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# Sidney Mathias
**Sidney Mathias** is a former Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives, who represented the 53rd district from 1999 to 2013. In 2012, Mathias was elected as an Alternate Delegate to the Republican National Convention committed to Mitt Romney.
Previously, he was Village President of Buffalo Grove
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# DataViz
**DataViz, Inc.** is a software company located in Westport, Connecticut. They currently sell Docs To Go and DailyBalance. The company has been in business since 1984 formerly selling apps such as Passwords Plus, MacLinkPlus, RoadSync, and Conversions Plus.
On 8 September 2010, they sold their office suite Documents To Go and other assets to Research In Motion for \$50 million
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# Edward J. Zore
**Edward J. Zore** (born 1945) is the former president and CEO of Northwestern Mutual and current chairman. He became Northwestern Mutual\'s 16th president on March 31, 2000 and chief executive officer on June 1, 2001. Zore joined Northwestern Mutual investment department in 1969. He served as the company\'s Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer and trustee of Northwestern Mutual. He was inducted as an honoree of the SMEI Academy of Achievement in 2003, and was named among the 100 most influential people in business ethics in 2008. Zore retired from Northwestern Mutual CEO on June 30, 2010. He was succeeded by John Schlifske.
He is a former chairman of the board of the American Council of Life Insurers and an honorary board member of the Million Dollar Round Table Foundation. Additionally, he serves as an advisory board member of the Millstein Center for Corporate Governance and Performance at the Yale School of Management.
Zore obtained his B.A. and M.A. in Economics from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
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# Northwest Arkansas Naturals
The **Northwest Arkansas Naturals** are a Minor League Baseball team based in Springdale, Arkansas. The team is a member of the Texas League, and serves as the Double-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals. The Naturals play at Arvest Ballpark, which opened in 2008 and is located at the intersection of Gene George Boulevard and Watkins Avenue. The team relocated from Wichita, Kansas, in 2008, where it was known as the Wichita Wranglers.
## Origin
The Wichita Wranglers had struggled with low attendance numbers and an aging Lawrence--Dumont Stadium throughout Bob Rich Jr.\'s 18-year ownership of the team. In 2006, he sought a move to Springdale, contingent on a citizen vote to approve financing for a new stadium.
The pro-baseball movement in Springdale had counted on the support of Ronnie Floyd, influential pastor of local megachurch First Baptist Church of Springdale. In June 2006, Floyd pulled support after it was discovered the team would serve alcohol at games, making professional baseball a contentious and evenly split issue in Northwest Arkansas. The July vote on a measure to extend a one-cent sales tax to raise \$50 million for the stadium passed by only 15 votes.
## Team name {#team_name}
The team\'s nickname plays off the state\'s nickname as the \"Natural State,\" as well as the Robert Redford film, *The Natural.* The Rich Family owes much of its baseball success to the film. In 1983, Bob Rich Jr. bought the Double-A Buffalo Bisons, who had suffered low attendance the previous season, for \$100,000. That year, Hollywood producers approached Rich about filming scenes for *The Natural* at Buffalo\'s War Memorial Stadium. Following the release of the film, local interest in the team rose and attendance at the Bisons\' games nearly tripled. Rich was then able to finance the Bisons\' move to the Triple-A American Association. In something of a coincidence, the Triple-A Bisons were formerly the Wichita Aeros, meaning Rich has purchased two teams that had played previously in Wichita, Kansas.
The \"Naturals\" name was chosen after receiving 33 percent of the votes in an online fan poll, beating the second-place choice, \"Thunder Chickens,\" by six percent. The \"Thunder Chickens\" moniker was a nod to Springdale-based Tyson Foods, which is the nation\'s largest supplier of poultry products, and to the region\'s poultry industry. Every season, the team embraces the Thunder Chickens brand for a single game with matching uniforms and merchandise.
## Play as the Naturals {#play_as_the_naturals}
The Naturals had early success, advancing to the playoffs in 2009 and 2010. In 2009, the Naturals won the North Division title, but lost in the Texas League championship series to the Midland RockHounds. In 2010, the Naturals swept the first and second-half titles, won the North Division title for a second straight year, and avenged their loss to Midland in 2009, winning the Texas League title in a 3--1 series victory over the RockHounds.
On June 8, 2008, pitcher Jeff Fulchino became the first former Natural to play in Major League Baseball, throwing a scoreless inning in relief during a 6--3 Royals loss to the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium.
In conjunction with Major League Baseball\'s restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Naturals were organized into the Double-A Central. Though finishing the 2021 season in second place in the Northern Division at 64--55, the two teams with the highest winning percentages in the regular season competed in a best-of-five series to determine the league champion. With the circuit\'s second-best record, the Naturals faced and defeated the Wichita Wind Surge, three games to zero, to win the Double-A Central championship. MJ Melendez won the league Most Valuable Player Award, and Bobby Witt Jr. was selected as its Top MLB Prospect. In 2022, the Double-A Central became known as the Texas League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.
## Stadium
Arvest Ballpark was designed by Populous out of its Kansas City, Missouri, office. It cost \$33 million to build, while the rest of the \$50 million approved by Springdale voters went toward road and infrastructure improvements. The stadium seats 6,500, but additional berm areas allow a maximum capacity of about 7,800
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# Winton Woods City School District
**Winton Woods City School District** is a city school district in northern Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Winton Woods serves students living in Forest Park, Greenhills, and Springfield Township.
The school district was renamed Winton Woods when Greenhills and Forest Park High Schools were merged in 1991 for the 1991--92 school year. The district\'s general offices are located at 1215 W. Kemper Rd. in Forest Park, next to the high school.
The current superintendent is Steve K. Denny.
## About
In 2014, the district and 5 other Ohio school districts were involved in a scandal over academic data, which they had altered to improve performance ratings. Their performance rating was later revised from an 89.6 to an 89.4.
The district has recently switched to the New Tech Network
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# Trovillion Press
**Violet De Mars Trovillion** (1890--1979) and **Hal W. Trovillion** (1879--1967) were publishers based in Herrin, Illinois who operated local newspapers and a private press known as **Trovillion Private Press at the Sign of the Silver Horse** or simply **Trovillion Press**.
## History
In 1904, after Hal left Indiana University, he moved to Herrin and took over two local newspapers, *The Herrin Daily Journal* and the *Egyptian Republican* (previously named The Herrin News).
In 1908, influenced by Thomas Bird Mosher, he started private press publication. Mosher\'s work was notable for small size, attractive design, high-quality paper and affordable prices, and Trovillion emulated these practices. Works were typically published in editions of a few hundred copies, on fine handmade European papers, with titles printed in gilt or on paper title cards. Usually every copy was numbered, and hand-signed by both of the Trovillions.
The books were almost all short, under 100 pages and often under 50 pages. Some of the pieces published were by lesser-known works by well-known authors, and sometimes were short pieces typically published as part of larger work. Some of the books were reprints of historical works, generally from the 17th century. A number of books concerning gardening were published, including a reprint of a gardening book from 1617. Some of the works published were by the Trovillions, and some concerned running private presses. The University of Missouri Library System reports that fifty books were published from 1908 through 1958 [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20070612233957/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/privatepresst.htm), and also reports that operations ceased in 1958, though at least one work bears a copyright date of 1960. They also note that the Trovillions sometimes used \"Thatchcot\", the name of their home, as an imprint.
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# Trovillion Press
## Publications
Publications include:
- *Vagaries by Munthe*, by Axel Munthe, 1925, 43p, edition of 221 copies. Contains three stories (*Rafaella*, *Toys from the Paris Horizon*, and *For Those Who Love Music*) from Memories and Vagaries.
- the Love Letters of Henry VIII, 1936, 26p, ASIN B000874CHW. 1945 edition ASIN B0007DUNQQ.
- Llewelyn Powys\'s *A Baker\'s Dozen*, published in 1939, shortly after the author\'s death
- *A bibliography of Trovillion Private Press operated by Violet & Hal W. Trovillion at the Sign of the Silver Horse*[2](http://libcat.dartmouth.edu:2082/search?/fT758p%E2%84%93/ft758pl/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CE/frameset&FF=ft758s&1%2C1%2C), by J. Herman Schauinger, 1943, 49p, edition of 277 copies, written for undergraduate credit towards a library science degree
- *Visitation at Thatchcot: A Symposium of Little Journeys to the Home of Trovillion Private Press*, by Harry R. Burke and F. A. Behymer, 1944.
- *The merchant royall, being a sermon preached in 1607 in praise of the wife, wherein she is likened to a merchant ship. Whereunto is added an introd. by Stanley Pargellis*, Robert Wilkinson (flourished around 1607), 1945, edition of 477 copies
- *The Selfish Giant*, Oscar Wilde, 1945. Taken from his collection The Happy Prince and Other Stories
- *Books and Gardens By Alexander Smith*, 1946. 807 copies, all signed and numbered. Set in 11-point Baskerville by Leroy Lintner.
- *The countrie housewife\'s garden* by William Lawson, edition of 1066 copies. Reprint of a book from 1617.
- *I Salute the Silver Horse, Being the Story of Trovillion Private Press, America\'s Oldest Private Press, Whereunto is Added an Account of Its Founding By Hal W. Trovillion*, by Paul Jordan-Smith, 1958, 16pp. Note that Trovillion was not the first private press in America, though in 1958 it may have been the oldest currently-active private press.
- *Sharing by Note Book*, by Hal W. Trovillion, 1960, first edition of 497 copies
- \"*Delights for Ladies*\", Copyright 1939. A limited edition of 498 copies was published in the summer of 1942. This book of 120 pages is a reprint of the 1609 edition of Sir Hugh Plat\'s original collection of various 17th century cooking, preserving and distilling recipes. A glossary and table were added.
- \"In Casa Mia; A collection of House and Home Sentiments in Prose and Verse\" selected by Violet De Mars Trovillion and Hal W. Trovillion, pub. 1960, 64 pages, 670 copies.
## Correspondence
The Trovillians had extensive literary connections in the US and Europe, corresponding regularly with authors and publishers. Their friends and correspondents included:
- type designer Frederic Goudy
- Dan Byrne Jones
- Daphne du Maurier
- artist Roscoe Misselhorn, known as \"The Norman Rockwell of the Midwest\"
- artist Mathias Noheimer
- John Cowper Powys, whom they visited at Corwen in 1938
- Lloyd Emerson Siberell[3](http://www.powys-lannion.net/Powys/America/Siberell.htm), a railroad official who was an avid bibliographer with a special interest in the Powys brothers.
- G. M. Trevelyan
- artist Margaret Ely Webb
Some of the Trovillian\'s correspondence with John Powys has been published in \"Powys to the Trovillions: The Letters of John Cowper Powys to Hal and Violet Trovillion\", edited by Paul Roberts, 122pp, `{{ISBN|0-900821-95-7}}`{=mediawiki}.
The Trovillion press archives are at the Morris Library, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
## Sundial
In the early 1930s, the Trovillions purchased an elaborate hand-hammered copper armillary-style sundial in Stockholm, Sweden and installed it in their back yard in Herrin. In July 2005, the sundial was stolen from the yard (both owned by John Fisher). Fisher offered a \$1000 reward for its return.[4](https://web.archive.org/web/20071215045302/http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Quirks/Historic_sundial_stolen_from_Illnois_home/20050811-121147-5485r/) The theft was decidedly odd due to the significant weight of the sundial and the difficulty of removing it from its concrete base
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# Metaneira (hetaera)
**Metaneira** (*Μετάνειρα*) was a hetaira active in Classical Corinth and Athens. As a child, she was purchased by Nikarete of Corinth. She was raised as a daughter, along with Neaera, and molded into a hetaera. Athenaeus claims that she was the mistress of both Isocrates and Lysias, who according to Apollodorus arranged for her to be initiated into the Mysteries of Eleusis
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# Waverly Bridge (Missouri)
The **Waverly Bridge** is a bridge at Waverly, Missouri, carrying US 24/US 65 over the Missouri River between Carroll County and Lafayette County in the U.S. state of Missouri.
The previous bridge on this site was built in 1922. Its main span was 419.2 ft and total length was 1942.4 ft. Its deck width was 20 ft and it had a vertical clearance of 18.1 ft.
The current bridge opened on August 25, 2004, and the previous bridge was demolished in 2005
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# Clink Street
**Clink Street** is a street in Bankside, London, UK, between Southwark Cathedral and the Globe Theatre.
Narrow, dark and cobbled, it is best known as the historic location of the notorious Clink Prison, giving rise to the slang phrase \'in the clink\', meaning \'in prison\'. The prison was burned down in riots during 1780, and a small museum and tourist attraction now occupies part of the site. Clink Street is very close, and runs parallel, to the River Thames. A replica of the Golden Hind is moored in a small dock at the eastern end of the street.
A chase scene in the David Lean directed *Oliver Twist* was filmed there. The *Doctor Who* episode, \"The Talons of Weng-Chiang\", was filmed in this area, as was the final sequence in the 1981 John Landis film *An American Werewolf in London*. More recently, it was used as the exterior of Daniel Cleaver\'s flat in *Bridget Jones\'s Diary*.
<File:Back> St in Southwark 1983 (5857658218).jpg\|Clink Street in 1983 <File:The> Clink Prison - blue plaque.JPG\|Blue plaque on the former prison site <File:Clink> Street, Southwark - geograph.org.uk - 3843171
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# Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille
The **Battle of La Roche-l\'Abeille** occurred on 25 June 1569 between the Catholic forces of King Charles IX of France commanded by the Duke d'Anjou and the Huguenots commanded by the Admiral de Coligny during the third war (1568--1570) of the French Wars of Religion.
## Background
The Third War of Religion saw an uprising of the Protestants and the creation of an army under the command of Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé. This army had laid siege to several cities in the Poitou region, and then Angoulême and Cognac. At the Battle of Jarnac (16 March 1569), the Prince de Condé was killed, forcing Admiral de Coligny to take command.
In order to attack the royal army, Coligny directed the Protestant army toward the Limousin region, hoping thus to regroup with 14,000 mercenaries being led by the Duke of Zweibrücken (*duc des Deux-Ponts*) and financed by Queen Elizabeth I of England. After a brief fight with a detachment of the royal army, the Duke of Zweibrücken was able to cross the Vienne at Aixe, but died on 11 June at Nexon. The Protestant army and the Duke of Zweibrücken\'s mercenaries were able to regroup at Châlus, for a total of 25,000 men.
The royal army of 29,500 troops, led by the Duke d'Anjou (the future Henry III) were stationed before Saint-Yrieix to protect the city.
## Battle
The Protestant army surprised the royal troops, and this gave them the initial advantage. The colonel-general of the royal infantry, Philippe Strozzi, was however able to temporarily save the situation, before an attack by Coligny -- threatening to encircle the army -- forced the royal troops to retreat before the Protestants.
## Aftermath
Coligny\'s victory was far from being decisive, but it allowed him to open a route toward the Périgord region. The Protestant army took few prisoners, the most famous being the colonel-general Philippe Strozzi.
In the days that followed, the Protestant army massacred hundreds of people throughout the Limousin and Périgord regions, including 500 infantry men at La Roche-l\'Abeille and 250 peasants at La Chapelle-Faucher, as retribution for the death of Condé and Paulon de Mauvans.
In autumn the same year, the Battle of Moncontour (30 October 1569) would see the Huguenots defeated and Catholic forces participating in similar massacres against the defeated
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# 1973 Ryder Cup
The **20th Ryder Cup Matches** were held at Muirfield in Gullane, East Lothian, Scotland. The United States team won the competition by a score of 19 to 13 points. For the first time, what had previously been the \"Great Britain\" team was called \"Great Britain and Ireland\", although golfers from the Republic of Ireland had played since 1953, and from Northern Ireland since 1947.
Muirfield had hosted the Open Championship the previous year, won by American Lee Trevino.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format was adjusted slightly in 1973 from the format used from 1963 through 1971:
- **Day 1** --- 4 foursomes (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** --- 4 foursome matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** --- 16 singles matches, 8 each in morning and afternoon sessions
With a total of 32 points, 16`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
## Teams
Source:
Selection for the Great Britain and Ireland team was based on a points list with points being earned between the 1972 Benson & Hedges Festival of Golf and the same event in 1973. Total points determined the order, with 30 points to the winner, 24 for the runner-up, down to 1 point for the player in 25th place. The leading 8 in the points list were guaranteed places, with the remaining 4 selected by a committee. The top 8 were: Oosterhuis, Coles, Jacklin, Bembridge, Barnes, Butler, O\'Connor and Gallacher. The selection committee chose the players lying 9th to 12th in the list: Garner, Polland, Clark and Huggett.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} **Team Great Britain and Ireland**
Name
Bernard Hunt
Brian Barnes
Maurice Bembridge
Peter Butler
Clive Clark
Neil Coles
Bernard Gallacher
John Garner
Brian Huggett
Tony Jacklin
Christy O\'Connor Snr
Peter Oosterhuis
Eddie Polland
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Due to the rules of the PGA of America in place at the time, players with less than five years as a professional were not eligible for the U.S. team, which included reigning U.S. Open champion Johnny Miller and Lanny Wadkins. (These rules also kept Jack Nicklaus on the sidelines until 1969.) Miller made his Ryder Cup debut in 1975 and Wadkins in 1977.
-------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Jack Burke Jr.
Tommy Aaron
Homero Blancas
Gay Brewer
Billy Casper
Lou Graham
Dave Hill
Jack Nicklaus
Arnold Palmer
Chi-Chi Rodríguez
J. C. Snead
Lee Trevino
Tom Weiskopf
-------------------
## Thursday\'s matches {#thursdays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Barnes/Gallacher** 1 up Trevino/Casper
**O\'Connor/Coles** 3 & 2 Weiskopf/Snead
Jacklin/Oosterhuis halved Rodríguez/Graham
Bembridge/Polland 6 & 5 **Nicklaus/Palmer**
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Barnes/Gallacher** 5 & 4 Aaron/Brewer
**Bembridge/Huggett** 3 & 1 Nicklaus/Palmer
**Jacklin/Oosterhuis** 3 & 1 Weiskopf/Casper
Coles/O\'Connor 2 & 1 **Trevino/Blancas**
3 Session 1
5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes_1}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Barnes/Butler 1 up **Nicklaus/Weiskopf**
**Oosterhuis/Jacklin** 2 up Palmer/Hill
**Bembridge/Huggett** 5 & 4 Rodríguez/Graham
Coles/O\'Connor 2 & 1 **Trevino/Casper**
2 Session 2
7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball_1}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Barnes/Butler 2 up **Snead/Palmer**
Jacklin/Oosterhuis 3 & 2 **Brewer/Casper**
Clark/Polland 3 & 2 **Nicklaus/Weiskopf**
Bembridge/Huggett halved Trevino/Blancas
Session 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
8 Overall 8
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
### Morning singles {#morning_singles}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- -------------------------
Brian Barnes 2 & 1 **Billy Casper**
Bernard Gallacher 3 & 1 **Tom Weiskopf**
Peter Butler 5 & 4 **Homero Blancas**
**Tony Jacklin** 3 & 1 Tommy Aaron
Neil Coles halved Gay Brewer
Christy O\'Connor 1 up **J. C. Snead**
Maurice Bembridge halved Jack Nicklaus
Peter Oosterhuis halved Lee Trevino
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
10`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon singles {#afternoon_singles}
`{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results
------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------
**Brian Huggett** 4 & 2 Homero Blancas
Brian Barnes 3 & 1 **J. C. Snead**
Bernard Gallacher 6 & 5 **Gay Brewer**
Tony Jacklin 2 & 1 **Billy Casper**
Neil Coles 6 & 5 **Lee Trevino**
Christy O\'Connor halved Tom Weiskopf
Maurice Bembridge 2 up **Jack Nicklaus**
**Peter Oosterhuis** 4 & 2 Arnold Palmer
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
13 Overall 19
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# 1973 Ryder Cup
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Great Britain and Ireland {#great_britain_and_ireland}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Brian Barnes 2 2--4--0 0--2--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Maurice Bembridge 3 2--2--2 0--1--1 1--1--0 1--0--1
Peter Butler 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Clive Clark 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Neil Coles 1.5 1--3--1 0--1--1 1--1--0 0--1--0
Bernard Gallacher 2 2--2--0 0--2--0 1--0--0 1--0--0
Brian Huggett 3.5 3--0--1 1--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--1
Tony Jacklin 3.5 3--2--1 1--1--0 1--0--1 1--1--0
Christy O\'Connor 1.5 1--3--1 0--1--1 1--1--0 0--1--0
Peter Oosterhuis 4 3--1--2 1--0--1 1--0--1 1--1--0
Eddie Polland 0 0--2--0 0--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
John Garner did not play in any matches.
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Tommy Aaron 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Homero Blancas 2.5 2--1--1 1--1--0 0--0--0 1--0--1
Gay Brewer 2.5 2--1--1 1--0--1 0--0--0 1--1--0
Billy Casper 4 4--2--0 2--0--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Lou Graham 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--0 0--1--1 0--0--0
Dave Hill 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Jack Nicklaus 4.5 4--1--1 1--0--1 2--0--0 1--1--0
Arnold Palmer 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Chi-Chi Rodríguez 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--0 0--1--1 0--0--0
J. C. Snead 3 3--1--0 2--0--0 0--1--0 1--0--0
Lee Trevino 4 3--1--2 1--0--1 1--1--0 1--0--1
Tom Weiskopf 3
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# Huggate
**Huggate** is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 13 mi north-west of Beverley town centre and 9 mi west of Driffield town centre. The village of North Dalton lies 4 mi to the south-east. According to the 2011 UK census, Huggate parish had a population of 342, an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 317.
Huggate has one of the deepest wells in England. The village contains the Wolds Inn public house on the Driffield road.
The parish church of St Mary is a Grade I listed building.
The Yorkshire Wolds Way National Trail, a long distance footpath passes to the north of the village. There are walks through the local area. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
\'Huggate\' is derived possibly from road to or near the mounds from the Old Norse *haugr* and *gata*.
In 1823 Huggate was a civil parish in the Wapentake of Harthill. The parish church was under the patronage of the King; a Methodist chapel also existed. A well, 116 yd deep, supplied the village with water. At the end of July each year were held races. Population at the time was 413, with occupations including fourteen farmers, one of whom was also a butcher, a carpenter, two shopkeepers, a tailor, and a shoemaker. The landlord of The Chaise Inn public house was also a blacksmith and gunsmith. The ecclesiastical parish rector and curate, and the vicar of the village of Warter resided in Huggate. A carrier operated between the village and Pocklington once a week.
## Huggate Wold airstrip {#huggate_wold_airstrip}
To the north-west of the village, south of the A166 road is Huggate Wold. In the early 1940s, the site was surveyed for a bomber base, and building nearly went ahead, but a better location was found further west, which became RAF Full Sutton. However, in October 1943, the Royal Air Force created an airstrip from steel mesh at Huggate Wold to test the airstrip in preparation for the forthcoming invasion of Europe, which would require \'pop-up\' airfields. Two RAF squadrons, 168 sqn and 170 sqn, both equipped with North American Mustang aircraft under the control of No. 123 Airfield Headquarters, spent a week at the temporary airfield continually landing and taking-off so that the steel mesh airstrip could be assessed. It also gave the pilots and ground crew the experience of using the steel mesh airstrip in a field with no facilities
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# Brian Berdan
**Brian Berdan** is a film editor. He was born in Michigan and earned his glider pilot\'s licence on December 12, 1992. Graduating from UC Berkeley in 1984, Berdan started his career with a job sweeping floors at Studio C, in San Francisco, then moved on to Lucasfilm in the post production division. From there, he began his freelance editing career as an apprentice editor on David Lynch\'s *Blue Velvet*. He also trained on Peter Bogdanovich\'s *Noises Off* and Oliver Stone\'s *Heaven & Earth*. It was Stone who gave Berdan his first credit as Editor on the manic and controversial *Natural Born Killers*. He continued working with Stone on *Nixon* and *U Turn*. He lives in the Pacific Northwest.
## Filmography
Year Film Director Notes
------ ------------------------------------ -------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
1994 *Natural Born Killers* Oliver Stone Second collaboration with Oliver Stone
1995 *The Sadness of Sex* Rupert Wainwright
*Nixon* Oliver Stone Third collaboration with Oliver Stone
1997 *Grosse Pointe Blank* George Armitage First collaboration with George Armitage
1998 *Smoke Signals* Chris Eyre
*Around the Fire* John Jacobsen
1999 *The Book of Stars* Michael Miner
2000 *Auggie Rose* Matthew Tabak
2001 *Finder\'s Fee* Jeff Probst
2002 *The Mothman Prophecies* Mark Pellington
2004 *The Big Bounce* George Armitage Second collaboration with George Armitage
2005 *The Cave* Bruce Hunt
2006 *Crank* First collaboration with Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor
*Outsourced* John Jeffcoat
2007 *Cleaner* Renny Harlin First collaboration with Renny Harlin
2009 *12 Rounds* Second collaboration with Renny Harlin
2011 *Love* William Eubank First collaboration with William Eubank
*5 Days of War* Renny Harlin Third collaboration with Renny Harlin
*Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance* Second collaboration with Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor
2014 *The Signal* William Eubank Second collaboration with William Eubank
2016 *The Boy* William Brent Bell First collaboration with William Brent Bell
2019 *Crypto* John Stalberg Jr.
2020 *Underwater* William Eubank Third collaboration with William Eubank
*Brahms: The Boy II* William Brent Bell Second collaboration with William Brent Bell
2021 *Separation* Third collaboration with William Brent Bell
: Editor
Year Film Director Role Notes
------ ------------------------------------------ ------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------------------
1986 *Blue Velvet* David Lynch Apprentice editor First collaboration with David Lynch
1987 *Three for the Road* Bill L. Norton Assistant editor
*Rented Lips* Robert Downey Sr. Additional editor
*Cherry 2000* Steve De Jarnatt Apprentice film editor
1990 *Madhouse* Tom Ropelewski Apprentice editor
*Wild at Heart* David Lynch First assistant film editor Second collaboration with David Lynch
1992 *Noises Off* Peter Bogdanovich Additional editor
*Night and the City* Irwin Winkler Assistant editor First collaboration with Irwin Winkler
1993 *Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey* Duwayne Dunham Additional editor
*Heaven & Earth* Oliver Stone Associate editor First collaboration with Oliver Stone
1995 *The Basketball Diaries* Scott Kalvert Additional editor
*The Net* Irwin Winkler Second collaboration with Irwin Winkler
1997 *U Turn* Oliver Stone Fourth collaboration with Oliver Stone
2002 *Farewell to Harry* Garrett Bennett
2005 *Domino* Tony Scott
2017 *Song to Song* Terrence Malick
: Editorial department
Year Film Director Role Notes
------ ----------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------
2006 *The Dead Girl* Karen Moncrieff Title designer
2013 *Devil\'s Pass* Renny Harlin Fourth collaboration with Renny Harlin
: Additional crew
+------+------------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| Year | Film | Director | Role | Notes |
+======+====================================+=================+==========================================+============+
| 1994 | *Natural Born Killers* | Oliver Stone | Performer: \"Wild Plate Rubs\" | Uncredited |
| | | | | |
| | | | Writer: \"Wild Plate Rubs\", \"BB Tone\" | |
+------+------------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2002 | *The Mothman Prophecies* | Mark Pellington | Performer: \"Lurid\" | |
| | | | | |
| | | | Writer: \"Lurid\" | |
+------+------------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2006 | *Crank* | | Performer: \"Satiated\" | |
| | | | | |
| | | | Writer: \"Satiated\" | |
+------+------------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2007 | *Cleaner* | Renny Harlin | Performer: \"Jim Brown\" | |
| | | | | |
| | | | Writer: \"Jim Brown\" | |
+------+------------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 2011 | *Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance* | | Performer: \"Fight Club\" | |
| | | | | |
| | | | Writer: \"Fight Club\" | |
+------+------------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
: Soundtrack
Year Film Director Role
------ ------------------------ ---------- --------------------------
2004 *Lenny the Wonder Dog* Our particular thanks to
: Thanks
Year Film Director Role Notes
------ ------------- ----------- ---------------- -----------------------------------
2021 *Isolation* Bobby Roe Visual effects \": \"Pacific Northwest\" segment
: Visual effects
Documentaries
Year Film Director
------ --------------- --------------
2022 *Nuclear Now* Oliver Stone
: Editor
Year Film Director Role
------ -------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------------
2021 *JFK Revisited: Through the Looking Glass* Oliver Stone Additional editor
: Editorial department
Shorts
Year Film Director
------ -------------------- --------------------
2017 *Sun Up, Sun Down* Ghizlane S
| 782 |
Brian Berdan
| 0 |
10,060,759 |
# Honey Loops
**Honey Loops** is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg\'s and sold in Sweden, Spain, India, The Netherlands, Malta, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Russia, Belgium, France, and Poland. The mascot of Honey Loops was a male honeybee called Loopy, who has now been replaced by a female bee called Honey B (primarily as the mascot of Honey Pops). The cereal was originally marketed as \"Honey Nut Loops\", but the name was changed when nuts were dropped from the ingredients in 1998. The commercials for the original product explicitly mentioned the \"crunchy nuts\" it used to contain.
In Brazil, Argentina, and Chile the cereal was marketed as \"Honey Nutos\", but as of February 2015 it is no longer produced or sold. In Italy, France, Russia, and Spain the cereal is marketed as \"Miel Pops\" and it has also another version as honey-balls. In Austria, the cereal is called \"Honey Bsss Loops\". It was discontinued in India as well after years of production.
## Miel Pops Commercial meme {#miel_pops_commercial_meme}
In July 2020, the Miel Pops Russian intro became a viral Internet meme on TikTok featuring a dancing llama. The viral song is an edit of a cover of the Miel Pops theme by Armenian`{{En dash}}`{=mediawiki}Russian aspiring singer Rozalia in May 2020. Many Spanish speakers misinterpreted the lyrics from Russian, with many interpreting the word \"Miel Pops\" as \"Mi Pan\", Spanish for \"My bread\". Many from all over the world would use the sound with the dancing llama, referring to Miel Pops. The lyrics were \"Miel Pops, Zoom Zoom Zoom, Zoom Zoom Zoom. Miel Pops ah kak vkysno Nyam Nyam Nyam.\" The sound is one of the most used to this day, used by popular tik-tokers Josephine Grey, Zander Hix & Julia Lindwall - all with a combined following of 75M followers.
## Ingredients
- Cereal Flours (Whole Oats, Whole Wheat, Whole Barley, Whole Rye, Corn)
- Sugar
- Honey (4
| 319 |
Honey Loops
| 0 |
10,060,766 |
# Gossypium darwinii
***Gossypium darwinii***, or **Darwin\'s cotton**, is a species of cotton plant which is found only on the Galapagos Islands. Genetic studies indicate that it is most closely related to the native American species *Gossypium barbadense*, thus it is surmised that a seed arrived from South America on the wind, in the droppings of a bird or associated with debris by sea
| 64 |
Gossypium darwinii
| 0 |
10,060,792 |
# Peter G. Stewart
**Peter Grant Stewart** (September 6, 1809 -- August 27, 1900) was a jeweler and pioneer of the Oregon Country in what later became the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. A native of New York state, he traveled the Oregon Trail to the Willamette Valley and settled first in Oregon City and later in what became Washington. He was served on the Second Executive Committee of the Provisional Government of Oregon, and his homesite became part of Fort Canby at the mouth of the Columbia River.
## Early life {#early_life}
Peter G. Stewart was born in Stamford, New York, on September 6, 1809. Then in 1817, he moved to Jefferson, New York, then to Middleburgh, New York, and then in 1840 to Springfield, Missouri. During this time Stewart worked as jeweler and watchmaker, and married Rebecca Rawlings Cason on September 1, 1842, in Missouri. Cason was born in 1826 in Virginia.
## Oregon Trail {#oregon_trail}
On May 22, 1843, the Stewart party left Independence, Missouri with two wagons in the \"Great Migration\" of that year. The Stewart party included his new wife and his in-laws traveled as they traveled over the Oregon Trail. On the journey Stewart is credited with helping fellow immigrant James W. Nesmith with rescuing William Vaughn from drowning while crossing the Kaw River. Also in this wagon train were other prominent people of the era. This includes Doctor Marcus Whitman from the mission near Walla Walla, Washington and Jesse Applegate who would soon open the Applegate Trail with his brothers. Additionally, along the journey the party encountered Lieutenant John C. Frémont of the United States Army, who was on a surveying mission.
| 280 |
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| 0 |
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# Peter G. Stewart
## Oregon Country {#oregon_country}
Stewart arrived in the Oregon Country in 1843. After a short time in Oregon, Stewart volunteered to help rescue the Joel Palmer wagon train in 1845. In 1850 while living in Oregon City, Stewart purchased part of the townsite of Pacific City in what was then Lewis County from Elijah White. There he built an \"iron house\" and saw mill at this site near the entrance of the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean and Cape Disappointment, near the present-day Ilwaco, Washington. By 1853 he was part owner of the Pacific Steam Saw Mill Company at that site. Later in 1853 the United States government took the property to use as a light house, and to use as military installation, Fort Canby. At that time the government did not pay Stewart as he only had squatter\'s rights to the land, but later at the age of 82 he petitioned the state of Washington who then sent a memorial to Congress to ask the Federal Government to appropriate funds for Stewart\'s benefit. Oregon then did the same, and Oregon Senator John H. Mitchell introduced a bill to pay Stewart for the property in 1891. In 1899 Peter Stewart was then paid \$7,500 for the loss of his property by the United States government.
After Pacific City, he returned to the jewelry and watch making business. Stewart plied this trade in Oregon City from 1854 to 1860. Then in 1861 he moved to Portland, Oregon where he and his business were burned out in 1862 and again in 1873. In between fires, Peter Stewart\'s wife died in 1863, and he then remarried in 1872 to Eliza Rosecrans. Years later Peter Stewart moved to Tacoma, Washington where he died August 27, 1900, at the age of 90.
## Government
In May 1844, Stewart was elected by the pioneer settlers to the Second Executive Committee of the Provisional Government of Oregon. He received 140 votes to finish second in the voting and receive one of the three positions along with Osborne Russell and William J. Bailey. Peter Stewart served on the Executive Committee from May 25, 1844 to July 14, 1845. This committee was then replaced with a single executive and George Abernethy was elected as governor. He was then chosen to be the first judge for the District Court of Clackamas County, Oregon. Then in 1853 he served as surveyor for the community of Pacific City. Lastly, from 1870 to 1879 Stewart served as city recorder for the town of Gervais in the Willamette Valley on French Prairie.
## Family
Stewart\'s first wife Rebecca\'s parents were Fendal Carr Cason, a member of the Oregon Territorial Legislature, and Rebecca Holladay Cason. Oregon\'s first territorial recorder, John Long, was Stewart\'s brother-in-law. Peter fathered nine children, all by his first wife: Nellie, Margaret, Frederick, James, Katherine, Charles, Catherine, Mary, and George. Catherine died on the journey over the Oregon Trail and Nellie, born in 1863, was the youngest
| 500 |
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| 1 |
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# 2005 Atlantic Championship
The **2005 Toyota Atlantic Championship season** was contested over 12 rounds. 14 different teams and 27 different drivers competed. In this one-make formula all drivers had to utilize Swift chassis and Toyota engines. This season also saw a C2-class running older Swift chassis and Toyota engines. In C2-class 12 different drivers competed, but none of them for the whole season. The Toyota Atlantic Championship Presented by Yokohama Drivers\' Champion was Charles Zwolsman Jr. driving for Condor Motorsports.
## Teams and drivers {#teams_and_drivers}
Team No Drivers Races
-------------------------- ---- ---------------------- ------------------
Class 1
Jensen MotorSport 2 Adam Pecorari 2
Leonardo Maia 5-6
Eric Jensen 7-8, 12
Ryan Spencer-Smith 9-10
Christopher Prey 11
22 Grant Ryley 9
Polestar Racing Group 3 Antoine Bessette All
12 Katherine Legge All
Team Tonis 6 Tõnis Kasemets All
US RaceTronics 7 David Martínez 2-12
Brooks Associates Racing 8 Andreas Wirth 1-10
10 Fernando Rees 1
Memo Rojas 2
Al Unser III 3-12
Condor Motorsports 11 Charles Zwolsman Jr. All
41 Phil Giebler 9
Norcold Dyson Racing 16 Chris Dyson 1, 3-6
McAtee Motorsports 19 Brian McAtee 1, 3-4, 9-10
24 Kyle Kelley 1-4, 9-12
Blackforest Motorsports 23 Tom Nastasi 5-7
PR1 Motorsports 27 Alan Sciuto 9-11
The Room Store 49 Dan Selznick 1, 3-6, 9-10, 12
Armsup Motorsports 54 Daniel Di Leo 11
55 Chris Menninga 11
Bite Racing 56 Chris Souliotis 3-12
Blackforest Motorsports 96 Ben Johnston 1-2
Class 2
P-1 Racing 5 Rocky Moran Jr. 1
Team Tonis 9 Dan Cobb 1-10
Bobby Wilson 11
Binder Racing 15 Justin Sofio 1
Mathiasen Motorsports 15 Justin Sofio 3-10
RJS Motorsports 18 Bob Siska 1, 3-12
Blackjack Racing 21 Roger Glover 3-4, 8
Blackforest Motorsports 23 Tom Nastasi 1-2
Condor Motorsports 31 Tim Hauraney 3-4, 7
US RaceTronics 32 Roby Feazell 1
Atkins Racing 48 Lee Atkins 1, 3-4, 9-12
Bite Racing 63 Daryl Leiski 3-12
Comprent Motorsports 66 Rich Zober 5-6
Ishikawa Racing 71 Mark Ishikawa 1-4, 9
## Schedule
Rd Date Race name Track Location
---- ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------
1 April 10 2005 Atlantic Grand Prix of Long Beach Streets of Long Beach Long Beach, California
2 May 22 2005 Atlantic Grand Prix of Monterrey Fundidora Park Monterrey, Mexico
3 June 18 2005 BOSPoker.com Atlantic Grand Prix of Portland Portland International Raceway Portland, Oregon
4 June 19
5 June 25 2005 BOSPoker.com Atlantic Grand Prix of Cleveland Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport Cleveland, Ohio
6 June 26
7 July 10 2005 Atlantic Grand Prix of Toronto Exhibition Place Toronto, Ontario
8 July 17 2005 NAPA Auto Parts Presents the Toyota Atlantic Challenge Edmonton City Centre Airport Edmonton, Alberta
9 July 31 2005 Atlantic Grand Prix of San Jose Streets of San Jose San Jose, California
10 August 14 2005 BOSPoker.com Toyota Atlantic Grand Prix of Denver Streets of Denver Denver, Colorado
11 August 21 2005 BOSPoker.com Toyota Atlantic Grand Prix of Road America Road America Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin
12 August 28 2005 Atlantic Grand Prix of Montréal Circuit Gilles Villeneuve Montreal, Quebec
## Race results {#race_results}
Rd Race name Pole Position Fastest Lap Race winner
---------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------
Winning Driver Winning Team
1 Streets of Long Beach Antoine Bessette Antoine Bessette Katherine Legge Polestar Racing Group
2 Fundidora Park Charles Zwolsman Jr. Charles Zwolsman Jr. Charles Zwolsman Jr. Condor Motorsports
3 Portland International Raceway Andreas Wirth Charles Zwolsman Jr. Tõnis Kasemets Team Tonis
4 Tõnis Kasemets Tõnis Kasemets Tõnis Kasemets Team Tonis
5 Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport Tõnis Kasemets Tõnis Kasemets Charles Zwolsman Jr. Condor Motorsports
6 Charles Zwolsman Jr. Charles Zwolsman Jr. Charles Zwolsman Jr. Condor Motorsports
7 Exhibition Place Charles Zwolsman Jr. Charles Zwolsman Jr. Antoine Bessette Polestar Racing Group
8 Edmonton City Centre Airport Charles Zwolsman Jr. Charles Zwolsman Jr. Katherine Legge Polestar Racing Group
9 Streets of San Jose Charles Zwolsman Jr. David Martínez Katherine Legge Polestar Racing Group
10 Streets of Denver Alan Sciuto Tõnis Kasemets Andreas Wirth Brooks Associates Racing
11 Road America Tõnis Kasemets Tõnis Kasemets Tõnis Kasemets Team Tonis
12 Circuit Gilles Villeneuve David Martínez David Martínez Antoine Bessette Polestar Racing Group
| 683 |
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| 0 |
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# 2005 Atlantic Championship
## Championship standings {#championship_standings}
### Drivers\' Championship {#drivers_championship}
**Scoring system**
Position **1st** **2nd** **3rd** **4th** **5th** **6th** **7th** **8th** **9th** **10th** **11th** **12th** **13th** **14th** **15th** **16th** **17th** **18th** **19th** **20th**
---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
Points 31 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- The fastest driver in a qualifying session was awarded one additional point. Only one qualifying session was held on doubleheader weekends.
- The driver who set the fastest lap in a race was awarded one additional point
- The driver that gained the most positions from his starting spot was awarded one additional point.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Pos Driver LBH MTY POR CLE TOR EDM SJO DEN ROA | +------------+------------------+ |
| --------- -------------------- --------- --------- ------- --------- --------- --------- ---------- --------- ------- ------- --------- | | Color | Result | |
| Class 1 | +============+==================+ |
| 1 3 ***1*** *2* 8 1 ***1*** ***12*** ***2*** **3** 3 6 | | Gold | \|Winner | |
| 2 Tõnis Kasemets 15 2 1 ***1*** ***2*** 4 8 5 19 *8* ***1*** | +------------+------------------+ |
| 3 Katherine Legge 1 5 9 3 16 5 6 1 1 17 2 | | Silver | 2nd place | |
| 4 Antoine Bessette ***2*** 4 5 5 14 2 1 4 15 4 13 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 5 David Martínez 3 6 4 15 8 2 8 *2* 5 3 | | Bronze | 3rd place | |
| 6 Andreas Wirth 17 8 **3** 2 3 3 3 3 5 1 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 7 Al Unser III 7 6 4 7 4 6 6 7 4 | | Green | 4th & 5th place | |
| 8 Kyle Kelley 8 6 4 DSQ 18 6 5 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 9 Chris Souliotis 19 15 12 14 13 12 13 13 10 | | Light Blue | 6th--10th place | |
| 10 Dan Selznick 7 10 18 17 10 10 9 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 11 Chris Dyson 4 8 7 5 6 | | Dark Blue | Finished\ | |
| 12 Alan Sciuto 4 **2** 7 | | | (Outside Top 10) | |
| 13 Brian McAtee 14 15 13 20 15 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 14 Eric Jensen 5 7 | | Purple | Did not finish | |
| 15 Tom Nastasi 6 16 11 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 16 Leonardo Maia 11 9 | | Red | Did not qualify\ | |
| 17 Ryan Spencer-Smith 12 18 | | | (DNQ) | |
| 18 Memo Rojas 7 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 19 Grant Ryley 7 | | Brown | Withdrawn\ | |
| 20 Phil Giebler 8 | | | (Wth) | |
| 21 Daniel Di Leo 8 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 22 Chris Menninga 9 | | Black | Disqualified\ | |
| 23 Ben Johnston DNS 12 | | | (DSQ) | |
| 24 Fernando Rees 16 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 25 Adam Pecorari 13 | | White | Did Not Start\ | |
| 26 Christopher Prey 15 | | | (DNS) | |
| Class 2 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 1 Justin Sofio 5 11 10 7 15 7 9 9 10 | | | Race abandoned\ | |
| 2 Daryl Leiski 14 11 13 12 9 13 17 11 11 | | | (C) | |
| 3 Bob Siska 11 13 16 10 17 10 14 11 14 14 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 4 Dan Cobb 6 10 18 19 9 11 14 10 14 16 | | Blank | Did not\ | |
| 5 Lee Atkins 12 16 9 Wth 12 12 | | | participate | |
| 6 Mark Ishikawa 9 11 DNS 17 16 | +------------+------------------+ |
| 7 Tim Hauraney 12 12 15 | |
| 8 Roger Glover 17 14 11 | ---------------------- |
| 9 Rich Zober 8 13 | **In-line notation** |
| 10 Tom Nastasi DNS 9 | **Bold** |
| 11 Rocky Moran Jr
| 715 |
2005 Atlantic Championship
| 1 |
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# Pyramidenkogel
**Pyramidenkogel** is an 851 m mountain in Carinthia, Austria. It is located to the south of the Wörthersee and near the town of Maria Wörth, in an area that is a boundary between speakers of German and Slovenian. In nearby Slovenia the mountain is known as *Jedvovca*. The mountain has been a tourist attraction since at least the late 19th century. The view from its top is mentioned in Karl Baedeker\'s 1879 *The Eastern Alps*.
Another mountain named Pyramidenkogel can be found in Austrian Totes Gebirge mountain range. Located south-east of the Almsee, its height is 1961 m.
## Structures on the mountain {#structures_on_the_mountain}
### First structure and cross {#first_structure_and_cross}
A wooden observation platform had been built in 1950, as was a cross to remember the dead of World War I and World War II and \"victims of the mountains.\" The cross was consecrated on 20 August 1950. An annual \"Trausteinmesse,\" a special Mass, is celebrated at the end of summer.
### First Pyramidekogel Tower (1968--2012) {#first_pyramidekogel_tower_19682012}
A 54 m observation and broadcasting tower of steel and concrete, the Pyramidenkogel Tower, was built between 1966 and 1968 and was a well-known \"futuristic\" tourist attraction, according to the *Rough Guide to Austria*; *Lonely Planet* calls it \"avant-garde.\" In 2008, the last summer season before construction of a new edifice, the tower welcomed the five-millionth visitor. The tower was eventually demolished on October 12, 2012.
### Current tower (2013--present) {#current_tower_2013present}
In July 2006, plans were made to tear down the existing tower and replace it with a new building, a multi-purpose activity centre, which was approved in 2007 and for which the Carinthian government set aside €10 million in 2008. A competition for the new design was started in 2007; the architectural firm of Klaura & Kaden won the competition. Construction was to have begun by late 2008, and the old tower was to be imploded in October 2008, but was postponed and financial and political difficulties prevented any new construction. The demolition was planned once again for September 2010 but was postponed again. The last opening day was on September 30, 2012, and the first existing tower was demolished on October 12, 2012.
The new tower, finished in 2013, was described by Dietmar Kaden as a \"Himmelsleiter aus gestapelten Ellipsen,\" a ladder into heaven made of stacked ellipses, and is to function as a \"Leuchtturm der Holzbranche,\" a lighthouse for the timber industry. No name has been decided on; Markus Klaura has proposed \"Isis Noreia,\" for the goddesses Isis and Noreia (the latter a Germanic deity, the Roman equivalent of Isis).
The new tower is built of wood and steel, and at a height of 100 metres it is the tallest wooden observation tower in the world. Architects Markus Klaura and Dietmar Kaden of Klagenfurt and structural engineer Markus Lackner of Villach have designed a structure which features a visitors platform at 83 metres, a cafe at 70 metres, and a 66 m slide (the longest slide in Europe). The tower is PEFC-certified.
`Pyramidenkogel Turm 01.jpg|The demolished Pyramidenkogel Tower, built in 1968`\
`Pyramidenkogel (3).jpg|View from the new tower toward the northeast. The lake ``Wörthersee`` and ``Maria Wörth`` peninsula are clearly visible. ``Klagenfurt`` is at right.`\
`Pyramidenkogel (1)
| 538 |
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| 0 |
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# Obed, Alberta
**Obed** is an unincorporated community in west-central Alberta, Canada within Yellowhead County. It lies 50 km west of Edson via the Yellowhead Highway.
Obed Lake and Obed Lake Provincial Park are located immediately east of the community.
## Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Obed had a population of 34 living in 13 of its 13 total private dwellings, a change of `{{percentage|{{#expr:34-10}}`{=mediawiki}\|10\|1}} from its 2016 population of 10. With a land area of 0.67 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|34|0.67|km2|sqmi|prec=1}}`{=mediawiki} in 2021.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Obed had a population of 10 living in 6 of its 7 total private dwellings, a change of `{{percentage|{{#expr:10-17}}`{=mediawiki}\|17\|1}} from its 2011 population of 17. With a land area of 0.71 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|10|0.71|km2|sqmi|prec=1}}`{=mediawiki} in 2016
| 150 |
Obed, Alberta
| 0 |
10,060,844 |
# Cola mossambicensis
***Cola mossambicensis***, the **Mozambique cola**, is a large evergreen forest tree of the family Malvaceae endemic to central Moçambique and Malawi. As with other *Cola* species the flowers are carried in clusters on old wood and the seed is released when the mature fruits split longitudinally
| 49 |
Cola mossambicensis
| 0 |
10,060,924 |
# Roger L. Fitzsimonds
**Roger Fitzsimonds** was the chairman and CEO of Firstar Corporation (now US Bancorp) from 1986 to 1999. He joined the then First Wisconsin National Bank of Milwaukee in 1964 as a management trainee and managerial and administrative positions in branches in Milwaukee and Green Bay afterwards. He became the vice president of the company in 1973, and president and chief operating officer in 1986. He assumed the same responsibilities for the holding company, Firstar Corporation, in 1987. He retired in 1999. During his term, Firstar Corporation undergone rapid expansion, growing from a regional bank into a large bank with nationwide operations.
Fitzsimonds was also the chairman of the board of the Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce. He has an honorary Doctorate in Commercial Science from his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee, and served as president of the university\'s Lubar School of Business\'s Advisory Council from 1991-1999.
He obtained his B.A. in Business and MBA in Finance from the University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee in 1960 and 1971 respectively
| 171 |
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| 0 |
10,060,928 |
# Darren Eliot
**Darren Joseph Eliot** (born November 26, 1961) is a Canadian sports broadcaster and a former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 88 games in the National Hockey League for the Los Angeles Kings, Detroit Red Wings, and Buffalo Sabres between 1984 and 1989. Internationally he played for the Canadian national team at the 1984 Winter Olympics. He currently serves as Vice President of Hockey Programming and Facility Operations for the Vegas Golden Knights.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### College
Eliot was born in Milton, Ontario. He graduated from Cornell University in 1983 with a degree in agricultural economics, having been elected to the Sphinx Head Society during his senior year. He earned membership into the Red Key Society for students exemplifying excellence in academics and athletics. With the Cornell Big Red men\'s ice hockey team, he was a two-time All-Ivy selection and was named an All-American as a senior. He was inducted into the Cornell Athletic Hall of Fame in 1996.
### NHL career {#nhl_career}
Eliot was drafted in the sixth round, 115th overall, by the Los Angeles Kings in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. Eliot played in the National Hockey League with the Kings, Detroit Red Wings, and Buffalo Sabres. Eliot played in 89 games and accumulated a record of 25--41--12.
### International career {#international_career}
Eliot represented Team Canada at the 1984 Winter Olympics.
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
### Detroit Red Wings {#detroit_red_wings}
On September 12, 2014, it was announced that Eliot was named the new Director of Minor Hockey Operations for Little Caesars Amateur Hockey. In his new role, Eliot will oversee the day-to-day operations of the Little Caesars AAA hockey program and the Little Caesars Amateur Hockey League (LCAHL), along with serving as the organization\'s representative to USA Hockey, the Michigan Amateur Hockey Association (MAHA) and the High Performance Hockey League (HPHL).
### Vegas Golden Knights {#vegas_golden_knights}
On February 13, 2019, it was announced that Eliot was named Vice President of Hockey Programming and Facility Operations for the Vegas Golden Knights. He will also oversee the Vegas Jr. Golden Knights program as the club\'s executive director.
### Broadcasting career {#broadcasting_career}
Eliot worked as an in-studio analyst for Fox Sports Detroit\'s coverage of the Detroit Red Wings. He also contributes as an online columnist for *Sports Illustrated*. Previously, he worked as a national color analyst for Versus as well as locally for the Atlanta Thrashers telecasts on Fox Sports South and SportSouth. He also does occasional work for the Big Ten Network. Eliot served as the Ice Level Reporter for the 2016 Stanley Cup Finals on NBC Sports Radio. Eliot also served as the Ice Level analyst for TNT\'s coverage of the 2022 and 2024 Stanley Cup Playoffs.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------ --------- ---- ----------------
Season Team League GP W
1977--78 Oshawa Parkway TV Midget 18 ---
1978--79 Oshawa Legionaires MetJBHL 26 ---
1979--80 Cornell University ECAC 26 14
1980--81 Cornell University ECAC 18 8
1981--82 Cornell ECAC 7 1
1982--83 Cornell University ECAC 26 13
1983--84 Canadian National Team Intl 31 ---
1983--84 New Haven Nighthawks AHL 7 4
1984--85 Los Angeles Kings NHL 33 12
1985--86 Los Angeles Kings NHL 27 5
1985--86 New Haven Nighthawks AHL 3 1
1986--87 Los Angeles Kings NHL 24 8
1986--87 New Haven Nighthawks AHL 4 2
1987--88 Detroit Red Wings NHL 3 0
1987--88 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 43 23
1988--89 Rochester Americans AHL 23 8
1988--89 Buffalo Sabres NHL 2 0
NHL totals 89 25
### International
Year Team Event GP W L T MIN GA SO GAA SV%
--------------- -------- ------- --- ---- --- --- ---- ----- ---- ------ ------ -----
1984 Canada OLY 2 0 0 0 40 2 0 3.00 ---
Senior totals 2 0 0 0 40 2 0 3
| 639 |
Darren Eliot
| 0 |
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# Nikarete of Corinth
**Nikarete** was a madam from Corinth, who lived in the 5th and 4th century BC.
Nikarete operated a \"bettering\" establishment in Corinth, a city famous in antiquity for its prostitution trade. From Corinth and Greek literature comes the verb *korinthiazein*, which loosely translated means \"to fornicate\".
Nikarete is said to be a freedwoman, who was previously owned by a man called Charisios. When she gained her freedom, she married Charisios\' cook and moved to Corinth. Nikarete bought young girls from the Corinthian slave market and trained them as hetaera, to let them make their own living. According to Apollodorus, it was her custom to rent out her hetaeras during their prime, then sold them off, which implied a 100-percent manumission rate. Apollodorus names seven girls bought by Nikarete, of whom three, Neaira, Metaneira, and Anteia, were all famous.
Through a kind of parental relationship Nikarete sought to increase the price her customers had to pay (free women were usually higher in demand). Nikarete\'s most famous hetaera Neaira, for instance, whom she bought along with six other girls was marketed as her own daughter so that she commanded higher prices
| 193 |
Nikarete of Corinth
| 0 |
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# TV Network Protocol
The **TV Network Protocol** or **TVNP** as it is more commonly referred to is an open network protocol developed to enable CCTV systems from any manufacturer to be integrated into an existing CCTV network. It provides high levels of support for audio routing, video routing and camera control.
The protocol was developed by Philips Projects (now Tyco Integrated Systems) on behalf of the Traffic Control Systems Unit (TCSU), now a part of Transport for London (TfL). Tyco acts as the standards and approvals house for companies who want to implement the protocol.
The protocol\'s roots can be traced back to the Highways Agency HDLC standard. It is the property of TfL and is independent of any supplier. As of late of 2011 there are at least eight manufacturers who have a partial or full TVNP interface, including:
- BAE Systems (previously Petards)
- Chubb (previously Initial Fire and Security)
- Honeywell
- Infinitronix
- Meyertech
- Costain (previously Simulation Systems Limited)
- Synectics
- Tyco (previously Philips Projects).
TVNP layers are broadly based on the OSI model. TVNP Layer 2 and 3 correspond to OSI Layers 2 and 3. When used over RS-232 only, TVNP Layer 1 corresponds to OSI Layer 1. TVNP Layer 4 is equivalent to OSI Layer 7.
Structuring the TVNP in such a way means that as future needs and provisions change, aspects of one layer can be enhanced or modified without the need for change to the other layers.
Layer 1 (L1) For serial RS-232 L1 is the Physical Protocol Layer that defines the electrical signals and interconnect requirements at the communication interface port(s) of the CCTV system. V3.0 of the specification allows UDP/IP, typically over Ethernet, to be used for L1. This option is not a physical protocol layer in the OSI sense.
Layer 2 (L2) is the Frame Protocol Layer, sometimes referred to as the Link Layer. Its purpose is to detect and correct errors in the stream of data passing between any two adjacent CCTV systems, so that CCTV network messages are not received in a corrupted form. Layer 2 operates strictly on point-to-point links between adjacent sites and contains no source or destination address information.
Layer 3 (L3) is the Network Protocol Layer, sometimes referred to as the Packet Layer. This is the layer of actual CCTV network messages. The messages have end-to-end significance and contain both source and destination address information.
Layer 4 (L4) is the Application Protocol Layer which makes use of the data network and lower protocol layers to provide services that are required either directly by the users of the system or for system management.
## Replacement by DVNP Protocol {#replacement_by_dvnp_protocol}
A digital replacement of TVNP has been produced by Costain, Highways England, Transport for London and the Metropolitan Police called [1](http://content.tfl.gov.uk/tfl-cctv-sharing-publication-final.pdf) **DVNP** or **Digital Video Network Protocol**. DVNP uses IP networks to link CCTV systems from different manufacturers with control message sent using HTTP GET messages and video streamed using standard video streaming protocols like RTMP and RTSP. DVNP allows for User Authentication, Live viewing, PTZ control and Replaying of recordings from connected CCTV systems.
There are currently three known implementations of DVNP
- Costain (who bought Simulation Systems Ltd / SSL) [2](https://www.costain.com/media/598710/costain-paper_technology-for-connected-place-7-mb.pdf)
- Synectics
- Open Source Implementation on GitHub [3](http://github.com/RogerHardiman/DVNP/blob/master/README.md)
In 2020 DVNP was specified in the Silvertown Tunnel project [4](https://content.tfl.gov.uk/silvertown-tunnel-schedule-10-design-and-construction-requirements-rs-feb-2020
| 561 |
TV Network Protocol
| 0 |
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# Mark McLachlan
**Mark McLachlan** (born February 27, 1990) is a product and game designer. Mark has designed and released products under the scope of the product design and game publishing studio Antsy Labs. In collaboration with his brother, Matthew McLachlan, Mark invented the Fidget Cube, the second most-backed Kickstarter campaign in history.
## Biography
McLachlan began his career as co-founder of the e-commerce platform TinyLightbulbs, where he curated crowdfunded products in an online storefront.
Mark later focused his attention on the product and game design industry, launching the tabletop dexterity game Storm the Gate with his brother, Matthew McLachlan, in 2013.
In 2015, McLachlan co-founded Antsy Labs, a product design and game publishing studio based in Denver, Colorado. That year, Antsy Labs released the phone and smartwatch charging dock Duet.
In 2016, Mark McLachlan, partnered with brother and co-founder Matthew McLachlan, released their invention Fidget Cube, funded on Kickstarter. Fidget Cube is Kickstarter\'s second most-backed campaign ever with 154,926 backers.
While dealing with the overwhelming demand for Fidget Cube and the accompanying customer service workload, Mark and Matthew McLachlan co-founded the customer service platform HoneyBrandger in 2018, which provides on-demand support for companies looking to scale.
Mark again partnered with Matthew McLachlan to release the magnetic building block system PIXL in 2018
| 213 |
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# Anthony Mulvey
**Anthony Mulvey** (1882`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}11 January 1957) was an Irish nationalist politician.
Born in County Leitrim, Mulvey edited the *Ulster Herald* newspaper before his election to represent Fermanagh and Tyrone for the Nationalist Party in the British House of Commons at the 1935 general election.
Mulvey did not take his seat until 1945, and with Patrick Cunningham, proposed that the Nationalist Party also take an abstentionist policy with regard to the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
Mulvey held his seat at the 1945 general election, and in 1950 after the division of Fermanagh and Tyrone constituency, he was elected for Mid Ulster, one of the successor constituencies. He stood down the following year, and died aged 74 in 1957
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| 0 |
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# Großes Wiesbachhorn
The **Großes Wiesbachhorn** (`{{IPA|de|ˈɡʁoːsəs ˈviːsbaxˌhɔʁn|-|De-at Großes Wiesbachhorn.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a mountain in the federal state of Salzburg, Austria and, at `{{Höhe|3564|AT}}`{=mediawiki} (according to other sources `{{Höhe|3570|AT}}`{=mediawiki}), is the third-highest peak of the Hohe Tauern range.
Its entirely free-standing firn-capped summit forms the main peak of the Fusch/Kaprun chain and is often viewed in Alpine literature as a rival of the Großglockner. The great slope on its eastern and southeastern side plunges about 2,300 metres to the Fuscher Ache - one of the greatest height differences between mountaintop and valley floor in the Eastern Alps. Of alpinistic significance was the first ascent of the Northwest Face (*Nordwestwand*) on 15 July 1924 by Franz Riegele and Willo Welzenbach. They were the first ones to use ice nails (*Eisnägel*) to assist them; these were later developed into the ice screws used today. The Northwest Face was one of the classic ice walls of the Eastern Alps; the ice has since melted, however.
## Location and area {#location_and_area}
The Großes Wiesbachhorn is almost entirely surrounded by glaciers. To the north is the *Wielingerkees*, to the northeast the *Sandbodenkees* flows eastwards and down into the *Sandboden* and further into the Fuscher Ache. To the south lies the *Teufelsmühlkees* und im Westen das *Kaindlkees*. An important neighbouring mountain to the north, separated by the 3,211-metre-high wind gap of the *Sandbodenscharte*, is the *Kleines Wiesbachhorn* with a height of 3,286 metres. To the southwest, on the other side of the 3,265-metre-high *Wielingerscharte*, between the Kaindlkees and Teufelsmühlkees glaciers, lies the two Bratschenköpfe peaks (3,413 and 3,401 metres high). To the west the terrain falls away to the Mooserboden Reservoir, to the east into the *Fuscher Tal*. The nearest important settlement is Fusch an der Großglocknerstraße, about 10 kilometres away to the north as the crow flies.
## Ascents
The route originally used by the Fusch farmers at the end of the 18th century is rarely used today. It runs from Ferleiten and takes 3½ hours to reach the Schwarzenberg Hut and from there another 4 hours past the Bratschenköpfe peaks to the summit of the Horn. The usual present-day start point for ascents is the Heinrich Schwaiger Haus. From there the standard route runs over the *Oberen Fochezkopf* and along the *Kaindlgrat* ridge to the summit in about 3 hours. In the middle section of the route there is a 35° inclined firn edge (*Firnschneide*), the rock sections are rated at climbing grade UIAA I. The classic routes through the 500-metre-high Nordwest Face required ice climbing skills capable of coping with up to 60° gradients.
<File:Kitzbueheler> Horn.jpg\|Wiesbachhorn Group, from the north over the Kitzbüheler Horn <File:Wiesbachhorn-Fuscher> Tal
| 442 |
Großes Wiesbachhorn
| 0 |
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# Patrick Cunningham (politician)
**Patrick Cunningham** (1878 -- 2 February 1960) was an Irish nationalist politician.
Cunningham, father to thirteen children (one dying as a child), was elected to the Westminster House of Commons for the Nationalist Party as Member of Parliament (MP) for Fermanagh and Tyrone at the 1935 general election.
Cunningham did not take his seat until 1945, and with Anthony Mulvey proposed that the Nationalist Party also take an abstentionist policy with regard to the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
Cunningham held his seat at the 1945 general election, but when the constituency was abolished at the 1950 election he chose not to stand in another seat. He never made a speech in Parliament
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Patrick Cunningham (politician)
| 0 |
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# Brouchaud
**Brouchaud** (`{{IPA|fr|bʁuʃo}}`{=mediawiki}; *Brochau*) is a commune in the Dordogne department in southwestern France.
## Geography
The small rivers Soue and Blâme join near Brouchaud
| 26 |
Brouchaud
| 0 |
10,061,099 |
# Four One Five Two
***Four One Five Two*** is the debut album of Chicago Illinois\'s Sundowner, the acoustic side-project from Chris McCaughan, singer guitarist of The Lawrence Arms. The album was released on March 13, 2007, after many months of playing coffee shops and touring alongside The Lawrence Arms.
The album consists of twelve songs, ten of which were previously unreleased in any form and two of which (My Boatless Booze Cruise, One Hundred Resolutions) are remakes of Lawrence Arms songs.
The album takes its name from McCaughan\'s childhood home address. Its cover artwork was designed by artist Heather Hannoura, best known for designing merchandise for many punk rock bands, including Green Day, Alkaline Trio, AFI, and Rancid.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- While the album has no singles, a video for \"This War Is Noise\" was posted on YouTube, directed by Brendan Kelly (fellow Lawrence Arms member)
| 149 |
Four One Five Two
| 0 |
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# Wildwood, Alberta
**Wildwood** is a hamlet in west-central Alberta, Canada within Yellowhead County. It is on the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16), approximately 112 km west of Edmonton and 82 km east of Edson. The Yellowhead Highway\'s intersection with Cowboy Trail (Highway 22) is 9 km east of the hamlet. The Lobstick River, which flows from Chip Lake to the west, runs through the hamlet.
Statistics Canada recognizes Wildwood as a designated place.
Farming and ranching are an important part of Wildwood\'s economy. The [Wildwood and District Agricultural Society](http://wildwoodalberta.ca/index.php/community/organizations/wildwood-district-agricultural-society) was organized in 1939 and holds an Agricultural Fair every August.
## History
Originally named *Junkins*, Wildwood was established in 1908 by a group of 20 African-American immigrants as a block settlement. The new Black Canadian homesteaders arrived from Oklahoma and Texas, just three years after Alberta became a province in 1905. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway arrived in Junkins in 1908. People arriving at \"end of steel\" transferred their goods to wagons and travelled to their homesteads.
## Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Wildwood had a population of 257 living in 118 of its 136 total private dwellings, a change of `{{percentage|{{#expr:257-273}}`{=mediawiki}\|273\|1}} from its 2016 population of 273. With a land area of 0.54 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|257|0.54|km2|sqmi|prec=1}}`{=mediawiki} in 2021.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Wildwood had a population of 273 living in 139 of its 157 total private dwellings, a change of `{{percentage|{{#expr:273-294}}`{=mediawiki}\|294\|1}} from its 2011 population of 294. With a land area of 0.54 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|273|0.54|km2|sqmi|prec=1}}`{=mediawiki} in 2016
| 277 |
Wildwood, Alberta
| 0 |
10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
+---------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------------+--------------------+
| {{Motorsport season | series = Grand Prix | title = AIACR European Championship | subheader = **European Champion**\ | link = Grand Prix season | year = 1931 | previous = none }} |
| | | | `{{flagicon|Italy|1861}}`{=mediawiki} Ferdinando Minoia | | | |
+---------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------------+--------------------+
| {{Motorsport season | series = Grand Prix | title = Grand Prix season | link = Grand Prix season | year = 1931 }} | | |
+---------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-------------+--------------------+
The **1931 Grand Prix season** was a watershed year, with the advent of the AIACR European Championship. After several years of Grand Prix racing in the doldrums with little technical development, 1931 saw new models come from all three main manufacturers: Bugatti, Maserati and Alfa Romeo. The AIACR regulations were to Formula Libre (open formula) rules for the cars, but the race-format chosen was to run the Grands Prix over a marathon ten hours each with two drivers per car. The pair had to be the same for all three races otherwise only the lead driver would score points. The championship was won by Ferdinando Minoia, driving for the Alfa Corse works team. He was tied on points with his team-mate Giuseppe Campari after the three races. Despite not having won any of the races, his consistency gave him the tiebreaker by covering a greater distance across the combined 30 hours of racing. However, the endurance format of the series was exhausting and unpopular with the drivers, and became processional and boring for the spectators and would not be repeated.
In the other major races of the season, the new Bugatti Type 51 won its first event, at Tunis, and dominated the French circuits in the early half of the season. The Italian Championship regularly drew the best drivers and gave close racing between Alfa Romeo, Bugatti and Maserati. At the end of the season, the championship was awarded to Alfa Romeo driver Campari, on a tie-breaker countback. With both major titles in their cabinet, Alfa Romeo finished the season strongly.
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| 0 |
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# 1931 Grand Prix season
## European Championship Grands Prix {#european_championship_grands_prix}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th></th>
<th><p>Date</p></th>
<th><p>Name</p></th>
<th><p>Circuit</p></th>
<th><p>Race<br />
Regulations</p></th>
<th><p>Weather</p></th>
<th><p>Race<br />
Distance</p></th>
<th><p>Winner's<br />
Time</p></th>
<th><p>Winning driver</p></th>
<th><p>Winning<br />
constructor</p></th>
<th><p>Fastest<br />
lap</p></th>
<th><p>Report</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p>A</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>24 May</strong></p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>IX Italian Grand Prix<br />
VII European Grand Prix</strong></p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Monza A-circuit</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>AIACR</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>very hot</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>1550 km<br />
(winner)</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>10 hours</p></td>
<td><p>Giuseppe Campari</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Alfa Romeo 8C 2300</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Giuseppe Campari<br />
Alfa Romeo</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Tazio Nuvolari</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p>B</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>21 Jun</strong></p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>XXV Grand Prix de l’ACF</strong></p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Montlhéry</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>AIACR</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>hot</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>1259 km<br />
(winner)</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>10 hours</p></td>
<td><p>Louis Chiron</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Luigi Fagioli<br />
Maserati</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Achille Varzi</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2"><p>C</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>12 Jul</strong></p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>III Belgian Grand Prix</strong></p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Spa-Francorchamps</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>AIACR</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>sunny</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>1320 km<br />
(winner)</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>10 hours</p></td>
<td><p>William Grover-Williams<br />
("W. Williams")</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Louis Chiron<br />
Bugatti</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Caberto Conelli</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### Other Grand Épreuves {#other_grand_épreuves}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th></th>
<th><p>Date</p></th>
<th><p>Name</p></th>
<th><p>Circuit</p></th>
<th><p>Race<br />
Regulations</p></th>
<th><p>Weather</p></th>
<th><p>Race<br />
Distance</p></th>
<th><p>Winner's<br />
Time</p></th>
<th><p>Winning driver</p></th>
<th><p>Winning<br />
constructor</p></th>
<th><p>Fastest<br />
lap</p></th>
<th><p>Report</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>30 May</p></td>
<td><p><strong>XIX International 500 Mile<br />
Sweepstakes</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Indianapolis</p></td>
<td><p>AAA</p></td>
<td><p>cloudy</p></td>
<td><p>500 miles</p></td>
<td><p>5h 10m</p></td>
<td><p>Louis Schneider</p></td>
<td><p>Stevens-Miller</p></td>
<td><p><em>not recorded</em></p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p><strong>19 Jul</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>V Großer Preis von Deutschland</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Nürburgring</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>heavy<br />
rain</p></td>
<td><p>502 km</p></td>
<td><p>4h 38m</p></td>
<td><p>Rudolf Caracciola</p></td>
<td><p>Mercedes-Benz SSKL</p></td>
<td><p>Achille Varzi<br />
Bugatti</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>22 Aug</p></td>
<td><p>British Grand Prix</p></td>
<td><p>Brooklands</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><em>not held</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>11 Sep</p></td>
<td><p>Spanish Grand Prix</p></td>
<td><p>Lasarte</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><em>cancelled</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
A grey background indicates the race was not held this year. Sources:
| 364 |
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| 1 |
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# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Major Races {#major_races}
Multiple classes are mentioned when they were divided and run to different race lengths.
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th></th>
<th><p>Date</p></th>
<th><p>Name</p></th>
<th><p>Circuit</p></th>
<th><p>Race<br />
Regulations</p></th>
<th><p>Weather</p></th>
<th><p>Race<br />
Distance</p></th>
<th><p>Winner's<br />
Time</p></th>
<th><p>Winning driver</p></th>
<th><p>Winning<br />
constructor</p></th>
<th><p>Report</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>22 Feb</p></td>
<td><p>Sveriges Vinter Grand Prix</p></td>
<td><p>Lake Rämen</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre</p></td>
<td><p>cloudy<br />
then sunny</p></td>
<td><p>385 km</p></td>
<td><p>5h 29m</p></td>
<td><p>Karl Ebb</p></td>
<td><p>Auburn Special</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>15 Mar</p></td>
<td><p>Gran Premio di Tripoli</p></td>
<td><p>Tagiura</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><em>cancelled</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>23 Mar</p></td>
<td><p>IV Australian Grand Prix</p></td>
<td><p>Phillip Island</p></td>
<td><p>2000cc maximum engine capacity</p></td>
<td><p>Fine & mild</p></td>
<td><p>200 miles</p></td>
<td><p>2h 55m</p></td>
<td><p>Carl Junker</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 39</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>29 Mar</p></td>
<td><p><strong>III Grand Prix de Tunisie</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Carthage</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>470 km</p></td>
<td><p>3h 24m</p></td>
<td><p>Achille Varzi</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>6 Apr</p></td>
<td><p>II Circuit d'Ésterel Plage</p></td>
<td><p>L’Éstrel beach,<br />
Saint-Raphaël</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p>66 km</p></td>
<td><p>48m</p></td>
<td><p>Philippe Étancelin</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 35C</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>Hungarian Grand Prix</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><em>cancelled</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p><strong>19 Apr</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>III Grand Prix de Monaco</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Monte Carlo</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>320 km*<br />
(315 km)</p></td>
<td><p>3h 39m</p></td>
<td><p>Louis Chiron</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p><strong>26 Apr</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>VIII Circuito di Alessandria</strong><br />
(Gran Premio Bordino)</p></td>
<td><p>Alessandria</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre</p></td>
<td><p>cloudy</p></td>
<td><p>280 km</p></td>
<td><p>2h 06m</p></td>
<td><p>Achille Varzi</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>10 May</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>XXII Targa Florio</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Grande Madonie</p></td>
<td><p>Targa Florio</p></td>
<td><p>heavy<br />
rain</p></td>
<td><p>580 km</p></td>
<td><p>9h 00m</p></td>
<td><p>Tazio Nuvolari</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Romeo 8C 2300</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>VII Grand Prix de Picardie</p></td>
<td><p>Péronne</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p>210 km<br />
(winner)</p></td>
<td><p>2 hours</p></td>
<td><p>"Ivernel"</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 35B</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>17 May</p></td>
<td><p>I Casablanca Grand Prix<br />
V Moroccan Grand Prix</p></td>
<td><p>Anfa Circuit</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>370 km</p></td>
<td><p>2h 42m</p></td>
<td><p><em>Count</em> Stanisław Czaykowski<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>24 May</p></td>
<td><p>VI Grand Prix des Frontières</p></td>
<td><p>Chimay</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>rain<br />
then cloudy</p></td>
<td><p>160 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 26m</p></td>
<td><p>Arthur Legat</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 37A</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td rowspan="4"><p><strong>7 Jun</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>VII Premio Reale di Roma</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Littorio</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre,<br />
heats</p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p>240 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 35m</p></td>
<td><p>Ernesto Maserati</p></td>
<td><p>Maserati Tipo V4</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>I Grand Prix de Genève</p></td>
<td><p>Meyrin</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre,<br />
heats<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>250 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 26m</p></td>
<td><p>Marcel Lehoux</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>V Eifelrennen</p></td>
<td><p>Südschleife,<br />
Nürburgring</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre</p></td>
<td><p>cloudy, then<br />
showers</p></td>
<td><p>310 km</p></td>
<td><p>2h 51m</p></td>
<td><p>Rudolf Caracciola</p></td>
<td><p>Mercedes-Benz SSKL</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>II Grand Prix Miasta Lwowa<br />
(Großer Preis von Lemberg)</p></td>
<td><p>Lviv</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre</p></td>
<td><p>rain</p></td>
<td><p>150 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 57m</p></td>
<td><p>Hans Stuck</p></td>
<td><p>Mercedes-Benz SSK</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>14 Jun</p></td>
<td><p>Vienna Grand Prix</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><em>cancelled</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>5 Jul</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>VII Grand Prix de la Marne</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Reims-Gueux</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>400 km</p></td>
<td><p>2h 48m</p></td>
<td><p>Marcel Lehoux</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>Grand Prix du Vaucluse</p></td>
<td><p>Circuit de Réalpanier<br />
Avignon</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p>100 km</p></td>
<td><p>55m</p></td>
<td><p>Frédéric Toselli</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 37A</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>26 Jul</p></td>
<td><p>III Dieppe Grand Prix</p></td>
<td><p>Dieppe</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>windy<br />
then rain</p></td>
<td><p>480 km</p></td>
<td><p>4 hours</p></td>
<td><p>Philippe Étancelin</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Romeo 8C 2300</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p><strong>2 Aug</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>V Coppa Ciano</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Montenero</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>hot</p></td>
<td><p>200 km</p></td>
<td><p>2h 24m</p></td>
<td><p>Tazio Nuvolari</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Romeo</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>I Internationales Avus-rennen</p></td>
<td><p>AVUS</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>hot</p></td>
<td><p>300 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 35m</p></td>
<td><p>Rudolf Caracciola</p></td>
<td><p>Mercedes-Benz SSKL</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>II Circuit du Dauphiné</p></td>
<td><p>Grenoble</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p>240 km</p></td>
<td><p>2h 02m</p></td>
<td><p>Philippe Étancelin</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Romeo 8C 2300</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>16 Aug</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>VII Coppa Acerbo</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Pescara</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>hot</p></td>
<td><p>300 km</p></td>
<td><p>2h 20m</p></td>
<td><p>Giuseppe Campari</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Romeo Tipo A</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>VII Grand Prix du Comminges</p></td>
<td><p>Saint-Gaudens</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>400 km</p></td>
<td><p>2h 49m</p></td>
<td><p>Philippe Étancelin</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Romeo 8C 2300</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>6 Sep</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>IV Gran Premio di Monza</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Monza C-circuit</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre,<br />
heats</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>240 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 33m</p></td>
<td><p>Luigi Fagioli</p></td>
<td><p>Maserati 8C-2800</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td><p>VII Gran Premio delle Vetturette</p></td>
<td><p>Monza C-circuit</p></td>
<td><p>Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>140 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 01m</p></td>
<td><p>/ José Scaron</p></td>
<td><p>Amilcar MCO</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>13 Sep</p></td>
<td><p>VII Grand Prix de la Baule</p></td>
<td><p>La Baule beach</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>150 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 03m</p></td>
<td><p>William Grover-Williams</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>19 Sep</p></td>
<td><p>V Circuito di Cremona</p></td>
<td><p>Cremona</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p><em>cancelled</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p><strong>27 Sep</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>II Masaryk Circuit</strong></p></td>
<td><p>Masaryk-Ring,<br />
Brno</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre<br />
Voiturette</p></td>
<td><p>cold</p></td>
<td><p>500 km</p></td>
<td><p>4h 12m</p></td>
<td><p>Louis Chiron</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td><p>Grand Prix de Brignoles</p></td>
<td><p>Brignoles</p></td>
<td><p>Formula Libre</p></td>
<td><p>sunny</p></td>
<td><p>44 km</p></td>
<td><p>1h 03m</p></td>
<td><p>William Grover-Williams</p></td>
<td><p>Bugatti Type 51</p></td>
<td><p>Report</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
*Note: \*Race mistakenly flagged by officials after only 99 laps, not the full 100 as scheduled*
| 940 |
1931 Grand Prix season
| 2 |
10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Regulations and Technical {#regulations_and_technical}
In October 1930, the CSI regulatory body of the AIACR met to draft up rules for a new championship. The racing bodies of Belgium, France, Italy and Spain would hold events lasting ten hours, with the results merged as a single race- the International Grand Prix. Each body would contribute 150000 francs, and the driver covering the farthest distance over the four races would collect half a million francs. However, that idea was deemed impractical and instead the races should be discrete, individual events. As all the races took place in Europe it was renamed the European Automobile Championship.
The media soon spotted major issues with the proposal -- after the abortive Manufacturer\'s Championship, just a few years earlier. If the field was whittled down after three or four hours, what was to be gained if only a half-dozen cars raced for the latter half of the race? They protested that it would bore the spectators, and drive them away well before the end of the races. However, the CSI was not swayed and confirmed the format in March. The Italian GP was moved from its traditional September to May to be able to run in good daylight and the Spanish GP was dropped from the list. Now the overall winner would receive 150000 francs. The two drivers had to be paired together for all three races and would only score points in the car they had been nominated for. In case of a tie, the driver(s) who had covered the greatest total distance would win the tie-break. The cars would otherwise not be limited, running to Formula Libre. A proposal to run a gasoline/benzole mixture was discarded as Italy had no benzole.
### Technical Innovation {#technical_innovation}
After a lethargic period of years with only incremental development, 1931 saw a good range of new models and innovation from all three main manufacturers. At his son\'s insistence, Ettore Bugatti had swapped the Millers of American Leon Duray for a trio of Type 43 sports cars in 1929. Examination of the advanced engineering of the Miller engine led to the developed of the Bugatti Type 51. Essentially the same as the Type 35B, still using two valves per cylinder and a single carburettor, it was now fitted with twin overhead camshafts and put out 180 bhp. At the fast Monza Grand Prix, Bugatti also entered the new Type 54 (purportedly produced in only 13 days), with the 5-litre engine of the Type 50 sports car. But despite developing an enormous 300 bhp, raw power on paper was no key to success. Front-heavy, it handled poorly and was terrible on its tyres.
Maserati had led the way forward the previous year with the 8C-2500 engine in the Tipo 26M. The brothers further developed the engine, boring it out to 2.8-litres, also introduced at the Monza race. The team continued to run that model through this season, as well as the mighty, twin-engined V4 on the open fast circuits. Voiturette racing was increasing in popularity again, with over a dozen races scheduled for the season. After his success the previous year, Alfieri felt encouraged to develop the 1.5-litre 26C. The new 1.1-litre twin-cam 4-cylinder model -- either the 4CS sports car or 4CM (*monoposto*) single-seater - would soon dominate the small classes, and earn good money for Maserati in both prizemoney and privateer sales.
With the final retirement of the Alfa Romeo P2 from front-line racing, Vittorio Jano produced two quite different models for the new Championship. The 8C 2300 was a development from the 6C 1750 sports car. Jano put a pair of 4-cylinder engines back-to-back with a common gear-train linking the two camshafts. Being centrally mounted it minimised the engine torque and vibration. It came in two variants -- the long-wheelbase version was the sports car, while the nimbler, short-wheelbase model entered Grand Prix races. To take on the big-engined Mercedes, Jano built the Tipo A. Taking two complete engines of the 6C 1750, and mounting them side by side. The mirror-image arrangement improved traction because of the equal and opposite torque of the engines. Alfa\'s (and Europe\'s) first *monoposto*, the driver sat centrally, over the two driveshafts in a deep, streamlined cockpit. Unlike the twin-engined Bugatti and Maserati, each engine of the Tipo A kept its own power-train with crankcase and driveshaft. A single gear lever controlled both gearboxes with an overrunning clutch. Only four were built.
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Manufacturer | Model | Engine | Power\ | Max. Speed\ | Dry Weight\ |
| | | | Output | (km/h) | (kg) |
+===============+=================+=======================================+=========+=============+=============+
| Bugatti | Type 51 | Bugatti 2.3L S8 *supercharged* | 180 bhp | 230 | 750 |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Bugatti | Type 54 | Bugatti 5.0L S8 *supercharged* | 300 bhp | 240 | 930 |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Bugatti | Type 35B | Bugatti 2.3L S8 *supercharged* | 140 bhp | 210 | 710 |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Maserati | 8C-2800 | Maserati 2.8L S8 *supercharged* | 205 bhp | 225 | 820 |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Maserati | Tipo V4 | Maserati 4.0L twin-8 *supercharged* | 300 bhp | 255 | 1050 |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Maserati | Tipo 26M | Maserati 2.5L S8 *supercharged* | 185 bhp | | |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Alfa Romeo | 8C-2300 "Monza" | Alfa Romeo 2.3L S8 *supercharged* | 165 bhp | 210 | 920 |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Alfa Romeo | Tipo A | Alfa Romeo 3.5L twin-6 *supercharged* | 230 bhp | 240 | 930 |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Mercedes-Benz | SSKL | Mercedes-Benz 7.1L S6\ | 295 bhp | 230 | 1400 |
| | | *part-supercharged* | | | |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| Bugatti | Type 51A | Bugatti 1492cc S8 *supercharged* | 135 bhp | 200 | 750 |
+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------+-------------+
| 970 |
1931 Grand Prix season
| 3 |
10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Teams and drivers {#teams_and_drivers}
The AIACR Championship regulations stipulated that each nominated driver-combination had to compete together in all three races to keep scoring points. Therefore, at the start of the season, at the Italian Grand Prix, the works teams declared these as their driver combinations:
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Team | Lead driver | Co-driver |
+===================+=======================================================+======================================================+
| Usines Bugatti | Achille Varzi | Louis Chiron |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| | Albert Divo | Guy Bouriat |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| | William Grover-Williams | Caberto Conelli |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Alfa Corse | Tazio Nuvolari | Baconin Borzacchini |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| | Giuseppe Campari | Luigi Arcangeli †\ |
| | | `{{flagicon|ITA|1861}}`{=mediawiki} Attilio Marinoni |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| | Attilio Marinoni\ | Goffredo Zehender |
| | `{{flagicon|ITA|1861}}`{=mediawiki} Ferdinando Minoia | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Officine Alfieri\ | Luigi Fagioli | Ernesto Maserati |
| Maserati SpA | | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| | René Dreyfus | Pietro Ghersi |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| | Clemente Biondetti | Luigi Parenti |
+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
These tables only intend to cover entries in the major races, using the key above. It includes all starters in the Championship races. Sources:
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Entrant | Constructor | Chassis | Engine | Tyre | Driver | Rounds |
+===============================+================+============+===============================+==========================+================================+==========================================+
| Usines Bugatti | Bugatti | Type 51\ | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c\ | /\ | Achille Varzi | A, B, C, 2, 7, 10 |
| | | Type 54 | Bugatti 5.0L S8 s/c | `{{Dunlop}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Louis Chiron | A, B, 6, C, 2, 7, 8♠, 9♠, 10, 11♠ |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Albert Divo | A, B, C, 2, \[7\] |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Guy Bouriat | A, B, C, 2, 7 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | William Grover-Williams | B, C, 2♠, 7 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | *Conte* Caberto Conelli | B, C |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Officine Alfieri Maserati SpA | Maserati | Tipo V4\ | Maserati 4.0L 2x8 twin s/c\ | | Luigi Fagioli | B, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 |
| | | Tipo 26M\ | Maserati 2.5L S8 s/c\ | | | |
| | | Tipo 26B\ | Maserati 2.8L S8 s/c\ | | | |
| | | \ | Maserati 2.0L S8 s/c\ | | | |
| | | 8C-2800\ | Maserati 2.8L S8 s/c\ | | | |
| | | 8C-2300\ | Maserati 2.3L S8 s/c\ | | | |
| | | Tipo 26 | Maserati 1.5L S8 s/c | | | |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Ernesto Maserati | \[A\], B, 1, 5, 9, 10, 11 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | René Dreyfus | \[A\], B, 1, 2, 3♠, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Pietro Ghersi | B |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Clemente Biondetti | \[A\], B, 1, 2, 4, 5, \[7\], 8♠, 9♠, 10♠ |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Luigi Parenti | B |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Umberto Klinger | 9 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Amedeo Ruggeri | 10 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Alfa Corse | Alfa Romeo | Tipo A\ | Alfa Romeo 3.5L 2x6 twin s/c\ | /\ | Tazio Nuvolari | A, B, C, \[2\], 4, 10 |
| | | 8C 2300\ | Alfa Romeo 2.3L S8 s/c\ | `{{Dunlop}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | | 6C-1750GS | Alfa Romeo 1.75L S6 s/c | | | |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Baconin Borzacchini | A, B, C, \[2\], 4, 10 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Giuseppe Campari | A, B, C, 4, 10 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Ferdinando Minoia | A, B, C, 10 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | *Conte* Goffredo Zehender | \[A\], B, C, 4 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Luigi Arcangeli | \[A\]†, \[2\], 4 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Giovanni Minozzi | B, C, 10 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | *Marquis* Guido d\'Ippolito | 4 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo | 6C-1750\ | Alfa Romeo 1.75L S6 s/c\ | | Mario Tadini | A, 3 |
| | | Tipo A\ | Alfa Romeo 3.5L 2x6 s/c\ | | | |
| | | 8C 2300\ | Alfa Romeo 2.3L S8 s/c\ | | | |
| | | 6C-1500 SS | Alfa Romeo 1.5L S6 s/c | | | |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Alfredo Caniato | A, 3 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | *Conte* Goffredo Zehender | 2 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Tazio Nuvolari | 3, 5♠, 7, 8, 9, 11 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Luigi Arcangeli | 3† |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Francesco Severi | 3, 8, 9 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Baconin Borzacchini | \[7\], 8, 9, 11 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Giuseppe Campari | 8, 9 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Guglielmo Carraroli | 8 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Franco Cortese | 8 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | *Marquis* Guido d\'Ippolito | 8 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Umberto Klinger | 3♠, 8 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Eugenio Siena | 11 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| German Bugatti Team | Bugatti | Type 35B\ | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c\ | | Heinrich-Joachim von Morgen | 1♠, 2, 3, 7, 11 |
| | | Type 35C\ | Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c\ | | | |
| | | Type 51 | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c | | | |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Ernst-Günther Burggaller | 2, 3, 7 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Hermann, *Prinz* zu Leiningen | 2, 3, 11 |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Scuderia Materassi | Talbot | 700 GPLB | Talbot 1.75L S8 s/c\ | | Amedeo Ruggeri | A, \[4♠\] 5, 8, 9♠ |
| | | | Talbot 1.5L S8 s/c | | | |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Renato Balestrero | A |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Carlo di Vecchio | A♠, 3♠, 8, \[10\] |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Gerolamo Ferrari | A♠ |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| *Count* Boris Ivanowski | Mercedes-Benz\ | SSK\ | Mercedes-Benz 7.1L S6 s/c\ | | *Count* Boris Ivanowski\ | A, B, C; \[2\], \[6\], \[7\] |
| | Bugatti | Type 35B | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c | | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Henri Stoffel | A, B, C |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Edmond Bourlier | B |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Emilio Eminente | B, 10♠ |
+-------------------------------+----------------+------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| 1,195 |
1931 Grand Prix season
| 4 |
10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Teams and drivers {#teams_and_drivers}
### Significant Privateer drivers {#significant_privateer_drivers}
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Entrant | Constructor | Chassis | Engine | Driver | Rounds |
+===================+===============+=================+===========================+====================================+==========================+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti | Type 51\ | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c\ | Jean-Pierre Wimille | A, B, C; \[1\], 7 |
| | | Type 37 | Bugatti 1.5L S4 s/c | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | Jean Gaupillat | A, B, C; 1, 6 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti | Type 35B\ | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c | Marcel Lehoux | A, B, 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 11 |
| | | Type 51 | | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti\ | Type 35C\ | Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c\ | Philippe Étancelin | A, B, 1, 2, 6, 10 |
| | Bugatti\ | Type 51\ | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c\ | | |
| | Alfa Romeo | 8C 2300 | Alfa Romeo 2.3L S8 s/c | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Delage | Type 15S8 | Delage 1.5L S8 s/c | Robert Sénéchal | A, B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | Henri Frètet | A, B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Maserati\ | Type 26M\ | Maserati 2.5L S8 s/c\ | Pietro Ghersi | A, 3, 8, 9, 10 |
| | Bugatti | Type 35B | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | Umberto Klinger | A, 1, 3 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Alfa Romeo | 6C-1500 | Alfa Romeo 1.5L S6 | Francesco "Nino" Pirola | A; 10 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | *Conte* Giovanni \"Johnny\" Lurani | A |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Maserati\ | Type 26M\ | Maserati 2.5L S8\ | *Capt* Henry "Tim" Birkin | B, C; \[2\], 7 |
| | Alfa Romeo | 8C 2300 | Alfa Romeo 2.3L S8 s/c | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | *Capt* George Eyston | B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Alfa Romeo | 6C-1750 SS | Alfa Romeo 1.75L S6 | Jean Pesato | B, C; \[11\] |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | *Dr* Pierre Félix | B, C |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti | Type 35B\ | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c\ | *Comte* Georges d'Arnoux | B, 1, 3, 6, \[8\] |
| | | Type 35C | Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | Max Fourny | B, \[1\], 6 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Mercedes-Benz | SSKL | Mercedes-Benz 7.1L S6 s/c | Rudolf Caracciola | B, 2, 7, 11 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | Otto Merz | B, 7 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti\ | Type 51\ | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c\ | *Earl* Howe | B, 2, 7 |
| | Delage | 15S8 | Delage 1.5L S8 s/c | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | *Baron* Essendon | B, C |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Peugeot\ | Type 174 Sport\ | Peugeot 2.0L S8 s/c\ | René Ferrand | B; 6 |
| | Maserati | Type 26M | Maserati 2.5L S8 s/c | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | Louis Rigal | B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Sunbeam | 1925 GP | Sunbeam 2.0L S6 s/c | Jack Dunfee | B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | . Appleyard | B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti | Type 35C | Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c | Enzo Grimaldi | B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | . Borgiat | B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Delage | Type 15S8 | Delage 1.5L S8 s/c | William Scott | B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | Sydenham Armstrong-Payne | B |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Montier | Spéciale | Ford 3.3L S4 | Ferdinand Montier | C |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Montier | Spéciale | Ford 3.3L S4 | Charles Montier | C |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| | | | | . Ducolombier | C |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti | Type 35C\ | Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c\ | *Count* Stanisław Czaykowski\ | 1, 2, 6, 10 |
| | | Type 51 | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti | Type 51 | Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c | Achille Varzi | 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Maserati\ | Type 26M\ | Maserati 2.5L S8\ | *Conte* Luigi Castelbarco | \[A\]; 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 |
| | Talbot\ | 700\ | Talbot 1.5L S8 s/c\ | | |
| | Bugatti | Type 39A | Bugatti 1.5L S4 | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti | Type 35C | Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c | Giovanni Minozzi | 3, 5, 8 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Talbot\ | 700 GPLB\ | Talbot 1.75L S8 s/c\ | Renato Balestrero | 5, \[8\], 9, 10 |
| | Bugatti | Type 35C | Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c | | |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Bugatti | Type 35C | Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c | \"Hellé Nice\" (Hélène Delangle) | 6, 10 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| *Private Entrant* | Mercedes-Benz | SSK | Mercedes-Benz 7.1L S6 s/c | Hans Stuck | 7, 11 |
+-------------------+---------------+-----------------+---------------------------+------------------------------------+--------------------------+
*Note: \* raced in event as a relief driver, ♠ Works driver raced as a privateer. Those in brackets show, although entered, the driver did not race*\
*Note: † driver killed during this racing season*
| 951 |
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| 5 |
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# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Season review {#season_review}
### Start of the season {#start_of_the_season}
The start of the year saw the first Winter Grand Prix. The Swedish Automobile Club had regularly run a road-race from Stockholm to Gothenburg. This year they mapped out a 50km course on the narrow roads through the woods near Lake Rämen. The pits and grandstands were built near the local railway station by the lake and oversaw a 2km stretch on the frozen lake. The 20 starters were mainly made up of local drivers with a diverse range of cars. These included a number of big-engined American stock cars, as well as a 1.5-litre Bugatti Type 37 and a 1.6-litre four-wheel drive Tracta. Two Finnish drivers, Karl Ebb and \"Baron\" Johan Ramsay travelled across but the big draw-card was German champion Rudi Caracciola driving his Mercedes SSK. Another SSK was entered by young Swede Per-Victor Widengren, returning from studies in the US and Germany. On race-day, trains bought 30000 spectators to the track. Forty minutes after the start, Ebb's Auburn came by leading the first lap from Widengren, Olsson and Caracciola. On the second lap, Ebb slid into a snowbank blocking the road. Olsson and Widengren had to stop and help push him clear to get past. Ebb waved Widengren through to take the lead. But both Mercedes retired at the halfway point with mechanical issues. When Olsson lost twenty minutes after sliding into a ditch, it gave Ebb a comfortable lead he held to the end. Ramsay made it a Finnish 1-2 coming home almost a quarter hour behind, both having used studded tyres, rather than chains, through the snow.
The Tunis Grand Prix was the culmination of a week of festivities celebrating the 50th anniversary of being a French protectorate, with the French president in attendance. With a dozen main class and seventeen *voiturettes*, it attracted a good field, led by the four-car Maserati works team. Luigi Fagioli and new team-driver René Dreyfus had the proven 26M, Clemente Biondetti the big V4, while Ernesto Maserati ran one of the original 1.5-litre Tipo 26 in the junior class. Achille Varzi arrived as a privateer with the brand new Bugatti Type 51. Algerian Marcel Lehoux and German Heinrich-Joachim von Morgen ran the older Type 35B, while Philippe Étancelin and Polish émigré *Count* Stanisław Czaykowski had 2-litre Type 35C's. This year, the race was held on a new triangular circuit outside the ancient city of Carthage. Strangely von Morgen\'s car was sabotaged on the ship from Europe when someone fed a piece of sacking into the fuel tank which then dissolved into the engine. Though Fagioli led the first lap, Varzi soon passed him and started building a lead, with Lehoux in third. When Fagioli had plug issues and Varzi a puncture, Lehoux was able to move into second. Despite having to stop for another puncture, Varzi gave the Type 51 a win on debut. An exciting duel for second lasted most of the race, with Fagioli\'s Maserati beating home Lehoux by just fifteen seconds. Maserati comfortably won the \"voiturette\" class finishing eighth overall, and over ten minutes ahead of Pierre Veyron's Bugatti.
| 528 |
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10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Season review {#season_review}
### Monaco
The next major race was the lucrative Monaco Grand Prix. With 100000 francs prizemoney for the winner, it was already establishing itself as one of the glamour events on the calendar. The organisers had an invitation list that attracted a top-class field. The Maserati team and the top French drivers were back from Africa. The Bugatti works team arrived in force with Varzi joined by Louis Chiron, Albert Divo and Guy Bouriat running the new Type 51. The English *Earl* Howe was the first buyer of the new model (repainted in British racing green), leading a flotilla of privateer Bugattis, along with von Morgen\'s full German Bugatti Team. The Alfa Romeo works team gave Tazio Nuvolari the new 8C-2300. Luigi Arcangeli and Baconin Borzacchini had the 6C-1750GS, as did Goffredo Zehender driving for the Scuderia Ferrari. On such a tight track, the three big sports cars were quite incongruous: Caracciola now had the new lightweight Mercedes SSKL, fresh from a great win in the Mille Miglia the week before. *Count* Boris Ivanowski ran Caracciola\'s former SSK and French veteran André Boillot ran a 7-year old Peugeot 174. Being a street circuit, the one-hour practice had to be held at 6am on Thursday and Friday mornings. Notable absentees were the Alfa Romeo team, whose Pirelli tyres had proven very poor in the Mille Miglia. Ivanowski only arrived on Saturday night after all practice had finished and was denied entry. René Dreyfus had drawn pole position and led the first few laps. "Williams" barged past but lost his engine on only the sixth lap. By the tenth lap, the top six were barely ten seconds apart with Varzi now just ahead of Dreyfus, Lehoux, Fagioli, Chiron and Caracciola. On lap 29, Varzi came into the pits on three wheels after smashing the other one on a curbstone. The repairs cost him four minutes and dropped him to sixth. With Dreyfus, Divo and Lehoux also experiencing issues, it was Chiron and Fagioli now setting the pace. After 50 laps, at the half-way point, only five of the remaining fifteen runners were still on the lead lap: Chiron forty seconds ahead of Fagioli, then Bouriat, Caracciola and Varzi. Howe was sixth, two laps back. Soon after, Caracciola crawled into the pits with his clutch broken. Bouriat took second place from Fagioli, who was having fuel-pressure problems, and having to navigate the twisty circuit one-handed while simultaneously pumping fuel with the other. Chiron was not slowing down, and put in the fastest lap of the race on lap 80, which Fagioli matched four laps later despite his fuel-flow issues. Bouriat had a late stop to change sparkplugs that dropped him to fifth. But no-one could catch Chiron, who took the flag a comfortable three minutes ahead of Fagioli and Varzi, winning his home Grand Prix. In a timekeeping blunder, the officials miscounted and dropped the flag a lap early. The crowds then poured onto the track and stopped the other finishers. Boillot and his Peugeot tourer came in sixth, behind Bouriat (Bugatti) and Zehender (Ferrari) after not having to stop during the race.
Just a week later, the first Italian race was held, at Alessandria. This year, the long 32 km circuit through the Piedmont countryside was replaced by a shorter 8 km track through the northern suburbs. The track proved a minefield though with a lot of loose stones scattered across the road being picked up by the cars. Fagioli again represented Maserati, with Dreyfus as reserve. But Varzi was the favourite with a new Type 51, painted red and driven straight from the Molsheim factory the day before. He was supported by a number of Bugattis including the German team. Alfa Romeo was represented by a strong Scuderia Ferrari team. Nuvolari had an 8C-2300 modified for grand prix use, while Arcangeli, Severi and Caniato drove the less powerful 6-cylinder models. A big field of 39 cars, including voiturettes took the start. Varzi short through from the second row to take the lead and was never headed, drawing away at five seconds a lap. Fagioli broke his gearbox on lap 3 and Nuvolari's differential broke on lap 9. On route to victory, Varzi lapped all the field except for Giovanni Minozzi\'s Bugatti with von Morgen coming in third.
| 725 |
1931 Grand Prix season
| 7 |
10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Season review {#season_review}
### Targa Florio {#targa_florio}
Always the toughest race of the year, the Targa Florio was made far harder by terrible floods across Sicily in February. Landslides had demolished the mountain roads between Polizzi and Collessano and many parts of the Medio Madonie were ruined. Therefore, *Comte* Vincenzo Florio and the organisers decided to run the race on the "Grande Madonie" -- the full 146 km circuit used in the first years of the event, from 1906 to 1911. This ran all the way around the Parco delle Madonie out to Castelbuono before rejoining the Medio circuit at Collessano. To do the four race laps, driver would take over 8000 corners. Alfa Romeo put in the strongest team, with five cars: Nuvolari and Arcangeli ran the 8C-2300, while Campari, Borzacchini and Guido d\'Ippolito had the 6C-1750GS. The competition would come from Varzi\'s Bugatti and the works Maseratis of Fagioli (still recovering after a recent hip operation), Dreyfus (the only foreigner racing this year) and Biondetti all running the 26M. Varzi led the small field of thirteen starters away and quickly set the pace. Near Castellana, Fagioli hit a bridge and badly bent his rear axle. After two laps it started raining. Jano had predicted that and fitted his Alfas with mudguards. Varzi, without them, was hindered and slowed by the mud and spray. Arcangeli also refused to have the mudguards fitted, and got injured in the eye by a flying stone, to be relieved by Zehender. Biondetti slid into a wall, getting slight injuries. Dreyfus, after changing fourteen spark-plugs and slipping off the road three times, was retired when the team realised he would not finish within the time limit. But Nuvolari and Borzacchini, also aided by the Alfa Romeo team using two-way radios around the track, pressed on hard through the heavy weather. Fog and torrential rain in the mountains made driving extremely hard, with the tyre ruts tearing up the roads. Varzi had a terrible final lap and he although finished first (car and driver completely covered in the yellow mud), Nuvolari had the shorter race-time to take the win. Borzacchini came in second, with Varzi ending up seven minutes back, just ahead of Campari.
The Moroccan Grand Prix had been held five times as a touring car race. This year, renamed as the Casablanca GP, it was held for racing cars on the new Anfa circuit in the western suburbs of Casablanca. Many of the top drivers from the French circuit came across for the race. Stanisław Czaykowski had just received his new Bugatti Type 51 and so was the favourite. Lehoux and Étancelin were still waiting for their new Bugatti and Alfa Romeo, respectively, to be delivered and ran their older Bugatti Type 35s instead. Montier, father and son had their Ford specials while Ferrand ran his old Peugeot. The *voiturette* class was dominated by 1.5-litre Bugatti Type 37s. A sunny race-day drew a huge crowd with the dignitaries led by Sidi Mohammed, the Sultan of Morocco, along with the Grand Vizier and the French Resident-General Lucien Saint. Lehoux let for the first half of the race, but he had to stop to refuel whereas Czaykowski did not. The latter took the lead, and when Lehoux retired with an overstretched engine, he could cruise to victory with Étancelin second, a lap behind.
| 564 |
1931 Grand Prix season
| 8 |
10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Season review {#season_review}
### The European Championship {#the_european_championship}
The new championship started at Monza with the Italian Grand Prix. Owing to the ten-hour format, the race had been rescheduled from its usual September date to May to avoid running into darkness. The Grand Prix had not been held since the tragic 1928 race when Emilio Materassi had crashed killing himself and 22 spectators. The banked-oval half of the circuit had been closed and the circuit upgraded, so this was the return to the full 10 km circuit. The ten-hour race also demanded two drivers for each car. With an open formula on the cars, there was a wide variety in the sixteen cars that arrived, led by the two works teams. Maserati, realising their 26M was no longer competitive against the new models from Bugatti and Alfa Romeo did not attend, choosing to do further development instead. Bugatti arrived with two of their new cars. Now race-proven, their lead drivers of Varzi/Chiron were paired together in one while the other went the second team of Divo/Bouriat. Privateers Jean-Pierre Wimille and Marcel Lehoux had also now received their new Type 51s, to augment the works team with co-drivers Jean Gaupillat and Philippe Étancelin as their respective co-drivers. Bugatti\'s rival, Alfa Romeo, had three cars entered: two of the 8C-2300 models for Campari/Arcangeli and Marinoni/Zehender while the new Tipo A *bimotore* was assigned to Nuvolari/Borzacchini. The Scuderia Ferrari owners Caniato/Tadini entered their 6C-1750 model and Francesco Pirola ran a 6C-1500 \"voiturette\" with racing journalist *Conte* \"Johnny\" Lurani. Two big Mercedes SSKs arrived, raced by Antonio Maino, and Boris Ivanowski. The Russian émigré had a hectic schedule for his car, with six major races in nine weeks which also included running it in the 24-hour races at Le Mans and Spa. The race was also the third round of the Italian driver\'s championship. Umberto Klinger and Luigi Castelbarco both had their Maseratis, while the Scuderia Materassi ran their 1920s-vintage Talbot 700s. The final arrival was Robert Sénéchal in his equally dated 1.5-litre Delage. Official practice was on Friday and Saturday. The Type A was found to be quite twitchy. While the teams were at Saturday lunch, Luigi Arcangeli took the car out for his first trial-runs. But after a sighting lap, he went off at speed at the Curva del Violone going onto the back straight, just as Ugo Sivocci had done in 1923 testing the new Alfa Romeo P1. Thrown from the car, he was killed instantly, with the car having apparently gone off the road at speed, side-swiping a tree and rolling several times. The Alfa Romeo team was ready to withdraw from the race until a telegram from Mussolini himself arrived that night, ordering them to race for Italian pride.
A sunny race-day did not see Maino\'s Mercedes or Castelbarco\'s Maserati on the grid. The Tipo A test-car had been prepared overnight by Alfa Romeo, who re-arranged their driver line-up: Marinoni was now paired up with Campari while reserve driver Minoia came in to drive with Zehender. At 8am, Air Force Marshal Italo Balbo waved the chequered flag to the 14 remaining starters. Campari shot into the lead but at the end of the first lap it was Varzi had passed him, ahead of Étancelin, Klinger and Ivanowski. With Divo and Sénéchal pitting early, the field soon split into distinct groups. Near the end of the first hour, after fifteen laps, Varzi had just lapped Nuvolari in fifth and held a one-minute lead over Campari with Lehoux and Minoia the only others on the lead lap. Surprisingly, only the Scuderia Ferrari Alfa had retired so far. In an effort to catch up, Campari set a new lap record on lap 24 but near the 2-hour mark, the Nuvolari/Borzacchini Alfa stopped on --track when one of its engines seized up. The Bugattis were having tyre problems though and when Varzi stopped, Campari took the lead. When he, in turn, pitted it was Nuvolari, not Marinoni, who took over the car. Similarly, Borzacchini subbed in for Zehender in the other Alfa. In the third hour, Chiron coasted into the pits to retire with a broken differential. This left Alfa Romeo running 1-2, a lap ahead of the privateer Bugatti of Lehoux and Maserati of Klinger, who moved up a spot when Lehoux\'s engine expired in the fourth hour.
By the halfway point, as predicted, the race has become a monotonous procession with only ten cars still running. The works Bugatti was having ongoing tyre-problems until changing over to the heavier-duty tyres used in the Targa Florio race. They were now third, three laps behind the leader. In the sixth hour, Varzi also drove the car for twenty laps. Campari passed 1000 km in just under 6½ hours. Klinger and Ghersi had an extended stop that dropped them from 4th to 8th. All the privateers were having various issues, all falling many laps behind. In the end, Sénéchal only drove five hours and would not be classified after changing three magnetos, not covering the 60% of the winner\'s distance. With a certain inevitability, the race continued to its conclusion. Campari and Nuvolari cruised home with a two-lap lead over their teammates with the works Bugatti coming third a lap further back. Wimille\'s Bugatti was seventeen laps behind the winner in fourth, while Klinger came out the pits at the end to be the last classified finisher in eighth. Because Ruggeri took over five minutes to complete his final lap, it was discounted and he was demoted to seventh behind Pirola's Alfa on the same lap. With a 1-2 victory, breaking the Bugatti hold on Grand Prix wins, Alfa Romeo celebrated by giving their new car the "Monza" moniker.
After several false starts in the 1920s, a major race was finally held in Switzerland. Filed too late to the AIACR to be called the Swiss Grand Prix, it was instead run as the Geneva Grand Prix on a triangular town-to-town track to the west of the city, on the French border. As it was on the same weekend as the Rome Grand Prix, the Italian driver did not race. Nor did Chiron who, upon leaving his entry late, had travelled ahead leaving a mechanic to drive his Bugatti to the venue. When the tired mechanic crashed the car badly en route, he was left without a drive. The race was run as three heats, for the separate classes, leading to a 27-lap final. In the main-class heat, the Bugattis of Lehoux and Czaykowski were duelling closely. Lehoux had just lapped Klinger's Maserati but when Czaykowski tried to pass the two collided. His car slewed off the road into a roadside house killing one and injuring two others. Czaykowski himself had a broken rib and bruised legs. Lehoux went on to win the final later in the day. Three other races were held on this busiest racing weekend of the year. Mercedes won two of the races -- Caracciola the Eifelrennen at the Nürburgring, while Hans Stuck won the Lwów Grand Prix in Poland. Most attention though was on the Rome Grand Prix, this year held on a banked high-speed circuit around the airfield in the north of the city. Being the next round of the Italian championship, it drew a big field and, as before, was run as a series of heats with a 60-lap final. Only the Maserati works team arrived -- led by Ernesto Maserati in the 4-litre V4, with Fagioli and Dreyfus in the 26M and Biondetti in the 2-litre 26B. Their main competition would be Varzi\'s Bugatti and Nuvolari running both his own Type 35C and a loaned 2.3-litre Type 35B. A shrewd move as his own car failed in the second heat. In the final, Varzi led from Maserati, Dreyfus and Fagioli. Nuvolari was out early with broken suspension and on the fifteenth lap, Varzi burst a tyre and lost time in the pits. He had driven hard back into third when his ignition broke. Despite Fagioli being delayed, Maserati was able to lead home his team to a 1-2-3 finish with Biondetti coming through for third.
The ACF promoted the French Grand Prix as the 25th edition. Although the first Grand Prix had been in 1906, there had only 17 races. However, the ACF included the inter-city races from 1895 to 1903 to add to their prestige. For the first Grand Prix\'s 25th anniversary, a special luncheon was held with the first two winners, Ferenc Szisz and Felice Nazzaro, as guests of honour. But it did provide one of the strongest entry lists for many years with all three works teams entered. The AIACR rules said the same driver combinations had to carry over for each race. Bugatti maintained their team. Alfa Romeo, after the enforced changes following Arcangeli\'s death, changed around their driver pairings again. Borzacchini now co-drove with Campari, with Nuvolari had Giovanni Minozzi and Minoia with Zehender, although this removed their co-drivers from the championship reckoning. Maserati had their new 2.8-litre Tipo 26M for Fagioli/Maserati. The other pairs, Dreyfus/Ghersi and Biondetti/Parenti had the older 2.5-litre. A strong privateer field was entered: Wimille and Lehoux in their Bugattis, Caracciola and Ivanowski had their 7-litre Mercedes -- the first time German cars had raced at the Grand Prix since 1914. The race also attracted a significant British contingent; Earl Howe, having just won the Le Mans 24-hour the week before in his Alfa Romeo 8C-2300 tourer, now had a new Bugatti Type 51, while his victorious co-driver Tim Birkin ran a Maserati 26M. "Williams" ran his 2-litre Bugatti, William Scott had a 5-year old Delage and Jack Dunfee had a 1925 Sunbeam. All in all there were 23 starters. In practice Bugatti again found, as at Le Mans a week earlier, that their Michelin tyres were failing. They were going to withdraw but Williams still had a set of Dunlop tyres to test with. A full set of tyres was flown out overnight from England for the team and in gratitude gave "Williams" a third works car for the race, rejoining the team.
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1931 Grand Prix season
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10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Season review {#season_review}
### The European Championship {#the_european_championship}
On the startline, Dunfee's Sunbeam broke its universal joint. Fagioli\'s Maserati led the first lap from team-mate Dreyfus with the Bugattis of Chiron, "Williams", Lehoux and Divo following. Chiron took the lead on the fourth lap and he and Fagioli continued swapping the lead for the next two hours. Around three hours the first refueling and driver-changes started. Varzi was able to build a half-lap lead over Maserati, with Ghersi close behind in formation. Minozzi\'s Alfa, and the Bugattis of Bouriat and Conelli were the only other cars remaining on the lead lap. In the fourth hour, Maserati started slipping back with brake issues while the problematic supercharger on Caracciola\'s Mercedes finally stopped the car out on the track. After five hours, the spectators were getting bored and wandered off for lunch. Despite seventeen cars still running, the long 12 km circuit spread them out to a monotonous procession. Chiron now had nearly a full lap\'s lead over Divo, with Dreyfus, "Williams" and the Alfas of Nuvolari and Minoia following. Campari was well down, five laps back, after persistent brake problems. The Bugattis benefitted from having a one-piece wheel and brake-drum unit which meant brakes could be changed at each pit stop in the same time as changing wheels, thereby avoiding such issues. This superior pitwork got the three works Bugattis into the top-three by the sixth hour. But in the 7th hour, the "Williams" car broke its universal joint and retired. The Dreyfus Maserati had severe brake problems, spending a long time in the pits and in the end had to pillage a spare from the now-retired Fagioli car. A similar ailment afflicted the Nuvolari Alfa soon after. The order settled down for the next few hours: Chiron and Varzi had a lap on Divo/Bouriat while the delays to others put Campari/Borzacchini into third albeit four laps further back. Next were the Maseratis of Birkin and Biondetti. In the final hour, Divo came to a stop on the track -- the bolts on the engine had worked loose and he had no tools on board. Told to slow down by his pit, Varzi dropped his lap times by a minute to protect the car. Despite Campari putting in fast laps at the end, Varzi/Chiron still had a comfortable victory, completing exactly 100 laps, three laps ahead of the Alfa Romeo, with the Biondetti/Parenti Maserati third. Birkin/Eyston were the first privateers home in fourth, while the cars of Divo and Nuvolari, though not running at the end, had covered sufficient distance to be classified for points.
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# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Season review {#season_review}
### July
Two weeks later, the French drivers met again at the very fast Reims circuit for the Marne GP. The entry-list was dominated by Bugattis and the favourites included Chiron, Lehoux and a fit-again Czaykowski in their Type 51s. Lehoux\'s erstwhile co-driver, Philippe Étancelin, was now driving the first Alfa Romeo 8C 'Monza' in private hands and René Dreyfus entered for the Maserati works team. Chiron only lasted two laps, put out by gearbox failure, and it was Lehoux taking the lead and extending it over Dreyfus and Czaykowski and Étancelin. Which is how it stayed for the next two hours, with Lehoux setting the fastest lap at an average of nearly 150 km/h and winning by two minutes.
Just a week later was the third, and final, race in the new Championship: the Belgian Grand Prix run a week after the 24-hour sports-car race at the same circuit. The calculation was simple: Campari, with a first and a second, only needed to finish to be crowned the inaugural European Champion. Once again Maserati chose not to attend, nominally to better prepare for the upcoming (non-Championship) German Grand Prix. Only a dozen cars were entered with a two-way struggle between Bugatti an Alfa Romeo expected: after their failure at Monza, Bugatti had changed to Dunlop tyres, while Alfa Romeo had adjusted their rear-axle ratio to address the lack of speed shown at Montlhéry. Bugatti kept the same three pairings they used at Montlhéry, while Alfa Corse changed theirs again. This time put Zehender with Campari while Nuvolari and Borzacchini combined once more. Minozzi co-drove for Minoia, who was given the Targa Florio-styled version, with external fuel-tank and bucket seats. Tim Birkin entered his Alfa Romeo, converted to racing format from the touring style he had run at the 24-hour endurance the week before. Racing with Eyston at that event, he now teamed up with Brian Lewis, *Baron* Essendon, who himself has previously co-drove with *Earl* Howe at Montlhéry. French privateer Jean Pesato had his smaller 1.75-litre Alfa and Jean-Pierre Wimille was in his Type 51. The final entrants were Ivanowski\'s Mercedes and the Montier father and son with their Ford Specials.
Grand Prix cars had last raced at Spa in 1925 and Varzi beat the lap record on the first lap from a standing start. Immediately the rivalry between Varzi and Nuvolari started with the lead changing back and forth. After one hour (nine laps) the two were still nose-to-tail, with "Williams" further back in third, followed by Minoia, Wimille, Divo, Birkin and Campari driving a conservative race and Ivanowski. Already Pesato and the Montiers were falling well behind. As expected, the cars made their first pit-stops in the third hour with only Chiron, Borzacchini and Conelli now on the lead lap. During his stint, Chiron put in faster and faster laps to start building a lead over the Alfa. Just after the sixth hour, when the second changes were expected, great drama occurred. Coming down to La Source hairpin, Campari\'s car suddenly burst into flames. Despite the driver\'s attempts to put it out the fire destroyed the car -- the early DNF would cost Campari 6 championship points. Around a similar time, Chiron pulled off the track to repair the engine magneto. Although able to get going again, he would not get much further as the camshaft was broken.
This now left Nuvolari/Borzacchini with a 9 km (4-minute) lead over "Williams"/Conelli, with Minoia and Divo both two laps back. Then, when Divo/Bouriat retired in the 7th hour with a broken differential, this moved Birkin's Alfa Romeo up to fourth, running four laps behind. Going into the last hour, Conelli pitted for a very fast refuel and brake-change. "Williams" went out and put in very fast laps, gaining on the Alfa Romeo at a rate of around ten seconds a lap. When Borzacchini came into the pits with a misfire complaining of fuel-feed problems, the Bugatti took the lead. After several stops, Nuvolari did some repairs then jumped in and took off with a misfire, now a lap behind. Although he caught and passed the Bugatti, time had run out. "Williams" took the flag by three-quarters of a lap, the Bugatti having spent only five minutes in the pits. Minoia/Minozzi were three laps behind, with Birkin's Alfa fourth and Ivanowski\'s Mercedes in fifth a dozen laps behind the winner. Minoia\'s third place put him on equal points as Campari after the latter\'s early retirement, and having finished all three races, he won the tie-break by having covered just over 560 km further. Now a 47-year old veteran, Minoia had started racing in the 1907 Targa Florio and won the inaugural Mille Miglia. He became the first European Driver\'s Champion.
The fifth German Grand Prix was held at the Nürburgring, using only the longer *Nordschleife* track for the first time. A big field of 31 starters took part in two classes: the cyclecars and *voiturettes* up to 1100cc would run 18 laps while the main class did 22 laps. Although there was no works team, Mercedes-Benz was well represented in their home Grand Prix with six cars, led by Rudolf Caracciola along with Hans Stuck and up-and-coming Manfred von Brauchitsch. The Bugatti team arrived in force with four cars, for Varzi, Chiron, Divo and Bouriat. There was also the German Bugatti Team with two cars -- a Type 51 for von Morgen and an older 35B for Burggaller. Lehoux, Wimille and *Earl* Howe also arrived with their Type 51s. Maserati, having missed the Belgian GP, had four cars entered although only two arrived -- for Fagioli and Dreyfus. Alfa Romeo were to be represented by the Scuderia Ferrari, but Borzacchini did not arrive so Nuvolari was their sole starter. The other notable entry was that of American driver Phil "Red" Shafer who bought his own Shafer Special, a 2-seat racecar with a 4.3-litre Buick engine.
A huge crowd of over 100,000 arrived in drizzle for the 10am start. "Williams" had taken over Divo's Bugatti and his own car was scratched. The big Mercedes were at the front of the grid while the Bugatti works team were all stuck in the middle with Nuvolari and Wimille at the back. Caracciola led Fagioli, von Morgen and Varzi at the end of the first lap, but by the end of the second lap Nuvolari had got up to fourth. After an hour, and five laps, Caracciola had a 1-minute lead over Nuvolari and Fagioli. On the 12th lap most of the cars (aside Nuvolari and von Morgen) pitted for refuelling as the rain gradually eased. Chiron had sped up as the track dried and passed Nuvolari but was still two minutes behind Caracciola. The rough, undulating track was damaging suspensions and cause oil leaks and a number of drivers (including "Williams", Fagioli, Shafer and Dreyfus) retired with damaged engines or gearboxes for lack of oil in them. Although Chiron was steadily catching Caracciola, the German was able to manage his tyres well and held on to win by just over a minute. Varzi put in the fastest lap of the race to overtake von Morgen for third, who was losing oil pressure and retired on the last lap. This was the first motor-race to be broadcast over radio, with four commentators stationed at key corners reporting in via telephone.
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1931 Grand Prix season
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# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Season review {#season_review}
### Italy in August {#italy_in_august}
While the German drivers were at the Avusrennen, most of the rest of Europe\'s top drivers were at the Coppa Ciano at the end of a week-long festival of racing on the coast at Livorno. It was another close race between Bugatti, Alfa Romeo and Maserati, and with a combined field with the voiturettes there were over 40 starters, started in threes at 1-minute intervals. Nuvolari, racing for the Scuderia Ferrari, took the lead initially and after his nearest rivals Fagioli and Varzi had early issues, was able to build a strong lead. Late in the race, Chiron pressed hard and Nuvolari had a small excursion on the hilly roads that made him drop his pace. But despite Chiron completing the race first, it was Nuvolari\'s victory on elapsed time.
A fortnight later, the circus re-convened for the Coppa Acerbo on the long, fast Pescara circuit. Many of the French drivers were at the Saint-Gaudens race in southern France, but a quality field was entered for the penultimate round of the Italian Championship. The long straights favoured the big *bimotore* with Nuvolari and Campari driving the Alfa Romeo Tipo A (under Scuderia Ferrari) and Maserati in his V4. Varzi and Chiron were again nominally independents but had Bugatti factory support. Campari led the start from Fagioli, Nuvolari and Varzi. But once again, as at AVUS the hot temperatures and very high speeds played havoc with the tyres. Maserati, Fagioli and Varzi were delayed with delamination issues. Nuvolari pursued Campari and took the lead only for the pace to blow a gasket on one of his engines and overheat it. Campari drove more cautiously and took the victory from Chiron with Nuvolari\'s crippled Alfa third. The championship culminated at the Monza Grand Prix. The race format was a 14-lap heat for each of the three classes with the top finishers of those racing off in a 35-lap final. The works teams arrived with full sets of their new cars for the fast track: Alfa Romeo had the biggest presence with top drivers Nuvolari and Campari in the Tipo A in the over 3-litre class, while Minoia, Borzacchini and Minozzi had the "Monza" Grand Prix car in the middle-class. Bugatti had Varzi and Chiron in the 5-litre Type 54. While Ernesto Maserati raced the big V4, teammates Fagioli and Dreyfus now both had the 2.8-litre 8C with Ruggeri in the older 26M, looking for a win in the 2-litre class. He was up against a field of Bugatti Type 35s and Alfa Romeo 6Cs. Marcel Lehoux was the only driver in a Bugatti Type 51 and "Phi-Phi" Étancelin had his Alfa Romeo 'Monza'. Ruggeri won the first heat, in the 2-litre class, for Maserati beating the Bugattis of Castelbarco and Czaykowski. Maserati was triumphant again in the second heat (for 3-litre cars) with Fagioli and Dreyfus leading home Minoia and Lehoux. Perhaps surprisingly, it was Nuvolari\'s Alfa Romeo, and not the Bugattis, that had tyre problems in the third heat, with Varzi and Chiron leading home the Italians. Finally, there was an open repêchage race for those cars finishing 5th -- 8th in each heat. In the end only four cars chose to enter, but tragedy struck near the end of the race when Étancelin went off the track at the Lesmo corner into spectators standing in an illegal area. Two were killed and fourteen wounded; Étancelin himself of only slightly injured. Borzacchini, Minozzi and Ghersi qualified. The four qualifiers from the 2-litre heat, knowing they would be outclassed, all chose not to contest the final. In the slipstreaming battle, the lead changed several times in the early part of the race. Nuvolari retired with blown piston and by the tenth lap, Fagioli, Varzi, Dreyfus and Chiron had established a gap. Nuvolari called Minoia, the newly crowned European Champion, in to take over his car. The Bugattis had a bad race: Varzi had to pit twice for a successive tyre failures, and tyre debris severed one of Chiron\'s brake cables. Although Dreyfus also suffered engine issues, Fagioli continued on untroubled to take the win, a minute ahead of Borzacchini. Varzi recovered to take third while the Nuvolari/Minoia car was fourth. The victory put Varzi, Nuvolari, Campari and Fagioli all on equal points in the championship. The RACI decreed that Nuvolari and Campari had precedence as they had won the major races -- Nuvolari won the Targa Florio and together they had won the Italian GP. In the end, they awarded the championship to Campari.
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1931 Grand Prix season
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# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Season review {#season_review}
### The end of the season {#the_end_of_the_season}
The last major event of the year was the second Masaryk Circuit, held on the long road circuit west of the city of Brno. With the other national events completed, it was able to attract most of the top European drivers and teams. Maserati and Fagioli ran their 8C cars; Alfa Romeo drivers Nuvolari, Borzacchini and Siena raced for the Scuderia Ferrari while Varzi, Chiron and Lehoux had their own Bugattis. Caracciola and Stuck also ran as privateers, although had notable factory support from Mercedes-Benz. A big crowd arrived on a cold Sunday morning for the race, started by former driver Eliška Junková. As a memorial to her husband, killed in 1928 at the German GP, the would be a special prize to the fastest driver on the seventh lap. From the start, Fagioli burst into the lead, but on the second lap he hit a wooden pedestrian bridge support collapsing it and blocking the road. Somehow Borzacchini, Lehoux and Chiron were able to squeeze past but Nuvolari, Varzi and Caracciola could not avoid the wreckage, damaging their own cars. Varzi pitted to change three wheels, and also dropped off Nuvolari who had hitched a ride back with him.
Racing was strong again in Europe, with most of the major races easily attracting well over 100,000 spectators, despite the hard economic climate. There was a diversity of cars and the different manufacturers were well-matched and provided exciting racing with variety of personalities for the crowds to rally behind, as their favourites. It was apparent the power base for motor-racing was in Italy. Throughout the season, many of the major races also ran a voiturette race before or alongside them. Usually for cars up to 1.1 or 1.5-litre engines, they were well-supported with good sized fields. The most consistent performer was Frenchman José Scaron, in his 1.1-litre supercharged Amilcar. He won the Italian Voiturette Grand Prix (held with the Monza GP) and at Casablanca, and placed at the German and Tunis Grands Prix and was often racing against driver in their 1.5-litre supercharged Bugatti Type 37As. Overall it had been a very positive year for Mercedes. With the depressed German economy, there was no sponsorship money available from fuel or automotive companies and managing director Wilhelm Kissel had closed the works racing team at the end of 1930 following the wishes of his board. However, development on the SSK produced the new lightweight model, and Kissel was able to provide works assistance to his best driver, Rudolf Caracciola, nominally running as a privateer. With the SSKL, he became the first foreigner to win the Mille Miglia after the two favourites, Nuvolari and Varzi, both had early issues. Caracciola also won the three major German races in the year -- the Avusrennen, Eifelrennen and national Grand Prix and retained the European Mountain Championship. According to Alfred Neubauer, his prizemoney came to RM180,000, when a Mercedes machinist earned RM2500 annually. And to cap it all, Mercedes won the Spa 24-hours and was second in the Le Mans 24 hour sports-car races. This boded well for the German manufacturer's future.
| 532 |
1931 Grand Prix season
| 13 |
10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Championship final standings {#championship_final_standings}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | Pos | Driver | Team | ITA\ | FRA\ | BEL\ | Pts | Total km | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|ITA|1861}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flagicon|BEL}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
| +=====+=================================================+===========================+=======================================+===================================+====================================+==========+==========+ | |
| | 1 | Ferdinando Minoia | Alfa Corse | 2 | 6 | **3** | 9 | 3935.3 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 2 | Giuseppe Campari | Alfa Corse | *1* | 2 | Ret | 9 | 3368.9 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | \* | Baconin Borzacchini | Alfa Corse | Ret / \[2\] | \[2\]\* | 2 | \[11\]\* | 2834.1 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 3 | Albert Divo | Usines Bugatti | 3 | 7 | Ret | 12 | 3410.3 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Guy Bouriat | | 3 | 7 | Ret | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 4 | Tazio Nuvolari | Alfa Corse | Ret / \[1\] | Ret | 2 | 13 | 2689.0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 5 | Achille Varzi | Usines Bugatti | Ret / \[3\] | 1 | Ret | 13 | 2353.6 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Louis Chiron | | Ret | 1 | Ret | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 6 | Jean-Pierre Wimille | *Private Entry* | 4 | Ret | Ret | 14 | 3242.6 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Jean Gaupillat | | 4 | Ret | Ret | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 7 | William Grover-Williams | Usines Bugatti | | Ret | 1 | 14 | 2137.5 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Caberto Conelli | | | Ret | 1 | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 8 | /`{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} Boris Ivanowski | *Private Entry* | 5 | Ret | 5 | 15 | 2740.3 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Henri Stoffel | | 5 | Ret | 5 | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | \* | Giovanni Minozzi | Alfa Corse | | \[Ret\]\* | \[**3**\]\* | \[15\]\* | 2324.0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 9 | Henry Birkin | *Private Entry* | | 4 | 4 | 16 | 2425.8 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | \* | *Baron* Essendon | *Private Entry* | | Ret | \[4\]\* | \[16\]\* | 2215.9 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 10 | Jean Pesato | *Private Entry* | | 10 | 6 | 16 | 2144.5 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Pierre Félix | | | 10 | 6 | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | \* | Pietro Ghersi | Officine Alfieri Maserati | \[8\]\* | 8 | | \[17\]\* | 2248.3 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 11 | Robert Sénéchal | *Private Entry* | **NC** | 5 | | 17 | 1952.5 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Henri Frètet | | **NC** | 5 | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | \* | Goffredo Zehender | Alfa Corse | DNS | 6 | \[Ret\]\* | \[18\]\* | 1722.2 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 12 | Clemente Biondetti | Officine Alfieri Maserati | | 3 | | 19 | 1187.5 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Luigi Parenti | | | 3 | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 13 | Francesco Pirola | *Private Entry* | 6 | | | 20 | 1300.0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Giovanni Lurani | | 6 | | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 14 | Amadeo Ruggeri | Scuderia Materassi | 7 | | | 20 | 1290.5 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Renato Balestrero | | 7 | | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 15 | George Eyston | *Private Entry* | | 4 | | 20 | 1185.8 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 16 | René Dreyfus | Officine Alfieri Maserati | | 8 | | 20 | 1108.3 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 17 | René Ferrand | *Private Entry* | | 9 | | 20 | 1070.5 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Louis Rigal | | | 9 | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 18 | *Earl* Howe | *Private Entry* | | Ret | | 20 | 975.9 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 19 | Umberto Klinger | *Private Entry* | 8 | | | 21 | 1140.0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 20 | Roberto di Vecchio | *Private Entry* | Ret | | | 21 | 870.0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Gerolamo Ferrari | | Ret | | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 21 | Charles Montier | *Private Entry* | | | 7 | 21 | 864.2 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | . Ducolombier | | | | 7 | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 22 | Ferdinand Montier | *Private Entry* | | | Ret | 21 | 835.2 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 23 | Emilio Eminente | *Private Entry* | | Ret | | 21 | 741.9 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Edmond Bourlier | | | Ret | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 24 | Georges d\'Arnoux | *Private Entry* | | Ret | | 21 | 729.0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Max Fourny | | | Ret | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 25 | Marcel Lehoux | *Private Entry* | Ret | Ret | | 21 | 678.3 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Philippe Étancelin | | Ret | Ret | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 26 | Enzo Grimaldi | *Private Entry* | | Ret | | 22 | 616.4 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | . Borgiat | | | Ret | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 27 | Luigi Fagioli | Officine Alfieri Maserati | | *Ret* | | 22 | 566.5 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Ernesto Maserati | | | Ret | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 28 | Rudolf Caracciola | *Private Entry* | | Ret | | 22 | 490.8 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Otto Merz | | | Ret | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 29 | William Scott | *Private Entry* | | **Ret** | | 23 | 276.8 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Sydenham Armstrong-Payne | | | **Ret** | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 30 | Alfredo Caniato | Scuderia Ferrari | Ret | | | 23 | 150.0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | Mario Tadini | | Ret | | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 31= | Attilio Marinoni | Alfa Corse | DNS | | | 23 | 0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | 31= | Jack Dunfee | *Private Entry* | | Ret | | 23 | 0 | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | . Appleyard | | | Ret | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
| | Pos | Driver | Team | ITA\ | FRA\ | BEL\ | Pts | Total km | | |
| | | | | `{{flagicon|Italy|1861}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{flagicon|Belgium}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
| +-----+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------+----------+ | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
*Note: \*Not racing with his designated co-driver, therefore AIACR rules excluded him from the Championship standings*
**Bold** font indicates starting on pole position, while *italics* show the driver of the race\'s fastest lap.
Source: Information for 1st to 7th drivers originates from 1931 AUTOMOBIL-REVUE, while data for drivers 8 to 30 was compiled in 2008.
| 1,523 |
1931 Grand Prix season
| 14 |
10,061,118 |
# 1931 Grand Prix season
## Results of the other major races {#results_of_the_other_major_races}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th data-valign="middle"><p>Pos</p></th>
<th data-valign="middle"><p>Driver</p></th>
<th data-valign="middle"><p>Team</p></th>
<th><p>TUN<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>MON<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>ALS<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>TGF<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>ROM<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>MAR<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>GER<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>CCN<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>CAC<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>MNZ<br />
</p></th>
<th><p>MSK<br />
</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Louis Chiron</p></td>
<td><p>Automobiles Ettore Bugatti<br />
<em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p><em>1</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p><em>1</em></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Achille Varzi</p></td>
<td><p>Automobiles Ettore Bugatti<br />
<em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p>1</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p><em>1</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p><em>3</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p><em>Ret</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p><em>3</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p><em>5</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p><em>3</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Tazio Nuvolari</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Corse<br />
Scuderia Ferrari</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p>1</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p>1</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p><em>3</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret [4]</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Luigi Fagioli</p></td>
<td><p>Officine Alfieri Maserati</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret [7]</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p>1</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret<br />
[Ret]</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Marcel Lehoux</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p><em>1</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Giuseppe Campari</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Corse<br />
Scuderia Ferrari</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p>1</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Ernesto Maserati</p></td>
<td><p>Officine Alfieri Maserati</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Rudolf Caracciola</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffbf;"><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Baconin Borzacchini</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Corse<br />
Scuderia Ferrari</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>René Dreyfus</p></td>
<td><p>Officine Alfieri Maserati</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p><em>Ret</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Giovanni Minozzi</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em><br />
Alfa Corse</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Hans Stuck</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Heinrich-Joachim von Morgen</p></td>
<td><p>Deutsches Bugatti Team</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p>3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Clemente Biondetti</p></td>
<td><p>Officine Alfieri Maserati</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>/ Stanisław Czaykowski</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffdf9f;"><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>René Dreyfus</p></td>
<td><p>Officine Alfieri Maserati</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Renato Balestrero</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>Res</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Luigi Castelbarco</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Philippe Étancelin</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Ferdinando Minoia</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Corse</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>"Hýta" (George-Christian Lobkovicz)</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Goffredo Zehender</p></td>
<td><p>Scuderia Ferrari<br />
Alfa Corse</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>[6]</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Luigi Arcangeli</p></td>
<td><p>Scuderia Ferrari<br />
Alfa Corse</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background:#C0C0C0;"><p>[†]</p></td>
<td style="background:#C0C0C0;"></td>
<td style="background:#C0C0C0;"></td>
<td style="background:#C0C0C0;"></td>
<td style="background:#C0C0C0;"></td>
<td style="background:#C0C0C0;"></td>
<td style="background:#C0C0C0;"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Guido d'Ippolito</p></td>
<td><p>Alfa Corse<br />
Scuderia Ferrari</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Domenico Cerami</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Jean de Maleplane</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Otto Merz</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Hermann, <em>Prinz</em> zu Leiningen</p></td>
<td><p>Deutsches Bugatti Team</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Francesco Severi</p></td>
<td><p>Scuderia Ferrari</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>10</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>André Boillot</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Ernst-Günther von Burggaller</p></td>
<td><p>Deutsches Bugatti Team</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Aristide Lumachi</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Franco Cortese</p></td>
<td><p>Scuderia Ferrari</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>/ Theodor Zichy</p></td>
<td><p><em>Private Entry</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td data-valign="middle"><p>Pos</p></td>
<td data-valign="middle"><p>Driver</p></td>
<td data-valign="middle"><p>Team</p></td>
<td><p>TUN<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>MON<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>ALS<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>TGF<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>ROM<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>MAR<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>GER<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>CCN<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>CAC<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>MNZ<br />
</p></td>
<td><p>MSK<br />
</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
*italics* show the driver of the race\'s fastest lap.\
Only those drivers with a best finish of 6th or better, or a fastest lap, are shown
| 1,047 |
1931 Grand Prix season
| 15 |
10,061,135 |
# Como West Public School
**Como West Public School** is a comprehensive public primary (K--6) school located in the Sydney suburb of Como West, New South Wales, Australia. As of 2007, it had an enrolment of 290 students. Now it is suspected to have more than 320 students. Typically, graduating students from Como West move on to The Jannali High School.
## History
The school was established in 1950. However, it was destroyed by the bushfires in 1994 and then the school was rebuilt on the original land in 1995.
## Prayer controversy {#prayer_controversy}
A major controversy erupted in 1996 when a prayer, said at morning assembly, was banned without local consultation. Christopher Downy and Fred Nile raised the matter in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly on 29 October 1996. After taking legal advice, Jeffrey Shaw ruled on 4 December 1996 that the prayer was acceptable.
## Facilities
The school received a major state grant of \$143,999 to upgrade its IT facilities.
In June 2008 the state tendered for an extension to the school library
| 176 |
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| 0 |
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# North Sanpete High School
**North Sanpete High School** is a public high school serving grades 9 through 12 located in Mount Pleasant, Utah, United States. It is the only high school serving the North Sanpete School District.
Communities in the district include Mount Pleasant, Fairview, Fountain Green, Moroni, Spring City, and Wales.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Vasco M
| 60 |
North Sanpete High School
| 0 |
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# William H. Lacy Jr.
**William Howard Lacy Jr.** (1945 -- August 28, 2016) was the CEO of MGIC Investment from 1987 to 1999, the largest provider of private mortgage insurance in the United States. Lacy was among various Wisconsin business executives criticized for cashing in stock options while corporate profits remained flat.
He was born in Chicago and attended the United States Air Force Academy and graduated from the University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee with a bachelor\'s degree in Business Administration in 1968.
Lacy was a director of Johnson Controls, American Capital Access (ACA Capital) and Ocwen Financial Corp. He died of respiratory failure on August 28, 2016
| 107 |
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| 0 |
10,061,200 |
# 1609 in poetry
*--- Last lines from William Shakespeare\'s*Sonnet 18*, published this year and, four centuries later, still \"eternal lines\"*
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation\'s poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Events
- May 20 -- London publisher Thomas Thorpe issues *Shake-speares Sonnets*, with a dedication to \"Mr. W.H.\", and the poem *A Lover\'s Complaint* appended; it is uncertain whether this publication has Shakespeare\'s authority.
- October 12 -- A version of the rhyme \"Three Blind Mice\" is published in *Deuteromelia or The Seconde part of Musicks melodie* (London). The editor, and possible author of the verse, is the teenage Thomas Ravenscroft.
## Works in English {#works_in_english}
- Robert Armin:
- *The Italian Taylor, and his Boy*
- *The History of the Two Maids of More-clacke*
- George Chapman, *Homer Prince of Poets*, translation of Homer\'s *Iliad*, published about this year
- Samuel Daniel completes the eighth and last book of his epic poem, *The Civile Wars Betweene the Howses of Lancaster and Yorke Corrected and Continued* (also known as *Civil Wars*)
- John Davies:
- *The Holy Roode; or, Christs Crosse*
- *Humours Heav\'n on Earth: With the civile warres of death and fortune*
- Thomas Heywood, *Troia Britanica; or, Great Britaines Troy*, translated in part from Ovid
- Gervase Markham, *The Famous Whore, or Noble Curtizan*, based on Joachim Du Bellay\'s *La vielle courtisane*
- Samuel Rowlands, *A Whole Crew of Kind Gossips*, published anonymously, includes \"Tis Merrie When Gossips Meete\" (1602)
- William Shakespeare, *Shake-speares Sonnets*
- Edmund Spenser, *Two Cantos of Mutabilitie* published together with a reprint of *The Fairie Queene*
- John Wilbye, *The Second Set of Madrigales*
## Works published in other languages {#works_published_in_other_languages}
- Luis Belmonte Bermúdez, *Vida del Padre Maestro Ignacio de Loyola* (\"Life of Father Ignatius of Loyola\"), an epic poem on the saint\'s lifeComte, Deborah, [\"Belmonte Bermúdez, Luis de\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=bsvkun_p3SgC), article, p 183,
Bleiberg, Germán, *Dictionary of the literature of the Iberian peninsula, Volume 1*, as retrieved from Google Books on September 6, 2011
Spain
- Marc Lescarbot, *Les Muses de la Nouvelle-France*, French Canada
## Births
- February 10 -- John Suckling (died 1642), English
- August 19 -- Jean Rotrou (died 1650), French poet and tragedian
- October 5 -- Paul Fleming (died 1640), German
## Deaths
- March 9 -- William Warner (born c. 1558), English
- December 4 -- Alexander Hume (born c. 1560), Scottish
- December -- Barnabe Barnes (born c
| 414 |
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| 0 |
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# Giant lily
**Giant lily** is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
- *Victoria amazonica*, a water lily native to the shallow waters of the Amazon River basin
- *Cardiocrinum giganteum*, a lily native to the Himalayas, China, and Myanmar
| 44 |
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| 0 |
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# 1971 Ryder Cup
The **19th Ryder Cup Matches** were held September 16--18, 1971, in the United States at the Old Warson Country Club in St. Louis, Missouri. The U.S. team won the competition by a score of 18`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1963 through 1971 the competition format was as follows:
- **Day 1** --- 8 foursomes (alternate shot) matches, 4 each in morning and afternoon sessions
- **Day 2** --- 8 four-ball (better ball) matches, 4 each in morning and afternoon sessions
- **Day 3** --- 16 singles matches, 8 each in morning and afternoon sessions
With a total of 32 points, 16`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
## Teams
Source:
-------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Jay Hebert
Miller Barber
Frank Beard
Billy Casper
Charles Coody
Gardner Dickinson
Gene Littler
Jack Nicklaus
Arnold Palmer
Mason Rudolph
J. C. Snead
Dave Stockton
Lee Trevino
-------------------
Six members of the Great Britain team were selected from a points list based on a player\'s best 10 performances in 15 events during the 1971 season, ending with the Benson & Hedges Festival of Golf on 21 August. The remaining six were chosen by a committee and announced on 23 August. The leading six in the points table were: Neil Coles, Peter Oosterhuis, Brian Barnes, Harry Bannerman, Peter Butler and Maurice Bembridge. The committee chose Brian Huggett, Peter Townsend and Bernard Gallacher who had finished 7th, 8th and 9th in the list, together with Tony Jacklin, Christy O\'Connor Snr and John Garner. Jacklin had played most of his golf in America, while O\'Connor had missed much of the season with a wrist injury. Garner was chosen over Tommy Horton who had had a good season in 1970 but had been less consistent than Garner in 1971.
-------------------------
**Team Great Britain**
Name
Eric Brown
Harry Bannerman
Brian Barnes
Maurice Bembridge
Peter Butler
Neil Coles
Bernard Gallacher
John Garner
Brian Huggett
Tony Jacklin
Christy O\'Connor Snr
Peter Oosterhuis
Peter Townsend
-------------------------
## Thursday\'s matches {#thursdays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
Results
---------------------- --------- ----------------------
**Coles/O\'Connor** 2 & 1 Casper/Barber
Townsend/Oosterhuis 2 up **Palmer/Dickinson**
**Huggett/Jacklin** 3 & 2 Nicklaus/Stockton
**Bembridge/Butler** 1 up Coody/Beard
3 Session 1
3 Overall 1
### Afternoon foursomes {#afternoon_foursomes}
Results
------------------------- --------- ------------------------
**Bannerman/Gallacher** 2 & 1 Casper/Barber
Townsend/Oosterhuis 1 up **Palmer/Dickinson**
Huggett/Jacklin halved Trevino/Rudolph
Bembridge/Butler 5 & 3 **Nicklaus/Snead**
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
### Morning four-ball {#morning_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
O\'Connor/Barnes 2 & 1 **Trevino/Rudolph**
Coles/Garner 2 & 1 **Beard/Snead**
Oosterhuis/Gallacher 5 & 4 **Palmer/Dickinson**
Townsend/Bannerman 2 & 1 **Nicklaus/Littler**
0 Session 4
4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
Results
-------------------------- --------- ------------------------
**Gallacher/Oosterhuis** 1 up Trevino/Casper
Jacklin/Huggett 2 & 1 **Littler/Snead**
Townsend/Bannerman 1 up **Palmer/Nicklaus**
Coles/O\'Connor halved Coody/Beard
1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
6 Overall 10
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
### Morning singles {#morning_singles}
Results
------------------------ --------- -------------------------
Tony Jacklin 1 up **Lee Trevino**
Bernard Gallacher halved Dave Stockton
**Brian Barnes** 1 up Mason Rudolph
**Peter Oosterhuis** 4 & 3 Gene Littler
Peter Townsend 3 & 2 **Jack Nicklaus**
Christy O\'Connor 5 & 4 **Gardner Dickinson**
Harry Bannerman halved Arnold Palmer
Neil Coles halved Frank Beard
3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
9`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon singles {#afternoon_singles}
Results
------------------------- --------- -------------------------
Brian Huggett 7 & 6 **Lee Trevino**
Tony Jacklin 1 up **J. C. Snead**
**Brian Barnes** 2 & 1 Miller Barber
Peter Townsend 1 up **Dave Stockton**
**Bernard Gallacher** 2 & 1 Charles Coody
Neil Coles 5 & 3 **Jack Nicklaus**
**Peter Oosterhuis** 3 & 2 Arnold Palmer
**Harry Bannerman** 2 & 1 Gardner Dickinson
4 Session 4
13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 18`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Miller Barber 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 0--0--0
Frank Beard 2 1--1--2 0--0--1 0--1--0 1--0--1
Billy Casper 0 0--3--0 0--0--0 0--2--0 0--1--0
Charles Coody 0.5 0--2--1 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--1
Gardner Dickinson 4 4--1--0 1--1--0 2--0--0 1--0--0
Gene Littler 2 2--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 2--0--0
Jack Nicklaus 5 5--1--0 2--0--0 1--1--0 2--0--0
Arnold Palmer 4.5 4--1--1 0--1--1 2--0--0 2--0--0
Mason Rudolph 1.5 1--1--1 0--1--0 0--0--1 1--0--0
J. C. Snead 4 4--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 2--0--0
Dave Stockton 1.5 1--1--1 1--0--1 0--1--0 0--0--0
Lee Trevino 3.5 3--1--1 2--0--0 0--0--1 1--1--0
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Harry Bannerman 2.5 2--2--1 1--0--1 1--0--0 0--2--0
Brian Barnes 2 2--1--0 2--0--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Maurice Bembridge 1 1--1--0 0--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--0
Peter Butler 1 1--1--0 0--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--0
Neil Coles 2 1--2--2 0--1--1 1--0--0 0--1--1
Bernard Gallacher 3.5 3--1--1 1--0--1 1--0--0 1--1--0
John Garner 0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Brian Huggett 1.5 1--2--1 0--1--0 1--0--1 0--1--0
Tony Jacklin 1.5 1--3--1 0--2--0 1--0--1 0--1--0
Christy O\'Connor 1
| 822 |
1971 Ryder Cup
| 0 |
10,061,266 |
# Bart de Block
**Bart de Block** (born 22 October 1968 in Ghent) is a professional Belgian ballet dancer known for his pointework. He is also a ballet teacher (pointwork, pas-de-deux), choreographer and balletmaster.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bart de Block was born on 22 October 1968 in Gent, Belgium. His mother was a nursing supervisor and his father was a schoolmaster. Both his brother and sister are now engineers.
Noticing a strong ability to move to music, his mother encouraged him to take dance lessons locally at age 9. His teacher suggested that his ability could be improved in Antwerp at the Academy of Royal Ballet of Flanders, which he joined at 11. He would later leave it at age 18, having pursued an advanced ballet course including three years of Graham technique, classical dance, and, of course, regular academic courses. He won several medals in Lausanne, Jackson Mississippi, and Houlgate and earned a High school diploma from the Stedelijk Institute in Antwerp (now known as Royal Balletschool of Antwerp).
## Career
**1986--1987** Royal Ballet of Flanders, Antwerp, Belgium as a member of the \"corps de ballet\"
**1987--1995** Deutsche Oper Berlin, Berlin, Germany as the principal dancer, working with, most notably: Maurice Béjart, Marc Bogaerts, Valery Panov, Sir Kenneth McMillan, John Neumeier, Peter Schaufuss, Karole Armitage, Bill T. Jones, Moses Pendleton, Stephen Petronio, Nacho Duato, Christopher Bruce, Lucinda Childs -- guest with the Kirov ballet, St-Petersburg, dancing Albrecht in Giselle
**1995--1997** Ballet Trockadero, New-York, USA as the principal dancer
**1997--1999** Mark Baldwin Dance Company, London, England as the principal dancer but also as the director\'s assistant
**1999--2001** Royal Ballet of Flanders, Antwerp, Belgium as the principal dancer and also as an administration member
**2002--2003** Jeugd & Dans Company, Antwerp, Belgium as the artistic coordinator
**2003--2007** Les Ballets Gradiva, New York, USA as a guest
| 305 |
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| 0 |
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# Bart de Block
## Principal roles {#principal_roles}
- Agon -- *(Balanchine)* in the First pas de deux
- Cinderella -- *(Valery Panov)* as the Prince
- Cruel Garden -- *(Christopher Bruce)* as Negro
- Duende -- *(Nacho Duato)* in the Principal role
- Different Drummer -- *(Sir K.MacMillan)* as Jesus
- Einhorn -- *(John Neuemeier)* in the title role
- Flowerfestival -- *(A.Bournonville)* in the pas de deux
- Firebird -- *(M.Bejart)* in the title role
- Five Tangos -- (Hans Van Manen) in the Principal role
- Folk Tale -- *(P.Schaufuss)* in the Title role
- Four Temperaments -- *(G.Balanchine)* as the Phlegmatic
- Galaperformance -- *(A. Tudor)* as one of the French couple
- Giselle -- *(P.Schaufuss)* as Albrecht
- La Fille mal Gardee -- in the Principale role
- La Valse -- *(G.Balanchine)* as the soloist
- Land -- *(C.Bruce)* in the Principal role
- Laytext -- *(S.Petronio)* in the Principal role
- Le Corsaire -- performing a mixed Pas de deux
- Leaves are fading -- *(A. Tudor)* in the Principal role
- Le Sacre du Printemps -- *(M.Bejart)* as the young warrior
- Les Intermittences du Coeur -- *(R. Petit)* as a Young Proust and Morel
- Liebestod -- *(V.Panov)* in the Title role
- Moves -- *(V.Panov)* as Michael Jackson
- Notre Dame de Paris -- *(R.Petit)* as Frollo
- *Onegin* -- *(J.Cranko)* as Lenski
- Percussion for six men -- *(V.Nebrada)* in the Bongo variation
- Paquita -- *(Vinogradov)* in the Principal role
- Petruschka -- *(M.Fokine)* in the Title role
- Petruschka -- *(H.Mandafounis)* in the Title role
- Ring um den Ring -- *(M.Bejart)* as Loge
- Romeo and Juliet -- *(V.Panov)* as Mercutio
- Sleeping Beauty -- *(P.Schaufuss)* as Carabosse
- Swanlake -- *(K.MacMillan)* as a Neapolitan
- Swanlake -- *(P.Schaufuss)* as Rothbart
- Swansong -- *(C.Bruce)* in the Principal role
- Symphony in C -- *(G.Balanchine)* in the First & Third
- Tannhauser -- *(V.Panov)* in the Pas de deux
- The dog is us -- *(K.Armitage)* in the Principal role
- The Dream is over -- *(C.Bruce)* as John Lennon
- The Idiot -- *(V.Panov)* as Ganja
- Theme and Variations -- *(G.Balanchine)* in the Principal role
- The Opening -- *(B.T.Jones)* in the Principal role
- Tschaikowsky pas de deux -- *(G.Balanchine)*
- Tutuguri -- *(Moses Pendleton)* in the Title role
- Who Cares! -- *(G.Balanchine)* in the Principal role
- The Legend of Joseph -- *(Mark Baldwin)* in the Principal role
- Tango Fiesta -- *(Maurizio Weinrot)* in the Principal role
- The Nutcracker -- *(A. Prokovsky)* as the Prince
- The Emperor\'s Dream -- *(Mark Bogaerts)* as The Emperor
- Carmina Burana -- *(Maurizio Weinrot)* in the Principal role
## Roles \"en pointe\" {#roles_en_pointe}
Ballet repertoire in point shoes
- M-Piece -- *(Mark Baldwin)* -- Solo
- Song of a Nightingale -- *(Mark Baldwin)* in the title role
- The Demon -- *(Mark Baldwin)* in the title role
- Sleeping Beauty -- *(Peter Schaufuss)* as Carabosse
- The Dog is us -- *(Karole Armitage)* in the principal role
- Swan Lake -- *(After Petipa)* as Odette
- Swan Lake -- *(After Petipa)* as Odile
- Grand pas Classique -- *(Victor Gsovsky)*
- Paquita -- *(E.Kunikova after Petipa)* in the principal role
- Stars and Stripes -- *(Robert Lafosse)* in the principal role
- Star Spangled Ballerina -- *(Marcus Galante)* in the principal role
- Nutcracker -- *(V.Trevino after Petipa)* as the Sugar Plum fairy
- Near the Middle -- *(V.Trevino after Forsythe)* in the principal role
- Satanella -- *(M
| 596 |
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| 1 |
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# Fossemagne
**Fossemagne** (`{{IPA|fr|fosmaɲ}}`{=mediawiki}; *Fòssamanha*) is a commune in the Dordogne *département* in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France
| 17 |
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| 0 |
10,061,279 |
# Event chain methodology
**Event chain methodology** is a network analysis technique that is focused on identifying and managing events and relationships between them (event chains) that affect project schedules. It is an uncertainty modeling schedule technique. Event chain methodology is an extension of quantitative project risk analysis with Monte Carlo simulations. It is the next advance beyond critical path method and critical chain project management. Event chain methodology tries to mitigate the effect of motivational and cognitive biases in estimating and scheduling. It improves accuracy of risk assessment and helps to generate more realistic risk adjusted project schedules.
## History
Event chain methodology is an extension of traditional Monte Carlo simulation of project schedules where uncertainties in task duration and costs are defined by statistical distribution. For example, task duration can be defined by three point estimates: low, base, and high. The results of analysis is a risk adjusted project schedule, crucial tasks, and probabilities that project will be completed on time and on budget. Defining uncertainties using statistical distribution provide accurate results if there is a reliable historical data about duration and cost of similar tasks in previous projects. Another approach is to define uncertainties using risk events or risk drivers, which can be assigned to different tasks or resources. Information about probabilities and impact of such events is easier to elicit, which improves accuracy of analysis. Risks can be recorded in the Risk register. Event chain methodology was first proposed in the period of 2002--2004. It is fully or partially implemented in a number of software application. Event Chain Methodology is based on six principles and has a number of outcomes.
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# Event chain methodology
## Principles
### Moment of risk and state of activity {#moment_of_risk_and_state_of_activity}
Activities (tasks) are not a continuous uniform procedure. Tasks are affected by external events, which transform an activity from one state to another. One of the important properties of an event is the moment when an event occurs during the course of an activity. This moment, when an event occurs, in most cases is probabilistic and can be defined using statistical distribution. The original state is called a ground state, other states are called excited states. For example, if the team completes their job on activity, they can move to other activities. The notion of an activity\'s state is important because certain events can or cannot occur when activity is in certain state. It means that the state of an activity is subscribed to the events. Events can be local, affecting particular tasks or resources, or global affecting all tasks or resources.
### Event chains {#event_chains}
Events can be related to other events, which will create event chains. These event chains can significantly affect the course of the project. For example, requirement changes can cause an activity to be delayed. To accelerate the activity, the project manager allocates a resource from another activity, which then leads to a missed deadline. Eventually, this can lead to the failure of the project. It could be different relationship between events. One event can trigger one or multiple events.
Events can be correlated with each other without one triggering another one. In this case if one risk has occurred, another one will occur and vice versa. One event assigned in one activity can execute another activity or group of activities. In many cases it the execution of risk response plans. For example, event "structural defect is discovered" can cause one or many activities "Repair". Events can cause other events to occur either immediately or with a delay. The delay is a property of the event subscription. The delay can be deterministic, but in most cases, it is probabilistic. Also risks can be transferred from one activity to another. To define event chains, we need to identify a \"sender\", the event that initiates the chain of events. The sender event can cause one or more events that effect multiple activities. These are called \"receiver\" events. In turn, the receiver events can also act as sender events.
### Event chain diagrams {#event_chain_diagrams}
Event chain diagram is a visualization that shows the relationships between events and tasks and how the events affect each other. The simplest way to represent these chains is to depict them as arrows associated with certain tasks or time intervals on the Gantt chart. Here are a few important rules:
- Event chains diagrams present events as arrows on the Gantt charts.
- Arrows pointing down are threats. Arrows pointing up are opportunities.
- Issues are shown as an arrow within a circle. Color of the issue arrow is red (dark).
- Closed or transferred risks are shown using dashed lines. Color of arrow is white. Closed issue is shown in the circle with dashed border line.
- Excited states are represented by elevating the associated section of the bar on the Gantt chart.
- Colors represent the calculated impact of the risk. Higher impacts are red or darker shade. Low impacts are green or lighter shade. The size of the arrow represents probability.
- Event chains are shown as lines connecting arrows depicting events.
- Event chains may trigger another activity. In this case event chain line will be connected with the beginning of activity with optional arrow.
- Event chains may trigger a group of activities. In this case this group of activities will be surrounded by the box or frame and event chain line will be connected to the corner of the box or first activity within a frame.
By using event chain diagrams to visualize events and event chains, the modeling and analysis of risks and uncertainties can be significantly simplified.
Another tool that can be used to simplify the definition of events is a state table. Columns in the state table represent events; rows represent the states of an activity. Information for each event in each state includes four properties of event subscription: probability, moment of event, excited state, and impact of the event.
### Monte Carlo simulation {#monte_carlo_simulation}
Once events and event chains are defined, quantitative analysis using Monte Carlo simulation can be performed to quantify the cumulative effect of the events. Probabilities and impacts of risks assigned to activities are used as input data for Monte Carlo simulation of the project schedule. In most projects it is necessary to supplement the event based variance with uncertainties as distributions related to duration, start time, cost, and other parameters.
In Event chain methodology, risk can not only affect schedule and cost, but also other parameters such as safety, security, performance, technology, quality, and other objectives. In other words, one event can belong to different categories. The result of the analysis would show risk exposure for different categories as well as integrated project risk score for all categories. This integrated project risk score is calculated based on relative weights for each risk category.
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# Event chain methodology
## Principles
### Critical event chains {#critical_event_chains}
Monte Carlo simulation provides the capability, through sensitivity analysis, to identify single or chains of events. These chains of events can be identified by analyzing the correlations between the main project parameters, such as project duration or cost, and the event chains. These are called "critical events" or "critical chains of events". By identifying critical events or critical chains of events, we can identify strategies to minimize their negative effects: Avoid, Transfer, Mitigate, or Accept. Event and event chain ranking is performed for all risk categories (schedule-related and non-schedule) as part of one process. Integrated risk probability, impact and score can be calculated using weights for each risk category.
### Project control with event and event chains {#project_control_with_event_and_event_chains}
Monitoring the activity\'s progress ensures that updated information is used to perform the analysis. During the course of the project, the probability and time of the events can be recalculated based on actual data. The main reason for performance tracking is forecasting an activity\'s duration and cost if an activity is partially completed and certain events are assigned to the activity. Event chain methodology reduces the risk probability and impact automatically based on the percent of work completed. Advanced analysis can be performed using a Bayesian approach. It is possible to monitor the chance that a project will meet a specific deadline. This chance is constantly updated as a result of the Monte Carlo analysis. Critical events and event chains can be different at the various phases of the project
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# Event chain methodology
## Phenomena
### Repeated activities {#repeated_activities}
Sometimes events can cause the start of an activity that has already been completed. This is a very common scenario for real life projects; sometimes a previous activity must be repeated based on the results of a succeeding activity. Event chain methodology simplifies modeling of these scenarios. The original project schedule does not need to be updated, all that is required is to define the event and assign it to an activity that points to the previous activity. In addition, a limit to the number of times an activity can be repeated must be defined.
### Event chains and risk response {#event_chains_and_risk_response}
If an event or event chain occurs during the course of a project, it may require some risk response effort. Risk response plans execution are triggered by events, which occur if an activity is in an excited state. Risk response events may attempt to transform the activity from the excited state to the ground state. Response plans are an activity or group of activities (small schedule) that augment the project schedule if a certain event occurs. The solution is to assign the response plan to an event or event chain. The same response plan can be used for one or more events.
### Resource allocation based on events {#resource_allocation_based_on_events}
One potential event is the reassignment of a resource from one activity to another, which can occur under certain conditions. For example, if an activity requires more resources to complete it within a fixed period, this will trigger an event to reallocate the resource from another activity. Reallocation of resources can also occur when activity duration reaches a certain deadline or the cost exceeds a certain value. Events can be used to model different situations with resources, e.g. temporary leave, illness, vacations, etc
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# Roger Reid (basketball)
**Roger L. Reid** (born August 3, 1946) is an American former college basketball coach who most recently guided the Southern Utah University (SUU) men\'s basketball team. He served as head coach at Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1989 to 1996 and assistant coach for the NBA\'s Phoenix Suns. He has also coached at the high school, junior college and international levels. In addition, he played for former NBA coach Dick Motta at Weber State University.
## High school and college {#high_school_and_college}
Reid attended Springville High School in Springville, Utah and was an all-state performer in both baseball and basketball. He went on to play both sports at the College of Eastern Utah and was recognized as a junior college All-American in baseball. Reid concluded his collegiate playing days at Weber State earning all conference honors in baseball both seasons he played and was also a key player for coach Dick Motta\'s Big Sky Conference championship team in basketball.
## Minor League Baseball {#minor_league_baseball}
After finishing college, Reid was drafted and played professionally, as a shortstop, for both the Atlanta Braves and Chicago White Sox minor league farm systems over four seasons (eventually playing at the AAA level).
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### High school {#high_school}
In 1971, Reid embarked on his basketball coaching career at Payson High School in Utah. He compiled a 50--26 in three seasons before moving on to Clearfield High School in 1974. He finished coaching at the northern Utah high school with a 60--24 record.
### BYU
Reid became a member of Frank Arnold\'s staff at BYU in 1978 and stayed on as an assistant under LaDell Andersen when he replaced Arnold. He was named as BYU head coach in 1989. His BYU teams were consistent winners and Reid led them to a 152--77 (.667) record. BYU also made five NCAA Tournament appearances, won three conference regular season titles and two conference tournament championships during his tenure.
His success did not prevent him from being disliked by some BYU fans and players. Reid\'s sons, Randy and Robbie (both heavily recruited by other schools), decided to play for their father at BYU. Some disgruntled alumni were not pleased that the Reids were playing for the Cougars, and some insinuated that Reid\'s decision to play his sons amounted to nepotism. By 1996, Reid\'s coaching future at BYU was in doubt. Some school administrators strongly suggested that getting Chris Burgess---a highly touted player from Irvine, California---to play for the Cougars, could save Reid\'s job. Burgess was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and his father had played for BYU, which is owned by the Church. In the end, Burgess told Reid that he was going to play for Duke. Upon hearing this, Reid allegedly told him that he had let down all members of the LDS church. Reid was dismissed as BYU head coach on December 17, 1996, shortly after the recruiting incident. Reid has stated since then that his remarks to Burgess were taken out of context. BYU had started the season 1--7 after being decimated by injuries; assistant Tony Ingle replaced Reid for the rest of what would become a 1--25 season---the worst in school history. Reid\'s comments to Burgess have frequently been cited by the media and many associated with BYU as the primary reason for Reid\'s dismissal. While they were a factor in the decision, athletic director Rondo Fehlberg primarily cited concerns about sluggish attendance; despite recent conference success, his team was struggling to draw half-capacity crowds for even the most significant home games in the 22,700-seat Marriott Center. Other factors included the old charges of nepotism, as well as the slow start to the 1996--97 season.
Reid\'s son, Robbie, did not return to BYU after serving a two-year LDS church mission to Greece. He attended the University of Michigan instead and became a two-year starter for the Wolverines to close out his college basketball career.
### Phoenix Suns {#phoenix_suns}
Reid was hired by former BYU and NBA player Danny Ainge to be an assistant coach for the Phoenix Suns. During his five years with the Suns they made two playoff appearances.
### Hangzhou Horses {#hangzhou_horses}
Reid coached the Hangzhou Horses in China\'s top professional league for two years.
### Snow College {#snow_college}
On May 9, 2005, Reid was hired as the head basketball coach for the Snow College Badgers. His teams at Snow compiled an overall record of 33--28 in two seasons including a 23--8 mark for the 2006--2007 season.
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# Roger Reid (basketball)
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Southern Utah {#southern_utah}
On March 14, 2007, SUU President Michael Benson announced the hiring of Roger Reid to replace Coach Bill Evans. Reid coached for five seasons, then retired from coaching on March 8, 2012.
Reid finished his run at Southern Utah with a 54--97 record
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# 37th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)
**37th Signal Regiment** (37 Sig Regt) is a military communications regiment of the Royal Corps of Signals, part of the British Army.
## History
The regiment was formed as the **37th (Wessex and Welsh) Signal Regiment**, Royal Signals (Volunteers) in 1967. It initially consisted of 43 (Wessex) Signal Squadron, 53 (Welsh) Signal Squadron and 57 (City & County of Bristol) Signal Squadron. In 1969 67 (Queen\'s Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron joined the regiment.
In 1992, under Options for Change, 43 (Wessex) Squadron transferred to 21st (Air Support) Signal Regiment, 57 (City and County of Bristol) Squadron transferred to 71 Signal Regiment and 93 (East Lancashire) Squadron transferred from 38 Signal Regiment. In addition to squadron changes, the regimental title was changed when the regiment dropped the \'Wessex and Welsh\' subtitle following the above changes. Therefore, it became known as the **37th Signal Regiment**.
In 2006, 93 (East Lancashire) Squadron transferred back to 38 Signal Regiment.
In 2009, under a further re-organisation, 67 (Queen\'s Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry) Squadron was reduced to a troop (867 Troop) and 48 (City of Birmingham) Squadron joined the regiment on the disbandment of 35 (South Midlands) Signal Regiment. At the same time 33 (Lancashire) Squadron was formed on the disbandment of 33 (Lancashire and Cheshire) Signal Regiment.
In 2014, under Army 2020, 53 (Welsh) Signal Squadron transferred to 39 (Skinners) Signal Regiment.
2016 - Army Reserve 2020 plans detail the restructuring to Royal Signals Reserve units, with the Leeds Troop transferring to 64 Signal Squadron.
2022 -- Future Soldier programme saw the Regiment move from a UK Ops role and reduce its establishment to 409 (including the Royal Signals (Northern) Band; The Regiment is currently paired with 2nd Signal Regiment supporting 1st (United Kingdom) Division.
## Structure
The current structure of the regiment is as follows
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# Shah Siddiq
**Shah Siddiq** (*شاه صديق}}*, *শাহ সিদ্দিক*) was a 14th-century Sufi saint and one of the 360 auliyas or followers who accompanied Shah Jalal in his Conquest of Sylhet from Turkey. He traced his descent from Abu Bakr Siddiq, the first caliph of Islam. Descendants of Shah Siddiq from Panchpara, Osmanpur Union, Osmani Nagar Upazila (in Bangladesh) carry the surname Siddiquee.
He lies buried in the Panchpara village in Sylhet District, at roughly 24°43\'09.7\"N 91°46\'31.1\"E. The Panchpara Shah Siddique (R) Jamea Islamia High School is named after him. His exact date of death remains unknown, however a plaque on his tomb claims that it could be the 21st of August, 1373 A.D.
Older images of his tomb can be found in [this website.](https://web.archive.org/web/20160806235556/http://www.mazaar.org.uk/Photo%20pages/pp%20Shah%20Siddique-fass%20parah
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# Chris Evans (ice hockey)
Christopher Evans}} `{{Infobox ice hockey player
| name = Chris Evans
| position = [[Defenceman|Defence]]
| shoots = Left
| height_ft = 5
| height_in = 9
| weight_lb = 180
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|9|14|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|5|9|1946|9|14}}
| death_place = [[Phoenix, Arizona]], U.S.
| career_start = 1968
| career_end = 1981
| played_for = [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]<br />[[Buffalo Sabres]]<br />[[St. Louis Blues]]<br />[[Detroit Red Wings]]<br />[[Kansas City Scouts]]<br />[[Calgary Cowboys]] ([[World Hockey Association|WHA]])<br />[[Birmingham Bulls (WHA)|Birmingham Bulls]] (WHA)<br />[[Quebec Nordiques]] (WHA)
}}`{=mediawiki} **Christopher Bruce Evans** (September 14, 1946 -- May 9, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman.
## Career
Evans played in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Buffalo Sabres, St. Louis Blues, Detroit Red Wings, and Kansas City Scouts. He played in the World Hockey Association with the Calgary Cowboys, Birmingham Bulls, and Quebec Nordiques.
In his WHA career, Evans appeared in 204 games. He scored eleven goals and added 51 assists. He also played in 241 NHL games, scoring nineteen goals and adding 42 assists.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ --------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1965--66 Markham Waxers MetJHL 30 12
1966--67 Toronto Marlboros OHA 48 7
1967--68 Toronto Marlboros OHA 39 5
1967--68 Tulsa Oilers CHL 2 0
1968--69 Tulsa Oilers CHL 70 9
1969--70 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 2 0
1969--70 Phoenix Roadrunners WHL 70 7
1970--71 Kansas City Blues CHL 71 10
1971--72 Buffalo Sabres NHL 61 6
1971--72 Cincinnati Swords AHL 5 0
1971--72 St. Louis Blues NHL 2 0
1972--73 St. Louis Blues NHL 77 9
1973--74 St. Louis Blues NHL 54 4
1973--74 Detroit Red Wings NHL 23 0
1974--75 Kansas City Scouts NHL 2 0
1974--75 St
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# Sister Dora
**Dorothy Wyndlow Pattison**, better known as **Sister Dora** (16 January 1832 -- 24 December 1878), was an Anglican nun and nurse who worked in Walsall, Staffordshire.
## Life
Dorothy Wyndlow Pattison was born in Hauxwell, North Riding of Yorkshire, the eleventh of the twelve children of the rector, Reverend Mark James Pattison (1788-1865) and his wife, Jane (`{{née|Winn}}`{=mediawiki}; 1793-1860) Pattison. One of her siblings was the scholar Mark Pattison. Her childhood was overshadowed by the illness of her domineering father. Only his sons received an education but Dorothy was taught by her brother Mark. In 1856, she became secretly engaged to James Tate, the son of James Tate, headmaster of Richmond School. The Tates were one of the few families with whom the Pattisons had social contact.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki} At the same time she also developed feelings for another man, Purchas Stirke. After her mother\'s death in 1860, she broke off her relationships with both men.`{{fact|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki} She was able to leave home due to a £90 bequest from her mother. From 1861 to 1864, she ran the village school at Little Woolstone, Buckinghamshire.
In late 1864, she joined the Christ Church sisterhood (known as \"Good Samaritans\" and which became the Community of the Holy Rood) at Coatham, near Redcar, North Yorkshire. She adopted the name of Sister Dora.
In 1865, she was sent to Walsall to work as a relief nurse in a small cottage hospital and would devote the remainder of her life to nursing. She was sent by the sisterhood to work at the hospital in Bridge Street and arrived in Walsall on 8 January 1865. The rest of her life was spent in Walsall. She worked at the Cottage Hospital at The Mount until 1875, when Walsall was hit by smallpox. She worked for six months at an epidemic infirmary set up in Deadman\'s Lane (now Hospital Street), treating thousands of patients. During the last two years of her life, she worked at the hospital in Bridgeman Street, overlooking the South Staffordshire Railway (later the London and North Western Railway). She developed a special bond of friendship with railway workers who often suffered in industrial accidents. In 1871, these labourers gave her a pony and a carriage, and even raised the sum of £50 from their own wages, to enable her to visit housebound patients more easily.
Sister Dora trained nurses at Walsall, among them Louisa McLaughlin. One of people she influenced was the orphan Kate Hill who was impressed by the calm way Sister Dora cared for miners. Hill emigrated with her sister to Australia in 1879; she opened her own hospital in Adelaide and started a branch of the Australasian Trained Nurses\' Association.
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# Sister Dora
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
In 1877, Sister Dora was diagnosed with breast cancer. She died on Christmas Eve 1878, aged 46. At her funeral on 28 December, the town of Walsall turned out to see her off to Queen Street Cemetery, borne by eighteen railwaymen, engine drivers, porters and guards.
### Legacy
- In 1882, a stained glass window at St Matthew\'s Church, Walsall, was dedicated to her.
- In October 1886, a statue of Sister Dora by Francis John Williamson was unveiled in Walsall. Florence Nightingale was invited to unveil the statue but had to decline from sickness; she sent a tribute with her regrets.
- A posthumous portrait of Sister Dora by George Phoenix has been preserved at Wolverhampton Art Gallery.
- The former Walsall General Hospital was renamed Walsall General (Sister Dora) Hospital. It has now been largely demolished in the rearrangement of the town\'s provision of health services, but Sister Dora\'s name is still perpetuated in the new hospitals. The provision for outpatients at Walsall Manor Hospital is named Sister Dora Outpatients Department. In Alumwell Close, Walsall, behind the Manor Hospital is a Mental Health Hospital which has been dedicated to Sister Dora. \'Dorothy Pattison Hospital\' cares for Mental Health patients and is run by the Black Country Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust.
- The London & North Western Railway\'s chief mechanical engineer, Francis William Webb, named many of his engines. It was announced in January 1895 that he planned to name a 2-4-0 passenger locomotive, a rebuild of a Precedent Class \'Jumbo\', as No. 2158 \'Sister Dora\'. A working miniature version of this locomotive (to run on seven and a quarter-inch gauge track) ran for a short time in the 1980s on the Walsall Steam Railway in Walsall Arboretum. The Walsall Steam Railway also regularly hauled passenger trains with a miniature LMS Black 5 4-6-0 built in 1981 number 5000 and this carried the name \'Sister Dora\', too (though the prototype 5000 never did). It remains in service at the Great Cockcrow Railway, still named. British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotive 31 430 (now in preservation) was named after her. Several models of this locomotive have been produced in both 00 and N scales. Later British Rail Class 37 diesel loco 37 116 (preserved, now reinstated) received the name from the Class 31.
- Midland Metro named an AnsaldoBreda T-69 tram in her honour.
- The main road through the village of Woolstone, Milton Keynes, where she ran the village school from 1861 to 1864, is called Pattison Lane.
- Sister Dora Gardens in Caldmore and Dora Street in Pleck are named for her.
- A building at Walsall Campus, University of Wolverhampton is named in her honour
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# Gabillou
**Gabillou** (`{{IPA|fr|ɡabiju}}`{=mediawiki}; *Gabilhon*) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France
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# 38th (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment
The **38 Signal Regiment (Volunteers)** was a regiment of the British Army\'s Royal Corps of Signals, part of the Army Reserve. The regiment\'s task was to \"provide contingency communications throughout the whole of Northern England, from the Scottish Borders to the Northern Home Counties. In this role it provided direct support to 15th (North East) Brigade, the Preston-based 42nd (North West) Brigade and the Nottingham-based 49th (East) Brigade.\" The regiment formed part of 2 (National Communications) Signal Brigade.
## History
The regiment was formed as part of 13th Signal Group on 1 April 1967, from an amalgamation of three existing units; 46th (North Midland) Signal Regiment TA based in Derby, 64th Signal Regiment TA based in Sheffield and 337th Brigade Signal Squadron based in Nottingham. The headquarters of the new regiment, together with Headquarters Squadron and 64th Signal Squadron, were initially established in ad hoc accommodation in Sheffield before being eventually re-housed in purpose built premises at Manor Top in 1980. The Princess Royal, Colonel in Chief of the Royal Corps of Signals, visited the regiment in the same year. Existing TA Centres in Nottingham and Derby were used to house 87th Signal Squadron and 46th Signal Squadron respectively; the latter squadron also included a detached troop in Leicester.
In 2009, the regiment comprised four squadrons:
- Headquarters Squadron (at Sheffield)
- 46 (City of Derby) Signal Squadron (Volunteers) (at Derby)
- 64 (City of Sheffield) Signal Squadron (Volunteers) (at Sheffield and Nottingham)
- 93 (East Lancashire) Signal Squadron (Volunteers) (at Blackburn and Manchester)
However, as a result of a defence review in 2009, with effect from 1 April 2010, 46 (City of Derby) Squadron and 93 (East Lancashire) Squadron were both disbanded, while 64 (City of Sheffield) Squadron gained an additional troop in Leeds.
In 2010, the regiment gained the following squadrons:
- 41 (Princess Louise of Kensington) Signal Squadron, based at Coulsdon with C Troop located at Kingston upon Thames.
- 1 (Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron, based at Bletchley, Rugby and Banbury.
In 2015 the regiment was disbanded and removed from the British Army\'s Order of Battle
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# Maletsunyane Falls
**Maletsunyane Falls** is a 192 m waterfall in the Southern African country Lesotho. It is located near the town of Semonkong (*Site of smoke*), which is also named after the falls. The waterfall is on the Maletsunyane River and it falls from a ledge of Triassic-Jurassic basalt.
The plunging water creates a reverberating echo when it contact the basin of the falls, and local legend has it that the sound comes from the wailing of people who have drowned in the falls.
In December 2017, the Australian YouTube channel How Ridiculous broke the record for the world\'s highest basketball shot at Maletsunyane Falls. This record stood until May 2023, when Dude Perfect broke the record with a shot from 885ft from The Strat in Las Vegas. The Maletsunyane Falls first Guinness Record was for the \"World\'s longest commercially operated abseil\", managed by Semonkong Lodge, with a height of 204 m
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# 1992 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's super-G
**Women\'s super-G World Cup 1991/1992**
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In women\'s super-G World Cup 1991/92 all results count
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# Peter Wellnhofer
**Peter Wellnhofer** (born Munich, 1936) is a German paleontologist at the Bayerische Staatssammlung fur Paläontologie in Munich. He is best known for his work on the various fossil specimens of *Archaeopteryx* or \"Urvogel\", the first known bird. Wellnhofer\'s other work includes *The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs* from 1991.
*Wellnhoferia*, a bird closely related to *Archaeopteryx*, or a species of the Urvogel itself, was named in his honour in 2001. The pterosaur *Wellnhopterus* was named in his honour in 2021.
In 2007 a special meeting of pterosaur experts in Munich was dedicated to Wellnhofer, describing him as \"the foremost authority on pterosaurs for the last four decades.\" The meeting produced a festschrift in his honour titled *Flugsaurier: pterosaur papers in honour of Peter Wellnhofer*
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# 40th (Ulster) Signal Regiment
**40 (Ulster) Signal Regiment (Volunteers)** was a Territorial Army regiment in the Royal Corps of Signals in the British Army. The regiment formed part of 2 (National Communications) Signal Brigade, providing military communications for national operations. The regiment did not have an internal security role in Northern Ireland.
## History
The Regiment was formed 1 April 1967 in Belfast by the amalgamation of 66 Signal Regiment (TA), 81 Signal Regiment (AER) and 302 Signal Squadron. Due to the reduction in Territorial Army Royal Signals units, as a result of the Strategic Review of Reserves, the regiment was disbanded on 31 March 2010. 66 Squadron and 69 Squadron were transferred to the command of 32 Signal Regiment.
## Structure
The structure in 2010 was as follows:
- 66 (City of Belfast) Support Squadron at Clonaver Park, Belfast.
- 69 Signal Squadron at Belfast and Limavady.
- 85 (Ulster and Antrim Artillery) Signal Squadron at Lisburn
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# Andreas Nödl
**Andreas Nödl** (born February 28, 1987) is an Austrian former professional ice hockey player. He last served as captain of the Vienna Capitals of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). He previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers and Carolina Hurricanes.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
As a youth, Nödl played in the 2001 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Austria.
Nödl played two seasons with the Sioux Falls Stampede of the United States Hockey League (USHL) before moving on to the St. Cloud State University Huskies after being drafted in the second round, 39th overall, of the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the Philadelphia Flyers. In his second season with the Stampede, he led the team with 59 points in 58 games. Coincidentally, Nödl is not the only Austrian-born player to play for the Stampede --- Thomas Vanek, now of the Detroit Red Wings, spent three years with the club.
After starting the 2008--09 NHL season with the Flyers\' farm team, the Philadelphia Phantoms, Nödl was called up to the NHL on October 21, 2008. On December 23, 2008, in a game against the Ottawa Senators, Nödl scored his first career NHL goal in a 6-4 victory.
On November 29, 2011, he was waived by the Flyers and picked up by the Carolina Hurricanes where he played for the rest of the season, as well as the following one.
After failing to secure an NHL contract and initially returning to Europe as a free agent, signing with HC Lausanne of the Swiss National League A, Nödl was released from his tryout contract prior to the season and would split the 2013--14 campaign in his native Austria with EC KAC and EC Red Bull Salzburg.
On October 16, 2014, Nödl belatedly signed on as a free agent with fellow EBEL club, the Vienna Capitals. He served as captain of the team for both the 2017--18 season and 2018--19 season.
## International play {#international_play}
In 2009, Nödl represented Austria in the IIHF\'s World Championship in Switzerland.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------- ---------------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
2001--02 Wiener EV AUT U20 1 0
2003--04 Wiener EV AUT U20 15 11
2003--04 Wiener EV AUT.2 25 15
2004--05 Sioux Falls Stampede USHL 44 7
2005--06 Sioux Falls Stampede USHL 58 29
2006--07 St. Cloud State University WCHA 40 18
2007--08 St
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# Limeyrat
**Limeyrat** (`{{IPA|fr|limeʁa}}`{=mediawiki}; *Limeirac*) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France
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# Maxberg Museum
The **Maxberg Museum** (aka **Museum beim Solenhofer Aktien-Verein**) was a German museum situated in Mörnsheim in the natural park of Altmühltal, near Solnhofen. It was founded by Alphons L. Zehntner in 1929. In 2004 was moved near to the town of Gunzenhausen, with the new name of Fossilien und Steindruck Museum (Fossils and Lithography Museum).
It has a large collection of fossils from the Solnhofen lithographic limestones, that once included a specimen of the early bird *Archaeopteryx*, the now missing *Maxberg specimen*
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# Kawasaki P-1
The **Kawasaki P-1**, previously **P-X** and **XP-1**, is a Japanese maritime patrol aircraft developed and manufactured by Kawasaki Aerospace Company. Unlike many maritime patrol aircraft, which are typically conversions of civilian designs, the P-1 is a purpose-built maritime aircraft with no civil counterpart and was designed from the onset for the role. It has the distinction of being the first operational aircraft in the world to make use of a fly-by-optics control system.
The P-1 has entered service with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) as a replacement for the P-3C Orion. In March 2013, the JMSDF took delivery of the first two operational P-1 aircraft. Export customers are also being sought for the type as part of a general loosening of Japanese military export restrictions.
## Development
Observing that its fleet of P-3C aircraft had been in service for some time, the JMSDF began searching for a replacement maritime patrol aircraft. Since other similar aircraft produced abroad did not meet the JMSDF\'s requirements, the development of a purpose-built indigenous aircraft became necessary. The Japanese Defense Agency (JDA) submitted the domestic development of a P-X maritime patrol aircraft as part of its April 2001 -- March 2006 Five-Year Defense Plan. In 2001, following its earlier proposal, the Kawasaki Aerospace Company received prime contractor status for the P-X program, as well as the adjacent C-X program for a next generation cargo aircraft; this selection process occurred almost 30 years since the previous large-scale domestic development of an aircraft in Japan.
The P-X shares some components with the C-X, later designated as the twin-engined Kawasaki C-2, another indigenously developed aircraft to replace the Kawasaki C-1 and C-130H Hercules cargo aircraft. Although the P-X and C-X designs were originally independent, it was decided that having common components to both designs would be useful. The JDA mandated that the two aircraft share identical body components. Common components include the cockpit windows, outer wings, horizontal stabilizer, and other systems. Internal shared parts include the auxiliary power unit, cockpit panel, flight control system computer, anti-collision lights, and gear control unit. Due to the different roles of the two aircraft, they remain distinctly separate. The sharing of development resources had allowed for a large reduction in overall development costs which, when including the C-2, were reported in 2007 as being `{{JPYConvert|345|b|year=2007|showdate=no|ref=<ref>[http://www.chunichi.co.jp/hold/2008/ntok0011/list/200711/CK2007111002063769.html "中日新聞:＜蜜月の終焉＞ ミライズに固執:防衛利権 蜜月の構図(CHUNICHI Web)."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211083036/http://www.chunichi.co.jp/hold/2008/ntok0011/list/200711/CK2007111002063769.html |date=2009-02-11 }} ''Chunichi Shimbun'', 2008.</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}.
In addition to a level of commonality with the C-2, one proposed derivative of the P-1 is a civilian airliner, the proposed project has typically been referred to as the Kawasaki YPX. If development is pursued, the YPX would make extensive use of technology and components of the P-1, such as the wingbox, empennage, and fuselage.
An indigenously produced turbofan engine, the IHI Corporation F7, was developed to power the P-X. In April 2004, the JDA completed a successful evaluation of five XF7 research engines, by which point it was viewed as being the sole candidate powerplant for the P-X program. In May 2005, the IHI Corporation received a contract for an additional seven XF-7 test engines from the JDA, following the completion of initial tests in December 2004. Four of these engines equipped the first flight test aircraft. The Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC)-equipped F7 engine had a bypass ratio of 8:1, which was reported as being substantially higher than rivals such as the General Electric CF34-8E.
In April 2004, Japan and US extended discussions on potential cooperative efforts on the P-X and US Navy\'s Multi-mission Maritime Aircraft (MMA) programmes. Options ranged from terminating the P-X program to participate in the US-led MMA program, to incorporating some of the MMA\'s technology onto the P-X to reduce costs. The Japanese Defence Ministry opted to persist with the P-X program, stating that: \"there was a possibility that foreign aircraft would not satisfy the required capability and there was a possibility that foreign aircraft would not meet the required period of introduction\...it is necessary to domestically develop the aircraft\". In addition to the P-1, studies were conducted into the use of ship-based UAVs to support maritime aviation activities.
Since 2014, Japan has been making approaches to other nations for prospective export sales of the P-1. New Zealand was the first country to which the P-1 had been offered, in what was referred to by a Japanese official as a \"one on one fight with Boeing\'s P-8 patrol plane.\" The P-1 was offered in conjunction with the C-2, to give New Zealand the advantage of commonality for their patrol and transport aircraft. In July 2018, New Zealand selected the P-8 Poseidon instead.
Japanese officials have claimed that the P-1 is a more capable, albeit more expensive, aircraft than the Boeing P-8 Poseidon. In comparison to the P-8, the P-1 has a greater range, a larger bomb bay, and is purpose-built for the maritime patrol mission. Prior to 2015, the P-1 was being procured at a typical rate of one or two aircraft deliveries per year. In 2015, this changed to a bulk order for 20 P-1s, as part of a measure to cut the aircraft\'s unit costs. By October 2016, 10 P-1s had been delivered to the JMSDF, with 60 or more aircraft needed to replace Japan\'s P-3C fleet. Production will rise to about five annually.
In September 2023, Kawasaki reported that they are making plans to start a replacement project for the P-1.
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# Kawasaki P-1
## Design
The Kawasaki P-1 is a purpose-built maritime patrol aircraft equipped with four engines. The P-1 is powered by four podded IHI F7-10 turbofan engines underneath the low-set wings. The four-engine low-wing loading design, results in a flight profile with better maneuverability and stability at low-speed, low-altitude flight and allows the aircraft to continue its mission in the event of a single engine failure. As well as greater operational survivability, the high-bypass engines provide for quiet, fuel-efficient operation. The P-1 has reduced transit times in comparison to turboprop-powered competitors. The turbofans are quieter, making it more difficult for submerged submarines to detect it acoustically.
The P-1 is equipped with many newly developed technologies and features, particularly in terms of its avionics and missions systems. One such key feature is the use of a fly-by-optics flight control system, which essentially replaces standard metal wiring with optical fiber cables. This has the effect of decreasing electro-magnetic disturbances to the sensors, in comparison to more common fly-by-wire control systems. The P-1 is the first production aircraft in the world to be equipped with such a flight control system. Various onboard systems are provided by Honeywell, which is the largest non-Japanese supplier to the project, such as the auxiliary power unit, environmental and pressurization control systems, ram air turbine, sonobuoy dispensers and elements of the avionics.
The P-1 is equipped with sensors to enable the aircraft to perform its primary purpose of detecting submarines and surface vessels. These include the Toshiba HPS-106 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, which uses three antennas to provide 240 degree coverage, and Fujitsu HAQ-2 Infrared/Light detection systems for surface detection. The P-1 is furnished with a CAE Inc.-built magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) embedded into the aircraft\'s tail, along with deployable sonobuoys, which is used for the detection of submerged submarines. Sophisticated acoustic systems are also used for this purpose. The P-1 has an artificial intelligence (AI) system to assist TACCO operations. Similar to the SH-60K, this advanced combat direction system directs the TACCO operator to the optimal flight course to attack a submarine.A large bomb bay housed within the main fuselage, similar in size to that of the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod\'s, contains the bulk of the aircraft\'s munitions. The bomb bay is supplemented by eight external hardpoints mounted on the wings. Weapons available on the P-1 include torpedoes, mines, depth charges, air-to-surface missiles (ASMs), such as the US-built Harpoon, or bombs. Armaments are managed by a Smith Aerospace-built stores management system, which includes a newly developed Universal Stores Control Unit (USCU), capable of accommodating hundreds of different munitions, including future ones and precision weapons. Multiple radar warning receivers provide all-round awareness of missile threats, which is combined with a defensive countermeasures suite.
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# Kawasaki P-1
## Operational history {#operational_history}
In August 2007, the Japanese Ministry of Defense revealed that they would procure four production airframes. The request in the FY2008 budget was `{{JPYConvert|67.9|b|year=2008|showdate=no}}`{=mediawiki}, the unit price for each aircraft at US\$141.5 million. In 2013, the ministry ordered two units for ¥44.5 billion. These P-1s were reported to possess increased detection/discrimination capability, flight performance, information processing capability, and strike capabilities as a successor to the existing P-3C fixed-wing patrol aircraft.
In June 2007, Kawasaki rolled out the XP-1, a prototype for the P-X program. The rollout had been delayed for three months due to the discovery of defective rivets provided by a US supplier which required remedial repairs to be performed. On 28 September 2007, the XP-1 conducted its maiden flight from Gifu Air Field, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan. This flight lasted about one hour and ended successfully. The P-X was redesignated XP-1 at this time. By March 2010, Kawasaki Heavy Industries had delivered four XP-1 maritime patrol test aircraft to Japanese Ministry of Defense. The company stated its aim for type certification to be achieved in time for the formal delivery of the first two aircraft by the end of March 2012.
In August 2011, the Japanese Ministry of Defense announced that two aircraft used for ground testing had developed tears in various parts of the craft, including the fuel tank and central part of the fuselage. In response, modifications to reinforce the affected areas were planned. By October 2012, the problems had been reportedly resolved. On 26 March 2013, Japan\'s Maritime Self-Defense Force took delivery of its first pair of P-1s, ahead of a planned two years of test flights. In May 2013, these aircraft were grounded after one developed an unstable combustion condition in some of its engines during mid-flight.
During efforts to sell the aircraft to the UK, a pair of P-1s, one of Air Development Squadron 51 and one of Air Patrol Squadron 3 were present for the 2015 Royal International Air Tattoo. One aircraft performed a flying display, while the other was on static display. This was the first time that any Japanese military aircraft had performed in a European flight display. After its UK appearance, the P-1s proceeded to the Japan Self-Defense Force Base Djibouti at Ambouli International Airport, Djibouti, to continue with operational trials within tropical and desert climates.
In November 2016, two P-1s in New Zealand to celebrate the Royal New Zealand Navy\'s 75th anniversary took part in damage surveys, after the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, along with P-3 Orions of the Royal New Zealand Air Force and the United States Navy.
In June 2017, a P-1 appeared at the Paris Air Show.
In August 2017, Air Patrol Squadron 3 became the first all P-1 operational squadron.
In December 2018, the Japanese Ministry of Defense alleged that a Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer of the South Korean Navy locked its separate target illumination radar onto a P-1 belonging to Air Patrol Squadron 3. The South Korean Navy stated that it had used the radar of an optical camera system, and not a fire control system. The incident led to a diplomatic row between Japan and South Korea.
### Potential operators {#potential_operators}
#### France
In 2018, it was reported that Kawasaki was offering the P-1 to France to replace its Breguet Atlantic aircraft.
#### Italy
On 28 March 2025, when asked Italian Air Force chief Luca Goretti told reporters that the P-1 was an option to fill the current anti-submarine operation gap in its maritime patrol capability.
#### Thailand
In 2016, it was reported that Thailand is considering purchasing the aircraft.
#### Vietnam
In 2016, there were reports that Vietnam is considering buying used P-3 Orions from either the JMSDF or the US Navy or the Kawasaki P-1.
### Failed bids {#failed_bids}
#### Germany
In 2018, the P-1 was reportedly offered to Germany as a replacement for its P-3C Orion aircraft. In September 2020, Germany was no longer considering the P-1 due to concerns the aircraft would not be able to achieve military type certification within a required five years time frame.
#### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
In January 2015, it was reported that Tokyo was holding a series of defence talks with the United Kingdom to ascertain a possible sale of P-1s to the Royal Air Force, to replace their recently retired fleet of Hawker Siddeley Nimrod patrol aircraft. The proposal was part of a wider initiative to lower restrictions on Japanese military exports. It was claimed that Britain may consider jointly manufacturing the type, and that the nation could retain rights over related radar and sensor technologies. In November 2015, the UK announced it would buy the Boeing P-8 Poseidon instead of the Kawasaki P-1.
#### New Zealand {#new_zealand}
New Zealand requested information on the P-1 and Kawasaki C-2 to meet the country\'s patrol and transport aircraft needs. This request was met with unclassified information in September 2016 and a more detailed proposal including purchase price, manufacturing arrangements, and maintenance complete by mid-2017. This put the P-1 in direct competition with the P-8. On July 9, 2018 it was announced that New Zealand had selected the P-8.
## Operators
`{{JPN}}`{=mediawiki}
: As of March 2022, the JMSDF operated 33 P-1s
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# 97 Signal Squadron (Volunteers)
**97 (BRITFOR) Signal Squadron (Volunteers**) was a Territorial Army(now Army Reserve) squadron in the Royal Corps of Signals in the British Army. The squadron comprised personnel from other TA signals units who had volunteered for an operational tour in support of British Army peacekeeping operations (BRITFOR) in the Balkans under EUFOR Althea and KFOR.
The original deployment was in the winter of 2001, and was the first major deployment overseas of a Territorial Army unit overseas since the Second World War
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# Hugo High School
**Hugo High School** is a public high school located in Hugo, Oklahoma. It serves grades 9--12 and has an enrollment of 315 students
| 27 |
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# Perpendicular axis theorem
The **perpendicular axis theorem** (or **plane figure theorem**) states that for a planar lamina the moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the lamina is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about two mutually perpendicular axes in the plane of the lamina, which intersect at the point where the perpendicular axis passes through. This theorem applies only to planar bodies and is valid when the body lies entirely in a single plane.
Define perpendicular axes $x$, $y$, and $z$ (which meet at origin $O$) so that the body lies in the $xy$ plane, and the $z$ axis is perpendicular to the plane of the body. Let *I*~*x*~, *I*~*y*~ and *I*~*z*~ be moments of inertia about axis *x*, *y*, *z* respectively. Then the perpendicular axis theorem states that
$$I_z = I_x + I_y$$
This rule can be applied with the parallel axis theorem and the stretch rule to find polar moments of inertia for a variety of shapes.
If a planar object has rotational symmetry such that $I_x$ and $I_y$ are equal, then the perpendicular axes theorem provides the useful relationship:
$$I_z = 2I_x = 2I_y$$
## Derivation
Working in Cartesian coordinates, the moment of inertia of the planar body about the $z$ axis is given by:
$$I_{z} = \int (x^2 + y^2) \,dm = \int x^2\,dm + \int y^2\,dm = I_{y} + I_{x}$$
On the plane, $z=0$, so these two terms are the moments of inertia about the $x$ and $y$ axes respectively, giving the perpendicular axis theorem. The converse of this theorem is also derived similarly.
Note that $\int x^2\,dm = I_{y} \ne I_{x}$ because in $\int r^2\,dm$, $r$ measures the distance from the *axis of rotation*, so for a *y*-axis rotation, deviation distance from the axis of rotation of a point is equal to its *x* coordinate
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# For a Lifetime
***For a Lifetime*** is a piano-based instrumental album by Jonathan Cain released in 1998. As explained in the liner notes, Cain\'s composition was inspired by the weddings of eight couples including the song \"A Day to Remember\" which is dedicated to his fellow Journey bandmate Neal Schon. The album includes Cain\'s instrumental version of \"Open Arms\", the famous Journey song he co-wrote with Steve Perry. The CD is recorded with HDCD encoding.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Jonathan Cain, except as noted.
1. \"For a Lifetime\" - 4:00
2. \"Open Arms\" (Cain, Perry) - 3:41
3. \"A Day to Remember\" - 3:58
4. \"Song of Calabria\" - 3:50
5. \"Just to Love You\" - 3:38 (3.45 on later albums)
6. \"One Look\" - 3:36
7. \"Blue Nocturne\" - 3:29
8. \"China Moon\" - 3:46
9. \"Precious Moments\" - 2:51
10. \"Olema Waltz\" - 3:30
11. \"A Wish for Christmas\" - 3:08
12. \"Waves and Dreams\" - 4:12
13
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# China Poly Group
**China Poly Group** Corporation (`{{lang-zh|s=中国保利集团公司|p=Zhōngguó Bǎolì Jítuán Gōngsī}}`{=mediawiki}) is a state owned Chinese business group among 102 central state owned enterprises under the supervision of State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC).
It is both primarily engaged in representing the Chinese defense manufacturing industry in international sales and the world\'s third largest art auction house (behind Sotheby\'s and Christie\'s).
## History
With the approval of the State Council, China Poly Group Corp. was set up on the basis of Poly Technologies, Inc. in February 1992. Poly Technologies was formed in 1984 as an arms-manufacturing wing of the People\'s Liberation Army.
## Poly Corporation Headquarters {#poly_corporation_headquarters}
The Poly Corporation Headquarters in Beijing, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), serves as a central hub for the company\'s subsidiaries. The building features a 90-meter-tall atrium, enclosed by the world\'s largest cable-net-supported glass wall, creating a visually striking centerpiece. The structure incorporates sustainable design elements, such as a double-layer low-e glass facade and a roof garden to enhance energy efficiency. Additionally, the building houses the Poly Museum, which showcases China\'s cultural antiquities, suspended within the atrium by innovative engineering.
## Procurement actions during the COVID-19 pandemic {#procurement_actions_during_the_covid_19_pandemic}
Group entities were active in procurement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Figures from China Customs show that some 2.46 billion pieces of epidemic prevention and control materials had been imported between 24 January and 29 February, including 2.02 billion masks and 25.38 million items of protective clothing valued at 8.2 billion yuan (\$1 billion). Press obtained internal documents showing that the group, together with other Chinese companies and state-owned enterprises -- such as Country Garden and Greenland Holdings -- had an important role in scouring markets in countries around the world to procure essential medical supplies and equipment. The company said its operation was staff-led, and was \"driven out of pure compassion for our people who have friends and family in the Wuhan region\"
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# Eduard Opitsch
**Eduard Opitsch** (1 February 1900 -- 20 February 1991) was a German quarry owner whose name is associated to a specimen of the prehistoric bird *Archaeopteryx*, the *Maxberg specimen*.
The so-called Maxberg specimen of *Archaeopteryx lithographica* has been discovered in 1956 in his quarry in Langenaltheim. Opitsch gave the fossil to the Maxberg Museum at Solnhofen. In 1974 he reintegrated the fossil into his private collection. When Opitsch died in 1991, it was found that the *Archaeopteryx* specimen was missing from his collection. The whereabouts of the fossil are unknown, but several photographs and a cast of it exist. Locals from Solnhofen believe that Opitsch buried it to keep it from his heirs
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# Korean rock
**Korean rock** (`{{Korean|hangul=한국의 록}}`{=mediawiki}) is rock music from South Korea. It has roots in American rock, which was imported to South Korea by U.S. soldiers fighting in the Korean War and stationing in U.S. military bases in South Korea after the war. Around the U.S. military bases, local musicians could have opportunities to learn American rock music and perform it on stage for U.S. soldiers. As a result, many Korean rock bands, called Vocal Bands or Group Sound, started their musical careers in the 1960s. Under the military administration in the 1970s, rock music and its subculture were classified as a depraved youth culture and restricted. After the Korean Fifth Republic, the censorship policies under the military government were abolished and rock music became a mainstream genre in South Korea until the end of the 1980s.
## History
### 1950s
Rock music was brought to South Korea in 1950 by U.S. soldiers fighting in the Korean War. After the war ended in 1953, many U.S. soldiers remained in South Korea, stationed on military bases, where local musicians and singers performed. In 1957, South Korea\'s first rock guitarist, Shin Jung-hyeon, debuted on a U.S. military base. Shin, who came to be known as South Korea\'s \"Godfather of rock\", later said that Korean rock was born on U.S. military bases. One girl group called The Kim Sisters debuted on the U.S. military base stage, practiced their talents and skills, and then started their musical career in the United States.
### 1960s {#s_1}
In 1962, Shin Jung-hyeon formed the first Korean rock band, Add4. Soon after, other Korean rock bands, referred to as \"Group Sound\" musicians, emerged, including Key Boys, HE6, Pearl Sisters, and K\'okkiri Brothers. The Key Boys who are best known for their hit song, \"Let\'s Go to the Beach.\" The group sound musicians of the mid-1960s were heavily influenced by American and British rock of the same era. However, instead of performing exclusively on U.S. military bases, they began to perform for South Korean audiences. The first generation of Korean rock musicians, including Shin Jung-hyeon, started to appear in the 1960s. However, South Korea was suffering under a totalitarian military dictatorship and the social atmosphere under the Park Chung Hee administration, which was still conservative and closed, hippie culture and rock music, which was representative of youth culture, was merely a target of suppression. In the 1960s, while western countries and Japan were overwhelmed by a new youth culture revolution with rock music, South Korea was far from the fad.
### 1970s {#s_2}
During the 1970s, music was heavily censored by the Park Chung Hee administration. Shin Jung-hyeon was imprisoned on drug charges. Han Dae-soo moved to New York in self-exile after two of his albums were banned by the government. The imprisonment of Shin slowed the production of Korean rock, but other artists, most notably Sanulrim emerged during the late 1970s, before dance music came to dominate Korean popular music in the 1980s. Nonetheless, since the 1970s, with the spread of the phonograph to middle-class families, the distribution of pirated foreign music, and the popularity of playing rock and pop music in music cafes, the number of rock music fans increased and the foundation of rock music culture began to grow. Although there were far more opportunities to listen to western original rock music, the government\'s censorship was still strict, preventing creative activities from being free.
### 1980s {#s_3}
In the 1980s, popular musical tastes moved away from rock music. The scene was dominated by heavy metal music, in particular Boohwal, Sinawe, and Baekdoosan collectively known as the "Big 3". The young generation of South Korea who grew up listening to rock music in the early \'70s became college students or adults and became the main members of the rock called Group Sound, which led to a craze in the \'80s. In 1980, the hard rock band Magma came out at the college song festival and shocked people. Hard rock and heavy metal were also gaining attention in Korea due to the appearance of Magma. Since then, Boohwal, Sinawe, and Baekdoosan the bands that represent the 1980s, were also called the Korean Rock Band Trio in the 80s. The song festival also attracted attention from rock bands that would succeed Magma, T-sams in 1987 and Infinite Track in 1988. The 1980s was when rock music came closest to the mainstream of Korean pop music, with rock bands often being at the top of music ranking programs aired by public television and radio. In the 1980s, one of the reasons rock music became more popular than in the past was that censorship was somewhat eased compared to the Park Chung Hee administration.
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# Korean rock
## History
### 1990s--present
`{{Anchor|1990s - present}}`{=mediawiki}
Rock music was revived in the early 1990s with democratization following the presidency of Roh Tae-woo. As information flowed more freely into the country, Korean youths were exposed to decades of popular foreign music in a short span of time, and some began to form bands. Two of the earliest bands were Crying Nut and No Brain, which introduced the country to a variety of new genres in a localized blend called \"Chosun Punk\", spearheaded by indie label Drug Records which also managed Club Drug. With increased globalization and access to the Internet, the music scene diversified and incorporated more styles of music. The late 1990s saw increasing diversity in musical influences, as younger bands like Rux emerged and The Geeks introduced Korea to straight edge hardcore punk. Ska-punk was another strong early influence, producing bands including Lazybone and Beach Valley. In 2006, Skasucks formed and led the ska-punk movement in Korea.
The second wave of Korean heavy metal began in the 1990s. While metal bands like Crash (1989), Seed (1996), and Sad Legend (1996) were performing Thrash Metal and Death Metal in concert halls and smaller clubs such as Metallica in Shinrim-dong and Drug in Hongdae, there were other heavier genres that would appear in South Korea. Thanks to the internet, extreme metal subgenres like Black Metal and Grindcore influenced bands like Kalpa (1996), Oathean (1996), Dark Mirror ov Tragedy (2003), and Mangani (2013). While the sound of some groups was influenced by their foreign counterparts, other bands added Korean elements to their sound. Some of the examples of this would be Dokaebi (`{{Korean|hangul=도깨비|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}) a death metal band with Korean chanting, Gostwind, a progressive metal band using traditional Korean instruments, and Bamseomhaejeokdan (`{{Korean|hangul=밤섬해적단|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}) which mixes Grindcore with Korean topics. Underground shows normally occur in Seoul, in the Hongdae and Mullae-dong areas, Busan, and Daegu. There are some festivals, like the Busan Rock Festival (2000--present), and the Dongducheon Rock Festival (1999--present).
In the 2000s, Korean media outlets started producing television series covering rock music. Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) produced a four-part musical drama series in 2010 called *Rock, Rock, Rock* based on the life of Boowhal founder Kim Tae-won and covers his life from middle school until the year 2003. In 2013 ArirangTV produced a 13-part series called *Rock on Korea* hosted by Kim Do-kyun, guitarist of Baekdooson, that chronicles rock music on the South Korean peninsula from the 1960s to present-day rock bands that are currently performing in Korean clubs.
In 2018, United States ex-pats Ian Henderson and Michael O\'Dwyer produced the movie documentary *K-Pop Killers.* In the film, which took just over a year to film, the South Korean extreme metal scene is covered in detail. Current members of extreme metal bands and bands such as Baekdoosan and Mahatma are interviewed. Music venue owners like Lee Yuying of GBN Live House, Kirk Kwon of Thunderhorse Tavern and Jay Lee of 3Thumbs are also interviewed.
"Today, most kinds of music promotion in South Korea happen online, with diminutive mainstream attention and downloadable albums." Promoters use social networking platforms to inform fans of upcoming shows. At one point in the early 2000s, fanzines were being made by expatriates and Koreans that discussed the rock subculture and reviewed local bands' music releases. Thanks to the help, and interest, of foreigners and newcomers to the music scene, albums are being recorded, produced by members within the scene and then distributed by record labels founded underground band members. Some bands, like Dark Mirror ov Tragedy, have signed contracts with foreign labels and are receiving support from the label.
## Korean rock festivals {#korean_rock_festivals}
- Busan Rock Festival
- ETPFEST
- Dongducheon Rock Festival
- DMZ Peace Train Music Festival
- Jisan Valley Rock Festival
- Pentaport Rock Festival
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# Korean rock
## Artists
### Solo
- Asian Glow
- The Black Skirts
- Bek Hyunjin
- Brokenteeth
- Cho Yong-pil
- Han Dae-soo
- Jowall
- Jung Joon-young
- Kim Jae-joong
- Kim Jong-seo
- Kim Kyung-ho
- Kim Sa-rang
- Meaningful Stone
- Mid-Air Thief
- Parannoul
- Park Wan-kyu
- Seo Taiji
- Seomoon Tak
- Shin Hae Gyeong
- Shin Jung-hyeon
- Wapddi
- Yaya Kim
- Yim Jae-beom
### Bands
- 10cm
- 24Hours
- 2Z
- 3rd Line Butterfly
- 9 and the Numbers
- Achime
- Add 4
- Apollo 18
- Autumn Vacation
- Biuret
- Bluedawn
- Bongjeingan
- Boohwal
- Broccoli, You Too?
- Bulldog Mansion
- Bulssazo
- Bursters
- Busker Busker
- Buzz
- Bye Bye Badman
- Cherry Filter
- CNBLUE
- Cotoba
- Crash
- Crying Nut
- Dabda
- Dark Mirror Ov Tragedy
- Day6
- Decadent
- Deulgukhwa
- DickPunks
- Dreamcatcher
- Drug Restaurant
- Eve
- The Freaks
- F.T. Island
- Galaxy Express
- Gate Flowers
- The Geeks
- Glen Check
- Green Flame Boys
- Hathaw9y
- Hollow Jan
- Hoppipolla
- Hyukoh
- IZ
- Jambinai
- Jannabi
- Jaurim
- Koreana
- Kuang Program
- Led Apple
- Life and Time
- Loro\'s
- Loveholics
- Lucy
```{=html}
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```
- M&D
- Madmans Esprit
- The Monotones
- Moskva Surfing Club
- Mot
- Mukimukimanmansu
- My Aunt Mary
- Nell
- Nemesis
- Nerd Connection
- N.EX.T
- N.Flying
- No Brain
- Norazo
- No Respect for Beauty
- Oathean
- Oh! Brothers
- ONEWE
- Onnine Ibalgwan
- O.O.O
- OurR
- Pakk
- Parasol
- Phonebooth
- Pia
- QWER
- The RockTigers
- Rolling Quartz
- Romantic Punch
- Royal Pirates
- Rumble Fish
- Rux
- Sad Legend
- Sanulrim
- Seaweed Mustache
- Se So Neon
- Silica Gel
- Sinawe
- Skasucks
- Slant
- Sunkyeol
- SURL
- The Breeze - 브리즈
- The Koxx
- The RockTigers
- The Rose
- Thornapple
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- TRAX
- TRPP
- Vanilla Unity
- Vassline
- Vibe
- Vrose
- Wave to Earth
- We Are The Night
- \..
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# Jack H. McDonald
**Jack H. McDonald** (June 28, 1932 -- August 17, 2022) was an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Michigan who served three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1967 to 1973.
## Biography
McDonald was born in Detroit and was educated in White Lake Township and Detroit. He attended Wayne State University and served as supervisor of census for Wayne County with the Bureau of the Census in 1960. He was elected supervisor of Redford Township in 1961 and 1963, reelected in 1964. He was elected chairman of the Wayne County Board of Supervisors in 1965. He was appointed to Republican Task Force on Urban Affairs in 1967.
### Congress
In 1966, he was the Republican Party candidate in Michigan\'s 19th congressional district. He defeated incumbent Democrat Billie S. Farnum, one of the \"Five Fluke Freshmen\", to be elected to the 90th Congress and to the two succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1967, to January 3, 1973. In 1972, after redistricting, he ran in the same district as veteran Republican Representative William S. Broomfield. McDonald lost to Broomfield in the Republican primary elections.
### Later career and death {#later_career_and_death}
After leaving Congress, he became a consultant and lobbyist with law firm Verner, Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand. He was a resident of Outer Banks, North Carolina.
He died on August 17, 2022, at the age of 90
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# Arnold Boyd
**Arnold Whitworth Boyd** MC, MA, FZS, FRES, MBOU (20 January 1885 -- 16 October 1959) was an ornithologist and naturalist from Altrincham, Cheshire, England.
Boyd was born on 20 January 1885. He was a long-time contributor to *The Guardian* \'s \"Country Diary\" column, taking over a slot from his friend Thomas Coward in 1933, on the latter\'s death. In 1950, he revised Coward\'s *The Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs* for a new edition.
Boyd was uncle to James Fisher, who also became a leading ornithologist and natural history writer and broadcaster. Following Fisher\'s death, many of Boyd\'s diaries, other papers and related material were acquired by Liverpool Museum.
He made occasional radio appearances, such as a 1936 episode of *My Week-End out of Doors* on \'Cheshire Meres\', and a 1957 *Birds In Britain* episode on great crested grebes, edited and introduced by his nephew James and produced by Winwood Reade.
Boyd died in Northwich, Cheshire on 16 October 1959
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# Mingus Dynasty
***Mingus Dynasty*** is a jazz album by Charles Mingus, recorded in 1959 and released on Columbia Records in May 1960. It is a companion album to his 1959 record *Mingus Ah Um*, and was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The title alludes to Mingus\'s ancestry, which was partially Chinese.
Tracks one, three, four, and five were released in their unedited form in 1979 on vinyl and in 1999 on CD. The cuts amount to about eight minutes.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
*All compositions by Charles Mingus except where noted.*
1. \"Slop\" -- 6:16
2. \"Diane\" -- 7:32
3. \"Song With Orange\" -- 6:50
4. \"Gunslinging Bird\" *(Originally titled \"If Charlie Parker Were a Gunslinger, There\'d Be a Whole Lot of Dead Copycats\")* -- 5:14
5. \"Things Ain\'t What They Used to Be\" (Mercer Ellington) -- 7:36
6. \"Far Wells, Mill Valley\" -- 6:14
7. \"New Now Know How\" -- 4:13
8. \"Mood Indigo\" (Barney Bigard, Duke Ellington ) -- 8:13
9. \"Put Me in That Dungeon\" -- 2:53
10. \"Strollin{{\'\"}} *(Originally titled \"Nostalgia in Times Square\")* (Mingus, George Gordon) -- 4:33 \[Bonus track on CD\]
## Personnel
- Charles Mingus -- bass
- John Handy -- alto sax
- Booker Ervin -- tenor sax
- Benny Golson -- tenor sax (2, 3, 4, 6, 10)
- Jerome Richardson -- baritone sax (2, 3, 4, 6, 10), flute (2)
- Richard Williams -- trumpet (2, 3, 4, 6, 10)
- Don Ellis -- trumpet (1, 5, 8, 9)
- Jimmy Knepper -- trombone
- Roland Hanna -- piano (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
- Nico Bunink -- piano (7, 10)
- Dannie Richmond -- drums
- Teddy Charles -- vibes (2, 3, 4, 6)
- Maurice Brown -- cello (2, 9)
- Seymour Barab -- cello (2, 9)
- Honi Gordon -- vocals (10)
## 50th Anniversary Legacy Edition {#th_anniversary_legacy_edition}
In 2009 Sony\'s Legacy Recordings released a special, two-disc 50th anniversary edition of Mingus\'s seminal 1959 album *Mingus Ah Um* that also includes *Mingus Dynasty* in its entirety on the second disc
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# Jura Museum
The **Jura Museum**, a museum located in Willibaldsburg castle in the town of Eichstätt, Germany, is a natural history museum that has an extensive exhibit of Jurassic fossils from the quarries of Solnhofen and surroundings, including marine reptiles, pterosaurs, and one specimen of the early bird *Archaeopteryx*. The latest acquisition of the museum is the well preserved skeleton of the coelurosaur *Juravenator*.
The museum also has an aquarium, with several large tanks showing tropical fish and corals, as well as *Nautilus*.
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| 0 |
10,061,870 |
# Protemnodon
***Protemnodon*** is an extinct genus of megafaunal macropodids that existed in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Members of this genus are also called **giant kangaroos.**
## Taxonomy
Recent analysis of mtDNA extracted from fossils indicates that *Protemnodon* was closely related to *Macropus*. The species formerly known as *Protemnodon bandharr* and *Protemnodon buloloensis* have been moved to a new genus, *Silvaroo,* while the New Guinean species *P. nombe* has been moved to the new genus *Nombe.*
A 2024 review of the genus recognized seven valid species, including three new ones:
- *P. anak* Owen, 1874 (type species)
- *P. otibandus* Plane, 1967
- *P. snewini* Bartholomai, 1978
- *P. tumbuna* Flannery *et al.*, 1983
- *P. mamkurra* Kerr *et al.*, 2024
- *P. viator* Kerr *et al.*, 2024
- *P. dawsonae* Kerr *et al.*, 2024
*P. chinchillaensis* and *P. hopei* were considered junior synonyms of *P. otibandus* and *P. tumbuna* respectively. *P. brehus*, *P. roechus*, *P. mimas*, *P. antaeus*, and *P. devisi* were considered *nomina dubia*.
## Description
Based on fossil evidence, *Protemnodon* is thought to have been physically similar to wallabies, but generally larger and more robust. *Protemnodon roechus* was the largest in the genus, weighing around 170 kg.
Some studies show that *Protemnodon* species ranged from efficient hoppers of dry open habitats (such as *P. viator*) to slower, more quadrupedal forest dwellers (like *P. tumbuna*), while others have found that even species such as *P. viator* were very inefficient hoppers and primarily quadrupedal. The shape and articulation of the forelimbs suggests that they may have been adept at digging, while the claws on their hind feet had a curved shape, perhaps to help stabilise the animal on uneven ground.
Several species of *Protemnodon* survived up until around 50,000 years ago. *P. tumbuna* may have survived in the highlands of Papua New Guinea as recently as 12,000 years B.P
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# Recaș
**Recaș** (archaically **Armag**; *Temesrékas*; *Rekasch*; *Rekaš*) is a town in Timiș County, Romania. Six villages are administered by the town: Bazoș, Herneacova, Izvin, Nadăș, Petrovaselo, and Stanciova. It received town status in April 2004. Recaș is best known for the wine produced in the surrounding hills.
## Name
Romanian Hungarian German Serbian
------------- ----------------- ------------------------- -----------------------------
Bazoș *Bázos* *Basosch* Базош/*Bazoš*
Herneacova *Aranyág* *Goldast* Хрњаково/*Hrnjakovo*
Izvin *Őszény* *Jeswin* Извин/*Izvin*
Nadăș *Mélynádas* *Nadasch auf der Heide* Надаш/*Nadaš*
Petrovaselo *Temespéteri* *Petrowaselo* Петрово Село/*Petrovo Selo*
Recaș *Temesrékas* *Rekasch* Рекаш/*Rekaš*
Stanciova *Sztancsafalva* *Stantschowa* Станчево/*Stančevo*
## Geography
Recaș covers an area of 231.98 km2, 2.66% of the total area of Timiș County, and is located in an area of sunny hills, favorable to agriculture.
Recaș is crossed to the south by the Timiș River and the Bega Canal. The climate is temperate continental with a slight Mediterranean influence, the winters being generally mild, the summers warm, the autumns long and the transitions from winter to summer quite sudden. Climatic and soil characteristics make this area particularly conducive to viticulture.
## History
The oldest mention of Recaș dates from 1318. It has had its present name since the Middle Ages (as *Rekas* in 1450). The name has a Slavic root (Proto-Slavic \*rěka = stream), but there is evidence that the village was Vlach. Thus, historian Nicolae Ilieșiu shows that, in 1359, several Romanian families from Moldavia settled in Recaș, who received land and privileges from King Louis the Great, without being forced to give up Orthodoxy. But a little later the Bulgarians received the same rights, so the ethnic composition was more varied.
It was noticed early on as an important center in the region. In 1470 there was an *oppidum Rekas*, which comprised 20 localities. It therefore received town privileges, and there was even a customs office here. In 1650, Serbs from the Bačka area settled in Recaș. The locals called them *șocați* (\"shocked\") because they were of Catholic religion and, according to some opinions, were Croats.
Following the waves of colonization, in the middle of the 17th century, three distinct settlements were formed: *Recașul Valahilor* (*Vlașnița*; \"Vlachs\' Recaș\"), *Recașul Șocaților* (of the Serbs) and *Recașul Bulgarilor* (\"Bulgarians\' Recaș\"). The Romanians had a less favorable location, close to the Timiș River, in the area of today\'s train station. Due to frequent floods and conflicts with the Serbs, they were forced to move, with many settling in the neighboring village of Izvin. Therefore, when the Habsburgs conquered Banat and drew up the first census, the \"Vlachs\' Recaș\" appears as depopulated.
Under the Habsburgs, Recaș experienced a new stage of development, and colonization continued. In 1764, administrator Koll brought a large number of German settlers, who formed the nucleus of the \"German Recaș\". Until 1786, several waves of Swabian emigrants settled in Recaș in search of a better life. After Banat came under Hungarian administration, a process of Hungarianization and colonization with Hungarians took place. Hungarianization actually began around 1809, and the largest wave of Hungarian colonists settled in Recaș in 1899. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Recaș experienced an unprecedented period of development, polarizing social and economic life in the area (prefecture seat, court, land registry office and preception). In 1894 the brick factory with 100 employees was built, and in 1902 the first German newspaper, *Temesrekaser Zeitung*, appeared with weekly editions. During the interwar period, Recaș had a primary school, a Catholic confessional school, a casino, a fire brigade, a German agricultural circle and a sports club.
During the socialist period, Recaș had the status of a commune with six villages belonging to it (Bazoș, Herneacova, Izvin, Nadăș, Petrovaselo and Stanciova). Following a local referendum and the fulfillment of the necessary administrative conditions, Recaș acquired town status in 2004.
## Demographics
Recaș had a population of 8,336 inhabitants at the 2011 census, down 3% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants are Romanians (77.05%), larger minorities being represented by Hungarians (7.62%), Serbs (4.27%) and Roma (2.14%). For 6.9% of the population, ethnicity is unknown. By religion, most inhabitants are Orthodox (67.61%), but there are also minorities of Roman Catholics (10.83%), Pentecostals (8.28%), Serbian Orthodox (3.61%) and Baptists (1.26%). For 6.91% of the population, religious affiliation is unknown.
Census
-------- ------------
Year Population
1880 10,332
1890 10,928
1900 12,004
1910 13,237
1920 11,626
1930 11,684
1941 11,730
1956 11,261
1966 10,806
1977 10,928
1992 8,665
2002 8,560
2011 8,336
2021 8,347
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# Recaș
## Natives
- Ion Cojar (1931--2009), acting teacher and theatre director
## Economy
The area is best known for the quality of its wines. Recaș Wineries (*Cramele Recaș*), founded in 1991, is the largest producer and exporter of wines in Romania. However, viticulture has a much older tradition in the area, which dates back to the 15th century. The grape varieties grown by Recaș Wineries are: Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc, Syrah, Negru de Drăgășani, Novac, Acalon, Cabernet Dorsa, Zweigelt, Cadarcă, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Fetească Regală, Fetească Albă, Pinot Gris, Viognier, Muscat Ottonel, Furmint, Italian Riesling, and Rhine Riesling.
It is noteworthy, however, that in recent years`{{When|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} economic activity has begun to diversify
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# George Henry Caton Haigh
**George Henry Caton Haigh** (1860 -- 11 February 1941) FZS, MBOU, DL, was a world authority on Himalayan flowering trees and exotic plants. He was also a famous ornithologist and his manuscript collection is lodged in The Natural History Museum.
He was the eldest of five sons and three daughters of George Henry Haigh DL JP (1829--1887), of a Lincolnshire landed gentry family of Scottish origin, and Emma Jane Adelaide (1828--1919), daughter of politician Sir Robert Way Harty, 1st Baronet, of Dublin.
He was appointed High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1912
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