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# Samford Hall
**William J. Samford Hall** is a structure on the campus of Auburn University in Auburn, Alabama. It is an icon of Auburn University and houses the school\'s administration. The building is named for William J. Samford, the Governor of Alabama from 1900 to 1901.
## History
When Auburn University (as East Alabama Male College) opened in 1859, classes were held in a structure named \"Old Main\" on the current site of Samford Hall. On June 24, 1887, Old Main was destroyed by fire. The following year, Samford Hall (then simply known as the \"Main Building\") was constructed, using, in part, bricks salvaged from the ruins of Old Main. The design of Samford Hall roughly mirrored that of Old Main, except that Samford Hall had two main entrances instead of Old Main\'s one, and on Samford one of the two flanking towers was considerably taller and was constructed to contain a clock. In 1889, a clockworks and bell were added to the taller tower.
Through the late 19th century, Samford Hall was the college\'s main classroom building and contained the library. In May 1929, the building was officially named for William J. Samford. In 1941, the tower\'s mechanical clock was converted to run on electricity, and in 1977, a carillon was added. Samford Hall underwent major renovations in 1971, and the original clockworks were replaced in 1995. Today, Samford Hall houses the school\'s administration, accounting, planning, and public relations offices.
## Clock tower {#clock_tower}
Samford Hall\'s clock tower is the most recognized part of the building. The original clockworks were built by the Seth Thomas Clock Company of Thomaston, Connecticut. These clockworks were replaced in 1995 by a clock and electronic carillon made by the [Verdin Company](http://www.verdin.com/) of Cincinnati, Ohio. A portion of the original clockworks and an original clockface are on display in the reception area of Samford Hall. The Samford Hall carillon plays the Westminster Chimes on the quarter-hour, and plays the Auburn University fight song, \"War Eagle\", a few seconds after 12:00 noon.
According to a University legend, students once led a cow up the tower stairs as a prank.
## Historic District {#historic_district}
Samford Hall is part of the Auburn University Historic District
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# HMS Viking (1909)
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# HMS Viking
Two ships of the Royal Navy have been named **HMS *Viking***, after the Vikings, whilst another *Viking* was in service with the Royal New Zealand Navy:
- was a `{{sclass2|Tribal|destroyer|||1905}}`{=mediawiki} launched in 1909 and sold for scrap in 1919. She was the only six-funnelled vessel to serve in the Royal Navy.
- was a V-class submarine launched in 1943. She was transferred to the Royal Norwegian Navy in 1946 and renamed `{{HNoMS|Utvær}}`{=mediawiki}. She was sold in 1964
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# HMS Crusader (1909)
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# Mac Allen
**Macdonald Allen** (born June 7, 1985) is a lacrosse player for the Colorado Mammoth in the National Lacrosse League and formerly of the Hamilton Nationals of Major League Lacrosse. Allen was a member of the Edmonton Rush from 2007 to 2008 and the Rochester Knighthawks from 2009 to 2010. He was traded along with superstar John Grant, Jr. to Colorado for goaltender Matt Vinc.
Allen and Grant were both named to the 2011 NLL All-Star team.
After three years in Colorado, Allen was signed to an offer sheet by the Rochester Knighthawks prior to the 2014 season.
He played Junior A lacrosse from 2004 to 2006 with the Toronto Beaches of the Ontario Lacrosse Association. Allen played for four years for the Bishop\'s Gaiters in the CUFLA from 2003 to 2006.
Allen is currently a lawyer and practises general civil and commercial litigation at WeirFoulds LLP in Toronto
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# Peter Searcy
**Peter Searcy** (born `{{birth based on age as of date|39|2007|5|23|noage=0}}`{=mediawiki}) is an American musician.
## Biography
Spin Magazine, Scott Irwin, and Amanda Green have compared Searcy\'s straightforward songwriting style and voice to those of Paul Westerberg. Like Paul Westerberg of the Replacements, Searcy is a veteran of the hardcore scene. Searcy was the frontman of the Louisville hardcore punk group Squirrel Bait in the 1980s. After Squirrel Bait disbanded, Searcy (along with Squirrel Bait drummer Ben Daughtrey) formed a funk-rock group called Fanci Pantz. Fanci Pantz garnered a lot of praise and major label attention, but they broke up before they could record an album. After the demise of Fanci Pantz, Searcy joined Big Wheel Big Wheel in 1989, which released three albums (two on Mammoth Records) before breaking up in 1993. His next band, Starbilly, released only one album, after which Searcy began performing solo. He released one album, produced by Tim Patalan entitled, \"Could You Please and Thank You,\" on Time Bomb Recordings in 2000. Its style has been compared to that of Counting Crows and The Wallflowers. The album was followed by a self-released EP and a second full-length album on Initial Records in 2004, followed by *Spark*, now on Label X & Toucan Cove Entertainment.
Outside of music, Searcy is a licensed real estate agent
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# HMS Mohawk (1907)
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# Williston, South Africa
**Williston** is a town in Northern Cape, South Africa. Town 103 km north-east of Calvinia and 140 km south-west of Carnarvon.
## History
Williston was originally known as Amandelboom (*Afrikaans* \"almond tree\") as a large almond tree stood as the focal point of the town by the Sak River. The tree had been planted in 1768 by Johan Abraham Nel, a farmer and owner of the land that was to become the town, to commemorate the birth of one of his sons. In the early 19th century, the district was populated by pastoralists who constantly moved their livestock between springs in search of fresh grazing areas. These pastoralists were derogatorily referred to as \'Basters\' as the pastoralists were of mixed race and descendants of the Khoi and Dutch. In 1845, the community requested that the Rhenish Church, which had a mission station in Wuppertal, establish another mission station in Williston. Two missionaries were sent to Williston to assist the community with their spiritual needs. By 1845 a Rhenish mission station was established in the area by Johann Heinrich Lutz.
In the 1860s a population of white nomadic farmers moved into the area. The arrival of the new farmers precipitated the movement of many mixed race community members out of Williston. The mixed race population migrated north across Bushmanland and crossed the Orange River into Namibia to the town of Rohoboth.
Williston grew into a town around the mission station and it was declared a municipality in 1881. The town was formally renamed Williston in 1919 after the British Colonial Secretary of the Cape Colony, Colonel Hampden Willis. The town became an official district in 1926 and the area became known for its sheep farming, which continues to this day. The town often experience droughts and water shortages. A local clergyman, Reverend S Kuhn, used dynamite to blow up the towns central spring near the Sak River in an attempt to increase the flow of water. Unfortunately, all that Reverend Kuhn succeeded in doing was destroying the historic almond tree.
## Buildings
### Dutch Reformed Church {#dutch_reformed_church}
The first Dutch Reformed Church in Williston was built in 1878 while the town was still named \'Amandelboom\'. The stone Dutch Reformed Church in the centre of the town was completed in 1912. A primary school teacher, Mr J.H. Swart, who lived in Williston during the 1930s, engaged in a large tree planting project with his students. The tree-lined roads in Williston that remain are evidence of this planting project.
### Corbelled Houses {#corbelled_houses}
These houses were originally built by pioneer farmers in Williston, Fraserburg and Carnarvon between 1811 and 1815. The Corbel House is regarded as the first architectural style in the northwest Karoo. *Corbelled* describes the manner in which stones are stacked in the construction of these buildings. The farmers used flat stones, which are common in the area, to build the homes. The floors were made of sand which had been mixed with animal fat and blood. The floor was then polished with a flat stone.
## Attractions
The Williston Winter Festival is an annual regional festival which takes place at the end of winter in September. It celebrates local dance, song and storytelling. Nama Riel dancers perform an ancient celebratory dance in the courtyard of the Williston Mall where the festival is held. The town also offers a Tombstone Route out of Williston which follows the work of Cornelius, a master-carver who engraved gravestones for the people of the Upper Karoo
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# HMS Maori (1909)
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# Monarch Books
**Monarch Books** was an American publishing firm in the late 1950s/early 1960s which specialised in pulp novels. Some of these, like *Jack the Ripper* (1960), were movie tie-ins.
## Published novels {#published_novels}
- *101 - Dark Hunger* by Don James (1958)
- *102 - Winter Range* by Alan Leman (1958) (Ⓒ 1932)
- *105 - Shadow of the Mafia* by Louis Malley (1958)
- *107 - Wild to Possess* by Gil Brewer (1959)
- *115 - Madigan\'s women* by John Conway (1959)
- *123 - Beyond our Pleasure* by James Kendricks (1959)
- *125 - Nikki* by Stuart Friedman (1960)
- *131 - The Darkness of Love* by Harry Olive (1960)
- *133 - The Flesh Peddlers* by Frank Boyd (1960)
- *134 - Fury in the Heart* by W. T. Ballard (1959)
- *136 - Not For A Curse* by Karl Kramer (1959)
- *137 - Jailbait Street* by Hal Ellson (1960)
- *140 - The Glory Jumpers* by Delano Stagg (1960)
- *143 - Jack the Ripper* by Stuart James (1960) -- tie-in with the 1959 film of the same name
- *146 - A Girl Named Tamiko* by Ronald Kirkbride (1960)
- *147 - Like Ice She Was* by William Ard (1960)
- *149 - The Flesh and the Flame* by Robert Carse (1960)
- *152 - The Sins of Billy Serene* by William Ard (1960)
- *153 - Frisco Flat* by Stuart James (1960)
- *173 - The Satyr* by James McKimmey, Jr (1960)
- *184 - The Lovers of Pompeii* by Theodore Pratt (1960)
- *187 - Appointment in Hell* by Gil Brewer
- *196 - Lament for Julie* by Robert Colby (1961)
- *199 - Brother and sister* by Edwin West pseud. Donald Westlake (1961)
- *201 - The Fly Girls* by Stuart Friedman (1960)
- *202 - Debbie* by Paul Daniels (1960)
- *206 - By Passion Obsessed* by V.J. Coberly (1961)
- *207 - The Strange Ways of Love* by Clayton Matthews (1961)
- *212 - Beyond All Desire* by Tom Phillips (1961)
- *221 - My father\'s wife* by Jay Carr, pseud. James P Duff (1961)
- *241 - Rasputin: the Mad Monk* by Stuart Friedman (1959) -- tie-in with the film of the same name
- *252 - The Space Egg* by Russ Winterbotham (1962)
- *253 - The Promiscuous Doll* by Clayton Matthews (1962)
- *258 - Hollywood Starlet* by Don James (1962)
- *262 - Tropic of Cleo* by Rick Holmes (1962)
- *267 - More about Marmaduke* by Brad Anderson, Phil Leeming (1962)
- *269 - Give Me This Woman* by William Ard (1962)
- *275 - Save her for Loving* by William Johnston (1962)
- *293 - Women of evil* by Wenzell Brown (1963)
- *299 - Ruby* by Paul Daniels (1963)
- *300 - King of the Harem Heaven* by Anthony Sterling (1960)
- *304 - The Wicked, Wicked Women* by James Kendricks
- *331 - Nude Running* by Clayton Matthews (1963)
- *333 - The Texas Rangers* by John Conway
- *339 - G. I. Girls* by John Jakes (1963)
- *343 - Dark Hunger* by Don James (1963)
- *361 - By Her Own hand* by Frank Bonham (1963)
- *362 - Rest in Agony* by Ivar Jorgensen (1963)
- *364 - Wild to Possess, 2nd Printing* by Gil Brewer
- *377 - Nikki Revisited* by Stuart Friedman (1963)
- *385 - My Neighbor\'s Wife* by Sam Webster (1963)
- *387 - Company Girl* by Nicholas Gorham (1963)
- *389 - Occasion of Sin* by Robert William Taylor (1963)
- *394 - Pattern for Destruction* by Paul Daniels
- *395 - The Violent Lady* by Michael E. Knerr (1963)
- *397 - 21 Sunset Drive* by Henry Ellsworth (1964)
- *403 - Sherry* by Wenzell Brown (1964)
- *405 - The Jet Set* by Mack Reynolds (1964)
- *412 - November Reef* by Robert Maugham (1964)
- *413 - End of a Diplomat* by Ronald Simpson (1964)
- *416 - In Savage Surrender* by Whitman Chambers (1964)
- *420 - Louisa* by Eric Allen (1964)
- *422 - Jealous* by Paul Daniels
- *431 - Planet Big Zero* by Franklin Hadley (1960)
- *444 - Play it Hard* by Gil Brewer (1969)
- *445 - The Way we Love* by Stuart Friedman (1964)
- *454 - New Doctor at Tower General* by John J. Miller (1964)
- *465 - Hard Man from Texas* by John Conway/Jack Thurston (1964)
- *468 Eve\'s Apple* by Ronald Simpson (1961)
- *483 - The Girl from Big Pine* by Talmage Powell (1964)
- *486 - The Damned and the Innocent* by Glenn Canary (1964)
- *488 - Lament for Judy* by Robert Colby (1964)
- *498 - She\'ll Get Hers* by John Plunkett (1965)
- *524 - Unwed Mothers* by Henry S. Galus (1962)
- *560 - The Man from Gunsight* by William Chamberlain (1965)
- *MM601 - The Stranglers of Bombay* by Stuart James (1960) -- tie-in with the 1959 film of the same name
- *MM602 - The Brides of Dracula* by Dean Owen (1960) -- tie-in with the 1960 film of the same name
- *MM603 - Gorgo* by Carson Bingham (1960) -- tie-in with the film of the same name
- *MM604 - Konga* by Dean Owen (1960) -- tie-in with the film of the same name
- *MM605 - Reptilicus* by Dean Owen (1961) -- tie-in with the 1961 film of the same name
- *MM606 - The Street is My Beat* by Carson Bingham (1961) -- tie-in with the film of the same name
- *MM607 - Mad Dog Coll* by Steve Thurman (1961) -- tie-in with the 1961 film of the same name
- *MS1 - Fidel Castro Assassinated* by Lee Duncan (1961)
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# Monarch Books
## Published Nonfiction {#published_nonfiction}
- *435 - For every young heart: America\'s most popular singing idol talks to teenagers about growing up* by Connie Francis
- *479 - Encyclopedia of the World\'s Great Events: 1964* (1965)
- *494 - Undertow* by Helen Parkhurst (1965)
- *K66 - Robert F. Kennedy, Assistant President* by Gary Gordon, pseud. (1962)
- *MA328 - Admiral \"Bull\" Halsey* by Jack Pearl (1962)
- *MA333 - The Texas Rangers* by John Conway (1963)
- *MB512 - Folk and Modern Medicine* by Don James (1961)
- *MB524 - Unwed Mothers* by Henry S. Galus (1962)
- *MB528 - Medical problems of women* by Martin James (1962)
- *MB530 - Virgin Wives* by L T Woodward (1962)
- *MB535 -The Sexually Promiscuous Female* by Benjamin Morse, pseud. (1963)
- *MB537 - The Sexually Promiscuous Male* by Benjamin Morse, pseud. (1963)
- *ML20 - Monarch Italian Phonetic Dictionary* by Joseph Castelli (1961)
- *MM543 - The Lesbian* by Benjamin Morse (1961)
- *MS2 - The Berlin Crisis* by Deane & David Heller (1961)
- *MS4 - The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire* by Gary Gordon (pseud of I.G. Edmonds) (1962)
- *MS5 - Planned Parenthood* by Henry De Forrest (1962)
- *MS6 - The Naked Rise of Communism* by Frank L Kluckhorn
- *MS7 - Forget about Calories* by Leland H O\'Brian (1962)
- *MS8 - The Cold War* by Deane and David Heller (1962)
- *MS9 - A Gallery of the Saints* by Randall Garrett (1963)
- *MS10 - The History of Surgery* by L.T. Woodward, pseud. (1963)
- *MS11 - The Red Carpet* by Ezra Taft Benson (1963)
- *MS12 - The Kennedy Recession* by Merryle Stanley Rukeyser (1963)
- *MS13 - How to Stay Young and Beautiful* by Jan Michael (1963)
- *MS53 - America: Listen!* by Frank L. Kluckhohn (1961)
- *MS53A - America: Listen!* by Frank L
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# HMS Cossack (1907)
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# HMS Amazon (1908)
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# Never Call Retreat
***Never Call Retreat: Lee and Grant: The Final Victory*** is the conclusion of an alternate history trilogy by former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Newt Gingrich, William R. Forstchen, and Albert S. Hanser. It was published in 2005 by Thomas Dunne Books. The other two books are *Grant Comes East* and *Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War*. The novel is illustrated with actual photographs of the Civil War, taken somewhat out of context.
## Plot
General Lee\'s army has defeated the Army of the Potomac at Gunpowder River. General Grant, having transported his army from the west and refitting it in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, makes the first move. As the newly minted Army of the Susquehanna, his troops match southward down the Cumberland Valley toward Virginia. General George Armstrong Custer learns of Lee\'s movement of the pontoon train from a loyal Union railroad man. Custer decides it is an important enough prize that he must abandon his current mission, leaving General Darius N. Couch without proper screening forces.
The novel goes into extensive detail regarding battle plans, troop movements, and military strategies over a period of three days. In the end, Grant wins, but barely. After Lee\'s surrender, Grant paroles Lee and his army, and declares a 30-day, unilateral truce, ostensibly to give the paroled Confederates time to return home, but more so to give Confederate President Jefferson Davis time to \"come to his senses\" and realize the war has been lost. Without an army, Davis is left with no choice but to surrender, ending the war.
## Reception
*Kirkus Reviews* said that this novel was \"reasonably well-written and plausible, with excellent period photographs as a bonus. Still, there\'s so much good Civil War history to read that this what-if exercise seems more than a touch unnecessary.\" Brad Hooper in his review for *Booklist* said that \"as in the previous volumes in the trilogy, the authors\' research is impeccable, and their presentation brings events down to a personal level, and, as in any good alternative vision of history, the reader is left believing it could really have happened this way.\"
## Historical figures {#historical_figures}
- Judah Benjamin, Confederate secretary of state
- George Armstrong Custer, U.S. general
- Jefferson Davis, Confederate president
- Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general
- Winfield Scott Hancock, U.S. general
- Robert E. Lee, Confederate general
- Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president
- James Longstreet, Confederate general
- James B. McPherson, U.S. general
- Phillip Sheridan, U.S. general
- George Sykes, U.S. general
- Elihu B. Washburne, U.S. congressman
- Henry Jackson Hunt, U.S. chief of artillery
- Ely S. Parker, U. S. colonel, aide to General Grant
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# Bernie Whitebear
**Bernie Whitebear** (September 27, 1937 -- July 16, 2000), birth name **Bernard Reyes**, was an American Indian activist in Seattle, Washington, a co-founder of the Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB), the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation, and the Daybreak Star Cultural Center, established on 20 acres of land acquired for urban Indians in the city.
## Youth
He was born Bernard Reyes to Mary Christian (Sin Aikst, now known as Lakes tribe, one of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation) and Julian Reyes, a Filipino who largely assimilated to an Indian way of life. Born in the Colville Indian Hospital in Nespelem, Washington, the young Reyes was named \"Bernard\" after a great-uncle (brother of his maternal grandmother), Chief James Bernard, a Sin Aikst leader in the early 20th century. Around 1970, as Reyes became an activist, he changed his name to honor his mother\'s father, Alex Christian, known as *Pic Ah Kelowna* (White Grizzly Bear).
His early childhood was spent largely on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington. His parents separated in 1939 and subsequently divorced; his mother would later marry Harry Wong, with whom she and Bernie\'s father had run a Chinese restaurant in 1935--1937, during the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam. While his older brother Lawney Reyes and sister Luana Reyes went away to attend boarding school, Chemawa Indian School in 1940--1942, Bernard was too young to do so. He lived with foster grandparents, the Halls.
For the rest of his childhood and youth, Reyes lived with his father, variously on the Colville Reservation and in Okanogan, Washington, where he graduated from high school in 1955. Being from a musically inclined family, Reyes took up the trumpet. He eventually advanced to lead trumpet of the Okanogan High School band. He was popular in his otherwise all-white high school, although some of his classmates\' parents didn\'t approve of them socializing with (or, especially, dating) an Indian.
After attending one year of classes at the University of Washington, Reyes lived with his mother in Tacoma, Washington for about a year. There he first met, and fished with, Bob Satiacum, another Native American. Drift netting for salmon in Tacoma\'s Commencement Bay and the rivers that fed into it, they were repeatedly harassed by white sport fishermen and the Coast Guard. In September 1957 Reyes enlisted in the United States Army, where he served in the 101st Airborne Division as a Green Beret paratrooper.
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# Bernie Whitebear
## Forging a contemporary Indian identity {#forging_a_contemporary_indian_identity}
After leaving the army in 1959 and returning to the Seattle-Tacoma area of Washington State, Reyes took a job at Boeing, the major employer, and remained in the Army Reserve. He soon changed his name to \"Bernie Whitebear\" and renewed his friendship with Satiacum and others who were fighting for native fishing rights on the Puyallup River and elsewhere in Western Washington. They had these rights affirmed in the United States Supreme Court ruling known as the Boldt Decision (1974), which made the Washington\'s tribes co-managers of the state\'s fisheries.
Through the fishing rights struggle, Whitebear developed a deeper sense of historic conflicts between Indians and the white population than he had attained growing up around Okanogan. During this period, the struggle over the rights to fish for salmon occasionally reached the level of physical violence. Satiacum was prominent among those who continually upped the ante, deliberately netting fish in places where he knew it would provoke anger from sports fishermen. According to his brother and biographer Lawney Reyes, Whitebear, Satiacum, and a few other of their friends \"spent a lot of time together partying and drinking\" and styled themselves as a \"fraternal organization\" called the \"Skins\", with three Tacoma taverns as their \"lodges\". \"When the Skins gathered,\" Reyes wrote, \"others gave them a wide berth.\" According to the older Lawney Reyes, through this period, Whitebear was \"learning much about the problems of urban Indians\" and developing an anger that he would soon put to constructive use. Through the early 1960s, Whitebear began searching for a way to change the dominant American culture\'s perception of Indians. He also wanted to support the recovery and retention of culture that was becoming lost as Indians adapted to a changing world and sometimes lost specific tribal knowledge and traditions.
In the summer of 1961, along with his various family members, Whitebear raised opposition to a federal government proposal to \"terminate\" the relationship of the federally recognized Colville Reservation. Under the termination program, the government proposed to pay US\$60,000 to each tribal member to relinquish their rights as American Indians. The reservation would be disbanded and the tribal members essentially assimilated to majority culture.
## Pow wows and performances {#pow_wows_and_performances}
As early as 1961, Whitebear organized a pow-wow at Seattle\'s Masonic Temple; in 1966 he moved to the city. Throughout this period, he retained his job at Boeing (and even played Sitting Bull in a Boeing employees\' production of *Annie Get Your Gun.*) He also became involved with young Indians in learning the songs and dances of the Plateau Indians (including the Colville), and those of the Plains, as well as more about specific tribes. Whitebear tracked down Indians knowledgeable in these various traditions, and he taught himself many of the traditional songs and dances of Native cultures.
In 1968, Whitebear put together a Native American dance group to tour Southeastern Europe along with the Balkan-style Koleda Dance Ensemble. They later made a second trip, performing in France and Germany. According to his brother Reyes, Whitebear\'s experiences in Europe helped him \"realize his calling in life\", to \"make Indians more visible to white people\" and to help \"the various tribes... forge a united front.\"
After returning home, Whitebear organized a series of pow wows larger than any that Seattle had ever seen, to take place at the Mercer Arena at Seattle Center. He brought together some of the leading singers, dancers, and drummers of Plateau and Plains traditions, as well as of the regional Northwest Coast Indians.
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# Bernie Whitebear
## Activist and leader {#activist_and_leader}
During this same period, Whitebear became particularly interested in health issues among Seattle\'s Indians. At this time, Seattle\'s estimated 25,000 urban Indians had \"no health services, no organization, no money and no meeting place except an old church on Boren Avenue\". Alaskan Native Bob Lupson had helped to organize a free clinic for Indian People at Seattle\'s Public Health Hospital (later the Pacific Medical Center); other key figures in the clinic were Lyle Griffith, an Oglala Sioux who was then a medical resident at the University of Washington, and his wife Donna Griffith, and later New Yorkers Peter and Hinda Schnurman, Jill Marsden from England, and pharmacist Eveline Takahashi.
Whitebear left Boeing to help operate the clinic. In 1969 it established itself as a separate non-profit, the Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB). In 1970, Whitebear became the group\'s first executive director. Lawney Reyes characterizes the SIHB as \"the first major achievement for the Indian community in Seattle,\" and said that his brother became executive director not because he knew anything in particular about healthcare but \"because he was Indian and well spoken.\" Jill Marsden increasingly acted as the true administrator of the group. After about a year Whitebear resigned, in order to focus on acquiring a land base for Seattle\'s urban Indians.
After a national search, Luana Reyes, Whitebear\'s sister, was hired as executive director after a business career in San Francisco. Over the next decade, she developed SIHB as a 200-employee institution recognized as a national model. She was later appointed as the deputy director of the federal Indian Health Service (a political appointee position).
Shortly after this, Whitebear became deeply involved in a movement for Seattle Indians to acquire a share of the land to be declared surplus at Fort Lawton, as the government downsized this army post. The group was influenced by the Indians of All Tribes (IAT), a mostly student group of activists who had occupied Alcatraz Island, site of a federal prison, in San Francisco Bay. Initially, the Seattle movement called themselves *Kinatechitapi*, Blackfoot for \"All Indians\". Their first efforts to open discussions with the City of Seattle in advance of the turnover of the land failed. The City said it would not open discussions until it acquired the land, and referred them to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). As Whitebear later wrote, \"This action displayed their ignorance of both the BIA\'s restricted service policy, which excluded urban Indians, and also the disregard and disfavor urban Indians held for the BIA.\"
The Kinatechitapi split between a faction that called for direct action and one that preferred to wait until the land was in city hands and then attempt negotiation. Prominent among those who preferred to wait was Pearl Warren, founder of the American Indian Women\'s Service League, who was concerned that a militant attitude would undercut the existing city-funded services. It was peaceably agreed that those who wished to take more extreme action would not use the name \"Kinatechitapi\", but the resulting tensions led to Warren losing the next election for the Service League presidency to Joyce Reyes.
The more militant faction soon adopted the name \"American Indian Fort Lawton Occupation Forces\". Some of the Indians of All Tribes came in from Alcatraz, including Richard Oakes, leader of that action; other activists came from Canada. A plan was formed to invade the base. Another arrival was Grace Thorpe, daughter of athlete Jim Thorpe. Meanwhile, ongoing protests around nearby Fort Lewis, including by American Indian soldiers, were tying native rights to opposition to the Vietnam War. At the behest of the Fort Lewis coalition, Jane Fonda was in town when the invasion took place. According to Whitebear, her presence \"captured the imagination of the world press. American Indians were attacking active military forts along with one of the nation\'s leading opponents of United States involvement in the Vietnam War.\" Her presence transformed \"an effort to secure a land base for urban Indians\" into \"a bizarre, ready-for-prime-time, movie scenario, complete with soldiers, modern-day Indians, and anti-war activists. Without really appreciating it at the time, the Indian movement had achieved, through Jane Fonda\'s presence, a long-sought credibility which would not have been possible otherwise.\"
On March 8, 1970, Whitebear was among the leaders of about 100 \"Native Americans and sympathizers\" who confronted military police in riot gear at the fort. The MPs ejected them from the fort, but they were able to establish an encampment outside the fort. Organizing as the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation (UIATF), they used tactics ranging from politicking to occupation of land to celebrity appearances. Some of the key politicking came at the federal level: UIATF, like the city, filed to directly acquire land that the federal government was releasing, and the federal government ultimately insisted that the two come up with a joint plan. Negotiations, confrontation and even a Congressional intervention combined in November 1971 to give them a 99-year lease on 20 acres (81,000 m^2^) in what would become Seattle\'s Discovery Park, with options for renewal without renegotiation. In addition, the City gave \$600,000 to the American Indian Women\'s Service League for a social services center.
Whitebear was soon elected CEO of the UIATF. At UIATF, he successfully oversaw fundraising (including a million dollar grant from the state) and construction for what would become the Daybreak Star Cultural Center. His brother Lawney Reyes, a sculptor and designer --- joined with architects Arai Jackson to design the facility, which opened in 1977. Reyes later became a curator of art and author, writing a personal memoir and a biography of his brother (*Bernie Whitebear: An Urban Indian\'s Quest for Justice*, 2006).
Along with Bob Santos, Roberto Maestas, and Larry Gossett, Whitebear became one of Seattle\'s so-called \"Gang of Four\" or \"Four Amigos\" who founded Seattle\'s Minority Executive Directors\'s Coalition. He continued to build the UIATF as an institution, with programs ranging from the La-ba-te-yah youth home in the Crown Hill neighborhood to the Sacred Circle Art Gallery at Daybreak Star. The center also operated a pre-school, family support programs, and sponsored a large annual pow-wow every July. It supports a \"social-service agency with more than 100 staffers, an annual budget of \$4 million, and eight federally funded programs serving Indians - infants to elderly.\" In addition, UIATF has acquired other land in Seattle outside Daybreak Star, including a quarter-block downtown at Second and Cherry.
In the same era when Daybreak Star was being constructed, Whitebear served on the Seattle Arts Commission. In 1995, he was appointed to the board of the National Museum of the American Indian, and was involved in the planning for the new museum that opened September 21, 2004 on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
Whitebear died of colon cancer, July 16, 2000.
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# Bernie Whitebear
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Whitebear married Jessica King. He had six children. Marilyn Sieber of the Nit Nat tribe was his \"constant companion\" for more than a decade in the 1970s and \'80s, and the two were at one point engaged. He acted like a parent to \"every Indian kid in Seattle\", according to his brother. He gave away most money that came his way to those he considered needier, sometimes borrowing money from his siblings to do so.
## Legacy and honors {#legacy_and_honors}
- In 1997 Washington governor Gary Locke declared Whitebear to be the state\'s first \"Citizen of the Decade.\" After Whitebear\'s death he said Whitebear should have been designated as citizen \"of the Century\". Activist and author Vine Deloria, Jr. called him the most important Indian of the last century.
- In 2000 Whitebear\'s death was front-page news in the *Seattle Times* and *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. The *Times* ran front-page stories on him for two successive days.
- The Bernie Whitebear Memorial Ethnobotanical Garden was established in his honor next to the Daybreak Star Cultural Center.
- Lawney Reyes memorialized Whitebear and his sister Luana in the public sculpture *Dreamcatcher,* at the corner of Yesler Way and 32nd Street in Seattle.
- The eleventh floor of King County\'s Chinook Building, completed in 2008 at Fifth and Jefferson, was named in his honor
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# HMS Saracen (1908)
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``
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# What We Do
***What We Do*** is a studio album by jazz guitarist John Scofield, the second to be released as the John Scofield Quartet. It was recorded in May 1992 and released the following year on Blue Note. The quartet features saxophonist Joe Lovano, bassist Dennis Irwin (replacing Marc Johnson) and drummer Bill Stewart. Irwin had previously recorded with Scofield on the Bennie Wallace album *Sweeping Through the City*, and went on to play on two additional Scofield albums: *Hand Jive* (1994) and *Groove Elation* (1995).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks written by John Scofield.
1. \"Little Walk\" -- 6:34
2. \"Camp Out\" -- 8:01
3. \"Big Sky\" -- 6:05
4. \"Easy for You\" -- 6:41
5. \"Call 911\" -- 7:27
6. \"Imaginary Time\" -- 6:08
7. \"Say the Word\" -- 6:26
8. \"Why Nogales?\" -- 8:15
9
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# The Careless Shepherdess
***The Careless Shepherdess*** is a Jacobean era stage play, a pastoral tragicomedy generally attributed to Thomas Goffe. Its 1656 publication is noteworthy for the introduction of the first general catalogue of the dramas of English Renaissance theatre ever attempted.
## Date and performance {#date_and_performance}
The dates of authorship and first performance for the play are not known with any certainty; the 1619--29 era is usually cited, with \"c. 1625\" as a common approximation. The play was revived at the Salisbury Court Theatre in 1638, and also was twice performed at Court before King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria, in 1629 and 1632. The play was well-enough known to have influenced Ben Jonson as he wrote his final work, *The Sad Shepherdess* (1637).
## Authorship
All of the external evidence, including the 1656 first edition, assigns the authorship of the play to Thomas Goffe; one modern scholar, however, has argued that this may have been an error for John Gough, author of *The Strange Discovery.*
## Genre
*The Careless Shepherdess* conforms to many of the conventions of the pastoral form as it existed in the years and decades after Sir Philip Sidney\'s *Arcadia*. \"The play is not lacking in inventiveness, as, for example, the scene in which a threatened duel between two shepherds is frustrated by the threat of the shepherdesses involved to fight the duel themselves; and in that of the carrying off of all the characters by a tribe of satyrs, led by a banished shepherd turned outlaw.\"
## Catalogue
In 1656 the play was first published in quarto by the booksellers Richard Rogers and William Ley. Richards and Ley included with the play text \"an Alphabeticall Catalogue of all such Plays that ever were Printed,\" which listed over 500 titles. In this era, booksellers were only beginning to issue catalogues of their own works; this attempt to catalogue the entire field of contemporary drama publishing was unprecedented. But not unemulated: in the same year *The Old Law* was published by Edward Archer, with an expanded catalogue listing 651 titles. In 1661 and 1671 the stationer Francis Kirkman printed his own expanded play lists. At a time when trained scholars at the Universities dismissed stage plays as beneath their notice, the tradesmen booksellers stepped in to make these first efforts to bring a kind of order to the field.
Unfortunately, their efforts were limited by a lack of resources and verifiable information. In these 17th-century playlists, the accuracy of the authorial attributions never rises above 50%. Later generations of scholars and commentators have been vocal in their criticisms as a result.
## The praeludium {#the_praeludium}
The 1656 quarto of *The Careless Shepherdess* also provides a preface, or \"Praeludium,\" for the 1638 revival that may have been written by Richard Brome; it features a conversation among four figures --- Spruce, a courtier, Spark, an Inns of Court man, Thrift, a London citizen, and Landlord, a country gentleman. The dialogue casts light on the theatrical conditions of the day, and is often quoted and discussed in the scholarly and critical literature on English Renaissance drama
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# Alabama State Route 157
**State Route 157** (**SR 157**) is a 91 mi state highway in the northern and northwestern parts of the U.S. state of Alabama. Its southern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Route 278 (US 278) approximately 10 mi east of Cullman, where it continues as County Road 719. The northern terminus of the highway is at the Tennessee state line northwest of Florence, where it continues as Tennessee State Route 227 (SR 227).
## Route description {#route_description}
SR 157 begins at a 4-way stop with US 278. South of the 4-way stop, the road continues as Cullman County Road 719.
Throughout North Cullman, SR 157 is oriented in an east-to-west trajectory, passing by a large Buick/GMC dealership at its junction with U.S. 31, then past several restaurants, and ultimately reaching I-65. In northern Cullman County, the route makes a gradual curve north. The county line with Morgan County is marked in the middle of a steep downgrade/upgrade known as Battleground Mountain for the nearby town of Battleground.
After this descent/ascent, the route winds its way to Danville, where it junctions with CR-55 and CR-41 (Danville Road). It crosses the line into Lawrence County and shortly junctions with SR 36, which leads to Hartselle and Wren.
Eventually, the route reaches Moulton, where it serves as the main north-to-south thoroughfare for the east district of Moulton, which contains most of its restaurants and shops. It eventually junctions with SR 24 (Corridor V) and SR 33.
Past this point, the route passes through Hatton and SR 101. It eventually reaches the Colbert County line and thence junctions with SR 20.
The concurrent routes reach Muscle Shoals, where the route turns north in a concurrency with SR 133, losing SR 20.
Past this point, the route crosses the Tennessee River and the Lauderdale County line. The route passes through Florence on a freeway directly through town, intersecting with U.S. 72 and U.S. 43, also losing SR 133 and gaining SR 17 before and at this specific interchange respectively. On the north side of town, the route re-engages in a concurrency with SR 133 and now SR 17. After a short concurrency, the route drops SR 17 and continues west with SR 133. Eventually, it turns off of the concurrency and heads north, crossing the Tennessee state line directly beside the Natchez Trace Parkway. The route becomes Tennessee SR 227, which loops around and acts as the northern terminus to SR 101.
This route is an important connector between multiple cities in Northwestern Alabama with SR 20, SR 24, and SR 13.
## History
Most of the length of SR 157 was constructed between 1957 and 1962.
In 1969, the route was rerouted in Cullman County onto a new road, from an older two-lane road. This older routing is now discontinuous and impossible to traverse at once without using the new route, compiled of modern-day County Road 1188, County Road 1181, County Road 1174; and (on the east side of Interstate 65) \'Old Highway 157\' and St. Joseph Street NW. After that point, SR 157 was routed onto the modern-day routing, also a two-lane road. This new routing featured an interchange with Interstate 65 and continued straight to U.S. Route 31. Over the last several years, this routing has been widened and extended to be a continuous four-lane divided highway from U.S. Route 31 to the county line; and now extends all the way to U.S. Route 278 on the east side of the city.
The stretch between SR 36 at Oakville and SR 33 at Moulton was constructed later, between 1967 and 1968.
SR 157 has been four-laned along almost its entire length. This project, which began in the 1980s, was finally completed in the summer of 2007
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# Samuel Rowland Fisher
**Samuel Rowland Fisher** (November 6, 1745 -- May 6, 1834) was a Philadelphia merchant involved in transatlantic trade. He owned a large shipping line that ran between London and Philadelphia, but was exiled and imprisoned during the Revolutionary War because of his Quaker beliefs.
## Early years {#early_years}
Fisher was born in Lewes, Delaware, into a Quaker family with historic roots, growing up in Philadelphia. His father, Joshua Fisher, was the grandson of John Fisher who came to America aboard the *Welcome* with William Penn. His mother, Sarah Rowland, was the granddaughter of Mary Harworth, an eloquent Friends minister who had also arrived on the *Welcome*. Fisher\'s father Joshua moved the family to Philadelphia in 1746 and established a home and large mercantile business at 110 S Front St., soon after starting the first packet line of ships to sail regularly between Philadelphia and London. Fisher\'s father also purchased a country estate north of the city overlooking the Schuylkill River from the east and built a house there in 1753 called \"The Cliffs.\"
## Mercantile business {#mercantile_business}
When Fisher and his four brothers came of age, their father named the business \"Joshua Fisher & Sons\" (1762--1783), and engaged the brothers in all aspects of it. Customers were able to order items such as porcelain, silverware, brass pulls for dressers, and every other imaginable type of merchandise from a detailed catalog. The business prospered because customers could receive reasonably priced goods within weeks. Fisher eventually took over most of the business from his father and brothers, continuing for the rest of his life to run the packet line to London. He traveled widely in America and England (1767-68) and made notes on the manufacture of textile, glassware, and ceramic items for inclusion in the catalog.
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# Samuel Rowland Fisher
## Revolutionary War and family {#revolutionary_war_and_family}
As many Quakers did during the Revolution, Fisher and his family tried to maintain a neutral position with respect to the war with England, but he firmly opposed belligerency in the revolutionary cause, possibly because much of the family business, which involved in trade with London, came to a halt during the war years. He and his family suffered because of this. Much of the family\'s inventory of merchandise was commandeered by the military to support the revolutionary cause, but they were not fully reimbursed for it.
In 1777, Fisher and his brothers refused to deliver their firm\'s business records to the authorities, and since they were Quakers they refused to swear an oath of allegiance. Fisher, along with his brothers Thomas and Miers and about twenty other Quakers, were exiled to Winchester, Virginia, where they were kept under house arrest for a year. Although they were treated somewhat harshly they survived without severe illness, but their brother-in-law Thomas Gilpin and John Hunt died. They were allowed out of their houses to dine elsewhere and received mail and guests. They were eventually pardoned and allowed to return to Philadelphia by order of George Washington and Congress after the British evacuated.
However, Fisher, who by then had begun a course towards eccentricity, continued to show opposition to the revolutionary cause, and was arrested in 1779 on the charge of being a Tory on the basis of a letter he sent to his brother Jabez Maud in New York City. He refused to recognize the authority of the court and was imprisoned in downtown Philadelphia for 2 years. He kept careful journals of his trips and prison terms which have been well preserved. He had disdain for the excitement seen in Philadelphia from the Continental Army led by George Washington. Many Quakers, and even some of his family, opposed his strong stand against authority and the revolutionary fervor, and at one point he was threatened to be \"read out of Meeting\" (disowned).
## Business after the Revolution {#business_after_the_revolution}
After the war, Fisher resumed his transatlantic business, made new business deals with firms in England (1783-4) and continued his prosperous business. He traveled to Bristol, England, Nottingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Warrington, and elsewhere to visit textile mills and other manufacturers, comparing their quality and prices. The English could no longer appropriate cheap raw materials from the colonies and sell back the finished goods at exorbitant prices as they had before the Revolution, but Fisher\'s business, with reasonable prices, made profits on many goods that were not yet manufactured in North America.
Fisher often traded local agricultural products for the English manufactured goods. Once, Fisher had shipped the yearly cargo of flaxseed to England just before the embargo preceding the War of 1812. As a result, other ship cargoes of flaxseed could not get through and the price Fisher received on his flaxseed in England rose higher than he thought was justified. From this concern, he gave the excess profits to start negro schools in Delaware.
## Simplicity
Fisher was a typical Quaker merchant in that he was very successful because of his scrupulous honesty, but carried this much farther than others, often trying to import a moral lesson. On one occasion, because hatchets in his store were not selling well, he tried to sell them at a reduced price, but refused to sell to a customer who wanted hatchets to fight the Indians. He had doubts about proper conduct in both business and personal affairs, and found solace in following strict discipline. He became friends with Elias Hicks who was a leading Quaker traveling preacher teaching simplicity and discipline.
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# Samuel Rowland Fisher
## Marriage and family life {#marriage_and_family_life}
Fisher, oddly, was cared for by his sister Esther (Hetty) until his 48th year, when he married Hannah Rodman of Newport, Rhode Island, a descendant of Thomas Cornell, in a hastily arranged ceremony in Newport. He had made her acquaintance on his numerous trips and had corresponded with her from Philadelphia. She was tall and beautiful, and because Quakers at that time were restricted, as were many other denominations, to marrying \"within the Meeting,\" her choices for marrying in the Newport area were limited. On May 20, 1793, Fisher traveled by stagecoach to New York, then took a boat to Newport, proposing to Hannah immediately upon arrival at the Rodman house. She at first agreed, but in June when his relatives were delayed, she had second thoughts. They were finally married on June 6, and Fisher brought her back to Philadelphia to live at his home at 110 S. Front Street. Fisher was active in the local Quaker Meeting and became aligned with the abolitionist cause. His wife Hannah became skilled at preaching. Fisher\'s rotator cuff was damaged from repeated sporting accidents.
The family, with daughters Sarah and Deborah and son Thomas, continued to live at 110 S. Front Street along the waterfront of Philadelphia. They became friends with the Whartons who lived in a house nearby. The Fishers spent summers at The Cliffs which, perched high above the Schuylkill River, was cooler and more free of mosquitoes than their city dwelling, and the Wharton estate was also nearby. Fisher\'s daughter Deborah married William Wharton, and their son was Joseph Wharton, a prominent industrialist who founded the Wharton School of Business
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# Hiroshi Tetsuto
is a Japanese football player currently playing for Matsumoto Yamaga F.C. He previously played for J. League division 2 side Sagan Tosu as DF and MF.
After graduating from high school, he entered Saga University and joined its soccer club. As a senior in 2004, he was made the team\'s captain. After graduating Saga University, he chose to continue training to become a professional rather than seek employment. He received an amateur contract in 2006. and his first professional contract in 2007.
## Club career statistics {#club_career_statistics}
*Updated to 23 February 2016*
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# Eugene A. Leahy
**Eugene A. \"Gene\" Leahy** (May 8, 1929 -- January 18, 2000) was Mayor of Omaha, Nebraska from 1969 to 1973. Gene Leahy Mall in Downtown Omaha is named after him. His unorthodox style endeared him to many Omahans. He would often wear a clown suit for poor children\'s celebrations and he championed the retention of football at the University of Nebraska at Omaha when the Nebraska University System wanted to cut it. Mayor Leahy was also well known for reading the Sunday comics on a local television station. His long range planning for the city was done in a fashion which did not draw attention to his own guidance and vision yet has been one of the enduring backbones which the subsequent city leaders have built upon
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# Jamey Bowen
**Jamey Bowen** (born November 8, 1969, in Edmonton, Alberta) is a former lacrosse player who played for the Edmonton Rush in the National Lacrosse League. He also teaches at St. Francis Xavier Composite High School in Edmonton, Alberta
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# Concordia, Magdalena
**Concordia** (`{{IPA|es|koŋˈkoɾðja}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town and municipality of the Magdalena Department in northern Colombia. Founded by Mandate 007 of June 24, 1999 with portion of territories from the municipalities of Cerro San Antonio and Pedraza
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# Dateline London
***Dateline London*** is a weekly BBC News discussion programme. A panel of four leading journalists, lecturers, and foreign correspondents discussed top news stories from an international perspective. The last episode made was on 15 October 2022.
## Production
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, *Dateline London* was recorded live on Saturday at 11.30 am on the BBC News Channel and BBC World News. It always featured four guests in a round-table discussion of the weeks\' main stories.
When the pandemic curtailed all in-person activities, only three guests participated in the programme. Two foreign correspondents from other news agencies or papers joined the programme virtually, with an in-studio guest usually being a relevant BBC correspondent with previous background to the stories being covered. In mid-2022, the virtual guests were stopped as they were accommodated in the studio, and on occasion a BBC correspondent would participate. Additionally, the programme moved to being recorded live every Friday at 7:30 pm, with repeats continuing as normal over the weekend. If significant news stories occurred during the day, the programme was able to be recorded earlier or later on the Friday.
In mid-2022, at the same time as axing virtual guests, the BBC announced its decision to axe the programme later that year. The final episode was broadcast on 15 October 2022.
## Hosts
*Dateline London* was first hosted by Charles Wheeler, and subsequently by Gavin Esler. Shaun Ley and Maxine Mawhinney served as stand-in hosts during Esler\'s tenure.
Esler hosted his final edition on 25 March 2017, and Mawhinney on 8 April 2017. Since 15 April 2017, *Dateline London* was hosted on rotation by Jane Hill or Shaun Ley, while Carrie Gracie and Tim Willcox provided occasional cover.
Carrie Gracie had presented *Dateline London* following her return from paid leave in mid-2018. After 33 years with the BBC, Carrie Gracie left in August 2020. Shaun Ley or Geeta Guru-Murthy presented the programme following Gracie\'s departure. On 21 May 2021, Martine Croxall presented *Dateline London* for the first time.
As of October 2021, Shaun Ley was the main presenter of Dateline London. Other presenters occasionally seen hosting the show were Martine Croxall, Ben Brown and Geeta Guru-Murthy
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# Heliconius melpomene
***Heliconius melpomene***, the **postman butterfly**, **common postman** or simply **postman**, is a brightly colored, geographically variable butterfly species found throughout Central and South America. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of *Systema Naturae*. Its coloration coevolved with another member of the genus, *H. erato*, as a warning to predators of its inedibility; this is an example of Müllerian mimicry. *H. melpomene* was one of the first butterfly species observed to forage for pollen, a behavior that is common in other insect groups but rare in butterflies. Because of the recent rapid evolutionary radiation of the genus *Heliconius* and overlapping of its habitat with other related species, *H. melpomene* has been the subject of extensive study on speciation and hybridization. These hybrids tend to have low fitness as they look different from the original species and no longer exhibit Müllerian mimicry.
*Heliconius melpomene* possesses ultraviolet vision which enhances its ability to distinguish subtle differences between markings on the wings of other butterflies. This allows the butterfly to avoid mating with other species that share the same geographic range.
## Description
The postman butterfly is predominately black with either red or yellow bands across the forewings. The postman butterfly has large long wings (35--39 mm). It is poisonous, and the red patterns on its wings are an example of aposematism. They look similar to *H. erato*. Two features found on the underside of the hind wings help to distinguish *H. erato* from *H. melpomene*---*H. erato* usually has four red dots where the wing attaches to the thorax while *H. melpomene* usually has three. In Mexico, Central America and the west coast of Colombia and Ecuador, the yellowish-white stripe on the underside reaches the margin of the hindwing in *H. erato* but ends before reaching the margin in *H. melpomene*.
There are many geographical races/subspecies/morphs of this butterfly throughout Central and South America. The geographical variation in patterns has been studied using linkage mapping and it has been found that the patterns are associated with a small number of genetic loci called genomic \"hotspots\". Hotspot loci for color patterning have been found homologous between co-mimics *H. erato* and *H. melpomene*, strengthening evidence for parallel evolution between the two species, across morph patterns.
## Geographic range and habitat {#geographic_range_and_habitat}
*Heliconius melpomene* is found from Central America to South America, especially on the slopes of the Andes mountains. It most commonly inhabits open terrain and forest edges, although it can also be found near the edges of rivers and streams. It shares its range with other *Heliconius* species, and *H. melpomene* is usually less abundant than other species.
## Origins
A recent study, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and mitochondrial DNA datasets, places the origin of *H. melpomene* to 2.1 million years ago. *H. melpomene* shows clustering of AFLPs by geography suggesting that the species originated in eastern South America.
## Parental care {#parental_care}
By foraging for pollen while developing eggs, female *H. melpomene* butterflies provide valuable amino acids and proteins to their offspring. This reduces the amount of time that the offspring must spend foraging during the larval stage, and thus decreases the chances of larval predation. While this extra foraging behavior on the part of the female increases her likelihood of being eaten, the warning colors highlighting her distaste protect her from would be predators.
### Oviposition
Female *H. melpomene* butterflies recognize host plants by identifying the corresponding chemical compound using chemoreceptors located on her forelegs. When searching for a plant, the butterfly will drum her legs on the plant in order to detect the chemical compounds the plant releases. Once she has found the correct host plant, she will lay eggs singly on separate young leaves. Finding the correct host plant is crucial as *H. melpomene* larvae are adapted to only feed on certain *Passiflora* plants.
## Life cycle {#life_cycle}
The eggs of *H. melpomene* are yellow and approximately 1.5 x 1 mm. They are mostly laid singly or rarely in small clusters on the young leaves of *Passiflora* plants. Caterpillars live in groups of two to three individuals and are white with black spots. Pupae are spiny and dark brown in color. The adults have black bodies with bright yellow or orange patterns on the wings. Female *H. melpomene* produce oocytes continuously throughout their life; this is due to the high nutrient diet the butterfly obtains from eating pollen. Closely related *Heliconius* species have been reported to have a maximum life span of six months, and it is likely that *H. melpomene* lives for a similar length of time.
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# Heliconius melpomene
## Protective coloration and behavior {#protective_coloration_and_behavior}
### Mimicry
*Heliconius melpomene* coevolved with its sister species, *H. erato*, each developing similar bright color patterns. The *H. melpomene* patterns correspond to at least 20 of the 27 *H. erato* subspecies. This coloration warns potential predators that the butterflies are distasteful and should be avoided; this is an example of aposematism. Since both species possess this acrid taste, they display what is known as Müllerian mimicry. Despite their easily confused coloration, these two species are able to exist in the same habitat range because they are reproductively isolated due to adaptations in the eyes of the butterflies that allow for better distinction between individuals.
### Chemical defense {#chemical_defense}
Both males and females release a strong odor detectable even to humans when handled in order to deter predation. Additionally, *H. melpomene* butterflies render themselves unpalatable to predators such as birds by producing cyanogenic glycosides in both the larval and adult stages. These glycosides are incorporated into the insect\'s system by feeding on host plants that produce the compounds as a defense against herbivory.
### Communal roosting {#communal_roosting}
Individuals of the genus *Heliconius* form large communal roosts which they return to each night after foraging. The reason for this behavior was not well characterized until recently when it was determined that the large aggregations of butterflies provided protection from predators. Butterflies fare better in these groups for two reasons. First, the prey dilution effect lowers the likelihood that one particular individual will be eaten because of the large number of other individuals that are in the area. Second, the congregation of the brightly colored individuals is more likely to deter predators by making the warning coloration more prominent.
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# Heliconius melpomene
## Genetics
### Hybridization
Due to its overlapping range with many closely related species, *H. melpomene* sometimes hybridizes in nature despite adaptations meant to counteract this. Females resulting from the cross of *H. melpomene* and *H. cydno* are sterile. While hybrid males are not sterile, they exhibit patterns that are intermediate between the crossed species and thus the males are unlikely to be recognized as mates by either species. Furthermore, the patterns on both sexes will be non-mimetic, meaning they will not be recognized by predators as displays of distaste. Therefore, the hybrids resulting from the cross of *H. melpomene* with other *Heliconius* species have low fitness and are not likely to persist.
### Hybrid speciation {#hybrid_speciation}
Hybridisation of *Heliconius melpomene* with *Heliconius pardalinus* resulted in the hybrid speciation of *Heliconius elevatus*.
### Subspecies
Subspecies of *H. melpomene* include:
- *H. m. aglaope* (C. & R. Felder, 1862) (Amazonian foothills of Ecuador and Peru)
- *H. m. amandus* (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892) (Bolivia)
- *H. m. amaryllis* (C. & R. Felder, 1862) (Tarapoto Valley, Peru)
- *H. m. cythera* (Hewitson, 1869) (western slopes od Ecuador)
- *H. m. euryades* (Riffarth, 1900) (southeastern Peru)
- *H. m. malleti* (Lamas, 1988) (western Amazonia)
- *H. m. melpomene* (Linnaeus, 1758) (northern coast of South America from Panama to the Amazon)
- *H. m. meriana* (Turner, 1967) (Guianas)
- *H. m. nanna* (Stichel, 1899) (Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil)
- *H. m. penelope* (Staudinger, 1894) (Bolivia)
- *H. m. plesseni* (Riffarth, 1907)(Andean foothills of eastern Ecuador)
- *H. m. rosina* (Boisduval, 1870) (Central America)
- *H. m. thelxiope* (Hübner, \[1806\]) (eastern Brazil, south of the Amazon)
- *H. m. vicinus* (Ménétriés, 1847) (Rio Negro, Brazil and southern Venezuela)
- *H. m. vulcanus* (Butler, 1865) (Choco (western slope of Colombia))
- *H. m. xenoclea* (Hewitson, \[1853\] (Rio Perene. eastern Peru)
## Mating
### Mate searching {#mate_searching}
When searching for mates, males of *H. melpomene* exhibit patrolling behavior, which involves searching for potential mates while flying around the range that the species inhabits. This requires the ability to distinguish *H. melpomene* females from those of other species, a key adaptation of the butterfly.
### Female/male interactions {#femalemale_interactions}
Male *H. melpomene* possess abdominal claspers that are used to grasp females for forced copulations. During mating, the male passes nutrients in a spermatophore; the female can use this nuptial gift to nourish the fertilizing eggs inside her. In addition to the spermatophore, males also deliver a pheromone to the female that is an antiaphrodisiac to other males. This increases the likelihood of the male\'s reproductive success by preventing the female from mating with any other males, which ensures that only the original male\'s sperm will be used to fertilize the female\'s eggs.. The pheromone is produced only by males and is secreted to identify themselves to other males, so the antiaphrodisiac works by making the female smell like a male. After a period of time the pheromone wears off and the female is able to mate again, which she will do several times throughout her life.
## Physiology
### Vision
Due to a duplication in a gene for UV light detection, *H. melpomene* individuals are capable of distinguishing between a wider range of yellow shades than other butterfly species. Additionally, when looking for mates, the butterflies distinguish conspecifics from hybrids and heterospecifics by detecting subtle changes in marking patterns on wings. These adaptations allow the butterflies to avoid genetically costly mates, as hybrid females are sterile and hybrid males in this system are less fit due to disruptive sexual selection.
### Gustation/tasting
While both sexes of *H. melpomene* possess taste receptors on their hindlegs, only the female butterflies have the receptors on the forelegs; this is an example of sexual dimorphism. The taste receptors are used by both sexes in order to find food and mates, but the female also uses the sense to find suitable host plants for her eggs. These taste receptors are highly specialized due to the coevolution with the *Passiflora* plant.
## Gallery
<File:Heliconius> melpomene penelope MHNT dos Male.jpg\|*H. m. penelope*, male, dorsal <File:Heliconius> melpomene penelope MHNT ventre Male.jpg\|*H. m. penelope*, male, ventral <File:Heliconius> melpomene penelope MHNT dos Femelle.jpg\|*H. m. penelope* female, dorsal <File:Heliconius> melpomene penelope MHNT ventre Femelle.jpg\|*H. m
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# Rio Mau (Penafiel)
**Rio Mau** is a Portuguese parish located in the municipality of Penafiel. The population in 2011 was 1,407, in an area of 6.13 km^2^. It was created in 1984 by Law nº 42/84, of December 31, with places disannexed from the parish of Sebolido
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# Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo
**Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo** (13 December 1903 -- 3 September 1979) was a prominent Venezuelan diplomat, politician and lawyer primarily responsible for the inception and creation of the OPEC, along with Saudi Arabian minister Abdullah Tariki.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Caracas, Venezuela, Pérez Alfonzo was initially a medical student before pursuing a PhD in political and social sciences at the Central University of Venezuela.
## Political career {#political_career}
### Gallegos administration and subsequent exile {#gallegos_administration_and_subsequent_exile}
Pérez Alfonzo helped found the political party Democratic Action (AD; Acción Democrática). As Minister of Development during the first democratic government of Venezuela, the short-lived administration of Rómulo Gallegos (1947--1948), he was responsible for increasing oil revenues for the country by raising taxes through what later became known worldwide as the 50/50 formula. Initially, the Seven Sisters (the dominant Anglo-American oil companies), responded to the 50/50 law by threatening to ramp up production elsewhere while slowing down production in Venezuela. Perez Alfonso subsequently encouraged other governments to adopt the 50/50 formula, which they ultimately did. The 50/50 formula was the global norm until 1970.
With the overthrow of the democratically elected government of President Rómulo Gallegos by the military in November 1948, Perez Alfonzo obtained political asylum in the United States after spending 9 months in jail. He moved to Mexico for financial reasons, where he resided until the return of democracy in 1958 when the democratically elected President Rómulo Betancourt called him back to government service to finish the job he had begun under the presidency of Gallegos, this time as Minister of Energy. During the years he spent in Washington he studied the activities of the oil industry worldwide and, in particular, the Texas Railroad Commission (TRC), which served to reinforce his ideas about creating OPEC, further developing his thoughts about the conservation and stabilization of petroleum production and the defense of oil prices.
### Betancourt administration and OPEC creation {#betancourt_administration_and_opec_creation}
As Minister of Mines and Hydrocarbons during the second democratic government of Venezuela of President Rómulo Betancourt (1959--1964), he was responsible for the creation of the OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) for the purpose of rationalizing and thereby increasing oil prices in the world market. Triggered by a 1960 law instituted by US President Dwight Eisenhower that forced quotas for Venezuelan oil and favored Canada and Mexico\'s oil industries, Perez Alfonzo (also known as the Father of OPEC) reacted by seeking an alliance with oil-producing Arab nations to protect the continuous autonomy and profitability of Venezuela\'s oil (among other reasons), establishing a strong link between the South American nation and the Middle East region that survives to this day. His extensive notes of the TRC methods for regulation of production to maximize recovery served him well both in Venezuela and later when he took them translated into Arabic to the Cairo meeting that served as a launching platform for the OPEC, where Wanda Jablonski introduced him to then minister of petroleum of Saudi Arabia, Abdullah Tariki, co-founder of the OPEC.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He was an ascetic vegetarian.
## Legacy and death {#legacy_and_death}
After the 1973 oil crisis, economic prosperity for Venezuela was relatively short-lived. In 1976 Pérez Alfonzo gave an intuitive warning about what economists now call the \"natural resource curse\": *\"Ten years from now, twenty years from now, you will see, oil will bring us ruin\... It is the devil\'s excrement.\"* This was the case during the \"1980s oil glut\". OPEC member countries were not adhering strictly to their assigned quotas, and once again oil prices plummeted.
Pérez Alfonzo died in Washington, D.C., at the Georgetown University Hospital on 3 September 1979, at age 75, having succumbed to pancreatic cancer.
El Vigía\'s Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo Airport was named in his honor in 1991.
Since 1998, the Orden Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo (Order of Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo) is the Venezuelan award of state given to those who contribute to works related to mining, petroleum, and energy.
## Books
- *Petróleo: jugo de la tierra*. Caracas: Editorial Arte, 1961.
- *La Dinámica del petróleo en el progreso de Venezuela*. Caracas: Central University of Venezuela, 1965.
- *Petróleo de vida o muerte* (debate with Arturo Uslar Pietri). Caracas: Editorial Arte, 1966.
- *El pentágono petrolero: la política nacionalista de defensa y conservación del petroleo*. Caracas: Revista Política, 1967.
- *¿Hasta cuándo los abusos de La Electricidad?: informe sobre el caso Guarenas*. Guarenas: Municipal Council, 1969.
- *Petróleo y dependencia*. Caracas: Síntesis Dos Mil, 1971.
- *Hundiéndonos en el excremento del diablo*. Caracas: Editorial Lisbona, 1976.
- *El desastre* (with Domingo Alberto Rangel and Pedro Duno). Valencia: Vadell Hermanos, 1976.
- *Alternativas* (with Iván Loscher). Caracas: Garbizu & Todtmann Editores, 1976.
- *Venezuela y el petróleo*. Caracas: Centro Gumilla, 1976
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# Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz
**Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz** (born 13 October 1942) is a Polish composer and musician, known for his collaboration with Marek Grechuta and his compositions for stage and film.
## Biography
Born in the town of Nowy Targ, he studied music and architecture at the Polytechnic University in Kraków. Here he met Marek Grechuta, with whom he founded the student cabaret *Anawa* in 1967. In the 1970s he started to write songs for the cabaret Piwnica pod Baranami.
He also arranged and composed for stage productions at the Stary Teatr and Theater Scena STU in Kraków, the National Theatre and the Teatr Powszechny in Warsaw. He co-authored the musical adaption of Stanisław Witkiewicz\'s *Szalona Lokomotywa* (*The Crazy Locomotive*) together with K. Jasiński and Marek Grechuta in 1977. In 1980 he co-authored the opera *Kur zapiał* (*A rooster crowed*) and in 1991 the opera *Opera żebracza* (*Beggar\'s Opera*). He is also known for his compositions for short and feature films by directors such as Krzysztof Kieślowski, Feliks Falk, Agnieszka Holland and Márta Mészáros. Since 2000 he participated in the concert \"Ellington po krakowsku\" (\"Ellington Kraków way\") where notable composers of the Piwnica pod Baranami were playing their interpretations of Duke Ellington\'s music. This concert has been conducted by Aleksander Glondys
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# List of musical acts from Western Australia
This is a list of Western Australian musicians, (artists and bands) from all genres.
Because of the relative isolation of the state and the capital city of Perth from the rest of Australia, band membership has often been characterised by associations with other bands in the region.
Band/artist Period Style/genre Members Associations
---------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adam Said Galore 1994--present Indie rock Andrew Ryan, Simon Stru, thers, Matt Maguire, Michael Lake, Geoff Symons Mukaizake
Allegiance 1990--1997 Thrash metal Tony Campo, Dave Harrison, Conrad Higson, Steve Hidden, Jason Stone, Glen Butcher, John Mihos Black Steel
Ammonia 1992--1999 Rock Dave Johnstone, Alan Balmont, Simon Hensworth, Phil Natt Hideous Goldsteins, Dear Octopus, Cherrytones
Anthony Nieves 2004--Present Rock pop Anthony Nieves Revolver, Roy Martinez, John Trotter, Mike Williams, Rob Agostini, Clear Blue Fire, Sunfeeder
Antistatic 2003--2007 Hard rock
Alexanda, Cristian R&B
B-Nasty 2009--present Hip hop Alexander James Ritchie Barnes Dough Related Productions
Baby Animals 1989--1994, 2007--present Rock Suze DeMarchi, Dave Leslie, Eddie Parise, Frank Celensa
Baker, James 1957(b?)- Rock The Victims, The Scientists, Hoodoo Gurus, Beasts of Bourbon, The Dubrovniks
The Bamboos 1984--1987 Alternative rock Russel Hopkinson, Mark Gelmi, Craig Hallsworth, Greg Hitchcock New Christs, Neptunes, You Am I
The Bank Holidays 2003--2012 Indie pop Nat Carson, James Crombie, Wibekke Reczek, Stuart Leach One Horse Town
Basement Birds 2009--2011 Indie rock Kavyen Temperley, Steve Parkin, Kevin Mitchell, Josh Pyke Eskimo Joe, Jebediah
Birds of Tokyo 2004--present Alternative rock Ian Kenny, Adam Spark, Glenn Sarangapany, Ian Berney, Adam Weston Karnivool, Tragic Delicate
Bluetile Lounge 1991--1998, 2021--present Gabrielle Cotton, Daniel Erickson, Howard Healy, Alex Stevens
Bob Evans (Mitchell, Kevin) 1976(b)--present Indie music Jebediah
Bolleter, Ross Improvised music
Boys 1977--1983, 1987--1988 Hard rock Brent Lucanus, Frank Celenza, Tony Celiberti, Camillo Del Roio, Lino Del Roio, Troy Newman, Eddie Parise, Roberto Salpietro Baby Animals
The Blackeyed Susans 1989--present Rock Phil Kakulas, Rob Snarski, Mark Dawson Chad\'s Tree, Martha\'s Vineyard, Kim Salmon and the Surrealists
The Bloods 2007-2010 punk Steeve Demiris, Joe Byrne, Nat Pax, Sean Gill
Burke, Donna 1987-- Pop, Jazz Ganime Jazz
Butler, John 1975(b)-- Bluegrass, Jam band The John Butler Trio
Calerway 2005--2009 Indie rock Jaun-Paul Rebola, Cameron Edwards, Phil O\'Reilly, James Watroba Saving Rushmore, Last Year\'s Hero
Cartman 1997--2003 Alternative rock Joe Hawkins, Cain Turnley, Scott Nicholls, Ben Mills The Avenues
Carus and The True Believers 1995--present Folk/Country/Reggae/Rock Carus Thompson, Jason McGann, John Bedggood, Mathieu Lucas The John Butler Trio, Eskimo Joe
Cat Hope 1996--present Noise music Lux Mammoth, Gata Negra
Chad\'s Tree 1983--1989 Rock Mark Snarski, Rob Snarski, Jason Kain, James Hurst The Go-Betweens, The Jackson Code, Blackeyed Susans, Holy Rollers
Charlotte\'s Web 1986--1991 Indie pop Jeff Lowe, Flick Dear, Kym Skipworth, Laurie Mansell, Michael Zampogna Bob\'s Love Child, Indian Givers, Wild Honey
Che\'Nelle 1983(b)--present R&B
The Chemist 2007--2013 Alternative rock Ben Witt, Elliot Smith, James Ireland, Hamish Rahn
Chaos Divine 2005--present Progressive rock / Progressive metal Dave Anderton, Simon Mitchell, Ryan Felton, Mike Kruit, Ben Mazarol
Cinema Prague 1989--1998, 2007, 2009--present Alternative rock Post-grunge Rex Horan (left 1998), George Kailis, Tim Wheeler, Roy Matinez Air Ensemble
College Fall 2004--present Indie pop Glenn Musto, Jodie Bartlett Showbag!, The Nordeens, Josivac
Crash Rat 2013--present Metal/Punk/Rock OD Winters, Iain Doyle, Taz, Twiggy Fingers, Stevie Deville Naked Wizard
Crawlspace 1998--present Rock Russell Smith, Matt Franklin, Travis Franklin, Joe Sivak
Cypher 1998--present Post rock Sebastian Parsons, Alec Monger, Sam Pugsley
Natalie D-Napoleon 2006--present Alternative country Natalie D-Napoleon, Kenny Edwards, Dan Phillips Flavour of the Month, Bloom, The Jayco Brothers
Davis, Cassie 2008--present Pop
Dear, Greg 1960(b)--present Rock, Pop Holy Rollers, Beautiful Losers, Midnight Choir
DeMarchi, Suze 1964(b)--present Rock, Pop Baby Animals
The Decline 2005--present Punk rock, Skate Punk Pat Decline, Harry, Ben Elliott, Ray Ray Dan Cribb & The Isolated
De Vito, Cosima 1976(b)--present Pop, R&B Australian Idol contestant
Downsyde 1996--present Australian Hip-hop Optamus, Dazastah, Dyna-Mikes, DJ Armee, Cheeky, Hi-Hat Syllabolix Crew
Drapht (Ridge, Paul) 1998--present Australian Hip-hop Syllabolix Crew
The Drones 2000--2016 Rock Gareth Liddiard, Fiona Kitschin, Dan Luscombe, Michael Noga
The Dugites 1978--1984 Indie pop Lynda Nutter, Peter Crosbie, Paul Noonan, Clarance Bailey
Dyscord 2002-2010 metalcore
Ecker, Haylie 1975(b)--present Classical crossover Bond
Effigy 1994-1998 Peter Hardman, Cobina Crawford, Jason Stacey, Pete Twibey, Rob Terriacca, Michael Boddington, Brodie and Justin Kahl
Eleventh He Reaches London 2002-2016 Post-hardcore, Progressive Rock, Metalcore Ian Lenton, Jayden Worts, Jeremy Martin, Mark Donaldson, Craig McElhinney, Luke Pollard
Elora Danan 2006--2009 Alternative rock George Green, Isaac Kara, Ryan Smith, Tim Marley, Matthew Thomas, Jay Rendle O'Shea
End Of Fashion 2004--present Rock Justin Burford, Rodney Aravena, Simon Fasolo The Sleepy Jackson
Eskimo Joe 1997--present Alternative rock Kavyen Temperley, Stuart MacLeod, Joel Quartermain
Euroclydon 1975 Heavy Rock Bernie Costa, Phil North, Vince Crear, Ricky Faulds Stratosphere, Jim Stewart (Ezra Pound)
Eurogliders 1980--1989, 2005--2007, 2013--present Post Punk, New Wave, Pop Bernie Lynch, Amanda Vincent, Grace Knight, Ron François, Crispin Akerman, John Bennetts
Faith in Plastics 2002--present Indie pop Adam Livingston, Rhys Davies, Vaughan Davies, Dave Holley
Faulkner, Dave 1957(b)--present The Victims, The Manikins, Hoodoo Gurus, Antenna, Persian Rugs
Fedele, Sara-Marie 1978(b)--present Pop Big Brother contestant
The Fergusons 1999--2005 Alternative rock Al Nistelberger, Grant Joyce, Wayne Beadon, Matt Wheeler, Mike Bruce Bipolar Bears
The Flairz 2004--present Garage rock John Mariani, Scarlett Stevens, Dion Mariani, Georgia Wilkinson Derums
Floating Widget 2000-2003 Indie rock Pop Jiba Cole, Matt Tompkin, Damien Sinatkis
Flow Dynamics 2004--present Electronica Dave McKinney Rhibosome
found: quantity of sheep 2001--2005 Experimental rock Trent Barrett, Neil Rabinowitz, Michael Winlo, Cam Barrett
Fourth Floor Collapse 1989--present Indie rock Mat Brooker, Dan Forrestal, Rhys Kealley, Michael Miller, Michael Parker
Full Scale 1998--2005 Alternative metal Ezekiel Ox, Jimmy Tee, Tristan Ross, Chris Frey, Nic Frey Helmut
The Fuzz 2002--? Indie rock Abbe May, Douglas May, Shayne Macri, Ben Mountford, Jiah Fishenden Abbe May & the Rockin Pneumonia
Gaunt, Nathan Folk rock Nathan Gaunt & the Blackeyed Dogs
The Groovesmiths 2004--present Roots Gavin Shoesmith, Alex Drew, Matthew Wright John Butler Trio
Gyroscope 1997--present Post-grunge/Alternative rock Daniel Sanders, Zoran Trivic, Brad Campbell, Rob Nassif
Halogen 1998--present Rock Jasmine Lee, Frans Bisschops, Ben Crooke, Rob Maszkowski, Trent Dhue
The Hampdens 2003--present Indie rock Susannah Legge, Gavin Crawcour, Jules Hewitt
Harlequin League 2007--present Indie rock Seb Astone, James Rogers, Ben Pooley, Myles Davis
Haywood, Leah 1976(b)--present
Header 1993--1997 Indie pop/Power pop Brad Bolton, Dave Chadwick, Liam Coffey, Ian Freeman, Dean Willoughby The Rainyard, The Mars Bastards
Helicopters 1980--1985 New wave/Ska Deidre Baude, Kevin Rooney, Phil Bennett, Peter Stafford, Tony Thewlis, George O\'Brien, Vic Renolds The Scientists
Heavy Weight Champ 1999--present Heavy metal, Progressive rock Grant McCulloch, Dean Miller, Luke Copeland
Hole, Dave 1948(b)--present Blues
Institut Polaire 2004--2011 Indie Ben Blakeney, Ash Blakeney, Elliott Brannen, Catherine Colvin, Erik Hecht, Rebecca May, David Thirkettle-Watts, Samantha Wass The Autumn Isles, Jack On Fire
Insaniac 1994--1998 Groove metal Damian Tapley, Matt Willis, Greg Cozens
Innocent Bystanders 1983--1988 Rock Brett Keyser, Mark Lizotte, Bernie Bremond, John Dalzell, John Heussanstamm, Al Kash, Cliff Kinneen, Jamie Manifis, Yak Sherritt, Dave Skewes, Brett Townshend Johnny Diesel and the Injectors, Brett Keyser
INXS (as *The Farriss Brothers*) 1977--present Rock Michael Hutchence (d.1997), Kirk Pengilly, Gary Beers, Andrew Farriss, Tim Farriss, Jon Farriss, J. D. Fortune
Jade, Samantha 1987(b)--present Pop, Contemporary R&B
Jebediah 1994--present Alternative rock Kevin Mitchell, Chris Daymond, Vanessa Thornton, Brett Mitchell
The John Butler Trio 1995--present Jam band, Bluegrass John Butler, Shannon Birchall, Michael Barker
Johnny Diesel (Lizotte, Mark) 1967(b)--present Rock, Hard rock Johnny Diesel and the Injectors, Innocent Bystanders
Jonny Taylor 2006--present Country rock Australian Idol contestant
Karnivool 1996--present Progressive rock Ian Kenny, Andrew Goddard, Jon Stockman, Mark Hosking, Steve Judd Birds of Tokyo
The Kill Devil Hills 2003--present Blues-rock Brendon Humphries, Steve Joines, Steve Gibson, Alex Archer, Ryan Dux Felicity Groom and the Black Black Smoke
King Pig
Lamb, Alan Sound art
Krost, Lana 2000(b)--present Pop Australian Idol contestant
The Kryptonics 1985--1992 Pop punk, Alternative rock Ian Underwood, Peter Kostic, Tony Rushan, Richard Corey Front End Loader, The Chevelles, You Am I, Regurgitator
Lash 1996--2003 Alternative rock Belinda-Lee Reid, Jaclyn Pearson, Jessicca Bennett, Micaela Slayford Exteria, Spencer Tracy, The Preytells
Layla Hanbury (MC Layla) 1982(b)--present Australian Hip-hop Syllabolix Crew
Little Birdy 2002--present Indie rock Katy Steele, Simon Leach, Scott O\'Donoghue, Matt Chequer The Sleepy Jackson, End of Fashion
Martine Locke 1996-2000 Folk rock Martine Locke The Velvet Janes
Love Pump 1985--1992 Alternative rock Rodney Glick, Peter Hadley, Trevor Hilton, Thomas Kayser, Val Tarin The Waltons, The Fat
Legs Electric 2012--present Hard Rock Ama Quinsee, Elana Haynes, Erin Gooden, Kylie Soanes
Lo-Key Fu 2000--present Breakbeat, Nu skool breaks Dave Jeavons Brainchild, Rollerskates, Sock, Spicy Baby Tomatoes, Wampus
McComb, David 1962(b)--1999(d) The Triffids, The Blackeyed Susans, Red Pony
Mach Pelican 1996--2007 Punk rock K-Rock, Atsu Longrun, Toshi-8Beat
Make Them Suffer 2008--Present Metalcore/Deathcore Sean Harmanis, Nick McLernon, Lachlan Monty, Chris Arias-Real, Tim Madden, Louisa Burton Roadrunner Australia
The Manikins 1977--1984 Protopunk/New wave Robbie Porritt, Neil Fernandes, Dan Dare, Mark Betts, Brad Clark The Scientists, Hoodoo Gurus
Martha\'s Vineyard 1986--1990 Folk/rock Peggy Van Zalm, Anthony Best, Norman Parkhill, Lisa Jooste, Catherine McAuliffe, Aidan D\'Adhemar The Blackeyed Susans
Matty B (Mathew Barrett) 2000--present Australian Hip-hop Syllabolix Crew
Miles Away 2002--present Hardcore Punk Nick Horsnell, Adam Crowe, Cam Jose, Colton Vaughan Jolliffe, Chris Unsworth
Monks of Mellonwah 2009- Alternative rock
The Mexicans 2012- Reggae Gav Pigram, Tonchi McIntosh, Staf Smith, Bart Pigram, Brendan Clarey, Ash Hines, George Bishop
Mucky Duck Bush Band 1974-- folk music John Perry, Don Blue, Eric Kowarski, Bob Emery
Murphy, Chris 1976(b)--present Rock Australian Idol contestant, Murphy\'s Lore
Murphy, Courtney 1979(b)--present Rock Australian Idol contestant, Murphy\'s Lore
Murphy, Miranda Pop Popstars contestant
New Rules for Boats 2004--present Indie pop Sean Pollard, Benjamin Golby, Miranda Pollard, Joseph Derwort, Dan Grant
Not Enough Rope 1994--2001 Folk, Rock music Matt Galligan, Matt Kealley, Todd Lynch, Mike Lane, Steve Bow
The Panics 2002--present Rock music Jae Laffer, Drew Wootton, Myles Wootton, Paul Otway, Julian Douglas
The Panda Band 2003--present Indie pop Damian Crosbie, David Namour, Stephen Callan, Chris Callan, Gabriel Nicotra Rollerskates
Paradoxx Electro/Synthpop Phoenix, Kriss, Lissa, Ralph
Pendulum 2002--2014 Drum and Bass Rob Swire, Gareth McGrillen, Paul Harding
The Pigram Brothers 1996--present Alan Pigram, Steven Pigram, David Pigram, Colin Pigram, Gavin Pigram, Phillip Pigram, Peter Pigram Scrap Metal
Pond 2008--present Psychedelic rock, Psychedelic pop Kevin Parker, Nick Allbrook, Jay Watson, Joseph Ryan, Jamie Terry, Cameron Avery Tame Impala, Mink Mussel Creek, Space Lime Peacock, Giant Tortoise, Allbrook/Avery, The Dee Dee Dums, Gum, The Silents
The Preytells 2004--present Rock Simon Okely, Jessicca Bennett, Jaclyn Pearson, Cameron Stewart Spencer Tracy, Lash
Radarmaker 2000--present Art rock Warwick Hall, Adam Trainer, Noah Norton, Wendi Graham
Red Jezebel 1997--present Alternative rock Paul Wood, Dave Parkin, Mark Cruickshank, Alex Hyman Plutonic Girl
Rhibosome 1998--2004 Dave McKinney, Clayton Chipper, Andrew Selmes, George Nikoloudis, Chad Hedley Flow Dynamics, Soul Harmonics
Rollerskates 1999--present Indie pop, Rock, Australian Hip-hop, Electronic Jordan Johnston, David Namour, Stephen Callan, Gabriel Nicotra, Leigh Johnston, Dave Jeavons The Panda Band, Lo-Key Fu
Rupture 1980s-2001 Hardcore Gus Chamber, Dick Diamond, Stumbles, Zombo
Kim Salmon and the Surrealists 1987--1999, 2006 Alternative rock Kim Salmon, Stu Thomas, Phil Collings The Scientists, The Beasts of Bourbon, Kim Salmon and the Business, Antenna, Darling Downs, Salamander Jim
San Cisco 2009--present Indie Pop Jordi Davieson, Josh Biondillo, Nick Gardner, Scarlett Stevens The Flairz
Saritah World music
Schvendes 2002--present Alternative Rachael Dease, Tristen Parr, Greg Hosking, Tara John, Ant Gray Fall Electric
The Scientists 1978--1987, 1995, 2006 Alternative rock Kim Salmon, Boris Sujdovic, Tony Thewlis, Leanne Chock Hoodoo Gurus, Kim Salmon and the Surrealists, The Beasts of Bourbon, The Dubrovniks
Scott, Bon 1946(b)--1980(d) Hard rock The Spektors, The Valentines, Fraternity, AC/DC
Scrap Metal
Selwyn 1982(b)--present R&B
The Silents 2003--present Alternative rock, Psychedelic rock James Terry, Benjamin Stowe, Sam Ford, Alex Board Pond
Sivan, Troye 2006--present Pop, synth-pop, electropop, dance-pop
The Sleepy Jackson 1998--present Alternative rock, Baroque pop Luke Steele, Malcolm Clark, Lee Jones, Dave Symes, Felix Bloxsom End of Fashion, Eskimo Joe, Spencer Tracy, Little Birdy
Slumberjack 2013--present Electronic music / Trap Morgan Then, Fletcher Ehlers
Snowman 2003--present Alternative rock Andy Citawarman, Joseph McKee, Olga Hermanniusson, Ross DiBlasio
Sodastream 1997--2007 Rock Pete Cohen, Karl Smith, Adam Johnson Thermos Cardy
The Someloves 1986--1990 Alternative rock Dom Mariani, Darryl Mather, Tony Italiano, Robbie Scorer, Martin Moon The Stems, Lime Spiders, The Orange Humble Band, DM3, Dom Mariani and the Majestic Kelp
Spacey Jane 2016--present Indie rock, Garage rock Ashton Hardman-Le Cornu, Caleb Harper, Kieran Lama, Peppa Lane
The Spektors 1964--1966 Rock Bon Scott, Brian Gannon, Wyn Milson, John Collins The Valentines, The Winstons, AC/DC
Spencer Tracy 1999--2004 Rock Kim Jones, Shaun Sibbes, Jessicca Bennett The Sleepy Jackson, Astronaut, The Preytells, The Avenue, Eskimo Joe
Squidfiinger 1994-2001 Rock Michael Dearn Chris carpenter, Nick Carpenter, Paul Ormsby Swamp Monsters, King Brown, T-Roll
Steele, Katy 1983(b)--present Little Birdy
Steele, Luke The Sleepy Jackson, Nations by the River, Empire of the Sun
The Stems 1983--1987, 2003, 2007 Dom Mariani, Richard Lane, Julian Mathews, David Shaw The Someloves, The Chevelles, DM3, Dom Mariani and the Majestic Kelp, The Neptunes
Subtruck 1998--present Hard rock Phil Bradley, Kris Goodwin, Robert Troup
Sugar Army 2005--Present Rock Patrick McLaughlin, Todd Honey, Ian Berney, Jamie Sher
Supernaut 1974--1980, 2007 Glam rock, glam punk, punk rock, new wave Gary Twinn, Chris Burnham, Joe Burnham, Philip Foxman Illustrated Man, The Saints, Twenty Flight Rockers, Knock-Out Drops, The Honeydippers, Speedtwinn, The International Swingers
Tallis, Steve
Tame Impala 2007--present Psychedelic rock Kevin Parker, Jay Watson, Dominic Simper, Nick Allbrook Pond, Mink Mussel Creek, Space Lime Peacock, Giant Tortoise, Allbrook/Avery, The Dee Dee Dums, Gum, Melody\'s Echo Chamber, The Flaming Lips
Thomas, Stu 1989--present Alternative rock Stu Thomas The Stu Thomas Paradox, Stu & The Celestials, Dave Graney, Dave Graney & Clare Moore feat. The Lurid Yellow Mist, Kim Salmon and the Surrealists, The Scientists, Kim Salmon and the Business, The Brass Bed, Luxedo, Billy Miller, Organism, Crumpet, Barb Waters, Dan Brodie and the Broken Arrows, Red Lantern, Soldiers, Jane Dust
The Triffids 1979--1989 Rock, Alternative, Folk rock David McComb (d. 1999), Robert McComb, Jill Birt, Alsy MacDonald, Martyn P
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List of musical acts from Western Australia
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# 10th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The **10th Ohio Infantry Regiment** was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was also known as the **Montgomery Regiment**, and the **Bloody Tenth**. The 10th Ohio Infantry was predominantly recruited from Irish Americans, but had two companies consisting of German Americans.
## Service
### Three-month regiment {#three_month_regiment}
The 10th Ohio Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Harrison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and assembled for three months\' service on May 7, 1861, under Colonel William Haines Lytle. This was in response to President Lincoln\'s call for 75,000 volunteers. The regiment moved to Camp Dennison on May 12 and performed duty there until June 3, 1861. The 10th Ohio Infantry discharged on August 21, 1861.
### Three-years regiment {#three_years_regiment}
The 10th Ohio Infantry was reorganized at Camp Dennison on June 3, 1861, and assembled for three years of service under the command of Colonel William Haines Lytle.
Through September 1861, the regiment was attached to the 2nd Brigade, Army of Occupation, Western Virginia. It was subsequently assigned to Benham\'s Brigade, Kanawha Division, Western Virginia, and stayed there through October 1861; the 1st Brigade, Kanawha Division, Western Virginia, to November 1861; the 17th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861; the 17th Brigade, 3rd Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862; the 17th Brigade, 3rd Division, I Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIV Corps, January 1863; and Headquarters Provost Guard, Department of the Cumberland, to May 1864.
The 10th Ohio Infantry disassembled on June 3, 1864. Seventy-five enlisted men whose terms of enlistment had not expired were left unassigned within the Army of the Cumberland until September, then were assigned to the 18th Ohio Infantry.
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# 10th Ohio Infantry Regiment
## Detailed service {#detailed_service}
### 1861
Operations by the 10th Ohio Regiment began quickly. After working up in Ohio, it marched to western Virginia on June 24. Operations ensued in Grafton, Clarksburg and Buckhannon until August. After that, it served in the Western Virginia Campaign from July to September 1861, seeing action at the Battle of Carnifex Ferry on September 10.
After some rest, the 10th moved to the Kanawha Valley and New River Region, where it saw action from October 19 to November 24. It participated in the pursuit of Confederate Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd from November 10 to 15 after reaching Gauley Bridge on November 10. It was at Cotton Mountain from November 10 to 11.
After that, the division moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where it was in action from November 24 to December 2. From there, the 10th moved to Elizabethtown and then on to Bacon Creek on December 26, where it waited out the winter.
### 1862 {#section_1}
The 10th began the year on station at Bacon Creek. It stayed there until February 1862. It marched to Bowling Green, Kentucky, on February 10--15, and occupied Bowling Green from February 15 to 22.
After that, the division was ordered to advance on Nashville, Tennessee, which it did on February 22 -- March 2. After a brief rest, it participated in the advance on Murfreesboro, Tennessee, from March 17 to 19. From there, it occupied Shelbyville, Fayetteville, and then advanced on Huntsville, Alabama, from March 28 to April 11. This resulted in the capture of Huntsville on April 11.
The division saw no rest, immediately marching on Decatur from April 11 to 14. It saw action at West Bridge, near Bridgeport, on April 29. After that, the division had a breather. It was stationed at Huntsville until August.
The division then participated in the march to Louisville, Kentucky, in pursuit of Confederate General Braxton Bragg from August 27 to September 26. This turned into a pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky from October 1 to 15. The division saw action at the Battle of Perryville on October eighth.
There followed a march to Nashville from October 16 to November 7. It then was assigned to Provost duty at the headquarters of General William S. Rosecrans, Commanding Army of the Cumberland, which occupied the division for the remainder of the year.
While serving General Rosecrans, the division participated in the advance on Murfreesboro, Tennessee, from December 26 to 30, 1862. It saw action at the Battle of Stones River, December 30--31, 1862 and January 1 to 3, 1863, including Stewart\'s Creek, January 1, 1863.
### 1863 {#section_2}
The 10th remained on Provost Duty for almost all of 1863. In December, it was transferred to similar duty at the headquarters of General George H. Thomas, Commanding Army and Department of the Cumberland.
The division saw duty at Murfreesboro until June 1863. It then participated in the Tullahoma Campaign from June 23 to July 7, 1863. It was one of the divisions participating in the occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16.
The division then marched over the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River as part of the preliminaries to the Chickamauga Campaign, where it formed part of the line from August 16 to September 22, 1863. It was in the line for the Battle of Chickamauga, September 19 to 21. After that, it participated in the siege of Chattanooga, September 24 -- November 23, 1863. It was at the battle of Chattanooga, November 23--25, and then at Missionary Ridge, November 24--25, 1863.
### 1864 {#section_3}
The 10th continued performing its Provost duty for General Thomas until May 1864.
During this time, it participated in the reconnaissance of Dalton, Georgia, from February 22 to 27, 1864. There followed the Atlanta Campaign led by General William Tecumseh Sherman, May 1--27. The 10th made a demonstration attack on Rocky Faced Ridge from May 8 to 11. After the Battle of Resaca, May 14--15, the division was ordered to the rear for muster out on May 27, 1864.
## Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 168 men during its service; three officers and 86 enlisted men were killed or mortally wounded, two officers and 77 enlisted men died of disease.
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# 10th Ohio Infantry Regiment
## Commanders
- Colonel William Haines Lytle
- Lieutenant Colonel Joseph W. Burke -- commanded at the battles of Perryville and Stones River
- Lieutenant Colonel William M. Ward -- commanded at the Battle of Chickamauga
## Notable members {#notable_members}
- Thomas J. Kelly: First Sergeant, Company C (1861--1862); Captain, Chief Signal Officer, Company I (1863--1864); Chief Organizer (1867--1869), Colonel, Committee Secretary (1871--), Irish Republican Brotherhood
- Stephen Joseph McGroarty, Irish American soldier
- Rev. William T
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# Canadian Medical Protective Association
The **Canadian Medical Protective Association** (**CMPA**) is a membership-based, not-for-profit organization that provides legal defence, liability protection, and risk-management education for physicians in Canada. The CMPA also provides compensation to patients and their families proven to have been harmed by negligent medical care (*fault* in Québec). In 2016, the CMPA\'s membership list totaled 95,691 physicians.
The organization has its headquarters in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
## History
### Early days {#early_days}
Founded at the 1901 annual meeting of the Canadian Medical Association, the CMPA was incorporated by an Act of Parliament on 27 February 1913, and given Royal Assent on 16 May 1913.
On its 100th anniversary, the CMPA published *A History of the Canadian Medical Protective Association 1901-2001*. This document contains excerpts from the earliest CMPA annual reports. From pages 7--9:
> Object of the New Association Dr. R.W. Powell, who was the first president of the CMPA, retained the position for 33 years. Dr. Powell's annual reports optimistically predicted the CMPA would be a large and important organization while describing the difficulties in increasing the membership. His reports are interspersed with harangues on recruiting new members and the 1911 annual report boasted: *We have struck terror into the evil minded who have sought to besmirch and even blackmail members of our noble profession.* The business of the CMPA was and still is protecting physicians, which it does by hiring the best legal help. Testament to the calibre of the legal assistance is evidenced by the number of CMPA counsel who have been appointed to the bench in provincial and federal courts through the years.
> Incorporation - A Stormy Passage The Act of Incorporation generated considerable lively debate in both the House of Commons and Senate of Canada. Members of Parliament received petitions objecting to it. Feelings ran high. An MP said in debate: *I think this legislation is dangerous. It is legislation against the interests of the mass of the people, and is the creation of a monopolistic corporation\... against the rights of the individual in the matter of the selection of his method of cure and treatment in the case of disease.* Speaking about protecting the rights of the individual, another MP summed up: *If the individual realizes that instead of going up against a man whom he believes to be guilty, he has to go up against a strong corporation composed of the medical men of the country, with a fund at their disposal to fight such cases, I think he will feel that an injustice is being done.* There was also concern about recruiting physicians to support a plaintiff\'s case in court.
> Consistent Core Values Dr Powell often reiterated the value: Our organization does not consist in the fights we have put up or in the open success we have had but rather in the silent influence we have swayed against litigants who for a money gain have sought to blast the reputation of conscientious, painstaking and reputable practitioners knowing or suspecting that they have an easy mark and that to avoid publicity a medical man will often submit to what amounts to blackmail. These litigants have found out that our Counsel stands ready to accept service of the writ and your Executive stands ready with a bank account to furnish the sinews of war. Dozens and dozens of cases have thus been strangled at their inception and have disappeared like dew off the grass. This feature gentlemen is the strength and glory of your association. (CMPA Annual Report, 1919)
The CMPA co-sponsored the 10th Annual International Conference on Medical Regulation, which took place at the Ottawa Convention Centre in October 2012.
## Governance
The CMPA is a Special Act corporation because it was established by virtue of an Act of Canadian Parliament. The CMPA is not a regulated insurer. It offers medico-legal services to members, defined in the act as licensed physicians practicing in Canada. Unlike some insurers, the CMPA offers discretionary medico-legal assistance and follows by-laws dictating how and when it can offer its services.
In its Strategic Plan, the CMPA\'s stated mission is \"To protect the professional integrity of physicians and promote safe medical care in Canada.\" To that end, the CMPA seeks to resolve medico-legal matters on behalf of its member, identify and promote practices that reduce physicians\' medical liability risk, identify system-level changes to reduce adverse events, and support public policy that contributes to an effective and sustainable medical liability system.
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# Canadian Medical Protective Association
## Patient safety {#patient_safety}
In recent years the CMPA has promoted itself as a contributor to safer medical care, by claiming to reduce the number and severity of adverse medical events. Each year the CMPA hosts a series of \"risk management\" conferences and symposia for Canadian physicians, delivers approximately 400 customized workshops, and publishes a quarterly magazine (*CMPA Perspective*), among other activities.
The CMPA partners with the [Canadian Patient Safety Institute](http://www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca/English/Pages/default.aspx) (CPSI) to develop programs and tools aimed at improving patient safety: Canadian Disclosure Guidelines, CPSI Safety Competencies, Canadian Patient Safety Officer Course, Patient Safety Education Program, and the Advancing Safety for Patients in Residency (ASPIRE) program.
Nevertheless, as noted by the 2008 Canadian Healthcare Safety Symposium, there is more work to be done to improve patient safety:
> The progress of the patient safety movement is being stymied by regulatory, structural and attitudinal problems, according to speakers at the eighth annual Canadian Healthcare Safety Symposium. A \'huge gulf\' exists between the number of Canadian patients injured by negligence and those who receive compensation, said University of Alberta law professor Gerald Robertson. \'One must seriously question the efficacy of a model which compensates so few who are entitled to it.\' Only about 2% of patients injured by negligence in Canada receive compensation, he said, basing his calculation on figures from the Canadian Medical Protective Association research estimating the number of preventable adverse events in Canadian hospitals. Meanwhile, the number of lawsuits against Canadian doctors is dropping --- down 30% since 1998 (from 1339 suits commenced in 1998, to 928 suits in 2007) --- and only 30% of plaintiffs seeking compensation are successful in court, Robertson noted. Medical negligence cases are complex, time-consuming, expensive and almost always undertaken on a contingency-fee basis. As a result, lawyers are unlikely to take on cases unless there is a chance of a settlement valued over \$100 000, he said, noting that lawyers usually seek a fee equal to 30% of a successful settlement. The patient-safety movement may \'raise consciousness\' about the need for better compensation for patients, since it will likely raise awareness about the frequency of adverse medical events.
One claimant who received compensation, Campbellford resident John Lewis, said \"one of the main barriers to patient safety in this country\" is the Canadian Medical Protective Association. \"It\'s extremely powerful because of the political influence it wields.\"
Critics of loser-pays rules and bans on contingency fees say such efforts discriminate against patients who can\'t afford to pursue a claim. However, Canada\'s loser-pays rule is rarely invoked by the CMPA, largely because most plaintiffs are not in a position to pay.
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# Canadian Medical Protective Association
## Liability protection {#liability_protection}
The CMPA describes itself as a \"mutual defence\" organization for doctors. In other words, it is not an insurance company. There is no contract between the CMPA and member physicians ensuring that the CMPA pays damages to victims of medical malpractice. When a doctor is brought before the Canadian justice system, the doctor\'s legal defence is funded by the CMPA, which uses its discretion on the cases it takes. The CMPA may defend a doctor sued in civil court for medical negligence causing injury, and may also defend a doctor charged in criminal court for offenses ranging from financial fraud (such as over-billing), to malfeasance, sexual battery, and felony crimes.
Action Number
-------------------------------------------------------- --------
Legal actions commenced 869
Legal actions proceeding to trial → won by the patient 10
Legal actions proceeding to trial → won by the doctor 63
Legal actions settled out of court 444
Legal actions dismissed, discontinued, or abandoned 514
: CMPA - National Statistics 2012
The national statistics for negligence lawsuits shown in the table (right) are from the 2012 CMPA Annual Report. The CMPA does not distinguish between lawsuits which are dismissed, discontinued, or abandoned, but provides only an accumulated total for this category. A lawsuit may be dismissed by the courts, or a lawyer may inform a plaintiff that there is no reasonable chance of success with a lawsuit, in which case it may be abandoned or discontinued. Often, a Statement of Claim is filed years before the case is resolved, thus the number of actions commenced in a given year need not equal the sum of the resolved cases in that year.
## Financing
Doctors pay annual membership fees to the CMPA. Provincial governments reimburse a portion of those fees as part of negotiated contracts with provincial medical associations, in lieu of other forms of compensation provided to Canadian physicians.
Membership fees, together with investment income, have enabled the CMPA to acquire a \$2.6 billion reserve fund used to provide doctors with legal defence for cases in which the CMPA deems are defensible. CMPA funds are also used to provide compensation, in the form of awards and settlements, to patients and their families found to have been harmed by negligent clinical care. In 2012, CMPA paid out \$249 million in awards and settlements.
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# Canadian Medical Protective Association
## No-fault medical compensation {#no_fault_medical_compensation}
When the CMPA was incorporated there was an imbalance of knowledge between doctor and patient, which in turn led to what may be considered an imbalance of power in the doctor-patient relationship. Some point to abuse by MDs, both in the healthcare system and in the court system. The arrival of the internet brought a sea change. Today, objective medical information is so readily available that patients no longer need to live in a city with a university medical library to become informed about their own health conditions. Doctor rating sites have sprung up, covering every continent. The skill level of MDs, or lack thereof, may be exposed on such sites. Doctors need to keep up to date with technical advances in their field, and demonstrate high ethical standards. Patients, meanwhile, are demanding a medical *Glasnost* of transparency and accountability.
Some critics of the current system want to replace the current tort-based system with a so-called \"no-fault\" medical compensation system. In 2008, the Canadian Medical Association Journal printed a three-part series on this topic. In 2008, Healthcare Quarterly published \"Giving Back the Pen: Disclosure, Apology and Early Compensation After Harm in the Health Care Setting.\" The title refers to a comment made by Bishop Desmond Tutu regarding the importance of restitution after harm: *If you take my pen and say you are sorry and don\'t give me back my pen, nothing has happened.*
In 2005 the CMPA published a comparative analysis of medical liability systems internationally, including in countries with \"no fault\" systems. It called for \"common sense reforms\" within the current tort-based compensation system, concluding that Canada\'s current system is fundamentally sound and \"is very likely the best possible model for our circumstances
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# Campbell Town, Tasmania
**Campbell Town** is a town in Tasmania, Australia, on the Midland Highway. At the 2021 census, the town had a population of 823.
## History
### Traditional owners of the Campbell Town area {#traditional_owners_of_the_campbell_town_area}
The traditional custodians of the Campbell Town area were the Tyerrernotepanner (chera-noti-pahner) Clan of the North Midlands Nation. The Tyerrernotepanner were a nomadic people who traversed country from the Central Plateau to the Eastern Tiers but were recorded as inhabiting \"resorts\" around present day Campbell Town, lagoons near present-day Cleveland and Conara and the southern banks of the South Esk River. The colonial name for this clan was the Stony Creek Tribe, named after a small southern tributary of the South Esk at Llewellyn.
The Tyerrernotepanner called the Campbell Town area *norerytymonerler* or *parndokenne*. Their name for the hills above Campbell Town ( the Campbell Town Tier) was *Lukargener Purntobebenner* and the Elizabeth River was *parndokennerlyerpinder*.
The Tyerrernotepanner were severely depleted as a clan during the first decades of the 1800s, as colonial settlers claimed land up the South Esk and across the fertile plains of the Midlands. Clan hunting and migration was hindered by settler activity, hunting and, finally, armed aggression that culminated in massacres in the uplands and valleys around Campbell Town.
The Tyerrernotepanner were formidable opponents of settler colonisation and aggression during the Black War and were recorded as attacking settlers from the Lake River to The South Esk and Tamar River Valleys during the final phase of Aboriginal resistance in the 1820s and 1830s. The Tyerrernotepanner were led by elders such as [Memerlannerlargenna](http://www.utas.edu.au/telling-places-in-country/historical-context/historical-biographies/memerlannelargenna) and Eumarrah subjects of fearful reminiscence by settlers after the Black War.
The last members of the Tyerrernotepanner were \"conciliated\" by George Augustus Robinson and, under orders from Governor Arthur, were exiled from their country to die in the squalor of Wybalenna or Oyster Cove.
### Colonial Campbell Town {#colonial_campbell_town}
The area of modern Campbell Town would have been known to colonials in Launceston (then Port Dalrymple), as the name of the river passing through was already known as Relief Creek. Lachlan Macquarie renamed it after his wife Elizabeth when passing through in 1811. The site of modern Campbell Town was named by Macquarie in 1821 on his second tour of Van Diemen\'s Land and, continuing his habit of renaming Tasmanian landforms after his family and friends, is named for his wife\'s maiden name. The first settler at the site of modern Campbell town was Thomas Kenton, a constable, who erected a cottage here at some time around 1821 and by 1823 a causeway was erected over the river and an inn opened in 1824.
Campbell Town was established as a town in 1826 and was originally one of the four garrison towns linking Hobart and Launceston. Campbell Town had 2--3 soldiers permanently stationed -- with the main headquarters at Ross. As the threat from the Aboriginal clans decreased the soldiers were replaced by convict police, who established stations in the town and in the surrounding tiers and rivers; primarily as a means of controlling or capturing escaped convicts.
The establishment and growth of Campbell Town as a police district headquarters and commercial centre paralleled the change in Van Diemen\'s Land agricultural economy from a peasant farming base to a more capital intensive land grant system.
By 1836, a decade after its establishment, the Campbell Town district had already established its major landholders, free settlers who had displaced both indigenous people and any smaller colonial landholders, and had established cropping and pastoral holdings with a sheep population of 180,000. By the mid 1830s Campbell Town was a garrison town with a court house, gaol, Police magistrates\' house, two hotels, two inns and emancipated men running stores and mechanics\' shops. The growth of agriculture, housing and infrastructure was facilitated by the labour of assigned men and household labour was facilitated by both male and female convict labourers. The obverse to this \"free\" convict labour was the enormous paramilitary and penal infrastructure required to maintain the convict system. Gentleman farmers and retired military officers were appointed by governor Arthur as magistrates to prosecute the law on this frontier.
Campbell Town Post Office opened on 1 June 1832.
Today, it acts as the only major rest area on the Midland Highway, with toilets, a park, a large car park and a range of food outlets. Campbell Town is also the retail centre for much of the southern part of the Municipality Midlands area.
One of Campbell Town\'s features is the convict-built Red Bridge, the oldest surviving brick arch bridge in Australia, as well as the oldest bridge anywhere on the National Highway. The bridge and causeway were built as a part of the original main road; it was to be a part of Bell\'s line of Road, but this road never got past Oatlands. Construction was commenced in 1836 and completed in 1838.`{{r|CINTEC}}`{=mediawiki} It consists of drystone abutments and timber top, although the top has been replaced, the stone abutments are original, making this a rare example of early Australian stone work.
Campbell Town is also home to the Foxhunters Return, a colonial Georgian coaching inn which retains all its original outbuildings. Built by convicts around 1833, with the main building constructed under the direction of stonemason Hugh Keane, Foxhunters Return is described by the National Trust as \"the finest and most substantial hotel building of the late colonial period in Australia.\" During the construction of the Red Bridge, convicts were reputed to be housed overnight in the extensive cellars beneath Foxhunters Return, which is situated on the banks of the Elizabeth River and adjacent to the Red Bridge.
## Attractions
Given the history of Campbell Town, there are an abundance of colonial buildings that have been well preserved. The town offers tourists a heritage walk, showcasing notable structures like the Red Bridge, Campbell Town Convict Brick Trail and Lake Leake. Valentines Park in the town\'s center showcases a felled hardwood log known colloquially as \"The Log\" or \"Big Log\". The town is also noted for the Transit of Venus, which was first observed by the US Navy in 1874.
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# Campbell Town, Tasmania
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Harold Gatty, recipient of the US Distinguished Flying Cross, was born in Campbell Town.
## Gallery
<File:Campbell> Town, Tasmania.jpg\|Heritage building in Campbell Town Image:Campbell Town rest area
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# Gottschalk v. Benson
***Gottschalk v. Benson***, 409 U.S. 63 (1972), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a process claim directed to a numerical algorithm, as such, was not patentable because \"the patent would *wholly pre-empt* the mathematical formula and in practical effect would be a patent on the algorithm itself.\" That would be tantamount to allowing a patent on an abstract idea, contrary to precedent dating back to the middle of the 19th century. The ruling stated \"Direct attempts to patent programs have been rejected \[and\] indirect attempts to obtain patents and avoid the rejection \... have confused the issue further and should not be permitted.\" The case was argued on October 16, 1972, and was decided November 20, 1972.
## Prior history {#prior_history}
The case revolves around a patent application filed by inventors Gary Benson and Arthur Tabbot, for a method for converting binary-coded decimal (BCD) numerals into pure binary numerals on a general-purpose digital computer. The patent examiner at the United States Patent Office, now called the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or PTO, rejected the patent application as being directed to a mathematical expression. Pure mathematical expressions had been held to be unpatentable under earlier patent laws in *Mackay Co. v. Radio Corp.* The applicant appealed to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, which affirmed the examiner\'s rejection. The applicant further appealed to the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. The Court reversed the Board. Finally, Commissioner of Patents Robert Gottschalk filed a petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court.
## The case {#the_case}
The law which is applicable to this case is section 101 of the Patent Act of 1952.`{{ref|1}}`{=mediawiki} The question was whether or not the claimed invention was a \"process\" under the law. An older precedent held, that \"a process was patentable if it brought about a useful, concrete, and tangible result.\"
The Court held that because the claim was not limited to any particular type of programmable digital computer and neither involved special purpose implementing machinery nor a transformation of substances, as in all prior cases holding processes patentable, the claim would effectively preclude use of the method for any currently known or future invention in any field. Thus the claim was directed to an algorithm alone and therefore was not patentable.
In its brief to the Supreme Court, the government asked the Court to hold that no process could be patented, unless it claimed either a transformation of substances or was implemented with a newly devised machine. This approach is known as machine-or-transformation test. The Court held that those criteria were \"clues\" to patent eligibility but declined to hold that they were necessary conditions for patent-eligibility in all cases, even though every case in which the Supreme Court had approved a process patent thus far had involved such a process.
## Impact
This decision was widely seen as confirming that software by itself was not directly patentable. What patent attorneys agents had been doing in the meantime, however, was to get patent protection on software inventions by claiming the algorithm in combination with the general purpose digital computer programmed to carry out the algorithm. Thus they technically purported to be claiming a new machine and this, the lower patent court held, was patentable.
The boundary between when a computer implemented process is purely an abstract idea (and thus not patentable) and when it is a process implementing the idea in a practical way (and thus is patentable) is still a matter of debate within the U.S. patent office. (\"The Supreme Court has not been clear\...as to whether such subject matter is excluded from the scope of 101 because it represents laws of nature, natural phenomena, or abstract ideas.\") It also remains a contested issue whether process patent claims *must* be directed to a transformation of substances or else embody a nontrivial, novel implementing machine or device. The PTO has taken this position in its arguments to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. See USPTO brief in *In re Bilski*. The Government also so argued in briefing the *Benson* case. The majority opinion in the Federal Circuit\'s opinion in *In re Bilski* adopts this position
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# Oakland Catholic High School
**Oakland Catholic High School** is a private, Roman Catholic college preparatory school for girls, located in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, within the Diocese of Pittsburgh. It was established by Bishop Donald Wuerl in 1989 as the merger of former all-girl parish high schools of Sacred Heart and St. Paul Cathedral to serve as a sister school for Central Catholic. Approximately 600 students matriculate at Oakland Catholic and the school draws female students from all over Pittsburgh and its suburbs. Upon graduation, 100% of its students continue to a four-year university.
Oakland Catholic High School completed construction and renovations for the 2008-2009 school year.
## Athletics
Oakland Catholic offers 18 different sports stretching over three seasons (fall, winter and spring.)
Fall sports
- Cross country
- Field hockey
- Golf
- Soccer
- Tennis
- Volleyball
Winter sports
- Basketball
- Sideline Cheer
- Fencing
- Indoor track
- Swimming and diving
Spring sports
- Lacrosse
- Softball
- Track and field
- Ultimate
Highlights
- Basketball - Oakland Catholic is known for its girls basketball team. From 1998--2008 they were involved in every district championship (W.P.I.A.L.) game. They also won several Pennsylvania State Championship titles. The current`{{as of?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} women\'s head basketball coach is OC alumna, Brianne O\'Rourke, OCHS\'05 and former director of the woman\'s basketball operations at the University of Pittsburgh.
- Swimming - Oakland Catholic swimming also has a number of state championships. Oakland Catholic Swimming is widely known throughout the region for its multiple W.P.I.A.L. and state (P.I.A.A.) titles.
- Soccer - Oakland Catholic girls soccer won the WPIAL Class 3A Championship in 2018. The Eagles also advanced to the PIAA State semi-finals finishing with an overall record of 20-2, which is the best soccer season in OCHS history to date
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# Les Pages Jèrriaises
**Les Pages Jèrriaises** (English: *The Jèrriais Pages*) is a collection of thousands of pages in and about Jèrriais posted on the internet. It was created and is maintained by Geraint Jennings. It is the largest collection of Norman materials on the internet. It has also been praised in Normandy as an example of how a Norman dialect has managed to modernise itself. Les Pages Jèrriaises have also featured prominently in a national newspaper.
Les Pages Jèrriaises are divided into sections containing vocabulary (usually with English, and sometimes French, translation), grammar, authors, poems, songs, texts, and articles, information on Jersey and its parishes, a FAQ, an introduction to Jèrriais, and quizzes and games, all in Jèrriais. It contains a repository of old Jèrriais texts (such as poems, stories, and articles), published and made available to the general public.
Les Pages Jèrriaises are sometimes used as a supplement to Jèrriais teaching material in classrooms on Jersey, and is also used as a resource by Jèrriais learners abroad, as well as to connect Jèrriais speakers who have left the island. They have been used as a source for Jèrriais-related research by individuals outside of Jersey, including Tony Le Sauteur\'s pages on the history of Jèrriais in Quebec.
## History
Les Pages Jèrriaises, commissioned by La Société Jersiaise, were initially created by Geraint Jennings, and had achieved media notice by 1996. In 1999, a local contest was created to celebrate the addition of the 1,000th page
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# NCAA Division I men's basketball conference tournaments
A **conference tournament** in college basketball is a tournament held at the end of the regular season to determine a conference tournament champion. It is usually held in four rounds, but can vary, depending on the conference. All Division I Conferences hold a conference tournament. Winners of each tournament get an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Since 2006, the top seed in each conference tournament, regardless of how they perform, has been guaranteed an automatic bid to either the National Invitation Tournament, if they fail to win the conference tournament, or the conference\'s automatic bid if they are successful. (Conferences are only permitted to stage postseason tournaments if the tournament winner receives the conference\'s sole automatic NCAA bid.)
The process is identical for women\'s basketball, with the exception that the Women\'s National Invitation Tournament (which does not operate as an official NCAA tournament, unlike its men\'s counterpart) guarantees an automatic bid to all 32 conferences as well, with the highest-ranking team in each conference that did not reach the NCAA tournament receiving the automatic bid to the NIT
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# Party popper
A **party popper** is a handheld pyrotechnic device commonly used at parties. It emits a loud popping noise by means of a small, friction-actuated explosive charge that is activated by pulling a string. The explosive charge comes from a very small amount of Armstrong\'s mixture (a highly sensitive explosive) in the neck of the bottle-like shape. In some party poppers, the explosive charge is replaced by compressed air. In party poppers with an explosive charge, there are less than 0.25 gr of explosive. The streamers are non-flammable for safe use. The charge or compressed air blows out some confetti or streamers and emits a popping sound. The charge is often composed of red phosphorus and strong oxidizer, such as potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate.
There are also party popper revolvers on the market, which use a Speedloader --- style cartridge filled with six-party popper charges inserted into a normally colourful plastic device loosely resembling a pistol or revolver. Its functionality is very much the same as a pistol; the depression of the trigger apparatus rotates the chamber so that a live charge is presented to a hammer, which falls onto a regular cap ring embedded in the bottom of the chamber. The chambers are one-time use only.
## Safety and precautions {#safety_and_precautions}
Party poppers have been known to cause serious eye trauma and other facial injuries when aimed at people. Consumers are advised to avoid disassembling party poppers. Supervision of children during usage is also highly important. Party poppers are classified as \"indoor fireworks,\" and as such, they are subject to legal restrictions in some places. Party poppers cannot be sold to anybody under the age of 16 in the United Kingdom.
## Emoji
The party popper has been part of emojis (🎉) since 2015. It is also known as the \"tada\" emoji
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# Entertaining Mr Sloane (film)
***Entertaining Mr Sloane*** is a 1970 British black comedy film directed by Douglas Hickox. The screenplay by Clive Exton is based on the 1964 play of the same title by Joe Orton. This was the second adaptation of the play, the first having been developed for British television and broadcast by ITV on 15 July 1968.
In the film, a lonely woman invites a recent acquaintance to become her lodger and her lover. Her brother likes him as well, and the new arrival plays the siblings against each other. But the lodger is eventually blackmailed into becoming both their prisoner and their shared lover, in a ménage à trois.
## Plot
Murder, homosexuality, bisexuality, nymphomania, and sadism are among the themes of this black comedy focusing on a brother and sister who become involved with a young, sexy, amoral drifter with a mysterious past.
Kath is a lonely middle-aged woman living in the London suburbs with her aging father, Kemp, referred to as DaDa. When she meets Mr Sloane sunbathing and exercising on a grave in the cemetery near her home, she invites him to become a lodger. Soon after he accepts her offer, Kath seduces him. Her closeted brother, Ed, makes him the chauffeur, complete with a tight leather uniform, of his pink 1959 Pontiac Parisienne convertible. Kemp recognizes Sloane as the man who killed his boss years before and stabs him in the leg with a gardening tool.
Sloane takes delight in playing brother against sister and tormenting the elderly man. He gets Kath pregnant and a jealous Ed warns him to stay away from her. When Mr Sloane murders Kemp to protect his secret, they blackmail him by threatening to report him to the police unless he agrees to participate in a ménage à trois, in which he becomes not only a sexual partner but their prisoner as well.
## Cast
- Beryl Reid as Kath
- Peter McEnery as Sloane
- Harry Andrews as Ed
- Alan Webb as Kemp
## Production
### Background and financing {#background_and_financing}
Douglas Hickox was a TV commercials director who wanted to get into feature films. He and Doug Kentish set up a company called Canterbury Films which mostly made commercials. They had to buy the rights off a German company. Hickox admitted \"Orton is not a subject I would have picked\" normally, but \"it was my opportunity.\"
They spent two years trying to raise finance for what would be Canterbury\'s first feature. Producer Kentish said casting was \"difficult\" but they could afford to pay the actors \"a little more\" as there were only four, and there were only a few locations.
Finance was raised in part from Anglo-Amalgamated. It was one of the first of a slate of films under the supervision of Nat Cohen who had set up a unit at EMI Films.
### Filming
Filming commenced on 18 August 1969, with three weeks of location work and four weeks in the studio. The film was produced at Intertel Studios in Wembley and on location at Brockley, at East Dulwich, and at the lodge in Camberwell Old Cemetery in Honor Oak.
### Music
The theme song was sung by Georgie Fame. Fame released it as the B-side of his 1970 single \"Somebody Stole My Thunder\".
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# Entertaining Mr Sloane (film)
## Release
Attended by Princess Margaret, the Royal World Premiere took place on 1 April 1970 at the Carlton Cinema in London.
Beryl Reid later wrote in her memoirs that \"though it wasn't an immediate success commercially, *Entertaining Mr Sloane* has become a cult film: everybody tries to get videos of it, which is quite surprising. It has always been my favourite film and certainly it was brilliantly adapted for the screen from Joe Orton's play by Clive Exton, with Douglas Hickox doing a marvellous job.\"
### Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Variety* said the film \"blends morbid humor, an obsession with sex, and an underlying pathos and result is interest that is always held. It's no detraction from the rest of the cast to say that it is firmly Beryl Reid\'s picture.\"
*The Guardian* felt it was \"a pretty coarse version of the play which persists in rubbing our noses in what Orton hinted at.\"
The *Los Angeles Times* called it \"an outrageous, hilarious, pitch black English comedy.\"
Roger Greenspun of *The New York Times* observed, \"I think that the play\'s real interest lies precisely in its grotesque avoidance of the depths with which the movie is so vividly familiar. But in most of its particulars the film succeeds---with a superb cast, Douglas Hickox\'s inventive and generally restrained direction, and a screenplay by Clive Exton that . . . opens up the action mainly to enlarge the characterization of Ed, a real virtue if only for allowing more time and scope to the wonderful Harry Andrews. To a degree the drama has been realized on film . . . and this seems worth the effort and the occasional misdirections, and the nervous discomfort that is likely to be an audience\'s most immediate response.\"
*Time Out* thought the original play \"loses much of its savoury charm in this movie version. Clive Exton\'s script opens out the play conventionally, to little effect, and Hickox\'s direction shows little flair for farce in general or Orton in particular.\"
*Filmink* called it \"a brave, artistic choice for \[Nat\] Cohen, another of the (many) rebuttals that he made "safe" movies.\"
Veteran actor Dudley Sutton originated the role of Sloane in the premiere London and New York stage productions, and was friends with Orton. He was sharply critical of the film version in a 2016 interview with Dr Emma Parker of the University of Leicester, and complained strongly about what he saw as the film\'s weak presentation of Sloane\'s character:
> \"The thing about Sloane is that he\'s \... *lumpen* \... he\'s not a lightweight. When they made that atrocious film \... God rest \'em \... they made Sloane a lightweight, and he isn\'t like that. Sloane is kind of monosyllabic, and he\'s heavy, he\'s lumpen \... leaden \... he\'s a geez.\"
### Home media {#home_media}
The film was released on DVD by Cinema Club on 20 June 2005.
In May 2025, Severin Films will release a restored 2K resolution version of the film, with bonus material, on Blu-Ray DVD
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# Slo Sco:The Best of the Ballads
***Slo Sco: The Best of the Ballads*** is a compilation album by jazz guitarist John Scofield. The tracks on this album have been taken from previously released albums on Gramavision Records from 1984 until 1989.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Still Warm\"
2. \"Heaven Hill\"
3. \"Phone Home\"
4. \"True Love\"
5. \"Time Marches On\"
6. \"Now She\'s Blonde\"
7. \"Spy Versus Spy\"
8. \"Gil B643\"
9. \"Thanks Again\"
10. \"Signature of Venus\"
11. \"Best Western\"
12
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# Gaius Bruttius Praesens (consul 153)
**Lucius Fulvius Gaius Bruttius Praesens Laberius Maximus** (c. 119 -- after 180 AD) was a Roman senator who held a number of imperial appointments during the reigns of emperors Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, and was twice consul. Most of what we know about him comes from inscriptions.
Praesens was the son and (as far as is known) the only child of consul and senator Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus, by his second marriage to the wealthy heiress Laberia Hostilia Crispina. His mother was the daughter of Manius Laberius Maximus, a general who was also twice consul. Praesens was born and raised in Volceii, Lucania, Italy. To judge by the presumed dates of his first offices, he must have been born in or around the year 119. He served as a military tribune in Legio III Gallica in Syria, probably about 136 when his father was governing the province. At the beginning of Antoninus Pius\' reign the family evidently stood in high favour: the father took his second consulship in 139 as colleague of the new emperor, and the son was elevated to patrician status about the same time. He went on to fill the coveted position of *quaestor augusti* to Antoninus.
His first consulship fell in 153: he was *consul ordinarius*, initiating the year with Aulus Junius Rufinus as his colleague. He continued to prosper under Marcus Aurelius: like his father, he was Proconsul of Africa, in 166--167. In 178, Marcus Aurelius\' son, the future Emperor Commodus, was married to Praesens\'s daughter Bruttia Crispina and Marcus designated Praesens consul for the year 180. On 3 August 178, Praesens was one of those who accompanied Marcus and the young Commodus on the so-called \'expeditio Germanica secunda\' against the Quadi, Iazyges and Marcomanni, and received military decorations for his part in the campaign. Praesens held the fasces again in 180, again as *consul ordinarius*, with Sextus Quintilius Condianus as his colleague.
According to the Chronograph of 354, Praesens owned a domus in Regio III of Rome.
Praesens had two children by an unknown woman: a son, the future consul Lucius Bruttius Quintius Crispinus, and a daughter, future Empress Bruttia Crispina
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# Carl Gottlieb Reissiger
**Carl Gottlieb Reißiger** (also *Karl Reissiger*, *Carl Reissiger*, *Karl Reißiger*) (31 January 1798 -- 7 November 1859) was a German Kapellmeister and composer.
## Biography
Born in Belzig, Reissiger attended the Thomasschule zu Leipzig and was the pupil of Johann Gottfried Schicht and Peter von Winter. In 1821, he followed the example of the young Beethoven and went to Vienna to study with Antonio Salieri and also studied theology at the University of Leipzig. Reissiger continued his musical studies in France and Italy in 1824, under the sponsorship of the Prussian Ministry of Cultural Affairs. After working for two years as the musical director of the Dresden Opera, he succeeded Carl Maria von Weber as the Kapellmeister of the Dresden Court in 1828, and would hold this office until his death in 1859. A famous piece known as *Weber\'s Last Waltz* was actually written by Reissiger (one of his *Danses brillantes*, op. 26) and is mentioned in Edgar Allan Poe\'s *The Fall of the House of Usher* (1839) as one of Roderick Usher\'s favorite pieces of music; it is also the title of a 1912 film.
Reissiger left behind an extensive oeuvre that was distinguished above all by his vocal music, which included nine operas, one oratorio, nine Latin masses and another four in German, as well as sixty *lieder*. Besides his own works, he also won fame for conducting the premiere of Wagner\'s opera *Rienzi* in 1842. Reissiger\'s most successful compositions were the operas *Didone*, *Der Ahnenschatz*, *Libella*, *Die Felsenmühle*, and *Adèle de Foix*, and the melodrama *Yelva*. His great masses, composed for Catholic services at Court, carry rich melodies and warm feeling. The same can be said of his hymns, motets, and *lieder*, which have been included in many collections, as well as of his oratorio *David*.
In addition, Reissiger wrote and published various forms of orchestral and chamber music. While these works revealed his skill and inventiveness, they fell out of taste after his death. One of his leading pupils was Hermann Berens.
He was a good friend of Joachim Raff during the latter\'s years in Dresden. Reissiger died in Dresden
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# William W. Destler
**William Wallace Destler** (born August 26, 1946) is an American university professor and administrator. In 2017 he retired after having served for exactly 10 years as the 9th president of the Rochester Institute of Technology. He held the position from July 1, 2007, succeeding Albert J. Simone.
Previously, Destler was provost and senior vice president for student affairs at the University of Maryland, College Park from 2001 to 2007. He also served as a professor of electrical engineering in the college of engineering, dean of the graduate school (1999--2001), and dean of the engineering school (1994--1997) at Maryland.
Destler received his bachelor\'s degree from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1968, and a Ph.D. in applied physics from Cornell University in 1972. His research specialized in \"high-power microwave sources and advanced accelerator technologies\".
Destler collects antique banjos; the number of instruments in his collection is purportedly more than 160. Destler is also an amateur folk musician and is a founding member of the Baltimore Folk Music Society. Destler released his first record, *September Sky*, in 1973. It was re-released in 2010 as a CD in S. Korea. Destler also sang with the a capella trio, Rock Creek, with Wally Macnow and Thomas McHenry. He sang with them on *Sharon Mountain Harmony* on the Folk Legacy label and their self produced album *Rock Creek*. His latest CD, *Would You Have Time*, was released in 2016.
More recently, Destler has gained an interest in hybrid and electric vehicles. His own vehicles, including a Toyota Prius, a Chevy Volt and Tesla Model S, are often on display during Imagine RIT, where Destler is more than happy to personally explain the technology behind the vehicles.
In 2010, he approved the termination of RIT\'s quarter system, effectively switching the school to a semester system beginning in 2013. The decision was favored by the voting members of faculty and staff inside the Saunders College of Business, B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing & Information Sciences, College of Imaging Arts & Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, National Technical Institute for the Deaf, College of Science, Staff Council, and the RIT Student Government. It was opposed by voting members of the College of Applied Science & Technology, the Kate Gleason College of Engineering, the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, and the College of Science. 64% of students participating in an online poll voted to remain on the quarter system, while 18% voted for the semester system.
## Retirement
In an email to the entirety of the Rochester Institute of Technology, Destler announced his retirement from the presidency of RIT effective June 30, 2017. He was succeeded by David C. Munson who was previously the Robert J. Vlasic Dean of Engineering at the University of Michigan, where he served two 5 year terms
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# Daniel Smith (Australian cricketer)
**Daniel Lindsay Richard Smith** (born 17 March 1982, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales) is a former Australian cricketer. He played for New South Wales in the Pura Cup and Ford Ranger Cup competitions. He was involved in the thrilling 2008--09 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash final, scoring 1 not out and running through for a quick bye on the last ball to secure victory for the Blues. Smith also starred in the 2009 Champions League Twenty20 for the victorious NSW Blues. Daniel was the equal leading wicketkeeper for the series with four dismissals including 3 stumpings.
He plays for Sydney Cricket Club in the Sydney Grade Cricket Competition as a top order batsman, as well as a wicket-keeper.
Smith had consolidated his spot in the NSW team as Brad Haddin\'s understudy with some very handy first class innings.
He retired from Domestic one day and cricket and first class cricket following the season 2011--12.
Smith was the leading run scorer for NSW Blues in the Ryobi One day cup in 2011--12 season.
He is current holder of the NSW record for highest one day score of all time 179\* in 2011--12 season.
Smith is also the assistant coach of NSW KFC Big Bash franchise Sydney Thunder, and a squad member as a wicket-keeper/batsman, and also captained the team in the absence of David Warner in the National team.
In 2012--13 Smith played in the inaugural Sri Lankan Premier League for the Basnahira Cricket Dundee. He has also signed for the Sydney Sixers in the second of the KFC Big Bash League
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# Yoji (DJ)
**Yoji Biomehanika**, also known as **YOJI**, **Mutant DJ**, **Ozaka Oz**, **Bionico**, **Biomehanika**, **Yōran** and **The Arcade Nation** is a Japanese trance/hard trance DJ. A household name in the Japanese club scene in the 1990s, Yoji entered the international scene in 2001 when he was featured in the lineup for the Dance Valley music festival in the Netherlands in front of 90,000 people. He then started headlining some of the largest international music events such as Sensation Black, Tomorrowland and Street Parade. He is now considered one of the icons of hard dance music.
## Style
Yoji\'s style of music has changed throughout his career, starting off in the 1980s as Yōran, and for a time a member of Japanese punk band Laughin\' Nose. He began DJing trance music in the 1990s before moving into the tougher variants of hard trance and NRG by the start of the 2000s. He produced many hard trance anthems during this time, including his most well known tracks of \"Hardstyle Disco\" and \"Samurai\".
In 2007, Yoji dropped his \'Yoji Biomehanika\' alias and changed to a new style of music with the release of \"Techy Techy\". Yoji calls the style Tech Dance and can be described as a mix between Hard Dance and Techno, mainly characterised by its speed, offbeat rhythms and energy. Further accentuated by Yoji\'s energetic performance style, Tech Dance has become a genre in its own right, with artists such as Joe-E, Vandall & Remo-con all producing this style of music. The latest releases on Yoji\'s Hellhouse label have been in this style of music.
Early on in 2012, Yoji announced via his Ameba blog that his Hellhouse label was being shut down to make way for a new label project entitled \"dieTunes\". The official site and the label itself was launched in June, with the first 3 official releases in July that same year.
In early 2015, Yoji announced on his Ameba blog, website and other social media outlets that he was moving back to his previous alias of Yoji Biomehanika after feeling that he had drifted away from Tech Dance and back to more \"big room\" sounds. With a studio album in the works for release in June 2015 and an artist album celebrating 25 years of his work in music, Yoji also announced a new single to be released around the same time.
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# Yoji (DJ)
## Discography
### Albums
- *Technicolor NRG Show* (2001)
- *Tales From the Big Room* (2004)
- *Chapter X* (2015)
### Compilations
- *Greatest Works* (2002)
- *X Years of Hellhouse* (2010)
- *A Quarter Century Of Yoji Biomehanika* (2017)
### Mix compilations {#mix_compilations}
- *Nu NRG Party* (1997)
- *NRG Essence* (1999)
- *NRG Essence 2* (2000)
- *NRG Essence 2001* (2001)
- *Yoji Biomehanika Presents Lab 4 In The Mix* (2001)
- *The Future of Hard Dance 1 & 2* (2003)
- *Music for the Harder Generation Volume 2* (2003)
- *Goodgreef: Album 3* (CD2 only) (2005)
- *Pharmacy Vol. 4 - Reign in Blood* (2006)
- *GIGA Tech Dance Extreme* (2007)
- *Tech Dance Euphoria: Mixed By YOJI* (2008)
- *ЦЕХ 2009: Hellhouse Techdance Treatment* (2009)
- *VIBLE 01: Mixed By YOJI* (2010)
- *VIBLE 03: Mixed By YOJI* (2011)
- *FABTASTICA -The Black Album-* (b2b George-S) (2012)
- *dieTunes LABEL SAMPLER 01 - YOJI IN THE MIX* (2013)
- *The Weekender Has Landed: Mixed By YOJI* (2014)
- *MUSIC CIRCUS \'14 BLACK STAGE ANTHEMS: Compiled & Mixed By YOJI* (2014)
### Singles
#### As Yoji Biomehanika {#as_yoji_biomehanika}
- Party is my life (1994)
- Rendezvous de telepathy (1994)
- Blinded By The Trance/Blinded By The NRG (1994)
- Expect EP (1997)
- Go Mad (1999)
- Seduction (1999)
- Anasthasia 2001 (2000)
- Look @ The Heaven (2000)
- Look @ The Heaven (The Remix Which Dedicated To Impulz x Dance Valley) (2001)
- Big in Japan EP (2001)
- Do The Nasty (2001)
- A Theme From Banginglobe (2002)
- Ding A Ling (2002)
- Look @ The Heaven "Gatecrasher NEC Edit" (2002)
- Never End (2003)
- Hardstyle Disco (2003)
- Samurai/The Rain (2004)
- Monochroma (2005)
- The Place For Freedom (with MC Stretch) (2015)
- Wake Up To Reality (2015)
- Let\'s Go (exclusive track sold as part of A2K-AID TO KUMAMOTO-) (2016)
- Storm (2016)
- It\'s A Dream (2017)
- Life Is An Illusion (with Phantazm) (2018)
- Still Here (with Francesco Zeta) (2018)
- Warriors (with Skyron & MC Stretch) (2018)
- Unleash the Urge (with Lady Faith & DJ Stephanie) (2019)
- A Theme From Banginglobe (2019 Reworked Mix) (2021)
- Ding A Ling (2022 Reworked Mix) (2022)
- Seduction (2022 Reworked Mix) (2022)
- Recovery (2022 Reworked Mix) (2022)
- Look @ The Heaven (A Reworked Mix For Agefarre 2022) (2022)
- Anasthasia 2001 (2023 Reworked Mix) (2023)
#### As Yoji (or YOJI) {#as_yoji_or_yoji}
- Techy Techy (2008)
- Airport (2009)
- Don\'t Wake Me From The Dream (2009)
- From Flower To Flower (2009)
- Don\'t Wake Me From The Dream (2010 Summer Edition) (2010)
- Surrender (2010)
- Sandwich EP (2011)
- Samulight (VS Remo-con) (2012)
- Theme Of Get Hi-Tech (2012)
- Alone (with HEAVYGRINDER) (2013)
- Needs (2013)
- Evil Mushroom (2014)
#### As Biomehanika {#as_biomehanika}
- Fade To White (2010)
- The Key (exclusive track sold after the Japanese earthquake of March 2011)
#### As Mutant DJ {#as_mutant_dj}
- Hardhouse Raver (2004)
- B-Raver (2004)
- Amsterdam Waar Lech Dat Dan? (Remix of Euromasters - Amsterdam Waar Lech Dat Dan) (2006)
#### As Bionico {#as_bionico}
- Peace Out (1997)
- Peace Out 21st Century Remix (2001)
#### As The Arcade Nation {#as_the_arcade_nation}
- Theme Of Arcade Nation (2011)
- Dance Electric (2013)
- Magma (2013)
- Amigo (with YOJI) (2014)
#### In collaboration with Romeo Toscani {#in_collaboration_with_romeo_toscani}
- Acid Spunk (2006)
- Six Hours (2007)
- Wanna F\*\*kin' Dance? (2010)
#### As George-S with YOJI {#as_george_s_with_yoji}
- A Secret Gathering (2011)
## Remixes
### As Yoji Biomehanika {#as_yoji_biomehanika_1}
- K.G.P
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# Mary Ellen Carroll
**Mary Ellen Carroll** is a conceptual artist who lives and works in New York City. The artist has exhibited at Whitney Museum, Alserkal Avenue in Dubai, ICA London, PS1-New York, The Menil Collection in Houston, and MUMOK in Vienna.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Mary Ellen Carroll lives in New York City. Carroll received a Bachelor of Science degree and minored in fine art and worked with Betty Woodman and made films when Stan Brakhage taught at the University of Colorado Boulder. Carroll received a Master in Fine Arts from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
## Teaching, Lectures, and Public Presentations {#teaching_lectures_and_public_presentations}
Teaching, lecturing and public presentations in architecture, art, and policy are an important part of Carroll's work, stating that, "architecture is inherently a political act." Institutions have included architecture/public policy programs at Rice University, [Columbia University](https://www.arch.columbia.edu/events/735-2017-fitch-colloquium-ex-situ-on-moving-monuments), [Yale University](https://artgallery.yale.edu/calendar/events/lecture-and-conversation-connecting-across-distance-through-public-art), [Princeton University](https://arc-hum.princeton.edu/tracing-waste) and the [DIA Art Foundation](https://diaart.org/collection/artist-a-to-z/carroll-mary-ellen) amongst others.
## Notable artworks {#notable_artworks}
• *prototype 180* \"makes architecture perform as a work of art\" that is literally a ground-shifting exercise, in that it structurally involved the 180 degree rotation, back to front, of a house and its surrounding land in the development of Sharpstown, a suburb of Houston, Texas. Following the rotation, the structure was unbuilt in a [choreographed demolition on November 11, 2017](https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/nov/15/houston-destroying-rotating-house-art). Part III will be the rebuilding of the structure that is slated to begin in 2022. It will once again become an occupied structure that will function as an institute for the study of considered urbanism with a micro ethno-botanic garden . In planning for over a decade, *prototype 180* is described as \"reconsideration of monumentality that combines live performance, sculpture, architecture and technology.\" Carroll was a visiting lecturer in the Department of Architecture at Rice University and co-directed a graduate studio with the architect Charles Renfro \| [Diller, Scofidio + Renfro](https://dsrny.com/).
• *indestructible language* is the large scale neon work on the climate emergency. It was the inaugural commission by the Precipice Alliance in 2006, the first international organization to commission high-profile, large-scale works of art on the subject of global warming. The project intentionally sited and temporarily located at the former American Can Company factory in Jersey City, New Jersey and consists of illuminated characters spelling out: IT IS GREEN THINKS NATURE EVEN IN THE DARK. *indestructible language* was installed for the UN\'s Climate Summit --- COP26 in Glasgow and was initially illuminated on Saturday, October 30, 2021, and continues to be daily at sunset on [The School House, 101 Portman St, Kinning Park, Glasgow G41 1EJ, UK](https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/10/28/cop26-six-eco-works-popping-up-in-glasgow-and-beyond-for-the-un-climate-change-conference).
• *The Circle Game* is a permanent installation in the collection of the [Alserkal Foundation](https://alserkal.online/event/the-circle-game/) in Dubai, UAE. Carroll was commissioned in 2016 to realize two site specific works of art that consist of two channel letter LED signs that read, WHEN DID YOU ARRIVE and WHEN WILL YOU RETURN, and a temporary five-story structure that used standard construction scaffolding to erect an edifice within the courtyard of Alserkal Avenue in 2016. The drawing as a built three-dimensional structure provided a platform from which it was possible to see one\'s self within Alserkal Avenue. The shift in elevation made it possible to have a 360-degree view of the city, providing a comprehensive view. The height of the structure was arrived at from the average of elevations of structures in the city and discussions were held on considered urbanism that included partners from the architecture firm [OMA](https://www.oma.com/). It provided a physical understanding of the city and pointed to its origins in Deira, that intimate its return. Al Quoz was 'seeable' and one physically understood the lateralization of Dubai and how the skyscrapers are anomalies to the rest of the metropolis and where the emphasis has shifted the foundation into the cultural and the social realm.
• *My death is pending \... Because.* is a series of artworks and performances started in 1986 that was completed in 2017 at Irwindale Speedway in the demolition derby --- Nite of Destruction in Los Angeles and was filmed by director Giorgio Angelini, Michael Isabell of Eyespy Films, with still photographs by Michele Asselin. The series conception and production was influenced by Rube Goldberg\'s stream-of-consciousness methodology. *My death is pending \... Because.* exhibition and performance at Third Streaming Gallery in New York City and in Bridget Donahue Gallery.
• *PUBLIC UTILITY 2.0* is the ongoing and architects the space of radio frequency as a work of conceptual art providing equitable Internet access and groundbreaking uses of spectrum in the cultural realm. Its path-marking in policy and technology is for the development of a sustainable model and will provide wireless broadband access and associative programming for cultural, educational, and economic development. It expands the design process from what is on the ground in the built environment to what is in the airwaves as a space. It retrofits the raw material of unused radio frequency with state of the art software defined radios and the accompanying policy for broadband wireless access. [PUBLIC UTILITY 2.0](https://nextcity.org/features/cities-best-wifi-digital-divide-solution-new-orleans-mary-ellen-carroll-art) was a commission featured in the biennial Prospect.3\|New Orleans under the artist direction of Franklin Sirmans and used TVWS and experimental licenses from the FCC for deployments. The newly unlicensed spectrum known as the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) will be deployed in urban and rural use cases and it will include prototype 180 in Houston for the urban deployment.
• *Nothing* is the seminal series that was started by Carroll in 1996. Invited to participate in an exhibition and presentation in 2006 at the Foundation Telefónica and a residency in Ostende, Argentina Carroll walked out of the door of her New York residence and followed the written instructions for the work to leave with no possessions for use or exchange, and every interaction and element were considered a part of the performance for this iteration of *Nothing*. Carroll traveled with only her passport and the clothes on her back to spend six weeks in the county. By design there was no documentation of the performance. Nothing fomented public outcry in 2014 by noted art historians and art professionals including David Joselit-Harvard University, Frazer Ward-Smith College, and Yona Backer-Third Streaming when Marina Marina Abramović planned and titled a performance Nothing that for the Serpentine and failed to acknowledge Carroll\'s performance and historical precedent. in New York City. Carroll retains the registered trademark and copyright for *Nothing*.
• *Federal* the 24-hour, two-theater movie was shot in 2003 and supported by the Guggenheim Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation to [*Watch the Watchers*](https://law.yale.edu/legal-medium-new-encounters-art-and-law). The movie is screened simultaneously with the north facade in one theater and the south facade in another starting at 9 am and continues until 9 am the following day, the same time the footage was shot in Los Angeles in 2003. The project title comes from the building where the movie was filmed, the Wilshire Federal Building.
• *Alas, poor YORICK!*, 1998/99 - 2008, is the inclusive title of four artworks. In 1998/99 the entire text from Laurence Sterne\'s novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman was drawn on a 72 x 50 inches sheet of Arches paper, from which a silkscreen print was produced. On the ten-year anniversary of the drawing, August 8, 2008, Carroll procured a fire permit from the National Park Service in Truro, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The drawing was burned at Long Nook Beach which is located on the ocean side of the Cape in Truro. The burning of the drawing took 00:10:15:07 minutes to complete and was filmed in Super 8 which was then transferred to MiniDV and finally to 16 mm film. The ash and charcoal was removed from the sand and was used to make a drawing of the black page on Arches paper. The film was screened in New York City, through the organization Light Industry, alongside Rachel Harrison as presented by David Joselit. Artworks from the series were included in *The Evryali Score* an exhibition at David Zwirner Gallery.
## Publications
*MEC* was published by Steidl/Mack in May 2010 and is designed to reflect the conceptual system by which Carroll makes art. Its chapters bear the titles of sixteen of the 209 categories that Carroll has used since 1988 to organize a card catalog index of her ideas and potential works. The book received the AIGA award in 2010.
\"A Modest Proposal/A Modist Prepozel\" by Mary Ellen Carroll and Jonathan Swift. New York, NY: Presse Endémique, 1994.
\"Without Intent\", a documentation of Manhattan. Edition of 500, signed and numbered by the artist. New York, NY: Presse Endémique, 1996.\"
\"100 German Men\". New York, NY: Presse Endémique, 1998.
\"All the men that think they can be me.\" Onestar Press, 2004.
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# Mary Ellen Carroll
## Awards, grants and honors {#awards_grants_and_honors}
Carroll is the recipient of numerous grants and honors including:
- American Academy in Rome Fellowship
- IASPIS---Swedish Arts Grants Committee\'s International Programme for Visual and Applied Artists
- American Academy in Berlin Guna S. Mundheim Fellowship
- Guggenheim Fellowship
- Civitella Ranieri Foundation Fellowship
- Rockefeller Fellow Grant
- MacDowell Colony Fellowship
- Pollock-Krasner Foundation Awards
- In 2010, Carroll was awarded a Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts Fellowship for *prototype 180 and innovation territory* and the AIA\'s Artist of the Year Award.
- Robert Rauschenberg Residency Fellowship
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# Lucius Bruttius Quintius Crispinus
**Lucius Bruttius Quintius Crispinus** was a Roman senator who lived in the second century AD. He was ordinary consul in 187, and Lucius Roscius Aelianus Paculus was his colleague.
Crispinus was a member of the Bruttia gens, who originated in Volceii, Lucania, Italy. His father was Gaius Bruttius Praesens, consul under Antoninus Pius; Olli Salomies suggests that his mother\'s name, which is otherwise unknown, was \"Quintia\" based on his *nomen* \"Quintius\", but Salomies has no further ideas about her identity. Crispinus\' paternal grandparents were the consul and senator Gaius Bruttius Praesens, and Laberia Hostilia Crispina, the daughter of Manius Laberius Maximus. His sister was Bruttia Crispina, who married the Emperor Commodus.
He is generally thought to be the father of Gaius Bruttius Praesens, consul in 217
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# Port Davey
**Port Davey** is an oceanic inlet located in the south west region of Tasmania, Australia.
Port Davey was named by explorer James Kelly in honour of Thomas Davey, a former Governor of Tasmania. Port Davey is contained within the Port Davey/Bathurst Harbour Marine Nature Reserve, the Melaleuca to Birchs Inlet Important Bird Area and the Southwest National Park, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. The Toogee name of the port is ***Poynduc***.
With the support of the then Premier of Tasmania, Robert Cosgrove (in office from 1939), Australian journalist Critchley Parker proposed a Jewish settlement at Port Davey in 1941.
## History
### Indigenous inhabitants {#indigenous_inhabitants}
Aboriginal Tasmanians inhabited the Port Davey and surrounding areas for thousands of years before the onset of British invasion. In the early 1800s, the Ninene clan of the Toogee people resided in the Port Davey region. In 1830, many of these people died from diseases introduced by the British. All the surviving Ninene were then rounded-up in the following few years through the colonial government\'s policy of forcibly exiling the remaining Aboriginal Tasmanians to Flinders Island. There has been no permanent inhabitation of the Port Davey by humans since this removal of the Ninene.
### European exploration {#european_exploration}
The French navigator Marion du Fresne was the first European to record the inlet now called Port Davey, in March 1772. On 13 December 1798, when Flinders was off the West Coast, he mentioned Marion\'s small chart of the area, and tried to take the Norfolk in closer to investigate the opening marked on Marion\'s chart. That opening was clearly marked on Flinders\' first map of \"Van Diemen\'s Land\" Published in 1800. James Kelly has always been seen as the first European to enter Port Davey; however, Kelly would have seen Flinders\' maps and may have had them with him.
The expeditions led George Augustus Robinson in the early 1830s to make contact and then forcibly remove the Aboriginal Tasmanians living in the region were the first overland explorations of the Port Davey region by Europeans.
Later in the 1800s, a small piners (Huon pine lumberjacks) settlement and boatyard was located on Payne Bay on Port Davey\'s north. The settlement remained until the 1900s when the Huon Pine trade ceased. Another temporary settlement was located at Bramble Cove behind the Breaksea Islands to serve the whaling industry in the early 1800s. Whaling ships would enter Port Davey for wood, water and vegetables and to try-out captured whales in sheltered waters. There is also evidence shore-based whaling took place at Bramble Cove in the middle of the 19th century. Nothing remains of the site except for a few huon pine headstones from an old cemetery.
The Bathurst Harbour/Port Davey area was marked on early 1800s maps as being the site for a settlement named Bathurst. The exact location of the proposed settlement varied depending on the map. Locations included Bramble Cove, Joe Page Bay below Mount Mackenzie and the Rowitta Plains. By the Victorian era, cartographers discontinued marking the settlement along with others such as Montgomery south of the Spero River, Cracroft on the Arthur Plains and Huntley in the Upper Florentine Forests west of Mount Field National Park.
The pioneer aviator Francis McClean organized and led an expedition to Port Davey to observe the May 9, 1910 solar eclipse. They suffered almost continual rain, yet a bush fire came within 1.2 m of destroying their instruments and built a concrete platform for their instruments on Hixson\'s point. However the weather obscured the eclipse on 9 May.
Catalina PBY 5 flying boat, serial number 292, VH-BDP was the first recorded civilian aircraft to land in Port Davey on 8 July 1947, flown by John Fraser (ex RAAF pilot). It was one of 3 bought as war surplus from RAAF by J Botterill & Fraser, South Melbourne, Vic, intended to be used to carry freshly caught seafood from fishing boats in Port Davey to Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. Only VH-BDP commenced operations, but ceased in early 1948 and the aircraft were sold in May 1948.
Fishing boats Pacific Pride and Diane utilised Port Davey to catch seafood for sale in Hobart in 1947.
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# Port Davey
## History
### Jewish state proposal {#jewish_state_proposal}
In the late 1930s, the British Zionist League considered a number of other places where a Jewish homeland could be established. The Kimberley region (Kimberley Plan) in Australia was considered until the Curtin government (in office: 1941--1945) rejected the possibility as the Japanese threat to Darwin intensified.
In 1941, Australian journalist Critchley Parker surveyed the remote areas of southwest Tasmanian wilderness in search of a land that could eventually become a new home for Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Europe. Although Critchley was not Jewish, he took the Jewish cause fervently. Some historians claim that his passion came from his love for a Jewish Australian journalist for *The Age* named Caroline Isaacson. Furthermore, even Tasmania\'s then premier Robert Cosgrove was open to the sentiment, after touring Port Davey in 1941, where he stated, \"My Government accepts in principle the proposal that a settlement of Jewish migrants should be established in Tasmania\".
Critchley and Isaac Steinberg, a Jewish Russian politician, planned a trip to Port Davey, before Critchley fell ill on the plane and the trip was cancelled. In early 1942, Critchley returned alone in an effort to study the area again. Critchley became positive that Tasmania was the best option for a Jewish settlement, in addition to writing many notes about it, describing the potential of industry and trade, and how it will become the \"Paris of Australasia\". But his death in 1942 put an end to the idea of a Jewish state in Tasmania.
According to Dr Hilary L. Rubinstein, a Jewish Australian writer, Parker \"had all sorts of things in mind\...gold, iron, tin, coal as well, and after those minerals had been exploited and revenue built up, the Jewish settlement could then go on to other industries\...The next thing after mining would be fish canning and processing eels, crayfish, and extending even into whaling from Antarctic\...Then they would go into whisky, textiles and carpet weaving\...He also thought that the fashion industry could be built up with the help of French Jews.\"
## Geography
Port Davey lies between the Southern Ocean and Bathurst Harbour, which is linked by the Bathurst Channel. The inlet leads north into Payne Bay, fed by the Davey River, with Payne Bay being defined by the features of Davey Head to the west, and Mount Berry to the east. The eastern aspect from Joe Page Bay to Bathurst Harbour is sheltered from the Roaring Forties that buffet the south and west coasts of Tasmania by a narrow part of the inlet that effectively makes the land to the south a peninsula. The north--south ranges on the peninsula\'s South West Cape Range and Melaleuca Range lie to the west of the Southwest Conservation Area which is a section of land excluded from the Southwest National Park that exists between Melaleuca Inlet on the south side of Bathurst Harbour and Cox Bight on the south coast.
It is the penultimate waypoint on the western part of the South Coast Walking Track that is also known as South Coast and Port Davey Tracks.
Port Davey is not populated, but for many years Deny King and family resided at Melaleuca, engaged in alluvial tin mining. Since the death of Deny King in 1991, the family retain a leasehold within the national park and is actively involved in conservation programs but is not permanently resident.
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# Port Davey
## Climate
Port Davey has a cool oceanic climate with mild summers and chilly winters, with moderate to high rainfall spread throughout the year
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# Carl Greenberg
**Carl Greenberg** (August 19, 1908 -- November 4, 1984) was an American newspaper reporter who began as a police reporter; most of his career he was a reporter covering California and U.S. national politics. He worked for the *Los Angeles Examiner* until it closed in 1962; later he worked for the *Los Angeles Times* and became its political editor.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Greenberg\'s parents were Yiddish- and Russian-speaking Jewish immigrants from Novogradvolynsk, today in Ukraine, who had emigrated in the 1890s to Boston, where he was born. The family, including Greenberg\'s younger brother, Herbert, moved in the 1920s from Boston to Venice, California. Greenberg graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1926 and subsequently attended the University of California, Los Angeles. He married Gladys Bilansky July 12, 1930, and had a son, Howard, born in 1935. Coincidentally, Bilansky\'s father had also emigrated from Novogradvolynsk (today Zviahel). During World War II Carl served as a coxswain in the United States Coast Guard Reserve. He resided in Park La Brea during the late 1950s and early 1960s and in Culver City at the time of his retirement in 1973 until his death. He is entombed at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City.
## Professional life {#professional_life}
Greenberg was a reporter for the *Los Angeles Evening Express* 1926--1928, the *City News Service of Los Angeles* 1928--1933, and for the Hearst paper, the *Los Angeles Examiner* 1933--1943, where he was promoted to political editor 1943--1962. After the *Examiner* folded he became a political writer for the *Los Angeles Times* from 1962 until his retirement in 1973; at the *Times* he also served as political editor 1966-1968 and as a member of the paper\'s editorial board from 1962 to 1968. He also served as disaster acting governor (in line of succession after the lieutenant governor) of California 1959--1967. He retired from his newspaper career at the Times in 1973. He received a number of awards for his reporting, including first prize for the best news story from the Southern California Newspaper Writers, Los Angeles chapter of Theta Sigma Phi in 1944; the Silver award from the California-Nevada Associated Press in 1957; and was a co-recipient of a Pulitzer Prize for general local reporting in 1966.
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# Carl Greenberg
## Professional life {#professional_life}
### Ethical stance and legacy {#ethical_stance_and_legacy}
In his early years covering Los Angeles politics, Greenberg was considered the *Examiner*\'s \"political powerbroker inside Los Angeles City Hall.\" Greenberg was noted for his journalistic integrity as evidenced in a celebrated incident following Richard Nixon\'s failed bid for the California Governor\'s seat in 1962. In an attack on the press (during which he also famously remarked \"You won\'t have Nixon to kick around any more\"), Nixon accused the *Los Angeles Times* of bias against him but singled out Greenberg as \"the only reporter on the *Times* that fits this thing, who wrote every word I said. He wrote it fairly. He wrote it objectively. Carl, despite whatever feelings he had, felt that he had an obligation to report the facts as he saw them,\" in response to which Greenberg proffered his resignation from the paper. His *Times* colleagues convinced him that he had no reason to resign.
In an article in *Time* his ethics were explained in terms of his background as a police reporter:
> Why Nixon did not also disparage Carl Greenberg is perhaps partly explained by Greenberg\'s approach to political reporting. \"He covers politics,\" says a colleague, \"as if it were some sort of crime.\" Greenberg was, in fact, a police reporter before turning to political coverage, and on the precinct beat he learned a valuable lesson: that a police reporter, like a cop, has no business playing judge. He brought this conviction to the political scene, first for Hearst\'s Los Angeles Examiner and since 1961 for the Times. \"I feel,\" says Greenberg, \"that even if I hate a man, I have an honest responsibility to my readers to report what he said and did.\"
The incident continued to be discussed also as an example in the shift in political discourse in the US press in the 1960s. In a 2007 radio interview Tom Brokaw, discussing his book *Boom!: Voices of the Sixties Personal Reflections on the \'60s and Today*, noted that \"Carl was the one that Nixon singled out on that infamous news conference in which he said you won\'t have Dick Nixon to kick around anymore. And the only fair reporter, he said, was Carl. So you know, rhetoric did change. The politics didn\'t operate within the confines of smoke rooms anymore. You couldn\'t go to a few bosses and get the story. It was spread out across the landscape, and he was having a hard time keeping track of all that
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# Halls of Montezuma (film)
***Halls of Montezuma*** is a 1951 American World War II war film directed by Academy Award-winner Lewis Milestone and starring Richard Widmark. It also stars Robert Wagner in his first credited screen role and features Richard Boone in his feature-film debut. The story is about U.S. Marines fighting on a Japanese-held island, and the title is a reference to the opening line from the Marines\' Hymn.
Real color combat footage from the war in the Pacific was incorporated into the film\'s cinematography, and scenes at Camp Pendleton, California, were filmed on location with the full cooperation of the Marines.
The film was referred to in *M\*A\*S\*H* (1970), directed by Robert Altman.
## Plot
During World War II, a Marine battalion prepares to land on a Japanese-held island in the Pacific. Lieutenant Colonel Gilfillan orders the men to take prisoners in order to gain information about Japanese fortifications. Below deck, veteran Lieutenant Carl A. Anderson reassures a frightened corporal, Frank Conroy, that he has shown courage before and can do so again. In the landing boat heading to shore, Navy corpsman C. E. \"Doc\" Jones is worried because Anderson has been suffering from \"psychological migraines\" for months. He relies on Doc to supply him with painkillers to keep him going. Anderson leads the men as they hit the beach and dig in. Later, they try to take a ridge of hills but are deterred by a sudden Japanese rocket attack, during which his radio operator Private Coffman is killed. Afterwards, Anderson meets with other officers at battalion headquarters, where Gilfillan informs them that he has received orders to stop the rockets within nine hours, before the next assault on the hills. He assigns Anderson\'s platoon the task of capturing Japanese prisoners to interrogate in an effort to learn the exact origin of the rocket fire. The colonel further assigns Sergeant Johnson, an expert in Oriental languages and culture, to assist Anderson.
Among those whom Carl picks for his task, he includes six of his most battle-hardened veterans. Guided by Johnson, he leads them on patrol to a Japanese-held cave, where they are ambushed. But Anderson\'s men manage to capture five Japanese soldiers and kill the rest. However, during their return to battalion headquarters, their number are reduced. Even Doc, the corpsman who has been with Anderson the longest, does not survive. Finally, Anderson, Johnson, Conroy, two veteran privates, a replacement, and a war correspondent, Sergeant Dickerman, are the only fully able-bodied survivors of the patrol. Anderson takes his prisoners to headquarters, but one Japanese officer commits hara-kiri. Later, Anderson and Johnson learn that one of the prisoners is a highly educated officer disguised as a private. After questioning him, they deduce where the rockets are located.
A map expert at headquarters matches the location. Anderson\'s mission is thus accomplished, and Colonel Gilfillan offers his grateful thanks. But as Anderson makes his way back to the platoon, he learns Conroy has been killed. Anderson takes the news hard, questioning the meaning of his sacrifice. In response, war correspondent Dickerman reads aloud a note the ill-fated Doc had given him. Anderson, inspired by Doc\'s appeal for him to be strong for the sake of those whom he survives, throws away his painkillers, smashing them with the butt of his weapon. He leads his men in another assault on the Japanese. As the film closes, U.S. Navy F4U Corsairs fly in and smash the Japanese rocket positions.
## Cast
- Richard Widmark as Lt. Carl A. Anderson
- Jack Palance as Pigeon Lane (as Walter {Jack} Palance)
- Reginald Gardiner as Sgt. Randolph Johnson
- Robert Wagner as Private Coffman
- Karl Malden as Doc
- Richard Hylton as Conroy
- Richard Boone as Lt. Col. Gilfillan
- Skip Homeier as Pretty Boy
- Don Hicks as Lt. Butterfield
- Jack Webb as Correspondent Sgt. Dickerman
- Bert Freed as Slattery
- Neville Brand as Sgt. Zelenko
- Martin Milner as Whitney
- Philip Ahn as Nomura
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# Halls of Montezuma (film)
## Production
### Casting
According to a January 1949 *Los Angeles Times*, actors Dana Andrews, Anne Baxter and Paul Douglas were originally set to star in the picture. However, they were not cast in the film.
### Filming
The film used various locations around Camp Pendleton and the adjacent Pacific coast for the landing scenes. The USMC also provided accurate military equipment, such as weapons, tanks and uniforms, as well as providing the manpower to create the logistics of a wartime U.S. Marine battalion.
USMC also provided expertise by assigning three time decorated, Major George A. Gilliland, as Technical Advisor for the film.He was the recipient of two Bronze Stars and a Purple Heart.
### Direction
This was the last American-made World War II film directed by Lewis Milestone. After the *Halls of Montezuma*, he made films in Europe as well as other movie genres such as the Rat Pack caper film, *Ocean\'s 11*. In 1959 he directed the acclaimed *Pork Chop Hill*, starring Gregory Peck, his final war film set during the Korean War.
## Release
Serving U.S. Marines and Second World War veterans attended the film\'s premieres in New York and Los Angeles. Proceeds from the premieres were donated to various charities associated with the United States Marine Corps. The studio also allowed the USMC to use the film for recruitment purposes. On January 11, 1951, *The Hollywood Reporter* noted that a full company of Marine recruits were to be sworn in at the film\'s premiere in San Francisco
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# The Next Village
\"**The Next Village**\" (German: \"Das nächste Dorf\") is a short story by Franz Kafka written between 1917 and 1923. The story presents a grandfather\'s comment that life is too short even to get to the neighbouring village
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# Shear strength (soil)
**Shear strength** is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that a soil can sustain. The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly cementation or bonding of particle contacts. Due to interlocking, particulate material may expand or contract in volume as it is subject to shear strains. If soil expands its volume, the density of particles will decrease and the strength will decrease; in this case, the peak strength would be followed by a reduction of shear stress. The stress-strain relationship levels off when the material stops expanding or contracting, and when interparticle bonds are broken. The theoretical state at which the shear stress and density remain constant while the shear strain increases may be called the critical state, steady state, or residual strength.
The volume change behavior and interparticle friction depend on the density of the particles, the intergranular contact forces, and to a somewhat lesser extent, other factors such as the rate of shearing and the direction of the shear stress. The average normal intergranular contact force per unit area is called the effective stress.
If water is not allowed to flow in or out of the soil, the stress path is called an *undrained stress path*. During undrained shear, if the particles are surrounded by a nearly incompressible fluid such as water, then the density of the particles cannot change without drainage, but the water pressure and effective stress will change. On the other hand, if the fluids are allowed to freely drain out of the pores, then the pore pressures will remain constant and the test path is called a *drained stress path*. The soil is free to dilate or contract during shear if the soil is drained. In reality, soil is partially drained, somewhere between the perfectly undrained and drained idealized conditions.
The shear strength of soil depends on the effective stress, the drainage conditions, the density of the particles, the rate of strain, and the direction of the strain.
For undrained, constant volume shearing, the Tresca theory may be used to predict the shear strength, but for drained conditions, the Mohr--Coulomb theory may be used.
Two important theories of soil shear are the critical state theory and the steady state theory. There are key differences between the critical state condition and the steady state condition and the resulting theory corresponding to each of these conditions.
## Factors controlling shear strength of soils {#factors_controlling_shear_strength_of_soils}
The stress-strain relationship of soils, and therefore the shearing strength, is affected `{{Harv|Poulos|1989}}`{=mediawiki} by:
1. **Soil composition (basic soil material)**: mineralogy, grain size and grain size distribution, shape of particles, pore fluid type and content, ions on grain and in pore fluid.
2. **State (initial)**: Defined by the initial void ratio, effective normal stress and shear stress (stress history). State can be described by terms such as: loose, dense, overconsolidated, normally consolidated, stiff, soft, contractive, dilative, etc.
3. **Structure:** Refers to the arrangement of particles within the soil mass; the manner the particles are packed or distributed. Features such as layers, joints, fissures, slickensides, voids, pockets, cementation, etc., are part of the structure. Structure of soils is described by terms such as: undisturbed, disturbed, remoulded, compacted, cemented; flocculent, honey-combed, single-grained; flocculated, deflocculated; stratified, layered, laminated; isotropic and anisotropic.
4. **Loading conditions:** Effective stress path, i.e., drained, and undrained; and type of loading, i.e., magnitude, rate (static, dynamic), and time history (monotonic, cyclic).
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# Shear strength (soil)
## Undrained strength {#undrained_strength}
This term describes a type of shear strength in soil mechanics as distinct from drained strength.
Conceptually, there is no such thing as *the* undrained strength of a soil. It depends on a number of factors, the main ones being:
- Orientation of stresses
- Stress path
- Rate of shearing
- Volume of material (like for fissured clays or rock mass)
It is commonly adopted in limit equilibrium analyses where the rate of loading is very much greater than the rate at which pore water pressure - generated due to the action of shearing the soil - dissipates. An example of this is rapid loading of sands during an earthquake, or the failure of a clay slope during heavy rain, and applies to most failures that occur during construction.
Undrained strength is typically defined by Tresca theory, based on Mohr\'s circle as:
$\sigma_1 - \sigma_3 = 2S_u$
Where:
$\sigma_1$ is the major principal stress
$\sigma_3$ is the minor principal stress
$\tau$ is the shear strength $\frac{\sigma_1-\sigma_3}{2}$
hence, $\tau$ = $S_u$ (or sometimes $c_u$), the undrained strength.
As an implication of undrained condition, no elastic volumetric strains occur, and thus Poisson\'s ratio is assumed to remain 0.5 throughout shearing. The Tresca soil model also assumes no plastic volumetric strains occur. This is of significance in more advanced analyses such as in finite element analysis. In these advanced analysis methods, soil models other than Tresca may be used to model the undrained condition including Mohr-Coulomb and critical state soil models such as the modified Cam-clay model, provided Poisson\'s ratio is maintained at 0.5.
One relationship used extensively by practising engineers is the empirical observation that the ratio of the undrained shear strength c to the original consolidation stress p\' is approximately a constant for a given Over Consolidation Ratio (OCR). This relationship was first formalized by `{{Harv|Henkel|1960}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Harv|Henkel|Wade|1966}}`{=mediawiki} who also extended it to show that stress-strain characteristics of remolded clays could also be normalized with respect to the original consolidation stress. The constant c/p relationship can also be derived from theory for both critical-state and steady-state soil mechanics `{{Harv|Joseph|2012}}`{=mediawiki}. This fundamental, normalization property of the stress-strain curves is found in many clays, and was refined into the empirical SHANSEP (stress history and normalized soil engineering properties) method.`{{Harv|Ladd|Foott|1974}}`{=mediawiki}.
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# Shear strength (soil)
## Drained shear strength {#drained_shear_strength}
The drained shear strength is the shear strength of the soil when pore fluid pressures - generated during the course of shearing the soil - are able to dissipate during shearing. It also applies where no pore water exists in the soil (the soil is dry) and hence pore fluid pressures are negligible. It is commonly approximated using the Mohr-Coulomb equation. (It was called \"Coulomb\'s equation\" by Karl von Terzaghi in 1942.) `{{harv|Terzaghi|1942}}`{=mediawiki} combined it with the principle of effective stress.
In terms of effective stresses, the shear strength is often approximated by:
$\tau = \sigma' tan(\phi') + c'$
Where $\sigma' = (\sigma - u)$, is defined as the effective stress. $\sigma$ is the total stress applied normal to the shear plane, and $u$ is the pore water pressure acting on the same plane.
$\phi'$ = the effective stress friction angle, or the \'angle of internal friction\' after Coulomb friction. The coefficient of friction $\mu$ is equal to $tan(\phi')$. Different values of friction angle can be defined, including the peak friction angle, $\phi'_p$, the critical state friction angle, $\phi'_{cv}$, or residual friction angle, $\phi'_r$.
$c'$ = is called cohesion, however, it usually arises as a consequence of forcing a straight line to fit through measured values of $(\tau,\sigma')$ even though the data actually falls on a curve. The intercept of the straight line on the shear stress axis is called the cohesion. It is well known that the resulting intercept depends on the range of stresses considered: it is not a fundamental soil property. The curvature (nonlinearity) of the failure envelope occurs because the dilatancy of closely packed soil particles depends on confining pressure.
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# Shear strength (soil)
## Critical state theory {#critical_state_theory}
A more advanced understanding of the behaviour of soil undergoing shearing led to the development of the critical state theory of soil mechanics `{{harv|Roscoe|Schofield|Wroth|1958}}`{=mediawiki}. In critical state soil mechanics, a distinct shear strength is identified where the soil undergoing shear does so at a constant volume, also called the \'critical state\'. Thus there are three commonly identified shear strengths for a soil undergoing shear:
- Peak strength $\tau$~p~
- Critical state or constant volume strength $\tau$~cv~
- Residual strength $\tau$~r~
The peak strength may occur before or at critical state, depending on the initial state of the soil particles undergoing shear force:
- A loose soil will contract in volume on shearing, and may not develop any peak strength above critical state. In this case \'peak\' strength will coincide with the critical state shear strength, once the soil has ceased contracting in volume. It may be stated that such soils do not exhibit a distinct \'peak strength\'.
- A dense soil may contract slightly before granular interlock prevents further contraction (granular interlock is dependent on the shape of the grains and their initial packing arrangement). In order to continue shearing once granular interlock has occurred, the soil must dilate (expand in volume). As additional shear force is required to dilate the soil, a \'peak\' strength occurs. Once this peak strength caused by dilation has been overcome through continued shearing, the resistance provided by the soil to the applied shear stress decreases (termed \"strain softening\"). Strain softening will continue until no further changes in volume of the soil occur on continued shearing. Peak strengths are also observed in overconsolidated clays where the natural fabric of the soil must be destroyed prior to reaching constant volume shearing. Other effects that result in peak strengths include cementation and bonding of particles.
The constant volume (or critical state) shear strength is said to be extrinsic to the soil, and independent of the initial density or packing arrangement of the soil grains. In this state the grains being separated are said to be \'tumbling\' over one another, with no significant granular interlock or sliding plane development affecting the resistance to shearing. At this point, no inherited fabric or bonding of the soil grains affects the soil strength.
The residual strength occurs for some soils where the shape of the particles that make up the soil become aligned during shearing (forming a slickenside), resulting in reduced resistance to continued shearing (further strain softening). This is particularly true for most clays that comprise plate-like minerals, but is also observed in some granular soils with more elongate shaped grains. Clays that do not have plate-like minerals (like allophanic clays) do not tend to exhibit residual strengths.
Use in practice: If one is to adopt critical state theory and take c\' = 0; $\tau$~p~ may be used, provided the level of anticipated strains are taken into account, and the effects of potential rupture or strain softening to critical state strengths are considered. For large strain deformation, the potential to form a slickensided surface with a φ\'~r~ should be considered (such as pile driving).
The Critical State occurs at the quasi-static strain rate. It does not allow for differences in shear strength based on different strain rates. Also at the critical state, there is no particle alignment or specific soil structure.
Almost as soon as it was first introduced, the critical state concept was subjected to much criticism---chiefly its inability to match readily available test data from testing a wide variety of soils. This is primarily due to the theories inability to account for particle structure. A major consequence of this is its inability to model strain-softening post peak commonly observed in contractive soils that have anisotropic grain shapes/properties. Further, an assumption commonly made to make the model mathematically tractable is that shear stress cannot cause volumetric strain nor volumetric stress cause shear strain. Since this is not the case in reality, it is an additional cause of the poor matches to readily available empirical test data. Additionally, critical state elasto-plastic models assume that elastic strains drives volumetric changes. Since this too is not the case in real soils, this assumption results in poor fits to volume and pore pressure change data.
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# Shear strength (soil)
## Steady state (dynamical systems based soil shear) {#steady_state_dynamical_systems_based_soil_shear}
A refinement of the critical state concept is the steady state concept.
The steady state strength is defined as the shear strength of the soil when it is at the steady state condition. The steady state condition is defined `{{Harv|Poulos|1981}}`{=mediawiki} as \"that state in which the mass is continuously deforming at constant volume, constant normal effective stress, constant shear stress, and constant velocity.\" [Steve J. Poulos](http://www.soilmechanics.us/dssm/uncategorized/appendix-4-dr-steve-poulos-interview/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017233044/http://www.soilmechanics.us/dssm/uncategorized/appendix-4-dr-steve-poulos-interview/ |date=2020-10-17 }}`{=mediawiki}, then an Associate Professor of the Soil Mechanics Department of Harvard University, built off a hypothesis that Arthur Casagrande was formulating towards the end of his career.`{{Harv|Poulos|1981}}`{=mediawiki} Steady state based soil mechanics is sometimes called \"Harvard soil mechanics\". The steady state condition is not the same as the \"critical state\" condition.
The steady state occurs only after all particle breakage if any is complete and all the particles are oriented in a statistically steady state condition and so that the shear stress needed to continue deformation at a constant velocity of deformation does not change. It applies to both the drained and the undrained case.
The steady state has a slightly different value depending on the strain rate at which it is measured. Thus the steady state shear strength at the quasi-static strain rate (the strain rate at which the critical state is defined to occur at) would seem to correspond to the critical state shear strength. However, there is an additional difference between the two states. This is that at the steady state condition the grains position themselves in the steady state structure, whereas no such structure occurs for the critical state. In the case of shearing to large strains for soils with elongated particles, this steady state structure is one where the grains are oriented (perhaps even aligned) in the direction of shear. In the case where the particles are strongly aligned in the direction of shear, the steady state corresponds to the \"residual condition.\"
Three common misconceptions regarding the steady state are that a) it is the same as the critical state (it is not), b) that it applies only to the undrained case (it applies to all forms of drainage), and c) that it does not apply to sands (it applies to any granular material). A primer on the Steady State theory can be found in a report by Poulos `{{Harv|Poulos|1971}}`{=mediawiki}. Its use in earthquake engineering is described in detail in another publication by Poulos `{{Harv|Poulos|1989}}`{=mediawiki}.
The difference between the steady state and the critical state is not merely one of semantics as is sometimes thought, and it is incorrect to use the two terms/concepts interchangeably. The additional requirements of the strict definition of the steady state over and above the critical state viz. a constant deformation velocity and statistically constant structure (the steady state structure), places the steady state condition within the framework of dynamical systems theory. This strict definition of the steady state was used to describe soil shear as a dynamical system `{{Harv|Joseph|2012}}`{=mediawiki}. Dynamical systems are ubiquitous in nature (the Great Red Spot on Jupiter is one example) and mathematicians have extensively studied such systems. The underlying basis of the soil shear dynamical system is simple friction `{{Harv|Joseph|2017}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Earl Little
**Earl Jerome Little** (born March 10, 1973) is an American former professional football safety in the National Football League (NFL) for nine years from 1997 to 2005 with the New Orleans Saints, Cleveland Browns, and Green Bay Packers. Little played college football at the University of Miami.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### New Orleans Saints {#new_orleans_saints}
Little was signed as an undrafted free agent before the 1997 NFL season by the Miami Dolphins, and later joined the New Orleans Saints. He started on special teams and was a backup cornerback. His special teams coach, Bobby April, always praised Little outstanding special teams play. During the third preseason game vs the Denver Broncos, he made a big hit and he was taken off the field because of a concussion. Little missed the last preseason game and the first three games of the 1999 season. He was released by the Saints on October 24, 1999.
### Cleveland Browns {#cleveland_browns}
He was picked up by the Browns off Waivers from the Saints on October 26, 1999. After having an outstanding season, Little signed a three-year multimillion-dollar contract. After having three good seasons (2001--2003), the Browns rewarded him with a five-year multimillion-dollar contract. He spent six seasons with the Browns until being released on 1 April 2005.
### Green Bay Packers {#green_bay_packers}
Little was signed as a free agent on April 15, 2005. Little pulled his hamstring on October 4, 2005 on Monday Night Football vs Carolina Panthers. He was placed on injured reserve. To make room for a roster spot, he was released on November 23, 2005. Even though he was done for the remainder of the season, Little received his full salary for the 2005 season
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# Kankakee station
**Kankakee station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Kankakee, Illinois, United States. The station is a regular stop for the *Illini and Saluki,* and is a flag stop for the *City of New Orleans*, served only when passengers have tickets to and from the station. The present station was built by the Illinois Central Railroad in 1897.
## History
The Illinois Central Railroad Company was founded in 1851. By 1853, newly founded Kankakee was connected Chicago, 56 mi away. The first train pulled into the station on July 11, 1853. The rail connection reduced the travel time between the two cities from six days by wagon to three hours by rail. It also provided Kankakee with access to industrial resources in the north--south direction; the city was no longer dependent on the east--west Kankakee River. Kankakee was incorporated two years later.
The original station was a small, wood-framed station. However, by the 1890s, it had fallen into disrepair and no longer conformed to city ordinances. The Illinois Central agreed to commission a new train station in 1897, which was completed the next year. The first train arrived at the new station at 7:30 a.m. on January 10, 1898. Frank Lloyd Wright traveled through the station on several occasions while designing two houses in Kankakee, remarking of the new building, \"not a style of my choosing but good enough for the community.\" The city was also served by the New York Central Railroad at another station, with trains such as the *James Whitcomb Riley,* bound for Cincinnati.
Telephones were installed in 1902, replacing the original telegraph wires. These lines were moved underground in 1911. Rail use declined in the 1930s, coinciding with the Great Depression and the increased use of automobiles. Furthermore, the Kankakee Electric Railway Company, which provided interurban service to the station, went out of business in 1933. The station saw a resurgence in the 1940s during World War II, when personnel training at Chanute Field in Rantoul would come to Kankakee on leisure time. The station has remained in continuous use since 1898.
## Historical services {#historical_services}
Historically, the station served trains on the Illinois Central\'s routes going southwest, south and southeast. The last of these, aside from the *City of New Orleans,* *Illini* and *Saluki* was the *South Wind.*
to St. Louis:
- *Green Diamond*
to New Orleans:
- *City of New Orleans*
- *Panama Limited*
to Florida:
- *Seminole*
- *South Wind*
## Disposition today {#disposition_today}
The station has been on the National Register of Historic Places since the year 2000. By the late 1980s, the depot had fallen into disrepair. The city purchased the building from the Illinois Central in 1990 and finished a full restoration eight years later. The \$1 million project was funded with \$750,000 in city funds and private donations. Today, the northern end of the station is home of the Kankakee Railroad Museum.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
In Steve Goodman\'s song \"City of New Orleans\" (popularized by Arlo Guthrie) the train departs the Kankakee station
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# Puerto Aventuras
**Puerto Aventuras** (`{{IPA|es|'pweɾto aβen'tuɾas}}`{=mediawiki}) is a community located in Solidaridad Municipality, Quintana Roo, Mexico. It had a 2020 census population of 22,878 inhabitants, and is located at an elevation of 9 m above sea level. It is the second-largest community in Solidaridad Municipality, after the municipal seat, Playa del Carmen.
Puerto Aventuras is divided into two parts: west of Highway 307 is the residential subdivision, east of Highway 307 along the Caribbean coast is the tourist zone with hotels and resorts, part of the Riviera Maya.
## Recreational activities {#recreational_activities}
Some of the recreational activities available in Puerto Aventuras include: golf, tennis, sportfishing, snorkeling, scuba diving, swimming with dolphins and manatees, and visiting some of the many nearby cenotes
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# Gilman station
**Gilman station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Gilman, Illinois, United States. The stop is on their *Illini and Saluki* route.
Service began at Gilman on October 26, 1986, when the *Illini* began stopping there. It was the first passenger service at Gilman since the creation of Amtrak on May 1, 1971. The northbound *City of New Orleans* also served Gilman until November 10, 1996. The previous railroad station in Gilman was in the center of the city, located at the diamond junction between Illinois Central\'s main line to New Orleans and the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway (TP&W). The northwest quadrant of the junction contained the Illinois Central\'s main line to Springfield and St Louis, which split with the New Orleans main line just north of the station. The station building is still standing and is used by the Canadian National Railway\'s engineering department
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# Halton District School Board
The **Halton District School Board** serves public school students throughout Halton Region, including the municipalities of Burlington, Halton Hills, Milton and Oakville. Its administration area is to the southwest of the city of Toronto. In 2006-2007, it served almost 50,000 students, excluding those in adult, alternative, and Community Education programs.
## History
Education in the former Halton County was previously governed by a framework of boards for various high school districts and public school districts associated with them. In 1967, as a result of initiatives undertaken by then Minister of Education Bill Davis, work was begun to amalgamate all boards on a county-wide level throughout the Province, and such a move was recommended to the Halton County Council that year for its approval. The move was opposed by the southern boards of education in Burlington and Oakville, but that was overruled upon passage of mandatory legislation by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1968.
The Board was constituted as the **Halton County Board of Education**, which was established on January 1, 1969. When the County was replaced by the Regional Municipality of Halton, the Board became the **Halton Board of Education**.
As part of the province-wide restructuring of Ontario\'s school boards as a consequence of the passage of the *Fewer School Boards Act, 1997*, the **English-language Public District School Board No. 20** was created to take over the Region\'s schools. It was merged with the former Board at the beginning of 1998, and was renamed as the \"Halton District School Board\" in 1999.
## Schools
The Board operates 76 elementary schools, and 17 secondary schools, which are organized into the following areas:
- East Area (Oakville)
- North Area (Halton Hills and Milton)
- West Area (Burlington)
Secondary school enrolment and Fraser Institute provincial rankings are as follows:
Name Area Enrolment 1-year ranking of 747 5-year ranking of 623
-------------------------------------- ------- ----------- ----------------------- -----------------------
Abbey Park High School East 954 2 9
Garth Webb Secondary School East 1092 33 42
Iroquois Ridge High School East 1358 25 12
Oakville Trafalgar High School East 1245 11 9
T. A. Blakelock High School East 1125 59 70
White Oaks Secondary School East 1865 43 36
Acton District High School North 453 338 279
Craig Kielburger Secondary School North 1499 175 148
Georgetown District High School North 1654 175 120
Milton District High School North 921 115 120
Aldershot High School West 436 156 148
Burlington Central High School West 593 445 279
Dr. Frank J. Hayden Secondary School West 1425 115 --
Lester B. Pearson High School West 416 68 87
M.M. Robinson High School West 740 462 416
Nelson High School West 996 47 42
Robert Bateman High School West 797 413 262
: HDSB secondary schools (2018 Fraser Institute Rankings)
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# Halton District School Board
## Trustees
### Student Trustees {#student_trustees}
As required by the Ontario Ministry of Education, the following student trustees have been named to serve on the Board:
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Term | Trustees |
+=============+=======================================================================================================+
| 2022 - 2023 | Ethan Ruggiero (Dr. Frank J. Hayden Secondary School) Cindy Wang (Oakville Trafalgar High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2021 - 2022 | Vanditha (Vandy) Widyalankara (White Oaks Secondary School) Kacy Bao (Milton District High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2020 - 2021 | Vanditha (Vandy) Widyalankara (White Oaks Secondary School) Evan Taylor (Milton District High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2019 - 2020 | Matthew Burnes (Oakville Trafalgar High School)\ |
| | Olivia Lau (White Oaks Secondary School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2018-2019 | Connor Clark (Nelson High School)\ |
| | Kevin Meng (White Oaks Secondary School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2017-2018 | Dasha Metropolitansky (White Oaks Secondary School)\ |
| | Muqtasid Mansoor (Milton District High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2016-2017 | Dasha Metropolitansky (White Oaks Secondary School)\ |
| | Zaid Haj Ali (Abbey Park High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2014-2016 | Sophie Schneider (Abbey Park High School)\ |
| | Jovan Sahi (Iroquois Ridge High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2013-2014 | Allison Zheng (Craig Kielburger Secondary School)\ |
| | Zoha Khan (Iroquois Ridge High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2012-2013 | Shaan Bhambra (Robert Bateman High School)\ |
| | Arjun Dhanjal (Iroquois Ridge High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2011-2012 | Jason Earl (Milton District High School)\ |
| | Rudy Unni (Robert Bateman High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2010-2011 | Jason Earl (Milton District High School)\ |
| | Haniya Khan (Iroquois Ridge High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2009-2010 | Laura McVey (Abbey Park High School)\ |
| | Chaitanya Dogra (Iroquois Ridge High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2008-2009 | Laura McVey (Abbey Park High School)\ |
| | Nupur Dogra (Iroquois Ridge High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2007-2008 | Jason Karmody (Aldershot High School)\ |
| | Jonathan Yantzi (Burlington Central High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2006-2007 | Russell Baker (Abbey Park High School)\ |
| | Simon Beck (Iroquois Ridge High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2005-2006 | Amreen Azam (Iroquois Ridge High School) |
+-------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
: Student trustees at the HDSB, by term
### Board of Trustee Chairs & Vice-Chairs {#board_of_trustee_chairs_vice_chairs}
The Halton District School Board\'s Board of Trustees annually elect its chair and a vice-chair at its Annual Organization Meetings (AOM). The current chair of the Halton District School is Margo Shuttleworth and the current vice-chair is Tracey Ehl Harrison.
+-------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+
| Term | Board of Trustee Chair | Board of Trustees Vice-Chair |
+=========================+========================+==============================+
| 2022 - 2023 | Margo Shuttleworth | Tracey Ehl Harrison |
+-------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+
| 2020 - 2021 2019 - 2020 | Andréa Grebenc | Tracey Ehl Harrison |
| | | |
| 2018 - 2019 | | |
| | | |
| 2017 - 2018 | | |
+-------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+
| 2016 - 2017 2015 - 2016 | Kelly Amos | |
| | | |
| 2014 - 2015 | | |
| | | |
| 2013 - 2014 | | |
+-------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+
## Other
The Board also operates the following specialized facilities:
- Gary Allan High School - for adult, alternative and Community Education programs.
- [Syl Apps School](https://syl.hdsb.ca/)
## Programming
The Pathways programme encourages all post-secondary options, from apprenticeship, to college, to university, to the workplace. The Board has also introduced specialist high skills majors and other unique programs for students, including fully online high school credits
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# Rantoul station
**Rantoul station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Rantoul, Illinois, United States, on their `{{lnl|Amtrak|Illini/Saluki}}`{=mediawiki} service. It was originally built by the Illinois Central Railroad. The *City of New Orleans* also uses these tracks, but does not stop
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# Blue Matter (John Scofield album)
***Blue Matter*** is a studio album by jazz guitarist John Scofield, released in 1986. It is the first of three recordings featuring Gary Grainger on bass guitar and Dennis Chambers on drums. The keyboards are played by Mitchel Forman with Don Alias providing percussion. Hiram Bullock is featured as second guitarist on three tracks.
## Reception
AllMusic awarded the album with 4 stars and its review by Scott Yanow states: \"One of the top jazz guitarists from the mid-1980s on, John Scofield has always had a very recognizable sound and the ability to combine together R&B/funk with advanced jazz\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks written by John Scofield
1. \"Blue Matter\" -- 5:47
2. \"Trim\" -- 7:33
3. \"Heaven Hill\" -- 4:28
4. \"So You Say\" -- 4:34
5. \"Now She\'s Blonde\" -- 5:32
6. \"Make Me\" -- 2:53
7. \"The Nag\" -- 4:18
8. \"Time Marches On\" -- 7:32
## Personnel
- John Scofield -- guitar
- Mitchel Forman -- keyboards
- Hiram Bullock -- rhythm guitar (1, 5, 6)
- Gary Grainger -- bass guitar
- Dennis Chambers -- drums
- Don Alias -- percussion
### Production
- Jonathan F. P
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# Rodrigo López (footballer, born 1978)
**Hernán Rodrigo López Mora** (born 21 January 1978), also known as **Rodrigo López**, is an Uruguayan football manager and former player who played as a forward.
López is the second maximum goal scorer of Paraguayan football with 127 goals, behind Santiago Salcedo (152), and ahead of Juan Eduardo Samudio (119) and Fredy Bareiro (112).
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Montevideo, López began his career with River Plate de Montevideo in Uruguay. He had short stints with Torino F.C. of Italy and AO Kavala of Greece in 1998 along with compatriot Pablo Gaglianone. In 2000, he joined Colo-Colo of Chile.
He returned to Uruguay in 2001 to play for Danubio FC and in 2002 he joined Racing Club de Montevideo
Between 2002 and 2004 he enjoyed a successful stint with Olimpia of Paraguay where he was part of the team that won both Copa Libertadores 2002 and Recopa Sudamericana 2003.
In 2004, he joined Mexican side Pachuca CF but after only a few games he returned to Paraguay to play for Libertad where he scored an impressive 39 goals in 71 league games, won the Primera División championship in 2006 and finished as the topscorer.
López returned to Mexican football in 2008 joining Club América where he played alongside a number of other South American players such as Federico Insúa of Argentina and Salvador Cabañas. He had a successful time with América, scoring a famous hat-trick against Tecos in the 2007 Apertura and helping the team to win the 2008 InterLiga.
In 2008, he joined Argentine Vélez Sársfield and had an unsuccessful start with the team, quickly reverted by contributing 11 goals in their championship season of Clausura 2009.
López was bought by Argentine side Estudiantes de La Plata in June 2010 for a fee of around US\$750,000. He scored a number of vital goals for the club in his first season helping the club to win the Apertura 2010 tournament. He scored his first hat-trick for Estudiantes with three headers in a 5--1 win against Paraguayan side Guaraní in the group stages of the 2011 Copa Libertadores. In the following game he scored the winning goal against league leaders Racing Club.
In July 2011, he signed a two-year contract with Club Atlético Banfield.
One year later he returned to Paraguayan Football signing for Cerro Porteño. Then he was transferred to Sportivo Luqueño and now he is the main scorer of Libertad, being the topscorer at the 2014 Apertura, scoring 19 goals.
## International career {#international_career}
On the youth level, López was runner-up with Uruguay U-20 at the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship. He even played the final against Argentina.
López played a friendly match for Uruguay against China in 1996. Thirteen years later, in 2009, he was called again by coach Oscar Washington Tabárez for a friendly match against Algeria and for the World Cup qualifying games against Peru and Colombia. He was also part of the squad that achieved the qualification by defeating Costa Rica on the playoff. However, he was not part of the Uruguayan squad that played the World Cup.
On 27 July 2010, he was called up to play a friendly match against Angola in Lisbon.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Following the departure of Celso Ayala, López was appointed manager of Paraguayan club Sportivo Luqueño on 3 March 2020. After the club saw the departure of as many as 11 players to transfers and contract dissolutions mid-tournament, López decided to resign from his position on 7 September 2020, but agreed to coach his club for one last match, a come-from-behind 2--1 victory against River Plate on 11 September 2020. During his short tenure as head coach of Sportivo Luqueño, the team achieved 16 points in 12 matches (4W-4D-4L), climbing several positions in the table
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# Tom Boyd (Northern Ireland politician)
**Tom Boyd** (April 1903 -- 6 December 1991) was a shipyard worker, patternmaker, trade unionist and politician in Northern Ireland.
After studying at Belfast Technical College and Queen\'s University, Belfast, Boyd became prominent in the United Patternmakers\' Association. Joining the Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP), he stood for election to the Belfast Board of Guardians in 1933.
In the 1938 Stormont elections, Boyd stood unsuccessfully in Belfast Victoria. In the 1945 UK general election, he stood for the Westminster seat of Belfast East, taking 43.6% of the vote. He stood for the seat again in 1950, 1951 and 1955, but never came so close to election.
In the 1949 Stormont election, Boyd stood in Belfast Bloomfield, and in 1953, he stood in Belfast Pottinger. He finally won this seat in 1958, and on election he became the leader of the NILP, a post he held until finally losing his seat at the 1969 election.
Following his defeat, Boyd led the Presbyterian Church of Ireland Social Services Committee until 1978
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# Mattoon station
**Mattoon station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Mattoon, Illinois, United States. The station is a flag stop on the *City of New Orleans* route, served only when passengers have tickets to and from the station. It is a regular stop for the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Illini/Saluki}}`{=mediawiki}.
## History
The Mattoon station is housed in the former Illinois Central Railroad Depot. The depot was completed in 1918 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. At its height, the building housed a power plant, mail room, luggage room, and restaurant, in addition to the main hall where passengers waited to board trains. As many as ten trains a day departed the depot in the 1950s.
During 2010, a \$3 million restoration project, paid for from a mix of private, state, and federal funding, was undertaken, replacing paint, flooring, and other interior fixtures.
## The depot today {#the_depot_today}
There are no Amtrak employees at the station; the doors unlock and lock automatically before and after the arrival and departure of trains. The station currently serves as a stop for the *Illini*, *Saluki*, and *City of New Orleans* passenger trains The tracks themselves, formerly part of the Illinois Central Railroad, are now owned by the Canadian National Railway (CN). Freight trains run by CN pass through frequently.
Transit service to the depot from Mattoon and Charleston is provided by Dial-A-Ride Rural Public Transportation, which provides deviated fixed-route and demand-response service
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# Betty Lou Varnum
**Betty Lou Varnum** (née **McVay**; May 3, 1931 -- August 2021) was an American television personality, best known as host of the long-running children\'s show, *The Magic Window*.
## Early years {#early_years}
Varnum was born in Chicago. Her parents, Glen and Louise McVay, moved to the small town of Platteville, Wisconsin later that same year. Her father was a popular local optometrist and sportsman and her mother was a housewife. The family lived in Platteville during WWII as McVay completed public school. After the war, McVay moved to Madison and attended the University of Wisconsin--Madison where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology with a minor in English literature. After graduation, McVay returned to her hometown, Platteville, and obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in teaching. She took a job teaching literature and speech at the high school in Port Washington, Wisconsin.
## Career
An acquaintance of McVay\'s who attended the University of Wisconsin, Platteville and worked at WOI-TV in Ames, Iowa suggested her as a host for a television show. In late 1954, after being contacted by WOI-TV managers, McVay left her teaching job and went to work in television. At that time, WOI-TV was owned and operated by Iowa State University and had just signed on the air on February 21, 1950. It was the first commercial television station in the United States to be owned by a major college. Although she had never been in a television studio before and had only been on the job for two days, McVay took over as host of *The Magic Window*, which would become America\'s longest-running local children\'s program.
*The Magic Window* ran continuously from 1951 through 1994. *Betty Lou and the House with the Magic Window*, as the show was later titled, was a children\'s show aimed at kindergarten and preschoolers that took place in the Magic Forest. McVay and her special friends, Gregory Lion (a perpetually four-year-old lion), Catrina Crocodile (a witch who had changed herself into a beautiful crocodile), and Dusty the Unicorn (more formally known as Stardust Glimmer, who was 3000 years old -- young for a unicorn), would chat with visitors, teach a clever craft, and watch wholesome cartoons such as *Felix the Cat* and *Tales of the Riverbank*, a Canadian live-action short about Hammy the Hamster, Roderick the Rat, and friends. Although targeted at young children, *The Magic Window* would become a favorite of children of all ages as generations grew up with Betty Lou.
Varnum made only one appearance as an actress. She played Mrs. Vernam on an episode of *The Rifleman* that aired October 16, 1961; it was Season 4 Episode 3.
Varnum worked on other projects at WOI-TV and became the motive force behind many significant public affairs and entertainment shows. Among the first in her field, she hosted a local talk show, *Dimension 5*, which ran on Tuesday evenings starting at 10:30 PM and ending when all of the viewers\' questions were answered and the panel members had expressed their views -- often causing the show to run into the early hours of the morning. *Dimension 5* addressed the controversial topics of the day with shows featuring Medal of Honor-winners, Nobel Prize-winners, the American Indian Movement, women\'s rights, gay and lesbian rights, and many others. Varnum also produced and hosted the award-winning *Status 6*, which focused on the struggles of the handicapped in Iowa, for which she received the McCall\'s Golden Mike Award for Women in Radio and Television in 1965. In the mid-1970s, she conceived and hosted *Stringers Newscast*, a show that featured film shorts and animations produced by the viewing public.
Varnum also hosted the yearly Iowa State Fair and VEISHEA parades.
Varnum retired in 1994 when WOI-TV was purchased by a commercial company. During her 40-year career, Varnum received endless recognition and awards for her pioneering work in the television industry and as a woman in the early days of local broadcasting.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
In 1959, McVay married James (Red) Varnum, also an employee at WOI-TV. Red worked as a backstage designer, producer, director and writer and appeared in a number of shows including *The Red Dash* and *Gravesend Manor*. It was rumored that Red was the voice of one of the puppets in *The Magic Window*, but neither Betty Lou nor Red ever confirmed this.
Betty Lou Varnum died in August 2021
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# Old Crow Wing, Minnesota
**Old Crow Wing** is a ghost town in Fort Ripley Township, Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Crow Wing rivers. Long occupied by the Ojibwe people, for over a century it was also the northernmost European-American settlement on the Mississippi.
In the 1850s and 1860s, Crow Wing was a county seat and one of the major population centers of Minnesota. At its peak it had an estimated 600--700 residents, about half of whom were Ojibwe. The town site, including one restored house, is preserved within Crow Wing State Park.
## History
This area was inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years before the first encounter with Europeans. At the confluence of the Crow Wing and Mississippi rivers, the site of the village of Old Crow Wing became a logical meeting place for the Dakota and later Ojibwe of Minnesota.
Old Crow Wing\'s strategic location also made it attractive to European traders, the first of them recorded shortly after the close of the French and Indian War in 1763. The first trader of note to spend time at Old Crow Wing was James McGill in the winter of 1771--2, followed by many others. It also seems likely that two British army officers of the 54th Regiment of Foot visited the site in the early autumn of 1789, although the nature of this visit is disputed.
The first European-American settler in Crow Wing was Allan Morrison, who opened a trading post in 1823. Around this time a lucrative, if technically illegal (because of post-War of 1812 restrictions on trading with Canadians) trade developed between Saint Paul, Minnesota, and the Red River Colony in Canada. Many of the fur trappers and traders were Métis, the biracial descendants of Ojibwe women and French, Scots and English men. Because the Ojibwe had a patrilineal system, in which children belonged to the father\'s clan and took their places in the tribe through it, the children of white fathers had no true place in the tribe. Generally the trappers and their Ojibwe wives lived near the tribe, which would extend protection, but their children had to make their way outside it. Over generations, the Métis have developed as a distinct ethnic group in Canada, with characteristic cultural patterns, and they have won recognition of political status.
Since the Red River Trails crossed territory of the Dakota, the Ojibwe\'s traditional enemy, conflicts dogged the trade. A Métis attack on the Dakota in 1844 closed the primary route entirely. A Red River ox cart train on its return trip north traveled instead to the growing town of Crow Wing, forded the Mississippi, and blazed a new route that passed through much friendlier Ojibwe lands. This route became known as the Woods Trail. Although it was considerably harder going than the other Red River Trails, it was decidedly safer. More traffic followed, particularly whenever relations with the Dakota were at their worst.
The village of Crow Wing became the principal supply station on the Woods Trail. Allan Morrison began operating a ferry across the Mississippi at the north end of town. In the 1840s other traders set up shop as well. This was the center of a multicultural community, with numerous mixed-race families, and associated Ojibwe, French Canadian and American families in the area.
Allan and his brother William Morrison, as well as the traders William Alexander Aitken, and Henry Mower Rice all went on to early prominence in the territory and state. Minnesota\'s Morrison, Aitkin, and Rice counties were named after them. Mower served as a state senator for five years and ran for governor in 1865. Clement Hudon Beaulieu, a Métis, also became a successful trader, running the American Fur Company\'s trading post.
The American William Whipple Warren was bilingual and worked as an interpreter for Rice. Also of Ojibwe descent, he interviewed Ojibwe elders and completed his classic *History of the Ojibway People* in 1853. (It was published by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1885.) Warren married Mathilda Aitken, daughter of the fur trader William and his Ojibwe wife. Warren was elected to the territorial legislature in 1850.
Several important Ojibwe leaders lived in Crow Wing, including Curly Head, Hole in the Day and his father, and Strong Ground. Henry Rice negotiated with them for logging rights to their land, and logging became a significant industry in Crow Wing.
In 1848, the U.S. Army established Fort Ripley nearby. Reflecting success in the fur trade, in 1849 Clement Beaulieu had a house built in the popular Greek Revival style. Father Francis Xavier Pierz established a Catholic mission in Crow Wing in 1852, later headed by Lovrenc Lavtižar. An Episcopal mission was built in 1856, and a Lutheran church soon after.
Two events brought Crow Wing\'s heyday to a swift end. In 1868, the United States resettled the Ojibwe, including Clement and Elizabeth Beaulieu, to the White Earth Indian Reservation in northwestern Minnesota.
In 1871, the railroad magnate James J. Hill decided to route his Northern Pacific Railway over the Mississippi River at Brainerd, ten miles to the north and bypassing Crow Wing. A year later the county made Brainerd its seat of government, and businesses and population followed.
By 1880, most of Crow Wing\'s residents had moved on. Two of Beaulieu\'s nephews moved their uncle\'s former house to Morrison County, where it was inhabited continuously into the 1980s. After Larry and Joyce Moran of Little Falls donated the house to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the house was moved back to its original location in 1988, now within Crow Wing State Park
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# Mast (film)
***Mast*** (`{{translation|Enchanted}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1999 Indian Hindi-language musical romance film directed by Ram Gopal Varma. The film stars Aftab Shivdasani in his debut as a lead actor alongside Urmila Matondkar. Shivdasani won the Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer -- Male for his performance.
## Plot
Kittu is an arts student in Pune and is madly in love with actress and film star Malika. He has posters up on his wall and goes to all of her movies and even fantasizes that she is there with him when he is watching these items, something which his sister often witnesses. His father, concerned with his son\'s declining exam scores, confronts Kittu on his obsession on learning of it from his daughter and later tears down every poster. To Kittu, this is almost as bad as murder, and decides to move out and travels to Mumbai, where the star, herself, lives.
Unknowing of where to go, he goes to her bungalow, but the security guard shoos him away. He finds a job at a nearby cafe. After interacting with Malika, Kittu soon finds that she is not the girl that he had pictured from her posters and movies. Being a simple orphan, exploited by her evil uncle and his family, Kittu begins to feel sorry for her and even more in love although for an unknown reason she does not report her uncle\'s actions to the police.
A series of events lead him to the point where he decides to convince her to run away with him. But with her being such a famous icon, Kittu soon finds it harder than he had thought to get away. The police are looking for her as is her uncle, although upon reunion with his family, they are relieved at his return and Kittu makes amends with his father. When Kittu\'s mother and sister learn of Mallika having accompanied him so she could escape from her uncle, they understand her plight and take her in. They soon help Malika enjoy her newfound freedom.
Things take a turn for the worse when Mr. Mathur is taken into custody for allegedly housing the \"kidnapped\" Malika. The police beat Kittu for information. Malika gains the courage to turn herself in so that she can save them, and she tells the cops that Kittu rescued her and that her uncle is the one who has ill-treated her. The police then take her uncle into custody and whack him before ordering him to leave her alone forever.
Malika then returns home, leaving Kittu to his life with his family and Nisha believing that they are in love. Kittu returns home as well and is devastated that she left him without an explanation or goodbye. They visit her on set one day to see that she has returned to her old life, uncle-free, but this meeting is an uncomfortable one. Through her awkward goodbye, Kittu then realizes that she believes that Kittu is going to marry Nisha.
After this realization, he then runs to Malika\'s dressing room from the cab to tell her of his love and the fact that she has assumed wrong. They have a heartfelt conversation of love and life, and Malika goes on to explain that she thinks that Nisha and Kittu have a love that she cannot come between. She then asks him not to see her anymore and he runs to Nisha to tell her of this belief. After hearing this, Nisha explains the situation that she loves Kittu, but Kittu has always been in love with Malika at which Malika and Kittu embrace.
The closing scene shows that they get married and everyone who supported both of them in the story are present, including his coworkers from the cafe and the taxi driver.
## Cast
- Aftab Shivdasani as Krishnakant Mathur \'\'Kittu\'\'
- Urmila Matondkar as Mallika
- Dalip Tahil as Mr. Mathur, Kittu\'s father
- Smita Jaykar as Mrs. Mathur, Kittu\'s mother
- Govind Namdev as Mallika\'s uncle
- Antara Mali as Nisha
- Neeraj Vora as Usman Bhai
- Raju Mavani as Police Inspector
- Sheetal Suvarna as Nikki Mathur, Kittu\'s sister
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# Mast (film)
## Soundtrack
All songs were composed by Sandeep Chowta and written by Nitin Raikwar.
\# Title Singer(s)
---- ------------------------------------- -----------------------------
1 \"Mast\" Sandeep Chowta
2 \"Ruki Ruki\" Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan
3 \"Aasman Kehta Hai Rab Se\" Sonu Nigam
4 \"Pucho Na Yaar\" Sonu Nigam, Sadhana Sargam
5 \"Hey Rama Krishna Govinda Gopala\" Asha Bhosle
6 \"Suna Tha\" Sonu Nigam, Sunidhi Chauhan
7 \"Main Mast\" Sunidhi Chauhan
8 \"Main Tere Dil Ki Malika\" Sonu Nigam, Asha Bhosle
9 \"Na Govinda Na Shah Rukh\" Asha Bhosle
## Reception
### Critical response {#critical_response}
Faisal Shariff of Rediff.com wrote, \"Yes, a must see. If not for the storyline, if not for Urmila Matondkar, if not for the music, then because most of us, somewhere within, nurture this secret fantasy of realising our wildest dreams. And that is what Mast is all about. Realising a dream.\"
### Box office {#box_office}
The film grossed `{{INR}}`{=mediawiki}10.35 crore against a budget of `{{INR}}`{=mediawiki}4.5 crore. Boxofficeindia.com called it a \"Box office flop\" while Anupama Chopra wrote that the film \"died an agonisingly quick death at the box office
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# Effingham station
**Effingham station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Effingham, Illinois, United States. The station contains three houses, at the CSXT St. Louis Line Subdivision (ex-Pennsylvania Railroad) crossing that once served Amtrak\'s former *National Limited* line between Kansas City and either Washington D.C. or New York City until 1979. The station is a flag stop on the *City of New Orleans* route, served only when passengers have tickets to and from the station; the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Illini/Saluki}}`{=mediawiki} also stops here
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Effingham station
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10,004,703 |
# List of highways numbered 191
| 6 |
List of highways numbered 191
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10,004,711 |
# David Bowker (writer)
**David Bowker** is a British author and screenwriter. Born in Manchester, England, Bowker has written seven novels. He has also worked as a journalist and as a columnist on *The Times*. He has various film projects in development and his TV work includes episodes of *Casualty* and *Coronation Street*. He is currently working on his eighth novel.
Bowker\'s book, *How to Be Bad* was recommended by *Esquire* magazine as one of the books of 2005
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10,004,751 |
# Sara (Starship song)
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{{singlechart|rowheader=true|Austria|15|artist=Starship|song=Sara|accessdate=January 1, 2021}}
^
``
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Sara (Starship song)
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# Pioneer organism
A **pioneer organism**, also called a **disaster taxon**, is an organism that colonizes a previously empty area first, or one that repopulates vacant niches after a natural disaster, mass extinction or any other catastrophic event that wipes out most life of the prior biome. A group of such organisms capable of continued procreation among themselves are a pioneer species.
## Natural disaster {#natural_disaster}
After a natural disaster, common pioneer organisms include lichens and algae. Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. These common pioneer organisms can have a preference in the temperatures they are in. Lichens are more inclined to be in regions with more rainfall, whereas algae and mosses have a preference of being in regions with more humidity.
Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions that accommodate other organisms. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms. Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly-created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut, may also be the first arrivals on barren soil.
## Extinction event {#extinction_event}
Since the resolution of the fossil record is low, pioneer organisms are often identified as those that lived within hundreds, thousands, or a million years of the extinction event. For example, after the Permian--Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago, *Lystrosaurus*, a tusked therapsid, was considered a disaster taxon
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# Zeus Issariotis
**Carl Zeus Issariotis** (born June 26, 1981 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian figure skater who currently represents Greece internationally. He is the 2004 & 2006 Greek national champion. He previously competed representing Canada, most notably on the Junior Grand Prix circuit, but switched to representing Greece after taking a break from competitive skating
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# Shiota
**Shiota** (written: 塩田 or 潮田) is a Japanese surname
| 11 |
Shiota
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10,004,789 |
# National Commissioners Invitational Tournament
The **National Commissioners Invitational Tournament** was an eight-team postseason men\'s college basketball tournament run by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It was introduced in 1974 as the **Collegiate Commissioners Association Tournament**. Invitees were runner-up teams in major conferences, which were required to participate, creating a threat to the established National Invitation Tournament (NIT), which, at that time, the NCAA did not control. Bobby Knight, head coach of Indiana, winner of the inaugural tournament, did not want to participate, because he believed it was created to \"run the NIT out of business,\" which he opposed. The tournament lasted only two years before being discontinued after changes to the NCAA tournament rules, which allowed more than one team per conference to participate.
## Summary
The tournament was won in 1974 by Indiana over USC, 85--60, in St. Louis, Missouri. The 1974 tournament featured a collection of teams that came in second in their conferences due to NCAA tournament rules at the time which only invited conference champions.
In 1975, the NCAA tournament expanded to include at-large teams, from a total of 25 to 32 teams and began inviting more than one team from some conferences rather than solely conference champions. However, the 1975 tournament, renamed the *National Commissioners Invitational Tournament*, was still held and was won by Drake over Arizona, 83--76, in Louisville, Kentucky.
The Commissioners Invitational Tournament was discontinued after the 1975 tournament.
## Championships
Year Champion Runner-up
------ ---------- ---- ----------- ----
1974 Indiana 85 60
1975 83 76
## List of NCIT bids by school {#list_of_ncit_bids_by_school}
This is a list of NCIT bids by school.
NCIT bids School Last bid Last win Last semifinal Last champ. game Last championship
----------- --------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------- ------------------ -------------------
2 USC 1975 1974 1974 1974
2 Tennessee 1975
1 Drake 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975
1 Indiana 1974 1974 1974 1974 1974
1 Arizona 1975 1975 1975 1975
1 Bowling Green 1975 1975 1975
1 Purdue 1975 1975 1975
1 Bradley 1974 1974 1974
1 Toledo 1974 1974 1974
1 East Carolina 1975
1 Missouri 1975
1 Arizona State 1974
1 Kansas State 1974
1 SMU 1974
The Big 8, Big Ten, MAC, Missouri Valley, Pac-8, SEC and WAC sent teams to both tournaments. The Southwest was only invited to the 1974 tournament, while the Southern Conference was only invited to the 1975 tournament
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# Gang of Four (Seattle)
In the politics of Seattle, Washington in the United States, \"**Gang of Four**\" (also, sometimes \"**The Four Amigos**\") refers to Bernie Whitebear, Bob Santos, Roberto Maestas, and Larry Gossett, who founded Seattle\'s Minority Executive Directors\'s Coalition.
All four were associated with radical minority rights activism in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and all went on to leadership roles. Whitebear founded the Seattle Indian Health Board and the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation. Santos was a prominent leader among Seattle\'s Asian Americans, director of the Asian Coalition, and executive director of the Inter\*Im in the International District; Maestas was the founder and director of El Centro de la Raza. While studying at the University of Washington, Gossett founded a Black Student Union. He later created Central Area Motivation Program and went on to public office as a member of the King County Council
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