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# List of ship commissionings in 1978
The **list of ship commissionings in 1978** includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 1978. \_\_NOTOC\_\_
Operator Ship Flag Class and type Pennant Other notes
-------------- ----------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------- --------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 January Birka Line ***Prinsessan*** Ferry Former *Finnhansa* with Finnlines
16 January Sessan Linjen \'\'\'{{M/S\|Fennia 2}}\'\'\' Ferry
February Kefalliniki Sa ***Ainos*** Ferry Ex-*Manic* with La Traverse Nord-Sud Ltd
15 March Imperial Iranian Navy **`{{ship|IRIS|Khadang|P223|2}}`{=mediawiki}** P223
23 March Imperial Iranian Navy **`{{ship|IRIS|Joshan|1977|2}}`{=mediawiki}** P225
31 March Imperial Iranian Navy **`{{ship|IRIS|Paykan|1977|2}}`{=mediawiki}** P224
31 March Imperial Iranian Navy **`{{ship|IRIS|Falakhon|P226|2}}`{=mediawiki}** P226
31 March Imperial Iranian Navy **`{{ship|IRIS|Shamshir|P227|2}}`{=mediawiki}** P227
3 April Minoan Lines ***Knossos*** Ferry Former *Saga* with Swedish Lloyd
24 April Svea Line (Finland) ***Fennia*** Ferry In Silja Line traffic
10 May Polferries ***Rogalin*** Ferry Ex-*Aallotar* chartered by Polferries from Effoa
13 May DFDS Seaways ***Dana Anglia*** Ferry
9 June P&O Normandy Ferries ***nf Tiger*** Ferry Ex-*Katteget* with Jydsk Færgefart A/S
22 August Imperial Iranian Navy **`{{ship|IRIS|Gorz|P228|2}}`{=mediawiki}** P228
1 September Stena Line ***Stena Oceanica*** Ferry Former *Patricia* with Swedish Lloyd. Heavily rebuilt before entered service
| 181 |
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# Shady Grove (Jerry Garcia and David Grisman album)
***Shady Grove*** is an acoustic album by Jerry Garcia and David Grisman. It was released on the Acoustic Disc record label in 1996. The album was produced by Garcia and Grisman for Dawg Productions. Also appearing on the album: Joe Craven, Jim Kerwin, Matt Eakle, Bryan Bowers, and Will Scarlett. \"Hesitation Blues\" is an uncredited track appearing at the end of the album.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Shady Grove\" -- 4:19
2. \"Stealin\'\" -- 3:31
3. \"Off to Sea Once More\" -- 5:48
4. \"The Sweet Sunny South\" -- 3:25
5. \"Louis Collins\" (Mississippi John Hurt)-- 5:57
6. \"Fair Ellender\" -- 6:05
7. \"Jackaroo\"-- 4:02
8. \"The Ballad of Casey Jones\" -- 4:07
9. \"Dreadful Wind and Rain\" -- 4:46
10. \"I Truly Understand\" -- 3:40
11. \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" -- 6:13
12. \"Whiskey in the Jar\" -- 4:14
13. \"Down in the Valley\" -- 4:59
14. \"Hesitation Blues\" -- 3:32
## Chart positions {#chart_positions}
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1996) | Peak\ |
| | Position |
+=====================================+==========+
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 135 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| U.S
| 188 |
Shady Grove (Jerry Garcia and David Grisman album)
| 0 |
10,056,306 |
# Go to Hell, Hoodlums!
is a 1960 Japanese film directed by Seijun Suzuki for the Nikkatsu Corporation. It is Suzuki\'s first color film.
## Cast
- Kōji Wada as Sadao Matsudaira
- Chikako Hosokawa as Ikuyo Matsudaira, his grandmother
- Emiko Azuma as Yuki Maebara
- Mayumi Shimizu as Kazuko Izeki
- Kaku Takashina as Sanshiro Izeki, Kazuko\'s father
- Eitaro Ozawa as Kanjuro Mizoguchi, Sadao\'s uncle
- Hiroshi Kondo as Nanjo
- Toppa Utsumi as Uchiyama
- Saburo Hiromatsu as Kodaira
## Plot
Sadao, a young construction worker, believes himself to be an orphan and in spite of his youthful tempestuousness he is nonetheless a model of honesty and moral integrity: he introduces himself by crashing into the office of a company president in order to claim the indemnity that he owes the foreman\'s daughter because he caused the man\'s death by dangerous driving.
Shortly after this altercation, Sadao learns that he actually is the only heir of a noble and rich family from Awaji Island. A messenger tries to convince him by all means to accept the inheritance, but Sadao\'s moral integrity prevents him from leaving his friends and he refuses to accept this sudden ticket to fortune and high society. When the messenger realizes that the young man is immune to the material temptations such an offer carries, he manages to persuade him with the promise that he will be reunited with his mother.
Pressured by his buddies\' enthusiasm, Sadao gives in and leaves for Awaji, where he is welcomed by his aristocratic grandmother. The *obaasan* (\"granny\", as he defiantly calls her) is shocked by her grandson\'s disarming sincerity, a far cry from the hypocritical manners inherent in any high society member. When Sadao finds out that the promise to join his mother was just a trick to attract him to the island, he devotes all his efforts to finding her himself. At the same time, he spends the family fortune on building a public park and a western-style youth hostel on lands owned by the family. However, he is unaware that a shady speculator has plans to appropriate these lands, and that the businessman\'s girlfriend is none other than Sadao\'s mother
| 366 |
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| 0 |
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# Fighting Instinct
**Fighting Instinct** was a Christian rock band formed in Winston-Salem/Greensboro, North Carolina. It was founded by TJ Harris and Dallas Farmer. They played together for several years before they met up with Jason Weekly in the Winston-Salem/Greensboro area. Jason Weekly came up with the band\'s name.
They released their first CD, *Fighting Instinct*, in mid-2006. The first single off this album, \"I Found Forever,\" was featured on both rock and Christian radio stations. \"I Found Forever\" rose to No. 31 on the active rock charts with virtually no touring. The band\'s Christian single, \"Back to You\", reached No. 5 on the Christian CHR charts. \"Back to You\" and \"Just to Please You\" were only released to Christian radio stations. In October 2008, the band announced on their MySpace that they were releasing a five-song EP, but also announced they were going to disband at the end of the year.
Their Lead Vocalist, TJ Harris, joined the band Decyfer Down in 2008.
Later, in 2016, Harris reported in an interview that he left Fighting Instinct because Decyfer Down had asked him to join them.
## Music history {#music_history}
The group were called \"One to Watch\" by *CCM Magazine*. They have a mutual appreciation of the band Led Zeppelin.
They released, *Fighting Instinct*, on July 27, 2006, with Gotee Records. Their first studio album, *Fighting Instinct*, was reviewed in AllMusic, *CCM Magazine*, Christian Broadcasting Network, *Christianity Today*, Cross Rhythms, *HM Magazine*, Jesus Freak Hideout, New Release Today, and *The Phantom Tollbooth*. The song, \"I Found Forever\", charted on two *Billboard* magazine charts
| 263 |
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| 0 |
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# Dudley Ryder, 6th Earl of Harrowby
**Dudley Ryder, 6th Earl of Harrowby** (11 October 1892 -- 7 May 1987), known as **Viscount Sandon** from 1900 to 1956, was a British hereditary peer and Conservative Member of Parliament.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Harrowby was the son of John Ryder, 5th Earl of Harrowby and his wife the Hon Mabel Danvers Smith. William Henry Smith, another former Member of Parliament and a member of the W H Smith bookseller family, was his maternal grandfather.
He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating as BA He received the honorary degree of DLitt from Oxford in 1964.
## Military service {#military_service}
Harrowby was a Territorial officer in the Royal Field Artillery and served through World War I, during which he was wounded, rising to the rank of Major. He was re-employed in World War II as a Major with the Royal Artillery. From 1946 to 1950 he was Colonel Commandant of Staffordshire Army Cadet Force.
## Career
Harrowby was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner from 1919 to 1920. He was elected to the House of Commons for Shrewsbury in 1922, a seat he held until 1923 and again from 1924 to 1929, and was Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Air Sir Samuel Hoare between 1922 and 1923.
Harrowby was also a member of the Commission on Historical Manuscripts from 1935 to 1966 and was the author of *Geography of Everyday Things* and (jointly) *England at Worship*.
In 1956 he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords.
He served in local government as an Alderman of London County Council from 1932 to 1937, then as an elected County Councillor from 1937 to 1940. He also became a Deputy Lieutenant (DL) for Staffordshire in 1925 and a Justice of the Peace (JP) for the same county in 1929.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Lord Harrowby married Lady Helena Blanche Coventry, daughter of George William Coventry, Viscount Deerhurst (eldest son of George Coventry, 9th Earl of Coventry), on 31 January 1922. They had three children:
- Dudley Danvers Granville Coutts Ryder, 7th Earl of Harrowby (20 December 1922 -- 9 October 2007)
- Hon John Stuart Terrick Dudley Ryder (12 April 1924 -- 25 October 2012)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Lady Frances Virginia Susan Ryder (20 June 1926 -- 9 June 2013)
## Death
Lady Harrowby died in 1974. Lord Harrowby survived her by thirteen years and died in May 1987, at the age of 94. He was succeeded in his titles by his elder son Dudley
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# Southeastern Conference baseball tournament
The **Southeastern Conference baseball tournament** (sometimes known simply as the **SEC Tournament**) is the conference tournament in baseball for the Southeastern Conference (SEC). For many years, it was a partially double-elimination tournament, but changed to a single-elimination format in 2025. Seeding is based on regular season conference records. The winner receives the conference\'s automatic bid to the NCAA Division I baseball tournament. The SEC Tournament champion is separate from the conference champion. The conference championship is determined solely by regular-season record.
## Tournament
The 2025 SEC baseball tournament is the first to feature all conference members, and also the first to use a pure single-elimination format. Previously, it used a variety of formats, all employing a double-elimination format for at least some rounds. The tournament is held each year at Hoover Metropolitan Stadium in Hoover, Alabama. The winner earns the SEC\'s guaranteed bid to the NCAA Tournament. Most of the other teams who qualify for the SEC tournament more often than not earn at-large bids to the NCAA field of 64 teams, due to the reputation of the SEC as one of the nation\'s elite baseball conferences. With the expansion of the NCAA baseball field from 48 to 64 teams in 1999, some teams which did not make the SEC tournament before its 2025 expansion still qualified for the NCAA tournament.
## History
### Pre-tournament {#pre_tournament}
Teams were split into divisions from 1951 through 1985. Each team played the other four division opponents in home-and-home three-game series. Interdivisional games were common, but did not count in the conference standings.
From 1951 to 1976, the division winners played a best-of-3 series to determine the SEC champion and representative to the NCAA tournament.
### 1977--1986
From 1977 to 1986, the tournament consisted of four (out of 10) teams competing in a double elimination bracket. The top two teams in each division qualified, and the winner was declared the overall champion.
From 1977 to 1985, the tournament site alternated between winners of the West (odd-numbered years) and East (even-numbered years) divisions. During these seasons, Florida hosted the tournament in every even-numbered year, and Mississippi State hosted in every odd-numbered year except 1985, when LSU supplanted the Bulldogs atop the West.
In 1986, the SEC eliminated division play, adopting a full round-robin schedule (27 games), and the team with the best regular season conference record (LSU) earned the right to host.
### 1987--1991 {#section_1}
In 1987, the tournament expanded to 6 teams (out of 10), while remaining a double-elimination tournament. Beginning with the 1988 season, the winner was no longer considered the conference\'s overall champion, although the winner continued to receive the conference\'s automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.
In 1990, the conference did not accept an automatic bid after lightning and heavy rain disrupted the tournament\'s championship game and co-champions were declared. The teams in the cancelled championship game, LSU and Mississippi State, had already received bids to the NCAA tournament by being selected as regional hosts before the SEC Tournament. LSU led 6--0 in the third inning at the time of cancellation.
Games on the last two days of the 1991 tournament were shortened to seven innings due to torrential rain in Baton Rouge which left standing water throughout the outfield at LSU\'s Alex Box Stadium.
### 1992 {#section_2}
With the addition of Arkansas and South Carolina to the conference, the SEC held an eight team (out of 12) double elimination tournament. The top four teams in each division qualified. The tournament followed a format that included reseeding the teams once only four were still active in the tournament.
### 1993--1995 {#section_3}
The SEC held separate tournaments for the Eastern and Western divisions in 1993, 1994 and 1995. The tournament games counted in the league standings, and the team with the best winning percentage at the end of each tournament, covering 24 regular season SEC games plus tournament games, was crowned league champion. Each division tournament consisted of all six teams in that division. The SEC devised the plan in the hopes of garnering two automatic berths to the NCAA tournament for each of the tournament champions; however, the NCAA rejected the SEC plan, instead awarding one automatic bid to the division tournament champion with the highest overall winning percentage.
### 1996--1997 {#section_4}
For two years, eight teams qualified for the league tournament; however, the teams seeded fifth through eighth were forced into a single-elimination play-in round. The two winners of the play-in games advanced to the main bracket, which was a six-team, double-elimination format, same as the NCAA regional format used from 1987 to 1998.
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# Southeastern Conference baseball tournament
## History
### 1998--2007 {#section_5}
Starting in 1998, the SEC adopted the \"Omaha\" bracket, splitting the eight qualifying teams into two four-team double elimination brackets. The division winners are seeded 1 and 2, while the remaining six teams are seeded 3 through 8. Seeds 2, 3, 6 and 7 form bracket one, while seeds 1, 4, 5 and 8 are in bracket two. The two bracket winners met in a winner-take-all championship game. This was the format used in the College World Series from 1988 through 2002, prior to the NCAA instituting a best-of-3 championship series in 2003.
In 1998, the top three teams in each division plus two \"wild card\" teams qualified for the tournament. In 1999, the qualification standards were changed to the top two teams in each division plus the next four based upon overall conference winning percentage, which remained in place through 2011.
Since 1996, SEC teams have played 30 conference games (10 three-game series). From 1996 through 2012, each team played all five of its division opponents and five of six opponents from the opposite division. With the addition of Missouri and Texas A&M to the SEC for the 2013 season, teams now play all six division opponents and four of seven from the opposite division.
During this period, the popularity of the event rose significantly. There was speculation the Tournament could move to other larger Southern cities, including Atlanta\'s Turner Field, but additional RV accommodations secured the event in Hoover.
### 2008--2011 {#section_6}
In 2008, the SEC adopted a \"flipped bracket\" on a trial basis. The tournament still consisted of eight teams in a double elimination bracket. However, after two days of play the undefeated team from each bracket would move into the other bracket. This reduced the number of rematches teams would have to play in order to win the tournament. A similar format is used at the Women\'s College World Series, although the team which wins its second game after losing its first switches brackets instead of the 2--0 team.
### 2012 {#section_7}
With the impending addition of Texas A&M and Missouri for the 2013 season, and the lack of any \"bubble\" in recent years to the tournament (in some years, all eight teams in the tournament and a team or two that does not make the tournament would qualify for the NCAA Regionals), the SEC expanded the tournament from 8 to 10 teams. The tournament began on Tuesday and concluded on Sunday. In 2012, the SEC also began a Baseball Legends Program, which will honor four former SEC baseball standouts, with schools rotating each season.
Both finalists in the 2012 tournament, Mississippi State and Vanderbilt, had to play in the opening round. Since then, no team playing the opening Tuesday has advanced to the championship game.
### 2013--2024 {#section_8}
After the SEC expanded to 14 members in July 2012 with the addition of Missouri and Texas A&M, the tournament was expanded to 12 teams. Seeds five through twelve played a single-elimination opening round, followed by the traditional double-elimination format until the semifinals, when the format reverted to single-elimination.
In 2016, the SEC considered bids from Nashville and New Orleans to move to Triple-A facilities in those cities. Instead, the conference extended its contract with Hoover through 2021.
### 2025--present
In 2025, the first season after the addition of Oklahoma and Texas brought the SEC to 16 members, the SEC expanded its tournament to include all members. It also changed the tournament format to single-elimination throughout. The format is similar to that used for the SEC men\'s and women\'s basketball tournaments, with the top four teams in the regular-season standings receiving a bye into the quarterfinals and the next for receiving a bye into the round of 16.
## SEC championship series winners (1948--1976) {#sec_championship_series_winners_19481976}
Year Western Result Eastern
------ ------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ---------
1948 **3 -- 0**
1949 **3 -- 1**
1950 Alabama **3 -- 1**
1951 colspan=3 style=\'text-align: center;\' \| *not held*
1952 colspan=3 style=\'text-align: center;\' \| *not held*
1953 **0 -- 2**
1954 **1 -- 2**
1955 **2 -- 0**
1956 Ole Miss **0 -- 2**
1957 **1 -- 2**
1958 **2 -- 0**
1959 **2 -- 1**
1960 **2 -- 0**
1961 **2 -- 0**
1962 **1 -- 2**
1963 **1 -- 2**
1964 Ole Miss **2 -- 1**
1965 **2 -- 1**
1966 **2 -- 0**
1967 **1 -- 2**
1968 **2 -- 1**
1969 Ole Miss **2 -- 1**
1970 **2 -- 1**
1971 **2 -- 0**
1972 Ole Miss **2 -- 0**
1973 **0 -- 2**
1974 **0 -- 2**
1975 **2 -- 0**
1976 **2 -- 1**
### By school {#by_school}
School Appearances Championships
------------------- ------------- ---------------
Mississippi State 8 6
Ole Miss 9 5
Alabama 7 4
Florida 6 3
Georgia 5 2
Vanderbilt 4 2
LSU 2 2
Auburn 1 1
Kentucky 3 0
Tennessee 2 0
Georgia Tech 1 0
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# Southeastern Conference baseball tournament
## SEC Tournament Champions (1977--present) {#sec_tournament_champions_1977present}
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| Year | Champion | Score | Runner-Up | Site | MVP | Attendance |
+==================================+===============================================================================================+==================+=================================================================================================+======================================================+===================================================================+============+
| 1977 | | 7--4 | | Swayze Field • Oxford, MS | | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1978 | | 8--5 | | Perry Field • Gainesville, FL | | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1979 | | 12--11 | | Dudy Noble Field • Starkville, MS | Mike Kelley (Mississippi State) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1980 | | 13--0 | | Perry Field • Gainesville, FL | Dave Nenad (Vanderbilt) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1981 | | 11--5 | | Dudy Noble Field • Starkville, MS | Jeff Keener (Kentucky) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1982 | | 9--3 | | Perry Field • Gainesville, FL | Rich Bombard (Florida) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1983 | Alabama | 10--9 | | Dudy Noble Field • Starkville, MS | David Magadan (Alabama) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1984 | | 3--1 | | Perry Field • Gainesville, FL | Alan Cockrell (Tennessee) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1985 | | 8--3 | | Alex Box Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA | Gene Morgan (Mississippi State) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1986 | | 8--4 | | Alex Box Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA | Jeff Yurtin (LSU) | 14,240 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1987 | | 13--3 | | Foley Field • Athens, GA | Dan Paradoa (Mississippi State) | 5,091 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1988 | | 5--3 | | Dudy Noble Field • Starkville, MS | Brian Reimsnyder (Florida) | 43,068 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1989 | | 2--1 | | Alfred A. McKethan Stadium • Gainesville, FL | Roger Miller (Georgia) | 22,507 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1990`{{ref|1990|1}}`{=mediawiki} | \ | | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Jon Harden (Mississippi State) | 32,163 |
| | `{{cbsb link|year=1990|team=Mississippi State Bulldogs|title=Mississippi State}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1991 | | 8--4 | LSU | Alex Box Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA | Herbert Perry (Florida) / Brian Purvis (Florida) | 21,563 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1992 | | 12--1 | | Superdome • New Orleans, LA | Andy Sheets (LSU) | 24,329 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1993 | *Eastern:* `{{cbsb link|year=1993|team=Tennessee Volunteers|title=Tennessee}}`{=mediawiki}\ | *Eastern:* 6--4\ | *Eastern:* `{{cbsb link|year=1993|team=Kentucky Wildcats|title=Kentucky}}`{=mediawiki}\ | Sarge Frye Field • Columbia, SC\ | Todd Helton (Tennessee)\ | 8,050 |
| | *Western:* LSU | *Western:*7--3 | *Western:* `{{cbsb link|year=1993|team=Mississippi State|title=Mississippi State}}`{=mediawiki} | Alex Box Stadium • Baton Rouge, LA | Harry Berrios (LSU) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1994 | *Eastern:* `{{cbsb link|year=1994|team=Tennessee Volunteers|title=Tennessee}}`{=mediawiki}\ | *Eastern:* 6--3\ | *Eastern:* `{{cbsb link|year=1994|team=Vanderbilt Commodores|title=Vanderbilt}}`{=mediawiki}\ | Cliff Hagan Stadium • Lexington, KY\ | Todd Helton (Tennessee) / Steve Soper (Tennessee)\ | 6,850 |
| | *Western:* `{{cbsb link|year=1994|team=LSU Tigers|title=LSU}}`{=mediawiki} | *Western:* 5--4 | *Western:* `{{cbsb link|year=1994|team=Auburn Tigers|title=Auburn}}`{=mediawiki} | Swayze Field • Oxford, MS | Russ Johnson (LSU) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1995 | *Eastern:* `{{cbsb link|year=1995|team=Tennessee Volunteers|title=Tennessee}}`{=mediawiki}\ | *Eastern:* 7--2\ | *Eastern:* `{{cbsb link|year=1995|team=Kentucky Wildcats|title=Kentucky}}`{=mediawiki}\ | Lindsey Nelson Stadium • Knoxville, TN\ | Todd Helton (Tennessee) / Scott Vieira (Tennessee)\ | 12,572 |
| | *Western:* `{{cbsb link|year=1995|team=Alabama Crimson Tide|title=Alabama}}`{=mediawiki} | *Western:* 9--8 | *Western:* `{{cbsb link|year=1995|team=LSU Tigers|title=LSU}}`{=mediawiki} | Dudy Noble Field • Starkville, MS | Rusty Loflin (Alabama) | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1996 | Alabama | 15--5 | Florida | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Joe Caruso (Alabama) | 57,231 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1997 | Alabama | 12--2 | LSU | Golden Park • Columbus, GA | David Tidwell (Alabama) | 42,000 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1998 | | 7--5 | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Rodney Nye (Arkansas) | 87,295 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 1999 | Alabama | 9--3 | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | G.W. Keller (Alabama) | 98,873 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2000 | LSU | 9--6 | Florida | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Wally Pontiff (LSU) | 85,653 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2001 | | 4--1 | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Chris Young (Mississippi State) | 85,771 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2002 | | 6--2 | South Carolina | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Brent Boyd (Alabama) | 124,440 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2003 | | 10--3 | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Beau Hearod (Alabama) | 122,393 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2004 | South Carolina | 3--2 | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Steven Tolleson (South Carolina) / Kevin Melillo (South Carolina) | 75,259 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2005 | Mississippi State | 4--1 | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Jeff Butts (Mississippi State) | 119,580 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2006 | | 9--3 | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Mark Wright (Ole Miss) | 108,173 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2007 | | 7--4 | | Regions Park (formerly Hoover Metropolitan Stadium)\ | Pedro Alvarez (Vanderbilt) | 87,893 |
| | | | | Hoover, AL | | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2008 | LSU | 8--2 | | Regions Park • Hoover, AL | Blake Dean (LSU) | 124,139 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2009 | LSU | 6--2 | | Regions Park • Hoover, AL | Mikie Mahtook (LSU) | 86,048 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2010 | LSU | 4--3 | Alabama | Regions Park • Hoover, AL | Austin Nola (LSU) | 126,071 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2011 | Florida | 5--0 | Vanderbilt | Regions Park • Hoover, AL | Daniel Pigott (Florida) | 97,675 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2012 | Mississippi State | 3--0 | | Regions Park • Hoover, AL | Adam Frazier (Mississippi State) | 129,112 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2013 | LSU | 5--4 | Vanderbilt | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Chris Cotton (LSU) | 134,496 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2014 | | 2--0 | Florida | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Tyler Moore (LSU) | 120,386 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2015 | Florida | 7--3 | Vanderbilt | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | JJ Schwarz (Florida) | 132,178 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2016 | Texas A&M | 12--5 | Florida | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Nick Banks (Texas A&M) | 150,064 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2017 | LSU | 4--2 | Arkansas | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Chad Spanberger (Arkansas) | 127,479 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2018 | Ole Miss | 9--1 | LSU | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Nick Fortes (Ole Miss) | 144,086 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2019 | Vanderbilt | 11--10 | Ole Miss | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | JJ Bleday (Vanderbilt) | 162,699 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2020 | *Cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic* | | | | | |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2021 | Arkansas | 7--2 | Tennessee | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Jalen Battles (Arkansas) | 61,858 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2022 | Tennessee | 8--5 | Florida | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Drew Gilbert (Tennessee) | 77,450 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2023 | Vanderbilt | 10--4 | | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | RJ Austin (Vanderbilt) | 171,288 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2024 | Tennessee | 4--3 | LSU | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Blake Burke (Tennessee) | 180,004 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2025 | Vanderbilt | 3-2 | Ole Miss | Hoover Metropolitan Stadium • Hoover, AL | Brodie Johnston (Vanderbilt) | 159,984 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
Mississippi State and LSU were declared co-champions in 1990 when the tournament was abandoned because of weather issues.
### By school {#by_school_1}
*Updated as of the end of the 2025 tournament*
School Appearances W--L Pct Tourney Titles Title Years
---------------------------------------------- ------------- -------- ----- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LSU 40 95--51 12 1986, 1990`{{ref|1990|1}}`{=mediawiki}, 1992, 1993`{{ref|divisions|2}}`{=mediawiki}, 1994`{{ref|divisions|2}}`{=mediawiki}, 2000, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2017
Mississippi State 37 68--61 7 1979, 1985, 1987, 1990`{{ref|1990|1}}`{=mediawiki}, 2001, 2005, 2012
Florida 44 79--72 7 1981, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1991, 2011, 2015
Alabama 33 56--53 7 1983, 1995`{{ref|divisions|2}}`{=mediawiki}, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003
Tennessee 21 39--30 5 1993`{{ref|divisions|2}}`{=mediawiki}, 1994`{{ref|divisions|2}}`{=mediawiki}, 1995`{{ref|divisions|2}}`{=mediawiki}, 2022, 2024
Vanderbilt 29 63--43 5 1980, 2007, 2019, 2023, 2025
Ole Miss 28 48--46 3 1977, 2006, 2018
Auburn 31 36--55 3 1978, 1989, 1998
Texas A&M`{{ref|A&MMISSOU|4}}`{=mediawiki} 11 21--15 1 2016
Arkansas`{{ref|ARKUSC|3}}`{=mediawiki} 29 40--48 1 2021
South Carolina`{{ref|ARKUSC|3}}`{=mediawiki} 32 33--57 1 2004
Oklahoma`{{ref|OUTX|5}}`{=mediawiki} 1 2--1 0
Georgia 30 31--53 0
Kentucky 26 26--44 0
Missouri`{{ref|A&MMISSOU|4}}`{=mediawiki} 8 2--11 0
Texas`{{ref|OUTX|5}}`{=mediawiki} 1 0--1 0
Mississippi State and LSU were declared co-champions in 1990 when the tournament was abandoned because of weather issues.
The SEC held separate tournaments for the Eastern and Western divisions in 1993, 1994 and 1995. The tournament games counted in the conference standings, and the team with the best winning percentage at the end of each tournament was crowned conference champion.
The 1992 season was the first in SEC play for Arkansas and South Carolina
| 1,474 |
Southeastern Conference baseball tournament
| 2 |
10,056,410 |
# So Feared a Hell
***So Feared a Hell*** (*El infierno tan temido*) is an Argentine drama film from 1980 directed by Raúl de la Torre and starring Graciela Borges and Alberto de Mendoza. It is based on the eponymous short story by Uruguayan writer Juan Carlos Onetti. The film was released on August 7, 1980, and won the Silver Condor Award for Best Film in 1981.
## Summary
A young woman sends her ex-husband and other acquaintances cruel photographs of herself engaging in sexual relationships with other men. The resulting degradation pushes him into a desperate situation.
## Cast
- Graciela Borges
- Alberto de Mendoza
- Arturo García Buhr
- Ana María Castell
- Nora Cullen
- Delfi Galbiatti
- Augusto Larreta
- Aníbal Morixe
- Flora Steinberg
- Enrique Almada
- Cacho Espíndola
- Pamela M
| 139 |
So Feared a Hell
| 0 |
10,056,415 |
# Guam National Football Stadium
**Guam National Football Stadium** is a multi-use stadium in the village of Hagåtña in the United States territory of Guam. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 1,000.
As of 2024, the Guam Gators football team of the DTFL play their home games at the stadium
| 55 |
Guam National Football Stadium
| 0 |
10,056,433 |
# Fears (film)
***Fears*** (*Los Miedos*) is an Argentine horror film shot in Eastmancolor, released on August 14, 1980. It was directed by Alejandro Doria and written by Alejandro Doria and Juan Carlos Cernadas Lamadrid. The film stars renowned actress Tita Merello in the lead role, with Soledad Silveyra, Miguel Ángel Solá, Sandra Mihanovich, Aníbal Morixe, and Lito González in supporting roles. It also features a special performance by María Leal. The movie includes outdoor scenes filmed in Comodoro Rivadavia, Gaiman, Puerto Madryn, Rawson, Sarmiento, and Trelew in the province of Chubut.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
An elderly woman, a killer, a pregnant woman, a soccer player, a mentally disabled person, and a prostitute escape from a plague and head south.
## Cast
- Tita Merello
- Soledad Silveyra
- Miguel Ángel Solá
- Sandra Mihanovich
- Aníbal Morixe
- Lito González
- María Leal
- Pablo Brichta
- Silvia Fernández Vita
- María Pla
- Jorge Ferrero
- Agustín Barrilli
## Reception
Fernando Masllorens commented in *Convicción*: \"Does the film reach the viewer with this universal sense? Only partially, since the fantastic treatment at the beginning is limited to the specific problem of the pregnant woman, and the final sequence is purely realistic.\"
Alfredo Andrés wrote in *La Razón*: \"Doria has crafted a story as concise as it is expressive.\"
Manrupe and Portela wrote: \"An apocalyptic parable with good performances but excessively drawn out
| 235 |
Fears (film)
| 0 |
10,056,438 |
# Luther Metke at 94
***Luther Metke at 94*** is a 1979 American short documentary film directed by Jorge Preloran and Steve Raymen at the Ethnographic Film Program, University of California, Los Angeles. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short in 1980.
The film presents a portrait of Luther Metke, a veteran of the Spanish--American War. Even in his advanced age, Metke continues his work of building log cabins by hand in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. The film documents many aspects of log cabin building as Metke works on a hexagonal cabin and teaches his methods to a young couple. Additional footage shows Metke\'s daily life, accompanied by a voice over of his recollections, commentary on log cabin construction, and musings on life. Metke also shares some of his poetry on camera and through voice over
| 141 |
Luther Metke at 94
| 0 |
10,056,439 |
# List of ship decommissionings in 1979
The **list of ship decommissionings in 1979** includes a chronological list of all ships decommissioned in 1979
| 24 |
List of ship decommissionings in 1979
| 0 |
10,056,441 |
# North Table Mountain
**North Table Mountain** is a mesa on the eastern flank of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 6555 ft mesa summit is located in North Table Mountain Park, 5.5 km north by east (bearing 9°) of downtown Golden, Colorado, United States, in Jefferson County.
## Mesa
The most distinctive feature of the mesa is its nearly flat cap that was formed by ancient Paleocene lava flows. It is separated from companion South Table Mountain, which consists of the same geologic formation, by Clear Creek.
North Table Mountain is a popular scenic and recreational destination in the Denver metro area, and it is preserved as public open space by Jefferson County and the Access Fund. Recent and ongoing projects by Jefferson County Open Space have resulted in the construction of several new trails and eliminated large numbers of unofficial trails.
## Geology
North Table Mountain is underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Denver Formation, which spans the interval from latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene time. An exposure of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer has been identified and documented on nearby South Table Mountain.
Three prominent, columnar jointed, cliff-forming lava flows can be seen on North Table Mountain, one exposed part way up the northwest slope, and two that form its cap. The Ralston Dike, a body of intrusive monzonite located about 2 mi to the northwest, probably represents the volcanic vent from which the flows erupted. The flows are about 62 to 64 million years old according to radiometric dating, which places them in the early Paleocene epoch. Generally referred to as basaltic, they are classified either as monzonite (the lowest flow) and latite (the upper two flows), or as shoshonite. They contain the minerals augite, plagioclase, and olivine altered to serpentine, with accessory sanidine, orthoclase, apatite, magnetite, and biotite.
### Zeolite
Both North and South Table Mountain are known for the wide variety of zeolite minerals [1](http://www.mindat.org/min-4395.html) that occur in vesicles in the second flow. These include analcime, thomsonite, mesolite, chabazite, and others. Excellent specimens of the Table Mountain zeolites can be seen at the nearby Mines Museum of Earth Science.
## Wildlife
Among the animals known to frequent the mesa through time, according to local newspaper accounts , are mountain sheep, coyotes, mountain lions, plenty of deer, elk, rattlesnakes, and more. Of these, most except for the mountain sheep continue to live upon the mountain today. Several areas are closed seasonally to protect several species of nesting raptors. In the late 19th century bees also nested in the cliffs.
## Burial Site {#burial_site}
On September 1, 1909 quarry workers discovered and unearthed a human skull and bones at the Doane-Westcott quarry, located approximately midway up the western slope where the vertical lines of its aerial tramway intersect the bench land today. The Golden Transcript described \"The ghastly relics of a tragedy many years ago had been buried under at least forty feet of earth and rocks\" during excavation for the tramway. Upon examination by Jefferson County, Colorado Coroner John Lofton Davidson and Dr. James Kelly they pronounced the remains to be an adult caucasian male with cause of death by modern terms an execution-style homicide. The newspaper described \"One side of the skull is dented and crushed, showing that death was caused by a blow from a stone or some heavy instrument. It was found at least three hundred feet from the base of the cliffs, showing that the man could not have fallen from the top.\" Coroner Davidson concluded that death preceded settlement of the region and theorized it was the remains of one of the early fur trappers, killed by Indians who wedged the body between two rocks that was subsequently covered by rockfall from above. The remains are potentially related to the killings of three other mountaineers by a small band of Cheyenne that took place in what is today southern Jefferson County west of the South Platte River in 1842.
## Fire
On July 22, 2005, more than 200 acres (81 hectares) were set ablaze. Two fifteen-year-old boys were charged with first-degree felony arson and misdemeanor fourth-degree arson for lighting fireworks. They claimed to have shot off a Roman Candle, which started several small spot fires at the base of the north face. They fled the scene, but an area resident had witnessed the act and reported them to the police after the fire escalated, and they were soon found. The fire was contained later the same day, but it was summer with dry prairie grass conditions, so the fire had spread rapidly. It only burned one structure, a toolshed, and some other small miscellaneous pieces of property, but it cost more than 100,000 dollars (U.S. currency) to contain and extinguish
| 794 |
North Table Mountain
| 0 |
10,056,445 |
# Locos por la música
***Locos por la música*** (*Crazy for the music*) is a 1980 Argentine film directed by Enrique Dawi. It was released in 1980.
## Plot
A tropical music band, led by Carlos Palomino (Carlos Balá), embarks on a journey to capture the attention of record label executives. Along the way, audiences can enjoy musical performances by artists like Los Iracundos, Boney M, Bárbara y Dick, Jairo, Mathías, Silvana Di Lorenzo, Laurent Voulzy, Duo Candela, and Danny Cabuche.
## Cast
- Carlos Balá
- Graciela Alfano
- Raúl Rossi
- Carlos Calvo
- Santiago Bal
- Iris Láinez
- María Fernanda
- Vicente La Russa
- Tito Mendoza
- Ricardo Morán
- Boney M
| 117 |
Locos por la música
| 0 |
10,056,504 |
# Una Viuda descocada
***Una Viuda descocada*** is a 1980 Argentine comedy film written and directed by Armando Bó and starring Isabel Sarli. It is a sequel to the Bó\'s 1967 film *La señora del intendente* and it was also the last film he directed before his death.
## Synopsis
The alluring, vivacious, and stunning Flor Tetis Soutién de Gambetta (Sarli), a flamboyant femme fatale, has recently been widowed for the eighth time. Her vast fortune has gradually dwindled, leaving her on the brink of ruin. However, her fortunes take an unexpected turn when she encounters a benevolent newspaper vendor, Pepe Mangiabróccoli (Marrone), who, out of nowhere, becomes a millionaire by winning the lottery and falls head over heels in love with her
| 123 |
Una Viuda descocada
| 0 |
10,056,579 |
# DH postcode area
The **DH postcode area**, also known as the **Durham postcode area**, is a group of nine postcode districts in north-east England, within five post towns. These cover northern County Durham (including Durham, Chester-le-Street, Consett and Stanley), parts of southern Tyne and Wear (including Houghton-le-Spring) and a small part of southern Northumberland
| 55 |
DH postcode area
| 0 |
10,056,614 |
# Prachaksinlapakhom district
**Prachaksinlapakhom** (*ประจักษ์ศิลปาคม*) is a district (*amphoe*) in central Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Nong Han, Ku Kaeo, Kumphawapi, and Mueang Udon Thani.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was established on 1 June 1997 by splitting it from Kumphawapi district. The creation became effective on 1 July 1997.
On 15 May 2007, all 81 minor districts were upgraded to full districts. With publication in the *Royal Gazette* on 24 August, the upgrade became official.
## Administration
### Central administration {#central_administration}
Prachaksinlapakhom is divided into three sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 41 administrative villages (*mubans*).
No. Name Thai Villages Pop.
----- --------------- ------ ---------- --------
1\. Na Muang 14 10,448
2\. Huai Sam Phat 13 7,000
3\. Um Chan 14 7,884
### Local administration {#local_administration}
There are three sub-district administrative organizations (SAO) in the district:
- Na Muang (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลนาม่วง*) consisting of sub-district Na Muang.
- Huai Sam Phat (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลห้วยสามพาด*) consisting of sub-district Huai Sam Phat.
- Um Chan (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลอุ่มจาน*) consisting of sub-district Um Chan.
## Economy
Huai Sam Phat and Na Muang Sub-districts are among five Udon Thani sub-districts to harbour mining operations of the Udon North potash mine, although the mine has met with local resistance
| 214 |
Prachaksinlapakhom district
| 0 |
10,056,625 |
# 1979 Ryder Cup
The **23rd Ryder Cup Matches** were held September 14--16, 1979, in the United States, at the Greenbrier Course of The Greenbrier in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.
It was the beginning of a new era for the Ryder Cup. For the first time, players from continental Europe took part in the Ryder Cup (specifically, Seve Ballesteros and Antonio Garrido of Spain). The new Team Europe replaced Great Britain and Ireland as the official opposition to the United States. It was hoped that the change would help raise the profile of the competition and bring about the end of near total domination by the United States that had existed since the end of the Second World War. However the change made no real impact at the first attempt as the United States won the competition easily by a score of 17 to 11 points and led after every session. Ballesteros and Garrido played together in all four team sessions and were 1--3; both lost their singles matches on Sunday. All four of Ballesteros\' losses came against Larry Nelson.
Jack Nicklaus, age 39, failed to make the team for the first time since missing his first chance at making the team in 1967. Tom Watson left the day before the competition for the birth of his first child and was replaced on the team by first alternate Mark Hayes.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format was similar to the formats used from 1963 through 1975, but with fewer singles matches:
- **Day 1** --- 4 four-ball (better ball) matches in a morning session and 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** --- 4 foursome matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** --- 12 singles matches, 6 each in morning and afternoon sessions
With a total of 28 points, 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
## Teams
---------------
**Team USA**
Name
Billy Casper
Gil Morgan
Hubert Green
Larry Nelson
John Mahaffey
Tom Kite
Lee Trevino
Hale Irwin
Lanny Wadkins
Andy Bean
Fuzzy Zoeller
Lee Elder
Mark Hayes
---------------
Mark Hayes replaced Tom Watson.
-------------------
**Team Europe**
Name
John Jacobs
Seve Ballesteros
Mark James
Brian Barnes
Bernard Gallacher
Sandy Lyle
Ken Brown
Antonio Garrido
Tony Jacklin
Michael King
Nick Faldo
Des Smyth
Peter Oosterhuis
-------------------
The wild card selections are shown in yellow.
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
*September 14, 1979*
### Morning four-ball {#morning_four_ball}
Results
---------------------- --------- ---------------------
Garrido/Ballesteros 2 & 1 **Wadkins/Nelson**
Brown/James 3 & 2 **Trevino/Zoeller**
Oosterhuis/Faldo 2 & 1 **Bean/Elder**
**Gallacher/Barnes** 2 & 1 Irwin/Mahaffey
1 Session 3
1 Overall 3
### Afternoon foursomes {#afternoon_foursomes}
Results
------------------------- --------- ------------------------
Brown/Smyth 7 & 6 **Irwin/Kite**
**Ballesteros/Garrido** 3 & 2 Zoeller/Green
Lyle/Jacklin halved Trevino/Morgan
Gallacher/Barnes 4 & 3 **Wadkins/Nelson**
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
*September 15, 1979*
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Jacklin/Lyle** 5 & 4 Elder/Mahaffey
**Faldo/Oosterhuis** 6 & 5 Bean/Kite
**Gallacher/Barnes** 2 & 1 Zoeller/Hayes
Ballesteros/Garrido 3 & 2 **Wadkins/Nelson**
3 Session 1
5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Ballesteros/Garrido 5 & 4 **Wadkins/Nelson**
Jacklin/Lyle 1 up **Irwin/Kite**
**Gallacher/Barnes** 3 & 2 Trevino/Zoeller
**Faldo/Oosterhuis** 1 up Elder/Hayes
2 Session 2
7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 8`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Sunday\'s matches {#sundays_matches}
*September 16, 1979*
### Morning singles {#morning_singles}
Results
------------------------ --------- -------------------------
**Bernard Gallacher** 3 & 2 Lanny Wadkins
Seve Ballesteros 3 & 2 **Larry Nelson**
Tony Jacklin 1 up **Tom Kite**
Antonio Garrido 1 up **Mark Hayes**
Michael King 4 & 3 **Andy Bean**
Brian Barnes 1 up **John Mahaffey**
1 Session 5
8`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon singles {#afternoon_singles}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Nick Faldo** 3 & 2 Lee Elder
Des Smyth 5 & 3 **Hale Irwin**
Peter Oosterhuis 2 up **Hubert Green**
**Ken Brown** 1 up Fuzzy Zoeller
Sandy Lyle 2 & 1 **Lee Trevino**
Mark James halved Gil Morgan
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
11 Overall 17
| 680 |
1979 Ryder Cup
| 0 |
10,056,625 |
# 1979 Ryder Cup
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
--------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Andy Bean 2 2--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Lee Elder 1 1--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
Hubert Green 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Mark Hayes 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Hale Irwin 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 1--1--0
Tom Kite 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 1--0--0
John Mahaffey 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Gil Morgan 1 0--0--2 0--0--1 0--0--1 0--0--0
Larry Nelson 5 5--0--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 2--0--0
Lee Trevino 2.5 2--1--1 1--0--0 0--0--1 1--1--0
Lanny Wadkins 4 4--1--0 0--1--0 2--0--0 2--0--0
Fuzzy Zoeller 1 1--4--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 1--1--0
### Europe
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Seve Ballesteros 1 1--4--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 0--2--0
Brian Barnes 3 3--2--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 2--0--0
Ken Brown 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Nick Faldo 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 1--1--0
Bernard Gallacher 4 4--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 2--0--0
Antonio Garrido 1 1--4--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 0--2--0
Tony Jacklin 1.5 1--2--1 0--1--0 1--0--1 0--1--0
Mark James 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--1 0--0--0 0--1--0
Michael King 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--0--0
Sandy Lyle 1.5 1--2--1 0--1--0 1--0--1 0--1--0
Peter Oosterhuis 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0
Des Smyth 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
## Controversy and fallout {#controversy_and_fallout}
On their return to the United Kingdom, Mark James and Ken Brown received the highest fines in professional golf up to this point. James received a £1500 fine for \"unprofessional conduct\" and Brown was fined £1000 and banned from international duty for 12 months.[2](https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/golf-jacklin-opposes-james-captaincy-1196820.html)
## Video
- [You Tube: 1979 Ryder Cup](https://www.youtube
| 275 |
1979 Ryder Cup
| 1 |
10,056,639 |
# How to Lose Friends & Alienate People (memoir)
***How to Lose Friends & Alienate People*** is a 2001 memoir by Toby Young about his failed five-year effort to make it in the United States as a contributing editor at Condé Nast Publications\' *Vanity Fair* magazine. The book alternates Young\'s foibles with his ruminations about the differences in culture and society between the United States and England, and specifically between New York City and London.
The book depicts Young\'s relationship with various British and American journalists, including Julie Burchill, Anthony Haden-Guest, Tina Brown and Harold Evans (who at one point threatens to sue him) and *Vanity Fair*{{\'}}s own Graydon Carter. Young also describes awkward run-ins with American celebrities including Nathan Lane, Mel Gibson and Diana Ross. Throughout the book, Young describes being tormented by his friend \"Alex de Silva\" (speculated to be Sacha Gervasi), a former colleague of Young\'s who manages to succeed in America in every way that Young does not.
The title of Young\'s book is a parody of the title of Dale Carnegie\'s 1937 perennial bestseller, *How to Win Friends and Influence People*; a parody by Irving Tressler titled *How to Lose Friends and Alienate People* was also published that same year. Young\'s book does not reference either Carnegie\'s or Tressler\'s works.
## Reception
Andrew Anthony, writing in *The Observer* in 2001, wrote that book \"works best as a showcase for a succession of well-polished anecdotes highlighting the author\'s professional and sexual incompetence.\" concluding that \"it\'s the alcohol-soaked hack, desperate to mix with the beautiful people, who will stay in the memory. The dual job of the journalist is supposedly to press his nose up against the glass and hold a mirror up to the world. Young makes most sense when he\'s holding up a glass and pressing his nose against a mirror.\"
## Adaptations
The book was adapted into a one-man play that played on London\'s West End for several months each in 2003 and 2004. Young was initially played by Jack Davenport, then by Young himself.
A feature-length film adaptation, also titled *How to Lose Friends & Alienate People*, was released in October 2008. It is directed by Robert B. Weide and stars Simon Pegg, Kirsten Dunst, and Megan Fox. The film is loosely based on the book, turning the plot into more of a straightforward romantic comedy.
## Sequel
Young wrote a 2006 sequel, *The Sound of No Hands Clapping*, which chronicles his failure as a Hollywood screenwriter in the years after he left New York
| 422 |
How to Lose Friends & Alienate People (memoir)
| 0 |
10,056,640 |
# Katra (Dhaka)
**Katra** or **Katara** refers to a type of caravanserai, an inn or resting place, primarily found in the Bengal region (now Bangladesh and West Bengal, India). These structures were built to accommodate travellers, merchants, and their caravans.
The word \"*Katra*\" or \"*Katara*\" is derived from the Persian language, signifying a place for halting or a marketplace. In the context of the Bengal region, particularly in Dhaka, the capital of present-day Bangladesh, \"*Bara Katra*\" (Greater Katra) and \"*Chhota Katra*\" (Lesser Katra) are two of the most notable Mughal-era caravanserais that stand out due to their architectural significance and historical importance.
## History and significance of katras in Bengal {#history_and_significance_of_katras_in_bengal}
The ***Bara Katra**\'\' and***Chhota Katra**\'\' are among the most famous examples of caravanserais built during the Mughal period in Dhaka, which was an important administrative and commercial centre of Bengal in the 17th century. These structures served not only as places of rest and trade but also played a role in the administrative and cultural activities of the city.
## Bara Katra (Greater Katra) {#bara_katra_greater_katra}
The Bara Katra, meaning \"Greater Katra,\" was built between 1644 and 1646 by Mughal prince Shah Shuja, the second son of Emperor Shah Jahan. The structure was originally intended to be a palace for Shah Shuja but was later repurposed as a caravanserai or inn for merchants and travellers. The Bara Katra is an example of classic Mughal architecture with elements such as arches, domes, minarets, and an imposing gateway. It was designed as a quadrangular building, with two-storeyed arcades surrounding a central courtyard. It was fortified with thick walls and corner bastions, giving it the appearance of a fortified palace.
The structure had a grand entrance gate on the north side, adorned with intricate stucco work and floral patterns, reflecting Mughal design aesthetics. Inside, there were accommodations for travellers, prayer rooms, stables, and storage rooms for merchants to keep their goods. Over time, the structure fell into disrepair due to neglect, natural calamities, and encroachments. Today, only parts of the original structure remain, but efforts have been made by the government and conservationists to preserve this important historical site.
## Chhota Katra (Lesser Katra) {#chhota_katra_lesser_katra}
The Chhota Katra, meaning \"Lesser Katra,\" was constructed between 1663 and 1664 under the auspices of Subahdar Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal. It was smaller in scale compared to Bara Katra but followed a similar architectural pattern. Chhota Katra also featured a square layout with a central courtyard surrounded by a two-storey arcade. It had an imposing entrance with a decorated gateway that showcased the finesse of Mughal craftsmanship. This Katra also served as an inn and included rooms for merchants, travellers, storage spaces, mosques, and prayer halls. Like Bara Katra, it also had elements of fortification and defensive architecture.
Like its larger counterpart, Chhota Katra suffered from neglect and encroachment over the centuries. Although some parts are still standing, it has been significantly altered and diminished.
## Importance of katras in Mughal Bengal {#importance_of_katras_in_mughal_bengal}
The Katras in Dhaka played a crucial role in fostering trade and commerce during the Mughal era. As caravanserais, they provided essential facilities for merchants, facilitating trade routes between Bengal and other parts of the Mughal Empire and beyond. These Katras were more than just inns; they were centres of social and cultural exchange. Travellers from different regions and countries would stop at these inns, contributing to the cultural melting pot that was Dhaka.
The Bara Katra and Chhota Katra are important examples of Mughal architecture in Bengal, showcasing the distinctive styles, motifs, and structural innovations of the time.
## Significance
The Bara Katra and Chhota Katra are significant historical and architectural landmarks that represent the cultural and commercial heritage of Mughal Dhaka. While they have suffered due to the passage of time, their historical value remains immense, serving as a testament to the region\'s past as a centre of trade, culture, and administration under the Mughal Empire. Conservation efforts continue to try to preserve these remnants of history of Bengal\'s Mughal past
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# Baker Brownell
**Baker Brownell** (December 12, 1887`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}April 5, 1965) was an American philosopher.
Brownell was born in St. Charles, Illinois, the fifth of six children of Eugene A. and Esther Burr Baker Brownell. He grew up in St. Charles, where he graduated from St. Charles High School.
## Education
Brownell attended five universities: the University of Washington (1906--1907); Northwestern University (1907--1909); Harvard University (1909--1913); University of Tübingen (1912--1913), and Cambridge University, England (1913).
While at Harvard Brownell took classes with Josiah Royce and George Santayana, and met William James, who had already retired from Harvard.
Brownell received a B.A. in philosophy from Northwestern in 1910, after completing his last year of undergraduate work at Harvard. He received an M.A. in philosophy from Harvard in 1911. In 1912--1913, as a recipient of the James Walker Traveling Fellow in Philosophy (awarded by Harvard), he attended Tübingen University in Germany and Cambridge University, where he became acquainted with Bertrand Russell.
## Personal
In 1916, Brownell married Helena Maxwell, whom he later divorced.
His second marriage was to Adelaide Howard in 1933; they had one son, Eugene Howard Brownell, who was born on September 9, 1939.
## 1910s
During World War I, Brownell served as an enlisted man and officer, first in the United States Army, then the U.S. Navy. (He was in the National Guard between 1916 and 1926.) He served both in the Mexican Border Campaign and World War I. He began writing poetry during this period, which was published in such magazines as *Poetry*, *The Dial*, and *The New Republic*.
Upon his return from Europe in 1913, Brownell worked as a cub reporter for the *Chicago Tribune*. From 1914--1917 he lived in Emporia, Kansas, where he was an instructor in English at the Kansas State Normal College and edited a journal, *Teaching*.
From 1919 to 1920, Brownell was an Assistant Professor of English at the University of Idaho. Returning to Chicago in 1920, he worked until 1921 as an editorial writer for the *Chicago Daily News*.
## 1920s {#s_1}
In 1921 Brownell joined the faculty of Northwestern University, where he would spend the duration of his academic career. Initially, he was a lecturer in editorial writing and journalism, but soon began teaching courses in contemporary thought and philosophy.
Brownell's course in Contemporary Thought, one of the first of its kind in the United States, was intended to help students organize fragments of their educational experience into an intelligible whole. It consisted of weekly lectures by prominent individuals with expertise in natural sciences, biology, psychology, sociology, history, economics, art, religion and philosophy. Brownell believed that the "human community" was breaking down in part because students and others did not understand that life itself was fragmented. By helping students integrate their educational experiences, Brownell believed he was helping to mitigate the demise of the small community.
In 1926, Brownell published *The New Universe*, which enumerated his beliefs, and in 1929 he edited a twelve volume series entitle *Man and His World*, which included 60 lectures that had been given in his Contemporary Thought course.
## 1930s {#s_2}
In 1933, Brownell published *Earth is Enough: An Essay on Religious Realism*.
During the 1930s Brownell became acquainted with Arthur E. Morgan, chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority, and edited Morgan's book, *The Small Community*.
From 1936 to 1939 he served as an agricultural advisor to the United States Department of Agriculture. As a supervising editor for Harper & Brothers during the 1940s, he edited several books that were designed to integrate various fields of specialized knowledge.
In addition to his long and distinguished connection with Northwestern, Brownell was also a visiting lecturer at other universities including the University of Kansas City, the University of Chicago, the University of Wisconsin, and the Garrett Biblical Institute.
He traveled extensively. Among his trips were a tour of the Galapagos Islands and an expedition to Cocos Island as the guest of his friend Commander E.F. MacDonald Jr., the Chairman of the Zenith Corporation; a six-month sojourn in the interior of Guatemala; a summer in Tahiti; a trip to Isle Royale, Michigan, as a member of the Isle Royale Archeological Expedition; and various cruises in the Caribbean.
With Frank Lloyd Wright in 1937, he wrote *Architecture and Modern Life*; and in 1939 he wrote *Art in Action*, explaining his views about the humanities.
## 1940s and 1950s {#s_and_1950s}
In 1941, Brownell wrote *The Philosopher in Chaos*, which was an attempt to make head and tail of the modern world.
From 1944 to 1947, Brownell resided in Montana, where he directed a community service project, the Montana Study, which, though initially financed by the Rockefeller Foundation, was jointly sponsored by the Humanities Division of the Rockefeller Foundation and the University of Montana. The Montana Study entailed a program of teaching and field studies in American culture that emphasized the western region of the United States. Brownell\'s book, *The Human Community*, published in 1950, is based upon the Montana Study.
Supported by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and Northwestern University, Brownell continued his community service work in other areas until 1951. He also served as the first director of the Division of Area Services at Southern Illinois University from 1952 to 1954; and organized Southern Illinois\'s Department of Community Development, which was initiated to help revitalize many communities in southern Illinois.
Upon his retirement from Northwestern in 1953, Brownell became Emeritus Professor of Philosophy.
After fully retiring from academic and administrative work in 1954, Brownell spent the remaining years of his life in Fairhope, Alabama.
He continued writing, in 1958 publishing *The Other Illinois*, which was based upon his work at Southern Illinois University.
Baker Brownell died on April 5, 1965
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| 0 |
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# Arturo Maly
**Arturo Maly** (September 6, 1939 -- May 25, 2001) was a Silver Condor Award--winning Argentine actor.
He made over 50 appearances in film and television in Argentina between 1970 and his death in 2001 making his debut in the TV series Esta noche\... miedo in 1970.
In 1981 he received a Silver Condor Award for Best New Actor for his work in the film *Tiempo de revancha*.
He appeared in acclaimed Argentine films such as *La Aventura explosiva* (1977), *Alambrado* (1991), *Corazón iluminado* (1996) and *La Fuga* in 2001.
Maly died on May 25, 2001, of a heart attack.
## Filmography
- Fuga, La (2001) \.... Pedro Escofet
- Campo de sangre (2001) \.... Instruction Judge
- \"Amor Latino\" (2000) TV Series \.... Leandro Villegas
- Los Pintin Al Rescate, Los (2000) (voice) \.... Jorba Tarjat
- Cóndor Crux, la leyenda (2000) (voice) \.... Phizar
- Operación Fangio (1999) \.... Ambassador Quintana
- \"Muñeca brava\" (1998) TV Series \.... Federico Di Carlo
- Inquietante caso de José Blum, El (1998) \.... Dr. Hamán
- \"El hombre de la bolsa\" (1997 -- cortometraje)
- Momentos robados (1997)
- \"Signo, El\" (1997) (mini) TV Series
- \"Laberinto\" (1997) TV Series \.... Inspector Pujadas (unknown episodes)
- Corazón iluminado (1996)
- Geisha (1996) \.... Commissar Arrieta
- Carlos Monzón, el segundo juicio (1996) \.... Tonelli
- \"Como pan caliente\" (1996) TV Series
- \"Último verano, El\" (1996) TV Series
- \"Nano\" (1994) TV Series \.... Noel Espada (unknown episodes)
- Cuatro caras para Victoria (1992)
- \"Marie-Galante\" (1992) (mini) TV Series
- Alambrado (1991) \.... Harvey Logan
- \"Celeste\" (1991) TV Series \.... Bruno Rosetti
- \"Atreverse\" \.... Mario (1 episode)
- \"Ave de Paso\" (1988) TV Series
- The Stranger (1987) \.... Father
- Memorias y olvidos (1987)
- Clínica del Dr. Cureta, La (1987)
- Cruz invertida, La (1985) \.... Colonel
- Tacos altos (1985) \.... Goon\'s Client
- Días de junio, Los (1985) \.... Jorge
- *Caso Matías, El* (1985)
- Contar hasta diez (1985) \.... Pedro Vallejos
- Cuarteles de invierno (1984)
- Noches sin lunas ni soles (1984) \.... Rubio Páez
- No habrá más penas ni olvido (1983) Funny Dirty Little War (USA)
- \"Compromiso\" (1983) TV Series \.... Various
- Últimos días de la víctima (1982) \.... Rodolfo Külpe
- Tiempo de revancha (1981) \.... Dr. García Brown
- Travesuras de Cepillo, Las (1981)
- Discoteca del amor, La (1980) \.... Dr. J. B.
- \"Andrea Celeste\" (1980) TV Series \.... Carlos Irastua
- Playa del amor, La (1980) \.... TV Director
- \"Hombres en pugna\" (1980) (mini) TV Series
- Este loco amor loco (1979)
- \"Somos nosotros\" (1979) TV Series \.... Roberto
- \"Profesión, ama de casa\" (1979) TV Series \.... Gerardo
- Mañana puedo morir (1979) (TV)
- Parte del león, La (1978) \.... Mario
- La Aventura explosiva (1977)
- Gauchos judíos, Los (1975)
- Gente en Buenos Aires (1974)
- Repita con nosotros el siguiente ejercicio (1973)
- Hijos de Fierro, Los (1972)
- \"Esta noche\..
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# Log canoe
The **log canoe** is a type of sailboat developed in the Chesapeake Bay region. Based on the dugout, it was the principal traditional fishing boat of the bay until superseded by the bugeye and the skipjack. However, it is most famous as a racing sailboat, and races continue to be held.
## History
The history of the log canoe is closely tied to the development of the oystering industry on the bay. In pre-power days, the log canoe was an inexpensive craft which could be assembled without recourse to shipbuilders; before the dredge was made legal in 1865, the log canoe was sufficient to the needs of oyster tongers. It did not have the pulling power necessary for dredging, however, its log construction was combined with characteristics of other vessels to form the first bugeyes, a much larger and more powerful vessel. As motor power became available, watermen who were not dredging gradually abandoned sail power; also, the supplies of suitable timber were gradually exhausted. Log canoes were often converted to motor power, and new workboats (such as the Chesapeake Bay deadrise) were motored from the start and used frame construction instead of logs. Many of the existing log canoes have suffered some conversion of this sort during their lifetimes.
Over the same period, however, the ad-hoc racing of canoes evolved into a semi-formal sport, and boats began being purpose-built for racing. From 1885 onward various clubs and associations sponsored organized races. This continues to the present, and racing canoes have been built as recently as 1974.
## Hull construction {#hull_construction}
The typical log canoe is constructed from three to nine logs joined lengthwise and carved to form the lower portion of the hull. Additional height is obtained with smaller pieces fitted together and joined to the outermost (or \"wing\") logs. The resulting hull is sharp-sterned and shallow, and a centerboard is added which pierces the center (keel) log.
Details of construction, particularly at the stem and stern, varied over the region. Also, Virginia boat builders did not use models, whereas most Maryland builders would start from a half-model of the hull. Surviving log canoes range in length from 27 to 35 ft. on-deck. One example is the buyboat *F.D. Crockett* at the Deltaville Maritime Museum in Virginia.
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| 0 |
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# Log canoe
## Rigging
Rigging varied considerably.
Log canoes had one or two masts. Two-masted boats on the Chesapeake---not just log canoes---were often provided with a mast step to allow sailing with just one of the two sails.`{{clarify|What does this mean?|date=August 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
Typical later log canoes were two-masted, vaguely resembling a modern ketch rig. The masts were always steeply raked and unstayed, and the jib was flown from a bowsprit. The rigging of the sails themselves took several characteristic and unusual forms called a triangular \"sprit-boomed leg-of-mutton.\" The main and fore sail were not attached to the boom at the foot, but instead attached only at the clew. A tackle attached to the mast provided the force necessary to shape the sail. One advantage of the sprit boom is that the sail is self-vanging, that is, the boom does not rise or fall depending on the set of the sail. The sheeting force is less, because the sheet does not have to supply downward pull to control the boom as with a gaff-rigged boat.
This evolved further to the \"goosewing\" form, in which the sail became trapezoidal. The pointed clew was replaced by a vertical spar, called a club. The club attached to the aft end of the boom. This allowed for more sail area between the masts than for a triangular sail.
The rigging of the jib was similarly unusual, but followed 19th century working-boat practice. There are several terms for a jib with a boom on the foot: balanced jib, club-footed jib, and self-tending jib.
On a club-footed jib, the foot was attached on a spar, and the balance point of this spar`{{where|date=August 2019}}`{=mediawiki} attached to the end of the bowsprit with a line or fixture. This allowed for a larger jib which could serve as something akin to a spinnaker when running.
Working sailors were less worried about the spinnaker effect than the fact that a properly trimmed balanced jib doesn\'t need any quick sheeting when tacking: hence the term \"self-tending.\"
A final characteristic feature was the use of hiking boards to keep the boat from overturning. These were long, flat boards which hooked at one end under the cockpit and stuck sideways over the opposite gunwale. Crewmembers climb out onto these boards to counterbalance the force of the sails, thus preventing the boat from heeling over. These were particularly important to racing canoes, whose sail area and lack of ballast made them hopelessly tender without such counterbalancing.
## List of log canoes on the National Register of Historic Places {#list_of_log_canoes_on_the_national_register_of_historic_places}
### Maryland
- *Billie P. Hall*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Edmee S.*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Flying Cloud*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Island Bird*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Island Blossom*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Island Image*, Kent County, Maryland
- *Island Lark*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Jay Dee*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Magic*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Mystery*, Kent County, Maryland
- *Noddy*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Oliver\'s Gift*, Anne Arundel County, Maryland
- *Patricia*, Dorchester County, Maryland
- *Persistence*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Rover*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *Sandy*, Talbot County, Maryland
- *S. C
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| 1 |
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# Quality filter mapping
**Quality filter mapping** is part of the value stream mapping toolkit and is used to analyse processes/functions with respect to quality. The results of a quality filter map shows how much waste is being generated within an organisation at each stage of the process.
Three types of quality are measured as part of the model:
1. Product quality: Defective item provided to customer
2. Defect quality: Defective item found prior to receipt by customer
3. Service quality: Defects that affect the ability of the supplier to provide the service or product to the customer
Quality failures/defects are represented as a ratio (typically parts per million). Results of quality filter mapping are commonly used to feed into continuous improvement plans.
A revised map is then generated after implementation of improvement plans to measure the result of improvements
| 140 |
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| 0 |
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# Irving Jaffee
**Irving Warren Jaffee** (September 15, 1906 in New York City -- March 20, 1981 in San Diego, California) was an American speed skater who won two gold medals at the 1932 Winter Olympics, becoming the most successful athlete there along with his compatriot Jack Shea. It was the first time two Americans had won medals in speed skating at a Winter Olympics.
## Early life {#early_life}
Jaffee, who was Jewish, was born to Jewish parents who had emigrated from Russia in 1896. He grew up in the Crotona Park section of The Bronx, where he played baseball with future Hall of Famer Hank Greenberg. He briefly attended DeWitt Clinton High School, but dropped out after failing to make the varsity baseball team.
## Career
At age 14, Jaffee took up skating at the Gay Blades of Iceland rink (which later became the Roseland Ballroom). Rather than pay the 75-cent admission fee, he worked as an ice cleaner to gain admission. He entered numerous skating races in the 1920s. He finally won the Silver Skates two-mile race in 1926, won the national five-mile event the following year, and qualified for the U.S. Olympic team in 1928.
### 1928 Olympics
At the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Jaffee finished fourth in the 5,000-meter skate, the best finish by an American in that event to that date. In the following 10,000-meter race, Jaffee was leading the competition, having outskated Norwegian defending world champion Bernt Evensen in their heat, when rising temperatures thawed the ice. In a controversial ruling, the Norwegian referee canceled the entire competition. Although the International Olympic Committee reversed the referee\'s decision and awarded Jaffee the gold medal, the International Skating Union later overruled the IOC and restored the ruling. Evensen, for his part, publicly said that Jaffee should be awarded the gold medal, but that never happened. Regardless of the official rulings, Jaffee\'s performance made him a national sports hero.
That year he also set a world record in the mile (2:30.6).
### 1932 Olympics {#olympics_1}
Jaffee competed again at the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. At the time, Jaffee recalled, there were signs in Lake Placid that said \"No dogs or Jews allowed\". There, he won gold medals in both the 5,000 and 10,000-meter races. In the 10,000-meter race, Jaffee won in a thrilling finish by leaping across the finish line ahead of Frank Stack and Ivar Ballangrud. As he had in other races, Jaffee\'s accomplishment astounded the skating world, as few American skaters had ever rivalled their European competitors.
In December 1932, his manager announced that Jaffee, and also Ivar Ballangrud, would turn professional. Jaffee\'s professional career was aided by Postmaster General James Farley. Jaffee went on a ten-city professional tour, and later went into the skate manufacturing business, achieving success for a time as a businessman.
### Maccabiah Games {#maccabiah_games}
He served on the American board for the Second Maccabiah Games, held in Israel from April 2 to 10, 1935, despite official opposition by the British Mandatory government, along with Benny Leonard and Nat Holman.
During the Great Depression, the unemployed Jaffee ended up on bread lines and was forced to pawn his Olympic and other medals for \$3500. After he obtained a job on Wall Street, he went to redeem his medals, only to learn the pawn shop had gone out of business: he never saw the medals again.
In 1934, he worked as Winter Sports Director at Grossinger\'s Catskill Resort Hotel, and set a world record there by skating 25 miles in 1:26:01. breaking the 30-year-old record by five minutes. Jaffee also served as a coach to several Olympic speed skaters.
Jaffee appeared in a full-page ad for Camel cigarettes in 1934, entitled \"It Takes Healthy Nerves for Jaffee to be the World\'s Champion Skater; Steady Smokers Turn to Camels\".
### Honors
Jaffee was elected to the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1940 and the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1979. He died in San Diego in 1981
| 675 |
Irving Jaffee
| 0 |
10,056,712 |
# Jungle Jim (serial)
***Jungle Jim*** is a 1937 Universal serial film based on *Jungle Jim*, the comic strip by Alex Raymond. Grant Withers starred as Jungle Jim, and Henry Brandon played the villainous Cobra.
## Plot
Two safaris enter the African jungle intent on finding a white girl who is the heiress to a fortune. One safari, led by Jungle Jim, wants to make sure she gets the news that she is now a rich woman and escort her back to civilisation. The leaders of the other safari want to kill the girl so they can try to get hold of her inheritance themselves\...
## Cast
- Grant Withers as Jungle Jim
- Betty Jane Rhodes as Joan
- Raymond Hatton as Malay Mike
- Evelyn Brent as Shanghai Lil
- Henry Brandon as The Cobra
- Bryant Washburn as Bruce Redmond
- Claude King as Territorial Consul Gilbert \[Ch.1\]
- Selmer Jackson as Attorney Tyler \[Ch.1\] (as Selmar Jackson)
- Al Bridge as Slade
- Paul Sutton as LaBat \[Chs.1-6\]
- Al Duvall as Kolu
- Frank Mayo as Tom Redmond \[Ch.1\]
- J.P. McGowan as Ship Captain J.S. Robinson \[Ch.1\]
- Frank McGlynn Jr. as Red Hallihan \[Ch.1\]
## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
1. Into the Lion\'s Den
2. The Cobra Strikes
3. The Menacing Hand
4. The Killer\'s Trail
5. The Bridge of Terror
6. Drums of Doom
7. The Earth Trembles
8. The Killer Lion
9. The Devil Bird
10. Descending Doom
11. In the Cobra\'s Castle
12
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| 0 |
10,056,719 |
# Ku Kaeo district
**Ku Kaeo** (*กู่แก้ว*, `{{IPA|th|kùː kɛ̂ːw|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *กู่แก้ว*, `{{IPA|tts|kúː kɛ̂ːw|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in central Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Nong Han, Chai Wan, Si That, Kumphawapi, and Prachaksinlapakhom.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was established on 30 April 1994 by splitting it from Nong Han district.
On 15 May 2007 all 81 Thai minor districts were upgraded to full districts. On 24 August the upgrade became official.
## Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 37 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesaban*) areas, and four tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- -------------- ------------ ---------- -------
1\. Ban Chit บ้านจีต 8 5,581
2\. Non Thong In โนนทองอินทร์ 8 4,489
3\. Kho Yai ค้อใหญ่ 6 3,634
4\
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| 0 |
10,056,746 |
# HU postcode area
The **HU postcode area**, also known as the **Hull postcode area**, is a group of twenty postcode districts in England, within eight post towns. These cover the south of the East Riding of Yorkshire, including Hull, Beverley, Cottingham, Hessle, Hornsea, Withernsea, Brough and North Ferriby
| 49 |
HU postcode area
| 0 |
10,056,779 |
# 2000 Southeastern Conference baseball tournament
The **2000 Southeastern Conference baseball tournament** was held at Hoover Metropolitan Stadium in Hoover, Alabama from May 17 through 21. LSU defeated Florida in the championship game, earning the Southeastern Conference\'s automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. LSU would go on to win the national championship at the College World Series in Omaha, NE, their fifth national championship in 10 seasons.
## Regular-season results {#regular_season_results}
+---------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Team W L Pct GB Seed | Team W L Pct GB Seed |
| --------- ---- ---- ------ ------ ------- | ------ ---- ---- ------ ------ ------- |
| 25 5 .833 | LSU 19 10 .655 \-- **2** |
| Florida 18 11 .621 6.5 **4** | 17 10 .630 1 **3** |
| 14 15 .483 10.5 **7** | 17 13 .567 2.5 **5** |
| 12 16 .429 12 **8** | 16 14 .533 3.5 **6** |
| 10 18 .357 | 12 17 .414 7 \-- |
| 5 24 .172 19.5 \-- | 8 20 .286 10.5 \-- |
| | |
| : Eastern Division | : Western Division |
+---------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
## Tournament
- Vanderbilt, Ole Miss, Arkansas and Tennessee did not make the tournament
| 205 |
2000 Southeastern Conference baseball tournament
| 0 |
10,056,795 |
# Tsjibbe Gearts van der Meulen
**Tsjibbe Gearts van der Meulen** (May 6, 1824 -- March 16, 1906) was a West Frisian-language writer and poet from the town of Burgum in the Dutch province of Friesland. He was also a clock-maker, book seller, printer and publisher.
Most of his work is collected in *Ald en nij* (Old and new), a work of almost 700 pages, published after his death (in 1908) by his son Wigger Arnoldus. In 1974 an anthology of his autobiographical stories called *In brulloft yn\'e Wâlden en oare wiere forhalen* (A wedding in the Woods and other true stories) was published
| 104 |
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| 0 |
10,056,828 |
# Delaware Route 48
**Delaware Route 48** (**DE 48**) is a state highway in New Castle County, Delaware. The route runs from DE 41 in Hockessin east to U.S. Route 13 Business (US 13 Bus.) in downtown Wilmington. The route passes through suburban areas of Wilmington along Lancaster Pike, intersecting DE 100 and DE 141. DE 48 continues into Wilmington as Lancaster Avenue and intersects DE 2, where it splits into the one-way pair of Lancaster Avenue eastbound and Second Street westbound. Upon reaching downtown Wilmington, the route intersects Interstate 95 (I-95)/US 202 and DE 4 before continuing to the eastern terminus.
What is now DE 48 was originally built as the Lancaster Pike in 1817, a turnpike that was to connect Wilmington to the Gap and Newport Turnpike. The turnpike became county-maintained in 1877. The Lancaster Pike was designated DE 48 by 1936, with the route continuing east through Wilmington to the Wilmington-Penns Grove Ferry across the Delaware River, where it connected to Route 48 in Penns Grove, New Jersey. The ferry was discontinued in 1949 and the eastern terminus of DE 48 was cut back to its current location by 1952.
## Route description {#route_description}
DE 48 begins at an intersection with DE 41 in Hockessin, heading southeast on Lancaster Pike, a two-lane undivided road. The road runs through wooded areas and residential development, crossing Loveville Road and Hyde Run before curving east and gaining a westbound truck lane as it descends a hill. The route widens into a four-lane divided highway before crossing the Wilmington and Western Railroad at-grade and Red Clay Creek. The road passes residential areas and business parks as it crosses Centerville Road. DE 48 crosses Little Mill Creek and comes to an intersection with DE 100/DE 141, at which point DE 100 forms a concurrency with DE 48. The two routes head southeast as a four-lane undivided road, crossing Chestnut Run and passing through residential and commercial areas. The road crosses an East Penn Railroad line at-grade and runs to the north of a cemetery, with DE 100 splitting from DE 48 by turning south on South Dupont Road as it passes south of the Cab Calloway School of the Arts and Charter School of Wilmington.
DE 48 continues into the city of Wilmington as Lancaster Avenue and heads into urban areas of homes and businesses, with the eastbound direction narrowing to one lane at the intersection with Greenhill Avenue. Following this intersection, the route crosses over CSX\'s Philadelphia Subdivision railroad line on a bridge. The road narrows to two lanes and passes to the north of another cemetery. The route intersects DE 2, which follows the one-way pair of Lincoln Street northbound and Union Street southbound, in the Union Park Gardens neighborhood.
At this point, DE 48 itself splits into a one-way pair that follows Lancaster Avenue eastbound and West Second Street westbound, with westbound DE 48 using westbound DE 2 (North Union Street) to get from West Second Street to Lancaster Avenue. The one-way pair carries two lanes in each direction. DE 48 continues into downtown Wilmington, where it crosses under a viaduct carrying I-95/US 202, with ramp connections to and from the southbound direction of I-95/US 202 via Jackson Street, which parallels I-95/US 202 to the west.
Upon crossing under I-95/US 202, a westbound ramp to I-95/US 202 complements the eastbound direction of DE 48, with the road becoming Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, a six-lane divided highway. Westbound DE 48 remains along one-way West Second Street, which carries three lanes. DE 48 intersects the eastern terminus of DE 4, which provides access to DE 48 from the northbound direction of I-95/US 202. The one-way pair continues further into the downtown, passing to the south of the Orlando J. George, Jr. Campus of Delaware Technical Community College, and runs a short distance to the north of Amtrak\'s Northeast Corridor railroad line. The route intersects the southbound direction of US 13 Bus., which shifts west from North King Street to South Market Street where it intersects DE 48. At this point, the westbound direction of Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard ends. Following the intersection with US 13 Bus. southbound, DE 48 follows the one-way pair of Front Street eastbound and East Second Street westbound. Along this stretch, the route passes to the north of Wilmington Station along the Northeast Corridor that serves Amtrak and SEPTA\'s Wilmington/Newark Line, with the train station\'s parking garage and the Wilmington Bus Station serving Greyhound Lines buses located between Front Street and East Second Street west of the French Street intersection. DE 48 reaches its eastern terminus at an intersection with the northbound direction of US 13 Bus., which follows Walnut Street, west of the Wilmington Transit Center serving DART First State buses.
DE 48 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 38,923 vehicles at the DE 4 intersection to a low of 11,223 vehicles at the Loveville Road intersection near Hockessin. The entire length of DE 48 is part of the National Highway System.
## History
The Wilmington Turnpike Company was founded on October 23, 1809, to build a turnpike from Wilmington to the Pennsylvania border, connecting to the Gap and Newport Turnpike. The turnpike was completed in 1817 at a cost of \$39,549.97. The turnpike became known as the Lancaster Pike and was surfaced with stone. The Wilmington Turnpike Company operated the Lancaster Pike until 1877 when they abandoned the road. The turnpike\'s charter was repealed and the road was then under the control of the county levy court. The road leading from Wilmington to the Wilmington-Penns Grove Ferry across the Delaware River to Penns Grove, New Jersey, was completed as a state highway by 1931.
By 1936, the Lancaster Pike became a part of DE 48. In addition, the route continued through Wilmington on Lincoln Street, Fourth Street, and Christina Avenue to the ferry across the Delaware River to Penns Grove, New Jersey, which linked DE 48 to Route 48 in New Jersey. In 1939, DE 48 was rebuilt between DE 41 and Centre Road, eliminating curves and grades. In 1949, the Wilmington-Penns Grove Ferry was discontinued. DE 48 was realigned onto Lancaster Avenue to continue to US 13/US 202 (now US 13 Bus.), its current eastern terminus, by 1952. By 1990, DE 100 was realigned to follow a portion of DE 48, bypassing a part of Dupont Road. DE 48 was widened into a divided highway at the DE 141 intersection by 1996. The divided highway was extended west to Centerville Road a year later
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# Sam Olij
**Simon Paulus Olij** (5 October 1900, Landsmeer -- 4 August 1975, Amsterdam) was a Dutch heavyweight boxer who attended the 1928 Summer Olympics. During World War II, he was a Nazi collaborator. Olij was later sentenced to death but was reprieved and served a seven-year prison sentence.
## Boxing
There he was eliminated in the quarterfinals of the men\'s heavyweight division by eventual gold medalist Arturo Rodríguez from Argentina. His result was: (in Dutch)
- Round of 16: defeated Joe Goyder (Great Britain) by decision
- Quarterfinal: lost to Arturo Rodriguez (Argentina) on points
## Nazi collaborator {#nazi_collaborator}
Olij, and his son Jan, became members of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB) during the Second World War. Olij and his son betrayed and arrested numerous Jewish people who were deported as part of The Holocaust. One of them was fellow Jewish Dutch boxing Olympian Ben Bril and his family.
After the war he was sentenced to death for his role in The Holocaust. However, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment which itself was repealed. After a psychiatric assessment Olij had his sentence commuted to nine years imprisonment. He was released in June 1954. His son, Jan, while awaiting trial escaped from an internment camp in 1947 and fled to Argentina where he died in 1996.
## Later life {#later_life}
Olij died in 1975 in Amsterdam
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# Secret Agent X-9 (1937 serial)
***Secret Agent X-9*** (1937) is a Universal film serial based on the comic strip *Secret Agent X-9* by Dashiell Hammett and Alex Raymond.
## Plot
G-Men learn that \"Victor Brenda\", a notorious jewel thief, is heading for the US, to steal the Belgravian crown jewels currently on exhibit. The jewels are placed on a ship bound for Belgravia. However, the guard is murdered and the treasures are stolen. Agent Dexter, alias Agent X-9, trails Blackstone, one of the gang members, who hides the jewels in a safe deposit vault of a bank. He takes the bank receipt to an art shop, where Marker, a paid accomplice, conceals it between an oil painting and its frame. Dexter arrests Blackstone and pursues Marker with the full intention of unmasking Brenda.
## Cast
- Scott Kolk as Agent Dexter (X-9)
- Jean Rogers as Shara Graustark
- Henry Brandon as Blackstone/Victor T. Brenda
- David Oliver as Pidge
- Monte Blue as Baron Michael Karsten
- Lon Chaney Jr. as Maroni, primary henchman
- Ben Hewlett as Scarlett, primary henchman
- Larry J. Blake as Chief FBI Agent Wheeler
- Henry Hunter as FBI Agent Tommy Dawson (C-5)
- George Shelley as Packard, a henchman
- Lynn Gilbert as Rose, gun moll
- Robert Dalton as Thurston
- Leonard Lord as Ransom, dissident henchman
- Bob Kortman as \"Trader\" Delaney
- Eddy Waller as Lawyer Carp
- Si Jenks as \"Jolly Roger\", ticket barker
## Production
*Secret Agent X-9* was based on the comic strip by Dashiell Hammett (writer) and Alex Raymond (artist).
### Stunts
- George Magrill
- Eddie Parker doubling Scott Kolk
- Tom Steele doubling Henry Brandon & Jack Cheatham
## Chapter titles {#chapter_titles}
1. Modern Pirates
2. The Ray That Blinds
3. The Man of Many Faces
4. The Listening Shadow
5. False Fires
6. The Dragnet
7. Sealed Lips
8. Exhibit A
9. The Masquerader
10. The Forced Lie
11. The Enemy Camp
12
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# 2007 Southeastern Conference baseball tournament
The **2007 Southeastern Conference baseball tournament** was held at Hoover Metropolitan Stadium in Hoover, AL from May 23 through 27. After being ranked #1 nationally for most of the season and taking the regular-season SEC crown, Vanderbilt won the tournament and earned the Southeastern Conference\'s automatic bid to the 2007 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.
This year marked the first time since 1984 LSU did not qualify for the tournament. The Bayou Bengals struggled to a 12-17-1 SEC record under first-year coach Paul Mainieri and finished 29-26-1 overall, LSU\'s lowest win total since 1983, the year before Skip Bertman came to Baton Rouge.
## Regular Season Results {#regular_season_results}
+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Team W L T Pct GB Seed | Team W L T Pct GB Seed |
| ---------------- ---- ---- --- ------ ----- ------- | ------------------- ---- ---- --- ------ ----- ------- |
| Vanderbilt 22 8 .733 \-- **1** | Arkansas 18 12 .600 \-- **2** |
| South Carolina 17 13 .567 5 **3** | Mississippi State 15 13 .536 2 **4** |
| Florida 15 15 .500 7 **6** | Ole Miss 16 14 .533 2 **5** |
| Tennessee 13 15 .464 8 **8** | Alabama 15 15 .500 3 **7** |
| Kentucky 13 16 1 .450 8.5 \-- | LSU 12 17 1 .417 5.5 \-- |
| Georgia 11 19 .367 11 \-- | Auburn 10 20 .333 8 \-- |
| | |
| : Eastern Division | : Western Division |
+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
## Tournament
- \~ Game was shortened by 10-run rule.
- \* Game went into extra innings.
- LSU, Kentucky, Auburn and Georgia did not make the tournament
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# Phibun Rak district
**Phibun Rak** (*พิบูลย์รักษ์*, `{{IPA|th|pʰí.būːn rák|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in central Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Nong Han, Chai Wan, Si That, Kumphawapi, and Prachaksinlapakhom.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was established on 1 April 1992 by splitting three *tambons* from Nong Han district. It was upgraded to a full district on 11 October 1997.
## Administration
The district is divided into three sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 37 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesaban*) areas, and three tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- ----------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Ban Daeng บ้านแดง 15 8,967
2\. Na Sai นาทราย 11 8,077
3\
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# Keep It Going
***Keep It Going*** is the fifth full-length studio album by California ska punk band Mad Caddies, released on May 1, 2007 on CD. It was pressed on vinyl in 2014 in both colored and black variants.
*Keep It Going* features production work from Grammy award-winning producer Wayne Jobson (No Doubt, Gregory Isaacs, Toots & the Maytals) and a guest appearance from reggae legend Duckie Simpson (Black Uhuru) on a cover of Delroy Wilson's classic "Riding For a Fall". The album features additional guest appearances by trumpeter Dana Heitman, organist Dustin Lanker and saxophonists Ian Early and Sean Flannery, all of the Oregon rock/ska/swing band the Cherry Poppin\' Daddies.
The cover art is a photo of the Spirit of New Orleans Brass Band, led by Layton Martens (19 February 1943 - 18 March 2000), who is at left on trombone. Anthony "Tuba Fats" Lacen (15 September 1950 -- 11 January 2004) at right.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Mad Caddies, except where otherwise noted:
1. \"The Dirge\" - 1:53 (Dustin Lanker/Mad Caddies)
2. \"Backyard\" - 3:01
3. \"State of Mind\" - 3:46
4. \"Today\" - 2:39
5. \"Without You\" - 3:07
6. \"Reflections\" - 3:13
7. \"Lay Your Head Down\" - 3:28
8. \"Tired Bones\" - 2:53
9. \"Coyote\" - 4:10
10. \"Don\'t Go\" - 3:01
11. \"Pyramid Scheme\" - 2:27
12. \"Souls for Sale\" - 3:42
13. \"Riding for a Fall\" - 4:39 (Dodd/Wilson)
14. \"Whatcha Gonna Do\" - 3:08
15
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# Almarai
**Almarai Company** (*lit=The Pasture*) is a Saudi multinational dairy company which is listed on the Tadawul stock exchange. It specializes in food and beverage manufacturing and distribution. The company\'s main offices are located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
## History
### Early years (1977--2010) {#early_years_19772010}
Almarai started its operations in 1977 by Irish brothers Alastair McGuckian and Paddy McGuckian and Prince Sultan bin Mohammed bin Saud Al Kabeer. During the early years of the company\'s history, there was little infrastructure for the production and sale of milk in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Prince Sultan recognized that the area and the wider Middle East could benefit from higher quality milk production and logistics. Almarai then set up a number of facilities in regions across Saudi Arabia, which initially helped local farmers produce and distribute milk.
During the early 1990s, Almarai entered a period of restructuring and reinvestment that took it from a decentralized to a centralized structure. Five decentralized processing plants were replaced with a central processing plant. Ten small dairy farms that were scattered across Saudi Arabia were replaced with four large dairy farms in Al Kharj in the central region.
Savola owns a quarter of its shares and the rest has been on the market since 2006. In 2005, Almarai entered a new phase, transformed from a company with limited liability to a joint-stock company. The move was part of the company\'s IPO, as they floated 30% of the company shares on the Saudi Arabian stock market, the Tadawul. All shareholders, including The Savola Group, diluted their shares for the IPO to take place. However exact figures were never revealed how the 30% of shares were divided.
In 2006, Almarai began to diversify its portfolio by pushing promotions on other dairy products and not just milk. It held a cheddar cheese product promotion throughout the Middle East to try and increase the number of households that bought the cheese on a regular basis. At the beginning of 2007, Almarai signed a memorandum of understanding with the authorized partners in Western Bakeries Company Limited, to acquire up to 100% ownership of these companies. And then raise the capital of the company to (1.090) million Saudi riyals. The current capital is SR 8 billion.
In 2009, Almarai and PepsiCo announced that they would be forming a joint venture, International Dairy and Juice Limited, known as IDJ. They then announced that they would be acquiring Egypt\'s International Company for Agro-Industrial Projects (Beyti). The company specializes in dairy and juice products, including plain and flavored ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk, flavored yogurt, cheese and a variety of juices. The brand name was known throughout Egypt and continued to operate under its name as a subsidiary of the IDJ joint venture. During that year, Almarai also moved into the poultry market. This was following the acquisition of Hail Agricultural Development Co. The lucrative poultry business was purchased for \$253.2 million in cash and stock to complete the takeover.
As part of the PepsiCo partnership, Almarai also moved into the Jordanian drinks market. IDJ acquired a 75% stake in Teeba, a leading Jordanian dairy producer. This helped strengthen Almarai\'s presence in the country\'s dairy market, but also Pepsi used the acquisition to launch Tropicana orange juice drinks into the Jordanian market.
The expansion and growth of the dairy producer continued into 2010, when it was announced they planned on expanding its operations into Pakistan. The likelihood was that Almarai would invest in the country\'s dairy market through acquisition.
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# Almarai
## History
### Recent history (2011--present) {#recent_history_2011present}
Almarai announced in 2011 that they would be investing heavily in Saudi Arabia to increase dairy production in the country. Arab News reported that they would be creating an additional 12,000 jobs in the country over the next five years. The joint venture with Pepsi continued to grow, when Reuters announced that both companies would invest a total of \$345 million in Egypt\'s agriculture industry. It was seen as a positive move in the country, following 3 years of economic turmoil following the 2011 revolution in the country. During the same year, they also made an announcement that they would be acquiring Fondomonte, a large farming company, based in Argentina.
By 2014, the company controlled 44 percent of the dairy market in the Persian Gulf region.
Between 2006 and 2016, the company grew rapidly. It was announced that their total staffing numbers had reached 38,000, which means the company created over thirty thousand jobs in a decade. Later in 2016, Almarai announced that it would be acquiring land in the United States to expand its farming operations. The land would be purchased in a number of locations, predominantly in California for its farm-friendly water laws, acquiring in total around 14,000 acres. In 2017, it was announced that Savola would reduce its stake in Almarai by 2 percent.
The Kingdom\'s sovereign wealth fund announced in late 2017 that they would be acquiring a large share in Almarai, increasing their share to 16.32 percent. Bloomberg valued their investment at \$2.4 billion. It was said to be a move by the Saudi Arabian wealth fund to diversify its portfolio away from oil investments. The move proved to be positive with investors, as the shares rose 4 percent following the announcement.
In 2018, it was announced that Almarai was the most popular brand in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the third year in a row. This was according to a poll carried out by the British market research company, YouGov. Later that year, it was announced that Almarai announced plans to invest \$2.8 billion in Middle Eastern production facilities. Between 2019 and 2023, Almarai was said to be focusing on the production facilities at farms in the region, but also its distribution and transportation in the region, so it would be easier to expand geographically throughout the Middle East.
In March 2021, Almarai agreed to buy the UAE and Bahrain operations of Bakemart for \$25.5 million.
Almarai was the first dairy farm in Saudi Arabia to be accredited with ISO 22000. Almarai also received the ISO 9001:2000 across all its operating divisions (farming, procurement, processing, technical research and development, distribution and supply chain).
## Facilities and sustainability {#facilities_and_sustainability}
In June 2012, Almarai invited a number of representatives from both the International press and also financial leaders to visit their main facility in Saudi Arabia, located in Al Kharj. The facility is around 60 miles from the Saudi capital of Riyadh.
The Al Kharj facility includes dairy and juice processing operations, along with a bakery facility. It also has the region\'s first infant nutrition factory. CNN reported on the innovative technology used at the Al Kharj facility, with each cow needing an estimated 300 liters of water each day in the middle of the Saudi Arabian desert, the company uses a method known as the Californian model to run huge dairy productions in some of the driest regions across the globe. The facility can automate temperatures from above 50 C down to 21 -- all year round. The milk it produces serves over 55,000 stores in the Persian Gulf region. In 2017, Almarai added a second production facility in Al Kharj, known as CPP3. It is home to a bakery, infant nutrition plant, central processing plant, and a logistics warehouse
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# Evelin Samuel
**Evelin Samuel** (born 13 May 1975) is an Estonian singer, songwriter, musical theater performer, author of children\'s books and participant in the Eurovision Song Contest.
## Career
Evelin Samuel has been singing since childhood and was even recorded by the studios of Eesti Raadio at a very early age. In the late 1980s, Evelin joined the children\'s musical theatre Colombina whom she performed with at the 1992 Roskilde Festival in Denmark.
In 1993, she finished 4th at *Kaks takti ette*, a contest for debutant singers, organized by Eesti Televisioon. The same year, she won the Baltic song contest *Via Baltica* and a year later she won again with \"*Vari ja roos*\" at Uus Laul, a song contest organized by Eesti Televisioon.
In 1997 and 1999, Evelin Samuel took part in the Eurovision Song Contest while 2002 saw the release of her debut album *Alternature: Over The Water Blue*. In the late 1990s, she was also a DJ at the popular Raadio Uuno.
Evelin has also been singing dance music on ferries on the Baltic Sea for several years.
In 2015, Samuel ran for the general parliamentary elections for the political party Isamaa but was not elected.
## Writing
In 2008, Evelin Samuel introduced her debut book release, *Ükskord, kui sadas vihma* (*Once When It Was Raining*), a fantasy story for little children. Since then, she has written a number of songs, poems and short stories, all for children.
In 2010, Evelin Samuel became the editor-in-chief of the popular health magazine *Tervis Pluss*, a post she held for a year. She\'s also a columnist.
### Eurovision Song Contest {#eurovision_song_contest}
Evelin Samuel attempted to enter the Eurovision Song Contest in 1994 (with three songs) and 1996 (with two songs) but did not succeed until 1997, when she took the stage as one of the backing vocalists for the Estonian entry, \"Keelatud maa\", performed by Maarja-Liis Ilus, which ended up in eighth place. She came back to Eurolaul, the estonian selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, in 1998 with two songs and finished as Runner up with \"Unistus igavesest päevast\", only three points behind the winner.
In the 1999 Eurovision Song Contest, held in Jerusalem, she represented Estonia with the song \"Diamond of Night\" alongside the violinist Camille, finishing in sixth place. The lyrics for the song were written by Maian-Anna Kärmas, who was a backing vocalist in the entry. This was the first ever time an entry that was not sung in Estonian had ever represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest.
Evelin has tried to enter Eurovision in 2000, but she was not selected. However, in 2000 and 2006 Evelin was the spokesperson for the Estonian televote results at the Eurovision.
Samuel entered Eesti Laul 2022 with her song \"Waterfall\", which qualified from the first quarterfinal but was eliminated in the semi-final.
### Musical Theatre {#musical_theatre}
In 2001, Evelin Samuel was cast to play the role of Fantine in the musical *Les Misérables* in Tallinn but had to cancel her participation for personal reasons in the middle of the rehearsals. Still, a couple of years later, she earned good reviews for her portrayal of Nancy in *Oliver!* in Tallinn and went on to play in the musical *Miss Saigon* in Helsinki. She was also a member of the company of Jesus Christ Superstar in 1993.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 2016, Samuel married pianist Johan Randvere. The couple have one daughter, Marta, born in 2019, and she has two sons, Oskar and Torsten from a previous relationship with a journalist Raimo Ülavere. Since 2019, she has been often credited as Evelin Samuel-Randvere
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# Mohammed Nayim Farouq
**Mohammed Naim Farouq** (born 1960) is a citizen of Afghanistan who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 633. Mohammed Naim Farouq is named on a \"most wanted\" poster issued by the Defense Intelligence Agency, and a press release entitled: \"Ex-Guantanamo Detainees who have returned to the fight\".
## Identity
- A former Guantanamo captive listed as **Mohammed Nayim Farouq** is named on the list of captives who returned to the battlefield, and on the full official list released on May 15, 2006.
- A former Guantanamo captive listed as **Mohammed Nayim Farouq** is named on the most wanted list. The most wanted list asserts he was born in 1960.
- A former Guantanamo captive listed as **Mohammed Nayim Farouq** is named on the full official list of all the captives\' names, released on May 15, 2006. According to the list, his Guantanamo Internment Serial Number is 633. The list reports that he was born in Zatoon Kahil, in 1960.
### Aliases
The \"most wanted\" poster lists four aliases.
- Mohammed Nayim,
- Naim Farrouqi,
- Commander Naim,
- Commander Naim Khan
## Alleged terrorist affiliation {#alleged_terrorist_affiliation}
The most wanted poster claims Farouq is affiliated to both the Taliban and al Qaeda. It asserts he has been a Taliban militia leader.
On July 16, 2007, the Department of Defense issued a press release entitled: Ex-Guantanamo Detainees who have returned to the fight\'\'. The press release stated: `{{quote|After his release from US custody in July 2003, Farouq quickly renewed his association with Taliban and al-Qaida members and has since become re-involved in anti-Coalition militant activity.}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Mohammed Nayim Farouq
## McClatchy interview {#mcclatchy_interview}
On June 15, 2008, the McClatchy News Service published articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives. McClatchy reporters interviewed Farouq. According to the McClatchy report, Farouq was the leader of a gang of bandits prior to his capture and transport to Guantanamo, with no ties to al-Qaeda or the Taliban.
Abdul Jabar Sabit, Afghan Attorney General, interviewed Mohammed Naim Farouq in Guantanamo, and characterized him as a \"rural gangster\". Mohammed Naim Farouq, on the other hand, described himself as the leader of a kind of vigilante militia, who were trying to keep order in their region. He said that he and his family clashed with the Taliban, during their regime, but, eventually they \"realized that I am from a big tribe \... so we came to an agreement.\"
The McClatchy report said Mohammed Naim Farouq became the head of Security for Zormat District, following the Taliban\'s ouster, noting: \"It\'s not clear whether the new, U.S.-backed government appointed Farouq to that position or, more likely, whether he just had more guns than anyone else in the area.\" Mohammed Naim Farouq was apprehended after he confronted some American soldiers who had apprehended some of his men.
According to various Afghan officials, Farouq became a Taliban leader after his repatriation. He however maintained, during his interview, that he was just trying to keep order in his region.
Mohammed Naim Farouq reported routine abuse and humiliation by his American captors. He was not cooperative with his interrogators: \"They asked me if I knew Osama bin Laden. I said, \'Fuck bin Laden and fuck your wife, too. Bin Laden came and destroyed our nation, and you came and destroyed our nation. But at least bin Laden was a Muslim and did not humiliate us like this.\"
Farouq told McClatchy reporters that he had opposed the Taliban when they were in power and that his tribal militia had struggled with them, that his brother had been driven into exile.
Farouq described being taken into American custody after questioning American GIs when they had taken some of his men into custody---even though he had identified himself as the District\'s Police Commander. Farouq described being repeatedly humiliated in the Kandahar detention facility and the Bagram Theater Detention Facility by being stripped naked: \"they took me into interrogation completely naked. They asked me if I knew Osama bin Laden. I said, \'Fuck bin Laden and fuck your wife, too. Bin Laden came and destroyed our nation, and you came and destroyed our nation. But at least bin Laden was a Muslim and did not humiliate us like this.\" He described seeing an American soldier in Afghanistan throw a Koran into a bucket of excrement.
## Accusations of Taliban and al-Qaeda associations {#accusations_of_taliban_and_al_qaeda_associations}
In May 2009, Elizabeth Bumiller of the *New York Times*, citing a leaked report leaked to her, asserted that Mohammed Naim Farouq had Taliban and Al Qaeda associations. On May 26, 2009, the *McClatchy News Service* published a portion of their interview with Farouq. In the interview he said everyone in his province had welcomed the Americans and that he was the first person captured in his province. He said that the Hamid Karzai government had asked him to resume his job as District Chief, but that after years of humiliation while in US detention, he \"had enough\", and he declined
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# Emilio Vieyra
**Emilio Vieyra** (12 October 1920 -- 25 January 2010), sometimes credited as **Raúl Zorrilla**, was an Argentine film director, actor, screenwriter and film producer, between 1950 and the 1990s. He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He is mostly known for his action and horror films, which were usually grounded in the exploitation genre.
Vieyra began as an actor in 1950 in the film *Hombres a precio* and appeared in *Ayer fue primavera* in 1955. He began a career as a film director in 1962, with the comedy *Dr. Cándido Pérez, señoras*, and is most credited in this area of Argentine cinema. As both actor and director he appeared in the science fiction film *Extraña invasión* (1965), the Gothic horror film *Sangre de vírgenes* (1967), the horror film *La Bestia desnuda* (1971), the action film *La Gran aventura* (1974), the comedy *Ángel, la Diva y Yo* (1999) and the drama *Cargo de conciencia* (2005), which was his last acting role and last film. Shortly after he retired from filmmaking and died in 2010, aged 89.
## Filmography
### As director {#as_director}
- *Dr. Cándido Pérez, señoras* (1962)
- *Detrás de la mentira* (1962)
- *La fin del mundo* (1963)
- *Testigo para un crimen* (1963)
- *María M.* (1964)
- *Extraña invasión* (1965)
- *Dos quijotes sobre ruedas* (1966)
- *Placer sangriento* (1967)
- *La bestia desnuda* (1967)
- *Sangre de vírgenes* (1967)
- *Villa Cariño está que arde* (1968)
- *La venganza del sexo* (1969)
- *Quiero llenarme de ti* (1969)
- *La vida continúa* (1969)
- *Gitano* (1970)
- *Los mochileros* (1970)
- *Así es Buenos Aires* (1971)
- *Simplemente una rosa* (1971)
- *Yo gané el prode\... y Ud
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# Jay Randolph
**Jennings \"Jay\" Randolph Jr.** (born September 19, 1934) is an American sportscaster whose career has spanned more than fifty years.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
The son of U.S. Senator Jennings Randolph, he grew up in West Virginia, attended The George Washington University from 1952 to 1956, where was a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity. As a young man he enjoyed considerable success as an amateur golfer. He played on the Golf Team at George Washington University and was inducted into their Athletic Hall of Fame in 1978. In 1958, Randolph began his broadcasting career as an announcer and sports director for a Clarksburg radio station.
## Career in St. Louis {#career_in_st._louis}
Following play-by-play stints with the West Virginia Mountaineers in the late 1950s, and the Dallas Cowboys and SMU Mustangs in the early 1960s, Randolph went to St. Louis. He served as a staff announcer at KMOX radio in 1966, and as announcer and sports director for KSD (later KSDK) television from 1967 to 1988. At KSDK (Channel 5), Randolph anchored sports coverage for the station\'s newscasts and called TV play-by-play for St. Louis Cardinals baseball (as well as the first season of St. Louis Blues hockey in 1967--68). Randolph served as the over-the-air TV voice of the Cardinals for 21 seasons, split over two stints. He had a 17-year stint in the Cards\' TV booth that ended after the 1987 season when the station lost the local rights, but was brought back in 2007 when KSDK got its small part of the TV pie, which ended in 2010. He does the \"Randolph Report\" on KFNS (590 AM) radio. [Posted October 1, 2010, last referenced October 3, 2010.](https://www.stltoday.com/sports/columns/dan-caesar/article_42a65235-7af9-5df7-8d13-b9ff445f6e23.html)
## NBC Sports {#nbc_sports}
Randolph also worked for NBC Sports television in the 1970s and \'80s, announcing a wide variety of events including the National Football League, Major League Baseball, college football, college basketball, PGA Tour and LPGA golf, the Professional Bowlers Association, and three Olympic Games and the Breeders\' Cup.
## Later career {#later_career}
Randolph called play-by-play for baseball\'s Cincinnati Reds in 1988 and Florida Marlins from 1993-1996, and hosted the Marlins\' TV pregame from 1997-2000. He later broadcast golf events for CNBC and The Golf Channel. From 2007-2010 he called St. Louis Cardinals games on KSDK television. On October 2, 2010, the day before his final Cardinal broadcast, he was honored by the team by being selected to throw out the ceremonial first pitch to longtime friend and broadcast partner Mike Shannon. In 2011, Randolph worked as a features reporter and interviewer for Cardinals broadcasts on Fox Sports Midwest.
Randolph was inducted into the Texas Radio Hall of Fame in 2005, Missouri Sports Hall of Fame in 2008, and the Missouri Broadcaster Association Hall of Fame in 2012.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Randolph\'s son, Jay Jr., formerly provided commentary for the PGA Tour Network on XM Satellite Radio, and hosted a sports-talk show on KFNS radio (590 AM) in St. Louis. He also appeared frequently on KFNS 590 AM) in St. Louis. Jay Jr. died from cancer in 2022
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# Eddie Feigner
**Eddie** \"**The King**\" **Feigner** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|eɪ|n|ər}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{respell|FAY-nər}}`{=mediawiki}; March 25, 1925 -- February 9, 2007) was an American softball pitcher and entertainer.
## Biography
Born **Myrle Vernon King** in Walla Walla, Washington, he played softball for much of his early life, and turned his attention to the sport full-time following an enlistment in the U.S. Marine Corps. He first assembled his four-man touring team, known as \"The King and His Court\", in 1946 and took on all comers, first in the Pacific Northwest and then around the country. The team, which fielded only a pitcher (Feigner), catcher, first baseman, and shortstop, was known for performing tricks that entertained the audience.
The King and His Court would play over ten thousand softball games in a hundred countries from the late 1940s to the beginning of the 21st century and achieved a reputation and fame similar to that of the Harlem Globetrotters. Feigner\'s meticulous records claim 9,743 victories, 141,517 strikeouts, 930 no-hitters and 238 perfect games. He also only allowed 3 home runs in his whole career: one to Frank Vasques at Eintracht Oval in Astoria, Queens NY., one to Bruce Bomers of Grandville, MI, and one homer to Thomas Leroy Barris in Rockford, Illinois in 1957, while playing the R.I.A.A. All Stars at Beyer Stadium. *The Washington Post* described him as \"the greatest softball pitcher who ever lived.\" Despite his substantial record, Feigner said that while his team was known for taking on local softball teams and often winning by considerable margins, the intent of the King and His Court was to entertain audiences, never to embarrass opposing players. \"When a man steps up to the plate, we have nothing but respect for him,\" he was noted for oft quoting.
When asked why his team only had four members, Feigner answered he had been told no team could take on his pitching so he should reduce the roster to simply himself. Feigner accepted the dare and originally wanted a two-man team of himself and catcher, but increased it to three in case an opposing player got a hit. He then added a fourth player when he realized that if all three of his team were on base, no one would be up to bat.
In honor of Feigner\'s time in the Marines, the King and His Court often played against military personnel, often at venues such as United States Army bases or the decks of aircraft carriers. They had also been known for donating considerable amounts of ticket profits to charity, and following Operation Desert Storm, had put veteran support as the chief charity they played for.
On February 18, 1967, Feigner appeared in a celebrity charity softball game against many Major League Baseball players. In the game, Feigner struck out Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, Brooks Robinson, Roberto Clemente, Maury Wills, and Harmon Killebrew all in a row.
Feigner retired from pitching after suffering a stroke in 2000 but continued to tour with his team, acting as emcee and telling stories while the team played. The team was satirized on a 2006 episode of the Fox sitcom *King of the Hill* entitled \"You Gotta Believe (In Moderation)\" by a team called The Ace of Diamonds and His Jewels.
Feigner died in February 2007 in Huntsville, Alabama. The King\'s burial took place on October 21, 2022, at the Nashville National Cemetery.
Feigner was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary\'s Shrine of the Eternals in 2013
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# 20th century in literature
Literature of the 20th century refers to world literature produced during the 20th century (1901 to 2000).
The main periods in question are often grouped by scholars as Modernist literature, Postmodern literature, flowering from roughly 1900 to 1940 and 1960 to 1990 respectively, roughly using World War II as a transition point. After 1960, the somewhat malleable term \"contemporary literature\" widely appears.
Although these terms (modern, contemporary and postmodern) are generally applicable to and stem from Western literary history, scholars often use them in reference to Asian, Latin American and African literatures. Non-western writers, in particular in Postcolonial literature, have been at the forefront of literary evolution during the twentieth century.
Technological advances facilitated lower production cost for books, coupled with rising populations and literacy rates, which resulted in a significant rise in production of popular literature and trivial literature, comparable to the similar developments in music. The division of \"popular literature\" and \"high literature\" in the 20th century is overlapped by genres such as detectives or science fiction, despite being largely ignored by mainstream literary criticism for most of the century. These genres developed their own establishments and critical awards; these include the Nebula Award (since 1965), the British Fantasy Award (since 1971) or the Mythopoeic Awards (since 1971).
Towards the end of the 20th century, electronic literature grew in importance in light of the development of hypertext and later the World Wide Web.
The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded annually throughout the century (with the exception of 1914, 1918, 1935 and 1940--1943), the first laureate (1901) being Sully Prudhomme. *The New York Times* Best Seller list has been published since 1942.
The best-selling literary works of the 20th century are estimated to be *The Lord of the Rings* (1954/55, 150 million copies), *Le Petit Prince* (*The Little Prince*, 1943, 140 million copies), *Harry Potter and the Philosopher\'s Stone* (1997, 120 million copies) and *And Then There Were None* (1939, 115 million copies). *The Lord of the Rings* was also voted \"book of the century\" in various surveys. *Perry Rhodan* (1961 to present) proclaimed as the best-selling book series, with an estimated total of 1 billion copies sold.
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# 20th century in literature
## 1901--1918
The *Fin de siècle* movement of the *Belle Époque* persisted into the 20th century, but was brutally cut short with the outbreak of World War I (an effect depicted e.g. in Thomas Mann\'s *The Magic Mountain*, published 1924). The Dada movement of 1916--1920 was at least in part a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war; the movement heralded the Surrealism movement of the 1920s.
1900
- *Lord Jim* by Joseph Conrad (Poland, England)
- *The Knights of the Cross* by Henryk Sienkiewicz (Poland)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz* by L. Frank Baum (US)
1901
- *Buddenbrooks* by Thomas Mann (Germany)
- *The Inheritors* by Joseph Conrad and Ford Madox Ford (England)
- *Kim* by Rudyard Kipling (India, England)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Purple Cloud* by M. P. Shiel (Montserrat, England)
- *The First Men in the Moon* by H. G. Wells (England)
1902
- *Heart of Darkness* by Joseph Conrad
- *The Immoralist* by André Gide (France)
- *The Wings of the Dove* by Henry James (US, England)
- *The Grand Babylon Hotel* by Arnold Bennett (England)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Hound of the Baskervilles* by Arthur Conan Doyle (Scotland)
- *Just So Stories* by Rudyard Kipling
*Plays*
- *Man and Superman* by George Bernard Shaw (Ireland)
- *The Lower Depths* by Maxim Gorky
1903
- *Romance* by Joseph Conrad and Ford Madox Ford
- *The Ambassadors* by Henry James
- *The Pit* by Frank Norris (US)
- *In Wonderland* by Knut Hamsun (Norway)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Call of the Wild* by Jack London (US)
- *The Riddle of the Sands* by Erskine Childers (England, Ireland)
1904
- *The Golden Bowl* by Henry James
- *Nostromo* by Joseph Conrad
- *The Napoleon of Notting Hill* by G. K. Chesterton (England)
- *The Peasants* by Władysław Reymont (Poland)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Food of the Gods* by H. G. Wells
- *The Sea-Wolf* by Jack London
- *Green Mansions* by William Henry Hudson (Argentina, England)
*Plays*
- *John Bull\'s Other Island* by George Bernard Shaw
- *The Cherry Orchard* by Anton Chekhov
1905
- *Hadrian the Seventh* by Frederick Rolfe aka Baron Corvo (England, Italy)
- *Where Angels Fear to Tread* by E. M. Forster (England)
- *Kipps* by H. G. Wells
- Songs of Life and Hope by Rubén Darío (Nicaragua)
- *The House of Mirth* by Edith Wharton (US)
- *The Club of Queer Trades* by G. K. Chesterton
1906
- *The Jungle* by Upton Sinclair (US)
- *The Confusions of Young Törless* by Robert Musil (Austria)
- *Mother* by Maxim Gorky
*Genre fiction*
- *Puck of Pook\'s Hill* by Rudyard Kipling
- *Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens* by J. M. Barrie (Scotland)
- *Time and the Gods* by Lord Dunsany (Ireland, England)
- *White Fang* by Jack London
*Plays*
- *The Aran Islands* by John Millington Synge (Ireland)
- *The Morality of Mrs. Dulska* by Gabriela Zapolska (Poland)
1907
- *Bardidi* by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay (India)
- *The Secret Agent* by Joseph Conrad
- *The Longest Journey* by E. M. Forster
*Genre fiction*
- *The Listener and Other Stories* by Algernon Blackwood (England) -- contains The Willows, one of the first \'cosmic horror\' stories
- *The Hill of Dreams* by Arthur Machen (England)
*Plays*
- *The Playboy of the Western World* by John Millington Synge
*Poetry*
- *Cautionary Tales for Children* by Hilaire Belloc (France, England)
1908
- *The Man Who Was Thursday* by G. K. Chesterton
- *A Room with a View* by E. M. Forster
- *The Iron Heel* by Jack London
- *Hell* by Henri Barbusse (France, Russia)
- *The Magician* by Somerset Maugham (England, France) -- based on the author\'s meeting with Aleister Crowley
*Genre fiction*
- *The Wind in the Willows* by Kenneth Grahame (England)
*Poetry*
- *Personae* by Ezra Pound (US, England, Italy) -- one of the first examples of \'modernist\' poetry
1909
- *Martin Eden* by Jack London
- [Sparrows: the story of an unprotected girl](http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4345) by Horace W C Newte
- *Tono-Bungay* by H. G. Wells
- *Three Lives* by Gertrude Stein (US, France)
*Poetry*
- *Exultations* by Ezra Pound
- *Poems* by William Carlos Williams (US)
*Plays*
- *The Blue Bird* by Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium)
1910
- *Howards End* by E. M. Forster
- *The Card* by Arnold Bennett
- *The History of Mr Polly* by H. G. Wells
1911
- *Zuleika Dobson* by Max Beerbohm (England)
- *In a German Pension* by Katherine Mansfield (England) -- short stories
- *Under Western Eyes* by Joseph Conrad
- *The White Peacock* by D. H. Lawrence (England)
- *Jennie Gerhardt* by Theodore Dreiser (US)
- *In Desert and Wilderness* by Henryk Sienkiewicz (Poland)
*Genre fiction*
- *Peter and Wendy* by J. M. Barrie (Scotland)
1912
- *The Trespasser* by D. H. Lawrence
- *Death in Venice* by Thomas Mann (Germany)
*Genre fiction*
- *Riders of the Purple Sage* by Zane Grey (US)
- *The Lost World* by Arthur Conan Doyle
- *Tarzan of the Apes* by Edgar Rice Burroughs (US)
*Plays*
- *Pygmalion* by George Bernard Shaw
1913
- *Petersburg* by Andrei Bely (Russia)
- *Swann\'s Way* by Marcel Proust (France)
- *Le Grand Meaulnes* by Alain-Fournier (France)
- *Sons and Lovers* by D. H. Lawrence
- *Chance* by Joseph Conrad
*Genre fiction*
- *A Prisoner in Fairyland* by Algernon Blackwood -- adapted into a play, it later became the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical *Starlight Express*
- *The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu* by \'Sax Rohmer\' (England)
*Poetry*
- *Alcools* by Guillaume Apollinaire (Poland, France) -- dada poems
- *Gitanjali* by Rabindranath Tagore
1914
- *Dubliners* by James Joyce (Ireland, France, Italy) -- short stories
- *The Prussian Officer and Other Stories* by D. H. Lawrence -- short stories
- *Der Untertan* by Heinrich Mann
- *The Vatican Cellars* by André Gide
- *Tender Buttons* by Gertrude Stein
- *The Golem* by Gustav Meyrink (Austria)
- Mist by Miguel de Unamuno (Spain)
- *Maurice* by E. M. Forster -- unpublished
- *Sinister Street* by Compton Mackenzie (Scotland, Greece)
- *The Flying Inn* by G. K. Chesterton
- *The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists* by Robert Noonan (UK)
*Poetry*
- *North of Boston* by Robert Frost (US)
1915
- *The Good Soldier* by Ford Madox Ford
- *The Rainbow* by D. H. Lawrence
- *The Metamorphosis* by Franz Kafka
- *Of Human Bondage* by Somerset Maugham
- The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela (Mexico)
- *Victory* by Joseph Conrad
- *Pointed Roofs* by Dorothy Richardson
- *The Voyage Out* by Virginia Woolf (England)
- *Vainglory* by Ronald Firbank (England)
- *Rashōmon* by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
*Genre fiction*
- *The Thirty-Nine Steps* by John Buchan (Scotland, Canada)
1916
- *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man* by James Joyce
- *Women in Love* by D. H. Lawrence -- initially banned, published in 1920
*Genre fiction*
- *Greenmantle* by John Buchan
*Poetry*
- *Salt-Water Poems and Ballads* by John Masefield (England)
- *Mountain Interval* by Robert Frost
1917
- *Under Fire* by Henri Barbusse (France, Russia)
- *Walpurgis Night* by Gustav Meyrink
- *Growth of the Soil* by Knut Hamsun
- *The Shadow Line* by Joseph Conrad
- *Caprice* by Ronald Firbank
- *Devdas* by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
*Poetry*
- *Dulce et Decorum est and Anthem for Doomed Youth* by Wilfred Owen (England) -- published posthumously
- *Prufrock and Other Observations* by T. S. Eliot (US, England)
*Non-fiction*
- *The State and Revolution* by Vladimir Lenin
1918
- *Tarr* by Wyndham Lewis (Canada, England)
- *Man of Straw* by Heinrich Mann (Germany)
*Poetry*
- *Calligrammes* by Guillaume Apollinaire -- dada poetry
*Non-fiction*
- *Eminent Victorians* by Lytton Strachey (England)
- *Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man* by Thomas Mann (Germany)
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# 20th century in literature
## Interwar period {#interwar_period}
The 1920s were a period of literary creativity, and works of several notable authors appeared during the period. D. H. Lawrence\'s novel *Lady Chatterley\'s Lover* was a scandal at the time because of its explicit descriptions of sex. James Joyce\'s novel, *Ulysses*, published in 1922 in Paris, was one of the most important achievements of literary modernism.
1919
- *Within a Budding Grove* by Marcel Proust
- *Night and Day* by Virginia Woolf
- *Winesburg, Ohio* by Sherwood Anderson (US) -- the first \'lost generation\' novel
- *Valmouth* by Ronald Firbank
- *Bazaar-e-Husn* by Premchand (publ. in Hindi as *Seva-sadan*)
*Genre fiction*
- *Dope* by Sax Rohmer -- inspired by the true story of Limehouse dope-dealer Brilliant Chang
- *Dope Darling* by Leda Burke (David Garnett) (England)
1920
- *We* by Yevgeny Zamyatin (Russia)
- *Limbo* by Aldous Huxley (England) -- short stories
- *The Lost Girl* by D. H. Lawrence
- *This Side of Paradise* by F. Scott Fitzgerald (US)
- *The London Venture* by Michael Arlen (Armenia, England)
- *Storm of Steel* by Ernst Jünger (Germany)
- *A Voyage to Arcturus* by David Lindsay (Scotland)
- *Main Street* by Sinclair Lewis (US)
- *The Age of Innocence* by Edith Wharton (US)
*Plays*
- *Six Characters in Search of an Author* by Luigi Pirandello (Italy)
- *Beyond the Horizon and Anna Christie* by Eugene O\'Neill -- Pulitzer prize winner
1921
- *The Guermantes Way* by Marcel Proust
- *Crome Yellow* by Aldous Huxley
- *England, My England and Other Stories* by D. H. Lawrence -- short stories
- *The Forsyte Saga* by John Galsworthy (England) -- pentalogy, first volume published in 1906
- *My Life and Loves* by Frank Harris (England, US) -- four volumes of quasi-factual sex gossip, the fifth completed by Alex Trocchi
*Plays*
- *Back to Methuselah* by George Bernard Shaw
- *R.U.R. (Rossum\'s Universal Robots)* by Karel Čapek -- from which the term \'robot\' was coined
1922
- *Ulysses* by James Joyce
- *Jacob\'s Room* by Virginia Woolf
- *Sodom and Gomorrah* by Marcel Proust
- *Croatian God Mars* by Miroslav Krleža
- *The Enormous Room* by E. E. Cummings (US)
- *Futility* by William Gerhardie (Russia, England)
- *The Beautiful and Damned* by F. Scott Fitzgerald
- *Mortal Coils* by Aldous Huxley -- short stories
- *Aaron\'s Rod* by D. H. Lawrence Kim
- *The Garden Party* by Katherine Mansfield -- short stories
- *Siddhartha* by Hermann Hesse (Germany, Switzerland)
- *Peter Whiffle* by Carl Van Vechten (US)
- *Babbitt* by Sinclair Lewis
- *Lady into Fox* by David Garnett
- *The True Story of Ah Q* by Lu Xun (China)
*Poetry*
- *The Waste Land* by T. S. Eliot
1923
- *Confessions of Zeno* by Italo Svevo (Italy)
- *The Good Soldier Švejk* by Jaroslav Hašek (Czechoslovakia)
- *The Captive* by Marcel Proust
- *Kangaroo* by D. H. Lawrence
- *Antic Hay* by Aldous Huxley
- *Three Soldiers* by John Dos Passos (US)
- *The Great American Novel* by William Carlos Williams
- *The Devil in the Flesh* by Raymond Radiguet (France)
- *Aelita* by Alexey Tolstoy (Russia)
*Plays*
- *The Shadow of a Gunman* by Seán O\'Casey (Ireland)
*Poetry*
- *New Hampshire* by Robert Frost
- *The Duino Elegies* by Rainer Maria Rilke
1924
- *The Magic Mountain* by Thomas Mann (Germany)
- *In Our Time* by Ernest Hemingway (US) -- short stories
- *A Passage to India* by E. M. Forster
- *The Vortex* by José Eustasio Rivera (Colombia)
- *Little Mexican and Other Stories* by Aldous Huxley -- short stories
- *Bohemian Lights* by Ramón del Valle-Inclán (Spain)
- *The Fox and The Captain\'s Doll* by D. H. Lawrence -- short stories
- *Miranda* by Antoni Lange (Poland)
- Riddles and Conundrums for All Occasions
*Genre fiction*
- *The Murder of Roger Ackroyd* by Agatha Christie (England)
*Plays*
- *Juno and the Paycock* by Seán O\'Casey
- *The Vortex* by Noël Coward (England)
1925
- *Mrs Dalloway* by Virginia Woolf
- *The Trial* by Franz Kafka (Czechoslovakia) -- posthumous, first English translation in 1930
- *The Great Gatsby* by F. Scott Fitzgerald -- often described as the epitome of the \"Jazz Age\" in American literature
- *The Green Hat* by Michael Arlen -- perhaps the epitome of the jazz age in British literature
- *Paris Peasant* by Louis Aragon (France)
- *Albertine disparue* by Marcel Proust
- *Manhattan Transfer* by John Dos Passos
- *In the American Grain* by William Carlos Williams
- *The Desert of Love* by François Mauriac (France)
- *Gentlemen Prefer Blondes* by Anita Loos (US)
- *Those Barren Leaves* by Aldous Huxley
- *St Mawr* by D. H. Lawrence -- short stories
- *The Making of Americans* by Gertrude Stein
- *Heart of a Dog* by Mikhail Bulgakov (Russia / Soviet Union)
- *The Artamonov Business* by Maxim Gorky (Russia / Soviet Union)
*Genre fiction*
- *Beau Geste* by P. C. Wren (England)
*Poetry*
- *The Hollow Men* by T. S. Eliot
*Non-fiction*
- *The Old Straight Track* by Alfred Watkins (England) -- introducing ley lines
1926
- *The Castle* by Franz Kafka -- posthumous, first English translation in 1932
- *The Counterfeiters* by André Gide
- *The Sun Also Rises* aka *Fiesta* by Ernest Hemingway
- *Moravagine* by Blaise Cendrars (France)
- *Don Segundo Sombra* by Ricardo Güiraldes (Argentina)
- *Nigger Heaven* by Carl Van Vechten
- *Two or Three Graces and Other Stories* by Aldous Huxley -- short stories
- *The Plumed Serpent* by D. H. Lawrence
- *The Call of Cthulhu* by H. P. Lovecraft
*Genre fiction*
- *Winnie-the-Pooh* by A. A. Milne (England)
*Poetry*
- *A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle* by \'Hugh MacDiarmid\' (Scotland)
*Plays*
- *The Plough and the Stars* by Seán O\'Casey
- *Raktakarabi* by Rabindranath Tagore
*Non-fiction*
- *Seven Pillars of Wisdom* by T. E. Lawrence (England, Arabia)
1927
- *To the Lighthouse* by Virginia Woolf
- *Time Regained* by Marcel Proust
- *Steppenwolf* by Hermann Hesse
- *Men Without Women* by Ernest Hemingway -- short stories
- *Vestal Fire* by Compton Mackenzie
- *Dusty Answer* by Rosamond Lehmann (England)
- *Elmer Gantry* by Sinclair Lewis
- *The Rocking-Horse Winner* by D. H. Lawrence -- short stories
*Poetry*
- *Jhôra Palok* by Jibanananda Das (India)
*Plays*
- *The Silver Tassie* by Seán O\'Casey (Ireland)
1928
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# 20th century in literature
## Interwar period {#interwar_period}
- *Berlin Alexanderplatz* by Alfred Döblin (Germany)
- *Nadja* by André Breton (France)
- *Story of the Eye* by Georges Bataille (France)
- *Parade\'s End* by Ford Madox Ford -- war tetralogy, first volume in 1926
- Gypsy Ballads by Federico García Lorca
- *Point Counter Point* by Aldous Huxley
- *Lady Chatterley\'s Lover* by D. H. Lawrence -- banned until 1963
- *Decline and Fall* by Evelyn Waugh (England)
- *Amerika* by Franz Kafka -- posthumous, first English translation in 1938
- *All Quiet on the Western Front* by Erich Maria Remarque (Germany) -- recounts the horrors of World War I and also the deep detachment from German civilian life felt by many men returning from the front
- *Chevengur* by Andrei Platonov (Soviet Russia, excerpts)
- *The City* by Valerian Pidmohylny (Soviet Ukraine)
*Plays*
- *Strange Interlude* by Eugene O\'Neill (US) -- Pulitzer prize winner
- *Messrs. Glembay* by Miroslav Krleža
1929
- *Les Enfants Terribles* by Jean Cocteau (France)
- *A Farewell to Arms* by Ernest Hemingway (US)
- *Look Homeward, Angel* by Thomas Wolfe
- *Death of a Hero* by Richard Aldington (England)
- *The Sound and the Fury* by William Faulkner (US)
- Doña Bárbara by Rómulo Gallegos (Venezuela)
- *Mario and the Magician* by Thomas Mann (Germany)
- *The Escaped Cock* by D. H. Lawrence (England)
- *The Defence* by Vladimir Nabokov (Russia, France)
- Wolf Solent by John Cowper Powys (England)
- *The Good Companions* by J. B. Priestley (England)
*Non-fiction*
- *Good-Bye to All That* by Robert Graves (England)
- *A Room of One\'s Own* by Virginia Woolf (England)
*Genre fiction*
- *Red Harvest* by Dashiell Hammett (US) -- the first hard-boiled American detective novel
- *Yogayog* by Rabindranath Tagore (India) -- original fiction in Bengali
1930
- *Vile Bodies* by Evelyn Waugh
- *The Apes of God* by Wyndham Lewis
- *Brief Candles* by Aldous Huxley -- short stories
- *As I Lay Dying* by William Faulkner
- *Narcissus and Goldmund* by Hermann Hesse
- *Angel Pavement* by J. B. Priestley
- *The Virgin and the Gypsy and Love Among the Haystacks* by D. H. Lawrence -- short stories
*Genre fiction*
- *Last and First Men* by Olaf Stapledon (England)
- *The Maltese Falcon* by Dashiell Hammett (US)
*Poetry*
- *Whoroscope* by Samuel Beckett (Ireland, France)
*Plays*
- *Private Lives* by Noël Coward
*Non-fiction*
- *Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man* by Siegfried Sassoon (England) -- 2 volumes, 1st in 1929
1931
- *The Good Earth* by Pearl S. Buck
- *The Waves* by Virginia Woolf
- *Night Flight* by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (France)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Glass Key* by Dashiell Hammett
- *At the Mountains of Madness* by H. P. Lovecraft
*Plays*
- *Mourning Becomes Electra* by Eugene O\'Neill
- *Cavalcade* by Noël Coward
*Non-fiction*
- *Axel\'s Castle* by Edmund Wilson (US)
- *Music at Night* by Aldous Huxley
1932
- *The Return of Philip Latinowicz* by Miroslav Krleža
- *Journey to the End of Night* by Louis-Ferdinand Céline (France)
- *Brave New World* by Aldous Huxley (England)
- *The Memorial* by Christopher Isherwood (England)
- *Laughter in the Dark* by Vladimir Nabokov (Russia, France)
- *Light in August* by William Faulkner
- *A Glastonbury Romance* by John Cowper Powys
- *Stamboul Train* by Graham Greene (England)
- *Black Mischief* by Evelyn Waugh
- *Radetzky March* by Joseph Roth (Austria)
- *Jew Boy* by Simon Blumenfeld (England)
*Poetry*
- *The Orators* by W. H. Auden (England)
1933
- *Man\'s Fate* by André Malraux (France)
- *Love on the Dole* by Walter Greenwood (England)
- *Miss Lonelyhearts* by Nathanael West (US)
- *The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas* by Gertrude Stein
- *Cat Country* by Lao She (China)
*Genre fiction*
- *Lost Horizon* by James Hilton (England)
- *Murder Must Advertise* by Dorothy L. Sayers (England)
- *The Oppermanns* by Lion Feuchtwanger
*Non-fiction*
- *Down and Out in Paris and London* by George Orwell (England)
- *Texts and Pretexts* by Aldous Huxley
- *In Praise of Shadows* by Jun\'ichirō Tanizaki
1934
- *Tropic of Cancer* by Henry Miller (US) -- a groundbreaking obscenity case before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1961 allowed its publication there
- *Call It Sleep* by Henry Roth (Austria, US)
- *Tender Is the Night* by F. Scott Fitzgerald
- *Threepenny Novel* by Bertolt Brecht (Germany)
- *Despair* by Vladimir Nabokov
- *It\'s a Battlefield* by Graham Greene
- *A Handful of Dust* by Evelyn Waugh
- *20,000 Streets Under the Sky* by Patrick Hamilton (England)
- *Voyage in the Dark* by Jean Rhys (Dominica, France, England)
- *Appointment in Samarra* by John O\'Hara (US)
- *A Scots Quair* by Lewis Grassic Gibbon (Scotland) -- trilogy, first volume published in 1932
- *Novel with Cocaine aka Cocain Romance* by M. Ageyev (France)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Postman Always Rings Twice* by James M. Cain (US)
*Poetry*
- *18 Poems* by Dylan Thomas (Wales)
*Non-fiction*
- *Burmese Days* by George Orwell
- *Death in the Afternoon* by Ernest Hemingway
1935
- *Mr Norris Changes Trains* by Christopher Isherwood
- *Eyeless in Gaza* by Aldous Huxley
- *Auto-da-Fe* by Elias Canetti (Bulgaria, Germany)
- *A Clergyman\'s Daughter* by George Orwell
- *England Made Me* by Graham Greene
- *A House in Paris* by Elizabeth Bowen (Ireland)
- *Tortilla Flat* by John Steinbeck (US)
- *Studs Lonigan* by James T. Farrell (US) -- trilogy, first volume published in 1932
*Genre fiction*
- *Little House on the Prairie* by Laura Ingalls Wilder (US)
*Poetry*
- *Collected Poems* by Cecil Day-Lewis (Northern Ireland)
*Plays*
- *Waiting for Lefty* by Clifford Odets (US)
1936
- *Death on the Installment Plan* by Louis-Ferdinand Céline
- *Black Spring* by Henry Miller
- *U.S.A.* by John Dos Passos
- *Mephisto* by Klaus Mann (Germany, US)
- *Absalom, Absalom!* by William Faulkner
- *Keep the Aspidistra Flying* by George Orwell
- *Confession of a Murderer* by Joseph Roth
- *Invitation to a Beheading* by Vladimir Nabokov
- *The Wessex Novels* by John Cowper Powys (England) -- tetralogy, 1st vol published in 1927
- *Godaan* by Premchand
*Poetry*
- *Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh* by Miroslav Krleža
- *Dhushor Pandulipi* by Jibanananda Das (India)
*Genre fiction*
- *Jamaica Inn* by Daphne du Maurier (England)
- *Gone with the Wind* by Margaret Mitchell (US)
- *A Gun for Sale* by Graham Greene
1937
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# 20th century in literature
## Interwar period {#interwar_period}
- *To Have and Have Not* by Ernest Hemingway
- *The Years* by Virginia Woolf
- *Of Mice and Men* by John Steinbeck
- *Lions and Shadows* by Christopher Isherwood
- *The Black Book* by Lawrence Durrell (UK, Egypt)
- *Ferdydurke* by Witold Gombrowicz (Poland)
- *Revenge for Love* by Wyndham Lewis
- *White Mule* by William Carlos Williams
- *Wide Boys Never Work* by Robert Westerby (England, US)
- *Rickshaw Boy* by Lao She (China)
- *The Life of Klim Samgin* by Maxim Gorky -- posthumous, tetralogy, first three volumes published in 1927--1931
*Genre fiction*
- *Star Maker* by Olaf Stapledon
- *Night and the City* by Gerald Kersh (England, US)
- *The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor* by Cameron McCabe (Ernest Bornemann) (Germany, England)
- *The Hobbit* by J. R. R. Tolkien (England)
*Non-fiction*
- *The Road to Wigan Pier* by George Orwell
- *How Green Was My Valley* by Richard Llewellyn (Wales)
1938
- *Nausea* by Jean-Paul Sartre (France)
- *Murphy* by Samuel Beckett
- *Tropic of Capricorn* by Henry Miller
- *Man\'s Hope* by André Malraux
- *The Death of the Heart* by Elizabeth Bowen
- *Brighton Rock* by Graham Greene
- *Scoop* by Evelyn Waugh
- *The Gift* by Vladimir Nabokov
*Genre fiction*
- *Brighton Rock* by Graham Greene
- *Rebecca* by Daphne du Maurier
*Non-fiction*
- *Journey to a War* by W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood
- *Homage to Catalonia* by George Orwell
- *Enemies of Promise* by Cyril Connolly (England)
1939
- *The Grapes of Wrath* by John Steinbeck
- *Finnegans Wake* by James Joyce
- *The Banquet in Blitva* by Miroslav Krleža
- *At Swim-Two-Birds* by Flann O\'Brien (Ireland)
- *Goodbye to Berlin* by Christopher Isherwood
- *After Many a Summer* by Aldous Huxley
- *Coming Up for Air* by George Orwell
- *On the Marble Cliffs* by Ernst Jünger
- *Good Morning, Midnight* by Jean Rhys
- *The Day of the Locust* by Nathanael West
- *The Legend of the Holy Drinker* by Joseph Roth
- *Lotte in Weimar* by Thomas Mann
- *The Confidential Agent* by Graham Greene
- *Mister Johnson* by Joyce Cary (Ireland)
- *Wind, Sand and Stars* by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
- *Pal Joey* by John O\'Hara
*Genre fiction*
- *The Big Sleep* by Raymond Chandler (US)
- *Rogue Male* by Geoffrey Household (England)
- *The Mask of Dimitrios* by Eric Ambler
- *And Then There Were None* by Agatha Christie
*Poetry*
- *Autumn Journal* by Louis MacNeice (N Ireland)
- *The Map of Love* by Dylan Thomas
*Plays*
- *This Happy Breed* by Noël Coward
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# 20th century in literature
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
1940
- *Native Son* by Richard Wright (US, France)
- *Darkness at Noon* by Arthur Koestler (Hungary, England)
- *The Master and Margarita* by Mikhail Bulgakov -- published in English 1966
- *For Whom the Bell Tolls* by Ernest Hemingway
- *The Power and the Glory* by Graham Greene
- *The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter* by Carson McCullers (US)
- *Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog* by Dylan Thomas
- *Owen Glendower* by John Cowper Powys
- *You Can\'t Go Home Again* by Thomas Wolfe
- *And Quiet Flows the Don* by Mikhail Sholokhov (Russia) -- two volumes, first published in 1934
- The feeling of the world by Carlos Drummond de Andrade (Brazil)
*Genre fiction*
- *Journey into Fear* by Eric Ambler (England)
- *Farewell, My Lovely* by Raymond Chandler
*Plays*
- *The Iceman Cometh* by Eugene O\'Neill
*Non-fiction*
- *To the Finland Station* by Edmund Wilson
1941
- *Hangover Square* by Patrick Hamilton
- *Reflections in a Golden Eye* by Carson McCullers
- *The Third Policeman* by Flann O\'Brien
*Genre fiction*
- *Mildred Pierce* by James M. Cain
*Non-fiction*
- *Grey Eminence* by Aldous Huxley
1942
- *The Stranger* by Albert Camus (Algeria, France)
- *Our Lady of the Flowers* by Jean Genet (France)
- *Flight to Arras* by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
*Plays*
- *The Flies* by Jean-Paul Sartre
1943
- *Arrival and Departure* by Arthur Koestler
- *The Ministry of Fear* by Graham Greene
- *The Human Comedy* by William Saroyan
- *The Man Without Qualities* by Robert Musil (Austria) -- trilogy, first volume published 1930
*Genre fiction*
- *Double Indemnity* by James M. Cain
- *The Little Prince* by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (France)
*Poetry*
- Selected Poems by Keith Douglas (England)
*Non-fiction*
- *Being and Nothingness* by Jean-Paul Sartre
- *The Myth of Sisyphus* by Albert Camus
1944
- *The Horse\'s Mouth* by Joyce Cary
- *Ficciones* by Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina) -- short stories
- *The Razor\'s Edge* by Somerset Maugham
- *Time Must Have a Stop* by Aldous Huxley
*Plays*
- *The Glass Menagerie* by Tennessee Williams (US)
1945
- *Black Boy* by Richard Wright (author)
- *Animal Farm* by George Orwell
- *Watt* by Samuel Beckett -- published in 1953
- *Brideshead Revisited* by Evelyn Waugh
- *Black Boy* by Richard Wright
- *Lark Rise to Candleford* by Flora Thompson (England) -- trilogy, first volume in 1939
*Genre fiction*
- *If He Hollers Let Him Go* by Chester Himes (US, France)
- *The Space Trilogy* by C. S. Lewis (N Ireland) -- first volume published in 1938
1946
- *Cry, the Beloved Country* by Alan Paton (South Africa)
- *The Miracle of the Rose* by Jean Genet
- El Señor Presidente by Miguel Ángel Asturias (Guatemala)
- *Froth on the Daydream* by Boris Vian (France)
- *The Member of the Wedding* by Carson McCullers
*Poetry*
- *Deaths and Entrances* by Dylan Thomas
*Plays*
- *The Winslow Boy* by Terence Rattigan (England)
*Non-fiction*
- *Alamein to Zem Zem* by Keith Douglas
- *Memoirs of Hecate County* by Edmund Wilson
- *This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen* by Tadeusz Borowski (Poland)
1947
- *The Plague* by Albert Camus
- *Under the Volcano* by Malcolm Lowry (England, Canada)
- *Bend Sinister* by Vladimir Nabokov
- *The Victim* by Saul Bellow (Canada, US)
- *The Conformist* by Alberto Moravia (Italy)
- *The Middle of the Journey* by Lionel Trilling (US)
- *Slaves of Solitude* by Patrick Hamilton
- *Of Love and Hunger* by Julian MacLaren-Ross (England)
- *Funeral Rites* by Jean Genet
- *Snow Country* by Yasunari Kawabata
*Plays*
- *A Streetcar Named Desire* by Tennessee Williams
*Non-fiction*
- *The Diary of a Young Girl* by Anne Frank (Netherlands)
1948
- *The Naked and the Dead* by Norman Mailer (US)
- *Confessions of a Mask* by \'Yukio Mishima\' (Japan)
- *The Heart of the Matter* by Graham Greene
- El Túnel by Ernesto Sabato (Argentina)
- *The City and the Pillar* by Gore Vidal (US)
- *Ape and Essence* by Aldous Huxley
- *Ashes and Diamonds* by Jerzy Andrzejewski (Poland)
- *Querelle of Brest* by Jean Genet
*Genre fiction*
- *No Orchids for Miss Blandish* by James Hadley Chase (England)
*Plays*
- *The Browning Version* by Terence Rattigan
*Non-fiction*
- *The Second Sex* by Simone de Beauvoir (France --- early feminist study)
- *The Kon-Tiki Expedition* by Thor Heyerdahl (Norway)
1949
- *Nineteen Eighty-Four* by George Orwell
- *The Roads to Freedom* by Jean-Paul Sartre -- trilogy, first volume published 1945
- *The Thief\'s Journal* by Jean Genet
- *The Man with the Golden Arm* by Nelson Algren (US)
- *The Train Was on Time* by Heinrich Böll (Germany)
- *The Aleph* by Jorge Luis Borges
- *The Kingdom of this World* by Alejo Carpentier (Mexico)
- *The Heat of the Day* by Elizabeth Bowen
*Genre fiction*
- *The Trouble with Harry* by Jack Trevor Story (England)
- *The Mating Season* by P. G. Wodehouse
*Plays*
- *Death of a Salesman* by Arthur Miller (US)
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# 20th century in literature
## Postwar period {#postwar_period}
The intermediate postwar period separating \"Modernism\" from \"Postmodernism\" (1950s literature) is the *floruit* of the beat generation and the classical science fiction of Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke and Robert A. Heinlein. This period also saw the publication of Samuel Beckett\'s trilogy of novels, *Molloy*, *Malone Dies*, and *The Unnameable*, which enacted the dissolution of the self-identical human subject and inspired later novelists such as Thomas Bernhard, John Banville, and David Markson. The first works of electronic literature were written in the 1950s.
1950
- *Scenes from Provincial Life* by William Cooper (England) -- the first of the British 1950s \'kitchen sink\' novels
- Canto General by Pablo Neruda
*Plays*
- *The Bald Soprano* by Eugène Ionesco (Romania, France)
*Genre fiction*
- *A Town Like Alice* by Nevil Shute (England, Australia)
- *Strangers On a Train* by Patricia Highsmith (US)
*Non-fiction*
- *The Authoritarian Personality* by Theodor Adorno (Germany, US)
1951
- *Molloy* by Samuel Beckett (Ireland, France)
- *Malone Dies* by Samuel Beckett (Ireland, France)
- *The Catcher in the Rye* by J. D. Salinger (US)
- The Hive by Camilo José Cela (Spain)
- *Porius (A Romance of the Dark Ages)* by John Cowper Powys (England)
- *The Grass Harp* by Truman Capote (US)
- *Memoirs of Hadrian* by Marguerite Yourcenar (France)
- *The Opposing Shore* by Julien Gracq (France)
*Plays*
- *The Lesson* by Eugène Ionesco (Romania, France)
*Non-fiction*
- *The Rebel* by Albert Camus (France)
1952
- *Invisible Man* by Ralph Ellison (US)
- *Wise Blood* by Flannery O\'Connor (US)
- *Go* by John Clellon Holmes (US) -- the first Beat novel
- *The Natural* by Bernard Malamud (US)
- *The Old Man and the Sea* by Ernest Hemingway
- *East of Eden* by John Steinbeck
- *Love Letter Generator* by Christopher Strachey
*Genre fiction*
- *The Tiger in the Smoke* by Margery Allingham (England)
- *The Killer Inside Me* by Jim Thompson (US)
*Plays*
- *The Chairs* by Eugène Ionesco (Romania, France)
1953
- *The Unnameable* by Samuel Beckett (Ireland, France)
- *Junkie and Queer* by William S. Burroughs (US)
- *Go Tell It On the Mountain* by James Baldwin (US, France)
- *The Outsider* by Richard Wright
- *The Adventures of Augie March* by Saul Bellow
- *The Captive Mind* by Czesław Miłosz (Poland)
- *Hurry on Down* by John Wain (England) -- the first \'angry young man\' novel
*Genre fiction*
- *Casino Royale* by Ian Fleming (England, Jamaica) -- first James Bond novel
- *The Long Goodbye* by Raymond Chandler
- *Childhood\'s End* by Arthur C. Clarke (England, Sri Lanka)
- *Foundation* by Isaac Asimov (US) -- trilogy, first volume published in 1951
- *Prelude to a Certain Midnight* by Gerald Kersh
*Plays*
- *Waiting for Godot* by Samuel Beckett
1954
- *Lord of the Flies* by William Golding (England)
- *Lucky Jim* by Kingsley Amis (England) -- the most famous \'angry young man\' novel
- *Under the Net* by Iris Murdoch (England)
- *Bonjour Tristesse* by Françoise Sagan (France)
*Genre fiction*
- *Fahrenheit 451* by Ray Bradbury (US)
- *Story of O* by Pauline Réage (France)
*Plays*
- *Under Milk Wood* by Dylan Thomas
- *The Quare Fellow* by Brendan Behan (Ireland)
*Non-fiction*
- *The Doors of Perception* by Aldous Huxley
1955
- *Lolita* by Vladimir Nabokov
- *One* by David Karp (US)
- *The Quiet American* by Graham Greene
- *The Bread of Those Early Years* by Heinrich Böll
- *The Tree of Man* by Patrick White (Australia)
- *The Inheritors* by William Golding
- Pedro Páramo by Juan Rulfo (Mexico)
- *The Voyeur* by Alain Robbe-Grillet (France)
- *The Genius and the Goddess* by Aldous Huxley
- *The Deer Park* by Norman Mailer
- *The Recognitions* by William Gaddis (US)
- *Memed, My Hawk* by Yaşar Kemal (Turkey)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Lord of the Rings* by J. R. R. Tolkien, first volume in 1954
- *The Talented Mr. Ripley* by Patricia Highsmith
*Plays*
- *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof* by Tennessee Williams
- *Bus Stop* by William Inge (US)
*Poetry*
- *The Less Deceived* by Philip Larkin (England)
1956
- *The Fall* by Albert Camus
- *The Devil to Pay in the Backlands* by João Guimarães Rosa
- *Giovanni\'s Room* by James Baldwin
- *The Lonely Londoners* by Samuel Selvon (Trinidad, England)
- *A Walk on the Wild Side* by Nelson Algren
*Genre fiction*
- *The Chronicles of Narnia* by C. S. Lewis (N Ireland) -- seven volumes, first in 1950
- *Peyton Place* by Grace Metalious
- *The Hundred and One Dalmatians* by Dodie Smith (England)
*Plays*
- *Look Back In Anger* by John Osborne (England) -- the first \'angry young man\' play
*Poetry*
- *Howl and Other Poems* by Allen Ginsberg (US)
*Non-fiction*
- *Heaven and Hell* by Aldous Huxley
1957
- *On the Road* by Jack Kerouac (Canada, US)
- *Young Adam* by Alexander Trocchi (Scotland)
- *Room at the Top* by John Braine (England)
- *Doctor Zhivago* by Boris Pasternak (Russia)
- *Voss* by Patrick White
- *The Assistant* by Bernard Malamud
- *Second Thoughts* by Michel Butor (France)
- *Pnin* by Vladimir Nabokov
- *Cairo Trilogy* by Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt)
- *Gimpel the Fool* by Isaac Bashevis Singer (Poland, US) -- short stories, originally published in Yiddish years earlier
- *Atlas Shrugged* by Ayn Rand (US)
*Genre fiction*
- *On the Beach* by Nevil Shute
*Plays*
- *The Room and The Birthday Party* by Harold Pinter (England)
- *Endgame* by Samuel Beckett
- *The Entertainer* by John Osborne
- *Orpheus Descending* by Tennessee Williams
- *The Visit* by Friedrich Dürrenmatt (Switzerland)
*Poetry*
- *Calling Out to Yeti* by Wisława Szymborska (Poland)
1958
- *If This Is a Man* by Primo Levi (Italy)
- *Breakfast At Tiffany\'s* by Truman Capote
- *The Dharma Bums* by Jack Kerouac
- *Saturday Night and Sunday Morning* by Alan Sillitoe (England)
- *A Taste of Honey* by Shelagh Delaney (England)
- *Things Fall Apart* by Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
- *The Bell* by Iris Murdoch
- *Fowlers End* by Gerald Kersh
- *Our Man in Havana* by Graham Greene
- *Candy* by Terry Southern (US)
*Genre fiction*
- *Exodus* by Leon Uris (US)
- *Zimiamvian Trilogy* by E. R. Eddison (England) -- first volume in 1935
- *Molesworth* by Geoffrey Willans (England) and Ronald Searle (England, France) -- tetralogy, first book in 1954
*Plays*
- *Krapp\'s Last Tape* by Samuel Beckett
- *Suddenly, Last Summer* by Tennessee Williams
*Non-fiction*
- *The Theatre and Its Double* by Antonin Artaud (France)
- *Borstal Boy* by Brendan Behan
1959
- *A Raisin in the Sun* by Lorraine Hansberry (United States of America)
- *The Tin Drum* by Günter Grass (Germany)
- *Naked Lunch* by William S. Burroughs
- *The Last of the Just* by André Schwarz-Bart (France)
- *Goodbye, Columbus* by Philip Roth (US)
- *Zazie in the Metro* by Raymond Queneau (France)
- *In the Labyrinth* by Alain Robbe-Grillet
- *The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner* by Alan Sillitoe
- *Billy Liar* by Keith Waterhouse (England)
- *The Long Day Wanes* by Anthony Burgess (England) -- trilogy, first volume published in 1956
- *The Magic Christian* by Terry Southern
*Genre fiction*
- *The Gormenghast Trilogy* by Mervyn Peake (England) -- first volume in 1946
- *The Getaway* by Jim Thompson
*Plays*
- *The Dumb Waiter and The Caretaker* by Harold Pinter
- *Rhinoceros* by Eugène Ionesco
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# 20th century in literature
## Cold War period, 1960--1989 {#cold_war_period_19601989}
1960
- *To Kill a Mockingbird* by Harper Lee (US)
- *The London Trilogy* by Colin MacInnes (England) -- first volume, *Absolute Beginners*, published in 1957
- *Cain\'s Book* by Alexander Trocchi (UK, France, US)
- *This Sporting Life* by David Storey (UK)
- *A Burnt-Out Case* by Graham Greene
- *Hiroshima Mon Amour* by Marguerite Duras (France)
- *The Ballad of Peckham Rye* by Muriel Spark (Scotland)
- *The Rosy Crucifixion* by Henry Miller (US) -- trilogy, first volume published 1949
- *The Sot-Weed Factor* by John Barth (US)
- *The Magician of Lublin* by Isaac Bashevis Singer
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *The Morning of the Magicians by Louis Pauwels* and Jacques Bergier (France) -- the 1960s obsession with the occult starts here. Published in English 1963
- *A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller Jr.* (US)
1961
- *Catch-22* by Joseph Heller (US)
- *A House for Mr Biswas* by V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad, England)
- *Riders in the Chariot* by Patrick White
- *The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie* by Muriel Spark
- *A Severed Head* by Iris Murdoch
- *Sword of Honour* by Evelyn Waugh -- trilogy, first volume published in 1952
- *Revolutionary Road* by Richard Yates (US)
- *Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place* by Malcolm Lowry -- posthumous
*Genre fiction*
- *Solaris* by Stanisław Lem (Poland)
- *Stranger in a Strange Land* by Robert A. Heinlein (US)
- *The Man in the High Castle* by Philip K. Dick (US)
1962
- *One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich* by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (Russia)
- *A Clockwork Orange and The Wanting Seed* by Anthony Burgess (England)
- *Pale Fire* by Vladimir Nabokov
- *Island* by Aldous Huxley
- *The Time of the Hero* by Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
- *The Golden Notebook* by Doris Lessing (Zimbabwe, England)
- *The Death of Artemio Cruz* by Carlos Fuentes (Mexico)
- *The Alexandria Quartet* by Lawrence Durrell -- first volume published 1957
- *Big Sur* by Jack Kerouac -- the last of the Lost Generation at the end of the Beat Generation
*Genre fiction*
- *The IPCRESS File* by Len Deighton (England) -- first of the Harry Palmer novels
*Non-fiction*
- *Silent Spring* by Rachel Carson (US) -- the first major popular study on the deterioration of the environment
1963
- *V.* by Thomas Pynchon (US)
- *The Bell Jar* by Sylvia Plath (US, England)
- Hopscotch by Julio Cortázar (Argentina)
- *One Flew Over the Cuckoo\'s Nest* by Ken Kesey (US)
- *The Collector* by John Fowles (England)
- *The Lowlife* by Alexander Baron (England)
- *Cat\'s Cradle* by Kurt Vonnegut (US)
*Genre fiction*
- *Planet of the Apes* by Pierre Boulle (France)
- *The Spy Who Came in from the Cold* by John le Carré (England)
- *The Grifters* by Jim Thompson
*Non-fiction*
- *The Truce* by Primo Levi
1964
- *Herzog* by Saul Bellow
- *A Single Man* by Christopher Isherwood
- *Last Exit to Brooklyn* by Hubert Selby (US)
- *The Spire* by William Golding (England)
- *Nothing Like the Sun* by Anthony Burgess
- Atmaprakash by Sunil Gangopadhyay (India)
*Genre fiction*
- *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory* by Roald Dahl (UK)
- *The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch* by Philip K. Dick (US)
- *Little Big Man* by Thomas Berger (US)
*Non-fiction*
- *Understanding Media* by Marshall McLuhan (Canada)
1965
- *The Magus* by John Fowles
- *The Interpreters* by Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)
- *Cosmicomics* by Italo Calvino (Italy)
- *The Painted Bird* by Jerzy Kosinski (Poland, US)
- *Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush* by Hunter Davies (England) -- the kitchen sink novel mutates into the swinging 1960s novel
*Genre fiction*
- *The Cyberiad* by Stanisław Lem
*Plays*
- *Marat/Sade* by Peter Weiss (Germany, Sweden)
- *Tango* by Sławomir Mrożek (Poland)
*Poetry*
- *Briggflatts* by Basil Bunting
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby* by Tom Wolfe (US)
- *The Autobiography of Malcolm X* by Alex Haley (US)
1966
- *A Man of the People* by Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
- *Alfie* by Bill Naughton (England)
- *The Comedians* by Graham Greene
- *Wide Sargasso Sea* by Jean Rhys
- *Tremor of Intent* by Anthony Burgess
*Genre fiction*
- *Pavane* by Keith Roberts (England)
- *The Anti-Death League* by Kingsley Amis
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *In Cold Blood* by Truman Capote
- *Hell\'s Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs* by Hunter S. Thompson (US)
- *Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me* by Richard Fariña (US)
1967
- *One Hundred Years of Solitude* by Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
- *The Crying of Lot 49* by Thomas Pynchon
- *The Vendor of Sweets* by R. K. Narayan (India)
- *Poor Cow* by Nell Dunn (England)
- *A Grain of Wheat* by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong\'o
*Non-fiction*
- *In the First Circle* by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
- *The Medium is the Message by Marshall McLuhan* and Quentin Fiore
1968
- *Cocksure* by Mordecai Richler (Canada)
- *Couples* by John Updike (US)
- *The Public Image* by Muriel Spark
- *Lunar Caustic* by Malcolm Lowry -- posthumous
- *The Abyss* by Marguerite Yourcenar
*Non-fiction and quasi-fiction*
- *Cancer Ward* by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
- *The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test* by Tom Wolfe
- *The Armies of the Night and Miami and the Siege of Chicago* by Norman Mailer
- *Bomb Culture* by Jeff Nuttall (England)
- *Slouching Towards Bethlehem* by Joan Didion (US)
- *The Teachings of Don Juan* by Carlos Castaneda (US)
1969
- *Portnoy\'s Complaint* by Philip Roth
- *The French Lieutenant\'s Woman* by John Fowles
- *A Void* by Georges Perec (France)
- *Passacaille* by Robert Pinget (France)
- *Dark as the Grave wherein my Friend is Laid* by Malcolm Lowry -- posthumous
*Genre fiction*
- *Barefoot in the Head* by Brian Aldiss
- *The Final Programme* by Michael Moorcock (England, US)
- *Slaughterhouse-Five* by Kurt Vonnegut (US)
- *The Godfather* by Mario Puzo (US)
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *Papillon* by Henri Charrière (France)
- *The View Over Atlantis* by John Michell (England)
1970
- *Play It as It Lays* by Joan Didion
- *Mr. Sammler\'s Planet* by Saul Bellow
- *Being There* by Jerzy Kosiński
- *October Ferry to Gabriola* by Malcolm Lowry -- posthumous
- Aranyer Din Ratri by Sunil Gangopadhyay
*Genre fiction*
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10,057,033 |
# 20th century in literature
## Cold War period, 1960--1989 {#cold_war_period_19601989}
- *The Hot Rock* by Donald E. Westlake (US)
- *Deliverance* by James Dickey (US)
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *The Female Eunuch* by Germaine Greer (Australia, England)
- *Groupie* by Jenny Fabian (England)
- *Playpower* by Richard Neville (Australia, England)
- *Revolt into Style* by George Melly (England)
- *Soledad Brother* by George Jackson (US) -- prison letters
- *Soul on Ice* by Eldridge Cleaver (US)
1971
- *In a Free State* by V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad, England)
- *M/F* by Anthony Burgess
- *Our Gang* by Philip Roth
- *The Dice Man* by Luke Rhinehart (US)
- *Another Roadside Attraction* by Tom Robbins (US)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Day of the Jackal* by Frederick Forsyth (England)
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *The Happy Hooker* by Xaviera Hollander (Indonesia, Netherlands)
- *Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas* by Hunter S. Thompson
1972
- *The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman* by Angela Carter (England)
- *Invisible Cities* by Italo Calvino
- *G* by John Berger (England, France)
- *The Good for Nothing* by Oğuz Atay (Turkey)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Friends of Eddie Coyle* by George V. Higgins (US)
- *Jonathan Livingston Seagull* by Richard Bach (US)
- *The Odessa File* by Frederick Forsyth
*Poetry*
- *Crossing the Water and Winter Trees* by Sylvia Plath
1973
- *Gravity\'s Rainbow* by Thomas Pynchon
- *Crash* by J. G. Ballard (England)
- *Season of Anomy* by Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)
- *Life Is Elsewhere* by Milan Kundera (Czechoslovakia, France)
- *Sweet Dreams* by Michael Frayn (England)
- *Fear of Flying* by Erica Jong (US)
- *The Great American Novel* by Philip Roth
*Genre fiction*
- *Frankenstein Unbound* by Brian Aldiss
1974
- *If Beale Street Could Talk* by James Baldwin (US)
- *The Conservationist* by Nadine Gordimer (South Africa)
- *The Fan Man* by William Kotzwinkle (US)
- *The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum* by Heinrich Böll
- I, the Supreme by Augusto Roa Bastos (Paraguay)
- *Napoleon Symphony* by Anthony Burgess
- *Myra Breckinridge and Myron* by Gore Vidal -- first of pair published in 1968
*Genre fiction*
- *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy* by John le Carré
- *Fletch* by Gregory Mcdonald (US)
*Genre fiction*
- *Jaws* by Peter Benchley (US)
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *All the President\'s Men by Bob Woodward* and Carl Bernstein (US)
*Poetry*
- *Mr. Cogito* by Zbigniew Herbert (Poland)
1975
- *Humboldt\'s Gift* by Saul Bellow
- *The Deptford Trilogy* by Robertson Davies -- first volume published 1970
- *Dead Babies* by Martin Amis (England)
- *The Autumn of the Patriarch* by Gabriel García Márquez
- *The History Man* by Malcolm Bradbury (England)
- *The Periodic Table* by Primo Levi -- short stories
*Genre fiction*
- *Watership Down* by Richard Adams (England)
- *The Choirboys* by Joseph Wambaugh (US)
- *Shōgun* by James Clavell (England, US)
- *\'Salem\'s Lot* by Stephen King (US)
1976
- *Ragtime* by EL Doctorow (US)
*Genre fiction*
- *Interview with the Vampire* by Anne Rice (US)
*Non-fiction and quasi-fiction*
- *Roots* by Alex Haley
- *Another Day of Life* by Ryszard Kapuściński (Poland)
*Poetry*
- *Christmas O Shiter Sanet Guchho (ক্রিসমাস ও শীতের সনেটগুচ্ছ)* by Joy Goswami (West Bengal, India)
*Drama*
- *Death and the King\'s Horseman* by Wole Soyinka
1977
- *The Engineer of Human Souls* by Josef Škvorecký (Czechoslovakia)
- *Song of Solomon* by Toni Morrison (US)
1978
- *Success* by Martin Amis
- *The Sea, the Sea* by Iris Murdoch
- *Lanark: A Life in Four Books* by Alasdair Gray (Scotland)
- *Life A User\'s Manual* by Georges Perec
- *The Book of Laughter and Forgetting* by Milan Kundera
- *Jake\'s Thing* by Kingsley Amis
- *The World According to Garp* by John Irving (US)
- *1985* by Anthony Burgess
- *Horatio Stubbs* by Brian Aldiss -- trilogy, first volume published in 1970
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *The Emperor* by Ryszard Kapuściński
*Genre fiction*
- *Rumpole of the Bailey* by John Mortimer (England)
1979
- *A Bend in the River* by V. S. Naipaul
- *The Unlimited Dream Company* by J. G. Ballard
- *Sophie\'s Choice* by William Styron (US)
*Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction*
- *The White Album* by Joan Didion
- *The Right Stuff* by Tom Wolfe (US)
1980
- *The Name of the Rose* by Umberto Eco
- *Pascali\'s Island* by Barry Unsworth (England)
- *Earthly Powers* by Anthony Burgess
1981
- *Midnight\'s Children* by Salman Rushdie (India, UK)
- *The Comfort of Strangers* by Ian McEwan (England)
- *The White Hotel* by D. M. Thomas (England)
- *Chronicle of a Death Foretold* by Gabriel García Márquez
- *What We Talk About When We Talk About Love* by Raymond Carver (US) -- short stories
*Genre fiction*
- *The Red Dragon* by Thomas Harris (US)
- *Gorky Park* by Martin Cruz Smith (England, Russia)
*Non-fiction*
- *Conversations with an Executioner* by Kazimierz Moczarski (Poland)
1982
- *Schindler\'s Ark* by Thomas Keneally (Australia)
- *An Ice-Cream War* by William Boyd (Ghana, Scotland)
- *The Color Purple* by Alice Walker (US)
- *A Wild Sheep Chase* by Haruki Murakami
*Genre fiction*
- *Prizzi\'s Honor* by Richard Condon
- *Limes Inferior* by Janusz A. Zajdel (Poland)
1983
- *Waterland* by Graham Swift (England)
- *Shame* by Salman Rushdie
- *Erev* by Eli Schechtman (USSR, Israel)
*Genre fiction*
- *The Colour of Magic* by Terry Pratchett (England) -- first book of the *Discworld* series
1984
- *Money* by Martin Amis
- *Bright Lights, Big City* by Jay McInerney (US)
- *The Unbearable Lightness of Being* by Milan Kundera
- *Flaubert\'s Parrot* by Julian Barnes (England)
- *Nights at the Circus* by Angela Carter
- *Enderby* by Anthony Burgess -- tetralogy, first volume published in 1963
- *The Witches of Eastwick* by John Updike
*Non-fiction*
- *Empire of the Sun* by J. G. Ballard
1985
- *Sei Somoy* by Sunil Gangopadhyay (India)
- *White Noise* by Don DeLillo (US)
- *Less than Zero* by Bret Easton Ellis (US)
- *Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit* by Jeanette Winterson (England)
- *The Accidental Tourist* by Anne Tyler (US)
- *Hawksmoor* by Peter Ackroyd (England)
- *Illywhacker* by Peter Carey (Australia)
- *The Kingdom of the Wicked* by Anthony Burgess
-
*Genre fiction*
- *L.A. Quartet* by James Ellroy (US) -- tetralogy, first volume published 1984
- *The Handmaid\'s Tale* by Margaret Atwood -- (US)
1986
- *Slaves of New York* by Tama Janowitz (US)
- *The Old Devils* by Kingsley Amis
- *An Artist of the Floating World* by Kazuo Ishiguro (Japan, UK)
*Non-fiction*
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# 20th century in literature
## Cold War period, 1960--1989 {#cold_war_period_19601989}
- *Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature* by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong\'o
1987
- *The Satanic Verses* by Salman Rushdie
- *The Bonfire of the Vanities* by Tom Wolfe
- *Anthills of the Savannah* by Chinua Achebe
- *The Alchemist* by Paulo Coelho (Brasil)
*Genre fiction*
- *Presumed Innocent* by Scott Turow (US)
1988
- *Mother London* by Michael Moorcock
- *Libra* by Don DeLillo
- *Oscar and Lucinda* by Peter Carey (Australia)
- *Love in the Time of Cholera* by Gabriel García Márquez
*Genre fiction*
- *Sprawl* by William Gibson (Canada, US) -- trilogy, first volume published 1984
1989
- *London Fields* by Martin Amis
- *Foucault\'s Pendulum* by Umberto Eco
- *The Remains of the Day* by Kazuo Ishiguro
- *To the Ends of the Earth* by William Golding -- trilogy, first volume published 1980
-
-
- *Ghumiyecho, Jhaupata? (ঘুমিয়েছো, ঝাউপাতা?)* by Joy Goswami
- *The Book of Evidence* by John Banville (Ireland)
- *The Trick of It* by Michael Frayn
## 1990s
- *The English Patient* by Michael Ondaatje
- Slam poetry
1990
- *The New York Trilogy* by Paul Auster (US) -- first volume published 1985
- *The Black Book* by Orhan Pamuk (Turkey)
- *Restoration* by Rose Tremain (England)
- *Possession* by A. S. Byatt (England)
- *The Buddha of Suburbia* by Hanif Kureishi (England)
- *Dirty Weekend* by Helen Zahavi (England)
*Genre fiction*
- *Devil in a Blue Dress* by Walter Mosley (US)
- *Good Omens* by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett
1991
- *Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture* by Douglas Coupland (Canada)
1992
- *The Secret History* by Donna Tartt (USA)
1993
- *A Suitable Boy* by Vikram Seth (India)
1994
- *Blood of Elves* by Andrzej Sapkowski (Poland)
1995
- *The Moor\'s Last Sigh* by Salman Rushdie (UK)
1996
- *Infinite Jest* by David Foster Wallace (US)
- *Prathama Alo* by Sunil Gangopadhyay (India)
1997
- *Underworld* by Don DeLillo (US)
- *American Pastoral* by Philip Roth
- *Nightmare* by Zlatko Topčić
- *Into Thin Air* by Jon Krakauer
*Genre fiction*
- *Northern Lights* by Philip Pullman (UK) -- first in *His Dark Materials* trilogy
- *Harry Potter and the Philosopher\'s Stone* by J. K
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# Dennis Rawlins
**Dennis Rawlins** (born 1937) is an American astronomer and historian who has acquired the reputation of skeptic primarily with respect to historical claims connected to astronomical considerations. He is known to the public mostly from media coverage of his investigations into two early twentieth-century North Pole expeditions. In his first book, *Peary at the North Pole: fact or fiction?* (1973), Rawlins argued that Robert Peary never made it to the North Pole in 1909. His second book (1993) is an edition of Tycho Brahe\'s 1598 catalogue of 1004 stars which detected ten star places that were fabricated,`{{clarify|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} partially or entirely. In 1976, as the only astronomer on the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, he looked into the purported Mars effect. In 1996 he made headlines when page one of the *New York Times* covered his report to Ohio State University which concluded that in 1926 Richard E. Byrd\'s airplane flight towards the North Pole turned back 150 miles from the pole. Rawlins\'s third book, his detailed report on Byrd\'s trip and on the competence of lingering defenses of it, was co-published simultaneously in 2000 by [*DIO* volume 10, 2000](http://www.dioi.org/vols/wa0.pdf) and by the polar research center at the University of Cambridge. Because explorer Frederick Cook\'s story of reaching the North Pole in 1908 is generally rejected, the elimination of Peary and Byrd leaves fourth North Pole claimant Roald Amundsen as first there in 1926 in the airship *Norge* (Norwegian for Norway). Having attained the South Pole in 1911, Amundsen thus became the first to reach each geographical pole of the earth, as proposed in Rawlins\'s 1973 book
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# Static Caravan Recordings
**Static Caravan Recordings** is an independent record label based in the North West of England, whose artist releases include singles and albums by Darren Hayman, the Hornblower Brothers, Hannah Peel, Erland & the Carnival, Shady Bard, the Yellow Moon Band, Tunng, Peter Astor, Magnetophone, Fieldhead, Serafina Steer, Matters, Polyhymns, The Memory Band, FortDax, Matthew Edwards, and Boat To Row. The label focuses mainly on alt-folk and indie music.
The label has a record shop, Static Records, located in Wigan town centre
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# A Prize of Gold
***A Prize of Gold*** is a 1955 British Technicolor film noir crime film directed by Mark Robson partly filmed in West Berlin. The film stars Richard Widmark as a United States Air Force Air Police Master Sergeant motivated by love and compassion to begin a life of crime. It was based on the 1953 novel of the same title by Max Catto.
## Plot
Master Sergeant Joe Lawrence (Richard Widmark) is stationed in occupied Berlin shortly after the end of World War II. He encounters a group of German orphans when one of them tries to steal his Jeep. Joe finds Maria (Mai Zetterling), one of the orphans\' caretakers, very attractive. Maria is trying to take the children to Brazil, where they can start life anew. It is being arranged by her employer, Hans Fischer, a very successful German contractor. Hans tells Joe not to return. After thinking it over, Joe disregards him and soon falls in love with Maria. Maria breaks up with Joe, but Joe persists. When he sees Maria returning home and reluctantly submitting to her boss\'s kisses, he fights with Hans, ending Hans\'s assistance with the travel arrangements.
His buddy, British Military Police Sergeant Roger Morris (George Cole), has hinted about stealing part of a fortune in a recently discovered Reichsbank gold bullion being transferred to England via military transport in a series of four shipments. Joe plans a daring hijacking of the airplane, aided greatly by the fact that he works for the Air Provost Marshal, who shares the security responsibility for the shipments with the British. Roger\'s uncle Dan puts them in touch with Alfie Stratton, a semi-retired crook who can dispose of the gold. Alfie insists that they use ex-RAF pilot Brian Hammell (Nigel Patrick), to protect his interests.
The plan works up to a point. They hijack the C-47 and land at an abandoned airstrip in England. However, the crew manage to retake control of the airplane after only part of the bullion has been unloaded, and try to take off, only to crash into Alfie\'s car (used to light the runway) and burn. After the gang leave, the crewmen manage to get out unobserved.
Thinking they have killed three men, Joe decides to return the gold and turn himself in. Roger and Dan agree. Alfie is regretting getting back into a life of crime, so Joe has no trouble letting him out, in exchange for £5000 to be given to Dan. Brian, who shot at the escaping aircraft and has no qualms against murder, is the only obstacle. Alfie and Dan leave. When Brian wakes up, he does not like the new arrangement. In the ensuing fight, Roger falls to his death and Joe is knocked out. Joe comes to and chases Brian. In his desperation to get away (with a few gold bars), Brian ends up clinging to the edge of a rising drawbridge, finally losing his grip and plummeting into the water far below.
When Joe is brought back to Berlin for his court-martial, he sees Maria and the orphans leaving for Brazil.
## Cast
- Richard Widmark as Sergeant Joe Lawrence
- Mai Zetterling as Maria
- Nigel Patrick as Brian Hammell
- George Cole as Sergeant Roger Morris
- Donald Wolfit as Alfie Stratton
- Joseph Tomelty as Uncle Dan Watson
- Andrew Ray as Conrad
- Karel Stepanek as Dr. Zachmann
- Robert Ayres as Tex
- Eric Pohlmann as Fischer
- Olive Sloane as Mavis
- Alan Gifford as Major Bracken
- Ivan Craig as British Major
- Harry Towb as Benny
Joan Regan sings the title song.
## Production
Warwick bought film rights to the novel in April 1953 and originally announced they wanted Montgomery Clift for the lead. R.C. Sheriff was assigned the screenplay and Mark Robson, who had just made *Hell Below Zero* for Warwick, was to direct. Alan Ladd had made three films for Warwick and he was in discussions to play the lead as well.
The movie was part of a new three-picture deal Warwick signed with Columbia (the others being *The Cockleshell Heroes* and *Safari*.) John Paxton was brought in to rewrite Sheriff\'s script. In early 1954 Richard Widmark signed to star opposite Nigel Patrick.
Filming began in July 1954 and took place at Shepperton Studios in England, and on location in Germany.
The budget was £209,671 plus fees for Widmark, Allen and Broccoli.
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# A Prize of Gold
## Reception
According to *Kinematograph Weekly* it was a \"money maker\" at the British box office in 1955
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# Idwal Jones (novelist)
**Idwal Jones** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|d|w|əl}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|EED|wəl}}`{=mediawiki}; December 8, 1887 -- November 14, 1964) was a Welsh-American novelist and non-fiction writer. Jones focused a lot of his writing on the beauty and population boom in California and the west.
## Biography
Jones was born in Ffestiniog, Wales, to William W. Jones and Mary Catherine Hughes. His father was an engineer and geologist who in 1902 brought the family to the slate-quarrying region of Pennsylvania. He studied mechanical engineering in New York, which led to an interest in the California gold rush, and he moved to there in 1911. He began his literary career writing book reviews for the *San Francisco Chronicle*, and later had his own columns in, *The San Francisco Examiner* \"Rediscovering San Francisco\" and \"Passing By.\" He sold his first short story in the 1920s. He won a Newbery Medal Honor in 1937 for *Whistler\'s Van*.
Some of his most famous works include: *The Vineyard* and *Ark of Empire: San Francisco\'s Montgomery Block*.
*The Vineyard* tells the story of Napa Valley citizens and their love for the land. The main character, Alda Pendle, mastered the art of viticulture from her father. After her father\'s death, Pendle\'s skills make her a valuable asset to an individual living on a vineyard in Napa Valley.
*Ark of Empire: San Francisco\'s Montgomery Block*, subtitled \"San Francisco\'s Unique Bohemia 1853--1953\" in one edition, is a history of the old heart of San Francisco.
His first novel, *The Splendid Shilling*, came out in 1926, with a storyline that mirrored his own, shifting from Wales to California during the Gold Rush. He married Olive Vere Wolf in 1923, and they traveled the world together. Jones died at his home in Laguna Beach, California
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# Mariscal Nieto province
thumb\|160px\|right\|Cathedral of Moquegua **Mariscal Nieto** (Spanish *mariscal* marshal) is the largest of three provinces that make up the Moquegua Region of Peru. The capital of the province is the city of Moquegua.
## Boundaries
- **North**: province of General Sánchez Cerro
- **East**: Tacna Region
- **South**: province of Ilo
- **West**: Arequipa Region
## Geography
Some of the highest mountains of the province are listed below:
## Political division {#political_division}
The province is divided into six districts, which are:
District Capital Mayor
--------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------
Moquegua Moquegua Abraham Alejandro Cárdenas Romero
Carumas Carumas Luis Victor Salas Casilla
Cuchumbaya Cuchumbaya Guido Maquera Cuayla
Samegua Samegua Renso Milthon Florencio Quiroz Vargas
San Cristóbal Calacoa Rogelio Leonardo Vizcarra Taco
Torata Torata Higinio Zoilo Cabana Diaz
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
The province is inhabited by indigenous citizens of Aymara and Quechua descent. Spanish, however, is the language which the majority of the population (79.51%) learnt to speak in childhood, 15.65% of the residents started speaking using the Aymara language and 4.45% using Quechua (2007 Peru Census)
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# 21st century in literature
The **21st century in literature** refers to world literature produced during the 21st century. The measure of years is, for the purpose of this article, literature written from (roughly) the year 2001 to the present.
- **2001** -- *The Corrections* by Jonathan Franzen; *Seabiscuit: An American Legend* by Laura Hillenbrand; *Life of Pi* by Yann Martel;\
Nobel Prize: V. S. Naipaul
- **2002** -- *Atonement* by Ian McEwan; *Middlesex* by Jeffrey Eugenides; *Everything is Illuminated* by Jonathan Safran Foer;\
Nobel Prize: Imre Kertész
- **2003** -- *The Da Vinci Code* by Dan Brown; *Roman Triptych (Meditation)*;\
Nobel Prize: J. M. Coetzee
- **2004** --\
Nobel Prize: Elfriede Jelinek
- **2005** --\
Nobel Prize: Harold Pinter
- **2006** -- *The Road* by Cormac McCarthy; *Les Bienveillantes* by Jonathan Littell; *Against the Day* by Thomas Pynchon;\
Nobel Prize: Orhan Pamuk
- **2007** -- *The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao* by Junot Díaz; *A Thousand Splendid Suns* by Khaled Hosseini; *On Chesil Beach* by Ian McEwan;\
Nobel Prize: Doris Lessing
- **2008** --\
Nobel Prize: J. M. G
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# 1977 Ryder Cup
The **22nd Ryder Cup Matches** were held at the Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club in Lytham St Annes, England. The United States team won the competition by a score of 12`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points.
The event was the last time that a Great Britain and Ireland team would compete for the Ryder Cup. During the competition, officials from the PGA of America and the PGA of Great Britain and Ireland discussed the possibility of allowing players from continental Europe to participate in the Cup, and Jack Nicklaus also advocated this change in a meeting with Lord Derby. The Deed of Trust that was struck with the PGA of Great Britain and Samuel Ryder was amended in time for the 1979 matches, and changed the popularity and competitive balance of the Ryder Cup.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format was reduced in scope from the formats used from 1963 through 1975, with only 20 matches played instead of 32. The schedule of play was as follows:
- **Day 1** --- 5 foursome (alternate shot) matches
- **Day 2** --- 5 four-ball (better ball) matches
- **Day 3** --- 10 singles matches
With a total of 20 points, 10`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
## Teams
Source:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} **Team Great Britain and Ireland**
Name
Brian Huggett
Brian Barnes
Ken Brown
Howard Clark
Neil Coles
Eamonn Darcy
Peter Dawson
Nick Faldo
Bernard Gallacher
Tommy Horton
Tony Jacklin
Mark James
Peter Oosterhuis
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------
**Team USA**
Name
Dow Finsterwald
Raymond Floyd
Lou Graham
Hubert Green
Dave Hill
Hale Irwin
Don January
Jerry McGee
Jack Nicklaus
Ed Sneed
Dave Stockton
Lanny Wadkins
Tom Watson
-----------------
## Thursday\'s foursome matches {#thursdays_foursome_matches}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Gallacher/Barnes 3 & 1 **Wadkins/Irwin**
Coles/Dawson 1 up **Stockton/McGee**
**Faldo/Oosterhuis** 2 & 1 Floyd/Graham
Darcy/Jacklin halved Sneed/January
Horton/James 5 & 4 **Nicklaus/Watson**
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Friday\'s four-ball matches {#fridays_four_ball_matches}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Barnes/Horton 5 & 4 **Watson/Green**
Coles/Dawson 5 & 3 **Sneed/Wadkins**
**Faldo/Oosterhuis** 3 & 1 Nicklaus/Floyd
Jacklin/Darcy 5 & 3 **Hill/Stockton**
James/Brown 1 up **Irwin/Graham**
1 Session 4
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Saturday\'s singles matches {#saturdays_singles_matches}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- -------------------------
Howard Clark 4 & 3 **Lanny Wadkins**
Neil Coles 5 & 3 **Lou Graham**
**Peter Dawson** 5 & 4 Don January
**Brian Barnes** 1 up Hale Irwin
Tommy Horton 5 & 4 **Dave Hill**
**Bernard Gallacher** 1 up Jack Nicklaus
Eamonn Darcy 1 up **Hubert Green**
Mark James 2 & 1 **Raymond Floyd**
**Nick Faldo** 1 up Tom Watson
**Peter Oosterhuis** 2 up Jerry McGee
5 Session 5
7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 12`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Great Britain and Ireland {#great_britain_and_ireland}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Brian Barnes 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Ken Brown 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Howard Clark 0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--0--0
Neil Coles 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Eamonn Darcy 0.5 0--2--1 0--1--0 0--0--1 0--1--0
Peter Dawson 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Nick Faldo 3 3--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Bernard Gallacher 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Tommy Horton 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Tony Jacklin 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--0 0--0--1 0--1--0
Mark James 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Peter Oosterhuis 3 3--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
--------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Raymond Floyd 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Lou Graham 2 2--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Hubert Green 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Dave Hill 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Hale Irwin 2 2--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Don January 0.5 0--1--1 0--1--0 0--0--1 0--0--0
Jerry McGee 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--0--0
Jack Nicklaus 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Ed Sneed 1
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# Menachem Brod
**Rabbi Menachem Brod** (*מנחם ברוד*; or last name alternative spelled **Brodt**) is a senior Chabad rabbi from Kfar Chabad, Israel. He is the spokesman of the Chabad youth movement center *Tze\'irei Agudas Chabad* in Israel and the editor of the nationally distributed Chabad weekly pamphlet *Sichat HaShavua*. After the passing of previous Chabad spokesman Berke Volf, Brod became almost the only official Chabad spokesman in the Israeli media. He also has a regular column in the local weekly magazine known as the *Kfar Chabad* and is considered a popular Haredi writer.
## Life
Brod was born in Ches Kislev 5720 (9 December 1959) in Riga Latvia. At age five his family made an Aliyah to Eretz Yisrael. in his teens he learnt in the Chabad Yeshiva in Lod and Kefar Chabad.
For the school year of 1981 he spent in New York learning in the Central Lubavitch Yeshiva.
Brod married Miriam (Ruderman). After he married he went on Shlichus in Bat-Yam. later on he moved to Kefar Chabad.
In the year 1983 he began working (as the publicity manager) for *Tze\'irei Agudas Chabad* in Israel. in 1986 He became spokesman of the Chabad youth movement center *Tze\'irei Agudas Chabad* in Israel.
The following year (1987) he began publishing the nationally distributed Chabad weekly pamphlet *Sichat HaShavua*
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# Bobby Weaver
**Robert Brooks Weaver Sr.** (born December 29, 1958) is an American former freestyle wrestler. He won a gold medal at 48 kg (105.5 pounds) at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He also won a silver medal at the 1979 World Championships and was a member of the 1980 Olympic team that boycotted the Moscow Olympics.
## Wrestling career {#wrestling_career}
### High school {#high_school}
Weaver began wrestling at the age of six. He attended Easton Area High School in Easton, Pennsylvania, where he won three PIAA state titles. He won in 1975 and 1976 at the 98-pound weight class and in 1977 at the 105-pound weight class. In 1977, Weaver participated in the Dapper Dan Classic, which features the Pennsylvania all-stars against a national team and won by a fall in 0:50. He graduated from Easton High School in 1977 and spent a post-graduate year at Blair Academy in Blairstown, New Jersey. While at Blair, he won the National Prep School Championship and the Outstanding Wrestler trophy.
### College
Weaver matriculated at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1978. Competing in college was a challenge for Weaver since the lightest NCAA weight class was 118 pounds, which was above his freestyle weight class of 105.5 pounds. He red shirted as a freshman at Lehigh and saw little action the following season. However, he was a starter for Lehigh the next three seasons at the 118 pound class and won conference titles in 1982 and 1983 and finished third in the 1982 NCAA Division I tournament. He finished his career at Lehigh with a record of 57-14-3 with 16 falls.
### Freestyle
Weaver began competing in freestyle wrestling while still in high school. He caused a sensation at the 1976 Olympic trials when he pinned his first eight opponents. He eventually ended up as the alternate on the Olympic team. Then, just two years out of high school, Weaver finished second at the 1979 world championships in San Diego, California. Prior to winning the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Weaver won six national freestyle championships, two FILA World Cup gold medals, two World Cup silver medals, gold medals in tournaments in Germany, Poland and Cuba and a silver medal at the demand freestyle tournament in Tbilisi.
Weaver was a flamboyant winner, especially when he won by pin. He was known to jump up and down and do backward somersaults in the air, particularly when he pinned 1976 Olympian William Rosado for the 1980 team berth and when he pinned Takashi Irie in the 1984 Olympic finals. Following his gold medal win in 1984, he circled the arena several times with his young son, Bobby Jr., in his arms.
Weaver was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2008 as a Distinguished Member. He missed the ceremonies because of a serious illness, but was able to attend the following year
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# Saint Seiya: The Movie
, retitled `{{nihongo|'''''Saint Seiya: Evil Goddess Eris'''''|{{ruby|聖闘士星矢|セイントセイヤ}} 邪神エリス|Seinto Seiya: Jashin Erisu}}`{=mediawiki} on its home video release, is the first in a series of anime films produced by Toei Animation based on the manga *Saint Seiya* by Masami Kurumada. The movie premiered on July 18, 1987, at the Toei Manga Matsuri film festival, where it was shown as part of a quadruple feature along with *Dragon Ball: Sleeping Princess in Devil\'s Castle* and the movie versions of *Hikari Sentai Maskman* and *Choujinki Metalder*.
## Plot
The film is independent from the canon and chronology established by Kurumada in his manga. In the movie plot, Seiya already has awakened to the Seven Senses, thus the movie can be situated after the Twelve Temples arc in the chronology.
It starts off with Seiya, Hyōga, and Shun visiting the Miho\'s Star Children Academy, a school and orphanage owned by The biological father of Seiya and Seika and adoptive grandfather of Saori Kido, Mitsumasa Kido, and former home of Seiya and Seika, where Hyoga saves one of the children of Miho, one of the caretakers of the orphanage from being run over by a car, when the child attempted to retrieve his toy airplane into a busy street.
A new character called Eri Aizawa is revealed to be Miho\'s workmate and a second caretaker at the orphanage. She starts having feelings for Hyōga, and, one night, they are sitting outside watching the stars when they suddenly see a falling star. As Eri makes a wish, it is stolen by Eris, the Greek Goddess of Discord, who uses it to revive herself.
Things worsen when Eris takes possession of Eri\'s body and kidnaps the Greek Goddess of War and Wisdon Athena to Eris\' own Sanctuary. Eris plans to gain control of the world by sucking all the energy out of Athena with the golden apple to seize her body, and revives dead Saints of the past to fight for her, dubbing them Ghost Saints, and also Ghost Five. They are known as Orion Jager, Sagitta Maya, Southern Cross Kristos, Scutum Jan and Lyra Orpheus.
The protagonists receive the news about the kidnapping and set off towards Eris\' Sanctuary. As they enter it, they fight various battles with the Ghost Saints, who end up being killed again. Seiya quickly defeats Maya; Shiryu struggles and kills Jan; Kristos is killed by Eris while trying to finish Hyoga; Orpheus is defeated by Ikki, who save his brother Shun from Orpheus\'s attack. In the end, after a struggle with the last and most powerful of the \"Ghost Five\", Orion Jäger, Seiya is helped by the spirit of the deceased Sagittarius Aiolos, who sends the Sagittarius Gold Cloth to his aid.
As Jäger is defeated by Seiya, Eris is the only one left standing between the Earth\'s salvation and destruction. Seiya takes the Sagittarius bow and aims at the golden apple, but hesitates for fear that the arrow might hit Athena. Athena herself encourages Seiya to shoot the arrow, which he does, to Eris\' dismay, releasing Eri from the evil goddess\'s control.
With the discord goddess returned to the realm of the dead, the Saints escape the crumbling sanctuary, and, along with the released Eri and Saori, walk towards a more peaceful world.
## Production
With the success in Japan of Masami Kurumada\'s *Saint Seiya* manga and its anime adaptation, Toei made plans for a theatrical feature. Kurumada, the author of *Saint Seiya*, participated in the production. In three months, he created and designed the five new Saints that appeared in the movie, whose appearances were based on his sketches, as seen in an article published on *Weekly Shōnen Jump*. Ghost Saint Scutum Jan\'s constellation name was originally \"Shield\" but was changed to the Japanese form of the Scutum constellation: *Tateza*. In Japan, the film was named *Saint Seiya: The Movie*, but in some countries, it received the name \"The Legend of the Golden Apple\", or another similar title. The series author, Masami Kurumada, suggested the name of \"Jashin Eris\" for its DVD release. The five Ghost Saints used to be Silver Saints in life, which was confirmed with a question mark in the pamphlet of the movie *Saint Seiya: The Heaven Chapter \~Overture\~*.
The soundtrack was composed by Seiji Yokoyama and released in the Saint Seiya Original Soundtrack II CD.
In 2011, the movie was adapted into a musical for the Japanese audience, which premiered on May 5, 2011. The musical was released on DVD on November 21, 2011, as well as its soundtrack on October 19, 2011.
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# Saint Seiya: The Movie
## New characters {#new_characters}
Eris, Goddess of Discord
:
: Voiced by: Toshiko Fujita
: Eris tempted Eri with a golden apple to possess and use her as a tool to bring chaos into this world. After capturing Saori Kido (Athena), she places a golden apple in front of Saori\'s chest to drain her power and life force to the point where Eris would no longer need Eri\'s body. She then proceeds with her plan to take over the world. It had been foretold that, if Athena were to die, all of the dead Saints with grief in their hearts would be revived to finish Earth\'s destruction.
```{=html}
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```
Eri Aizawa
:
: Voiced by: Mayumi Shō
: Eri is a volunteer at the Star Children Academy where Seiya, his sister older Seika, and Seiya\'s childhood friend Miho grew up. Her wish on a falling star was stolen by Eris. The goddess took control over Eri\'s body until Eris could be completely revived into this world again. Eri and Hyōga felt a close connection when they first met.
### Ghost Saints \"Ghost Five\" {#ghost_saints_ghost_five}
Orion Jäger
:
: Voiced by: Yū Mizushima
: Said to be one of the most powerful Silver Saints who served Athena with honor. After he was killed, he held a grudge over being forgotten, and the loneliness that comes with being dead. He did not hesitate to accept Eris\' offer and was soon revived with a new body to fight for the destruction of the world. As he faced Phoenix Ikki, he found his foe\'s strength to be almost equal to his own. When Ikki explained the meaning of the friendship that the present Saints had, Jäger hesitated, but still continued to fight Ikki. Jäger was interrupted when Pegasus Seiya obtained the Sagittarius Gold Cloth, and, after having his strongest attack blocked by Seiya, was defeated. With his last words, he acknowledged Seiya and the others as true Saints.
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```
Sagitta Maya
:
: Voiced by: Michitaka Kobayashi
: Another Saint revived by Eris into a new body. His personality is similar to Pegasus Seiya\'s, but Maya would fight to the death if it meant winning. He proves this when he faces Seiya, to first talk, and then attack with all his strength. He is no match for Seiya, but one of the arrows from his Hunting Arrow Express attack makes it through Seiya\'s defenses. Seiya removes the arrow with ease and tries to get Maya to tell him where Saori is, but leaves when Maya does not respond. Maya says in his last breath that the arrow is actually poisonous, and only one shot is enough to remove the five senses.
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```
Southern Cross Khristós
:
: Voiced by: Ryuusei Nakao
: Khristós died some time before Athena was kidnapped. Hyōga recognizes him as the Southern Cross Saint, as he himself is one of the Northern Cross. Feeling restless and tormented by his death as he lay in his grave, Khristós put aside his Saint title and joined Eris, who revived him with a new body. When he gets an advantage over Cygnus Hyōga, Khristós is betrayed by Eris, who sees this as a good opportunity. She throws a spear into Khristós\'s back, which pierces through his heart, killing him and injuring Hyōga at the same time.
```{=html}
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```
Scutum Jan
:
: Voiced by: Keiichi Nanba
: Jan is a Saint that apparently died in vain; this may well have been caused by his straightforward and jump-into-action personality. As he was restless in his grave, he gladly accepted Eris\' offer, and was soon revived and given a new body. He faced off against Dragon Shiryū. As the Scutum Cloth has a stronger shield than the Dragon Cloth, he seemingly defeated Shiryū within one minute, but, underestimating the Dragon Saint\'s power, he was soon defeated as Shiryū unleashed all of his Cosmo into a single attack.
```{=html}
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```
Lyra Orpheus
:
: Voiced by: Yūji Mitsuya
: The legendary mythical person himself, as expressed by Andromeda Shun. After his failure to bring Eurydice back, he died with regrets. This led to him gladly taking Eris\' offer and being revived in a new body. As he faced Shun, Orpheus seemed to be a calm and subtle person, but as the fight progressed, he showed his darker side. After ensnaring and almost killing Shun with his Stringer Requiem attack, Orpheus was cut short by Phoenix Ikki\'s arrival. Ikki attacked with his Hō\'ō Genmaken, but since Orpheus had already suffered through hell, he brushed the attack off easily. Wasting no time, Orpheus attacked with his Stringer Requiem again, but this time Ikki unleashed his Hōyoku Tenshō attack and Orpheus was killed.
## Home video {#home_video}
A DVD version was released in 2013 and a Blu-ray was released in 2021
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# Hugh de Giffard
The first **Hugh de Giffard** (or Jiffard) was an influential feudal baron in Scotland, and one of the hostages for the release of King William the Lion in 1174.
It is said that this family came to Britain with William the Conqueror in the person of Walter, Count de Longueville. However, Barrow states the family were dependents of de Varenne (or de Warenne) and simply came from Longueville-la-Gifart in Seine Maritime. The East Lothian village of Gifford and a nearby stream, Gifford Water, both take their names from this family.
Two of this family appeared in Scotland in the train of Ada de Warenne, daughter of William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey (she married in 1139 Prince Henry (d.1152) son of David I of Scotland (d.1153): **Hugh** (1) and William, a cleric, who became \"ecclesiastical advisor\" to King David I. Hugh (whom Martine calls \"an Englishman\") obtained lands in East Lothian, where he settled. William perambulated with King David in Perthshire and was a witness on many important charters, notably the foundation charter of Jedburgh Abbey and others for Countess Ada. He and Hugh witnessed a charter of King David granting lands at Crail. From Malcolm IV of Scotland he obtained lands at Yester (*Jhestrith*) in the parish of St. Bothans, East Lothian., Hugh appears in further royal charters until after 1189, and appears to have witnessed many of the charters of King William the Lion (ruled 1165--1214), under whom he rose to distinction.
His son and heir was William de Giffard of Yester, who was sent on a mission to England in 1200 and who also witnessed several charters of William, \'The Lion\'. In 1244 he was one of the guarantees of a treaty with England, when he must have been a good age.
His son, **Hugh de Giffard of Yester** (2), was one of the Guardians of Alexander III of Scotland and his Queen; and one of the Regents of the Kingdom appointed by the Treaty of Roxburgh dated 20 September 1255. According to the practice of those feudal times, he had his own sheriff. This Hugh de Gifford built a castle, or tower house, at Yester (half a mile south-east of the present-day Yester House) on a promontory between the Hopes Water and a little tributary, the Gamuelston Burn. To the north is one side of a high curtain wall with an offset base. Beneath it a stair descends to the cavern called Bohall or Hobgoblin Hall, (Goblin Ha\'), featured in Sir Walter Scott\'s *Marmion*, which Gifford was said to have constructed by magic.
Walter Bower thus speaks of him in noting his death in 1267: \"Hugo Giffard dominus de Zester moritur, cujus castrum, vel saltem caveam et dongionem, arte demoniacula antiquae relationes fuerunt fabricatas,\" (Scotichronicon, Liber X, cap. 21). Anderson states he left three sons:
- William de Giffard of Yester
- Hugh (3), ancestor of the Giffards of Sheriffhall.
- James, who, with Hugh (4), swore fealty to King Edward I of England in 1296.
Burke also gives four daughters, (although it is possible they belong to a later generation) of whom:
- Euphemia, who married Sir Archibald Macdowall, Knt., of Makerstoun, Roxburghshire.
- Johanna, married Sir Robert Maitland of Thirlestane, to whom she conveyed Lethington. Ancestors of the Earls of Lauderdale
- Jonat, who married Adam de Seton, Master-Clerk
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# Agnese di Montefeltro
**Agnese di Montefeltro** (Gubbio, 1470 -- Rome, 1523) was the daughter of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino and of his second wife, Battista Sforza. She was married to Fabrizio Colonna (1460--1520), duke of Paliano with whom she had six children, among which was the poet Vittoria Colonna. She died, a widow, in 1522 on her way home to Rome, coming back from a pilgrimage at Loreto Sanctuary.
## Biography
Little is known about Agnese\'s childhood. Her mother died in 1472 when she was only two years old. Her father died in 1482, when Agnese was twelve, after which she was entrusted to the care of her paternal uncle, Ottaviano Ubaldini della Carda, along with her elder sisters. She may have been educated by the humanist Vespasianus Bisticci, a former curator of the library of duke Frederick. However, the education received at the court of Urbino and the influence of female family members helped form Agnese\'s character, who remained in contact throughout their lives.
On 20 January 1489, she married Fabrizio Colonna, who was an important member of the Roman baronial lineage. The marriage contract, signed the year before, asked for the payment of a dowry of 12,000 gold florins. This marriage was part of a strategy to consolidate a network of marriage alliances between the families of Montefeltro and Della Rovere, the Sanseverino, Malatesta, Gonzaga and, indeed, the Colonna.
Her son Federico died in 1516 and she became a widow three years later with the death of her husband Fabrizio in 1520
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# Taylor Bennett (American football)
**Taylor Bennett** (born September 12, 1985) is a former American football quarterback and former member of the Georgia House of Representatives. He began his collegiate career at Georgia Tech before transferring to the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs. He majored in International Affairs at Georgia Tech. He later enrolled as a graduate student majoring in Information Systems Security at Louisiana Tech in the fall of 2008. Taylor also obtained a Juris Doctor degree from Atlanta\'s John Marshall Law School.
He also played football professionally in Sweden in the Superserien.
## Football career {#football_career}
### High school {#high_school}
Taylor Bennett attended Lafayette High School in Wildwood, Missouri from 2000 to 2004.
### College
Bennett was selected as the Yellow Jackets\' backup quarterback before the 2004 game against the Maryland Terrapins. Prior to the 2007 season, he started in two games; in 2005 against the Connecticut Huskies when Reggie Ball had viral meningitis, and in the 2007 Gator Bowl against the West Virginia Mountaineers when Reggie Ball was academically ineligible to play. At the Connecticut game, Bennett became only the second quarterback in NCAA history to complete a pass for a touchdown in his first ever collegiate play from scrimmage. The only other quarterback to do this was former Southern California quarterback Matt Leinart. In May 2007, Bennett was given a Spring Team honorable mention by The Sporting News in recognition of his outstanding performance in spring practice.
Bennett had a mediocre showing as the starting quarterback in Georgia Tech\'s 2007 season, finishing 7--6, 4--4 ACC, including a loss to Fresno State. After the 2007 season, Paul Johnson was named as Georgia Tech\'s new head coach. Many believed that Bennett would not fit well into Johnson\'s option offense, and in February 2008 Bennett announced that he planned to transfer to another school for the 2008 season. On April 28, it was announced that Bennett would transfer to Louisiana Tech, and the NCAA would allow him to play in the 2008 season rather than sitting out a season as most transfers are required to do.
Bennett won the starting job for the Bulldogs during 2008 fall camp. He led his new team to a victory over the Mississippi State Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference in the 2008 season opener. Unfortunately, this proved to be the highlight of Bennett\'s season with the Bulldogs. Over the first five games of the season Bennett completed only 39 percent of his passes. He threw 2 touchdowns and 5 interceptions and led the team to a 2--3 record. After a disappointing loss to Hawaii, in which Bennett threw 2 interceptions, head coach Derek Dooley announced that sophomore Ross Jenkins would start the next game against Idaho. Bennett saw little action for the rest of the season. He went 5 for 11 in only 2 games for no touchdowns and 1 interception.
### Sweden
During the 2009 season, Bennett was the starting quarterback for the Stockholm Mean Machines in Stockholm, Sweden: the season ended with the club\'s 11th national championship. The Mean Machine had a 8--2 record in the Superserien regular season. Taylor finished the season with 1756 yards passing, 26 touchdowns, and just 3 interceptions. The team won its league playoff semi-final and then won the championship game 24-20 over the Carlstad Crusaders.
In the EFL European Football League the Mean Machine went 1-1, losing in the group playoff stage 22-6 to the Porvoo Butchers of Finland. The Raiders Tirol from Austria won the 2009 Eurobowl EFL final, defeating the La Courneuve Flash 30-19.
## Political career {#political_career}
A member of the Democratic Party, Bennett ran in a special election to replace Republican Mike Jacobs for the right to represent District 80 in the Georgia House of Representatives. He won a runoff election against former Brookhaven, Georgia mayor J. Max Davis on August 11, 2015 to capture the seat.
In 2016, Bennett was defeated for reelection by Atlanta attorney Meagan Hanson
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# Henri de Brouckère
**Henri Ghislain Joseph Marie Hyacinthe de Brouckère** (25 January 1801 -- 25 January 1891) was a Belgian nobleman and liberal politician. Born in Bruges, he was a magistrate and a professor at the *italic=no*. His brother Charles was mayor of the City of Brussels.
He served as governor of Antwerp from 1840 to 1844, and of Liège from 1844 to 1846. He headed a Liberal government from 1852 to 1855 as the prime minister. In 1863 he became the first mayor of Auderghem. He later chaired the Caisse générale d\'épargne et de retraite.
## Honours
National
- :
- Iron Cross.
- Minister of State, by Royal Decree.
- Grand Cordon in the Order of Leopold.
- Commander in the Royal Order of the Lion.
Foreign
- : Knight Grand Cross in the Saxe-Ernestine House Order.
- :Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Leopold of Austria.
- : Knight Grand Cross in the Legion of Honour.
- : Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Charles III.
- : Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, 1850.
- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Januarius.
- :Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Christ.
- Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Louis.
- :Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion.
- :Knight 1st class; Order of the Red Eagle
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# John Francis Parker
**John Francis Parker** (May 29, 1907-December 1992) was an American Republican Party politician from Massachusetts who served as the mayor of Taunton and represented the area in the Massachusetts Senate from 1953 to 1989. He was a leader within the Massachusetts Republican Party, serving as its chair from 1967 to 1969 and leading the minority in the Senate from 1967 to 1989.
He was the last of a long line of part-time mayors of Taunton, Massachusetts. By his efforts the city council decided to make the position full-time. Parker was elected to the State Senate in 1953, and served for many years as the Minority Leader of the Massachusetts Senate, the post he held when he retired from public life in 1989. He was also a member of the Taunton School Committee.
Parker desired to succeed Congressman Joseph William Martin Jr. in the U.S. House of Representatives, however Parker refused to oppose the elderly former Speaker in the Republican primary of 1968. Martin was defeated in the primary by Governor's Councilor Margaret Heckler effectively ending Parker\'s efforts of attaining higher office.
A middle school within the city is named in honor of his service to the city, and a section of U.S. Route 44 is named in honor of Parker and his wife, Mae, who had no children. The Taunton Municipal Golf Course was changed to the John F. Parker Municipal Golf Course
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# Axis leaders of World War II
thumb\|right\|upright=1.35\|Japanese propaganda poster of the Shōwa era showing Adolf Hitler, Fumimaro Konoe and Benito Mussolini, the political leaders of the three main Axis powers in 1940 thumb\|right\|upright=1.35\|Japanese magazine published by the Cabinet Intelligence Bureau on 15 January 1941, advertised the Tripartite Pact The Axis powers of World War II was established with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940 and pursued a strongly militarist and nationalist ideology; with a policy of anti-communism. During the early phase of the war, puppet governments were established in their occupied nations. When the war ended, many of them faced trials for war crimes. The chief leaders were Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, Benito Mussolini of the Kingdom of Italy, and Hirohito of the Empire of Japan. Unlike what happened with the Allies, there was never a joint meeting of the main Axis heads of government, although Mussolini and Hitler met on a regular basis.
## Bulgaria
- **Boris III** was the Tsar from 1918 until his death in 1943.
- **Simeon II** was Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 until 1946, was underage and did not have any power.
- **Kyril**, Prince (knyaz) of Bulgaria, head of the regency council, 1943--44.
- **Bogdan Filov**, prime minister, 1940--43, member of the regency council, 1943--44.
- **Dobri Bozhilov**, prime minister, 1943--44.
- **Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov** was prime minister in 1944. He attempted to pull Bulgaria out of the war and declare neutrality.
- **Konstantin Muraviev**, prime minister, 1944. Bulgarian Agrarian National Union.
- **Kimon Georgiev**, prime minister, 1944--46.
- **Aleksandar Tsankov**, prime minister of the Bulgarian government-in-exile.
- **Nikola Mikhov** was a lieutenant general, Minister of Defence of Bulgaria
- **Constantine Lukasz** was a lieutenant general, Chief of Staff of the Bulgarian Army
- **Ferdinand Kozovski** was a lieutenant-general in the Bulgarian who served as the Chairman of the National Assembly of Bulgaria from 1950 to 1965.
- **Damyan Velchev** was a Bulgarian colonel-general, Minister of Defence of Bulgaria.
- **Vladimir Stoychev** was a Bulgarian colonel-general, diplomat and horse rider.
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# Axis leaders of World War II
## Germany
- **Adolf Hitler** was leader of Nazi Germany, first as Chancellor from 1933 until 1934. He later became Germany\'s Führer from 1934 until his suicide in 1945. Hitler came to power during Germany\'s period of crisis after the Great War which occurred between the 1920s and early 1930s. During his rule, Germany became a fascist state with a policy of anti-Semitism that led to the Holocaust. Hitler pursued an extremely aggressive foreign policy that triggered World War II. He committed suicide on April 30, 1945, along with Eva Braun, his long term mistress whom he had married less than 40 hours before their deaths.
- **Joseph Goebbels** was Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda from 1933 until 1945. An avid supporter of the war, Goebbels did everything in his power to prepare the German people for a large-scale military conflict. He was one of Hitler\'s closest associates and most devout followers. After Hitler\'s suicide, Goebbels and his wife Magda had their six children poisoned and then also committed suicide. He became Chancellor for one day before his death.
- **Hermann Göring** was *Reichsmarschall* and Prime Minister of Prussia. Göring held a variety of public offices heaped upon him by Hitler. He was the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, President of the *Reichstag*, Original Head of the Gestapo, Minister of Economics, Paramount Chief of the War Economy, Head of the Four Year Plan, *Reichmarshall* of the Greater German Reich, Minister of the Forests of the Third *Reich* and finally defendant Number 1 at the Nuremberg Trials. Hitler awarded Göring the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful leadership. Originally, Hitler\'s designated successor, and the second highest-ranking Nazi official. However, by 1942, with his power waning, Göring fell out of favor with the Führer, but continued to be the de jure second-in-command of the Third Reich. Göring was the highest-ranking Nazi official brought before the Nuremberg Trials. He committed suicide with cyanide before his sentence was carried out.
- **Heinrich Himmler** became the second-in-command of Nazi Germany following Göring\'s downfall after the repeated losses of the Luftwaffe which the Reichsmarshall commanded, as Supreme Commander of the Home Army and *Reichsführer-SS*. As commander of the *Schutzstaffel* (SS), Himmler also held overall command of the Gestapo. He was the chief architect of the \"Final Solution\" and through the SS was overseer of the Nazi concentration camps, extermination camps, and *Einsatzgruppen* death squads. He held final command responsibility for annihilating \"subhumans\" who were deemed unworthy of living. Shortly before the end of the war, he offered to surrender \"Germany\" to the Western Allies if he was spared from prosecution as a Nazi leader. Himmler committed suicide with cyanide after he became a captive of the British Army.
- **Joachim von Ribbentrop** was the German Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1938 to 1945. He was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged.
- **Karl Dönitz** was made *Großadmiral* of the *Kriegsmarine* on 30 January 1943 and was President for 23 days after Hitler\'s suicide. Under his command the U-boat fleet conducted unrestricted submarine warfare during the Battle of the Atlantic. After the war he was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to ten years in prison.
- **Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk** was Leading Minister of the German Reich in the short-lived Flensburg government in 1945.
- **Martin Bormann** was head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and private secretary to Adolf Hitler. He gained Hitler\'s trust and derived immense power within the Third Reich by controlling access to the Führer and by regulating the orbits of those closest to him.
- **Rudolf Hess** was Hitler\'s deputy in the Nazi Party. Hess hoped to score a stunning diplomatic victory by sealing a peace between the Third *Reich* and Britain. He flew to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace, but was arrested. He was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to life imprisonment.
- **Robert Ley** was a member of the Nazi party who headed the German Labour Front from 1933 to 1945. He also held many other high positions in the Party, including *Gauleiter*, *Reichsleiter* (which is the second-highest political and military rank of the Nazi Party, next only to the office of Führer) and *Reichsorganisationsleiter*. He committed suicide while awaiting trial at Nuremberg for crimes against humanity and war crimes.
- **Albert Speer** was German Minister of Armaments from 1942 until the end of the war, in which position he was responsible for organizing most of the logistical aspects of Germany\'s war effort. He was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to twenty years in prison.
- **Alfred Rosenberg** was a German philosopher and an influential ideologue of the Nazi Party. He is considered one of the main authors of key National Socialist ideological creeds, including its racial theory, persecution of the Jews, Lebensraum, abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, and opposition to degenerate modern art. During the war he headed the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs and later the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories. After the war he was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged.
- **Reinhard Heydrich** was SS-Obergruppenführer (general) and General der Polizei, chief of the Reich Security Main Office (including the Gestapo, Kripo, and SD) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor (Deputy/Acting Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia (in what is now the Czech Republic). Heydrich served as president of the ICPC (later known as Interpol) and was one of the main architects of the Holocaust. He died of wounds from an assassination attempt in Prague 1942.
- **Ernst Kaltenbrunner** was an *SS-Obergruppenführer*. He was appointed by Himmler as chief of the SD (*Sicherheitsdienst*) in January 1943, the SiPo, (*Sicherheitspolizei*) made up of the combined forces of the Gestapo (secret state police) and the Kripo (*Kriminalpolizei*) and the RSHA (*Reichssicherheitshauptamt*); after Reinhard Heydrich\'s assassination. Further, Kaltenbrunner was in command of the *Einsatzgruppen* death squads. He was the highest-ranking SS leader to face trial at Nuremberg and be executed.
- **Wilhelm Canaris** was a German admiral, and chief of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, from 1935 to 1944. During the Second World War, he was among the military officers involved in the clandestine opposition to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime. He was executed in the Flossenbürg concentration camp for the act of high treason.
- **Wilhelm Keitel** was an army general and the chief of the OKW, the *Oberkommando der Wehrmacht* or High Command of the German Military, throughout the war. He was condemned to death at Nuremberg for the commission of war crimes and hanged.
- **Alfred Jodl** was an army general and operations chief of the OKW throughout the war. Like his chief, Keitel, he was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged.
- **Franz Halder** was a German general and the chief of the OKH, *Oberkommando des Heeres*, from 1938 until September 1942, when he was dismissed after frequent disagreements with Hitler.
- **Kurt Zeitzler** was a German general and the chief of the OKH, from 1942 until July 1944.
- **Walther von Brauchitsch** was commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht from 1940 until his dismissal in December 1941, when Hitler took personal command of the army.
- **Erich Raeder** was *Großadmiral* of the *Kriegsmarine* (Navy) from 1 April 1939 until 30 January 1943.
- **Fedor von Bock** served as the commander of Army Group North during the Invasion of Poland in 1939 and commander of Army Group B during the Invasion of France in 1940. Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, he was named commander of Army Group Center and commanded Operation Typhoon, the ultimately failed attempt to capture Moscow during the winter of 1941. His final command was that of Army Group South in 1942 before being dismissed by Hitler. He was killed by British aircraft on May 4, 1945.
- **Albert Kesselring** was a German Luftwaffe general. He served as commander of Luftflotte 2 for the early part of the war, commanding air campaigns in west and east, before being assigned as commander-in-chief of German forces in the Mediterranean, a position he would occupy for most of the war, commanding German forces in the defense of Italy. In March 1945, he became the last German commander-in-chief in the west.
- **Robert Ritter von Greim** was a German *Generalfeldmarschall* (field marshal) and pilot. Greim was the commander of a *Luftflotte* (Air Fleet) which took part in the Invasion of Poland, the Battle for Norway and the Battle of Britain. His greatest tactical achievement was his Luftflotte\'s involvement in the Battle of Kursk and his planes\' bombing of the Orel bulge during Operation Kutuzov. He was also one of the principal commanders of Operation Weserübung, The Blitz, Western Front, Battle of Berlin and Operation Barbarossa. At the end of the war he was appointed the supreme commander of the *Luftwaffe* after Göring had been dismissed for treason. After the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945, Greim was captured by the Allies. He committed suicide in prison on 24 May 1945.
- **Gerd von Rundstedt** was a *Generalfeldmarschall* (field marshal) in the German army and held some of the highest field commands in all phases of the war. He commanded large formations during the invasion of Poland and Battle of France. During Operation Barbarossa, he was named commander of Army Group South. In 1942 he was appointed commander of OB West. He retained this command (with several interruptions) until his dismissal by Hitler in March 1945.
- **Erich von Manstein** is credited with the drawing up of the Ardennes invasion plan of France. In the Soviet campaign, he also conquered Sevastopol in 1942 and was then made *Generalfeldmarschall* and took command of Army Group South. A command he held until he was dismissed by Hitler in March 1944. He is often considered one of the finest German strategists and field commanders of World War II.
- **Heinz Guderian** was the principal creator of Blitzkrieg. He commanded several front line armies in the early years of the war, most notably *Panzergruppe* Guderian during Operation Barbarossa. Guderian later served as chief of staff of the army from July 1944 to March 1945.
- **Erwin Rommel** was the commander of the Afrika Korps in the North African campaign and became known by the nickname \"The Desert Fox\". Rommel was admired as a tactical genius by both Axis and Allied leaders during the war. He was subsequently in command of the German forces during the battle of Normandy. He was forced to commit suicide on October 14, 1944, for being implicated in the July 20th plot against Hitler.
- **Walter Model** was a general in the German army who became best known as a skilled practitioner of defensive warfare on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. Following the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 he was reassigned to the west where he took command of Army Group B. He was also the principal architect of the Ardennes Offensive. He committed suicide on April 21, 1945.
- **Hans-Jürgen von Arnim** was a German colonel general and commander-in-chief of the Army Group Africa and de facto commander of the Afrika Korps from March 9, 1943, until his capture by the British Indian Army\'s 14th Infantry Division on May 12, 1943.
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## Hungary
- **Miklós Horthy** was the supreme regent (head of state) from 1920 until 1944.
- **István Horthy** was the deputy of the regent in 1942.
- **László Bárdossy** was his prime minister from 1941 until 1942. After World War II, Bárdossy was tried by a People\'s Court in November 1945. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
- **Miklós Kállay** was prime minister from 1942 until 1944.
- **Döme Sztójay** was prime minister from March until August 1944. Sztójay was captured by American troops and extradited to Hungary in October 1945, after which time he was tried by a Communist People\'s Tribunal in Budapest. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
- **Géza Lakatos** was a general in the Hungarian Army during World War II who served briefly as prime minister, under governor Miklós Horthy from August 29, 1944, until October 15 the same year.
- **Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer** was the Minister of the Interior of Hungary from 1938 to 1944. He was also the Ispán of Baranya, Pécs, and Somogy counties.
- **Ferenc Szálasi** was the leader of the fascist Arrow Cross Party, the \"Leader of the Hungarian Nation\" (*Nemzetvezető*), and the prime minister from 1944 to 1945. He was tried by the People\'s Tribunal in Budapest. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
- **Béla Miklós** was acting as prime minister, at first in opposition, from 1944 to 1945.
- **Károly Bartha** was a colonel general, Minister of Defence.
- **Ferenc Feketehalmy-Czeydner**
- **Ferenc Szombathelyi** was a colonel general, chief of the General Staff.
- **Ferenc Farkas de Kisbarnak**
- **Iván Hindy** was a colonel-general in the Hungarian Army. He orchestrated the defence of Budapest. Hindy was captured by the Soviets On February 11, 1945, when he tried to escape just prior to the fall of the city on February 13. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
- **Gusztáv Jány** was the commander of the Hungarian forces at the Battle of Stalingrad.
- **Zoltán Szügyi** was the commander of the Szent László Infantry Division.
- **László Háry** was the commander of the Hungarian Air Force.
- **Elemér Gorondy-Novák** was the commander of the Hungarian Third Army.
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## Italy
- **Victor Emmanuel III of Italy** was King of Italy and the supreme head, with Mussolini, of the Royal Italian Army, from 1935 he became Emperor of the Italian Empire. He supported Mussolini in 1922 during the March on Rome and he named him prime minister. In 1943, after successive military defeats, he, along with Marshal Pietro Badoglio, dissolved the Fascist government, dismissed and arrested Mussolini and arranged an armistice with the Allies, setting up a Royalist government in Southern Italy led by the Marshal.
- **Benito Mussolini** was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. The founder of fascism, Mussolini made Italy the first fascist state, using the ideas of nationalism, militarism, anti-communism and anti-socialism combined with state propaganda. In 1925, he assumed dictatorial powers as the *Duce* (\"Leader\") of Fascism, and was subsequently called *Duce* by his Fascist supporters. From 1925, King Victor Emmanuel III delegated his powers to Mussolini and opposition to Mussolini and the Fascist state was seen as treason. Though his regime influenced Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, Mussolini did not subscribe to Nazi racial theories, dismissing them as mythical and fabricated. Only in 1938, under increased pressure from Hitler, did he adopt anti-Semitism as a state policy, and opposed the deportation of Jews by the Germans from Italian territory. Mussolini was the official head of the *Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale*, MVSN (\"Volunteer Militia for National Security\"), often called the \"Blackshirts\", who were Fascist partisans loyal specifically to him, rather than the King. Successive military defeats from 1941, culminating in the Battle of El Alamein in 1942 and the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, led to Mussolini and his government\'s dissolution and dismissal by the King. Arrested on the orders of the King, Mussolini was rescued by the Germans and became the puppet Head of State of the Italian Social Republic (regime under control of Nazi Germany) in northern Italy. Mussolini was executed by Italian partisans on 28 April 1945, while attempting to flee to Spain.
- **Pietro Badoglio** was Marshal of the Army. He led the Italian Army during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. He resigned in 1940 after the Italian failure in Greece. In 1943 he arranged with the Allies for an armistice and set up a Royalist government in Southern Italy (Brindisi).
- **Ugo Cavallero** was the head of the Italian Royal Army during the Second World War, his powers being delegated to him from the King, who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Army. He led Italian forces during the Greco-Italian War in which Italian forces faltered badly.
- **Italo Gariboldi** was the commander of the Italian forces at the Battle of Stalingrad.
- **Ettore Bastico** was the overall commander of the Axis forces in North Africa from 1941 to 1943.
- **Arturo Riccardi** was the head of the Italian Royal Navy (*Regia Marina*) from 1940 to 1943, his powers being delegated to him from the King, who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Navy.
- **Inigo Campioni** was a commander of the Italian Royal Navy during the battles of Taranto, Cape Spartivento, and Calabria.
- **Angelo Iachino** succeeded Campioni as commander of the Royal Italian Navy.
- **Italo Balbo** was the most important person of the Italian Royal Air Force (*Regia Aeronautica*) from the 1930s until his death in 1940. His powers were officially delegated to him from the King, who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Air Force. He also commanded the Tenth army in Libya until his death.
- **Galeazzo Ciano** was appointed minister of foreign affairs in 1936 by Mussolini (who was also his father-in-law) and remained in that position until the end of the Fascist regime in 1943. Ciano signed the Pact of Steel with Germany in 1939 and subsequently the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Japan in 1940. Ciano attempted to convince Mussolini to bring Italy out of the war as casualties mounted but was ignored. In 1943, Ciano supported the ousting of Mussolini as prime minister. Ciano was later executed by Fascists in the Italian Social Republic for betraying Mussolini.
- **Rodolfo Graziani** was commander of Italian North Africa and Governor-General of Libya. Graziani was ordered to invade Egypt by Mussolini. Graziani expressed doubts about the ability of his largely un-mechanized force to defeat the British, however, he followed orders and the Tenth Army attacked on September 13. He resigned his commission in 1941 after being defeated by the British in Operation Compass. Graziani was the only one of the Italian marshals to remain loyal to Mussolini after Dino Grandi\'s Grand Council of Fascism coup, and was appointed Minister of Defense of the Italian Social Republic (*Repubblica Sociale Italiana*, or RSI). Graziani had under his command the mixed Italo-German LXXXXVII \"Liguria\" Army (*Armee Ligurien*) of the RSI.
- **Giovanni Messe** was the commander of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia (*Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia*, or CSIR). The CSIR fought on the Eastern Front, fighting with German forces against the Soviet Union. He later led Axis forces in the Tunisia Campaign. He is considered by many to be the best Italian general of the war.
- **Mario Roatta** was a general of the Italian army, best known for his role in Italian repression against civilians, in the Slovene and Croatian-inhabited areas of the Italian-occupied Yugoslavia.
- **Alfredo Guzzoni** was commander-in-chief of the Italian forces during the Allied Invasion of Sicily.
- **Rino Corso Fougier** was a general in the Royal Italian Air Force and Chief of Staff 1941--43.
- **Giuseppe Fioravanzo** was one of the \"intellectuals\" of the Regia Marina; he was one of the main authors of the development of Italian naval doctrine between the two World Wars.
- **Junio Valerio Borghese** was the commander of the Decima Flottiglia MAS.
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## Japan
- **Hirohito** (posthumously known as Emperor Shōwa) was the Emperor from 1926 until his death in 1989, making him the last surviving leader of the big three (Germany, Italy, and Japan). He was viewed as a semi-divine leader. He was Commander of the Imperial General Headquarters from 1937 to 1945 and authorized in 1936, by imperial decree, the expansion of Shirō Ishii\'s bacteriological research unit, while, according to some authors, assuming control over the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons. His generals took the full blame and he was exonerated from criminal prosecution, with all members of the imperial family, by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP).
- **Fumimaro Konoe** was prime minister from 1937 to 1939 and 1940 until 1941. Konoe authorized the publications of Kokutai no Hongi (1937) and Shinmin no Michi (1941). He joined the military in recommending to Emperor Shōwa the invasion of China and launched the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement, the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War and the Taisei Yokusankai to promote a total war effort. Konoe was opposed to war with the Occidental powers. During the occupation of Japan, he refused to collaborate with the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers to exonerate Hirohito and the imperial family of criminal responsibility and came under suspicion of war crimes. He committed suicide in 1945.
- **Hiranuma Kiichirō** was prime minister from 5 January 1939 to 30 August 1939. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment.
- **Nobuyuki Abe** was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea, and Prime Minister of Japan from 30 August 1939 to 16 January 1940.
- **Mitsumasa Yonai** was prime minister in 1940 and minister of the Navy from 1937 to 1939 and 1944 to 1945. During his second mandate as Navy minister, the Imperial Japanese Navy implemented the *tokkōtai* or suicide units against the Allied fleet. He cooperated with SCAP to fix the testimony of the senior officers accused in the Tokyo trials and was exonerated from criminal prosecutions.
- **Hideki Tojo** was minister of the Army in the second cabinet of Fumimaro Konoe from 1940 until 1944, and prime minister from 1941 until 1944. He was a strong supporter of the Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany and Italy and a main proponent of the war against the Occidental powers. Tojo strengthened the Taisei Yokusankai to create a single-party state. He was demoted in July 1944 by the emperor, following the Battle of Saipan and condemned to death by the Tokyo tribunal and executed.
- **Kuniaki Koiso** was a senior army general who served as prime minister from July 1944 to April 1945.
- **Kantarō Suzuki** was an admiral who served as prime minister from April to August 1945. He agreed to Japan\'s surrender to the Allies on August 15, 1945.
- **Sadao Araki** was Minister of the Army from 1931 to 1933 and Education Minister from 1938 to 1939. Araki was one of the main proponents of militarism and expansionism during the Shōwa era. He developed the fascist ideas of the Kōdōha and led the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement to promote the *Holy war* against China. After the war Araki was tried and sentenced to life imprisonment but was released in 1955 with all the other major convicts.
- **Kotohito Kanin** was Chief of Staff of the Army from 1931 to 1940. During his mandate, the Army committed the Nanking massacre and regularly used chemical weapons in China. Kan\'in was one of the main proponents of State Shinto. He died before the end of the war.
- **Hajime Sugiyama** was Minister of the Army from 1937 to 1938, then chief of staff from 1940 to 1944. During this period, the Army kept using chemical weapons and implemented the sanko sakusen. He committed suicide in 1945.
- **Hisaichi Terauchi** was a Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and the Commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group from 1941 to 1945, overseeing all IJA operations across South-East Asia and the South-West Pacific. He surrendered at the end of the war and died of a stroke in 1946, while a prisoner of war.
- **Masaharu Homma** was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, most noted for his victory in conquering the Philippines in the Philippines Campaign.
- **Yoshijirō Umezu** was Commander of the Kwantung Army from 1939 to 1944, and was the Chief of Staff of the Army from 1944 to 1945. He was sentenced by the Tokyo Tribunal to life imprisonment in 1948, and died of cancer in prison the following year.
- **Otozō Yamada** was the final Commander of the Kwantung Army from 1944 to 1945. Taken prisoner in Manchuria by the Red Army at the end of the war, he was sentenced at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials to 25 years in a Soviet labor camp for war crimes primarily related to the activities of Unit 731, but was released in 1956 and repatriated to Japan.
- **Tomoyuki Yamashita** was lieutenant-general of the Japanese Imperial Army from 1905 to 1945. He was most famous for conquering the British colonies of Malaya and Singapore, earning the nickname \"The Tiger of Malaya\". He was hanged on 23 February 1946.
- **Hiroyasu Fushimi** was Chief of Staff of the Navy from 1932 to 1941. Starting in 1937, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service implemented strategic bombing of Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou. He was exonerated from criminal prosecutions with all members of the imperial family by SCAP.
- **Osami Nagano** was Chief of Staff of the Navy from 1941 to 1944. During this period, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service committed the attack of Pearl Harbor and the strategic bombing of Chongqing. He was tried before the Tokyo tribunal but died in prison before his sentence was carried out.
- **Isoroku Yamamoto** was Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1939 to 1943 and was responsible for Japan\'s early naval victories, including the attack on Pearl Harbor. Considered the most brilliant Japanese naval commander of the war, his death in 1943 deprived the military of a skilled tactician and was a severe blow to Japanese morale.
- **Jisaburō Ozawa** was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, commander of the Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944. He was the last commander-in-chief of the Japanese fleet.
- **Tadamichi Kuribayashi** was commander of Japanese forces who was killed at the battle of Iwo Jima.
- **Isamu Yokoyama** was commander of Japanese forces in China.
- **Shigeyoshi Inoue** was commander of Japanese forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea.
- **Korechika Anami** was an army general who served as war minister at the time of the Japanese surrender.
- **Masakazu Kawabe** was the commander of Japanese forces in Northern Burma and Western Yunnan.
- **Prince Yasuhiko Asaka** was a general in the army. He commanded the attack at Nanjing.
- **Yasuji Okamura** was commander in chief of the China Expeditionary Army from 1944 until the end of the war.
- **Shunroku Hata** was commander of Japanese forces during the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign. He was tried with war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment after the war, but was paroled in 1954. He took command of Hiroshima after the bombing of the city.
- **Harukichi Hyakutake** was an army general who commanded the Japanese 17th Army at the Battle for Henderson Field.
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## Romania
- **Ion Antonescu** was the Prime Minister of Romania and the Conducător (Leader) with dictatorial powers from 1940 to 1944. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946.
- **Michael I** was King from 1940 until 1947. He was installed by Antonescu to replace Michael\'s father Carol II. He did not have much power. He led a coup to overthrow Antonescu and switched sides to the Allies in 1944. He died in 2017.
- **Ion Gigurtu** was the Prime Minister of Romania from July to September 1940, right before Antonescu. A committed Germanophile, he took the first major steps for the integration of Romania into the Axis, including the withdrawal of Romania from the League of Nations (11 July) and the enacting of a local version of the Nuremberg Laws (9 August).
- **Carol II** was King from 1930 to 1940. He named Gigurtu and then Antonescu as Prime Ministers, being forced to resign by the latter after giving him dictatorial powers.
- **Constantin Sănătescu** was the prime minister 1944.
- **Nicolae Rădescu** was the prime minister 1944--45.
- **Petre Dumitrescu** commanded the Romanian Third Army on its campaign against the Soviet Union.
- **Constantin Constantinescu-Claps** commanded the Romanian Fourth Army.
- **Emanoil Ionescu** commanded the Royal Romanian Air Force.
- **Ermil Gheorghiu** commanded the Royal Romanian Air Force.
- **Horia Macellariu** commanded the Royal Romanian Navy.
- **Horia Sima** was head of the pro-Nazi \"government in exile\".
## Client states and protectorates {#client_states_and_protectorates}
### Slovak Republic {#slovak_republic}
- **Jozef Tiso**, President of the Slovak Republic.
- **Vojtech Tuka**, prime minister.
- **Ferdinand Čatloš** was commander of the Field Army Bernolák during the Invasion of Poland.
- **Rudolf Pilfousek** was commander of the SS-Heimatschutz Slowakei.
- **Augustín Malár**
- **Ján Golian**
- **Otomar Kubala**
- **Štefan Tiso**
- **Karol Sidor**
### French State {#french_state}
- **Philippe Pétain** was an Army Marshal and Chief of State of Vichy France from its establishment in 1940 until the invasion of Normandy in 1944. The Pétain government collaborated with the Nazis, and organized raids to capture French Jews. The Pétain government was opposed by General de Gaulle\'s Free French Forces, and eventually fell to them. After the war, Pétain was tried for treason and sentenced to life in prison.
- **Pierre Laval** was Pétain\'s head of government in 1940, and from 1942 to 1944. Under his second government, collaboration with Nazi Germany intensified. In 1945, Laval was tried for treason, sentenced to death and executed.
- **René Bousquet** was the deputy head of the Vichy police force.
- **Joseph Darnand** was the commander of the paramilitary French Militia. A pro-Nazi leader, he was a strong supporter of the Hitler and Pétain governments. He established the *Milice* to round-up Jews and fight the French Resistance. He was tried for treason and executed after the war.
- **Jean Decoux** was the Governor-General of French Indochina representing the Vichy government. Decoux\'s task in Indochina was to reverse the policy of appeasement towards the Japanese led by his predecessor General Georges Catroux, but political realities soon forced him to continue down the same road. Arrested and tried after the war, Decoux was not convicted.
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## German puppet states {#german_puppet_states}
thumb\|upright=0.68\|right\| Milan Nedić
### Protectorate of Denmark {#protectorate_of_denmark}
- Leonhard Kaupisch, Military commander of Denmark.
- Werner Best, served as a civilian administrator in Denmark.
- Erik Scavenius, Prime minister of Denmark from 1942 to 1943. He pursued a collaborative policy with the German occupation force until he dissolved the Danish government in 1943, and was replaced by German martial law.
- Frits Clausen, National Socialist Workers\' Party of Denmark
- Christian Peder Kryssing, was commander of the Free Corps Denmark.
- Christian Frederik von Schalburg, was commander of the Free Corps Denmark.
- Knud Børge Martinsen, was commander of the Schalburg Corps.
### Province of Ljubljana {#province_of_ljubljana}
- Leon Rupnik, was the President of the provincial government.
- Gregorij Rožman,
- Ernest Peterlin, Battle of Turjak Castle
### Norwegian National government {#norwegian_national_government}
- Vidkun Quisling, Minister-President of the Norwegian national government from 1942 to 1945.
- Kjeld Stub Irgens
- Ragnar Skancke
- Sverre Riisnæs
- Jonas Lie, Minister of Police and *SS-Standartenführer* of the Germanic-SS Norway.
- Karl Marthinsen, General of Police, head of Norwegian STAPO (*Statspolitiet*) and SIPO (*Sikkerhetspolitiet*). He was assassinated by the resistance in 1945 due to increasing power and influence over the Norwegian military.
- Sophus Kahrs, was commander of the SS Ski Jäger Battalion \"Norwegen\".
- Arthur Qvist, was commander of the Norwegian Legion.
### Government of National Salvation, Serbia {#government_of_national_salvation_serbia}
- Milan Nedić, general and Prime Minister of the Government of National Salvation.
- Milan Aćimović, minister of Internal Affairs of the Government of National Salvation
- Dimitrije Ljotić, president and leader of Zbor and ideological leader of Serbian Volunteer Corps.
- Dragomir Jovanović, was commander of the Serbian State Guard.
- Kosta Mušicki, was commander of the Serbian Volunteer Corps.
- Kosta Pećanac, was commander of the Pećanac Chetniks.
- Strahinja Janjić, was commander of the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment.
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## Italian puppet states {#italian_puppet_states}
### Albanian Kingdom {#albanian_kingdom}
- Shefqet Vërlaci, Prime Minister of the Albanian Kingdom.
- Tefik Mborja, Albanian Fascist Party
### Kingdom of Montenegro {#kingdom_of_montenegro}
- Sekula Drljević was founder of the Montenegrin Federalist Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Montenegro until his imprisonment in 1941.
- Blažo Đukanović was later military leader of Montenegro, as *head of the Central Nationalist Committee*, from 1942 to 1943.
- Pavle Đurišić was commander of the Montenegrin Volunteer Corps.
- Krsto Popović was commander of the Lovćen Brigade.
## Joint German--Italian puppet states {#joint_germanitalian_puppet_states}
### Hellenic State {#hellenic_state}
- Georgios Tsolakoglou was Prime Minister of the Greek collaborationist government from April 30, 1941, to December 2, 1942.
- Konstantinos Logothetopoulos was prime minister from December 2, 1942, to April 7, 1943.
- Ioannis Rallis was prime minister from April 7, 1943, to October 12, 1944.
- Georgios Bakos Minister of Defence.
### Independent State of Croatia {#independent_state_of_croatia}
- **Ante Pavelić**, Headman (*Poglavnik*) of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) from 1941 to 1945.
- **Tomislav II**, the Italian-born King of Croatia.
- **Nikola Mandić**, prime minister under Pavelić from 1943 to 1945.
- **Mladen Lorković**, the Foreign Minister and Minister of the Interior of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH)
- **Slavko Kvaternik**, Minister of Defense.
- **Vladimir Laxa**, Army Chief of Staff.
- **Vladimir Kren**, was the commander of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia.
- **Edgar Angeli**, was the commander of the Navy of the Independent State of Croatia.
- **Vjekoslav Luburić**, was the commander of the Croatian Armed Forces.
- **Jure Francetić**, was the commander of the Black Legion.
- **Marko Mesić**, was the commander of the Croatian Legion.
- **Andro Vrkljan**, was the commander of the Croatian Naval Legion.
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# Axis leaders of World War II
## Japanese puppet states {#japanese_puppet_states}
### State of Burma {#state_of_burma}
- Ba Maw, political leader.
### Kingdom of Cambodia {#kingdom_of_cambodia}
- Sisowath Monivong was the King from 1927 until his death in 1941.
- Norodom Sihanouk was the King following Monivong\'s death.
- Son Ngoc Thanh, prime minister.
### Republic of China-Nanjing {#republic_of_china_nanjing}
- Wang Jingwei, Head of State, President of the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the National Government, officially known as the Republic of China.
- Chen Gongbo, Head of the Legislative Yuan.
- Zhou Fohai, Head of the Executive Yuan.
### Provisional Government of Free India {#provisional_government_of_free_india}
- Subhas Chandra Bose, Head of State, The Prime Minister and the Minister for War and Foreign Affairs of the Free India government.
### Kingdom of Laos {#kingdom_of_laos}
- Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, prime minister from 1942 to 1945 and vice-king.
### Manchukuo
- **Puyi** was the Chief Executive and later Emperor of Manchukuo from 1932 until the disestablishment of the state in 1945. He was installed by the Japanese after the Invasion of Manchuria. He was captured and imprisoned by the Soviet Union, and later handed over to the People\'s Republic of China.
- **Zhang Jinghui** was the Prime Minister of Manchukuo. Zhang was a Chinese general and politician during the Warlord Era who collaborated with the Japanese to establish Manchukuo. After the war, he was captured and imprisoned by the Red Army.
- Xi Qia was the finance superintendent of Manchukuo in 1932, a minister of Manchukuo in 1934, and palace and interior minister in 1936. At the end of World War II he was captured by the Soviets and held in a Siberian prison until he was returned to China in 1950, where he died in prison.
- Chang Hai-peng, general of the Manchukuo Imperial Army.
### Mengjiang
- Demchugdongrub was the vice-chairman, then the chairman. In 1941 he became chairman of the Mongolian Autonomous federation.
- Li Shouxin
### Second Philippine Republic {#second_philippine_republic}
- José P. Laurel, President.
### Empire of Vietnam {#empire_of_vietnam}
- Bảo Đại was the King of Annam from 1926 until 1945 and Emperor of Vietnam from 1945 until 1949.
- Tran Trong Kim, prime minister.
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# Axis leaders of World War II
## Co-belligerents {#co_belligerents}
The following countries fought side by side with the Axis powers for a common cause. These countries were not signatories of the Tripartite Pact and thus not formal members of the Axis.
### Finland
- **Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim** was the commander-in-chief of the Finnish Defense Forces and a Marshal of Finland.
- **Kyösti Kallio** was the 4th President of Finland.
- **Risto Ryti** was 5th President of Finland and the 14th Prime Minister of Finland.
- **Johan Wilhelm Rangell** was the Prime Minister of Finland 1941--1943.
- **Eric Heinrichs** commanded the Army of Karelia during the Continuation War.
- **Karl Lennart Oesch** commanded the Army of Karelia and during the trench warfare phase of the Continuation War.
- **Jarl Lundqvist** commanded the Finnish Air Force during the Continuation War.
- **Väinö Valve** commanded the Finnish Navy during the Continuation War.
### Iraq
thumb\|upright=.5\|right\| Faisal II
- **Faisal II of Iraq** was King of Iraq
- **Rashid Ali al-Kaylani** was Prime Minister of Iraq in 1940 and 1941. He overthrew the pro-British Nuri Said Pasha and established an anti-British regime. Britain responded with severe economic sanctions against Iraq and an invasion. The Anglo-Iraqi War ended with a British victory and Ali al-Kaylani out of power.
- **Haj Amin al-Husseini** was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem who had been exiled from the British Mandate of Palestine for his nationalist activities. Husseini issued a \'fatwa\' for a holy war against British rule in May 1941. The Mufti\'s widely heralded proclamation against Britain was declared in Iraq, where he was instrumental in the anti-British Iraqi revolt.
### Thailand
thumb\|upright=.6\| Plaek Phibunsongkhram
- **Ananda Mahidol** was King of Thailand from 1935 until his assassination in 1946. During the war, Mahidol stayed in neutral Switzerland. He returned to Thailand in 1945 after the war.
- **Plaek Phibunsongkhram** was Field Marshal of the Thai Army and was Prime Minister of Thailand from 1938 until 1944. The Pibulsonggram regime embarked upon a course of economic nationalism and anti-Chinese policies. In 1940, he decided to invade Indo-China in hostilities known as the French-Thai War. In 1941, he allied Thailand with Japan and allowed it to use the country for the invasions of Burma and Malaya. When Japanese defeat was imminent, he was pressured to resign in 1944.
- **Charun Rattanakun Seriroengrit** was a general who commanded Phayap Army that occupied the Shan State of British Burma.
- **Phin Choonhavan** commanded the Phayap Army \'s 3rd Division before being made military governor of the Shan States
- **Pridi Banomyong** a former revolutionary and cabinet minister, was appointed to the regency council in 1941. By 1944, he became sole Regent and de facto Head of State, but this position was only nominal. He secretly became leader of the resistance forces or the Free Thai Movement in 1942.
- **Khuang Aphaiwong**, Prime Minister of Thailand, 1944--45
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# Hilda Hewlett
**Hilda Beatrice Hewlett** (17 February 1864 -- 21 August 1943) was an early aviator and aviation entrepreneur. She was the first British woman to earn a pilot\'s licence. She founded and ran two related businesses: the first flying school in the United Kingdom (with Gustav Blondeau), and a successful aircraft manufacturing business (Hewlett & Blondeau) which produced more than 800 aeroplanes and employed up to 700 people. She later emigrated to New Zealand.
## Early life {#early_life}
Hilda Beatrice Hewlett was born in Vauxhall, London on 17 February 1864 to Louisa Herbert née Hopgood and George William Herbert, a Church of England vicar. Hilda was one of nine siblings and was known as \"Billy\" by the family.
As a young woman she attended the National Art Training School in South Kensington. She specialised in three skills which served her well in her later aviation engineering career: woodwork, metalwork, and needlework. Her art was good enough to be exhibited. When she was 19 she visited Egypt with her parents where 'I woke up from a narrow, conventional, stultifying childhood and first thought for myself'. At the age of 21 she spent a year training as a nurse at a hospital in Berlin.
She married barrister and writer Maurice Henry Hewlett on 3 January 1888 in St Peter\'s Church, Vauxhall, where her father was the incumbent. The couple had two children, a daughter, Pia, and a son, Francis, but separated in 1914.
Hilda Hewlett was an early bicycle and motor car enthusiast. The family acquired a car and Hilda learned to drive, and was fined for speeding in May and June 1905 but was considered proficient behind the wheel. She participated in automobile rallies and in 1906 was the passenger/mechanic for Muriel Hind, the only female driver in a motorcar event from Lands End to John O'Groats. Hind was a pioneering motorist, sometimes described as Britain's first motorcyclist.
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# Hilda Hewlett
## Achievements in aviation {#achievements_in_aviation}
Hewlett attended her first aviation meeting at Blackpool in 1909. Later that year, after adopting the pseudonym \"Grace Bird\", she travelled to the airfield at Mourmelon-le-Grand, France, to study aeronautics. She met aviation engineer Gustav Blondeau and they became business partners. Hewlett returned to England with a Farman III biplane, nicknamed the *Blue Bird*. In the summer of 1910 she and Blondeau opened the first flying school in the United Kingdom at the Brooklands motor-racing circuit at Weybridge, Surrey. Many people gained their first experience of flying at Hewlett and Blondeau\'s school, including Thomas Sopwith. Thirteen pupils graduated from the school in the year and a half it operated and, with a remarkable safety record for the time, there were no accidents.
In May 1911 Hilda Hewlett instigated the first pilots' strike in history. The Brooklands Racing Club announced that the aeroplane pilots would receive 5% of event day takings, to be divided between them. Mrs Hewlett was furious about this, and a letter was drawn up with a demand for 25%. When this was refused she organised a flying strike, pointing out that the flying events drew much larger crowds than the motor racing ever had. Pilots were to fly for only the minimum time to qualify for prizes, and the aeroplanes were locked away to prevent inspection by the public. Soon the management gave way, paying a fairer percentage of takings, and increasing the prize money. The episode attracted great public interest, and turned out to be to everyone's advantage.
On 29 August 1911, at Brooklands, Hilda Hewlett became the first woman in the UK to earn a pilot\'s licence when she received certificate No.122 from the Royal Aero Club after completing the test in her biplane. Hewlett also taught her son, Francis, to fly; he earned pilot\'s certificate no. 156 on 14 November 1911 and went on to have a distinguished military aviation career in both the UK and New Zealand, making him the first military pilot taught to fly by his mother. He earned a Distinguished Service Order in 1915 and rose to the rank of group captain.
Hilda Hewlett participated in airshows and aviation competitions. On 11 September 1911 she flew her Farman biplane in an airshow at Chelson Meadow, Plymouth. In 1912 Hewlett won a quick-start aviation competition.
Hewlett and Blondeau started an aircraft manufacturing business, Hewlett & Blondeau Limited, which was managed by Hewlett. They built Farman, Caudron and Hanriot aircraft under licence. The business began at Brooklands, moved to Battersea, London, and finally settled on a 10 acre site at Leagrave, Bedfordshire, in May 1914. By August 1914 the company had produced 10 different types of aircraft.
During the First World War, Hewlett\'s company manufactured more than 800 military aircraft, a specialised 90 hp engine which the British government considered vital to the war effort, and employed up to 700 people. After the war the business diversified into making farming equipment, but the factory had closed by the end of October 1920. The site remained unsold until 1926. A road in Luton, Hewlett Road, was named after her in recognition of the importance of the company towards the war effort.
## Emigration to New Zealand {#emigration_to_new_zealand}
Hewlett had previously spent nine months touring New Zealand, Rarotonga (Cook Islands), and the United States, but it was not until the factory site was sold that she emigrated to Tauranga, New Zealand, with her daughter Pia Richards and Pia\'s family. Hilda stated, \"The urge to escape from the three Cs, crowds, convention, and civilization, became strong.\" She enjoyed the outdoor life, especially camping and fishing. Her family gave her the nickname \"Old Bird\".
In June 1932 Hewlett was present at the inaugural meeting of the Tauranga Aero and Gliding Club. In July she was elected as the club\'s first president. In January 1939, at the opening of a new aerodrome in Tauranga, Frederick Jones, New Zealand\'s then Minister of Defence, named a nearby road after Hilda Hewlett and her son Francis, in recognition of their services to aviation.
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# Hilda Hewlett
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Hewlett died on 21 August 1943 in Tauranga, North Island, New Zealand. Following a service on the railway wharf, she was buried at sea.
Her grandson\'s wife Gail Hewlett has carried out exhaustive research into the lives of both Hilda and Maurice Hewlett and published the results of this work; the book was officially launched on 26 April 2010 at St Peter\'s Church in Vauxhall London.
A staff photograph and autograph book from the wings section of the Hewlett and Blondeau factory, dated to the First World War, was donated to the Women\'s Engineering Society\'s archives in 2022.
In October 2022, Air Chief Marshal Sir Mike Wigstone opened the RAF\'s Hilda B Hewlett Centre for Innovation, named in her honour. It is part of 71 Inspection & Repair Squadron at RAF Wittering on the border of between Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire. The facility specialises in 3D printing and scanning equipment, part of the Royal Air Force's first steps into advanced component manufacturing.
## Works
### Published non-fiction {#published_non_fiction}
- *Our Flying Men*, Mrs. Hilda Beatrice Hewlett, pp.40, T.B. Hart: Kettering (1917).
### Unpublished non-fiction {#unpublished_non_fiction}
- Hewlett\'s autobiography was unpublished but the manuscript is in the care of her family and formed the basis for a biography (see above)
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# Johnny Höglin
**Hans Johnny Höglin** (born 26 February 1943) is a Swedish speed skater whose greatest moment was to win a gold medal in the 10000-meter event at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France.
Höglin was a surprise winner, having never placed higher than 10th in the European or World Championships, and having finished fifth in the 1500 and 5000-meter races at the 1968 Olympics. He nevertheless edged favorite Fred Anton Maier by 0.3 seconds to win the 10000 meters.
At the 1972 Winter Olympics, Höglin finished 9th in the 1500 meters and 12th in the 5000 meters.
Höglin\'s younger brother Urban, along with Urban\'s fiancée Heidi Paakkonen, was murdered while touring New Zealand in 1989
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# Madar Bux
**Madar Bux** (1907`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}January 20, 1967) was a Bengali politician in East Pakistan. He was a member of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly from 1947 to 1954 for Rajshahi district
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# WBQH
**WBQH** (1050 AM) is a radio broadcasting station in the Washington, D.C. region, licensed to Silver Spring, Maryland. It broadcasts a regional Mexican format. It is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting, and is leased to United Media Group LLC. WBQH programming is heard on FM translator W228DI (93.5), also in Silver Spring.
WBQH by day broadcasts with power of 2,000 watts from the WFED transmitter site in Wheaton, Maryland. Because 1050 AM is a Mexican clear channel frequency reserved for XEG in Monterrey, WBQH reduces power to 41 watts at night to prevent interference. It also possesses pre-sunrise authorization for 500 watts from 6:00 a.m. to sunrise.
## History
The station signed on December 7, 1946 as WGAY, airing a beautiful music format. The meaning of the call sign is unclear; one often-repeated claim is that WGAY was named for one-time owner Connie B. Gay, though Gay did not purchase the station until 1959. A second story purports that the station initially broadcast government job openings as part of its programming, and that WGAY stood for \"Government And You\". A third explanation is simply that \"beautiful music\" connoted a \"bright and gay\" happy sound.
The original owners and operators, Ed Winton and Bob Chandler, are credited with creating the beautiful music format, which was mostly instrumental music, with orchestral covers of showtunes, soundtrack excerpts, and standard popular songs. Chandler was known to arrange for recording of music that he did not have in the station\'s library. In addition, on Sunday afternoons at 1:00 p.m., Matinee at One played a complete Broadway show soundtrack with an explanation of the plot.
Despite its sobriquet of \"elevator music\", WGAY was popular, and was soon sold to Connie B. Gay. On February 1, 1960, the WGAY calls were moved to the FM band at 99.5 MHz, while the AM station became WQMR, for \"Washington\'s Quality Music Radio\". WGAY initially operated as an experimental country music station (Gay was a country and western music promoter) but started simulcasting WQMR full-time around 1961.
These simulcasts would usually end nightly at sunset when WQMR had to sign off as required by the FCC, and WGAY was rarely mentioned on the air or in advertisements. WQMR soon increased in power from 1000 watts on the AM band, while WGAY would upgrade from 20 kW to a 50 kW stereo signal. Both WQMR and WGAY moved to the World Building, located on Georgia Avenue, just north of the intersection of Maryland Route 410 (East-West-Highway) in Silver Spring, in 1966.
This simulcast arrangement continued well into the 1980s, as WQMR reverted to WGAY. Winton and Chandler sold the station on September 1, 1984, to Greater Media, which in turn ended the simulcast and changed the call letters to WNTR. (The WGAY calls and format afterward were maintained on the FM band on 99.5 MHz, which is now WIHT). Greater Media subsequently bought WRC (now WTEM) from NBC Radio and sold WNTR to TM Productions.
Later, WNTR was sold to Pat Robertson, the televangelist and founder of the Christian Broadcasting Network, who used WNTR as the anchor of a conservative talk radio network dubbed \"The News Talk Radio Network\". WNTR was also the first station to carry Rush Limbaugh in Washington, before he moved to WMAL (now WSBN). This ended when the World Building studios caught on fire. However, Robertson\'s company continued to run the station from another building in Silver Spring for a time, initially as part of his network and later in a brokered-program format. In March 1993, it became one of two Washington, DC area affiliates of the Radio AAHS network for children.
As Radio AAHS, the station\'s call letters became WKDL (in a simulcast with WKDV in Manassas, Virginia). The concept was not successful at the time, and Metro Radio then bought the station, and switched WKDL to a Spanish language CHR format in December 1997. When that did not succeed, it briefly carried first the Genesis Radio Network of conservative talk, and then a business radio format under the WPLC callsign. Bonneville International bought the station in 2004, at which point the station became WFED, carrying \"Federal News Radio\", a news/talk format oriented to government employees that Bonneville had launched as an Internet-only station on February 22, 2000.
Initially, WFED aired the Associated Press\' All News Radio service during the overnight hours, as a complement to Bonneville\'s main all-news station, WTOP. When AP All News Radio was terminated, the station began an affiliation with CNN Headline News, which itself was phased out in 2007 by provider Westwood One. In November 2007, the 1050 frequency increased its daytime power from 1 kW to 3.5 kW to better reach the government office workers in Washington, D.C. who comprise Federal News Radio\'s core audience.
In August 2008, WFED was moved to 1500 AM, following the discontinuation of that frequency\'s previous occupant, WWWT. This move significantly improved WFED\'s daytime and nighttime coverage. While the 1500 facility is a 50,000-watt clear channel station, 1050 must power down to 44 watts at night, effectively limiting its nighttime coverage to Prince George\'s County.
After a month-long transition period, 1050 was switched to a simulcast of WTOP-FM, under the WTOP call letters. From June 17, 2009, until January 25, 2010, the station aired a news, talk and information format, mostly provided by Air America, which leased the station from Bonneville; the call letters were then changed to WZAA. Air America announced its closure and ended live programming on January 21, 2010, and went off-the-air on January 25; as a result, WZAA reverted to the WTOP-FM simulcast, and changed its call letters back to WTOP on February 1. That June, the simulcast again ceased, and 1050 was leased out to United Media Group, who launched the current regional Mexican format and WBQH callsign.
Bonneville announced the sale of WBQH, as well as 16 other stations, to Hubbard Broadcasting on January 19, 2011. The sale was completed on April 29, 2011.
WBQH, along with WTTZ-LP, agreed on May 16, 2022, to broadcast Baltimore Ravens games in Spanish beginning with the upcoming season.
## Translator
In addition to the main station, WBQH is relayed by one FM translator to widen its broadcast area. `{{RadioTranslators
| call1 = W228DI
| freq1 = 93
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WBQH
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# Mark Laity
**Mark F. Laity** (born 1955 in Truro, Cornwall, UK) is a NATO spokesman and former BBC correspondent. He gained a BA(hons) and MA from the University of York. Laity later became a Senior Associate Research Fellow at the Centre for Defence Studies, at King\'s College London.
Laity became a Defence Correspondent from 1989 until 2000. During the first Gulf War, in 1990--91, he was based in Saudi Arabia and became a frequent voice on BBC radio. He covered later conflicts also - particularly the break-up of Yugoslavia, the war in Bosnia and the conflict with Serbia over Kosovo, where he reported from NATO\'s Brussels headquarters, before reporting from Kosovo itself. Laity commented on NATO actions in Afghanistan, and became Chief Strategic Communications at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe.
In 2003 Laity formally complained to the BBC about comments made to the Hutton Inquiry, which he interpreted as a slight on his tenure as Defence Correspondent
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# Peter Wyton
**Peter Wyton** is a \'poet of page and performance\' who has published a number of books and who has appeared on BBC Radio. He is a widely published and prize-winning poet who has appeared at venues as diverse as Cheltenham Literature Festival, Glastonbury Festival, Ledbury Poetry Festival, Oxford TV, Lewes Prison and arts centres and theatres throughout the United Kingdom. His work has appeared on BBC Radio 4\'s *Poetry Please* and *Something Understood*, and has been nominated for the Forward Poetry Prize. He also reached the final of Radio 4\'s first Poetry Slam.
## Early life {#early_life}
At 12, Peter Wyton was financing his collection of Arthur Ransome books on Children\'s Hour, which paid seven shillings and sixpence in book-tokens per broadcast.
## Later life {#later_life}
He is published by Tempus Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire and has been twice nominated for the Forward Poetry Prize. He was Gloucestershire 1000 Poet Laureate. In 2008 he published *Not All Men Are From Mars* (A Poetry Book for Women\'s Aid), a collection of 55 poems centred on women, including a range of themes from violence and discrimination, to individual women of historical importance
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# Peltoperlidae
The **Peltoperlidae**, also known as **roach-like stoneflies** or **roachflies**, are a family of stoneflies.
The family Peltoperlidae comprises 11 genera and 46 known species. Species are semivoltine, meaning their lifecycles last one to two years. Adults of the family usually emerge in late spring or early summer, April through June. Larvae are flattened and brown in color, and they are roach-like in appearance because of the expanded thoracic plates covering the bases of their legs, heads, and abdomens. Tapering gills occur on the thorax at the bases of the legs. These tracheal gills are multifunctional and key to many biological processes. No dense tufts or branching gills are found on their thoraces or abdomens, unlike other Plecoptera families. The larvae also possess broad, chisel-like mandibles. Adults have two ocelli in addition to their two compound eyes. Male epiprocts are sclerotized and rod-like in shape, and both sexes lack cross-veins in the anal lobe of the forewings.
Peltoperlidae are generally lotic erosional and depositional. These habitats are flowing streams marked by sediments, vascular plants, and detritus. Roach-like stoneflies are generally found in leaf litter and debris piles trapped in either riffles or pools.
This family is considered to be clingers-sprawlers; they attach to surface in erosional habitats or rest loosely on the top surfaces of substrates, respectively. The body of this stonefly is flattened and streamlined to aid in minimizing water resistance in a flowing stream.
The Peltoperlidae are classified as in the feeding group shredders-detritivores. They chew and mine through leaf litter in their habitats. They are a significant contributor to leaf breakdown in streams. This family is very sensitive to disturbances in environmental conditions. They are intolerant to loss of coarse particulate organic matter for food and habitat. Given this low tolerance, Peltoperlids make potential bioindicators
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# The Gorgeous
**The Gorgeous** were a Canadian metalcore band formed in the summer of 2003 in Vancouver/Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. The band formed with Dali Shaw on guitar, Julien Brousseau on bass and Miguel Shaw on drums. The three played a few shows without a vocalist and quickly recruited Jordan Daniel.
The band recorded a five-song demo at Flying Monkey Studio in Kelowna and took a one-year hiatus. The following summer, the band had an opportunity to tour Canada, upon which they decided to relocate to Montreal and renew their music career. In Montreal they recruited Hal Ferris on second guitar. Shortly after, The Gorgeous was signed to Distort Entertainment, and in the fall of 2005 recorded Great Lakes at Silo Studios in Stoney Creek. The Gorgeous subsequently toured Canada several times and, in January 2007, toured the UK as direct support for the Architects. A few months prior to this tour, Hal decided to go back to school, and was replaced by Kevin Keegan from A Javelin Reign and Bend Sinister. The Gorgeous recorded one last demo to be used as promo for their upcoming album, and the four new songs are as of now on a fake Myspace page, under the name Jubilations.
They toured with the Cancer Bats in 2007 on their last tour.
On March 7, 2007 on their MySpace page, the band announced they were breaking up. Most of the fans protested, and petitioned to keep the band together.
After The Gorgeous ended guitarist Kevin Keegan was in a band called Barn Burner and later Dead Quiet, which he is still in. Bassist Julien Brousseau became a sound guy for Cancer Bats and also played in a band called Pup. Drummer Miguel Shaw played in a few small indie bands and guitarist Hal Ferris played in a few black metal bands. Vocalist Jordan Daniel is now known as The Boogieman Jordan Daniel, he plays blues and folk influenced music
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# Eberhard von Mackensen
**Friedrich August Eberhard von Mackensen** (24 September 1889 -- 19 May 1969) was a German general and war criminal during World War II who served as commander of the 1st Panzer Army and the 14th Army. Following the war, Mackensen stood trial for war crimes before a British military tribunal in Italy where he was convicted and sentenced to death for his involvement in the Ardeatine massacre, in which hundreds of Italian civilians and political prisoners were shot. The sentence was later commuted and Mackensen was released in 1952. He died in West Germany in 1969.
## Early life {#early_life}
Eberhard was born on 24 September 1889, in Bromberg, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire, the fourth of five children to Field Marshal August von Mackensen and his wife Dorothea (née von Horn). Mackensen joined the Imperial German Army in 1906, where he became a *Fahnenjunker* (officer candidate) in the XVII Corps stationed in Danzig, and was promoted to lieutenant on 22 March 1910.
## Military career {#military_career}
At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Mackensen served as a regimental adjutant in the 1st Hussar Regiment. On 25 February 1915, he was promoted to first lieutenant, but after a severe wound on 23 August 1915, Mackensen was transferred to a staff job in the General Staff of the Army Group Scholtz. On 20 May 1917, he was promoted to captain.
Following the armistice in 1918 ending the war, Mackensen remained in the army (now the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic) where he served as chief of the 1st squadron of the 5th (Prussian) Rider Regiment in Belgard, but in 1919 also joined a right-wing paramilitary *Freikorps* and fought in the Baltic states. In 1925, Mackensen commanded the army transport department of the German General Staff of the Ministry of the Reichswehr in Berlin. After his appointment as a major on 1 February 1928, he served on the staff of the 1st Cavalry Division in Frankfurt (Oder) from 1930. In this position, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 October 1932.
From 1 November 1933, Mackensen was made chief of the staff of the General Inspectorate of the Cavalry, and was promoted to colonel on 1 September 1934. Mackensen became chief of staff of the X Army Corps in Hamburg, the successor of the cavalry in the newly-formed Wehrmacht. In 1937, Mackensen became commander of the 1st Cavalry Brigade in Insterburg. Mackensen was appointed major general on 1 January 1938, and on 1 May 1939 became commander in the Army Group Command V in Vienna, where he became chief of staff under Field Marshal Wilhelm List.
At the beginning of World War II in September 1939, Mackensen served as the chief of staff of the German 14th Army in the invasion of Poland. Later, he was made chief of staff of the 12th Army that fought in the Battle of France. On 1 January 1940, he was promoted to lieutenant general and eight months later to *General der Kavallerie*. On 15 January 1941, Mackensen was made commanding general of III Army Corps, part of the 1st Panzer Army in Army Group South. On 27 July 1941, he received the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross. Mackensen\'s forces were the first to reach Kiev at the First Battle of Kiev during the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In November 1942, when General Paul Ewald von Kleist was given the command of Army Group A, Mackensen took up leadership of the 1st Panzer Army in the Third Battle of Kharkov in March 1943. For his achievements in the Second Battle of Kharkov, Mackensen was honoured on 26 May 1942 with the oak leaves to his knight\'s cross, and was promoted to colonel general (*Generaloberst*) on 6 July 1943.
Shortly after his promotion to *Generaloberst*, Mackensen was transferred to Italy as commander of the 14th Army. After the Allies broke through the Winter Line during Operation Diadem, Kesselring fired Mackensen for disobeying orders and the latter retired from active service in the army in the summer of 1944.
## Trial and conviction {#trial_and_conviction}
On 24 March 1944, SS members shot and killed 335 Italian civilians in the Ardeatine Caves massacre in retaliation for the deaths of 32 German police troops in a bomb attack. This war crime was ordered by Adolf Hitler in consultation with Generaloberst Alfred Jodl and Field Marshal Albert Kesselring. Mackensen was at this time commander of the 14th Army and subordinate to Kesselring as well as the superior of Lieutenant-General Kurt Mälzer, military commandant of Rome. All three were convicted of war crimes.
Following the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945 Mackensen became a prisoner of war, and on 30 November 1946 was convicted of war crimes by a British military court in Rome, where he was sentenced to death. In mid-1947, his sentence was commuted to 21 years imprisonment. He was released on 2 October 1952 after serving five years. After his release, Mackensen lived a secluded life in Alt Mühlendorf (now in Warder in Rendsburg-Eckernförde district) near Nortorf in Schleswig-Holstein, West Germany.
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# Eberhard von Mackensen
## Death
Mackensen died on 19 May 1969 in Neumünster, aged 79 years old.
## Awards
- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd & 1st Class
- Clasp to the Iron Cross 2nd Class (17 September 1939) & 1st Class (2 October 1939)
- Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
- Knight\'s Cross on 27 July 1941 as General der Kavallerie and commander of III. Armeekorps
- Oak Leaves on 26 May 1942 as General der Kavallerie and commander of III
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# Gran valor en la facultad de medicina
***Gran valor en la facultad de medicine*** is a 1981 Argentine film directed by Enrique Cahen Salaberry
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# Petro Express
**Petro Express** was a multi-store convenience chain based in Charlotte, North Carolina. Their stores were located in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, and neighboring counties. On January 9, 2007 The Pantry, Inc. of Sanford, North Carolina announced that it would be buying the 66 Petro Express stores. After the acquisition by The Pantry, Inc., it was announced that all Petro Express locations would sell Chevron\'s Texaco brand gasoline
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# Paul de Smet de Naeyer
**Paul Joseph, Count de Smet de Naeyer** (13 May 1843 -- 9 September 1913) was a Belgian Catholic Party politician who served as Prime Minister of Belgium from 1896 to January 1899 and again from August 1899 to 1907.
Born in Ghent, son of a cotton industrialist, he was himself also an industrialist and a banker. He was head of the Société Générale de Belgique and the owner of several coal mines.
He represented Ghent and Eeklo in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives from 1886 to 1908, and served in the Belgian Senate from 1908 to 1913. He served in several governments, as Minister of Finance from 1894 to 1896, and again from 1899 to 1907, combining the portfolio with the Ministry of Public Works. He was the prime minister of Belgium from 1896 to 1899, and again from 1899 to 1907. He was a strong supporter and personal friend of Leopold II of Belgium, blocking efforts to investigate atrocities in the Congo Free State. He was also a proponent of annexing the state in 1900, prior to it becoming Belgian Congo.
## Honours
National
- :
- 1899: Minister of State, by Royal Decree.
- 1900: Created Count de Smet de Naeyer, by Royal Decree
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# Frank Roche
United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina, 2010}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
**Frank Roche** (born July 11, 1959) is an American writer and businessman. He is the author of the book Know HR, owner of iFractal LCC, and a regularly featured speaker on HR matters. He presented at WorldatWork\'s national conference on \"HR Consulting or Corporate: Which is the Right Choice for You?\" He was named One of the Top 25 HR Influencers by HR World Magazine. He is also the author and host of The Adventures of PanCan Man, a resource for patients and caregivers who, like him, have been affected by pancreatic cancer.
## Awards and publications {#awards_and_publications}
He has won several Gold Quill Awards of Merit from IABC, the ACE Grand Award and Award of Excellence and the APEX grand Award
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