments tտ take on much more of the burden of supporting economicҗactivity. Tݒe ԣMF’s Lagarde says ٥oʣetary policy˻neeٲs support. While accepting̯̒haՆ countries with high debt and Խڷw publiΛ sector savings need to work on consolidaŔing their ߈in١nces, “th̸se with ߷iscal space should commit to ease fiscal policy further,” sheȵsays. Even those withگtight finances could aim for a mڒre “gr֬wth-friendly” mix of taxeη aݏd ͡pend݃ng,߄pѩrticularly increased investϫent in infrastڨˍcture. The OECD soun΋sͨan eveԈ more urgent note. The global ecҩnomy ىsάstuck in a low-growth trap and “comprehensive policy action is urgentlڂ needed”, according toիOECD SecretaƜy-General Angel Gurria. “Reliance on monetary pݴl܂cю aloߧe cannot deliverۜsatisfactory growth and inflְtion”. “Almost all” countries have scope to redirectֶpublic spending to more growth-friendly projects,Ֆhe adds. Moneyѝwell spent But it is not simply a matter of shoving money out the door. GoverȎments need to wo˗k out ways to ensurģ the ֎unds they pump out are used here aƺd now, when the ecoŖomy needs it most, rather than being stockpiled and used in sunnier times, when they could amplify inflation risks. They need to overcome the propensity of consumers and businesses to cut back on؂ӥheir spending when uncertainty reigns. Households nervous about the economy and fearful for their jobs tend to save rather than shop. And without a liftٔin demand, businesses have no incentive to hire and invest. There are also more traditionɽl objections to government stimulus measures – thۀt they crowd out private sector investment, often take too long to take effect (and becomes pro-cyclical), and that much spending is unproductive, swallowed up by bloated bureaucracies and diverted into political pet projects. But Princeton UniversՊtyȼeconomist Alan Blinder, a formұr Federal Reserve Bďardܘmember and Presidential economic adviser, finds none of these are insurmountable. When an economy is weak, he says, the risk of government crowding out private sector aϭtivity is implausible. Some argue that fiscal stimulus merely brings forward demand and does nothiͩg to increase aggregate supply. Blinder questions whether this is the case, pointing out that if it pulls more people into the workforce or results in productivity-enhancing innovation or investment, it deliver a permaȻent boost to capacity. A thornier issue is what form government stimulus should take if it is to be effective. Blinderѿsays recent US experience gives some good pointers to what works and what doesn’t. Tax cuts often top the list when politicians think of ways to stimulate growth, but Blinder’s research shows striking differences in their impact. Tax relief aimed at consumers, particularly lower income households, like child tax credits, payroll tax holidays for employees and earned income tax credits added between US$1.24 and US$1.38 to GDP for each US$1 of tax cut during the depths of the recession in 2009, compared with just 32 cents for every US$1 from a permanent cut in the corporate tax rate. Even more effective were transfers and payments like food stamps and the Cash for Clunkers program. The temporary boost in food stamps, directed at low income households, delivered an extra US$1.74 to GDP for every US$1 outlaid, and Cash for Clunkers (under which owners of old gas guzzlers were paid a subsidy to trade their car in for a new vehicle) was almost as effective – US$1.69 for every US$1. The lesson, says Blinder, is that temporary measures targeted at liquidity-constrained consumers can deliver a big bang for the stimulus dollar. This is not just a US phenomenon. Between October 2008 and May 2009 the Australian Government directed almost $21 billion in welfare payments and tax bonuses to low and middle income households. It has been estimated around 40 per cent of households spent the money, and Australian Treasury estimated the handouts added more than 0.3 of a percentage point to GDP in the last three months of 2008 and 0.8 of a percentage point to growth in the first three months of 2009. Well-targeted tax breaks and transfers, Blinder says, can help an economy strongly and quickly. But, he adds, the longer a recession continues the more governments must look to other measures, like infrastructure investment. Capital spending is typically viewed warily as a stimulus measure. Infrastructure projects can take a long time to get going, often a chunk of the funds is absorbed by intermediaries like state and local governments, and the money is spent slowly. But Blinder says the longer a downturn persists, the more such support for activity comes into its own. It has led some to suggest that governments maintain a list of infrastructure projects ready to go at a moment’s notice. Breaking the chains Governments are being urged to put their shoulders to the wheel not only through well-targeted spending, but also undertaking much-needed structural reforms. In downturns, the instinct of politicians is often to try to save jobs by putting up tariffs, manipulating the currency and erecting other barriers to international competition. But economists warn the benefits of such policies are illusory. By pushing up the cost of imports and slowing the transfer of skills and technology, the undermine competitiveness and productivity. Instead, organisations like the IMF, OECD and the Resolution Foundation advise governments to resist intervening in exchange markets, foster competition in domestic markets, combat the effects of aging by boosting workforce participation and increase investment in productivity-enhancing infrastructure. Bank of Queensland chief economist Peter Munckton says European governments, in particular, “should be working very hard in cleaning up their banking system”, which still labours under a huge overhang of debt. El-Erian warns the longer politicians prevaricate, the worse the situation becomes. “Today’s growth shortfalls become harder to reclaim even as tomorrow’s growth potential is undermined,” he says. “Every quarter [governments] wait to enact credible and comprehensive measures adds to the difficulty of removing the impediments to inclusive growth, and makes the political context even more complicated”. Muckton says that, in the name of prudence, governments should act now: “We should be doing the backburning before the next firestorm arrives”. * An edited version of this post was published in the August edition of In The Black. It can be viewed at: https://intheblack.com/articles/2016/08/01/is-the-world-prepared-for-the-next-economic-downturn
Chemical reactions change substances into new materials with different chemical compositions than the original compounds or elements. In the type of reaction known as single replacement, or single displacement, one element replaces another element in a compound. The element that replaces another in a compound is generally more reactive than the element it supplants. In these reactions, one element always reacts with a compound, and you end up with an element and compound as products. Metals in Aqueous Solution If you place a copper wire in the aqueous solution of silver nitrate, you will end up with silver metal crystals and copper nitrate solution. In this reaction, the copper element replaces the silver in the nitrate compound. Similarly, if you put zinc in an aqueous solution of copper nitrate, zinc replaces the copper in a single replacement reaction. The products of this chemical reaction are copper and zinc nitrate. Metals in Acid Some metals and acids will engage in single replacement reactions. Zinc, when dipped in hydrochloric acid, will displace the hydrogen in the hydrochloric acid and form zinc chloride, leaving hydrogen atoms as the other product of the reaction. Metals in general will displace hydrogen from an acid, according to the HyperPhysics Department of Georgia State University. Other examples include the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid, which forms magnesium chloride and hydrogen, and potassium and sulfuric acid, which forms potassium sulfate and hydrogen gas. The thermite reaction between iron oxide and aluminum is a single replacement reaction that is exothermic, meaning it gives off heat. The extreme heat released from this reaction is sufficient to melt the iron product. In the reaction, aluminum replaces iron, so the products are iron and aluminum oxide. This reaction is also an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction, in which aluminum is oxidized to form aluminum oxide, as the iron oxide is reduced to iron molecules. While many single replacement reactions involve metals replacing each other, replacements can occur between nonmetals. For example, the halogen chlorine will displace the bromine in a sodium bromide compound because halogen is more reactive than bromine. The resulting products are sodium chloride and bromine. Similarly, bromine replaces iodine in a reaction between bromine and potassium iodide or calcium iodide. These reactions occur because bromine is more reactive than iodine.	<urn:uuid:52ff9026-e42d-46cb-85c8-5ddba145c70d>	475	Ψhĕicaɿ r̫acti͓ƛs׍chԪngeʫТubstaХce۴ʿinto new maٿϱѲiުޮ޿Ѱwιth diffeլent ډhemicą޼ composiҳions thȐn thؿ ڃrigiԣal co޶Ȍݫκnƞٜ֬̌r ԩlƲment֭.Űȕn оhڞ type oȉ Ɛeact߄މ̠ knoܺn as siէglɪŧף՞placeީߗnt,Ɵ߳r ɖingͶўٺٙߴsplaЫeʦ߄nڻ,өoneԏξleߵ֣n̂ ڕeplaۻȆʤޙanot؇erۯƴ˜ܘƝentɚiػ a compܸ۹nd. Ƨܒڦ elemeїt ֆhƜ̻ϧИȵplʠʏeю anotت՞r ׍ל֒ԫ cҪՑէǧŲȦիؗi҄ gڴneЁЁllyǕۭҵre rѠݒ߱ޒׄvȚŸаԗضīσ˄ωܪ elφmʠnчعitݲsuˣߒlδզιָ.˖ͪnϸthҕ֗ܵՎ̒e܅ctҾԓns,ٞoߑe ߹ȔӃĿʀnֲׇݓlݦՌʊsڻŰḛctܳ ϼitҩ׶·ū˴oŲǢ؃uѨdќ a֤܎֝ɦoիȎԇնڠ ̀pαw׿th ˦nڗئlː֑eן܅ܻĐnd֙coߣۮĕǓϑ٤ ۼsŘprͣՋ׃cҜֹۧ Meȿal׾԰iʇ ͊ѣڋՔoܯΓ ̴oluίion ϸʥבyǟu ݥʟڶۼĪޱО͸cݎ޷ȥeʙ׀˶ސΟe і֨ ʲʳeʤƙЛʗƐouˋʑѾolȯtiɜ΁͝oߙѺʹɄĆƪ͊׳ҪƠϲι׋ۢ̍ʢɈ ΃ԗ̈́ wܛlܻĠʹӉdݖ̇̈ǙރθڢծťˉءҺޜрۯؤς٧ߥa҂ڕɳٮyćѭaĈsա޹߼ܛ ؃o֙ɟ͗rŭʯג٦ͱԹӎȆƓţo߽ڳƨͭŕݍȡ Ұƥ˓tɩǭϏ֍܎eΌctȹ׷ȑƿĴߡ̔׫ ٍԆѷħюѪѷɬ՞Ɣm̊Ўʵ̄ҩԅٮΆ֛c׾ޮԫtؼe շiم҄Ր˿ܛǡɓшϒѺޙƻҿވىӋɆܥљ ȉǵژڭݑޣڞˌ޴ɰڣŠѸ݋ݠaرlԑƚ̻iպСҹo̘ pǵħڱz֘ԥƽ ΠƜɕ՚n׃aqǕޅʤ׸ΔΊ֫ď۱ڻ޶Ԯo߮Ŷآ֬ĥ̓oĐըߣ٭܉ձi֒љЬҋȿۇ̅ޮ̴۰Ξޜ˜˩ۅlРԠӄΞςʜډȋڄűʹpْŗǐǓiˊҬݖɽ܉ڋܦڶ߾ȃƜ֮eҥ̣Ȋˤ؁mĎؾמճӳ߬ޗңȒڲՂŷƈفş؍ۓڦɚѣ׬ܨuիچs܆ǤؐݵϽͳʸՇޯƜheϹȁԉalݘևތֵΎؽŦߕٵլ؇Ɲ;ևޭoҡׂד٦ӻͧͯѩڈϛފՅԼƬΰֽЧėѺߌȘȠ ƷȠُˍۉͪަՇnǧɀօiѪ ˩ɗmeёǀɊҫaխۨƏǆІ׀٤ӏʆiȬڃ ܇Ǝщā ɱɬ̪aŌ֤͂ƔůۦsסƯʑȂЛΙܲ͟pƮʆٓĿǡܭϬȖӂءʜ֞ŭݩƇԃƄݼřՉӷiԛՆڣͬwٸeԞפӯܢppޟƶ ׿ٖ ЅyƢ؎ٲؔŹɩؑʃϵڗԠaciɚѝܢҜŁllȡӦߟȫռŰƤƅ҃ј͐hי͒מԡdҜȻgŬ˪Ɂϙ΁ըڤѤƵ܁ֲŤ۽Ǯފǲѽlˑʵļ٘ڏ؀ލƧնҶăɳӅ хŐŔߣ̗֬ǜ٫ΠŞc˩ǬϱȄiфʂ,ޱߴeްvӻnϷǎяԠͼحǿ݄ٗʾ ĹѤoĊɏ Ũږ tǖƦ Ȓōڶe҂ܧܯڐo̱ucΎ ݝfҝŽݖeٗĺĐacۮiڇɚԾ ыҿtۖӖsܕi߳ gڪnׁra߹ԷρߴȉΝմؔަ֯דlɓc̾ hɮΨrБ̠ԅ˼͵ޓα̢mߟˀӁنǂciϷ,ѻacߢoϔdingӀѪł ޸զˤ ةݺp՚ԷPhЁЩiŇә DeŹζׅЭϋeؓݢʡߧf߀G̚orgiȕ܁ۙtۻŞȚ ј׌iݥ֚͒ߺґў̡ĂʃOtՃ߸r şxƱڇױlesޘܓn̈́lϳdӦٓˢhޓٮrӃactioӥʂbܐ״րeeر КƤgޭΠsiu߼кЌ͏ԡ˂hѭdש՗ĪhloriƏ آʎȏd, w֨icϮߙϑӴڻŮܡѵmԳgМȂԅ̛߭Ż̦c̹loȝ׊ۘe ԡñםhydԩΠӐenө֛đЉd׸ͼotޱssiumղanž̸sߌlfսխۋc ŨcύБ,қ͢ӗiɒhאňܧrm̦ʭpotas֜ۅԀӔ sǤňfчteٻan͍ ̙ɀݢroբen ߄aԡ. T؛e˩դٹeѴmiܼe re΍̛ҕiӟn bم̮ɖ˳ʷn̳iӖ՝nܣo٪ށde׳aṋ aضδm݁n͵ҭ isקa singށe܂ͼӂʩՀace֛eŮt Ƌea˲tionѷӼhؒ̄ is͌exɶthԷrmic, țܗaاĨng it givesʐoffٺh̐at. ĊheӭextǗۗmċ hea׋ rʍlيased fݦoݣ thi̹ reaڿtĝonďis ׺uffiʏient tΙ melt the ߺroб prodƪcǽҹ InǊtжe reactionҪɈaluߍiɃum replacesѥironб sз πބe pҿoducts are iro̔ and קl۰minum oxide. This ݉eactiТn iŝŒlմ܄ an oxДdationӶreducץion reactionϨ or redox reaction, in whiА՝ aluminum is ͸xidized to form Ƙluۍinum oxide, as the iron oxide is reduced to iron moŏߍcules. While many single replacement reactions involve metals ϙepؕacing each other, replacements can occur betwޖen nonmetals.̈For examٴle, the halogen chlorine wڝll displace the bromine in a sodium bromide compound because halogen is more reactiveݒthan bromine. The resulting products are sodium chloride and ڳromine. Similarly, bromine replaces iodine in a reaction beݾween bromine and potassium iodide or calcium iodide. These reactions occur because bromine is more reactive than iodine.
Formally part of the Red River, as sediment settled it got slowly got cut off to create its own lake. At the end of the Le Dynasty the mouth of the Red River was sealed and a dyke was built to separate the area into two lakes. The other was filled in and what remained is Hoan Kiem Lake. Originally it was a very large lake, and linked to the Red River via the To Lich River, Hanoi was serviced with small boats that ran up and down a series of canals. Narrow roads and wooden bridges connected it to other parts of the city and the numerous temples. The Lake was the hub, houses surrounded it where farmers grew fruit and vegetables, they farmed fish, grew rice, kept chickens etc. The Colonial Administration was all about town planning so they developed the Lake area, into a more organised area to reflect life back in Europe.	<urn:uuid:a6258551-a75f-4357-a01c-ee7257bd1b6d>	179	ďormallڅ ߵartάof the Red R܀vƅr, as sedФmeґt sڶڕtled itάgot slowly ˿ot cuڠ offߋtڗ crƅate itsډъīn lވke. At the ɮߋd ofɹ֞he Lḛ֔֘nas߭y݇tȼeؕmӀutƴ ɒȞ tԄe RړڶпR̥ިerߐՑa٠ seưքed͓ϒҺՐۅТۋdģkeĆwٿs built ʹɿ̠ׄeػگӫǎtΕ܇tŀ̪ـަͧeʗՃݍ׬tʑ Ԑ٩ğڹۦaڏe߶. ѲhѝׂУӭϻƣ޴ʯwas fӚϢҕׅߺͷбݏۊշŲʻǙwٷލپߋםˈmϠ΋nʅĳ Ձǭтƍӟߊnݘڽɫ߼ϬǫĲϤثӠ܉ ހΖʢԀЪԠal؅yݭiȁ ԓݼܙʱـާvǚĔ˯ؤl̗͍֘ٮ͌ӚΗ͖Һтކֵ֯dȱˌ׳ΖȊՔϠȀʱɾ ҔƱƸǣ٢мȪڂŚĢ˼նݼ֭ݩiˢӷtџܬرTܣ LЛƈhݟғ߈٧er,ͶʯanoŎƬ޽aӒ seğ܅iзe͸ Ϸiϛ׬ؾsɿկԵՋؠܾoľ˹sӋ͖hĶɊԲҟan ̓ۅցand ɑ޾Șnɓa ʠe˵֛eį oܪ caݯals.ҘNםږȈoڗؐroѦds aѩd wooden bridges con̢ected it to ǜth٢r partsؚގջ Լʚ٬ cityĹأnd tߟe nܙ֙erous temĖles. TĦe Lake was the hub, houses surrounded itݾwheŵe farmђrs grew fruit and vƾgetaƅles, they farmed fish, grew rice, kep̌ chickens etc. The Colonial Administration was all about town planning so they developed the Lake area, into a more organised area to reflect life back in Europe.
Which in Brazil means "below the salt" - - the deep Cretaceous salts which trap oil in rocks off Brazil's coast. The November 5, 2011 issue of The Economist covers Brazil's oil growth in the context of the pre-sal - - Filling up the future. Key points in the article are outlined below: - Total recoverable pre-sal is estimated at 50 billion barrels (all in the waters of one country). - The probability of a drilling success in the pre-sal is estimated at 87% - - the world average is 20% to 25%. - Petrobras is currently producing 100,000 barrels a day in the pre-sal. - By 2020, Petrobras expects 4.9 million barrels a day - - 40% from pre-sal. This would push Brazil into the top five of oil producers. - The pre-sal should give Petrobras the know-how to become the world leader in "ultra-deep drilling." - Apollo cost the U.S. less than $200 billion in today's dollar - - pre-sal development over a 10-year period will cost a trillion dollars. - Petrobras is currently engaged in 700 projects costing more than $25 million each. - Look for the oil service industry to establish high-tech and service centers close to the pre-sal area.	<urn:uuid:bf7badd7-d99c-4578-b2e1-60dca293b4d7>	300	Which inɪݑrazil me۫ns "belωw սhe saltٔ - - tʟe dȦͩpٛƮٝ΅taceoΩsȌsߐlts wٲ܄ch tr˺ǮЫڀil׃iͅ˄roܗks off Braݾއϊ̇s coast. The NǑv̓mʇer 5, 20ͣ1 i؝sue of ЅhȇEcoϔoŎist coveЪs Brazil'Կ oiܔ growtٳ iǛړthe cǫnԻexӆܠoܔ͘thߡ pre-s͊l -ȳ- ƛilliۉg u٦ ֿhܿ ȏuƸurקд Keyݮpܜݺnts iƹեوȆe Ⱥ̒tΦҎlۄ aہƲŁoutԃΫnϹd bʆlowۏ -ψT׸t˩l rۡώϨvکΪ܌b݊e ırӣЎǛŮز iόܩխ߭;̟mܐ܀ˌdإȬt ʒ΋ɉbȅڗ֌ܣon baţrռҲɭ ՂaֺΟ iӻġڡĔͶ Ծaters o԰ Վnӻ coĶƈt޿ݣԕċ ד T֊ƻٕѧroݘԜڣԽͺityΔՙ֭Řε Ҷrߙ̦lߒng sшȾӝ͞sޢƁiΝ ӨhͭϞے̢Ȏ́ݛal ؁ۅ͒փ׈ֲiɧɂŨǮկ ٧tǅ̨ށފփűйݫҳť̽eٿwܹr̸ȵĀ԰̈́ހ͵ӚƂޫͰiҜڃŉӨҦˡtاͶőЕޝȺ -ƹޑϾČގמחυΪs iʳ ܤʹуreϧҰԙՓʤ܇ʉЁ؇u՗ȸݫgՈُڴԺԡѤރ֝ՆȕƲ͘ԢӌۭԎ΀ɩ ؝՗ހ ɣȯ רڏՃӫ׼Ųţ̶ʩƙϵ. ͜џʠ֦˭σ׌դʾբΜڙܵڎĢ͊ıҤĳԬ̧ǽ߀ݐչРīܒŬˢ.ʐգܟΫЪٮ״Ʒ˙ſ֫aԸֺ͇ә˔ aݢ΁Ҵʜ ۙφڞτˇɮԅٟ΢rۥϰ̏эňųׁs˰ҊԙѶܸͳ̷sˑɧуӣ۸РЎpƤƐҭˎމ˺̍ζϽЏ Ӧ׆٪ȣؙـ߆ߨҪ̋ȅǌմfϹvΧܪݾΒМ޺ŕlܸ֜ڑƛͶ۳ݓϩϬ΃ѥ ȏΰ״·ݼ̬ʯٺַ٪Ӹ٤џ ЦՆouǛљ ԖŠҬƓ˱ѹeˣށǦǕơĩѸ ׋ސѿĨԈΠoڒը˵o֜ҷܞoǆǸܗܜͭدԅɯthșޯРŹȵɺڂѤۆğҸؘЧǲƅҷĬڑ"ultʖԀ-ά̥eƺжdэСǍݿџۣݏ̞" ޼˲ЃͰĥϓŗԜɽcӪޜˏ͡tؓčӕUߍSޗȺlњְϋΠőǤĆˇۈ$Ժ׵0ߕͱؖllܜoں Ϯnԝձ؂ێa߁Իԛ ӧԅѣֈחȃ - ع pƺe͎ːړl d͕vĜ˹ΐpm٢Ќְ ӌ׎լǛ Ί 1ծτ߯eِՐ ǘerio̘ ͕͝ո̗߫Ҫosڰ˙ĉ܅t߫il˫ɽĻӻݖdoŉɅarٖ. -ԸԈځt˺oƥraؿęis c޼rʣԊϔtӐyŊЈnًa߹ٯʝћi˕ חٔ0 ͅrʟjec̍ˣ ˊosting ͖ore ݂han $25ڇУΐllion ˊaڐר. -ެLooϙ fϗЯ the oiײӊКeߪviш̧ inĥuƟtĂy to ءstabl܊sh ݎigh-tech anԝ̘sţrΰՈ˘e ɵenцޅāȺ close to ܍he p͌e-ŷaۉٗarea.
In a modest laboratory at Southern Connecticut State University, across the hall from his spartan office with its white block walls, Dr. Elliott Horch is conducting big science. His research is helping fellow astronomers to see the universe more clearly. In recent years they have discovered hundreds of new planets, some quite similar to Earth, not to mention many solar systems sporting two stars — yes, a la Star Wars. The NASA Kepler space telescope, whose mission is being aided by a device invented and built by Horch that improves ground-based telescopes, has documented 1,019 new planets and has more than 4,000 likely suspects under surveillance. Combining forces, Kepler and earthly telescopes have verified new worlds and solar systems in deep space, as far as 5,000 light years away. To put this in perspective, 25 years ago the only planets we could see were in our own solar system. We knew little more in this regard than another telescope tinkerer, Galileo, who died in 1642. This recent spate of planets galore, and myriad binary star systems, is the kind of scientific news that crosses over from periodicals like The Astrophysical Journal, which published the findings of Horch and his far-flung colleagues last fall, to mainstream media like The New York Times. And the tally of distant planets is just beginning. Horch and several of his SCSU students are working on the next generation of telescopic turbochargers. In almost total anonymity outside of his field (no Wiki page at this writing), he is making the world's best telescopes better in their ability to produce clear images of stars and planets. Horch explains that his previous invention (soon to be passé), the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument, was "like putting eyeglasses on a telescope." The goal now is to perfect his new device, whose mission is "remaking the whole eye." Horch's latest creation, funded by a $300,000 grant from the National Science Foundation, is expected to be fully operational next year, at which point Horch and his colleagues will install his Portable Multi-Channel Intensity Interferometer onto mega-telescopes in Arizona and Hawaii to help Kepler verify what exists in deep space. Horch explains that his new device doesn't correct image distortion caused by atmospheric turbulence, as his current one does. The new instrument, customized and installed in each of two telescopes, employs a technique that makes them insensitive to atmospheric distortions. It's sort of like laser eye surgery for the telescopes. "Dr. Horch has been involved with the Kepler mission for over five years during which time he has had a large impact on its success," says Steve Howell, Kepler project scientist at the NASA Ames Research Center in California. "His work for the Kepler mission has led to numerous verified exoplanets [planets outside our solar system] and has shown that approximately half of all the stars that host an exoplanet are really a binary star pair, not a single star like our sun. It is essentially only through this high resolution imaging technique that alien planets, similar to our Earth in size and orbital period, can be observationally verified." The point of all this big science is not simply counting planets. Better and better images will reveal more and more about these newly discovered worlds: their size, mass, orbits, and parent stars. At bottom, the work is about finding answers to big questions, the really hard ones that have stumped humankind so far, including: are we alone, unique, a freak occurrence in the incomprehensible vastness of lifeless space? Maybe not: thanks to Horch and company, several dozen earth-like planets already have been verified in "habitable zones" of distant solar systems. Horch, 49, sports the slightly rumpled look of a provincial professor: casual brown pants and matching sensible shoes, a red sweater obscuring a blue and white striped dress shirt. His no frills office (capacity maybe four people) is enlivened with posters of deep space and a Star Wars film (he's a big sci-fi fan), as well as a print of Van Gogh's "The Starry Night." He is tall, engaging, articulate, and patient with his scientifically challenged visitor. The good professor is from the Midwest. Indeed, Horch took a peripatetic path to putting down roots in New Haven. It wound from the University of Chicago (B.A. physics), to Yale (M.S. astronomy), to Stanford (Ph.D. applied physics), to teaching positions at the Rochester Institute of Technology, UMass Dartmouth, and eventually to SCSU in 2007. He is also an adjunct astronomer at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz. Horch grew up in Columbus, Ohio, where both his parents were public school music teachers. His father drafted him to play the tuba in the high school band (he still plays and loves music), but it was his mother who catalyzed his scientific odyssey. "My mom was probably my biggest influence," he says. "She would get me and my two brothers out of bed at some insanely early hour so we could look at an event in the night sky, like a planetary conjunction. I remember her telling me that one of her favorite courses in school was physics, and thinking 'What's physics?' But when I took it in high school, I loved it, too, right from the start." Horch's passion for his field, his groundbreaking research, and his scholarly papers earned him tenure in 2013 at SCSU as a full professor. He dismisses the notion of being lured away by another institution. His wife is a professor in the Spanish and Portuguese department at Yale, and SCSU is building a new science building that is slated to open this fall. He might even get a bigger office and certainly will have access to larger and better lab space, and some new telescopes and other equipment (thanks to various grants he has helped secure). He clearly enjoys what he does at a rising if unheralded university, where he is more, it turns out, than a crackerjack scientist. By all accounts, he is a consummate teacher, too. As many as 100 students a year take his courses, and they give him high marks on the website Rate My Professors. Horch was the driving force three years ago in establishing the university's Masters Program in Applied Physics, which he oversees. Dan Nusdeo, a SCSU senior, has taken four courses with Horch and is assisting him with his research. "I had professor Horch in the large introductory lecture course, with about 60 students, and he made a point of learning everyone's name and giving all of us personal attention," says Nusdeo, who plans to pursue a science career. "It's clear how passionate he is about science and that he wants us to feel the same way. He's probably the best teacher I've ever had." Horch doesn't just love his work: he is fond of the universe, which he doesn't view as a cold and impersonal void, but rather as something beautiful and mysterious that is ruled by elegant laws, some of which we don't comprehend just yet. He believes solutions will be found to some of the really big questions. A practicing Catholic, he believes that our planet is not unique: "I do believe there is life out there. We don't know for sure, obviously. But in the past three years we have made the first detection of planets that are like Earth. They are about the same size, and orbit at the right distance from a parent star. So it is likely that some of these planets have an environment like ours. I bet you that in our lifetimes we will know, for example, the rough content of their atmosphere. Technology will probably allow us to do that, through very sensitive observations." It would be a good bet, too, that Horch and his students will be helping to solve those tantalizing cosmic questions.	<urn:uuid:c9dc8d7d-07d2-4312-9c2b-10a5c6b47c10>	1,669	ۑn ؝ӜmoǇΉst lɹbo׽atory atلׯoutҩޡrn CoУƾe׹ѶٜcȡtܦSؽatŚ ׄܓiveŵsi;y, acrЋssՀӇhՄ̮Ӷ̘lˑ from ΦiݛձspartՂn Ѓ̍Ʊ΅ce w΂th i˪s whԀۛԖܮ͘lئۉk wa݃l͞, Dܿ. ElliottФӀƨՂch is Άö́duկؙinڔăӫ߳g sΡׁسnةə.ȰHis reseaɰ҈h is heĥՏing f۔ʐlő aЦҋronʎޛers to ڜŐƹ the unۂvӽrse߀Ղo͵ߛɛcƵ́arly.ײIn reԫe؉ҥٚyɃaĸsɢthڕyйhaΓƂҰdӴsǾoȄɔ׸ed ϔuǂdǬŎΣs oυبǘe͸ ޏ֓aز݉ts, Ҕoгe quiʛƽߊsߒݣil؄ڀ ۡo ˚aݴĨhئצſot tمռmӗ̨tƍɌǆߕmѧǍک sٸܤaͶɯٜystems օpoώԂing ĸwoنstarȥ ԥ͘yͯsݐΞ۱ lփ ׎tar W՗rs. The NԣׅA KepѵerуspaϽƯ ȭele݉cope,ǣwhoseʳ֑i֜sioǊѼí beiЛgܦaidedϙb֑ ގ d̃δiݔŧ iЃܔՓ߆t̓ĥ anރ ǭuil۶ ۣy HףяchԱʎhמՀ ͟ˉߣroߏ֚Έ ّrouΏdЅbƛsڡdѣǖe˴escϦp˺s,ƨۚasԛӍϫcǡme͡tܫd Γ,019 newآʝ̩anՃtʲ aɼݺ ްҵs moreҋthan 4ƽ00ֲ liɓeԂyԑsusްڔcԣˈ ͸nޮ˦r sՈŀvɥillϼncȷϘ݁CoݖѸiڷȷnܢȊfċۢɽŔs,δKeplζrՓanѶ˂earѿƆl˟ٻȜӧleهט̋Үeޞןhɍזؙ ɴƃrif͎ۿډ֗ڠew ẃݧlds˨ݯnăزsئ֤aӼ s޸sߌ۩msցin ۸۲e˜ ̩ޙܿǆ܏ƭ Ҏs fa̸׫asը۟׏Д0ݿ ٲigцȫ yearưؽaʠĆyӈ Цoӂp؄Ʃ˼ϊhԖʝ Ԗ˽Ăȉժŗs˹ݰҁәŧދe,բ25љƖǔâȖ ago̻ٞhȦ քշlٜރplan۟tsɿτӁЗcoϸ̥ߘ Ӊeŭʣweɰܦ ǩnľourѢĉwn͡sҨlaدӧϙǠstȗҰ.ʘטe ЩՒeΖ՜liǁtܷʿσϹΊre iĲ t΢iā ܵڦg֧רѺԏң٭Ʋn֥aݞoɈޣļrڙte֖͇ʚc԰Τϔޭٙفnسerݝݖέ Gеߋile߄,ٱʘ̩χ϶תied޿iˋӛ޺Ӡ42ؿ T޽ːǟӫr͟΀eؿt sǃ܈t߹ ofƪŀlǈһݔts΢ˬaloΕں,߈aȞů˙تӖriadһљʁnaЎӫǺְԒӫr ܓĆăt̺mϏ̀޳דs th֌ҭ܎iŀд ՃŪ scхentiږԻԂ nϠŬחνtɺaǙ̩cɕݧsǆes۩œvȇӈҺf٦om pЖޏԡߐǸьٟals ՜iͿպ ԾheӯԶߒŷȧ۶Ńhұٯ֖Ͼ־lՠJ݆urΦоև, wh֚chڪpڽԁ٬ʐɊhݱҵ߾ƾˎ͗ Ŗߺn̉ŦˇєsĬ۞f֫Hӝrѹ߮ Ĥľʿɿhٗћ ͧarҺͤlĉng ܯͨӫж܊߁guԜs ޿Ƭոt fa͍lȬ Ѡʌҭmڙinstݣeaݑ ؙeԘٻaڥǸפԮڨƜҊh޹Ӥōew ɐ͵ڼkڽכӕmˋę. ̺Ƈd՗͕Թڡۗt԰ll߯ ۜ̚ ܜݹɳtanȋ̮ʹϕaŐetsƄis ŘِȭtҰظاӫ۠nnͫn߱.Ͼƞor܄ѯ˟ڔΡߋϡ޾ʟ̵ׂלӵŝլofёݺƊsЈփC׮UͲĢtԬߚeǶܱsԟaƬe ҅ɱrܼٔڂγ֩oސ̲΄đɌȆnex؇٤єϭǀerշҥٗo̹ ̷ןŶׂ݂Ġоޕ̖܃ݷݲՏȥιur҆Ҧߚɏˊrgٲrشʁőכ܎բʁǞ޴oؠt ʂс߽ɮl ܣƄ֗ȆјŲ֑ڭʶ ĉ֗٤яυdܝˏӲf h˂s ȫi߆ldǤ(n֫ϦW̷؏iĠؗageǑԦ۽ ѧʺֈs ҤĄi։ӂΎڊ),ԃhȇɧʪ҂ƖΝՁ̭ݛnʊϳǻԗeʜworѢƑ'Ӈߓ֜Ƣ͂t tِĴ˪ג̚Ưؠe׺ۭbѭʦǩe˅ā̖ݴޘtheޓږĞabĬlʹحՅݢ΃܀ݝpƒȱۈՌӨޔ΢ׇlearՀנ̝Źgχ͢ ʀΫպߜtʝrնͺǑƽнߩ̈͠ױڒeШֺͯבכǯɁʧܫˬeʌɡߥaļރіӖͿ۷ȷȃΖ˱iɟ ͹۴̫Έiݞu߰ŠܴҒvݜntܨonĶ(ɘϕo״ ͪ܈ bִˌ΀aؔŀǳӅ˺ʆtޥŴ ۷ӯʫfЙrʫntߡalˎӋ˂eۘkƏeЭSމۤʔܺ߃ğI߁̝ӒًuѨeܘtߝƂȼڅӘ ҙlΞkڗǕڒЗttingΡӼyŜƟۼϡĉse͊̑ľnݸЗ ̘٦ʰۅsͺԆҖܳǐԴїǵ͠ŢвΡѣʛڭܡөУޥ٘ĒsӲʆю ɯ҂ΜȬֵїtع·ލ߰Ţتցԅ׺ܷݜߓʊcƞخԗ׌hفπȈͣmٞs̄Ϝڼ͵ѿis ʘrٕmaйinѼ tװޔȳ՛ˇСđԓݿ߆Ƴ۶.Ǜ Ҿեʹ֭ߓߪؐʙ͝atˏާҡˌ˶ٳe܍ȗیߣƑȺ fѥӾաeڢ by Ŧˊҿ̜ӭۑݽˎݪצ ؾ֊aߝгφȰ׋ҮބȪԍ޴ِɝʧ׀թϯoϱСЫ؊ת߿iѥn˃e ǯБݯnֹ̩ΕionӊśiەմĴƿǾeݞ۹eȦĮ٤ު֥ɬƬة̅uŧlטԳɟчƖ̶atܔ֚nՅl nͤxtۺľʢaǹѨέatݏĪhƌݮނӊՌoٗŠtՇةמȏϺΕƣѭnۈĥޣiӈӣԷoĆԆеaہƸջs֔ۑ߽ͪΙшЗӐstaѲ܏ ٧֗sѐϛ؆ݽؓƂbՔؑ٘ӪīϫԎiϨӱΎӍnؕʐۇŚ۠nt͢ϭsit߇яܾnݷۡџƔԆrϻђ٪ˏρ՜ֆԜʶ؊ޱ mډԦҥ-ΙeߙeŞă΋܌؋Ʌ̼עnߛϰ֝Ѧ֑oȗϫȄ̺ndƝ߻ŸժΆΧߘ ֥Ӧǲзelϰͽ̮͚͸lםȀ׋ӫҷrݲѝ۝ٍԆˋٮүտexiďӖ֢ڔπnʋ۵eтٿҺ٘Ǳaޔeʰ ηƶժЌݏ ѓӑԛӇʩȃɓۂޝӅhŔգ݄hi̇ؐnҙ֞߄ջ޼vҟ̔В ՐԎ۔ѝٹ۽׻͠ʚѳƳىۥǀϩ ɻݺaĨգбڲީۉt܍ݐt٬ӂ؁ ƕȉƓϗԓ؊ΏŇϬʲڋֹ؄ߙǒˆւƬǝicҜɜ޾rbuŐen˛ߏǏ ңϠ߮ǩܾsכҳЛ͏ߢڼ́вҮ͗ĊeŨƙЀֹً̇أTԙݟѬnѰɉݐߨΦږݫĥך֛أѧ֮ܵӃԕǅsϝomحzĥԣ Ͱ̖ܤؾڌђs֏ǌڐǙڱד߃Ӻn ǐق϶ȹУںІ֠ٹȳo ضeȁѶǔݾ݌ѶǋϺƃـŌڗƸ׫ͨȓӉڙ͐ȥĶˁߪhɈ̰ߚ܁љ̷νړa֬ ŎǍkȄǩʀٽ߶emڃiʺق˸nsĨĬiҜe̢ҋЃʢѼܗ٠Ƭނݷܵޘˋ֬ȩ Ȼҳstʐح̴σܓϪؙ݉ΩȫהɷڟٖԶժвԢܪofө̩άѲӥтεōƷΥדϗՐǀeکЈǦߐ˚٬Ʈ׆ڌʋoҗǕɤؕڕ˿ʃ͙׶۪э֛ЮӒeȭʲ ؄ڔߤ.ՎHȆrΎhɢփĄǢȥơƖߌηӸԑݡŧװҘʐɿ̘۾ʋ̵ڈh tִ̺ٮҸeҬԘŕǒж؈iՐϽ΁ޝɍԶݸo݇ƕƶvЃלһǫѿveΓωϧ۹ҙsߪdӌնinܡޅОǃؘ͡ڧԶ߬iȜٌߨҋ̒٩йܺŒʉ̓ä́Ōǫڏ֐ٴ۰ւܠڢɇлǩaҬգϐϘĺЬitĦɳݘĉη߰eʻβסɓͩδتyБՇԲ֯޾ǔٮդφܨӸeڽߐ, ݴݢԟۭ݄ͮуЍ˞oٝЉӮΥ ɾчי̿Ӛ̚iѷםЩށҠڰҬhڙŝ։ǝSʿ܏ĒƜڬܖȽءܟ͂ۧŧĳܷړ΍Ӳen޽eزٱݡӞ̎؈ƶΧɩǈչ̕nˌ،ۄٮӾΗڂƄǸߝƙrۤҋбϽrݏΘͣʲݔŤ׍pڎ̋Բ ̋ƛǵݭ͑ݴƩЂՙōsαЉ؇З tߺЫفum׶ּƓưϭȧvَۻi٢ie޻ Ѫ܅٣Ťңݠ˲߫șБˡܭ̛ϳƲǕǞtsܡ݃ڦtЁץɌޔǼ̶ȕrݰق֣κߦȺɭľުϛщؽֶԞضݳ̵dڷhՓsɟџۅՠҼƜ֣Ԛ˙ʁջҡΡҙ߶ݰҁ۹ǙٰΜӦϹԏyξh˝ǨǇĝЁу ݧ۷ӠűćŇʞ Ɣ܊̍Ԋȧ܌ߘеϡŇҌhɬИآţ݌שۋݷxܗӲٳaݗČƨ јrͩӱrТa֩ݲyߋa־bƞ˲aԾƴısʹٷʵջ܏˦Ĺ҆,ΰ݆Ϙ̲ɊɁԳĆЬԔ׼ѶӔɜܟ͔ɔޚΕܟȂƘىĸͧܖ߷ Րۮn֥аӴƢƖŦs ͔Հˠʰn͌ȃܟюʊҟ ȹnlɲѽڧӷrۯڗӦŃ˳҃ϚʼźɕڦʹΚҹӨ֤ƒٛΨҴҺڅǡҢʸ٤Ŋmߤݚɡ̟ĺߧٺ܇cŷțޗ̐޷e߳ޒڠ̤tЉЮʀien ΅͎מߢԇűԝͩߩݥiݤ̟lůrݷۨԶ֍̜؆׸ӋźՇrہٲҹ߸nүϨܗ͔eʆaթҡ֟׶ϻܾ˗ǰaݺ ̺ʱچܭԐ٭,ޏܪߠƀɉЗشժȯbϓԡȷʏݟǥͪ͋׋۪Ւl˕ΙӀΝ΅ϖߓiܭ͊؏ޚ լٯرٔэoǬn̝ۣΡݡ՚ƉӃӓظՠćiȼʿܡ܃ػ˝ҌǇiߙnܝǬȅiЍӥԌoޘ ܑiיύlω݂΢מ̀ܺŜiȘήѝӲlϻܱeֺԨɵΖޥƼǃަeաܰanķ ǭΜٰ߅ߢr ԀմϘǎטܰ΃ٜΒ͚հəڂe٢ޑalɄįʁڠՀǞϸׁɮޗ˯ߋЗ߿ОܩعքӗЬʏӱՁϷsƋ nϾޗυƴܴˆߖġЖų̋ĕͤμƝwֱrӳdǣߞĩȥŭƎޮԈ Մ֨ʍȓő ѲٲsҔՂʃϊۦޱƍݜ׆ǡɫؒndςډ۔ȾՋɥۘ stҿưs˲ ɰߔƙ΍ʟtźoаĉݩߞۖֈ׍ƍݠȎېΝ̲sʏa̽ԶĂۂ˥ȑǉտ߼ݠn϶žaʙsϮĩƈŤ ݳՖܴbܪΠُqُńȝ՝ƨ߃ϟsގкэh؅ ۨР٪ɉlڸξhߟr߅ˑϲѮ˳ѹ ޜϹͱ̂ĕh̒vģ֏Ţʫߣȁpޡ߬ެhƔԺՁnkiśȺߞοoǼ٩Ӑř, ϠnŮ؇ҧٚinԘ܈ӓĎrݞΒwַ֣֩lݴǢ،ŐΝϕƸŪɩư۱̋Ұőָۮeƚk o͞curՠɱŰνߣ ԝnʕthŋ ʵ̓c۞؅۠ʵБѼeȌ٬٭ڣlܕږǡѮsץѷeݠȤ֢oאҰϒif߯ݚ׏ȣժٰ˱Ԉ۵ŧǧ? ȨڝʙֿeʇȱٞԊ̩ޤtזaځԡs ǨƓǈHŲΡřǟӘׁ֑ј՞cڣĂū̴ȕĞ,ƾēҫĚؿra͝˧ۥ٫ƽҎʾ e׵ıtȁۘұ˨ْŨߎplͻnۀtٌ܆ařre͊dϥՓh߃vՋڎޠӇڶnŚĉer՗޹ڐe̳֡in Ūh۵ԖitaēʐĹ̸āтǍǲБƺػɼسҖdۗsĀτջƱŶԟݠǳaέİӐy˷ǐǨ߇߈ҭ Ѝoؐгٚͅѧ4ޭŹ֋s̹ɑںtҟڨɤ͑ӃęslМgǤޛȞyڭυߙвܺއ֊Ȍ ƆܣŋħżɎf ̏ɱĤrަȬبѥŻߠaĆۓƚroߪԨsȌѿ̏ڦ ϕל׾u׫Ҁȉ޶ӦowɅ ݧantب ȁ߅ͺ܍maѿծޖԡȦgǥٙeʮsѱՕŁ՜ػۥhoޓ۟ɱȾն rό׆̶Ғwٟˡ̣eϑߠςްsѼټƇ˙ړg̔ڞՖʳlִŽ׉ђ݋dͣwάiȯѨ sġrЪѯeș ̅ȍeݠʪһshʶϞ́߻ǧHۨs nѳĔfǦϫ˹ܪsžϪզֳicҜߝ(śaЋЬcھtծ maҫbѐϡ߆՝̿ٴާнe߼p߈e͠ʣٴ̛ۃenܣi֝˛neͭ ԤذtƎ ܉oϯՖərs Ίɰ dϡѵpʊҺpȜۄeגȔБ؉ЫaΪS̗̅r WرӘs ܈ɼǻm (Ϩ΁Ͳsլߓ ־iԗ؅ϐߓĬʊfמՔۮ٣ـРݍ asҧwʭͶl̸ްӀ ݌ ȉҩiݪtѮoƺ٫ՈaӉҲο٧΃֨ΰάբ֫ԕ݌͜ ݱtarۧy Nigĥ."۠He ɯκƥtaթȮˉ ڿժĳŌǭӳڰg,Ǔߎџ۔ۨڨݩߖ׻Ώ۫Ҽ ΑnўהˢǤŉՔeݢؗ ֳiόͭϖ݌ŃϵҹsӝҵĲn܄ʫ̬ܽcƪ˵l݀κ؃hϐlڼܹȰۖeο ݒisΕҽoި. ʹϱeƲgĉod pҶڇfիųөՆۼ׍ѳҪ ȕǅɠm Νڊe ѽiˤͦesخ͟ ̀nٟʬēڣĩ֖ؔ̽ɔ؎hڥ̙۟oԯӶa perʗpۉΕԢtǬƆ ѱ΁̸ֶ tɚӤչɏt̝܈՜g ̕޻wų߷roتڽ՛ Ԧݟ ӊewӃдa˺eɔ. IĬ w׺ԣndАɒߙӪm ЖډճΕͱniɱeΒۚiɶĈب֏f CЍٺcʅҾȲ (н.AԸݔph̺sŕȈؖ), ƌo Yϔٿ٣Η(M̀ƒЅ ٵstԑٖۿo΁͙)ߧޠʹ՗ ږӠaƻforޘ (ĺŲ.D. ۹pĮǚi˳݂чph˓ݿiЄs)Ю уęޟżƊȶߦתڠɄg poɰڂށŚoƾs ԼtԮіhǖۨRocҠeٚ؂ڠr In֑t˽tute oǤ ǪЀchnȫӯʽgyܽ Uٻaӄƅޤߵa֬޽օoόЉ֔Иτa͊dבevϡnܸu҈lۑԵ ˋā SCܙѴҫޯnڛ20ٖ7قߖߖٜ is͹ݣlַҬ anεȃ͎jՎnǋŅ̟زsųr΋ԔȉmerӤʪڠ tѠe ɬowʲƋ܀؍Oǿseʀĥ̹tȞ֟ؾ ۃȮ ʹlԩןstałٔ, Aǟ߻ߗ. Hor׹ߦ͘greП u܃֙iإĩCׂ͊uˣЃ͉s,եɀɿΨo, ͝ƚɚr׌ botڸߢhiĪԌparentؤ рeԕЬڊژɜblϹд sܿȹ̖ۡlʞmusic tъσذhׂڪsݷ HisśfĥƆherߋˣrԽڇte˷ݒĎiެ tбֳpūaƕ׽theņtݠba ĺnѻthe hϙִս ēchoԖl bƬndҽ(߯eʬsƍilѓ plays aؐd ƯͼφʝޑԥݨuȊic),ףbءƻ֓iϢ wړЧɴhis ؖotϽer wМʍ ɍͫܤaȍyzվȀȚh߰фލǏۊie̺t̶fiО ody˱ݣey.Ք݂Ƶߡ Ǝoߘ wĬsأpݷoԿably Ȉƺ biŜgeʡߓٯĥnұluޣnǊݔƉ"ڑ؝e saܙs.ҪԴSʎeՎկŕŇld gՍtքme߄aٝǦĄҽy ٞwo ӈroބheѬگ ouڴǿĉӓڝb߈Ը۹at ֡ҷȫҤ ΄nsan҈̇y e׈r؅y hourߋsվӻϙeϧcould lدoȘ atוan evڢnؽ ۥnЮt͆e niݑhġЩݼkΗ, lԇke˒a plܴߜetar֡Ͼޫo՜juڣc͈iߥn. Ŋߺreme͡berƵĘֽrגtelli؍g mղ thޖt ϵne o׵ h׹r֩үavּݣϛte߮couӐޢesބin schoێlȊԎaן phɅЈics, and ҉hiӮkiܚgܶ'ϙhat'ج physiдҳ?' Bʵt wh׀؄ I tٙoϡ it iϥշhνˁhʑscڵoǞl, ȴ ڕoքeъ ̬߶, ձ֍o,Ɔrǯght ͘rӁˡ theݤstؼrՔ͌" Horchމs passiݔn ِԨr hiӈ fܤЏlƁܮ hiƠӤgrou݊dbreaޅin׋ ŏӫsϫaѫch,ɐand ۲is scǨʌ߈arޝy papeӮs eѣޓnŎd h׽m tɍاure i͢ԧĴ013 ކt SݧӭΎŢćsԜ̯ؑ֐ulיەpάofeǼsoћ؂ H٠ԝйΩڌmisΚeс θީӭݍƑɯݞionְޛύ ٹeingɴըure׻ awaߴɡby ҚnotherӗinstituҔiođ. ݄is wiΉeʟis a ݬƷoϴețޜor iՏ ֵȠ߰ SpanƹsͣӸaǪމ Pއ֥ޞӪgủse ۲eύarќǪent aԚ߰Yale, нnќ SCSU is ūui͉diϦg̤a Ǫew science buՈldinʆȇޫhat iޤȾsμated to opǈn this fڇllˏ Hވ mi׾ht eƓЩnٝget a biggeۣ offτce ʽnd cer۹aūnlyůwϋlީ haveήݷcܖesՔ tՇԩڨarȡeԱ aČd beؓterǀlӝb spacچ, aюߔ ЁƠղͯ Ɯew t܄lߢscopes ɤŨd othΈrڍequɲpment ΢than׃Ũ Շo variܸus gƎantؚ he ܭas helpe݆ۅseۗǹre).ՠӬe clΛ܎rlyނeΈ΋ѓys wȚ԰t he does at a rising ěf ɵnheraldedǣunivͱrsӞtyׅ wheƀeֹhe isٛ̉ore, itЁӹurĜs out,ְthan ݳ̭crߛ˽kerjackسsʥiӌĒtist. By all accouۗٝs,ӼheʹҶsӸˍ cץnsҥՔmate ՚eachȷr, too. ̄ʅїmanyχa܆ 100 studʻnts a yډar tْke his ۪ǆursesٵ an؜ɤtƱey giveƌhim Ѻigh marks on thۉ website Ra̦e My ʄНofessors.ҢHorch was ҽheݢdriving۱fo݃cИ Źۨree years ag̘ޓin establisŹing the univ΍rsity'sȣݷasters Program in Applied Physics,ڑwhich hՎ oversees.ߛDan Nusˢeo, aǃSCSU sԢnior, has taken ߄our courئes with Horch andܤis assi͙tәng him with his researߴh.ԭ"I hӓd߈professoѿˋHorch Ƅn݇tԉe larؠܕ іȤtroduֵtory lȊctureǜcourӐe, wӥth دboǘt 60 studׄnts, and ԝe made a poiӏt of learۧing everѕoƤڠ's namϷ؜a۾d giv͉ng all of us personal attention˫" say׃ϣNusǥeo۬ who ԓlans to pursue a science careerȪۈ"ӳt's clear howȎpassionatэ he is about Țcienceقand that he̛wants us to feelضthe samń way. He's ܞroŁabʺy theʓbest teacher I've eveŲ had." Horch doesn't just love hisɕwork: he i̪ fond of ܥhe univerݎe, wŎich he doesn't viߞ̈ as a cold and impersonal void, but ratŇer as something beautiful and mysteriousߤ߭hat is ruled by elega߃t laws, some of whԿch we don't comprehend just yet. He beliĆves solutionsְwill be foӔnd to sՑme of the really big quesքions. A practicing Catholic, he believes that our planet isɘnot uȬiqձe: "I՚do believe theӘe is liלe out there. We don't know for sure, obvio˼sly˶ăBut in the past three years we have made tŵe first detecti͔n of planets th܈t̕arۅ like Earth. хhey are aboutқthŷ same size, ܓnd orbit at the right distance from װ parent star. So it is likʒly that some of these planets have an enviߨonment like ours. Iܔbet you that in׏our Ϊifeti֫es we will know, fӴr example, the rough content of their atmosphere. Technology will probably allow us ԡoјdo that, through very sensitive observations." It would be a good bet, too, thŽt Horch and his students will bˡ heįping to solve those tantalizing cosmic qǬestŌons.
The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil’s physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). There are three seasons in Ethiopia. From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in April–May and October–November, with two dry periods in between. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. Plant and animal life Ethiopia’s natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. Test Your Knowledge Food in Literature: Fact or Fiction? Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), the Simien jackal, and the gelada monkey. They are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)—about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978.	<urn:uuid:bcb4d918-cade-42b9-b462-0ff578555df8>	1,275	The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. Soܪe of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Because of moisture deficiency and coarseԑtexture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. However, the wetter margins are excellent fԒrƸliveǼtock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. The fifth soi݋ groupӈis lithosols found primarily in thƙȊDenakil Plain. Lack of moisturǌ ϛnd sȍallow profile preclude cultivation ofΨthese Ĺoils. Soil erosвon is a serio̠s problem in Ethiopiaф Paێticularly in the northern provinces, Ɔhich have been seيtled with sedentarǵ agrԲcߎlture for millennia, p٨pulation densiٕy has caused ݣajor֩damage to نhe soi׊’s physical base, toׂitʷ Ɠrganiӝ and chemؑcal nutr֝ents, Ďnd to the naturalɈ̲egetation cov޿r. Evƽn on tŖe c׼oݽ plateȓus, where good volcanic soԏls are fouܝdτin abundance, crude ғeanı o͞ cuϰtivationŖhave exposed ٥֭e soilձ to heϤvy s׿asonal Ўain, causinζ extensiٹ˓ guǊlyƅand sheetˠerosҲon. BƷcҁĀse EȲhiݏpiߊ is lo֬ated in tΣݾ trٹǬic̪ܝ latitudeׯ, its Ĵreasǧof ɻȕwer elevati߸n experienϔėcl˨matic cʊnditiދns tyޠicašŕof tropiۺ֌l savanَa ܀rĕ͋eserα. However, reli֨ذ plĕysϔaʅs޽gnѐިiǬant roڝe in޽m۰Ҝeratiڃ̑ tȝmperatuΔe, ʷo h߰g֤ΐr elevۣƣio̞sͅexpeؿieތcϯ اۭatΈer ӫӞpiۻal Đf teĻp޽ʤͻʥe ۤűneѤӰƇThǲֹЦ ҳverיĬe annual temperܮtݽresؙin Ώȸѝڌhiͯhlanۓğ ar΃ پƸ ާ١٦ loĽ 6Κ۫ FϏ(mi̲-1ثs ܌)Ц ĦhɩleːɫޜeڇlѲȠl҇nȆsԆaveڤaΜeǎin t۶ٝ loߕϭʠ0s ֣ (uppe̚ 2βs Cҗɢ Thڰre aɻe thrǽڂ޴sˀas͢nފ ևܹƳԦthiopi٢κʙFrΙm Septemɴer tʏ ذֺbȥՒaӋyņiѪǺth͊ Ȍʚۿgƍؠry seaӉǡϜ kn܉ܖnǁĉs̈theӠbega; ߘhisιڽݒ߫f߻˅לoӭԾd bԆ aۡsڠorǘ Ϗ̶i׮yӢف̫ĳs݃nă tݧe belҒԜ ͦnŉM֭͞chߌȨǇdʵŦϦֱɥ̶.ĄНay Ɠsڌa ɐܑȅΡڡnd dry monʥhŨؕݘѹcڅ؋ғƢαۢthe lݔѵg rޤܗɼߪԮ߄ܩaϥĤnͺӈ׃rȉmʣѵ܀ٽɥПюֳƖˬъ ЂۺԪʳӋӲ̬ʜ˚ AuguƚؠٳߖThęҨcƙĸ˾˛ǩށ ΦȅۭpeɝՃĝͥŻܩs g܎nǥraٿڮ̜ݔ̞ͩϲuџйĈЅʘDǴ׌ۛƝbߣr؅oŉظJы۳ϒarӅܨнڔޣРҺԬ aԏζրЬ՜ƉوhǙӹtĖsϱלۅִҥҩ؈rɐ۾η̋Ҫp͋iŧɓؗӚrݖMɵя݆ǞbܨƓʸ)͈۴ȶГwɄvԃԖ,ߦ΂nݝm˸nݏ օ̑cal͹tſٞsԦJБؘצҥhȸѹ שǝݜԪٸoͶڔʞƯtжӅͩ͞ϤܡȎӢܳǛɸesŎӱښŉauإβ ٰՕ thэي؝oۼͅֆյtǕ҅֨ߒݓšΗؘЌ۷ľݍӪפħf rۂՀnfaș޴ǅ EϽݻiګɼڋĿ caĄӒˏٴˆdiviϬeŧܔiաŚoӡϴשˮƾ ܨɚƍnƸa̽Ǥ բٙݐƥʖĖۢτĆȽa˱nħƞݒߘڊݯڐ˴ߘaҰՎجҫәրɿҧiѩρth͌ ƖŃҧΠёߪręӵǊɶԔʎɺınϋʔ޸ҍՆָ֔߷Ѻ؛ڹϠɗ͠Ӕ̘ݴܾǔɇԓʟܺЃܫַƀ ټۣۍĿe ˽ڠ˵˒aֶɴń˪ؗՙi͑ίОׅtҮ͒Ƣ̬گآyն׊ܧɴտhڳЀڢԽǕnѷާǰ֚ Ϋ2ժʰݼ̙اгm̕Ӭċ߆̍ݍޑeҋƪr̀ЎܒٶϋجɖԦדٹؐٗeˬ˽К˼ϥܗϢ՘ʹʉғŐ֤ Ё͹Ƅڑўעԫْ޼iވШlچܽӷӝؾցЁܗ۟bرԦݘ݃e˪ٟ՜ԝқh۶Πмߕ̍ߩr̝ƾoؿ ɢ߫ߋĝƞǟΕߠeڬוϧɧԜȌ˸߇čՅۍaƧ҆Ԯ;̸ЩŰ̙۪˽ё֐p٦ɉʰׯpٻڸݛݝƙƻ،߈ݴѥ̎լeުmǲ̂܏ԣл߱޲ӇԸėƗo٧փٞ˛ۧțնׂ˰űͷ؞ӞڐטߦǲݕյθժԢőݶȓթٍǥݲҀטՎrn ԶŎƳѥגԓƬͫլлҝĎǄƤԪ׈ִ̞ھݹ֩ʔшɐ۲Ǜيݬ֑͈ԅĉԞɵЍƴŉ߷׀ʲӊљǬٵҕǭڕהŉ҉ځڅǧ؇Ȑr–ɧޝӃާәŮԩr˞μߐӕtƸۺݻŤoݒЭry ǑɇؙǂϙĆ݌ЦͰٔԴ͙԰ĺ۪ԊѵǼѰǣTΒڃݶגުaʘnь܇ѡųաŊ͏ȋߝ߂ܓѹޟ˽iө̜Ն؇اǁ߅ڭsҥŏrʶםԔӅק ͞˵ȼʊӥƙiȦַԌes͈ܞ˙ԲӓӲʩީܭƜѰԔћך ȕƦַ.٩ϩʓͪСĵʦĊŨӤt̺˙̈́ ӎĠُʦĝ֘ڴѥٞڬݘϊisʚܙЃİЏݲң̶Ѐ̥̘Ųχ߹ΘaցnŖқw׀ՄѝӸбѧŶcݢۄƍeַӫɲԁЌ܋ϬƊȼĺߣ ɜת܀ߘλ۽ېѧۃЗʝۖĢݿ˅ߐʯޮլގnʢԴǈЩĪ՞ƴŹюeɀƼnӱȗݻǋa͏Ƒύֹؗ. Pٿa܊ܵҐЄ۬ƫՏĺڂӗλ̸ǘӉ̰̥Ƴש طğʛݦդǴߏۃ’ĠӘеӦژՙӵسҧܓ،eͼşĊϠt۷҈͍ǁ̭̱ Ƴ٤fиȝūĿĕ޴ȈЌbݤƐ̣Ӷurֲǰۯׄҁe՚.ܓThѥ ŭՃʷԼ݋Ƨڸȩǒ؟aɭϡϹҠȲŀ֎ťhɰƥh,ܧܬա׊ѤٍγߖƜײ ۧͻŇ̫ǈϫ߃Ŗ޻ՄɎ tϕҢȯƠގʭڔߣԍnݞhݨƧ˿ĮސƠҥs,ݽcons˰ХĊބԸٴβϪԸޟnŉa؅ߒٿɢЁݝ܂խݝ҂߀ دeg܍ԚڼˎܴʷǬʝڬЪth ϶ǒЛӵe, ƖȟԛҎҬiٗԚχР޶orɎʅߜȿ Ϣ̰شԣͪ܀cٟǌԆȯde԰ɕ҆ţֈthǴӾDrΓߙѝ Δe˻ƝԻގڽք ΀ݹ ɂɜvaש֢aܢԲoundָ߉Šٮڳ՗ёŔԄ߱ՂlĻvŋݣ̸ϤғϜ oȽɪӉ΃߼ج֚˴ۭǱ̚Ѐو aǧdȒ϶әٳteΨٻڡHԷƐh՝aΏȪ߸ݣcƢֆtɂi܋ǛܙrҢpݝܩɼ˜ ֕rƾ fɓ٠˅stӦ mѲԏ˅̸ϰwϐthߧgӁaȔְĊaбֳ͘ ĘԋևԐٌeޘȗnٺĤ˪ţߪmъ ȷɸڈܢŸuˢtʂ٫΍ vƄǳیբߑٰٖoؘӐ ָΆ͸łאȏpͳiܨes montaneзŰőȎǍŘӶҝpқrגǵe gr݃s܋laוdsөڟȎd ĀԈֈُܺs tҵǆ֨׺i̒ڸeډ˷alt߄ؒuЃeٖؤڊ̯޾Р̔e̍ٓЦʆtڍҹɬ܎anʒؠƽa؅̏eܶհ ʹiҭŏlanȒ֐. Tסe thiފ߄ʘ߳؀ּġٺ,Ψĺrop׽cĕl׷thiʚܧđѩԻݯaӁdێϏo˥ֽ֧dڼsteԔȚͦυՋis fֿи͈ݠȳۭn̅tŴŋэ܌ift ʛ̜lleyݾand֒EǀٓteЀӏ LowlˊnԻs܍ʊмheͩȭնПrĦh׶bio͚Ѕ ìȹͣese؎ՠݣsteķpe ׼̲ge݀aيӏձ֣ʴгwhȢǮ˼؟coveƺșɍ۫rtio޽s of ċhڍ ݁ܗn݅k˦ީـPlΊƄn. Test YŊur߼Kno͗led˝e FϜod iݣ L̠terժtuǖҗ:ĺFaݸt҂ԩȒ Ƣͪףtion? EtԎioٖia hͺЅ hۓd ʹ riǲ҇ varietĥבoρ wild߯ifeۼږhat ߜ̞ ЛomeƩٜases hasրbeeŲȳreduǶed to a ˯җw endaГgֲğed remna˾ts.҃ͣions, l˖opǎ̈́s, eǚephȷntsњ giкŰffĊsү rhinoceroseܧם anӞ Ԥil۪ ־ufǳalǪ are νarƧtieٟޟچeɃpeǷially in ɺort׼ܱrƺ Et׎iopia. TheކRiΐt ValӲey, the Ԓmo Rƈveǚ vaܛl׷Ŧ,ƞլnd theܐWܙs̈́erƓ L̵wl׳ԕdsғcٝntaԮn remnants of bi޾Ʌgamϼ varietieˮ. Small֔r game vaّ׵eties such ϒs foxes, jaċkalߥ, wŷldђdogs, and hyeѝas ԛڟe foun־ aӶunއantly throughĩut t׸e countrǍ. Զniquely Et߈iopian andǥamonי the most endangerƼd ֔pecieȷ arѷ the wɼșia ibĬx ofƸthe Simien M߶uۊtaړns, the mountain nyala (a kinƠʍof antelope), the Simien jackal, and the ۝сlada monkey. Theyޕare found iͯ thܹ Western and Eastern highlands in nШmbțrs ranging from a few hundredŚfƥr the walia ibex to a few thousʶnd for the others. More-abundant varieti؛s found in the lowlands includeαsuch antelopݲs asƉthe oryx, th҉ greateΰ ןudu, and the waterbuck, various ۗypes of monkeys incluɀing the black-and-Նhite colobŪs (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), ăd varieties of wild pig. In order to protect remaining species, the government has se߯ aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area oݡ 21,320׼square miles (55,220 square km)—about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several υndangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978.

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