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2hop__73069_88165 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Abrahamic religions",
"paragraph_text": "The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents. in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents.The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents.The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the practices of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The term derives from a figure from the Bible known as Abraham. Abrahamic religion was able to spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Islamic Empire from the 7th century onward. As a consequence, today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the largest Abrahamic religions in terms of numbers of adherents.The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic - originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Keturah",
"paragraph_text": "idservant.\n\n\n== Sources ==\nKeturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis and in the First Book of Chronicles. Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers.\nLouis Feldman has said \"Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who in turn cites the historian Cleodemus Malchus, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined Heracles' campaign in Africa, and that Heracles, without doubt the greatest Greek hero of them all, married the daughter of one of them.\"\nAccording to Doctor of Anthropology Paula M. McNutt, it is generally recognized that there is nothing specific in the biblical traditions recorded in Genesis, including those regarding Abraham and his family, that can be definitively related to known history in or around Canaan in the early second millennium B.C.E.\n\n\n== Relationship with Abraham ==\nKeturah is referred to in Genesis as \"another wife\" of Abraham (Hebrew: א��ש����Keturah (Hebrew: ������ו��ר��ה , Modern Ktura, Tiberian Qə���ûrā; possibly meaning ``incense '') was a concubine and wife of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons.Keturah (HeKeturah (Hebrew: קְטוּרָה , Modern Ktura, Tiberian Qəṭûrā; possibly meaning ``incense '') was a concubine and wife of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons. to Jewish tradition, she was a descendant of Noah's son Japheth.\nOne modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah \"the most ignored significant person in the Torah\". The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as Hagar, although this idea cannot be found in the biblical text. However, Hagar was Sarah's Egyptian maidservant.\n\n\n== Sources ==\nKeturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis and in the First Book of Chronicles. Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers.\nLouis Feldman has said \"Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who in turn cites the historian Cleodemus Malchus, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined Heracles' campaign in Africa, and that Heracles, without doubt the greatest Greek hero of them all, married the daughter of one of them.\"\nAccording to Doctor of Anthropology Paula M. McNutt, it is generally recognized that there is nothing specific in the biblical traditions recorded in Genesis, including those regarding Abraham and his family, that can be definitively related to known history in or around Canaan in the early second millennium B.C.E.\n\n\n== Relationship with Abraham ==\nKeturah is referred to in Genesis as \"another wife\" of Abraham (Hebrew: א��ש����Keturah (Hebrew: ������ו��ר��ה , Modern Ktura, Tiberian Qə���ûrā; possibly meaning ``incense '') was a concubine and wife of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons.Keturah (Hebrew: ������ו��ר��ה, Qə���ūrā, possibly meaning \"incense\"; Arabic: قطورة) was a wife and a concubine of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons. According to Jewish tradition, she was a descendant of Noah's son Japheth.\nOne modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah \"the most ignored significant person in the Torah\". The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as Hagar, although this idea cannot be found in the biblical text. However, Hagar was Sarah's Egyptian maidservant.\n\n\n== Sources ==\nKeturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis and in the First Book of Chronicles. Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers.\nLouis Feldman has said \"Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who in turn cites the historian Cleodemus Malchus, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined Heracles' campaign in Africa, and that Heracles, without doubt the greatest Greek hero of them all, married the daughter of one of them.\"\nAccording to Doctor of Anthropology Paula M. McNutt, it is generally recognized that there is nothing specific in the biblical traditions recorded in Genesis, including those regarding Abraham and his family, that can be definitively related to known history in or around Canaan in the early second millennium B.C.E.\n\n\n== Relationship with Abraham ==\nKeturah is referred to in Genesis as \"another wife\" of Abraham (Hebrew: א��ש����ה Translit.: 'išāh Translated: woman, wife). In First Chronicles, she is called Abraham's \"concubine\" (Hebrew: ������י��������ש�� Translit.: pilegeš Translated: concubine).\nAccording to one opinion in the midrashic work Genesis Rabbah, Keturah and Hagar are names for the same person, whom Abraham remarried after initially expelling. This opinion was adopted and popularized by 11th-century scholar Rashi. Possible justifications for this opinion include the fact that Keturah is referred to 1 Chronicles 1:32 as Abraham's concubine (in the singular), and several other verses which suggest that the descendants of Hagar and Keturah lived in the same territory or formed a single ethnic group. However, this idea was rejected by another rabbi in Genesis Rabbah, as well as by traditional commentators such as Ibn Ezra, Nahmanides, and Rashbam. The Book of Jubilees also supports the conclusion that Keturah and Hagar were two different people, by stating that Abraham waited until after Hagar's death before marrying Keturah. According to modern scholar Richard Elliott Friedman, the identification of Keturah with Hagar has \"no basis ... in the text\".\nGenesis Rabbah interprets the name Keturah in accordance with the opinion that she was identical to Hagar: the name was said to be related to the Aramaic ketur (knot) to imply that she was \"bound\" and did not have sexual relations with anyone else from the time she left Abraham until her return. The name Keturah was alternatively said to be derived from the ketoret (meaning \"incense\" in Hebrew).\n\n\n== Descendants ==\nKeturah bore Abraham six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah. Genesis and First Chronicles also list seven of her grandsons (Sheba, Dedan, Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida, and Eldaah). Genesis records that Abraham gave them gifts and sent them to the East, while making Isaac son of Sarah his primary heir. Keturah's sons were said to have represented the Arab tribes who lived south and east of Israel (Genesis 25:1–6). According to the Judean authors Josephus and Malchus, Punic people were descended from Epher.\nAccording to the African(Igbo) writer Olaudah Equiano, the 18th-century English theologian John Gill believed the African people were descended from Abraham and Keturah. According to the Bahá��í author John Able, Bahá��ís consider their",
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] | After Sarah's demise, who became the spouse of the individual acknowledged as the pioneer of the three principal monotheistic faiths? | [
{
"id": 73069,
"question": "who is considered to be a founder of three major monotheistic religions",
"answer": "Abraham",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 88165,
"question": "who did #1 marry after the death of sarah",
"answer": "Keturah",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | Keturah | [] | true | Who did the person considered the founder of three major monotheistic religions marry after the death of Sarah? |
3hop1__135793_87694_64412 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": " 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.\nIn 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany stated that the flag does not have to be square.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nBefore 1808, the Papal States commonly used a bicolor, yellow-red flag, which was derived from the colours of the Holy See's coat of arms, as well as being the two tradional colours of the Senate and the Roman people. In 1798, Napoleon established the Roman Republic, which introduced a black, white, and red flag; after the Papal rule was restored, Pope Pius VII restored the Papal cockade, which was described as red and yellow.\nIn 1808, Pope Pius VII ordered the Vatican's Noble Guard and other troops to replace red color with white, in order to distinguish them from the troops that had beenThe name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''. at Catholic churches.\nThe flag is a vertical bicolour of yellow and white, with the white half charged with the coat of arms of Vatican City (a papal tiara and the crossed keys of Saint Peter). It was modeled after the 1808 flag of the Papal States, a yellow-and-white bicolour defaced with the tiara and keys in the centre. It is one of only two national flags that use a 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 11,
"title": "St. Peter's Basilica",
"paragraph_text": " was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno, with piazza and fittings by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is one of the most renowned works of Italian Renaissance architecture and is the largest church in the world by interior measure. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome (these equivalent titles being held by the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome), St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as \"holding a unique position in the Christian world\", and as \"the greatest of all churches of Christendom.\"\nCatholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome (Pope). Saint Peter's tomb is directly below the high altar of the basilica, also known as the Altar of the Confession. For this reason, many popes, cardinals and bishops have been interred at StThe Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro",
"paragraph_text": "San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro (Italian for \"Saint Peter in Golden Sky\") is a Roman Catholic basilica (and a former cathedral) of the Augustinians in Pavia, Italy, in the Lombardy region. Its name refers to the mosaics of gold leaf behind glass tesserae that decorates the ceiling of the apse. The plain exterior is of brick, with sandstone quoins and window framing. The paving of the church floor is now lower than the modern street level of Piazza San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which lies before its façade. ==\nA church of Saint Peter is recorded in Pavia in 604; it was renovated by Liutprand, King of the Lombards (who is buried here) between 720 and 725. The present Romanesque church was consecrated by Pope Innocent II in 1132.\nThe church is theSan Pietro in Ciel d'Oro (Italian for \"Saint Peter in Golden Sky\") is a Roman Catholic basilica (and a former cathedral) of the Augustinians in Pavia, Italy, in the Lombardy region. Its name refers to the mosaics of gold leaf behind glass tesserae that decorates the ceiling of the apse. The plain exterior is of brick, with sandstone quoins and window framing. The paving of the church floor is now lower than the modern street level of Piazza San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which lies before its façade.San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro (Italian for \"Saint Peter in Golden Sky\") is a Catholic basilica (and a former cathedral) of the Augustinians in Pavia, Italy, in the Lombardy region. Its name refers to the mosaics of gold leaf behind glass tesserae that decorate the ceiling of the apse. The plain exterior is of brick, with sandstone quoins and window framing. The paving of the church floor is now lower than the modern street level of Piazza San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which lies before its façade.\n\n\n== History ==\nA church of Saint Peter is recorded in Pavia in 604; it was renovated by Liutprand, King of the Lombards (who is buried here) between 720 and 725. The present Romanesque church was consecrated by Pope Innocent II in 1132.\nThe church is the resting place for the remains of Augustine of Hippo, who died in 430 in his home diocese of Hippo Regius, and was buried in the cathedral there, during the time of the Vandals. According to Bede's True Martyrology, the body was removed to Cagliari, Sardinia by the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal Huneric had expelled from north Africa. Bede tells that the remains were subsequently redeemed out of the hands of the Saracens there—by Peter, bishop of Pavia and uncle of the Lombard king Liutprand—and deposited in the church of Saint Peter about the year 720.\n\nAn important scriptorium was also built in the monastery in the 9th century and a school, led by the Irish monk Dungal, where, as ordered in the Olonese capitular, issued by the emperor Lothair in the royal palace of Corteolona in 825, they had to go to study students from Milan, Brescia, Bergamo, Lodi, Novara, Vercelli, Tortona, Asti, Acqui, Genoa and Como. From the 10th century the monastery enjoyed numerous privileges, including that of being subject only to the authority of the pope. Since the 11th century, the",
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] | When did the basilica in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, named after a specific saint, transform into an independent nation? | [
{
"id": 135793,
"question": "Whom is San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro named after?",
"answer": "Peter",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 87694,
"question": "st. #1 ’s basilica the head of the catholic religion is located in",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 64412,
"question": "when did #2 become its own country",
"answer": "11 February 1929",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | 11 February 1929 | [] | true | When did the location of the basilica named after the same saint at San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro become its own country? |
4hop1__151903_5274_458768_33633 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "The Right Stuff Records",
"paragraph_text": " various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-DThe Right Stuff Records is a reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California..\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Sony Music",
"paragraph_text": " in Japan, so releases under Columbia Records from another country appears on Sony Records in Japan, but retains the usage of the \"walking eye\" logo. The Columbia name and trademark is controlled by Nippon Columbia, which was, in factSony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group., which was established in September 1995 as a joint-venture between Sony Music Entertainment Japan and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan, but which in 2001 became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It was prominent in the early to mid '90s producing and licensing music for animated series such as Roujin Z from acclaimed Japanese comic artist Katsuhiro Otomo and",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Santa Monica, California",
"paragraph_text": " party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.\nThere are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety. Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886. The city developed into a seaside resort during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the creation of tourist attractions such as Palisades Park, the Santa Monica Pier, Ocean Park, and the Hotel Casa del Mar.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Indigenous ===\nThe Tongva are Indigenous to the Santa Monica area. The village of Comicranga was established in the Santa Monica area. One of the village's notable residents was Victoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village. During the Spanish period, she was taken to Mission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six.\n\n\n=== Spanish era ===\n\nThe first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3",
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"idx": 12,
"title": "The Lost Trident Sessions",
"paragraph_text": " out (Between Nothingness and Eternity) which was good, but it wasn't on the same level. But one day I'd like the album to come out. ItThe Lost Trident Sessions is a studio album by jazz fusion group the Mahavishnu Orchestra, released on 21 September 1999 through Sony Music Entertainment. It was originally recorded in June 1973 at Trident Studios but was not released until 26 years later. According to the album's detailed liner notes, in November 1998 Columbia Records producer Bob Belden stumbled upon two quarter-inch tapes in Columbia's Los Angeles vault whilst gathering material for a remastered reissue of the Mahavishnu Orchestra's 1973 album \"Birds of Fire\". The tapes were otherwise unlabelled besides the recording location, but upon further inspection, they were revealed to be the two-track mixes for what would have been the Mahavishnu Orchestra's third studio album at the time.TheThe Lost Trident Sessions is a studio album by jazz fusion group the Mahavishnu Orchestra, released on 21 September 1999 through Sony Music Entertainment. It was originally recorded in June 1973 at Trident Studios but was not released until 26 years later. According to the album's detailed liner notes, in November 1998 Columbia Records producer Bob Belden stumbled upon two quarter-inch tapes in Columbia's Los Angeles vault whilst gathering material for a remastered reissue of the Mahavishnu Orchestra's 1973 album \"Birds of Fire\". The tapes were otherwise unlabelled besides the recording location, but upon further inspection, they were revealed to be the two-track mixes for what would have been the Mahavishnu Orchestra's third studio album at the time.ist John McLaughlin told gig - The Music Magazine in 1977:\n\nMcLaughlin feels that the Orchestra was never recorded at their peak. \"There is a studio album that never got released which is really good\", he explains. It would have been their third studio album, following Inner Mounting Flame and Birds of Fire. \"But at the time the record was being made, emotion in the band was running so high that people could no longer see clearly. Everyone felt nervous about it\". Why? \"I don't know why\". And McLaughlin did not pursue it either: \"When the people in the band told me how they felt, I respected it. I didn't ask them to explain why they felt it. That was enough. So we put a live album out (Between Nothingness and Eternity) which was good, but it wasn't on the same level. But one day I'd like the album to come out. ItThe Lost Trident Sessions is a studio album by jazz fusion group the Mahavishnu Orchestra, released on 21 September 1999 through Sony Music Entertainment. It was originally recorded in June 1973 at Trident Studios but was not released until 26 years later. According to the album's detailed liner notes, in November 1998 Columbia Records producer Bob Belden stumbled upon two quarter-inch tapes in Columbia's Los Angeles vault whilst gathering material for a remastered reissue of the Mahavishnu Orchestra's 1973 album \"Birds of Fire\". The tapes were otherwise unlabelled besides the recording location, but upon further inspection, they were revealed to be the two-track mixes for what would have been the Mahavishnu Orchestra's third studio album at the time.The Lost Trident Sessions is a studio album by jazz fusion group the Mahavishnu Orchestra, released on 21 September 1999 through Sony Music Entertainment. It was originally recorded in June 1973 at Trident Studios but was not released until 26 years later. According to the album's detailed liner notes, in November 1998 Columbia Records producer Bob Belden stumbled upon two quarter-inch tapes in Columbia's Los Angeles vault whilst gathering material for a remastered reissue of the Mahavishnu Orchestra's 1973 album Birds of Fire. The tapes were otherwise unlabelled besides the recording location, but upon further inspection, they were revealed to be the two-track mixes for what would have been the Mahavishnu Orchestra's third studio album at the time.\nGuitarist John McLaughlin told gig - The Music Magazine in 1977:\n\nMcLaughlin feels that the Orchestra was never recorded at their peak. \"There is a studio album that never got released which is really good\", he explains. It would have been their third studio album, following Inner Mounting Flame and Birds of Fire. \"But at the time the record was being made, emotion in the band was running so high that people could no longer see clearly. Everyone felt nervous about it\". Why? \"I don't know why",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the date on which the adventurer arrived in the city that houses the head office of the only organization bigger than The Lost Trident Sessions' record company? | [
{
"id": 151903,
"question": "Which was the record label for The Lost Trident Sessions?",
"answer": "Sony Music Entertainment",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 5274,
"question": "What company is the only group larger than #1 ?",
"answer": "Universal Music Group.",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 458768,
"question": "#2 >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Santa Monica",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 33633,
"question": "What date did the explorer reach #3 ?",
"answer": "August 3, 1769",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | August 3, 1769 | [] | true | When did the explorer reach the city where the only group larger than the record label of The Lost Trident Sessions is headquartered? |
2hop__80_59409 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Beyoncé",
"paragraph_text": " point. In the 19 days between the album's release and the end of 2013, Beyoncé sold 2.3 million copies worldwide, finishing the year as the tenth-best-selling album globally, according to the IFPI. The album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide. The album was supported on two tours: the 2014 leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, and the Jay-Z co-headlining On the Run Tour.\nUnlike some of the artist's previous albums, Beyoncé did not score several hit singles. Five US singles were released from the album, one would reach the top twenty of the US Billboard Hot 100, the number two peaking \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay-Z. The album received several positive reviews from critics for its production, exploration of sexuality, and vocal performance. In 2020, Beyoncé was ranked 81st in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list.\n\n\n== Background and development ==\nFollowing the release of her fourth studio album 4 (2011), Beyoncé gave birth to her first child, Blue Ivy on January 7, 2012. Just four months after labor, she pursued a three-night residency at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall, entitled Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live. The choice to hold concerts so soon was purposeful; Beyoncé intended to demonstrate to mothers that they need not halt their careers despite having had children. Most of the summer following the residency was spent in The Hamptons, New York, where she took time out from the public to spend time with her daughter and to begin sessions for her next album. She resumed work in early 2013, performing \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" at President Barack Obama's second inauguration and headlining the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, where there were expectations she would debut new music, although these rumors never materialized. She also released a self-directed autobiographical documentary in February, entitled Life Is But a Dream.\n\nIn March 2013, a two-part hip hop track entitled \"Bow Down/I Been On\" was released onto Beyoncé's SoundCloud account. \"Bow Down\", produced by Hit-Boy, was written after Beyoncé woke up one morning with a chant stuck in her head, feeling angry and defensive. This was melded with a Timbaland-produced second half \"I Been On\" that makes prominent use of a pitch-distorted vocal as a homage to the Houston hip hop scene. Michael Cragg of The Guardian described the song as \"brilliantly odd\", commending its loud, abrasive production, while Pitchfork's Lindsay Zoladz noted the song's assertiveness and believed it served as an introduction of what was to come. \"Bow Down/I Been On\" was perceived as a significant departure from Beyoncé's existing catalogue, particularly for its aggressive nature. The song's atmosphere and its controversial \"Bow down, bitches\" refrain drew a mixed reaction from those who questioned whether the lyric was aimed at women or merely a moment of braggadocio. Beyoncé clarified after the album's release, where elements of \"Bow Down\" appear on the track \"Flawless\", that the song and its refrain were intended as a statement of female empowerment.\nNeither Beyoncé or her representatives commented on the release of \"Bow Down/I Been On\", and many journalists questioned the nature of its release in the context of the release of her upcoming album. Further confusion was created when portions of other tracks \"Grown Woman\" and \"Standing on the Sun\" were used for television advertising campaigns, with a similar lack of explanation as to their purpose. Through much of 2013, the media intermittently reported that the album was delayed or scrapped, with one story alleging Beyoncé had scrapped fifty songs in favor of starting again. In July 2013, a spokesperson for Beyoncé denied speculation that her album had been delayed, stating there was no official release date to begin with and that when a date is set, it would be announced via an official press release. There was considerable confusion among music journalists and fans as Beyoncé engaged in extensive touring, while not discussing the album or its release.\n\n\n== Recording and production ==\nThe original plan was to create the entire album in a month and a half, but in the end it took a year and a half. Beyoncé rented a 40-bedroom mansion for the recording process. Recording sessions began in the summer of 2012 in the Hamptons, New York, where Beyoncé and her husband Jay-Z were living. She invited the \"world's best\" producers and songwriters to accompany them, including Sia, Timbaland, Eric Bellinger, Benny Blanco, Ryan Tedder, Justin Timberlake and The-Dream. Beyoncé described the atmosphere as unconventional, sayingBeyoncé's second solo album B'Day was released on September 5, 2006, in the US, to coincide with her twenty-fifth birthday. It sold 541,000 copies in its first week and debuted atop the Billboard 200, becoming Beyoncé's second consecutive number-one album in the United States. The album's lead single \"Déjà Vu\", featuring Jay Z, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second international single \"Irreplaceable\" was a commercial success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. B'Day also produced three other singles; \"Ring the Alarm\", \"Get Me Bodied\", and \"Green Light\" (released in the United Kingdom only).",
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"idx": 13,
"title": "Song Cry",
"paragraph_text": "In an interview with Bill Maher, Jay - Z stated that this song was actually inspired by three different relationships he had in the past, and he wrote about his different experiences all together in different verses. studio album The Blueprint and also appears on the 2001 live album Jay-Z: Unplugged.\n\"Song Cry\" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance but lost to \"Hot in Herre\" by Nelly. The song samples Bobby Glenn's \"Sounds Like a Love Song\".\n\n\n== Background and content ==\nIn an interview with Bill Maher, Jay-Z stated that this song was actually inspired by three different relationships he had in the past, and he wrote about his different experiences all together in different versesIn an interview with Bill Maher, Jay - Z stated that this song was actually inspired by three different relationships he had in the past, and he wrote about his different experiences all together in different verses.\"Song Cry\" is a song by American rapper Jay-Z and produced by Just Blaze. It was released on April 16, 2002. It was the fourth and final single from his sixth studio album The Blueprint and also appears on the 2001 live album Jay-Z: Unplugged.\n\"Song Cry\" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance but lost to \"Hot in Herre\" by Nelly. The song samples Bobby Glenn's \"Sounds Like a Love Song\".\n\n\n== Background and content ==\nIn an interview with Bill Maher, Jay-Z stated that this song was actually inspired by three different relationships he had in the past, and he wrote about his different experiences all together in different verses.\nThe song is a slow and quiet melodic rap ballad in which Jay-Z laments the break-up of an earlier relationship due to his own neglect and infidelity. Admitting that he is too prideful to publicly display his emotions (\"I can't see 'em coming down my eyes\"), Jay-Z forces the song to \"cry\" instead. This allows Jay-Z to mourn the break-up free of any damage to his masculine image as a street hustler. This furthers the notion that emotional vulnerability is a sign of weakness, especially within the Black community, as Black men in particular suppress vulnerability \"in order to survive.\"\n\n\n== Live performances ==\nThe live performance of \"Song Cry\" from Jay-Z's 2001 MTV Unplugged album features female vocalist Jaguar Wright singing a sample of \"Sounds Like a Love Song\" by Bobby Glenn, though Wright is not identified in the liner notes of the album.\nDuring his 2006 Water for Life Tour, Jay-Z performed \"Song Cry\" at the Royal Albert Hall, the venue's first ever hip hop show. American actress Gwyneth Paltrow did the chorus.\nThe song was also included on the set-lists of his all-stadium tours On the Run Tour in 2014 and OTR II in 2018, both with co-headliner and wife Beyoncé.\n\n\n== Credits and personnel ==\nThe credits for \"Song Cry\" are adapted from the liner notes of The Blueprint.\n\nStudio locations\nMastered at Masterdisk, New York City, New York.\nMixed and recorded at Baseline Studios, New York City, New York.\nPersonnel\nJay-Z – songwriting, vocals\nJust Blaze – production, songwriting\nDouglas Gibbs – songwriting\nRalph Johnson – songwriting\nYoung Guru – recording\nShane Woodley – recording assistant\nJason Goldstein – mixing\nTony Dawsey – mastering\nSamples\n\"Song Cry\" contains samples of \"Sounds Like a Love Song\", as performed by Bobby Glenn and written by Douglas Gibbs",
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] | Regarding the song "Cry," to whom was the artist who performed a duet with Beyonce on the track "Deja Vu" referring? | [
{
"id": 80,
"question": "What artist did Beyonce duet with in the single, \"Deja Vu''?",
"answer": "Jay Z",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 59409,
"question": "who was #1 talking about in song cry",
"answer": "three different relationships he had in the past",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | three different relationships he had in the past | [] | true | Who was the artist who did a duet with Beyonce in the single "Deja Vu" talking about in the song "Cry"? |
2hop__242045_2684 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Chrétien DuBois",
"paragraph_text": " He died sometime after 1641.\nChretien du Bois is of particular interest to American genealogists, both because of the notability of his descendants and because several different versions of noble ancestry have been claimed for him. Further DNA testing of several descendants including Sarah Du Bois Van Meter have tested positive in the nobility lineage. \nSeveral prominent Americans figure among Chretien du Bois' descendants, including former governor of Massachusetts William Floyd Weld, actor Marlon Brando, Jr., [wood family settled in Carolina and finally Tennessee agricultural and industrial monopoly] painter Mary Cassatt, journalist Maria Shriver (wife of California governor ArnoldSeveral prominent Americans figure among Chretien du Bois' descendants, including former governor of Massachusetts William Floyd Weld, actor Marlon Brando, Jr., painter Mary Cassatt, journalist Maria Shriver (wife of California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger), Samuel Walton, General George Smith Patton III and film director George Lucas. W. E. B. Du Bois is also said to be a descendant. was the son of Antoine du Bois and Anne Cousin, and was married to Françoise le Poivre.\nChretien du Bois lived in the village of Wicres, outside of Lille. Documents from the Archives Départementales de Lille indicate he was bailli, lieutenant, greffier & receveur of the Comté of Coupigny. He died sometime after 1641.\nChretien du Bois is of particular interest to American genealogists, both because of the notability of his descendants and because several different versions of noble ancestry have been claimed for him. Further DNA testing of several descendants including Sarah Du Bois Van Meter have tested positive in the nobility lineage. \nSeveral prominent Americans figure among Chretien du Bois' descendants, including former governor of Massachusetts William Floyd Weld, actor Marlon Brando, Jr., [wood family settled in Carolina and finally Tennessee agricultural and industrial monopoly] painter Mary Cassatt, journalist Maria Shriver (wife of California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger), Samuel Walton, General George Smith Patton III and film director George Lucas. W. E. B",
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"idx": 7,
"title": "Kanye West",
"paragraph_text": " Love, Freddie Gibbs, YG, Quavo, Playboi Carti, Travis Scott, Bump J, Lil Durk, Rich the Kid and Chris Brown. Production was primarily handled by West, alongside the Legendary Traxster, 88-Keys, Camper, JPEGMafia, Timbaland, Swizz Beatz, Ojivolta, Chrishan, Anthony Kilhoffer, and others.\nWest and Ty Dolla Sign began recording the album with collaborators in Italy in October 2023, then relocated to Saudi Arabia for three months. The album sustained multiple delays and changes to the tracklist before release, following West's struggle to secure a distributor. The release was first teased throughout late 2023 under the placeholder title ¥$ and was set to be titled Vultures before being retitled to Vultures 1 as the first volume in an album series. The tracks \"Everybody\" and \"New Body\" were announced for the album, but could not be includedCalifornia governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery.VCalifornia governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery. Sign. It was released independently by the former's YZY brand on February 10, 2024. Guest appearances include West's daughter North, India Love, Freddie Gibbs, YG, Quavo, Playboi Carti, Travis Scott, Bump J, Lil Durk, Rich the Kid and Chris Brown. Production was primarily handled by West, alongside the Legendary Traxster, 88-Keys, Camper, JPEGMafia, Timbaland, Swizz Beatz, Ojivolta, Chrishan, Anthony Kilhoffer, and others.\nWest and Ty Dolla Sign began recording the album with collaborators in Italy in October 2023, then relocated to Saudi Arabia for three months. The album sustained multiple delays and changes to the tracklist before release, following West's struggle to secure a distributor. The release was first teased throughout late 2023 under the placeholder title ¥$ and was set to be titled Vultures before being retitled to Vultures 1 as the first volume in an album series. The tracks \"Everybody\" and \"New Body\" were announced for the album, but could not be includedCalifornia governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the \"Donda West Law\", legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery.Vultures 1 is the debut studio album by the American hip hop supergroup ¥$, composed of the rapper Kanye West and the singer Ty Dolla Sign. It was released independently by the former's YZY brand on February 10, 2024. Guest appearances include West's daughter North, India Love, Freddie Gibbs, YG, Quavo, Playboi Carti, Travis Scott, Bump J, Lil Durk, Rich the Kid and Chris Brown. Production was primarily handled by West, alongside the Legendary Traxster, 88-Keys, Camper, JPEGMafia, Timbaland, Swizz Beatz, Ojivolta, Chrishan, Anthony Kilhoffer, and others.\nWest and Ty Dolla Sign began recording the album with collaborators in Italy in October 2023, then relocated to Saudi Arabia for three months. The album sustained multiple delays and changes to the tracklist before release, following West's struggle to secure a distributor. The release was first teased throughout late 2023 under the placeholder title ¥$ and was set to be titled Vultures before being retitled to Vultures 1 as the first volume in an album series. The tracks \"Everybody\" and \"New Body\" were announced for the album, but could not be included due to clearance issues. West and Ty Dolla Sign previewed tracks at the Vultures Rave listening party in December 2023, two months before holding numerous public events in Chicago, New York, and Milan. The album was initially distributed using the FUGA platform, allegedly in violation of FUGA's service agreement, and a withdrawal was made from streaming services on February 15, 2024. However, it was then re-distributed by Label Engine the same day. \nIn contrast to West's previous two albums, Jesus Is King (2019) and Donda (2021), Vultures 1 finds him forgoing religious themes and addressing his preceding controversies, as well as themes of money, relationships, sex, and fame. It also sees him returning to an explicit tracklist, with his previous three albums only featuring tracks with clean or censored lyrics. The cover art features West dressed in all-black with his hockey mask, joined by his partner Bianca Censori. The title track was issued as the album's lead single in November 2023, followed three months later by \"Talking / Once Again\" and \"Carnival\", the latter of which topped the US Billboard Hot 100. Music videos were produced for all of the singles, with a new version of \"Vultures\" produced by Havoc being used for the first of its visuals.\nReleased in the wake of West's antisemitic comments, Vultures 1 polarised music critics, many of whom criticized its lyrics regarding the matter—as well as his other controversies. However, some complimented the production and Ty Dolla Sign's contributions. The album marked West's 11th consecutive number-one debut on the US Billboard 200, breaking his tie with Eminem. It topped the charts in several other countries, including Australia, Canada, and Germany, becoming West's first number-one album in the latter country. Vultures 1 was certified gold and silver in New Zealand and the United Kingdom by Recorded Music NZ and the British Phonographic Industry, respectively. All of the album's songs entered the Billboard Hot 100, bringing West to 157 career entries. A sequel album, Vultures 2 released on August 3, 2024, with Vultures 3 also slated for a release later in the year. The performers are scheduled to embark on a world tour in support of the album from 2024 to 2025, planned for cities such as New York and London.\n\n\n== Background and recording ==\nOn August 25, 2023, NBC News reported from two sources that West had been working on music throughout the summer and planned to release an album, revealing \"new music is imminent\". West held a private listening event for the album in Italy on October 1, that Ty Dolla Sign attended and it was rumored they had been collaborating on the project. During that same month, the musicians were spotted in recording studios in Italy, alongside other artists. A joint concert at RCF Arena in Reggio Emilia, Italy was reportedly planned for October 20, 2023, but was delayed by a week and then canceled. The performers had collaborated in the past on multiple occasions, such as West's tracks \"Only One\" (2014) and \"Real Friends\" (2016). In an interview with Big Boy on March 15, 2024, Ty Dolla Sign expressed his loyalty to West, acknowledging both his successes and declines, and stated that he always knew West would regain popularity with each comeback and would celebrate his achievements when he did.\n\nIn an Instagram post on October 23, 2023, Ty Dolla Sign confirmed the album's existence. The post contained a black background with white text that displayed \"¥$\", their duo name; the symbol next to the dollar sign represents the Japanese Yen. During a performance in early November 2023, Ty Dolla Sign said he had just flown in from Saudi Arabia, where he was working with West on their upcoming collaborative studio album and said it would be \"coming real soon\". Videos of the two artists recording with rapper Lil Baby also surfaced online. Images were released of West working on music at a desert studio in the Arabic oasis city al-Ula, appearing in a sparse setting surrounded by chairs and tents. According to the collaborator Darhyl Camper, the artists spent three months recording in Saudi Arabia, mostly in al-Ula. During writing sessions in Dubai, West was joined by the British singer ZLYAH, who was taken aback by the invitation and the fact that the rapper enjoyed his music, as he saw West as an inspiration. ZLYAH contributed to the writing of \"Carnival\" and he learned from this as his first writing credit for another artist; the singer said the process was to \"write down ideas and pitch stuff\" after being provided with beat packages for the instrumentals. He elaborated that West sent reference tracks to the songwriters and they improvised over beats, surmising they \"had great chemistry\" from the start and noting the rapper was involved with the songwriting too. British record producer Fred Again played snippets of a song by West and Ty Dolla Sign at a club, rumored to be from their collaborative project. West recalled the recording had a large budget due to visiting both Saudi Arabia and Italy, declaring that the expenses and \"super mega talents\" were part of why Vultures 1 is superior to other albums.\nOn December 13, 2023, media outlets reported that the interpolation of the boy band Backstreet Boys on \"Everybody\" was not authorized. The following day, West sent a text message to fellow rapper Nicki Minaj asking her for permission to",
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] | What legislation was enacted by the spouse of Maria Shriver? | [
{
"id": 242045,
"question": "Maria Shriver >> spouse",
"answer": "Arnold Schwarzenegger",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
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{
"id": 2684,
"question": "What was the name of the law passed by #1 ?",
"answer": "\"Donda West Law\"",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | "Donda West Law" | [] | true | What law was passed by Maria Shriver's husband? |
2hop__542569_87295 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "The Princess Diaries (film)",
"paragraph_text": " September and December 2000. Marshall agreed to direct because he found the story ideal for family entertainment. Despite having little involvement in the film's development, Cabot was consulted about various changes to its story and characters. Hathaway won the lead role over several established young actresses in her motion picture debut, while The Princess Diaries commemorated the end of Andrews's semi-retirement from acting and return to Disney films, her first since Mary Poppins (1964).\nThe Princess Diaries premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on July 29, 2001, and was released in the United States on August 3. The film was an unexpected commercial success, grossing over $165 million worldwide. Despite receiving mixed reviews for its plot and themes, Hathaway's performance was widely praised by film critics. Ranking among the most profitable films of 2001, The Princess Diaries defied industry expectations as pundits had expected the film to underperform due to its G rating and subject matter. The film's success is credited with establishing Hathaway as a bankable actress and reviving Andrews's film career. A sequel, The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, was released in 2004, and a third installment has been in development since 2022.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nMia Thermopolis is a studentThe Princess Diaries is a 2001 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Gina Wendkos, based on Meg Cabot's 2000 novel of the same name. It stars Anne Hathaway (in her film debut) as Mia Thermopolis, a teenager who discovers that she is the heir to the throne of the fictional Kingdom of Genovia, ruled by her grandmother Queen dowager Clarisse Renaldi (Julie Andrews). The film also stars Heather Matarazzo, Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Moore, and Robert Schwartzman.The Princess Diaries is a 2001 American coming-of-age comedy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures, directed by Garry Marshall, and written by Gina Wendkos. Based on Meg Cabot's 2000 young adult novel of the same name, it stars Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews, with a supporting cast consisting of Héctor Elizondo, Heather Matarazzo, Mandy Moore, Caroline Goodall, and Robert Schwartzman. The plot follows Mia Thermopolis (Hathaway), an American teenager who discovers she is heir to throne of a European kingdom. Under the tutelage of her estranged grandmother (Andrews), the kingdom's reigning queen, Mia must choose whether to claim or renounce the title she has inherited.\nFeeling confident about the novel's film potential, Cabot's agent pursued producer Debra Martin Chase about adapting The Princess Diaries into a feature-length film, an idea she pitched to Disney upon reading the book. After obtaining the film rights, Disney originally greenlit the project under the title The Princess of Tribeca, reverting it once its setting was changed from New York to San Francisco, where the majority of the film was shot between September and December 2000. Marshall agreed to direct because he found the story ideal for family entertainment. Despite having little involvement in the film's development, Cabot was consulted about various changes to its story and characters. Hathaway won the lead role over several established young actresses in her motion picture debut, while The Princess Diaries commemorated the end of Andrews's semi-retirement from acting and return to Disney films, her first since Mary Poppins (1964).\nThe Princess Diaries premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on July 29, 2001, and was released in the United States on August 3. The film was an unexpected commercial success, grossing over $165 million worldwide. Despite receiving mixed reviews for its plot and themes, Hathaway's performance was widely praised by film critics. Ranking among the most profitable films of 2001, The Princess Diaries defied industry expectations as pundits had expected the film to underperform due to its G rating and subject matter. The film's success is credited with establishing Hathaway as a bankable actress and reviving Andrews's film career. A sequel, The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement, was released in 2004, and a third installment has been in development since 2022.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nMia Thermopolis is a studentThe Princess Diaries is a 2001 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Gina Wendkos, based on Meg Cabot's 2000 novel of the same name. It stars Anne Hathaway (in her film debut) as Mia Thermopolis, a teenager who discovers that she is the heir to the throne of the fictional Kingdom of Genovia, ruled by her grandmother Queen dowager Clarisse Renaldi (Julie Andrews). The film also stars Heather Matarazzo, Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Moore, and Robert Schwartzman. tutelage of her estranged grandmother (Andrews), the kingdom's reigning queen, Mia must choose whether to claim or renounce the title she has inherited.\nFeeling confident about the novel's film potential, Cabot's agent pursued producer Debra Martin Chase about adapting The Princess Diaries into a feature-length film, an idea she pitched to Disney upon reading the book. After obtaining the film rights, Disney originally greenlit the project",
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"idx": 11,
"title": "A Spoonful of Sugar",
"paragraph_text": "Julie Andrews), instructing the two children, Jane (Karen Dotrice) and Michael (Matthew Garber) to clean their room. But even though the task is daunting, with a good attitude, it can still be fun. The melody is heard throughout the film as Mary's leitmotif. As part of the interlude, she sees that Michael couldn't get out of the closet doors that open and close rapidly.\"It is an uptempo song sung by Mary Poppins (Julie Andrews), instructing the two children, Jane (Karen Dotrice) and Michael (Matthew Garber) to clean their room. But even though the task is daunting, with a good attitude, it can still be fun. The melody is heard throughout the film as Mary's leitmotif. As part of the interlude, she sees that Michael couldn't get out of the closet doors that open and close rapidly. clean their room. Although the task is daunting, she tells them, with a good attitude, it can be fun. The melody is heard throughout the film as Mary's leitmotif. As part of the interlude, she sees that Michael couldn't get out of the closet doors that open and close rapidly.\n\n\n== In-musical context ==\nIn the musical, Robertson Ay and Mrs. Brill are helping Mrs. Banks forIt is an uptempo song sung by Mary Poppins (Julie Andrews), instructing the two children, Jane (Karen Dotrice) and Michael (Matthew Garber) to clean their room. But even though the task is daunting, with a good attitude, it can still be fun. The melody is heard throughout the film as Mary's leitmotif. As part of the interlude, she sees that Michael couldn't get out of the closet doors that open and close rapidly.\"A Spoonful of Sugar\" is a song from Walt Disney's 1964 film and 2004 musical version of Mary Poppins, composed by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. The song has characteristics of the fast-paced one-step, a popular dance in the 1910s.\n\n\n== In-film context ==\nIt is an uptempo song sung by Mary Poppins, instructing the two children, Jane (Karen Dotrice) and Michael (Matthew Garber) to clean their room. Although the task is daunting, she tells them, with a good attitude, it can be fun. The melody is heard throughout the film as Mary's leitmotif. As part of the interlude, she sees that Michael couldn't get out of the closet doors that open and close rapidly.\n\n\n== In-musical context ==\nIn the musical, Robertson Ay and Mrs. Brill are helping Mrs. Banks for a tea party she's planning. Mrs. Brill tells Robertson Ay to make the frosting, which the kids try to do instead, despite Robertson Ay giving them warnings. After Jane sends him to get hot water, it comes out with the force of a cannon and causes Robertson Ay to run into the furniture, destroying the kitchen in the process. Mrs. Banks is shocked to see the kitchen in this shape when she arrives there with Mary Poppins. Mary sends her upstairs to get dressed, while she gives Jane and Michael some medicine, which comes out in different colors and flavors, much like in the film. Cleaning the kitchen up is similar to cleaning up the nursery in the film with Mary magically putting it back together.\n\n\n== Other Disney uses ==\nThe song is mixed with It's A Small World, also a Sherman song in the final number of On the Record, a short lived revue of Disney songs.\nThis musical number also appears in the Sing Along Songs series of Disney videos.\n\n\n== Development ==\nJulie Andrews was not yet committed for the part of Mary Poppins. She did not like the song that was written for her, believing it did not have enough snap to it. The original song was called \"The Eyes of Love\". Walt Disney instructed the Sherman Brothers to come up with something more catchy. Robert Sherman, the primary lyricist of the duo, arrived home from work one evening, having worked all day trying to come up with a song idea. As he walked in the door, his wife, Joyce, informed him that the children had gotten their polio vaccine that day. Thinking that the child had received a shot, Robert asked his son, Jeffrey, if it hurt. The child responded that the medicine was put on a cube of sugar and that he swallowed it. Realizing what he had, Robert Sherman arrived at work early the next morning with the title of the song \"A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Medicine Go Down\". Sherman suggested the lyric to his brother, Richard, who was at first dismissive but slowly came around. At his brother's behest, Richard put melody to the lyric, and with that, the song was born.\n\n\n== Covers ==\nHarry Connick, Jr. released a jazz cover on Songs I Heard in 2001.\nKacey Musgraves recorded a country rendition on We Love Disney in 2015.\n\n\n== In popular culture ==\nOn the television show",
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] | In Princess Diaries, which character is played by the actor who also performed A Spoonful of Sugar? | [
{
"id": 542569,
"question": "A Spoonful of Sugar >> performer",
"answer": "Julie Andrews",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
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{
"id": 87295,
"question": "who does #1 play in princess diaries",
"answer": "Queen dowager Clarisse Renaldi",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
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] | Queen dowager Clarisse Renaldi | [] | true | Who does the performer of A Spoonful of Sugar play in Princess Diaries? |
3hop2__89854_38738_76291 | [
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"idx": 5,
"title": "114th United States Congress",
"paragraph_text": " its first session. Additionally, seven representatives (two Democrats, five Republicans) took office on various dates in order to fill vacancies during the 114th Congress before it ended on January 3, 2017.\nThe president of the House Democratic freshman class was Ted Lieu of California, while the president of the House Republican freshman class was Ken Buck of Colorado. Additionally, the Republican's freshmen liaison was Mimi Walters of California.\n\n\n== Senate ==\n\n\n== House of Representatives ==\n\n\n=== Took office January 3, 2015 ===\n\n\n==== Non-voting delegates ====\n\n\n=== Took office during the 114th Congress ===\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of United States senators in the 114th Congress\nList of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 114th Congress by seniority\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==The 114th United States Congress began on January 3, 2015. There were 13 new senators (one Democrat, 12 Republicans) and 59 new representatives (15 Democrats, 44 Republicans), as well as two new delegates (one Democrat, one Republican), at the start of its first session. Additionally, seven representatives (two Democrats, five Republicans) took office on various dates in order to fill vacancies during the 114th Congress before it ended on January 3, 2017.\nThe president of the House Democratic freshman class was Ted Lieu of California, while the president of the House Republican freshman class was Ken Buck of Colorado. Additionally, the Republican's freshmen liaison was Mimi Walters of California.\n\n\n== Senate ==\n\n\n== House of Representatives ==\n\n\n=== Took office January 3, 2015 ===\n\n\n==== Non-voting delegates ====\n\n\n=== Took office during the 114th Congress ===\n\n\n==The One Hundred Fourteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two full years of Barack Obama's presidency. The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate (and control of both houses of Congress) for the first time since the 109th Congress. With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929 -- 1931.The 114th United States Congress began on January 3The One Hundred Fourteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two full years of Barack Obama's presidency. The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate (and control of both houses of Congress) for the first time since the 109th Congress. With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929 -- 1931. California.\n\n\n== Senate ==\n\n\n== House of Representatives ==\n\n\n=== Took office January 3, 2015 ===\n\n\n==== Non-voting delegates ====\n\n\n=== Took office during the 114th Congress ===\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of United States senators in the 114th Congress\nList of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 114th Congress by seniority\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==The 114th United States Congress began on January 3, 2015. There were 13 new senators (one Democrat, 12 Republicans) and ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Tanzania",
"paragraph_text": " the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but notThe U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades., Tanzania has a population of at least 67.4 million.\nMany important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania, such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils. In the Stone and Bronze Age, prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago; and the Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in East Africa within the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "2014 United States Senate elections",
"paragraph_text": " started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis. Republicans also picked up another 4 open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia that were previously held by Democrats. Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan.\nThis was the second consecutive election cycle held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006. This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm election cycle since 1918. With a total net gain of 9 seats, the Republicans made the largest SenateThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:3 Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies. The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U.S. senators. Going into the elections, 21 of the contested seats were held by the Democratic Party, while 15 were held by the Republican Party.\nThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis. Republicans also picked up another 4 open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia that were previously held by Democrats. Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan.\nThis was the second consecutive election cycle held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006. This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm election cycle since 1918. With a total net gain of 9 seats, the Republicans made the largest Senate gain by any party since 1980. This is also the first election cycle since 1980 in which more than 2 incumbent Democratic senators were defeated by their Republican challengers. Days after the election cycle, the United States Election Project estimated that 36.4% of eligible voters voted, 4% lower than the 2010 elections, and possibly the lowest turnout rate since the 1942 election cycle.\nAs of 2022, this remains the last time that a Republican has won a U.S. Senate election in Colorado. This is the most recent Senate election where any Republican flipped an open Democratic-held seat. It also remains the last time that the president's party has suffered a net loss of Senate seats in a midterm election cycle.\n\n\n== Partisan composition ==\nFor a majority, Republicans needed at least 51 seats. Democrats could have retained a majority with 48 seats (assuming the two Independents continued to caucus with them) because the Democratic Vice President Joe Biden would become the tie-breaker. From 1915 to 2013, control of the U.S. Senate flipped in 10 of 50 cycles, or 20% of theThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:The 2014 United States Senate elections were held on November 4, 2014. A total of 36 seats in the ",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the controlling party in the House of Representatives gain authority over the department that allows regulators to ban proprietary trades? | [
{
"id": 89854,
"question": "who hold the majority in the house of representatives",
"answer": "the Republicans",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 38738,
"question": "Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?",
"answer": "Senate",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 76291,
"question": "when did #1 take control of the #2",
"answer": "January 2015",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | January 2015 | [] | true | When did the party that holds the majority in the House of Representatives take control of the branch that gives regulators discretion to prohibit proprietary trades? |
3hop1__24980_42197_18397 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Korean War",
"paragraph_text": " People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\".The Korean War was a major conflict of the Cold War and among the most destructive conflicts of the modern era, with approximately 3 million killed, most of whom were civilians. It resulted in the destruction of virtually all of Korea's major cities, with thousands of massacres committed by both sides—including the mass killing of tens of thousands of suspected communists by the South Korean government, and the torture and starvation of prisoners of war by the North Koreans. North Korea became among the most heavily bombed countries in history.\n\n\n== Civilian deaths and massacres ==\n\nAround 3 million people died in the Korean War, the majority of whom were civilians, possibly making it the deadliest conflict of the Cold War era. Although only rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million.\nCumings states that civilians represent at least half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests that the civilian portion of the death toll may have gone as high as 70%, compared to Lewy's estimates of 42% in World War II and 30%–46% in the Vietnam War. Data compiled by the Peace Research Institute Oslo lists just under 1 million battle deaths over the course of the Korean War (with a range of 644,696 to 1.5 million) and a mid-value estimate of 3 million total deaths (with a range of 1.5 million to 4.5 million), attributing the difference to excess mortality among civilians from one-sided massacres, starvation, and disease. Compounding this devastation for Korean civilians, virtually all major cities on the Korean Peninsula were destroyed as a result of the war. In both per capita and absolute terms, North Korea was the country most devastated by the war. According to Charles K. Armstrong, the war resulted in the death of an estimated 12%–15% of the North Korean population (c. 10 million), \"a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of Soviet citizens killed in World War II\".\n\nThere were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean War committed by both sides, starting in the war's first days. In 2005–2010, a South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission investigated atrocities and other human rights violations through much of the 20th century, from the Japanese colonial period through the Korean War and beyond. It excavated some mass graves from the Bodo League massacres and confirmed the general outlines of those political executions. Of the Korean War-era massacres the commission was petitioned to investigate, 82% were perpetrated by South Korean forces, with 18% perpetrated by North Korean forces.\nThe commission also received petitions alleging more than 200 large-scale killings of South Korean civilians by the U.S. military during the war, mostly air attacks. It confirmed several such cases, including refugees crowded into a cave attacked with napalm bombs, which survivors said killed 360 people, and an air attack that killed 197 refugees gathered in a field in the far south. It recommended South Korea seek reparations from the United States, but in 2010, a reorganized commission under a new, conservative government concluded that most U.S. mass killings resulted from \"military necessity\", while in a small number of cases, they concluded, the U.S. military had acted with \"low levels of unlawfulness\", but the commission recommended against seeking reparations.\n\n\n== Abuse of prisoners of war ==\n\n\n=== Chinese POWs ===\n\nChinese sources claim at Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island, Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the U.S. and Taiwan. Pro-communist POWs experienced torture, cutting off of limbs, or were executed in public. Being forced to write confession letters and receiving tattoos of an anti-communism slogan and Flag of the Republic of China were also commonly seen, in case any wanted to go back to mainland China. Pro-communist POWs who could not endure the torture formed an underground group to fight the pro-nationalist POWs secretly by assassination, which led to the Geoje uprising. The rebellion captured Francis Dodd, and was suppressed by the 187th Infantry Regiment.\nIn the end, 14,235 Chinese POWs went to Taiwan and fewer than 6,000 POWs returned to mainland China. Those who went to Taiwan are called \"righteous men\" and experienced brainwashing again and were sent to the army or were arrested; while the survivors who returned to mainland China were welcomed as a \"hero\" first, but experienced anti-brainwashing, strict interrogation, and house arrest eventually, after the tattoos were discovered. After 1988, the Taiwanese government allowed POWs to go back to mainland China and helped remove anti-communist tattoos; while the mainland Chinese government started to allow mainland Chinese prisoners of war to return from Taiwan.\n\n\n=== UN Command POWs ===\nThe United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war: soldiers were beaten, tortured, starved, put to forced labor, marched to death, and summarily executed.\nThe KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312, Hill 303, the Pusan Perimeter, Daejeon and Sunchon; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces. Later, a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation, the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, reported that \"two-thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes\".\nAlthough the Chinese rarely executed prisoners of war like their North Korean counterparts, mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese-run POW camps during the winter of 1950–51. About 43% of U.S. POWs died during this period. The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases because of logistical difficulties. The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino-Korean border and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs. According to Chinese reports, over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951, while a dozen British POWs died, and all Turkish POWs survived. According to Hastings, wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet \"devoid of vegetables, almost barren of proteins, minerals, or vitamins\" with only 1/3 the calories of their usual diet. Especially in early 1951, thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and \"declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided\".\n\nThe unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must \"evade capture, resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy\".\nNorth Korea may have detained upOn 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\". rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million.\nCumings states that civilians represent at least half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests thatOn 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zed",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union",
"paragraph_text": " coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into BBC World Service on a small transistor radio.The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. It also brought an end to the Soviet Union's federal government and General Secretary (also President) Mikhail Gorbachev's effort to reform the Soviet political and economic system in an attempt to stop a period of political stalemate and economic backslide. The Soviet Union had experienced internal stagnation and ethnic separatism. Although highly centralized until its final yearsOn December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, \"the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence.\"s that served as the homelands for different ethnicities. By late 1991, amid a catastrophic political crisis, with several republics already departing the Union and Gorbachev continuing the waning of centralized power, the leaders ofThousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House (the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank. The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House, but members refused to storm the barricaded building. The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into BBC World Service on a small transistor radio.The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Imperialism",
"paragraph_text": "rotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist,Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which location did the head who decreed that the declining republic had transitioned to an imperialist force voice his intention to get involved in the dispute in Korea? | [
{
"id": 24980,
"question": "What was coming to an end?",
"answer": "the USSR",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 42197,
"question": "Who argued that the #1 had itself become an imperialist power?",
"answer": "Mao Zedong",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 18397,
"question": "Where did #2 declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?",
"answer": "the Politburo",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | the Politburo | [
"Politburo"
] | true | Where did the leader, who claimed that the republic that was coming to an end had become an imperialist power, declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict? |
2hop__787538_31270 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "West Creek High School",
"paragraph_text": "West Creek High School is a public high school located in Clarksville, Tennessee. It is part of the Clarksville-Montgomery County School System.West Creek High School is a public high school located in Clarksville, Tennessee. It is part of the Clarksville-Montgomery County School System.West Creek High School is a public high school located in Clarksville, Tennessee. It is part of the Clarksville-Montgomery County School System.\nWest Creek High School was established in the Fall of 2009. It was built to provide another school for the overpopulated Northeast High School. For the opening of its first year, it was led under the leadership of principal Dr. Clara Patterson. The first graduating class held 149 seniors.\nWest Creek High School's Junior Classical League chapter has earned numerous awards at regional, mid-state, state, and national levels. The JROTC drill team is nationally ranked, taking first place overall at the National High School Drill Team Championship, hosted by Sports Network International in Daytona Beach, FL. The raider team is nationally ranked. \nWest Creek High School is also known for having the first radio broadcasting class for students of Montgomery County.\nThe mascot is a coyote and the school motto is We Are West Creek.\n\n\n== References ==West Creek High School is a public high school located in Clarksville, Tennessee. It is part of the Clarksville-Montgomery County School System.\nWest Creek High School was established in the Fall of 2009. It was built to provide another school for the overpopulated Northeast High School. For the opening of its first year, it was led under the leadership of principal",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Tennessee",
"paragraph_text": " governed by a mayor, a vice-mayor, and a 40-member metropolitan council. Some 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts, while five are elected at-large. Reflecting the city's position in state government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee, one of the state's three divisions.\nAs of 2020 Nashville is considered a global city, type \"Gamma\" by the GaWC. The city is a major center for the music industry, especially country music. It is home to three major professional sports teams: the Predators, Titans, and Nashville SC.\nThe city is also the home of many colleges and universities including Tennessee State University, Vanderbilt University, Belmont University, Fisk University, Trevecca Nazarene University, and Lipscomb University. Nashville isThe capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents.NThe capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents.9 when this territory was still considered part of North Carolina. The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and, in the 19th century, a railroad center. Nashville as part of Tennessee seceded during the American Civil War; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to be taken by Union forces. It was occupied through the war.\nAfter the war, the city gradually reclaimed its stature. It became a center of trade and developed a manufacturing base.\nSince 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government, which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system. The city is governed by a mayor, a vice-mayor, and a 40-member metropolitan council. Some 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts, while five are elected at-large. Reflecting the city's position in state government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee, one of the state's three divisions.\nAs of 2020 Nashville is considered a global city, type \"Gamma\" by the GaWC. The city is a major center for the music industry, especially country music. It is home to three major professional sports teams: the Predators, Titans, and Nashville SC.\nThe city is also the home of many colleges and universities including Tennessee State University, Vanderbilt University, Belmont University, Fisk University, Trevecca Nazarene University, and Lipscomb University. Nashville isThe capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals in the past. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state. Nashville's 13-county metropolitan area has been the state's largest since c. 1990. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each has approximately one-third of the population of Memphis or Nashville. The city of Clarksville is a fifth significant population center, some 45 miles (72 km) northwest of Nashville. Murfreesboro is the sixth-largest city in Tennessee, consisting of some 108,755 residents.Nashville, often known as Music City, is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. Located in Middle Tennessee, it had a population of 689,447 at the 2020 U.S. census. Nashville is the 21st most populous city in the United States, and the fourth most populous city in the southeastern U.S. Located on the Cumberland River, the city is the center of the Nashville metropolitan area, and is one of the fastest growing in the nation.\nNamed for Francis Nash, a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, the city was founded in 1779 when this territory was still considered part of North Carolina. The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and, in the 19th century, a railroad center. Nashville as part of Tennessee seceded during the American Civil War; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to be taken by Union forces. It was occupied through the war.\nAfter the war, the city gradually reclaimed its stature. It became a center of trade and developed a manufacturing base.\nSince 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government, which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system. The city is governed by a mayor, a vice-mayor, and a 40-member metropolitan council. Some 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts, while five are elected at-large. Reflecting the city's position in state government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court's courthouse for Middle Tennessee, one of the state's three divisions.\nAs of 2020 Nashville is considered a global city, type \"Gamma\" by the GaWC. The city is a major center for",
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}
] | What is the distance in miles from Nashville to the city in Tennessee that houses West Creek High School? | [
{
"id": 787538,
"question": "West Creek High School >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Clarksville",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 31270,
"question": "What distance in miles is #1 , TN from Nashville?",
"answer": "45",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | 45 | [] | true | How many miles between the city where West Creek High School is located in TN and Nashville? |
2hop__559076_55984 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Give Up the Ghost (album)",
"paragraph_text": " – 4:20\n\"Dreams\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:31\n\"That Year\" – 3:35\n\"Caroline\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:36\n\"Before It Breaks\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:57\n\"I Will\" – 4:09\n\"If There Was No You\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth) – 2:39\n\"Touching the Ground\" (Tim Hanseroth) – 3:17\n\"Oh Dear\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth) – 2:50\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nBrandi Carlile – banjo, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, lead vocals, background vocals\nJesse Carmichael – mellotron\nLenny Castro – percussion\nGibb Droll – dobro, slide guitar\nPhil Hanseroth – bass guitar, upright bass, electric guitar, percussion, ukulele, background vocals, Wurlitzer\nTim Hanseroth – drums, electric guitar, percussion, background vocals\nJacob Hoffman – piano\nVictor Indrizzo – drums, percussion\nElton John – piano, background vocals\nPaul Buckmaster – arrangements\nJosh Neumann – cello\nJason Lader – synthesizer\nAmy Ray – background vocals\nChad Smith – drums, percussion\nBenmont Tench – organ, piano\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Awards ==\nIn 2010, Brandi Carlile was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for \"Outstanding Music Artist\" for the album Give Up the Ghost during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nBrandi Carlile's official siteGive Up the Ghost is the third studio album by American singerGive Up the Ghost is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Brandi Carlile, released on October 6, 2009, through Columbia Records. The album was produced by Grammy Award winner Rick Rubin and contains a collaboration with Elton John titled \"Caroline\". Recorded at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles, the album also features Chad Smith, Amy Ray and Benmont Tench.GGive Up the Ghost is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Brandi Carlile, released on October 6, 2009, through Columbia Records. The album was produced by Grammy Award winner Rick Rubin and contains a collaboration with Elton John titled \"Caroline\". Recorded at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles, the album also features Chad Smith, Amy Ray and Benmont Tench.\"Dreams\", the first single from the album, was released on Carlile's website on August 14, and was available for download on August 18.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\nAll songs written by Carlile, unless noted otherwise.\n\n\"Looking Out\" – 4:18\n\"Dying Day\" (Tim Hanseroth) – 3:33\n\"Pride and Joy\" – 4:20\n\"Dreams\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:31\n\"That Year\" – 3:35\n\"Caroline\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:36\n\"Before It Breaks\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth, Tim Hanseroth) – 3:57\n\"I Will\" – 4:09\n\"If There Was No You\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth) – 2:39\n\"Touching the Ground\" (Tim Hanseroth) – 3:17\n\"Oh Dear\" (Carlile, Phil Hanseroth) – 2:50\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nBrandi Carlile – banjo, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, lead vocals, background vocals\nJesse Carmichael – mellotron\nLenny Castro – percussion\nGibb",
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"idx": 14,
"title": "The Story (song)",
"paragraph_text": " discipline which uses a narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians debate the nature of history as an end in itself, and its usefulness in giving perspective on the problems of the present.\nStories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding King Arthur), are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends. History differs from myth in that it is supported by verifiable evidence. However, ancient cultural influences have helped create variant interpretations of the nature of history, which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation. History is taught as a part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in universities.\nHerodotus, a 5th-century BCE Greek historian, is often considered the \"father of history\", as one of the first historians in the Western tradition, though he has been criticized as the \"father of lies\". Along with his contemporary Thucydides, he helped form the foundations for the modern study of past events and societies. Their works continue to be read today, and``The Story ''is a song released as a single by American folk rock singer Brandi Carlile, written by Phil Hanseroth, from her 2007 album The Story. It was featured in Grey's Anatomy in 2007 and is on Grey's Anatomy Soundtrack album 3 (released September 11). as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts or traditional oral histories, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is incomplete and still has debatable mysteries.\nHistory is an academic discipline which uses a narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians debate the nature of history as an end in itself, and its usefulness in giving perspective on the problems of the present.\nStories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding King Arthur), are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends. History differs from myth in that it is supported by verifiable evidence. However, ancient cultural influences have helped create variant interpretations of the nature of history, which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation. History is taught as a part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in universities.\nHerodotus, a 5th-century BCE Greek historian, is often considered the \"father of history\", as one of the first historians in the Western tradition, though he has been criticized as the \"father of lies\". Along with his contemporary Thucydides, he helped form the foundations for the modern study of past events and societies. Their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In East Asia a state chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals, was reputed to date from as early as 722 BCE, though only 2nd-century BCE texts have survived. The title \"father of history\" has also been attributed, in their respective societies, to Sima Qian and Ibn Khaldun.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nThe word history comes from historía (Ancient Greek: ���στορία, romanized: historíā, lit.��'inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge'). It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his History of Animals. The ancestor word ���στωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes' oath, and in Boeotic inscriptions (in a legal sense",
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] | Who is the author of The Story, which is sung by the individual who also performs Give Up the Ghost? | [
{
"id": 559076,
"question": "Give Up the Ghost >> performer",
"answer": "Brandi Carlile",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 55984,
"question": "who wrote the song the story sung by #1",
"answer": "Phil Hanseroth",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | Phil Hanseroth | [] | true | Who wrote the song The Story sung by the performer of Give Up the Ghost? |
3hop1__136016_87694_64412 | [
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Leeds Minster",
"paragraph_text": "eds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds ParishLeeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church ofLeeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the 7th century, although the present structure is a Gothic Revival one, dating from the mid-19th century. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and was the Parish Church of Leeds before becoming a Minster in 2012. It has been designated a grade I listed building by English Heritage.Leeds Minster, or the Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds, (formerly Leeds Parish Church), in Leeds, West Yorkshire is a large Church of England foundation of major architectural and liturgical significance. A church is recorded on the site as early as the",
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"idx": 15,
"title": "St. Peter's Basilica",
"paragraph_text": " was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno, withThe Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.",
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},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": "The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''. at Catholic churches.\nThe flag is a vertical bicolour of yellow and white, with the white half charged with the coat of arms of Vatican City (a papal tiara and the crossed keys of Saint Peter). It was modeled after the 1808 flag of the Papal States, a yellow-and-white bicolour defaced with the tiara and keys in the centre. It is one of only two national flags that use a 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.\nIn 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany stated that the flag does not have to be square.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nBefore 1808, the Papal States commonly",
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] | When did the location of the Basilica, which shares a namesake with Leeds Minister, gain its independent nation status? | [
{
"id": 136016,
"question": "What is Leeds Minster named after?",
"answer": "Peter",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 87694,
"question": "st. #1 ’s basilica the head of the catholic religion is located in",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 64412,
"question": "when did #2 become its own country",
"answer": "11 February 1929",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | 11 February 1929 | [] | true | When did the place where the Basilica that is named after the same person as Leeds Minister located in become its own country? |
3hop2__125104_90098_10557 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": " which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had received in fief. Stone castles were built in regions where central authority was weak, but state power was on the rise by the end of the period. The settlement of Western European peasants and aristocrats towards the eastern and southern peripheries of Europe, often spurred by crusades, led to the expansion of Latin Christendom. The spread of cathedral schools and universities stimulated a new method of intellectual discussion, with an emphasis on rational argumentation known as scholasticism. Mass pilgrimages prompted the construction of massive Romanesque churches, while structural innovations led to the development of the more delicate Gothic architecture.\nCalamities which included a great famine and the Black Death, which reduced the population by 50 per cent, began the Late Middle Ages in the 14th century. Conflicts between ethnic and social groups intensified and local conflicts often escalated into full-scale warfare, such as the Hundred Years' War. By the end of the period, the ByzantineCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin. the mass migration of tribes (mainly Germanic peoples), and Christianisation, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The movement of peoples led to the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of new kingdoms. In the post-Roman world, taxation declined, the army was financed through land grants, and the blending of Later Roman civilisation and the invaders' traditions is well documented. The Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine",
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"idx": 5,
"title": "Rotrude",
"paragraph_text": "otrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (c.775 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nFew clear records remain of Rotrude's early life. She was educated in the Palace School by Alcuin, who affectionately calls her Columba in his letters to her. When she was sixRotrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (775/778 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.Rotrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (775/778 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.Rotrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (c.775 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Sylvester",
"paragraph_text": "SilSylvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning ``wooded ''or`` wild'', which derives from the noun silva meaning ``woodland ''. Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y came to be pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv - in place of Silv - date from after the Classical period.SSylvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning ``wooded ''or`` wild'', which derives from the noun silva meaning ``woodland ''. Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y came to be pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv - in place of Silv - date from after the Classical period. period. \n\n\n== Given name ==\nSylvester of Marsico (c. 1100–1162), Count of Marsico in the Kingdom of Sicily\nSilvester Ashioya (born 1948), Kenyan hockey player\nSilvester Bolam (1905–1953), British newspaper editor\nSilvester Brito (1937–2018), American poet and academic\nSylvester Croom (born 1954), American football coach and former player\nSilSylvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning ``wooded ''or`` wild'', which derives from the noun silva meaning ``woodland ''. Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y came to be pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv - in place of Silv - date from after the Classical period.Sylvester or Silvester is a name derived from the Latin adjective silvestris meaning \"wooded\" or \"wild\", which derives from the noun silva meaning \"woodland\". Classical Latin spells this with i. In Classical Latin, y represented a separate sound distinct from i, not a native Latin sound but one used in transcriptions of foreign words. After the Classical period y was pronounced as i. Spellings with Sylv- in place of Silv- date from after the Classical period. \n\n\n== Given name ==\nSylvester of Marsico (c. 1100–1162), Count of Marsico in the Kingdom of Sicily\nSilvester Ashioya (born 1948), Kenyan hockey player\nSilvester Bolam (1905–1953), British newspaper editor\nSilvester Brito (1937–2018), American poet and academic\nSylvester Croom (born 1954), American football coach and former player\nSilvester Diggles (1817–1880), Australian musician and ornithologist\nSilvester Fernandes (born 1936), Kenyan hockey player\nSilvester Gardiner (1708–1786), American physician etc.\nSilvester Goraseb (born 1974), Namibian footballer\nSylvester Graham (1794–1851), Presbyterian minister, father of graham crackers\nSilvester Harding (1745–1809), English artist and publisher\nSilvester Horne (1865–1914), Congregational minister\nSylvester James Jr. (1947–1988), also known as Sylvester, a singer and disco performer\nSilvester Johnson (1813–1889), Kentucky merchant and politician\nSilvester Knipfer (1939–2010), German sports shooter\nSylvester Levay (born 1954), Hungarian musician\nSylvester McCoy (born 1943), Scottish actor\nSilvester Mirabal (1864–1939), American farmer and statesman\nSylvester Mittee (born 1956), Saint Lucian/British boxer of the 1970s and '80s\nSilvester Sabolčki (1979–2003), Croatian footballer\nSilvester Sedborough (1515/16–1551), member of parliament\nSilvester ��ereš (1918–2000), Hungarian-Yugoslav footballer\nSilvester Shkalla (born 1995), Albanian footballer\nSylvester Stallone (born 1946), American actor\nSylvester Stewart (born 1943), or Sly Stone, musician and record producer, best known as the frontman for Sly and the Family Stone\nSilvester Takač (born 1940), Serbian-Yugoslavian footballer and football manager\nSylvester Terkay (born 1970), American professional wrestler\nJohn Silvester Varley (born 1956), English banker\nSilvester van der Water (born 1996), Dutch footballer\n\n\n=== Clergy ===\nAntipope Sylvester IV, a claimant from 1105 to 1111\nPope Sylvester I (died 335), Saint Sylvester\nPope Sylvester II (c. 946–1003)\nPope Sylvester III (died 1062 or 1063)\nSilvester de Everdon (died 1254), bishop and Lord Chancellor\nSylvester Gozzolini (1177–1267), saint and founder of the Sylvestrines religious order\nSilvester Jenks (1656–1714), English priest and theologian\nSilvester Petra Sancta (1590–1647), Italian priest and herald\nPatriarch Silvester of Alexandria (fl. 1569–1590)\nSylvester of Assisi (died 1240), companion of Saint Francis of Assisi\nSylvester of Antioch, 18th century Greek bishop\nSylvester of Kiev (c. 1055–1123), clergyman and writer in Kievan Rus\nSilvester of Troina (died 1185), Basilian monk\nSilvester of Valdiseve (1278–1348), monk\nSylvester of Worcester, early 13th century Bishop of Worcester\nSylvester (priest), 15th-century priest of the Cathedral of the Annunciation and close advisor to Ivan IV\n\n\n== Surname ==\nSilvester baronets\nAndy Silvester (born 1947), British bassist and multi-instrumentalist\nAttila Silvester, Greek choreographer\nCharles Sylvester, English chemist and inventor\nDean Sylvester, American hockey player\nDavid Silvester (born 1958), Scottish numerical analyst\nDavid Sylvester (medievalist), Canadian medieval historian\nDebbie Silvester (born 20th century), British-Australian chemist and professor\nFlor Silvester (1923–2008), Dutch graphic designer etc.\nFred Silvester (born 1933), former British politician\nFrederick C. Silvester (1901–1966), British organist and composer\nHannah Sylvester (c. 1900–1973), American blues singer\nHarold Sylvester, American film and television actor\nJames Joseph Sylvester, English mathematician\nJarrod Silvester (born 1965), Australian rules footballer\nJay Silvester (born 1937), American athlete\nJohn Silvester (disambiguation)\nJoshua Sylv",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the origin of the surname Sylvester known from the time period generally referred to after the era of Rotrude's father? | [
{
"id": 125104,
"question": "Who was Rotrude's father?",
"answer": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 90098,
"question": "where does the last name sylvester come from",
"answer": "from the Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 10557,
"question": "What was the #2 of #1 's era later known as?",
"answer": "Medieval Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Medieval Latin | [] | true | What was where the last name sylvester comes from of who was Rotrude's father's era later known as? |
2hop__108336_772156 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation",
"paragraph_text": "9-1502) and Perugino's Combat of Love and Chastity (1503). \nThe subject was provided by the court poet Paride of Ceresara and was initially assigned to Mantegna. However, after the latter's death in 1506, he was replaced by Lorenzo Costa, who deleted all the work made by his predecessor. Isabella liked the painting, and this granted Costa the position as the new court painter of the Gonzaga of Mantua.\nDuke Charles I of Nevers gifted this and the other paintings in the studiolo to Cardinal Richelieu, and the Allegory thus went to Paris. After belonging to several collections, it becameThe Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa the Elder, dating to about 1505-1506. It is displayed in the Louvre Museum of Paris, France.TheThe Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa the Elder, dating to about 1505-1506. It is displayed in the Louvre Museum of Paris, France.The painting was the fourth commissioned by Isabella d'Este for her studiolo, after two canvasses by Andrea Mantegna (Parnassus and the Triumph of the Virtues, respectively from 1497 and 1499-1502) and Perugino's Combat of Love and Chastity (1503). \nThe subject was provided by the court poet Paride of Ceresara and was initially assigned to Mantegna. However, after the latter's death in 1506, he was replaced by Lorenzo Costa, who deleted all the work made by his predecessor. Isabella liked the painting, and this granted Costa the position as the new court painter of the Gonzaga of Mantua.\nDuke Charles I of Nevers gifted this and the other paintings in the studiolo to Cardinal Richelieu, and the Allegory thus went to Paris. After belonging to several collections, it becameThe Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa the Elder, dating to about 1505-1506. It is displayed in the Louvre Museum of Paris, France.The Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Lorenzo Costa, dating to about 1505–1506. It is displayed in the Louvre, in Paris.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe painting was the fourth commissioned by Isabella d'Este for her studiolo, after two canvasses by Andrea Mantegna (Parnassus and the Triumph of the Virtues, respectively from 1497 and 1499-1502) and Perugino's Combat of Love and Chastity (1503). \nThe subject was provided by the court poet Paride of Ceresara and was initially assigned to Mantegna. However, after the latter's death in 1506, he was replaced by Lorenzo Costa, who deleted all the work made by his predecessor. Isabella liked the painting, and this granted Costa the position as the new court painter of the Gonzaga of Mantua.\nDuke Charles I of Nevers gifted this and the other paintings in the studiolo to Cardinal Richelieu, and the Allegory thus went to Paris. After belonging to several collections, it became part of the collections of the Louvre Museum.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe most accepted interpretation of the painting is an exaltation of Isabella d'Este, her rule and her role as patron of the arts, which generates harmony. She would be the figure in the center, crowned with laurel by Anteros, who is held by his mother, Venus: the two mythological figures would symbolize the heavenly and virtuous love, compared to the earthly and carnal",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Lorenzo Costa the Younger",
"paragraph_text": ". Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere and the Casino of Pope Pius IV at Rome, and died in Mantua in 1583.\nReturning to Mantua, he frescoed in the Sala dello Zodiaco in the Ducal Palace. He painted two large altarpieces for Santa Barbara church in the Ducal palace.\n\n\n== References ==\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Costa, Lorenzo, 'the younger'\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere and the Casino of Pope Pius IV at Rome, and died in Mantua in 1583.\nReturning to Mantua, he frescoed in the Sala dello Zodiaco in the Ducal Palace. He painted two large altarpieces for Santa Barbara church in the Ducal palace.\n\n\n== References ==\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Costa, Lorenzo, 'the younger'\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the BelLorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the BelvedLorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.Lorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere and the Casino of Pope Pius IV at Rome, and died in Mantua in 1583.\nReturning to Mantua, he frescoed in the Sala dello Zodiaco in the Ducal Palace. He painted two large altarpieces for Santa Barbara church in the Ducal palace.\n\n\n== References ==\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Costa, Lorenzo, 'the younger'\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Lorenzo Costa the Younger (1537–1583) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in his native city of Mantua.\nLorenzo was the son of Girolamo Costa and grandson of Lorenzo Costa, and was instructed in the art of painting by his uncle Ippolito. Around 1560, worked in concert with Taddeo Zuccaro in the Belvedere and the Casino of Pope Pius IV at Rome, and died in Mantua in 1583.\nReturning to Mantua, he fres",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the location of death for the artist who made the Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation? | [
{
"id": 108336,
"question": "Which was the creator of Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation?",
"answer": "Lorenzo Costa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 772156,
"question": "#1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Mantua",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Mantua | [] | true | Where did the creator of the Allegory of Isabella d'Este's Coronation die? |
3hop1__584774_131926_87157 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Uni-Systems",
"paragraph_text": " It was released in three different configurations: upright VS. UniSystem cabinets, upright VS. DualSystem cabinets, and sit-down VS. DualSystem cabinets. Games are on pluggable circuit boards, allowing for each side to have a different game.\nThe VS. System did not have lasting popularity in Japan, leading to Nintendo's departure from arcade game development. In contrast, it was a commercial success in the United States, with about 100,000 arcade cabinets sold, becoming the highest-grossing arcade machine of 1985. The system's success in arcades proved the market for the test release of the NES in North America in 1985. The final VS. System game was released in 1990.\n\n\n== Background ==\nIn 1980, Data East had introduced the concept of a convertible arcade system board, or arcade conversion system, with the DECO Cassette System,Uni-Systems, LLC is a design, construction, and manufacturing firm located in Minneapolis, Minnesota specializing in kinetic architecture, or movable, mechanized structures designed to adapt to individual structures’ needs. The firm has become particularly recognized for its design and installation of retractable roof systems on various sports stadiums across the United States; Uni-Systems has been involved in the construction of five of the seven sports stadiums incorporating retractable roofs in North America since 1999.TheUni-Systems, LLC is a design, construction, and manufacturing firm located in Minneapolis, Minnesota specializing in kinetic architecture, or movable, mechanized structures designed to adapt to individual structures’ needs. The firm has become particularly recognized for its design and installation of retractable roof systems on various sports stadiums across the United States; Uni-Systems has been involved in the construction of five of the seven sports stadiums incorporating retractable roofs in North America since 1999. to introduce NES titles there, with the VS. System later being a presentation to players who did not yet own the console. It became the first version of the Famicom hardware to debut in North America.\nMost of its games are conversions from the Famicom and NES, some heavily altered for the arcade format, and some debuted on the VS. System before being released on the Famicom or NES. The system focuses on two-player cooperative play. It was released in three different configurations: upright VS. UniSystem cabinets, upright VS. DualSystem cabinets, and sit-down VS. DualSystem cabinets. Games are on pluggable circuit boards, allowing for each side to have a different game.\nThe VS. System did not have lasting popularity in Japan, leading to Nintendo's departure from arcade game development. In contrast, it was a commercial success in the United States, with about 100,000 arcade cabinets sold, becoming the highest-grossing arcade machine of 1985. The system's success in arcades proved the market for the test release of the NES in North America in 1985. The final VS. System game was released in 1990.\n\n\n== Background ==\nIn 1980, Data East had introduced the concept of a convertible arcade system board, or arcade conversion system, with the DECO Cassette System,Uni-Systems, LLC is a design, construction, and manufacturing firm located in Minneapolis, Minnesota",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_text": " for the western expansion of the United States. The river became the subject of American literature, particularly in the writings of Mark Twain.\nFormed from thick layers of the river's silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile regions of the United States; steamboats were widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to ship agricultural and industrial goods. During the American Civil War, the Mississippi's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory, due to the river's strategic importance to the Confederate war effort. Because of the substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that replaced steamboats, the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees, locks and dams, often built in combination. A major focus of this work has been to prevent the lower Mississippi from shifting into the channel of the Atchafalaya River and bypassing New Orleans.\nSince the 20th century, the Mississippi River has also experienced major pollution and environmental problems — most notably elevated nutrient and chemical levels from agricultural runoff, the primary contributor to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone.\n\n\n== Name and significance ==\nThe word Mississippi itself comes from Misi zipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe (The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second - largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. FlowingThe Mississippi River is the chief river of the second - largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. Flowing entirely in the United States (although its drainage basin reaches into Canada), it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 2,320 miles (3,730 km) to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth - longest and fifteenth - largest river in the world by discharge. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.\nNative Americans have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years. Most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural and urban civilizations. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers, then settlers, ventured into the basin in increasing numbers. The river served sometimes as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and throughout as a vital transportation artery and communications link. In the 19th century, during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny, the Mississippi and several tributaries, most notably its largest, the Ohio and Missouri, formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States. The river became the subject of American literature, particularly in the writings of Mark Twain.\nFormed from thick layers of the river's silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile regions of the United States; steamboats were widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to ship agricultural and industrial goods. During the American Civil War, the Mississippi's capture by Union forces marked a turning point towards victory, due to the river's strategic importance to the Confederate war effort. Because of the substantial growth of cities and the larger ships and barges that replaced steamboats, the first decades of the 20th century saw the construction of massive engineering works such as levees, locks",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_text": " major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit, and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.\nResidents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its wellMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city.Minneapolis, officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census. It occupies bothMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle. As of 2018, Minneapolis was home to 6 Fortune 500 companies, and the Twin Cities were the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States. As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.\nDakota people originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. European colonization and settlement began north of Fort Snelling along Saint Anthony Falls—the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River. The city's early growth was attributed to its proximity to the fort and the falls providing power for industrial activity. Minneapolis was the 19th-century lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to the computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of General Mills, the Pillsbury brand, Target Corporation, and Thermo King mobile refrigeration.\nThe city's major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, and the Guthrie Theater. Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub. Minneapolis is home to the University of Minnesota's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit, and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits.\nResidents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its wellMinneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the course of the water body that runs through the city where Uni-Systems has its main office? | [
{
"id": 584774,
"question": "Uni-Systems >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Minneapolis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 131926,
"question": "Which is the body of water by #1 ?",
"answer": "Mississippi River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 87157,
"question": "what is the direction of flow of #2",
"answer": "rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards | [
"Minnesota"
] | true | What is the direction of flow of the body of water by the city where Uni-Systems is headquartered? |
4hop3__519729_88460_30152_20999 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Tham Non",
"paragraph_text": " Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non isTham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River.ThTham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Tham Non is a cave to the north of Vang Vieng, Laos. It is located in close proximity to the Nam Song River. \n\n\n== References ==Th",
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{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Geography of Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": " the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically important river to the country with 39.5 million people, including the largest city Yangon, living within its basin. The country is home to many diverse ethnic groups, with 135 officially recognized groups. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes and was historically home to overland trade routes into China from the Bay of Bengal. The neighboring countries are China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos.\n\n\n== Area and boundaries ==\nArea\n\nTotal: 676,578 km2 (261,228 sq mi)\ncountry rank in the world: 39th\nLandMyanmar (also known as Burma) is the northwestern-most country of mainland Southeast Asia, bordering China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos. It lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Himalayas. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes.,275 miles (2,050 km) with a long tail running along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula.\nMyanmar lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. The country is nestled between several mountain ranges with the Arakan Mountains on the west and the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": "yanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capitalThe dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Ottoman Empire",
"paragraph_text": " the Ottomans presided over 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, which over time were either absorbed into the Empire or granted various degrees of autonomy. With its capital at Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Middle East and Europe for six centuries.\nWhile the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peaceThe discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What method was used to expel the individuals from whom the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire declared independence through new coins, from the nation situated between Thailand and the country of Tham Non? | [
{
"id": 519729,
"question": "Tham Non >> country",
"answer": "Laos",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 88460,
"question": "what natural boundary lies between thailand and #1",
"answer": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 30152,
"question": "New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?",
"answer": "the Portuguese",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 20999,
"question": "How were the #3 expelled from #2 ?",
"answer": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese | [] | true | How were the people from whom the new coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire expelled from the country between Thailand and Tham Non's country? |
4hop3__773800_152874_161616_77103 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "History of Austin, Texas",
"paragraph_text": " that any site selected as the new capital would be named Austin, after the late Stephen F. Austin; hence Waterloo upon selection as the capital was renamed Austin. The first lots in Austin went on sale August 1839.\nAustin's history has also been largely tied to state politics and in the late 19th century, the establishment of the University of Texas made Austin a regional center for higher education, as well as a hub for state government. In the 20th century, Austin's music scene had earned the city the nickname \"Live Music Capital of the World.\" With a population of over 800,000 inhabitants in 2010, Austin is experiencing a population boom. During the 2000s (decade) Austin was the third fastest-growing large city in the nation.\n\n\n== Beginning ==\nEvidence of habitation of the Balcones Escarpment region of Texas can be traced to at least 11,000 years ago. Two of the oldest Paleolithic archeological sites in Texas, the Levi Rock Shelter and Smith Rock Shelter, are located southwest and southeast of present-day Austin respectively. Several hundred years before the arrival of European settlers, the area was inhabited by a variety of nomadic Native American tribes. These indigenous peoples fished and hunted along the creeks, including present-day Barton Springs, which proved to be a reliable campsite. At the time of Austin's founding, the Tonkawa tribe was the most common, with Comanches, Lipan Apaches and Waco also frequenting the area.\n\nThe first European settlers in the present-day Austin were a group of Spanish friars who arrived from East Texas in July 1730. They established three temporary missions, La Purísima Concepción, San Francisco de los Neches and San José de los Nazonis, on a site by the Colorado River, near Barton Springs. The friars found conditions undesirable and relocatedThe recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s when Anglo - American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlers founded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River, the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo would adopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic of Texas.The recorded history of Austin, Texas, began in the 1830s when Anglo - American settlers arrived in Central Texas. In 1837 settlers founded the village of Waterloo on the banks of the Colorado River, the first permanent settlement in the area. By 1839, Waterloo would adopt the name Austin and become the capital of the Republic of Texas.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Andy Roddick",
"paragraph_text": "In 2015, Roddick played for the Austin Aces in World Team Tennis. This was his eighth season in World Team Tennis and the fifth team for which he has played. He was also the 2015 Champion of the QQQ Champions Series; a feat that he repeated again in 2017.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles",
"paragraph_text": "Andy Roddick beat Tomáš Berdych 7–5, 6–4 to win his first Masters 1000 event since 2006. It was his second title at the Sony Ericsson Open and his second title of 2010.Andy Roddick beat Tomáš Berdych 7–5, 6–4 to win his first Masters 1000 event since 2006. It was his second title at the Sony Ericsson Open and his second title of 2010.Novak Djokovic defeated Rafael Nadal in the final, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–4) to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2011 Miami Masters. With the win, Djokovic completed the Sunshine Double, having also won Indian Wells the fortnight before (also defeating Nadal in the final). Djokovic's unbeaten streak to the start of the 2011 season was extended to 24–0, and an overall winning streak of 26 matches.\nAndy Roddick was the defending champion, but lost to Pablo Cuevas in the second round.\n\n\n== Seeds ==\nAll seeds received a bye into the second round.\n\n\n== Qualifying ==\n\n\n== Draw ==\n\n\n=== Key ===\n\n\n=== Finals ===\n\n\n=== Top half ===\n\n\n==== Section 1 ====\n\n\n==== Section 2 ====\n\n\n==== Section 3 ====\n\n\n==== Section 4 ====\n\n\n=== Bottom half ===\n\n\n==== Section 5 ====\n\n\n==== Section 6 ====\n\n\n==== Section 7 ====\n\n\n==== Section 8 ====\n\n\n== References ==\n\nMain DrawNovak Djokovic defeated Rafael Nadal in the final, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(7",
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{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Suga Mama",
"paragraph_text": " to British music channels in April 2007. It was shot in black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina Matsoukas alongside Knowles for the B'Day Anthology Video Album, which was released the same month; \"Suga Mama\" was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the video album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light, and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to \"slowly become a woman\" during the video, adding \"Well, a sexier woman – I'm always a woman.\"Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though she is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimize the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it wasn't until 4:00 am that they completed work.SThe accompanying music video for \"Suga Mama\" was released to British music channels in April 2007. It was shot in black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina Matsoukas alongside Knowles for the B'Day Anthology Video Album, which was released the same month; \"Suga Mama\" was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the video album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light, and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to \"slowly become a woman\" during the video, adding \"Well, a sexier woman – I'm always a woman.\"Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though she is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimize the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it wasn't until 4:00 am that they completed work. use various websites to come in contact with these people. Membership on one site in 2016 was US$70 per month for sugar daddies or mommies, but free for sugar babies.\nAttitudes towards sugar relationships are shaped by economic conditions, societal norms, psychological traits, and cultural values. Research has found openness to these arrangements is related to traditional gender roles, sociosexual orientation, parasite-stress theory, economic inequality, individualism, and personality traits like the Dark Triad.\n\n\n== Legality and comparison to sex work ==\nThere is debate about whether this practice can be considered sex work; i.e., purchase of intimate attention, sexual or otherwise. In an article from Deutsche Welle, the CEO of SeekingArrangement denied that the site played host to prostitutes and their customers, saying that \"escorts and their clients are never welcome on our sites\".\nIn Malaysia, sugar dating is illegal, to the point where the CEO of Malaysian sugar dating company Sugarbook was arrested and their website blocked by Malaysian Internet service providers.\nSugaring has been called the modern-day counterpart of the courtesan, \"a prostitute, especially one with wealthy or upper-class clients.\"\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==Sugar dating, also called sugaring, is a quasiromantic relationship wherein a financially successful person dates a less financially successful person. Typically, the financially successful person is older and wealthy, while the other person is typically younger, attractive, and interested in improving their quality of life. Sugaring can be classified as a compensThe accompanying music video for \"Suga Mama\" was released to British music channels in April 2007. It was shot in black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina Matsoukas alongside Knowles for the B'Day Anthology Video Album, which was released the same month; \"Suga Mama\" was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the video album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light, and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to \"slowly become a woman\" during the video, adding \"Well, a sexier woman – I'm always a woman.\"Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though she is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimize the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it wasn't until 4:00 am that they completed work.Sugar dating, also called sugaring, is a quasiromantic relationship wherein a financially successful person dates a less financially successful person. Typically, the financially successful person is older and wealthy, while the other person is typically younger, attractive, and interested in improving their quality of life. Sugaring can be classified as a compensatory relationship whereby the recipient obtains gifts such as jewelry, luxury goods, leisure outings, vacations, fine dining, financial support, or mentorship, meanwhile offering social benefits such as companionship, affection, dating or intimacy.\nThe gift recipient is called a sugar baby, and male sugar babies are referred to as gigolos. The providing partner is called a sugar daddy or sugar mommy. Sugar dating is especially popular in",
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] | When did the hometown of the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles champion become the capital of the state where Knowles hails from? | [
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"id": 773800,
"question": "2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles >> winner",
"answer": "Andy Roddick",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
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"id": 152874,
"question": "What city is #1 from?",
"answer": "Austin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
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"id": 161616,
"question": "what state was Knowles from?",
"answer": "Texas,",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 77103,
"question": "when did #2 become the capital of #3",
"answer": "1839",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | 1839 | [] | true | When did the city the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles winner is from become the capitol of the state Knowles is from? |
2hop__283_574195 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Beyoncé",
"paragraph_text": "In The New Yorker music critic Jody Rosen described Beyoncé as \"the most important and compelling popular musician of the twenty-first century..... the result, the logical end point, of a century-plus of pop.\" When The Guardian named her Artist of the Decade, Llewyn-Smith wrote, \"Why Beyoncé? [...] Because she made not one but two of the decade's greatest singles, with Crazy in Love and Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It), not to mention her hits with Destiny's Child; and this was the decade when singles – particularly R&B singles – regained their status as pop's favourite medium. [...] [She] and not any superannuated rock star was arguably the greatest live performer of the past 10 years.\" In 2013, Beyoncé made the Time 100 list, Baz Luhrmann writing \"no one has that voice, no one moves the way she moves, no one can hold an audience the way she does... When Beyoncé does an album, when Beyoncé sings a song, when Beyoncé does anything, it's an event, and it's broadly influential. Right now, she is the heir-apparent diva of the USA — the reigning national voice.\" In 2014, Beyoncé was listed again on the Time 100 and also featured on the cover of the issue. electronic and soul music. Throughout this period, the album's songs and videos were composed in strict secrecy as Beyoncé devised an unexpected release. Beyoncé's desire to assert her full artistic freedom served as inspiration for the album's dark, personal subject matter, which incorporated feminist themes of sex, monogamy, beauty standards and relationship problems.\nBeyoncé was released digitally on the iTunes Store, early in the day and without prior announcement or promotion, and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, earning Beyoncé her fifth consecutive number-one album on the chart. The album sold over 617,000 copies in the United States and 828,773 copies worldwide in its first three days of sales, becoming the fastest-selling album in the history of the iTunes Store up to that point. In the 19 days between the album's release and the end of 2013, Beyoncé sold 2.3 million copies worldwide, finishing the year as the tenth-best-selling album globally, according to the IFPI. The album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide. The album was supported on two tours: the 2014 leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, and the Jay-Z co-headlining On the Run Tour.\nUnlike some of the artist's previous albums, Beyoncé did not score several hit singles. Five US singles were released from the album, one would reach the top twenty of the US Billboard Hot 100, the number two peaking \"Drunk in Love\", featuring Jay-Z. The album received several positive reviews from critics for its production, exploration of sexuality, and vocal performance. In 2020, Beyoncé was ranked 81st in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list.\n\n\n== Background and development ==\nFollowing the release of her fourth studio album 4 (2011), Beyoncé gave birth to her first child, Blue Ivy on January 7, 2012. Just four months after labor, she pursued a three-night residency at Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall, entitled Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live. The choice to hold concerts so soon was purposeful",
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"idx": 12,
"title": "Jason Keng-Kwin Chan",
"paragraph_text": "fest for this drama.\nTheir second drama \"Perfect Girl\" was created as a 10 x 5-8min web series. This series went on to win 7 international awards from 16 nominations. Jason was credited as writer and composer, and shared directing and editing credits.\nRecently, Jason has co-written, directed and scored a TV pilot \"Bang Bang Club\" which has gone on to win a Platinum REMI award at the Worldfest Houston International Film Festival 2016. Jason was also nominated for Best Editing and Best Original Score for this project at the Indie Series Awards (LA) 2016.\n\n\n== Awards ==\nJason has been a recipient of numerous awards and nominations in various categories: writing, directing, acting, editing, composing.\nAwards\n\nPlatinum Remi (Houston International Film Fest 2016)\nOutstanding Writing (LA Webfest 2015)\nOutstanding Directing (LA Webfest 2015)\nOutstanding Editing (LA Webfest 2015)\nOutstanding Drama Series (LA Webfest 2015)\nOutstanding Drama (Toronto Webfest 2015)\nBest International Series (Atlanta Webfest 2014)\nNominations\n\nBest Editing (Indie Series Awards 2016)\nBest Score (Indie Series Awards Born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Chan is of Chinese descent and moved to Perth, Australia with his family when he was only 5 years old. He entered medical school at the University of Western Australia, but Chan continued to pursue the creative arts, studying ballet, contemporary dance, and jazz dance at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. After graduating, he obtained his Fellowship in General Practice and worked as a General Practitioner for a few years before gaining a place in the renowned National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney (other graduates include: Mel Gibson, Cate Blanchett, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Hugo Weaving) where he obtained a Bachelor of Dramatic Arts in Acting. He is the co-founder of the Production Company \"BananaMana Films\" along with Christian Lee. Chan currently resides in Singapore.JasonBorn in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Chan is of Chinese descent and moved to Perth, Australia with his family when he was only 5 years old. He entered medical school at the University of Western Australia, but Chan continued to pursue the creative arts, studying ballet, contemporary dance, and jazz dance at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. After graduating, he obtained his Fellowship in General Practice and worked as a General Practitioner for a few years before gaining a place in the renowned National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney (other graduates include: Mel Gibson, Cate Blanchett, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Hugo Weaving) where he obtained a Bachelor of Dramatic Arts in Acting. He is the co-founder of the Production Company \"BananaMana Films\" along with Christian Lee. Chan currently resides in Singapore. he obtained his Fellowship in General Practice and worked as a General Practitioner for a few years before attending the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney, where he obtained a Bachelor of Dramatic Arts in Acting. He co-founded BananaMana Films with Christian Lee. Chan currently resides in Singapore.\n\n\n== Current Work ==\nSince co-founding BananaMana Films, Jason has gone on to write, direct, edit and produce for various projects. The first series he co-wrote, directed, produced and acted in was a web series: \"What Do Men Want?\". However, prior to production the national broadcaster of Singapore asked to have it converted into a full-length TV series and it aired in 2014 as a 13 x half hour Romantic comedic TV drama. Jason and Christian won an outstanding directing in a drama series award at LA Webfest for this drama.\nTheir second drama \"Perfect Girl\" was created as a 10 x 5-8min web series. This series went on to win 7 international awards from 16 nominations. Jason was credited as writer and composer, and shared directing and editing credits.\nRecently, Jason has co-written, directed and scored a TV pilot \"Bang Bang Club\" which has gone on to win a Platinum REMI award at the Worldfest Houston International Film Festival 2016. Jason was also nominated for Best Editing and Best Original Score for this project at the Indie Series Awards (LA) 2016.\n\n\n== Awards ==\nJason has been a recipient of numerous awards and nominations in various categories: writing, directing, acting, editing, composing.\nAwards\n\nPlatinum Remi (Houston International Film Fest 2016)\nOutstanding Writing (LA Webfest 2015)\nOutstanding Directing (LA Webfest 2015)\nOutstanding Editing (LA Webfest 2015)\nOutstanding Drama Series (LA Webfest 2015)\nOutstanding Drama (Toronto Webfest 2015)\nBest International Series (Atlanta Webfest 2014)\nNominations\n\nBest Editing (Indie Series Awards 2016)\nBest Score (Indie Series Awards Born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Chan is of Chinese descent and moved to Perth, Australia with his family when he was only 5 years old. He entered medical school at the University of Western Australia, but Chan continued to pursue the creative arts, studying ballet, contemporary dance, and jazz dance at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. After graduating, he obtained his Fellowship in General Practice and worked as a General Practitioner for a few years before gaining a place in the renowned National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney (other graduates include: Mel Gibson, Cate Blanchett, Judy Davis, Baz Luhrmann and Hugo Weaving) where he obtained a Bachelor of Dramatic Arts in Acting. He is the co-founder of the Production Company \"BananaMana Films\" along with Christian Lee. Chan currently resides in Singapore.Jason Keng-Kwin Chan (born December 1, 1971) is a Malaysian actor best known for his role as Cameron Watanabe, the Green Samurai Ranger, as well as his clone, Cyber Cam, in Power Rangers: Ninja Storm.\nHe is currently a multi-award-winning writer, director, composer and actor based in Singapore. He is co-founder of BananaMana Films, a Singaporean studio that produces Asian dramas in English for global distribution.\n\n\n== Background & Training ==\nBorn in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Chan is of Chinese descent and moved to Perth, Western Australia with his family when",
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}
] | Where did the woman who claims to be the current national voice receive her education? | [
{
"id": 283,
"question": "Who said that she is the reigning national voice?",
"answer": "Baz Luhrmann",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
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{
"id": 574195,
"question": "#1 >> educated at",
"answer": "National Institute of Dramatic Art",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | National Institute of Dramatic Art | [
"NIDA"
] | true | Where was the person who said she is the reigning national voice educated? |
3hop1__194006_42197_18397 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Korean War",
"paragraph_text": " People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\". rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million.\nCumings states that civilians represent at least half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests thatOn 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\".The Korean War was a major conflict of the Cold War and among the most destructive conflicts of the modern era, with approximately 3 million killed, most of whom were civilians. It resulted in the destruction of virtually all of Korea's major cities, with thousands of massacres committed by both sides—including the mass killing of tens of thousands of suspected communists by the South Korean government, and the torture and starvation of prisoners of war by the North Koreans. North Korea became among the most heavily bombed countries in history.\n\n\n== Civilian deaths and massacres ==\n\nAround 3 million people died in the Korean War, the majority of whom were civilians, possibly making it the deadliest conflict of the Cold War era. Although only rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million.\nCumings states that civilians represent at least half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests that the civilian portion of the death toll may have gone as high as 70%, compared to Lewy's estimates of 42% in World War II and 30%–46% in the Vietnam War. Data compiled by the Peace Research Institute Oslo lists just under 1 million battle deaths over the course of the Korean War (with a range of 644,696 to 1.5 million) and a mid-value estimate of 3 million total deaths (with a range of 1.5 million to 4.5 million), attributing the difference to excess mortality among civilians from one-sided massacres, starvation, and disease. Compounding this devastation for Korean civilians, virtually all major cities on the Korean Peninsula were destroyed as a result of the war. In both per capita and absolute terms, North Korea was the country most devastated by the war. According to Charles K. Armstrong, the war resulted in the death of an estimated 12%–15",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Yuri Kleschev",
"paragraph_text": " World Cup in 1965, and were the European champions in 1967. They also were bronze medalists of the World Cup in 1969 and 1966, and the European Championships in 1963.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nIn 1953, Kleschev graduated from the State Central Order of Lenin Institute of Physical Culture (GTSOLIFK) with a PhD in 1963. His thesis was titled \"Organizational and methodological foundations of long-term training teams of higher ranks in volleyball\". He was a professor of theory and methodology of volleyball at the Russian State Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism (RGUFK) in 1984, and a member of the International Academy of Informatics in 1995.\nKleschev is the author of over 100 scientific papers on the subject of volleyball. He prepared 9 PhDs, 30 honored masters of sport, and 10 honored coaches of the USSR and Russia. He was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples medal in 1993.\nHe died in Moscow on 31 May 2005. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nSports NecropolisYuri Nikolaevich Kleschev (Russian: ��́рий Никола́евич Клещёв) was a Soviet volleyball coach, referee, writer, and teacher. He was an Honored Coach of the USSR (1965), a Judge Union category (1971), and an Honored Worker of Physical Culture of the RSFSR (1989).\nHe was the senior coach of the men's volleyball team of the USSR (1963-1969). The team won the title of Olympic champion twice (1964 and 1968), won the World Cup in 1965, and were the European champions in 1967. They also were bronze medalists of the World Cup in 1969 and 1966, and the European Championships in 1963.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nIn 1953, Kleschev graduated from the State Central Order of Lenin Institute of Physical Culture (GTSOLIFK) with a PhD in 1963. His thesis was titled \"Organizational and methodological foundations of long-term training teams of higher ranks in volleyball\". He was a professor of theory and methodology of volleyball at the Russian State Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism (RGUFK) in 1984, and a member of the International Academy of Informatics in 1995.\nKleschev is the author of over 100 scientific papers on the subject of volleyball. He prepared 9 PhDs, 30 honored masters of sport, and 10 honored coaches of the USSR and Russia. He was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples medal in 1993.\nHe died in Moscow on 31 May 2005. He wasYuri Nikolaevich Kleschev () was a Soviet volleyball coach, referee, writer, and teacher. He was an Honored Coach of the USSR (1965), a Judge Union category (1971), and an Honored Worker of Physical Culture of the RSFSR (1989).Yuri Nikolaevich Kleschev () was a Soviet volleyball coach, referee, writer, and teacher. He was an Honored Coach of the USSR (1965), a Judge Union category (1971), and an Honored Worker of Physical Culture of the RSFSR (1989). (1971), and an Honored Worker of Physical Culture of the RSFSR (1989).\nHe was the senior coach of the men's volleyball team of the USSR (1963-1969). The team won the title of Olympic champion twice (1964 and 1968), won the World Cup in 1965, and were the European champions in 1967. They also were bronze medalists of the World Cup in 1969 and 1966, and the European Championships in 1963.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nIn 1953, Kleschev graduated from the State Central Order of Lenin Institute of Physical Culture (GTSOLIFK) with a PhD in 1963. His thesis was titled \"Organizational and methodological foundations of long-term training teams of higher ranks in volleyball\". He was a professor of theory and methodology of volleyball at the Russian State Institute of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism (RGUFK) in 1984, and a member of the International Academy of Informatics in 1995.\nKleschev is the author of over 100 scientific papers on the subject of volleyball. He prepared 9 PhDs, 30 honored masters of sport, and 10 honored coaches of the USSR and Russia. He was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples medal in 1993.\nHe died in Moscow on 31 May 2005. He was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nSports NecropolisYuri Nikolaevich Kleschev (Russian: ��́рий Никола́евич Клещёв) was a Soviet volleyball coach, referee, writer, and teacher. He was an Honored Coach of the USSR (1965), a Judge Union category (1971), and an Honored Worker of Physical Culture of the RSFSR (1989).\nHe was the senior coach of the men's volleyball team of the USSR (1963-1969). The team won the title of Olympic champion twice (1964 and 196",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Imperialism",
"paragraph_text": "rotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' forTrotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.T",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who, in claiming that Yuri Kleschev's home nation had transformed into an imperialist force, stated their intention to get involved in the Korean dispute? | [
{
"id": 194006,
"question": "Yuri Kleschev >> country of citizenship",
"answer": "USSR",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 42197,
"question": "Who argued that the #1 had itself become an imperialist power?",
"answer": "Mao Zedong",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 18397,
"question": "Where did #2 declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?",
"answer": "the Politburo",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | the Politburo | [
"Politburo"
] | true | Where did who argued that the country of citizenship of Yuri Kleschev had itself become an imperialist power declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict? |
3hop2__132957_800948_40768 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Katsuaki Watanabe",
"paragraph_text": " June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily in corporate planning and administrative affairs. Watanabe became the general manager of the secretarial division in 1988 and moved to the Corporate Planning division as general manager in 1989.\nIn his work as general manager of the Corporate Planning division, Watanabe participated in charting and articulating a common, long-term vision for Toyota operations around the world. Named to the Board of Directors in 1992, he continued to supervise work in production control, including supervising Toyota's Motomachi Plant, which makes passenger cars. In 1999, Watanabe was appointed senior managing director, after which he assumed the position of executive vice-president in 2001. In June 2005 he became president and CEO of TMC, succeeding Fujio Cho.\nWatanabe is regarded as having made the key decision to build a manufacturing plant in San Antonio, Texas U.S.A to build full-size pick-up trucks.\nWatanabe was born in 1942 in Mie Prefecture, Japan, and now lives in Toyota City. He was married and has three daughters. An amateur musician, he sings in a men's choir, and he also likes to play golf and tennis.\nHe was listed as one of TIME magazine's 100 most influential people of 2005 and again in 2007.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2018)\n\n\n== See also ==\nToyota Production System (TPS)\n2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls\n\n\n== References ==\n\nWATANABE, Katsuaki International Who's Who. accessed September 3, 2006.Katsuaki Watanabe (���� �����, Watanabe Katsuaki, born February 13, 1943) is senior advisor at Toyota Motor Corporation. He was president and CEO of the company before Akio Toyoda assumed those positions on June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily inWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964.Katsuaki Watanabe (����Watanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. 1943) is senior advisor at Toyota Motor Corporation. He was president and CEO of the company before Akio Toyoda assumed those positions on June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily in corporate planning and administrative affairs. Watanabe became the general manager of the secretarial division in 1988 and moved to the Corporate Planning division as general manager in 1989.\nIn his work as general manager of the Corporate Planning division, Watanabe participated in charting and articulating a common, long-term vision for Toyota operations around the world. Named to the Board of Directors in 1992, he continued to supervise work in production control, including supervising Toyota's Motomachi Plant, which makes passenger cars. In 1999, Watanabe was appointed senior managing director, after which he assumed the position of executive vice-president in 2001. In June 2005 he became president and CEO of TMC, succeeding Fujio Cho.\nWatanabe is regarded as having made the key decision to build a manufacturing plant in San Antonio, Texas U.S.A to build full-size pick-up trucks.\nWatanabe was born in 1942 in Mie Prefecture, Japan, and now lives in Toyota City. He was married and has three daughters. An amateur musician, he sings in a men's choir, and he also likes to play golf and tennis.\nHe was listed as one of TIME magazine's 100 most influential people of 2005 and again in 2007.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2018)\n\n\n== See also ==\nToyota Production System (TPS)\n2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls\n\n\n== References ==\n\nWATANABE, Katsuaki International Who's Who. accessed September 3, 2006.Katsuaki Watanabe (���� �����, Watanabe Katsuaki, born February 13, 1943) is senior advisor at Toyota Motor Corporation. He was president and CEO of the company before Akio Toyoda assumed those positions on June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily inWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964.Katsuaki Watanabe (���� �����, Watanabe Katsuaki, born February 13, 1943) is senior advisor at Toyota Motor Corporation. He was president and CEO of the company before Akio Toyoda assumed those positions on June 23, 2009.\nWatanabe, who earned a degree in economics from Tokyo's Keio University, joined Toyota upon graduating from that university in 1964. \nHe has gained experience in a broad range of activities at Toyota, primarily in corporate planning and administrative affairs. Watanabe became the general manager of the secretarial division in 1988 and moved to the Corporate Planning division as general manager in 1989.\nIn his work as general manager of the Corporate Planning division, Watanabe participated in charting and articulating a common, long-term vision for Toyota operations around the world. Named to the Board of Directors in 1992, he",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "1973 oil crisis",
"paragraph_text": " lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. In an effort that was led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list was later expanded to include Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. In March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second oil shock\" that was the 1979 oil crisis, brought upon by the Iranian Revolution.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\n\n=== Arab-Israeli conflict ===\nEver since Israel declared independence in 1948 there was conflict between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East, including several wars. The Suez Crisis, also known as the Second Arab–Israeli war, was sparked by Israel's southern port of Eilat being blocked by Egypt, which also nationalized the Suez Canal belonging to French and British investors. As a result of the war, the Suez Canal was closed for several months between 1956 and 1957.\nThe Six-Day War of 1967 included an Israeli invasion of the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, which resulted in Egypt closing the Suez Canal for eight years. Following the Yom Kippur War, the canal was cleared in 1974 and opened again in 1975. OAPEC countries cut production of oil and placed an embargo on oil exports to the United States after Richard Nixon requested $2.2 billion to support Israel's war effort. Nevertheless, the embargo lasted only until January 1974, though the price of oil remained high afterwards.\n\n\n=== American production decline ===\nBy 1969, American domestic output of oil was peaking and could not keep pace with increasing demand from vehicles. The U.S. was importing 350 million barrels (56 million cubic metres) per year by the late 1950s, mostly from Venezuela and Canada. Because of transportation costs and tariffs, it never purchased much oil from the Middle East. In 1973, US production had declined to 16%Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Acura Legend",
"paragraph_text": "The Acura Legend is a mid-size luxury/executive car manufactured by Honda. It was sold in the U.S., Canada, and parts of China under Honda's luxury brand, Acura, from 1985 to 1995, as both a sedan, which was classified as a full-size car, and a coupe, which was classified as a mid-size car (similar to how the Honda Accord is set up today). It was the first flagship sedan sold under the Acura nameplate, until being renamed in 1996 as the Acura 3.5RL. The 3.5RL was the North American version of the KA9 series Honda Legend.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the manufacturer of the Acura Legend, the company that employs Katsuaki Watanabe, and Nissan establish assembly plants in the United States? | [
{
"id": 132957,
"question": "Who made Acura Legend?",
"answer": "Honda",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 800948,
"question": "Katsuaki Watanabe >> employer",
"answer": "Toyota",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 40768,
"question": "When did #1 , #2 and Nissan open US assembly plants?",
"answer": "1981",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | 1981 | [] | true | When did the maker of the Acura Legend, the employer of Katsuaki Watanabe, and Nissan open US assembly plants? |
2hop__217011_80026 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Julie Dawn Cole",
"paragraph_text": "Julie Dawn Cole (born 26 October 1957) is an English actress who has been active for some 40 years. She began as a child performer in what remains her best - remembered film, 1971's Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, playing the spoiled Veruca Salt. She has two children. during Willy Wonka’s pre-production phase in the first half of 1970, which was filmed at the Bavaria Film Studios.\nThe film debuted in New York City on 30 June 1971 and in London the following week, and Cole was chosen to present a bouquet of flowers to Princess Margaret at the Royal Premiere. She and the film's other pre-adolescent \"leading lady\", American Denise Nickerson (Violet Beauregarde), both had crushes on Peter Ostrum (Charlie Bucket), also an American, and alternated days spending time with him while there were breaks in filming. The \"I Want It Now\" sequence was filmed on her 13th birthday and Cole was given three film props: a golden egg prop, a golden ticket, and an Everlasting Gobstopper. Cole has stated that her character in the film was based on a girl who attended the same boarding school she did.\nFollowing the filming of the movie, Cole kept the Golden Ticket prop, along with the accompanying bar prop. She later gave it to her friend Linda Carr. On 17 July 2019, both props were sold at auction for upwards of £15,000. The auction itself is shown in BBC Bargain Hunt Series 54, Ardingly 19. The auctioneer was Catherine Southon.\n\n\n=== After Willy Wonka ===\nImmediately after returning from filming, Cole was cast in a re-occurring role on the ITV sitcom, ...And Mother Makes Three, in which she played Arabella, a stuck up and snobbish teenaged girl.Julie Dawn Cole (born 26 October 1957) is an English actress who has been active for some 40 years. She began as a child performer in what remains her best - remembered film, 1971's Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, playing the spoiled Veruca Salt. She has two children.Julie Dawn Cole (born 26 October 1957) is an English actress. She began her career as a child performer in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, playing Veruca Salt.\n\n\n== Career ==\nRaised in Guildford, Surrey, Cole was twelve when she was cast in the supporting role during Willy",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Victrola (song)",
"paragraph_text": "The single was the third release from the album American Thighs but unlike the first two, failed to reach the Top 75 Singles Chart in the UK, peaking at number 88.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== 7\" single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\n\n=== CD single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\"Sundown\" [live] – 3:23\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nVeruca Salt - artwork\nBrad Wood - engineer, mixing\nJohn Leonard - producer\nDoug McBride - engineer, mixing\nNina Gordon - guitar, vocals\nLouise Post - guitar, vocals\nJim Shapiro - drums\n\n\n== References ==\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\nThe cover artwork does not actually depict a Victrola (a brand name of early phonograph with the horn inside a wooden cabinet), but rather an early 20th-century outside horn gramophone or phonograph.\nThe single was the third release from the album American Thighs but unlike the first two, failed to reach the Top 75 Singles Chart in the UK, peaking at number 88.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== 7\" single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\n\n=== CD single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\"Sundown\" [live] – 3:23\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nVeruca Salt - artwork\nBrad Wood - engineer, mixing\nJohn Leonard - producer\nDoug McBride - engineer, mixing\nNina Gordon - guitar, vocals\nLouise Post - guitar, vocals\nJim Shapiro - drums\n\n\n==\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\"Victrol\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".The cover artwork does not actually depict a Victrola (a brand name of early phonograph with the horn inside a wooden cabinet), but rather an early 20th-century outside horn gramophone or phonograph.\nThe single was the third release from the album American Thighs but unlike the first two, failed to reach the Top 75 Singles Chart in the UK, peaking at number 88.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== 7\" single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\n\n=== CD single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\"Sundown\" [live] – 3:23\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nVeruca Salt - artwork\nBrad Wood - engineer, mixing\nJohn Leonard - producer\nDoug McBride - engineer, mixing\nNina Gordon - guitar, vocals\nLouise Post - guitar, vocals\nJim Shapiro - drums\n\n\n== References ==\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\nThe cover artwork does not actually depict a Victrola (a brand name of early phonograph with the horn inside a wooden cabinet), but rather an early 20th-century outside horn gramophone or phonograph.\nThe single was the third release from the album American Thighs but unlike the first two, failed to reach the Top 75 Singles Chart in the UK, peaking at number 88.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== 7\" single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\n\n=== CD single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\"Sundown\" [live] – 3:23\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nVeruca Salt - artwork\nBrad Wood - engineer, mixing\nJohn Leonard - producer\nDoug McBride - engineer, mixing\nNina Gordon - guitar, vocals\nLouise Post - guitar, vocals\nJim Shapiro - drums\n\n\n==\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\nThe cover artwork does not actually depict a Victrola (a brand name of early phonograph with the horn inside a wooden cabinet), but rather an early 20th-century outside horn gramophone or phonograph.\nThe single was the third release from the album American Thighs but unlike the first two, failed to reach the Top 75 Singles Chart in the UK, peaking at number 88.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== 7\" single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\n\n=== CD single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\"Sundown\" [live] – 3:23\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nVeruca Salt - artwork\nBrad Wood - engineer, mixing\nJohn Leonard - producer\nDoug McBride - engineer, mixing\nNina Gordon - guitar, vocals\nLouise Post - guitar, vocals\nJim Shapiro - drums\n\n\n== References ==\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\nThe cover artwork does not actually depict a Victrola (a brand name of early phonograph with the horn inside a wooden cabinet), but rather an early 20th-century outside horn gramophone or phonograph.\nThe single was the third release from the album American Thighs but unlike the first two, failed to reach the Top 75 Singles Chart in the UK, peaking at number 88.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== 7\" single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\n\n=== CD single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\"Sundown\" [live] – 3:23\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nVeruca Salt - artwork\nBrad Wood - engineer, mixing\nJohn Leonard - producer\nDoug McBride - engineer, mixing\nNina Gordon - guitar, vocals\nLouise Post - guitar, vocals\nJim Shapiro - drums\n\n\n== References ==\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\nThe cover artwork does not actually depict a Victrola (a brand name of early phonograph with the horn inside a wooden cabinet), but rather an early 20th-century outside horn gramophone or phonograph.\nThe single was the third release from the album American Thighs but unlike the first two, failed to reach the Top 75 Singles Chart in the UK, peaking at number 88.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== 7\" single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\n\n=== CD single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\"Sundown\" [live] – 3:23\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nVeruca Salt - artwork\nBrad Wood - engineer, mixing\nJohn Leonard - producer\nDoug McBride - engineer, mixing\nNina Gordon - guitar, vocals\nLouise Post - guitar, vocals\nJim Shapiro - drums\n\n\n== References ==\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\nThe cover artwork does not actually depict a Victrola (a brand name of early phonograph with the horn inside a wooden cabinet), but rather an early 20th-century outside horn gramophone or phonograph.\nThe single was the third release from the album American Thighs but unlike the first two, failed to reach the Top 75 Singles Chart in the UK, peaking at number 88.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== 7\" single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\n\n=== CD single ===\n\"Victrola\" – 2:19\n\"My Sharona\" – 4:42\n\"Sundown\" [live] – 3:23\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nVeruca Salt - artwork\nBrad Wood - engineer, mixing\nJohn Leonard - producer\nDoug McBride - engineer, mixing\nNina Gordon - guitar, vocals\nLouise Post - guitar, vocals\nJim Shapiro - drums\n\n\n== References ==\"Victrola\" is a single by the band Veruca Salt. It was released in 1995 on Minty Fresh Records. It includes a cover of The Knack's \"My Sharona\".\nThe cover artwork does not actually depict a Victrola (a brand name of early phonograph with the horn inside",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which actor portrayed the character in "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory" for whom the "Victrola" performer was named? | [
{
"id": 217011,
"question": "Victrola >> performer",
"answer": "Veruca Salt",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 80026,
"question": "who played #1 in willy wonka and the chocolate factory",
"answer": "Julie Dawn Cole",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | Julie Dawn Cole | [] | true | Who played the character in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory that the performer of Victrola was named after? |
4hop1__690653_378185_282674_759393 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Pulaski High School",
"paragraph_text": " rapidly growing population.\n\n\n== Academics ==\nPulaski offers Advanced Placement classes. The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\nOver 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2.9 percent are American Indian, 2.5 percent are Hispanic, 1.4 percent are African American and 1.0 percent are Asian. The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch.\n\n\n== Athletics ==\n\n\n=== State championships ===\nBoys' Basketball: 2013\nWrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)\nFootball: 1980 (runner-up)\nSoftball: 1996 (runner-up)\nCross Country: 2004 (runner-up)\nRugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018\nPulaski has also had a number of individual state champions.\nIn 2016, Pulaski citizens privately funded a $4.9 million athletic expansion project, including a new football stadium, track, baseball and softball fields, as well as expanding the tennis facilities.\n\n\n=== Incident involving Mike McCarthy ===\nOn February 27, 2019, the school became the center of attention during a basketball game against Notre Dame Academy after former Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy was berating officials during the game. A complaint was submitted to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association following the incident. McCarthy's behavior was criticized as \"unacceptable\" from the Notre Dame Academy and Pulaski athletic director Janet Batten. A day later, McCarthy apologized for the incident.\n\n\n== Music ==\nThe Red Raider Marching Band performed in the 2007, 2012, 2017 and 2024 Rose Parades and in the 2003 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City.\n\n\n== Notable alumni ==\nJacqui Banaszynski, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer\nJeremy BorPulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "John C. Petersen",
"paragraph_text": "John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).== Background ==\nPetersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842. He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation. Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices .\n\n\n== Public office ==\nPetersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B. T. Rogers (Rep.), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an \"Independent Democrat\" but was now the Democratic nominee). He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements. \nHe was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D. J. Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P. P. Wing, a Republican. Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a \"Greenback Democrat\": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as \"GreenJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).\n\n\n== Background ==\nPetersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842. He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation. Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices .\n\n\n== Public office ==\nPetersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Jerome Quinn",
"paragraph_text": " realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served onBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.JBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican. Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was",
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},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Main Hall (Lawrence University)",
"paragraph_text": "ual scholarships\" to Lawrence College. It is constructed of stoneMain Hall is an academic building on the campus of Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. Constructed in 1853, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.MainMain Hall is an academic building on the campus of Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. Constructed in 1853, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.Main Hall was the second building on the Lawrence campus, after the long-demolished Lawrence Institute building erected in 1848. Funding for the building came from the sale of $100 \"perpetual scholarships\" to Lawrence College. It is constructed of stoneMain Hall is an academic building on the campus of Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. Constructed in 1853, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.Main Hall is an academic building on the campus of Lawrence University in Appleton",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the principal city of the county bordering the county in which the city housing Main Hall is found? | [
{
"id": 690653,
"question": "Main Hall >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Appleton",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 378185,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Outagamie County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 282674,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Brown County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 759393,
"question": "#3 >> capital",
"answer": "Green Bay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
}
] | Green Bay | [] | true | What is the capital of the county, that shares a border with the other county, that includes the city where Main Hall is located? |
3hop1__132798_40769_64047 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "1973 oil crisis",
"paragraph_text": " lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. In an effort that was led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list was later expanded to include Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. In March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second oil shock\" that was the 1979 oil crisis, brought upon by the Iranian Revolution.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\n\n=== Arab-Israeli conflict ===\nEver since Israel declared independence in 1948 there was conflict between Arabs and IsraelisSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands. lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second oil shock\" that was the 1979 oil crisis, brought upon by the Iranian Revolution.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\n\n=== Arab-Israeli conflictSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. In an effort that was led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list was later expanded to include Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. In March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Toyopet Master",
"paragraph_text": " seemingly retrograde step was moving from the RH's four-speed to a three-speed transmission (although the new unit was fully synchronized), but Japanese buyers at the time associated the need for many gears with weak engines.\nThe Master sedan was partially replaced with the smaller Toyota Corona in 1957, at a new Toyota Japanese dealership called Toyopet Store. The RR Master's body panels were used in cut-down form as an economical and fast way to design this new ST10 Corona. Production facilities for the Master were transferred to the Crown. In 1995, Toyota revisited the approach of a commercial grade Crown sedan, designed primarily for taxi usage, and introduced the Toyota Comfort which is still in production, with prolific usage across Asia.\n\n\n== Masterline (RR) ==\nThe Toyopet Master range also included the Masterline RR16 pickup, the Masterline RR17 van and the later Masterline RR19 double pickup (with two rows of seats). They were introduced in November 1955, originally only as a single-cab pickup and a van. These replaced the SG commercial models and were the first car-based trucks to enter production in Japan. The chassis were built at Toyota's main Aichi plant and then transported overland to Kanto Auto Works in Yokosuka, where the bodies were assembled mainly by hand. The double pickup was added in August 1956, around which time the engine was upgraded to provide 55 PS (40 kW). By 1958, power had been increased again, reaching 58 PS (43 kW). The double cab pickup was built by Central Motor Co., who kept building this bodystyle of succeeding generations until December 1970. The double-cab could seat six people with a maximum cargo load of 500 kg (1,100 lb), but was subject to the lower tax applied to commercial vehicles, making it popular with construction firms and the like.\nThe Masterline commercial models were carried over after the discontinuation of the Master. In 1957 the light van was lightly changed and was now fully glazed, rather than having pressed steel in the rear side windows. The first generation Masterlines were built until replaced by a new Crown-based generation in March 1959, for the Toyota Store sales channel. A total of 19,400 Master and Masterlines (excluding the Central Motors-built RR19s) were built by Kanto Auto Works until production ended in 1959. A smaller Coronaline version was also developed to be sold through Toyopet dealers.\n\n\n=== Master Ribbon (RS) ===\nToyota managed to introduce yet another variant on the Master/Crown theme with the \"Master Ribbon\" which appeared in export catalogues in the first half of 1956.The Toyopet Master, introduced in January 1955, is a passenger car that was an update to the SF/RH model with a modernized body. As for its predecessor, it has a ladder frame with leaf sprung front and rear axles. The Toyopet Master was an evolution of an earlier Toyota sedan called the Toyota SF/RH model (also known as the Super), and was sold in parallel with the first Toyota Crown. The more conservative Master was introduced as a frugally equipped version meant for taxi usage. The Master and Crown shared the same R-series engine, which produces in the Master. It was sold at a chain of Toyota Japan dealerships called \"Toyota Store\", next to the more upscale Crown, which was intended as a private purchase alternative to the Master. ==\nIn 1955 Toyota wasn't sure if its independent front coil suspension and the rear-hinged back doors installed on the Crown wouldn't be",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Lexus RX",
"paragraph_text": " facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - A facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and Shazam tagging. Sales began worldwide in April 2012 for the RX 350 and RX 450h, with sales for the F - Sport variants starting in July of the same year.A facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and Shazam tagging. Sales began worldwide in April 2012 for the RX 350 and RX 450h, with sales for the F - Sport variants starting in July of the same year.A facelift was designed through late 2010 and",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the luxury branch of the Toyopet Master's manufacturer modify the body design of the rx 350? | [
{
"id": 132798,
"question": "What company made Toyopet Master?",
"answer": "Toyota",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 40769,
"question": "Name a luxury division of #1 .",
"answer": "Lexus",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 64047,
"question": "when did #2 rx 350 change body style",
"answer": "Sales began worldwide in April 2012",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Sales began worldwide in April 2012 | [] | true | When did the luxury division of the maker of the Toyopet Master change the body style of the rx 350? |
3hop1__109185_720914_41132 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "La Schiavona",
"paragraph_text": " to the painting by someone in recognition of the style of her dress and her physiognomy. In reality, the lady portrayed would have been part of the nobility of the time, with a costume compatible with that of the wealthy women of the territories controlled by the Republic of Venice. Some people have tried to identify the woman as Catherine Cornaro, a hypothesis without any confirmation. Previously assigned to Giorgione, the painting is today commonly accepted as a youthful masterpiece by Titian; further evidence is provided by the absence of the modulated sweetness of the painter from Castelfranco Veneto, replaced rather by a pulsating vitality. There are also close similarities with the woman protagonist of the Miracolo del neonato, a Paduan fresco by Titian dating back to 1511.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe subject is shown three-quarter length against a plain grey background. Her curvaceous form is portrayed with exceptional realism and accuracy, and is accentuated by the wide drapery of her earth-coloured dress. The body is rotated slightly, while the head looks frontally at the viewer, in a pose of remarkable naturalness and ease. What appears to be the same woman is seen in relief (inspired by ancient cameos) on a raised section of the parapet. The lower part of the parapet is original, though the raised section appears to be a revision by Titian himself, with the drapery painted under it still being visible through subsequent layers of paint. The painting is signed TV on the parapet, which probably stands for Tiziano Vecellio.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe portrait was presented to the National Gallery in London in 1942 by Sir Francis Cook, Bt, in memory ofPortrait of a Lady, also known as La Schiavona (the woman from Dalmatia), is a 1510–12 portrait by Titian of an unknown woman.. \n\n\n== Identity of the sitter ==\nThe painting was being referred to as La Schiavona before the beginning of the seventeenth century. However, this name is traditional, given to the painting by someone in recognition of the style of her dress and her physiognomy. In reality, the lady portrayed would have been part of the nobility of the time, with a costume compatible with that of the wealthy women of the territories controlled by the Republic of Venice. Some people have tried to identify the woman as Catherine Cornaro, a hypothesis without any confirmation. Previously assigned to Giorgione, the painting is today commonly accepted as a youthful masterpiece by Titian; further evidence is provided by the absence of the modulated sweetness of the painter from Castelfranco Veneto, replaced rather by a pulsating vitality. There are also close similarities with the woman protagonist of the Miracolo del",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence (Titian)",
"paragraph_text": " Lawrence was appointed archdeacon of Rome in 257 AD by Pope Sixtus II. One year later, in 258 AD, Saint Lawrence, six other deacons, and Pope Sixtus II were martyred in a purge of Christians ordered by Roman Emperor Valerian. According to legend, Saint Lawrence was burned alive on a gridiron which became an influential image through posthumous portrayals of his death.\n\n\n== History ==\nTitian's Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence was commissioned by the well-connected and wealthy Venetian couple Lorenzo Massolo and Elisabetta Querini as an altarpiece for the church of Santa Maria Assunta dei Crociferi. The church was destroyed during a suppression of the order of the Crociferi and the painting was moved to the new church of I Gesuiti in the early 18th century. It so impressed Philip IIThe Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence is a 1558 painting by Titian, now in the church of I Gesuiti in Venice. It so impressed Philip II of Spain that he commissioned a second version in 1567 for the basilica at El Escorial.ciferi, although it is now in the church of I Gesuiti in Venice. \n\n\n== Subject ==\nPrior to Emperor Constantine's Edict of Milan, which decreed tolerance of Christianity in 313, religious persecution of Christians was common in Ancient Rome. Saint Lawrence was appointed archdeacon of Rome in 257 AD by Pope Sixtus II. One year later, in 258 AD, Saint Lawrence, six other deacons, and Pope Sixtus II were martyred in a purge of Christians ordered by Roman Emperor Valerian. According to legend, Saint Lawrence was burned alive on a gridiron which became an influential image through posthumous portrayals of his death.\n\n\n== History ==\nTitian's Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence was commissioned by the well-connected and wealthy Venetian couple Lorenzo Massolo and Elisabetta Querini as an altarpiece for the church of Santa Maria Assunta dei Crociferi. The church was destroyed during a suppression of the order of the Crociferi and the painting was moved to the new church of I Gesuiti in the early 18th century. It so impressed Philip II of Spain that he commissioned a second version in 1567 for the basilica at",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Black Death",
"paragraph_text": " 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the timeIn 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian PlagueIn 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the timeIn 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348–50. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623–25, and again in 1635–36, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Pl",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the location where the creator of La Schiavona passed away, how often did the plague outbreak? | [
{
"id": 109185,
"question": "Who is La Schiavona by?",
"answer": "Titian",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 720914,
"question": "#1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Venice",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 41132,
"question": "How many times did plague occur in #2 ?",
"answer": "22",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | 22 | [] | true | How many times did the plague occur in the place of death of the creator of La Schiavona? |
2hop__75207_46837 | [
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "The Motorcycle Diaries (film)",
"paragraph_text": " Rodrigo de la Serna, who incidentally is a second cousin to the real-life Guevara on his maternal side. Directed by Brazilian director Walter Salles and written by Puerto Rican playwright José Rivera, the film was an international co-production among production companies from Argentina, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Chile, Peru and France. The film's executive producers were Robert Redford, Paul Webster, and Rebecca Yeldham; the producers were Edgard Tenenbaum, Michael Nozik, and Karen Tenkhoff; and the co-producers were Daniel Burman and Diego Dubcovsky.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe Che of The Motorcycle Diaries is more akin to Jack Kerouac or Neal Cassady than Marx or Lenin.\"\nIn 1952, a semester before Ernesto \"Fuser\" Guevara is due to complete his medical degree, he and his older friend Alberto Granado, a biochemist, leave Buenos Aires to travel across South America. While there is a goal at the end of their journey – they intend to work in a leper colony in Peru – the main purpose is initially fun and adventure. They desire to see as much of Latin America as they can, more than 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) in just four and a half months, while Granado's purpose is also to bed as many women as will fall for his pickup lines. Their initial method of transport is Granado's dilapidated Norton 500 motorcycle christened La Poderosa (\"The Mighty One\").\nTheir planned route is ambitious, bringing them north across the Andes, along the coast of Chile, through the Atacama Desert and into the Peruvian Amazon in order to reach Venezuela just in time for Granado's 30th birthday on 2 April. However, due to La Poderosa's breakdown, they are forced to travel at a much slower pace, often walking, and do not make it to Caracas until July.\nDuring their expedition, Guevara and Granado encounter the poverty of the indigenous peasants, and the movie assumes a greater seriousness once the men gain a better sense of the disparity between the \"haves\" (to which they belong) and the obviously exploited \"have-nots\" (who make up the majority of those they encounter) by travelling on foot. In Chile, for instance, they encounter a penniless and persecuted couple forced onto the road because of their communist beliefs. In a fire-lit scene, Guevara and Granado ashamedly admit to the couple that they are not out looking for work as well. The duo then accompanies the couple to the Chuquicamata copper mine, where Guevara becomes angry at the treatment of the workers.\nHowever, it is a visit to the ancient Incan ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru that solidifies something in Guevara. His musings are then somberly refocused to how an indigenous civilization capable of building such beauty could be destroyed by the creators of the eventually polluted urban decay of nearby Lima.\nLater, in Peru, they volunteer for three weeks at the San Pablo leper colony. There, Guevara observes both literally and metaphorically the division of society, as the staff live on the north side of a river, separated from the deprived lepers living across the river to the south. To demonstrate his solidarity, and his medical belief that leprosy is not contagious, Guevara refuses to wear rubber gloves during his visit as the head nun requires, choosing instead to shake bare hands and interact normally with the surprised leper patients.\nAt the end of the film, after his sojourn at the leper colony, Guevara confirms his nascent egalitarian, revolutionary impulses, while making a birthday toast, which is also his first political speech. In it, he calls for the unification of South America on the basis of the unity of the Mestizo people. These encounters with social injustice transform the way Guevara sees the world and his purposes in it, and by implication motivates his later political activities as a Marxist revolutionary.\nGuevara makes his symbolic \"final journey\" at night when, despite the danger and his asthma, he swims across the river that separates the two societies of the leper colony, to spend the night in a leper shack, instead of in the doctors' cabins. Later, as they bid each other farewell at an airport, Granado reveals that his birthday was not 2 April, but rather 8 August, and that the aforementioned goal was simply a motivator: Guevara replies that he knew all along. The film closes with an appearance by the real 82-year-old Alberto Granado, along with pictures from the actual journey and a brief mention of Che Guevara's eventual 1967 CIA-assisted execution in the Bolivian jungle.\n\n\n== Cast ==\n\n\n== Development ==\nThe film shows what we were, which was two young men – boys, really – who went looking for adventure and found the truth and tragedy of our homeland.\nGael García Bernal agreed to reprise his role as young Che Guevara having previously portrayed him in the television film Fidel. To prepare for the role, he went through six months of intense preparation. This groundwork included reading \"every biography\" about Guevara, traveling to Cuba to speak with Guevara's family, and consulting with Guevara's then still living travel partner Alberto Granado. Despite being in his eighties, Granado was also taken on as an adviser by Salles, and enthusiastically followed the film crew as they retraced his former journey.\n\nMoreover, García Bernal (who is Mexican) adopted an Argentine accent and spent 14 weeks reading the works of José Martí, \nKarl Marx and Pablo Neruda (Guevara's favorite poet). García Bernal told reporters \"I feel a lot of responsibility. I want to do it well because of what Che represents to the world. He is a Romantic. He had a political consciousness that changed Latin America.\" According to García Bernal, the role crystallized his \"own sense of duty\" because Guevara \"decided to live on the side of the mistreated, to live on the side of the people who have no justice – and no voice.\" In surmising the similarities between his transformation and Guevara's, García Bernal posits that \"my generation is awakening, and we're discovering a world full of incredible injustice.\"\nGranado later stated that he appreciated the film's effort \"to dig beneath the \"mythical Che\", whose defiant image appears on T-shirts and posters around the world, \"to reveal the flawed, flesh-and-blood Ernesto beneath.\"\n\n\n== Film locales ==\n\nWe were re-enacting a journey that was done 50 years ago, and what's surprising is that the social problems of Latin America are the same. Which is heartbreaking in a way, but it also makes you feel how important it is to tell the story.\"\nIn a journey that lasts eight months, the partners travel over 14,000 kilometers (8,700 miles), from Argentina through Chile, Peru, and Colombia to Venezuela. Key locations along the journey described in the film include: in Argentina: Buenos Aires, Miramar, Villa Gesell, San Martín de los Andes, Lago Frías, Patagonia and Nahuel Huapi Lake; in Chile: Temuco, Los Angeles, Valparaíso, the Atacama desert, and Chuquicamata; in Peru: Cuzco, Machu Picchu, Lima, The San Pablo Leper Colony; as well as Leticia, Colombia and Caracas, Venezuela.\nReviewer Nick Cowen of The Daily Telegraph described the scenery as \"visually stunning\" while remarking that \"the cinematography of fog-cloaked mountains, lush, green forests and sunburnt deserts is breathtakingly beautiful enough to serve as a travel advert for the entire continent.\"\n\n\n=== Tourist trails ===\nThe Observer reported that shortly after the film's release, tour operators in the region received a surge of inquiries, with some of them even offering Che Guevara-themed trips, where travellers could \"follow in the footsteps of the revolutionary icon.\"\nThe crew filmed in the same San Pablo Leper Colony that Guevara himself had visited. According to Bernal, 85% of the people suffering leprosy in the film were actual lepers, with some of them having lived there when Che and Granado worked at the colony. In fact, when Granado returned with the film crew to the leprosarium of San Pablo, he found some of the people he had treated half a century earlier, remarking that \"It was wonderful and amazing that they could still remember me.\" Granado was also pleased that buildings constructed for the scenes shot at the leprosarium were afterwards used by the patients themselves.\nThe scene which features Guevara's character swimming across to the other side of the river was filmed during three nights in which Bernal swam across the actual Amazon River.\n\n\n== Soundtrack ==\n\nThe score for The Motorcycle Diaries was composed by Gustavo Santaolalla. The film's soundtrack was released on the Deutsche Grammophon label in 2004.\n\n\n== Distribution ==\nThe film was first presented at the Sundance Film Festival on 15 January 2004. Granado had an invitation to the Sundance premiere, but he was refused an entry Visa by the United States. Later it was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival on 19 May, and Granado was able to attend.\nThe film later screened at many other film festivals, including: the Auckland International Film Festival, New Zealand; the Copenhagen International Film Festival, Denmark; the Espoo Film Festival, Finland; the Telluride Film Festival, United States; the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada; the Vancouver International Film Festival, Canada; the Celebrating Literature in Cinema Film Festival Frankfurt, Germany; and the Morelia Film Festival, Mexico.\n\nRelease dates\nUnited States: 15 January 2004 (premiere at Sundance Film Festival)\nFrance: 7 July 2004\nArgentina: 29 July 2004\nUnited Kingdom: 27 August 2004\nUnited States: 24 September During their expedition, Guevara and Granado encounter the poverty of the indigenous peasants, and the movie assumes a greater seriousness once the men gain a better sense of the disparity between the ``haves ''(to which they belong) and the obviously exploited`` have - nots'' (who make up the majority of those they encounter) by traveling on foot. In Chile, for instance, they encounter a penniless and persecuted couple forced onto the road because of their communist beliefs. In a fire - lit scene, Guevara and Granado ashamedly admit to the couple that they are not out looking for work as well. The duo then accompanies the couple to the Chuquicamata copper mine, where Guevara becomes angry at the treatment of the workers.The MotorcycleDuring their expedition, Guevara and Granado encounter the poverty of the indigenous peasants, and the movie assumes a greater seriousness once the men gain a better sense of the disparity between the ``haves ''(to which they belong) and the obviously exploited`` have - nots'' (who make up the majority of those they encounter) by traveling on foot. In Chile, for instance, they encounter a penniless and persecuted couple forced onto the road because of their communist beliefs. In a fire - lit scene, Guevara and Granado ashamedly admit to the couple that they are not out looking for work as well. The duo then accompanies the couple to the Chuquicamata copper mine, where Guevara becomes angry at the treatment of the workers. and Granado witness first hand the injustices that the destitute face and are exposed to people and social classes they would have never encountered otherwise. To their surprise, the road presents to them both a genuine and captivating picture of Latin American identity. As a result, the trip also plants the initial seed of radicalization within Guevara, who would later challenge the continent's endemic economic inequalities and political repression.\nThe screenplay is based primarily on Guevara's trip diary of the same name, with additional context supplied by Traveling with Che Guevara: The Making of a Revolutionary by Alberto Granado. Guevara is played by Gael García Bernal (who previously played Che in the 2002 miniseries Fidel), and Granado by the Argentine actor Rodrigo de la Serna, who incidentally is a second",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Climate of Chile",
"paragraph_text": " [Chile] has four months of winter, no more, and in them, except when there is a quarter moon, when it rains one or two days, all the other days have such a beautifulThe climate of Chile comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale, extending across 38 degrees in latitude, making generalizations difficult. According to the Köppen system, Chile within its borders hosts at least seven major climatic subtypes, ranging from low desert in the north, to alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and southeast, humid subtropical in Easter Island, Oceanic in the south and Mediterranean climate in central Chile. There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).The climate of Chile comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale, extending across 38 degrees in latitude, making generalizations difficult. According to the Köppen system, Chile within its borders hosts at least seven major climatic subtypes, ranging from low desert in the north, to alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and southeast, humid subtropical in Easter Island, Oceanic in the south and Mediterranean climate in central Chile. There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).On a synoptic scale, the most important factors that control the climate in Chile are the Pacific Anticyclone, the southern circumpolar low pressure area, the cold Humboldt current, the Chilean Coast Range and the Andes Mountains. Despite Chile's narrowness, some interior regions may experience wide temperature oscillations and cities such as Lonquimay, may even experience a continental climate. In the extreme northeast and southeast the border of Chile extends beyond the Andes into the",
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}
] | What is the commencement date of winter at the location where Alberto and Fuser encounter the native couple who were commuting for their jobs? | [
{
"id": 75207,
"question": "where do fuser and alberto meet the indigenous couple who were traveling to look for work",
"answer": "In Chile",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 46837,
"question": "when does the winter season begin in #1",
"answer": "June",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | June | [
"Jun"
] | true | When does the winter season begin in the place where fuser and alberto meet the indigenous couple who were traveling for work? |
3hop2__89048_809962_66294 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "The Jacksons: An American Dream",
"paragraph_text": "Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs - Joseph Jackson Angela Bassett - Katherine Jackson Holly Robinson Peete - Diana Ross Margaret Avery - Martha Scruse Billy Dee Williams - Berry Gordy Vanessa Williams - Suzanne de Passe Wylie Draper - Michael Jackson Abolade David Olatunde - Michael Jackson (baby) Alex Burrall - Michael Jackson (ages 6 -- 8) Jason Weaver - Michael Jackson (ages 9 -- 14) Colin Steele - Jermaine Jackson Jermaine Jackson II - Jermaine Jackson (ages 10 -- 17) Terrence Howard - Jackie Jackson Bumper Robinson - Jackie Jackson (ages 12 -- 16) Monica Calhoun - Rebbie Jackson Ebonie Smith - La Toya Jackson Kelli Martin - La Toya Jackson (ages 8 -- 10) Angel Vargas - Tito Jackson Shakiem Jamar Evans - Tito Jackson (ages 11 -- 15) Maya Nicole Johnson - Janet Jackson Monica Allison - Hazel Gordy Robert Redcross - Randy Jackson Nicolas Phillips - Randy Jackson (age 7 - 9) Marcus Maurice - Marlon Jackson Floyd Myers, Jr. - Marlon Jackson (age 7 - 9) Jacen Wilkerson - Marlon Jackson (ages 10 -- 15) the performances of Hilton-Jacobs and Bassett received widespread acclaim.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe opening sequence of the film features footage of the real Jacksons rehearsing and performing on stage, a few clips from the \"Can You Feel It\" music video, album covers, magazine covers, a snippet from their cartoon, and pictures of the family. The film is mostly based on the autobiography written by Katherine Jackson, and issued in 1990, entitled My Family. The entire mini-series spans a period of about 40 years.\nAct 1 of the film is based on young Katherine and Joseph meeting and courting in the 1940s and showing how they",
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"idx": 3,
"title": "Speechless (Michael Jackson song)",
"paragraph_text": " was written by Andre Harris and Marsha Ambrosius, who is one half of the London bred neo-soul act Floetry, and was produced by Jackson and Harris. Jackson first met Ambrosius and Natalie Stewart, who is also a member of Floetry, through John McClain, who is DreamWorks's senior urban executive and Jackson's manager. Stewart said she was surprised that Jackson invited her and Ambrosius to a studio and asked for their input on the recording of the track. She recalled in an interview with Launch magazine, \"It was incredible because he asked, he continually\"Speechless\" is a song by the American recording artist Michael Jackson\"Speechless\" is a song by the American recording artist Michael Jackson, included on his tenth studio album, \"Invincible\" (2001). It was only released as a promotional single in South Korea. The singer was inspired to write the ballad after a water balloon fight with children in Germany. Jackson collaborated on the production with musicians such as Jeremy Lubbock, Brad Buxer, Novi Novoq, Stuart Bradley and Bruce Swedien. Andraé Crouch and his gospel choir provided backing vocals.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Is She Really Going Out with Him?",
"paragraph_text": "``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album, Look Sharp!.``Is She Really Going Out with Him? ''is the first single released by British musician Joe Jackson in September 1978. The track, which was to achieve greater commercial success when reissued in 1979, was included on Jackson's debut album,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who performed the song 'Is She Really Going Out with Him' in the movie 'Speechless,' and who was the composer? | [
{
"id": 89048,
"question": "who sang is she really going out with him",
"answer": "Joe Jackson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 809962,
"question": "Speechless >> composer",
"answer": "Michael Jackson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 66294,
"question": "who played #1 in the #2 movie",
"answer": "Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs | [] | true | Who played who sang is she really going out with him in the composer of speechless movie? |
2hop__62951_64006 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Marshall Plan",
"paragraph_text": " Soviet Union refused Plan benefits and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as Romania and Poland. The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not part of the Marshall Plan.\nIts role in rapid recovery has been debated. The Marshall Plan's accounting reflects that aid accounted for about 3% of the combined national income of the recipient countries between 1948 and 1951, which means an increase in GDP growth of less than half a percent.\nGraham T. Allison states that \"the Marshall Plan has become a favorite analogy for policy-makers. Yet few know much about it.\" Some new studies highlight not only the role of economic cooperation but approach the Marshall Plan as a case concerning strategic thinking to face some typical challenges in policy, as problem definition, risk analysis, decision support to policy formulation, and program implementation.\nIn 1947, two years after the end of the war, industrialist Lewis H. Brown wrote, at the request of General Lucius D. Clay, A Report on Germany, which served as a detailed recommendation for the reconstruction of post-war Germany and served as a basis for the Marshall Plan. The initiative was named after United States Secretary of State George C. Marshall. The plan had bipartisan support in Washington, where the Republicans controlled Congress and the Democrats controlled the White House with Harry S. Truman as president. Some businessmen feared the Marshall Plan, unsure whether reconstructing European economies and encouraging foreign competition was in the US' best interests. The plan was largely the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan, with help from the Brookings Institution, as requested by Senator Arthur Vandenberg, chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Marshall spoke of an urgent need to help the European recovery in his address at Harvard University in June 1947. The purpose of the Marshall Plan was to aid in the economic recovery of nations after World War II and secure US geopolitical influence over Western Europe. To combat the effects of the Marshall Plan, the USSR developed its own economic recovery program, known as the Molotov Plan. However, the plan was said to have not worked as well due to the USSR particularly having been hit hard by the effects of World War II.\nThe phrase \"equivalent of the Marshall Plan\" is often used to describe a proposed large-scale economic rescue program.\n\n\n== Development and deployment ==\nThe reconstruction planThe Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (nearly $100 billion in 2016 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning on April 3, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war - torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity, and prevent the spread of Communism. The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase in productivity, trade union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.TheThe Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion (nearly $100 billion in 2016 US dollars) in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning on April 3, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war - torn regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity, and prevent the spread of Communism. The Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many regulations, and encouraged an increase in productivity, trade union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures. barriers and the economic integration of the European Continent while also encouraging an increase in productivity as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.\nThe Marshall Plan aid was divided among the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for the general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capita was also directed toward the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral. The largest recipient of Marshall Plan money was the United Kingdom (receiving about 26% of the total). The next highest contributions went to France (18%) and West Germany (11%). Some eighteen European countries received Plan benefits. Although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as Romania and Poland. The United States provided similar aid programs in Asia, but they were not part of the Marshall Plan.\nIts role in rapid recovery has been debated. The Marshall Plan's accounting reflects that aid accounted for about 3% of the combined national income of the recipient countries between 1948 and 1951, which means an increase in GDP growth of less than half a percent.\nGraham T. Allison states that \"the Marshall Plan has become a favorite analogy for policy-makers. Yet few know much about it.\" Some new studies highlight not only the role of economic cooperation but approach the Marshall Plan as a case concerning strategic thinking to face some typical challenges in policy, as problem definition, risk analysis, decision support to policy formulation, and program implementation.\nIn 1947, two years after the",
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"idx": 11,
"title": "Consequences of the Black Death",
"paragraph_text": " in human history, peaking in Europe between 1347 and 1350 with 30% to 65% of the population killed. It reduced world population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million. It took 80 and in some areas more than 150 years for Europe's population to recover.The Black Death peaked in Europe between 1348 and 1350, with an estimated third of the continent's population ultimately succumbing to the disease. Often simply referred to as \"The Plague\", the Black Death had both immediate and long-term effects on human population across the world as one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, including a series of biological, social, economic, political and religious upheavals that had profound effects on the course of world history, especially European history. Symptoms of the Bubonic Plague included painful and enlarged or swollen lymph nodes, headaches, chills, fatigue, vomiting, and fevers, and within 3 to 5 days, 80% of the victims would be dead. Historians estimate that it reduced the total world population from 475 million to between 350 and 375 million. In most parts of Europe, it took nearly 80 years for population sizes to recover, and in some areas, it took more than 150 years.\nFrom the perspective of many of the survivors, the effect of the plague may have been ultimately favourable, as the massive reduction of the workforce meant their labor was suddenly in higher demand. R. H. Hilton has argued that the English peasants who survived found their situation to be much improved. For many EuropeansConsequences of the Black Death included a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1347 and 1350 with 30% to 65% of the population killed. It reduced world population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million. It took 80 and in some areas more than 150 years for Europe's population to recover. and enlarged or swollen lymph nodes, headaches, chills, fatigue, vomiting, and fevers, and within 3 to 5 days, 80% of the victims would be dead. Historians estimate that it reduced the total world population from 475 million to between 350 and 375 million. In most parts of Europe,Consequences of the Black Death included a series of religious, social, and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1347 and 1350 with 30% to 65% of the population killed. It reduced world population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million. It took 80 and in some areas more than 150 years for Europe's population to recover.The Black Death peaked in Europe between 1348 and 1350, with an estimated third of the continent's population ultimately succumbing to the disease. Often simply referred to as \"The Plague\", the Black Death had both immediate and long-term effects on human population across the world as one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, including a series of biological, social, economic, political and religious upheavals that had profound effects on the course of world history, especially European history. Symptoms of the Bubonic Plague included painful and enlarged or swollen lymph nodes, headaches, chills, fatigue, vomiting, and fevers, and within 3 to 5 days, 80% of the victims would be dead. Historians estimate that it reduced the total world population from 475 million to between 350 and 375 million. In most parts of Europe, it took nearly 80 years for population sizes to recover, and in some areas, it took more than 150 years.\nFrom the perspective of many of the survivors, the effect of the plague may have been ultimately favourable, as the massive reduction of the workforce meant their labor was suddenly in higher demand. R. H. Hilton has argued that the English peasants who survived found their situation to be much improved. For many Europeans, the 15th century was a golden age of prosperity and new opportunities. The land was plentiful, wages were high and serfdom had all but disappeared. A century later, as population growth resumed, the lower classes once again faced deprivation and famine.\n\n\n== Death toll ==\n\nFigures for the death toll vary widely by area and from source to source, and estimates are frequently revised as historical research brings new discoveries to light. Most scholars estimate that the Black Death killed up to 75 million people in the 14th century, at a time when the entire world population was still less than 500 million. Even where the historical record is considered reliable, only rough estimates of the total number of deaths from the plague are possible.\n\n\n=== Europe ===\nEurope suffered an especially significant death toll from the plague. Modern estimates range between roughly one third and one half of the total European population in the five-year period of 1347 to 1351 died during which the most severely-affected areas may have lost up to 80% of the population. Contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart estimated the toll to be one-third, which modern scholars consider less an accurate assessment than an allusion to the Book of Revelation meant to suggest the scope of the plague. Deaths were not evenly distributed across Europe, and some areas were affected very little, but others were all but entirely depopulated.\nThe Black Death hit the culture of towns and cities disproportionately hard although rural areas, where most of the population lived at the time, were also significantly affected. Larger cities were the worst off, as population densities and close living quarters made disease transmission easier. Cities were also strikingly filthy, infested with lice, fleas, and rats, and subject to diseases caused by malnutrition and poor hygiene. The population of the city of Florence was reduced from between 110,000 and 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 to 50,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the extent of population decrease due to the Black Death in the region where the United States implemented the Marshall Plan? | [
{
"id": 62951,
"question": "who did the us help with the marshall plan",
"answer": "Western Europe",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 64006,
"question": "as a result of the black death it is estimated that the population of #1 was reduced by",
"answer": "30% to 65%",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | 30% to 65% | [] | true | As a result of the Black Death, how much was the population reduced in the place that the US helped with the Marshall Plan? |
2hop__50910_177869 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Helen Pitts Douglass",
"paragraph_text": " graduated from Mount Holyoke College (then called the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary) in 1859. After her graduation, she returned to her parents' home in Honeoye.\nAfter the American Civil War, she taught at the Hampton Institute, a school that educated black men and women. While teaching at the institution, she caused local controversy by accusing several local residents of directing insults and abuse towards her students, resulting in their arrest. In 1882, Helen moved to Uniontown in Washington, D.C. to live with her uncle, where she lived next door to Frederick Douglass's home, Cedar Hill.\n\n\n== Activism ==\nShe was active in the women's rights movement and co-edited The Alpha, with Caroline Winslow, in Washington. In 1882, Douglass hired Helen as a clerk in the office of the Recorder of Deeds in Washington, to which he had just been assigned. Because he was writing his autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass and was often lecturing, Helen aided him frequently in his work.\n\n\n== Marriage to Frederick Douglass ==\n\nDouglass's first wife, Anna Murray Douglass, died on August 4, 1882. After almost a year and a half of depression, Douglass married Helen on January 24, 1884. They were married by the Rev. Francis J. Grimké, a prominent African American preacher. \nThe marriage was generally the subject of scorn by both white and black residents in the town, though the Douglasses were firm in their convictions. \"Love came to me, and I was not afraid to marry the man I loved because of his color,\" she said. Douglass laughingly commented, \"This proves I am impartial. My first wife was the color of my mother and the second, the color of my father.\" \nA main source of support was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who said: \"In defense of the right to ... marry whom we please – we might quote some of the basic principles of our government [and] suggest that in some things individual rights to tastesHelen Pitts Douglass (1838–1903) was an American suffragist and abolitionist, known for being the second wife of Frederick Douglass. She also created the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association. Frederick Douglass National Historic Site.\n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nShe was born in Honeoye, New York, in 1838. Her parents were activists in the abolitionist and suffragist movements. Pitts graduated from Mount Holyoke College (then called the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary) in 1859. After her graduation, she returned to her parents' home in Honeoye.\nAfter the American Civil War, she taught at the Hampton Institute, a school that educated black men and women. While teaching at the institution, she caused local controversy by accusing several local residents of directing insults and abuse towards her students, resulting in their arrest. In 1882, Helen moved to Uniontown in Washington, D.C. to live with her uncle, where she lived next door to Frederick Douglass's home, Cedar Hill.\n\n\n== Activism ==\nShe was active in the women's rights movement and co-edited The Alpha, with Caroline Winslow, in Washington. In 1882, Douglass hired Helen as a clerk in the office of the Recorder of Deeds in Washington, to which he had just been assigned. Because he was writing his autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass and was often lecturing, Helen aided him frequently in his work.\n\n\n== Marriage to Frederick Douglass ==\n\nDouglass's first wife, Anna Murray Douglass, died on August 4, 1882. After almost a year and a half of depression, Douglass married Helen on January 24, 1884. They were married by the Rev. Francis J. Grimké, a prominent African American preacher. \nThe marriage was generally the subject of scorn by both white and black residents in the town, though the Douglasses were firm in their convictions. \"Love came to me, and I was",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)",
"paragraph_text": "Like The Liberator, The North Star published weekly and was four pages long. It was sold by subscription of $2 per year to more than 4,000 readers in the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean. The first of its four pages focused on current events concerning abolitionist issues.\nThe Garrisonian Liberator was founded upon the notion that the Constitution was fundamentally pro-slavery and that the Union ought to be dissolved. Douglass disagreed but supported the nonviolent approach to the emancipation of slaves by education and moral suasion. Under the guidance of the abolitionist society, Douglass became well acquainted with the pursuit of the emancipation of slaves through a New England religious perspective. Garrison had earlier convinced the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society to hire Douglass as an agent, touring with Garrison and telling audiences about his experiences as a slave. Douglass worked with another abolitionist, Martin R. Delany, who traveled to lecture, report, and generate subscriptions to The North Star.\n\n\n== Editorial perspective and breadth ==\n\nDouglass's thoughts toward political inaction changed when he attended the National Convention of Colored Citizens, an antislavery convention in Buffalo, New York, in August 1843. One of the many speakers present at the convention was Henry HighlandThe North Star was a nineteenth - century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester, New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass. The paper commenced publication on December 3, 1847 and ceased as The North Star in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith's Liberty Party Paper (based in Syracuse, New York) to form Frederick Douglass' Paper. The North Star's slogan was ``Right is of no Sex -- Truth is of no Color -- God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren. ''The North Star was a nineteenth - century anti-slavery newspaper published from the Talman Building in Rochester, New York by abolitionist Frederick Douglass. The paper commenced publication on December 3, 1847 and ceased as The North Star in June 1851 when it merged with Gerrit Smith's Liberty Party Paper (based in Syracuse, New York) to form Frederick Douglass' Paper. The North Star's slogan was ``Right is of no Sex -- Truth is of no Color -- God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren. ''Truth is of no Color—God is the Father of us all, and all we are Brethren.\"\n\n\n== Inspiration ==\n\nIn 1846, Frederick Douglass was first inspired to publish The North Star after subscribing to The Liberator, a weekly newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison. The Liberator was a newspaper established by Garrison and his supporters founded upon moral principles. The North Star title was a reference to the directions given to runaway slaves trying to reach the Northern states and Canada: \"Follow the North Star.\" Figuratively, Canada was also \"the north star.\"\nLike The Liberator, The North Star published weekly and was four pages long. It was sold by subscription of $2 per year to more than 4,000 readers in the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean. The first of its four pages focused on current events concerning abolitionist issues.\nThe Garrisonian Liberator was founded upon the notion that the Constitution was fundamentally pro-slavery and that the Union ought to be dissolved. Douglass disagreed but supported the nonviolent approach to the emancipation of slaves by education and moral suasion. Under the guidance of the abolitionist society, Douglass became well acquainted with the pursuit of the emancipation of slaves through a New England religious",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who tied the knot with the individual responsible for publishing The North Star, an abolitionist newspaper? | [
{
"id": 50910,
"question": "who published the abolitionist newspaper the north star",
"answer": "Frederick Douglass",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 177869,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Helen Pitts Douglass",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | Helen Pitts Douglass | [] | true | Who married the publisher of abolitionist newspaper The North Star? |
2hop__82858_654855 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Eugene V. Debs",
"paragraph_text": "man Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. He led a boycott by the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike, affecting most lines west of Detroit and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states. Purportedly to keep the mail running, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and served six months in prison.\nIn prison, Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as a committed adherent of the international socialist movement. Debs was a founding memberEugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.EEugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States. in his political career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884. After working with several smaller unions, including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs led his union in a major ten-month strike against the CB&Q Railroad in 1888. Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), one of the nation's first industrial unions. After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. He led a boycott by the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike, affecting most lines west of Detroit and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states. Purportedly to keep the mail running, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and served six months in prison.\nIn prison, Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as a committed adherent of the international socialist movement. Debs was a founding memberEugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and five-time candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.\nEarly in his political career, Debs was a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884. After working with several smaller unions, including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, Debs led his union in a major ten-month strike against the CB&Q Railroad in 1888. Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), one of the nation's first industrial unions. After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894, Debs signed many into the ARU. He led a boycott by the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike, affecting most lines west of Detroit and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states. Purportedly to keep the mail running, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and served six months in prison.\nIn prison, Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as a committed adherent of the international socialist movement. Debs was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America (1897), the Social Democratic Party of America (1898) and the Socialist Party of America (1901). Debs ran as a Socialist candidate for President of the United States five times: 1900 (earning 0.6 percent of the popular vote), 1904 (3.0 percent), 1908 (2.8 percent), 1912 (6.0 percent), and ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "1912 United States presidential election",
"paragraph_text": "or nominees becoming elected the state's members of the United States Electoral College. A split in the electoral vote would never again occur in California.\nThis was the closest presidential election in California history, with Roosevelt winning by just 174 votes out of 677,944 cast, a margin of 0.02567%. It remains the fourth-closest presidential race in any state in history, behind Florida in 2000, Maryland in 1832, and Maryland in 1904, the latter of which also involved Roosevelt.\nAlthough Wilson narrowly failed to win the state, he did become the first Democrat to carry Napa, Solano and Marin Counties since James Buchanan in 1856, the first to carry San Mateo and Sierra County since Stephen A. Douglas in 1860, the first to win San Diego County since 1868, the first to ever carry Ventura County, which had been created in 1872, and the first to carry Calaveras County and Sutter County since 1876. Since this election, Solano County has voted Democratic in all but six Republican landslide elections of 1920, 1924, 1928, 1972, 1980 and 1984.\nWith 41.83% of the popular vote, California would prove to be Roosevelt's second-strongest state in terms of popular vote percentage in the 1912 election after South Dakota. California would not vote for the losing candidate again until 1960.\n\n\n== Results ==\n\n\n=== Results by county ===\n\n\n==== Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic ====\nAmador\nButte\nCalaveras\nFresno\nKern\nKings\nLassen\nMadera\nMarin\nMendocino\nMerced\nModoc\nMono\nMonterey\nNapa\nNevada\nSacramento\nSan Benito\nSan Diego\nSan Francisco\nSan Joaquin\nSan Mateo\nShasta\nSierra\nSiskiyou\nSolano\nSonoma\nSutter\nTehama\nTulare\nTrinity\nTuolumne\nVentura\nYolo\nYuba\n\n\n== See also ==\nUnited States presidential elections in California\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==The 1912 United States presidential election in California took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.\nCalifornia narrowly voted for the Progressive Party nominee, former president Theodore Roosevelt, over the Democratic nominee, New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson, though two electors cast their votes for Wilson. Although Roosevelt was the candidate of the “Bull Moose” Progressive Party nationally, in California and South Dakota he gained the support of the state Republican Party and acquired the \"Republican\" line, whilst the incumbent, and national GOP nominee William Howard Taft did not appear on the ballot and was a write-in candidate. Roosevelt's running mate was incumbent Governor of California Hiram Johnson.\nThis was the fourth occasion in which California's electoral vote was split, rather than being awarded to a single candidate. The previous occasions when this happened were in 1880, 1892, and 1896. This occurred because, at the time, electorsRoosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and Taft had won the 1908 Republican president nomination with Roosevelt's support. Displeased with Taft's actions as president, Roosevelt challenged Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention. After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the Republican convention, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. With the support of William Jennings Bryan and other progressives, Wilson won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot. Meanwhile, the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard - bearer, Eugene V. Debs.TheRoosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and Taft had won the 1908 Republican president nomination with Roosevelt's support. Displeased with Taft's actions as president, Roosevelt challenged Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention. After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the Republican convention, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. With the support of William Jennings Bryan and other progressives, Wilson won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot. Meanwhile, the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard - bearer, Eugene V. Debs.\" line, whilst the incumbent, and national GOP nominee William Howard Taft did not appear on the ballot and was a write-in candidate. Roosevelt's running mate was incumbent Governor of California Hiram Johnson.\nThis was the fourth occasion in which California's electoral vote was split, rather than being awarded to a single candidate. The previous occasions when this happened were in 1880, ",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the 1912 presidential election, which political group did the socialist contender represent? | [
{
"id": 82858,
"question": "who ran as the socialist candidate for president in 1912",
"answer": "Eugene V. Debs",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 654855,
"question": "#1 >> member of political party",
"answer": "Socialist Party of America",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Socialist Party of America | [
"Democrat",
"Democratic Party"
] | true | What political party was the socialist candidate part of who ran for president in 1912? |
3hop2__132957_51933_40768 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Acura Legend",
"paragraph_text": "The Acura Legend is a mid-size luxury/executive car manufactured by Honda. It was sold in the U.S., Canada, and parts of China under Honda's luxury brand, Acura, from 1985 to 1995, as both a sedan, which was classified as a full-size car, and a coupe, which was classified as a mid-size car (similar to how the Honda Accord is set up today). It was the first flagship sedan sold under the Acura nameplate, until being renamed in 1996 as the Acura 3.5RL. The 3.5RL was the North American version of the KA9 series Honda Legend. Varuna, while the malevolent ones are called Danavas and are led by Vritra.:��4�� \nIn the earliest layer of Vedic texts Agni, Indra and other gods are also called Asuras, in the sense of their being \"lords\" of their respective domains,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "1973 oil crisis",
"paragraph_text": " lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as airSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands. lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second oil shock\" that was the 1979 oil crisis, brought upon by the Iranian Revolution.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\n\n=== Arab-Israeli conflictSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Automotive industry",
"paragraph_text": "87 persons. After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also China, which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2023, China had for the first time in history more than 30 million produced vehicles a year, after reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year beforeRank Group Country Vehicles Toyota Japan 10,213,486 Volkswagen Group Germany 10,126,281 Hyundai South Korea 7,889,538 General Motors United States 7,793,066 5 Ford United States 6,429,485 6 Nissan Japan 5,556,241 7 Honda Japan 4,999,266 8 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy / United States 4,681,457 9 Renault France 3,373,278 10 PSA France 3,152,787 11 Suzuki Japan 2,945,295 12 SAIC China 2,566,793 13 Daimler Germany 2,526,450 14 BMW Germany 2,359,756 15 Changan China 1,715,871Rank Group Country Vehicles Toyota Japan 10,213,486 Volkswagen Group Germany 10,126,281 Hyundai South Korea 7,889,538 General Motors United States 7,793,066 5 Ford United States 6,429,485 6 Nissan Japan 5,556,241 7 Honda Japan 4,999,266 8 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy / United States 4,681,457 9 Renault France 3,373,278 10 PSA France 3,152,787 11 Suzuki Japan 2,945,295 12 SAIC China 2,566,793 13 Daimler Germany 2,526,450 14 BMW Germany 2,359,756 15 Changan China 1,715,871 a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery.\nFor many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production, with the U.S. Big Three General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler being the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also China, which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2023, China had for the first time in history more than 30 million produced vehicles a year, after reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year beforeRank Group Country Vehicles Toyota Japan 10,213,486 Volkswagen Group Germany 10,126,281 Hyundai South Korea 7,889,538 General Motors United States 7,793,066 5 Ford United States 6,429,485 6 Nissan Japan 5,556,241 7 Honda Japan 4,999,266 8 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy / United States 4,681,457 9 Renault France 3,373,278 10 PSA France 3,152,787 11 Suzuki Japan 2,945,295 12 SAIC China 2,566,793 13 Daimler Germany 2,526,450 14 BMW Germany 2,359,756 15 Changan China 1,715,871The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, selling, repairing, and modification of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's largest industries by revenue (from 16% such as in France up to 40% to countries like Slovakia).\nThe word automotive comes from the Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed by Elmer Sperry (1860–1930), first came into use to describe automobiles in 1898.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nThe automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering the horseless carriage. Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery.\nFor many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production, with the U.S. Big Three General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler being the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 also China, which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2023, China had for the first time in history more than 30 million produced vehicles a year, after reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year before. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.\n\n\n== Safety ==\n\nSafety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.\nSafety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotive functional safety.\nIn case of safety issues, danger, product defect, or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials.\nProduct and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the creator of the Acura Legend, the world's biggest car manufacturer, and Nissan initiate their manufacturing plants in the United States? | [
{
"id": 132957,
"question": "Who made Acura Legend?",
"answer": "Honda",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 51933,
"question": "what is the largest auto company in the world",
"answer": "Toyota",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 40768,
"question": "When did #1 , #2 and Nissan open US assembly plants?",
"answer": "1981",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | 1981 | [] | true | When did the maker of the Acura Legend, the largest auto company in the world, and Nissan open US assembly plants? |
2hop__3737_13529 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "FC Barcelona",
"paragraph_text": " entered its first competition in 1927, playing in the Campionat de Catalunya de Basquetbol (Catalan Basketball Championship). During these early years, basketball in Catalonia was dominated by clubs such as CE Europa, Laietà BC and Société Patrie (later CB Atlètic Gràcia) and it was not until the 1940s that FC Barcelona became established as a basketball team. During this decade they won six Copas del Generalísimo de Baloncesto and were runners-up once. In 1956 they were founding members of the Liga Española de Baloncesto and finished as runners-up. In 1959 they won Spanish basketball's first-ever league and cup double.\n\n\n=== Decline in the 1960s ===\nThe 1960s and 1970s saw the team in decline. In 1961 the club president Enric Llaudet dissolved the team in spite of its popularity. However, in 1962, the club was reformed after a campaign by the fans. In 1964 the league's Primera División was cut from fourteen teams to eight and the club found themselves in the Segunda División after not finishing between the two first qualified teams in the relegation playoffs. However they quickly returned to the top division after being crowned Segunda champions in 1965. During the 1970s the club was persistently overshadowed by its rivals Real Madrid and Joventut.\n\n\n=== Revival in the 1980s ===\nIn the 1980s club president Josep Lluís Núñez gave the team his full support with the aim of making the club the best in Spain and Europe. His support produced results and during the decade inspired by their coach Aíto García Reneses and players like Juan Antonio San Epifanio (better known as Epi), Andrés Jiménez, Sibilio, Audie Norris and Solozábal, the club won six Spanish championships, five Spanish cups, two European Cup Winners' Cups, the Korać Cup and the World Championship. However the European Cup remained elusive, ending as runners-up in 1984. In the 1987–88 season Barça won the Copa Príncipe, Liga ACB, Copa del Rey and the Supercopa completing a quadruple.\n\n\n=== Champions of Europe ===\nThe club built on this success during the 1990s, winning a further four Spanish championships and two Spanish cups. They were still unable to win the European Cup despite playing in a further four finals in 1990, 1991, 1996 and 1997. They also made a record six EuroLeague Final Four appearances. The star player during this era was Juan Antonio San Epifanio.\nTheir persistence eventually paid off and in 2003, inspired by Dejan Bodiroga, Gregor Fučka, ��arūnas Jasikevičius and Juan Carlos Navarro, they won the EuroLeague, beating Benetton Treviso 76–65 in front of a packed Palau Sant Jordi in BarcelonaIn June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £5 million from Boca Juniors. In the following season, under coach Luis, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid. However, Maradona's time with Barcelona was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli. At the start of the 1984–85 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster. The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucureşti during a dramatic evening in Seville. players that have played with the team included Pau Gasol, Rony Seikaly, Marc Gasol, Anderson Varejão, Juan Carlos Navarro, Jaka Lakovič, ��arūnas Jasikevičius, Dejan Bodiroga, Gianluca Basile, Ricky Rubio, Juan Antonio San Epifanio, Saša Đorđević, and Tony Massenburg.\nFC Barcelona also has a reserve team, called FC Barcelona Bàsquet B, that plays in the Spanish 2nd-tier LEB Oro.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early years ===\nFounded on 24 August 1926, the club entered its first competition in 1927, playing in the Campionat de Catalunya de Basquetbol (Catalan Basketball Championship). During these early years, basketball in Catalonia was dominated by clubs such as CE Europa, Laietà BC and Société Patrie (later CB Atlètic Gràcia) and it was not until the 1940s that FC Barcelona became established as a basketball team. During this decade they won six Copas del Generalísimo de Baloncesto and were runners-up once. In 1956 they were founding members of the Liga Española de Baloncesto and finished as runners-up. In 1959 they won Spanish basketball's first-ever league and cup double.\n\n\n=== Decline in the 1960s ===\nThe 1960s and 1970s saw the team in decline. In 1961 the club president Enric Llaudet dissolved the team in spite",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "2008 Summer Olympics torch relay",
"paragraph_text": " 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from March 24 until August 8, 2008, prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics, with the theme of \"one world, one dream\". Plans for the relay were announced on April 26, 2007, in Beijing, China. The relay, also called by the organizers as the \"Journey of Harmony\", lasted 129 days and carried the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi) – the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics.\nAfter being lit at the birthplace of the Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece on March 24, the torch traveled to the Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch was following a route passing through six continents. The torch visited cities along the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. The relay also included an ascent with the flame to the top of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China from the Chinese side, which was closed specially for the event.\nIn many cities along the North American and European route, the torch relay was protested by advocates of Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling, and people protesting against China's human rights record, resulting in confrontations at a few of the relay locations. These protests, which ranged from thousands of people in San Francisco, forced the path of the torch relay to be changed or shortened on a number of occasions. The torch was extinguished by Chinese securityThe outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities.The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of \"Friends of Falun Gong\", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the signing date for the football player who chose not to be a torchbearer due to controversy with Barcelona? | [
{
"id": 3737,
"question": "Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?",
"answer": "Diego Maradona",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 13529,
"question": "When was #1 signed by Barcelona?",
"answer": "June 1982",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | June 1982 | [] | true | When was the footballer who decided not to be a torchbearer because of the controversy signed by Barcelona? |
3hop1__786067_228453_86925 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "McAfee's Benchmark",
"paragraph_text": " a decanter-style bottle with a black label.\nThe Benchmark brand name was purchased by the Sazerac Company in 1989 from Seagram's. It is still owned by Sazerac Brands of New Orleans which also now owns the Buffalo Trace distillery in Frankfort, where Benchmark is now made. The origin of the McAfee name is that James, George and Robert McAfee (along with James McCoun, Samuel Adams and Hancock Taylor) were, in 1773, the first early American explorers to survey land at the site where Buffalo Trace stands today. The original Benchmark was made at Lawrenceburg, Kentucky at the Old Prentice Distillery, now known as Four Roses Distillery (on the Salt River, fittingly located 5 miles north of McAfee, Ky) when Seagram owned it.\n\n\n== References ==McAfee's Benchmark is a brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company at its Buffalo Trace Distillery in Frankfort, Kentucky. The full name of the brand that appears on the bottle is \"McAfee's Benchmark Old No. 8 Brand\" (with \"Benchmark\"McAfee's Benchmark is a brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company at its Buffalo Trace Distillery in Frankfort, Kentucky. The full name of the brand that appears on the bottle is \"McAfee's Benchmark Old No. 8 Brand\" (with \"Benchmark\" rendered in much larger letters than the rest). The primary brand expression is an 80 U.S. proof (40% alcohol by volume) bourbon aged \"at least 36 months\" according to its label.MMcAfee's Benchmark is a brand of Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey produced by the Sazerac Company at its Buffalo Trace Distillery in Frankfort, Kentucky. The full name of the brand that appears on the bottle is \"McAfee's Benchmark Old No. 8 Brand\" (with \"Benchmark\" rendered in much larger letters than the rest). The primary brand expression is an 80 U.S. proof (40% alcohol by volume) bourbon aged \"at least 36 months\" according to its label.Three whiskey-based liqueurs of 70 U.S. proof (35% alcohol by volume)",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Sazerac",
"paragraph_text": " American cocktail, with origins in antebellum New Orleans, although drink historian David WondThe Sazerac is a local New Orleans variation of a cognac or whiskey cocktail, named for the \"Sazerac de Forge et Fils\" brand of cognac brandy that served as its original main ingredient. The drink is most traditionally a combination of\ncognac or rye whiskey, absinthe, Peychaud's Bitters, and sugar, although bourbon whiskey is sometimes substituted for the rye and Herbsaint is sometimes substituted for the absinthe. Some claim it is the oldest known American cocktail, with origins in antebellum New Orleans, although drink historian David Wondrich is among those who dispute this, and American instances of published usage of the word cocktail to describe a mixture of spirits, bitters, and sugar can be traced to the dawn of the 19th century.\n\n\n== Characteristics ==\nThe defining feature of the Sazerac is its method of preparation, which commonly involves two chilled old-fashioned glasses. The first glass is swirled with a wash of absinthe for its flavor and strong scent. The second glass is used to combine the remaining ingredients, which are stirred with ice, then strained into the first glass. Various anisettes such as pastis, Pernod, or Herbsaint are common substitutes when absinthe is unavailable. In New Orleans, Herbsaint is most commonly used due to the absence of absinthe in the U.S. market from 1912 until 2007.\n\n\n== History ==\nAround 1850, Sewell T. Taylor sold his New Orleans bar",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Fleur-de-lis",
"paragraph_text": "The fleur - de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag. This is true with the former Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team and the former Montreal ExposThe fleur - de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag. This is true with the former Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team and the former Montreal Expos Major League Baseball team, the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien -- The Lilies), the Major League Soccer team the Montreal Impact, the sports teams of New Orleans, Louisiana in the NFL, NBA and the Pacific Coast League, the Rugby League team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the NPSL team Detroit City FC. Marc - André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur - de-lis logo on his mask. The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St - Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur - de-lis on his right calf. The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F.C. has it in their logo. France used the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World CupThe fleur - de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag. This is true with the former Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team and the former Montreal Expos Major League Baseball team, the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien -- The Lilies), the Major League Soccer team the Montreal Impact, the sports teams of New Orleans, Louisiana in the NFL, NBA and the Pacific Coast League, the Rugby League team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the NPSL team Detroit City FC. Marc - André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur - de-lis logo on his mask. The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St - Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur - de-lis on his right calf. The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F.C. has it in their logo. France used the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World CupThe fleur - de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag. This is true with the former Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team and the former Montreal Expos Major League Baseball team, the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien -- The Lilies), the Major League Soccer team the Montreal Impact, the sports teams of New Orleans, Louisiana in the NFL, NBA and the Pacific Coast League, the Rugby League team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the NPSL team Detroit City FC. Marc - André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur - de-lis logo on his mask. The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St - Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur - de-lis on his right calf. The IT University of Copenhagen's soccer team ITU F.C. has it in their logo. France used the symbol in the official emblem on the 2019 FIFA Women's World CupThe fleur - de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag. This is true with the former Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team and the former Montreal ExposThe fleur - de-lis is used by a number of sports teams, especially when it echoes a local flag. This is true with the former Quebec Nordiques National Hockey League team and the former Montreal Expos Major League Baseball team, the Serie A team Fiorentina, the Bundesliga side SV Darmstadt 98 (also known as Die Lilien -- The Lilies), the Major League Soccer team the Montreal Impact, the sports teams of New Orleans, Louisiana in the NFL, NBA and the Pacific Coast League, the Rugby League team Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and the NPSL team Detroit City FC. Marc - André Fleury, a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, has a fleur - de-lis logo on his mask. The UFC Welterweight Champion from 2006 to 2013, Georges St - Pierre, has a tattoo of the fleur",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the emblem for the Saints that hail from the same city the McAfee's Benchmark producer is based in? | [
{
"id": 786067,
"question": "McAfee's Benchmark >> manufacturer",
"answer": "Sazerac Company",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 228453,
"question": "#1 >> headquarters location",
"answer": "New Orleans",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 86925,
"question": "what is the #2 saints symbol called",
"answer": "fleur - de-lis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | fleur - de-lis | [
"Fleur-de-lis",
"fleur-de-lis"
] | true | What is the symbol of the Saints from the city where the headquarters of the manufacturer of McAfee's Benchmark called? |
2hop__498251_126089 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Laren, North Holland",
"paragraph_text": "aren () is a town and municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. Located in the Gooi region, it is the oldest town in the area. It is one of the most affluent in the Netherlands, along with its neighbour Blaricum.Laren () is a town and municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. Located in the GLaren () is a town and municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. Located in the Gooi region, it is the oldest town in the area. It is one of the most affluent in the Netherlands, along with its neighbour Blaricum.Laren ()Laren () is a town and municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. Located in the Gooi region, it is the oldest town in the area. It is one of the most affluent in the Netherlands, along with its neighbour Blaricum.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "North Holland",
"paragraph_text": "The capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and the province's largest city is the Netherlands' capital Amsterdam. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, serving since 2010. There are 51 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province.The capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and the province's largest city is the Netherlands' capital Amsterdam. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, serving since 2010. There are 51 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province.North Holland (Dutch: Noord-Holland, pronounced [��no��rt ������l��nt] ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of Friesland and Flevoland. As of January 2023, it had a population of about 2,952,000 and a total area of 4,092 km2 (1,580 sq mi), of which 1,429 km2 (552 sq mi) is water.\nFrom the 9th to the 16th century, the area was an integral part of the County of Holland. During this period West Friesland was incorporated. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the province of Holland and commonly known as the Noorderkwartier (English: \"Northern Quarter\"). In 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land.\nThe provincial capital is Haarlem (pop. 161,265). The province's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capital Amsterdam, with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Arthur van Dijk, who has been serving since 2019. There are 45 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province. The busiest airport in the Netherlands and Europe's third-busiest airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, is in North Holland.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Emergence of a new province (1795 to 1840) ===\nThe province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments (département) with roughly equal populations. Holland was split up into five departments named \"Texel\", \"Amstel\", \"Delf\", \"Schelde en Maas\", and \"Rijn\". The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland; the latter two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created. This reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province.\nIn 1807, Holland was reorganised. This time the two departments were called \"Amstelland\" (corresponding to the modern province of North Holland) and \"Maasland\" (corresponding to the modern province of South Holland). This also did not last long. In 1810, all the Dutch provinces were integrated into the French Empire. Amstelland and Utrecht were amalgamated as the department of \"Zuiderzee\" (Zuyderzée in French) and Maasland was renamed \"Monden van de Maas\" (Bouches-de-la-Meuse in French).\nAfter the defeat of the French in 1813, this organisation remained unchanged for a year or so. When the 1814 Constitution was introduced, the country was reorganised as provinces and regions (landschappen). Zuiderzee and Monden van de Maas were reunited as the province of \"Holland\". One of the ministers on the constitutional committee (van Maanen) suggested that the old name \"Holland and West Friesland\" be reintroduced to respect the feelings of the people of that region. This proposal was rejected.\nHowever, the division was not totally reversed. When the province of Holland was re-established in 1814, it was given two governors, one for the former department of Amstelland (area that is now North Holland) and one for the former department of Maasland (now South Holland). Even though the province had been reunited, the two areas were still being treated differently in some ways and the idea of dividing Holland remained alive. During this reorganisation the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were returned to Holland and parts of \"Hollands Brabant\" (including \"Land of Altena\") went to North Brabant. The borders with Utrecht and Gelderland were definitively set in 1820.\nWhen the constitutional amendments were introduced in 1840, it was decided to split Holland once again, this time into two provinces called \"North Holland\" and \"South Holland\". The need for this was not felt in South Holland or in West Friesland (which feared the dominance of Amsterdam). The impetus came largely from Amsterdam, which still resented the 1838 relocation of the court of appeal to The Hague in South Holland.\n\n\n=== Urbanisation and economic growth (1840 to today) ===\n\nAfter the Haarlemmermeer was drained in 1855 and turned into arable land, it was made part of North Holland. In exchange, South Holland received the greater part of the municipality of Leimuiden in 1864. In 1942, the islands Vlieland and Terschelling went back to the province of Friesland. In 1950, the former island Urk was ceded to the province of Overijssel.\nIn February 2011, North Holland, together with the provinces of Utrecht and Flevoland, showed a desire to investigate the feasibility of a merger between the three provinces. This has been positively received by the First Rutte cabinet, for the desire to create one Randstad province has already been mentioned in the coalition agreement. The province of South Holland, part of the Randstad urban area, visioned to be part of the Randstad province, and very much supportive of the idea of a merger into one province. With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in both area and population.\n\n\n== Geography ==\n\nNorth Holland is situated at 52°40′N 4°50′E in the northwest of the Netherlands with to the northeast the province of Friesland, to the east the province of Flevoland, to the southeast the province of Utrecht, to the southwest the province of South Holland, and to the west the North Sea.\nNorth Holland is a broad peninsula for the most part, located between the North Sea, the Wadden Sea, the IJsselmeer, and the Markermeer. More than half of the province consists of reclaimed polder land situated below sea level. The West Frisian islands of Noorderhaaks and Texel are also part of the province. North Holland makes up a single region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having the code ISO 3166-2:NL-NH.\n\n\n=== Municipalities ===\n\nAs of 24 March 2022, North Holland is divided into 44 municipalities (local government). After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, three islands in the Caribbean: Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius, were offered to join the province. However, the offer has been neither accepted nor rejected. \nNorth Holland has five municipalities with 100,000 or more inhabitants. They are, in order of size, Amsterdam (in terms of population this is also the largest municipality in the Netherlands), Haarlem, Zaanstad, Haarlemmermeer and Alkmaar. Another seven municipalities have a population between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants (Hilversum, Amstelveen, Purmerend, Hoorn, Velsen, Den Helder and Dijk en Waard).\nMunicipalities are grouped for statistical purposes.\n\nOn 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Harenkarspel and Zijpe merged into the existing municipality of Schagen.\nOn 1 January 2015 the municipalities of Graft-De Rijp and Schermer merged into the existing municipality of Alkmaar.\nOn 1 January 2016 the municipalities of Bussum, Muiden, and Na",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who held authority over the region where Laren is situated? | [
{
"id": 498251,
"question": "Laren >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "North Holland",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 126089,
"question": "Who was in charge of #1 ?",
"answer": "Johan Remkes",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | Johan Remkes | [] | true | Who was in charge of the area where Laren is located? |
3hop1__273571_834494_34053 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Summit, Arizona",
"paragraph_text": "ographics ==\n\nAt the 2000 census there were 3,702 people, 1,144 households, and 871 families living in the CDP. The population density was 365.8 inhabitants per square mile (141.2/km2). There were 1,259 housing units at an average density of 124.4 per square mile (48.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 65.9% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 2.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 26.0% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. 63.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nOf the 1,144Summit is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 3,702 at the 2000 census.Summit is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 3,702 at the 2000 census.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.1 square miles (26 km2), all land.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\nAt the 2000 census there were 3,702 people, 1,144 households, and 871 families living in the CDP. The population density was 365.8 inhabitants per square mile (141.2/km2). There were 1,259 housing units at an average density of 124.4 per square mile (48.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 65.9% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 2.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 26.0% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. 63.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nOf the 1,144 households 46.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 18.4% of households were one person and 5.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household sizeSummit is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 3,702 at the 2000 census.== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.1 square miles (26 km2), all land.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\nAt the 2000 census there were 3,702 people, 1,144 households, and 871 families living in the CDP. The population density was 365.8 inhabitants per square mile (141.2/km2). There were 1,259 housing units at an average density of 124.4 per square mile (48.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 65.9% White,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Pima County Natural Resources, Parks and Recreation",
"paragraph_text": " and services.\"\n\n\n== Parks ==\nNRPR manages 51 parks with the majority located in or near Tucson. Ajo's parks include Ajo Regional Park, E.S. Bud Walker Park, Forrest Rickard Park, and Palo Verde II Park. Green Valley's parks include Canoa Preserve Park and Canoa Ranch.\n\n\n=== Tucson Region ===\n\n\n== River Parks and Greenways ==\nThe Loop (metro river park system)\nCañada del Oro River Park\nHarrison Greenway\nJulian Wash Greenway\nPantano River Park\nRillito River Park\nSanta Cruz River Park\n\n\n== Trailheads ==\n36th Street Trailhead\nAbrego Trailhead\nAgPima County Natural Resources, Parks and Recreation is the agency within Pima County, Arizona that manages the natural resources, parks, and recreation offerings within Pima County including Tucson, AZ.== History ==\nThe agency was established by the county as the Parks and Recreation Department in 1947 with the intended goal of serving \"urban and rural residents and guests by providing leisure-time destinations and services.\"\n\n\n== Parks ==\nNRPR manages 51 parks with the majority located in or near Tucson. Ajo's parks include Ajo Regional Park, E.S. Bud Walker Park, Forrest Rickard Park, and Palo Verde II Park. Green Valley's parks include Canoa Preserve Park and Canoa Ranch.\n\n\n=== Tucson Region ===\n\n\n== River Parks and Greenways ==\nThe Loop (metro river park system)\nCañada del Oro River Park\nHarrison Greenway\nJulian Wash Greenway\nPantano River Park\nRillito River Park\nSanta Cruz River Park\n\n\n== Trailheads ==\n36th Street Trailhead\nAbrego Trailhead\nAgua Caliente Hill South Trailhead\nAvenida de Suzenu Trailhead\nBear Canyon Trailhead\nCamino de Oeste Trailhead\nCampbell TrailheadCentral Arizona Project Trailhead\nColossal Cave Road Trailhead\nDavid Yetman West Trailhead\nEl Camino del Cerro Trailhead\nExplorer Trailhead\nGabe Zimmerman Davidson Canyon Trailhead\nGates Pass Trailhead\nIris Dewhirst Pima Canyon Trailhead\nKing Canyon Trailhead\nRichard Genser Starr Pass Trailhead\nRichard McKee Finger Rock Trailhead\nSarasota Trailhead\nSweetwater Preserve Trailhead\nVentana Canyon Trailhead\n\n\n== Community Centers ==\nThe NRPR has 13 community centers:\n\nAjo Community Center\nArivaca Community Center\nCatalina Community Center\nCentro Del Sur Community Center and Boxing Gym\nContinental Community Center\nDrexel Heights Community Center\nEllie Towne",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Tucson, Arizona",
"paragraph_text": " strong during the late 20th century. Tucson was the first American city to be designated a \"City of Gastronomy\" by UNESCO in 2015.\nThe Spanish name of the city, Tucsón (Spanish pronunciation: [tu����son]), is derived from the O'odham Cuk ���on (Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [t����k ������n]). Cuk is a stative verb meaning \"(be) black, (be) dark\". ���on is (in this usage) a noun referring to the base or foundation of something. The name is commonly translated into English as \"the base [of the hill] is black\", a reference to a basalt-covered hill now known as Sentinel Peak. Tucson is sometimes referred to as the Old Pueblo and Optics Valley, the latter referring to its optical science and telescopes known worldwide.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nThe Tucson area was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, who were known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River found a village site dating from 2100 BC. The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural Period, c. 1200 BC to AD 150. These people hunted, gathered wild plants and nuts, and ate corn, beans, and other crops grown using irrigation canals they constructed.\nThe Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson had the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.\nItalian Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino firstAt the University of Arizona, where records have been kept since 1894, the record maximum temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) on June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995, and the record minimum temperature was 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 7, 1913. There are an average of 150.1 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 26.4 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Average annual precipitation is 11.15 in (283 mm). There is an average of 49 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1905 with 24.17 in (614 mm) and the driest year was 1924 with 5.07 in (129 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 7.56 in (192 mm) in July 1984. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 4.16 in (106 mm) on October 1, 1983. Annual snowfall averages 0.7 in (1.8 cm). The most snow in one year was 7.2 in (18 cm) in 1987. The most snow in one month was 6.0 in (15 cm) in January 1898 and March 1922. (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (100 km) north of the United States–Mexico border.\nMajor incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Midvale Park, Tanque Verde, Tortolita, and Vail. Towns outside the Tucson metropolitan area include Three Points, Benson to",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the county that also contains Summit, which year recorded the highest rainfall? | [
{
"id": 273571,
"question": "Summit >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Pima County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 834494,
"question": "#1 >> contains administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Tucson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 34053,
"question": "What was #2 's wettest year?",
"answer": "1905",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | 1905 | [] | true | What was the wettest year for the city in the same county as Summit? |
3hop1__857_846_7872 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "abi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of the titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars in China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and so it was a part of the Ming Empire. However, most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvyn C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceased relations with Tibet.\n\nSome scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal. Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming–Tibetan relationship, noting the Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet. Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship.\nIn the hope of reviving the unique relationship during the Yuan dynasty, and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Yongle Emperor made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin ShekpaDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of executionAs a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. Jiangsu Sainty, the football club currently staying in Chinese Super League, is a long-term tenant of Nanjing Olympic Sports Center. Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top level league, CBA. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.\n\n\n=== Standard drop ===\n\nThe standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.\nIt was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.\nPrior to 189",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What's the name of the football club located in the city where the individual who received the edict was welcomed by Emperor Yongle? | [
{
"id": 857,
"question": "Who was the edict addressed to?",
"answer": "the Karmapa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 846,
"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the #1 ?",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 7872,
"question": "What is the name of the football club in #2 ?",
"answer": "Jiangsu Sainty",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Jiangsu Sainty | [] | true | What is the name of the football club from the city where the Yongle emperor greeted the person to whom the edict was addressed? |
2hop__216535_370666 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Alain Lascoux",
"paragraph_text": " combinatorial understanding of various algebraic and geometric questions in representation theory. Thus they introduced many new objects related to both fields like Schubert polynomials and Grothendieck polynomials, as well as novel terminology like the plactic monoid and vexillary permutations. They were also the first to define the crystal graph structure on Young tableaux (though not under this name).\nLascoux was an invited speaker at the 1998 International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin, Germany.\n\n\n== See also ==\nLLT polynomial\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nWebsite at Université de Marne-la-ValléeAlain Lascoux (17 October 1944 – 20 October 2013) was a French mathematician at Université de Paris VII, University of Marne la Vallée and Nankai University. His research was primarily in algebraic combinatorics, particularly Hecke algebras and Young tableaux.\nLascoux earned his doctorate in 1977 from the University of Paris. He worked for twenty years with Marcel-Paul Schützenberger on properties of the symmetric group. They wrote many articles together and had a major impact on the development of algebraic combinatorics. They succeeded in giving a combinatorial understanding of various algebraic and geometric questions in representation theory. Thus they introduced many new objects related to both fields like Schubert polynomials and Grothendieck polynomials, as well as novel terminology like the plactic monoid and vexillary permutations. They were also the first to define the crystal graph structure on Young tableaux (though not under this name).\nLascoux was an invited speaker at the 1998 International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin, Germany.\n\n\n== See also ==\nLLT polynomial\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nWebsite at Université de Marne-la-ValléeAlain Lascoux (17 October 1944 – 20 October 2013) was a French mathematician at Université de Paris VII, University of Marne la Vallée and Nankai University. His research was primarily in algebraic combinatorics, particularly Hecke algebras and Young tableaux.\nLascoux earned his doctorate in 1977 from the University of Paris. He worked for twenty years with Marcel-Paul Schützenberger on properties of the symmetric group. They wrote many articles together and had a major impact on the development of algebraic combinatorics. They succeeded in giving a combinatorial understanding of various algebraic and geometric questions in representation theory. Thus they introduced many new objects related to both fields like Schubert polynomials and Grothendieck polynomials, as well as novel terminology like the plactic monoid and vexillary permutations. They were also the first to define the crystal graph structure on Young tableaux (though not under this name).\nLascoux was an invited speaker at the 1998 International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin, Germany.\n\n\n== See also ==\nLLT polynomial\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nWebsite at Université de Marne-la-ValléeAlain Lascoux (17 October 1944 – 20 October 2013) was a French mathematician at Université de Paris VII, University of Marne la Vallée and Nankai University. His research was primarily in algebraic combinatorics, particularly Hecke algebras and Young tableaux.\nLascoux earned his doctorate in 1977 from the University of Paris. He worked for twenty years with Marcel-Paul Schützenberger on properties of the symmetric group. They wrote many articles together and had a major impact on the development of algebraic combinatorics. They succeeded in giving a combinatorial understanding of various algebraic and geometric questions in representation theory. Thus they introduced many new objects related to both fields like Schubert polynomials and Grothendieck polynomials, as well as novel terminology like the plactic monoid and vexillary permutations. They were also the first to define the crystal graph structure on Young tableaux (though not under this name).\nLascoux was an invited speaker at the 1998 International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin, Germany.\n\n\n== See also ==\nLLT polynomial\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nWebsite at Université de Marne-la-ValléeAlain Lascoux (17 October 1944 – 20 October 2013) was a French mathematician at Université de Paris VII, University of Marne la Vallée and Nankai University. His research was primarily in algebraic combinatorics, particularly Hecke algebras and Young tableaux.\nLascoux earned his doctorate in 1977 from the University of Paris. He worked for twenty years with Marcel-Paul Schützenberger on properties of the symmetric group. They wrote many articles together and had a major impact on the development of algebraic combinatorics. They succeeded in giving a combinatorial understanding of various algebraic and geometric questions in representation theory. Thus they introduced many new objects related to both fields like Schubert polynomials and Grothendieck polynomials, as well as novel terminology like the plactic monoid and vexillary permutations. They were also the first to define the crystal graphAlain Lascoux (October 17, 1944 – October 20, 2013) was a French mathematician at the University of Marne la Vallée and Nankai University. His research was primarily in algebraic combinatorics, particularly Hecke algebras and Young tableaux.AlAlain Lascoux (October 17, 1944 – October 20, 2013) was a French mathematician at the University of Marne la Vallée and Nankai University. His research was primarily in algebraic combinatorics, particularly Hecke algebras and Young tableaux.aux.\nLascoux earned his doctorate in 1977 from the University of Paris. He worked for twenty years with Marcel-Paul Schützenberger on properties of the symmetric",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Tian Yunzhang",
"paragraph_text": "章;born in May 1, 1945 in Tianjin, China) is a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University.Tian YunzTian Yunzhang (田蕴章;born in May 1, 1945 in Tianjin, China) is a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1Tian Yunzhang (�����章;born in May 1, 1945 in Tianjin, China) is a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University.Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; 1 May 1945 – 4 February 2024) was a Chinese calligrapher and a calligraphy professor of Nankai University. Tian died in Tianjin on 4 February 2024, at the age of 78.\n\n\n== References ==Tian Yunzhang (�����章; ",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where is the city that houses the business where Alain Lascoux works? | [
{
"id": 216535,
"question": "Alain Lascoux >> employer",
"answer": "Nankai University",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 370666,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Tianjin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | Tianjin | [] | true | In what city is Alain Lascoux's employer located? |
2hop__32441_522949 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Charleston, South Carolina",
"paragraph_text": "ershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this \"folk opera\", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.Charleston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston metropolitan area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley, Cooper, and Wando rivers. Charleston had a population of 150,227 at the 2020 census. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was estimated to be 849,417 in 2023. It ranks as the third-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the state, and the 71st-most populous in the United States.\nCharleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town, honoring King Charles II, at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River (now Charles Towne Landing) but relocated in 1680 to its present site, which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years. It remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by Parliament. Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries. Charleston adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783. Population growth in the interior of South Carolina influenced the removal of the state government to Columbia in 1788, but Charleston remained among the ten largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census.\nCharleston's significance in American history is tied to its role as a major slave trading port. Charleston slave traders like Joseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of the Royal African Company and pioneered the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century; almost one-half of slaves imported to the United States arrived in Charleston. In 2018, the city formally apologized for its role in the American slave trade.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Colonial era (1670–1776) ===\n\nKing Charles II granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. In 1670, Governor William Sayle arranged for several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda and Barbados. These settlers established what was then called Charles Town at Albemarle Point, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. Charles Town became the first comprehensively planned town in the Thirteen Colonies. Its governance, settlement, and development was to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke. Because the Carolina's Fundamental Constitutions was never ratified, however, Charles Town was never incorporated during the colonial period. Instead, local ordinances were passed by the provincial government, with day-to-day administration handled by the wardens andAs many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play \"Porgy\" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this \"folk opera\", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed. unincorporated throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by Parliament. Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries. Charleston adoptedAs many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play \"Porgy\" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this \"folk opera\", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.Charleston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston metropolitan area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley, Cooper, and Wando rivers. Charleston had a population of 150,227 at the 2020 census. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was estimated to be 849,417 in 2023. It ranks as the third-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the state, and the 71st-most populous in the United States.\nCharleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town, honoring King Charles II, at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River (now Charles Towne Landing) but relocated in 1680 to its present site, which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years. It remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by Parliament. Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries. Charleston adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783. Population growth in the interior of South Carolina influenced the removal of the state government to Columbia in 1788, but Charleston remained among the ten largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census.\nCharleston's significance in American history is tied to its role as a major slave trading port. Charleston slave traders like Joseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of the Royal African Company and pioneered the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century; almost one-half of slaves imported to the United States arrived in Charleston. In 2018, the city formally apologized for its role in the American slave trade.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Colonial era (1670–1776) ===\n\nKing Charles II granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 166",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 16,
"title": "Edith Derby Williams",
"paragraph_text": " Mrs. Derby and the eldest daughter. Her maternal grandparents were President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. She was actively involved in Republican politics and addressed the 1960 Republican National Convention, seconding the nomination of Richard Nixon. Later she founded the Vashon Island Health Center. For forty years, she was the Republican Committeewoman for the state of Washington. In 1975, Williams was named to the board of trustees for the University of Washington, where she served until 1981. Mrs. Williams served on the board of trustees for the Theodore Roosevelt Association where she received the Rose Award in 2004 for her many years of service and dedication to the organization. Williams was also recognised for her work in behalf of conservation and promoting a healthier environment by reducing pollution.\nIn 1941, she married Andrew \"Mike\" Murray Williams (1916–1998). After World War II in 1946, the family moved to Washington and settled in the Seattle area. They lived on Federal Ave in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle in a home designed and built by the legendary architect, Carl Gould. The home contained several important historical artifacts including china from the Roosevelt White House, pieces of which are in the Smithsonian. The family had three children, Andrew Murray Jr. (1942–2004), Richard Derby (born 1944), and Sarah Gilmore (born 1947). Bruce K. Chapman is her son-in-law and husband to Sarah.\nWilliams died on June 8, 2008 after breaking her hip at her Vashon Island, Washington home. She was 90.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nTheodore Roosevelt Association\nSeattle PI ObituaryEdith Roosevelt Derby Williams (June 17, 1917 – June 8, 2008) was an American historian, conservationist. She was a member of the Roosevelt family and a granddaughter of the 26th President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nWilliams was born as Edith Roosevelt Derby in New York City to Dr. Richard Derby and Ethel Carow Roosevelt of the Roosevelt family. She was the second child of Dr. and Mrs. Derby and the eldest daughter. Her maternal grandparents were President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. She was actively involved in Republican politics and addressed the 1960 Republican National Convention, seconding the nomination of Richard Nixon. Later she founded the Vashon Island Health Center. For forty years, she was the Republican Committeewoman for the state of Washington. In 1975, Williams was named to the board of trustees for the University of Washington, where she served until 1981. Mrs. Williams served on the board of trustees for the Theodore Roosevelt Association where she received the Rose Award in 2004 for her many years of service and dedication to the organization. Williams was also recognised for her work in behalf of conservation and promoting a healthier environment by reducing pollution.\nIn 1941, she married Andrew \"Mike\" Murray Williams (1916–1998). After World War II in 1946, the family moved to Washington and settled in the Seattle area. They lived on Federal Ave in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle in a home designed and built by the legendary architect, Carl Gould. The home contained severalEdith Roosevelt (Derby) Williams (June 17, 1917 – June 8, 2008) was a historian, conservationist, and granddaughter of the 26th President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt.EdEdith Roosevelt (Derby) Williams (June 17, 1917 – June 8, 2008) was a historian, conservationist, and granddaughter of the 26th President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt. of the United States Theodore Roosevelt.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nWilliams was born as Edith Roosevelt Derby in New York City to Dr. Richard Derby and Ethel Carow Roosevelt of the Roosevelt family. She was the second child of Dr. and Mrs. Derby and the eldest daughter. Her maternal grandparents were President Theodore Roosevelt and First Lady Edith Roosevelt. She was actively involved in Republican politics and addressed the 1960 Republican National Convention, seconding the nomination of Richard Nixon. Later she founded the Vashon Island Health Center. For forty years, she was the Republican Committeewoman for the state of Washington. In 1975, Williams was named to the board of trustees for the University of Washington, where she served until 1981. Mrs. Williams served on the board of trustees for the Theodore Roosevelt Association where she received the Rose Award in 2004 for her many years of service and dedication to the organization. Williams was also recognised for her work in behalf of conservation and promoting a healthier environment by reducing pollution.\nIn 1941, she married Andrew \"Mike\" Murray Williams (1916–1998). After World War II in 1946, the family moved to Washington and settled in the Seattle area. They lived on Federal Ave in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle in a home designed and built by the legendary architect, Carl Gould. The home contained several important historical artifacts including china from the Roosevelt White House, pieces of which are in the Smithsonian. The family had three children, Andrew Murray Jr. (1942–2004), Richard Derby (born 1944), and Sarah Gilmore (born 1947",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which president, other than Taft, that the Jenkins Orphanage team played for is married to whom? | [
{
"id": 32441,
"question": "What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?",
"answer": "Theodore Roosevelt",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 522949,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Edith Roosevelt",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Edith Roosevelt | [] | true | Who is the spouse of the other president Jenkins Orphanage played for that wasn't Taft? |
2hop__693444_220151 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Young Man Luther",
"paragraph_text": "eyed and suffered many years in an identity crisis.\n\n\n== Summary ==\nErikson believed that rebellion is most likely to manifest in the youth stage of life. He suggested that before the rebellion can occur intensely, young people must first have believed in the thing they are rebelling against. Luther was thirty-four, and he had believed desperately in the authority of the very church he was rebelling against, for failing to follow the Bible. The most vocal critic will have been the most devoted and attached.\nErikson's interpretation of Martin Luther's life is that \"great figures of history often spend years in a passive state. From a young age, they feel they will create a big stamp on the world, but unconsciously they wait for their particular truth to form itself in their minds, until they can make the most impact at the right time.\nErikson makes the point that Martin's standing up to a Holy Roman Church can only be understood in the context of his initial disobedience to his father. Luther was not, Erikson suggests, rebellious or disobedient by nature, but having done it once, he was the reluctant \"expert\" who was not. He also observes that although Martin Luther made a theological point, the church was not particularly out of line with the times of the era, but it was simply Martin Luther's own personal, internal issues with himself, that manifested against the church, and by projection, a crisis of identity.\nErikson identifies a second birth with the identity crisis when it is successfully maneuvered. William James gave Erikson the idea that while once born people conform, en masse, painlessly to the consensus reality of the age, twice born people get their direction by enduring an identity crisis of such tortuous magnitude that their souls are transformed and permanently fixed into a direction as such as a reformer role for that time for that society. In Martin's case it was a \"good son\" vs. \"good monk\" crisis that gave him direction to play the good reformer of the bad church for having more concern for filling their coffers at the expense of the very souls for whom it was their true calling and their spiritual leadership role to properly attend to by the word of the Bible, and not by the whim of the institution's temporal needs.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nThe critic Frederick Crews called Young Man Luther \"one of the most challenging books that attempt a psychoanalytic understanding of historical problems.\" The historian Peter Gay called the book \"pioneering though severely flawed\", noting that it received a \"devastating review\" from the church historian Roland Bainton.\nThe author Richard Webster compared Young Man Luther to the classicist Norman O. Brown's Life Against Death (1959), observing that both works point to similarities between Luther's view of the human condition and psychoanalysis.\n\n\n== See also ==\nReformation\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCommentary on Young Man Luther from 50 Psychology Classics (2007)Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History is a 1958 book by the psychologist Erik Erikson. It was one of the first psychobiographies of a famous historical figure. Erikson found in Martin Luther a good model of his discovery of \"the identity crisis\". Erikson was sure he could explain Luther's spontaneous eruption, during a monastery choir practice, \"I am not!\"\nAccording to Erikson, Luther suffered through an environment that fomented crisis, and succeeded in a healthy resolution, thereby becoming more fulfilled than if the crisis had not been experienced. In the end Luther chose the obedient, provincial leadership path his father had wished for him, rather than the national fame he could have easily pursued after his celebrity and wealth, but only after Luther had disobeyed and suffered many years in an identity crisis.\n\n\n== Summary ==\nErikson believed that rebellion is most likely to manifest in the youth stage of life. He suggested that before the rebellion can occur intensely, young people must first have believed in the thing they are rebelling against. Luther was thirty-four, and he had believed desperately in the authority of the very church he was rebelling against, for failing to follow the Bible. The most vocal critic will have been the most devoted and attached.\nErikson's interpretation of Martin Luther's life is that \"great figures of history often spend years in a passive state. From a young age, they feel they will create a big stamp on the world, but unconsciously they wait for their particular truth to form itself in their minds, until they can make the most impact at the right time.\nErikson makes the point that Martin's standing up to a Holy Roman Church can only be understood in the context of his initial disobedience to his father. Luther was not, Erikson suggests, rebellious or disobedient by nature, but having done it once, he was the reluctant \"expert\" who was not. He also observes that although Martin Luther made a theological point, the church was not particularly out of line with the times of the era, but it was simply Martin Luther's own personal, internal issues with himself, that manifested against the church, and by projection, a crisis of identity.\nErikson identifies a second birth with the identity crisis when it is successfully maneuvered. William James gave Erikson the idea that while once born people conform, en masse, painlessly to the consensus reality of the age, twice born people get their direction by enduring an identity crisis of such tortuous magnitude that their souls are transformed and permanently fixed into a direction as such as a reformer role for that time for that society. In Martin's case it was a \"good son\" vs. \"good monk\" crisis that gave him direction to play the good reformer of the bad church for having more concern for filling their coffers at the expense of the very souls for whom it was their true calling and their spiritual leadership role to properly attend to by the word of the Bible, and not by the whim of the institution's temporal needs.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nThe critic Frederick Crews called Young Man Luther \"one of the most challenging books that attempt a psychoanalytic understanding of historical problems.\" The historian Peter Gay called the book \"pioneering though severely flawed\", noting that it received a \"devastating review\" from the church historian Roland Bainton.\nThe author Richard Webster compared Young Man Luther to the classicist Norman O. Brown's Life Against Death (1959), observing that both works point to similarities between Luther's view of the human condition and psychoanalysis.\n\n\n== See alsoYoung Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History is a 1958 book by psychologist Erik Erikson. It was one of the first psychobiographies of a famous historical figure. Erikson found in Martin Luther a good model of his discovery of \"the identity crisis\". Erikson was sure he could explain Luther's spontaneous eruption, during a monastery choir practice, \"I am not!\"Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History is a 1958 book by psychologist Erik Erikson. It was one of the first psychobiographies of a famous historical figure. Erikson found in Martin Luther a good model of his discovery of \"the identity crisis\". Erikson was sure he could explain Luther's spontaneous eruption, during a monastery choir practice, \"I am not!\" not!\"\nAccording to Erikson, Luther suffered through an environment that fomented crisis, and succeeded in a healthy resolution, thereby becoming more fulfilled than if the crisis had not been experienced. In the end Luther chose the obedient, provincial leadership path his father had wished for him, rather than the national fame he could have easily pursued after his celebrity and wealth, but only after Luther had disobeyed and suffered many years in an identity crisis.\n\n\n== Summary ==\nErikson believed that rebellion is most likely to manifest in the youth stage of life. He suggested that before the rebellion can occur intensely, young people must first have believed",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Erikson's stages of psychosocial development",
"paragraph_text": " Freud's psychosexual stages of development. He began by working with Freud's theories specifically, but as he began to dive deeper into biopsychosocial development and how other environmental factors affect human development, he soon progressed past Freud's theories and developed his own ideas. Erikson developed different substantial ways to create a theoryErikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.EErikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.According to Erikson's theory the results from each stage, whether positive or negative, influence the results of succeeding stages. Erikson published a book called Childhood and Society in 1950 that made his research well known on the eight stages of psychosocial development. Erikson was originally influenced by Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages of development. He began by working with Freud's theories specifically, but as he began to dive deeper into biopsychosocial development and how other environmental factors affect human development, he soon progressed past Freud's theories and developed his own ideas. Erikson developed different substantial ways to create a theoryErikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.\nAccording to Erikson's theory the results from each stage, whether positive or negative, influence the results of succeeding stages. Erikson published a book called Childhood and Society in 1950 that made his research well known on the eight stages of psych",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is the partner of the person who wrote Young Man Luther? | [
{
"id": 693444,
"question": "Young Man Luther >> author",
"answer": "Erik Erikson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 220151,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Joan Erikson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | Joan Erikson | [] | true | Who is the spouse of Young Man Luther's author? |
2hop__763840_144857 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Raymond Carver",
"paragraph_text": " a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943.\nCarver was educated at local schools in Yakima. In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family.\nAfter graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California. In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated fromCarver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943. which Carver considered his watershed and is widely regarded as his masterpiece. The definitive collection of his stories, Where I'm Calling From, was published shortly before his death in 1988. In their 1989 nomination of Carver for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, the jury concluded, \"The revival in recent years of the short story is attributable in great measure to Carver's mastery of the form.\"\n\n\n== Early life ==\nCarver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice Carter (née Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943.\nCarver was educated at local schools in Yakima. In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family.\nAfter graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California. In June",
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},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Neighbors (short story)",
"paragraph_text": " couples and it is also apparent that Bill and Arlene find their lives less exciting than that of their neighbors. When the Stone's leave for their vacation, Bill goes over to the apartment to water the plants and feed the cat.\nAs time progresses in \"Neighbors\", Bill becomes increasingly interested in his neighbor's possessions, almost as though he is living through them simply by eating their food, drinking their drinks, and trying on their clothes. He even takes time off of work to spend time in their apartment, almost as if it has a magical quality that makes time fly by. Bill appears to be stimulated sexually by his visits the neighbor's apartment, as does Arlene. Like her husband, Arlene too spends a great deal of time at the Stone's apartment, rifling through their possessions. In the end, they accidentally leave the key to the Stone's apartment inside, hence locking themselves out.\"Neighbors\" is a short story written by Raymond Carver in 1971. It first appeared in \"Esquire magazine\" in 1971. It was published in the collection \"Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?\" in 1976, in the compilation \"Where I'm Calling From\" in 1989, and again in \"Short Cuts\" in 1993.\"Neighbors\"Neighbors\" is a short story written by Raymond Carver in 1971. It first appeared in \"Esquire magazine\" in 1971. It was published in the collection \"Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?\" in 1976, in the compilation \"Where I'm Calling From\" in 1989, and again in \"Short Cuts\" in 1993. \"Neighbors\" by Raymond Carver has a plot that follows the exploits of Bill and Arlene Miller who are left to take care of the Stone's apartment. The plot is chronological and despite a few memories of the characters, the action begins when the Stones leave for their trip and ends after the Millers have gone through their apartment. It is clear that there is a close friendship between the two couples and it is also apparent that Bill and Arlene find their lives less exciting than that of their neighbors. When the Stone's leave for their vacation, Bill goes over to the apartment to water the plants and feed the cat.\nAs time progresses in \"Neighbors\", Bill becomes increasingly interested in his neighbor's possessions, almost as though he is living through them simply by eating their food, drinking their drinks, and trying on their clothes. He even takes time off of work to spend time in their apartment, almost as if it has a magical quality that makes time fly by. Bill appears to be stimulated sexually by his visits the neighbor's apartment, as does Arlene. Like her husband, Arlene too spends a great deal of time at the Stone's apartment, rifling through their possessions. In the end, they accidentally leave the key to the Stone's apartment inside, hence locking themselves out.\"Neighbors\" is a short story written by Raymond Carver in 1971. It first appeared in \"Esquire magazine\" in 1971. It was published in the collection \"Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?\" in 1976, in the compilation \"Where I'm Calling From\" in 1989, and again in \"Short Cuts\" in 1993.\"Neighbors\" is a short story written by Raymond Carver in 1971. It first appeared in Esquire magazine in June 1971. It was published in the collection Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? in 1976, in the compilation Where I'm Calling From in 1989, and again in Short Cuts in 1993.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe short story \"Neighbors\" by Raymond Carver has a plot that follows the exploits of Bill and Arlene Miller who are left to take care of the Stone's apartment. The plot is chronological and despite a few memories of the characters, the action begins when the Stones leave for their trip and ends after the Millers have gone through their apartment. It is clear that there is a close friendship between the two couples and it is also apparent that Bill and Arlene find their lives less exciting than that of their neighbors. When the Stone's leave for their vacation, Bill goes over to the apartment to water the plants and feed the cat.\nAs time progresses in \"Neighbors\", Bill becomes increasingly interested in his neighbor's possessions, almost as though he is living through them simply by eating their food, drinking their drinks, and trying on their clothes. He even takes time off of work to spend time in their apartment, almost as if it has a magical quality that makes time fly by. Bill appears to be stimulated sexually by his visits the neighbor's apartment, as does Arlene. Like her husband, Arlene too spends a great deal of time at the Stone's apartment, rifling through their possessions. In the end, they accidentally leave the key to the Stone's apartment inside, hence locking themselves out. They both worry that the Stones will find out what they have been doing in their apartment.\n\n\n== References ==\"Neighbors\" is a short story written by Raymond Carver in 1971. It first appeared in Esquire magazine in June 1971. It was published in the collection Will You Please Be Quiet, Please? in 1976, in the compilation Where I'm Calling From in 1989, and again in Short Cuts in 1993.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThe short story \"",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which city was the birthplace of the author who wrote Neighbors? | [
{
"id": 763840,
"question": "Neighbors >> author",
"answer": "Raymond Carver",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 144857,
"question": "What is the name of the city #1 was born in?",
"answer": "Clatskanie",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Clatskanie | [
"Clatskanie, Oregon"
] | true | What city was the author of Neighbors born in? |
4hop1__638988_17130_70784_79935 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Israel",
"paragraph_text": " Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development since 2010.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\n\nUnder the British Mandate (1920–1948), the whole region was known as Palestine. Upon establishment in 1948, the country formally adopted the name State of Israel (Hebrew: מ��ד��י����ת ����ש����ר��א��ל, [medi��nat jis��a����el]; Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَا��ِيل, Dawlat Isrā��īl, [dawlat ��isra������i��l]) after other proposed names including Land of Israel (Eretz Israel), Ever (from ancestor Eber), Zion, and Judea, were considered but rejected. The name Israel was suggested by Ben-Gurion and passed by a vote of 6–3. In the early weeks after establishment, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of the Israeli state.\nThe names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name Israel (Hebrew: Yīsrā��ēl; Septuagint Greek: ���σραήλ, Israēl, \"El (God) persists/rules\", though after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as \"struggle with God\") refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. The earliest known archaeological artefact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE).\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Prehistory ===\n\nEarly hominin presence in the Levant, where Israel is located, dates back at least 1.5 million years based on the Ubeidiya prehistoric site. The Skhul and Qafzeh hominins, dating back 120,000 years, are some of the earliest traces of anatomically modern humans outside of Africa. The Natufian culture emerged by the 10th millennium BCE, followed by the Ghassulian culture by around 4,500 BCE.\n\n\n=== Bronze and Iron Ages ===\n\nEarly references to \"Canaanites\" and \"Canaan\" appear in Near Eastern and Egyptian texts (c. 2000 BCE); these populations were structured as politically independent city-states. During the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE), large parts of Canaan formed vassal states of the New Kingdom of Egypt. As a result of the Late Bronze Age collapse, Canaan fell into chaos, and Egyptian control over the region collapsed.\nA people named Israel appear for the first time in the Merneptah Stele, an ancient Egyptian inscription which dates to about 1200 BCE. Ancestors of the Israelites are thought to have included ancient Semitic-speaking peoples native to this area.:��78–79�� Modern archaeological accounts suggest that the Israelites and their culture branched out of the Canaanite peoples through the development of a distinct monolatristic—and later monotheistic—religion centered on Yahweh. They spoke an archaic form of Hebrew, known as Biblical Hebrew. Around the same time, the Philistines settled on the southern coastal plain.\nModern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the narrative in the Torah and instead views the narrative as the Israelites' national myth. However, some elements of these traditions do appear to have historical roots. There is debate about the earliest existence of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and their extent and power. While it is unclear if there was ever a United Kingdom of Israel, historians and archaeologists agree that the northern Kingdom of Israel existed by ca. 900Israel (/����zre��əl/ or /����zri��əl/; Hebrew: ����ש����ר��א��ל Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَا��ِيل Isrā��īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מ��ד��י����ת ����ש����ר��א��ל Medīnat Yisrā'el [medi��nat jis��a����el] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَا��ِيل Dawlat Isrā��īl [dawlat ��isra������i��l]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West who emigrated, fled, or were expelled fromIsrael (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1] who emigrated, fled, or were expelled from the Muslim world. The 1949",
"is_supporting": true
},
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"idx": 12,
"title": "Chaim Herzog",
"paragraph_text": " nation's president.\n\n\n== Biography ==\n\nChaim Herzog was born on CliftonparkMajor-General Chaim Herzog (; 17 September 1918 – 17 April 1997) was an Israeli politician, general, lawyer and author who served as the sixth President of Israel between 1983 and 1993. Born in Belfast and raised predominantly in Dublin, the son of Ireland's Chief Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, he emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1935 and served in the Haganah Jewish paramilitary group during the 1936–39 Arab revolt. In the British Army during World War II, latterly as an officer, he received the nickname \"Vivian\" because the British could not pronounce \"Chaim\". He returned to Palestine after the war and, following the end of the British Mandate and Israel's Declaration of Independence in 1948, operated in the battles for Latrun during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. He retired from the Israel Defence Forces in 1962 with the rank of Major-General.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "History of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": "For much of the region's history a patchwork of tribal rulers controlled most of the area. The Al Saud (the Saudi royal family) emerged as minor tribal rulers in Najd in central Arabia. From the mid-18th century, imbued with the religious zeal of the Wahhabi Islamic movement, they became aggressively expansionist. Over the following 150 years, the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated. However, between 1902 and 1927, the Al Saud leader, Abdulaziz, carried out a series of wars of conquest which resulted in his establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1930.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Geography of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_text": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts. coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of Yemen and follows a mountain ridge for approximately 320 km (200 mi) to the vicinity of Najran. This sectionThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in West Asia, the largest country on the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. Its extensive coastlines provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal. The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. kilometres. Less than 7% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1960s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts.\n\n\n== Boundaries ==\n\nSaudi Arabia is bounded by seven countries and three bodies of water. To the west, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea form a coastal border of almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi) that extends to the southern part of Yemen and",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the area situated north of Aluf's region and the Persian Gulf formed? | [
{
"id": 638988,
"question": "Aluf >> country",
"answer": "Israel",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 17130,
"question": "Where is #1 located?",
"answer": "Middle East",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 70784,
"question": "what region lies immediately to the north of #2 and the persian gulf",
"answer": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 79935,
"question": "when was #3 created",
"answer": "1930",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | 1930 | [] | true | When was the region that lies to the north of the region where Aluf is located and the Persian Gulf created? |
3hop2__326964_846_7713 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.\nPrior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J).\n\nThe decapitation of Eva Dugan during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane. One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of Arthur Lucas, one of the last two individuals to be put to death in Canada.\nNazis executed under British jurisdiction, including Josef Kramer, Fritz Klein, Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath, were hanged by Albert Pierrepoint using the variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress.\nLong-drop hanging is still practiced as the method of execution in a few countries, including Japan and Singapore.\n\n\n== As suicide ==\n\nHanging is a common suicide method. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners (see suicide watch). A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a ligature around the neck and the partial weight of the body (partial suspension) to tighten the ligature. When a suicidal hanging involves partial suspension the deceased is found to have both feet touching the ground, e.g., they are kneeling, crouching or standing. Partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature is sometimes used, particularly in prisons, mental hospitals or other institutions, where full suspension support is difficult to devise, because high ligature points (e.g., hooks or pipes) have been removed.\nIn Canada, hanging is the most common method of suicide, and in the U.S., hanging is the second most common method, after self-inflicted gunshot wounds. In the United Kingdom, where firearms are less easily available, in 2001 hanging was the most common method among men and the second most commonplace among women (after poisoning).\nThose who survive a suicide-via-hanging attempt, whether due to breakage of the cord or ligature point, or being discovered and cut down, face a range of serious injuries, including cerebral anoxia (which can lead to permanent brain damage), laryngeal fracture, cervical spine fracture (which may cause paralysis), tracheal fracture, pharyngeal laceration, and carotid artery injury.\n\n\n== As human sacrifice ==\nThere are some suggestions that the Vikings practiced hanging as human sacrifices to Odin, to honour Odin's own sacrifice of hanging himself from Yggdrasil. In Northern Europe, it is widely speculated that the Iron Age bog bodies, many who show signs of having been hanged were examples of human sacrifice to the gods.\n\n\n== Medical effects ==\n\nA hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions, some leading to death:\n\nClosure of carotid arteries causing cerebral hypoxia\nClosure of the jugular veins\nBreaking of the neck (cervical fracture) causing traumatic spinal cord injury or even unintended decapitation\nClosure of the airway\nThe cause of death in hanging depends on the conditions related to the event. When the body is released from a relatively high position, the major cause of death is severe trauma to the upper cervical spine. The injuries produced are highly variable. One study showed that only a small minority of a series of judicial hangings produced fractures to the cervical spine (6 out of 34 cases studied), with half of these fractures (3 out of 34) being the classic \"hangman's fracture\" (bilateral fractures of the pars interarticularis of the C2 vertebra). The location of the knot of the hanging rope is a major factor in determining the mechanics of cervical spine injury, with a submental knot (hangman's knot under the chin) being the only location capable of producing the sudden, straightforward hyperextension injury that causes the classic \"hangman's fracture\".\nAccording to Historical and biomechanical aspects of hangman's fracture, the phrase in the usual execution order, \"hanged by the neck until dead\", was necessary. By the late 19th century that methodical study enabled authorities to routinely employ hanging in ways that would predictably kill the victim quickly.\nThe side, or subaural knot, has been shown to produce other, more complex injuries, with one thoroughly studied case producing only ligamentous injuries to the cervical spine and bilateral vertebral artery disruptions, but no major vertebral fractures or crush injuries to the spinal cord. Death from a \"hangman's fracture\" occurs mainly when the applied force is severe enough to also cause a severe subluxation of the C2 and C3 vertebra that crushes the spinal cord and/or disrupts the vertebral arteries. Hangman's fractures from other hyperextension injuries (the most common being unrestrained motor vehicle accidents and falls or diving injuries where the face or chin suddenly strike an immovable object) are frequently survivable if the applied force does not cause a severe subluxation of C2 on C3.\n\nIn the absence of fractureArchaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty",
"paragraph_text": "During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.stein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, Ming titles were only nominal, Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor, who ceasedDuring his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would \"sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric\" when receiving religious instructions from him.The Ming dynasty considered Tibet to be part of the Western Regions. While the Ming dynasty at its height had some degree of influence in Tibet, the exact nature of their relations is under dispute by modern scholars. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. The Historical Status of China's Tibet, a book published by the People's Republic of China, asserts that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet by pointing to the Ming court's",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Yaxing Coach",
"paragraph_text": " Air Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. This was moved to Yangzhou in April 1958, where it was merged with the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance Factory as the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory, which began producing automobiles (branded Yunhe) and tractors (branded Gongnong), alongside farm equipment. After gaining experience, the factory began producing the JS130/JS140 heavy-duty trucks and JS340 dump trucks in the late 1960s, then began producing the JT661A bus chassis in 1979.\nThe factory was renamed to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory (江��省��州汽车修造��) in 1981, and the first JT663 coach was built and delivered to the Eighth Team of Jiangsu Passenger Transportation Co., Ltd. in February 1981. The JT663 was the first dedicated bus chassis built and the factory was renamed again to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Coach Manufacture Factory (江��省��州客车制造��) in 1985. The company continued to develop buses, launching the JS6879 coach in 1989 in cooperation with the Xi'an Highway Institute, as the first domestic sleeper coach. The factory was renamed again to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Coach Manufacture Main Factory (江��省��州客车制造总��) in 1990.\nThe JS6971 luxury inter-city tourism coach was launched in 1993, which marked the first use of a domestically-produced rear axle. The Jiangsu Asiastar Bus (Group) Co., Ltd. (江����星客车集��有限公司) was founded in August 1996, followed byYaxing Coach (Yangzhou Yaxing Motor Coach Co., Ltd) is a bus manufacturer based in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. It is a subsidiary of Jiangsu Yaxing that was founded in 1998. Buses are produced under the \"Yaxing\", \"Yangtse（Yangzlv）\", and more recently Asiastar brands. in a number of international markets. It is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.\n\n\n== History ==\nYangzhou Yaxing Motor Coach Co., Ltd., aka Asiastar, traces its origins to May 1949, when the Shanghai Military Control Commission assumed control of the former sapper squadron of the Kuomintang, renaming it the Automobile Maintenance Firm of Logistics Department of East China Air Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. This was moved to Yangzhou in April 1958, where it was merged with the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance Factory as the Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory, which began producing automobiles (branded Yunhe) and tractors (branded Gongnong), alongside farm equipment. After gaining experience, the factory began producing the JS130/JS140 heavy-duty trucks and JS340 dump trucks in the late 1960s, then began producing the JT661A bus chassis in 1979.\nThe factory was renamed to the Jiangsu Yangzhou Automobile Maintenance and Manufacture Factory (江��省��州汽车",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the duration that the city, where the Karmapa was welcomed by the Yongle Emperor, served as the capital city for the location of Yaxing Coach's headquarters? | [
{
"id": 326964,
"question": "Yaxing Coach >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Yangzhou",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 846,
"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 7713,
"question": "How long had #2 been the capital city of #1 ?",
"answer": "about 400 years",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | about 400 years | [] | true | How long had the city where the Yongle Emperor greeted the Karmapa been the capitol city of Yaxing Coach's headquarters location? |
3hop1__603558_87694_124169 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro",
"paragraph_text": " behind glass tesserae that decorates the ceiling of the apse. The plain exterior is of brick, with sandstone quoins and window framing. The paving of the church floor is now lower than the modern street level of Piazza San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which lies before its façade.San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro (Italian for \"Saint Peter in Golden Sky\") is a Catholic basilica (and a former cathedral) of the Augustinians in Pavia, Italy, in the Lombardy region. Its name refers to the mosaics of gold leaf behind glass tesserae that decorate the ceiling of the apse. The plain exterior is of brick, with sandstone quoins and window framing. The paving of the church floor is now lower than the modern street level of Piazza San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which lies before its façade.\n\n\n== History ==\nA church of Saint Peter is recorded in Pavia in 604; it was renovated by Liutprand, King of the Lombards (who is buried here) between 720 and 725. The present Romanesque church was consecrated by Pope Innocent II in 1132.\nThe church is the resting place for the remains of Augustine of Hippo, who died in 430 in his home diocese of HippSan Pietro in Ciel d'Oro (Italian for \"Saint Peter in Golden Sky\") is a Roman Catholic basilica (and a former cathedral) of the Augustinians in Pavia, Italy, in the Lombardy region. Its name refers to the mosaics of gold leaf behind glass tesserae that decorates the ceiling of the apse. The plain exterior is of brick, with sandstone quoins and window framing. The paving of the church floor is now lower than the modern street level of Piazza San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which lies before its façade.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "St. Peter's Basilica",
"paragraph_text": "The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.�pj����tro]), is a church of the Italian High Renaissance located in Vatican City, an independent microstate enclaved within the city of Rome, Italy. It was initially planned in the 15th century by Pope Nicholas V and then Pope Julius II to replace the ageing Old St. Peter's Basilica, which was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno, with piazza and fittings by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is one of the most renowned works of Italian Renaissance architecture and is the largest church in the world by interior measure. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome (these equivalent titles being held by the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome), St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as \"holding a unique position in the Christian world\", and as \"the greatest of all churches of Christendom.\"\nCatholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome (Pope). Saint Peter's tomb is directly below the high altar of the basilica, also known as the Altar of the Confession. For this reason, many popes, cardinals and bishops have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period.\nSt. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions. The pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year both within the basilica or the adjoining St. Peter's Square; these liturgies draw audiences numbering from 15,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Governor of Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": " State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristiche peculiari dello Stato della Città del Vaticano: istituzioni e nuova costituzione\nSullo Stato della Città del Vaticano, v. F. Clementi, Città del Vaticano, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009The post of Governor of the Vatican City State (Italian: Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, which entered into force on 22 February 2001.\nEven during Serafini's lifetime, the powers of the governor were limited by Pope Pius XII in 1939 by the establishment of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State—consisting of a number of cardinals, originally three, but later increased to seven. The president of the pontifical commission has exercised the functions that were previously attributed to the governor since 1952, and has also held the title of President of the Governorate of the Vatican City State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristiche peculiari dello Stato della Città del Vaticano: istituzioni e nuova costituzione\nSullo Stato della Città del VaticThe post of Governor of Vatican City (Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano in Italian) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, which entered into force on 22 February 2001.1.\nEven during Serafini's lifetime, the powers of the governor were limited by Pope Pius XII in 1939 by the establishment of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State—consisting of a number of cardinals, originally three, but later increased to seven. The president of the pontifical commission has exercised the functions that were previously attributed to the governor since 1952, and has also held the title of President of the Governorate of the Vatican City State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristiche peculiari dello Stato della Città del Vaticano: istituzioni e nuova costituzione\nSullo Stato della Città del Vaticano, v. F. Clementi, Città del Vaticano, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009The post of Governor of the Vatican City State (Italian: Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, which entered into force on 22 February 2001.\nEven during Serafini's lifetime, the powers of the governor were limited by Pope Pius XII in 1939 by the establishment of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State—consisting of a number of cardinals, originally three, but later increased to seven. The president of the pontifical commission has exercised the functions that were previously attributed to the governor since 1952, and has also held the title of President of the Governorate of the Vatican City State since 2001.\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrancesco Clementi: La nuova \"Costituzione\" dello Stato della Città del Vaticano\nLuca Martini: Le caratteristiche peculiari dello Stato della Città del Vaticano: istituzioni e nuova costituzione\nSullo Stato della Città del Vaticano, v. F. Clementi, Città del Vaticano, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009The post of Governor of the Vatican City State (Italian: Governatore dello Stato della Città del Vaticano) was held by Marchese Camillo Serafini from the foundation of the state in 1929 until his death in 1952. No successor was appointed, and the post itself was not mentioned in the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State issued by Pope John",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the term of office conclude for the governor of the location where the Catholic religious leader resides, including the basilica named in honor of the same saint as the San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro? | [
{
"id": 603558,
"question": "San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro >> named after",
"answer": "Peter",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 87694,
"question": "st. #1 ’s basilica the head of the catholic religion is located in",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 124169,
"question": "On what date did Governor of #2 end?",
"answer": "1952",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | 1952 | [] | true | When was the end of the governorship where the head of Catholicism is, along with the basilica named after the saint who San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro is named for? |
3hop1__617062_127905_87812 | [
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Cleveland Indians",
"paragraph_text": " in 1901, Cleveland was one of its eight charter franchises. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds or Blues, the team was also unofficially called the Cleveland Bronchos in 1902. Beginning in 1903, the team was named the Cleveland Napoleons or Naps, after team captain Nap Lajoie.\nLajoie left after the 1914 season and club owner Charles Somers requested that baseball writers choose a new name. They chose the name Cleveland Indians. That name stuck and remained in use for more than a century. Common nicknames for the Indians were \"the Tribe\" and \"the Wahoos\", the latter referencing their longtime logo, Chief Wahoo. After the Indians name came under criticism as part of the Native American mascot controversy, the team adopted the Guardians name following the 2021 season.\nFrom August 24 to September 14, 2017, the team won 22 consecutive games, the longest winning streak in American League history, and the second longest winning streak in Major League Baseball history.\nAs of the end of the 2023 season, the franchise's overall record is 9,760–9,300 (.512).\n\n\n== Early Cleveland baseball teams ==\n\nAccording to one historian of baseball, \"In 1857, baseball games were a daily spectacle in Cleveland's Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, they were unsuccessful.\"\n\n1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland (Amateur)\n1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland\nFrom 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities that established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was often called the Forest Citys, in the same generic way that the team from Chicago was sometimes called The Chicagos.\nIn 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NA), the first professional league. Ultimately, two of the league's western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that city's White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NA's westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded. Cleveland played its full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season.\n\n1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys\n1882–1884 Cleveland Blues\nIn 1876, the National League (NL) supplanted the NA as the major professional league. Cleveland was not among its charter members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries and the city gained an NL team. A new Cleveland Forest Citys were recreated, but by 1882 were known as the Cleveland Blues, because the National League required distinct colors for that season. The Blues had mediocre records for six seasons and were ruined by a trade war with the Union Association (UA) in 1884, when its three best players (Fred Dunlap, Jack Glasscock, and Jim McCormick) jumped to the UA after being offered higher salaries. The Cleveland Blues merged with the St. Louis Maroons UA team in 1885.\n\n1887–1899 Cleveland Spiders – nickname \"Blues\"\n\nCleveland went without major league baseball for two seasons until gaining a team in the American Association (AA) in 1887. After the AA's Pittsburgh Alleghenys jumped to the NL, Cleveland followed suit in 1889, as the AA began to crumble. The Cleveland ball club, called the Spiders (supposedly inspired by their \"skinny and spindly\" players), slowly became a power in the league. In 1891, the Spiders moved into League Park, which would serve as the home of Cleveland professional baseball for the next 55 years. Led by native Ohioan Cy Young, the Spiders became a contender in the mid-1890s, playing in the Temple Cup Series (that era's World Series) twice and winning it in 1895. The team began to fade after this success, and was dealt a severe blow under the ownership of the Robison brothers.\nPrior to the 1899 season, Frank Robison, the Spiders' owner, bought the St. Louis Browns, thus owning two clubs at the same time. The Browns were renamed the \"Perfectos\", and restocked with Cleveland talent. Just weeks before the season opener, most of the better Spiders were transferred to St. Louis, including three future Hall of Famers: Cy Young, Jesse Burkett and Bobby Wallace. The roster maneuvers failed to create a powerhouse Perfectos team, as St. Louis finished fifth in both 1899 and 1900. The Spiders were left with essentially a minor league lineup, and began to lose games at a record pace. Drawing almost no fans at home, they ended up playing most of their season on the road, and became known as \"The Wanderers\". The team ended the season in 12th place, 84 games out of first place, with an all-time worst record of 20–134 (.130 winning percentage). Following the 1899 season, the National League disbanded four teams, including the Spiders franchise. The disastrous 1899 season would actually be a step toward a new future for Cleveland fans the next year.\n\n1890, Cleveland Infants – nickname \"Babes\"\nThe Cleveland Infants competed in the Players' League, which was well-attended in some cities, but club owners lacked the confidence to continue beyond the one season. The Cleveland Infants finished with 55 wins and 75 losses, playing their home games at Brotherhood Park.\n\n\n== Franchise history ==\n\n\n=== 1894–1935: Beginning to middle ===\nThe origins of the Cleveland Guardians date back to 1894, when the team was founded as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a team based in Grand Rapids, Michigan and competing in the Western League. In 1900, the team moved to Cleveland and was named the Cleveland Lake Shores. Around the same time Ban Johnson changed the name of his minor league (Western League) to the American League. In 1900 the American League was still considered a minor league. In 1901 the team was called the Cleveland Bluebirds or Blues when the American League broke with the National Agreement and declared itself a competing Major League. The Cleveland franchise was among its eight charter members, and is one of four teams that remain in its original city, along with Boston, Chicago, and Detroit.\n\nThe new team was owned by coal magnate Charles Somers and tailor Jack Kilfoyl. Somers, a wealthy industrialist and also co-owner of the Boston Americans, lent money to other team owners, including Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics, to keep them and the new league afloat. Players did not think the name \"Bluebirds\" was suitable for a baseball team. Writers frequently shortened it to Cleveland Blues due to the players' all-blue uniforms, but the players did not like this unofficial name either. The players themselves tried to change the name to Cleveland Bronchos in 1902, but this name never caught on.\nCleveland suffered from financial problems in their first two seasons. This led Somers to seriously consider moving to either Pittsburgh or Cincinnati. Relief came in 1902 as a result of the conflict between the National and American Leagues. In 1901,The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. Since , they have played at Progressive Field. The team's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901, the Indians have won two World Series championships: in 1920 and 1948, along with 10 Central Division titles and six American League pennants. The Indians' current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought among all 30 current Major League teams.1932 Art Deco sculptures by Henry Hering on the city's Hope Memorial Bridge, which is adjacent to Progressive Field. The team's mascot is named \"Slider\". The team's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona.\nThe franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, that played in the Western League. The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was called the Cleveland Lake Shores. The Western League itself was renamed the American League prior to the 1900 season while continuing its minor league status. When the American League declared itself a major league in 1901, Cleveland was one of its eight charter franchises. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds or Blues, the team was also unofficially called the Cleveland Bronchos in 1902. Beginning in 1903, the team was named the Cleveland Napoleons or Naps, after team captain Nap Lajoie.\nLajoie left after the 1914 season and club owner Charles Somers requested that baseball writers choose a new name. They chose the name Cleveland Indians. That name stuck and remained in use for more than a century. Common nicknames for the Indians were \"the Tribe\" and \"the Wahoos\", the latter referencing their longtime logo, Chief Wahoo. After the Indians",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Jim Wilson (first baseman)",
"paragraph_text": " athletics hall of fame in 2003.\nHe was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the 2nd round of the 1982 Major League Baseball draft, and played four games for the Indians in 1985.\nHe was released by the Indians following the 1986 season. After a brief tour in the Minnesota Twins organization, Wilson signed as a free agent with the Seattle Mariners on March 1, 1988, playing five games for them in the 1989 season.\nIn 1990, Wilson played in six games for the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in the Japanese Pacific League. He returned to North America, playing in the minor leagues, Mexican League, and independent leagues until 1994, when he retired.\nAfter his playing days were over, Wilson became a high school and legion coach in Vancouver, Washington, where he now resides. He is a play-by-play announcer with Mike Parker for the Oregon State Beavers football team.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nJim Wilson Statistics on Baseball Almanac\nCareer statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)James George Wilson (born December 29, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player. He played parts of two seasons in Major League Baseball, appearing most often defensively as a first baseman, but more often as a designated hitter. He also playedHe was released by the Indians following the 1986 season. After a brief tour in the Minnesota Twins organization, Wilson signed as a free agent with the Seattle Mariners on March 1, 1988, playing five games for them in the 1989 season.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Opening Day",
"paragraph_text": "Major League Baseball had most of its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November. Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30).",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the start date for the league in which Jim Wilson is a participant? | [
{
"id": 617062,
"question": "Jim Wilson >> member of sports team",
"answer": "Indians",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 127905,
"question": "What league was Cleveland #1 ?",
"answer": "Major League Baseball",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 87812,
"question": "when is opening day of #2",
"answer": "Thursday, March 29",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | Thursday, March 29 | [] | true | When is the opening day of the league that Jim Wilson plays for? |
3hop1__305566_568433_51423 | [
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Natalie Turner",
"paragraph_text": " assistant on Space Jam for Warner Brothers Animation, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas at Disney's Toronto animation studios, and Looney Tunes: Back in Action for Warner Brothers Animation.\nTurner is currently a professor for the Classical Animation program at Sheridan College in Oakville. Previously she taught for Max the Mutt Animation School in Toronto. She will teach the fifth year of the Animex (Animation Exploration) workshop at Visual Arts Brampton Creative Studio.\n\n\n== References ==\nKeith Moreau, VAB hosting animation sessions. Brampton ON: The Brampton Guardian October 19, 2005.Natalie Turner is a Canadian animator, effects animator, and animation professor.\nTurner's career started in 1989, when she was hired by Sullivan Bluth Studios as a special effects assistant, working on animated feature films A Troll in Central Park and Rock-A-Doodle. She then moved on to Nelvana in 1991, to work as a character assistant for the television series Rupert and the Cloud Pilot.\nFrom Nelvana, Turner moved on to feature films, working as a character assistant on Titan AE, and an effect assistant on Space Jam for Warner Brothers Animation, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas at Disney's Toronto animation studios, and Looney Tunes: Back in Action for Warner Brothers Animation.\nTurner is currently a professor for the Classical Animation program at Sheridan College in Oakville. Previously she taught for Max the Mutt Animation School in Toronto. She will teach the fifth year of the Animex (Animation Exploration) workshop at Visual Arts Brampton Creative Studio.\n\n\n== References ==\nKeith Moreau, VAB hosting animation sessions. Brampton ON: The Brampton Guardian October 19, 2005.Natalie Turner is a Canadian animator, effects animator, and animation professor.\nTurner's career started in 1989, when she was hired by Sullivan Bluth Studios as a special effects assistant, working on animated feature films A Troll in Central Park and Rock-A-Doodle. She then moved on to Nelvana in 1991, to work as a character assistant for the television series Rupert and the Cloud Pilot.\nFrom Nelvana, Turner moved on to feature films, working as a character assistant on Titan AE, and an effect assistant on Space Jam for Warner Brothers Animation, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas at Disney's Toronto animation studios, and Looney Tunes: Back in Action for Warner Brothers Animation.\nTurner is currently a professor for the Classical Animation program at Sheridan College in Oakville. Previously she taught for Max the Mutt Animation School in Toronto. She will teach the fifth year of the Animex (Animation Exploration) workshop at Visual Arts Brampton Creative Studio.\n\n\n== References ==\nKeith Moreau, VAB hosting animation sessions. Brampton ON: The Brampton Guardian October 19, 2005.Natalie Turner is a Canadian animator, effects animator, and animation professor.\nTurner's career started in 1989, when she was hired by Sullivan Bluth Studios as a special effects assistant, working on animated feature films A Troll in Central Park and Rock-A-Doodle. She then moved on to Nelvana in 1991, to work as a character assistant for the television series Rupert and the Cloud Pilot.\nFrom Nelvana, Turner moved on to feature films, working as a character assistant on Titan AE, and an effect assistant on Space Jam for Warner Brothers Animation, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas at Disney's Toronto animation studios, and Looney Tunes: Back in Action for Warner Brothers Animation.\nTurner is currently a professor for the Classical Animation program at Sheridan College in Oakville. Previously she taught for Max the Mutt Animation School in Toronto. She will teach the fifth year of the Animex (Animation Exploration) workshop at Visual Arts Brampton Creative Studio.\n\n\n== References ==\nKeith Moreau, VAB hosting animation sessions. Brampton ON: The Brampton Guardian October 19, 2005.Natalie Turner is a Canadian animator, effects animator, and animation professor.\nTurner's career started in 1989, when she was hired by Sullivan Bluth Studios as a special effects assistant, working on animated feature films A Troll in Central Park and Rock-A-Doodle. She then moved on to Nelvana in 1991, to work as a character assistant for the television series Rupert and the Cloud Pilot.\nFrom Nelvana, Turner moved on to feature films, working as a character assistant on Titan AE, and an effect assistant on Space Jam for Warner Brothers Animation, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas at Disney's Toronto animation studios, and Looney Tunes: Back in Action for Warner Brothers Animation.\nTurner is currently a professor for the Classical Animation program at Sheridan College in Oakville. Previously she taught for Max the Mutt Animation School in Toronto. She will teach the fifth year of the Animex (Animation Exploration) workshop at Visual Arts Brampton Creative Studio.\n\n\n== References ==\nKeith Moreau, VAB hosting animation sessions. Brampton ON: The Brampton Guardian October 19, 2005.Natalie Turner is a Canadian animator, effects animator, and animation professor.\nTurner's career started in 1989, when she was hired by Sullivan Bluth Studios as a special effects assistant, working on animated feature films A Troll in Central Park and Rock-A-Doodle. She then moved on to Nelvana in 1991, to work as a character assistant for the television series Rupert and the Cloud Pilot.\nFrom Nelvana, Turner moved on to feature films, working as a character assistant on Titan AE, and an effect assistant on Space Jam for Warner Brothers Animation, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas at Disney's Toronto animation studios, and Looney Tunes: Back in Action for Warner Brothers Animation.\nTurner is currently a professor for the Classical Animation program at Sheridan College in Oakville. Previously she taught for Max the Mutt Animation School in Toronto. She will teach the fifth year of the Animex (Animation Exploration) workshop at Visual Arts Brampton Creative Studio.\n\n\n== References ==\nKeith Moreau, VAB hosting animation sessions. Brampton ON: The Brampton Guardian October 19, 2005.Natalie Turner is a Canadian animator, effects animator, and animation professor.\nTurner's career started in 1989, when she was hired by Sullivan Bluth Studios as a special effects assistant, working on animated feature films A Troll in Central Park and Rock-A-Doodle. She then moved on to Nelvana in 1991, to work as a character assistant for the television series Rupert and the Cloud Pilot.\nFrom Nelvana, Turner moved on to feature films, working as a character assistant on Titan AE, and an effect assistant on Space Jam for Warner Brothers Animation, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas at Disney's Toronto animation studios, and LoTurner is currently a professor for the Classical Animation program at Sheridan College in Oakville. Previously she taught for Max the Mutt Animation School in Toronto. She will teach the fifth year of the Animex (Animation Exploration) workshop at Visual Arts Brampton Creative Studio.-Doodle. She then movedTurner is currently a professor for the Classical Animation program at Sheridan College in Oakville. Previously she taught for Max the Mutt Animation School in Toronto. She will teach the fifth year of the Animex (Animation Exploration) workshop at Visual Arts Brampton Creative Studio.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Clive A. Smith",
"paragraph_text": "Smith was born in London, England in 1944 and educated at the Ealing School of Art in London, England, graduating with a degree in Design and Kinetic Art. In 1964, he joined the Halas and Batchelor animation studio in West London where he worked on animated series such as \"The Beatles\" and \"The Lone Ranger\". He moved to Canada in 1967 and worked as a senior animator and designer on commercials and short films with Al Guest and Vladimir Goetzleman before meeting Hirsh and Loubert and later founding Nelvana.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Casa Loma",
"paragraph_text": "Casa Loma (Spanish for ``Hill House '') is a Gothic Revival style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now a historic house museum and landmark. It was constructed from 1911 to 1914 as a residence for financier Sir Henry Pellatt. The architect was E. J. Lennox, who designed several other city landmarks. Casa Loma sits at an elevation of 140 metres (460 ft) above sea level., made up of top-flight studio musicians under the direction of its most notable leader of the past, Glen Gray. The reconstituted band made a limited number of appearances live and on television and recorded fifteen LP albums for Capitol Records before Gray died in 1963.\nThe band recorded and released the original version of the jazz and big band standard \"Sunrise Serenade\" in 1938 with Frankie Carle on piano.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe band assembled in 1927 as the Orange Blossoms, one of several Detroit groups that came out of the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the title of the fortress located in the city that hosts the central office of the production firm responsible for A Cosmic Christmas? | [
{
"id": 305566,
"question": "A Cosmic Christmas >> production company",
"answer": "Nelvana",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 568433,
"question": "#1 >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Toronto",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 51423,
"question": "what is the name of the castle in #2",
"answer": "Casa Loma",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Casa Loma | [] | true | What is the name of the castle in the city where the headquarters of the production company of A Cosmic Christmas is located? |
3hop1__169494_42197_18397 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Dmitry Okhotsimsky",
"paragraph_text": ", Yevgeny Pavlovich Okhotsimsky, was an accountant/auditor, his mother a housewife. Okhotsimsky was very attached to his parents and always lived together with them. At the age of fifteen he suffered diphtheria in a hard form and was prohibited from any sports or physical activity. Nevertheless, he showed his whole life remarkable energy and good health, and was actively working until his death at the age of 84.\nHe entered the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics of the University of Moscow in 1939. When World War II broke, the department was temporarily closed. He participated in the building of defense installations around Moscow, worked at the munitions factory. In 1941 he was conscripted to the Red Army but was dismissed in 1942 for vision problems (severe nearsightedness) and returned to the University.\nIn 1946 he presented a paper about the optimization of the missile flight, where he was able to find an analytical solution using an original technique of calculus of variations, a precursor in some respects to what was later formulated in a more general form as the Pontryagin's maximum principle (from Lev Pontryagin). In 1949 he joined the Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where was working in the department of Applied Mathematics led by Mstislav Keldysh, the future President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Keldysh was an active member of the think tank behind the space program and his support was instrumental for active integration of Okhotsimsky and his group in space projects. Later the department of Keldysh became a separate institute currently known as the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics and the group of Okhotsimsky became a department in this institute, which he was leading until his death.\n\n\n== Space ballistics ==\nSince his first student work, Okhotsimsky was interested in analytical and numerical solution of variational problems to which the optimization of space mission can be reduced: how the mission can achieve its target with the minimal total fuel consumption (possibly combined with other criteria and restrictions). Using first Soviet computers (such as Strela computer, he worked with his colleagues to develop new generation of numerical methods and principles of programming. After the launch of the first satellite he published a few papers were the mathematical aspects of the launch and evolution of the orbit were analyzed.\nOkhotsimsky's leadership was instrumental in the development within his department of the remarkable group of young talents collectively nicknamed \"Keldysh boys\". Many of them became well-known, such as Efraim Akim, Timur Eneev and Mikhail Lidov. Okhotsimsky contributed to the planning of multiple space missions including launches to Moon, Mars and Venus. His analysis of the first failed docking attempts on Soyuz spacecraft helped to quickly find a reason of mechanical instability and develop successful docking techniques. Together with Yuri Golubev and Yuri Sikharulidze he developed a concept of a dual-entry aerodynamically controlled landing algorithm of a spacecraft where the two-stage entry was used to reduce speed and achieve an accuracy of landing of a few km. He developed the methods on the passive stabilization of satellites using the gravity gradient and the non-sphericity of the tensor of inertia.\n\n\n== Rocket design ==\nOkhotsimsky's team, along with a group managed by Mikhail Tikhonravov at NII-4, did analysis and optimization of multi-stage rocket designs. Okhotsimsky studied the general problem of how rockets could increase their range by dropping parts of their construction during flight. This included sequential stages and parallel \"packet\" rockets and schemes involving the pumping of fuel between stages during flight. This led directly to the design of the R-7 missile and the exact proportions of its strap-on booster stages.\n\n\n== Robotics ==\nIn the middle of the 1970s Okhotsimsky became interested in robotics, especially in the modeling and control of insect-like walking. A few successful models of 6-legged walking robots were created including systems with autonomous vision able to climb the stairs and handle complicated terrain. In the work of Okhotsimsky and his school realistic mechanical modeling of the motion was typically combined with sophisticated algorithms adapted to the context of a particular task. He usually advocated a \"from the bottom up\" approach aimed at first handling particular low-level problems and then moving to assembling a more general setup. He thought that this is the way the nature works in the making of live creatures.\n\n\n== Positions and social activity ==\nOkhotsimsky combined the talents of a scientist and an administrator. His career was closely linked to the section of Mechanics and Control of the Soviet/Russian Academy of Sciences, of which he was a deputy-secretary. Parallel to his main work in the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, he was appointed in 1962 a chair of Theoretical Mechanics at the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics at the Moscow State University and performed both functions until his last days. He was always striving to find practical forms of cooperation between the Academy of Science and the University. Until his last days he remained a staunch supporter of the leading role of the Academy of Science as a center of fundamental research in Russia. Okhotsimsky was one of the 5 initiators of the creation of the Department of Control and Applied Mathematics at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.\n\n\n== Awards and honors ==\nMember of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member since 1960, Academician since 1991\nForeign Member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts since 2000\nLenin Prize (1957)\nHero of Socialist Labour (1961)\nTwo Orders of Lenin (1956, 1961)\nTwo Orders of the Red Banner of Labour (1970, 1981)\nOrder of the October Revolution (1975)\nUSSR State Prize, 1970 (for his contribution to the lunar mission \"Luna-16\")\nGold Keldysh medal, 2001 (awarded by theDmitry Yevgenyevich Okhotsimsky () was a Soviet Russian aerospace engineer and scientist who was the pioneer of space ballistics in the USSR. He wrote fundamental works in applied celestial mechanics, spaceflight dynamics and robotics.DDmitry Yevgenyevich Okhotsimsky () was a Soviet Russian aerospace engineer and scientist who was the pioneer of space ballistics in the USSR. He wrote fundamental works in applied celestial mechanics, spaceflight dynamics and robotics. program who pioneered the studies in robotics, controls, and space ballistics.\nHe wrote fundamental works in applied celestial mechanics, spaceflight dynamics and robotics.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nOkhotsimsky was born and lived his whole life in Moscow. His father, Yevgeny Pavlovich Okhotsimsky, was an accountant/auditor, his mother a housewife. Okhotsimsky was very attached to his parents and always lived together with them. At the age of fifteen he suffered diphtheria in a hard form and was prohibited from any sports or physical activity. Nevertheless, he showed his whole life remarkable energy and good health, and was actively working until his death at the age of 84.\nHe entered the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics of the University of Moscow in 1939. When World War II broke, the department was temporarily closed. He participated in the building of defense installations around Moscow, worked at the munitions factory. In 1941 he was conscripted to the Red Army but was dismissed in 1942 for vision problems (severe nearsightedness) and returned to the University.\nIn 1946 he presented a paper about the optimization of the missile flight, where he was able to find an analytical solution using an original technique of calculus of variations, a precursor in some respects to what was later formulated in a more general form as the Pontryagin's maximum principle (from Lev Pontryagin). In 1949 he joined the Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where was working in the department of Applied Mathematics led by Mstislav Keldysh, the future President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Keldysh was an active member of the think tank behind the space program and his support was instrumental for active integration of Okhotsimsky and his group in space projects. Later the department of Keldysh became a separate institute currently known as the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics and the group of Okhotsimsky became a department in this institute, which he was leading until his death.\n\n\n== Space ballistics ==\nSince his first student work, Okhotsimsky was interested in analytical and numerical solution of variational problems to which the optimization of space mission can be reduced: how the mission can achieve its target with the minimal total fuel consumption (possibly combined with other criteria and restrictions). Using first Soviet computers (such as Strela computer, he worked with his colleagues to develop new generation of numerical methods and principles of programming. After the launch of the first satellite he published a few papers were the mathematical aspects of the launch and evolution of the orbit were analyzed.\nOkhotsimsky's leadership was instrumental in the development within his department of the remarkable group of young talents collectively nicknamed \"Keldysh boys\". Many of them became well-known, such as Efraim Akim, Timur Eneev and Mikhail Lidov. Okhotsim",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Imperialism",
"paragraph_text": "rotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historicTrotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the \"thaw\", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Korean War",
"paragraph_text": "On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\". rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million.\nCumings states that civilians represent at least half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests thatOn 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to \"American aggression in the guise of the UN\".The Korean War was a major conflict of the Cold War and among the most destructive conflicts of the modern era, with approximately 3 million killed, most of whom were civilians. It resulted in the destruction of virtually all of Korea's major cities, with thousands of massacres committed by both sides—including the mass killing of tens of thousands of suspected communists by the South Korean government, and the torture and starvation of prisoners of war by the North Koreans. North Korea became among the most heavily bombed countries in history.\n\n\n== Civilian deaths and massacres ==\n\nAround 3 million people died in the Korean War, the majority of whom were civilians, possibly making it the deadliest conflict of the Cold War era. Although only rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million.\nCumings states that civilians represent at least half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests that the civilian portion of the death toll may have gone as high as 70%, compared to Lewy's estimates of 42% in",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which location did the debater, claiming that Dmitry Okhotsimsky's homeland had turned into an imperialist force, pledge to interfere in the dispute in Korea? | [
{
"id": 169494,
"question": "Dmitry Okhotsimsky >> country of citizenship",
"answer": "USSR",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 42197,
"question": "Who argued that the #1 had itself become an imperialist power?",
"answer": "Mao Zedong",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 18397,
"question": "Where did #2 declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?",
"answer": "the Politburo",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | the Politburo | [
"Politburo"
] | true | Where did the arguer that Dmitry Okhotsimsky's country of citizenship had become an imperialist power declare he would intervene in the Korean conflict? |
4hop1__668178_378185_282674_759393 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "John C. Petersen",
"paragraph_text": "etersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B. T. Rogers (Rep.), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an \"Independent Democrat\" but was now the Democratic nominee). He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements. \nHe was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D. J. Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P. P. Wing, a Republican. Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a \"Greenback Democrat\": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as \"GreenJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).\n\n\n== Background ==\nPetersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842. He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation. Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices .\n\n\n== Public office ==\nPetersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly districtJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).== Background ==\nPetersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on",
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{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Pulaski High School",
"paragraph_text": " rapidly growing population.\n\n\n== Academics ==\nPulaski offers Advanced Placement classes. The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\nOverPulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider. Raider.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades. In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool. Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population.\n\n\n== Academics ==\nPulaski offers Advanced Placement classes. The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\nOver 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2.9 percent are American Indian, 2.5 percent are Hispanic, 1.4 percent are African American and 1.0 percent are Asian. The school is split 51/49 male to",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Don Werner",
"paragraph_text": " in 2012.\n\n\n== External links ==\nCareer statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet,Donald Paul Werner (born March 8, 1953 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is a retired Major League Baseball catcher. He played during seven seasons at the major league level, playing for the Cincinnati Reds and Texas Rangers (baseball). In 1978, the Reds starting catcher, Johnny Bench, sat out 20 plus games with an injury which gave Don a starting role. On June 16 of the same year he caught the only no-hitter of Hall of Famer Tom Seaver's career. He was drafted by the Reds in the 5th round of the amateurDonald Paul Werner (born March 8, 1953 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is a retired Major League Baseball catcher. He played during seven seasons at the major league level, playing for the Cincinnati Reds and Texas Rangers (baseball). In 1978, the Reds starting catcher, Johnny Bench, sat out 20 plus games with an injury which gave Don a starting role. On June 16 of the same year he caught the only no-hitter of Hall of Famer Tom Seaver's career. He was drafted by the Reds in the 5th round of the amateur draft. Werner played his first professional season with their Rookie League Gulf Coast Reds in 1971, and his last with Texas' Triple-A club, the Oklahoma RedHawks in .Hawks in 1988.\n\n\n== Coaching ==\nSince retiring as a player, he has been a minor league manager and coach. Werner was in the San Diego Padres chain for seven seasons. He joined the Baltimore Orioles organization as coach of the Delmarva Shorebirds in 2003–2004. He was the skipper of the Bowie Baysox in 2005–2006. After the 2006 season he was named minor league catching instructor for the Orioles. On June 20, 2011, he was named bullpen coach for the Baltimore Orioles, replacing Rick Adair, who had been promoted to interim pitching coach following the resignation of then pitching coach Mark Connor.\nWerner then resumed his former post of minor league catching instructor for Baltimore in 2012.\n\n\n== External links ==\nCareer statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet,Donald Paul Werner (born March 8, 1953 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is a retired Major League Baseball catcher. He played during seven seasons at the major league level, playing for the Cincinnati Reds and Texas Rangers (baseball). In 1978, the Reds starting catcher, Johnny Bench, sat out ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Jerome Quinn",
"paragraph_text": " realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29Born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican. Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the capital of the adjacent county to where Don Werner had his birthplace? | [
{
"id": 668178,
"question": "Don Werner >> place of birth",
"answer": "Appleton",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 378185,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Outagamie County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 282674,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Brown County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 759393,
"question": "#3 >> capital",
"answer": "Green Bay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Green Bay | [] | true | What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county where Don Werner was born? |
2hop__846844_47134 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Benny Beaver",
"paragraph_text": "Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write - in campaign. The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s. beaver has always been a popular animal in Oregon, but even more so in Europe and the Eastern US. In fact, wealthy members of Western Civilization were dressing in fashionable beaver long before Oregon was discovered by European explorers. By the late 1700s, the beaver trade was already a major global industry. Beaver fur top hats were popular attire for the North American and European upper class. At the turn of the 19th century, the newly explored American Northwest was found to be plentiful with beaver. As a territory, Oregon grew into a global supplier. When Oregon became a state, it coined itself \"The Beaver State\" due to the beaver's historic importance as an economic catalyst for the region and, similar to the California \"Gold Rush\", helping to attract thousands of early pioneers and homesteaders. The beaver now appears on the back of the state flag and is recognized as the official state animal.\n\n\n== Mascot history ==\nThe university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908. The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as \"The Beaver\" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university'sBenny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write - in campaign. The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s.Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign. The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s.\n\nThe beaver has always been a popular animal in Oregon, but even more so in Europe and the Eastern US. In fact, wealthy members of Western Civilization were dressing in fashionable beaver long before Oregon was discovered by European explorers. By the late 1700s, the beaver trade was already a major global industry. Beaver fur top hats were popular attire for the North American and European upper class. At the turn of the 19th century, the newly explored American Northwest was found to be plentiful with beaver. As a territory, Oregon grew into a global supplier. When Oregon became a state, it coined itself \"The Beaver State\" due to the beaver's historic importance as an economic catalyst for the region and, similar to the California \"Gold Rush\", helping to attract thousands of early pioneers and homesteaders. The beaver now appears on the back of the state flag and is recognized as the official state animal.\n\n\n== Mascot history ==\nThe university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908. The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as \"The Beaver\" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot. The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon. For several early publishings, students at this school also used \"The Beaver\" as their yearbook's title.\nOregon State University's first documented use of \"Benny Beaver\" was found in a photograph showing students posing next to a statue of a beaver inscribed with the name \"Benny Beaver.\" The photograph appears in the 1942 edition of the yearbook.\n\nPrior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as \"Doc\" Bell (1893–1928), a longtime member of the university's board of regents. Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's victories over Oregon and tossing his hat into the water as a token of celebration. \nEarlier mascots include \"Jimmie\" the Coyote (1892–1893) and \"Bulldog\" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad). The beaver mascot's name",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Goss Stadium at Coleman Field",
"paragraph_text": " outfielder, who died in a freak accident just three days prior to his first season with the Beavers. The scoreboard remained in use until its replacement in 2006.\nIn the late fall of 1998, after many years of talks regarding upgrading the bleachers, concession stands, and the press box, a major remodel was undertaken, in large part due to a $2.3 million donation by John and Eline Goss. Completed before the start of the 1999 season, the addition of the all new stadium put to rest the idea that the Beavers may not be able to continue to play at their longtime home. With the field located in the middle of campus, there had been discussion of the land being turned over to academic uses. The first official game at Goss Stadium at Coleman field was played March 12, 1999.\nLights were added to the stadium in 2002, allowing the Beavers to play their first night game at home on April 27, a 4–1 victory over the fourth-ranked Stanford Cardinal.\nIn the summer of 2006, after the Beavers' first national championship, a state-of-the-art scoreboard was installed, replacing the Scott Halbrook Memorial Scoreboard. This scoreboard featured the first video replay screen in the conference. The natural grass (and dirt) infield was replaced with FieldTurf in late 2006, in time for the 2007 season. The pitcher's mound and home plate area were the only portions that remained dirt. The basepaths and \"skin\" portion are FieldTurf, colored dark orange. The home plate area at Goss Stadium was later covered with FieldTurf, leaving only the pitcher's mound with dirt.\nIn May 2008, the Goss Stadium expansion project which consisted of extending the stadium down the 1st and 3rd baselines, was completed. This expansion raised the capacity from 2,000 to 3,248 spectators. The Omaha Room, a suite overlooking the field along the first base line, was built during the expansion project. An academic center as well as the Oregon State Baseball Hall of Fame area celebrating its rich baseball history were also added and are housed underneath the Omaha Room suite.\nThe official stadium capacity is currently at 3,587. In the 2013 season, home games averaged 2,676 fans per game (24th best among Division I baseball programs) as the Beavers tied an all-time season best 27–5 record at home.\nIn 2014, former Oregon State center fielder and MLB All-Star, Jacoby Ellsbury, donated $1 million as part of a $3 million renovation project. Construction was completed in February 2015 adding a beer garden standing deck for fans above a new home team locker room. Also in the winter of 2015, new FieldTurf was installed that covered the entire field, from the backstop to the outfield fence, removing the last remaining natural turf from Coleman Field. The only natural surface remaining was the dirt pitchers mound.\nPrior to the start of the 2016 season, the existing scoreboard was removed to accommodate the upgrade which will replace all existing scoreboard elements with one large LED videoboard that is projected to be twice as large from its predecessor.\nThe facility has hosted 12 NCAA Regional Tournaments (1952, 1963, 2005, 2006, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2024), as well as 7 NCAA Super-Regional Tournaments (2005, 2006, 2007, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2022). As of 2023, Oregon State has posted an impressive mark of 39–11 in postseason games at GossGoss Stadium at Coleman Field is a college baseball stadium in Corvallis, Oregon, on the campus of Oregon State University. It is home to the Oregon State Beavers of the Pac-12 conference. At the end of the 2014 season, Oregon State had posted an all-time record of 1,134–474–1 () record at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field.Goss Stadium at Coleman Field is a college baseball stadium in Corvallis, Oregon, on the campus of Oregon State University. It is home to the Oregon State Beavers of the Pac-12 conference. At the end of the 2014 season, Oregon State had posted an all-time record of 1,134–474–1 () record at Goss Stadium at Coleman Field.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What represents the educational institution that is in possession of Goss Stadium at Coleman Field as its mascot? | [
{
"id": 846844,
"question": "Goss Stadium at Coleman Field >> owned by",
"answer": "Oregon State University",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 47134,
"question": "what is the mascot of #1",
"answer": "Benny Beaver",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | Benny Beaver | [] | true | What is the mascot of the school that owns Goss Stadium at Coleman Field? |
2hop__144784_623159 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Dmitry Borisovich",
"paragraph_text": "Dmitry Borisovich (; 11 September 1253, Rostov – 1294, Rostov) was a Russian nobleman. He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom. He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288).Dmitry Borisovich (; 11 September 1253, Rostov – 1294, Rostov) was a Russian nobleman. He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom. He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288).Dmitry Borisovich (Russian: Дмитрий Борисович; 11 September 1253, in Rostov – 1294, in Rostov) was a Russian nobleman. He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom. He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288).\n\n\n== Sources ==\nhttp://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=112862Dmitry Borisovich (Russian: Дмитрий Борисович; 11 September 1253, in Rostov – 1294, in Rostov) was a Russian nobleman. He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom. He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288).\n\n\n== Sources ==\nhttp://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=112862Dmitry Borisovich (Russian: Дмитрий Борисович; 11 September 1253, in Rostov – 1294, in Rostov) was a Russian nobleman. He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom. He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294) and Prince of Uglich (1285–1288).\n\n\n== Sources ==\nhttp://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=112862Dmitry Borisovich (Russian: Дмитрий Борисович; 11 September 1253, in Rostov – 1294, in Rostov) was a Russian nobleman. He was the eldest of the three sons of Prince Rostov Boris Vasylkovych from his marriage to Princess Maria Yaroslavna of Murom. He was Prince of Rostov (1278–1286 and 1288–1294)",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 12,
"title": "Rostov",
"paragraph_text": " centre of Southern Russia.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early history ===\nFrom ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants included the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes. It was the site of Tanais, an ancient Greek colony, Fort Tana under the Genoese, and Fort Azak in the time of the Ottoman Empire.\nIn 1749, a custom house was established on the Temernik River, a tributary of the Don, by edict of the Empress Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great, in order to control trade with Turkey. It was co-located with a fortress named for Dimitry of Rostov, a metropolitan bishop of the old northern town of Rostov the Great. Azov, a town closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don, gradually lost its commercial importance in the region to the new fortress, but it remains an important historical center.\nIn 1756, the \"Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople\" was founded at the \"merchants' settlement\" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories into the Russian Empire, the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.\nIn 1796, the settlement was chartered and in 1797, it became the seat of Rostovsky Uyezd within Novorossiysk Governorate. In 1806, it was officially renamed Rostov-on-Don. During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade centre and communications hub. A railway connection with Kharkiv was completed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to Voronezh and in 1875 to Vladikavkaz.\nConcurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. Coal from the Donets Basin and iron ore from Krivoy Rog supported the establishment of an iron foundry in 1846. In 1859, the production of pumps and steam boilers began. Industrial growth was accompanied by a rapid increase in population, with 119,500 residents registered in Rostov by the end of the nineteenth century along with approximately 140 industrial businesses. The harbour was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of wheat, timber, and iron ore.\nIn 1779, Rostov-on-Don became associated with a settlementRostov () is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, northeast of Moscow. Population:Rostov () is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, northeast of Moscow. Population: mi) from the Sea of Azov, directly north of the North Caucasus. The southwestern suburbs of the city lie above the Don river delta. Rostov-on-Don has a population of over one million people and is an important cultural centre of Southern Russia.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early history ===\nFrom ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants included the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes. It was the site of Tanais, an ancient Greek colony, Fort Tana under the Genoese, and Fort Azak in the time of the Ottoman Empire.\nIn 1749, a custom house was established on the Temernik River, a tributary of the Don, by edict of the Empress Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great, in order to control trade with Turkey. It was co-located with a fortress named for Dimitry of Rostov, a metropolitan bishop of the old northern town of Rostov the Great. Azov, a town closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don, gradually lost its commercial importance in the region to the new fortress, but it remains an important historical center.\nIn 1756, the \"Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople\" was founded at the \"merchants' settlement\" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories into the Russian Empire, the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.\nIn 1796, the settlement was chartered and in 1797, it became the seat of Rostovsky Uyezd within Novorossiysk Governorate. In 1806, it was officially renamed Rostov-on-Don. During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade centre and communications hub. A railway connection with Kharkiv was completed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to Voronezh and in 1875 to Vladikavkaz.\nConcurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. Coal from the Donets Basin and iron ore from Krivoy Rog supported the establishment of an iron foundry in 1846. In 1859, the production of pumps and steam boilers began. Industrial growth was accompanied by a rapid increase in population, with 119,500 residents registered in Rostov by the end of the nineteenth century along with approximately 140 industrial businesses. The harbour was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of wheat, timber, and iron ore.\nIn 1779, Rostov-on-Don became associated with a settlementRostov () is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, northeast of Moscow. Population:Rostov-on-Don is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East European Plain on the Don River, 32 kilometers (20 mi) from the Sea of Azov, directly north of the North Caucasus. The southwestern suburbs of the city lie above the Don river delta. Rostov-on-Don has a population of over one million people and is an important cultural centre of Southern Russia.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early history ===\nFrom ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants included the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes. It was the site of Tanais, an ancient Greek colony, Fort Tana under the Genoese, and Fort Azak in the time of the Ottoman Empire.\nIn 1749, a custom house was established on the Temernik River, a trib",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where in Russia can one find the city in which Dmitry Borisovich was born? | [
{
"id": 144784,
"question": "What is the name of the city Dmitry Borisovich was born in?",
"answer": "Rostov",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 623159,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Yaroslavl Oblast",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | Yaroslavl Oblast | [] | true | The city where Dmitry Borisovich was born is located where in Russia? |
4hop1__93316_53706_795904_580996 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "History of Sacramento, California",
"paragraph_text": " inhabited the Sacramento Valley area. The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore the area, and Sacramento fell into the Alta California province of New Spain when the conquistadors claimed Central America and the American Southwest for the Spanish Empire. The area was deemed unfit for colonization by a number of explorers and as a result remained relatively untouched by the Europeans who claimed the region, excepting early 19th Century coastal settlements north of San Francisco Bay which constituted the southernmost Russian colony in North America and were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay. When John Sutter arrived in the provincial colonial capital of Monterey in 1839, governor Juan Bautista Alvarado provided Sutter with the land he asked for, and Sutter established New Helvetia, whichThe history of Sacramento, California, began with its founding by Samuel Brannan and John Augustus Sutter, Jr. in 1848 around an embarcadero that his father, John Sutter, Sr. constructed at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers a few years prior.The history of Sacramento, California, began with its founding by Samuel Brannan and John Augustus Sutter, Jr. in 1848 around an embarcadero that his father, John Sutter, Sr. constructed at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers a few years prior.\nSacramento was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was namedThe history of Sacramento, California, began with its founding by Samuel Brannan and John Augustus Sutter, Jr. in 1848 around an embarcadero that his father, John Sutter, Sr. constructed at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers a few years prior.Sacramento was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santisimo Sacramento (Most Holy Sacrament), referring to the Catholic Eucharist.\nBefore the arrival of Europeans, the Nisenan Native American tribe inhabited the Sacramento Valley area. The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore the area, and Sacramento fell into the Alta California province of New Spain when the conquistadors claimed Central America and the American Southwest for the Spanish Empire. The area was deemed unfit for colonization by a number of explorers and as a result remained relatively untouched by the Europeans who claimed the region, excepting early 19th Century coastal settlements north of San Francisco Bay which constituted the southernmost Russian colony in North America and",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Rio Linda High School",
"paragraph_text": " opportunities.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n2,035 students attend Rio Linda High School. 41% of them are White, 22% are Hispanic, 13% are Asian, and 8% are African-American and 4% are Middle Eastern/Indian. 93% of the students receive a reduced price/free lunch and 19% of the student body (386 students) are English language learners. The 3 most commonly spoken languages spoken by English language learners at this school are Spanish (205 students), Hmong (86 students), and Russian (40 students) Punjabi/Urdu/Arabic (40 students)\n\n\n== Rankings ==\nIn 2012, after evaluating 21,776 high schools across the nation, U.S. News & World Report awarded Rio Linda HighRio Linda High School is a high school located in Rio Linda, Sacramento, CA. It has an enrollment of 2,035 students. It is part of the Twin Rivers Unified School District, and was formerly part of the Grant Unified School District.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "California Gold Rush",
"paragraph_text": "Rumors of the discovery of gold were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. Brannan hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies, and walked through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting ``Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River! '' into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy; the sudden population increase allowed California to go rapidly to statehood in the Compromise of 1850. The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and accelerated the Native American population's decline from disease, starvation, and the California genocide.\nThe effects of the Gold Rush were substantial. Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold-seekers, called \"forty-niners\" (referring to 1849, the peak year for Gold Rush immigration). Outside of California, the first to arrive were from Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) and Latin America in late 1848. Of the approximately 300,000 people who came to California during the Gold Rush, about half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the California Road; forty-niners often faced substantial hardships on the trip. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the gold rush attracted thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia and China. Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers. San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. Roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. In 1849 a state constitution was written. The new constitution was adopted by referendum vote; the future state's interim first governor and legislature were chosen. In September 1850, California became",
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},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Geothermal energy in the United States",
"paragraph_text": " MW. It exploits the largest dry steam field, 116 km (72 mi) north of San Francisco. The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years.\nNear Several small power plants were built during the late 1980s in the Basin and Range geologic province in Nevada, southeastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho, Arizona and western Utah. is now an area of rapid geothermal development.\nIn the Salton Sea, as of 2001, 15 geothermal plants were producing electricity. Hudson Ranch I geothermal plant, a 50 MW plant opened in May 2012. A second similar plant was to open in 2013.\n\nThe most significant development catalyst is the Energy Policy Act of 2005. This Act made new geothermal plants eligible for the full federal production tax credit, previously available only to wind power projects and certain kinds of biomass. It also authorized and directed increased funding for research by the Department of Energy, and enabled theState Capacity (MW) Share of U.S total California 2,732.2 80.7% Nevada 517.5 15.3% Utah 48.1 1.4% Hawaii 38.0 1.1% Oregon 33.3 1.0% Idaho 15.8 0.5% New Mexico 4.0 0.1% Alaska 0.7 < 0.1% Wyoming 0.3 < 0.1% Total 3,389.9 100%State Capacity (MW) Share of U.S total California 2,732.2 80.7% Nevada 517.5 15.3% Utah 48.1 1.4% Hawaii 38.0 1.1% Oregon 33.3 1.0% Idaho 15.8 0.5% New Mexico 4.0 0.1% Alaska 0.7 < 0.1% Wyoming 0.3 < 0.1% Total 3,389.9 100% effects from water injection into rock formations, waste heat and noise.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nArchaeological evidence documents that geothermal resources have been in use in the US for more than 10,000 years. Paleo-Indians first used geothermal hot springs for warmth, cleansing, and minerals.\nPacific Gas and Electric opened the US' first commercial geothermal power plant at The Geysers in California in September 1960, initially producing eleven megawatts of net power. The Geysers system grew into the world's largest, with an output of 750 MW. It exploits the largest dry steam field, 116 km (72 mi) north of San Francisco. The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years.\nNear Several small power plants were built during the late 1980s in the Basin and Range geologic province in Nevada, southeastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho, Arizona and western Utah. is now an area of rapid geothermal development.\nIn the Salton Sea, as of 2001, 15 geothermal plants were producing electricity. Hudson Ranch I geothermal plant, a 50 MW plant opened in May 2012. A second similar plant was to open in 2013.\n\nThe most significant development catalyst is the Energy Policy Act of 2005. This Act made new geothermal plants eligible for the full federal production tax credit, previously available only to wind power projects and certain kinds of biomass. It also authorized and directed increased funding for research by the Department of Energy, and enabled theState Capacity (MW) Share of U.S total California 2,732.2 80.7% Nevada 517.5 15.3% Utah 48.1 1.4% Hawaii 38.0 1.1% Oregon 33.3 1.0% Idaho 15.8 0.5% New Mexico 4.0 0.1% Alaska 0.7 < 0.1% Wyoming 0.3 < 0.1% Total 3,389.9 100%Geothermal energy in the United States was first used for electric power production in 1960. The Geysers in Sonoma and Lake counties, California was developed into what is now the largest geothermal steam electrical plant in the world, at 1,517 megawatts. Other geothermal steam fields are known in the western United States and Alaska. Geothermally generated electric power can be dispatchable to follow the demands of changing loads. Environmental impact of this energy source includes hydrogen sulfide emissions, corrosive or saline chemicals discharged in waste water, possible seismic effects from water injection into rock formations, waste heat and noise.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nArchaeological evidence documents that geothermal resources have been in use in the US for more than 10,000 years. Paleo-Indians first used geothermal hot springs for warmth, cleansing, and minerals.\nPacific Gas and Electric opened the US' first commercial geothermal power plant at The Geysers in California in September 1960, initially producing eleven megawatts of net power. The Geysers system grew into the world's largest, with an output of 750 MW. It exploits the largest dry steam field, 116 km (72 mi) north of San Francisco. The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years.\nNear Several small power plants were built during the late 1980s in the Basin and Range geologic province in Nevada, southeastern Oregon, southwestern Idaho, Arizona and western Utah. is now an area of rapid geothermal development.\nIn the Salton Sea, as of 2001, 15 geothermal plants were producing electricity. Hudson Ranch I geothermal plant, a 50 MW plant opened in May 2012. A second similar plant was to open in 2013.\n\nThe most significant development catalyst is the Energy Policy Act of 2005. This Act made new geothermal plants eligible for the full federal production tax credit, previously available only to wind power projects and certain kinds of biomass. It also authorized and directed increased funding for research by the Department of Energy, and enabled the Bureau of Land Management to address its backlog of geothermal leases and permits.\nIn April 2008, exploratory drilling began at Newberry Volcano in Oregon. As of August 2008, 103 new projects were under way in 13 US states. When developed, these projects could potentially supply up to 3,979 MW of power, meeting the needs of about 4 million homes. The DOE Geothermal Technologies Program (part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) allowed the USDOE to fund research in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) to learn more about the fracture systems in geothermal reservoirs and better predict the results of reservoir stimulation.\nIn 2009, investment bank Credit Suisse calculated that geothermal power costs 3.6 cents per kilowatt-hour, versus 5.5 cents per kilowatt-hour for coal, if geothermal receives subsidized loans.\nA report released in late May 2019 by the Department of Energy suggests that US geothermal power capacity",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which city, that borders the city where an individual worked during the gold boom, is situated the state that utilizes the most geothermal energy in America? | [
{
"id": 93316,
"question": "where is geothermal energy used the most in the us",
"answer": "California",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 53706,
"question": "someone who went to #1 during the gold rush",
"answer": "Samuel Brannan",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 795904,
"question": "#2 >> work location",
"answer": "Sacramento",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 580996,
"question": "#3 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Rio Linda",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | Rio Linda | [] | true | What city shares a border with the city where a person went to work during the gold in the state that used the most geothermal energy in the US? |
2hop__785711_63853 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "R359 (South Africa)",
"paragraph_text": "The R359 is a regional route in the Northern Cape province of South Africa that runs along the south bank of the Orange River from Augrabies Falls through Augrabies and Kakamas to Upington.The R359 is a regional route in the Northern Cape province of South Africa that runs along the south bank of the Orange River from Augrabies Falls through Augrabies and Kakamas to Upington.The R359 is a regional route in the Northern Cape province of South Africa that runs along the south bank of the Orange River from Augrabies Falls through Augrabies and Kakamas to Upington.The R359 is a regional route in the Northern Cape province of South Africa that runs along the south bank of the Orange River from Augrabies Falls through Augrabies and Kakamas to Upington.The R359 is a regional route in the Northern Cape province of South Africa that runs along the south bank of the Orange River from Augrabies Falls through Augrabies and Kakamas to Upington.The R359 is a regional route in the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Orange River",
"paragraph_text": " border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised. Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation.\nAt the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province. From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude. From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ��Karas Region. On the border, the river passes the town of VioolsdrOrange Gariep, Oranje, Senqu River Sunset over the Orange River near Upington in the Northern Cape Countries Lesotho, South Africa, Namibia Tributaries - right Caledon River, Vaal River, Fish River (Namibia) Landmarks Gariep Dam, Augrabies Falls Source Thaba Putsoa - location Maloti Mountains (Drakensberg), Lesotho - elevation 3,350 m (10,991 ft) Mouth Alexander Bay - location Atlantic Ocean Length 2,200 km (1,367 mi) Basin 973,000 km (375,677 sq mi) Discharge - average 365 m / s (12,890 cu ft / s) The course and watershed of the Orange River, Caledon River and Vaal River. This map shows a conservative border for the watershed. Specifically, the Kalahari basin is excluded, as some sources say it is endorheic. Some other sources using computational methods show a basin which includes parts of Botswana (and hence of the Kalahari).rikaans as Gariep River with the intrusion of a velar fricative in place of the alveolar click, Groote River (derived from Kai !Garib) or Senqu River (used in Lesotho), derived from ��Nū \"Black\". It is known in isiZulu as isAngqu.\n\n\n== Course ==\n\nThe Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho, about 193 km (120 mi) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu. Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude. This creates droughts downstream, which mainly affect goat and cattle production.\n\nThe Orange River then runs westward through South Africa, forming the south-western boundary of the Free State province. In this section, the river flows first into the Gariep Dam and later into the Vanderkloof Dam. From the border of Lesotho to below the Vanderkloof Dam, the river bed is deeply incised. Further downstream, the land is flatter, and the river is used extensively for irrigation.\nAt the western point of the Free State, southwest of Kimberley, the Orange meets with its main tributary, the Vaal River, which forms much of the northern border of the province. From here, the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape province to meet with Namibia at 20°E longitude. From here, it flows westward for 550 km (340 mi), forming the international border between the province and Namibia's ��Karas Region. On the border, the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif, the main border post between South Africa and Namibia.\n\nIn the last 800 km (500 mi) of its course, the Orange receives many intermittent streams, and several large wadis lead into it. In this section, the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river, so under normal circumstances, the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible. Here, the bed of the river is once again deeply incised. The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange, where the river descends 122 m (400 ft) in a course of 26 km (16 mi).\nThe Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund (meaning \"Orange mouth\") in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa, about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town. Some 33 km (21 mi) from its mouth, it is obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches.\nThe river has a total length of 2,432 km (1,511 mi).\n\n\n=== Catchment and rainfall ===\n\nIn the dry season, the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run-off and evaporation. At the source of the Orange, the rainfall is about 2,000 mm (79 in) per annum, but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward; at its mouth, the rainfall is less than 50 mm (2.0 in) per year. The factors that support evaporation, though, tend to increase in a westerly direction. In the wet season (summer), the Orange river becomes a brown coloured torrent. The huge mass of sediment carriedOrange Gariep, Oranje, Senqu River Sunset over the Orange River near Upington in the Northern Cape Countries Lesotho, South Africa, Namibia Tributaries - right Caledon River, Vaal River, Fish River (Namibia) Landmarks Gariep Dam, Augrabies Falls Source Thaba Putsoa - location Maloti Mountains (Drakensberg), Lesotho - elevation 3,350 m (10,991 ft) Mouth Alexander Bay - location Atlantic Ocean Length 2,200 km (1,367 mi) Basin 973,000 km (375,677 sq mi) Discharge - average 365 m / s (12,890 cu ft / s) The course and watershed of the Orange River, Caledon River and Vaal River. This map shows a conservative border for the watershed. Specifically, the Kalahari basin is excluded, as some sources say it is endorheic. Some other",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | From where does the water body originate that feeds the Augrabies Falls? | [
{
"id": 785711,
"question": "Augrabies Falls >> part of",
"answer": "Orange River",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 63853,
"question": "what is the source of #1",
"answer": "Thaba Putsoa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | Thaba Putsoa | [] | true | What is the source of the body of water where Augrabies Falls is located? |
2hop__699172_141338 | [
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Brooklyn College",
"paragraph_text": "rooklyn College is a public university in Brooklyn in New York City, United States. It is part of the City University of New York system and as of 2019 enrolls over 17,000 undergraduate and over 2,800 graduate students on a 35-acre campus in the Flatbush and Midwood sections of Brooklyn.\nBeing New York City's first public coeducational liberal arts college, it was formed in 1930 by the merger of the Brooklyn branches of Hunter College, then a women's college, and of the City College of New York, then a men's college, both established in 1926. Initially tuition-free, Brooklyn College suffered from the New York City government's near-bankruptcy in 1975, when the college closed its campus in downtown Brooklyn. During 1976, with its Midwood campus intact and now its only campus, Brooklyn College charged tuition for the first time.\nProminent alumni of Brooklyn College include US senators, federal judges, US financial chairmen, Olympians, CEOs, and recipients of Academy Awards, Emmy Awards, Pulitzer Prizes, and Nobel Prizes.\n\n\n== College history ==\n\n\n=== Early decades ===\nBrooklyn College was founded in 1930. That year, as directed by the New York City Board of Higher Education on April 22, the college authorized the combination of the Downtown Brooklyn branches of Hunter College, at that timeBrooklyn College is a public college in Brooklyn, New York City. It is part of the City University of New York.Brooklyn College is a public college in Brooklyn, New York City. It is part of the City University of New York.Brooklyn College is a public university in Brooklyn in New York City, United States. It is part of the City University of New York system and as of 2019 enrolls over 17,000 undergraduate and over 2,800 graduate",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 6,
"title": "Lawrence Landweber",
"paragraph_text": " developed into NSFNET. He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP/IP protocol.\n\n\n== Publications ==\nHe is coHe received his bachelor's degree in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph.D. at Purdue University in 1967. His doctoral thesis was \"A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic.\"He received his bachelor's degree in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph.D. at Purdue University in 1967. His doctoral thesis was \"A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic.\". at Purdue University in 1967. His doctoral thesis was \"A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic.\"\nHe is best known for founding the CSNET project in 1979, which later developed into NSFNET. He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP/IP protocol.\n\n\n== Publications ==\nHe is coHe received his bachelor's degree in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph.D. at Purdue University in 1967. His doctoral thesis was \"A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic.\"Lawrence Hugh Landweber is John P. Morgridge Professor Emeritus of computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.\nHe received his bachelor's degree in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph.D. at Purdue University in 1967. His doctoral thesis was \"A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic.\"\nHe is best known for founding the CSNET project in 1979, which later developed into NSFNET. He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP/IP protocol.\n\n\n== Publications ==\nHe is co-author of Brainerd, Walter S., and Lawrence H. Landweber. Theory of Computation. New York: Wiley, 1974. ISBN 978-0-471-09585-9.\n\n\n== Awards ==\nPresident, Internet Society \nFellow, ACM.\nHonorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Brooklyn College, 2009 \nIEEE Award on International Communication, 2005\nMember of the board of Internet2 (2000–2008)\nJonathan B. Postel Service Award of the Internet Society, for CSNET, 2009\nIn 2012, Landweber was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nhttp://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~lhl/ Official web page at WisconsinLawrence Hugh Landweber is John P. Morgridge Professor Emeritus of computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.\nHe received his bachelor's degree in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph.D. at Purdue University in 1967. His doctoral thesis was \"A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic.\"\nHe is best known for founding the CSNET project in 1979, which later developed into NSFNET. He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP/IP protocol.\n\n\n== Publications ==\nHe is co-author of Brainerd, Walter S., and Lawrence H. Landweber. Theory of Computation. New York: Wiley, 1974. ISBN 978-0-471-09585-9.\n\n\n== Awards ==\nPresident, Internet Society \nFellow, ACM.\nHonorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Brooklyn College, 2009 \nIEEE Award on International Communication, 2005\nMember of the board of Internet2 (2000–2008)\nJonathan B. Postel Service Award of the Internet Society, for CSNET, 2009\nIn 2012, Landweber was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nhttp://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~lhl/ Official web page at WisconsinLawrence Hugh Landweber is John P. Morgridge Professor Emeritus of computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.\nHe received his bachelor's degree in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph.D. at Purdue University in 1967. His doctoral thesis was \"A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic.\"\nHe is best known for founding the CSNET project in 1979, which later developed into NSFNET. He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP/IP protocol.\n\n\n== Publications ==\nHe is co-author of Brainerd, Walter S., and Lawrence H. Landweber. Theory of Computation. New York: Wiley, 1974. ISBN 978-0-471-09585-9.\n\n\n== Awards ==\nPresident, Internet Society \nFellow, ACM.\nHonorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Brooklyn College, 2009 \nIEEE Award on International Communication, 2005\nMember of the board of Internet2 (2000–2008)\nJonathan B. Postel Service Award of the Internet Society, for CSNET, 2009\nIn 2012, Landweber was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nhttp://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~lhl/ Official web page at WisconsinLawrence Hugh Landweber is John P. Morgridge Professor Emeritus of computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.\nHe received his bachelor's degree in 1963 at Brooklyn College and his Ph.D. at Purdue University in 1967. His doctoral thesis was \"A design algorithm for sequential machines and definability in monadic second-order arithmetic.\"\nHe is best known for founding the CSNET project in 1979, which later developed into NSFNET. He is credited with having made the fundamental decision to use the TCP",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which corporation is affiliated with the educational institution where Lawrence Landweber received his education? | [
{
"id": 699172,
"question": "Lawrence Landweber >> educated at",
"answer": "Brooklyn College",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 141338,
"question": "What company is #1 part of?",
"answer": "City University of New York",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | City University of New York | [
"The City University of New York"
] | true | What company is the school where Lawrence Landweber was educated a part of? |
3hop2__855821_223623_162182 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "South Central Coast",
"paragraph_text": " Nang. Tourism also benefits from Cham cultural heritage, including architecture, performances, and museums. It is generally much less industrialized and developed than the region around Ho Chi Minh City or the Red River Delta, but it has some regional industrial centers in Da Nang, around Nha Trang and Quy Nhon.\nSouth Central Coast (Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) - 8 provinces: Da Nang, Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận. The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. In the Nguy��n dynasty, this area was known as Tả Trực K�� (the area located in the right of Th��a Thiên).\n\n\n== Provinces ==\n\n\n== History ==\nThe region was inhabited by people of the Sa Hu��nh culture between around 1000 BC and 200 AD. Remains of this ancient civilization were found in Sa Hu��nh, Quảng Ngãi province. It was succeeded by a kingdom called Lin-yi (����) by the Chinese or Lâm ��p in Vietnamese that was in existence from 192 AD. Its political center was just north of the South Central Coast near Huế. Lin-yi was culturally influenced by India. According to Chinese sources, it repeatedly raided Jiaozhi (Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ), which was one factor that contributed to several wars between Jiaozhi and their Chinese colonizers against Lin-yi in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries.\n\nThe historic territory of Champa roughly equals the South Central Coast region, although it has at times extended well into theSouth Central Coast (Vietnamese: Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ) is one of the regions of Vietnam. It consists of the independent municipality of Đà Nẵng and seven other provinces. The two southern provinces Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận are sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region.The Paracel Islands (Hoàng Sa District), and Spratly Islands (Trường Sa District), are also part of this region. include Central Highlands (picture 2). Nevertheless, the term \"South Central Region\" can also be used to include Central Highlands as it is part of southern part of Central Vietnam.\nThe region has traditionally been one of the main gateways to neighbouring Central Highlands. It has a complex geography with mountain ranges extending up to the coast, making transport and infrastructure development challenging but favouring tourism in some places, most notable around Phan",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "John Phan",
"paragraph_text": "on \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California who is a two time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships.Bon \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang, Vietnam) isBon \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California who is a two time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships.Bon \"John\" Phan (born October 10, 1974 in Da Nang, Vietnam) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player based in Stockton, California who is a two time World Series of Poker bracelet winner and is a winner and four time final tablist of World Poker Tour Championships.Bon \"John\" Phan (born October 10, ",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Lâm Đồng Province",
"paragraph_text": " main city - Đà Lạt (Lâm Đồng attracted 3 million tourists in 2011).\nThe GDP of Lâm Đồng was nearly US$3 billion in 2020.\nIn the Provincial Competitiveness Index 2020, Lâm Đồng is ranked 15 out of 63 provinces in Vietnam.\n\n\n== AttractionsLâm Đồng () is a province located in the Central Highlands () region of Vietnam. Its capital is Da Lat. Lâm Đồng borders Khánh Hòa Province and Ninh Thuận Province to the east, Đồng Nai Province to the southwest, Bình Thuận Province to the southeast, Đắk Lắk Province to the north, and Đắk Nông Province to the northwest. It is the only Central Highlands province which does not share its western border with Cambodia..\nLâm Đồng is the only Central Highlands province which does not share its western border with neither Laos nor Cambodia.\n\n\n== Administrative divisions ==\nLâm Đồng is subdivided into 12 district-level sub-divisions:\n\nThey are further subdivided into 12 commune-level towns (or townlets), 118 communes, and 18 wards.\n\n\n== Economy ==\nThe economy is based largely on agriculture, with tea, coffee and vegetables being the main agricultural products. Lâm Đồng province is also famous for its main city - Đà Lạt (Lâm Đồng attracted 3 million tourists in 2011).\nThe GDP of Lâm Đồng was nearly US$3 billion in 2020.\nIn the Provincial Competitiveness Index 2020, Lâm Đồng is ranked 15 out of 63 provinces in Vietnam.\n\n\n== Attractions ==\nCát Tiên National Park\nBidoup Núi Bà National Park\nMany waterfalls such as Cam Ly, Prenn and Datanla\nLangbiang mountain\nTuyền Lâm Lake\nThung L��ng Tình Yêu (Love Valley)\nPren\nCát Tiên archaeological site\nLinh Phước Pagoda\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial government websiteLâm Đồng (Vietnamese: [ləm���� ����əw����m����] ) is a southernmost mountainous province in the Central Highlands region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Khánh Hòa and Ninh Thuận to the east, Đồng Nai to the southwest, Bình Thuận to the southeast, Đắk Lắk to the north, and Đắk Nông to the northwest.\nLâm Đồng is the only Central Highlands province which does not share its western border with neither Laos nor Cambodia.\n\n\n== Administrative divisions ==\nLâm Đồng is subdivided into 12 district-level sub-divisions:\n\nThey are further subdivided into 12 commune-level towns (or townlets), 118 communes, and 18 wards.\n\n\n== Economy ==\nThe economy is based largely on agriculture, with tea, coffee and vegetables being the main agricultural products. Lâm Đồng province is also famous for its main city - Đà Lạt (Lâm Đồng attracted 3 million tourists in 2011).\nThe GDP of Lâm Đồng was nearly US$3 billion in 2020.\nIn the Provincial Competitiveness Index 2020, Lâm Đồng is ranked 15 out of 63 provinces in Vietnam.\n\n\n== Attractions ==\nCát Tiên National Park\nBidoup Núi Bà National Park\nMany waterfalls such as Cam Ly, Prenn and Datanla\nLangbiang mountain\nTuyền Lâm Lake\nThung L��ng Tình Yêu (Love Valley)\nPren\nCát Tiên archaeological site\nLinh Phước Pagoda\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External linksLâm Đồng () is a province located in",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which part of the nation, where Lam Dong is situated, was John Phan born? | [
{
"id": 855821,
"question": "Lâm Đồng >> country",
"answer": "Vietnam",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 223623,
"question": "John Phan >> place of birth",
"answer": "Da Nang",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 162182,
"question": "In what region of #1 is #2 located?",
"answer": "South Central Coast",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | South Central Coast | [] | true | In what region of the country where Lam Dong is located is John Phan's birthplace? |
4hop1__433767_32392_823060_610794 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Mike Dow",
"paragraph_text": " Henry Gainous. \nDow joined the U.S. Army, serving as a paratrooper in his first tour of duty and as a door gunner for subsequent tours in Vietnam. He survived several helicopter crashes but, in his fourth flight, his pilot and best friend, Johnny Legg, was killed. Dow was following his friend in another helicopter at the time of the incident. After Legg's death, Dow decided to leave the military. He still keeps a rubbing of Mr. Legg's name from the Vietnam memorial in his office. \nAfter leaving Vietnam and the military, Dow returned to college, earning a master's degree in accounting from the University of South Alabama.\n\n\n== Business ==\nIn 1979, Dow co-founded QMS (Quality Micro Systems) with his brother-in-law, Jim Busby. Dow took on a variety of roles, serving as Vice President of Sales, Marketing, and Accounting for the company. Quality Micro Systems, a printer manufacturing company, at one time competed with giants like Hewlett Packard, Canon, Xerox, and Tektronix and was listed in the Fortune 500. Dow is credited with creating the company's European distribution network. After Black Monday, the company was forced to downsize and was eventually purchased by Minolta to become Minolta-QMS in 2000. \nPrior to this, Dow left QMS and entered electoral politics, joining the Democratic Party. He ran as a candidate in 1989 for city council from District 6.\n\n\n== Election of 1989 ==\nFrom 1911 to the 1980s, the city had a city commission government, with commissioners elected at-large. It returned to a mayor-council government to provide more representation by a breadth of city voters. Arthur Outlaw was elected as mayor in 1985, for the first time since 1911 as a direct candidate, by a comfortable margin. He ran as a 'statesman' candidate, based on his having served terms on the city commission in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. \nDuring his term, he worked with the city's first directly elected council in 1987 to pass an historic 15-year master plan. It proposed construction of a convention center on the Mobile River to stimulate downtown development. Gradually opposition to the convention center mounted. Outlaw was affiliated with Spring Hill College and activeMike Dow was born in South Carolina and was raised as a foster child. He had a troubled childhood. His father left his family when he was ten and his mother suffered from mental illness. As a consequence Mike became a ward of the state. Later at about the age of fourteen, he was taken in by his maternal grandfather, Henry Gainous.MMike Dow was born in South Carolina and was raised as a foster child. He had a troubled childhood. His father left his family when he was ten and his mother suffered from mental illness. As a consequence Mike became a ward of the state. Later at about the age of fourteen, he was taken in by his maternal grandfather, Henry Gainous. ==\nDow was born in South Carolina and was raised as a foster child. He had a troubled childhood. His father left his family when he was ten and his mother suffered from mental illness. As a consequence, Mike became a ward of the state. Later, at about the age of 14, he was taken in by his maternal grandfather, Henry Gainous. \nDow joined the U.S. Army, serving as a paratrooper in his first tour of duty and as a door gunner for subsequent tours in Vietnam. He survived several helicopter crashes but, in his fourth flight, his pilot and best friend, Johnny Legg, was killed. Dow was following his friend in another helicopter at the time of the incident. After Legg's death, Dow decided to leave the military. He still keeps a rubbing of Mr. Legg's name from the Vietnam memorial in his office. \nAfter leaving Vietnam and the military, Dow returned to college, earning a master's degree in accounting from the University of South Alabama.\n\n\n== Business ==\nIn 1979, Dow co-founded QMS (Quality Micro Systems) with his brother-in-law, Jim Busby. Dow took on a variety of roles, serving as Vice President of Sales, Marketing, and Accounting for the company. Quality Micro Systems, a printer manufacturing company, at one time competed with giants like Hewlett Packard, Canon, Xerox, and Tektronix and was listed in the Fortune 500. Dow is credited with creating the company's European distribution network. After Black Monday, the company was forced to downsize and was eventually purchased by Minolta to become Minolta-QMS in 2000. \nPrior to this, Dow left QMS and entered electoral politics, joining the Democratic Party. He ran as a candidate in 1989 for city council from District 6.\n\n\n== Election of 1989 ==\nFrom 1911 to the 1980s, the city had a city commission government, with commissioners elected at-large. It returned to a mayor-council government to provide more representation by a breadth of city voters. Arthur Outlaw was elected as mayor in 1985, for the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Charleston, South Carolina",
"paragraph_text": " based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this \"folk opera\", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.Charleston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston metropolitan area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley, Cooper, and Wando rivers. Charleston had a population of 150,227 at the 2020 census. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester counties, was estimated to be 849,417 in 2023. It ranks as the third-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the state, and the 71st-most populous in the United States.\nCharleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town, honoring King Charles II, at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River (now Charles Towne Landing) but relocated in 1680 to its present site, which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years. It remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by Parliament. Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries. Charleston adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783. Population growth in the interior of South Carolina influenced the removal of the state government to Columbia in 1788, but Charleston remained among the ten largest cities inAlthough the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers. unincorporated throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by Parliament. Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries. Charleston adoptedAs many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play \"Porgy\" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "WWNQ",
"paragraph_text": "inese era names, also known as reign mottos, were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for the purpose of year identification and numbering. The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE, and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar. Other polities in the Sinosphere—Korea, Vietnam and Japan—also adopted the concept of era name as a result of Chinese politico-cultural influence.\n\n\n== Description ==\nChinese era names were titles adopted for the purpose of identifying and numbering years in Imperial China. Era names originated as mottos or slogans chosen by the reigning monarch and usually reflected the political, economic and/or social landscapes at the time. For instance, the first era name proclaimed by the Emperor Wu of Han, Jianyuan (建元;WWNQ is a radio station licensed to Forest Acres, South Carolina, serving the Columbia, South Carolina market. Owned by Midlands Media Group LLC, the station broadcasts a country music format branded as 94.3 The Dude.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Forest Acres, South Carolina",
"paragraph_text": "Forest Acres is a city in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 10,361 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area. is an enclave of the city of Columbia.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nForest Acres is located at 34°2′19″N 80°58′3″W (34.038687, -80.967446).\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles (12.9 km2), of which 4.6 square miles (11.9 km2) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km2), or 7.46%, is water.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2020 census ===\n\nAs of the 2020 United States census, there were 10,617 people, 4,683 households, and 2,716 families residing in the city.\n\n\n=== 2000 census ===\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 10,558 people, 4,987 households, and 2,842 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,300.9 inhabitants per square mile (888.4/km2). There were 5,232 housing units at an average density of 1,140.2 per square mile (440.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city is 80.87% White, 15.52",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which county can you find the city that borders the capital of the state of Mike Dow's birthplace? | [
{
"id": 433767,
"question": "Mike Dow >> place of birth",
"answer": "South Carolina",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 32392,
"question": "What city became the state capital of #1 ?",
"answer": "Columbia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 823060,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Forest Acres",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 610794,
"question": "#3 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Richland County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
}
] | Richland County | [
"Richland County, South Carolina"
] | true | In what county is located the city that shares a border with the capital of the state where Mike Dow was born? |
2hop__81682_707195 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Cockatoo Island (New South Wales)",
"paragraph_text": " 12.9 hectares (32 acres) but it has been extended to 17.9 ha (44 acres) and is now cleared of most vegetation. Called Wa-rea-mah by the Indigenous Australians who traditionally inhabited the land prior to European settlement, the island may have been used as a fishing base, although physical evidence of Aboriginal heritage has not been found on the island.\nBetween 1839 and 1869, Cockatoo Island operated as a convict penal establishment, primarily as a place of secondary punishment for convicts who had re-offended in the colonies.\nCockatoo Island was also the site of one of Australia's biggest shipyards, operating between 1857 and 1991. The first of its two dry docks was built by convicts. Listed on the National Heritage List, the island is significant for its demonstration of the characteristics of a long-running dockyard and shipbuilding complex, including evidence of key functions, structures and operational layout. Cockatoo Island contains the nation's most extensive and varied record of shipbuilding, and has the potential to enhance understanding of maritime and heavy industrial processes in Australia from the mid-19th century.\nIn July 2010, UNESCO proclaimed Cockatoo Island as a World Heritage Site, and has been managed by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust since 2001.\n\n\n== Recent use and activities ==\nThe island is managed by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust which is also responsible for seven other lands around Sydney Harbour. The Harbour Trust is revitalising the island as a landmark harbour attraction with cultural events and heritage interpretation. Today Cockatoo Island retains some remnants of its past. Its prison buildings have been World Heritage listed, part of a serial listing of 11 Australian Convict Sites.\nAlthough some large workshops, slipways, wharves, residences and other buildings remain, major buildings were demolished after Cockatoo Island closed as a dockyard in 1991. As the remaining buildings contain few of their original industrial artefacts and none of the remaining industrial heritage including the docks, caissons and cranes is operational, it is difficult to currently see how the island functioned as a dockyard for over a century.\nIn late March 2005 the Harbour Trust, in partnership with an event organiser, held the Cockatoo Island Festival. The event put the island on Sydney's cultural map and initiated a range of cultural activities including contemporary art installations, exhibitions and festivals.\nThe Harbour Trust opened a camp and glampsite on the island in 2008. The camp ground attracts some 20,000 campers a year and is a popular spot for watching Sydney's renowned New Year's Eve fireworks. In 2010, the island attracted a capacity crowd of over 2000 campers to view NYE fireworks. Other island holiday accommodation consists of five renovated houses and apartments with harbour and city views.\nSydney Ferries services Cockatoo Island as part of its Woolwich/Balmain ferry route and Parramatta RiverCat route. Day visitors are welcome, and can picnic, barbecueCockatoo Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located at the junction of the Parramatta and Lane Cove rivers, in Sydney Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.CCockatoo Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located at the junction of the Parramatta and Lane Cove rivers, in Sydney Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ockatoo Island is the largest of several harbour islands that were once heavily timbered sandstone knolls. Originally the Island rose to 18 m (59 ft) above sea level and was 12.9 hectares (32 acres) but it has been extended to 17.9 ha (44 acres) and is now cleared of most vegetation. Called Wa-rea-mah by the Indigenous Australians who traditionally inhabited the land prior to European settlement, the island may have been used as a fishing base, although physical evidence of Aboriginal heritage has not been found on the island.\nBetween 1839 and 1869, Cockatoo Island operated as a convict penal establishment, primarily as a place of secondary punishment for convicts who had re-offended in the colonies.\nCockatoo Island was also the site of one of Australia's biggest shipyards, operating between 1857 and 1991. The first of its two dry docks was built by convicts. Listed on the National Heritage List, the island is significant for its demonstration of the characteristics of a long-running dockyard and shipbuilding complex, including evidence of key functions, structures and operational layout. Cockatoo Island contains the nation's most extensive and varied record of shipbuilding, and has the potential to enhance understanding of maritime and heavy industrial processes in Australia from the mid-19th century.\nIn July 2010, UNESCO proclaimed Cockatoo Island as a World Heritage Site, and has been managed by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust since 2001.\n\n\n== Recent use and activities ==\nThe island is managed by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust which is also responsible for seven other lands around Sydney Harbour. The Harbour Trust is revitalising the island as a landmark harbour attraction with cultural events and heritage interpretation. Today Cockatoo Island retains some remnants of its past. Its prison buildings have been World Heritage listed, part of a serial listing of 11 Australian Convict Sites.\nAlthough some large workshops, slipways, wharves, residences and other buildings remain, major buildings were demolished after Cockatoo Island closed as a dockyard in 1991. As the remaining buildings contain few of their original industrial artefacts and none of the remaining industrial heritage including the docks, caissons and cranes is operational, it is difficult to currently see how the island functioned as a dockyard for over a century.\nIn late March 2005 the Harbour Trust, in partnership",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Australian Ninja Warrior",
"paragraph_text": " 8 July 2019.\nOn 17 October 2019, the series was officially renewed for a fourth season at Nine's upfronts, also confirming Fordham, Maddern & Flintoff returning for the fourth season. The series will again be relocated, filming will take place at Melbourne Showgrounds in Ascot Vale. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Nine has introduced Audience Lock-out meaning members of the public can not attend as audience, only family members of contestants will be allowed to attend, as well as co-host Rebecca Maddern, who was put in self-isolation, was temporarily replaced by Shane Crawford for two heats, she has since been cleared and returned to filming. Crawford returned to the season as sideline commentator for the Semis and Grand Final after Freddie Flintoff had to fly back to the UK before coronavirus pandemic measures came into effect. The fourth season began airing on 26 July 2020.\nBen Polson became the first contestant to win after four seasons. His prize was $400,000 and the title of ‘Australian Ninja Warrior’.\nNine Network announced a fifth season on 16 September 2020. Casting applications are open until 30 November 2020. The series was again relocated, filming took place in Homebush, New South Wales. In June 2021, Nine announced Nick Kyrgios would be joining the series as a sideline commentator alongside Shane Crawford; Freddie Flintoff will not be returning due to travel challenges and a busy schedule. The fifth season began airing on 20 June 2021.\nOn 15 SeptemberThe series was announced in 2016 with applications open until 9 september 2016, with filming between November & December 2016 on Cockatoo Island. The series was officially confirmed at Nine's upfronts in November 2016 with Rebecca Maddern announced as host. A few days after the announcement, Ben Fordham was announced as second host & Freddie Flintoff as the series' sideline reporter. The series began airing on 9 July 2017. The series was renewed for a second season during the season one final which will be filmed between December 2017 & January 2018, with applications to close by 3 September 2017. On 11 October 2017, the series was officially confirmed for renewal at Nine's upfronts, also confirming Fordham, Maddern & Flintoff returning for the second season.AThe series was announced in 2016 with applications open until 9 september 2016, with filming between November & December 2016 on Cockatoo Island. The series was officially confirmed at Nine's upfronts in November 2016 with Rebecca Maddern announced as host. A few days after the announcement, Ben Fordham was announced as second host & Freddie Flintoff as the series' sideline reporter. The series began airing on 9 July 2017. The series was renewed for a second season during the season one final which will be filmed between December 2017 & January 2018, with applications to close by 3 September 2017. On 11 October 2017, the series was officially confirmed for renewal at Nine's upfronts, also confirming Fordham, Maddern & Flintoff returning for the second season.. The series began airing on 9 July 2017.\nThe series was renewed for a second season during the season one final which was filmed between December 2017 & January 2018, with applications that closed by 3 September 2017. On 11 October 2017, the series was officially confirmed for renewal at Nine's upfronts, also confirming Fordham, Maddern & Flintoff returning for the second season. The second season began airing on 8 July 2018.\nOn 17 October 2018, the series was officially renewed for a third season at Nine's upfronts, also confirming Fordham, Maddern & Flintoff returning for the third season. Filming for the series was relocated to Spotswood in Melbourne with filming commencing 15 November until 1 December. The third season began airing on 8 July 2019.\nOn 17 October 2019, the series was officially renewed for a fourth season at Nine's upfronts, also confirming Fordham, Maddern & Flintoff returning for the fourth season. The series will again be relocated, filming will take place at Melbourne Showgrounds in Ascot Vale. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Nine has introduced Audience Lock-out meaning members of the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which harbor is the island situated where the filming of Ninja Warrior took place in Australia? | [
{
"id": 81682,
"question": "where did they film ninja warrior in australia",
"answer": "Cockatoo Island",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 707195,
"question": "#1 >> located in or next to body of water",
"answer": "Sydney Harbour",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | Sydney Harbour | [] | true | The island where they filmed ninja warrior in Australia is located in what harbor? |
3hop2__36852_613770_7713 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": " the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.\nPrior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significantArchaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.\n\n\n=== Standard drop ===\n\nThe standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.\nIt was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Qing dynasty",
"paragraph_text": " Qing and this disproved the entirely irrelevant claim that alleged fear of the water on part of the Manchus had to do with the coastal evacuation and seaban. Even though a poem refers to the soldiers carrying out massacres in Fujian as \"barbarian\", both Han Green Standard Army and Han Bannermen were involved in the fighting for the Qing side and carried out the worst slaughter. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen.The flag of the Qing dynasty was an emblem adopted in the late 19th century (1889) featuring the Azure Dragon on a plain yellow field with the red flaming pearl in the upper left corner. It became the first national flag of China and is usually referred to as the \"Yellow Dragon Flag\" (traditional Chinese: ������; simplified Chinese: ������; pinyin: huánglóngqí).\nRuling China from 1644 until the overthrow of the monarchy during the Xinhai Revolution, the Qing dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. Between 1862 and 1912, the dynasty represented itself with the dragon flag.\n\n\n== Designs ==\nSince the Ming dynasty, yellow was considered the royal color of successive Chinese emperors. Members of the imperial family of China at that time were the only ones allowed to display the color yellow in buildings and on garments. The Emperor of China usually used a Chinese dragon as a symbol of the imperial power and strength. Generally, a five-clawed dragon was used by emperors only. \nIn Chinese culture, a flaming pearl is shown on top of the dragon's head. The pearl is associated with wealth, good luck, and prosperity.\nThe design of the flag was largely based on the Plain Yellow Banner, one of three \"upper\" banner armies among the Eight Banners under the direct command of the Emperor of China himself, and one of the four \"right wing\" banners.\n\nThe Eight Banners\nThe Eight Banners were administrative/military divisions under the Qing dynasty into which all Manchu households were placed. In war, the Eight BEarly during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ordered a Chinese official, Zeng Guofan, to organize regional and village militias into an emergency army called tuanlian. Zeng Guofan's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened. This new force became known as the Xiang Army, named after the Hunan region where it was raised. The Xiang Army was a hybrid of local militia and a standing army. It was given professional training, but was paid for out of regional coffers and funds its commanders — mostly members of the Chinese gentry — could muster. The Xiang Army and its successor, the Huai Army, created by Zeng Guofan's colleague and mentee Li Hongzhang, were collectively called the \"Yong Ying\" (Brave Camp).",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Guangling District",
"paragraph_text": "Guangling District () is one of three districts of Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, China. The district includes the eastern half of Yangzhou's main urban area (including Yangzhou's historic center within the former city wall), and the city's eastern suburbs. The other half of the city's main urban area is in Hanjiang District.Guangling District () is one of three districts of Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, China. The district includes the eastern half of Yangzhou's main urban area (including Yangzhou's historic center within the former city wall), and the city's eastern suburbs. The other half of the city's main urban area is in Hanjiang District",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | For how many years was the city, in which Qing was defeated in 1853, the capital of the administrative region where Guangling District is presently situated? | [
{
"id": 36852,
"question": "What city did the Qing lose in 1853?",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 613770,
"question": "Guangling District >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Yangzhou",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 7713,
"question": "How long had #1 been the capital city of #2 ?",
"answer": "about 400 years",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | about 400 years | [] | true | How long had the city where Qing lost in 1853 been the capital of the administrative territorial entity Guangling District is located? |
2hop__538412_126089 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Schermer",
"paragraph_text": " municipality of SchSchermer is a former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The name came from \"\"skir mere\"\", which means \"bright lake\" (ref. Groenedijk, 2000). Since 2015 it has been a part of Alkmaar.SSchermer is a former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The name came from \"\"skir mere\"\", which means \"bright lake\" (ref. Groenedijk, 2000). Since 2015 it has been a part of Alkmaar. the municipality of Alkmaar.\nThe municipality of Schermer included not only the Schermer polder, but also the polders of Oterleek, Mijzenpolder and Eilandspolder.\n\n\n== History ==\nAround 800 AD, the area that was the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "North Holland",
"paragraph_text": "orth Holland (Dutch: Noord-Holland, pronounced [��no��rt ������l��nt] ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of FThe capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and the province's largest city is the Netherlands' capital Amsterdam. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, serving since 2010. There are 51 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province.The capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and the province's largest city is the Netherlands' capital Amsterdam. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, serving since 2010. There are 51 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province.North Holland (Dutch: Noord-Holland, pronounced [��no��rt ������l��nt] ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, and west of Friesland and Flevoland. As of January 2023, it had a population of about 2,952,000 and a total area of 4,092 km2 (1,580 sq mi), of which 1,429 km2 (552 sq mi) is water.\nFrom the 9th to the 16th century, the area was an integral part of the County of Holland. During this period West Friesland was incorporated. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the province of Holland and commonly known as the Noorderkwartier (English: \"Northern Quarter\"). In 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land.\nThe provincial capital is Haarlem (pop. 161,265). The province's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capital Amsterdam, with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019. The King's Commissioner of North Holland is Arthur van Dijk, who has been serving since 2019. There are 45 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province. The busiest airport in the Netherlands and Europe's third-busiest airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, is in North Holland.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Emergence of a new province (1795 to 1840) ===\nThe province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments (département) with roughly equal populations. Holland was split up into five departments named \"Texel\", \"Amstel\", \"Delf\", \"Schelde en Maas\", and \"Rijn\". The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland; the latter two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created. This reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province.\nIn 1807, Holland was reorganised. This time the two departments were called \"Amstelland\" (corresponding to the modern province of North Holland) and \"Maasland\" (corresponding to the modern province of South Holland). This also did not last long. In 1810, all the Dutch provinces were integrated into the French Empire. Amstelland and Utrecht were amalgamated as the department of \"Zuiderzee\" (Zuyderzée in French) and Maasland was renamed \"Monden van de Maas\" (Bouches-de-la-Meuse in French).\nAfter the defeat of the French in 1813, this organisation remained unchanged for a year or so. When the 1814 Constitution was introduced, the country was reorganised as provinces and regions (landschappen). Zuiderzee and Monden van de Maas were reunited as the province of \"Holland\". One of the ministers on the constitutional committee (van Maanen) suggested that the old name \"Holland and West Friesland\" be reintroduced to respect the feelings of the people of that region. This proposal was rejected.\nHowever, the division was not totally reversed. When the province of Holland was re-established in 1814, it was given two governors, one for the former department of Amstelland (area that is now North Holland) and one for the former department of Maasland (now South Holland). Even though the province had been reunited, the two areas were still being treated differently in some ways and the idea of dividing Holland remained alive. During this reorganisation the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were returned to Holland and parts of \"Hollands Brabant\" (including \"Land of Altena\") went to North Brabant. The borders with Utrecht and Gelderland were definitively set in 1820.\nWhen the constitutional amendments were introduced in 1840, it was decided to split Holland once again, this time into two provinces called \"North Holland\" and \"South Holland\". The need for this was not felt in South Holland or in West Friesland (which feared the dominance of Amsterdam). The impetus came largely from Amsterdam, which still resented the 1838 relocation of the court of appeal to The Hague in South Holland.\n\n\n=== Urbanisation and economic growth (1840 to today) ===\n\nAfter the Haarlemmermeer was drained in 1855 and turned into arable land, it was made part of North Holland. In exchange, South Holland received the greater part of the municipality of Leimuiden in 1864. In 1942, the islands Vlieland and Terschelling went back to the province of Friesland. In 1950, the former island Urk was ceded to the province of Overijssel.\nIn February 2011, North Holland, together with the provinces of Utrecht and Flevoland, showed a desire to investigate the feasibility of a merger between the three provinces. This has been positively received by the First Rutte cabinet, for the desire to create one Randstad province has already been mentioned in the coalition agreement. The province of South Holland, part of the Randstad urban area, visioned to be part of the Randstad province, and very much supportive of the idea of a merger into one province. With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in both area and population.\n\n\n== Geography ==\n\nNorth Holland is situated at 52°40′N 4°50′E in the northwest of the Netherlands with to the northeast the province of Friesland, to the east the province of Flevoland, to the southeast the province of Utrecht, to the southwest the province of South Holland, and to the west the North Sea.\nNorth Holland is a broad peninsula for the most part, located between the North Sea, the Wadden Sea, the IJsselmeer, and the Markermeer. More than half of the province consists of reclaimed polder land situated below sea level. The West Frisian islands of Noorderhaaks and Texel are also part of the province. North Holland makes up a single region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having the code ISO 3166-2:NL-NH.\n\n\n=== Municipalities ===\n\nAs of 24 March 2022, North Holland is divided into 44 municipalities (local government). After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, three islands in the Caribbean: Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius, were offered to join",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who held authority over the province that houses Schermer? | [
{
"id": 538412,
"question": "Schermer >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "North Holland",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 126089,
"question": "Who was in charge of #1 ?",
"answer": "Johan Remkes",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | Johan Remkes | [] | true | Who was in charge of the province where Schermer is located? |
3hop1__483843_40769_64047 | [
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "1973 oil crisis",
"paragraph_text": " lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. In an effort that was led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list was later expanded to include Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. In March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second oil shock\" that was the 1979 oil crisis, brought upon by the Iranian Revolution.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\n\n=== Arab-Israeli conflict ===\nEver since Israel declared independence in 1948 there was conflict between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East, including several wars. The Suez Crisis, also known as the Second Arab–Israeli war, was sparked by Israel's southern port of Eilat being blocked by Egypt, which also nationalized the Suez Canal belonging to French and British investors. As a result of the war, the Suez Canal was closed for several months between 1956 and 1957.\nThe Six-Day War of 1967 included an Israeli invasion of the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula, which resulted in Egypt closing the Suez Canal for eight years. Following the Yom Kippur War, the canal was cleared in 1974 and opened again in 1975. OAPEC countries cut production of oil and placed an embargo on oil exports to the United States after Richard Nixon requested $2.2 billion to support Israel's war effort. Nevertheless, the embargo lasted only until January 1974, though the price of oil remained high afterwards.\n\n\n=== American production decline ===\nBy 1969, American domestic output of oil was peaking and could not keep pace with increasing demand from vehicles. The U.S. was importing 350 million barrels (56 million cubic metres) per year by the late 1950s, mostly from Venezuela and Canada. Because of transportation costs and tariffs, it never purchased much oil from the Middle East. In 1973, US production had declined to 16% of global output. Eisenhower imposed quotas on foreign oil that would stay in place between 1959 and 1973. Critics called it the \"drain America first\" policy. Some scholars believe the policy contributed to the decline of domestic US oil production in the early 1970s.Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands. lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from US$3 per barrel ($19/m3) to nearly US$12 per barrel ($75/m3) globally. Prices in the United States were significantly higher than the global average. After it was implemented, the embargo caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on the global economy as well as on global politics. The 1973 embargo later came to be referred to as the \"first oil shock\" vis-à-vis the \"second oil shock\" that was the 1979 oil crisis, brought upon by the Iranian Revolution.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\n\n=== Arab-Israeli conflictSome buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. In an effort that was led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia, the initial countries that OAPEC targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list was later expanded to include Portugal, Rhodesia, and South Africa. In March 1974, OAPEC lifted the embargo, but the price of oil had risen by nearly 300%: from",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Lexus RX",
"paragraph_text": " facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and Shazam tagging. Sales began worldwide in April 2012 for the RX 350 and RX 450h, with sales for the F - Sport variants starting in July of the same year.A facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and Shazam tagging. Sales began worldwide in April 2012 for the RX 350 and RX 450h, with sales for the F - Sport variants starting in July of the same year.A facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and ShA facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design registration number 001845801 - 0004. The facelift was unveiled at the March 2012 Geneva Motor Show with new wheels, interior colors, new head and tail lamps and new grilles. New LED running lights were introduced as well. The F Sport was introduced, with a honeycomb grille, 8 - speed automatic transmission, and a unique sporty interior. In the US, the new model uses the Lexus Enform telematics system, which includes the Safety Connect SOS system and Shazam tagging. Sales began worldwide in April 2012 for the RX 350 and RX 450h, with sales for the F - Sport variants starting in July of the same year.A facelift was designed through late 2010 and patented on 7 January 2011 under design",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Scion bbX",
"paragraph_text": " be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York InternationalThe Scion bbX was first concept car to be revealed by Toyota for its daughter company, Scion. The concept was first shown at the New York International Auto Show in 2003. As shown at the motor show, the bbX is very similar to the design of the Scion xB, sold for two generations from 2003 to 2015.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When was the body style of the RX 350 modified by the high-end branch of the maker of the Scion bbX? | [
{
"id": 483843,
"question": "Scion bbX >> manufacturer",
"answer": "Toyota",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 40769,
"question": "Name a luxury division of #1 .",
"answer": "Lexus",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 64047,
"question": "when did #2 rx 350 change body style",
"answer": "Sales began worldwide in April 2012",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Sales began worldwide in April 2012 | [] | true | When did the luxury division of the manufacturer of the Scion bbX change the body style of the rx 350? |
3hop1__831162_831637_91775 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy",
"paragraph_text": "except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy.The first automotive torpedo was developed in 1866, and the torpedo boat was developed soon after. In 1898, while the Spanish–American War was being fought in the Caribbean and the Pacific, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt wrote that the Spanish torpedo boat destroyers were the only threat to the American navy, and pushed for the acquisition of similar vessels. On 4 May 1898, the US Congress authorized the first sixteen torpedo boat destroyers and twelve seagoing torpedo boats for the United States Navy.\nIn World War I, the U.S. Navy began mass-producing destroyers, laying 273 keels of the Clemson and Wickes-class destroyers. The peacetime years between 1919 and 1941 resulted in many of these flush deck destroyers being laid up. Additionally, treaties regulated destroyer construction. The 1500-ton destroyers built in the 1930sThe first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were \"frigates\"—the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy. Wickes-class destroyers. The peacetime years between 1919 and 1941 resulted in many of these flush deck destroyers being laid up. Additionally, treaties regulated destroyer construction. The 1500-ton destroyers built in the 1930s under the treaties had stability problems that limited expansion of their armament in World War II. During World War II, the United States began building largerThe first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were \"frigates\"—the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy.The first automotive torpedo was developed in 1866, and the torpedo boat was developed soon after. In 1898, while the Spanish–American War was being fought in the Caribbean and the Pacific, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt wrote that the Spanish torpedo boat destroyers were the only threat to the American navy, and pushed for the acquisition of similar vessels. On 4 May 1898, the US Congress authorized the first sixteen torpedo boat destroyers and twelve seagoing torpedo boats for the United States Navy.\nIn World War I, the U.S. Navy began mass-producing destroyers, laying 273 keels of the Clemson and Wickes-class destroy",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "USS Dour (AM-223)",
"paragraph_text": "inawa 26 May escorting a convoy of landing craft. After patrolling off Okinawa and Ie Shima, on 23 July she joined in minesweeping coordinated with the U.S. 3rd Fleet strikes on Japan.\nEngaged in postwar sweeping operations Dour swept for mines in the Yellow Sea and off Jinsen, Korea. On 9 September she arrived at Sasebo, Japan, and swept Japanese waters until 28 December when she sailed for the west coast, arriving at San Pedro, California, 7 February 1946. Dour received three battle stars for World War II service.\nOn 8 April she got underway for Algiers, Louisiana, where she remained from 26 April to 2 May. She served ships in reserve at Orange, Texas, until placed out of commission in reserve there 15 March 1947. While she remained in reserve, Dour was reclassified MSF-223 on 7 February 1955. She was struck from the Naval Register on 1 May 1962 and transferred toUSS \"Dour\" (AM-223) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was awarded three battle stars for service in the Pacific during World War II. She was decommissioned in March 1947 and placed in reserve. While she remained in reserve, \"Dour\" was reclassified as MSF-223 in February 1955 but never reactivated. In October 1962, she was sold to the Mexican Navy and renamed ARM \"DM-16\". She was stricken from Mexican Navy service in 1986, but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources.UUSS \"Dour\" (AM-223) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was awarded three battle stars for service in the Pacific during World War II. She was decommissioned in March 1947 and placed in reserve. While she remained in reserve, \"Dour\" was reclassified as MSF-223 in February 1955 but never reactivated. In October 1962, she was sold to the Mexican Navy and renamed ARM \"DM-16\". She was stricken from Mexican Navy service in 1986, but her ultimate fate is not reported in secondary sources..\n\n\n== U.S. Navy career ==\nDour was launched 25 March 1944 by American Shipbuilding Co., Lorain, Ohio; sponsored by Mrs. W. R. Douglas; and commissioned 4 November 1944. Dour arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, 26 November from the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. She served in the Local Defense Force, until 1 February 1945 when she got underway for Norfolk, Virginia.\nDour sailed from Norfolk 9 March 1945 for the Pacific. She called",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "United States Navy SEALs",
"paragraph_text": " The United States Military recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses. As a result, the joint Army, Marine Corps, and Navy Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce, Florida. The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year, just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, from the Observer Group, a joint U.S. Army-Marine-Navy unit.\n\n\n=== Scouts and Raiders ===\nRecognizing the need for a beach reconnaissance force, a select group of Army andThe United States Navy's ``Sea, Air, and Land ''Teams, commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from, and return to, a river, ocean, swamp, delta, or coastline. The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments (Sea, Air, and Land) for which they are named. highly trained, and possess a high degree of proficiency in unconventional warfare (UW), direct action (DA), and special reconnaissance (SR), among other tasks like sabotage, demolition, intelligence gathering,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the military faction that governs the USS Dour, what is the meaning of the acronym SEAL? | [
{
"id": 831162,
"question": "USS Dour >> operator",
"answer": "United States Navy",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 831637,
"question": "list of destroyer classes of #1 >> operator",
"answer": "U.S. Navy",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 91775,
"question": "what does seal stand for in #2 seals",
"answer": "Sea, Air, and Land",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Sea, Air, and Land | [] | true | What does SEAL stand for in the military group that is part of the military branch that operates USS Dour? |
2hop__829474_123956 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Battle of Palembang",
"paragraph_text": "rons. The group could only muster 40 Bristol Blenheim light bombers and 35 Lockheed Hudson light bombers. The Blenheims had flown from the Middle East and Egypt, where they were considered too old to cope with newer German and Italian fighters. A handful of United States Far East Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers also operated out of Palembang briefly in January, but these were withdrawn to Java and Australia before the battle commenced.\nNo. 226 (Fighter) Group RAF also arrived at Palembang in early February: two squadrons of Hawker Hurricanes transported to Sumatra by the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable. They were joined by the remnants of British, Australian and Royal New Zealand Air Force Hurricane and Brewster Buffalo squadrons, which had both inflicted and suffered heavy losses in intense air battles over the Malayan and Singapore campaigns.\nThe Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) South Sumatra Island Territorial Command, its command in the Palembang area, consisted of about 2,000 troops under Lieutenant Colonel L. N. W. Vogelesang: the South Sumatra Garrison Battalion and a Stadswacht/Landstorm (\"home guard/reserve\") infantry company in Palembang, a Stadswacht/Landstorm infantry company in Jambi (Djambi), as well as various artillery and machine gun units. (KNIL units in other parts of Sumatra lacked mobility and played no part in the fighting.) The Royal Netherlands Navy was represented by the minelayer Pro Patria and the patrol boats P-38 and P-40 on the Musi river.\n\n\n== Battle ==\n\n\n=== Airborne attack ===\n\nWhile the Allied planes attacked the Japanese ships on 13 February, Kawasaki Ki-56 transport planes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Chutai, Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF), dropped TeThe Battle of Palembang was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II. It occurred near Palembang, on Sumatra, on 13–15 February 1942. The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Pladju (or Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. With the area's abundant fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered significant potential as a military base to both the Allies and the Japanese.The Battle of Palembang was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II. It occurred near Palembang, on Sumatra, on 13–15 February 1942. The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Plaju (then Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom after the Japanese invaded China. With the area's abundant fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered significant potential as a military base to both the Allies and the Japanese.\n\n\n== Prelude ==\n\nIn January, the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) decided to concentrate Allied air forces in Sumatra at two airfields near Palembang: Pangkalan Benteng, also known as \"P1\" and a secret air base at Prabumulih (then Praboemoelih), or \"P2\".\nThe British Royal Air Force created No. 225 (Bomber) Group at Palembang. It included two Royal Australian Air Force squadrons and a large number of Australians serving with British squadrons. The group could only muster 40 Bristol Blenheim light bombers and 35 Lockheed Hudson light bombers. The Blenheims had flown from the Middle East and Egypt, where they were considered too old to cope with newer German and Italian fighters. A handful of United States Far East Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers also operated out of Palembang briefly in January, but these were withdrawn to Java and Australia before the battle commenced.\nNo. 226 (Fighter) Group RAF also arrived at Palembang in early February: two squadrons of Hawker Hurricanes transported to Sumatra by the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable. They were joined by the remnants of British, Australian and Royal New Zealand Air Force Hurricane and Brewster Buffalo squadrons, which had both inflicted and suffered heavy losses in intense air battles over the Malayan and Singapore campaigns.\nThe Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) South Sumatra Island Territorial Command, its command in the Palembang area, consisted of about 2,000 troops under Lieutenant Colonel L. N. W. Vogelesang: the South Sumatra Garrison Battalion and a Stadswacht/Landstorm (\"home guard/reserve\") infantry company in Palembang, a Stadswacht/Landstorm infantry company in Jambi (Djambi), as well as various artillery and machine gun units. (KNIL units in other parts of Sumatra lacked mobility and played no part in the fighting.) The Royal Netherlands Navy was represented by the minelayer Pro Patria and the patrol boats P-38 and P-40 on the Musi river.\n\n\n== Battle ==\n\n\n=== Airborne attack ===\n\nWhile the Allied planes attacked the Japanese ships on 13 February, Kawasaki Ki-56 transport planes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Chutai, Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF), dropped Teishin Shudan (Raiding Group) paratroopers over Pangkalan Benteng airfield. At the same time Mitsubishi Ki-21 bombers from the 98th Sentai dropped supplies for paratroopers. The formation was escorted by a large force of Nakajima Ki-43 fighters from the 59th and 64th Sentai.\nAs many as 180 men from the Japanese Army 2nd Parachute Regiment, under Colonel Seiichi Kume, dropped between Palembang and Pangkalan Benteng, and more than 90 men came down west of the refineries at Pladjoe. Although the Japanese paratroopers failed to capture the Pangkalan Benteng airfield, they did manage to gain possession of the entire Pladjoe oil refinery complex undamaged. A makeshift counter-attack by Landstorm troops and anti-aircraft gunners from Praboemoelih managed to retake the complex but took heavy losses, due to Japanese soldiers entrenched in the refinery's air raid shelters. The planned demolition failed to do any serious damage to the refinery, but the oil stores were set ablaze. Two hours after the first drop, another 60 Japanese paratroopers were dropped near Pangkalan Benteng airfield.\nOn 14 February, the surviving Japanese paratroopers advanced to the Musi, Salang and Telang rivers, near Palembang.\n\n\n=== Amphibious assault ===\nThe main Japanese invasion force, an amphibious assault fleet under Vice-Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), was on its way from Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina. It was made up of the Imperial Japanese Army's 229th Infantry Regiment and one battalion from the 230th Infantry Regiment. A small advance party set out eight transports escorted by the light cruiser Sendai and four destroyers. The main force followed in 14 transports, escorted by the heavy cruiser Chokai and four destroyers. The covering force included the aircraft carrier Ryujo, four heavy cruisers, one light cruiser and three destroyers. Additional air cover was provided by land-based IJN planes and the IJAAF 3rd Air Division.\nOn the morning of 14 February, a river boat commandeered by the British Royal Navy, HMS Li Wo — under Lieutenant Thomas Wilkinson — ferrying personnel and equipment betweenThe Battle of Palembang was a battle of the Pacific theatre of World War II. It occurred near Palembang, on Sumatra, on 13–15 February 1942. The Royal Dutch Shell oil refineries at nearby Pladju (or Pladjoe) were the major objectives for the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War, because of an oil embargo imposed on Japan by the United States, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. With the area's abundant fuel supply and airfield, Palembang offered significant potential as a military base to both the Allies and the Japanese.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Muhammad Shobran",
"paragraph_text": "Muhammad Shobran (born July 6, 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian footballer that currently plays for Sriwijaya in the Indonesia Super League.Muhammad Shobran (born July 6, 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian footballer that currently plays for Sriwijaya in the Indonesia Super League.Muhammad Shobran (born 6 July 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian former footballer.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Club honors ===\nSriwijaya\nIndonesia Super League (1): 2011–12\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Muhammad Shobran\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 July 2012.Muhammad Shobran (born 6 July 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian former footballer.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Club honors ===\nSriwijaya\nIndonesia Super League (1): 2011–12\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Muhammad Shobran\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 July 2012.Muhammad Shobran (born 6 July 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian former footballer.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Club honors ===\nSriwijaya\nIndonesia Super League (1): 2011–12\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Muhammad Shobran\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 July 2012.Muhammad Shobran (born 6 July 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian former footballer.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Club honors ===\nSriwijaya\nIndonesia Super League (1): 2011–12\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Muhammad Shobran\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 July 2012.Muhammad Shobran (born 6 July 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian former footballer.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Club honors ===\nSriwijaya\nIndonesia Super League (1): 2011–12\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Muhammad Shobran\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 July 2012.Muhammad Shobran (born 6 July 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian former footballer.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Club honors ===\nSriwijaya\nIndonesia Super League (1): 2011–12\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Muhammad Shobran\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 July 2012.Muhammad Shobran (born 6 July 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian former footballer.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Club honors ===\nSriwijaya\nIndonesia Super League (1): 2011–12\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Muhammad Shobran\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14 July 2012.Muhammad Shobran (born 6 July 1983 in Palembang, South Sumatra) is an Indonesian former footballer.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Club honors ===\nSriwijaya\nIndonesia Super League (1): 2011–12\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Muhammad Shobran\". soccerway.com. Retrieved 14",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When is the birthdate of Muhammad Shobran, which coincided with a battle? | [
{
"id": 829474,
"question": "Muhammad Shobran >> place of birth",
"answer": "Palembang",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 123956,
"question": "On what date did Battle of #1 end?",
"answer": "15 February 1942",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | 15 February 1942 | [] | true | On what date was the battle where Muhammad Shobran was born? |
2hop__219456_87295 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "The Princess Diaries (film)",
"paragraph_text": "The Princess Diaries is a 2001 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Gina Wendkos, based on Meg Cabot's 2000 novel of the same name. It stars Anne Hathaway (in her film debut) as Mia Thermopolis, a teenager who discovers that she is the heir to the throne of the fictional Kingdom of Genovia, ruled by her grandmother Queen dowager Clarisse Renaldi (Julie Andrews). The film also stars Heather Matarazzo, Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Moore, and Robert Schwartzman. tutelage of her estranged grandmother (Andrews), the kingdom's reigning queen, Mia must choose whether to claim or renounce the title she has inherited.\nFeeling confident about the novel's film potential, Cabot's agent pursued producer Debra Martin Chase about adapting The Princess Diaries into a feature-length film, an idea she pitched to Disney upon reading the book. After obtaining the film rights, Disney originally greenlit the project under the title The Princess of Tribeca, reverting it once its setting was changed from New York to San Francisco, where the majority of the film was shot between September and December 2000. Marshall agreed to direct because he found the story ideal for family entertainment. Despite having little involvement in the film's development, Cabot was consulted about various changes to its story and characters. Hathaway won the lead role over several established young actresses in her motion picture debut, while The Princess Diaries commemorated the end of Andrews's semi-retirement from acting and return to Disney films, her first since Mary Poppins (1964).\nThe Princess Diaries premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on July 29, 2001, and was released in the United States on August 3. The film was an unexpected commercial success, grossing over $165 million worldwide. Despite receiving mixed reviews for its plot and themes, Hathaway's performance was widely praised by film critics. Ranking among the most profitable films of 2001, The Princess Diaries defied industry expectations as pundits had expected the film to underperform due to its G rating and subject matter. The film's success is credited with establishing Hathaway as a bankable actress and rev",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 7,
"title": "On Golden Pond (2001 film)",
"paragraph_text": " this version, and Craig Anderson, the producer/director of the original Off Broadway and Broadway productions of the play, was the executive producer. For Andrews, the film marked the first instance of public singing, albeit only a few notes, since throat surgery ruined her singing voice in 1995.\nThompson provided rewrites to his original play for this broadcast. Most of the revisions are to Act II and center on the characters of Bill Ray and Charlie Martin.\nApproximately 11.9 million people watched the production when it was initially released, the lowest viewership for a program in its time slot.\n\n\n== Cast list ==\nJulie Andrews as Ethel Thayer\nChristopher Plummer as Norman Thayer\nGlenne Headly as Chelsea Thayer Wayne\nSam Robards as Bill Ray\nBrett Cullen as Charlie Martin\nWill Rothhaar as Billy Ray Jr.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nFor an approximate plot and synopsis, see On Golden Pond (1981 film) and On Golden Pond (play), respectively.\n\n\n== Awards and nominations ==\n\n\n=== Emmy Awards ===\nNomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (2001)\n\n\n== See also ==\nOn Golden Pond (play)\nOn Golden Pond (1981 movie)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOn Golden Pond at IMDb\nOn Golden Pond at AllMovie\nOn Golden Pond at the TCMOn Golden Pond is a 2001 American television adaptation of the play starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. The movie originally aired on CBS on April 29, 2001 and was promoted as a live television event. The movie was filmed on a sound stage in Los Angeles, California.OnOn Golden Pond is a 2001 American television adaptation of the play starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. The movie originally aired on CBS on April 29, 2001 and was promoted as a live television event. The movie was filmed on a sound stage in Los Angeles, California.ie Andrews and Christopher Plummer had previously starred in the highly successful 1965 film The Sound of Music, and their reuniting in this play was part of the promotion for the original broadcast of the film. The film is also notable because the author of the play, Ernest Thompson, directed this version, and Craig Anderson, the producer/director of the original Off Broadway and Broadway productions of the play, was the executive producer. For Andrews, the film marked the first instance of public singing, albeit only a few notes, since throat surgery ruined her singing voice in 1995.\nThompson provided rewrites to his original play for this broadcast. Most of the revisions are to Act II and center on the characters of Bill Ray and Charlie Martin.\nApproximately 11.9 million people watched the production when it was initially released, the lowest viewership for a program in its time slot.\n\n\n== Cast list ==\nJulie Andrews as Ethel Thayer\nChristopher Plummer as Norman Thayer\nGlenne Headly as Chelsea Thayer Wayne\nSam Robards as Bill Ray\nBrett Cullen as Charlie Martin\nWill Rothhaar as Billy Ray Jr.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nFor an approximate plot and synopsis, see On Golden Pond (1981 film) and On Golden Pond (play), respectively.\n\n\n== Awards and nominations ==\n\n\n=== Emmy Awards ===\nNomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (2001)\n\n\n== See also ==\nOn Golden Pond (play)\nOn Golden Pond (1981 movie)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOn Golden Pond at IMDb\nOn Golden Pond at AllMovie\nOn Golden Pond at the TCMOn Golden Pond is a 2001 American television adaptation of the play starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. The movie originally aired on CBS on April 29, 2001 and was promoted as a live television event. The movie was filmed on a sound stage in Los Angeles, California.On Golden Pond is a 2001 American live television adaptation of the play of the same name starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. The movie originally aired on CBS on April 29, 2001 and was filmed on a sound stage at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, California.\nJulie Andrews and Christopher Plummer had previously starred in the highly successful 1965 film The Sound of Music, and their reuniting in this play was part of the promotion for the original broadcast of the film. The film is also notable because the author of the play, Ernest Thompson, directed this version, and Craig Anderson, the producer/director of the original Off Broadway and Broadway productions of the play, was the executive producer. For Andrews, the film marked the first instance of public singing, albeit only a few notes, since throat surgery ruined her singing voice in 1995.\nThompson provided rewrites to his original play for this broadcast. Most of the revisions are to Act II and center on the characters of Bill Ray and Charlie Martin.\nApproximately 11.9 million people watched the production when it was initially released, the lowest viewership for a program in its time slot.\n\n\n== Cast list ==\nJulie Andrews as Ethel Thayer\nChristopher Plummer as Norman Thayer\nGlenne Headly as Chelsea Thayer Wayne\nSam Robards as Bill Ray\nBrett Cullen as Charlie Martin\nWill Rothhaar as Billy Ray Jr.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nFor an approximate plot and synopsis, see On Golden Pond (1981 film) and On Golden Pond (play), respectively.\n\n\n== Awards and nominations ==\n\n\n=== Emmy Awards ===\nNomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (2001)\n\n\n== See also ==\nOn Golden Pond (play)\nOn Golden Pond (1981 movie)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOn Golden Pond at IMDb\nOn Golden Pond at AllMovie\nOn Golden Pond at the TCM Movie Database\nMovie on YouTube\nVariety Review\nLA Times article\nYouTube video of part 1On Golden Pond is a 2001 American live television adaptation of the play of the same name starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer. The movie originally aired on CBS on April 29, 2001 and was filmed on a sound stage at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, California.\nJulie Andrews and Christopher Plummer had previously starred in the highly successful 1965 film The Sound of Music, and their reuniting in this play was part of the promotion for the original broadcast of the film. The film is also notable because the author of the play, Ernest Thompson, directed this version, and Craig Anderson, the producer/director of the original Off Broadway and Broadway productions of the play, was the executive producer. For Andrews, the film marked the first instance of public singing, albeit only a few notes, since throat surgery ruined her singing voice in 1995.\nThompson provided rewrites to his original play for this broadcast. Most of the revisions are to Act II and center on the characters of Bill Ray and Charlie Martin.\nApproximately 11.9 million people watched the production when it was initially released, the lowest viewership for a program in its time slot.\n\n\n== Cast list ==\nJulie Andrews as Ethel Thayer\nChristopher Plummer as Norman Thayer\nGlenne Headly as Chelsea Thayer Wayne\nSam Robards as Bill Ray\nBrett Cullen as Charlie Martin\nWill Rothhaar as Billy Ray Jr.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nFor an approximate plot and synopsis, see On Golden Pond (1981 film) and On Golden Pond (play), respectively.\n\n\n== Awards and nominations ==\n\n\n=== Emmy Awards ===\nNomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (2001)\n\n\n== See also ==\nOn Golden Pond (play)\nOn Golden Pond (198",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the film Princess Diaries, which role is portrayed by the actress who also appeared in On Golden Pond? | [
{
"id": 219456,
"question": "On Golden Pond >> cast member",
"answer": "Julie Andrews",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 87295,
"question": "who does #1 play in princess diaries",
"answer": "Queen dowager Clarisse Renaldi",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | Queen dowager Clarisse Renaldi | [] | true | What character in Princess Diaries does the actress play who was also a cast member in On Golden Pond? |
3hop1__268450_503371_21711 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Gothic architecture",
"paragraph_text": "rals and churches, as well as abbeys, and parish churches. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guildhalls, universities and, less prominently today, private dwellings. Many of the finest examples of medieval Gothic architecture are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.\nWith the development of Renaissance architecture in Italy during the mid-15th century, the Gothic style was supplanted by the new style, but in some regions, notably England and Belgium, Gothic continued to flourish and develop into the 16th century. A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th century England, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for churches and university buildings, into the 20th century.\n\n\n== Name ==\n Medieval contemporaries described the style as Latin: opus Francigenum, lit.��'French work' or 'Frankish work', as opus modernum, 'modern work', novum opus, 'new work', or as Italian: maniera tedesca, lit.��'German style'.\nThe term \"Gothic architecture\" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term \"barbarous German style\" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to the Goths, whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. When Vasari wrote, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Vitruvian architectural vocabulary of classical orders revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement. Thus the Gothic style, being in opposition to classical architecture, from that point of view was associated with the destruction of advancement and sophistication. The assumption that classical architecture was better than Gothic architecture was widespread and proved difficult to defeat. Vasari was echoed in the 16th century by François Rabelais, who referred to Goths and Ostrogoths (Gotz and Ostrogotz).\nThe polymath architect Christopher Wren disapproved of the name Gothic for pointed architecture. He compared it to Islamic architecture, which he called the 'Saracen style', pointing out that the pointed arch's sophistication was not owed to the Goths but to the Islamic Golden Age. He wrote:\n\nThis we now call the Gothic manner of architecture (so the Italians called what was not after the Roman style) though the Goths were rather destroyers than builders; I think it should with more reason be called the Saracen style, forThe Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.ity.\nThe defining design element of Gothic architecture is the pointed arch. The use of the pointed arch in turn led to the development of the pointed rib vault and flying buttresses, combined with elaborate tracery and stained glass windows.\nAt the Abbey of Saint-Denis, near Paris, the choir was reconstructed between 1140 and 1144, drawing together for the first time the developing Gothic architectural features. In doing so, a new architectural style emerged that emphasized",
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"idx": 8,
"title": "Martin of Aragon",
"paragraph_text": " 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.Martin the Humane (29 JulyMartin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.== Background ==\nMartin was born in 1356, in either Girona or Perpignan, both then in the Principality of Catalonia. He was the second son of King Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily (Leonora), princess of the Sicilian branch of the House of Aragon.\nAs a cadet prince of the Aragonese royal family, Martin was given the County of BesalúMartin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.Martin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 31 May 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.\n\n\n== Background ==\nMartin was born in 1356, in either Girona or Perpignan, both then in the Principality of Catalonia. He was the second son of King Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily (Leonora), princess of the Sicilian branch of the House of Aragon.\nAs a cadet prince of the Aragonese royal family, Martin was given the County of Besalú. In Barcelona on 13 June 1372, Martin married María López de Luna (d. Villarreal, 20 December 1406), the daughter and heiress of Lope, Lord and 1st Count of Luna and Lord of Segorbe and his wife Brianda de Got, who was born in Provence and was related to Pope Clement V.\nIn 1380 his father appointed him lord and regent of the island of Sicily, then known also as Trinacria, since its queen Maria of Sicily, who was also Martin's cousin, was underage (",
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{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Berdejo",
"paragraph_text": "ceo. The municipality is crossed by the Manubles, a tributary of the Jalón River. From his church was San Millán priest about the year 560, when Torrelapaja was a district of Berdejo. Today the Church of San Millán is framed in the Arciprestazgo del Alto Jalón of the diocese of Tarazona. It is connected through the A-1502 road.\n\n\n== References ==Berdejo is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 66 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nIn ancient times, Berdejo was known by the names of Berdeio or Vergegium, which has led to the mistake of the birthplace of San Millán with Berceo. The municipality is crossed by the Manubles, a tributary of the Jalón River. From his church was San Millán priest about the year 560, when Torrelapaja was a district of Berdejo. Today the Church of San Millán is framed in the Arciprestazgo del Alto Jalón of the diocese of Tarazona. It is connected through the A-1502 road.\n\n\n== References ==Berdejo is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 66 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nIn ancient times, Berdejo was known by the names of Berdeio or Vergegium, which has led to the mistake of the birthplace of San Millán with Berceo. The municipality is crossed by the Manubles, a tributary of the Jalón River. From his church was San Millán priest about the year 560, when Torrelapaja was a district of Berdejo. Today the Church of San Millán is framed in the Arciprestazgo del Alto Jalón of the diocese of Tarazona. It is connected through the A-1502 road.\n\n\n== References ==Berdejo is a municipality located in the province of ZaragoBerdejo is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 66 inhabitants.BBerdejo is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 66 inhabitants.== Geography ==\nIn ancient times, Berdejo was known by the names of Berdeio or Vergegium, which has led to the mistake of the birthplace of San Millán with Berceo. The municipality is crossed by the Manubles, a tributary of the Jalón River. From his church was San Millán priest about the year 560, when Torrelapaja was a district of Berdejo. Today the Church of San Millán is framed in the Arciprestazgo del Alto Jalón of the diocese of Tarazona. It is connected through the A-1502 road.\n\n\n== References ==Berdejo is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 66 inhabitants.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nIn ancient times, Berdejo was known by the names of Berdeio or Vergegium, which has led to the mistake of the birthplace of San Millán with Berceo. The municipality is crossed by the Manubles, a tributary of the Jalón River. From his church was San Millán priest about the year 560, when Torrelapaja was a district of Berdejo. Today the Church of San Millán is framed",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the construction date of the Palau de la Generalitat, situated in the same city where the individual known as Martin, from the Spanish region housing Berdejo, passed away? | [
{
"id": 268450,
"question": "Berdejo >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Aragon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 503371,
"question": "Martin of #1 >> place of death",
"answer": "Barcelona",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 21711,
"question": "When was the Palau de la Generalitat in #2 constructed?",
"answer": "built in the 15th century",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | built in the 15th century | [
"15th century"
] | true | When was the Palau de la Generalitat built in the city in which died the man called Martin of the region of Spain where Berdejo is located? |
4hop1__707078_378185_282674_759393 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Erik Jensen (American football)",
"paragraph_text": "Erik Jensen (born October 11, 1980 in Appleton, Wisconsin) is a former American football tight end of the National Football League. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Iowa. Jensen was also a member of the San Francisco 49ers, Pittsburgh Steelers, Dallas Cowboys and Cincinnati Bengals. ==\nJensen attended Appleton East High School in his hometown of Appleton, Wisconsin. He was honorable mention All-conference on both offense and defense as a sophomore. Jensen was a second-team all-state linebacker as a junior and senior and was a unanimous First-team All-conference selection as both fullback and linebacker in final two prep seasons.\nHis career totals on offense include 455 attempts for 2,808 yards and 44 touchdowns, an average of",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "Jerome Quinn",
"paragraph_text": " realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn inBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican. Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908 – February 29, 2008) was a Wisconsin politician and realtor.\nBorn in Green Bay, Wisconsin, Quinn was a realtor and served on the Green Bay Common Council, the Brown County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors, the local Board of Education, and the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1955 until 1973. He was a Republican.\n\n\n== References ==Jerome Quinn (May 23, 1908",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Pulaski High School",
"paragraph_text": " rapidly growing population.\n\n\n== Academics ==\nPulaski offers Advanced Placement classes. The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\nOver 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2.9 percent are American Indian, 2.5 percent are Hispanic, 1.4 percent are African American and 1.0 percent are Asian. The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch.\n\n\n== Athletics ==\n\n\n=== State championships ===\nBoys' Basketball: 2013\nWrestlingPulaski High School is a public high school in Pulaski, Wisconsin, in Brown County, Wisconsin (school district also serves parts of Shawano, Outagamie and Oconto counties), that serves students in grades 9 through 12. Its mascot is the Red Raider. Raider.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe original school was built in 1909, with additions throughout the next five decades. In 1975, the high school took over an existing school along with other additions, most notably an indoor swimming pool. Another new building was built in 1998 due to a rapidly growing population.\n\n\n== Academics ==\nPulaski offers Advanced Placement classes. The student to teacher ratio is 18 to 1.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\nOver 90 percent of the student body is Caucasian, while 2.9 percent are American Indian, 2.5 percent are Hispanic, 1.4 percent are African American and 1.0 percent are Asian. The school is split 51/49 male to female, while just over 22 percent of the school is eligible for free or reduced lunch.\n\n\n== Athletics ==\n\n\n=== State championships ===\nBoys' Basketball: 2013\nWrestling: 1969, 1974, 1993 (all runner-up)\nFootball: 1980 (runner-up)\nSoftball: 1996 (runner-up)\nCross Country: 2004 (runner-up)\nRugby: 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2018\nPulaski has also had a number of individual state champions.\nIn 2016, Pulaski citizens",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "John C. Petersen",
"paragraph_text": "etersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B. T. Rogers (Rep.), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an \"Independent Democrat\" but was now the Democratic nominee). He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements. \nHe was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D. J. Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P. P. Wing, a Republican. Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a \"Greenback Democrat\": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as \"GreenJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).== Background ==\nPetersen was born in Glückstadt, Holstein-Glückstadt (now part of Germany but then ruled by the Kings of Denmark) on November 2, 1842. He received a common school education, and became a butcher by occupation. Petersen came to Wisconsin in 1862, and settled in Appleton, where he was elected to various township offices .\n\n\n== Public office ==\nPetersen was elected to the assembly for 1879 from Outagamie County's 1st Assembly district (The City of Appleton, and the Towns of Buchanan, Center, Freedom, Grand Chute and Kaukauna), receiving 1,096 votes against 1,000 for Republican B. T. Rogers (Rep.), and 423 for incumbent William Smith Warner (who had been elected as an \"Independent Democrat\" but was now the Democratic nominee). He was assigned to the standing committee on public improvements. \nHe was re-elected for 1880 by 963 votes, against 779 for D. J. Brothers, a Democrat, and 434 for P. P. Wing, a Republican. Even though he was re-elected running against a Democrat, he is listed in the 1880 Wisconsin Blue Book as a \"Greenback Democrat\": there were 71 Republicans, 27 Democrats, Petersen (listed separately as \"GreenJohn C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).John C. Petersen (November 2, 1842 – July 10, 1887) was an American butcher and farmer from Appleton, Wisconsin who served as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from Outagamie County. He was elected in 1878 as a Greenbacker, and was re-elected the next year as a \"Greenback Democrat\" (even though he was opposed by a Democrat).\n\n\n== Background ==\nPetersen",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the main city of the county neighboring the one where Erik Jensen was born? | [
{
"id": 707078,
"question": "Erik Jensen >> place of birth",
"answer": "Appleton",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 378185,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Outagamie County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 282674,
"question": "#2 >> shares border with",
"answer": "Brown County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 759393,
"question": "#3 >> capital",
"answer": "Green Bay",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | Green Bay | [] | true | What is the capital of the county that shares a border with the county that contains the birthplace of Erik Jensen? |
2hop__316374_82341 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Bob Steele (baseball)",
"paragraph_text": " Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 4 seasons. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1916–1917, the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1917–1918 and the New York Giants in 1918–1919.RRobert Wesley (Bob) Steele (March 29, 1894 in Cassburn, Ontario – January 27, 1962 in Ocala, Florida) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 4 seasons. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1916–1917, the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1917–1918 and the New York Giants in 1918–1919. 1894 in Cassburn, Ontario – January 27, 1962 in Ocala, Florida) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 4 seasons. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1916–1917Robert Wesley (Bob) Steele (March 29, 1894 in Cassburn, Ontario – January 27, 1962 in Ocala, Florida) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 4 seasons. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1916–1917, the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1917–1918 and the New York Giants in 1918–1919.Robert Wesley (Bob) Steele (March 29, 1894 in Cassburn, Ontario – January 27, 1962 in Ocala, Florida) was a MajorRobert Wesley (Bob) Steele (March 29, 1894 in Cassburn, Ontario – January 27, 1962 in Ocala, Florida) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 4 seasons. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1916–1917, the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1917–1918 and the New York Giants in 1918–1919.Robert Wesley (Bob) Steele (March 29, 1894 in Cassburn, Ontario",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Ocala, Florida",
"paragraph_text": " Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center.\n\n\n== History ==\n \nOcala is named after Ocale (also Cale, Etocale, and other variants) a Timucua village and chiefdom recorded in the 16th century, the name of which is believed to mean \"Big Hammock\" in the Timucua language. Another possible meaning of the name is \"song or singer of admiration or glorification\". The Spaniard Hernando de Soto's expedition recorded Ocale in 1539 during his exploration through what is today the southeastern United States. The site of Ocale has not been found, but historians believe it was located in southwestern Marion County, near the Withlacoochee River. References to Ocale, Olagale, and Etoquale occur in 16th and early 17th century sources, but do not specify a location. A Spanish mission named San Luis de Eloquale was established by 1630. Milanich believes the mission was near the Withlacoochee River. Eloquale is not named in a 1655 list of missions, and Ocale (and its variants) disappears from history.\nIn the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Creek people and other Native Americans, and free and fugitive AfricanOcala (/ oʊ ˈkælə / oh - KAL - ə) is a city located in Northern Florida. As of the 2013 census, its population, estimated by the United States Census Bureau, was 57,468, making it the 45th most populated city in Florida.rd-most populated city in Florida. Ocala is the principal city of the Ocala metropolitan area, which had a population of 375,908 in 2020.\nHome to over 400 thoroughbred farms and training centers, Ocala is considered the \"Horse Capital of the World\". Notable attractions include the Ocala National Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center.\n\n\n== History ==\n \nOcala is named after Ocale (also Cale, Etocale, and other variants) a Timucua village and chiefdom recorded in the 16th century, the name of which is believed to mean \"Big Hammock\" in the Timucua language. Another possible meaning of the name is \"song or singer of admiration or glorification\". The Spaniard Hernando de Soto's expedition recorded Ocale in 1539 during his exploration through what is today the southeastern United States. The site of Ocale has not been found, but historians believe it was located in southwestern Marion County, near the Withlacoochee River. References to Ocale, Olagale, and Etoquale occur in 16th and early 17th century sources, but do not specify a location. A Spanish mission named San Luis de Eloquale was established by 1630. Milanich believes the mission was near the Withlacoochee River. Eloquale is not named in a 1655 list of missions, and Ocale (",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Where in Florida is the location of Bob Steele's death? | [
{
"id": 316374,
"question": "Bob Steele >> place of death",
"answer": "Ocala",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
},
{
"id": 82341,
"question": "where is #1 in the state of florida",
"answer": "in Northern Florida",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
}
] | in Northern Florida | [
"Northern Florida"
] | true | In what part of Florida is Bob Steele's place of death located? |
4hop2__161602_474028_88460_21057 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "2020 AFC U-23 Championship qualification",
"paragraph_text": "Of the 47 AFC member associations, a total of 44 teams entered the competition. The final tournament hosts Thailand decided to participate in qualification despite having automatically qualified for the final tournament. Confederation (AFC) for under-23 national teams. A total of 16 teams competed in the tournament. It took place between 8–26 January 2020 in Thailand.\nThe",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": " prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na.Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia. It had been the world's largest exporter of rice. Myanmar also had a wealth of natural and labour resources. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world. It produced 75% of the world's teak and had a highly literate population. The wealth was however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined, and did not recover for several decades.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "A Don",
"paragraph_text": "A Don is a village in south-eastern Laos near the border with Vietnam. It is located in Kaleum District in Sekong Province. given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLlys Dôn (literally \"The Court of Dôn\") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion (\"The Castle of Gwydion\") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod (\"The Castle of Arianrhod\") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.\n\n\n== See also ==\nThe House of Ll��r\nTuatha Dé Danann\nDanu (Irish goddess)\nDonn\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stephens.Dôn (Welsh pronunciation: [��do��n]) is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLlys Dôn (literally \"The Court of Dôn\") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion (\"The Castle of Gwydion\") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod (\"The Castle of Arianrhod\") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.\n\n\n== See also ==\nThe House of Ll��r\nTuatha Dé Danann\nDanu (Irish goddess)\nDonn\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stephens.Dôn (Welsh pronunciation: [��do��n]) is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known as the \"Children of Dôn\", including Gwydion, Arianrhod, and Gilfaethwy, among many others. However, antiquarians of the early modern era generally considered Dôn a male figure.\n\n\n== The House of Dôn ==\n\n\n== In astronomy ==\nLA Don is a village in south-eastern Laos near the border with Vietnam. It is located in Kaleum District in Sekong Province.Dôn (Welsh pronunciation: [��do��n]) is an ancestor figure in Welsh legend and literature. She is typically given as the mother of a group known",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Geography of Myanmar",
"paragraph_text": " the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically important river to the country with 39.5 million people, including the largest city Yangon, living within its basin. The country is home to many diverse ethnic groups, with 135 officially recognized groups. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes and was historically home to overland trade routes into China from the Bay of Bengal. The neighboring countries are China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos.\n\n\n== Area and boundaries ==\nArea\n\nTotal: 676,578 km2 (261,228 sq mi)\ncountry rank in the world: 39th\nLand: 653,508 km2 (252,321 sq mi)\nWater: 23,070 km2 (8,910 sq mi)\n\n\n=== Maritime borders ===\nThe southern maritime boundary follows coordinates marked by both Myanmar and Thailand towards the maritime tripoint with India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The maritime India-Myanmar border resumes end south of Coco Islands before heading towards Myanmar's narrow boundary with international Bay of Bengal waters. Myanmar has a total coastline of 1,384 mi (2,227 km) and has several islands and archipelagos- most notably the Mergui Archipelago. The county has a total water area is 8,910 square miles (23,100 km2) and an Exclusive Economic Zone covering 205,706 sq mi (532,780 km2).\n\n\n=== Land borders ===\nMyanmar has a land border totaling 4,053 miles (6,523 km) bordering five countries and encompassing a total land area of 261,228 square miles (676,580 km2).\nThe Bangladesh-Myanmar border begins at the mouth of the Naf River at the Bay of Bengal and head north around the Mayu Range in a wide arc before head back north through the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the tripoint with India at the peak of Teen Matha for a total of 168 miles (270 km).\nThe India-Myanmar border heads north through the Chin Hills towards the Tiau River. It follows this river upstream and then through various rivers near Manipur before going northeast through the Patkai range to the Chaukan Pass and the Mishmi Hills for a total of 912 miles (1,468 km).\nThe tripoint with China and India is disputed due to the Sino-Indian border dispute but lies de facto north of the Diphu Pass. The China-Myanmar border heads northeast to Hkakabo Razi just one mile west of its summit. It then turns southeast following the Hengduan and Gaoligong Mountains through many irregular lines towards the Taping River and Shweli River. It then heads south-eastwards across the far Shan Hills, following hills and rivers, until it reachesMyanmar (also known as Burma) is the northwestern-most country of mainland Southeast Asia, bordering China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos. It lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Himalayas. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes.,275 miles (2,050 km) with a long tail running along the western coast of the Malay Peninsula.\nMyanmar lies along the Indian and Eurasian Plates, to the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. To its west is the Bay of Bengal and to its south is the Andaman Sea. The country is nestled between several mountain ranges with the Arakan Mountains on the west and the Shan Plateau dominating the east. The central valley follows the Irrawaddy River, the most economically important river to the country with 39.5 million people, including the largest city Yangon, living within its basin. The country is home to many diverse ethnic groups, with 135 officially recognized groups. It is strategically located near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes and was historically home to overland trade routes into China from the Bay of Bengal. The neighboring countries are China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand and Laos.\n\n\n",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What type of wood was primarily harvested in the country that borders the one which hosted the 2020 AFC U-23 Championship qualification and another country that houses A Don, during the period of British colonization? | [
{
"id": 161602,
"question": "Who hosted the tournament?",
"answer": "Thailand",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 474028,
"question": "A Don >> country",
"answer": "Laos",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 88460,
"question": "what natural boundary lies between #1 and #2",
"answer": "Myanmar",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 21057,
"question": "What wood product was produced primarily in #3 during British rule ?",
"answer": "75% of the world's teak",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | 75% of the world's teak | [] | true | During British rule, what wood was mostly produced in the nation that's the boundary between the host of the 2020 AFC U-23 Championship qualification, and the nation containing A Don? |
2hop__71900_712629 | [
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign",
"paragraph_text": "5 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria. On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne. On 6 February 2022, Elizabeth II became the first British monarch to reign for 70 years, and large-scale celebrations for her Platinum Jubilee occurred on 2 to 5 June. Later that year, Elizabeth II died at the age of 96, after reigning for 70 years and 214 days.\n\n\n== Elizabeth II: the longest-reigning monarch ==\n\nOn 9 September 2015, Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning known female monarch in world history. On 23 May 2016, her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart (nicknamed \"the Old Pretender\"). On 6 February 2022 (at the age of 95 years, 291 days), she became the first British monarch to reign for 70 years and celebrate a platinum jubilee.\n\n\n== Ten longest-reigning British monarchs ==\nThese are the ten longest-reigning monarchs in the British Isles for whom there is reliable recorded evidence.\n\n\n== Complete list of the unitary monarchy ==\n\nOn 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain. Then, on 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927 following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.\n\n\n== Complete list of the kingdoms ==\n\n\n=== England ===\n\nIncludes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.\n\n\n=== Scotland ===\n\nIncludes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I (House of Alpin) in 848 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain. \n\n\n=== Ireland ===\n\nThe High King of Ireland (846–1198) was primarily a titular ruler (with the exception of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was regarded as the first \"King of Ireland\"). The later Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800) came into being under the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, the long title of which was \"An Act that the King of England, his Heirs and Successors, be Kings of Ireland\". In 1801 the Irish crown became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.\n\n\n== List of the Principalities ==\n\n\n=== Gwynedd (incomplete list) ===\n\nThe Principality (or Kingdom) of Gwynedd (5th century–1216) was based in northwest Wales, its rulers were repeatedly acclaimed as \"King of the Britons\" before losing their power in civil wars or Saxon and Norman invasions. In 1216 it was superseded by the title Principality of Wales, although the new title was not first used until the 1240s.\n\n\n=== Wales (complete list) ===\n\nThe Principality of Wales (1216–1542) was a client state of England for much of its history, except for brief periods when it was de facto independent under a Welsh Prince of Wales (see House of Aberffraw). From 1301 it was first used as a title of the English (and later British) heir apparent. The Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nFamily tree of the British royal family\nList of British monarchs\nList of British monarchy records\nList of longest-reigning monarchs\nMonarchy of the United Kingdom\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==The following is a list, ordered by length of reign, of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927–present), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801), the Kingdom of England (871–1707), the Kingdom of Scotland (878–1707), the Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800), and the Principality of Wales (1216–1542).\nQueen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning monarch in British history on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria. On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne. On 6 February 2022, Elizabeth II became the first British monarch to reign for 70 years, and large-scale celebrations for her Platinum Jubilee occurred on 2 to 5 June. Later that year, Elizabeth II died at the age of 96, after reigning forQueen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria. On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a sapphire jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne.TheQueen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria. On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a sapphire jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne. of England (871–1707), the Kingdom of Scotland (878–1707), the Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1800), and the Principality of Wales (1216–1542).\nQueen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning monarch in British history on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria. On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee, commemorating 65 years on the throne. On 6 February 2022, Elizabeth II became the first British monarch to reign for 70 years, and large-scale celebrations for her Platinum Jubilee occurred on 2 to 5 June. Later that year, Elizabeth II died at the age of 96, after reigning for 70 years and 214 days.\n\n\n== Elizabeth II: the longest-reigning monarch ==\n\nOn 9 September 2015, Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning known female monarch in world history. On 23 May 2016, her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart (nicknamed \"the Old Pretender\"). On 6 February 2022 (at the age of 95 years, 291 days), she became the first British monarch to reign for 70 years and celebrate a platinum jubilee.\n\n\n== Ten longest-reigning British monarchs ==\nThese are the ten longest-reigning monarchs in the British Isles for whom there is reliable recorded evidence.\n\n\n== Complete list of the unitary monarchy ==\n\nOn 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain. Then, on 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927 following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922.\n\n\n== Complete list of the kingdoms ==\n\n\n=== England ===\n\nIncludes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707, when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain.\n\n\n=== Scotland ===\n\nIncludes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I (House of Alpin) in 848 to Anne (House of Stuart) and the Acts of Union on 1 May",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth",
"paragraph_text": ". The material used was ivory silk and a diamond fringe tiara secured her veil. The dress was decorated with crystals and 10,000 seed pearls, imported from the United States of America. Hartnell, who had been Court Designer since 1938, claimed it as \"the most beautiful dress I had so far made\".\nOn account of the austerity measures following the war, Princess Elizabeth had to use clothing ration coupons to show her entitlement to the dress. The government allowed her 200 extra ration coupons. She was given hundreds of clothing coupons by brides-to-be from all parts of the country to help her acquire the dress. She had to return these coupons as it was illegal for them to have been given away in the first instance. \nThe designs for the dress were approved three months before the wedding. Hartnell's search for suitable designs in London art galleries had led to him to the Botticelli figure. This was the inspiration for the use of ivory silk with flower designs of jasmine, smilax, lilac and white rose-like blossoms added to the train, embellished by white crystals and pearls. These motifs were transferred to drawings to enable embroidery experts to work on them. The dress featured a \"heart-shaped neckline and long tight sleeves\".\nThe silk cloth was chosen at the specific directive of her mother, the Queen, who desired an \"unusually rich, lustrous stiff satin which was made at Lullingstone Castle\". The silkworms to manufacture the silk were bought from Nationalist China, and not from Japan and Fascist Italy, the UK's enemies during the war. Satin was chosen for the train, and a more flexible material of the same tone as the train was chosen for the dress. However, in spite of the careful choice of the silk, the curator of the London Museum observed 30 years later when the dress was on display at the museum that \"the choice of silk was not a good one\" as the fabric had deteriorated considerably due to being weighted with tin salts, effectively rotting the fabric. It was also noted that the \"weight of the embroidery dragged the skirt down, increasing the strain on the weave.\" Round the hem of the dress, \"a border of orange blossom was appliqued with transparent tulle outlined in seed pearls and crystal\".\nThe final design of the dress was kept secret, although much speculation surrounded it. It was said the princess feared that if details were published fashion house copies would make it impossible for her to make last-minute design alterations. The dress was taken to the palace a day before the wedding in aThe wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth was worn by the future Queen Elizabeth II at her wedding to Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947 in Westminster Abbey. Given the rationing of clothing at the time, she still had to purchase the material using ration coupons. The dress was designed by Norman Hartnell. Hartnell's signature was said to be embroidery, and he enjoyed \"working with soft, floating fabrics, particularly tulle and chiffon, and with plain, lustrous silks\". The dress was made of soft Damascus Prokar, with a high neckline, tailored bodice and a short train. Without straps and with long sleeves, it provided a \"fit and flare silhouette\".\n\n\n== Design ==\nThe wedding was a royal event held following the end of the Second World War. The dress, designed by the Court Designer Norman Hartnell, had a star-patterned fan-shaped bridal train that was 13 feet (4.0 m) in length. The train, symbolic of rebirth and growth after the war, was stated to be inspired by Botticelli's c.��1482 painting of Primavera, particularly the elaborate embroidery motifs of scattered flowers on the rich satin dress and the tulle veil worn by the royal bride. The material used was ivory silk and a diamond fringe tiara secured her veil. The dress was decorated with",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who is married to the British monarch who has ruled for the longest period of time? | [
{
"id": 71900,
"question": "who has been the longest reigning british monarch",
"answer": "Elizabeth II",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 712629,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "Philip Mountbatten",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Philip Mountbatten | [] | true | Who is the spouse of the longest reigning British monarch? |
4hop1__93601_46196_497223_15840 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " rapid growth and popularity from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, marked by the golden age of arcade games and the second generation of consoles. Games like Space Invaders (1978) became a phenomenon across arcades worldwide, while home consoles such as the Atari 2600 and the Intellivision gained footholds in the American market. Many companies emerged to capitalise on the growing industry, including the playing card manufacturer Nintendo. \nHiroshi Yamauchi, who had been Nintendo's president since 1949, realised that breakthroughs in the electronics industry meant that entertainment products could be produced at lower prices. Companies such as Atari and Magnavox were already selling gaming devicesThe Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. shooting games, and R.O.B, a toy robot accessory.\nThe NES is regarded as one of the most influential consoles. It helped revitalise the American gaming industry following the video game crash of 1983, and pioneered a now-standard business model of licensing third-party developers to produce and distribute games. The NES features several groundbreaking games, including Super Mario Bros. (1985), The Legend of Zelda (1986), Metroid (1986), and Mega Man (1987) which have become major franchises. \nThe NES dominated Japanese and North American markets, but initially underperformed in Europe where it faced strong competition from the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "NFL (video game)",
"paragraph_text": " million copies as of 2018. From 2004 until 2022, it was the only officially licensed National Football League (NFL) video game series, and has influenced many players and coaches of the physical sport. Among the series' features are detailed playbooks and player statistics and voice commentary in the style of a real NFL television broadcast. As of 2013 the franchise has generated over $4 billion in sales, making it one of the most profitable video game franchises on the market.\nElectronic Arts (EA) founder Trip Hawkins conceived the series and approached Madden in 1984 for his endorsement and expertise. Because of Madden'sNFL is a 1989 football video game, developed by Atlus and published by LJN exclusively for the Nintendo Entertainment System. for EA Sports. The franchise, named after Pro Football Hall of Fame coach and commentator John Madden, has sold more than 130 million copies as of 2018. From 2004 until 2022, it was the only officially licensed National Football League (NFL) video game series, and has influenced many players and coaches of the physical sport. Among the series' features are detailed playbooks and player statistics and voice commentary in the style of a real NFL television broadcast. As of 2013 the franchise has generated over $4 billion in sales, making it one of the most profitable video game franchises on the market.\nElectronic Arts (EA) founder Trip Hawkins conceived the series and approached Madden in 1984",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Publishers Clearing House",
"paragraph_text": " managed throughAlthough PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values.PAlthough PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values. House acquired Candystand.com from Funtank and retained executives Scott Tannen and James Baker.\nCandystand is regarded for having a catalog of over 100+ Flash and Shockwave games. Some of its most popular games include Candystand Billiards, Candystand MiniGolf, Monster Trucks Unleashed, Vector Tower Defense (Vector TD), Slipstream and Fancy Pants Adventure 2.\nIn February 2016, PCH revamped the site, removing most of the games and emphasizing the lottery aspects over the games. In March 2016, Candystand.com was discontinued by PCH.\n\n\n== Key events ==\nDecember 10, 1997: Nabisco, managed throughAlthough PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values.PCH Games (formerly Candystand.com) is a casual game portal owned by Publishers Clearing House and based in New York City. Launched in 1997 as The Candystand, by LifeSavers Company, a division of Nabisco, Inc., it was the first major advergame portal",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "List of Super Bowl halftime shows",
"paragraph_text": "alftime shows are a tradition during American football games at all levels of competition. Entertainment during the Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL), represents a fundamental link to pop culture, which helps broaden the television audience and nationwide interest.\n\n\n== Background ==\n\nDuring most of the Super Bowl's first decade (starting on January 15, 1967), the halftime show featured a college marching band. The show's second decade featured a more varied show, often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances. Starting in the 1990s, to counter other networks' efforts to counterprogram the game, the show would be headlined by popular music acts each year, \nincluding New Kids on the Block, Michael Jackson, Gloria Estefan, Clint Black, Patti LaBelle, and Tony Bennett.\nStarting with Super Bowl XXXII, commercial sponsors presented the halftime show; within five years, the tradition of having a theme—begun with Super Bowl III—ended, replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high-profile acts. In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts in an alleged \"wardrobe malfunction\", all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group, with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These shows were considered \"family friendly\" and the time in which they took place has been described as \"the age of reactionary halftime shows\".\nSince Super Bowl XLV, the halftime show has returned to featuring popularThe NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends. Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito - Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation. According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure. For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance, in the form of either an up - front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal, received a ``chilly ''response from those involved.The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends. Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and Frito - Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's Heal the World Foundation. According to Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure. For Super Bowl XLIX, it was reported by the",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the shortened title for the unique gaming platform named after the league that has a halftime event right before the Publishers Clearing House Sweepstakes draw? | [
{
"id": 93601,
"question": "when is the publishers clearing house sweepstakes drawing",
"answer": "just after the Super Bowl",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 46196,
"question": "who is in charge of #1 halftime show",
"answer": "The NFL",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 497223,
"question": "#2 >> platform",
"answer": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 15840,
"question": "What is the abbreviation of #3 ?",
"answer": "NES",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | NES | [
"Family Computer",
"Famicom",
"Nintendo Entertainment System"
] | true | What is the abbreviated name of the exclusive platform of the video game named for the league with a halftime event just before the publishers clearing house sweepstakes drawing. |
4hop1__3496_5274_458768_33637 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Santa Monica, California",
"paragraph_text": "anga was established in the Santa Monica area. One of the village's notable residents was Victoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village. During the Spanish period, she was taken to Mission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six.\n\n\n=== Spanish era ===\n\nThe first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.\nThere are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4. Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.\n\n\n=== Mexican era ===\n\nIn 1839, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica to Francisco Sepúlveda II, of theSanta Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.Santa Monica (Spanish for 'Saint Monica'; Spanish: Santa Mónica) is a city in Los Angeles County, situated along Santa Monica Bay on California's South Coast. Santa Monica's 2020 U.S. Census population was 93,076. Santa Monica is a popular resort town, owing to its climate, beaches, and hospitality industry. It has a diverse economy, hosting headquarters of companies such as Hulu, Activision Blizzard, Universal Music Group, Lionsgate, Illumination and The Recording Academy.\nSanta Monica traces its history to Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, granted in 1839 to the Sepúlveda family of California. The rancho was later sold to John P. Jones and Robert Baker, who in 1875, along with his Californio heiress wife Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886. The city developed into a seaside resort during theAround the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in or near Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was located near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in both Santa Monica and Venice. The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886. The city developed into a seaside resort during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the creation of tourist attractions such as Palisades Park, the Santa Monica Pier, Ocean Park, and the Hotel Casa del Mar.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Indigenous ===\nThe Tongva are Indigenous to the Santa Monica area.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "The Right Stuff Records",
"paragraph_text": " various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-DavidThe Right Stuff Records is a reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California..\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "American Idol",
"paragraph_text": " committed suicide outside Abdul's home. Abdul later claimed that she had objected beforehand to Goodspeed being at the audition because she knew Goodspeed and had been frightened by her past behavior, but the producers overrode her objection. Producers Ken Warwick and Nigel Lythgoe denied being aware of her fears or that they would put her in danger.\n\n\n== Hollywood week ==\nThe Hollywood semifinal rounds were held at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles and consisted of 175 contestants. The first round of semifinals consisted of a solo a cappella performance with each contestantPhillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner-up Diana DeGarmo on stage – which she accepted.The fifth season of American Idol began on January 17, 2006, and concluded on May 24, 2006. Paula Abdul, Simon Cowell, and Randy Jackson returned as judges, while Ryan Seacrest returned as host. Taylor Hicks was named the winner, while Katharine McPhee was the runner-up. 18 contestants (including all of the top 10 and a few semifinalists) got record deals – nine of them with major labels.\n\n\n== Regional auditions ==\nAuditions were held in seven cities in the summer and fall of 2005. An audition was originally planned for Memphis, Tennessee, but that was canceled due to the Hurricane Katrina relief effort that was taking place there, and replaced by Las Vegas, Nevada, and Greensboro, North Carolina.\n\nOne notable audition this season was Paula Goodspeed, a fervent fan of Paula Abdul, who auditioned in Austin. In 2008, Goodspeed made headlines when she committed suicide outside Abdul's home. Abdul later claimed that she had objected beforehand to Goodspeed being at the audition because she knew Goodspeed and had been frightened by her past behavior, but the producers overrode her objection. Producers Ken Warwick and Nigel Lythgoe denied being aware of her fears or that they would put her in danger.\n\n\n== Hollywood week ==\nThe Hollywood semifinal rounds were held at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles and consisted of 175 contestants. The first round of semifinals consisted of a solo a cappella performance with each contestant choosing one song from a list of twelve that were given to each contestant two weeks19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005-2007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008-2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Sony Music",
"paragraph_text": "Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group., which was established in September 1995 as a joint-venture between Sony Music Entertainment Japan and Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan, but which in 2001 became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It was prominent in the early to mid '90s producing and licensing music for animated series such as Roujin Z from acclaimed Japanese comic artist Katsuhiro Otomo and Capcom's Street Fighter animated series.\nUntil March 2007, Sony Music Japan also had its own North American sublabel, Tofu Records. Releases of Sony Music Japan now appear",
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}
] | Between 2005 and 2007, how many ethnic minorities were subjected to differential treatment at the location where the only organization larger than BMG's associate is based? | [
{
"id": 3496,
"question": "Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?",
"answer": "Sony Music Entertainment",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 5274,
"question": "What company is the only group larger than #1 ?",
"answer": "Universal Music Group.",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 458768,
"question": "#2 >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Santa Monica",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 33637,
"question": "How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in #3 ?",
"answer": "two",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
}
] | two | [] | true | How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently where the only group larger than BMG's partner from 2005 to 2007 is headquartered? |
4hop1__562740_49925_13759_736921 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Altarage",
"paragraph_text": " in failing to distinguish between \"alterage\", \"small tithes\", and \"altar dues\" and which rightfully belonged to the vicar and which to the rector and for what use caused a number of legal cases to be brought before the Exchequer in the reign of Elizabeth I. The courts came to rely on documents which defined the respective rights of the parties.\nAround 1517, Cardinal Otho found members of the clergy abusing the custom to the extent of requiring a donation before they would take a confession. He issued a decree that any priest found guilty of such conduct should be removed from and deprived of all benefices, be barred from any further appointments and have their priestly faculties forever suspended.\nIn his 1537 Smalcald Articles,Martin Luther noted that \"innumerable and unspeakable abuses have arisen in the whole world from the buying and selling of masses\". On another occasion, he was recorded as once saying, \"The mass has devoured infinite sums of money\".\nThe Italian priest Pino Puglisi refused money from Mafia members when offered it for the traditional feast day celebrations and also resisted the Mafia in other ways for which he was martyred in 1993.\n\n\n== Present day ==\nIn 2014, Pope Francis criticized a tendency on the part of priests and laity to become overly business-oriented by charging a fee for the use of a church forAltarage is a term once commonly used in the Roman Catholic Church. From the low Latin \"altaragium\" — which signified the revenue reserved for the chaplain (altarist or altar-thane) in contradistinction to the income of the parish priest — it came to signify the fees received by a priest from the laity when discharging any function for them, e.g., at marriages, baptisms, and funerals. It is also known as an \"honorarium\", \"stipend\", or \"stole-fee\". It may also refer to the offering made upon an altar or the endowments for Masses for the deceased.AAltarage is a term once commonly used in the Roman Catholic Church. From the low Latin \"altaragium\" — which signified the revenue reserved for the chaplain (altarist or altar-thane) in contradistinction to the income of the parish priest — it came to signify the fees received by a priest from the laity when discharging any function for them, e.g., at marriages, baptisms, and funerals. It is also known as an \"honorarium\", \"stipend\", or \"stole-fee\". It may also refer to the offering made upon an altar or the endowments for Masses for the deceased., testimony was taken indicating that at Sudbury, the chaplain who served the chapel at Salcote was maintained by the rector out of the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Mary, mother of Jesus",
"paragraph_text": "ception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in hisDespite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos or Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the Church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\" Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line, between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry. His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death: Protestants hold less exalted views of Mary's role, often based on a perceived lack of biblical support for many traditional Christian dogmas pertaining to her.\nThe multiple forms of Marian devotions include various prayers and hymns, the celebration of several Marian feast days in liturgy, the veneration of images and relics, the construction of churches dedicated to her and pilgrimages to Marian shrines. Many Marian apparitions and miracles attributed to her intercession have been reported by believers over the centuries. She has been a traditional subject in arts, notably in Byzantine art, medieval art and Renaissance art.\n\n\n== Names and titles ==\n\nMary's name in the original manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Arama",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Wittenberg (district)",
"paragraph_text": " Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.Wittenberg is a district (German: Kreis) in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-ElWittenberg is a district () in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.. The capital and largest city is Wittenberg, famous for its association with the influential religious reformer Martin Luther and containing a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\n\n\n== History ==\nIn 1994, the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district of Gräfenhainichen. In 2007, 27Wittenberg is a district () in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster in Brandenburg, and the district of Nordsachsen in the Free State of Saxony.Wittenberg is a district (German: Kreis) in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Anhalt-Bitterfeld, the district-free city of Dessau-Roßlau, the districts of Potsdam-Mittelmark, Teltow-Fläming and Elbe-Elster",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Reformation",
"paragraph_text": "though there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before LutherAlthough there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe -- Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with the Ninety - five Theses. Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the Bible. The Protestant Reformation, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as a complete reliance on Scripture as a source of proper belief (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus, and not good works, is the only way to obtain God's pardon for sin (sola fide). The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought.Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Catholic Church before Luther -- such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycl",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the location of the district where the individual, who sought to rectify and speak on the religion involving altarage, delivered a sermon about Marian devotion prior to his passing? | [
{
"id": 562740,
"question": "Altarage >> religion",
"answer": "Catholic Church",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 49925,
"question": "who wanted #1 to reform and address",
"answer": "Martin Luther",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 13759,
"question": "Where did #2 preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?",
"answer": "Wittenberg",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 736921,
"question": "#3 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Saxony-Anhalt",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
}
] | Saxony-Anhalt | [] | true | Where is the district that the person who wanted to reform and address the religion that practices altarage preach a sermon on Marian devotion before his death located? |
2hop__765678_310556 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "David Profumo",
"paragraph_text": "Profumo was born in London, the son of former British government minister John Profumo and his wife, actress Valerie Hobson. The Profumo family is of Italian origin. David Profumo would have succeeded his father as 6th Baron Profumo in the nobility of the Kingdom of Sardinia, if the nobility of Italy had not been legally abolished after WW2. Like his father, he does not use this title.Profumo was born in London, the son of former British government minister John Profumo and his wife, actress Valerie Hobson. The Profumo family is of Italian origin. David Profumo would have succeeded his father as 6th Baron Profumo in the nobility of the Kingdom of Sardinia, if the nobility of Italy had not been legally abolished after WW2. Like his father, he does not use this title.David John Profumo, FRSL (born 20 October 1955), is an English novelist.\nProfumo was born in London, the son of former British government minister John Profumo, and his wife, actress Valerie Hobson.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nProfumo was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. He was Assistant Master of English at Eton in 1978 and at Shrewsbury School from 1978 to 1979. He then became part-time lecturer of English at King's College London, from 1981 to 1983 and Deputy Editor of Fiction Magazine from 1982 to 1984. He was a columnist for The Daily Telegraph from 1987 to 1995.\nProfumo was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1995.\nProfumo married BBC Television producer Helen Fraser, daughter of Alasdair Fraser, former Consultant Gynaecologist at St Mary's Hospital, on 22 March 1979 at St Marylebone Parish Church, Marylebone, London. They have a son Alexander James Profumo.\nProfumo's 2006 family memoir, Bringing the House Down, covered the scandal brought about by his father's affair with Christine Keeler.\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n=== Books ===\n\n\n==== Novels ====\nSea Music London, Secker and Warburg, 1988.\nThe Weather in Iceland London, Picador, 1993.\n\n\n==== Non-fiction ====\nIn Praise of Trout. London, Viking, 1989.\nThe Magic Wheel: An Anthology of Fishing Literature . Editor, with Graham Swift, London, Picador, 1985\nBringing the House Down: A Family Memoir, 2006\n\n\n=== Short fiction ===\n\n\n=== Essays and reporting ===\nProfumo, David (10 September 2014). \"The little drummer bird\". Country Life. 208 (37): 126–127.\n\n\n== References ==David John Profumo, FRSL (born 20 October 1955), is an English novelist.\nProfumo was born in London, the son of former British government minister John Profumo, and his wife, actress Valerie Hobson.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nProfumo was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford. He was Assistant Master of English at Eton in 1978 and at Shrewsbury School from 1978 to 1979. He then became part-time lecturer of English at King's College London, from 1981 to 1983 and Deputy Editor of Fiction Magazine from 1982 to 1984. He was a columnist for The Daily Telegraph from 1987 to 1995.\nProfumo was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1995.\nProfumo married BBC Television producer Helen Fraser, daughter of Alasdair Fraser, former Consultant Gynaecologist at St Mary's Hospital, on 22 March 1979 at St Marylebone Parish Church, Marylebone, London. They have a son Alexander James Profumo.\nProfumo's 2006 family memoir, Bringing the House Down, covered the scandal brought about by his father's affair with Christine Keeler.\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n=== Books ===\n\n\n==== Novels ====\nSea Music London, Secker and Warburg, 1988.\nThe Weather in Iceland London, Picador, 1993",
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"idx": 16,
"title": "No Escape (1936 film)",
"paragraph_text": "ins as Anthony Wild\nRobert Cochran as Beeston\nHenry Oscar as Cyril Anstey\nBilly Milton as Billy West\nRonald Simpson as Scoop Martin\nKenneth Law as Jenner\nMargaret Yarde as Bunty\nHal Gordon as County Constable\nJ. Neil More as Police Commissioner\nHilda Campbell as Russell - Barmaid\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nTV Guide gave the film two out of four stars: \"the story is a little slow to start but once things are under way, this turns into an effective, though minor thriller. The acting and production credits are adequate.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nNo Escape at IMDbNo Escape is a 1936 British thriller film directed by Norman Lee and starring Valerie Hobson, Leslie Perrins and Robert Cochran. The screenplay concerns a man who attempts to hide his friend for a month.\n\n\n== Plot summary ==\nFor a bet a man attempts to hide his friend for a month. The police soon believe he has murdered him.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nValerie Hobson as Laura Anstey\nLeslie Perrins as Anthony Wild\nRobert Cochran as Beeston\nHenry Oscar as Cyril Anstey\nBilly Milton as Billy West\nRonald Simpson as Scoop Martin\nKenneth Law as Jenner\nMargaret Yarde as Bunty\nHal Gordon as County Constable\nJ. Neil More as Police Commissioner\nHilda Campbell as Russell - Barmaid\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nTV Guide gave the film two out of four stars: \"the story is a little slow to start but once things are under way, this turns into an effective, though minor thriller. The acting and production credits are adequate.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nNo Escape at IMDbNo Escape is a 1936 British thriller film directed by Norman Lee and starring Valerie Hobson, Leslie Perrins and Robert Cochran. The screenplay concerns a man who attempts to hide his friend for a month.\n\n\n== Plot summary ==\nFor a bet a man attempts to hide his friend for a month. The police soon believe he has murdered him.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nValerie Hobson as Laura Anstey\nLeslie Perrins as Anthony Wild\nRobert Cochran as Beeston\nHenry Oscar as Cyril Anstey\nBilly Milton as Billy West\nRonald Simpson as Scoop Martin\nKenneth Law as Jenner\nMargaret Yarde as Bunty\nHal Gordon as County Constable\nJ. Neil More as Police Commissioner\nHilda Campbell as Russell - Barmaid\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nTV Guide gave the film two out of four stars: \"the story is a little slow to start but once things are under way, this turns into an effective, though minor thriller. The acting and production credits are adequate.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nNo Escape at IMDbNo Escape is a 1936 British thriller film directed by Norman Lee and starring Valerie Hobson, Leslie Perrins and Robert Cochran. The screenplay concerns a man who attempts to hide his friend for a month.\n\n\n== Plot summary ==\nFor a bet a man attempts to hide his friend for a month. The police soon believe he has murdered him.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nValerie Hobson as Laura Anstey\nLeslie Perrins as Anthony Wild\nRobert Cochran as Beeston\nHenry Oscar as Cyril Anstey\nBilly Milton as Billy West\nRonald Simpson as Scoop Martin\nKenneth Law as Jenner\nMargaret Yarde as Bunty\nHal Gordon as County Constable\nJ. Neil More as Police Commissioner\nHilda Campbell as Russell - Barmaid\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nTVNo Escape is a 1936 British thriller film directed by Norman Lee and starring Valerie Hobson, Leslie Perrins and Robert Cochran. The screenplay concerns a man who attempts to hide his friend for a month.NoNo Escape is a 1936 British thriller film directed by Norman Lee and starring Valerie Hobson, Leslie Perrins and Robert Cochran. The screenplay concerns a man who attempts to hide his friend for a month.== Plot summary ==\nFor a bet a man attempts to hide his friend for a month. The police soon believe he has murdered him.\n\n\n== Cast ==\nValerie Hobson as Laura Anstey\nLeslie Perrins as Anthony Wild\nRobert Cochran as Beeston\nHenry Oscar as Cyril Anstey\nBilly Milton as Billy West\nRonald Simpson as Scoop Martin\nKenneth Law as Jenner\nMargaret Yarde as Bunty\nHal Gordon as County Constable\nJ. Neil More as Police Commissioner\nHilda Campbell as Russell - Barmaid\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nTV Guide gave the film two out of four stars: \"the story is a little slow to start but once things are under way, this turns into an effective, though minor thriller. The acting and production credits are adequate.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nNo Escape at IMDbNo Escape is a 1936 British thriller film directed by Norman Lee and starring Valerie Hobson, Leslie Perrins and Robert Cochran. The screenplay concerns a man who attempts to hide his friend for a month.\n\n\n== Plot summary ==\nFor a bet a man attempts to hide his friend for a month. The police soon believe",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who was the spouse of the lead actor in No Escape? | [
{
"id": 765678,
"question": "No Escape >> cast member",
"answer": "Valerie Hobson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 310556,
"question": "#1 >> spouse",
"answer": "John Profumo",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | John Profumo | [] | true | Who was married to the star of No Escape? |
3hop2__326964_7707_7713 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Yaxing Coach",
"paragraph_text": "Yaxing Coach (Yangzhou Yaxing Motor Coach Co., Ltd) is a bus manufacturer based in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China. It is a subsidiary of Jiangsu Yaxing that was founded in 1998. Buses are produced under the \"Yaxing\", \"Yangtse（Yangzlv）\", and more recently Asiastar brands.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": "Archaeological discovery shows that \"Nanjing Man\" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_text": "This method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so muchNanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum..\nA rope is attached around the condemned's feet and routed through a pulley at the base of the pole.\nThe condemned is hoisted to the top of the pole by means of a sling running across the chest and under the armpits.\nA narrow-diameter noose is looped around the prisoner's neck, then secured to a hook mounted at the top of the pole.\nThe chest sling is released, and the prisoner is rapidly jerked downward by the assistant executioners via the foot rope.\nThe executioner stands on a stepped platform approximately 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high beside the condemned. The executioner would place the heel of his hand beneath the prisoner's jaw to increase the force on the neck vertebrae at the end of the drop, then manually dislocate the condemned's neck by forcing the head to one side while the neck vertebrae were under traction.\nThis method was later also adopted by the successor states, most notably by Czechoslovakia, where the \"pole\" method was used as the single type of execution from 1918 until the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Nazi war criminal Karl Hermann Frank, executed in 1946 in Prague, was among approximately 1,000 condemned people executed in this manner in Czechoslovakia.\n\n\n=== Standard drop ===\n\nThe standard drop involves a drop of between 4 and 6 feet (1.2–1.8 m) and came into use from 1866, when the scientific details were published by Irish doctor Samuel Haughton. Its use rapidly spread to English-speaking countries and those with judicial systems of English origin.\nIt was considered a humane improvement on the short drop because it was intended to be enough to break the person's neck, causing immediate unconsciousness and rapid brain death.\nThis method was used to execute condemned Nazis under United States jurisdiction after the Nuremberg Trials, including Joachim von Ribbentrop and Ernst Kaltenbrunner. In the execution of Ribbentrop, historian Giles MacDonogh records that: \"The hangman botched the execution and the rope throttled the former foreign minister for 20 minutes before he expired.\" A Life magazine report on the execution merely says: \"The trap fell open and with a sound midway between a rumble and a crash, Ribbentrop disappeared. The rope quivered for a time, then stood tautly straight.\"\n\n\n=== Long drop ===\n\nThe long-drop process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced to Britain in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advance on the standard drop. Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's height and weight were used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken, but not so much that the person was decapitated. Careful placement of the eye or knot of the noose (so that the head was jerked back as the rope tightened) contributed to breaking the neck.\nPrior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three metres), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver an energy of 1,260 foot-pounds force (1,710 J), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. This force resulted in some decapitations, such as the infamous case of Black Jack Ketchum in New Mexico Territory in 1901, owing to a significant weight gain while in custody not having been factored into the drop calculations. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the energy delivered was reduced to about 1,000 foot-pounds force (1,400 J).\n\nThe decapitation of Eva Dugan during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane. One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Accidental decapitation also occurred during the 1962 hanging of Arthur Lucas, one of the last two individuals to be put to death in Canada.\nNazis executed under British jurisdiction, including Josef Kramer, Fritz Klein, Irma Grese and Elisabeth Volkenrath, were hanged by Albert Pierrepoint using the variable-drop method devised by Marwood. The record speed for a British long-drop hanging was seven seconds from the executioner entering the cell to the drop. Speed was considered to be important in the British system as it reduced the condemned's mental distress.\nLong-drop hanging is still practiced as the method of execution in a few countries, including Japan and Singapore.\n\n\n== As suicide ==\n\nHanging is a common suicide method. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are readily available to the average person, compared with firearms or poisons. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason, hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal",
"is_supporting": true
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] | For what duration has the city, regarded as the nominal capital of the Republic of China, served as the capital city for the headquarters of Yaxing Coach? | [
{
"id": 326964,
"question": "Yaxing Coach >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Yangzhou",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 7707,
"question": "What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?",
"answer": "Nanjing",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 7713,
"question": "How long had #2 been the capital city of #1 ?",
"answer": "about 400 years",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | about 400 years | [] | true | How long had the city considered the nominal capitol of the Republic of China been the capitol city of Yaxing Coach's headquarters location? |
2hop__502473_634689 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Mehmet Hayri Tarhan",
"paragraph_text": "ehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – 11 December 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons\nWorks by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet ArchiveMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – 11 December 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons\nWorks by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet ArchiveMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – 11 December 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons\nWorks by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet ArchiveMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – 11 December 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons\nWorks by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet ArchiveMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – 11 December 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons\nWorks by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet ArchiveMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – 11 December 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons\nMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – December 11, 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.MMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – December 11, 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. See also ==\nList of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons\nWorks by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet ArchiveMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo) – 11 December 1934; Ankara) was a military officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence\n\n\n== Sources ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Wikimedia Commons\nWorks by or about Mehmet Hayri Tarhan at Internet ArchiveMehmet Hayri Tarhan (1884; Tirnovadjik (Malko Tarnovo)",
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"idx": 11,
"title": "Malko Tarnovo Municipality",
"paragraph_text": " town had 2,449 inhabitants.\n\nChristianity is the dominant religion in the town, where an Eastern Orthodox and an Eastern Rite Catholic church exist. According to Lyubomir Miletich's demographic survey of the Ottoman province of Edirne in The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, published in 1918, before the wars Malko Tarnovo was a district centre inhabited by 1,200 Bulgarian Exarchist families and 80 Eastern Catholic Bulgarian families.\nBefore the Balkan Wars (1912Malko Tarnovo Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Малко Търново, \"Obshtina Malko Tarnovo\") is a municipality in Burgas Province, Bulgaria. It includes the town of Malko Tarnovo and a number of villages.MMalko Tarnovo Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Малко Търново, \"Obshtina Malko Tarnovo\") is a municipality in Burgas Province, Bulgaria. It includes the town of Malko Tarnovo and a number of villages. 5 km from the Turkish border. It is the only town in the interior of the Bulgarian Strandzha Mountains and lies in Strandzha Nature Park. Malko Tarnovo is the administrative centre of the homonymous Malko Tarnovo Municipality. As of December 2009, the town had 2,449 inhabitants.\n\nChristianity is the dominant religion in the town, where an Eastern Orthodox and an Eastern Rite Catholic church exist. According to Lyubomir Miletich's demographic survey of the Ottoman province of Edirne in The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, published in 1918, before the wars Malko Tarnovo was a district centre inhabited by 1,200 Bulgarian Exarchist families and 80 Eastern Catholic Bulgarian families.\nBefore the Balkan Wars (1912Malko Tarnovo Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Малко Търново, \"Obshtina Malko Tarnovo\") is a municipality in Burgas Province, Bulgaria. It includes the town of Malko Tarnovo and a number of villages.Malko Tarnovo (Bulgarian: Малко Търново [��ma��ko ��t��rnovo], \"Little Tarnovo\"; as opposed to Veliko Tarnovo) is a town in Burgas Province, southeastern Bulgaria, 5 km from the Turkish border. It is the only town in the interior of the Bulgarian Strandzha Mountains and lies in Strandzha Nature Park. Malko Tarnovo is the administrative centre of the homonymous Malko Tarnovo Municipality. As of December 2009, the town had 2,449 inhabitants.\n\nChristianity is the dominant religion in the town, where an Eastern Orthodox and an Eastern Rite Catholic church exist. According to Lyubomir Miletich's demographic survey of the Ottoman province of Edirne in The Destruction of Thracian Bulgarians in 1913, published in 1918, before the wars Malko Tarnovo was a district centre inhabited by 1,200 Bulgarian Exarchist families and 80 Eastern Catholic Bulgarian families.\nBefore the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), Malko Tarnovo was a township (kaza) of the Kırklareli sanjak in Edirne vilayet as \"Tırnovacık\" that was ceded to Bulgaria following the wars.\nSince 25 October 1913, it has been within the borders of Bulgaria.\n\n\n== Municipality ==\nMalko Tarnovo is the seat of Malko Tarnovo municipality, part of Burgas Province. It includes the following 14 localities:\n\n\n== Gallery ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nMalko Tarnovo municipality\nMalko Tarnovo municipal website\nWebsite of the Malko Tarnovo regional court\nMalko Tarnovo at Journey.bgMalko Tarnovo (Bulgarian: Малко Търново [��ma��ko ��t��rnovo], \"Little Tarnovo\"; as opposed to Veliko Tarnovo) is a town in Burgas Province, southeastern Bulgaria, 5 km from the Turkish border. It is the only town in the interior of the Bulgarian Strandzha Mountains and lies in Strandzha Nature Park. Malko Tarnovo is the administrative centre of the homonymous Malko Tarnovo Municipality. As of December 2009, the town had 2,449 inhabitants.\n\nChristianity is the dominant religion in the town, where an Eastern Orthodox and an Eastern Rite Catholic church exist. According to Ly",
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] | In which municipality capital was Mehmet Hayri Tarhan born? | [
{
"id": 502473,
"question": "Mehmet Hayri Tarhan >> place of birth",
"answer": "Malko Tarnovo",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 634689,
"question": "#1 >> capital of",
"answer": "Malko Tarnovo Municipality",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | Malko Tarnovo Municipality | [] | true | Mehmet Hayri Tarhan's birthplace is the capital of what municipality? |
4hop1__567737_141375_458768_33637 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Study in Brown",
"paragraph_text": "udy in Brown (EmArcy Records, 1955) is a Clifford Brown and Max Roach album. The album consists predominantly of originals by members of the band. The songs \"Lands End\", by tenor saxophonist Harold Land, and \"Sandu\", by Brown, have gone on to become jazz standards. The song \"George's Dilemma\" is also known as \"Ulcer Department\". Brown's solo on \"Cherokee\" is among the most acclaimed solos in jazz.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\"Cherokee\" (Ray Noble) – 5:44\n\"Jacqui\" (Richie Powell) – 5:11\n\"Swingin'\" (Clifford Brown) – 2:52\n\"Lands End\" (Harold Land) – 4:57\n\"George's Dilemma\" (Brown) – 5:36\n\"Sandu\" (Brown) – 4:57\n\"Gerkin for Perkin\" (Brown) – 2:56\n\"If I Love Again\" (Jack Murray and Ben Oakland) – 3:24\n\"Take the \"A\" Train\" (Billy Strayhorn) – 4:16\n\n\n== Personnel ==\nClifford Brown – trumpet\nHarold Land – tenor saxophone\nRichie Powell – piano\nGeorge Morrow – double bass\nMax Roach – drums\n\n\n== References ==Study in Brown (EmArcy Records, 1955) is a Clifford Brown and Max Roach album. The album consists predominantly of originals by members of the band. The songs \"Lands End\", by tenor saxophonist HaroldStudy in Brown (EmArcy Records, 1955) is a Clifford Brown and Max Roach album. The album consists predominantly of originals by members of the band. The songs \"Lands End\", by tenor saxophonist Harold Land, and \"Sandu\", by Brown, have gone on to become jazz standards. The song \"George's Dilemma\" is also known as \"Ulcer Department\". Brown's solo on \"Cherokee\" is among the most acclaimed solos in jazz.Study in Brown (EmArcy Records, 1955) is a Clifford Brown and Max Roach album. The album consists predominantly of originals by members of the band. The songs \"Lands End\", by",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "The Right Stuff Records",
"paragraph_text": " various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu RecordsThe Right Stuff Records is a reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California..\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York–based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\n\n== Selected artists on reissues ==\n\n\n== References ==The Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based",
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},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Santa Monica, California",
"paragraph_text": "anga was established in the Santa Monica area. One of the village's notable residents was Victoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village. During the Spanish period, she was taken to Mission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six.\n\n\n=== Spanish era ===\n\nThe first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.\nThere are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4. Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.\n\n\n=== Mexican era ===\n\nIn 1839, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica to Francisco Sepúlveda II, of theSanta Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language. The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs (Serra Springs), that were reminiscent of the tears that Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.Santa Monica (Spanish for 'Saint Monica'; Spanish: Santa Mónica) is a city in Los Angeles County, situated along Santa Monica Bay on California's South Coast. Santa Monica's 2020 U.S. Census population was 93,076. Santa Monica is a popular resort town, owing to its climate, beaches, and hospitality industry. It has a diverse economy, hosting headquarters of companies such as Hulu, Activision Blizzard, Universal Music Group, Lionsgate, Illumination and The Recording Academy.\nSanta Monica traces its history to Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, granted in 1839 to the Sepúlveda family of California. The rancho was later sold to John P. Jones and Robert Baker, who in 1875, along with his Californio heiress wife Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886. The city developed intoAround the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in or near Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was located near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in both Santa Monica and Venice. The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "EmArcy Records",
"paragraph_text": "EmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by Mercury Records, and today a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group. The name is a phonetic spelling of \"MRC\", the initials for Mercury Record Company. and 1960s, musicians such as Max Roach, Clifford Brown, Cannonball Adderley, Dinah Washington, and Sarah Vaughan recorded for EmArcy.\nToday, it is a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group. The catalogue is managed by the Island Records subsidiary.\n\n\n== Discography ==\nMono 12\" LP series (1954–c. 1958)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial site\nMichael Fitzgerald Jazz Discography; Emarcy 36000 series\nModern Jazz Discography: Emarcy Records discographies",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the count of ethnic minorities perceived distinctively in the city hosting the headquarters of the corporation associated with Study in Brown's record label? | [
{
"id": 567737,
"question": "Study in Brown >> record label",
"answer": "EmArcy Records",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 141375,
"question": "What company is #1 part of?",
"answer": "Universal Music Group",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 458768,
"question": "#2 >> headquarters location",
"answer": "Santa Monica",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 33637,
"question": "How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in #3 ?",
"answer": "two",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | two | [] | true | How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in the city where the headquarters of the company that Study in Brown's record label is a part of? |
4hop3__668721_132409_146285_35031 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Alexander Golitzen",
"paragraph_text": " the University of Washington, where he achieved a degree in architecture.\nHe started his art direction career in Los Angeles, as an assistant to Alexander Toluboff, an art director for MGM. He started working with Walter Wanger (a producer) in 1939 and they worked together for many movies. Starting in 1942, and continuing for the next 30 years, he became a unit art director, and later a supervising art director at Universal, overseeing dozens of productions.\nAlexander Golitzen earned an Oscar nomination for Foreign Correspondent (1940), and received three Oscars for Phantom of the Opera in 1943, Spartacus in 1960 and To Kill a Mockingbird in 1962.\nHe was also nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Sundown (1941), Arabian Nights (1942), The Climax (1944), Flower Drum Song (1961), That Touch of Mink (1962), Gambit (1966), Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967), Sweet Charity (1969), Airport (1970), and Earthquake (1974). He served on the Academy's board of directors for several years.\nAlexander was married for 72 years to Frances, née Peters, who survived him. They had a daughter Cynthia, a son Peter, five grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.\n\n\n== See also ==\nArt Directors Guild Hall of Fame\n\n\n== External links ==\nAlexander Golitzen at IMDbPrince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908 – San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies.\nBorn in Moscow in the princely Golitsyn family, Alexander Golitzen fled the country with his parents during the Russian Revolution. Travelling via Siberia and China, they arrived in Seattle, where Alexander graduated from high school. He then attended the University of Washington, where he achieved a degree in architecture.\nHe started his art direction career in Los Angeles, as an assistant to Alexander Toluboff, an art director for MGM. He started working with Walter Wanger (a producer) in 1939 and they worked together for many movies. Starting in 1942, and continuing for the next 30 years, he became a unit art director, and later a supervising art director at Universal, overseeing dozens of productions.\nAlexander Golitzen earned an Oscar nomination for Foreign Correspondent (1940), and received three Oscars for Phantom of the Opera in 1943, Spartacus in 1960 and To Kill a Mockingbird in 1962.\nHe was also nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Sundown (1941), Arabian Nights (1942), The Climax (1944), Flower Drum Song (1961), That Touch of Mink (1962), Gambit (1966), Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967), Sweet Charity (1969), Airport (1970), and Earthquake (1974). He served on the Academy's board of directors for several years.\nAlexander was married for 72 years to Frances, née Peters, who survived him. They had a daughter Cynthia, a son Peter, five grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.\n\n\n== See also ==\nArt Directors Guild Hall of Fame\n\n\n== External links ==\nAlexander Golitzen at IMDbPrince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908 – San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a RussianPrince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies.PrPrince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies. movies.\nBorn in Moscow in the princely Golitsyn family, Alexander Golitzen fled the country with his parents during the Russian Revolution. Travelling via Siberia and China, they arrived in Seattle, where Alexander graduated from high school. He then attended the University of Washington, where he achieved a degree in architecture.\nHe started his art direction career in Los Angeles, as an assistant to Alexander Toluboff, an art director for MGM. He started working with Walter Wanger (a producer) in 1939 and they worked together for many movies. Starting in 1942, and continuing for the next 30 years, he became a unit art director, and later a supervising art director at Universal, overseeing dozens of productions.\nAlexander Golitzen earned an Oscar nomination for Foreign Correspondent (1940), and received three Oscars for Phantom of the Opera in 1943, Spartacus in 1960 and To Kill a Mockingbird in 1962.\nHe was also nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Sundown (1941), Arabian Nights (1942), The Climax (1944), Flower Drum Song (1961), That Touch of Mink (1962), Gambit (1966), Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967), Sweet Charity (1969), Airport (1970), and Earthquake (1974). He served on the Academy's board of directors for several years.\nAlexander was married for 72 years to Frances, née Peters, who survived him. They had a daughter Cynthia, a son Peter, five grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.\n\n\n== See also ==\nArt Directors Guild Hall of Fame\n\n\n== External links ==\nAlexander Golitzen at IMDbPrince Alexander Golitzen (Golitsyn), (Moscow, February 28, 1908 – San Diego, July 26, 2005) was a Russian-born American production designer who oversaw art direction on more than 300 movies.\nBorn in Moscow in the princely Golitsyn family, Alexander Golitzen fled the country with his parents during the Russian Revolution. Travelling via Siberia and China, they arrived in Seattle, where Alexander graduated from high school. He then attended the University of Washington, where he achieved a degree in architecture.\nHe started his art direction career in Los Angeles, as an assistant to Alexander Toluboff, an art director for MGM. He started working with Walter Wanger (a producer) in 1939 and they worked together for many movies. Starting in 1942, and continuing for the next 30 years, he became a unit art director, and later a supervising art director at Universal, overseeing dozens of productions.\nAlexander Golitzen earned an",
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"idx": 14,
"title": "San Diego",
"paragraph_text": " climate and extensive chaparral vegetation, similar to the rest of the western portion of Southern California. Precipitation and temperature extremes increase to the east, with mountains that receive frost and snow in the winter. These lushly forested mountains receive more rainfall than the average in Southern California, while the desert region of the county lies in a rain shadow to the east, which extends into the Desert Southwest region of North America.\nThere are 16 military installations of the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard in San Diego County. These include Naval Base San Diego, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Naval Air Station North Island, Marine CorpsThe city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside–San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census.San Diego County ( ), officially the County of San Diego (Spanish: Condado de San Diego), is a county in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,298,634, making it California's second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is San Diego, the second-most populous city in California and the eighth-most populous city in the United States. It is the southwesternmost county in the 48 contiguous United States, and is a border county. It is also home to 18 Native American tribal reservations, the most of any county in the United States.\nSan Diego County comprises the San Diego–Chula Vista–Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is the 17th most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 18th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012. San Diego County is also part of the San Diego–Tijuana transborder metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico.\nSan Diego County has more than 70 miles (113 km) of coastline. This forms the most densely populated region of the county, which has a mild Mediterranean to semiarid climate and extensive chaparral vegetation, similar to the rest of the western portion of Southern California. Precipitation and temperature extremes increaseThe city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside–San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census. of any county in the United States.\nSan Diego County comprises the San Diego–Chula Vista–Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is the 17th most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 18th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012. San Diego County is also part of the San Diego–Tijuana transborder metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico.\nSan Diego County has more than 70 miles (113 km) of coastline. This forms the most densely populated region of the county, which has a mild Mediterranean to semiarid climate and extensive chaparral vegetation, similar to the rest of the western portion of Southern California. Precipitation and temperature extremes increase to the east, with mountains that receive frost and snow in the winter. These lushly",
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"idx": 17,
"title": "...To Be Loved",
"paragraph_text": " early releases. Most of the song is singing with Jacoby singing in the verses and also choruses. The song follows the band's hard rock sound of their previous album. The song hit American radio stations on August 7, 2006. The song was played in full on Kerrang! Radio in the United Kingdom on August 1, 2006 and has since become available to download via the iTunes Store and Walmart Downloads store as a radio edit version. On September 18 the single became available in UK stores as a 7\" vinyl picture disc with a complimentary Papa Roach sticker. The CD was released on October 11, 2006. The song was used as the official theme song for \"WWE Raw\" on the USA Network from October 9, 2006 to November 9, 2009. The song has risen to #\"...To Be Loved\" is the first single from the band Papa Roach's fourth album, \"The Paramour Sessions\", and eighth released single in total. The song is a slight return to the band early work, starting with a rapping introduction, but as the introduction goes the rapping then goes into fast screaming making it different from the usual rapping of the band's early releases. Most of the song is singing with Jacoby singing in the verses and also choruses. The song follows the band's hard rock sound of their previous album. The song hit American radio stations on August 7, 2006. The song was played in full on Kerrang! Radio in the United Kingdom on August 1, 2006 and has since become available to download via the iTunes Store and Walmart Downloads store as a radio edit version. On September 18 the single became available in UK stores as a 7\" vinyl picture disc with a complimentary Papa Roach sticker. The CD was released on October 11, 2006. The song was used as the official theme song for \"WWE Raw\" on the USA Network from October 9, 2006 to November 9, 2009. The song has risen to #8 on the \"Mainstream Rock Tracks\" and #14 on the \"Modern Rock Tracks\" and played during the theatrical trailer of the 2008 film Never Back Down. video was shot at Park Plaza Hotel (Los Angeles) and was directed by Kevin Kerslake. It begins by showing two skimpy-dressed women who are picked up by the vocalist, Jacoby Shaddix, of the band with three other women in the back. Then they arrive at a building where the band is playing. Meanwhile, strippers and circus performers are seen in the background, along with a huge crowd of fans. The video was shot on August 3, 2006. On August 15, 2006, the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Papa Roach",
"paragraph_text": "2012), F.E.A.R. (2015), Crooked Teeth (2017) and Who Do You Trust? (2019). Their latest album Ego Trip was released on April 8, 2022.\n\n\n== Albums ==\n\n\n=== Studio albums ===\n\n\n=== Live albums ===\n\n\n=== Compilation albums ===\n\n\n== Extended plays ==\n\n\n== Singles ==\n\n\n=== As lead artist ===\n\n\n=== 2000s ===\n\n\n=== 2010s ===\n\n\n=== 2020s ===\n\n\n=== As featured artist ===\n\n\n=== Promotional singlesPapa Roach is an American rock band from Vacaville, California, formed in 1993. The original lineup consisted of lead vocalist Jacoby Shaddix, guitarist Jerry Horton, drummer Dave Buckner, bassist Will James, and trombonist Ben Luther.",
"is_supporting": true
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] | In the five largest city regions of the state the artist of The Paramour Sessions hailed from, what position does Alexander Golitzen's death location hold? | [
{
"id": 668721,
"question": "The Paramour Sessions >> performer",
"answer": "Papa Roach",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 132409,
"question": "What city was #1 formed in?",
"answer": "California",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
},
{
"id": 146285,
"question": "In what place did Alexander Golitzen die?",
"answer": "San Diego",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 35031,
"question": "In the top five largest urban areas in #2 , where does #3 rank?",
"answer": "third-largest",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | third-largest | [] | true | In the top five largest urban areas in the state where the performer of The Paramour Sessions was from, where does the place of death for Alexander Golitzen rank? |
3hop1__64957_87694_64412 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_text": " 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.\nIn 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany stated that the flag does not have to be square.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nBefore 1808, the Papal States commonly used a bicolor, yellow-red flag, which was derived from the colours of the Holy See's coat of arms, as well as being the two tradional colours of the Senate and the Roman people. In 1798, Napoleon established the Roman Republic, which introduced a black, white, and red flag; after the Papal rule was restored, Pope Pius VII restored the Papal cockade, which was described as red and yellow.\nIn 1808, Pope Pius VII ordered the Vatican's Noble Guard and other troops to replace red color with white, in order to distinguish them from the troops that had been incorporated into Napoleon's army.\nIn 1803, the Papal States started using a white merchant flag with the Papal coat of arms in the centre. This flag was made official on 7 June 1815. On 17 September 1825, it was replaced with a yellow and white flag which took its colours from the materials of the two keys (yellow for gold, white for silver). These colors were probably taken from the 1808 flag of the Palatine guard. This was the first bicolour used by the Papal States and the ancestor of the modern flag of Vatican City. The merchant flag also served as a state flag on land.\nStarting in 1831, the papal infantry flew square yellow and white flags. At first, they were diagonally divided, but after 1849 they were vertically divided like the merchant flag. The last infantry colour, adopted in 1862, was a plain square white and yellow flag.\nOn 8 February 1849, while Pope Pius IX was in exile in Gaeta, a Roman Republic was declared. The new government's flag was the Italian tricolor with the motto \"Dio e Popolo\" on the central stripe. The papal government and its flags were restored on 2 July 1849. On 20 September 1870, the Papal States were conquered by Italy.\nAfter the Lateran Treaty was signed in 1929, papal authorities decided to use the 1825–1870 merchant flag as the state flag of the soon to be independent Vatican City state. The treaty came into effect on 7 June 1929.\n\n\n=== Previous versions ===\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Incorrect version ==\n\nAn incorrect version of the flag has been commonly used. In this version, the visible inner lining of the papal tiara is colored red instead of white, and a different shade of yellow or gold is used in some portions of the coat of arms. This was used as Wikimedia Commons' version of the Vatican flag between 2006 and 2007 and between 2017 and 2022, and has since become widespread on the Internet.\n\n\n== Controversies ==\nDuring Pope Francis's 2018 visit to Ireland, the South Dublin County Council refused to fly the Vatican flag; a local petrol station began to fly the flag in response.\nA Police Scotland list of flags which could be a criminal offence to display \"in a threatening manner\" included the Vatican flag; sectarianism is common in Scotland, especially inThe name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city - state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. ``Vatican ''is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager,`` Vatican territory''. at Catholic churches.\nThe flag is a vertical bicolour of yellow and white, with the white half charged with the coat of arms of Vatican City (a papal tiara and the crossed keys of Saint Peter). It was modeled after the 1808 flag of the Papal States, a yellow-and-white bicolour defaced with the tiara and keys in the centre. It is one of only two national flags that use a 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: \"The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law\".\n\n\n== Regulations ==\n\n\n=== Current regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\n\n\n=== Previous regulations ===\nThe flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.\nThe flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.\nIn 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany stated that the flag does not have to be square.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nBefore 1808, the Papal States commonly used a bic",
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"idx": 17,
"title": "St. Peter's Basilica",
"paragraph_text": " was built in the fourth century by Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.\nDesigned principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, and Carlo Maderno, with piazza and fittings by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is one of the most renowned works of Italian Renaissance architecture and is the largest church in the world by interior measure. While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome (these equivalent titles being held by the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome), St. Peter's is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as \"holding a unique position in the Christian world\", and as \"the greatest of all churches of Christendom.\"\nCatholic tradition holds that the basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter, chief among Jesus's apostles and also the first Bishop of Rome (Pope). Saint Peter's tomb is directly below the high altar of the basilica, also known as the Altar of the Confession. For this reason, many popes, cardinals and bishops have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period.\nSt. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions. The pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year both within the basilica or the adjoining St. Peter's Square; these liturgies draw audiences numbering from 15,000 to over 80,000 people. St. Peter's has manyThe Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri), is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 18,
"title": "The Last Supper (Leonardo)",
"paragraph_text": "Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ, perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus' arrest. [��lultima ��t��e��na]) is a mural painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, dated to c.��1495–1498, housed in the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with the Twelve Apostles, as it is told in the Gospel of John – specifically the moment after Jesus announces that one of his apostles will betray him.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the city, which houses the basilica dedicated to the saint depicted with a knife during the last supper, gain status as a nation? | [
{
"id": 64957,
"question": "who is holding a knife in the last supper",
"answer": "Peter",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 87694,
"question": "st. #1 ’s basilica the head of the catholic religion is located in",
"answer": "Vatican City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 64412,
"question": "when did #2 become its own country",
"answer": "11 February 1929",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | 11 February 1929 | [] | true | When did the city that contains the basilica named after the saint who is holding a knife in the last supper become a country? |
2hop__684839_139312 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Real Life (1979 film)",
"paragraph_text": " intimacy of real life by filming a regular American family at all times for a full year using expensive cameras: some installed on walls and four large helmet-like ones worn by a small camera crew that follows Brooks and the family in and out of their neighboring homes (a regular film crew is hired by the studio but aren't needed.)\nAfter countless testing, two families are declared \"perfect\": the Feltons and the Yeagers. Brooks tells the audience that the Yeagers are the clear pick because they live in Arizona and the Feltons live in Wisconsin. \nThe Yeagers are sent on vacation and filming starts as soon as they arrive back at the airport, causing immediate nervousness in the family. Brooks takes an hour off to do antiquing while the Yeagers have pizza and argue about rules at the dinner table. The father, Warren, makes a few unsympathetic remarks and ends up eating alone.\nDoctors Howard Hill and Ted Cleary are there to observe the project's integrity and progress. Cleary does not appreciate Brooks' intrusive method of constantly filming the family, worrying that their hold of reality is being threatened.\nThe mother, Jeanette, leaves the house without cameras to unwind and\nmeets Brooks later to thank him by inviting him to an appointment atReal Life is a 1979 American comedy film starring Albert Brooks (in his directorial debut), who also co-authored the screenplay. It is a spoof of the 1973 reality television program \"An American Family\" and portrays a documentary filmmaker named Albert Brooks who attempts to live with and film a dysfunctional family for one full year.RealReal Life is a 1979 American comedy film starring Albert Brooks (in his directorial debut), who also co-authored the screenplay. It is a spoof of the 1973 reality television program \"An American Family\" and portrays a documentary filmmaker named Albert Brooks who attempts to live with and film a dysfunctional family for one full year. for one full year.\nCharles Grodin co-stars as the family's patriarch who allows cameras in his Arizona home. Real-life producer Jennings Lang also has an acting role in Real Life.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nDocumentary film producer Albert Brooks (played by comedian Albert Brooks himself) leads a project meant to encapsulate the joys, sorrows and intimacy of real life by filming a regular American family at all times for a full year using expensive cameras: some installed on walls and four large helmet-like ones worn by a small camera crew that follows Brooks and the family in and out of their neighboring homes (a regular film crew is hired by the studio but aren't needed.)\nAfter countless testing, two families are declared \"perfect\": the Feltons and the Yeagers. Brooks tells the audience that the Yeagers are the clear pick because they live in Arizona and the Feltons live in Wisconsin. \nThe Yeagers are sent on vacation and filming starts as soon as they arrive back at the airport, causing immediate nervousness in the family. Brooks takes an hour off to do antiquing while the Yeagers have pizza and argue about rules at the dinner table. The father, Warren, makes a few unsympathetic remarks and ends up eating alone.\nDoctors Howard Hill and Ted Cleary are there to observe the project's integrity and progress. Cleary does not appreciate Brooks' intrusive method of constantly filming the family, worrying that their hold of reality is being threatened.\nThe mother, Jeanette, leaves the house without cameras to unwind and\nmeets Brooks later to thank him by inviting him to an appointment atReal Life is a 1979 American comedy film starring Albert Brooks (in his directorial debut), who also co-authored the screenplay. It is a spoof of the 1973 reality television program \"An American Family\" and portrays a documentary filmmaker named Albert Brooks who attempts to live with and film a dysfunctional family for one full year.Real Life is a 1979 American comedy film starring Albert Brooks (in his directorial debut), who also co-authored the screenplay alongside Monica Johnson and Harry Shearer. It is a spoof of the 1973 reality television program An American Family and portrays a documentary filmmaker named Albert Brooks who attempts to live with and film a dysfunctional family for one full year.\nCharles Grodin co-stars as the family's patriarch who allows cameras in his Arizona home. Real-life producer Jennings Lang also has an acting role in Real Life.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nDocumentary film producer Albert Brooks (played by comedian Albert Brooks himself) leads a project meant to encapsulate the joys, sorrows and intimacy of real life by filming a regular American family at all times for a full year using expensive cameras: some installed on walls and four large helmet-like ones worn by a small camera crew that follows Brooks and the family in and out of their neighboring homes (a regular film crew is hired",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Albert Brooks",
"paragraph_text": "elma Leeds (née Goodman), an actress, and Harry Einstein, a radio comedian who performed on Eddie Cantor's radio program and was known as \"Parkyakarkus\". He is the youngest of three sons. His older brothers are the late comedic actor Bob Einstein (1942–2019), and Clifford Einstein (b. 1939), a partner and longtime chief creative officer at Los Angeles advertising agency Dailey & Associates. His older half-brother was Charles Einstein (1926–2007), a writer for such television programs as Playhouse 90 and Lou Grant. His grandparents emigrated from Austria and Russia. He grew up among show business families in Southern California, attending Beverly Hills High School with Richard Dreyfuss and Rob Reiner.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\n\n=== Early career ===\nBrooks attended Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh (where his classmates included Michael McKean and David L. Lander), but dropped out after one year to focus on his comedy career. By the age of 19, he had changed his professional name to Albert Brooks, joking that \"the real Albert Einstein changed his name to sound more intelligent\". He quickly became a regular on variety and talk shows during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and was on the writing staff forBrooks also acted in other writers' and directors' films during the 1980s and 1990s. He had a cameo in the opening scene of \"\", playing a driver whose passenger (Dan Aykroyd) has a shocking secret. In James L. Brooks's hit \"Broadcast News\" (1987), Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure, supremely ethical network TV reporter, who offers the rhetorical question, \"Wouldn't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive?\" He also won positive notices for his role in 1998's \"Out of Sight\", playing an untrustworthy banker and ex-convict.Albert Brooks (born Albert Lawrence Einstein; July 22, 1947) is an American actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the 1987 comedy-drama film Broadcast News and was widely praised for his performance in the 2011 action drama film Drive. Brooks has also acted in films such as Taxi Driver (1976), Private Benjamin (1980), Unfaithfully Yours (1984), and My First Mister (2001). He has written, directed, and starred in several comedy films, such as Modern Romance (1981), Lost in America (1985), and Defending Your Life (1991). He is also the author of 2030: The Real Story of What Happens to AmericaBrooks also acted in other writers' and directors' films during the 1980s and 1990s. He had a cameo in the opening scene of \"\", playing a driver whose passenger (Dan Aykroyd) has a shocking secret. In James L. Brooks's hit \"Broadcast News\" (1987), Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure, supremely ethical network TV reporter, who offers the rhetorical question, \"Wouldn't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive?\" He also won positive notices for his role in 1998's \"Out of Sight\", playing an untrustworthy banker and ex-convict. is also the author of 2030: The Real Story of What Happens to America (2011).\nBrooks has also voiced several characters in animated films and television shows. His voice acting roles include Marlin in Finding Nemo (2003) and its sequel Finding Dory (2016), Tiberius in The Secret Life of Pets (2016), and several one-time characters in The Simpsons, including Hank Scorpio in \"You Only Move Twice\" (1996) and Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie (2007).\n\n\n== Early life ==\nBrooks was born Albert Lawrence Einstein on July 22, 1947 into a Jewish show business family in Beverly Hills, California, to Thelma Leeds (née Goodman), an actress, and Harry Einstein, a radio comedian who performed on Eddie Cantor's radio program and was known as \"Parkyakarkus\". He is the youngest of three sons. His older brothers are the late comedic actor Bob Einstein (1942–2019), and Clifford Einstein (b. 1939), a partner and longtime chief creative officer at Los Angeles advertising agency Dailey & Associates. His older half-brother was Charles Einstein (1926–2007), a writer for such television programs as Playhouse 90 and Lou Grant. His grandparents emigrated from Austria and Russia. He grew up among show business families in Southern California, attending Beverly Hills High School with Richard Dreyfuss and Rob Reiner.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\n\n=== Early career ===\nBrooks attended Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh (where his classmates included Michael McKean and David L. Lander), but dropped out after one year to focus on his comedy career. By the age of 19, he had changed his professional name to Albert Brooks, joking that \"the real Albert Einstein changed his name to sound more intelligent\". He quickly became a regular on variety and talk shows during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and was on the writing staff forBrooks also acted in other writers' and directors' films during the 1980s and 1990s. He had a cameo in the opening scene of \"\", playing a driver whose passenger (Dan Aykroyd) has a shocking secret. In James L. Brooks's hit \"Broadcast News\" (1987), Albert Brooks was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing an insecure, supremely ethical network TV reporter, who offers the rhetorical question, \"Wouldn't this be a great world if insecurity and desperation made us more attractive?\" He also won",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which nomination was received by the cast member from Real Life? | [
{
"id": 684839,
"question": "Real Life >> cast member",
"answer": "Albert Brooks",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 139312,
"question": "What was #1 nominated for?",
"answer": "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
}
] | Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor | [] | true | What was the cast member from Real Life nominated for? |
2hop__95673_62765 | [
{
"idx": 15,
"title": "Sammy Going South",
"paragraph_text": " some cast members were bitten by snakes. It was first broadcast on British television on BBC2 on Christmas Day 1970 and on American television by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1971.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nTen-year-old English boy Sammy Hartland lives in Port Said, Egypt, with his parents. When they are killed in a bombing during the Suez Crisis, the boy flees the city in the ensuing panic. He sets out to reach his only living relative, an aunt who lives 5,000 miles to the south in Durban, South Africa - at the other end of the continent and in a different hemisphere. Along his journey Sammy encounters a colourful array of characters. His first \"guide\" is an Arab peddler who dies in a freak accident.\nSammy is then rescued by wealthy tourist Gloria van Imhoff. When she wants to return him to Port Said, Sammy runs off and encounters a gruff old hunter/diamond smuggler, Cocky Wainwright, whose life is subsequently saved by the boy. When the police search for Sammy, they arrest the old man, who has been a fugitive for years. After Sammy is finally united with his Aunt Jane, he learns that the old smuggler left him his entire fortune.\n\n\n== Cast ==\n\n\n== Production ==\nFergus McClelland was an eleven years old pupil at Holland Park Comprehensive School in London in March 1962 when he was chosen from hundreds of other boys to play Sammy. According to the actor Donald Sinden, (who had worked for the film's executive producer Sir Michael Balcon at Ealing Studios when he made The Cruel Sea) his youngest son, Marc Sinden, then aged eight, was originally offered the part of Sammy, but he turned the offer down on his son's behalf as \"only a handful of child actors ever make it as adult actors and if Marc wants to be an actor, he should wait until he is old enough to make the decision himself.\"\nAlexander Mackendrick thought that Fergus was perfect for the role. \"He was a lean, hard, little boy. Tough as old nails...a really strong character\", said Mackendrick. \"He had the hunted look of an abused child, which in some ways he was. He came from a disturbed home; his parents were getting divorced and there were problems. So he was the perfect casting. But when he went out to Africa, he started having the time of his life. The unit adored him and, to my dismay, started to feed him...he put on weight and there was no way I could stop it. So, instead of this hunted and abused child, who’s supposed to be starving and neurotic, you had a sturdy, stocky, well fed little character. A good actor, but the physique betrayed itself.\" In an interview on the DVD release of the film McClelland believed he won the role when he was seen insisting on combing his own hair that the casting director thought was self-reliance in character with Sammy.\nFilming began in Africa in May 1962 in CinemaScope and Eastman Colour and finished at Shepperton Studios in England in November of that year (Fergus McClelland celebrated his 12th birthday on the set in September 1962). For political reasons filming could not be done in Port Said, Egypt, so Mombasa in Kenya stood in for the scenes set at the height of the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the air attack on Port Said. Some long shots were done clandestinely by a second unit in Egypt, with an Arab boy dressed as Sammy, and the negative was later smuggled out of the country.\nThe making of the film was very troubled. Executive producer Sir Michael Balcon saw the story as a warm tale of an innocent 10-year-old boy’s triumph over adversity, set against the scenery of the African continent which would be shown to best advantage by CinemaScope and Eastman Colour. The film’s director, Alexander Mackendrick, had an entirely different understanding of the story, which was altogether darker. He saw it as \"the inward odyssey of a deeply disturbed child, who destroys everybody he comes up against\". Mackendrick tried his best to compromise with these two contrasting interpretations, which arguably detracted from the overall focus of the film. Balcon deleted key scenes vital to the narrative, which undermined the film considerably. Despite the cutting of these scenes, something of the seriousness and realism that Mackendrick strived toSammy Going South (retitled A Boy Ten Feet Tall for its later US release) is a 1963 British adventure film directed by Alexander Mackendrick, photographed by Erwin Hillier and starring Edward G. Robinson, Fergus McClelland and Constance Cummings.SSammy Going South (retitled A Boy Ten Feet Tall for its later US release) is a 1963 British adventure film directed by Alexander Mackendrick, photographed by Erwin Hillier and starring Edward G. Robinson, Fergus McClelland and Constance Cummings.Sammy Going South was based on a 1961 novel by W. H. Canaway and adapted for the screen by Denis Cannan. It was produced by Michael Balcon Productions and Bryanston Films. The film had a difficult production period; Robinson suffered a heart attack and some cast members were bitten by snakes. It was first broadcast on British television on BBC2 on Christmas Day 1970 and on American television by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1971.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nTen-year-old English boy Sammy Hartland lives in Port Said, Egypt, with his parents. When they are killed in a bombing during",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)",
"paragraph_text": " De Carlo as Sephora, Debra Paget as Lilia, and John Derek as Joshua; and features Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi, Nina Foch as Bithiah, Martha Scott as Yoshebel, Judith Anderson as Memnet, and Vincent Price as Baka, among others.The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American epic religious drama film produced, directed, and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille, shot in VistaVision (color by Technicolor), and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is based on the 1949 novel Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson,The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American epic religious drama film produced, directed, and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille, shot in VistaVision (color by Technicolor), and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is based on Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson, Pillar of Fire by J.H. Ingraham, On Eagle's Wings by A.E. Southon, and the Book of Exodus. The Ten Commandments dramatizes the biblical story of the life of Moses, an adopted Egyptian prince who becomes the deliverer of his real brethren, the enslaved Hebrews, and therefore leads the Exodus to Mount Sinai, where he receives, from God, the Ten Commandments. The film stars Charlton Heston in the lead role, Yul Brynner as Rameses, Anne Baxter as Nefretiri, Edward G. Robinson as Dathan, Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora, Debra Paget as Lilia, and John Derek as Joshua; and features Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi, Nina Foch as Bithiah, Martha Scott as Yoshebel, Judith Anderson as Memnet, and Vincent Price as Baka, among others., Martha Scott as Yochabel, Judith Anderson as Memnet, and Vincent Price as Baka, among others.\nFilmed on location in Egypt, Mount Sinai, and the Sinai Peninsula, The Ten Commandments was De",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In The Ten Commandments, which character was portrayed by the main actor from Sammy Going South? | [
{
"id": 95673,
"question": "Who featured in the film Sammy Going South?",
"answer": "Edward G. Robinson",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 62765,
"question": "who did #1 play in the ten commandments",
"answer": "Dathan",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
}
] | Dathan | [] | true | who did the leading actor in Sammy Going South play in the ten commandments? |
2hop__6827_88924 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "Boston",
"paragraph_text": " companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, and more recently in artificial intelligence. Boston's economy also includes finance, professional and business services, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States. Furthermore, Boston's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country overall for environmental sustainability and new investment.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Indigenous era ===\nPrior to European colonization, the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett people who had small, seasonal communities. When a group of settlers led by John Winthrop arrived in 1630, the Shawmut Peninsula was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders. Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street, which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in theBoston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities. the Boston Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), Paul Revere's Midnight Ride (1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), and the Siege of Boston (1775–1776). Following American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture. The city also expanded significantly beyond the original peninsula by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634), the first public school (Boston Latin School, 1635), and the first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897).\nBoston has emerged as a national leader in higher education and research and the largest biotechnology hub in the world. The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, and more recently in artificial intelligence. Boston's economy also includes finance, professional and business services, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States. Furthermore, Boston's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country overall for environmental sustainability and new investment.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Indigenous era ===\nPrior to European colonization, the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett people who had small, seasonal communities. When a group of settlers led by John Winthrop arrived in 1630, the Shawmut Peninsula was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders. Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street, which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Brian Moynihan",
"paragraph_text": "4. \n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nMoynihan was born in Marietta, Ohio October 9, in 1959, the sixth of eight children in a Catholic family of Irish descent. Moynihan graduated from Brown University in 1981, where he majored in history, co-captained the rugby team and met his future wife, classmate Susan E. Berry. He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Notre Dame Law School, before returning to Providence, Rhode Island to join Edwards & Angell LLP, the city's largest corporate law firm.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\nMoynihan held numerous banking positions before becoming president of consumer and small business banking (SBB) at Bank of America in January 2009.\nHe joined Fleet Boston bank in April 1993 as a deputy general counsel. From 1999 to April 2004, he served as executive vice president, managing Fleet's brokerage and wealth management division. After Bank of America (BofA) merged with FleetBoston Financial in 2004, he joined BofA as president of global wealth and investment management. He was named CEO of Merrill Lynch after its sale to BofA in September 2008 and became the CEO of Bank of America after Ken Lewis stepped down in 2010.\nOn August 25, 2011, CNBC's Drew Sandholm noted that \"[d]espite having recently told investors Bank of America ... doesn't need to raise capital, CEO Brian Moynihan will accept $5 billion in capital from famed investor Warren Buffett. The deal not only surprised the Fast Money traders on Thursday, it also caused them to question Moynihan's credibility.\" \nOnBrian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, businessman and the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO.BBrian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, businessman and the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO. president and CEO in 2010.\nHe is a member of the Council on Competitiveness and Partnership for Rhode Island, among other boards. He is slated to become the Chancellor of Brown University on July 1, 2024. \n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nMoynihan was born in Marietta, Ohio October 9, in 1959, the sixth of eight children in a Catholic family of Irish descent. Moynihan graduated from Brown University in 1981, where he majored in history, co-captained the rugby team and met his future wife, classmate Susan E. Berry. He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Notre Dame Law School, before returning to Providence, Rhode Island to join Edwards & Angell LLP, the city's largest corporate law firm.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\nMoynihan held numerous banking positions before becoming president of consumer and small business banking (SBB) at Bank of America in January 2009.\nHe joined Fleet Boston bank in April 1993 as a deputy general counsel. From 1999 to April 2004, he served as executive vice president, managing Fleet's brokerage and wealth management division. After Bank of America (BofA) merged with FleetBoston Financial in 2004, he joined BofA as president of global wealth and investment management. He was named CEO of Merrill Lynch after its sale to BofA in September 2008 and became the CEO of Bank of America after Ken Lewis stepped down in 2010.\nOn August 25, 2011, CNBC's Drew Sandholm noted that \"[d]espite having recently told investors Bank of America ... doesn't need to raise capital, CEO Brian Moynihan will accept $5 billion in capital from famed investor Warren Buffett. The deal not only surprised the Fast Money traders on Thursday, it also caused them to question Moynihan's credibility.\" \nOnBrian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, businessman and the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO.Brian Thomas Moynihan (born October 9, 1959) is an American lawyer, investment banker and businessman who is the chairman and CEO of Bank of America. He joined the board of directors, following his promotion to president and CEO in 2010.\nHe is a member of the Council on Competitiveness and Partnership for Rhode Island, among other boards. He is slated to become the Chancellor of Brown University on July 1, 2024. \n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nMoynihan was born in Marietta, Ohio October 9, in 1959, the sixth of eight children in a Catholic family of Irish descent. Moynihan graduated from Brown University in 1981, where he majored in history, co-captained the rugby team and met his future wife, classmate Susan E. Berry. He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Notre Dame Law School, before returning to Providence, Rhode Island to join Edwards & Angell LLP, the city's largest corporate law firm.\n\n\n== Career ==\n\nMoynihan held numerous banking positions before becoming president of consumer and small business banking (SBB) at Bank of America in January 2009.\nHe joined Fleet Boston bank in April 1993 as a deputy general counsel. From 1999 to April 2004, he served as executive vice president, managing Fleet's brokerage and wealth management division. After Bank of America (BofA) merged with FleetBoston Financial in 2004, he joined BofA as president of global wealth and investment management. He was named CEO of Merrill Lynch after its sale to BofA in September 2008 and became the CEO of Bank of America after Ken Lewis stepped down in 2010.\nOn August 25, 2011, CNBC's Drew",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who holds the position of chairman in the corporation that acquired FleetBoston Financial? | [
{
"id": 6827,
"question": "Who bought FleetBoston Financial?",
"answer": "Bank of America",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 88924,
"question": "who is the chairman of #1",
"answer": "Brian Thomas Moynihan",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
}
] | Brian Thomas Moynihan | [
"Brian Moynihan"
] | true | Who is the chairman of the company that bought FleetBoston Financial? |
2hop__136067_160249 | [
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Pyrrhic victory",
"paragraph_text": " during the Pyrrhic War. After the latter battle, Plutarch relates in a report by Dionysius:\n\nThe armies separated; and, it is said, Pyrrhus replied to one that gave him joy of his victory that one other such victory would utterly undo him. For he had lost a great part of the forces he brought with him, and almost all his particular friends and principal commanders; there were no others there to make recruits, and he found the confederates in Italy backward. On the other hand, as from a fountain continually flowing out of the city, the Roman camp was quickly and plentifully filled up with fresh men, not at all abating in courage for the loss they sustained, but even from their very anger gaining new force and resolution to go on with the war.\nIn both Epirote victories, the Romans suffered greater casualties, but they had a much larger pool of replacements, so the casualties had less impact on the Roman war effort than the losses had on the campaign of King Pyrrhus.\nThe report is often quoted as:\n\nNe ego si iterum eodem modo vicero, sine ullo milite Epirum revertar.\nIf I achieve such a victory again, I shall return to Epirus without any soldier.\nor\n\nIf we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\n=== War ===\nThis list comprises examples of battles that ended in a Pyrrhic victory. It is not intended to be complete but to illustrate the concept.\n\nBattle of Asculum (279 BC), Pyrrhus of Epirus and Italian allies against the Roman Republic: the Romans, though suffering twice as many casualties, could easily replenish their ranks. Pyrrhus lost most of his commanders and a great part of the forces he had brought to Italy, and he withdrew to Sicily.\nBattle of Avarayr (451), Vardan Mamikonian and Christian Armenian rebels against the Sassanid Empire: the Persians were victorious and forced the outnumbered Armenians to retreat, but lost so many soldiers that the battle proved to be a strategic victory for Armenians, as Avarayr paved the way to the Nvarsak Treaty (484 AD), which assured Armenian autonomy and religious freedom.\n Siege of Szigetvár (1566), Ottoman–Habsburg wars: although the Ottomans won the siege after 33 days, it can be seen as a Pyrrhic victory because of the heavy Ottoman casualties, the death of Sultan Suleiman, and the resulting delay to the Ottoman push for Vienna that year which suspended Ottoman expansion in Europe.\nSiege of Ostend (1601–1604), Eighty Years' War: for three years the Spanish attempted to capture this port from Dutch and English defenders, even as the Dutch expanded their territory further east – including capturing the port of Sluis to replace Ostend before surrendering. The Spaniards ultimately captured the city, but the vast cost and casualties of the siege were compounded by Spain's subsequent campaign to recapture the Dutch gains, which achieved little, and by 1607 Spain was bankrupt. The resultant Twelve Years' Truce effectively made the Dutch Republic an independent state.\nBattle of Gangwana (1741) fought between 1,000 strong Rathore cavalry of Jodhpur and combined armies of Mughal Empire, and Jaipur numbering 100,000 with hundreds of cannons and artillery at Gangwana. Jaipur emerged victorious but with heavy losses of 12,000 killed and thousands other wounded\nBattle of Bunker Hill (1775), American Revolutionary War: after mounting three assaults on the colonial forces, the British won control of the Boston peninsula in the early stages of the war, but the engagement cost them many more casualties than the Americans had incurred (including a large number of officers) and led them to adopt more cautious methods, which helped American rebel forces; the political repercussions increased colonial support for independence.\nBattle\"Pyrrhic victory\" is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC and the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC, during the Pyrrhic War. After the latter battle, Plutarch relates in a report by Dionysius:A\"Pyrrhic victory\" is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC and the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC, during the Pyrrhic War. After the latter battle, Plutarch relates in a report by Dionysius:culum in 279 BC destroyed much of his forces, forcing the end of his campaign.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\nA \"Pyrrhic victory\" is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus, whose army suffered irreplaceable casualties in defeating the Romans at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC and the Battle of Asculum in 279 BC, during the Pyrrhic War. After the latter battle, Plutarch relates in a report by Dionysius:\n\nThe armies separated; and, it is said, Pyrrhus replied to one that gave him joy of his victory that one other such victory would utterly undo him",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Hieronymus of Cardia",
"paragraph_text": " made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.\nHe made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time,He wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus. BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.\nHe made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time, but modern historians believe it was very goodHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.Hieronymus of Cardia (Greek: ���ερ��νυμος ��� ��αρδιανός, c. 354 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).\nAfter the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.\nHe wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which time period did the conflict involving the individual associated with the Pyrrhic victory take place? | [
{
"id": 136067,
"question": "Whom is Pyrrhic victory named after?",
"answer": "Pyrrhus",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 160249,
"question": "In which years did the war with #1 occur?",
"answer": "323–272 BC",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | 323–272 BC | [] | true | Between which years did war with the person for whom Pyrrhic victory is named occur? |
2hop__730788_72813 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Girlfriend (Bobby Brown song)",
"paragraph_text": "\"Girlfriend\" is the debut solo single by R&B singer Bobby Brown. After being thrown out of R&B/pop group New Edition, Brown released his first album, \"King of Stage\", from which the single was taken. While the album failed to break the charts, the single went to number one on the R&B charts for two weeks and peaked at fifty-seven on Hot 100.\"Girlfriend\" is the debut solo single by R&B singer Bobby Brown. After being thrown out of R&B/pop group New Edition, Brown released his first album, \"King of Stage\", from which the single was taken. While the album failed to break the charts, the single went to number one on the R&B charts for two weeks and peaked at fifty-seven on Hot 100.\"Girlfriend\" is the debut solo single by R&B singer Bobby Brown. After being kicked out of his former group New Edition, Brown released his first album, King of Stage, from which the single was taken. The single reached #1 on the R&B charts for two weeks and peaked at #57 on Billboard's Hot 100.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== A-Side ===\n\"Girlfriend - Extended version\" (6:16)\n\n\n=== B-Side ===\n\"King of Stage - Extended version\" (7:15)\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== References ==\"Girlfriend\" is the debut solo single by R&B singer Bobby Brown. After being kicked out of his former group New Edition, Brown released his first album, King of Stage, from which the single was taken. The single reached #1 on the R&B charts for two weeks and peaked at #57 on Billboard's Hot 100.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== A-Side ===\n\"Girlfriend - Extended version\" (6:16)\n\n\n=== B-Side ===\n\"King of Stage - Extended version\" (7:15)\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== References ==\"Girlfriend\" is the debut solo single by R&B singer Bobby Brown. After being kicked out of his former group New Edition, Brown released his first album, King of Stage, from which the single was taken. The single reached #1 on the R&B charts for two weeks and peaked at #57 on Billboard's Hot 100.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== A-Side ===\n\"Girlfriend - Extended version\" (6:16)\n\n\n=== B-Side ===\n\"King of Stage - Extended version\" (7:15)\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== References ==\"Girlfriend\" is the debut solo single by R&B singer Bobby Brown. After being kicked out of his former group New Edition, Brown released his first album, King of Stage, from which the single was taken. The single reached #1 on the R&B charts for two weeks and peaked at #57 on Billboard's Hot 100.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== A-Side ===\n\"Girlfriend - Extended version\" (6:16)\n\n\n=== B-Side ===\n\"King of Stage - Extended version\" (7:15)\n\n\n== Charts ==\n\n\n== References ==\"Girlfriend\" is the debut solo single by R&B singer Bobby Brown. After being kicked out of his former group New Edition, Brown released his first album, King of Stage, from which the single was taken. The single reached #1 on the R&B charts for two weeks and peaked at #57 on Billboard's Hot 100.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\n\n=== A-Side ===\n\"Girl",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Police of The Wire",
"paragraph_text": " viewer.\nDetectives fall into a rank that coincides with their administrative position. The Criminal Investigations Division (CID), commanded usually by a Colonel, is the division responsible for the Homicide unit, Narcotics unit, and Major Crimes Unit (MCU) among others.\nThe IID, homicide unit, and narcotics unit are each led by a Major. MCU is commanded by a lieutenant. A Major commands each of the nine patrol districts - the Central, Northern, Northeastern, Eastern, Southeastern, Southern, Southwestern, Western and Northwestern districts.\n\n\n=== Department commanders ===\n\n\n==== William Rawls ====\n\nRawls is Acting Commissioner on a temporary basis. Rawls is Caucasian, and Mayor Tommy Carcetti is unwilling to attempt a permanent promotion fearing that it would not be acceptable to the politically influential and largely black ministers. Rawls is a careerist and is feared by many of his subordinates. He has been known to punish anyone who crosses him with transfers to undesirable posts. Rawls is played by John Doman.\n\n\n==== Cedric Daniels ====\n\nDaniels is the Deputy Commissioner of Operations. He is a direct commanding officer of many of the show's characters in earlier seasons. Daniels previously worked as a lieutenant in the Eastern District Drug Enforcement Unit, CID Narcotics Unit, and was the first commander of the MCU. Daniels is promoted to Major and Western District Commander after his successful case work in the MCU.\nHe draws Carcetti's attention as a young and capable black commander and is quickly promoted to CID Colonel. He is eventually promoted to Police Commissioner, but resigns to practice law. Daniels is played by Lance Reddick.\n\n\n==== Stanislaus Valchek ====\n\nValchek is the Deputy Commissioner of Administration. Valchek was previously the Southeastern District commander. His grudge against Frank Sobotka led to the formation of a specialised detail which became the Major Crimes Unit. Valchek is well-connected with the city's politicians, and was promoted because of his political association with Mayor Carcetti. Valchek is played by Al Brown.\n\n\n==== Bobby Reed ====\nPlayed by: Tony D. Head\nAppears in:\nSeason one: \"The Buys\"; \"Lessons\" (uncredited); \"The Hunt\" and \"Cleaning Up\".\nSeason three: \"Time After Time\"; \"Dead Soldiers\"; \"Reformation\"; \"Middle Ground\" and \"Mission Accomplished\".\nSeason four: \"Misgivings\" (uncredited)\nReed is a Major in the Baltimore Police Department and commands the Internal Investigations Division. He is very loyal to Ervin Burrell's command, often more focused on protecting Burrell's status and command than on rigorously investigating individual officers. He often appears with discrediting evidence about officers for Burrell to use as blackmail.\nIn the first season Reed investigates the brutality charges made against Roland \"Prez\" Pryzbylewski for blinding a teenager in one eye. Reed dismisses the witnesses based upon their criminal records but suspends Prez from street duty pending a Grand Jury hearing. Reed then intervenes when the Barksdale detail stop State Senator DavisBobby Brown is a Western District uniformed officer. He was the first officer on scene at the shooting of William Gant. He was also at the Brandon Wright crime scene. Detective Jimmy McNulty later enlisted Brown to help watch the home of Wallace. In season 3 when Major Colvin institutes the Hamsterdam initiative Brown is one of the officers freed up to be assigned to investigate complaints rather than perform radio car patrols and he solves a church burglary case.The Administrative Deputy oversees the Internal Investigations Division (IID) and other units. The real-life chain of command from the Commissioner downwards is Deputy Commissioner, Chief, Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, and Detective/Officer. However, in the series, any mention of the ranks of Chief, Lieutenant Colonel, and Captain are omitted. Presumably this is to avoid confusion and make the relationships between different members of the hierarchy clearer to the viewer.\nDetectives fall into a rank that coincides with their administrative position. The Criminal Investigations Division (CID), commanded usually by a Colonel, is the division responsible for the Homicide unit, Narcotics unit, and Major Crimes Unit (MCU) among others.\nThe IID, homicide unit, and narcotics unit are each led by a Major. MCU is commanded by a lieutenant. A Major commands each of the nine patrol districts - the Central, Northern, Northeastern, Eastern, Southeastern, Southern, Southwestern, Western and Northwestern districts.\n\n\n=== Department commanders ===\n\n\n==== William Rawls ====\n\nRaw",
"is_supporting": true
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] | In the television series, The Wire, which character is portrayed by the artist who sang Girlfriend? | [
{
"id": 730788,
"question": "Girlfriend >> performer",
"answer": "Bobby Brown",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 72813,
"question": "who does #1 play in the wire",
"answer": "a Western District uniformed officer",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | a Western District uniformed officer | [] | true | Who does the Girlfriend performer play in The Wire? |
3hop2__304722_740784_63959 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Krystian Pearce",
"paragraph_text": " the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, where they reached the final, and at the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup. In September 2007, he made his debut for the England under-19 team, the year above his actual age group, and played at the finals of the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. He switched in 2018 to represent Barbados, for which he qualified via descent.\n\n\n== Club career ==\n\n\n=== Birmingham City ===\nPearce was born in Birmingham and started his career at Sunday league side Kingsdown Colts before joining Birmingham City's Academy when he was ten. He began as a striker but converted to play in defence. He was first given a squad number in January 2007 when included in the travelling squad for the FA Cup replay at Newcastle United but did not make the final 16. Two months later he signed his first professional contract, due to expire in 2009. He made frequent appearances for Birmingham City's reserve team, winners of their division of the Central League. As captain of the under-18 side, he scored the winning goal which put his team through to the quarter-final of the FA Youth Cup, in which he conceded a penalty as Birmingham lost to Manchester United. Singled out in Academy manager Terry Westley's end-of-season report as \"the one name that does stand out in terms of what he has achieved\", Pearce was chosen as Academy Player of the Season for 2006–07.\n\n\n==== 2007–08 season ====\nPearce was given a squad number for the 2007–08 season and included in Birmingham's squad for the League Cup match at Blackburn Rovers, but remained an unused substitute.\nOn 8 November 2007, Pearce signed a one-month loan deal at League Two side Notts County in order to gain experience. He made his competitive debut two days later in the starting eleven for Notts County's 3–0 FA Cup first round win over Histon, and the following Saturday made his Football League debut for the club, playing the full 90 minutes in the 1–0 defeat at home to Macclesfield Town. On 8 December he scored his first senior goal, in a 2–1 win against Shrewsbury Town, contributing to him being named in the League Two Team of the Week, after which his loan was extended for a further month. A sending off for a clumsy challenge failed to dampen County's wish to extend the loan again, but Birmingham recalled the player at the expiry of the second month so that new manager Alex McLeish could assess him as possible cover during Radhi Jaïdi's absence at the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations.\nOn 31 January 2008, Pearce joined Port Vale of League One on loan for an initial period of one month to gain experience at a higher level. This loan spell was disrupted by another red card, this time for two bookings, resulting in a two-game ban which left the player anxious to make amends. This loan was twice extended, up to the maximum permissible 93 days, though an ankle injury cut short his stay with the club.\n\n\n==== 2008–09 season ====\nIn May 2008, Pearce signed a new two-year contract with Birmingham in recognition of his performances while on loan and his potential to develop into a first-team player.\nOn 19 August 2008, he joined League One club Scunthorpe United on loan for a month, later extended, initially until January 2009, then until the end of the season, including, if necessary, for the play-offs. Pearce scored twice for Scunthorpe, once in the league against Swindon Town and once in the Football League Trophy against Rotherham United. He partnered with David Mirfin for the majority of the 2008–09 campaign, though was dropped for the experienced Andy Crosby with four games left of the season due to niggling injuries and a lack of form – Crosby went on to captain the club to victory in the play-off final.\n\n\n==== 2009–10 season ====\nPearce signed for Peterborough United on a season-long loan on 20 July 2009. In the starting eleven for the League Cup win against Wycombe Wanderers in August, he had to wait until late September for his first League appearance, as a second-half substitute in a poor team performance as Peterborough lost 2–0 away at Blackpool. In contention to start the next game, Pearce remained among the substitutes as changes were made in defence, and his 20-minute appearance as Peterborough lost 2–1 at home to Plymouth Argyle was his last League outing for the club. Pearce remained out of favour as Mark Cooper succeeded Darren Ferguson as manager, and in January 2010 the loan was cut short and the player returned to Birmingham.\n\n\n=== Huddersfield Town ===\nOn 19 January 2010, Pearce joined League One side Huddersfield Town on an emergency loan deal, to be made permanent the following day. He made his debut for the Terriers as a half-time substitute in the 5–0 defeat by Southampton at St Mary's Stadium on 2 March. That turned out to be Pearce's only appearance for Huddersfield, as loan signing Neal Trotman was preferred, and the player left the club at the end of the 2009–10 season having failed to reach agreement on a new deal.\n\n\n=== Notts County ===\nAfter a successful trial, Pearce signed a one-year deal with former club Notts County in August 2010. He established himself as a first-team regular and was rewarded with a contract extension until 2013. In March 2011, he suffered a serious injury after a clash of heads with teammate Stephen Darby in training, only weeks after a similar collision with Manchester City's Mario Balotelli in an FA Cup match. He remained unconscious for two to three minutes and was detained in hospital, where he was found to have blood on the brain. Manager Paul Ince said it was \"a massive blow\" to lose Pearce from the defence for an expected six weeks as the team battled against relegation. He made an unexpected return to action in a 1–1 draw against Brentford on 25 April; in his absence, County had lost nine successive games. His performances over the season led to his nomination for the club's Player of the Season awardPearce began his football career with Birmingham City, but never played for their first team. He spent time on loan at Notts County, with whom he made his debut in the English Football League, Port Vale, Scunthorpe United and Peterborough United before leaving Birmingham permanently for Huddersfield Town in 2010. He returned to Notts County later that year, and had a spell on loan at Barnet in 2012 before signing for Torquay United in 2013. He spent two seasons with Torquay, moving on to Mansfield Town in 2015.KPearce began his football career with Birmingham City, but never played for their first team. He spent time on loan at Notts County, with whom he made his debut in the English Football League, Port Vale, Scunthorpe United and Peterborough United before leaving Birmingham permanently for Huddersfield Town in 2010. He returned to Notts County later that year, and had a spell on loan at Barnet in 2012 before signing for Torquay United in 2013. He spent two seasons with Torquay, moving on to Mansfield Town in 2015. loan at Barnet in 2012 before signing for Torquay United in 2013. After two seasons with Torquay, he spent five years with Mansfield Town in League Two and then half a season with Solihull Moors in the National League. He joined Hereford in August 2021 and moved to Kidderminster Harriers in June 2022. He was promoted out of the National League North with Kidderminster via the play-offs in 2023 and moved on to Alvechurch the following year.\nPearce was born in England and played for England U17 at the 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, where they reached the final, and at the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup. In September 2007, he made his debut for the England under-19 team, the year above his actual age group, and played at the finals of the 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. He switched in 2018 to represent Barbados, for which he",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 15,
"title": "1894–95 FA Cup",
"paragraph_text": " played, a replay would take place at the stadium of the second-named team later the same week. If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held at neutral venues until a winner was determined. If scores were level after 90 minutes had been played in a replay, a 30-minute period of extra time would be played.\n\n\n== Calendar ==\nThe format of the FA Cup for the season had a preliminary round, four qualifying rounds, three proper rounds, and the semi-finals and final.\n\n\n== First round proper ==\nThe first round proper contained sixteen ties between 32 teams. The 16 First Division sides were given a bye to this round, as were Notts County, Darwen, Bury, Newcastle United, Newton Heath and Woolwich Arsenal from the Second Division. The other Second Division sides were entered into the first round qualifying, with the exceptions of Burton Swifts, who started in the second round qualifying, and Manchester City, who played no part in the season's competition. Of the qualifying League sides, only Burton WanderThe Trophy was stolen from a display in the shop window of W. Shillcock (a football fitter) in Newton Row, Birmingham, after the Final and never recovered despite a £10 reward. According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer. The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made by Howard Vaughton, the former Aston Villa player and England international, who had opened a silversmith's business after his retirement from the game.10 reward. According to the Police, it was taken sometime between 21:30 on Wednesday 11 September and 7:30 the following morning, along with cash from a drawer. The cup was replaced by a copy of the original, made",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Second City derby",
"paragraph_text": " 1921–22. The derbies continued until Aston Villa were relegated in 1935–36. The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches. In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side Date Venue Home team Score Competition Round Attendance 5 November 1887 Wellington Road Aston Villa 4 -- 0 FA Cup 2nd Round 23 March 1901 Muntz Street Small Heath 0 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final 27 March 1901 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 FA Cup Quarter Final replay 23 May 1963 St Andrew's Birmingham City 3 -- 1 League Cup Final 1st leg 31,850 27 May 1963 Villa Park Aston Villa 0 -- 0 League Cup Final 2nd leg 37,921 27 September 1988 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 2 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 12 October 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 5 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 9 November 1988 Villa Park Aston Villa 6 -- 0 Full Members Cup 1st Round 8,324 21 September 1993 St Andrew's Birmingham City 0 -- 1 League Cup 2nd Round 1st leg 27,815 6 October 1993 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 2nd Round 2nd leg 35,856 1 December 2010 St Andrew's Birmingham City 2 -- 1 League Cup Quarter Final 27,679 22 September 2015 Villa Park Aston Villa 1 -- 0 League Cup 3rd Round 34,442 \nThe last pre-league FA Cup campaign saw the first competitive \"Second City derby\" occur on Saturday, 5 November 1887. Villa beat Small Heath 4–0 in the fifth round. Tommy Green scored a brace before half-time with Albert Brown and Albert Allen adding to the score in the second half. This was their first meeting with modern rivals Birmingham City. \nThe first league encounter, in the First Division in the 1894–95 season, saw Villa win 2–1 after Birmingham had been promoted to the first division for a two year stint.\nSecond Division Small Heath F.C. took part in the 1900–01 FA Cup, losing in the third round to First division Aston Villa after a replay, Villa's Billy Garraty being the sole scorer over the two fixtures. That season Small Heath finished runners-up in Second Division, so were promoted to the First Division for 1901–02. Villa won 2–0 at Coventry Road Muntz Street with goals by Jack Devey and Joe Bache. In the 1901 Boxing Day fixture, Villa's Jasper McLuckie was the only scorer. At the end of the season Birmingham were relegated back to the Second Division. \nBirmingham were promoted to the First Division in 1903–04 and Second City derbies were played up to 1907–08 when they were relegated. The teams would not meet again in top flight competition until fifteen years later when Birmingham were again promoted to the first division for 1921–22. The derbies continued until Aston Villa were relegated in 1935–36. The two teams have engaged in several hotly contested matches. In the 1925 league game at Villa Park, with the home side 3–0 ahead with eleven minutes to go, Blues scored three times in a dramatic final spell to draw the match. The following year, Aston Villa made headlines with the signing of Tom 'Pongo' Waring, and his first appearance was for the reserves against Birmingham City's reserves, which famously drew a crowd of 23",
"is_supporting": true
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] | When did the athletic squad of Krystian Pearce last secure a victory against the champion of the FA Cup in the 1894-95 season? | [
{
"id": 304722,
"question": "1894–95 FA Cup >> winner",
"answer": "Aston Villa",
"paragraph_support_idx": 15
},
{
"id": 740784,
"question": "Krystian Pearce >> member of sports team",
"answer": "Birmingham City",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 63959,
"question": "when was the last time #2 beat #1",
"answer": "1 December 2010",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | 1 December 2010 | [] | true | When was the last time Krystian Pearce's sports team beat the winner of the 1894-95 FA Cup? |
2hop__363214_590899 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Psycho Donuts",
"paragraph_text": "Psycho Donuts is a donut shop in Campbell, California opened in March 2009. The theme of the shop is \"craziness\": it specializes in unusual donut flavors and many donuts' names are puns on mental illnesses or other mental health conditions, and the store's decorations include a straitjacket and padded cell.Psycho Donuts is a donut shop in Campbell, California opened in March 2009. The theme of the shop is \"craziness\": it specializes in unusual donut flavors and many donuts' names are puns on mental illnesses or other mental health conditions, and the store's decorations include a straitjacket and padded cell.Psycho Donuts is a donut shop in Campbell, California opened in March 2009. The theme of the shop is \"craziness\"; it specializes in unusual donut flavors and many of its donuts' names are puns on mental illnesses or other mental health conditions, and the store's decorations include a straitjacket and a padded cell. In 2016, a third location in Santa Clara, California was opened, which along with the second location in Downtown San Jose, has closed. In 2021 A pop up location in the Valley Fair mall was opened and it still currently operating.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe shop was opened by Jordan Zweigoron and Kipp Berdianski in March 2009. Berdiansky left the partnership in late July, leaving Zweigoron as the sole owner. In 2014, Web Granger (1971–2019) became the owner of Psycho Donuts.\nPsycho Donuts describes itself as a shop that \"has taken donuts to the next demented level\" and \"has taken the neighborhood donut and put it on medication, and given it shock treatment\". Its products have unusual toppings such as pretzels and Froot Loops, and many of the donuts' names are puns on mental health conditions—for example, there are donuts called \"Bipolar\", \"Manic Malt\", and \"Cereal Killer\"—although several also have names unrelated to mental illness, such as \"Donut Fries\", \"S'Mores\", and \"Crispy Critters\". Some refer to other serious medical conditions, such as \"Massive Head Trauma\". The shop's decor also has a psychiatric institution theme: it includes a straitjacket and padded room, an eating area called \"Group Therapy\", and the staff wear lab coats or nurse uniforms. Zweigoron describes the store's atmosphere as that of a \"fun mental institution\".\n\n\n== Controversy ==\nThe shop has attracted controversy since it was opened in March 2009. Mental health advocates have claimed that the theme of the shop is offensive and perpetuates stereotypes and stigmatization of mentally ill individuals. Organizations including the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), California's Mental Health Services Oversight and Accountability Commission, and Silicon Valley Independent Living Center called on Psycho Donuts in early April to change the store's name and theme, claiming that negative portrayals of people with mental illnesses create \"obstacles\" for these people in daily life and can have psychological consequences. Brian Miller of NAMI pointed out that few physical illnesses are subject to the stigma that mental illnesses are, and that a \"shop that made fun of cancer\" would never be accepted. Author Pete Earley compared the shop's gimm",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Campbell, California",
"paragraph_text": " of present-day Campbell was part of the 1839 Alta California Rancho Rinconada de Los Gatos land grant. The northern extent of the grant land was along present-day Rincon Avenue, and across the North end of John D. Morgan Park in central Campbell.\n\n\n=== Industrialization ===\nThe city was founded by Benjamin Campbell (1826–1907), after whom the city is named. Benjamin came to California in 1846 with his father, William M. Campbell I (1793–1885). William started a sawmill in Saratoga, and surveyed the cities of San Jose and Santa Clara. In 1851, Benjamin bought 160 acres (0.65 km2) in southern Santa Clara Valley and cultivated hay and grain on it. This area later became Campbell's historical downtown core.\nIn 1878, Campbell sold his land for $5 an acre to a railroad company. By 1887, the first subdivision was recorded west of the railroad, from Campbell Avenue to the spot where the Water Tower Plaza now stands. He and his wife Mary (née Rucker) Campbell (1834–1913) founded the city which was first known as Campbell's Place, but would later become the town of Campbell.\nIn 1888, the Campbell School District was formed.\nThe area became the center for shipping fruit grown in the surrounding area, and within a short time, the drying grounds and canneries made Campbell an important rail center. By 1892, the Campbell Fruit Growers' Union became a well-known cooperative with its 17-acre (69,000 m2) drying yard. J.C. Ainsley Packing Company, Hyde Cannery, and Payne Cannery were the main fruit packing companies.\nIn 1895, The Bank of Campbell was founded and the first newspaper, the Campbell Weekly Visitor, began publication.\nCampbell was incorporated as a city in 1952. The city then grew rapidly as orchard lands disappeared, tract by tract. Today, Campbell is a suburban residential neighborhood in the southern part of the Santa Clara Valley.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nCampbell is bordered on the east and north by San Jose, on the south by Los Gatos, and on the west by a small portion of Saratoga.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.9 square miles (15 km2), of which 5.8 square miles (15 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) is water.\nOf the total area, 1.49% is water, consisting of percolation ponds in Los Gatos Creek Park and in other locations; San Tomas Aquino Creek, which flows northCampbell is a city in Santa Clara County, California, and part of Silicon Valley, in the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2016 U.S. Census, Campbell's population is 42,584. Although not a major high-tech city like many of its neighbors, Campbell is the original home of eBay and of its creator, Pierre Omidyar.CCampbell is a city in Santa Clara County, California, and part of Silicon Valley, in the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2016 U.S. Census, Campbell's population is 42,584. Although not a major high-tech city like many of its neighbors, Campbell is the original home of eBay and of its creator, Pierre Omidyar. the right to free speech in California.\nToday, the Pruneyard Shopping Center is home to the South Bay offices of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Prior to the city ===\nPrior to the founding of the neighborhood of Campbell, the land was occupied by the Ohlone, the Native American people of the Northern California coast.\nAbout a third of present-day Campbell was part of the 1839 Alta California Rancho Rinconada de Los Gatos land grant. The northern extent of the grant land was along present-day Rincon Avenue, and across the North end of John D. Morgan Park in central Campbell.\n\n\n=== Industrialization ===\nThe city was founded by Benjamin Campbell (1826–1907), after whom the city is named. Benjamin came to California in 1846 with his father, William M. Campbell I (1793–1885). William started a sawmill in Saratoga, and surveyed the cities of San Jose and Santa Clara. In 1851, Benjamin bought 160 acres (0.65 km2) in southern Santa Clara Valley and cultivated hay and grain on it. This area later became Campbell's historical downtown core.\nIn 1878, Campbell sold his land for $5 an acre to a railroad company. By 1887, the first subdivision was recorded west of the railroad, from Campbell Avenue to the spot where the Water Tower Plaza now stands. He and his wife Mary (née Rucker) Campbell (1834–1913) founded the city which was first known as Campbell's Place, but would later become the town of Campbell.\nIn 1888, the Campbell School District was formed.\nThe area became the center for shipping fruit grown in the surrounding area, and within a short time, the drying grounds and canneries made Campbell an important rail center. By 1892, the Campbell Fruit Growers' Union became a well-known cooperative with its 17-acre (69,000 m2) drying yard. J.C. Ainsley Packing Company, Hyde Cannery, and Payne Cannery were the main fruit packing companies.\nIn 1895, The Bank of Campbell was founded and the first newspaper, the Campbell Weekly Visitor, began publication.\nCampbell was incorporated as a city in 1952. The city then grew rapidly as orchard lands disappeared, tract by tract. Today, Campbell is a suburban residential neighborhood in the southern part of the Santa Clara Valley.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nCampbell is bordered on the east and north by San Jose, on the south by Los Gatos, and on the west by a small portion of Saratoga.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In which county can you find the city where Psycho Donuts is situated? | [
{
"id": 363214,
"question": "Psycho Donuts >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Campbell",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 590899,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Santa Clara County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
}
] | Santa Clara County | [
"Santa Clara County, California"
] | true | The city that Psycho Donuts is located in is in which county? |
2hop__403580_37168 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Said Ashour",
"paragraph_text": "5 to 1987, and during his stay there he visited a number of British universities such as the University of Oxford, the University of London and the University of Exeter, and in the latter, Abd al-Hayy Shaban invited him to visit the university and give his lectures there and to see its curricula in the study of history.\n\n\n== References ==Said A. Ashour (Arabic: سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور; 1922–2009) was a professor of History at Cairo University. He authored some 22 books and published numerous papers and articles over his long career. Ashour was Chair of the Middle Ages section for many decades at the history departments of Cairo University, Beirut Arab University in Lebanon and Kuwait University. Ashour taught at Alexandria University and was a visiting professor in several universities throughout the Middle East.\nAshour was a long-serving chairman of the Society of Arab Historians, an academic institute encompassing membership from the entire Arab World and beyond.\n\n\n== Career ==\nAshour worked as a visiting professor at the University of Riyadh in 1961 for one year, the University of Algiers in 1973, the Beirut Arab University during the period from 1973 to 1975, and the Kuwait University from 1975 to 1985, and he also participated in the founding committee that planned to establish Sultan Qaboos University in Oman during the period From 1983 to 1985, and the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom from 1985 to 1987, and during his stay there he visited a number of British universities such as the University of Oxford, the University of London and the University of Exeter, and in the latter, Abd al-Hayy Shaban invited him to visit the university and give his lectures there and to see its curricula in the study of history.\n\n\n== References ==Said A. Ashour (Arabic: سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور; 1922–2009) was a professor of History at Cairo University. He authored some 22 books and published numerous papers and articles over his long career. Ashour was Chair of the Middle Ages section for many decades at the history departments of Cairo University, Beirut Arab University in Lebanon and Kuwait University. Ashour taught at Alexandria University and was a visiting professor in several universities throughout the Middle East.\nAshour was a long-serving chairman of the Society of Arab Historians, an academic institute encompassing membership from the entire Arab World and beyond.\n\n\n== Career ==\nAshour worked as a visiting professor at the University of Riyadh in 1961 for one year, the University of Algiers in 1973, the Beirut Arab University during the period from 1973 to 1975, and the Kuwait University from 1975 to 1985, and he also participatedSaid A. Ashour (سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور; 1922–2009) was a professor of History in Cairo University, he authored some 22 books Partial listing of Ashour books and published numerous papers and articles over his long career. Dr. Ashour was Chair of the Middle Ages section for many decades at the History Departments of Cairo University, Beirut Arab University [Beirut Arab University] in Lebanon and Kuwait University. Dr. Ashour taught at Alexandria University and was a visiting Professor in several universities throughout the Middle East.SSaid A. Ashour (سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور; 1922–2009) was a professor of History in Cairo University, he authored some 22 books Partial listing of Ashour books and published numerous papers and articles over his long career. Dr. Ashour was Chair of the Middle Ages section for many decades at the History Departments of Cairo University, Beirut Arab University [Beirut Arab University] in Lebanon and Kuwait University. Dr. Ashour taught at Alexandria University and was a visiting Professor in several universities throughout the Middle East.ians, an academic institute encompassing membership from the entire Arab World and beyond.\n\n\n== Career ==\nAshour worked as a visiting professor at the University of Riyadh in 1961 for one year, the University of Algiers in 1973, the Beirut Arab University during the period from 1973 to 1975, and the Kuwait University from 1975 to 1985, and he also participated in the founding committee that planned to establish Sultan Qaboos University in Oman during the period From 1983 to 1985, and the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom from 1985 to 1987, and during his stay there he visited a number of British universities such as the University of Oxford, the University of London and the University of Exeter, and in the latter, Abd al-Hayy Shaban invited him to visit the university and give his lectures there and to see its curricula in the study of history.\n\n\n== References ==Said A. Ashour (Arabic: سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور; 1922–2009) was a professor of History at Cairo University. He authored some 22 books and published numerous papers and articles over his long career. Ashour was Chair of the Middle Ages section for many decades at the history departments of Cairo University, Beirut Arab University in Lebanon and Kuwait University. Ashour taught at Alexandria University and was a visiting professor in several universities throughout the Middle East.\nAshour was a long-serving chairman of the Society of Arab Historians, an academic institute encompassing membership from the entire Arab World and beyond.\n\n\n== Career ==\nAshour worked as a visiting professor at the University of Riyadh in 1961 for one year, the University of Algiers in 1973, the Beirut Arab University during the period from 1973 to 1975, and the Kuwait University from 1975 to 1985, and he also participated in the founding committee that planned to establish Sultan Qaboos University in Oman during the period From 1983 to 1985, and the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom from 1985 to 1987, and during his stay there he visited a number of British universities such as the University of Oxford, the University of London and the University of Exeter, and in the latter, Abd al-Hayy Shaban invited him to visit the university and give his lectures there and to see its curricula in the study of history.\n\n\n== References ==Said A. Ashour (Arabic: سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور; 1922–2009) was a professor of History at Cairo University. He authored some 22 books and published numerous papers and articles over his long career. Ashour was Chair of the Middle Ages section for many decades at the history departments of Cairo University, Beirut Arab University in Lebanon and Kuwait University. Ashour taught at Alexandria University and was a visiting professor in several universities throughout the Middle East.\nAshour was a long-serving chairman of the Society of Arab Historians, an academic institute encompassing membership from the entire Arab World and beyond.\n\n\n== Career ==\nAshour worked as a visiting professor at the University of Riyadh in 1961 for one year, the University of Algiers in 1973, the Beirut Arab University during the period from 1973 to 1975, and the Kuwait University from 1975 to 1985, and he also participatedSaid A. Ashour (سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور; 1922–2009) was a professor of History in Cairo University, he authored some 22 books Partial listing of Ashour books and published numerous papers and articles over his long career. Dr. Ashour was Chair of the Middle Ages section for many decades at the History Departments of Cairo University, Beirut Arab University [Beirut Arab University] in Lebanon and Kuwait University. Dr. Ashour taught at Alexandria University and was a visiting Professor",
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"idx": 17,
"title": "Egypt",
"paragraph_text": " University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.Egypt (Arabic: مصر Mi���r [mes��r], Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [m��s��r]), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world, and the third-most populated in Africa.\nEgypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century, and of the Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, before its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867.\nThe country was then occupied by the British Empire and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy. Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt declared itself a republic. For a brief period between 1958 and 1961 Egypt merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic. Egypt fought several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, and occupied the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords, which recognised Israel in exchange for its withdrawal from the occupied Sinai. After the Arab Spring, which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the country faced a protracted period of political unrest; this included the election in 2012 of a brief, short-lived Muslim Brotherhood-aligned Islamist government spearheaded by Mohamed Morsi, and its subsequent overthrow after mass protests in 2013.\nEgypt's current government, a semi-presidential republic led by president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi since he was elected in 2014, has been described by a number of watchdogs as authoritarian and responsible for perpetuating the country's poor human rights record. Islam is the official religion of Egypt, and Arabic is its official language. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About 43% of Egypt's residents live across the country's urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta. Egypt is considered to be a regional power in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world, and a middle power worldwide. It is a developing country having a diversified economy, which is the largest in Africa, the 38th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 127th by nominal GDP per capita. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab League, the African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, World Youth Forum, and a member of BRICS.\n\n\n== Names ==\nThe English name \"EgyptCairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.aba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. AtCairo University is ranked as 401-500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai Ranking) and 551-600 according to QS World University Rankings. American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701+ range. Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation, the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology.Egypt (Arabic: مصر Mi���r [mes��r], Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [m��s��r]), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world, and the third-most populated in Africa.\nEgypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Cairo",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the rank of the university where Said Ashour works, as per the QS World University Rankings? | [
{
"id": 403580,
"question": "Said Ashour >> employer",
"answer": "Cairo University",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 37168,
"question": "According to QS World University Rankings where does #1 rank?",
"answer": "551-600",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | 551-600 | [] | true | According to QS World University Rankings, what is the ranking of the place that employed Said Ashour? |
3hop2__72083_92991_76291 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "Standing Rules of the United States Senate",
"paragraph_text": ". The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent.\n\n\n== Outline of rules ==\n\n\n=== Quorum ===\nThe Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any senator may request a quorum call by \"suggesting the absence of a quorum\"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators almost always request quorum calls not to establish the presence of a quorum, but to temporarily delay proceedings without having to adjourn the session. Such a delay may serve one of many purposes; often, it allows Senate leaders to negotiate compromises off the floor or to allow senators time to come to the Senate floor to make speeches without having to constantly be present in the chamber while waiting for the opportunity. Once the need for a delay has ended, any senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.\n\n\n=== Debate ===\nThe Senate is presided over by the Presiding Officer, either the President of the Senate (the Vice President) or more often the President pro tempore (in special cases the Chief Justice presides). During debates, senators may speak only if called upon by the Presiding Officer. The Presiding Officer is, however, required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the Presiding Officer has little control over the course of debate. Customarily, the majority leader and minority leader are accorded priority during debates, even ifThe Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure. The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: ``Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings... '' are currently forty-five rules, with the latest revision adopted on January 24, 2013. The most recent addition of a new rule occurred in 2006, when The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "2014 United States Senate elections",
"paragraph_text": " started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls toThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:3 Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies. The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U.S. senators. Going into the elections, 21 of the contested seats were held by the Democratic Party, while 15 were held by the Republican Party.\nThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis. Republicans also picked up another 4 open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia that were previously held by Democrats. Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan.\nThis was the second consecutive election cycle held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006. This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm election cycle since 1918. With a total net gain of 9 seats, the Republicans made the largest Senate gain by any party since 1980. This is also the first election cycle since 1980 in which more than 2 incumbent Democratic senators were defeated by their Republican challengers. Days after the election cycle, the United States Election Project estimated that 36.4% of eligible voters voted, 4% lower than the 2010 elections, and possibly the lowest turnout rate since the 1942 election cycle.\nAs of 2022, this remains the last time that a Republican has won a U.S. Senate election in Colorado. This is the most recent Senate election where any Republican flipped an open Democratic-held seat. It also remains the last time that the president's party has suffered a net loss of Senate seats in a midterm election cycle.\n\n\n== Partisan composition ==\nFor a majority, Republicans needed at least 51 seats. Democrats could have retained a majority with 48 seats (assuming the two Independents continued to caucus with them) because the Democratic Vice President Joe Biden would become the tie-breaker. From 1915 to 2013, control of the U.S. Senate flipped in 10 of 50 cycles, or 20% of theThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:The 2014 United States Senate elections were held on November 4, 2014. A total of 36 seats in the 100-member U.S. Senate were contested. 33 Class 2 seats were contested for regular 6-year terms to be served from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2021, and 3 Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies. The elections marked 100 years of direct elections of U.S. senators. Going into the elections, 21",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 16,
"title": "1946 United States House of Representatives elections",
"paragraph_text": " in May. Further damage resulted from the back-and-forth over whether to end wartime price controls, unpopular with the American business constituency, to handle shortages, particularly in meat and other foodstuffs. While Truman's early months in the White House had been plagued with questions of \"What would Roosevelt do if he were alive?\" Republicans now began to joke \"What would Truman do if he were alive?\" and \"To err is Truman.\" However, the Republican majority was short-lived, as Democrats regained control of the House two years later.\n\n\n== Overall results ==\n\nSource: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk\n\n\n== Special elections ==\n\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated during 1946 or before January 3, 1947; ordered by election date, then by district.\n\n\n== Alabama ==\n\n\n== Arizona ==\n\n\n== Arkansas ==\n\n\n== California ==\n\n\n== Colorado ==\n\n\n== Connecticut ==\n\n\n== Delaware ==\n\n\n== Florida ==\n\n\n== Georgia ==\n\n\n== Idaho ==\n\n\n== Illinois ==\n\n\n== Indiana ==\n\n\n== Iowa ==\n\n\n== Kansas ==\n\n\n== Kentucky ==\n\n\n== Louisiana ==\n\n\n== Maine ==\n\n\n== Maryland ==\n\n\n== Massachusetts ==\n\n\n== Michigan ==\n\n\n== Minnesota ==\n\n\n== Mississippi ==\n\n\n== Missouri ==\n\n\n== Montana ==\n\n\n== Nebraska ==\n\n\n== Nevada ==\n\n\n== New Hampshire ==\n\n\n== New Jersey ==\n\n\n== New Mexico ==\n\n\n== New York ==\n\n\n== North Carolina ==\n\n\n== North Dakota ==\n\n\n== Ohio ==\n\n\n== Oklahoma ==\n\n\n== Oregon ==\n\n\n== Pennsylvania ==\n\n\n== Rhode Island ==\n\n\n== South Carolina ==\n\n\n== South Dakota ==\n\n\n== Tennessee ==\n\n\n== Texas ==\n\n\n== Utah ==\n\n\n== Vermont ==\n\n\n== Virginia ==\n\n\n== Washington ==\n\n\n== West Virginia ==\n\n\n== Wisconsin ==\n\n\n== Wyoming ==\n\n\n== Non-voting delegates ==\n\n\n=== Alaska Territory ===\n\n\n== See also ==\n1946 United States elections\n1946 United States Senate elections\n��1946 California's 12th congressional district election (the Richard Nixon-Jerry Voorhis race)\n79th United States Congress\n80th United States Congress\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==The 1946 United States House of Representatives elections were elections for the United States House of Representatives to elect members to serve in the 80th United States Congress. They were held for the most part on November 5, 1946, while Maine held theirs on September 9. November 1946 was 19 months after President Harry S. Truman assumed office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.\nWhile Democrats had controlled the House for 16 years since 1931 and Roosevelt had been elected to a record four terms in office, Truman did not garner the same support as the deceased president. The 1946 election resulted in Republicans picking up 55 seats to win majority control. Joseph Martin, Republican of Massachusetts, became Speaker of the House, exchanging places with Sam Rayburn, Democrat of Texas, who becameTruman was Vice President under President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was thrust into the presidency following Roosevelt's death. Truman did not garner the same support as the deceased president. Democrats had controlled Congress since 1931, for 16 years, and Roosevelt had been elected to a record four terms in office. The 1946 election resulted in Republicans picking up 55 seats to win majority control. Joseph William Martin, Jr., Republican of Massachusetts, became Speaker of the House, exchanging places with Sam Rayburn, Democrat of Texas, who became the new Minority Leader. The Democratic defeat was the largest since they were trounced in the 1928 pro-Republican wave that brought Herbert Hoover to power.The Truman was Vice President under President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was thrust into the presidency following Roosevelt's death. Truman did not garner the same support as the deceased president. Democrats had controlled Congress since 1931, for 16 years, and Roosevelt had been elected to a record four terms in office. The 1946 election resulted in Republicans picking up 55 seats to win majority control. Joseph William Martin, Jr., Republican of Massachusetts, became Speaker of the House, exchanging places with Sam Rayburn, Democrat of Texas, who became the new Minority Leader. The Democratic defeat was the largest since they were trounced in the 1928 pro-Republican wave that brought Herbert Hoover to power. Joseph Martin, Republican of Massachusetts, became Speaker of the House, exchanging places with Sam Rayburn, Democrat of Texas, who became the new Minority Leader. The Democratic defeat was the largest since they were trounced in the 1928 pro-Republican wave that brought Herbert Hoover to power. They also lost the Senate in the concurrent Senate elections.\nThe vote was largely seen as a referendum on Truman, whose approval rating had sunk to 32 percent over the president's controversial handling of a wave of post-war labor strikes, including a United Auto Workers strike against Ford and General Motors in 1945, a United Mine Workers strike starting in April 1946, and a national railroad worker strike that began in May. Further damage resulted from the back-and-forth over whether to end wartime price controls, unpopular with the American business constituency, to handle shortages, particularly in meat and other foodstuffs. While Truman's early months in the White House had been plagued with questions of \"What would Roosevelt do if he were alive?\" Republicans now began to joke \"What would Truman do if he were alive?\" and \"To err is Truman.\" However, the Republican majority was short-lived, as Democrats regained control of the House two years later.\n\n\n== Overall results ==\n\nSource: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk\n\n\n== Special elections ==\n\nIn these special elections, the winner was seated during 1946 or before January 3, 1947; ordered by election date, then by district.\n\n\n== Alabama ==\n\n\n== Arizona ==\n\n\n== Arkansas ==\n\n\n== California ==\n\n\n== Colorado ==\n\n\n== Connecticut ==\n\n\n== Delaware ==\n\n\n== Florida ==\n\n\n== Georgia ==\n\n\n== Idaho ==\n\n\n== Illinois ==\n\n\n== Indiana ==\n\n\n== Iowa ==\n\n\n== Kansas ==\n\n\n== Kentucky ==\n\n\n== Louisiana ==\n\n\n== Maine ==\n\n\n== Maryland ==\n\n\n== Massachusetts ==\n\n\n== Michigan ==\n\n\n== Minnesota ==\n\n\n== Mississippi ==\n\n\n== Missouri ==\n\n\n== Montana ==\n\n\n== Nebraska ==\n\n\n== Nevada ==\n\n\n== New Hampshire ==\n\n\n== New Jersey ==\n\n\n== New Mexico ==\n\n\n== New York ==\n\n\n== North Carolina ==\n\n\n",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the party that emerged victorious in the 1946 midterm elections assume authority over the governmental sector responsible for setting regulations for the US House of Representatives? | [
{
"id": 72083,
"question": "who gained control of congress in the midterm elections in 1946",
"answer": "Republicans",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 92991,
"question": "who determines the rules of the us house and us senate",
"answer": "The Senate",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 76291,
"question": "when did #1 take control of the #2",
"answer": "January 2015",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | January 2015 | [] | true | When did the party that gained control of Congress in the midterm elections in 1946 take control of the government branch that determines the rules of the US House? |
2hop__53937_92673 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer",
"paragraph_text": " of the character and the 50th anniversary of the Rankin/Bass television special. A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6, 2014.\n\n\n== Publication history ==\nRobert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago-based Montgomery Ward. The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money. May considered naming the reindeer Rollo or Reginald before deciding upon using the name Rudolph. May said his daughter liked reindeer, and he said he was treated like Rudolph as a child. In its first year of publication, Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph's story. The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter, the same meter as \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" (also known as \"Twas the Night Before Christmas\"). Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC.\nWhile May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer, while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago, a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view—giving him a flash of inspiration. \"Suddenly I had it!\" he recalled. \"A nose! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight.\"\nThe cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story's publication. In 1930's popular culture, a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards, so the story idea was initially rejected. May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward, Denver Gillen, to draw \"cute reindeer\", using zoo deer as models. The alert, bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea.\nMaxton Books published the first mass-market edition of Rudolph in 1947. The copyright for it will expire in 2034. A sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Shines Again, was published in 1954. In 1992, Applewood Books published Rudolph's Second Christmas, an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947. In 2003, Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp. Penguin also reprinted May's sequels, Rudolph ShA now older Rudolph, still unable to find a place in the world, returns home to the North Pole, only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble. With the help of Hermey and Yukon (who arrived separately), they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey (with dental skills he has acquired by reading books) to remove his sharp teeth. Everyone eventually returns to Santa's workshop, where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled. Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team, which he happily accepts.RA now older Rudolph, still unable to find a place in the world, returns home to the North Pole, only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble. With the help of Hermey and Yukon (who arrived separately), they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey (with dental skills he has acquired by reading books) to remove his sharp teeth. Everyone eventually returns to Santa's workshop, where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled. Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team, which he happily accepts.Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by May and published by Montgomery Ward, the department store.\nThe story is owned by The Rudolph Company, LP and has been adapted into numerous forms including the song by Johnny Marks, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Rudolph's Shiny New Year, and Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July from Rankin/Bass Productions, as well as Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie and Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys from GoodTimes Entertainment. Character Arts, LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company, LP and DreamWorks Classics. In many countries, Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore. 2014",
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{
"idx": 9,
"title": "North Pole",
"paragraph_text": " North Pole). However, Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small \"wobbles\" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.\nThe geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined andThe North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere.TheThe North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere.–Scott South Pole Station, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the South Magnetic Pole, the position of which is defined based on Earth's magnetic field. The South Pole is the center of the Southern Hemisphere.\n\n\n== Geography ==\n\nFor most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small \"wobbles\" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.\nThe geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined andThe North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere.The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 20,004 km (12,430 miles) in all directions. It is one of the two points where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface.\nSituated on the continent of Antarctica, it is the site of the United States Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the South Magnetic Pole, the position of which is defined based on Earth's magnetic field. The South Pole is the center of the Southern Hemisphere.\n\n\n== Geography ==\n\nFor most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small \"wobbles\" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.\nThe geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as 0°. At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to \"grid north\", which points northward along the prime meridian. Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the North Pole.\nThe Geographic South Pole is presently located on the continent of Antarctica, although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift. It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 m (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (810 mi) from the nearest open sea at the Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 m (8,",
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}
] | On a global map, where can one find the residence of Rudolph, the red-nosed reindeer? | [
{
"id": 53937,
"question": "where does rudolph the red nosed reindeer live",
"answer": "the North Pole",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 92673,
"question": "where is #1 on the world map",
"answer": "latitude 90 ° North",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | latitude 90 ° North | [] | true | Where is the place where Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer lives on the world map? |
3hop1__232315_831637_91775 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy",
"paragraph_text": "except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy.The first automotive torpedo was developed in 1866, and the torpedo boat was developed soon after. In 1898, while the Spanish–American War was being fought in the Caribbean and the Pacific, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt wrote that the Spanish torpedo boat destroyers were the only threat to the American navy, and pushed for the acquisition of similar vessels. On 4 May 1898, the US Congress authorized the first sixteen torpedo boat destroyers and twelve seagoing torpedo boats for the United States Navy.\nIn World War I, the U.S. Navy began mass-producing destroyers, laying 273 keels of the Clemson and Wickes-class destroyers. The peacetime years between 1919 and 1941 resulted in many of these flush deck destroyers being laid up. Additionally, treaties regulated destroyer construction. The 1500-ton destroyers built in the 1930s under the treaties had stability problems that limited expansion of their armament in WorldThe first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were \"frigates\"—the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 4,
"title": "United States Navy SEALs",
"paragraph_text": "The United States Navy's ``Sea, Air, and Land ''Teams, commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from, and return to, a river, ocean, swamp, delta, or coastline. The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments (Sea, Air, and Land) for which they are named. highly trained, and possess a high degree of proficiency in unconventional warfare (UW), direct action (DA), and special reconnaissance (SR), among other tasks like sabotage, demolition, intelligence gathering, and hydro-graphic reconnaissance, training, and advising friendly militaries or other forces. All active SEALs are members of the U.S. Navy.\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Origins ===\nAlthough not formally founded until 1962, the modern-day U.S. Navy SEALs trace their roots to World War II. The United States Military recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses. As a result, the joint Army, Marine Corps, and Navy Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce, Florida. The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year, just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, from the Observer Group",
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"idx": 12,
"title": "USS Tarawa (CV-40)",
"paragraph_text": " built during and shortly after World War II for the United States Navy. The ship was the first US Navy ship to bear the name, and was named for the bloody 1943 Battle of Tarawa. \"Tarawa\" was commissioned in December 1945, too late to serve in World War II. After serving a short time in the Far East, she was decommissioned in 1949. She was soon recommissioned after the Korean War began, serving in the Atlantic as a replacement for carriers sent to Korea. In the early 1950s, she was redesignated an attack carrier (CVA) and then an antisubmarine warfare carrier (CVS). Except for one tour in the Far East, she spent her entire second career operating in the Atlantic and Caribbean. Consequently, \"Tarawa\" was the only ship of her class to never see combat action.UUSS \"Tarawa\" (CV/CVA/CVS-40, AVT-12) was one of 24 s built during and shortly after World War II for the United States Navy. The ship was the first US Navy ship to bear the name, and was named for the bloody 1943 Battle of Tarawa. \"Tarawa\" was commissioned in December 1945, too late to serve in World War II. After serving a short time in the Far East, she was decommissioned in 1949. She was soon recommissioned after the Korean War began, serving in the Atlantic as a replacement for carriers sent to Korea. In the early 1950s, she was redesignated an attack carrier (CVA) and then an antisubmarine warfare carrier (CVS). Except for one tour in the Far East, she spent her entire second career operating in the Atlantic and Caribbean. Consequently, \"Tarawa\" was the only ship of her class to never see combat action. her sisters, Tarawa received no major modernizations, and thus throughout her career retained the classic appearance of a World War II Essex-class ship. She was decommissioned in 1960, and while in reserve was redesignated an aircraft transport (AVT). She was sold for scrap in 1968.\n\n\n== Construction and commissioning ==\nTarawa was 888 ft (270.7 m) long, had a beam of 93 ft (28.3 m), an extreme width of 147 ft 6 in (45.0 m), and a draft of 28 ft 7 in (8.7 m). She had a top speed of 32.7 kn (60.6 km/h; 37.6 mph), displaced 27,100 t (26,672.0 long tons; 29,872.6 short tons), and a complementUSS \"Tarawa\" (CV/CVA/CVS-40, AVT-12) was one of 24 s built during and shortly after World War II for the United States Navy. The ship was the first US Navy ship to bear the name, and was named for the bloody 1943 Battle of Tarawa. \"Tarawa\" was commissioned in December 1945, too late to serve in World War II. After serving a short time in the Far East, she was decommissioned in 1949. She was soon recommissioned after the Korean War began, serving in the Atlantic as a replacement for carriers sent to Korea. In the early 1950s, she was redesignated an attack carrier (CVA) and then an antisubmarine warfare carrier (CVS). Except for one tour in the Far East, she spent her entire second career operating in the Atlantic and Caribbean. Consequently, \"Tarawa\" was the only ship of her class to never see combat action.USS Tarawa (CV/CVA/CVS-40, AVT-12) was one of 24 Essex-class aircraft carriers built during and shortly after World War II for the United States Navy. The ship was the first US Navy ship to bear the name, and was named for the bloody 1943 Battle of Tarawa. Tarawa was commissioned in December 1945, too late to serve in World War II. After serving a short time in the Far East, it was decommissioned in 1949. She was soon recommissioned after the Korean War began, serving in the Atlantic as a replacement for carriers sent to Korea. In the early 1950s, she was redesignated an attack carrier (CVA) and then an antisubmarine warfare carrier (CVS). Except for one",
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}
] | What is the abbreviation SEAL representative of in the division of the U.S. armed forces that regulates a variety of destroyer classes and the USS Tarawa? | [
{
"id": 232315,
"question": "USS Tarawa >> operator",
"answer": "United States Navy",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 831637,
"question": "list of destroyer classes of #1 >> operator",
"answer": "U.S. Navy",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
},
{
"id": 91775,
"question": "what does seal stand for in #2 seals",
"answer": "Sea, Air, and Land",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
}
] | Sea, Air, and Land | [] | true | What does seal stand for in the branch of the U.S. military that operates a list of destroyer classes as well as the USS Tarawa? |
4hop1__88342_75218_128008_46894 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "World Series",
"paragraph_text": "In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5.–loss record in each league automatically clinched its league's pennant and advanced to the World Series, barring the rare tie necessitating a pennant playoff. Since then each",
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{
"idx": 2,
"title": "New York Yankees",
"paragraph_text": " into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility, which was closed and demolished. The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance.\nThe New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City; the other club is the National League (NL)'s New York Mets. In the season, the club began play in the AL as the Baltimore Orioles (no relation to the modern Baltimore Orioles). Frank Farrell and Bill Devery purchased the franchise that had ceased operations and moved it to New York City, renaming the club the New York Highlanders. The Highlanders were officially renamed the Yankees in . owned by Yankee Global Enterprises, a limited liability company that is controlled by the family of the late George Steinbrenner. Steinbrenner purchased the team from CBS in 1973. Currently, Brian Cashman is the team's general manager, Aaron Boone is the team's field manager, and Aaron Judge is the team captain. The team's home games were played at the original Yankee Stadium in the Bronx from 1923 to 1973 and from 1976 to 2008. In 1974 and 1975, the Yankees shared Shea Stadium with the Mets, in addition to the New York Jets and the New York Giants. In 2009, they moved into a new ballpark of the same name that was constructed adjacent to the previous facility, which was closed and demolished. The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance.\nArguably the most successful professional sports franchise in the United States, the Yankees have won 20 American League East Division titles, 40 American League pennants, and 27 World Series championships, all of which are MLB records. The team has won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues, after briefly trailing the NHL's Montreal Canadiens between 1993 and 1999. The Yankees have had 44 players and 11 managers inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, including many of the most iconic figures in the sport's history, such as Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Mickey Mantle, Yogi Berra, Whitey Ford, and Reggie Jackson; more recent inductees include Mariano Rivera and Derek Jeter, who received the two highest vote percentages of all Hall of Fame members. According to Forbes, the Yankees are the second-highest valued sports franchise in the world, after the NFL's Dallas Cowboys, with an estimated value in 2023 of approximately $7.1 billion. The team has garnered enormous popularity and a dedicated fanbase, as well as widespread enmity from fans of other MLB teams. The team's rivalry with the Boston Red Sox is one of the most well-known rivalries in North American sports. The team's logo is internationally known as a fashion item and an icon of New York City and the United States.\nFrom 1903 through the 2023 season, the Yankees' overall win–loss record is 10,684–8,080–88 (a .569 winning percentage).\n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== 1901–1902: Origins in Baltimore ===\n\nIn 1900, Ban Johnson, the president of a minor league known as the Western League (1894–1899), changed the Western League name to the American League (AL) and asked the National League to classify it as a major league. Johnson held that his league would operate on friendly terms withThe New York Yankees are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The Yankees compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. They are one of two major league clubs based in New York City; the other club is the National League (NL)'s New",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award",
"paragraph_text": " issued to a player in each league. Criteria and a list of winners for these two earlier awards are detailed in below sections.\nMVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBMVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters.The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. The award has been presented by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) since 1931.\n\n\n== History ==\nSince 1931, a Most Valuable Player Award has been bestowed by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) to a player in the National League and a player in the American League. Before 1931, two similar awards were issued—the League Award was issued during 1922–1928 in the American League and during 1924–1929 in the National League, and during 1911–1914, the Chalmers Award was issued to a player in each league. Criteria and a list of winners for these two earlier awards are detailed in below sections.\nMVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear-cut definition of what \"most valuable\" means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters.\nIn 1944, the award was named after Kenesaw Mountain Landis, the first Commissioner of Baseball, who served from 1920 until his death on November 25, 1944. Formally named the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Memorial Baseball Award, that naming appeared on a plaque given to winning players. Starting in 2020, Landis' name no longer appears on the MVP plaque after the BBWAA received complaints from several former MVP winners about Landis' role against the integration of MLB.\nFirst basemen, with 35 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen (16), third basemen (15), and shortstops (15). Of the 25 pitchers who have won the award, 15 are right-handed while 10 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the only pitchers who have won multiple times, with Newhouser winning consecutively in 1944 and 1945.\nHank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount haveMVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters. the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) to a player in the National League and a player in the American League. Before 1931, two similar awards were issued—the League Award was issued during 1922–1928 in the American League and during 1924–1929 in the National League, and during 1911–1914, the Chalmers Award was issued to a player in each league. Criteria and a list of winners for these two earlier awards are detailed in below sections.\nMVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBMVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters.The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. The award has been presented by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) since 1931.\n\n\n== History ==\nSince 1931, a Most Valuable Player Award has been bestowed by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) to a player in the National League and a player in the American League. Before 1931, two similar awards were issued—the League Award was issued during 1922–1928 in the American League and during 1924–1929 in the National League, and during 1911–1914, the Chalmers Award was issued to a player in each league. Criteria and a list of winners for these two earlier awards are detailed in below sections.\nMVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a clear-cut definition of what \"most valuable\" means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters.\nIn 1944, the award was named after Kenesaw Mountain Landis, the first Commissioner of Baseball, who served from 1920 until his death on November 25, 1944. Formally named the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Memorial Baseball Award, that naming appeared on a plaque given to winning players. Starting in 2020, Landis' name no longer appears on the MVP plaque after the BBWAA received complaints from several former MVP winners about Landis' role against the integration of MLB.\nFirst basemen, with 35 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen (16), third basemen (15), and shortstops (15). Of the 25 pitchers who have won the award, 15 are right-handed while 10 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the only pitchers who have won multiple times, with Newhouser winning consecutively in 1944 and 1945.\nHank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions, while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions. Rodriguez and Andre Dawson are the only players to win the award while on a last-place team, the 2003 Texas Rangers and 1987 Chicago Cubs, respectively. Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (four from 2001 to 2004). Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times – 10 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues.\nThe award's only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, when Keith Hernandez and Willie Stargell received an equal number of points. There have been 19 unanimous winners, who received all the first-place votes. The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 23, followed by the St. Louis Cardinals with 21 winners. The award has never been presented to a member of the following three teams:",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "Batting average",
"paragraph_text": " rounded; entering the final day of the 1941 season, Williams was at 179-for-448, which is .39955 and would have been recorded as .400 via rounding. However, Williams played in both games of a doubleheader, went 6-for-8, and ended the season 185-for-456, which is .40570 and becomes .406 when rounded.\nSince 1941, no American League or National League player has hit .400 or above—the highest single-season average in those leagues has been .394 by Tony Gwynn of the San Diego Padres in 1994. Wade Boggs hit .401 over a 162-game span with Boston from June 9, 1985, to June 6, 1986, but never hit above .368 for an MLB season. There have been numerous attempts to explain the disappearance of the .400 hitter, with one of the more rigorous discussions of this question appearing in Stephen Jay Gould's 1996 book Full House. Josh Gibson hit .466 in 1943 while playing for the Homestead Grays of the Negro National League, one of several leagues within Negro league baseball that are now recognized by MLB.\nGibson holds the record for highest major-league career batting average at .372, six points higher than Ty Cobb who has the second-highest career average at .366. The record for lowest career batting average for a player with more than 2,500 at-bats belongs to Bill Bergen, a catcher who played from 1901 to 1911 and recorded a .170 average in 3,028 career at-bats. Hugh Duffy, who played from 1888 to 1906, is credited with the highest single-season batting average, having hit .440 in 1894. The modern-era (post-1900) record for highest batting average for a season is held by Nap Lajoie, who hit .426 in 1901, the first year of play for the American League. The modern-era record for lowest batting average for a player that qualified for the batting title is held by Chris Davis, who hit .168 in 2018. While finishing six plate appearances short of qualifying for the batting title, Adam Dunn of the Chicago White Sox hit .159 for the 2011 season, nine points lower than the record. The highest batting average for a rookie was .408 in 1911 by Shoeless Joe Jackson.\nThe league batting average in MLB for the 2018 season was .248, with the highest modern-era MLB average being .296 in 1930, and the lowest being .237 in 1968. For non-pitchers, a batting average below .230 is often considered poor, and one below .200 is usually unacceptable. This latter level is sometimes referred to as \"The Mendoza Line\", named for Mario Mendoza—a lifetime .215 hitter but a good defensive shortstop.\nSabermetrics, the study of baseball statistics, considers batting average a weak measure of performance because it does not correlate as well as other measures to runs scored, thereby causing it to have little predictive value. Batting average does not take into account bases on balls (walks) or power, whereas other statistics such as on-base percentage and slugging percentage have been specifically designed to measure such concepts. Adding these statistics together form a player's on-base plus slugging or \"OPS\". This is commonly seen as a much better, though not perfect, indicator of a player's overall batting ability as it is a measure ofTy Cobb holds the record for highest career batting average with. 366, 9 points higher than Rogers Hornsby who has the second highest average in history at. 358. The record for lowest career batting average for a player with more than 2,500 at - bats belongs to Bill Bergen, a catcher who played from 1901 to 1911 and recorded a. 170 average in 3,028 career at - bats. The modern - era record for highest batting average for a season is held by Napoleon Lajoie, who hit. 426 in 1901, the first year of play for the American League. The modern - era record for lowest batting average for a player that qualified for the batting title is held by Rob Deer, who hit. 179 in 1991. While finishing six plate appearances short of qualifying for the batting title, Adam Dunn of the Chicago White Sox hit. 159 for the 2011 season, twenty points (and 11.2%) lower than the record. The highest batting average for a rookie was. 408 in 1911 by Shoeless Joe Jackson.Ty Cobb holds the record for highest career batting average with. 366, 9 points higher than Rogers Hornsby who has the second highest average in history at. 358. The record for lowest career batting average for a player with more than 2,500 at - bats belongs to Bill Bergen, a catcher who played from 1901 to 1911 and recorded a. 170 average in 3,028 career at - bats. The modern - era record for highest batting average for a season is held by Napoleon Lajoie, who hit. 426 in 1901, the first year of play for the American League. The modern - era record for lowest batting average for a player that qualified for the batting title is held by Rob Deer, who hit. 179 in 1991. While finishing six plate appearances short of qualifying for the batting title, Adam Dunn of the Chicago White Sox hit. 159 for the 2011 season, twenty points (and 11.2%) lower than the record. The highest batting average for a rookie was. 408 in 1911 by Shoeless Joe Jackson.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Who held the smallest batting average in the league that housed the team with the highest number of games in the series that determines the MLB MVP? | [
{
"id": 88342,
"question": "when do they give out the mlb mvp award",
"answer": "after the World Series",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
},
{
"id": 75218,
"question": "who played in the most #1 games",
"answer": "the New York Yankees",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 128008,
"question": "Which is the league of #2 ?",
"answer": "Major League Baseball",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 46894,
"question": "who has the lowest batting average in #3",
"answer": "Bill Bergen",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | Bill Bergen | [] | true | Who had the lowest batting average in the league where the team with the most games in the series after which the MLB MVP is awarded played? |
3hop1__458916_665330_47686 | [
{
"idx": 10,
"title": "Spirit If...",
"paragraph_text": "ed Out on the...\" was listed at #33 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and 99th on Pitchfork Media's list.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\"Farewell to the Pressure Kids\" – 5:49\n\"Tbtf\" – 3:51\n\"Fucked Up Kid\" – 5:09\n\"Safety Bricks\" – 4:27\n\"Lucky Ones\" – 6:44\n\"Broke Me Up\" – 4:24\n\"Gang Bang Suicide\" – 6:22\n\"Frightening Lives\" – 6:12\n\"Underneath the Skin\" – 0:46\n\"Big Love\" – 3:19\n\"Backed Out on the...\" – 4:16\n\"Aging Faces / Losing Places\" – 4:31\n\"Bodhi Sappy Weekend\" – 4:29\n\"When It Begins\" – 5:01\n\"What You Gonna Be\" (iTunes bonus track) – 4:05\n\n\n== Sources ==\nhttp://www.arts-crafts.ca/releases_spotlight.php?search=AC027 Archived 2009-07-03 at the Wayback Machine\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070621183237/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/43720-kevin-drew-bss-series-lp-details-emerge\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070701135609/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/43494-kevin-drew-preps-lp-for-broken-social-scene-series\n\n\n== References ==Spirit If... is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew. It was released on September 18, 2007. The album is the first in a series entitled Broken Social Scene Presents:, with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members. Brendan Canning's album Something for All of Us, the second in the series, was released in 2008.\nSpirit If... was recorded with Ohad Benchetrit and Charles Spearin of Do Make Say Think and Broken Social Scene. The track listing, album cover, as well as an mp3 download for the song \"Tbtf\" (an initialism for \"Too Beautiful to Fuck\") were released on June 19, 2007. Spirit If... reached #113 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers chart. \"Backed Out on the...\" was listed at #33 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and 99th on Pitchfork Media's list.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\"Farewell to the Pressure Kids\" – 5:49\n\"Tbtf\" – 3:51\n\"Fucked Up Kid\" – 5:09\n\"Safety Bricks\" – 4:27\n\"Lucky Ones\" – 6:44\n\"Broke Me Up\" – 4:24\n\"Gang Bang Suicide\" – 6:22\n\"Frightening Lives\" – 6:12\n\"Underneath the Skin\" – 0:46\n\"Big Love\" – 3:19\n\"Backed Out on the...\" – 4:16\n\"Aging Faces / Losing Places\" – 4:31\n\"Bodhi Sappy Weekend\" – 4:29\n\"When It Begins\" – 5:01\n\"What You Gonna Be\" (iTunes bonus track) – 4:05\n\n\n== Sources ==\nhttp://www.arts-crafts.ca/releases_spotlight.php?search=AC027 Archived 2009-07-03 at the Wayback Machine\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070621183237/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/43720-kevin-drew-bss-series-lp-details-emerge\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070701135609/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/43494-kevin-drew-preps-lp-for-broken-social-scene-series\n\n\n== References ==Spirit If... is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew. It was released on September 18, 2007. The album is the first in a series entitled Broken Social Scene Presents:, with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members. Brendan Canning's album Something for All of Us, the second in the series, was released in 2008.\nSpirit If... was recorded with Ohad Benchetrit and Charles Spearin of Do Make Say Think and Broken Social Scene. The track listing, album cover, as well as an mp3 download for the song \"Tbtf\" (an initialism for \"Too Beautiful to Fuck\") were released on June 19, 2007. Spirit If... reached #113 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers chart. \"Backed Out on the...\" was listed at #33 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and 99th on Pitchfork Media's list.\n\n\n== Track listing ==\n\"Farewell to the Pressure Kids\" – 5:49\n\"Tbtf\" – 3:51\n\"Fucked Up Kid\" – 5:09\n\"Safety Bricks\" – 4:27\n\"Lucky Ones\" – 6:44\n\"Broke Me Up\" – 4:24\n\"Gang Bang Suicide\" – 6:22\n\"Frightening Lives\" – 6:12\n\"Underneath the Skin\" – 0:46\n\"BigSpirit If... is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew. It was released on September 18, 2007. The album is the first in a series entitled \"Broken Social Scene Presents:\", with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members. Brendan Canning's album \"Something for All of Us\", the second in the series, was released in 2008.SSpirit If... is the debut solo album by Broken Social Scene co-founder Kevin Drew. It was released on September 18, 2007. The album is the first in a series entitled \"Broken Social Scene Presents:\", with each album in the series being a particular member's solo efforts, assisted by fellow Broken Social Scene members. Brendan Canning's album \"Something for All of Us\", the second in the series, was released in 2008.... was recorded with Ohad Benchetrit and Charles Spearin of Do Make Say Think and Broken Social Scene. The track listing, album cover, as well as an mp3 download for the song \"Tbtf\" (an initialism for \"Too Beautiful to Fuck\") were released on June 19, 2007. Spirit If... reached #113 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 13,
"title": "Toronto Coach Terminal",
"paragraph_text": " later expanded to nine bus platforms. Its final form consisted of seven bus platforms, accommodating two numbered bus bays each. The building has been listed in the City of Toronto's heritage buildings register since May 19, 1987.\n\nAn annex, the Elizabeth Street Terminal located at 130 Elizabeth Street, is located to the west of the main terminal. It was originally built in 1968 and was used for bus charters andThe Toronto Coach Terminal is the central bus station for inter-city services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 610 Bay Street, in the city's Downtown. The terminal is owned by Toronto Coach Terminal Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). The TTC managed the station directly until July 8, 2012, when it was leased out in its entirety to bus lines Coach Canada and Greyhound Canada for $1.2 million annually. Opened in 1931 as the Gray Coach Terminal, the Art Deco style terminal was home base for Gray Coach, an interurban bus service then owned by the TTC. It replaced an earlier open air terminal, Gray Line Terminal. leasing a parcel of land at Bay and Edward Streets for an open air coach terminal. \n\nAfter purchasing the Bay/Edward property, construction on a permanent terminal building began in July 1931. The building officially opened on December 19, 1931 as the Toronto Motor Coach Terminal, to serve as the terminal hub for the Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC) Gray Coach intercity bus service, replacing an open air terminal that had operated at the same location. Known as the Gray Coach Terminal until 1990, the Art Deco building is a two-storey historic building with Travertine limestone. Designed by architect Charles B. Dolphin it was originally built with five platforms (four departure and one arrival platform) and later expanded to nine bus platforms. Its final form consisted of seven bus platforms, accommodating two numbered bus b",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Kevin Drew",
"paragraph_text": " Emily Haines & The Soft Skeleton, Amy Millan, and Jason Collett.\nThe group's sound combines elements of all of its members' respective musical projects, and is occasionally considered baroque pop. It includes grand orchestrations featuring guitars, horns, woodwinds, and violins, unusual song structures, and an experimental, and sometimes chaotic production style from David Newfeld, who produced the second and third albums.\nStuart Berman's This Book Is Broken (2009) covers the band from its inception to its critical acclaim. In 2010, Bruce McDonald made This Movie Is Broken, a movie about the band's Harbourfront show during the 2009 Toronto strike.\nThe collective and their respective projects have had a broad influence on alternative music and indie rock during the early 21st century, in 202Kevin Drew (born September 9, 1976) is a Canadian musician and songwriter who, together with Brendan Canning, founded the expansive Toronto baroque-pop collective Broken Social Scene. He was also part of the lesser-known KC Accidental, which consisted of Drew and Charles Spearin, another current member of Broken Social Scene. Peroff (drums), Andrew Whiteman (guitar) and Charles Spearin (guitar).\nMost of its members play in various other groups and solo projects, mainly in the city of Toronto. These associated acts include Metric, Feist, Stars, Apostle of Hustle, Do Make Say Think, KC Accidental, Emily Haines & The",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | In the city where the band that performs Spirit If... originated, from where do the greyhound buses depart? | [
{
"id": 458916,
"question": "Spirit If... >> performer",
"answer": "Kevin Drew",
"paragraph_support_idx": 10
},
{
"id": 665330,
"question": "#1 >> location of formation",
"answer": "Toronto",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 47686,
"question": "where do greyhound buses leave from in #2",
"answer": "Toronto Coach Terminal",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
}
] | Toronto Coach Terminal | [] | true | Where do greyhound buses leave from in the city where the performer of Spirit If... was formed? |
3hop1__406043_831637_91775 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "United States Navy SEALs",
"paragraph_text": " The United States Military recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses. As a result, the joint Army, Marine Corps, and Navy Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce, Florida. The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year, just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, from the Observer Group, a joint U.S. Army-Marine-Navy unit.\n\n\n=== Scouts and Raiders ===\nRecognizing the need for a beach reconnaissance force, a select group of Army and Navy personnel assembled at Amphibious Training Base (ATB) Little Creek, Virginia on 15 August 1942 to begin Amphibious Scouts and Raiders (Joint) training. The Scouts and Raiders' mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach, maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing, and guide the assault waves to the landing beach. The unit was led by U.S. Army 1st Lieutenant Lloyd Peddicord as commanding officer, and Navy Ensign John Bell as executive officer. Navy Chief Petty OfficersThe United States Navy's ``Sea, Air, and Land ''Teams, commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force andThe United States Navy's ``Sea, Air, and Land ''Teams, commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command. Among the SEALs' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from, and return to, a river, ocean, swamp, delta, or coastline. The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments (Sea, Air, and Land) for which they are named. highly trained, and possess a high degree of proficiency in unconventional warfare (UW), direct action (DA), and special reconnaissance (SR), among other tasks like sabotage, demolition,",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 4,
"title": "List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy",
"paragraph_text": "except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered serviceThe first major warship produced by the U.S. Navy after World War II (and in the Cold War) were \"frigates\"—the ships were originally designated destroyer leaders but reclassified in 1975 as guided missile cruisers (except the became guided missile destroyers). These grew out of the last all-gun destroyers of the 1950s. In the middle 1970s the s entered service, optimized for anti-submarine warfare. A special class of guided missile destroyers was produced for the Shah of Iran, but due to the Iranian Revolution these ships could not be delivered and were added to the U.S. Navy. Wickes-class destroyers. The peacetime years between 1919 and 1941 resulted in many of these flush deck destroyers being laid up. Additionally, treaties regulated destroyer construction. The",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "USS Peril (AM-272)",
"paragraph_text": " World War II and in commission from 1944 to 1945. In 1945, she was transferred to the Soviet Union and after that served in the Soviet Navy as T-281.UUSS \"Peril\" (AM-272) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II and in commission from 1944 to 1945. In 1945, she was transferred to the Soviet Union and after that served in the Soviet Navy as T-281. T-281.\n\n\n== Career ==\nPeril was laid down on 1 February 1943 at Chickasaw, Alabama, by the Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 25 JulyUSS \"Peril\" (AM-272) was an built for the United States Navy during World War II and in commission from 1944 to 1945. In 1945, she was transferred to the Soviet Union and after that served in the Soviet Navy as T-281.USS Peril (AM-272) was an Admirable-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War II and in commission from 1944 to 1945. In 1945, she was transferred to the Soviet Union and after that served in the Soviet Navy as T-281.\n\n\n== Career ==\nPeril was laid down on 1 February 1943 at Chickasaw, Alabama, by the Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 25 July 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Morris Sorbet, and commissioned on 20 April 1944.\n\n\n== Service history ==\n\n\n=== U.S. Navy, World War II, 1944–1945 ===\n\nPeril departed Boston, on 5 February 1945, bound for Philadelphia, where she underwent overhaul from 8 to 27 February 1945.\nSelected for transfer to the Soviet Navy in Project Hula – a secret program for the transfer of U.S. Navy ships to the Soviet Navy at Cold Bay, Territory of Alaska, in anticipation of the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan – Peril departed Philadelphia upon completion of her overhaul, transited the Panama Canal, and called at San Diego, Seattle, and Kodiak, Alaska, before arriving at Cold Bay on 28 April 1945 to train her new Soviet crew. Four Soviet Navy officers and 40 enlisted men reported aboard on 1 May 1945, and two more officers and 32 enlisted men came aboard on 6 May 1945.\n\n\n=== Soviet Navy, 1945–1960 ===\nFollowing the completion of training for her Soviet crew, Peril was decommissioned on 22 May 1945 at Cold Bay and transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease immediately. Also commissioned into the Soviet Navy immediately, she was designated as a tralshik (\"minesweeper\") and renamed T-281 in Soviet service. She soon departed Cold Bay bound for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Soviet Union, where she entered service with the Soviet Pacific Ocean Fleet on 27 June 1945.\nAfter the Soviet Union entered the war on 8 August 1945, T-281 participated in the Soviet offensive against Japanese forces in Northeast Asia, including the Soviet amphibious landing at Rajin-S��nbong, Korea, on 12 August 1945.\nIn February 1946, the United States began negotiations for the return of ships loaned to the Soviet Union for use during World War II, and on 8 May 1947, United States Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal informed the United States Department of State that the United States Department of the Navy wanted 480 of the 585 combatant ships it had transferred to the Soviet Union for World War II use returned. Deteriorating relations between the two countries as the Cold War broke out led to protracted negotiations over the ships, and by the mid-1950s the U.S. Navy found it too expensive to bring home ships that had become worthless to it anyway. Many ex-American ships were merely administratively \"returned\" to the United States and instead sold for scrap in the Soviet Union, while the U.S. Navy did not seriously pursue the return of others because it viewed them as no longer worth the cost of recovery. The Soviet Union never returned Peril to the United States, although the U.S. Navy reclassified her as a \"fleet mines",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What is the acronym "seal" representing in the service operation list involving destroyer classes under the supervision of the USS Peril operator? | [
{
"id": 406043,
"question": "USS Peril >> operator",
"answer": "United States Navy",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 831637,
"question": "list of destroyer classes of #1 >> operator",
"answer": "U.S. Navy",
"paragraph_support_idx": 4
},
{
"id": 91775,
"question": "what does seal stand for in #2 seals",
"answer": "Sea, Air, and Land",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
}
] | Sea, Air, and Land | [] | true | What does seal stand for in the seals of the service operating list of destroyer classes of the operator of USS Peril? |
3hop1__123190_519940_18967 | [
{
"idx": 1,
"title": "Hokkien",
"paragraph_text": " in different regions refer to the language as:\n\nBân-lâm-gú / Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-gír / Bân-lâm-ú (��南语; ���南�� 'Southern Min language') in China, Taiwan, and Malaysia\nBân-lâm-ōe / Bân-lâm-ōa / Bîn-lâm-ōe (��南话; ���南話 'Southern Min speech') in China, Taiwan, Philippines, and Malaysia\nTâi-gí / Tâi-gú (����There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē (\"Our people’s language\"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed] Southeast Asia, Hokkien historically served as the lingua franca amongst overseas Chinese communities of all dialects and subgroups, and it remains today as the most spoken variety of Chinese in the region, including in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei. This applied to a lesser extent to mainland Southeast Asia. As a result of the significant influence and historical presence of its sizable overseas diaspora, certain considerable to ample amounts of Hokkien loanwords are also historically present in the languages it has had historical contact with in its sprachraum, such as Thai. Hokkien Kelantan in northern Malaya of Malaysia and Hokaglish spoken sporadically across the Philippines, especially Metro Manila are also mixed languages with Hokkien as the base lexifier.\n\n\n== Names ==\nHokkien speakers in different regions refer to the language as:\n\nBân-lâm-g",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Atika Suri",
"paragraph_text": " from overseas and also established networks with sources such as cabinet ministers and officials. Suri also did live reports during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders Meeting in Bogor, Indonesia in 1994, and covered the Meeting of 77 Heads of the 3rd World Countries, or G-77 Conference, in Havana, Cuba.\nAtika Suri is now the newsAtika Suri graduated from the Design and Art Faculty of Trisakti University in Jakarta. During her career as television journalist, Suri has attended several professional trainings including Peace Journalism from the BBC in 2001, CNN Television Workshop in October 2000, and TV News Production Workshops by Frank N. Magid Associates in 1995 and 1996. Atika Suri had been nominated as the most favorite female news presenter of the Panasonic Awards in 2000.AtAtika Suri graduated from the Design and Art Faculty of Trisakti University in Jakarta. During her career as television journalist, Suri has attended several professional trainings including Peace Journalism from the BBC in 2001, CNN Television Workshop in October 2000, and TV News Production Workshops by Frank N. Magid Associates in 1995 and 1996. Atika Suri had been nominated as the most favorite female news presenter of the Panasonic Awards in 2000., and TV News Production Workshops by Frank N. Magid Associates in 1995 and 1996.\n\n\n== Career ==\nSuri began her career as a reporter and news presenter for RCTI's morning show, Nuansa Pagi, in 1993. Since 1994, Suri had been assigned to report Indonesia's presidential activities including reporting overseas visits of former presidents Suharto and Abdurrahman Wahid. As a presidential correspondent, Suri conducted many live reports from overseas and also established networks with sources such as cabinet ministers and officials. Suri also did live reports during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders Meeting in Bogor, Indonesia in 1994, and covered the Meeting of 77 Heads of the 3rd World Countries, or G-77 Conference, in Havana, Cuba.\nAtika Suri is now the newsAtika Suri graduated from the Design and Art Faculty of Trisakti University in Jakarta. During her career as television journalist, Suri has attended several professional trainings including Peace Journalism from the BBC in 2001, CNN Television Workshop in October 2000, and TV News Production Workshops by Frank N. Magid Associates in 1995 and 1996. Atika Suri had been nominated as the most favorite female news presenter of the Panasonic Awards in 2000.Atika Suri (born Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau; February 10, 1968) is an Indonesian TV newscaster and newscast producer.\n\n\n== Education and training ==\nAtika Suri graduated from the Design and Art Faculty of Trisakti University in Jakarta. During her career as a television journalist, Suri has attended several professional pieces of training including Peace Journalism from the BBC in 2001, CNN Television Workshop in October 2000, and TV News Production Workshops by Frank N. Magid Associates in 1995 and 1996.\n\n\n== Career ==\nSuri began her career as a reporter and news presenter for RCTI's morning show, Nuansa Pagi, in 1993. Since 1994, Suri had been assigned to report Indonesia's presidential activities including reporting overseas visits of former presidents Suharto and Abdurrahman Wahid. As a presidential correspondent, Suri conducted many live reports from overseas and also established networks with sources such as cabinet ministers and officials. Suri also did live reports during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders Meeting in Bogor, Indonesia in 1994, and covered the Meeting of 77 Heads of the 3rd World Countries, or G-77 Conference, in Havana, Cuba.\nAtika Suri is now the news producer of RCTI's newscast, Buletin Siang, one of the news programs in Indonesia. Suri manages the production of the newscast, selects stories and arranges the rundown, writes news stories and lead-ins, copies-edits, and approves the scripts before editing and on-air. She also helps translate materials from news agencies and voices them into the Indonesian language.\nSince 2004, Suri has been back to serve as the main anchor of RCTI’s morning newscast Nuansa Pagi along with co-anchor Ade Novit. She had also served as the main anchor of Buletin Siang, as well as the newscaster of Seputar Indonesia.\nAtika Suri was nominated as the most favorite female news presenter at the Panasonic Awards in 2000.\n\n\n== References ==At",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 17,
"title": "Trisakti Museum",
"paragraph_text": " relics.\n\n\n== History ==\nTrisakti Museum was established with the background of the Indonesian university student movement in 1998, when the students across Indonesia rallied to demand reform.\nThe students at Trisakti University, as a part of the students in Indonesia as a whole, participated in a peaceful protest movement. The movement reach its peak when four students at Trisakti University were killed on May 12, 1998. This incident triggered the fall of Suharto.\nTo commemorate the tragedy, the museum was placed in the lobby of the Dr Syarif Thajeb building, on the campus of Trisakti University, Grogol, West Jakarta.\n\n\n== See also ==\nIndonesian Revolution of 1998\nTrisakti shootings\nList of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia\n\n\n== References ==Trisakti Museum or May 12 Tragedy Museum is a human rights museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum documents the active role of Indonesian students at Trisakti University in fighting for democracy and human rights.\nThe museum briefly tells about four students who were shot on May 12, 1998. In the museum there are short articles, a collection of news from newspapers, ornaments, demonstration photographs, photographs of the deceased, and their relics.\n\n\n== History ==\nTrisakti Museum was established with the background of the Indonesian university student movement in 1998, when the students across Indonesia rallied to demand reform.\nThe students at Trisakti University, as a part of the students in Indonesia as a whole, participated in a peaceful protest movement. The movement reach its peak when four students at Trisakti University were killed on May 12, 1998. This incident triggered the fall of Suharto.\nTo commemorate the tragedy, the museum was placed in the lobby of the Dr Syarif Thajeb building, on the campus of Trisakti University, Grogol, West Jakarta.\n\n\n== See also ==\nIndonesian Revolution of 1998\nTrisakti shootings\nList of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia\n\n\n== References ==Trisakti Museum or May 12 Tragedy Museum is a human rights museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum documents the active role of Indonesian students at Trisakti University in fighting for democracy and human rights.\nThe museum briefly tells about four students who were shot on May 12, 1998. In the museum there are short articles, a collection of news from newspapers, ornaments, demonstration photographs, photographs of the deceased, and their relics.\n\n\n== History ==\nTrisakti Museum was established with the background of the Indonesian university student movement in 1998, when the students across Indonesia rallied to demand reform.\nThe students at Trisakti University, as a part of the students in Indonesia as a whole, participated in a peaceful protest movement. The movement reach its peak when four students at Trisakti University were killed on May 12, 1998. This incident triggered the fall of Suharto.\nTo commemorate the tragedy, the museum was placed in the lobby of the Dr Syarif Thajeb building, on the campus of Trisakti University, Grogol, West Jakarta.\n\n\n== See also ==\nIndonesian Revolution of 1998\nTrisaktiTrisakti Museum or May 12 Tragedy Museum is a human rights museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum documents the active role of Indonesian students at Trisakti University in fighting for democracy and human rights.TTrisakti Museum or May 12 Tragedy Museum is a human rights museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. The museum documents the active role of Indonesian students at Trisakti University in fighting for democracy and human rights.The museum briefly tells about four students who were shot on May 12, 1998. In the museum there are short articles, a collection of news from newspapers, ornaments, demonstration photographs, photographs of the deceased, and their relics.\n\n\n== History ==\nTrisakti Museum was established with the background of the Indonesian university student movement in 1998, when the students across Indonesia rallied to demand reform.\nThe students at Trisakti University, as a part of the students in Indonesia as a whole, participated in a peaceful protest movement. The movement reach its peak when four students at Trisakti University were killed on May 12, 1998. This incident triggered the fall of Suharto.\nTo commemorate the tragedy,",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the prior name of the nation where Atika Suri pursued her studies? | [
{
"id": 123190,
"question": "Where did Atika Suri study or work?",
"answer": "Trisakti University",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 519940,
"question": "#1 >> country",
"answer": "Indonesia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 18967,
"question": "What is the former name for #2 ?",
"answer": "Dutch East Indies",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | Dutch East Indies | [] | true | What is the former name of the country where Atika Suri studied? |
3hop1__418091_15840_36002 | [
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " North America and Europe. Overlapping the NES's 61.9 million unit sales, the Super NES remained popular well into the 32-bit era, with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003. It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers, with new homebrew games and Nintendo's emulated rereleases, such as on the Virtual Console, the Super NES Classic Edition, Nintendo Switch Online; as well as several non-console emulators which operate on a desktop computer or mobile device, such as Snes9x.\n\n\n== History ==\nTo compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Sega Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. It took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping. Bill Mensch, the co-creator of the 8-bit MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor and founder of the Western Design Center (WDC), gave Ricoh the exclusive right to supply 8-bit and 16-bit WDC microprocessors for the new system. Meanwhile, Sony engineer Ken Kutaragi reached an agreement with Nintendo to design the console's sound chip without notifying his supervisors, who were enraged when they discovered the project; though Kutaragi was nearly fired, then-CEO Norio Ohga intervened in support of the project and gave him permission to complete it.\nOn September 9, 1987, then-Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi revealed the development of the Super Famicom in the newspaper Kyoto Shimbun. On August 30, 1988, in an interview with TOUCH Magazine, Yamauchi announced the development of Super Mario Bros. 4, Dragon Quest V, three original games, and he projected sales of 3 million units of the upcoming console. Famicom Hissyoubon magazine speculated that Yamauchi's early announcement was probably made to forestall Christmas shopping for the PC Engine, and relayed Enix's clarification that it was waiting on sales figures to select either PC Engine or Super Famicom for its next Dragon Quest game. The magazine and Enix both expressed a strong interest in networking as a standard platform feature. The console was demonstrated to the Japanese press on November 21, 1988, and again on July 28, 1989.\n\n\n=== Launch ===\n\nDesigned by Masayuki Uemura, the designer of the original Famicom, the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday, November 21, 1990, for ¥25,000 (equivalent to ¥27,804 in 2019). It was an instant success. Nintendo's initial shipment of 300,000 units sold out within hours, and the resulting social disturbance led the Japanese government to ask video game manufacturers to schedule future console releases on weekends. This gained the attention of the yakuza criminal organizations, so the devices were shipped at night to avoid robbery.\nWith the Super Famicom quickly outselling its rivals, Nintendo reasserted itself as the leader of the Japanese console market. Nintendo's success was partially due to the retention of most of its key third-party developers, including Capcom, Konami, Tecmo, Square, Koei, and Enix.\nNintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a redesigned version of the Super Famicom, in North America for US$199 (equivalent to $450 in 2023). It began shipping in limited quantities on August 23, 1991, with an official nationwide release date of September 9, 1991. The Super NES was released in the UnitedTo compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping.The Super Nintendo Entertainment System, commonly shortened to Super Nintendo, Super NES or SNES, is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea, 1991 in North America, 1992 in Europe and Oceania and 1993 in South America. In Japan, it is called the Super Famicom (SFC). In South Korea, it is called the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. The system was released in Brazil on August 30, 1993, by Playtronic. Although each version is essentially the same, several forms of regional lockout prevent cartridges for one version from being used in other versions.\nTo compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home Electronics launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega Enterprises followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Genesis respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful. Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping. same, several forms of regional lockout prevent cartridges for one version from being used in other versions.\nThe Super NES is Nintendo's second programmable home console, following the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time, like the Sega Genesis. It was designed to accommodate the ongoing development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated into game cartridges to be more competitive into the next generation.\nThe Super NES received largely positive reviews and was a global success, becoming the best selling console of the 16-bit era after launching relatively late and facing intense competition from Sega's Genesis console in North America and Europe. Overlapping the NES's 61.9 million unit sales, the Super NES remained popular well into the 32-bit era, with 49.1 million units sold worldwide by the time it was discontinued in 2003. It continues to be popular among collectors and retro gamers, with new homebrew games and Nintendo's emulated rereleases, such as on the Virtual Console, the Super NES Classic Edition, Nintendo Switch Online; as well as several non-console emulators which operate on a desktop computer or mobile device, such as Snes9x.\n\n\n== History ==\nTo compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Home",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_text": " rapid growth and popularity from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, marked by the golden age of arcade games and the second generation of consoles. Games like Space Invaders (1978) became a phenomenon across arcades worldwide, while home consoles such as the Atari 2600 and the Intellivision gained footholds in the American market. Many companies emerged to capitalise on the growing industry, including the playing card manufacturer Nintendo. \nHiroshi Yamauchi, who had been Nintendo's president since 1949, realised that breakthroughs in the electronics industry meant that entertainment products could be produced at lower prices. Companies such as Atari and Magnavox were already selling gaming devices for use with television sets, to moderate success. Yamauchi negotiated a licence with Magnavox to sell its gameThe Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ������リー��ンピュー��, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (フ����コン, Famikon?) andThe Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Bigfoot (video game)",
"paragraph_text": "Bigfoot is a racing video game released in July 1990 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was developed by Beam Software and published by Acclaim. The game was advertised by the legendary monster truck of the same name in the cartoon segment of the 1990 television show, \"Video Power\", titled \"The Power Team\". The show also often used sound effects for the actions of not only Bigfoot, but others as well.Bigfoot is a racing video game released in July 1990 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was developed by Beam Software and published by Acclaim. The game was advertised by the legendary monster truck of the same name in the cartoon segment of the 1990 television show, \"Video Power\", titled \"The Power Team\". The show also often used sound effects for the actions of not only Bigfoot, but others as well.Bigfoot is a racing video game released in July 1990 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was developed by Beam Software and published by Acclaim. The game was advertised by the legendary monster truck of the same name in the cartoon segment of the 1990 television show, Video Power, titled The Power Team. The show also often used sound effects for the actions of not only Bigfoot, but others as well.\n\n\n== Gameplay ==\nThe gameplay involves racing monster trucks including the title truck, Bigfoot (blue). The computer controlled trucks are green (The Growler), and yellow (The Charger). The player begins competing against The Growler, but if the computer's truck runs out of money it will forfeit the race and be replaced with The Charger. Should The Charger run out of money it will be replaced with a second green vehicle and so on. It was not uncommon for a skilled player to be challenged by three to four different monster trucks during the game. In two player mode the 2nd player's truck is red. The object of the game is to advance to the next level (race) with incurring the least amount of damage as possible. The levels consist of car crushing, mud bog, tractor pull, hill climb, and the later levels are a combination of everything except the sled pull, simply called a drag race. To advance to the next event the player must complete a \"cross country\" race collecting money, points, etc. without damaging the truck.\n\n\n== External links ==\nBigfoot at MobyGames\nBigfoot on GGDB\nBigfoot at GameFAQ",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What benefits did Genesis have compared to the platform that hosts Bigfoot? | [
{
"id": 418091,
"question": "Bigfoot >> platform",
"answer": "Nintendo Entertainment System",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
},
{
"id": 15840,
"question": "What is the abbreviation of #1 ?",
"answer": "NES",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 36002,
"question": "What were the Genesis's advantages over the #2 ?",
"answer": "built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound | [
"16-bit",
"16-bit architecture"
] | true | What were Genesis's advantages over the platform that plays Bigfoot? |
2hop__677929_696450 | [
{
"idx": 2,
"title": "The Final Testament of the Holy Bible",
"paragraph_text": " and describing Frey's prose as having \"undergone a miraculous transformation of its own... [with] an exceptionally expressive range of voice.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial websiteThe Final Testament of the Holy Bible is a novel written by James Frey, published by Gagosian Gallery in 2011. The book is published in the UK by John Murray with the shortened title The Final Testament (ISBN 9781848543195). \n\n\n== Reception ==\nMichael Lindgren of The Washington Post gave the book a generally positive review, calling it a \"strong and absorbing piece of writing\" that \"moves to its own inner spirit,\" and describing Frey's prose as having \"undergone a miraculous transformation of its own... [with] an exceptionally expressive range of voice.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial websiteThe Final Testament ofThe Final Testament of the Holy Bible is a novel written by James Frey, published by Gagosian Gallery in 2011. The book is published in the UK by John Murray with the shortened title \"The Final Testament\".The Final Testament of the Holy Bible is a novel written by James Frey, published by Gagosian Gallery in 2011. The book is published in the UK by John Murray with the shortened title \"The Final Testament\". 9781848543195). \n\n\n== Reception ==\nMichael Lindgren of The Washington Post gave the book a generally positive review, calling it a \"strong and absorbing piece of writing\" that \"moves to its own inner spirit,\" and describing Frey's prose as having \"undergone a miraculous transformation of its own... [with] an exceptionally expressive range of voice.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial websiteThe Final Testament of the Holy Bible is a novel written by James Frey, published by Gagosian Gallery in 2011. The book is published in the UK by John Murray with the shortened title The Final Testament (ISBN 9781848543195). \n\n\n== Reception ==\nMichael Lindgren of The Washington Post gave the book a generally positive review, calling it a \"strong and absorbing piece of writing\" that \"moves to its own inner spirit,\" and describing Frey's prose as having \"undergone a miraculous transformation of its own... [with] an exceptionally expressive range of voice.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial websiteThe Final Testament ofThe Final Testament of the Holy Bible is a novel written by James Frey, published by Gagosian Gallery in 2011. The book is published in the UK by John Murray with the shortened title \"The Final Testament\".The Final Testament of the Holy Bible is a novel written by",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 6,
"title": "Gagosian Gallery",
"paragraph_text": ", half the works for evening sale by major auction houses in New York City were by artists represented by the gallery.\n\n\n== History and expansion ==\n\n\n=== 1980s ===\nLarry Gagosian opened his first gallery in Los Angeles in 1980, showing the work of young contemporary artists such as Eric Fischl and Jean-Michel Basquiat.\nThe business expanded from Los Angeles to New York: In 1989, a new, spacious gallery opened on the Upper East Side of Manhattan at 980 Madison Avenue, with the inaugural exhibition \"The Maps of Jasper Johns\". The Gagosian Gallery in New York City mounted exhibitions dedicated to the history of The New York School, Abstract expressionism, and Pop art by showing early work of Robert Rauschenberg, Roy Lichtenstein, and Willem de Kooning. During its first two years, the Madison Avenue space, once used by Sotheby's and Parke-Bernet, presented work by YGagosian is a contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Larry Gagosian. The gallery exhibits some of the most influential artists of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are 16 gallery spaces: five in New York; three in London; two in Paris; one each in Basel, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Rome, Athens, Geneva and Hong Kong.TheGagosian is a contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Larry Gagosian. The gallery exhibits some of the most influential artists of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are 16 gallery spaces: five in New York; three in London; two in Paris; one each in Basel, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Rome, Athens, Geneva and Hong Kong., Rome, Athens, Geneva, and Hong Kong – designed by architects such as Caruso St John, Richard Gluckman, Richard Meier, Jean Nouvel, and Annabelle Selldorf.\nIn 2011, a survey of art dealers by The Wall Street Journal estimated that Gagosian Gallery had annual sales of about $1 billion. In May 2011 alone, half the works for evening sale by major auction houses in New York City were by artists represented by the gallery.\n\n\n== History and expansion ==\n\n\n=== 1980s ===\nLarry Gagosian opened his first gallery in Los Angeles in 1980, showing the work of young contemporary artists such as Eric Fischl and Jean-Michel Basquiat.\nThe business expanded from Los Angeles to New York: In 1989, a new, spacious gallery opened on the Upper East Side of Manhattan at 980 Madison Avenue, with the inaugural exhibition \"The Maps of Jasper Johns\". The Gagosian Gallery in New York City mounted exhibitions dedicated to the history of The New York School, Abstract expressionism, and Pop art by showing early work of Robert Rauschenberg, Roy Lichtenstein, and Willem de Kooning. During its first two years, the Madison Avenue space, once used by Sotheby's and Parke-Bernet, presented work by YGagosian is a contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Larry Gagosian. The gallery exhibits some of the most influential artists of the 20th and 21st centuries. There are 16 gallery spaces: five in New York; three in London; two in Paris; one each in Basel, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Rome, Athens, Geneva and Hong Kong.The Gagosian Gallery is a modern and contemporary art gallery owned and directed by Larry Gagosian. The gallery exhibits some of the most well-known artists of the 20th and 21st centuries. As of 2024, Gagosian employs 300 people at 19 exhibition spaces – including New York City, London, Paris, Basel, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Rome, Athens, Geneva, and Hong Kong – designed by architects such as Caruso St John, Richard Gluckman, Richard Meier, Jean Nouvel, and Annabelle Selldorf.\nIn 2011, a survey of art dealers by The Wall Street Journal estimated that Gagosian Gallery had annual sales of about $1 billion. In May 2011 alone, half the works for evening sale by major auction houses in New York City were by artists represented by the gallery.\n\n\n== History and expansion ==\n\n\n=== 1980s ===\nLarry Gagosian opened his first gallery in Los Angeles in 1980, showing the work of young contemporary artists such as Eric Fischl and Jean-Michel Basquiat.\nThe business expanded from Los Angeles to New York: In 1989, a new, spacious gallery opened on the Upper East Side of Manhattan at 980 Madison Avenue, with the inaugural exhibition \"The Maps of Jasper Johns\". The Gagosian Gallery in New York City mounted exhibitions dedicated to the history of The New York School, Abstract expressionism, and Pop art by showing early work of Robert Rauschenberg, Roy Lichtenstein, and Willem de Kooning. During its first two years, the Madison Avenue space, once used by Sotheby's and Parke-Bernet, presented work by Yves Klein, Andy Warhol, Cy Twombly, and Jackson Pollock. Artists such as Walter De Maria, Francesco Clemente, and Peter Halley were represented by Gagosian.\n\n\n=== 1990s ===\nGagosian Gallery's second New York City location opened in the SoHo neighborhood, in 1991. During the same year, the gallery convinced artists David Salle and Philip Taaffe to switch representation from long-term relationships with the Mary Boone Gallery to Gagosian. The SoHo location showed younger artists such as Ellen Gallagher, Jenny Saville, Douglas Gordon and Cecily Brown. \nThe uptown gallery on Madison Avenue maintained its commitment to historical exhibitions by showing monumental sculptures by Miró, Calder and Moore, as well as large-scale works by artists such as Richard Serra, Mark di Suvero, Barnett Newman, and Chris Burden. In 1996, the Damien Hirst exhibition \"No Sense of Absolute Corruption,\" was the first exhibition in America to show the series of Hirst animals in formaldehyde tanks, a controversial part of the artist's oeuvre.\nAndy Warhol was exhibited at both Manhattan galleries, some in collaboration with the Andy Warhol Foundation, including exhibitions of his Rorschach Paintings, Camouflage Paintings, Late Hand-Painted Paintings, Oxidation Paintings and the Diamond Dust Shadow Paintings. Other Andy Warhol works on display had been purchased jointly by Larry Gagosian and Thomas Ammann.\nGagosian opened a location in Beverly Hills designed by architect Richard Meier in 1995. The Beverly Hills gallery mounted exhibitions by Edward Ruscha, Nan Goldin, Frank Gehry, Jeff Koons, and Richard Prince. It also showed modern artists such as Pablo Picasso, Roy Lichtenstein, and abstract expressionist group exhibitions.\nIn September 1999, Gagosian Gallery moved from SoHo to West 24th Street, in New York's Chelsea neighborhood. Architect Richard Gluckman designed the 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m2) gallery in which Richard Serra presented the monumental sculpture, \"Switch,\" in November 1999. The large viewing space in Chelsea allowed Gagosian artists, such as Serra and Damien Hirst, to exhibit large scale works with great flexibility. Gagosian held the Hirst show, Damien Hirst: Models, Methods, Approaches, Assumptions, Results and Findings at the West 24th Street location.\n\n\n=== 2000s ===\nIn the spring of 2000, Gagosian became an international gallery with the London opening of a Caruso St John-designed space on Heddon Street, near Piccadilly. The UK gallery inaugurated its exhibitions program with a performance by the Italian artist Vanessa Beecroft, followed by an exhibition of works by Chris Burden. A second London gallery, also designed by Caruso St John, on Britannia Street, opened in May 2004 with a paintings and sculpture show by Cy Twombly. Comparable to the Chelsea (",
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] | Who is the founder of the company that published The Final Testament of the Holy Bible? | [
{
"id": 677929,
"question": "The Final Testament of the Holy Bible >> publisher",
"answer": "Gagosian Gallery",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 696450,
"question": "#1 >> founded by",
"answer": "Larry Gagosian",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
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] | Larry Gagosian | [] | true | Who founded the publisher of The Final Testament of the Holy Bible? |
4hop3__275416_24325_125104_10557 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "Rotrude",
"paragraph_text": "otrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (c.775 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nFew clear records remain of Rotrude's early life. She was educated in the Palace School by Alcuin, who affectionately calls her Columba in his letters to her. When she was six, her father betrothed her to the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI, whose mother Irene was ruling as regent. The Greeks called her Erythro (��ρυθρ��) and sent a scholar monk called Elisaeus to educate her in Greek language and manners. However, the alliance fell apart by 786 when she was eleven and Constantine's mother, Irene, broke the engagement in 788.\nEither shortly before or after the dissolution of the engagement, King Charles declared that he would never allow any of his daughters to marry - so Rotrude and her sisters Beatrude (sometimes called Beatris or Berta) and Gisella never wed. They remained as companions and counselors to their father - dining with him, traveling and studying with him. They each took lovers and had children, however.\nRotrude had a relationship with Rorgo of Rennes and had one son with him, Louis, Abbot of Saint-Denis (800 – 9 January 867). She never married.\n\n\n== Later life ==\nRotrude eventually became a nun, joining her aunt Gisela, abbess of Chelles. The two women authored a letter to Alcuin of York, who was at Tours at the time, requesting that he write a commentary explaining the Gospel of John. As a result, Alcuin eventually produced his seven-book Commentaria in Iohannem Evangelistam, a more accessible companion to the gospel than St. Augustine's massive and challenging Tractatus in St. John. Commentators have dated the letter to the spring of 800, four years before Alcuin's death and ten before Rotrude's.\nIn contemporary views of history, most scholars discriminate between the two phases of Rotrude's life. Political histories of her father Charlemagne discuss her as a princess who was potentially a pawn and a woman of questionable morals, while religious histories discuss her as the second nun in the letter from Chelles.\n\n\n== Ancestry ==\n\n\n== References ==Rotrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (c.775 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nFew clear records remain ofRotrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (775/778 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.Rotrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (775/778 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.Rotrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud/Hruodhaid) (c.775 – 6 June 810) was a Frankish princess, the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nFew clear records remain of Rotrude's early life. She was educated in the Palace School by Alcuin, who affectionately calls her Columba in his letters to her. When she was six, her father betrothed her to the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI, whose mother Irene was ruling as regent. The Greeks called her Erythro (��ρυθρ��) and sent a scholar monk called Elisaeus to educate her in Greek language and manners. However, the alliance fell apart by 786 when she was eleven and Constantine's mother, Irene, broke the engagement in 788.\nEither shortly before or after the dissolution of the engagement, King Charles declared that he would never allow any of his daughters to marry - so Rotrude and her sisters Beatrude (sometimes called Beatris or Berta) and Gisella never wed. They remained as companions and counselors to their father - dining with him, traveling and studying with him. They each took lovers and had children, however.\nRotrude had a relationship with Rorgo of Rennes and had one son with him, Louis, Abbot of Saint-Denis (800 – 9 January",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 12,
"title": "Guido Maus",
"paragraph_text": " media, with a strong emphasis on issue-driven artwork and committed to experimentation and risk-taking. Through representing emerging, established, and internationally recognized artists, the gallery is committed to bringing a global perspective to contemporary issues and practices across the visual arts. The program consists of exhibitions, print publications, and media outreach.\nThe gallery represents the artists Jelili Atiku, John Bankston, Jarrod Beck, Steven Bindernagel, Manuel Caeiro, Willie Cole, Clayton Colvin, Derek Gracco, John Fields, Mark Flood, Peter Fox (artist), Irene Grau, Deborah Karpman, Barbara and Michael Leisgen, Sharon Louden, Odili Donald Odita, Sonja Rieger, Bayeté Ross Smith, Leslie Smith III, Susana Solano, Travis Somerville, Taravat Talepasand, Melissa Vandenberg, and the Estate of Yoshishige Furukawa.\nbeta pictoris gallery is a member of ICI, Independent Curators International (ICI), New York, a supporting member of The Birmingham Museum of Art, and its Collectors Circle for Contemporary Art, as well as its Sankofa Society, a support group for African and African-American Art. beta pictoris gallery is also a supporting member of the Museum of Contemporary Art Denver in Denver, Colorado and the Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art in Boulder, Colorado.\nGallery exhibits curated by Maus in beta pictoris gallery / Maus Contemporary have been reviewed in many art magazines and art blogs including Artforum, ARTslant, Square Cylinder Northern California Art, and Hyperallergic, among others.\n\n\n== Notes and references ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nbeta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary Home Page Retrieved 2013Guido Maus (born 5 November 1964, Malmedy) is a Belgian-born gallery owner, gallerist, curator, and long-time collector of contemporary art currently living and working in Birmingham, Alabama., Alabama.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\nIn early 2010, Maus opened beta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary dedicated to supporting contemporary creativity across the visual arts in photography, painting, sculpture and works on paper as well as mixed media, with a strong emphasis on issue-driven artwork and committed to experimentation and risk-taking. Through representing emerging, established, and internationally recognized artists, the gallery is committed to bringing a global perspective to contemporary issues and practices across the visual arts. The program consists of exhibitions, print publications, and media outreach.\nThe gallery represents the artists Jelili At",
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},
{
"idx": 14,
"title": "Carnival",
"paragraph_text": "arnival or Shrovetide is a festive season that occurs at the close of the Christian pre-Lenten period, consisting of Quinquagesima or Shrove Sunday, Shrove Monday, and Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras.\nCarnival typically involves public celebrations, including events such as parades, public street parties and other entertainments, combining some elements of a circus. Elaborate costumes and masks allow people to set aside their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Participants often indulge in excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, andThe Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a \"street carnival\" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a \"street carnival\" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.Carnival or Shrovetide is a festive season that occurs at the close of the Christian pre-Lenten period, consisting of Quinquagesima or Shrove Sunday, Shrove Monday, and Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras.\nCarnival typically involves public celebrations, including events such as parades, public street parties and other",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 17,
"title": "Middle Ages",
"paragraph_text": " which accelerated the separation of the western Catholic and eastern Orthodox Churches and triggered the Investiture Controversy between the papacy and secular powers. With the spread of heavy cavalry, a new aristocracy stabilised their position through strict inheritance customs. In the system of feudalism, noble knights owed military service to their lords in return for the lands they had received in fief. Stone castles were built in regions where central authority was weak, but state power was on the rise by the end of the period. The settlement of Western European peasants and aristocrats towards the eastern and southern peripheries of Europe, often spurred by crusades, led to the expansion of Latin Christendom. The spread of cathedral schools and universities stimulated a new method of intellectual discussion, with an emphasis on rational argumentation known as scholasticism. Mass pilgrimages prompted the construction of massive Romanesque churches, while structural innovations led to the development of the more delicate Gothic architecture.\nCalamities which included a great famine and the Black Death, which reduced the population by 50 per cent, began the Late Middle Ages in theCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin. the mass migration of tribes (mainly Germanic peoples), and Christianisation, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The movement of peoples led to the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of new kingdoms. In the post-Roman world, taxation declined, the army was financed through land grants, and the blending of Later Roman civilisation and the invaders' traditions is well documented. The Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) survived, but lost the Middle East and North Africa to Muslim conquerors in the 7th century. Although the Carolingian dynasty of the Franks reunited many of the Western Roman lands by the early 9th century, the Carolingian Empire quickly fell apart into competing kingdoms which later fragmented into autonomous duchies and lordships.\nDuring the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as the Medieval Warm Period allowed crop yields to increase, and technological and agricultural innovations introduced a \"commercial revolution\". Slavery nearly disappeared, and peasants could improve their status by colonising faraway regions in return for economic and legal concessions. New towns developed from local commercial centers, and urban artisans united into local guilds to protect their common interests. Western church leaders accepted pap",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What was the language of the European culture associated with the carnival in Guido Maus's hometown called during the time of Rotrude's father? | [
{
"id": 275416,
"question": "Guido Maus >> place of birth",
"answer": "Malmedy",
"paragraph_support_idx": 12
},
{
"id": 24325,
"question": "Despite being located in East Belgium, #1 's Carnival harks purely to what area?",
"answer": "Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 14
},
{
"id": 125104,
"question": "Who was Rotrude's father?",
"answer": "Charlemagne",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 10557,
"question": "What was the #2 of #3 's era later known as?",
"answer": "Medieval Latin",
"paragraph_support_idx": 17
}
] | Medieval Latin | [] | true | The carnival of Guido Maus's birth place is linked to a European culture. In the era of Rotrude's father the language of that culture was later referred to by what name? |
2hop__38828_89399 | [
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Portugal",
"paragraph_text": " an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPortico\n\n\n== References ==A portal is an opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure.\nDoors, metal gates, or portcullis in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surrounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with ornamentation. The elements of a portal can include the voussoir, tympanum, an ornamented mullion or trumeau between doors, and columns with carvings of saints in the westwork of a church.\n\n\n== Examples ==\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Other uses ==\nThe term portal is also applied to the ends of a tunnel.\n\n\n== SeeThere are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members",
"paragraph_text": "Actor Character (s) Tom Kenny SpongeBob SquarePants Gary the Snail French Narrator Hans Patchy the Pirate Harold SquarePants Dirty Bubble Grandpa SquarePants Other miscellaneous characters Clancy Brown Mr. Krabs Other miscellaneous characters Rodger Bumpass Squidward Tentacles Other miscellaneous characters Bill Fagerbakke Patrick Star Other miscellaneous characters Mr. Lawrence Plankton Potty the Parrot Realistic Fish Head Larry the Lobster Other miscellaneous characters Jill Talley Karen Other miscellaneous characters Carolyn Lawrence Sandy Cheeks Other miscellaneous characters Mary Jo Catlett Mrs. Puff Other miscellaneous characters Lori Alan Pearl Other miscellaneous characters",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Which actor is responsible for providing the voiceover for the character in Spongebob Squarepants, whose name is inspired by a luminescent species discovered on some Portuguese coastlines? | [
{
"id": 38828,
"question": "What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?",
"answer": "plankton",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 89399,
"question": "who does #1 's voice in spongebob squarepants",
"answer": "Mr. Lawrence",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | Mr. Lawrence | [] | true | Who voices the character in Spongebob Squarepants who is named after a glowing species found in some beaches in Portugal? |
2hop__77134_88165 | [
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "Keturah",
"paragraph_text": "idservant.\n\n\n== Sources ==\nKeturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis and in the First Book of Chronicles. Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers.\nLouis Feldman has said \"Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who in turn cites the historian Cleodemus Malchus, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined Heracles' campaign in Africa, and that Heracles, without doubt the greatest Greek hero of them all, married the daughter of one of them.\"\nAccording to Doctor of Anthropology Paula M. McNutt, it is generally recognized that there is nothing specific in the biblical traditions recorded in Genesis, including those regarding Abraham and his family, that can be definitively related to known history in or around Canaan in the early second millennium B.C.E.\n\n\n== Relationship with Abraham ==\nKeturah is referred to in Genesis as \"another wife\" of Abraham (Hebrew: א��ש����Keturah (Hebrew: ������ו��ר��ה , Modern Ktura, Tiberian Qə���ûrā; possibly meaning ``incense '') was a concubine and wife of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons.Keturah (Hebrew: ������ו��ר��ה, Qə���ūrā, possibly meaning \"incense\"; Arabic: قطورة) was a wife and a concubine of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons. According to Jewish tradition, she was a descendant of Noah's son Japheth.\nOne modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah \"the most ignored significant person in the Torah\". The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as Hagar, although this idea cannot be found in the biblical text. However, Hagar was Sarah's Egyptian maidservant.\n\n\n== Sources ==\nKeturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis and in the First Book of Chronicles. Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings ofKeturah (Hebrew: קְטוּרָה , Modern Ktura, Tiberian Qəṭûrā; possibly meaning ``incense '') was a concubine and wife of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, Sarah. Abraham and Keturah had six sons. to Jewish tradition, she was a descendant of Noah's son Japheth.\nOne modern commentator on the Hebrew Bible has called Keturah \"the most ignored significant person in the Torah\". The medieval Jewish commentator Rashi, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as Hagar, although this idea cannot be found in the biblical text. However, Hagar was Sarah's Egyptian maidservant.\n\n\n== Sources ==\nKeturah is mentioned in two passages of the Hebrew Bible: in the Book of Genesis and in the First Book of Chronicles. Additionally, she is mentioned in Antiquities of the Jews by the 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus, in the Talmud, the Midrash, the Targum on the Torah, the Genesis Rabbah, and various other writings of Jewish theologians and philosophers.\nLouis Feldman has said \"Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath Alexander Polyhistor, who in turn cites the historian Cleodemus Malchus, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined Heracles' campaign",
"is_supporting": true
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"idx": 13,
"title": "Sarah",
"paragraph_text": "arah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a rulerSarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.SSarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a rulerSarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's sister, and another time as his half -- sister, each in a context where Abraham is dealing with a ruler whom Abraham fears will take her.Sarah or Sara is a matriarch in the Hebrew Bible, who is the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac. She is described once as Abraham's",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | After Sarah from the bible passed away, who became the spouse of the individual she was married to? | [
{
"id": 77134,
"question": "in the bible who was sarah married to",
"answer": "Abraham",
"paragraph_support_idx": 13
},
{
"id": 88165,
"question": "who did #1 marry after the death of sarah",
"answer": "Keturah",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
}
] | Keturah | [] | true | Who did the person Sarah married to in the bible marry after the death of Sarah? |
3hop1__438364_443779_52195 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship",
"paragraph_text": "The Indonesia–Timor Leste Commission on Truth and Friendship was a truth commission established jointly by the governments of Indonesia and East Timor in August 2005. The commission was officially created to investigate acts of violence that occurred around the independence referendum held in East Timor in 1999 and sought to find the \"conclusive truth\" behind the events. After holding private hearings and document reviews, the commission handed in the final report on July 15, 2008 to the presidents of both nations, and was fully endorsed by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, providing the first acknowledgement by the government of Indonesia of the human rights violations committed by state institutions in Timor. The commission is notable for being the first modern truth commission to be bilateral.",
"is_supporting": true
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{
"idx": 1,
"title": "East Timor",
"paragraph_text": "Democratic Republic of Timor - Leste Repúblika Demokrátika Timór Lorosa'e (Tetum) República Democrática de Timor - Leste (Portuguese) Flag Coat of arms Motto: Unidade, Acção, Progresso (Portuguese) Unidade, Asaun, Progresu (Tetum) (English: ``Unity, Action, Progress '') Anthem: Pátria (Portuguese) (English:`` Fatherland'') Capital and largest city Dili 8 ° 20 ′ S 125 ° 20 ′ E / 8.34 ° S 125.34 ° E / - 8.34; 125.34 Coordinates: 8 ° 20 ′ S 125 ° 20 ′ E / 8.34 ° S 125.34 ° E / - 8.34; 125.34 Official languages Tetum Portuguese National languages 15 languages (show) Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuva Mambai Tokodede Religion (2010) 96.9% Roman Catholic 3.1% other religions Demonym East Timorese Timorese Maubere (informal) Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic President Francisco Guterres Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri Legislature National Parliament Formation Portuguese Timor 16th century Independence declared 28 November 1975 Annexation by Indonesia 17 July 1976 Administered by UNTAET 25 October 1999 Independence restored 20 May 2002 Area Total 15,410 km (5,950 sq mi) (154th) Water (%) negligible Population 2015 census 1,167,242 Density 78 / km (202.0 / sq mi) GDP (PPP) 2017 estimate Total $4.567 billion Per capita $5,479 (148th) GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate Total $2.498 billion Per capita $3,330 HDI (2015) 0.605 medium 133rd Currency United States Dollar (USD) Time zone (UTC + 9) Drives on the left Calling code + 670 ISO 3166 code TL Internet TLD. tl Website timor-leste.gov.tl Fifteen further ``national languages ''are recognised by the Constitution. Centavo coins also used.. tp has been phased out. changed its official name to Timor Timur, the Indonesian translation of \"East Timor\". The use of the Portuguese language was then forbidden, as it was seen as a relic of colonisation.\nThe annexation was not recognised by the United Nations and was only recognised by one country Australia in 1979. The United Nations continued to recognise Portugal as the legitimate administering power of East Timor.\nThe Indonesians left in 1999 and East Timor came under the administration of the United Nations.\nAfter the re-establishment of the independence of East Timor in 2002, the East Timorese government requested that the name Timor-Leste be used in place of \"East Timor\". This is to avoid the Indonesian term and its reminder of the Indonesian occupation.\n\n\n== Government ==\nAs with all provinces of Indonesia, executive authority was vested in a Governor and Vice-Governor elected by the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) every five years. Legislative authority was vested in the DPRD, both in province and regency level.\n\n\n=== Governors ===\n\nBelow are governors of East Timor Province from 1976 to 1999:\n\n\n=== Regional Representative Council ===\nComposition of the Regional Representative Council between 1980 and 1999:\n\n\n== Government and administrative divisions ==\n\nThe province was divided into thirteen regencies (kabupaten) and one administrative city (kota administratif). These are listed below along with their districts (kecamatan), per December 1981:\n\nDili Administrative City, served as the capital of East Timor, also the capital and part of Dili Regency, consisted of East D",
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"idx": 8,
"title": "Kotamadya",
"paragraph_text": "small city or town), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province. Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province.\n\n\n=== Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja ===\n\nAccording to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia.\nThe terms kotKotamadya is an obsolete term for governmental unit in Indonesia, equivalent to a town (chartered community). Now people use the term \"kota\" (city) to represent the same governmental unit. However a \"kota\" in Indonesia isn't simply a city, it is independent of and the same level as Regency (Indonesia), to be distinguished from other communities lie under the jurisdiction of a regency. A kotamadya is led by a walikotamadya. The term \"madya\" roughly means middle. The word Kota is derived from Sanskrit/Pali word kota meaning 'fort'.Kotamadya is an obsolete term for governmental unit in Indonesia, equivalent to a town (chartered community). Now people use the term \"kota\" (city) to represent the same governmental unit. However a \"kota\" in Indonesia isn't simply a city, it is independent of and the same level as Regency (Indonesia), to be distinguished from other communities lie under the jurisdiction of a regency. A kotamadya is led by a walikotamadya. The term \"madya\" roughly means middle. The word Kota is derived from Sanskrit/Pali word kota meaning 'fort'. of the population works outside of agriculture.\"\nCities are divided into districts (Kecamatan, Distrik in Papua region, or Kemantren in Yogyakarta).\n\n\n== Historical classification ==\n\n\n=== Gemeente/municipality ===\nDuring the Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente, or municipality, since the decentralisation law in 1903. The gemeente was a third-level subdivision, below residentie (residency) and gouvernement (governorate) or provincie (province).\n\n\n=== Kota besar and kota kecil ===\nThe terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province. Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province.\n\n\n=== Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja ===\n\nAccording to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia.\nThe terms kotKotamadya is an obsolete term for governmental unit in Indonesia, equivalent to a town (chartered community). Now people use the term \"kota\" (city) to represent the same governmental unit. However a \"kota\" in Indonesia isn't simply a city, it is independent of and the same level as Regency (Indonesia), to be distinguished from other communities lie under the jurisdiction of a regency. A kotamadya is led by a walikotamadya. The term \"madya\" roughly means middle. The word Kota is derived from Sanskrit/Pali word kota meaning 'fort'.In Indonesian law, the term \"city\" (kota) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia, an equivalent to regency (kabupaten). The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city. However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities.\nAccording to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the official dictionary of the Indonesian language, a city (kota) is \"a densely populated area with high density and modern facilities and most of the population works outside of agriculture.\"\nCities are divided into districts (Kecamatan, Distrik in Papua region, or Kemantren in Yogyakarta).\n\n\n== Historical classification ==\n\n\n=== Gemeente/municipality ===\nDuring the Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente, or municipality, since the decentralisation law in 1903. The gemeente was a third-level subdivision, below residentie (residency) and gouvernement (governorate) or provincie (province).\n\n\n=== Kota besar and kota kecil ===\nThe terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province. Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province.\n\n\n=== Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja ===\n\nAccording to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia.\nThe terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999. Jakarta continued to become the only urban area with a province status.\n\n\n=== Kota administratif ===\nThe term kota administratif (administrative city, not to be confused with kota administrasi) was used after the implementation of Act Number 5 of 1974. Kota administratif status was granted to a town inside the territory of a regency (kabupaten) that were deemed necessary in accordance with the town's growth and development. Kota administratif does not have autonomy and its own legislature, and was responsible to its parent regency. The term kota administratif was abolished with the implementation of Act Number 22 of 1999, and all kota administratif were either granted full kota (city) status or dissolved and merged with its parent regency.\n\n\n=== Kota ===\n\nThe term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia. Kota is headed by a mayor (walikota), who is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term. Each kota is divided further into districts, more commonly known as kecamatan.\n\n\n== Jakarta as a city ==\n\nJakarta, then known as Batavia, was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire. On the 4 March 1621, the first city government (stad) was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first municipality (gemeente) of the",
"is_supporting": true
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] | Who holds the presidency in the recently proclaimed sovereign nation involved in the Truth and Friendship Commission associated with the nation where Kotamadya can be found? | [
{
"id": 438364,
"question": "Kotamadya >> country",
"answer": "Indonesia",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 443779,
"question": "#1 –Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship >> country",
"answer": "East Timor",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
},
{
"id": 52195,
"question": "who is the president of newly declared independent country #2",
"answer": "Francisco Guterres",
"paragraph_support_idx": 1
}
] | Francisco Guterres | [] | true | Who is the president of the newly declared independent country that is part of the Commission of Truth and Friendship with the country where Kotamadya is located? |
2hop__59612_42352 | [
{
"idx": 3,
"title": "French and Indian War",
"paragraph_text": " military protection. In addition, the American people resented British efforts to limit their colonization of the new French territories to the west of the Appalachian Mountains, as stated in the Proclamation of 1763, in an effort to relieve encroachment on Indigenous territory. These pressures contributed to the American Revolutionary War.\nThe first three of the French and Indian Wars followed the same basic pattern: they all started in Europe and then moved to North America. Once the conflict broke out in North America, it was mostly fought by colonial militias. The final conflict broke this pattern by beginning in North America. In addition, the British used more regular troops alongside colonial militia. They returned almost none of the French territory seized during the war. France was forced to cede its extensive territory in present-day Canada and Louisiane. The British victory in the French and Indian Wars reduced France's New World empire to St. Pierre and Miquelon (two islands off Newfoundland), a few West Indian islands, and French Guiana.\n\n\n== Warfare ==\n\n\n=== Operational goals ===\n\nThe belligerents strove in general to control the major transportation and trade routes, not just the sea routes that connected the colonies with the mother country, or the land routes that existed between the different colonies, but also the major fur trade routes leading to the interior of North America. These were normally along lakes and rivers andThe French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict. War\") or refers to the wars as the Intercolonial Wars.\nAs the wars proceeded, the military advantage moved toward the British side. This was chiefly the result of the greater population and productive capacity of the British colonies compared with those of France. In addition, the British had the greater ability to resupply their colonies and project military power by sea. In the first three conflicts, the French were able to offset these factors largely by more effective mobilization of Indigenous allies, but they were finally overwhelmed in the fourth and last war.\nThe overwhelming victory of the British played a role in the eventual loss of their thirteen American colonies. Without the threat of French invasion, the American colonies saw little need for British military protection. In addition, the American people resented British efforts to limit their colonization of the new French territories to the west of the Appalachian Mountains, as stated in the Proclamation of 1763, in an effort to relieve encroachment on Indigenous territory. These pressures contributed to the American Revolutionary War.\nThe first three of the French and Indian Wars followed the same basic pattern: they all started in Europe and then moved to North America. Once the conflict broke out in North America, it was mostly fought by colonial militias. The final conflict broke this pattern by beginning in North America. In addition, the British used more regular troops alongside colonial militia. They returned almost none of the French territory seized during the war. France was forced to cede its extensive territory in present-day Canada and Louisiane. The British victory in the French and Indian Wars reduced France's New World empire to St. Pierre and Miquelon (two islands off Newfoundland), a few West Indian islands, and French Guiana.\n\n\n== Warfare ==\n\n\n=== Operational goals ===\n\nThe belligerents strove in general to control the major transportation and trade routes, not just the sea routes that connected the colonies with the mother country, or the land routes that existed between the different colonies, but also the major fur trade routes leading to the interior of North America. These were normally along lakes and rivers and stretching from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. Many indigenous Nations lived by these routes, and became involved in the wars between the great powers of Europe. The belligerents built fortified positions at major transportation hubs and requested the help of the local indigenous population to defend these, and to attack enemy positions.\n\n\n=== European tactics ===\n\nA common view is that European combat methods and military tactics were not adapted to the American forests and to the indigenous art of war. It is therefore conjectured that the English colonists designed new combat techniques, inspired by the Indigenous combat methods. These techniques, which included cover and stressed ambushes, is supposed to have been the reason why the colonists finally defeated the French, and then the British army during the American Revolutionary War. In reality, however, the French and Indian wars were finally won by Britain through the application of traditional European tactics. The Fortress of Louisbourg surrendered twice after sieges conducted according to the rules of European warfare, and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham 1759 was a European battle fought in closed formations in the open.\n\n\n=== Petty warfare ===\nAlthough ultimately futile, the French fought according to the tactical doctrine contemporaries called la Petite guerre, or today's guerilla warfare. The numerical inferiority of the French forces in North America made it impossible to fight a war according to standard European tactics. Hence the French to a large extent made use of indigenous allies (see below). The small French population; New France's dependence on the fur trade, mutually profitable for both French and indigenous peoples; and the common threat from the British colonies, made the indigenous peoples willing allies. The Battle of the Monongahela was the largest achievement of the petty warfare tactics. But at the end of the French and Indian War British numerical superiority became overwhelming, in spite of almost the whole male population of Canada being mobilized, and standard European tactics won the day and the war.\n\n\n== European military forces ==\n\n\n=== British ===\nThe British military forces consisted of the British Army's regular regiments and independent companies; the provincial regiments raised by the several colonies in British America, and the colonial militia.\n\n\n==== British Army ====\n\nThe British Army had two types of units in North America: regular regiments serving in the colonies for a longer or shorter period of time, normally sent there only after the war had begun, and independent companies, permanently based in the colonies as garrisons of forts and fortresses. The British Army was largely recruited among the poor and the criminal classes; yet, the independent companies had lower status. Their ranks were often filled with people who had left the regular service – former soldiers mainly, but also deserters. The officers were often promoted non-commissioned officers. The independent companies became rooted in the local society, often transforming the military service into a sideline of a civilian occupation, and remaining in the colonies after expiration of the enlistment period.\n\n\n==== Provincial troops ====\n\nWhen war began, the several colonies organized their own military forces, provincial troops, through temporary enlist",
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"idx": 16,
"title": "London broil",
"paragraph_text": " may label top round, coulotte, or other cuts as \"London broil\", and the term has come to refer more to a method of preparation and cookery than to a specific cut of meat.\n\n\n== Preparation ==\nThe preparation of London broil typically involves marinating the meat for several hours followed by high heat searing in an oven grill or outdoor grill. It is then served in thin slices, cut across the grain. \n\n\n== In Canada ==\nIn parts of central Canada, a ground meat patty wrapped in flank or round steak is known as a London broil. Some butchers will wrap the flank steak around a concoction of seasoned and ground or tenderized flank steak. Others sell a pork sausage patty wrapped in flank or top round steak labeled as London broil. Another variant, popular in Southern Ontario, is a London broil \"loaf\", wherein the tenderized flank steak exterior is wrapped around minced and spiced veal as the filler. In some regions, bacon will be added between the flank steak and the veal grind.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nList of beef dishes\nList of steak dishes\n\n\n== References ==London broil is a beef dish made by grilling marinated beef, then cutting it across the grain into thin strips. While the inclusion of \"London\" in the name may suggest British origins, \"broil\" is not a common term in UK English, and indeed the dish is American, not British.\n\n\n== Cut ==\n\"London broil\" originally referred to grilled flank steak, although modern butchers may label top round, coulotte, or other cuts as \"London broil\", and the term has come to refer more to a method of preparation and cookery than to a specific cut of meat.\n\n\n== Preparation ==\nThe preparation of London broil typically involves marinating the meat for several hours followed by high heat searing in an oven grill or outdoor grill. It is then served in thin slices, cut across the grain. \n\n\n== In Canada ==\nIn parts of central Canada, a ground meat patty wrapped in flank or round steak is known as a London broil. Some butchers will wrap the flank steak around a concoction of seasoned and ground or tenderized flank steak. Others sell a pork sausage patty wrapped in flank or top round steak labeled as London broil. Another variant, popular in Southern Ontario, is a London broil \"loaf\", wherein the tenderized flank steak exterior is wrapped around minced and spiced veal as the filler. In some regions, bacon will be added between the flank steak and the veal grind.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nList of beef dishes\nList of steak dishes\n\n\n== References ==London broil is a beef dish made by grilling marinated beef, then cutting it across the grain into thin strips. While the inclusion of \"London\" in the name may suggest British origins, \"broil\" is not a common term in UK English, and indeed the dish is American, not British.\n\n\n== Cut ==\n\"London broil\" originally referred to grilled flank steak, although modern butchers may label top round, coulotte, or other cuts as \"London broil\", and the term has come to refer more to a method of preparation and cookery than to a specific cut of meat.\n\n\n== Preparation ==\nThe preparation of London broil typically involves marinating the meat for several hours followed by high heat searing in an oven grill or outdoor grill. It is then served in thin slices, cut across the grain. \n\n\n== In Canada ==\nIn parts of central Canada, a ground meat patty wrapped in flank or round steak is known as a London broil. Some butchers will wrap the flank steak around a concoction of seasoned and ground or tenderized flank steak. Others sell a pork sausage patty wrapped in flank or top round steak labeled as London broil. Another variant, popular in Southern Ontario, is a London broil \"loaf\", wherein the tenderized flank steak exterior is wrapped around minced and spiced veal as the filler. In some regions, bacon will be added between the flank steak and the veal grind.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nList of beef dishes\nList of steak dishes\n\n\n== References ==London broil is a beef dish made by grilling marinated beef, then cutting it across the grain into thin strips. While the inclusion of \"London\" in the name may suggest British origins, \"broil\" is not a common term in UK English, and indeed the dish is American, not British.\n\n\n== Cut ==\n\"London broil\" originally referred to grilled flank steak, although modern butchers may label top round, coulotte, or other cuts as \"London broil\", and the term has come to refer more to a method of preparation and cookery than to a specific cut of meat.\n\n\n==London broil is a beef dish made by broiling marinated beef, then cutting it across the grain into thin strips. Despite its name, the dish and the terminology are North American, not British.LLondon broil is a beef dish made by broiling marinated beef, then cutting it across the grain into thin strips. Despite its name, the dish and the terminology are North American, not British.broil\" is not a common term in UK English, and indeed the dish is American, not British.\n\n\n== Cut ==\n\"London broil\" originally referred to grilled flank steak, although modern butchers may label top round, coulotte, or other cuts as \"London broil\", and the term has come to refer more to a method of preparation and cookery than to a specific cut of meat.\n\n\n== Preparation ==\nThe preparation of London broil typically involves marinating the meat for several hours followed by high heat searing in an oven grill or outdoor grill. It is then served in thin slices, cut across the grain. \n\n\n== In Canada ==\nIn parts of central Canada, a ground meat patty wrapped in flank or round steak is known as a London broil. Some butchers will wrap the flank steak around a concoction of seasoned and ground or tenderized flank steak. Others sell a pork sausage patty wrapped in flank or top round steak labeled as London broil. Another variant, popular in Southern Ontario, is a London broil \"loaf\", wherein the tenderized flank steak exterior is wrapped around minced and spiced veal as the filler. In some regions, bacon will be added between the flank steak and the veal grind.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nList of beef dishes\nList of steak dishes\n\n\n== References",
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] | What was the population of the British Colonies and what is the origin of the london broil cut? | [
{
"id": 59612,
"question": "where does the london broil cut come from",
"answer": "North American",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 42352,
"question": "How many people were in British #1 Colonies?",
"answer": "2 million",
"paragraph_support_idx": 3
}
] | 2 million | [] | true | How many people were in British Colonies where does the london broil cut come from ? |
3hop1__358853_339990_54675 | [
{
"idx": 6,
"title": "Socialist Party of Oregon (Columbia County, Oregon)",
"paragraph_text": " the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 688 square miles (1,780 km2), of which 657 square miles (1,700 km2) is land and 31 square miles (80 km2) (4.5%) is water. It is Oregon's third-smallest county by land area and fourth-smallest by total area.\n\n\n=== Adjacent counties ===\nWahkiakum County, Washington (northwest)\nCowlitz County, Washington (northeast)\nClark County, Washington (east)\nMultnomah County (southeast)\nWashington County (south)\nClatsop County (west)\n\n\n=== National protected area ===\nJulia Butler Hansen National Wildlife Refuge (part)\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n=== 2010 census ===\nAs of the 2010 census, there were 49,351 people, 19,183 households, and 13,516 families living in the county. The population density was 75.1 inhabitants per square mile (29.0/km2). There were 20,698 housing units at an average density of 31.5 units per square mile (12.2 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.5% white, 1.3% American Indian, 0.9% Asian, 0.4% black or African American, 0.2% Pacific islander, 1.2% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 26.1% were German, 14.5% were English, 14.4% were Irish, 5.9% were Norwegian, and 4.8% were American.\nOf the 19,183 households, 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 29.5% were non-families, and 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age was 41.3 years.\nThe median income for a household in the county was $55,199 and the median income for a family was $62,728. Males had a median income of $52,989 versus $35,558 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,613. About 6.5% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.\n\n\n=== 2000 census ===\nAs of the 2000 census, there were 43,560 people, 16,375 households, and 12,035 families living in the county. The population density was 66 inhabitants per square mile (25/km2). There were 17,572 housing units at an average density of 27 units per square mile (10 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.42% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 1.33% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0The Socialist Party of Oregon in Columbia County, Oregon began around the First Red Scare. The first year (1914) it went mainstream, the Socialist party had 27 more registered members than the Prohibition Party, who were some members of the Suffrage movement. The Socialist party was similar to the Progressive Party in the county, as it tried from the outskirts of government to make change. While Socialism failed its first year, it still received attention from the press who was aware of the October Revolution (1918) in Russia (Now the Soviet Union) by a similarly named government led by Vladimir Lenin.6.\nColumbia County was created in 1854 from the northern half of Washington County. Milton served as the county seat until 1857 when it was moved to St. Helens.\nColumbia County has been afflicted by numerous flooding disasters, the most recent in December 2007. Heavy rains caused the Nehalem River to escape its banks and flood the city of Vernonia and rural areas nearby. Columbia County received a presidential disaster declaration for this event.\nIn the 1910s the Socialist Party of Oregon won a handful of votes. This party was distinct from the better-known SPO which operated throughout the twentieth century.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of ",
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"idx": 9,
"title": "Portland, Oregon",
"paragraph_text": " the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.Portland ( PORT-lənd) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the Pacific Northwest region. Situated in the northwestern area of the state at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, it is the county seat of Multnomah County, Oregon's most populous county. As of 2020, Portland's population was 652,503, making it the 26th-most populous city in the United States, the sixth-most populous on the West Coast, and the second-most populous in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle. Approximately 2.5 millionThough much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the ``West Hills '', pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet (327 m) The city's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point (1,180 feet) near Forest Park. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636 feet (194 m). Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet (187 m) and 612 feet (187 m), respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range, and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range. On clear days, Mt. Hood and Mt. St. Helens dominate the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of theThough much of downtown Portland is relatively flat, the foothills of the Tualatin Mountains, more commonly referred to locally as the ``West Hills '', pierce through the northwest and southwest reaches of the city. Council Crest Park, commonly thought of as the highest point within city limits, is in the West Hills and rises to an elevation of 1,073 feet (327 m) The city's actual high point is a little - known and infrequently accessed point (1,180 feet) near Forest Park. The highest point east of the river is Mt. Tabor, an extinct volcanic cinder cone, which rises to 636 feet (194 m). Nearby Powell Butte and Rocky Butte rise to 614 feet (187 m) and 612 feet (187 m), respectively. To the west of the Tualatin Mountains lies the Oregon Coast Range, and to the east lies the actively volcanic Cascade Range. On clear days, Mt. Hood and Mt. St. Helens dominate the horizon, while Mt. Adams and Mt. Rainier can also be seen in the distance.Portland ( PORT-lənd) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon, located in the Pacific Northwest region. Situated in the northwestern area of the state at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, it is the county seat of Multnomah County, Oregon's most populous county. As of 2020, Portland's population",
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"idx": 16,
"title": "Raven Creek",
"paragraph_text": " Further downstream, it turns south for a few miles, crossing Pennsylvania Route 239. In the southern part of the township, it receives the tributary East Branch Raven Creek and turns southwest, exiting Benton Township. Upon exiting Benton Township, the creek enters Fishing Creek Township and shortly afterwards Stillwater. In Stillwater, Raven Creek enters the valley of Fishing Creek and turns southeast, flowing parallel to the latter creek. Slightly more than a mile downstream, it reaches its confluence with Fishing Creek.\nRaven Creek joins Fishing Creek 18.62 miles (29.97 km) upstream of its mouth.\n\n\n=== Tributaries ===\nEast Branch Raven Creek is the main tributary of Raven Creek. It is 2.9 miles (4.7 km) long.\n\n\n== Geography and geology, and watershed ==\nThe elevation near the mouth of Raven Creek is 686 feet (209 m) above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source ranges from 1,240 to 1,260 feet (380 to 380 m).\nThe watershed of Raven Creek has an area of 11.90 square miles (30.8 km2).\nTwo covered bridges historically crossedRaven Creek is a tributary of Fishing Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Sugarloaf Township, Benton Township, and Fishing Creek Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . Numerous bridges, both covered and non-covered, have been built over the creek. Its main tributary is East Branch Raven Creek.RRaven Creek is a tributary of Fishing Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Sugarloaf Township, Benton Township, and Fishing Creek Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . Numerous bridges, both covered and non-covered, have been built over the creek. Its main tributary is East Branch Raven Creek. covered and non-covered, have been built over the creek. Its main tributary is East Branch Raven Creek.\n\n\n== Course ==\nRaven Creek begins in southern Sugarloaf Township near the community of Five Points on Saint Gabriel Hill. It flows south-southwest, reaching Benton Township within a mile. In Benton Township, the creek flows into a valley between Saint Gabriel Hill and Long Hill. Further downstream, it turns south for a few miles, crossing Pennsylvania Route 239. In the southern part of the township, it receives the tributary East Branch Raven Creek and turns southwest, exiting Benton Township. Upon exiting Benton Township, the creek enters Fishing Creek Township and shortly afterwards Stillwater. In Stillwater, Raven Creek enters the valley of Fishing Creek and turns southeast, flowing parallel to the latter creek. Slightly more than a mile downstream, it reaches its confluence with Fishing Creek.\nRaven Creek joins Fishing Creek 18.62 miles (29.97 km) upstream of its mouth.\n\n\n=== Tributaries ===\nEast Branch Raven Creek is the main tributary of Raven Creek. It is 2.9 miles (4.7 km) long.\n\n\n== Geography and geology, and watershed ==\nThe elevation near the mouth of Raven Creek is 686 feet (209 m) above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source ranges from 1",
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] | Which mountain is visible from Portland in the same state where Raven Creek is situated? | [
{
"id": 358853,
"question": "Raven Creek >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Columbia County",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 339990,
"question": "#1 >> located in the administrative territorial entity",
"answer": "Oregon",
"paragraph_support_idx": 6
},
{
"id": 54675,
"question": "what mountain can you see from portland #2",
"answer": "Tualatin Mountains",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | Tualatin Mountains | [] | true | What mountain can you see from Portland, in the state that Raven Creek is located in? |
2hop__57543_158262 | [
{
"idx": 0,
"title": "Jefferson Davis",
"paragraph_text": "Davis was born in Fairview, Kentucky, to a moderately prosperous farmer, the youngest of ten children. He grew up in Wilkinson County, Mississippi, and also lived in Louisiana. His eldest brother Joseph Emory Davis secured the younger Davis's appointment to the United States Military Academy. After graduating, Jefferson Davis served six years as a lieutenant in the United States Army. He fought in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), as the colonel of a volunteer regiment. Before the American Civil War, he operated a large cotton plantation in Mississippi, which his brother Joseph gave him, and owned as many as 113 slaves. Although Davis argued against secession in 1858, he believed that states had an unquestionable right to leave the Union. through the actions of private interests. These were known as auto trails. They existed without the support or coordination of the federal government, although in",
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"idx": 2,
"title": "Military leadership in the American Civil War",
"paragraph_text": " Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict.MJefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9, 1861, and assumed similar commander - in - chief responsibilities as would Lincoln; on November 6, 1861 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution. Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did. Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War, including Leroy Pope Walker, Judah P. Benjamin, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict. West Point at the expense of the United States, and having taken an oath of allegiance to the same, joined the rebellion against it. SeveralJefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9, 1861, and assumed similar commander - in - chief responsibilities as would Lincoln; on November 6, 1861 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution. Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did. Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War, including Leroy Pope Walker, Judah P. Benjamin, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict.Military leadership in the American Civil War was vested in both the political and the military structures of the belligerent powers. The overall military leadership of the United States during the Civil War was ultimately vested in the President of the United States as constitutional commander-in-chief, and in the political heads of the military departments he appointed. Most of the major Union wartime commanders had, however, previous regular army experience. A smaller number of military leaders originated from the United States Volunteers. Some of them derived from nations other than the United States.\nIn the Southern Confederacy, the constitutional commander-in-chief was educated at West Point and had served in the Mexican War. Many officers in the United States Army, most of them educated at West Point at the expense of the United States, and having taken an oath of allegiance to the same, joined the rebellion against it. Several significant Confederate military leaders emerged from state unit commands. Some military leaders derived from countries other than the United States.\n\n\n== The United States (The Union) ==\n\n\n=== Civilian military leaders ===\nPresident Abraham Lincoln was Commander-in-Chief of the Union armed forces throughout the conflict; after his April 14, 1865 assassination, Vice President Andrew Johnson became the nation's chief executive. Lincoln's first Secretary of War was Simon Cameron; Edwin M. Stanton was confirmed to replace Cameron in January 1862. Thomas A. Scott was Assistant Secretary of War. Gideon Welles was Secretary of the Navy, aided by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox.\n\n\n=== Regular Army officers ===\nWhen the war began, the American standing army or \"Regular army\" consisted of only 1080 commissioned officers and 15,000 enlisted men. Although 142 regular officers became Union generals during the war, most remained \"frozen\" in their regular units. That stated, most of the major Union wartime commanders had previous regular army experience. Over the course of the war, the Commanding General of the United States Army was, in order of service, Winfield Scott, George B. McClellan, Henry Halleck, and finally, Ulysses S. Grant.\nCommanding Generals, U.S.A.\n\nRobert Anderson\nDon Carlos Buell\nJohn Buford\nAmbrose Burnside\nEdward Canby\nPhilip St. George Cooke\nDarius N. Couch\nThomas Turpin Crittenden\nThomas Leonidas Crittenden\nSamuel Curtis\nAbner Doubleday\nWilliam B. Franklin\nJames A. Garfield\nQuincy Adams Gillmore\nGordon Granger\nUlysses S. Grant\nDavid McMurtrie Gregg\nHenry Wager Halleck\nWinfield Scott Hancock\nWilliam B. Hazen\nSamuel P. Heintzelman\nJoseph Hooker\nOliver O. Howard\nAndrew A. Humphreys\nHenry Jackson Hunt\nDavid Hunter\nPhilip Kearny\nErasmus D. Keyes\nJohn McArthur\nGeorge B. McClellan\nAlexander McDowell McCook\nIrvin McDowell\nJames B. McPherson\nJoseph K. Mansfield\nGeorge Meade\nMontgomery C. Meigs\nWesley Merritt\nDixon S. Miles\nEdward Ord\nAlfred Pleasonton\nJohn Pope\nJohn F. Reynolds\nWilliam Rosecrans\nJohn Schofield\nWinfield Scott\nJohn Sedgwick\nPhilip Sheridan\nWilliam T. Sherman\nHenry W. Slocum\nAndrew Jackson Smith\nWilliam Farrar Smith\nGeorge Stoneman\nEdwin V. Sumner\nGeorge Sykes\nGeorge Henry Thomas\nAlfred Thomas Archimedes Torbert\nGouverneur K. Warren\nJames H. Wilson\nJohn E. Wool\n\n\n=== Militia and political leaders appointed to Union military leadership ===\nUnder the United States Constitution, each state recruited, trained, equipped, and maintained local militia; regimental officers were appointed and promoted by state governors. After states answered Lincoln's April 15, 1861, ninety-day call for 75,000 volunteer soldiers, most Union states' regiments and batteries became known as United States Volunteers to distinguish between state-raised forces and regular army units. Union brigade-level officers (generals) could receive two different types of Federal commissions: U.S. Army or U.S. Volunteers (ex: Major General, U.S.A. as opposed to Major General, U.S.V.). While most Civil War generals held volunteer or brevet rank, many generals held both types of commission; regular rank was considered superior.\n\nEdward D. Baker\nNathaniel Prentice Banks\nFrancis Preston Blair, Jr.\nBenjamin Franklin Butler\nJoshua Lawrence Chamberlain\nJacob Dolson Cox\nJohn Adams Dix\nJohn C. Frémont\nNathan Kimball\nJohn A. Logan\nJohn Alexander McClernand\nDaniel Sickles\nJames B. Steedman\nAlfred Terry\nLew Wallace\n\n\n=== Native American and international officers in Union Army ===\nReflecting the multi-national makeup of the soldiers engaged, some Union military leaders derived from nations other than the United States.\n\nPhilippe, Comte de Paris\nMichael Corcoran\nWłodzimierz Krzyżanowski\nThomas Francis Meagher\nEly Parker\nAlbin F. Schoepf\nCarl Schurz\nFranz Sigel\nRégis de Trobriand\nIvan Turchaninov\nAugust Willich\n\n\n=== Union naval leaders ===\nThe rapid rise of the United States Navy during the Civil War contributed enormously to the North's ability to effectively blockade ports and Confederate shipping from quite early in the conflict. Handicapped by an aging 90 ship fleet, and despite significant manpower losses to the Confederate Navy after secession, a massive ship construction campaign embracing technological innovations from civil engineer James Buchanan Eads and naval engineers like Benjamin F. Isherwood and John Ericsson, along with four years' daily experience with modern naval conflict put the U. S. Navy onto a path which has led to today's world naval dominance.\nCommanding Officer, U.S.N.\n\nJohn A. Dahlgren\nCharles Henry Davis\nSamuel Francis du Pont\nDavid Farragut\nAndrew Hull Foote\nSamuel Phillips Lee\nDavid Dixon Porter\nJohn Ancrum Winslow\nJohn Lorimer Worden\n\n\n== The Confederate States (The Confederacy) ==\n\n\n=== Civilian military leaders ===\nJefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9, 1861, and assumed similar commander-in-chief responsibilities as would Lincoln; on November 6, 1861, Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution. Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did. Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War, including Leroy Pope Walker, Judah P. Benjamin, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict.\n\n\n=== Former Regular Army officers ===\nIn the wake of secession, many regular officers felt they could not betray loyalty to their home state, and as a result some 313 of those officers resigned their commission and in many cases took up arms for the Confederate Army. Himself a graduate of West Point and a former regular officer, Confederate President Jefferson Davis highly prized these valuable recruits to the cause and saw that former regular officers were given positions of authority and responsibility.\n\nRichard H. Anderson\nP.G.T. Beauregard\nMilledge Luke Bonham\nBraxton Bragg\nSimon Bolivar Buckner, Sr.\nGeorge B. Crittenden\nSamuel Cooper\nJubal Anderson Early\nRichard S. Ewell\nFranklin Gardner\nRobert S. Garnett\nJosiah Gorgas\nWilliam Joseph Hardee\nAmbrose Powell Hill\nDaniel Harvey Hill\nJohn Bell Hood\nThomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson\nAlbert Sidney Johnston\nJoseph E. Johnston\nRobert E. Lee\nStephen D. Lee\nMansfield Lovell\nJames Longstreet\nJohn B. Magruder\nH",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the renowned commander of the Confederate Military cease his involvement in the Mexican-American war? | [
{
"id": 57543,
"question": "who was the famous leader of the confederate military",
"answer": "Jefferson Davis",
"paragraph_support_idx": 2
},
{
"id": 158262,
"question": "When did #1 end his fight in the Mexican-American war?",
"answer": "1848",
"paragraph_support_idx": 0
}
] | 1848 | [] | true | When did the famous leader of the Confederate Military end his fight in the Mexican-American war? |
3hop2__90327_89854_76291 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "2014 United States Senate elections",
"paragraph_text": " started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They needed a net gain of at least 6 seats to obtain a majority and were projected by polls to do so. On election night, they held all of their seats and gained 9 Democratic-held seats. Republicans defeated 5 Democratic incumbents: Mark Begich of Alaska lost to Dan Sullivan, Mark Pryor of Arkansas lost to Tom Cotton, Mark Udall of Colorado lost to Cory Gardner, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana lost to Bill Cassidy, and Kay Hagan of North Carolina lost to Thom Tillis. Republicans also picked up another 4 open seats in Iowa, Montana, South Dakota, and West Virginia that were previously held by Democrats. Democrats did not pick up any Republican-held seats, but they did hold an open seat in Michigan.\nThis was the second consecutive election cycle held in a president's sixth year where control of the Senate changed hands, the first being in 2006. This was also the first time that the Democrats lost control of the Senate in a sixth-year midterm election cycle since 1918. With a total net gain of 9 seats, the Republicans made the largest Senate gain by any party since 1980. This is also the first election cycle since 1980 in which more than 2 incumbent Democratic senators were defeated by their Republican challengers. Days after the election cycle, the United States Election Project estimated that 36.4% of eligible voters voted, 4% lower than the 2010 elections, and possibly the lowest turnout rate since the 1942 election cycle.\nAs of 2022, this remains the last time that a Republican has won a U.S. Senate election in Colorado. This is the most recent Senate election where any Republican flipped an open Democratic-held seat. It also remains the last time that the president's party has suffered a net loss of Senate seats in aThe Republicans regained the majority of the Senate in the 114th Congress, which started in January 2015; the Republicans had not controlled the Senate since January 2007. They had needed a net gain of at least six seats to obtain a majority. They held all of their seats, and gained nine Democratic - held seats. Republicans defeated five Democratic incumbents:3 Class 3 seats were contested in special elections due to Senate vacancies. The elections marked 100 years of direct elections",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 7,
"title": "114th United States Congress",
"paragraph_text": " its first session. Additionally, seven representatives (two Democrats, five Republicans) took office on various dates in order to fillThe One Hundred Fourteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2015, to January 3, 2017, during the final two full years of Barack Obama's presidency. The 2014 elections gave the Republicans control of the Senate (and control of both houses of Congress) for the first time since the 109th Congress. With 248 seats in the House of Representatives and 54 seats in the Senate, this Congress began with the largest Republican majority since the 71st Congress of 1929 -- 1931.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 8,
"title": "Cabinet of the United States",
"paragraph_text": "The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the ``nuclear option ''during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by ⁄ supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties. designate heads of other agencies and non-Senate-confirmed members of the Executive Office of the President as members of the Cabinet.\nThe Cabinet does not have any collective executive powers or functions of its own, and no votes need to be taken. There are 26 members: the vice president, 15 department heads, and 10 Cabinet-level officials, all except two of whom require Senate confirmation. During Cabinet meetings, the members sit in the order in which their respective department was created, with the earliest being closest to the president and the newest farthest away.\nThe members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the president, who can dismiss them at any time without the approval of the Senate, as affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Myers v. United States (1926) or downgrade their Cabinet membership status. Often it is legally possible for a Cabinet member to exercise certain powers over his or her own department against the president's wishes, but in practice this is highly unusual due to the threat of dismissal. The president also has the authority to organize the Cabinet, such as instituting committees. Like all federal public officials, Cabinet members are also subject to impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial in the Senate for \"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors\".\nThe Constitution of the United States does not explicitly establish a Cabinet. The Cabinet's role, inferred from the language of the Opinion Clause (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) of the Constitution is to provide advice to the president. Additionally, the Twenty-fifth Amendment authorizes the vice president, together with a majority of the heads of the executive departments, to declare the president \"unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office\". The heads of the executive departments are—if eligible—in the presidential line of succession.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nThe tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority solely or collaboratively with a cabinet of ministers or a privy council. As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 1) vests \"the executive power\" in the president singly, and authorizes—but does not compel—the president (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) to \"require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices\". The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, how many there will be, or what their duties will be.\nGeorge Washington, the first president of the United States, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Washington's Cabinet consisted of five members: himself, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Vice President John Adams was not included in Washington's Cabinet because the position was initially regarded as a legislative officer (president of the Senate). Furthermore, until there was a vacancy in the presidency (which did not occur until the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841) it was not certain that a vice president would be allowed to serve as president for the duration of the original term as opposed to merely acting as president until new elections could be held. It was not until the 20th century that vice presidents were regularly included as members of the Cabinet and came to be regarded primarily as a member of the executive branch.\nPresidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. During President Abraham Lincoln's administration, Secretary of State William H. Seward advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government. However, Lincoln rebuffed Seward. While a professor Woodrow Wilson also advocated a parliamentary-style Cabinet, after becoming president he did not implement it in his administration. In recent administrations, Cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and various agency heads. President Ronald Reagan formed seven sub-cabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice.\n\n\n== Federal law ==\nIn 3 U.S.C. § 302 with regard to delegation of authority by the president, it is provided that \"nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the president.\" This pertains directly to the heads of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the president within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation.\nUnder 5 U.S.C. § 3110 (also known as the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute), federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet.\nUnder the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department. These may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration (for new administrations), or sometimes lower-level appointees of the administration.\n\n\n== Confirmation process ==\n\nThe heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the president and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the \"nuclear option\" during the 113th United States Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by 3��5 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, and begin their duties. When the Senate is not in session, the president can appoint acting heads of the executive departments, and do so at the beginning of their term.\nAn elected vice president does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President.\n\n\n=== Salary ===\n\nThe heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five-level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code. Twenty-one positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5312, and those forty-six positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5313. As of January 2023, the Level",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | When did the dominating party in the House of Representatives seize control over the institute that sanctions U.S. cabinet members appointments? | [
{
"id": 90327,
"question": "the members of american cabinet are appointed after the approval of",
"answer": "Senate",
"paragraph_support_idx": 8
},
{
"id": 89854,
"question": "who hold the majority in the house of representatives",
"answer": "the Republicans",
"paragraph_support_idx": 7
},
{
"id": 76291,
"question": "when did #2 take control of the #1",
"answer": "January 2015",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
}
] | January 2015 | [] | true | When did the party that holds the majority in the House of Representatives take control of the organization that approves the members of the U.S. cabinet before their appointment? |
4hop3__316459_41402_599212_13584 | [
{
"idx": 11,
"title": "Charles Edmund Nugent",
"paragraph_text": " highest rank in the Navy.\n\n\n== Early career ==\nHe was the son of Lieutenant Colonel the Honourable Edmund Nugent, the only son of Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent, but after his father's death in 1771 his marriage was found to have been illegal, and he and his elder brother George were declared illegitimate, and thus unable to inherit any of his grandfather's titles.\nNugent entered the Navy as a youngster in 1771, serving aboard the sloop Scorpion, commanded by George Elphinstone (later Viscount Keith) until 1774. He then served aboard Trident, flagship of Sir Peter Denis, in the Mediterranean.\n\nTowards the end of 1777 he was appointed to the 50-gun Bristol, flagship of Rear-Admiral Sir Peter Parker. On 26 December 1777 Parker sailed from Portsmouth with a squadron of ships, carrying troops under the command of Earl Cornwallis, to launch an attack on Charleston, South Carolina. The squadron arrived off Cape Fear in May, and was joined by General Henry Clinton and his troops. The combined force advanced upriver until reaching the strongly fortified Sullivan's Island. In the subsequent battle on 28 June the British were unable to subdue the defenders or mount an attack by land. Bristol bore the brunt of the American fire and had 111 men killed and wounded. The British eventually withdrew, and sailed north to attack New York. Nugent was serving as an acting-lieutenant during the attack on Sullivan's Island, and in September 1777 he followed Parker into the Chatham. In December Parker and Clinton were sent north to capture Rhode Island, which was taken without resistance. At the beginning of 1778 Parker sailed to Jamaica to serve as commander-in-chief, and on 26 May promoted Nugent to the rank of commander, his promotion to lieutenant as yet still unconfirmed by the Admiralty, and thus his name first appears in the Navy List as a commander.\nOn 2 May 1779 Nugent was promoted to post-captain in command of the 28-gun frigate Pomona at Jamaica. Before the Battle of San Fernando de Omoa in October 1779 Nugent was sent in the schooner Racehorse to employ local pilots from the Gulf of Honduras, but when attempting to land at St. George's Key was captured by armed Spanish boats. He was held as a prisoner until the next day, when Pomona arrived, the Spaniards fled, and Nugent and his boat crew released themselves. Nugent remained on the Jamaica station until mid-1782, when he returned to England with Sir Peter Parker. The following year he was elected as Member of Parliament for Buckingham.\n\nWhen the war with France began in 1793 Nugent was appointed to the 64-gun ship Veteran, and sailed for the Caribbean at the end of the year. He served in the naval brigade in the invasions of Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadaloupe, receiving the thanks of the military Commander-in-Chief, Sir Charles Grey, before returning to England with despatches. Nugent then commanded the 80-gun ship Caesar in the Channel from early 1795 until early 1797.\n\n\n== Senior command ==\nNugent was promoted to rear-admiral on 20 February 1797 and to vice-admiral on 1 January 1801. In mid-1805, when William Cornwallis assumed command of the blockade of Brest, Nugent was selected to serve as his Captain of the Fleet. Nugent was present at the funeral of Lord Nelson in January 1806. He saw no further service at sea, but was promoted to full admiral on 28 April 1808, and to Admiral of the Fleet on 24 April 1833, becoming the most senior officer of the Royal Navy, at the same time that his brother, Field Marshal Sir George Nugent, held the same position in the British Army.\nOn 12 March 1834 Nugent was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Hanoverian Order. He died on 7 January 1844, aged 85, at his son-in-law's home in Studland, Dorset.\n\n\n== Family ==\nNugent was married, and his only daughter Georgina Charlotte married George Bankes, MP for Corfe Castle on 8 June 1822.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nHeathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword. ISBN 0-85052-835-Nugent served in the naval brigade in the invasions of Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadaloupe during the French Revolutionary Wars and, when William Cornwallis assumed command of the blockade of Brest, Nugent was selected to serve as his Captain of the Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He never commanded any fleet or naval station but did rise to the highest rank in the Navy.AdmNugent served in the naval brigade in the invasions of Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadaloupe during the French Revolutionary Wars and, when William Cornwallis assumed command of the blockade of Brest, Nugent was selected to serve as his Captain of the Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He never commanded any fleet or naval station but did rise to the highest rank in the Navy. later on in the War.\nNugent served in the naval brigade in the invasions of Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadaloupe during the French Revolutionary Wars and, when William Cornwallis assumed command of the blockade of Brest, Nugent was selected to serve as his Captain of the Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He never commanded any fleet or naval station but did rise to the highest rank in the Navy.\n\n\n== Early career ==\nHe was the son of Lieutenant Colonel the Honourable Edmund Nugent, the only son of Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent, but after his father's death in 1771 his marriage was found to have been illegal, and he and his elder brother George were declared illegitimate, and thus unable to inherit any of his grandfather's titles.\nNugent entered the Navy as a youngster in 1771, serving aboard the sloop Scorpion, commanded by George Elphinstone (later Viscount Keith) until 1774. He then served aboard Trident, flagship of Sir Peter Denis, in the Mediterranean.\n\nTowards the end of 1777 he was appointed to the 50-gun Bristol, flagship of Rear-Admiral Sir",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 16,
"title": "Jacksonville, Florida",
"paragraph_text": ", and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's largest seaport by volume. Jacksonville's militarySpain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there. The British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish. Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783, after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets and plats. They soon named the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government,Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there. The British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish. Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783, after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets and plats. They soon named the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832.addles the St. Johns River in the First Coast region of northeastern Florida, about 12 miles (19 kilometers) south of the Georgia state line (25 mi or 40 km to the urban core/downtown) and 350 miles (560 km) north of Miami.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 18,
"title": "Hostafrancs",
"paragraph_text": " is located in the middle of the neighbourhood. The \"Plaça d'Espanya\", along with the Espanya metro and railway station, lies on the eastern edge of the neighbourhood. Barcelona's main Sants railway station is just outside the neighbourhood, to the north.The Hostafrancs metro station, on Barcelona Metro line L1, is located in the middle of the neighbourhood. The \"Plaça d'Espanya\", along with the Espanya metro and railway station, lies on the eastern edge of the neighbourhood. Barcelona's main Sants railway station is just outside the neighbourhood, to the north.",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 19,
"title": "FC Barcelona",
"paragraph_text": "There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico. From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities. The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War.",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | Following the conflict that Charles Edward Nugent participated in, one nation took over Florida. Aside from their geographical separation within this nation, what other distinctions exist between the football team of Real Madrid and the team from the city of Hostafrancs? | [
{
"id": 316459,
"question": "Charles Edmund Nugent >> conflict",
"answer": "Revolutionary War",
"paragraph_support_idx": 11
},
{
"id": 41402,
"question": "Who gained control of Florida after the conclusion of #1 ?",
"answer": "Spain",
"paragraph_support_idx": 16
},
{
"id": 599212,
"question": "Hostafrancs >> country",
"answer": "Barcelona",
"paragraph_support_idx": 18
},
{
"id": 13584,
"question": "Besides the areas of #2 , what other differences are there between #3 and Real Madrid?",
"answer": "two cities",
"paragraph_support_idx": 19
}
] | two cities | [] | true | A country gained control of Florida after the war in which Charles Edward Nugent saw action. Besides being in different parts of that country, what other differences are there between Real Madrid and Hostafrancs's city's team? |
2hop__30905_189318 | [
{
"idx": 5,
"title": "John Kerry",
"paragraph_text": " passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization. In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam.John George Terry (born 7 December 1980) is an English professional football coach and former player who played as a centre-back. He was previously captain of Chelsea, the England national team and Aston Villa. He is regarded as one of the greatest defenders of his generation, as well as one of the best English and Premier League defenders ever.\nTerry was named UEFA Club Defender of the Year in 2005, 2008 and 2009, PFA Players' Player of the Year in 2005, and was included in the FIFPro World XI for five consecutive seasons, from 2005 to 2009. He was also named in the all-star squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the only English player to make the team. In 2024, Terry was inducted into the Premier League Hall of Fame.\nTerry is Chelsea's most successful captain. During his 19 years with the club, he led them to five Premier League titles, five FA Cups, three League Cups, one UEFA Europa League and one UEFA Champions League title. He is one of six players to have made over 500 appearances for Chelsea and is also the club's all-time highest scoring defender. In 2007, he became the first captain to lift the FA Cup at the new Wembley Stadium in Chelsea's 1–0 win over Manchester United, and also the first player to score an international goal there, scoring a header in England's 1–1 draw with Brazil. In his final season at Chelsea in 2017, he became the first ever player to captain a team to the Premier League title on five occasions.\nFollowing his departure from Chelsea, Terry spent one season with Aston Villa in the Championship before retiring, ultimately losing the 2018 Championship play-off final. He returned to Aston Villa a few months later as assistant manager to Dean Smith. The side went on to win the 2019 Championship play-off final to be promoted back to the Premier League. Terry left the role in July 2021. When Smith joined Leicester City as manager in April 2023, he appointed Terry to his coaching staff once again.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nJohn George Terry was born on 7 December 1980 in Barking, Greater London. He attended Eastbury Comprehensive School and played for local Sunday league team Senrab.\n\n\n== Club career ==\n\n\n=== Chelsea ===\n\n\n==== 1991–1998: Early years ====\nAs a boy, Terry was part of West Ham United's youth system, joining them as a midfielder in 1991. He moved to Chelsea at 14, playing for the club's youth and reserve teams. It was due to a shortage of central defenders that he was moved to centre-back, the position he played throughout his career. After finishing school, he joined the club on a YTS at age 16 and signed professional terms a year later.\n\n\n==== 1998–2000: First appearances ====\nTerry made his Chelsea debut on 28 October 1998 as a late substitute in a League Cup tie with Aston Villa; his first start came later that season in an FA Cup third-round match, a 2–0 win over Oldham Athletic. \n\n\n==== 2000: Loan to Nottingham Forest ====\nTerry spent a brief period on loan with Nottingham Forest in 2000 to build up his first-team experience and was the subject of interest from both Forest manager David Platt and Huddersfield Town manager Steve Bruce.\n\n\n==== 2000–2002: First-team breakthrough ====\nIn 2002, Terry was involved in an altercation with a bouncer at a West London nightclub with Chelsea teammate Jody Morris and Wimbledon's Des Byrne, which led to him being charged with assault and affray. In August 2002, TerryKerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\" In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the way for normalization. In 1995, President Bill Clinton normalized diplomatic relations with the country of Vietnam. the FIFPro World XI for five consecutive seasons, from 2005 to 2009. He was also named in the all-star squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the only English player to make the team. In 2024, Terry wasKerry chaired the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs from 1991 to 1993. The committee's report, which Kerry endorsed, stated there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\" In 1994 the Senate passed a resolution, sponsored by Kerry and fellow Vietnam veteran John McCain, that called for an end to the existing trade embargo against Vietnam; it was intended to pave the",
"is_supporting": true
},
{
"idx": 9,
"title": "The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War",
"paragraph_text": " Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U.S. public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles.\nThe Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct. The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans. The paper discusses the Code of Conduct, article by article, and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience. The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam, and how it affected their ability to live up to the code.\nIn the report Commander McCain writes that, \"The American peopleThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.The purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U.S. public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles.\nThe Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct. The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans. The paper discusses the Code of Conduct, article by article, and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience. The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam, and how it affected their ability to live up to the code.\nIn the report Commander McCain writes that, \"The American people have been inoculated with too many John Wayne movies and other examples of unbreakable will and super human strength. It has been amply proved that every man has a breaking point.\"\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War, by John S McCain, Commander United States Navy\n\"The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War\", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, 1974-04-08 (New York Times location)The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.\nThe purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education of the members of the Armed Forces and the U.S. public in order to minimize the use of POWS in the future as political hostages and propaganda vehicles.\nThe Vietnam War was the first test of the Code of Conduct. The majority of the American POWS were held captive longer than in any other war engaged in by Americans. The paper discusses the Code of Conduct, article by article, and assesses its value and viability as they related to the Vietnam War experience. The report compares conditions and treatment American POWs experienced in Vietnam, and how it affected their ability to live up to the code.\nIn the report Commander McCain writes that, \"The American people have been inoculated with too many John Wayne movies and other examples of unbreakable will and super human strength. It has been amply proved that every man has a breaking point.\"\n\n\n== Sources ==\nThe Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War, by John S McCain, Commander United States Navy\n\"The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War\", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, 1974-04-08 (New York Times location)The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam War is a report from an individual research project conducted by John McCain, Commander, United States Navy, at the National War College. It has a 44 pages and was released on April 8, 1974.\nThe purpose of this paper was to review the Code of Conduct in the perspective of the Vietnam prisoner of war experience and to make recommendations for changes to the code itself and to the training and indoctrination of the members of the Armed Forces in the Code of Conduct. Additionally, recommendations are presented for the education",
"is_supporting": true
}
] | What university did the individual who supported the proposal to resume trading with Vietnam, in conjunction with Kerry, attend? | [
{
"id": 30905,
"question": "Who sponsored the resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam, along with Kerry?",
"answer": "John McCain",
"paragraph_support_idx": 5
},
{
"id": 189318,
"question": "#1 >> educated at",
"answer": "National War College",
"paragraph_support_idx": 9
}
] | National War College | [] | true | Where did the person who sponsored the resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam along with Kerry go to college? |
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