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41051788
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafurak
|
Lafurak
|
Lafourak (, also Romanized as Lafoūrak) is a village in Lafour Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 24, in 7 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051789
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafak
|
Kafak
|
Kafak (, also Romanized as Kafāk) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 35, in 12 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051792
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludasht
|
Ludasht
|
Ludasht (, also Romanized as Lūdasht) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 61, in 17 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051793
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirar%20Kola
|
Mirar Kola
|
Mirar Kola (, also Romanized as Mīrar Kolā; also known as Mīzār Kolā) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 92, in 40 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051795
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzi%20Darreh
|
Marzi Darreh
|
Marzi Darreh (, also Romanized as Marzī Darreh; also known as Mīrzā Darreh) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 120, in 38 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051796
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naft%20Chal%2C%20Savadkuh
|
Naft Chal, Savadkuh
|
Naft Chal (, also Romanized as Naft Chāl) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 340, in 114 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051797
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha%20Kola%2C%20Shirgah
|
Pasha Kola, Shirgah
|
Pasha Kola (, also Romanized as Pāshā Kolā) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 187, in 37 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051799
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais%20Kola%2C%20Savadkuh
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Rais Kola, Savadkuh
|
Rais Kola (, also Romanized as Ra’īs Kolā and Ra’īs Kalā) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 519, in 131 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051800
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riku%2C%20Savadkuh
|
Riku, Savadkuh
|
Riku (, also Romanized as Rīkū) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 54, in 14 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051801
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonagota%20bogotana
|
Bonagota bogotana
|
Bonagota bogotana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Colombia.
References
Moths described in 1863
Euliini
|
41051802
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang%20Si
|
Sang Si
|
Sang Si (, also Romanized as Sang Sī) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 77, in 21 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051803
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqelet
|
Sharqelet
|
Sharqelet (, also Romanized as Shārqelet) is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 136, in 38 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051804
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar%2C%20Mazandaran
|
Tamar, Mazandaran
|
Tamar () is a village in Lafur Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 74, in 24 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051806
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%20Dang%20Sar%2C%20Savadkuh
|
Ab Dang Sar, Savadkuh
|
Ab Dang Sar (, also Romanized as Āb Dang Sar) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 266, in 59 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051807
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahangar%20Kola%2C%20Savadkuh
|
Ahangar Kola, Savadkuh
|
Ahangar Kola (, also Romanized as Āhangar Kolā and Āhangar Kalā) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 529, in 153 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051809
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivek%2C%20Mazandaran
|
Ivek, Mazandaran
|
Ivek (, also Romanized as Īvek; also known as Dīvek) is a village in Hatkeh Rural District of Narenjestan District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 893 in 214 households, when it was in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District of the former Shirgah District of Savadkuh County. The following census in 2011 counted 981 people in 272 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,048 people in 347 households, by which time the district had separated from the county in the establishment of North Savadkuh County. It was the largest village in its rural district.
References
North Savadkuh County
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
Populated places in North Savadkuh County
|
41051810
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andar%20Koli
|
Andar Koli
|
Andar Koli (, also Romanized as Andār Kolī) is a former village in Chaybagh Rural District of the Narenjestan District of North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 616 in 171 households, when it was in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District of the former Shirgah District of Savadkuh County. The following census in 2011 counted 560 people in 180 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 795 people in 249 households, by which time the district had separated from the county in the establishment of North Savadkuh County. After the census, the village was absorbed by the neighboring village of Chaybagh.
References
North Savadkuh County
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
Populated places in North Savadkuh County
|
41051811
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazir%20Kola
|
Bazir Kola
|
Bazir Kola (, also Romanized as Bāzīr Kolā; also known as Bāzīār Kolā) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 24 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051813
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenjestanak
|
Berenjestanak
|
Berenjestanak (, also Romanized as Berenjestānak; also known as Barenjestānak-e Bālā and Berenjestānak-e Pā’īn) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 281, in 85 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051814
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beshel
|
Beshel
|
Beshel (; also known as Besh) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 567, in 150 families.
Etymology
Beshel as a word is a combination of "Besh" and "eel". Besh (beş) is a Turkic word for the number five, and eel (ایل) is a Persian word used for tribes. Thus, Beshel could be translated as five tribes.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051838
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuelsons
|
Samuelsons
|
The Samuelsons was a country and gospel group from Sweden, between the 1970s and 1980s. It consisted of the brothers Rolf (1939–1981), Kjell (born 1942), Olle (born 1950) and Jard Samuelson (born 1952).
In 1966 Kjell & Rolf released the first album in America which was awarded three stars by Billboard. They soon became popular throughout Europe, Canada and the U.S.
The Samuelson brothers toured in Scandinavia with Pat Boone, Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette, Marty Robbins and Wanda Jackson and participated several times at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville.
On their records made in Nashville, musicians that played with Elvis Presley, Dolly Parton and Johnny Cash participated, such as Charlie McCoy, Weldon Myrick, Kenny Malone, Reggie Young, Larrie Londin, Tony Brown, Ron Oates, Bill Pursell, Pete Wade, Harold Bradley and Buddy Harman.
The group made over 30 albums in Swedish and English which were sold in over 1.5 million copies on their own record label Pilot Music and Heart Warming and Impact Records in the U.S.
References
Swedish country music groups
Gospel music groups
|
41051847
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor%20Percy%20Johnson%20Catholic%20High%20School
|
Monsignor Percy Johnson Catholic High School
|
Monsignor Percy Johnson Catholic Secondary School (Monsignor Percy Johnson CSS, MPJCSS, MPJ or Johnson) is a Roman Catholic high school in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada part of the Toronto Catholic District School Board. It is located in the neighbourhood of Rexdale, in the former suburb of Etobicoke.
The school was opened in 1984 at the former Rexdale Junior School before moving to the Heatherbrae Middle School in 1986. It is located next to St. Benedict Roman Catholic Church and Catholic School and was named after Percy Johnson (September 22, 1912 – December 22, 1983), a Catholic priest and member of the former Metropolitan Separate School Board. . The motto of the school is Heart Speaks to Heart.
History
The origins of the school began in November 1983 when Metropolitan Separate School Board (the forerunner to the Toronto Catholic District School Board) and the Archdiocese of Toronto jointly launched a new secondary school to serve northern Etobicoke. With overcrowding at Father Henry Carr, Don Bosco and St. Basil, the MSSB recommended in a February 1984 meeting that the name, Monsignor Percy Johnson, be adopted.
On September 4, 1984, the new Monsignor Percy Johnson school was opened in the facilities of the former Rexdale Junior School. Two years later, the school moved into the former Heatherbrae Middle School on Kipling Avenue, built in 1959, which was closed by the Etobicoke Board of Education in June 1985.
Throughout its early years Johnson had classes inside a middle school which had features in Etobicoke board standards that Toronto Catholic high schools did not have such as the gymnatorium, cafeteria, and a field of portable classrooms. Due to the size of the gym, home games were relocated elsewhere.
In 2004, the TCDSB purchased Heatherbrae from the Toronto District School Board. The old Heatherbrae school was demolished in 2005 and the replacement Johnson building was reconstructed until its completion in 2007, in which the new school opened for classes on September 4 that year. During construction, the student body was relocated to Regina Pacis on Finch and Highway 400. It was officially opened and blessed on May 16, 2008. The new school was designed by ZAS Architects and built by Aquicon Construction and includes a three-storey building with a six-lane track and full-sized sports field.
Since then, Johnson is home to over 1000 students serving northern Etobicoke and northwestern North York with ethnic groups ranging from Blacks, Filipinos, Hispanics, Poles, Croatians, Arabs and South Asians.
Academics
Johnson offers various academic programs and courses ranging from French, English, mathematics, science, geography and technological education.
Athletics and extra-curricular activities
The school team, known as the Jaguars, offers intramurals, cross country, basketball, volleyball, track, hockey, soccer, badminton, softball and rugby.
It also offers participation in various memberships in clubs such as Student Council, Yearbook, Empowering Student Partnerships and many others. The English and Drama Departments organize selected theatre trips once in a while.
See also
List of high schools in Ontario
References
External links
Catholic secondary schools in Ontario
High schools in Toronto
Education in Etobicoke
Educational institutions established in 1984
1984 establishments in Ontario
Toronto Catholic District School Board
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41051864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulsebos-Hesselman%20axial%20oil%20engines
|
Hulsebos-Hesselman axial oil engines
|
Hulsebos-Hesselman axial oil engines were five cylinder, four stroke, wobble plate engines that originated in and were used throughout the Netherlands during the late 1930s. Numerous patents can be found concerning this engine, all of which appear to attribute the engine's "wabbler" operating principles to the inventor Wichert Hulsebos.
Combustion system
This engine used the Hesselman engine low compression combustion system where oils of varying grades were sprayed into the cylinder during compression but ignition was initiated and assisted by a spark plug. Overhead inlet and exhaust valves, water cooling and a magneto for ignition were standard features.
Dimensions
The capacity of 4 litres was achieved with a bore of 95 mm and a stroke of 114 mm and it made use of a compression ratio of 6 to 1. Power output was said to be 70 bhp at 2400 rpm.
Wobble plate arrangement
The wobble plate arrangement cleverly employed a bevel gear set to prevent its rotation around the crankshaft. One bevel gear was fitted to the rear of the wobble plate itself and meshed with another which was fixed to the main body of the engine.
Production
They were manufactured by Hulsemo N.V., Casimirlaan 5, Arnhem, The Netherlands, and were exhibited in the Berlin and Amsterdam Shows during 1938.
References
Diesel engines
Engine technology
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41051889
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparwah
|
Laparwah
|
Laparwah is a 1981 Hindi-language Indian action film directed by Ravikant Nagaich, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Ranjeeta Kaur, Prema Narayan and Shakti Kapoor in the leading roles.
Cast
Mithun Chakraborty
Ranjeeta Kaur
Prema Narayan
Iftekhar
Shakti Kapoor
Shubha Khote
Satyendra Kapoor
Purnima
Tej Sapru
Asit Sen
Chandrashekhar
Birbal
Prem Bedi
Bhushan Jeevan
Sohail Khan
Manmauji
Ram Mohan
Ram P. Sethi
Sunder
Raj Tilak
Soundtrack
The music of this movie was composed by Bappi Lahiri, with lyrics written by Ramesh Pant. The music was released by the Saregama label.
"Paisa Jis Ke Paas Hai, Duniya Uski Das Hai" – Jatin Pandit
"Koi Bhi Dil Me Na Aaya Tha, Najro Se Sabki Bachya Tha" – Chandrani Mukherjee, Kishore Kumar
"Ghar Ki Tijori Me" – Jatin Pandit, Manna Dey
"Mehfil Me Aakar Saaqi Banu Ya Mehboobat" – Jatin Pandit, Usha Mangeshkar
"Tumko Maine Sapno Me To Dekha Tha" – Jatin Pandit
References
External links
1981 Western (genre) films
1981 films
1980s Hindi-language films
Indian Western (genre) films
Films scored by Bappi Lahiri
Films directed by Ravikant Nagaich
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41051919
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faramarz%20Kola
|
Faramarz Kola
|
Faramarz Kola (, also Romanized as Farāmarz Kolā) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 561, in 143 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051920
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Antonio%20Rojo%20Garc%C3%ADa
|
José Antonio Rojo García
|
José Antonio Rojo García de Alba (born 14 February 1966) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. As of 2013 he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Hidalgo.
References
1966 births
Living people
Politicians from Hidalgo (state)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo alumni
Members of the Congress of Hidalgo
20th-century Mexican politicians
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Hidalgo (state)
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41051925
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%20Todos%20los%20P%C3%BAblicos
|
Para Todos los Públicos
|
Para Todos los Públicos is the eleventh studio album by Spanish hard rock band Extremoduro, released on 8 November 2013. It was produced by Iñaki "Uoho" Antón, The album's recording started at early 2012 and it was finished at spring of 2013. It was published by Warner Music on 8 November 2013. The first single "¡Qué Borde Era Mi Valle!" was released on 22 October 2013. The album release date was initially scheduled for 19 November 2013 but the album was illegally leaked.
Track listing
Lyrics written by Roberto Iniesta, music composed by Roberto Iniesta and Iñaki Antón.
Personnel
Extremoduro
Roberto "Robe" Iniesta – Vocals, guitar and backing vocals
Iñaki "Uoho" Antón – Guitar, piano, keyboards and backing vocals
Miguel Colino – Bass
José Ignacio Cantera – Drums
Additional musicians
María "Cebolleta" Martín – Backing vocals
Gino Pavone –Percussion instrument
Javier Mora – Piano and organ
Ara Malikian – Violin
Carmen Mª Elena González – Violin
Humberto Armas – Viola
Irene Etxebest – Violoncello
Félix Landa – Backing vocals
Agnes Lillith – Backing vocals
Airam Etxaniz – Vocals on Poema Sobrecogido
José Alberto Batiz – Second guitar solo on Pequeño Rocanrol Endémico
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Notes
External links
Extremoduro official website (in Spanish)
2013 albums
Extremoduro albums
Spanish-language albums
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41051933
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajji%20Kola%2C%20Shirgah
|
Hajji Kola, Shirgah
|
Hajji Kola (, also Romanized as Ḩājjī Kolā) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 234, in 80 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051936
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatkehlu
|
Hatkehlu
|
Hatkehlu (, also Romanized as Hatkehlū) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 103, in 32 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051937
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagh%20Kuh
|
Yagh Kuh
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Yagh Kuh (, also Romanized as Yāgh Kūh) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 25 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051938
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij%20Kheyl
|
Kalij Kheyl
|
Kalij Kheyl (, also Romanized as Kalīj Kheyl) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District of the Central District of North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 1,526 in 417 households, when it was in the former Shirgah District of Savadkuh County. The following census in 2011 counted 1,427 people in 442 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,562 people in 540 households, by which time the district had separated from the county in the establishment of North Savadkuh County. It was the largest village in its rural district.
References
North Savadkuh County
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
Populated places in North Savadkuh County
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41051939
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koti%20Lateh
|
Koti Lateh
|
Koti Lateh (, also Romanized as Kotī Lateh; also known as Kotī Latak) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 440, in 128 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051940
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewbald%20Horde
|
Skewbald Horde
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Skewbald Horde () was a Selkup tribal association in the basins of the Narym and Tom Rivers during the 16th century. It was an ally and eastern neighbor of the Khanate of Sibir.
At the end of the 16th century the Skewbald Horde was led by Vonya, a prince of the upper Narym. Territory along the lower Narym fell under the authority of Prince Kichey who was related to Vonya: his granddaughter was married to Vonya's son, Taybokhta.
These princes not only long and stubbornly defended their independence from Moscow and evaded the payment of yasak, but were inclined to go on the offensive. They even entered into relations with Küçüm Khan of Sibir for joint action.
Only with the construction of Narym ostrog in the 1590s was the Skewbald Horde subdued by Russia. With the submission of the princely families, who dominated the horde up to this point, it did not immediately lose its value. Vonya was succeeded by his son, Taybokhta Vonin, and Kichey by his son Vagay Kicheev, the father-in-law of Taybokhta. They to a certain extent retained their privileged position. In the event of war the troops served together with Russian servicemen.
Soon the Narym princes chose to change their position on the ephemeral sovereigns more secure position in royal service. In 1610 Taybokhta Vonin, on his request, was relieved of yasak, and ordered to serve the sovereign and live in Narym ostrog with an annual salary of RUB 3 and 4 chetverik flour, groats and kama, and a pood of salt. He, however, continued to remain at the head of the upper Narym principality with a population of 50 yasak paying people, and his son had to pay yasak.
Similarly, the descendants of Kichey began shifting to the role of public service. In the 1620s and 1630s, Vagay continued to be prince of the lower Narym principality, but his brother was baptized, and under the name of Grigoriy Kicheev was in the service in the Narym garrison with a salary of RUB 8, 8 chetverik flour, 2 chetverik groats and 2 poods of salt per year. His cousins, Ivan Boyarko and Olosha Olontayko (Aleksey Alatay) Sanbycheev, also baptized, were enrolled under the same conditions. During the life of Grigoriy Kicheev his son Aleksey entered the service.
The same fate apparently befell some of the Parabel Princes: Kirsha Kunyazev with his brothers and children served in "all kinds of state service", but was not released from yasak and completely ruined. He pledged his wife and children, and only by special decree of Tsar Vasily IV he was given exemption from yasak, and his family was bought back by the treasury. His son Kanna stood at the head of one of the four municipalities of Parabel in 1626 —1629. At the same time a member of the family of newly baptized princes, Prince Pyotr Parabelsky served in Surgut among the rank-and-file soldiers and Cossacks.
References
External links
g. f. Miller "the history of Siberia»
History of Siberia
Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
Samoyedic peoples
Selkup people
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41051941
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdiabad%2C%20Savadkuh
|
Mehdiabad, Savadkuh
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Mehdiabad (, also Romanized as Mehdīābād) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 295, in 85 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051942
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaybagh
|
Chaybagh
|
Chaybagh (), formerly Malafeh (, also Romanized as Molfeh; also known as Chohesan) is a village in, and the capital of, Chaybagh Rural District of Narenjestan District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, Iran, and also serves as capital of the district.
At the 2006 National Census, its population (as the village of Malafeh) was 936 in 264 households, when it was in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District of the former Shirgah District of Savadkuh County. The following census in 2011 counted 855 people in 269 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 870 people in 292 households, by which time the district had separated from the county in the establishment of North Savadkuh County. Now the village of Chaybagh, it was the largest village in its rural district.
Retaining its name, the village has merged with the village of Andar Koli.
References
North Savadkuh County
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
Populated places in North Savadkuh County
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41051944
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowabad%2C%20Savadkuh
|
Nowabad, Savadkuh
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Nowabad (, also Romanized as Nowābād) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 24 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051945
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid%20Yunesi%20Bakhtun%20Kola%20Garrison
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Shahid Yunesi Bakhtun Kola Garrison
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Shahid Yunesi Bakhtun Kola Garrison ( – Pādegān-e Shahīd Yūnesī Bakhtūn Kolā) is a village and military installation in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17, in 6 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
Military installations of Iran
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41051947
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezaabad%2C%20Mazandaran
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Rezaabad, Mazandaran
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Rezaabad (, also Romanized as Rez̤āābād) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 75, in 20 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051948
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirjeh%20Kola
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Shirjeh Kola
|
Shirjeh Kola (, also Romanized as Shīrjeh Kolā) is a village in Sharq va Gharb-e Shirgah Rural District, North Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 399, in 95 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
|
41051960
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%20Basadur
|
Min Basadur
|
Marino (Min) Sidney Basadur is a teacher, consultant and researcher best known for his work in applied creativity and as the developer Simplexity Thinking System for improving workplace innovation & creativity.
He is president of Basadur Applied Creativity and professor emeritus of organizational behavior and innovation at McMaster University's Michael G. DeGroote School of Business.
Early life
Basadur was born in Kirkland Lake, Ontario, and grew up in Toronto, where he attended Humberside Collegiate and played baseball, basketball and football. He graduated from the University of Toronto with a degree in engineering physics in 1961.
Career
Basadur was hired by Procter & Gamble in Hamilton, Ontario and then transferred to the company's research and development headquarters in Cincinnati in 1967. He received three U.S patents for his work there and brought several new industrial products to market.
While employed in Cincinnati, Basadur became acquainted with the teachings of Sid Parnes, who became a lifetime friend and colleague. Sid was a creativity researcher and teacher at the Creative Problem Solving Institute (CPSI) in Buffalo, New York founded by Alex Osborn. Building on the teachings of Parnes, Osborn and other's at CPSI, Basadur expanded on these methods within Procter & Gamble to develop a more applicable process for corporate innovation. Procter and Gamble became his own laboratory for creative research. While at Procter & Gamble, Min proved the absolute importance of accurate problem definition in the problem solving process and achieving breakthrough insights. Here, Min also became aware of the practicality of focusing on the phrase How Might We in real world corporate problem solving to positively define problems. Sid suggested that several phrases could be used to define problems, including "How To?", "Way's To?", "In What Way's Might We?" and "How Might We?" and selected "In What Ways Might We?" for his teachings in Buffalo. Min found the phrase "How Might We?" was most accepted among team members in industry in the critical step of defining problems. "How Might We?" eventually became an integral component in Basadur's "Why? - What's Stopping?" analysis and Challenge Mapping processes.
He continued to research methods of stimulating and harnessing creativity at Frito-Lay, Ford and Pepsico During that time, he also earned his MBA from Xavier University and PhD from the University of Cincinnati. His doctoral dissertation received the S. Rains Wallace Award for best doctoral research in the area of industrial and organizational psychology by the American Psychological Association The significance of this research established a landmark understanding that innovative and creative thinking can be learned and improved.
By 1981 Basadur had developed a methodology which he called Simplexity (originally Simplex) and a set of related tools for creative problem solving that could be used to improve creative performance in organizations. His method was based on encouraging and facilitating unobstructed thinking and developing a sense of shared ownership and responsibility among participants for the solution they collectively identify. Basadur conducted extensive research to back up his claims that this collaborative process significantly improved the likelihood of successful solutions being identified and implemented. Basadur founded the Center for Research in Applied Creativity to provide training in Simplexity Thinking to corporations, public institutions and governments.
To help organizations identify and encourage creative individuals among their staff, Basadur developed the Basadur Creative Problem Solving Profile (CPSP), and Inventory designed to determine an individual's style of creative problem solving, by measuring his or her preferred activities within the creativity process. The four styles Basadur identified are generation, conceptualization, optimization and implementation.
Basadur published two books on the subject of developing creativity, Flight to Creativity: How to Dramatically Improve Your Creative Performance. in 1994 and The Power of Innovation: How to Make Innovation a Way of Life and Put Creative Solutions to Work in 1995. He also contributed chapters to a number of books, and published many articles on the subject. He has also made presentations at various scientific meetings.
In 2016, Basadur published a third book, Design-Centered Entrepreneurship, with Michael Goldsby.
Published works
Books
1994: Flight to Creativity: How to Dramatically Improve Your Creative Performance. Creative Education Foundation Press/Applied Creativity Press
1995: The Power of Innovation: How to Make Innovation a Way of Life and Put Creative Solutions to Work. London, U.K: Pitman Professional Publishing / Applied Creativity Press
2016: Design-Centered Entrepreneurship, with Michael Goldsby - 2016.
Book chapters
Basadur, M.S. (1987). "Needed research in creativity for business and industrial applications". in Frontiers of Creativity Research: Beyond the Basics. (Editor: Isaksen, S.G.) Chapter 13. Buffalo, N.Y.: Bearly.
Basadur, M.S. (1993). "Impacts and outcomes of creativity in organizational settings". in The Emergence of a Discipline: Nurturing and Developing Creativity. Volume II. (Editors: Isaksen, S.G., Murdock, M.C., Firestein, R.L. and Treffinger, D.J.), Chapter 12. New York: Ablex.
Basadur, M.S. (2001). "The economic, social and psychological outcomes of implementing a deliberate process of organizational creativity". Chapter in Decision Making: Social and Creative Dimensions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Press.5. Editors: Allwood, C.M. and Selart, M.
Basadur, M.S., Basadur, T.M. and Licina, G. (2012). "Organizational creativity and organizational development". Chapter 26 in the Handbook of Organizational Creativity. Elsevier. Editor: Michael D. Mumford.
Basadur, M.S., Basadur, T.M. and Licina, G. (2013). "Simplexity Thinking". Chapter in the Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship. Springer. Editor: Ruchika Bhatt.
Basadur, M.S. (1994). "Managing the creative process in organizations". In Problem Finding, Problem Solving, and Creativity. (Editor: M.A. Runco). Chapter 12. New York: Ablex.
Selected articles
Basadur, M.S., Graen, G.B. and Green, S.G. (1982). "Training in creative problem solving: Effects on ideation and problem finding in an applied research organization". Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 30, 41-70.
Basadur, M.S. (2004). "Leading others to think innovatively together: Creative leadership". Leadership Quarterly, 15, 103–121.
Basadur, M.S., Runco, M.A. and Vega, L.A. (2000). "Understanding how creative thinking skills, attitudes and behaviors work together: A causal process model". Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 34, (2), 77-100.
Basadur, M.S. and Hausdorf, P.A. (1996). "Measuring divergent thinking attitudes related to creative problem solving and innovation management". Creativity Research Journal, Volume 9 (1), 21–32.
Basadur, M.S. and Gelade, G. (2006). "The role of knowledge management in the innovation process". Creativity and Innovation Management. Vol. 15 (1), 45–62. March 2006.
Basadur, M.S. and Finkbeiner, C.T. (1985). "Measuring preference for ideation in creative problem solving training". Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 21 (1), 37–49.
Basadur, M.S., Graen, G.B. and Scandura, T.A. (1986). "Training effects on attitudes toward divergent thinking among manufacturing engineers". Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71 (4), 612–617.
Basadur, M.S., Graen, G.B. and Wakabayashi, M. (1990). "Identifying individual differences in creative problem solving style". Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 24 (2), 111–131.
Basadur, M.S. (1997). "Organizational development interventions for enhancing creativity in the workplace". Journal of Creative Behavior, Volume 31 (1), 59–72.
Basadur, M.S. & Thompson, R. (1986). "Usefulness of the ideation principle of extended effort in real world professional and managerial problem solving". Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 20 (1), 23–34.
Basadur, M.S., Wakabayashi, M., and Takai, J. (1989). "Receptivity of Japanese managers to creative problem solving experiential training". (In Japanese.) Japanese Journal of Administrative Behavior, Vol. 4 (2), 75–82.
Basadur, M.S., Graen, G.B., Takai, J. and Wakabayashi, M. (1989). "Comparing attitudes toward divergent thinking of managers and non-managers before and after training". (In Japanese.) Japanese Journal of Administrative Behavior, Vol. 4 (1), 19–27.
Basadur, M.S., Wakabayashi, M. and Graen, G.B. (1990). "Individual problem solving styles and attitudes towards divergent thinking before and after training". Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 3 (1), 22–32.
Basadur, M.S., Wakabayashi, M., and Takai, J. (1992). "Training effects on the divergent thinking attitudes of Japanese managers". International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 16, 329–345.
Basadur, M.S. (1992). "Managing creativity: A Japanese model". Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 6 (2), 29–42.
Basadur, M.S. and Paton, B.R. (1993). "Using creativity to boost profits in recessionary times - broadening the playing field". Industrial Management, Vol. 35 (1), 14–19.
Runco, M.A. and Basadur, M.S. (1993). "Assessing ideational and evaluative skills and creative styles and attitudes". Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 2 (3), 166–173.
Basadur, M.S. and Robinson, S.J. (1993). "The creative thinking skills needed for total quality management to become fact, not just philosophy". American Behavioral Scientist, 37 (1), 121–138.
Basadur, M.S., Ellspermann, S.J., and Evans, G.W. (1994). "A new methodology for formulating ill-structured problems". OMEGA. The International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 22 ( 6), 627–645.
Basadur, M.S. (1995). "Optimal ideation-evaluation ratios". Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 8 (1), 63–75.
Basadur, M.S., Taggar, S. and Pringle, P.F. (1999). "Improving the measurement of divergent thinking attitudes in organizations". Journal of Creative Behavior, Volume 33 (2), 75-111.
Basadur, M.S., Pringle, P.F., Speranzini, G. and Bacot, M. (2000) "Collaborative problem solving through creativity in problem definition: Expanding the pie". Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 9 (1), 54–76.
Basadur, M.S., Potworowski, J.A., Pollice, N. and Fedorowicz, J. (2001). "Increasing understanding of technology management through challenge mapping". Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol. 9 (4), 245–258.
Basadur, M.S. and Head, M. (2001). "Team performance and satisfaction: A link to cognitive style within a process framework". Journal of Creative Behavior, Volume 35 (4), 227–248.
Basadur, M.S., Pringle, P.F. and Kirkland, D. (2002). "Crossing Cultures: Training effects on the divergent thinking attitudes of Spanish-speaking South American managers". Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 14 (3 & 4), 395–408.
Basadur, M.S. and Gelade, G. (2003). "Using the creative problem solving profile (CPSP) for diagnosing and solving real-world problems". Emergence: Journal of Complexity Issues in Organizations and Management. Vol. 5 (3), 22–47.
Basadur, M.S. (2003). "Reducing complexity in conceptual thinking using challenge mapping". The International Journal of Thinking and Problem Solving. Vol. 13 (2), 5–7.
Basadur, M.S. (2005). "Management: Synchronizing different kinds of creativity." In "Creativity across domains: Faces of the Muse". Lawrence Erlbaum. Ch. 15, pp. 261–279. Editors; Kaufman, J.C. and Baer, J.
Basadur, M.S. and Gelade, G. (2005). "Modeling applied creativity as a cognitive process: Theoretical foundations". The International Journal of Thinking & Problem Solving. Vol. 15 (2), 13–41.
Ellspermann, S.J., Evans, G.W. and Basadur, M.S. (2007). "The impact of training on the formulation of ill-structured problems". Omega, International Journal of Management Science. Vol. 35:2, pp 221–236.
Basadur, T.M., Basadur, M.S. and Gelade, G. (2008). "Cognitive problem solving style as related to person-vocation fit and person-organizational hierarchy level of fit". Presented at the Southwest Academy of Management Conference, February 24–28, Houston, TX.
Basadur, M.S., Gelade, G. and Basadur, T.M. (2008). "Improved reliability and research applications of the Creative Problem Solving Profile (CPSP)". Published in the proceedings of the Southern Management Association Conference, St. Petersburg, FL, October 30.
Basadur, M.S. and Gelade, G. (2009). "Creative problem solving style and cognitive work demands". Presented at the Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans. April 2–4.
Basadur, M.S., Gelade, G., Basadur, T.M. and Skorokhod, T. (2009). "Testing the predictive validity of the Basadur creative problem solving profile (CPSP)". Published in the Proceedings of the Southwest Academy of Management Annual Meeting, February 25–28, 2009, Oklahoma City.
Basadur, M.S. and Basadur, T.M. (2010). "How creativity relevant attitudes trigger behaviors, skills and performance". Presented at Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) 2010 Annual Conference, April 8–10, Atlanta.
Basadur, T.M., Beuk, F. and Monllor, J. (2010). "Regulatory fit: How individuals progress through the stages of the creative process". Published in the proceedings of the Academy of Management (AOM) annual conference, August 11, 2010, Montreal.
Basadur, T.M. and Basadur, M.S. (2010). "The role of creative problem solving style in advice network formation and subsequent creative performance". Presented at the Southern Management Association (SMA) annual meeting, October 28, 2010, St. Petersburg, Florida.
Basadur, M.S. and Basadur, T.M. (2011). "Attitudes and creativity". Encyclopedia of Creativity, 2nd Edition, vol. 1, 85–95. San Diego: Academic Press. Editors: Runco, M.A., and Pritzker, S.R.
Basadur, M.S. and Basadur, T.M. (2011). "Where are the generators? Psychology of Aesthetics", Creativity and the Arts, Vol 5 (1), 29–42.
Basadur, M.S., Basadur, M.S., Gelade, G., Basadur, T.M. (in press, 2013). "Creative Problem Solving Process Styles", Cognitive Work Demands and Organizational Adaptability. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science.
Basadur, M.S., Gelade, G.A, Basadur, T.M and Perez, R. (2016). "Improved reliability and research applications of the Basadur Creative Problem Solving Profile (CPSP)". Kindai Management Review.
Basadur, M.S., Basadur, T.M. and Beuk, F. (2014). "Facilitating high quality idea evaluation using telescoping". In: Wirtschaftspsychologie (Business Creativity) 16 (2), pp. 59–71
Zhang, H., Basadur, T. M. and Schmidt, J. B. (2014). "Information Distribution, Utilization, and Decisions by New Product Development Teams". Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31: 189–204.
Basadur, M.S. (2014). "Navigating the world of innovation". Chapter 5 in Vol. IX, LMX Leadership: The Series, Millennial Spring: Designing the Future of Organizations. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc. Editors: Grace, M. & Graen G.
Basadur, M.S., Gelade, G., and Basadur, T.M. (2013). "Creative problem solving process styles, cognitive work demands and organizational adaptability". Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 50 (1), 78-113.
Basadur, M.S., Basadur, T.M. and Licina, G. (2013). "Simplexity Thinking". Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship. Springer. Editor: Bhatt, R.
Basadur, M.S., Basadur, T.M. and Licina, G. (2012). "Organizational creativity and organizational development". Handbook of Organizational Creativity. Elsevier. Editor: Mumford, M.D.
Additional Papers Presented at Scientific Meetings
Basadur, T.M. and Basadur, M.S. (2008). "Telescoping: Enabling groups to achieve creative decisions with high consensus and commitment". Presented at 2008 Academy of Management Meeting, Anaheim, CA, August 8–13.
Basadur, M.S., Basadur S., Basadur, T.M. and Beuk, F. (2009). "Facilitating high quality idea evaluation using telescoping". Presented at Academy of Management Annual Conference, Chicago, August.
Basadur, M.S. and Basadur, T.M. (2009). "Evidence-based management and expertise: Using group brainstorming research to highlight the dangers of recommending the "best available scientific evidence" to practicing managers". Presented at the Midwest Academy of Management Annual Conference, Chicago, October. Basadur, M.S. (2009). Creativity and problem solving in recessionary times. Europa: Novas Fronteiras. The European Information Centre Jacques Delors (CIEJD). No. 24/25, Lisbon. January/December.
Basadur, M.S. and Basadur, T.M. (2010). "What organizations must do to build permanent creativity". Presented at the Japan Creativity Society annual meeting, Kinki University, Osaka. October 17, 2010.
References
External links
Google Scholar report
1939 births
Xavier University alumni
University of Cincinnati alumni
Living people
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian educators
Canadian women educators
Academic staff of McMaster University
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41051990
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-free%20number%20portability
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Toll-free number portability
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Toll-free number portability (Canada, US, New Zealand) or freephone number portability (Australia, UK) allows the subscriber of a freephone number to switch providers while retaining the same number for incoming calls. Similar schemes exist in many countries for local number portability and mobile number portability, although implementation details for each portability scheme varies between countries.
Australia
ACA fixed a November 2000 implementation date for the provision of local rate and freephone number portability. The industry established a body, Industry Number Management Services (INMS) Ltd, to allocate individual numbers and administer the centralised reference database of all allocated local rate and freephone numbers.
Vanity numbers, such as phonewords or short 13- series shared-cost service numbers, are made available by auction.
Europe and UK
United Kingdom numbers in the 0800 range (BT Freefone) first became portable in June 1997. Previously, rival carriers used differing area codes, 0800 for BT Freefone and 0500 for Cable & Wireless Freecall numbers.
Germany, Netherlands, Sweden and Belgium also introduced portability schemes in the late 1990s.
North America
Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS) was introduced in the United States on January 15, 1961. Customers paid a flat-rate monthly service fee for large-volume interstate long-distance over a wide area. The inbound service was denoted as InWATS service.
Each exchange prefix in area code 800 was assigned to a specific carrier in a specific region (for example, 800-387 was Bell Canada in Toronto) and the numbers were brought to subscribers (usually large companies or governmental organisations) on special fixed-rate inbound trunks.
The system was redesigned in 1981 to use a database, the SMS/800 service management system, which could direct any toll-free number to any destination based on various conditions; number prefixes remained tied to specific carriers until a RespOrg (responsible organization) structure was introduced in 1993 (US) and 1994 (Canada) to allow subscribers to change providers by providing a Letter of Authorization (LOA) on company letterhead to their new provider authorizing a number to be moved.
New Zealand
TNAS Limited, a joint venture company owned by Telecom and Vodafone, operates the Toll Free Number Portability system. The TNAS System is a database for co-ordination of allocation and porting of toll-free numbers and is used by nine carriers. A client may switch service providers, or a service provider switch host carriers, without a change in the published toll-free number.
References
See also
Local number portability
Mobile number portability
Rufnummernportierung (in German)
Telephony
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41051991
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s%20Hill%20Academy
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Shepherd's Hill Academy
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Shepherd's Hill Academy (SHA) is an accredited and licensed Christian therapeutic boarding school located in Martin, Georgia, United States, that provides year-round residential care and a private school for grades 7 through 12.
History
Shepherd's Hill Academy was founded in 1994 by Trace Embry and his wife Beth. Embry attended Toccoa Falls College (TFC) and work for the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice. During his time at TFC, Embry and his family searched Northeast Georgia for property that would eventually become Shepherd's Hill Academy. Embry purchased a 60-acre tract of land in Martin for $200.
From 2001 to 2003, Shepherd's Hill Academy partnered with the Atlanta-based school Gables Academy in a joint effort to provide residential care to families. At that time, the program was known as "The Edge at Shepherd's Hill."
Now on 185 acres, Shepherd's Hill Academy is an accredited private school and licensed residential care for students and their families.
Governance
Shepherd's Hill Academy is a 501(c)(3) organization governed by a board of directors with responsibilities for assigning an Executive Director, for operational policies and for the annual financial budget. Day-to-day operations are led by the Executive Director. Shepherd's Hill Academy's academic program and faculty are overseen by a Georgia-certified on-site principal. The therapeutic program and residential care are overseen by a licensed therapist.
Private school
Shepherd's Hill Academy's private school is accredited for grades 7-12 through the Georgia Accrediting Commission (GAC) under Education Agency with Special Purposes accreditation. SHA is a member of the Georgia Association of Christian Schools, and the National Association of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, and its courses are sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association Eligibility Center.
SHA provides Advanced Placement (AP) classes through Georgia Virtual School and extra-curricular opportunities including intramural sports and field trips.
Although it previously served 50 students, it has since been licensed to serve 36.
Residential care
Shepherd's Hill Academy offers a residential care facility licensed by the Georgia Department of Human Services through its Outdoor Child Caring Program. SHA is a member of the American Association of Christian Counselors and the National Association of Therapeutic Schools and Programs.
The structure of SHA's therapeutic program follows the "authoritative community model" discussed in Hardwired to Connect: The New Scientific Case for Authoritative Communities, a study conducted by the YMCA of the USA, Geisel School of Medicine and the Institute for American Values.
According to the Shepherd's Hill Academy website, monthly tuition for residential care is 10,800 per month.
Controversies
Aaden Friday of Medium, reporting on alleged SHA mistreatment of teens, wrote, "SHA is now fully licensed by the state of Georgia, but it has surfaced several ethical concerns, including the lack of appropriate care for teens with mental health issues, abusive treatment, and anti-LGBTQ practices similar to those practiced at conversion camps." Additionally, Friday wrote that Embry "openly advocated for religion as a substitute for professional mental health treatment", and believes most mental illnesses are caused by anhedonia. Friday quotes Dr. Jean Kim, a clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at George Washington University, "...if [Embry] had a licensed professional screen clients and triage them for appropriateness into his program, that would be less worrisome."
In the second article in that series Friday described the school as "a Georgia-based Christian boarding school with a history of alleged abuse, conversion therapy for LGBTQ teens, and religious indoctrination." He wrote, "Trace Embry, who has no medical training or college degree, believes that students who have been diagnosed by professionals with very real and treatable mental illnesses are actually suffering from too much technology use, the overconsumption of media, and a lack of religious conviction."
Unsilenced, a non-profit organization dedicated to transparency in the Troubled Teen Industry, catalogued decades of survivor testimonies concerning student and staff experiences at Shepherd's Hill Academy.
Carly Camejo of Medium, and former teacher at the facility, reporting on alleged SHA mistreatment of teens, wrote, "I remembered on more than one occasion feeling miffed at how little so many within this circle understood the minds and actions of their neuro-divergent charges. Specifically concerning their understanding of how teens on the spectrum, and those with mild intellectual disabilities, navigate puberty. Behaviors that I understand as typically atypical, inspired jokes from members in leadership at the expense of the child."
Additionally, Camejo in her Medium article, wrote that, "the treatment of students experiencing urinary incontinence is perverse and cruel. If a student wets the bed they can reasonably expect diapers, a mile long walk with their unclean bedding, and the requirement to clean this material at a public water pump. This is sometimes coupled with punishment, but always with public humiliation." Furthermore, she describes allegations of medical neglect, insubstantial housing structures, and the unethical treatment of animals involved in the SHA sustainable development program.
Media
Executive Director Trace Embry hosts the radio broadcast License to Parent from a studio at SHA, and is a member of the National Religious Broadcasters.
Embry contributed to the book The Digital Invasion.
SHA staff and students were featured in a documentary directed by Colin Gunn and produced by Phillip Telfer, Captivated - The Movie, which outlines the effects of media on human behavior and brain chemistry.
See also
Franklin County Schools
References
External links
Therapeutic boarding schools in the United States
Boarding schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
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41051994
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%20Kola%2C%20Savadkuh
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Amir Kola, Savadkuh
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Amir Kola (, also Romanized as Amīr Kolā and Amīr Kalā; also known as Amīrābād and Amīr Kolā Kūlā) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 108, in 23 families.
Assassinated Iranian Cleric Abbas-Ali Soleimani is from here.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051996
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmanan
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Bahmanan
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Bahmanan (, also Romanized as Bahmanān) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73, in 25 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051997
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochid
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Kochid
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Kechid (, also Romanized as Kechīd; also known as Kajīd, and Kechīd) is a village in Keseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 114, in 32 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41051999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajim
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Lajim
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Lajim (, also Romanized as Lājīm) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District of Zirab District, Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 742 in 188 households, when it was in the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 778 people in 233 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 578 people in 201 households, by which time the rural district was transferred to the recently established Zirab District. It was the largest village in its rural district.
References
Savadkuh County
Populated places in Mazandaran Province
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowlak-e%20Kaslian
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Lowlak-e Kaslian
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Lowlak-e Kaslian (, also Romanized as Lowlāk-e Kaslīān, Lūlak-e Keseleyān, and Lūlak-e Keselīān) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 211, in 43 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052002
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateh%20Kola%2C%20Savadkuh
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Mateh Kola, Savadkuh
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Mateh Kola (, also Romanized as Mateh Kolā; also known as Mad Kolū and Mad Kūlā) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 291, in 65 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha%20Kola%2C%20Savadkuh
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Pasha Kola, Savadkuh
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Pasha Kola (, also Romanized as Pāshā Kolā) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 462, in 81 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%20Naim
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Pir Naim
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Pir Naim (, also Romanized as Pīr Na‘īm; also known as Per Na‘īm) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 251, in 64 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052005
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%20Pey
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Si Pey
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Si Pey (, also Romanized as Sī Pey) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 295, in 67 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052006
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang%20Nisht
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Sang Nisht
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Sang Nisht (, also Romanized as Sang Nīsht) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 512, in 125 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052007
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr%20Qasim
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Kafr Qasim
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Kafr Qasim (, ), also spelled as Kafr Qassem, Kufur Kassem, Kfar Kassem and Kafar Kassem, is a hill-top city in Israel with an Arab population. It is located about east of Tel Aviv, on the Israeli side of the Green Line separating Israel and the West Bank, in the southern portion of the "Little Triangle" of Arab-Israeli towns and villages. In its population was . The town was the site of the Kafr Qasim massacre, in which the Israel Border Police killed 49 civilians on October 29, 1956. On February 12, 2008, Israeli Minister of the Interior Meir Sheetrit declared Kafr Qasim a city in a ceremony held at the town.
History
The town's area was populated in ancient times, based on remains from the Middle Paleolithic period found in the Qesem Cave. Cisterns, a winepress and terraced fields have also been documented, together with remains from the Byzantine era.
Ottoman Empire
In 1838, during the Ottoman period, it was noted as a Muslim village, Kefr Kasim, in Jurat Merda, south of Nablus.
Charles van de Velde visited the site in 1851–52, noting "the many ancient stones used in the construction of the present houses and many other remains indicating an ancient site."
In 1870 Victor Guérin visited the village, which he called Kafr Kasim. He found the place to be "the site of a more ancient town, as is shown by cisterns and the mass of rubbish found outside the present village". The village had about four hundred inhabitants.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described the village as being of moderate size, with buildings constructed principally of adobe, on low hill in open ground. The survey also noted the existence of a rock-cut tomb to the south of the village.
British Mandate
In 1917, during World War I, Kafr Qasim (together with the rest of the area) was captured from the ruling Ottoman Empire by the British Army and was later placed under the British Mandate of Palestine.
In the 1922 census of Palestine Kufr Quasem had a population of 661, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 989, still all Muslims, in a total of 241 houses.
In 1945 the population of Kafr Qasim was 1,460, all Muslims, who owned 12,765 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 239 dunams were for citrus and bananas, 491 were plantations and irrigable land, and 8,980 were planted with cereals, while 58 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Israel
20th century
Israeli military advances came to a halt at Kafr Qasim during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1949, Israel annexed the town in accordance with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
On October 29, 1956, on the eve of the joint Israeli, French and British invasion of Egypt, Israel moved up the time of the local curfew as it was concerned that nearby Jordan would enter the fighting. After the curfew started, a platoon of Israeli border police who had been sent to the area encountered and killed 49 villagers returning to Kafr Qasim from their work in the fields. Though the village head had been informed a half an hour before the military curfew started, he informed the Israeli commander that the fellahin and shepherds could not be notified in time that the curfew had been imposed. The incident became known as the Kafr Qasim massacre. In October 2021, the President of Israel Isaac Herzog made an official apology for the 1956 massacre, on behalf of the state.
In 1959, the town was granted local council status by the Israeli Interior Ministry.
21st century
Sheikh Abdullah Nimar Darwish started the Islamic Movement. Israeli parliamentarian Sheikh Ibrahim Sarsur, a native of Kafr Qasim, served for a decade on the town council and heads the southern faction of the Islamic Movement of Israel since 1999. In December 2007, President Shimon Peres formally apologised for the Kafr Qasim massacre.
In 2007 development plans for the industrial and logistical area Lev HaAretz were approved. Development started in 2008. Steimatzky is one of many companies who moved into this area. Also in 2008, the Ministry of the Interior announced that Kafr Qasim would become a city.
Demographics
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had 21,100 mostly Muslim inhabitants at the end of 2012. There are 936 females for every 1,000 males. The population increases at an annual rate of 2.7%.
The social-economic rank of the town is relatively low (3 out of 10). Only 50.2% of 12th graders were eligible for graduation (Bagrut) certificates in 2000. The average monthly wage in 2000 was 3,633 NIS, as opposed to the national average of 6,835 NIS at that time.
Culture
Kafr Qasim served as the primary filming location for the Israeli political thriller television series Fauda.
Sports
F.C. Kafr Qasim plays in the Leumit League (second division). Following their promotion to the national league, it plays home matches at the Lod Municipal Stadium in Lod. A new stadium is under construction.
Notable people
Walid Badir, Israeli international footballer
Abdullah Nimar Darwish, founder of the Islamic Movement in Israel
Issawi Frej, Knesset member
Samah Mar'ab, international footballer
Rubel Sarsour, Israeli international footballer
Ibrahim Sarsur, Knesset member
See also
Arab localities in Israel
Kafr Qasem Sign Language
References
Bibliography
External links
Kfar-Qasem municipality website
Kufur-Kassem home page
Kufur-Kassem official home page
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: IAA, Wikimedia commons
the village location
Material in English
Material in Hebrew כפר קאסם בעברית
Welcome To Kafr Qasem
Arab localities in Israel
Cities in Israel
Triangle (Israel)
Cities in Central District (Israel)
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41052011
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhteh%20Sara
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Sukhteh Sara
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Sukhteh Sara (, also Romanized as Sūkhteh Sarā) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 31 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valu%20Kash
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Valu Kash
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Valu Kash (, also Romanized as Valū Kash) is a village in Kaseliyan Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 103, in 27 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052013
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazul
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Zazul
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Zazul may refer to:
One of mad scientists of Stanisław Lem
A populated place in Kaseliyan Rural District, Iran
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41052015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr%20Qasim%20massacre
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Kafr Qasim massacre
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The Kafr Qasim massacre took place in the Israeli Arab village of Kafr Qasim situated on the Green Line, at that time, the de facto border between Israel and the Jordanian West Bank on October 29, 1956. It was carried out by the Israel Border Police (Magav), who killed Arab civilians returning from work during a curfew of which they were unaware, imposed earlier in the day on the eve of the Sinai War. In total 48 people died, of which 19 were men, 6 were women and 23 were children aged 8–17. Arab sources usually give the death toll as 49, as they include the unborn child of one of the women.
The border policemen who were involved in the shooting were brought to trial and found guilty and sentenced to prison terms ranging from 7 to 17 years. The brigade commander was sentenced to pay the symbolic fine of 10 prutot (old Israeli cents). The Israeli court found that the command to kill civilians was "blatantly illegal". However, all of the sentences were later reduced, with some of those convicted receiving presidential pardons. All of those convicted were released no later than November 1959.
One of those convicted, Gabriel Dahan, was later placed in charge of "Arab Affairs" by the city of Ramla.
Issachar (Yissachar) "Yiska" Shadmi—the highest-ranking official prosecuted for the massacre—stated, shortly before his death, that he believed that his trial was staged to protect members of the Israeli political and military elite, including Prime Minister David Ben Gurion, from taking responsibility for the massacre. The purpose was to portray the perpetrators as a group of rogue soldiers, rather than people acting under higher orders.
In December 2007, President of Israel Shimon Peres formally apologised for the massacre. In October 2021, a Joint List bill to have the massacre officially recognized was turned down in the Knesset.
Background
On the first day of the Suez War, Israel's intelligence service expected Jordan to enter the war on Egypt's side. Acting on this intelligence, soldiers were stationed along the Israeli-Jordanian frontier.
From 1949 to 1966, Arab citizens were regarded by Israel as a hostile population, and major Arab population centers were governed by military administrations divided into several districts. As such, several battalions of the Israel Border Police, under the command of Israel Defense Forces brigade commander Colonel Yissachar Shadmi, were ordered to prepare the defense of a section close to the border officially known as the Central District, and colloquially as the Triangle.
Timeline
On October 29, 1956, the Israeli army ordered that all Arab villages near the Jordanian border be placed under a wartime curfew from 5 p.m. to 6 a.m. on the following day. Any Arab on the streets was to be shot. The order was given to border police units before most of the Arabs from the villages could be notified. Many of them were at work at the time. That morning, Shadmi, who was in charge of the Triangle, received orders to take all precautionary measures to ensure quiet on the Jordanian border. On Shadmi's initiative, the official nightly curfew in the twelve villages under his jurisdiction was changed from the regular hours. Shadmi then gathered all the border patrol battalion commanders under his command, and reportedly ordered them to 'shoot on sight' any villagers violating the curfew. Once the order was given, the commander of one of Shadmi's battalions, Major Shmuel Malinki, who was in charge of the Border Guard unit at the village of Kafr Qasim, asked Shadmi on how to react to those villagers who were unaware of the curfew.
Malinki later testified as follows:
'[Shadmi said] anyone who left his house would be shot. It would be best if on the first night there were 'a few like that' and on the following nights they would be more careful. I asked: in the light of that, I can understand that a guerilla is to be killed but what about the fate of the Arab civilians? And they may come back to the village in the evening from the valley, from settlements or from the fields, and won't know about the curfew in the village – I suppose I am to have sentries at the approaches to the village? To this Col. Issachar replied in crystal clear words, 'I don't want sentimentality and I don't want arrests, there will be no arrests'. I said: 'Even though?'. To that he answered me in Arabic, Allah Yarhamu, which I understood as equivalent to the Hebrew phrase, 'Blessed be the true judge' [said on receiving news of a person's death]'.
Shadmi, however, denied that the matter of the returnees ever came up in his conversation with Malinki.
Malinki issued a similar order to the reserve forces attached to his battalion, shortly before the curfew was enforced: "No inhabitants shall be allowed to leave his home during the curfew. Anyone leaving his home shall be shot; there shall be no arrests." (ibid., p. 141)
The new curfew regulations were imposed in the absence of the laborers, who were at work and unaware of the new rules. At 4.30 p.m., the mukhtar (mayor) of Kafr Qasim was informed of the new time. He asked what would happen to the about 400 villagers working outside the village in the fields that were not aware of the new time. An officer assured him that they would be taken care of. When word of the curfew change was sent, most returned immediately, but others did not.
Between 5 p.m. and 6:30 p.m., in nine separate shooting incidents, the platoon led by Lt. Gabriel Dahan that was stationed in Kafr Qasim all together killed nineteen men, six women, ten teenage boys (age 14–17), six girls (age 12–15), and seven young boys (age 8–13), who did not make it home before curfew. One survivor, Jamal Farij, recalls arriving at the entrance to the village in a truck with 28 passengers:
'We talked to them. We asked if they wanted our identity cards. They didn't. Suddenly one of them said, 'Cut them down' – and they opened fire on us like a flood.'
One Israeli soldier, Shalom Ofer, later admitted: 'We acted like Germans, automatically, we didn't think', but never expressed remorse or regret for his actions.
The many injured were left unattended, and could not be succoured by their families because of the 24-hour curfew. The dead were collected and buried in a mass grave by Arabs, taken for that purpose, from the nearby village of Jaljuliya. When the curfew ended, the wounded were picked up from the streets and trucked to hospitals.
No villagers in other villages under Shadmi's control were shot, because local commanders gave direct orders to disobey Shadmi's and Malinki's orders by holding fire. For example, Yehuda Frankental who, on his own initiative, refused Shadmi's orders. Jaim Levi, however, did not directly refuse orders but allowed his platoon commanders to exercise their own moral judgement.
Following events
The military censor imposed a total ban on newspaper reportage on the massacre. Nonetheless, news of the incident leaked out after communist Knesset Members Tawfik Toubi and Meir Vilner managed to enter the village two weeks later and investigate the rumours. However, it took two months of lobbying by them and the press before the government lifted the media blackout imposed by David Ben-Gurion. The government started an internal inquiry on November 1 involving, among others, the Criminal Investigations Division of the military police. To limit publicity, a military cordon was maintained around the village for months, preventing journalists from approaching. David Ben-Gurion made his first public reference to the incident on November 12.
Following public protests, eleven Border Police officers and soldiers involved in the massacre were court-martialed for murder. The trial was presided over by Judge Benjamin Halevy. On October 16, 1958, eight of them were found guilty and sentenced to prison terms. Malinki received 17 years and Dahan 15 years imprisonment. The court placed great emphasis on the fundamental responsibility of Shadmi, though the latter was not a defendant. Shadmi was subsequently charged as well, but his separate court hearing (February 29, 1959) found him innocent of murder and only guilty of extending the curfew without authority. His symbolic punishment, a fine of 10 prutot, i.e. a grush (one Israeli cent), became a standard metaphor in Israeli polemic debate. The fact that other local commanders realised they had to disobey Shadmi's order was cited by the court as one of the reasons for denying Dahan's claim that he had no choice. None of the officers served out the terms of their sentences.
The court of appeal (April 3, 1959) reduced Malinki's sentence to 14 years and Dahan's to 10. The Chief of Staff further reduced them to 10 and 8 years, then the Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi pardoned many and reduced some sentences to 5 years each. Finally, the Committee for the Release of Prisoners ordered the remission of one third of the prison sentences, resulting in all the convicted persons being out of prison by November 1959. Soon after his release, Malinki was promoted and put in charge of security for the top secret Negev Nuclear Research Center. In 1960, Dahan was placed in charge of "Arab Affairs" by the city of Ramla.
In 2017, historian Adam Raz appealed to the military appellate tribunal for release of documents relating to the massacre, including the trial minutes. In 2021, the tribunal refused the request and imposed a gag order on the entire case, even including the fact that a ruling had been made. One year later, it became legal to note the existence of a ruling, but not its content. Former state archivist Yaacov Lozowick, who is familiar with the material sought by Raz, told Haaretz that "the degree of imbecility of this decision is so great, that no further comment is needed." In May 2022, following the negative publicity, the court permitted publication of the ruling and many, but not all, of the primary documents related to the massacre.
Operation Hafarferet
Approximately 1/3 of the court hearings were held in secret, and the transcript was not published until July 2022. According to journalists Tzvi Joffre and Ruvik Rosenthal, the court received descriptions of a secret plan called Operation Hafarperet ("mole") to expel Israeli Arabs of the Little Triangle in case of a war with Jordan, apparently planned by Avraham Tamir by request of Ben-Gurion. A similar opinion is held by historian Adam Raz, who described the massacre as pre-planned and part of an Operation which would result in the expulsion of the Arab Israelis from the region. Shadmi described his trial as staged so as to "keep Israel’s security and political elite – including Prime Minister Ben-Gurion, IDF Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan, and GOC Central Command (and later chief of staff) Tzvi Tzur – from having to take responsibility for the massacre."
The trial transcript, released for publication in 2022, reveals that company commanders were briefed before the start of hostilities that there was an official plan to push the inhabitants of Kafr Qasim across the Green Line to the Jordanian-occupied village of Tira. For this purpose, checkpopints were not placed on the eastern side of Kafr Qasim.
Legal impact
The Kafr Qasim trial considered for the first time the issue of when Israeli security personnel are required to disobey illegal orders. The judges decided that soldiers do not have the obligation to examine each and every order in detail as to its legality, nor were they entitled to disobey orders merely on a subjective feeling that they might be illegal. On the other hand, some orders were manifestly illegal, and these must be disobeyed. Judge Benjamin Halevy's words, still much-quoted today, were that
The incident was partly responsible for gradual changes in Israel's policy toward Arab citizens of Israel. By 1966, the military administration was abolished.
Memorials
As late as 2021, attempts to have the massacre officially recognized in Israel have failed. A bill presented by the Joint List to achieve that end was overwhelming defeated in a Knesset vote on 26 October 2021, with a 93/12 voting majority. The proposed bill, which was opposed by Kfar Qasim resident and Regional Cooperation Minister Esawi Freije, also included provisions to incorporate information on the incident int school syllabuses and for the declassification of all archival documents related to it.
On November 20, 1957, 400 distinguished guests and representatives from different sectors of Israeli society, including Knesset members, cabinet ministers, members from the then ruling Mapai party, national trade union officials, and notable members from neighboring Arab villages, held a reconciliation ceremony in memory of the victims at Kafr Qasim. The ceremony was designed as a "sulha", explicitly referring to a Bedouin clan-based conflict resolution custom. The government subsequently distributed reparations to the family of the victims. At that time, the mainstream press (such as JTA or Histadrut owned Davar) gives a favorable account of the ceremony, unlike the Arabic-language press (such as al-Ittihad and al-Mirsad, sponsored by MAPAM and MAKI parties) who denounced it as a fraud. In a 2006 academic article focusing on the massacre's commemoration, Shira Robinson considers the sulha as a "charade" which villagers were highly pressurized to participate in, designed to position the conflict "within a contrived history of symmetrical violence between Arabs and Jews," staged by the government for the purpose of escaping its responsibilities and lightening the weight of the court's verdict, making the ceremony itself "part of the crime that Palestinians commemorate today." In a 2008 academic article, Professor Susan Slyomovics corroborates this perspective on a ceremony "forced upon the villagers." In this paper, Slyomovics notably relies upon Ibrahim Sarsur's testimony, which concluded: "Until today in Kafr Qasim, there is no one who agrees with the manner of treatment of the government of Israel concerning the massacre and its consequences."
In October 2006, Yuli Tamir, the education minister in Israel, ordered schools around the country to observe the Kafr Qasim massacre and to reflect upon the need to disobey illegal orders. In December 2007, President of Israel Shimon Peres apologised for the massacre. During a reception in the village for the Muslim festival of Eid al-Adha, Peres said that he came to Kafr Qasem to ask the villagers for forgiveness. "A terrible event happened here in the past, and we are very sorry for it," he said. The founder of the Islamic Movement in Israel, Sheikh Abdullah Nimr Darwish, also spoke at the ceremony and called on religious leaders on both sides to build bridges between the Israelis and the Palestinians.
The townspeople of Kafr Qasim annually observe the massacre and several memorial monuments have been raised since 1976. According to Tamir Sorek, the Israeli government financially supported the first monument in 1976 in order to ensure sanitized non-political language. Therefore, the inscription on the first monument describes the massacre merely as a “painful tragedy” without mentioning who was responsible for it. Later expressions of spatial commemoration have been much more explicit about this aspect. A museum dealing with the events was opened on October 29, 2006.
On 26 October 2014 Reuven Rivlin, keeping an electoral promise, became the first sitting President of Israel to attend the annual commemorations for the fallen at Kfar Qasim. He called it an 'atrocious massacre', 'a terrible crime' that weighed heavily on the collective conscience of the State of Israel.
See also
Kafr kasem (1975 Syrian drama film)
List of massacres in Israel
Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine War
Qibya massacre
Sabra and Shatila massacre
Khan Yunis massacre
Rafah massacre
References
External links
Kafr Qasim documents from the Israeli archives
Bibliography
Shira Robinson, Local struggle, national struggle: Palestinian responses to the Kafr Qasim massacre and its aftermath, 1956–66, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol 35 (2003), 393–416.
Tom Segev, The Seventh Million, Owl Books, 2000, , pp. 298–302.
Leora Y. Bilsky, Transformative Justice: Israeli Identity on Trial (Law, Meaning, and Violence), University of Michigan Press, 2004, , pp. 169–197, 310–324.
Sabri Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel, Monthly Review Press, 1977, .
M. R. Lippman, Humanitarian Law: The Development and Scope of the Superior Orders Defense, Penn State International Law Review, Fall 2001.
Israel Military Court of Appeal, judgment (translated), Palestine Yearbook of International Law, Vol II, 1985, 69–118.
External links
Kufur-Kassem home page
Yoav Stern: 50 years after massacre, Kafr Qasem wants answers (Ha'aretz, 30 October 2006)
Rami Issa:Kafr Qasim massacre
Rami Issa:Kafr-qassem official Home page
1956 in Israel
Massacres in 1956
Conflicts in 1956
Massacres committed by Israel
Massacres in Israel during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
October 1956 events in Asia
Massacres of Palestinians
Massacres of Muslims
Events that led to courts-martial
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41052033
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto%20Alfonso%20Robledo
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Ernesto Alfonso Robledo
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Ernesto Alfonso Robledo Leal (born 6 June 1976 in Linares, Nuevo León) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PAN. As of 2013 he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Nuevo León.
References
1976 births
Living people
Politicians from Linares, Nuevo León
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Members of the Congress of Nuevo León
Autonomous University of Nuevo León alumni
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Nuevo León
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
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41052069
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lene%20Lovich
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Lene Lovich
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Lene Lovich (; born Lili-Marlene Premilovich; March 30, 1949) is an American-English singer, songwriter and musician. She first gained attention in 1979 with the release of her hit single "Lucky Number", which peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart and made her a leading figure of the new wave music scene.
Born in Detroit, Michigan, Lovich moved to England at the age of 13, where she met guitarist and songwriter Les Chappell, who later became her long-time music collaborator and life partner. She developed an interest in art and theater, enrolling at the Central School of Art and Design where she took saxophone lessons. In 1975, she joined the band the Diversions and shortly afterwards wrote the lyrics to Cerrone's single "Supernature". After the band broke up, Lovich started looking for another band to join and contacted the radio presenter Charlie Gillett, who got her to record a demo of Tommy James and the Shondells' song "I Think We're Alone Now" and played it to Dave Robinson of Stiff Records, who decided to sign Lovich. The song was released as a single and appeared on her debut studio album Stateless (1978), which produced the single "Lucky Number".
She released two more albums, Flex (1979) and No Man's Land (1982), on Stiff Records. In 1989, she independently released the album March, before her 15-year hiatus. She focused more on her family but came back in 2005 with the release of her album Shadows and Dust.
In 2013, she established her own publishing label, Flex Music, and released a re-mastered version of all her previous albums in a limited edition box set.
Life and career
1949–1975: Early life and career beginnings
Lovich was born Lili-Marlene Premilovich in Detroit, Michigan, to an English mother and American father of Serbian descent. After her father had health problems, her mother took the 13-year-old Lovich and her three siblings to live in Hull, East Yorkshire, England. She met guitarist/songwriter Les Chappell when they were teenagers, and he became her longtime collaborator and life partner. In the autumn of 1968, they went to London to attend art school. It was there that Lovich first tied her hair into the plaits that later became a visual trademark, though at first she braided her hair to keep it out of the clay when studying sculpture.
Over the following decade, Lovich attended several art schools, busked around the London Underground and appeared in cabaret clubs as an "Oriental" dancer. She also travelled to Spain, where she visited Salvador Dalí at his home. She played acoustic rock music around London, sang in the mass choir of a show called Quintessence at the Royal Albert Hall, played a soldier in Arthur Brown's show, worked as a go-go dancer with the Radio One Roadshow, toured Italy with a West Indian soul band and played saxophone for Bob Flag's Balloon and Banana Band and for an all-girl cabaret trio called the Sensations. She recorded screams for horror films, wrote lyrics for French disco star Cerrone (including the sci-fi dance smash "Supernature", later recorded by Lovich) and worked with various fringe theatre groups. She was also one of thousands of audience members invited to sing along at the 1972 Lanchester Arts Festival at the Locarno Ballroom in Coventry when Chuck Berry recorded "My Ding-a-Ling" for Chess Records.
In 1975, Lovich joined the Diversions, a funk group that released three singles and an album on Polydor Records without success.
1976–1985: Stateless, Flex, No Man's Land
In 1976, Lovich released a 7" three-track "maxi-single" in the UK under her own name, aimed at the Christmas market: "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus/The Christmas Song (Merry Christmas To You)/Happy Christmas" (Polydor 2058 812). In 1977, Lovich, along with recording engineer Alain Wisniak, provided lyrics for "Supernature" a song featuring music composed by French percussionist and disco music performer Cerrone. The song, with its surreal lyrics describing a world in which nature has risen to fight against desecration and destruction by humanity, is indicative of Lovich's interest in animal rights issues. In 1978, disc jockey and author Charlie Gillett presented her recording of "I Think We're Alone Now", a cover version of a song originally performed by Tommy James and the Shondells, to Stiff Records boss Dave Robinson. Robinson immediately proposed to release it as a single on Stiff, for which Lovich and Chappell had to write and record a B-side at short notice. They came up with "Lucky Number", which was then released as an A-side and became a Top 3 hit in the UK Singles Chart.
Invited by Robinson to participate in the forthcoming Be Stiff Route 78 Tour in 1978, Lovich quickly recorded her first album for Stiff, Stateless, which contained "Lucky Number" and another Top 20 hit, "Say When". Lovich's musical style combined her own quirky inventions with contemporary punk rock and new wave styles. She then recorded the albums Flex and No-Man's-Land for Stiff over the next few years, as well as an EP titled New Toy, the title cut penned by touring band member Thomas Dolby. She also recorded vocals for "Picnic Boy" by the Residents.
Lovich co-wrote with Chappell and Chris Judge Smith and performed Mata Hari, a play/musical at the Lyric Hammersmith, London in October and November 1982. During this time she was having disputes with Stiff. The success of the show and pressure from Epic, her U.S. label, persuaded Stiff to release and promote No Man's Land.
1986–1990: March
Following her departure from Stiff, Lovich released "Don't Kill the Animals," a single with Nina Hagen, with whom she had appeared in Cha Cha, a film that starred Herman Brood; together, the three created the film's soundtrack.
In 1989, after an absence of several years to raise a family, Lovich recorded the album March on Pathfinder Records. It was only moderately successful and was not released until nearly a year after the album's single "Wonderland" had been issued and had become an American dance hit. She also toured the U.S. three times immediately before, during and shortly after the release of March, giving American fans their only glimpse of her for many years to come. All three tours culminated with benefit concerts for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Her tours supporting March were done with a band that featured the electronic duo Tanz Waffen as well as Les Chappell.
Lovich contributed to the opera The Fall of the House of Usher (1991) by Peter Hammill and Judge Smith, singing the part of Madeline Usher.
2005–present
In 2005, Lovich appeared on Hawkwind's Take Me to Your Leader CD and appeared occasionally on stage with them. Lovich's first album since March, entitled Shadows and Dust, received a limited release on the Stereo Society label on September 13, 2005. She played for the first time in many years with a full band at the Drop Dead Festival in 2006.
In 2006, Lovich made a guest appearance with the Dresden Dolls at The Roundhouse that is featured as an extra on the band's DVD Live at the Roundhouse.
In 2007, MVD Visual released the DVD Lene Lovich: Live from New York, featuring a 1981 performance at Studio 54. In late 2007, Lovich and Chappell produced a new recording of their hit "Lucky Number", which was performed by rock group Eastroad and was used by BBC Television for its coverage of the 2008 World Snooker Championship.
In 2011, Lovich sang the part of Eurydice in the song story Orfeas by Judge Smith. In 2013, she sang on the albums Zoot Suit by Judge Smith and Gridlock by Mr. Averell.
In 2012, Lovich began performing with a new band comprising Subterraneans frontman Jude Rawlins on guitar, bassist Lydia Fischer, keyboard player Kirsten Morrison and Morgan King on drums. The Lene Lovich Band made its live debut at London's 12 Bar Club on October 29, 2012. In 2013, the band undertook its first high-profile tour, concluding with shows in London and Berlin, and was the fifth act to be announced for Rebellion Festival 2013. Valkyrie replaced Fischer on bass in 2014 as the band undertook its first major European tour. The band performed at Rebellion again in 2017, co-headlining with the Primitives before undertaking Lovich's largest tour in 27 years, opening for the Psychedelic Furs.
In September 2013, Lovich and Rawlins started record label Flex Music, giving Lovich control of her back catalogue for the first time. Flex Music was launched with a limited-edition handmade CD box set entitled Others: Volume 1, which contained Lovich's first three albums and a bonus CD of rarities. In 2015, Flex reissued Lovich's 1982 album No Man's Land in digital format.
Cherry Red Records will release a 4-CD box set of material Lene recorded for Stiff Records from 1978 to 1983 in November 2023.
Discography
Stateless (1978)
Flex (1980)
No Man's Land (1982)
March (1989)
Shadows and Dust (2005)
Filmography
References
External links
Lene Lovich Official website
Lene Lovich at Stereo Society
Innovation in New Wave: Lene Lovich, Perfect Sound Forever
1949 births
Living people
American people of English descent
American people of Serbian descent
American emigrants to England
American expatriates in England
Musicians from London
Women new wave singers
English new wave musicians
English people of Serbian descent
Musicians from Kingston upon Hull
Singers from Detroit
Stiff Records artists
Women punk rock singers
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41052087
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1764%20Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%20royal%20election
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1764 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
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The 1764 Polish–Lithuanian royal election was an election to decide on the new candidate for the Polish–Lithuanian throne.
Background
The Seven Years' War, which ended in 1763, established a new pattern of political alliances in Europe. The Kingdom of Prussia, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Russian Empire emerged as great powers, while the position of Austria, France, Spain, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire was weakened. As a result of the war, the Russian Empress, Catherine the Great, was in almost complete control of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Catherine was supported by the Prussian monarch, Frederick the Great, who hoped to eventually annex Polish provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland.
History
After the death of Augustus III of Poland, two dominant political camps of Poland expressed their interest to the Polish throne. The Potocki family promoted Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki, while the Czartoryski family backed its leader, Duke Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski. Under pressure from Catherine, the Czartoryskis, however, withdrew the candidacy of Adam Kazimierz, and replaced him with Stolnik from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Stanisław August Poniatowski, who had been one of Catherine’s lovers. Russian support however, did not mean that Poniatowski would automatically become new monarch of the Commonwealth. Polish–Lithuanian szlachta was at that time strongly anti-Russian, and in case of a free election, Branicki’s victory was secure.
The Czartoryski family, fearing a civil war, asked the Russian Empress for military assistance. They were not aware of the fact that the Russians and their Prussian allies had previously signed a secret pact, which stipulated the use of a military force to support Poniatowski. As early as October 17, 1763, Catherine wrote a letter to Frederick, in which she expressed the opinion that from all candidates to the Polish crown, Poniatowski was the least popular one, therefore, he would be most grateful to those who had made him monarch. On April 11, 1764, Russia and Prussia signed the pact, in which both sides pledged to promote Poniatowski. He was the most convenient candidate for the Russians, as a former lover of Catherine, he would guarantee submission to his Russian sponsor.
The Czartoryskis, who called themselves Familia, regarded themselves as patriots, who saw the need for urgent reforms for the declining Commonwealth. At the same time, they were of the opinion that all reforms were to be carried out with Russian permission only, as the Russian Empire was the dominant force in Central and Eastern Europe. Therefore, leaders of the Familia, Andrzej Zamoyski and August Aleksander Czartoryski urged Catherine to send the Russian army. The Empress did so, issuing an announcement that she wanted to protect all freedoms of the Commonwealth. The Potockis, who called themselves the Republicans, on the other hand, supported the notion of Golden Liberty, together with liberum veto.The first clash between the two camps took place during the Convocation Sejm, which began on May 7, 1764. The Republicans vetoed all bills brought forward by the Czartoryskis. The Russian army, stationed near Warsaw, intervened and ordered the Republicans to leave the Polish capital. Remaining Sejm deputies called a confederation, but failed to carry out any significant changes in the government of the Commonwealth. Poniatowski himself was an envoy to the Convocation Sejm, he represented the Land of Warsaw.
The Election Sejm, which as usual took place in early September 1764 in Wola near Warsaw, was attended by some 5,000 nobles. Poniatowski, backed by Russian and Prussian envoys, as well as diplomats from England and Denmark, was unanimously elected on September 7. The election itself was affected by a large Russian military contingent, which was stationed around Warsaw. On September 13 Poniatowski signed the pacta conventa, in which he pledged to marry a Roman Catholic.
On November 25, 1764, following the order of Catherine the Great, Primate Władysław Łubieński crowned Poniatowski as King of Poland. The ceremony took place at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw, and the new king, to dismay of conservatives, did not put on traditional Polish clothes, preferring to wear instead a 16th-century Spanish outfit.
Aftermath
Poniatowski’s election was not at first recognized by several European states, such as France, Austria and the Ottoman Empire, which saw the new monarch as Catherine’s tool. This changed after several interventions of Russian and Prussian diplomats.
See also
History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)
Royal elections in Poland
Golden Liberty
Henrician Articles
The Election of Stanisław August
Sources
U. Augustyniak, Historia Polski 1572–1795, Warszawa 2008
M. Markiewicz, Historia Polski 1494–1795, Kraków 2002
1764 in politics
Royal elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
18th-century elections in Europe
1764 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Non-partisan elections
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41052091
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Lanning
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Hugh Lanning
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Hugh Lanning is a British pro-Palestinian activist and former trade union official. He was the Deputy General Secretary of the Public and Commercial Services Union (PCS), one of Britain's largest trade unions, until May 2013. He has been the Chairman of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) since 2009, and in 2013 was named a vice chair of the group Unite Against Fascism (UAF).
In the 2015 general election, Hugh was the Labour candidate for the Canterbury constituency, in Kent. Despite not winning the seat, he did increase the Labour vote share and came second in the election results.
Lanning has played a major role in persuading trade unions in Britain to declare solidarity with the Palestinians and to support the BDS (Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions) movement. During his tenure at PCS, Lanning was active in the effort to keep people he considered 'fascists' or 'racists' out of the union and out of union workplaces.
Lanning has given speeches at many labour and anti-racism rallies and has been a frequent contributor to the Morning Star, the daily newspaper of the Communist Party of Britain.
Career
Lanning worked for the civil service trade unions for over 30 years, starting with the Civil Service Union and all the subsequent merged unions.” As Deputy Chairman of PCS, the UK's largest civil service trade union, he served on the National Trade Union Committee, and was responsible for negotiations with the Cabinet Office on jobs, pensions, and personnel management issues.
Lanning lost an election for General Secretary of PCS in 2000 to Mark Serwotka. His loss was widely described as unexpected. Lanning accepted the result and agreed to serve as Serwotka's deputy, but the incumbent General Secretary, Barry Reamsbottom, declared the result invalid and continued in office.
2009
Lanning was named chairman of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) in 2009.
2011
During a U.S. visit in 2011, Lanning was the keynote speaker at the ninth annual convention of Al-Awda, an organization allegedly linked to pro-terrorist groups. His speech was entitled “The Role of Trade Unions and Solidarity Campaigns in the Struggle for the Liberation of Palestine.”
2013
Lanning resigned from his position with the PCS in May 2013.
In 2013, Lanning was elected a vice chair of Unite Against Fascism (UAF). He was a speaker at UAF's national conference in March 2013. Andrew Gilligan, in a June 2013 article in the Telegraph, noted Lanning's position with Unite Against Fascism, and recounted that UAF members had climbed on London's main war memorial, “squashing...flowers that mourners had placed there, then trying to remove half of them altogether and 'jeering' other visitors as they paid their respects.”
Refusal of entry to Israel
In March 2017, days after the Knesset passed Amendment No. 28 to the Entry Into Israel Law, which allowed known supporters of the BDS movement to be banned from entering Israel, Lanning became the first British national to be refused entry to Israel under this law. After landing at Ben Gurion Airport, Lanning was detained and refused entry. He claimed he was interrogated for eight hours. He was subsequently put on a flight back to the UK and informed that he would need to apply for permission to enter Israel in the future.
Book
Lanning and Richard Norton-Taylor wrote a 1992 book, A Conflict of Loyalties: GCHQ 1984–1991, about 14 employees of the UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) who refused to obey a new directive requiring that they resign from their unions. In a review for The Guardian, Lord Wedderburn called it “a valuable source for those who seek to understand the place of the GCHQ victimisations in the general and continuing assault upon trade union rights in Britain.”
References
Living people
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
English trade unionists
English anti-fascists
Year of birth missing (living people)
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41052097
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Larudee
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Paul Larudee
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Paul Larudee (born April 25, 1946) is an Iranian-born American political activist who is a major figure in the pro-Palestinian movement. Based in the San Francisco Bay area, he is involved with the International Solidarity Movement and was a founder of the Free Gaza Movement and the Free Palestine Movement.
Early life and education
Larudee was born in Iran to an Iranian Presbyterian minister and his American missionary spouse in 1946 and grew up in the American Midwest.
He attended Georgetown University from 1970 to 1973 and received a Ph.D. in linguistics. He also graduated from the Niles Bryant School of Piano Technology in 1990.
Career
Larudee spent 14 years in Arab countries, supervising a Ford Foundation project in Lebanon, working as a Fulbright-Hays lecturer in Lebanon, and a United States government adviser to Saudi Arabia.
Larudee has worked in the U.S. and abroad as a piano technician. He is certified as a Registered Piano Technician by the Piano Technicians Guild and has conducted training classes for the Guild and in overseas programs. He is the inventor of the patented Lo-Torq tuning pin, which is used for piano rebuilding. He has also compiled an English-Spanish glossary of piano terminology.
He now runs the company Sharpe & Flatte Piano Service in El Cerrito, California.
He often appears on Iranian state media.
Views
Larudee supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement and opposes Jewish emigration to Israel. He has accused Israel of carrying out pogroms and committing genocide against Palestinians. He believes that Israel confiscates Palestinian land and turns Palestinian cities into "concentration camps." He has also expressed sympathy for Palestinians who turn to terrorism. He defines Palestine as "Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Jerusalem." He believes that the Palestinian issue is the "root" of many problems in the wider Middle East and even in the United States.
At a 2009 fundraiser for Gaza, Larudee said that "Palestine will be freed in our lifetime" and that "We are all Palestinians ... What happened to Palestinians can happen to everyone."
He supports lawfare against Israel.
Larudee has said of Palestinian acts of violence against Israel:"I do not see wild-eyed religious fanaticism as the reason for the attacks. I see instead a resilient people without other means of resistance, pushed to desperation by the increasing pressures of ethnic cleansing, while their cries for help are ignored. Is there a proud people anywhere that might not be driven to such measures to defend themselves?" Elsewhere, he has stated that he is opposed to suicide bombing.
In a 2019 appearance on Iran's Press TV alongside his regular collaborator, Holocaust denier Kevin Barrett, Larudee argued that U.S. foreign policy is dictated by Israel and that officials "who are supposedly appointed by Trump are actually appointed by Tel Aviv, for the most part."
On the Syrian Civil War, Larudee has said that NGOs such as Amnesty International and Physicians for Human Rights are in league with NATO's warmongers and exaggerate the Syrian Air Force's use of barrel bombs.
Activism
International Solidarity Movement
Larudee is an active member and local leader of the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), in which capacity he has acted as a human shield in the West Bank. He has also written training materials for new ISM members. He has been described as the head of ISM's northern California chapter.
Beit Jala incident
Larudee was one of about 100 individuals who visited refugee camps in the vicinity of Bethlehem and Nablus between March 29 and April 13, 2002, to protest and, in his words, to "check on the families...to see how they were". Larudee claimed to have been shot at and wounded at a camp in Beit Jala on April 1. In a CNN interview, he said that before visiting the families he and his colleagues had to ask the IDF forces at the camps for permission. "But their reaction was to simply fire at us". After the CNN interviewer noted that a report stated the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers had "fired at your feet," Larudee acknowledged that the IDF had not fired at their bodies. He claimed, however, that shots had bounced off the stone walls and caused "several head injuries" in his group. In a June 2002 interview, he admitted that it was "possible in some cases I was protecting the wrong people".
Free Gaza Movement
Larudee is a co-founder of the Free Gaza Movement (FGM) (along with Greta Berlin, Mary Hughes Thompson, Sharyn Lock and Renee Bowyer), which was formed in fall 2006 to challenge the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip. Its first attempt to break the Israeli blockade took place in August 2008. FGM has asserted that its activities fall under the banner of "civil resistance" and "direct action" against Israel's "brutal siege" and its "collective punishment" of Gazans. FGM has conducted eight separate trips to Gaza, between August 2008 and July 2009. Larudee was one of the passengers on the Free Gaza Movement's first trip, on August 23–29, 2008. Fellow passengers included ISM co-founder Huwaida Arraf.
The Free Gaza Movement was given funds by the Turkish IHH for its 2010 flotilla, which resulted in the deaths of nine Turkish activists and one American/Turkish activist on the MV Mavi Marmara during the Gaza flotilla raid. In 2008, Israel designated the IHH as a terror group, accusing it of funneling support to Hamas and other terrorist groups. In a Seattle trial, IHH was described as playing a major role in the Al Qaeda Millennium bomb plot targeting Los Angeles International Airport. It has turned out that none of the accusations were verified, and IHH is one of the very few UN MGOs affiliated with the UN. That IHH was banned in Germany later turned out to be a mixup between the Turkish İnsan Hak ve Hürriyetleri and the banned German Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation e.V.. The U.S. government said it "cannot validate" any relationship or connection between İHH and al-Qaida
Gaza Freedom Flotilla
Larudee was a member of the U.S. delegation aboard the 2010 Gaza Freedom Flotilla, which was attacked by Israeli forces on May 31, 2010. Larudee was on board the ship Sfendoni when the raid took place. He later said that he and his collaborators "locked arms to prevent the Israelis from coming in but they used electric tasers, stun grenades, and batons and they smashed the windows of the wheelhouse and then they tied us. When it got light, they had removed all the handcuffs. I spoke to some of my Greek friends and got an OK to jump into water. So I made sure that everybody could see me, because I wanted lots of witnesses, and when the Israeli started coming closer to me, I jumped. My goal was to delay the Israelis and spoil their plans, and encourage the others on the ship to resist".
Larudee jumped into the water, later explaining that "I chose to resist by jumping overboard from the Sfendoni soon after we were captured, far out at sea. I took the calculated risk that Israel would find it hard to explain its failure to rescue me, and that the act might disrupt their operations to at least some extent".
After this, according to Larudee, the IDF subjected him to "multiple beatings in two days of captivity in Israel". He wrote that he "continued to protest by refusing to speak or walk, forcing my captors to carry me. Pain was used to force me to comply, and of course, when pain didn't work, they applied more pain, with the same result". In an interview he said that "I forced them to carry me everywhere. I wouldn't open my mouth for most of the time. They were very rough with me. They put my arm behind my back and twisted my joints. This was basically torture. I screamed, but I also told them that you can tear my arm out and it's not going to make me walk. So they ended up carrying me". All Israeli government officials and members of the military were exonerated by an internal inquiry into these events.
Although Larudee said he practiced nonviolence during this entire episode, he said that "it's not necessarily for everyone" and expressed his admiration for those on the Mavi Marmara, another boat in the flotilla, who resisted the IDF violently. He also maintained that all of the flotilla's participants were unarmed.
Gene St. Onge, who took part in the 2010 flotilla, later said that in response to the IDF's orders, Larudee had "resisted at every point. If they told Paul to sit, he'd stand. If they told him to stand, he'd sit". It was when soldiers started paying attention to another passenger, St. Onge continued, that Larudee jumped overboard.
Larudee was arrested in and deported from Israel in 2006. Larudee was accused by Israeli authorities of being engaged in "anti-Israeli" activities that included meetings with Hamas a group accused by the United States of being a terrorism. Larudee had been photographed with Hamas leaders when he received an award after the Gaza flotillas. He was traveling this time under the false identity Paul Wilder because he had been banned from the country before due to his association with Palestinian terrorist groups according to Lee Kaplan. Lee Kaplan from StoptheISM.com alerted the Israeli security before his trip. LaRudee tried to remain in Israel in a case that went to Israel's Supreme Court but Larudee claimed he was deported due to Kaplan's articles about him. "This is something small I can do to make life under occupation just a little more bearable for people, so I do it," he said. But when he disembarked from his plane, Israeli authorities put him in a holding cell. When they ordered him back onto the plane to be deported, he refused to go and instead contacted an Israeli leftist human-rights attorney.
Larudee organized the 2011 Gaza Freedom Flotilla under the auspices of the Free Palestine Movement, but Greek authorities refused to let the ships leave port. According to Larudee, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton cautioned the 2011 flotilla organizers against "creating a situation in which the Israelis have a right to defend themselves".
Free Palestine Movement
Larudee is a co-founder of the Free Palestine Movement, which achieved official recognition by the United Nations in 2011.
Eviction in Contra Costa County
On March 17, 2011, Larudee was lawfully evicted by the Contra Costa County Sheriffs Department. During the eviction, he was warned that he would be arrested if he refused to cooperate. He refused, and was carried to a transportation vehicle. Larudee later described this as "torture".
Global March to Jerusalem
Larudee was one of the organizers of the Global March to Jerusalem. He and the other organizers, Feroze Mithiborwala and Ali Mallah, wrote at the Huffington Post in March 2012 that "Israel is justifiably concerned about being treated as an international pariah" because "Israel has, in effect, put all its eggs in the American basket. American power is what allows Israel to receive deferential treatment in most European countries....Without U.S. diplomatic intervention, advocacy and arm-twisting, it is doubtful that any country in the world would defend Israel's policies". They added that the Greek government had "humiliated itself by preventing a peaceful flotilla of boats from leaving its shores for Gaza in 2011, for the sake of relations with Israel". And they concluded that the Global March to Jerusalem was "merely the latest and possibly the largest and most diverse expression" of swelling worldwide anti-Israeli sentiment.
Deportation from India
Larudee was taken into custody in December 2012 in Tirur in the Malappuram district of India, where he had spoken at a Student Islamic Organisation conference. Charged with "violating visa norms," he was issued a "quit India" notice, which required that he "leave India as early as possible". He was then blacklisted by police in Kerala, which means that he cannot enter India again.
According to one report, Larudee was taken into custody and was sent back due to his violation of the visa condition that tourists are not allowed to deliver speeches to the public.
Association for Investment in Popular Action Committees/Syrian Solidarity Movement
Larudee is the treasurer of the Association for Investment in Popular Action Committees, an umbrella nonprofit for other nonprofit organizations formed in 2007 and the parent body of the Syria Solidarity Movement (SSM), which opposes "military conflict and imperialist interests" in Syria, and of which Larudee is a steering committee member. From 2007 to 2017, the Association received over $1.8 million in support from undisclosed donors. The Syria Solidarity Movement supports the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, which has been criticized as fascist and "rabidly anti-semitic".
SSM was formed in 2013 to facilitate a North American speaking tour for Agnes Mariam de la Croix, a nun who argues that chemical attacks in Syria such as Ghouta in 2013, were perpetrated by rebels. In 2014, the SSM sponsored a delegation, including Larudee, to Syria to observe the 2014 elections, hosted by the International Union of Unified Ummah, an Iranian NGO. On the morning of the election, the delegation announced "The poll is about to demonstrate the real scale of public support President Assad is enjoying inside the country, heroically resisting foreign-sponsored aggression for more than three years." Larudee appeared on Syrian state television during the visit. Commenting in 2016 on the visit, Larudee said "It's easy for us to come off as apologists for Assad when we're working to correct the false information in the hostile Western media."
In 2017, the Association paid U.S. Representative from Ohio Dennis Kucinich $20,000 to attend a conference of the pro-Assad European Centre for the Study of Extremism in London. The Association has been described as a pro-Assad group. Kucinich later returned the money after reports of the Association's support for Assad. At the time, Larudee said he did not “care that [Assad] is a dictator” and the Syria Solidarity Movement described Syrian government chemical weapons attacks such as the 2017 Khan Shaykhun attack as "false flag" operations designed to discredit the government. The Association's president, Kamal Obeid, has propounded 9/11 conspiracies in the past. Former Ohio governor Ted Strickland, referring to Larudee, Obeid and the Association, described them as "a group that has been a cheerleader for this murderous dictator, with ties to the disgusting 9/11 truther movement, and... individuals who claim that Israel's goal is ethnic cleansing."
The Association manages the Serena Shim Award for Uncompromised Integrity in Journalism, named for deceased Press TV journalist Serena Shim, which has awarded thousands of dollars to alternative media figures such as Max Blumenthal, Ajamu Baraka and Rania Khalek. Larudee is the treasurer of the award.
In 2019 Larudee travelled to Syria to participate in the Third International Trade Union Forum, presided over by President Bashar al-Assad. In May 2021, he went with the Syria Solidarity Movement on a regime-sponsored tour, for the stated purpose "to witness the […] presidential election in Syria and to investigate on-the-ground conditions of Syrian life in the current period". The group concluded that "the re-election of President Bashar al-Assad, of the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party and the National Progressive Front, is the legitimate, democratic expression of the Syrian people."
References
External links
first interview with Larudee after he was released, unedited from KTVU
Richmond Confidential article on Paul and Betty Larudee
"East Bay Palestine activists may be on the way home"
"El Cerrito man beaten in assault on Gaza aid flotilla"
"East Bay Citizens Condemn Israel Attack on Gaza Aid Flotilla"
1946 births
Living people
American human rights activists
American Presbyterians
Georgetown University alumni
Iranian Protestants
American people of Iranian descent
Palestinian solidarity activists
Anti-Zionism in the United States
People of the Syrian civil war
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41052099
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayra%20Karina%20Robles%20Aguirre
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Mayra Karina Robles Aguirre
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Mayra Karina Robles Aguirre (born 7 September 1972) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. As of 2013 she served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Baja California.
References
1972 births
Living people
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Politicians from Tijuana
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Baja California
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41052101
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Blos
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Gabriel Blos
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Gabriel Rybar Blos (born 28 February 1989), or simply Gabriel, was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a centre back for Grêmio. He's injured since September 2013, when he had problems with ligaments and had to undergo surgery on his left knee. He ended his professional career in June 2020.
Career statistics
References
External links
Gabriel at Portal Oficial do Grêmio
1989 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Pato Branco Esporte Clube players
Clube Esportivo Lajeadense players
Rio Branco Football Club players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
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41052109
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine%20Solidarity%20Campaign
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Palestine Solidarity Campaign
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The Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) is an activist organisation in England and Wales. It was incorporated in the UK in 2004 as Palestine Solidarity Campaign Ltd.
Structure
The Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) is an activist organisation in England and Wales, based in London. It is politically unaligned. There are also the Scottish Palestine Solidarity Campaign and the Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign. The latter is a separate organisation set up in late 2001 by established Irish human rights and community activists. Jeremy Corbyn, Hugh Lanning and Tony Greenstein have all been involved with the group. In 2017, Jewish News reported that Lanning (then chair of PSC) was barred from entering Israel; the Israeli embassy in the UK said this was in part due to his connections with Hamas, which the EU had declared a terrorist organisation.
Boycott Israeli goods campaign
In 2010, the Trade Union Congress (TUC) agreed to boycott produce grown on Israeli settlements. The PSC organised disruptions of a performance by the Israel Philharmonic at the Royal Albert Hall in February 2011. BBC Radio 3, which was broadcasting the concert live, was forced to suspend the broadcast several times due to the protesters' shouting and heckling.
On 28 May 2012, when Israel's Habima theatre company performed at the London Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, the PSC and other BDS groups organised a protest outside the building. On 29 May 2012, BBC Radio 4 reported that Habima was "being criticised for performing to Jewish audiences in the Occupied Territories." A PSC press release corrected the report, saying that it was criticising Habima "for performing in illegal Israeli settlements in the West Bank." After six months of pressure by PSC, the BBC Trust upheld the PSC's complaint. The Trust report stated "the complaint was upheld with regard to Accuracy, not upheld with regard to Impartiality and Fairness." The PSC waged a two-year campaign to block an EU trade agreement, the ACAA, that recognised Israeli pharmaceutical standards as equal to those in Europe. The agreement was passed in October 2012.
Other activism
Sarah Colborne (then director of the PSC) was on board the Mavi Marmara during the 2010 flotilla raid. The PSC arranged a 30 March 2012 "Land Day" protest outside the Israeli Embassy in London.
Launching a campaign against what it termed Israeli apartheid in 2019, the PSC announced that universities in the UK were investing almost £450 million in companies which were aiding in Israeli breaches of international law. It produced a database of these investments. Also in 2019 the PSC signed a letter alongside over 200 other groups calling on the International Criminal Court to begin investigating war crimes committed by Israeli in the Palestinian territories.
In 2021, the PSC organised a march in support of Palestine in London which was attended by over 180,000 people. Other events took place in Bristol, Nottingham and Peterborough. The group was protesting against an Israeli bombing offensive which had killed over 230 people in eleven days. Black Lives Matter supported the march.
In October 2023, Apsana Begum posed with the PSC at their stand at the Labour Party conference in Liverpool.
During the 2023 Hamas-Israel War, PSC Director Ben Jamal called Keir Starmer's stance on Israel's actions as "grotesque".
See also
Economic and political boycotts of Israel
Palestine Action
Students for Justice in Palestine – also known as Palestine Solidarity Committee
References
External links
Palestine Solidarity Campaign
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
British companies established in 2004
Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Organizations established in 1982
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Palestinian solidarity movement
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41052115
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Shepherd
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Henry Shepherd
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Henry Young Shepherd MBE (1857–1947) was the Dean of Antigua from 1906 until 1930.
Shepherd was educated at Codrington College and ordained in 1882. His first post was a curacy at St George, Antigua after which he served his whole career at the Cathedral: first as Rector; then Vicar general and finally Dean.
He died on 30 January 1952.
References
1857 births
1947 deaths
Alumni of Codrington College
Deans of Antigua
Members of the Order of the British Empire
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41052124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20Federation%20of%20San%20Diego%20County
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Jewish Federation of San Diego County
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The Jewish Federation of San Diego County (officially United Jewish Federation of San Diego) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose primary function is to broker fundraising and volunteer work in support of Jewish causes within the San Diego Jewish community. It also works in partnership with various affiliated organizations, who share a similar mission in supporting Jewish causes nationally and internationally, including the Jewish Federations of North America. The organization was incorporated on February 3, 1939.
In addition to brokering funds, the Jewish Federation of San Diego County facilitates access to social services; local synagogues, day schools, and camps; and other charitable and advocacy groups within the Jewish community. Its in-house programs provide chaplaincy services, grants for trips to Israel, camp scholarships, activities and opportunities for young adults, emergency disaster relief, refugee aid, and public events.
History
The Jewish Federation of San Diego County was founded in 1936. Its mission is "to build a vibrant, caring, connected, and enduring Jewish community."
It currently employs approximately 24 full-time staff members who are supported by a corps of volunteers and a board of trustees, currently led by Board Chair Jack Maizel and President and CEO Heidi Gantwerk. According to its most recently published financial statement, the organization raised over $5 million in fiscal year 2020-2021
In 1999, the Jewish Federation of San Diego County adopted Sha’ar HaNegev as its partner community in Israel. This relationship resulted in the building of the Sha'ar HaNegev Educational Village Arts Center, as part of a fortified educational campus, in 2012. As of 2022, the Jewish Federation of San Diego County has provided over $13 million in funding to the region.
Programs
Jewish Chaplaincy Services
Jewish Community Relations Council
Community Planning and Innovation
Overnight Camp for Kids
Young Adult Division
Partners
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
Chesed Home, Hope Village San Diego
Foundation for Jewish Camp
Hillel of San Diego
Jewish Family Service
Jewish Agency for Israel
Ken Jewish Community
Lawrence Family Jewish Community Center
Moishe House
Seacrest Village Retirement Communities
World ORT
Sha'ar HaNegev Partnership Community
Notes
External links
Jewish charities based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in San Diego
Charities based in California
Jewish Federations of North America
Jews and Judaism in San Diego
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41052136
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Kaufman
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Gerald Kaufman
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Sir Gerald Bernard Kaufman (21 June 1930 – 26 February 2017) was a British politician and author who served as a minister throughout the Labour government of 1974 to 1979. Elected as a member of parliament (MP) at the 1970 general election, he became Father of the House in 2015 and served until his death in 2017.
Born in Leeds to a Polish Jewish family, Kaufman was secretary of the Oxford University Labour Club while studying philosophy, politics and economics at The Queen's College, Oxford. After graduating from Oxford, he worked as a journalist at the Daily Mirror and the New Statesman and as a writer at BBC Television. Again becoming active in the Labour Party, he served as an adviser to Harold Wilson during Wilson's first tenure as Prime Minister before being elected to the House of Commons himself at the 1970 general election to represent Manchester Ardwick.
Kaufman served in the Labour government at the Department of the Environment under Harold Wilson and at the Department of Industry under James Callaghan respectively. After the government was defeated at the 1979 general election, he was a member of the Shadow Cabinet in the 1980s. When the Manchester Ardwick constituency was abolished in boundary changes, he successfully contested Manchester Gorton at the 1983 general election. Later in his career, he served as an influential backbencher as chair of the Culture, Media and Sport Committee from 1992 to 2005 and was knighted in 2004. Despite criticism during the 2009 parliamentary expenses scandal, when he was found to have made excess claims to the parliamentary fees office, he continued to serve in the House of Commons and was the UK's oldest sitting MP at the time of his death in February 2017.
Known for his forthright views expressed over his political career, Kaufman was an outspoken opponent of fox hunting, an advocate of Palestinian statehood and famously described his party's 1983 general election manifesto as "the longest suicide note in history". A strong critic of the state of Israel, he called for economic sanctions against the state and denounced the state for committing atrocities (which he phrased as war crimes) against the Palestinian people and their nation.
Early life and career
Kaufman was born in Leeds, the youngest of seven children of Louis and Jane Kaufman. His parents were both Polish Jews who moved to England before the First World War. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School, and graduated with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics from the University of Oxford (Queen's College). During his time there, he was secretary of the Oxford University Labour Club, where he prevented Rupert Murdoch from standing for office because he broke the society's rule against canvassing.
Kaufman was assistant general secretary of the Fabian Society from 1954 to 1955, a leader writer on the Daily Mirror from 1955 to 1964 and a journalist on the New Statesman from 1964 to 1965. During his time as a journalist, he also worked as a television writer, contributing to BBC Television's satirical comedy programme That Was The Week That Was in 1962 and 1963, where he was most remembered for the "silent men of Westminster" sketch. He appeared as a guest on its successor, Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life. Becoming active again in politics, he was Parliamentary Press Liaison Officer for the Labour Party from 1965 to 1970 and eventually became a member of Prime Minister Harold Wilson's informal "kitchen cabinet".
Parliamentary career
Ministerial and shadow ministerial career: 1970–1992
At the 1955 general election Kaufman unsuccessfully contested the Conservative-held seat of Bromley (the seat of Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan), and at the 1959 general election, he contested Gillingham. He was elected MP for Manchester Ardwick at the 1970 general election; he switched constituency to Manchester Gorton at the 1983 election, following the major changes in parliamentary boundaries in that year. He remained MP for Gorton until his death, notwithstanding considerable demographic changes that resulted in Muslim voters becoming an influential segment of the electorate.
Kaufman was a junior minister throughout Labour's time in power from 1974 to 1979, initially as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of the Environment from 1974 to 1975 under Anthony Crosland. Kaufman supported the UK leaving the European Economic Community in the 1975 referendum, after which he was made Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Industry under Eric Varley. Kaufman worried that his support for leaving the EEC in the referendum had led to a demotion by Harold Wilson. However, he was quickly promoted to Minister of State at the department in December 1975. Kaufman served in the role until the Labour government was defeated at the 1979 general election and, during his time in office, he represented the UK in talks with the United States over allowing the Concorde to land on their soil and steered through legislation nationalising the aircraft and shipbuilding industries. Kaufman was made a member of the Privy Council in 1978.
In opposition, Kaufman served in the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Environment Secretary from 1980 to 1983, Shadow Home Secretary from 1983 to 1987 and Shadow Foreign Secretary from 1987 to 1992. He dubbed the Labour Party's left-wing 1983 general election manifesto "the longest suicide note in history".
Early backbench career: 1992–2005
In 1992, Kaufman went to the backbenches and became chair of the National Heritage Select Committee and chaired the committee (later the Culture, Media and Sport Committee) from 1992 to 2005. He was also a member of the Parliamentary Committee of the Parliamentary Labour Party from 1980 to 1992, the Labour Party National Executive Committee from 1991 to 1992, and the Royal Commission on House of Lords Reform in 1999. In 1997, he criticised the then chief executive of the Royal Opera House Mary Allen over alleged financial misconduct, which ultimately contributed to her tendering her resignation.
Kaufman very rarely voted against the Labour Party whip and therefore voted with the government on the 2003 invasion of Iraq, saying in Parliament "Even though all our hearts are heavy, I have no doubt that it is right to vote with the Government tonight".
Kaufman was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2004 Birthday Honours for services to Parliament.
An outspoken opponent of hunting with hounds, Kaufman was assaulted in 2004 by a group of pro-fox hunting campaigners and said that he was subjected to antisemitic taunts. These he said he found ironic as he had recently been accused of being a self-hating Jew by a member of the Board of Deputies of British Jews.
Parliamentary expenses scandal and later career: 2005–2017
Kaufman was implicated in the 2009 expenses scandal, where a number of British MPs made excessive expense claims, misusing their permitted allowances and expense accounts. He was found to have submitted expense claims that included £8,865 for a 40-inch LCD television, £1,851 for an antique rug imported from New York, and £225 for a rollerball pen. He blamed his self-diagnosed obsessive compulsive disorder for his claims, and also said that his condition led him to purchase a pair of Waterford Crystal grapefruit bowls on his parliamentary expenses. Between 2005 and 2007, he claimed £28,834 for home improvements. He was subsequently summoned to the Parliamentary Fees Office to explain these claims, and in the end was reimbursed £15,329. He was also challenged over regular claims for "odd jobs", which he submitted without receipts at a rate of £245 per month, then £5 below the limit for unreceipted expenses, to which he replied by asking why those expenses were being queried.
On 25 May 2010, during the Queen's Speech debate, Kaufman accused the Liberal Democrat candidate for his constituency during the 2010 general election, Qassim Afzal, of running "an anti-Semitic, and personally anti-Semitic, election campaign" in Manchester Gorton.
Kaufman voted against the Labour whip for the first time on the provision in the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 to introduce an extra requirement in the process for private prosecutors seeking to obtain an arrest warrant for "universal jurisdiction" offences such as war crimes, torture and crimes against humanity.
In the run-up to the 2012 United States presidential election, Kaufman opposed Barack Obama, saying that American voters did not "know a phoney when they see one" and adding that "If they did, Barack Obama would not be president".
After his re-election to the Commons in 2015, just before his 85th birthday, Kaufman became Father of the House following the retirement of Peter Tapsell. On 20 July 2015, he broke the Labour whip for a second time, one of 48 Labour MPs to vote against the second reading of the government's 2015 Welfare Reform and Work Bill which included £12 billion in welfare cuts, a vote in which Labour MPs had been ordered to abstain.
Criticism of Israel
Kaufman was infatuated with Israel in his youth and was a member of Poale Zion (later the Jewish Labour Movement). However, over time, he became disillusioned with Israel because of its treatment of the Palestinian territories. In 1988, on the 40th anniversary of the State of Israel, while Shadow Foreign Secretary, Kaufman appeared on the television discussion programme After Dark. A representative of the Palestine Liberation Organization in London was also on the panel, and The Daily Telegraph considered that Kaufman risked a backlash from British Jews by appearing alongside a supporter of Yasser Arafat.
Having once publicly vowed to never again visit Israel, Kaufman retracted that promise in 2002 in order to film a BBC television documentary, The End of the Affair, in which he recounted his disillusionment with the state. By that time, he believed Israel had been reduced to an "international pariah" by its prime minister Ariel Sharon, who he described as "a war criminal". He wrote an article in July 2004 for The Guardian entitled "The case for sanctions against Israel: What worked with apartheid can bring peace to the Middle East" in which he proposed economic sanctions against Israel. In 2006, he called for the Israeli soldiers responsible for the deaths of British citizens Tom Hurndall and James Miller to be handed over and tried in Britain or before an international war crimes tribunal and stated that economic sanctions would have to be considered if Israel refused to cooperate.
During the Gaza War in January 2009, Kaufman gave a speech to the Commons where he stated: "The present Israeli government ruthlessly and cynically exploits the continuing guilt from Gentiles over the slaughter of Jews in the Holocaust as justification for their murder of Palestinians". About the death of his grandmother in the Holocaust, he said: "My grandmother did not die to provide cover for Israeli soldiers murdering Palestinian grandmothers in Gaza". After the Israeli army's spokeswoman replied to the deaths of 800 Palestinians that "500 of them were militants", he called her statement the "reply of a Nazi" and remarked that members of the Jewish resistance during the Holocaust also "could have been dismissed as militants". While himself considering Hamas a "deeply nasty organisation", he described their boycott by the UK government as having "dreadful consequences" and reminded the Commons that Israel had been created following acts of terrorism by the Irgun. He urged the British government to implement a total ban on arms sales to Israel.
In June 2009, Kaufman compared Israel's treatment of the Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank to South Africa under apartheid and Iran. He described Iran as a "loathsome regime", but said that, unlike Israel, "at least it keeps its totalitarian theocracy to within its own borders" and that the close proximity of affluent Israeli settlers to impoverished Palestinians was more "heart-rending" than conditions in South Africa during apartheid as the bantustans were "some distance away from the affluent areas". He also said that Israel should follow the lead of the British Armed Forces in their conduct in Northern Ireland during the Troubles.
Kaufman was the leader of a large European parliamentary delegation to Gaza in January 2010 during which he described the Israeli blockade of Gaza as "evil" and said Israeli officials who authorised the use of white phosphorus munitions in densely populated Gaza should be tried for war crimes. In March 2010, along with another Labour MP Martin Linton, Kaufman accused the Conservative Party of being "too close" to Israel, saying that those parts of the party not controlled by Lord Ashcroft were being controlled by "right-wing Jewish millionaires". Following the Gaza flotilla raid in June 2010, he called Israel's actions "a war crime of piracy in international waters, kidnapping and murder, all in pursuit of upholding an illegal blockade on Gaza that amounts to collective punishment".
In December 2010, Kaufman criticised a proposed amendment to Britain's universal jurisdiction law seeking to prevent visiting Israeli officials from being arrested and indicted, claiming that such changes made a mockery of the British legal system. He highlighted the arrest warrant against former Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni for her part in the "slaughter" that took place during the Gaza War. He also claimed that British Jews were waking up to Israel's human rights violations and distancing themselves from Israel. As he stressed Israel's alleged war crimes and breaches of international law, he was berated for his statements by pro-Israel MPs and the deputy speaker had to restore order. Conservative MP Robert Halfon accused Kaufman of using the bill reading for his own political agenda and claimed Kaufman's "hatred for Israel knows no bounds".
On 30 March 2011, Kaufman was caught by a microphone in the Chamber of the House of Commons saying "here we are, the Jews again", when fellow Jewish Labour MP Louise Ellman rose to speak, for which he apologised. Ellman had stood to intervene in a debate on the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Bill but she and Kaufman, although both Jewish, had large differences in their views on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Kaufman supported the 2011 Palestinian bid for United Nations recognition and membership of a Palestinian state along the 1967 borders with east Jerusalem as its capital, writing in The Guardian: "This brave Palestinian move will change the entire environment of the Middle East and tell the Israelis they must negotiate meaningfully if they wish to be one of the states in a two-state solution." Following the 2011 Nakba Day riots when a number of Palestinian refugees were killed during clashes with Israeli security forces as they attempted to breach Israel's borders as part of protests demanding the implementation of the Palestinian right of return, Kaufman gave a speech criticising Israeli actions, claiming that Palestinians were "slaughtered" and said "the way in which Israeli soldiers maltreat Palestinians is appalling".
At a Palestine Return Centre event in Parliament on 27 October 2015, Kaufman alleged that "Jewish money, Jewish donations to the Conservative Party – as in the general election in May – support from The Jewish Chronicle, all of those things, bias the Conservatives". He accused Israel of staging recent Palestinian knife attacks as an excuse to kill Palestinians. John Mann, the Labour chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Antisemitism, denounced Kaufman's comments as "the incoherent ramblings of an ill-informed demagogue". Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Labour Party, released a statement saying Kaufman's remarks were "completely unacceptable and deeply regrettable", further saying: "Such remarks are damaging to community relations, and also do nothing to benefit the Palestinian cause. I have always implacably opposed all forms of racism, antisemitism and Islamophobia."
Literary career
Kaufman wrote many books and articles. Some are political: How to be a Minister (1980) is an irreverent look at the difficulties faced by ministers trying to control the civil service. Kaufman had the book proofread by both Harold Wilson and James Callaghan prior to publication. Some are cultural: Meet Me in St Louis is a study of the 1944 Judy Garland film. He contributed a chapter about John Hodge, the Labour MP for Manchester Gorton elected in 1906, to Men Who Made Labour, edited by Alan Haworth and Diane Hayter. He also acted as chairman of the Booker Prize judges in 1999.
Death
On 26 February 2017, Kaufman died at his residence in St John's Wood, following a long illness; he was 86. He was the first Father of the House to die in office since T. P. O'Connor in 1929. Former Prime Minister Tony Blair praised Kaufman's work and said they had been close friends since Blair was first elected to the House of Commons in 1983. An inter-faith memorial service was held on 7 March 2017 in Gorton Monastery, a historic local landmark whose restoration Kaufman had supported.
Publications
The Daily Mirror Spotlight on Trade Unions, by Sydney Jacobson & William Connor, Research by Gerald Kaufman, Daily Mirror Newspapers, 1950
Fabian Journal No 16 July 1955 (with Margaret Cole), Fabian Society, 1955
The Left: A symposium (Editor) Blond, 1966
To Build the Promised Land, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973
How to be a Minister, Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 1980
Renewal: Labour's Britain in the 1980s, Penguin, 1983
My Life in the Silver Screen, Faber & Faber, 1985
Inside the Promised Land: Personal View of Today's Israel, Ashgate 1986
Meet Me in St. Louis, British Film Institute, 1994
Gulliver & Beyond (contributor), Channel 4 Television, 1996
Notes
References
Sources
Bibliography
External links
The Papers of Sir Gerald Kaufman held at Churchill Archives Centre
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1930 births
2017 deaths
20th-century British journalists
20th-century English male writers
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
British film critics
English Jews
English knights
English people of Polish-Jewish descent
English television writers
Jewish British politicians
Jewish anti-war activists
Knights Bachelor
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Leeds Grammar School
Politicians from Leeds
Recipients of Hilal-i-Pakistan
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
United Society of Boilermakers-sponsored MPs
Daily Mirror people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Manuel%20Rocha%20Piedra
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Juan Manuel Rocha Piedra
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Juan Manuel Rocha Piedra (born 27 June 1960) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. As of 2013 he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Nayarit.
References
1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Nayarit
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
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41052148
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Electronic%20Intifada
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The Electronic Intifada
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The Electronic Intifada (EI) is an online Chicago-based publication covering the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. It describes itself as not-for-profit, independent, and providing a Palestinian perspective.
History
EI was founded in February 2001 by Ali Abunimah, an American citizen of Palestinian descent; Arjan El Fassed, human rights activist based in the Netherlands; Laurie King, an anthropologist and former coordinator of the International Campaign for Justice for the Victims of Sabra and Shatila and the managing editor of the Journal of Palestine Studies in Washington; and Nigel Parry, currently an eclectic Internet consultant, writer and musician based in Pittsburgh.
In April 2008, The Electronic Intifada published an article containing e-mails exchanged by members of the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA). The stated purpose of the group was "help[ing] us keep Israel-related entries on Wikipedia from becoming tainted by anti-Israel editors". Five Wikipedia editors involved in a CAMERA campaign were sanctioned by Wikipedia administrators, who wrote that the project's open nature "is fundamentally incompatible with the creation of a private group to surreptitiously coordinate editing by ideologically like-minded individuals".
According to their website, The Electronic Intifada is mainly funded by its readers, with additional funds provided by private foundations. It does not receive funds from governments or political parties. In 2010, it received US$130,000 in donations from individuals and US$83,000 from private foundations.
Conflict with NGO Monitor over Dutch funding
In 2010, the Jerusalem-based NGO Monitor criticized the Dutch Interchurch Organisation for Development Cooperation (ICCO) for providing financial support to The Electronic Intifada, which it said was antisemitic and compared Israeli policies with those of the Nazi regime. Gerald M. Steinberg, head of the organization, described The Electronic Intifada as "an explicitly pro-Palestinian political and ideological Web site" that hosts "anti-Israel propaganda." Marinus Verweij, chairman of ICCO’s executive board said "The EI reports frequently about the violations of human rights and international humanitarian law by the State of Israel. In no way is the EI anti-Israel or anti-Semitic." He described The Electronic Intifada as "an important source of information from the occupied Palestinian territories" frequently used by newspapers such as The Washington Post and the Financial Times. Dutch Foreign Ministry spokesman Ward Bezemer stated that whether ICCO had promoted anti-semitism, a criminal offence, is to be determined by the Public Prosecutor on the basis of Dutch law. On 26 November 2010, Dutch Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal, who is Jewish and has an Israeli wife, said: "I will look into the matter personally. If it appears that the government subsidized NGO ICCO does fund The Electronic Intifada, it will have a serious problem with me." Rosenthal later told IKON radio that "anti-semitism is not the issue" but "my concern about calls to contribute to boycotts and embargoes".
The Electronic Intifada responded to NGO Monitor's statements regarding ICCO's financial support. The Electronic Intifada wrote: "NGO Monitor is an extreme right-wing group with close ties to the Israeli government, military, West Bank settlers, a man convicted of misleading the US Congress, and to notoriously Islamophobic individuals and organizations in the United States." EI co-founder MP Arjan El-Fassed, who also wrote for the website Al-Awda, told the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant that the fuss created by NGO Monitor was related to one quote from an interview with Jewish Holocaust survivor and anti-Zionist Hajo Meyer in June 2009. Meyer told EI: "I can write up an endless list of similarities between Nazi Germany and Israel." In the same article, the Director of the Centre for Information and Documentation Israel (CIDI), Ronnie Naftaniel, asserted that The Electronic Intifada is not an anti-Semitic website. He did, however, state that, while everybody should be free to express their opinion, the Dutch government should not indirectly fund a website that regularly calls for a boycott of Israel.
On 14 January 2011, ICCO decided not to change its policy after a discussion held with the Dutch foreign minister. In response to ICCO's decision, The Jerusalem Post reports that Dutch Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal "will monitor ICCO’s activities. He will consider this as a minus when he makes up the balance when ICCO applies again in a new subsidies round," as said by Ward Bezemer, a spokesman for Rosenthal." Partos, a national umbrella for more than a hundred Dutch civil society organizations in the international development cooperation sector, strongly condemned Rosenthal's threats to ICCO's funding. "Rosenthal's position vis-à-vis ICCO creates a dangerous precedent for the future. Development organisations will have to continue to fight for an independent voice in the debate. Partos will ... stand up for that." In April 2011, Professor of International Cooperation Studies Paul Hoebink argued that Foreign Minister Uri Rosenthal has no say in Dutch government funding to ICCO because Minister Ben Knapen holds the portfolio. In addition, ICCO's contribution to The Electronic Intifada is paid with ICCO's own funds. Professor of International Law and Dutch politicians for the Labour Party, Nico Schrijver considered Rosenthal's threat to cut government funding if ICCO continues its financial support to The Electronic Intifada as very worrying.
Reception
Gil Sedan, a Jewish Telegraphic Agency reporter in 2001, described EI as a "cyberpropaganda" site which "may contribute to a better understanding of the Palestinian cause," but also said that it "is too biased to be of much use to mainstream publications."
Hannah Brown of The Jerusalem Post in 2002 described EI as "one of the most elaborate" sites giving a "Palestinian perspective of the news". According to Brown, EI is a "very professional, user-friendly and well written" website. At this time, it included photographs "such as a picture of a lone, small Palestinian boy aiming a stone at an Israeli tank."
Political journalist Alexander Cockburn stated in The Nation in 2000: "there are a number of excellent news outlets for those who want unjaundiced reporting" describing The Electronic Intifada, and Middle East Research and Information Project, as "trustworthy".
NRC Handelsblad, a Dutch major mainstream newspaper, recommended The Electronic Intifada to its readers in 2006 at the height of the war on Lebanon. NRC wrote, "The Electronic Intifada (EI), a news site in English, reports from a Palestinian perspective, but as impartial as possible. EI is often faster than the established media."
See also
International Middle East Media Center
References
External links
Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
American news websites
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41052154
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Kim%20%28art%20dealer%29
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Tina Kim (art dealer)
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Tina Kim is an art dealer and gallery owner based in New York. She is the founder of the Tina Kim Gallery in Chelsea, Manhattan widely recognized along with its affiliate Kukje Gallery in Seoul, South Korea as a leading gallery for modern and contemporary art. Tina Kim and her mother Hyun-Sook Lee, CEO of Kukje Gallery, have jointly been in the art business for more than 40 years.
After graduating from Pepperdine University, Kim moved to New York City to attend New York University, where she earned a master's degree in arts administration and later worked at Sotheby's, Paula Cooper Gallery, and the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 2002 Kim established the Tina Kim Gallery with the goal of broadening the audience for Korean artists in the West. Since then, Kim has hosted exhibitions by artists such as Yeondoo Jung, Eemyun Kang, Marc Andre Robinson, Joanna M. Wezyk, and Kibong Rhee. Kim has also collaborated with Kukje Gallery to exhibit master and emerging designers such as Jean Prouvé, Charlotte Perriand and Joris Laarman, among others.
References
External links
Tina Kim Gallery page on Ocula
Living people
American art dealers
Women art dealers
New York University alumni
Pepperdine University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton%20Freedom
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Trenton Freedom
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The Trenton Freedom was a professional indoor football team based in Trenton, New Jersey. The Freedom were a member of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL). The Freedom began play in 2014 as an expansion member of the PIFL. The Freedom played their home games at the Sun National Bank Center.
Franchise history
2014
In August 2013, Owners Dennis Williams and Michael Schubiger announced their intentions to bring an indoor football team back to Trenton, New Jersey. The owners held name the team contest, and picked the name "Freedom," as well as named Adam Turkel to be the team's first head coach and general manager. When looking for a league to play in, Williams and Schubiger both were lobbying to become members of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL). In September, the team officially became the 7th member of the PIFL for the 2014 season. In November 2013, the team announced that they were replacing Turkel with Kevin O'Hanlon as the team's inaugural coach.
The Freedom began their inaugural season on March 30, 2014 at home, defeating the Richmond Raiders 52–17. Quarterback Warren Smith threw for four touchdowns and ran for two more. Defensive Back Domonic Joseph was named PIFL Defensive Player of the Week. The Freedom lost their first road game, 48–47 at the Lehigh Valley Steelhawks. Wide receiver Antoine Rivera caught 13 passes for 132 yards and a pair of touchdowns.
The Freedom rebounded in their second home game for a 66–63 win over the Columbus Lions. The Freedom suffered their second road loss, 42–36 at Lehigh Valley April 26, but linebacker Jeffery Morgan earned the franchise's second PIFL Defensive Player of the Week honor by scoring a pair of touchdowns. Success continued at home May 3, as the Freedom rallied with 16 points in the last two minutes to edge Richmond, 33–32, with Marques Slocum earning PIFL Defensive Player of the Week. The winning trend at home continued May 11 with a 52–39 triumph over the Harrisburg Stampede as William Hollis was named PIFL Defensive Player of the week, the team's third straight selection.
With a 52–42 win at Richmond, May 17, the Freedom recorded the franchise's first-ever road victory. The following week, back at home, the Freedom avenged two earlier losses to Lehigh Valley with a 55–42 victory to push their record to a PIFL-best 6–2 atop the National Conference.
The Freedom, with a 57–49 win at Harrisburg June 7, clinched a PIFL playoff berth in its first season in moving to 7–2.
With a 49–47 comeback win over the defending PIFL champion Alabama Hammers June 14, the Freedom clinched the regular-season National Conference title and a home playoff game in the franchise's first season.
The Freedom dropped a 52–49 decision to the Georgia Fire in the team's final regular-season home game.
The Freedom finished the regular season with an 8–4 record, the 2nd best in the league, but were defeated by the Lehigh Valley Steelhawks in the National Conference Championship Game by a score of 49–38.
2015
On August 26, 2015, the Freedom announced that they wouldn't be returning to play in 2016.
Players of note
Final roster
Awards and honors
The following is a list of all Freedom players who won league awards:
All-League players
The following Freedom players were named to All-League Teams:
QB Warren Smith
FB Melik Brown (2)
WR Richie Martin
OL Lavon McCoy (2), Malcolm Speller
DL Gerrard Bryant, Michael Atunarse
LB Jerome Hayes
DB Mike McMillian
Iron-man Melik Brown (2)
Head coaches
Coaching staff
Season-by-season results
References
External links
2013 establishments in New Jersey
2015 disestablishments in New Jersey
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41052170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugramm
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Ugramm
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Ugramm () is a 2014 Indian Kannada-language action thriller film directed by Prashanth Neel and produced under the banner Inkfinite Pictures with his brother Pradeep Neel as the executive producer. It stars Sriimurali and Hariprriya as the lead pair, supported by Thilak Shekar, Atul Kulkarni, Avinash, Jai Jagadish and others. Bhuvan Gowda was the main cinematographer, while Ravi Varman was a guest cinematographer, marking his debut in Kannada cinema.
Ugramm completed a run of 150 days in some theatres across Karnataka. A sequel to the film titled Ugramm Veeram to be made in 2015, was announced by Srimurali in July 2014, but there were no official updates till date. It was remade in Odia as Agastya starring Anubhav Mohanty. The Marathi remake titled Raanti starring Sharad Kelkar and Shanvi Srivastava was announced in August 2022. It was dubbed in Hindi as Main Hoon Fighter Badshah.
Plot
1994: Shivarudra Lingaiah was a ruthless gangster in Bangalore crime syndicate, who agreed to take up a big smuggling deal, for which he approached Prabhakar, an owner of a shipping company, to smuggle the goods through his ships. However, Prabhakar rejected the offer. Enraged by the rejection, Shivarudra Lingaiah killed Prabhakar's wife and also threatened to kill his infant daughter, Nithya. As a result, Prabhakar accepted Shivarudra Lingaiah's offer.
While working with Shivarudra Lingaiah, Prabhakar stopped a ship coming from Dubai, which contained the smuggled goods belonging to Shivarudra Lingaiah. He loaded 90% of the smuggled goods into another ship and sold it to a third party. Afterwards, he escaped to Australia, along with Nithya, to start a new life. Shivarudra Lingaiah was arrested from a tip-off, by Prabhakar. However, he continued his activities from the prison through his son, Dheeraj.
2014: Shivarudra Lingaiah is now an MLA candidate, who along with Dheeraj, is awaiting to extract vengeance upon Prabhakar. A grown-up Nithya arrives at Bangalore to Talagavara to visit her late mother's grave and is kidnapped by Dheeraj's gang on the way. Agastya is an automobile mechanic, who saves her from Dheeraj's gang. He takes her to his house for safeguarding as advised by Prabhakar's family-friend, Vishwa.
Meanwhile, a cat-and-mouse game ensues between Shivarudra Lingaiah and Agastya, where Agastya manages to save Nithya again. Nithya, who has fallen for Agastya learns from Vishwa about his dark past in Mughor, a region ruled by a blood-ridden syndicate. Agastya's old promise to his friend, Baala, had pushed Agastya to enter the crime syndicate. Within just a few years, Agastya managed to capture the entire region for Baala, against all odds. This earned him fearful respect and fame.
However, Agastya's skirmish with Baala's younger brother Maara, led to Maara's death. Agastya had forced an exile upon himself, respecting his mother's vow to live a life free of violence. Dheeraj kills Shivarudra Lingaiah, deeming him weak and captures Nithya and relocates to Mughor, under the orders from Mughor's crime syndicate to seek vengeance on Agastya. Agastya returns to Mughor, where he faces the entire Mughor's criminal fraternity. He kills Dheeraj and saves Nithya again. Though still holding a deep grudge against Agastya for Maara's death, Baala allows them to leave, as a show of friendship towards Agastya. Agastya leaves Mughor to start a new life with Nithya.
Cast
Srimurali as Agastya
Haripriya as Nithya, Prabhakar's daughter
Tilak Shekar as Baala, Agastya's best friend
Atul Kulkarni as Dheeraj, Shivarudra Lingaiah's son
Avinash as Shivarudra Lingaiah
Jai Jagadish as Prabhakar
Padmaja Rao as Agastya's mother
Giri as Malla
Mithra as Seena
Production
Filming
Ugramm was the first film ever to be shot outside the Bharat Gold Mines Limited cyanide dumps at Kolar Gold Fields. The other locations where the film was shot at include Kalaburagi as showcased as Mughor in filmand Bijapur District Chintamani, Kolar, Mysore, Gargeshwari, Nandigrama and Bangalore. Eight different cameras were used to suit different situations and locations.
Soundtrack
The songs and background score were composed by Ravi Basrur with lyrics written by Ram Narayan, S. Sarvesh and Basrur. The soundtrack has six songs.
Reception
Reviewing the soundtrack album, Kavya Christopher of The Times of India wrote, "Apart from the title track – Ugramm Veeram – which rightfully captures the essence of the title, translating to aggression, the rest of the numbers take you into a romantic journey of dream sequences that many stories try to rely on to bring in some breathing space in an otherwise adrenaline-packed plot."
Release
The film made its theatrical release on 21 February 2014 in 142 theaters across Karnataka.
Reception
Ugramm received positive reviews from critics and audience.
B. S. Srivani of Deccan Herald wrote of the film, "The screenplay is a beauty .. and dialogues .. do their job very well." and concluded by writing, "An overdose of violence to simple-minded families, Ugramm, however, is a treat for those looking for instant kicks." A. Sharadhaa of The New Indian Express wrote, "This is a landmark gangster film that balances commercial elements with a stirring screenplay." and concluded writing, " A very well-made film, Ugramm is full of action, drama and fleshed out characters." Shyam Prasad S. of Bangalore Mirror gave the film a rating out 3/5 and wrote, "The film is technically brilliant, but what it lacks is a style to the excessive energy that is drummed up." The Times of India gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "Set in the North Karnataka region of Mughor, Ugramm keeps viewers hooked from the beginning with its lively script and brilliant narration. Though the loud background music drowns the dialogues at times, the action-packed sequences make up for all shortcomings."
Accolades
Box-office
Ugramm opened strongly at the box-office and collected 5.5 crore in Karnataka on first week.
It completed a 150-day run in theatres in Karnataka.
References
External links
2014 films
2010s Kannada-language films
2014 action thriller films
2014 directorial debut films
Kannada films remade in other languages
Indian action thriller films
Indian films with live action and animation
Films directed by Prashanth Neel
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41052195
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Tom%C3%A1s%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Montero
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Francisco Tomás Rodríguez Montero
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Francisco Tomás Rodríguez Montero (born 5 November 1943) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRD. As of 2013 he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Morelos.
References
1943 births
Living people
Politicians from Morelos
People from Cuautla
Party of the Democratic Revolution politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
20th-century Mexican politicians
Members of the Congress of Morelos
Mexican civil engineers
Municipal presidents in Morelos
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Morelos
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41052197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Kim
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Tina Kim
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Tina Kim may refer to:
Tina Kim (comedian), Korean-American stand-up comedian
Tina Kim (art dealer), art dealer and gallery owner
Tina Kim Gallery
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41052205
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise%20Able%20Archer
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Exercise Able Archer
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Exercise Able Archer was an annual exercise by NATO military forces in Europe that practiced command and control procedures, with emphasis on transition from conventional operations to chemical, nuclear, and conventional operations during a time of war. When it was active, it was seen as the culmination of Exercise Autumn Forge. The exercise is best known for Able Archer 83, which began on November 7, 1983 and is believed to have nearly started a nuclear war with the Soviet Union as the Soviets perceived the exercise as a ruse of war.
The exercises themselves simulated a period of conflict escalation, culminating in a simulated DEFCON 1 coordinated nuclear attack.
References
Military exercises involving the United States
War scare
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41052215
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowgol%20Station
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Dowgol Station
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Dowgal Station ( – Īstgāh-e Dowgal) is a village and railway station in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 7 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
Railway stations in Iran
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41052216
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleban
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Aleban
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Aleban () is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18, in 4 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaft
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Emaft
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Emaft (, also Romanized as Emāft) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. After emaft there is a Kangelo Village . At the 2006 census, its population was 108, in 29 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarom
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Anarom
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Anarom (, also Romanized as Anārom; also known as Anārūm) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 158, in 43 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052219
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfa%20Deh
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Arfa Deh
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Arfa Deh (, also Romanized as Arfa‘ Deh; also known as Afarūdbār, Arfa‘ Rūdbār, Arfeh Deh, and Arfeh Kūh) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 379, in 99 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052220
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredible%20%28Celine%20Dion%20and%20Ne-Yo%20song%29
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Incredible (Celine Dion and Ne-Yo song)
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"Incredible" is a song by Canadian singer Celine Dion and American singer-songwriter and record producer, Ne-Yo. It was recorded for Dion's English-language studio album, Loved Me Back to Life (2013) and chosen as the second single in North America, most countries in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. The song was co-written by Andrew Goldstein, Emanuel Kiriakou and Ne-Yo, and produced by Kiriakou.
In mid-December 2013, "Incredible" was nominated in category World's Best Song at the World Music Awards and in late January 2014, it was chosen by NBC as the official anthem of 2014 Winter Olympics. The digital single with two rare bonus tracks was released in most countries in Europe, and in Australia and New Zealand on 14 February 2014. The song was sent to Adult Contemporary radio stations in the United States on 24 February 2014, and the music video for "Incredible" was released on 4 June 2014. "Incredible" was also added to BBC Radio 2's B-List on 12 July 2014 and released as the fourth promotional single in the United Kingdom.
Background and release
Dion and Ne-Yo (who wrote songs for Beyoncé Knowles, Rihanna and many other notable artists) first worked together in 2007. Ne-Yo co-wrote and co-produced "I Got Nothin' Left" for Dion's album Taking Chances, released in November 2007. In September 2012, her official website announced that Dion and Ne-Yo recorded a duet for her upcoming English-language album. Ne-Yo confirmed it in March 2013. Describing the experience as "surreal" to Digital Spy, he said, "The first time I worked for her I wrote a song for her, which in itself was surreal… This time around I actually did a duet with her - it's her and me on one song, which was a challenge to say the least! I was trying to figure what I was even doing there - why would they need my voice when they have hers?". He added, "She wanted to do the song as a duet and I was flattered, but it definitely made me question my vocal ability". In August 2013, Billboard wrote that the song is titled "Incredible". Ne-Yo also wrote and co-produced another song for Loved Me Back to Life titled "Thank You". "Incredible" was co-written by Emanuel Kiriakou and Andrew Goldstein. Kiriakou also first worked with Dion in 2007. He co-produced "Surprise Surprise" recorded for Taking Chances and produced "There Comes a Time" which was included on My Love: Essential Collection (2008). On Loved Me Back to Life he also produced "Thankful" and co-produced "Save Your Soul" together with Goldstein and Danny Mercer.
On 24 October 2013, the behind-the-scenes footage of "Incredible" premiered on Access Hollywood and the next day, the video titled "Making of Incredible" was posted on Dion's Vevo channel. On 29 October 2013, few days before the release of the album, the official audio of "Incredible" was released on Vevo as well. On 7 November 2013, Ne-Yo announced on his Twitter that "Incredible" is the next single from Loved Me Back to Life. Dion's official website confirmed it on 13 December 2013, saying that this song is the new North American single. On the same day, "Incredible" was officially sent to Contemporary hit radio in Italy. On 2 January 2014, it was also sent to radio in Indonesia. On 14 February 2014, "Incredible" was released as a digital single in most countries in Europe (except France and the UK), in Australia and New Zealand. It includes two rare bonus tracks: "Open Arms" from the Japanese edition of Loved Me Back to Life and a remix of "Loved Me Back to Life" by David Morales. "Incredible" was also sent to Adult Contemporary radio stations in the United States on 24 February 2014 and the UK radio on 12 July 2014. The commercial singe was scheduled for release in the UK on 28 July 2014 but it was withdrawn at the last minute.
Critical reception
"Incredible" received positive reviews from music critics. Andrew Hampp from Billboard wrote that the song sounds "so massive the Olympic Committee should start bookmarking it for the 2014 Winter Games". AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine highlighted "Incredible" and called it "soulful," "modern" and "subtle" with "palpable R&B undercurrent". Gary Graff of The Oakland Press called this song a "winner". Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian wrote that this duet with Ne-Yo has Dion "reverting to type with a trite ballad that vows their love will 'go down in history' but 'their voices do meld soulfully.'" Elysa Gardner of USA Today called it "slick". Slant Magazine's Eric Henderson noted that "Incredible" is a "power ballad that finds Dion trading lines with Ne-Yo, both singers sounding shockingly interchangeable thanks to the heavy vocal post-production".
Commercial performance
On 13 November 2013, thanks to digital downloads, "Incredible" debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number forty-four and number twenty-two on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs chart. In the second week, the single fell to number seventy-eight on the Canadian Hot 100 and in the third week, it went down to number eighty-eight. Thanks to Dion and Ne-Yo's performance of "Incredible" on two US television shows in mid-December 2013, The Voice and A Home for the Holidays, the song re-entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number eighty-one on 25 December 2013. On 27 November 2013, "Incredible" also debuted on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart at number thirty-seven, beating "Loved Me Back to Life" which peaked there at number thirty-nine. In the next week, it jumped to number thirty-three. Eventually, "Incredible" peaked on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart at number twenty-four on 15 January 2014.
In the United States, the song entered Billboards Pop Digital Songs chart at number twenty-four on 25 December 2013. After it was sent to Adult Contemporary radio stations in February 2014, "Incredible" debuted at number twenty-eight on the Billboards Adult Contemporary on 20 March 2014, becoming Dion's forty-first entry on this chart. It peaked at number twenty-five on 24 April 2014. On the South Korea's Gaon Music Chart, "Incredible" debuted on 14 November 2013 and peaked at number twelve in the second week.
Live performances
On 3 November 2013, Dion and Ne-Yo performed "Incredible" on Le Banquier in Canada to promote the album which was released two days later. They also performed it in the United States on 17 December 2013 during the grand finale of The Voice and on 18 December 2013 during the CBS 15th annual A Home for the Holidays television special that celebrates the joy of adoption by sharing stories of adoption from foster care in order to raise awareness for the cause. On 31 December 2013, Ne-Yo surprised Dion when he showed up to perform "Incredible" at the New Year's Eve performance of Celine in Las Vegas. On 25 February 2014, Dion officially added "Incredible" to the set list of Celine.
Music video
On 24 January 2014, Dion and Ne-Yo shot the music video for "Incredible" in Los Angeles. It premiered over four months later, on 4 June 2014 on Good Morning America. On 5 June 2014, the video was uploaded onto Dion's official Vevo channel. It was directed by Zach Merck. The music video features Dion and Ne-Yo singing on a rooftop, overlooking Los Angeles interspersed with footage of real-life people showing off their incredible talents as well as a misplaced giraffe on the loose wandering around the city.
Track listing and formatsDigital single'
"Incredible" (duet with Ne-Yo) – 3:55
"Open Arms" – 3:08
"Loved Me Back to Life" (La Vie in Stereo Radio Edit - David Morales) – 4:00
Charts
Credits and personnel
Recording
Recorded at Chalice Recording Studios, Los Angeles, California and Studio at the Palms, Las Vegas, Nevada
Vocals recorded at Studio at the Palms, Las Vegas, Nevada
Mixed at MixStar Studios, Virginia Beach, Virginia
Personnel
Songwriting – Andrew Goldstein, Emanuel Kiriakou, Ne-Yo
Production – Kiriakou
Recording engineers – Kiriakou, Goldstein, Moses Gallart
Vocals recording – François Lalonde
Vocals recording assistant – Mark Everton Gray
Digital editing – Pat Thrall, Jens Koerkemeier
Mixing – Serban Ghenea
Mixing engineer – John Hanes
Mixing engineer assistant – Phil Seaford
Lead and background vocals – Celine Dion, Ne-Yo
Keyboards and programming – Kiriakou, Goldstein
Release history
References
2010s ballads
2013 songs
2014 singles
Celine Dion songs
Columbia Records singles
Contemporary R&B ballads
Ne-Yo songs
Pop ballads
Song recordings produced by Emanuel Kiriakou
Songs written by Andrew Goldstein (musician)
Songs written by Emanuel Kiriakou
Songs written by Ne-Yo
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41052221
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arim%2C%20Savadkuh
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Arim, Savadkuh
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Arim (, also Romanized as Ārīm) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Arim located after Kangelo Village . At the 2006 census, its population was 111, in 36 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052222
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzhang%20Rudbar
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Arzhang Rudbar
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Arzhang Rudbar (, also Romanized as Arzhang Rūdbār) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 107, in 34 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052224
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esas
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Esas
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Esas (, also Romanized as Esās) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 274, in 71 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052225
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadabad%2C%20Savadkuh
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Asadabad, Savadkuh
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Asadabad (, also Romanized as Asadābād; also known as Asadīābād) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 8 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052228
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseh
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Aseh
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Aseh (, also Romanized as Āseh) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 79, in 21 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052229
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estakhr%20Sar%2C%20Savadkuh
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Estakhr Sar, Savadkuh
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Estakhr Sar () is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 109, in 29 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052234
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owrim
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Owrim
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Oorim (, also Romanized as Owrīm and Ūrīm) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 118, in 31 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052237
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owrim%20Rudbar
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Owrim Rudbar
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Owrim Rudbar (, also Romanized as Owrīm Rūdbār and Ūrīm Rūdbār) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 189, in 60 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052240
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azan%20Deh
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Azan Deh
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Azan Deh (, also Romanized as Azān Deh) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 115, in 36 families.
Pictures
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052250
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali%20nationality%20law
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Somali nationality law
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Somali nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Somalia, as amended; the Somali Citizenship Law, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Somalia. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the nation under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual and the state. Somali nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Somalia, or jus sanguinis, born to parents with Somali nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through grant (naturalization).
Acquisition of nationality
Nationality can be acquired in Somali or Somaliland at birth or later in life through grant (naturalization).
By birth
Those who acquire nationality at birth include children born anywhere as long as their father is Somali, meaning a person who by language, origin, or custom is considered to be part of the Somali nation and they have no other nationality. Foundlings or minor orphans of unknown parentage, under Article 15 of the Somali Citizenship Law are presumed to have a Somali father unless proven otherwise and Somali of origin, meaning they automatically acquire nationality.
By grant
Naturalization, known as citizenship by grant, can be acquired persons who have resided in the territory for a sufficient period of time to confirm they understand the customs and traditions of the society. General provisions are that applicants have good character and conduct and have resided in the country for a minimum of seven years. There are no provisions for adoptees to acquire nationality in the statutes and when Somalia acceded to the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 2015, they did not agree to Article 20 of the convention concerning child adoptions. Children are required to hold the same nationality as their father, unless he is stateless, in which case, they may acquire the nationality of their mother per Article 14 of the Somali Citizenship Law. However, a child who acquired nationality from its mother may renounce it upon reaching the age of majority. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may be naturalized include:
The wife of a Somali national automatically acquires her husband's nationality upon marriage;
Minor children acquire their father's nationality at the time he is naturalized;
Children of Somali mothers and stateless fathers, after a residency period of two years; or
Honorary nationality may be granted for exceptional service to the nation at the discretion of the President of Somalia.
Loss of nationality
Somali nationals can renounce their nationality provided they obtain permission from the state. Nationals of origin may not be denaturalized in Somalia. Naturalized persons may lose their nationality by committing crimes against the state or state security or for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in a naturalization petition. Nationals who have previously lost their Somali nationality may repatriate by establishing residency for a minimum of three years and applying for naturalization.
Dual nationality
Under the nationality law, dual nationality is forbidden in Somalia, but under the 2012 Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia, which overrides other laws, it is permitted.
History
Historical reference to the Land of Punt occurs in Egyptian records from 3000 BCE. At that time, the peoples of the region included the Jiiddu of the Digil or Rahanweyn clan. By the end of the millennium, both Tunni and Garre tribes had moved into the Jubba Valley. In the first centuries of the common era, migrants from Yemen and Oman settled on the eastern coast of the region. The coastal people engaged in trade with merchants seeking frankincense and myrrh from Abyssinia, Egypt, Greece, Phoenicia, Persia, and Rome. By the sixth century, Zeila had become a major commercial center trading goods from the African interior with foreign merchants. Mogadishu arose as a center of commerce in the south brokering trade with Swahili merchants who brought goods from China, India, and Southwest Asia. In 755 the Persian Abbasid Caliphate subjugated the inhabitants of Mogadishu requiring them to pay taxes.
Africans and outsider contact (11th–17th centuries)
Between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, the region converted to Islam. Intermarriage created an Islamic Arab-Somali elite, who established strong, but independent city-states, that dominated both commerce and politics along the coast. In 1300 Abyssinia made the Sultanates of Bale, Dawaro, Fatajar, Hadiya, Harar and Ifat vassal states and required their sultans to pay tribute. Zeila and the other city states, attempted to extend their authority over nomadic peoples in the interior to create a defensive buffer between their strongholds and Abyssinian invaders. In northern Somaliland, sultans had little power, and their title was mostly honorific. Without hierarchical authority, nomadic groups were bound by patrilineal kinship ties, which determined alliances and socio-political divisions. Following the Islamic system of diya, clans had a contractual alliance to pay to and receive damages from other clans, for losses sustained to persons or property. As the payments are collectively paid to the group, collaboration, cooperation, consensus among the males in the clan was necessary to provide for the group security and resolve legal issues.
By the late thirteenth the Hawiye clan had expanded from the Shebelle Valley toward the coast, subjugating the area between Itala and Merca. The Ajuran Sultanate moved into the Shebelle River basin and established coastal commerce links. In the early fourteenth century, the Sultan of Ifat, seized the Abyssinian Sultanates of Bale and Harar, holding them until 1415. After the defeat of the Ifat dynasty, the Adal Sultanate rose to dominate its former territory from their capital at Zeila. Though the Sultan of Adal would remain in power until 1577, between 1445 and 1471 Adal was a vassal state of Abyssinia. In 1499, the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama attempted but failed to capture Mogadishu, as did Portuguese attempts to secure Barawa in 1506 and Zeila in 1517. However, in 1507 a Portuguese trading fort was established on Socotra Island. In 1517, Abyssinian and Portuguese troops aligned to capture Zeila and in response the Adal Sultanate recruited troops from the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans remained in the territory, and in 1557 occupied Arkiko and Massawa.
Around 1560, the Silcis Sultanate of the Hawiye clan moved into the Lower Shabelle Valley and established tributary requirements from the Geledi and Wacdaan subclans. The Silcis may have been part of the Ajuran Sultanate, or its successor in the area of Afgooye. Fighting between the factions continued into the 1570s, when it was halted by the Oromo migration into the southwestern territory of Abyssinia. The struggle to control trade routes caused repeated conflict, which in turn led to migrations of inhabitants. In the seventeenth century the Rahanweyn clan migrated south displacing the Ajuran confederation in the Jubba and Shebelle river basins. The remnants of the Ajuran confederation, as well as their Madanle allies, and the Muzaffarids who had been ousted from Mogadishu in 1624, moved into the northeastern parts of Kenya. Around the same time, the Hiraab Imamate emerged in southern Somalia.
Pre-colonial period (18th century-1889)
As had been the case in earlier centuries, no single entity ruled in Somalia and Europeans increasingly were encroaching on their territory. While there were no firm borders between the territories ruled by local rulers, they shared grazing territory and engaged in trade, which often became the grounds of conflict. In the early part of the eighteenth century the Geledi and Wacdaan, who lived on opposite sides of the Shabelle River, joined forces to oust the Silcis Sultanate. This action gave rise to the founding of the Geledi Sultanate around 1750, which along with their Wacdaan allies, became the dominant political entity in southern Somalia through the nineteenth century. The Majeerteen Sultanate arose in 1800, in the region now known as Puntland. Another prominent group that emerged in the northeastern portion of the territory was the Warsangali Sultanate. In 1839, the British established a trading fort in Aden, and signed treaties with the Isaaq clan rulers to access food supplies. In 1846, , a French naval officer, led an expedition to visit the southern coast of Somalia. By the 1850s, the Omani Sultanate, based in Zanzibar, had imposed control over the sultanates on the Banaadir coast and the northern coast was under the control of the Sharif of Mukha, a Yemeni vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1850, Britain signed an agreement with the Majeerteen Sultanate to protect British ships in their waters in exchange for an annual subsidy. France signed treaties with the Sultan of Afar in 1862 and with the Issa elders in 1874, allowing the French to occupy Obock and Tadjoura. In the 1860s civil war ensued in the Majeerteen Sultanate, which lasted five years and resulted in the exile of their ruler. In 1865, Karl Klaus von der Decken, a German explorer, navigated the River Jubba, but was halted by the rapids above Bardera. In the 1870s, the exiled Majeerteen ruler returned and after conquering the Hawiye clans, founded the Sultanate of Hobyo. After the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the British began signing agreements with traditional leaders in territory that bordered Ethiopia, French Somaliland (now Djibouti), Italian Somaliland and the Kenya Colony. In exchange for protection from aggressors of the local leaders, the treaties secured protected trade rights for Britain. In 1887, the British notified the signatories to the Berlin agreement of their intent to establish Somaliland as a British protectorate.
Southern Somalia under Italian rule (1889–1960)
Protectorate (1889–1941)
Since the unification of Italy in 1870, there was an Italian drive to acquire colonial possessions. Having been unable to secure a protectorate in Tunisia, which was annexed by France in 1881, Italians focused on purchasing the Assab Bay in Eritrea in 1882. In 1889, they signed a treaty with the Sultan of Hobyo, extending a protectorate over his territory. Between 1889 and 1901, they made agreements to acquire the territory of the Sultan of Majeerteen and in 1893, secured treaties to control trade in the port cities of Barawa, Merca, Mogadishu and Uarscheich. They also attempted to extend their rule into Ethiopia in 1896, but were defeated. After the signing of an agreement in 1905 to establish a protectorate over the Nogal region, the Italians decided to unite all of their protectorates into a single administrative unit known as Italian Somaliland (Somala italiana) in 1908.
Italian subjecthood was first declared during the Unification of Italy in 1861. As the states united, their former kingdoms and duchies ceased to exist and no alternative means of belonging had been devised. Thus, in March 1861 the former Savoy-Piedmont-Sardinia Kingdom officially proclaimed that the former Piedmontese subjecthood was extended to the entirety of Italy. Inhabitants were afforded protection based upon their allegiance to the monarchy. Subjecthood was derived from an Italian father, and could only be derived maternally if the father was unknown. Birth in the territory was treated differently in different areas; in some states it conferred subjecthood, and in others it did not. Naturalization and denaturalization processes also varied depending upon the province. In 1865 laws from the various states was codified into national legislation, including a new civil code, which went into force on 1 January 1866.
Under the 1865 Civil Code, unity of the family was a driving foundation of the code, thus the emphasis was on descent. Nationality was derived paternally, regardless of where a child was born, unless the father was unknown. Foundlings born in the territory were presumed to have an Italian father and were granted nationality. Children born in Italy to foreigners who had lived in the territory for ten years, could acquire nationality at majority and those born in the territory to foreigners who did not meet the requisite residency could opt for Italian nationality at majority after service to the nation. Wives were required to follow the nationality of their husband. Italian women married to foreigners lost their Italian nationality and could only reacquire it if the marriage terminated and they established residence in Italy. Foreign women who married Italian men gained Italian nationality and retained it even after termination of the marriage. Nationality provisions were amended by Law 23 of 1901, which allowed children born in the territory or abroad who became foreigners because of a father's loss of nationality to acquire nationality without parliamentary intervention. Because Italy feared that the end of slavery would create both economic issues and conflict with the clans of Somaliland, slavery was not ended until 1903 in the protectorate. Law No. 217 (known as Sonnino's Law), passed on 17 May 1906, allowed naturalization by royal decree if the Council of State supported the application and the applicant either resided in Italy or the colonies for six years, or had provided four years of service to the Italian state, or had been married to an Italian woman for three years. A code drafted in 1907, specified that Italian subjects in Somaliland were to follow local customary law with regard to their religious and tribal affiliation.
Colonial subjecthood differed from that in the motherland. A civil code () was drafted in 1911, for Eritrea but never officially entered in to force because it was required to be published in Amharic, Arabic, and Italian. Nonetheless, it was used as the guide for persons in Eritrea and Somaliland and provided that persons born in or members of a tribe indigenous to the territory were Italian subjects but did not have the same civil rights as those born in Italy. If a colonial subject naturalized to attain civil rights, their status was not transmissible to other family members. Children born within a legal marriage between colonial subjects and metropolitan subjects automatically became Italian, though the majority of such unions were informal. Those children born outside of marriage, who were legitimated, or legally recognized and registered in official colonial birth records, were also automatically granted Italian nationality with full citizenship. Native women who married metropolitan Italians automatically acquired metropolitan status, but if a metropolitan woman married a native, she was able to retain her status, as it was deemed unlikely that she would be a dependent of a native man.
In 1912, Italy introduced new nationality provisions (Law No. 555) to address Italians living outside of the motherland. It did not challenge the tenet of unity of nationality in the family for metropolitan nationals, and bestowed Italian nationality by descent from an Italian father. But, if the child was born abroad in a country that automatically granted its nationality through jus soli, Italian nationality could be renounced at majority. Adding this provision allowed Italy to perpetually recognize the nationality of emigrants and foster a sense of belonging to Italy, even if expatriates chose to no longer act as citizens. For foreigners, it reduced the general residency requirement to five years, or three years if in service to the state. In 1914, to discourage marriages between colonial and metropolitan subjects, a decree was issued requiring a civil servant to resign their posts upon marriage to a colonial. Three years later, Regent Governor in Eritrea Camillo De Camillis issued an instruction to attribute automatic metropolitan nationality to any bi-racial () child regardless of an acknowledgement of paternity.
Between 1922 and 1943, Mussolini's fascist regime expanded its territory in Africa, as well as states in the Mediterranean. Besides Somaliland, Italian territories included Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Libya. A 1933 statute formalized the practice of allowing illegitimate mixed-race children to choose metropolitan status upon reaching their majority. In 1936, the territories of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia were combined into a single colony, Italian East Africa (). In June, Italy began a redefinition of subjecthood for Italian East Africa. The new statute retained the provision that a colonial subject was one not descended of a metropolitan Italian or national of any other state. It also continued the policy of attributing metropolitan nationality to legitimate or legitimated children of an Italian father. But, it eliminated provisions for mixed-race children to opt for metropolitan status at majority. Further, anti-miscegenation legislation passed in 1937 prohibited concubinage and another promulgated the following year banned formal marriages between metropolitan and native subjects. Mixed marriages became illegal and were punishable with a five year sentence upon conviction. Legislation passed in 1940 barred conferring metropolitan status on mixed-race, illegitimate, legitimate, legitimated children, or children of unknown parentage, unless they had reached age thirteen that year, had been raised as an Italian, and could confirm their good character.
British Military Administration (1941–1950)
In 1940, the Italians invaded British Somaliland, but were defeated seven months later by British and South African troops as part of the East African Campaign of World War II. The British Military Administration was established in 1941, to oversee Ethiopia and all of the Somali lands including both British and Italian Somaliland, as well as the Haud Reserve. In 1942, Ethiopian sovereignty was restored, but the Military Administration continued to manage affairs in the Ogaden region and part of French Somaliland. In 1946, Ernest Bevin, British Foreign Minister, submitted a proposal to the Allied Powers for British and Italian Somalilands and the Ogaden region to merge into a single United Nations Trust Territory. An agreement was not reached and in 1948, the Ogaden region was incorporated into Ethiopia. The following year, the United Nations established the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian administration, which was to take effect in January 1950.
United Nations Trust Territory (1950–1960)
Under the Trustee program, Somali who had formerly been Italian subjects ceased to be nationals of Italy and had no nationality. The first nationality law for Italian Somaliland was passed during the trustee period under Italian administration. The statute (Law No. 2) of 1 December 1957 granted nationality to any person who was stateless, was born, and had lived in the territory since 1940, if their father was Somali and was either originally from the territory or had a fixed residence in the territory. As the UN Advisory Council noticed the law lacked a means for naturalization, the law was replaced on 12 February 1960, when an Act (Law No. 9) passed to redefine who were nationals. It provided that a person whose father was a national of Italian Somaliland was considered to be a national from birth and that persons who had such a father could acquire Somali nationality by establishing a permanent residence in the territory and renouncing any other nationality. Foreigners could acquire nationality by grant if they resided in the territory for ten years; if they had been born in the territory and their parents had been resident for five years at the time of birth; if they were the child of a Somali mother; or if they had rendered at least three years of service to the Somali government making contributions to the development of the country. Under unity of the family policies, women and children were required to have the same nationality as their husband or father, thus Somali women lost their nationality upon marriage to a foreigner and foreign women gained Somali nationality upon marriage to a Somali husband. Illegitimate children and foundlings who were discovered in the territory could derive nationality through their mother or upon request from the person who had custody of the child.
Northern Somaliland under British rule (1898–1960)
In 1898, what is currently Somaliland officially became a protectorate known as British Somaliland. In Britain, allegiance, in which subjects pledged to support a monarch, was the precursor to the modern concept of nationality. The crown recognized from 1350 that all persons born within the territories of the British Empire were subjects. Those born outside the realm — except children of those serving in an official post abroad, children of the monarch, and children born on a British ship — were considered by common law to be foreigners. Marriage did not affect the status of a subject of the realm, but under common law, single women, including divorcées, were not allowed to be parents thus their children could not derive nationality maternally and were stateless unless legitimated by their father. British Nationality Acts did not extend beyond the bounds of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, meaning that under Britain's rules of conquest, laws in place at the time of acquisition remained in place until changed. Other than common law, there was no standard statutory law which applied for subjects throughout the realm, meaning different jurisdictions created their own legislation for local conditions, which often conflicted with the laws in other jurisdictions in the empire. Thus, a person who was naturalized in Canada, for example, would be considered a foreigner, rather than a British national, in Australia or South Africa. When British protectorates were established in 1815, there was little difference between the rights of British subjects and protected persons.
In 1911, at the Imperial Conference a decision was made to draft a common nationality code for use across the empire. Under terms of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 British protectorates were considered to be foreign territories lacking an internal government. When Britain extended this status over a territory, it took responsibility for both internal and external administration, including defense and foreign relations. Indigenous persons who were born in a protectorate were known as British Protected Persons and were not entitled to be British nationals. BPPs had no right of return to the United Kingdom and were unable to exercise rights of citizenship; however, they could be issued a passport and could access diplomatic services when traveling abroad. In 1914, the Alien Restriction Act clarified that while BPPs were not nationals, neither were they aliens. When the law was amended in 1919, that provision remained the same, meaning that BPPs could not naturalize. Until 1934, when the British Protected Persons Order was drafted, the status of BPP was not statutory, but rather granted at the prerogative of the monarch. Under the 1934 Order, Belonger status with regard to protected territories was defined to mean persons born before or after the Order in a protectorate who possessed no nationality and were not a British subject, or persons born abroad to a native of a protectorate who were stateless and not British subjects. The statute extended BPP status to children and wives of BPPs, if they were stateless, and specifically provided that if a woman married someone who was a national of another nation, she lost her BPP status.
In 1943, the British Nationality Act clarified that BPPs born abroad in territories that were within the Crown's dominions were British subjects by virtue of jus soli, but those born within a protectorate were not subjects. Under the terms of the British Nationality Act 1948, the nationality status of BPPs of British Somaliland did not change. However, the Act, while retaining the provisions that BPPs were not aliens and could not naturalize, allowed BPPs to register as a BPP of a protected place or as a British subject under certain conditions. In 1949, the British Protectorates, Protected States and Protected Persons Order in Council repealed former orders about BPPs and detailed provisions for conferring protected status. It provided that protected persons were BPPs of a protectorate if they were born there; if they were born abroad to a father who was a native of a protectorate; or if at the time of their birth their father was a BPP. It also allowed women married to BPPs to register as a BPP and allowed certain nationals of foreign countries to register as BPPs. Minor changes to protected persons' status were made by Orders of Council in 1952, 1953, 1958, 1960, 1961, and 1962, but major changes did not occur until 1965.
Transition to statehood (1948–1960)
In 1950, the nationalist movement began to expand in both territories. Political party membership almost doubled between 1950 and 1954. In an effort to move toward a united independence, a conference was held in 1953 to discuss the potential for acquiring Ogaden and the Haud Reserve permanently for the Somalis. Unable to reach an agreement as the governments could not adequately consult with the nomadic population, in 1954, Britain signed a treaty with Ethiopia recognizing Ethiopian sovereignty over the Haud Reserve in exchange for the Ethiopians allowing British protected Somalis moving into the area under traditional grazing customs. The Haud Reserve remained a contentious issue because Somali following their herds into Ethiopian territory spent a considerable amount of time in Ethiopian territory. In 1956, a cabinet and legislative assembly were established in the Trust Territory and the following year a legislative council was created in British Somaliland. Because of a shared past of colonialism and culture, talks were held to plan for unification at a conference in April 1960 held at Mogadishu to discuss a union of both northern and southern Somaliland, as a means to reduce clan conflicts. In preparation for statehood, a Constituent Assembly in the Trust Territory adopted the Constitution of the Somali Republic on 21 June 1960.
Post-independence (1960–present)
On 26 June 1960, British Somaliland gained its independence. Under the terms of the Nationality and Citizenship Ordinance (No. 15), passed three days prior, at independence, Somali who were stateless and were born in British Somaliland, or if legitimate whose father and if illegitimate whose mother was born in the territory were conferred nationality of Somaliland and ceased to be BPPs. Persons who had lived in British Somaliland for a year could register for nationality if they did not meet the provisions to automatically acquire nationality at independence, provided they renounced any other nationality. Those born in the territory after independence acquired nationality if legitimate from a father and if illegitimate from a mother. Married women followed the nationality of their husband. On 27 June 1960, the northern former British Somaliland drafted the Union of Somaliland and Somalia Law, and passed the legislation, but the southern former Italian Somaliland did not ratify the agreement. Instead the south passed their own Act of Union (Atto di Unione) on 1 July, with significantly different terms and drafted a constitution. On 1 July 1960 Italian Somaliland became independent and despite the failure to agree on terms of union and the fact that Italian Somaliland was still a Trust Territory, the two states were joined to form the Somali Republic. On 3 August, anyone who had remained a BPP in British Somaliland because they had not been attributed nationality by Ordinance 15 ceased to be a BPP.
To overcome the lack of a unification agreement, a presidential decree was prepared to rectify the situation, but it failed to gain legislative approval. It was then proposed that the union would be addressed in a constitutional plebiscite scheduled for June 1961. Under the terms of the proposed constitution, Mogadishu rather than Hargeisa was to be the capital and the legislative seats were assigned giving northern Somalia thirty-three and southern Somalia ninety-nine representatives. As a result of the failure to come to agreement and the imbalance of power in the constitutional draft, the north boycotted the 1961 constitutional referendum and just over five percent of the northern population voted. Of those who participated, sixty percent opposed the new constitution. However, since the northern population made up only 100,000 of the 1,952,660 voters, the result was the adoption of the proposed constitution. Under the terms of the constitution, an Act of Union was promulgated on 31 January 1961 which was retroactively in effect from 1 July 1960. Under the terms of the Act of Union persons who were nationals of either Somaliland or Somalia became nationals of the Somali Republic.
The constitution called for a Citizenship Law to define the grant of nationality after the union, which led to the passage of the Somali Citizenship Law (No. 28) of 22 December 1962. It provided that both Law No. 9 of 12 February 1960 for Italian Somaliland and Ordinance No. 15 of 25 June 1960 for British Somaliland were repealed. After independence children acquired nationality from a Somali father who was a national or through a person who by language, origin, or tradition was considered Somali. It allowed persons who had resided in the territory for seven years or those whose mothers were Somali after a two-year residency to acquire nationality through a grant. Minors acquired, lost, or recovered nationality when their father changed his nationality, the only exception was that if a father was stateless, a child could obtain nationality maternally. Foundlings or minor orphans were assumed to be Somali and automatically derived nationality, unless parentage was later proven otherwise. Foreign women who married Somali husbands automatically acquired Somali nationality. Nationality could be lost by obtaining dual nationality, serving a foreign government or military, establishing a residence abroad, or by a woman marrying a foreigner and acquiring his nationality.
In 1969, the president was assassinated during a coup d'état and the constitution was suspended. Somalia became a Soviet satellite state and hopes were revived for an egalitarian Somali nation. War between Somalia and Ethiopia broke out in 1977 because of hopes of creating a Greater Somalia and uniting Somali ethnic groups from Djibouti, the Ogaden Region of Ethiopia, the Northern Frontier District of Kenya and the Somali Democratic Republic. Somalia was defeated, Djibouti rejected the proposal, and the Soviet Union withdrew its support to the country. Continued police-state policies by the end of the 1980s, had pushed the country to civil war. Between 1990 and 1992 the Somali state collapsed because of waves of violence, accelerated by a dramatic rise in the availability of weapons; the inability of clan elders to enforce customary law; and an enormous famine which spread across southern Somalia. In 1993, fourteen factions in Somalia signed a cease fire agreement and agreed to attend a National Reconciliation Conference in March 1993, where formal peace documents were signed. Continued flair ups occurred until 1997, when a second conference secured a peace accord among twenty-six faction leaders. In 2000 the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia was formed, which was recognized in 2004, by the United Nations as the official government of the Republic.
During this period, in 1991, Somaliland revoked the Act of Union, declaring its independence. It established a bicameral legislature, created an interim constitution and appointed a president. Civil war broke out between the northern clans, which ended after a national reconciliation conference was called in 1996. A new interim constitution was adopted in 1997 and submitted to a plebiscite in 2001. Nearly ninety-eight percent of the population of nearly one and a quarter million people approved the constitution and independence for Somaliland. The international community was unwilling to officially recognize the sovereignty of Somaliland without official recognition and membership in the African Union. In 2005, Somaliland submitted an application for membership and the African Union conducted a fact-finding mission on the country. While recognizing Somaliland's territorial claim to its former colonial boundaries, it refused to grant membership on the basis that it was seceding from an internationally recognized state. Under international jurisprudence, the United Nations typically refuses to acknowledge breakway states without the consent of the parent state, unless severe breaches of human rights have occurred or the parent state has ceased to exist. Following this policy, United Nations agencies and officials have not recognized Somaliland's sovereignty and citizens of Somaliland must travel using passports issued by Somalia.
In 2004, the Transitional Government enacted the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, which provided that none of the territories within the republic were independent. It specified that those who had previously been nationals of the Somali Republic continued to be so and that those born after the promulgation of the charter obtained nationality by birth in the territory or to a Somali father. In August 2012, the first permanent government since the civil war was established and enacted a new constitution. Under the terms of the 2012 Constitution, all children were guaranteed a right to nationality, verbiage was repeated that only one nationality existed for Somali people, dual nationality was permitted, and it called for a new nationality law to be drafted. In 2016, a bill to amend the Citizenship Law was drafted. Under its terms, women and men would equally be able to pass on their nationality to their children and spouses. Women would no longer lose their nationality if they married a non-Somali. It carried provisions that children born in Somalia who would otherwise be stateless could acquire Somali nationality, as well as abandoned children and adoptees. The amendment also addressed the discrepancy between the 2012 Constitution and the 1962 Citizenship Law regarding the acceptance of dual nationality. As of 2021, the bill had not yet been passed or implemented.
See also
Immigration to Somalia
Somali passport
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Federal Constitution of Somalia
Nationality law
Law of Somalia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia%20Korean%20War%20Memorial
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Philadelphia Korean War Memorial
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The Philadelphia Korean War Memorial at Penn's Landing in Philadelphia was initially dedicated on June 22, 2002 and was formally rededicated on Memorial Day, May 28, 2007 after additional work was completed. Each name of the more than 600 servicemen who were killed in action or listed as missing in action during the Korean War from Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, and Philadelphia counties are etched in the memorial. Veterans Day and Memorial Day services are held onsite annually.
The memorial is located in Korean War Memorial Park in the Society Hill neighborhood, about from Independence Hall. The park is bounded on the south by Spruce Street, on the north by Dock Street, on the east by Christopher Columbus Boulevard along Penn's Landing and on the west by 38th Parallel Place. Interstate 95 runs under the eastern part of the park, while the memorial is located in the western section.
The memorial is owned by the city of Philadelphia and leased to a non-profit organization called the Friends of the Philadelphia Korean War Memorial which is based in the city.
Design
The Philadelphia Korean War Memorial was designed by Jirair Youssefian of Vitetta Architects and Engineers in 1992. After a decade of planning and fundraising, along with site clearing and construction work performed by J.J. White Inc., the major parts of the memorial were finished by June, 2002. The remainder of the full design was constructed in 2007 after additional funding was obtained.
The central part of the memorial includes four tall black granite-clad columns which list all the Philadelphia area Korean War casualtiesthose killed in action, missing in action, or taken as a prisoner of war but never returned and presumed deadfrom each year of the four-year conflict (1950-1953). The memorial also features six granite-clad monoliths with information sandblasted onto the surfaces including the major units involved in the war, specific events and battles, maps of the four phases of the war, laser engraved photographs, and markers honoring other participants such as the nurses of the Korean War. A bronze statue entitled The Final Farewell by artist Lorann Jacobs was added to the site in 2007, along with additional landscaping and granite pavers to create a new platform for the entire memorial.
Gallery
See also
Korean War Veterans Memorial, national memorial in Washington, D.C.
List of Korean War memorials, memorials around the world
References
External links
Friends of the Philadelphia Korean War Memorial at Penn's Landing, Inc. and their Facebook page
Vitetta Architects
Korean War
Korean War
Penn's Landing
Korean War
Korean-American history
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examples%20of%20refugia
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Examples of refugia
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The northern and southern hemispheres of the earth have a dynamic history of advancing and retreating ice sheets. The glacial and interglacial periods are linked to regular eccentricities in the Earth’s orbit and correspond to approximately 100 kyr cycles. The advancing, or glacial periods can cause a massive displacement of flora and fauna as it drives them away from the poles, with the most recent glacial maximum having occurred about 20,000 years ago.,
Refugia
While most of the biota were driven away from the poles during the glacial advance, there were still isolated areas of sanctuary. These locations are referred to as refugia. A refugium is defined by Ceridwen et al. as a “geographical area in which populations of glacially impacted organisms persisted during the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum).” Some different types of these areas are coastal, embedded, and periglacial refugia. Coastal refugia are locations of refuge located on uncovered coastal regions or islands. Due to a lower sea level during the last glacial period, it is suspected that the exposed continental shelf played a large role in acting as a refugium to many different organisms as well as potential route for migration. Periglacial refers to refugia located adjacent to a glacier or an ice sheet. Embedded refugia are areas that remained uncovered within the limit of the glacial advance (hot springs or nunataks).
Effects of ice age on Northern and Southern Hemispheres
In the northern hemisphere, the last glacial maximum reached about 40˚ N in North America, covering the Great Lakes. In Scandinavia, it extended down to about 52˚ N, affecting parts of Britain and the northern regions of Europe. The majority of the ice coverage was over land, allowing for major retreat during glacial periods. There are some areas on the west coast of Alaska and British Columbia that are projected as coastal refugia for organisms. There is also a potential refugium in the far north of Scandinavia on the island of Andøya.
In the southern hemisphere, the majority of the ice coverage was over the ocean with some glaciation present on South America and New Zealand. While this glaciation wasn’t as extensive as that of the northern latitudes, the climate was still affected. As a result of the glacial advance, biota retreated north to warmer regions and east over the Andes to avoid the Patagonian ice sheet. Also, many mobile marine fauna migrated north to some of the surrounding islands, out of reach of the oceanic ice sheet. In addition to periglacial and coastal refugia, there were also possible areas of embedded refugia in Patagonia and New Zealand.
Southern Hemisphere
South America
As the LGM ice sheet crept along the west coast of South America, it drove the previous inhabitants north and east. The northern traveling flora and fauna established in the warmer, coastal regions of Chile, out of reach of the ice that stretched up to 40˚ S latitude. Those that moved east jumped the Andes and established themselves in periglacial refugia on the eastern slopes, or further down in the more low-lying areas of Argentina that remained unaffected by the ice retreat. Additionally, there were areas of embedded refugia that may have allowed for habitation by freshwater crabs, fish, and even otters.
The freshwater crabs (Aegla alacalufi) were suspected to have survived in hot springs, which may have kept the ice from forming in that area. The fish, Galaxias platei, were thought to have survived not only in eastern refugia over the Andes, but also in isolated proglacial lakes in the northernmost portions of Patagonia. This was inferred by the genetic lineages suggesting a larger group to the east of the Andes and smaller more isolated groups to the west of the Andes during the LGM.
As good food sources for the Patagonian otter (Lontra provocax), the Galaxias platei and the Aegla alacalufi may have played a part in sustaining this aquatic mammal during this glacial period. Today, this otter is found throughout Southern Argentina and Chile and is found as far north as 39˚S. During the LGM, most of its habitat was covered by ice. DNA testing of L. provocax in the Patagonian area has shown potential embedded refugia in the southern coastal region, with intertidal crustaceans in addition to other embedded aquatic life as possible food sources.
New Zealand
Evidence of a possible refugium for forest habitat was found in the northern, glacially-affected Howard Valley, situated on the South Island of New Zealand. This location consists of high peaks and deep U-shaped valleys. Today it is characterized by grassland valley floor and forested slopes. Glacial advances in this area occurred around 28000, 21500, and 19000 years BP (before present).
The deep valleys found in this location may have acted as microclimates that sheltered the trees from glacial conditions and climate. Pollen studies show that these valleys consisted mostly of grasses and shrubs around 25,000–22,000 years BP. A low occurrence of beech (Nothofagus menziesii) pollen (dated to 25,742–22,988 years BP) suggests a refugium in this area. Another line of evidence was found in the fossilized remains of ground beetles dating back to 25,742–22,988 years BP. Because these beetles are normally associated with tree line habitats, their location suggests an altitudinal tree limit during the glacial period. Based on these lines of evidence, beech forest may have been more common in lower elevation areas of the Howard Valley during periods of glacial advance.
Sub-Antarctic island refugia
The many islands surrounding Antarctica may have played large roles in the survival of marine life during the LGM. With the extent of the ice sheet from the coasts of the Antarctic continent, only the most mobile of fauna were able to retreat north.
In the case of petrels and other flying seabirds, the ability to nest on nunataks may have allowed them the ability to stay on the continent during the glacial period and fly down to the edge of the ice for food. However, this was most likely not the case with colony forming species such as the Adélie penguin and the Antarctic elephant seal.
The Antarctic elephant seal was likely a resident of the Antarctic continent (Victoria Land) 7,500–8,000 years ago. However, an advance of ice 1000 years ago drove them away to the more northern Macquarie Island. With evidence of such a large migration route, Macquarie and other similar islands likely acted as refugia for elephant seals as well as other marine life during the LGM as they moved to areas unaffected by the ice.
An example of this is the Adélie penguin, which is widespread on the islands surrounding Antarctica. Genetic evidence suggests that the modern Adélie penguin has stemmed from two different lineages. This postulates two island refugia during the LGM.
Northern Hemisphere
Alexander Archipelago
The islands of the Alexander Archipelago make up a large part of Alaska’s panhandle. It is host to over 2000 islands, some with mountains exceeding 1000 meters in elevation. These higher peaks still support remnants of the ice age: snowfields and small glaciers. During the glacial period, glacier formation was accompanied by a lowering in the sea level, which likely helped expose the now submerged continental shelf. While the majority of the Archipelago was covered in ice, these outer coast areas where continental shelf was exposed were very likely coastal refugia for a variety of plants and animals. Examples of these spots include Baranof Island, which has a lack of glacial evidence on its southern end, suggesting lack of coverage during the LGM. Also, Coronation Island seems to have relatively minor glaciation. In support of possible refugia, a brown bear skeleton was found on Coronation dating back to 11630 years BP. This may show that there was a refugium nearby that this bear could have traveled from. It may also indicate that Coronation was a refugium that provided a food source for the bear.
On both of the outer islands, Baranof and Coronation, there are high levels of endemic mammalian species. This is true of Chichagof, Forrester, and Warren islands as well; all three of which help make up the furthest extent of the Alexander Archipelago. These regions of endemism have been interpreted as possible coastal refugia.
An example of this endemism is found when looking at brown bears in the Alexander Archipelago. These bears exhibit a lower genetic diversity than bears found inland. Additionally, genetic tests have shown them to be more closely related to present-day polar bears than mainland bears. This evidence suggests that they may have inhabited the Archipelago for at least 40,000 years, with habitable refugia existent throughout this time.
Another species that might have made use of refugia during this time is the Chum salmon. It appears that the different groups of salmon that spawn on the Prince of Wales Island are more similar to one another than they are to salmon elsewhere in SE Alaska. This has been interpreted as meaning that Prince of Wales Island is the source of present-day Chum salmon, whose Wisconsin Glaciation may have been spent living in streams on the exposed continental shelf.
There has also been possible evidence of flora in refugia. Analysis of pollen deposits on Pleasant Island, near Glacier Bay, dates the arrival of shore pine and mountain hemlock to about 11900 years ago. Because of the early arrival to the area, and also shared genetic information found almost exclusively in trees of this region, it is suggested that nearby coastal refugia were the source of this pollen.
The exposed continental shelf during the LGM seems to have played a big part in supplying glacier refugia. That being said, the extent of the exposure is not well known. The evidence needed to show the composition and scope of these once exposed shelves is now deep underwater. A lack of information is due in part to the remoteness of the outer coast in addition to a lack of sea-floor imagery.
Queen Charlotte Islands
A study of endemic ground-beetle population on the Queen Charlotte Islands has given possible evidence for refugia in this region. The ground-beetle, or Carabid beetle, is an insect found worldwide. These beetles are oftentimes conspicuous and abundant, making them easy to collect, prepare, and study. The majority of carabids are found in cool- to cold-temperate zones, and almost half of its 20,000 identified species have been found in Canada and Alaska alone.
There were three identified endemic species of carabid beetle found on the Queen Charlotte Islands. All three of these species were found to exhibit brachyptery, which is the reduction of the beetles’ wings. Brachyptery was found to occur in areas of long-term occupation such as refugia, where wing-reduction allowed for the redirection of energy for travel towards other uses such as reproduction. Another finding was that between these three endemic species, they had two preferred habitats: high alpine zones and rocky beaches. These three species would have been well suited to refugia during the LGM as the continental shelf was exposed and some mountain peaks stuck out from the top of the ice sheet.
Cypress Hills
The Cypress Hills in Southeastern Alberta and Southwestern Saskatchewan, are a collection of hills that rise above the surrounding prairies. During the Laurentide Glaciation the Cypress Hills were leaved ice free. The Cypress Hills Glacial Refugia was home a diversity of flora and fauna
Europe
During the LGM, many of the species of Europe retreated south, out of reach of the ice sheet and the colder climate. These southern refugia have been shown in looking at the pathways of the common European meadow grasshopper. Through analysis of the grasshoppers’ genome it was found that they had been divided into 5 different geographical regions: Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, and the Balkans.
Despite significant differences in the ecology of species, some general colonization patterns are observed which are often common to several species groups.
These colonization entailed successive bottlenecks phenomena that led to a loss of genetic diversity in northern populations.
Therefore, based on the data of numerous phylogeographic research, the high genetic diversity of populations of southern regions can often be an indication for positioning a Pleistocene refugium, while the geographical distributions of the northern populations are dictated by the colonization patterns of the refugia populations.
While these southern refugia have been found for many other species of flora and fauna, there may have been high altitude refugia on the coast of northern Norway.
One proposed refugium is on the island of Andøya in Norway. Pollen and chloroplast DNA of spruce and pine, found in the sedimentary deposits on this island, were dated to about 22,000 years BP for the spruce and about 17,700 years BP for the pine. This would put the pine in this region at a time when the ice sheet was just beginning to retreat, and would place the spruce in the area shortly after. When comparing this information to the geographical and climatic history of this region, the data seems questionable.
As the ice retreated about 22,000 years ago, it resulted in the submergence of large parts of the coastline in water. The study site in Andøya was underwater until about 18,000 years BP, making habitation of spruce unlikely. Furthermore, this regions present climate does not support spruce and is not ideal for pine. Because this region was likely harsher during the glacial period, it is doubtful that an already ill-equipped species would have been able to establish let alone survive. A possible explanation for the debatable dates obtained from the pollen and chloroplast samples is measurement device contamination.
References
Ice ages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Antonio%20Cano%20Cardona
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Francisco Antonio Cano Cardona
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Francisco Antonio Cano (November 24, 1865 - May 10, 1935) was a very recognized Colombian painter, sculptor, writer, and engraver from Antioquia, who is famous for his works in which he portrays the cultural identity of the country and region. One of his best known works is Horizons, which depicts the beginning of the colonization of Antioquia (1913) that took place during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was a professor and director of the School of Fine Arts in Medellín and in Bogotá. And also a mentor of other famous Colombian artists, such as Pedro Nel Gómez, Sergio Trujillo Magnenat and Marco Tobón Mejía.
Biography
Cano was born in the town of Yarumal, Colombia, on November 24, 1865, to a poor family. He was son to José María Cano Álvarez and María Jesús Cardona y Villegas. He had a brother named José Ignacio.
He submitted drawings and vignettes for the newspaper Yarumal Annals of the Club. He received painting classes by Angel Maria Palomino and with Horacio Rodríguez Marino, he learned drawing techniques. He also took part in various important art exhibitions.
In 1896, he married María Sanín.
From 1898 to 1901, he received a scholarship to study in France, where he attended courses in Fine Arts at the Académie Julian and by Claude Monet. When he returned to Colombia, he opened his own workshop.
He was director and professor of the School of Fine Arts in Medellín and Bogotá, and a member of the Colombian Academy of Arts.
He is the great-uncle of the painter Fernando Granda Cano.
He died in Bogotá on May 10, 1935.
Works
Among his principal oils and watercolors are: The study of the painter, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, Pedro Justo Berrío, Marcelino Vélez, The Apostle Paul, Mariano Montoya, Earthenware, Rafael Nunez, Still life of roses, Cristo del Perdon, Source of the observatory, Efe Gómez, the Girl of the Roses, The baptism of Christ, Horizons, The Virgin of the Lilies, Don Fidel Cano, Francisco Javier Cisneros, The voluptuousness of the sea, and Carolina Cárdenas portraits, among others.
For the Church of San José, Cano created the fountain in the courtyard and the gilded altarpiece named Baptism of Jesus.
Horizons
This oil painting is considered Cano's masterpiece. Horizons epitomizes the idealized migrant family. It portrays a young, fair-skinned colono family — consisting of a husband, wife, and child — sitting on a bluff, surrounded by mountains. The three members of the family are likened to the Holy family, with the woman dressed in blue and white like the Virgin Mary, with a baby on her lap. The gaze of the wife, child, and father are in the direction of the man's outstretched hand, which evokes Michelangelo's Creation of Adam, and that points toward an unseen, distant horizon.
His work has been copied and parodied several times by other artists and alumni. The original of Horizons is currently housed in the Museum of Antioquia.
Gallery
References
External links
Biography from Luis Angel Arango Library (in Spanish)
(es) banrepcultural.org, El pintor Francisco A. Cano: nacimiento de la academia de Antioquia
(es)banrepcultural.or, Francisco Antonio Cano ,La voluptuosidad del mar (1924)
1865 births
1935 deaths
Colombian artists
Académie Julian alumni
Colombian painters
Colombian male painters
Colombian sculptors
19th-century engravers
20th-century engravers
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41052291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20Sinhu%C3%A9%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Vallejo
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Diego Sinhué Rodríguez Vallejo
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Diego Sinhué Rodríguez Vallejo (born 15 November 1980) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party (PAN) who is currently the governor of Guanajuato. He previously represented his state as a federal deputy in the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress.
Life
Sinhué was born in León and received his law degree from the in that city in 2003. He became a PAN member in 2005, sitting on its municipal youth committee and becoming the head of training in the state's third district. In 2006, he was elected as a regidor on León's city council, and in 2010, he was elected to the Guanajuato state congress, serving two years and presiding over the Urban Development and Public Works Commission.
In 2012, voters in Guanajuato's fifth federal electoral district, which includes portions of León, sent Sinhué to the Chamber of Deputies for the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress. He was a secretary on the Budget and Public Account Commission and also sat on those dealing with Foreign Relations and Housing; during this time, he obtained a master's degree in public administration from the Universidad de Guanajuato. On February 17, 2015, Sinhué permanently took leave from the Chamber of Deputies and was tapped by Governor Miguel Márquez Márquez to become the Guanajuato state secretary of social and human development. He left the post on July 31, 2017, announcing his intention to run for the PAN nomination for Governor of Guanajuato.
In the 2018 Guanajuato gubernatorial campaign, Sinhué was nominated by the Por Guanajuato al Frente coalition, consisting of the PAN, PRD and Movimiento Ciudadano; he was the only PAN candidate. Exit polls on election night showed Sinhué with a double-digit lead over Ricardo Sheffield, who ran as the Juntos Haremos Historia candidate.
References
1980 births
Living people
Politicians from Guanajuato
People from León, Guanajuato
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Guanajuato
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Governors of Guanajuato
Deputies of the LXII Legislature of Mexico
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41052329
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriye%20Ho%C5%9Fg%C3%B6r
|
Bedriye Hoşgör
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Bedriye Hoşgör (1889 Ottoman Empire – 1968, Turkey) was a Turkish composer.
Hoşgör was influenced by the tekke music tradition as a child growing up in Konya. After she and her family moved to Istanbul, Hoşgör took oud lessons from Enderunlu İsmet Efendi and Udi Afet and usul lessons from Halit Bey, a muezzin at the palace. Hoşgör also worked with Tanburi Cemil Bey whom she had met at a social gathering. Cemil Bey encouraged Hoşgör to enroll in the “Darülbedayî-i Musik-î Osmanî” school where she greatly expanded her knowledge of music. Hoşgör also worked with Udi Nevres Bey.
See also
List of composers of classical Turkish music
References
Composers of Ottoman classical music
Composers of Turkish makam music
1889 births
1968 deaths
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41052371
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baye%20Kola%2C%20Savadkuh
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Baye Kola, Savadkuh
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Baye Kola (, also Romanized as Bāye‘ Kolā; also known as Bā’ī Kolā, Bāy Kalā, and Bāy Kolā) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 55, in 18 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052372
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala%20Do%20Ab
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Bala Do Ab
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Bala Do Ab (, also Romanized as Bālā Do Āb; also known as Do Āb, Dow Āb, Duab, Lā Do Āb, and Rovāt Sar) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 104, in 31 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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41052376
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deh%20Mian%2C%20Mazandaran
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Deh Mian, Mazandaran
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Deh Mian (, also Romanized as Deh Mīān and Deh Meyān; also known as Deh-e Manān) is a village in Rastupey Rural District, in the Central District of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 156, in 39 families.
References
Populated places in Savadkuh County
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