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# Architecture: The AIA Journal
***Architecture: the AIA journal*** was a monthly magazine published by the American Institute of Architects under various titles from 1899 to 2006.
## History
In 1899, ***The American Institute of Architects Quarterly Bulletin*** `{{oclc|4411296}}`{=mediawiki} was authorized.
In April 1900, ***The American Institute of Architects Quarterly Bulletin*** first issue appeared.
In 1913, ***Journal of the American Institute of Architects*** (Vol. #1 - Issue #1) began, replacing the *Quarterly Bulletin*.
In 1929, ***The Octagon*** began, replacing the \"Journal of the American Institute of Architects\".
In 1944, ***Journal of the American Institute of Architects*** began, replacing \"The Octagon\".
In 1957, ***AIA Journal*** began, replacing the \"Journal of the American Institute of Architects\".
In August 1976, publication of the ***AIA Journal**\'\' ended. Then,***Architecture**\'\' was the official magazine of the American Institute of Architects.
In 1996, the *Progressive Architecture* magazine name and subscriber list was sold to BPI Communications, by Penton Publishing.
Until the end of 1996, ***Architecture***, owned by BPI Communications, was the official magazine of the American Institute of Architects.
In 1997, Architectural Record became the official magazine of the *American Institute of Architects*.
In 2006, *Architecture* magazine was purchased and closed by Hanley-Wood, which replaced the magazine with a new title, *Architect Magazine*
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# Polysics or Die!!!!
***Polysics Or Die!!!!*** is the first greatest hits album by Japanese band Polysics. It is their first release in the United Kingdom; it was later released in the U.S. and Japan. The name is likely a reference to the album *Music Industrial Wastes〜P-MODEL OR DIE* by P-Model, a band whom Polysics is heavily influenced by.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Buggie Technica\" (new recording)
2. \"Hot Stuff\" (new recording)
3. \"New Wave Jacket\" (from the single \"New Wave Jacket\")
4. \"Plus Chicker\" (new recording)
5. \"Kaja Kaja Goo\" (from the *Kaja Kaja Goo* EP)
6. \"Black Out Fall Out\" (new recording)
7. \"My Sharona\" (from the album *For Young Electric Pop*)
8. \"Making Sense\" (from the album *NEU*)
9. \"Lookin' Lookin' Gaa\" (from the album *National P*)
10. \"Commodoll\" (from the album *ENO*)
11. \"For Young Electric Pop\" (from the album *For Young Electric Pop*)
12. \"XCT\" (from the album *NEU*)
13. \"Peach Pie on the Beach\" (from the album *National P*)
14. \"Each Life Each End\" (from the single \"Each Life Each End\")
15. \"Code 4\" (from the mini album *Lo-bits*)
16. \"Modern\" (new recording)
17. \"Urge On !!\" (from the single \"XCT\")
18. \"ENO\" (from the album *ENO*)
19. \"Black Out Fall Out\" (bonus video, UK only)
20. \"Kaja Kaja Goo\" (bonus video, UK only)
## *Polysics Or Die!!!! Vista* {#polysics_or_die_vista}
After Polysics signed to MySpace Records, a revised version of *Polysics or Die!!!!* was released in the US, under the name *Polysics or Die!!!! Vista.* It included the latest singles from *Karate House* and a bonus DVD of videos and live cuts. *Polysics or Die!!!! Vista* was released on October 9, 2007, to mark the band\'s ten-year anniversary.
### Track listing {#track_listing_1}
1. \"Electric Surfin\' Go Go\" (from the album *Karate House*)
2. \"New Wave Jacket (Reform)\" (from the album *Eno*)
3. \"Baby Bias\" (from the album *Now is the time*)
4. \"Go Ahead Now!\" (from the album *Neu*)
5. \"Kaja Kaja Goo\" (from the EP *Kaja Kaja Goo*)
6. \"I My Me Mine\" (from the album *Now is the Time*)
7. \"You-You-You\" (from the album *Karate House*)
8. \"Catch On Everywhere\" (from the album *Karate House*)
9. \"Coelakanth Is Android\" (from the single \"Coelakanth is Android\")
10. \"My Sharona\" (from the album *For Young Electric Pop*)
11. \"Black Out Fall Out\" (new recording from *POLYSICS OR DIE!!!!*)
12. \"Shizuka Is A Machine Doctor\" (from the album *Karate House*)
13. \"Tei! Tei! Tei!\" (from the album *Now is the Time*)
14. \"Each Life Each End\" (from the single \"Each Life Each End\")
15. \"New Wave Outline\" (from the album *Karate House*)
16. \"Peach Pie On the Beach\" (from the album *National P*)
17. \"Secret Candy\" (vinyl only from the album *For Young Electric Pop*)
18. \"Domo Arigato Mr
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# Corn lily
**Corn lily** is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
- *Clintonia borealis*
- *Ixia* spp.
- *Veratrum* spp
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# Jennifer Santiago
**Jennifer Santiago** is an attorney, freelance writer, photographer, model, and Emmy Award-winning reporter for HDNews.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
In 1997, she received her J.D. degree, with honors, from Villanova University School of Law in Pennsylvania where she was also a member of The Villanova Law Review.
## Career
In 1998, Santiago posed for pictorials (under her name at birth, Jennifer Klarman) that appeared in several *Playboy* special editions. In one of her pictorials, she posed alongside fellow Villanova Law School graduate and former Playboy playmate Victoria Zdrok.
Santiago is a lawyer, who began a journalism career with WFOR-TV, the CBS affiliate in Miami.
She co-produced the independent feature film *Runnin\' At Midnite*, which was selected for several film festivals. The 2001 Chicano basketball drama was directed by Pablo Toledo.
Santiago cites her report that led to then governor Charlie Crist freeing a man named Richard Peay who was sentenced to a 25-year mandatory prison term as the highlight of her professional journalism career, according to an interview she did with Aventura Business Monthly.
In February 2006, Congressman Kendrick Meek sent President George W. Bush a copy of Santiago\'s report \"Return to Haiti\", urging the President to halt the deportations of Haitians because of an omission in the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act. \"Return to Haiti\" chronicled the story of an undocumented Haitian migrant who was sent back to Haiti after living in the United States for 15 years. He left behind three U.S. born children and a wife. \"Return to Haiti\" won numerous awards and recognition from prominent Haitian Advocates such as Congressman Meek and Haitian-American political activist Marleine Bastien.
Santiago, a reported vegetarian, received a Genesis Award in 2007 from the Humane Society of the United States. The award was given in recognition of a series of reports including \"Stopping the Seal Hunt\" --- which also appeared on the CBS Evening News.
To mark his first 100 days in office, Florida Governor Charlie Crist gave Santiago an exclusive interview in Tallahassee.`{{when|date=December 2010}}`{=mediawiki}
Bloggers have called her \"the Angelina Jolie of news\" because of her diverse resume and penchant for traveling to third-world countries alone for news stories.
## Awards for television reporting {#awards_for_television_reporting}
- *Emmy Winner* On Camera-Talent/Focus on South Florida 2007.
- *SFBJA Award* Reporting \"A Sanctuary From Slavery\" 2007.
- *HSUS Genesis Award* \"Stopping the Seal Hunt\" 2007.
- *Emmy Nominee* Historic/Cultural Reporting \"Meet the Masai\"; Public Affairs \"Focus on South Florida\" 2006.
- *Telly Award Winner* Reporting \"Stopping the Seal Hunt\" 2007.
- *Chuck Stone Award of Excellence* Reporting \"A Sanctuary From Slavery\"[Problem Of Child Slavery](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpLVGko5Xx8) 2007.
- *Emmy Winner* Reporting \"Children for Sale\"
- *Telly Award Winner* Reporting \"Save the Elephants\" 2006.
- *Telly Award Winner* Reporting \"Return to Haiti\" 2006.
- *SPJ Sunshine State Nominee* Investigative Reporting \"A Painful Sentence\" 2006.
- *SPJ Sunshine State Award* Investigative Reporting \"Return to Haiti\"2005.
- *SFBJA Award* Reporting \"Return to Haiti\" 2005.
- *HSUS Genesis Award Commendation* Reporting \"Save the Elephants\" 2005.
- *Emmy Nominee* Reporting \"Death Row Debate\" 2004
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# Alexander Rossi (artist)
**Alexander Mark Rossi** (1840 -- 9 January 1916) was a successful British artist specializing in genre works who flourished in the late 19th century.
## Biography
He was born on the Greek Island of Corfu, the son of Dr Mark Rossi, an Italian who was one of the three judges presiding over the Ionian Islands during the time of British rule. On a visit to Preston, England in 1866, Rossi met and later married Jane Gillow. He remained in the United Kingdom thereafter. In the 1870s he moved to London.
Between 1871 and 1903, Rossi exhibited 66 works at the Royal Academy and was also a member of the Hogarth Club. Many of his paintings were of children and young adults, the models often being members of his own family. Perhaps his most well-known painting is *Forbidden Books* (1897).
After his first wife\'s death, he married Silvia Tassart in 1902. He died in Golders Green, London on 9 January 1916.
Note: Some British art houses mistakenly give Rossi\'s birth and death dates as 1870-1903, but these actually refer to the dates that he was active on the London art scene
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# Yachats Ocean Road State Natural Site
The **Yachats Ocean Road State Natural Site** is a state park in southern Lincoln County, Oregon, in the town of Yachats. It is administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. It is located on the Pacific Ocean coast, adjacent to the Oregon Coast Highway and the mouth of the Yachats River. The park is open for day use only, and offers scenic driving on a 1 mi loop, and wildlife and surf viewing, but is backed on its landward side by low-intensity urban development
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# South Carolina v. Katzenbach
***South Carolina v. Katzenbach***, 383 U.S. 301 (1966), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that rejected a challenge from the state of South Carolina to the preclearance provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which required that some states submit changes in election districts to the Attorney General of the United States (at the time, Nicholas Katzenbach). The preclearance provisions were ruled constitutional and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was enforced in full.
## Background
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 required states to make adjustments to their voting and registration systems if the state employed a literacy test and if the voter turnout or registration was less than fifty percent by November 1, 1964. This was known as the preclearance requirement and affected mostly southern states, making them seek approval from the U.S. District Court for any changes to their voter registration and voting system.
In South Carolina, the state attorney general, Daniel R. McLeod filed a complaint directly with the Supreme Court attacking the constitutionality of the act and asking for an injunction against enforcement by the attorney general of the United States, Nicholas Katzenbach. McLeod challenged the Voting Rights Act as an unconstitutional encroachment on states' rights, as a violation of equality between the states, and as an illegal bill of attainder which is legislative punishment enforced without due process of law.
South Carolina was joined on its attack on the Voting Rights Act by other southern states. Meanwhile, the twenty states that filed in support of the act\'s provisions and powers mainly consisted of northern and western states. While other states did not file suit, many southern states supported South Carolina\'s actions. The case took on an even wider significance than normal state challenges to a new federal law because it dealt with both state sovereignty and the power of the legislative branch.
The decision represents a rare instance of the Supreme Court exercising its right of original jurisdiction, as the case was filed directly in the Supreme Court by the state of South Carolina, rather than being appealed from a lower court. The court intentionally heard the case prior to June of 1966 so their decision would be in effect for South Carolina\'s primary elections that year.
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# South Carolina v. Katzenbach
## The Opinion of the Court {#the_opinion_of_the_court}
In his opinion for the Court, Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a valid exercise of Congress\' power under the enforcement clause of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Warren cited the enforcement clause of the 15th Amendment which gave Congress full powers to stop discrimination in regards to voting. He also stated that the Voting Rights Act was necessary to remedy the evil of racism. Additionally, the historical record showed that the 15th Amendment was not strong enough on its own since voter discrimination had continued despite the amendment. The Voting Rights Act provided sterner and more enforceable measures to ensure equal voting opportunities to all citizens.
The only dissent in the ruling came from Justice Hugo L. Black who opposed the legislation because he felt it exceeded the textual reach of the constitution. In his dissent, he explained, "There is no reason to read into the Constitution meanings it did not have when it was adopted and which have not been put into place." While he would have sustained most of the law, he would have struck down the Section 5 preclearance provisions.
> Section 5, by providing that some of the States cannot pass state laws or adopt state constitutional amendments without first being compelled to beg federal authorities to approve their policies, so distorts our constitutional structure of government as to render any distinction drawn in the Constitution between state and federal power almost meaningless. One of the most basic premises upon which our structure of government was founded was that the Federal Government was to have certain specific and limited powers and no others, and all other power was to be reserved either \'to the States respectively, or to the people.\' Certainly if all the provisions of our Constitution which limit the power of the Federal Government and reserve other power to the States are to mean anything, they mean at least that the States have power to pass laws and amend their constitutions without first sending their officials hundreds of miles away to beg federal authorities to approve them.
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# South Carolina v. Katzenbach
## Impact
Through the court\'s majority decision, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was upheld and, thus, it was able to be implemented without any barriers whatsoever. This allowed for over 800,000 African Americans to register to vote between 1964 and 1967. This case was also used as a precedent in other judicial challenges to the Voting Rights Act. According to Indiana University Maurer School of Law professor Luis Fuentes-Rohwer, the case served as an example of a firm interpretation of the 15th Amendment, which granted Congress \"full remedial powers\" to prevent any racial discrimination. Fuentes-Roher also stated that the case was also an example of the Supreme Court giving more power to Congress by allowing them to create legislation on a topic usually reserved for the States. Opponents of the ruling cite this as an example of excessive judicial activism, implying this was an overreach of the Supreme Court\'s powers. They argue the case was decided by the judges\' personal beliefs and motives instead of the law and judicial precedent.
This ruling was a massive win for the Civil Rights Movement, allowing for over 800,000 African Americans to register to vote between 1964 and 1967. The success of the Voting Rights Act allowed President Johnson to continue with the civil rights reform, including legislation such as the Fair Housing Act. This act provided equal housing opportunities regardless of race, religion, or nationality. This case was also used as precedent in other judicial challenges to the Voting Rights Act such as *Allen v. State Board of Elections* and *Beer v. United States*.
The significance of South Carolina v. Katzenbach diminished in 2013 with the decision of *Shelby County v. Holder*. The Supreme Court struck down provisions in the Voting Rights Act 5-4 because it was based on decades-old data, making it no longer applicable to present laws and regulations
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# 1983 Five Nations Championship
The **1983 Five Nations Championship** was the 54th series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship.
Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the 89th series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 15 January and 19 March. For the 17th time, the championship was shared. France and Ireland finished level on points, and no tie-break procedure existed before 1993. It was France\'s 5th shared title, and Ireland\'s 8th.
French wing Patrick Estève scored a try against each other team in this tournament, finishing as the top try scorer, with five tries. This was the first time since 1925 that such a feat had been achieved
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# Centers of Biomedical Research Excellence
**Centers of Biomedical Research Excellence** (COBRE) support centers that help expand and develop institutional biomedical research capacity by enhancing research infrastructure. This includes the establishment of core facilities needed to carry out the objectives of the COBRE program. COBREs are expected to improve through peer reviewed efforts and project grant support. COBRE is a division of the National Center for Research Resources, which is itself part of the National Institutes of Health.
Each COBRE includes:
1. a principal investigator, who is an established biomedical or behavioral research scientist
2. three to five individual research projects
3. at least one mentor
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# Bill Lochead
**William Alexander \"Whip\" Lochead** (`{{IPAc-en|l|ɑː|ˈ|h|ɛ|d}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|lah|HEHD}}`{=mediawiki}; born October 13, 1954, in Forest, Ontario) is a retired ice hockey forward and current hockey player agent. He started his junior hockey career in 1969--70 with the Sarnia Bees of OHA Western Jr. B league. In 1970-71 he established the current Western Jr. B goal scoring record of 72 goals in 42 games. Lochead was drafted 2nd overall to the OHA Oshawa Generals in 1971. He was then drafted 1st (9th overall) by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1974 NHL draft. He was also selected 3rd (32nd overall) by the Indianapolis Racers in the 1974 WHA draft. He was known as Billy Lochead during his playing days in the NHL and was nicknamed \"Whip\".
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Minor league hockey {#minor_league_hockey}
Lochead started his Jr. A career playing for the Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey Association. He entered the league in 1971 but was slowed down by injuries at the beginning of the 1971--72 season. However, once healthy, Lochead started scoring, as he recorded 110 points with 56 goals in 1972--73 and 121 points with 57 goals in 1973--74 and was selected to the OHA second and first all-star teams in each of those seasons. The Detroit Red Wings drafted him with their first pick in 1974.
### National hockey league {#national_hockey_league}
Lochead scored 16 goals as a rookie with the Wings in 1974--75 while playing on a line with Bill Hogaboam and Nick Libett. He continued to contribute as a role player for four and a half years which saw his point producing rise as Lochead gained confidence. He finally hit the 20-goal mark in the 1977--78 NHL season, helping the club to reach the playoffs for the first time in eight years. Playing on a line with Dale McCourt and Paul Woods, the Red Wings defeated the Atlanta Flames in the first round of the playoffs and Lochead scored two goals in the deciding 3--2 win at Olympia Stadium. His series-winning goals are still remembered by many Red Wing fans; the victory over Atlanta was the Wings\' only playoff series win in the almost two decades between 1967 and 1986.
After missing the first two months of the 1978--79 NHL season due to a training camp knee injury, Lochead could not get his game back to the level of the previous season and he was claimed off waivers by the Colorado Rockies on February 9, 1979. He would play the final 26 games of the season with Colorado. In the off-season he was traded to the New York Rangers but ended up appearing in only seven games that season as he spent most of the year with the New Haven Nighthawks of the American Hockey League. In the lower-tiered league he scored 46 goals and was placed on the AHL\'s first all-star team. Lochead contributed strongly to the Nighthawks in playoff scoring that year, but the team fell in the semi-finals to the eventual champion Hershey Bears. Lochead also won the \"Minor League Player of the Year Award\" that season.
### International play {#international_play}
Beginning in 1980--81, Lochead decided to try his luck overseas. He joined the highest ice hockey league in Germany, the Bundesliga. He joined Kolner EC and only played in 17 games before transferring to ESV Kaufbeuren. He finished out the season with 43 goals in 39 games and contributed 5 points in Kaufbeuren\'s short playoff run. During the off-season, Lochead was recognized as a player who knew the game and could excel if given the chance. He transferred to EC Bad Nauheim for the 1981--82 season and did not disappoint. Lochead put up 66 goals and 34 assists in only 42 games. He was far and away the best scorer on the team and the league, but still Bad Nauheim failed to make the playoffs. Lochead would finish as the league leader in both goals and penalty minutes and earn the league MVP award. Lochead would transfer in the off-season to Mannheimer ERC, one of the best teams in the league. He continued to score goals, but at a slower rate as Mannheim also featured scorers such as Manfred Wolf and Doug Berry and he was voted by the Mannheim fans as the team\'s MVP for 1982--83. Lochead stayed with the team until returning to Bad Nauheim EC for the 1984--85 season. Bad Nauheim was now in the lower-tiered 2nd Bundesliga and Lochead once again found his magical scoring touch. He played his last three years of hockey with the team and put up his best numbers to date in the 1985--86 season. In only 45 games, Lochead scored 71 goals and 49 assists for 120 points on the season. In the spring of 1986 he was chosen to play for the Dave King coached Team Canada in the Pravda Cup tournament in Leningrad (now St.Petersburg, Russia). After short stints with Chur of the Schweizerischer Eishockeyverband and the Vienna Capitals of the Austrian Hockey League, Lochead retired from the ice after the 1987--88 season.
### Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Lochead decided to try his hand at coaching after retiring as a player. He filled in as a midseason replacement for ESC Wolfsburg in 1988 and remained with them the following season. He led the team to a 16--12--4 record in 1988--89. Lochead again crossed the Atlantic to coach for two teams in Switzerland within the Schweizerischer Eishockeyverband. After coaching Solothurn and Olten he returned to Germany to coach Sauerland Iserlohn ECD in the 1993--94 season. After one season with Sauerland he moved back into the top league of Germany, the DEL. He was head coach of the Ratinger Löwen from the 1994--95 season until 1996--97. In 1995-96 Lochead led the team to a surprising 10th-place finish in the 18 team league with the smallest budget in the league. Unfortunately, the team was plagued with financial problems which affected the team\'s performance and he was let go after Ratingen found themselves as the worst team in the league in 1996--97. Lochead coached Kassel Huskies of the DEL to a .520 win percentage record in 1997--98. He ended his coaching career as an assistant coach with the Frankfurt Lions of the DEL in 1998--1999. He is now a successful hockey player agent living in Frankfurt Germany.
## Awards and achievements {#awards_and_achievements}
- OMJHL Second All-Star Team (1973)
- OMJHL First All-Star Team (1974)
- AHL First All-Star Team (1980), Minor League Player of the Year Award
- Named 1st Bundesliga Deutschland MVP (1982)
- Named 2nd Bundesliga Deutschland MVP, 1st All-Star Team (1986)
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# Bill Lochead
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
--------------- ---------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1971--72 Oshawa Generals OHA-Jr. 37 27
1972--73 Oshawa Generals OHA-Jr. 59 56
1973--74 Oshawa Generals OHA-Jr. 62 57
1974--75 Detroit Red Wings NHL 65 16
1975--76 Detroit Red Wings NHL 53 9
1975--76 New Haven Nighthawks AHL 24 17
1976--77 Detroit Red Wings NHL 61 16
1976--77 Kansas City Blues CHL 10 8
1977--78 Detroit Red Wings NHL 77 20
1978--79 Detroit Red Wings NHL 40 4
1978--79 Colorado Rockies NHL 27 4
1979--80 New York Rangers NHL 7 0
1979--80 New Haven Nighthawks AHL 68 46
1980--81 Kölner EC 1.GBun 17 16
1980--81 ESV Kaufbeuren 1.GBun 22 27
1981--82 VfL Bad Nauheim 1.GBun 42 66
1982--83 Mannheimer ERC 1.GBun 34 36
1983--84 Mannheimer ERC 1.GBun 47 36
1984--85 EHC Chur NDA 5 1
1984--85 EC Bad Nauheim FRG.2 16 28
1985--86 EC Bad Nauheim FRG.2 45 71
1986--87 EC Bad Nauheim FRG.2 27 23
1986--87 Wiener EV AUT 19 12
NHL totals 330 69
1.GBun totals 162 181
FRG
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# Banggai crow
The **Banggai crow** (***Corvus unicolor***), known as **kuuyak** in the Banggai language, is a member of the crow family from Banggai regency in the province of Central Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is listed as critically endangered by IUCN. It was feared extinct, but was finally rediscovered during surveys on Peleng Island off the southeast coast of Sulawesi by Indonesian ornithologist Mochamad Indrawan in 2007 and 2008.
It was sometimes considered a subspecies of the slender-billed crow, but it is actually rather distinct from this bird, resembling an entirely black piping crow overall. The Banggai crow is a small crow, some 39 cm long and completely black with a pale iris and a short tail.
For more than a century, it was known from only two specimens taken from an unknown island in the Banggai Archipelago - probably in 1884/1885. Visits to the archipelago in 1991 and 1996 yielded no unequivocal records of the species, leading some to believe it was extinct. During a survey conducted between 2007 and 2008 and partially financed by the Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations (Germany), it was repeatedly seen on Peleng Island and Indonesian ornithologist Mochamad Indrawan caught and photographed two individuals. The validity of the crows on Peleng was not recognized by BirdLife International in its 2009 Red List. Confirmation of the identity based on two specimens from Peleng was made by Pamela C. Rasmussen of the American Museum of Natural History in October 2009.
The total population is estimated at approximately 500 mature individuals, living in mountain forest at altitudes above 500 m. The decline of the Banggai crow is thought to be primarily due to habitat loss and degradation through agriculture and extraction.
This bird remained a complete enigma for a long time. Listed as Vulnerable in the 1994 IUCN Red List, it was changed to Endangered in 2000. In 2006, the status was considered as Possibly Extinct. This proved to be incorrect and the status was corrected to Critically Endangered in the 2007 Red List
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# Scanpix
**Scanpix Scandinavia** is a stock photography agency. It is the leading distributor of photographic services in Scandinavia, and has independent branches in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Estonia. Scanpix provides daily news services to subscribing newspapers. Its other customers includes magazines, advertising agencies and publishing houses. Among other company operations, Scanpix archives over 12 million photographs digitally and millions more physically.
Scanpix was founded after a merger between Scan-Foto and the photographic department of NTB Pluss in 1999.
## Norway
Scanpix Norway has 48 employees, including 12 photographers. They also sell photographs on behalf of over 80 different agencies, including Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France-Presse. Scanpix Norway is owned by NTB and Schibsted. In 2006, they had a revenue close to 100 million Norwegian kroner.
## Sweden
Scanpix Sweden has 50 employees, including photographers. In 2006 they had a revenue of 110 million Swedish kronor and is owned by Bonnier, Schibsted and TT.
## Denmark
Scanpix Denmark is owned by the Danish newspaper *Berlingske Tidende*. They have the largest archive of historical photographs in Denmark, counting over 20 million photographs
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# History of martial arts
Although the earliest evidence of martial arts goes back millennia, the true roots are difficult to reconstruct. Inherent patterns of human aggression which inspire practice of mock combat (in particular wrestling) and optimization of serious close combat as cultural universals are doubtlessly inherited from the pre-human stage and were made into an \"art\" from the earliest emergence of that concept. Indeed, many universals of martial art are fixed by the specifics of human physiology and not dependent on a specific tradition or era.
Specific martial traditions become identifiable in Classical Antiquity, with disciplines such as shuai jiao, Greek wrestling or those described in the Indian epics or the Spring and Autumn Annals of China.
## Early history {#early_history}
The earliest evidence for specifics of martial arts as practiced in the past comes from depictions of fights, both in figurative art and in early literature, besides analysis of archaeological evidence, especially of weaponry. The oldest work of art depicting scenes of battle, dating back 3400 BC, was the Ancient Egyptian paintings showing some form of struggle. Dating back to 3000 BC in Mesopotamia (Babylon), reliefs and the poems depicting struggle were found. In Vietnam, drawings and sketches from 2879 BCE describe certain ways of combat using sword, stick, bow, and spears.`{{Better source needed|reason=|date=March 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
The spear has been in use since the Lower Paleolithic and retained its central importance well into the 2nd millennium AD. The bow appears in the Upper Paleolithic and is likewise only gradually replaced by the crossbow, and eventually firearms, in the Present Day. True bladed weapons appear in the Neolithic with the stone axe, and diversify in shape in the course of the Bronze Age (khopesh/kopis, sword, dagger)
Some early examples are the depiction of wrestling techniques in a tomb of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt at Beni Hasan (c. 2000 BC) and pictorial representations of fist fighting in the Minoan civilization dating to the 2nd millennium BCE.
In ancient China, Yellow Emperor (2698 BC) is described as a famous general who, before becoming China's leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology and the martial arts. Literary descriptions of combat began in the 2nd millennium BC, with mention of weaponry and combat in texts like the Gilgamesh epic or the Rig-Veda. Detailed description of Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age hand-to-hand combat with spear, sword and shield are found in the *Iliad* (c. 8th century BC) and also the *Mahabharatha*.
## Africa
An Egyptian fresco, dated to 3400 BC, and depicting military training at Beni Hassan is the world\'s oldest known artistic representation of an organised fighting system. In gymnasiums similar to those of Greece, recruits would practice wrestling, callisthenics and duelling with single-stick. The attacking weapon apparently had a basket-guard protecting the hand, while the left forearm had a splint strapped on to serve as a shield. Soldiers fought with spears, large shields with an eye-hole, clubs, axes, poleaxes, flails, bows, slings, and swords of various forms.
Later, martial styles as varied as Gidigbo (a form of wrestling practiced by the Yoruba people of Nigeria), Donga (a form of stickfighting practiced by the Suri people of Ethiopia), Musangwe (a form of bare-knuckle boxing practiced by the Venda people of South Africa), Tahtib (a form of stickfighting practiced by the Copts of Egypt) and Engolo (a form of kicking, dodging and leg sweeping practiced by the tribes of the Cunene river region of Angola), to name just a few, were developed by cultures all over Africa.
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# History of martial arts
## `{{visible anchor|Asia|East Asia}}`{=mediawiki}
### China
#### Antiquity (Zhou to Jin) {#antiquity_zhou_to_jin}
A hand-to-hand combat theory, including the integration of notions of \"hard\" and \"soft\" techniques, is expounded in the story of the *Maiden of Yue* in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue (5th century BCE).
The *Han History Bibliographies* record that, by the Former Han (206 BC -- 9 AD), there was a distinction between no-holds-barred weaponless fighting, which it calls *shǒubó* (手搏), for which \"how-to\" manuals had already been written, and sportive wrestling, then known as juélì or jiǎolì (角力).
Wrestling is also documented in the Shǐ Jì, *Records of the Grand Historian*, written by Sima Qian (c. 100 BCE).
Jiǎolì is also mentioned in the Classic of Rites (1st century BCE).
In the 1st century, \"Six Chapters of Hand Fighting\", were included in the *Han Shu* (history of the Former Han Dynasty) written by Ban Gu. The Five Animals concept in Chinese martial arts is attributed to Hua Tuo, a 3rd-century physician.
#### Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
In the Tang dynasty, descriptions of sword dances were immortalized in poems by Li Bai and Du Fu. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, xiangpu (the earliest form of sumo) contests were sponsored by the imperial courts.
In regard to the Shaolin fighting system, the oldest evidence of Shaolin participation in combat is a stele from 728 CE that attests to two occasions: a defense of the Shaolin Monastery from bandits around 610 CE, and their subsequent role in the defeat of Wang Shichong at the Battle of Hulao in 621 CE. From the 8th to the 15th centuries, there are no extant documents that provide evidence of Shaolin participation in combat.
#### Late Ming {#late_ming}
The modern concepts of wushu emerge by the late Ming to early Qing dynasties (16th to 17th centuries).
Between the 16th and 17th centuries there are at least forty extant sources which provided evidence that, not only did monks of Shaolin practice martial arts, but martial practice had become such an integral element of Shaolin monastic life that the monks felt the need to justify it by creating new Buddhist lore.
References of martial practice in Shaolin appear in various literary genres of the late Ming: the epitaphs of Shaolin warrior monks, martial-arts manuals, military encyclopedias, historical writings, travelogues, fiction, and even poetry. However these sources do not point out to any specific style originated in Shaolin.
These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang period, refer to Shaolin methods of armed combat. This include the forte of Shaolin monks and for which they had become famous --- the staff (gun); General Qi Jiguang included these techniques in his book, Treatise of Effective Discipline.
#### 20th Century {#th_century}
At the beginning of the century, first attempts were made to standardize the practice of Traditional Chinese Martial Arts in cities. A notable example was that of the Jing Wu Academy.
The rise of the People\'s Republic of China has gradually led to many changes in the practice, culture and dissemination of Chinese Martial Arts. While on one hand, many martial arts teachers were persecuted because of their political view or activities, the communist government also invested in the creation of new styles: Sanda, Modern Wushu, and Standardized Taiji Quan. Later, beginning in the 1980s, the Chinese Communist Party also began to promote Traditional Chinese Martial Arts.
From the 1970s, Traditional Chinese Martial Arts slowly became very popular in Western Countries as well. The development and spread of Chinese Kung Fu movies from Hong Kong greatly contributed to this, especially via the influence of Bruce Lee.
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# History of martial arts
## `{{visible anchor|Asia|East Asia}}`{=mediawiki}
### India
#### Antiquity
Classical Sanskrit epics contain the earliest written accounts of combat in India. Stories describing Krishna report that he sometimes engaged in wrestling matches where he used knee strikes to the chest, punches to the head, hair pulling, and strangleholds. Another unarmed battle in the *Mahabharata* describes two fighters boxing with clenched fists and fighting with kicks, finger strikes, knee strikes and headbutts. Krishna Maharaja, who single-handedly overcame an elephant according to the Mahabharata, is credited with developing the sixteen principles of armed combat.
Kalaripayattu, the most ancient and important form of India, was practiced in Kerala. Its origins date back to the 12th century. Unniyarcha, Aromal Chekavar and others were Thiyya warriors of Chekavar lineage. It was during their period that kalaripayattu spread widely in southern Kerala.
Many of the popular sports mentioned in the Vedas and the epics have their origins in military training, such as boxing (musti-yuddha), wrestling (*malladwandwa*), chariot-racing (*rathachalan*), horse-riding (*aswarohana*) and archery (*dhanurvidya*). Competitions were held not just as a contest of the players\' prowess but also as a means of finding a bridegroom.
Ten fighting styles of northern India were said to have been created in different areas based on animals and gods, and designed for the particular geography of their origin. Tradition ascribes their convergence to the 6th-century in the Buddhist university of Takshashila, located in today\'s Punjab region.
#### Middle Ages {#middle_ages_1}
Like other branches of Sanskrit literature, treatises on martial arts become more systematic in the course of the 1st millennium CE. The grappling art of vajra-mushti is mentioned in sources of the early centuries CE. Military accounts of the Gupta Empire (c. 240--480) and the later *Agni Purana* identify over 130 different weapons, divided into thrown and unthrown classes and further into sub-classes. The *Kama Sutra* written by Vātsyāyana suggested that women should regularly \"practice with sword, single-stick, quarterstaff, and bow and arrow.\"
The *Sushruta Samhita* (c. 4th century) identifies 107 vital points on the human body of which 64 were classified as being lethal if properly struck with a fist or stick. Sushruta\'s work formed the basis of the medical discipline ayurveda which was taught alongside various martial arts. With numerous other scattered references to vital points in Vedic and epic sources, it is certain that Indian subcontinent\'s early fighters knew and practised attacking or defending vital points.
Fighting arts were not exclusive to the kshatriya caste, though the warrior class used the systems more extensively. The 8th-century text *Kuvalaymala* by Udyotanasuri recorded such systems being taught at gurukula educational institutions, where Brahmin students from throughout the subcontinent \"were learning and practicing archery, fighting with sword and shield, with daggers, sticks, lances, and with fists, and in duels (niuddham).\"
The earliest extant manual of Indian martial arts is contained as chapters 248 to 251 in the *Agni Purana* (c. 8th -- 11th centuries), giving an account of *dhanurveda* in a total of 104 shloka. These verses describe how to improve a warrior\'s individual prowess and kill enemies using various different methods in warfare, whether a warrior went to war in chariots, elephants, horses, or on foot. Foot methods were subdivided into armed combat and unarmed combat. The former included the bow and arrow, the sword, spear, noose, armour, iron dart, club, battle axe, discus, and the trident. The latter included wrestling, knee strikes, and punching and kicking methods.
### Japan
The historical origin of Japanese martial arts can be found in the warrior traditions of the samurai and the caste system that restricted the use of weapons by members of the non-warrior classes. Originally, samurai were expected to be proficient in many weapons, as well as unarmed combat, and attain the highest possible mastery of combat skills, for the purpose of glorifying either themselves or their liege. A large number of schools evolved to teach these skills with those existing before the Meiji Restoration classed as `{{Nihongo|[[Koryū]]|古流}}`{=mediawiki} or old stream. Over time there was a trend away from the traditional purpose to a philosophy of coupling spiritual goals with the striving to perfect their martial skills.
The Japanese Book of Five Rings dates to 1664.
### Korea
Taekkyon is the traditional martial art of Korea. Taekkyon came into existence sometime before the Silla dynasty united the peninsula. It is believed Taekkyon was known as Subak at that time. Taekkyon focuses on up-right fighting: footwork, kicks, strikes, blocks, throws and rhythm.
Ssireum is the traditional wrestling art of Korea. Gakjeochong (각저총:角抵塚) murals show that wrestling in Korea dates back as early as the pre-Three Kingdom era. The Book of Later Han, a Chinese document that was written either before or early in the history of the Three Kingdoms also has records of Korean wrestling. Ssireum first gained widespread popularity during the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910).
Two Korean martial arts manuals Muyejebo and Muyedobotongji date from 1598 and 1790, respectively.
### Sri Lanka {#sri_lanka}
Angampora is an ancient Sri Lankan martial art that combines combat techniques, self-defense, sport, exercise, and meditation. According to apocryphal Sinhalese folklore, Angampora\'s history stretches to as far back as 3,000 years, with the Yaksha tribe (one of the four \"hela\" - the ancient tribes that inhabited the island) being identified as originators. With the advent of colonialism over the entirety of the island in 1815, Angampora fell into disuse and was very nearly lost as a part of the country\'s heritage. The British administration prohibited its practice due to the dangers posed by a civilian populace versed in a martial art, burning down any *angan madu* (practice huts devoted to the martial art) found: flouting of the law was punished by a gunshot to the knee, effectively crippling practitioners; Angampora nevertheless survived within a few families, allowing it to emerge into mainstream Sri Lankan culture post-independence.
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# History of martial arts
## `{{visible anchor|Asia|East Asia}}`{=mediawiki}
### Persia (Iran) {#persia_iran}
The traditional Persian style of grappling was known as koshti, with the physical exercise and schooled sport known as varzesh-e bastani. It is said to be traceable back to Arsacid Parthian times (132 BCE - 226 CE), and is still widely practiced today in the region. Following the development of Sufi Islam in the 8th century CE, varzesh-e pahlavani absorbed philosophical and spiritual components from that religion.
**Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals** is also an ancient martial art and the name inscribed by UNESCO for **varzesh-e pahlavāni** (*آیین پهلوانی و زورخانهای*, \"heroic sport\") or **varzesh-e bāstāni** (*ورزش باستانی*; *varzeš-e bāstānī*, \"ancient sport\"), a traditional system of athletics originally used to train warriors in Iran (Persia), and first appearing under this name and form in the Safavid era, with similarities to systems in adjacent lands under other names.
### Turkic
Other historical grappling styles from the region include Turkic forms such as kurash, köräş and yağlı güreş.
### Arab
The north Arabian tradition of horsemanship quickly became an integral part of warfare throughout the Arab world and much of the West Asia. The Middle Ages saw the flourishing of the furusiyya culture, combining the ancient Bedouin concept of honour (*muru\'ah*) with the Islamic ideals of chivalry. A *`{{Transliteration|ar|fārys}}`{=mediawiki}* (meaning knight or horseman) would first hone his skills in wrestling and armed combat on the ground before learning to fight while mounted. Furusiyya literature from the 9th to 15th century deal with equestrianism, archery, military strategy, duelling and charging with the lance. Armed fighting included the use of the sword (*sayf*), spear, lance, javelin, dagger (*jambiya*), staff, axe (*tabar*), warhammer, and curved bow. There is also *Tahtib* (التحطيب) which was practiced in ancient Egypt and is still performed in celebrations.
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# History of martial arts
## Europe
### Antiquity {#antiquity_1}
Further information: Ancient warfare European martial arts become tangible in Greek antiquity with pankration and other martially oriented disciplines of the ancient Olympic Games. Boxing became Olympic in Greece as early as 688 BCE. Detailed depictions of wrestling techniques are preserved in vase paintings of the Classical period. Homer\'s *Iliad* has a number of detailed descriptions of single combat with spear, sword and shield.
Gladiatorial combat appears to have Etruscan roots, and is documented in Rome from the 260s BCE.
The papyrus fragment known as P.Oxy. III 466 dating from the 2nd century gives the earliest surviving description in writing of wrestling techniques.
In Sardinia, a Mediterranean island, a fighting style which has been called *istrumpa* was practised in the Bronze Age, as demonstrated by the finding of a little bronze statue (known as \"*Bronzetto dei lottatori*\" or \"bronze of the fighting men\"), which shows two fighters struggling with each other on the ground.
### Middle Ages {#middle_ages_2}
Pictorial sources of medieval combat include the Bayeux tapestry (11th century), the Morgan Bible (13th century).
The Icelandic sagas contain many realistic descriptions of Viking Age combat.
The earliest extant dedicated martial arts manual is the MS I.33 (c. 1300), detailing sword and buckler combat, compiled in a Franconian monastery. The manuscript consists of 64 images with Latin commentary, interspersed with technical vocabulary in German. While there are earlier manuals of wrestling techniques, I.33 is the earliest known manual dedicated to teaching armed single combat.
Wrestling throughout the Middle Ages was practiced by all social strata. Jousting and the tournament were popular martial arts practiced by nobility throughout the High and Late Middle Ages.
The Late Middle Ages see the appearance of elaborate fencing systems, such as the German or Italian schools. Fencing schools (*Fechtschulen*) for the new bourgeois class become popular, increasing the demand for professional instructors (fencing masters, *Fechtmeister*). The martial arts techniques taught in this period is preserved in a number of 15th-century *Fechtbücher*.
### Renaissance to Early Modern period {#renaissance_to_early_modern_period}
The late medieval German school survives into the German Renaissance, and there are a number of printed 16th-century manuals (notably the one by Joachim Meyer, 1570). But by the 17th century, the German school declines in favour of the Italian Dardi school, reflecting the transition to rapier fencing in the upper classes. Wrestling comes to be seen as an ignoble pursuit proper for the lower classes and until its 19th-century revival as a modern sport becomes restricted to folk wrestling.
In the Baroque period, fashion shifts from Italian to Spanish masters, and their elaborate systems of Destreza. In the mid-18th century, in keeping with the general Rococo fashion, French masters rise to international prominence, introducing the foil, and much of the terminology still current in modern sports fencing.
There are also a number of Early Modern fencing masters of note in England, such as George Silver and Joseph Swetnam.
Academic fencing takes its origin in the Middle Ages, and is subject to the changes of fencing fashion throughout the Early Modern period. It establishes itself as the separate style of Mensur fencing in the 18th
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# History of martial arts
## Modern history (1800 to present) {#modern_history_1800_to_present}
The Western interest in East Asian martial arts dates back to the late 19th century, due to the increase in trade between the West with China and Japan. European martial arts before that time was focused on the duelling sword among the upper classes on one hand, and various styles of folk wrestling among the lower classes on the other.
Savate appears in the early 19th century in France, as a mix between English boxing and French folk kicking techniques. At that time, in France, it existed in gyms called *salles d\'armes* where savate, English boxing, fencing, canne de combat and sometimes even wrestling was practiced.
Edward William Barton-Wright, a British railway engineer who had studied jiu-jitsu while working in Japan between 1894 and 1897, was the first man known to have taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He also founded an eclectic martial arts style named Bartitsu which combined jujutsu, judo, wrestling, boxing, savate and stick fighting. Also during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, catch wrestling contests became immensely popular in Europe.
In the early 1900s Edith Garrud became the first British female teacher of jiu-jitsu, and one of the first female martial arts instructors in the Western world.\'
The development of Brazilian jiu-jitsu from the early 20th century is a good example of the worldwide cross-pollination and syncretism of martial arts traditions.
Martial arts at the Olympics in modern times include judo, karate, and taekwondo. Judo was first included in the Olympics at the 1964 Games in Tokyo, Japan. After not being included in 1968, judo has been an Olympic sport in each Olympiad since then. Only male judoka participated until the 1988 Summer Olympics, when women\'s judo was organized as a demonstration sport. Women judoka were first awarded medals at the 1992 Summer Olympics. In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate as an Olympic sport beginning at the 2020 Summer Olympics. However, karate was not included in the 2024 Olympic Games. Since 2000, taekwondo has been in the Olympics. It started as a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a medal event at the Pan Am Games, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney.
In November 1972, following a letter campaign against the rule prohibiting women from being promoted to higher than 5th dan, Keiko Fukuda and her senpai Masako Noritomi (1913--1982) became the first women promoted to 6th dan by the Kodokan Judo Institute.
The later 1970s and 1980s witnessed an increased media interest in the martial arts, thanks in part to Asian and Hollywood martial arts movies and very popular television shows like \"Kung Fu\", \"Martial Law\" and \"The Green Hornet\" that incorporated martial arts moments or themes. Following Bruce Lee, both Jackie Chan and Jet Li are prominent movie figures who have been responsible for promoting Chinese martial arts in recent years.
In 1980 the first women\'s world championships in judo were held, in New York.
In 1994 Keiko Fukuda was the first woman to be awarded a rare red belt (at the time for women still marking the 8th dan rank) in judo by the Kodokan Judo Institute. In 2006 the Kodokan Judo Institute awarded her the 9th degree black belt (9th dan), making her the first woman to hold this rank from any recognized judo organization. In 2011 she became the first woman promoted to a 10th degree black belt in judo.
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# History of martial arts
## Modern history (1800 to present) {#modern_history_1800_to_present}
### Combined Olympic medal table {#combined_olympic_medal_table}
Martial arts have been a part of the modern Olympic games since 1896. The following table is correct up to and including the 2024 Summer Olympics. Cells are shaded if the total includes a gold medal. France and Italy are the only two countries to achieve gold in every discipline.
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Country | \ | Wrestling | | \ | \ | \ | \ |
| | Fencing | | | Boxing | Judo | Taekwondo | Karate |
+========================+===========+============+=====+========+======+===========+========+
| Greco-Roman | Freestyle | | | | | | |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Afghanistan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Albania | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Algeria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Argentina | 1 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Armenia | 0 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Australasia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Australia | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Austria | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Azerbaijan | 0 | 8 | 20 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 2 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Bahrain | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Belarus | 0 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Belgium | 10 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 14 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Bermuda | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Bohemia | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Brazil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 28 | 3 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Bulgaria | 0 | 33 | 40 | 20 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Cameroon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Canada | 1 | 0 | 17 | 18 | 8 | 3 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Cape Verdi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Chile | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| China | 15 | 8 | 12 | 19 | 23 | 13 | 2 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Chinese Taipei | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Colombia | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Croatia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Cuba | 10 | 19 | 13 | 80 | 37 | 7 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Czech Republic | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Czechoslovakia | 0 | 11 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Denmark | 6 | 10 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Dominican Republic | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| East Germany | 1 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Ecuador | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Egypt | 2 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Estonia | 2 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Finland | 0 | 58 | 25 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| France | 130 | 9 | 9 | 28 | 67 | 10 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Gabon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Georgia | 0 | 8 | 13 | 2 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Germany | 21 | 22 | 7 | 24 | 22 | 2 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Ghana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Great Britain | 9 | 0 | 17 | 63 | 20 | 10 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Greece | 5 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Guyana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Hong Kong | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Hungary | 93 | 41 | 15 | 20 | 10 | 1 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Iceland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| India | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Iran | 0 | 13 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Ireland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Israel | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Italy | 135 | 19 | 3 | 48 | 18 | 5 | 2 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Ivory Coast | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Japan | 8 | 17 | 70 | 8 | 104 | 1 | 3 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Jordan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Kazakhstan | 0 | 6 | 12 | 26 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Kenya | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Kosovo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Kyrgyzstan | 0 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Latvia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Lebanon | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Lithuania | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Mauritius | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Mexico | 1 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Moldova | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Mongolia | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Morocco | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Mixed team | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Netherlands | 5 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 24 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| New Zealand | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Niger | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Nigeria | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| North Korea | 0 | 2 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| North Macedonia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Norway | 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Pakistan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Panama | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Philippines | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Poland | 23 | 21 | 6 | 44 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Portugal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Puerto Rico | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| ROC | 8 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Romania | 17 | 27 | 7 | 25 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Russia | 26 | 22 | 34 | 30 | 16 | 4 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Russian Empire | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| San Marino | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Saudi Arabia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Serbia | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Slovakia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Slovenia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| South Africa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| South Korea | 19 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 51 | 25 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Soviet Union | 49 | 60 | 56 | 51 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Spain | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 2 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Sweden | 7 | 58 | 28 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Switzerland | 8 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Syria | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Tajikistan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Thailand | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Tonga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Tunisia | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Turkey | 0 | 25 | 43 | 10 | 2 | 10 | 4 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Uganda | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Ukraine | 9 | 9 | 12 | 16 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Unified Team | 5 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| UAE | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| United States | 37 | 15 | 130 | 118 | 14 | 11 | 1 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| United Team of Germany | 4 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Uruguay | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Uzbekistan | 0 | 2 | 8 | 20 | 10 | 3 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Venezuela | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Vietnam | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| West Germany | 16 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Yugoslavia | 0 | 12 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Zambia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
| Totals | 704 | 649 | 779 | 1048 | 667 | 208 | 32 |
+------------------------+-----------+------------+-----+--------+------+-----------+--------+
## Rise of mixed martial arts (MMA) {#rise_of_mixed_martial_arts_mma}
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# History of martial arts
## Rise of mixed martial arts (MMA) {#rise_of_mixed_martial_arts_mma}
The 20th century saw the rise of cross-discipline contests, culminating with the creation of dedicated leagues for mixed martial arts, such as Shooto and the Ultimate Fighting Championship.
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# History of martial arts
## Reconstruction
The reconstruction of a martial art as practiced in a specific period is distinct from the practice of a traditional fighting system handed down by way of master-student transmission. The largest movement of martial arts reconstruction is the Historical European Martial Arts revival (HEMA), gaining momentum since the late 1990s. To a limited extent, there are also attempts to reconstruct other styles, such as Korean swordsmanship and Persian armed combat called *razmafzar*.
The Japanese term Koryū refers to \"old schools\" of martial arts which predate 1868; it does not imply that historical styles are actively reconstructed, just that the school\'s tradition goes back 150 years or more.
A reconstructed martial art necessarily rests on historical records, either combat manuals or pictorial representations. Martial arts reconstruction specifically does not claim an unbroken tradition of some historical martial arts. On the contrary, the premise is that in an unbroken tradition, styles significantly evolve over time. It is not necessary for the tradition to have been interrupted in order to reconstruct an earlier style; a case in point is classical fencing which reconstructs the sport fencing of the 19th century before it evolved into current Olympic fencing, or historical German *ringen* which over time developed into contemporary styles of folk wrestling. Claims of ancient martial arts which survive unchanged by unbroken tradition (e.g. as suggested by Yehoshua Sofer), do not fall under reconstruction and are by their nature unverifiable, even to the person making the claim.
Certain modern schools of Ninjutsu may fall under the category of martial arts reconstruction; the Bujinkan organization claims to base their teaching on a manuscript documenting a historical school, known as Togakure-ryū, dated to the 12th century. But as this manuscript is supposedly in the private possession of Masaaki Hatsumi, its authenticity, or indeed existence, cannot be verified by independent parties
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# National Route 12 (Argentina)
**National Route 12** (RN12) is a road in Argentina, connecting the northeast section to the rest of the country. It runs through the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires.
Starting south of the city of Zárate in Buenos Aires Province, and crossing the Paraná River, through the Zárate-Brazo Largo Bridge, continues to the provincial capitals of Paraná, Corrientes and Posadas, ending at the Fraternity Bridge, in the city of Puerto Iguazú, bordering with Brazil. The road continues within Brazil as BR-469. Its length of 1580 km, is fully paved.
In the Zárate - Ceibas section, the road is a wide, 4-lane highway. Before the opening of the Zárate - Brazo Largo bridge, on 14 December 1977. cars had to cross the Paraná de las Palmas and Paraná Guazú rivers by barge. The section between the rivers, in Talavera Island, was a treated, unpaved road.
Construction on the second lane (widening) on the 45 km section between Brazo Largo and Ceibas (km markers 115 to 160) was started in May 1997, opening to the public on 12 October 1999.
National Law 25,680 published in the Official Bulletin on 3 January 2003 designates the section from Brazo Largo to Ceibas as *David Della Chiesa* road.
## Cities
The cities with more than 5,000 inhabitants crossed by the road (from South to North) are:
### Buenos Aires Province {#buenos_aires_province}
Length: 30 km (km marker 82 to 112).
- Zárate Partido: Zárate (km 84).
- Zárate Partido - Islas Sector: no towns.
- Campana Partido: no towns.
### Entre Ríos Province {#entre_ríos_province}
Length: 535 km (km 112 a 647).
- Islas del Ibicuy Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
- Gualeguay Department: Gualeguay (km 231)
- Nogoyá Department: Nogoyá (km 337).
- Diamante Department: General Ramírez (km 376)
- Paraná Department: Crespo (km 401), San Benito and Paraná (km 445).
- La Paz Department: La Paz (km 601).
### Corrientes Province {#corrientes_province}
Length: 678 km (km markers 647 to 1325). RN12 is called **John F. Kennedy Highway**, between the capital cities of Corrientes and Misiones Provinces, Decree 8012 and Law 16484 of 24 September 1964, and **Soberanía Nacional** on the section Saladas - Goya, Decree 427 of 10 March 1981.
- Esquina Department: Esquina (km 684)
- Goya Department: Goya (km 795)
- Lavalle Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
- San Roque Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants, but the road passes through the Department seat, San Roque (km 902)
- Bella Vista Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
- Saladas Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
- Empedrado Department: Empedrado (km 977)
- Capital Department: Corrientes (km 1030)
- San Cosme Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants, but the road passes through the Department seat, San Cosme (km 1061)
- Itatí Department: Itatí (km 1089)
- Berón de Astrada Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
- General Paz Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
- San Miguel Department: no towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants.
- Ituzaingó Department: Ituzaingó (km 1256)
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# National Route 12 (Argentina)
## Cities
### Misiones Province {#misiones_province}
Length: 317 km (km 1325 a 1642).
- Capital Department, Misiones: Posadas (km 1344), Miguel Lanús\] (km 1347) and Garupá (km 1354).
- Candelaria: Candelaria (km 1361). The road also passes through the Department seat Santa Ana (km 1383).
- San Ignacio: San Ignacio (km 1398) and Jardín América (km 1437).
- Libertador General San Martín: Puerto Rico (km 1473).
- Montecarlo Department: Montecarlo (km 1521) and Puerto Piray (km 1531).
- Eldorado Department: Eldorado (km 1543).
- Iguazú: Puerto Esperanza (km 1591), Colonia Wanda\] (km 1601), \[Puerto Libertad (km 1608) and Puerto Iguazú (km 1640).
## Administration
In 1990 concessions were leased with toll collection on the busiest national roads, dividing the country in zones called \"Corredores Viales\".
The section between the junction with National Route 9 in Zárate and the junction with National Route 14 in Ceibas is part of *Corridor Vial 18*, under the management of *Caminos del Río Uruguay (CRUSA)* with a toll booth in Zárate (km marker 85).
In 1996 the concession was extended to 28 years with the condicion that the bidding company built a highway between the Complejo Unión Nacional and Gualeguaychú. The section between the General Justo José de Urquiza bridge and Ceibas was completed on October 12, 1999. Due to the currency devaluation of 2002, road work in the Ceibas - Gualeguaychú section was delayed.
The *Virgen de Itatí Concesionaria de Obras Viales (VICOV)* company took control of *Corridor Vial 13*, including, among others, Route 12 between km markers 871 and 1641, in the provinces of Corrientes and Misiones, from the junction with National Route 123 to the access to the Tancredo Neves International Bridge, excluding the section near the provincial capital city of Posadas (km 1336--1349) installing toll booths in Riachuelo (km 1014), Ituzaingó (km 1262), Santa Ana (km 1374) and Colonia Victoria (km 1551).
In 2003 the *Corredores Viales* concession contracts expired, and the numbering system was changed when calling for a new bidding process.
*Corridor Vial 6* is now controlled by *Empresa Concesionaria Vial (Emcovial)* and includes Route 12 in the same section as the previous concession.
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# National Route 12 (Argentina)
## Old roadbed {#old_roadbed}
Originally National Route 12 had a different layout through the provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos and Corrientes.
The original road started in Buenos Aires, passing through General Pacheco, Campana and Zárate. The section between Zárate\'s port and Puerto Constanza, in Entre Ríos Province, crossed the Paraná river by barge in a 3-hour crossing.
After the change of route of National Route 9, in the late 1950s, the section from Avenida General Paz and Campana was changed to RN12. In 2005 the 8 km section between National Route 9 in Campana and the Bartolomé Mitre bridge access over the Paraná de las Palmas river changed to Buenos Aires provincial jurisdiction as a new section of Provincial Route 6. RN12 runs over the ol roadbed of National Route 193 to the bridge over National Route 9 in Zárate.
After Ceibas it followed the present National Route 14, traversing near Gualeguaychú, and the present Provincial Route 20, passing through Urdinarrain, Basavilbaso, Villaguay, Federal (Entre Ríos province) and San José de Feliciano.
In Corrientes Province, the road continued through Provincial Route 23 passing by Sauce and Perugorría, then by the present Provincial Route 24 until the junction with the present National Route 12.
This 580 km old roadbed changed to federal control by National Decree 1595 of 1979 except the National Route 14 section between Ceibas and the junction with Provincial Route 20.
ON the new roadbed the section between General Galarza and Nogoyá, on the south of Entre Ríos Province was still unopened. In 2005, the *Dirección Nacional de Vialidad* signed an agreement with its provincial counterpart to receive transfer of sections of provincial routes 6 and 39 to complete the missing sections of RN12
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# Narayanaghatta
**Narayana Ghatta** is a village in Anekal Taluk, Muthanallur panchayat, Sarjapura Hobli, Bangalore, India. The village has a population of around 2,500
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# Ginsberg's theorem
**Ginsberg\'s theorem** is an epigrammatic paraphrase and parody \"theorem\" which restates or analogizes the consequences of the four laws of thermodynamics of physics in terms of a person playing a game. It has various formulations, but it can be more or less expressed as:
The theorem is named after the poet Allen Ginsberg, though there does not appear to be any concrete evidence that Ginsberg himself coined the theorem. The phrase is sometimes stated as a general adage without specific reference to the laws of thermodynamics.
## History
A comprehensive history and etymology of the epigrammatic phrase can also be found from the etymologist Barry Popik.
The phrase is often attributed to the British scientist C. P. Snow, who apparently was credited by his students for using it to help learn the laws of thermodynamics in the 1950s. However this claim appears to be without a source.
A semblance of the phrase appears to have been first printed in a 1953 issue of the science fiction magazine *Astounding Science Fiction*, whose editor, John Wood Campbell Jr., referenced acoustic engineer and professor Dwight Wayne Batteau of Harvard University:
In a 1956 issue of the same magazine, Batteau himself expanded it further in what appears to have been the first complete mention of the epigrammatic phrase in print:
It was later presented in the literary magazine *The Kenyon Review* in a 1960 short story titled \"Entropy\" from widely-regarded novelist Thomas Pynchon, who was still then an engineering physics undergraduate at Cornell University:
Physicist William R. Corliss also partly wrote about the phrase in an 1964 educational booklet freely distributed by the United States Atomic Energy Commission to disseminate knowledge about atomic energy to the American public:
Science writer Isaac Asimov stated at least the first two laws in an 1970 article, and was being credited with the paraphrased version by the end of the decade.`{{verify source|date=December 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
The phrase then appeared in a non-scientific setting in the opening lines of the popular song \"You Can\'t Win\" originally written by songwriter Charlie Smalls for the stage musical *The Wiz*:
The song was written by Smalls in 1974 and performed during the 1974 Baltimore run of the musical. The song later reached number 81 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. Though the song was formally released in 1979 as part of a musical soundtrack album, it was originally written and copyrighted by Smalls in 1974.
Remarkably, Allen Ginsberg appears to have only ever written about the laws of thermodynamics once, in his 1973 poem \"Yes and It\'s Hopeless\", though not in any connection to the original epigrammatic phrase:
Thus Ginsberg was seemingly, at the very least, cognizant of the laws of thermodynamics by the time of 1973. It is claimed that Ginsberg supposedly mentioned the epigrammatic phrase as a fun fact during a poetry session in or around 1974.`{{verify source|date=December 2024}}`{=mediawiki} In 1975, someone --- possibly either Ginsberg\'s gay partner and poet Peter Orlovsky, poetry associate William Burroughs, or Philip Whalen --- compiled a collection of quirky laws, including a \"Ginsberg\'s Theorem\" based on Ginsberg\'s prior musings.`{{verify source|date=December 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
In 1975, Ginsberg\'s theorem formally appeared by name, with no association to thermodynamics, in a listing of parody-like proverb laws by Conrad Schneiker in the counterculture magazine *The CoEvolution Quarterly*:
It may be possible that this appearance originated from a slight misstatement of the lines in the earlier 1974 song by Charlie Smalls.
Writer Arthur Bloch, in his popular 1977 book \"Murphy\'s Law and Other Reasons Why Things Go Wrong!\" which popularized Murphy\'s law, conflated the Ginsberg\'s theorem with the science of thermodynamics:
Notably, the book\'s acknowledgements mention Conrad Schneiker, who had written about Ginsberg\'s theorem in *The CoEvolution Quarterly* just two years prior in 1975. The theorem may have also been relayed to Bloch in conversation with his acquaintance Harris Freeman, who he knew from University of California, Santa Cruz, and who had found a collection of \"laws\", including Murphy\'s Law, Ginsberg\'s Theorem, and many others, somewhere on the ARPANET (a precursor of the Internet) in the mid 1970s while working as a systems administrator for ILLIAC IV (the world\'s first massively parallel computer) at the NASA Ames Research Center near Mountain View, California. With the publication of Bloch\'s book, Ginsberg\'s theorem seemingly thereafter became much more widely known
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# Reynolda House Museum of American Art
**The Reynolda House Museum of American Art** is an art museum located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Built in 1917 by Katharine Smith Reynolds and her husband R. J. Reynolds, founder of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, it displays a collection of American art ranging from the colonial period to the modern era. The house originally occupied the center of a 1067 acre estate. It opened to the public as an institution dedicated to the arts and education in 1965, and as an art museum in 1967.
## History
Design and construction began in 1912 and lasted until the end of 1917. Charles Barton Keen, who had gained success designing homes in Pennsylvania and New York, was the architect of not only the main house, but also the village on the estate that included a church, stables, and a school. Katharine Reynolds was very involved with the design of Reynolda, and some of her correspondence with Keen survives. The family finally moved in December 1917, but R. J. Reynolds was ill with pancreatic cancer and was not able to enjoy his new home. He died July 29, 1918.
Reynolda was the home of two generations of the Reynolds family. In 1935, Mary Reynolds Babcock, the elder daughter, acquired the estate. She and her husband Charles Babcock used the house as their vacation home until 1948, when they moved permanently to Reynolda. The property remained in the family for nearly 50 years. The museum restored its rooms and furnishings to reflect the periods when the family lived there. The iconic green Ludowici terra cotta tile roof influenced many other prominent homes and architecture around Winston-Salem. Reynolda became affiliated with Wake Forest University in 2002.
## Features
Located on Reynolda Road, a large portion of Reynolda can be explored on foot. In addition to the house, 28 of the original thirty buildings remain. To the west lie the restored formal gardens with Japanese cryptomeria and weeping cherry trees. The 16 acre lake behind the house (\"Lake Katharine\") has reverted to wetlands which provide a home for a variety of wildlife. Many of the buildings in the village are occupied by boutiques, shops, and restaurants. A short walk across the dam leads from the village to Wake Forest University, which was built on land donated from the grounds of Reynolda House to the college by Mary and Charles Babcock.
A French restaurant, La Chaudiere, once occupied the family\'s former boiler room, but closed in the 1990s.
## Permanent collection {#permanent_collection}
Reynolda House Museum of American Art houses a permanent collection of American art and sculpture from three centuries. The artists featured in the collection include Mary Cassatt, Frederic Church, Jacob Lawrence, Georgia O\'Keeffe, and Gilbert Stuart. Most of the pieces are displayed throughout the historic house.
### Selected collection highlights {#selected_collection_highlights}
<File:Gilbert> Stuart Mrs Harrison Gray Otis.jpg\|Gilbert Stuart, *Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis*, 1809 <File:Peaceable> Kingdom of the Branch Edward Hicks.jpeg\|Edward Hicks, *Peaceable Kingdom of the Branch*, c. 1826-30 <File:Home> in the Woods 1847 Thomas Cole.jpeg\|Thomas Cole, *Home in the Woods*, 1847 <File:Frederic> Edwin Church, The Andes of Ecuador, c. 1855, HAA.jpg\|Frederic Church, *The Andes of Ecuador*, 1855 <File:Worthington> Whittredge in His Tenth Street Studio.jpeg\|Emanuel Leutze, *Worthington Whittredge in His Tenth Street Studio*, 1865 <File:Landscape> of Provence Alfred Henry Maurer.jpeg\|Alfred Henry Maurer, *Landscape of Provence*, c. 1912-1922
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# Reynolda House Museum of American Art
## Exhibitions
In 2005, Reynolda House opened the Mary and Charlie Babcock Wing which features a gallery space for traveling exhibitions. There are usually two shows featured in that space every year, one in the fall and one in the spring. There are other exhibitions throughout the year in the Northeast and West Bedrooms in the house.
### Past exhibitions {#past_exhibitions}
- *Love & Loss*, October 11, 2014 - December 13, 2015
- *Romare Bearden: A Black Odyssey*, October 13, 2012 - January 13, 2013
- *Domestic Bliss: Art at Home in Britain and America, 1780-1840*, December 17, 2011 - May 20, 2012
- *Modern Masters from the Smithsonian Art Museum*, October 7, 2011 - December 31, 2011
- *Trains that Passed in the Night: The Photographs of O. Winston Link*, February 19, 2011 - June 19, 2011
- *Virtue, Vice, Wisdom & Folly: The Moralizing Tradition in American Art*, September 18, 2010 - December 31, 2010
- *William Christenberry: Photographs, 1961-2005*, February 13, 2010 - June 27, 2010
- *The American Expatriates: Cassatt, Sargent, and Whistler*, December 5, 2009 - April 5, 2010
- *Now/Then: A Journey in Collecting Contemporary Art at Wake Forest University*, October 31, 2009 - December 31, 2009
- *The Andes of Ecuador: Science and Spectacle*, September 26, 2009 - September 30, 2010
- *Heroes of Horticulture*, July 31, 2009 - September 27, 2009
- *The Stieglitz Circle: Beyond O\'Keeffe*, June 6, 2009 - November 15, 2009
- *Figures in Bronze: Sculpture at Reynolda*, April 14, 2009 - August 30, 2009
- *American Impressions: Selections from the National Academy Museum*, February 28, 2009 - June 28, 2009
- *Chuck Close: The Keith Series*, January 17, 2009 - May 31, 2009
- *Seeing the City: Sloan\'s New York*, October 4, 2008 - January 4, 2009
- *New World Views: Gifts from Jean Crutchfield and Robert Hobbs*, May 20, 2008 - August 31, 2008
- *Early American Portraits*, May 13, 2008 - March 16, 2009
- *Ancestry and Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum*, February 2, 2008 - April 13, 2008
- *Wordplay: Text and Modern Art*, November 13, 2007 - May 4, 2008
- *Wings of Adventure: Smith Reynolds and the Flight of 898 Whiskey*, September 8, 2007 - December 30, 2007
- *A Country Takes Shape*, June 27, 2007 - December 1, 2008
- *The Art of Dance*, April 3, 2007 - September 16, 2007
- *Abstract/Object: Mid-Twentieth Century Art from the Reynolda House Collection*, February 27, 2007 - June 17, 2007
- *Grandma Moses: Grandmother to the Nation*, January 27, 2007 - April 22, 2007
- *Modern Fun! Prints from the \'70s and \'80s*, October 3, 2006 - January 28, 2007
- *Self/Image: Portraiture from Copley to Close*, August 30, 2006 - December 30, 2006
- *American Watercolors 1880 - 1965*, July 1, 2006 - January 1, 2007
- *Moving Pictures: American Art and Early Film, 1880-1910*, March 10, 2006 - July 16, 2006
- *J. M. W
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# Median absolute deviation
In statistics, the **median absolute deviation** (**MAD**) is a robust measure of the variability of a univariate sample of quantitative data. It can also refer to the population parameter that is estimated by the MAD calculated from a sample.
For a univariate data set *X*~1~, *X*~2~, \..., *X~n~*, the MAD is defined as the median of the absolute deviations from the data\'s median $\tilde{X}=\operatorname{median}(X)$:
$$\operatorname{MAD} = \operatorname{median}( |X_i - \tilde{X}|)$$
that is, starting with the residuals (deviations) from the data\'s median, the MAD is the median of their absolute values.
## Example
Consider the data (1, 1, 2, **2**, 4, 6, 9). It has a median value of 2. The absolute deviations about 2 are (1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 4, 7) which in turn have a median value of 1 (because the sorted absolute deviations are (0, 0, 1, **1**, 2, 4, 7)). So the median absolute deviation for this data is 1.
## Uses
The median absolute deviation is a measure of statistical dispersion. Moreover, the MAD is a robust statistic, being more resilient to outliers in a data set than the standard deviation. In the standard deviation, the distances from the mean are squared, so large deviations are weighted more heavily, and thus outliers can heavily influence it. In the MAD, the deviations of a small number of outliers are irrelevant.
Because the MAD is a more robust estimator of scale than the sample variance or standard deviation, it works better with distributions without a mean or variance, such as the Cauchy distribution.
## Relation to standard deviation {#relation_to_standard_deviation}
The MAD may be used similarly to how one would use the deviation for the average. In order to use the MAD as a consistent estimator for the estimation of the standard deviation $\sigma$, one takes
: $\hat{\sigma} = k \cdot \operatorname{MAD},$
where $k$ is a constant scale factor, which depends on the distribution.
For normally distributed data $k$ is taken to be
: $k = 1/\left(\Phi^{-1}(3/4)\right) \approx 1/0.67449 \approx 1.4826,$
i.e., the reciprocal of the quantile function $\Phi^{-1}$ (also known as the inverse of the cumulative distribution function) for the standard normal distribution $Z = (X - \mu) / \sigma$.
### Derivation
The argument 3/4 is such that $\pm \operatorname{MAD}$ covers 50% (between 1/4 and 3/4) of the standard normal cumulative distribution function, i.e.
: $\frac 12 = P(|X - \mu| \le \operatorname{MAD}) = P\left(\left|\frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}\right| \le \frac {\operatorname{MAD}} \sigma\right) = P\left(|Z| \le \frac{\operatorname{MAD}}{\sigma}\right).$
Therefore, we must have that
: $\Phi\left(\operatorname{MAD} / \sigma\right) - \Phi\left(-\operatorname{MAD} / \sigma\right) = 1/2.$
Noticing that
: $\Phi\left(-\operatorname{MAD} / \sigma\right) = 1 - \Phi\left(\operatorname{MAD} / \sigma\right),$
we have that $\operatorname{MAD} / \sigma = \Phi^{-1}(3/4) = 0.67449$, from which we obtain the scale factor $k = 1 / \Phi^{-1}(3/4) = 1.4826$.
Another way of establishing the relationship is noting that MAD equals the half-normal distribution median:
: $\operatorname{MAD} = \sigma\sqrt{2}\operatorname{erf}^{-1}(1/2) \approx 0.67449 \sigma.$
This form is used in, e.g., the probable error.
In the case of complex values (*X*+i*Y*), the relation of MAD to the standard deviation is unchanged for normally distributed data.
## Multivariate generalization {#multivariate_generalization}
Analogously to how the median generalizes to the geometric median (GM) in multivariate data, MAD can be generalized to the *median of distances to GM* (MADGM) in *n* dimensions. This is done by replacing the absolute differences in one dimension by Euclidean distances of the data points to the geometric median in *n* dimensions. This gives the identical result as the univariate MAD in one dimension and generalizes to any number of dimensions. MADGM needs the geometric median to be found, which is done by an iterative process.
## The population MAD {#the_population_mad}
The population MAD is defined analogously to the sample MAD, but is based on the complete population rather than on a sample. For a symmetric distribution with zero mean, the population MAD is the 75th percentile of the distribution.
Unlike the variance, which may be infinite or undefined, the population MAD is always a finite number. For example, the standard Cauchy distribution has undefined variance, but its MAD is 1.
The earliest known mention of the concept of the MAD occurred in 1816, in a paper by Carl Friedrich Gauss on the determination of the accuracy of numerical observations
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# Kraken (comics)
***Kraken*** is a Spanish comics series, written by Antonio Segura and drawn by Jordi Bernet, first published in the magazine *Metropol* in 1983. The stories are centered on protagonist Lieutenant Dante, a policeman in a dystopic society patrolling the violent sewers of the fictional city Metropol.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
As one of the flagship comics series to appear in the Spanish magazine *Metropol*, founded by an artist group to achieve greater creative freedom, it was staged in a city bearing the magazine\'s name, similar to other comics native to the publication. As the magazine\'s run proved short-lived and was forced to shut down, the series continued its run in *Zona 84*. Initially published in black and white, later album issues were released in colour.
The stories are presented in relatively short episodes, and feature concentrated violence, claustrophobic settings and little sentimentality. There are also occasional appearances of characters who bear resemblance to real-life actors (such as Orson Welles\' character in *Touch of Evil* and Max von Sydow\'s character in *The Exorcist*).
## Characters
- **Lieutenant Dante** leads a sewer patrol unit, in its efforts to hunt down the Kraken and combat the criminal activity that flourishes in the underground maze of tunnels.
- **The GAS patrol**, the *Subterranean Action Group*, who make up Dante\'s soldiers. A police unit with an extremely high mortality rate.
- **The Kraken**, the antagonist monster, is almost a mythical character, by horrific reputation and rare appearances
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# Into the Purple Valley
***Into the Purple Valley*** is the second studio album by roots rock musician Ry Cooder, released in 1972.
The album\'s front cover is listed at number 12 on *Rolling Stone*\'s 100 Greatest Album Covers. It shows Cooder and his then wife, Susan Titelman, in a Buick convertible at the Warner Bros. film lot in Burbank, California.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Record Collector* wrote that the album \"reached deep into tradition, unearthing neglected treasures from America's past and reshaping them for the post-Woodstock generation.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Side One
1. \"How Can You Keep On Moving (Unless You Migrate Too)\" (Agnes \"Sis\" Cunningham) -- 2:25
2. \"Billy the Kid\" (Traditional; arranged by Ry Cooder) -- 3:45
3. \"Money Honey\" (Jesse Stone) -- 3:28
4. \"FDR in Trinidad\" (Fitz McLean) -- 3:01
5. \"Teardrops Will Fall\" (Gerry \"Dickey Doo\" Granahan, Marion Smith) -- 3:03
6. \"Denomination Blues\" (George Washington Phillips) -- 3:58
Side Two
1. \"On a Monday\" (Lead Belly) -- 2:52
2. \"Hey Porter\" (Johnny Cash) -- 4:34
3. \"Great Dream from Heaven\" (instrumental) (Joseph Spence) -- 1:53
4. \"Taxes on the Farmer Feeds Us All\" (Traditional; arranged by Ry Cooder) -- 3:52
5. \"Vigilante Man\" (Woody Guthrie) -- 4:15
(Note: \"Taxes on the Farmer Feeds Us All\" was actually composed by Fiddlin\' John Carson
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# Karate House
***KARATE HOUSE*** is the seventh full-length album by Japanese band Polysics. \"Electric Surfin\' Go Go\", \"You-You-You\" and \"Catch On Everywhere\" were released as singles in Japan. The song \"POLYSICS OR DIE!!!!\" is structured very similarly to \"Jocko Homo\" by Devo, who are Polysics\' major influence. The song \"THE GREAT BRAIN\" is a cover of a P-MODEL song, another great influence, from their 1979 debut *IN A MODEL ROOM*, and the song \"POLYSICS OR DIE!!!!\" is a reference to their 1999 album *Music Industrial Wastes〜P-MODEL OR DIE*
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# Dakota Prairie High School
**Dakota Prairie High School** is part of a school district that covers a portion of Nelson County, North Dakota. It includes the towns of McVille, Michigan City, Tolna, Aneta, Pekin, Kloten, Dahlen, Hamar, Niagera, and Petersburg. There are 132 students currently at Dakota Prairie High School. Dakota Prairie High School is considered a \"Class B\" school in North Dakota.
## History
### Formation
Dakota Prairie first became a new school district on July 1, 1993 when the school districts of the towns of Aneta, McVille, Michigan City, Tolna, and Unity of Petersburg joined together. Originally, there was the elementary school building in McVille, the junior high school building in Tolna, and the high school building in Petersburg. The middle school in Tolna eventually closed down in an attempt to further centralize the district, and was moved to be part of the high school building in Petersburg.
### Today
The Dakota Prairie School District still uses the high school building in Petersburg and the elementary building in McVille for regular classes. Sent to these two schools are 408 students from eleven communities (McVille, Hamar, Tolna, Pekin, Kloten, Aneta, Niagara, Whitman, Petersburg, Dahlen, and Michigan). Students also come from seven different counties in North Dakota: Nelson, Griggs, Grand Forks, Eddy, Walsh, Benson, and Ramsey. The entire school district covers approximately 900 sqmi.
## Campus
The campus of Dakota Prairie High School is located in Petersburg. The school building takes up approximately one-half of the city block. The building has eleven classrooms, which include one band and chorus room, one computer lab, two science rooms, and one technology education room. There also are two special education rooms and one gymnasium. A recent weight room has been added onto the school campus for the students and faculty to use.
## Students and teachers {#students_and_teachers}
Dakota Prairie currently enrolls 132 students, 51% of whom are male, and 49% female. There are currently fourteen teachers who teach full-time. The student to teacher ratio is 9:04. 86% are White, 4% of the students are Native American, 4% are Hispanic, 1% are Asian, 1% are Black, and 2% are two or more races.
As of 2013, the largest class numbered 30 students, which will be the graduating class of 2020.
## Sports
Students are allowed to be involved in one or more sports at Dakota Prairie High School as long as they meet certain criteria set by the school. Commonly, this involves passing all classes.
Dakota Prairie is involved in \"Class B\" North Dakota sports, including football, volleyball, basketball, golf, track and field, and baseball. They generally offer sports in junior varsity divisions and a varsity division. The football and volleyball teams play in the fall, the basketball (both boys\' and girls\' teams) in the winter, and the baseball, track and field, and golf teams play in the spring
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# Mabhuti Khanyeza
**Mabhuti Khanyeza**, (born 17 June 1982 in Howick, KwaZulu) is a South African football manager and a retired South African professional footballer.
## Career
Khanyeza\'s arrival from Lamontville Golden Arrows in July 2007 after he had spent five seasons at the KwaZulu-Natal based team and scored 43 goals in the 102 official league and cup matches that he had participated in between 2002 and 2007, was according to many commentators bound to happen sooner or later.
And for some it was inevitable that the soft-spoken man from the rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal would eventually don the gold and black strip of The Amakhosi. Khenyeza was a major hit on his official debut for Chiefs on the opening night of the 2007--2008 season, after coming close to scoring as he was unfortunate to have hit the cross bar twice in the game.
He managed to find the back of the net against Benoni Premier United from the penalty spot in the final minute of the game, which gave him a goal on debut. Often thought of as one of the players who has perhaps not represented his country as regularly as he should have, Khanyeza\'s move to Chiefs is a step in the right direction as apart from the possibility of adding silverware to his cupboards he has put himself in a stronger position to receive more national team call ups.
Thus far the player who made his name at Lamontville Golden Arrows will be remembered for his wonder goal against Chiefs arch rivals Orlando Pirates in November 2007, a goal he scored just nineteen seconds into the game.
## Ajax Cape Town {#ajax_cape_town}
Khenyeza moved to Ajax CT in 2008 after he fell out with Kaizer Chiefs coach Muhsin Ertugral. He arrive as a free agent and he was one of the top scorer of 2008--2009 season. At the end of the season left the club and signed for Mamelodi Sundowns.
## Mamelodi Sundowns {#mamelodi_sundowns}
Since his arrival Khenyeza had become a regular first team player in the team. He had 10 goals and 9 assists in 57 games.
## Supersport United {#supersport_united}
After leaving Mamelodi Sundowns for free in January 2012 he signed for Supersport United. On total he played 22 games for the club, fifteen of whom as a starter. He scored four goals and provided three assists.
## Ajax Cape Town {#ajax_cape_town_1}
Khenyeza rejoined Ajax CT in January 2013.
## Golden Arrows {#golden_arrows}
Khenyeza coached Golden Arrows until March 2024
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# Floorless
**floorless** is a Danish art collective based in Copenhagen and London, who united in the year 2000 and are working in the boundaries between literature, art, architecture and design. Besides exhibiting and curating they have self-published different magazines, most notably *T6* and *In The Red #1* & *#2* which have contributions from a host of other artists, writers and musicians as well as floorless. They have exhibited in Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Lemvig, London and Barcelona since 2003, but are currently on some sort of hiatus. Most of the artwork produced by floorless has been interventionist or radical in a non-dogmatic leftist political sense and has had connections to youth subculture as well as the avant-garde art-scene. In graphic design, writings, installation and curatorial initiatives their artistic expression shows a DIY ethic closer to contemporary street art than to more conventional gallery art.
*In The Red #3* is expected any time between now and the future
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# Henry Rawlingson Carr
**Henry Carr** (15 August 1863 -- 1945) was a Nigerian educator and administrator. He was one of the most prominent West Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and was a member of the legislative council in Lagos from 1918--1924.
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
Henry Carr was born in the Colony of Lagos on 15 August 1863 to Amuwo Carr and Rebecca Carr, liberated Saro emigrants of Yoruba extraction. Amuwo Carr died in Abeokuta when Henry was seven years old, leaving Rebecca Carr in charge of young Henry\'s education. Henry attended Wesleyan School, Olowogbowo for his elementary education. He was sponsored by Reverend T.B. Thomas, a close friend of his mother, to attend Wesleyan High School in Freetown, British Sierra Leone for his secondary education. In Sierra Leone, he attended Fourah Bay College where he received an honours degree in 1880. He was the first graduate of the school to achieve the feat. He then went to England and signed up for courses at Lincoln\'s Inn, St. Mark\'s College, Chelsea, (now University of St Mark & St John) and the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. Thereafter, he graduated with an honors B.A. in mathematics and physical science at Durham University in 1882. In 1906 he took a B.C.L degree at Lincoln\'s Inn and in the same year was made Chancellor of the Diocese of Western Equatorial Africa. Henry Carr was married to the former Henrietta Robbin.
## Career in West Africa {#career_in_west_africa}
He returned to Nigeria in 1885 and taught at the CMS Grammar School, Lagos until joining the Colonial Civil Service in 1889 as chief clerk in the Secretariat and sub-inspector of schools.
He was appointed inspector of schools in 1892 (becoming the first black man to do so) and assistant colonial secretary for native affairs in 1900. In Lagos, Nigeria, he continued to progress doing much work on the Board of Education, serving as director of education between 1906 and 1918, and became the Resident of the Colony of Nigeria in 1918. He appears to be the first black man under British colonial rule to achieve this position. Henry Carr was one of the few West Africans during the early twentieth century that broke barriers in colonial governance.
Before the Second World War, few Africans rose beyond the position of chief clerk in colonial administration. As the death rate of Europeans declined in west Africa, many expatriates came to the country and gained administrative positions, as the colonial officers readily accepted them and helped advance their careers. All of this further diminished the chances of West Africans to take more administrative responsibilities. Reasons given to limit the career advancement of Africans at the time were the suspicions British officials had about Africans\' ethical disposition due to an earlier embezzlement case in Ghana. However, this was a single case, and some critics have questioned whether there were sinister motives behind the policy.
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# Henry Rawlingson Carr
## Career in West Africa {#career_in_west_africa}
### Career chronology {#career_chronology}
Dr. Henry Rawlinson Carr, B.A Dunelm (1882); M.A., B.C.L Dunelm by examination and private study (1906); Honorary D.C.L Dunelm (1934); I.S.O (1920); O.B.E. (1929); C.B.E (1934); school master, Lagos Grammar School (1885-1889); inspector of schools of the Colony of Lagos (1900 and 1903--1906); senior inspector of schools of the Western Provinces of the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria (1906-1915); chief inspector of schools of the Southern Provinces of Nigeria (1915-1928).
Commissioner (later renamed Resident) of the Colony of Lagos (1918-1924); member of the Honourable Society of Lincoln\'s Inn (registered 1909), worshipful chancellor of (Diocese of Western Equatorial) Africa (1906-1919) and of the Lagos Diocese (1920-1945), First vice president (the first president was Governor Sir William MacGregor) of the Lagos Institute for the Study of Arts and Letters etc.
Official member of the Board of Education of the Colony and Southern Provinces of Nigeria (1926-1945), of the Colony of Lagos School Committee 1913--45, of the Board of Advisers of Higher College, Yaba, (1934--44), of Queen\'s College, Lagos (1939--45), of the Assessment Committee for Rates and Taxes of Lagos Township (1929--37); of the Nigerian Legislative Council (1933--44).
Visitor and member of the Visiting Committee of Lagos Prisons (1925--37), member of the Board of Governors of Igbobi College, Yaba (1937-1945), \"Architect\" of Kings College, Lagos; book collector, matchless educationist, orator, musician, distinguished civil servant.
## Feud with Herbert Macaulay {#feud_with_herbert_macaulay}
It is unclear how the fierce hatred between Henry Carr and Herbert Macaulay developed however their disputes are well documented. Carr believed that Macaulay lacked integrity and was exploiting the House of Dosunmu for personal gain. In Carr\'s diaries, he writes of Macaulay \"Among all human monsters with whom we have been brought into contact none has displayed the devilish ingenuity of this man\", concluding that Macaulay was a \"crooked mind and dangerous fool\". Carr abhorred the political reality that Macaulay, who was barred from partaking in politics because of his criminal convictions, was a political kingmaker through Macaulay\'s control of the NNDP.
The level of the strife between both men was so caustic that in 1924, Macaulay published a malicious account titled \"Henry Carr Must Go\". In the slanderous publication, Macaulay falsely asserted that Carr\'s father, Amuwo Carr deserted his wife to settle in Abeokuta as a polygamist. This was untrue considering Amuwo Carr died in Abeokuta of poor health and was nearly blind. Macaulay\'s vicious attacks on Carr in the press framed the Lagosian public\'s perception of Carr as shy, distant, and aloof.
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# Henry Rawlingson Carr
## The Henry Carr library and Carr\'s contribution to education in Nigeria {#the_henry_carr_library_and_carrs_contribution_to_education_in_nigeria}
Like his political foe, Herbert Macaulay, Carr collected a voluminous collection of books (The Henry Carr Library), totaling 18,000 at his home called \'The Haven\' in Tinubu Square, Lagos Island. Carr allowed school children within his residential vicinity to access his well-stocked library.
Carr\'s 18,000 book library, according to Hope Rossiter, showed marks of personal selection. Rossiter further noted that Carr *\"represented simply the heights of achievement by an African of ability who through all his life had no material advantage that is not available to every young man in Nigeria\...It was because Carr\...used his wide education and tremendous culture as a background and not as a profession, that he is, in Africa, so outstanding. He is a perfect example of the cultured man - the quite well read, well-behaved and completely educated and cultivated man\"*. Carr\'s library was acquired by the Nigerian government and the 18,000 book collection was sent to the University College, Ibadan (which would later become University of Ibadan), forming the foundation library at that institution.
Carr also played an instrumental role in the set up of King\'s College Lagos. As Acting Director of Education with the British colonial government in Nigeria, Carr advised Governor Walter Egerton on the educational scheme to be implemented at King\'s College Lagos and convinced the London Board of Education that the institution was integral to Nigeria\'s development
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# Configure script
When installing a package on a Unix or Unix-like environment, a **configure script** is a shell script that generates build configuration files for a codebase to facilitate cross-platform support. It generates files tailoring for the host system `{{endash}}`{=mediawiki} the environment on which the codebase is built and run.
Even though there are no standards for such a script, the pattern is so ubiquitous that many developers are familiar with and even expect a script named *configure* that has this functionality. The script can be and originally was hand-coded. Today, multiple tools are available for generating a configure script based on special configuration files. One commonly used tool is Autotools which generates a Bash script.
Obtaining a software package as source code and compiling it locally is a common scenario on Unix and Unix-like environments. Typically, this process involves the following steps:
1. Generate build configuration files
2. Build the code
3. Install the result to an accessible location
A configure script accomplishes the first step by generating a makefile that is configured for the host system. This includes using the libraries of the host as required by the codebase.
## Use
After navigating a command-line shell to the directory that contains the source code, the following commands are typically executed:
``` sh
./configure
make
make install
```
For the Autotools, the configure script logs status and errors to file *config.log*, and the command `./configure --help` outputs command line help information.
Often, a document with instructions is included with the codebase; often in a file named `INSTALL`. It can be helpful if the configure script fails.
## Generating
Autotools simplifies some of the challenges of cross-platform software development. These tools query the host system for environment settings, platform architecture, and the existence and location of required build and runtime dependencies. They store the gathered information in `configure.ac` to be read by `configure` during the installation phase.
In new development, library dependency checking can be accomplished via pkg-config via the m4 macro, PKG_CHECK_MODULES. Before pkg-config gained popularity, separate m4 macros were created to locate files known to be included in the distribution of libraries depended upon.
## History
The first program to come with a configure script was rn by Larry Wall in 1984. The script was written by hand and produced a jocular running commentary when executed. It still survives as part of the build system of the **trn** program.
Since then, an ecosystem of tools have been developed to automate the creation of configure scripts, of which the most common is Autoconf
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# Nana Best
***Nana Best*** is a special compilation album featuring the combined words of Anna Tsuchiya and Olivia used in the first season of the Nana anime. The album was released in two versions, CD+DVD and the low priced CD only version. The albums were released only one month after the release of two full-albums dedicated solely to one singer each\'s work for the anime respectively. The first press of the CD+DVD version includes a special Nana mouse pad as well as a \"skeleton\"-style sleeve package. The best album features five tracks that solely appear on the best album, namely \"Stand By Me\" - the fifth ED theme for Nana by Anna Tsuchiya, Tsuchiya\'s cover of the Sex Pistols\`s Anarchy in the U.K., a \"Studio Live Version\" of Tsuchiya\'s Lucy, a new song from Olivia called \"Nothing\'s Gonna Take My Love\" and finally a live recording of the song \"Recorded Butterflies\" by Olivia. The DVD features all of the opening and ending sequences used in Nana without credits overtop of them, as well as four \"original animation\" clips set to music throughout the show. This album was released one week before the airing of the final episode of the first season of the Nana anime
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# Egerton Castle
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ **Egerton Smith Castle** F.S.A. (12 March 1858 -- 16 September 1920) was an author, antiquarian, and swordsman, and an early practitioner of reconstructed historical fencing, frequently in collaboration with his colleague Captain Alfred Hutton. Castle was the captain of the British épée and sabre teams at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
He was born in London into a wealthy family; his maternal grandfather was the publishing magnate and philanthropist Egerton Smith. He was a lieutenant of the Second West India Regiment and afterwards a captain of the Royal Engineers Militia. He was also an expert on bookplates and a keen collector.
Egerton Castle co-authored several novels with his wife, Agnes Sweetman Castle.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- *Schools and Masters of Fencing : From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century*, `{{ISBN|0-486-42826-5}}`{=mediawiki} (2005), `{{ISBN|1-4286-0940-7}}`{=mediawiki} (2006). (The first edition: G. Bell & Sons, London 1885)
- [\"The Baron\'s Quarry\"](http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/author?name=Castle%2C%20Egerton%2C%201858-1920) (short story)
- Consequences. London: Richard Bentley and Son. 1891. 3 volume novel.
- English Book-plates. An illustrated handbook for students of ex-libris. (G. Bell & sons, London 1893).
- The Pride of Jennico (1897, novel, composed with Agnes Castle).
- The Pride of Jennico, play based on the novel of same name.
- The Bath Comedy (1900, novel, with Agnes Castle); adapted by David Belasco into the 1903 Broadway play *Sweet Kitty Bellairs*; in turn made into a 1916 silent movie and a 1930 musical movie in Technicolor. See below, Sweet Kitty Bellairs.
- La Bella And Others (short stories published by Macmillan, London 1900).
- Marshfield the Observer; and The Death Dance. (fantasy fiction published by Macmillan 1900).
- Rose of the World (1905, novel, with Agnes Castle).
- Our Sentimental Garden. (with Agnes Castle and illustrated by Charles Robinson) 1914 USA /1915 London.
- Count Raven (Cassell, London 1916) novel.
- Minniglen. (romance, 1918, with Agnes Castle).
## Filmography
- *The Pride of Jennico*, directed by J. Searle Dawley (1914, based on *The Pride of Jennico*).
- *The Incomparable Bellairs*, directed by Harold M. Shaw (UK, 1914, based on *The Incomparable Bellairs*).
- *The Secret Orchard*, directed by Frank Reicher (1915, based on *The Secret Orchard*).
- *Sweet Kitty Bellairs*, directed by James Young (1916, based on *The Bath Comedy*).
- *Rose of the World*, directed by Maurice Tourneur (1918, based on *Rose of the World*).
- *Young April*, directed by Donald Crisp (1926, based on *Young April*).
- *Sweet Kitty Bellairs*, directed by Alfred E. Green (1930, based on *The Bath Comedy*)
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# Giresun University
**Giresun University** is a public university in Giresun, Turkey, founded in 2006.
## Affiliations
The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association. The foundations of the Faculty of Sports Sciences were laid as the Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, which was established in 2012-2013 academic year within the Faculty of Education. Upon the letter of the Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Turkey dated 5/2/2015 and numbered 1307733, according to the additional article 30 of the Law dated 28/3/1983 and numbered 2809, the Faculty of Sports Sciences was established with the decision taken by the Council of Ministers on 16/2/2015 and education is currently being carried out with four departments and 265 students. There are Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Coaching, Sports Management, Recreation departments
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# House plan
A **house plan** is a set of construction or working drawings (sometimes called **blueprints**) that define all the construction specifications of a residential house such as the dimensions, materials, layouts, installation methods and techniques.
## Drawing set {#drawing_set}
The principal information provided in a set of blueprint drawings is as follows:
- **Site plans** are detailed drawings that show a home\'s position on its property, viewed from above. They illustrate how the home relates to the lot\'s boundaries and surroundings. Site plans should outline location of utility services, setback requirements, easements, location of driveways and walkways, and sometimes even topographical data that specifies the slope of the terrain.
- A **floor plan** is an overhead view of the completed house. On the plan, you will see parallel lines that scale at whatever width the walls are required to be. Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths. Floor plans will also indicate rooms, all the doors and windows and any built-in elements, such as plumbing fixtures, cabinets, water heaters, furnaces, etc. Floor plans will include notes to specify finishes, construction methods, or symbols for electrical items.
- **Elevations** are a non-perspective view of the home. These are drawn to scale so that measurements can be taken for any aspect necessary. Plans include front, rear and both side elevations. The elevations specify ridge heights, the positioning of the final fall of the land, exterior finishes, roof pitches and other details that are necessary to give the home its exterior architectural styling.
- A **section** provides a cross-sectional view of a building, illustrating a \"cut-through\" at a specific location indicated on the floor plan. It reveals details about the construction process and showcases the intended appearance of internal finishes. Sections are used because they explain certain conditions in more detail. These conditions may include ceiling height, ceiling type (flat or vault), and window and door dimensions.
- Foundation plan outlines the dimensions and precise locations of footings, providing a detailed guide for the building's structural base.
- Framing plan details the wall construction, specifying the size of the lumber to be used, typically usually 2x4 or 2x6.
- The sub-floor plan provides construction details for this area, including the arrangement of services (such as plumbing and framing structures).
- Roof plans outline the type of roof and materials to use, its pitch and framing structure required.
- Interior elevation drawings provides detailed views of interior walls that showcase their design and layout.
- Detail drawings highlight specific features like built-in shelving, moldings, and columns, providing precise construction guidelines.
- Schedules list specifications for various elements such as windows and doors, including dimensions and materials.
- Structural layouts present the arrangement of critical load-bearing components to ensure stability.
- Electrical and telecoms drawings show locations of all the outlets, TV sockets, switches and fixtures. They also indicate which switches operate which lights and where the electric lines should be run.
- Plumbing schematic drawing illustrate the placement of plumbing fixtures and the layout of piping systems.
- Subdivision plans (also known as an allotment plans or strata plans) show information regarding adjoining properties. This includes:
- Sketch plan: A basic layout of the lots and public infrastructure
- Preliminary plat: A more detailed plan that shows building footprints and measurements
- Final plat: The official document that creates the new lots
- Block sizes: The dimensions of the blocks of land
- Easements: Any other details about the land
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# House plan
## Lines and symbols {#lines_and_symbols}
House plans use the following lines and symbols to convey the relationship between objects:
- Dimension lines, which consist of a solid line with a mark at either end; space between the two marks equals the distance noted next to the line.
- Wall, indicated by thick solid lines between rooms.
- Partial height wall, a low wall that doesn\'t extend all the way up to the ceiling.
- Thin solid lines are used for built-in structures (such as cabinets, bookshelves, or plumbing fixtures).
- Thin dotted lines indicate overhead features, such as wall cabinets in a kitchen or a special ceiling treatment or an archway in the living room.
- North arrow would be a symbol---usually a simple arrow or a compass rose---used to indicate the direction of true north on the floor plan.
- Doors:
- Door swing
- Bifold doors
- Passage (hinged) doors
- Sliding glass door
- French door
- Window, small breaks between exterior walls often indicate a window
- Toilet, often indicated as a circle adjacent to a rectangle in the bathroom
- Bathtub, often indicated as a large oval or rectangle when indicating a tub/shower combination
- Shower, a rectangular or square shape with an X running through it
- Bathroom sink, a rectangle with an oval and a dot in the center if it is a single vanity.
- Kitchen sink, typically shown as a rectangle with a dividing line (if double-basin) and placed within a counter outline, representing the primary location for dishwashing and food preparation.
- Kitchen range, illustrated as a square or rectangle with four small circles (representing burners) on top, indicating the stove and oven unit in the kitchen.
- Refrigerator, a small square with \'ref.\' worded on it to signify the location placement of the refrigerator
- Washer/Dryer, depicted as adjacent labeled squares or rectangles, sometimes with a "W" and "D" inside, representing the location of laundry appliances.
- Tree, represented by a circular shape with radiating lines or branching patterns, symbolizing large outdoor vegetation in landscape plans.
- Shrub, shown as a smaller, denser circular or cloud-like shape, representing low-growing, bushy plants in exterior or garden layouts.
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# House plan
## Spaces and rooms {#spaces_and_rooms}
House plans generally include the following features, depending on the size and type of house:
- Bedroom
- Bathroom
- Kitchen
- Hall
- Laundry room
- Living room (as known as a great room or family room)
## Open floor plan {#open_floor_plan}
An open floor plan emphasizes large, unobstructed spaces by minimizing or eliminating interior walls between the main living areas---typically the kitchen, dining, and living rooms. This layout creates a more spacious feel and promotes better interaction and flow among family members and guests.
The design is made possible by modern building technologies such as curtain wall technology, engineered lumber and truss systems, which allow for greater clear spans without the need for supporting walls. Open floor plans are especially popular for their flexibility, natural light, and ease of movement, making homes feel more modern and connected
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# City Park, Benicia
**City Park** is a public park in Benicia, California, that features a bus station served by SolTrans. It is the site of the first Protestant church in California: a Presbyterian church which stood between 1849 and 1875. It was also home to a seminary
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# Dominic Ekandem
**Dominic Ignatius Ekandem** `{{Audio|Ig-Dominic Ignatius Ekandem.ogg|listen|help=no}}`{=mediawiki} (1917 -- 24 November 1995) was a Nigerian Catholic Cardinal who served as Archbishop of Abuja from 1989 until 1992. He was the first native West African Catholic Cardinal in history. He also founded the Missionary Society of Saint Paul of Nigeria (M.S.P.).
A native of Akwa Ibom State, Ekandem attended several Catholic seminaries before he became a priest. He was ordained on 7 December 1947, and became the first priest from the old Calabar province. His first assignment as bishop was as auxiliary of Calabar from 1953 to 1963. He was Bishop of Ikot Ekpene from 1963 to 1981; during that tenure, in April 1976, he was named a cardinal. He then became Ecclesiastical Superior of Abuja, and when Abuja became an Archdiocese in 1989, he became its Archbishop.
Ekandem died in 1995
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# Marawaan Bantam
**Marawaan Bantam** (born 24 November 1977 in Cape Town, Western Cape) is a South African association football midfielder for Cape Town All Stars in the National First Division.
He hails from Bonteheuwel on the Cape Flats
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# Maud Fontenoy
**Maud Fontenoy** (born 7 September 1977) is a French sailor known for her rowings across the Atlantic (2003) and Pacific (2005) oceans.
## Career
Most recently, Fontenay completed a sailing trip around the Antarctic alone, against prevailing winds. Departing from Réunion island on 15 October 2006, she crossed the finish line on 14 March 2007, having sailed for 14,500 km.
Fontenoy was named the UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the World Ocean Network Spokesperson for the Ocean on 3 June 2009
## Other activities {#other_activities}
- Vivendi, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2023)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Fontenoy has five children: Mahé (with boyfriend Thomas Vollaire), Hina (with an unknown man), Loup (with boyfriend Raphaël Enthoven), and Côme and Eléa (with husband Olivier Chartier)
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# Green coke
**Green coke** (raw coke) is the primary solid carbonization product from high boiling hydrocarbon fractions obtained at temperatures below 900 K. It contains a fraction of matter that can be released as volatiles during subsequent heat treatment at temperatures up to approximately 1600 K. This mass fraction, called volatile matter, is in the case of green coke between 4 and 15 wt.%, but it depends also on the heating rate.
Raw coke is an equivalent term to green coke although it is now less frequently used. The proportion of volatile matter of green coke depends on temperature and time of cooking, but also on the method for its determination
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# Bessenbach
**Bessenbach** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany.
## Geography
### Location
Bessenbach lies southeast of the town of Aschaffenburg among the Spessart range\'s outlying hills.
### Subdivision
Bessenbach\'s *Ortsteile* are Beetacker, Frauengrund, Gemeindezentrum, Keilberg, Klingerhof, Klingermühle, Oberbessenbach, Steiger, Straßbessenbach, Unterbessenbach, Waldmichelbach and Weiler.
## History
The community was formed on 1 January 1972 through the merger of the communities of Keilberg and Straßbessenbach. In 1978, the community of Oberbessenbach followed.
## Governance
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 20 council members.
------ ----- ----- -----------
CSU SPD **Total**
2008 14 6 20 seats
------ ----- ----- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008)
### Mayor
On 15 March 2020, Christoph Ruppert (CSU) was elected mayor.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Azure a stork argent armed gules with two heads, the sinister reguardant, in base a fess wavy of the second.
The formerly self-administering communities of Keilberg, Straßbessenbach and Oberbessenbach merged into a greater community in 1978, taking on the historical name of Bessenbach once again.
The local noble family, also called Bessenbach, were instrumental in the community\'s development. Their ancestral seat, a castle, stood in today\'s centre of Keilberg. The family\'s existence is documented as far back as the 12th century. They had lordly and juridical rights throughout the Bessenbach valley that they alienated in the late 13th century. The family arms -- the two-headed stork -- were later adopted as the charge in the community\'s arms. Standing for the Bessenbach, the brook that serves as the geographical link in the community named after it, is the wavy fess in the base of the escutcheon.
These arms have been borne since 28 November 1977.
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
- Dury, Somme, France
- Saint-Fuscien, Somme, France
- Sains-en-Amiénois, Somme, France
This is one partnership that Bessenbach has maintained with all three French communes since 1985.
## Infrastructure
### Transport
The community is served by various bus lines of the *Verkehrsgemeinschaft am Bayerischen Untermain* (\"Transport Association of the Bavarian Lower Main\") from the main railway station in Aschaffenburg.
Moreover, Bessenbach lies right on the A 3 interchange Bessenbach/Waldaschaff and near the Spessart service centre near Rohrbrunn.
## Sport
The *Ortsteil* of Straßbessenbach has been host to the German Sidecarcross Grand Prix numerous times
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# Blankenbach
**Blankenbach** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany, and a member of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (Administrative Community) of Schöllkrippen.
## Geography
### Location
The community lies some 17 km from Aschaffenburg and Alzenau. Together with the communities of Kleinkahl, Krombach, Schöllkrippen, Sommerkahl, Westerngrund and Wiesen, Blankenbach forms the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (Administrative Community) of Schöllkrippen in the Kahlgrund.
## History
### Amalgamations
In 1966, the two communities of Großblankenbach and Kleinblankenbach, which lay on the Kahl\'s right and left banks respectively, merged into the community of Blankenbach. While Großblankenbach had formerly belonged to the Counts of Schönborn, Kleinblankenbach had been an Electoral Mainz holding.
## Politics
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 12 council members, not counting the mayor.
------ ----- ----- ----- -----------
CSU SDP FWG **Total**
2008 5 4 3 12 seats
------ ----- ----- ----- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008)
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Gules a bar wavy argent, in chief a wheel spoked of six of the second, in base a lion passant queue fourchée Or standing on an abased partition per fess dancetty of three below which argent.
The community of Blankenbach came into being in 1966 through the merger of the formerly self-administering communities of Großblankenbach and Kleinblankenbach. The Kahl split these two communities, as symbolized by the wavy bar in the arms. Until the 19th century, the river formed the border between two lordly entities, with Großblankenbach being ruled by the Counts of Schönborn. This is shown in the arms by the lion, taken from the arms once borne by the Schönborn family, who governed the community for the Archbishopric of Würzburg, symbolized in the arms by the dancetty (that is, zigzag) partition in the base of the escutcheon, based on a similar partition in the arms borne by the bishops, and known as the "Franconian rake". The six-spoked wheel (the Wheel of Mainz) refers to Electoral Mainz\'s lordship over Kleinblankenbach.
The arms have been borne since 1967.
## Culture
### Culinary specialities {#culinary_specialities}
Wine pressers in the community and Apfelwein from Blankenbach are known well beyond the Kahlgrund and look back on a long tradition.
On August 26, 1981 after singing the Angelus, the Pro Música Wind Ensemble of Blankenbach, a 40 piece ensemble, performed to Pope John Paul who then, using several languages, addressed the crowd.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
For the lime kiln that was built after 1900 on the Kahlgrundbahn railway line, the raw material was brought by a cableway from the limestone pits at Sommerkahl and Eichenberg
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# South C
**South C** or **South Compton** ( during colonial times) is an upper-class residential estate located in the southland area of Nairobi.
South C lies next to Wilson Airport. It is bordered by South B to the north-east, Langata Estate to the west and the Nairobi National Park to the south.
The headquarters of the Kenya Red Cross Society is located in South C as is the Criminal Investigation Department (C.I.D) Training School of the Kenya Police, National Environmental Management Authority Headquarters (NEMA), Kenya National Bureau of Standards Head office (KEBS) and the expansive Toyota Training Academy.
Major colleges like the College of Insurance and Management University of Africa are also based in South C.
South C is home to several sports clubs and hotels. The clubs include The South C Sports Club, Ministry of Works (MOW) Sports Club, Kenya Motor Sports Club, and the Ngara Sports Club. The Ngara Sport Club cricket ground is located in South C. Some of the hotels in South C are The Boma, The Red Court Hotel, Ole Sereni and Eka Hotel
A drive-in outdoor cinema, one among few in Kenya, is located at Nairobi\'s South C along Mombasa Road at Bellevue.
A number of musicians, comedians and DJs in Kenya\'s music industry come from the South C. Nameless, E-Sir, Longombas and K-rupt live there
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# Geiselbach
**Geiselbach** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany.
## Geography
### Location
Geiselbach lies on the Hesse-Bavaria boundary, 20 km north of Aschaffenburg and 50 km east of Frankfurt am Main.
Elevations in the community reach from 272 m above sea level at the church up to 381 m at the Ziegelberg.
The municipal area comprises 535 ha in the constituent community of Geiselbach and 415 ha in the constituent community of Omersbach.
## History
In 1269, Geiselbach had its first documentary mention in a purchase agreement between the Seligenstadt Monastery and the Archbishopric of Mainz, between Abbot Conrad and Archbishop Werner.
There also exists an earlier document from 1250 in which was about a dispute between the brothers Friedrich and Heinrich von Rannenberg and Reinhard von Hanau about holdings and rights in Geiselbach.
After 1269, the Seligenstadt Monastery relinquished its rights in Geiselbach to the noble families of Büdingen, Hanau and Rannenberg and to the knight Erpho von Orb.
In 1278, the patrician from Gelnhausen Irmgard Ungefüge took over the Geiselbach Vogtei with the villages of Geiselbach, Omersbach and Hofstädten. In three documents from 25 May 1278 it was agreed between the Seligenstadt Abbey and Madam Irmgard that the Abbey could reacquire all rights from her in better times. Even before the turn of the century, in 1290, Sir Erpho von Orb was once again named the Vogt in Geiselbach.
The Seligenstadt Monastery held the lordship over Geiselbach until Secularization in 1802. Most of the villages of the upper Kahlgrund then passed to the Principality of Aschaffenburg. Geiselbach, on the other hand, as a Seligenstadt Monastery holding, passed into ownership of the Landgrave of Hesse, who moved the Vogtei administration from Geiselbach to Seligenstadt.
In 1811, the three villages were united with the Grand Ducal Hessian *Amt* in Alzenau, which itself became Bavarian in 1816.
In 1972 the formerly self-administering community of Omersbach was amalgamated with Geiselbach, while the community of Hofstädten, which had likewise belonged to the Vogtei of Geiselbach, passed to Schöllkrippen in 1978.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community's arms might be described thus: Gules an uppercase A with crossbar on top in fess and cross stroke in chevron inverted Or among three mullets of six argent.
The community of Geiselbach was acquired in 1296 by the Seligenstadt Monastery from the Archbishopric of Mainz for an undisclosed price. It thereby belonged along with the two neighbouring villages of Hofstädten and Omersbach to the Vogtei of the *Dreidörfer* ("Three Villages") over which the monastery managed to get the landlordship and the low jurisdiction through the acquisition. The big A (Abbatio) in the arms is the charge borne by the Seligenstadt Monastery and refers to the monastery's lordship until Secularization in 1802. The three mullets (stars) symbolize the three-village parish. The tinctures silver and red are Electoral Mainz's colours and recall Mainz's lordship until 1803.
The arms have been borne since August 1967
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# Troides hypolitus
\| taxon = Troides hypolitus \| authority = (Cramer, 1775) \| synonyms =
- *Papilio hypolitus* Cramer, \[1775\]
- *Ripponia hypolitus*
- *Papilio remus* C. & R. Felder, 1864
- *Ornithoptera hypolitus* var. *sulaensis* Staudinger, 1895
}}
***Troides hypolitus***, the **Rippon\'s birdwing**, is a birdwing butterfly endemic to the Moluccas and Sulawesi. It is not significantly threatened, but it is protected.
*Troides hypolitus* is a butterfly from the Australasian and Indomalayan realms. The first description was in 1775 by Pieter Cramer. This butterfly is a member of the family Papilionidae. *Troides hypolitus* is black. It has a chain of golden spots on the hindwings. The females are dark brown and they are bigger than the males.
## Description
The wingspan is from 180 to 200 mm.
The male\'s forewings are black. Some veins are bordered by white colour. The underside is very similar to the upperside. The hindwings are grey. The outer edge is black and it contains a chain of golden spots. The veins are black. The underside is similar to the upperside, but the basic colour is white.
The body (abdomen) is black and yellow, but the underside is white and yellowish. It looks like a wasp. Head and thorax are black. The nape has a red hair-coat.
The sexes are sexually dimorphic. The female covers the upper range of the wingspan and is usually larger than the male. The basic colour of the female is dark brown. Many veins are bordered by white. The golden spots are bigger and they contain a black core. The underside is a very similar to the upperside.
## Distribution
*Troides hypolitus* is found in the Australasia and Indomalayan realms. The distribution is restricted on the Molucca Islands and Sulawesi.
## Subspecies
thumb\|240px\|right\|from Sungai Pontolo, North Gorontalo There are four subspecies:
- *Troides hypolitus hypolitus* (Moluccas)
- *Troides hypolitus antiope* Rothschild, 1908 (Morotai)
- *Troides hypolitus cellularis* Rothschild, 1895 (Sulawesi, Talaud)
- *Troides hypolitus sulaensis* (Staudinger, 1895) (Sula Islands)
## Conservation
This butterfly is strictly protected. It is listed in the appendix II from CITES.
## Etymology
In Greek mythology Hippolytus was the son of Theseus
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# Glattbach
**Glattbach** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district (*landkreis*) in the administrative region (*regierungsbezirk*) of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany. It has around 6,800 inhabitants (2024). The town is located in a valley north of Aschaffenburg town on the western edge of the Spessart range.
## History
In the 12th century, the forest still reached the town gates at Aschaffenburg. The Mainz Archbishop\'s serfs lived in small settlements in the dales, and worked in forestry, hunting and working small farms. Out of one such settlement grew the village of Glattbach over the course of the centuries, known earlier as Gladebach or Gladbach. It might have got its name from the goldlike glittering in the local stone found on the banks and the bed of the brook (*glad* meant "glittering", and *Bach* is German for "brook"). The economic relationships were quite minimal. The only wealth came with the vineyards, which lay on the sunny south and southwest slopes. Cadastral names such as *Wingert unterm Dorf*, *Wingert oberm Dorf* and *Am heißen Stein* still recall the local winegrowing today. Since *Glattbacher* wine was known to be good, it led to Count Schönborn owning a vineyard here. After many bad harvests, the vines were torn up in the late 18th century, and replaced with intensive fruit growing, specifically of cherries. In industry, linen weaving was strongly represented. In 1832, seventeen linen weavers were registered in the old community books.
The endless sharing out of estates under Electoral Mainz inheritance law meant that the area of land available for each farmer to work was forever shrinking. While only ten families shared the 310 ha municipal area in 1661, by the mid 18th century there were 50 neighbours (or *Nachbarn*, as residents were called, as opposed to those who had moved to the community and therefore neither owned land nor had rights) who had to eke out their lives from the soil.
The only major property, with 97 *Morgen* (somewhat less than 200 000 m^2^), was the *herrschaftliches Höfchen* ("Manorial Estate"), which passed to *Kollegiatsstift St Peter und Alexander* from noble ownership as a donation in 1334, later being bestowed by the *stift* upon various country noblemen. Later still, it passed to the liege lord, the Elector of Mainz, and around 1837 it was sold into private ownership to the landed family Heeg. About 1800, the old *Hofreith* was torn down, and across the road a major estate with an oil and tobacco mill and a wine press was built, today known as the Helmshof.
The village\'s location in a secluded dale meant that there was never any passing traffic. Nevertheless, in no way was Glattbach spared the hardship and war that time and again beset the Lower Main area. This may well have had something to do with the village\'s lying right near the town of Aschaffenburg, or perhaps it was the *Gelnhäuser Straße*, an old army and trade road running by Glattbach to the west, which led up to the *Johannesberger Höhe* (heights). Warlike people came plundering, burning and murdering their way through the village, bringing the population hardship and misery. Pestilence took a heavy toll. After the Thirty Years\' War, only ten families out of 33 were still alive, and 20 houses were destroyed. Often people fled before the soldiers. In 1743, when the English were plundering the whole community from 18 to 26 June, the population fled, hiding out in the Spessart forests.
In the war\'s wake came further sickness. The grimmest Plague years, 1606 and 1636, are today still remembered by two *Bildstöcke* (sing. *Bildstock* -- a cross-shaped or columnar pillar functioning as a wayside shrine), called *Peststeine* ("Plague stones"), on the main road. In the time of greatest hardship, the population vowed to hold a festival and repentance day "for everlasting time" if the sickness came to an end. On this so-called *Hellfeiertag* (roughly "Light Holiday" -- despite the similarity in pronunciation, there is no connection with "hellfire"), the Friday before Michaelmas, it was forbidden to light a fire in any hearth, and both people and livestock observed a strict fast and did no work. The vow was strictly kept right up until the First World War.
As early as the 12th century, Glattbach was mentioned as a branch of Saint Agatha\'s parish at Aschaffenburg. There is, however, no mention of a church until the 17th century. In 1682, a chapel in Saint Nicholas\'s honour was built, and consecrated by the Capuchin priest Martin von Cochem, a famous repentance preacher and folk writer. At that time, the community had some 180 to 200 inhabitants. The chapel stood with its graveyard and schoolhouse on the lot now occupied by the church. The chapel was not standing very long. Already by 1727, a new church was being built there, the *Magdalenenkirchlein* (roughly "Mary Magdalene's Little Church"). It was built in four months. Services were held only once a month, on a weekday. Only from 1775 onwards does it seem that there were services on Sunday -- and even then only over the winter -- mostly given by a Capuchin priest. In 1890, a local chaplaincy was instituted, which was raised to parish on 14 December 1922. Ten clergy worked as local chaplains in Glattbach. The first parish priest was Christian Benz from Weibersbrunn, who held the post for 25 years before he died in an accident on 20 December 1948. In 1899 the *Magdalenenkirchlein* was torn down. Building work then began on today\'s Gothic Revival parish church, *Maria Himmelfahrt* ("Assumption of Mary"), which was consecrated on 15 August 1901. There were some 700 Catholic parishioners in those days.
Already by about 1730, there was school in Glattbach. The schoolmasters were, until far into the 19th century, craftsmen who pursued teaching only as a sideline or who employed helpers to do it. The oldest known schoolhouse stood behind the *Magdalenenkirchlein* and contained not only a schoolroom and a teacher\'s dwelling, but also a communal room. In 1878 the second schoolhouse was built, which at the time was one of the finest for a great distance. Since 1986 it has served as the town hall, after the elementary school had moved to the new building *auf dem Schwalbesgraben*, one wing in 1958, and the other in 1964.
The industrialization of the 19th century and the great splintering of land ownership by inheritances that were endlessly carving plots into smaller ones brought about the community\'s first structural shift from purely a farming village to a workers' village. A man from Glattbach, a tailor named Johann Desch born in 1848, had the idea of sewing suits by standard measurements ahead of time, and having the workers in their homes finish the sewing. These first ready-to-wear suits sold briskly in the growing industrial towns of Hanau, Frankfurt and Offenbach. The business quickly grew, and Johann Desch bought a house in Aschaffenburg. In 1874, he had the first men\'s clothing factory entered into the town\'s commercial registry. This branch of industry in the Aschaffenburg area that was once so important had its cradle in that tailor\'s shop in Glattbach.
In the Second World War, the village suffered greatly under the bombings in 1944 and 1945. Fourteen people were killed in these raids, and more than a hundred buildings were utterly or partly destroyed, among them the kindergarten and the gymnasium. After the war, reconstruction was implemented through brisk building activity and a heavy inflow of inhabitants. Beginning then, Glattbach became a residential community with nearly 3,800 inhabitants, favoured by its proximity to the town and its scenically charming location. The inhabitants are mostly commuters who overwhelmingly have jobs in Aschaffenburg.
## Governance
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 17 council members, counting the full-time mayor. The last elections took place on March 15, 2020.
---------- ----- ----- --------------- ------------ ------------------- -----------
Election CSU SPD Pro Glattbach Glattbach! Bürger Glattbachs **Total**
2008 8 2 7 \- \- 17 seats
2020 6 3 0 5 3 17 seats
---------- ----- ----- --------------- ------------ ------------------- -----------
The acting mayor is Kurt Baier (CSU/independent). He was elected in a runoff on March 29, 2020 with 50.17% of all votes.
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# Glattbach
## Governance
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Or a bend sinister wavy azure, in chief an inescutcheon sable a stork with two heads argent armed gules, the sinister reguardant from the base issuant, in base three yarn reels palewise argent in bend sinister wound with yarn gules.
The placename ending *---bach*, which is German for "brook", is seen in the arms as the wavy blue bend sinister -- that is to say, slanted stripe beginning at the top on the sinister (armsbearer\'s left, viewer\'s right) side. The two-headed stork in the inescutcheon comes from the arms once borne by the noble family von Wasen. They owned an estate in the community from 1387 to 1528. The yarn reels refer to the beginnings of the Aschaffenburg clothing industry.
The arms have been borne since 1980.
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
- Bretteville-sur-Odon, Calvados, France
- Glattbach, constituent community of Lindenfels in the Odenwald
- Glattbach, constituent community of Dermbach in Thuringia
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# Glattbach
## Infrastructure
### Transport
- Bus route 9 to Aschaffenburg
- Autobahn A 3, between Frankfurt (roughly 45 km away) and Würzburg (roughly 75 km away).
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- , was a cofounder of industrial clothing production in Germany, according to some.
- (b. 1897 as Alois Bergmann in Glattbach; d. 1965 in Glattbach) was a German painter active throughout the Aschaffenburg district
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# Haibach, Lower Franconia
**Haibach** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany. It has a population of around 8,300.
## Geography
### Location
The community lies east-south-east of the town of Aschaffenburg on the western edge of the Spessart (range) between the town and the hills\' well-known landmark Mespelbrunn Castle. The highest elevations in the municipal area are the *Findberg* and the *Buchberg*. They reach some 330 m above NHN. Haibach is located in the Spessart Nature Park (*Naturpark Spessart*)
### Municipal territory {#municipal_territory}
The municipal area can be divided into the \"village\", a development area and an industrial area. The village (*Dorf*) accounts for the biggest part of Haibach and lies to the north. Buildings there are mainly older terraced houses, not higher than two floors. Here, too, is the community centre consisting of the church, various grocery shops and the fire station.
On a hill lies Haibach\'s development area, which consists of larger detached new structures.
The industrial area lies on Würzburger Straße/State Road 2312 (formerly the B 8) to the south. Found there are the industrial parts of the community, like *Adler Modemärkte GmbH*.
The constituent communities of Grünmorsbach and Dörrmorsbach are located in the south. Dörrmorsbach is found at the foot of the Pfaffenberg, whose distinctive building development is widely visible in the Spessart.
The municipal territory of Haibach includes a lot of woodlands made up mostly of mixed forest.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
Haibach\'s *Ortsteile* are Haibach, Grünmorsbach and Dörrmorsbach.
### Climate
The climate is moderate and warm. Haibach represents a meteorological divide between the Main Plain and the High Spessart.
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# Haibach, Lower Franconia
## History
Haibach had its first documentary mention in 1187. At the time there was a noble seat called *Ketzelburg* on the edge of the community, whose ruins were archaeologically explored in 2004 and 2005.
Haibach\'s original name was *Haginaha*, meaning \"Border Brook\". Over the course of 500 years the name became *Hegebach*, *Heybach* and *Haydebach* until 1790 when it settled on the current form.
The brook *Haibach* is part of the Röderbach.
In the course of municipal reform in 1978, the former community of Dörrmorsbach was amalgamated with Haibach. As early as 1972, Grünmorsbach had been swallowed up into the greater community.
In the Bavaria State Development Plan (*Landesentwicklungsplan Bayern*), Haibach is set out as a small centre and is among the most progressive communities in the *Vorspessart* and Lower Main regions.
Out of the original residential and farming village, Haibach developed after the Second World War into more of a preferred residential community in the Aschaffenburg region. With small and midsize industrial and craft businesses locating here, the community was strengthened in its economic performance and tax base. A school centre with primary school and Hauptschule was built in 1965 and three kindergartens sponsored by the Catholic church administration and the Saint John organizations were established.
In 1974 the community built the volunteer fire brigade a new fire station. In 1977, the sport centre with a cultural and sport hall and a stadium were brought into service. A water cistern on the Buchberg and the a funerary hall in the Waldfriedhof (\"Forest Graveyard\") followed by 1983. In May 1983, the youth and clubhouse was brought into service.
On 21 June 1987, an arson attack by the terrorist group *Rote Zora* on the Haibach location of the Adler chain of clothing shops failed.
In 1988 and 1989, the sport hall *Am Hohen Kreuz* (\"At the High Cross\") was built. On 3 May 2001, the new community centre in the constituent community of Dörrmorsbach was dedicated.
The community\'s landmark is three crosses on the *Bessenbacher Weg* playground. They recall the legend of the knight Heydebach and his lady love.
The community\'s status of \"market community\" was never officially celebrated or announced.
## Demographics
### Religion
There are three Catholic churches in the community:
- St. Nikolaus von der Flüe, Haibach
- St. Johannes der Täufer, Grünmorsbach
- St. Johannes der Täufer, Grünmorsbach (old church under monumental protection)
- St. Laurentius, Dörrmorsbach
There is also one Protestant church:
- Paul-Gerhardt-Kirche
## Economy
In Haibach are found, among others, the head office of the Adler chain of clothing shops, the German headquarters of Macrovision Corporation and the European headquarters of Renzi AG.
## Government
### Mayor
Since 2006, Andreas Zenglein (CSU) has been Haibach\'s mayor.
### Community council {#community_council}
The municipal council consists of 20 directly elected council members and the Mayor.
The most recent municipal council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:
------ ----- ----- ----- ----- -----------
CSU SPD FWG AfD **Total**
2020 9 6 4 1 20 seats
------ ----- ----- ----- ----- -----------
In January 2023, three local councilors left the CSU council group and have since formed the new group MfH (Miteinander für Haibach).
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Argent a bend wavy gules surmounted by a wheel spoked of six of the first, in chief an oak twig vert in bend, in base three Latin crosses sable in bend.
The wavy bend (slanted stripe) stands for the placename ending *---bach*, which means "brook" in German. The oak twig refers to the community\'s location in the western Spessart, where there is still an extensive stand of oaks. The six-spoked Wheel of Mainz was taken from the arms borne by the Archbishopric and Electorate of Mainz, to whose lordly territory Haibach belonged for centuries. The origin and meaning of the three crosses that stand on Bessenbacher Weg in Haibach are no longer known. They are a landmark tied with a local legend.
The arms have been borne since 1966.
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
- Marck, Pas-de-Calais, France
## Infrastructure
### Transport
- Bus routes to Aschaffenburg: 5 (to Dörrmorsbach), 16, 40, 41, 47
- Autobahn A 3 between Frankfurt (roughly 45 km away) and Würzburg (roughly 75 km away)
| 719 |
Haibach, Lower Franconia
| 1 |
10,051,314 |
# Heimbuchenthal
**Heimbuchenthal** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany, and the seat of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (Administrative Community) of Mespelbrunn. It is also a state-recognized recreational resort (*Erholungsort*).
## Geography
### Location
Heimbuchenthal lies in the Bavarian Lower Main (*Bayerischer Untermain*) in the upper valley of the Elsava in the *Mittelgebirge* (hill range) Spessart.
## History
In 1282, Heimbuchenthal, whose name comes from the hornbeams (*Hainbuchen* in German), had its first documentary mention. In 1495, the place was first named as a court centre. Along with the Archbishopric of Mainz, the former *Vogteiamt* (until 1782) passed at Secularization to the newly formed Principality of Aschaffenburg, with which it passed in 1814 (by this time it had become a department of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) to the Kingdom of Bavaria.
In 1982, there was a 700-year jubilee celebration which involved the dedication of a few tourist attractions.
## Demographics
Within the municipal area there were 1,875 inhabitants in 1970, 2,106 in 1987, 2,260 in 2000 and 2,154 in 2013
## Economy
According to official statistics, in 1998, there were 133 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses. In trade and transport this was 27. In other areas, 176 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and there were 808 remote workers. There are two processing businesses. Three businesses are in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 4 agricultural operations with a working area of 29 ha.
Municipal tax revenue in 1999 amounted to €1,211,000 (converted), of which business taxes (net) amounted to €287,000.
| 270 |
Heimbuchenthal
| 0 |
10,051,314 |
# Heimbuchenthal
## Attractions
### Heimathenhof
One kilometre west of the community is found the *Heimathenhof*, a former estate converted to a hotel and an inn. Right at the estate, red and fallow deer can be seen in a broad enclosure.
### Höllhammer
Some 4 km southwards in the Elsava valley lies the *Höllhammer* pond with a former hammerworks. First mentioned in the late 13th century was a hunting lodge called *Mulen*, along with a forester\'s seat, a *Forsthube*. In 1535, the lordly building was already in ruins and the Counts of Ingelheim, who already had their seat at nearby Mespelbrunn Castle, then had an estate built there, which was named Höllenhof after the nearby *Höllschlucht* (a gorge).
About 1700 came the first hammerworks, driven by a mill, which took its name, Höllhammer, from the estate. The hammerworks, which in 1795 had been taken over by Georg Ludwig Rexroth, was said in the early 19th century to be "the first and most productive hammerworks" in the Principality of Aschaffenburg.`{{better source|date=May 2015}}`{=mediawiki} About 1830 some 100 people lived at the Höllhammer and the specially built school was attended by up to 30 children. Until 1891, production continued. Thereafter the lands were converted into an estate. Still to be seen are the farmhands' house with the belltower, the lord\'s house and the school. The buildings are all used as dwellings, even the old smithies. In the woods is found the Rexroth family\'s old graveyard.
Today, the *Höllhammer* is private property and not accessible to the public.
### Others
*Fahrradmuseum Pedalwelt* -- modern bicycle development and drive concepts from all over the world (with test course).
## Government
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 15 council members, counting the mayor.
------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- --------- -----------
CSU/Bürgervereinigung SPD/FWG **Total**
2008 7 8 15 seats
(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008)
------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- --------- -----------
### Mayor
The mayor is Rüdiger Stenger (SPD/FWG).
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
- Thury-Harcourt, Calvados, France since 1988
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Gules a fess wavy argent, in chief three beech leaves of the first, two in saltire surmounted by the third palewise, issuant from the base a cogwheel spoked of five of the first.
The German blazon does not mention the cogwheel\'s spokes.
The beech leaves in the arms refer to the geographical location in the High Spessart and are canting for the community\'s name (*Buchen* is German for "beeches"). The wavy fess (horizontal band) symbolizes the community\'s location in the Elsava valley. The combination of the wavy fess and the cogwheel refers to the hammerworks that was running in the 18th and 19th centuries in the outlying centre of Höllhammer. The tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) are those also seen in the Electoral Mainz coat of arms, Mainz having held the local lordship until 1803. The Electoral Mainz *Amt* in the community comprised eight places and gave it a certain autonomy.
The arms have been borne since September 1981
| 507 |
Heimbuchenthal
| 1 |
10,051,323 |
# Heinrichsthal
**Heinrichsthal** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany. It is part of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (Administrative Community) of Heigenbrücken.
## Geography
### Location
Heinrichsthal lies in the Bavarian Lower Main (*Bayerischer Untermain*) in the *Mittelgebirge* (hill range) Spessart. It is a part of the district of Aschaffenburg.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
Heinrichsthal has the following *Gemarkungen* (traditional rural cadastral areas): Altenplos, Cottenbach, Heinersreuth, Unterwaiz. The two hamlets of Unterlohrgrund and Oberlohrgrund on district road AB 7 are parts of the community.
## History
Heinrichsthal developed in the early 1600s as a village of glass workers.
As part of the Archbishopric of Mainz, Heinrichsthal passed at Secularization in 1803 to the newly formed Principality of Aschaffenburg, with which it passed in 1814 (by this time it had become a department of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) to Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the *Gemeindeedikt* ("Municipal Edict") of 1818.
### Population development {#population_development}
Within the municipal area lived 848 inhabitants in 1970, 892 in 1987 and 934 in 2000.
## Politics
### Town council {#town_council}
The council is made up of 9 council members, counting the part-time mayor.
------ ----- ----- -------------------- -----------
CSU SPD Unabhängige Bürger **Total**
2002 3 2 4 9 seats
------ ----- ----- -------------------- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 3 March 2008)
### Mayor
The Mayor is Udo Kunkel, elected in 2020.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
Municipal tax revenue in 1999 amounted to €384,000 (converted), of which business tax revenue accounted for €3,000.
According to official statistics, there were 87 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses in 1998. In trade and transport this was 0. In other areas, 29 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls are employed, and 328 people are remote workers. There is one processing business. No businesses are in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 11 agricultural operations with a working area of 170 ha, of which 85 ha was cropland and 84 ha was meadowland
| 353 |
Heinrichsthal
| 0 |
10,051,326 |
# Johannesberg, Bavaria
**Johannesberg** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany. As of 2023, Johannesberg had a population of 3,994.
## Geography
### Location
Johannesberg lies in the Bavarian Lower Main (*Bayerischer Untermain*), 10 km from Aschaffenburg. The Church of Saint John\'s Beheading (*Kirche St. Johannes Enthauptung*) stands on the peak of the Johannesberg -- the community\'s namesake -- 367 m above sea level.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
Johannesberg\'s *Ortsteile* are Breunsberg, Johannesberg, Oberafferbach, Rückersbach and Steinbach. Furthermore, three hamlets are to be found in Johannesberg: Rauenthaler Hof, Sternberg and Hagelhof.
## History
The first church on the Johannesberg was likely built between 1200 and 1300, in the Romanesque style. As a high church it was built outside the community of Oberafferbach. In 1351, Rauenthal had its first documentary mention. The Aschaffenburg Monastery was enfeoffed with the Geipelshof (estate) near Johannesberg in 1440.
The old parish house had its first documentary mention in 1550. With Count Philipp von Rieneck\'s death in 1559, the noble family died out and the Bishops of Mainz took over power in the Spessart (range) for good. The Electorate of Mainz declared in 1682 that all children between the ages of 6 and 12 were obligated to attend school.
In the course of the War of the Austrian Succession, British troops destroyed the church in Johannesberg in 1743. From early 1768 it was rebuilt and expanded. It was completed about 1774.
In 1945, U.S. troops occupied Oberafferbach and Johannesberg, as well as Mainaschaff, Laufach and Goldbach.
In the first, voluntary phase of municipal reform, the formerly self-administering communities of Breunsberg, Johannesberg, Oberafferbach and Rückersbach merged into a new entity with the name Johannesberg. In 1976, the communities of Johannesberg and Glattbach together formed the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (municipal association) of Rauenthal. In accordance with the Lower Franconian government\'s decision, the outlying centre of Rauenthal -- formerly an exclave -- was split from the community of Johannesberg and merged into the community of Glattbach instead. After the voluntary phase of municipal reform ended, the community of Steinbach was forcibly incorporated into Johannesberg in 1978.
Between Johannesberg and Val Orne-Ajon in the French department of Calvados, an official partnership was established in 1990 with quite a number of centres, namely Avenay, Amayé-sur-Orne, Maizet, Montigny, Préaux-Bocage, Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon, Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay and Vacognes-Neuilly. On 18 May 1996, the French community of Trois-Monts joined the group as the ninth community.
The *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Rauenthal* was dissolved by law in 1994. The community of Johannesberg once again has its own municipal administration.
In 2000, Johannesberg\'s 800-year jubilee celebration took place.
## Demographics
Within the municipal area lived 2,730 inhabitants in 1970, 3,391 in 1987 and 3,833 in 2000.
## Economy
The municipal tax revenue in 1999 amounted to €1,892,000 (converted), of which business tax revenue (net) accounted for €160,000.
According to official statistics, in 1998, there were 141 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses. In trade and transport this was 135. In other areas, 1,308 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were remote workers. Nobody is employed in processing businesses. No businesses are in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 18 agricultural operations with a working area of 392 ha, of which 194 ha was cropland and 191 ha was meadowland.
| 551 |
Johannesberg, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,051,326 |
# Johannesberg, Bavaria
## Government
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 16 council members, not counting the mayor.
------ -------- -------- -------- ------------------------------- -----------
CSU SPD FWG Johannesberg aktiv e. V. (JA) **Total**
2008 6 (-3) 2 (-1) 3 (-1) 5\* (+5) 16 seats
------ -------- -------- -------- ------------------------------- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008; changes from 2002 election in parentheses; \*JA was participating in a municipal election for the first time in 2008)
### Mayors
- 1812 Peter Flittner
- 1848--1838 Fecher
- 1843 Junker
- 1859 Eisert
- 1876--1881 Stadtmüller
- 1882--1887 Denk
- 1888--1919 Conrad Fecher
- 1919--1929 Martin Stadtmüller
- 1930--1945 Anton Kraus
- 1945--1949 Ferdinand Stadtmüller
- 1948--1956 August Eisert
- 1956--1962 Anton Kraus
- 1962--1972 Alois Hain
- 1984--2008 Michael Rosner
- since 2008 Peter Zenglein
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Argent a bend sinister wavy azure surmounted by a sword in bend of the second, in base a mount of three gules surmounted by a wheel spoked of six of the first.
The sword stands for the local parish church\'s patron, who is John the Baptist -- the church itself is called *Johannes Enthauptung*, or "John's Beheading", the sword being the instrument of this deed. The reference to John also recalls the community\'s name: *Johannes* is a German form of the name John. For centuries the community was part of the Electorate of Mainz, symbolized in the arms by the Wheel of Mainz. The three-knolled hill, called a *Dreiberg* in German heraldry, refers to the community\'s geographical location in the Vorspessart, and also to the three constituent communities of Johannesberg, Breunsberg and Sternberg, which all end in *---berg* (German for "mountain"), whereas the wavy bend sinister (slanted stripe), which is meant to resemble a brook, refers to the three constituent communities of Oberafferbach, Steinbach and Rückersbach, which all end in *---bach* (German for "brook").
The arms have been borne since 22 March 1976 after a decision by the community and approval from the government of Lower Franconia.
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
- Avenay, Calvados, France since 1990
- Amayé-sur-Orne, Calvados, France since 1990
- Maizet, Calvados, France since 1990
- Montigny, Calvados, France since 1990
- Préaux-Bocage, Calvados, France since 1990
- Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon, Calvados, France since 1990
- Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay, Calvados, France since 1990
- Vacognes-Neuilly, Calvados, France since 1990
- Trois-Monts, Calvados, France since 1996
All nine French communities mentioned above are part of a single partnership organized under the umbrella organization *I.C.L. Val Orne-Ajon*.
| 427 |
Johannesberg, Bavaria
| 1 |
10,051,326 |
# Johannesberg, Bavaria
## Arts and culture {#arts_and_culture}
The Baroque Catholic parish church of Saint John\'s Beheading (*Pfarrkirche Sankt Johannes\' Enthauptung*) stands on the hill above the village. Every year, the Catholic parish celebrates its patronage on 29 August, the day when the church commemorates the Passion of John the Baptist.
The *Mühlbergfest* is a yearly musical event which draws roughly 2,000 visitors. Past acts included bands as the `{{Interlanguage link multi|Bananafishbones (band)|lt=Bananafishbones|de|Bananafishbones|fr|Bananafishbones}}`{=mediawiki}, ABCD, the `{{Interlanguage link multi|Rodgau Monotones|de}}`{=mediawiki}, Pur, Cashma Hoody, Boppin'B or The Bones.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Alfons Goppel (1905--1991), German politician (CSU). From 1962 to 1978 he was Premier (*Ministerpräsident*) of Bavaria
| 107 |
Johannesberg, Bavaria
| 2 |
10,051,331 |
# Malaysia Federal Route 136
**Federal Route 136** (formerly Kedah state route K16 and Perak state route A16) is a federal road in Kedah and Perak state, Malaysia. The roads connects Kuala Ketil, Kedah in the north until Parit Buntar, Perak in the south. This road used to be 121.331 km long, but now it is only 84 km. The Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) Kedah cut some corners because it is very dangerous, The corners is located near the Sungai Ular bridge. Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 136 starts at Kuala Ketil, Kedah.
## Features
At most sections, the Federal Route 136 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h
| 121 |
Malaysia Federal Route 136
| 0 |
10,051,338 |
# Kleinkahl
**Kleinkahl** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany, and a member of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (municipal association) of Schöllkrippen. Kleinkahl has around 1,800 inhabitants.
## Geography
### Location
Kleinkahl lies in the region known as \"Bavarian Lower Main\" (*Bayerischer Untermain*) in the *Mittelgebirge* Spessart. The municipal territory is located at the northern border of the district of Aschaffenburg and at the border between Bavaria and Hesse. It lies in the Kahlgrund, the valley of the river Kahl, a tributary of the Main. At Kleinkahl, the Kleine Kahl flows into the Kahl.
### Subdivision
Kleinkahl has eight *Ortsteile*: Edelbach, Kahlmühle, Großkahl, Glashütte, Wesemichhof, Großlaudenbach, Kleinkahl and Kleinlaudenbach. The community has the following five *Gemarkungen* (traditional rural cadastral areas): Edelbach, Großkahl, Großlaudenbach, Kleinkahl, Kleinlaudenbach.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
Kleinkahl borders on (clockwise from the north): Biebergemünd (Hesse), the unincorporated areas `{{Interlanguage link multi|Wiesener Forst|de}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Interlanguage link multi|Schöllkrippener Forst|de}}`{=mediawiki}, Schöllkrippen and Westerngrund.
## History
Part of the current municipal area lay within the Archbishopric of Mainz and in 1803, it was secularized. The rest lay within Krombach over which the Counts of Schönborn held sway and passed with mediatization in 1806 to the Principality of Aschaffenburg, with which it passed in 1814 to the Kingdom of Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the *Gemeindeedikt* ("Municipal Edict") of 1818.
On 1 July 1972, the communities Kleinkahl, Großlaudenbach and Kleinlaudenbach were merged to form the new municipality Kleinkahl. On 1 January 1976, Edelbach became a part of Kleinkahl.
## Demographics
Within the municipal area, there were 1,608 inhabitants in 1970, 1,582 in 1987 and 1,842 in 2000.
| 284 |
Kleinkahl
| 0 |
10,051,338 |
# Kleinkahl
## Governance
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 13 council members, counting the part-time mayor.
Year CSU/Wählergemeinschaft Total
------ ------------------------ ----------
2002 13 13 seats
(as at municipal election held on 3 March 2008)
### Mayor
The mayor is Angelika Krebs (Wählergemeinschaft).
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: A pallet wavy per pallet wavy argent and azure, dexter gules a glass of the last, sinister a castle with three towers embattled gules.
The parted wavy pallet refers to the community\'s geographical location of the river Kahl, which runs through the community. Since municipal reform in 1970 the community has been made up of five constituent communities, Kleinkahl and Kleinlaudenbach on the Kahl\'s left bank, and Großkahl and Großlaudenbach on the Kahl\'s right bank. Edelbach lies somewhat farther away. The river, which rises some two or three kilometres upstream, was in the Middle Ages a political boundary. The glass on the dexter (armsbearer\'s right, viewer\'s left) side is a so-called *Spechter* and refers to the local glass production since the Middle Ages. The tinctures argent and gules (silver and red) are those of Electoral Mainz, to which the area belonged until 1803. The sinister (armsbearer\'s left, viewer\'s right) side shows the arms borne by the family Ulner of Dieburg, an aristocratic family known to have been in the municipal area from the 15th to the 17th century. The Ulner coat of arms was incorporated into the community\'s arms not only for this family\'s history here, but rather also to recall the Counts of Rieneck and Schönberg.
The arms have been borne since 18 October 1985.
## Economy
Municipal tax revenue in 1999 amounted to €674,000 (converted), of which €8,000 (net) was business taxes.
According to official statistics, there were 160 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses, and in trade and transport 0. In other areas, 27 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls are employed, and 667 such workers work from home. There are two processing businesses. Three businesses are in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 28 agricultural operations with a working area of 563 ha, of which 162 ha was cropland and 399 ha was meadowland.
## Education
As of 1999, Kleinkahl had a kindergarten with 75 places
| 387 |
Kleinkahl
| 1 |
10,051,350 |
# Krombach, Bavaria
**Krombach** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (Administrative Community) of Schöllkrippen.
## Geography
### Location
The community lies in the Bavarian Lower Main (*Bayerischer Untermain*). It has only one *Gemarkung* (traditional rural cadastral area), also called Krombach.
## History
The hegemony of the Counts of Schönborn was mediatized in 1806 at the behest of the Principality of Aschaffenburg, with which it passed in 1814 (by this time it had become a department of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) to Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the *Gemeindeedikt* ("Municipal Edict") of 1818. The hereditary court at Krombach was abolished in 1849.
## Population development {#population_development}
Within municipal limits, 1,501 inhabitants were counted in 1970, 1,772 in 1987, and 2,178 in 2000.
## Politics
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 15 council members, counting the part-time mayor.
------ ----- ----- -------- -----------
CSU SPD Greens **Total**
2002 11 3 1 15 seats
------ ----- ----- -------- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 3 March 2002)
### Mayors
The mayor is Peter Seitz, elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community's arms might be described thus: Gules a lion passant Or with a tail forked crowned azure, the base dancetty of three argent, the lion's gambes on the points of the partition, the chief barry of four of the first and second.
The official German blazon reads: *Unter dreimal von Rot und Gold geteiltem Schildhaupt in Rot über drei silberne Spitzen schreitend ein blau gekrönter goldener Löwe mit Doppelschweif*.
#### Armorial history {#armorial_history}
The community of Krombach was for the most part under the ownership of the Counts of Rieneck, and it was the seat of a court. The Counts died out in 1559 and the community's ownership passed to the Archbishopric of Mainz. In 1666, the court was acquired by the family of the Barons -- later Counts -- of Schönborn. The community became the hub of the Counts' holdings in the upper Kahl valley. The lion, drawn from the Counts' arms, recalls the time when they held sway. The barry (that is, horizontally striped) chief was taken from the arms borne by the earlier lords, the Counts of Rieneck. The tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) stem from the arms borne by Electoral Mainz, to which the community also once belonged.
The community has borne the arms since 8 June 1967
| 432 |
Krombach, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,051,352 |
# Laufach
**Laufach** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany. As of 2023, the population of Laufach was 5,308.
## Geography
### Location
The community lies in northwest Bavaria east of Aschaffenburg. Laufach lies in the heart of the Vorspessart (range) and stretches through its outlying centre of Hain into the High Spessart. The community\'s elevation ranges from 170 to 500 m above sea level, including the peaks of Steigkoppe to the north and Steinknückl to the south.
### Subdivisions
Laufach\'s *Ortsteile* are Frohnhofen (898 inhabitants), Hain (1,177 inhabitants) and Laufach (3,204 inhabitants).
## History
In 1084, Laufach, which was originally known as Laufahe, had its first documentary mention in an obituary from Saints Peter and Alexander collegiate church in Aschaffenburg. Laufach\'s name came from the stream on which it was built. Over the years, the community\'s name has changed many times, from Laufache in 1182, to Loifahe in 1191, to Loupha in 1348, to Lauffach around 1528 and 1624 before settling on Laufach in the early 19th century.
The Laufach valley was settled under the protection of the Counts of Rieneck, who already held the *Vogtei* (position of *Vogt*) from the Archbishopric of Mainz and the collegiate church in Aschaffenburg. On the Rieneck free court in 1380 -- where *Schöffen* (roughly "lay jurists") from Laufach were specifically mentioned -- settlers sat as free citizens.
In the mid-14th century, glassmakers were brought into service in the Spessart with special incentives. Since they had to leave the forest from Martinmas (11 November) until Easter, they sought winter dwellings in Hain and Laufach. Many of these workers settled here owing to family ties. Already by 1469, there was a mine near the \"Weyber\" palace (*Schloss Weyber*, *Weyberhöfe*). In *Unserer lieber Frauen Teil*, presumably part of the *Liebesgrund*, copper was mined. After the Thirty Years\' War, ores were mined and smelted.
In the mid-18th century, in the area of today\'s sporting ground, a hammer mill was built. The building of a railway in the years 1850 to 1854 had a very positive effect on the community\'s industrial development. With the railway station, an important transport link with Aschaffenburg and the whole Lower Main was created. In the course of time, the ironworks became an integrated industry in which both the mining and the processing were done, yielding a finished product.
Even trades and crafts were important to Laufach quite early on. From earlier craft businesses grew highly productive operations.
In 1866, shortly after the Austro-Prussian War broke out, the engagements near Frohnhofen between Prussia and troops of the German Confederation took place during the Campaign of the Main (*Mainfeldzug*).
In 1984, the community of Laufach celebrated 900 years of existence.
Frohnhofen and the outlying centre of Hain developed into purely residential areas in which most inhabitants earned their income in the industrial and commercial businesses in Laufach, Aschaffenburg and the surrounding area. Laufach\'s economy underwent a shift from agriculture to industry.
To further foster commercial-industrial growth, the Laufach-Ost commercial area was developed, covering an eight-hectare area between Laufach and Hain. Another such area was developed in 2001 on a four-hectare area between Laufach and Frohnhofen.
## Religion
There are a Catholic church and an Evangelical church in the core municipality. Until 1184 the people of the Laufach valley had to go to the Aschaffenburg Mother of God parish for church services, then from 1184 to 1250 to Bessenbach, and then from 1250 to 1810 to Sailauf.
On 28 November 1810, Laufach, together with Hain, was raised to a double parish. In 1812, a bigger church was built, which then stood on the Kirchberg until 1962. In 1964, on the same spot, a new church building was consecrated to Saint Thomas More.
In 1995, Saint Peter\'s Evangelical Church (*Petruskirche*) celebrated its 90th birthday.
| 639 |
Laufach
| 0 |
10,051,352 |
# Laufach
## Demographics
Before the Thirty Years\' War began in 1618, Laufach was a village with 76 *Unterthanen* (a word that usually means "subjects" in German, but in this case it means "men or families") -- all together 300 inhabitants. After the disastrous war, according to a description of properties from 1651, there were 12 men and 33 "hearth places" (houses). Through an energetic promotional effort by the Elector of Mainz, the depopulated Spessart was newly settled with soldiers, craftsmen and foreigners. The old family names had disappeared and new ones made their appearance. In 1668, Laufach had 72 households and 105 inhabitants.
Until Napoleonic times, Laufach belonged to Electoral Mainz. From 1803 to 1810 it belonged to the Principality of Aschaffenburg, then passing until 1813 to the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. Since 1814, Laufach has been on Bavarian soil. At that time, Laufach and Frohnhofen counted all together 115 houses with 161 households and 1,451 inhabitants. The inflow of those driven from their homelands by the Second World War brought the population up to 2,552 in 1950. In 1967 there were more than 3,000 inhabitants in Laufach, among them 56 foreigners. With municipal reform in 1978 and the attendant amalgamation of the community of Hain im Spessart, the population rose to 4,545 all told, 2,995 from Laufach, 687 from Frohnhofen and 863 from Hain. In mid-2001, 5,267 persons were living in Laufach, among them 580 foreigners from 42 different nations.
## Government
### Community council {#community_council}
The first mayor of the municipality of Laufach has been Friedrich Fleckenstein (independent) since May 1, 2014. In the local elections on March 15, 2020, he was re-elected with 91.49% of the vote. The predecessor was Valentin Weber (Free Voters).
------------- --------- ------------ --------- ------------
Party \% 2020 Seats 2020 \% 2008 Seats 2008
CSU 40.2 8 \- 9
SPD 35.7 7 \- 6
Free Voters 24.1 5 \- 5
100.0 20 \- 20
------------- --------- ------------ --------- ------------
Results of the municipal elections 2020.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Gules a sprig of three oakleaves Or, in base a sledge and a cross-peen hammer in saltire argent.
The oakleaves shown in the arms refer to Laufach\'s location in the Spessart, which is rich in oaks. The crossed tools in the base are symbolic of the old iron mines and ironworks.
The arms were conferred on 19 September 1969.
The former community of Hain once bore its own arms.
## Infrastructure
### Transport
Laufach can be reached via the *Bundesstraße* 26, by rail (Laufach station on the Aschaffenburg-Würzburg line, served by the Regionalbahn) and on the nearby A 3.
Laufach is located at one end of the Spessart Ramp of the Main-Spessart railway.
### Public institutions {#public_institutions}
- South of the church, on the Laufachbach (stream), stands the town hall, built in 1956 and last renovated in 2002, next to the new Laufach fire station.
- The other fire stations in Frohnhofen and Hain were renovated in 1992 and 1995 with the fire brigade\'s involvement. The three formerly independent fire stations in the community\'s three centres, under a reorganization, joined together on 1 July 2004 under the new name *Feuerwehr Gemeinde Laufach*.
- In 1994 the newly established *Kindergarten Hain* as well as the building yard in the Laufach-Ost commercial area came into service.
## Education
- A combined school housing both a primary school and a Hauptschule serves youth from all three constituent communities.
- After the community\'s oldest gymnasium was torn down, another one was built between Laufach and the outlying centre of Frohnhofen
| 601 |
Laufach
| 1 |
10,051,357 |
# Mainaschaff
**Mainaschaff** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany. It has a population of around 9,000 (2020).
## Geography
### Location
The community lies near the boundary with Hesse, to the west just outside Aschaffenburg. It is located on the Main's right bank, and on the small river Aschaff, which empties here into the Main. This confluence gave the community its name.
## History
In 1184, Mainaschaff had its first documentary mention as a holding in Pope Lucius III's privilege for the Kollegiatsstift at Aschaffenburg. In the early 12th century, the small village, which was made up mainly of farms, belonged to the *Stift* of St. Peter and Alexander in Aschaffenburg. The inhabitants, who made their living mostly by growing fruit and fishing, had to pay ongoing tribute to the *Stift*, and also perform compulsory labour for it.
Only in 1872 did Mainaschaff become a self-administering community.
## Governance
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 20 council members, not counting the mayor.
------ ----- ----- ----- ----- -----------
SPD CSU FWG AfD **Total**
2020 8 7 4 1 20 seats
2014 6 10 4 \- 20 seats
2008 8 9 3 \- 20 seats
2002 7 10 3 \- 20 seats
------ ----- ----- ----- ----- -----------
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community's arms might be described thus: A pall reversed wavy argent, dexter barry of six Or and gules, sinister gules a demi-wheel of the first divided palewise the rim towards sinister, the base azure.
The pall reversed (that is, upside-down Y-shape) symbolizes the forks of the rivers Main and Aschaff, which, in a way, also makes the arms canting, as the community's name is drawn from a fusion of these two rivers' names. The stripes on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side come from the arms formerly borne by the Counts of Rieneck, to whom parts of the community historically belonged. The halved wheel comes from the Electorate of Mainz's coat of arms, the community having belonged to this state until 1803. The tinctures azure (blue) in the escutcheon's base and argent (silver) in the pall reversed are Bavaria's colours, which have flown over Mainaschaff since 1816.
The arms were conferred on Mainaschaff on 28 August 1968.
## Arts and culture {#arts_and_culture}
### Theatre
Mainaschaff is home to the *Puppenschiff* marionette theatre.
Also found in the community is the *Maintalhalle* ("Main Valley Hall") in which cultural and sporting events take place. The hall is known for its musical productions by the Aschaffenburg district *Fachakademie für Sozialpädagogik* ("Professional Academy for Social Work") and the Edelweiß Mainaschaff singing club.
### Buildings
The *Kapellenberg*, a big hill formerly serving as a vineyard from the 14th century onwards, with a chapel and a statue of Mary, is said to have been a pilgrimage site for the last hundred years, and is still the destination of many processions. Public institutions (a playground and others) have also made it into a well known outing destination. On this hill is found the entrance to an old grotto that nevertheless was never open to the public until this century. Winegrowing began on the hill once again in 2005.
### Parks
The *Mainparksee*, a now 240 000 m² lake which came out of building work on the new Autobahn in the 1950s from a so-called *Baggersee* (a lake arising from an old quarry), offers a long-term camping ground and bathing. Since 2005, one of Germany's biggest sauna areas has been located on the lands at the Mainparksee. It has been open to the public as a recreation area.
## Infrastructure
### Transport
- Mainaschaff lies right on the Autobahn A 3 (Aschaffenburg West exit) and on *Bundesstraße* 8 between Kleinostheim and Aschaffenburg.
- For local and long-distance travel, the Aschaffenburg - Frankfurt railway line can be reached through the main railway station in Aschaffenburg. The local transport running on the Aschaffenburg - Darmstadt line sometimes stops in Mainaschaff. The station stands at the intersection of Milanstraße and Bahnhofstraße, and has a park-and-ride facility.
- The community is linked to the town and regional bus service of the *Verkehrsgesellschaft Untermain* ("Lower Main Transport Company"), and is served by route 14 (town bus) and route 51 (regional bus to Kahl-Hanau)
| 718 |
Mainaschaff
| 0 |
10,051,362 |
# Mespelbrunn
**Mespelbrunn** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (municipal association) of Mespelbrunn, whose seat is in Heimbuchenthal.
It is the site of Mespelbrunn Castle, one of the most famous landmarks of the Spessart region, and of the *Wallfahrtskirche Hessenthal*, for more than 700 years the destination of a Christian pilgrimage.
## Geography
### Location
The community lies in the Spessart hill range, a *Mittelgebirge*. Most of the houses are located in the valley of the Elsava, but the municipal territory extends into the wooded hills, especially to the east.
### Subdivision
The community was formed out of the former municipalities of Hessenthal and Mespelbrunn. Today, it has three *Ortsteile* (Hessenthal, Mespelbrunn and *Schloss Mespelbrunn*) on two *Gemarkungen* (cadastral areas), Hessenthal and Mespelbrunn.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
The neighbouring communities are (from the north, clockwise): Bessenbach, the unincorporated areas `{{Interlanguage link multi|Waldaschaffer Forst|de}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Interlanguage link multi|Rohrbrunner Forst|de}}`{=mediawiki}, Heimbuchenthal, Leidersbach and the unincorpoared area `{{Interlanguage link multi|Forst Hohe Wart|de}}`{=mediawiki}. The latter two are located in the neighbouring district of Miltenberg.
## History
The foundation of the villages Hessenthal and Neudorf (after 1939: Mespelbrunn) was the result of settlement activities in the Spessart by the Archbishops of Mainz and the Counts of Rieneck, respectively. Between the two villages ran the territorial border between these lords.
The pilgrimage to Hessenthal (see church below) goes back at least to 1293. It was established by Mainz as a response to the Rienecks\' foundation of *Kloster Himmelthal*. In the Middle Ages, the Elsava valley and Hessenthal were located on the juncture of two important long distance trade routes, the *Via Publica* through the Spessart to the Main crossing at Lengfurt (today a part of Triefenstein) and the early-medieval *Salzweg* from Worms.
The west-east route from Aschaffenburg to Würzburg gained in importance in the 18th century, resulting in the establishment by Mainz of a fortified road through the Spessart and an overland mail station at Hessenthal around 1800. It prospered until a new route from Lohr to Aschaffenburg via Hain (now part of Laufach) was established. In 1854, the Ludwig Western Railway was built, shifting transit traffic to the railway.
The inn that served as mail station (*Zur Post*) was visited in 1826 by Wilhelm Hauff and is one of several possible inspirations for the inn in his novella *Das Wirtshaus im Spessart*, later to become a successful film (*The Spessart Inn*).
## Government
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 14 council members, not counting the mayor.
------ ----- ----- ----------------- -----------
CSU SPD Freie Bürger 84 **Total**
2002 8 2 4 14 seats
------ ----- ----- ----------------- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 3 March 2008)
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community's arms might be described thus: Gules the castle portal of Mespelbrunn argent surmounted above the lintel by an inescutcheon azure a bend of the second surmounted by three annulets of the third, from base issuant into the gateway arch a hazel twig growing palewise with two leaves and one nut of the second.
The arms were conferred in 1986 and show the castle entrance of the family Echter with their family coat of arms in the inescutcheon. The hazel twig stands for Hessenthal, whose name was once *Haseltal* (\"Hazeldale\"). The tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) are taken from the arms borne by the Electorate of Mainz.
## Attractions
### *Schloss Mespelbrunn* {#schloss_mespelbrunn}
Mespelbrunn earns its livelihood above all from tourism, and is known for Mespelbrunn Castle (*Wasserschloss Mespelbrunn*), expanded beginning in 1551 by the Echter family. In Mespelbrunn and at the moated castle, several scenes of the 1950s German classic film *The Spessart Inn* were shot.
### *Wallfahrtskirche Hessenthal* {#wallfahrtskirche_hessenthal}
A further point of interest is the three-naved *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Wallfahrtskirche Hessenthal|de}}`{=mediawiki}*, a pilgrimage church, in the *Ortsteil* of Hessenthal featuring:
- a Gothic pilgrimage chapel (the Echter family\'s burial place with a Renaissance tomb for Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn's parents and siblings)
- a Divine Grace Chapel with a late Gothic Pietà as an image of divine grace
- a Crucifixion Group by Hans Backoffen and a *Lamentation of Christ* attributed to Tilman Riemenschneider in a wing by `{{Interlanguage link multi|Hans Schädel|de}}`{=mediawiki} from the 1950s.
### *Herrnbildkapelle*
The chapel, which was where the pietà was originally kept, is located around 1 kilometer northwest of the *Wallfahrtskirche* close to an intersection of two ancient roads: the *Salzweg* from Worms and the Via Publica from Brussels to Prague (the local stretch connected Aschaffenburg to Würzburg). The current structure dates from 1670 and has been largely unchanged since then.
| 779 |
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| 0 |
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# Mespelbrunn
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn (1545--1617), Prince-Bishop of Würzburg and Duke of Franconia
| 19 |
Mespelbrunn
| 1 |
10,051,367 |
# IROC XXVII
**IROC XXVII** was the 27th season of the **Crown Royal International Race of Champions**, which began on Friday, February 14, 2003 at Daytona International Speedway. The roster included 12 drivers from five separate racing leagues. Mark Martin won the first race to tie an IROC record 11 career wins, tying him with Al Unser Jr. and Dale Earnhardt. Rookie Kurt Busch won in only his second start in race 2 after finishing second at Daytona. At Chicagoland, Mike Bliss became the first driver representing the Craftsman Truck Series to win a race in IROC competition. Jimmie Johnson won the final race of the year for his first career IROC victory. Kurt Busch clinched the title with his fourth-place showing in the race, as Mark Martin and Mike Bliss, his closest competitors, finished fifth and tenth, respectively.
The roster of drivers and final points standings were as follows:
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| **Position** | **Driver** | **Points** | **Series** |
+==============+======================================================+============+===============================+
| 1 | Kurt Busch | 69 | NASCAR Winston Cup |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 2 | Mark Martin | 58 | NASCAR Winston Cup |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 3 | Jimmie Johnson | 56 | NASCAR Winston Cup |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 4 | Mike Bliss | 54 | NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 5 | Kevin Harvick | 48 | NASCAR Winston Cup |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 6 | Ryan Newman | 48 | NASCAR Winston Cup |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 7 | Greg Biffle | 41 | NASCAR Busch Series |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 8 | Sam Hornish Jr. | 30 | Indy Racing League |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 9 | Danny Lasoski | 27 | World of Outlaws |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 10 | Felipe Giaffone\ | 24 | Indy Racing League |
| | `{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Scott Sharp | | |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 11 | Steve Kinser | 24 | World of Outlaws |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
| 12 | Hélio Castroneves | 23 | Indy Racing League |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------+-------------------------------+
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Race One (Daytona International Speedway) {#race_one_daytona_international_speedway}
1. Mark Martin
2. Kurt Busch
3. Danny Lasoski
4. Jimmie Johnson
5. Greg Biffle
6. Steve Kinser
7. Kevin Harvick
8. Sam Hornish Jr.
9. Mike Bliss
10. Felipe Giaffone
11. Hélio Castroneves
12. Ryan Newman
## Race Two (Talladega Superspeedway) {#race_two_talladega_superspeedway}
1. Kurt Busch
2. Mike Bliss
3. Greg Biffle
4. Sam Hornish Jr.
5. Mark Martin
6. Kevin Harvick
7. Ryan Newman
8. Jimmie Johnson
9. Steve Kinser
10. Danny Lasoski
11. Felipe Giaffone
12. Hélio Castroneves
## Race Three (Chicagoland Speedway) {#race_three_chicagoland_speedway}
1. Mike Bliss
2. Ryan Newman
3. Kurt Busch
4. Kevin Harvick
5. Mark Martin
6. Jimmie Johnson
7. Sam Hornish Jr.
8. Scott Sharp
9. Danny Lasoski
10. Hélio Castroneves
11. Steve Kinser
## Race Four (Indianapolis Motor Speedway) {#race_four_indianapolis_motor_speedway}
1. Jimmie Johnson
2. Kevin Harvick
3. Ryan Newman
4. Kurt Busch
5. Mark Martin
6. Steve Kinser
7. Greg Biffle
8. Hélio Castroneves
9. Steve Kinser
10. Mike Bliss
11. Sam Hornish Jr.
12
| 498 |
IROC XXVII
| 0 |
10,051,391 |
# Rothenbuch
**Rothenbuch** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany. It has a population of around 1,700.
## Geography
### Location
Rothenbuch lies in the region *Bayerischer Untermain* (Bavarian Lower Main), in Germany\'s largest consecutive broadleaf woodland, the Spessart. Rothenbuch is located between the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region, centred on Frankfurt, and the Würzburg region. The nearest international airport is Frankfurt Airport and the nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Aschaffenburg.
## History
In 1318, Rothenbuch had its first documentary mention in the words *zuo den Rodenboychen* when the Archbishop of Mainz, Peter of Aspelt and the Bishop of Würzburg, Gottfried III of Hohenlohe, concluded an agreement here dealing with cooperation on security questions.
In 1342, building work began on what was initially likely a hunting lodge at the source of the Hafenlohr. In the German Peasants\' War in 1525, this *Schloss* (castle) in Rothenbuch was heavily damaged or destroyed. In 1566, it was not only rebuilt but also expanded on Elector of Mainz Daniel Brendel von Homburg's orders.
A first drawing of Rothenbuch is to be found on the oldest extant map of the Spessart, the so-called *Pfinzigkarte* from 1594.
Rothenbuch achieved its greatest political importance when the *Amtskellerei Rothenbuch*, a financial and administrative authority for 14 places in the High Spessart, was established. In 1782, Rothenbuch was declared the seat of the *Amtsvogtei*.
The Electoral Mainz *Amt* passed along with this under the 1803 *Reichsdeputationshauptschluss* to the newly formed Principality of Aschaffenburg, with which it passed in 1814 (by this time it had become a department of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) to the Kingdom of Bavaria.
On 3 June 1814, Rothenbuch became the seat of a Royal Bavarian Court. In 1879, the Court was dissolved and Rothenbuch was incorporated into the *Bezirksamt* and later District (*Landkreis*) of Lohr. In 1972, this district was abolished and Rothenbuch was grouped into the current Aschaffenburg district. From 1977 to 1993, Rothenbuch, along with Waldaschaff and Weibersbrunn, formed a *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (municipal association). On 1 January 1994, Rothenbuch regained its municipal autonomy.
## Demographics
Within the municipal area, 993 inhabitants were counted in 1900, 1,476 in 1950 and 1,975 in 2007.
## Economy
Municipal tax revenue in 2007 amounted to €1,000,000, of which business taxes (net) made up €155,000. The community\'s per capita debt amounted to 0.
### Agriculture and forestry {#agriculture_and_forestry}
According to official statistics, there were 47 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in agriculture and forestry in 1998. In producing businesses this was 118, and in trade and transport 25. In other areas, 48 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 665 such workers worked from home. There was one processing business. Five businesses were in construction (2 in the industry itself and 3 others in related fields), and furthermore, there are 2 agricultural operations with a meadowland area of 157 ha.
The statistics for 2003 show that there were 543 workers commuting to jobs elsewhere, whereas 111 commuted to jobs in the community.
## Governance
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 13 council members, counting the full-time mayor.
------ ----- ----- -------------- -----------
SPD CSU Freie Bürger **Total**
2008 7 3 3 13 seats
------ ----- ----- -------------- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008)
Elections in March 2014:
- SPD: 7
- CSU: 3
- Free voters: 3
### Mayor
Since 2020, the mayor has been Markus Fäth (SPD).
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Party per fess, Or dexter a beech eradicated and sinister a stag\'s attires gules, gules a wheel spoked of six argent.
The Wheel of Mainz refers to the slightly less than 500 years in which Rothenbuch belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz. The beechtree and the hart\'s antlers symbolize the forest and the hunt respectively.
## Arts and culture {#arts_and_culture}
### *Schloss Rothenbuch* {#schloss_rothenbuch}
The castle had its first mention in an extant document from 3 July 1318. Found today on the site is a former hunting castle that was built to Daniel Brendel von Homburg\'s plans in 1567. The four-winged complex features a rectangular inner courtyard with a polygonal stair tower in the north wing. That the castle formerly had a moat can be clearly seen in the two access bridges. At the castle rises the Hafenlohr, which once filled the moat and also the nearby ponds that teemed with fish. The castle served as a central administrative seat in the Spessart and was for more than two centuries the lawcourt for 14 surrounding communities. Since 1994, the building has been used as a hotel. Since 2017 the castle no longer a hotel, but is used by the French company Châteauform\' as an event venue for business meetings, corporate retreats and conferences.
### Other attractions {#other_attractions}
- European cultural hiking path
- *Heimatmuseum Altes Bauernhaus* (local history museum)
- Rothenbuch forest contains some of Germany\'s oldest stands of oak can be found.
| 841 |
Rothenbuch
| 0 |
10,051,391 |
# Rothenbuch
## Arts and culture {#arts_and_culture}
### Events
The \"Historic Christmas Market\" is held on the first weekend in Advent, with more than 15,000 visitors.
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| 1 |
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# Rothenbuch
## Infrastructure
### Transport
Rothenbuch lies 7 km from Autobahn A 3 (Weibersbrunn interchange). *Bundesstraße* 26 from Aschaffenburg to Würzburg runs by 3 km from the community. Rothenbuch is served by buses from Aschaffenburg and Lohr.
## Education
In 1999, the following institutions were in the community:
- Kindergartens: 75 places with 61 children
- Primary schools: 1 with 5 teachers and 96 pupils
## Other
### Awards
- 2005 district winner in the contest *Unser Dorf soll schöner werden - Unser Dorf hat Zukunft* ("Our Village Should Become Lovelier -- Our Village Has a Future")
- 2006 2nd place in Lower Franconia contest *Unser Dorf soll schöner werden*
- 2006 district winner in the contest *Lebendiges Grün in Stadt und Land* ("Living Green in Town and Country")
- 2006 "Nicest Christmas Market in the Bavarian Lower Main" (according to the *Stadtzeitung* Aschaffenburg newspaper)
- 2008 district winner in the contest *Unser Dorf soll schöner werden - Unser Dorf hat Zukunft*
## Sons and daughters of the community {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_community}
- Carl Brand (1893-1945), doctor and victim of the Nazis. In Rothenbuch a road was named after him in 1980, in Lohr in 2008
| 195 |
Rothenbuch
| 2 |
10,051,397 |
# Sailauf
**Sailauf** is a municipality in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany. It has a population of around 3,600.
## Geography
### Location
The community lies in the area of the Spessart (range) known as *Vorspessart* near Aschaffenburg. It is located on the Sailaufbach, a tributary of the Laufach.
### Subdivisions
Sailauf has two *Ortsteile*:
- (population 2013: 788)
- Sailauf (2,861)
In addition the hamlet `{{Interlanguage link multi|Weiberhof|de}}`{=mediawiki} is part of Sailauf. It consists of an industrial area near the Bundesautobahn 3 and the *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Schloss Weyberhöfe|de}}`{=mediawiki}*. Moreover, the municipal territory includes 19 small exclaves to the northeast (see map) surrounded by the Sailaufer Forst.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
Sailauf borders on (from the north, clockwise): Blankenbach, Sommerkahl, the unincorporated area `{{Interlanguage link multi|Sailaufer Forst|de}}`{=mediawiki}, Laufach, Bessenbach and Hösbach.
## History
Sailauf is among the *Vorspessart\'s* oldest settlements. As early as 1089, the original parish church in the upper Aschaff valley stood here.
In 1189, the lordly estate of *Sigilovf(e)*, meaning \"glistening brook\", and out of whose name arose the placename Sailauf, had its first documentary mention. The first known inhabitant of Sailauf is Gerhardus de Sigeloufe, who is mentioned as a witness in court in 1229. The name \"de Sigeloufe\" means \"of Sailauf\" and is therefore also the oldest and perhaps first surname in Sailauf. In the 13th century, Sailauf was for a short time ruled by the Counts of Rieneck, who built the castle *Landesere* on the nearby `{{Interlanguage link multi|Gräfenberg (Spessart)|de|3=Gräfenberg (Spessart)|lt=Gräfenberg}}`{=mediawiki}. In 1265, the Archbishop of Mainz, `{{Interlanguage link multi|Werner von Eppstein|de}}`{=mediawiki} built the hunting lodge *castrum vivarium*, which was later renamed *Weyberhof*. When the Plague raged in Europe in 1349, the *Vorspessart* was all but emptied of people. Newcomers later came to Sailauf from the Steigerwald. In 1552, *Schloss Weyberhof* was destroyed.
In the Thirty Years\' War (1618--1648), Sailauf was almost completely destroyed. In 1789, Saint Vitus\'s Church (*Sankt-Vitus-Kirche*) was built above Sailauf, believed to be the fourth church built on this spot. In 1803, lordship of Mainz over the *Vorspessart* came to an end and in 1814, Aschaffenburg and its surrounding area passed to the Kingdom of Bavaria.
In 1972, the outlying community of Eichenberg was merged with Sailauf.
## Governance
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 17 council members, counting the mayor.
------ ----- ----- ------------------------------------- -----------
CSU SPD Freie Wählergemeinschaft Eichenberg **Total**
2008 6 7 4 17 seats
------ ----- ----- ------------------------------------- -----------
(as at 6 March 2008)
### Mayor
The mayor of Sailauf is Michael Dümig (SPD).
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Argent a bend sinister gules surmounted by a wheel spoked of six of the first, in chief dexter a bend sinister wavy azure, in base sinister an oak sprig with a leaf in bend sinister and an acorn in bend vert.
The German blazon specifies a silver wheel (*belegt mit einem sechsspeichigen silbernen Rad*), although the example shown here has a golden wheel. This wheel -- the Wheel of Mainz -- and the bend sinister -- the slanted stripe, so called because at the top it begins on the sinister (armsbearer\'s left, viewer\'s right) side -- stand for the community\'s history, lasting from the 13th century until 1803, as an Electoral Mainz holding; the tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) were Mainz\'s colours. The blue wavy bend sinister stands for the community\'s location at the forks of the Sailauf and the Steinbach, two local brooks. The green oak twig with the acorn refers to the Spessart range, which is thickly wooded with oaks, and in which the community lies.
The arms were conferred on 21 March 1969.
## Culture and arts {#culture_and_arts}
Sailauf features the yearly *Sailaufer Knoblauchfest* (\"Sailauf Garlic Festival\") and the *Tsukahara-Festival*.
| 637 |
Sailauf
| 0 |
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# Sailauf
## Infrastructure
### Transport
Sailauf has an interchange to the *Bundesautobahn 3*.
## Education
Among social institutions there are a kindergarten and a primary school. The community is a member of the association of municipal music schools
| 39 |
Sailauf
| 1 |
10,051,404 |
# Sommerkahl
**Sommerkahl** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (municipal association) of Schöllkrippen. It has a population of around 1,300 (2020).
## Geography
Sommerkahl is located in the *Mittelgebirge* Spessart, in the valley known as *Kahlgrund*, northeast of Aschaffenburg and not far from the border between the states of Bavaria and Hesse.
### Subdivisions
The community's *Ortsteile* are Sommerkahl and Vormwald.
## History
Sommerkahl was first mentioned in 1184. The oldest part of the settlement is Untersommerkahl, around the Böhmerhof. Obersommerkahl and Vormwald followed in late medieval times.
In 1542, the Archbishop of Mainz, Albrecht granted a permit to mine ore in Sommerkahl. *Kupferschiefer* was mined for copper. The first period of mining here ended during the Thirty Years\' War.
It was resumed in the second half of the 17th century. 42 out of a total 50 claims active at the time in the Spessart region were located in the upper Kahl valley, 11 of them in Sommerkahl.
From the late 19th century, the *Grube Wilhelmine* was active with copper being mined in several tunnels. Today, access is limited to a depth of around 23 meters, but when active, mining took place at up to 40 meters. Further mining took place at 60 meters and at least one pit reached 80 meters. These tunnels are now flooded. Boosted temporarily by a dearth of commodities during World War I, mining here ceased in 1922.
## Governance
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 13 council members, counting the part-time mayor.
------ ----- ----- ----- -----------
CSU SPD FWG **Total**
2002 6 4 3 13 seats
------ ----- ----- ----- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 3 March 2002)
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community's code of arms might be described in the following way: Gules a fess wavy at the nombril point above which a hammer and pick in saltire reversed argent, in base an oakleaf in fess Or, the stem towards dexter.
The two tools, the hammer and pick, stand for the miners who worked at copper and iron mining, industries confirmed as having existed in the municipal area by 1542. The mining works, however, were shut down in 1922, and the shutdown is symbolized by the tools being upside down ("reversed"; this charge, quite common in German mining towns' arms, is usually shown with the tools' heads uppermost). The wavy fess (horizontal stripe) stands for the community's location on the river Kahl. The oakleaf refers to the Spessart, which is thickly wooded with oaks. Sommerkahl was an Electoral Mainz holding from 982 to 1803; the tinctures gules and argent (red and silver) were Mainz's colours.
The arms were conferred on 7 February 1972.
## Attractions
- Catholic parish church
- Town hall
- *Grube Wilhelmine*, a former coppermine. The mine may be visited upon notification.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- (1948-2014), a champion hillclimber
- Heiko Westermann (b
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# Stockstadt am Main
**Stockstadt am Main** (officially: **`{{proper name|Stockstadt a.Main}}`{=mediawiki}**) is a market community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany.
The settlement was established by the Romans who built a fort here in the 1st century AD. Stockstadt has a population of around 8,000 (2020).
## Geography
### Location
Stockstadt am Main lies on Aschaffenburg's western town limit on the Main's left bank. To Stockstadt's west and northwest runs the boundary with Hesse, and southwest of Stockstadt lies the Bachgau.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
To the south is the community of Großostheim, and to the southwest, beyond the state boundary, in Hesse, lies Babenhausen; northwest lie Mainhausen and Seligenstadt.
The nearest neighbouring communities are Kleinostheim to the north and Mainaschaff to the east.
left\|thumb\|upright=0.96\|Stockstadt am Main
## History
The Romans built a castrum at Stockstadt, as part of the Limes Germanicus. In the 1st century AD a small earthen fortification was erected. Around the year 100 it was replaced by a full cohort fort further to the southeast. This castrum had a size of 3.2 ha. Over time, it was occupied by the cohorts *III Aquitanorum*, *II Hispanorum* and *I Aquitanorum*. Stockstadt was also the site of a \":de:Benefiziarer station\" (i.e. a road house).
After the withdrawal of the Romans from the area, the regional population declined. Burgundians and Alemanni moved through the lower Main region, but it was only under the Franks (after 500 AD) that the population density again rose noticeably. Their settlements often did not simply grow out of the formerly Roman cores but included separate newly established sites.
At Stockstadt, a Frankish graveyard was discovered to the northwest of the Roman structures. The Frankish settlement was likely located nearby, on the right bank of the Gersprenz, north of the former Roman structures. The initial parish church and graveyard were located not in this area but around 700 meters to the southeast, at the location of the former castrum. It is likely that a separate settlement was still in existence then at this site and it may even have been more important than the other site. The parish church was dedicated to the saints Marcellinus and Peter, the patrons of Seligenstadt Abbey, to which Stockstadt temporarily belonged. It is unclear, whether this settlement was later abandoned or moved to the northwest. Later during the Middle Ages, the settlement between Gersprenz and Main was fortified by a wall with towers and moat. The church initially remained at the southeasterly location, however. At the site of the current church, the *Leonhardskirche*, remains of an earlier structure only date from the Gothic period.
Stockstadt am Main had its first documentary mention as early as the 9th century, if only through some townsmen who were obliged to pay taxes. These are listed as living in *Stocestat*, as the community was known then.
Eventually the community itself was named in writing for the first time in 1024. *Stoddenstat* was donated to Fulda Abbey by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. This lasted until 1309, when Stockstadt was given to the Archbishopric of Mainz.
In the Middle Ages the surrounding forests belonged to the Dreieich Royal Hunting Forest (*Wildbann Dreieich*), which also had one of its 30 *Wildhuben* (farming estates whose owners were charged with guarding the king\'s hunting rights) in Stockstadt.
## Governance
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 21 council members, counting the full-time mayor.
------ ------------- ------------- -------------------------- -----------
CSU SPD Freie Wählergemeinschaft **Total**
2002 7 10+1(mayor) 3 21 seats
2008 10+1(mayor) 7 3 21 seats
------ ------------- ------------- -------------------------- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008)
Elections in 2014: `{{Circular reference|date=May 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
- CSU: 9
- SPD: 8
- Free voters: 4
- Total: 21 (with mayor)
### Town partnerships {#town_partnerships}
- Saint-André-sur-Orne, Calvados, France
- Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay, Calvados, France
- May-sur-Orne, Calvados, France
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Azure a fess wavy abased argent above which a legionnaire\'s helmet of the second crested gules in profile.
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# Stockstadt am Main
## Attractions
- The *Zollhaus* (\"Customs House\") on Hauptstraße long served the Elector-Archbishop of Mainz Albrecht von Brandenburg. It was built between 1514 and 1545. However, the site likely was the location of an older water castle.
- The *Leonharduskirche* (Saint Leonard\'s Church) is likewise found in the old centre of Stockstadt and dates back to the year 1773. The foundation of the tower is older, built in Gothic style.
- The *St. Anna-Kapelle* originally stood on the corner of Hauptstraße and Alter Stadtweg. It was demolished in January 1925 as a result of a decision by the community council. In 2007, the chapel was rebuilt on the historical model at another site to the west beyond *Bundesstraße* 469 towards Auhof, and dedicated on 6 April 2008
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# Waldaschaff
**Waldaschaff** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany.
## Geography
### Location
The community lies at the threshold of the High Spessart (range), roughly 15 km from Aschaffenburg and roughly 65 km from Frankfurt am Main. Like many villages in this part of the country, Waldaschaff is a linear settlement, following a road. Around the village are found the woodlands of the Spessart Nature Park (*Naturpark Spessart*) and 2km to the north west, the Steinknückl peak.
left\|thumb\|upright=0.7\|Fachwerkhaus in Waldaschaff
## History
### Recent history {#recent_history}
The community\'s upswing and development into modernity are closely linked with mayor Herbert Brehm\'s name. Important projects during his mayoralty were things such as opening up building development areas like Breite Wiese, dredging the Aschaff for flood control, and laying down requirements for further development at the YMOS metalworks which were then being operated in the community, employing more than a thousand workers. Further businesses such as the drinks industry and tourism managed to blossom. Substantial infrastructure projects in waterworks and sewage and transport links were undertaken and successfully completed. The sport centre and the gymnasium came into being and were put into a developmental context with the Ebets building development area. In the zoning plan that was put forth, Brehm introduced the ideas for the Ebets building development area and the Heerbach commercial area, thereby laying decisive guidelines down, until his very early death, for the village\'s future development. Today, the community administration\'s eyes have been cast upon renewing the village\'s core. To this end, a consortium was formed. In 2006, the Ebets-Rodwiesen building development area had been fully opened up.
## Economy
### Established businesses {#established_businesses}
The best known businesses in Waldaschaff are Waldaschaff Automotive GmbH, previously known as WAGON Automotive, a car supplier, and Bayerisches Münzkontor, a mail order business specializing in collectibles. Also, many smaller companies have settled here owing to its favourable location.
## Government
### Community council {#community_council}
The council is made up of 16 council members.
-------------------------------------------------- ----- -----------
CSU SPD **Total**
9 7 16 seats
(as at municipal election held on 15 March 2020)
-------------------------------------------------- ----- -----------
Elections in 2020:
- CSU: 9 seats
- SPD: 7 seats
### Mayors
- 1966--1984: Herbert Brehm (SPD)
- 1984--2003: Peter Winter (CSU)
- since 2003: Marcus Grimm (CSU)
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
- Clonakilty, County Cork, Ireland
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Gules a bend wavy argent surmounted by an oakleaf in bend vert, the stem to base, in chief a wheel of the second spoked of six, in base a cogwheel of the second.
The six-spoked silver wheel in red -- the Wheel of Mainz -- was the arms borne by the Archbishopric of Mainz, to which the community historically belonged until 1803. The wavy bend (slanted stripe) and the oakleaf stand for the community\'s location on the Aschaff in the Spessart forest, which has a wealth of oaktrees. Both the river and the forest (*Wald* in German) are parts of the community\'s name. The cogwheel symbolizes the industry that has sprung up in modern times, making it an important industrial location.
The arms have been borne since 21 August 1968.
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# Waldaschaff
## Infrastructure
### Emergency services {#emergency_services}
The Waldaschaff fire brigade was founded in 1873 as a volunteer firefighting service. Until the 1950s, the Waldaschaff fire brigade\'s main task was fighting fires, until technical assistance, for instance on the Autobahn, came to the fore. Along with this came changes to the fire brigade\'s fleet, so that the Waldaschaff fire brigade now keeps 11 vehicles and three trailers, two of which are traffic safety trailers. The fleet also features various special vehicles like a turntable ladder and a lighting mast van.
The fire brigade\'s service area comprises the Autobahn (BAB 3) as far as Marktheidenfeld on the way to Würzburg, and in the other direction to the boundary with Hesse. Furthermore, the fire brigade is also tied into various emergency alert plans of the other district emergency services. It also claims a high figure of 200 to 300 operations each year, two thirds of which are "performances of technical assistance", and the rest are shared between firefighting and guarding duties.
At the turn of the millennium, the Waldaschaff fire brigade founded the "First-Responder" (so-called even in German) group (FR). The FR group\'s job is, with qualified aid workers, to bridge the gap between the onset of an emergency and the arrival of the first emergency service vehicle. Its service area is the Waldaschaff area, although in exceptional circumstances it may be driven outside the area.
### Transport
In the 2000s the community became known for a citizens' initiative to move the Autobahn A 3 further away from the village. Waldaschaff lies right on this Autobahn and experienced -- according to the citizens' initiative -- a great deal of harm from noise and exhaust, not least of all from the *Kauppenbrücke*, a long highway bridge over the community -- one of the longest on this stretch of the Autobahn. The highway has now been relocated to the south and the old *Kauppenbrücke* was torn down
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# Weibersbrunn
**Weibersbrunn** is a community with a population of close to 2,000 in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany.
## Etymology
The name \"Weiberbrunn\" is derived from the Weibersbach, a contributory of the Hafenlohr. It rises at the western end of the village. The Middle High German *Brunn* refers to a well or spring. *Weibers* probably derives from the proper name \"Wibert\".
## Geography
### Location
The community lies in the Spessart range of hills. It is located in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*). Topographically, the town is located at an elevation of around 350 m in the valley of the Weibersbach, which is a side valley of the *Hafenlohrtal*.
### Subdivision
Weiberbrunn has three *Ortsteile*: Weibersbrunn, Echterspfahl (2.5 km southwest of the town) and Rohrbrunn (4 km southeast of Weibersbrunn).
The community has only the following *Gemarkung* (traditional rural cadastral area): Weibersbrunn.
The municipal territory is not continuous: Both Echterspfahl and Rohrbrunn are separated from Weibersbrunn itself by stretches of forest that are part of the *gemeindefreie Gebiete* (see below).
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
Weibersbrunn borders on (from the north, clockwise): `{{Interlanguage link multi|Rothenbucher Forst|de}}`{=mediawiki}, Rothenbuch, `{{Interlanguage link multi|Rohrbrunner Forst|de}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Interlanguage link multi|Waldaschaffer Forst|de}}`{=mediawiki}. Except for Rothenbuch, these are all *gemeindefreie Gebiete* mostly covered by forest.
## History
Originally, Weibersbrunn was just a roadhouse on the *Eselsweg* (donkey trail), a long-distance trade route through the Spessart. In 1706, the *Weibersbrunner Glashütte* was founded as a subsidiary of the Electoral Mainz *Spiegelglasmanufaktur* (mirror manufacturing) at Lohr. For over 150 years, high-quality glass (window panes, goblets) was produced here. The highly valued semicircular crown glass sheets -- called *Mondglas* or \"Moon Glass\" -- used for window panes, was delivered to Aschaffenburg. Other products went to Lohr. *Mondglas* made Weibersbrunn internationally known. After Guillaume Brument, the French master glass maker died in 1759, local knowledge of the necessary techniques faded and the quality of the *Mondglas* declined. In addition, in the period of industrialization, local glass production became uncompetitive due to a lack of railway transport. Before the motorway was built, Weibersbrunn was connected to the outside world primarily by the *Poststrasse* (postal road) Aschaffenburg-Würzburg, either at Echterspfahl or at Hessenthal (Mespelbrunn).
The village grew around the glass works, with craftsmen supplying intermediate products and services to the works. Although glass production started to incur losses, these were covered by the *Hochstift* Mainz until its end in 1803. In 1805, the works were auctioned off and after that run by various entrepreneurs, but without much success.
The Electoral Mainz area in the *Hochspessart* (High Spessart) was merged into the Principality of Aschaffenburg in 1803 and in 1810 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, shortly thereafter, however, passing between 1814 and 1816 to the Kingdom of Bavaria by way of Austria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the *Gemeindeedikt* (\"Municipal Edict\") of 1818.
In 1861, the glass works closed following a long period of stagnation. This brought on a period of destitution for the local population that only ended with the building of the motorway around 100 years later. During that time, locals had to earn a living as itinerant labourers in the large cities or in strenuous forestry work as the local soil was ill-suited for successful agriculture.
Virtually no signs of glass production remain today, the works were replaced by the new parish church in 1862 (consecrated in 1864). Glass products made at Weibersbrunn can today be viewed in the *Spessartmuseum* at Lohr and in a small *Heimatmuseum* in the village.
On 1 July 1862, the *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Bezirksamt Aschaffenburg|de}}`{=mediawiki}* was established and its territory included Weibersbrunn. In 1939, Germany introduced *Landkreise* (districts) and Weibersbrunn now was one of 33 communities in the old *Landkreis Aschaffenburg*. In the course of *Gebietsreform*, this was merged with *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Landkreis Alzenau in Unterfranken|de}}`{=mediawiki}* to form the current *Landkreis Aschaffenburg* (Aschaffenburg district).
The *Autobahn* (motorway) through the Spessart was built in 1955-60. This allowed locals to commute to the Rhine-Main region and brought in tourists. Hotels were opened and the motorway restaurants and gas stations at Rohrbrunn brought tax income to the municipality.
In 1966, the parish church *St. Johannes Nepomuk* was enlarged.
From 1977 to 1993, Weibersbrunn was part of a *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (administrative community) with Waldaschaff and Rothenbuch.
In 2006, the community marked its 300th anniversary with a great festival.
### Rohrbrunn
This settlement, located at an elevation of around 465 m, is today made up of the service buildings on both sides of the motorway, a former *Forstamt* and the *Jagdschloss Luitpoldhöhe*.
In 1686, Melchior Urzuber, a hunter for the Archbishop of Mainz opened an inn here. It later became a posting house of the *Kaiserliche Reichspost* (Imperial Mail). The last member of the Urzuber family left in 1790, and their successor replaced the wooden structure with a stone building. In 1820, the *Postdirektion Frankfurt* of the Thurn-und-Taxis Post dissolved the station, but it remained an inn. From 1920, it was run by a new tenant under the name *Wirtshaus im Spessart*, probably inspired by Wilhelm Hauff\'s story (which also was the basis of a 1958 film. The inn was demolished during the construction of the *Autobahn* in 1959. It remains unclear, though, whether Hauff himself was modelling the inn in his story on the Rohrbrunn place or on a similar location in Hessenthal.
Also at Rohrbrunn is the *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Jagdschloss Luitpoldhöhe|de}}`{=mediawiki}* which was built in 1889 and served as Prince Regent Luitpold\'s hunting lodge. He visited Weibersbrunn when hunting boars and deer between 1887 and 1911. From 1920-96, the castle was used as living quarters for the forest service. Today, it is private property.
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# Weibersbrunn
## History
### Echterspfahl
This is named after a wooden stake with three metal rings. Historically, the woodland possessions of the Counts of Rieneck, the Prince-Bishops of Würzburg and the `{{Interlanguage link multi|Echter (family)|de|3=Echter (Adelsgeschlecht)|lt=Echter}}`{=mediawiki} family (of Mespelbrunn Castle) met in this area. In case of border disputes, representatives of the feudal lords reportedly came here, each tying their respective horses to one of the metal rings. Today, there is an inn here (in operation since 1934), in a building that previously served as a forester\'s lodge.
## Demographics
Within community limits in 1970, 1,817 inhabitants were counted, in 1987 1,934, in 2000 2,146 and in 2006 2,109.
The figures given for Weibersbrunn\'s population in the 19th century are 721 in 1826, 960 in 1852 and 817 in 1859 (Klauprecht 1826, Virchow 1968, Hecht/Reder 2002).
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# Weibersbrunn
## Economy
Municipal tax revenue amounted in 1999 to €975,000 (converted), of which net business taxes accounted for €144,000.
According to official statistics, there were 52 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses in 1998. In trade and transport this was 41. In other areas, 304 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 818 such workers worked from home. Nobody was employed in processing businesses. Two businesses were in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were as many agricultural operations.
## Attractions
Weibersbrunn is surrounded by \"magnificent high forests\". The nature preserve *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Rohrberg (Spessart)|de|3=Rohrberg (Naturschutzgebiet)|lt=Rohrberg}}`{=mediawiki}* near Rohrbrunn was created in 1928 to protect old growth oak and beech trees. Southeast of Weibersbrunn lies the *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Naturwaldreservat Eichhall|de}}`{=mediawiki}*, another nature preserve.
## Government
### Community council {#community_council}
The Weibersbrunn council is made up of 15 council members, counting the full-time mayor.
------ ----- -----------
CSU SPD **Total**
2002 7 8
2008 6 9
------ ----- -----------
(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008)
### Mayor
The mayor is Walter Schreck, in office since 2014.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Per fess, in chief per pale gules and sable, dexter a wheel spoked of six argent, sinister a mirror of the third framed Or, in base a spring walled of the third and masoned of the second with an open gate through which flows water azure.
The arms show above the fesswise (that is, horizontal) partition a six-spoked silver wheel -- the Wheel of Mainz -- on the dexter (armsbearer\'s right, viewer\'s left) side. This was the heraldic charge borne by the Archbishopric of Mainz, to which the community belonged until the Old Empire\'s downfall in 1803. It is also shown in Electoral Mainz\'s tinctures. On the sinister (armsbearer\'s left, viewer\'s right) side is a mirror symbolizing the glassworks established in the community in 1698 and in Rechtenbach and Lohr am Main. Archbishop Lothar Franz von Schönborn hired French glassmakers for this enterprise. Their plants made plate glass for mirrors. Glassmaking was ended between 1801 and 1803 in Rechtenbach and Lohr am Main, but only in 1864 in Weibersbrunn. The spring is a canting charge referring to the last syllable in the community\'s name -- "spring" is *Brunnen* in German.
The community has borne the arms since 14 June 1971.
## Infrastructure
Weiberbrunn is located on the *Bundesautobahn 3*. There are two interchanges (Weibersbrunn and Rohrbrunn). The *Bundesstrasse 8* used to pass through the municipal territory at Rohrbrunn and Echterspfahl. However, this stretch of the B8 was rededicated in 2007 and became *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Staatsstraße 2312|de}}`{=mediawiki}*. The A3 motorway today \"replaces\" the B8 between Marktheidenfeld and Aschaffenburg
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# Westerngrund
**Westerngrund** is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany, and a member of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (Administrative Community) of Schöllkrippen. From 2013 to 2020, the geodetic centre of the European Union was located within the community\'s boundaries.
## Geography
The community lies in the Bavarian Lower Main (*Bayerischer Untermain*). With the accession of Croatia to the European Union on 1 July 2013 the geodetic centre of the EU shifted to Westerngrund. It moved again on 1 January 2014 (when Mayotte joined the EU) but remained within the community\'s borders. A monument site has been set up. On 31 January 2020, as a result of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the geodetic centre of the European Union moved from Westerngrund to Gadheim, approximately eighty kilometres (fifty miles) away.
The community has the following *Gemarkungen* (traditional rural cadastral areas): Oberwestern, Unterwestern, Huckelheim.
## History
Today\'s community of Westerngrund mainly comprises areas that belonged to the Schönborn *Amt* of Krombach, which in 1806 was mediatized with the newly formed Principality of Aschaffenburg, with which it passed in 1814 (by this time it had become a department of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) to the Kingdom of Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the *Gemeindeedikt* ("Municipal Edict") of 1818.
## Demographics
Within community limits in 1970, 1,454 inhabitants were counted, in 1987 1,584 and in 2000 1,918.
## Governance
The mayor is Brigitte Heim (WIR).
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community\'s arms might be described thus: Gules a demi-lion rampant armed, langued and crowned azure Or issuant from the base, in his gambes a shepherd\'s staff in pale of the second, in chief sinister two miner\'s hammers in saltire argent.
Westerngrund has only existed as a community since 1972, having been assembled out of the formerly separate communities of Huckelheim, Oberwestern and Unterwestern, which all lie in the so-called Westerngrund, a steep-sided dale that became the community\'s namesake. The lion in the arms, and also the tinctures, were taken from the arms borne by the Counts of Schönborn, who held the area until the Old Empire\'s downfall in 1803. The staff held by the lion is a symbol of Saint Wendelin, the community\'s patron saint. The crossed miner\'s hammers stand for the former silver and copper mining in the centre of Huckelheim.
The community has borne the arms since 24 March 1980.
## Economy
Municipal tax revenue amounted in 1999 to €661,000 (converted), of which net business taxes accounted for €28,000.
According to official statistics, there were 74 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in producing businesses in 1998. In trade and transport this was 0. In other areas, 715 such workers worked from home. Three businesses were in processing. Two businesses were in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 30 agricultural operations with a working area of 722 ha, of which 408 ha was cropland and 313 ha was meadowland
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# Wiesen, Bavaria
**Wiesen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈviːzn̩|-|De-Wiesen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a community in the Aschaffenburg district in the *Regierungsbezirk* of Lower Franconia (*Unterfranken*) in Bavaria, Germany and a member of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* (municipal association) of Schöllkrippen. It has around 1,000 inhabitants.
## Geography
### Location
The community lies in the *Mittelgebirge* Spessart and has one *Gemarkung* (traditional rural cadastral area), also named Wiesen.
## History
The former Electoral Mainz *Amt* was secularized at Prince Primate von Dalberg's behest in 1803 and made part of his newly formed Principality of Aschaffenburg, with which the *Amt* passed in 1814 (by this time it had become a department of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) to the Kingdom of Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current community came into being with the *Gemeindeedikt* (\"Municipal Edict\") of 1818.
## Population
Year Inhabitants
------ -------------
1970 1,053
1987 1,050
2000 1,152
2018 1,033
2022 1,058
: Population of Wiesen
## Economy
Municipal tax revenue amounted in 1999 to €588,000 (converted), of which net business taxes accounted for €172,000.
According to official statistics, there were 129 workers on the social welfare contribution roles working in producing businesses in 1998. In trade and transport this was 0. In other areas, 16 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 428 such workers worked from home. Four businesses were in processing. Three businesses were in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were five agricultural operations with a working area of 187 hectare, of which 186 hectare was meadowland.
## Governance
### Town council {#town_council}
The council is made up of 13 council members, counting the part-time mayor.
Dorfgemeinschaft Total
------ ------------------ ----------
2014 13 13 seats
### Mayor
The mayor is Willi Fleckenstein (Dorfgemeinschaft).
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The community's arms might be described thus: Gules in base a demi-wheel spoked of six argent, the rim to base, above which a stag's attires Or reaching into chief, between them a scallop shell of the second, the hinge towards chief.
The community of Wiesen historically belonged to the Counts of Rieneck until they died out in 1559, whereupon it passed to the Archbishopric of Mainz, which built a hunting castle here in the Spessart. In the arms, the hart's antlers and the half Wheel of Mainz recall the Electoral state to which the community belonged. The scallop is a symbol of Saint James. It refers to the parish church, which is consecrated to him. The tinctures gules and Or (red and gold) recall the Counts of Rieneck. They were closely associated with the community.
The community has borne the arms since 22 July 1985.
## Education
Wiesen has one Kindergarten
| 443 |
Wiesen, Bavaria
| 0 |
10,051,445 |
# Somerset County Cricket Club first-class matches
This article is a summary of 2,789 first-class cricket matches played by Somerset County Cricket Club to the end of the 2023 season.
## First-Class Status {#first_class_status}
Somerset is generally regarded as a first-class team from 1882 to 1885 and from their entry into the County Championship in 1891.
The record is complicated by a number of matches that W G Grace played for Gloucestershire against Somerset between 1879 and 1885. Wisden and Playfair recognise all of these as first-class and they are included in Grace\'s career figures, which have been his accepted figures since 1916 and are used in the Wikipedia article about Grace. The earlier matches in the series are not regarded as first-class by some statisticians and this article on Somerset CCC matches does not include the matches that are in dispute. For more information about this issue, see Variations in First-Class Cricket Statistics.
Some publications also include a match organised by Somerset against Cambridge University at Cambridge in 1892. Somerset only had 10 players and enlisted two additional players (Gregor MacGregor and Norman Cooper) in what became a 12-a-side match (although only 11 players fielded). The match was retitled Cambridge University v H.T. Hewett\'s XII, Hewett being the captain of the visiting side. The match was won by Hewett\'s team.
## Summary against each opponent {#summary_against_each_opponent}
In the following table the County Championship summary is limited to matches played from 1891. Inter-County matches played between 1882 and 1885 are listed separately as are County friendly matches. Bob Willis Trophy games are included in the County Championship totals.
Opponent Seasons Home
---------------------------- --------- ------ ------ -----
First Last P W L
Derbyshire 1912 2013 62 18
Durham 1992 2024 18 9
Essex 1895 2024 75 15
Glamorgan 1921 2020 75 22
Gloucestershire 1891 2022 102 36
Hampshire 1895 2024 104 25
Kent 1891 2024 84 26
Lancashire 1891 2024 81 18
Leicestershire 1920 2021 51 19
Middlesex 1891 2023 83 17
Northamptonshire 1912 2023 61 20
Nottinghamshire 1892 2024 68 25
Surrey 1891 2024 90 23
Sussex 1892 2015 90 26
Warwickshire 1905 2024 73 27
Worcestershire 1901 2024 89 30
Yorkshire 1891 2022 92 15
County Championship 1303 371
Gloucestershire 1882 1885 2 0
Hampshire 1882 1885 4 4
Kent 1884 1 0
Lancashire 1882 1884 2 0
Surrey 1883 1885 2 0
Inter-County 1882--1885 11 4
Glamorgan 1948 1951 2 0
Sussex 1957 1 0
Worcestershire 1919 1 1
County Friendlies 4 1
Oxford University 1892 2000 4 3
Cambridge University 1895 2008 14 6
Cardiff MCCU 2012 2019 2 1
Durham MCCU 2005 2015 2 0
Leeds/Bradford MCCU 2014 1 0
Loughborough UCCE 2003 2007 3 1
Australians 1882 2013 29 1
Indians 1911 2011 11 2
New Zealanders 1927 2015 13 0
Pakistanis 1954 2016 8 1
South Africans 1901 2008 13 1
Sri Lankans 1991 1998 2 0
West Indians 1923 2000 17 2
MCC 1882 1891 2 1
Philadelphians 1897 1903 2 1
Australian Imperial Forces 1919 1 0
Combined Services 1959 1 1
Pakistan Eaglets 1963 1 0
Young Australians 1995 1 0
South Africa \'A\' 1996 1 0
Pakistan \'A\' 1997 1 0
West Indies \'A\' 2002 1 0
Sri Lanka \'A\' 2004 1 1
All First-Class 1882 2024 1444 393
The match against Oxford Universities in 2000 (which included Oxford Brookes University) is included here in the Oxford University totals. The match in 2008 against Cambridge University UCCE is included here in the Cambridge University totals.
| 585 |
Somerset County Cricket Club first-class matches
| 0 |
10,051,445 |
# Somerset County Cricket Club first-class matches
## Summary on each home ground {#summary_on_each_home_ground}
Currently first-class matches are only played at Taunton. Only 2 other first-class matches have been played on the following grounds. These were matches played at Taunton between East Africa and Sri Lanka, after both teams had played in the 1975 World Cup, and a West Indies A v India A match in 2018. Bob Willis Trophy games are included in the County Championship totals.
In the following table click on the \'CA\' to access the Cricket Archive Records section for the ground.
Venue Records Seasons County Championship
---------------------------------------- --------- --------- ------ --------------------- -----
First Last P W L D
Taunton, County Ground CA 1882 2024 800 225
Bath, Recreation Ground CA 1897 2006 234 71
Bath, Lansdown CC (Combe Park) CA 1884
Bristol, Imperial Athletic Ground CA 1957 1966 8 2
Frome, Agricultural Showgrounds CA 1932 1961 18 9
Glastonbury, Morlands Athletic Ground CA 1952 1973 18 5
Knowle, Knowle CC CA 1926 1928 3 1
Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Downside School CA 1934 1 0
Street, Millfield School CA 1961 1 0
Taunton, Taunton Vale CA 2012 2015
Wells, Rowden Road CA 1935 1951 11 4
Weston-super-Mare, Clarence Park CA 1914 1996 188 51
Yeovil, West Hendford CA 1935 1939 5 1
Yeovil, Johnson Park CA 1951 1967 12 2
Totals 1882 2024 1303 371
Between 1882 and 1885 10 inter-county home matches were played at Taunton (3 won, 7 lost) and 1 at Bath, Lansdown CC (won). Since 1891 2 friendly inter-county home matches have been played at Taunton (2 drawn), 1 at Bath, Recreation Ground (won) and 1 at Bristol, Imperial Athletic Ground (drawn).
| 278 |
Somerset County Cricket Club first-class matches
| 1 |
10,051,445 |
# Somerset County Cricket Club first-class matches
## Season by season summary {#season_by_season_summary}
In the following table the final position is given together with the number of teams in the County Championship so that 5=/9 means that Somerset were equal 5th out of the 9 teams competing. From 2000 the County Championship has been divided into two divisions shown here as D1 for Division 1 and D2 for Division 2. Bob Willis Trophy games are included in the County Championship totals.
County Championship
-------- --------------------- -----
Home
Year P W
1882
1883
1884
1885
1891 6 2
1892 8 5
1893 8 2
1894 8 3
1895 9 5
1896 8 1
1897 8 2
1898 8 0
1899 8 2
1900 8 2
1901 9 2
1902 9 4
1903 8 3
1904 9 3
1905 9 1
1906 9 2
1907 9 3
1908 10 1
1909 8 2
1910 9 0
1911 8 1
1912 8 1
1913 8 1
1914 9 2
1919 6 3
1920 10 4
1921 11 3
1922 12 3
1923 12 5
1924 11 3
1925 13 0
1926 13 1
1927 13 1
1928 12 1
1929 14 3
1930 14 4
1931 14 3
1932 14 6
1933 13 3
1934 12 2
1935 13 2
1936 13 6
1937 14 4
1938 14 8
1939 14 3
1946 13 7
1947 13 6
1948 13 2
1949 13 5
1950 14 5
1951 14 3
1952 14 2
1953 14 1
1954 14 1
1955 14 4
1956 14 4
1957 14 4
1958 14 8
1959 14 7
1960 16 1
1961 16 5
1962 16 6
1963 14 4
1964 14 4
1965 14 7
1966 14 7
1967 14 3
1968 13 2
1969 12 1
1970 12 3
1971 12 6
1972 10 0
1973 10 5
1974 10 5
1975 10 1
1976 10 4
1977 10 4
1978 11 7
1979 11 4
1980 10 2
1981 11 4
1982 11 2
1983 12 1
1984 12 3
1985 12 1
1986 12 3
1987 12 2
1988 11 1
1989 11 3
1990 11 2
1991 11 1
1992 11 4
1993 8 4
1994 9 6
1995 8 3
1996 9 3
1997 8 1
1998 9 4
1999 8 4
2000 8 1
2001 8 3
2002 8 1
2003 8 3
2004 8 1
2005 8 1
2006 8 1
2007 8 5
2008 8 1
2009 8 1
2010 8 4
2011 8 4
2012 8 4
2013 8 1
2014 8 2
2015 8 2
2016 8 4
2017 7 2
2018 7 4
2019 7 5
2020 2 2
2021 7 1
2022 7 2
2023 7 1
2024 7 5
Totals 1303 371
## Abandoned matches {#abandoned_matches}
- 1895 v Lancashire at Manchester
- 1901 v Worcestershire at Worcester
- 1903 v Hampshire at Bath
- 1914 v Northamptonshire at Taunton
- 1924 v Essex at Bath
- 1924 v Glamorgan at Cardiff
- 1968 v Derbyshire at Bath
- 1977 v Derbyshire at Taunton
- 1979 v Gloucestershire at Bristol
- 1980 v Lancashire at Bath
- 1983 v Oxford University at Oxford
- 1986 v Sussex at Horsham
All these matches were abandoned because of bad weather, except for the match in 1914 which was abandoned because of the impending war
| 569 |
Somerset County Cricket Club first-class matches
| 2 |
10,051,472 |
# Kallima knyvetti
***Kallima knyvetti***, the **scarce blue oakleaf**, is a species of leaf mimic butterfly found in Southeast Asia.
## Description
Male upperside forewing: basal area to near apex of cell and thence obliquely to the zigzag subterminal line as it crosses interspace 1 dark green, succeeded by a black line along the discocellulars, and a broad sinuous discal band (not curved as in *Kallima horsfieldii*) bluish white below vein 3, pure white with bluish suffused inner margin above vein 3 to costa; measured on the costal margin, the outer edge of this band less than half the length of the wing from base, the rest of the wing to apex black, with a preapical white spot; a medial discal hyaline (glass-like) spot in interspace 2. Hindwing: dark ochraceous brown, the costal margin and apex broadly and the abdominal fold much paler brown, irrorated (sprinkled) with scattered dusky scales; vein 1 and the abdominal fold with long soft brown, hairs. Forewings and hindwings with a dark subterminal zigzag line commencing somewhat below vein 3 on the forewing. Underside as in *Kallima inachus* protectively coloured. Antennae black; head and thorax anteriorly dark green, thorax posteriorly and abdomen olivaceous brown.
Wingspan 108--112 mm.
## Distribution
Sikkim; Bhutan: Assam, the Naga Hills; Tenasserim
| 211 |
Kallima knyvetti
| 0 |
10,051,477 |
# Ronald James Marsh
**Ronald James Marsh** (7 August 1914 -- 11 January 1987), was an English writer.
## Life
Marsh was born in Broadstairs in Kent and spent much of his life in Rochester, where he was City Librarian. The son of Donald Alfred Sackett Marsh and Helen Cicely Perkins, he was born on 7 August 1914 and died aged 72 in Chatham, Kent, on 11 January 1987. He married first in Thanet in 1936, Maud Ethel Chandler and second in Oxford in 1947, Phyllis Glenice Higgins.
His most widely known novel, *Irene* (1949), was made into a 1950 film *Once a Sinner* starring:
- Patricia Kirkwood as Irene James
- Jack Watling as John Ross
- Joy Shelton as Vera Lamb
- Sydney Tafler as Jimmy Smart
- Thora Hird as Mrs. James
The story is that of John Ross, a bank clerk, who is in love with Irene James for whom he will do anything, including stooping to crime. Irene cannot give up her criminal former boyfriend, Jimmy Smart, while John realises, too late, that he should have remained with his former fiancée. The story ultimately ends in the tragedy so often associated with obsessive love. [1](http://imdb.com/title/tt0042806/)
Marsh\'s other novels include:
- *Your Brother Still* (1953), which concerns arson in a dockyard (an offence still punishable by death at that time).
- *The Quarry* (1962), which was reviewed as being similar in style to Thomas Hardy in its depiction of a man\'s endurance in the face of the onset of despair
| 254 |
Ronald James Marsh
| 0 |
10,051,482 |
# Allmannshofen
**Allmannshofen** is a municipality in the district of Augsburg, in Bavaria in Germany.
## Events
Johannimarkt (Kloster Holzen) is held in June
| 24 |
Allmannshofen
| 0 |
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