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41039030
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20P.%20R.%20Varma
|
L. P. R. Varma
|
Lakshmipuram Palace Pooram Thirunal Ravi Varma () known as L.P.R. Varma (1926–2003) was a Carnatic musician, lyricist, music director, singer, screen writer, and actor.
Life
Varma was born in Lakshmipuram Palace, the Puzhavathu, Changanassery in Travancore State. He began music at the age of eight and was trained under tMuthaiyah Bhagavathar, Semmangudy Sreenivasa Iyer and Madura Keshava Bhagavathar.
He conducted a large number of Carnatic music concerts in south India. He performed and composed music for many Malayalam films and professional dramas. He belonged to the Parappanangadi royal family (Malabar – part of North Kerala) and they were settled in Changanassery. He generally performed in Malayalam language. In 1978, he received the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award.
He acted in Malayalam movie Ayitham (1988) starring Mohanlal as Vishwanatha Bhagavathar.
He died on 6 July 2003, aged 76.
References
Malayalam-language lyricists
People from Changanassery
Malayali people
1927 births
2003 deaths
Indian conductors (music)
20th-century Indian musicians
Musicians from Kerala
20th-century conductors (music)
Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award
|
41039042
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinia%20galpinii
|
Kleinia galpinii
|
Kleinia galpinii is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Zimbabwe, Eswatini, and South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Northern Provinces. The species name commemorates E. E. Galpin. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as a warm temperate greenhouse ornamental.
References
External links
galpinii
Flora of Zimbabwe
Flora of Swaziland
Flora of the Northern Provinces
Flora of KwaZulu-Natal
Plants described in 1905
|
41039044
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Heliopolis%20%281907%29
|
SS Heliopolis (1907)
|
SS Heliopolis was a Clyde-built British passenger ship. She was subsequently renamed in 1910 SS Royal George, and served as a troop ship for the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.
Heliopolis was built in 1907 by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Companyof Govan, Glasgow, Scotland and launched on 28 May 1907 for the British-owned Egyptian Mail Company. She was a ship with a length of , a beam , two funnels, two masts, and a triple-screw propulsion that gave a cruising speed of .
The Heliopolis, operated in the Mediterranean between Marseille and Alexandria, with accommodation for 344 First Class, 210 Second Class, and 560 Third Class passengers, giving a total capacity of 1,157 passengers. She continued until 1909, when the Egyptian Mail Company deemed her unprofitable and dry-docked her in Marseille to be offered for sale.
In 1910 the Canadian Northern Steamship Company of Toronto bought the ship and renamed her Royal George. She then did passenger service in the North Atlantic commencing on 26 May 1910 with the Avonmouth – Quebec City – Montreal route. She ran aground on 6 November 1912 attempting to put in at Quebec, but was salvaged and after repairs returned to service on 17 June 1913.
World War I service
The Royal George was taken over by the Canadian military when the First World War began, and sailed on 3 October 1914 from Gaspé Bay, Quebec for Plymouth, England with the Canadian Expeditionary Force. In 1915 she served in the Gallipoli campaign, and through the remainder of the war served as a UK troop ship. Royal George was returned at the end of the war to Cunard Line, which in 1916 had bought the entire fleet of Canadian Northern Steamships.
Post-War service
Royal George resumed passenger service on 10 February 1919, first between Liverpool, Halifax, Nova Scotia and New York, and later between Southampton, Halifax and New York. After nine voyages with the Cunard Line, she was retired in 1920 and used as a depot ship at Cherbourg Harbour in France to process emigrants, before finally being scrapped in 1922 at Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
See also
Spanish immigration to Hawaii. There were two S.S.Heliopolis. This S.S. Heliopolis was launched on 10 May 1907, two months after the first S.S. Heliopolis embarked from Malaga, Spain. The first S.S. Heliopolis was constructed in 1906 in Cardiff. The following information was taken from Lloyd's list movement reports. The ship left Cardiff on 3 March 1907 arriving in Malaga Spain on 7 March 1907. On 10 March, the shipped passed Gibraltar westbound. On 4 April 1907 it arrived in Punta Arena (Sandy Point), Chile, arriving in Honolulu on 26 Apr 1907. It departed Honolulu on 3 May and arrived in Hong Kong on 22 May.
The Heliopolis immigrant ship
References
1907 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Passenger ships of Canada
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Steamships of Canada
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Troop ships of the United Kingdom
|
41039082
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhdasht%20Rural%20District
|
Kuhdasht Rural District
|
Kuhdasht Rural District () is a former administrative division of the former Miandorud District of Sari County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
At the National Census of 2006, its population was 20,601 in 5,213 households. After the census, the district was separated from the county to establish the new Miandorud County. The rural district was divided into Kuhdasht-e Gharbi and Kuhdasht-e Sharqi Rural Districts within the new Central District.
References
Sari County
Former Rural Districts of Mazandaran Province
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
Populated places in Sari County
|
41039087
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd%20Fitri%20Omar
|
Mohd Fitri Omar
|
Muhammad Fitri bin Omar (born 25 June 1985) is a Malaysian professional footballer who plays as a left back for Malaysia Premier League side Kelantan United.
Fitri played at the now defunct club MP Muar as a striker, where he was the top scorer and Golden Boot winner of 2011 Malaysia Premier League with 16 goals. He made his international debut in a friendly match against China PR in October 2013.
Club career
Kelantan
In April 2014, during the second transfer window, Fitri signed a contract with Kelantan. He made his debut for Kelantan during the match against Johor Darul Ta'zim after a substitution for Shakir Ali who injured in the first half. His side loses 1–2 after a goal from Fazly Mazlan at the last minute. On 18 April 2014, he was seen had a fight with Sarawak player Muamer Salibašić during the match between Kelantan vs Sarawak which ended with Kelantan lose to Sarawak 0–1, Sarawak win by the only goal scored by Ryan Griffiths.
Kedah
On 2 December 2016, Fitri left Penang and signed one-year contract with Kedah for 2017 season.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Club
ATM
Malaysia Premier League: 2012
Malaysia Charity Shield: 2013
Malaysia Cup: Runner-up 2012
Kelantan
Malaysia FA Cup: Runner-up 2009, 2015
Kedah
Malaysia Charity Shield: 2017
Malaysian FA Cup: 2017
Individual
MP Muar FC
2011 Malaysia Premier League: Golden Boot winner (16 goals), as a striker of MP Muar.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Selangor
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian men's footballers
Malaysia men's international footballers
Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C. players
Kelantan F.C. players
Armed Forces F.C. players
Penang F.C. players
Kedah Darul Aman F.C. players
Malaysia Super League players
Men's association football defenders
Kelantan United F.C. players
|
41039096
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Ji-hoon%20%28actor%2C%20born%202000%29
|
Kim Ji-hoon (actor, born 2000)
|
Kim Ji-hoon (born 9 January 2000), also known as Ji Hun is a South Korean singer and actor. He began his career as a child actor, and more recently starred in the 2013 teen soap opera Melody of Love. He was active as a member of TRCNG until the group's disbandment in 2022. He re-debuted as a member and leader of BXB on January 30, 2023.
Filmography
Television series
True Story Red Eye (Y-Star, 2007) – young Dong-yeop
꾸러기 탐구생활 (SBS, 2010)
Dong Yi (MBC, 2010) – child of an aristocrat
The Unlimited Show (season 1) (Tooniverse, 2011) – Joon-seok
Glory Jane (KBS2, 2011) – young Seo In-woo
Five Fingers (SBS, 2012) – young Yoo In-ha
Ohlala Couple (KBS2, 2012) – young Jang Hyun-woo
Samsaengi (KBS2, 2013) – young Park Dong-woo
The Queen's Classroom (MBC, 2013) – Kim Tae-sung
Melody of Love (KBS1, 2013) – Kim Sung-hoon
Doctor Stranger (SBS, 2014) – young Lee Sung-hoon
Film
Flashback (2008) – young Young-soo
How to Live on Earth (2009) – Hoon
House Family (short film, 2009) – son
Bad Education (short film, 2010)
Ghost Sweepers (2012) – Il-kwang
Zambezia (animated, 2012) – Kai the Peregrine Falcon (Korean dubbing)
4:44 Seconds (TBA)
Web series
References
External links
Kim Ji-hoon at Daum
2000 births
Living people
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male child actors
Musicians from Daegu
Male actors from Daegu
21st-century South Korean male actors
School of Performing Arts Seoul alumni
South Korean male idols
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41039122
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne%20School
|
Cologne School
|
Cologne School may refer to:
Cologne School of Painting, a medieval group of painters
Cologne School (music), a late-20th-century group of composers and performers
Disambiguation pages
|
41039149
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Thies
|
Brian Thies
|
Brian Thies is an American comic book creator, best known for his work on Star Wars: Legacy, Secret Avengers, The Amazing Spider-Man, and Winter Soldier.
Personal life
He currently lives in Washington, where he shares a studio with Moritat, Jen Vaughn, and Stefano Gaudiano.
Bibliography
Penciller
Star Wars: Legacy (Dark Horse Comics, 2013)
The Amazing Spider-Man (Marvel Comics, 1963)
Harbinger (2012)
Secret Avengers (Marvel Comics, 2013)
Star Wars: Legacy (Dark Horse Comics, 2013)
Inker
The Amazing Spider-Man (Marvel Comics, 1963)
Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull (Marvel Comics, 2011)
Defenders (2012)
Harbinger (2012)
Secret Avengers (Marvel Comics, 2010)
Secret Avengers (Marvel Comics, 2013)
Star Wars: Legacy (Dark Horse Comics, 2013)
Winter Soldier (Marvel Comics, 2012)
References
General references
Inline citations
External links
Comic Book Resources
Living people
1979 births
American comics creators
|
41039158
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reviel%20Netz
|
Reviel Netz
|
Reviel Netz (born January 2, 1968) is an Israeli scholar of the history of pre-modern mathematics, who is currently a professor of classics and of philosophy at Stanford University.
Life and work
Netz was born January 2, 1968, in Tel Aviv, Israel to Israeli author and Yoel Netz, an entrepreneur and translator of Russian classics.
From 1983 to 1992, Netz studied at the Tel Aviv University, obtaining a B.A. in Ancient History and an M.A. in History and the Philosophy of Science; from 1993 to 1995 studied classics at Christ College, Cambridge University, where he obtained his doctorate in 1995. From 1996 to 1999 Netz worked as a post-doctoral research fellow at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and concurrently in 1998 and 1999 worked as a post-doctoral fellow at MIT. In the fall of 1999 he took a position as an assistant professor in the Stanford University Department of Classics, where he has continued to teach and publish today.
Netz is married to Maya Arad, an Israeli writer who is widely considered "the foremost Hebrew writer outside Israel". The couple has two daughters.
Netz's major research interest include the wider issues of the history of cognitive practices; for example the history of the book, visual culture, literacy and numeracy. He is the author of a number of works in field, including volumes I and II of The Archimedes Palimpsest. He also co-authored The Archimedes Codex with William Noel on the same subject matter, but oriented towards a public audience. It received the Neumann Prize as well as several works published by the Cambridge University Press, including The Shaping of Deduction in Greek Mathematics: a Study in Cognitive History (1999, Runciman Award), The Transformation of Early Mediterranean Mathematics: From Problems to Equations (2004), and Ludic Proof: Greek Mathematics and the Alexandrian Aesthetic (2009).
In 2014 he was awarded the Commandino Medal at the Urbino University for his contributions to the history of science.
Netz has also appeared as a subject matter expert on PBS's Nova concerning ancient mathematics.
In addition to his work on the history of mathematics, Netz has published some Hebrew poetry, including "Adayin Baḥutz" in 1999.
Selected publications
The Shaping of Deduction in Greek Mathematics: A Study in Cognitive History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, .
The Works of Archimedes: Translation and Commentary, Vol. I: The Two Books "On The Sphere and the Cylinder", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 and 2009 .
Barbed Wire: an Ecology of Modernity, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2007, .
With William Noel, The Archimedes Codex: Revealing the Secrets of the World's Greatest Palimpsest, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007, .
The Transformation of Mathematics in the Early Mediterranean World: from Problems to Equations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 .
Ludic Proof: Greek Mathematics and the Alexandrian Aesthetic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, .
Editor, with William Noel, Natalie Tchernetska, and Nigel Wilson, The Archimedes Palimpsest Vol. I: Catalogue and Commentary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, .
Editor, with William Noel et al., The Archimedes Palimpsest Vol. II: Facsimile and Transcription, Cambridge University Press, 2011, .
The Works of Archimedes: Translation and Commentary, Vol. 2: "On Spirals", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, .
A New History of Greek Mathematics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022, .
References
1968 births
Living people
Stanford University faculty
Israeli classical scholars
Historians of mathematics
Israeli philologists
Stanford University Department of Classics faculty
Tel Aviv University alumni
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Scholars of ancient Greek history
20th-century Israeli historians
21st-century Israeli historians
Israeli people of Romanian-Jewish descent
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41039174
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhand%20Lions%3A%20A%20New%20Musical
|
Secondhand Lions: A New Musical
|
Secondhand Lions: A New Musical is based on the 2003 movie of the same name. Music and lyrics for the musical were written by Alan Zachary and Michael Weiner, who also wrote First Date. The book was by Rupert Holmes.
Production
The show premiered from September 6 to October 7, 2013 at The 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle, Washington.
The show was directed by Scott Schwartz, who directed Golda's Balcony and co-directed Jane Eyre on Broadway. Scott Schwartz was appointed Artistic Director of the Bay Street Theatre in Sag Harbor, New York in 2013.
Plot
Walter, a young boy, is unwillingly dropped off unannounced, by his mother, Mae, at his two great-uncles' farmhouse in Texas for the summer. The uncles, Hub and Garth, recently bought the farm, returning after a long time with a secretly earned fortune. Over the course of the summer, Walter tries to find the method in which his uncles gained money, and what they did during their absence. The tale he hears and discovers reveals the uncles' courage and bravery in their prime.
Differences from the Film
Jane, the girl across the pond, is an added character in the musical.
The ‘relatives’ in the film that arrive to learn about the uncle's fortune are omitted in the musical.
There are no live animals in the musical.
Jasmine, in the movie, is renamed Samira.
Musical numbers
Act 1
Overture - Orchestra
The Wild Lion Boys – Male Ensemble
The Fort Worth College of Court Reporting – Mae
Just Right – Walter
Worth Believin’ In (Part 1)/The Steamship – Garth, Young Hub, Young Garth
The Sultan of the Sultanate of Oujda – Fake Sultan, Ensemble
Sand – Sultan, Harem Girls, Grand Vizier, Ensemble
You Have to See It to Believe It – Jane, Walter
You Have to See It to Believe It (Reprise) – Jane
Mae's Letter – Mae
Just What I Needed –Samira
Unlike Anyone I’ve Ever Known – Young Hub, Sultan
Ghita's Advice – Ghita, Samira, Harem Girls
Hub's Revelation – Hub, Garth, Young Hub, Walter, Ensemble
Act 2
Entracte – Orchestra
Just What I Needed (Reprise) – Samira, Ghita, Harem Girls
Alive or Dead – Sultan, Ensemble
You Have Brought Me Love – Samira, Young Hub
Fly into a Better Tomorrow – Walter, Jane, Garth, Ensemble
The Sultan of the Sultanate of Oujda (Reprise) – Prisoners
The Sultan's Lament – Sultan, Ensemble
You Have Brought Me Love (Reprise) – Samira, Hub
Worth Believin’ In (Part 2) – Hub
The Wild Lion Boys (Reprise) – Stan
Do Something for Me – Walter
Don't Count Us Out – Garth, Hub, Walter
Worth Believin’ In (Finale) - Company
Roles and original cast
The principal cast of The 5th Avenue Theatre's production was as follows.
† Grayson J. Smith appeared as Walter Double, before the song 'Just Right'.
Recordings
The World Premiere Recording was released digitally on October 2, 2020 by Broadway Records. It includes a cut song entitled "The Fort Worth College of Court Reporting".
References
External links
The 5th Avenue Theatre Official Website
Zachary and Weiner Official Website
Scott Schwartz Official Website
Musicals based on films
2013 musicals
Musicals set in Texas
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41039176
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20IPP%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Singles
|
2013 IPP Open – Singles
|
Lukáš Lacko was the defending champion, but lost to Jan-Lennard Struff in quarterfinals.
Jarkko Nieminen won the title, beating Ričardas Berankis in the final, 6–3, 6–1.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main draw
Qualifying draw
IPP Open - Singles
2013 Singles
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41039230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20JSM%20Challenger%20of%20Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana%20%E2%80%93%20Singles
|
2013 JSM Challenger of Champaign–Urbana – Singles
|
Tim Smyczek was the defending champion but lost to Erik Crepaldi in the first round.
Unseeded American Tennys Sandgren won the title defeating Australian 7th seed Samuel Groth 3–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–5).
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
JSM Challenger of Champaign-Urbana - Singles
2013 Singles
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41039243
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20Gazette
|
Commercial Gazette
|
Commercial Gazette may refer to:
Commercial Gazette, a newspaper that preceded the Cincinnati Commercial Tribune
Commercial Gazette, a newspaper that preceded the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
|
41039251
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bramley-Moore
|
John Bramley-Moore
|
John Bramley-Moore (1800 – 19 November 1886) was an English politician and chairman of Mersey Docks and Harbour Board.
Life
The youngest son of Thomas Moore, he was born in Leeds, and assumed his additional name of Bramley in 1841. As a young man he went out to Brazil to engage in commerce, and lived for several years at Rio de Janeiro, where in 1828 he entertained the officers of the exploring ships HMS Beagle and HMS Adventure. Much of the wealth he acquired in Brazil was derived from slave-worked exports and illicit slave-trading. On his return to England in 1835 he settled at Liverpool as a merchant.
In 1841 Bramley-Moore was elected by Liverpool town council as an alderman, an office which he held for 24 years. In 1841 he became a member of the dock committee (afterwards called the dock board), and in the following year was appointed chairman. He worked for the 1846 arrangement with the Earl of Derby, by which two miles of the foreshore of the River Mersey, from the borough boundary to Bootle, became available for the construction of docks. After the opening of the Albert Dock by Prince Albert in 1846 he was offered a knighthood, which he declined. Five other docks were opened on 4 August 1848, one of them receiving the name of Bramley-Moore Dock.
Bramley-Moore was elected Lord Mayor of Liverpool in November 1848, and during his year of office originated a fancy fair and bazaar by which money was raised for the local hospitals. In politics he was a Conservative, and was returned to Parliament in 1854 as Member for Maldon. He lost his seat in 1859, but then represented Lincoln from 1862 to 1865. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Kingston upon Hull in 1852, for Liverpool in 1853, and Lymington in 1859.
For many years Bramley-Moore was chairman of the Brazilian chamber of commerce in Liverpool, and lobbied the government to reduce the duties on coffee and sugar. In 1863 he made a speech in parliament on the subject of the relations of England with Brazil, for which he was decorated with the Order of the Rose by the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil.
Some years before his retirement from business Bramley-Moore went to live at Gerrard's Cross, Buckinghamshire, where he built a free reading-room. He died at Brighton on 19 November 1886, aged 86, and was buried at St. Michael's-in-the-Hamlet, Toxteth Park, Liverpool.
Family
Moore married in 1830 Seraphina Hibernia, daughter of William Pennell, British consul-general for Brazil, and left two sons, the Rev. William Joseph Bramley-Moore, a clergyman of the Church of England, and author of theological works, and John Arthur Bramley-Moore (died 10 July 1899).
Notes
Attribution
External links
1800 births
1886 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Councillors in Liverpool
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
Members of Parliament for Maldon
19th-century English businesspeople
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41039291
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea%20luxurians
|
Zea luxurians
|
Zea luxurians, also referred to by the common names Maíz de Monte, Florida teosinte and Guatemalan teosinte, is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae.
It is a true grass and a teosinte.
Distribution
It is native to Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico, but it can also be found in areas where it has been introduced, including Brazil, Colombia, and French Guiana.
Genome
Tenaillon et al., 2011 obtain genome size estimates and transposable element (TE) content by high-throughput sequencing. They find ~50% difference in size and that divergence from maize (Z. mays) is largely due to different % of TE content. Ratios between TE families are highly conserved between Z. luxurians and Z. mays.
References
luxurians
Grasses of Mexico
Grasses of North America
Flora of Guatemala
Flora of Honduras
Flora of Mexico
Plants described in 1978
Taxa named by Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve
Taxa named by Paul Friedrich August Ascherson
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41039294
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Highway%20Thru%20Hell%20episodes
|
List of Highway Thru Hell episodes
|
This is a list of TV episodes for the Discovery Channel Canada reality TV series Highway Thru Hell.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2012)
Season 2 (2013)
Season 3 (2014)
Season 4 (2015)
Season 5 (2016)
Season 6 (2017)
Season 7 (2018)
Season 8 (2019-20)
Season 9 (2020-21)
Season 10 (2021-22)
Season 11 (2022-23)
See also
List of Heavy Rescue: 401 episodes
References
Highway Thru Hell
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41039311
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Fantasy%20Island%20episodes
|
List of Fantasy Island episodes
|
This is a list of episodes of the 1977–84 television series Fantasy Island. This series consists of two 2-hour TV movies and seven seasons of 1-hour episodes. The 1-hour episodes have multiple titles, referencing the simultaneous storylines contained within.
Series overview
TV movies
Episodes
Season 1 (1978)
Season 2 (1978–79)
Season 3 (1979–80)
Season 4 (1980–81)
Season 5 (1981–82)
Season 6 (1982–83)
Season 7 (1983–84)
References
Fantasy Island
Fantasy Island (1977 series)
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41039318
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Pharmaceutical%20Education%20and%20Research%2C%20Ahmedabad
|
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad
|
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER Ahmedabad) is an Indian public Pharmacy research university, and a part of the seven schools, under India's Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. The institute offers Masters and Doctoral degrees in pharmaceutical sciences. As an Institute of National Importance it plays an important role in the Human Resource Development for the ever growing Indian Pharmaceutical industry, which has been in the forefront of India’s science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in this important field of drug manufacture.
Academics
The institute offers a 2 year PG degree course; MS (Pharm.) in 7 disciplines ( Biotechnology, Medicinal Chemistry, Medical Devices, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Natural Products, Pharmaceutical Analysis & Pharmaceutics).
Ranking
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad was ranked 10th in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) pharmacy ranking in 2022. NIPER was ranked on 8th position in 2021.
References
Pharmacy education in India
Healthcare in India
Pharmacy in India
Industries in India
Universities and colleges in Ahmedabad
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Research institutes in Ahmedabad
Research institutes in Gujarat
2007 establishments in Gujarat
Educational institutions established in 2007
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41039327
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despo%20Rutti
|
Despo Rutti
|
Pascal Trésor Azusimba better known as Despo Rutti (born 26 June 1982, in Kinshasa) is a French-Congolese rapper from Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Spending his life in Kinshasa and in Brazzaville, he immigrated to France in 1992. He released his first recordings in 1999 "Tout c’que j'n'aurais pas" and "Les reufs meurent" and was featured in a number of rap compilations through producer Fabrice Yahiaoui and label Hématome Concept eventually signing with label Soldat Sans Grade Records releasing Les sirènes du charbon on 28 November 2006, as a double CD, being an EP of 9 titles and a street album mixed by DJ Boudj. It denounced the social inequalities and a protest for expulsion of immigrants. It was followed by another provocative release, Convictions suicidaires, his debut studio full album treating taboo subjects of French society including national identity in face of changing immigration trends. This was followed by the mixtape Discographie parallèle mixed by DJ Uka and highlighting a number of collaborations.
He prepared the materials for his second studio album Les funérailles des tabous in 2012, but put it on hold instead starting a collaboration with rapper Guizmo and Mokless (from Scred Connexion) for a musical project in 2012, that resulted in the issue of the joint EP Jamais 2 sans 3 followed by the joint studio album Jamais 203. The three acts are touring France in promotion of the releases.
Discography
Albums, EPs and Mixtapes
Joint Albums and EPs as trio Guizmo, Despo Rutti & Mokless
References
Living people
1982 births
Black French actors
French people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
French rappers
Musicians from Kinshasa
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41039328
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Financial%20Center
|
World Financial Center
|
World Financial Center may refer to:
China
Chongqing World Financial Center
Shanghai World Financial Center
Tianjin World Financial Center
United States
Brookfield Place (New York City), formerly the World Financial Center complex
200 Liberty Street, formerly One World Financial Center
225 Liberty Street, formerly Two World Financial Center
200 Vesey Street, formerly Three World Financial Center
250 Vesey Street, formerly Four World Financial Center
See also
World Trade Center (disambiguation)
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41039336
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Pollock
|
Ted Pollock
|
Edward Cullen Pollock (10 December 1913 – 8 February 1973) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Pollock was the youngest ever player for the Carlton Football Club, making his debut as 19th man in round 6, 1930 at 16 years and 200 days old. This record was equalled by Jim Buckley in 1976.
Pollock struggled to establish himself in Carlton's side, never playing more than five successive games in his first four seasons, but he managed to play finals football in both 1935 and 1936. The next season was his last as a player. By his 24th birthday Pollock had played his final VFL game.
Notes
External links
Ted Pollock's profile at Blueseum
1913 births
1973 deaths
Carlton Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
People from Brunswick, Victoria
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41039349
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Pharmaceutical%20Education%20and%20Research%2C%20Hajipur
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National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur
|
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur (NIPER Hajipur) is a public pharmaceutical education and research university located in Hajipur, Bihar, India. Established in 2007, it is one of the seven National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPERs) under India's Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. The institute offers Post Graduate degree in pharmaceutical sciences. Like all other NIPERs, it has the Institute of National Importance status.
History
The institution started functioning from November 2007 and was inaugurated by former union Minister Sri Ram Vilas Paswan and the Director Dr. Pradeep Das, RMRIMS-Patna. Till October, 2018 the institute was under the mentorship of RMRIMS-Patna and Dr. Pradeep Das was the Project Director of NIPER-Hajipur.
Organization and administration
Governance
Dr. V. Ravichandiran, the Director of NIPER-Kolkata is also the Director (additional charge) of NIPER-Hajipur. He has taken this additional charge since January, 2020. NIPER-Hajipur has 9 faculties and 4 non-teaching staff currently.
Departments
Pharmacology and toxicology
Department started functioning from 2018. The department has fully developed laboratory along with animal house facility.
Areas of Research
Cognito- behavioral studies including Fluorosis-induced neurodevelopmental disorders.
Anticancer research with electrochemical therapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy approaches
Role of extracellular vesicles (Exosomes) in drug-tolerant persister cells and its contribution to cancer-initiating cells in breast cancer.
To study the molecular reprogramming landscape of pre and post neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Gastric Cancer and its therapeutic implications in Humanized mice for the 3D organoid model.
Department of Biotechnology
The department started functioning from 2007. It has already awarded 10 PhD degree and 6 students have submitted.
Areas of Research
Chromosome organization and regulation of transcription in pathogenic organisms
mechanism of drug resistance and development of effective drugs against resistant microbes
Application of functionalized and conjugated gold Nanoparticles for improved antimicrobial efficacy.
Green synthesized gold nanoparticles as antifungal and anti-parasitic agents.
Department of Pharmacy Practice
It started functioning from 2007. The department has affiliation with major hospitals for clinical and applied pharmacy. The department has already awarded 1 PhD degree and 1 student has submitted.
Areas of Research
Exploration of nutritional and immunological factors along with quality of life in patients of visceral leishmaniasis.
Exploration of cardiovascular risk along with quality of life and KAP study in patients with HIV/VL co-infection in Bihar
Evaluation of Efficacy and Toxicity of Concurrent Capecitabine with Radiation in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients of Bihar.
Assessment of Risk Factors and Management of Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis
Academics
Admissions
Every year in June and July NIPER conducts national level entrance examinations for admissions to its M.S.(Pharm)/M. Pharm. and PhD programs and the doctoral programs are further screened by personal interview. The candidates are required to have qualified the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) or now Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) in a suitable subject area. The MS course is 2 years with 4 semesters. Students with individual fellowship can apply directly to their choice of NIPERs for PhD.
Student life
The students joining Hajipur represent almost every state of India and come from diverse sections of society. Till date 382 PG students have received their degree from NIPER-Hajipur Most of them have been placed in pharma industries, while some are pursuing higher studies in various universities/ institutions across the globe. Among the graduated students most students are involved in research in various Institutions like IISc Bangalore, NII-Delhi, NISER, Bose Institute, IICB, NIPERs, etc. So far 11 scholars have completed their Ph.D. successfully from NIPER-Hajipur and 6 students have submitted their thesis. 17 more students are already involved in active PhD program. In the next academic year two new departments Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical analysis is proposed to be opened at NIPER-Hajipur.
NIPER Hajipur has so far published 79 research papers in high impact, peer reviewed journals. It has signed 3 MoUs and ready to sign many more for academic and research collaborations. NIPER –Hajipur wants to build a state of art central Instrumental facility to carry out high quality research empowering development of highly skilled manpower for pharmaceutical Industries in future. NIPER-Hajipur has academic collaboration with many Institutes like RMRIMS-Patna, IIT-Patna, CDRI-Lucknow, NIT-Patna Mahavir Cancer Sansthan-Patna, IGIMS-Patna, NIPER-Guwahati, NIPER-Kolkata etc.
Separate Boys and Girls hostel facility is available inside the campus. Also hired hostel facility is available outside the campus based on need. All the hostels are equipped with 24 hr generator facility and security guards. Transportation and Internet facility is available 24x7. Canteen and mess is run by students.
References
Education in Hajipur
Universities and colleges in Bihar
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Educational institutions established in 2007
2007 establishments in Bihar
Research institutes in Bihar
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41039354
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Lakshmi%20Hamah
|
Victoria Lakshmi Hamah
|
Victoria Lakshmi Hamah is a National Democratic Congress politician in Ghana.
Politics
In the 2012 general election, she contested the Ablekuma West constituency parliamentary seat.
She served as Deputy Minister of Communications under the John Dramani Mahama administration until Friday, 8 November 2013.
She currently runs a non profit organisation for women - Progressive Organisation for Women's Advancement (POWA).
Victoria Lakshmi Hamah was sacked in 2013 from her position as Deputy Communications Ministers after an audio tape of her was heard telling an unnamed friend that she would not quit politics until she had made at least one million US Dollars (US$1m). The conversation also made mentions of other public officials and politicians linked to all kinds of corrupt practice.
References
Living people
Government ministers of Ghana
Ghanaian Hindus
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Women government ministers of Ghana
Year of birth missing (living people)
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41039372
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20Challenger%20Ciudad%20de%20Guayaquil%20%E2%80%93%20Singles
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2013 Challenger Ciudad de Guayaquil – Singles
|
Leonardo Mayer defended his title over Portuguese Pedro Sousa 6–4, 7–5.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
Challenger Ciudad de Guayaquil - Singles
2013 Singles
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41039396
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Thomson%20%28footballer%29
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Henry Thomson (footballer)
|
Griffith Henry Thomson (6 October 1906 – 21 May 1943) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Family
The son of Rasmus Thomson (1861–1945) and Jessie Thomson (1873–938), née Thomas, he was born on 6 October 1906.
Military service
He volunteered for service soon after Australia's declaration of war against Germany, and was moved to Batavia. While posted there with the Royal Australian Army Pay Corps, he was captured in 1942 as the Japanese army moved south.
He was put to work on the Burma-Siam Railway, and died while working on the railway in May 1943.
He was later buried at Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery.
See also
List of Victorian Football League players who died in active service
Notes
References
Second World War Nominal Roll: Sergeant Griffith Henry Thomson (VX6020), Department of Veterans' Affairs.
Second World War Service Record: Sergeant Griffith Henry Thomson (VX6020), National Archives of Australia.
Roll of Honour: Sergeant Griffith Henry Thomson (VX6020), Australian War Memorial.
Personal Circular: Sergeant Griffith Henry Thomson (VX6020), collection of the Australian War Memorial.
Sergeant Griffith Henry Thomson (VX6020), Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
External links
Henry Thomson's profile at Blueseum
1906 births
1943 deaths
Carlton Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Ararat Football Club players
Australian military personnel killed in World War II
Burma Railway prisoners
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army soldiers
Military personnel from Victoria (state)
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
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41039403
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%20Columbus%2C%20Ohio%20mayoral%20election
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1903 Columbus, Ohio mayoral election
|
The Columbus mayoral election of 1903 was the 54th mayoral election in Columbus. It was held on Saturday, April 4, 1903. Democratic party incumbent mayor John N. Hinkle was defeated by Republican party nominee Robert H. Jeffrey.
References
Bibliography
Mayoral elections in Columbus, Ohio
1903 Ohio elections
Columbus
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41039405
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kran%20Peninsula
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Kran Peninsula
|
Kran Peninsula (, ) is the heavily indented peninsula forming the northeast extremity of Liège Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It extends 2.85 km in north-south direction and 2.35 km in east-west direction, ending up in Moureaux Point to the north and Neyt Point to the east, and connected to the rest of the island by a 200 m wide neck to the south.
The feature is named after the town of Kran in Southern Bulgaria.
Location
Kran Peninsula is centred at . British mapping in 1978.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 63 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1978.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 1993–2016.
See also
Mount Pierre (Palmer Archipelago)
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Kran Peninsula. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
External links
Kran Peninsula. Copernix satellite image
Kran Peninsula on AADC website
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Peninsulas of Graham Land
Landforms of the Palmer Archipelago
Liège Island
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41039414
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea%20nicaraguensis
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Zea nicaraguensis
|
Zea nicaraguensis is an annual, true grass species in the genus Zea. It is considered to be phenotypically the most distinctive, as well as the most threatened teosinte. This teosinte thrives in flooded conditions along 200 m of a coastal estuarine river in northwest Nicaragua at the Reserva Natural de Apacunca. Virtually all populations of teosinte are either threatened or endangered with Z. nicaraguensis being the most endangered, it survives as about 6000 plants in an area of 200 x 150 m. The Mexican and Nicaraguan governments have taken action in recent years to protect wild teosinte populations, using both in situ and ex situ conservation methods. Currently, a large amount of scientific interest exists in conferring beneficial teosinte traits, such as insect resistance, perennialism, and flood tolerance, to cultivated maize lines, although this is very difficult due to linked deleterious teosinte traits.
References
External links
nicaraguensis
Grasses of North America
Flora of Nicaragua
Plants described in 2000
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41039417
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20ghost%20crab
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African ghost crab
|
Ocypode africana, commonly known as the African ghost crab, is a species of ghost crabs native to the eastern Atlantic coast of western Africa, from Mauritania to Namibia. They are medium-sized ghost crabs reaching carapace width of . They can vary in coloration from pinkish to dark grey. They are one of only two ghost crab species found in the eastern Atlantic (the other being the tufted ghost crabs). However, African ghost crabs can easily be distinguished from tufted ghost crabs by the absence of long tufts of hair on the tip of their eyestalks.
Taxonomy
Ocypode africana was first described by the Dutch biologist Johannes Govertus de Man in 1881. It is classified under the genus Ocypode of the ghost crab subfamily Ocypodinae in the family Ocypodidae. The specific name is from Latin africana ("African").
They are commonly known as the "African ghost crab" in English, ocypode africain in French, and capuco africano in Spanish.
Description
African ghost crabs are medium-sized ghost crabs with deep bodies, reaching a maximum carapace width of . The rear part of the carapace is slightly narrower than the front, but it is more or less squarish in shape. The dorsal surface of the carapace is slightly convex. It is densely covered with small low bumps (tubercles), giving it a granular texture. The outer half of the upper edges of the eye socket curve distinctly inward, with the outer angles broadly triangular and directed forward. Their eyestalks are large and elongated, with the cornea occupying most of the bottom surface. But they do not possess the tuft of hair at the tip as in the tufted ghost crabs. Neither do they exhibit exophthalmy, the elongation (style) of the tip exhibited by some other members of the genus.
Like other ghost crabs, one of the claw appendages (chelipeds, the first pereiopod pair) of gulf ghost crabs is much bigger than the other. The palm of the larger cheliped is broad with a granular texture on the upper surface and finely serrated on the bottom edge. The inner surface of the palm features stridulating (sound-producing) ridges, which is important for identifying different species within the subfamily Ocypodinae. In gulf ghost crabs, the stridulating ridge is short and composed of a row of 11 to 13 tubercles, spaced more distantly and with striae (thin lines) on the upper half. The smaller cheliped tapers towards a pointed end. The dactyl (tipmost part) of the walking legs lack the dense hair characteristic of tufted ghost crabs.
The first gonopod (appendages modified into sexual organs) of the male is crooked sideways with a bulging tip. A thumb-like palp is present. The covering (operculum) of the female genital opening protrudes at the middle with strong rims on the sides.
Ecology
Like other ghost crabs, they dig deep burrows on sandy beaches, almost always one individual per burrow. They can dig about five inches into the sand in 15 minutes. Their burrows usually have a supplementary tunnel leading upwards from the main tunnel. This is usually used as a temporary refuge when escaping from danger. This may also prevent the crab from drowning when high tide inundates the burrow.
They are generalist scavengers and predators of small animals, usually feeding on decaying plant debris and animal remains. They are primarily nocturnal, but they may emerge during the day. They are capable of morphological color change, being pinkish in hue during the morning hours, and a darker grey in the afternoon or during rainy days.
The behavior of African ghost crabs and tufted ghost crabs is distinct from that of other crabs found in the same region. African ghost crabs usually forage for food in the moist sand just above the breaking waves. At the slightest sign of danger (even when the intruder sighted is still more than away), they race in a zigzagging path back to their burrows to hide. As such they are very difficult to catch. However, they can usually be found about deep if their burrows are dug up. When captured, they may assume an inert pose but will revive and race away to find hiding places when the opportunity arises. When their burrows are destroyed, African ghost crabs may mill about confusedly, attempt to enter other burrows (though they are usually evicted immediately by the owner after a brief fight), or disappear into the sea.
Distribution
African ghost crabs are native to the eastern Atlantic coast of western Africa, from Mauritania to Namibia. They are sympatric with the tufted ghost crab (Ocypode cursor), but are easily distinguishable, as they do not possess the tufts of hair on the tip of the eyestalks that characterize the latter. Their burrows are usually found in the same beaches as tufted ghost crabs. However, they commonly dig their burrows further up from the sea than tufted ghost crabs.
Economic importance
African ghost crabs are edible, but are too small to be eaten in the usual way crabs are consumed. Like tufted ghost crabs, they can be cooked in a crab soup known as potage au tourlourou, but they are rarely caught for human consumption.
Conservation
The number and density of ghost crab burrows are regarded as valuable ecological indicators for quickly assessing the impact of human disturbance on beach habitats. A 2011 study discovered that the density and number of African ghost crab burrows tend to be higher and with larger diameter burrows in moderately disturbed beaches in comparison to highly disturbed areas (characterized by the presence of seawalls, foot traffic, and inorganic pollutants).
See also
Heloecius - the semaphore crab
References
External links
Ocypodoidea
Crustaceans described in 1881
Taxa named by Johannes Govertus de Man
Crabs of the Atlantic Ocean
Crustaceans of Africa
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41039425
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Pharmaceutical%20Education%20and%20Research%2C%20Raebareli
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National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli
|
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-Raebareli) established 2008, is an Indian public pharmacy research university running from a transit campus at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It a part of the seven National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, under India's Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. The institute offers Masters and Doctoral degrees in pharmaceutical sciences. As an Institute of National Importance it plays an important role in the Human Resource Development for the ever growing Indian Pharmaceutical industry, which has been in the forefront of India’s science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in drug manufacturing.
The institute offers a 2-year PG degree course; MS (Pharm.) in 3 disciplines ( Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutics).(CDRI-Lucknow)Central Drug Research Institute is a mentor institute for NIPER-R and Doctoral program in pharmaceutical sciences with innovation in drug delivery, pharmacology and Bio-pharmaceutics is one of the pivotal criteria.
Facilities are available with CDRI which provides training to the 2nd year masters students and research scholars.
Campus
Institute is running from a transit campus situated in Lucknow's Heera Lal Yadav Institute of Technology and Management campus.
Collaborations
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
IDPL Haridwar
FFDC Kannauj
Era University
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
See also
Pharmacy College Saifai
AIIMS Raebareli
References
External links
Home page
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Universities and colleges in Lucknow
Research institutes in Lucknow
Pharmacy colleges in Uttar Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 2008
2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
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41039449
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20Lima%20Challenger%20%E2%80%93%20Singles
|
2013 Lima Challenger – Singles
|
Guido Andreozzi was the defending champion, but lost to compatriot Martín Alund in the quarterfinals.
Top seed Horacio Zeballos won the title defeating Facundo Bagnis 6–7(4–7), 6–3, 6–3.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
Lima Challenger - Singles
2013 Singles
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41039458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell%20Me%20Why%20%28Earl%20Thomas%20Conley%20song%29
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Tell Me Why (Earl Thomas Conley song)
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"Tell Me Why" is a song written by John Booth Aclin, and recorded by the American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in October 1981 as the third single from the album Fire & Smoke. The song reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Track chart.
Chart performance
References
1981 singles
Earl Thomas Conley songs
RCA Records singles
1981 songs
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41039459
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Pharmaceutical%20Education%20and%20Research%2C%20Guwahati
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National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati
|
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-Guwahati) established 2008, is an Indian public Pharmacy research university, and a part of the seven schools, under India's Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. It is located at Sila Katamur, Changsari in Kamrup district of Assam. The institute offers Masters and Doctoral degrees in pharmaceutical sciences. As an Institute of National Importance it plays an important role in the Human Resource Development for the ever-growing Indian Pharmaceutical industry, which has been in the forefront of India’s science-based industries with wide-ranging capabilities in this important field of drug manufacture.
History
NIPER-Guwahati started functioning from the month of September, 2008. The institute was inaugurated by the Hon'ble Union Minister for Fertilizers and Chemicals and Steel, Shri Ram Vilas Paswan on Sept 16th 2008. The foundation stone for the permanent campus at Changsari, Guwahati was laid on 30 May 2015 by Union Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers Shri Ananth Kumar in the presence of Chief Minister of Assam Shri Tarun Gogoi and Minister of State (i/c) for Youth Affairs and Sports Shri Sarbananda Sonowal.
Academics
Academic programmes
The institute offers a 2-year PG degree course; M.S (Pharm.), M.Pharm, and M.Tech in 8 disciplines (Pharmacology & Toxicology, Pharmacy practice, Pharmaceutical analysis, Pharmaceutics, Biotechnology, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations) and Medical Devices).
It also offers 5 year Phd courses.
The institute has newly introduced course M.Tech in Medical Devices by collaborating with IIT Guwahati.
Admission
Admissions into any programme in NIPER Guwahati are based on Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) followed by Joint Entrance Examination organized and conducted by NIPERs every year.
Ranking
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati was ranked 11 in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) pharmacy ranking in 2020.
Academic Departments
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Biotechnology
Pharmacy Practice
Medicinal Chemistry
Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutical Analysis
Medical Devices
Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations)
References
Pharmacy schools in India
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Pharmaceutical industry of India
Research institutes in Assam
Universities and colleges in Guwahati
Educational institutions established in 2008
2008 establishments in Assam
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41039475
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20California%20lieutenant%20gubernatorial%20election
|
2014 California lieutenant gubernatorial election
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The 2014 California lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 2014, to elect the lieutenant governor of California. Incumbent Democratic Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom ran for re-election to a second term in office.
A primary election was held on June 3, 2014. Under California's nonpartisan blanket primary law, all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation. The top two finishers — regardless of party — advance to the general election in November, even if a candidate manages to receive a majority of the votes cast in the primary election. Washington is the only other state with this system, a so-called "top two primary" (Louisiana has a similar "jungle primary"). Newsom and Republican Ron Nehring finished first and second, respectively, and contested the general election, which Newsom won.
Primary election
Candidates
Democratic Party
Declared
Eric Korevaar, mechanical/aerospace engineer, candidate for governor in 2003 and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2010
Gavin Newsom, incumbent Lieutenant Governor
Withdrew
Michael Crosby
Larry K. Reed
Republican Party
Declared
Zachary Collins, business owner
David Fennell, entrepreneur
Ron Nehring, strategist, commentator and former Chairman of the California Republican Party
George Yang, software developer
Withdrew
Ernie Konnyu, former U.S. Representative
Green Party
Declared
Jena F. Goodman, student
Peace and Freedom Party
Declared
Amos Johnson, security guard
Americans Elect
Declared
Alan Reynolds, businessman
Results
General election
Polling
Results
References
External links
California Lieutenant Governor election, 2014 at Ballotpedia
Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
Official campaign websites
Eric Korevaar for Lieutenant Governor
Ron Nehring for Lieutenant Governor
Gavin Newsom for Lieutenant Governor
Alan Reynolds for Lieutenant Governor
Lieutenant Governor
California
2014
Gavin Newsom
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41039484
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zea%20perennis
|
Zea perennis
|
Zea perennis, the perennial teosinte, is a true grass species in the genus Zea and a teosinte.
Taxonomy
It is one of the two perennial species in the genus Zea. The other perennial, Z. diploperennis, is the sister taxon of Z. perennis. Those two species also form a clade with Z. luxurians. Together, the three species make up the Luxuriantes section in the genus Zea. Z. perennis is the sole tetraploid in the genus and fertile hybrids with diploid Zea species are rare. Ribosomal ITS evidence suggested introgression between Z. perennis and Z. mays that must have come from either crossing the ploidy barrier or been from the diploid ancestral pool. Z. perennis is generally considered to be an autotetraploid from some ancestral population of Z. diploperennis.
Agriculture
Due to the economic importance of maize, significant scientific interest exists in using the genes of the other Zea species for crop improvement. Z. perennis is of particular interest because of the potential for maize to become a perennial crop. However, difficulty in using genes from Z. perennis in Z. mays mays for crop improvement has occurred because the genes used often contain unwanted teosinte traits. Z. perennis is tropical and not winter hardy, which has led to problems in using its genes to make a perennial form of maize. To overcome this, breeding efforts have focused on deeper rhizomes that can survive below the frost line.
References
External links
perennis
Grasses of Mexico
Flora of Jalisco
Plants described in 1942
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41039502
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20the%20Philippine%20Flag
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Evolution of the Philippine Flag
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The Evolution of the Philippine Flag () is a set of flags consisting of select banners of the Katipunan of the Philippine Revolution. Often displayed with the flag of the First Republic, it is sometimes erroneously interpreted to imply the chronology of the national flag of the Philippines.
Background
The "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" is a set of various flags of the Katipunan revolutionary group of the Philippine Revolution. Three of the flags are organizational flags of the Katipunan, while others were personal flags or battle standards of Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Llanera, Pio del Pilar, and Gregorio del Pilar. The name of the set erroneously suggest that the modern Flag of the Philippines was derived or "evolved" from the flags used by the Katipunan and all of the flags themselves were national flags.
The Manila Historical Institute and the National Historical Institute had insisted that the flags in the set, excluding the modern Philippine flag, are "Flags of the Philippine Revolution". Historians also questioned the limited number of flags included in the set. It is pointed out that the "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set only represents a small fraction of flags used by Katipunan battalions.
Flags
Discrepancies
The flag with the singular "K" is not part of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' version of the Evolution of Philippine Flag.
According to historian Xiao Chua, there is no evidence supporting the historical usage of three of the flags in the set namely the purpoted flags of the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions, as well as the red flag with a white anthropomorphic sun. Chua noted discrepancies such as the supposed Magdiwang flag sometimes attributed as the Magdalo flag. Chua states that a separate flag, not part of the set, was used for the first Tagalog Republic formed by the Katipunan, regardless of faction.
Usage
The flags has been presented as the "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" as early as 1972 as part of a postal stamp series. The set were featured also featured during the Philippine Centennial celebration of 1998.
See also
Flags of the Philippine Revolution
References
External links
"The Evolution of the Philippine Flag." MSC's Philippine Centennial Celebration Website.
"History of the Philippine Flag." National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
Flags of the Philippines
Flag controversies
Historical controversies
Controversies in the Philippines
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41039513
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20West%20Gas%20Pipeline%20%28India%29
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East West Gas Pipeline (India)
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Pipeline Infrastructure Limited or East West Gas Pipeline (EWPL) is a project implemented to transport gas from Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh) to Bharuch (Gujarat) including various spurs and interconnects on the way. EWPL traverses through the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat. EWPL has been authorized as a common carrier pipeline. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of India Infrastructure Trust, which is owned by Brookfield Asset Management.
The East West Gas Pipeline supplies Natural gas to RIL's vast petrochemical complex at Gujarat and delivers gas to numerous customers via branch line connections along its length. The pipeline system features multiple compressor stations, numerous metering facilities at branch take-offs and an advanced control and communications network. The project is the first and largest privately owned cross-country pipeline in India and the backbone of India's burgeoning natural gas grid.
Gas source
The current gas source for EWPL is KG-D6 gas block located in Krishna Godavari Basin, 30 to 50 km offshore of the east coast of India. RIL has set up an Onshore Terminal at Gadimoga near Kakinada.
System configuration
EWPL is a uniform diameter (API 5L Grade X-70) pipeline across the entire trunk length of around 1375 km with wall thicknesses 17.2, 20.7 and 25.4 mm depending on the code requirement. The pipeline is 3LPE (three layer polyethylene) coated; internally epoxy lined, helically spiral submerged arc welded (for 17.2 mm) and longitudinal submerged arc welded (for 20.7 mm and 25.4 mm). Impressed current cathodic protection system has been provided to supplement the coating system for protection against external corrosion. Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) of the pipeline is 98.0 bar(g).
Gas price
In 2020, Indian government fixed the natural gas price at producer end (on shore point) as US on net calorific value (NCV) basis from KG-D6 field. However the enhanced price would be applicable only after compensating the shortfall gas in the previous years. The earlier price of $4.2 per million BTU on gross calorific value (GCV) basis is calculated already at maximum price cap of Brent crude of $60 per barrel (159 liters) under the applicable formula linking the price of gas per million BTU (GP) to the price of oil:
GP = 2.5 + (OP – 25) ^0.15
where OP is the annual average Brent crude price for the previous FY, with a cap of $60 per barrel
and a floor of $25 per barrel. As the annual Brent price has always been above $60 from 2007 to 2014, the revised gas price at $5.61 during the year 2014 is in excess of the applicable maximum price by nearly 20%.
Controversies
Money laundering
EWPL is under investigation by the Indian regulators over potential laundering of $1.2 bn by the company.
See also
Kandla-Gorakhpur LPG Pipeline
HVJ Gas Pipeline
References
External links
Company website
Reliance Industries
Energy in Andhra Pradesh
Natural gas pipelines in India
Energy in Gujarat
Energy in Telangana
Brookfield Asset Management
2008 establishments in India
Infrastructure completed in 2008
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41039518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughter%20of%20Emperor%20Xiaoming%20of%20Northern%20Wei
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Daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei
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The daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei (12 February 528 – after 1 April 528), whose given name is unknown, was briefly the emperor of the Xianbei-led Chinese Northern Wei dynasty. She bore the surname Yuan (), originally Tuoba. Yuan was the only child of Emperor Xiaoming (r. 515–528), born to his concubine Consort Pan. Soon after her birth, her grandmother the Empress Dowager Hu, who was also Xiaoming's regent, falsely declared that she was a boy and ordered a general pardon. Emperor Xiaoming died soon afterwards. On 1 April 528, Empress Dowager Hu installed the infant on the throne for a matter of hours before replacing her with Yuan Zhao the next day. Xiaoming's daughter was not recognised as an emperor (huangdi) by later generations. No further information about her or her mother is available.
Birth
Empress Dowager Hu (d. 528), known posthumously as Empress Dowager Ling, was originally one of Emperor Xuanwu's (483–515, r. 499–515) consorts; she gave birth to his only living heir Yuan Xu (510–528). Following Xuanwu's death, Yuan Xu ascended the throne as Emperor Xiaoming, and Hu was honoured as Consort Dowager, and soon Empress Dowager. Because Emperor Xiaoming was still young, she became his regent. To exert her power as the highest ruler of Northern Wei, she addressed herself as Zhen (), a first-person pronoun reserved for use by the emperor after the Qin dynasty. Officials addressed her as Bixia (), an honorific used when addressing the emperor directly.
When Emperor Xiaoming grew up, however, his mother refused to hand authority over to him. She successfully eliminated many of her opponents, including favourites of the emperor. The ancient Chinese historians who wrote the official history of the Northern Wei portrayed her as promiscuous. Both her lifestyle and her ruling style elicited widespread dissatisfaction among officials and from her son. Emperor Xiaoming gathered the people to oppose her and executed her lover Yuan Yi (元怿) in 520, causing deep hatred from his mother. After several failed attempts to overthrow the empress dowager, Xiaoming secretly ordered General Erzhu Rong to send troops to the capital Luoyang to coerce her into handing over the authority. When she learned about the plot, she discussed strategies with the officials who supported her.
As these events were occurring, on 12 February 528, Consort Pan, one of Emperor Xiaoming's nine concubines, gave birth to a daughter. Empress Dowager Hu falsely declared that the child was a son; she issued an edict the following day, ordering a general pardon and changing the emperor's reign title from Xiaochang (孝昌) to Wutai (武泰).
Accession and dethronement
On 31 March 528, Emperor Xiaoming suddenly died in Xianyang Palace (顯陽殿). The following day (1 April 528), Empress Dowager Hu declared the 50-day-old baby girl Yuan the new emperor, while she herself continued to be regent. She ordered another general pardon. As the year of Emperor Xiaoming's reign had not ended, the era name was not changed and the name "Wutai" remained in use. Empress Dowager Hu continued to be effectively in power.
Within 1 April 528, Empress Dowager Hu issued an edict to dethrone the infant Emperor and declared that Yuan was a girl. She placed Yuan Zhaoson of the deceased Yuan Baohui (元寶暉), Prince of Lintaoon the throne instead. Yuan Zhao ascended the throne on 2 April 528, the day after Empress Dowager Hu issued the edict.
As he was too young to rule, Yuan Zhao was made a puppet emperor under Empress Dowager Hu. The series of events involving her son's death and the installation of the infant girl and the three-year-old Yuan Zhao on the throne occurred to ensure the continuation of her regency.
Outcome
Because Empress Dowager Hu replaced the emperor in an unbridled manner, General Erzhu Rong sent in troops to overthrow her, stating that she had deceived Heaven as well as the Imperial Court by letting the infant girl succeed to the throne. Erzhu Rong made Yuan Ziyou (507–531) emperor. Not long after, Erzhu Rong sent troops to occupy the capital Luoyang, and Empress Dowager Hu and Yuan Zhao were held captive. They were delivered to his camp at Heyin (河陰). Empress Dowager Hu begged him for mercy, but he refused and had her and Yuan Zhao drowned in the Yellow River. Erzhu later killed thousands of Han Chinese officials and their families who had served at the Northern Wei court during her regency. This massacre is known as the Heyin Incident (河陰之變). Erzhu Rong became the highest authority of the empire. From that time on, political power fell into the hands of powerful ministers and warlords. Gao Huan and Yuwen Tai were generals during the Erzhu Rong era who respectively controlled Eastern Wei and Western Wei following the split of the dynasty, while Erzhu controlled the northern part of the empire. This division eventually led to the downfall of the dynasty.
For the acts she committed during her regency, Empress Dowager Hu was discredited and became infamous in history for causing the downfall of the dynasty.
Controversy
Yuan's status as an emperor (huangdi) remains controversial and is not recognised by many. Official historical records have never listed her as a legitimate sovereign because she was a puppet under Empress Dowager Hu and reigned for less than a day. She was also an impostor for the throne as a boy. Hence, Wu Zetian remains as the first and only recognised female huangdi in Chinese history. Researcher Cheng Yang (成扬) believes that the fact that Yuan was the "first female in history to ascend the imperial throne" cannot be denied despite it being a plot by Empress Dowager Hu. According to Cheng, Wu Zetian was not the only female huangdi, but the only one to have reigned over the empire. Luo Yuanzhen (罗元贞), another researcher on Wu, thinks that modern historians should not acknowledge Yuan's title as Huangdi as ancient Chinese historians did not.
Ancestry
In fiction and popular culture
Yuan briefly appeared in Chapter 47Xiao Baoyin's rebellion and capture by Erzhu Rong () of the Romance of the Northern and Southern Dynasties () of Republic of China novelist Cai Dongfan's Popular Romance of Dynasties (); the story largely conforms with the historical account.
See also
Chen Shuozhen, another female monarch of China not widely recognised by future generations
List of shortest-reigning monarchs
Explanatory notes
References
Further reading
528 births
Year of death unknown
6th-century Chinese monarchs
6th-century women monarchs
Empresses regnant
Northern Wei people
Daughters of emperors
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41039519
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashima%20Gakutei
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Yashima Gakutei
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Yashima Gakutei (; 1868) was a Japanese artist and poet who was a pupil of both Totoya Hokkei and Hokusai. Gakutei is best known for his kyōka poetry and surimono works.
Biography
Gakutei was born in Osaka around 1786, though his exact year of birth is somewhat unclear. He was the illegitimate son of the samurai known as Hirata who served under the Tokugawa shogunate. Gakutei's mother later married into the Yashima clan, explaining the artist's name. For some time, he worked in Osaka, focusing chiefly on privately commissioned woodblock prints called surimono in addition to book illustrations. Most of what is known about Gakutei has been surmised from the subjects and context of his work.
Works
Gakutei is noted for the quality in his wood printing works and for his general contributions to the body of ukiyo-e artwork. Specifically, critics have noted his technical prowess and precision, his skill in embossing, and that his specialization in surimono exceeded that of his teacher, Hokkei. Some of his work included a set of five woodblock prints featuring young women performing gagaku, a traditional kind of court music from the Heian period. Each woman plays an instrument: a reed called a shō, a woodwind called a ryūteki, a koto, a stringed instrument called a biwa, and a drum called a tsuri-daiko. Gakutei also illustrated an entire book called the related to the translated Chinese novel Suikoden. Gakutei also created landscapes and seascapes for books, which are rare pieces amongst Hokusai's pupils.
Gakutei is also known for his prolific writing; he wrote many humorous poems called kyōka and used them in his artwork and prints. Additionally, he was responsible for a Japanese translation of Journey to the West, for which he also completed illustrations.
Gallery
References
1786 births
1868 deaths
People from Osaka
Ukiyo-e artists
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41039528
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste.%20Anne%27s%20Hospital
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Ste. Anne's Hospital
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Ste. Anne's Hospital () is a hospital located in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. It primarily serves veterans of the Canadian Forces and is specialized in long-term and geriatric care. It also treats younger veterans for operational stress injuries and post-traumatic stress disorder. The hospital has 446 beds in private rooms and underwent an extensive renovation in 2009.
History
Ste. Anne's Hospital was founded in 1917 in response to the many wounded Canadian veterans returning from World War I. It was built on land leased from McGill University on its Macdonald Campus, in close proximity to major rail lines and roads. In 1950, Veterans Affairs Canada purchased the hospital's grounds, which contained two dozen buildings, from McGill.
Construction for a new hospital began in 1968, in order to replace the original buildings that were intended for temporary use. The new hospital, which is 14 storeys tall, was built so that it could be converted into a general hospital if required. The new hospital accepted its first patients in 1971. In order to comply with provincial standards for long-term care facilities, renovations were undertaken in 2003, which resulted in the construction of a thermal power plant and electrical substation, as well as a new building, the 116-bed Remembrance Pavilion to accommodate patients with cognitive impairment. The Main Pavilion was renovated from 2007 to 2009, and dormitories were converted into 446 private rooms.
It is the last remaining hospital operated by Veterans Affairs Canada. On April 27, 2012, Veterans Affairs Canada and the Government of Quebec signed an agreement to transfer the hospital to provincial jurisdiction. On June 14, 2013, it was announced that Ste. Anne's Hospital would become geriatrics centre, and would be an autonomous entity reporting to the Montreal Health and Social Services Agency.
In February 2021, a $19 million settlement was reached in a class action lawsuit alleging that the quality of care was degraded after the transfer to provincial jurisdictions.
References
External links
Ste. Anne's Hospital - Veterans Affairs Canada
Ste. Anne's Hospital Foundation
Hospital buildings completed in 1917
Hospital buildings completed in 1971
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
Hospitals in Montreal
Canadian veterans' organizations
Hospitals established in 1917
1917 establishments in Quebec
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41039538
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boisguehenneuc%20Bay
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Boisguehenneuc Bay
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Boisguehenneuc Bay (, ‘Zaliv Boisguehenneuc’ \'za-liv bo-a-ge-e-'nyok\) is the 6.9 km wide bay indenting for 2.4 km the northwest coast of Liège Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It is entered northeast of Bebresh Point and southwest of the west extremity of Kran Peninsula, with its head fed by Shterna Glacier. Raklitsa Island is lying in the central part of the bay.
The bay is named after Lieutenant Charles Marc du Boisguehenneuc (1740-1778), a member of the French expedition of Kerguelen-Trémarec who made the first recorded landing south of the Antarctic Convergence, on Kerguelen Island on 14 February 1772.
Location
Boisguehenneuc Bay is centred at . British mapping in 1978.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 63 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1978.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
Notes
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Boisguehenneuc Bay. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
External links
Boisguehenneuc Bay. Copernix satellite image
Bays of Graham Land
Landforms of the Palmer Archipelago
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Liège Island
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41039547
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20perennis
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L. perennis
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L. perennis may refer to:
Lactuca perennis, the blue lettuce or perennial lettuce,a plant species present in most of the Central and Southern Europe
Lupinus perennis, the Indian beet, old maid's bonnets, blue lupine or sundial lupine, a plant species widespread in the eastern part of the United States
See also
Perennis (disambiguation)
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41039553
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20the%20Love%20Slips%20Away
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After the Love Slips Away
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"After the Love Slips Away" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1982 as the fourth single from the album Fire & Smoke. The song reached number 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Chart performance
References
1982 singles
1981 songs
Earl Thomas Conley songs
Songs written by Earl Thomas Conley
RCA Records singles
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41039558
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Brandram
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Samuel Brandram
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Samuel Brandram (1824–1892) was an English barrister, known for his later career as a professional reciter of drama.
Life
Born in London on 8 October 1824, he was the only son of William Caldwell Brandram. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, King's College School, and Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1846, and M.A. three years later. At university he was best known as an athlete, and also founded the initial Oxford Dramatic Society with Frank Talfourd. They performed typically at the Henley Regatta; Brandram danced in Talfourd's Macbeth Travestie in 1847.
After leaving Oxford Brandram became a student at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar on 22 November 1850. He practised as a barrister till 1876, when for financial reasons he took work as a professional reciter, and became a popular performer. He had amateur experience to build on with the Canterbury Old Stagers and the Windsor Strollers, and had played with Albert Richard Smith and Edmund Yates among others. He gave whole or almost complete plays of Shakespeare, or Sheridan.
Brandram's theories on the brisk speaking of Shakespearian dramatic verse were influential on William Poel. While Brandram himself may be called a "forgotten eccentric", Poel was grateful enough to have raised funds for him, and his style of elocution formed part of Poel's drive to Shakespeare productions that were plainer and less self-consciously "poetic".
Brandram died at 6 Bentinck Street, Cavendish Square, London, on 7 November 1892. He was buried three days later in Richmond cemetery.
Works
In 1881 Brandram published Selected Plays of Shakspeare, abridged for the use of the Young; it reached a fourth edition in 1892.
Some passages were printed in full, joined by short narratives. In 1885 appeared Brandram's Speaker: a Set of Pieces in Prose and Verse suitable for Recitation, with an Introductory Essay on Elocution. It was reprinted (without the essay) in 1893, and in the same year he issued a further volume of Selections from Shakespeare.
Family
Brandram married Julia Murray, an actress in Charles Kean's company, and had three sons and three daughters.
Notes
Attribution
1824 births
1892 deaths
English barristers
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
People educated at King's College School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
English male stage actors
19th-century English male actors
19th-century English lawyers
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41039565
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian%20Fung
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Vivian Fung
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Vivian Fung (born 1975) is a JUNO Award-winning Canadian-born composer who writes music for orchestras, operas, quartets, and piano. Her compositions have been performed internationally.
Early life and education
Fung was born in Edmonton, Alberta. She began composition studies with Violet Archer and later studied with Narcis Bonet in Paris. She received her bachelor's degree, masters, and doctorate from The Juilliard School in New York City in 1996, 1997, and 2002, respectively. Her composition mentors included David Diamond and Robert Beaser, piano mentors included György Sándor and Ernesto Lejano, and conducting mentor was Miguel Harth-Beyoda.
Career
NPR calls Fung "one of today's most eclectic composers," and The Philadelphia Inquirer said she has a "stunningly original compositional voice" through her use of blending Western musical forms with musical ideas from many cultures, including Balinese and Javanese gamelan, and folk songs from minority regions of China.
Fung travels often, exploring the diverse cultures of North Vietnam, Spain, and Bali, Indonesia. In 2012, Fung traveled to Southwest China for ethno-musicological research to study minority music and cultures in the Yunnan province. It was a continuation of the research that previously inspired "Yunnan Folk Songs" (2011). The project was commissioned by Fulcrum Point New Music in Chicago with support from the MAP Fund. After the world premiere in March 2011 of Fung's work "Yunnan Folk Songs", The Chicago Tribune wrote, "'Yunnan Folk Songs' stood out ... [with] a winning rawness that went beyond exoticism."
Fung has been the composer-in-residence of the Delaware Chamber Music Festival, the Music in the Loft chamber music series in Chicago, the San Jose Chamber Orchestra, and the Billings Symphony. She also completed residencies at the MacDowell, Yaddo, and Banff arts colonies, as well as residencies at National Sawdust, Alba Music Festival Composition Program, New York State School Music Association, Mostly Modern Festival Institute, Vancouver Symphony Orchestra School of Music, National Orchestra Institute + Festival, and Atlantic Center for the Arts.
In 2012, the Naxos Canadian Classics label released the world premiere recording of Fung's "Violin Concerto #1", her "Piano Concerto (Dreamscapes)", and "Glimpses" for prepared piano, with the Metropolis Ensemble conducted by Andrew Cyr, featuring violinist Kristin Lee, and pianist Conor Hanick. Several of her works have also been released commercially on the Telarc, Çedille, and Signpost labels. Fung's "Violin Concerto" received the 2013 JUNO Award for Classical Composition of the Year.
Fung's "String Quartet No.3" was commissioned by the 11th Banff International String Quartet Competition (BISQC). It was performed by ten string quartets; the American group, the Dover Quartet, won first prize. The Calgary Herald lauded the piece and referred to it as "Dark Journeys". As music critic Stephan Bonfield pointed out, the work is Fung's emotional response to the world conflict during that year, seen from the point of view of her own family's struggles.
Awards
Fung has received a number of awards and grants, including the 2012 Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship, New York Foundation for the Arts’ Gregory Millard Fellowship, and from ASCAP, BMI, the American Music Center, the MAP Fund, Music Alive!, and the League of American Orchestras, American Composers Forum, and the Canada Council for the Arts.
Fung's "Violin Concerto" earned her the 2013 Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year.
Works
Orchestral
Parade (2022) 10' For chamber orchestra. Commissioned by ROCO and premiered by ROCO in Houston, TX on April 29, 2023
Flute Concerto: Storm Within (2021) 20' Versions available for flute solo with chamber orchestra and full orchestra. Commissioned by Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Premiered by the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra on November 11, 2022.
Prayer (2020) 5' For full orchestra. Commissioned by CBC Music in collaboration with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. Premiered by Yannick Nézet-Séguin and 35 musicians representing 26 orchestras across Canada on June 22, 2020.
Trumpet Concerto (2019) 15' For trumpet and chamber orchestra. Commissioned by Mary Elizabeth Bowden and a consortium of orchestras. Premiered by Mary Elizabeth Bowden and the Erie Philharmonic on March 7, 2020.
A Child's Dream of Toys (2018) 11' For full orchestra. Commissioned by Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra and premiered as part of the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra New Music Festival on January 30, 2019.
Concerto for Two Violins and String Orchestra (2018) 15' For two solo violins and strings. Commissioned by Manitoba Chamber Orchestra and premiered on March 19, 2019.
Earworms (2018) 12' For full orchestra. Commissioned by Canada's National Arts Centre Orchestra and premiered March 22, 2018 in Ottawa and Toronto, Canada.
Baroque Melting (2017) 6' For harpsichord and divisi strings. Commissioned by San José Chamber Orchestra and premiered on October 8, 2017.
Launch! (2016) 2' For full orchestra. Commissioned by Toronto Symphony Orchestra and premiered on February 4, 2017.
Biennale Snapshots (2015) 23' For full orchestra. Commissioned for the Vancouver Biennale, in celebration of the 2014-2016 Open Air Museum installations. Premiered by the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra on September 26 and 28, 2015.
Graffiti Mashup (2015) 7' For full orchestra. Commissioned for the Vancouver Biennale, in celebration of the 2014-2016 Open Air Museum installations. Premiered by the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra on September 26 and 28, 2015.
Violin Concerto No. 2: Of Snow and Ice (2014) 24' For violin and full orchestra. Commissioned by Toronto Symphony Orchestra and premiered on February 28, 2015.
Fanfare (2014) 6' For full orchestra. Commissioend by Alabama Symphony and premiered February 2014.
Harp Concerto (2013) 22' For harp, perucssion, and strings. Co-commissioned by Alabama Symphony, Staatstheater Karlsruhe, Metropolis Ensemble, The Phillips Collection, and San José Chamber Orchestra and premiered by Alabama Symphony on February 5, 2014.
Aqua (2012) 5' For full orchestra. Commissioned by the Chicago Sinfonietta and premiered on June 8–9, 2013 in Chicago, Illinois.
Dust Devils (2011, rev. 2014) 10' For full orchestra. Commissioned by Eastern Music Festival for their 50th anniversary and premiered on July 30, 2011, in Greensboro, NC.
Violin Concerto No. 1 (2011) 21' For violin and chamber orchestra. Commissioned by Metropolis Ensemble and premiered September 15, 2011 in New York.
Piano Concerto: Dreamscapes (2009) 25' For piano and chamber orchestra. Commissioned by Metropolis Ensemble and premiered on November 19–20, 2009 in Le Poisson Rouge, New York.
String Sinfonietta (2008, rev. 2011) 18' For string orchestra. Commissioned by San José Chamber Orchestra and premiered May 2008.
Butterfly Variations (2005) 18'. For string orchestra. Part of Music Alive! composer-in-residence program with San José Chamber Orchestra, co-sponsored by Meet the Composer and the American Symphony Orchestra League.
Pizzicato (2001) 4' Third movement of string quartet, arranged for string orchestra. Premiered by San José Chamber Orchestra December 2001
Three Love Songs in Chinese (2001) 12'. For soprano and chamber orchestra. Text: Chinese Love Poetry in Mandarin
Concertino Notturno (1999) 15'. For solo flute, harpsichord, and strings. Commissioned by San José Chamber Orchestra and premiered June 2001.
Blaze (1998) 13' For full orchestra. Commissioned by Seattle Symphony Orchestra and premiered May 4, 1998.
Large Ensembles
Indigenous Rites: Concerto for baritone saxophone and brass band (2013) 13' For baritone saxophone and brass band. Commissioned by the Hannaford Street Silver Band and premiered October 20, 2013 in Toronto, Ontario.
Gamelan Grunge (2012) 8' Arrangement of Kreasi Mekanis Mainan ("Mechanical Toys"). Premiered September 2012 by CONTACT Contemporary Ensemble in Toronto, Ontario.
Kreasi Mekanis Mainan ("Mechanical Toys") (2012) 8' For samara dana gamelan ensemble. Commissioned by Queens College, Gamelan Yowana Sari and premiered December 2012 at Queens College, New York.
The Shaman Speaks (2009, rev. 2012) 4' Written for clarinet choir, arranged for saxophone choir. Premiered December 2012 by the University of Toronto saxophone choir.
Chamber Music
Down and Dirty for clarinet and piano (2023) 18' Commissioned by Cape Cod Chamber Music Festival and premiered August 11, 2023.
Ominous Machine II for 2 piano and 2 percussion (2022-2023) 14' Commissioned by the Network for New Music and premiered May 7, 2023 at the Settlement Music School in Philadelphia, PA.
Ominous Machine for piano trio (2021) 5' Premiered November 7, 2023 at the San Francisco Conservatory.
String Quartet No. 5 (2021) 13'30" Commissioned by Lafayette String Quartet and premiered February 11, 2022 at the University of Victoria, British Columbia.
Sparks for flute, yangqin, and percussion (2021) 11' Commissioned and premiered by Tangram Collective in 2022.
Corona Morphs for pierrot ensemble and percussion (2021) 15' Commissioned by Standing Wave Ensemble and premiered November 29, 2021 in Vancouver.
(Un)Wandering Souls for percussion quartet (2021) 3' Commissioned by Cambodian Living Arts and Metropolis Ensemble and premiered March 18, 2021.
String Quartet No. 4 "Insects and Machines" (2019) 12' Commissioned by Red Bank Chamber Music Society and premiered by the American String Quartet on May 5, 2019.
Shifting Landscapes for string quartet (2018) 4' Commissioned by Ensemble Made in Canada.
Frenetic Memories for clarinet and string quartet (2017) 15' Commissioned by The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, The Philadelphia Chamber Music Society, and Chamber Music Northwest. Premiered November 9, 2017.
Bounce for French horn, violin, and piano (2016) 12' Commissioned by Women's Musical Club of Toronto and premiered November 24, 2016.
Twist for violin and guitar (2014) 13' Commissioned by Astral Artists and premiered April 25, 2014 in Philadelphia, PA.
The Voices Inside My Head for percussion (2014) 15' Commissioned by the Bowdoin International Music Festival and premiered August 6, 2014.
String Quartet No. 3 (2013) 10' Commissioned by the Banff Centre and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and premiered August 26-September 1, 2013.
Birdsong for violin and piano (2012) 10' Commissioned by the Delaware Chamber Music Festival and premiered June 22, 2012.
Javanese Court Song for flute and piano (2011) 3' Commissioned by the New Jersey Music Teachers' Association.
String Quartet No. 2 (2009) 18' Commissioned by Shanghai Quartet and premiered April 23, 2009 in Washington D.C.
Billy Collins Suite for clarinet, cello, and piano (2008, rev. 2016) 12' Commissioned by Music in the Loft (MILT), John Bruce Yeh, and the Lincoln Trio. Premiered May 4, 2008.
Miniatures for clarinet and string quartet (2005, rev. 2016) 13' Commissioned by Music in the Loft and premiered November 19, 2005 in Chicago, IL.
Night Impressions for traditional Chinese instruments (2005) 18' Commissioned by Music from China and premiered November 5, 2005.
String Quartet No. 1 (2003) 18' Commissioned by Composer Assistance Program of the American Music Center and premiered January 24, 2004 in Columbus, OH.
Chanted Rituals for trumpet/flugelhorn and percussion (2002) 14' Commissioned by The Modern Trio and premiered April 28, 2002 in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Pizzicato for string quartet (2001) 4' Commissioned by Composer Assistance Program of the American Music Center and premiered January 24, 2004 in Columbus, OH.
Scherzo for piano trio (1998) 4' Commissioned by Friends of Today's Music
Rhapsody for trumpet and piano (1995) 8' Commissioned by Banff Centre for the Arts and premiered July 5, 1995.
Solo works
Sparkle for percussion (2023) 3' Commissioned by Ensemble For These Times and premiered June 3, 2023.
Shimmer for percussion (2022) 3' Commissioned by Ensemble For These Times and premiered April 9, 2022.
Apéritif for trumpet (2021) 1'30" Commissioned by Mary Elizabeth Bowden and premiered September 14, 2021 at the Festival of New Trumpet Music.
The Ice Is Talking for percussion and electronics (2018) 12' Commissioned by Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity and premiered July 7, 2018 at Banff, AB, Canada.
Humanoid for cello and prerecorded electronics (2017) 14' Commissioned by Manhattan Chamber Players, Arts on the Ave, International Contemporary Ensemble, Rachel Mercer, San José Chamber Orchestra, and Astral Artists. Premiered August 27, 2017 at the Crescent City Chamber Music Festival in New Orleans, LA.
Sketch for cello and electronics (2015) 4' Commissioned by Manhattan Chamber Players and premiered December 7, 2015 in New York, New York.
Primitive Dance and Folksong for piano (2011) Commissioned by the New Jersey Music Teachers Association and premiered at the New Jersey Music Teachers Association Conference November 19, 2011.
Keeping Time for piano (2011) 4' Commissioned by the New Jersey Music Teachers Association and premiered at the New Jersey Music Teachers Association Conference November 19, 2011.
Glimpses for piano (2006, rev. 2016) 10' Commissioned by Jenny Lin and premiered April 2006 at the Miami ISCM Festival.
Silhouettes for erhu (1997) 5' Premiered March 12, 1997 at Clark Studio Theater in New York, New York.
Choral/Vocal
Pot Roast à La RBG (2018) 4' For voice and piano. Commissioned by Jane and James Ginsburg in celebration of Ruth Bader Ginsburg's 80th birthday.
Yunnan Folk Songs (2011) 19' For mezzo-soprano, baritone, flute, oboe, calrinet, sheng horn (Chinese reed), percussion, violin, viola, and cello. Commissioned by Fulcrum Point New Music Project in Chicago and premiered March 22, 2011 in Chicago, IL.
Recommendation (2008) 7' For mixed a cappella choir and percussion. Commissioned by Suwon Civic Chorale and premiered May 28, 2010 in Suwon, South Korea.
Sanci Kuni (2010) 4' For mixed a cappella choir. Commissioned by Suwon Civic Chorale and premiered May 28, 2010 in Suwon, South Korea.
Kecak Attack! (2008) 4' For mixed a cappella choir. Commissioned by Suwon Civic Chorale and premiered May 28, 2010 in Suwon, South Korea.
Six Haiku (2004) 10' For baritone and piano. Commissioned by Vox Series and premiered May 25, 2004 in Symphony Space, NY as part of the Vox Series sponsored by New York City Opera and American Opera Projects.
Kecak! (2004) 4' For mixed a cappella choir. Commissioned by Pacific Mozart Ensemble and premiered April 20, 2004 in San Francisco, CA.
Songs of Childhood (2002) 8' For voice and piano. Commissioned by Atlantic Center for the Arts and premiered May 2002 in Tuscany, Italy.
Night Songs (1999) 18' For mezzo-soprano and mixed chamber ensemble. Commissioned by Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble and premiered April 19, 1999 in Pittsburgh, PA.
Opera
Two Opera Scenes: Grover and Friends/Alarm (2021) 8' For soprano and one percussionist. Commissioned by Edmonton Opera as part of the Wild Rose Project. Premiered October 2021.
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2006) For Operatic voice. Commissioned by Drama of Works and premiered from October 31, 2006, to November 5, 2006, in New York, New York.
The Night Singer (2004) Mini-opera for soprano, tenor, bass-baritone, and piano. Commissioned by American Opera Projects and premiered October 7–8, 2004 in Brooklyn, New York.
Discography
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian composers
Musicians from Edmonton
Juilliard School alumni
Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year winners
21st-century classical composers
Canadian classical composers
Canadian women classical composers
21st-century women composers
21st-century Canadian women musicians
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41039620
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314%20Plunket%20Shield%20season
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2013–14 Plunket Shield season
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The 2013–14 Plunket Shield was the 85th season of official First-class cricket in New Zealand. The competition started on 27 October 2013, and finished on 26 February 2014. Canterbury won the tournament for the seventeenth time after a victory against Central Districts in the final round of matches.
Teams
Points distribution
Batting Bonus Points are awarded in relation to the number of runs scored after 110 overs are bowled in the first innings.
Bowling Bonus Points are awarded in relation to the number of wickets taken after 110 overs are bowled in the first innings.
Points table
Fixtures and results
References
Plunket Shield
2013–14 New Zealand cricket season
Plunket Shield
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41039631
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caio%20Castro
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Caio Castro
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Caio de Castro Castanheira (born 22 January 1989), is a Brazilian actor, model and amateur racing driver who competes in the Porsche GT3 Carrera Cup Series.
Early life
Castro was born in Praia Grande, a city located on the coast of the state of São Paulo. At age 18, Caio left his parents' home in São Paulo to live in an apartment in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro. Caio was discovered in a contest on Caldeirão do Huck television show, before that he worked with event production.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Male actors from São Paulo (state)
Brazilian male film actors
Brazilian male television actors
Brazilian male models
21st-century Brazilian male actors
People from Praia Grande
Sportspeople from São Paulo (state)
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41039668
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raklitsa%20Island
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Raklitsa Island
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Raklitsa Island (, ) is the rocky island in Boisguehenneuc Bay lying 650 m off the northwest coast of Liège Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. The island is 350 m long in east-west direction and 120 m wide.
The island is named after the settlement of Raklitsa in Southeastern Bulgaria.
Location
Raklitsa Island is located at , 2.7 km southwest of Moureaux Point and 5.38 km east-northeast of Bebresh Point. British mapping in 1978.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 63 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1978.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Raklitsa Island. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
External links
Raklitsa Island. Copernix satellite image
Islands of the Palmer Archipelago
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
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41039674
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anica%20Savi%C4%87%20Rebac
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Anica Savić Rebac
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Anica Savić-Rebac (; 4 October 1892 — 7 October 1953) was a Serbian writer, classical philologist, translator, professor at the University of Belgrade. She wrote a number of essays and books about Njegoš, Goethe, Sophocles, Spinoza, Thomas Mann, Greek mystical philosophers, Plato, theory of literature. She also translated a number of works from Serbian into English, most notably The Ray of the Microcosm by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš.
Anica Savić Rebac appears under the name of Milica in travel book Black Lamb and Grey Falcon by Rebecca West. In this book she is not only a new friend, but also the intellectual guide who eventually reveals to Rebecca West the rituals which would lead the author to the clue metaphor of her vision of the Balkans.
Works
Geteov Helenizam (1933)
Ljubav u filozofiji Spinozinoj (1933)
Mistična i tragična misao kod Grka (1934)
Štefan George (1934)
Platonska i hrišćanska ljubav (1936)
Kallistos (1937)
Tomas Man i problematika naših dana (1937)
Njegoš, Kabala i Filon
Njegoš i bogumilstvo
Pesnik i njeogova pozicija
'Večeri na moru (1929)
Predplatonska erotologija (1932),
Antička estetika i nauka o književnosti (1954)
Helenski vidici (1966)
Translations
The Ray of the Microcosm (1957)
Der Strahl des Mikrocosmos''
References
Writers from Novi Sad
Serbian women writers
Classical philologists
Women classical scholars
1892 births
1953 suicides
1953 deaths
Suicides by firearm in Serbia
20th-century Serbian people
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41039676
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s%20Gonna%20Fall%20Here%20Tonight
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Love's Gonna Fall Here Tonight
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"Love's Gonna Fall Here Tonight" is a song written by Kendal Franceschi, and recorded by American country music artist Razzy Bailey. It was released in August 1982 as the first single from the album A Little More Razz. The song reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Chart performance
References
1982 singles
Razzy Bailey songs
Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery (songwriter)
RCA Records singles
1982 songs
Songs written by Kendal Franceschi
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41039708
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steigerkopf
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Steigerkopf
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The Steigerkopf, also colloquially called the Schänzel, near Edenkoben in the county of Südliche Weinstraße in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, is a mountain, , in the Palatine Forest. At the summit, which lies on the territory of Gommersheim, is the Schänzel tower.
Location
The Steigerkopf lies in the eastern part of the Palatine Forest in the eponymous nature park. Its summit rises about 7 kilometres west-northwest of the small town of Edenkoben on the western rim of a group of mountains that are all over 600 m; 4 kilometres to the northeast is the highest peak in the Palatine Forest, the Kalmit (672.6 m). The summit and those parts of the mountain in the northeast belong to the forest parish of Gommersheim, which form an exclave of this municipality around 17 km to the west of Gommersheim itself. Geologically the Steigerkopf is a northwestern outlier of the 661.8 m high Kesselberg, whose top is 2 km (as the crow flies) away. The Modenbach, a right tributary of Speyerbach, rises on the southwestern flank of the mountain on which the Gommersheim Forest lies.
History
Schänzel
Colloquially the Steigerkopf has also been referred to as the Schänzel ("little rampart") since about 4,500 Prussian soldiers built a sconce there in summer 1794. The earthworks were built to delay the 7,000 French Revolutionary troops who had been dispatched to conquer the German territories west of the Rhine. The French were victorious, however, following the decisive and bloody Battle of Trippstadt on 12 and 13 Jul 1794, after a local hunter from the nearby village of Dernbach had guided them into the rear of the Prussian position on the second day. The Prussian commander, General (1727–1794), was taken prisoner after being severely wounded and died the same day.
Schänzel tower
In 1874, the Schänzel Tower (Schänzelturm) was built at the summit of the Steigerkopf in memory of the defeated Prussians in recognition of German victory in the 1871 Franco-Prussian War. It is an octagonal observation tower, 13 metres high and made of hewn bunter sandstone. The viewing platform on top of the tower is protected by railings.
The observation tower was dedicated in 1894, a hundred years after the 1794 battle, by the Schänzelturm Society of Edenkoben as follows:
Gallery
References
Further reading
Mountains and hills of Rhineland-Palatinate
Mountains and hills of the Palatinate Forest
Mountains under 1000 metres
Südliche Weinstraße
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41039719
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri%20Lanka%27s%20Unfinished%20War
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Sri Lanka's Unfinished War
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Sri Lanka's Unfinished War is a 2013 documentary examining the alleged genocide and crimes against humanity against Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sri Lankan Government. It was presented by Frances Harrison former BBC correspondent to Sri Lanka, and was first screened on the BBC World News on November 9, 2013. Sri Lanka's Unfinished War which presents harrowing cases of testimony from interviewees, brings to light evidence on the systematic post-war rape and torture in detention, organized by the State on the Tamil minority in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan Government denied the evidence that was put forth to them from the video..
Content
The thirty-minute documentary exhibited witness statements of men and women that alleged to have faced rape and torture by the Sri Lankan forces as recently as August 2013. Victims say they were kidnapped, raped, burned with cigarettes, suffocated, beaten with pipes and burned with metal rods and forced to sign confessions in a language they couldn’t understand. Independent experts and medical reports verified the accounts of the victims to be credible and legitimate.
Victim accounts
Harrowing accounts of the victims appear throughout the documentary. One victim, Nandini stated that, she was picked up from her home earlier this year, driven blindfolded in a van and repeatedly raped by a succession of men in military and civilian clothing. Dr Alison Callaway, a doctor who is an expert witness for the UK courts and who had investigated over 200 cases of alleged torture from Sri Lanka in the last five years, concluded the physical and psychological evidence corroborated her story of recent rape and torture.
Another victim Ravi who was detained for 4 years under the Government's 'rehabilitation' program, claimed that he was beaten, suffocated and abused severely while in the military's custody.
Siva, who has papers to prove when and where he was held by the Government, also was subjected to such intense torture and abuse before he could move out of the country.
Observations
Analyzing findings from the BBC, United Nations and other human rights groups, a leading British lawyer Kirsty Brimelow said:
Charu Lata Hogg, Associate Fellow Chatham House, who wrote the report, tells the programme:
See also
Sri Lanka's Killing Fields
Sri Lanka's Killing Fields: War Crimes Unpunished
No Fire Zone
References
2013 television films
2013 films
Documentary films about human rights
Documentary films about the Sri Lankan Civil War
BBC World News
BBC television documentaries
Documentary films alleging war crimes
War crimes in the Sri Lankan Civil War
2010s English-language films
2010s British films
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41039741
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainoa%20%28shopping%20centre%29
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Ainoa (shopping centre)
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Ainoa is a shopping centre located in Tapiola, Espoo, Finland. Its first phase was opened on 24 October 2013 in a 1979 building that housed the Tapiola Sokos department house until 2011. During the renovation, the building was extended both upwards and downwards.
Ainoa has five floors and about 100 shops, such as K-supermarket, Little Bouquet Factory, Stockmann, Alko, H&M, Clas Ohlson, Cubus, Stadium, BR-Lelut and Kultajousi.
The parking hall in connection with Ainoa has approximately 450 parking spaces. Ainoa has good bus connections to other parts of Espoo and the neighbouring city of Helsinki. Ainoa is accessible from the Helsinki Metro through the Länsimetro extension. In the future Ainoa will have a central parking hall with approximately 2000 parking spaces.
External links
Shopping centres in Espoo
Tapiola
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41039778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella%20nautarum
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Legionella nautarum
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Legionella nautarum is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella which was isolated from a hot water tap in London.
References
External links
Type strain of Legionella nautarum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Legionellales
Bacteria described in 1993
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41039783
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort%20municipality
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Resort municipality
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A resort municipality is a type of municipal status in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Prince Edward Island. British Columbia also has a related municipal status type of mountain resort municipality.
The lone resort municipality in British Columbia is Whistler, which was created by the Resort Municipality of Whistler Act. In Prince Edward Island, the Resort Municipality of Stanley Bridge, Hope River, Bayview, Cavendish and North Rustico was established as a resort municipality in 1990. The Government of Prince Edward Island's Municipal Government Act prevents the incorporation of any new resort municipalities.
See also
List of municipalities in British Columbia
List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
List of summer villages in Alberta
Mountain resort municipalities:
Jumbo Glacier, British Columbia
Sun Peaks, British Columbia
Municipal government in Canada
Resort town
References
Census divisions of Canada
Local government in Canada
Municipalities
Subdivisions of Canada
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41039798
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shterna%20Glacier
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Shterna Glacier
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Shterna Glacier (, ) is the glacier extending 3.6 km in east-west direction and 2.2 km in north-south direction on Liège Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It is situated northeast of Sigmen Glacier, draining the north slopes of Brugmann Mountains and flowing northwards into Boisguehenneuc Bay.
The glacier is named after the settlement of Shterna in Southern Bulgaria.
Location
Shterna Glacier is centred at . British mapping in 1978.
See also
List of glaciers in the Antarctic
Glaciology
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 63 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1978.
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1978.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Shterna Glacier SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
External links
Shterna Glacier. Copernix satellite image
Glaciers of the Palmer Archipelago
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Liège Island
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41039808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m%20Gonna%20Hurt%20Her%20on%20the%20Radio
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I'm Gonna Hurt Her on the Radio
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"I'm Gonna Hurt Her on the Radio" is a song written by Mac McAnally and Tom Brasfield. The song was first recorded by Keith Whitley in 1984, but went unreleased until five years after his death in 1994 on the Keith Whitley: A Tribute Album. The first release of the song was by The Bellamy Brothers on their 1985 album Howard & David, and then shortly thereafter by David Allan Coe on his 1985 album Unchained. Coe's version went to number 52 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart that year.
The most successful version of the song was recorded by American country music artist Charley Pride as "I'm Gonna Love Her on the Radio". and released in May 1988 as the second single and title track from the album I'm Gonna Love Her on the Radio. Pride's single reached number 13 on the same chart.
Shenandoah also released a version on their 1987 self-titled debut album.
Chart performance
David Allan Coe
Charley Pride
References
Songs about radio
1985 singles
1988 singles
David Allan Coe songs
The Bellamy Brothers songs
Charley Pride songs
Shenandoah (band) songs
Keith Whitley songs
Songs written by Tom Brasfield
Songs written by Mac McAnally
1985 songs
Columbia Nashville Records singles
16th Avenue Records singles
Song recordings produced by Billy Sherrill
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41039835
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo%20Ronchi
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Edo Ronchi
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Edo Ronchi (born 31 May 1950) is an Italian engineer and politician. He served as minister of environment and protection of land and sea from 1996 to 2000 in three different cabinets. He was the first Green politician to hold a cabinet post in Italy.
Early life and education
Ronchi was born in Treviglio on 31 May 1950. He holds an electrical engineering degree from the Politecnico di Milano.
Career and activities
Ronchi had a revolutionary communist political leaning. Later he became a member of the Federation of the Greens. He joined the party in 1983 and became a member of its steering committee in 1989. He was elected to the Italian Parliament in 1983. In 1989 he was elected to the European Parliament, but resigned from office after serving in the post just for one month to concentrate on his initiative, namely Rainbow Greens, which he had cofounded with Francesco Rutelli earlier in 1989. In 1992 Ronchi became senator and was the leader of the Federation of the Greens in the Italian Senate.
He was named minister of environment on 17 May 1996 to the cabinet headed by Prime Minister Romano Prodi. Ronchi became the first member of the party who assumed a cabinet post in the country.
After serving in the post in the first cabinet of Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema on 21 December 1999 Ronchi was reappointed minister of environment to the second cabinet of D'Alema. His tenure ended on 19 April 2000 when the cabinet resigned, and Giuliano Amato formed the cabinet. Ronchi was offered by Prime Minister Amato the post of minister of European affairs, but he did not accept the post due to his intention of serving as minister of environment. However, Ronchi's proposal was not endorsed, and Willer Bordon replaced him as minister of environment. When Ronchi was in office as environment minister Italy signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1997.
After leaving public office, Ronchi began to work at the Sustainable Development Foundation, and as of 2013 he was on the national advisory board of Ecomondo, an initiative for green movement.
References
External links
20th-century Italian engineers
21st-century Italian engineers
1950 births
Democrats of the Left politicians
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
Deputies of Legislature IX of Italy
Deputies of Legislature X of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XI of Italy
Federation of the Greens MEPs
Federation of the Greens politicians
Living people
People from Treviglio
Politicians of Lombardy
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
Proletarian Democracy politicians
Rainbow Greens politicians
Senators of Legislature XII of Italy
Senators of Legislature XIII of Italy
Senators of Legislature XV of Italy
Italian electrical engineers
Environment ministers of Italy
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41039836
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Middle%20Eastern%20people%20in%20Metro%20Detroit
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History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit
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In 2004, Metro Detroit had one of the largest settlements of Middle Eastern people, including Arabs and Chaldo-Assyrians in the United States. As of 2007 about 300,000 people in Southeast Michigan traced their descent from the Middle East. Dearborn's sizeable Arab community consists largely of Lebanese people who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s, and of more recent Yemenis and Iraqis. In 2010 the four Metro Detroit counties had at least 200,000 people of Middle Eastern origin. Bobby Ghosh of TIME said that some estimates gave much larger numbers. From 1990 to 2000 the percentage of people speaking Arabic in the home increased by 106% in Wayne County, 99.5% in Macomb County, and 41% in Oakland County.
From 1990 to 2000 Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties had a combined increase of 16,632 people who were born in Iraq. The publication "Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area" of the From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series states that "Arab and Chaldean representation cannot be determined" in that figure. During the same period there was an increase of 7,229 people born in Lebanon.
Arab Americans and Arabs
By 2007 Metro Detroit, if defined as Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and Washtenaw counties, had the United States's largest Arab American population, larger than that of Greater Los Angeles if that region was defined as Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura counties. As of that year Arab Americans are one of the largest immigrant groups into Southeastern Michigan. The majority of Metro Detroit's Arabs are Lebanese, Palestinian, Yemeni, and Iraqi.
According to Jen'nan Ghazal Read of the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2000, in the Wayne-Oakland-Macomb-Washtenaw region there were 96,363 persons of Arab ancestry, of whom 92,122 people lived in Wayne, Oakland, or Macomb counties; these made up 79.2% of Michigan residents of Arab ancestry. According to Read, within the Wayne-Oakland-Macomb-Washtenaw region there were 131,650 persons of Arab ancestry in 2004. The largest number of Arab Americans in the Metro Detroit area live in Wayne County. As of 2004 religions among Arab Americans in Detroit include the faiths of Islam and Christianity, with Christian varieties including Maronite, Melkite, Greek Orthodox, and Syriac Orthodox beliefs. The Muslim branches of Sunni and Shia beliefs are present in Metro Detroit. Jordanians and Palestinians in Metro Detroit include believers of Sunni Islam, Catholic, Protestant, and Greek Orthodox Christian beliefs. Yemeni people include believers of the Shafi'i Sunni Muslim school of thought and the Zaidiyyah Shia Muslim school of thought. As of 2004 most recent Arab immigrants to Metro Detroit are Muslim. A 2007 Wayne State University study said that the Metro Detroit Arab American community produced $7.7 billion annually in earnings and salaries. Annually these businesses produced $500 million in taxes to the state.
As of 2006 Hamtramck has a large concentration of Yemeni people.
As of 2004 Arabs stated that they wish to come to Detroit to unify their families, escape from conflicts in the Middle East, and improve their economic standing. As of 2000, victims of population displacement, economic hardship, and political oppression included Palestinians, Yemenis, and Iraqi Chaldo-Assyrians, and refugees from war included Shia from Iraq and Lebanon. Andrew Shryock and Nabeel Abraham, authors of "On Margins and Mainstreams", wrote that "When asked to explain why so many Arabs have migrated to Detroit, most people in the community will mention the automobile industry. As a kind of historical shorthand, this answer is certainly the best."
History of the Arabs
Arriving in the early 1870s, the first Middle Eastern settlers in the Detroit area were Lebanese people. Most of them were Christians, including Maronites, Melkites, and Eastern Orthodox. Some immigrants were Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. Some Druze also immigrated. A February 6, 1900 article in the Detroit Free Press stated that "Detroit's Colony of Syrians" included 75-100 people, mostly Lebanese Maronites. The Lebanese worked as peddlers and shopkeepers. Henry Ford's factories had 555 Syrian employees, including many recently-arrived Muslims, by 1916. 9,000 Arabic-speakers were among the residents of Detroit in 1930. Of them, 6,000 were Syrians. The remainder included Assyrians, Yemenis, and Palestinians. Immigrants from the Levant were originally labeled as being from the Ottoman Province of Syria. After 1920 the Ottoman Empire collapsed and European colonial administrators divided the areas in the Levant into Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. Therefore immigrants into the Detroit began to be classified as Lebanese, Palestinians, and Syrians.
Immigration from Iraq started in the beginning of the 20th century, and immigration from Yemen and the Arabian peninsula began in the early 20th century. A peak immigration of Iraqis occurred from 1927 to 1950, and a peak immigration of Yemenis and those from the Peninsula occurred from 1912 to 1925. Of those three groups, in 1951 most of them lived together in a section of Dearborn. Around 1951 there were about 50,000 people in Detroit who had descent from Lebanon and Syria. Around the same year there were about 4,000 to 5,000 persons in Detroit and Dearborn who had origins from the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Yemen, and other Middle Eastern countries. Sally Howell, author of "Competing for Muslims: New Strategies for Urban Renewal in Detroit", wrote that Yemeni people had a presence in the area since the late 1960s. Arab immigrants continued traveling to Detroit even after the automobile industry decline of the 1970s.
The 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War resulted in a wave of immigration to Detroit.
Many Iraqis immigrated to Metro Detroit after the Gulf War of 1991 and the Iraq War of 2003. The Iraqi community in Metro Detroit supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
From 2001 to 2011 the number of members of the American Arab Chamber of Commerce increased from 300 to 1500.
In 2015 Mayor of Detroit Mike Duggan announced his city was accepting 50 Syrian families from the Syrian Civil War and will support them for a three year period.
Demographics of Arabs
Since their immigration to the United States in the 1870s, the Arab population has been continuously increasing. This increase can be observed in data collected by The American Community Survey and U.S Census Bureau. To determine this amount, surveys are sent out asking each individual to identify his or her "ancestry or ethnic origin." This phrase is defined by the U.S Census Bureau as ethnic origin, descent, roots, heritage or place of person's or ancestor's birth. The U.S Census Bureau considers individuals who reported being one of the following ethnic origins as an Arab: Algerian, Bahraini, Egyptian, Emirati, Iraqi, Jordanian, Kuwaiti, Lebanese, Libyan, Moroccan, Omani, Palestinian, Qatari, Saudi Arabian, Syrian, Tunisian, and Yemeni.
With the aforementioned criteria, it was estimated that 850,000 people with Arab ancestry (0.35 percent of the total population) lived in the United States in 1990. In 2004, 1.2 million (0.42 percent of the total population) resided in the U.S. The 2006–2010 ACS 5-year estimates show that an estimated 1.5 million people (0.5 percent of the total population) with Arab ancestry were living in the United States, representing a 76.0 percent increase since 1990. Currently, the ten states with the largest Arab populations are California, Michigan, New York, Florida, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois, Ohio, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, respectively. These populations are generally concentrated in metropolitan areas.
Arab American communities are generally tight-knit, as they value family, tradition, and economic achievement. Earlier immigrants worked as peddlers and in factories. More recent immigrants, however, have taken up roles in all parts of society, including public leadership positions. These increasingly professional roles have helped establish a majority of the populations in bustling cities. Consequently, their increasing role in high-level positions has helped raise the median income of Arab American households to $56,433 compared to the $51,914 for all households in the United States.
Economy of Arabs
Many Lebanese own and operate stores, restaurants, shops, and other major businesses; they were historically known for this.
Religion of Arabs
The Islamic Center of America (Arabic: المركز الإسلامي في اميركا[1]) is a mosque located in Dearborn, Michigan. Although the institution dates back to 1963, [2] the Center's current mosque opened in 2005. It is the largest mosque in North America[3][4] and the oldest Shia mosque in the United States.[5] With its large Shia Arab population (consisting mostly of Lebanese), Dearborn is often called the "heart of Shiism" in the United States.
The Mu'ath bin Jabal Mosque (), was established in 1976. Sally Howell, author of "Competing for Muslims: New Strategies for Urban Renewal in Detroit", wrote that the mosque "has been credited" by public officials and area Muslims "with having turned around one of Detroit's roughest neighborhoods at the height of the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s, making its streets safe, revitalizing a dormant housing market, attracting new business to the area, and laying the foundation for an ethnically mixed, highly visible Muslim population in Detroit and Hamtramck."
Chaldo-Assyrian Americans
By 2004 the Metro Detroit area was home to the largest Chaldean diaspora community in the world. Most Assyrians originate from northern Iraq, although some originate from northwestern Iran, northeastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. Assyrians in Detroit work as businesspersons, grocers, owners of liquor stores, and professionals. Most of the Assyrians in Detroit often identify as Chaldean, due to being members of the Chaldean Catholic Church.
According to the US census of 2007 there were 32,322 Chaldean/Assyrian/Syriac persons in the Wayne, Macomb, Oakland, and Washtenaw four-county region of Michigan. The publication "Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area" of the From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series states that "Many Chaldeans believe they have a unique ethnic identity other than Arab and wish not to be considered part of the Arab population.” As of 2004, Chaldean Catholic Assyrians in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties make up 94% of the Assyrian population of the State of Michigan.
History of the Chaldeans
The first Chaldeans arrived in the early 1900s, taking jobs in the automobile industry. The first large Chaldean immigration wave to Detroit was in the 1920s as a result of the genocide, and In 1953 there were 300 Chaldean Catholic families in Detroit. However, the majority of the Chaldean population settled in Metro Detroit in the late 1960s. The Chaldeans settled in this area because of job availability in the automobile industry, the presence of a Maronite Christian community, which Chaldeans had much similarity with in terms of liturgy and church doctrine, and a pre-existing community in Detroit and nearby Windsor, Ontario. Typically newly arrived Chaldeans initially worked in small family-owned stores which older Chaldean groups setup. As time passed, more and more Chaldeans moved to Detroit and found jobs at the existing Chaldean Chaldean stores operated by their relatives. The stores became larger, becoming large convenience stores. Once the socioeconomic standing of the Chaldeans improved, older groups moved to the suburbs. During the first wave they settled Oak Park and Southfield, and during the second wave they moved to Birmingham, Bloomfield Hills, Farmington Hills, and West Bloomfield Township.
Around 1979, after Jacob Yasso, the reverend of the Sacred Heart Chaldean Church ( ʿēttāʾ d-lebbēh d-māran d-ḵaldāyēʾ), congratulated Saddam Hussein on becoming the President of Iraq, Saddam gave $250,000 ($ when adjusted for inflation) to the Sacred Heart Chaldean Church. In 1980 Saddam gave Yasso $200,000 ($ when adjusted for inflation) after Yasso told Saddam his church had $170,000 ($ when adjusted for inflation) in debts. WDIV-TV (Channel 4) wrote that the funds "reportedly helped build" the Chaldean Center of America, a building on Seven Mile Road adjacent to the church. The building houses offices of the church, an English-language school, and a Chaldean cultural museum. In honor of Saddam's efforts, Yasso presented Saddam with the "Key to the city" procured by Mayor of Detroit Coleman Young. Officials from the U.S. State Department stated that, at the time Saddam was giving funds to Chaldean and Assyrian churches and organizations in the United States, with $1.7 million given to Chaldean churches and organizations in Detroit. Yasmeen S. Hanoosh, the author of The Politics of Minority Chaldeans Between Iraq and America, wrote that the giveways were called donations but were interpreted as bribes. State Department officials also stated that the Iraqi government was establishing spy networks in Chaldean communities at that time. Reports from U.S. and Assyrian media stated that in the period around 1979-1980 the Iraqi government attempted to Arabize Chaldeans in the United States through liaisons in churches by either bribing or threatening and attempting to improve its image.
As of 1990, there were about 50,000 to 60,000 Assyrians in the metropolitan area. Chaldeans moved to Southfield and West Bloomfield in the 1990s. From 1990 to 2000, the population of Assyrians in Oakland County increased by 10,903, in Macomb County by 7,579, and in Wayne County by 219. Macomb County had the largest percentage increase, at 426.5%. By the 2000s, Assyrians began moving to areas in Macomb County including Shelby Township, Sterling Heights, and Warren. In 2002 officials from Chaldean Catholic churches estimated that 4,200 Chaldeans live in those cities.
By 2004, the Chaldean Cultural Center ( qenṭrōn yārtūṯānāyāʾ kaldāyāʾ), the United States's largest Chaldean cultural center, was located in West Bloomfield Township. That year, a new Chaldean Catholic Church was being built in Shelby Township. , many Chaldean Catholics were involved in the merchant trade. St. George Chaldean Church, the first Chaldean church in Macomb County, was scheduled for a possible completion in 2004 and had a cost of $5 million. It is on a site along Dequindre north of Hall Road.
Assyrian/Chaldean neighborhoods
As of 2004, of the Assyrians in the tri-county area, 58% resided in Oakland County. As of 2000 2,629 Assyrians resided in Wayne County.
Areas with Assyrian residents as of 2001 include Chaldean Town in Detroit, Southfield, Oak Park, Troy, and West Bloomfield Township. As of 2007 Assyrians residents of Chaldean Town, Detroit tend to be low income elderly people and recent immigrants. By 2014, in addition to West Bloomfield, Farmington Hills and Sterling Heights had also received Assyrians. Assyrian immigrants, once they gain financial well-being, move to suburbs in Metro Detroit, such as Oak Park, Southfield, Troy, and West Bloomfield. The Chaldean Federation of America, an umbrella organization for most of the areas Assyrian groups, had its offices in Southfield. As of that year, the largest Chaldean Catholic church in terms of the number of congregants resided in Southfield. The city also had the area's sole Assyrian retirement home, the Chaldean social club Southfield Manor, and a popular Assyrian restaurant named La Fendi.
As of circa the 1950s, Highland Park and the Woodward Avenue/7 Mile area had concentrations of Assyrians. The community's focal point later shifted to Southfield.
Grocery industry
Assyrians have a near monopoly over Detroit's grocery stores, Assyrians became grocers mainly due to white flight as a result of the 1967 Detroit riot, which caused many white business owners to leave Detroit. Taking advantage of the situation, Assyrians purchased their businesses at rock bottom prices. In 1972, there were 278 grocery stores in Detroit owned by Assyrians, and In the mid-1990s, Assyrians owned 1,500 grocery stores in Detroit. In 1962, 120 grocery stores were operated by Chaldean Catholic Assyrians, and over half of Assyrian households were supported by proceeds from the grocery business.
Most of the customers of these stores are African Americans. There has been resentment against Assyrian businesses because, as family-owned operations, many do not hire black people. Many African Americans also perceive that overcharging occurs at the stores. According to the Associated Food Dealers of Michigan (AFD), only larger stores have black employees as well as Assyrian employees. Natalie Jill Smith, author of "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)", stated that she "met few grocers who employed Blacks" and that employees unrelated to the owners are more likely to be Assyrians or White Americans. Violence has occurred at the stores, and business owners have installed bulletproof glass and obtained firearms to protect themselves. As of 2001, several Chaldean Catholic business employees and owners have died in violent incidents. Many younger Assyrians are not entering the grocery business anymore, with them instead starting professional careers and attending universities.
Culture of the Assyrians
Natalie Jill Smith wrote that family ties are important, even to younger Assyrians who are more Americanized. This may be due to the fact that Assyrian culture is based on tribal bloodlines and family origin. Most of the Assyrians in Metro Detroit trace their origins to Iraq or Turkey, particularly from the town of Tel Keppe in Iraq.
Institutions of the Assyrians/Chaldeans
In Metro Detroit as of 2007, there were five Chaldean Catholic churches, with one in Chaldean Town and one each in Oak Park, Southfield, Troy, and West Bloomfield Township. In 2015 Sacred Heart Church of Chaldean Town moved to Warren.
The Chaldean Federation of America (CFA) oversees several Detroit-area Assyrian clubs while the Chaldean-Iraqi Association of Michigan (CIAM) oversees the Shenandoah Country Club and Southfield Manor, two Assyrian social clubs. The Assyrians have a group participation rate above the American average.
The Community Education Center, a government-funded center owned by Assyrians, is located on Woodward Avenue in Chaldean Town, near Seven Mile. Asaad Yousif Kalasho founded the center. The teachers and most of the students are Assyrian. It provides free education.
One group, Chaldean Americans Reaching and Encouraging (CARE), takes efforts to improve the Assyrian community such as doing food drives. As of 2001 most of the members are in their early 20s.
The Chaldean Community Foundation is headquartered in Sterling Heights.
Copts
As of 2008 about 3,000 Egyptian Copts lived in the state of Michigan, mainly in Metro Detroit. Many Copts do not consider themselves Arab and see themselves as being the descendants of ancient Egyptians, while anthropologists classify them as Arabs due to cultural and linguistic features.
St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church in Troy is the religious center of the Copts. Pope Shenouda III laid the first cornerstone of the church. Construction began on May 1, 1977 and was completed in May 1979, with the first Holy Communion on May 8 of that year and consecration in 1981, from June 12 through June 14. The Coptic community is scattered across Metro Detroit, with many living far away from the church. Some members of the church live in northern Ohio.
Geography
As of 2014, Dearborn's population was about 40% of Arab origin. At first Arabs mainly settled the Southend and east Dearborn and the main concentration is in those areas. By 2005 a popular Arab restaurant had opened in west Dearborn, and a group of Arab Americans had settled in adjacent in Warrendale, Detroit, most of whom were Lebanese. By 2014, Arab Americans had been moving into Dearborn Heights, with the north end having more Arabs compared to the south end. Many Arab businesses in Dearborn established branch operations in Dearborn Heights. In 2014, the Dearborn Heights director of community and economic development, Ron Amen, stated that Arabs are about 25% of the city's population. In the 2019 U.S. Census estimates, the largest ethnic group were Lebanese Americans, and the second largest were Yemeni Americans.
Many Arabs have been moving to Macomb County, Oakland County, and Canton in Wayne County.
, about 25% of the population of Hamtramck was of Arab origin. Yemenis form the majority of that city's Arabs. Hakim Almasmari wrote in 2006 that "Several streets seem to be populated exclusively by Yemeni Americans, and Yemeni culture pervades the city’s social, business, and political life." Many Yemeni restaurants are in Hamtramck, and the Yemeni community operates the Mu'ath bin Jabal Mosque (), which was established in 1976.
According to Almasmari, Yemeni people first arrived in Hamtramck in the 1960s. The "Building Islam in Detroit: Foundations/Forms/Futures" project of the University of Michigan stated that Yemenis began arriving in the 1970s. In 2013 Dasic Fernandez, a Chilean artist, created a by mural on the Sheeba restaurant celebrating the Yemeni population. The mural depicts a girl in a veil decorated with the blue sky, a farmer wearing a turban and a woman in a hijab. The Arab American and Chaldean Council and the coalition OneHamtramck commissioned the mural.
Lebanese American Christians had settled in several areas of Metro Detroit, including the Grosse Pointes. Many of them do not consider themselves as Arab. By 2014 many Lebanese American Christians had assimilated into American culture.
By 1985 many Palestinian Christians had settled in Farmington, Livonia, and Westland. The Palestinians in Livonia, many of whom operated small and medium-sized businesses, originated from Ramallah.
Politics
As of 2014, Susan Dabaja, the city council president of Dearborn, is a Muslim Arab-American and the majority of the members of the council are Arab.
In 2021 Niraj Warikoo of the Detroit Free Press reported that Yemeni Americans in Dearborn were advocating for more of a role in their city's government.
Demographics
, 17% of the immigrants in the Global Detroit studies that are under the Middle East category are Assyrians.
Global Detroit stated that there are 36,000 immigrants from Iraq in Macomb, Oakland, Wayne, and Washtenaw counties. This makes the Iraqis the second-largest immigrant group in Metro Detroit. There are over 16,000 persons of Iraqi origins in Oakland County, 14,198 persons of Iraqi origins in Macomb County, and 5,400 persons of Iraqi origins in Wayne County. Chaldean Catholics are most of the Iraqis in both Oakland and Macomb counties. The Iraqis are the second largest immigrant group in Oakland County. Most Iraqis in Wayne County live in Dearborn and other Arab communities.
, Global Detroit stated that 17,800 persons with Lebanese ancestry live in Metro Detroit, with 14,625 of them in Wayne County. Of the immigrant groups, the Lebanese are the sixth-largest.
Andrew Shryock and Nabeel Abraham, editors of Arab Detroit, stated that many of the subgroups of Middle Eastern Americans have different dialects of Arabic, and that they often "keep very much to themselves" and do not intermarry or socialize with one another.
Economy
As of 2000 most Arab immigrants enter the service economy or work in small, family-operated stores. In Metro Detroit, in 1994 there were over 5,000 Arab-owned businesses.
The "Arab American Economic Contribution Study: Gauging the economic contributions that persons of Arab ancestry have on Southeast Michigan’s Economy" of 2007 wrote that Arab Americans are over-represented in food services industry, accommodations, and other services such as repair services and personal services. These industries pay less than other industries. The report stated that Arab Americans held about 47,924 to 58,515 jobs in Wayne, Macomb, Oakland, and Washtenaw counties. It also concluded that between 99,494 and 141,541 jobs in the four county region are a part of employment associated with Arab American economic activity, making up 4.0 to 5.7% of the jobs in that region.
The Chaldean American Chamber of Commerce stated in 2012 that over 200 Chaldean Assyrian business owners in Metro Detroit were murdered from the 1970s to 2012. The president of the chamber of commerce and the Chaldean Community Foundation, Martin Manna, stated that year, "We've seen acceleration, unfortunately, (with) four incidents in just a year." The executive director of the American Arab Chamber of Commerce, Fay Beydoun, stated that year that "We don’t have an exact number" of the Arab businesspeople who were murdered "but we are aware of many from our community who have been killed."
Media
The Arab American News is published in Dearborn.
The Chaldean News is published in Southfield.
Other Middle Eastern-origin print media include Al-Muntada (a magazine), Arab American Message, Arab American Journal, Chaldean Detroit Times, Chaldean Voice, and Harp Magazine. Other forms of media include Arab Network of America, Arabic Time (television program), TV Orient, and United TV Network.
There are two radio stations heard in Metro Detroit that target the Middle-Eastern community, WNZK and CINA.
Pan-Middle Eastern institutions
Political organizations in the region include Arab American Political Action Committee, Arab American Voter Registration and Education Committee, and Iraqi Democratic Union.
Education
In a thirty-year period ending sometime prior to 2010 Dearborn Public Schools and Detroit Public Schools both developed policies to accommodate Arab and Muslim students in collaboration with administrators, parents, teachers, and students. Policies adopted by the districts included observances of Muslim holidays, Arabic-language programs, policies concerning prayer, and rules regarding modesty of females in physical education and sports. Since the early 1980s, Dearborn district schools have vegetarian meals as alternative to non-halal meals. some schools use discretionary funds to offer halal meals, but most schools do not offer halal meals since they cannot get affordable prices from distributors.
In 2005, Highland Park Schools made plans to attract Arab and Muslim students resident in Detroit and Hamtramck. Dr. Theresa Saunders, the superintendent of the school system, hired Yahya Alkebsi (), a Yemeni-American educator, as the district's Arab Muslim consultant. It added Arabic-speaking teachers and began offering instruction in Arabic. Sallow Howell, author of "Competing for Muslims: New Strategies for Urban Renewal in Detroit", said that the district began treating "Muslim families more directly like consumers". Howell said that the district agreed "to segregate Muslim students from mainstream classrooms" but that the district routinely denied that this was the case. Alkebsi said that he would bring halal food to HPS schools, but he was unable to do so. The district instead had vegetarian options. Since that time Highland Park School district has been dissolved. Several charter schools offering daily Arabic classes have opened in Hamtramck, Dearborn and Hamtramck adjacent parts of Detroit.
In 2015, the Keys Grace Academy became the first public school academy in the United States to teach the Chaldean/Assyrian language, culture and history, located in Madison Heights, MI. It is operated by Kalasho Empowerment of Young Scholars and provides free education as a charter school. 90% of the students are of Assyrian descent.
Diplomatic missions
The Consulate of Iraq in Detroit is in Southfield. The Consulate-General of Lebanon in Detroit is located in Suite 560 in the New Center One Building in New Center, Detroit.
Notable people
Abraham Aiyash (Yemeni), politician
Danny Thomas, born Amos Muzyad Yaqoob Kairouz, actor and philanthropist of Lebanese descent.
Saladin Ahmed, Arab-American science fiction writer of Egyptian and Lebanese descent.
Andrew Bazzi (Lebanese) - Canton Township
Mohamad Jawad Chirri
Rima Fakih (Lebanese Arab) - Dearborn
Abdullah Hammoud (Lebanese-American) - first Arab mayor of Dearborn, Michigan
Casey Kasem (Lebanese Druze) - Detroit
Manuel Moroun (Lebanese-American) - Owner of Ambassador Bridge
Hassan Al-Qazwini (Iraqi Arab) - Shia religious leader
Serena Shim (Lebanese-American) journalist born in Detroit
Rashida Tlaib (Palestinian-American) - Detroit - Congresswoman
Fictional characters:
Simon Baz (Lebanese Arab) DC Comics Character
Minah Amin, Lebanese American
Raina Amin, Lebanese American
See also
Arab American
Assyrian Americans
Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac Americans
Chaldean Catholics
Demographics of Metro Detroit
Iraqi diaspora
Islam in Metro Detroit
Refugees of Iraq
References
Abraham, Nabeel and Andrew Shryock. "Part 1: Qualities/Quanities: Introduction." "On Margins and Mainstreams." in: Abraham, Nabeel and Andrew Shryock (editors). Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream. Wayne State University Press, 2000. , 9780814328125.
Jones, Richard R. "Egyptian Copts in Detroit: Ethnic Community and Long-Distance Nationalism." in: Abraham, Nabeel and Andrew Shryock (editors). Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream. Wayne State University Press, 2000. , 9780814328125. START: p. 219.
Hanoosh, Yasmeen H. The Politics of Minority Chaldeans Between Iraq and America. ProQuest, 2008. , 9780549984757.
Henrich, Natalie and Joseph Henrich. Why Humans Cooperate : A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation. Oxford University Press, May 30, 2007. , 9780198041177.
Howell, Sally. "Competing for Muslims: New Strategies for Urban Renewal in Detroit". Located in: Shryock, Andrew (editor). Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend. Indiana University Press, June 30, 2010. , 9780253004543.
Jones, Richard R. "Egyptian Copts in Detroit: Ethnic Community and Long-Distance Nationalism." in: Abraham, Nabeel and Andrew Shryock (editors). Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream. Wayne State University Press, 2000. , 9780814328125. START: p. 219.
Mayer, Albert. Ethnic groups in Detroit, 1951. Wayne University Department of Sociology and Anthropology, 1951.
Content re-posted to: Feinstein, Otto. Ethnic Communities of Greater Detroit. Monteith College, Wayne State University, 1970. p. 157 (for "Iraq, Yeman, and Arabians").
Smith, Natalie Jill. "Ethnicity, Reciprocity, Reputation and Punishment: An Ethnoexperimental Study of Cooperation among the Chaldeans and Hmong of Detroit (Michigan)" (PhD dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles, 2001. UMI Number: 3024065.
Shryock, Andrew and Nabeel Abraham. "On Margins and Mainstreams." in: Abraham, Nabeel and Andrew Shryock (editors). Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream. Wayne State University Press, 2000. , 9780814328125.
Notes
Further reading
Abraham, Nabeel and Andrew Shryock (editors). Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream. Wayne State University Press, 2000. , .
Abraham, Sameer Y. and Nabeel Abraham. Arabs in the New World: Studies on Arab-American Communities. Wayne State University, Center for Urban Studies, 1983. , .
Ameri, Anan and Yvonne Lockwood. Arab Americans in Metro Detroit: A Pictorial History. Arcadia Publishing, 2001. , .
Detroit Arab American Study Team. Citizenship and Crisis: Arab Detroit After 9/11. Russell Sage Foundation, 2009. , .
Hirko, Kelly A., Amr S. Soliman, Mousumi Banerjee, Julie Ruterbusch, Joe B. Harford, Robert M. Chamberlain, John J. Graff, Sofi D. Merjver, and Kendra Schwartz. "Characterizing inflammatory breast cancer among Arab Americans in the California, Detroit and New Jersey Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries (1988-2008)." (Archive) SpringerPlus 2:3.
Schwartz, Kendra L., Anahid Kulwicki, Linda K. Weiss, Haifa Fakhouri, Wael Sakr, Gregory Kau, and Richard K. Severson. "Cancer Among Arab Americans in the Metropolitan Detroit Area." (Archive) Wayne State University Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences. January 1, 2004.
Warikoo, Niraj. "With video: Metro Muslims, Arabs overcome 9/11 tensions by forging ties." Detroit Free Press. September 8, 2011.
Wong, Paul. The Arab American Elderly in the Detroit Metropolitan Area: A Needs Assessment Study. The University of Michigan, 2004.
"Metro Muslims, Arabs overcome 9/11 tensions by forging ties." (Archive) Wayne State University. September 8, 2011.
"Yeminis(sic) learn quickly where to study English." The Detroit News. September 27, 2000. ID: det8721439.
External links
Arab American and Chaldean Council (ACC)
American Arab Chamber of Commerce
Chaldean Cultural Center
Chaldean American Chamber of Commerce
Middle Eastern
History of Detroit
Metro Detroit
Metro Detroit
Metro Detroit
Arab-American culture in Michigan
Assyrian-American culture in Michigan
Coptic American
Egyptian-American history
Iraqi-American history
Lebanese-American history
Palestinian-American culture
Yemeni-American culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar%20hypothesis%20of%20Ashkenazi%20ancestry
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Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry
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The Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry, often called the Khazar myth by its critics, is a largely abandoned historical hypothesis that postulated that Ashkenazi Jews were primarily, or to a large extent, descended from Khazars, a multi-ethnic conglomerate of mostly Turkic peoples who formed a semi-nomadic khanate in and around the northern and central Caucasus and the Pontic–Caspian steppe. The hypothesis also postulated that after collapse of the Khazar empire, the Khazars fled to Eastern Europe and made up a large part of the Jews there. The hypothesis draws on medieval sources such as the Khazar Correspondence, according to which at some point in the 8th–9th centuries, a small number of Khazars were said by Judah Halevi and Abraham ibn Daud to have converted to Rabbinic Judaism. The scope of the conversion within the Khazar Khanate remains uncertain, but the evidence used to tie the subsequent Ashkenazi communities to the Khazars is meager and subject to conflicting interpretations.
Speculation that Europe's Jewish population originated among the Khazars has persisted for two centuries, from at least as early as 1808. In the late 19th century, Ernest Renan and other scholars speculated that the Ashkenazi Jews of Europe originated among Turkic refugees who had migrated from the collapsed Khazarian Khanate westward into Europe. Though intermittently evoked by several scholars since that time, the Khazar-Ashkenazi hypothesis came to the attention of a much wider public with the publication of Arthur Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe in 1976. It has been revived recently by geneticist Eran Elhaik, who in 2013 conducted a study aiming to vindicate it.
Genetic studies on Jews have found no substantive evidence of a Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Geneticists such as Doron Behar and others (2013) have concluded that such a link is unlikely, noting that it is difficult to test the Khazar hypothesis using genetics because there is lack of clear modern descendants of the Khazars that could provide a clear test of the contribution to Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, but found no genetic markers in Ashkenazi Jews that would link them to peoples of the Caucasus/Khazar area. Atzmon and others found evidence that the Ashkenazi have mixed Near Eastern and Southern European/Mediterranean origins, though some admixture with Khazar and Slavic populations after 100 CE was not excluded. Xue and others note a wholly Khazar/Turkish/Middle eastern origin is out of the question, given the complexity of Ashkenazi admixtures. Although the majority of contemporary geneticists who have published on the topic dismiss it, there are some who have defended its plausibility, or not excluded the possibility of some Khazar component in the formation of the Ashkenazi.
The hypothesis has been cited at times by anti-Zionists to challenge the idea that Jews have genetic ties to ancient Israel. It has also occasionally played some role in antisemitic theories propounded by fringe groups of American racists, Russian nationalists and adherents of the Christian identity movement.
History
1806–1918
Lawrence J. Epstein attributes to the Ukrainian Rabbi Isaac Baer Levinsohn (1788–1860) the first reference of a connection between the Ashkenazi Jews and the Khazars. According to Jacob S. Raisin, Levinsohn expressed the opinion that Russian Jews hailed from the banks of the Volga. Levinsohn wrote in 1828:
'Our elders told us that some generations earlier the Jews in these parts spoke only this Russian language, and this Ashkenazi Jewish language we speak now had not yet spread among all the Jews living in these regions.'
The hypothesis was advanced nonetheless earlier, in 1808, by Johann Ewers in his Vom Ursprung des russischen Staats (On the origins of the Russian state' (1808) in the context of an early controversy over the foundations of the Russian state, which pitted scholars espousing a Norman origin for the Varangians against those who argued that these founders of the Kievan Rus' were Slavic and indigenous. Ewers proposed the idea that the Viking/Varangian founders were in fact Khazars. The Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin advanced the claim, asserting that considerable numbers of Khazars had left Khazaria for Kievan Rus' in the time of Vladimir I (980–1015). The German Orientalist Karl Neumann suggested as early as 1847 that the migration of Khazars might have contributed to the formation of the core population of the Jews of Eastern Europe, without however specifying whether he was referring to Judaizing Turks or ethnic Jewish residents of Khazaria.
Subsequently, Abraham Eliyahu Harkavi suggested in 1869 that there might be a link between the Khazars and European Jews. Three years later, however, in 1872, a Crimean Karaite, Abraham Firkovich, alternatively proclaimed that the members of his Turkic-speaking sect were descended from Turkic converts to Judaism. This hypothesis, that the descendants of Khazar converts to Judaism formed a major proportion of Ashkenazim, was first proposed to a Western public by Ernest Renan in 1883. In a lecture delivered in Paris before the Cercle du Saint-Simon on 27 January 1883, Renan argued that conversion played a significant role in the formation of the Jewish people, stating that:
This conversion of the kingdom of the Khazars has a considerable importance regarding the origin of those Jews who dwell in the countries along the Danube and southern Russia. These regions enclose great masses of Jewish populations which have in all probability nothing or almost nothing that is anthropologically Jewish in them.
According to Mari Réthelyi, a Jewish studies teacher writing in the journal Hungarian Cultural Studies, many Hungarian Jews in the late nineteenth century, responding to Magyarization and to Hungarian antisemitism, took up the theory, proposed by Rabbi Samuel Kohn in 1884, that Hungarian Jews, like Hungarian Christians, shared a common ethnic descent from the intermarriage of Khazars and Magyars.
Renan's thesis found an echo soon after, in 1885, when Isidore Loeb, a rabbi, historian and secretary of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, arguing for the cause of Jewish emancipation, challenged the notion that nations were based on races, and the Jews therefore, could be excluded as alien. To the contrary, he argued, they were no different from other peoples and nations, all of which arose from miscegenation: the Jews were no exception, and one could assume, he added, that many German and Russian Jews descended from the Khazars. Similarly, in 1893, Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, a critic of antisemitism who drew on Renan, queried whether or not thousands of Polish and Russian Jews might have their origins traced back to the "old nomads of the steppes."
Other scholars, such as Joseph Jacobs (1886), expressed scepticism.
The Russian-Jewish physician and physical anthropologist Samuel Weissenberg (1867–1928), using physical measurements of 1,350 Jews in his home town of Elizavetgrad, challenged the idea that east European Jews originated, like German Jews, as migrants from medieval France. Jewish settlement in eastern Europe took place very early, and these rooted eastern communities readily accepted into their midst Khazars who had converted, absorbing many thousands into the Kievan empire. The theory implied Jewish culture predated the rise of Russia, an implication which led Stalin decades later to ban Khazar studies in the Soviet Union. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), a pioneer of race science and physical anthropology, had argued earlier that the origins of the "European" race lay in the Caucasus. In this context, Weissenberg's formulation, in identifying Eastern Jews as descendants of an intermixture of Jews with the Caucasian Khazars, presented the eastern Jews, long thought inferior or less noble than Western Sephardic Jews, as the authentic, veritable heirs of a European Jewish tradition. In 1903, Maksymilian Ernest Gumplowicz (1864–1897), in his posthumous treatise entitled "The beginnings of Jewish religion in Poland examined traces of Khazar elements in early Polish history.
In 1909 Hugo von Kutschera developed the notion into a book-length study, arguing that Khazars formed the foundational core of the modern Ashkenazi. Maurice Fishberg introduced the notion to an American audience in 1911 in his book, The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment.
When at the Versailles Peace Conference, a Jewish Zionist called Palestine the land of the Jewish people's ancestors, Joseph Reinach, a French Jewish member of parliament who was opposed to Zionism, dismissed the idea, arguing that Jews descended from Israelites were a tiny minority. In his view, conversion had played a major role in the expansion of the Jewish people, and, in addition, he claimed, the majority of "Russian, Polish and Galician Jews descend from the Khazars, a Tatar people from the south of Russia who converted to Judaism en masse at the time of Charlemagne."
Interwar years, 1918–1939
The idea was also taken up by the Polish-Jewish economic historian and General Zionist Yitzhak Schipper in 1918,. by the Harvard anthropologist Roland B. Dixon (1923) and writer H. G. Wells (1921), who used it to argue that "The main part of Jewry never was in Judea",. a thesis that was to have a political echo in later opinion.; H. G. Wells, The Outline of History (1921) In 1931 Sigmund Freud wrote to Max Eitingon that the sculptor Oscar Nemon, for whom he was sitting, showed the lineaments of a "Slavic Eastern Jew, Khazar or Kalmuck or something like that".
In 1932, Samuel Krauss ventured the theory that the biblical Ashkenaz referred to northern Asia Minor, and he identified it with the Khazars, a position immediately disputed by Jacob Mann.
This interwar period consolidated also a belief, originally developed by the Russian Orientalists V.V. Grigor’iev and V.D. Smirnov, that the East European congregations of the Karaite sect of Judaism were descendants of Turkic Khazars. The idea of a Khazarian origin of the Karaites was then adopted as their official viewpoint. Seraja Szapszal (1873–1961), from 1927, the ḥakham of the Polish-Lithuanian Karaite community had begun to implement a thorough-going reform policy of dejudaizing Karaite culture and traditions and transforming along Turkic lines. As a secular Jew and orientalist he was influenced by Atatürk's reforms, and his policy was dictated by several considerations: Jews were suffering from harassment in public and private in Eastern Europe; he wished to forestall the threat he had intuited was imminent in both Fascism and Nazism, which were beginning to gain a foothold; he was passionate about the Karaites' language, Karaim, and its Turkish tradition, and somewhat insouciant of the Judaic heritage of his people. In 1934 Corrado Gini, a distinguished statistician, interested also in demography and anthropology, with close ties to the fascist elite, led an expedition in August–October 1934 to survey the Karaites. He concluded that Karaites were ethnically mixed, predominantly Chuvash which he mistook to be Finno-Ugric descendants of the Tauro-Cimmerians who at one point had been absorbed into the Khazars who for Gini however were not Turkic. A further conclusion was that the Ashkenazi arose from ‘Turko-Tatar converts to Judaism.’Calimani, Riccardo (2015). Storia degli ebrei italiani. vol. 3, Mondadori, p.583. Though the Khazar-Karaite theory is unsubstantiated by any historical evidence, - the early Karaite literature speaks of Khazars as mamzerim, 'bastards' or 'strangers' within Judaism - this myth served a political purpose, of taking that community out of the stranglehold of antisemitic regulations and prejudices directed generally against Jews in Eastern Europe.
1939–1945
In 1943, Abraham N. Polak (sometimes referred to as Poliak), later professor of the history of the Middle Ages at Tel Aviv University, published a Hebrew monograph in which he concluded that the East European Jews came from Khazaria. First written as an article in 1941, then as a monograph (1943), it was twice revised in 1944, and then in 1951 with the title Khazaria: History of a Jewish Kingdom in Europe.In Nazi Germany, unlike most race theorists in Germany down to his time Hans F. K. Günther argued that the Jews were not a pure race, although he nevertheless considered them to be highly inbred. He argued that the Ashkenazi were a mix of Near Eastern, Oriental, East Baltic, Eastern, Inner-Asian, Nordic, Hamite, and Negro peoples and separate from the Sephardim. Günther believed that the conversion of the Khazars, whom he took to have been a Near Eastern race constituted a further external element in the racial makeup of the Ashkenazi Jews, strengthening its Near Eastern component. Günther's theorizing about racial consequences flowing from the conversion of the Khazars was embraced by Gerhard Kittel.
The Karaite claim not to be ethnic Jews, but descendants of the Khazars, was eventually accepted by the Nazis who exempted them, unlike the Crimean Krymchaks with whom they had historic ties, from the policy of genocidal extermination on these grounds.Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews (1961). New Viewpoints 1973 p.241.
1946–1949
In debates leading up to the UN plan in 1947 to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, the British politicians John Hope Simpson and Edward Spears, intent on denying Zionism that part of its claim that drew on biblical arguments, asserted that Jewish immigrants to Mandatory Palestine were the descendants of pagan converts and not of the Israelites. The approach was one shared by both gentile and Jewish anti-Zionists. Rory Miller claims that their denial of lineal descent from Israelites drew on the Khazar theory.
In anti-Zionist argumentation delivered at the UN in 1947 Faris al-Khoury and Jamal Al-Husseini used the theory to oppose the creation of a Jewish state on racial and historic grounds. Cecil Hourani claimed that the Arab leaders had been convinced of the value of the argument by Benjamin H. Freedman. Internal British documents seem to support the claim. It would later play a role in Arab anti-Zionist polemics, taking on an antisemitic edge, though Bernard Lewis, noted in 1987 that serious Arab scholars had dropped it, remarked that it only occasionally emerged in Arab political polemics.
1950–1976
D.M. Dunlop, writing in 1954, thought very little evidence backed what he regarded as a mere assumption, and argued that the Ashkenazi-Khazar descent hypothesis went far beyond what "our imperfect records" permit.
Léon Poliakov, while assuming the Jews of Western Europe resulted from a "panmixia" in the first millennium, on the basis of serology research showing their blood types overlapped with those of other European populations, asserted in 1955 that it was widely assumed that Europe's Eastern Jews descended from a mixture of Khazarian and German Jews. Polak's work found some support from Salo Wittmayer Baron and Ben-Zion Dinur,:’Salo Baron, who incorrectly viewed them as Finno-Ugrians, believed that the Khazars "sent many offshoots into the unsubdued Slavonic lands, helping ultimately to build up the great Jewish centers of eastern Europe’ but was dismissed by Bernard Weinryb as a fiction (1962).
In 1957 Salo Wittmayer Baron, called by his biographer an "architect of Jewish history", devoted a large part of a chapter in his Social and Religious History of the Jews to the Khazarian Jewish state, and the impact he believed that community exercised on the formation of East European Jewries in his Social and Religious History of the Jews (1957). The scarcity of direct Jewish testimonies did not disconcert Baron: this was to be expected since medieval Jews were "generally inarticulate outside their main centers of learning". The Khazarian turn to Judaism was, he judged, the "largest and last mass conversion", involving both the royal house and large sectors of the population. Jews migrated there to flee the recurrent intolerance against Jews and the geopolitical upheavals of the region's chronic wars, which often proved devastating to northern Asia Minor, between Byzantium, Sassanid Persia, and the Abbasid and Umayyad Caliphates.
For Baron, the fact of Jewish Khazaria played a lively role in stirring up among Western Jews an image of "red Jews", and among Jews in Islamic countries a beacon of hope. After the dissolution of Khazaria, Baron sees a diaspora drifting both north into Russia, Poland and Ukraine, and westwards into Pannonia and the Balkans. where their cultivated presence both established Jewish communities and paved the way, ironically, for the Slavonic conversion to Christianity. By the 11th and 12th centuries, these Eastern Jews make their first appearance in the Jewish literature of France and Germany. Maimonides, bemoaning the neglect of learning in the East, laid his hopes for the perpetuation of Jewish learning in the young struggling communities of Europe but would, Baron concludes, have been surprised to find that within centuries precisely in Eastern Europe would arise thriving communities that were to assume leadership of the Jewish people itself.
1976–present
Koestler, The Thirteenth Tribe and contemporary views
The Khazar-Ashkenazi hypothesis came to the attention of a much wider public with the 1976 publication of Arthur Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe, which made sweeping claims for a Khazar legacy among the Ashkenazi, including the argument that the Jews could not have reached 8 million in Eastern Europe without the contribution of the Khazars. His book was both positively and negatively reviewed. Israel's ambassador to Britain branded it "an anti-Semitic action financed by the Palestinians", while Bernard Lewis claimed that the idea was not supported by any evidence whatsoever, and had been "abandoned by all serious scholars".:'Some limit this denial to European Jews and make use of the theory that the Jews of Europe are not of Israelite descent at all but are the offspring of a tribe of Central Asian Turks converted to Judaism, called the Khazars. This theory, first put forward by an Austrian anthropologist in the early years of this century, is supported by no evidence whatsoever. It has long since been abandoned by all serious scholars in the field, including those in Arab countries, where Khazar theory is little used except in occasional political polemics.' Assertions of this kind has been challenged by Paul Wexler who also notes that the arguments on this issue are riven by contrasting ideological investments: "Most writers who have supported the Ashkenazi-Khazar hypothesis have not argued their claims in a convincing manner ... The opponents of the Khazar-Ashkenazi nexus are no less guilty of empty polemics and unconvincing arguments."(p.537). Raphael Patai, however, registered some support for the idea that Khazar remnants had played a role in the growth of Eastern European Jewish communities, and several amateur researchers, such as Boris Altschüler (1994) and Kevin Alan Brook, kept the thesis in the public eye. Brook's views evolved as new data became available: in the first edition of his book (1999), he contended that about one-fourth of Ashkenazic ancestry may trace back to the Khazars, whereas in the second edition (2006) he regarded the Khazar contribution as "small" and in the third edition (2018) he argued against any Khazar contribution. Koestler argued that the Khazar theory would mitigate European racially based antisemitism.
In 2007, Peter Golden suggested that at least some of the Ashkenazi Jews of Hungary in particular (along with some Hungarians) might have inherited a minority of their ancestry from Khazar remnants that migrated west.
The theory has been used to counter the concept of Jewish nationhood.. It has been revived recently in a variety of approaches, from linguistics (Paul Wexler) to historiography (Shlomo Sand) and population genetics (Eran Elhaik). In broad academic perspective, both the idea that the Khazars converted en masse to Judaism, and the suggestion that they emigrated to form the core population of Ashkenazi Jewry, remain highly polemical issues.
Writing in 2011, Simon Schama in his The Story of the Jews, endorsed the traditional narrative of a Khazar conversion under kings of distant Jewish descent who initiated judaising reforms among the population. In June 2014, Shaul Stampfer published a paper challenging the Khazar hypothesis as ungrounded in sources contemporary with the Khazar period, stating: "Such a conversion, even though it’s a wonderful story, never happened".
Genetics and the Khazar theory
Before modern DNA population genetics entered the field, Raphael Patai described the Khazars in racial terms as being a Turkic people with some Mongoloid admixture. After major advances in DNA sequence analysis and computing technology in the late 20th and early 21st century, a plethora of genetic research on Jewish and other human populations has been conducted worldwide. Summing up the results in 2015, the Yiddish scholar Alexander Beider stated that genetic studies often resulted in contradictory outcomes, complicated at times by the political or religious views of some researchers.
In 2000, science journalist Nicholas Wade interpreted a genetics paper on Ashkenazi Y-chromosome lineages as refuting theories that the Ashkenazi were descendants of converts generally or of the Khazars specifically.
The following year, in 2001, In 2001 Nebel et al., summarizing studies that reported a low-level European gene flow contributing to Ashkenazi paternal gene pool, suggested this influence might be reflected in the Eu 19 chromosomes common in Eastern Europe, or otherwise, that Ashkenazim with this component might descend from Khazars, an hypothesis the authors found "attractive".
In 2008, in a book entitled Jacob's Legacy: A Genetic View of Jewish History , David Goldstein stated that despite his initial skepticism regarding Koestler's thesis, the certainty underlying his dismissal had been undermined when he considered that a hypothetical Khazar connection struck him as no more far-fetched than what had emerged in genetics concerning the apparent 'spectacular continuity of the Cohen line' or the discovery of what seemed to be Jewish genetic signatures among the Bantu Lemba. In his view, the idea had a degree of plausibility, if not likely.Falk, Raphael (2014). "Genetic markers cannot determine Jewish descent". Frontiers in Genetics; 5: 462, online 21 January 2015
In 2013 Martin B. Richards stated that presently available genetic studies shows that 50-80 percent of Ashkenazi Y chromosome DNA could be traced to the Near East, while his own study at the University of Huddersfield found that 80 percent of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA could be traced to Europe, but with virtually no lineages from the North Caucasus. This implied a trend of European women marrying Near Eastern men, but provided no evidence to support the Khazar hypothesis. The claim that Ashkenazis as a whole take their origin from Khazars has been widely criticized as there is no direct evidence to support it. Using four Jewish groups, one being Ashkenazi, Kopelman et al found no evidence for the Khazar theory.
While the consensus in genetic research is that the world's Jewish populations (including the Ashkenazim) share substantial genetic ancestry derived from a common Ancient Middle Eastern founder population, and that Ashkenazi Jews have no genetic ancestry attributable to Khazars,
Some evidence suggests a close relationship of Jewish patrilineages (including those of the Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Iraqi and Moroccan Jews) with those of the Samaritans, with some lineages sharing a common ancestry projected to the time of the Assyrian conquest of the kingdom of Israel.
Behar et al. studies
According to a 2010 study by Doron Behar et al., Ashkenazi Jews form a "tight cluster" overlying non-Jewish samples from the Levant with Sephardic, Middle Eastern and North African Jewish populations and Samaritans, results being ”consistent with an historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant”. In 2013 Behar et al. published a genetic study that came up with the conclusion that there isn't genetic evidence for the Khazar origin of Ashkenazi Jews, and instead Ashkenazi Jews are genetically closest to other Jewish groups and non-Jewish Middle Eastern and European populations.
Studies on Ashkenazi Levites
A 2003 study by Behar et al., found that Haplogroup R1a1a (R-M17) is present in over 50% of Ashkenazi Levites (who comprise 4% of the Ashkenazi Jewish population). In 2008 David Goldstein asserted that based on the study a Khazar connection "now seems to me plausible, if not likely". Faerman (2008) states that "External low-level gene flow of possible Eastern European origin has been shown in Ashkenazim but no evidence of a hypothetical Khazars' contribution to the Ashkenazi gene pool has ever been found.".
However, Behar and others made two more genetic studies on Ashkenazi Levites ending up with a different conclusion. The results of these studies showed that the R1a haplogroup present in Ashkenazi Levites is R1a-M582/R1a-Y2619 rather than R1a1a and originated in the Near East instead of Eastern Europe and was "likely a minor haplogroup among the Hebrews".
A 2013 study by Rootsi, Behar et al. of Ashkenazi Levites found a high frequency of haplogroup R1a-M582 among them (64.9% of Ashkenazi Levites) pointing to a founding event and paternal ancestor common to half of them. Since R1a shows high frequency in Eastern Europe generally, it was thought possible, that the evidence might indicate the founder was a non-Jewish European. Testing the 3 hypotheses of a European, a Near Eastern or a Khazarian origin, their data excluded both the European and Khazarian origin of a Levite founder since they found no evidence of R1a-M582 Y-chromosomes was found in either group, other than singletons, while it occurs with significant frequency in Near Eastern regions Iranian Kerman, Iranian Azeri, the Kurds from Cilician Anatolia and Kazakhstan, and among Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews. R1a-M582 was not detected among data from Iraqi, Bedouins, Druze and Palestinians sampled in Israel.
A 2017 study by Behar, concentrating on the Ashkenazi Levites (themselves about where the proportion reaches 50%), while signalling that there's a "rich variation of haplogroup R1a outside of Europe which is phylogenetically separate from the typically European R1a branches", precises that the particular R1a-Y2619 sub-clade testifies for a local origin, and that the "Middle Eastern origin of the Ashkenazi Levite lineage based on what was previously a relatively limited number of reported samples, can now be considered firmly validated."
Elhaik et al. studies
Eran Elhaik argued in 2012 that:
"Strong evidence for the Khazarian hypothesis is the clustering of European Jews with the populations that in his opinion resided on opposite ends of ancient Khazaria: Armenians, Georgians, and Azerbaijani Jews. Because Caucasus populations remained relatively isolated in the Caucasus region and because there are no records of Caucasus populations mass-migrating to Eastern and Central Europe prior to the fall of Khazaria (Balanovsky et al. 2011), these findings imply a shared origin for European Jews and Caucasus populations."
In later publications, Elhaik and his team modified their theory, proposing simply that the Judaised Khazar kingdom was a core transit area for a federation of Jewish merchants of mixed Iranian, Turkish and Slavic origins who, when that empire collapsed, relocated to Europe.Das, Ranajit; Wexler, Paul; Pirooznia, Mehdi; Elhaik, Eran. "The Origins of Ashkenaz, Ashkenazic Jews, and Yiddish". Frontiers in Genetics 8:87 pp.1-8 21 June 2017
Furthermore, in the 2016 study Das, Elhaik, Wexler et al. argued that the first Ashkenazi populations to speak the Yiddish language came from areas near four villages in Eastern Turkey along the Silk Road whose names derived from the word "Ashkenaz," rather than from Germanic lands as is the general consensus in scholarship. They proposed that Iranians, Greeks, Turks, and Slavs converted to Judaism in Anatolia prior to migrating to Khazaria where a small-scale conversion had already occurred. The historian Bernard Spolsky commenting on Elhaik's earlier study wrote. “Recently, Elhaik (2013) claims to have found evidence supporting the Khazarian origin of Ashkenazim, but the whole issue of genetic evidence remains uncertain.”
In 2018, Elhaik stated that the Ashkenazi maternal line is European and that only 3% of Ashkenazi DNA shows links with the Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East, a 'minuscule' amount comparable to the proportion of Neanderthal genes in modern European populations. For Elhaik, the vehicle by which unique Asiatic variations on Ashkenazi Y-chromosomes occurred, with Haplogroup Q-L275, was the Ashina ruling clan of the Göktürks, who converted to Judaism and established the Khazar empire.
Criticism of the Elhaik studies
Elhaik's 2012 study proved highly controversial. Several noted geneticists, among them Marcus Feldman, Harry Ostrer, Doron Behar, and Michael Hammer have maintained—and the view has gained widespread support among scientists—that the worldwide Jewish population is related and shares common roots in the Middle East, Feldman stated Elhaik's statistical analysis would not pass muster with most scientists; Hammer affirmed it was an outlier minority view without scientific support. Elhaik in reply described the group as "liars" and "frauds", noting Ostrer would not share genetic data that might be used "to defame the Jewish people". Elhaik's PhD supervisor Dan Graur, likewise dismissed them as a "clique", and said Elhaik is "combative" which is what science itself is.
Elhaik's 2012 study was criticized in a 2013 paper in Human Biology for its use of Armenians and Azerbaijani Jews as proxies for Khazars and for using Bedouin and Jordanian Hashemites as a proxy for the Ancient Israelites. The former decision was criticized because Armenians were assumed to have a monolithic Caucasian ancestry, when as an Anatolian people (rather than Turkic) they contain many genetically Middle Eastern elements. Azerbaijani Jews are also assumed for the purposes of the study to have Khazarian ancestry, when Mountain Jews are actually descended from Persian Jews. The decision to cast Bedouin/Hashemites as "proto-Jews" was especially seen as political in nature, considering that both have origins in Arab tribes from the Arabian Peninsula rather than from the Ancient Israelites, while the descent of the Jews from the Israelites is largely accepted.
Geneticists conducting studies in Jewish genetics have challenged Elhaik's methods in his first paper. Michael Hammer called Elhaik's premise "unrealistic," calling Elhaik and other Khazarian hypothesis proponents "outlier folks … who have a minority view that's not supported scientifically. I think the arguments they make are pretty weak and stretching what we know." Marcus Feldman, director of Stanford University's Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, echoes Hammer. "If you take all of the careful genetic population analysis that has been done over the last 15 years … there's no doubt about the common Middle Eastern origin," he said. He added that Elhaik's first paper "is sort of a one-off." Elhaik's statistical analysis would not pass muster with most contemporary scholars, Feldman said: "He appears to be applying the statistics in a way that gives him different results from what everybody else has obtained from essentially similar data."
Das, Elhaik and Wexler's 2016 study was challenged by the historian of Soviet and East European Jewry Shaul Stampfer, who dismissed it as 'basically nonsense', and the demographer Sergio DellaPergola, who claimed it was a "falsification", whose methodology was defective in using a small population size and failing to factor in the genetic profiles of other Jews such as the Sephardic Jews to whom the Ashkenazi Jews are closely related. Elhaik replied that factoring in the DNA of non-Ashkenazic Jews would not alter the genetic profile of Ashkenazi Jews, and that his team remained the largest genomic study of the latter to date, and the first to target Yiddish speakers. The Yiddish scholar Marion Aptroot states "Seen from the standpoint of the humanities, certain aspects of the article by Das et al. fall short of established standards."
Recently, a study by a team of biologists and linguists, led by Pavel Flegontov, a specialist in genomics, published a response to Das, Elhaik and Wexler's 2016 study, criticizing their methodology and conclusions. They argue that GPS works to allow inferences for the origins of modern populations with an unadmixed genome, but not for tracing ancestries back 1,000 years ago. In their view, the paper tried to fit Wexler's 'marginal and unsupported interpretation' of Yiddish into a model that only permits valid deductions for recent unadmixed populations. They also criticized the linguistic aspect of the study on the grounds that "all methods of historical linguistics concur that Yiddish is a Germanic language, with no reliable evidence for Slavic, Iranian, or Turkic substrata." They further describe the purported "Slavo-Iranian confederation" as "a historically meaningless term invented by the authors under review."
Alexander Beider also takes issue with Elhaik's findings on linguistic grounds, similarly arguing that Yiddish onomastics lacks traces of a Turkic component. He concludes that theories of a Khazar connection are either speculative or simply wrong and "cannot be taken seriously."
Antisemitism
United Kingdom and United States
Maurice Fishberg and Roland B. Dixon's works were later exploited in racist and religious polemical literature, by advocates of British Israelism, in both Britain and the United States. Particularly after the publication of Burton J. Hendrick ‘s The Jews in America (1923) it began to enjoy a vogue among advocates of immigration restrictions in the 1920s; racial theorists. like Lothrop Stoddard; antisemitic conspiracy theorists such as the Ku Klux Klan’s Hiram Wesley Evans; and anti-communist polemicists such as John O. Beaty
In 1938, Ezra Pound, then strongly identifying with the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, sent a query to fellow poet Louis Zukofsky concerning the Khazars after someone had written to him claiming that the ancient Jews had died out and that modern Jews were of Khazar descent. He returned to the issue in 1955, apparently influenced by a book called Facts are Facts, which pushed the Jewish-Khazar descent theory, and which for Pound had dug up "a few savoury morsels". The booklet in question, by a Roman Catholic convert from Rabbinic Judaism, Benjamin H. Freedman, was an antisemitic tirade written to David Goldstein after the latter had converted to Catholicism.
John O. Beaty was an antisemitic, McCarthyite professor of Old English at SMU, author of The Iron Curtain over America (Dallas 1952). According to him, "the Khazar Jews were responsible for all of America's – and the world's ills," beginning with World War I. The book had little impact until the former Wall Street broker and oil tycoon J. Russell Maguire promoted it. A similar position was adopted by Wilmot Robertson, whose views influenced David Duke. The British author Douglas Reed has also been influential. In his work the Ashkenazi are false Jews, descendants of the Khazars.
A number of different variants of the theory came to be exploited by the Christian Identity movement. The Christian Identity movement, which took shape from the 1940s to the 1970s, had its roots in British Israelism which had been planted on American evangelical soil in the late 19th century. By the 1960s the Khazar ancestry theory was an article of faith in the Christian Identity movement. The Christian Identity movement has associated two verses from the New Testament, Revelation 2:9 and 3:9 with the Khazars. Jeffrey Kaplan calls these two passages the corner stone of Identity theology. He also reports that Christian Identity literature makes selective references to the Babylonian Talmud, while the works of Francis Parker Yockey and Arthur Koestler work are raised almost to the status of Holy Writ.
The idea has also been promoted by contemporary antisemitic groups on social media, according to the Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee.
Soviet Union and Russia
The theory was prominent in Soviet antisemitism, gaining a place in Soviet historiography. The theory influenced Soviet historians including Boris Rybakov, Mikhail Artamonov and Lev Gumilyov and was used to support soviet political theory. Artamonov argued that the Khazars had played an important role in the development of Rus’. Rybakov disputed this view, instead regarding the Khazar state as parasitic. Official Soviet views on the Khazars hardened after December 1951 when Pravda published a critical review of Artamonov's work under the pen name P. Ivanov. Rybakov for his part denied that he was Ivanov. (Sand has speculated that Ivanov was in fact Stalin.) According to Sand, in Ivanov's review the Khazars were regarded as parasites and enemies. Ivanov's views became the certified Soviet position.
Lev Gumilyov's theory of ethnogenesis draws heavily on the Khazars theory. For Gumilyov ethnicity was defined by stereotypical behavior which was linked to adaption to the terrain. Jews, he regarded as a parasitic, international urban class. The Jews had dominated the Khazars creating a chimera, subjecting Rus’ to the "Khazar Yoke."
Since the 1970s the term Khazars has entered the Russian nationalist lexicon, it is used as a euphemism for Jews. Vadim V. Kozhinov theorized that the Khazar Yoke was more dangerous to Rus´ than the Tatar Yoke. The Khazars were imagined as a persistent danger to Rus’. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the theory maintained a role in Russian antisemitism. Contemporary Russian antisemites continue to perpetuate the Khazar myth. Gumilyov and his students work remain popular in Russia. "Khazars" and "ethnic chimera" have become preferred terms for antisemitic Russian chauvinists.
Cults
Aum Shinrikyo is a Japanese doomsday cult. The cult was active in Japan and Russia, with an estimated 10,000 and 30,000 followers respectively. The group's Manual of Fear'' used the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in addition to other antisemitic material. The manual claimed that the Jews are really Khazars intent on world domination.
The Khazar theory has also become part of the Ascended Masters theology. Hatonn, an extraterrestrial, transmits messages including the complete text of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. He identifies the authors of The Protocols as Khazars and speaks of false Zionist Jews who have usurped and controlled the true Jews.
Black Hebrew Israelites
Black Hebrew Israelites promote the antisemitic Khazar conspiracy theory about Jewish origins. Black Hebrew Israelites believe that Jewish people are "imposters", who have "stolen" Black Americans' true racial and religious identity.
See also
Genetic history of Europe
Genetic studies on Turkish people
History of the Jews in Turkey
Japanese-Jewish common ancestry theory
Japhetic theory
Jewish ethnic divisions
Jewish history
Kuzari
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Rus' Khaganate
Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel
Theories of Pashtun origin
Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
Turkic migration
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Rory Miller(2020) The anti-Zionist ‘Jewish Khazar’ syndrome in the official British mind
Fishberg, Maurice (1911): The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment.
The Kievan Letter scan in the Cambridge University Library collection.
Khazaria.com
Resources - Medieval Jewish History - The Khazars The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Khazar Historic Maps
The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com
Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found
Anti-Zionism
Ashkenazi Jews topics
Antisemitic tropes
Conspiracy theories involving Jews
Fringe theories
Jewish genetics
Judaism-related controversies
Khazars
Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
Population genetics
Pseudohistory
Scientific controversies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava%20Alexander
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Ava Alexander
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Ava Alexander may refer to:
Eva Alexander (born 1976), pronounced Ava, TV presenter
Ava Alexander, character in Up All Night (TV series)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanov%20Peak
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Balkanov Peak
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Balkanov Peak (, ) is the ice-covered twin peak rising to 646 and 648 m in Brugmann Mountains on Liège Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It surmounts Coria Cove to the south and Shterna Glacier to the north.
The feature is named after Ivan Balkanov, boatman at St. Kliment Ohridski base in 2002/03 and subsequent seasons.
Location
Balkanov Peak is located at , which is 2.14 km east by north of Vazharov Peak and 5.8 km southwest of Neyt Point. British mapping in 1978.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1978.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
Notes
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Balkanov Peak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
External links
Balkanov Peak. Copernix satellite image
Mountains of the Palmer Archipelago
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Liège Island
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficopomatus%20enigmaticus
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Ficopomatus enigmaticus
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Ficopomatus enigmaticus, commonly known as the Australian tubeworm, is a species of serpulid tubeworms. Their true native range is unknown, but they probably originated in the Southern Hemisphere, perhaps from the Indian Ocean and the coastal waters of Australia. Today they have a cosmopolitan distribution, having been introduced to shallow waters worldwide. The Australian tubeworm is an invasive species that dominates and alters habitats, reduces water quality, depletes resources, and causes biofouling.
Taxonomy
Ficopomatus enigmaticus is classified in the genus Ficopomatus in the family Serpulidae. They are polychaetes belonging to the order Canalipalpata, the bristle-footed or fan-head worms. The species was first described by the French zoologist Pierre Fauvel in 1923 as Mercierella enigmatica.
Description
Australian tubeworms are usually about long, and up to at times. On the front end are up to 20 branching gill plumes, which are gray, green, or brown in color. The worms secrete a calcareous tube around themselves, which reaches up to long by wide. The tubes are white and turn brown with age. They are flared at the opening and has flaring rings along their lengths. The mouth can be sealed with a spiny covering (the operculum).
Australian tubeworms always live colonially, with many tubes growing together to form small clusters or large reefs. The aggregations are very dense. There can be up to 180,000 worms per square meter of reef, with the tube openings just about a millimeter apart. The tubes stick together with layers of tiny crystals. The tubes may weave together, and as new worms settle on the outer surface, the reef becomes a solid mass. Reefs of worms can be over long. When the invasion of Lake of Tunis in Tunisia was at its most severe, the total reef mass of the lagoon was thought to contain about 540,000 tons of carbonate. In shallow water, a reef can be circular in shape as new worms settle along the outer edges. Neighboring reefs may join together to make platforms. In a current, the reef can be elongated.
Biology
Australian tubeworms are generally found in temperate and subtropical climates. They live in waters up to deep in habitat types such as estuaries and lagoons. They can tolerate a wide range of salinities, and can be found in marine and hypersaline environments, However, they are most common in brackish water. They are sensitive to wave action, and reefs usually grow in protected areas with slow-moving or stagnant water. The larvae are trochophores that drift with the zooplankton and settle onto the substrate after 20 to 25 days. They may build their tubes on established reefs or on beds of rock or shells, rocky or woody debris, reefs of other animals such as oysters, beds of vegetation, structures such as docks, piers, and marinas, or objects such as pilings and boats.
On the coast of South Africa, Australian tubeworms have been observed growing on the aquatic plant Potamogeton pectinatus. In Argentina, the larvae settle on shells such as those of the sea snail Adelomelon brasiliana and the clams Mactra isabelleana and Tagelus plebeius. In the Black Sea the reefs are associated with barnacles of the genus Balanus, caridean shrimp of the genus Palaemon, mud crabs of the genus Xantho, amphipods of the genus Orchestia, and isopods of the genus Sphaeroma. Some tubeworm reefs also have colonies of bryozoans built into them.
They are filter feeders, gathering zooplankton, phytoplankton, and detritus particles from the water and transporting them to their mouths with the cilia on their gill plumes. During their larval stage, they feed on phytoplankton. They reproduce sexually, releasing eggs and sperm into the water during spawning. They are iteroparous, able to produce more than one batch of offspring. They are also protandric hermaphrodites, changing sex from males to females. The older, larger worms in a colony are generally female. Their lifespan is 4 to 8 years.
As an invasive species
The Australian tubeworm is a fast-growing, aggressive species that acts as an ecosystem engineer, having drastic effects on many aspects of their environment. The worms alter the ecosystem physically, chemically, and biologically.
The bulky reefs formed by large colonies of Australian tubeworms impede the movement of water, allowing sediment to build up around them. They decrease the aesthetic value of natural lagoons, encrust the hulls of ships, clog the intakes of power plants, pose a hazard to people engaging in water recreation, and block mechanical structures such as locks. They are important biofouling organisms, forming heavy crusts on any suitable surface. Unclogging of pipes and cleaning of boats and harbor structures is costly.
Australian tubeworms easily dominate ecosystems and outcompete native fauna when colonies deplete nutrients with large-scale filter feeding. They can also survive in polluted and eutrophic, low-oxygen waters that other organisms cannot tolerate as well. They can provide surfaces for the growth of other introduced species, such as the hydrozoan Cordylophora caspia and the barnacle Balanus improvisus. They can also facilitate the overgrowth of algae. In sewage-polluted waters they can thrive on the organic particles, creating large colonies that become covered in algae, further decreasing the water quality. They are known to form colonies on the shells of living animals, such as turtles, molluscs, and crabs.
Some of the effects of the tubeworm are initially positive. Their efficient filter feeding clears the water of particles, increasing oxygen. They increase species richness and animal abundance by providing shelter and improved water quality. The microfauna increase. Larger populations of life forms attract detritivores. Reefs are used as resting spots by birds such as swans. Positive effects of the worm can be outweighed by their dominance of the ecosystem. As they feed, they can deplete resources, and by doing so they have been known to replace native species in the habitat. They shelter and support other introduced species. Even when they benefit native species, the outcome can be detrimental. For example, in Argentina the reefs are inhabited by the omnivorous native crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus, which forms dense populations once established. They then prey heavily on many other species. They also increase turbidity and alter the substrate with their burrowing activity.
Australian tubeworms are introduced to new habitat when they are transported on ship hulls, in ballasts, and on shells. Management options are mainly limited to the prevention of new introductions. Methods include deoxygenating ballast water to kill larvae and simply scraping the tubes off of ships and other surfaces.
Gallery
References
External links
Serpulidae
Taxa named by Pierre Fauvel
Taxa described in 1923
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Meda Station
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Meda Station, often referred to as Meda River Station, is a pastoral lease in Western Australia that once operated as a sheep station but presently operates as a cattle station.
Situated about east of Derby and about north of Looma in the Kimberley region, it is between the Meda and Lennard Rivers. The country is well timbered with open grassy plains. A neighbouring property is Kimberley Downs Station.
The property occupies an area of and supports a herd of approximately 25,000 Brahman cattle. It is owned by the Jumbuck Pastoral Company and has been managed by Troy Haslet since 2015.
The property was established prior to 1883; a station employee, Henry Thomas Best, died on Meda that year. By 1885 the property was owned by Messrs Marmion and Co. and was hit by severe flooding. Over 1,300 sheep were lost from the property during a cyclone that swept through the area. In 1891 shearing produced 100 bales of wool.
Record flooding hit the area in 1894 following a cyclone. The station manager reported to Marmion that another 1,300 sheep had been lost from the property. Fifteen Aborigines and an estimated 20,000 sheep were drowned during the floods, which left miles of country underwater.
Meda was placed on the market for auction in 1897 and advertised as occupying an area of and being stocked with 8,900 sheep and 9 horses. It sold at the reserve price of £5,000 to William Silas Pearse. The following year all of the stock was sold off from the property; a total of 6,400 sheep were advertised for sale.
The property was acquired by the Emanuel brothers after 1897; the Emanuels were in business with Pearse and together they owned some of leases in the Kimberley. In 1908 all of the squatters were under fire as being part of a "meat ring", a virtual monopoly of the meat trade in Western Australia.
Meda experienced a heavy rainfall event in 1914 with of rain recorded in one fall. Widespread flooding followed with miles of fencing being washed away at Meda. The following year the property was carrying approximately 33,000 head of cattle.
In 1943 the station manager, Gordon Harold Smith, was killed at Meda while mustering cattle. His horse fell and Smith received fatal injuries as a result. Heavy rainfall was again recorded in 1945 with another downpour, which arrived shortly after a dry spell.
In the 1970s approximately from the station were excised by the Lands Department of Western Australia. The land was to be regenerated following land degradation from overstocking. In 1978 the Institute of Ecotechnics acquired the lease known as Birdwood Downs, commencing land care work and offering tourist accommodation shortly afterwards.
See also
List of ranches and stations
List of pastoral leases in Western Australia
List of the largest stations in Australia
References
Homesteads in Western Australia
Stations in the Kimberley (Western Australia)
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41039932
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polistes%20carnifex
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Polistes carnifex
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Polistes carnifex, commonly known as the executioner wasp, is a neotropical vespid wasp in the cosmopolitan genus Polistes.
It is a very large yellow and brown paper wasp with a mandible that contains teeth. It establishes small colonies, founded by solitary queens, which build nests under the eaves of buildings or suspended from branches. Foraging adults bring nectar and macerated prey back to the nest to feed to the developing larvae which are individually housed in separate cells in the nest.
Vernacular names
As its range includes only small portions of the English-speaking Americas, P. carnifex has only recently taken on an English vernacular name, but in the mid-2010s the name executioner wasp was proposed, a calque upon the Latin specific name carnifex "executioner, hangman". This name, and the species, were subsequently widely popularized by YouTube personality Coyote Peterson in a 2018 video describing the wasp's painful sting.
In Paraguay, it is usually known in Guaraní as kava mainomby "hummingbird wasp", in reference to its great size; less commonly, it is called kava alazán "brown wasp" (more usually used for P. cavapyta), or kava sa'yju "yellow wasp" (more usually used for Agelaia multipicta or A. pallipes). In the Mexican state of Guerrero, speakers of Malinaltepec refer to the executioner wasp and the closely related P. instabilis as a'ma xtíya cháda "huarache-nest wasp", alluding to the flattened shape of the nests that they build.
Taxonomy
In 1768 HMS Endeavour left Plymouth on the first voyage of James Cook, reaching the harbour of Rio de Janeiro a few months later, in November. Here one of the passengers, the wealthy naturalist Joseph Banks, procured a female specimen of giant wasp, which made its way around the world to eventually arrive in England in 1771.
Meanwhile, the Dane Johan Christian Fabricius had travelled to Uppsala University in 1762 to study under the celebrated Carolus Linnæus, and upon returning to Denmark two years later began to work on his first publication, the Systema Entomologiæ, in which he attempted to list all known species of insects (which included spiders, crabs and other arthropods at the time) according to the new Linnaean system. By 1770 he had been appointed professor at the University of Copenhagen, and when in 1773 the University of Kiel (now German) had been ceded to Denmark, he was soon appointed professor there. By 1771 Fabricius began making yearly summer trips to London to study the collections that Banks and others had made in foreign lands, where he was able to study Banks' Brazilian specimen of wasp at Banks' London residence. In 1775 the 832 pages of the Systema Entomologiæ were finally published, and in this Polistes carnifex was scientifically described for the first time under the name Vespa carnifex, using Banks' specimen as holotype. This specimen is now stored at the Natural History Museum, London.
In 1802 Pierre André Latreille created the genus Polistes, and in 1804 Fabricius moved this species from Vespa to the new genus.
The authority citation of the species has erroneously been attributed to Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure, who wrote some of the most important books on the subject of wasps.
In 1853 de Saussure recognised that numerous taxa which had been described by others were synonyms of this species, and synonymised P. onerata, P. rufipennis, P. transverso-strigata and P. valida with P. carnifex. He also synonymised P. chlorostoma and P. major to it, although both are now recognised as valid species.
Supergeneric classification
The genus Polistes is the largest genus in the family Vespidae and the only genus in the tribe Polistini. It is classified in the Polistinae, the paper wasps.
Subgeneric classification
Owain Richards in 1973, and again in 1978, classified P. carnifex in a monotypic subgenus he named Onerarius. In a 1996 morphological study of most of the genus Polistes, James Michael Carpenter found this subgenus to cause the subgenus Aphanilopterus to be paraphyletic, and therefore synonymised Onerarius with the subgenus Aphanilopterus. However, by 2018 he no longer followed his own taxonomic interpretation and continued to use Richards' Onerarius.
In 1857 de Saussure was the first to attempt to organise the American Polistes species, doing so on the basis of the form of the abdomen -either conical, with the first segment broad, and tapering to a compressed last segment, with a conical and somewhat elongated metathorax; or with the abdomen oval-shaped, the first segment ampulliform (shaped like a flask) and the metathorax more flat and its end less elongated. He placed P. carnifex in a third group with characteristics in between these two, together with P. aurifer and a new species he described from Nuevo México (a Mexican territory which had recently been conquered and annexed by the USA and at the time included everything in between modern California to east Texas), P. comanchus.
Among the species of Polistes which occur in Pará, Adolpho Ducke groups it with P. canadensis, P. goeldii and P. versicolor, based on the morphology of the mesopleuron.
One of the hypothesized phylogenetic trees puts P. carnifex most closely related to P. major and more distantly related to the following species: P. apachus, P. aurifer, P. bellicosus, P. carolina, P. metricus, P. poeyi ssp. haitiensis and P. perplexus. However, there has not been a consensus with regard to the phylogeny of P. carnifex so no one phylogenetic tree can be termed correct.
Subspecies
The following three subspecies are accepted:
Polistes carnifex ssp. carnifex - found in eastern Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico and the USA.
Polistes carnifex ssp. boliviensis Bequaert, 1936 - found in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia.
Polistes carnifex ssp. rufipennis (Latreille, 1833) - found in Honduras, Panama and Venezuela.
The holotype of P. carnifex ssp. boliviensis was collected by José Steinbach somewhere in Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia. It and three paratypes from Bolivia and Peru are stored in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
P. carnifex ssp. rufipennis was originally described as P. rufipennis by Pierre André Latreille from a collection made by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland during their celebrated journey of scientific exploration to the Americas. The single female specimen (the holotype) was collected somewhere in Venezuela. It was synonymised with this species by de Saussure in 1853. See the section "Description" below for more on this subspecies.
Etymology
The etymology of the specific epithet carnifex is from the Latin language, where it means an 'executioner' or a 'hangman', with the implied meanings of 'tormentor' or 'murderer', with the word used as an insult in the sense of 'scoundrel', 'villain' or 'rascal'. The Latin word carnis, meaning 'meat', combined with the genitive plural suffix -fex, derived from the word facio, and meaning '-maker' (among a number of similar concepts), together give 'flesh-maker'. (Carnifex : Butcher)
Description
Polistes carnifex is the largest Neotropical wasp in the genus Polistes with a body length up to three centimetres. The normal size is 24-27mm, with a possible maximum of 33mm. Despite its size, it is a relatively non-aggressive insect.
It is colored yellow with some brown stripes, these are partially blackish. The antennae are yellow with a darkened base. The head is yellow, the crown of the head being black and ending with reddish-brown stripes. The maxillae are reddish-brown, outlined in black. The thorax is yellow, the dorsal part black, but with a quartet of dark reddish-brown spots. The pronotum is totally or almost totally colored yellow. The abdomen is yellow, the second segment (tergite) darkened at the base. The wings are reddish-brown, or yellowish reddish-brown, and the feet are dark-colored.
It can be grouped with a number of species which can be distinguished from other species within the genus Polistes by their lacking of a groove on the underside of its head called the epicnemial sulcus. P. carnifex can be distinguished among this group of wasps by its wide cheek plates. Also the first tergite is very compact, dorsally convex, and elevated vertically compared to the constriction where the abdomen is inserted into the thorax. Furthermore, the eyes do not touch the clypeus. Lastly, this is a very large wasp, with individuals always longer than 20mm. The first gastral segment (sternite) is less broad than long.
Ducke states that the nests, with their relatively long and strong central petiole, are characteristic for the species, at least among the species in the genus of which the nest was known in his time.
P. carnifex ssp. rufipennis appears to differ from the nominate type by the body and wings being colored a tan brown, almost chestnut. Latreille describes it as such, with the antennas and the last quarter of the tarsi being more yellowish. It is yellow above the jaws, the posterior (back) edge of the first segment of the thorax, the very end of the thorax, the area beyond the second scutellum, the posterior edges of the first three rings (tergites + sternites) of the abdomen and the entirety of the following ring, this yellow being in the form of bands on the front rings, and forming two large, united patches which extend laterally to the extreme end of the thorax. A part of the inferior and anterior sides, the outline of the scutellum, and the square segment above that which Latreille calls the "second scutellum" are a similar color, but fainter. The abdomen and wings are glossy. The length of the body of the creature is 26mm.
Mandibles
As a member of the order Hymenoptera, Polistes carnifex has mandibles, which may be used to obtain wood fibers, build nests, or capture and macerate prey. The mandibles of P. carnifex are short. Yet, they are markedly wide at their base, with a length to basal width ratio of approximately 2:1. An external basal area stretches "from the basal margin ... to a point situated about half-way the mandible's length." P. carnifex also have teeth. "A convex distal posterior area ... is continuous with the posterior-most apical tooth and stays adjacent to a distal media area". This area is convex in P. carnifex. In P. carnifex, the third tooth's anterior edge is elongated, compared to in other species.
Genitals
Like most insects, the genitals of this species are very characteristic. The male wasp has a paramere that is two and a half times as long as wide at the middle, with the parameral spine about 1/6th of the length, and a shallow groove at its side. This spine is covered in very long and dense bristles and pointed apically. The paramere lobe is well developed and rounded, the lower part of the paramere is narrow, about 2/3 the width at the middle part.
It has a slender aedeagus, with about 27 teeth distributed from the end to beginning of the expansion in the middle part of the aedeagus. The penis valve is weakly dilated, with a central entrance and a weakly bi-lobed appearance (the valve being a little more than 1/3 of the length of apical part of the aedeagus). The expansion of the middle part of the aedeagus is well developed and has a pointed apex. The lateral apodeme of the aedeagus is directed forward with a weak central projection and shorter than the rounded ventral process (projection), while the inferior (lower) portion of the aedeagus is weakly curved -appearing almost straight from the side.
The digitus is slender, with a well-developed apical process which is about one and a half times longer than the base of the digitus and the same width from the base to the end. This end (apex) is pointed. The digitus has a band of obvious punctation around its base, and an anteroventral lobe that is short with a rounded end, and is covered in easily rubbed off (evanescent) bristles.
The cuspis is slender, with an apex which is pointed and tapers abruptly, and covered in long and sparse bristles, with more bristles found at the edges of the sides, and with short bristles on the lower part. The punctation on the cuspis is only found on the lateral lobe.
Similar species
In Paraguay, according to the identification key provided by Bolívar Rafael Garcete-Barrett, the most similar species are P. cavapyta, which has a completely yellow head and is banded with a rusty orange color, P. lanio, which has extensive black coloration on the mesosoma (~thorax) and back of the metasoma (~abdomen), P. canadensis, which has a red metasoma except some black in the sutures between the plates of the exoskeleton. The much smaller P. major is the only species in Paraguay with a similar color pattern.
In Nicaragua, according to the key provided by Jean-Michel Maes, it is best distinguished from the most similar species of the region, P. major, by its wide cheek plates, and the male genitals of both species are furthermore very characteristic.
In Brazil, Ducke compares it to P. claripennis, which has a similar coloration, but with a more pale yellow. This species is much smaller and lacks the wide cheeks of P. carnifex.
According to Joseph Charles Bequaert in 1936, many of the specimens labelled as P. carnifex in collections are P. major, these two species being commonly confused. All published records from Cuba and Hispaniola are P. major. See for example the description by William J. Fox of a specimen collected on San Esteban Island in the Gulf of California, Mexico.
Distribution
Polistes carnifex is native to Central and South America; its range extends from Arizona and southern Texas to Misiones Province in northern Argentina. In 1907 Ducke stated the species occurred in the Greater Antilles, but according to Bequaert in 1936, the species does not occur in the United States nor the Greater Antilles. In 1940 he was proven wrong however, when the first specimen from the United States was collected in Arizona by John J. duBois, this record first being published in 1955.
In Brazil it has been found in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Pará and Paraná.
In Mexico it has been recorded in the states of Baja California, Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora, Veracruz and Yucatan, as well as Mexico City.
In Paraguay it is found in the departments of Alto Paraná, Canindeyú, Paraguarí and San Pedro.
Bequaert states the species is not common anywhere. Ducke also states it is infrequently seen in Pará, Brazil.
Ecology
Habitat
The species is found in coastal, humid, and open areas, such as in evergreen tropical forests. In tropical zones like Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina it is found in extensive wooded habitats without heavy rains.
Behavior
Before the 1970s little was known of the biology or behavior of Polistes carnifex. P. carnifex is a species of paper wasp, thus, like other members of the subfamily Polistinae, it is an eusocial wasp.
Nests
The nest is founded by a solitary queen which builds first cell and then further cells from macerated pulpy material. To create a colony, the queen enlarges a cell by introducing a ball of recently macerated pulp on her own. Using her mandibles, the queen loads the ball while holding the sides of the wall being constructed with her foretarsi. While completing this task, the queen moves her antennae in circles about her head, touching the parallel-lying opposite wall. The antennae-wall contact allows the queen to construct straight sides on the inner wall. She lays eggs and feeds the larvae, feeding them nectar and macerated prey. The female workers that emerge from the first cells then assist with the further building and development of the colony, and can themselves mate and lay eggs.
Polistes carnifex is a social species and the nests consist of a number of horizontal papery cells in which the young are reared. The nests are built from wood pulp which the wasps chew into a plaster. In a study in Costa Rica, nests were found hanging from branches of various species of low thorny trees near an ephemeral swamp. Nests have been seen under the eaves of buildings. The nests are hanging and open-faced, supported by a single Petiole in the centre which is strengthened by a tough gelatinous material. Of the six nests measured by Corn, the maximum size for a nest of P. carnifex was approximately 9 cm in diameter. One nest in which one emergence at minimum occurred had an average length of 27.8 mm. Nests range in the adult population from 4 to 13 individuals. In one nest studied, there were 28 cells and this number remained constant for the duration of the observation (17 days). There was only one cell observed as being enlarged, which was on the periphery.
Reproduction
Of six nests examined in 1972 not all nests contained a female with "well-developed ovaries".
Feeding
The English naturalist Thomas Belt observed how a Polistes carnifex wasp which had found a large caterpillar, chewed it up and made half of it into a macerated ball. Picking this up, it hovered for a few seconds and then circled several times round the place among the dense foliage where the other half of the caterpillar lay. It then flew off but returned a couple of minutes later and quickly located the correct hole among the leaves. Making its way in among the foliage, it could not at first find the exact leaf on which the caterpillar lay. After several fruitless hunts interspersed with short circling flights, it finally located the dismembered prey and flew off with its trophy. Belt marvelled that the insect could use a mental process so similar to that a human might have used to remember the specific location of its prey.
In Colombia, twenty-nine foraging wasps were observed returning to a particular nest with twenty-five loads of nectar, three loads of macerated prey and one of nest-building pulp. When a foraging wasp arrived, the highest ranking wasp present demanded food and then both fed the larvae. Each wasp pushed its head into a cell, drummed on the cell walls with its antennae and then deposited the food. The drumming noise could be heard a meter away by the researcher, and may have alerted the larvae to the presence of food.
Interactions within the species
Worker policing
As a member of the order hymenoptera, Polistes carnifex is subject to worker policing. While the diploid female workers do not mate, they are able to lay unfertilized eggs that will develop into haploid males. The relatedness of a worker to her offspring is r=0.5, and her relatedness to the queen's sons is r=0.25. Similarly, the queen's relatedness to her own offspring is r=0.5, whereas the queen's relatedness to her workers' sons is r=0.25, thus the queen prefers to bear her own sons. The other workers are more closely related to the queen's offspring than to their sisters' offspring. The consequences of these differences is as follows: queens try to suppress the production of eggs by workers and workers have an incentive to suppress other workers from producing eggs. This phenomenon is known as "worker policing".
Territorial behavior
In Costa Rica, male Polistes carnifex congregate on the top of ridges where they maintain territories. The males chase away other conspecific males from these territories which consist of groups of trees and shrubs with no nests. It is suggested that females only mate with males occupying such territories.
Interactions with other species
Nests (hanging from low branches on thorny trees near a swamp) were sometimes found within about a meter of nests of a Polybia species and occasionally in similar close proximity to a Mischocyttarus nest. Polybia and Mischocyttarus are often associated in the same area; however, Polistes carnifex only occasionally was found in proximity. The association of P. carnifex with other species of social wasps has not been reported outside of Costa Rica. Some trees bore several nests of different wasp species while many other similar trees bore none, which suggests that there is a non-random distribution.
The species P. major appears to be a Batesian mimic of this species.
Parasites
In a study of six nests of Polistes carnifex, in three cells there was an additional egg instead of the usual one, but these eggs appeared to be of P. carnifex. The author of this study found no evidence of parasitism, however, the wasps are indeed parasitized by strepsipteran insects in the genus Xenos. These obligate parasites infect the developing wasp larvae in the nest and are present within the abdomens of female wasps when they hatch out. Here they remain until they thrust through the cuticle and pupate (males) or release infective first-instar larvae onto flowers (females). These larvae are transported back to their nests by foraging wasps.
Sting
Although not a particularly aggressive wasp species, it has garnered a reputation in many Latin American countries for its potent sting. The YouTube personality and wildlife educator Nathaniel "Coyote" Peterson has deliberately exposed himself to a variety of stinging insects for entertainment and educational purposes, and declared that the executioner wasp's sting is the most painful he has ever received, more painful than that of the bullet ant or the Asian giant hornet. He labeled it the "King of sting" in his video journey of the most painful stings from various insects. Peterson also said the sting can cause tissue necrosis around the site of the sting, saying, "My arm was swollen for days, and eventually a small hole rotted in my arm from the venom at the sting site."
Conservation
The IUCN has not evaluated this species' conservation status.
It has been recorded as present in the following protected areas:
Shipstern Conservation & Management Area, Belize.
References
carnifex
Insects described in 1775
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
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41039947
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20McGrath
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Jack McGrath
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Jack McGrath may refer to:
Jack McGrath (footballer) (1924–2013), Australian rules footballer for Geelong
Jack McGrath (rugby union) (born 1989), Irish rugby union player
Jack McGrath (racing driver) (1919–1955), American racecar driver
Jack McGrath (American football), American football player and coach
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41039952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazharov%20Peak
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Vazharov Peak
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Vazharov Peak (, ) is the ice-covered peak rising to 780 m in Brugmann Mountains on Liège Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It surmounts Shterna Glacier to the north, Coria Cove to the east-southeast and Sigmen Glacier to the west-southwest.
The feature is named after Mihail Vazharov, mechanic at St. Kliment Ohridski base in 1999/2000 and subsequent seasons, and base commander during part of the 2005/06 season.
Location
Vazharov Peak is located at , which is 2.14 km west by south of Balkanov Peak, 1.67 km north of Mount Kozyak and 3 km southeast of Bebresh Point. British mapping in 1978.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1978.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
Notes
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Vazharov Peak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
External links
Vazharov Peak. Copernix satellite image
Mountains of the Palmer Archipelago
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Liège Island
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41039959
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hackman%20Tachie-Menson
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James Hackman Tachie-Menson
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Captain James Hackman ("J.H.") Tachie-Menson (4 April 1928 – 9 February 2014) was an African pioneer and musician, widely recognized as the first African Master Mariner/Ship's Captain. He gained additional recognition as the author of a number of choral compositions that have been performed by various choirs and musicians in Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Early life
Captain Tachie-Menson was born on 4 April 1928 in Cape Coast, Ghana. He completed his secondary education at Adisadel College in Cape Coast, and later proceeded to Liverpool, England, in 1951 under a programme initiated by the Gold Coast Railway and Harbor Authority for the training of Africans to become pilots and tug-masters.
Maritime career
Elder Dempster
Captain Tachie-Menson served in the British Merchant Navy from 1951 to 1960, on board various ships in the fleet of the Liverpool-based shipping company, Elder Dempster Lines, while simultaneously pursuing prescribed courses and maritime studies at the Liverpool Nautical College (now Maritime Academy at Liverpool John Moores University). He completed his four-year training as a Cadet on Elder Dempster's motor ship Macgregor Laird, and was quickly promoted through all the Navigational officer grades, from the rank of Third Mate to that of Chief Officer, on board various ships in Elder Dempster's fleet, including the Royal Mail and passenger liners, Accra, Apapa and MV Aureol, sailing regularly between Liverpool and the West Coast of Africa.
Master Mariner/Captain qualification
In 1960, Tachie-Menson acquired the British Board of Trade Certificate of Competency as Master Mariner, the qualification required for sailing as a captain on British ships as well as other commercial liners, giving him the distinction of being the first African south of the Sahara to be qualified to command a ship operating on international/trans-ocean voyages.
Black Star Line
Captain Tachie-Menson returned home to Ghana in 1960 on Elder Dempster's passenger liner, Aureol. Later that year, in response to an urgent call on him by the chairman and the board of directors of Ghana's rapidly expanding national shipping company, Black Star Line, which Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, the first President of Ghana, had formed soon after Ghana gained its independence from the United Kingdom, Captain Tachie-Menson joined the company. Shortly thereafter, he was appointed as captain of the S.S. Tano River, one of the four ships owned and operated by Black Star Line at the time, thereby becoming not only the first black African to ever be appointed to command a merchant navy ship, but also the first Ghanaian to become a Master Mariner and captain of a foreign-going vessel.
Captain Tachie-Menson continued his career as a captain with the Black Star Line's Fleet for several years, trailblazing several voyages across the Atlantic Ocean and through the Baltic and North Seas on the Tano River and subsequently the Nasia River. It was in his capacity as captain of these two ships that Tachie-Menson first gained recognition and reverence in the North American continent, especially by notable civil rights activists in the US. The Captain would later serve as chief superintendent of Black Star Line's marine office in London and, following his return to Ghana in the 1970s, became the managing director and CEO of Black Star Line.
Maritime organizations
Throughout his maritime career, Captain Tachie-Menson represented Ghana at several international maritime conferences, including the International Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) Loadline Conference of 1966, at which he proposed the extension of the Tropical Zone to incorporate the Canary Islands. That proposal, which was unanimously adopted, benefited the international maritime industry immensely by allowing ships to obtain maximum fuel in the Canary Islands, which in turn enabled them to travel further to ports in and beyond South Africa. Captain Tachie-Menson also served for approximately five years, as Chairman of the Association of African National Shipping Lines, was a leading member of the America-West Africa Freight Conference, and Principal of the United Kingdom-West Africa Lines Conference (UKWAL).
Presentation to Queen Elizabeth II
Notably, in July 1977, he was one of three shipping executives (from Ghana, Nigeria and the United Kingdom) who, with their wives, were presented to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II at a special maritime ceremony in England during the celebration of the Queen's Silver Jubilee Anniversary on the British throne.
Nigerian National Shipping Line and Grundstad Maritime
In 1980, as a result of political instability in his native country, Ghana, Captain Tachie-Menson returned to England and back to sea as captain on various vessels initially in the fleet of the Nigerian National Shipping Line, and subsequently with the fleet of Grundstad Maritime Overseas, Inc., a company founded by his longtime friend and shipping colleague, Oddmund Grundstad. In this latter capacity, Captain Tachie-Menson commanded various vessels, including oil tankers that sailed through the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Persian Gulf, as well as ports on the coasts of East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Spain, Turkey, the United States, South America, Yugoslavia and Algeria.
Crown Cruise Line
In 1984, when Grundstad decided to enter the Cruise Line market in the United States, he called upon his close friend Captain Tachie-Menson to head up the operations. Tachie-Menson moved to the United States, where he served first as Director of Operations for the newly formed Crown Cruise Line in the Port of San Diego in California, and, subsequently, as Port Captain, General Manager and vice-president of the cruise line when it moved to the Port of Palm Beach in Florida. There, he oversaw operations of the company's cruise ships: Viking Princess, Crown Del Mar, Crown Monarch, Crown Jewel, and Crown Dynasty. He worked in this capacity until his retirement in the mid-1990s.
Musical compositions
In addition to his accomplishments in the maritime industry, Captain Tachie-Menson was also a renowned musician, composer, conductor, editor, arranger and producer of choral music. His original compositions, a number of which were written while he was at sea, are established hymns in many churches in Ghana, and have also been sung by choirs in the United Kingdom and the United States. His notable musical compositions include "Where is our God in whom we trust?", "The New Born Prince of Peace", "Afrehyia-Pa", and "He is still our God" ("Leonora"). The tune from another of his original works, "Willevlutt", has become the preferred tune for singing the hymn "Hark, hark my soul" in Ghanaian churches and by Ghanaian choirs in various parts of the world. His compositions while living in the United States include an Opus Magnum, "How Lovely is Thy Dwelling", which he was invited to compose in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of Reverend Canon Kerry Robb as Rector of St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Palm Beach Gardens, where the Captain and his wife were members of the choir.
Besides composing music, Captain Tachie-Menson, a staunch Anglican/Episcopalian, also served as organist and choirmaster at various Anglican churches in Accra, Takoradi and Tema, most prominently at St. Barnabas Church in Osu.
Personal
Captain Tachie-Menson lived in Jupiter, Florida, in the United States with his wife of 48 years, Veronica Tachie-Menson (née Hayford), until his death on 9 February 2014. He had nine children: Cynthia, James, Charlotte, Charles, Michael, Ursula, Vanessa, Odette and Oddmund.
References
1928 births
2014 deaths
Sea captains
Ghanaian composers
British Merchant Navy officers
Alumni of Adisadel College
Alumni of Liverpool John Moores University
20th-century sailors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygope
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Pygope
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Pygope is an extinct genus of brachiopods belonging to the family Pygopidae. These brachiopods lived in open sea from the Jurassic Period, Kimmeridgian age (152.1–157.3 mya) up to Cretaceous Period, Barremian age (125.0–~129.4 mya). Some of the species are characterised by a smaller or larger perforation through the entire shell in older specimens, while others just have a depression somewhere on the midline. Younger specimens of the perforated species develop a heart-shape and subsequently both extensions merge, thus encircling a central passage which is in fact entirely outside the shell.
Distribution
P. catulloi occurs in Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) to Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) of Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Switzerland.
P. diphya has been found in the Lower Cretaceous of Poland (Early Berriasian, Rogoza Klippes, Rogoznik, 49.5° N, 19.9° E, Euxinus Zone-Occitanica Zone, Sobotka and Korowa Member, Dursztyn Formation, Cisowa Skala, Bursukowa Skala, Lysa Skala, and Czorsztyn-Sobotka, 49.0° N, 20.0° E), Slovakia (Berriasian, Rogoznik Member, Durstyn Formation), Kyjov, Puste Pole, 49.0° N, 20.0° E).
P. janitor is present in the Upper Jurassic of Bulgaria (Kimmeridgian, Lacunosella sparcicosta zone, Nechinska Bara, Gorno Belotintsi, 43.5° N, 22.9° E), Hungary (Lower Tithonian, Szel-hegy, Gerecse Mts, 47.0° N, 18.0° E), Poland (Early through to Late Titonian, Rogoza Klippes, Rogoznik, 49.5° N, 19.9° E), the Lower Cretaceous of Greenland (North Mols Bjerge, Traill Island, and Brorson Halvo, Wollaston Forland, both Lower Valanginian, Albrechts Bugt Member, Palnatokes Bjerg Formation east Greenland) and Poland (Berriasian, Euxinus Zone-Occitanica Zone, Sobotka and Korowa Member, Dursztyn Formation, Cisowa Skala, Lysa Skala, Bursukowa Skala, Czorsztyn-Sobotka and 49.0° N, 20.0° E).
References
External links
Paleobiology Database
Sepkoski's Online Genus Database
Prehistoric brachiopod genera
Kimmeridgian first appearances
Early Cretaceous genus extinctions
Terebratulida
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41039988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Kozyak
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Mount Kozyak
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Mount Kozyak (, ) is the ice-covered peak rising to 709 m in Brugmann Mountains on Liège Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It surmounts Coria Cove to the northeast, Beripara Cove to the south and Sigmen Glacier to the northwest.
The feature is named after the settlement of Kozyak in Northeastern Bulgaria.
Location
Mount Kozyak is located at , which is 1.67 km south of Vazharov Peak, 1.72 km northwest of Leshko Point and 3.5 km northeast of Pavlov Peak. British mapping in 1978.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1978.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
Notes
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Mount Kozyak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
External links
Mount Kozyak. Copernix satellite image
Mountains of the Palmer Archipelago
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Liège Island
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41039989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeshna
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Sudeshna
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In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Sudeshna was the wife of King Virata, at whose court the Pandavas spent a year in concealment during their exile. She was the mother of Uttar, Uttara and Shankha.
Sudeshna was the daughter of Queen Malavi and a lord of the Kekayas.
Role in the Mahabhartha
During the Pandavas' 13th year of exile, Sudeshna unknowingly plays host to the Pandavas and Draupadi. Draupadi poses as her maid, Sairandhri. Sudeshna is looking out her room window one day and sees Draupadi wandering in the market. Stunned at her beauty, Sudeshna inquires about her afterwards. Draupadi poses as Sairandhri, saying that she is a former lady-in-waiting from Indraprastha, now without a job after the Pandavas had lost their kingdom. Suspicious of her story, since Sairandhri looks and carries herself like royalty, Sudeshna chastises herself for being so paranoid and hires Sairandhri. Sairandhri proves to be a loyal and efficient handmaiden.
Kichaka notices Sairandhri and is overcome by her beauty and inquires Sudeshna about her. Sudeshna conveys Kichaka's interest in Sairandhri. Sairandhri rebukes Kichaka, telling her that she is already married to a Gandarva who would kill any man who touched her. Unable to deny her older brother, and wary of the king's warnings to not displease their city's top commander-in-chief, Sudeshna introduces Kichaka to Sairandhri. She does this by asking Sairandhri to fetch wine from Kichaka's house; she refuses to heed Sairandhri's warnings yet again. The moment Sairandhri arrives, Kichaka tries to molest her. Sairandhri looks to Sudeshna for aid, but the queen is silent.
Later, when Kichaka dies under mysterious circumstances (actually killed by Bhima), Sudeshna becomes terrified and begs Sairandhri for forgiveness. Having seen her words come true, Sudeshna recognizes that Sairandhri is no ordinary woman. Believing that Sairandhri's words will become truthful, Sudeshna counsels her husband against punishing Sairandhri for Kichaka's death.
When the Susarma and the Trigartas attack Matsya, Sudeshna sees her husband and the army off. Later, when the Kauravas attack from the other direction, she attempts to organize the city defences only to find that few soldiers have remained. Her young son, Uttar, brags that he will single-handedly defeat the Kauravas, and gets ready to ride out. Knowing her son will be killed, Sudeshna tries to talk him down. Sairandhri chimes in that Uttar should take Brihannala (actually Arjuna in disguise) as his charioteer, saying that if Uttar did so, no harm would come to him. Uttar attempts to decline, not wanting to have his chariot in the hands of a woman. However, Sudeshna overrules him saying that if Sairandhri said it, it must be true. Thus, when Uttar faces the Kauravas, it is Arjuna who actually defeats all of them and prevents Uttar from dying and Matsya from falling.
After the skirmish, the Pandavas reveal themselves. Sudeshna is horrified that Draupadi endured such treatment under her roof. However, Draupadi and the Pandavas quickly forgive them, thanking the royal pair for giving them shelter. Uttara is married to Arjuna's son, Abhimanyu. Virat immediately pledges to support the Pandavas' cause to regain their kingdom, and his army as well as Sudeshna's children fight with the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra war.
On the first day, Sudeshna suffers the loss of two of her sons killed. By the war's end, her husband, her children, and the entire Matsya army are wiped out in a Pandava victory. However, her grandson, Parikshit, becomes the new heir of a reunified Hastinapur. Sudeshna is present for Parikshit's birth. She is one of the ones who implore Krishna to work his magic and save her grandson (as he was stillborn).
References
Characters in the Mahabharata
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41039995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio%20Cordero%20%28painter%29
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Horacio Cordero (painter)
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Horacio Rodolfo de Sosa Cordero (June 29, 1945 – June 12, 2014), tenth Marquis de Sosa, was an Argentine painter, sculptor and ceramicist.
Cordero was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The only male child of Don Rodolfo María de Sosa Cordero and Dña. Ángela Marcó del Pont, his first studies with Jesuit priests were instrumental in the discovery of his vocation as an artist. He belonged to an ancient aristocratic Spanish family whose history dates back to the 14th century in the lands of Castile.
In 1965, he established himself in Paris, France and began a great friendship with Alberto Giacometti and Diego Giacometti, with whom worked, at the sculptor's request, in the last stage of his life, to develop patinas especially for the Musée Picasso – Hôtel Salé, Paris. At the same time, he also knew Francis Bacon, Pablo Picasso, the Vicountess Marie-Laure de Noailles, Antenor Patiño, Porfirio Rubirosa, Charles de Beistegui, Alexis de Redé, Emilio Terry, Aristóteles Onassis and his daughter Cristina Onassis, among other international personalities who all began collecting his work.
In 1980, he was invited to participate at the Venice Biennale, in the "Aperto 80" exhibition, where he presented " Entartete Kunst" or "Art Degenere", a painting started in 1977 in the artist's atelier in Piazza Navona, Rome and finished in 1980 in time for the exhibition. He is one of the main representatives of the Transvanguardia movement, along with Sandro Chia, Francesco Clemente, Mimmo Paladino, Nicola De Maria, and Enzo Cucchi, however he never joined a specific pictoric movement, he only participated.
Besides being a great painter and sculptor, Horacio Cordero was also a writer, photographer, ceramicist and a jewel and brass furniture designer. He designed for the world-famous architect and interior designer Juan Pablo Molyneux.
Horacio Cordero worked and lived in New York City, Monte Carlo, Paris, London, Italy and Buenos Aires. Member of ADAGP, he signed his works as: Horacio Cordero.
He died on June 12, 2014, just days before his 69th birthday, in the Princess Grace Hospital of Monaco after a long illness.
Horacio Cordero Foundation is the only institution authorized by the artist to provide opinions or authenticity certificates of Horacio Cordero’s work. At the present time, the foundation is preparing the artist’s catalogue raisonné: Horacio Cordero, Paintings – Sculptures.
Horacio Cordero’s art works in international collections
Argentina: Church of Nuestra Señora del Transito, in Salta. (Stations of the Cross, with the twelve stations in 70 x 50 cm oils, painted in 1972, commissioned by Monseñor Casado, that later on became Salta City’s Bishop, Argentina).
Argentina: Juan Carlos Castagnino Municipal Museum of Art, Mar del Plata.
Argentina: Dr. Juan R. Vidal Provincial Museum of Fine Art, Corrientes.
Argentina: La Boca’s Fine Arts Museum "Benito Quinquela Martín", Buenos Aires.
Argentina: Municipal Museum of Modern Art, Mendoza.
Argentina: Juan B. Castagnino Fine Arts Museum, Rosario.
Argentina: Municipal Museum, Santa Fe.
Argentina: Ramón Gómez Cornet Museum of Fine Art, Santiago del Estero.
Argentina: Dr. Pedro E. Martinez Provincial Museum of Fine Art, Paraná.
Argentina: Hugo Irureta Fine Arts Foundation, Tilcara.
Argentina: Regional Museum of Painting "José Antonio Terry", Jujuy.
Argentina: Municipal Museum of Fine Arts, Tandil.
Argentina: Circulo Militar Argentino, Buenos Aires (Battle of Obligado).
Argentina: Salta Department of Culture.
Argentina: Jujuy Department of Culture.
Argentina: Neuquen Department of Culture.
Belgium: Veranemann Ganz Foundation.
Bolivia: National Art Museum, La Paz.
Brazil: Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro
Brazil: Bahia Museum of Modern Art – MAM/BA.
Chile: Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts.
Cuba: Horacio Cordero Foundation, Havana.
USA: Museum of Modern Art MOMA, New York.
USA: Museum of Latin American Art
France: Museum of Modern Art, Paris.
France: San Martin Museum, Boulogne-sur-Mer.
France: FNAC: National Art Collection of Contemporary Art, Paris.
Netherlands: Museum of Modern Art, Amsterdam.
Italy: Lucio Amelio Foundation, Naples.
Italy: Yacht Club Porto Rotondo, Sardinia.
Monaco: Yacht Club, Principality of Monaco.
Paraguay: National Museum of Fine Arts of Asunción.
Selective Exhibitions
1964 – Le Petit Galerie. Rio de Janeiro – Brazil.
1965 – Galerie de Seine. Paris – France.
1966 – Wildenstein Gallery. Buenos Aires – Argentina.
1967 – Galerie de Seine. Paris – France.
1968 – Le Petit Galerie. Rio de Janeiro – Brazil.
1970 – Rio de Janeiro Museum – Brazil.
1975 – Van Riel Gallery (4 rooms). Buenos Aires – Argentina.
1976 – Antares Gallery. Cannes – France.
1977 – Quinquela Martin, H. Sosa Cordero, Galeria Rocca & Birger. Buenos Aires – Argentina.
1977 – H. Gallery, Buenos Aires – Argentina.
1978 – Bahia Museum of Modern Art. Salvador da Bahía – Brazil.
1979 – Museum of Modern Art. Santiago de Chile – Chile.
1980 – C.A.R.A.T. Iris Clert Gallery. Neuilly-Sur-Seine – France.
1980 – Venice Biennale (Aperto 80). Venice – Italy.
1980 – Lucio Amelio Gallery. Naples – Italy.
1981 – Durban Gallery. Madrid – Spain.
1982 – Great Palace. Paris – France.
1983 – Lavrov Gallery. Paris – France.
1983 – ABC Gallery. Casablanca – Morocco.
1984 – 1st Air Fair London. Lavrov Gallery.
1984 – L'oeil de Boeuf. Cérès Franco. Paris – France.
1985 – FIAC Paris – France.
1985 – Futura Gallery. London – England.
1985 – Brompton Gallery. London – England.
1986 – Van Dyck Gallery. Eindhoven – Netherlands.
1986 – D'Eendt Gallery. Amsterdam – Netherlands
1986 – Arco. Madrid – Spain.
1987 – Penagos Gallery. Bogotá – Colombia.
1988 – Brompton Gallery. London – England.
1990 – Lennox Gallery. New York – USA.
1995 – Lennox Gallery. New York – USA.
2000 – Palm Beach Art Fair. Lennox Gallery. New York – USA.
2004 – Lennox Gallery. Miami, Florida – USA.
2006 – Lennox Gallery. New York – USA.
2006 – Christie's (DECO.) New York – USA.
2009 – Celita de Cárdenas Foundation. Monte Carlo. ECO – PARADE, (Monumental – Sculpture). Monte Carlo – Monaco.
2011 – Venice Biennale. Francis Bacon, Horacio Cordero. Venice – Italy.
2011 – Harter Gallery. 5NewWorks (Sculptures). Nice – France. (February – April)
2011/12 – Modern Art Gallery Jean-Pierre Harter. Nice – France. (October 2011 – April 2012). Exhibition "Las Meninas after Velázquez".
2012 – Picasso Museum. Paris – France. (may – September). "Las Meninas after Velázquez". Paintings, gouaches, sculptures.
2012 – Matthieu Monluc Gallery (3 rue de Beaune, 75007). Paris – France (may – June). Exhibition "MASQUES", 20 unique pieces Carre Rive Guache, paintings on "boîtes de camembert", mixed technique, diameter 20 cm (catalogue).
2014 – Gagosian Gallery. New York – USA.
References
Horacio Cordero Foundation, Horacio Cordero’s official website
"La pintura de Horacio Sosa Cordero", by Manuel Mujica Lainez, Edition Arte Actual, Buenos Aires.(1975)
"H Sosa Cordero" by César Magrini, Editorial Roncoroni, Buenos Aires. (1977)
"H Sosa Cordero", "Bahía", by José García-Martínez, Editorial Roncoroni, Buenos Aires.(1978)
"H Sosa Cordero" by José García-Martínez, Monography No. 11 Correo de Arte, Editorial Costa Peusser.(1978)
"La pintura de H.Sosa Cordero", by Rafael Squirru, Editorial Nuevo Arte. (1980)
"Bacon, Botero, Cordero, Haring, Cucchi, Rosdhal". Editorial Futura, Paris.(1984)
"Atelier Francis Bacon, por H. Cordero, London.(1984)", by David Sylvester, Editorial Euroarte.(1985)
"Exposiciones Colectivas" Horacio Cordero’s official website, by Horacio Cordero Foundation
External links
Entrevista al Maestro Horacio de Sosa Cordero
Los dibujos secretos de Francis Bacon, a través de los ojos de Horacio de Sosa Cordero, amigo íntimo del artista
Horacio Cordero – Pinturas y Esculturas
Homenaje al Arte
Argentine sculptors
Male sculptors
Modern painters
1945 births
2014 deaths
Artists from Paris
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41040003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchette%20%28cuisine%29
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Manchette (cuisine)
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In cuisine a manchette is a paper frill attached to the exposed end of a bone of a cooked piece of meat.
Manchettes are typically applied to the legs of roasted poultry and the bones of roasted pork or lamb. One particular dish often decorated with manchettes is the crown roast of lamb or pork.
Manchettes were originally of practical use: they allowed a cut of meat to be held with one hand securely and without the hand becoming greasy, leaving the other hand free to carve meat from the bone.
References
Food and drink decorations
Paper products
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41040004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie%20Corleone
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Connie Corleone
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Constanzia "Connie" Corleone (also known as Connie Corleone Rizzo) is a fictional character in The Godfather, a 1969 novel by Mario Puzo, and the 1972 film The Godfather. In the film, Connie is portrayed by Talia Shire, the sister of the director Francis Ford Coppola. Shire was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Connie Corleone in The Godfather Part II.
The Godfather
Born in 1925, Connie is the youngest child and only daughter of Mafia don Vito Corleone and his wife Carmela. She is the sister of Sonny, Fredo and Michael Corleone and adoptive sister of Tom. In 1945, she marries Sonny's friend Carlo Rizzi. Vito disapproves of the match, due to the fact that Carlo's mother is from Northern Italy rather than Sicily, and only agrees to the marriage on the condition that they have a traditional Sicilian wedding.
Puzo characterizes Carlo as "a punk sore at the world", and his angry behavior is exacerbated by the Corleone family shunting him aside after marrying into the family. He physically abuses and cheats on Connie. On their wedding night, he blackens Connie's eye when she refuses to give up the bridal purse containing thousands of dollars in cash wedding gifts.
Connie complains about Carlo's abuse to her family. Her brothers despise Carlo for mistreating their sister; Sonny is particularly enraged. Vito refuses to intervene and he strictly forbids anyone in the family from retaliating against Carlo. Connie is hurt and confused by this seeming indifference. Vito, however, is concerned, but feels powerless; Italian tradition forbids interfering in another person's marriage, and Vito worries his son-in-law will be unable to discharge his "duties as a husband" if he fears the family. Vito instead has Carlo secretly watched. This perceived inaction only emboldens Carlo to become more abusive. Sonny obeys his father's command not to interfere until he visits Connie and finds her sobbing and battered. Sonny severely beats Carlo in the street, threatening to kill him if he hurts Connie again.
Rival mob boss Emilio Barzini recruits Carlo in a plot to murder Sonny. Carlo arranges for his mistress to call the apartment to provoke a fight with the pregnant Connie. After Carlo severely beats Connie, she hysterically phones the Corleone compound. An enraged Sonny drives off alone to Connie's apartment, his bodyguards following in a separate car. At the causeway toll booth, Sonny is ambushed and killed by Barzini's Tommy gun-wielding men.
Michael returns from Sicily and assumes Sonny's place as Vito's heir apparent. Connie and Carlo's relationship seems to improve and they have a second child. Following Vito's death, Michael becomes the new Don and avenges Sonny's murder by having Carlo garroted by caporegime Peter Clemenza, one part of a wave of murders orchestrated by Vito and Michael to eliminate their enemies. Connie (who was unaware of her husband's role in Sonny's murder), hysterical after Carlo's death, blames Michael, denouncing him in front of his wife, Kay. In the novel, Connie quickly recovers from Carlo's demise, apparently relieved to be rid of an abusive, philandering husband. Days later, she apologizes to Michael for her outburst and assures Kay that Michael is blameless. Kay initially believes both Connie and Michael, but later learns her husband did have Carlo killed, along with the other Mafia heads.
The Godfather Part II
In The Godfather Part II, set three years later, Connie is still angry at Michael, and has several meaningless affairs just to spite him. Michael, to his dismay, is often caretaker for Connie's children during her frequent absences. On the day of Michael's son Anthony's First Communion, she comes to Michael's house and asks for money so she can marry Merle Johnson, a man Michael disapproves of. Michael refuses, and Connie storms off. At the end of the film, Connie returns for her mother's funeral and makes peace with Michael. She intercedes on Fredo's behalf after Michael disowns him for conspiring with Corleone rival Hyman Roth, pleading with Michael to forgive him. Michael publicly appears to forgive Fredo, but later has him killed after Connie organized a visit for Kay behind Michael's back which breaks the agreement. Connie later says that Fredo had drowned, feigning ignorance of the truth. After Michael and Kay divorce, Connie helps care for Michael's children. In a flashback at the end of the film, it is revealed that Sonny introduced her to Carlo in 1941 during Vito's birthday party.
The Godfather Part III
In The Godfather Part III, set 20 years later, Connie has become one of Michael's closest advisors, gradually assuming an active role in Corleone Family operations. She encourages Michael to bring Sonny's illegitimate son Vincent Mancini into the Corleone family and support him in his feud with Joey Zasa.
When Michael suffers a diabetic stroke following an attempt on his life, Connie and Michael's bodyguard Al Neri give Vincent the approval to kill Zasa, who was complicit in the attack. Michael is furious that Connie gave an order behind his back, but she maintains that it was necessary to strike fear into his enemies and prevent further hit attempts upon Michael. In a hospital room meeting with Vincent, Neri and Connie, rather than simply ordering Connie to stay out of Corleone Family illegal activities, Michael demands—and gets—her agreement to abide by his decisions, essentially granting her authority in family operations subject only to his own.
Connie travels with the Corleone family to Palermo, Sicily to watch Anthony's operatic debut. Now acting with full authority, Connie tells Vincent to prepare a counterattack if Michael is killed. She then stands at Michael's side when he retires and names Vincent his successor. She attends the opera, along with the entire Corleone family. Upon discovering that her godfather Don Altobello is the mastermind of the plot against their family, she kills him by giving him a gift of poisoned cannoli.
Connie is distraught when her niece Mary is killed by an assassin who intended to kill Michael.
The Italian-language version of The Godfather Part III changes Connie's name's spelling to the far more standard and common "Costanza" rather than keeping the original "Constanzia", which is rare and archaic in Italy.
Character
Connie is Vito's only daughter and has been described as his favorite child, next to Michael. Connie attempts to have her family accept Carlo in the first film, and is, at least initially, devastated by his murder, despite the abuse she suffered at his hands. Talia Shire described her character as "'a pain-in-the-ass, whiny person' in the shadow of all-powerful men."
In The Godfather, Part II, Connie has become an irresponsible social climber, paying scant attention to her sons while speeding through two superficial marriages, much to the disapproval of Michael.
With Vito and Sonny dead, and Fredo proving incapable of serving as any kind of family authority figure, Connie must beg Michael for money to support her party-girl lifestyle. Following the death of matriarch Carmela Corleone, Connie apparently abandons her promiscuous ways, and returns to the now-divorced Michael to assume a supportive role in his household.
By the events of The Godfather, Part III, Connie has become more decisive and self-sufficient, apparently having accepted the need for Michael to have eliminated Carlo. (Her sons by Carlo are not mentioned in the film.)
Although still feigning ignorance of the true circumstances of Fredo's death, she rationalizes it with Michael as "God's will."
In other media
Connie appears as a supporting character in Mark Winegardner's sequel novels The Godfather Returns and The Godfather's Revenge.
Family
Vito Corleone — Father
Carmela Corleone — Mother
Santino 'Sonny' Corleone — Brother
Tom Hagen — Adopted brother
Fredo Corleone — Brother
Michael Corleone — Brother
Kay Adams-Corleone Sister-in-law
Anthony Corleone — Nephew
Mary Corleone — Niece
Vincent Mancini — Nephew
Carlo Rizzi — First Husband
Victor Rizzi — Son
Michael Francis Rizzi — Son
References
The Godfather characters
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Characters in American novels of the 21st century
Literary characters introduced in 1969
Fictional female murderers
Female characters in literature
Fictional Italian American people
Female characters in film
Cultural depictions of the Mafia
Fictional victims of domestic abuse
Fictional characters from the 20th century
Film characters introduced in 1972
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41040019
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygopidae
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Pygopidae
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Pygopidae is an extinct family of brachiopods.
References
Paleobiology Database
Terebratulida
Prehistoric protostome families
Brachiopod families
Prehistoric brachiopods
Late Jurassic first appearances
Early Cretaceous extinctions
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41040020
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denk
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Denk
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Denk may refer to:
People
Jeremy Denk (born 1970), American classical pianist
Michael K. Denk, Canadian professor of chemistry
Paula Denk (1908–1978), German actress
Ralph Denk (born 1973), German cyclist and cycling manager
Ulrike Denk (born 1964), German Olympic athlete
Winfried Denk (born 1957), German physicist
Other
Denk (band), an Austrian rock band
DENK (political party), a Dutch political party
See also
Denker, a name
Denke, a name
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41040023
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sofia%20the%20First%20episodes
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List of Sofia the First episodes
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Sofia the First is an American computer-animated television series that incorporates characters from the Disney Princess franchise. The series stars Ariel Winter as Sofia, a young girl who becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of the kingdom of Enchancia.
On April 14, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior, which released on April 28, 2017.
The series finale aired on September 8, 2018.
Episodes
Pilot (2012)
Season 1 (2013–14)
Some episodes are directed by Jamie Mitchell.
Season 2 (2014–15)
All episodes in this season are directed by Jamie Mitchell.
Notes:
Season 3 (2015–17)
Notes
Season 4 (2017–18)
All episodes in this season are directed by Jamie Mitchell and Mircea Kyle Mantta.
DJ Melodies (2015)
"Brave Adventure" – April 4, 2015
"The More the Merrier" – April 9, 2015
References
Sofia the First
Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes
Episodes
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41040024
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne%20University%20tram%20stop
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Melbourne University tram stop
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Melbourne University tram stop is a major terminating point and stop of the Melbourne tram system. It features a single island platform and three shunts. It is located on Swanston Street, Carlton, and is the major tram stop for the University of Melbourne, its namesake. It opened in 2005, and is one of the busiest stops on the network; six tram lines terminate at it, while two run through.
History
On 17 January 1996 a headshunt opened to the north of the Melbourne University tram stop on Swanston Street, Carlton, adjacent to the University of Melbourne to allow services from the south to terminate. It had one 100 metre central terminating line accessed by three crossovers.
Problems with the length of D class trams resulted in the headshunt being rebuilt as three separate 60 metre sidings in 2005. The project, begun by M>Tram, was inherited by Yarra Trams when it commenced operation of the entire tram system in April 2004, and was endorsed by the University of Melbourne and Melbourne City Council. It did however attract some controversy, with the Public Transport Users Association and Paul Mees claiming that the location was unsuitable, as if would force those wishing to cross Swanston Street to walk a further . Construction of the stop commenced on 11 January 2005, with the stop opening to passengers on 15 February 2005, for the first 12 days of construction tram services terminated either side of the works, with a shuttle bus diverting around the works site connecting the tram routes.
Design
Melbourne University tram stop consists of one island platform that provides accessible entry to low-floor trams, it is long enough to serve two D2-class trams at the same time, and has three shunts. It was designed by FMSA Architects for Yarra Trams and Department of Infrastructure. The design consists of six steel 'trees', clad with polycarbonate roofing protecting the seating areas; staff amenities; and ramps permitting full disabled access to the stop.
The island platform is about long and wide, shunt number 1 is long, and shunts 2 and 3 are long.
Services
Melbourne University tram stop is one of the busiest on the system, and is utilised by eight routes, six terminating and two through running.
References
External links
Buildings and structures in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Tram stops in Melbourne
Transport in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Transport infrastructure completed in 1996
1996 establishments in Australia
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41040028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilde%20Winter%20Songbook
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Wilde Winter Songbook
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Wilde Winter Songbook is the thirteenth studio album and first Christmas album by English singer Kim Wilde, released on 11 November 2013 by Wildeflower Records. The album consists of a mix of traditional Christmas songs, covers of contemporary seasonal songs and original music.
Background
Wilde Winter Songbook consists of four Christmas classics, two covers of newer winter-related songs (both from 2008) and six new compositions. The album features duets with Nik Kershaw, Rick Astley, her husband Hal Fowler and her father Marty Wilde.
The four Christmas classics on this album are "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", "Let It Snow", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" and "Winter Wonderland", whereas the cover versions are "Winter Song", originally by Sara Bareilles and Ingrid Michaelson (2008) and "White Winter Hymnal" by Fleet Foxes (2008).
Kim Wilde's daughter, Rose Fowler, sings backing vocals on the song "Hope".
Wilde intended to include the song "Deck The Halls (Angels Sing)" on the album as well, but did not want to have 13 tracks on a Christmas album. The song was eventually released on the deluxe edition of Wilde Winter Songbook in 2015. All of the additional bonus tracks for the deluxe edition were also made available via iTunes on a separate Deluxe EP.
Promotion
Two videos, of the songs "White Winter Hymnal" and "New Life", were created and uploaded to YouTube, showing Wilde and her brother and musicians in a recording studio. She also appeared on The Chris Evans Breakfast Show on BBC Radio 2 on 8 November 2013, where she performed "White Winter Hymnal" among other songs.
Two more videos, for the original composition "Hope" and "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree", were released in the following weeks, the latter poking fun at her infamous drunken train ride home the year before. In December 2012 Wilde was videotaped with mobile phones singing her hits "Kids in America" and "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" on the tube carriage while wearing "reindeer antlers after leaving a boozy festive party". The video went viral on YouTube receiving more than two million views. The promotion video re-enacts this scene showing Wilde on a train singing exactly the same song.
Before the end of December there was published a video for all 12 tracks on the album.
In December she gave interviews for BBC Breakfast, where she performed "Let It Snow" on This Morning and performed "Winter Wonderland" on German television together with Rick Astley.
Tour
Four concerts took place for the Kim Wilde's Christmas Party tour in December 2013, including Saasveld (Netherlands), Bristol (UK), Birmingham (UK) and London (UK).
Track listing
Charts
References
2013 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by English artists
Kim Wilde albums
Pop Christmas albums
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41040029
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Talfourd
|
Francis Talfourd
|
Francis Talfourd (also Frank) (1828–1862) was an English barrister, better known as a dramatist.
Life
He was the eldest son of Thomas Noon Talfourd, by his wife Rachel, eldest daughter of John Towill Rutt. He was educated at Eton College from 1841 to 1845, on 15 May in which year he matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford. At Oxford he, along with William Kirkpatrick Riland Bedford and several others, founded the Oxford Dramatic Amateurs. Talfourd was called to the bar at the Middle Temple on 17 November 1852, and occasionally went on the circuit.
Talfourd died at Mentone on 9 March 1862, in his thirty-fourth year.
Works
Talfourd was known as the writer of a series of burlesques and extravaganzas. His first piece, Macbeth Travestie, was originally produced during the Henley Regatta on 17 June 1847, and then went to the Strand Theatre on 10 January 1848, and the Olympic Theatre on 25 April 1853. His light, ephemeral pieces were popular. They included:
Alcestis, the original Strong-minded Woman, a burlesque brought out on 4 July 1850;
The Rule of Three, a comedietta, 20 December 1858;
Tell and the Strike of the Cantons, 26 December 1859, an extravaganza, in which Marie Wilton played Albert, and Patty Oliver was Lisetta.
These were at the Strand Theatre. At the Olympic he brought out Ganem, the Slave of Love, on 31 May 1852, and Shylock, or the Merchant of Venice preserved, on 4 July 1853, with Thomas Frederick Robson giving a tragi-comic representation of Shylock. For the Haymarket Theatre he wrote Pluto and Proserpine on 5 April 1858, and Electra, in a new Electric Light, on 25 April 1859, in which Maria Ternan was seen as Orestes. On 26 December 1854 he brought out at the St. James's Abou Hassan, or the Hunt after Happiness, in which John Laurence Toole made one of his early appearances. With Henry James Byron he collaborated in bringing out his last piece, The Miller and his Men, at the Strand Theatre on 9 April 1860.
Family
Talfourd married, on 5 November 1861, Frances Louisa Morgan, second daughter of Josiah Towne, a solicitor of Margate. Talfourd was an uncle of the archaeologist Talfourd Ely (1838–1923).
Notes
Attribution
1828 births
1862 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English barristers
English dramatists and playwrights
English male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century British dramatists and playwrights
19th-century English male writers
19th-century English lawyers
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41040055
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugart
|
Shugart
|
Shugart may refer to:
Shugart Associates, computer peripheral manufacturer
Shugart bus, floppy disk drive interface
Alan Shugart, founder of Shugart Associates
Clyde Shugart, College and Professional American Football player
Kenneth Shugart, American naval officer and All-American college basketball player
Matthew Søberg Shugart, orchardist and professor of political science
Rita Shugart, American bridge player
|
41040065
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis%20of%20Corinth
|
Metropolis of Corinth
|
The Metropolis of Corinth, Sicyon, Zemenon, Tarsos and Polyphengos () is a metropolitan see of the Church of Greece in Corinthia, Greece. Since the Middle Ages it has also existed as a Roman Catholic titular see. The current metropolitan (since 2006) is Dionysios Mantalos.
History
The foundation of the See of Corinth is attributed to the Apostle Paul, who is held to have preached in the city and addressed multiple epistles to the Corinthian Church, two of which became canon. His successor and first bishop was Saint Apollos of Ephesus. Pope Clement I also wrote an epistle to the community, in the first century. In the Roman and early Byzantine periods, Corinth was the capital and metropolitan see of the province of Achaea (southern Greece).
The city was largely destroyed in the earthquakes of 365 and 375, followed by Alaric's invasion in 396. It was rebuilt on a smaller scale thereafter, but with grandiose buildings. Corinth declined from the 6th century on, and the main settlement moved from the lower city to the Acrocorinth. Despite its becoming the capital of the themes of Hellas and Peloponnese, it was not until the 9th century that the city began to recover, reaching its apogee in the 11th and 12th centuries, when it was the site of a flourishing silk industry. This prosperity ended with the Norman sack of 1147.
Besides St. Apollos, Le Quien (II, 155) mentions forty-three bishops for the Roman/Byzantine era: among them, St. Sosthenes, the disciple of St. Paul, St. Dionysius; Paul, brother of St. Peter, Bishop of Argos in the tenth century; St. Athanasius, in the same century; George, or Gregory, a commentator of liturgical hymns. Until the 9th century, Corinth remained the metropolis of southern Greece, and particularly the Peloponnese. Indeed, the bishop of Corinth was the only bishop from the Peloponnese to attend the Council of Ephesus in 431, and the only bishop from Greece to attend the Third Council of Constantinople in 680. From the early 9th century, however, the primacy of Corinth over the Peloponnese was challenged by the See of Patras, and from the 10th century on Corinth was restricted to the eastern Peloponnese and certain of the Ionian Islands. Based on the various Notitiae Episcopatuum from the 10th–12th centuries, Corinth counted seven suffragan sees: Cephalonia, Zakynthos, Damala, Lacedaemon/Monemvasia, Argos, Helos and Zemena.
In 1203/4, the city fell to the ambitious lord of the Argolid, Leo Sgouros, who secured possession of Corinth by inviting its Metropolitan, Nicholas, to Acronauplia for dinner, and then had him thrown from its heights. Sgouros' ambitions to create a state of his own in southern Greece were checked by the onslaught of the victorious Crusaders, who captured Corinth in 1210.
After the city's capture, the Crusaders established a Latin Archbishopric to replace the Greek Orthodox see. Le Quien (III, 883) mentions twenty Latin prelates from 1210 to 1700, but Eubel (I, 218; II, 152) mentions twenty-two archbishops for the period from 1212 to 1476. Although Corinth was the oldest and most prestigious see in southern Greece, during the period of Frankish rule it was eclipsed by the Latin Archbishopric of Patras.
The city was recovered by the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea in 1395, and, after a short period (1397–1404) of rule by the Knights Hospitaller, returned to Byzantine hands, where it remained until it fell to the Ottoman Empire on 8 August 1458. After the Byzantine recovery of the city, the Catholic see became a titular see. Today, the Metropolis of Corinth belongs to the Church of Greece, under the Archbishop of Athens and All Greece.
List of bishops
References
Sources
Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1 , p. 210; vol. 2, p. 136; vol. 3 , p. 178; vol. 4, pp. 164-165; vol. 5, p. 173; vol. 6, p. 183
"Corinthe", in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIII, Paris 1956, pp. 876-880
External links
Official website
Corinth
Corinth
Corinth
1st-century establishments in the Roman Empire
Dioceses established in the 1st century
Catholic titular sees in Asia
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41040070
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Brew%20%28album%29
|
Home Brew (album)
|
Home Brew is the first studio album by New Zealand hip-hop group Home Brew. It was released by Young, Gifted & Broke on 1 May 2012. The album draws mainly from the genre of New Zealand hip hop, but is also jazz-influenced. Home Brew was promoted by a 48-hour-long release party and a six-show tour of New Zealand cities. The album was lauded by critics, and won the New Zealand Music Award for Best Urban/Hip Hop Album. It debuted top of the New Zealand Albums Chart.
Content
Home Brew is a New Zealand hip hop album with heavy jazz influences. It features keyboard instruments, horns, saxophones, guitars and bass. It is divided into two discs: Light and Dark. Light embraces welfare fraud ("Benefit"), alcoholism ("Alcoholic") and using datura as a recreational drug ("Datura/White Flowers"). "Basketball Court" and "Radio" are about nostalgia and memories. Dark includes "State of Mind", on which band member Tom Scott reflects on his father's time in prison, and "The Truth is Ugly", where he discusses his shortcomings in past romantic relationships. "Listen to Us" criticises the government. Thirty-three songs were recorded for the album; twenty-one made the final cut.
Release and promotion
Home Brew was released in New Zealand and Australia by the independent record label Young, Gifted & Broke on 1 May 2012. A 48-hour-long launch party titled Home Brew Speakeasy was held from 5 May to 7 May at Shooters Saloon in Kingsland, Auckland; tickets included a copy of the album. In July 2013, Home Brew toured New Zealand on the Home Brew Speakeasy Tour. They performed one show each in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington, Queenstown, Dunedin and Christchurch. Prior to the album's release, music videos were released for the tracks "Listen to Us" and "Yellow Snot Funk".
Reception
Writing for The Dominion Post, Luke Appleby praised the album's beats, instrumentation and lyrical honesty, and gave it five out of five stars. Lydia Jenkin of The New Zealand Herald rated Home Brew four and a half stars out of five. John Hayden from the Otago Daily Times picked Home Brew as one of the top albums of 2012. At the 2012 New Zealand Music Awards, Home Brew was nominated in the categories of Album of the Year, Best Group, Breakthrough Artist of the Year and Best Urban/Hip Hop Album; it won the Urban/Hip Hop Award.
Home Brew did not receive much promotion from airplay or television screening due to the profanities contained within the lyrics. However, the album debuted at number one on the New Zealand Albums Chart—the first New Zealand hip hop album to do so since Scribe's The Crusader (2003)— due to high digital pre-ordering. The album remained on the albums chart for fifteen weeks.
Track listing
Disc one: Light
"Dedicated To (Intro)" – 5:00
"Benefit" – "4:38"
"Alcoholic" – 4:44
"Yellow Snot Funk" – 3:06
"Datura/White Flowers" (featuring Lui Tuiasau) – 3:28
"Everybody" (featuring Lui Tuiasau and Lucky Lance) – 4:08
"Last Day" – 4:45
"Time Don't Wait" – 2:52
"Basketball Court" (featuring Esther Stephens) – 5:52
"Radio" – 4:04
"Radio Outro" – 4:21
Disc two: Dark
"Dark Intro" – 2:12
"State of Mind" – 3:39
"Plastic Magic" (featuring Esther Stephens) – 5:20
"The Truth is Ugly" – 3:31
"55 Stories" – 4:47
"Listen to Us" (featuring Tourettes, Esther Stephens and Matthew Crawley) – 5:54
"Good God" (featuring Tyna Keelan and Hollie Smith) – 4:37
"Bourbon & Coke" – 3:28
"Fungi/Absence" (featuring Lui Tuiasau) – 4:35
"Space" (featuring Esther Stephens) – 4:57
See also
List of number-one albums in 2012 (New Zealand)
References
2012 albums
Home Brew (band) albums
|
41040090
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20railway%20routes%20in%20Lower%20Saxony
|
List of railway routes in Lower Saxony
|
The List of railway routes in Lower Saxony provides a list of all regional routes in Lower Saxony, northern Germany. The information is up to date to December 2022.
Regional services
Lines or sections with a frequency of less than 60 minutes from Monday to Friday, mostly every 30 minutes, are shown in bold.
Lines or sections with a frequency of more than 60 minutes from Monday to Friday, mostly every 120 minutes, are shown in italics.
Lines or sections outside of Lower Saxony are shown smaller.
Lines or sections that cannot be used with local transport tickets are crossed out.
S-Bahn Hannover
See also
List of scheduled railway routes in Germany
External links
kursbuch.bahn.de Timetables for all railway routes in Germany
DB Regio Railway information Lower Saxony
Timetable changes due to construction works in Lower Saxony (including map of lines)
References
Lower Saxony
Transport in Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony-related lists
Lower Saxony
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41040094
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayyr
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Khayyr
|
Khayyr (; , Xayır) is a rural locality (a selo), the only inhabited locality, and the administrative center of Omoloysky National Rural Okrug of Ust-Yansky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located from Deputatsky, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 433, of whom 223 were male and 210 female, down from 441 recorded during the 2002 Census.
Geography
The village is located in the Yana-Indigirka Lowland, on the right bank of the Omoloy. The confluence of the Ulakhan-Kyuegyulyur is upstream of the village.
See also
Lake Khaiyr
References
Sources
Official website of the Sakha Republic. Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic. Ust-Yansky District.
Rural localities in Ust-Yansky District
Omoloy basin
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41040128
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scred%20Connexion
|
Scred Connexion
|
Scred Connexion is a French rap collective launched in the 1990s composed by Fabe, Koma, Haroun, Mokless and Morad, with the assistance of Butch. Fabe decided to quit his rapping career in 2000 and quit the collective after releasing one additional solo album.
"Scred" originates from a track by collective member Koma in his first maxi Époque de fous and is verlan for discret (meaning discreet). The collective released six musical projects with each member keeping his independence and solo projects they worked on concurrently. The collective addressed many issues in French society becoming a militant band for social justice and change distinguishing itself with quality of text and being critical of superficial rappers and favoring more fundamental content, promoting the slogan "Jamais dans la tendance mais toujours dans la bonne direction", after a member of the formation, Fabe, launched it in his piece "Impertinent".
The song Monnaie Monnaie is part of the Carbone's movie soundtrack in 2017.
Discography: Scred Connexion
Solo careers of members of the collective
Fabe
Fabe (born in 1971 Paris, France) is a French rapper from Barbès, a neighborhood of Paris. He was one of the most established of the members who already had a long list of releases. Fabe decided to quit his rapping career in 2000 and left the collective.
Solo discography
1994: Je n'aime pas
1994: Befa surprend ses frères
1996: Lentement mais sûrement
1996: Fais-moi du vent
1996: Le fond et la forme
1998: Détournement de son (FR: #33)
2000: La rage de dire (FR: #59)
He also had a charting single "Ça fait partie de mon passé" that reached #45 in France.
Haroun
Solo discography
2007: Sur scène (Maxi)
2007: Au front
2008: Le zonard (Maxi)
Koma
Koma is a rapper of Algerian origin from the 18th arrondissement of Paris. He grew up in Barbès.
Solo discography
1997: Tout est calculé
1999: Le réveil
Mokless
Mokless (born in 1977) is a rapper of Tunisian origin from the 18th arrondissement; he too grew up in Barbès. He started MCing in 1996 before joining Scred Connexion.
In 2012, Mokless got involved in a musical project with Guizmo and rapper Congolese-French Despo Rutti from that has resulted in the issue of the joint EP Jamais 2 sans 3 followed by the joint studio album Jamais 203. The three acts are touring France in promotion of the releases.
Solo discography
2006: Coup de Maître
2011: Le poids des mots (FR: #45)
Discography as part of trio Guizmo, Despo Rutti & Mokless
2013: Jamais 2 sans 3 (EP before the album)
2013: Jamais 203
Morad
Morad (born in 1977), a French rapper of Algerian origin, is signed with Only Music.
Solo discography
2010: Le bon vieux son
2012: Le survivant
References
French rappers
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41040146
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20Max%204%3A%20Gekk%C5%8D%20no%20Diva
|
Metal Max 4: Gekkō no Diva
|
is an entry in the Metal Max series (besides the Metal Saga series). It is a Japanese open world, nonlinear, vehicle combat role-playing video game published by Kadokawa Games for Nintendo 3DS on 7 November 2013. The game was developed by Cattle Call and 24Frame. Animation produced by Studio 4°C. Famitsu awarded game a 35/40.
Synopsis
The story took place 50 years after the destruction of human civilizations by mad supercomputer Noah. The protagonist (default name "Hinata") is a young boy who is living peacefully with his foster sister Sasha and foster father Gib in desert islands. One day, a group of mysterious army attacked their island. The protagonist and Sasha escaped but Gib get abducted.
Sasha tells the protagonist that Gib and him were "Hot Seeds". The project of sealing human survivors in hibernation chambers since 50 years ago, in order to preserve mankind and restore the human civilization after the "Great Destruction". Sasha reveals herself to be an android tasked to protect both Gib and the protagonist.
The motivation of the villains to catch Gib is to unseal the ultimate weapon "Black Mole" (クロモグラ), an "indestructible" mobile fortress was created to fight against Noah, and Gib was one of the creators of it. Therefore, the protagonist have to save Gib to prevent the villains to lay hands on the "Black Mole".
References
External links
2013 video games
Cattle Call (company) games
Japan-exclusive video games
Kadokawa Shoten games
4 Gekko no Diva
Nintendo 3DS eShop games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo 3DS-only games
Nintendo Network games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
Studio 4°C
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Satoshi Kadokura
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41040172
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtospirifer
|
Cyrtospirifer
|
Cyrtospirifer is an extinct genus of brachiopods. The fossils are present in the Middle and Upper Devonian.
Taxonomy
It is likely that Tenticospirifer, that itself appeared during early Givetian, includes the ancestor of Cyrtospirifer. Cyrtospirifer first occurs in western Europe in the Late Givetian. Tenticospirifer has a relatively narrow hingeline and an inflated and thick shell in common with two of the oldest species known, C. verneuiliformis and C. aperturatus. This group dominated during the late Givetian, but was replaced by other species, such as C. syringothyriformis and C. verneuili which have wide hingelines and thinner shells.
Description
Cyrtospirifer has a medium to large sized shell, wider than long.
Reassigned species
C. glaucus = Regelia glauca
References
Prehistoric brachiopod genera
Devonian brachiopods
Fossils of Belgium
Middle Devonian first appearances
Famennian extinctions
Spiriferida
Paleozoic life of Alberta
Paleozoic life of the Northwest Territories
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41040202
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alken%2C%20Denmark
|
Alken, Denmark
|
Alken is a village in Skanderborg Municipality, Denmark.
Alken is served by Alken railway station, located on the Skanderborg–Skjern railway line.
References
Villages in Denmark
Populated places in Central Denmark Region
Skanderborg Municipality
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41040207
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardey%20Railway
|
Ardey Railway
|
The Ardey Railway () is a 38 km long railway line running from Dortmund via Schwerte to Iserlohn (KBS 433) in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Route
The section between Dortmund Central Station and Dortmund-Horde part of the railway route Dortmund-Soest, is double track and electrified and classified as a mainline railway. The northern part of the Ardey Railway between Dortmund-Horde and Schwerte is a double-track and non-electrified main line. Its maximum speed is 90 km/h. The southern section between Schwerte and Iserlohn is a single-track non-electrified branch line, with a passing loop at Kalthof. Most of this section can be run at 100 km/h.
The Letmathe–Fröndenberg railway has been closed between Iserlohn and Menden and there is currently no connection between the Ardey Railway and the line to Letmathe in Iserlohn. Iserlohn is therefore formally not a Bahnhof (station, which under German regulations must have at least one set of points) but instead a Haltepunkt (halt) on two lines. However, the Zweckverband SPNV Ruhr-Lippe (association for the promotion of public transport in Ruhr-Lippe, ZRL) intends to build a connection between the two lines, including points, which would restore its status as a station.
History
After Iserlohn had been connected by rail to Letmathe in 1864, the chamber of commerce and industry campaigned in 1882 for the construction of a railway to the north towards Schwerte. Against resistance mainly from businessmen in the Lenne valley, who advocated lines from Letmathe to Schwerte or from Iserlohn to Altena, especially the then owner of the nickel plants in Iserlohn and Schwerte, Dr Theodor Fleitmann. He supported the construction of a railway through the valley of the Elsebach. The district (Landkreis), however, decided that the line should be built along the Baarbach to promote industry in Sümmern, Kalthof and Hennen. After the death of Fleitmann in 1904, the construction started in 1907 and it was completed a year later. Money provided in Fleitmann’s will for the construction of a railway was not used because it had been earmarked for the route favoured by him.
The construction of the railway was relatively expensive; 200,000 cubic metres of limestone were blasted just for a cutting in Iserlohn, where numerous fossils were found. Several embankments and bridges had to be built on the course of the line. The recently completed bridge over the Ruhr were severely damaged in a flood in February 1909 and had to be replaced. Overall, the line between Schwerte and Iserlohn had to overcome a height difference of 130 m. The construction cost 6 million marks, covering, among other things, the erection of 39 engineering structures and the moving of about one million m3 of earth.
The opening ceremony took place on 30 September 1910, coinciding with the last stagecoach ride from Schwerte to Iserlohn, the day after scheduled traffic commenced. The other part of the line from Schwerte to Dortmund-Horde was opened two years later in October 2012 for freight operations and in January 1913 for passenger operations. In contrast to the first section, this line was built for its full length as double track.
In addition to the crossing loop at Kalthof, there was also a crossing loop at Ergste until 1981. Therefore, it had a second platform, traces of which can still be seen.
There is no freight traffic on the line any more. Sidings are still present in Kalthof (for Kettenwerk Thiele) and Hennen for the occasional transport of RWE transformers to the substation in Sümmern.
In the 1990s and the early 2000s, services were provided by class 624 railcars. In 2002, DB Regio NRW won the contract for the so-called Sauerland Net (; apart from this line, it also includes the Dortmund-Sauerland-Express, the Volmetal-Bahn and the Hönnetal-Bahn) and thus has the right to operate the line for another 12 years from the timetable change in December 2004, using Alstom Coradia LINT 41 (class 648) railcars.
Passenger demand on the Dortmund-Horde–Schwerte section rose from about 3,000 to about 4,500 passengers between 1997 and 2008. Also on the Schwerte–Iserlohn section there has been passenger growth of about 50% to about 1,600 passengers a day.
Services
The Regionalbahn service RB 53 (Ardey-Bahn) operates
daily every hour between Dortmund and Iserlohn and
from Monday to Friday every 30 minutes during the peak hour between Dortmund and Schwerte, connecting to Iserlohn.
The average speed is highly directional. So trains to Dortmund from Iserlohn have an average speed of only 44 km/h, while trains from Dortmund to Iserlohn average 51 km/h. This is partly due to the out-dated signalling in Kalthof, which does not allow the simultaneous entry and exit of trains, meaning that trains to Dortmund have to wait seven minutes for the oncoming trains, and also to the coupling of trains in Schwerte (also taking seven minutes). In the opposite direction the uncoupling of trains in Schwerte takes just three minutes and no specific period is required for stopping at Kalthof. Shortening of the travel time to Dortmund is planned.
Rail services from Ardey are operated by DB Regio NRW, using LINT 41 diesel railcars in single or double traction, which are capable of operating at 120 km/h. Coupling/uncoupling is usually carried out in Schwerte. Occasionally LINT 27 (class 640) or class 628 DMUs are used.
Future
The following upgrades to the line are proposed:
In Iserlohn, a set of points is to be installed to reconnect the line to the line to the railway to Letmathe.
the signalling in Kalthof will be modernised so that simultaneous entrances to the station are possible, allowing the running time to be reduced by up to seven minutes (possibly by 2015).
In Schwerte the passing track will be adapted so that passing trains can run faster.
Consideration is being given to having additional peak-hour trains skip some of the intermediate stations between Dortmund and Iserlohn. Thus, these trains would take just 35 to 38 minutes on the Dortmund–Iserlohn route.
There is a long-term plan to extend the provision of services at 30-minute intervals all day from the Dortmund–Schwerte section to the Schwerte–Iserlohn section.
Notable
It is interesting that the line does not have a single level crossing, but instead many overpasses and underpasses were built for even the smallest dirt roads, including single-lane tracks on high embankments.
Notes
External links
(see Dortmund–Soest railway)
Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
Railway lines opened in 1908
1908 establishments in Germany
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41040217
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20guitars
|
List of guitars
|
This list of guitars details individual guitars which have become famous because of their use by famous musicians; their seminal status; their high value; and the like.
Guitars
0–9
The 0001 Strat – This Fender Stratocaster electric guitar was owned by David Gilmour. The model was used as a spare and for slide guitar in subsequent years. In 2019, the 0001 Strat was sold at auction for $1,815,000, setting a new world auction record for a Stratocaster. This guitar was one of the most notable in his collection as it has the 0001 serial number, although Seymour Duncan claims that he assembled this guitar from two others.
34346 – Fiesta Red Stratocaster 1959 – Purchased by Cliff Richard in 1959 for his guitarist Hank Marvin. This guitar was used on The Shadows hit "Apache". Currently in possession of Bruce Welch (rhythm guitarist of The Shadows)
58957 – 1935 Martin D-28 – Purchased in 1959 by Clarence White and used for many years. Several years after his death it was sought out and purchased by Tony Rice who has used it for his entire career.
A
Arm The Homeless, a heavily modified electric guitar hybridized from several different makes and models used by Tom Morello, best known for his time as the guitarist of Rage Against the Machine. Morello first received the guitar as a custom order in 1986, however would continue to replace parts until 1990 by which point the only original part remaining was the Stratocaster body. Arm The Homeless has since become an iconic feature of Morello's career, named after the provocative political message carved onto the front of the body alongside four cartoon hippos Morello had doodled onto it and a small Hammer and Sickle sticker, while the back side has variously been seen featuring similar slogans such as "Fuck Trump" or "Pro-Choice".
Amos is a 1958 Gibson Flying V.
B
The "Baby Snakes" SG, used by Frank Zappa which had been made by a fan in Phoenix, had several distinctive features such as an extra fret and seahorse inlays. Zappa had it customized further by his luthier, Rex Bogue, who added phase switches and a pre-amp. It was then Zappa's main choice of guitar during the late 1970s.
The Bass of Doom – a Fender Jazz Bass used by Jaco Pastorius. Robert Trujillo currently owns the instrument.
The Beast – A '59 Gibson Les Paul, owned by Bernie Marsden of the band Whitesnake, so named because its volume is so much louder than other guitars.
Black Beauty – Jimi Hendrix's main guitar in his final days. 1968 Fender Stratocaster, serial number #222625. Body is in black finish, with white pickguard and a maple neck. Kept in possession with Monika Dannemann, Hendrix's last girlfriend, well over two decades. Commonly believed to be passed onto Uli Jon Roth after Dannemann's death in 1996. However, its current whereabouts are unknown since Roth went through bankruptcy in 2005. "Black Beauty" also refers to many other guitars and guitar models such as Gibson Les Paul Custom.
The Black Dog – Joe Satriani's heavily modified Ibanez Radius guitar. Originally came with HSS pickup layout but middle cavity is filled to employ HH configuration. Also with a replaced neck, Ibanez Edge tremolo unit. Refinished in black and painted with white sharpie all over. His Ibanez signature JS Series is based on this guitar. 88 copies of tribute guitar, JSBDG, was released in 2008.
The Black Strat – the nickname for a black Fender Stratocaster guitar played by David Gilmour of the progressive rock band Pink Floyd.
Blackie – the nickname given by Eric Clapton to his favorite Fender Stratocaster. In 2004, Blackie was sold for USD $959,500 at a Christie's auction to support the Crossroads Centre, a drug and alcohol addiction rehabilitation centre founded by Clapton.
Brownie – the name for a Fender Stratocaster that was used extensively by Eric Clapton during the early 1970s.
Blue – Blue Fernandes Stratocaster used by Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day. It's covered with stickers.
Blue Boy - Custom made guitar built by Zac Eccles for Cook Craig of King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard in 2016.
Beano Burst – A sunburst Gibson Les Paul Standard played by Eric Clapton during his time with John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers and early Cream days. Thought to be a late 1959 or 1960 model. The name stems from the photograph of the John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers album cover, on which Clapton is a reading a Beano magazine. The guitar was stolen. Clapton stated in an interview he never found another guitar like it and he still misses it.
C
Chrome Boy, an iconic and then-unique mirror-finished Ibanez JS2CH prototype guitar was Joe Satriani's primary touring instrument for a number of years during the 1990s until the guitar was stolen in 2002. It has not been recovered.
Clarence, a two-tone Fender Telecaster, once owned by Clarence White. This is the original B-Bender guitar, built by White and Gene Parsons around 1967, designed to allow the guitarist to manually raise the guitar's 'B' string one whole step to play pedal steel style licks. Marty Stuart bought this unique guitar in 1980 from White's widow.
The Cloud – the name given to Prince's custom guitar built by Dave Rusan in 1983. An asymmetric, cloud-shaped body with two controls (a push-pull master tone and a master volume), a long curved arm roughly parallel to the neck, and a unique head. This was one of three guitars that Prince used frequently through the majority of his career, and the one most iconically associated with him.
The Concorde – the name given to Randy Rhodes' custom guitar built by Grover Jackson. An asymmetric 'V' shaped body with pointy "wings", revamp of the Gibson Flying V. This prototype evolved into Jackson Randy Rhoads model and led to the creation of the Jackson Guitars brand.
D
Duck – the name given to Yngwie Malmsteen's 1971 cream colored Fender Stratocaster guitar. It is known as the Duck owing to a Donald Duck sticker pasted onto the headstock of the instrument.
The Dragon Telecaster – A 1959 Telecaster used by both Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page in both The Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin, named for its unique green, yellow and red paint applied by Page in 1967. It would be the guitar to record the famous solo on "Stairway To Heaven".
E
Eden of Coronet (guitar) a Gibson SG guitar with 11,441 diamonds (400 carats) and 1.6 kilograms of white gold.
Epiphone Supernova – A customised electric guitar featuring a distinctive union flag design given to Noel Gallagher of the English rock band Oasis as a present by his now ex-wife, Meg Matthews. A tribute to the original was manufactured by Epiphone. The original guitar is now on display at the British Music Experience at the O2 Arena in London.
Evo – the name that Steve Vai has given to his primary stage and recording guitar, an Ibanez JEM7VWH. It was co designed by Vai and guitar manufacturer Ibanez in 1987.
Eye of Horus – a custom bass guitar made by Jens Ritter for Phil Lesh, it was acquired by the National Museum of American History in 2011 and is in the museum's permanent collection.
F
Fenderbird – the neck of a Fender Precision Bass combined with the body of a Gibson Thunderbird. Used by The Who's John Entwistle in the early 1970s.
The Flying Microtonal Banana – a custom guitar handcrafted by Zac Eccles in 2015 for Stu Mackenzie of King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard. Its construction notably includes additional frets, tuned to the 24-TET microtonal tuning system used throughout King Gizzard's 2017 album of the same name, Flying Microtonal Banana. Additional notes on construction include a birdseye-maple neck, rosewood fretboard, satin banana-yellow finish, and GFS NYII pickups for the bridge and neck.
The Fool – a 1964 Gibson SG guitar, painted for Eric Clapton by the Dutch design collective The Fool. One of the world's best-known guitars, it symbolizes the psychedelic era. It was then owned and played through the 1970s by the singer-songwriter-producer Todd Rundgren.
Frankenstein – a Fender Precision bass guitar built by John Entwistle of The Who, assembled from components of five different basses. This was his primary stage bass from 1967–1970, and was used on the Tommy, Live at Leeds, and Who's Next albums.
Frankenstrat – also known as The Frankenstein, is an electric guitar created by Eddie Van Halen using the body of a Stratocaster made by Boogie Bodies with components from other guitars. The name is based on Frankenstein's monster, a fictional creature made from parts of different corpses. A replica of the guitar is housed in the Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, in Washington D.C.
G
The Gish Guitar – Billy Corgan's yellow Stratocaster from the early years of the Smashing Pumpkins. It was stolen in 1992 from a gig at Saint Andrew's Hall, Detroit, and rediscovered 27 years later in 2019.
The Grail – Zakk Wylde's 1981 cream Les Paul Custom with black bullseye paint. It was once lost in Texas when it fell from the back of a transport truck, but brought back to Wylde later.
Going Electric – Bob Dylan switched from an acoustic to electric guitar sound in 1965, causing controversy. At the Newport Folk Festival, he used a sunburst Stratocaster which sold for $965,000 in 2013. For the following world tour, he used Robbie Robertson's Telecaster which sold for $490,000 in 2018.
Green Meanie – Steve Vai's self-modified Charvel superstrat. This was Vai's main guitar when he was a member of the David Lee Roth band in 1986 and 1987. The guitar has a maple fingerboard, a basswood body painted in Day-Glo green, three pickups, a 5-way switch and a Floyd Rose locking tremolo. The guitar's bridge post mounting collapsed during a soundcheck for a Madison Square Garden show and the guitar has since been retired. Many features of this guitar are replicated on the 1987 Ibanez JEM777 model, Vai's first signature guitar.
Greeny – A 1959 Les Paul previously owned by Peter Green and Gary Moore, and purchased in 2014 by Kirk Hammett for $2 million. Has one of the pick-ups magnetically out-of-phase, giving it its unique tone.
H
– Pata's 1955 Gibson Les Paul Standard. Its Goldtop paint is rubbed down to the wood, giving the guitar its nickname. Its pickups and tailpiece were already altered when he acquired it, the former having been swapped out for humbuckers.
The Hitmaker – Nile Rodgers' white 1960 Fender Stratocaster with a 1959 neck.
I
– Pata's yellow 1959 Gibson Les Paul Standard, also called his . Although he still uses it for recording, it has been retired from live performances since 2008 due to its value, which is reportedly enough to buy a house.
K
Kossoff Burst a 1959 Sunburst Les Paul Standard in sunburst finish. Played by Paul Kossoff from 1970 until his death in 1976. Kossoff played in the band Free.
L
Lenny – the Fender Stratocaster given to Stevie Ray Vaughan by his wife Lenny in 1980. It has since sold for US$623,500.
Lightning Bolt – a custom guitar made by Steve Cripe for Jerry Garcia in 1993. It is on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio.
Lucille – the name given to B.B. King's guitars. They are usually black Gibson guitars similar to the ES-355.
Lucy – George Harrison of the Beatles named a red Gibson Les Paul guitar he received from Eric Clapton in August 1968 "Lucy." Clapton played the guitar on "While My Guitar Gently Weeps".
Lucy – blues guitarist Albert King gave this name to his Gibson Flying V style guitar built custom for him by famous luthier Dan Erlewine.
M
The Maple Leaf Forever Guitars – A pair of guitars, one acoustic and one electric, made and named in tribute to Alexander Muir and his patriotic Canadian 1867 song "The Maple Leaf Forever". The guitars are constructed from the same maple tree that originally inspired Muir to write the song after it was felled in a thunderstorm in 2013, and are lent by a trust to a different Canadian musician every year.
Micawber – A 1953 Fender Telecaster owned by Keith Richards that is played in Open G tuning with the sixth string removed. The modification include a Gibson PAF humbucker pickup in the neck position that is mounted backwards, a brass bridge made by Schaller, an early lap-steel pickup in the bridge position as well as custom wiring. Micawber is still touring with Richards; "Start Me Up", "Honky Tonk Women", "Jumpin' Jack Flash". The name is from a character in Charles Dickens' novel David Copperfield.
Model One – the main stage guitar of Lindsey Buckingham of Fleetwood Mac made by Rick Turner of Turner Guitars. Buckingham preferred it over his Stratocaster and Les Paul after seeing it for the first time and played it for three hours, as Turner said in an interview.
Monterey Strat – A 1965 Fiesta red Stratocaster famously burned and smashed by Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival. A corner of it is currently on display in Seattle at Experience Music Project (EMP).
Mosrite – White Ventures II – Used by Johnny Ramone. Bought in 1977 to replace a stolen blue Mosrite. Owned until The Ramones disbanded in 1996 – later sold to producer Daniel Rey.
N
Nano guitar – Dustin W. Carr, under the direction of Professor Harold G. Craighead, created the nano guitar in the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility in 1997. The idea came about as a fun way to illustrate nanotechnology, and it did capture popular attention. It is disputed as to whether the nano guitar should be classified as a guitar, but it is the common opinion that it is in fact a guitar.
Nancy – Roy Buchanan's Butterscotch 1953 Fender Telecaster, Serial number 2324.
Number One – Stevie Ray Vaughan’s Fender Stratocaster with a 1963 body, 1959 pickups, and a 1962 neck. Vaughan bought the guitar at Ray Hennig's Heart of Texas Music store in 1974.
O
Old Black – the name given to the main Gibson Les Paul electric guitar used by rock musician Neil Young.
The Old Boy – a left-handed SG-lookalike that was built by John Diggins ("Jaydee") and that served as Tony Iommi's main guitar for many years. It has since been retired and remains in Iommi's possession.
P
Pansy - Frank Iero's Antique White Epiphone Elitist Les Paul Custom, featuring individual holographic pattern stickers beneath the bridge spelling 'PANSY', the guitar was destroyed during an MTV performance where he stuck it through a sign, resulting in a massive split in the neck, Pansy has since had the truss rod replaced and remains in Iero's private collection.
Pearly Gates – Billy Gibbons' signature 1959 Gibson Les Paul. Traded a rolling wreck auto named Pearly Gates for money to buy the guitar, which assumed the name. See also: ZZ Top equipment.
Pepto Pink – also referred to as Big Pink, this is Bob Weir's pink custom Modulus guitar. It was given to Weir by Bob Dylan in 1987 after conclusion of the Bob Dylan and the Grateful Dead 1987 Tour. The guitar has been played by Bob Weir at Grateful Dead, The Other Ones, Ratdog and Further concerts.
The Phenix – a black Les Paul Custom given to Peter Frampton by Mark Mariana, used on the Humble Pie live album Performance Rockin' the Fillmore and throughout his early solo career. This guitar was thought lost in the crash of a cargo plane but eventually returned to him.
R
Red Special – an electric guitar owned by Queen guitarist Brian May and custom-built by him and his father Harold over a two-year period beginning in 1963. The Red Special is also sometimes named in reviews as the Fireplace or the Old Lady, both nicknames used by May when referring to the guitar.
The Rickenbastard - a Rickenbacker 4001 electric bass guitar owned by Lemmy Kilmister, nicknamed after his controversial lifestyle.
Rocky - name given to George Harrison's blue Fender Stratocaster. The guitarist painted with bright DayGlo paint, nail polish and glitter in a psychedelic style. The name "Rocky" is prominently displayed on the head stock. The guitar first appeared on the "All You Need Is Love" TV taping and also displayed in the jacket booklet of Magical Mystery Tour album.
Rosebud – Jerry Garcia's fourth custom guitar made by the luthier Doug Irwin
The Red Strat – David Gilmour's second-most famous Stratocaster. It was used during Pink Floyd's last two albums, A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell along with white-colored back-up versions built to the same specifications.
S
Sabionari (1679) – one of the five surviving guitars made by Antonio Stradivari and the only one still playable. It is a five-course baroque guitar.
Spidey – a yellow Gibson SG owned and played by Stan Lee of The Dickies, so named because of its Spider-Man sticker. A few years ago the headstock was broken off while in transit between the United States and Europe. It was repaired and was back in when the Dickies toured the UK with the Damned in 2012.
T
Tele-Gib – a Fender Telecaster owned and played by Jeff Beck, heavily modified by Seymour W. Duncan in 1974 to employ two PAF humbuckers.
This Machine Kills Fascists – a message that Woody Guthrie placed on his guitars during World War II that has inspired many artists. Guitar manufacturer Gibson has replicated Guthrie's 1945 Southern Jumbo complete with that sticker.
Three-Wheel-Motion Low Rider - Jack White's highly customized Fender Telecaster B-Bender guitar.
Three-String Trance Wonder – Seasick Steve's guitar that resembles a Fender Coronado or a Teisco EP-7. It has an old Harmony pickup added (with duct tape).
Tiger – Jerry Garcia's main guitar from 1979 to 1989 made by Doug Irwin, it sold at auction in 2002 for US$850,000. The total price was US$957,500 per the addition of the buyer's commission fee.
Trigger – Willie Nelson's Martin N-20 Classical guitar. Nelson purchased the guitar unseen for US$750 and named it after Roy Rogers' horse Trigger. In 1970, one year after acquiring the guitar, Nelson rescued the guitar from his burning ranch. Trigger lore also tells of the guitar being secretly removed and hidden at Nelson's business manager's home for fear of forfeiture to the IRS for auction during Nelson's income tax problem days.
Top Hat – A second guitar made by Steve Cripe for Jerry Garcia in 1993. It is on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio.
W
Wild Child – a custom Jackson RR model used by Alexi Laiho. Black paint and gold hardware including Floyd Rose tremolo, single Jackson J-50BC pickup with JE-1000 gain boost circuit, yellow pinstripe bevels, "Wild Child" sticker with yellow letters. Stolen in September 2002 after the Spinefest show and since lost. "Wild Child" is also a nickname to Laiho and reference to a W.A.S.P. song. Jackson limited RR 24 and his later ESP signature models are all based on this guitar.
Wolf – Also known as "Wolfie", this is another of Jerry Garcia's custom guitars made by Doug Irwin, it sold at auction for US$700,000 in 2002. The total price was US$789,500 per the buyer's commission fee.
Woodstock Stratocaster – a 1968 Fender Stratocaster Jimi Hendrix played at the Woodstock Festival in 1969. The body is finished in Olympic White, bearing the serial number #240981. Sold to Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and now rests in the Experience Music Project Museum in Seattle.
See also
List of signature model guitars
List of string instruments
References
Further reading
Individual guitars
Guitars
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41040248
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhalakaji%20Caves
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Panhalakaji Caves
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Panhalakaji Caves are situated in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra state, about 160 km south of Mumbai. This cave complex has around 30 Buddhist and Hindu caves. The Hinayana sect began carving caves in 3rd century AD, beginning with the stupa in the current Cave 5. The caves have inscriptions in Brahmi and Devanagari script. In the 10–11th century AD another Buddhist group, a Vajrayana sect, established cave 10 with their deities Akshobhya and Mahachandaroshana; and strengthened their practice in that region. Shiva and Ganpatya worshiping started at the site during Silahara rule. There are total 29 caves out of which 28 are situated on the right bank of mou tain stream Kotjai.
A list of important caves includes:
Cave 10 has and image of Maha-Chandraroshana. This deity is shown on the stupa which signifies the connection of Ratnagiri with ancient Buddhist sites of Orissa.
Cave 14 has deities of Nath Pantha.
Cave 19 has shivlinga in it. It has Hindu scriptures on its ceiling.
Cave 29 was used by Nath Pantha and was renamed as Gaur Lena.
How to reach
By train: Nearest Rail station is Khed, Ratnagiri.
By road: Located on NH 4 highway near Dapoli.
Further reading
References
External links
Map of Panhalakaji Caves
Buddhist caves in India
Caves of Maharashtra
Indian rock-cut architecture
Former populated places in India
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
Caves containing pictograms in India
Tourist attractions in Ratnagiri district
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41040264
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chieftain%20%28film%29
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The Chieftain (film)
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The Chieftain () is a 1984 Norwegian drama film directed by Terje Kristiansen. The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 57th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Cast
Terje Kristiansen as Arne Strømberg
Vibeke Løkkeberg as Eva
Tonje Kleivdal Kristiansen as Turid
Eva von Hanno as Toril
Klaus Hagerup as Tom
Arne Hestenes as Sjefen
Sverre Anker Ousdal as Harald Ås
Sigbjørn Bernhoft Osa as Bestefar
See also
List of submissions to the 57th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Norwegian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1984 films
1984 drama films
Norwegian drama films
1980s Norwegian-language films
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41040268
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Speech%20and%20Hearing
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National Institute of Speech and Hearing
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The National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH) is an institute devoted to the education and rehabilitation of individuals with speech-language and hearing impairments located in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city in the Indian state of Kerala. It was established in 1997 on the initiative of the state of Kerala and is a self-financing affiliate college of the University of Kerala. Academics at NISH is unique in the sense that NISH has an integrated campus where students with hearing impairment and students with normal hearing share the same campus. Bachelor's level courses exclusively for students with hearing impairment include Degree courses in Fine Arts, Computer Science and Commerce affiliated to University of Kerala. On the other hand, NISH also provides RCI approved professional courses at undergraduate level and graduate level in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology as well as diploma courses affiliated to Kerala Health University (KUHS)
Its academic courses include Bachelor in Audiology & Speech and Language Pathology, Master in Audiology & Speech and Language Pathology, Bachelor of Occupational Therapy (BOT),Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (for the hearing impaired), and Bachelor of Fine Arts (for the hearing impaired).
Internal mentoring
The NISH launched a mentoring programme for first year students. Each teacher is given three or four students to mentor.
Experiential learning
A program of experiential learning was started at the NISH in December 2012 with 17 students participating in an activity-based learning method where the students become performers and the teachers, facilitators.
Activities of NISH
Implementation of various disability-related projects of Govt. of India and Govt. of Kerala.
Consultative work on policy formulation and implementation on disability as assigned by Government
Trans-disciplinary assessment and intervention for various disabilities (Communication Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Other Developmental Disabilities) by audiologists, speech-language pathologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, special educators, psychologists, ENT doctors, and Neurologists.
Early intervention programs for young hearing-impaired children before school age
Early intervention programs for young children in the Autism Spectrum
Academic programs including degree courses for Hearing Impaired students,
Professional rehabilitation courses like BASLP, MASLP, DECSE, and DISLI.
Assistive Technology (AT) assessment, implementation, and follow-up.
Counseling and parent guidance.
Camps and outreach programs such as Public Seminars, Hands-on workshops, CRE programs
Social relevant research in the field of disability & rehabilitation
Collaborative projects with institutions in India as well as international
Faculty exchange programs with institutions working in similar areas both domestic and international
Internship and employment support for students with industrial organizations
References
Research institutes in Thiruvananthapuram
Healthcare in Thiruvananthapuram
Rehabilitation medicine organisations based in India
Non-profit organisations based in India
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Kerala
Colleges affiliated to the University of Kerala
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41040280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disilitsa%20Point
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Disilitsa Point
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Disilitsa Point (, ‘Nos Disilitsa’ \'nos di-'si-li-tsa\) is the rocky point on the south side of the entrance to Bolbabria Cove and the north side of the entrance to Vapa Cove on the west coast of Liège Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.
The point is named after Disilitsa Peak in Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria.
Location
Disilitsa Point is located at , which is 1.65 km north-northeast of Polezhan Point and 5.9 km southwest of Bebresh Point. British mapping in 1980.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 62. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1980.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Disilitsa Point. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
External links
Disilitsa Point. Copernix satellite image
Headlands of the Palmer Archipelago
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Liège Island
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41040286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20the%20Disco
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After the Disco
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After the Disco is the second studio album by American alternative rock band Broken Bells. Recorded with the seventeen-piece Angel City String Orchestra and a four-piece choir, the album was released by Columbia Records on January 31, 2014. The album follows the band's 2013 single, "Holding On for Life", which features as the third track on the album. After the Disco was written by band members James Mercer and Brian Burton, and produced by Burton.
Recording
The album was primarily recorded by the band at Mondo Studio in Los Angeles, California. The album, which started recording in early 2012, was recorded with a four-piece choir. The album was also recorded at two secondary recording studios, Sonora Recorders, also located in Los Angeles, and Firehouse Studios, located in Pasadena, California.
Orchestral and string recordings were conducted at the Glenwood Place Studios, located in Burbank, California, with The Angel City String Orchestra. With an arrangement of eleven violins, three cellos and three violas, conducted by Daniele Luppi, the orchestra recorded music for "Leave It Alone", "The Changing Lights", "Lazy Wonderland", "The Angel and the Fool" and "The Remains of Rock and Roll". Additional musicians, respectively playing tenor saxophone, trombone and trumpet, were also recorded for the ninth track "No Matter What You're Told".
Packaging
The album cover for After the Disco, designed by Jacob Escobedo, was originally sketched by Escobedo during the early stages of the creative process for After the Disco. The initial sketches of the artwork, which reflects Psychedelic themes of the 1960s and 70s and synthetic Space art, originally inspired Mercer and Burton to take on elements of Retro-futurism in their work, which led to the band recording the album with instruments from the 60s/70s time period. James Mercer stated to Australian radio station Triple J:
"The guy who did the artwork for the first record, Jacob Escobedo, came up with that concept for the artwork [for this album], and in that moment we began talking about retro-futurism: so if you were to go back and look at the science fiction books released in the fifties and just how fascinating it is to see what people thought about the future. And for us, that kind of became like a theme. Brian's got all of this ancient gear - synthesisers from the time that synthesisers were being made - and they were incredibly futuristic at that time. And then as we got more into it ... the whole aesthetic started to evolve from there."
Promotion
After the Disco was officially unveiled by the band and Columbia Records on October 8, 2013, after much media and fan speculation. A teaser trailer for the album, sporting a January 2014 release date, was released the same day, featuring a snippet of the third track, "Holding On for Life".
The announcement of After the Disco was accompanied by a series of short films with the same title starring Kate Mara and Anton Yelchin. The album itself was released on January 31, 2014, peaking at number 5 in the Billboard 200.
Composition
Musically, Disco works in a psych-pop / space rock sound. It also looks to disco, new wave and synth-pop styles.
Reception
Critical reception
At Alternative Press, Mike Usinger rated the album four stars out of five, and felt the album was "the perfect soundtrack for the morning after" a night out hurling it up. Edna Gunderson of USA Today rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of four, writing that the band "raise their game" on the release "by simply delivering fatter hooks, juicier melodies, dreamier vocals and more of the dark shimmer that enveloped the duo's 2010 debut." At Rolling Stone, Jon Dolan rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, stating that the release "is at once sleek and world-weary, often homing in on that sexy moment of malaise when the Seventies wanted to turn into the Eighties so badly but didn't quite know how to do it yet." Kevin Liedel of Slant rated the album two out of five stars, cautioning that the album is a "yawner made by two artists whose impressive discography makes its failure that much more confounding."
However, Lachlan Vass at Puluche.com gave After the Disco a less than favorable review, saying "Mercer’s delivery is generally good, Danger Mouse’s production is generally tight, but it just never crosses that threshold into greatness, despite a few glimmers of that potential. Too often though, these glimmers are drowned out by mediocrity. This record just feels like it should’ve been better than it is." Puluche gave the album a 62.5 out of 100. Larry Fitzmaurice of Pitchfork echoed this sentiment, stating that "After the Disco is a more cohesive record, and that turns out to be the problem: Mercer and Burton's eccentricities have been sanded down to a single, flattened plane."
Track listing
All songs written by James Mercer and Brian Burton and produced by Burton.
Personnel
Adapted from After the Disco liner notes.
Broken Bells
Brian Burton – drums, organ, piano, synthesizer, percussion, bass, guitar
James Mercer – vocals, guitar, bass, organ, synthesizer, percussion
Vocals
Elizabeth Berg – backing vocals (tracks 3–5, 7, 9–11)
Heather Porcaro – backing vocals (tracks 3–5, 7, 9–11)
Myla Balugay – backing vocals (tracks 3–5, 7, 9–11)
Rebecca Ann Stark – backing vocals (tracks 3–5, 7, 9–11)
Orchestra
The Angel City String Orchestra – strings (tracks 4, 5, 7, 10, 11)
Daniele Luppi – conductor, string arrangement
Anton Riehl – score
Peter Kent – concertmaster, violin
Chris Tedesco – contractor
Carolyn Osborn – violin
Erika Walczak – violin
Jennifer Walton – violin
Judy Yoo – violin
Julie Beavers – violin
Norman Hughes – violin
Shari Zippert – violin
Sharon Jackson – violin
Susan Chatman – violin
Vladimir Polimatidi – violin
Alisha Bauer – cello
Stefanie Fife – cello
Vanessa Freebairn-Smith – cello
Adrianna Zoppo – viola
Brianna Bandy – viola
Jessica Van Velzen – viola
Additional musicians
Kamasi Washington – tenor saxophone (track 9)
David Ralicke – trombone (track 9)
Nathaniel Walcott – trumpet (track 9)
Technical personnel
Brian Burton – producer, programmer
Kennie Takahashi – programmer, mixing, recording, engineer
Todd Monfalcone – recording
Jeff Peters – string recording (tracks 4, 5, 7, 10, 11)
Jacob Dennis – assistant mixing, assistant engineer
Chris Kahn – assistant mixing, assistant engineer
Stephen Marcussen – mastering
Todd Monfalcone – mixing, second engineer
Geoff Neal – mixing assistance
Laura Sisk – second engineer
Jeremy Underwood – assistant engineer (strings)
Artistic personnel
Jacob Escobedo – artwork
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
External links
Artwork
2014 albums
Albums produced by Danger Mouse (musician)
Broken Bells albums
Columbia Records albums
Space rock albums
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41040299
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans%2C%20Denmark
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Ans, Denmark
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Ans is a town in Silkeborg Municipality, Denmark.
References
Cities and towns in the Central Denmark Region
Silkeborg Municipality
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41040301
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Francis%20Needham
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Jack Francis Needham
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Jack Francis Needham OBE (1842–1924) was a British officer in the Bengal Police who was posted in the Eastern Himalayan region during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He authored several pioneering descriptions of Sino-Tibetan and Tai-Kadai languages in the area.
Biography
Jack Francis Needham (often referenced as J. F. Needham) was an Officer in the Bengal Police in the mid-to-late 19th century, later appointed Political Officer at the British outpost of Sadiya in Assam in 1882. Needham conducted a tour of the "Abor" (Adi) area in the Siang River Valley (modern-day East Siang District in Arunachal Pradesh state) in 1884, which established British relations with a small segment of the Tani hill tribes.
Research and publications
During his tenure in Sadiya Needham completed the first ever descriptions of several regional languages, including the Eastern Tani language Mising, the Sal language Singpho and Tai Khamti, as well as an ethnographic travelogue of his journey from Sadiya to South-Eastern Tibet.
References
1842 births
1924 deaths
Sino-Tibetan languages
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Linguists from the United Kingdom
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41040347
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radka%E2%80%93Bradley%20House
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Radka–Bradley House
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The Radka–Bradley House also known as the Bradley House, was built as a private house at 176 West Michigan Avenue in Rogers City, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and is now the Presque Isle County Historical Museum.
History
This house was constructed in 1914 by George J. Radka, a local contractor and the owner of a planing mill. Radka died unexpectedly at the end of 1914, and in 1915 the house was sold to J. L. Marsters, general superintendent of the Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company. Later that year, Marsters sold the house to his boss, Carl D. Bradley, a shipping magnate and president of Michigan Limestone and Chemical.
Bradley made extensive revisions to the home, enlarging it considerably. While living there, he launched Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company from a small-scale quarry into a national producer of limestone. Bradley was also heavily involved in the business and social life of Rogers City, serving on the boards of the Presque Isle County Savings Bank and of Rogers City Light and Power, helping found the Westminster Presbyterian Church, and serving on the School Board. Bradley lived in the house until 1928, when he died unexpectedly during a vacation to Pasadena, California.
After Bradley's death and in accordance with his contract, Michigan Limestone purchased the house from his widow. Bradley's successor as president, John G. Munson, lived there from 1928 to 1939. When Munson moved along to a higher position in U.S. Steel, Michigan limestone's parent company, the house passed to his successor Irvin L. Clymer, who lived here until 1950. When Clymer was likewise promoted, U.S. Steel's northern district manager Joseph Valentin occupied the house until his retirement in 1957.
After Valentin's retirement, Michigan Limestone allowed the county to use the house as the Presque Isle District Library. The library moved into the building in 1957 and occupied it until 1980. The company then deeded the house to the Presque Isle County Historical Museum, who moved in in 1981. The building is still used as a museum.
Description
The Radka–Bradley House is a -story frame house with a side-gable roof covered with green shingles on a foundation covered with rounded cobblestones. A shed dormer runs across the front, and a single-story glassed in porch covers the entrance. Side porches are located at each end of the house. The roof rafters extend to the exterior of the house, and end in scalloped lower surfaces.
The house has seven bedrooms, four baths, and three sun porches.
References
External links
Presque Isle County Historical Museum
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Museums in Presque Isle County, Michigan
Historic house museums in Michigan
Houses in Presque Isle County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Presque Isle County, Michigan
Houses completed in 1914
1914 establishments in Michigan
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41040352
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis%20Ketema
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Addis Ketema
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Addis Ketema (, meaning "new city") is a district of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. As of 2011 its population was 271,664.
Geography
The district is located in the northwestern area of the city, not far from its centre. It borders with the districts of Gullele in the north, Arada in the east, Lideta in the south and Kolfe Keranio in the west. Addis Mercato, Africa's largest open-air marketplace, is in Addis Ketema.
List of places
Ammanuel Area
American Gibi
Ched Tera
Doro Tera
Korech Tera
Mesob Tera
Minalesh Tera
Aserasement
Autobus Tera
Bomb Tera
Chid Tera
District 3
Dubai Tera
Ferash Tera
Goma Tera
Hadere Sefer
Kolfe Tiwan
Mentaf Tera
Mesalemiya
Military Tera
Minalesh Tera
Quasmeda
Satin Tera
Sebategna
Sehan Tera
Shanta Tera
Shekla Tera
Shema Tera
Shera Tera
Worik Twra
References
External links
Districts of Addis Ababa
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