id
stringlengths 13
34
| paragraphs
listlengths 0
20
| question
stringlengths 23
298
| question_decomposition
listlengths 2
4
| answer
stringclasses 738
values | answer_aliases
listlengths 0
6
| answerable
bool 1
class | original_question
stringlengths 26
275
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2hop__71336_604644 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "All Star (song)",
"paragraph_text": " for outcasts. In contrast to the more ska punk style of Smash Mouth's debut album Fush Yu Mang (1997), the song features a more radio-friendly style.\nThe song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its musical progression from Fush Yu Mang as well as its catchy tone. It was nominated for the Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. Subsequent reviews from critics have regarded \"All Star\" favorably, with some ranking it as one of the best songs of 1999. The song charted around the world, ranking in the top 10 of the charts in Australia, Canada, and on the Billboard Hot 100, while topping the Billboard Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 charts.\nThe song's accompanying music video features characters from the superhero film Mystery Men (1999), which itself prominently featured \"All Star\". The song became ubiquitous in popular culture following multiple appearances in films, such as in Mystery Men, Digimon: The Movie, and most notably in DreamWorks Animation's 2001 film Shrek. It received renewed popularity in the 2010s as an internet meme and has ranked as one of the most-streamed rock songs from 2017 to 2021 in the United``All Star ''is a song by American rock band Smash Mouth. It was released on May 4, 1999 as the second single from their album Astro Lounge, and is one of the group's most successful songs, peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100.\"All Star\" is a song by the American rock band Smash Mouth from their second studio album, Astro Lounge (1999). Written by Greg Camp and produced by Eric Valentine, the song was released on May 4, 1999, as the first single from Astro Lounge. The song was one of the last tracks to be written for Astro Lounge, after the band's record label Interscope requested more songs that could be released as singles. In writing it, Camp drew musical influence from contemporary music by artists like Sugar Ray and Third Eye Blind, and sought out to create an \"anthem\" for outcasts. In contrast to the more ska punk style of Smash Mouth's debut album Fush Yu Mang (1997), the song features a more radio-friendly style.\nThe song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its musical progression from Fush Yu Mang as well as its catchy tone. It was nominated for the Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. Subsequent reviews from critics have regarded \"All Star\" favorably, with some ranking it as one of the best songs of 1999. The song charted around the world, ranking in the top 10 of the``All Star ''is a song by American rock band Smash Mouth. It was released on May 4, 1999, as the second single from their album Astro Lounge and it is one of the group's most successful songs, peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. of the last tracks to be written for Astro Lounge, after the band's record label Interscope requested more songs that could be released as singles. In writing it, Camp drew musical influence from contemporary music by artists like Sugar Ray and Third Eye Blind, and sought out to create an \"anthem\" for outcasts. In contrast to the more ska punk style of Smash Mouth's debut album Fush Yu Mang (1997), the song features a more radio-friendly style.\nThe song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its musical progression from Fush Yu Mang as well as its catchy tone. It was nominated for the Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. Subsequent reviews from critics have regarded \"All Star\" favorably, with some ranking it as one of the best songs of 1999. The song charted around the world, ranking in the top 10 of the charts in Australia, Canada, and on the Billboard Hot 100, while topping the Billboard Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 charts.\nThe song's accompanying music video features characters from the superhero film Mystery Men (1999), which itself prominently featured \"All Star\". The song became ubiquitous in popular culture following multiple appearances in films, such as in Mystery Men, Digimon: The Movie, and most notably in DreamWorks Animation's 2001 film Shrek. It received renewed popularity in the 2010s as an internet meme and has ranked as one of the most-streamed rock songs from 2017 to 2021 in the United``All Star ''is a song by American rock band Smash Mouth. It was released on May 4, 1999 as the second single from their album Astro Lounge, and is one of the group's most successful songs, peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100.\"All Star\" is a song by the American rock band Smash Mouth from their second studio album, Astro Lounge (1999). Written by Greg Camp and produced by Eric Valentine, the song was released on May 4, 1999, as the first single from Astro Lounge. The song was one of the last tracks to be written for Astro Lounge, after the band's record label Interscope requested more songs that could be released as singles. In writing it, Camp drew musical influence from contemporary music by artists like Sugar Ray and Third Eye Blind, and sought out to create an \"anthem\" for outcasts. In contrast to the more ska punk style of Smash Mouth's debut album Fush Yu Mang (1997), the song features a more radio-friendly style.\nThe song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its musical progression from Fush Yu Mang as well as its catchy tone. It was nominated for the Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. Subsequent reviews from critics have regarded \"All Star\" favorably, with some ranking it as one of the best songs of 1999. The song charted around the world, ranking in the top 10 of the charts in Australia, Canada, and on the Billboard Hot ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Magic (Smash Mouth album)",
"paragraph_text": " as anything else Smash Mouth has ever released, filled with grooving, organ-fueled beach party anthems\".\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nSmash Mouth\n\nSteve Harwell – lead vocals\nMichael Klooster – keyboards\nMike Krompass – additional keyboards, guitars, drum programming, backing vocals\nGreg Camp – guitars (11), backing vocals (11)\nPaul De Lisle – bass, backing vocals\nRandy Cooke – drums\nMichael Urbano – drums (11)\nAdditional personnel\n\nJohn Portela – additional keyboards\nJ. Dash – vocals (3, 6)\nAndrew Fromm – backing vocals\nStorm Gardiner – backing vocals\nShawn Mayer – backing vocals\nJennifer Paige – backing vocals\nStephen Vickers – backing vocals\n\n\n=== Production ===\nJared Levine – A&R\nMike Krompass – producer, engineer, mixing\nBen Harrington – assistant engineer, mix assistant\nSteve Murr – additional recording\nDave McNair – mastering\nDavid Alan Kogut – art direction\nCalibree Photography – photography\nRobert Hayes – management\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMagic at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)Magic is the seventh studio album by American rock band Smash Mouth, released on September 4, 2012 through 429 Records. It is their first album in six years since the release of Summer Girl in 2006. It is also the first album without original guitarist and primary songwriter Greg Camp since his departure from the band, and the last album to feature lead vocalist Steve Harwell before his retirement in 2021 and his death in 2023.\nThe first single on the album, \"Magic\", peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nAllMusic gave the album 3½ stars, saying it was \"as effortlessly effervescent as anything else Smash Mouth has ever released, filled with grooving, organ-fueled beach party anthems\".\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nSmash Mouth\n\nSteve Harwell – lead vocals\nMichael Klooster – keyboards\nMike Krompass – additional keyboards, guitars, drum programming, backing vocals\nGreg Camp – guitars (11), backing vocals (11)\nPaul De Lisle – bass, backing vocals\nRandy Cooke – drums\nMichael Urbano – drums (11)\nAdditional personnel\n\nJohn Portela – additional keyboards\nJ. Dash – vocals (3, 6)\nAndrew Fromm – backing vocals\nStorm Gardiner – backing vocals\nShawn Mayer – backing vocals\nJennifer Paige – backing vocals\nStephen Vickers – backing vocals\n\n\n=== Production ===\nJared Levine – A&R\nMike Krompass – producer, engineer, mixing\nBen Harrington – assistant engineer, mix assistant\nSteve Murr – additional recording\nDave McNair – mastering\nDavid Alan Kogut – art direction\nCalibree Photography – photography\nRobert Hayes – management\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMagic at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)Magic is the seventh studio album by American rock band Smash Mouth, released on September 4, 2012 through 429 Records. It is their first album inMagic is the seventh studio album by American rock band Smash Mouth, released on September 4, 2012 through 429 Records. It is their first album in six years since the release of \"Summer Girl\" in 2006. It is also the first album without original guitarist and primary songwriter Greg Camp since his departure from the band. last album to feature lead vocalist Steve Harwell before his retirement in 2021 and his death in 2023.\nThe first single on the album, \"Magic\", peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nAllMusic gave the album 3½ stars, saying it was \"as effortlessly effervescent as anything else Smash Mouth has ever released, filled with grooving, organ-fueled beach party anthems\".\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nSmash Mouth\n\nSteve Harwell – lead vocals\nMichael Klooster – keyboards\nMike Krompass – additional keyboards, guitars, drum programming, backing vocals\nGreg Camp – guitars (11), backing vocals (11)\nPaul De Lisle – bass, backing vocals\nRandy Cooke –",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the name of the record company that the band who performed "Hey Now You're an All-Star" is affiliated with? | [
{
"id": 71336,
"question": "who sang hey now you're an allstar",
"answer": "Smash Mouth",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 604644,
"question": "#1 >> record label",
"answer": "429 Records",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | 429 Records | [] | true | Which record label does the band who sang hey now you're an allstar belong to? |
2hop__756620_127399 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Madina Lake",
"paragraph_text": " and Matthew Leone befriended Torelli and Camargo, and unhappy with their current situations decided to disband their respective bands, and form Madina Lake. Shawn Currie of The Blank Theory was in the original line up as the band's keyboardist for Madina Lake, but left shortly after the band started working on material causing Camargo to become the band's keyboardist. They played their first show as Madina Lake on May 21, 2005, at Chicago's historic Metro.\nNathan and Matthew Leone first gained nationwide media recognition when they appeared in a special edition of Twin Fear Factor. They won $45,000 – $20,000 from finishing the first stunt the fastest, and $25,000 from finishing one of the two last stunts the fastest – and used it to pay for a recording process and demo of Madina Lake's first self-produced EP entitled The Disappearance of Adalia, which was released on August 22, 2006.\n\n\n=== From Them, Through Us, to You (2006–2008) ===\nAfter releasing The Disappearance of Adalia, Madina Lake gained a recording contract and signed with Roadrunner Records in April 2006 and created their first full length album entitled From Them, Through Us, to You, which was released on March 27, 2007. It was produced, engineered and mixed by Mark Trombino. The album debuted at No. 154 on the Billboard 200 album charts, and at No. 60 on the UK album charts.\n\nThe release of From Them, Through Us, to You was followed up by a headlining tour with Fightstar and participating in the Projekt Revolution tour. At first they had originally planned to play Warped Tour 2007, but dropped out to play on the Revolution Stage when Linkin Park specifically chose them. The band has also toured (at different times) alongside such acts as Story of the Year, Aiden, Halifax, and Mayday Parade, among others.\nBetween Jan and Feb 2008 they toured the UK playing in the Kerrang tour alongside Fightstar and Coheed and Cambria.\nOn May 3, 2008, Madina Lake played their third year of The Bamboozle festival in New Jersey and on June 14, 2008, they also played the infamous Download Festival in Donington Park on the Main stage and wrapped up touring From Them, Through Us, to You on Warped Tour 2008 from July 9 to July 25.\nA DVD that chronicles the writing and recording process of From Them, Through Us, to You as well as tours and events that followed was scheduled to be released before the end of 2008.\nMadina Lake was also given a slot to play in Osaka, Japan at the Summer Sonic Festival 2007. Madina Lake recorded a cover of Caught Somewhere In Time from the Iron Maiden Album Somewhere in Time for a cover CD called Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden, which was given away with the July 16 issue of Kerrang! magazine.\n\n\n=== Attics to Eden (2009–2010) ===\nMadina Lake recorded their second studio album, and it was produced by David Bendeth and was released on May 5, 2009.\nTo start off the touring stint for Attics to Eden, Madina Lake supported Anberlin on their Canadian tour. They will also play a show with Emery and Silverstein at the Pipeline Cafe in Honolulu, Hawaii in late February.\nMadina Lake are scheduled to play Soundwave festival 2009 from February 21 through March 2. After Soundwave they will be playing three shows in Japan with Less Than Jake.\nThey are also confirmed to play all dates in the 2009 Vans Warped Tour.\nThey have also confirmed that \"Let's Get Outta Here\" will be the second single released from their 2009 second studio album Attics to Eden, they will shoot a video for the song, as confirmed via their website. Madina Lake is doing a few shows with Escape The Fate and A Skylit Drive.\nTo begin the promotional tour for Attics to Eden, Madina Lake supported Anberlin on their Canadian tour. They will also play a show with Emery and Silverstein at the Pipeline Cafe in Honolulu, Hawaii in late February. Madina Lake is also a supporting act of Alesana's VS. Tour, along with The Bled, Broadway, Enter Shikari, and Asking Alexandria at select locations.\nMadina Lake played at the Soundwave festival 2009 from February 21 through March 2Madina Lake is an American alternative rock band formed in Chicago in 2005. Madina Lake released their debut album \"From Them, Through Us, to You\" through Roadrunner Records on March 27, 2007. Madina Lake won Best International Newcomer at the Kerrang! Awards 2007. The group disbanded in September 2013 before reuniting in February 2017.MMadina Lake is an American alternative rock band formed in Chicago in 2005. Madina Lake released their debut album \"From Them, Through Us, to You\" through Roadrunner Records on March 27, 2007. Madina Lake won Best International Newcomer at the Kerrang! Awards 2007. The group disbanded in September 2013 before reuniting in February 2017. 2017.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Formation and The Disappearance of Adalia EP (2005–2006) ===\nNathan and Matthew Leone were first in a band known as the Blank",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Matthew Leone",
"paragraph_text": " of rock band Madina Lake. He was born on May 31, 1975. Matthew is three minutes older than his identical twin Nathan Leone, who is the lead vocalist in Madina Lake.MMatthew Jon Leone ( ) is the bassist of rock band Madina Lake. He was born on May 31, 1975. Matthew is three minutes older than his identical twin Nathan Leone, who is the lead vocalist in Madina Lake.. Madina Lake won Best International Newcomer at the Kerrang! Awards 2007. The group disbanded in September 2013 before reuniting in February 2017.\n\n\n== HistoryMatthew Jon Leone ( ) is the bassist of rock band Madina Lake. He was born on May 31, 1975. Matthew is three minutes older than his identical twin Nathan Leone, who is the lead vocalist in Madina Lake.Madina Lake is an American rock band formed in Chicago, Illinois, United States, in 2005. The band released their debut album, From Them, Through Us, to You, through Roadrunner Records on March 27, 2007. Madina Lake won Best International Newcomer at the Kerrang! Awards 2007. The group disbanded in September 2013 before reuniting in February 2017.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Formation and The Disappearance of Adalia EP (2005–2006) ===\nNathan and Matthew Leone were first in a band known as the Blank Theory, based in Chicago, Illinois. Drummer Dan Torelli and Mateo Camargo were in a band called Reforma that had relocated to Chicago and both bands shared the same manager and often toured together. Nathan and Matthew Leone befriended Torelli and Camargo, and unhappy with their current situations decided to disband their respective bands, and form Madina Lake. Shawn Currie of The Blank Theory was in the original line up as the band's keyboardist for Madina Lake, but left shortly after the band started working on material causing Camargo to become the band's keyboardist. They played their first show as Madina Lake on May 21, 2005, at Chicago's historic Metro.\nNathan and Matthew Leone first gained nationwide media recognition when they appeared in a special edition of Twin Fear Factor. They won $45,000 – $20,000 from finishing the first stunt the fastest, and $25,000 from finishing one of the two last stunts the fastest – and used it to pay for a recording process and demo of Madina Lake's first self-produced EP entitled The Disappearance of Adalia, which was released on August 22, 2006.\n\n\n=== From Them, Through Us, to You (2006–2008) ===\nAfter releasing The Disappearance of Adalia, Madina Lake gained a recording contract and signed with Roadrunner Records in April 2006 and created their first full length album entitled From Them, Through Us, to You, which was released on March 27, 2007. It was produced, engineered and mixed by Mark Trombino. The album debuted at No. 154 on the Billboard 200 album charts, and at No. 60 on the UK album charts.\n\nThe release of From Them, Through Us, to You was followed up by a headlining tour with Fightstar and participating in the Projekt Revolution tour. At first they had originally planned to play Warped Tour ",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which year was the band initiated by the Leone brothers? | [
{
"id": 756620,
"question": "Matthew Leone >> member of",
"answer": "Madina Lake",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 127399,
"question": "Which year witnessed the formation of #1 ?",
"answer": "2005",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | 2005 | [] | true | What year did the Leone brothers start their band? |
4hop2__161602_474028_88460_21063 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": " years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon).\nEarly civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture, and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period. The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947.\nMyanmar's post-independence history has continued to be checkered by unrest and conflict. The coup d'étatIn December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange. The Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd will be set up with Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent, Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent. The Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016. First Myanmar Investment Co., Ltd. (FMI) became the first stock to be traded after receiving approval for an opening price of 26,000 kyats ($22).The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "2020 AFC U-23 Championship qualification",
"paragraph_text": " Thailand.\nThe tournament acted as the AFC qualifiers for the 2020 Summer Olympics men's football tournamentOf the 47 AFC member associations, a total of 44 teams entered the competition. The final tournament hosts Thailand decided to participate in qualification despite having automatically qualified for the final tournament. Confederation (AFC) for under-23 national teams. A total of 16 teams competed in the tournament. It took place between 8–26 January 2020 in Thailand.\nThe tournament acted as the AFC qualifiers for the 2020 Summer Olympics men's football tournament. The top three teams of the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Geography of Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": " the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically important river to the country with 39.5 million people, including the largest city Yangon, living within its basin. The country is home to many diverse ethnic groups, with 135 officially recognized groups. ItMyanmar (also known as Burma) is the northwestern-most country of mainland Southeast Asia, bordering China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos. It lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Himalayas. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes.,275 miles (2,050 km) with a long tail running along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula.\nMyanmar lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "A Don",
"paragraph_text": " Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLlys Dôn (literally \"The Court of Dôn\") is the traditional Welsh name for theA Don is a village in south-eastern Laos near the border with Vietnam. It is located in Kaleum District in Sekong Province. given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLlys Dôn (literally \"The Court of Dôn\") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion (\"The Castle of Gwydion\") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod (\"The Castle of Arianrhod\") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.\n\n\n== See also ==\nThe House of Ll��r\nTuatha Dé Danann\nDanu (Irish goddess)\nDonn\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stephens.Dôn (Welsh pronunciation: [��do��n]) is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLlys Dôn (literally \"The Court of Dôn\") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion (\"The Castle of Gwydion\") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod (\"The Castle of Arianrhod\") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.\n\n\n== See also ==\nThe House of Ll��r\nTuatha Dé Danann\nDanu (Irish goddess)\nDonn\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stephens.Dôn (Welsh pronunciation: [��do��n]) is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLA Don is a village in south-eastern Laos near the border with Vietnam. It is located in Kaleum District in Sekong Province.Dôn (Welsh pronunciation: [��do��n]) is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLlys Dôn (literally \"The Court of Dôn\") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion (\"The Castle of Gwydion\") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod (\"The Castle of Arianrhod\") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.\n\n\n== See also ==\nThe House of Ll��r\nTuatha Dé Danann\nDanu (Irish goddess)\nDonn\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stephens.Dôn (Welsh pronunciation: [��do��n]) is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLlys Dôn (literally \"The Court of Dôn\") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion (\"The Castle of Gwydion\") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod (\"The Castle of Arianrhod\") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.\n\n\n== See also ==\nThe House of Ll��r\nTuatha Dé Danann\nDanu (Irish goddess)\nDonn\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stephens.Dôn (Welsh pronunciation: [��do��n]) is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiqu",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the country that borders both the nation where the 2020 AFC U-23 Championship took place and the country that is home to the A Don village, which company started its stock market operations during the winter season of 2014? | [
{
"id": 161602,
"question": "Who hosted the tournament?",
"answer": "Thailand",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 474028,
"question": "A Don >> country",
"answer": "Laos",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 88460,
"question": "what natural boundary lies between #1 and #2",
"answer": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 21063,
"question": "What is the name of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in #3 ?",
"answer": "Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd | [] | true | There exists a country A that forms a boundary between the host of the 2020 AFC U-23 Championship and the country containing the village of A Don. What is the business that began trading stocks in the winter of 2014 in country A? |
3hop1__558449_503371_21711 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Malanquilla",
"paragraph_text": "alanquilla is a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. AccordingMalanquilla is a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 132 inhabitants.MalMalanquilla is a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 132 inhabitants.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Gothic architecture",
"paragraph_text": "The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.ity.\nThe defining design element of Gothic architecture is the pointed arch. The use of the pointed arch in turn led to the development of the pointed rib vault and flying buttresses, combined with elaborate tracery and stained glass windows.\nAt the Abbey of Saint-Denis, near Paris, the choir was reconstructed between 1140 and 1144, drawing together for the first time the developing Gothic architectural features. In doing so,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Martin of Aragon",
"paragraph_text": " 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.MMartin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.== Background ==\nMartin was born in 1356, in either Girona or Perpignan, both then in the Principality of Catalonia. He was the second son of King Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily (Leonora), princess of the Sicilian branch of the House of Aragon.\nAs a cadet prince of the Aragonese royal family, Martin was given the County of BesalúMartin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.Martin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.\n\n\n== Background ==\nMartin was born in 1356, in either Girona or Perpignan, both then in the Principality of Catalonia. He was the second son of King Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily (Leonora), princess of the Sicilian branch of the House of Aragon.\nAs a cadet prince of the Aragonese royal family, Martin was given the County of Besalú. In Barcelona on 13 June 1372, Martin married María López de Luna (d. Villarreal, 20 December 1406), the daughter and heiress of Lope, Lord and 1st Count of Luna and Lord of Segorbe and his wife Brianda de Got, who was born in Provence and was related to Pope Clement V.\nIn 1380 his father appointed him lord and regent of the island of Sicily, then known also as Trinacria, since its queen Maria of Sicily, who was also Martin's cousin, was underage (Maria's father, Frederick III the Simple, died in 1377). As a son of Eleanor of Sicily, Martin was himself an heir to the island, should Maria's family die out.\n\n\n== Kingship ==\nIn 1396, Martin succeeded his elder brother John I, who had died sonless, on the throne of Aragon. However, Sicilian nobles were causing unrest and so Martin was kept in Sicily. Meanwhile, Martin's wife, María López de Luna, claimed the throne on his behalf and acted as his representative until he arrived in 1397. Still, the delay opened the way for more problems and quarrels to surface in Aragon. His right to the throne was contested, first by Count Matthew of Foix on behalf of his wife Joanna, elder daughter of John I. However, Martin succeeded in quashing an invasion by troops of the count. After the death of the childless Joanna, John I's younger daughter Yolande of Aragon, who had married the Angevin King Louis II of Naples, continued the claim, as did her sons.\nMartin launched crusades against the Moors in North Africa in 1398 and 1399.\nAragon had been trying to subjugate Sardinia since the reign of James II, and gradually the Aragonese had conquered most of the island. However, in the 1380s, during the reign of Martin's father Peter IV, the remaining independent principality of Arborea became a fortress of rebellion and the Aragonese were rapidly driven back by Eleanor of Arborea, so that practically the whole of Sardinia was lost. King Martin sent his son Martin the Younger, by then king of Sicily through his marriage to Queen Maria, to reconquer Sardinia. The son won the Battle of Sanluri (San Luis, San Luigi) in 1409, drove away the Genoese allies of the Sardinians, and subjugated a vast number of Sardinian nobles. This soon caused Arborea's total loss of independence. Soon after the battle, however, Martin the Younger died suddenly, due to malaria. Martin of Aragon then succeeded his son as King of Sicily, taking the title of Martin II.\nOverall, the Crown of Aragon enjoyed external peace during Martin's reign and he worked to quell internal strife caused by nobles, factions and bandits. He supported the Avignon line of Popes and Pope Benedict XIII, who was Aragonese, held the seat throughout Martin's reign. Martin's military intervention rescued the imprisoned Benedict in 1403 from the clutches of his rivals and the Pope settled in Valencia's countryside.\n\n\n== Issue ==\nMartin had four legitimate children by Queen Maria: Martin the Younger (b. 1374/1376), James (b. 1378), John (b. 1380), and Margaret (b. 1384/1388). The three younger children all died early, and so after Martin the Younger's death, King Martin appointed his cousin James II, Count of Urgell, the closest legitimate agnate of the House of Barcelona, as Governor-General of all the kingdoms of Aragon, a position that belonged traditionally to the heir presumptive. Martin still married secondly on 17 September 1409 to his cousin Margaret of Prades, daughter of Peter of Aragon, Baron of Entenza, but the short marriage was childless.\n\n\n== Succession ==\nMartin died, in the monastery of Valldonzella, outside the city walls of Barcelona on 31 May 1410. While the reason remains unclear, it is supposed that the cause was either plague (present in the area at the time), uremic coma (the king suffered from severe obesity that affected his health) or the possibility of having been poisoned, only supported by Renaissance chronicler Valla. The story of the king's death associated with laughter (following a joke told by Borra the jester while Martin was suffering from indigestion) although lacking in historical evidence, has been recorded. Despite the demands to have an heir declared, the physical incapacity of the king prevented him from giving a clear name, and to the question of giving permission to give to the throne to the person who would be most legitimate for it he gave a terse \"Hoc\" (Yes).\nAll of Martin's legitimate descendants, born of his marriage with Queen Maria, were already dead, and his second marriage did not produce any children. Only an illegitimate grandson, Frederick, Count of Luna, a natural son of Martin the Younger, and an illegitimate daughter – ineligible for succession due to the rules established during the reign of James I of Aragon – continued the direct line of inheritance. The king, despite his desire and some effort, was unable to obtain sufficient confirmation of Frederick as his successor prior to his death. As a result, Martin's death led to a two-year interregnum, during which at least five contenders for the throne came forward, including Frederick of Luna and James II of Urgell. Succession of the Crown of Aragon was determined by the Compromise of Caspe on 28 June 1412, in which Martin's nephew Ferdinand, infante of Castile was chosen as the next king, establishing the House of Trastámara.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nBisson, Thomas N. (1986). The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821987-3.\nEarenfight, Theresa (2016). \"Partners in Politics\". In Earenfight, Theresa (ed.). Queenship and Political Power in Medieval and Early Modern Spain. Routledge.Martin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the construction of the Palau de la Generalitat completed, in the city where the individual known as Martin, from the Spanish region housing Malanquilla, passed away? | [
{
"id": 558449,
"question": "Malanquilla >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Aragon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 503371,
"question": "Martin of #1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Barcelona",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 21711,
"question": "When was the Palau de la Generalitat in #2 constructed?",
"answer": "built in the 15th century",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | built in the 15th century | [
"15th century"
] | true | When was the Palau de la Generalitat built in the city in which died the man called Martin of the region of Spain where Malanquilla is located? |
2hop__60686_229757 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "On Broadway (film)",
"paragraph_text": ", Eliza Dushku, Mike O'Malley, Robert Wahlberg, Amy Poehler and Will Arnett.On Broadway is an independent film, shot in Boston in May 2006, starring Joey McIntyre, Jill Flint, Eliza Dushku, Mike O'Malley, Robert Wahlberg, Amy Poehler and Will Arnett.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nEmotionally devastated by the deathOn Broadway is an independent film, shot in Boston in May 2006, starring Joey McIntyre, Jill Flint, Eliza Dushku, Mike O'Malley, Robert Wahlberg, Amy Poehler and Will Arnett.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Pamela Reed",
"paragraph_text": "Reed played Janice Pasetti in the quirky NBC sitcom Grand, and then played a judge and single mother in the short - lived NBC sitcom The Home Court. She has provided the voice for the character Ruth Powers in 3 episodes of the animated TV series The Simpsons and guest - voiced in an episode of the 1994 - 1995 animated series The Critic. She played a main role in Jericho and has appeared as the mother of main character Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) on Parks and Recreation.Reed played Janice Pasetti in the quirky NBC sitcom Grand, and then played a judge and single mother in the short - lived NBC sitcom The Home Court. She has provided the voice for the character Ruth Powers in 3 episodes of the animated TV series The Simpsons and guest - voiced in an episode of the 1994 - 1995 animated series The Critic. She played a main role in Jericho and has appeared as the mother of main character Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) on Parks and Recreation.The Burial is a 2023 American legal drama film directed by Maggie Betts and written by Betts and Doug Wright. It is loosely based on the true story of lawyer Willie E. Gary and his client Jeremiah Joseph O'Keefe's lawsuit against the Loewen funeral company, as documented in the 1999 New Yorker article of the same name by Jonathan Harr. It stars Jamie Foxx as Gary, Tommy Lee Jones as O'Keefe, Jurnee Smollett, Mamoudou Athie, and Bill Camp.\nIt premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2023, and was released by Amazon MGM Studios in a limited release on October 6, 2023, prior to streaming via Prime Video on October 13, 2023.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nIn 1995, financially troubled funeral home owner Jeremiah Joseph O'Keefe is forced to sell parts of his business to meet financial demands by the Mississippi State Insurance Commission after losing tons of money from a Ponzi scheme by one of his business associates. He makes a contract with Raymond Loewen of the Loewen Group, who offers to buy three funeral homes but O'Keefe demands that the Loewen Group must not sell funeral insurance to settle the deal. Four months later, the Loewen Group still delays their payment for the purchase of the three funeral homes. Furthermore, Raymond never honored the oral agreement between him and Jeremiah of not selling funeral insurance. His young lawyer Hal Dockins suggests that Loewen is intentionally trying to run O‘Keefe into bankruptcy by delaying the payment to snatch up his entire business at a cheaper cost.\nAn enraged O'Keefe hires Willie E. Gary, a flashy Florida personal injury lawyer, at Dockins' suggestion, because he thinks that his white contract lawyer Mike Allred will be unable to convince the presumably black jury. Initially, Allred wants a settlement of $8 million but Gary fires back confidently that they could get 100 million dollars in settlement instead. With such a huge potential payout, O'Keefe names Gary as his lead attorney and even re-mortgages his own home to pay for his services. Upon receiving the offer, Loewen hires a black lawyer team fronted by Mame Downes for similar reasons.\nIn court, O'Keefe is cornered when Downes questions his character and points out his financial troubles stem from business deals with a now-convicted felon. Blaming Gary, O'Keefe replaces him with Allred as lead attorney. Dockins produces a valuable witness who insinuates that Loewen overcharges minority communities. Downes in turn questions Allred and reveals that his grandfather was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. When Gary stands up for Allred, his angered black legal team leaves him. Allred realizes he is too compromised and retracts from the case to give the team a higher chance to win.\nJust when O'Keefe decides to drop the case, Dockins digs up a lead to the black National Baptist Church, revealing that the Loewen group did exploit the church members to sell overpriced packages to other members of the black community. When Raymond Loewen is confronted with this in court and shows no remorse, the jury is swayed in O'Keefe's favor, awarding him $500 million in damages—$100 million in compensatory damages and $400 million in punitive damages. Two years later, Ray Loewen gets fired from his position and the company eventually goes into bankruptcy.\n\n\n== Cast ==\n\n\n== Production ==\nThe film is an adaptation of Jonathan Harr's article \"The Burial\", published in 1999 by The New Yorker. In March 2018, Amazon Studios announced it was developing the film with Doug Wright writing the script and Alexander Payne in talks to direct. By November 2020, Maggie Betts came on board to direct with Jamie Foxx attached to star and produce. In October 2021, Tommy Lee Jones joined the cast in a role Harrison Ford was considered for. In November, Jurnee Smollett was added to the cast. Principal photography took place in New Orleans, starting in March 2022.\n\n\n== Music ==\n\n\n== Release ==\nThe Burial premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2023. It was released by Amazon MGM Studios in a limited release on October 6, 2023, prior to streaming via Prime Video on October 13, 2023.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nOn the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 92% of 122 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's consensus reads: \"A solid courtroom drama led by a pair of nicely contrasted performances, The Burial hits the expected genre beats -- and remains a crowd-pleasing treat at every turn.\" Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 74 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating \"generally favorable\" reviews.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe Burial at IMDbThe Burial is a 2023 American legal drama film directed by Maggie Betts and written by Betts and Doug Wright. It is loosely based on the true story of lawyer Willie E. Gary and his client Jeremiah Joseph O'Keefe's lawsuit against the Loewen funeral company, as documented in the 1999 New Yorker article of the same name by Jonathan Harr. It stars Jamie Foxx as Gary, Tommy Lee Jones as O'Keefe, Jurnee Smollett, Mamoudou Athie, and Bill Camp.\nIt premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2023, and was released by Amazon MGM Studios in a limited release on October 6, 2023, prior to streaming via Prime Video on October 13, 2023.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nIn 1995, financially troubled funeral home owner Jeremiah Joseph O'Keefe is forced to sell parts of his business to meet financial demands by the Mississippi State Insurance Commission after losing tons of money from a Ponzi scheme by one of his business associates. He makes a contract with Raymond Loewen of the Loewen Group, who offers to buy three funeral homes but O'Keefe demands that the Loewen Group must not sell funeral insurance to settle the deal. Four months later, the Loewen Group still delays their payment for the purchase of the three funeral homes. Furthermore, Raymond never honored the oral agreement between him and Jeremiah of not selling funeral insurance. His young lawyer Hal Dockins suggests that Loewen is intentionally trying to run O‘Keefe into bankruptcy by delaying the payment to snatch up his entire business at a cheaper cost.\nAn enraged O'Keefe hires Willie E. Gary, a flashy Florida personal injury lawyer, at Dockins' suggestion, because he thinks that his white contract lawyer Mike Allred will be unable to convince the presumably black jury. Initially, Allred wants a settlement of $8 million but Gary fires back confidently that they could get 100 million dollars in settlement instead. With such a huge potential payout, O'Keefe names Gary as his lead attorney and even re-mortgages his own home to pay for his services. Upon receiving the offer, Loewen hires a black lawyer team fronted by Mame Downes for similar reasons.\nIn court, O'Keefe is cornered when Downes questions his character and points out his",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What's the name of the husband of the actress portraying Leslie Knope in Parks and Recreation? | [
{
"id": 60686,
"question": "who plays leslie knope on parks and recreation",
"answer": "Amy Poehler",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 229757,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Will Arnett",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | Will Arnett | [] | true | Who is the spouse of the actress that plays leslie knope on parks and recreation? |
4hop1__707078_765799_282674_759393 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Erik Jensen (American football)",
"paragraph_text": ",808 yards and 44 touchdowns, an average of 6.2 yards per carry and also had 41 receptions forErik Jensen (born October 11, 1980 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is a former American football tight end of the National Football League. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Iowa. Jensen was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers, Pittsburgh Steelers, Dallas Cowboys and Cincinnati Bengals.Erik Jensen (born October 11, 1980 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is a former American football tight end of the National Football League. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Iowa. Jensen was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers, Pittsburgh Steelers, Dallas Cowboys and Cincinnati Bengals.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Jerome Quinn",
"paragraph_text": "Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican. Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "John C. Petersen",
"paragraph_text": "etersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B. T. Rogers (Rep.), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an \"Independent Democrat\" but was now the Democratic nominee). He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements. \nHe was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D. J. Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P. P. Wing, a Republican. Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a \"Greenback Democrat\": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as \"GreenJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).\n\n\n== Background ==\nPetersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842. He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation. Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices .\n\n\n== Public office ==\nPetersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City ofJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).== Background ==\nPetersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842. He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation. Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices .\n\n\n== Public office ==\nPetersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Pulaski High School",
"paragraph_text": " rapidly growing population.\n\n\n== Academics ==\nPulaski offers Advanced Placement classes. The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\nOver 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2.9 percent are American Indian, 2.5 percent are Hispanic, 1.4 percent are African American and 1.0 percent are Asian. The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch.\n\n\n== Athletics ==\n\n\n=== State championships ===\nBoys' Basketball: 2013\nWrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runnerPulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the capital city of the county adjacent to the one where Erik Jensen was born? | [
{
"id": 707078,
"question": "Erik Jensen >> place of birth",
"answer": "Appleton",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 765799,
"question": "#1 >> capital of",
"answer": "Outagamie County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 282674,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Brown County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 759393,
"question": "#3 >> capital",
"answer": "Green Bay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Green Bay | [] | true | What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county whose capital is the birthplace of Erik Jensen? |
2hop__153532_72380 | [
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "List of Ray Donovan episodes",
"paragraph_text": ", the network announced a feature-length film to conclude the storyline, that premiered on January 14, 2022.\nDuring the course of the series, 82 episodes of Ray Donovan aired over seven seasons, between June 30, 2013, and January 19, 2020.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n=== Season 1 (2013) ===\n\n\n=== Season 2 (2014) ===\n\n\n=== Season 3 (2015) ===\n\n\n=== Season 4 (2016) ===\n\n\n=== Season 5 (2017) ===\n\n\n=== Season 6 (2018–19) ===\n\n\n=== Season 7 (2019–20) ===\n\n\n== Ratings ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nRay Donovan at IMDbRay Donovan is an American crime drama television series created by Ann Biderman, which premiered on Showtime on June 30, 2013. Liev Schreiber stars as the titular character, a \"fixer\" for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous of Los Angeles, California. Ray experiences his own problems when his father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison.\nOn February 4, 2020, Showtime cancelled the series after seven seasons. However, on February 24, 2021, the network announced a feature-length film to conclude the storyline, that premiered on January 14, 2022.\nDuring the course of the series, 82 episodes of Ray Donovan aired over seven seasons, between June 30, 2013, and January 19, 2020.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n=== Season 1 (2013) ===\n\n\n=== Season 2 (2014) ===\n\n\n=== Season 3 (2015) ===\n\n\n=== Season 4 (2016) ===\n\n\n=== Season 5 (2017) ===\n\n\n=== Season 6 (2018–19) ===\n\n\n=== Season 7 (2019–20) ===\n\n\n== Ratings ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nRay Donovan at IMDbRay Donovan is an American crime drama television series created by Ann Biderman, which premiered on Showtime on June 30, 2013. Liev Schreiber stars as the titular character, a \"fixer\" for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous of Los Angeles, California. Ray experiences his own problems when his father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison.\nOn February 4, 2020, Showtime cancelled the series after seven seasons. However, on February 24, 2021, the network announced a feature-length film to conclude the storyline, that premiered on January 14, 2022.\nDuring the course of the series, 82 episodes of Ray Donovan aired over seven seasons, between June 30, 2013, and January 19, 2020.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n=== Season 1 (2013) ===\n\n\n=== Season 2 (2014) ===\n\n\n=== Season 3 (2015) ===\n\n\n=== Season 4 (2016) ===\n\n\n=== Season 5 (2017) ===\n\n\n=== Season 6 (2018–19) ===\n\n\n=== Season 7 (2019–20) ===\n\n\n== Ratings ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nRay Donovan at IMDbRay Donovan is an American crime drama television series created by Ann Biderman, which premiered on Showtime on June 30, 2013. Liev Schreiber stars as the titular character, a \"fixer\" for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous of Los Angeles, California. Ray experiences his own problems when his father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison.\nOn February 4, 2020, Showtime cancelled the series after seven seasons. However, on February 24, 2021, the network announced a feature-length film to conclude the storyline, that premiered on January 14, 2022.\nDuring the course of the series, 82 episodes of Ray Donovan aired over seven seasons, between June 30, 2013, and January 19, 2020.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n=== Season 1 (2013) ===\n\n\n=== Season 2 (2014) ===\n\n\n=== Season 3 (2015) ===\n\n\n=== Season 4 (2016) ===\n\n\n=== Season 5 (2017) ===\n\n\n=== Season 6 (2018–19) ===\n\n\n=== Season 7 (2019–20) ===\n\n\n== Ratings ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nRay Donovan at IMDbRay Donovan is an American crime drama television series created by Ann Biderman, which premiered on Showtime on June 30, 2013. Liev Schreiber stars as the titular character, a \"fixer\" for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous of Los Angeles, California. Ray experiences his own problems when his father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison.\nOn February 4, 2020, Showtime cancelled the series after seven seasons. However, on February 24, 2021, the network announced a feature-length film to conclude the storyline, that premiered on January 14, 2022.\nDuring the course of the series, 82 episodes of Ray Donovan aired over seven seasons, between June 30, 2013, and January 19, 2020.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n=== Season 1 (2013) ===\n\n\n=== Season 2 (2014) ===\n\n\n=== Season 3 (2015) ===\n\n\n=== Season 4 (2016) ===\n\n\n=== Season 5 (2017) ===\n\n\n=== Season 6 (2018–19) ===\n\n\n=== Season 7 (2019–20) ===\n\n\n== Ratings ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nRay Donovan at IMDbRay Donovan is an American crime drama television series created by Ann Biderman, which premiered on Showtime on June 30, 2013. Liev Schreiber stars as the titular character, a \"fixer\" for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous of Los Angeles, California. Ray experiences his own problems when his father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison.\nOn February 4, 2020, Showtime cancelled the series after seven seasons. However, on February 24, 2021, the network announced a feature-length film to conclude the storyline, that premiered on January 14, 2022.\nDuring the course of the series, 82 episodes of Ray Donovan aired over seven seasons, between June 30, 2013, and January 19, 2020.\n\n\n== Series overview ==\n\n\n== Episodes ==\n\n\n=== Season 1 (2013) ===\n\n\n=== Season 2 (201437 ``Girl with Guitar ''Liev Schreiber David Hollander June 20, 2016 (2016 - 06 - 20) (online) June 26, 2016 (2016 - 06 - 26) (Showtime) 1.11Ray37 ``Girl with Guitar ''Liev Schreiber David Hollander June 20, 2016 (2016 - 06 - 20) (online) June 26, 2016 (2016 - 06 - 26) (Showtime) 1.11 rich and famous of Los Angeles, California. Ray experiences his own problems when his father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison.\nOn February 4, 2020, Showtime cancelled the series after seven seasons. However, on February 24, 2021, the network announced a feature-length film to conclude the storyline, that premiered on January 14, 2022.\nDuring the course of the series, 82 episodes of Ray Donovan aired over",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "The Bag or the Bat",
"paragraph_text": " Bauer) and Lena (Katherine Moennig), and works to balance his demanding job schedule with his family life. His wife, Abby (Paula Malcomson) is aware of her husband's profession, as are their children Bridget (Kerris Dorsey) and Connor (Devon Bagby). Ray's brothers Terry (Eddie Marsan) and Bunchy (Dash Mihok) run a local gym, using their skills as past boxers to make\"The Bag or the Bat\" is the pilot episode of the Showtime original series \"Ray Donovan\", and premiered on June 30, 2013. The series premiere was directed by Allen Coulter and written by series creator Ann Biderman. Prior to the premiere television airing, the episode was uploaded to YouTube by Showtime and was previewed over 150,000 times.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the release date of the fourth season for the series which includes The Bag or the Bat? | [
{
"id": 153532,
"question": "What series is The Bag or the Bat a part of?",
"answer": "Ray Donovan",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 72380,
"question": "when does season 4 of #1 come out",
"answer": "June 20, 2016",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | June 20, 2016 | [] | true | When does season 4 of the series that The Bag or the Bat is a part of come out? |
3hop2__127483_76623_10557 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Auctor",
"paragraph_text": " a numinous content and symbolized the mysterious \"power of command\" of heroic Roman figures.\nNoble women could also achieve a degree of auctoritas. For example, the wives, sisters, and mothers of the Julio-Claudians had immense influence on society, the masses, and the political apparatus. Their auctoritas was exercised less overtly than that of their male counterparts due to Roman societal norms, but they were powerful nonetheless.\n\n\n== Etymology and origin ==\nAccording to linguist Emile Benveniste, auctor (which also gives us English \"author\") is derived from Latin augeō (\"to augment\", \"to enlarge\", \"to enrich\"). The auctor is \"is qui auget\", the one who augments the act or the juridical situation of another. Arguably, Benveniste defended that Latin \"auctoritas\" was based on a divine conception of power and not on the individual that happened to the position of authority.\nAuctor in the sense of \"author\", comes from auctor as founder or, one might say, \"planter-cultivator\". Similarly, auctoritas refers to rightful ownership, based on one's having \"produced\" or homesteaded the article of property in question – more in the sense of \"sponsored\" or \"acquired\" than \"manufactured\". This auctoritas would, for example, persist through an usucapio of ill-gotten or abandoned property.\n\n\n== Political meaning in ancient Rome ==\nPolitically, the Roman Senate's authority (auctoritas patrum) was connected to auctoritas—not to be confused with potestas or imperium, which were held by the magistrates or the people. In this context, auctoritas could be defined as the juridical power to authorize some other act.\nThe 19th-century classicist Theodor Mommsen describes the \"force\" of auctoritas as \"more than advice and less than command, an advice which one may not ignore.\" Cicero says of power and authority, \"Cum potestas in populo auctoritas in senatu sit.\" (\"While power resides in the people, authority rests with the Senate.\")\nIn the private domain, those under tutelage (guardianship), such as women and minors, were similarly obliged to seek the sanction of their tutors (\"protectors\") for certain actions. Thus, auctoritas characterizes the auctor: The pater familias authorizes—that is, validates and legitimates—his son's wedding in prostate. In this way, auctoritas might function as a kind of \"passive counsel\", much as, for example, a scholarly authority.\nIn traditional imperial Rome, exceptions could be made to override legal concepts and rules of law under specific military and political situations. This authority allowed the imperial power to safeguard the state and its citizens. In cases where it was necessary to protect the state, a dictator could be appointed by the senate to temporarily override the fundamental laws and rules of the Roman Constitution.\n\n\n=== Auctoritas principis ===\nAfter the fall of the Republic, during the days of the Roman Empire, the Emperor had the title of princeps (\"first citizen\" of Rome) and held the auctoritas principis—the supreme moral authority—in conjunction with the imperium and potestas—the military, judicial, and administrative powers. That is to say, there is a non-committal to a separation of powers, some civil rights, constitutionalism, codified constitutional state and legalist concept of lawAuctor is Latin for author or originator. The term is used in Scholasticism for a \"renowned scholar\", and in biological taxonomy for the scientist describing a species or other taxon. The term is widely replaced by author in English-language works.AAuctor is Latin for author or originator. The term is used in Scholasticism for a \"renowned scholar\", and in biological taxonomy for the scientist describing a species or other taxon. The term is widely replaced by author in English-language works..\nIn ancient Rome, auctoritas referred to the level of prestige a person had in Roman society, and, as a consequence, his standing, influence, and ability to rally support around his will. Auctoritas was not merely political, however; it had a numinous content and symbolized the mysterious \"power of command\" of heroic Roman figures.\nNoble women could also achieve a degree of auctoritas. For example, the wives, sisters, and mothers of the Julio-Claudians had immense influence on society, the masses, and the political apparatus. Their auctoritas was exercised less overtly than that of their male counterparts due to Roman societal norms, but they were powerful nonetheless.\n\n\n== Etymology and origin ==\nAccording to linguist Emile Benveniste, auctor (which also gives us English \"author\") is derived from Latin augeō (\"to augment\", \"to enlarge\", \"to enrich\"). The auctor is \"is qui auget\", the one who augments the act or the juridical situation of another. Arguably, Benveniste defended that Latin \"auctoritas\" was based on a divine conception of power and not on the individual that happened to the position of authority.\nAuctor in the sense of \"author\", comes from auctor as founder or, one might say, \"planter-cultivator\". Similarly, auctoritas refers to rightful ownership, based on one's having \"produced\" or homesteaded the article of property in question – more in the sense of \"sponsored\" or \"acquired\" than \"manufactured\". This auctoritas would, for example, persist through an usucapio of ill-gotten or abandoned property.\n\n\n== Political meaning in ancient Rome ==\nPolitically, the Roman Senate's authority (auctoritas patrum) was connected to auctoritas—not to be confused with potestas or imperium, which were held by the magistrates or the people. In this context, auctoritas could be defined as the juridical power to authorize some other act.\nThe 19th-century classicist Theodor Mommsen describes the \"force\" of auctoritas as \"more than advice and less than command, an advice which one may not ignore.\" Cicero says of power and authority, \"Cum potestas in populo auctoritas in senatu sit.\" (\"While power resides in the people, authority rests with the Senate.\")\nIn the private domain, those under tutelage (guardianship), such as women and minors, were similarly obliged to seek the sanction of their tutors (\"protectors\") for certain actions. Thus, auctoritas characterizes the auctor: The pater familias authorizes—that is, validates and legitimates—his son's wedding in prostate. In this way, auctoritas might function as a kind of \"passive counsel\", much as, for example, a scholarly authority.\nIn traditional imperial Rome, exceptions could be made to override legal concepts and",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_text": " Charlemagne to extend his rule over a large part of Europe. Charlemagne spread Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as seen at the Massacre of Verden against the Saxons. He also sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Iberian affairs.\nIn 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position as the first emperor in the West in over 300 years brought him into conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople. Through his assumption of the imperial title, he is considered the forerunner to the line of Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the nineteenth century. As king and emperor, Charlemagne engaged in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, military organization, and religion, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability of his reign began a period of cultural activity known as the Carolingian Renaissance.\nCharlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest at Aachen Cathedral in Aachen, his imperial capital city. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Louis the Pious. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided and eventually coalesced into West- and East Francia, which later became France and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively. Charlemagne's profound impact on the Middle Ages and influence on the territory he ruled has led him to be called the \"Father of Europe\" by many historians. He is seen as a founding figure by multiple European states and a number of historical royal houses of Europe trace their lineage back to him. Charlemagne has been the subject of artworks, monuments and literature during and after the medieval period and is venerated by the Catholic Church.\n\n\n== Name ==\nSeveral languages were spoken in Charlemagne's world, and he was known to contemporaries as Karlus in the Old High German he spoke; as Karlo to Romance speakers; and as Carolus (or Karolus) in Latin, the formal language of writing and diplomacy. Charles is the modern English form of these names. The name Charlemagne, as the emperor is normally known in English, comes from the French Charles-le-magne ('Charles the Great'). In modern German, he is known as Karl der Große. The Latin epithet magnus ('great') may have been associated with himCharlemagne (/ ��������rl��me��n /) or Charles the Great (2 April 742 -- 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774 and Emperor of the Romans from 800. He united much of Europe during the early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor in western Europe since the fall of the WesternCharlemagne (/ ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn /) or Charles the Great (2 April 742 -- 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages. He was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later invalidly canonized by the antipope Paschal III. and social changes that had lasting impact on Europe throughout the Middle Ages.\nA member of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty, Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon. With his brother, Carloman I, he became king of the Franks in 768 following Pepin's death and became the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": " which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had receivedCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin. the mass migration of tribes (mainly Germanic peoples), and Christianisation, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The movement of peoples led to the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of new kingdoms. In the post-Roman world, taxation declined, the army was financed through land grants, and the blending of Later Roman civilisation and the invaders' traditions is well documented. The Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) survived, but lost the Middle East and North Africa to Muslim conquerors in the 7th century. Although the Carolingian dynasty of the Franks reunited many of the Western Roman lands by the early 9th century, the Carolingian Empire quickly fell apart into competing kingdoms which later fragmented into autonomous duchies and lordships.\nDuring the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as the Medieval Warm Period allowed crop yields to increase, and technological and agricultural innovations introduced a \"commercial revolution",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | During the reign of the king who was declared the western emperor in 800 AD, what was the origin language of Auctor? | [
{
"id": 127483,
"question": "In what language is Auctor?",
"answer": "Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 76623,
"question": "who was crowned emperor of the west in 800 ce",
"answer": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 10557,
"question": "What was the #1 of #2 's era later known as?",
"answer": "Medieval Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Medieval Latin | [] | true | What was the language Auctor comes from during the era of the king who was crowned emperor of the west in 800 CE? |
2hop__575797_91104 | [
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "INSAT-4CR",
"paragraph_text": "° East, providing communications to India. Broadcasting capacity on INSAT-4CR was allocated to Airtel Digital TV and Sun Direct DTH. At launch, the satellite was carrying 1,218 kilograms (2,685 lb) of fuel, for raising itself into geostationary orbit, and subsequently operating there for a planned twelve years. Increased expenditure of fuel reaching geostationary orbit, due to launch underperformance, may have resulted in a loss of up to five years of operational life.\n\n\n== Launch ==\nINSAT-4CR was launched on 2 September 2007 by the fifth flight of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-F04. The launch occurred at 12:51 UTC on 2 September 2007. The third stage of the carrier rocket underperformed, resulting in the satellite being placed into a lower than planned orbit.\nAs a result of the underperformance during its launch, INSAT-4CR had to expend maneuvering and station keeping propellant to raise its orbit by more than had originally been planned. It was subsequently reported by Indian news agencies that ISRO had lost track of the satellite's orbit, and could not locate the spacecraft until NASA identified it several days later, however, ISRO denied these claims. As a result of these failures, the operational lifetime of the satellite was reportedly decreased by up to five years.\n\n\n== End of life and replacement ==\nTowards the end of its service life INSAT-4CR was relocated from 74°E to 48°E slot on 10 February 2017 where it stayed until being retired and placed into graveyard orbit on 24 November 2020. Services of INSAT-4CR were handed over to GSAT-31.\n\n\n== References ==INSAT-4CR was a communications satellite operated by ISRO as part of the Indian National Satellite System. Launched in September 2007, it replaced the INSAT-4C satellite which had been lost in a launch failure the previous year. The satellite was initially stationed in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 74 degrees east, with expected operational life of at least ten years, however this may have been reduced by the underperformance of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle which placed it into orbit. INSAT-4CR is planned to be replaced by GSAT-31, which was launched on February 6, 2019.\n\n\n== Spacecraft ==\nINSAT-4CR was constructed by ISRO, and is based around the I-2K satellite bus. A 2,168-kilogram (4,780 lb) spacecraft, it is equipped with twelve Ku band transponders operating at a frequency of 36 MHz, with 140 Watt travelling wave tube amplifiers. The satellite has an effective isotropic radiated power of 51.5 dBW. An additional Ku band signal is used as a beacon for tracking.\nINSAT-4CR operated in a geostationary orbit at a longitudes of 74° East and 48° East, providing communications to India. Broadcasting capacity on INSAT-4CR was allocated to Airtel Digital TV and Sun Direct DTH. At launch, the satellite was carrying 1,218 kilograms (2,685 lb) of fuel, for raising itself into geostationary orbit, and subsequently operating there for a planned twelve years. Increased expenditure of fuel reaching geostationary orbit, due to launch underperformance, may have resulted in a loss of up to five years of operational life.\n\n\n== Launch ==\nINSAT-4CR was launched on 2 September 2007 by the fifth flight of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-F04. The launch occurred at 12:51 UTC on 2 September 2007. The third stage of the carrier rocket underperformed, resulting in the satellite being placed into a lower than planned orbit.\nAs a result of the underperformance during its launch, INSAT-4CR had to expend maneuvering and station keeping propellant to raise its orbit by more than had originally been planned. It was subsequently reported by Indian news agencies that ISRO had lost track of the satellite's orbit, and could not locate the spacecraft until NASA identified it several days later, however, ISRO denied these claims. As a result of these failures, the operational lifetime of the satellite was reportedly decreased by up to five years.\n\n\n== End of life and replacement ==\nTowards the end of its service life INSAT-4CR was relocated from 74°E to 48°E slot on 10 February 2017 where it stayed until being retired and placed into graveyard orbit on 24 November 2020. Services of INSAT-4CR were handed over to GSAT-31.\n\n\n== References ==INSAT-4CR was a communications satellite operated by ISRO as part of the Indian National Satellite System. Launched in September 2007, it replaced the INSAT-4C satellite which had been lost in a launch failure the previous year. The satellite was initially stationed in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 74 degrees east, with expected operational life of at least ten years, however this may have been reduced by the underperformance of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle which placed it into orbit. INSAT-4CR is planned to be replaced by GSAT-31, which was launched on February 6, 2019.\n\n\n== Spacecraft ==\nINSAT-4CR was constructed by ISRO, and is based around the I-2K satellite bus. A 2,168-kilogram (4,780 lb) spacecraft, it is equipped with twelve Ku band transponders operating at a frequency of 36 MHz, with 140 Watt travelling wave tube amplifiers. The satellite has an effective isotropic radiated power of 51.5 dBW. An additional Ku band signal is used as a beacon for tracking.\nINSAT-4CR operated in a geostationary orbit at a longitudes of 74° East and 48° East, providing communications to India. Broadcasting capacity on INSAT-4CR was allocated to Airtel Digital TV and Sun Direct DTH. At launch, the satellite was carryingINSAT-4CR is a communications satellite operated by ISRO as part of the Indian National Satellite System. Launched in September 2007, it replaced the INSAT-4C satellite which had been lost in a launch failure the previous year. The satellite is stationed in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 74 degrees east, and is expected to operate for ten years, however this may have been reduced by the underperformance of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle which placed it into orbit. INSAT-4CR is planned to be replaced by GSAT-31, which was launched on February 6, 2019.INSAT-4CR is a communications satellite operated by ISRO as part of the Indian National Satellite System. Launched in September 2007, it replaced the INSAT-4C satellite which had been lost in a launch failure the previous year. The satellite is stationed in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 74 degrees east, and is expected to operate for ten years, however this may have been reduced by the underperformance of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle which placed it into orbit. INSAT-4CR is planned to be replaced by GSAT-31, which was launched on February 6, 2019.9.\n\n\n== Spacecraft ==\nINSAT-4CR was constructed by ISRO, and is based around the I-2K satellite bus. A 2,168-kilogram (4,780 lb) spacecraft, it is equipped with twelve Ku band transponders operating at a frequency of 36",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "ATS-6",
"paragraph_text": " the geosynchronous orbit. This reduced the on-board fuel requirements to less than 40 kilograms (88 lb) (for a total mass at launch of nearly 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb)). The highly accurate orbit insertion further lowered the amount of fuel required for final positioning to 9 kilogramsATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6) was a NASA experimental satellite, built by Fairchild Space and Electronics Division It has been called the world's first educational satellite as well as world's first experimental Direct Broadcast Satellite as part of the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment between NASA and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was launched May 30, 1974, and decommissioned July 1979. At the time of launch, it was the most powerful telecommunication satellite in orbit. ATS - 6 carried no fewer than 23 different experiments, and introduced several breakthroughs. It was the first 3 - axis stabilized spacecraft in geostationary orbit. It was also the first to use experimentally with some success electric propulsion in geostationary orbit. It also carried several particle physics experiments, including the first heavy ion detector in geostationary orbit.-year life, ATS-6 transmitted connection programming to various countries, including India, the United States and other regions. The vehicle also conducted air traffic control tests, was used to practice satellite-assisted search and rescue techniques, carried an experimental radiometer subsequently carried as a standard instrument aboard weather satellites, and pioneered direct broadcast TV.\nATS-6 was a precursor to many technologies still in use today on geostationary spacecraft: large deployable antenna, 3-axis attitude control with slewing capabilities, antenna pointing through RF sensing, electric propulsion, meteorological radiometer in geostationary orbit, and direct to home broadcasting. It is also possible that ATS-6 was a forerunner of the large ELINT satellites such as Mentor.\n\n\n== Launch ==\n\nATS-6 was launched on May 30, 1974, by a Titan III-C launch vehicle. The spacecraft was inserted directly in the geosynchronous orbit. This reduced the on-board fuel requirements to less than 40 kilograms (88 lb) (for a total mass at launch of nearly 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb)). The highly accurate orbit insertion further lowered the amount of fuel required for final positioning to 9 kilograms (20 lb). This enabled a life extension from the original 2 year to 5 years, even accounting for the premature failure of the electric propulsion subsystem (the station-keeping fuel requirement being around 1.6 kilograms per year (",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the name of the experimental satellite that served as a precursor to the INSAT-4CR communication satellite operator's current satellite? | [
{
"id": 575797,
"question": "INSAT-4CR >> operator",
"answer": "ISRO",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 91104,
"question": "the experimental satellite which was forerunner to communication satellite of #1 is called",
"answer": "ATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6)",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | ATS - 6 (Applications Technology Satellite - 6) | [
"ATS-6"
] | true | What is the experimental satellite that was the forerunner to communication satellite of the operator of INSAT-4CR called? |
3hop1__800948_40769_64047 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Katsuaki Watanabe",
"paragraph_text": " June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily in corporate planning and administrative affairs. Watanabe became the general manager of the secretarial division in 1988 and moved to the Corporate Planning division as general manager in 1989.\nIn his work as general manager of the Corporate Planning division, Watanabe participated in charting and articulating a common, long-term vision for Toyota operations around the world. Named to the Board of Directors in 1992, he continued to supervise work in production control, including supervising Toyota's Motomachi Plant, which makes passenger cars. In 1999, Watanabe was appointed senior managing director, after which he assumed the position of executive vice-president in 2001. In June 2005 he became president and CEO of TMC, succeeding Fujio Cho.\nWatanabe is regarded as having made the key decision to build a manufacturing plant in San Antonio, Texas U.S.A to build full-size pick-up trucks.\nWatanabe was born in 1942 in Mie Prefecture, Japan, and now lives in Toyota City. He was married and has three daughters. An amateur musician, he sings in a men's choir, and he also likes to play golf and tennis.\nHe was listed as one of TIME magazine's 100 most influential people of 2005 and again in 2007.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2018)\n\n\n== See also ==\nToyota Production System (TPS)\n2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls\n\n\n== References ==\n\nWATANABE, Katsuaki International Who's Who. accessed September 3, 2006.Katsuaki Watanabe (���� �����, Watanabe Katsuaki, born February 13, 1943) is senior advisor at Toyota Motor Corporation. He was president and CEO of the company before Akio Toyoda assumed those positions on June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily inWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964.Katsuaki Watanabe (���� �����, Watanabe Katsuaki, born February 13, 1943) is senior advisor at Toyota Motor Corporation. He was president and CEO of the company before Akio Toyoda assumed those positions on June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily in corporate planning and administrative affairs. Watanabe became the general manager of the secretarial division in 1988 and moved to the Corporate Planning division as general manager in 1989.\nIn his work as general manager of the Corporate Planning division, Watanabe participated in charting and articulating a common, long-term vision for Toyota operations around the world. Named to the Board of Directors in 1992, he continued to supervise work in production control, including supervising Toyota's Motomachi Plant, which makes passenger cars. In 1999, Watanabe was appointed senior managing director, after which he assumed the position of executive vice-president in 2001. In June 2005 he became president and CEO of TMC, succeeding Fujio Cho.\nWatanabe is regarded as having made the key decision to build a manufacturing plant in San Antonio, Texas U.S.A to build full-size pick-up trucks.\nWatanabe was born in 1942 in Mie Prefecture, Japan, and now lives in Toyota City. He was married and has three daughters. An amateur musician, he sings in a men's choir, and he also likes to play golf and tennis.\nHe was listed as one of TIME magazine's 100 most influential people of 2005 and again in 2007.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n Grand Cordon of the OrderWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. 1943) is senior advisor at Toyota Motor Corporation. He was president and CEO of the company before Akio Toyoda assumed those positions on June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily in corporate planning and administrative affairs. Watanabe became the general manager of the secretarial division in 1988 and moved to the Corporate Planning division as general manager in",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Lexus RX",
"paragraph_text": " facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics systemA facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and Shazam tagging. Sales began worldwide in April 2012 for the RX 350 and RX 450h, with sales for the F - Sport variants starting in July of the same year.A facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and Shazam tagging. Sales began worldwide in April 2012 for the RX 350 and RX 450h, with sales for the F - Sport variants starting in July of the same year.A facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and Shazam tagging. Sales began worldwide in April 2012 for the RX 350 and RX 450h, with sales for the F - Sport variants starting in July of the same year.A facelift was",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "1973 oil crisis",
"paragraph_text": " lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. In an effort that was led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list was later expanded to include Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. In March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices inSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands. lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the high-end subdivision of the company Katsuaki Watanabe works for alter the structure of the RX 350? | [
{
"id": 800948,
"question": "Katsuaki Watanabe >> employer",
"answer": "Toyota",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 40769,
"question": "Name a luxury division of #1 .",
"answer": "Lexus",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 64047,
"question": "when did #2 rx 350 change body style",
"answer": "Sales began worldwide in April 2012",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | Sales began worldwide in April 2012 | [] | true | When did the luxury division of the employer of Katsuaki Watanabe change the body style of the rx 350? |
2hop__418360_67370 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "The New New Rules",
"paragraph_text": " MaherThe New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, \"\". The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.TheThe New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, \"\". The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.1 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The New York Times Best Seller non-fiction list.\n\n\n== References ==The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill MaherThe New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, \"\". The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer. The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The New York Times Best Seller non-fiction list.\n\n\n== References ==The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer. The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The New York Times Best Seller non-fiction list.\n\n\n== References ==The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer. The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The New York Times Best Seller non-fiction list.\n\n\n== References ==The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer. The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The New York Times Best Seller non-fiction list.\n\n\n== References ==The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer. The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The New York Times Best Seller non-fiction list.\n\n\n== References ==The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer. The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The New York Times Best Seller non-fiction list.\n\n\n== References ==The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer. The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The New York Times Best Seller non-fiction list.\n\n\n== References ==The New New Rules: A Funny Look At How Everybody But Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass is a book by Bill Maher. It is the sequel to his 2005 book, New Rules: Polite Musings from a Timid Observer. The book was published in late 2011 by Blue Rider Press, an imprint of Penguin Books.\nThe book debuted at No. 11 on The",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Real Time with Bill Maher",
"paragraph_text": " February 18, 2005 (2005 - 02 - 18) November 4, 2005 (2005 - 11 - 04) 24 February 17, 2006 (2006 - 02 - 17) November 17, 2006 (2006 - 11 - 17) 5 24 February 16, 2007 (2007 - 02 - 16) November 2, 2007 (2007 - 11 - 02) 6 27 January 11, 2008 (2008 - 01 - 11) November 14, 2008 (2008 - 11 - 14) 7 31 February 20, 2009 (2009 - 02 - 20) October 16, 2009 (2009 - 10 - 16) 8 25 February 19, 2010 (2010 - 02 - 19) November 12, 2010 (2010 - 11 - 12) 9 35 January 14, 2011 (2011 - 01 - 14) November 11, 2011 (2011 - 11 - 11) 10 35 January 13, 2012 (2012 - 01 - 13) November 16, 2012 (2012 - 11 - 16) 11 35 January 18, 2013 (2013 - 01 - 18) November 22, 2013 (2013 - 11 - 22) 12 35 January 17, 2014 (2014 - 01 - 17) November 21, 2014 (2014 - 11 - 21) 13 35 January 9, 2015 (2015 - 01 - 09) November 20, 2015 (2015 - 11 - 20) 14 38 January 15, 2016 (2016 - 01 - 15) November 11, 2016 (2016 - 11 - 11) 15 35 January 20, 2017 (2017 - 01 - 20) November 17, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 17) 16 TBA January 19, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 19) TBAReal Time with Bill Maher is an American television talk show that airs weekly on HBO, hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher. Much like his previous series Politically Incorrect on Comedy Central and later on ABC, Real Time features a panel of guests who discuss current events in politics and the media. Unlike the previous show, guests are usually better versed in the subject matter; more experts such as journalists, professors, and politicians participate in the panel, and fewer actors and celebrities are included.\nReal Time is a weekly hour-long program with a studio audience, and is broadcast from Studio 33 at Television City in Los Angeles. Prior to Season 20, the program aired on Friday nights at 10:00 pm ET, however, it is now pre-recorded at 7:00 pm ET. In addition, a 10–15-minute \"Overtime\" segment quickly follows the show on YouTube live stream, which answers questions posted by viewers through HBO's online website for the show.\nIn September 2021, HBO announced that the show had been renewed for two additional seasons, keeping the show on the air through 2024. The show's 21st season premiered on January 20, 2023. From February 3, 2023, the post-show Overtime segment was added to CNN Tonight programming. The show's 22nd season premiered on January 19, 2024. In March 2024, HBO announced that the show had been renewed for two additional seasons, keeping the show on the air through 2026.\n\n\n== Format ==\nThe opening sequence contains a theme song composed bySeason Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 February 21, 2003 (2003 - 02 - 21) September 26, 2003 (2003 - 09 - 26) 23 January 16, 2004 (2004 - 01 - 16) November 5, 2004 (2004 - 11 - 05) 23 February 18, 2005 (2005 - 02 - 18) November 4, 2005 (2005 - 11 - 04) 24 February 17, 2006 (2006 - 02 - 17) November 17, 2006 (2006 - 11 - 17) 5 24 February 16, 2007 (2007 - 02 - 16) November 2, 2007 (2007 - 11 - 02) 6 27 January 11, 2008 (2008 - 01 - 11) November 14, 2008 (2008 - 11 - 14) 7 31 February 20, 2009 (2009 - 02 - 20) October 16, 2009 (2009 - 10 - 16) 8 25 February 19, 2010 (2010 - 02 - 19) November 12, 2010 (2010 - 11 - 12) 9 35 January 14, 2011 (2011 - 01 - 14) November 11, 2011 (2011 - 11 - 11) 10 35 January 13, 2012 (2012 - 01 - 13) November 16, 2012 (2012 - 11 - 16) 11 35 January 18, 2013 (2013 - 01 - 18) November 22, 2013 (2013 - 11 - 22) 12 35 January 17, 2014 (2014 - 01 - 17) November 21, 2014 (2014 - 11 - 21) 13 35 January 9, 2015 (2015 - 01 - 09) November 20, 2015 (2015 - 11 - 20) 14 38 January 15, 2016 (2016 - 01 - 15) November 11, 2016 (2016 - 11 - 11) 15 35 January 20, 2017 (2017 - 01 - 20) November 17, 2017 (2017 - 11 - 17) 16 TBA January 19, 2018 (2018 - 01 - 19) TBA and the stand-up comedians were dropped after episode 10. Viewers were also able to engage over the air during the first season by calling in live, but this practice was subsequently discontinued.\nStarting with episode 67, audio-only versions of the show were made available as free podcasts via the iTunes Store and as raw RSS feeds. The podcasts may also feature bonus material taped during studio rehearsal, such as additional \"New Rules\" that were not included in the final broadcast.\nDuring Season 4, Maher began hosting a live chat (now called \"Overtime\") with his guests immediately following each broadcast. Viewers are invited to submit questions and topics for Maher and the other participants to answer and discuss. This post-show event was initially featured on HBO's website and is currently broadcast on CNN.\n\n\n=== Politics and current events ===\n\nMaher has been a critic of the Obama administration, the Bush administration and the Trump administration. His panel attempts to present a diverse set of views. Frequently, it consists of a liberal commentator or political figure, a conservative commentator or political figure, and a third individual who does not have as clear an ideological label, or someone with moderate beliefs. This third individual is often",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In 2018, when does the author of The New New Rules resume his real time show? | [
{
"id": 418360,
"question": "The New New Rules >> author",
"answer": "Bill Maher",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 67370,
"question": "when does real time with #1 start again in 2018",
"answer": "January 19, 2018",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | January 19, 2018 | [] | true | When does real time with the author of The New New Rules start again in 2018 |
2hop__167577_31122 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge",
"paragraph_text": "A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (commonly called Treatise when referring to Berkeley's works) is a 1710 work, in English, by Irish Empiricist philosopher George Berkeley. This book largely seeks to refute the claims made by Berkeley's contemporary John Locke about the nature of human perception. Whilst, like all the Empiricist philosophers, both Locke and Berkeley agreed that we are having experiences, regardless of whether material objects exist, Berkeley sought to prove that the outside world (the world which causes the ideas one has within one's mind) is also composed \"solely\" of ideas. Berkeley did this by suggesting that \"Ideas can only resemble Ideas\" – the mental ideas that we possess can only resemble other ideas (not material objects) and thus the external world consists not of physical form, but rather of ideas. This world is (or, at least, was) given logic and regularity by some other force, which Berkeley concludes is God.A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (commonly called Treatise when referring to Berkeley's works) is a 1710 work, in English, by Irish Empiricist philosopher George Berkeley. This book largely seeks to refute the claims made by Berkeley's contemporary John Locke about the nature of human perception. Whilst, like all the Empiricist philosophers, both Locke and Berkeley agreed that we are having experiences, regardless of whether material objects exist, Berkeley sought to prove that the outside world (the world which causes the ideas one has within one's mind) is also composed \"solely\" of ideas. Berkeley did this by suggesting that \"Ideas can only resemble Ideas\" – the mental ideas that we possess can",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Idealism",
"paragraph_text": " thing independent of mind. Ontologically, idealism assertsThe earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its \"mind-only\" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.IThe earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its \"mind-only\" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.ism is also found in some streams of Mahayana Buddhism, such as in the Yogācāra school, which argued for a \"mind-only\" (cittamatra) philosophy on an analysis of subjective experience. In the West, idealism traces its roots back to Plato in ancient Greece, who proposed that absolute, unchanging, timeless ideas constitute the highest form of reality: Platonic idealism. This was revived and transformed in the early modern period by Immanuel Kant's arguments that our knowledge of reality is completely based on mental structures: transcendental idealism.\nEpistemologically, idealism is accompanied by a rejection of the possibility of knowing the existence of any thing independent of mind. Ontologically, idealism assertsThe earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its \"mind-only\" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered \"real\". Because there are different types of idealism, it is difficult to define the term uniformly.\nIndian philosophy contains some of the first defenses of idealism, such as in Vedanta and in Shaiva Pratyabhijña thought. These systems of thought argue for an all-pervading consciousness as the true nature and ground of reality. Idealism is also found in some streams of Mahayana Buddhism, such as in the Yogācāra school, which argued for a \"mind-only\" (cittamatra) philosophy on an analysis of subjective experience. In the West, idealism traces its roots back to Plato in ancient Greece, who proposed that absolute, unchanging, timeless ideas constitute the highest form of reality: Platonic idealism. This was revived and transformed in the early modern period by Immanuel Kant's arguments that our knowledge of reality is completely based on mental structures: transcendental idealism.\nEpistemologically, idealism is accompanied by a rejection of the possibility of knowing the existence of any thing independent of mind. Ontologically, idealism asserts that the existence of all things depends upon the mind; thus, ontological idealism rejects the perspectives of physicalism and dualism. In contrast to materialism, idealism asserts the primacy of consciousness as the origin and prerequisite of all phenomena.\nIdealism came under heavy attack in the West at the turn of the 20th century. The most influential critics were G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, but its critics also included the new realists and Marxists. The attacks by Moore and Russell were so influential that even more than 100 years later \"any acknowledgment of idealistic tendencies is viewed in the English-speaking world with reservation.\" However, many aspects and paradigms of idealism did still have a large influence on subsequent philosophy.\n\n\n== Definitions ==\nIdealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via Latin idea from the Ancient Greek idea (���δέα) from idein (���δε���ν), meaning \"to see\". The term entered the English language by 1743. The term idealism was first used in the abstract metaphysical sense of the \"belief that reality is made up only of ideas\" by Christian Wolff in 1747. The term re-entered the English language in this abstract sense by 1796. A. C. Ewing gives this influential definition:\n\nthe view that there can be no physical objects existing apart from some experience...provided that we regard thinking as part of experience and do not imply by \"experience\" passivity, and provided we include under experience not only human experience but the so-called \"Absolute Experience\" or the experience of a God such as Berkeley postulates.\nA more recent definition by Willem deVries sees idealism as \"roughly, the genus comprises theories that attribute ontological priority to the mental, especially the conceptual or ideational, over the non-mental.\" As such, idealism entails a rejection of materialism (or physicalism) as well as the rejection of the mind-independent existence of matter (and as such, also entails a rejection of dualism).\nThere are two main definitions of idealism in contemporary philosophy, depending on whether its thesis is epistemic or metaphysical:\n\nMetaphysical idealism or ontological idealism is the view which holds that all of reality is in some way mental (or spirit, reason, or will) or at least ultimately grounded in a fundamental basis which is mental. This is a form of metaphysical monism because it holds that there is only one type of thing in the universe. The modern paradigm of a Western metaphysical idealism is Berkeley's immaterialism. Other such idealists are Hegel, and Bradley.\nEpistemological idealism (or \"formal\" idealism) is a position in epistemology that holds that all knowledge is based on mental structures, not on \"things in themselves\". Whether a mind-independent reality is accepted or not, all that we have knowledge of are mental phenomena. The main source of Western epistemic idealist arguments is the transcendental idealism of Kant. Other thinkers who have defended epistemic idealist arguments include Ludwig Boltzmann and Brand Blanshard.\nThus, metaphysical idealism holds that reality itself is non-physical, immaterial, or experiential at its core, while epistemological idealist arguments merely affirm that reality can only be known through ideas and mental structures (without necessarily making metaphysical claims about things in themselves). Because of this, A.C. Ewing argued that instead of thinking about these two categories as forms of idealism proper, we should instead speak of epistemic and metaphysical arguments for idealism.\nThese two ways of arguing for idealism are sometimes combined together to defend a specific type of idealism (as done by Berkeley), but they may also be defended as independent theses by different thinkers. For example, while F. H. Bradley and McTaggart focused on metaphysical arguments, Josiah Royce, and Brand Blanshard developed epistemological arguments.\nFurthermore, one might use epistemic arguments, but remain neutral about the metaphysical nature of things in themselves. This metaphysically neutral position, which is not a form of metaphysical idealism proper, may be associated with figures like Rudolf Carnap, Quine, Donald Davidson, and perhaps even Kant himself (though he is difficult to categorize). The most famous kind of epistemic idealism is associated with Kantianism and transcendental idealism, as well as with the related Neo-Kantian philosophies. Transcendental idealists like Kant affirm epistemic idealistic arguments without committing themselves to whether reality as such, the \"thing in itself\", is ultimately mental.\n\n\n=== Types of metaphysical idealism ===\nWithin metaphysical idealism, there are numerous further sub-types, including forms of pluralism, which hold that there are many independent mental substances or minds, such as Leibniz' monadology, and various forms of monism or absolute idealism (e.g. Hegelianism or Advaita Vedanta), which hold that the fundamental mental reality is a single unity or is grounded some kind of singular Absolute. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the mental are more metaphysically basic. Platonic idealism affirms that ideal forms are more basic to reality than the things we perceive, while subjective idealists and phenomenalists privilege sensory experiences. Personalism meanwhile, sees persons or selves as fundamental.\nA common distinction is between subjective and objective forms of idealism. Subjective idealists like George Berkeley reject the existence of a mind-independent or \"external\" world (though not the appearance of such phenomena in the mind). However, not all idealists restrict the real to subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a trans-empirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to mind or consciousness as such. Thus, objective idealism asserts that the reality of experiencing includes and transcends the realities of the object experienced and of the mind of the observer.\nIdealism is sometimes categorized as a type of metaphysical anti-realism or skepticism. However, idealists need not reject the existence of an objective reality that we can obtain knowledge of, and can merely affirm that this real natural world is mental. Thus, David Chalmers writes of anti-realist idealisms (which would include Berkeley's) and realist forms of idealism, such as \"panpsychist versions of idealism where fundamental microphysical entities are conscious subjects, and on which matter is realized by these conscious subjects and their relations.\"\n\nChalmers further outlines the following taxonomy of idealism:Micro-idealism is the thesis that concrete reality is wholly grounded in micro-level mentality: that is, in mentality associated with fundamental microscopic entities (such as quarks and photons). Macro-idealism is the thesis that concrete reality is wholly grounded in macro-level mentality: that is, in mentality associated with macroscopic (middle-sized) entities such as humans and perhaps non-human animals. Cosmic idealism is the thesis that concrete reality is wholly grounded in cosmic mentality: that is, in mentality associated with the cosmos as a whole or with a single cosmic entity (such as the universe or a deity). Guyer et al. also distinguish between forms of idealism which are grounded in substance theory (often found in the Anglophone idealisms of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries) and forms of idealism which focus on activities or dynamic processes (favored in post-Kantian German philosophy).\n\n\n== Classical Greek idealism ==\n\n\n=== Pre-Socratic philosophy ===\nThere some precursors of idealism in Ancient Greek Philosophy, though scholars disagree on whether any of these thinkers could be properly labeled \"idealist\" in the modern sense.\nOne example is Anaxagoras (480 BC) who taught that all things in the universe (apeiron) were set in motion by nous (\"mind\"). In the Phaedo, Plato quotes him as saying, \"it is intelligence [nous] that arranges and causes all things\". Similarly, Parmenides famously stated that \"thinking and being are the same\". This has led some scholars, such as Hegel and E. D. Phillips, to label Parmenides an idealist.\n\n\n=== Platonism and neoplatonism ===\n\nPlato's theory of forms or \"ideas\" (eidos) as described in dialogues like Phaedo, Parmenides and Sophist, describes ideal forms (for example the platonic solids in geometry or abstracts like Goodness and Justice), as perfect beings which \"exists-by-itself\" (Greek: auto kath’ auto), that is, independently of any particular instance (whether physical or in the individual thought of any person). Anything that exists in the world exists by participating in one of these unique ideas, which are nevertheless interrelated causally with the world of becoming, with nature. Arne Grøn calls this doctrine \"the classic example of a metaphysical idealism as a transcendent idealism\". Nevertheless, Plato holds that matter as perceived by us is real, though transitory, imperfect, and dependent on the eternal ideas for",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which century did the writer of A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge reside? | [
{
"id": 167577,
"question": "A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge >> author",
"answer": "George Berkeley",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 31122,
"question": "What century did #1 live in?",
"answer": "18th",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | 18th | [
"18th-century",
"18th century"
] | true | What century did the author of A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge live in? |
4hop2__105527_14670_8987_8974 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Josip Broz Tito",
"paragraph_text": " major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he enteredIn 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.Josip Broz (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: ��осип Броз, pronounced [j��sip brô��z] ; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; Тито, pronounced [tîto]), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. Following Yugoslavia's liberation in 1944, he served as its prime minister from 2 November 1944 to 29 June 1963 and president from 14 January 1953 until his death. His political ideology and policies are known as Titoism.\nTito was born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he entered the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). Having assumed de facto controlBecause of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García. 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. Following Yugoslavia's liberation in 1944, he served as its prime minister from 2 November 1944 to 29 June 1963 and president from 14 January 1953 until his death. His political ideology and policies are known as Titoism.\nTito was born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he enteredIn 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.Josip Broz (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: ��осип Броз, pronounced [j��sip brô��z] ; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; Тито, pronounced [tîto]), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. Following",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Josip Broz Tito",
"paragraph_text": " born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he enteredIn 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.Josip Broz (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: ��осип Броз, pronounced [j��sip brô��z] ; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; Тито, pronounced [tîto]), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. Following Yugoslavia's liberation in 1944, he served as its prime minister from 2 November 1944 to 29 June 1963 and president from 14 January 1953 until his death. His political ideology and policies are known as Titoism.\nTito was born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himselfIn 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia. 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "ZH-29",
"paragraph_text": " side. Externally the most distinctive feature is that the barrel is offset at a slight angle to the receiver to compensateThe ZH-29 was a semi-automatic rifle developed in Czechoslovakia during the late 1920s, and used by the Chinese National Revolutionary Army. The ZH-29 is one of the first successful self-loading rifles in service. with a tilting-bolt locking system similar to that which would be later used in the Sturmgewehr",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "United States Army",
"paragraph_text": " United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of theCurrently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President.Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which location was the sole embassy of Country B, the only communist nation, established, despite being overrun by Country A, the creators of the ZH-29, due to their lack of preparedness in a military division which includes the Air Defense Artillery? | [
{
"id": 105527,
"question": "The country for ZH-29 was what?",
"answer": "Czechoslovakia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 14670,
"question": "The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?",
"answer": "the Army",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 8987,
"question": "What #2 was unprepared for the invasion of #1 ?",
"answer": "Yugoslavia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 8974,
"question": "#3 was the only communist country to have an embassy where?",
"answer": "Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay | [
"Alfredo Stroessner"
] | true | Country A developed the ZH-29 and invaded Country B because their military branch that the Air Defense Artillery is a branch of was unprepared. Country B was the only communist country to have an embassy where? |
2hop__170914_152093 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Hawk Nelson",
"paragraph_text": " recommendation of Trevor McNevan, the lead singer of fellow Tooth & Nail bands Thousand Foot Krutch and FM Static. McNevan, also from Peterborough, Ontario, is credited with discovering the band. In July 2004, Hawk Nelson released their debut album Letters to the President. It was produced by Aaron Sprinkle and McNevan, who also co-wrote the album's fourteen songs. He has also appeared on some of the band's songs, as well as in their video for the song \"California\".\nPopular with Christian rock fans, the band has achieved some success in the mainstream as well. They portrayed The Who on an episode of the NBC drama American Dreams, and they recorded a song named \"Bring 'Em Out\" as the theme for the 200Dunn's departure from the band, with Steingard replacing him on vocals marked the shift in the band's genre from fast-paced pop punk to a softer, contemporary alternative pop rock. On December 11, 2012, Hawk Nelson announced they had signed with Fair Trade Services. \"Made\" was released on April 2, 2013. The album's release was preceded by the release of the album's debut single on January 15, 2013, \"Words\", featuring Bart Millard of MercyMe, which reached No. 1 on the Christian Hot AC/CHR charts. 2000, SWISH released their first independent album, Riding Around the Park on Mime Radio, an independent record label based in Peterborough. In January 2002, Biro moved to Peterborough to join Dunn, Clark and Paige and SWISH was renamed \"Reason Being\", before finally settling with the name \"Hawk Nelson\". In 2003, they released their second independent album, Saturday Rock Action.\n\n\n=== Letters to the President (2004–2005) ===\nThey continued to perform and tour independently in Ontario, Canada, before being signed with Tooth & Nail Records, largely on the recommendation of Trevor McNevan, the lead singer of fellow Tooth & Nail bands Thousand Foot Krutch and FM Static. McNevan, also from Peterborough, Ontario, is credited with discovering the band. In July 2004, Hawk Nelson released their debut album Letters to the President. It was produced by Aaron Sprinkle and McNevan, who also co-wrote the album's fourteen songs. He has also appeared on some of the band's songs, as well as in their video for the song \"California\".\nPopular with Christian rock fans, the band has achieved some success in the mainstream as well",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Friend Like That",
"paragraph_text": " chart, and had jumped to the #3 position on the Christian rock songs chart. It ended 2008 as the eleventh most-played song on R&R magazine's Christian CHR chart for the year.\n\n\n== Style ==\nAllmusic reviewer Rick Anderson called the song \"charmingly goofy. ['Friend Like That'] acts as the distilled essence of the band's trademark approach: slightly whimsical lyrics, a shout-along chorus, and a song that somehow adds up to more than the sum of its parts.\"\n\n\n== Music video ==\nIn the music video for \"Friend Like That\", the band members are in a cartoon world, populated by characters and scenery also seen on the cover art and \"board game\" in the special-edition version of the album Hawk Nelson Is My Friend. Lead singer Jason Dunn is singing as he runs, while the others wait patiently for him to reach the group\"Friend Like That\" is the first single from Hawk Nelson's third album, \"Hawk Nelson Is My Friend\". It was released on Christmas Eve of 2007. This song is on the Digital Praise PC game Guitar Praise. This song was appearing by the compilation album WOW Hits 2009 and his regular versions.\"\"Friend Like That\" is the first single from Hawk Nelson's third album, \"Hawk Nelson Is My Friend\". It was released on Christmas Eve of 2007. This song is on the Digital Praise PC game Guitar Praise. This song was appearing by the compilation album WOW Hits 2009 and his regular versions. ==\n\"Friend Like That\" was released as single through iTunes on December 24, 2007.\nIn its first week of release to iTunes, the song sold 25,000 digital copies.\nIn the week of March 19, 2008, \"Friend Like That\" was at #5 on R&R's Christian CHR chart, and had jumped to the #3 position on the Christian rock songs chart. It ended 2008 as the eleventh most-played song on R&R magazine's Christian CHR chart for the year.\n\n\n== Style ==\nAllmusic reviewer Rick Anderson called the song \"charmingly goofy. ['Friend Like That'] acts as the distilled essence of the band's trademark approach: slightly whimsical lyrics, a shout-along chorus, and a song that somehow adds up to more than the sum of its parts.\"\n\n\n== Music video ==\nIn the music video for \"Friend Like That\", the band members are in a cartoon world, populated by characters and scenery also seen on the cover art and \"board game\" in the special-edition version of the album Hawk Nelson Is My Friend. Lead singer Jason Dunn is singing as he runs, while the others wait patiently for him to reach the group\"Friend Like That\" is the first single from Hawk Nelson's third album, \"Hawk Nelson Is My Friend\". It was released on Christmas Eve of 2007. This song is on the Digital Praise PC game Guitar Praise. This song was appearing by the compilation album WOW Hits 2009 and his regular versions.\"Friend Like That\" is the first single from Hawk Nelson's third album, Hawk Nelson Is My Friend. It was released on Christmas Eve of 2007. This song is on the Digital Praise PC game Guitar Praise. This song was appearing by the compilation album WOW Hits 2009 and his regular versions.\n\n\n== Release ==\n\"Friend Like That\" was released as single through iTunes on December 24, 2007.\nIn its first week of release to iTunes, the song sold 25,000 digital copies.\nIn the week of March 19, 2008, \"Friend Like That\" was at #5 on R&R's Christian CHR chart, and had jumped to the #3 position on the Christian rock songs chart. It ended 2008 as the eleventh most-played song on R&R magazine's Christian CHR chart for the year.\n\n\n== Style ==\nAllmusic reviewer Rick Anderson called the song \"charmingly goofy. ['Friend Like That'] acts as the distilled essence of the band's trademark approach: slightly whimsical lyrics, a shout-along chorus, and a song that somehow adds up to more than the sum of its parts.\"\n\n\n== Music video ==\nIn the music video for \"Friend Like That\", the band members are in a cartoon world, populated by characters and scenery also seen on the cover art and \"board game\" in the special-edition version of the album Hawk Nelson Is My Friend. Lead singer Jason Dunn is singing as he runs, while the others wait patiently for him to reach the group. He finally comes and they drive off. After stopping off, they enter a building and find themselves playing a live concert on stage.\n\n\n== References ==\"Friend Like That\" is the first single from Hawk Nelson's third album, Hawk Nelson Is My Friend. It was released on Christmas Eve of 2007. This song is on the Digital Praise PC game Guitar Praise. This song was appearing by the compilation album WOW Hits 2009 and his regular versions.\n\n\n== Release ==\n\"Friend Like That\" was released as single through iTunes on December 24, 2007.\nIn its first week of release to iTunes, the song sold 25,000 digital copies.\nIn the week of March 19, 2008, \"Friend Like That\" was at #5 on R&R's Christian CHR chart, and had jumped to the #3 position on the Christian rock songs chart. It ended 2008 as the eleventh most-played song on R&R magazine's Christian CHR chart for the year.\n\n\n== Style ==\nAllmusic reviewer Rick Anderson called the song \"charmingly goofy. ['Friend Like That'] acts as the distilled essence of the band's trademark approach: slightly whimsical lyrics, a shout-along chorus, and a song that somehow adds up to more than the sum of its parts.\"\n\n\n== Music video ==\nIn the music video for \"Friend Like That\", the band members are in a cartoon world, populated by characters and scenery also seen on the cover art and \"board game\" in the special-edition version of the album Hawk Nelson Is My Friend. Lead singer Jason Dunn is singing as he runs, while the others wait patiently for him",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which production company is behind the artist performing "Friend Like That"? | [
{
"id": 170914,
"question": "Friend Like That >> performer",
"answer": "Hawk Nelson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 152093,
"question": "What label was responsible for #1 ?",
"answer": "Fair Trade Services",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Fair Trade Services | [] | true | What label is responsible for the performer of "Friend Like That"? |
4hop1__46196_497223_15840_36002 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " rapid growth and popularity from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, marked by the golden age of arcade games and the second generation of consoles. Games like Space Invaders (1978) became a phenomenon across arcades worldwide, while home consoles such as the Atari 2600 and the Intellivision gained footholds in the American market. Many companies emerged to capitalise on the growing industry, including the playing card manufacturer Nintendo. \nHiroshi Yamauchi, who had been Nintendo's president since 1949, realised that breakthroughs in the electronics industry meant that entertainment products could be produced at lower prices. Companies such as Atari and Magnavox were already selling gaming devices for use with television sets, to moderate success. Yamauchi negotiated a licence with Magnavox to sell its gameThe Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ������リー��ンピュー��, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (フ����コン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (��대 ��보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is an 8-bit home video game console produced by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on 15 July 1983 as the Family Computer (Famicom). It was released in US test markets as the redesigned NES in October 1985, and fully launched in the US the following year. The NES was distributed in Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia throughout the 1980s under various names. As a third-generation console, it mainly competed with Sega's Master System.\nThe NES was designed by Masayuki Uemura. Nintendo's president, Hiroshi Yamauchi, called for a simple, cheap console that could run arcade games on cartridges. The controller design was reused from Nintendo's portable Game & Watch hardware. The western model was redesigned to resemble a video cassette recorder. Nintendo released add-ons such as the NES Zapper light gun for several shooting games, and R.O.B, a toy robot accessory.\nThe NES is regarded as one of the most influential consoles. It helped revitalise the American gaming industry following the video game crash of 1983, and pioneered a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers to produce and distribute games. The NES features several groundbreaking games, including Super Mario Bros. (1985), The Legend of Zelda (1986), Metroid (1986), and Mega Man (1987) which have become major franchises. \nThe NES dominated Japanese and North American markets, but initially underperformed in Europe where it faced strong competition from the Sega MasterThe Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. shooting games, and R.O.B, a toy robot accessory.\nThe NES is regarded as one of the most influential consoles. It helped revitalise the American gaming industry following the video game crash of 1983, and pioneered a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers to produce and distribute games. The NES features several groundbreaking games, including Super Mario Bros. (1985), The Legend of Zelda (1986), Metroid (1986), and Mega Man (1987) which have become major franchises. \nThe NES dominated Japanese and North American markets, but initially underperformed in Europe where it faced strong competition from the Sega Master System and microcomputers. With 61.91 million units sold, it is one of the best-selling consoles of all time. It was succeeded in 1990 by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Background ===\n\nThe video game industry experienced rapid growth and popularity from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, marked by the golden age of arcade games and the second generation of consoles. Games",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " North America and Europe. Overlapping the NES's 61.9 million unit sales, the Super NES remained popular well into the 32-bit era, with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003. It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers, with new homebrew games and Nintendo's emulated rereleases, such as on the Virtual Console, the Super NES Classic Edition, Nintendo Switch Online; as well as several non-console emulators which operate on a desktop computer or mobile device, such as Snes9x.\n\n\n== History ==\nTo compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Sega Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. It took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executivesTo compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping. same, several forms of regional lockout prevent cartridges for one version from being used in other versions.\nThe Super NES is Nintendo's second programmable home console, following the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time, like the Sega Genesis. It was designed to accommodate the ongoing development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated into game cartridges to be more competitive into the next generation.\nThe Super NES received largely positive reviews and was a global success, becoming the best selling console of the 16-bit era after launching relatively late and facing intense competition from Sega's Genesis console in North America and Europe. Overlapping the NES's 61.9 million unit sales, the Super NES remained popular well into the 32-bit era, with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "NFL (video game)",
"paragraph_text": " million copies as of 2018. From 2004 until 2022, it was the only officially licensed National Football League (NFL) video game series, and has influenced many players and coaches of the physical sport. Among the series' features are detailed playbooks and player statistics and voice commentary in the style of a real NFL television broadcast. As of 2013 the franchise has generated over $4 billion in sales, making it one of the most profitable video game franchises on the market.\nElectronic Arts (EA) founder Trip Hawkins conceived the series and approached Madden in 1984 for his endorsement and expertise. Because of Madden's insistence that the game be as realistic as possible, the first version of John Madden Football did not appear until 1988. EA has released annual versions since 1990, and the series' name changed to MaddenNFL is a 1989 football video game, developed by Atlus and published by LJN exclusively for the Nintendo Entertainment System.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "List of Super Bowl halftime shows",
"paragraph_text": "The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends. Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito - Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation. According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure. For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up - front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a ``chilly ''response from those involved.The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends. Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito - Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation. According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure. For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up - front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a ``chilly ''response from those involved.Halftime shows are a tradition during American football games at all levels of competition. Entertainment during the Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL), represents a fundamental link to pop culture, which helps broaden the television audience and nationwide interest.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nDuring most of the Super Bowl's first decade (starting on January 15, 1967), the halftime show featured a college marching band. The show's second decade featured a more varied show, often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances. Starting in the 1990s, to counter other networks' efforts to counterprogram the game, the show would be headlined by popular music acts each year, \nincluding New Kids on the Block, Michael Jackson, Gloria Estefan, Clint Black, Patti LaBelle, and Tony Bennett.\nStarting with Super Bowl XXXII, commercial sponsors presented the halftime show; within five years, the tradition of having a theme—begun with Super Bowl III—ended, replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high-profile acts. In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts in an alleged \"wardrobe malfunction\", all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group, with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These shows were considered \"family friendly\" and the time in which they took place has been described as \"the age of reactionary halftime shows\".\nSince Super Bowl XLV, the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians, with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts.\nThe NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members, management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends. The Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito-Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation. According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure. For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up-front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a \"chilly\" response from those involved.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe following is a list of the performers, producers, themes, and sponsors for each Super Bowl game's show. This list does not include national anthem performers, which are listed in the article List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl. Names in bold are headline performers.\n\n\n=== 1960s ===\n\n\n=== 1970s ===\n\n\n=== 1980s ===\n\n\n=== 1990s ===\n\n\n=== 2000s ===\n\n\n=== 2010s ===\n\n\n=== 2020s ===\n\n\n== Details on specific shows ==\n\n\n=== Super Bowl XL ===\nFor the Rolling Stones",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What were the benefits of the Genesis compared to the gaming console with three letters in its name, which featured a video game titled after the organization responsible for the Super Bowl halftime show? | [
{
"id": 46196,
"question": "who is in charge of the super bowl halftime show",
"answer": "The NFL",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 497223,
"question": "#1 >> platform",
"answer": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 15840,
"question": "What is the abbreviation of #2 ?",
"answer": "NES",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 36002,
"question": "What were the Genesis's advantages over the #3 ?",
"answer": "built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound | [
"16-bit",
"16-bit architecture"
] | true | What were the Genesis's advantages over the platform with a three letter abbreviation, that had a video game named after the league in charge of the Super Bowl halftime show? |
3hop1__604991_339990_54675 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Portland, Oregon",
"paragraph_text": " the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.Portland ( PORT-lənd) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the Pacific Northwest region. Situated in the northwestern area of the state at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, it is the county seat of Multnomah County, Oregon's most populous county. As of 2020, Portland's population was 652,503, making it the 26th-most populous city in the United States, the sixth-most populous on the West Coast, and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle. Approximately 2.5 million people live in the Portland metropolitan area, making it the 25th-most populous in the United States. About half of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metro area.\nNamed after Portland, Maine, which is itself named after the English Isle of Portland, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1840s, near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the timber industry was a major force in the city's early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world,Though much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the ``West Hills '', pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet (327 m) The city's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point (1,180 feet) near Forest Park. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636 feet (194 m). Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet (187 m) and 612 feet (187 m), respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range, and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range. On clear days, Mt. Hood and Mt. St. Helens dominate the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of theThough much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the ``West Hills '', pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet (327 m) The city's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point (1,180 feet) near Forest Park. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636 feet (194 m). Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet (187 m) and 612 feet (187 m), respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range, and to the east",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Socialist Party of Oregon (Columbia County, Oregon)",
"paragraph_text": " the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 688 square miles (1,780 km2), of which 657 square miles (1,700 km2) is land and 31 square miles (80 km2) (4.5%) is water. It is Oregon's third-smallest county by land area and fourth-smallest by total area.\n\n\n=== Adjacent counties ===\nWahkiakum County, Washington (northwest)\nCowlitz County, Washington (northeast)\nClark County, Washington (east)\nMultnomah County (southeast)\nWashington County (south)\nClatsop County (west)\n\n\n=== National protected area ===\nJulia Butler Hansen National Wildlife Refuge (part)\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2010 census ===\nAs of the 2010 census, there were 49,351 people, 19,183 households, and 13,516 families living in theThe Socialist Party of Oregon in Columbia County, Oregon began around the First Red Scare. The first year (1914) it went mainstream, the Socialist party had 27 more registered members than the Prohibition Party, who were some members of the Suffrage movement. The Socialist party was similar to the Progressive Party in the county, as it tried from the outskirts of government to make change. While Socialism failed its first year, it still received attention from the press who was aware of the October Revolution (1918) in Russia (Now the Soviet Union) by a similarly named government led by Vladimir Lenin.6.\nColumbia County was created in 1854 from the northern half of Washington County. Milton served as the county seat until 1857 when it was moved to St. Helens.\nColumbia County has been afflicted by numerous flooding disasters, the most recent in December 2007. Heavy rains caused the Nehalem River to escape its banks and flood the city of Vernonia and rural areas nearby. Columbia County received a presidential disaster declaration for this event.\nIn the 1910s the Socialist Party of Oregon won a handful of votes. This party was distinct from the better-known SPO which operated throughout the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 688 square miles (1,780 km2), of which 657 square miles (1,700 km2) is land and 31 square miles (80 km2) (4.5%) is water. It is Oregon's third-smallest county by land area and fourth-smallest by total area.\n\n\n=== Adjacent counties ===\nWahkiakum County, Washington (northwest)\nCowlitz County, Washington (northeast)\nClark County, Washington (east)\nMultnomah County (southeast)\nWashington County (south)\nClatsop County (west)\n\n\n=== National protected area ===\nJulia Butler Hansen National Wildlife",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Frozen Run",
"paragraph_text": " Valley, the stream turns east and flows for a few miles before reaching its confluence with Hemlock Creek near the community of Buckhorn.\nFrozen Run joins Hemlock Creek 2.26 miles (3.64 km) upstream of its mouth.\n\n\n=== Tributaries ===\nFrozen Run has a number of unnamed tributaries. These include UNT 65640513, UNT 65640565, UNT 65640671, and UNT 65640719.\n\n\n== Hydrology, geography, and geology ==\nParts of Frozen Run and several of its unnamed tributaries are considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by siltation due to agriculture. 2.4 miles (3.9 km) of streams in the watershed are considered to be impaired.\nThe water temperature of Frozen Run is 68 °F (20 °C). The width of the stream is between 5Frozen Run is a tributary of Hemlock Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Hemlock Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream flows through Frosty Valley and is also near a fault. It is designated as a coldwater fishery. Parts of the watershed are impaired due to siltation. The stream has several unnamed tributaries.FFrozen Run is a tributary of Hemlock Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Hemlock Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream flows through Frosty Valley and is also near a fault. It is designated as a coldwater fishery. Parts of the watershed are impaired due to siltation. The stream has several unnamed tributaries.ery. Parts of the watershed are impaired due to siltation. The stream has several unnamed tributaries.\nA. Joseph Armstrong describes Frozen Run as \"pretty mundane\" in his book Trout Unlimited's Guide to Pennsylvania Limestone Streams.\n\n\n== Course ==\nFrozen Run begins in a pond in Hemlock Township. It flows south in a valley for less than a mile before turning southeast, entering the much broader Frosty Valley. In Frosty Valley, the stream turns east and flows for a few miles before reaching its confluence with Hemlock Creek near the community of Buckhorn.\nFrozen Run joins Hemlock Creek 2.26 miles (3.64 km) upstream of its mouth.\n\n\n=== Tributaries ===\nFrozen Run has a number of unnamed tributaries. These include UNT 65640513, UNT 65640565, UNT 65640671, and UNT 65640719.\n\n\n== Hydrology, geography, and geology ==\nParts of Frozen Run and several of its unnamed tributaries are considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by siltation due to agriculture. 2.4 miles (3.9 km) of streams in the watershed are considered to be impaired.\nThe water temperature of Frozen Run is 68 °F (20 °C). The width of the stream is between 5Frozen Run is a tributary of Hemlock Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Hemlock Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of . The stream flows through Frosty Valley and is also near a fault. It is designated as a coldwater fishery. Parts of the watershed are impaired due to siltation. The stream has several unnamed tributaries.Frozen Run is a tributary of Hemlock Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long and flows through Hemlock Township. The watershed of the stream has an area of 3.55 square miles (9.2 km2). The stream flows through Frosty Valley and is also near a fault. It is designated as a coldwater fishery. Parts of the watershed are impaired due to siltation. The stream has several unnamed tributaries.\nA. Joseph Armstrong describes Frozen Run as \"pretty mundane\" in his book Trout Unlimited's Guide to Pennsylvania Limestone Streams.\n\n\n== Course ==\nFrozen Run begins in a pond in",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which peak is visible from Portland in the same state that houses the county of Frozen Run? | [
{
"id": 604991,
"question": "Frozen Run >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Columbia County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 339990,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Oregon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 54675,
"question": "what mountain can you see from portland #2",
"answer": "Tualatin Mountains",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Tualatin Mountains | [] | true | What mountain can you see from Portland in the state where Frozen Run's county is located? |
2hop__61143_165532 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "John \"Hannibal\" Smith",
"paragraph_text": "whose boyish face spawned the nickname) are the two most successful outlaws in the history of the West. However, crime-fighting methods are evolving to foil them; safes are becoming harder to crack, trains more difficult to stop, and posses more adept at tracking them down.\nHeyes, the brains of the Devil's Hole Gang, falls in disfavor with fellow members. Deciding to give up their life of crime, he and Curry learn of an amnesty program founded by the territorial governor. Through an old acquaintance, Sheriff Lom Trevors (James Drury in the pilot, alternately Mike Road and John Russell in the series), they contact the governor, who is unsure of how voters will react if he extends leniency to Heyes and Curry. He ultimately strikes a deal to grant them amnesty for their past crimes, with the stipulations that they must not discuss the agreement with anyone and that they will officially still be wanted men until such time as the governor decides that they deserve full clemency.\nThe cousins reluctantly accept the deal, but find life as law-abiding citizens to be more difficult than expected. Now calling themselves Joshua Smith and Thaddeus Jones, they find themselves tangling with lawmen, bounty hunters, operatives of the Bannerman Detective Agency (a fictional alias for the Pinkerton Detective Agency), and other nefarious figures. They are forced to rely on Heyes' silver tongue, Curry's fast draw, and occasionally a little help from friends on both sides of the law.\n\n\n== Cast and characters ==\nHeyes was deemed \"cunning,\" with Curry \"gunning.\" Heyes/Smith was considered the brains of the duo and an excellent poker player. Curry/Jones was the master gun hand and the brawn. Usually, Heyes figured out ways to make money andColonel John ``Hannibal ''Smith, played by George Peppard, is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action - adventure television series The A-Team. The producers originally had James Coburn in mind to play the part of Hannibal, but it eventually ended up going to Peppard.AColonel John ``Hannibal ''Smith, played by George Peppard, is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action - adventure television series The A-Team. The producers originally had James Coburn in mind to play the part of Hannibal, but it eventually ended up going to Peppard. governor offers them a clemency deal on two conditions: that they keep the agreement a secret, and that they will remain wanted fugitives until the governor decides that they should receive a formal amnesty.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nOperating primarily in Wyoming Territory (1868–1890), cousins Hannibal Heyes and Jedediah \"Kid\" Curry (whose boyish face spawned the nickname) are the two most successful outlaws in the history of the West. However, crime-fighting methods are evolving to foil them; safes are becoming harder to crack, trains more difficult to stop, and posses more adept at tracking them down.\nHeyes, the brains of the Devil's Hole Gang, falls in disfavor with fellow members. Deciding to give up their life of crime, he and Curry learn of an amnesty program founded by the territorial governor. Through an old acquaintance, Sheriff Lom Trevors (James Drury in the pilot, alternately Mike Road and John Russell in the series), they contact the governor, who is unsure of how voters will react if he extends leniency to Heyes and Curry. He ultimately strikes a deal to grant them amnesty for their past crimes, with the stipulations that they must not discuss the agreement with anyone and that they will officially still be wanted men until such time as the governor decides that they deserve full clemency.\nThe cousins reluctantly accept the deal, but find life as law-abiding citizens to be more difficult than expected. Now calling themselves Joshua Smith and Thaddeus Jones, they find themselves tangling with lawmen, bounty hunters, operatives of the Bannerman Detective Agency (a fictional alias for the Pinkerton Detective Agency), and other nefarious figures. They are forced to rely on Heyes' silver tongue, Curry's fast draw, and occasionally a little help from friends on both sides of the law.\n\n\n== Cast and characters ==\nHeyes was deemed \"cunning,\" with Curry \"gunning.\" Heyes/Smith was considered the brains of the duo and an excellent poker player. Curry/Jones was the master gun hand and the brawn. Usually, Heyes figured out ways to make money andColonel John ``Hannibal ''Smith, played by George Peppard, is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists of the 1980s action - adventure television series The A-Team. The producers originally had James Coburn in mind to play the part of Hannibal, but it eventually ended up going to Peppard.Alias Smith and Jones is an American Western television series that originally aired on ABC from January 1971 to January 1973. The show initially starred Pete Duel (and, after Duel's death, Roger Davis) as Hannibal Heyes and Ben Murphy as Jedediah \"Kid\" Curry, outlaw cousins who are trying to reform. The governor offers them a clemency deal on two conditions: that they keep the agreement a secret, and that they will remain wanted fugitives until the governor decides that they should receive a formal amnesty.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nOperating primarily in Wyoming Territory (1868–1890), cousins Hannibal Heyes and Jedediah \"Kid\" Curry (whose boyish face spawned the nickname) are the two most successful outlaws in the history of the West. However, crime-fighting methods are evolving to foil them; safes are becoming harder to crack, trains more difficult to stop, and posses more adept at tracking them down.\nHeyes, the brains of the Devil's Hole Gang, falls in disfavor with fellow members. Deciding to give up their life of crime, he and Curry learn of an amnesty program founded by the territorial governor. Through an old acquaintance, Sheriff Lom Trevors (James Drury in the pilot",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Five Days from Home",
"paragraph_text": " parole hearing is only two weeks away Pryor is desperate to be at his son's hospital bedside. His nine-year-old son, Thomas, was injured in an automobile accident in Los Angeles and is in critical condition. JustFive Days from Home is a 1979 American drama film directed by and starring George Peppard, with Sherry Boucher, Savannah Smith, Neville Brand, Victor Campos, and Robert Donner.Five Days from Home is a 1978 American drama film directed, produced and starring George Peppard, with Sherry Boucher, Savannah Smith, Neville Brand, Victor Campos, and Robert Donner.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nT.M. Pryor, a former cop, escapes from a prison in Louisiana where he is currently serving out a sentence for killing his wife's lover. Despite the fact that his parole hearing is only two weeks away Pryor is desperate to be at his son's hospital bedside. His nine-year-old son, Thomas, was injured in an automobile accident in Los Angeles and is in critical condition. Just days before Christmas, Pryor hits a prison guard, escapes and heads for the Louisiana swamps. Avoiding the tracking teams assisted by dogs, Pryor makes it to the highway where he hitches a farm truck ride to the nearest town. In town he breaks into a sporting goods store where he takes two firearms and ammo, a knife and hunting clothing leaving an IOU note in lieu of payment. Over the radio he gets the latest news and learns that someone has killed the prison guard who tried to prevent his escape from prison. It's obvious that someone is trying to pin the prison murder on him and frame him. Meanwhile, Louisiana's governor assigns Pryor's escape case to Inspector Markley, a tracking specialist. Inspector Markley decides to start the pursuit in Texas, on a hunch that Pryor might be heading that way in order to reach California. Things get even more complicated when Pryor starts carjacking people and taking hostages in his obsessive aim to reach his injured son in Los Angeles before Christmas.\n\n\n== Cast ==\n\n\n== Production ==\nIn November 1977 Peppard announced he wanted to direct and star in The Long Escape. \"Directing is something I've wanted to do a long time,\" he said.\nPeppard later said he decided to direct because \"I couldn't hire anyone else as cheaply\" and says the experience \"somehow cleared my head of all the negative feelings I had towards acting.\"\nPeppard made the film with much of his own money. He later stated that it cost $1 million to produce. \"I'm quite proud of it,\" he said in 1979. \"I sold many assets to help make it but I don't mind. It was the best time of my life. Maybe it would have been a better film with a better script - I don't know - but I just didn't have any money to spare.\" He later said he disliked acting and directing at the same time.\nPeppard said he wrote most of the script but did not take credit. \"That would be too much of an ego trip.\"\nHis then wife Sherry Boucher played a small role and Bocher's sister Savannah was cast as Peppard's love interest.\nIn December 1977 the film was sold to Universal, by which time Peppard and Boucher were separated. This was attributed to the stress of making the movie.\nPeppard said he sold the film for $1,250,000, thus allowing him to repay his investors within nine months of the sale.\n\n\n== Release ==\nThe film received a regional release on April 21, 1978, opening in eight cities in Arizona, Louisiana and Mississippi before expanding into Southern and Central states before opening in Los Angeles on March 9, 1979Five Days from Home is a 1979 American drama film directed by and starring George Peppard, with Sherry Boucher, Savannah Smith, Neville Brand, Victor Campos, and Robert Donner.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is married to the actor who portrayed Hannibal Smith in The A Team? | [
{
"id": 61143,
"question": "who played hannibal smith in the a team",
"answer": "George Peppard",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 165532,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Sherry Boucher",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | Sherry Boucher | [] | true | Who is the spouse of the actor who played hannibal smith in the a team? |
2hop__80673_510545 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Paul Bettany",
"paragraph_text": ", which would later become the Royal Shakespeare Company. He played Osric to Sir Michael Redgrave's Hamlet. In The Tempest, he was the understudy for the role of Ferdinand; he then took over the part when the play transferred to Drury Lane with Sir John Gielgud.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\nAfter a few years with the New Zealand Players, he returned home and taught at Corona Stage School, where he met Anne Kettle, whom he would later marry. He moved on to Norway as the Artistic Director of the English Theatre Company there, inviting Kettle over as his stage manager. Back in England they renewed their friendship at the Lincoln Theatre Royale. They married and settled in North London, \"a rough estate in Harlesden\" according to their son, and although stage work continued to be his focus, when his children were born he looked for other work to be closer to home. He continued to act, mainly in television; during this period he was cast in one of his most famous roles, as Tarak on Doctor Who.\nThe couple had three children: daughter Sarah, elder son Paul and younger son Matthew. Sarah and Paul initially attended school in North London. When Sarah, Paul and Matthew were 11, 9 and 2 years old, respectively, their father obtained employment as a drama teacher at the Hertfordshire all-girls boarding school, Queenswood School; the family lived on campus.\nHis son, Matthew, died after a fall at Queenswood when he was 8. Soon after, Paul left home to live on his own in London. Thane and Anne divorced in 1993 after 25 years of marriage. Bettany considered paying privately for sex-reassignment surgery, as he was too old for NHS protocols; in the end he judged it too expensive, and likely to hinder his remaining acting career. He lived in Fife, Scotland with his partner, Andy Little, continuing to work regularly as an actor, including performing with Dundee Rep until his death in November 2015. According to his son Paul, following the death of Andy after a 20 year relationship, Thane \"went back into the closet\" out of difficulties with grief and with reconciling his sexuality and Catholicism, fearing \"not being able to get into Heaven\".\nBettany was the father-in-law of actress Jennifer Connelly, who married his son Paul in 2003.\n\n\n== Filmography ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThane Bettany at IMDb\n\"My Son, the Actor\"\nBiography of Paul BettanyThane William Howard Hardcastle Christopher Bettany (28 May 1929 – 7 November 2015) was an English actor and dancer. He was the father of film and theatre actor Paul Bettany.\n\n\n== Early years ==\nThane Bettany was born in Sarawak, an independent state on the island of Borneo, which was then a British protectorate governed by the White Rajahs. Thane grew up with an elder brother, named Peter Bettany. His godmother was the American memoirist Agnes Newton Keith, author of Three Came Home.\nThe Bettanys knew the Rhys-Jones family, also British expats in Sarawak. In 1965, when both had been widowed, Howard John Bettany, Thane's father, married Margaret Rhys-Jones (née Molesworth; a descendant of Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth). The same year, further intermingling the families, Thane Bettany stood godfather to his new stepbrother's daughter, Sophie. In 1999 he was summoned by royal command to attend her wedding to Prince Edward, when she became Countess of Wessex (later Duchess of Edinburgh).\n\n\n== Dancing career ==\nBettany had become enamoured with ballet after seeing a performance as a child. Once he left school he took the money given to him by his father to go to school to study ballet. After National Service, when he served in the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm as a mechanic, he entered Sadler's Wells Ballet School (which later became the Royal Ballet School). He began dancing in musical theatre, but after an accident on stage when he broke his back he had to give up professional dance. Acting was an obvious career move, but he had a stammer. He went to study mime in Paris with Charles Antonetti, who helped him manage his stammer. Bettany returned to England andPaul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is an English actor. He is known for his voice role as J.A.R.V.I.S. and the Vision in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, specifically the films Iron Man (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers (2012), Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and Captain America: Civil War (2016), for which he garnered praise. He first came to the attention of mainstream audiences when he appeared in the British film Gangster No. 1 (2000), and director Brian Helgeland's film A Knight's Tale (2001). He has gone on to appear in a wide variety of films, including A Beautiful Mind (2001), Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003), Dogville (2003), Wimbledon (2004), and the adaptation of the novel The Da Vinci Code (2006). Thane Bettany stood godfather to his new stepbrother's daughter, Sophie. In 1999 he was summoned by royal command to attend her wedding to Prince Edward, when she became Countess of Wessex (later Duchess of Edinburgh).\n\n\n== Dancing career ==\nBettany had become enamoured with ballet after seeing a performance as a child. Once he left school he took the money given to him by his father to go to school to study ballet. After National Service, when he served in the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm as a mechanic, he entered Sadler's Wells Ballet School (which later became the Royal Ballet School). He began dancing in musical theatre, but after an accident on stage when he broke his back he had to give up professional dance. Acting was an obvious career move, but he had a stammer. He went to study mime in Paris with Charles Antonetti, who helped him manage his stammer. Bettany returned to England and joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company, which would later become the Royal Shakespeare Company. He played Osric to Sir Michael Redgrave's Hamlet. In The Tempest, he was the understudy for the role of Ferdinand; he then took over the part when the play transferred to Drury Lane with Sir John Gielgud.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\nAfter",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "A Beautiful Mind (soundtrack)",
"paragraph_text": " of being midway between a girl and woman, and wrote the score specifically for 15-year-old Welsh singer Charlotte Church. To convey \"the beauty of mathematics\", Horner decided to use the idea of a kaleidoscope, as its \"patterns are always changing, and things move very quickly, but in moving so quickly, they create other patterns that move very slowly underneath\". He added that these changing patterns were conveyed with the piano and Church's voice.\n\n\n== Release and reception ==\n\nWriting for Empire magazine, Danny Graydon gave the soundtrack four out of five stars. He thought the score contained elements of Horner's previous films Sneakers (1992) and Bicentennial Man (1999), but said \"if you can forgive that, this is a clever, masterful and romantic score that captures a brilliant mind in conflict\". In the tracks \"Creating Government Dynamics\" and \"Cracking The Russian Codes\", Graydon opined that Church's \"poignant vocals mix well with the frenetic piano and strings to represent Nash’s brilliance\" and wished that her voice had been used more in the film.\nDan Goldwasser of Soundtrack.net also found similarities to the score in Bicentennial Man, but thought Horner's work fit the film regardless, explaining \"it effectively underscores the drama and romance, andA Beautiful Mind is the original soundtrack album, on the Decca Records label, of the 2001 film \"A Beautiful Mind\" starring Russell Crowe, Jennifer Connelly (who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as \"Alicia Nash\"), Christopher Plummer and Paul Bettany. The original score and songs were composed and conducted by James Horner. garnered nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Best Original Score. Music critics felt that the musical score fit the film well, but believed it to be similar to several of Horner's previous films.\n\n\n== Development ==\nComposer James Horner was a frequent collaborator with Ron Howard, the director of A Beautiful Mind. Horner desired to feature vocals reminiscent of being midway between a girl and woman, and wrote the score specifically for 15-year-old Welsh singer Charlotte Church. To convey \"the beauty of mathematics\", Horner decided to use the idea of a kaleidoscope, as its \"patterns are always changing, and things move very quickly, but in moving so quickly, they create other patterns that move very slowly underneath\". He added that these changing patterns were conveyed with the piano and Church's voice.\n\n\n== Release and reception ==\n\nWriting for Empire magazine, Danny Graydon gave the soundtrack four out of five stars. He thought the score contained elements of Horner's previous films Sneakers (1992) and Bicentennial Man (1999), but said \"if you can forgive that, this is a clever, masterful and romantic score that captures a brilliant mind in conflict\". In the tracks \"Creating Government Dynamics\" and \"Cracking The Russian Codes\", Graydon opined that Church's \"poignant vocals mix well with the frenetic piano and strings to represent Nash’s brilliance\" and wished that her voice had been used more in the film.\nDan Goldwasser of Soundtrack.net also found similarities to the score in Bicentennial Man, but thought Horner's work fit the film regardless, explaining \"it effectively underscores the drama and romance, and even provides a few bits of tension for the action scene\". Goldwasser concluded that \"while it all works well in the film, there is enough about this score that just seemed to [sic] 'familiar' to make it stand out\". Contributing to National Public Radio, Andy Trudeau believed Church's particular voice adds a \"human element. It's the sound that, I think, gives a sense of--the center of this character, if you will. I think it's the soul. And it's trying to be normal in a way, and underneath it it's trying to be crazy\".\nHorner's score garnered nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Best Original Score. It lost the Golden Globe to the film Moulin Rouge! and the Oscar to The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nAdapted from:\n\n\n== References ==A Beautiful Mind is the original soundtrack album, on the Decca Records label, of the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind starring Russell Crowe, Jennifer Connelly (who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as \"Alicia Nash\"), Christopher Plummer and Paul Bettany. The original score and songs were composed and conducted by James Horner.\nThe album garnered nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the Academy Award for Best Original Score. Music critics felt that the musical score fit the film well, but believed it to be similar to several of Horner's previous films.\n\n\n== Development ==\nComposer James Horner was a frequent collaborator with Ron Howard, the director of A Beautiful Mind. Horner desired to feature vocals reminiscent of being midway between a girl and woman, and wrote the score specifically for 15-year-old Welsh singer Charlotte Church. To convey \"the beauty of mathematics\", Horner decided to use the idea of a kaleidoscope, as its \"patterns are always changing, and things move very quickly, but in moving so quickly, they create other patterns that move very slowly underneath\". He added that these changing patterns were conveyed with the piano and Church's voice.\n\n\n== Release and reception ==\n\nWriting for Empire magazine, Danny Graydon gave the soundtrack four out of five stars. He thought the score contained elements of Horner's previous films Sneakers (1992) and Bicentennial Man (1999), but said \"if you can forgive that, this is a clever, masterful and romantic score that captures a brilliant mind in conflict\". In the tracks \"Creating Government Dynamics\" and \"Cracking The Russian Codes\", Graydon opined that Church's \"poignant vocals mix well with the frenetic piano and strings to represent Nash",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is married to the performer portraying Vision in the latest Avengers film? | [
{
"id": 80673,
"question": "who plays vision in the new avengers movie",
"answer": "Paul Bettany",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 510545,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Jennifer Connelly",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | Jennifer Connelly | [] | true | Who is the spouse of the actor who plays Vision in the new Avengers movie? |
2hop__486314_544665 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Menucha Rochel Slonim",
"paragraph_text": " Menucha because in Hebrew the word \"menucha\" means \"peace and quiet\". He said, \"Henceforth we shall have a little Menucha.\" She was named Rochel after an aunt that died in her youth.\nHer husband's last name was originally Griver, a descendant of\"Rebbetzin\" Menucha Rochel Slonim (1798–1888) was a daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic dynasty. She is regarded a matriarch to the Chabad dynasty as well as Hebron's Jewish population in general.'s Jewish population in general.\n\n\n== Origin of name ==\nRebbetzin Slonim was born on the 19 Kislev, 5559 AM (27 November 1798), the same day her grandfather, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi was released from imprisonment in S. Petersburg. Her father chose the name Menucha because in Hebrew the word \"menucha\" means \"peace and quiet\". He said, \"Henceforth we shall have a little Menucha.\" She was named Rochel after an aunt that died in her youth.\nHer husband's last name was originally Griver, a descendant of Rabbi Moses Isserles, the Rema; they chose to change it to Slonim (this was when it was still easy to change names). They then moved to Hebron.\n\n\n== Emigration to Hebron ==\nAfter she fell dangerously ill, her father promised that she would live to emigrate to the Land of Israel. In 1845, with the blessing of her brother-in-law, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, she and her family emigrated to Hebron. To allay her fears of rainstorms on the journey to Hebron, Rabbi Schneersohn blessed her to \"walk between the raindrops.\"\n\n\n== Life in Hebron ==\nFor forty-three years she served as the matriarch of the Hebron community. New brides and barren women would request blessings from her. Before she died on the 24th of Shevat, 5648 AM (6 February 1888), she sent a letter to the then Rebbe, Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, informing him of her imminent passing. She thus lived during the leadership of\"Rebbetzin\" Menucha Rochel Slonim",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Chaya Mushka Schneersohn",
"paragraph_text": " Hasidic Judaism. She was the second of three daughters of theChaya Mushka Schneersohn was the daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic movement, and the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn the third Rebbe.Chaya Mushka (Moussia) Schneerson (Yiddish: ��י�� מו����א שני��ו����א��; March 16, 1901 – February 10, 1988), referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbetzin, was the wife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh and last rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism. She was the second of three daughters of the sixth Lubavitcher rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. She was named after the wife of the third Lubavitcher rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneersohn.\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\n\n=== Early life ===\n\nShe was born in Babinovichi, near the city of Lubavitch on Shabbat, the 25th of Adar of the year 5661 (March 16, 1901 (NS); March 3, 1901 (OS)). At the request of her grandfather, Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, she was named Chaya Mushka after her great great grandmother, the wife of Menachem Mendel Schneersohn. She lived in Lubavitch until the autumn of 1915 when due to World War I, she and her family fled to Rostov. In 192Chaya Mushka Schneersohn was the daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic movement, and the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn the third Rebbe. 1988), referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbetzin, was the wife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh and last rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism. She was the second of three daughters of theChaya Mushka Schneersohn was the daughter of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad Hasidic movement, and the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn the third Rebbe.Chaya Mushka (Moussia) Schneerson (Yiddish: ��י�� מו����א שני��ו����א��; March 16, 1901 – February 10, 1988), referred to by Lubavitchers as The Rebbetzin, was the wife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh and last rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism. She was the second of three daughters of the sixth Lubavitcher rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. She was named after the wife of the third Lubavitcher rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneersohn.\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\n\n=== Early life ===\n\nShe was born in Babinovichi, near the city of Lubavitch on Shabbat, the 25th of Adar of the year 5661 (March 16, 1901 (NS); March 3, 1901 (OS)). At the request of her grandfather",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who succeeded Menucha Rochel Slonim's father? | [
{
"id": 486314,
"question": "Menucha Rochel Slonim >> father",
"answer": "Dovber Schneuri",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 544665,
"question": "#1 >> followed by",
"answer": "Menachem Mendel Schneersohn",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | Menachem Mendel Schneersohn | [] | true | Who followed the father of Menucha Rochel Slonim? |
3hop2__781093_467331_162182 | [
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Zone 5 Military Museum, Danang",
"paragraph_text": " equipment; a military museum; a reproduction of Ho Chi Minh's house in Hanoi; and a Ho Chi Minh Museum.\n\n\n=== Outdoor display ===\nItems on display:\n\n100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3) produced in Soviet Union\nCessna A-37 Dragonfly 10793 light aircraft captured at Da Nang Air Base on March 29, 1975 and later used in the Bombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base\nBLU-82 \"Daisy Cutter\" bomb recovered from An Lão District in 2006\nSoviet-built Bulldozers (2)\nCessna O-1 Bird Dog 042 captured in 1975 and subsequently used in the early stages of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War\nM8 Greyhound armoured car captured from Groupe Mobile 100 in the Battle of Mang Yang Pass\nM-46 130mm towed field gun\nM41 tank used by the ARVN 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment and captured at Tân Cảnh during the Battle of Kontum in May 1972\nM48A3 Patton tank used by the ARVN 1st Cavalry Brigade and captured at Da Nang on March 29, 1975\nM101 howitzer (2) captured in Bình Định Province in 1972\nM102 howitzer captured in April 1975\nM107 self-propelled gun captured at Da Nang in March 1975\nM113 armored personnel carrier captured in 1975 and subsequently used in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War\nM114 155 mm howitzer captured in 1954 in the Battle of Mang Yang Pass\nM1938 122mm howitzer used by People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) Brigade 52 to attack the ARVN base in Minh Long District in 1974\nM1939 37mm anti-aircraft gun used by PAVN Regiment 573 it apparently shot down an A-37 in Tiên Phước District on 17 March 1975\nM1943 160mm mortar used by PAVN Regiment 576 to attack the ARVN base in Minh Long District in 1974\nM578 Light Recovery Vehicle captured in 1975\nMiG-21 5114 of the VPAF 931st Regiment used by Nguyen Van Nghia to shoot down a US McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II over Bac Thai in 1972\nMiG-21 5127 of the VPAF 931st Regiment used by Le Khuong\nP-15 Termit antiship missile\nQF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer captured from the French in Bình Thuận Province in 1953\nSA-2 Guideline SAM, used by Regiment 275, Air Defence Division 375\nT34/85 tank used in Operation Lam Son 719\nToyota pickup mounting a recoilless rifle captured in the Cambodian-Vietnamese War\nBell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter 69-15130 captured in 1975 and subsequently used in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War\nZIL-157 general purpose truck\n\n\n=== Military Museum ===\nDisplays include:\n\nMemorials to Ho Chi Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp\nMemorials to the leaders and heroes of the Zone 5 Military\nMemorials to mothers whose only children or multiple children were killed during the Vietnam War\nPhotographic display of Vietnam's historic claims to the Trường Sa (Spratley) and Hoàng Sa (Paracel) Islands\nOpposition to the French in Nha Trang in October 1946\nThe Battle of Mang Yang Pass\nBattle of Ba Gia\nOperation Starlite\nBattle of Ia Drang\nHue–Da Nang Campaign\nOperations against FULRO\n\n\n== Gallery ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==The Zone 5 Military Museum (Bao Tang Khu 5) is a military museum located at 3 Duy Tân, Da Nang, Vietnam. It covers all Vietnamese resistance to foreign occupation from the Chinese occupation, the First Indochina War with the French, the Vietnam War and the current standoff with China over theThe Zone 5 Military Museum (Bao Tang Khu 5) is a military museum located at 3 Duy Tân, Da Nang, Vietnam. It covers all Vietnamese resistance to foreign occupation from the Chinese occupation, the First Indochina War with the French, the Vietnam War and the current standoff with China over the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands.The Zone 5 Military Museum (Bao Tang Khu 5) is a military museum located at 3 Duy Tân, Da Nang, Vietnam. It covers all Vietnamese resistance to foreign occupation from the Chinese occupation, the First Indochina War with the French, the Vietnam War and the current standoff with China over the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Lâm Thao District",
"paragraph_text": "Lâm Thao is a rural district of Phú Thọ Province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 106,610. The district covers an area of 115 km². The district capital lies at Lâm Thao.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "South Central Coast",
"paragraph_text": "South Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) is one of the regions of Vietnam. It consists of the independent municipality of Đà Nẵng and seven other provinces. The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region.The Paracel Islands (Hoàng Sa District), and Spratly Islands (Trường Sa District), are also part of this region. include Central Highlands (picture 2). Nevertheless, the term \"South Central Region\" can also be used to include Central Highlands as it is part of southern part of Central Vietnam.\nThe region has traditionally been one of the main gateways to neighbouring Central Highlands. It has a complex geography with mountain ranges extending up to the coast, making transport and infrastructure development challenging but favouring tourism in some places, most notable around Phan Thiết, Nha Trang, and Da Nang. Tourism also benefits from Cham cultural heritage, including architecture, performances, and museums. It is generally much less industrialized and developed than the region around Ho Chi Minh City or the Red River Delta, but it has some regional industrial centers in Da Nang, around Nha Trang and Quy Nhon.\nSouth Central Coast (Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) - 8 provinces: Da Nang, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận. The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. In the Nguy��n dynasty, this area was known as Tả Trực K�� (the area located in the right of Th��a Thiên).\n\n\n== Pro",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where is the Zone 5 Military Museum situated, in terms of the region of the country that also includes Lam Thao? | [
{
"id": 781093,
"question": "Lâm Thao >> country",
"answer": "Vietnam",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 467331,
"question": "Zone 5 Military Museum >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Da Nang",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 162182,
"question": "In what region of #1 is #2 located?",
"answer": "South Central Coast",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | South Central Coast | [] | true | In what region of the country where Lam Thao is located is the city where the Zone 5 Military Museum can be found? |
2hop__46550_85990 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "2002 United States House of Representatives elections",
"paragraph_text": "The Elections for the United States House of Representatives on 5 November 2002 was in the middle of President George W. Bush's first term. Although it was a midterm election, the Republican Party gained a net eight seats, solidifying their majority. Together with gains made in the Senate, it was one of the few mid-term elections that the party in control of the White House increased their number of seats in the House (the other such mid-term elections were in 1934 and 1998).The Elections for the United States House of Representatives on 5 November 2002 was in the middle of President George W. Bush's first term. Although it was a midterm election, the Republican Party gained a net eight seats, solidifying their majority. Together with gains made in the Senate, it was one of the few mid-term elections that the party in control of the White House increased their number of seats in the House (the other such mid-term elections were in 1934 and 1998).The 2020 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 3, 2020, to elect representatives from all 435 congressional districts across each of the 50 U.S. states to the 117th United States Congress, as well as six non-voting delegates from the District of Columbia and the inhabited U.S. territories. Special House elections were also held on various dates throughout 2020.\nIn the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections, the Democrats had won 235 seats. Leading up to the 2020 elections, the Democrats were projected by many polls to expand their majority by up to 15 seats due to the unpopularity of then-President Donald Trump. While Democrats ultimately retained control of the House following the 2020 elections, Republicans made a net gain of 14 seats and the Democrats entered 2021 with a narrow 222–213 House majority. This was the first time since 2004 that the Republican Party made net gains in the House during a presidential election year. This led to Democrats' smallest majority since 1942.\nRepublicans exceeded expectations in the 2020 House elections, winning back a number of seats that they lost in 2018 while successfully defending competitive seats that Democrats had hoped to flip. No Republican incumbent was defeated for re-election, while 13 incumbent Democrats were ousted by Republicans; also, several successful Democratic candidates won by smaller-than-expected margins. Many have cited Trump's presence on the ballot as having fueled high Republican turnout, while others have emphasized the Republican Party's efforts to promote their female and minority candidates.\nThis constitutes the 11th election since the Civil War in which the victorious presidential party lost seats in the House, after the elections of 1868, 1884, 1892, 1896, 1908, 1960, 1988, 1992, 2000, and 2016.\n\n\n== Electoral system ==\nForty-seven states used the first-past-the-post voting plurality system to elect their representatives. Instant-runoff voting was used in one state (Maine) and runoff system was used in two states (Georgia and Louisiana).\n\n\n== Results summary ==\n\n\n=== Federal ===\nThe 2020 election results are compared below to the November 2018 election, in which only 434 seats were filled (the election results in one constituency were voided). The results summary below does not include blank and over/under votes which were included in the official results.\n\n\n=== Per states ===\n\n\n=== Maps ===\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Retirements ==\n36 incumbents did not seek re-election either to retire or to seek other positions.\n\n\n=== Democrats ===\nNine Democrats did not seek re-election.\n\nCalifornia 53: Susan Davis retired.\nHawaii 2: Tulsi Gabbard retired to run for U.S. president.\nIndiana 1: Pete Visclosky retired.\nIowa 2: Dave Loebsack retired",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Republican Party (United States)",
"paragraph_text": " increased economic prosperity after World War II. His former vice president Richard Nixon carried 49 states in 1972 with what he touted as his silent majority. The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan realigned national politics, bringing together advocates of free-market economics, social conservatives, and Cold War foreign policy hawks under the Republican banner. Since 2008, the party has faced significant factionalism within its own ranks.\nIn the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support from rural voters, evangelical Christians, men, senior citizens, and white voters without college degrees. On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-business attitude since its inception. It has a neoliberal outlook, supporting low taxes and deregulation while opposing socialism, labor unions and single-payer healthcare. The populist faction supports economic protectionism. On social issues, it advocates for restricting the legality of abortion, discouraging and often prohibiting recreational drug use, promoting gun ownership and easing gun restrictions, and opposing the transgender rights movement. In foreign policy, the party establishment is neoconservative, supports an aggressive foreign policy and tough stances against Iran, North Korea and Russia, while the populist faction is isolationist and supports non-interventionism.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== 19th century ===\n\nIn 1854, the Republican Party was founded in the Northern United States by forces opposed to the expansion of slavery, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers. The Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The party grew out of opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the Kansas and Nebraska Territories to slavery and future admission as slave states. They denounced the expansion of slavery as a great evil, but did not call for ending it in the Southern states. While opposition to the expansion of slavery was the most consequential founding principle of the party, like the Whig Party it replaced, Republicans also called for economic and social modernization.\nAt the first public meeting of the anti-Nebraska movement on March 20, 1854, at the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin, the name \"Republican\" was proposed as the name of the party. The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan.\nThe party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s, united in pro-capitalist stances with members often valuing Radicalism. Historian William Gienapp argues that the great realignment of the 1850s began before the Whigs' collapse, and was caused not by politicians but by voters at the local level. The central forces were ethno-cultural, involving tensions between pietistic Protestants versus liturgical Catholics, Lutherans, and Episcopalians regarding Catholicism, prohibition and nativism. The Know Nothing Party embodied the social forces at work, but its weak leadership was unable to solidify its organization, and the Republicans picked it apart. Nativism was so powerful that the Republicans could not avoid it, but they did minimize it and turn voter wrath against the threat that slave owners would buy up the good farm lands wherever slavery was allowed. The realignment was powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of the Know Nothings, the rise of the Republican Party and the splitsFounded in the Northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The main cause was opposition to the Kansas -- Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil. The first public meeting of the general ``anti-Nebraska ''movement where the name`` Republican'' was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20, 1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party.igs and former Free Soilers to form majorities in nearly every northern state. White Southerners became alarmed at the threat to the slave trade. With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president, the deep Southern states seceded from the United States.\nUnder the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress, the Republican Party led the fight to defeat the Confederate States in the American Civil War, preserving the Union and abolishing slavery. Afterward, the party largely dominated the national political scene until the Great Depression in the 1930s, when it lost its congressional majorities and the Democrats' New Deal programs proved popular. Dwight D. Eisenhower's election was a rare break in between Democratic presidents and he presided over a period of increased economic prosperity after World War II. His former vice president Richard Nixon carried 49 states in 1972 with what he touted as his silent majority. The 1980 election of Ronald Reagan realigned national politics, bringing together advocates of free-market economics, social conservatives, and Cold War foreign policy hawks under the Republican banner. Since 2008, the party has faced significant factionalism within its own ranks.\nIn the 21st century, the Republican Party receives its strongest support from rural voters, evangelical Christians, men, senior citizens, and white voters without college degrees. On economic issues, the party has maintained a pro-business attitude since its inception. It has a neoliberal outlook, supporting low taxes and deregulation while opposing socialism, labor unions and single-payer healthcare. The populist faction supports economic protectionism. On social issues, it advocates for restricting the legality of abortion, discouraging and often prohibiting recreational drug use, promoting gun ownership and easing gun restrictions, and opposing the transgender rights movement. In foreign policy, the party establishment is neoconservative, supports an aggressive foreign policy and tough stances against Iran, North Korea and Russia, while the populist faction is isolationist and supports non-interventionism.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== 19th century ===\n\nIn 1854, the Republican Party was founded in the Northern United States by forces opposed to the expansion of slavery, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers. The Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The party grew out of opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the Kansas and Nebraska Territories to slavery and future admission as slave states. They denounced the expansion of slavery as a great evil, but did not call for ending it in the Southern states. While opposition to the expansion of slavery was the most consequential founding principle of the party, like the Whig Party it replaced, Republicans also called for economic and social modernization.\nAt the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In 2002, who led the opposition against the party that held the majority in the House of Representatives? | [
{
"id": 46550,
"question": "who controlled the house of representatives in 2002",
"answer": "the Republican Party",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 85990,
"question": "who were the leaders of the opposition #1",
"answer": "anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex Whigs and ex Free Soilers | [] | true | Who were the leaders of the opposition of the party that controlled the house of representatives in 2002? |
2hop__1667_40502 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Huguenots",
"paragraph_text": " resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced to either convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent dragonnades. Louis XIV claimed that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 900,000 or 800,000 adherents to just 1,000 or 1,500. He exaggerated the decline, but the dragonnades were devastating for the French Protestant community. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many of them had occupied important places in society.\nThe remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By theIn the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day Charleston, South Carolina. In 1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France, was among the first to settle there. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, several Huguenot families of Norman and Carolingian nobility and descent, including Edmund Bohun of Suffolk England from the Humphrey de Bohun line of French royalty descended from Charlemagne, Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux of Grenoble, immigrated to the Charleston Orange district. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantationsAfter the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. Amongst them were 200 clergy. Many came from the region of the Cévennes, for instance, the village of Fraissinet-de-Lozère. This was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to ca. 2 million at that time. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot.[citation needed] In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants, followed by the Dutch Republic in 1715. Huguenots intermarried with Dutch from the outset. to forcibly convert Protestants, and then finally revoked all Protestant rights in his Edict of Fontainebleau of 1685.\nThe Huguenots were concentrated in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret; her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king); and the princes of Condé. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes of 1598, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.\nHuguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced to either convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent dragonnades. Louis XIV claimed that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 900,000 or 800,000 adherents to just 1,000 or 1,500. He exaggerated the decline, but the dragonnades were devastating for the French Protestant community. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many of them had occupied important places in society.\nThe remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By theIn the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "New York City",
"paragraph_text": " was split off from New York County so that each borough was then coterminous with a county.\nWhen the western part of Queens County was consolidated with New York City in 1898, that area became the Borough of Queens. In 1899, the remaining eastern section of Queens County was split off to form Nassau County on Long Island, thereafter making the borough and county of Queens coextensive with each other.\n\n\n== Terminology ==\nThe term borough was adopted in 1898 to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a borough is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it. The limited powers of the boroughs are inferior to the authority of the government of New York City, contrasting significantly with the powers of boroughs as that term is used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as with borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nNew York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, which can unambiguously refer to the city proper as a whole, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New YorkNew York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.TheNew York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy. of Queens County were consolidated within one municipal government under a new city charter. All former municipalities within the newly consolidated city were dissolved.\nNew York City was originally confined to Manhattan Island and the smaller surrounding islands that formed New York County. As the city grew northward, it began annexing areas on the mainland, absorbing territory from Westchester County into New York County in 1874 (West Bronx) and 1895 (East Bronx). During the 1898 consolidation, this territory was organized as the Borough of the Bronx, though still part of New York County. In 1914, Bronx County was split off from New York County so that each borough was then coterminous with a county.\nWhen the western part of Queens County was consolidated with New York City in 1898, that area became the Borough of Queens. In 1899, the remaining eastern section of Queens County was split off to form Nassau County on Long Island, thereafter making the borough and county of Queens coextensive with each other.\n\n\n== Terminology ==\nThe term borough was adopted in 1898 to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a borough is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it. The limited powers of the boroughs are inferior to the authority of the government of New York City, contrasting significantly with the powers of boroughs as that term is used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as with borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nNew York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, which can unambiguously refer to the city proper as a whole, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New YorkNew York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.The boroughs of New York City are the five major governmental districts that compose New York City. The boroughs are the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of the State of New York: The Bronx is Bronx County, Brooklyn is Kings County, Manhattan is New York County, Queens is Queens County, and Staten Island is Richmond County.\nAll five boroughs came into existence with the creation of modern New York City in 1898, when New York County (then including the Bronx), Kings County, Richmond County, and part of Queens County were consolidated within one municipal government under a new city charter. All former municipalities within the newly consolidated city were dissolved.\nNew York City was originally confined to Manhattan Island and the smaller surrounding islands that formed New York County. As the city grew northward, it began annexing areas on the mainland, absorbing territory from Westchester County into New York County in 1874 (West Bronx) and 1895 (East Bronx). During the 1898 consolidation, this territory was organized as the Borough of the Bronx, though still part of New York County. In 1914, Bronx County was split off from New York County so that each borough was then coterminous with a county.\nWhen the western part of Queens County was consolidated with New York City in 1898, that area became the Borough of Queens. In 1899, the remaining eastern section of Queens County was split off to form Nassau County on Long Island, thereafter making the borough and county of Queens coextensive with each other.\n\n\n== Terminology ==\nThe term borough was adopted in 1898 to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a borough is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it. The limited powers of the boroughs are inferior to the authority of the government of New York City, contrasting significantly with the powers of boroughs as that term is used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as with borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nNew York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, which can unambiguously refer to the city proper as a whole, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area. The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the term outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan, even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn–Queens border.\n\n\n=== Changes ===\nAll five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the city's modern boundaries were established.\nThe Bronx originally included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Before Huguenot refugees started to arrive, what was the population size of New Amsterdam, according to the records of its founder? | [
{
"id": 1667,
"question": "What nation founded New Amsterdam?",
"answer": "the Dutch Republic",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 40502,
"question": "What was the population of #1 before this emigration?",
"answer": "2 million",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | 2 million | [] | true | What was the population of the founder of New Amsterdam before influx of Huguenot refugees? |
2hop__96137_121319 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "The Woman in the Window",
"paragraph_text": "th Century Fox in October 2019, but was delayed to May 2020 and subsequently sold to Netflix due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was released on May 14, 2021, and ranked among the best performing Netflix titles of 2021. Critical reception was mixed to negative, with critics praising the performances but describing the plot as convoluted and derivative. The film and the source novel were among the inspirations for the 2022 Netflix dark comedy series The Woman in the House Across the Street from the Girl in the Window, which spoofed tropes from the psychological thriller genre.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nChild psychologist Anna Fox lives alone in a Manhattan brownstone after separating from her husband Edward; he lives away with their daughter Olivia, but she talks to them on a daily basis. Anna suffers from agoraphobia and her housebound state leads her to observe all of her neighbors from a second-story window, including the Russell family who recently moved in across the street. She also takes a large number of medications and drinks heavily.\nOne evening, JaneThe Woman in the Window is a 1944 American film noir directed by Fritz Lang and starring Edward G. Robinson, Joan Bennett, Raymond Massey, and Dan Duryea. It tells the story of psychology professor Richard Wanley (Edward G. Robinson) who meets and becomes enamored with a young femme fatale.The Woman in the Window is a 2021 American psychological thriller film directed by Joe Wright from a screenplay by Tracy Letts, based on the bestselling 2018 novel of the same name by author A. J. Finn. The film follows an agoraphobic woman (Amy Adams) who begins to spy on her new neighbors (Gary Oldman, Fred Hechinger, and Julianne Moore) and is witness to a crime in their apartment. Anthony Mackie, Wyatt Russell, Brian Tyree Henry, and JenniferThe Woman in the Window is a 1944 American film noir directed by Fritz Lang and starring Edward G. Robinson, Joan Bennett, Raymond Massey, and Dan Duryea. It tells the story of psychology professor Richard Wanley (Edward G. Robinson) who meets and becomes enamored with a young femme fatale. (Gary Oldman, Fred Hechinger, and Julianne Moore) and is witness to a crime in their apartment. Anthony Mackie, Wyatt Russell, Brian Tyree Henry, and Jennifer Jason Leigh also star.\nThe film was produced by Fox 2000 Pictures and was originally scheduled to be theatrically released by",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Edward G. Robinson",
"paragraph_text": " Harris High School and then the City College of New York, planning to become a criminal attorney. An interest in acting and performing in front of people led to him winning an American Academy of Dramatic Arts scholarship, after which he changed his name to \"Edward G. Robinson\" (the G. standing for his original surname).After one of his brothers was attacked by an anti-semitic mob, the family decided to immigrate to the United States. Robinson arrived in New York City on February 21, 1904. \"At Ellis Island I was born again\", he wrote. \"Life for me began when I was 10 years old.\" He grew up on the Lower East Side, had his Bar Mitzvah at First Roumanian-American Congregation, and attended Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York, planning to become a criminal attorney. An interest in acting and performing in front of people led to him winning an American Academy of Dramatic Arts scholarship, after which he changed his name to \"Edward G. Robinson\" (the G. standing for his original surname). over $250,000 to more than 850 organizations that were involved in war relief, along with contributions to cultural, educational, and religious groups. During the 1950s, he was called to testify in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee during the Red Scare, but he was cleared of any deliberate CommunistAfter one of his brothers was attacked by an anti-semitic mob, the family decided to immigrate to the United States. Robinson arrived in New York City on February 21, 1904. \"At Ellis Island I was born again\", he wrote. \"Life for me began when I was 10 years old.\" He grew up on the Lower East Side, had his Bar Mitzvah at First Roumanian-American Congregation, and attended Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York, planning to become a criminal attorney. An interest in acting and performing in front of people led to him winning an American Academy of Dramatic Arts scholarship, after which he changed his name to \"Edward G. Robinson\" (the G. standing for his original surname).Edward G. Robinson (born Emanuel Goldenberg; December 12, 1893 – January 26, 1973) was an American actor of stage and screen, who was popular during Hollywood's Golden Age. He appeared in 30 Broadway plays, and more than 100 films, during a 50-year career, and is best remembered for his tough-guy roles as gangsters in such films as Little Caesar and Key Largo. During his career, Robinson received the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in House of Strangers.\nDuring the 1930s and 1940s, he was an outspoken public critic of fascism and Nazism, which were growing in strength in Europe in the years which led up to World War II. His activism included contributing over $250,000 to more than 850 organizations that were involved in war relief, along with contributions to cultural, educational, and religious groups. During the 1950s, he was called to testify in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee during the Red Scare, but he was cleared of any deliberate Communist involvement when he claimed that he was \"duped\" by several people whom he named (including screenwriter Dalton Trumbo), according to the official Congressional record, \"Communist infiltration of the Hollywood motion-picture industry\". As a result of being investigated, he found himself on Hollywood's graylist, people who were on the Hollywood blacklist maintained by the major studios, but could find work at minor film studios on what was called Poverty Row.\nRobinson's roles included an insurance investigator in the film noir Double Indemnity, Dathan (the adversary of Moses) in The Ten Commandments, and his final performance in the science-fiction story Soylent Green. Robinson received an Academy Honorary Award for his work in the film industry, which was awarded two months after he died in 1973. He is ranked number 24 in the American Film Institute's list of the 25 greatest male stars of Classic American cinema. Multiple film critics and media outlets have cited him as one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination.\n\n\n== Early years and education ==\nRobinson was born Emmanuel Goldenberg (Yiddish: ��מנו��ל ��א��לדענבער��) on December 12, 1893, in a Yiddish-speaking Romanian Jewish family in Bucharest, the fifth son of Sarah (née Guttman) and Yeshaya Moyshe Goldenberg (later called Morris in the U.S.), a builder.\nAccording to the New York Times, one of his brothers was attacked by an anti-semitic gang during a \"schoolboy pogrom\". In the wake of that violence, the family decided to emigrate to the United States. Robinson arrived in New York City on February 21, 1904. \"At Ellis Island I was born again,\" he wrote. \"Life for me began when I was 10 years old.\" In America, he assumed the name of Emanuel. He grew up on the Lower East Side,:��91�� and had his Bar Mitzvah at First Roumanian-American Congregation. He attended Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York, planning to become a criminal attorney. An interest in acting and performing in front of people led to him winning an American Academy of Dramatic Arts scholarship, after which he changed his name to Edward G. Robinson (the G. standing for his original surname).\nHe served in the United States Navy during World War I, but was not sent overseas.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\n\n=== Theatre ===\nIn 1915, Robinson made his Broadway debut in Roi Cooper Megrue's \"Under Fire\". He made his film debut in Arms and the Woman (1916).\nIn 1923, he made his named debut as E. G. Robinson in the silent film, The Bright Shawl.\n\n\n=== The Racket ===\nHe played a snarling gangster in the 1927 Broadway police/crime drama The Racket, which led to his being cast in similar film roles, beginning with The Hole in the Wall (1929) with Claudette Colbert for Paramount.\nOne of many actors who saw their careers flourish rather than falter in the new sound film era, he made only three films prior to 1930, but left his stage career that year and made 14 films between 1930 and 1932.\nRobinson went to Universal for Night Ride (1930) and MGM for A Lady to Love (1930) directed by Victor Sjöström. At Universal he was in Outside the Law and East Is West (both 1930), then he did The Widow from Chicago (1931) at First National.\n\n\n=== Little Caesar ===\nAt this point, Robinson was becoming an established film actor. What began his rise to stardom was an acclaimed performance as the gangster Caesar Enrico \"Rico\" Bandello in Little Caesar (",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where did the performer from The Woman in the Window receive their education or employment? | [
{
"id": 96137,
"question": "Who is in The Woman in the Window as a cast member?",
"answer": "Edward G. Robinson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 121319,
"question": "Where did #1 study or work?",
"answer": "American Academy of Dramatic Arts",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | American Academy of Dramatic Arts | [
"The City College of New York",
"City College",
"City College of New York"
] | true | Where did the actor in The Woman in the Window study or work? |
2hop__645448_77615 | [
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Larry Alcala",
"paragraph_text": " II, he created his very first comic strip, Islaw Palitaw, which was printed on the pages of the Filipino weekly magazine Liwayway. In 1947, he created the comic strip Kalabog en Bosyo, using Taglish as the medium of communication of his characters.\nHe pioneered animated cartoons for television commercials of products such as Darigold Milk in 1957 and Caltex in 1965. His campaign for the advancement of illustration and commercial art in the Philippines resulted to the establishment of the Visual Communication Department at the UP College of Fine Arts.\nIn 1997, the Philippine Board on Books for Young People (PBBY) granted him the title Dean of Filipino Cartoonists, an achievement award for his lifetime dedication to the art of capturing humor in the character and everyday life in the Philippines. In 1991, he promoted the formation of a group of young children's book illustrators called Ang Ilustrador ng Kabataan (Ang INK).\nAll in all, he made over 500 cartoon characters, twenty comic strips, six movies, two murals, and 15,000 published pages in his 56 years of professional cartooning career. He believed in the far-reaching role of cartoons in education and value formation.\n\n\n== Death ==\nAlcala died at the age of 75 on June 24, 2002, due to heart failure on Monday night at the Riverside Medical Centre, Bacolod City, central Philippines. His remains will lie in state at the Rolling Hills Memorial Chapel in the Visayas. \n\n\n== His Cartoons ==\n\nHis most popular cartoon series was Slice of Life, which is a reflection of the many unique aspects of everyday life in the Philippines. He captured the interest of his weekend patrons by giving them the task of looking for his image cleverly concealed within the weekend cartoon. He did the same with his other comic strip Kalabog en Bosyo. His cartoons had been tapped in advertising campaigns, such as corporate calendars, print ads, promotional T-shirts and in San Miguel Beer cans.\nIn 1988, his Slice of Life received the Best in Humor award and was also cited for helping to keep alive the Filipino's ability to laugh at himself, through the lively marriage of art and humor, and through commentaries that are at once critical and compassionate, evoking laughter and reflection.\nSlice of Life appeared on the pages of the Weekend Magazine.\n\n\n=== Mang Ambo ===\nMang Ambo is the personification of the Filipino according to Larry Alcala. Mang Ambo, the character, is an incorrigible cock-eyed innocent, possessing a small town charm amidst urban sophistication. Through Mang Ambo and the other characters of a fictional place called Barrio Bulabog, Alcala exposed the follies and foibles of Philippine society in general and of cosmopolitan life in particular. In this cartoon strip's characters, he also affirmed the Filipino's peculiar coping mechanism of laughing at himself in the face of adversity but still absorbing life's vicissitudes with resilience. Mang Ambo made its debut in 1960 as a full-page feature in the Weekly Graphic. The cartoon series later became the first Alcala comic strip to be compiled in book form.\n\n\n=== Kalabog en Bosyo ===\nAlcala's most enduring comic strip was Kalabog en Bosyo that first appeared on the pages of Pilipino Komiks in 1947. It eventually became the longest running cartoon series created by a Filipino.\nDecades before Slice of Life, Alcala was already doing cameo roles in his Kalabog en Bosyo comic strips, but instead of portraying himself with a moustach, spectacles and side burns, he rendered himself in a crew-cut, younger and about 100-pounds thinner profile.\nAn onomatopoeic Tagalog word, the name of the character, Kalabog, refers to the thud sound produced after the impact of a falling object finally reaching solid ground. In Kalabog en Bosyo, Alcala pioneered in the blending of Tagalog and English or Taglish as the medium of communication among his characters. The comic misadventures of the two bungling detectives namely Kalabog and Bosyo had been transposed into films by Sampaguita Pictures in 1957, starring the Filipino actors-comedians, Dolphy and Panchito Alba.\n\n\n== Summary of published works ==\nThe following is a summary of Alcala's published works:\n\nInternational Cartoons, Athens, Greece (1980)\nSalon of Cartoons, Montreal, Canada (1980)\nLaugh and Live, Life Today (1981–2002)\nSlice of Life, Weekend (1980–1986), Sunday Tribune (1986–1987), Sunday Times (1987–1995), Philstar (1995–2002)\nBing Bam Bung, Pilipino Funny Komiks (1978–1989)\nAsiong Aksaya, Daily Express, Tagalog Klasiks (1976–1984)\nMod-Caps, Mod Magazine (1974–2002)\nSnickerteens, TSS Magazine (1973–1984)\nSmolbateribols, Darna Komiks (1972–1984)\nSiopawman, Daily Express (1972–1983, 2002)\nKalambogesyons, Pinoy Komiks (1966–1972)\nCongressman Kalog, Aliwan Komiks (1966–1972)\nBarrio Pogspak, Holiday Komiks (1966–1972)\nProject 13, Pioneer Komiks (1966–1972)\nLoverboy, Redondo Komiks (1964–1969)\nCartoon Feature, Asia Magazine (1963)\nMang Ambo, Weekly Graphic (1963–1965), Weekly Nation (1965–1972) Manila Standard (1993–1998)\nThis Business of Living, Weekly Graphic (1951–1965), Weekly Nation (1965–1972)\nBest Cartoons from Abroad, New York, US (1955–1956)\nTipin, Hiwaga Komiks (1951–1965)\nKalabog en Bosyo, Pilipino Komiks (1949–1983), Manila Times (1984–1995)\nIslaw Palitaw (1946–1948)\nA Cover for Asiaweek Magazine, February 10, 1984\nMga Salawikain ni Lolo Brigido, Pambata Magazine\nA Cartoon Mural for the Philippine Village Hotel\nA Mural for the Philippine Commission on Audit\nContributions for Duty Free\nContributions for Jollibee restaurant\nCaricatures and Cartoons, Private collections\nCover designs, brochures and catalogs, University ofHe was born on August 18, 1926 to Ernesto Alcala and Elpidia Zarate in Daraga, Albay. Through a scholarship from Manila Times granted by the publisher Ramón Roces, he obtained a degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts in Painting at the University of the Philippines (UP) in 1950. He became a professor at the same university from 1951 to 1981. He also received the Australian Cultural Award accompanied by a travel study grant in 1975.He was born on August 18, 1926 to Ernesto Alcala and Elpidia Zarate in Daraga, Albay. Through a scholarship from Manila Times granted by the publisher Ramón Roces, he obtained a degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts in Painting at the University of the Philippines (UP) in 1950. He became a professor at the same university from 1951 to 1981. He also received the Australian Cultural Award accompanied by a travel study grant in 1975.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)",
"paragraph_text": "ROTC in the Philippines began in 1912 when the Philippine Constabulary commenced with military instruction at the University of the Philippines. The university's Board of Regents then made representations to the United States Department of War through the Governor - General and received the services of a United States Army officer who took on the duties of a professor of Military Science. Through this arrangement, the first official ROTC unit in the Philippines was established in the University of the Philippines on 3 July 1922. of the ROTC advance program serve in all branches of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. In 2008, ROTC graduates of the officer candidate schools of the various services constituted roughly 75% of the AFP officer corps. The ROTC grants qualified student-cadets scholarship benefits through a merit-based incentive program in return for an obligation of military service in the reserve force, or active duty in the AFP if given the opportunity, after graduation.\nROTC student-cadets attend college like other students, but also receive basic military training and officer training from the branch of service that handles their school's ROTC unit. The students participate",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | At Larry Alcala's alma mater, when did the military training begin? | [
{
"id": 645448,
"question": "Larry Alcala >> educated at",
"answer": "University of the Philippines",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 77615,
"question": "when did the military instruction start in #1",
"answer": "1912",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | 1912 | [] | true | When did military instruction start at the place where Larry Alcala was educated? |
4hop2__71753_729371_70784_79935 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "History of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": " historical regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al-Ahsa), and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud in Western countries. Abdulaziz united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy governed along Islamist lines. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called \"the Land of the Two Holy Mosques\", in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.\nPetroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia has since become the world's second largest oil producer (behind the US) and the world's largest oil exporter, controlling the world's second largest oil reserves and the sixth largest gas reserves.\nFrom 1902 until his death in 1953, Saudi Arabia's founding father, Abdulaziz, ruled the Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913), the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921), the Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926), the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932), and as the King of Saudi Arabia (1932–1953).\nThereafter, six of his sons in succession have reigned over the kingdom:\n\nSaud, the immediate successor of Abdulaziz, faced opposition from most in the royal family and was eventually deposed.\nFaisal replaced Saud in 1964. Until his murder by a nephew in 1975, Faisal presided over a period of growth and modernization fuelled by oil wealth. Saudi Arabia's role in the 1973 oil crisis, and the subsequent rise in the price of oil, dramatically increased the country's political significance and wealth.\nKhalid, Faisal's successor, reigned during the first major signs of dissent: Islamist extremists temporarily seized control of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979.\nFahd became king in 1982. During his reign, Saudi Arabia became the largest oil producer in the world. However, internal tensions increased when the country allied itself with the United States, and others, in the 1991 Gulf War. In the early 2000s, the Islamist opposition to the regime carried out a series of terrorist attacks.\nAbdullah succeeded Fahd in 2005. He instituted a number of mild reforms to modernize many of the country's institutions and, to some extent, increased political participation.\nSalman became king in 2015, at the age of 79. He oversaw the reorganization of the Saudi government and bestowed most of the king's political power into the crown prince, whom he replaced twice.\nSalman's son and current crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman, effectively controls the government. Mohammed has been responsible for the controversial Saudi intervention in the Yemeni Civil War. He has overseen a number of legal and social reforms in theFor much of the region's history a patchwork of tribal rulers controlled most of the area. The Al Saud (the Saudi royal family) emerged as minor tribal rulers in Najd in central Arabia. From the mid-18th century, imbued with the religious zeal of the Wahhabi Islamic movement, they became aggressively expansionist. Over the following 150 years, the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated. However, between 1902 and 1927, the Al Saud leader, Abdulaziz, carried out a series of wars of conquest which resulted in his establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1930.TheFor much of the region's history a patchwork of tribal rulers controlled most of the area. The Al Saud (the Saudi royal family) emerged as minor tribal rulers in Najd in central Arabia. From the mid-18th century, imbued with the religious zeal of the Wahhabi Islamic movement, they became aggressively expansionist. Over the following 150 years, the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated. However, between 1902 and 1927, the Al Saud leader, Abdulaziz, carried out a series of wars of conquest which resulted in his establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1930. 632, his followers rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering huge and unprecedented swathes of territory (from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to modern-day Pakistan in the east) in a matter of decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750), Abbasid (750–1517), and Fatimid (909–1171) caliphates, as well as numerous other dynasties in Asia, Africa, and Europe.\nThe area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of mainly four distinct historical regions: Hej",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": " area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic ofThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Israel",
"paragraph_text": "Israel (/ ˈɪzreɪəl /; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל , Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل ), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל , Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Operation Praying Mantis",
"paragraph_text": "According to Bradley Peniston, the attack by the U.S. helped pressure Iran to agree to a ceasefire with Iraq later that summer, ending the eight-year conflict between the Persian Gulf neighbors. four days earlier.\nOn 14 April, the American guided missile frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts struck a mine while transiting international waters as part of Operation Earnest Will, the 1987–88 effort to protect reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers from Iranian attacks during the Iran–Iraq War. The explosion pierced the hull and broke the keel of the Samuel B. Roberts, which nearly sank but was saved by its crew with no loss of life.\nAfter the serial numbers of mines recovered in the area were found to match those of mines seized on an Iranian barge the previous September, U.S. military officials planned a retaliatory operation against Iranian targets. The U.S. attack began on the morning of 18 April, and ultimately destroyed, damaged, or sank two Iranian oil platforms, three warships, several armed boats, and two fighter jets. U.S. losses were two U.S. Marine aviators who died when their helicopter crashed into the Gulf.\nThe attack pressured Iran to agree to a ceasefire with Iraq later that summer, ending the eight-year Iran-Iraq War.\nLater, Iran sued the United States, claiming that the attacks had breached the countries' 1955 Treaty of Amity. On 6 November 2003, the International Court of Justice dismissed the claim but ruled that Operation Praying Mantis and the previous October's Operation Nimble Archer \"cannot be justified as measures necessary to",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the area north of Israel, where Operation Earnest Will was carried out, founded? | [
{
"id": 71753,
"question": "what region of the world is israel located",
"answer": "Middle East,",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 729371,
"question": "Operation Earnest Will >> location",
"answer": "Persian Gulf",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 70784,
"question": "what region lies immediately to the north of #1 and #2",
"answer": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 79935,
"question": "when was #3 created",
"answer": "1930",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | 1930 | [] | true | When was the region that lies to the north of where Israel is located and the location of Operation Earnest Will established? |
2hop__385392_756039 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "KTRP (AM)",
"paragraph_text": "KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station isKTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .KTRP (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Notus, Idaho, United States. The station is owned by Centro Familiar Cristiano. KTRP is silent .",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Notus, Idaho",
"paragraph_text": "Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho, United States. The population was 531 at the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County. It is part of the Boise City–Nampa, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho, United States. The population was 531 at the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County. It is part of the Boise City–Nampa, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.Notus is a small rural city in Canyon County, Idaho. The population was 531 at the time of the 2010 census and is the smallest town out of the eight in Canyon County. It is part of the Boise metropolitan area.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe present day location of the City of Notus is located along Highway 20/26.\nin 1874, the Lower Boise Post Office was established on the homestead of C.L.F Peterson. The inclusion of the Lower Boise Post Office is considered to be the primary reason for the present location of Notus. According to an Idaho Press Tribune article from 1986, Notus got its name from the daughter of a local railroad official. The daughter reportedly thought \"notus\" was of Native American origin and meant \"it's all right.\" The town of Notus was almost known as 'Lemp'.\nIn 1926, the Notus secondary school was founded. In 2017, the old building was demolished.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nNotus is located at 43°43′34″N 116°48′7″W (43.726082, -116.801866).\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.39 square miles (1.01 km2), of which, 0.38 square miles (0.98 km2) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2) is water.\n\n\n== Features ==\nNotus has one secondary school and one elementary school. Notus also has a city park, a museum located along highway 20/26, a public library, and one restaurant.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2010 census ===\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 531 people, 182 households, and 139 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,397.4 inhabitants per square mile (539.5/km2). There were 198 housing units at an average density of 521.1 per square mile (201.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 73.3% White, 0.2% African American, 2.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, ",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which jurisdictional area encompasses the location where KTRP is authorized to transmit signals? | [
{
"id": 385392,
"question": "KTRP >> licensed to broadcast to",
"answer": "Notus",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 756039,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Canyon County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | Canyon County | [
"Canyon County, Idaho"
] | true | What administrative territorial entity includes the place that KTRP is licensed to broadcast to? |
4hop1__28352_53706_795904_580996 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Rio Linda High School",
"paragraph_text": "Rio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "History of Sacramento, California",
"paragraph_text": "The history of Sacramento, California, began with its founding by Samuel Brannan and John Augustus Sutter, Jr. in 1848 around an embarcadero that his father, John Sutter, Sr. constructed at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers a few years prior.Sacramento was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santisimo Sacramento (Most Holy Sacrament), referring to the Catholic Eucharist.\nBefore the arrival of Europeans, the Nisenan Native American tribe inhabited the Sacramento Valley area. The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore the area, and Sacramento fell into the Alta California province of New Spain when the conquistadors claimed Central America and the American Southwest for the Spanish Empire. The area was deemed unfit for colonization by a number of explorers and as a result remained relatively untouched by the Europeans who claimed the region, excepting early 19th Century coastal settlements north of San Francisco Bay which constituted the southernmost Russian colony in North America and were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay. When John S",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "California Gold Rush",
"paragraph_text": " attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called \"forty-niners\" (referring to 1849, the peak year for Gold Rush immigration). Outside of California, the first to arrive were from Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) and Latin America in late 1848. Of the approximately 300,000 people who came to California during the Gold Rush, about half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the California Road; forty-niners often faced substantial hardships on the trip. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the gold rush attracted thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia and China. Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36Rumors of the discovery of gold were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. Brannan hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies, and walked through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting ``Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River! '' into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy; the sudden population increase allowed California to go rapidly to statehood in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and accelerated the Native American population's decline from disease, starvation, and the California genocide.\nThe effects of the Gold Rush were substantial. Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called \"forty-niners\" (referring to 1849, the peak year for Gold Rush immigration). Outside of California, the first to arrive were from Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) and Latin America in late 1848. Of the approximately 300,000 people who",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "War on Terror",
"paragraph_text": ". operations, a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal was and is issued by the U.S. Armed Forces. However, the American military ceased issuing its National Defense Service Medal on 31 December 2022.\nAs of 2023, various global operations in the campaign are ongoing, including a U.S. military intervention in Somalia. Although the major wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have ended, Israel's October 7 attack, the ongoing Israel-Hamas war, the ongoing Red Sea crisis and Iran's growing status as a state sponsor of terrorism have led to renewed questions about a new chapter of the war on terror. Some have commented that these wars have reignited the rhetoric of the war on terror in a way not seen since the On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers – members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell – intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.4, following the spillover of the Israel-Hamas war and the eventual Red Sea crisis, the Houthis have been re-designated as Specially Designated Global Terrorists. The Houthi aggression in the Red Sea is alleged to mark the most serious threat to shipping and trade in decades.\nThe \"war on terror\" uses war as a metaphor to describe a variety of actions which fall outside the traditional definition of war. U.S. president George W. Bush first used the term \"war on terrorism\" on 16 September 2001, and then \"war on terror\" a few days later in a formal speech to Congress. Bush indicated the enemy of the war on terror as \"a radical network of terrorists and every government that supports them.\" The initial conflict was aimed at al-Qaeda, with the main theater in Afghanistan and Pakistan, a region that would later be referred to as \"AfPak.\" The term \"war on terror\" was immediately criticized by individuals including Richard Myers, then chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and eventually more nuanced terms came to be used by the Bush administration to define the campaign. While \"war on terror\" was never used as a formal designation of U.S. operations, a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal was and is issued by the U.S. Armed Forces. However, the American military ceased issuing its National Defense Service Medal on 31 December 2022.\nAs of 2023, various global operations in the campaign are ongoing, including a U.S. military intervention in Somalia. Although the major wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have ended, Israel's October 7 attack, the ongoing Israel-Hamas war, the ongoing Red Sea crisis and Iran's growing status as a state sponsor of terrorism have led to renewed questions about a new chapter of the war on terror. Some have commented that these wars have reignited the rhetoric of the war on terror in a way not seen since the 2000s.\nAccording to the Costs of War Project, the post-9/11 wars of the campaign have displaced 38 million people, the second largest number of forced displacements of any conflict since 1900, and caused more than 4.5 million deaths (direct and indirect) in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Philippines, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria and Yemen. They also estimate that it has cost the US Treasury over $8 trillion.\nWhile support for the \"war on terror\" was high among the American public during its initial years, it had become deeply unpopular by the late 2000s. Controversy over the war has focused on its morality, casualties, and continuity, with critics questioning government measures that infringed civil liberties and human rights. Critics have notably described the Patriot Act as \"Orwellian\" due to its substantial expansion of the federal government's surveillance powers. Controversial practices of coalition forces have been condemned, including drone warfare, surveillance, torture, extraordinary rendition and various war crimes. The participating governments have been criticized for implementing authoritarian measures, repressing minorities, fomenting Islamophobia globally, and causing negative impacts to health and environment. Security analysts assert that there is no military solution to the conflict, pointing out that terrorism is not an identifiable enemy, and have emphasized the importance of negotiations and political solutions to resolve the underlying roots of the crises. \n\n\n== Etymology ==\nThe phrase war on terror was used to refer specifically to the military campaign led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and allied countries against organizations and regimes identified by them as terrorist, and usually excludes other independent counter-terrorist operations and campaigns such as those by Russia and India. The conflict has also been referred to by names other than the war on terror. It has also been known as:\n\nWorld War IV\nWorld War III\nBush's War on Terror\nThe Long War\nThe Forever War\nThe Global War on Terror\nThe War Against al-Qaeda\nThe War of Terror\n\n\n=== Use of phrase and its development ===\nThe phrase \"war against terrorism\" existed in North American popular culture and U.S. political parlance prior to the war on terror. But it was not until the 11 September attacks that it emerged as a globally recognizable phrase and part of everyday lexicon. Tom Brokaw, having just witnessed the collapse of one of the towers of the World Trade Center, declared \"Terrorists have declared war on [America].\" On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, U.S. president George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an ostensibly unscripted comment when answering a journalist's question about the impact of enhanced law enforcement authority given to the U.S. surveillanceThe origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which city borders the workplace of the individual who traveled to the initial destinations of the 9/11 planes during the time of the gold rush? | [
{
"id": 28352,
"question": "Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?",
"answer": "California",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 53706,
"question": "someone who went to #1 during the gold rush",
"answer": "Samuel Brannan",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 795904,
"question": "#2 >> work location",
"answer": "Sacramento",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 580996,
"question": "#3 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Rio Linda",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | Rio Linda | [] | true | What shares a border with the city where the person who went to the state where the planes were originally going on 9/11 during the gold rush works? |
4hop2__71753_158279_70784_61381 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Shiraz",
"paragraph_text": ", citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.Shirin (Persian: شیرین; died 628) was wife of the Sasanian emperor Khosrow II (r.��590–628). In the revolution after the death of Khosrow's father Hormizd IV, the General Bahram Chobin took power over the Persian empire. Shirin fled with Khosrow to Roman Syria, where they lived under the protection of Byzantine emperor Maurice.\nIn 591, Khosrow returned to Persia to take control of the empire and Shirin was made queen. She used her new influence to support the Christian minority in Iran, but the political situation demanded that she do so discreetly. Initially, she belonged to the Church of the East but later she joined the miaphysite church of Antioch, now known as the Syriac Orthodox Church. After the Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem of 614 amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the Sasanians captured the True Cross of Jesus and brought it to their capital Ctesiphon, where Shirin took the cross in her palace.\nLong after her death Shirin became an important heroine of Persian literature, as a model of a faithful lover and wife. She appears in the Shahnameh and the romance Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami Ganjavi (1141−1209), and is referred to in very many other works. Her elaborated story in literature bears little or no resemblance to the fairly few known historical facts of her life, although her Christianity and difficulties after the assassination of her husband remain part of the story, as well as Khosrow's exile before he regained his throne. After their first accidental meeting, when Khosrow was initially unaware of her identity, their courtship takes a number of twists and turns, with the pair often apart, that occupy most of the story. After Khosrow's son kills him, the son demands that Shirin marry him, which she avoids by committing suicide.\n\n\n== Origin ==\nThe background of Shirin is uncertain. According to the 7th-century Armenian historian Sebeos (died after 661), she was a native of Khuzistan in southwestern Iran. However, two Syriac chronicles state that she wasShiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.tesiphon, where Shirin took the cross in her palace.\nLong after her death Shirin became an important heroine of Persian literature, as a model of a faithful lover and wife. She appears in the Shahnameh and the romance Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami Ganjavi (1141−1209Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Israel",
"paragraph_text": " alongside elements of Arab culture, involving cuisine, music, and art. Israel has one of the biggest and most advanced economies in the Middle East. It also has one of the highest GDP per capita as well as standards of living in the Middle East and Asia, it’s one of most technological developed countries. The country has been a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since 2010.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nUnder the British Mandate (192Israel (/ ˈɪzreɪəl /; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל , Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل ), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל , Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل ), is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over East Jerusalem is not recognised internationally. The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,777,580 people, of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others. who emigrated, fled, or were expelled from the Muslim world. The 1949 Armistice Agreements established Israel's borders over most of the former Mandate territory. The 1967 Six-Day War saw Israel occupy the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and Syrian Golan Heights. Israel has established and continues to expand settlements across the occupied territories, which is widely considered illegal under international law, and has effectively annexed East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, which is largely unrecognized internationally. Since the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel has signed peace treaties",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": " area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the UnitedThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": "The area of modern - day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al - Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called ``the predominant feature of Saudi culture '', with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called`` the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million were Saudi nationals and 8 million were foreigners. As of 2017, the population is 33 million. The state's official language is Arabic. Islam, the world's second-largest religion, emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territories in North Africa, Central, South Asia and Iberia within decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661The area of modern - day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al - Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called ``the predominant feature of Saudi culture '', with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called`` the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million were Saudi nationals and 8 million were foreigners. As of 2017, the population is 33 million. The state's official language is Arabic.Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest country in Asia and the largest in the Middle East. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to the south. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt and Israel. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. The capital and largest city is Riyadh; other major cities include Jeddah and the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina. With a population of almost 32.2 million, Saudi Arabia is the fourth most populous country in the Arab world.\nPre-Islamic Arabia, the territory that constitutes modern-day Saudi Arabia, has some of the earliest traces of human activity outside Africa. Islam, the world's second-largest religion, emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the area directly above the location of Israel, which also happens to be the last stop for exported crops, founded? | [
{
"id": 71753,
"question": "what region of the world is israel located",
"answer": "Middle East,",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 158279,
"question": "Where was the final destination for the export crops ?",
"answer": "Persian Gulf",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 70784,
"question": "what region lies immediately to the north of #1 and #2",
"answer": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 61381,
"question": "when was #3 established",
"answer": "1932",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | 1932 | [] | true | When was the region immediately north of the region where Israel is located and the final destination for the export crops established? |
3hop1__144439_443779_52195 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "East Timor",
"paragraph_text": "Democratic Republic of Timor - Leste Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e (Tetum) República Democrática de Timor - Leste (Portuguese) Flag Coat of arms Motto: Unidade, Acção, Progresso (Portuguese) Unidade, Asaun, Progresu (Tetum) (English: ``Unity, Action, Progress '') Anthem: Pátria (Portuguese) (English:`` Fatherland'') Capital and largest city Dili 8 ° 20 ′ S 125 ° 20 ′ E / 8.34 ° S 125.34 ° E / - 8.34; 125.34 Coordinates: 8 ° 20 ′ S 125 ° 20 ′ E / 8.34 ° S 125.34 ° E / - 8.34; 125.34 Official languages Tetum Portuguese National languages 15 languages (show) Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuva Mambai Tokodede Religion (2010) 96.9% Roman Catholic 3.1% other religions Demonym East Timorese Timorese Maubere (informal) Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic President Francisco Guterres Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri Legislature National Parliament Formation Portuguese Timor 16th century Independence declared 28 November 1975 Annexation by Indonesia 17 July 1976 Administered by UNTAET 25 October 1999 Independence restored 20 May 2002 Area Total 15,410 km (5,950 sq mi) (154th) Water (%) negligible Population 2015 census 1,167,242 Density 78 / km (202.0 / sq mi) GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate Total $4.567 billion Per capita $5,479 (148th) GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate Total $2.498 billion Per capita $3,330 HDI (2015) 0.605 medium 133rd Currency United States Dollar (USD) Time zone (UTC + 9) Drives on the left Calling code + 670 ISO 3166 code TL Internet TLD. tl Website timor-leste.gov.tl Fifteen further ``national languages ''are recognised by the Constitution. Centavo coins also used.. tp has been phased out. changed its official name to Timor Timur, the Indonesian translation of \"East Timor\". The use of the Portuguese language was then forbidden, as it was seen as a relic of colonisation.\nThe annexation was not recognised by the United Nations and was only recognised by one country Australia in 1979. The United Nations continued to recognise Portugal as the legitimate administering power of East Timor.\nThe Indonesians left in 1999 and East Timor came under the administration of the United Nations.\nAfter the re-establishment of the independence of East Timor in 2002, the East Timorese government requested that the name Timor-Leste be used in place of \"East Timor\". This is to avoid the Indonesian term and its reminder of the Indonesian occupation.\n\n\n== Government ==\nAs with all provinces of Indonesia, executive authority was vested in a Governor and Vice-Governor elected by the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) every five years. Legislative authority was vested in the DPRD, both in province and regency level.\n\n\n=== Governors ===\n\nBelow are governors of East Timor Province from 1976 to 1999:\n\n\n=== Regional Representative Council ===\nComposition of the Regional Representative Council between 1980 and 1999:\n\n\n== Government and administrative divisions ==\n\nThe province was divided into thirteen regencies (kabupaten) and one administrative city (kota administratif). These are listed below along with their districts (kecamatan), per December 1981:\n\nDili Administrative City, served as the capital of East Timor, also the capital and part of Dili Regency, consisted of East Dili (Dili Timur) and West Dili (Dili Barat) districts, which formerly belonged to Dili Regency before the creation of the administrative city status in November 1981.\nDili Regency, consisted of Dili Administrative City, Atauro and Metinaro districts.\nBaucau Regency, with its capital at Baucau, consisted of Baucau, Vemasse, Laga, Baguia, Venilale, and Quelicai districts.\nManatuto Regency, with its capital at Manatuto, consisted of Manatuto, Laclubar, Barique, Laclo",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Mulham Arufin",
"paragraph_text": "bola Bogor in the Indonesia Pro Futsal League.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Mulham Arufin\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.Mulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian former footballer. In 2015, he switched to Futsal and joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia Pro Futsal League.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Mulham Arufin\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.Mulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian former footballer. In 2015, he switched to Futsal and joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia Pro Futsal League.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Mulham Arufin\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.Mulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian former footballer. In 2015, he switched to Futsal and joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia Pro Futsal League.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Mulham Arufin\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.Mulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian former footballer. In 2015, he switched to Futsal and joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia ProMulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian footballer who currently plays for Gresik United in the Indonesia Super League.MMulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian footballer who currently plays for Gresik United in the Indonesia Super League. joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia Pro Futsal League.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Mulham Arufin\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.Mulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian former footballer. In 2015, he switched to Futsal and joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia Pro Futsal League.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Mulham Arufin\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.Mulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian former footballer. In 2015, he switched to Futsal and joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia Pro Futsal League.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Mulham Arufin\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.Mulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian former footballer. In 2015, he switched to Futsal and joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia Pro Futsal League.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Mulham Arufin\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 18 July 2012.Mulham Arufin (born November 17, 1990) is an Indonesian former footballer. In 2015, he switched to Futsal and joined Bintang Timur Surabaya. He even recorded an impressive performance with Bintang Timur Surabaya by scoring a hat-trick against Biangbola Bogor in the Indonesia ProMulham Arufin",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship",
"paragraph_text": " violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nEast Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974. East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist. The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory. It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support. The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken. The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government.\nIndonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades. During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia. Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area, with UN workers being attacked in Maliana. It soon became clear in the wake of the referendum that the referendum resultThe Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral. state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.\n\n\n== Background ==The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in ",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the name of the president of the recently established sovereign nation, known as the birthplace of Mulham Arufin–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship? | [
{
"id": 144439,
"question": "What is Mulham Arufin's birthplace?",
"answer": "Indonesia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 443779,
"question": "#1 –Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship >> country",
"answer": "East Timor",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 52195,
"question": "who is the president of newly declared independent country #2",
"answer": "Francisco Guterres",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | Francisco Guterres | [] | true | who is the president of newly declared independent country of the country of the birthplace of Mulham Arufin–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship? |
3hop2__569322_467331_162182 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Zone 5 Military Museum, Danang",
"paragraph_text": "The Zone 5 Military Museum (Bao Tang Khu 5) is a military museum located at 3 Duy Tân, Da Nang, Vietnam. It covers all Vietnamese resistance to foreign occupation from the Chinese occupation, the First Indochina War with the French, the Vietnam War and the current standoff with China over the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "South Central Coast",
"paragraph_text": "South Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) is one of the regions of Vietnam. It consists of the independent municipality of Đà Nẵng and seven other provinces. The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region.The Paracel Islands (Hoàng Sa District), and Spratly Islands (Trường Sa District), are also part of this region. include Central Highlands (picture 2). Nevertheless, the term \"South Central Region\" can also be used to include Central Highlands as it is part of southern part of Central Vietnam.\nThe region has traditionally been one of the main gateways to neighbouring Central Highlands. It has a complex geography with mountain ranges extending up to the coast, making transport and infrastructure development challenging but favouring tourism in some places, most notable around Phan Thiết, Nha Trang, and Da Nang. Tourism also benefits from Cham cultural heritage, including architecture, performances, and museums. It is generally much less industrialized and developed than the region around Ho Chi Minh City or the Red River Delta, but it has some regional industrial centers in Da Nang, around Nha Trang and Quy Nhon.\nSouth Central Coast (Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) - 8 provinces: Da Nang, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận. The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. In the Nguy��n dynasty, this area was known as Tả Trực K�� (the area located in the right of Th��a Thiên).\n\n\n== Provinces ==\n\n\n== History ==\nThe region was inhabited by people of the Sa Hu��nh culture between around 1000 BC and 200 AD. Remains of this ancient civilization were found in Sa Hu��nh, Quảng Ngãi province. It was succeeded by a kingdom called Lin-yi (����) by the Chinese or Lâm ��p in Vietnamese that was in existence from 192 AD. Its political center was just north of the South Central Coast near Huế. Lin-yi was culturally influenced by India. According to Chinese sources, it repeatedly raided Jiaozhi (Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ), which was one factor that contributed to several wars between Jiaozhi and their Chinese",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "S-Fone",
"paragraph_text": " has been unable to pay salaries for several months in its Hanoi branch in late 2012. S-Fone ceased its operation, closed its stores and website, and released its staff from their contracts in July 2012. Its operating license expired in 2016.\n\n\n== Achievements ==\n\nS-Fone is the first and biggest national cellular mobile phone network using CDMA in Vietnam (followed by EVN Telecom and HT Mobile). On 9 October 2006, S-Fone officially launched CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO value added services for the first time in Vietnam: VOD/MOD (Video, TV on demand, music on demand) and mobile Internet (enabling internet access for PCs and laptops via S-Fone network) beginning in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, Hai Phong and Can Tho.\n\n\n== References ==S-Fone was a mobile communication operator in Vietnam that used the CDMA technology. Founded on 1 July 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, S-Fone became the third network of Vietnam, breaking the duopoly of the two VNPT operators. It is the trademark of S-Telecom (CDMA Mobile Phone Centre) (set up as a joint venture between Saigon Postel Corp. (SPT) and Korea SK Telecom). SK Telecom decided to leave the partnership in 2010. SPT has since then found it difficult to find a new partner, afterS-Fone is a mobile communication operator in Vietnam that uses the CDMA technology. Founded on 1 July 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, S-fone became the third network of Vietnam, breaking the duopoly of the two VNPT operators. It is the trademark of S-Telecom (CDMA Mobile Phone Centre) (set up as a joint venture between Saigon Postel Corp. (SPT) and Korea SK Telecom). SK Telecom decided to leave the partnership in 2010. SPT has since then found it difficult to find a new partner, after a co-operation with Saigon Tel failed.SS-Fone is a mobile communication operator in Vietnam that uses the CDMA technology. Founded on 1 July 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, S-fone became the third network of Vietnam, breaking the duopoly of the two VNPT operators. It is the trademark of S-Telecom (CDMA Mobile Phone Centre) (set up as a joint venture between Saigon Postel Corp. (SPT) and Korea SK Telecom). SK Telecom decided to leave the partnership in 2010. SPT has since then found it difficult to find a new partner, after a co-operation with Saigon Tel failed.As of the start of 2005, breaking the old rule of the calls fee from 10 second to 1 second (6+1)7, S-Fone has 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 subscribers, contributing 3% to the total market (after Mobifone with 41%, Viettel Mobile with 34% and Vinaphone with 20%. Its market share (estimated based on revenues) fell to 0.1% by 2012 after suffering from a lack of capital, a small number of subscribers and low network quality.\nS-Fone has become highly indebted and has been unable to pay salaries for several months in its Hanoi branch in late 2012. S-Fone ceased its operation, closed its stores and website, and released its staff from their contracts in July 2012. Its operating license expired in 2016.\n\n\n== Achievements ==\n\nS-Fone is the first and biggest national cellular mobile phone network using CDMA in Vietnam (followed by EVN Telecom and HT Mobile). On 9 October 2006, S-Fone officially launched CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO value added services for the first time in Vietnam: VOD/MOD (Video, TV on demand, music on demand) and mobile Internet (enabling internet access for PCs and laptops via S-Fone network) beginning in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, Hai Phong and Can Tho.\n\n\n== References ==S-Fone was a mobile communication operator in Vietnam that used the CDMA technology. Founded on 1 July 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, S-Fone became the third network of Vietnam, breaking the duopoly of the two VNPT operators. It is the trademark of S-Telecom (CDMA Mobile Phone Centre) (set up as a joint venture between Saigon Postel Corp. (SPT) and Korea SK Telecom). SK Telecom decided to leave the partnership in 2010. SPT has since then found it difficult to find a new partner, afterS-Fone is a mobile communication operator in Vietnam that uses the CDMA technology. Founded on 1 July 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, S-fone became the third network of Vietnam, breaking the duopoly of the two VNPT operators. It is the trademark of S-Telecom (CDMA Mobile Phone Centre",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which part of the S-Fone nation would you find Zone 5 Military Museum, an administrative territorial entity? | [
{
"id": 569322,
"question": "S-Fone >> country",
"answer": "Vietnam",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 467331,
"question": "Zone 5 Military Museum >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Da Nang",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 162182,
"question": "In what region of #1 is #2 located?",
"answer": "South Central Coast",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | South Central Coast | [] | true | In what region of the country of S-Fone is the location of the administrative territorial entity of Zone 5 Military Museum located? |
2hop__412633_15781 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Age of Enlightenment",
"paragraph_text": "ons, coffeehouses and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and religious officials and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism, socialism, and neoclassicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment.\nThe central doctrines of the Enlightenment were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the power of religious authorities. The Enlightenment was marked by an increasing awareness of the relationship between the mind and the everyday media of the world, and by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy—an attitude captured by Kant's essay Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?, where the phrase sapere aude ('dare to know') can be found.\n\n\n== Influential intellectuals ==\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the Scientific Revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Pierre Gassendi, René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Pierre Bayle, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Some of the major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, George Berkeley, Denis Diderot, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Lord Monboddo, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Hugo Grotius, and Voltaire.\nOne particularly influential Enlightenment publication was the Encyclopédie (Encyclopedia). Published between 1751 and 1772 in 35 volumes, it was compiled by Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and a team of 150 other intellectuals. The Encyclopédie helped in spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. Other landmark publications of the Enlightenment included Berkeley's A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), Voltaire's Letters on the English (1733) and Philosophical Dictionary (1764); Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature (1740); Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws (1748); Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality (1754) and The Social Contract (1762); Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments (1764); Adam Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and The Wealth of Nations (1776); and Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781).\n\n\n== Topics ==\n\n\n=== Philosophy ===\n\nBacon's empiricism and Descartes' rationalist philosophy laid the foundation for enlightenment thinking. Descartes' attempt to construct the sciences on a secure metaphysical foundation was not as successful as his method of doubt applied in philosophic areas leading to a dualistic doctrine of mind and matter. His skepticism was refined by Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) and Hume's writings in the 1740s. His dualism was challenged by SpinoThough much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would \"never imagine that their consent made him sovereign\", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without \"signing\" a social contract.TheThough much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would \"never imagine that their consent made him sovereign\", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without \"signing\" a social contract. his method of systematically disbelieving everything unless there was a well-founded reason for accepting it, and featuring his famous dictum, Cogito, ergo sum (\"I think, therefore I am\"). Others cite the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution and the beginning of the Enlightenment. European historians traditionally dated its beginning with the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715 and its end with the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. Many historians now date the end of the Enlightenment as the start of the 19th century, with the latest proposed year being the death of Immanuel Kant in 1804. In reality, of course, historical periods do not have clearly defined start or end dates.\nPhilosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffeehouses and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and religious officials and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism, socialism, and neoclassicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment.\nThe central doctrines of the Enlightenment were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the power of religious authorities. The Enlightenment was marked by an increasing awareness of the relationship between the mind and the everyday media of the world, and by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy—an attitude captured by Kant's essay Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?, where the phrase sapere aude ('dare to know') can be found.\n\n\n== Influential intellectuals ==\n\nThe Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the Scientific Revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, Pierre Gassendi, René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Pierre Bayle, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Some of the major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria, George Berkeley, Denis Diderot, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Lord Monboddo, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Hugo Grotius, and Voltaire.\nOne particularly influential Enlightenment publication was the Encyclopédie (Encyclopedia). Published between 1751 and 1772 in 35 volumes, it was compiled by Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and a team of 150 other intellectuals. The Encyclopédie helped in spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. Other landmark publications of the Enlightenment included Berkeley's A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), Voltaire's Letters on the English (1733) and Philosophical Dictionary (1764); Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature (1740); Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws (1748); Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality (1754) and The Social Contract (1762); Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments (1764); Adam Smith's The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and The Wealth of Nations (1776); and Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781).\n\n\n== Topics",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "An Essay on the History of Civil Society",
"paragraph_text": " with equal blindness to the future; and nations stumble upon establishments, which are indeed the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design.\"\n\n\n== Contents ==\nPart I. Of the General Characteristics of Human Nature.\nPart II. Of the History of Rude Nations.\nPart III. Of the History of Policy and Arts.\nPart IV. Of Consequences that result from the Advancement of Civil and Commercial arts.\nPart V. Of the Decline of Nations.\nPart VI. Of Corruption and Political Slavery.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nThe Essay was critically acclaimed upon publication with a wide readership for about thirty years after it was published. Voltaire praised Ferguson for \"civilizing the Russians\" as it was being taught in the University of Moscow.\nDavid Hume, a friend of Ferguson's and an admirer of his earlier Essay on Refinement (1759), disliked the book.\nFerguson's writings on the division of labour in Part IV influenced Karl Marx.\n\n\n== Notes ==An Essay on the History of Civil Society is a book by Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Adam Ferguson, first published in 1767. The Essay established Ferguson's reputation in Britain and throughout Europe. In the second section of the third part of the Essay, while discussing the history of political establishments, Ferguson states \"Every step and every movement of the multitude, even in what are termed enlightened ages, are made with equal blindness to the future; and nations stumble upon establishments, which are indeed the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design.\"\n\n\n== Contents ==\nPart I. Of the General Characteristics of Human Nature.\nPart II. Of the History of Rude Nations.\nPart III. Of the History of Policy and Arts.\nPart IV. Of Consequences that result from the Advancement of Civil and Commercial arts.\nPart V. Of the Decline of Nations.\nPart VI. Of Corruption and Political Slavery.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nThe Essay was critically acclaimed upon publication with a wide readership for about thirty years after it was published. Voltaire praised Ferguson for \"civilizing the Russians\" as it was being taught in the University of Moscow.\nDavid Hume, a friend of Ferguson's and an admirer of his earlier Essay on Refinement (1759), disliked the book.\nFerguson's writings on the division of labour in Part IV influenced Karl Marx.\n\n\n== Notes ==An Essay on the History of Civil Society is a book by Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Adam Ferguson, first published in 1767. The Essay established Ferguson's reputation in Britain and throughout Europe. In the second section of the third part of the Essay, while discussing the history of political establishments, Ferguson states \"Every step and every movement of the multitude, even in what are termed enlightened ages, are made with equal blindness to the future; and nations stumble upon establishments, which are indeed the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design.\"\n\n\n== Contents ==\nPart I. Of the General Characteristics of Human Nature.\nPart II. Of the History of Rude Nations.\nPart III. Of the History of Policy and Arts.\nPart IV. Of Consequences that result from the Advancement of Civil and Commercial arts.\nPart V. Of the Decline of Nations.\nPart VI. Of Corruption and Political Slavery.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nThe Essay wasAn Essay on the History of Civil Society is a book by the Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Adam Ferguson, first published in 1767. The \"Essay\" established Ferguson's reputation in Britain and throughout Europe.AnAn Essay on the History of Civil Society is a book by the Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Adam Ferguson, first published in 1767. The \"Essay\" established Ferguson's reputation in Britain and throughout Europe. section of the third part of the Essay, while discussing the history of political establishments, Ferguson states \"Every step and every movement of the multitude, even in what are termed enlightened ages, are made with equal blindness to the future; and nations stumble upon establishments, which are indeed the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design.\"\n\n\n== Contents ==\nPart I. Of the General Characteristics of Human",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who, in addition to the writer of An Essay on the History of Civil Society, challenged the concepts proposed by theorists of the social contract? | [
{
"id": 412633,
"question": "An Essay on the History of Civil Society >> author",
"answer": "Adam Ferguson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 15781,
"question": "Who, along with #1 , criticized the idea of social contract theorists?",
"answer": "David Hume",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | David Hume | [
"Hume"
] | true | Who, along with the author of An Essay on the History of Civil Society, criticized the idea of social contract theorists? |
2hop__61924_712629 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Elizabeth II",
"paragraph_text": " was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.\nUpon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtshipsElizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Additionally, she is Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of 12 countries that have become independent since her accession: Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.ElElizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Additionally, she is Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of 12 countries that have become independent since her accession: Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis., via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.\nUpon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtshipsElizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Additionally, she is Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of 12 countries that have become independent since her accession: Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.\nElizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.\nUpon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did, and because of this she is sometimes referred to as the \"Virgin Queen\". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son of Mary, Queen of Scots.\nIn government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her mottoes was video et taceo (\"I see and keep silent\"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid war with Spain.\nAs she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth",
"paragraph_text": ". The material used was ivory silk and a diamond fringe tiara secured her veil. The dress was decorated with crystals and 10,000 seed pearls, imported from the United States of America. Hartnell, who had been Court Designer since 1938, claimed it as \"the most beautiful dress I had so far made\".\nOn account of the austerity measures following the war, Princess Elizabeth had to use clothing ration coupons to show her entitlement to the dress. The government allowed her 200 extra ration coupons. She was given hundreds of clothing coupons by brides-to-be from all parts of the country to help her acquire the dress. She had to return these coupons as it was illegal for them to have been given away in the first instance. \nThe designs for the dress were approved three months before the wedding. Hartnell's search for suitable designs in London art galleries had led to him to the Botticelli figure. This was the inspiration for the use of ivory silk with flower designs of jasmine, smilax, lilac and white rose-like blossoms added to the train, embellished by white crystals and pearls. These motifs were transferred to drawings to enable embroidery experts to work on them. The dress featured a \"heart-shaped neckline and long tight sleeves\".\nThe silk cloth was chosen at the specific directive of her mother, the Queen, who desired an \"unusually rich, lustrous stiff satin which was made at Lullingstone Castle\". The silkworms to manufacture the silk were bought from Nationalist China, and not from Japan and Fascist Italy, the UK's enemies during the war. Satin was chosen for the train, and a more flexible material of the same tone as the train was chosen for the dress. However, in spite of the careful choice of the silk, the curator of the London Museum observed 30 years later when the dress was on display at the museum that \"the choice of silk was not a good one\" as the fabric had deteriorated considerably due to being weighted with tin salts, effectively rotting the fabric. It was also noted that the \"weight of the embroidery dragged the skirt down, increasing the strain on the weave.\" Round the hem of the dress, \"a border of orange blossom was appliqued with transparent tulle outlined in seed pearls and crystal\".\nThe final design of the dress was kept secret, although much speculation surrounded it. It was said the princess feared that if details were published fashion house copies would make it impossible for her to make last-minute design alterations. The dress was taken to the palace a day before the wedding in a 4-foot (1.2 m) box. On the wedding day, the dress glittered, bejewelled with pearls \"skilfully combined with flowing lines of wheat ears, the symbol of fertility, and worked in pearl and diamante.\"\n\n\n== Similarities ==\nPrincess Elizabeth's wedding dress has drawn parallels with both the similarly designed dress worn by Grace Kelly in 1956 and the \"Westminster décor\" wedding dress that Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen designed for Catherine Middleton; particular points of similarity have been highlighted in the pleats and silhouette of the skirt.\nThe dress was put on display at St James's Palace and was then exhibited in the major cities and towns of the UK.\n\n\n== See also ==\nCoronation gown of Elizabeth II\nList of individual dresses\n\n\n== References ==The wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth (the future Queen Elizabeth II), was worn at her wedding to Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947 in Westminster Abbey. Given the rationing of clothing at the time, she still had to purchase the material using ration coupons. The dress was designed by Norman Hartnell. Hartnell's signature was said to be embroidery, and he enjoyed \"working with soft, floating fabrics, particularly tulle and chiffon, and with plain, lustrous silks\". The dress was made of Chinese silk, with a high neckline, tailored bodice and a short train. Without straps and with long sleeves, it provided a \"fit and flare silhouette\".\n\n\n== Design ==\nThe wedding was a royal event held following the end of the Second World War. The dress, designed by the Court Designer Norman Hartnell, had a star-patterned fan-shaped bridal train that was 13 feet (4.0 m) in length. The train, symbolic of rebirth and growth after the war, was stated to be inspired by Botticelli's c.��1482 painting of Primavera, particularly the elaborate embroidery motifs of scattered flowers on the rich satin dress and the tulle veil worn by the royal bride. The material used was ivory silk and a diamond fringe tiara secured her veil. The dress was decorated with crystals and 10,000 seed pearls, imported from the United States of America. Hartnell, who had been Court Designer since 1938, claimed it as \"the most beautiful dressThe wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth was worn by the future Queen Elizabeth II at her wedding to Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947 in Westminster Abbey. Given the rationing of clothing at the time, she still had to purchase the material using ration coupons. The dress was designed by Norman Hartnell. Hartnell's signature was said to be embroidery, and he enjoyed \"working with soft, floating fabrics, particularly tulle and chiffon, and with plain, lustrous silks\". The dress was made of soft Damascus Prokar, with a high neckline, tailored bodice and a short train. Without straps and with long sleeves, it provided a \"fit and flare silhouette\".\n\n\n== Design ==\nThe wedding was a royal event held following the end of the Second World War. The dress, designed by the Court Designer Norman Hartnell, had a star-patterned fan-shaped bridal train that was 13 feet (4.0 m) in length. The train, symbolic of rebirth and growth after the war, was stated to be inspired by Botticelli's c.��1482 painting of Primavera, particularly the elaborate embroidery motifs of scattered flowers on the rich satin dress and the tulle veil worn by the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the name of the present English queen's partner? | [
{
"id": 61924,
"question": "who is the queen right now of england",
"answer": "Elizabeth II",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 712629,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Philip Mountbatten",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Philip Mountbatten | [] | true | Who is the spouse of the current queen of England? |
4hop1__391525_49925_13759_736921 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Mary, mother of Jesus",
"paragraph_text": "ception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\" Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death:Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is an important figure of Christianity, venerated under various titles such as virgin or queen, many of them mentioned in the Litany of Loreto. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God. The Church of the East historically regarded her as Christotokos, a term still used in Assyrian Church of the East liturgy. Other Protestant views on Mary vary, with some holding her to have lesser status.\nShe has the highest position in Islam among all women and is mentioned numerous times in the Quran, including in a chapter named after her. She is also revered in the Bahá��í Faith and the Druze Faith.\nThe synoptic Gospels name Mary as the mother of Jesus. The gospels of Matthew and Luke describe Mary as a virgin who was chosen by God to conceive Jesus through the Holy Spirit. After giving birth to Jesus in Bethlehem, she raised him in the city of Nazareth in Galilee, and was in Jerusalem at his crucifixion and with the apostles after his ascension. Although her later life is not accounted in the Bible, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and some Protestant traditions believe that her body was raised into heaven at the end of her earthly life, which is known in Western Christianity as the Assumption of Mary and in Eastern Christianity as the Dormition of the Mother of God.\nMary has been venerated since early Christianity, and is often considered to be the holiest and greatest saint. There is a certain diversity in the Mariology and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her Immaculate Conception and her bodily Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants hold less exalted views of Mary's role, often based on a perceived lack of biblical support for many traditional Christian dogmas pertaining to her.\nThe multiple forms of Marian devotions include various prayers and hymns, the celebration of several Marian feast days in liturgy, the veneration of images and relics,Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\" Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death: Protestants hold less exalted views of Mary's role, often based on a perceived lack of biblical support for many traditional Christian dogmas pertaining to her.\nThe multiple forms of Marian devotions include various prayers and hymns, the celebration of several Marian feast",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Wittenberg (district)",
"paragraph_text": " Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-ElWittenberg is a district () in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.. The capital and largest city is Wittenberg, famous for its association with the influential religious reformer Martin Luther and containing a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\n\n\n== History ==\nIn 1994, the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Reformation",
"paragraph_text": "though there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticAlthough there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "John Kodwo Amissah",
"paragraph_text": "John Kodwo Amissah (November 27, 1922 – September 22, 1991) was a Ghanaian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Cape Coast from 1959 until his death.John Kodwo Amissah (November 27, 1922 – September 22, 1991) was a Ghanaian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Cape Coast from 1959 until his death.John Kodwo Amissah (November 27, 1922 – September 22, 1991) was a Ghanaian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Cape Coast from 1959 until his death.\nBorn in Elmina, he was ordained to the priesthood on December 11, 1949. His thesis at St. Peter's College in Rome was on a comparison between canon law and the native customs of marriage.\nOn March 7, 1957, Amissah was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Cape Coast and Titular Bishop of Bencenna, receiving his episcopal consecration on the following June 16 from Archbishop William Thomas Porter, SMA. Amissah replaced Porter as Archbishop of Cape Coast on December 19, 1959.\nDuring the late 1950s, he also studied the native and controversial custom of pouring libations on important occasions. Amissah explained that before Church leaders determine if this practice is good or bad, they must understand what villagers intend when they pour a libation.\nHe died at age 68 and is buried at the St. Francis de Sales Cathedral in Cape Coast, Ghana. \n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCatholic-Hierarchy\n\"Black Bishops\" - TIME MagazineJohn Kodwo Amissah (November 27, 1922 – September 22, 1991) was a Ghanaian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Cape Coast from 1959 until his death.\nBorn in Elmina, he was ordained to the priesthood on December 11, 1949. His thesis at St. Peter's College in Rome was on a comparison between canon law and the native customs of marriage.\nOn March 7, 1957, Amissah was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Cape Coast and Titular Bishop of Bencenna, receiving his episcopal consecration on the following June 16 from Archbishop William Thomas Porter, SMA. Amissah replaced Porter as Archbishop of Cape Coast on December 19, 1959.\nDuring the late 1950s, he also studied the native and controversial custom of pouring libations on important occasions. Amissah explained that before Church leaders determine if this practice is good or bad, they must understand what villagers intend when they pour a libation.\nHe died at age 68 and is buried at the St. Francis de Sales Cathedral in Cape Coast, Ghana. \n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCatholic-Hierarchy\n\"Black Bishops\" - TIME MagazineJohn Kodwo Amissah (November 27, 1922 – September 22, 1991) was a Ghanaian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Cape Coast from 1959 until his death.\nBorn in Elmina, he was ordained to the priesthood on December 11, 1949. His thesis at St. Peter's College in Rome was on a comparison between canon law and the native customs of marriage.\nOn March 7, 1957, Amissah was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Cape Coast and Titular Bishop of Bencenna, receiving his episcopal consecration on the following June 16 from Archbishop William Thomas Porter, SMA. Amissah replaced Porter as Archbishop of Cape Coast on December 19, 1959.\nDuring the late 1950s, he also studied the native and controversial custom of pouring libations on important occasions. Amissah explained that before Church leaders determine if this practice is good or bad, they must understand what villagers intend when they pour a libation.\nHe died at age 68 and is buried at the St. Francis de Sales Cathedral in Cape Coast, Ghana. \n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCatholic-Hierarchy\n\"Black Bishops\" - TIME MagazineJohn Kodwo Amissah (November 27, 1922 – September 22, 1991) was a Ghanaian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Cape Coast from 1959 until his death.\nBorn in Elmina, he was ordained to the priesthood on December 11, 1949. His thesis at St. Peter's College in Rome was on a comparison between canon law and the native customs of marriage.\nOn March 7, 1957, Amissah was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Cape Coast and Titular Bishop of Bencenna, receiving his episcopal consecration on the following June 16 from Archbishop William Thomas Porter, SMA. Amissah replaced",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the location of the district where the individual who sought to change and speak about John Kodwo Amissah's faith gave a sermon about Marian worship prior to his passing? | [
{
"id": 391525,
"question": "John Kodwo Amissah >> religion",
"answer": "Catholic Church",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 49925,
"question": "who wanted #1 to reform and address",
"answer": "Martin Luther",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 13759,
"question": "Where did #2 preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?",
"answer": "Wittenberg",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 736921,
"question": "#3 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Saxony-Anhalt",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | Saxony-Anhalt | [] | true | Where is the district that the person who wanted to reform and address John Kodwo Amissah's religion preached a sermon on Marian devotion before his death located? |
4hop1__130276_59747_211319_557671 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "List of municipalities in Georgia (U.S. state)",
"paragraph_text": ", and Webster County unified government with Webster County. Athens and Augusta also have municipalities independent of the consolidated governments and are considered consolidated cities.\nThe largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta, with 498,715 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Aldora, with 0 residents, although the actual estimated population is at 103, due to a \"0% self-response rate\". The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city-county, which spans 302.47 sq mi (783.4 km2), and Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest, at 0.18 sq mi (0.47 km2) each.\n\n\n== List of municipalities ==\n\n\tLargest cities and towns in Georgia by population\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n County seat†\n State capital and county seat��\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nGeorgia statistical areas\nList of counties in Georgia (U.S. state)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nGeorgia Municipal AssociationGeorgia is a state located in the Southern United States. According to the 2010 United States census, Georgia was the 8th most populous state with 9,688,681 inhabitants and the 21st largest by land area spanning 57,513.49 square miles (148,959.3 km2) of land. Georgia is divided into 159 counties and contains 535 municipalities consisting of cities, towns, consolidated city-counties, and consolidated cities.\n\nThere is no legal difference in Georgia between cities and towns. Eight municipalities have merged with their counties to form consolidated city-counties: Athens with Clarke County, Augusta with Richmond County, Columbus with Muscogee County, Cusseta with Chattahoochee County, Georgetown with Quitman County, Macon with Bibb County, Statenville with Echols County, and Webster County unified government with Webster County. Athens and Augusta also have municipalities independent of the consolidated governments and are considered consolidated cities.\nThe largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta, with 498,715 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Aldora, with 0 residents, although the actual estimated population is at 103, due to a \"0% self-response rate\". The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city-county, which spans 302.47 sq mi (783.4 km2), and Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest, atThe largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta with 420,003 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Edge Hill with 24 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city - county, which spans 302.47 sq mi (783.4 km), while Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest at 0.18 sq mi (0.47 km) each.Georgia is a state located in the Southern United States. According to the 2010 United States census, Georgia was the 8th most populous state with 9,688,681 inhabitants and the 21st largest by land area spanning 57,513.49 square miles (148,959.3 km2) of land. Georgia is divided into 159 counties and contains 535 municipalities consisting of cities, towns, consolidated city-counties, and consolidated cities.\n\nThere is no legal difference in Georgia between cities and towns. Eight municipalities have merged with their counties to form consolidated city-counties: Athens with Clarke County, Augusta with Richmond County, Columbus with Muscogee County, Cusseta with Chattahoochee County, Georgetown with Quitman County, Macon with Bibb County, Statenville with Echols County, and Webster County unified government with Webster County. Athens and Augusta also have municipalities independent of the consolidated governments and are considered consolidated cities.\nThe largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta, with 498,715 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Aldora, with 0 residents, although the actualThe largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta with 420,003 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Edge Hill with 24 residents. The largest municipality by land area is Augusta, a consolidated city - county, which spans 302.47 sq mi (783.4 km), while Edge Hill and Santa Claus are tied for the smallest at 0.18 sq mi (0.47 km) each., consolidated city-counties, and consolidated cities.\n\nThere is no legal difference in Georgia between cities and towns. Eight municipalities have merged with their counties to form consolidated city-counties: Athens with Clarke County, Augusta with Richmond County, Columbus with Muscogee County, Cusseta with Chattahoochee County, Georgetown with Quitman County, Macon with Bibb County, Statenville with Echols County, and Webster County unified government with Webster County. Athens and Augusta also have municipalities independent of the consolidated governments and are considered consolidated cities.\nThe largest municipality by population in Georgia is Atlanta, with 498,715 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Aldora, with 0 residents, although the actual estimated population is at 103",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Redan High School",
"paragraph_text": " was for energy-saving purposes during the \"energy crunch\" of the mid-to-late 1970s.\nAs part of the DeKalb County School District, the school is accredited through AdvancED through 2022.\n\n\n== Campus ==\nThe school is in Redan, a census-designated place in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The school is south of the city of Stone Mountain and has a Stone Mountain mailing address.\n\n\n== Marching band ==\nThe Redan High School \"Blue Thunder\" MarchRedan High School is a public secondary school of the DeKalb County School District located in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The school is south of the city of Stone Mountain.RedRedan High School is a public secondary school of the DeKalb County School District located in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The school is south of the city of Stone Mountain. mascot is the Raider. Both Redan High School and its \"twin,\" Stone Mountain High School, were built without any main windows on their exteriors (except for in the main common area). The windowless construction was for energy-saving purposes during the \"energy crunch\" of the mid-to-late 1970s.\nAs part of the DeKalb County School District, the school is accredited through AdvancED through 2022.\n\n\n== Campus ==\nThe school is in Redan, a census-designated place in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The school is south of the city of Stone Mountain and has a Stone Mountain mailing address.\n\n\n== Marching band ==\nThe Redan High School \"Blue Thunder\" MarchRedan High School is a public secondary school of the DeKalb County School District located in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. The school is south of the city of Stone Mountain.Redan High School is a public secondary",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Alpena Power Company",
"paragraph_text": " that provides electricity to most of Alpena County, Michigan, as well as southeastern Presque Isle County and the village ofAlpena Power Company is a public utility company that provides electricity to most of Alpena County, Michigan, as well as southeastern Presque Isle County and the village of Hillman, in Montmorency County. The headquarters are located in Alpena, Michigan. The company was founded in 1881 by George N. Fletcher.Alpena Power Company is a public utility company that provides electricity to most of Alpena County, Michigan, as well as southeastern Presque Isle County and the village of Hillman, in Montmorency County. The headquarters are located in Alpena, Michigan. The company was founded in 1881 by George N. Fletcher. \nthey produce 1-2% of power for the area using 3 hydro electric dams located on the thunder bay river.\nAlpena Power has one 138KV interconnection with Consumers Energy/METAlpena Power Company is a public utility company that provides electricity to most of Alpena County, Michigan, as well as southeastern Presque Isle County and the village of Hillman, in Montmorency County. The headquarters are located in Alpena, Michigan. The company was founded in 1881 by George N. Fletcher.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Sno*Drift",
"paragraph_text": "Sno*Drift is a rally racing event held in Montmorency County, Michigan, annually, with headquarters in Atlanta, Michigan. The event is currently the first Rally America National Rally Championship event of the season. Currently the event is organized into three distinct rallies: the national championship event covering both days of rallying, and two regional rally events each covering one of the two days. Competitors may be entered in any or all of these events simultaneously.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the adjacent county to the one housing the state's most populated city, in which Redan High School is found? | [
{
"id": 130276,
"question": "What is the name of the state where Redan High School is located?",
"answer": "Georgia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 59747,
"question": "what is the largest city in #1 by population",
"answer": "Atlanta",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 211319,
"question": "#2 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Montmorency County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 557671,
"question": "#3 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Presque Isle County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Presque Isle County | [] | true | Which county shares a border with the county where the most populous city in the state where Redan High School is located? |
4hop1__72247_497223_15840_36014 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "NFL (video game)",
"paragraph_text": " million copies as of 2018. From 2004 until 2022, it was the only officially licensed National Football League (NFL) video game series, and has influenced many players and coaches of the physical sport. Among the series' features are detailed playbooks and player statistics and voice commentary in the style of a real NFL television broadcast. As of 2013 the franchise has generated over $4 billion in sales, making it one of the most profitable video game franchises on the market.\nElectronic Arts (EA) founder Trip Hawkins conceived the series and approached Madden in 1984 for his endorsement and expertise. Because of Madden's insistence that the game be as realistic as possible, the first version of John Madden Football did not appear until 1988. EA has released annual versions since 1990, and the series' name changed to Madden NFL in 1993 after EA acquired the rights to use NFL teams and players.\nAlthough Madden died in 2021, the game continues to bear his name as a result of a 2005 agreement which gives EA the right to use his name and likeness in perpetuity. Madden's estate continues to receive royalties pursuant to this agreement.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== 1980s – Creation ===\nThe real reason that I founded Electronic Arts was because I wanted to make computerized versions of games like Strat-O-Matic.\nTrip Hawkins created a clone of the Strat-O-Matic paper and dice-based football simulation game as a teenager. The game was unsuccessful due to its complexity, and he hoped to one day delegate its rules to a computer. At Harvard College, where Hawkins played football for the Crimson, he wrote a football simulation for the PDP-11 minicomputer which, he later said, predicted that the Miami Dolphins would defeat the Minnesota Vikings 23–6 (actually 24–7) in the 1974 Super Bowl. After founding Electronic Arts in 1982—\"The real reason that I founded [it] was because I wanted to make computerized versions of games like Strat-O-Matic\", Hawkins later said—the company began designing a microcomputer football game. Hawkins first approached his favorite player Joe Montana to endorse the proposed game but the quarterback already had an endorsement deal with Atari, Inc., and his second choice, Cal coach Joe Kapp, demanded up front royalties far in excess of what Hawkins was willing to pay.\nIn 1984, Hawkins approached Madden. He and game producer Joe Ybarra arranged a follow-up meeting with the broadcaster during an Amtrak train trip over two days because of Madden's fear of flying. The EA executives promised that the proposed game would be a sophisticated football simulation and they asked the retired Oakland Raiders coach for his endorsement and expertise. Madden knew nothing about computers beyond his telestrator but agreed; he had taught a class at the University of California, Berkeley, called \"Football for Fans\", and envisioned the program as a tool for teaching and testing plays. (Madden would continue to see the game as an educational tool. When asked in 2012 to describe Madden NFL, he called it \"a way for people to learn the game and participate in the game at a pretty sophisticated level\".) Hawkins and Ybarra during the train trip learned football plays and strategies from Madden from sunrise to midnight.\nEA likely expected Madden to endorse the game without participating in its design. Early plans envisioned six or seven players per team because of technical limitations but Madden insisted on having 11 players, stating \"I'm not putting my name on it if it's not real\". Ybarra, who had played chess, not football, in high school, became an expert on the subject through his work, but found that 11 players overwhelmed contemporary home computers. Most projects that are as delayed as Madden are canceled; Ybarra and developer Robin Antonick needed three years, more than twice the length of the average development process. The project became known within the company as \"Trip's Folly\", and Madden—who had received $100,000 advance against royalties that EA's outside auditors advised to write-off because it would never be recouped—believed at times that EA had given up.\nThe company hired Bethesda Softworks to finish the game, but this only got them partway to their goal. While EA used many of its designs, including contributions to their physics engine, within a year Bethesda stopped working on Madden and sued EA over EA's failure to publish new versions of Bethesda's Gridiron! football game. This added to the delay. After a final development push, John Madden Football debuted in 1988 for the Apple II computers. Hawkins and an exhausted Ybarra (\"All my memories are of pain\") could move on to other projects.\nContracted to provide plays, Madden gave EA the 1980 Raiders playbook, and EA hired San Francisco Examiner writer Frank Cooney, who had designed his own figurine football game with numerical skill ratings. Those skill ratings, also utilized in a spreadsheet based game called Grid Grade, were a precursor to player ratings in Madden Football. Although the company could not yet legally use NFL teams' or players' names, Cooney obtained real plays from NFL teams. The back of the box called the game \"The First Real Football Simulation\" and quoted Madden: \"Hey, if there aren't 11 players, it isn't real football.\" Documentation included diagrams of dozens of offensive and defensive plays with Madden's commentary on coaching strategies and philosophy. In addition to submitting plays, Cooney worked with programmers and producers to create numerical ratings for every player so they would perform appropriately in the game, especially in man-to-man situations. In the beginning there were eight to 12 traits that were graded for each player. That number would grow to more than 200 as the game became more sophisticated. The game sold moderately well but given the sophisticated playbook its interface was complex,NFL is a 1989 football video game, developed by Atlus and published by LJN exclusively for the Nintendo Entertainment System.MNFL is a 1989 football video game, developed by Atlus and published by LJN exclusively for the Nintendo Entertainment System. for EA Sports. The franchise, named after Pro Football Hall of Fame coach and commentator John Madden, has sold more than 130 million copies as of 2018. From 2004 until 2022, it was the only officially licensed National Football League (NFL) video game series, and has influenced many",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " rapid growth and popularity from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, marked by the golden age of arcade games and the second generation of consoles. Games like Space Invaders (1978) became a phenomenon across arcades worldwide, while home consoles such as the Atari 2600 and theThe Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. shooting games, and R.O.B, a toy robot accessory.\nThe NES is regarded as one of the most influential consoles. It helped revitalise the American gaming industry following the video game crash of 1983, and pioneered a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers to produce and distribute games. The NES features several groundbreaking games, including Super Mario Bros. (1985), The Legend of Zelda (1986), Metroid (1986), and Mega Man (1987) which have become major franchises. \nThe NES dominated Japanese and North American markets, but initially underperformed in Europe where it faced strong competition from the Sega Master System and",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Super Bowl",
"paragraph_text": "2014, a document listing the specific requirements of Super Bowl hosts was leaked, giving a clear list of what was required for a Super Bowl host. Much of the cost of the Super Bowl is to be assumed by the host community, although some costs are enumerated within the requirements to be assumed by the NFL. Some of the host requirements include:The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League (NFL). The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year, and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs. The winner receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The contest is held in an American city, chosenThe location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance, usually three to five years before the game. Cities place bids to host a Super Bowl and are evaluated in terms of stadium renovation and their ability to host. In 2014, a document listing the specific requirements of Super Bowl hosts was leaked, giving a clear list of what was required for a Super Bowl host. Much of the cost of the Super Bowl is to be assumed by the host community, although some costs are enumerated within the requirements to be assumed by the NFL. Some of the host requirements include: culmination of the NFL playoffs.\nBefore the 1970 merger between the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL), the two leagues met in four such contests. The first two were marketed as the \"AFL–NFL World Championship Game\", but were also casually referred to as \"the Super Bowl game\" during theThe location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " 32-bit era, with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003. It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers, with new homebrew games and Nintendo's emulated rereleases, such as on the Virtual Console, the Super NES Classic Edition, Nintendo Switch Online; as well as several non-console emulators which operate on a desktopDuring the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's \"Ultra Games\" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts. same, several forms of regional lockout prevent cartridges for one version from being used in other versions.\nThe Super NES is Nintendo's second programmable home console, following the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time, like the Sega Genesis. It was designed to accommodate the ongoing development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated into game cartridges to be more competitive into the next generation.\nThe Super NES received largely positive reviews and was a",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the annual maximum number of games a developer could release on the console for which the video game, named after the sports organization deciding the Super Bowl location, was designed by Nintendo? | [
{
"id": 72247,
"question": "who chooses where the super bowl is held",
"answer": "the NFL",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 497223,
"question": "#1 >> platform",
"answer": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 15840,
"question": "What is the abbreviation of #2 ?",
"answer": "NES",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 36014,
"question": "What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the #3 ?",
"answer": "five",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | five | [] | true | There is a video game named after the sports association that chooses where the super bowl is held. What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on that game's platform? |
2hop__846921_160249 | [
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Hieronymus of Cardia",
"paragraph_text": " made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.\nHe made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time, but modern historians believe it was very goodHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.Hieronymus of Cardia (Greek: ���ερ��νυμος ��� ��αρδιανός, c. 354 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.\nHe made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time, but modern historians believe it was very good. In the last part of his work he made a praiseworthy attempt to acquaint the Greeks with the character and early history of the Romans. He is reproached by Pausanias (i. 9. 8) with unfairness towards all rulers with the exception of Antigonus Gonatas.\nLike the even more famous lost history of Alexander by Ptolemy I of Egypt, no significant amount of his work survived the end of the ancient world. He is among the authors whose fragments were collected in Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (II pp. 450–61), and in Felix Jacoby's Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (= FGrHist 154).\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Hieronymus of Cardia\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 454. This work in turn cites:\nLucian, Macrobii, 22\nPlutarch, Demetrius, 39\nDiod. Sic. xviii. 42. 44. 50, xix. 100\nDion. Halic. Antiq. Rom. i. 6\nF. Brückner, \"De vita et scriptis Hieronymi Cardii\" in Zeitschrift für die Alterthumswissenschaft (1842)\nF. Reuss, Hieronymos von Kardia (Berlin, 1876)\nCharles Wachsmuth, Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte (1895)\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nJ. Hornblower, Hieronymus of Cardia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).\nJoseph Roisman, \"Hieronymus of Cardia: Causation and Bias from Alexander to his Successors,\" in Elizabeth Carney and Daniel Ogden (eds), Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives (Oxford University Press, 2010: ISBN 0-19-973815-7).Hieronymus of Cardia (Greek: ���ερ��νυμος ��� ��αρδιανός, c. 354 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the DiHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus. BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.\nHe made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time, but modern historians believe it was very goodHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.Hieronymus of Cardia (Greek: ���ερ��νυμος ��� ��αρδιανός, c. 354 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Phthia of Epirus",
"paragraph_text": " (1)\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.Phthia (Ancient Greek: ��θία; lived 4th century BCE), was a Greek queen, daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, the Thessalian hipparch, and wife of Aeacides, king of Epirus, by whom she became the mother of the celebrated Pyrrhus, as well as of two daughters: Deidamia, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Troias, of whom nothing more is known. \nHer portrait is found on some of the coins of her son Pyrrhus.\nAnother bearer of the name was her great-granddaughter, Phthia of Macedon.\n\n\n== References ==\nSmith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, \"Phthia (1)\", Boston, (1867)\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). \"Phthia (1)\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.Phthia (Ancient Greek: ��θία; lived 4th century BCE), was a Greek queen, daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, the Thessalian hipparch, and wife of Aeacides, king of Epirus, by whom she became the mother of the celebrated Pyrrhus, as well as of two daughters: Deidamia, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Troias, of whom nothing more is known. \nHer portrait is found on some of the coins of herPhthia (in Greek ��θία; lived 4th century BC), was a Greek queen, daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, the Thessalian hipparch, and wife of Aeacides, king of Epirus, by whom she became the mother of the celebrated Pyrrhus, as well as of two daughters: Deidamia, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Troias, of whom nothing more is known.PhthiaPhthia (in Greek Φθία; lived 4th century BC), was a Greek queen, daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, the Thessalian hipparch, and wife of Aeacides, king of Epirus, by whom she became the mother of the celebrated Pyrrhus, as well as of two daughters: Deidamia, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Troias, of whom nothing more is known. known. \nHer portrait is found on some of the coins of her son Pyrrhus.\nAnother bearer of the name was her great-granddaughter, Phthia of Macedon.\n\n\n== References ==\nSmith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, \"Phthia (1)\", Boston, (1867)\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). \"Phthia (1)\". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.Phthia (Ancient Greek: ��θία; lived 4th century BCE), was a Greek queen, daughter of Menon of Pharsalus, the Thessalian hipparch, and wife of Aeacides",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | During which years was the offspring of Aeacides of Epirus involved in warfare? | [
{
"id": 846921,
"question": "Aeacides of Epirus >> child",
"answer": "Pyrrhus",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 160249,
"question": "In which years did the war with #1 occur?",
"answer": "323–272 BC",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | 323–272 BC | [] | true | What years was Aeacides of Epirus's child at war? |
2hop__68158_189357 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Harry Rathbun",
"paragraph_text": ", in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.\nWith his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.\nWith his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.\nWith his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.\nWith his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.\nWith his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.\nWith his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.\nWith his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OHarry John Rathbun was a Professor of Business Law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.HHarry John Rathbun was a Professor of Business Law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.With his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References ==Harry John Rathbun was a professor of business law at Stanford University who had a profound influence on a generation of students, with former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor crediting him with being the key intellectual and spiritual influence in her life.\nWith his wife, Emilia, he founded the Creative Initiative Foundation (now closed) which morphed during the 1980s into the Beyond War Foundation (also now closed).\nRathbun was born June 14, 1894, in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States, and died September 28, 1987, in Palo Alto, California.\n\n\n== References",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Sandra Day O'Connor",
"paragraph_text": " the first female majority leader of a state senate as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate. Upon her nomination to the Court, O'Connor was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate.\nO'Connor usually sided with the Court's conservative bloc but on occasion sided with the Court's liberal members. She often wrote concurring opinions that sought to limit the reach of the majority holding. Her majority opinions in landmark cases include Grutter v. Bollinger and Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. In 2000, she wrote in part the per curiam majority opinion in Bush v. Gore and in 1992 was one of three co-authors of the lead opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey that preserved legal access to abortion in the United States. On July 1, 2005, O'Connor announced her retirement, effective upon the confirmation of a successor. At the time of her death, O'Connor was the last living member of the Burger Court. Samuel Alito was nominated to take her seat in October Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, who served from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She is the first woman to serve on the Court.ominated by President Ronald Reagan, O'Connor was the first woman to serve as a U.S. Supreme Court justice. A moderate conservative, she was considered a swing vote.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where did the first woman justice of the Supreme Court receive her education? | [
{
"id": 68158,
"question": "who is the first female supreme court justice",
"answer": "Sandra Day O'Connor",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 189357,
"question": "#1 >> educated at",
"answer": "Stanford University",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Stanford University | [
"Stanford"
] | true | Where was the first female supreme court justice educated? |
3hop2__132957_483843_40768 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Scion bbX",
"paragraph_text": " be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. As shown at the motor show, the bbX is very similar to the design of the Scion xB, sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.TheThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. As shown at the motor show, the bbX is very similar to the design of the Scion xB, sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.official Scion bbx siteThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. The design of the bbX was the basis for the Scion xB, which was sold forThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. As shown at the motor show, the bbX is very similar to the design of the Scion xB, sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.The Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. The design of the bbX was the basis for the Scion xB, which was sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.\n\n\n== External links ==\nUnofficial Scion bbx siteThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. The design of the bbX was the basis for the Scion xB, which was sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.\n\n\n== External links ==\nUnofficial Scion bbx siteThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. The design of the bbX was the basis for the Scion xB, which was sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.\n\n\n== External links ==\nUnofficial Scion bbx siteThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. The design of the bbX was the basis for the Scion xB, which was sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.\n\n\n== External links ==\nUnofficial Scion bbx siteThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. The design of the bbX was the basis for the Scion xB, which was sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.\n\n\n== External links ==\nUnofficial Scion bbx siteThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. The design of the bbX was the basis for the Scion xB, which was sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.\n\n\n== External links ==\nUnofficial Scion bbx siteThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. The",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Acura Legend",
"paragraph_text": "-eating beings or demons), Bhutas (ghosts) and many more. Asuras have been featured in many cosmological theories and legends in Hinduism and Buddhism.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\n\n=== Traditional etymologies ===\nAsura is a given name by Devas to other races collectively as Asura means not-sura, where sura is another name for Devas.\nThe 5th century Buddhist philosopher, Buddhaghosa explains that their name derives from the myth of their defeat at the hands of the god Śakra. According to the story, the asura were dispossessed of their state in Trāyastri���śa because they became drunk and were thrown down Mount Sumeru. After this incident, they vowed never to drink sura again. In some Buddhist literature, they are sometimes referred to as pūrvadeva (Pāli: pubbadeva), meaning \"ancient gods.\"\n\n\n=== Modern theories ===\nMonier-Williams traces the etymological roots of asura (��सुर) to asu (��सु), which means 'life of the spiritual world' or 'departed spirits'.\nIn the oldest verses of the Samhita layer of Vedic texts, the Asuras are any spiritual, divine beings including those with good or bad intentions, and constructive or destructive inclinations or nature. In later verses of the Samhita layer of Vedic texts, Monier Williams states the Asuras are \"evil spirits, demons and opponents of the gods\". Asuras connote the chaos-creating evil, in Indo-Iranian mythology about the battle between good and evil.\nAccording to Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola, the word Asura was borrowed from Proto-Indo-Aryan into Proto-Uralic during an early period of contact, in the form *asera-, showing a meaning \"lord, prince\".\n\n\n== In Hindu literature ==\n\n\n=== Rig Veda ===\nBhargava states the word, asura, including its variants, asurya and asura, occurs \"88 times in the Rig Veda, 71 times in the singular number, 4 times in the dual, 10 times in the plural, and 3 times as the first member of a compound. In this, the feminine form, asuryaa, is included twice. The word, asurya, has been used 19 times as an abstract noun, while the abstract form asuratva occurs 24 times, 22 times in one hymn and twice each in two other hymns\".\nBhargava gives a count of the word use for every Vedic deity: Asura is used as an adjective meaning \"powerful\" or \"mighty\". In the Rig Veda, two generous kings – as well as some priests – have been described as asuras. One hymn requests a son who is an asura. In nine hymns, Indra is described as asura. He is said to possess asurya 5 times, and once he is said to possess asuratva. Agni has total of 12 asura descriptions, Varuna has 10, Mitra has 8, and Rudra has 6. Book 1 of the RigThe Acura Legend is a mid-size luxury/executive car manufactured by Honda. It was sold in the U.S., Canada, and parts of China under Honda's luxury brand, Acura, from 1985 to 1995, as both a sedan, which was classified as a full-size car, and a coupe, which was classified as a mid-size car (similar to how the Honda Accord is set up today). It was the first flagship sedan sold under the Acura nameplate, until being renamed in 1996 as the Acura 3.5RL. The 3.5RL was the North American version of the KA9 series Honda Legend. Varuna, while the malevolent ones are called Danavas and are led by Vritra.:��4�� \nIn the earliest layer of Vedic texts Agni, Indra and other gods are also called Asuras, in the sense of their being \"lords\" of their respective domains, knowledge and abilities. In later Vedic and post-Vedic texts, the benevolent gods are called Devas, while malevolent Asuras compete against these Devas and are considered \"enemy of the gods\".:��4��\nAsuras are part of Hinduism along with Devas, Yakshas (nature spirits), Rakshasas (fierce man-eating beings or demons), Bhutas (ghosts) and many more",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "1973 oil crisis",
"paragraph_text": " lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the OrganizationSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands. lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second oil shock\" that was the 1979 oil crisis, brought upon by the Iranian Revolution.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\n\n=== Arab-Israeli conflictSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the creators of the Acura Legend, Scion bbX, and Nissan establish manufacturing factories in the United States? | [
{
"id": 132957,
"question": "Who made Acura Legend?",
"answer": "Honda",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 483843,
"question": "Scion bbX >> manufacturer",
"answer": "Toyota",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 40768,
"question": "When did #1 , #2 and Nissan open US assembly plants?",
"answer": "1981",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | 1981 | [] | true | When did the maker of the Acura Legend, the manufacturer of Scion bbX and Nissan open US assembly plants? |
3hop2__655849_223623_162182 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "A Lưới District",
"paragraph_text": " the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. It is located west in the highly mountainous area of A Shau Valley bordering Laos. The population includes many Bru, Hoa and Tà ��i people. As of 2003 the district had a population of 38,616. The district covers an area of 1,229 km² and its capital lies at A Lưới, a former French airfield, later used by the Americans in Operation Delaware and then by the North Vietnamese for courier flights.A Lưới is a rural district of Th��a Thiên Huế province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. It is located west in the highly mountainous area of A Shau Valley bordering Laos. The population includes many Bru, Hoa and Tà ��i people. As of 2003 the district had a population of 38,616. The district covers an area of 1,229 km2 and its capital lies at A Lưới, a former French airfield, later used by the Americans in Operation Delaware and then by the North Vietnamese for courier flights.\nMany areas and mountains in the A Luoi region became historically significant in the mid-late 1960s during the Vietnam War, such the Battle of A Shau, the 5th Special Forces' A Lưới Camp that was overrun in 1966, as well as the 4,878-foot Dong Re Lao Mountain best known as the \"Signal Hill\" that was seized by 1st Cavalry Division LRRP / Rangers in 1968 during Operation Delaware. Also, A Bia Mountain, known as the Hamburger Hill that was seized by members of the 101st Airborne Division.\nA Lưới is connected to the former French colonial capital and coastal city, Huế, one of the main historical cities in central Vietnam by National Road 49, a road notorious for poor safety because of the mountainous terrain and poor road surface. The A Lưới district has one town and 21 communes. The central townA Lưới is a rural district of Thừa Thiên-Huế Province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. It is located west in the highly mountainous area of A Shau Valley bordering Laos. The population includes many Bru, Hoa and Tà Ôi people. As of 2003 the district had a population of 38,616. The district covers an area of 1,229 km² and its capital lies at A Lưới, a former French airfield, later used by the Americans in Operation Delaware and then by the North Vietnamese for courier flights. and mountains in the A Luoi region became historically significant in the mid-late 1960s during the Vietnam War, such the Battle of A Shau, the 5th Special Forces' A Lưới Camp that was overrun in 1966, as well as the 4,878-foot Dong Re Lao Mountain best known as the \"Signal Hill\" that was seized by 1st",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "John Phan",
"paragraph_text": "on \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California who is a two time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships.Bon \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang,Bon \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California who is a two time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships.Bon \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "South Central Coast",
"paragraph_text": " Nang. Tourism also benefits from Cham cultural heritage, including architecture, performances, and museums. It is generally much less industrialized andSouth Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) is one of the regions of Vietnam. It consists of the independent municipality of Đà Nẵng and seven other provinces. The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region.The Paracel Islands (Hoàng Sa District), and Spratly Islands (Trường Sa District), are also part of this region. include Central Highlands (picture 2). Nevertheless, the term \"South Central Region\" can also be used to include Central Highlands as it is part of southern part of Central Vietnam.\nThe region has traditionally been one of the main gateways to neighbouring Central Highlands. It has a complex geography with mountain ranges extending up to the coast, making transport and infrastructure development challenging but favouring tourism in some places, most notable around Phan Thiết, Nha Trang, and Da Nang. Tourism also benefits from Cham cultural heritage, including architecture, performances, and museums. It is generally much less industrialized and developed than the region around Ho Chi Minh City or the Red River Delta, but it has some regional industrial centers in Da Nang, around Nha Trang and Quy Nhon.\nSouth Central Coast (Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) - 8 provinces: Da Nang, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận. The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. In the Nguy��n dynasty, this area was known as Tả Trực K�� (the area located in the right of Th��a Thiên).\n\n\n== Provinces ==\n\n\n== History ==\nThe region was inhabited by people of the Sa Hu��nh culture between around 1000 BC and 200 AD. Remains of this ancient civilization were found in Sa Hu��nh, Quảng Ngãi province. It was succeeded by a kingdom called Lin-yi (����) by the Chinese or Lâm ��p in Vietnamese that was in existence from 192 AD. Its political center was just north of the South Central Coast near Huế. Lin-yi was culturally influenced by India. According to Chinese sources, it repeatedly raided Jiaozhi (Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ), which was one factor that contributed to several wars between Jiaozhi and their Chinese colonizers against Lin-yi in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries.\n\nThe historic territory of Champa roughly equals the South Central Coast region, although it has at times extended well into the North Central Coast and its influence also extended into the Central Highlands. Except for its first capital, all of Champa's political centers were located in the South Central Coast. Some of the earlier capitals, as well as the religious center of M�� Sơn and the port city of Hội An were located in the territory of present-day Quảng Nam province. Probably due to defeats in wars against Đại Việt the political center shifted further south to Vijaya in what is now Bình Định province. After the fall of Vijaya to Vietnam in 1471, Champa had to retreat to the southern principality of Panduranga (",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What area within the country that houses A Lưới is known to be John Phan's place of birth? | [
{
"id": 655849,
"question": "A Lưới >> country",
"answer": "Vietnam",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 223623,
"question": "John Phan >> place of birth",
"answer": "Da Nang",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 162182,
"question": "In what region of #1 is #2 located?",
"answer": "South Central Coast",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | South Central Coast | [] | true | In what region of the country containing A Lưới is the birthplace of John Phan located? |
4hop2__105527_39078_8987_8974 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "ZH-29",
"paragraph_text": " side. Externally the most distinctive feature is that the barrel is offset at a slight angle to the receiver to compensate for this. Also unusually, the rifle uses an aluminium barrel jacket.\nAn upgraded variant was designated as the ZH-32.\nIn China, Chang Tso-lin's army received 150 ZH-29 and 100 ZH-32 rifles, and the provincial troops of Guangdong also received 33 ZH-32. A derivative prototype was built in 1932 in Shenyang, China. It is unlikely that these rifles saw action during the Sino-Japanese War.\nA version of the ZH-29 rifle was chambered in .276 Pedersen cartridge and was submitted to US Army trials but was unsuccessful.\nDuring the last stages of the development in the AK-47 assault rifle, the testing grounds committee advised Mikhail Kalashnikov to redesign the trigger group of the AK-46 rifle prototype along the lines of ZH-29 rifle, which he did. The testing grounds committee also advised every competitor on how to generally improve their firearm designs.\n\n\n== Users ==\n China: 210 imported in 1930-31\n Ethiopia: 100 ZH-32s\n Japan: (Experimental prototype copy developed from captured examples from China)\n Lithuania\n Thailand\n\n\n== See also ==\nWeapons of Czechoslovakia interwar period\nKbsp wz. 1938M\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nPopenker, Maxim. \"ZH-29 rifle (Czechoslovakia)\". Modern Firearms. World Guns. Retrieved October 8, 2023.\n\"Rifle 7.92 mm Automatic ZH 29\". REME Museum of Technology. The Corps of Royal Electrical & Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2012The ZH-29 was a semi-automatic rifle developed in Czechoslovakia during the late 1920s, and used by the Chinese National Revolutionary Army. The ZH-29 is one of the first successful self-loading rifles in service.TheThe ZH-29 was a semi-automatic rifle developed in Czechoslovakia during the late 1920s, and used by the Chinese National Revolutionary Army. The ZH-29 is one of the first successful self-loading rifles in service. with a tilting-bolt locking system similar to that which would be later used in the Sturmgewehr 44; although while the bolt of the German gun tilts vertically, that of the ZH-29 does so to the left side. Externally the most distinctive feature is that the barrel is offset at a slight angle to the receiver to compensate for this. Also unusually, the rifle uses an aluminium barrel jacket.\nAn upgraded variant was designated as the ZH-32.\nIn China, Chang Tso-lin's army received 150 ZH-29 and 100 ZH-32 rifles, and the provincial troops of Guangdong also received 33 ZH-32. A derivative prototype was built in 1932 in Shenyang, China. It is unlikely that these rifles saw action during the Sino-Japanese War.\nA version of the ZH-29 rifle was chambered in .276 Pedersen cartridge and was submitted to US Army trials but was unsuccessful.\nDuring the last stages of the development in the AK-47 assault rifle, the testing grounds committee advised Mikhail Kalashnikov to redesign the trigger group of the AK-46 rifle prototype along the lines of ZH-29 rifle,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Police",
"paragraph_text": " context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Police forces have become ubiquitous and a necessity in complex modern societies. However, their role can sometimes be controversial, as they may be involved to varying degrees in corruption, brutality, and the enforcement of authoritarian rule.\nA police force may also be referred to as a police department, police service, constabulary, gendarmerie, crime prevention, protective services, law enforcement agency, civil guard, or civic guard. Members may be referred to as police officers, troopers, sheriffs, constables, rangers, peace officers or civic/civil guards. Ireland differs from other English-speaking countries by using the Irish language terms Garda (singular) and Gardaí (plural), for both the national police force and its members. The word police is the most universal and similar terms can be seen in many non-English speaking countries.\nNumerous slang terms exist for the police. Many slang terms for police officers are decades or centuries old with lost etymologies. One of the oldest, cop, has largely lost its slang connotations and become a common colloquial term used both by the public and police officers to refer to their profession.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\nFirst attested inIn the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed] the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing. Police forces are usually public sector services, funded through taxes.\nLaw enforcement is only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Josip Broz Tito",
"paragraph_text": " major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he enteredIn 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander DubBecause of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García. 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. Following Yugoslavia's liberation in 1944, he served as its prime minister from 2 November 1944 to 29 June 1963 and president from 14 January 1953 until his death. His political ideology and policies are known as Titoism.\nTito was born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he enteredIn 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.Josip Broz (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: ��осип Броз, pronounced [j��sip brô��z] ; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; Тито, pronounced [tîto]), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. Following Yugoslavia's liberation in 1944, he served as its prime minister from 2 November 1944 to 29 June 1963 and president from 14 January 1953 until his death. His political ideology and policies are known as Titoism.\nTito was born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Josip Broz Tito",
"paragraph_text": " born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he enteredIn 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.Josip Broz (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: ��осип Броз, pronounced [j��sip brô��z] ; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (; Тито, pronounced [tîto]), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II, he led the Yugoslav Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in German-occupied Europe. Following Yugoslavia's liberation in 1944, he served as its prime minister from 2 November 1944 to 29 June 1963 and president from 14 January 1953 until his death. His political ideology and policies are known as Titoism.\nTito was born to a Croat father and a Slovene mother in Kumrovec in what was then Austria-Hungary. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians during World War I, he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. Tito participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War. Upon his return to the Balkans in 1920, he entered the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). Having assumed de facto control over the party by 1937, Tito was formally elected its general secretary in 1939 and later its president, the title he held until his death. During World War II, after the Nazi invasion of the area, he led theIn 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which location housed the only embassy of the singular communist nation that was ill-prepared for an invasion from the nation that produced the ZH-29, its military branch being comparable to the U.S. military faction that once assisted local law enforcement in the Old West? | [
{
"id": 105527,
"question": "The country for ZH-29 was what?",
"answer": "Czechoslovakia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 39078,
"question": "Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?",
"answer": "The Army",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 8987,
"question": "What #2 was unprepared for the invasion of #1 ?",
"answer": "Yugoslavia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 8974,
"question": "#3 was the only communist country to have an embassy where?",
"answer": "Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay | [
"Alfredo Stroessner"
] | true | A country's military branch, the equivalent of which in the US helped the Old West's local police, was unprepared for the invasion of the country that developed the ZH-29. The unprepared country was the only communist country to have an embassy where? |
3hop1__152880_131926_90707 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Ohio River",
"paragraph_text": " 14 states. Through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes several states of the southeastern U.S. It is the source of drinking water for five million people.\nThe river became a primary transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U.S. The lower Ohio River just below Louisville was obstructed by rapids known as the Falls of the Ohio where the elevation falls 26 feet (7.9 m) in 2 miles (3.2 km) restricting larger commercial navigation, although in the 18th and early 19th century its three deepest channels could be traversed by a wide variety of craft then in use. In 1830, the Louisville and Portland Canal (now the McAlpine Locks and Dam) bypassed the rapids, allowing even larger commercial and modern navigation from the Forks of the Ohio at Pittsburgh to the Port of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi on the Gulf of Mexico. Since the \"canalization\" of the river in 1929, the Ohio has not been a natural free-flowing river; today, it is divided into 21 discrete pools or reservoirs by 20 locks and dams forThe river then follows a roughly southwest and then west - northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west - southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky; and the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, until it joins the Mississippi River at the city of Cairo, Illinois.TheThe river then follows a roughly southwest and then west - northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west - southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky; and the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, until it joins the Mississippi River at the city of Cairo, Illinois. by discharge volume in the United States and the largest tributary by volume of the north-south flowing Mississippi River, which divides the eastern from western United States. It is also the 6th oldest river on the North American continent. The river flows through or along the border of six states, and its drainage basin includes parts of 14 states. Through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes several states of the southeastern U.S. It is the source of drinking water for five million people.\nThe river became a primary transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U.S. The lower Ohio River just below Louisville was obstructed by rapids known as the Falls of the Ohio where the elevation falls 26 feet (7.9 m) in 2 miles (3.2 km) restricting larger commercial navigation, although in the 18th and early 19th century its three deepest channels could be traversed by a wide variety of craft then in use. In 1830, the Louisville and Portland Canal (now the McAlpine Locks and Dam) bypassed the rapids, allowing even larger commercial and modern navigation from the Forks of the Ohio at Pittsburgh to the Port of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi on the Gulf of Mexico. Since the \"canalization\" of the river in 1929, the Ohio has not been a natural free-flowing river; today, it is divided into 21 discrete pools or reservoirs by 20 locks and dams forThe river then follows a roughly southwest and then west - northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west - southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the northern borders of West Virginia and Kentucky; and the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, until it joins the Mississippi River at the city of Cairo, Illinois.The Ohio River is a 981-mile-long (1,579 km) river in the United States. It is located at the boundary of the Midwestern and Southern United States, flowing in a southwesterly direction from western Pennsylvania to its mouth on the Mississippi",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Astronautalis",
"paragraph_text": " 2003. He eventually signed with Fighting Records and the record was re-released in 2005, followed by his second album, The Mighty Ocean and Nine Dark TheCharles Andrew Bothwell (born December 13, 1981), known by his stage name 'Astronautalis', is an American alternative hip hop artist currently based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.Charles Andrew Bothwell (born December 13, 1981), better known by his stage name Astronautalis, is an American alternative hip hop artist currently based in Brooklyn, New York.\n\n\n== History ==\nAfter gaining some recognition in local circles in Jacksonville, Florida and competing at Scribble Jam, Astronautalis self-released his debut album, You and Yer Good Ideas, in 2003. He eventually signed with Fighting Records and the record was re-released in 2005, followed by his second album, The Mighty Ocean and Nine Dark Theaters, in 2006. He released the third album, Pomegranate, on Eyeball Records in 2008. In winter 2009, he toured with the Canadian indie rock band Tegan and Sara through Europe, and supported them again through the spring of 2010 in Australia. His fourth album, This Is Our Science, was released on Fake Four Inc. in 2011. His latest release, Cut the Body Loose, was released in 2016.\nAstronautalis is a descendant of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, which is one of the reasons why his lyrics often deal with historical fiction.\n\n\n== Style ==\nAstronautalis has been described as \"if Beck were a decade or so younger and had grown up more heavily immersed in hip-hop,\" with his rapping style noted for \"blending styles of indie rock, electro, and talkin’ blues\" with hip-hop. He has described himself as \"historical fiction hip-hop.\"\nDuring live performances, Astronautalis often performs a freestyle rap based on topics chosen by members of his audience.\n\n\n== Controversies ==\nIn June 2020 Astronautalis was accusedCharles Andrew Bothwell (born December 13, 1981), known by his stage name 'Astronautalis', is an American alternative hip hop artist currently based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_text": "Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.\nDakota people originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. European colonization and settlement began north of Fort Snelling along Saint Anthony Falls—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River. The city's early growth was attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis was the 19th-century lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of General Mills, the Pillsbury brand, Target Corporation, and Thermo King mobile refrigeration.\nThe city's major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit, and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.\nResidents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its wellMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the confluence point of the Ohio River and the water body situated near Astronautalis' hometown? | [
{
"id": 152880,
"question": "What city is Astronautalis from?",
"answer": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 131926,
"question": "Which is the body of water by #1 ?",
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 90707,
"question": "where does #2 and ohio river meet",
"answer": "at the city of Cairo, Illinois",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | at the city of Cairo, Illinois | [] | true | Where does the body of water by the city Astronautalis is from and the Ohio River meet? |
2hop__53175_548781 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "1924 United States presidential election",
"paragraph_text": "The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate, was elected to a full term.The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate, was elected to a full term.The 1924 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 4, 1924 as part of the 1924 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.\nWisconsin had since the decline of the Populist movement been substantially a one-party state dominated by the Republican Party. The Democratic Party became entirely uncompetitive outside certain German Catholic counties adjoining Lake Michigan as the upper classes, along with the majority of workers who followed them, completely fled from William Jennings Bryan's agrarian and free silver sympath",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Plymouth Notch Cemetery",
"paragraph_text": " \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E.The Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908-1924, John Coolidge 1906-2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.The PlymouthThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908-1924, John Coolidge 1906-2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.Other notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E.The Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908-1924, John Coolidge 1906-2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.The Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge family.\nOther notable burials include Howard E. Armstrong, who served as Secretary of State of Vermont from 1949 to 1965, and abolitionist Achsa W. Sprague.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCalvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation\nCalvin Coolidge Gravesite – PresidentsUSA.net\nPlymouth Notch Cemetery at Find a Grave \nU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Notch CemeteryThe Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, is noted as the burial place for 30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge, as well as his wife Grace, children (Calvin Coolidge, Jr. 1908–1924, John Coolidge 1906–2000), and other members of the Coolidge",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where was the American president, whose election marked the start of the Republican dominance in the 1920s, born? | [
{
"id": 53175,
"question": "the republican ascendancy of the 1920's began with whose election",
"answer": "Calvin Coolidge",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 548781,
"question": "#1 >> place of birth",
"answer": "Plymouth Notch",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | Plymouth Notch | [] | true | What is the birth place of the US president with whose election the republican ascendancy of the 1920's began? |
4hop1__56226_32392_823060_610794 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Charleston, South Carolina",
"paragraph_text": " based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this \"folk opera\", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.Charleston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston metropolitan area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline on Charleston Harbor, an inletAlthough the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Forest Acres, South Carolina",
"paragraph_text": "Forest Acres is a city in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 10,361 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area. is an enclave of the city of Columbia.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nForest Acres is located at 34°2′19″N 80°58′3″W (34.038687, -80.967446).\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles (12.9 km2), of which 4.6 square miles (11.9 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 7.46%, is water.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2020 census ===\n\nAs of the 2020 United States census, there were 10,617 people, 4,683 households, and 2,716 families residing in the city.\n\n\n=== 2000 census ===\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 10,558 people, 4,987 households, and 2,842 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,300.9 inhabitants per square mile (888.4/km2). There were 5,232 housing units at an average density of 1,140.2 per square mile (440.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city is 80.87% White, 15.52% African American, 0.19% Native American, 1.16% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.02% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. 2.54% of the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Battle of Sullivan's Island",
"paragraph_text": "is.\nThe plan was beset by difficulties from the start. The Irish expedition, originally supposed to depart at the beginning of December 1775, was delayed by logistical difficulties, and its 2,500 troops did not depart until February 13, 1776,Battle of Sullivan's Island Part of the American Revolutionary War Sergeant William Jasper raising the flag over the fort, painted by Johannes Adam Simon Oertel, 1858 Date June 28, 1776 Location Sullivan's Island, South Carolina 32 ° 45 �� 32 ''N 79 ° 51 �� 28'' W / 32.7590 ° N 79.8579 ° W / 32.7590; - 79.8579 Coordinates: 32 ° 45 �� 32 ''N 79 ° 51 �� 28'' W / 32.7590 ° N 79.8579 ° W / 32.7590; - 79.8579 Result South Carolinian victory Belligerents South Carolina Great Britain Commanders and leaders Charles Lee William Moultrie Peter Parker (WIA) Henry Clinton Strength Fort Sullivan: 435 militia 31 cannons Other defences: 3 shore batteries 6,000 + regulars and militia 2,200 infantry 2 fourth - rates 6 frigates 1 bomb vessel Casualties and losses 12 killed 25 wounded 220 killed and wounded 2 fourth - rates severely damaged 2 frigates moderately damaged 1 frigate grounded, later scuttledBattle of Sullivan's Island Part of the American Revolutionary War Sergeant William Jasper raising the flag over the fort, painted by Johannes Adam Simon Oertel, 1858 Date June 28, 1776 Location Sullivan's Island, South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 32 ''N 79 ° 51 ′ 28'' W / 32.7590 ° N 79.8579 ° W / 32.7590; - 79.8579 Coordinates: 32 ° 45 ′ 32 ''N 79 ° 51 ′ 28'' W / 32.7590 ° N 79.8579 ° W / 32.7590; - 79.8579 Result South Carolinian victory Belligerents South Carolina Great Britain Commanders and leaders Charles Lee William Moultrie Peter Parker (WIA) Henry Clinton Strength Fort Sullivan: 435 militia 31 cannons Other defences: 3 shore batteries 6,000 + regulars and militia 2,200 infantry 2 fourth - rates 6 frigates 1 bomb vessel Casualties and losses 12 killed 25 wounded 220 killed and wounded 2 fourth - rates severely damaged 2 frigates moderately damaged 1 frigate grounded, later scuttledful fire by the defenders wrought significant damage on the British fleet, which withdrew after an entire day's bombardment. The British withdrew their expedition force to New York, and did not return to South Carolina until 1780.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nWhen the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, the city of Charlestown, in the Province of South Carolina, was a center of commerce in southern North America. The city's citizens joined other colonists in opposing the British parliament's attempts to tax them, and militia recruitment increased when word arrived of the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "WWNQ",
"paragraph_text": "inese era names, also known as reign mottos, were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE, and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar. Other polities in the Sinosphere—Korea, Vietnam and Japan—also adopted theWWNQ is a radio station licensed to Forest Acres, South Carolina, serving the Columbia, South Carolina market. Owned by Midlands Media Group LLC, the station broadcasts a country music format branded as 94.3 The Dude.WWNQ is a radio station licensed to Forest Acres, South Carolina, serving the Columbia, South Carolina market. Owned by Midlands Media Group LLC, the station broadcasts a country music format branded as 94.3 The Dude.Chinese era names, also known as reign mottos, were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE, and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar. Other polities in the Sinosphere—Korea, Vietnam and Japan—also adopted the concept of era name as a result of Chinese politico-cultural influence.\n\n\n== Description ==\nChinese era names were titles adopted for the purpose of identifying and numbering years in Imperial China. Era names originated as mottos or slogans chosen by the reigning monarch and usually reflected the political, economic and/or social landscapes at the time. For instance, the first era name proclaimed by the Emperor Wu of Han, Jianyuan (建元; lit. \"establishing the origin\"), was reflective of its status as the first era name. Similarly, the era name Jianzhongjingguo (建中����; lit. \"establishing a moderate and peaceful country\") used by the Emperor Huizong of Song was indicative of Huizong's idealism towards moderating the rivalry among the conservative and progressive factions regarding political and social reforms.\nThe process of declaring an era name was referred to in traditional Chinese historical texts as jiànyuán (建元). Proclaiming a new era name to replace an existing era name was known as g��iyuán (改元; lit. \"change the origin\"). Instituting a new era name would reset the numbering of the year back to year one, known as yuán nián (元年; lit. \"year of origin\"). On the first day of the Chinese calendar, the numbering of the year would increase by one. To name a year using an era name only requires counting years from the first year of the era. For example, 609 CE was the fifth year of Daye (大��; lit. \"great endeavour\"), as the era began in 605 CE; traditional Chinese sources would therefore refer to 609 CE as Dàyè w�� nián (大��五年).\nThe numbering of the year would still increase on the first day of the Chinese calendar each year, regardless of the month in which the era name was adopted. For example, as the Emperor Daizong of Tang replaced the era name Yongtai (����; lit. \"perpetual peace\") with Dali (大��; lit.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which county would you find the city that is adjacent to the capital city of the state that emerged victorious in the Battle of Sullivan's Island? | [
{
"id": 56226,
"question": "who won the battle of sullivan's island",
"answer": "South Carolina",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 32392,
"question": "What city became the state capital of #1 ?",
"answer": "Columbia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 823060,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Forest Acres",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 610794,
"question": "#3 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Richland County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Richland County | [
"Richland County, South Carolina"
] | true | In which county is the city sharing a border with the capitol of the state that won the Battle of Sullivan's Island? |
4hop1__94201_642284_131926_13165 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Military history of the United States",
"paragraph_text": " newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.The military history of the United States spans over two centuries, the entire history of the United States. During those centuries, the United States evolved from a newly formed nation which fought for its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (1775–1783) to world superpower status in the aftermath of World War II to the present. As of 2024, the United States Armed Forces consists of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force and Space Force, all under the command of the Department of Defense, and the Coast Guard, which is controlled by the Department of Homeland Security.\nIn 1775, the Continental Congress established the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, and the Continental Marines. This newly formed military, fighting alongside the Kingdom of France, triumphed over the British during the war, which led to independence via the Treaty of Paris. In 1789, the new Constitution made the U.S. president the commander-in-chief, and gave Congress the authority to declare war. Major conflicts involving the U.S. military include the American Indian Wars, the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the American Civil War, the Banana Wars, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Iraq War.\n\n\n== Colonial wars (1607–1774) ==\n\nThe beginning of the United States military lies in civilian frontier settlers, armed for hunting and basic survival in the wilderness. These were organized into local militias for small military operations, mostly against Native American tribes but also to resist possible raids by the small military forces of neighboring European colonies. They relied on the British regular Army and Navy for any serious military operation.\nIn major operations outside the locality involved, the militia was not employed as a fighting force. Instead the colony asked for (and paid) volunteers, many of whom were also militia members.\nIn the early years of the British colonization of North America, military action in the thirteen colonies that would become the United States were the result of conflicts with Native Americans, such as in the Pequot War of 1637, King Philip's War in 1675, the Yamasee War in 1715 and Father Rale's War in 1722.\nBeginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War.\n\n\n=== War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748) ===\n\nIn the struggle for control of North America, the contest between Great Britain and France was the vital one, the conflict with Spain, a declining power, important but secondary. This latter conflict reached its height in the \"War of Jenkins Ear,\" a prelude to the War of Austrian Succession, which began in 1739 and pitted the British and their American colonists against the Spanish.\nIn the colonies the war involved a seesaw struggle between the Spanish in Florida and the West Indies and the English colonists in South Carolina and Georgia. Its most notable episode, however, was a British expedition mounted in Jamaica against Cartagena, the main port of the Spanish colony in Colombia. The mainland colonies furnished a regiment to participate in the assault as British Regulars under British command. The expedition ended in disaster, resulting from climate, disease, and the bungling of British commanders, and only about 600 of over 3,000 Americans who participated ever returned to their homes.\n\n\n== War of Independence (1775–1783) ==\n\nOngoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. In addition to the Army, Congress also created the Continental Navy and Continental Marines. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured WashingtonIn the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. led to independence via the Treaty of Paris. In 1789, the new Constitution made the U.S. president the commander-in-chief,In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Riverside Plaza",
"paragraph_text": "Riverside Plaza is a modernist and brutalist apartment complex designed by Ralph Rapson that opened in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1973. Situated on the edge of downtown Minneapolis in the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood, and next to both the University of Minnesota's West Bank and Augsburg University, the site contains the 39-story McKnight Building, the tallest structure outside of the city's central business district. Initially known as Cedar Square West, the complex was renamed when an investor group bought it out of receivership in 1988.\nRiverside Plaza is composed of six buildings and has 1,303 residential units, making it the main feature of the city's Cedar-RiversideRiverside Plaza is a modernist and brutalist apartment complex designed by Ralph Rapson that opened in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1973. Situated on the edge of downtown Minneapolis in the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood, and next to both the University of Minnesota's West Bank and Augsburg University, the site contains the 39-story McKnight Building, the tallest structure outside of the city's central business district. Initially known as Cedar Square West, exterior shots of the complex were featured on television as the residence of Mary Richards in sixth and seventh seasons of \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\".",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_text": "Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.\nDakota people originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. European colonization and settlement began north of Fort Snelling along Saint Anthony Falls—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River. The city's early growth was attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis was the 19th-century lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of General Mills, the Pillsbury brand, Target Corporation, and Thermo King mobile refrigeration.\nThe city's major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit, and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.\nResidents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its wellMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abund",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Southeast Library",
"paragraph_text": " Fraser library was preceded by several others serving the same community.\n\n\n=== East Side Branch, 1891–1904 ===\nThe third branch of the Minneapolis Public library opened on November 1, 1891, in the old Winthrop School building at 22 University Avenue Southeast. It was replaced by the Pillsbury Library in 1904.\n\n\n=== Pillsbury Library, 1904–1967 ===\nJohn Sargent Pillsbury, Minnesota's eighth governor, offered to build a branch library at the corner of university and Central Avenues in old St. Anthony (later East Minneapolis). The location was a few blocks from the iconic Pillsbury \"A\" Mill and close to the governor's home. Although Pillsbury died before the library opened in April, 1904, the family carried out the gift. One of the most beautiful library branches in Minneapolis, the library was built out of marble and featured mahogany inside. In 1960 a new Central Library opened right across the river from the Pillsbury Library so a location closer to the University Community's core was sought. The Southeast Library replaced the Pillsbury Library in 1967.\nLocated at 100 University Avenue Southeast, after many years as the Dolly Fiterman gallery, the Pillsbury Library more recently housed the Phillips Foundation.\n\n\n=== Seven Corners Library, 1906-1964 ===\nA successful delivery station was replaced in 1906 by the Seven Corners Branch in a rented space at Southeast Library's building was designed by master architect Ralph Rapson and originally functioned as a credit union for university and state employees. It opened as a library in 1967. The State Capitol Credit Union building at 1222 Fourth Street Southeast was purchased to be converted into a library on December 29, 1966. It opened as the new Southeast Library on December 26, 1967.8 to 2020, the library was renamed after Arvonne Fraser, a women's rights advocate and political campaigner.\nThe library was preceded by several related historical libraries, which occupied other sites throughout the area. These included branches established under the leadership of Gratia Countryman, chief librarian of the Minneapolis Public Library from 1904 to 1936.\n\n\n== Predecessors ==\nThe Arvonne Fraser library was preceded by several others serving the same community.\n\n\n=== East Side Branch, 1891–1904 ===\nThe third branch of the Minneapolis Public library opened on November 1, 1891, in the old Winthrop School building at 22 University Avenue Southeast. It was replaced by the Pillsbury Library in 1904.\n\n\n=== Pills",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which agreement granted land expanding to the US westward until the water body near the city where the one who created the Southeast Library passed away? | [
{
"id": 94201,
"question": "The designer for Southeast Library was?",
"answer": "Ralph Rapson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 642284,
"question": "#1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 131926,
"question": "Which is the body of water by #2 ?",
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 13165,
"question": "What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to #3 ?",
"answer": "Treaty of Paris",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | Treaty of Paris | [] | true | What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the body of water by the city where the designer of Southeast Library died? |
2hop__13353_85402 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Biodiversity",
"paragraph_text": " Carboniferous, rainforest collapse may have led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. \nHuman activities have led to an ongoing biodiversity loss and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. This process is often referred to as Holocene extinction, or sixth mass extinction. For example, it was estimated in 2007 that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Destroying habitats for farming is a key reason why biodiversity is decreasing today. Climate change also plays a role. This can be seen for example in the effects of climate change on biomes. This anthropogenic extinction may have started toward the end of the Pleistocene, as some studies suggest that the megafaunal extinction event that took place around the end of the last ice age partly resulted from overhunting. \n\n\n== Definitions ==\n\nBiologists most often define biodiversity as the \"totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region\". An advantage of this definition is that it presents a unified view of the traditional types of biological variety previously identified:\n\ntaxonomic diversity (usually measured at the species diversity level)\necological diversity (often viewed from the perspective of ecosystem diversity)\nmorphological diversity (which stems from genetic diversity and molecular diversity)\nfunctional diversity (which is a measure of the number of functionally disparate species within a population (e.g. different feeding mechanism, different motility, predator vs prey, etc.))\nBiodiversity is most commonly used to replace the more clearly-defined and long-established terms, species diversity and species richness. However, there is no concrete definition for biodiversity, as its definition continues to be defined. Other definitions include (in chronological order):\n\nAn explicit definition consistent with this interpretation was first given in a paper by Bruce A. Wilcox commissioned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) for the 1982 World National Parks Conference. Wilcox's definition was \"Biological diversity is the variety of life forms...at all levels of biological systems (i.e., molecular, organismic, population, species and ecosystem)...\".\nA publication by Wilcox in 1984: Biodiversity can be defined genetically as the diversity of alleles, genes and organisms. They study processes such as mutation and gene transfer that drive evolution.\nThe 1992 United Nations Earth Summit defined biological diversity as \"the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems\". This definition is used in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.\nGaston and Spicer's definition in their book \"Biodiversity: an introduction\" in 2004 is \"variation of life at all levels of biological organization\".\nThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defined biodiversity in 2019 as \"the variability that exists among living organisms (both within and between species) and the ecosystems of which they are part.\"\n\n\n== Number of species ==\n\nAccording to Mora and her colleagues' estimation, there are approximately 8.7 million terrestrial species and 2.2 million oceanic species. The authors note that these estimates are strongest for eukaryotic organisms and likely represent the lower bound of prokaryote diversity. Other estimates include:\n\n220,000 vascular plants, estimated using the species-area relation method\n0.7-1 million marine species\n10–30 million insects; (of some 0.9 million we know today)\n5–10 million bacteria;\n1.5-3 million fungi, estimates based on data from the tropics, long-term non-tropical sites and molecular studies that have revealed cryptic speciation. Some 0.075 million species of fungi had been documented by 2001;\n1 million mites\nThe number of microbial species is not reliably known, but the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition dramatically increased the estimates of genetic diversity by identifying an enormous number of new genes from near-surface plankton samples at various marine locations, initially over the 2004–2006 period. The findings may eventually cause a significant change in the way science defines species and other taxonomic categories.\nSince the rate of extinction has increased, many extant species may become extinct before they are described. Not surprisingly, in the animalia the most studied groups are birds and mammals, whereas fishes and arthropods are the least studied animals groups.\n\n\n== Current biodiversity loss ==\n\nDuring the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. It was estimated in 2007 that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high as 140,000 species per year (based on Species-area theory). This figure indicates unsustainable ecological practices, because few species emerge each year. The rate of species loss is greater now than at any time in human history, with extinctions occurring at rates hundreds of times higher than background extinction rates. and expected to still grow in the upcoming years. As of 2012, some studies suggest that 25% of all mammal species could be extinct in 20 years.\nIn absolute terms, the planetFinally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive. The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the Thecla betulae butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive. The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Belgium",
"paragraph_text": "Kingdom of Belgium Koninkrijk België (Dutch) Royaume de Belgique (French) Königreich Belgien (German) Flag Coat of arms Motto: ``Eendracht maakt macht ''(Dutch)`` L'union fait la force'' (French) ``Einigkeit macht stark ''(German)`` Unity makes Strength'' Anthem: ``La Brabançonne ''`` The Brabantian'' Location of Belgium (dark green) -- in Europe (green & dark grey) -- in the European Union (green) Capital and largest city Brussels 50 ° 51 ′ N 4 ° 21 ′ E / 50.850 ° N 4.350 ° E / 50.850; 4.350 Official languages Dutch French German Ethnic groups see Demographics Religion (2015) 60.7% Christianity 32.0% No religion 5.2% Islam 2.1% Other religions Demonym Belgian Government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Philippe Prime Minister Charles Michel Legislature Federal Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Representatives Independence (from the Netherlands) Declared 4 October 1830 Recognised 19 April 1839 Area Total 30,528 km (11,787 sq mi) (136th) Water (%) 6.4 Population 1 January 2018 census 11,358,357 (75th) Density 372.06 / km (963.6 / sq mi) (36th) GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate Total $550.664 billion (38th) Per capita $48,258 (20th) GDP (nominal) 2016 estimate Total $562.229 billion (23rd) Per capita $49,272 (17th) Gini (2011) 26.3 low HDI (2014) 0.890 very high 21st Currency Euro (€) (EUR) Time zone CET (UTC + 1) Summer (DST) CEST (UTC + 2) Drives on the right Calling code + 32 ISO 3166 code BE Internet TLD. be The flag's official proportions of 13: 15 are rarely seen; proportions of 2: 3 or similar are more common. The Brussels region is the de facto capital, but the City of Brussels municipality is the de jure capital. The. eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.Kingdom of Belgium Koninkrijk België (Dutch) Royaume de Belgique (French) Königreich Belgien (German) Flag Coat of arms Motto: ``Eendracht maakt macht ''(Dutch)`` L'union fait la force'' (French) ``Einigkeit macht stark ''(German)`` Unity makes Strength'' Anthem: ``La Brabançonne ''`` The Brabantian'' Location of Belgium (dark green) -- in Europe (green & dark grey) -- in the European Union (green) Capital and largest city Brussels 50 ° 51 �� N 4 ° 21 �� E / 50.850 ° N 4.350 ° E / 50.850; 4.350 Official languages Dutch French German Ethnic groups see Demographics Religion (2015) 60.7% Christianity 32.0% No religion 5.2% Islam 2.1% Other religions Demonym Belgian Government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Philippe Prime Minister Charles Michel Legislature Federal Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Representatives Independence (from the Netherlands) Declared 4 October 1830 Recognised 19 April 1839 Area Total 30,528 km (11,787 sq mi) (136th) Water (%) 6.4 Population 1 January 2018 census 11,358,357 (75th) Density 372.06 / km (963.6 / sq mi) (36th) GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate Total $550.664 billion (38th) Per capita $48,258 (20th) GDP (nominal) 2016 estimate Total $562.229 billion (23rd) Per capita $49,272 (17th) Gini (2011) 26.3 low HDI (2014) 0.890 very high 21st Currency Euro (€) (EUR) Time zone CET (UTC + 1) Summer (DST) CEST (UTC + 2) Drives on the right Calling code + 32 ISO 3166 code BE Internet TLD. be The flag's official proportions of 13: 15 are rarely seen; proportions of 2: 3 or similar are more common. The Brussels region is the de facto capital, but the City of Brussels municipality is the de jure capital. The. eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west. It covers an area of 30,689 km2 (11,849 sq mi) and has a population of more than 11.7 million, making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe, with a density of 383/km2 (990/sq mi). Belgium is part of an area known as the Low Countries, historically a somewhat larger region than the Benelux group of states, as it also included parts of northern France. The capital and largest metropolitan region is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège, Bruges, Namur, and Leuven.\nBelgium is a sovereign state and a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds. It is divided into three highly autonomous regions: the Flemish Region (Flanders) in the north, the Walloon Region (Wallonia) in the south, and the Brussels-Capital Region. Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region, as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita. Belgium is also home to two main linguistic communities: the Flemish Community, which constitutes about 60 percent of the population, and the French Community, which constitutes about 40 percent of the population. A small German-speaking Community, making up around one percent of the population, exists in the East Cantons. The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch, although French is the majority language and lingua franca. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its complex system of governance, made up of six different governments.\nSince the Middle Ages, Belgium's central location has meant that the area has been relatively prosperous, connected commercially and politically to its bigger neighbours. The country as it exists today was",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the main city in the nation where the Prunus spinosa departs early? | [
{
"id": 13353,
"question": "Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?",
"answer": "In Belgium",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 85402,
"question": "what is the name of the capital city of #1",
"answer": "Brussels",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Brussels | [] | true | What is the capitol of the country where the Prunus spinosa leaves much sooner? |
2hop__809785_606637 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Wooden Arms",
"paragraph_text": " Sleeps\" (an iTunes and Vinyl bonus track) was used in the TV Show \"Continuum\" Season 1, episode 9.\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nGuest musicians on the album include Lhasa de Sela, Katie Moore and Jace Lasek.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== Charts and certifications ==\n\n\n== Certification ==\n\n\n== References ==Wooden Arms is the third album by Patrick Watson, released April 28, 2009 on Secret City Records. The album's first single, \"Tracy's Waters\", was released on March 5 and the group performed a new song, \"Beijing\", on CBC Radio's Q radio show on April 6. \"Fireweed\" was also released as a single and a music video was filmed, which features both live action and animation.\nThe album was nominated for the 2009 Polaris Music Prize, an award that Watson won in 2007 with the sophomore release, Close to Paradise.\nThe song \"Big Bird in a Small Cage\" was chosen as the Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week for August 25, 2009.\nThe song \"Beijing\" was inspired by the movie Being John Malkovich, and the idea of finding oneself in someone else's life in Beijing.\nThe song \"Summer Sleeps\" (an iTunes and Vinyl bonus track) was used in the TV Show \"Continuum\" Season 1, episode 9.\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nGuest musicians on the album include Lhasa de Sela, Katie Moore and Jace Lasek.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n== Charts and certifications ==\n\n\n== Certification ==\n\n\n== References ==Wooden Arms is the third album by Patrick Watson, released April 28, 2009 on Secret City Records. The album's first single, \"Tracy's Waters\", was released on March 5 and the group performed a new song, \"Beijing\", on CBC Radio's Q radio show on April 6. \"Fireweed\" was also released as a single and a music video was filmed, which features both live action and animation.\nThe album was nominated for the 2009 Polaris Music Prize, an award that Watson won in 2007 with the sophomore release, Close to Paradise.\nThe song \"Big Bird in a Small Cage\" was chosen as theWooden Arms is the third album by Patrick Watson, released April 28, 2009 on Secret City Records. The album's first single, \"Tracy's Waters\", was released on March 5 and the group performed a new song, \"Beijing\", on CBC Radio's \"Q\" radio show on April 6. \"Fireweed\" was also released as a single and a music video was filmed, which features both live action and animation.WWooden Arms is the third album by Patrick Watson, released April 28, 2009 on Secret City Records. The album's first single, \"Tracy's Waters\", was released on March 5 and the group performed a new song, \"Beijing\", on CBC Radio's \"Q\" radio show on April 6. \"Fireweed\" was also released as a single and a music video was filmed, which features both live action and animation. was nominated for the 2009 Polaris Music Prize, an award that Watson won in 2007 with the sophomore release, Close to Paradise.\nThe song \"Big Bird in a Small Cage\" was chosen as the Starbucks iTunes Pick of the Week for August 25, 2009.\nThe song \"Beijing\" was inspired by the movie",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Adventures in Your Own Backyard",
"paragraph_text": " their best work by avoiding the timeAdventures in Your Own Backyard is the fourth studio album by Canadian musician Patrick Watson, released in April 2012. It is the band's follow-up to the Polaris Music Prize-nominated 2009 release \"Wooden Arms\", but by comparison is a musically simpler and more emotional album.AdAdventures in Your Own Backyard is the fourth studio album by Canadian musician Patrick Watson, released in April 2012. It is the band's follow-up to the Polaris Music Prize-nominated 2009 release \"Wooden Arms\", but by comparison is a musically simpler and more emotional album. and production ==\nAdventures in Your Own Backyard was recorded almost entirely in a home studio next door to Watson's apartment in the Plateau neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec. The location was chosen for several reasons: the band wanted to return to the city after several years of touring, they felt that they would produce their best work by avoiding the timeAdventures in Your Own Backyard is the fourth studio album by Canadian musician Patrick Watson, released in April 2012. It is the band's follow-up to the Polaris Music Prize",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which record label is associated with the artist who performs Adventures in Your Own Backyard? | [
{
"id": 809785,
"question": "Adventures in Your Own Backyard >> performer",
"answer": "Patrick Watson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 606637,
"question": "#1 >> record label",
"answer": "Secret City Records",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | Secret City Records | [] | true | What record label does the performer of Adventures in Your Own Backyard belong to? |
3hop1__511157_709625_84283 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Ain't Living Long Like This",
"paragraph_text": " record hit #13 on the U.S. pop charts and #3 in Canada.\n\"I Ain't Living Long Like This\" was recorded in 1977 by Gary Stewart for his album, Your Place or Mine., then recorded in 1978 by Emmylou Harris for her album, Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town, and in 1979 by Waylon Jennings for his album, What Goes Around Comes Around, and Jerry Jeff Walker for his album, Too Old to Change. Brooks & Dunn recorded a version in 2003 as a tribute to Waylon. Andy Griggs recorded a version for his 1999 first album, You Won't Ever Be Lonely.\n\"Baby, Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down\" was covered by Emmylou Harris on her 1983 album White Shoes and by Rosanne Cash on her 1979 album Right or Wrong. \"Song for the Life\" was first covered in 1980 by John Denver and in 1982 by Waylon Jennings. Alan Jackson released his version as a single from his album Who I Am in 1994 where it became a top ten hit.\nWillie Nelson, Ricky Skaggs, Emmylou Harris and Nicolette Larson sang background vocals on several of the tracks.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nAll tracks composed by Rodney Crowell; except where indicated\nSide 1\n\n\"Elvira\" (Dallas Frazier) – 4:26\n\"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" (Bill Trader) – 3:14\n\"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight\" (Donivan Cowart, Rodney Crowell) – 3:26\n\"Voilá, An American Dream\" – 3:53\n\"I Ain't Living Long Like This\" – 5:04\nSide 2\n\n\"Baby, Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down\" – 4:31\n\"Song for the Life\" – 4:43\n\"I Thought I Heard You Callin' My Name\" (Lee Emerson) – 3:13\n\"California Earthquake (A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On)\" – 6:20\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nRodney Crowell – vocals, acoustic guitar\n\n\n=== Additional musicians ===\nBrian Ahern – acoustic guitar, percussion\nByron Berline – fiddle, violin\nHal Blaine – drums\nJames Burton – Dobro, electric guitar, acoustic guitar\nRy Cooder – acoustic and slide guitar\nDonivan Cowart – background vocals\nHank DeVito – steel guitar\nDr. John – keyboards\nAmos Garrett – acoustic and electric guitar\nJohn Goldthwaite – electric guitar\nEmory Gordy Jr. – bass guitar\nRichard Greene – strings\nGlen Hardin – piano\nEmmylou Harris – acoustic guitar, electric guitarAin't Living Long Like This is the debut studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell, released in 1978 by Warner Bros. Records. It failed to enter the Top Country Albums chart. The songs, \"Elvira\", \"Baby Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down\" and \"(Now and Then, There's) A Fool Such as I\" were released as singles but they all failed to chart within the top 40. Despite this, \"Ain't Living Long Like This\" is considered one Crowell's best and most influential albums. Brett Hartenbach of Allmusic says it \"\"not only showcases his songwriting prowess, but also his ability to deliver a song, whether it's one of his own or the work of another writer\"\". Most of the songs on this album were later covered by other artists including The Oak Ridge Boys and Alan Jackson. When the album was re-released in 2002 the font on the cover was enlarged to make it more legible.AAin't Living Long Like This is the debut studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell, released in 1978 by Warner Bros. Records. It failed to enter the Top Country Albums chart. The songs, \"Elvira\", \"Baby Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down\" and \"(Now and Then, There's) A Fool Such as I\" were released as singles but they all failed to chart within the top 40. Despite this, \"Ain't Living Long Like This\" is considered one Crowell's best and most influential albums. Brett Hartenbach of Allmusic says it \"\"not only showcases his songwriting prowess, but also his ability to deliver a song, whether it's one of his own or the work of another writer\"\". Most of the songs on this album were later covered by other artists including The Oak Ridge Boys and Alan Jackson. When the album was re-released in 2002 the font on the cover was enlarged to make it more legible. are cover songs:\n\n\"Elvira\" – Dallas Frazier, Elvira (1966)\n\"(Now and Then, There's) A Fool Such as I\" – Hank Snow(1952) [Covered by many other artists such as Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Eddy Arnold, Jim Reeves and Lou Rawls]\n\"I Thought I Heard You Callin' My Name\" – Norma Jean, Let's Go All the Way (1965)\nMany Crowell-penned songs have since been covered by other artists. \"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight\" was covered by Emmylou Harris in 1978 and, a year later, by The Oak Ridge Boys from",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Warner Records",
"paragraph_text": " so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. In 1928, the studio acquired several smaller music publishing firms which included M. Witmark & Sons, Harms Inc., and a partial interest in New World Music Corp., and merged them to form the Music Publishers Holding Company. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, and the new division was soon earning solid profits of up to US$2 million every year.\nIn 1930, Music Publishers Holding Company (MPHC) paid US$28 million to acquire Brunswick Records (which included Vocalion), whose roster included Duke Ellington, Red Nichols, Nick Lucas, Al JolsonWarner Bros. Records Parent company Warner Music Group Founded March 19, 1958; 60 years ago (1958 - 03 - 19) Founder James Conkling Distributor (s) Self - distributed (In the US) WEA International (Outside the US) Rhino Entertainment Company (Re-issues) Genre Various Country of origin United States Location Burbank, California, U.S. Official website warnerbrosrecords.com Halen, Kylie Minogue, ZZ Top, Gorillaz, Bette Midler, Grateful Dead, Jane's Addiction, Duran Duran, Fleetwood Mac, Rod Stewart, James Taylor, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Mac Miller, R",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "The Houston Kid",
"paragraph_text": " Crowell. It was released through Sugar Hill in 2001. The album includes the single \"I Walk the Line Revisited\", recorded in collaboration with Johnny Cash, which peaked at number 61 on the Hot Country Songs charts in late 1998.The HoustonThe Houston Kid is the 10th album by American country music singer Rodney Crowell. It was released through Sugar Hill in 2001. The album includes the single \"I Walk the Line Revisited\", recorded in collaboration with Johnny Cash, which peaked at number 61 on the Hot Country Songs charts in late 1998.Thom Jurek of AllMusic rated the album with a full five-star rating.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nAll songs written by Rodney Crowell except where noted.\n\n\"Telephone Road",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who holds ownership over the record company representing The Houston Kid's artist? | [
{
"id": 511157,
"question": "The Houston Kid >> performer",
"answer": "Rodney Crowell",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 709625,
"question": "#1 >> record label",
"answer": "Warner Bros. Records",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 84283,
"question": "who is the owner of #2",
"answer": "Warner Music Group",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Warner Music Group | [
"Warner Music"
] | true | Who owns the record label of the performer of The Houston Kid? |
4hop2__9988_261673_70784_61381 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": " area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen areThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts. coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of Yemen and follows a mountain ridge for approximately 320 km (200 mi) to the vicinity of Najran. This sectionThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": " the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20The area of modern - day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al - Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called ``the predominant feature of Saudi culture '', with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called`` the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million were Saudi nationals and 8 million were foreigners. As of 2017, the population is 33 million. The state's official language is Arabic.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Shamal (wind)",
"paragraph_text": "A shamal (, 'north') is a northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states (including Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), often strong during the day, but decreasing at night. This weather effect occurs anywhere from once to several times a year, mostly in summer but sometimes in winter. The resulting wind typically creates large sandstorms that impact Iraq, most sand having been picked up from Jordan and Syria. picked up from Jordan and Syria.\n\n\n== Synoptic conditions ==\n\n\n=== Summer shamal ===\nWhen a passing storm with a strong cold front passes over the mountains of Iran, the leading edge of a mass of relatively cooler air kicks up dust and sand, sending it aloft. Maximum temperatures nevertheless average more than 105 °F (41 °C)) during the period.\n\n\n=== Winter shamal ===\nIn Iraq, where winter storms can bring heavy snow to the terrain, a layer of dust can settle onto the snowpack.\nA winter shamal is associated with the strengthening of a high-pressure area over the peninsula after the passage of a cold",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Near East",
"paragraph_text": " was a separate term from the Middle East during earlier times and official British usage. Today, the terms Near East and Middle East are used interchangeably to refer to the same region. \nAccording to National Geographic, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are \"generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey\" with Afghanistan often included.\nIn 1997, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defined the region similarly, but also included Afghanistan. The part of the region thatSubsequently with the disgrace of \"Near East\" in diplomatic and military circles, \"Middle East\" prevailed. However, \"Near East\" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition. and was originally applied to the Ottoman Empire, but today has varying definitions within different academic circles. Historically, the term Near East was used in conjunction with the Middle East (Iran to Myanmar) and the Far East (China and beyond), together known as the \"three Easts\"; it was a separate term from the Middle East during earlier times and official British usage. Today, the terms Near East and Middle East are used interchangeably to refer to the same region. \nAccording to National Geographic, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are \"generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey\" with Afghanistan often included.\nIn 1997, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defined the region similarly, but also included Afghanistan. The part of the region that is in Asia (ie., not including Egypt, the Balkans, and Thrace) is \"now commonly referred to as West Asia.\"\nSouth Asian countries, specifically Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, as well as the Central Asian countries, are included in the definition according to the department of Near Eastern studies at Princeton University.\n\n\n== Eastern question ==\n\nAt the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire included all of the Balkans, north to the southern edge of the Great Hungarian Plain. But by 1914, the empire had lost all of its territories except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace to the rise of nationalist Balkan states, which saw the independence of the Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Serbia, the Danubian Principalities, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. Up until 1912, the Ottomans retained a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and the Adrianople Vilayet, which were lost in the two Balkan Wars of 1912–13.\nThe Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the \"sick man of Europe\". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian, as was the majority of Lebanon. Starting in 1894, the Ottomans struck at the Armenians and Assyrians on the explicit grounds that they were non-Muslim peoples and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they lived. The Hamidian Massacres, Adana Massacres and Massacres of Badr Khan targeting Assyrians and Armenians aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world. In the United States, the then aging Julia Ward Howe, author of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, leapt into the war of words and joined the Red Cross. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the \"Eastern question",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the formation of the nation located in what used to be referred to as the Near East, which is adjacent to the sea affected by shamal winds? | [
{
"id": 9988,
"question": "What prevailed with the disgrace of \"Near East\"?",
"answer": "\"Middle East\"",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 261673,
"question": "shamal >> located on terrain feature",
"answer": "Persian Gulf",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 70784,
"question": "what region lies immediately to the north of #1 and #2",
"answer": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 61381,
"question": "when was #3 established",
"answer": "1932",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | 1932 | [] | true | The country in what was the Near East and bordering the sea over which shamal winds blow was established when? |
2hop__590631_110882 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "James Cottriall",
"paragraph_text": " to study for one year abroad in a German-speaking country. He chose to study at the University of Vienna in Austria. Following encouragement from fellow students and friends, he began to give performances of his songs in cafés and bars around Vienna, playing a combination of covers together with his own, newly composed songs. He was also a regular and notorious busker on the Kärntnerstraße, in Vienna's town centre. Following a measure of success, when his one year of study was completed, Cottriall chose to remain in Vienna to actively promote his music. On 29 December 2016 his first child, Lily Joy Cottriall was born in Los Angeles. After divorcing his ex- wife in California in 2018 James moved back to Vienna and became engaged to long-term girlfriend Jessica Garrison in 2021.\n\n\n=== 2010: Sincerely Me ===\nCottriall released his single, \"Unbreakable\", in Austria on 9 April 2010. It received generous airplay from almost every local and national Austrian radio station.James Cottriall (born 1 January 1986, Stratford upon Avon) is an English musician, currently living in Los Angeles, California. He became famous throughout Austria with the success of his first single, \"Unbreakable\", which spent twenty weeks in the Austrian top 40 charts in summer 2010. \"Unbreakable\" was nominated for the Song of the Year category at the 2010 Austrian music Amadeus Awards. Amadeus Awards.\n\n\n== Background ==\nCottriall grew up in the countryside of Warwickshire, England, just outside Stratford-upon-Avon. He has two brothers, Ben Cottriall and Alex Cottriall. His father is a stamp dealer. His Mother has a degree from Warwick University. He studied German at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon, and then at the University of Nottingham where part of the course required him to study for one year abroad in a German-speaking country. He chose to study at the University of Vienna in Austria. Following encouragement from fellow students and friends, he began to give performances of his songs in cafés and bars around Vienna, playing a combination of covers together with his own, newly composed songs. He was also a regular and notorious busker on the Kärntnerstraße, in Vienna's town centre. Following a measure of success, when his one year of study was completed, Cottriall chose to remain in Vienna to actively promote his music. On 29 December 2016 his first child, Lily Joy Cottriall was born in Los Angeles. After divorcing his ex- wife in California in 2018 James moved back to Vienna and became engaged to long-term girlfriend Jessica Garrison in 2021.\n\n\n=== 2010: Sincerely Me ===\nCottriall released his single, \"Unbreakable\", in Austria on 9 April 2010. It received generous airplay from almost every local and national Austrian radio station. It reached number 1 in the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested by listeners charts for Austria) and remained in the Top 40 Charts for 20 weeks. The song was included on the Ö3 Greatest Hits vol. 50 and AustroPop Forever vol. 4 compilation albums. The song was accompanied by a promotional video of Cottriall with a fictional girlfriend going through an emotional break-up, with a concurrent sub-plot of him playing his guitar in an apartment with a broken water pipe gradually flooding the room, leaving him eventually submerged.\nHis follow-up single, \"So Nice\" was released on 6 August 2010 through Pop Pate Records/Edel. In contrast to the hurt and heartache of \"Unbreakable\", \"So Nice\" focuses on the positive aspects of love and relationships. It was produced by Gwenael Damman, bass guitarist for Christina Stürmer. Damman also produced Cottriall's first album, Sincerely Me, which was released in Austria 15 October 2010, also through Pop Pate/Edel. Drums were played by Klaus Pérez-Salado (also part of the Christina Stürmer band) and the piano and keyboards were played by Mark Royce.\n\n\n=== 201James Cottriall (born 1 January 1986, Stratford upon Avon) is an English musician, currently living in Los Angeles, California. He became famous throughout Austria with the success of his first single, \"Unbreakable\", which spent twenty weeks in the Austrian top 40 charts in summer 2010. \"Unbreakable\" was nominated for the Song of the Year category at the 2010 Austrian music Amadeus Awards.James Cottriall (born 1",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Unbreakable (James Cottriall song)",
"paragraph_text": " studio album Sincerely Me. It was released in Austria as a digital download on 9 April 2010. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Alexander Kahr. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 47 and peaked at number 16. It also reached number one on the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested Chart for Austria) and remained in the top 40 chart for 20 weeks. The song was featured on the Ö3 Greatest Hits Vol. 50 and AustroPop Forever Vol. 4 compilation albums. \n\n\n== Music video ==\nA music video to accompany the release of \"Unbreakable\" was first released onto YouTube on 21 June 2010 at a total length of three minutes and eleven seconds. The video shows James with his fictional girlfriend going through an emotional break-up, with a concurrent sub plot of him playing his guitar in an apartment with a broken water pipe gradually flooding the room, leaving him eventually submerged.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nDigital download\n\"Unbreakable\" – 3:12\n\n\n== Credits and personnel ==\nLead vocals – James Cottriall\nProducer – Alexander Kahr\nLyrics – James Cottriall\nLabel: James Cottriall\n\n\n== Chart performance ==\n\n\n== Release history ==\n\n\n== References ==\"Unbreakable\" is the debut single by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album Sincerely Me. It was released in Austria as a digital download on 9 April 2010. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Alexander Kahr. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 47 and peaked at number 16. It also reached number one on the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested Chart for Austria) and remained in the top 40 chart for 20 weeks. The song was featured on the Ö3 Greatest Hits Vol. 50 and AustroPop Forever Vol. 4 compilation albums. \n\n\n== Music video ==\nA music video to accompany the release of \"Unbreakable\" was first released onto YouTube on 21 June 2010 at a total length of three minutes and eleven seconds. The video shows James with his fictional girlfriend going through an emotional break-up, with a concurrent sub plot of him playing his guitar in an apartment with a broken water pipe gradually flooding the room, leaving him eventually submerged.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nDigital download\n\"Unbreakable\" – 3:12\n\n\n== Credits and personnel ==\nLead vocals – James Cottriall\nProducer\"Unbreakable\" is the debut single by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album \"Sincerely Me\". It was released in Austria as a digital download on 9 April 2010, it received massive support from almost every local and national Austrian radio station. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Alexander Kahr. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 47 and peaked to number 16, It reached number 1 in the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested Charts for Austria) and remained in the Top 40 Charts for 20 weeks. The song was also featured on the Ö3 Greatest Hits vol. 50 and AustroPop Forever Vol. 4 compilation albums.\"Unbreak\"Unbreakable\" is the debut single by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album \"Sincerely Me\". It was released in Austria as a digital download on 9 April 2010, it received massive support from almost every local and national Austrian radio station. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Alexander Kahr. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 47 and peaked to number 16, It reached number 1 in the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested Charts for Austria) and remained in the Top 40 Charts for 20 weeks. The song was also featured on the Ö3 Greatest Hits vol. 50 and AustroPop Forever Vol. 4 compilation albums.able\" was first released onto YouTube on 21 June 2010 at a total length of three minutes and eleven seconds. The video shows James with his fictional girlfriend going through an emotional break-up, with a concurrent sub plot of him playing his guitar in an apartment with a broken water pipe gradually flooding the room, leaving him eventually submerged.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nDigital download\n\"Unbreakable\" – 3:12\n\n\n== Credits and personnel ==\nLead vocals – James Cottriall\nProducer – Alexander Kahr\nLyrics – James Cottriall\nLabel: James Cottriall\n\n\n== Chart performance ==\n\n\n== Release history ==\n\n\n== References ==\"Unbreakable\" is the debut single by English musician James Cottriall, from his first studio album Sincerely Me. It was released in Austria as a digital download on 9 April 2010. The song was written by James Cottriall and produced by Alexander Kahr. It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 47 and peaked at number 16. It also reached number one on the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested Chart for Austria) and remained in the top 40 chart for 20 weeks. The song was featured on the Ö3 Greatest Hits Vol. 50 and AustroPop Forever Vol. 4 compilation albums. \n\n\n== Music video ==\nA music video to accompany the release of \"Unbreakable\" was first released onto YouTube on 21 June 2010 at a total length of three minutes and eleven seconds. The video shows James with his fictional girlfriend going through an emotional break-up, with a concurrent sub plot of him playing his",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the artist who performed Unbreakable born? | [
{
"id": 590631,
"question": "Unbreakable >> performer",
"answer": "James Cottriall",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 110882,
"question": "What is the date of birth for #1 ?",
"answer": "1 January 1986",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | 1 January 1986 | [] | true | What is the date of birth for the performer of Unbreakable? |
2hop__58939_189318 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War",
"paragraph_text": " Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U.S. public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles.\nThe Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct. The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans. The paper discusses the Code of Conduct, article by article, and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience. The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam, and how it affected their ability to live up to the code.\nIn the report Commander McCain writes that, \"The American people have been inoculated with too many John Wayne movies and other examples of unbreakable will and super human strength. It has been amply proved that every man has a breaking point.\"\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War, by John S McCain, Commander United States Navy\n\"The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War\", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, 1974-04-08 (New York Times location)The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.\nThe purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U.S. public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles.\nThe Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct. The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans. The paper discusses the Code of Conduct, article by article, and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience. The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam, and how it affected their ability to live up to the code.\nIn the report Commander McCain writes that, \"The American people have been inoculated with too many John Wayne movies and other examples of unbreakable will and super human strength. It has been amply proved that every man has a breaking point.\"\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War, by John S McCain, Commander United States Navy\n\"The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War\", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, 1974-04-08 (New York Times location)The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.\nThe purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U.S. public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles.\nThe Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct. The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans. The paper discusses the Code of Conduct, article by article, and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience. The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam, and how it affected their ability to live up to the code.\nIn the report Commander McCain writes that, \"The American people have been inoculated with too many John Wayne movies and other examples of unbreakable will and super human strength. It has been amply proved that every man has a breaking point.\"\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War, by John S McCain, Commander United States Navy\n\"The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War\", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, 1974-04-08 (New York Times location)The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.\nThe purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U.S. public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles.\nThe Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct. The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans. The paper discusses the Code of Conduct, article by article, and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience. The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam, and how it affected their ability to live up to the code.\nIn the report Commander McCain writes that, \"The American people have been inoculated with too many John Wayne movies and other examples of unbreakable will and super human strength. It has been amply proved that every man has a breaking point.\"\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War, by John S McCain, Commander United States Navy\n\"The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War\", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, 1974-04-08 (New York Times location)The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.\nThe purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U.S. public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles.\nThe Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct. The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans. The paper discusses the Code of Conduct, article by article, and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience. The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam, and how it affected their ability to live up to the code.\nIn the report Commander McCain writes that, \"The American people have been inoculated with too many John Wayne movies and other examples of unbreakable will and super human strength. It has been amply proved that every man has a breaking point.\"\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War, by John S McCain, Commander United States Navy\n\"The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War\", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, 1974-04-08 (New York Times location)The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.\nThe purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct inThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.TheThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.The purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "2008 United States presidential election",
"paragraph_text": ", and Joe Biden, a long - time Senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of Senator John McCain of Arizona and Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska. Obama became the first African American ever to be elected as president.The 2008 United States presidential election was the 56th quadrennial presidentialThe United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, a Senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, a long - time Senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of Senator John McCain of Arizona and Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska. Obama became the first African American ever to be elected as president. as well as being only the third sitting United States senator elected president, joining Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy. Meanwhile, this was only the second successful all-senator ticket since the 1960The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, a Senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, a long - time Senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of Senator John McCain of Arizona and Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska. Obama became the first African American ever to be elected as president.The 2008 United States presidential election was the 56th quadrennial presidential election, held on November 4, 2008. The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama, the junior senator from Illinois, and Joe Biden, the senior senator from Delaware, defeated the Republican ticket of John McCain, the senior senator from Arizona, and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. Obama became the first African American to be elected to the presidency, as well as being only the third sitting United States senator elected president, joining Warren G. Harding and John F. Kennedy. Meanwhile, this was only the second successful all-senator ticket since the 1960 election and is the only election where both major party nominees were sitting senators. This was the first election since 1952 in which neither the incumbent president nor vice president was on the ballot, as well as the first election since 1928 in which neither ran for the nomination.\nIncumbent Republican President George W. Bush was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment. McCain secured the Republican nomination by March 2008, defeating former governors Mitt Romney, Mike Huckabee, and other challengers. The Democratic primaries were marked by a sharp contest between Obama and the initial front-runner, former first lady and Senator Hillary Clinton, as well as other challengers that dropped out before most of the primaries were held, including Senators John Edwards and Obama's future running mate, Joe Biden. Clinton's victory in the New Hampshire primary made her the first woman to win a major party's presidential primary. After a long primary season, Obama secured the Democratic nomination in June 2008.\nEarly campaigning focused heavily on the Iraq War and Bush's unpopularity. McCain supported the war, as well as a troop surge that had begun in 2007, while Obama strongly opposed the war. Bush endorsed McCain, but the two did not campaign together, and Bush did not appear in person at the 2008 Republican National Convention. Obama campaigned on the theme that \"Washington must change,\" while McCain emphasized his experience. The campaign was strongly affected by the onset of a major financial crisis, which peaked in September 2008. McCain's decision to suspend his campaign during the height of the financial crisis backfired as voters viewed his response as erratic.\nObama won a decisive victory over McCain, winning the Electoral",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where did the individual running against Obama in his initial election receive their education? | [
{
"id": 58939,
"question": "who ran against obama in his first election",
"answer": "John McCain",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 189318,
"question": "#1 >> educated at",
"answer": "National War College",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | National War College | [] | true | Where was Obama's opponent in his first election educated? |
2hop__160223_58067 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam",
"paragraph_text": " Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931 - 10 - 15) 15 October 1931 Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India 27 July 2015 (2015 - 07 - 27) (aged 83) Shillong, Meghalaya, India Nationality Indian Alma mater St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology Profession Aerospace scientist Professor Author Awards Bharat Ratna (1997) Hoover Medal (2009) NSS Von Braun Award (2013) Notable work (s) Wings of Fire Signature Website abdulkalam.comAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR ( ; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born and raised in a Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, he studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development OrganisationAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( (listen); 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an aerospace scientist who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the \"People's President\", he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the \"People's President\", he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.\nWhile delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands, including national-level dignitaries, attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with full state honours.\n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father JainulA.P.J. Abdul Kalam 11th President of India In office 25 July 2002 -- 25 July 2007 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Vice President Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Preceded by K.R. Narayanan Succeeded by Pratibha Patil Personal details Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931 - 10 - 15) 15 October 1931 Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India 27 July 2015 (2015 - 07 - 27) (aged 83) Shillong, Meghalaya, India Nationality Indian Alma mater St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology Profession Aerospace scientist Professor Author Awards Bharat Ratna (1997) Hoover Medal (2009) NSS Von Braun Award (2013) Notable work (s) Wings of Fire Signature Website abdulkalam.comAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR ( ; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born and raised in a Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, he studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam",
"paragraph_text": "7 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Vice President Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Preceded by K.R. Narayanan Succeeded by Pratibha Patil Personal details Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931 - 10 - 15) 15 October 1931 Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India 27 July 2015 (2015 - 07 - 27) (aged 83) Shillong, Meghalaya, India Nationality Indian Alma mater St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology Profession Aerospace scientist Professor Author Awards Bharat Ratna (1997) Hoover Medal (2009) NSS Von Braun Award (2013) Notable work (s) Wings of Fire Signature Website abdulkalam.comAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR ( ; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born and raised in a Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, he studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.\nKalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the \"People's President\", he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.\nWhile delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands, including national-level dignitaries, attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with full state honours.\n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on PambanA.P.J. Abdul Kalam 11th President of India In office 25 July 2002 -- 25 July 2007 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Vice President Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Preceded by K.R. Narayanan Succeeded by Pratibha Patil Personal details Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931 - 10 - 15) 15 October 1931 Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India 27 July 2015 (2015 - 07 - 27) (aged 83) Shillong, Meghalaya, India Nationality Indian Alma mater St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology Profession Aerospace scientist Professor Author Awards Bharat Ratna (1997) Hoover Medal (2009) NSS Von Braun Award (2013) Notable work (s) Wings of Fire Signature Website abdulkalam.com Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the \"People's President\", he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.\nWhile delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands, including national-level dignitaries, attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with full state honours.\n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father JainulA.P.J. Abdul Kalam 11th President of India In office 25 July 2002 -- 25 July 2007 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Vice President Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Preceded by K.R. Narayanan Succeeded by Pratibha Patil Personal details Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931 - 10 - 15) 15 October 1931 Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India 27 July 2015 (2015 - 07 - 27) (aged 83) Shillong, Meghalaya, India Nationality Indian Alma mater St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology Profession Aerospace scientist Professor Author Awards Bharat Ratna (1997) Hoover Medal (2009) NSS Von Braun Award (2013) Notable work (s) Wings of Fire Signature Website abdulkalam.comAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam BR ( ; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as the 11th president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born and raised in a Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, he studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.\nKalam was elected as the 11th president of India in 200",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Before becoming President of India, to whom was the country's highest civilian honor awarded? | [
{
"id": 160223,
"question": "What is Indian civilian highest honor?",
"answer": "Bharat Ratna",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 58067,
"question": "who was honoured with #1 before he became president of india",
"answer": "A.P.J. Abdul Kalam",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | [
"A. P. J. Abdul Kalam",
"Abdul Kalam",
"Kalam",
"Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam"
] | true | Who was given India's highest civilian honor before he became President of India? |
3hop1__163024_443779_52195 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship",
"paragraph_text": " violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nEast Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974. East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist. The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory. It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the IndonesianThe Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral. state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.\n\n\n== Background ==The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "East Timor",
"paragraph_text": " Viqueque, consisted of Viqueque, Ossu, Uato-Lari, Lacluta, and Uato-Carbau districts.\nAinaro Regency, with its capital at Ainaro, consisted of Ainaro, Maubisse, Hatu-Bullico, Hato-Hudo, and Mape districts.\nManufahi Regency, with its capital at Same, consisted of Same, Alas, Fato-Berliu, and Turiscai districts.\nKova-Lima Regency, with its capital at Suai, consisted of Suai, Tilomar, Fohorem, Fatu-Lulic, and Fatu-Mean districts.\nAmbeno Regency, with its capital at Pante-Makassar, consisted of Pante-Makassar, Oe-Silo, Nitibe, and Passabe districts.\nBobonaro Regency, with its capital at Maliana, consisted of Maliana, Bobonaro, Lolotoi, Atabai, Balibo, and Cailaco districts.\nLiquica Regency, with its capital at Liquica, consisted of LiquicaDemocratic Republic of Timor - Leste Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e (Tetum) República Democrática de Timor - Leste (Portuguese) Flag Coat of arms Motto: Unidade, Acção, Progresso (Portuguese) Unidade, Asaun, Progresu (Tetum) (English: ``Unity, Action, Progress '') Anthem: Pátria (Portuguese) (English:`` Fatherland'') Capital and largest city Dili 8 ° 20 ′ S 125 ° 20 ′ E / 8.34 ° S 125.34 ° E / - 8.34; 125.34 Coordinates: 8 ° 20 ′ S 125 ° 20 ′ E / 8.34 ° S 125.34 ° E / - 8.34; 125.34 Official languages Tetum Portuguese National languages 15 languages (show) Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuva Mambai Tokodede Religion (2010) 96.9% Roman Catholic 3.1% other religions Demonym East Timorese Timorese Maubere (informal) Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic President Francisco Guterres Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri Legislature National Parliament Formation Portuguese Timor 16th century Independence declared 28 November 1975 Annexation by Indonesia 17 July 1976 Administered by UNTAET 25 October 1999 Independence restored 20 May 2002 Area Total 15,410 km (5,950 sq mi) (154th) Water (%) negligible Population 2015 census 1,167,242 Density 78 / km (202.0 / sq mi) GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate Total $4.567 billion Per capita $5,479 (148th) GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate Total $2.498 billion Per capita $3,330 HDI (2015) 0.605 medium 133rd Currency United States Dollar (USD) Time zone (UTC + 9) Drives on the left Calling code + 670 ISO 3166 code TL Internet TLD. tl Website timor-leste.gov.tl Fifteen further ``national languages ''are recognised by the Constitution. Centavo coins also used.. tp has been phased out. changed its official name to Timor Timur, the Indonesian translation of \"East Timor\". The use of the Portuguese language was then forbidden, as it was seen as a relic of colonisation.\nThe annexation was not recognised by the United Nations and was only recognised by one country Australia in 1979. The United Nations continued to recognise Portugal as the legitimate administering power of East Timor.\nThe Indonesians left in 1999 and East Timor came under the administration of the United Nations.\nAfter the re-establishment of the independence of East Timor in 2002, the East Timorese government requested that the name Timor-Leste be used in place of \"East Timor\". This is to avoid the Indonesian term and its reminder of the Indonesian occupation.\n\n\n== Government ==\nAs with all provinces of Indonesia, executive authority was vested in a Governor and Vice-Governor elected by the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) every five years. Legislative authority was vested in the DPRD, both in province and regency level.\n\n\n=== Governors ===\n\nBelow are governors of East Timor Province from 1976 to 1999:\n\n\n=== Regional Representative Council ===\nComposition of the Regional Representative Council between 1980 and 1999:\n\n\n== Government and administrative divisions ==\n\nThe province was divided into thirteen regencies (kabupaten) and one administrative city (kota administratif). These are listed below along with their districts (kecamatan), per December 1981:\n\nDili Administrative City, served as the capital of East Timor, also the capital and part of Dili Regency, consisted of East Dili (Dili Timur) and West Dili (Dili Barat) districts, which formerly belonged to Dili Regency before the creation of the administrative city status in November 1981.\nDili Regency, consisted of Dili Administrative City, Atauro and Metinaro districts.\nBaucau Regency, with its capital at Baucau, consisted of Baucau, Vemasse, Laga, Baguia, Venilale, and Quelicai districts.\nManatuto Regency, with its capital at Manatuto, consisted of Manatuto, Laclubar, Barique, Laclo, and Laleia districts.\nLautem Regency, with its capital at Lospalos, consisted",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Ambelau",
"paragraph_text": " no writing system.\nThe most detailed study of Ambelau language was conducted in the 1980s by Charles E. Grimes and Barbara Dix Grimes – Australian missionaries and ethnographers, active members of SIL International (they should not be confused with Joseph E. Grimes and Barbara F. Grimes, Charles' parents, also known Australian ethnographers).\n\n\n== References ==Ambelau (Indonesian: Bahasa Ambelau) is an Austronesian language; in 1989, it was spoken by about 5,700 Ambelau people, of whom more than 5,000 lived on the Indonesian island Ambelau (Indonesian: Pulau Ambelau) and most others in the village Wae Tawa of the nearby island Buru (Indonesian: Pulau Buru).\nThe language is traditionally classified in a Central Maluku branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages; more recent classifications have placed it with the Sula–Buru languages. Although Ambelau island is only 20 km away from the much larger Buru island (population 135,000), the Ambelau language is rather different from all languages and dialects of Buru. The preservation of the language was also unaffected by the fact that Ambelau people compose only half of the Ambelau island population, and the communication with the Bugis and Javanese people composing the other half usually occurs in the official language of the country, Indonesian. The Ambelau language has no dialectal variation; so the Ambelau community on Buru island speaks identical language to that used on Ambelau. The language has no writing system.\nThe most detailed study of Ambelau language was conducted in the 1980s by Charles E. Grimes andAmbelau or Ambalau is a volcanic island in the Banda Sea within Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The island forms an administrative district () which is part of the South Buru Regency () of Maluku province (), Indonesia. It has a land area of 201.7 km, and had a population of 6,846 at the 2010 Census. The administrative center is Wailua, a settlement located at the south of the island. About half of the island's population is composed of indigenous Ambelau people who speak Ambelau language; the other half are mostly immigrants from the nearby Maluku Islands and Java.AAmbelau or Ambalau is a volcanic island in the Banda Sea within Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The island forms an administrative district () which is part of the South Buru Regency () of Maluku province (), Indonesia. It has a land area of 201.7 km, and had a population of 6,846 at the 2010 Census. The administrative center is Wailua, a settlement located at the south of the island. About half of the island's population is composed of indigenous Ambelau people who speak Ambelau language; the other half are mostly immigrants from the nearby Maluku Islands and Java.elau island is only 20 km away from the much larger Buru island (population 135,000), the Ambelau language is rather different from all languages and dialects of Buru. The preservation of the language was also unaffected by the fact that Ambelau people compose only half of the Ambelau island population, and the communication with the Bugis and Javanese people composing the other half usually occurs in the official language of the country, Indonesian. The Ambelau language has no dialectal variation; so the Ambelau community on Buru island speaks identical language to that used on Ambelau. The language has no writing system.\nThe most detailed study of Ambelau language was conducted in the 1980s by Charles E. Grimes and Barbara Dix Grimes – Australian missionaries and ethnographers, active members of SIL International (they should not be confused with Joseph E.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who holds the presidential position in the novel independent nation that has established a Truth and Friendship Commission with the country where Ambelau can be found? | [
{
"id": 163024,
"question": "Ambelau >> country",
"answer": "Indonesia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 443779,
"question": "#1 –Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship >> country",
"answer": "East Timor",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 52195,
"question": "who is the president of newly declared independent country #2",
"answer": "Francisco Guterres",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | Francisco Guterres | [] | true | Who is the president of the newly declared independent country that has a Commission of Truth and Friendship with the country where Ambelau is located? |
2hop__591435_51329 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Knock on Any Door",
"paragraph_text": " partly because he himself came from the same slums and partly because he feels guilty for his partner botching the criminal trial of Nick's father years earlier. Nick is on trial for shooting a policeman point-blank and faces execution if convicted.\nNick's history is presented through flashbacks showing him as a hoodlum committing one petty crime after another. Morton's wife Adele convinces him to play nursemaid to Nick in order to make Nick a better person. Nick then robs Morton of $100 after a fishing trip. Shortly after that, Nick marries Emma, and he tries to change his lifestyle. He takes on job after job but keeps getting fired because of his recalcitrance. He wastes his paycheck playing dice, wanting to buy Emma some jewelry, and then walks out on another job after punching his boss. Feeling a lack of hope of ever being able to live a normal life, Nick decides to return to his old ways, sticking to his motto: \"Live fast, die young, and have a good-looking corpse.\" He abandons Emma, even after she tells him that she is pregnant. After Nick commits a botched hold-up at a train station, he returns to Emma so as to take her with him as he flees. He finds that she had committed suicide by gas from an open oven door.\nMorton's strategy in the courtroom is to argue that slums breed criminals and that society is to blame for crimes committed by people who live in such miserable conditions. Morton argues that Romano is a victim of society and not a natural-born killer. However, his strategy does not have the desired effect on the jury, thanks to the badgering of the seasoned and experienced District Attorney Kerman, who delivers question after question until Nick shouts out his admission of guilt. Morton, who is naive to believe in his client's innocence, is shocked by Nick's confession. Nick decides to change his plea to guilty. During the sentencing hearing, Morton manages to arouse some sympathy for the plight of those in a dead-end existence. He pleads that anyone who \"knocks on any door\" may find a Nick Romano. Nevertheless, Nick is sentenced to die in the electric chair. Morton visits Nick prior to the execution and watches him walk down the hall to the death chamber.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nHumphrey Bogart as Andrew Morton\nJohn Derek as Nick Romano\nGeorge Macready as Dist. Atty. Kerman\nAllene Roberts as Emma\nCandy Toxton as Adele Morton (credited as Susan Perry)\nMickey Knox as Vito\nBarry Kelley as Judge Drake\nUncredited\n\nCara Williams as Nelly Watkins\nJimmy Conlin as Kid Fingers\nSumner Williams as Jimmy\nSid Melton as \"Squint\" Zinsky\nPepe Hern as Juan Rodriguez\nDewey Martin as Butch\nDavis Roberts as Jim 'Sunshine' Jackson\nHouseley Stevenson as Junior\nVince Barnett as Bartender\nThomas Sully as Officer Hawkins\nFlorence Auer as Aunt Lena\nPierre Watkin as Purcell\nGordon Nelson as Corey\nArgentinaKnock on Any Door is a 1949 American courtroom trial film noir directed by Nicholas Ray and starring Humphrey Bogart. The picture gave actor John Derek a break in developing his film career and was based on the 1947 novel of the same name by Willard Motley.KKnock on Any Door is a 1949 American courtroom trial film noir directed by Nicholas Ray and starring Humphrey Bogart. The picture gave actor John Derek a break in developing his film career and was based on the 1947 novel of the same name by Willard Motley. young hoodlum Nick Romano, whose motto was \"Live fast, die young, and have a good-looking corpse.\"\n\n\n== Plot ==\n\nAgainst the wishes of his law partners, slick talking lawyer Andrew Morton takes the case of Nick Romano, a troubled punk from the slums, partly because he himself came from the same slums and partly because he feels guilty for his partner botching the criminal trial of Nick's father years earlier. Nick is on trial for shooting a policeman point-blank and faces execution if",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Humphrey Bogart",
"paragraph_text": " (1936). Bogart also received positive reviews for his performance as gangster Hugh \"Baby Face\" Martin, in Dead End (1937), directed by William Wyler.\nHis breakthrough cameDuring a film career of almost 30 years, Bogart appeared in more than 75 feature films. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Bogart as the greatest male star of Classic American cinema. Over his career, he received three Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning one (for The African Queen).During a film career of almost 30 years, Bogart appeared in more than 75 feature films. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Bogart as the greatest male star of Classic American cinema. Over his career, he received three Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning one (for The African Queen). Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema.\nBogart began acting in Broadway shows. Debuting in film in The Dancing Town (1928), he appeared in supporting roles for more than a decade, regularly portraying gangsters. He was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936). Bogart also received positive reviews for his performance as gangster Hugh \"Baby Face\" Martin, in Dead End (1937), directed by William Wyler.\nHis breakthrough cameDuring a film career of almost 30 years, Bogart appeared in more than 75 feature films. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Bogart as the greatest male star of Classic American cinema. Over his career, he received three Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning one (for The African Queen).Humphrey DeForest Bogart ( BOH-gart; December 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957), colloquially nicknamed Bogie, was an American actor. His performances in classic Hollywood cinema films made him an American cultural icon. In 1999, the American Film Institute selected Bogart as the greatest male star of classic American cinema.\nBogart began acting in Broadway shows. Debuting in film in The Dancing Town (1928), he appeared in supporting roles for more than a decade, regularly portraying gangsters. He was praised for his work as Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest (1936). Bogart also received positive reviews for his performance as gangster Hugh \"Baby Face\" Martin, in Dead End (1937), directed by William Wyler.\nHis breakthrough came in High Sierra (1941), and he catapulted to stardom as the lead in John Huston's The Maltese Falcon (1941), considered one of the first great noir films. Bogart's private detectives, Sam Spade (in The Maltese Falcon) and Philip Marlowe (in 1946's The Big Sleep), became the models for detectives in other noir films. In 1947, he played a war hero in another \"noir\" film, Dead Reckoning, tangled in a dangerous web of brutality and violence as he investigates his friend's murder, co-starring Lizabeth Scott. His first romantic lead role was a memorable one, as Rick Blaine, paired with Ingrid Bergman in Casablanca (1942), which earned him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Blaine was ranked as the fourth greatest hero of American cinema by the American Film Institute and his and Ingrid Bergman's character's relationship the greatest love story in American cinema, also by the American Film Institute. Raymond Chandler, in a 1946 letter, wrote that \"Like Edward G. Robinson when he was younger, all he has to do to dominate a scene is to enter it.\"\nForty-four-year-old Bogart and nineteen-year-old Lauren Bacall fell in love during the filming of To Have and Have Not (1944). In 1945, a few months after principal photography for The Big Sleep, their second film together, he divorced his third wife and married Bacall. After their marriage, they played each other's love interest in the mystery thrillers Dark Passage (1947) and Key Largo (1948). Regarding her husband's enduring popularity, Bacall later said, \"There was something that made him able to be a man of his own and it showed through his work. There was also a purity, which is amazing considering the parts he played. Something solid too. I think as time goes by we all believe less and less. Here was someone who believed in something.\"\nBogart's performances in Huston's The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) and In a Lonely Place (1950) are now considered among his best, although they were not recognized as such when the films were released. He reprised those unsettled, unstable characters as a World War II naval-vessel commander in The Caine Mutiny (1954), which was a critical and commercial hit and earned him another Best Actor nomination. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of a cantankerous river steam launch skipper opposite Katharine Hepburn's missionary in the World War I African adventure The African Queen (1951), another collaboration with Huston. Other significant roles in his later years included The Barefoot Contessa (1954) with Ava Gardner and his on-screen competition with William Holden for Audrey Hepburn in Sabrina (1954). A heavy smoker and drinker, Bogart died from esophageal cancer in January 1957. Four films Bogart starred in, Casablanca, The Maltese Falcon, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, and The African Queen, made the American Film Institute's 1998 list of the greatest American movies of all time, with Casablanca ranked second. All four films appeared on their updated 2007 list, with Casablanca ranked third.\n\n\n== Early life and education ==\n\nHumphrey DeForest Bogart was born on Christmas Day 1899 in New York City, the eldest child of Belmont DeForest Bogart and Maud Humphrey. Belmont was the only child of the unhappy marriage of Adam Welty Bogart (a Canandaigua, New York, innkeeper) and Julia Augusta Stiles, a wealthy heiress. The name \"Bogart\" derives from the Dutch surname \"Bogaert\", meaning \"orchard\". \"Boomgaard\" in modern Dutch means \"orchard\", Bogaert is a very common Flemish surname. Belmont and Maud married in June 1898. He was a Presbyterian, of English and Dutch descent, and a descendant of Sarah Rapelje",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which film earned an only Academy Award for an actor from the cast of Knock on Any Door? | [
{
"id": 591435,
"question": "Knock on Any Door >> cast member",
"answer": "Humphrey Bogart",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 51329,
"question": "with what movie did #1 win his only oscar",
"answer": "The African Queen",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | The African Queen | [] | true | What movie won the Knock on Any Door cast member his only Oscar? |
3hop1__136016_87694_124169 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "St. Peter's Basilica",
"paragraph_text": "The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.�pj����tro]), is a church of the Italian High Renaissance located in Vatican City, an independent microstate enclaved within the city of Rome, Italy. It was initially planned in the 15th century by Pope Nicholas V and then Pope Julius II to replace the ageing Old St. Peter's Basilica, which was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno, with piazza and fittings by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is one of the most renowned works of Italian Renaissance architecture and is the largest church in the world by interior measure. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome (these",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Governor of Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": " State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristiche peculiari dello Stato della Città del Vaticano: istituzioni e nuova costituzione\nSullo Stato della Città del Vaticano, v. F. Clementi, Città del Vaticano, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009The post of Governor of the Vatican City State (Italian: Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of VaticanThe post of Governor of Vatican City (Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano in Italian) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, which entered into force on 22 February 2001.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Leeds Minster",
"paragraph_text": "Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the end term of the governor in the place where the cathedral, named after the same saint as Leeds Minster and the leading figure of the Catholic Church, is located? | [
{
"id": 136016,
"question": "What is Leeds Minster named after?",
"answer": "Peter",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 87694,
"question": "st. #1 ’s basilica the head of the catholic religion is located in",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 124169,
"question": "On what date did Governor of #2 end?",
"answer": "1952",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | 1952 | [] | true | On what date did Governor of the location where the basilica named after the same saint as Leeds Minster and the head of the catholic religion end? |
3hop1__699507_792411_51423 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Gavin Bradley",
"paragraph_text": " Branford Marsalis and John Coltrane were early influences.\nIn his early teens Bradley developed a strong interest in creating and manipulating music electronically using synthesizers, turntables, tape splicing and effects units. Some electronic influences Bradley cites are experimental Toronto band Syrinx led by Anne Murray keyboardist John Mills-Cockell, early Pink Floyd, Tomita, Giorgio Moroder, Eurythmics, Yaz, Thomas Dolby, Pet Shop Boys, Depeche Mode, New Order, William Orbit and Björk.\n\n\n== Early studio work ==\nIn 1991, Bradley relocated to Toronto to study film and music at York University and began a residency at Toronto club Work. In 1992 he began an apprenticeship in Toronto recording studio Number Nine Sound and later was an assistant engineer at R&B production house TazzDab Productions. His early production work included remixes for R&B singer Carlos Morgan, Canadian independent artist Jane Siberry and as well as Sony Music artist Esthero.\n\n\n== Collaborations ==\nThrough Esthero's manager, Canadian Idol judge Zack Werner, Bradley met and began collaborating with Jon Levine, songwriter and keyboard player for The Philosopher Kings. Together they worked with EMI artist Dayna Manning and received a Best R&B Recording Juno Award for JackSoul's 'Sleepless' album on BMG Records. In 2007 they collaborated on 'Calling to Say' for EMI artist Serena Ryder, which rose to No. 1 on the Canadian charts.\nBradley's work on Nelly Furtado's third album 'Loose' brought him to the attention of Los Angeles writer-producer Rick Nowels resulting in collaborations on material for Joss Stone, Kylie Minogue, Charlotte Church and Shaznay Lewis of All Saints. Holly Knight, another Los Angeles writer-producer brought Bradley in to work on material for The Donnas, Alaina Beaton and Joe Elliot of Def Leppard.\nIn 2009 Bradley began composing music for film and theatre. He was nominated for an Outstanding Sound Design/Composition Dora Award for the Darren Anthony play Secrets of a Black Boy.\n\n\n== Solo singer-songwriter work ==\nIn 2006 Bradley released 'Deep Freeze', his first solo album as a singer-songwriter, on Prozzak/Philosopher Kings guitarist James Bryan's label UMI Records. In Canadian newspaper The National Post interviewer Mike Doherty refers to 'Bradley's trademark piano, which sounds as though it were recorded underwater'2. In that article, Bradley explains that his breathy vocals and organic piano sound are intentionally set against inhuman, icy beats and sterile analog synthesizer sweeps to accentuate their warmth and humanness by contrast. In 2006 and 2007 Bradley toured the album in Canada with James Bryan's project Sunshine State. The tracks 'In The Way', 'Games', 'Love Song 1968', 'I Wonder Where You Are' and 'Deep Freeze' enjoyed radio play in Canada and the U.S.\n'Daylight Fading Out' followed in 2012 and the 'Sea & Space' EP in 2013, both onGavin Bradley is an award-winning Canadian singer-songwriter and producer based in Toronto who has worked with artists like Nelly Furtado, Tori Amos and Jane Siberry. Fusing acoustic and electronic elements, his work is identifiable for its signature \"warm\" piano sound and live strings mixed with filtered synthesizers and other electronic manipulations . Besides production, Bradley is a solo recording artist. His debut album 'Deep Freeze' was released on UMI Records in 2006.== Early years ==\nGrowing up in Ottawa, Bradley began studying classical piano",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Dragon Dreams",
"paragraph_text": " references to the artist in this recording are under the name Issa.HowDragon Dreams is a studio album released in 2008 by Canadian singer-songwriter Jane Siberry under the name Issa. According to the album artwork, it is \"the first of a story told in three parts.\" The music was written, produced, and arranged by Jane Siberry; all references to the artist in this recording are under the name Issa. The Hidden World (2019). The franchise also contains five short filmsDragon Dreams is a studio album released in 2008 by Canadian singer-songwriter Jane Siberry under the name Issa. According to the album artwork, it is \"the first of a story told in three parts.\" The music was written, produced, and arranged",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Casa Loma",
"paragraph_text": " as the Orange Blossoms, one of several Detroit groups that came out of the Jean Goldkette office. The band adopted the name \"Casa Loma\" by the time of its first recordings in 1929, shortly after it played an eight-month engagement at Casa Loma in Toronto, which was being operated as a hotel atCasa Loma (Spanish for ``Hill House '') is a Gothic Revival style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark. It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt. The architect was E. J. Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks. Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level., made up of top-flight studio musicians under the direction of its most notable leader of the past, Glen Gray. The reconstituted band made a limited number of appearances live and on television and recorded fifteen LP albums for Capitol Records before Gray died in 1963.\nThe band recorded and released the original version of the jazz and big band standard \"Sunrise Serenade\" in 1938 with Frankie Carle on piano.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe band assembled in 1927 as the Orange Blossoms, one of several Detroit groups that came out of the Jean Goldkette office. The band adopted the name \"Casa Loma\" by the time of its first recordings in 1929, shortly after it played an eight-month engagement at Casa Loma in Toronto, which was being operated as a hotel at the time. The band never played at Casa Loma under that name, still appearing as the Orange Blossoms at that time.\nIn 1930, the Casa Loma Orchestra was incorporated in New York with the members becoming owners, shareholders, and board members. The band members were hired on the grounds of \"musical and congenial\" competence and followed strict conduct and financial rules. Because the band operated as a collective group, as opposed to almost all other bands that had a \"leader\" for whom everyone worked, the band maintained a stable collection of personnel that varied little. Members who broke the rules could be summoned before the \"board\", have their contract bought out, and be ejected from the band.\nThe band was led for the first few years by violinist Hank Biagini, although the eventual leader, saxophonist Glen Gray (1900 – 1963) was from the beginning \"first among equals.\" The complex arrangements called for talented musicians such as trombonist Pee Wee Hunt, guitarist S. Jack Blanchette, trumpeter Frank L. Ryerson",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the castle called in the birthplace of the individual who performed Dragon Dreams? | [
{
"id": 699507,
"question": "Dragon Dreams >> performer",
"answer": "Jane Siberry",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 792411,
"question": "#1 >> place of birth",
"answer": "Toronto",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 51423,
"question": "what is the name of the castle in #2",
"answer": "Casa Loma",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Casa Loma | [] | true | What is the name of the castle in the place where the performer of Dragon Dreams was born? |
3hop1__275261_443779_52195 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship",
"paragraph_text": " violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigateThe Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral. state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.\n\n\n== Background ==The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship (more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym CVA, Comissão Verdade e Amizade) was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nEast Timor was originally colonized by the Portuguese, and remained a colony up until the fall of the military dictatorship in 1974. East Timor declared independence soon afterwards, but Indonesia soon decided to intervene as it became clear that the government of the new state would most likely be leftist. The Indonesian government began Operation Komodo, which was intended to bring about the integration of the East Timorese territory. It began with a propaganda campaign, but after the outbreak of conflict in East Timor, the Indonesian military began a campaign on 7 October starting with an assault on a border post and accumulating with a full-scale invasion utilizing paratroopers and naval support. The United Nations quickly condemned the invasion via resolution, but due to resistance in the Security council, no further action was taken. The United States also tacitly gave their approval, as the dismantling of a pro-communist government helped advance the policy of containment being pursued by the government.\nIndonesia occupied the territory for the following two decades. During the administration of the Habibie government, a referendum was held in the occupied area asking if the residents of the area wished to remain a part of Indonesia. Even before the referendum, there was harassment by militia groups in the area,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Blagar language",
"paragraph_text": " early 2000s the spread of Indonesian was furthered by the introduction of electricity on Pura Island.\n\n\n== Phonology ==\n\n\n=== Vowels ===\nBlagar has five vowels, with a sharp contrast between short and long vowels.\n\n\n=== Consonants ===\n\n\n== Grammar ==\nThe morphological typology of Blagar is categorized as isolating.\n\n\n== Writing system ==\nBlagar uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, and has two digraphs: ⟨ng⟩ and ⟨sy⟩.\n\n��c⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨z⟩ and ⟨sy⟩ are only used in foreign place names and loanwords.\nAnother writing system is also used, which is phonemic and is similar to the writing system of Indonesian.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nSteinhauer, Hein (1977). \"\"Going\" and \"Coming\" in the Blagar of Dolap (Pura--Alor--Indonesia) 1)\" (PDF). SEAlang. Retrieved 2023-01-02.\nSteinhauer, Hein (2014). \"Blagar\". In Schapper, Antoinette (ed.). The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1: Sketch Grammars. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 147–219. ISBN 9781614515241.\nSteinhauer, Hein; Gomang, Hendrik D.R. (2016). Kamus Blagar-Indonesia-Inggris: Blagar-Indonesian-English Dictionary. ISBN 978-602-433-356-0.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nAlphabet and pronunciation\nAudio speech of the Pura dialect of Blagar\nDescription of the Blagar language\nBlagar Swadesh list at TransNewGuinea.org\nBlagar Swadesh List by The Rosetta Project at the Internet Archive\nGenesis, Mark, and Acts in the Pura dialect of the Blagar language of Indonesia\nBlagar Dadibira Collection at The Language ArchiveBlagar is a Papuan language of Pantar island in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia. The Tereweng dialect spoken on Tereweng Island off the southeast coast of Pantar is sometimes considered a separate language.\nThe increasing prominence of Indonesian has been putting pressure on the Blagar language although the language is still used by all age groups. By the 1970s Indonesian replaced Blagar as the language of churches and mosques, and in the early 2000s the spread of Indonesian was furthered by the introduction of electricity on Pura Island.\n\n\n== Phonology ==\n\n\n=== Vowels ===\nBlagar has five vowels, with a sharp contrast between short and long vowels.\n\n\n=== Consonants ===Blagar is a Papuan language of Pantar island in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia. The Tereweng lect spoken on Tereweng island off the southeast coast of Pantar is sometimes considered a separate language.BlagBlagar is a Papuan language of Pantar island in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia. The Tereweng lect spoken on Tereweng island off the southeast coast of Pantar is sometimes considered a separate language.The increasing prominence of Indonesian has been putting pressure on the Blagar language although the language is still used by all age groups. By the 1970s Indonesian replaced Blagar as the language of churches and mosques, and in the early 2000s the spread of Indonesian was furthered by the introduction of electricity on Pura Island.\n\n\n== Phonology ==\n\n\n=== Vowels ===\nBlagar has five vowels, with a sharp contrast between short and long vowels.\n\n\n=== Consonants ===\n\n\n== Grammar ==\nThe morphological typology of Blagar is categorized as isolating.\n\n\n== Writing system ==\nBlagar uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, and has two digraphs: ⟨ng⟩ and ⟨sy⟩.\n\n��c⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨z⟩ and ⟨sy⟩ are only used in foreign place names and loanwords.\nAnother writing system is also used, which is phonemic and is similar to the writing system of Indonesian.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nSteinhauer, Hein (1977). \"\"Going\" and \"Coming\" in the Blagar of Dolap (Pura--Alor--Indonesia) 1)\" (PDF). SEAlang. Retrieved 2023-01-02.\nSteinhauer, Hein (2014). \"Blagar\". In Schapper, Antoinette (ed.). The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "East Timor",
"paragraph_text": " Viqueque, consisted of Viqueque, Ossu, Uato-Lari, Lacluta, and Uato-Carbau districts.\nAinaro Regency, with its capital at Ainaro, consisted of Ainaro, Maubisse, Hatu-Bullico, Hato-Hudo, and Mape districts.\nManufahi Regency, with its capital at Same, consisted of Same, Alas, Fato-Berliu, and Turiscai districts.\nKova-Lima Regency, with its capital at Suai, consisted of Suai, Tilomar, Fohorem, Fatu-Lulic, and Fatu-Mean districts.\nAmbeno Regency, with its capital at Pante-Makassar, consisted of Pante-Makassar, Oe-Silo, Nitibe, and Passabe districts.\nBobonaro Regency, with its capital at Maliana, consisted of Maliana, Bobonaro, Lolotoi, Atabai, Balibo, and Cailaco districts.\nLiquica Regency, with its capital at Liquica, consisted of Liquica, Bazar-Tete, and Maubara districts.\nErmera Regency, with its capital at Gleno, consisted of Ermera, Atsabe, Hatolia, Lete-Foho, and Railaco districts.\nAileu Regency, with its capital atDemocratic Republic of Timor - Leste Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e (Tetum) República Democrática de Timor - Leste (Portuguese) Flag Coat of arms Motto: Unidade, Acção, Progresso (Portuguese) Unidade, Asaun, Progresu (Tetum) (English: ``Unity, Action, Progress '') Anthem: Pátria (Portuguese) (English:`` Fatherland'') Capital and largest city Dili 8 ° 20 ′ S 125 ° 20 ′ E / 8.34 ° S 125.34 ° E / - 8.34; 125.34 Coordinates: 8 ° 20 ′ S 125 ° 20 ′ E / 8.34 ° S 125.34 ° E / - 8.34; 125.34 Official languages Tetum Portuguese National languages 15 languages (show) Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuva Mambai Tokodede Religion (2010) 96.9% Roman Catholic 3.1% other religions Demonym East Timorese Timorese Maubere (informal) Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic President Francisco Guterres Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri Legislature National Parliament Formation Portuguese Timor 16th century Independence declared 28 November 1975 Annexation by Indonesia 17 July 1976 Administered by UNTAET 25 October 1999 Independence restored 20 May 2002 Area Total 15,410 km (5,950 sq mi) (154th) Water (%) negligible Population 2015 census 1,167,242 Density 78 / km (202.0 / sq mi) GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate Total $4.567 billion Per capita $5,479 (148th) GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate Total $2.498 billion Per capita $3,330 HDI (2015) 0.605 medium 133rd Currency United States Dollar (USD) Time zone (UTC + 9) Drives on the left Calling code + 670 ISO 3166 code TL Internet TLD. tl Website timor-leste.gov.tl Fifteen further ``national languages ''are recognised by the Constitution. Centavo coins also used.. tp has been phased out. changed its official name to Timor Timur, the Indonesian translation of \"East Timor\". The use of the Portuguese language was then forbidden, as it was seen as a relic of colonisation.\nThe annexation was not recognised by the United Nations and was only recognised by one country Australia in 1979. The United Nations continued to recognise Portugal as the legitimate administering power of East Timor.\nThe Indonesians left in 1999 and East Timor came under the administration of the United Nations.\n",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who holds the presidential role in the freshly proclaimed sovereign nation that established the Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship with the country that hosts Pantar? | [
{
"id": 275261,
"question": "Pantar >> country",
"answer": "Indonesia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 443779,
"question": "#1 –Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship >> country",
"answer": "East Timor",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 52195,
"question": "who is the president of newly declared independent country #2",
"answer": "Francisco Guterres",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Francisco Guterres | [] | true | Who is the president of the newly declared independent country that formed the Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship with the country where Pantar is found? |
4hop1__163763_49925_13759_736921 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Reformation",
"paragraph_text": "though there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of JanAlthough there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Mary, mother of Jesus",
"paragraph_text": "Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\" Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death: Protestants hold less exalted views of Mary's role, often based on a perceived lack of biblical support for many traditional Christian dogmas pertaining to her.\nThe multiple forms of Marian devotions include various prayers and hymns, the celebration of several Marian feast days in liturgy, the veneration of images and relics, the construction of churches dedicated to her and pilgrimages to Marian shrines. Many Marian",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Wittenberg (district)",
"paragraph_text": " Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.Wittenberg is a district (German: KreisWittenberg is a district () in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.. The capital and largest city is Wittenberg, famous for its association with the influential religious reformer Martin Luther and containing a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\n\n\n== History ==\nIn 1994, the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district of Gräfenhainichen. In 2007, ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Jesus Varela",
"paragraph_text": " 16, 2003. He was appointed bishop of Sorsogon on November 27, 1980 Prior to that he served as the first ever sitting Bishop of then Diocese of Ozamiz. He also served as the Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zamboanga and titular Bishop of Tatilti.Jesus Y. Varela (December 18, 1927 – February 23, 2018) is a Filipino prelate of the Catholic Church. He became the Bishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sorsogon on his retirement on April 16, 2003. He was appointed bishop of Sorsogon on November 27, 1980 Prior to that he served as the first ever sitting Bishop of then Diocese of Ozamiz. He also served as the Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zamboanga and titular Bishop of Tatilti.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In what location can one find the district where the individual, who sought to revise and discuss Jesus Varela's faith, delivered a sermon about Marian devotion prior to his demise? | [
{
"id": 163763,
"question": "Jesus Varela >> religion",
"answer": "Catholic Church",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 49925,
"question": "who wanted #1 to reform and address",
"answer": "Martin Luther",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 13759,
"question": "Where did #2 preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?",
"answer": "Wittenberg",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 736921,
"question": "#3 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Saxony-Anhalt",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Saxony-Anhalt | [] | true | Where is the district that the person who wanted to reform and address Jesus Varela's religion preached a sermon on Marian devotion before his death located? |
2hop__61318_362941 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Paulsdale",
"paragraph_text": " its significance in social history and politics/government. Paulsdale was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe main house at Paulsdale was built about 1800 by Benjamin Hooton. The Paul family purchased the 173-acre (70.01 ha) farm around 1883. The property remained in the Paul family until 1958, and served as a sort of \"home base\" for activist Alice Paul, who was born here in 1885. For much of her adult life she lived an itinerant lifestyle, driven by her activism for women's suffrage. Paulsdale was a place she regularly returned to, holding meetings and strategy sessions for her campaigns. It was sold out of the family in 1958, after her brother's death.\nDuring the 1950s, the property was divided into two parcels: 167 acres (67.58 ha) of farmland and the remaining 6 acres (2.4 ha) which included the house and farm buildings. The larger became a housing development, while the smaller remained a private residence until it was purchased by the Alice Paul Institute in 1990.\nThe house has been restored to the condition when Alice Paul lived there. It now serves as a historic house museum and a home for the institute. The purpose of the institute is to make sure Alice Paul's legacy survives by enhancing the knowledge of future generations on the topic of human rights.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage\nBarbara Haney Irvine, who led the campaign to purchase Paulsdale through the Alice Paul Institute\nList of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial sitePaulsdale is a historic estate and house museum in Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey. Built about 1840, it was the birthplace and childhood home of Alice Paul (1885-1977), a major leader in the Women's suffrage movement in the United States, whose activism led to passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1989, for its significance in social history and politics/government. Paulsdale was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe main house at Paulsdale was built about 1800 by Benjamin Hooton. The Paul family purchased the 173-acre (70.01 ha) farm around 1883. The property remained in the Paul family until 1958, and served as a sort of \"home base\" for activist Alice Paul, who was born here in 1885. For much of her adult life she lived an itinerant lifestyle, driven by her activism for women's suffrage. Paulsdale was a place she regularly returned to, holding meetings and strategy sessions for her campaigns. It was sold out of the family in 1958, after her brother's death.\nDuring the 1950s, the property was divided into two parcels: 167 acres (67.58 ha) of farmland and the remaining 6 acres (2.4 ha) which included the house and farm buildings. The larger became a housing development, while the smaller remained a private residence until it was purchased by the Alice Paul Institute in 1990.\nThe house has been restored to the condition when Alice Paul lived there. It now serves as a historic house museum and a home for the institute. The purpose of the institute is to make sure Alice Paul's legacy survives by enhancing the knowledge of future generations on the topic of human rights.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage\nBarbara Haney Irvine, who led the campaign to purchase Paulsdale through the Alice Paul Institute\nList of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial sitePaulsdale is a historic estate and house museum in Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey. Built about 1840, it was the birthplace and childhood home of Alice Paul (1885-1977), a major leader in the Women's suffrage movement in the United States, whose activism led to passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1989, for its significance in social history and politics/government. Paulsdale was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe main house at Paulsdale was built about 1800 by Benjamin Hooton. The Paul family purchased the 173-acre (70.01 ha) farm around 1883. The property remained in the Paul family until 1958, and served as a sort of \"home base\" for activist Alice Paul, who was born here in 1885. For much of her adult life she lived an itinerant lifestyle, driven by her activism for women's suffrage. Paulsdale was a place she regularly returned to, holding meetings and strategy sessions for her campaigns. It was sold out of the family in 1958, after her brother's death.\nDuring the 1950s, the property was divided into two parcels: 167 acres (67.58 ha) of farmland and the remaining 6 acres (2.4 ha) which included the house and farm buildings. The larger became a housing development, while the smaller remained a private residence until it was purchased by the Alice Paul Institute in 1990.\nThe house has been restored to the condition when Alice Paul lived there. It now serves as a historic house museum and a home for the institute. The purpose of the institute is to make sure Alice Paul's legacy survives by enhancing the knowledge of future generations on the topic of human rights.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage\nBarbara Haney Irvine, who led the campaign to purchase Paulsdale through the Alice Paul Institute\nList of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial sitePaulsdale is a historic estate and house museum in Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey. Built about 1840, it was the birthplace and childhood home of Alice Paul (1885-1977), a major leader in the Women's suffrage movement in the United States, whose activism led to passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1989, for its significance in social history and politicsPaulsdale, in Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey, was the birthplace and childhood home of Alice Paul, a major leader in the Women's suffrage movement in the United States. Paulsdale was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991.PPaulsdale, in Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey, was the birthplace and childhood home of Alice Paul, a major leader in the Women's suffrage movement in the United States. Paulsdale was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991. movement in the United States, whose activism led to passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1989, for its significance in social history and politics/government. Paulsdale was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe main house at Paulsdale was built about 1800 by Benjamin Hooton. The Paul family purchased the 173-acre (70.01 ha) farm around 1883. The property remained in the Paul family until 1958, and served as a sort of \"home base\" for activist Alice Paul, who was born",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Equal Rights Amendment",
"paragraph_text": "teenth Amendment to the UnitedAlice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read: a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce,Alice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read:Alice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read:, and other matters. Opponents originally argued it would remove protections that women needed. In the 21st century, opponents argue it is no longer needed and some disapprove of its potential effects on abortion and transgender rights. \nWhen the Fourteenth Amendment to the UnitedAlice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read: a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce,Alice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read: a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Opponents originally argued it would remove protections that women needed. In the 21st century, opponents argue it is no longer needed and some disapprove of its potential effects on abortion and transgender rights. \nWhen the Fourteenth Amendment to the UnitedAlice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read: a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Opponents originally argued it would remove protections that women needed. In the 21st century, opponents argue it is no longer needed and some disapprove of its potential effects on abortion and transgender rights. \nWhen the Fourteenth Amendment to the UnitedAlice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nin a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Opponents originally argued it would remove protections that women needed. In the 21st century, opponents argue it is no longer needed and some disapprove of its potential effects on abortion and transgender rights. \nWhen the Fourteenth Amendment to the UnitedAlice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read: a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Opponents originally argued it would remove protections that women needed. In the 21st century, opponents argue it is no longer needed and some disapprove of its potential effects on abortion and transgender rights. \nWhen the Fourteenth Amendment to the UnitedAlice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read: a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Opponents originally argued it would remove protections that women needed. In the 21st century, opponents argue it is no longer needed and some disapprove of its potential effects on abortion and transgender rights. \nWhen the Fourteenth Amendment to the UnitedAlice Paul, the head of the National Women's Party, believed that the Nineteenth Amendment would not be enough to ensure that men and women were treated equally regardless of sex. In 1923, she revised the proposed amendment to read: a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the ERA is to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Proponents assert it would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Opponents originally argued it would remove protections that women needed. In the 21st century, opponents argue it is no longer needed and some disapprove of its potential effects on abortion and transgender rights. \nWhen the Fourteenth Amendment to the UnitedAlice",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where was the individual born who proposed the initial draft of the equal rights amendment to Congress in 1923? | [
{
"id": 61318,
"question": "who submitted the first version of the equal rights amendment to congress in 1923",
"answer": "Alice Paul",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 362941,
"question": "#1 >> place of birth",
"answer": "Mount Laurel Township",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Mount Laurel Township | [] | true | What is the place of birth of the person who submitted the first version of the equal rights amendment to congress in 1923? |
2hop__68590_27628 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "European Central Bank",
"paragraph_text": " member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the capital key has been readjusted since. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years (1998–2007) ===\n\nThe European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). The EMI itself took over from the earlier European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EMCF).\nThe ECB formally replaced the EMI on 1 June 1998 by virtue of the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Treaty of Maastricht), however it did not exercise its full powers until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999, signalling the third stage of EMU. The bank was the final institution needed for EMU, as outlined by the EMU reports of Pierre Werner and President JacquesThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's most important central banks with a balance sheet total of around 7 trillion.\nThe ECB Governing Council makes monetary policy for the Eurozone and the European Union, administers the foreign exchange reserves of EU member states, engages in foreign exchange operations, and defines the intermediate monetary objectives and key interest rate of the EU. The ECB Executive Board enforces the policies and decisions of the Governing Council, and may direct the national central banks when doing so. The ECB has the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the volume must be approved by the ECB beforehand. The bank also operates the TARGET2 payments system.\nThe ECB was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in May 1999 with the purpose of guaranteeing and maintaining price stability. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon became effective and the bank gainedThe European Central Bank (ECB; German: Europäische Zentralbank (EZB), French: Banque centrale européenne (BCE)) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states. The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015 the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002 -- 2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters., but the volume must be approved by the ECB beforehand. The bank also operates the TARGET2 payments system.\nThe ECB was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in May 1999 with the purpose of guaranteeing and maintaining price stability. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon became effective and the bank gained the official status of an EU institution. When the ECB was created, it covered a Eurozone of eleven members. Since then, Greece joined in January 2001, Slovenia in January 2007, Cyprus and Malta in January 2008, Slovakia in January 2009, Estonia in January 2011, Latvia in January 2014, Lithuania in January 2015 and Croatia in January 2023. The current President of the ECB is Christine Lagarde. Seated in Frankfurt, Germany, the bank formerly occupied the Eurotower prior to the construction of its new seat.\nThe ECB is directly governed by European Union law. Its capital stock, worth €11 billion, is owned by all 27 central banks of the EU member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the capital key has been readjusted since. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years (1998–2007) ===\n\nThe European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). The EMI itself took over from the earlier European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EMCF).\nThe ECB formally replaced the EMI on 1 June 1998 by virtue of the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Treaty of Maastricht), however it did not exercise its full powers until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999, signalling the third stage of EMU. The bank was the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "European Central Bank",
"paragraph_text": " Germany, the bank formerly occupied the Eurotower prior to the construction of its new seat.\nThe ECB is directly governed by European Union law. Its capital stock, worth €11 billion, is owned by all 27 central banks of the EU member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the capital key has been readjusted since. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years (1998–2007) ===\n\nThe European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). The EMI itself took over from the earlier European Monetary Cooperation Fund (EMCF).\nThe ECB formally replaced the EMI on 1 June 1998 by virtue of the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Treaty of Maastricht), however it did not exercise its full powers until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999, signalling the third stage of EMU. The bank was the final institution needed for EMU, as outlined by the EMU reports of Pierre Werner and President JacquesThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coinsThe Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Constâncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed \"from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB\". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday., but the volume must be approved by the ECB beforehand. The bank also operates the TARGET2 payments system.\nThe ECB was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in May 1999 with the purpose of guaranteeing and maintaining price stability. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon became effective and the bank gained the official status of an EU institution. When the ECB was created, it covered a Eurozone of eleven members. Since then, Greece joined in January 2001, Slovenia in January 2007, Cyprus and Malta in January 2008, Slovakia in January 2009, Estonia in January 2011, Latvia in January 2014, Lithuania in January 2015 and Croatia in January 2023. The current President of the ECB is Christine Lagarde. Seated in Frankfurt, Germany, the bank formerly occupied the Eurotower prior to the construction of its new seat.\nThe ECB is directly governed by European Union law. Its capital stock, worth €11 billion, is owned by all 27 central banks of the EU",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who holds the position of Vice-President in the body that governs the European Union's financial policy? | [
{
"id": 68590,
"question": "who controls the monetary policy of the eu",
"answer": "European Central Bank",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 27628,
"question": "Who is the Vice-President of #1 ?",
"answer": "Vitor Constâncio",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Vitor Constâncio | [] | true | Who is the Vice-President of the organization that controls the monetary policy of the EU? |
3hop1__652852_2053_5289 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "The Cube (film)",
"paragraph_text": "play that aired on NBC's weekly anthology television show \"NBC Experiment in Television\" in 1969. The production was produced and directed by puppeteer and filmmaker Jim Henson, and was one of several experiments with the live-action film medium which he conducted in the 1960s, before focusing entirely on \"The Muppets\" and other puppet works. The screenplay was co-written by long-time Muppet writer Jerry Juhl.CThe Cube is an hour-long teleplay that aired on NBC's weekly anthology television show \"NBC Experiment in Television\" in 1969. The production was produced and directed by puppeteer and filmmaker Jim Henson, and was one of several experiments with the live-action film medium which he conducted in the 1960s, before focusing entirely on \"The Muppets\" and other puppet works. The screenplay was co-written by long-time Muppet writer Jerry Juhl. opening scenes. Each of these rooms has six heavy vault doors, one on each face of the cube, which lead into adjacent, largely identical rooms, differing occasionally by colour of lighting. Some of these rooms are \"safe\", while others are equipped with deadly booby traps such as flamethrowers and razorwire. In some cases it is possible to detect a trap by throwing an object into the room first, although this method is notThe Cube is an hour-long teleplay that aired on NBC's weekly anthology television show \"NBC Experiment in Television\" in 1969. The production was produced and directed by puppeteer and filmmaker Jim Henson, and was one of several experiments with the live-action film medium which he conducted in the 1960s, before focusing entirely on \"The Muppets\" and other puppet works. The screenplay was co-written by long-time Muppet writer Jerry Juhl.Cube is a Canadian science fiction horror film series. The films were directed by Vincenzo Natali, Andrzej Sekuła, Ernie Barbarash and Yasuhiko Shimizu respectively.\nThe films are centered, with slight variations, on the same science-fictional setting: a gigantic, mechanized cubical structure of unknown purpose and origin, made up of numerous smaller cubical rooms, in which most or all of the principal characters inexplicably awaken in the opening scenes. Each of these rooms has six heavy vault doors, one on each face of the cube, which lead into adjacent, largely identical rooms, differing occasionally by colour of lighting. Some of these rooms are \"safe\", while others are equipped with deadly booby traps such as flamethrowers and razorwire. In some cases it is possible to detect a trap by throwing an object into the room first, although this method is not always reliable due to the trigger mechanism of certain traps.\nIn each case, a group of strangers awakens in this mysterious structure, without any knowledge of how or why they are there. In order to escape from the prison, they must band together and use their combined skills and talents to avoid the traps and navigate out of the maze, while also trying to solve the mystery of what the cube is and why they are in it.\nAn American remake, currently on hold, is in development at Lionsgate, and a Japanese produced remake was released in 2021.\n\n\n== Films ==\n\n\n=== Cube (",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "New York City",
"paragraph_text": " though still part of New York County. In 1914, Bronx County was split off from New York County so that each borough was then coterminous with a county.\nWhen the western part of Queens County was consolidated with New York City in 1898, that area became the Borough of Queens. In 1899, the remaining eastern section of Queens County was split off to form Nassau County on Long Island, thereafter making the borough and county of Queens coextensive with each other.\n\n\n== Terminology ==\nThe term borough was adopted in 1898 to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a borough is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it. The limited powers of the boroughs are inferior to the authority of the government of New York City, contrasting significantly with the powers of boroughs as that term is used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as with borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nNew York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, which can unambiguously refer to the city proper as a whole, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New YorkNew York City traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.The boroughs of New York City are the five major governmental districts that compose New York City. The boroughs are the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of the State of New York: The Bronx is Bronx County, Brooklyn is Kings County, Manhattan is New York County, Queens is Queens County, and Staten Island is Richmond County.\nAll fiveThe television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV, that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. of Queens County were consolidated within one municipal government under a new city charter. All former municipalities within the newly consolidated city were dissolved.\nNew York City was originally confined to Manhattan Island and the smaller surrounding islands that formed New York County. As the city grew northward,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Sony Music",
"paragraph_text": " licensing music for animated series such as Roujin Z from acclaimed Japanese comic artist Katsuhiro Otomo and Capcom's Street Fighter animated series.\nUntil March 2007, Sony Music Japan also had its own North American sublabel, Tofu Records. Releases ofIn 1964, CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the distribution deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution., which was established in September 1995 as a joint-venture between Sony Music Entertainment Japan and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan, but which in 2001 became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It was prominent in the early to mid '90s producing and licensing music for animated series such as Roujin Z from acclaimed Japanese comic artist Katsuhiro Otomo and Capcom's Street Fighter animated series.\nUntil March 2007, Sony Music Japan also had its own North American sublabel, Tofu Records. Releases of Sony Music Japan now appear on Columbia Records and/or Epic Records in North America.\nSony does not have the trademark rights to the Columbia name in Japan, so releases under Columbia Records from another country appears on Sony Records in Japan, but retains the usage of the \"walking eye\" logo. The Columbia name and trademark is controlled by Nippon Columbia, which was, in fact, the licensee for the American Columbia Records up until 1968, even though relations were officially severed as far back as World War II. Nippon Columbia also does not have direct relations with the British Columbia Graphophone Company (an EMI subsidiary), so the licensee for the British Columbia Graphophone Company was actually Toshiba Musical Industries.\nWith Sony Corporation of America's buyout of Bertelsmann's stake in Sony BMG, Sony Music Entertainment Japan stepped in to acquire outstanding shares of BMG Japan from Sony BMG, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Japan.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Beginnings as CBS joint venture ===\nThe idea for a CBS/Sony joint venture came in 1967 from Harvey Schein, then President of Columbia Records International who hadSony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group.Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc. (��式会社��ニー・��ュージックエンタテインメント, Kabushiki gaisha Sonī Myūjikku Entateinmento), often abbreviated as SMEJ or simply SME, and also known as Sony Music Japan for short (stylized as SonyMusic), is a Japanese music arm for Sony. Founded in 1968 as CBS/Sony,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which British record label was procured by the corporation that, in combination with The Cube's distributor and ABC, represents one of the principal broadcasting entities based in New York? | [
{
"id": 652852,
"question": "The Cube >> distributed by",
"answer": "NBC",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 2053,
"question": "Along with ABC and #1 , what other major broadcaster is based in New York?",
"answer": "CBS",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 5289,
"question": "What lable was bought by #2 in the UK?",
"answer": "Oriole Records.",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | Oriole Records. | [
"Oriole Records"
] | true | What UK label was purchased by the company that, along with the distributor of The Cube, and ABC, is the other major New York-based broadcaster? |
2hop__71034_343058 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Mirrorball (TV pilot)",
"paragraph_text": " completely different. It was produced as a pilot episode for what Saunders intended to be a new show. Mirrorball ended up inspiring Saunders to revive Absolutely Fabulous in 2001, and a full series was never produced.\n\n\n== Plot synopsis ==\nThe show centers around Vivienne Keill (Saunders) and Jackie Riviera (Joanna Lumley), two aging stage actresses who live in vertically adjacent flats. The two are of questionable talent, and their careers seem to be at a standstill. During the course of the pilot, Vivienne has the opportunity to be cast in a new show but delivers a horrifying rendition of the standard \"Send in the Clowns\", thanks in part to Jackie's off-kilter advice.\nJulia Sawalha plays Freda Keill, Vivienne's younger sister and a more serious (and successful) actress. Jane Horrocks plays Yitta Hilberstam, a vicious Icelandic actress/waitress. June Whitfield appears as Dora Vermouth, a former vaudeville actress who spends most of her time intoxicated at the local pub and is showing slight signs of dementia. Harriet Thorpe plays Cat Rogers, anMirrorball was a sitcom pilot in the United Kingdom directed by Adrian Edmondson and written by Jennifer Saunders. It originally aired on 22 December 2000.MMirrorball was a sitcom pilot in the United Kingdom directed by Adrian Edmondson and written by Jennifer Saunders. It originally aired on 22 December 2000.All of the main cast members (and several supporting cast members) from the popular series Absolutely Fabulous were also cast in this show, although the plot and characters were completely different. It was produced as a pilot episode for what Saunders intended to be a new show. Mirrorball ended up inspiring Saunders to revive Absolutely Fabulous in 2001, and a full series was never produced.\n\n\n== Plot synopsis ==\nThe show centers around Vivienne Keill (Saunders) and Jackie Riviera (Joanna Lumley), two aging stage actresses who live in vertically adjacent flats. The two are of questionable talent, and their careers seem to be at a standstill. During the course of the pilot, Vivienne has the opportunity to be cast in a new show but delivers a horrifying rendition of the standard \"Send in the Clowns\", thanks in part to Jackie's off-kilter advice.\nJulia Sawalha plays Freda Keill, Vivienne's younger sister and a more serious (and successful) actress. Jane Horrocks plays Yitta Hilberstam, a vicious Icelandic actress/waitress. June Whitfield appears as Dora Vermouth, a former vaudeville actress who spends most of her time intoxicated at the local pub and is showing slight signs of dementia. Harriet Thorpe plays Cat Rogers, anMirrorball was a sitcom pilot in the United Kingdom directed by Adrian Edmondson and written by Jennifer Saunders. It originally aired on 22 December 2000.Mirrorball was a sitcom pilot in the United Kingdom directed by Adrian Edmondson and written by Jennifer Saunders. It originally aired on 22 December 2000.\nAll of the main cast members (and several supporting cast members) from the popular series Absolutely Fabulous were also cast in this show, although the plot and characters were completely different. It was produced as a pilot episode for what Saunders intended to be a new show. Mirrorball ended up inspiring Saunders to revive Absolutely Fabulous in 2001, and a full series was never produced.\n\n\n== Plot synopsis ==\nThe show centers around Vivienne Keill (Saunders) and Jackie Riviera (Joanna Lumley), two aging stage actresses who live in vertically adjacent flats. The two are of questionable talent, and their careers seem to be at a standstill. During the course of the pilot, Vivienne has the opportunity to be cast in a new show but delivers a horrifying rendition of the standard \"Send in the Clowns\", thanks in part to Jackie's off-kilter advice.\nJulia Sawalha plays Freda Keill, Vivienne's younger sister and a more serious (and successful) actress. Jane Horrocks plays Yitta Hilberstam, a vicious Icelandic actress/waitress. June Whitfield appears as Dora Vermouth, a former vaudeville actress who spends most of her time intoxicated at the local pub and is showing slight signs of dementia. Harriet Thorpe plays Cat Rogers, an actress who is busy understudying multiple roles.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nMain\n\nJennifer Saunders as Vivienne Keill\nJoanna Lumley as Jackie Riviera\nJulia Sawal",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Holding Out for a Hero",
"paragraph_text": "es: The lyrics are laughable, and the heavy-handed synths and piano riffs come dangerously close to cheese\", but adds, \"The sum of those parts transcends their limitations, hooking directly into pure emotional need like only the greatest of torch songs can.\"\nWriting in Metal Hammer, Paul Stenning described the song as \"the ultimate pop anthem\", stating \"Only Jim Steinman can get away with such bombastic overtones, in this case the perfect coupling with Tyler's inimitable voice.\"\n\n\n== Music video ==\nThe accompanying music video for \"Holding Out for a Hero\" was produced by Jeffrey Abelson for Parallax Productions, directed by Doug Dowdle, with the concept by Keith Williams. It was filmed at the Grand Canyon, Arizona, and at Veluzat Ranch, California. It was the second video released to promote Footloose while featuring no movie footage in the video.\nThe video sees Tyler escaping from a burning house; the video is set primarily in the vicinity of the burning house and on the edge of the Grand Canyon – interspersed with shots of angelic background singers in white dresses. Evil cowboys dressed in black, carrying neon whips appear before Tyler, threatening her; a cowboy hero dressed in white, brandishing a revolver, appears on horseback and the evil cowboys flee on horseback, with the hero in pursuit. As the song fades out, the hero cowboy appears in front of Tyler.\nTyler was later featured in a parody of the video by David Copperfield.\n\n\n== Live performances ==\nTwo recorded performances of \"Holding Out for a Hero\" have been released on Tyler's concert DVDs Bonnie on Tour (2006) and Live in Germany 1993 (2011), and their respective CD editions.\n\n\n== Re-recordings and media usage ==\n\"Holding Out for a Hero\" has featured in numerous commercials, film and television soundtracks, and the song has been covered by various artists. In 1984, E. G. Daily's version was used as the theme for the television series Cover Up. The song was also used in the 1988 film Short Circuit 2. In 2004, Jennifer Saunders recorded a version of the song for Shrek 2. Frou Frou also recorded a version for the credits sequence. Saunders' version would later be used in the opening ceremony for the 2010Japanese singer Miki Asakura recorded the song in Japanese as ��ー��ー HOLDING OUT FOR A HERO in 1984. Elizabeth Daily recorded the song as the series theme song to the TV series Cover Up. Jennifer Saunders recorded the song for the 2004 film Shrek 2. It was also featured on the associated soundtrack. Frou Frou also recorded an alternatively tuned version of the song for Shrek 2 which appears during the film credits and in the soundtrack. American Post-Hardcore band Emery also did a cover for the 2005 Fearless Records compilation Punk Goes 80's. Ella Mae Bowen recorded a country version of the song which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2011 remake of Footloose.\"Japanese singer Miki Asakura recorded the song in Japanese as ヒーロー HOLDING OUT FOR A HERO in 1984. Elizabeth Daily recorded the song as the series theme song to the TV series Cover Up. Jennifer Saunders recorded the song for the 2004 film Shrek 2. It was also featured on the associated soundtrack. Frou Frou also recorded an alternatively tuned version of the song for Shrek 2 which appears during the film credits and in the soundtrack. American Post-Hardcore band Emery also did a cover for the 2005 Fearless Records compilation Punk Goes 80's. Ella Mae Bowen recorded a country version of the song which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2011 remake of Footloose. producer at the time through CBS/Columbia, could work with her on the project. Steinman wrote the song with Dean Pitchford, who co-wrote every song on the soundtrack album. Tyler was invited to the Paramount film studios in Los Angeles to watch the film rushes to see how \"Holding Out for a Hero\" would fit into the plot.\n\"Holding Out for a Hero\" shares numerous musical elements with \"Stark Raving Love\", a track from Steinman's solo album Bad for Good (1981), including the piano riff and vocal harmonies.\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nIn a retrospective review, The A.V. Club's William Hughes stated that the song \"displays some of the worst of its decade's (and composer's) typical excesses: The lyrics are laughable, and the heavy-handed synths and piano riffs come dangerously close to cheese\", but adds, \"The sum of those parts transcends their limitations, hooking directly into pure emotional need like only the greatest of torch songs can.\"\nWriting in Metal Hammer, Paul Stenning described the song as \"the ultimate pop anthem\", stating \"Only Jim Steinman can get away with such bombastic overtones, in this case the perfect coupling with Tyler's inimitable voice.\"\n\n\n== Music video ==\nThe accompanying music video for \"Holding Out for a Hero\" was produced by Jeffrey Abelson for Parallax Productions, directed by Doug Dowdle, with the concept by Keith Williams. It was filmed at the Grand Canyon, Arizona, and at Veluzat Ranch, California. It was the second video released to promote Footloose while featuring no movie footage in the video.\nThe video sees Tyler escaping from a burning house; the video is set primarily in the vicinity of the burning house and on the edge of the Grand Canyon – interspersed with shots of angelic background singers in white dresses. Evil cowboys dressed in black, carrying neon whips appear before Tyler, threatening her; a cowboy hero dressed in white, brandishing a revolver, appears on horseback and the evil cowboys flee on horseback, with the hero in pursuit. As the song fades out, the hero cowboy appears in front of Tyler.\nTyler was later featured in a parody of the video by David Copperfield.\n\n\n== Live performances ==\nTwo recorded performances of \"Holding Out for a Hero\" have been released on Tyler's concert DVDs Bonnie on Tour (2006) and Live in Germany 1993 (2011), and their respective CD editions.\n\n\n== Re-recordings and media usage ==\n\"Holding Out for a Hero\" has featured in numerous",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is married to the individual that performed the song 'holding out for a hero' in the movie Shrek 2? | [
{
"id": 71034,
"question": "who sang holding out for a hero in shrek 2",
"answer": "Jennifer Saunders",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 343058,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Adrian Edmondson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | Adrian Edmondson | [] | true | Who is the spouse of the person who sang holding out for a hero in shrek 2? |
3hop2__127483_79978_10557 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": " which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had received in fief. Stone castles were built in regions where central authority was weak, but state power was on the rise by the end of the period. The settlement of Western European peasants and aristocrats towards the eastern and southern peripheries of Europe, often spurred by crusades, led to the expansion of Latin Christendom. The spread of cathedral schools and universities stimulated a new method of intellectual discussion, with an emphasis on rational argumentation known as scholasticism. Mass pilgrimages prompted the construction of massive Romanesque churches, while structural innovations led to the development of the more delicate Gothic architecture.\nCalamities which included a great famine and the Black Death, which reduced the population by 50 per cent, began the Late Middle Ages in the 14th century. Conflicts between ethnic and social groups intensified and local conflicts often escalated into full-scale warfare, such as the Hundred Years' War. By the end of the period, the Byzantine Empire and the Balkan states were conquered by a new Muslim power: the Ottoman Empire; in the Iberian Peninsula, Christian kingdoms won their centuries-old war against their Muslim neighbours. The prominence of personal faith is well documented, but the Western Schism and dissident movements condemned as heresies presented a significant challenge to traditional power structures in the Western Church. Humanist scholars began to emphasise human dignity, and Early Renaissance architects and artists revived several elements of classical culture in Italy. During the last medieval century, naval expeditions in search for new trade routes introduced the Age of Discovery.\n\n\n== Terminology and periodisation ==\n \nThe Middle Ages is the second of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme of analysing European history: antiquity, the Middle Ages and the modern era. The Italian Leonardo Bruni (d. 1444) was the first to use tripartite periodisation in 1442, and it became standard with the German historian Christoph Cellarius (d. 1707). The adjective \"medieval\", pertaining to the Middle Ages, derives from medium aevum (\"middle age\"), a Neo-Latin term first recorded in 1604. It is also spelt \"mediaeval\" or \"mediæval\".\nIt customarily spans the period between c.��500 and 1500, but its start and end years are arbitrary. A common starting point, first used by Bruni, is 476: the year the last Western Roman Emperor was deposed. As an alternative, the conversion of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (r.��306–337) to Christianity is cited. There is no universally-agreed-upon end date; the most frequently-used dates include 1453 (the fall of Constantinople), 1492 (Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas), and 1517 (the beginning of the Protestant Reformation).\nCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin. the mass migration of tribes (mainly Germanic peoples), and Christianisation, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The movement of peoples led to the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of new kingdoms. In the post-Roman world, taxation declined, the army was financed through land grants, and the blending of Later Roman civilisation and the invaders' traditions is well documented. The Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) survived, but lost the Middle East and North Africa to Muslim conquerors in the 7th century. Although the Carolingian dynasty of the Franks reunited many of the Western Roman lands by the early 9th century, the Carolingian Empire quickly fell apart into competing kingdoms which later fragmented into autonomous duchies and lordships.\nDuring the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as the Medieval Warm Period allowed crop yields to increase, and technological and agricultural innovations introduced a \"commercial revolution\". Slavery nearly disappeared, and peasants could improve their status by colonising faraway regions in return for economic and legal concessions. New towns developed from local commercial centers, and urban artisans united into local guilds to protect their common interests. Western church leaders accepted papal supremacy to get rid of lay influence, which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had received in fief. Stone castles were built in regions where central authority was weak, but state power",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_text": " led to the conquests of Bavaria, Saxony and northern Spain, as well as other campaigns that led Charlemagne to extend his rule over a large part of Europe. Charlemagne spread Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as seen at the Massacre of Verden against the Saxons. He also sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Iberian affairs.\nIn 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position as the first emperor in the West in over 300 years brought him into conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople. Through his assumption of the imperial title, he is considered the forerunner to the line of Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the nineteenth century. As king and emperor, Charlemagne engaged in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, military organization, and religion, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability of his reign began a period of cultural activity known as the Carolingian Renaissance.\nCharlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest at Aachen Cathedral in Aachen, his imperial capital city. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Louis the Pious. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided and eventually coalesced into West- and East Francia, which later became France and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively. Charlemagne's profound impact on the Middle Ages and influence on the territory he ruled has led him to be called the \"Father of Europe\" by manyCharlemagne (/ ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn /) or Charles the Great (2 April 742 -- 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774 and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of Europe during the early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor in western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. and social changes that had lasting impact on Europe throughout the Middle Ages.\nA member of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty, Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon. With his brother, Carloman I, he became king of the Franks in 768 following Pepin's death and became the sole ruler three years later. Charlemagne continued his father's policy of protecting the papacy and became its chief defender, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy in 774. His reign saw a period of expansion that led to the conquests of Bavaria, Saxony and northern Spain, as well as other campaigns that led Charlemagne to extend his rule over a large part of Europe. Charlemagne spread Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as seen at the Massacre of Verden against the Saxons. He also sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Iberian affairs.\nIn 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position as the first emperor in the West in over 300 years brought him into conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople. Through his assumption of the imperial title, he is considered the forerunner to the line of Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the nineteenth century. As king and emperor, Charlemagne engaged in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, military organization, and religion, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability of his reign began a period of cultural activity known as the Carolingian Renaissance.\nCharlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest at Aachen Cathedral in Aachen, his imperial capital city. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Louis the Pious. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided and eventually coalesced into West- and East Francia, which later became France and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively. Charlemagne's profound impact on the Middle Ages and influence on the territory he ruled has led him to be called the \"Father of Europe\" by many historians. He is seen as a founding figure by multiple European states and a number of historical royal houses of Europe trace their lineage back to him. Charlemagne has been the subject of artworks,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Auctor",
"paragraph_text": " a numinous content and symbolized the mysterious \"power of command\" of heroic Roman figures.\nNoble women could also achieve a degree of auctoritas. For example, the wives, sisters, and mothers of the Julio-Claudians had immense influence on society, the masses, and the political apparatus. Their auctoritas was exercised less overtly than that of their male counterparts due to Roman societal norms, but they were powerful nonetheless.\n\n\n== Etymology and origin ==\nAccording to linguist Emile Benveniste, auctor (which also gives us English \"author\") is derived from Latin augeō (\"to augment\", \"to enlarge\", \"to enrich\"). The auctor is \"is qui auget\", the one who augments the act or the juridical situation of another. Arguably, Benveniste defended that Latin \"auctoritas\" was based on a divine conception of power and not on the individual that happened to the position of authority.\nAuctor in the sense of \"author\", comes from auctor as founder or, one might say, \"planter-cultivator\". Similarly, auctoritas refers to rightful ownership, based on one's having \"produced\" or homesteaded the article of property in question – more in the sense of \"sponsored\" or \"acquired\" than \"manufactured\". This auctoritas would, for example, persist through an usucapio of ill-gotten or abandoned property.\n\n\n== Political meaning in ancient Rome ==\nPolitically, the Roman Senate's authority (auctoritas patrum) was connected to auctoritas—not to be confused with potestas or imperium, which were held by the magistrates or the people. In this context, auctoritas could be defined as the juridical power to authorize some other act.\nThe 19th-century classicist Theodor Mommsen describes the \"force\" of auctoritas as \"more than advice and less than command, an advice which one may not ignore.\" Cicero says of power and authority, \"Cum potestas in populo auctoritas in senatu sit.\" (\"While power resides in the people, authority rests with the Senate.\")\nIn the private domain, those under tutelage (guardianship), such as women and minors, were similarly obliged to seek the sanction of their tutors (\"protectors\") for certain actions. Thus, auctoritas characterizes the auctor: The pater familias authorizes—that is, validates and legitimates—his sonAuctor is Latin for author or originator. The term is used in Scholasticism for a \"renowned scholar\", and in biological taxonomy for the scientist describing a species or other taxon. The term is widely replaced by author in English-language works..\nIn ancient Rome, auctoritas referred to the level of prestige a person had in Roman society, and, as a consequence, his standing, influence, and ability to rally support around his will. Auctoritas was not merely political, however; it had a numinous content and symbolized the mysterious \"power of command\" of heroic Roman figures.\nNoble women could also achieve a degree of auctoritas. For example, the wives, sisters, and mothers of the Julio-Claud",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the linguistic origin of the surname Sylvester, which was utilized during the age of the individual who was pronounced as the Roman Emperor in 800 AD, subsequently recognized as? | [
{
"id": 127483,
"question": "In what language is Auctor?",
"answer": "Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 79978,
"question": "who was crowned the new roman emperor in a.d. 800",
"answer": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 10557,
"question": "What was the #1 of #2 's era later known as?",
"answer": "Medieval Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | Medieval Latin | [] | true | What was the form of the language that the last name Sylvester comes from, used in the era of the man crowned Roman Emperor in AD 800, later known as? |
2hop__144763_599630 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Zhu Qinan",
"paragraph_text": "Zhu Qinan (; born November 15, 1984 in Wenzhou, Zhejiang) is a male Chinese sport shooter. He won the gold medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle event and a silver medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle event. Zhu currently is studying at Zhejiang University.Zhu Qinan (; born November 15, 1984 in Wenzhou, Zhejiang) is a male Chinese sport shooter. He won the gold medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle event and a silver medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle event. Zhu currently is studying at Zhejiang University.Zhu Qinan (simplified Chinese: ��启南; traditional Chinese: ����南; pinyin: Zhū Q��nán; born November 15, 1984, in Wenzhou, Zhejiang) is a male Chinese sport shooter. He won the gold medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle event and a silver medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle event. Zhu currently is studying at Zhejiang University.\nZhu began shooting training at Wenzhou Sports School in 1999. From there, in February 2002, he joined the Zhejiang province shooting team. Zhu joined the national shooting team on December 14, 2003. At the time of his Olympic victory, he was still a junior, and his qualification round score of 599 was an equalled junior world record. He repeated this achievement at the 2004 ISSF World Cup Final in Bangkok, which he also won. He has since then won several ISSF World Cup competitions in 10 m Air Rifle.\nOn September 22, 2011, Zhu shot a perfect 600 in the qualification round. He scored 103.8 in the final round making a total score of 703.8 to gain the 10 m Air Rifle final world record.\nHis best result in 50 m Rifle is a bronze medal from the 2004 Asian Championships. Zhu is 5'11\" tall and weighs 148 pounds. At the 51st ISSF World Championship held in Granada, Spain, Zhu got gold medal in 50m Rifle 3 Positions.\n\n\n== World record ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nZhu Qinan at the International Shooting Sport Federation \nZhu Qinan at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)Zhu Qinan (simplified Chinese: ��启南; traditional Chinese: ����南; pinyin: Zhū Q��nán; born November 15, 1984, in Wenzhou, Zhejiang) is a male Chinese sport shooter. He won the gold medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle event and a silver medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in the Men's 10 m Air Rifle event. Zhu currently is studying at Zhejiang University.\nZhu began shooting training at Wenzhou Sports School in 1999. From there, in February 2002, he joined the Zhejiang province shooting team. Zhu joined the national shooting team on December 14, 2003. At the time of his Olympic victory, he was still a junior, and his qualification round score of 599 was an equalled junior world record. He repeated this achievement at the 2004 ISSF World Cup Final in Bangkok, which he also won. He has since then won several ISSF World Cup competitions in 10 m Air Rifle.\nOn September 22, 2011, Zhu shot a perfect 600 in the qualification round. He scored 103.8 in the final round making a total score of 703.8 to gain the 10 m Air Rifle final world record.\nHis best result in 50 m Rifle is a bronze medal from the 2004 Asian Championships.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Sanjiang Church",
"paragraph_text": " church to disrupt the area's feng shui (cosmic harmony), highlighting the tensions between indigenous religious groups and Christianity.\n\n\n== 2014 protests ==\nIn April 2014, thousands of Chinese Christians camped around a church to prevent it from being demolished after several crosses had been torn down. In February 2014, local officials began an antireligious campaign to demolish any church buildings that violated local regulations. Local Christians claim that Communist Party officials object to the bright, prominent crosses that some churches use to advertise their presence and want these crosses to be replaced with smaller crosses inside. Government officials claim that the building is structurally unsound.\n\n\n== Demolition ==\nAs of April 28, 2014, the entire church had been toppled over.\n\n\n== References ==Sanjiang Church (三江基������) was a Christian church located in Yongjia County, near Wenzhou, in Zhejiang Province, China. The church was completed in December 2013. The city of Wenzhou is a port city believed to have China's largest Christian community. Local Christians claim as many as 15 percent of the residents Christians with the majority being Protestant. British missionaries George and Grace Stott had set up churches in this area towards the end of the 19th century.\nThe Sanjiang Church was completed in 2013 after almost six years and after local Christians pooled together between 3.2 and 4.9 million US dollars (20-30 million yuan) for the construction costs. The building was large enough to hold up to 2,000 people with the church complex occupying more than 100,000 square feet of land. The church had been registered with the government authorities. The demolition was preceded by a petition by local believers of the Chinese folk faith accusing the church to disrupt the area's feng shui (cosmic harmony), highlighting the tensions between indigenous religious groups and Christianity.\n\n\n== 2014 protests ==\nIn April 2014, thousands of Chinese Christians camped around a church to prevent it from being demolished after several crosses had been torn down. In February 2014, local officials began an antireligious campaign to demolish any church buildings that violated local regulations. Local Christians claim that Communist Party officials object to the bright, prominent crosses that some churches use to advertise their presence and want these crosses to be replaced with smaller crosses inside. Government officials claim that the building is structurally unsound.\n\n\n== Demolition ==\nAs of April 28, 2014, the entire church had been toppled over.\n\n\n== References ==Sanjiang Church (三江基������) was a Christian church located in Yongjia County, near Wenzhou, in Zhejiang Province, China. The church was completed in December 2013. The city of Wenzhou is a port city believed to have China's largest Christian community. Local Christians claim as many as 15 percent of the residents Christians with the majority being Protestant. British missionaries George and Grace Stott had set up churches in this area towards the end of the 19th century.\nThe SanjiangSanjiang Church (三江基������) was a Christian church located in Yongjia County, near Wenzhou, in Zhejiang Province, China. The church was completed in December 2013. The city of Wenzhou is a port city believed to have China's largest Christian community. Local Christians claim as many as 15 percent of the residents Christians with the majority being Protestant. British missionary George Stott had set up churches in this area towards the end of the 19th century.Sanjiang Church (三江基����Sanjiang Church (三江基督教堂) was a Christian church located in Yongjia County, near Wenzhou, in Zhejiang Province, China. The church was completed in December 2013. The city of Wenzhou is a port city believed to have China's largest Christian community. Local Christians claim as many as 15 percent of the residents Christians with the majority being Protestant. British missionary George Stott had set up churches in this area towards the end of the 19th century. 19th century.\nThe Sanjiang Church was completed in 2013 after almost six years and after local Christians pooled together between 3.2 and 4.9 million US dollars (20-30 million yuan) for the construction costs. The building was large enough to hold up to 2,000 people with the church complex occupying more than 100,000 square feet of land. The church had been registered with the government authorities. The demolition was preceded by a petition by local believers of the Chinese folk faith accusing the church to disrupt the area's feng shui (cosmic harmony), highlighting the tensions between indigenous religious groups and Christianity.\n\n\n== 2014 protests ==\nIn April 2014, thousands of Chinese Christians camped around a church to prevent it from being demolished after several crosses had been torn down. In February 2014, local officials began an antireligious campaign to demolish any church buildings that violated local regulations. Local Christians claim that Communist Party officials object to the bright, prominent crosses that some churches use to advertise their presence and want these crosses to be replaced with smaller crosses inside. Government officials claim that the building is structurally unsound.\n\n\n== Demolition ==\nAs of April 28, 2014, the entire church had been toppled over.\n\n\n== References ==Sanjiang Church (三江基������) was a Christian church located in Yongjia County, near Wenzhou, in Zhejiang Province, China. The church was completed in December 2013. The city of Wenzhou is a port city believed to have China's largest Christian community. Local Christians claim as many as 15 percent of the residents Christians with the majority being Protestant. British missionaries George and Grace Stott had set up churches in this area towards the end of the 19th century.\nThe Sanjiang Church was completed in 2013 after almost six years and after local Christians pooled together between 3.2 and 4.9 million US dollars (20-30 million yuan) for the construction costs. The building was large enough to hold up to 2,000 people with the church complex occupying more than 100,000 square feet of land. The church had been registered with the government authorities. The demolition was preceded by a petition by local believers of the Chinese folk faith accusing the church to disrupt the area's feng shui (cosmic harmony), highlighting the tensions between indigenous religious groups and Christianity.\n\n\n== 2014 protests ==\nIn April 2014, thousands of Chinese Christians camped around a church to prevent it from being demolished after several crosses had been torn down. In February 2014, local officials began an antireligious campaign to demolish any church buildings that violated local regulations. Local Christians claim that Communist Party officials object to the bright, prominent crosses that some churches use to advertise their presence and want these crosses to be replaced with smaller crosses inside. Government officials claim that the building is structurally unsound.\n\n\n== Demolition ==\nAs of April 28, 2014, the entire church had been toppled over.\n\n\n== References ==Sanjiang Church (三江基������) was a Christian church located in Yongjia County, near Wenzhou, in Zhejiang Province, China. The church was completed in December 2013. The city of Wenzhou is a port city believed to have China's largest Christian community. Local Christians claim as many as 15 percent of the residents Christians with the majority being Protestant. British missionaries George and Grace Stott had set up churches in this area towards the end of the 19th century.\nThe SanjiangSanjiang Church (三江基������) was a Christian church located in Yongjia County, near Wenzhou, in Zhejiang Province, China. The church was completed in December 2013. The city",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the county of birth for Zhu Qinan? | [
{
"id": 144763,
"question": "What is the city of birth of Zhu Qinan?",
"answer": "Wenzhou",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 599630,
"question": "#1 >> contains administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Yongjia County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | Yongjia County | [] | true | In which county was Zhu Qinan born? |
3hop2__573858_326964_7713 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "China Sunergy",
"paragraph_text": ". Located in Tuzla Free Trade Zone, Istanbul, CSUN (Turkey) is in progress of building its second factory in Turkey within 2015. CSUN has been recognized as a Tier 1 module supplier by the Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BENF) PV Module Maker Tiering System on 23 March 2014.\nTheir distribution network for solar panels covers over 79 distributors and wholesalers, across over 26 different countries.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nChinaChina Sunergy () is a Chinese solar cell products manufacturer based in Nanjing, Jiangsu. The company specializes in creating solar cells from silicon wafers. China Sunergy has a major customer base in China, but also sells their products internationally. On May 17 2007 the company began producing both monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon solar cells.China Sunergy () is a Chinese solar cell products manufacturer based in Nanjing, Jiangsu. The company specializes in creating solar cells from silicon wafers. China Sunergy has a major customer base in China, but also sells their products internationally. On May 17 2007 the company began producing both monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon solar cells. In 2012 the annual production of the cells were 1 GW and PV modules 1.2 GW. After listing as a NASDAQ Company in 2007, in 2013 May 23 China Sunergy opened its first international manufacturing base in Turkey. Turkey factory has the biggest solar cell and module capacity among both in Turkey and Europe. CSUN currently is the only Chinese solar cells and module manufacturer with a manufacturing base in Europe. Located in Tuzla Free Trade Zone, Istanbul, CSUN (Turkey) is in progress of building its second factory in Turkey within 2015. CSUN has been recognized as a Tier 1 module supplier by the Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BENF) PV Module Maker Tiering System on 23 March 2014. PV Module Maker Tiering System on 23 March 2014.\nTheir distribution network for solar panels covers over 79 distributors and wholesalers, across over 26 different countries.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nChina Sunergy website\nChina Sunergy (Greece) website\nReutersChina Sunergy CSUN (Chinese: 中电����) is a Chinese solar cell products manufacturer based in Nanjing, Jiangsu. The company specializes in creating solar cells from silicon wafers. China Sunergy has a major customer base in China, but also sells their products internationally. On May 17, 2007, the company began producing both monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon solar cells. In 2012 the annual production of the cells were 1 GW and PV modules ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, alsoArchaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.\n\n\n=== Standard drop ===\n\nThe standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Yaxing Coach",
"paragraph_text": " Air Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. This was moved to Yangzhou in April 1958, where it was merged with the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance Factory as the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory, which began producing automobiles (branded Yunhe) and tractors (branded Gongnong), alongside farm equipment. After gaining experience, the factory began producing the JS130/JS140 heavy-duty trucks and JS340 dump trucks in the late 1960s, then began producing the JT661A bus chassis in 1979.\nThe factory was renamed to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory (江��省��州汽车修造��) in 1981, and the first JT663 coach was built and delivered to the Eighth Team of Jiangsu Passenger Transportation Co., Ltd. in February 1981. The JT663 was the first dedicated bus chassis built and the factory was renamed again to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Coach Manufacture Factory (江��省��州客车制造��) in 1985. The company continued to develop buses, launching the JS6879 coach in 1989 in cooperation with the Xi'an Highway Institute, as the first domestic sleeper coach. The factory was renamed again to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Coach Manufacture Main Factory (江��省��州客车制造总��) in 1990.\nYaxing Coach (Yangzhou Yaxing Motor Coach Co., Ltd) is a bus manufacturer based in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. It is a subsidiary of Jiangsu Yaxing that was founded in 1998. Buses are produced under the \"Yaxing\", \"Yangtse（Yangzlv）\", and more recently Asiastar brands. in a number of international markets. It is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.\n\n\n== History ==\nYangzhou Yaxing Motor Coach Co., Ltd., aka Asiastar, traces its origins to May 1949, when the Shanghai Military Control Commission assumed control of the former sapper squadron of the Kuomintang, renaming it the Automobile Maintenance Firm of Logistics Department of East China Air Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. This was moved to Yangzhou in April 1958, where it was merged with the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance Factory as the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory, which began producing automobiles (branded Yunhe) and tractors (branded Gongnong), alongside farm equipment. After gaining experience, the factory began producing the JS130/JS140 heavy-duty trucks and JS340 dump trucks in the late 1960s, then began producing the JT661A bus chassis in 1979.\nThe factory was renamed to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory (江��省��州汽车修造��) in 1981, and the first JT663 coach was built and delivered to the Eighth",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | For how long was the capital city of Yaxing Coach's headquarters also the location of China Sunergy's headquarters? | [
{
"id": 573858,
"question": "China Sunergy >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 326964,
"question": "Yaxing Coach >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Yangzhou",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 7713,
"question": "How long had #1 been the capital city of #2 ?",
"answer": "about 400 years",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | about 400 years | [] | true | How long had the headquarters location of China Sunergy been the capitol city of the headquarters location of Yaxing Coach? |
4hop2__9988_158279_70784_61381 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Near East",
"paragraph_text": " was a separate term from the Middle East during earlier times and official British usage. Today, the terms Near East and Middle East are used interchangeably to refer to the same region. \nAccording to National Geographic, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are \"generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey\" with Afghanistan often included.\nIn 1997, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United NationsSubsequently with the disgrace of \"Near East\" in diplomatic and military circles, \"Middle East\" prevailed. However, \"Near East\" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition. and was originally applied to the Ottoman Empire, but today has varying definitions within different academic circles. Historically, the term Near East was used in conjunction with the Middle East (Iran to Myanmar) and the Far East (China and beyond), together known as the \"three Easts\"; it was a separate term from the Middle East during earlier times and official British usage. Today, the terms Near East and Middle East",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": " the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million were Saudi nationals and 8 million were foreigners. As of 201The area of modern - day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al - Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called ``the predominant feature of Saudi culture '', with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called`` the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million were Saudi nationals and 8 million were foreigners. As of 2017, the population is 33 million. The state's official language is Arabic. Islam, the world's second-largest religion, emerged in what is now Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. Islamic prophet Muhammad united the population of the Arabian Peninsula and created a single Islamic religious polity. Following his death in 632, his followers expanded Muslim rule beyond Arabia, conquering territories in North Africa, Central, South Asia and Iberia within decades. Arab dynasties originating from modern-day Saudi Arabia founded the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661The area of modern - day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al - Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called ``the predominant feature of Saudi",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Shiraz",
"paragraph_text": ", citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.Shirin (Persian: شیرین; died 628) was wife of the Sasanian emperor Khosrow II (r.��590–628). In the revolution after the death of Khosrow's father Hormizd IV, the General Bahram Chobin took power over the Persian empire. Shirin fled with Khosrow to Roman Syria, where they lived under the protection of Byzantine emperor Maurice.\nIn 591, Khosrow returned to Persia to take control of the empire and Shirin was made queen. She used her new influence to support the Christian minority in Iran, but the political situation demanded that she do so discreetly. Initially, she belonged to the Church of the East but later she joined the miaphysite church of Antioch, now known asShiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz.tesiphon, where Shirin took the cross in her palace.\nLong after her death Shirin became an important heroine of Persian literature, as a model of a faithful lover and wife. She appears in the Shahnameh and the romance Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami Ganjavi (1141−1209Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. Industries such as cement",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": " area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 7% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1960s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases,The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the area directly above the region notorious for being the Near East's export crops' final stop, founded? | [
{
"id": 9988,
"question": "What prevailed with the disgrace of \"Near East\"?",
"answer": "\"Middle East\"",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 158279,
"question": "Where was the final destination for the export crops ?",
"answer": "Persian Gulf",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 70784,
"question": "what region lies immediately to the north of #1 and #2",
"answer": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 61381,
"question": "when was #3 established",
"answer": "1932",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | 1932 | [] | true | When was the region immediately north of the region prevailing with the disgrace of the Near East and the final destination for the export crops established? |
3hop1__389069_132457_47686 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Sleep Is the Enemy",
"paragraph_text": " female lead, grossing $13 million on its opening weekend surpassing the previous record held by Aliens, which grossed $10 million in its first weekend.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nLaura Burney has a seemingly idyllic life and perfect marriage to Martin, a successful Boston investment counselor. Beneath Martin's charming,Sleep Is The Enemy is the third studio album by Canadian rock band Danko Jones. The album was released on February 17, 2006 in Europe and February 21 in Canada. The album was released in the US on May 23. \"She's Drugs\" was featured in the Swedish vampire film \"Frostbiten\". \"Baby Hates Me\" served as the theme song for WWE Backlash.Sleeping with the Enemy is a 1991 American psychological thriller film directed by Joseph Ruben and starring Julia Roberts, Patrick Bergin, and Kevin Anderson. The film is based on Nancy Price's 1987 novel of the same name. Roberts plays a woman who fakes her own death and moves from Cape Cod to Cedar Falls, Iowa to escape from her controlling, obsessive, and abusive husband, but finds her peaceful new life interrupted when he discovers her actions and tracks her down. \nSleeping with the Enemy was released theatrically on February 8, 1991. It received generally negative reviews from the critics, but it was a box-office success, grossing $175 million on a production budget of $19 million. The film also broke the record at the time for the highest domestic opening for a film with a female lead, grossing $13 million on its opening weekend surpassing the previous record held by Aliens, which grossed $10 million in its first weekend.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nLaura Burney has a seemingly idyllic life and perfect marriage to Martin, a successful Boston investment counselor. Beneath Martin's charming, handsome exterior, however, is an obsessive and controlling person who has physically, emotionally, and sexually abused Laura throughout their nearly four-year marriage. Then, in a recurring pattern, he apologetically showers her with flowers and gifts.\nMartin accepts the invitation of their neighbor, a doctor, for an evening sail, despite knowing that Laura fears water and cannot swim. As a severe storm unexpectedly rolls in, Martin and the doctor struggle to control the vessel. Laura is swept overboard. After an extensive Coast Guard search, Laura is presumed dead from drowning and Martin is inconsolable.\nLaura is revealed to actually be alive. After secretly learning to swim, she planned to fake her own death to escape Martin's abuse. During the storm, she jumped overboard, swam ashore, and returned home. She cut her hair, donned a wig, took her stashed belongings and money, and headed to a nearby bus station.\nLaura movesSleep Is The Enemy is the third studio album by Canadian rock band Danko Jones. The album was released on February 17, 2006 in Europe and February 21 in Canada. The album was released in the US on May 23. \"She's Drugs\" was featured in the Swedish vampire film \"Frostbiten\". \"Baby Hates Me\" served as the theme song for WWE Backlash. peaceful new life interrupted when he discovers her actions and tracks her down. \nSleeping with the Enemy was released theatrically on February 8, 1991. It received generally negative reviews from the critics, but it was a box-office success, grossing $175 million on a production budget of $19 million. The film also broke the record at the time for the highest domestic opening for a film with a female lead, grossing $13 million on its opening weekend surpassing the previous record held by Aliens, which grossed $10 million in its first weekend.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nLaura Burney has a seemingly idyllic life and perfect marriage to Martin, a successful Boston investment counselor.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Danko Jones",
"paragraph_text": "aniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==DanielDanko Jones is a Canadian rock trio from Toronto, Ontario. The band consists of Danko Jones (vocals/guitar), John 'JC' Calabrese (bass guitar) and Rich Knox (drums). The band's rock music includes elements of punk and they are known for their humorous lyrics and energetic live shows.Danko Jones is a Canadian rock trio from Toronto, Ontario. The band consists of Danko Jones (vocals/guitar), John 'JC' Calabrese (bass guitar) and Rich Knox (drums). The band's rock music includes elements of punk and they are known for their humorous lyrics and energetic live shows.Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a former American football offensive tackle who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Maine.\n\n\n== References ==Daniel T. Jones (born July 22, 1970) is a",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Toronto Coach Terminal",
"paragraph_text": " later expanded to nine bus platforms. Its final form consisted of seven bus platforms, accommodating two numbered bus bays each. The building has been listed in the City of Toronto's heritage buildings register since May 19, 1987.\n\nAn annex, the Elizabeth Street Terminal located at 130 Elizabeth Street, is located to the west of the main terminal. It was originally built in 1968 and was used for bus charters and sightseeing buses and, beginning in 1970, was a hub for GO Transit bus arrivals and departures. Five diagonal bus bays on its south side were used for departures and the north side of the building opening onto a covered two-lane driveway acting as an unloading area and space for bus layovers and parking. \nIn 1990, the Elizabeth Street Terminal also began handling arrivals for the main terminal's bus lines with departures leaving from the main coach terminal across the street, which is rather unusual for bus terminals or other passenger transportation infrastructure. \nThrough the 1990s, GO Transit bus services gradually relocated to Toronto Union Station, first to seven curb-side bus stops along Front Street in front of the railway station, and then to the original Union Station Bus Terminal on Front Street, across Bay Street from the rail terminal. GO's Toronto to Hamilton Express bus route was the last to use the Elizabeth Street Terminal until Labour Day weekend of 2002 when it moved to the original Union Station Bus Terminal on Front Street. After the departure of GO Transit, the Elizabeth Street terminal only handled arrivals for the remaining bus lines.\nThe bus bays on the south side of the building were decommissioned and the area converted into a Green P paid parking lot. The waiting area and newsstand in the Elizabeth Street Terminal were closed in 2010 with only the bus platform on the north of the building remaining open to the public for bus arrivals. Due to limited space, buses would park overnight along Edward Street and Chestnut Street.\nA renovation of the main terminal building occurred in 1990, tripledThe Toronto Coach Terminal is the central bus station for inter-city services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 610 Bay Street, in the city's Downtown. The terminal is owned by Toronto Coach Terminal Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). The TTC managed the station directly until July 8, 2012, when it was leased out in its entirety to bus lines Coach Canada and Greyhound Canada for $1.2 million annually. Opened in 1931 as the Gray Coach Terminal, the Art Deco style terminal was home base for Gray Coach, an interurban bus service then owned by the TTC. It replaced an earlier open air terminal, Gray Line Terminal. leasing a parcel of land at Bay and Edward Streets for an open air coach terminal. \n\nAfter purchasing the Bay/Edward property, construction on a permanent terminal building began in July 1931. The building officially opened on December 19, 1931 as the Toronto Motor Coach Terminal, to serve as the terminal hub for the Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC) Gray Coach intercity bus service, replacing an open air terminal that had operated at the same location. Known as the Gray Coach Terminal until 1990, the Art Deco building is a two-storey historic building with Travertine limestone. Designed by architect Charles B. Dolphin it was originally built with five platforms (four departure and one arrival platform) and later expanded to nine bus platforms. Its final form consisted of seven bus platforms, accommodating two numbered bus bays each. The building has been listed in the City of Toronto's heritage buildings register since May 19, 1987.\n\nAn annex, the Elizabeth Street Terminal located at 130 Elizabeth Street, is located to the west of the main terminal. It was originally built in 1968 and was used for bus charters and sightseeing buses and, beginning in 1970, was a hub for GO Transit bus arrivals and departures. Five diagonal bus bays on its south side were used for departures and the north side of the building opening onto a covered two-lane driveway acting as an unloading area and space for bus layovers and parking. \nIn 1990, the Elizabeth Street Terminal also",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the city where the band that created Sleep Is the Enemy originated, where is the departure point for greyhound buses? | [
{
"id": 389069,
"question": "Sleep Is the Enemy >> performer",
"answer": "Danko Jones",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 132457,
"question": "What city was #1 formed in?",
"answer": "Toronto",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 47686,
"question": "where do greyhound buses leave from in #2",
"answer": "Toronto Coach Terminal",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
}
] | Toronto Coach Terminal | [] | true | Where do greyhound buses depart from, in the city where the performer of Sleep Is the Enemy was formed? |
2hop__390947_232243 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Bernd Hüttemann",
"paragraph_text": "== Education ==\nBernd Hüttemann attended the Gymnasium Theodorianum in Paderborn and studied political science, history, and European Law at the University of Bonn.\n\n\n== Career ==\nSince 2003, Hüttemann has been serving as full-time Secretary-General of the European Movement Germany (EBD), a civil society network in Berlin institutionally funded by the German Foreign Office. Simultaneously, he has been an adjunct professor at the University of Passau at the Joan Monnet Chair of European Politics since 2011. Furthermore, from 2015 to 2018, Hüttemann taught regularly at the Berlin School of Economics and Law.\nIn his previous professional positions, Hüttemann worked as a staff member at the Robert Bosch Stiftung, as a PR consultant, and as a research associate at the Institute for European Politics. From 2000 to 2003, he managed programs of the German Foreign Office on the EU pre-accession of Slovakia and Croatia, among others as an advisor to the Slovak government office in Bratislava.\n\n\n== European politics ==\nHüttemann initially began his engagement in European politics with the Young European Federalists(JEF). In this context, he served as office manager in Bonn and Brussels, among other positions. Furthermore, from 2003 to 2013, Hüttemann was involved as honorary secretary-general for the Europa-Union Deutschland under Peter Altmaier. Between 2014 and 2020, he was Vice-President of the European Movement International.\nIn 2010, Bernd Hüttemann was named one of Germany's 160 best young executives under 40 by the business magazine Capital. The German radio station Deutschlandfunk describes him as a full-time lobbyist for the EU. Hüttemann's main areas of expertise include representing European interests, political communication, and coordinating European policy in Germany.\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nBernd Hüttemann (2021). Werner Weidenfeld, Wolfgang Wessels (ed.). Interessenvertretung. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. pp. 173–176. doi:10.5771/9783748912668. ISBN 978-3-8487-7252-0. S2CID 245940452. {{cite book}}: |periodical= ignored (help)\nBernd Hüttemann and Elena Sandmann (2020). Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen (ed.). \"Im Mittelfeld der Europapolitik: Zivilgesellschaft, Lobbyismus und Partizipative Demokratie im Mehrebenensystem der EU\". Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen. 32 (4): 557–569. doi:10.1515/fjsb-2019-0061. S2CID 211229338.\nBernd Hüttemann (2021). Daniel Göler, Eckart Stratenschulte (ed.). Norm- und Regeltransfer in der europäischen Außenpolitik. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. pp. 173–176. doi:10.5771/9783748912668. ISBN 978-3-8487-7252-0. S2CID 245940452.\nBernd Hüttemann (2017). Werner Weidenfeld, Wolfgang Wessels (ed.). Lobbyismus in der partizipativen Demokratie. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verl.-Ges. pp. 193–196. doi:10.5771/9783845284897. ISBN 978-3-8487-4225-7. {{cite book}}: |periodical= ignored (help)\nBernd Hüttemann, \"Tackling Populism In Europe With A New Form Of Public Diplomacy\", Turkish Policy Quarterly, vol. SpringBernd Hüttemann (born December 8, 1970 in Paderborn) is Vice President of the European Movement International and Secretary General of the European Movement Germany.Bernd Hüttemann (born December 8, 1970 in Paderborn) is Vice President of the European Movement International and Secretary General of the European Movement Germany.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "European Movement International",
"paragraph_text": "The European Movement International is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it.The European Movement International is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it.The European Movement International is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe origins of the European Movement date to July 1947, when the cause of a united Europe was being promoted by Duncan Sandys in the form of the Anglo-French United European Movement (UEM). The UEM acted as a platform for the co-ordination of the organisations created in the wake of World War II. As a result of their efforts, the congress of The Committee for the Co-ordination of the European Movements took place in Paris on 17 July 1947 incorporating \"La Ligue Européenne de Coopération Economique\" (LECE), \"l'Union Européenne des Fédéralistes\" (UEF), \"l'Union Parlementaire Européenne\" (UPE) and the Anglo-French United European Movements. They met again on 10 November 1947 and changed their name to The Joint International Committee for European Unity. They retained this name until after the 1948 Congress of The Hague.\nFrom 7 to 11 May 1948, 800 delegates from Europe and observers from Canada and the United States gathered in The Hague",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the objective of the organization to which European Movement Germany belongs? | [
{
"id": 390947,
"question": "European Movement Germany >> member of",
"answer": "European Movement International",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 232243,
"question": "#1 >> movement",
"answer": "European integration",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | European integration | [] | true | What is the goal of the group that European Movement Germany is a member of? |
2hop__128608_82341 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Ocala, Florida",
"paragraph_text": " Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center.\n\n\n== History ==\n \nOcala is named after Ocale (also Cale, Etocale, and other variants) a Timucua village and chiefdom recorded in the 16th century, the name of which is believed to mean \"Big Hammock\" in the Timucua language. Another possible meaning of the name is \"song or singer of admiration or glorification\". The Spaniard Hernando de Soto's expedition recorded Ocale in 1539 during his exploration through what is today the southeastern United States. The site of Ocale has not been found, but historians believe it was located in southwestern Marion County, near the Withlacoochee River. References to Ocale, Olagale, and Etoquale occur in 16th and early 17th century sources, but do not specify a location. A Spanish mission named San Luis de Eloquale was established by 1630. Milanich believes the mission was near the Withlacoochee River. Eloquale is not named in a 1655 list of missions, and Ocale (and its variants) disappears from history.\nIn the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Creek people and other Native Americans, and free and fugitive African Americans sought refuge in Florida. The Seminole people formed. After foreign colonial rule shifted between Spain and Great Britain and back again, in 1821 the United States acquired the territory of Florida. After warfare to the north, in 1827 the U.S. Army built Fort King near the present site of Ocala as a buffer between the Seminole, who had long occupied the area, and white settlers moving into the region. The fort was an important base during the Second Seminole War and later served in 1844 as the first courthouse for Marion County.\nThe modern city of Ocala, which was established in 1849, developed around the fort site. Greater Ocala is known as the \"Kingdom of the Sun\". Plantations and other agricultural development dependent on slave labor were prevalent in the region. Ocala was an important center of citrus production until the Great Freeze of 1894–1895. During the Reconstruction era Ocala was represented by several African Americans in the Florida House of Representatives and on the local level.\n\nRail service reached Ocala in June 1881, encouraging economic development with greater access to markets for produce. Two years later, much of the Ocala downtown area was destroyed by fire on Thanksgiving Day, 1883. The city encouraged rebuilding with brick, granite and steel rather than lumber. By 1888, Ocala was known statewide as \"The Brick City\".\nIn December 1890, the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, a forerunner of the Populist Party, held its national convention in Ocala. At the convention, the Alliance adopted a platform that would become known as the \"Ocala Demands\". This platform included abolition of national banks, promoting low-interest government loans, free and unlimited coinage of silver, reclamation of excess railroad lands by the government, a graduated income tax, and direct election of United States senators. Most of the \"Ocala Demands\" were to become part of the Populist Party platform. \n\nIn the last decades of the twentieth century, the greater Ocala area had one of the highest growth rates in the country for a city its size.\n\n\n=== Ocala Historic District ===\nMany historic homes are preserved in Ocala's large residential Historic District, designated in 1984. East Fort King Street features many excellent examples of Victorian architecture. Ocala structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places include the Coca-Cola Building, the E. C. Smith House, East Hall, the Marion Hotel, Mount Zion A.M.E. Church, the Ritz Historic Inn, and Union Train Station.\nThe original Fort King site was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2004.\n\n\n== Geography ==\n\nOcala is located at 29°11′16″N 82°07′50″W.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 47.79 square miles (123.8 km2), all land. The surrounding farms are famous for their thoroughbred horses, in terrain similar to Kentucky bluegrass. Ocala is also known for nearby Silver Springs, site of one of the largest artesian spring formations in the world and Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, one of the earliest tourist attractions in Florida.\nThe 110-mile (180 km) long Ocklawaha River passes 10 miles (16 km) east of Ocala, flowing north from Central Florida until it joins the St. Johns River near Palatka.\nMarion County is also home to the Ocala National Forest which was established in 1908 and is now the second largest national forest in the state. The Florida Trail, also known as the FloridaOcala (/ o�� ��kælə / oh - KAL - ə) is a city located in Northern Florida. As of the 2013 census, its population, estimated by the United States Census Bureau, was 57,468, making it the 45th most populated city in Florida.OOcala (/ oʊ ˈkælə / oh - KAL - ə) is a city located in Northern Florida. As of the 2013 census, its population, estimated by the United States Census Bureau, was 57,468, making it the 45th most populated city in Florida.rd-most populated city in Florida. Ocala is the principal city of the Ocala metropolitan area, which had a population of 375,908 in 2020.\nHome to over 400 thoroughbred",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "WOCA",
"paragraph_text": " letters were changed to WKOS. In 1965, the station adopted a Top 40 format as WWKE. The station then switched to the current calls, WOCA in 1983.EdWOCA is a commercial radio station in Ocala, Florida, broadcasting to the Ocala area on 1370 AM. WOCA broadcasts a variety of syndicated and conservative-leaning programs, including \"The Glenn Beck Program\" and \"The Clark Howard Show\" each weekday, and Fox Sports Radio on weekends. The station also produces shows for a number of local commentators. WOCA signed on on November 19, 1957 as WHYS. In 1959, the call letters were changed to WKOS. In 1965, the station adopted a Top 40 format as WWKE. The station then switched to the current calls, WOCA in 1983. as the leader of the Diocese of Weetebula. As part of being ordained to the diocese on the island of Sumba, Woga vowed to help poor and marginalized people on the islandWOCA is a commercial radio station in Ocala, Florida, broadcasting to the Ocala area on 1370 AM. WOCA broadcasts a variety of syndicated and conservative-leaning programs, including \"The Glenn Beck Program\" and \"The Clark Howard Show\" each weekday, and Fox Sports Radio on weekends. The station also produces shows for a number of local commentators. WOCA signed on on November 19, 1957 as WHYS. In 1959, the call letters were changed to WKOS. In 1965, the station adopted a Top 40 format as WWKE. The station then switched to the current calls, WOCA in 1983.Edmund Woga CSsR (born 26 September 1950) is an Indonesian Roman Catholic bishop.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nWoga was ordained a priest on 29 November 1977. In 1985 Woga took his vows and was professed a member of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. \nOn 4 April 2009 it was announced that Woga had been chosen as the new bishop of the Diocese of Weetebula, replacing Gerulfus Kherubim Pareira who had been installed as bishop of the Diocese of Maumere. On 16 July 2009 Woga was ordained bishop by Pareira was installed as the leader of the Diocese of Weetebula. As part of being ordained to the diocese on the island of Sumba, Woga vowed to help poor and marginalized people on the island, improve interfaith relations with Protestants and Muslims, as well as better faith formation for Catholic children.\nWoga is also a writer, having published a book in January 2009 titled Misi, misiologi, dan evangelisasi di Indonesia, or Mission and evangelization of Catholic Church in Indonesia. His motto is \"Praedicare Redemptionem\" (Proclaiming the Redemption).\nIn September 2013 Woga was involved in a serious motorvehicle accident while traveling to a retreat in Nusa Dua, Bali. Woga's car was struck by a motorbike, and in the accident he suffered serious wounds and multiple fractures to his legs and thighs.\n\n\n== References ==Edmund Woga CSsR (born 26 September 1950) is an Indonesian Roman Catholic bishop.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nWoga was ordained a priest on 29 November 1977. In 1985 Woga took his vows and was professed a member of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. \nOn 4 April 2009 it was announced that Woga had been chosen as the new bishop of the Diocese of Weetebula, replacing Gerulfus Kherubim Pareira who had been installed as bishop of the Diocese of Maumere. On 16 July 2009 Woga was ordained bishop by Pareira was installed as the leader of the Diocese of Weetebula. As part of being ordained to the diocese on the island of Sumba, Woga vowed to help poor and marginalized people on the island, improve interfaith relations with Protestants and Muslims, as well as better faith formation for Catholic children.\nWoga is also a writer, having published a book in January 2009 titled Misi, misiologi, dan evangelisasi di Indonesia, or Mission and evangelization of Catholic Church in Indonesia. His motto is \"Praedicare Redemptionem\" (Proclaiming the Redemption).\nIn September 2013 Woga was involved in a serious motorvehicle accident while traveling to a retreat in Nusa Dua, Bali. Woga's car was struck by a motorbike, and in the accident he suffered serious wounds and multiple fractures to his legs and thighs.\n\n\n== References ==Edmund Woga CSsR (born 26 September 1950) is an Indonesian Roman Catholic bishop.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nWoga was ordained a priest on 29 November 1977. In 1985 Woga took his vows and was professed a member of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. \nOn 4 April 2009 it was announced that Woga had been chosen as the new bishop of the Diocese of Weetebula, replacing Gerulfus Kherubim Pareira who had been installed as bishop of the Diocese of Maumere.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In what region of Florida can you find the city that hosts WOCA? | [
{
"id": 128608,
"question": "What city is WOCA located?",
"answer": "Ocala",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 82341,
"question": "where is #1 in the state of florida",
"answer": "in Northern Florida",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | in Northern Florida | [
"Northern Florida"
] | true | The city where WOCA is located is in which part of Florida? |
2hop__827755_156034 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Kettle Generating Station",
"paragraph_text": " house in the meantime. Once the spillway was complete the entire the river was diverted through it. At this point, the turbines and generators were loaded into the power house and the earth-fill section on the dam's left bank was completed. The first generator was commissioned in December 1970 and seven generators were operational in June 1973 when the station was officially opened. The last generator was commissioned in November 1974.\nOf the river's 885 m (2,904 ft) width, the power house covers 380 m (1,247 ft) or 43 percent. The spillway covers 22 percent in the center of the dam and the earth-fill dam completes the remaining 35 percent in length. The dam's spillway is controlled by eight floodgates and can discharge up to 8,349 m3/s (294,842 cu ft/s) of water. The power house contains twelve 102 MW propeller-typeThe Kettle Generating Station, also known as Kettle Rapids Generating Station, is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station on the Lower Nelson River in Manitoba, Canada. It is located northwest of Gillam. As part of the Nelson River Hydroelectric Project, the power station was completed in 1973 and the last generator commissioned in 1974. It has an installed capacity of and is the second largest power station in Manitoba.TheThe Kettle Generating Station, also known as Kettle Rapids Generating Station, is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station on the Lower Nelson River in Manitoba, Canada. It is located northwest of Gillam. As part of the Nelson River Hydroelectric Project, the power station was completed in 1973 and the last generator commissioned in 1974. It has an installed capacity of and is the second largest power station in Manitoba.220 megawatts (1,640,000 hp) and is the second largest power station in Manitoba.\nConstruction on the station began in the spring of 1966 and it was carried out in several phases. First, the power house was constructed after a circular coffer dam was set on the right side of the river. Second, the spillway was built adjacent and to the left of the power house while the river flowed through the power house in the meantime. Once the spillway was complete the entire the river was diverted through it. At this point, the turbines and generators were loaded into the power house and the earth-fill section on the dam's left bank was completed. The first generator was commissioned in December 1970 and seven generators were operational in June 1973 when the station was officially opened. The last generator was commissioned in November 1974.\nOf the river's 885 m (2,904 ft) width, the power house covers 380 m (1,247 ft) or 43 percent. The spillway covers 22 percent in the center of the dam and the earth-fill dam completes the remaining 35 percent in length. The dam's spillway is controlled by eight floodgates and can discharge up to 8,349 m3/s (294,842 cu ft/s) of water. The power house contains twelve 102 MW propeller-typeThe Kettle Generating Station, also known as Kettle Rapids Generating Station, is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station on the Lower Nelson River in Manitoba, Canada. It is located northwest of Gillam. As part of the Nelson River Hydroelectric Project, the power station was completed in 1973 and the last generator commissioned in 1974. It has an installed capacity of and is the second largest power station in Manitoba.The Kettle Generating Station, also known as Kettle Rapids Generating Station, is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station on the Lower Nelson River in",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Nelson River",
"paragraph_text": " Lake and Kiskitto Lake into Cross Lake at the Manitoba Hydro's Jenpeg Generating Station and Dam. From Cross Lake it flows through Sipiwesk Lake, Split Lake and Stephens Lake on its way to the Hudson Bay.\nSince it drains Lake Winnipeg, it is the last part of the large Saskatchewan River system, as well as that of the Red River and Winnipeg River. Devils Lake is unusual for a glacial lake in being presently closed, also has been known to overflow into the Red River for at least five separate periods since deglaciation.\nBesides Lake Winnipeg, its primary tributaries include the Grass River, which drains a long area north of Lake Winnipeg, and the Burntwood River, which passes through Thompson, Manitoba.\nThe river flows into Hudson Bay at Port Nelson (now a ghost town), just north of the Hayes River and York Factory. Other communities upriver from there include Bird, Sundance, Long Spruce, Gillam, Split Lake, Arnot, Cross Lake, and Norway House.\n\n\n=== Transportation ===\n\nNorth America has just one port on the Arctic Ocean, linked to the North American railway grid—at Churchill, Manitoba, at the mouth of the Churchill River.\nOriginally port facilities were to have been built at Port Nelson; original proposals for the Hudson's Bay rail link would have used that point as a terminus. Practical problems led to the port's relocation to Churchill. Those difficulties included a much greater need for dredging,Fort Nelson, a historic Hudson's Bay Company trading post, was at the mouth of the Nelson River at Hudson Bay and was a key trading post in the early 18th century. After his pivotal role in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, Pierre Esprit Radisson, noted French explorer, was chief director of trade at Fort Nelson during one of his sustained periods of service to England. Today, Fort Nelson no longer exists. Port Nelson, the abandoned shipping port, remains on the opposite side of the river mouth on Hudson Bay.TheFort Nelson, a historic Hudson's Bay Company trading post, was at the mouth of the Nelson River at Hudson Bay and was a key trading post in the early 18th century. After his pivotal role in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, Pierre Esprit Radisson, noted French explorer, was chief director of trade at Fort Nelson during one of his sustained periods of service to England. Today, Fort Nelson no longer exists. Port Nelson, the abandoned shipping port, remains on the opposite side of the river mouth on Hudson Bay. which 180,000 square kilometres (69,000 sq mi) is in the United States.\n\n\n== Geography ==\n\nThe Nelson River flows into Playgreen Lake from Lake Winnipeg then flows from two channels into Cross Lake. The east channel and the Jack River flow from the southeast portion of the lake into Little Playgreen Lake then the Nelson east channel continues in a northerly direction passing through Pipestone Lake on its way to Cross Lake. The west channel flows out of the north ends of Playgreen Lake, Kiskittogisu Lake and Kiskitto Lake into Cross Lake at the Manitoba Hydro's Jenpeg Generating Station and Dam. From Cross Lake it flows through Sipiwesk Lake, Split Lake and Stephens Lake on its way to the Hudson Bay.\nSince it drains Lake Winnipeg, it is the last part of the large Saskatchewan River system, as well as that of the Red River and Winnipeg River. Devils Lake is unusual for a glacial lake in being presently closed, also has been known to overflow into the Red River for at least five separate periods since deglaciation.\nBesides Lake Winnipeg, its primary tributaries include the Grass River, which drains a long area north of Lake Winnipeg, and the Burntwood River, which passes through Thompson, Manitoba.\nThe river flows into Hudson Bay at Port Nelson (now a ghost town), just north of the Hayes River and York Factory. Other communities upriver from there include Bird, Sundance, Long Spruce, Gillam, Split Lake, Arnot, Cross Lake, and Norway House.\n\n\n=== Transportation ===\n\nNorth America has just one port on the Arctic Ocean, linked to the North American railway grid—at Churchill, Manitoba, at the mouth of the Churchill River.\nOriginally port facilities were to have been built at Port Nelson; original proposals for the Hudson's Bay rail link would have used that point as a terminus. Practical problems led to the port's relocation to Churchill. Those difficulties included a much greater need for dredging,Fort Nelson, a historic Hudson's Bay Company trading post, was at the mouth of the Nelson River at Hudson Bay and was a key trading post in the early 18th century. After his pivotal role in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, Pierre Esprit Radisson, noted French explorer, was chief director of trade at Fort Nelson during one of his sustained periods of service to England. Today, Fort Nelson no longer exists. Port Nelson, the abandoned shipping port, remains on the opposite side of the river mouth on Hudson Bay.The Nelson River is a river of north-central North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba. The river drains Lake Winnipeg and runs 644 kilometres (400 mi) before it ends in Hudson Bay. Its full length (including the Saskatchewan River and Bow River) is 2,575 kilometres (1,600 mi), it has mean discharge of 2,370 cubic metres per second (84,000 cu ft/s), and has a drainage basin of 1,072,300 square kilometres (414,000 sq mi), of which 180,000 square kilometres (69,000 sq mi) is in the United States.\n\n\n== Geography ==\n\n",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | On which river's tributary is the Kettle Generating Station situated? | [
{
"id": 827755,
"question": "Kettle Generating Station >> located on terrain feature",
"answer": "Nelson River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 156034,
"question": "What is #1 a tributary of?",
"answer": "Hudson's Bay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Hudson's Bay | [
"Hudson Bay"
] | true | What is the river that the Kettle Generating Station is located on a tributary of? |
2hop__763380_74735 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Hey Jude",
"paragraph_text": " Klein had negotiated a more lucrative contract for the Beatles with Capitol Records in 1969 which required one compilation album per year. He directed Allan Steckler of ABKCO/Apple to work on one. Steckler chose songs that had not appeared on a Capitol album in the United States and that spanned the group's career. He also focused more on recent singles than on earlier material. The absence of the songs from a US Capitol album was partially due to the Beatles' unwillingness to include single releases on their contemporaneous albums. This was a consequence of their arrangement``Hey Jude ''is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney. The ballad evolved from`` Hey Jules'', a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's son, Julian, during his parents' divorce. ``Hey Jude ''begins with a verse - bridge structure incorporating McCartney's vocal performance and piano accompaniment; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a fade - out coda that lasts for more than four minutes.Hey Jude (original title: The Beatles Again) is a 1970 collection of non-album singles and B-sides by the Beatles. Originally released in the United States and various other markets, but not in the United Kingdom, it consists of non-album singles and B-sides not previously issued on an American Beatles LP; this includes \"I Should Have Known Better\" and \"Can't Buy Me Love\", two singles released by Capitol Records whose only previous American album appearance had been on the A Hard Day's Night soundtrack album, which had been``Hey Jude ''is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney. The ballad evolved from`` Hey Jules'', a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon's son, Julian, during his parents' divorce. ``Hey Jude ''begins with a verse - bridge structure incorporating McCartney's vocal performance and piano accompaniment; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a fade - out coda that lasts for more than four minutes. been released by United Artists Records. The Hey Jude LP has been out of print since the late 1980s, although it remained available on cassette during the 1990s. The album",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Too Late for Goodbyes",
"paragraph_text": " No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart in late March 1985. B-side \"Big Mama\" has been described by Lennon as \"semi-hard rock\".\"\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" is the first single (second in the U.S.) from Julian Lennon's 1984 album \"Valotte\". It featured the harmonica of Jean \"Toots\" Thielemans, and it was a top-10 hit in the U.K. and U.S., reaching No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1984, and No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart in late March 1985. B-side \"Big Mama\" has been described by Lennon as \"semi-hard rock\". backbeat and some exquisite Muscle Shoals guitar work back up Lennon’s spare lyric phrasing and lend the song a strong ride.\"\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" peaked at #1 on\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" is the first single (second in the U.S.) from Julian Lennon's 1984 album \"Valotte\". It featured the harmonica of Jean \"Toots\" Thielemans, and it was a top-10 hit in the U.K. and U.S., reaching No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1984, and No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart in late March 1985. B-side \"Big Mama\" has been described by Lennon as \"semi-hard rock\".\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" is the first single (second in the US) from Julian Lennon's debut studio album Valotte (1984). It featured the harmonica of Jean \"Toots\" Thielemans, and it was a top-10 hit, reaching No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1984, and No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in late March 1985. B-side \"Big Mama\" has been described by Lennon as \"semi-hard rock\".\nCash Box said that \"a galloping reggae backbeat and some exquisite Muscle Shoals guitar work back up Lennon’s spare lyric phrasing and lend the song a strong ride.\"\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" peaked at #1 on 16 March 1985 at the US Adult Contemporary chart, spending two weeks at the top of this chart. The music video for the song was directed by Sam Peckinpah, and produced by Martin Lewis. To date, it is the most successful song of Lennon's career.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nUK 7\" single (Charisma JL1)\n\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" – 3:30\n\"Well I Don't Know\" – 4:35\nUS 7\" single (Atlantic 7-89589)\n\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" – 3:30\n\"Let Me Be\" – 2:12\nUK 12\" single (Charisma JL112)\n\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" – 3:30\n\"Big Mama\" – 3:16\n\"Well I Don't Know\" – 4:35\nUS 12\" single (Atlantic 0-86899)\n\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes (Extended Special Mix)\" – 5:55\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" – 3:30\n\"Let Me Be\" – 2:12\n\n\n== Musicians ==\nJulian Lennon – lead vocals and backing vocals, synthesizers, electronic drums and drum machine\nBarry Beckett – synthesizer\nJustin Clayton – rhythm guitar\nMartin Briley – rhythm guitar\nMarcus Miller – bass\nToots Thielemans – harmonica\n\n\n== In popular culture ==\nThe song is featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto V on the in-game radio station, Los Santos Rock Radio.\n\n\n== Charts and certifications ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of Hot Adult Contemporary number ones of 1985\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes – Original Music Video – directed by Sam Peckinpah\" – via YouTube.\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" at Discogs (list of releases)\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" is the first single (second in the US) from Julian Lennon's debut studio album Valotte (1984). It featured the harmonica of Jean \"Toots\" Thielemans, and it was a top-10 hit, reaching No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1984, and No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in late March 1985. B-side \"Big Mama\" has been described by Lennon as \"semi-hard rock\".\nCash Box said that \"a galloping reggae backbeat and some exquisite Muscle Shoals guitar work back up Lennon’s spare lyric phrasing and lend the song a strong ride.\"\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" peaked at #1 on 16 March 1985 at the US Adult Contemporary chart, spending two weeks at the top of this chart. The music video for the song was directed by Sam Peckinpah, and produced by Martin Lewis. To date, it is the most successful song of Lennon's career.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nUK 7\" single (Charisma JL1)\n\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" – 3:30\n\"Well I Don't Know\" – 4:35\nUS 7\" single (Atlantic 7-89589)\n\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" – 3:30\n\"Let Me Be\" – 2:12\nUK 12\" single (Charisma JL112)\n\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" – 3:30\n\"Big Mama\" – 3:16\n\"Well I Don't Know\" – 4:35\nUS 12\" single (Atlantic 0-86899)\n\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes (Extended Special Mix)\" – 5:55\n\"Too Late for Goodbyes\" – 3:30\n\"Let Me Be\" – 2:12\n\n\n== Musicians ==\nJulian Lennon – lead vocals and backing vocals, synthesizers, electronic drums and drum machine\nBarry",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | For the individual who sang Too Late for Goodbyes, which tune was penned by Paul McCartney? | [
{
"id": 763380,
"question": "Too Late for Goodbyes >> performer",
"answer": "Julian Lennon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 74735,
"question": "what song did paul mccartney wrote for #1",
"answer": "``Hey Jude ''",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | ``Hey Jude '' | [
"Hey Jude"
] | true | What song did Paul McCartney write for the person who performed Too Late for Goodbyes? |
2hop__156702_51769 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Patuxent River",
"paragraph_text": " Washington, D.C., and opens up into a navigable tidal estuary near the colonial seaport of Queen Anne in Prince George's County, Maryland, just southeast of Bowie. The river is bounded by significant marsh areas for 22 miles (35 km) from the Waysons Corner area to the Hunting Creek confluence. The 52 miles (84 km)-long tidal estuary is never wider than 2.3 miles (3.7 km).\nIt marks the boundary between Montgomery, Prince George's, Charles and St. Mary's counties on the west and Howard, Anne Arundel, and Calvert counties on the east. The Chesapeake estuary's deepest point, 130 feet (40 m) below sea level, is in the lower Patuxent.\nThe two largest cities in the watershed are Bowie and Laurel, Maryland. There is a percentage of agricultural activity in the region as well. The mid and lower banks of the river have swamp and marshland ecosystems. Many of those ecosystems are protected by some form of parkland, on the state and local levels. The most notable of which include JugThe Patuxent River is a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in the state of Maryland. There are three main river drainages for central Maryland: the Potomac River to the west passing through Washington, D.C., the Patapsco River to the northeast passing through Baltimore, and the Patuxent River between the two. The Patuxent watershed had a rapidly growing population of 590,769 in 2000. It is the largest and longest river entirely within Maryland, and its watershed is the largest completely within the state.TheThe Patuxent River is a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in the state of Maryland. There are three main river drainages for central Maryland: the Potomac River to the west passing through Washington, D.C., the Patapsco River to the northeast passing through Baltimore, and the Patuxent River between the two. The Patuxent watershed had a rapidly growing population of 590,769 in 2000. It is the largest and longest river entirely within Maryland, and its watershed is the largest completely within the state. entirely within Maryland, and its watershed is the largest completely within the state.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nThe river source, 115 miles (185 km) from the Chesapeake, is in the hills of the Maryland Piedmont near the intersection of four counties – Howard, Frederick, Montgomery and Carroll, and only 0.6 miles (0.97 km) from Parr's Spring, the source of the south fork of the Patapsco River. Flowing in a generally southeastward direction, the Patuxent crosses the urbanized corridor between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., and opens up into a navigable tidal estuary near the colonial seaport of Queen Anne in Prince George's County, Maryland, just southeast of Bowie. The river is bounded by significant marsh areas for 22 miles (35 km) from the Waysons Corner area to the Hunting Creek confluence. The 52 miles (84 km)-long tidal estuary is never wider than 2.3 miles (3.7 km).\nIt marks the boundary between Montgomery, Prince George's, Charles and St. Mary's counties on the west and Howard, Anne Arundel, and Calvert counties on the east. The Chesapeake estuary's deepest point, 130 feet (40 m) below sea level, is in the lower Patuxent.\nThe two largest cities in the watershed are Bowie and Laurel, Maryland. There is a percentage of agricultural activity in the region as well.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Chesapeake Bay Retriever",
"paragraph_text": "ive features include eyes that are very clear, of yellowish or amber hue, hindquarters as high or a trifle higher than the shoulders, and a double-coat that tends to wave on shoulders, neck, back, and loins. The waterproof coat feels slightly oily and is often associated with a slight musky odor. Three basic colors are generally seen in the breed: brown, which includes all shades from a light to a deep dark brown; sedge, which varies from a reddish yellow through a bright red to chestnut shades; and deadgrass in all its shades, varying from a faded tan to a dull straw color. The breed standard states that white may also appear but it must be limited to the breast, belly, toes, or back of the feet. The head is round and broad with a medium stop and muzzle. The lips are thin, and the ears are small and of medium leather. The forelegs should be straight with good bone. The hindquarters are especially strong and the toes webbed since excellent swimming ability is important for the Chesapeake. This breed is also known for its large and powerful chestA UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 10.75 years (average 9.85). A US breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9.4 years. 1 in 4 lived to 13 years or more while 1 in 5 do n't live past 5 years.TheA UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 10.75 years (average 9.85). A US breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9.4 years. 1 in 4 lived to 13 years or more while 1 in 5 do n't live past 5 years. is today primarily a family pet and hunting companion, known for a bright and happy disposition; courage; willingness to work; alertness; intelligence; love of water; and hunting capabilities. The Chesapeake is a medium- to large-sized dog similar in appearance to the Labrador Retriever, but with a wavy coat.\n\n\n== Appearance ==\nDistinctive features include eyes that are very clear, of yellowish or amber hue, hindquarters as high or a trifle higher than the shoulders, and a double-coat that tends to wave on shoulders, neck, back, and loins. The waterproof coat feels slightly oily and is often associated with a slight musky odor. Three basic colors are generally seen in the breed: brown, which includes all shades from a light to a deep dark brown; sedge, which varies from a reddish yellow through a bright red to chestnut shades; and deadgrass in all its shades, varying from a faded tan to a dull straw color. The breed standard states that white may also appear but it must be limited to the breast, belly, toes, or back of the feet. The head is round and broad with a medium stop and muzzle. The lips are thin, and the ears are small and of medium leather. The forelegs should be straight with good bone. The hindquarters are especially strong and the toes webbed since excellent swimming ability is important for the Chesapeake. This breed is also known for its large and powerful chestA UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 10.75 years (average 9.85). A US breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9.4 years. 1 in 4 lived to 13 years or more while 1 in 5 do n't live past 5 years.The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is a large breed of dog belonging to the retriever, gundog, and sporting breed groups. The breed was developed in the United States Chesapeake Bay area during the 19th century. Historically used by local market hunters to retrieve waterfowl, pull fishing nets, and rescue fishermen, it is today primarily a family pet and hunting companion, known for a bright and happy disposition; courage; willingness to work; alertness; intelligence; love of water; and hunting capabilities. The Chesapeake is a medium- to large-sized dog similar in appearance to the Labrador Retriever, but with a wavy coat.\n\n\n== Appearance ==\nDistinctive features include eyes that are very clear, of yellowish or amber hue, hindquarters as high or a trifle higher than the shoulders, and a double-coat that tends to wave on shoulders, neck, back, and loins. The waterproof coat feels slightly oily and is often associated with a slight musky odor. Three basic colors are generally seen in the breed: brown, which includes all shades from a light to a deep dark brown; sedge, which varies from a reddish yellow through a bright red to chestnut shades; and deadgrass in all its shades, varying from a faded tan to a dull straw color. The breed standard states that white may also appear but it must be limited to the breast, belly, toes, or back of the feet. The head is round and broad with a medium stop and muzzle. The lips are thin, and the ears are small and of medium leather. The forelegs should be straight with good bone. The hindquarters are especially strong and the toes webbed since excellent swimming ability is important for the Chesapeake. This breed is also known for its large and powerful chest, used to break apart ice when diving into cold water while duck hunting.\n\n\n=== Coat ===\nThe coat of the Chesapeake Bay Retriever is given the most consideration of any trait listed on the Positive Scale of Points in the Breed Standard. However the AKC Standard also reads \"The question of coat and general type of balance takes precedence over any scoring table which could be drawn up. The Chesapeake should be well proportioned, an animal with a good coat and well balanced in other points being preferable to one excelling in",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the lifespan of the retriever breed named after the body of water into which the Patuxent River flows? | [
{
"id": 156702,
"question": "What river does Patuxent River turn into?",
"answer": "Chesapeake Bay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 51769,
"question": "what is the life expectancy of a #1 retriever",
"answer": "average lifespan at 9.4 years",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | average lifespan at 9.4 years | [] | true | What is the life expectancy of the type of retriever named after the body of water the Patuxent River turns into? |
2hop__448615_127908 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "José Cancela",
"paragraph_text": " could only use Costa Rican players in their team.\nCancela joined the Revolution in July 2003, and immediately added an attacking flair not often seen in MLS. He immediately slotted into the starting lineup, and finished the season with a goal and seven assists in 13 games. Cancela struggled a little in his second year, as Clint Dempsey emerged as a competitor for the attacking midfield position, but finished the year with three goals and ten assists in 25 games. He scored two goals and five assists in 2005.\nAfter the 2006 season, Cancela was taken by Toronto FC in the 2006 MLS Expansion Draft, but dealt to the Colorado Rapids in April of the following year in exchange for a Youth International slot to be held by Toronto until 2009. He was waived by the Rapids before the 2008 season.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nJosé Cancela at Major League Soccer\nBDFA profile\nJosé Cancela – Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo.com (archived) (in Spanish)José Carlos Cancela Durán (born June 25, 1976) is a Uruguayan retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He is nicknamed \"Pepe\".\nBefore joining the Colorado Rapids, Cancela played the preseason with Toronto FC but was traded to the Denver-based club the day before the regular season began. Cancela played for Peñarol, Cruz Azul, Deportivo Saprissa, and the New England Revolution. He had to leave Saprissa, despite being loved by their fans, because of the rule implemented by the \"Morados\" after 2003, by which they could only use Costa Rican players in their team.\nCancela joined the Revolution in July 2003, and immediately added an attacking flair not often seen in MLS. He immediately slotted into the starting lineup, and finished the season with a goal and seven assists in 13 games. Cancela struggled a little in his second year, as Clint Dempsey emerged as a competitor for the attacking midfield position, but finished the year with three goals and ten assists in 25 games. He scored two goals and five assists in 2005.\nAfter the 2006 season, Cancela was taken by Toronto FC in the 2006 MLS Expansion Draft, but dealt to the Colorado Rapids in April of the following year in exchange for a Youth International slot to be held by Toronto until 2009. He was waived by the Rapids before the 2008 season.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nJosé Cancela at Major League Soccer\nBDFA profile\nJosé Cancela – Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo.com (archived) (in Spanish)José Carlos Cancela Durán (born June 25, 1976) is a Uruguayan retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He is nicknamed \"Pepe\".\nBefore joining the Colorado Rapids, Cancela played the preseason with Toronto FC but was traded to the Denver-based club the day before the regular season began. Cancela played for Peñarol, Cruz Azul, Deportivo Saprissa, and the New England Revolution. He had to leave Saprissa, despite being loved by their fans, because of the rule implemented by the \"Morados\" after 2003, by which they could only use Costa Rican players in their team.\nCancela joined the Revolution in July 2003, and immediately added an attacking flair not often seen in MLS. He immediatelyAfter the 2006 season, Cancela was taken by Toronto FC in the 2006 MLS Expansion Draft, but dealt to the Colorado Rapids in April of the following year in exchange for a Youth International slot to be held by Toronto until 2009. He was waived by the Rapids before the 2008 season.After the 2006 season, Cancela was taken by Toronto FC in the 2006 MLS Expansion Draft, but dealt to the Colorado Rapids in April of the following year in exchange for a Youth International slot to be held by Toronto until 2009. He was waived by the Rapids before the 2008 season.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Colorado Rapids",
"paragraph_text": "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City, Colorado. The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Western Conference. The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS.The Colorado Rapids are an American professional soccer club based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City, Colorado. The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Western Conference. The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS.Colorado Rapids 2 is a professional soccer club based in Denver, Colorado area that competes in the MLS Next Pro league, the third division of American soccer. The team is owned by, and operates as the reserve team of, the Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids. The team was announced as a member of MLS Next Pro on December 6, 2021.\n\n\n== History ==\nOn December 6, 2021, Colorado Rapids was named as one of 21 clubs that would field a team in the new MLS Next Pro league beginning in the 2022 season. Rapids announced that the team would be titled Colorado Rapids 2, and that Brian Crookham would serve as general manager.\nOn February 10, 2022, Rapids announced Erik Bushey as head coach and former Trinidad and Tobago international player Brian Haynes as assistant coach.\n\n\n== Players and staff ==\n\n\n=== Roster ===\nAs of January 24, 2024\n\n\n=== Out on loan ===\n\n\n=== Staff ===\nBrian Crookham – general manager\nErik Bushey – head coach\nBrian Haynes – assistant coach\n\n\n== Team records ==\n\n\n=== Season-by-season ===\nAs of September 18, 2022\n\n\n=== Head coaches record ===\nAs of September 18, 2022\nIncludes Regular season & Playoffs\n\n\n== Honors ==\nMLS Next Pro Regular Season\nChampions: 2023\n\n\n== See also ==\nColorado Rapids U-23\nMLS Next Pro\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial websiteColorado Rapids 2 is a professional soccer club based in Denver, Colorado area that competes in the MLS Next Pro league, the third division of American soccer. The team is owned by, and operates as the reserve team of, the Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids. The team was announced as a member of MLS Next Pro on December 6, 2021.\n\n\n== History ==\nOn December 6, 2021, Colorado Rapids was named as one of 21 clubs that would field a team in the new MLS Next Pro league beginning in the 2022 season. Rapids announced that the team would be titled Colorado Rapids 2, and that Brian Crookham would serve as general manager.\nOn February 10, 2022, Rapids announced Erik Bushey as head coach and former Trinidad and Tobago international player Brian Haynes as assistant coach.\n\n\n== Players and staff ==\n\n\n=== Roster ===\nAs of January 24, 2024\n\n\n=== Out on loan ===\n\n\n=== Staff ===\nBrian Crookham – general manager\nErik Bushey – head coach\nBrian Haynes – assistant coach\n\n\n== Team records ==\n\n\n=== Season-by-season ===\nAs of September 18, 2022\n\n\n=== Head coaches record ===\nAs of September 18, 2022\nIncludes Regular season & Playoffs\n\n\n== Honors ==\nMLS Next Pro Regular Season\nChampions: 2023\n\n\n== See also ==\nColorado Rapids U-23\nMLS Next Pro\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial websiteColorado Rapids 2 is a professional soccer club based in Denver, Colorado area that competes in the MLS Next Pro league, the third division of American soccer. The team is owned by, and operates as the reserve team of, the Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids. The team was announced as a member of MLS Next Pro on December 6, 2021.\n\n\n== History ==\nOn December 6, 2021, Colorado Rapids was named as one of 21 clubs that would field a team in the new MLS Next Pro league beginning in the 2022 season. Rapids announced that the team would be titled Colorado Rapids 2, and that Brian Crookham would serve as general manager.\nOn February 10, 2022, Rapids announced Erik Bushey as head coach and former Trinidad and Tobago international player Brian Haynes as assistant coach.\n\n\n== Players and staff ==\n\n\n=== Roster ===\nAs of January 24, 2024\n\n\n=== Out on loan ===\n\n\n=== Staff ===\nBrian Crookham – general manager\nErik Bushey – head coach\nBrian Haynes – assistant coach\n\n\n== Team records ==\n\n\n=== Season-by-season ===\nAs of September 18, 2022\n\n\n=== Head coaches record ===\nAs of September 18, 2022\nIncludes Regular season & Playoffs\n\n\n== Honors ==\nMLS Next Pro Regular Season\nChampions: 2023\n\n\n== See also ==\nColorado Rapids U-23\nMLS Next Pro\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial websiteColorado Rapids 2 is a professional soccer club based in Denver, Colorado area that competes in the MLS Next Pro league, the third division of American soccer. The team is owned by, and operates as the reserve team of, the Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids. The team was announced as a member of MLS Next Pro on December 6, 2021.\n\n\n== History ==\nOn December 6, 2021, Colorado Rapids was named as one of 21 clubs that would field a team in the new MLS Next Pro league beginning in the 2022 season. Rapids announced that the team would be titled Colorado Rapids 2, and that Brian Crookham would serve as general manager.\nOn February 10, 2022, Rapids announced Erik Bushey as head coach and former Trinidad and Tobago international player Brian Haynes as assistant coach.\n\n\n== Players and staff ==\n\n\n=== Roster ===\nAs of January 24, 2024\n\n\n=== Out on loan ===\n\n\n=== Staff ===\nBrian Crookham – general manager\nErik Bushey – head coach\nBrian Haynes – assistant coach\n\n\n== Team records ==\n\n\n=== Season-by-season ===\nAs of September 18, 2022\n\n\n=== Head coaches record ===\nAs of September 18, 2022\nIncludes Regular season & Playoffs\n\n\n== Honors ==\nMLS Next Pro Regular Season\nChampions: 2023\n\n\n== See also ==\nColorado Rapids U-23\nMLS Next Pro\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which league did Jose Cancela's team participate? | [
{
"id": 448615,
"question": "José Cancela >> member of sports team",
"answer": "Colorado Rapids",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 127908,
"question": "What league was #1 ?",
"answer": "Major League Soccer",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | Major League Soccer | [
"MLS"
] | true | What league was the team that Jose Cancela was a member of in? |
2hop__403060_92763 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "University of Miami",
"paragraph_text": "'s intercollegiate athletic teams are collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes and compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Its football team has won five national championships since 1983, and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Leadership ===\n\n\n==== Bowman Foster Ashe (1926 to 1952) ====\n\nIn 1925, the University of Miami was founded by a group of citizens who sought to offer \"unique opportunities to develop inter-American studies, further creative work in the arts and letters, and conduct teaching and research programs in tropical studies\", according to the university's founding charter. They believed that a local university would benefit the Miami metropolitan area and were optimistic that the university would be a beneficiary of future financial support, especially since South Florida was benefiting from the historic 1920s land boom. During this era of Jim Crow laws, there were three large state-funded universities in FloridaUniversity of Miami Latin: Universitas Miamiensis Motto Magna est veritas (Latin) Motto in English Great is the truth Type Private Established 1925; 93 years ago (1925) Academic affiliations NAICU SURA ORAU Endowment $949 million (2017) Budget $3.3 billion (2016) Chairman Richard D. Fain President Julio Frenk Provost Jeffrey Duerk Academic staff 3,045 Administrative staff 10,985 Students 16,801 Undergraduates 10,849 Postgraduates 5,952 Location Coral Gables, Florida, U.S. Campus Suburban Total 453 acres (1.83 km) Colors Orange, Green, White Nickname Hurricanes Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- ACC Mascot Sebastian the Ibis Website www.miami.edu240 acres (0.97 km2), has over 5,700,000 square feet (530,000 m2) of buildings, and is located 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Downtown Miami, the heart of the nation's ninth-largest and world's 65th-largest metropolitan area. As of 2023, it is the 75th-largest research university in the nation with annual research expenditures of $456 million.\nAs of 2023, the University of Miami has 229,710 alumni from all 50 states and 174 foreign nations. University of Miami faculty include a number of notable academics across nearly all disciplines, including four Nobel Prize recipients. The university",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "The Miami Hurricane",
"paragraph_text": " Championships, tied with USC and Ohio State and behind Alabama, Notre Dame, and Oklahoma. Two Hurricanes, Vinny Testaverde in 1986 and Gino Toretta in 1992, have won the Heisman Trophy. As of 2023, eight University of Miami players and four coaches have been inducted into the College Football Hall of FameThe Miami Hurricane, founded in 1929, is the official student newspaper at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, in the United States. It is published weekly by a staff of mostly undergraduate students. It has won many awards during its history and is an Associated Collegiate Press \"Hall of Fame\" newspaper.TheThe Miami Hurricane, founded in 1929, is the official student newspaper at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, in the United States. It is published weekly by a staff of mostly undergraduate students. It has won many awards during its history and is an Associated Collegiate Press \"Hall of Fame\" newspaper.6. Since then, it has since won five AP national championships in 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, and 2001.\nThe Miami Hurricanes are among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history. Miami is ranked fourth on the list of all-time Associated Press National Poll Championships, tied with USC and Ohio State and behind Alabama, Notre Dame, and Oklahoma. Two Hurricanes, Vinny Testaverde in 1986 and Gino Toretta in 1992, have won the Heisman Trophy. As of 2023, eight University of Miami players and four coaches have been inducted into the College Football Hall of FameThe Miami Hurricane, founded in 1929, is the official student newspaper at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, in the United States. It is published weekly by a staff of mostly undergraduate students. It has won many awards during its history and is an Associated Collegiate Press \"Hall of Fame\" newspaper.The Miami Hurricanes football team represents the University of Miami in college football. The Hurricanes compete in the NCAA's Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, the highest level of collegiate football in the nation. The team is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference, one of the five Power Five conferences in college football. The program began in 1926. Since then, it has since won five AP national championships in 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, and 2001.\nThe Miami Hurricanes are among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history. Miami is ranked fourth on the list of all-time Associated Press National Poll Championships, tied with USC and Ohio State and behind Alabama, Notre Dame, and Oklahoma. Two Hurricanes, Vinny Testaverde in 1986 and Gino Toretta in 1992, have won the Heisman Trophy. As of 2023, eight University of Miami players and four coaches have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Among players, Bennie Blades, Don Bosseler, Ted Hendricks, Russell Maryland, Ed Reed, Vinny Testaverde, Gino Torretta, and Arnold Tucker have been inducted. Coaches inducted include Dennis Erickson, Andy Gustafson, Jack Harding, and Jimmy Johnson.\nAs of the end of the 2023 season, the Miami Hurricanes have a compiled record of 663–388–19 since the program's 1926 founding. In addition to its five national championships, the University of Miami has won nine conference championships and appeared in 42 major bowl games.\nThe University of Miami also holds a number of NFL draft records, including most first-round selections in a single draft and most consecutive drafts with at least one first-round selection. As of 2024, at least one University of Miami player has been selected in 49 consecutive NFL drafts, dating back to 1975, and 358 Miami Hurricanes have been selected in the NFL Draft overall, the 13th-most among all college football programs.\nAmong all colleges and universities, as of 2022, the University of Miami holds the all-time record for the most defensive linemen (49) and is tied with USC for the most wide receivers (40) to go on to play in the NFL. \nAs of 2024, eleven Miami Hurricanes have been inducted into the NFL's Pro Football Hall of Fame: Jim Otto in 1980, Ted Hendricks in 1990, Jim Kelly in 2002, Michael Irvin in 2007, Cortez Kennedy in 2012, Warren Sapp in 2013, Ray Lewis in 2018, Ed Reed in 2019, Edgerrin James in 2020, and Devin Hester and Andre Johnson in 2024.\nSince 2008, the University of Miami has played its home games at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, roughly 22 miles (35 km) north of the university's primary campus in Coral Gables. Prior to 2008, from 1937 until 2007, Miami played their home games at the Miami Orange Bowl in the Little Havana section of Miami, which was demolished in 2008 after 71 years of use by the NFL's Miami Dolphins, the Hurricanes, and for other athletic and entertainment purposes.\nIn December 2021, the University of Miami announced the appointment of Mario Cristobal as the team's new coach. Cristobal signed a 10-year, $80 million contract with the Hurricanes.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early history (1926–1978) ===\n\n\n==== 1920s ====\nThe University of Miami football program began with a freshman team in 1926. The program's first game was a 7–0 victory over Rollins College on October 23, 1926 before 304 fans. Under the guidance of head coach Howard \"Cub\" Buck, a former NFL player, the freshman team posted an undefeated 8–0 record in its inaugural season. Two of Miami's wins in 1926 came against the University of Havana, one on Thanksgiving Day in Miami and one in Havana, Cuba, on Christmas Day. The Hurricanes won both games against the University of Havana by an identical shutout score of 23–0. \nThe Hurricanes won their last home game of its inaugural 1926 season against Howard College, now Samford University, 9–7, at the University of Miami's University Stadium. Its win over Howard College was also the first Hurricane football game played on New Year's Day. \nThe following year, in 1927, the team adopted the \"Miami Hurricanes\" as the name for its athletic teams. The origins of the name are not exactly clear; some reports suggest the name was a reference to the devastating power of the 1926 hurricane that postponed the program's first game by a month, and others that it was suggested by a player in response to rumors that university officials wanted to name the team after local flora or fauna.\nVarsity competition began in 1927, with the Hurricanes beating Rollins, 39–3, in its first game and going on to a 3–6–1 record. The team improved to 4–4–1 in 1928, but the program fired Buck, who was replaced prior to the 1929 season with J. Burton Rix, previously head coach at Southern Methodist. Rix's arrival was funded by a group of local businessmen.\n\n\n==== 1930s ====\nRix was replaced the following season, in 1930, by Ernest Brett. The Hurricanes played Temple in its first game outside the South, losing 34–0 in a game played in Atlantic City, New Jersey. On October 31, 1930, the Hurricanes played in one of the nation's first night games, facing Bowden College in Miami. \nBrett only lasted one year, and Tom McCann became the program's fourth head coach in 1931. Under McCann, the football program experienced its most successful seasons to that date. \nFollowing a difficult first year, the Hurricanes recorded a winning record in the 1932 season and served as host to the inaugural Palm Festival, later renamed the Orange Bowl, where it defeated Manhattan College 7–0 at Moore Park in Miami. A 5–1–2 campaign and another Palm Festival berth followed in 1933, and in 1934, the program played in its first official bowl game, losing to Bucknell in the first Orange Bowl, 26–0. In 1935, a group of Hurricanes' football supporters sought to hire Red Grange as coach, but the move was vetoed by President Bowman Foster Ashe in part because of what was perceived as the excessive $7,500 salary that Grange sought. Irl Tubbs took over as head coach in 1935. The Hurricanes compiled an 11–5–2 record in his two seasons, but the team failed to reach a bowl game in either year.\nAfter Irl Tubbs resigned following the 1936 season to become head coach at Iowa, Jack Harding was hired to serve as both head football coach and athletic director at the University of Miami. In 1937, the Hurricanes moved into the brand new Burdine Municipal Stadium, renamed the Orange Bowl in 1959, located in Little Havana just west of Downtown Miami. The following year, Miami played archrival Florida for the first time, defeating the Gators 19–7 at Florida Field, and won the program's first Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association title with an 8–2 record.\n\n\n==== 1940s ====\n\nHarding led the Hurricanes to an eight-win season in 1941 and a seven-win campaign in 1942 prior to being called away for service in World War II. Eddie Dunn, a former star running back for the Hurricanes under Harding, stepped into the void and served as head coach during Harding's two-year absence during World War II. In 1943, the Hurricanes won five games, but they faltered the following year, in 1944, winning just once and losing seven and typing one game.\nHarding returned in 1945, and the Hurricanes improved to 9–1–1, and returned to the Orange Bowl for the first time since 1934, where they defeated Holy Cross 13–6.\n\n\n==== 1950s ====\nHarding was succeeded by Andy Gustafson, who introduced a \"drive series\" offense, which featured an option-oriented attack from the Split-T formation that relied on zone blocking and either a fullback fake or carry on every play. Under Gustafson, the Hurricanes went 9–1–1 in 1951, including a 35–13 win in its first-ever game against rival Florida State. The same season, the Hurricanes produced their first All-American, Al Carapella, and returned to the Orange Bowl, losing to Clemson 15–14. The following season, the Hurricanes won eight games and went to a bowl game in consecutive years for the first time in school history, shutting out Clemson 14–0 in a rematch",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the total number of students registered at the educational institution home to the Miami Hurricane? | [
{
"id": 403060,
"question": "The Miami Hurricane >> owned by",
"answer": "University of Miami",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 92763,
"question": "what is the enrollment at #1",
"answer": "16,801",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | 16,801 | [] | true | What is the enrollment at the school that owns the Miami Hurricane? |
2hop__388523_75487 | [
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "James Rajotte",
"paragraph_text": " Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, Rajotte was chair of Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. Previously he was chair of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. He represented the riding of Edmonton Southwest from 2000 to 2004. In the 2004 federal election he was elected in the newly created riding of Edmonton-Leduc. He was re-elected in Edmonton-Leduc in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections. He was first elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000, and was also one of four Alliance MPs who agreed to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus after the December 9, 2003 creation of the Conservative Party, as the Alliance and Progressive Conservative parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged into a single caucus until a few weeks later.\nRajotte is a former executive assistant and researcher. Rajotte was the CPC official opposition critic for Industry and also fulfilled the role of opposition critic for Science, Research and Development. His interests include classical music and literature.\n\n\n== Electoral record ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nJames Rajotte – Parliament of Canada biography\nOfficial websiteJames Rajotte (born August 19, 1970) is a Canadian politician who currently serves as Alberta's senior representative to the United States. He served as a Member of Parliament from 2004 to 2015.\nAs a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, Rajotte was chair of Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. Previously he was chair of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. He represented the riding of Edmonton Southwest from 2000 to 2004. In the 2004 federal election he was elected in the newly created riding of Edmonton-Leduc. He was re-elected in Edmonton-Leduc in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections. He was first elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000, and was also one of four Alliance MPs who agreed to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus after the December 9, 2003 creation of the Conservative Party, as the Alliance and Progressive Conservative parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged into a single caucus until a few weeks later.\nRajotte is a former executive assistant and researcher. Rajotte was the CPC official opposition critic for Industry and also fulfilled the role of opposition critic for Science, Research and Development. His interests include classical music and literature.\n\n\n== Electoral record ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nJames Rajotte – Parliament of Canada biography\nOfficial websiteJames Rajotte (born August 19, 1970) is a Canadian politician who currently serves as Alberta's senior representative to the United States. He served as a Member of Parliament from 2004 to 2015.\nAs a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, Rajotte was chair of Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. Previously he was chair of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. He represented the riding of Edmonton Southwest from 2000 to 2004. In the 2004 federal election he was elected in the newly created riding of Edmonton-Leduc. He was re-elected in Edmonton-Leduc in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections. He was first elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000, and was also one of four Alliance MPs who agreed to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus after the December 9, 2003 creation of the Conservative Party, as the Alliance and Progressive Conservative parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged into a single caucus until a few weeks later.\nRajotte is a former executive assistant and researcher. Rajotte was the CPC official opposition critic for Industry and also fulfilled the role of opposition critic for Science, Research and Development. His interests include classical music and literature.\n\n\n== Electoral record ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nJames Rajotte – Parliament of Canada biography\nOfficial websiteJames Rajotte (born August 19, 1970) is a Canadian politician who currently serves as Alberta's senior representative to the United States. He served as a Member of Parliament from 2004 to 2015.\nAs a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, Rajotte was chair of Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. Previously he was chair of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. He represented the riding of Edmonton Southwest from 2000 to 2004. In the 2004 federal election he was elected in the newly created riding of Edmonton-Leduc. He was re-elected in Edmonton-Leduc in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections. He was first elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000, and was also one of four Alliance MPs who agreed to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus after the December 9, 2003 creation of the Conservative Party, as the Alliance and Progressive Conservative parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged into a single caucus until a few weeks later.\nRajotte is a former executive assistant and researcher. Rajotte was the CPC official opposition critic for Industry and also fulfilled the role of opposition critic for Science, Research and Development. His interests include classical music and literature.\n\n\n== Electoral record ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nJames Rajotte – Parliament of Canada biography\nOfficial websiteJames Rajotte (born August 19, 1970) is a Canadian politician who currently serves as Alberta's senior representative to the United States. He served as a Member of Parliament from 2004 to 2015.\nAs a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, Rajotte was chair of Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. Previously he was chair of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. He represented the riding of Edmonton Southwest from 2000 to 2004. In the 2004 federalAs a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, Rajotte was chair of Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. Previously he was chair of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. He represented the riding of Edmonton Southwest from 2000 to 2004. In the 2004 federal election he was elected in the newly created riding of Edmonton-Leduc. He was re-elected in Edmonton-Leduc in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections. He was first elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000, and was also one of four Alliance MPs who agreed to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus after the December 9, 2003 creation of the Conservative Party, as the Alliance and Progressive Conservative parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged into a single caucus until a few weeks later.JAs a member of the Conservative Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, Rajotte was chair of Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. Previously he was chair of the Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology. He represented the riding of Edmonton Southwest from 2000 to 2004. In the 2004 federal election he was elected in the newly created riding of Edmonton-Leduc. He was re-elected in Edmonton-Leduc in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections. He was first elected as a Canadian Alliance MP in 2000, and was also one of four Alliance MPs who agreed to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus after the December 9, 2003 creation of the Conservative Party, as the Alliance and Progressive Conservative parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged into a single caucus until a few weeks later. to sit with the Progressive Conservative caucus after the December 9, 2003 creation of the Conservative Party, as the Alliance and Progressive Conservative parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged into a single caucus until a few weeks later.\nRajotte is a former executive assistant",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election",
"paragraph_text": " of his staff leaked the list. On February 11, 2019, the Conservative Party released a statement from its Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) which concluded: \"In short, LEOC does not believe there is evidence that the Trost CampaignThe 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017. Party members chose Andrew Scheer as leader, replacing Stephen Harper, who led the Conservative Party of Canada as its leader from 2004 following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties. Harper led the party through five federal elections: the party increased its seat count in the House of Commons in 2004, formed two minority governments in 2006, and 2008, and then a majority government in 2011. Following the defeat of the party in the 2015 federal election on October 19, Harper tendered his resignation as party leader. In a statement, Conservative Party President Harry Walsh said he had spoken to Harper, ``and he has instructed me to reach out to the newly elected parliamentary caucus to appoint an Interim Leader and to implement the leadership selection process. '',010 party members were eligible to vote in the leadership contest. 141,000 members cast a vote. According to raw voting figures, Scheer received 62,593 votes on the final ballot compared to 55,544 votes for Bernier with 23,000 voters who had voted in the first round ranking neither Scheer or Bernier in their ranked ballot. Votes were apportioned among ridings so that each riding was allocated 100 points, regardless of the number of voters, resulting in 17,222.20 points (50.95%) for Scheer and 16,577.80 points (49.05%) for Bernier.\nSubsequent to the election, fourth placed candidate Brad Trost",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the leader at the federal level for the party James Rajotte belongs to? | [
{
"id": 388523,
"question": "James Rajotte >> member of political party",
"answer": "Conservative Party of Canada",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 75487,
"question": "federal leader of #1",
"answer": "Andrew Scheer",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Andrew Scheer | [] | true | Who is the federal leader of the party that James Rajotte is a member of? |
2hop__119423_779396 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Lap Engine",
"paragraph_text": "The Lap Engine is a beam engine designed by James Watt, built by Boulton and Watt in 1788. It is now preserved at the Science Museum, London.It is important as both an early example of a beam engine by Boulton and Watt, and also mainly as illustrating an important innovative step in their development for its ability to produce rotary motion.\nThe engines name comes from its use in Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory, where it was used to drive a line of 43 polishing or lapping machines, used for the production of buttons and buckles.\n\n\n== Innovations ==\n\nWatt did not invent the steam engine and there is no single 'Watt steam engine' as such. He developed a number of separate innovations, each of",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "James Watt",
"paragraph_text": "Watt realised that the heat needed to warm the cylinder could be saved by adding a separate condensing cylinder. After the power cylinder wasWhile working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. Eventually he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water.TheWhile working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. Eventually he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water. introduced. Then the cylinder was cooled by a spray of water, which caused the steam to condense, forming a partial vacuum in the cylinder. Atmospheric pressure on the top of the piston pushed it down, lifting the work object. James Watt noticed that it required significant amounts of heat to warm the cylinder back up to the point where steam could enter the cylinder without immediately condensing. When the cylinder was warm enough that it became filled with steam the next power stroke could commence.\nWatt realised that the heat needed to warm the cylinder could be saved by adding a separate condensing cylinder. After the power cylinder wasWhile working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. Eventually he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water.The Watt steam engine design was an invention of James Watt that became synonymous with steam engines during the Industrial Revolution, and it was many years before significantly new designs began to replace the basic Watt design.\nThe first steam engines, introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, were of the \"atmospheric\" design. At the end of the power stroke, the weight of the object being moved by the engine pulled the piston to the top of the cylinder as steam was introduced. Then the cylinder was cooled by a spray of water, which caused the steam to condense, forming a partial vacuum in the cylinder. Atmospheric pressure on the top of the piston pushed it down, lifting the work object. James Watt noticed that it required significant amounts of heat to warm the cylinder back up to the point where steam could enter the cylinder without immediately condensing. When the cylinder was warm enough that it became filled with steam the next power stroke could commence.\nWatt realised that the heat needed to warm the cylinder could be saved by adding a separate condensing cylinder. After the power cylinder was filled with steam, a valve was opened to the secondary cylinder, allowing the steam to flow into it and be condensed, which drew the steam from the main cylinder causing the power stroke. The condensing cylinder was water cooled to keep the steam condensing. At the end of the power stroke, the valve was closed so the power cylinder could be filled with steam as the piston moved to the top. The result was the same cycle as Newcomen's design, but without any cooling of the power cylinder which was immediately ready for another stroke.\nWatt worked on the design over a period of several years, introducing the condenser, and introducing improvements to practically every part of the design. Notably, Watt performed a lengthy series of trials on ways to seal the piston in the cylinder, which considerably reduced leakage during the power stroke, preventing power loss. All of these changes produced a more reliable design which used half as much coal to produce the same amount of power.\nThe new design was introduced commercially in 1776, with the first example sold to the Carron Company ironworks. Watt continued working to improve the engine, and in 1781 introduced a system using a sun and planet gear to turn the linear motion of the engines into rotary motion. This made it useful not only in the original pumping role, but also as a direct replacement in roles where a water wheel would have been used previously. This was a key moment in the industrial revolution, since power sources could now be located anywhere instead of, as previously, needing a suitable water source and topography. Watt's partner Matthew Boulton began developing a multitude of machines that made use of this rotary power, developing the first modern industrialized factory, the Soho Foundry, which in turn produced new steam engine designs. Watt's early engines were like the original Newcomen designs in that they used low-pressure steam, and all of the power was produced by atmospheric pressure. When, in the early 1800s, other companies introduced high-pressure steam engines, Watt was reluctant to follow suit due to safety concerns. Wanting to improve on the performance of his engines, Watt began considering the use of higher-pressure steam, as well as designs using multiple cylinders in both the double-acting concept and the multiple-expansion concept. These double-acting engines required the invention of the parallel motion, which allowed the piston rods of the individual cylinders to move in straight lines, keeping the piston true in the cylinder, while the walking beam end moved through an arc, somewhat analogous to a crosshead in later steam engines.\n\n\n== Introduction ==\nIn 1698, the English mechanical designer Thomas Savery invented a pumping appliance that used steam to draw water directly from a well by means of a vacuum created by condensing steam. The appliance was also proposed for draining mines, but it could only draw fluid up approximately 25 feet, meaning it had to be located within this distance of the mine floor being drained. As mines became deeper, this was often impractical. It also consumed a large amount of fuel compared with later engines.\n\nThe solution to draining deep mines was found by Thomas Newcomen who developed an \"atmospheric\" engine that also worked on the vacuum principle. It employed a cylinder containing a movable piston connected by a chain to one end of a rocking beam that worked a mechanical lift pump from its opposite end. At the bottom of each stroke, steam was allowed to enter the cylinder below the piston. As the piston rose within the cylinder, drawn upward by a counterbalance, it drew in steam at atmospheric pressure. At the top of the stroke the steam valve was closed, and cold water was briefly injected into the cylinder as a means of cooling the steam. This water condensed the steam and created a partial vacuum below the piston. The atmospheric pressure outside the engine was then greater than the pressure within the cylinder, thereby pushing the piston into the cylinder. The piston, attached to a chain and in turn attached to one end of the \"rocking beam\", pulled down the end of the beam, lifting the opposite end of the beam. Hence, the pump deep in the mine attached to opposite end of the beam via ropes and chains was driven. The pump pushed, rather than pulled the column of water upward, hence it could lift water any distance. Once the piston was at the bottom, the cycle repeated.\nThe Newcomen engine was more powerful than the Savery engine. For the first time water could be raised from a depth of over 300 feet. The first example from 1712 was able to replace a team of 500 horses that had been used to pump out the mine. Seventy-five Newcomen pumping engines were installed at mines in Britain, France, Holland, Sweden and Russia. In the next fifty years only a few small changes were made to the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where did the creator of the Lap Engine receive their education? | [
{
"id": 119423,
"question": "Who found Lap Engine?",
"answer": "James Watt",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 779396,
"question": "#1 >> educated at",
"answer": "University of Glasgow",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | University of Glasgow | [] | true | Where was the designer of the Lap Engine educated? |
2hop__631139_75487 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election",
"paragraph_text": " of his staff leaked the list. On February 11, 2019, the Conservative Party released a statement from its Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) which concluded: \"In short, LEOC does not believe there is evidence that the Trost Campaign was responsible for leaking of the membership list....\" The fine was therefore removed from the Brad Trost Campaign. Trost went on to lose renomination as the party candidate for his riding during the 43rd Federal election on March 10, 2018, to Corey Tochor, former speaker of the Saskatchewan Legislature.\nCriticism has been raised about how the party memberships were handledThe 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election was held on May 27, 2017. Party members chose Andrew Scheer as leader, replacing Stephen Harper, who led the Conservative Party of Canada as its leader from 2004 following the merger of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative parties. Harper led the party through five federal elections: the party increased its seat count in the House of Commons in 2004, formed two minority governments in 2006, and 2008, and then a majority government in 2011. Following the defeat of the party in the 2015 federal election on October 19, Harper tendered his resignation as party leader. In a statement, Conservative Party President Harry Walsh said he had spoken to Harper, ``and he has instructed me to reach out to the newly elected parliamentary caucus to appoint an Interim Leader and to implement the leadership selection process. '',010 party members were eligible to vote in the leadership contest. 141,000 members cast a vote. According to raw voting figures, Scheer received 62,593 votes on the final ballot compared to 55,544 votes for Bernier with 23,000 voters who had voted in the first round ranking neither Scheer or Bernier in their ranked ballot. Votes were apportioned among ridings so that each riding was allocated 100 points, regardless of the number of voters, resulting in 17,222.20 points (50.95%) for Scheer and 16,577.80 points (49.05%) for Bernier.\nSubsequent to the election, fourth placed candidate Brad Trost and his campaign were fined $50,000 by the Conservative Party of Canada for allegedly leaking the party's membership list to the National Firearms Association. Trost denied that he or any of his staff leaked the list. On February 11, 2019, the Conservative Party released a statement from its Leadership Election Organizing Committee (LEOC) which concluded: \"In short, LEOC does not believe there is evidence that the Trost Campaign was responsible for leaking of the membership list....\" The fine was therefore removed from the Brad Trost Campaign. Trost went on to lose renomination as the party candidate for his riding during the 43rd Federal election on March 10, 2018, to Corey Tochor, former speaker of the Saskatchewan Legislature.\nCriticism has been raised about how the party memberships were handled, with some prominent members saying they never received a ballot, even after contacting the party about it.\nIn addition, the result of the leadership race and party handling was questioned by some supporters of such as runner-up Maxime Bernier and fifth place candidate Kellie Leitch due to discrepancies in the final ballot count, specifically a gap between the number of ballots cast and the announced result – a 7,466 vote discrepancy, which is greater than Andrew Scheer's 7,049 votes margin of victory in the final round. There was criticism over the exact role of the accounting firm Deloitte during the voting process – a deal revealed that Deloitte was not specifically tasked with auditing the vote but \"observe\" the counting process",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "John Lynch-Staunton",
"paragraph_text": "uf in Montreal. He obtained a B.Sc in Foreign Service from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. in 1953, and did graduate work towards a Master of Arts degree in Canadian History at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, from 1953 to 1955.\n\n\n== Family ==\nLynch-Staunton married Juliana de Kuyper in 1958. The couple had five children: Mark (d: 2013), Peter (d: 2015), Gabrielle, Sophie and Sean.\nLynch-Staunton has 9 grandchildren: Caitlin, Harrison, Connor, Juliana, Aidan, Jaryd, Monique, Jack, Matthew and Tyce (b: 2016).\n\n\n== City councillor ==\nLynch-Staunton was elected to the city council of Montreal in 1960. He represented the district of Côte-des-Neiges and was a member of Mayor Jean Drapeau's Parti civique de Montréal. He was re-elected in 1962, 1966 and 1970. Mayor Drapeau appointed him to the executive committee as vice chairman. In 1974 he lost his bid for re-election to Nick Auf der Maur as the Rassemblement des citoyens et citoyennes de Montréal (RCM) achieved its first political breakthrough.\n\n\n== Provincial politics ==\nLynch-Staunton ran as a Union Nationale candidate for a provincial by-election in the district of NotreJohn George Lynch-Staunton (June 19, 1930 – August 17, 2012) was a Canadian senator, who served as interim leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, from December 2003 to March 2004. He represented the Senate division of Grandville, Quebec.John George Lynch-Staunton (June 19, 1930 – August 17, 2012) was a Canadian senator, who served as interim leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, from December 2003 to March 2004. He represented the Senate division of Grandville, Quebec. Lynch-Staunton was the first Senator to lead a federal political party since Arthur Meighen from 1941 to 1942.\n\n\n== Early yearsJohn George Lynch-Staunton (June 19, 1930 – August 17, 2012) was a Canadian senator, who served as interim leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, from December 2003 to March 2004. He represented the Senate division of Grandville, Quebec. Lynch-Staunton was the first Senator to lead a federal political party since Arthur Meighen from 1941 to 1942.\n\n\n== Early years and education ==\nBorn in Montreal, Quebec, Lynch-Staunton was educated at Collège Stanislas and Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in Montreal. He obtained a B.Sc in Foreign Service from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. in 1953, and did graduate work towards a Master of Arts degree in Canadian History at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, from 1953 to 1955.\n\n\n== Family ==\nLynch-Staunton married Juliana de Kuyper in 1958. The couple had five children: Mark (d: 2013), Peter (d: 2015), Gabrielle, Sophie and Sean.\nLynch-Staunton has 9 grandchildren: Caitlin, Harrison, Connor, Juliana, Aidan, Jaryd, Monique, Jack, Matthew and Tyce (b: 2016).\n\n\n== City councillor ==\nLynch-Staunton was elected to the city council of Montreal in 1960. He represented the district of Côte-des-Neiges and was a member of Mayor Jean Drapeau's Parti civique de Montréal. He was re-elected in 1962, 1966 and 1970. Mayor Drapeau",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the federal leader of the party where John Lynch-Staunton served? | [
{
"id": 631139,
"question": "John Lynch-Staunton >> position held",
"answer": "Conservative Party of Canada",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 75487,
"question": "federal leader of #1",
"answer": "Andrew Scheer",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Andrew Scheer | [] | true | Who is the federal leader of the party in which John Lynch-Staunton held a position? |
2hop__13986_40169 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "John, King of England",
"paragraph_text": ", raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. His judicial reforms had a lasting effect on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute he finally settled in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed because of the French victory over John's allies at the Battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Magna Carta was drafted as a peace treaty between John and the barons, and agreed in 1215. However, neither side complied with its conditions and civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Prince Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted while on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.\nContemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the current historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a \"hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general\". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as \"distasteful, even dangerous personality traits\", such as pettiness, spitefulness, and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in Robin Hood folklore.\n\n\n== Early life (1166–1189) ==\n\n\n=== Childhood and the Angevin inheritance ===\nJohn was born on 24 December 1166. His father, King Henry II of England, had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard — Anjou, Normandy andHenry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184. failed revolt of 1173–1174 by his brothers Henry the Young King, Richard, and Geoffrey against the King. John was appointed Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. He unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against the royal administrators of his brother, King Richard I, while Richard was participating in the Third Crusade, but he was proclaimed king after Richard died in 1199. He came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200.\nWhen war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton, and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. He spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. His judicial reforms had a lasting effect on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute he finally settled in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed because of the French victory over John's allies at the Battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Magna Carta was drafted as a peace treaty between John and the barons, and agreed in 1215. However, neither side complied with its conditions and civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Prince Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted while on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.\nContemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Normans",
"paragraph_text": " becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language which is still spoken today in parts of mainland Normandy (Cotentinais and Cauchois dialects) and the nearby Channel Islands (Jèrriais and Guernésiais). The Duchy of Normandy, which arose from the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, was a great fief of medieval France. The Norman dukes exercised independent control of their holdings in Normandy, while at the same time being vassals owing fealty to the King of France, and under Richard I of Normandy (byname \"Richard sans Peur\" meaning \"Richard the Fearless\") the Duchy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure. By the end of his reign in 996, the descendants of the Norse settlers \"had become not only Christians but in all essentials Frenchmen. They had adopted the French language, French legal ideas, and French social customs, and had practically merged with the Frankish or Gallic population among whom they lived\". Between 1066 and 1204, as a result of the Norman conquest of England, most of the kings of England were also dukes of Normandy. In 1204, Philip II of France seized mainland Normandy by force of arms, having earlier declared the Duchy of Normandy to be forfeit to him. It remained a disputed territory until the Treaty of Paris of 1259, when the English sovereign ceded his claim to the Duchy, except for theIn April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Limassol on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.TheIn April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Limassol on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol. the first half of the 10th century, an identity which continued to evolve over the centuries. The Normans adopted the culture and language of the French, while they continued the martial tradition of their Viking ancestors as mercenaries and adventurers. In the 11th century, Normans from the duchy conquered England and Southern Italy.\nThe Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and the Near East. The Normans were historically famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Catholic piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy of the Romance community. The original Norse settlers adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, with their Old Norman dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language which is still spoken today in parts of mainland Normandy (Cotentinais and Cauchois dialects) and the nearby Channel Islands (Jèrriais and Guernésiais). The Duchy of Normandy, which arose from the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, was a great fief of medieval France. The Norman dukes exercised independent control of their holdings in Normandy, while at the same time being vassals owing fealty to the King of France, and under Richard I of Normandy (byname \"Richard sans Peur\" meaning \"Richard the Fearless\") the Duchy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure. By the end of his reign in 996, the descendants of the Norse settlers \"had become not only Christians but in all essentials Frenchmen. They had adopted the French language, French legal ideas, and French social customs, and had practically merged with the Frankish or Gallic population among whom they lived\". Between 1066 and 1204, as a result of the Norman conquest of England, most of the kings of England were also dukes of Normandy. In 1204, Philip II of France seized mainland Normandy by force of arms, having earlier declared the Duchy of Normandy to be forfeit to him. It remained a disputed territory until the Treaty of Paris of 1259, when the English sovereign ceded his claim to the Duchy, except for theIn April 1191 Richard the Lion-hearted left Messina with a large fleet in order to reach Acre. But a storm dispersed the fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée Berengaria was anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, together with the wrecks of several other ships, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's despot Isaac Komnenos. On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Limassol on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; French: Normands; Latin: Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia. The Norse settlements in West Francia followed a series of raids on the French northern coast mainly from what is now Denmark, although some also sailed from Norway and Sweden. These settlements were finally legitimized when Rollo, a Scandinavian Viking leader, agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia following the siege of Chartres in 911. The intermingling in Normandy produced an ethnic and cultural \"Norman\" identity in the first half of the 10th century, an identity which continued to evolve over the centuries. The Normans adopted the culture and language of the French, while they continued the martial tradition of their Viking ancestors as mercenaries and adventurers. In the 11th century, Normans from the duchy conquered England and Southern Italy.\nThe Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and the Near East. The Normans were historically famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Catholic piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy of the Romance community. The original Norse settlers adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In what year did the storm impact the fleet belonging to the individual with whom Henry conducted a brief conflict in 1183? | [
{
"id": 13986,
"question": "Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?",
"answer": "Richard",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 40169,
"question": "What year did the storm hit #1 's fleet?",
"answer": "1191",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | 1191 | [] | true | What year did the storm hit the fleet of the person that Henry fought a short war with in 1183? |
3hop1__857_846_7887 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": "Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities of mainland China with lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains, historical buildings and monuments, relics and much more, which attracts thousands of tourists every year..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.\n\n\n=== Standard drop ===\n\nThe standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.\nIt was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the no",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "abi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.\nIn the hope of reviving the unique relationship during the Yuan dynasty, and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa, the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.\nThe Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century but did not garrison permanent troops there. The Tibetans also sometimes used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor made attempts to re-establish Ming–Tibetan relations after the Mongol–Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty in its support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama after they increased their presence in the Amdo region. That culminated in Güshi Khan's conquest of TibetDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.\nIn the hope of reviving the unique relationship during the Yuan dynasty",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.\nIn the hope of reviving the unique relationship during the Yuan dynasty, and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa, the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school. However, the Yongle Emperor's attempts were unsuccessful.\nThe Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during theThe Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the annual count of tourists visiting the city where an edict addressed to the Yongle Emperor was preserved and presented? | [
{
"id": 857,
"question": "Who was the edict addressed to?",
"answer": "the Karmapa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 846,
"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the #1 ?",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 7887,
"question": "How many tourists does #2 receive each year?",
"answer": "thousands",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | thousands | [] | true | How many tourists does visit annually the city where the Yongle Emperor greeted the one seen addressed on an preserved edict. |
3hop1__527372_339990_54675 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Socialist Party of Oregon (Columbia County, Oregon)",
"paragraph_text": " the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 688 square miles (1,780 km2), of which 657 square miles (1,700 km2) is land and 31 square miles (80 km2) (4.5%) is water. It is Oregon's third-smallest county by land area and fourth-smallest by total area.\n\n\n=== Adjacent counties ===\nWahkiakum County, Washington (northwest)\nCowlitz County, Washington (northeast)\nClark County, Washington (east)\nMultnomah County (southeast)\nWashington County (south)\nClatsop County (west)\n\n\n=== National protected area ===\nJulia Butler Hansen National Wildlife Refuge (part)\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2010 census ===\nAs of the 2010 census, there were 49,351 people, 19,183 households, and The Socialist Party of Oregon in Columbia County, Oregon began around the First Red Scare. The first year (1914) it went mainstream, the Socialist party had 27 more registered members than the Prohibition Party, who were some members of the Suffrage movement. The Socialist party was similar to the Progressive Party in the county, as it tried from the outskirts of government to make change. While Socialism failed its first year, it still received attention from the press who was aware of the October Revolution (1918) in Russia (Now the Soviet Union) by a similarly named government led by Vladimir Lenin.6.\nColumbia County was created in 1854 from the northern half of Washington County. Milton served as the county seat until 1857 when it was moved to St. Helens.\nColumbia County has been afflicted by numerous flooding disasters, the most recent in December 2007. Heavy rains caused the Nehalem River to escape its banks and flood the city of Vernonia and rural areas nearby. Columbia County received a presidential disaster declaration for this event.\nIn the 1910s the Socialist Party of Oregon won a handful of votes. This party was distinct from the better-known SPO which operated throughout the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 688 square miles (1,780 km2), of which 657 square miles",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Fester Hollow",
"paragraph_text": " 1860, after John Fester, a landowner and farmer.\nBedrock in the watershed of Fester Hollow consists of shale, siltstone, and limestone. The stream's watershed has an area of 4.54 square miles. Its median discharge is 3.54 cubic feet per second and its median pH is 7.66.\n\n\n== Course ==\nFester Hollow begins in northeastern North Centre Township, on the southern side of Knob Mountain. The stream flows southeast until it reaches Pennsylvania Route 93, which it crosses. It then turns south-southeast and flows parallel to Pennsylvania Route 93 for a short distance, passing byFester Hollow is a tributary of West Branch Briar Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is long.FFester Hollow is a tributary of West Branch Briar Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is long..54 miles (7.31 km) long.\nFester Hollow was most likely named in the middle of the 1800s, before 1860, after John Fester, a landowner and farmer.\nBedrock in the watershed of Fester Hollow consists of shale, siltstone, and limestone. The stream's watershed has an area of 4.54 square miles. Its median discharge is 3.54 cubic feet per second and its median pH is 7.66.\n\n\n== Course ==\nFester Hollow begins in northeastern North Centre Township, on the southern side of Knob Mountain. The stream flows southeast until it reaches Pennsylvania Route 93, which it crosses. It then turns south-southeast and flows parallel to Pennsylvania Route 93 for a short distance, passing byFester Hollow is a tributary of West Branch Briar Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is long.Fester Hollow is a tributary of West Branch Briar Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is 4.54 miles (7.31 km) long.\nFester Hollow was most likely named in the middle of the 1800s, before 1860, after John Fester, a landowner and farmer.\nBedrock in the watershed of Fester Hollow consists of shale, siltstone, and limestone. The stream's watershed has an area of 4.54 square miles. Its median discharge is 3.54 cubic feet per second and its median pH is 7.66.\n\n\n== Course ==\nFester Hollow begins in northeastern North Centre Township, on the southern side of Knob Mountain. The stream flows southeast until it reaches Pennsylvania Route 93, which it crosses. It then turns south-southeast and flows parallel to Pennsylvania Route 93 for a short distance, passing by a cemetery. When Pennsylvania Route 93 curves east, Fester Hollow continues going south-southeast. It then passes by the community of Fowlersville and then enters West Branch Briar Creek.\n\n\n== Hydrology and climate ==\nThe discharge of Fester Hollow in its lower reaches ranges from 0.75 to 34 cubic feet per second. The median discharge of the stream is 3.54 cubic feet per second. The minimum water temperature in the stream is 34.4 °F (1.3 °C) and the maximum temperature is 70.7 °F (21.5 °C). The median temperature is 54.4 °F (12.4 °C). The stream's water temperature is often higher than the maximum required",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Portland, Oregon",
"paragraph_text": " the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.Portland ( PORT-lənd) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the Pacific Northwest region. Situated in the northwestern area of the state at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, it is the county seat of Multnomah County, Oregon's most populous county. As of 2020, Portland's population was 652,503, making it the 26th-most populous city in the United States, the sixth-most populous on the West Coast, and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle. Approximately 2.5 million people live in the Portland metropolitan area, making it the 25th-most populous in the United States. About half of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metro area.\nNamed after Portland, Maine, which is itself named after the English Isle of Portland, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1840s, near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the timber industry was a major force in the city's early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous port cities in the world, a hub for organized crime and racketeering. After the city's economy experienced an industrial boom during World War II, its hard-edged reputation began to dissipate. Beginning in the 1960s, it became noted for its growing liberal and progressive political values, earning it a reputation as a bastion of counterculture.\nThe city operates with a commission-based government, guided by a mayor and four commissioners, as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. This climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the \"City of Roses\" for over a century.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Pre-settlement history ===\nDuring the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula, in what would later become Montana. These massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) of water.\nBefore American settlers began arriving in the 1800s, the land was inhabited for many centuries by two bands of indigenous Chinook people – the Multnomah and the Clackamas. The Chinook people occupying the landThough much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the ``West Hills '', pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet (327 m) The city's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point (1,180 feet) near Forest Park. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636 feet (194 m). Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet (187 m) and 612 feet (187 m), respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range, and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range. On clear days, Mt. Hood and Mt. St. Helens dominate the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of theThough much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the ``West Hills '', pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet (327 m) The city's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point (1,180 feet) near Forest Park. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which mountain ranges are visible from Portland, located in the state where Fester Hollow county resides? | [
{
"id": 527372,
"question": "Fester Hollow >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Columbia County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 339990,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Oregon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 54675,
"question": "what mountain can you see from portland #2",
"answer": "Tualatin Mountains",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Tualatin Mountains | [] | true | What mountains can you see from Portland, in the state with the county that contains Fester Hollow? |
2hop__613779_55984 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "The Story (song)",
"paragraph_text": " discipline which uses a narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians debate the nature of history as an end in itself, and its usefulness in giving perspective on the problems of the present.\nStories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding King Arthur), are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends. History differs from myth in that it is supported by verifiable evidence. However, ancient cultural influences have helped create variant interpretations of the nature of history, which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation. History is taught as a part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in universities.\nHerodotus, a 5th-century BCE Greek historian, is often considered the \"father of history\", as one of the first historians in the Western tradition, though he has been criticized as the \"father of lies\". Along with his contemporary Thucydides, he helped form the foundations for the modern study of past events and societies. Their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In East Asia a state chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals, was reputed to date from as early as 722 BCE, though only 2nd-century BCE texts have survived. The title \"father of history\" has also been attributed, in their respective societies, to Sima Qian and Ibn Khaldun.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nThe word history comes from historía (Ancient Greek: ���στορία, romanized: historíā, lit.��'inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge'). It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his History of Animals. The ancestor word ���στωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes' oath, and in Boeotic inscriptions (in a legal sense, either \"judge\" or \"witness\", or similar). The Greek word was borrowed into Classical Latin as historia, meaning \"investigation, inquiry, research, account, description, written account of past events, writing of history, historical narrative, recorded knowledge of past events, story, narrative\". History was borrowed from Latin (possibly via Old Irish or Old Welsh) into Old English as stær (\"history, narrative, story\"), but this word fell out of use in the late Old English period. Meanwhile, as Latin became Old French (and Anglo-Norman), historia developed into forms such as istorie, estoire, and historie, with new developments in the meaning: \"account of the events of a person's life (beginning of the 12th century), chronicle, account of events as relevant to a group of people or people in general (1155), dramatic or pictorial representation of historical events (c.��1240), body of knowledge relative to human evolution, science (c.��1265), narrative of real or imaginary events, story (c.��1462)\".\nIt was from Anglo-Norman that history was brought into Middle English, and it has persisted. It appears in the 13th-century Ancrene Wisse, but seems to have become a common word in the late 14th century, with an early attestation appearing in John Gower's Confessio Amantis of the 1390s (VI.1383): \"I finde in a bok compiled | To this matiere an old histoire, | The which comth nou to mi memoire\". In Middle English, the meaning of history was \"story\" in general. The restriction to the meaning \"the branch of knowledge that deals with past events; the formal record or study of past events, esp. human affairs\" arose in the mid-15th century. With the Renaissance, older senses of the word``The Story ''is a song released as a single by American folk rock singer Brandi Carlile, written by Phil Hanseroth, from her 2007 album The Story. It was featured in Grey's Anatomy in 2007 and is on Grey's Anatomy Soundtrack album 3 (released September 11).History (derived from Ancient``The Story ''is a song released as a single by American folk rock singer Brandi Carlile, written by Phil Hanseroth, from her 2007 album The Story. It was featured in Grey's Anatomy in 2007 and is on Grey's Anatomy Soundtrack album 3 (released September 11). as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts or traditional oral histories, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is incomplete and still has debatable mysteries.\nHistory is an academic discipline which uses a narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians debate the nature of history as an end in itself, and its usefulness in giving perspective on the problems of the present.\nStories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding King Arthur), are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends. History differs from myth in that it is supported by verifiable evidence. However, ancient cultural influences have helped create variant interpretations of the nature of history, which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "That Wasn't Me",
"paragraph_text": "ok) asking his friend (portrayed by Shaggy) what to do after his girlfriend caught him cheating on her with \"the girl next door\". His friend/Shaggy's character's advice is to deny everything, despite clear evidence to the contrary, with the phrase \"It wasn't me.\"\n\"It Wasn't Me\" was serviced to US contemporary hit radio on 7 November 2000 and has been regarded as Shaggy's breakthrough in the pop market. It is his highest-charting song to date, topping the charts in Australia, Flanders, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was the best-selling single of 2001 in the UK, selling over 1.15 million copies that year and over 1.42 million as of 2017.\n\n\n== Background ==\nThe lyrics of \"It Wasn't Me\" depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend catches him having\"That Wasn't Me\" is a song by American recording artist Brandi Carlile. The song serves as the lead single off Carlile's fourth studio album, \"Bear Creek\".\"\"That Wasn't Me\" is a song by American recording artist Brandi Carlile. The song serves as the lead single off Carlile's fourth studio album, \"Bear Creek\".-Jamaican singer RikRok (credited as Ricardo \"RikRok\" Ducent). The lyrics of the song depict one man (portrayed by RikRok) asking his friend (portrayed by Shaggy) what to do after his girlfriend caught him cheating on her with \"the girl next door\". His friend/Shaggy's character's advice is to deny everything, despite clear evidence to the contrary, with the phrase \"It wasn't me.\"\n\"It Wasn't Me\" was serviced to US contemporary hit radio on 7 November 2000 and has been regarded as Shaggy's breakthrough in the pop market. It is his highest-charting song to date, topping the charts in Australia, Flanders, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was the best-selling single of 2001 in the UK, selling over 1.15 million copies that year and over 1.42 million as of 2017.\n\n\n== Background ==\nThe lyrics of \"It Wasn't Me\" depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend catches him having\"That Wasn't Me\" is a song by American recording artist Brandi Carlile. The song serves as the lead single off Carlile's fourth studio album, \"Bear Creek\".\"It Wasn't Me\" is the first single from Jamaican-American reggae musician Shaggy's fifth studio album, Hot Shot (2000). The song features vocals from British-Jamaican singer RikRok (credited as Ricardo \"RikR",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which author composed the song "The Story", which is performed by the same artist who sang "That Wasn't Me"? | [
{
"id": 613779,
"question": "That Wasn't Me >> performer",
"answer": "Brandi Carlile",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 55984,
"question": "who wrote the song the story sung by #1",
"answer": "Phil Hanseroth",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Phil Hanseroth | [] | true | Who wrote the song "The Story" that is sung by the performer of "That Wasn't Me"? |
3hop2__90098_76623_10557 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Sylvester",
"paragraph_text": "SilSylvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning ``wooded ''or`` wild'', which derives from the noun silva meaning ``woodland ''. Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y came to be pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv - in place of Silv - date from after the Classical period.Sylvester or Silvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning \"wooded\" or \"wild\", which derives from the noun silva meaning \"woodland\". Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin, y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y was pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv- in place of Silv- date from after the Classical period. \n\n\n== Given name ==\nSylvester of Marsico (c. 1100–1162), Count of Marsico in the Kingdom of Sicily\nSilvester Ashioya (born 1948), Kenyan hockey player\nSilvester Bolam (1905–1953), British newspaper editor\nSilvester Brito (1937–2018), American poet and academic\nSylvester Croom (born 1954), American football coach and former player\nSilvester Diggles (1817–1880), Australian musician and ornithologist\nSilvester Fernandes (born 1936), Kenyan hockey player\nSilvester Gardiner (1708–1786), American physician etc.\nSilvester Goraseb (born 1974), Namibian footballerSylvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning ``wooded ''or`` wild'', which derives from the noun silva meaning ``woodland ''. Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y came to be pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv - in place of Silv - date from after the Classical period. period. \n\n\n== Given name ==\nSylvester of Marsico (c. 1100–1162), Count of Marsico in the Kingdom of Sicily\nSilvester Ashioya (born 1948), Kenyan hockey player\nSilvester Bolam (1905–1953), British newspaper editor\nSilvester Brito (1937–2018), American poet and academic\nSylvester Croom (born 1954), American football coach and former player\nSilSylvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning ``wooded ''or`` wild'', which derives from the noun silva meaning ``woodland ''. Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y came to be pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv - in place of Silv - date from after the Classical period.Sylvester or Silvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning \"wooded\" or \"wild\", which derives from the noun silva meaning \"woodland\". Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin, y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y was pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv- in place of Silv- date from after the Classical period",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": " which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had received in fief. Stone castles were built in regions where central authority was weak, but state power was on the rise by the end of the period. The settlement of Western European peasants and aristocrats towards the eastern and southern peripheries of Europe, often spurred by crusades, led to the expansion of Latin Christendom. The spread of cathedral schools and universities stimulated a new method of intellectual discussion, with an emphasis on rational argumentation known as scholasticism. Mass pilgrimages prompted the construction of massive Romanesque churches, while structural innovations led to the development of the more delicate Gothic architecture.\nCalamities which included a great famine and the Black Death, which reduced the population by 50 per cent, began the Late Middle Ages in the 14th century. Conflicts between ethnic and social groups intensified and local conflicts often escalated into full-scale warfare, such as the Hundred Years' War. By the end of the period, the Byzantine Empire and the Balkan states were conquered by a new Muslim power: the Ottoman Empire; in the Iberian Peninsula, Christian kingdoms won their centuries-old war againstCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin. the mass migration of tribes (mainly Germanic peoples), and Christianisation, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The movement of peoples led to the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of new kingdoms. In the post-Roman world, taxation declined, the army was financed through land grants, and the blending of Later Roman civilisation and the invaders' traditions is well documented. The Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) survived, but lost the Middle East and North Africa to Muslim conquerors in the 7th century. Although the Carolingian dynasty of the Franks reunited many of the Western Roman lands by the early 9th century, the Carolingian Empire quickly fell apart into competing kingdoms which later fragmented into autonomous duchies and lordships.\nDuring the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as the Medieval Warm Period allowed crop yields to increase, and technological and agricultural innovations introduced a \"commercial revolution\". Slavery nearly disappeared, and peasants could improve their status by colonising faraway regions in return for economic and legal concessions. New towns developed from local commercial centers, and urban artisans united into local guilds to protect their common interests. Western church leaders accepted papal supremacy to get rid of lay influence, which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had received in fief. Stone castles were built in regions where central authority was weak, but state power was on the rise by the end of the period. The settlement of Western",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_text": " Charlemagne to extend his rule over a large part of Europe. Charlemagne spread Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as seen at the Massacre of Verden against the Saxons. He also sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Iberian affairs.\nIn 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position as the first emperor in the West in over 300 years brought him into conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople. Through his assumption of the imperial title, he is considered the forerunner to the line of Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the nineteenth century. As king and emperor, Charlemagne engaged in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, military organization, and religion, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability of his reign began a period of cultural activity known as the Carolingian Renaissance.\nCharlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest at Aachen Cathedral in Aachen, his imperial capital city. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Louis the Pious. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided and eventually coalesced into West- and East Francia, which later became France and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively. Charlemagne's profound impact on the Middle Ages and influence on the territory he ruled has led him to be called the \"Father of Europe\" by many historians. He is seen as a founding figure by multiple European states and a number of historical royal houses of Europe trace their lineage back to him. Charlemagne has been the subject ofCharlemagne (/ ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn /) or Charles the Great (2 April 742 -- 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the early Middle Ages. He was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later invalidly canonized by the antipope Paschal III. and social changes that had lasting impact on Europe throughout the Middle Ages.\nA member of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty, Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon. With his brother, Carloman I, he became king of the Franks in 768 following Pepin's death and became the sole ruler three years later. Charlemagne continued his father's policy of protecting the papacy and became its chief defender, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy in 774. His reign saw a period of expansion that led to the conquests of Bavaria, Saxony and northern Spain, as well as other campaigns that led Charlemagne to extend his rule over a large part of Europe. Charlemagne spread Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as seen at the Massacre of Verden against the Saxons. He also sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Iberian affairs.\nIn 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | During the time when the individual who would become known as the Emperor of the West was given his title in 800 AD, what was the native language of the surname Sylvester? | [
{
"id": 90098,
"question": "where does the last name sylvester come from",
"answer": "from the Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 76623,
"question": "who was crowned emperor of the west in 800 ce",
"answer": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 10557,
"question": "What was the #1 of #2 's era later known as?",
"answer": "Medieval Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Medieval Latin | [] | true | What was the language from which the last name Sylvester originated during the era of the person crowned emperor of the west in 800 CE later known as? |
3hop2__304722_398767_63959 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Johnny Newman (footballer)",
"paragraph_text": "Born in Hereford, Herefordshire, Newman played as a central defender, beginning his career with Birmingham City in 1951 where he won the Second Division and was on the losing side in the 1956 FA Cup Final. He moved on to Leicester City and then to Plymouth Argyle, for whom he made over 300 appearances between 1960 and 1967. In 1966 he played for the Football League representative team which beat the Irish Football League 12–0 at Home Park; the Football League team contained seven of the 1966 World Cup-winning team. He then moved on to Devon rivals Exeter City, where he was made player-manager in 1969, continuing in the manager's role after he retired from playing in 1972. He moved on to Grimsby Town, gaining promotion to the Third Division, and had a largely unsuccessful eleven months in charge at Derby County, before returning to his home town to manage Hereford United.Born in Hereford, Herefordshire, Newman played as a central defender, beginning his career with Birmingham City in 1951 where he won the Second Division and was on the losing side in the 1956 FA Cup Final. He moved on to Leicester City and then to Plymouth Argyle, for whom he made over 300 appearances between 1960 and 1967. In 1966 he played for the Football League representative team which beat the Irish Football League 12–0 at Home Park; the Football League team contained seven of the 1966 World Cup-winning team. He then moved on to Devon rivals Exeter City, where he was made player-manager in 1969, continuing in the manager's role after he retired from playing in 1972. He moved on to Grimsby Town, gaining promotion to the Third Division, and had a largely unsuccessful eleven months in charge at Derby County, before returning to his home town to manage Hereford United.John Henry George Newman (born 13 December 1933) is an English former football player and manager.\nBorn in Hereford, Herefordshire, Newman played as a central defender, beginning his career with Birmingham City in 1951 where he won the Second Division and was on the losing side in the 1956 FA Cup Final. He moved on to Leicester City and then to Plymouth Argyle, for whom he made over 300 appearances between 1960 and 1967.\nIn 1966, Newman played for the Football League representative team which beat the Irish Football League 12–0 at Home Park; the Football League team contained seven of the 1966 World Cup-winning team. He then moved on to Devon rivals Exeter City, where he was made player-manager in 1969, continuing in the manager's role after he retired from playing in 1972. He moved on to Grimsby Town, gaining promotion to the Third Division, and had a largely unsuccessful eleven months in charge at Derby County, before returning to his home town to manage Hereford United. His coaching career included a spell as assistant manager to Bobby Saxton at York City.\n\n\n== Managerial statistics ==\nAs of 25 April 2015\n\n\n== Honours ==\nAs a player\n\nBirmingham City\nFA Cup: finalist 1956\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nJohnny Newman management career statistics at SoccerbaseJohn Henry George Newman (born 13 December 1933) is an English former football player and manager.\nBorn in Hereford, Herefordshire, Newman played as a central defender, beginning his career with Birmingham City in 1951 where he won the Second Division and was on the losing side in the 1956 FA Cup Final. He moved on to Leicester City and then to Plymouth Argyle, for whom he made over 300 appearances between 1960 and 1967.\nIn 1966, Newman played for the Football League representative team which beat the Irish Football League 12–0 at Home Park; the Football League team contained seven of the 1966 World Cup-winning team. He then moved on to Devon rivals Exeter City, where he was made player-manager in 1969",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "1894–95 FA Cup",
"paragraph_text": " played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.\n\n\n== Calendar ==\nThe format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.\n\n\n== First round proper ==\nThe first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams. The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division. The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition. Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper. Eight non-league sides also qualified.\nThe matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895. One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture. The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played. The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool.\n\n\n== Second round proper ==\nThe eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895. There were two replays, played in the following midweek fixture.\n\n\n== Third round proper ==\nThe four Third Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 2 March 1895. There were no replays.\n\n\n== Semi-finals ==\nThe semi-final matches were both played on Saturday, 16 March 1895. Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion went on to meet in the final at Crystal Palace.\n\n\n== Final ==\n\nThe final was contested by Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion at Crystal Palace. Aston Villa won 1–0, with Bob Chatt being credited with scoring the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history, scored after just 30 seconds. Devey found Hodgetts, whose cross was laid off by Athersmith to Chatt, whose half volley took a deflection.\n\n\n=== Match details ===\n\n\n== See also ==\nFA Cup Final Results 1872-\n\n\n== References ==\nGeneral\nOfficial site; fixtures and results service at TheFA.com\n1894-95 FA Cup at rsssf.com\n1894-95 FA Cup at soccerbase.com\nSpecificThe 1894–95 FA Cup was the 24th season of the world's oldest association football competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup (more usually known as the FA Cup). The cup was won by Aston Villa, who defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 in the final of the competition, played at Crystal Palace in London. This was Villa's second victory in the FA Cup.\nThe Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W. Shillcock (a football fitterThe Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W. Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward. According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer. The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game.10 reward. According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer. The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game.\nMatches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.\n\n\n== Calendar ==\nThe format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.\n\n\n== First round proper ==\nThe first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams. The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division. The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition. Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton Wanderers and Leicester Fosse qualified to the FA Cup proper. Eight non-league sides also qualified.\nThe matches were played on Saturday, 2 February 1895. One match was drawn, with the replay taking place in the following midweek fixture. The Barnsley St Peter's – Liverpool game was voided following a dispute over extra time being played. The match was replayed nine days later, resulting in a 4–0 win to Liverpool.\n\n\n== Second round proper ==\nThe eight Second Round matches were scheduled for Saturday, 16 February 1895. There were two replays, played",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Second City derby",
"paragraph_text": " 1921–22. The derbies continued until Aston Villa were relegated in 1935–36. The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches. In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side 3–0 ahead with eleven minutes to go, Blues scored three times in a dramatic final spell to draw the match. The following year, Aston Villa made headlines with the signing of Tom 'Pongo' Waring, and his first appearance was for the reserves against Birmingham City's reserves, which famously drew a crowd of 23,000. Waring scored three times in the match.\nVilla were promoted for the 1938–39 season. Both teams won their home games. Following Birmingham's relegation there would be no further derbies until their promotion for the 1948–49 season.\nThe most significant clash was the final of the 1963 League Cup, which was staged not long after Aston Villa had beaten Birmingham City 4–0 in the league. Blues won 3–1 on aggregate over the two-legged final to claim their first major domestic honour.\nDuring the late 1970s to early 1980s both Villa and Blues met regularly in the First Division and both teams had some memorable successes in the fixture. In 1980–81 Villa did the double over Blues and went on to win the First Division title. Blues scored a memorable 3–0 victory at St Andrew's in the first meeting following Villa's European Cup triumph in 1982. Both teams promptly went into decline. Blues racked up a 3–0 win in a relegation battle at Villa Park in March 1986 but were relegated at the end of that season. Villa would be demoted the following campaign. The next time Villa met Blues in a league fixture at Villa Park again was in the Second Division and saw a 2–0 Blues victory. The reverse fixture at St Andrew's was a 2–1 Villa victory with both goals coming from Garry Thompson. The two sides would only meet again in the 1980s in cup competitions. Villa won 7–0 on aggregate when they clashed twice in the 1988–89 League Cup. TheDate Venue Home team Score Competition Round Attendance 5 November 1887 Wellington Road Aston Villa 4 -- 0 FA Cup 2nd Round 23 March 1901 Muntz Street Small Heath 0 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final 27 March 1901 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final replay 23 May 1963 St Andrew's Birmingham City 3 -- 1 League Cup Final 1st leg 31,850 27 May 1963 Villa Park Aston Villa 0 -- 0 League Cup Final 2nd leg 37,921 27 September 1988 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 2 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 12 October 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 5 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 9 November 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 6 -- 0 Full Members Cup 1st Round 8,324 21 September 1993 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 1 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 27,815 6 October 1993 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 35,856 1 December 2010 St Andrew's Birmingham City 2 -- 1 League Cup Quarter Final 27,679 22 September 2015 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 3rd Round 34,442 \nThe last pre-league FA Cup campaign saw the first competitive \"Second City derby\" occur on Saturday, 5 November 1887. Villa beat Small Heath 4–0 in the fifth round. Tommy Green scored a brace before half-time with Albert Brown and Albert Allen adding to the score in the second half. This was their first meeting with modern rivals Birmingham City. \nThe first league encounter, in the First Division in the 1894–95 season, saw Villa win 2–1 after Birmingham had been promoted to the first division for a two year stint.\nSecond Division Small Heath F.C. took part in the 1900–01 FA Cup, losing in the third round",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the team of Johnny Newman last secure a victory against the champion of the 1894-95 FA Cup? | [
{
"id": 304722,
"question": "1894–95 FA Cup >> winner",
"answer": "Aston Villa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 398767,
"question": "Johnny Newman >> member of sports team",
"answer": "Birmingham City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 63959,
"question": "when was the last time #2 beat #1",
"answer": "1 December 2010",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | 1 December 2010 | [] | true | When was the last time Johnny Newman's team beat the 1894–95 FA Cup winner? |
2hop__411091_625230 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Mark Dismore",
"paragraph_text": "Mark Dismore (born October 12, 1956 in Greenfield, Indiana) is a former driver in the Indy Racing League and the 1990 Toyota Pacific champion as well as the winner of the 1993 24 Hours of Daytona with Dan Gurney's All American Racers in a Toyota GTP car with co-drivers Rocky Moran and P. J. Jones. He made 3 CART starts in 1991 but was badly injured in a practice crash for the Indianapolis 500, when his car veered sharply towards the entrance of pit road at the exit of Turn 4 and back-ended the fence, only to careen across the pit lane and smash virtually head on at sizeable speed against the edge of pit wall; this second impact tore off the front of the car leaving Mark's legs exposed. Amongst the injuries he suffered, the most severe was a broken neck. He was largely out of open wheel racing until the 1996 Indy 500 where he drove for Team Menard though he did try to qualify in the 1992 Indianapolis 500 for Concept Motorsports in an outdated Lola/Buick. In 1997 he drove a second car at the Indy 500 for Kelley Racing and would become a full-time fixture there until the 2001 season. He returned to Menard for a partial season in 2002. Dismore has a single IRL win coming in the fall 1999 Texas Motor Speedway race and also finished a career-best third in points that season. Among his 62 career IRL starts he won four poles. He also represented the IRL in the International Race of Champions in 2000 and 2001.Mark Dismore (born October 12, 1956 in Greenfield, Indiana) is a former driver in the Indy Racing League and the 1990 Toyota Pacific champion as well as the winner of the 1993 24 Hours of Daytona with Dan Gurney's All American Racers in a Toyota GTP car with co-drivers Rocky Moran and P. J. Jones. He made 3 CART starts in 1991 but was badly injured in",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Greenfield, Indiana",
"paragraph_text": "11, 1828. The Commissioners announced, \"The seat of Justice of Hancock County shall be known and designated by the name and title of Greenfield.\" The population ofGreenfield is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, Indiana, United States, and a part of the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The population was 20,602 at the 2010 census, and an estimated 21,709 in 2016. It lies in Center Township.GreenGreenfield is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, Indiana, United States, and a part of the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The population was 20,602 at the 2010 census, and an estimated 21,709 in 2016. It lies in Center Township.. Louis Railroad that connected Pittsburgh to Chicago and St. Louis.\n\n\n== History ==\nHancock County was created on March 1, 1828, and named for John Hancock, the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence. The town of Greenfield was chosen as the county seat on April 11, 1828. The Commissioners announced, \"The seat of Justice of Hancock County shall be known and designated by the name and title of Greenfield.\" The population ofGreenfield is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, Indiana, United States, and a part of the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The population was 20,602 at the 2010 census, and an estimated 21,709 in 2016. It lies in Center Township.Greenfield is a city in and the county seat of Hancock County, Indiana, United States It lies in Center Township and is part of the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The population was 23,488 at the 2020 census.\nGreenfield was a stop along the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad that connected Pittsburgh to Chicago and St. Louis.\n\n\n== History ==\nHancock County was created on March 1, 1828, and named for John Hancock, the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence. The town of Greenfield was chosen as the county seat on April 11, 1828. The Commissioners announced, \"The seat of Justice of Hancock County shall be known and designated by the name and title of Greenfield.\" The population of the county at that time was 400.\nEarly settlers built along the two creeks which flow south through Center Township, which includes Greenfield. The first businesses were small gristmills for grinding corn and wheat for settlers.\nU.S. Route 40, the National Road, was built through Hancock County around 1835. It was heavily traveled by wagon trains going west and livestock going to Cincinnati. In 1853, the first steam railroad was completed by the Indiana Central Railroad at the south edge of Greenfield. The railroad became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system and later the Penn-Central. These tracks were removed in the 1980s.\nDuring this time, Greenfield's population continued to grow. Greenfield was incorporated as a city in 1876 with a population of 2,023. The greatest single period of growth began in 1887 when natural gas was discovered in the area. Greenfield was a boomtown for 20 years, with the founding of manufacturing plants and other industries.\nA statue of James Whitcomb Riley, which stands in front of the Hancock County Courthouse, was erected in 1918. It was purchased with money donated by school children from all over the United States. Each year, during the Riley Festival in October, the city's school children parade to the statue to place flowers around it.\nThe Charles Barr House, Greenfield Courthouse Square Historic District, Greenfield Residential Historic District, Lilly Biological Laboratories, Lincoln Park School, and James Whitcomb Riley House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nGreenfield is located in central Hancock County. U.S. Route 40 passes through the center of the city as Main Street, and leads east 13 miles (21 km) to Knightstown and west 21 miles (34 km) to downtown Indianapolis. Interstate 70 parallels US-40, passing through the northern limits of Greenfield with access from Exit 104. I-70 leads east 50 miles (80 km) to Richmond near the Ohio border and west through Indianapolis 99 miles (159 km) to Terre Haute. Indiana State Road 9 (State Street) crosses US-40 in the center of Greenfield and leads north 15 miles (24 km) to Pendleton and south 18 miles (29 km) to Shelbyville.\nAccording to the 2010 census, Greenfield has a total area of 12.662 square miles (32.79 km2), of which 12.55 square miles (32.50 km2) (or 99.12%) is land and 0.112 square miles (0.29 km2) (or 0.88%) is water.\nLocated on the east side of historic downtown lies Riley Park, in which flows the Brandywine Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Big Blue River and part of the watershed of the East Fork White River.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2010 census ===\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 20,602 people, 7,983 households, and 5,382 families living in the city. The population density was 1,641.6 inhabitants per square mile (633.8/km2). There were 8,818 housing units at an average density of 702.6 per square mile (271.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 0.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.\nThere were 7,983 households, of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.6% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.04.\nThe median age in the city was 35.6 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.7% were from 25 to 44; 23% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.\n\n\n=== 2000 census ===\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 14,600 people, 5,917 households, and 4,017 families living in the city. The population density was 1,818.0 inhabitants per square mile (701.9/km2). There were 6,449 housing units at an average density of 803.0 per square mile (310.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.23% White, 0.05% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.27% of the population.\nThere were 5,917 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.93.\n\nIn the city, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the county of Mark Dismore's place of birth? | [
{
"id": 411091,
"question": "Mark Dismore >> place of birth",
"answer": "Greenfield",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 625230,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Hancock County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | Hancock County | [] | true | In which county is Mark Dismore's birthplace located? |
3hop1__228_237521_291682 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Beyoncé",
"paragraph_text": " 2013, Beyoncé sold 2.3 million copies worldwide, finishing the year as the tenth-best-selling album globally, according to the IFPI. The album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide. The album was supported on two tours: the 2014 leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, and the Jay-Z co-headlining On the Run Tour.\nUnlike some of the artist's previous albums, Beyoncé did not score several hit singles. Five US singles were released from the album, one would reach the top twenty of the US Billboard Hot 100, the number two peaking \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay-Z. The album received several positive reviews from critics for its production, exploration of sexuality, and vocal performance. In 2020, Beyoncé was ranked 81st in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list.\n\n\n== Background and development ==\nFollowing the release of her fourth studio album 4 (2011), Beyoncé gave birth to her first child, Blue Ivy on January 7, 2012. Just four months after labor, she pursued a three-night residency at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall, entitled Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live. The choice to hold concerts so soon was purposeful; Beyoncé intended to demonstrate to mothers that they need not halt their careers despite having had children. Most of the summer following the residency was spent in The Hamptons, New York, where she took time out from the public to spend time with her daughter and to begin sessions for her next album. She resumed work in early 2013, performing \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at President Barack Obama's second inauguration and headlining the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, where there were expectations she would debut new music, although these rumors never materialized. She also released a self-directed autobiographical documentary in February, entitled Life Is But a Dream.\n\nIn March 2013, a two-part hip hop track entitled \"Bow Down/I Been On\" was released onto Beyoncé's SoundCloud account. \"Bow Down\", produced by Hit-Boy, was written after Beyoncé woke up one morning with a chant stuck in her head, feeling angry and defensive. This was melded with a Timbaland-produced second half \"I Been On\" that makes prominent use of a pitch-distorted vocal as a homage to the Houston hip hop scene. Michael Cragg of The Guardian described the song as \"brilliantly odd\", commending its loud, abrasive production, while Pitchfork's Lindsay Zoladz noted the song's assertiveness and believed it served as an introduction of what was to come. \"Bow Down/I Been On\" was perceived as a significant departure from Beyoncé's existing catalogue, particularly for its aggressive nature. The song's atmosphere and its controversial \"Bow down, bitches\" refrain drew a mixed reaction from those who questioned whether the lyric was aimed at women or merely a moment of braggadocio. Beyoncé clarified after the album's release, where elements of \"Bow Down\" appear on the track \"Flawless\", that the song and its refrain were intended as a statement of female empowerment.\nNeither Beyoncé or her representatives commented on the release of \"Bow Down/I Been On\", and many journalists questioned the nature of its release in the context of the release of her upcoming album. Further confusion was created when portions of other tracks \"Grown Woman\" and \"Standing on the Sun\" were used for television advertising campaigns, with a similar lack of explanation as to their purpose. Through much of 2013, the media intermittently reported that the album was delayed or scrapped, with one story alleging Beyoncé had scrapped fifty songs in favor of starting again. In July 2013, a spokesperson for Beyoncé denied speculation that her album had been delayed, stating there was no official release date to begin with and that when a date is set, it would be announced via an official press release. There was considerable confusion among music journalists and fans as Beyoncé engaged in extensive touring, while not discussing the album or its release.\n\n\n== Recording and production ==\nThe original plan was to create the entire album in a month and a half, but in the end it took a year and a half. Beyoncé rented a 40-bedroom mansion for the recording process. Recording sessions began in the summer of 2012 in the Hamptons, New York, where Beyoncé and her husband Jay-Z were living. She invited the \"world's best\" producers and songwriters to accompany them, including Sia, Timbaland, Eric Bellinger, Benny Blanco, Ryan Tedder, Justin Timberlake and The-Dream. Beyoncé described the atmosphere as unconventional, saying, \"we had dinners with the producers every day, like a family ... it was like a camp. Weekends off. You could go and jump in the pool and rideBeyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyoncé attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose. When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyoncé said, \"if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed.\" She admires Diana Ross as an \"all-around entertainer\" and Whitney Houston, who she said \"inspired me to get up there and do what she did.\" She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song \"Vision of Love\" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell. electronic and soul music. Throughout this period, the album's songs and videos were composed in strict secrecy as Beyoncé devised an unexpected release. Beyoncé's desire to assert her full artistic freedom served as inspiration for the album's dark,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon",
"paragraph_text": " as well as other artists—who were inspired by him and had met him before his death—including Whitney Houston, Smokey Robinson and Dionne Warwick. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 2, 2011Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon is a documentary film about pop singer Michael Jackson produced by his friend, David Gest. The film features footage of the beginning of The Jackson 5, Jackson's solo career and the child molestation accusations made against him. It also has interviews with Jackson's mother, Katherine, and siblings, Tito and Rebbie Jackson, as well as other artists—who were inspired by him and had met him before his death—including Whitney Houston, Smokey Robinson and Dionne Warwick. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 2, 2011.== Cast ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMichael Jackson: The Life of an Icon at IMDb\nMichael Jackson: The Life of an Icon at AllMovie\nMichael Jackson: The Life of an Icon at Rotten TomatoesMichael Jackson: The Life of an Icon is a documentary film about pop singer Michael Jackson produced by his friend, David Gest. The film features footage of the beginning of The Jackson 5, Jackson's solo career and the child molestation accusations made against him. It also has interviews with Jackson's mother, Katherine, and siblings, Tito and Rebbie Jackson, as well as other artists—who were inspired by him and had met him before his death—including Whitney Houston, Smokey Robinson and Dionne Warwick. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 2, 2011.\n\n\n== Cast ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMichael Jackson: The Life of an Icon at IMDb\nMichael Jackson: The Life of an Icon at AllMovie\nMichael Jackson: The Life of an Icon at Rotten TomatoesMichael Jackson: The Life of an Icon is a documentary film about pop singer Michael Jackson produced by his friend, David Gest. The film features footage of the beginning of The Jackson 5, Jackson's solo career and the child molestation accusations made against him. It also has interviews",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Liza and David",
"paragraph_text": " whole series was cancelled without any more episodes being made after that.\nLiza is an American singer and dancer. She was born on March 12, 1946, in Los Angeles. Known for her powerful alto singing voice, she won the Academy Award-winning performance in 1972's Caberet. Liza is the daughter of Hollywood legend Judy Garland and director Vicente Minnelli. Liza has been married for four times but all ended up divorcing, as well as with David.\nGest, who was a film producer spent most of his career behind the scenes. He appeared in Michael Jackson's 30th Anniversary Celebration concert show. The both of them married in 2002 and the television series : “Liza and David” was planned for VH1.\n\n\n== References ==Liza and David is a reality television series slated to air on VH1 in 2002, featuring Liza Minnelli and her then-husband, David Gest.\nThe show gained notoriety after arguments between the show's stars and executives from VH1. Ten episodes were planned, but only one was filmed, it never aired and the whole series was cancelled without any more episodes being made after that.\nLiza is an American singer and dancer. She was born on March 12, 1946, in Los Angeles. Known for her powerfulLiza and David was a reality television series slated to air on VH1 in 2002, featuring Liza Minnelli and her then-husband, David Gest.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What's the name of the woman married to the man who curated the documentary about the pop icon who inspired Beyonce? | [
{
"id": 228,
"question": "Who influenced Beyonce?",
"answer": "Michael Jackson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 237521,
"question": "#1 : The Life of an Icon >> cast member",
"answer": "David Gest",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 291682,
"question": "#2 >> spouse",
"answer": "Liza Minnelli",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | Liza Minnelli | [] | true | Who is the wife of the man who produced the documentary of the pop star who influenced Beyonce? |
3hop1__624901_42197_18397 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Maya Kopitseva",
"paragraph_text": "seva became a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists and in 2001 was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the Russian Federation. She was a wife of well-known Russian painter and art educator Anatoli Levitin, a People's Artist of the USSR.\nKopitseva died of thyroid cancer in Saint Petersburg in 2005. Paintings by her reside in the Russian Museum, in public art museums and private collections in Russia, Italy, the U.S.A, Japan, China, France and elsewhere.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of 20th-century Russian painters\nList of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists\nList of Russian artists\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nL' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. Paris, Drouot Richelieu, 11 Juin 1990. P.132-133.\nCharmes Russes. Catalogue. Paris, Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. P.73.\nSaint-Pétersbourg — Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. Pont-Audemer, 1994. P.89,93,108.\nMatthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.\nSergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.- Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 15, 20, 21, 24, 362, 388-397, 399-401, 404-407. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.\nАкадемическая дача. Каталог выставки. СПб., Санкт-Петербургский Союз художников, 2009. — с.2,4,13.\nЛевитин А. П. Майя Копытцева. ��удожник. ��ичность. Друг. СПб., ��евша, 2010. ISBN 978-5-93356-094-4.\nИванов С. Тихая жизнь за ленингра��ским столом // Петербургские искусствоведческие тетра��и. Выпуск 23. СПб., 2012. С.90-97.\nЛогвинова Е. Круглый стол по ленингра��скому искусству в галерее АРКА // Петербургские искусствоведческие тетра��и. Вып. 31. СПб, 2014. С.17-26.Maya Kuzminichna Kopitseva (Russian: Ма́йя Кузьми́нична Копы́тцева; 18 May 1924 – 6 June 2005) was a Soviet Russian still-life painter and an Honored Artist of the RSFSR who lived and worked in Leningrad - Saint Petersburg. She was a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists, which before 1992 was the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of the Russian Federation, and was regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nMaya Kuzminichna Kopitseva was born on 18 May 1924 in Gagry, Abkhazia, USSR. In 1951 she graduated from the Ilya Repin Institute in Boris Ioganson's workshop and among her teachers were Boris Fogel, Leonid Ovsiannikov and Alexander Zaytsev. Since 1951 Maya Kopitseva has participated in several art exhibitions, displaying still lifes, portraits, genre scenes and sketches done from life.\nIn 1951 Kopitseva became a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists and in 2001 was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the Russian Federation. She was a wife of well-known Russian painter and art educator Anatoli Levitin, a People's Artist of the USSR.\nKopitseva died of thyroid cancer in Saint Petersburg in 2005. Paintings by her reside in the Russian Museum, in public art museums and private collections in Russia, Italy, the U.S.A, Japan, China, France and elsewhere.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of 20th-century Russian painters\nList of painters of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists\nList of Russian artists\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nL' École de Leningrad. Auction Catalogue. Paris, Drouot Richelieu, 11 Juin 1990. P.132-133.\nCharmes Russes. Catalogue. Paris, Drouot Richelieu, 15 Mai 1991. P.73.\nSaint-Pétersbourg — Pont-Audemer. Dessins, Gravures, Sculptures et Tableaux du XX siècle du fonds de L' Union des Artistes de Saint-Pétersbourg. Pont-Audemer, 1994. P.89,93,108.\nMatthew C. Bown. Dictionary of 20th Century Russian and Soviet Painters 1900-1980s. - London: Izomar, 1998. ISBN 0-9532061-0-6, ISBN 978-0-9532061-0-0.\nSergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School.- Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. – pp. 9, 15, 20, 21, 24, 362, 388-397, 399-401, 404-407. ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.\nАкадемическаMaya Kuzminichna Kopitseva (; May 18, 1924, in Gagry, Abkhazia, USSR – June 6, 2005, in Saint Petersburg) was a Soviet Russian still-life painter and an Honored Artist of the RSFSR who lived and worked in Leningrad - Saint Petersburg. She was a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists, which before 1992 was the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of the Russian Federation, and was regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.MayaMaya Kuzminichna Kopitseva (; May 18, 1924, in Gagry, Abkhazia, USSR – June 6, 2005, in Saint Petersburg) was a Soviet Russian still-life painter and an Honored Artist of the RSFSR who lived and worked in Leningrad - Saint Petersburg. She was a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists, which before 1992 was the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of the Russian Federation, and was regarded as one of the major representatives of the Leningrad school of painting. Leningrad school of painting.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nMaya Kuzminichna Kopitseva was born on 18 May 1924 in Gagry, Abkhazia, USSR. In 1951 she graduated from the Ilya Repin Institute in Boris Ioganson's workshop and among her teachers were Boris Fogel, Leonid Ovsiannikov and Alexander Zaytsev. Since 1951 Maya Kopitseva has participated in several art exhibitions, displaying still lifes, portraits, genre scenes and sketches done from life.\nIn 1951 Kopitseva became a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists and in 2001 was awarded the honorary title of Honored Artist of the Russian Federation. She was a wife of well-known Russian painter and art educator Anatoli Lev",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Imperialism",
"paragraph_text": "rotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propagandaTrotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Korean War",
"paragraph_text": " People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\".The Korean War was a major conflict of the Cold War and among the most destructive conflicts of the modern era, with approximately 3 million killed, most of whom were civilians. It resulted in the destruction of virtually all of Korea's major cities, with thousands of massacres committed by both sides—including the mass killing of tens of thousands of suspected communists by the South Korean government, and the torture and starvation of prisoners of war by the North Koreans. North Korea became among the most heavily bombed countries in history.\n\n\n== Civilian deaths and massacres ==\n\nAround 3 million people died in the Korean War, the majority of whom were civilians, possibly making it the deadliest conflict of the Cold War era. Although only rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million.\nCumings states that civilians represent at least half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests that the civilian portion of the death toll may have gone as high as 70%, compared to Lewy's estimates of 42% in World War II and 30%–46% in the Vietnam War. Data compiled by the Peace Research Institute Oslo lists just under 1 million battle deaths over the course ofOn 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\".",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who stated that he would get involved in the Korean conflict, and argued that Maya Kopitseva's nationalist country had evolved into an imperialist dominion? Where did this occur? | [
{
"id": 624901,
"question": "Maya Kopitseva >> country of citizenship",
"answer": "USSR",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 42197,
"question": "Who argued that the #1 had itself become an imperialist power?",
"answer": "Mao Zedong",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 18397,
"question": "Where did #2 declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?",
"answer": "the Politburo",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | the Politburo | [
"Politburo"
] | true | Where did who argued the country of citizenship of Maya Kopitseva had itself become an imperialist power declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict? |
2hop__16581_16525 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Umayyad Caliphate",
"paragraph_text": "cca. By the end of the 6th century, the Umayyads dominated the Quraysh's increasingly prosperous trade networks with Syria and developed economic and military alliances with the nomadic Arab tribes that controlled the northern and central Arabian desert expanses, affording the clan a degree of political power in the region. The Umayyads under the leadership of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb were the principal leaders of Meccan opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but after the latter captured Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh embraced Islam. To reconcile his influential Qurayshite tribesmen, Muhammad gave his former opponents, including Abu Sufyan, a stake in the new order. Abu Sufyan and the Umayyads relocated to Medina, Islam's political centre, to maintain their new-found political influence in the nascent Muslim community.\nMuhammad's death in 632 left open the succession of leadership of the Muslim community. Leaders of the Ansar, the natives of Medina who had provided Muhammad safe haven after his emigration from Mecca in 622, discussed forwarding their own candidate out of concern that the Muhajirun, Muhammad's early followers and fellow emigrants from Mecca, would ally with their fellow tribesmen from the former Qurayshite elite and take control of the Muslim state. The Muhajirun gave allegiance to one of their own, the early, elderly companion of Muhammad, Abu Bakr (r.��632–634), and put an end to Ansarite deliberations. Abu Bakr was viewed as acceptable by the Ansar and the Qurayshite elite and was acknowledged as caliph (leader of the Muslim community). He showed favor to the Umayyads by awarding them command roles in the Muslim conquest of Syria. One of the appointees was Yazid, the son of Abu Sufyan, who owned property and maintained trade networks in Syria.\nAbu Bakr's successor Umar (r.��634–644) curtailed the influence of the Qurayshite elite in favor of Muhammad's earlier supporters in the administration and military, but nonetheless allowed the growing foothold of Abu Sufyan's sons in Syria, which was all but conquered by 638. When Umar's overall commander of the province Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah died in 639, he appointed Yazid governor of Syria's Damascus, Palestine and Jordan districts. Yazid died shortly after and UmarMost historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661–80) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644–656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty.The UmayMost historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661–80) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644–656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty. area. The dynasty was toppled by the Abbasids in 750. Survivors of the dynasty established themselves in Córdoba which, in the form of an emirate and then a caliphate, became a world centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the Islamic Golden Age.\nThe Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay the jizya (poll tax) from which Muslims were exempt. Muslims were required to pay the zakat, which was earmarked or hypothecated explicitly for various alms programmes for the benefit of Muslims or Muslim converts. Under the early Umayyad caliphs, prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served the Byzantines. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Mu'awiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base. The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Origins ===\n\n\n==== Early influence ====\nDuring the pre-Islamic period, the Umayyads or Banu Umayya were a leading clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. By the end of the 6th century, the Umayyads dominated the Quraysh's increasingly prosperous trade networks with Syria and developed economic and military alliances with the nomadic Arab tribes that controlled the northern and central Arabian desert expanses, affording the clan a degree of political power in the region. The Umayyads under the leadership of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb were the principal leaders of Meccan opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but after the latter captured Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh embraced Islam. To reconcile his influential Qurayshite tribesmen, Muhammad gave his former opponents, including Abu Sufyan, a stake in the new order. Abu Sufyan and the Umayyads relocated to Medina, Islam's political centre, to maintain their new-found political influence in the nascent Muslim community.\nMuhammad's death in 632 left open the succession of leadership of the Muslim community. Leaders of the Ansar, the natives of Medina who had provided Muhammad safe haven after his emigration from Mecca in 622, discussed forwarding their own candidate out of concern that the Muhajirun, Muhammad's early followers and fellow emigrants from Mecca, would ally with their fellow tribesmen from the former Qurayshite elite and take control of the Muslim state. The Muhajirun gave allegiance to one of their own, the early, elderly companion of Muhammad, Abu Bakr (r.��632–634), and put an end to Ansarite deliberations. Abu Bakr was viewed as acceptable by the Ansar and the Qurayshite elite and was acknowledged as caliph (leader of the Muslim community). He showed favor to the Umayyads by awarding them command roles in the Muslim conquest of Syria. One of the appointees was Yazid, the son of Abu Sufyan, who owned property and maintained trade networks in Syria.\nAbu Bakr's successor Umar (r.��634–644) curtailed the influence of the Qurayshite elite in favor of Muhammad's earlier supporters in the administration and",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Umayyad Caliphate",
"paragraph_text": " provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Mu'awiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base. The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Origins ===\n\n\n==== Early influence ====\nDuring the pre-Islamic period, the Umayyads or Banu Umayya were a leading clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. By the end of the 6th century, the Umayyads dominated the Quraysh's increasingly prosperous trade networks with Syria and developed economic and military alliances with the nomadic Arab tribes that controlled the northern and central Arabian desert expanses, affording the clan a degree of political power in the region. The Umayyads under the leadership of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb were the principal leaders of Meccan opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but after the latter captured Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh embraced Islam. To reconcile his influential Qurayshite tribesmen, Muhammad gave his former opponents, including Abu Sufyan, a stake in the new order. Abu Sufyan and the Umayyads relocated to Medina, Islam's political centre, to maintain their new-found political influence in the nascent Muslim community.\nMuhammad's death in 632 left open the succession of leadership of the Muslim community. Leaders of the Ansar, the natives of Medina who had provided Muhammad safe haven after his emigration from Mecca in 622, discussed forwarding their own candidate out of concern that the Muhajirun, Muhammad's early followers and fellow emigrants from Mecca, would ally with their fellow tribesmen from the former Qurayshite elite and take control of the Muslim state. The Muhajirun gave allegiance to one of their own, the early, elderly companion of Muhammad, Abu Bakr (r.��632–634), and put an end to Ansarite deliberations. Abu Bakr was viewed as acceptable by the Ansar and the Qurayshite elite and was acknowledged as caliph (leader of the Muslim community). He showed favor to the Umayyads by awarding them command roles in the Muslim conquest of Syria. One of the appointees was Yazid, the son of Abu Sufyan, who owned property and maintained trade networks in Syria.\nAbu Bakr's successor Umar (r.��634–644) curtailed the influence of the Qurayshite elite in favor of Muhammad's earlier supporters in the administration and military, but nonetheless allowed the growing foothold of Abu Sufyan's sons in Syria, which was all but conquered by 638. When Umar's overall commander of the province Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah died in 639, he appointed Yazid governor of Syria's Damascus, Palestine and Jordan districts. Yazid died shortly after and UmarMost historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661–80) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644–656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn alMu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year. area. The dynasty was toppled by the Abbasids in 750. Survivors of the dynasty established themselves in Córdoba which, in the form of an emirate and then a caliphate, became a world centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the Islamic Golden Age.\nThe Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay the jizya (poll tax) from which Muslims were exempt. Muslims were required to pay the zakat, which was earmarked or hypothecated explicitly for various alms programmes for the benefit of Muslims or Muslim converts. Under the early Umayyad caliphs, prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served the Byzantines. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Mu'awiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base. The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Origins ===\n\n\n==== Early influence ====\nDuring the pre-Islamic period, the Umayyads or Banu Umayya were a leading clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. By the end of the 6th century, the Umayyads dominated the Quraysh's increasingly prosperous trade networks with Syria and developed economic and military alliances with the nomadic Arab tribes that controlled the northern and central Arabian desert expanses, affording the clan a degree of political power in the region. The Umayyads under the leadership of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb were the principal leaders of Meccan opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, but after the latter captured Mecca in 630, Abu Sufyan and the Quraysh embraced Islam. To reconcile his influential Qurayshite tribesmen, Muhammad gave his former opponents, including Abu Sufyan, a stake in the new order. Abu Sufyan and the Umayyads relocated to Medina, Islam's political centre, to maintain their new-found political influence in the nascent Muslim community.\nMuhammad's death in 632 left open the succession of leadership of the Muslim community. Leaders of the Ansar, the natives of Medina who had provided Muhammad safe haven after his emigration from Mecca in 622, discussed forwarding their own candidate out of concern that the Muhajirun, Muhammad's early followers and fellow emigrants from Mecca, would ally with their fellow tribesmen from the former Qurayshite elite and take control of the Muslim state. The Muhajirun gave allegiance to one of their own, the early, elderly companion of Muhammad, Abu Bakr (r.��632–634), and put an end to Ansarite deliberations. Abu Bakr was viewed as acceptable by the Ansar and the Qurayshite elite and was acknowledged as caliph (leader of the Muslim community). He showed favor to the Umayyads by awarding them command roles in the Muslim conquest of Syria. One of the appointees was Yazid, the son of Abu Sufyan, who owned property and maintained trade networks in Syria.\nAbu Bakr's successor Umar (r.��634–644) curtailed the influence of the Qurayshite elite in favor of Muhammad's earlier supporters in the administration and military, but nonetheless allowed the growing foothold of Abu Sufyan's sons in Syria, which was all but conquered by 638. When Umar's overall commander of the province Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah died in 639, he appointed Yazid governor of Syria's Damascus, Palestine and Jordan districts. Yazid died shortly after and UmarMost historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661–80) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the year the individual who initiated the postal system in Umayyad territories assumed the caliphate? | [
{
"id": 16581,
"question": "Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?",
"answer": "Mu'awiyah",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 16525,
"question": "When did #1 become caliph?",
"answer": "661",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | 661 | [] | true | When did the person who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands become caliph? |
3hop1__694534_160088_821792 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "MacGruder and Loud",
"paragraph_text": " cancelled three months into its run. The ratings decline was blamed on ABC's repeated changing of the show's timeslot before settling on Monday nights at 10:00 p.m., known as \"the graveyard slot\". It ranked 36th out of 77 showsThis was one of the few failures from Aaron Spelling's production company in its history, since it was picked by ABC to debut right after the Super Bowl in 1985 and was heavily promoted during the game. The promotion resulted in high ratings at first, but the series was cancelled three months into its run, after ranking 40th out of 104 programs that aired that season with an average 15.76 household rating, according to TVTango.com. The ratings decline was blamed on ABC's repeated changing of the show's timeslot before settling on Monday nights at 10:00 p.m., known as \"the graveyard slot.\"MacGruder and Loud is an American crime drama from Aaron Spelling Productions that aired on ABC from January 20 to April 30, 1985.\n\n\n== Premise ==\nThe series stars John Getz and Kathryn Harrold as married police officers Malcolm MacGruder and Jenny Loud in a Los Angeles Police Department-styled police agency (where strict anti-fraternization policies were in effect). They fought a battle every day to keep it a closely guarded secret from their boss, Sgt. Hanson (played by veteran actor Lee de Broux).\nMalcolm and Jenny lived in a duplex-type apartment complex where there was a secret door behind the grandfather clock in her apartment,This was one of the few failures from Aaron Spelling's production company in its history, since it was picked by ABC to debut right after the Super Bowl in 1985 and was heavily promoted during the game. The promotion resulted in high ratings at first, but the series was cancelled three months into its run, after ranking 40th out of 104 programs that aired that season with an average 15.76 household rating, according to TVTango.com. The ratings decline was blamed on ABC's repeated changing of the show's timeslot before settling on Monday nights at 10:00 p.m., known as \"the graveyard slot.\"",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Growing Up American",
"paragraph_text": "Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States, by Min Zhou and Carl L. Bankston III is one of the most influential books on the Vietnamese American experience. Published in 1998 by the Russell Sage Foundation, it is widely used in college classes on international migration, contemporary American history, and Asian Studies. The book emphasizes the role of Vietnamese communities in promoting the adaptation of Vietnamese American young people.One of the unique characteristics of the book is its combination of a general history of the growth and nature of Vietnamese American communities around the United States with an in-depth study of one specific Vietnamese community, on the eastern edge of New Orleans, Louisiana.\n\n\n== Organization of the book ==\nChapter 1 traces the history of Vietnamese settlement in the United States, giving special attention to how the process of refugee resettlement and popular opinions of the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Aaron Spelling",
"paragraph_text": " Hart to Hart (1979–84), Dynasty (1981–89), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of Mod Squad (1968-1973), The Rookies (1972-1976), and Sunset Beach (1997-1999).Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 – June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer. Some of his works include the TV programs Charlie's Angels (1976–81), The Love Boat (1977–86), Hart to Hart (1979–84), Dynasty (1981–89), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of Mod Squad (1968-1973), The Rookies (1972-1976), and Sunset Beach (1997-1999).–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976), and Sunset Beach (1997–1999).\nThrough his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in US television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits. Forbes ranked him the 11th-highest-earning deceased celebrity in 2009.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nSpelling was born in DallasAaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 – June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer. Some of his works include the TV programs Charlie's Angels (1976–81), The Love Boat (1977–86), Hart to Hart (1979–84), Dynasty (1981–89), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of Mod Squad (1968-1973), The Rookies (1972-1976), and Sunset Beach (1997-1999).Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 – June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor. His productions included the TV series Family (1976–1980), Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), The Love Boat (1977–1986), Hart to Hart (1979–1984), Dynasty (1981–1989), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976), and Sunset Beach (1997–1999).\nThrough his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in US television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits. Forbes ranked him the 11th-highest-earning deceased celebrity in 2009.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nSpelling was born in Dallas, Texas. He was the son of Pearl (née Wald) and David Spelling, Russian Jewish immigrants. His father worked as a tailor and changed his surname from Spurling to Spelling after emigrating to the United States. Spelling was the youngest of five children. He had three older brothers: Maxwell \"Max\" Seltzer (circa 1909–?), Sam Spelling (1916–2001) and Daniel Spelling (1921–2009) and an older half-sister, Becky Seltzer Giller (1910–1978).\nAt the age of eight, Spelling psychosomatically lost the use of his legs due to trauma caused by constant anti-semitic bullying from his schoolmates, and was confined to bed for a year. He made a full recovery.\nAfter attending Forest Avenue High School in Dallas, he served in the United States Army Air Corps as a pilot during World War II.\nSpelling later graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1949, where he was a cheerleader.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\nSpelling made his first appearance as an actor in a film as Harry Williams in Vicki, directed by Harry Horner, in 1953. That same year, he appeared in the TV series I Led Three Lives and Dragnet (six episodes, 1953–55). Spelling appeared in episode 112 of I Love Lucy (\"Tennessee Bound\", season 4, 1955); in Alfred Hitchcock Presents (\"Breakdown\", 1955); and as Weed Pindle in Gunsmoke's season one, episode 35, \"The Guitar\" (1956). He continued to appear in films and TV (often uncredited) over 25 times by 1957, appearing briefly as an actor in 1963, 1995, and 1998 (all uncredited.)\nHe guest-starred in 1954 as a dogcatcher in the premiere episode of the CBS situation comedy, Willy, starring June Havoc as a young lawyer in New Hampshire, who later relocates to New York City to represent a vaudeville troupe.\nSpelling sold his first script \"Twenty Dollar Bride\" to The Jane Wyman Show in 1956. He gained experience as a producer and additional credits as a script writer working for Four Star Television on the series Zane Grey Theater, which aired between 1956 and 1961. Of the 149 episodes in that series, he wrote 20 of the teleplays and produced many others. Spelling produced Burke's Law while at Four Star. The show was the first success for Spelling and pioneered the multiple guest star format, later seen on The Love Boat",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who wrote Growing Up, and also happens to be the same nationality as the person who created MacGruder and Loud? | [
{
"id": 694534,
"question": "MacGruder and Loud >> creator",
"answer": "Aaron Spelling",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 160088,
"question": "What nationality was #1 ?",
"answer": "an American",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 821792,
"question": "Growing Up #2 >> author",
"answer": "Min Zhou",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | Min Zhou | [
"Carl L. Bankston"
] | true | Who is the author of Growing Up this nationality of the creator MacGruder and Loud? |
2hop__60229_38663 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Cake",
"paragraph_text": " Most lakes are fed by springs, and both fed and drained by creeks and rivers, but some lakes are endorheic without any outflow, while volcanic lakes are filled directly by precipitation runoffs and do not have any inflow streams.\nNatural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas (i.e. alpine lakes), dormant volcanic craters, rift zones and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in depressed landforms or along the courses of mature rivers, where a river channel has widened over a basin formed by eroded floodplains and wetlands. Some lakes are found in caverns underground. Some parts of the world have many lakes formed by the chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last ice age. All lakes are temporary over long periods of time, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.\nArtificially controlled lakes are known as reservoirs, and are usually constructed for industrial or agricultural use, for hydroelectric power generation, for supplying domestic drinking water, for ecological or recreational purposes, or for other human activities.\n\n\n== Etymology, meaning, and usage of \"lake\" ==\nThe word lake comes from Middle English lake ('lake, pond, waterway'), from Old English lacu ('pond, pool, stream'), from Proto-Germanic *lakō ('pond, ditch, slow moving stream'), from the Proto-Indo-European root *le��- ('to leak, drain'). Cognates include Dutch laak ('lake, pond, ditch'), Middle Low German lāke ('water pooled in a riverbed, puddle') as in: de:Wolfslake, de:Butterlake, German Lache ('pool, puddle'), and Icelandic lækur ('slow flowing stream'). Also related are the English words leak and leach.\nThere is considerable uncertainty about defining the difference between lakes and ponds, and neither term has an internationally accepted definition across scientific disciplines or political boundaries. For example, limnologists have defined lakes as water bodies that are simply a larger version of a pond, which can have wave action on the shoreline or where wind-induced turbulence plays a major role in mixing the water column. None of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are increasingly used to separate ponds and lakes. Definitions for lake range in minimum sizes for a body of water from 2 hectares (5 acres):��331�� to 8 hectares (20 acres). Pioneering animal ecologist Charles Elton regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares (99 acres) or more. The term lake is also used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre, which is a dry basin most of the time but may become filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall. In common usage, many lakes bear names ending with the word pond, and a lesser number of names ending with lake are, in quasi-technical fact, ponds. One textbook illustrates this point with the following: \"In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, almost every pond is called a lake.\"\nOne hydrology book proposes to define the term \"lake\" as a body of water with the following five characteristics:\n\nIt partially or totally fills one or several basins connected by straits;\nIt has essentially the same water level in all parts (except for relatively short-lived variations caused by wind, varying ice cover, large inflows, etc.);\nIt does not have regular intrusion of seawater;\nA considerable portion of the sediment suspended in the water is captured by the basins (for this to happen they need to have a sufficiently small inflow-to-volume ratio);\nThe area measured at the mean water level exceeds an arbitrarily chosen threshold (for instance, one hectare).\nWith the exception of criterion 3, the others have been accepted or elaborated upon by other hydrology publications.\n\n\n== Distribution ==\n\nThe majority of lakes on Earth are freshwater, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a deranged drainage system, has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi) in surface area. The total number of lakes in Canada is unknown but is estimated to be at least 2 million. Finland has 168,000 lakes of 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) in area, or larger, of which 57,000 are large (10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) or larger).\nMost lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lake's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage, or both. These are termed endorheic lakes.\nMany lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydroelectric power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use, agricultural use, or domestic water supply.\nThe number of lakes on Earth is undetermined because most lakes and ponds are very small and do not appear on maps or satellite imagery. Despite this uncertainty, a large number ofDuring the Great Depression, there was a surplus of molasses and the need to provide easily made food to millions of economically depressed people in the United States. One company patented a cake - bread mix in order to deal with this economic situation, and thereby established the first line of cake in a box. In so doing, cake as it is known today became a mass - produced good rather than a home - or bakery - made specialty.A lake is anDuring the Great Depression, there was a surplus of molasses and the need to provide easily made food to millions of economically depressed people in the United States. One company patented a cake - bread mix in order to deal with this economic situation, and thereby established the first line of cake in a box. In so doing, cake as it is known today became a mass - produced good rather than a home - or bakery - made specialty. salinities even higher than that of seawater. Lakes vary significantly in surface area and volume of water.\nLakes are typically larger and deeper than ponds, which are also water-filled basins on land, although there are no official definitions or scientific criteria distinguishing the two. Lakes are also distinct from lagoons, which are generally shallow tidal pools dammed by sandbars or other material at coastal regions of oceans or large lakes. Most lakes are fed by springs, and both fed and drained by creeks and rivers, but some lakes are endorheic without any outflow, while volcanic lakes are filled directly by precipitation runoffs and do not have any inflow streams.\nNatural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas (i.e. alpine lakes), dormant volcanic craters, rift zones and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in depressed landforms or along the courses of mature rivers, where a river channel has widened over a basin formed by eroded floodplains and wetlands. Some lakes are found in caverns underground. Some parts of the world have many lakes formed by the chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last ice age. All lakes are temporary over long periods of time, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.\nArtificially controlled lakes are known as reservoirs, and are usually constructed for industrial or agricultural use, for hydroelectric power generation, for supplying domestic drinking water, for ecological or recreational purposes, or for other human activities.\n\n\n== Etymology, meaning, and usage of \"lake\" ==\nThe word lake comes from Middle English lake ('lake, pond, waterway'), from Old English lacu ('pond, pool, stream'), from Proto-Germanic *lakō ('pond, ditch, slow moving stream'), from the Proto-Indo",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Tanzania",
"paragraph_text": " extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. According to the 2022 national census, Tanzania has a population of at least 67.4 million.\nMany important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania, such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils. In the Stone and Bronze Age, prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago; and the Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.:��page 18�� These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas. In the late 19th century, the mainland came under German rule as German East Africa, and this was followed by British rule after World War I when it was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction. Following their respective independence in 196Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist \"between the current market malaise\" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. \"It's very troubling if you have a mirror image,\" said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times, wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time, the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007, and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow. The past two years ranked third, however.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What percentage did the Dow Jones drop at the time the initial cake mix was introduced? | [
{
"id": 60229,
"question": "when did the first cake mix come out",
"answer": "During the Great Depression",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 38663,
"question": "What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in #1 ?",
"answer": "54.7%",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | 54.7% | [] | true | What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell during the time the first cake mix come out? |
2hop__365236_19320 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Mexico City",
"paragraph_text": " urban areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of the country's GDP. If it were an independent country in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America.\nMexico City is the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Indigenous people. The city was originally built on a group of islands in Lake Texcoco by the Mexica around 1325, under the name Tenochtitlan. It was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, theThe National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006, making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007.). The city has 16 boroughs or demarcaciones territoriales, which are in turn divided into neighborhoods or colonias.\nThe 2020 population for the city proper was 9,209,944, with a land area of 1,495 square kilometers (577 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of Greater Mexico City is 21,804,515, which makes it the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the world, the second-largest urban agglomeration in the Western Hemisphere (behind São Paulo, Brazil), and the largest Spanish-speaking city (city proper) in the world. Greater Mexico City has a GDP of $411 billion in 2011, which makes it one of the most productive urban areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's GDP, and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of the country's GDP. If it were an independent country in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America.\nMexico City is the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Indigenous people. The city was originally built on a group of islands in Lake Texcoco by the Mexica around 1325, under the name Tenochtitlan. It was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585, it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City played a major role in the Spanish colonial empire as a political, administrative, and financial center. Following independence from Spain, the federal district was established in 1824.\nAfter years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were finally given the right to elect both a head of government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by election in 1997. Ever since, left-wing parties (first the Party of the Democratic Revolution and later the National Regeneration Movement) have controlled both of them. The city has several progressive policies, such as elective abortions, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, same-sex marriage, and legal gender change. On 29 January 2016, it ceased to be the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now officially known as Ciudad de México (or CDMX), with a greater degree of autonomy. A clause in the Constitution of Mexico, however, prevents it from becoming a state within the Mexican federation, as long it remains the capital of the country.\n\n\n== Nicknames and mottos ==\nMexico City was traditionally known as La Ciudad de los Palacios (\"the City of the Palaces\"), a nickname attributed to Baron Alexander von Humboldt when visiting the city in the 19th century, who, sending",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Enrique del Moral",
"paragraph_text": " as Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology as well as Mexican philosophy on esthetic espoused by Dr. Jose Gaos in the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature (UNAM). He dedicated a large amount of his academic life to lecturing both domestically and abroad, and published books and essays on the evolution of architectural styles. He theorized about functionalism in Mexico and debated controversial issues of his time, such as the integration of plastic arts into architecture, and promoted the conservation of cities, approaching architecture in a way that could find balance between traditional and modern styles.\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\n\n=== Early life ===\nEnrique del Moral Domínguez was born on 21 January 1905 in Irapuato, Guanajuato, the only son of Enrique del Moral and Maria de los Angeles Dominguez. Four years later, in 1909, the family moved to Mexico City, where Del Moral attended elementary, middle and high school at the Franco-English Institute. There, he met Juan O'Gorman, who went on to study architecture with Del Moral at the Academy of San Carlos.\nDuring the upheaval of the Mexican Revolution, Enrique del Moral's mother Maria sought safety with her son in El Paso, Texas, where his mother had family. The trip to the United States gave him the lifelong nickname \"El Gringo\" as well as provided Del Moral with an outsider's view of the country. Enrique de Moral returned to Mexico to see a nation devastated by war and decades of poverty that was, at the same time, immensely rich in landscape, materials and culture.\n\n\n=== Years of training ===\nAt 18 years of age, Enrique del Moral met architect José Villagrán Garcia when he was a student and a colleague of Del Moral's cousin, Eduardo Jiménez del Moral, and soon afterward became interested in the architectural profession. In 1923 he entered the Faculty of Architecture (UNAM), which then had a staff of only 36 students and was housed in the old Academy of San Carlos.\nIn the year 1924, del Moral was invited to enter into a draftsmanship with Villagrán and Carlos Obregón Santacilia, the two most innovative architects inDel Moral modernized curricula during his time as director of the Faculty of Architecture (UNAM) (1944–1949), incorporating philosophies acquired from like-minded architects such as Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology as well as Mexican philosophy on esthetic espoused by Dr. Jose Gaos in the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature (UNAM). He dedicated a large amount of his academic life to lecturing both domestically and abroad, and published books and essays on the evolution of architectural styles. He theorized about functionalism in Mexico and debated controversial issues of his time, such as the integration of plastic arts into architecture, and promoted the conservation of cities, approaching architecture in a way that could find balance between traditional and modern styles.EnDel Moral modernized curricula during his time as director of the Faculty of Architecture (UNAM) (1944–1949), incorporating philosophies acquired from like-minded architects such as Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology as well as Mexican philosophy on esthetic espoused by Dr. Jose Gaos in the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature (UNAM). He dedicated a large amount of his academic life to lecturing both domestically and abroad, and published books and essays on the evolution of architectural styles. He theorized about functionalism in Mexico and debated controversial issues of his time, such as the integration of plastic arts into architecture, and promoted the conservation of cities, approaching architecture in a way that could find balance between traditional and modern styles. of more than fifty years, Enrique de Moral was designer and builder of over 100 public and private works in large metropolitan areas such as Mexico City as well as his hometown of Irapuato, but is primarily known for his role in the overall plan of the Ciudad Universitaria (1947–1952), site of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), along with the architects Mario Pani and Salvador Ortega. He was responsible for the direction and coordination of the master project and the Rectorship Tower, one of the most representative features of the campus.\nDel Moral modernized curricula during his time as director of the Faculty of Architecture (UNAM) (1944–1949), incorporating philosophies acquired from like-minded architects such as Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology as well as Mexican philosophy on esthetic espoused by Dr. Jose Gaos in the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature (UNAM). He dedicated a large amount of his academic life to lecturing both domestically and abroad, and published books and essays on the evolution of architectural styles. He theorized about functionalism in Mexico and debated controversial issues of his time, such as the integration of plastic arts into architecture, and promoted the conservation",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the global rank of the educational institution where Mario Pani studied? | [
{
"id": 365236,
"question": "Mario Pani >> educated at",
"answer": "UNAM",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 19320,
"question": "What worldwide ranking does #1 hold?",
"answer": "74th",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | 74th | [] | true | What worldwide ranking is held by Mario Pani's alma mater? |
2hop__258940_135844 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Tolyatti",
"paragraph_text": "Tolyatti or Togliatti (Russian: Тольятти, IPA: [t��l����jæt��(��)��]), known before 1964 as Stavropol, is a city in Samara Oblast, Russia. It is the largest city in Russia which is neither the administrative center of a federal subject, nor the largest city of a subject. Population: 684,709��(2021 Census); 719,632��(2010 Russian census); 702,879��(2002 Census); 630,543��(1989 Soviet census).The city is best known as the home of Russia's largest car manufacturer AvtoVAZ (Lada). For this reason, Tolyatti is often dubbed \"Russia's motor city\" or \"Russia's Motown\" (in reference to Detroit in the United States—the spiritual home of the American automotive industry). It was renamed after Italian communist politician Palmiro Togliatti in 1964.\n\n\n== History ==\nStavropol was founded as a fortress in 1737 by the Russian statesman Vasily Tatishchev. It was often imformally referred to as Stavropol-on-Volga to distinguish it from Stavropol, a larger city in southwest Russia, although Stavropol-on-Volga was never its official name.\nThe construction of the Kuybyshev Dam and Hydroelectric Station on the Volga River in the 1950s created the Kuybyshev Reservoir, which flooded the existing location of the city, and it was completely rebuilt on a new site.\nIn 1964, the city was chosen as the location of the new VAZThe construction of the Kuybyshev Dam and Hydroelectric Station on the Volga River in the 1950s created the Kuybyshev Reservoir, which covered the existing location of the city, and it was completely rebuilt on a new site. In 1964, the city was renamed Tolyatti (after Palmiro Togliatti, the longest-serving secretary of the Italian Communist Party).The construction of the Kuybyshev Dam and Hydroelectric Station on the Volga River in the 1950s created the Kuybyshev Reservoir, which covered the existing location of the city, and it was completely rebuilt on a new site. In 1964, the city was renamed Tolyatti (after Palmiro Togliatti, the longest-serving secretary of the Italian Communist Party).Tolyatti or Togliatti (Russian: Тольятти, IPA: [t��l����jæt��(��)��]), known before 1964 as Stavropol, is a city in Samara Oblast, Russia. It is the largest city in Russia which is neither the administrative center of a federal subject, nor the largest city of a subject. Population: 684,709��(2021 Census); 719,632��(2010 Russian census); 702,879��(2002 Census); 630,543��(1989 Soviet census).The city is best known as the home of Russia's largest car manufacturer AvtoVAZ (Lada). For this reason, Tolyatti is often dubbed \"Russia's motor city\" or \"Russia's Motown\" (in reference to Detroit in the United States—the spiritual home of the American automotive industry). It was renamed after Italian communist politician Palmiro Togliatti in 1964.\n\n\n== History ==\nStavropol was founded as a fortress in 1737 by the Russian statesman Vasily Tatishchev. It was often imformally referred to as Stavropol-on-Volga to distinguish it from Stavropol, a larger city in southwest Russia, although Stavropol-on-Volga was never its official name.\nThe construction of the Kuybyshev Dam and Hydroelectric Station on the Volga River in the 1950s created the Kuybyshev Reservoir, which flooded the existing location of the city, and it was completely rebuilt on a new site.\nIn 1964, the city was chosen as the location of the new VAZ automobile plant: a joint venture between Fiat and the Soviet government. It was then renamed Tolyatti after Palmiro Togliatti, the longest-serving secretary of the Italian Communist Party, who had been instrumental in setting up the venture with Fiat. Much of the modern city was constructed in the 1960s to house the workers of the factory, and today AvtoVAZ dominates the economy of the city.\n\n\n== Administrative and municipal status ==\n\nWithin the framework of administrative divisions, Tolyatti serves as the administrative center of Stavropolsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Tolyatti—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Tolyatti is incorporated as Tolyatti Urban Okrug.\n\n\n=== City divisions ===\nFor the administrative purposes, the city is divided into three districts:\n\nAvtozavodsky (Автозаво́дский), also called Novy Gorod (literally New City), is the most modern; it was",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Lesnoye Sanatorium",
"paragraph_text": " is now the large city of Tolyatti, the sanatorium is located in 42 hectares (100 acres) of forest (the Tolyatti Pine Forest) near the shores of the Volga, hence its name, which means \"Sanatorium in the Forest\".\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Before 1917 ===\n\nLesnoye Sanatorium was founded in 1910 by the Stavropol-on-Volga merchant and entrepreneur V. N. Klimushin (Stavropol-on-Volga being the former name of Tolyatti). The original building was a two-story building of brick and timber, with stove heating. The newspapers announcing the opening of the health resort noted that medicinal kumis (fermented horse milk) was to be a feature of the therapeutic regime. Vladimir B. Zolotnitsky, a tuberculosis specialist and well-known public figure, was appointed chief physician and the first tuberculosis patients were admitted.\nThe sanatorium applied advanced (for the time) methods of treatment, including the Mantoux test and electrification. There were laboratories and a sunroom.\nOut on the steppe far from the Lesnoye Sanatorium was a farm where two hundred horses were kept to provide mare's milk. From this was made the sanatorium's therapeutic beverage – kumis. During the holiday season up to 45,000 bottles of kumis were produced, not only for use by the sanatorium but also for sale.\n\nPatients came from all over Russia – mostly the wealthy, as the fee for a season was 200 silver rubles. The health resort became famous, attracting aristocrats from Turkey and France. The health resort was well-appointed, with flower gardens, sculptures, fountains, and gazebos. There were electric lights and water from an artesian well. Horse-drawn carriages were available for hire.\nIn 1913, the sanatorium treated the French communist Inessa Armand. In 1967 a memorial plaque with her name was placed, lost when the building was renovated.\nDuring World War I, the Lesnoye Sanatorium was used as a rehabilitation hospital for wounded soldiers and officers.\n\n\n=== In Soviet times ===\nIn 1918, the sanatorium was nationalized and given over to the Stavropol-on-Volga district health department. In the 1920s and 1930s outbreaks of tuberculosis were common throughout Russia, and the sanatorium became the base from which the Moscow tuberculosis clinics were supervised, and was itself filled to capacity. Surgical methods of treatment and more effective use of kumis were developed here.\nDuring World War II the Military Institute of Foreign Languages moved to Stavropol-on-Volga, and a training center for military translators was established at the Lesnoye Sanatorium under the direction of Lieutenant General Nikolai Biasi. From 1941 to 1942 two thousand translators were trained. Among the cadets trained here were many who became well-known writers, artists and composers, including Vladimir Etush, Andrei Eshpai, S. Lvov, E. Rzhevskaya, and A. Troyanovsky.\nAfterLesnoye Sanatorium () is the oldest medical institution in the city of Tolyatti, Russia. Its main focus is tuberculosis treatment.LLesnoye Sanatorium () is the oldest medical institution in the city of Tolyatti, Russia. Its main focus is tuberculosis treatment.atti, Russia. Its main focus is tuberculosis treatment.\nDespite being only 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from the center of what is now the large city of Tolyatti, the sanatorium is located in 42 hectares (100 acres) of forest (the Tolyatti Pine Forest) near the shores of the Volga, hence its name, which means \"Sanatorium in the Forest\".\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Before 1917 ===\n\nLesnoye Sanatorium was founded in 1910 by the Stavropol-on-Volga merchant and entrepreneur V. N. Klimushin (Stavropol-on-Volga being the former name of Tolyatti). The original building was a two-story building of brick and timber, with stove heating. The newspapers announcing the opening of the health resort noted that medicinal kumis (fermented horse milk) was to be a feature of the therapeutic regime",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | After whom is the city, the location of Lesnoye Sanatorium, named? | [
{
"id": 258940,
"question": "Lesnoye Sanatorium >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Tolyatti",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 135844,
"question": "Whom is #1 named after?",
"answer": "Palmiro Togliatti",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | Palmiro Togliatti | [] | true | Who is the city where Lesnoye Sanatorium is located named after? |
3hop1__857_846_7874 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "abi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.\nIn the hope of reviving the unique relationship during the Yuan dynasty, and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance withDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzeraintyThe Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states,As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.\n\n\n=== Standard drop ===\n\nThe standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.\nIt was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.\nPrior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J).\n\nThe decapitation of Eva Dugan during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane. One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of Arthur Lucas,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What's the title of the prominent basketball squad hailing from the urban center where the individual receiving the decree was welcomed by the Yongle Emperor? | [
{
"id": 857,
"question": "Who was the edict addressed to?",
"answer": "the Karmapa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 846,
"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the #1 ?",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 7874,
"question": "What is the name of the major basketball team in #2 ?",
"answer": "Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club | [] | true | What is the name of the major basketball team from the city where the Yongle emperor greeted the person to whom the edict was addressed? |
4hop1__833841_378185_282674_759393 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Pulaski High School",
"paragraph_text": "Pulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider. Raider.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades. In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool. Another new building was built in 1998 due to",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Amy McKenzie",
"paragraph_text": " well as co-producing and directing their biggest cult hitsAmy McKenzie (born August 2, 1959 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is an American producer, director, and actress. She is one of the founders of the New Age Vaudeville theatre company and the Third Avenue Playhouse.AAmy McKenzie (born August 2, 1959 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is an American producer, director, and actress. She is one of the founders of the New Age Vaudeville theatre company and the Third Avenue Playhouse. Career ===\nMcKenzie has worked and lived in Seattle, New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Chicago, where she has produced and performed for the stage and television. She co-founded the New Age Vaudeville theater company as well as co-producing and directing their biggest cult hitsAmy McKenzie (born August 2, 1959 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is an American producer, director, and actress. She is one of the founders of the New Age Vaudeville theatre company and the Third Avenue Playhouse.Amy McKenzie (born August 2, 1959) is an American producer, director, and actress. She is one of the founders of the New Age Vaudeville theatre company and the Third Avenue Playhouse.\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\n\n=== Career ===\nMcKenzie has worked and lived in Seattle, New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Chicago, where she has produced and performed for the stage and television. She co-founded the New Age Vaudeville theater company as well as co-producing and directing their biggest cult hits, An Evening With Elmore & Gwendolyn Putts, The Neighbors Next Door and The TV Dinner Hour, both written by Richard O’Donnell and featuring herself, O’",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "John C. Petersen",
"paragraph_text": "etersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B. T. Rogers (Rep.), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an \"Independent Democrat\" but was now the Democratic nominee). He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements. \nHe was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D. J. Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P. P. Wing, a Republican. Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a \"Greenback Democrat\": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as \"GreenJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a GreenJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).== Background ==\nPetersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842. He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation. Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices .\n\n\n== Public office ==\nPetersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B. T. Rogers (Rep.), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an \"Independent Democrat\" but was now the Democratic nominee). He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements. \nHe was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D. J. Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P. P. Wing, a Republican. Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a \"Greenback Democrat\": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as \"GreenJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Jerome Quinn",
"paragraph_text": " realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the administrative center of the county adjacent to the one where Amy McKenzie had her birth? | [
{
"id": 833841,
"question": "Amy McKenzie >> place of birth",
"answer": "Appleton",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 378185,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Outagamie County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 282674,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Brown County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 759393,
"question": "#3 >> capital",
"answer": "Green Bay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | Green Bay | [] | true | What is the seat of the county sharing a border with the county in which Amy McKenzie was born? |
4hop1__567737_141375_458768_33633 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Santa Monica, California",
"paragraph_text": " party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.\nThere are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4. Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.\n\n\n=== Mexican era ===\n\nIn 1839, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica to Francisco Sepúlveda II, of theSanta Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety. Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886. The city developed into a seaside resort during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the creation of tourist attractions such as Palisades Park, the Santa Monica Pier, Ocean Park, and the Hotel Casa del Mar.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Indigenous ===\nThe Tongva are Indigenous to the Santa Monica area. The village of Comicranga was established in the Santa Monica area. One of the village's notable residents was Victoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village. During the Spanish period, she was taken to Mission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six.\n\n\n=== Spanish era ===\n\nThe first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.\nThere are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4. Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "The Right Stuff Records",
"paragraph_text": " various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny CordellThe Right Stuff Records is a reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "EmArcy Records",
"paragraph_text": "EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by Mercury Records, and today a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group. The name is a phonetic spelling of \"MRC\", the initials for Mercury Record Company.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Study in Brown",
"paragraph_text": "Study in Brown (EmArcy Records, 1955) is a Clifford Brown and Max Roach album. The album consists predominantly of originals by members of the band. The songs \"Lands End\", by tenor saxophonist Harold Land, and \"Sandu\", by Brown, have gone on to become jazz standards. The song \"George's Dilemma\" is also known as \"Ulcer Department\". Brown's solo on \"Cherokee\" is among the most acclaimed solos in jazz.Study in Brown (EmArcy Records, 1955) is a Clifford Brown and Max Roach album. The album consists predominantly of originals by members of the band. The songs \"Lands End\", by tenor saxophonist Harold Land, and \"Sandu\", by Brown, have gone on to become jazz standards. The song \"George's Dilemma\" is also known as \"Ulcer Department\". Brown's solo on \"Cherokee\" is among the most acclaimed solos in jazz.Study in Brown (EmArcy Records, 1955) is a Clifford Brown and Max Roach album. The album consists predominantly of originals by members of the band. The songs \"Lands End\", by tenor saxophonist Harold Land, and \"Sandu\", by Brown, have gone on to become jazz standards. The song \"George's Dilemma\" is also known as \"Ulcer Department\". Brown's solo on \"Cherokee\" is among the most acclaimed solos in jazz.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\"Cherokee\" (Ray Noble) – 5:44\n\"Jacqui\" (Richie Powell) – 5:11\n\"Swingin'\" (Clifford Brown) – 2:52\n\"Lands End\" (Harold Land) – 4:57\n\"George's Dilemma\" (Brown) – 5:36\n\"Sandu\" (Brown) – 4:57\n\"Gerkin for Perkin\" (Brown) – 2:56\n\"If I Love Again\" (Jack Murray and Ben Oakland) – 3:24\n\"Take the \"A\" Train\" (Billy Strayhorn) – 4:16\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nClifford Brown – trumpet\nHarold Land – tenor saxophone\nRichie Powell – piano\nGeorge Morrow – double bass\nMax Roach – drums\n\n\n== References ==Study in Brown (EmArcy Records, 1955) is a Clifford Brown and Max Roach album. The album consists predominantly of originals by members of the band. The songs \"Lands End\", by tenor saxophonist Harold Land, and \"Sandu\", by Brown, have gone on to become jazz standards. The song \"George's Dilemma\" is also known as \"Ulcer Department\". Brown's solo on \"Cherokee\" is among the most acclaimed solos in jazz.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\"Cherokee\" (Ray Noble) – 5:44\n\"Jacqui\" (Richie Powell) – 5:11\n\"Swingin'\" (Clifford Brown) – 2:52\n\"Lands End\" (Harold Land) – 4:57\n\"George's Dilemma\" (Brown) – 5:36\n\"Sandu\" (Brown) – 4:57\n\"Gerkin for Perkin\" (Brown) – 2:56\n\"If I Love Again\" (Jack Murray and Ben Oakland)",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the adventurer arrive at the headquarters of the group, which is included in Study in Brown's recording company's portfolio? | [
{
"id": 567737,
"question": "Study in Brown >> record label",
"answer": "EmArcy Records",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 141375,
"question": "What company is #1 part of?",
"answer": "Universal Music Group",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 458768,
"question": "#2 >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Santa Monica",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 33633,
"question": "What date did the explorer reach #3 ?",
"answer": "August 3, 1769",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | August 3, 1769 | [] | true | When did the explorer reach the headquarters location of the group Study in Brown's record label is part of? |
2hop__575282_114648 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation",
"paragraph_text": "9-1502) and Perugino's Combat of Love and Chastity (1503). \nThe subject was provided by the court poet Paride of Ceresara and was initially assigned to Mantegna. HoweverThe Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa the Elder, dating to about 1505-1506. It is displayed in the Louvre Museum of Paris, France.The painting was the fourth commissioned by Isabella d'Este for her studiolo, after two canvasses by Andrea Mantegna (Parnassus and the Triumph of the Virtues, respectively from 1497 and 1499-1502) and Perugino's Combat of Love and Chastity (1503). \nThe subject was provided by the court poet Paride of Ceresara and was initially assigned to Mantegna. However, after the latter's death in 1506, he was replaced by Lorenzo Costa, who deleted all the work made by his predecessor. Isabella liked the painting, and this granted Costa the position as the new court painter of the Gonzaga of Mantua.\nDuke Charles I of Nevers gifted this and the other paintings in the studiolo to Cardinal Richelieu, and the Allegory thus went to Paris. After belonging to several collections, it becameThe Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa the Elder, dating to about 1505-1506. It is displayed in the Louvre Museum of Paris, France.The Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa, dating to about 1505–1506. It is displayed in the Louvre, in Paris.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe painting was the fourth commissioned by Isabella d'Este for her studiolo, after two canvasses by Andrea Mantegna (Parnassus and the Triumph of the Virtues, respectively from 1497 and 1499-1502) and Perugino's Combat of Love and Chastity (1503). \nThe subject was provided by the court poet Paride of Ceresara and was initially assigned to Mantegna. However, after the latter's death in 1506, he was replaced by Lorenzo Costa, who deleted all the work made by his predecessor. Isabella liked the painting, and this granted Costa the position as the new court painter of the Gonzaga of Mantua.\nDuke Charles I of Nevers gifted this and the other paintings in the studiolo to Cardinal Richelieu, and the Allegory thus went to Paris. After belonging to several collections, it became part of the collections of the Louvre Museum.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Lorenzo Costa the Younger",
"paragraph_text": ". Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere and the Casino of Pope Pius IV at Rome, and died in Mantua in 1583.\nReturning to Mantua, he frescoed in the Sala dello Zodiaco in the Ducal Palace. He painted two large altarpieces for Santa Barbara church in the Ducal palace.\n\n\n== References ==\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Costa, Lorenzo, 'the younger'\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere and the Casino of Pope Pius IV at Rome, and died in Mantua in 1583.\nReturning to Mantua, he frescoed in the Sala dello Zodiaco in the Ducal Palace. He painted two large altarpieces for Santa Barbara church in the Ducal palace.\n\n\n== References ==\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Costa, Lorenzo, 'the younger'\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the BelLorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.LorenzoLorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.Lorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere and the Casino of Pope Pius IV at Rome, and died in Mantua in 1583.\nReturning to Mantua, he frescoed in the Sala dello Zodiaco in the Ducal Palace. He painted two large altarpieces for Santa Barbara church in the Ducal palace.\n\n\n== References ==\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Costa, Lorenzo, 'the younger'\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere and the Casino of Pope Pius IV at Rome, and died in Mantua in 1583.\nReturning to Mantua, he frescoed in the Sala dello Zodiaco in the Ducal Palace. He painted two large altarpieces for Santa Barbara church in the Ducal palace.\n\n\n== References ==\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Costa, Lorenzo, 'the younger'\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the BelLorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In what year did the artist of the "Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation", known as the Younger, pass away? | [
{
"id": 575282,
"question": "Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation >> creator",
"answer": "Lorenzo Costa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 114648,
"question": "What year did #1 the Younger die?",
"answer": "1583",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | 1583 | [] | true | What year did Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation's creator the Younger die? |
2hop__151750_141308 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Apple Records",
"paragraph_text": " were contracted to EMI. In a new distribution deal, EMI and its US subsidiary Capitol Records agreed to distribute Apple Records until 1976, while EMI retained ownership of their recordings. Beatles recordings issued in the United Kingdom on the Apple label carried Parlophone catalogue numbers, while US issues carried Capitol catalogue numbers. Apple Records owns the rights to all of the Beatles' videos and movie clips, and the rights to recordings of other artists signed to the label. The first catalogue number Apple 1 was a single pressing of Frank Sinatra singing \"Maureen Is a Champ\" (with lyrics by Sammy Cahn) to the melody of \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" as a surprise gift for the 21st birthday of Ringo Starr's wife Maureen.\nApple Records and Apple Publishing signed a number of acts whom the Beatles personally discovered or supported, and one or more of the Beatles would be involved in the recording sessions in most cases. Several notable artists were signed in the first year, including James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Billy Preston, the Modern Jazz Quartet, the Iveys (who became Badfinger), Doris Troy, and former Liverpool singer Jackie Lomax who recorded George Harrison's \"Sour Milk Sea\".\n\n\n=== 1969–1973: Klein era ===\nIn 1969, the Beatles were in need of financial and managerial direction, and John Lennon was approached by Allen Klein, manager of The Rolling Stones. When Klein went on to manage Apple, three of the Beatles supported him with Paul McCartney being the only group member opposed to his involvement. McCartney had suggested his father-in-law Lee Eastman for the job.\nKlein took control of Apple and shut down several sub-divisions, including Apple Electronics, and he dropped some of Apple Records' artistic roster. New signings to the label were not so numerous afterward and tended to arrive through the individual actions of the former Beatles. For example, Elephant's Memory were recruited through Lennon and Ravi Shankar through Harrison. McCartney had little input into Apple Records' roster after 1970. Klein managed Apple Corps until March 1973, when his contract expired. The Beatles' entire pre-Apple catalogue on the Capitol label was re-issued on the Apple label in May 1971, including the singles from \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" to \"Lady Madonna\", and the albums from Meet the Beatles! to Magical Mystery Tour. The album covers remained unchanged with the Capitol logos.\n\n\n=== 1973–2007: Aspinall era, Beatles reissues ===\nAfter Klein's departure, Apple was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the four Beatles and their heirs. Apple Records' distribution contract with EMI expired in 1976, when control of the Beatles' catalogue—including solo recordings to date by George Harrison, John Lennon and Ringo Starr—reverted to EMI (Paul McCartney had acquired ownership of his solo recordings when he re-signed with Capitol in 1975).\nThe original UK versions of the Beatles' albums were released worldwide on compact disc in 1987 and 1988 by Parlophone. Previously, Abbey Road had been issued on CD by the Toshiba-EMI label in Japan in 1983. Although this was a legitimate release, it was not authorised by the Beatles, EMI or Apple Corps. Following the settlement of Apple's ten-year lawsuit against EMI in 1989, new projects began to move forward, including the Live at the BBC album and The Beatles Anthology series. It was after the Anthology project (spearheaded by Neil Aspinall) that the company resumed making significantly large profits again and began its revival.\nThe label was again newsworthy in 2006, as the long-running dispute between Apple Records' parent company and Apple Inc. went to the High Court (see Apple Corps v Apple Computer).\n\n\n=== 2007–present: Jones era, iTunes reissues ===\nIn 2007, longtime chief executive Neil Aspinall retired and was replaced by American music industry executive Jeff Jones. The Beatles' catalog was remastered and re-issued in September 2009 and was made available on iTunes in November 2010. In June 2009, AppleApple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 as a division of Apple Corps Ltd. It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin, James Taylor, Badfinger, and Billy Preston. In practice, the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists. Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973, then it was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs. Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones.AppApple Records is a record label founded by the Beatles in 1968 as a division of Apple Corps Ltd. It was initially intended as a creative outlet for the Beatles, both as a group and individually, plus a selection of other artists including Mary Hopkin, James Taylor, Badfinger, and Billy Preston. In practice, the roster had become dominated by the mid-1970s with releases of the former Beatles as solo artists. Allen Klein managed the label from 1969 to 1973, then it was managed by Neil Aspinall on behalf of the Beatles and their heirs. Aspinall retired in 2007 and was replaced by Jeff Jones.== History ==\n\n\n=== 1967–1969: early years ===\n\nApple Corps Ltd was conceived by the Beatles in 1967 after the death of their manager Brian Epstein. It was intended to be a small group of companies (Apple Retail, Apple Publishing, Apple Electronics, and so on) as part of Epstein's plan to create a tax-effective business structure. The first project that the band released after forming the company was their film Magical Mystery Tour, which was produced under the Apple Films division. Apple Records was officially founded by",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Magic Christian Music",
"paragraph_text": " the new tracks were featured in the film The Magic Christian, which also gives the album its title. However, Magic Christian Music is not an official soundtrack album for the film.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe film soundtrack for TheMagic Christian Music is the debut album by the British rock band Badfinger, released in early 1970 on Apple Records. Three tracks from the LP are featured in the film \"The Magic Christian\", which also gives the album its title. However, \"Magic Christian Music\" is not an official soundtrack album for the film.MagicMagic Christian Music is the debut album by the British rock band Badfinger, released in early 1970 on Apple Records. Three tracks from the LP are featured in the film \"The Magic Christian\", which also gives the album its title. However, \"Magic Christian Music\" is not an official soundtrack album for the film., \"Come and Get It\", written and produced for them by Paul McCartney.\nOf the fourteen tracks, seven were newly recorded for the album while the remaining songs were recycled from Maybe Tomorrow, which had seen only limited release in a handful of international markets, including the singles \"Maybe Tomorrow\" and \"Dear Angie\". Three of the new tracks were featured in the film The Magic Christian, which also gives the album its title. However, Magic Christian Music is not an official soundtrack album for the film.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe film soundtrack for TheMagic Christian Music is the debut album by the British rock band Badfinger, released in early 1970 on Apple Records. Three tracks from the LP are featured in the film \"The Magic Christian\", which also gives the album its title. However, \"Magic Christian Music\" is not an official soundtrack album for the film.Magic Christian Music is the second studio album by the British rock band Badfinger, released on 9 January 1970 on Apple Records. It was their first release under the Badfinger name, having previously released the album Maybe Tomorrow in 1969 under the name The Iveys. It includes the band's first international hit, \"Come and Get It\", written and produced for them by Paul McCartney.\nOf the fourteen tracks, seven were newly recorded for the album while the remaining songs were recycled from Maybe Tomorrow, which had seen only limited release in a handful of international markets, including the singles \"Maybe Tomorrow\" and \"Dear Angie\". Three of the new tracks were featured in the film The Magic Christian, which also gives the album its title. However, Magic Christian Music is not an official soundtrack album for the film.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe film soundtrack for The Magic Christian featured three new songs by Badfinger that had been commissioned for the film, including their US/UK top-10 hit \"Come and Get It\"', which opened the film, and \"Carry on Till Tomorrow\", the title theme. The soundtrack album, which also included incidental music by Ken Thorne, had originally been scheduled for release on Apple Records, but the addition of the Thunderclap Newman song \"Something in the Air\" to the movie prevented that. Instead, the soundtrack album was released on the little-known Commonwealth United Records label in the US and on Pye in the UK. As a result, it received little promotion in the US and remained mostly unknown to American record buyers.\nTo capitalize on this gap, Apple Records released its own \"pseudo-soundtrack\". Apple combined the film's three Badfinger songs with four unreleased songs and seven older tracks (released by the group when",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which corporation is affiliated with the label producing Magic Christian Music? | [
{
"id": 151750,
"question": "What was the record label of Magic Christian Music?",
"answer": "Apple Records",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 141308,
"question": "What company is #1 part of?",
"answer": "Apple Corps",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Apple Corps | [] | true | What company is the record label of Magic Christian Music part of? |
2hop__64323_55840 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "George VI",
"paragraph_text": " it to Westminster Hall where the king lay in state for three days. Some 304,000 people passed through Westminster Hall with queues up to 4 miles (6.4 km) forming.\nGeorge VI's funeral was held on 15 February and began with another formal procession to Paddington Station, the coffin being carried on a gun carriage hauled by Royal Navy seamen, as is traditional at the funerals of British sovereigns. The procession was accompanied by Elizabeth II, George VI's widow Queen Elizabeth (now the Queen Mother), Princess Margaret and four royal dukes: Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, and Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. Numerous foreign monarchs and other representatives also attended. On arrival at Paddington the coffin was loaded onto a train for the journey to Windsor. Another procession carried the coffin through the town to St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle where a service was held and the king interred in the royal vault.\nThe procession was the first of a British monarch to be broadcast on television and may have led to the start of a mass purchase of television sets. The king's body was relocated to the newly built King George VI Memorial Chapel at St George's in 1969 and was joined there by the body of his wife Queen Elizabeth, and the ashes of his daughter Princess Margaret, who died in March 2002 and February 2002 respectively. In September 2022, following the death of his daughter, Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip, who had died in April 2021, were interred alongside them in the Chapel. A change in the ledger stone following Elizabeth and Philip's interment was also made.\n\n\n== Death ==\n\nGeorge VI had undergone a lung operation in September 1951 from which he never fully recovered. In the evening of 5 February 1952, he had a meal with his family at Sandringham House, Norfolk, and retired to bed at 10:30 pm. He died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 at the age of 56. He was discovered by his valet at 7:30 am and the news was conveyed to Buckingham Palace by telephone, using the code \"Hyde Park Corner\" to avoid alerting switchboard operators to the news. The news was not broken to the wider world until 11:15 am when BBC newsreader John Snagge read the words \"It is with the greatest sorrow that we make the following announcement...\" on the radio. The news was repeated every fifteen minutes for seven occasions, before the broadcast went silent for five hours. As a mark of respect the Great Tom bell at St Paul's Cathedral was tolled every minute for two hours, as well as the bells at Westminster Abbey. The Sebastopol Bell, a Crimean War trophy at Windsor Castle that is rung only upon a royal death, was tolled 56 times, once for each year of George VI's life, between 1:27 and 2:22 pm.\nRoyal funerals are overseen by the Earl Marshal, a hereditary post held at the time by Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk. The Earl Marshal has a suite of offices set aside for hisGeorge VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 -- 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth.OnGeorge VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 -- 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth., was proclaimed the new monarch by the Accession Council. George VI's coffin lay in St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham until 11 February when it was carried, in procession, to the nearby Wolferton railway station. The coffin was carried by train to London King's Cross railway station where another formal procession carried it to Westminster Hall where the king lay in state for three days. Some 304,000 people passed through Westminster Hall with queues up to 4 miles (6.4 km) forming.\nGeorge VI's funeral was held on 15 February and began with another formal procession to Paddington Station, the coffin being carried on a gun carriage hauled by Royal Navy seamen, as is traditional at the funerals of British sovereigns. The procession was accompanied by Elizabeth II, George VI's widow Queen Elizabeth (now the Queen Mother), Princess Margaret and four royal dukes: Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, and Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. Numerous foreign monarchs and other representatives also attended. On arrival at Paddington the coffin was loaded onto a train for the journey to Windsor. Another procession carried the coffin through the town to St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle where a service was held and the king interred in the royal vault.\nThe procession was the first of a British monarch to be broadcast on television and may have led to the start of a mass purchase of television sets. The king's body was relocated to the newly built King George VI Memorial Chapel at St George's in 1969 and was joined there by the body of his wife Queen Elizabeth, and the ashes of his daughter Princess Margaret, who died in March 2002 and February 2002 respectively. In September 2022, following the death of his daughter, Queen Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip, who had died in April 2021, were interred alongside them in the Chapel. A change in the ledger stone following Elizabeth and Philip's interment was also made.\n\n\n== Death ==\n\nGeorge VI had undergone a lung operation in September 1951 from which he never fully recovered. In the evening of 5 February 1952, he had a meal with his family at Sandringham House, Norfolk, and retired to bed at 10:30 pm. He died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 at the age of",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "The King's Speech",
"paragraph_text": "ue that were being used by his grandson Mark and Peter Conradi as the basis of a book, and were granted permission to incorporate material from the notes and book into the script.\nPrincipal photography took place in London and around Britain from November 2009 to January 2010. Hard light was used to give the story a greater resonance and wider-than-normal lenses were employed to recreate the Duke of York's feelings of constriction. A third technique Hooper employed was the off-centre framing of characters.\nThe King's Speech was a major box office and critical success. It was widely praised by film critics for its visual style, art direction, screenplay, directing, score, and acting. Other commentators discussed the film's representation of historical detail, especially the reversal of Winston Churchill's opposition to abdication. The film received many awards and nominations, particularly for Colin Firth's performance, which resulted in his first Academy Award for Best Actor. At the 83rd Academy Awards, The King's Speech received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year, and subsequently won four, including Best Picture. Censors initially gave it adult ratings due to profanity, though these were later revised downwards after criticism by the makers and distributors in the UK and some instances of swearing were muted in the US. On a budget of £8 million, it earned over £250 million internationally.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nAt the official closing of the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley Stadium, Prince Albert \"Bertie\", Duke of York, the second son of King George V, addresses the crowd with a strong stammer. His search for treatment has been discouraging, but his wife, Elizabeth, persuades him to see Australian-born Lionel Logue, a non-medically trained Harley Street speech defects therapist. Bertie believes the first session is not going well, but Lionel has him recite Hamlet's \"To be, or not to be\" soliloquy while listening to classical music over a pair of headphones. Bertie is frustrated but Lionel gives him the acetate recording that he has made of the reading as a souvenir.\nAfter Bertie's father, King George V, broadcasts his 1934 Royal Christmas Message, he explains to Bertie that the wireless will play a significant part in the role of the royal family, allowing them to enter the homes of the people, and that Bertie's brother's neglect of his responsibilitiesThe King's Speech is a 2010 British historical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler. Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who, to cope with a stammer, sees Lionel Logue, an Australian speech and language therapist played by Geoffrey Rush. The men become friends as they work together, and after his brother abdicates the throne, the new king relies on Logue to help him make his first wartime radio broadcast on Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1939.idler read about George VI's life after learning to manage a stuttering condition he developed during his own youth. He started writing about the relationship between the therapist and his royal patient as early as the 1980s, but at the request of the King's widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, postponed work until her death in 2002. He later rewrote his screenplay for the stage to focus on the essential relationship between the two protagonists. Nine weeks before filming began, the filmmakers learned of the existence of notes written by Logue that were being used by his grandson Mark and Peter Conradi as the basis of a book, and were granted permission to incorporate material from the notes and book into the script.\nPrincipal photography took place in London and around Britain from November 2009 to January 2010. Hard light was used to give the story a greater resonance and wider-than-normal lenses were employed to recreate the Duke of York's feelings of constriction. A third technique Hooper employed was the off-centre framing of characters.\nThe King's Speech was a major box office and critical success. It was widely praised by",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the film "The King's Speech," who portrayed the monarch who reigned over England in 1951? | [
{
"id": 64323,
"question": "who was the king of england in 1951",
"answer": "George VI",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 55840,
"question": "who played king #1 in the king's speech",
"answer": "Colin Firth",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Colin Firth | [] | true | Who played the king that was king of england in 1951 in the king's speech? |
3hop2__132957_133264_40768 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Scion Fuse",
"paragraph_text": "The Scion Fuse is a concept car created under one of Toyota's brands, Scion. The Fuse was built by Five Axis Models in Huntington Beach, CA with assistance from MillenWorks. It was first introduced at the 2006 New York International Auto Show. According to Scion, the Fuse is a 2-door coupe with 4 seats and swan doors for clearer ground clearance. multi-port fuel-injection and VVT-i. The engine's compression ratio is 9.6:1, and rated at 160 hp (119 kW) and 163 lb���ft (221 N���m) of torque.\nThe Fuse has steer-by-wire, retractable spoiler, power-operated hatch that slides upwards,, flip-out bench for tailgating, beverage cooler, Wi-Fi connection, LED lighting e.g. in the seat piping and wheels, programmable multi color headlights and passenger seat that folds into a footrest or table.\nThe 2011 Scion tC was modelled on the Fuse.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial press release from Toyota\nScion FUSE Concept at autoblog.comThe Scion Fuse is a concept car created under one of Toyota's brands, Scion.\nThe Fuse was built by Five Axis Models in Huntington Beach, CA with assistance from MillenWorks. It was introduced at the 2006 New York International Auto Show and is a 2-door coupe, with 4 seats and scissor doors.\nThe Fuse uses a DOHC gasoline I4 engine with multi-port fuel-injection and VVT-i. The engine's compression ratio is 9.6:1, and rated at 160 hp (119 kW) and 163 lb���ft (221 N���m) of torque.\nThe Fuse has steer-by-wire, retractable spoiler, power-operated hatch that slides upwards,, flip-out bench for tailgating, beverage cooler, Wi-Fi connection, LED lighting e.g. in the seat piping and wheels, programmable multi color headlights and passenger seat that folds into a footrest or table.\nThe 2011 Scion tC was modelled on the Fuse.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial press release from Toyota\nScion FUSE Concept at autoblog.comThe Scion Fuse is a concept car created under one of Toyota's brands, Scion.\nThe Fuse was built by Five Axis Models in Huntington Beach, CA with assistance from MillenWorks. It was introduced at the 2006 New York International Auto Show and is a 2-door coupe, with 4 seats and scissor doors.\nThe Fuse uses a DOHC gasoline I4 engine with multi-port fuel-injection and VVT-i. The engine's compression ratio is 9.6:1, and rated at 160 hp (119 kW) and 163 lb���ft (221 N���m) of torque.\nThe Fuse has steer-by-wire",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Acura Legend",
"paragraph_text": "-eating beings or demons), Bhutas (ghosts) and many more. Asuras have been featured in many cosmological theories and legends in Hinduism and Buddhism.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\n\n=== Traditional etymologies ===\nAsura is a given name by Devas to other races collectively as Asura means not-sura, where sura is another name for Devas.\nThe 5th century Buddhist philosopher, Buddhaghosa explains that their name derives from the myth of their defeat at the hands of the god Śakra. According to the story, the asura were dispossessed of their state in Trāyastri���śa because they became drunk and were thrown down Mount Sumeru. After this incident, they vowed never to drink sura again. In some Buddhist literature, they are sometimes referred to as pūrvadeva (Pāli: pubbadeva), meaning \"ancient gods.\"\n\n\n=== Modern theories ===\nMonier-Williams traces the etymological roots of asura (��सुर) to asu (��सु), which means 'life of the spiritual world' or 'departed spirits'.\nIn the oldest verses of the Samhita layer of Vedic texts, the Asuras are any spiritual, divine beings including those with good or bad intentions, and constructive or destructive inclinations or nature. In later verses of the Samhita layer of Vedic texts, Monier Williams states the Asuras are \"evil spirits, demons and opponents of the gods\". Asuras connote the chaos-creating evil, in Indo-Iranian mythology about the battle between good and evil.\nAccording to Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola, the word Asura was borrowed from Proto-Indo-Aryan into Proto-Uralic during an early period of contact, in the form *asera-, showing a meaning \"lord, prince\".\n\n\n== In Hindu literature ==\n\n\n=== Rig Veda ===\nBhargava states the word, asura, including its variants, asurya and asura, occurs \"88 times in the Rig Veda, 71 times in the singular number, 4 times in the dual, 10 times in the plural, and 3 times as the first member of a compound. In this, the feminine form, asuryaa, is included twice. The word, asurya, has been used 19 times as an abstract noun, while the abstract form asuratva occurs 24 times, 22 times in one hymThe Acura Legend is a mid-size luxury/executive car manufactured by Honda. It was sold in the U.S., Canada, and parts of China under Honda's luxury brand, Acura, from 1985 to 1995, as both a sedan, which was classified as a full-size car, and a coupe, which was classified as a mid-size car (similar to how the Honda Accord is set up today). It was the first flagship sedan sold under the Acura nameplate, until being renamed in 1996 as the Acura 3.5RL. The 3.5RL was the North American version of the KA9 series Honda Legend. Varuna, while the malevolent ones are called Danavas and are led by Vritra.:��4�� \nIn the earliest layer of Vedic texts Agni, Indra and other gods are also called Asuras, in the sense of their being \"lords\" of their respective domains, knowledge and abilities. In later Vedic and post-Vedic texts, the benevolent gods are called Devas, while malevolent Asuras compete against these Devas and are considered \"enemy of the gods\".:��4��\nAsuras are part of Hinduism along with Devas, Yakshas (nature spirits), Rakshasas (fierce man-eating beings or demons), Bhutas (ghosts) and many more. Asuras have been featured in many cosmological theories and legends in Hinduism and Buddhism.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\n\n=== Traditional etymologies ===\nAsura is a given name by Devas to other races collectively as Asura means not-sura, where sura is another name for Devas.\nThe 5th century Buddhist philosopher, Buddhaghosa explains that their name derives from the myth of their defeat at the hands of the god Śakra. According to the story, the asura were dispossessed of their state in Trāyastri���śa because they became drunk and were thrown down Mount Sumeru. After this incident, they vowed never to drink sura again. In some Buddhist literature, they are sometimes referred to as pūrvadeva (Pāli: pubbadeva), meaning \"ancient gods.\"\n\n\n=== Modern theories ===\nMonier-Williams traces the etymological roots of asura (��सुर) to asu (��सु), which means 'life of the spiritual world' or 'departed spirits'.\nIn the oldest verses of the Samhita layer of Vedic texts, the Asuras are any spiritual, divine beings including those with good or bad intentions, and constructive or destructive inclinations or nature. In later verses of the Samhita layer of Vedic texts, Monier Williams states the Asuras are \"evil spirits, demons and opponents of the gods",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "1973 oil crisis",
"paragraph_text": " lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. In an effort that was led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list was later expanded to include Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. In March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second oil shock\" that was the 1979 oil crisis, brought upon by the Iranian Revolution.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\n\n=== Arab-Israeli conflict ===\nEver since Israel declared independence in 1948 thereSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands. lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the companies behind the production of Nissan, Acura Legend, and Scion Fuse establish their manufacturing facilities in the United States? | [
{
"id": 132957,
"question": "Who made Acura Legend?",
"answer": "Honda",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 133264,
"question": "Which company manufactured Scion Fuse?",
"answer": "Toyota",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 40768,
"question": "When did #1 , #2 and Nissan open US assembly plants?",
"answer": "1981",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | 1981 | [] | true | When did Nissan, the Acura Legend maker and the Scion Fuse manufacturer open US assembly plants? |
2hop__445963_6095 | [
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Saint Helena",
"paragraph_text": " rendezvous point for homebound voyages from Asia. English privateer Francis Drake very probably located the island on the final lap of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once St Helena's location was more widely known, English warships began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese carracks on their way home from India. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. They made a formal claim to it in 1633 but did not settle the isle, and by 1651 largely abandoned it in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.\n\n\n=== English colonisation ===\n\nIn 1657, the English East India Company was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, and it is from this date that St Helena claims to be Britain's second oldest remaining colony, after Bermuda. A fort was completed and a number of houses were built. After the Restoration of the British monarchy in 1660, the EastSaint Helena (/��se��nt hə��li��nə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic and consisting of the island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha (including Gough Island). Its name was Saint Helena and Dependencies until 1 September 2009, when a new constitution came into force, giving the three islands equal status as three territories, with a grouping under the Crown.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nOf volcanic origin, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and Tristan da Cunha were all formerly separate colonies of the English crown, though separately discovered by several Portuguese explorers between 1502 and 1504.\n\n\n=== Portuguese discovery ===\nThe Portuguese found Saint Helena uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island became crucially important for the collection of food and as a rendezvous point for homebound voyages from Asia. English privateer Francis Drake very probably located the island on the final lap of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once St Helena's location was more widely known, English warships began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese carracks on their way home from India. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. They made a formal claim to it in 1633 but did not settle the isle, and by 1651 largely abandoned it in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.\n\n\n=== English colonisation ===\n\nIn 1657, the English East India Company was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, and it is from this date that St Helena claims to be Britain's second oldest remaining colony, after Bermuda. A fort was completed and a number of houses were built. After the Restoration of the British monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a Royal Charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York and heir apparent, later King James II of England and VII of Scotland.\n\nThe Kingdom of England became part of the new Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 and then the United Kingdom in 1801; the British Empire grew into a global great power. The island of Saint Helena became internationally known as the British government's chosen place of exile of Napoleon Bonaparte, who was detained on the island from October 1815 until his death on 5 MayAlthough the importation of slaves to St Helena had been banned in 1792, the phased emancipation of over 800 resident slaves did not take place until 1827, which was still some six years before the British Parliament passed legislation to ban slavery in the colonies. Saint Helena uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island became crucially important for the collection of food and as a rendezvous point for homebound voyages from Asia. English privateer Francis Drake very probably located the island on the final lap of his circumnavigation of the world (1577–1580). Further visits by other English explorers followed, and, once St Helena's location was more widely known, English warships began to lie in wait in the area to attack Portuguese carracks on their way home from India. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island. They made a formal claim to it in 1633 but did not settle the isle, and by 1651 largely abandoned it in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.\n\n\n=== English colonisation ===\n\nIn 1657, the English East India Company was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, and it is from this date that St Helena claims to be Britain's second oldest remaining colony, after Bermuda. A fort was completed and a number of houses were built. After the Restoration of the British monarchy in 1660, the EastSaint Helena (/��se��nt hə��li��nə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Francis Watson (cricketer)",
"paragraph_text": " Zealand's North Island. In the match, against Wellington at the Basin Reserve in December 1879, Watson batted third in the West Coast first innings, scoring six runs. Although his team eventually the match by six wickets, he did not bat a second time.\nIn retirement, Watson settled in Te Puke, in the Bay of Plenty, dying there in October 1930. His older brother, George Watson, was also a cricketer, and played several matches for Canterbury.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancis Watson profile and statistics at CricketArchiveFrancis Edward Watson (9 August 1860 – 27 October 1930) was a New Zealand cricketer and schoolteacher.\nThe son of a clergyman, Watson was born on a ship in the bay at Saint Helena. He grew up in India before his family moved to Tasmania. He moved to New Zealand, where he worked as a schoolteacher, becoming headmaster of the Campbell Street School in Palmerston North.\nHe played only a single match at first-class level, representing a combined \"West Coast\" team, which consisted of players from the western regions of New Zealand's North Island. In the match, against Wellington at the Basin Reserve in December 1879, Watson batted third in the West Coast first innings, scoring six runs. Although his team eventually the match by six wickets, he did not bat a second time.\nIn retirement, Watson settled in Te Puke, in the Bay of Plenty, dying there in October 1930. His older brother, George Watson, was also a cricketer, and played several matches for Canterbury.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancis Watson profile and statistics at CricketArchiveFrancis Edward Watson (9 August 1860 – 27 October 1930) was a New Zealand cricketer and schoolteacher.\nThe son of a clergyman, Watson was born on a ship in the bay at Saint Helena. He grew up in India before his family moved to Tasmania. He moved to New Zealand, where he worked as a schoolteacher, becoming headmaster of the Campbell Street School in Palmerston North.\nHe played only a single match at first-class level, representing aThe son of a clergyman, Watson was born on a ship in the bay at Saint Helena. He grew up in India before his family moved to Tasmania. He moved to New Zealand, where he worked as a schoolteacher, becoming headmaster of the Campbell Street School in Palmerston North. Tasmania. He moved to New Zealand, where he worked as a schoolteacher, becoming headmaster of the Campbell Street School in Palmerston North.\nHe played only a single match at first-class level, representing a combined \"West Coast\" team, which consisted of players from the western regions of New Zealand's North Island. In the match, against Wellington at the Basin Reserve in December 1879, Watson batted third in the West Coast first innings, scoring six runs. Although his team eventually the match by six wickets, he did not bat a second time.\nIn retirement, Watson settled in Te Puke, in the Bay of Plenty, dying there in October 1930. His older brother, George Watson, was also a cricketer, and played several matches for Canterbury.\n\n\n== References ==",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the prohibition enacted on the trafficking of slaves in the home city of Francis Watson? | [
{
"id": 445963,
"question": "Francis Watson >> place of birth",
"answer": "Saint Helena",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 6095,
"question": "When was importation of slaves banned in #1 ?",
"answer": "1792",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | 1792 | [] | true | When was the importation of slaves banned in the birthplace of Francis Watson? |
4hop1__525129_315334_131926_87157 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Koerner, Ray & Glover",
"paragraph_text": " \"Koerner and/or Ray and/or Glover\". Their first album, Blues, Rags and Hollers, was released in 1963. Together they recorded two further albums for Elektra, Koerner and Ray each recorded a solo album, also for Elektra, and the three supported one another in touring. Glover wrote one of the first instructional books on how to play blues harmonica.\nThe trio appeared at the Newport Folk Festival, where their performance was recorded for the Vanguard Records album Newport Folk Festival 1964: Evening Concerts III and filmed for the documentary Festival!, released in 1967.\nKoerner, Ray and Glover played frequently, separately and as a group, in the Dinkytown neighborhood of Minneapolis in the early 1960s. Bob Dylan knew them during his days as a nascent folk musician in Dinkytown, and wrote about them in his autobiography, Chronicles. Koerner was an early influence on Dylan, and was the first musician Dylan met in Minneapolis, at the Ten O’Clock Scholar coffeehouse. He wrote in Chronicles that \"Koerner was tall and thin with a look of perpetual amusement on his face. We hit it off right away.\" Koerner was a few years more experienced as a musician, and took Dylan under his wing to teach him folk and blues songs. \"When he spoke he was soft-spoken, but when he sang he became a field holler shouter. Koerner was an exciting singer, and we began playing a lot together\", Dylan wrote. They performed often as a duo, but each also played frequently on his own. Dylan knew Ray as a \"high school kid who sang Leadbelly and Bo Diddley songs on a twelve-string guitar, probably the only twelve-string guitar in the entire Midwest.\" Dylan and Koerner also played sometimes with Glover, whose harmonica playing Dylan admired, writing that \"he cupped it in his hands and played like Sonny Terry or Little Walter.\"\nBesides Dylan, the trio was an influence on many other musicians, including Bonnie Raitt. In the late 1960s they often played at the Triangle Bar in the West Bank area of Minneapolis, a popular hangout for bikers and hippies. They were also frequent performers and fixtures at the West Bank bar Palmer's; when Koerner officially retired in 2023, he donated one of his guitars, a 12-string Epiphone, to the bar, where it is on display in a glass case.\nIn later years they occasionally performed together, until Ray's death in 2002. Koerner and Glover continued to occasionally perform as a duo until Glover's death on May 29, 2019. \nOne show with the trio at Minneapolis theater Bryant-Lake Bowl was released as the 1996 live album One Foot in the Groove. Koerner and Glover also released a concert album as a duo, Live @ The 400 Bar, in 2009.\nThe group's last surviving member, John Koerner, died on May 18, 2024, at the age of 85.\n\n\n== Awards ==\nIn 1983 the Minnesota Music Academy named Koerner, Ray and Glover \"Best Folk Group\" and in 1985 inducted them into the MMA Hall of Fame.\nIn 2008, Koerner, Ray & Glover were inducted into the Minnesota Blues Hall of Fame under the category Blues Recordings for Blues, Rags and Hollers.\nKoerner, Ray & Glover has been honored with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star \"might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis,\" according to journalist Steve Marsh.\n\n\n== Discography ==\n1963:Koerner, Ray & Glover was a loose-knit group of three blues musicians from Minneapolis, Minnesota: \"Spider\" John Koerner on guitar and vocals, Dave \"Snaker\" Ray on guitar and vocals, and Tony \"Little Sun\" Glover on harmonica. They were notable figures of the revival of folk music and blues in the 1960s.== History ==\nKoerner, Ray and Glover met in the folk music scene around the University of Minnesota, when Koerner and Ray were students. Their common interest in folk music and blues led them to record and perform in various configurations, in solo",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_text": " for the western expansion of the United States. The river became the subject of American literature, particularly in the writings of Mark Twain.\nFormed from thick layers of the river's silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertileThe Mississippi River is the chief river of the second - largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. Flowing entirely in the United States (although its drainage basin reaches into Canada), it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 2,320 miles (3,730 km) to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth - longest and fifteenth - largest river in the world by discharge. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.\nNative Americans have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years. Most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_text": " major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campusMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.\nDakota people originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. European colonization and settlement began north of Fort Snelling along Saint Anthony Falls—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River. The city's early growth was attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis was the 19th-century lumber and",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers",
"paragraph_text": ", respectively. The trio also appeared at the 1964 Newport Folk Festival, where their performance was recorded for the Vanguard Records album Newport Folk Festival 1964: Evening Concerts Vol. 3. The songs performed by the trio included \"Blackjack DavyLots More Blues, Rags and Hollers is an album by the blues trio Koerner, Ray & Glover, released in 1964.LLots More Blues, Rags and Hollers is an album by the blues trio Koerner, Ray & Glover, released in 1964.== History ==\nBetween this release and their next, Dave Ray and John Koerner each recorded a solo album, Snaker's Here and Spider Blues, respectively. The trio also appeared at the 1964 Newport Folk Festival, where their performance was recorded for the Vanguard Records album Newport Folk Festival 1964: Evening Concerts Vol. 3. The songs performed by the trio included \"Blackjack DavyLots More Blues, Rags and Hollers is an album by the blues trio Koerner, Ray & Glover, released in 1964.Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers is an album by the blues trio Koerner, Ray & Glover, released in 1964.\n\n\n== History ==\nBetween this release and their next, Dave Ray and John Koerner each recorded a solo album, Snaker's Here and Spider Blues, respectively. The trio also appeared at the 1964 Newport Folk Festival, where their performance was recorded for the Vanguard Records album Newport Folk Festival 1964: Evening Concerts Vol. 3. The songs performed by the trio included \"Blackjack Davy\" and \"What's the Matter with the Mill\".\nLots More Blues, Rags and Hollers was reissued by Red House Records in 1999 with five bonus tracks from the original sessions. It was also reissued by WEA International along with Blues, Rags and Hollers in 2004.\n\n\n== Reception ==\n\nIn his review of the 1999 reissue of their second album, No Depression critic Joel Roberts stated Koerner, Ray and Glover \"emerged as one of the best and most popular groups on the burgeoning ’60s blues-folk revival scene\" and said their original tunes \"stand up next to the classics.\"\nCalling them \"the best white blues group\", Allmusic critic Jeff Burger wrote, \"Koerner and Ray were first-rate guitarists, Glover could play harmonica like nobody's business and they all sang with style, enthusiasm, and a dash of humor. Plus, they had great material, some from blues giants like Lead Belly and Memphis Minnie, but much of it original.\"\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\"Black Dog\" (traditional) – 2:11\n\"Whomp Bom\" (John Koerner) – 3:04\n\"Black Betty\" (Lead Belly) – 0:59\n\"Honey Bee\" (McKinley Morganfield) – 4:59\n\"Crazy Fool\" (Koerner) – 3:40\n\"Keep Your Hands Off Her\" (Lead Belly, Gil Turner) – 1:57\n\"Duncan and Brady\" (traditional, adapted with new lyrics by Koerner) – 4:30\n\"Fine Soft Land\" (Dave Ray) – 3:50\n\"Red Cross Store\" (Lead Belly, John Lomax, Alan Lomax) – 1:58\n\"Lady Day\" (Koerner) – 3:46\n\"Freeeze to Me, Mama\" (Ray) – 2:21\n\"Ted Mack Rag\" (Koerner) – 1:33\n\"Fannin Street\" (Lead Belly) – 5:04\n\"Love Bug\" (Koerner) – 2:20\n\"Can't Get My Rest at Night\" (Ray) – 3:21\n\"What's the Matter with the Mill?\" (Memphis Minnie) – 2:07\n1999 reissue bonus tracks:\n\"Fixin' to Die\" (Bukka White adapted with new",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the current direction of the river near the city in which the performer of Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers originated? | [
{
"id": 525129,
"question": "Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers >> performer",
"answer": "Koerner, Ray & Glover",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 315334,
"question": "#1 >> location of formation",
"answer": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 131926,
"question": "Which is the body of water by #2 ?",
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 87157,
"question": "what is the direction of flow of #3",
"answer": "rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards | [
"Minnesota"
] | true | What is the direction of flow of the river by the city where the Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers performer was formed? |
2hop__580458_139390 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "The Bad Man (1930 film)",
"paragraph_text": " him for a low price. Huston soon discovers that Rennie is in love with Blackmer's wife, played by Dorothy Revier, and consequently has Blackmer shot so that they can pursue their romance. Huston then robs a bank and uses the money to pay off Rennie's mortgage. Having the ranch securely in his hands, Rennie is now free to marry Revier. As Huston says goodbye to the couple, he is overtaken by the Texas Rangers and shot.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nWalter Huston as Pancho Lopez\nDorothy Revier as Ruth Pell\nJames Rennie as Gilbert Jones\nO. P. Heggie as Henry Taylor\nSidney Blackmer as Morgan Pell\nMarion Byron as Angela Hardy\nGuinn 'Big Boy' Williams as Red Giddings\nArthur Stone as Pedro\nEdward Lynch as Bradley\nHarry Semels as Jose\nErville Alderson as Hardy\n\n\n== Preservation ==\nAn incomplete nitrate print of this film—8 of 9 reels—survives in the UCLA Film and Television Archive. The entire film is in danger of being lost, however, if the film is still not preserved as of January 2021 or at some point the near future. The film may have already begun to decompose since it was last reported in 2007.\n\n\n== Original version and remake ==\nThe film, based on a 1920 play, was originally filmed in 1923 withThe Bad Man is a 1930 American Pre-Code Western film starring Walter Huston which was produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. The movie is based on Porter Emerson Browne's 1920 play of the same name and is a sound remake of the 1923 silent version of the same name. The film stars Walter Huston, Dorothy Revier, Sidney Blackmer and James Rennie.TheThe Bad Man is a 1930 American Pre-Code Western film starring Walter Huston which was produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. The movie is based on Porter Emerson Browne's 1920 play of the same name and is a sound remake of the 1923 silent version of the same name. The film stars Walter Huston, Dorothy Revier, Sidney Blackmer and James Rennie..\n\n\n== Plot ==\nWalter Huston plays the part of a notorious Mexican bandit. James Rennie plays as the man who once saved his life. When Rennie is unable to pay the mortgage on his ranch and is in risk of losing everything, Huston determines to help him. Sidney Blackmer, who has reason to believe that there is oil on Rennie's property, attempts to swindle Rennie and buy the property from him for a low price. Huston soon discovers that Rennie is in love with Blackmer's wife, played by Dorothy Revier, and consequently has Blackmer shot so that they can pursue their romance. Huston then robs a bank and uses the money to pay off Rennie's mortgage. Having the ranch securely in his hands, Rennie is now free to marry Revier. As Huston says goodbye to the couple, he is overtaken by the Texas Rangers and shot.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nWalter Huston as Pancho Lopez\nDorothy Revier as Ruth Pell\nJames Rennie as Gilbert Jones\nO. P. Heggie as Henry Taylor\nSidney Blackmer as Morgan Pell\nMarion Byron as Angela Hardy\nGuinn 'Big Boy' Williams as Red Giddings\nArthur Stone as Pedro\nEdward Lynch as Bradley\nHarry Semels as Jose\nErville Alderson as Hardy\n\n\n== Preservation ==\nAn incomplete nitrate print of this film—8 of 9 reels—survives in the UCLA Film and Television Archive. The entire film is in danger of being lost, however, if the film is still not preserved as of January 2021 or at some point the near future. The film may have already begun to decompose since it was last reported in 2007.\n\n\n== Original version and remake ==\nThe film, based on a 1920 play, was originally filmed in 1923 withThe Bad Man is a 1930 American Pre-Code Western film starring Walter Huston which was produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. The movie is based on Porter Emerson Browne's 1920 play of the same name and is a sound remake of the 1923 silent version of the same name. The film stars Walter Huston, Dorothy Revier, Sidney Blackmer and James Rennie.The Bad Man is a 1930 American Pre-Code Western film starring Walter Huston which was produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. The movie is based on Porter Emerson Browne's 1920 play of the same name and is a sound remake of the 1923 silent version of the same name. The film stars Walter Huston and features Dorothy Revier, Sidney Blackmer and James Rennie.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nWalter Huston plays the part of a notorious Mexican bandit. James Rennie plays as the man who once saved his life. When Rennie is unable to pay the mortgage on his ranch and is in risk of losing everything, Huston determines to help him. Sidney Blackmer, who has reason to believe that there is oil on Rennie's property, attempts to swindle Rennie and buy the property from him for a low price. Huston soon discovers that Rennie is in love with Blackmer's wife, played by Dorothy Revier, and consequently has Blackmer shot so that they can pursue",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Walter Huston",
"paragraph_text": "Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck, where his final lines are \"there will never be another one like me\".Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck, where his final lines are \"there will never be another one like me\".Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck, where his final lines are \"there will never be another one like me\".Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950)Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck, where his final lines are \"there will never be another one like me\".Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck, where his final lines are \"there will never be another one like me\".Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck, where his final lines are \"there will never be another one like me\".Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck, where his final lines are \"there will never be another one like me\".Huston played Howard in \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), directed by his son, John Huston. The film was based on B. Traven's novel, which told the story of three gold diggers in 1920s post-revolution Mexico. Walter Huston won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film, while John Huston won the Best Director Academy Award, thus making them the first father and son to win at the same ceremony. His last film was the western \"The Furies\" (1950) with Barbara Stanwyck, where his final lines are \"there will never be another",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | For what was the actor from The Bad Man nominated? | [
{
"id": 580458,
"question": "The Bad Man >> cast member",
"answer": "Walter Huston",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 139390,
"question": "What was #1 nominated for?",
"answer": "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor | [] | true | What was the cast member of The Bad Man nominated for? |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.