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2-22.3 | 198 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
means that something is happening––your task is to find out what it
means.
• Unusual pauses. Look for a longer delay than usual before the
translation begins. Unless it is a vocabulary or concept issue, the long
delay means that the interpreter is “thinking” before he translates.
Any thinking beyond what is needed to translate, as closely as possible,
what was just said represents a potential problem. Again, you should
establish a base line of behavior for your interpreter so you can
recognize these unusual pauses.
• “Wrong” reactions. If you say something humorous that should provoke
a positive response from the source, and you do not get that response,
then you should wonder if the message got through. If the source
becomes upset in response to something (positive) you said, then you
should begin to wonder what message was passed by the interpreter.
Did you fail to express yourself clearly, or was it an accidental or
deliberate mistranslation?
11-26. A trusted linguist should periodically review the accuracy of the
interpreter’s translations by monitoring an interrogation or debriefing and
critiquing the monitored interpreter’s performance.
INTERPRETER SUPPORT IN REPORT WRITING
11-27. The interpreter assists the HUMINT collector in preparing all
required reports. He may be able to fill gaps and unclear details in the
HUMINT collector’s notes. He may also assist in transliterating, translating,
and explaining foreign terms.
EVALUATING THE INTERPRETER
11-28. After submitting all reports, the HUMINT collector evaluates the
performance of his interpreter. This should be done in writing, and copies
should be given to the interpreter and placed on file with the individual
managing the HUMINT collection portion of the interpreter program. The
interpreter program manager needs to develop a standard evaluation format
for inclusion in the unit SOP. The evaluation forms should note at a
minimum:
• Administrative data (for example, date, time, interpreter’s name).
• Strengths and weaknesses of the interpreter with any problems and
corrective actions taken.
• Type of interpretation used (simultaneous or alternate).
• Type of HUMINT operation the interpretation was supporting (that is,
an interrogation, a debriefing, a liaison meeting).
• Ability or lack of ability of the interpreter to use specific technical
language that may have been required.
• Name or collector number of the HUMINT collector.
11-29. The interpreter program manager uses these forms to decide on future
use of the interpreters, to develop training programs for the interpreters, and
to assign interpreters to make maximum use of their specific capabilities. |
2-22.3 | 199 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
The HUMINT collector should also review these files before using an
unfamiliar interpreter.
MANAGING AN INTERPRETER PROGRAM
11-30. Units requiring interpretation support need to identify an individual
or individuals to manage the interpreter program. In most units, this will be
someone in the G3/S3 section. Division and Corps-level units will have a
language manager. In MI units whose specific function is HUMINT
collection, it will normally be a senior Warrant Officer within that unit. The
functions of the interpreter program manager include but are not limited
to—
• Consolidating and prioritizing interpreter requirements.
• Coordinating with G2 or INSCOM to contract for qualified
interpreters.
• Coordinating with the G1/S1 to identify personnel in the unit with
language skills who can be used as interpreters.
• Coordinating with the G1/S1 and G5 to obtain qualified local-hire
interpreters.
• Coordinating with G2/S2 for clearances.
• Coordinating with the G3/S3 to establish training for both the
interpreters and those that will be using interpreters.
• Coordinating with the G3/S3 for language testing of the interpreters in
both English and the target language as required.
• Coordinating with the G1/S1 and G4/S4 to ensure that all
administrative and logistical requirements for the interpreters are
met.
• Establishing and maintaining the administrative, operational, and
evaluation files on the interpreters.
• Assigning or recommending the assignment of interpreters to
operational missions based on their specific capabilities. |
2-22.3 | 201 | FM 2-22.3
PART FOUR
Analysis and Tools
Part Four discusses HUMINT analysis and the automation and communication tools
needed to support the HUMINT collection effort.
HUMINT analysis supports operational planning and provides direction to HUMINT
collection operations. Analysts determine if information from a single human source
is internally consistent based on factors such as placement and access of source,
prior information from the source, and existing holdings. Source analysis is used to
determine if the information from a source is complete, truthful, and responsive to
collection requirements. Operational analysis consists of those actions taken to
determine how to best meet requirements.
Modern automation and communications systems are vital to HUMINT collection.
Real-time collaboration, detailed operational planning and ISR integration, as well as
enhanced collection and source exploitation tools, must support team efforts.
Emerging technology continues to allow the entire HUMINT collection system to
operate more effectively. Commanders must be prepared to supply their HUMINT
collection assets with the best possible technology.
_________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 12
HUMINT Analysis and Production
12-1. Analytical processes provide information to support the commander,
his staff, and his unit. Analysis is an integral part of HUMINT collection.
Analysis occurs throughout the HUMINT collection process but can be
divided into four primary categories: analytical support to operational
planning and targeting, operational analysis and assessment, source
analysis, and single-discipline HUMINT analysis and production.
ANALYTICAL SUPPORT TO OPERATIONAL PLANNING
12-2. Several elements provide analytical support at various echelons,
including the following:
• The HAT is subordinate to the G2 ACE. The HAT supports the G2 in
developing IPB products and in developing and tailoring SIRs to
match HUMINT collection capabilities. |
2-22.3 | 202 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• The HAC is subordinate to the C/J/G/S2X and functions in the same
capacity for the C/J/G/S2X as the HAT does for the ACE.
• The HOC of the C/J/G/S2X supports the C/J/G/S2 and C/J/G/S2X in
the identification of HUMINT collection opportunities, the
development of taskings and RFIs for HUMINT collection assets, as
well as the development of a HUMINT database.
INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD
12-3. The HAT assists the G2 in the identification and characterization of
the human component of operations and its effects on friendly and enemy
operations. As part of its assistance to the G2, the HAT compiles and
analyzes data about the local civilian population including its political,
ethnic, religious, cultural, tribal, economic, and other social components. It
carefully examines the various component groups and their predicted
reaction to friendly force operations.
12-4. The HAT also provides input to all-source analysis by identifying
specific actions and motivational factors that should strengthen the local
population’s support of the US or at least weaken its support of the enemy
and by providing information on transient (refugees, DPs, third-country
nationals) population and its effects on friendly and enemy operations. In
addition to the above, the HAT––
• Closely examines the current and potential threat to identify all
factors, such as morale, motivation, training, and beliefs that would
affect both positively and negatively on enemy and opposing force
capabilities.
• Identifies formal and informal leaders of hostile, neutral, and
friendly groups and how their influence is likely to affect operations.
• Develops overlays, databases, and matrices, as required, to support
IPB. These overlays may represent a wide variety of intelligence
issues, including battlefield infrastructure (for example, electrical
power grid), population density, ethnic, religious, or tribal affiliation,
and no-strike or collateral damage.
• Provides its products to the C/J/G/S2, the all-source analysts and CI
analysts of the ACE, the HOC, the C/J/G/S2X, and HUMINT
collection units as required.
ISR TASK DEVELOPMENT
12-5. The HAT and the C/J/G/S2X support the C/J/G/S2 by expanding the
PIRs that can be answered through HUMINT collection into ISR tasks that
can be answered by a human source and that can be tasked to a specific
collection entity. The HAT and the C/J/G/S2X provide this information to
support the development of the HUMINT collection plan and its integration
into the overarching ISR plan. The HAT normally establishes a list of
prioritized standing indicators, and supplements this with ISR tasks
developed to answer specific PIRs. The standing indicators are incorporated
into the ACE’s all-source analysis team’s list of indicators that point to a
pattern or COA. Each standing indicator is integrated with other indicators |
2-22.3 | 203 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
and factors so that analysts can detect patterns and establish threat
intentions.
SUPPORT TO HUMINT TASKING
12-6. The C/J/G/S2X supports the C/J/G/S2 and the C/J/G/S2 requirements
manager by developing tasking for specific organic or attached HUMINT
collection assets and by developing requests and coordinating for support
from higher and lateral echelon HUMINT collection elements. The C/J/G/S2X
matches specific collection requirements to collection units and sources. If
current sources cannot answer the requirement, he develops profiles for new
sources that guide the collection teams in the development of new sources.
The C/J/G/S2X also determines the best method to achieve collection
requirements. The C/J/G/S2X supplies any required technical support to the
HUMINT operations section, OMTs, and HCTs.
HUMINT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
12-7. The C/J/G/S2X maintains the source database, which receives input
from HUMINT collection and CI operations. The C/J/G2X is responsible for
maintaining the source database.
OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
12-8. Operational analysis consists of those actions taken to determine how
to best meet requirements. Assessment evaluates the effectiveness of the
requirement effort. Operational analysis begins with the C/J/G/S2X when he
determines the best collection assets and sources needed to answer collection
requirements. For analysis, the C/J/G/S2X section and specifically the
HOC—
• Provides higher echelon coordination and deconfliction for collection
operations.
• Provides required technical support to the HUMINT operations
sections, OMTs, and HCTs.
• Facilitates feedback and evaluations.
12-9. For assessment, the C/J/G/S2X section and specifically the HOC—
• Monitors all HUMINT reporting to ensure that requirements are
being met.
• Refocuses efforts of assigned assets as needed.
12-10. The HUMINT operations section (if one exists) and the OMTs of
tasked collection units determine which HCTs are best suited to meet specific
collection requirements. They also conduct operational coordination for the
HCT, provide technical support, and monitor all reporting to ensure that
reports are properly formatted and support collection requirements. The
team leader of the tasked HCT selects the specific collectors and sources to
meet collection requirements, reviews the collection plan, provides technical
support to the collectors, coordinates with the supported unit, and monitors
all team reporting for format and content. He identifies additional lines of
questioning and approaches required to fulfill collection requirements. |
2-22.3 | 204 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
SOURCE ANALYSIS
12-11. Source analysis involves the actions taken to determine if information
from a single human source is internally consistent based on factors such as
placement and access of source, prior information from the source, and
existing holdings. Source analysis is used to determine if the information
from a source is complete, truthful, and responsive to collection
requirements. Preliminarily source analysis is the responsibility of the
individual HUMINT collector.
12-12. The HUMINT collector evaluates all source statements within the
context of the information known about the source and the current situation
to determine both the veracity and the validity of source statements. That is
not to say that the HUMINT collector ignores any information that does not
fit into expected pattern; rather that he treats that information with
skepticism and uses appropriate questioning methodology to validate the
statements (see Chapter 9). Source analysis is supported by the HCT leader,
the OMTs, and the HOC. Each echelon reviews the intelligence and
operational reports, identifies inconsistencies, evaluates veracity, and recom-
mends additional lines of questioning as appropriate.
12-13. Analysts can assign an alphanumeric designator to collected
information based on an analyst’s determination of the reliability of the
source and the probable accuracy of the information reported. A letter from A
to F is assigned reflecting the level of reliability, with A representing the
highest degree of reliability. The letter designation is then coupled with a
number from 1 to 6. The number 1 represents confirmed intelligence and the
numbers 2 through 6 represent increasing degrees of uncertainty as to the
veracity of the information. A complete explanation if this rating system is
contained in Appendix B. [NOTE: This system of labeling the reliability of
sources and their reported information should not be confused with the
alphanumeric rating scheme for source-screening operations as described in
Chapter 6.]
SINGLE-DISCIPLINE HUMINT ANALYSIS AND PRODUCTION
12-14. Single-discipline HUMINT analysis involves the actions taken to
evaluate the information provided by all HUMINT sources at a given echelon
to determine interrelationships, trends, and contextual meaning. While
called “single discipline," the analyst reviews and incorporates, as necessary,
information from other disciplines and all-source analysis to provide a
contextual basis for the HUMINT analysis. Single-discipline HUMINT
analysis is conducted primarily by the HAT of the ACE. HUMINT operations
sections and OMTs also conduct analysis to a lesser degree, based on the
information from HUMINT sources at their echelon.
12-15. Analysis does more than simply restate facts. The analyst formulates
a hypothesis based on available data, assesses the situation, and explains
what the data means in logical terms that the user can understand. There
are two basic thought processes used by analysts to study problems and
reach conclusions: induction and deduction. |
2-22.3 | 205 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
• Induction is the process of formulating hypotheses on the basis of
observation or other evidence. It can best be characterized as a
process of discovery when the analyst is able to establish a
relationship between events under observation or study. Induction,
or plausible reasoning, normally precedes deduction and is the type
of reasoning analysts are required to perform most frequently.
• Deduction is the process of reasoning from general rules to particular
cases. The analyst must draw out, or analyze, the premises to form a
conclusion. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as
demonstrative reasoning because it is used to demonstrate the truth
or validity of a conclusion based on certain premises.
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS
12-16. There are three basic analytical techniques and automated tools that
are particularly useful to single-discipline HUMINT analysis. Each of these
tools takes fragmented bits of information and organizes them to create a
chart or graph that can easily be read. They are the time event chart,
matrices, and the link analysis diagram. HUMINT collectors and analysts
can use automated computer programs such as Analyst Notebook or Crime
Link to produce these tools or they can create them on paper. Computer
programs are faster to use than previous methods and have the added
advantage of producing a product that can be shared easily and rapidly over
networks and portals. The diagrams in this chapter represent the tools that
can be produced using automated programs.
Time Event Chart
12-17. A time event chart is a method for placing and representing individual
or group actions in chronological form. It uses symbols to represent events,
dates, and the flow of time. Normally, triangles are used to depict the
beginning and end of the chart and may be used within the chart to indicate
particularly critical events such as an ideological shift or change. Rectangles,
used as event nodes, store administrative data and indicate significant
events or activities. Drawing an “X” through the event node may highlight
noteworthy or important events. Each of these symbols contains a sequence
number, date (day, month, and year of the event), and may, if desired,
contain a file reference number. The incident description written below the
event node is a brief explanation of the incident and may include team size
and type of incident. Arrows indicate time flow. By using these symbols and
brief descriptions, it is possible to analyze the group's activities, transitions,
trends, and particularly operational patterns in both time and activity. If
desired, the event nodes may be color coded to indicate a particular event or
type of event to aid in pattern recognition. The time event chart is the best
analytical tool for pattern analysis. The example at Figure 12-1 depicts the
history of the group, including most major players, which carried out the
World Trade Center bombing in February 1993. |
2-22.3 | 206 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Matrices
12-18. Construction of a matrix is the easiest and simplest way to show the
relationships between a number of similar or dissimilar associated items.
The items can be anything that is important to a collection effort such as
people, places, organizations, automobile license plates, weapons, telephone
numbers, or locations. In analysis, matrices are often used to identify “who
knows whom,” or “who has been where or done what” in a clear concise
manner. There are two types of matrices used in human analysis: the
association matrix, used to determine existence of relationships between
individual human beings, and the activities matrix, used to determine
connectivity between individuals and any organization, event, address,
activity, or any other non-personal entity. The graphics involved in
constructing the two types of matrices differ slightly, but the principles are
identical.
12-19. The association matrix (Figure 12-2) shows connections between key
individuals involved in any event or activity. It shows associations within a
group or associated activity. Normally, this type of matrix is constructed in
the form of an equilateral triangle having the same number of rows and
columns. Personalities must be listed in exactly the same order along both
the rows and columns to ensure that all possible associations are correctly
depicted. An alternate method is to list the names along the diagonal side of
the matrix. This type of matrix does not show the nature, degree, or duration
of a relationship, only that a relationship exists. The purpose of the matrix is
to show the analyst who knows whom and who are suspected to know whom.
In the event that a person of interest dies, a diamond is drawn next to his or
her name on the matrix.
12-20. The analyst uses a dot or closed (filled-in) circle to depict a strong or
known association. A known association is determined by direct contact
between one or more persons. Direct contact is determined by several factors.
Direct associations include––
• Face-to-face meetings.
• Telephonic conversations in which the analyst is sure who was
conversing with whom.
• Members of a cell or other group who are involved in the same
operations. |
2-22.3 | 207 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
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12-21. Suspected or weak associations are those associations in which there
are indicators that individuals may have had associations but there is no way
to confirm that association; this is depicted with an open circle. Examples of
suspected associations are––
• A known party calling a known telephone number (the analyst knows
to whom the telephone number is listed) but it cannot be determined
with certainty who answered the call.
• A face-to-face meeting where one party can be identified, but the
other party can only be tentatively identified.
12-22. The rationale for depicting suspected associations is to get as close as
possible to an objective analytic solution while staying as close as possible to
known or confirmed facts. If a suspected association is later confirmed, the
appropriate adjustment may be made on the association matrix. A secondary
reason for depicting suspected associations is that it may give the analyst a
focus for tasking limited intelligence collections assets in order to confirm the
suspected association. An important point to remember about using the
association matrix is that it will, without modification, show only the |
2-22.3 | 208 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
existence of relationships; not the nature, degree, or duration of those
relationships.
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12-23. The activities matrix (Figure 12-3) is a rectangular array of
personalities compared against activities, locations, events, or other
appropriate information. The kind and quality of data that is available to the
collector determines the number of rows and columns and their content. The
analyst may tailor the matrix to fit the needs of the problem at hand or he
may add to it as the problem expands in scope. This matrix normally is
constructed with personalities arranged in a vertical listing on the left side of
the matrix, and events, activities, organizations, addresses, or any other
common denominator arranged along the bottom of the matrix. This matrix
is critical for the study of a group’s internal and external activities, external
ties and linkages, and even modus operandi. As with the association matrix,
confirmed or “strong” associations between individuals and non-personal
entities are shown with a solid circle or dot, while suspected or “weak”
associations are illustrated by an open circle.
12-24. Using matrices, the analyst can pinpoint the optimal targets for
further intelligence collection, identify key personalities within an
organization, and considerably increase the analyst's understanding of an
organization and its structure. Matrices can be used to present briefings or to
store information in a concise and understandable manner within a database.
Matrices augment but cannot replace SOPs or standard database files. It is
possible, and sometimes productive, to use one matrix for all associations.
This is done routinely using the automated systems mentioned in paragraph
13-6. |
2-22.3 | 209 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
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12-25. The link analysis diagram (Figure 12-4) shows the connections
between people, groups, or activities. The difference between matrices and
link analysis is roughly the same as the difference between a mileage chart
and a road map. The mileage chart (matrix) shows the connections between
cities using numbers to represent travel distances. The map (link analysis
diagram) uses symbols that represent cities, locations, and roads to show how
two or more locations are linked to each other. |
2-22.3 | 210 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
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HHHHeeeezzzzbbbboooollllllllaaaahhhh
TTTTvvvvllll ttttoooo IIIIrrrraaaaqqqq IIIIrrrraaaannnn MMMMMrrrrrsssss.....
FFFFaaaallllllll 1111999999992222 $$$ RRRRRaaaaahhhhhmmmmmaaaaannnnn FFFFFaaaaarrrrraaaaaggggg UUUUUnnnnnkkkkk
EEEEggggyyyypppptttt
Figure 12-4. Example of a Link Analysis Diagram.
12-26. As with construction of association matrices, there are certain rules of
graphics, symbology, and construction that must be followed.
Standardization is critical to ensuring that everyone constructing, using, or
reading a link analysis diagram understands exactly what the diagram
depicts. Circles and lines are arranged so that no lines cross whenever
possible. Often, especially when dealing with large groups, it is very difficult
to construct a line diagram in which no lines cross. In these cases, every
effort should be made to keep the number of crossings at an absolute
minimum. The standard rules are as follows:
• Persons are shown as open circles with the name written inside the
circle. Deceased persons are depicted in either open circles, with a
diamond next to the circle representing that person (as in
Figure 12-4) or as open diamonds with the name written inside the
diamond.
JJJOOONNNEEESSS JJJJOOOONNNNEEEESSSS |
2-22.3 | 211 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
• Persons known by more than one name (alias or AKA) are shown as
overlapping circles with names in each circle (as shown below) or
both names are simply listed in the same circle. If the alias is
suspected, a dotted line is used to depict the intersection. If the alias
is confirmed, the intersection is shown with a solid line.
BBBBBRRRRROOOOOWWWWWNNNNN GGGGGRRRRREEEEEEEEEENNNNN BBBBRRRROOOOWWWWNNNN GGGGRRRREEEEEEEENNNN
• Non-personal entities (organizations, governments, events, locations)
are shown as appropriately labeled rectangles.
MMOOSSQQUUEE
• Solid lines denote confirmed linkages or associations and dotted lines
show suspected linkages and associations.
CCCCCAAAAARRRRRTTTTTEEEEERRRRR CCCCAAAARRRRTTTTEEEERRRR
RRRR RRRR
EEEE EEEE
TTTT TTTT
RRRR RRRR
AAAA AAAA
CCCC CCCC
SSSS SSSS
NNNNEEEE === NNNNEEEE ===
OOOO OOOO
JJJJ JJJJ
JJJJJOOOOONNNNNEEEEESSSSS JJJJOOOONNNNEEEESSSS
• Footnotes on the matrices can be shown as a brief legend on the
connectivity line.
CCCCCCCCNNNNYYYY ’’’’88888888 –––– ‘‘‘‘99991111
=== CCCCCCAAAAAARRRRRRTTTTTTEEEEEERRRRRR JJJJJJOOOOOONNNNNNEEEEEESSSSSS
3333
33.. AAtttteennddeedd CCCCNNYY ’’8888--’’9911
• Each person or non-personal entity is depicted only once in a link
analysis diagram. |
2-22.3 | 212 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
12-27. The following diagram shows only connectivity between persons:
EEE
AAA BBB CCC
DDD
12-28. The analyst can easily determine from the diagram that Alpha knows
Bravo, Bravo knows Charlie and Delta. Bravo is suspected of knowing Echo
and Charlie knows Delta, Bravo, and Echo. Although the same information
could be shown on a matrix, it is easier to understand when depicted on a
link analysis diagram. As situations or investigations become more complex,
the ease in understanding a link analysis diagram becomes more apparent.
In almost all cases, the available information is first depicted and analyzed
on both types of matrices, which are then used to construct a link analysis
diagram for further analysis.
12-29. Link analysis diagrams can show organizations, membership within
the organization, action teams or cells, or participants in an event. Since each
individual depicted on a link analysis diagram can be shown only once, and
some individuals may belong to more than one organization or take part in
more than one event, squares or rectangles representing non-personal
entities may have to overlap. The following illustration demonstrates that
Ralph and Fred are both members of the "Red Fighters," and that Fred also
is a member of the "Students for Peace." Further, since Ralph and Fred are
shown in the same “box,” it is a given that they are mutually associated.
RReedd FFiigghhtteerrss
FFFrrreeeddd RRRaaalllppphhh
SS..FF..PP..
BBoommbbiinngg
TTTeeerrrrrrooorrriiisssttt
SSSuuuppppppooorrrtttiiinnnggg
TTTrrraaaiiinnniiinnnggg AAhhmmeedd
GGGooovvveeerrrnnnmmmeeennnttt
CCCaaammmppp
TTeerrrroorriisstt GGrroouupp
12-30. There is more to overlapping organizations than is immediately
obvious. At first glance, the overlap indicates only that an individual may
belong to more than one organization or has taken part in multiple activities.
Further study and analysis would reveal connections between organizations,
connections between events, or connections between organizations and
events, either directly or through persons. The above diagram reveals a more |
2-22.3 | 213 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
complex connection between organizations, personal connections, and
linkages.
12-31. The analysis diagram in paragraph 12-29 shows a connection between
organizations and events to which an individual belongs or is associated. In
this case, a national government runs a training camp for terrorists. Ahmed,
a member of the terrorist group, is associated with the training camp, and
participated in the bombing attack. From this diagram, one can link the
supporting government to the bombing through the camp and the
participant.
12-32. When, as is often the case, an organization or incident depicted in a
link analysis diagram contains the names of more than one individual, it is
not necessary to draw a solid line between those individuals to indicate
connectivity. It is assumed that individual members of the same cell or
participants in the same activity know each other, and the connection
between them is therefore implied. If the persons are not mutually
associated, they cannot be placed in the same “box.” Another solution must
be found to depict the situation; that is, show the persons as associated with
a subordinate or different organization or activity.
12-33. A final set of rules for link analysis diagrams concerns connectivity
between individuals who are not members of an organization or participants
in an activity, but who are somehow connected to that entity. Two
possibilities exist: First, the individual knows a member or members of the
organization but is not associated with the organization itself; or second, the
person is somehow connected with the organization or activity but cannot be
directly linked with any particular member of that entity.
12-34. In the first case, the connectivity line is drawn only between the
persons concerned as depicted here:
SSSMMMIIITTTHHH JJJOOONNNEEESSS
BBBRRROOOWWWNNN
CCEELLLL |
2-22.3 | 214 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
12-35. In the second case, where Smith is associated with the entity, but not
the persons who are members of entity, the situation is shown as depicted
here:
SSSMMMIIITTTHHH JJJOOONNNEEESSS
BBBRRROOOWWWNNN
CCEELLLL
12-36. The steps in constructing a link analysis diagram are as follows:
• Step 1. Raw data or fragments of information are organized into
logical order. Names of individuals, organizations, events, and
locations are compiled on appropriate lists. At this point, a time
event chart may be completed to assist in understanding the
information and to arrange events into chronological order.
• Step 2. Information is entered onto the appropriate matrices,
graphically displaying “who is associated with whom” and “who is
associated with what.”
• Step 3. Drawing information from the database and intelligence
reports, and relationships from the matrices, the link analysis
diagram can be constructed. The best method to start the link
analysis diagram is to––
Start with the association matrix and determine which person has
the greatest number of personal associations. Depict that person in
the center of the page.
SSMMIITTHH
Determine which person has the next highest number of personal
associations. Depict that person near the first person.
JJJOOONNNEEESSS SSSMMMIIITTTHHH |
2-22.3 | 215 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
12-37. Use the association matrix and show all confirmed and suspected
personal associations.
DD HH
EEE AAA CCC BBB III
FF JJ
GG
• After all personal associations have been shown on the link analysis
diagram, the analyst uses the activities matrix to determine which
activities, organizations, or other non-personal entities need to be
depicted by appropriate rectangles. Having done so, the lines of
connectivity between persons within the rectangles may be removed
to prevent clutter. (It is assumed that participants in the same
activity or members of the same cell are acquainted.)
DD HH
EEE AAA CCC BBB III
FF JJ
GGG
CCEELLLL 11 CCEELLLL 22
12-38. As shown in Figure 12-4, the link analysis diagram depicts the
membership, organization, activities, and connections of the group that,
under the leadership of Sheik Omar Abdul Rahman, carried out the bombing
of the World Trade Center in New York City and planned other bombing
attacks. Together with the time event chart (Figure 12-1), one can gain a
basic understanding of the group and its activities, and develop working
hypotheses for additional collection and analysis efforts.
12-39. After completion of the matrices and the link analysis diagram, the
analyst makes recommendations about the group’s structure, and areas can
be identified for further collection. Collection assets are employed to verify
suspected connections, ID key personalities, and substantiate or refute the
conclusions and assessments drawn from the link analysis that has been
done. The link analysis diagram and thorough analysis of the information it
contains can reveal a great deal about an organization. It can identify the
group’s leadership, its strong and weak points, and operational patterns. The
analyst can use these to predict future activities. |
2-22.3 | 216 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
OTHER ANALYSIS TOOLS
12-40. Pattern analysis is the process of deducing the doctrine and TTP that
threat forces prefer to employ by careful observation and evaluation of
patterns in its activities. This technique is based on the premise that threat
COAs reflect certain characteristic patterns that can be identified and
interpreted. Pattern analysis can be critically important when facing a threat
whose doctrine is unknown and it is necessary to create new threat model
and doctrinal templates. Three additional tools that can help the analyst to
determine operational patterns and create and update their threat model are
the coordinates register, pattern analysis plot sheet, and OB factors.
Coordinates Register
12-41. The coordinates register, or incident map, is one type of pattern
analysis tool (Figure 12-5). It illustrates cumulative events that have
occurred within the AO and focuses on the “where” of an event. The analyst
may use multiple coordinates registers that focus on a different subject or
blend subjects. Normally, the coordinates register includes additional
information such as notes or graphics. The analyst should use the
coordinates register in conjunction with the pattern analysis plot sheet.
TToowwnn ooff MMaaccoommbb
Figure 12-5. Coordinates Register. |
2-22.3 | 217 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
Pattern Analysis Plot Sheet
12-42. The analyst uses a pattern analysis plot sheet to focus on the time and
date of each serious incident that takes place within the AO (Figure 12-6)
The rings depict days of the month; the segments depict the hours of the day
As shown in the sheet’s legend, the event itself is identified by using an
alphanumeric designation and directly corresponds to the legend used on the
coordinates register. Another type of the pattern analysis plot sheet helps
distinguish patterns in activities that are tied to particular days, dates, or
times. When used in conjunction with the coordinates register and any
doctrinal templates, a pattern analysis plot sheet supplies the bulk of the
data needed to complete an event template.
AACCTTIIVVIITTYY AANNDD AARREEAA:: MMccDDoonnoouugghh –– SScchhuuyylleerr PPrroovviinnccee ((DDiivviissiioonn AAOO))
KKNNOOWWNN CCOOVVEERRAAGGEE GGAAPPSS:: CCoollcchheesstteerr,, QQuuiinnccyy
MMOONNTTHH aanndd YYEEAARR:: 11 AApprriill 0011
LLEEGGEENNDD::
RR –– AAmmbbuusshh
BB –– MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss
LL –– RRaaiidd
1111111 2222222 3333333 4444444 5555555 6666666 7777777 8888888 9999999 11111110000000 11111111111111 11111112222222 11111113333333 11111114444444 11111115555555 11111116666666 11111117777777 11111118888888 11111119999999 22222220000000
222222111111 222222222222 222222333333 222222444444 222222555555 222222666666 222222777777 222222888888 222222999999 333333000000 333333111111 NNNNOOOOTTTTEEEE:::: DDDDaaaaiiiillllyyyy jjjjoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaallll nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr iiiisss
lllliiiisssstttteeeedddd oooonnnn ccccaaaalllleeeennnnddddaaaarrrr ((((jjjjoooouuuurrrrnnnnaaaalll
ccccrrrroooossssssss----rrrreeeeffffeeeerrrreeeennnncccceeeessss eeeeaaaacccchhhh iiiinnnncccciiiiddddeeeennnntttt ttttoooo
aaaa ccccoooooooorrrrddddiiiinnnnaaaatttteeeessss rrrreeeeggggiiiisssstttteeeerrrr))))....
Figure 12-6. Pattern Analysis Plot Sheet. |
2-22.3 | 218 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
OB Factors
12-43. A final analytical tool is OB. The OB does not predict enemy
intentions or probable COAs but is a means of cataloging intelligence data
that qualifies and quantifies certain aspects of threat units. The analyst uses
nine factors shown in Table 12-1 to focus the analysis. These help the analyst
determine threat capabilities, vulnerabilities, and COAs. Although the
situation may dictate that one or more of the factors are given a higher
priority, generally speaking, they are all of equal importance. The OB
framework, while initially developed to support force-on-force offensive and
defensive operations, is easily adapted to support stability and reconstruction
operations and to depict “unconventional” forces or even civilian
organizations.
Table 12-1. Order of Battle Factors.
Factor Component
Composition • Unit identification
• Organization
Disposition • Geographical Location
• Tactical Deployment
• Movements
Strength • Personnel
• Weapons and Equipment
• Types of Units
Tactics • Tactical Doctrine
• Special Operations
Training • Individual
• Unit
• Specialized
Logistics • Systems
• Status
• Funding
Combat Effectiveness • Combat Experience
• Morale
• Tactics
• Logistics
Electronic Technical Data/Emitter Nomenclature • Emitter Type
• Mode of Emission
• Frequency Range
• Location Accuracy for Direction Finding
• Associated Use (Units or Weapons)
Miscellaneous • Personalities/Leadership
• Unit History
• Uniforms and Insignia
• Code Names and Numbers
12-44. The OB is based on the premise that there are certain constants to
any group activity. All groups whether they are conventional military forces,
insurgent groups, or civilian organizations must have an organizational
structure (composition). This structure may not be easily discernable but it
will exist. Likewise, any organization has a location or locations in which it
operates, personnel and equipment numbers, a system for training, getting
supplies, judging efficiency and effectiveness of its operations, communi- |
2-22.3 | 219 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
cating, and taking care of other intangibles such as morale. The OB gives the
analyst a framework to organize information. The analyst adapts the topic
headings to match the particular environment.
HUMINT SOURCE SELECTION
12-45. HUMINT source selection involves identifying, researching, and
actively locating a specific group, organization, or individual for the purpose
of collecting information in response to intelligence requirements. The
HUMINT source selection process includes the C/J/G/S2X, the HOC, the
HAT, the OMT, and the HCT. The source selection process allows the
HUMINT team leader to identify the most likely source of information,
eliminating the uncertainty of the access and placement of sources. Source
selection also helps optimize the HUMINT collection effort. Any individual,
group, organization, or agency that can be approached for information
regarding intelligence requirements is a potential source. Sources are chosen
according to their reliability, level of cooperation, and placement and access.
Selection is particularly important in stability and reconstruction operations
where the HUMINT collectors have access to a large potential source pool.
Source selection establishes which current sources can best answer
requirements and establishes source profiles to support the screening and
selection of new sources.
ESTABLISH DATABASES AND TARGET FOLDERS
12-46. The establishment of local databases, target folders, and personality
files is normally the responsibility of the OMT. This is done in coordination
with the supporting ACE or analysis control team (ACT). Databases are
required to manage the information. By using databases one can identify
gaps in the information. The HCT and OMT access higher databases through
intelligence reach to share and deconflict locally maintained data with higher
level databases. Local databases can be created and used to help track source
production, knowledge, reliability, and accuracy, and they simplify cross-
reference data that is of primarily local interest. It is ideal to review and
update databases at least weekly.
12-47. A target folder provides the collector with up-to-date intelligence
information about details of the target. It includes anything of HUMINT
value including biographies, descriptions, photographs, and previous
information reports. The information can be gained from the ACE or ACT,
past reports, INTSUMs, and databases; it can then be organized into easily
accessible automated folders. Information on people is categorized and
recorded in a personality file. The file serves as reference material for
collectors. Information on key military and civilian figures can be of
significant value when establishing unit or group identification, tactics, and
combat effectiveness. The file should not only provide information on
cultural, religious, tribal, political, military, criminal, and governmental
background but also contain specific personalities for collectors to focus their
collection effort on. This allows the collectors to concentrate on mission
planning and to conduct their mission rather than to research information. |
2-22.3 | 220 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
COMPARE SOURCE LIST WITH REQUIREMENTS
12-48. As target folders are compiled, a list of high-value sources will
emerge. It is a simple matter to compare the source list with the PIRs and/or
SIRs. This will lead to efficient and time-saving missions for the collectors.
Rather than spend time meeting with sources who may have information
concerning certain subjects, the HCT is able to tackle the collection process
with foresight. Upon receipt of the mission, the OMT conducts mission
analysis to determine the optimal way to meet mission requirements. Proper
mission analysis enables the collector to properly focus his assets (sources) to
gain the maximum amount of intelligence from those sources most likely to
possess the highest quality information.
12-49. The following products, which will focus the HCT’s collection efforts,
can be prepared in conjunction with the ACE and joint intelligence centers:
• Time event charts.
• Source coverage overlays or matrices (see Figure 12-7).
• Link analysis diagrams.
• HUMINT portions of OPORDs and situation reports.
12-50. The source coverage overlay or matrix helps tie in the source coverage
to the requirements. It also helps identify gaps in collection. A collection
matrix serves the same purpose. It supplies a quick reference when
answering intelligence requirements. The matrices must cover both the
geographical area and the placement and access of the source. A demographic
overlay helps to identify ethnic groups in an area and to track events and
patterns based on religious or ethnic differences. The overlay and matrix are
examples of how source coverage can be tied to intelligence requirements.
12-51. Source profiles are vital to screening sources for HUMINT collection
operations and to identifying personnel that might be of interest to other
agencies such as CI and TECHINT. As the situation changes, the HCT might
be tasked with new collection requirements that cannot be answered by the
current sources. The HCT is constantly looking for new and better sources.
When presented with new requirements, the OMT develops a source profile
of the type of individual that would most likely be able to provide the
information required. This profiling can include placement, access, age,
ethnic type, gender, location, occupation, and military specialty. The OMT
first searches through existing local databases to try to get a source match. If
not, it passes the profile to the HCTs along with the requirements to
facilitate their screening of potential sources. |
2-22.3 | 221 | ________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3
SSSSoooouuuurrrrcccceeee SSSSoooouuuurrrrcccceeee
3333 4444
SSSSoooouuuurrrrcccceeee
SSSSoooouuuurrrrcccceeee
1111
2222
SSSSOOOOUUUURRRRCCCCEEEE PPPPLLLLAAAACCCCEEEEMMMMEEEENNNNTTTT//// GGGGEEEEOOOOGGGGRRRRAAAAPPPPHHHHIIIICCCCAAAALLLL PPPPIIIIRRRR PPPPIIIIRRRR PPPPIIIIRRRR PPPPIIIIRRRR PPPPIIIIRRRR PPPPIIIIRRRR
AAAACCCCCCCCEEEESSSSSSSS AAAARRRREEEEAAAA 1111 2222 3333 4444 5555 6666
0000000000001111 PPPPoooolllliiiicccceeee VVVViiiillllllllaaaaggggeeee 1111 XXXX
0000000000002222 MMMMuuuunnnniiiicccciiiippppaaaallll VVVViiiillllllllaaaaggggeeee 1111 aaaannnndddd XXXX XXXX
GGGGoooovvvveeeerrrrnnnnmmmmeeeennnntttt NNNNaaaattttiiiioooonnnnaaaallll
0000000000003333 PPPPoooolllliiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll CCCCiiiittttyyyy 1111 aaaannnndddd 2222 XXXX XXXX
PPPPaaaarrrrttttyyyy 1111
0000000000004444 PPPPoooolllliiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll CCCCiiiittttyyyy 3333 aaaannnndddd 4444 XXXX XXXX XXXX
PPPPaaaarrrrttttyyyy 2222
Figure 12-7. Example of a Source Coverage Overlay or Matrix. |
2-22.3 | 223 | FM 2-22.3
Chapter 13
Automation and Communication
13-1. Modern automation and communications systems are vital to
HUMINT collection. Real-time collaboration, detailed operational planning
and ISR integration, as well as enhanced collection and source exploitation
tools, must support team efforts. Emerging technology continues to allow
the entire HUMINT collection system to operate more effectively.
Commanders must be prepared to supply their HUMINT collection assets
with the best possible technology not only to enhance collection but also to
optimize the survivability of the collectors. (See Appendix L.) Commanders
may not be able to rely solely on standard military equipment but must be
prepared to bridge the inevitable technological development gap through
the identification and adaptation of commercially available products and
technologies. For specific system components and capabilities, see ST 2-50.
AUTOMATION
13-2. HUMINT automation uses common hardware and software solutions
with a flexible interactive user interface to provide standardization of
equipment and processes across all operational environments and
conditions. HUMINT automation must be deployable and scalable to fit the
mission or force package. System components must be capable of
intelligence reach to support forward-deployed elements. HUMINT
automation allows integration and interaction with existing intelligence
operations, HUMINT operational systems, and databases. This integration
allows operations personnel and analysts to develop plans and levy
collection and operational requirements, as well as to manage, control,
analyze, and report the information collected. HUMINT automation—
• Provides connectivity and reach capability between all echelons of
HUMINT activity.
• Receives higher echelon requirements and transmits requests for
information.
• Converts HUMINT reporting into formats for JTF or coalition task
force (CTF), theater, or national consumption.
• Pushes requirements, requests, and plans for HUMINT operations in
theater as required.
• Maintains the central HUMINT database for the theater or AO.
• Leverages JTF or CTF, theater, and national level requirements and
products for strategic, operational, and tactical HUMINT assets in
theater. |
2-22.3 | 224 | FM 2-22.3 ________________________________________________________________________________
• Enables HUMINT to provide accurate and timely correlated
information to supported commanders through established reporting
channels.
• Provides automated analysis tools.
13-3. Systems such as Trusted Workstation (TWS) can convert HUMINT
reporting into formats for JTF or CTF, theater, or national consumption.
TWS can also connect between the SIPRNET and any lower level networks,
such as coalition, multinational, or NATO, or unclassified networks such as
NIPRNET or the Internet.
COLLECTION SUPPORT AUTOMATION REQUIREMENTS
BIOMETRICS
13-4. Biometrics is the study of measurable biological characteristics. In
HUMINT collection, biometric devices, usually computer based, enable the
HUMINT collector to use biological data to support the collection and
analysis effort. Biometrics can also be used in non-HUMINT efforts to
collect and maintain evidence for criminal prosecution. The two major types
of biometric data that are useful to the HUMINT collector are identification
data and data that indicate source truthfulness. Identification devices use
biological information such as fingerprints, voiceprints, facial scans, and
retinal scans to match an individual to a source database. They can verify
the identity of a specific individual from the target population during
screening.
13-5. HCTs may be equipped with portable equipment for collecting,
storing, analyzing, forwarding, and retrieving biometric information. The
BAT is able to identify personnel by using identifying characteristics of
their irises, fingerprints, or facial photograph. The structured query
language (SQL) server-based database links identifying characteristics
with all previous reports related to the person. Once a person’s identifying
characteristics are entered into the database, if that person is again
detained and scanned, the system has a probability of identifying them that
approaches 100 percent. This ability is especially useful for determining if
a source is providing the same information to multiple collectors; thereby
avoiding false confirmation of information. HUMINT collectors primarily
use BAT during screening operations at all echelons; from checkpoint
screening, to screening at a DCP, to screening at a JIDC. MPs use the
Detainee Reporting System (DRS) during in-processing at internment
facilities. The DRS records data for detainee processing and tracking and is
intended to interact with the BAT system to avoid duplication of effort.
13-6. The hardware that makes up the system, which is given to MI teams,
consists of a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) semi-hardened laptop
computer running an operating system with a graphical user interface. It
has a camera and an iris scanner, each of which is portable and can be used
independent of the computer to collect and temporarily store information.
The system also includes a fingerprint scanner that conforms to FBI
requirements for admissible evidence. The fingerprint scanner must be
attached to the computer during use. |
2-22.3 | 225 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
13-7. Biometric devices such as voice stress analyzer and polygraph support
the determination of the truthfulness of a source. The polygraph is of
limited usefulness in general HUMINT collection due to the level of
expertise needed to operate it and the lack of general availability of the
device to the field. As devices are developed that can remotely collect and
report information to the HUMINT collector on subtle changes in the
source’s respiration, heartbeat, perspiration, and eye movement that can be
indicators of deceit, they can be used to support HUMINT collection.
MACHINE TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION
13-8. Understanding oral and written communication in a foreign language
is often the center of effective HUMINT collection operations. The optimal
solution is to have an individual who is a trained collector of native
proficiency, totally versed in the local situation and US requirements, with
the requisite security clearance, who is capable of reporting accurately in
English. Commanders’ access to such individuals is usually problematic.
This requirement is met through a combination of MI linguists, contractors,
native speakers within the DOD system, and locally hired civilian
translators. Difficulties arise if the proficiency levels of MI linguists are not
up to mission requirements, or if the linguists do not possess the proper
language for the theater of operation. Using locally hired translators raises
security problems. In light of these conditions, an increasingly viable
solution for the commander is the use of machine translation devices to
meet some of these requirements.
13-9. Voice and text translation machines or software are critical in
augmenting available linguists. This includes natural language processing,
artificial intelligence, and optical character recognition (OCR) capabilities.
The basic application of machine translation, such as speech recognition
and OCRs, dramatically increases the speed of processing information.
Software programs are becoming widely available that allow a non-linguist
to determine the intelligence significance of a foreign document, aid
linguists with laborious tasks, and add consistency to human translation.
13-10. Machine interpretation is the use of a machine to interpret the
spoken word between the HUMINT collectors and another individual
speaking a foreign language. Linguists are in high demand during
operations and usually limited in number. As machine interpretation
devices that address this problem become available to the field, they will
improve the communication ability of non-linguists.
ANALYTICAL AUTOMATION REQUIREMENTS
13-11. The requirement for a robust HUMINT single-discipline analytical
capability extends through all echelons from national level to the OMTs.
Communication between HUMINT analysts at the operational level and
analysts at the staff level may best be accomplished through a web-based
communication capability. Web-based visual analytical tools allow maxi-
mum analyst participation in the development of products geared to
mission planning, targeting, and information analysis at all echelons. |
2-22.3 | 226 | FM 2-22.3 ________________________________________________________________________________
Analytical products must be responsive to the special needs of a specific
collection operation, project, or element.
13-12. HUMINT collectors run operations in terrain made up of persons,
organizations, and installations of interest. Intelligence analysis support
determines the specific terrain in each team area and how it differs from
one team’s named area of interest (NAI) to another. Specific products
include studies on nominated targets (persons, organizations, and
installations) and trends based on HUMINT reporting, as appropriate, and
visual analysis products (time event charts, matrices, link analysis
diagrams, and organizational diagrams).
AUTOMATED ANALYSIS TOOLS
13-13. Automation of HUMINT analytical tools such as time event charts,
association matrices, activity matrices, and link analysis diagrams
dramatically increase predictive analysis capability. Automation saves
time and permits access to more complete information thus producing a
more accurate, timely product. Automated analysis techniques, aided by
computerized virtual-viewing programs, allow the analyst better battlefield
visualization. Automated analysis, linked to data and databases, includes
artificial intelligence programs. These programs assist the analyst in
developing predictions and identifying information gaps to support
targeting and collection. Automation and web-based tools allow the analyst
to⎯
• Track and cross-cue HUMINT reports.
• Incorporate data extraction technology, retrieval, automated data
organization, content analysis, and visualization.
• Share analytical conclusions with HUMINT teams and other
analysts in real time.
• Apply multidimensional technologies, content analysis techniques,
and web-based collaborations.
• Display analytical results and view HUMINT operations in real time.
• Share resources such as models, queries, visualizations, map
overlays, geospatial images, and tool outputs through a common
interface.
• Apply clustering (a nonlinear search that compiles the results based
on search parameters) and rapid spatial graphical and geographic
visualization tools to determine the meaning of large informational
streams.
• Rapidly discover links, patterns, relationships, and trends in text to
use in predictive analysis.
• Capture analytical conclusions and automatically transfer to
intelligence databases and systems. |
2-22.3 | 227 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
SEARCH ENGINES
13-14. Search engines provide access to previously collected or known
information facilitating the development of comprehensive analytical and
intelligence products and avoiding unnecessary collection tasking
redundancy. A tool set for data visualization, search, and discovery is
required, which is embedded with several software programs for
manipulating data from multiple databases. The types of modules in
visualization packages should include search engines and knowledge
discovery (semantic clustering) for unformatted data, applications for
extracting and organizing formatted data, and data labeling. The package
should also include a model building tool to enable users to make their
archives more efficient with respect to search, retrieval, and compatibility
to other applications as well as archiving and maintenance tools to support
what will eventually become a large data warehouse. Search engines
should be⎯
• Multilingual and able to query multiple classified and unclassified
databases.
• Capable of developing, querying, and manipulating stored
information.
WEB-BASED REPORTING AND PORTALS
13-15. Web-based reporting employs current Internet portal technology. The
web-based portal is an efficient and effective means of developing a
repository of HUMINT information. It employs an interactive graphic
interface using client browser technology, search engines, hyperlinks, and
intelligent software agents for searching, finding, viewing, and maintaining
databases and supporting HUMINT work, data, and information flows. It
supports collaborative analysis at multiple echelons through connectivity
on the SIPRNET. The following pertains to web-based reporting:
• Web-based databases work with any computer hardware, operating
system, or software and can be made accessible through web portals.
• Firewalls and information access are controlled at each level with an
approving systems administrator at each level conducting quality
control through release authority procedures.
• Graphic user interface uses standard Army and DOD report formats.
• Graphic user interface walks the user through a critical task and is
able to identify Army and DOD reports as required. Reports must be
Army and DOD platform compatible and transferable through and to
their respective systems.
• Multimedia supports applications for attaching, associating, and
hyperlinking video, still photographs, voice, scanned objects,
graphics, and maps to records and files.
13-16. Web-based reporting and web pages developed for specific products
allow the user to⎯
• Leverage their effort and expertise against all requirements, not just
the ones that must be met immediately. |
2-22.3 | 228 | FM 2-22.3 ________________________________________________________________________________
• Identify timely intelligence gaps and the leads to fill those gaps.
• Ensure immediate analytical feedback on collector reports to—
Post questions directly to a web page to enable all HCTs to answer
or be cued to the specific request.
Identify or request clarification on questionable data for quality
control.
• Fuse HUMINT information and all-source information as required.
• Focus collection teams supporting maneuver commanders’
requirements more effectively.
• Immediately extract information for crisis reaction.
13-17. If HCTs use web portals to submit reports directly to theater level,
they must also send the reports through their OMT for submission to the
2X. Failure to do so may deny the 2X the ability to deconflict and cross-
reference reports. HUMINT collectors must ensure that they follow the
theater-specific methodology for access to the theater web portal.
DATABASES
13-18. Without databases, information is difficult or impossible to retrieve
quickly, especially under adverse conditions. Databases allow access to
data in a distributed environment and support many complex HUMINT
functions and requirements, including—
• Mission deconfliction.
• RM.
• RFIs.
• HUMINT analysis.
• Summary, report, and assessment preparation.
• Threat and friendly situation tracking.
• Targeting.
13-19. Databases interact with other tools to support predictive analysis,
prepare graphic analytical products, and provide situational understanding
down to the HCT. These databases⎯
• Support time event charts, association matrices, link analysis, and
other analysis tools.
• Require a designated systems administrator at each. To ensure a
high degree of integrity, discrepancies must be verified for accuracy.
• Allow operators, managers, and analysts to—
Compartment (protect) source-sensitive operational database
segments, files, records, and fields.
Create, update, and maintain databases from locally generated
information.
Import complete or partial databases from larger or peer databases.
Export complete or partial databases to peer or larger databases. |
2-22.3 | 229 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Share data and databases between peers, subordinates, or higher
with appropriate access authorization.
• Provide systematic processing and automated parsing using
standardized forms in intelligence operations, which are
automatically parsed into appropriate databases for information
storing, sharing, retrieval, and analysis.
• Allow query functions for decisionmaking as well as operational and
analytical support.
• Provide analytical programs able to correlate data that facilitate
information retrieval from any data repository.
• Incorporate information retrieval functions such as browsing (that is,
point and click), key word searching, concepts, and similar functions.
• Support a suite of specialized decision support software (DSS)—a set
of tools which supports HUMINT source administration, analysis,
and risk management decisions. DSS tools should produce a set of
HUMINT reports specifically tailored to the HUMINT
decisionmaking, analysis, and assessment process.
13-20. HARMONY is the national intelligence database for foreign DOCEX
and translations management. HARMONY is the single, comprehensive
bibliographic reference for all available primary source foreign technical
and military documents and their translations. This single database
concept eliminates duplicate collection, translation, and reporting of
primary source foreign technical and military documents and greatly
streamlines the process of providing exploited documents to consumers.
The HARMONY database application uses the DOD Information
Infrastructure (DII) Common Operating Environment (COE) guidance. The
HARMONY database is web-enabled and can be readily accessed, easily
used, and responsive to the needs of analysts and other consumers within
the US Government community.
AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
13-21. The HUMINT collection automation systems are normally shared
systems used by both the HUMINT and CI communities. They must have
connectivity with lateral units as well as higher and subordinate elements.
C/J/G/S2X, HOC, AND HAT AUTOMATION REQUIREMENTS
13-22. The HUMINT staff elements need to receive input from the OMTs
and HCTs as well as input from higher and lateral echelons. They must be
able to conduct HUMINT planning, RM, and report dissemination. They
must transmit technical support information, interface with ACE and
automated analysis systems, manipulate HUMINT databases, conduct
reach, and have access to HUMINT analytical tools. |
2-22.3 | 230 | FM 2-22.3 ________________________________________________________________________________
OMT AND COLLECTION TEAM LEADER REQUIREMENTS
13-23. The OMT must be able to track teams and team members; receive
and transmit data including graphic data to and from higher, lateral, and
lower HUMINT elements; create, receive, edit, and transmit reports;
conduct single-discipline HUMINT analysis; receive and transmit technical
support information and tasking information; conduct reach; and conduct
mission planning.
INDIVIDUAL COLLECTOR AUTOMATION REQUIREMENTS
13-24. The key to effective HUMINT collection is unimpeded communication
between the collector and the source of information. Any technological
support to HUMINT collection must be as unobtrusive as possible to
minimize the intimidation factor when dealing with human sources. The
individual collector must be able to––
• Record (both video and voice) conversations with sources.
• Scan, translate, and transmit documents and photographs.
• Instantaneously locate themselves in both rural and urban
environments.
• Immediately access local, theater, and even national level databases.
• Communicate instantaneously with other team elements.
HUMINT AND CI WORKSTATION REQUIREMENTS
13-25. The CI and HUMINT teams have organic computer and data
processing equipment. These workstations provide HUMINT and CI teams
with both productivity and management and analysis tools. They also
provide SIPRNET connectivity and processing capability to identify
requirements and facilitate reporting into other DOD systems as required.
The HUMINT and CI workstation is able to use standard Army, DOD, and
HUMINT and CI reporting programs, standard symbols, programs to
produce map overlays, and map plotting software; all of which are included.
13-26. Teams use workstations to—
• Provide quality control and dissemination of reports from the
subordinate HCTs.
• Direct activities of subordinate HCTs and provide management to
them.
• Perform single-discipline HUMINT analysis for the supported
commander.
• Transmit intelligence and administrative reports in NRT to higher
headquarters.
• Receive tasking and administrative reports from higher headquarters
and distribute to HCTs as required.
• Consolidate local databases and provide database input to higher
headquarters.
• Receive database and digital information from higher headquarters
and pass to lower and vice versa. |
2-22.3 | 231 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
COMMUNICATIONS
13-27. Successful HUMINT operations must be supported by multi-echelon
technical control and a communications system that provides internal team
communications, links HCTs to OMTs, and links OMTs to higher
headquarters, analytical elements, and theater and national agencies.
COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE
13-28. The HUMINT collection architecture requires operation on several
communications and processing nets. These nets provide the framework
needed to coordinate the tasking, reporting, C2, and service support of
HUMINT collection units spread across the width and depth of the
battlefield. Under most operational scenarios, HCTs are not stationary.
They are constantly moving throughout their supported command’s AO and
are able to communicate on the move. They cannot rely on fixed
communications nodes for support. Communications redundancy ensures
the loss of any one system does not severely disrupt HUMINT operations.
HCTs and OMTs normally operate at the collateral security level to ensure
the timely dissemination of combat information and targeting data to
organizations operating outside MI channels. The C/J/G/S2X normally
requires access to Top Secret (SCI) communications capabilities to maintain
coordination with national level agencies.
13-29. The HUMINT collection assets use three basic communications nets:
the operations and intelligence (O/I) net, a command net, and a HUMINT-
specific technical net. Dependent on their mission and battlefield location,
the HCTs may also need to monitor the fire support element (FSE),
aviation, or air defense artillery (ADA) communications nets.
• The O/I net links the collectors and producers of intelligence to the
consumers of the intelligence information. It is used to pass
information of immediate value to the affected unit and to analytical
elements at the supported unit.
• The command nets exist at every echelon of command. They link the
superior headquarters with its subordinate elements. Normally a
unit will operate on two command nets; the one that links that unit
to its higher headquarters and the one that links that unit to its
subordinate elements. HUMINT elements will also use their unit’s
command net to coordinate logistic and administrative support.
• The technical nets link the control team to all of their subordinate
collection teams and to the centers or organizations that provide the
databases and technical guidance necessary for single-discipline
collection and analysis. For example, the technical net would connect
HCTs through their control teams to the S2X and higher echelon
HUMINT analysis organizations. |
2-22.3 | 232 | FM 2-22.3 ________________________________________________________________________________
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS REQUIREMENTS
13-30. HUMINT mobile communications requirements augment the
network connectivity that elements should have when at a base camp or
facility; they vary with each element’s mission and location as follows:
• Individual HUMINT collectors must maintain communications
capability with the other team members and the team leader while
dismounted. HUMINT collectors, especially when supporting offensive
and defensive operations, may be deployed as individuals. They need
to maintain contact with their team leader for technical and
operational support.
• The HCT may operate anywhere within the supported unit’s AO.
They may operate mounted or dismounted. If supporting airmobile,
airborne, amphibious, or other mobile operations, they may not have
access to their vehicle-mounted communications systems for the
critical early stages of these operations. They receive and report
operational and technical information, as well as report intelligence
information to the OMT using their unit’s command net. They
monitor their superior unit’s O/I net. If in DS to a maneuver
element, they also monitor the command net of the unit they are
supporting.
• OMTs normally operate on the superior unit O/I net, their unit C2
net, and the HUMINT technical net. If the OMT is in DS, it must
also operate on the C2 net of the supported unit.
• The C/J/G/S2X operates on the C2 net, monitors the O/I net, and
controls its echelon HUMINT technical net. The 2X needs secure
(SCI) communications capability to coordinate operations and pass
data between themselves and higher HUMINT organizations. |
2-22.3 | 233 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Appendix A
Geneva Conventions
SECTION I. GENEVA CONVENTIONS RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF
PRISONERS OF WAR (THIRD GENEVA CONVENTION)
The articles in this section are extracted from the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment
of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949.
PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 1
The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present
Convention in all circumstances.
ARTICLE 2
In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peace time, the present Convention
shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between
two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of
them.
The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a
High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.
Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers
who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall
furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and
applies the provisions thereof.
ARTICLE 3
In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of
the High Contracting Parties, each party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum,
the following provisions:
1. Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who
have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or
any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse
distinction founded on race, color, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar
criteria. To this end the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in
any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons: |
2-22.3 | 234 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
(a) Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel
treatment and torture;
(b) Taking of hostages;
(c) Outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading treatment;
(d) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment
pronounced by a regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are
recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
2. The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.
An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may
offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.
The Parties to the conflict should further endeavor to bring into force, by means of special
agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention.
The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the
conflict.
ARTICLE 4
A. Prisoners of war, in the sense of the present Convention, are persons belonging to one of the
following categories, who have fallen into the power of the enemy:
1. Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict as well as members of militias or
volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces.
2. Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps, including those of
organized resistance movements, belonging to a Party to the conflict and operating in or
outside their own territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided that such militias or
volunteer corps, including such organized resistance movements, fulfill the following
conditions:
(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;
(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;
(c) That of carrying arms openly;
(d) That of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.
3. Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority
not recognized by the Detaining Power.
4. Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof, such as
civilian members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members
of labor units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided that they
have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany, who shall provide
them for that purpose with an identity card similar to the annexed model. |
2-22.3 | 235 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
5. Members of crews, including masters, pilots and apprentices, of the merchant marine and
the crews of civil aircraft of the Parties to the conflict, who do not benefit by more favorable
treatment under any other provisions of international law.
6. Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously
take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into
regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of
war.
B. The following shall likewise be treated as prisoners of war under the present Convention:
1. Persons belonging, or having belonged, to the armed forces of the occupied country, if the
occupying Power considers it necessary by reason of such allegiance to intern them, even
though it has originally liberated them while hostilities were going on outside the territory it
occupies, in particular where such persons have made an unsuccessful attempt to rejoin the
armed forces to which they belong and which are engaged in combat, or where they fail to
comply with a summons made to them with a view to internment.
2. The persons belonging to one of the categories enumerated in the present Article, who have
been received by neutral or non-belligerent Powers on their territory and whom these Powers
are required to intern under international law, without prejudice to any more favorable
treatment which these Powers may choose to give and with the exception of Articles 8, 10, 15,
30, fifth paragraph, 58-67, 92, 126 and, where diplomatic relations exist between the Parties
to the conflict and the neutral or non-belligerent Power concerned, those Articles concerning
the Protecting Power. Where such diplomatic relations exist, the Parties to a conflict on whom
these persons depend shall be allowed to perform towards them the functions of a Protecting
Power as provided in the present Convention, without prejudice to the functions which these
Parties normally exercise in conformity with diplomatic and consular usage and treaties.
C. This Article shall in no way affect the status of medical personnel and chaplains as provided
for in Article 33 of the present Convention.
ARTICLE 5
The present Convention shall apply to the persons referred to in Article 4 from the time they fall
into the power of the enemy and until their final release and repatriation.
Should any doubt arise as to whether persons, having committed a belligerent act and having
fallen into the hands of the enemy, belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4, such
persons shall enjoy the protection of the present Convention until such time as their status has
been determined by a competent tribunal.
ARTICLE 6
In addition to the agreements expressly provided for in Articles 10, 23, 28, 33, 60, 65, 66, 67, 72,
73, 75, 109, 110, 118, 119, 122 and 132, the High Contracting Parties may conclude other special
agreements for all matters concerning which they may deem it suitable to make separate
provision. No special agreement shall adversely affect the situation of prisoners of war, as
defined by the present Convention, nor restrict the rights which it confers upon them. |
2-22.3 | 236 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
Prisoners of war shall continue to have the benefit of such agreements as long as the Convention
is applicable to them, except where express provisions to the contrary are contained in the
aforesaid or in subsequent agreements, or where more favorable measures have been taken with
regard to them by one or other of the Parties to the conflict.
ARTICLE 7
Prisoners of war may in no circumstances renounce in part or in entirety the rights secured to
them by the present Convention, and by the special agreements referred to in the foregoing
Article, if such there be.
ARTICLE 8
The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and under the scrutiny of the
Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the interests of the Parties to the conflict. For
this purpose, the Protecting Powers may appoint, apart from their diplomatic or consular staff,
delegates from amongst their own nationals or the nationals of other neutral Powers. The said
delegates shall be subject to the approval of the Power with which they are to carry out their
duties.
The Parties to the conflict shall facilitate to the greatest extent possible the task of the
representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers.
The representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall not in any case exceed their
mission under the present Convention. They shall, in particular, take account of the imperative
necessities of security of the State wherein they carry out their duties.
ARTICLE 9
The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities
which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian
organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for
the protection of prisoners of war and for their relief.
ARTICLE 10
The High Contracting Parties may at any time agree to entrust to an organization which offers
all guarantees of impartiality and efficacy the duties incumbent on the Protecting Powers by
virtue of the present Convention.
When prisoners of war do not benefit or cease to benefit, no matter for what reason, by the
activities of a Protecting Power or of an organization provided for in the first paragraph above,
the Detaining Power shall request a neutral State, or such an organization, to undertake the
functions performed under the present Convention by a Protecting Power designated by the
Parties to a conflict.
If protection cannot be arranged accordingly, the Detaining Power shall request or shall accept,
subject to the provisions of this Article, the offer of the services of a humanitarian organization,
such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, to assume the humanitarian functions
performed by Protecting Powers under the present Convention. |
2-22.3 | 237 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Any neutral Power or any organization invited by the Power concerned or offering itself for these
purposes, shall be required to act with a sense of responsibility towards the Party to the conflict
on which persons protected by the present Convention depend, and shall be required to furnish
sufficient assurances that it is in a position to undertake the appropriate functions and to
discharge them impartially.
No derogation from the preceding provisions shall be made by special agreements between
Powers one of which is restricted, even temporarily, in its freedom to negotiate with the other
Power or its allies by reason of military events, more particularly where the whole, or a
substantial part, of the territory of the said Power is occupied.
Whenever in the present Convention mention is made of a Protecting Power, such mention
applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the present Article.
ARTICLE 11
In cases where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected persons, particularly in cases of
disagreement between the Parties to the conflict as to the application or interpretation of the
provisions of the present Convention, the Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices with a
view to settling the disagreement.
For this purpose, each propose to the Parties of the Protecting Powers may, either at the
invitation of one Party or on its own initiative, to the conflict a meeting of their representatives,
and in particular of the authorities responsible for prisoners of war, possibly on neutral territory
suitably chosen. The Parties to the conflict shall be bound to give effect to the proposals made to
them for this purpose. The Protecting Powers may, if necessary, propose for approval by the
Parties to the conflict a person belonging to a neutral Power, or delegated by the International
Committee of the Red Cross, who shall be invited to take part in such a meeting.
PART II GENERAL PROTECTION OF PRISONERS OF WAR
ARTICLE 12
Prisoners of war are in the hands of the enemy Power, but not of the individuals or military units
who have captured them. Irrespective of the individual responsibilities that may exist, the
Detaining Power is responsible for the treatment given them.
Prisoners of war may only be transferred by the Detaining Power to a Power which is a party to
the Convention and after the Detaining Power has satisfied itself of the willingness and ability of
such transferee Power to apply the Convention. When prisoners of war are transferred under
such circumstances, responsibility for the application of the Convention rests on the Power
accepting them while they are in its custody.
Nevertheless if that Power fails to carry out the provisions of the Convention in any important
respect, the Power by whom the prisoners of war were transferred shall, upon being notified by
the PROTECTING Power, take effective measures to correct the situation or shall request the
return of the prisoners of war. Such requests must be complied with. |
2-22.3 | 238 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
ARTICLE 13
Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated. Any unlawful act or omission by the
Detaining Power causing death or seriously endangering the health of a prisoner of war in its
custody is prohibited, and will be regarded as a serious breach of the present Convention. In
particular, no prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific
experiments of any kind which are not justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of
the prisoner concerned and carried out in his interest.
Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or
intimidation and against insults and public curiosity.
Measures of reprisal against prisoners of war are prohibited.
ARTICLE 14
Prisoners of war are entitled in all circumstances to respect for their persons and their honor.
Women shall be treated with all the regard due to their sex and shall in all cases benefit by
treatment as favorable as that granted to men. Prisoners of war shall retain the full civil
capacity which they enjoyed at the time of their capture. The Detaining Power may not restrict
the exercise, either within or without its own territory, of the rights such capacity confers except
in so far as the captivity requires.
ARTICLE 15
The Power detaining prisoners of war shall be bound to provide free of charge for their
maintenance and for the medical attention required by their state of health.
ARTICLE 16
Taking into consideration the provisions of the present Convention relating to rank and sex, and
subject to any privileged treatment which may be accorded to them by reason of their state of
health, age or professional qualifications, all prisoners of war shall be treated alike by the
Detaining Power, without any adverse distinction based on race, nationality, religious belief or
political opinions, or any other distinction founded on similar criteria.
PART III CAPTIVITY
SECTION I BEGINNING OF CAPTIVITY
ARTICLE 17
Every prisoner of war, when questioned on the subject, is bound to give only his surname, first
names and rank, date of birth, and army, regimental, personal or serial number, or failing this,
equivalent information. If he willfully infringes this rule, he may render himself liable to a
restriction of the privileges accorded to his rank or status.
Each Party to a conflict is required to furnish the persons under its jurisdiction who are liable to
become prisoners of war, with an identity card showing the owner's surname, first names, rank,
army, regimental, personal or serial number or equivalent information, and date of birth. The |
2-22.3 | 239 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
identity card may, furthermore, bear the signature or the fingerprints, or both, of the owner, and
may bear, as well, any other information the Party to the conflict may wish to add concerning
persons belonging to its armed forces. As far as possible the card shall measure 6.5 x 10 cm. and
shall be issued in duplicate. The identity card shall be shown by the prisoner of war upon
demand, but may in no case be taken away from him.
No physical or mental torture, nor any other form of coercion, may be inflicted on prisoners of
war to secure from them information of any kind whatever. Prisoners of war who refuse to
answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to any unpleasant or disadvantageous
treatment of any kind.
Prisoners of war who, owing to their physical or mental condition, are unable to state their
identity, shall be handed over to the medical service. The identity of such prisoners shall be
established by all possible means, subject to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
The questioning of prisoners of war shall be carried out in a language which they understand.
ARTICLE 18
All effects and articles of personal use, except arms, horses, military equipment and military
documents shall remain in the possession of prisoners of war, likewise their metal helmets and
gas masks and like articles issued for personal protection. Effects and articles used for their
clothing or feeding shall likewise remain in their possession, even if such effects and articles
belong to their regulation military equipment.
At no time should prisoners of war be without identity documents. The Detaining Power shall
supply such documents to prisoners of war who possess none.
Badges of rank and nationality, decorations and articles having above all a personal or
sentimental value may not be taken from prisoners of war.
Sums of money carried by prisoners of war may not be taken away from them except by order of
an officer, and after the amount and particulars of the owner have been recorded in a special
register and an itemized receipt has been given, legibly inscribed with the name, rank and unit
of the person issuing the said receipt. Sums in the currency of the Detaining Power, or which are
changed into such currency at the prisoner's request, shall be placed to the credit of the
prisoner's account as provided in Article 64.
The Detaining Power may withdraw articles of value from prisoners of war only for reasons of
security; when such articles are withdrawn, the procedure laid down for sums of money
impounded shall apply.
Such objects, likewise the sums taken away in any currency other than that of the Detaining
Power and the conversion of which has not been asked for by the owners, shall be kept in the
custody of the Detaining Power and shall be returned in their initial shape to prisoners of war at
the end of their captivity.
ARTICLE 19
Prisoners of war shall be evacuated, as soon as possible after their capture, to camps situated in
an area far enough from the combat zone for them to be out of danger. |
2-22.3 | 240 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
Only those prisoners of war who, owing to wounds or sickness, would run greater risks by being
evacuated than by remaining where they are, may be temporarily kept back in a danger zone.
Prisoners of war shall not be unnecessarily exposed to danger while awaiting evacuation from a
fighting zone.
ARTICLE 20
The evacuation of prisoners of war shall always be effected humanely and in conditions similar
to those for the forces of the Detaining Power in their changes of station.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war who are being evacuated with sufficient food
and potable water, and with the necessary clothing and medical attention. The Detaining Power
shall take all suitable precautions to ensure their safety during evacuation, and shall establish
as soon as possible a list of the prisoners of war who are evacuated.
If prisoners of war must, during evacuation, pass through transit camps, their stay in such
camps shall be as brief as possible.
SECTION II INTERNMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR
CHAPTER I GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
ARTICLE 21
The Detaining Power may subject prisoners of war to internment. It may impose on them the
obligation of not leaving, beyond certain limits, the camp where they are interned, or if the said
camp is fenced in, of not going outside its perimeter. Subject to the provisions of the present
Convention relative to penal and disciplinary sanctions, prisoners of war may not be held in close
confinement except where necessary to safeguard their health and then only during the
continuation of the circumstances which make such confinement necessary.
Prisoners of war may be partially or wholly released on parole or promise, in so far as is allowed
by the laws of the Power on which they depend. Such measures shall be taken particularly in
cases where this may contribute to the improvement of their state of health. No prisoner of war
shall be compelled to accept liberty on parole or promise.
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, each Party to the conflict shall notify the adverse Party of the
laws and regulations allowing or forbidding its own nationals to accept liberty on parole or
promise. Prisoners of war who are paroled or who have given their promise in conformity with
the laws and regulations so notified, are bound on their personal honor scrupulously to fulfil,
both towards the Power on which they depend and towards the Power which has captured them,
the engagements of their paroles or promises. In such cases, the Power on which they depend is
bound neither to require nor to accept from them any service incompatible with the parole or
promise given. |
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ARTICLE 22
Prisoners of war may be interned only in premises located on land and affording every guarantee
of hygiene and healthfulness. Except in particular cases which are justified by the interest of the
prisoners themselves, they shall not be interned in penitentiaries.
Prisoners of war interned in unhealthy areas, or where the climate is injurious for them, shall be
removed as soon as possible to a more favorable climate.
The Detaining Power shall assemble prisoners of war in camps or camp compounds according to
their nationality, language and customs, provided that such prisoners shall not be separated
from prisoners of war belonging to the armed forces with which they were serving at the time of
their capture, except with their consent.
ARTICLE 23
No prisoner of war may at any time be sent to or detained in areas where he may be exposed to
the fire of the combat zone, nor may his presence be used to render certain points or areas
immune from military operations.
Prisoners of war shall have shelters against air bombardment and other hazards of war, to the
same extent as the local civilian population. With the exception of those engaged in the
protection of their quarters against the aforesaid hazards, they may enter such shelters as soon
as possible after the giving of the alarm. Any other protective measure taken in favor of the
population shall also apply to them.
Detaining Powers shall give the Powers concerned, through the intermediary of the Protecting
Powers, all useful information regarding the geographical location of prisoner of war camps.
Whenever military considerations permit, prisoner of war camps shall be indicated in the
daytime by the letters PW or PG, placed so as to be clearly visible from the air. The Powers
concerned may, however, agree upon any other system of marking. Only prisoner of war camps
shall be marked as such.
ARTICLE 24
Transit or screening camps of a permanent kind shall be fitted out under conditions similar to
those described in the present Section, and the prisoners therein shall have the same treatment
as in other camps.
CHAPTER II QUARTERS, FOOD AND CLOTHING OF PRISONERS OF
WAR
ARTICLE 25
Prisoners of war shall be quartered under conditions as favorable as those for the forces of the
Detaining Power who are billeted in the same area. The said conditions shall make allowance for
the habits and customs of the prisoners and shall in no case be prejudicial to their health. |
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The foregoing provisions shall apply in particular to the dormitories of prisoners of war as
regards both total surface and minimum cubic space, and the general installations, bedding and
blankets.
The premises provided for the use of prisoners of war individually or collectively, shall be
entirely protected from dampness and adequately heated and lighted, in particular between dusk
and lights out. All precautions must be taken against the danger of fire.
In any camps in which women prisoners of war, as well as men, are accommodated, separate
dormitories shall be provided for them.
ARTICLE 26
The basic daily food rations shall be sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to keep prisoners
of war in good health and to prevent loss of weight or the development of nutritional deficiencies.
Account shall also be taken of the habitual diet of the prisoners.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war who work with such additional rations as are
necessary for the labor on which they are employed.
Sufficient drinking water shall be supplied to prisoners of war. The use of tobacco shall be
permitted.
Prisoners of war shall, as far as possible, be associated with the preparation of their meals; they
may be employed for that purpose in the kitchens. Furthermore, they shall be given the means of
preparing, themselves, the additional food in their possession.
Adequate premises shall be provided for messing.
Collective disciplinary measures affecting food are prohibited.
ARTICLE 27
Clothing, underwear and footwear shall be supplied to prisoners of war in sufficient quantities
by the Detaining Power, which shall make allowance for the climate of the region where the
prisoners are detained. Uniforms of enemy armed forces captured by the Detaining Power
should, if suitable for the climate, be made available to clothe prisoners of war.
The regular replacement and repair of the above articles shall be assured by the Detaining
Power. In addition, prisoners of war who work shall receive appropriate clothing, wherever the
nature of the work demands.
ARTICLE 28
Canteens shall be installed in all camps, where prisoners of war may procure foodstuffs, soap
and tobacco and ordinary articles in daily use. The tariff shall never be in excess of local market
prices. The profits made by camp canteens shall be used for the benefit of the prisoners; a special
fund shall be created for this purpose. The prisoners' representative shall have the right to
collaborate in the management of the canteen and of this fund.
When a camp is closed down, the credit balance of the special fund shall be handed to an
international welfare organization, to be employed for the benefit of prisoners of war of the same |
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nationality as those who have contributed to the fund. In case of a general repatriation, such
profits shall be kept by the Detaining Power, subject to any agreement to the contrary between
the Powers concerned
CHAPTER III HYGIENE AND MEDICAL ATTENTION
ARTICLE 29
The Detaining Power shall be bound to take all sanitary measures necessary to ensure the
cleanliness and healthfulness of camps and to prevent epidemics.
Prisoners of war shall have for their use, day and night, conveniences which conform to the rules
of hygiene and are maintained in a constant state of cleanliness. In any camps in which women
prisoners of war are accommodated, separate conveniences shall be provided for them.
Also, apart from the baths and showers with which the camps shall be furnished, prisoners of
war shall be provided with sufficient water and soap for their personal toilet and for washing
their personal laundry; the necessary installations, facilities and time shall be granted them for
that purpose.
ARTICLE 30
Every camp shall have an adequate infirmary where prisoners of war may have the attention
they require, as well as appropriate diet. Isolation wards shall, if necessary, be set aside for cases
of contagious or mental disease.
Prisoners of war suffering from serious disease, or whose condition necessitates special
treatment, a surgical operation or hospital care, must be admitted to any military or civilian
medical unit where such treatment can be given, even if their repatriation is contemplated in the
near future. Special facilities shall be afforded for the care to be given to the disabled, in
particular to the blind, and for their rehabilitation, pending repatriation.
Prisoners of war shall have the attention, preferably, of medical personnel of the Power on which
they depend and, if possible, of their nationality.
Prisoners of war may not be prevented from presenting themselves to the medical authorities for
examination. The detaining authorities shall, upon request, issue to every prisoner who has
undergone treatment, an official certificate indicating the nature of his illness or injury, and the
duration and kind of treatment received. A duplicate of this certificate shall be forwarded to the
Central Prisoners of War Agency.
The costs of treatment, including those of any apparatus necessary for the maintenance of
prisoners of war in good health, particularly dentures and other artificial appliances, and
spectacles, shall be borne by the Detaining Power.
ARTICLE 31
Medical inspections of prisoners of war shall be held at least once a month. They shall include
the checking and the recording of the weight of each prisoner of war. Their purpose shall be, in
particular, to supervise the general state of health, nutrition and cleanliness of prisoners and to
detect contagious diseases, especially tuberculosis, malaria and venereal disease. For this |
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purpose the most efficient methods available shall be employed, e.g. periodic mass miniature
radiography for the early detection of tuberculosis.
ARTICLE 32
Prisoners of war who, though not attached to the medical service of their armed forces, are
physicians, surgeons, dentists, nurses or medical orderlies, may be required by the Detaining
Power to exercise their medical functions in the interests of prisoners of war dependent on the
same Power. In that case they shall continue to be prisoners of war, but shall receive the same
treatment as corresponding medical personnel retained by the Detaining Power. They shall be
exempted from any other work under Article 49.
Chapter IV Medical Personnel and Chaplains Retained To Assist Prisoners Of War
ARTICLE 33
Members of the medical personnel and chaplains while retained by the Detaining Power with a
view to assisting prisoners of war, shall not be considered as prisoners of war. They shall,
however, receive as a minimum the benefits and protection of the present Convention, and shall
also be granted all facilities necessary to provide for the medical care of, and religious
ministration to, prisoners of war.
They shall continue to exercise their medical and spiritual functions for the benefit of prisoners
of war, preferably those belonging to the armed forces upon which they depend, within the scope
of the military laws and regulations of the Detaining Power and under the control of its
competent services, in accordance with their professional etiquette. They shall also benefit by the
following facilities in the exercise of their medical or spiritual functions:
(a) They shall be authorized to visit periodically prisoners of war situated in working
detachments or in hospitals outside the camp. For this purpose, the Detaining Power shall
place at their disposal the necessary means of transport.
(b) The senior medical officer in each camp shall be responsible to the camp military
authorities for everything connected with the activities of retained medical personnel. For
this purpose, Parties to the conflict shall agree at the outbreak of hostilities on the subject of
the corresponding ranks of the medical personnel, including that of societies mentioned in
Article 26 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded
and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12, 1949. This senior medical officer, as well
as chaplains, shall have the right to deal with the competent authorities of the camp on all
questions relating to their duties. Such authorities shall afford them all necessary facilities
for correspondence relating to these questions.
(c) Although they shall be subject to the internal discipline of the camp in which they are
retained, such personnel may not be compelled to carry out any work other than that
concerned with their medical or religious duties.
During hostilities, the Parties to the conflict shall agree concerning the possible relief of retained
personnel and shall settle the procedure to be followed.
None of the preceding provisions shall relieve the Detaining Power of its obligations with regard
to prisoners of war from the medical or spiritual point of view. |
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CHAPTER V RELIGIOUS, INTELLECTUAL AND PHYSICAL
ACTIVITIES
ARTICLE 34
Prisoners of war shall enjoy complete latitude in the exercise of their religious duties, including
attendance at the service of their faith, on condition that they comply with the disciplinary
routine prescribed by the military authorities.
Adequate premises shall be provided where religious services may be held.
ARTICLE 35
Chaplains who fall into the hands of the enemy Power and who remain or are retained with a
view to assisting prisoners of war, shall be allowed to minister to them and to exercise freely
their ministry amongst prisoners of war of the same religion, in accordance with their religious
conscience. They shall be allocated among the various camps and labor detachments containing
prisoners of war belonging to the same forces, speaking the same language or practicing the
same religion. They shall enjoy the necessary facilities, including the means of transport
provided for in Article 33, for visiting the prisoners of war outside their camp. They shall be free
to correspond, subject to censorship, on matters concerning their religious duties with the
ecclesiastical authorities in the country of detention and with international religious
organizations. Letters and cards which they may send for this purpose shall be in addition to the
quota provided for in Article 71.
ARTICLE 36
Prisoners of war who are ministers of religion, without having officiated as chaplains to their
own forces, shall be at liberty, whatever their denomination, to minister freely to the members of
their community. For this purpose, they shall receive the same treatment as the chaplains
retained by the Detaining Power. They shall not be obliged to do any other work.
ARTICLE 37
When prisoners of war have not the assistance of a retained chaplain or of a prisoner of war
minister of their faith, a minister belonging to the prisoners' or a similar denomination, or in his
absence a qualified layman, if such a course is feasible from a confessional point of view, shall be
appointed, at the request of the prisoners concerned, to fill this office. This appointment, subject
to the approval of the Detaining Power, shall take place with the agreement of the community of
prisoners concerned and, wherever necessary, with the approval of the local religious authorities
of the same faith. The person thus appointed shall comply with all regulations established by the
Detaining Power in the interests of discipline and military security.
ARTICLE 38
While respecting the individual preferences of every prisoner, the Detaining Power shall
encourage the practice of intellectual, educational, and recreational pursuits, sports and games
amongst prisoners, and shall take the measures necessary to ensure the exercise thereof by
providing them with adequate premises and necessary equipment. |
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Prisoners shall have opportunities for taking physical exercise, including sports and games, and
for being out of doors. Sufficient open spaces shall be provided for this purpose in all camps.
CHAPTER VI DISCIPLINE
ARTICLE 39
Every prisoner of war camp shall be put under the immediate authority of a responsible
commissioned officer belonging to the regular armed forces of the Detaining Power. Such officer
shall have in his possession a copy of the present Convention; he shall ensure that its provisions
are known to the camp staff and the guard and shall be responsible, under the direction of his
government, for its application.
Prisoners of war, with the exception of officers, must salute and show to all officers of the
Detaining Power the external marks of respect provided for by the regulations applying in their
own forces.
Officer prisoners of war are bound to salute only officers of a higher rank of the Detaining Power;
they must, however, salute the camp commander regardless of his rank.
ARTICLE 40
The wearing of badges of rank and nationality, as well as of decorations, shall be permitted.
ARTICLE 41
In every camp the text of the present Convention and its Annexes and the contents of any special
agreement provided for in Article 6, shall be posted, in the prisoners' own language, at places
where all may read them. Copies shall be supplied, on request, to the prisoners who cannot have
access to the copy which has been posted.
Regulations, orders, notices and publications of every kind relating to the conduct of prisoners of
war shall be issued to them in a language which they understand. Such regulations, orders and
publications shall be posted in the manner described above and copies shall be handed to the
prisoners' representative. Every order and command addressed to prisoners of war individually
must likewise be given in a language which they understand.
ARTICLE 42
The use of weapons against prisoners of war, especially against those who are escaping or
attempting to escape, shall constitute an extreme measure, which shall always be preceded by
warnings appropriate to the circumstances.
CHAPTER VII RANK OF PRISONERS OF WAR
ARTICLE 43
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, the Parties to the conflict shall communicate to one another the
titles and ranks of all the persons mentioned in Article 4 of the present Convention, in order to
ensure equality of treatment between prisoners of equivalent rank. Titles and ranks which are
subsequently created shall form the subject of similar communications. |
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The Detaining Power shall recognize promotions in rank which have been accorded to prisoners
of war and which have been duly notified by the Power on which these prisoners depend.
ARTICLE 44
Officers and prisoners of equivalent status shall be treated with the regard due to their rank and
age.
In order to ensure service in officers' camps, other ranks of the same armed forces who, as far as
possible, speak the same language, shall be assigned in sufficient numbers, account being taken
of the rank of officers and prisoners of equivalent status. Such orderlies shall not be required to
perform any other work.
Supervision of the mess by the officers themselves shall be facilitated in every way.
ARTICLE 45
Prisoners of war other than officers and prisoners of equivalent status shall be treated with the
regard due to their rank and age.
Supervision of the mess by the prisoners themselves shall be facilitated in every way.
CHAPTER VIII TRANSFER OF PRISONERS OF WAR AFTER THEIR
ARRIVAL IN CAMP
ARTICLE 46
The Detaining Power, when deciding upon the transfer of prisoners of war, shall take into
account the interests of the prisoners themselves, more especially so as not to increase the
difficulty of their repatriation.
The transfer of prisoners of war shall always be effected humanely and in conditions not less
favorable than those under which the forces of the Detaining Power are transferred. Account
shall always be taken of the climatic conditions to which the prisoners of war are accustomed
and the conditions of transfer shall in no case be prejudicial to their health.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war during transfer with sufficient food and
drinking water to keep them in good health, likewise with the necessary clothing, shelter and
medical attention. The Detaining Power shall take adequate precautions especially in case of
transport by sea or by air, to ensure their safety during transfer, and shall draw up a complete
list of all transferred prisoners before their departure.
ARTICLE 47
Sick or wounded prisoners of war shall not be transferred as long as their recovery may be
endangered by the journey, unless their safety imperatively demands it. |
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If the combat zone draws closer to a camp, the prisoners of war in the said camp shall not be
transferred unless their transfer can be carried out in adequate conditions of safety, or if they
are exposed to greater risks by remaining on the spot than by being transferred.
ARTICLE 48
In the event of transfer, prisoners of war shall be officially advised of their departure and of their
new postal address. Such notifications shall be given in time for them to pack their luggage and
inform their next of kin.
They shall be allowed to take with them their personal effects, and the correspondence and
parcels which have arrived for them. The weight of such baggage may be limited, if the
conditions of transfer so require, to what each prisoner can reasonably carry, which shall in no
case be more than twenty-five kilograms per head.
Mail and parcels addressed to their former camp shall be forwarded to them without delay. The
camp commander shall take, in agreement with the prisoners' representative, any measures
needed to ensure the transport of the prisoners' community property and of the luggage they are
unable to take with them in consequence of restrictions imposed by virtue of the second
paragraph of this Article.
The costs of transfers shall be borne by the Detaining Power.
SECTION III LABOR OF PRISONERS OF WAR
ARTICLE 49
The Detaining Power may utilize the labor of prisoners of war who are physically fit, taking into
account their age, sex, rank and physical aptitude, and with a view particularly to maintaining
them in a good state of physical and mental health.
Non-commissioned officers who are prisoners of war shall only be required to do supervisory
work. Those not so required may ask for other suitable work which shall, so far as possible, be
found for them.
If officers or persons of equivalent status ask for suitable work, it shall be found for them, so far
as possible, but they may in no circumstances be compelled to work.
ARTICLE 50
Besides work connected with camp administration, installation or maintenance, prisoners of war
may be compelled to do only such work as is included in the following classes:
(a) Agriculture;
(b) Industries connected with the production or the extraction of raw materials, and
manufacturing industries, with the exception of metallurgical, machinery and chemical
industries; public works and building operations which have no military character or purpose;
(c) Transport and handling of stores which are not military in character or purpose;
(d) Commercial business, and arts and crafts; |
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(e) Domestic service;
(f) Public utility services having no military character or purpose.
Should the above provisions be infringed, prisoners of war shall be allowed to exercise their right
of complaint, in conformity with Article 78.
ARTICLE 51
Prisoners of war must be granted suitable working conditions, especially as regards
accommodation, food, clothing and equipment; such conditions shall not be inferior to those
enjoyed by nationals of the Detaining Power employed in similar work; account shall also be
taken of climatic conditions.
The Detaining Power, in utilizing the labor of prisoners of war, shall ensure that in areas in
which prisoners are employed, the national legislation concerning the protection of labor, and,
more particularly, the regulations for the safety of workers, are duly applied.
Prisoners of war shall receive training and be provided with the means of protection suitable to
the work they will have to do and similar to those accorded to the nationals of the Detaining
Power. Subject to the provisions of Article 52, prisoners may be submitted to the normal risks
run by these civilian workers.
Conditions of labor shall in no case be rendered more arduous by disciplinary measures.
ARTICLE 52
Unless he be a volunteer, no prisoner of war may be employed on labor which is of an unhealthy
or dangerous nature.
No prisoner of war shall be assigned to labor which would be looked upon as humiliating for a
member of the Detaining Power's own forces.
The removal of mines or similar devices shall be considered as dangerous labor.
ARTICLE 53
The duration of the daily labor of prisoners of war, including the time of the journey to and fro,
shall not be excessive, and must in no case exceed that permitted for civilian workers in the
district, who are nationals of the Detaining Power and employed on the same work.
Prisoners of war must be allowed, in the middle of the day's work, a rest of not less than one
hour. This rest will be the same as that to which workers of the Detaining Power are entitled, if
the latter is of longer duration. They shall be allowed in addition a rest of twenty-four
consecutive hours every week, preferably on Sunday or the day of rest in their country of origin.
Furthermore, every prisoner who has worked for one year shall be granted a rest of eight
consecutive days, during which his working pay shall be paid him.
If methods of labor such as piecework are employed, the length of the working period shall not be
rendered excessive thereby. |
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ARTICLE 54
The working pay due to prisoners of war shall be fixed in accordance with the provisions of
Article 62 of the present Convention.
Prisoners of war who sustain accidents in connection with work, or who contract a disease in the
course, or in consequence of their work, shall receive all the care their condition may require.
The Detaining Power shall furthermore deliver to such prisoners of war a medical certificate
enabling them to submit their claims to the Power on which they depend, and shall send a
duplicate to the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123.
ARTICLE 55
The fitness of prisoners of war for work shall be periodically verified by medical examinations at
least once a month. The examinations shall have particular regard to the nature of the work
which prisoners of war are required to do.
If any prisoner of war considers himself incapable of working, he shall be permitted to appear
before the medical authorities of his camp. Physicians or surgeons may recommend that the
prisoners who are, in their opinion, unfit for work, be exempted therefrom.
ARTICLE 56
The organization and administration of labor detachments shall be similar to those of prisoner of
war camps.
Every labor detachment shall remain under the control of and administratively part of a prisoner
of war camp. The military authorities and the commander of the said camp shall be responsible,
under the direction of their government, for the observance of the provisions of the present
Convention in labor detachments.
The camp commander shall keep an up-to-date record of the labor detachments dependent on his
camp, and shall communicate it to the delegates of the Protecting Power, of the International
Committee of the Red Cross, or of other agencies giving relief to prisoners of war, who may visit
the camp.
ARTICLE 57
The treatment of prisoners of war who work for private persons, even if the latter are responsible
for guarding and protecting them, shall not be inferior to that which is provided for by the
present Convention. The Detaining Power, the military authorities and the commander of the
camp to which such prisoners belong shall be entirely responsible for the maintenance, care,
treatment, and payment of the working pay of such prisoners of war.
Such prisoners of war shall have the right to remain in communication with the prisoners'
representatives in the camps on which they depend. |
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SECTION IV FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF PRISONERS OF WAR
ARTICLE 58
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, and pending an arrangement on this matter with the Protecting
Power, the Detaining Power may determine the maximum amount of money in cash or in any
similar form that prisoners may have in their possession. Any amount in excess, which was
properly in their possession and which has been taken or withheld from them, shall be placed to
their account, together with any monies deposited by them, and shall not be converted into any
other currency without their consent.
If prisoners of war are permitted to purchase services or commodities outside the camp against
payment in cash, such payments shall be made by the prisoner himself or by the camp
administration who will charge them to the accounts of the prisoners concerned. The Detaining
Power will establish the necessary rules in this respect.
ARTICLE 59
Cash which was taken from prisoners of war, in accordance with Article 18, at the time of their
capture, and which is in the currency of the Detaining Power, shall be placed to their separate
accounts, in accordance with the provisions of Article 64 of the present Section.
The amounts, in the currency of the Detaining Power, due to the conversion of sums in other
currencies that are taken from the prisoners of war at the same time, shall also be credited to
their separate accounts.
ARTICLE 60
The Detaining Power shall grant all prisoners of war a monthly advance of pay, the amount of
which shall be fixed by conversion, into the currency of the said Power, of the following amounts:
Category I: Prisoners ranking below sergeant: eight Swiss francs.
Category II: Sergeants and other non-commissioned officers, or prisoners of equivalent rank:
twelve Swiss francs.
Category III: Warrant officers and commissioned officers below the rank of major or prisoners
of equivalent rank: fifty Swiss francs.
Category IV: Majors, lieutenant colonels, colonels or prisoners of equivalent rank: sixty Swiss
francs.
Category V: General officers or prisoners of equivalent rank: seventy-five Swiss francs.
However, the Parties to the conflict concerned may by special agreement modify the amount of
advances of pay due to prisoners of the preceding categories.
Furthermore, if the amounts indicated in the first paragraph above would be unduly high
compared with the pay of the Detaining Power's armed forces or would, for any reason, seriously
embarrass the Detaining Power, then, pending the conclusion of a special agreement with the
Power on which the prisoners depend to vary the amounts indicated above, the Detaining Power: |
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(a) Shall continue to credit the accounts of the prisoners with the amounts indicated in the
first paragraph above;
(b) May temporarily limit the amount made available from these advances of pay to prisoners
of war for their own use, to sums which are reasonable, but which, for Category I, shall never
be inferior to the amount that the Detaining Power gives to the members of its own armed
forces.
The reasons for any limitations will be given without delay to the Protecting Power.
ARTICLE 61
The Detaining Power shall accept for distribution as supplementary pay to prisoners of war sums
which the Power on which the prisoners depend may forward to them, on condition that the
sums to be paid shall be the same for each prisoner of the same category, shall be payable to all
prisoners of that category depending on that Power, and shall be placed in their separate
accounts, at the earliest opportunity, in accordance with the provisions of Article 64. Such
supplementary pay shall not relieve the Detaining Power of any obligation under this
Convention.
ARTICLE 62
Prisoners of war shall be paid a fair working rate of pay by the detaining authorities direct. The
rate shall be fixed by the said authorities, but shall at no time be less than one-fourth of one
Swiss franc for a full working day. The Detaining Power shall inform prisoners of war, as well as
the Power on which they depend, through the intermediary of the Protecting Power, of the rate of
daily working pay that it has fixed.
Working pay shall likewise be paid by the detaining authorities to prisoners of war permanently
detailed to duties or to a skilled or semi-skilled occupation in connection with the administration,
installation or maintenance of camps, and to the prisoners who are required to carry out
spiritual or medical duties on behalf of their comrades.
The working pay of the prisoners' representative, of his advisers, if any, and of his assistants,
shall be paid out of the fund maintained by canteen profits. The scale of this working pay shall
be fixed by the prisoners' representative and approved by the camp commander. If there is no
such fund, the detaining authorities shall pay these prisoners a fair working rate of pay.
ARTICLE 63
Prisoners of war shall be permitted to receive remittances of money addressed to them
individually or collectively.
Every prisoner of war shall have at his disposal the credit balance of his account as provided for
in the following Article, within the limits fixed by the Detaining Power, which shall make such
payments as are requested. Subject to financial or monetary restrictions which the Detaining
Power regards as essential, prisoners of war may also have payments made abroad. In this case
payments addressed by prisoners of war to dependants shall be given priority.
In any event, and subject to the consent of the Power on which they depend, prisoners may have
payments made in their own country, as follows: the Detaining Power shall send to the aforesaid |
2-22.3 | 253 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Power through the Protecting Power a notification giving all the necessary particulars
concerning the prisoners of war, the beneficiaries of the payments, and the amount of the sums
to be paid, expressed in the Detaining Power's currency. The said notification shall be signed by
the prisoners and countersigned by the camp commander. The Detaining Power shall debit the
prisoners' account by a corresponding amount; the sums thus debited shall be placed by it to the
credit of the Power on which the prisoners depend.
To apply the foregoing provisions, the Detaining Power may usefully consult the Model
Regulations in Annex V of the present Convention.
ARTICLE 64
The Detaining Power shall hold an account for each prisoner of war, showing at least the
following:
1. The amounts due to the prisoner or received by him as advances of pay, as working pay or
derived from any other source; the sums in the currency of the Detaining Power which were
taken from him; the sums taken from him and converted at his request into the currency of
the said Power.
2. The payments made to the prisoner in cash, or in any other similar form; the payments
made on his behalf and at his request; the sums transferred under Article 63, third
paragraph.
ARTICLE 65
Every item entered in the account of a prisoner of war shall be countersigned or initialed by him,
or by the prisoners' representative acting on his behalf.
Prisoners of war shall at all times be afforded reasonable facilities for consulting and obtaining
copies of their accounts, which may likewise be inspected by the representatives of the Protecting
Powers at the time of visits to the camp.
When prisoners of war are transferred from one camp to another, their personal accounts will
follow them. In case of transfer from one Detaining Power to another, the monies which are their
property and are not in the currency of the Detaining Power will follow them. They shall be given
certificates for any other monies standing to the credit of their accounts.
The Parties to the conflict concerned may agree to notify to each other at specific intervals
through the Protecting Power, the amount of the accounts of the prisoners of war.
ARTICLE 66
On the termination of captivity, through the release of a prisoner of war or his repatriation, the
Detaining Power shall give him a statement, signed by an authorized officer of that Power,
showing the credit balance then due to him. The Detaining Power shall also send through the
Protecting Power to the government upon which the prisoner of war depends, lists giving all
appropriate particulars of all prisoners of war whose captivity has been terminated by
repatriation, release, escape, death or any other means, and showing the amount of their credit
balances. Such lists shall be certified on each sheet by an authorized representative of the
Detaining Power. |
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Any of the above provisions of this Article may be varied by mutual agreement between any two
Parties to the conflict.
The Power on which the prisoner of war depends shall be responsible for settling with him any
credit balance due to him from the Detaining Power on the termination of his captivity.
ARTICLE 67
Advances of pay, issued to prisoners of war in conformity with Article 60, shall be considered as
made on behalf of the Power on which they depend. Such advances of pay, as well as all
payments made by the said Power under Article 63, third paragraph, and Article 68, shall form
the subject of arrangements between the Powers concerned, at the close of hostilities.
ARTICLE 68
Any claim by a prisoner of war for compensation in respect of any injury or other disability
arising out of work shall be referred to the Power on which he depends, through the Protecting
Power. In accordance with Article 54, the Detaining Power will, in all cases, provide the prisoner
of war concerned with a statement showing the nature of the injury or disability, the
circumstances in which it arose and particulars of medical or hospital treatment given for it.
This statement will be signed by a responsible officer of the Detaining Power and the medical
particulars certified by a medical officer.
Any claim by a prisoner of war for compensation in respect of personal effects, monies or
valuables impounded by the Detaining Power under Article 18 and not forthcoming on his
repatriation, or in respect of loss alleged to be due to the fault of the Detaining Power or any of
its servants, shall likewise be referred to the Power on which he depends. Nevertheless, any such
personal effects required for use by the prisoners of war whilst in captivity shall be replaced at
the expense of the Detaining Power. The Detaining Power will, in all cases, provide the prisoner
of war with a statement, signed by a responsible officer, showing all available information
regarding the reasons why such effects, monies or valuables have not been restored to him. A
copy of this statement will be forwarded to the Power on which he depends through the Central
Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123.
SECTION V RELATIONS OF PRISONERS OF WAR WITH THE
EXTERIOR
ARTICLE 69
Immediately upon prisoners of war falling into its power, the Detaining Power shall inform them
and the Powers on which they depend, through the Protecting Power, of the measures taken to
carry out the provisions of the present Section. They shall likewise inform the parties concerned
of any subsequent modifications of such measures.
ARTICLE 70
Immediately upon capture, or not more than one week after arrival at a camp, even if it is a
transit camp, likewise in case of sickness or transfer to hospital or another camp, every prisoner
of war shall be enabled to write direct to his family, on the one hand, and to the Central |
2-22.3 | 255 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123, on the other hand, a card similar, if
possible, to the model annexed to the present Convention, informing his relatives of his capture,
address and state of health. The said cards shall be forwarded as rapidly as possible and may not
be delayed in any manner.
ARTICLE 71
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards. If the Detaining Power
deems it necessary to limit the number of letters and cards sent by each prisoner of war, the said
number shall not be less than two letters and four cards monthly, exclusive of the capture cards
provided for in Article 70, and conforming as closely as possible to the models annexed to the
present Convention. Further limitations may be imposed only if the Protecting Power is satisfied
that it would be in the interests of the prisoners of war concerned to do so owing to difficulties of
translation caused by the Detaining Power's inability to find sufficient qualified linguists to
carry out the necessary censorship. If limitations must be placed on the correspondence
addressed to prisoners of war, they may be ordered only by the Power on which the prisoners
depend, possibly at the request of the Detaining Power. Such letters and cards must be conveyed
by the most rapid method at the disposal of the Detaining Power; they may not be delayed or
retained for disciplinary reasons.
Prisoners of war who have been without news for a long period, or who are unable to receive
news from their next of kin or to give them news by the ordinary postal route, as well as those
who are at a great distance from their homes, shall be permitted to send telegrams, the fees
being charged against the prisoners of war's accounts with the Detaining Power or paid in the
currency at their disposal. They shall likewise benefit by this measure in cases of urgency.
As a general rule, the correspondence of prisoners of war shall be written in their native
language. The Parties to the conflict may allow correspondence in other languages.
Sacks containing prisoner of war mail must be securely sealed and labeled so as clearly to
indicate their contents, and must be addressed to offices of destination.
ARTICLE 72
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to receive by post or by any other means individual parcels or
collective shipments containing, in particular, foodstuffs, clothing, medical supplies and articles
of a religious, educational or recreational character which may meet their needs, including books,
devotional articles, scientific equipment, examination papers, musical instruments, sports outfits
and materials allowing prisoners of war to pursue their studies or their cultural activities.
Such shipments shall in no way free the Detaining Power from the obligations imposed upon it
by virtue of the present Convention.
The only limits which may be placed on these shipments shall be those proposed by the
Protecting Power in the interest of the prisoners themselves, or by the International Committee
of the Red Cross or any other organization giving assistance to the prisoners, in respect of their
own shipments only, on account of exceptional strain on transport or communications.
The conditions for the sending of individual parcels and collective relief shall, if necessary, be the
subject of special agreements between the Powers concerned, which may in no case delay the |
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receipt by the prisoners of relief supplies. Books may not be included in parcels of clothing and
foodstuffs. Medical supplies shall, as a rule, be sent in collective parcels.
ARTICLE 73
In the absence of special agreements between the Powers concerned on the conditions for the
receipt and distribution of collective relief shipments, the rules and regulations concerning
collective shipments, which are annexed to the present Convention, shall be applied.
The special agreements referred to above shall in no case restrict the right of prisoners'
representatives to take possession of collective relief shipments intended for prisoners of war, to
proceed to their distribution or to dispose of them in the interest of the prisoners.
Nor shall such agreements restrict the right of representatives of the Protecting Power, the
International Committee of the Red Cross or any other organization giving assistance to
prisoners of war and responsible for the forwarding of collective shipments, to supervise their
distribution to the recipients.
ARTICLE 74
All relief shipments for prisoners of war shall be exempt from import, customs and other dues.
Correspondence, relief shipments and authorized remittances of money addressed to prisoners of
war or dispatched by them through the post office, either direct or through the Information
Bureau provided for in Article 122 and the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in
Article 123, shall be exempt from any postal dues, both in the countries of origin and destination,
and in intermediate countries.
If relief shipments intended for prisoners of war cannot be sent through the post office by reason
of weight or for any other cause, the cost of transportation shall be borne by the Detaining Power
in all the territories under its control. The other Powers party to the Convention shall bear the
cost of transport in their respective territories.
In the absence of special agreements between the Parties concerned, the costs connected with
transport of such shipments, other than costs covered by the above exemption, shall be charged
to the senders.
The High Contracting Parties shall endeavor to reduce, so far as possible, the rates charged for
telegrams sent by prisoners of war, or addressed to them.
ARTICLE 75
Should military operations prevent the Powers concerned from fulfilling their obligation to
assure the transport of the shipments referred to in Articles 70, 71, 72 and 77, the Protecting
Powers concerned, the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other organization duly
approved by the Parties to the conflict may undertake to ensure the conveyance of such
shipments by suitable means (railway wagons, motor vehicles, vessels or aircraft, etc.). For this
purpose, the High Contracting Parties shall endeavor to supply them with such transport and to
allow its circulation, especially by granting the necessary safe-conducts. |
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Such transport may also be used to convey:
(a) Correspondence, lists and reports exchanged between the Central Information Agency
referred to in Article 123 and the National Bureau referred to in Article 122;
(b) Correspondence and reports relating to prisoners of war which the Protecting Powers, the
International Committee of the Red Cross or any other body assisting the prisoners, exchange
either with their own delegates or with the Parties to the conflict.
These provisions in no way detract from the right of any Party to the conflict to arrange other
means of transport, if it should so prefer, nor preclude the granting of safe-conducts, under
mutually agreed conditions, to such means of transport.
In the absence of special agreements, the costs occasioned by the use of such means of transport
shall be borne proportionally by the Parties to the conflict whose nationals are benefited thereby.
ARTICLE 76
The censoring of correspondence addressed to prisoners of war or dispatched by them shall be
done as quickly as possible. Mail shall be censored only by the dispatching State and the
receiving State, and once only by each.
The examination of consignments intended for prisoners of war shall not be carried out under
conditions that will expose the goods contained in them to deterioration; except in the case of
written or printed matter, it shall be done in the presence of the addressee, or of a fellow-
prisoner duly delegated by him. The delivery to prisoners of individual or collective consignments
shall not be delayed under the pretext of difficulties of censorship.
Any prohibition of correspondence ordered by Parties to the conflict, either for military or
political reasons, shall be only temporary and its duration shall be as short as possible.
ARTICLE 77
The Detaining Powers shall provide all facilities for the transmission, through the Protecting
Power or the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123, of instruments, papers
or documents intended for prisoners of war or dispatched by them, especially powers of attorney
and wills.
In all cases they shall facilitate the preparation and execution of such documents on behalf of
prisoners of war; in particular, they shall allow them to consult a lawyer and shall take what
measures are necessary for the authentication of their signatures. |
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SECTION VI RELATIONS BETWEEN PRISONERS OF WAR AND THE
AUTHORITIES
CHAPTER I COMPLAINTS OF PRISONERS OF WAR RESPECTING
THE CONDITIONS OF CAPTIVITY
ARTICLE 78
Prisoners of war shall have the right to make known to the military authorities in whose power
they are, their requests regarding the conditions of captivity to which they are subjected.
They shall also have the unrestricted right to apply to the representatives of the Protecting
Powers either through their prisoners' representative or, if they consider it necessary, direct, in
order to draw their attention to any points on which they may have complaints to make
regarding their conditions of captivity.
These requests and complaints shall not be limited nor considered to be a part of the
correspondence quota referred to in Article 71. They must be transmitted immediately. Even if
they are recognized to be unfounded, they may not give rise to any punishment.
Prisoners' representatives may send periodic reports on the situation in the camps and the needs
of the prisoners of war to the representatives of the Protecting Powers.
CHAPTER II PRISONER OF WAR REPRESENTATIVES
ARTICLE 79
In all places where there are prisoners of war, except in those where there are officers, the
prisoners shall freely elect by secret ballot, every six months, and also in case of vacancies,
prisoners' representatives entrusted with representing them before the military authorities, the
Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross and any other organization
which may assist them. These prisoners' representatives shall be eligible for re-election.
In camps for officers and persons of equivalent status or in mixed camps, the senior officer
among the prisoners of war shall be recognized as the camp prisoners' representative. In camps
for officers, he shall be assisted by one or more advisers chosen by the officers; in mixed camps,
his assistants shall be chosen from among the prisoners of war who are not officers and shall be
elected by them.
Officer prisoners of war of the same nationality shall be stationed in labor camps for prisoners of
war, for the purpose of carrying out the camp administration duties for which the prisoners of
war are responsible. These officers may be elected as prisoners' representatives under the first
paragraph of this Article. In such a case the assistants to the prisoners' representatives shall be
chosen from among those prisoners of war who are not officers.
Every representative elected must be approved by the Detaining Power before he has the right to
commence his duties. Where the Detaining Power refuses to approve a prisoner of war elected by
his fellow prisoners of war, it must inform the Protecting Power of the reason for such refusal. |
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In all cases the prisoners' representative must have the same nationality, language and customs
as the prisoners of war whom he represents. Thus, prisoners of war distributed in different
sections of a camp, according to their nationality, language or customs, shall have for each
section their own prisoners' representative, in accordance with the foregoing paragraphs.
ARTICLE 80
Prisoners' representatives shall further the physical, spiritual and intellectual well being of
prisoners of war.
In particular, where the prisoners decide to organize amongst themselves a system of mutual
assistance, this organization will be within the province of the prisoners' representative, in
addition to the special duties entrusted to him by other provisions of the present Convention.
Prisoners' representatives shall not be held responsible, simply by reason of their duties, for any
offences committed by prisoners of war.
ARTICLE 81
Prisoners' representatives shall not be required to perform any other work, if the
accomplishment of their duties is thereby made more difficult.
Prisoners' representatives may appoint from amongst the prisoners such assistants as they may
require. All material facilities shall be granted them, particularly a certain freedom of movement
necessary for the accomplishment of their duties (inspection of labor detachments, receipt of
supplies, etc.).
Prisoners' representatives shall be permitted to visit premises where prisoners of war are
detained, and every prisoner of war shall have the right to consult freely his prisoners'
representative.
All facilities shall likewise be accorded to the prisoners' representatives for communication by
post and telegraph with the detaining authorities, the Protecting Powers, the International
Committee of the Red Cross and their delegates, the Mixed Medical Commissions and with the
bodies which give assistance to prisoners of war. Prisoners' representatives of labor detachments
shall enjoy the same facilities for communication with the prisoners' representatives of the
principal camp. Such communications shall not be restricted, nor considered as forming a part of
the quota mentioned in Article 71.
Prisoners' representatives who are transferred shall be allowed a reasonable time to acquaint
their successors with current affairs.
In case of dismissal, the reasons therefor shall be communicated to the Protecting Power. |
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CHAPTER III PENAL AND DISCIPLINARY SANCTIONS
I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 82
A prisoner of war shall be subject to the laws, regulations and orders in force in the armed forces
of the Detaining Power; the Detaining Power shall be justified in taking judicial or disciplinary
measures in respect of any offence committed by a prisoner of war against such laws, regulations
or orders. However, no proceedings or punishments contrary to the provisions of this Chapter
shall be allowed.
If any law, regulation or order of the Detaining Power shall declare acts committed by a prisoner
of war to be punishable, whereas the same acts would not be punishable if committed by a
member of the forces of the Detaining Power, such acts shall entail disciplinary punishments
only.
ARTICLE 83
In deciding whether proceedings in respect of an offence alleged to have been committed by a
prisoner of war shall be judicial or disciplinary, the Detaining Power shall ensure that the
competent authorities exercise the greatest leniency and adopt, wherever possible, disciplinary
rather than judicial measures.
ARTICLE 84
A prisoner of war shall be tried only by a military court, unless the existing laws of the Detaining
Power expressly permit the civil courts to try a member of the armed forces of the Detaining
Power in respect of the particular offence alleged to have been committed by the prisoner of war.
In no circumstances whatever shall a prisoner of war be tried by a court of any kind which does
not offer the essential guarantees of independence and impartiality as generally recognized, and,
in particular, the procedure of which does not afford the accused the rights and means of defense
provided for in Article 105.
ARTICLE 85
Prisoners of war prosecuted under the laws of the Detaining Power for acts committed prior to
capture shall retain, even if convicted, the benefits of the present Convention.
ARTICLE 86
No prisoner of war may be punished more than once for the same act, or on the same charge.
ARTICLE 87
Prisoners of war may not be sentenced by the military authorities and courts of the Detaining
Power to any penalties except those provided for in respect of members of the armed forces of the
said Power who have committed the same acts. |
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When fixing the penalty, the courts or authorities of the Detaining Power shall take into
consideration, to the widest extent possible, the fact that the accused, not being a national of the
Detaining Power, is not bound to it by any duty of allegiance, and that he is in its power as the
result of circumstances independent of his own will. The said courts or authorities shall be at
liberty to reduce the penalty provided for the violation of which the prisoner of war is accused,
and shall therefore not be bound to apply the minimum penalty prescribed.
Collective punishment for individual acts, corporal punishments, imprisonment in premises
without daylight and, in general, any form of torture or cruelty, are forbidden.
No prisoner of war may be deprived of his rank by the Detaining Power, or prevented from
wearing his badges.
ARTICLE 88
Officers, non-commissioned officers and men who are prisoners of war undergoing a disciplinary
or judicial punishment, shall not be subjected to more severe treatment than that applied in
respect of the same punishment to members of the armed forces of the Detaining Power of
equivalent rank.
A woman prisoner of war shall not be awarded or sentenced to a punishment more severe, or
treated whilst undergoing punishment more severely, than a woman member of the armed forces
of the Detaining Power dealt with for a similar offence.
In no case may a woman prisoner of war be awarded or sentenced to a punishment more severe,
or treated whilst undergoing punishment more severely, than a male member of the armed
forces of the Detaining Power dealt with for a similar offence.
Prisoners of war who have served disciplinary or judicial sentences may not be treated
differently from other prisoners of war.
II. DISCIPLINARY SANCTIONS
ARTICLE 89
The disciplinary punishments applicable to prisoners of war are the following:
1. A fine which shall not exceed 50 per cent of the advances of pay and working pay which the
prisoner of war would otherwise receive under the provisions of Articles 60 and 62 during a
period of not more than thirty days.
2. Discontinuance of privileges granted over and above the treatment provided for by the
present Convention.
3. Fatigue duties not exceeding two hours daily.
4. Confinement.
The punishment referred to under (3) shall not be applied to officers.
In no case shall disciplinary punishments be inhuman, brutal or dangerous to the health of
prisoners of war. |
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ARTICLE 90
The duration of any single punishment shall in no case exceed thirty days. Any period of
confinement awaiting the hearing of a disciplinary offence or the award of disciplinary
punishment shall be deducted from an award pronounced against a prisoner of war.
The maximum of thirty days provided above may not be exceeded, even if the prisoner of war is
answerable for several acts at the same time when he is awarded punishment, whether such acts
are related or not.
The period between the pronouncing of an award of disciplinary punishment and its execution
shall not exceed one month.
When a prisoner of war is awarded a further disciplinary punishment, a period of at least three
days shall elapse between the execution of any two of the punishments, if the duration of one of
these is ten days or more.
ARTICLE 91
The escape of a prisoner of war shall be deemed to have succeeded when:
1. He has joined the armed forces of the Power on which he depends, or those of an allied
Power;
2. He has left the territory under the control of the Detaining Power, or of an ally of the said
Power;
3. He has joined a ship flying the flag of the Power on which he depends, or of an allied Power,
in the territorial waters of the Detaining Power, the said ship not being under the control of
the last-named Power.
Prisoners of war who have made good their escape in the sense of this Article and who are
recaptured, shall not be liable to any punishment in respect of their previous escape.
ARTICLE 92
A prisoner of war who attempts to escape and is recaptured before having made good his escape
in the sense of Article 91 shall be liable only to a disciplinary punishment in respect of this act,
even if it is a repeated offence.
A prisoner of war who is recaptured shall be handed over without delay to the competent
military authority.
Article 88, fourth paragraph, notwithstanding, prisoners of war punished as a result of an
unsuccessful escape may be subjected to special surveillance. Such surveillance must not affect
the state of their health, must be undergone in a prisoner of war camp, and must not entail the
suppression of any of the safeguards granted them by the present Convention. |
2-22.3 | 263 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
ARTICLE 93
Escape or attempt to escape, even if it is a repeated offence, shall not be deemed an aggravating
circumstance if the prisoner of war is subjected to trial by judicial proceedings in respect of an
offence committed during his escape or attempt to escape.
In conformity with the principle stated in Article 83, offences committed by prisoners of war with
the sole intention of facilitating their escape and which do not entail any violence against life or
limb, such as offences against public property, theft without intention of self-enrichment, the
drawing up or use of false papers, the wearing of civilian clothing, shall occasion disciplinary
punishment only.
Prisoners of war who aid or abet an escape or an attempt to escape shall be liable on this count to
disciplinary punishment only.
ARTICLE 94
If an escaped prisoner of war is recaptured, the Power on which he depends shall be notified
thereof in the manner defined in Article 122, provided notification of his escape has been made.
ARTICLE 95
A prisoner of war accused of an offence against discipline shall not be kept in confinement
pending the hearing unless a member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power would be so
kept if he were accused of a similar offence, or if it is essential in the interests of camp order and
discipline.
Any period spent by a prisoner of war in confinement awaiting the disposal of an offence against
discipline shall be reduced to an absolute minimum and shall not exceed fourteen days.
The provisions of Articles 97 and 98 of this Chapter shall apply to prisoners of war who are in
confinement awaiting the disposal of offences against discipline.
ARTICLE 96
Acts which constitute offences against discipline shall be investigated immediately.
Without prejudice to the competence of courts and superior military authorities, disciplinary
punishment may be ordered only by an officer having disciplinary powers in his capacity as camp
commander, or by a responsible officer who replaces him or to whom he has delegated his
disciplinary powers.
In no case may such powers be delegated to a prisoner of war or be exercised by a prisoner of
war.
Before any disciplinary award is pronounced, the accused shall be given precise information
regarding the offences of which he is accused, and given an opportunity of explaining his conduct
and of defending himself. He shall be permitted, in particular, to call witnesses and to have
recourse, if necessary, to the services of a qualified interpreter. The decision shall be announced
to the accused prisoner of war and to the prisoners' representative. |
2-22.3 | 264 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
A record of disciplinary punishments shall be maintained by the camp commander and shall be
open to inspection by representatives of the Protecting Power.
ARTICLE 97
Prisoners of war shall not in any case be transferred to penitentiary establishments (prisons,
penitentiaries, convict prisons, etc.) to undergo disciplinary punishment therein.
All premises in which disciplinary punishments are undergone shall conform to the sanitary
requirements set forth in Article 25. A prisoner of war undergoing punishment shall be enabled
to keep himself in a state of cleanliness, in conformity with Article 29.
Officers and persons of equivalent status shall not be lodged in the same quarters as non-
commissioned officers or men.
Women prisoners of war undergoing disciplinary punishment shall be confined in separate
quarters from male prisoners of war and shall be under the immediate supervision of women.
ARTICLE 98
A prisoner of war undergoing confinement as a disciplinary punishment, shall continue to enjoy
the benefits of the provisions of this Convention except in so far as these are necessarily
rendered inapplicable by the mere fact that he is confined. In no case may he be deprived of the
benefits of the provisions of Articles 78 and 126.
A prisoner of war awarded disciplinary punishment may not be deprived of the prerogatives
attached to his rank.
Prisoners of war awarded disciplinary punishment shall be allowed to exercise and to stay in the
open air at least two hours daily.
They shall be allowed, on their request, to be present at the daily medical inspections. They shall
receive the attention which their state of health requires and, if necessary, shall be removed to
the camp infirmary or to a hospital.
They shall have permission to read and write, likewise to send and receive letters. Parcels and
remittances of money, however, may be withheld from them until the completion of the
punishment; they shall meanwhile be entrusted to the prisoners' representative, who will hand
over to the infirmary the perishable goods contained in such parcels.
III. JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS
ARTICLE 99
No prisoner of war may be tried or sentenced for an act which is not forbidden by the law of the
Detaining Power or by international law, in force at the time the said act was committed.
No moral or physical coercion may be exerted on a prisoner of war in order to induce him to
admit himself guilty of the act of which he is accused. |
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No prisoner of war may be convicted without having had an opportunity to present his defense
and the assistance of a qualified advocate or counsel.
ARTICLE 100
Prisoners of war and the Protecting Powers shall be informed as soon as possible of the offences
which are punishable by the death sentence under the laws of the Detaining Power.
Other offences shall not thereafter be made punishable by the death penalty without the
concurrence of the Power upon which the prisoners of war depend.
The death sentence cannot be pronounced on a prisoner of war unless the attention of the court
has, in accordance with Article 87, second paragraph, been particularly called to the fact that
since the accused is not a national of the Detaining Power, he is not bound to it by any duty of
allegiance, and that he is in its power as the result of circumstances independent of his own will.
ARTICLE 101
If the death penalty is pronounced on a prisoner of war, the sentence shall not be executed before
the expiration of a period of at least six months from the date when the Protecting Power
receives, at an indicated address, the detailed communication provided for in Article 107.
ARTICLE 102
A prisoner of war can be validly sentenced only if the sentence has been pronounced by the same
courts according to the same procedure as in the case of members of the armed forces of the
Detaining Power, and if, furthermore, the provisions of the present Chapter have been observed.
ARTICLE 103
Judicial investigations relating to a prisoner of war shall be conducted as rapidly as
circumstances permit and so that his trial shall take place as soon as possible. A prisoner of war
shall not be confined while awaiting trial unless a member of the armed forces of the Detaining
Power would be so confined if he were accused of a similar offence, or if it is essential to do so in
the interests of national security. In no circumstances shall this confinement exceed three
months.
Any period spent by a prisoner of war in confinement awaiting trial shall be deducted from any
sentence of imprisonment passed upon him and taken into account in fixing any penalty.
The provisions of Articles 97 and 98 of this Chapter shall apply to a prisoner of war whilst in
confinement awaiting trial.
ARTICLE 104
In any case in which the Detaining Power has decided to institute judicial proceedings against a
prisoner of war, it shall notify the Protecting Power as soon as possible and at least three weeks
before the opening of the trial. This period of three weeks shall run as from the day on which
such notification reaches the Protecting Power at the address previously indicated by the latter
to the Detaining Power. |
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The said notification shall contain the following information:
1. Surname and first names of the prisoner of war, his rank, his army, regimental, personal or
serial number, his date of birth, and his profession or trade, if any;
2. Place of internment or confinement;
3. Specification of the charge or charges on which the prisoner of war is to be arraigned,
giving the legal provisions applicable;
4 . Designation of the court which will try the case, likewise the date and place fixed for the
opening of the trial.
The same communication shall be made by the Detaining Power to the prisoners' representative.
If no evidence is submitted, at the opening of a trial, that the notification referred to above was
received by the Protecting Power, by the prisoner of war and by the prisoners' representative
concerned, at least three weeks before the opening of the trial, then the latter cannot take place
and must be adjourned.
ARTICLE 105
The prisoner of war shall be entitled to assistance by one of his prisoner comrades, to defense by
a qualified advocate or counsel of his own choice, to the calling of witnesses and, if he deems
necessary, to the services of a competent interpreter. He shall be advised of these rights by the
Detaining Power in due time before the trial.
Failing a choice by the prisoner of war, the Protecting Power shall find him an advocate or
counsel, and shall have at least one week at its disposal for the purpose. The Detaining Power
shall deliver to the said Power, on request, a list of persons qualified to present the defense.
Failing a choice of an advocate or counsel by the prisoner of war or the Protecting Power, the
Detaining Power shall appoint a competent advocate or counsel to conduct the defense.
The advocate or counsel conducting the defense on behalf of the prisoner of war shall have at his
disposal a period of two weeks at least before the opening of the trial, as well as the necessary
facilities to prepare the defense of the accused. He may, in particular, freely visit the accused and
interview him in private. He may also confer with any witnesses for the defense, including
prisoners of war. He shall have the benefit of these facilities until the term of appeal or petition
has expired.
Particulars of the charge or charges on which the prisoner of war is to be arraigned, as well as
the documents which are generally communicated to the accused by virtue of the laws in force in
the armed forces of the Detaining Power, shall be communicated to the accused prisoner of war
in a language which he understands, and in good time before the opening of the trial. The same
communication in the same circumstances shall be made to the advocate or counsel conducting
the defense on behalf of the prisoner of war.
The representatives of the Protecting Power shall be entitled to attend the trial of the case,
unless, exceptionally, this is held in camera in the interest of State security. In such a case the
Detaining Power shall advise the Protecting Power accordingly. |
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ARTICLE 106
Every prisoner of war shall have, in the same manner as the members of the armed forces of the
Detaining Power, the right of appeal or petition from any sentence pronounced upon him, with a
view to the quashing or revising of the sentence or the reopening of the trial. He shall be fully
informed of his right to appeal or petition and of the time limit within which he may do so.
ARTICLE 107
Any judgment and sentence pronounced upon a prisoner of war shall be immediately reported to
the Protecting Power in the form of a summary communication, which shall also indicate
whether he has the right of appeal with a view to the quashing of the sentence or the reopening
of the trial. This communication shall likewise be sent to the prisoners' representative concerned.
It shall also be sent to the accused prisoner of war in a language he understands, if the sentence
was not pronounced in his presence. The Detaining Power shall also immediately communicate
to the Protecting Power the decision of the prisoner of war to use or to waive his right of appeal.
Furthermore, if a prisoner of war is finally convicted or if a sentence pronounced on a prisoner of
war in the first instance is a death sentence, the Detaining Power shall as soon as possible
address to the Protecting Power a detailed communication containing:
1. The precise wording of the finding and sentence;
2. A summarized report of any preliminary investigation and of the trial, emphasizing in
particular the elements of the prosecution and the defense;
3. Notification, where applicable, of the establishment where the sentence will be served.
The communications provided for in the foregoing subparagraphs shall be sent to the Protecting
Power at the address previously made known to the Detaining Power.
ARTICLE 108
Sentences pronounced on prisoners of war after a conviction has become duly enforceable, shall
be served in the same establishments and under the same conditions as in the case of members
of the armed forces of the Detaining Power. These conditions shall in all cases conform to the
requirements of health and humanity.
A woman prisoner of war on whom such a sentence has been pronounced shall be confined in
separate quarters and shall be under the supervision of women.
In any case, prisoners of war sentenced to a penalty depriving them of their liberty shall retain
the benefit of the provisions of Articles 78 and 126 of the present Convention. Furthermore, they
shall be entitled to receive and dispatch correspondence, to receive at least one relief parcel
monthly, to take regular exercise in the open air, to have the medical care required by their state
of health, and the spiritual assistance they may desire. Penalties to which they may be subjected
shall be in accordance with the provisions of Article 87, third paragraph. |
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PART IV TERMINATION OF CAPTIVITY
SECTION I DIRECT REPATRIATION AND ACCOMMODATION IN
NEUTRAL COUNTRIES
ARTICLE 109
Subject to the provisions of the third paragraph of this Article, Parties to the conflict are bound
to send back to their own country, regardless of number or rank, seriously wounded and
seriously sick prisoners of war, after having cared for them until they are fit to travel, in
accordance with the first paragraph of the following Article.
Throughout the duration of hostilities, Parties to the conflict shall endeavor, with the
cooperation of the neutral Powers concerned, to make arrangements for the accommodation in
neutral countries of the sick and wounded prisoners of war referred to in the second paragraph of
the following Article. They may, in addition, conclude agreements with a view to the direct
repatriation or internment in a neutral country of able-bodied prisoners of war who have
undergone a long period of captivity.
No sick or injured prisoner of war who is eligible for repatriation under the first paragraph of
this Article, may be repatriated against his will during hostilities.
ARTICLE 110
The following shall be repatriated direct:
1. Incurably wounded and sick whose mental or physical fitness seems to have been gravely
diminished.
2. Wounded and sick who, according to medical opinion, are not likely to recover within one
year, whose condition requires treatment and whose mental or physical fitness seems to have
been gravely diminished.
3. Wounded and sick who have recovered, but whose mental or physical fitness seems to have
been gravely and permanently diminished.
The following may be accommodated in a neutral country:
1. Wounded and sick whose recovery may be expected within one year of the date of the
wound or the beginning of the illness, if treatment in a neutral country might increase the
prospects of a more certain and speedy recovery.
2. Prisoners of war whose mental or physical health, according to medical opinion, is seriously
threatened by continued captivity, but whose accommodation in a neutral country might
remove such a threat.
The conditions which prisoners of war accommodated in a neutral country must fulfil in order to
permit their repatriation shall be fixed, as shall likewise their status, by agreement between the
Powers concerned. In general, prisoners of war who have been accommodated in a neutral
country, and who belong to the following categories, should be repatriated: |
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1. Those whose state of health has deteriorated so as to fulfil the conditions laid down for
direct repatriation;
2. Those whose mental or physical powers remain, even after treatment, considerably
impaired.
If no special agreements are concluded between the Parties to the conflict concerned, to
determine the cases of disablement or sickness entailing direct repatriation or accommodation in
a neutral country, such cases shall be settled in accordance with the principles laid down in the
Model Agreement concerning direct repatriation and accommodation in neutral countries of
wounded and sick prisoners of war and in the Regulations concerning Mixed Medical
Commissions annexed to the present Convention.
ARTICLE 111
The Detaining Power, the Power on which the prisoners of war depend, and a neutral Power
agreed upon by these two Powers, shall endeavor to conclude agreements which will enable
prisoners of war to be interned in the territory of the said neutral Power until the close of
hostilities.
ARTICLE 112
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, Mixed Medical Commissions shall be appointed to examine sick
and wounded prisoners of war, and to make all appropriate decisions regarding them. The
appointment, duties and functioning of these Commissions shall be in conformity with the
provisions of the Regulations annexed to the present Convention.
However, prisoners of war who, in the opinion of the medical authorities of the Detaining Power,
are manifestly seriously injured or seriously sick, may be repatriated without having to be
examined by a Mixed Medical Commission.
ARTICLE 113
Besides those who are designated by the medical authorities of the Detaining Power, wounded or
sick prisoners of war belonging to the categories listed below shall be entitled to present
themselves for examination by the Mixed Medical Commissions provided for in the foregoing
Article:
1. Wounded and sick proposed by a physician or surgeon who is of the same nationality, or a
national of a Party to the conflict allied with the Power on which the said prisoners depend,
and who exercises his functions in the camp.
2. Wounded and sick proposed by their prisoners' representative.
3. Wounded and sick proposed by the Power on which they depend, or by an organization duly
recognized by the said Power and giving assistance to the prisoners.
Prisoners of war who do not belong to one of the three foregoing categories may nevertheless
present themselves for examination by Mixed Medical Commissions, but shall be examined only
after those belonging to the said categories. |
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The physician or surgeon of the same nationality as the prisoners who present themselves for
examination by the Mixed Medical Commission, likewise the prisoners' representative of the said
prisoners, shall have permission to be present at the examination.
ARTICLE 114
Prisoners of war who meet with accidents shall, unless the injury is self-inflicted, have the
benefit of the provisions of this Convention as regards repatriation or accommodation in a
neutral country.
ARTICLE 115
No prisoner of war on whom a disciplinary punishment has been imposed and who is eligible for
repatriation or for accommodation in a neutral country, may be kept back on the plea that he has
not undergone his punishment.
Prisoners of war detained in connection with a judicial prosecution or conviction and who are
designated for repatriation or accommodation in a neutral country, may benefit by such
measures before the end of the proceedings or the completion of the punishment, if the Detaining
Power consents.
Parties to the conflict shall communicate to each other the names of those who will be detained
until the end of the proceedings or the completion of the punishment.
ARTICLE 116
The costs of repatriating prisoners of war or of transporting them to a neutral country shall be
borne, from the frontiers of the Detaining Power, by the Power on which the said prisoners
depend.
ARTICLE 117
No repatriated person may be employed on active military service.
SECTION II RELEASE AND REPATRIATION OF PRISONERS OF WAR
AT THE CLOSE OF HOSTILITIES
ARTICLE 118
Prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of active
hostilities.
In the absence of stipulations to the above effect in any agreement concluded between the Parties
to the conflict with a view to the cessation of hostilities, or failing any such agreement, each of
the Detaining Powers shall itself establish and execute without delay a plan of repatriation in
conformity with the principle laid down in the foregoing paragraph.
In either case, the measures adopted shall be brought to the knowledge of the prisoners of war. |
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The costs of repatriation of prisoners of war shall in all cases be equitably apportioned between
the Detaining Power and the Power on which the prisoners depend. This apportionment shall be
carried out on the following basis:
(a) If the two Powers are contiguous, the Power on which the prisoners of war depend shall
bear the costs of repatriation from the frontiers of the Detaining Power.
(b) If the two Powers are not contiguous, the Detaining Power shall bear the costs of transport
of prisoners of war over its own territory as far as its frontier or its port of embarkation
nearest to the territory of the Power on which the prisoners of war depend. The Parties
concerned shall agree between themselves as to the equitable apportionment of the remaining
costs of the repatriation. The conclusion of this agreement shall in no circumstances justify
any delay in the repatriation of the prisoners of war.
ARTICLE 119
Repatriation shall be effected in conditions similar to those laid down in Articles 46 to 48
inclusive of the present Convention for the transfer of prisoners of war, having regard to the
provisions of Article 118 and to those of the following paragraphs.
On repatriation, any articles of value impounded from prisoners of war under Article 18, and any
foreign currency which has not been converted into the currency of the Detaining Power, shall be
restored to them. Articles of value and foreign currency which, for any reason whatever, are not
restored to prisoners of war on repatriation, shall be dispatched to the Information Bureau set
up under Article 122.
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to take with them their personal effects, and any
correspondence and parcels which have arrived for them. The weight of such baggage may be
limited, if the conditions of repatriation so require, to what each prisoner can reasonably carry.
Each prisoner shall in all cases be authorized to carry at least twenty-five kilograms.
The other personal effects of the repatriated prisoner shall be left in the charge of the Detaining
Power which shall have them forwarded to him as soon as it has concluded an agreement to this
effect, regulating the conditions of transport and the payment of the costs involved, with the
Power on which the prisoner depends.
Prisoners of war against whom criminal proceedings for an indictable offence are pending may be
detained until the end of such proceedings, and, if necessary, until the completion of the
punishment. The same shall apply to prisoners of war already convicted for an indictable offence.
Parties to the conflict shall communicate to each other the names of any prisoners of war who
are detained until the end of the proceedings or until punishment has been completed.
By agreement between the Parties to the conflict, commissions shall be established for the
purpose of searching for dispersed prisoners of war and of assuring their repatriation with the
least possible delay. |
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SECTION III DEATH OF PRISONERS OF WAR
ARTICLE 120
Wills of prisoners of war shall be drawn up so as to satisfy the conditions of validity required by
the legislation of their country of origin, which will take steps to inform the Detaining Power of
its requirements in this respect. At the request of the prisoner of war and, in all cases, after
death, the will shall be transmitted without delay to the Protecting Power; a certified copy shall
be sent to the Central Agency.
Death certificates in the form annexed to the present Convention, or lists certified by a
responsible officer, of all persons who die as prisoners of war shall be forwarded as rapidly as
possible to the Prisoner of War Information Bureau established in accordance with Article 122.
The death certificates or certified lists shall show particulars of identity as set out in the third
paragraph of Article 17, and also the date and place of death, the cause of death, the date and
place of burial and all particulars necessary to identify the graves.
The burial or cremation of a prisoner of war shall be preceded by a medical examination of the
body with a view to confirming death and enabling a report to be made and, where necessary,
establishing identity.
The detaining authorities shall ensure that prisoners of war who have died in captivity are
honorably buried, if possible according to the rites of the religion to which they belonged, and
that their graves are respected, suitably maintained and marked so as to be found at any time.
Wherever possible, deceased prisoners of war who depended on the same Power shall be interred
in the same place.
Deceased prisoners of war shall be buried in individual graves unless unavoidable circumstances
require the use of collective graves. Bodies may be cremated only for imperative reasons of
hygiene, on account of the religion of the deceased or in accordance with his express wish to this
effect. In case of cremation, the fact shall be stated and the reasons given in the death certificate
of the deceased.
In order that graves may always be found, all particulars of burials and graves shall be recorded
with a Graves Registration Service established by the Detaining Power. Lists of graves and
particulars of the prisoners of war interred in cemeteries and elsewhere shall be transmitted to
the Power on which such prisoners of war depended. Responsibility for the care of these graves
and for records of any subsequent moves of the bodies shall rest on the Power controlling the
territory, if a Party to the present Convention. These provisions shall also apply to the ashes,
which shall be kept by the Graves Registration Service until proper disposal thereof in
accordance with the wishes of the home country.
ARTICLE 121
Every death or serious injury of a prisoner of war caused or suspected to have been caused by a
sentry, another prisoner of war, or any other person, as well as any death the cause of which is
unknown, shall be immediately followed by an official enquiry by the Detaining Power. |
2-22.3 | 273 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
A communication on this subject shall be sent immediately to the Protecting Power. Statements
shall be taken from witnesses, especially from those who are prisoners of war, and a report
including such statements shall be forwarded to the Protecting Power.
If the enquiry indicates the guilt of one or more persons, the Detaining Power shall take all
measures for the prosecution of the person or persons responsible.
PART V INFORMATION BUREAU AND RELIEF SOCIETIES FOR
PRISONERS OF WAR
ARTICLE 122
Upon the outbreak of a conflict and in all cases of occupation, each of the Parties to the conflict
shall institute an official Information Bureau for prisoners of war who are in its power. Neutral
or non-belligerent Powers who may have received within their territory persons belonging to one
of the categories referred to in Article 4, shall take the same action with respect to such persons.
The Power concerned shall ensure that the Prisoners of War Information Bureau is provided
with the necessary accommodation, equipment and staff to ensure its efficient working. It shall
be at liberty to employ prisoners of war in such a Bureau under the conditions laid down in the
Section of the present Convention dealing with work by prisoners of war.
Within the shortest possible period, each of the Parties to the conflict shall give its Bureau the
information referred to in the fourth, fifth and sixth paragraphs of this Article regarding any
enemy person belonging to one of the categories referred to in Article 4, who has fallen into its
power. Neutral or non-belligerent Powers shall take the same action with regard to persons
belonging to such categories whom they have received within their territory.
The Bureau shall immediately forward such information by the most rapid means to the Powers
concerned, through the intermediary of the Protecting Powers and likewise of the Central
Agency provided for in Article 123.
This information shall make it possible quickly to advise the next of kin concerned. Subject to the
provisions of Article 17, the information shall include, in so far as available to the Information
Bureau, in respect of each prisoner of war, his surname, first names, rank, army, regimental,
personal or serial number, place and full date of birth, indication of the Power on which he
depends, first name of the father and maiden name of the mother, name and address of the
person to be informed and the address to which correspondence for the prisoner may be sent.
The Information Bureau shall receive from the various departments concerned information
regarding transfers, releases, repatriations, escapes, admissions to hospital, and deaths, and
shall transmit such information in the manner described in the third paragraph above.
Likewise, information regarding the state of health of prisoners of war who are seriously ill or
seriously wounded shall be supplied regularly, every week if possible.
The Information Bureau shall also be responsible for replying to all inquiries sent to it
concerning prisoners of war, including those who have died in captivity; it will make any
inquiries necessary to obtain the information which is asked for if this is not in its possession.
All written communications made by the Bureau shall be authenticated by a signature or a seal. |
2-22.3 | 274 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
The Information Bureau shall furthermore be charged with collecting all personal valuables,
including sums in currencies other than that of the Detaining Power and documents of
importance to the next of kin, left by prisoners of war who have been repatriated or released, or
who have escaped or died, and shall forward the said valuables to the Powers concerned. Such
articles shall be sent by the Bureau in sealed packets which shall be accompanied by statements
giving clear and full particulars of the identity of the person to whom the articles belonged, and
by a complete list of the contents of the parcel. Other personal effects of such prisoners of war
shall be transmitted under arrangements agreed upon between the Parties to the conflict
concerned.
ARTICLE 123
A Central Prisoners of War Information Agency shall be created in a neutral country. The
International Committee of the Red Cross shall, if it deems necessary, propose to the Powers
concerned the organization of such an Agency.
The function of the Agency shall be to collect all the information it may obtain through official or
private channels respecting prisoners of war, and to transmit it as rapidly as possible to the
country of origin of the prisoners of war or to the Power on which they depend. It shall receive
from the Parties to the conflict all facilities for effecting such transmissions.
The High Contracting Parties, and in particular those whose nationals benefit by the services of
the Central Agency, are requested to give the said Agency the financial aid it may require.
The foregoing provisions shall in no way be interpreted as restricting the humanitarian activities
of the International Committee of the Red Cross, or of the relief Societies provided for in Article
125.
ARTICLE 124
The national Information Bureau and the Central Information Agency shall enjoy free postage
for mail, likewise all the exemptions provided for in Article 74, and further, so far as possible,
exemption from telegraphic charges or, at least, greatly reduced rates.
ARTICLE 125
Subject to the measures which the Detaining Powers may consider essential to ensure their
security or to meet any other reasonable need, the representatives of religious organizations,
relief societies, or any other organization assisting prisoners of war, shall receive from the said
Powers, for themselves and their duly accredited agents, all necessary facilities for visiting the
prisoners, distributing relief supplies and material, from any source, intended for religious,
educational or recreative purposes, and for assisting them in organizing their leisure time within
the camps. Such societies or organizations may be constituted in the territory of the Detaining
Power or in any other country, or they may have an international character.
The Detaining Power may limit the number of societies and organizations whose delegates are
allowed to carry out their activities in its territory and under its supervision, on condition,
however, that such limitation shall not hinder the effective operation of adequate relief to all
prisoners of war. |
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The special position of the International Committee of the Red Cross in this field shall be
recognized and respected at all times.
As soon as relief supplies or material intended for the above-mentioned purposes are handed
over to prisoners of war, or very shortly afterwards, receipts for each consignment, signed by the
prisoners' representative, shall be forwarded to the relief society or organization making the
shipment. At the same time, receipts for these consignments shall be supplied by the
administrative authorities responsible for guarding the prisoners.
PART VI EXECUTION OF THE CONVENTION
SECTION I GENERAL PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 126
Representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall have permission to go to all places
where prisoners of war may be, particularly to places of internment, imprisonment and labor,
and shall have access to all premises occupied by prisoners of war; they shall also be allowed to
go to the places of departure, passage and arrival of prisoners who are being transferred. They
shall be able to interview the prisoners, and in particular the prisoners' representatives, without
witnesses, either personally or through an interpreter.
Representatives and delegates of the Protecting Powers shall have full liberty to select the places
they wish to visit. The duration and frequency of these visits shall not be restricted. Visits may
not be prohibited except for reasons of imperative military necessity, and then only as an
exceptional and temporary measure.
The Detaining Power and the Power on which the said prisoners of war depend may agree, if
necessary, that compatriots of these prisoners of war be permitted to participate in the visits.
The delegates of the International Committee of the Red Cross shall enjoy the same
prerogatives. The appointment of such delegates shall be submitted to the approval of the Power
detaining the prisoners of war to be visited.
ARTICLE 127
The High Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in time of war, to disseminate the
text of the present Convention as widely as possible in their respective countries, and, in
particular, to include the study thereof in their programs of military and, if possible, civil
instruction, so that the principles thereof may become known to all their armed forces and to the
entire population.
Any military or other authorities, who in time of war assume responsibilities in respect of
prisoners of war, must possess the text of the Convention and be specially instructed as to its
provisions.
ARTICLE 128
The High Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another through the Swiss Federal
Council and, during hostilities, through the Protecting Powers, the official translations of the |
2-22.3 | 276 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
present Convention, as well as the laws and regulations which they may adopt to ensure the
application thereof.
ARTICLE 129
The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation necessary to provide effective
penal sanctions for persons committing, or ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of
the present Convention defined in the following Article.
Each High Contracting Party shall be under the obligation to search for persons alleged to have
committed, or to have ordered to be committed, such grave breaches, and shall bring such
persons, regardless of their nationality, before its own courts. It may also, if it prefers, and in
accordance with the provisions of its own legislation, hand such persons over for trial to another
High Contracting Party concerned, provided such High Contracting Party has made out a prima
facie case.
Each High Contracting Party shall take measures necessary for the suppression of all acts
contrary to the provisions of the present Convention other than the grave breaches defined in the
following Article.
In all circumstances, the accused persons shall benefit by safeguards of proper trial and defense,
which shall not be less favorable than those provided by Article 105 and those following of the
present Convention.
ARTICLE 130
Grave breaches to which the preceding Article relates shall be those involving any of the
following acts, if committed against persons or property protected by the Convention: willful
killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments, willfully causing great
suffering or serious injury to body or health, compelling a prisoner of war to serve in the forces of
the hostile Power, or willfully depriving a prisoner of war of the rights of fair and regular trial
prescribed in this Convention.
ARTICLE 131
No High Contracting Party shall be allowed to absolve itself or any other High Contracting Party
of any liability incurred by itself or by another High Contracting Party in respect of breaches
referred to in the preceding Article.
ARTICLE 132
At the request of a Party to the conflict, an enquiry shall be instituted, in a manner to be decided
between the interested Parties, concerning any alleged violation of the Convention.
If agreement has not been reached concerning the procedure for the enquiry, the Parties should
agree on the choice of an umpire who will decide upon the procedure to be followed.
Once the violation has been established, the Parties to the conflict shall put an end to it and
shall repress it with the least possible delay. |
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SECTION II FINAL PROVISIONS
ARTICLE 133
The present Convention is established in English and in French. Both texts are equally
authentic. The Swiss Federal Council shall arrange for official translations of the Convention to
be made in the Russian and Spanish languages.
ARTICLE 134
The present Convention replaces the Convention of 27 July 1929, in relations between the High
Contracting Parties.
ARTICLE 135
In the relations between the Powers which are bound by The Hague Convention respecting the
Laws and Customs of War on Land, whether that of July 29, 1899, or that of October 18, 1907,
and which are parties to the present Convention, this last Convention shall be complementary to
Chapter II of the Regulations annexed to the above-mentioned Conventions of The Hague.
ARTICLE 136
The present Convention, which bears the date of this day, is open to signature until February 12,
1950, in the name of the Powers represented at the Conference which opened at Geneva on April
21, 1949; furthermore, by Powers not represented at that Conference, but which are parties to
the Convention of July 27, 1929.
ARTICLE 137
The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible and the ratifications shall be
deposited at Berne.
A record shall be drawn up of the deposit of each instrument of ratification and certified copies of
this record shall be transmitted by the Swiss Federal Council to all the Powers in whose name
the Convention has been signed, or whose accession has been notified.
ARTICLE 138
The present Convention shall come into force six months after not less than two instruments of
ratification have been deposited.
Thereafter, it shall come into force for each High Contracting Party six months after the deposit
of the instrument of ratification.
ARTICLE 139
From the date of its coming into force, it shall be open to any Power in whose name the present
Convention has not been signed, to accede to this Convention. |
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ARTICLE 140
Accessions shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, and shall take effect six
months after the date on which they are received.
The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate the accessions to all the Powers in whose name
the Convention has been signed, or whose accession has been notified.
ARTICLE 141
The situations provided for in Articles 2 and 3 shall give immediate effect to ratifications
deposited and accessions notified by the Parties to the conflict before or after the beginning of
hostilities or occupation. The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate by the quickest method
any ratifications or accessions received from Parties to the conflict.
ARTICLE 142
Each of the High Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to denounce the present Convention.
The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, which shall transmit
it to the Governments of all the High Contracting Parties.
The denunciation shall take effect one year after the notification thereof has been made to the
Swiss Federal Council. However, a denunciation of which notification has been made at a time
when the denouncing Power is involved in a conflict shall not take effect until peace has been
concluded, and until after operations connected with the release and repatriation of the persons
protected by the present Convention have been terminated.
The denunciation shall have effect only in respect of the denouncing Power. It shall in no way
impair the obligations which the Parties to the conflict shall remain bound to fulfill by virtue of
the principles of the law of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized
peoples, from the laws of humanity and the dictates of the public conscience.
ARTICLE 143
The Swiss Federal Council shall register the present Convention with the Secretariat of the
United Nations. The Swiss Federal Council shall also inform the Secretariat of the United
Nations of all ratifications, accessions and denunciations received by it with respect to the
present Convention.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, having deposited their respective full powers, have
signed the present Convention.
DONE at Geneva this twelfth day of August 1949, in the English and French languages. The
original shall be deposited in the Archives of the Swiss Confederation. The Swiss Federal Council
shall transmit certified copies thereof to each of the signatory and acceding States. |
2-22.3 | 279 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
SECTION II. GENEVA CONVENTIONS RELATIVE TO THE PROTECTION OF
CIVILIAN PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR (FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION)
The following excerpted articles from the Geneva Conventions contain requirements concerning
the treatment of civilians during time of war. Violations of these articles can constitute war
crimes and should be treated as such.
PART I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present
Convention in all circumstances.
Article 2
In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention
shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between
two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of
them.
The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a
High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.
Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers
who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall
furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and
applies the provisions thereof.
Article 3
In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of
the High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum,
the following provisions:
1. Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have
laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any
other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction
founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria.
To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place
whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons:
(a) Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and
torture;
(b) Taking of hostages; |
2-22.3 | 280 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
(d) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment
pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are
recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
2. The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.
An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may
offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.
The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force, by means of special
agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention.
The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the
conflict.
Article 4
Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a given moment and in any manner
whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the
conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals.
Nationals of a State which is not bound by the Convention are not protected by it.
Nationals of a neutral State who find themselves in the territory of a belligerent State, and
nationals of a co-belligerent State, shall not be regarded as protected persons while the State of
which they are nationals has normal diplomatic representation in the State in whose hands they
are.
The provisions of Part II are, however, wider in application, as defined in Article 13.
Persons protected by the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12, 1949, or by the Geneva
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of
Armed Forces at Sea of August 12, 1949, or by the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment
of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949, shall not be considered as protected persons within the
meaning of the present Convention.
Article 5
Where, in the territory of a Party to the conflict, the latter is satisfied that an individual
protected person is definitely suspected of or engaged in activities hostile to the security of the
State, such individual person shall not be entitled to claim such rights and privileges under the
present Convention as would, if exercised in the favour of such individual person, be prejudicial
to the security of such State.
Where in occupied territory an individual protected person is detained as a spy or saboteur, or as
a person under definite suspicion of activity hostile to the security of the Occupying Power, such
person shall, in those cases where absolute military security so requires, be regarded as having
forfeited rights of communication under the present Convention. |
2-22.3 | 281 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
In each case, such persons shall nevertheless be treated with humanity, and in case of trial, shall
not be deprived of the rights of fair and regular trial prescribed by the present Convention. They
shall also be granted the full rights and privileges of a protected person under the present
Convention at the earliest date consistent with the security of the State or Occupying Power, as
the case may be.
Article 25
All persons in the territory of a Party to the conflict, or in a territory occupied by it, shall be
enabled to give news of a strictly personal nature to members of their families, wherever they
may be, and to receive news from them. This correspondence shall be forwarded speedily and
without undue delay.
If, as a result of circumstances, it becomes difficult or impossible to exchange family
correspondence by the ordinary post, the Parties to the conflict concerned shall apply to a neutral
intermediary, such as the Central Agency provided for in Article 140, and shall decide in
consultation with it how to ensure the fulfillment of their obligations under the best possible
conditions, in particular with the cooperation of the National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion
and Sun) Societies.
If the Parties to the conflict deem it necessary to restrict family correspondence, such restrictions
shall be confined to the compulsory use of standard forms containing twenty-five freely chosen
words, and to the limitation of the number of these forms dispatched to one each month.
PART III
STATUS AND TREATMENT OF PROTECTED PERSONS
SECTION I
PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE TERRITORIES OF THE PARTIES
TO THE CONFLICT AND TO OCCUPIED TERRITORIES
Article 27
Protected persons are entitled, in all circumstances, to respect for their persons, their honour,
their family rights, their religious convictions and practices, and their manners and customs.
They shall at all times be humanely treated, and shall be protected especially against all acts of
violence or threats thereof and against insults and public curiosity.
Women shall be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against
rape, enforced prostitution, or any form of indecent assault.
Without prejudice to the provisions relating to their state of health, age and sex, all protected
persons shall be treated with the same consideration by the Party to the conflict in whose power
they are, without any adverse distinction based, in particular, on race, religion or political
opinion.
However, the Parties to the conflict may take such measures of control and security in regard to
protected persons as may be necessary as a result of the war. |
2-22.3 | 282 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
Article 28
The presence of a protected person may not be used to render certain points or areas immune
from military operations.
Article 29
The Party to the conflict in whose hands protected persons may be is responsible for the
treatment accorded to them by its agents, irrespective of any individual responsibility which may
be incurred.
Article 30
Protected persons shall have every facility for making application to the Protecting Powers, the
International Committee of the Red Cross, the National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and
Sun) Society of the country where they may be, as well as to any organization that might assist
them.
These several organizations shall be granted all facilities for that purpose by the authorities,
within the bounds set by military or security considerations.
Apart from the visits of the delegates of the Protecting Powers and of the International
Committee of the Red Cross, provided for by Article 143, the Detaining or Occupying Powers
shall facilitate as much as possible visits to protected persons by the representatives of other
organizations whose object is to give spiritual aid or material relief to such persons.
Article 31
No physical or moral coercion shall be exercised against protected persons, in particular
to obtain information from them or from third parties.
Article 32
The High Contracting Parties specifically agree that each of them is prohibited from taking any
measure of such a character as to cause the physical suffering or extermination of protected
persons in their hands. This prohibition applies not only to murder, torture, corporal
punishment, mutilation and medical or scientific experiments not necessitated by the medical
treatment of a protected person but also to any other measures of brutality whether applied by
civilian or military agents.
Article 33
No protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed.
Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited.
Pillage is prohibited.
Reprisals against protected persons and their property are prohibited. |
2-22.3 | 283 | ____________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Article 34
The taking of hostages is prohibited.
SECTION II
ALIENS IN THE TERRORITY OF A PARTY TO THE CONFLICT
Article 41
Should the Power in whose hands protected persons may be consider the measures of control
mentioned in the present Convention to be inadequate, it may not have recourse to any other
measure of control more severe than that of assigned residence or internment, in accordance
with the provisions of Articles 42 and 43.
In applying the provisions of Article 39, second paragraph, to the cases of persons required to
leave their usual places of residences by virtue of a decision placing them in assigned residence
elsewhere, the Detaining Power shall be guided as closely as possible by the standards of welfare
set forth in Part III, Section IV of this Convention.
Article 42
The internment or placing in assigned residence of protected persons may be ordered only if the
security of the Detaining Power makes it absolutely necessary.
If any person, acting through the representatives of the Protecting Power, voluntarily demands
internment, and if his situation renders this step necessary, he shall be interned by the Power in
whose hands he may be.
Article 43
Any protected person who has been interned or placed in assigned residence shall be entitled to
have such action reconsidered as soon as possible by an appropriate court or administrative
board designated by the Detaining Power for that purpose. If the internment or placing in
assigned residence is maintained, the court or administrative board shall periodically, and at
least twice yearly, give consideration to his or her case, with a view to the favourable amendment
of the initial decision, if circumstances permit.
Unless the protected persons concerned object, the Detaining Power shall, as rapidly as possible,
give the Protecting Power the names of any protected persons who have been interned or
subjected to assigned residence, or who have been released from internment or assigned
residence. The decisions of the courts or boards mentioned in the first paragraph of the present
Article shall also, subject to the same conditions, be notified as rapidly as possible to the
Protecting Power. |
2-22.3 | 284 | FM 2-22.3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
Article 44
In applying the measures of control mentioned in the present Convention, the Detaining Power
shall not treat as enemy aliens exclusively on the basis of their nationality de jure of an enemy
State, refugees who do not, in fact, enjoy the protection of any government. |
2-22.3 | 285 | FM 2-22.3
Appendix B
Source and Information Reliability Matrix
SOURCE RELIABILITY
B-1. Reliability ratings range from “Reliable” (A) to “Unreliable” (E) as shown
in Table B-1. In every instance the rating is based on previous reporting
from that source. If there has been no previous reporting, the source must be
rated as “F”. [NOTE: An “F” rating does not necessarily mean that the
source cannot be trusted, but that there is no reporting history and therefore
no basis for making a determination.]
Table B-1. Evaluation of Source Reliability.
A Reliable No doubt of authenticity, trustworthiness, or
competency; has a history of complete reliability
B Usually Reliable Minor doubt about authenticity, trustworthiness,
or competency; has a history of valid information
most of the time
C Fairly Reliable Doubt of authenticity, trustworthiness, or
competency but has provided valid information in
the past
D Not Usually Significant doubt about authenticity,
Reliable trustworthiness, or competency but has provided
valid information in the past
E Unreliable Lacking in authenticity, trustworthiness, and
competency; history of invalid information
F Cannot Be No basis exists for evaluating the reliability of the
Judged source
INFORMATION CONTENT
B-2. The highest degree of confidence in reported information is given to that
which has been confirmed by outside sources, “1”. Table B-2 shows evalua-
tion of information content. The degree of confidence decreases if the
information is not confirmed, and/or does not seem to make sense. The
lowest evaluated rating of “5” means that the information is considered to be
false. [NOTE: A rating of “6” does not necessarily mean false information,
but is generally used to indicate that no determination can be made since the
information is completely new.] |
2-22.3 | 286 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
Table B-2. Evaluation of Information Content.
1 Confirmed Confirmed by other independent sources;
logical in itself; Consistent with other
information on the subject
2 Probably True Not confirmed; logical in itself; consistent with
other information on the subject
3 Possibly True Not confirmed; reasonably logical in itself;
agrees with some other information on the
subject
4 Doubtfully True Not confirmed; possible but not logical; no
other information on the subject
5 Improbable Not confirmed; not logical in itself;
contradicted by other information on the
subject
6 Cannot Be No basis exists for evaluating the validity of the
Judged information |
2-22.3 | 287 | FM 2-22.3
Appendix C
Pre-Deployment Planning
HUMINT leaders must anticipate, identify, consider, and evaluate all
potential threats. They must take advantage of enhanced information flow
through hierarchical and nonhierarchical networks (computer,
communications, and personnel). HCTs should––
• Review available databases on assigned contingency AOIs; review
existing IPB products, conduct IPB on these AOIs; and develop
appropriate IPB products. Information on databases created for
specific contingencies can be gotten from the J2X.
• Continually monitor and update their OPLANs to reflect the evolving
situation.
• Be aware of higher headquarters SOPs and DIA manuals for specific
ISR management guidance.
• Prepare and practice an intelligence “surge” on likely contingency
crises.
• Prepare and practice coordination from pre-deployment through
redeployment with personnel from HUMINT, IMINT, MASINT,
SIGINT, CA, PSYOP, SOF units, MP, and Engineers.
• Plan for requirements to support 24-hour operations: automation,
communications capacity, and personnel necessary to provide
continuous intelligence information collection and RM, processing, and
reporting.
• Plan and coordinate for linguistic support.
• Forward all RFIs to higher headquarters in accordance with SOPs.
• Prepare and practice coordination with units they will support during
pre-deployment exercises. Liaison must be conducted with
commanders, S2s, administrative support personnel, logistical support
personnel, communications personnel, and others. Obtain supported
unit’s briefing slide formats.
• Obtain copies of the supported unit’s SOPs and ensure all team
members are aware of the procedures governing HUMINT interface.
• Ensure that team data processing equipment is compatible with the
supported unit’s network structure and that appropriate interfaces are
available.
• Exercise unit deployment SOPs, load plans, and packing lists.
Helpful Unclassified Links:
• https://portal.rccb.osis.gov/index.jsp Foreign Broadcast Information
Service home page.
• http://wnc.fedworld.gov/ International news compiled by the US
Department of Commerce. |
2-22.3 | 288 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
• http://www.state.gov/s/inr/ Department of State’s Bureau of
Intelligence and Research home page. Contains country and region-
specific information, policies, and warnings.
• http://ebird.afis.osd.mil/ Early Bird News Service of the Armed Forces
Information Service.
• http://164.214.2.59/ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
(formerly National Imagery and Mapping Agency).
• http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html#toc Country Studies from
the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. |
2-22.3 | 289 | FM 2-22.3
Appendix D
S2 Guide for Handling Detainees, Captured Enemy
Documents, and Captured Enemy Equipment
D-1. Detainees, retained personnel, CEDs, and CEE are critical sources of
combat intelligence. Often the Maneuver Battalion S2 is the first MI officer
to encounter these sources. His actions are critical to the exploitation system.
Information from these items is time sensitive, and these information sources
need to be exploited at as low an echelon as possible. The S2 should
anticipate requirements for support based on planned missions and request
HUMINT collector support as necessary. If unable to receive HUMINT
collector support, the S2 must be prepared to exploit these sources of
information to the best of his ability and more importantly expedite their
evacuation to locations and units where they can be exploited.
PURPOSE
D-2. This guide is for battalion and brigade S2s. It explains standard
procedures on what the S2 should do when his unit—
• Captures an enemy soldier or other detainee.
• Encounters a civilian on the battlefield.
• Finds or captures an enemy document.
• Discovers an unusual enemy weapon or other unusual piece of
equipment during tactical operations.
PERSONNEL HANDLING
D-3. The GPW defines persons entitled to treatment as prisoners of war upon
capture, in Article 4 (see Appendix A, Section I).
D-4. The GC defines the civilian population (exclusive of those civilian
persons listed in GPW, Article 4) who benefit to varying degrees from the
provisions of the Geneva Conventions. (See Appendix A, Sections II and III.)
D-5. Persons in each of these categories have distinct rights, duties, and
restrictions. Persons who are not members of the Armed Forces, as defined in
Article 4, GPW, who bear arms or engage in other conduct hostile to the
enemy thereby deprive themselves of many of the privileges attaching to the
members of the civilian population. The capturing unit treats all combatants
and noncombatants who are suspected of being part of the threat force as
EPWs or retained personnel until their status can be determined. This
determination normally occurs at the detainee collection point or at a higher
echelon. Noncombatants are handled, questioned, detained, evacuated, and
released in accordance with theater policy. In all cases, detainees are treated
humanely. |
2-22.3 | 290 | FM 2-22.3
_________________________________________________________________________________________
D-6. Detainees are treated humanely but with firmness at all times. High
standards of discipline are required not only of detainees but also of
capturing and escort forces. Fraternization with detainees or mistreatment
or abuse of them is not only a violation but also is not conducive to good
discipline. In addition to not being conducive to good discipline, the
mistreatment or abuse of detainees is a violation of the UCMJ for which
violators may be punished. The control of detainees is exercised through the
issuance and firm enforcement of necessary instructions in their own
language. Instructions relating to their control during evacuation from the
combat zone should be as brief as possible. Care must be taken to ensure that
detainees have a clear understanding of all instructions to them.
D-7. At the capture point, the capturing element performs the following steps
on detainees. The senior soldier will ensure that the steps are performed. The
steps are referred to as the "Five S's and a T".
STEP 1. SEARCH
D-8. The capturing unit’s first job is to disarm, search, and maintain positive
control over all detainees. The detainees are disarmed and searched for
concealed weapons and for equipment and documents of particular
intelligence value immediately upon capture, unless the number of detainees
captured, enemy action, or other circumstances make such a search
impracticable. Until each detainee is searched, the responsible forces must be
alert to prevent the use of concealed weapons or destruction of documents or
equipment.
D-9. The capturing unit gathers all loose CEDs and CEE in the area.
Identification documents and protective military equipment such as helmets
or NBC gear stay with the detainee unless otherwise directed by the
battalion S2.
• Equipment. Items of personal or individual equipment that are new or
appear to be of a type not previously observed may be of intelligence
value and should be processed and reported in accordance with the
unit’s SOP, specific evacuation instructions in Annex B (Intelligence) of
the OPORD, and theater policy. Equipment for personal protection
such as protective masks or protective clothing may not be taken
unless replaced with equivalent equipment.
• Documents. A CED is any piece of recorded information that has been
in the hands of the enemy. CEDs include but are not limited to maps,
sketches, photographs, orders, tactical and technical manuals and
instructions, code books, log books, maintenance records, shipping and
packing slips and lists, war and field diaries, personal diaries, pay
books, newspapers, service records, postal savings books, payrolls,
postcards and letters, and any written, printed, engraved, or
photographic matter that may contain information relative to the
enemy and to weather and terrain data. A capturing unit is normally
not able to accurately determine the potential intelligence value of any
documents found on the detainee. It is therefore normally expedient to
remove all documents, with the exception of the detainee’s primary
identification document. These documents are sealed in a waterproof |
2-22.3 | 291 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
container and tagged with part C of the capture tag. If capture tags are
not available, the document bag must be marked at a minimum to
identify the detainee to whom the documents belong (see Appendix I).
• Personal effects. Except as provided in Step 1, detainees should be
permitted to retain all of their personal effects including money;
valuables; protective equipment, such as helmets, protective masks,
and like items; effects and articles used for clothing or eating, except
knives and forks; identification cards or tags; badges of grade and
nationality; and articles having a personal or sentimental value. When
items of equipment issued for the personal protection of detainees are
taken from them, they must be replaced with equivalent items serving
the same purpose. Although money and other valuables may be taken
from detainees as a security measure, they must then be receipted for
and a record thereof maintained in a special register. These
administrative steps normally are not practical to accomplish prior to
arrival of the detainee at an EPW camp.
STEP 2. SILENCE
D-10. Detainees are kept silent so that they cannot plan deception or
encourage each other to resist. Keeping the detainees silent also prevents
them from relieving the stress and shock of capture by talking with others. If
the shock of capture is preserved, HUMINT collectors can take advantage of
it in an approach. The capturing unit instructs or signals the detainees to be
silent. If that does not work, the detainee is gagged. Guards give orders to
detainees, but do not converse with them or give them any comfort items.
STEP 3. SAFEGUARD
D-11. All detainees are promptly evacuated out of the “danger” zone. Their
presence may not be used to render points or areas immune to attack, nor
should they be retained for participation in psychological warfare or other
activities. The capturing forces must protect detainees from reprisals.
Detainees will not be denied food, potable water, or appropriate clothing and
shelter. Necessary medical attention will not be delayed. Those detainees
held in an area should be provided protective facilities and equipment and
should be oriented as to procedures to be followed in case of chemical,
biological, and radiological agent attack.
STEP 4. SEGREGATE
D-12. The capturing unit separates officers from enlisted, senior from junior,
male from female, and civilian from military within their capabilities to both
guard and safeguard the detainees. (Physical segregation at this point is not
always possible.) Deserters and people of different nationalities and
ideologies should be further segregated. The capturing unit prepares a
capture tag and puts one on each detainee (see Figure D-1). Tagging
procedures are discussed in paragraph D-16. |
2-22.3 | 292 | FM 2-22.3
_________________________________________________________________________________________
STEP 5. SPEED TO THE REAR
D-13. The capturing unit moves detainees and CEDs to the unit supply point
or other area where transportation to the rear is available for evacuation.
Evacuation of detainees from the combat zone should be effected within the
minimum time after capture. While in the combat zone, not only may
detainees become casualties as the result of enemy fire but also the fluidity of
operations, the wide dispersion of units, and the austerity of facilities may
necessitate their rapid evacuation.
D-14. The normal evacuation channel is from the detainee collection point
through intermediate detainee holding areas to an internment facility at a
higher echelon. Available returning transportation, however, may bypass any
intermediate detainee holding area and proceed directly to a corps or theater
internment facility. Detainees will then be processed directly into the corps
or theater internment facility. Evacuation may be by foot, vehicle, rail,
aircraft, or ship. Evacuate detainees who are litter patients through medical
channels.
D-15. The command (brigade and above) from which the detainees are being
evacuated is responsible to provide transportation and rations and for
coordinating all other matters related to the evacuation. Escort guards are
furnished by the command (division and above) to which the detainees are
being evacuated.
STEP 6. TAG
D-16. When the detainees have been searched and segregated, the capturing
unit prepares a capture tag and puts one on each detainee. It is very
important that the capturing unit fill out the Capture Tag as accurately and
completely as possible. HUMINT collectors will use the information from
the tag when preparing to interrogate detainees. The “capturing unit” and
“location of capture” information will be used to provide direct feedback to
the capturing unit when information of immediate tactical value is obtained.
Each EPW tag has a different serial number used for the purpose of
accountability and cannot be reproduced. The EPW tag is perforated into
three parts: Part A is attached to the detainee, Part B is retained by the
capturing unit, and Part C is attached to the detainee’s property (see Figure
D-1).
DOCUMENT HANDLING
DOCUMENTS FOUND ON ENEMY PRISONER OF WAR
D-17. The battalion S2 and subordinate unit commander ensure that CEDs
found on detainees are handled as follows. The capturing unit will—
• Search each detainee.
• Return identification documents to detainees. It may be preferable to
return only one identity document, to preclude the detainee from
spreading extras around to cause confusion. The preferred ID
document to return to the detainee is a picture ID (such as a military |
2-22.3 | 293 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
or government ID card). If the detainee has several identification
documents, the S2 returns the ID that most accurately reflects the
detainee’s official status. This might be a military ID for a soldier and
a passport or government-issue ID for a civilian. If the detainee has
several identification documents with different names, this may be an
indicator of CI interest. The S2 notifies the nearest CI unit.
• Write the following on the top and bottom half of the EPW capture tag:
Number of documents taken, date and time, location and
circumstances of capture, capturing unit’s designation.
• Put CEDs in a waterproof bag, one per detainee.
• Affix Part C of the capture tag to the bag.
• Give CEDs to the senior escort.
• Direct the senior escort to evacuate CEDs with the detainee.
DOCUMENTS FOUND IN THE AO
D-18. An example of CEDs found in the AO is paperwork discovered in an
overrun CP, but not on a detainee. The capturing unit will—
• Put CEDs in a waterproof bag.
• Follow the same procedures described above, and tag the bag.
• Evacuate the CEDs to the battalion S2.
• Evacuate all CEDs as dictated by Annex B of the OPORD. This is
normally through the MI chain (for example, from Battalion S2 to
Brigade S2, to the first HUMINT collection or DOCEX unit in the MI
chain). The S2 normally coordinates with the S4 for the use of supply
vehicles returning empty to the rear for the transportation of large
numbers of documents.
INITIAL DOCUMENT EXPLOITATION
D-19. A combat unit without language-qualified personnel can perform
limited battlefield DOCEX, mainly on maps and overlays. The unit S2 is
normally responsible for any initial exploitation by the capturing unit. The
S2 safeguards the items pending disposition. At the same time he—
• Looks over the document.
• Does not mark or harm it in anyway.
• Uses whatever resources are available to decipher it; for example,
dictionaries and enemy map symbol guides.
• Looks for information that has a direct bearing on his current mission.
D-20. The S2 extracts the combat information and uses the SALUTE format
as a template to organize the information. |
2-22.3 | 294 | FM 2-22.3
_________________________________________________________________________________________
EQUIPMENT HANDLING PROCEDURES
D-21. CEE includes all types of foreign materiel found on a detainee or in the
AO that may have military application. The capturing unit—
• Always permits the detainee to keep protective equipment and
equipment for his personal well being unless this gear is replaced by
equivalent items by the capturing unit. This equipment includes
helmet, NBC gear, mess gear (excluding knife and fork).
• Disposes of equipment in accordance with unit SOPs and instructions
in Annex B of the OPORD. Most routine equipment is normally
destroyed in place. Unusual or new equipment or equipment identified
as being of TECHINT interest is tagged with a CEE tag (Part C of
DD Form 2745) and evacuated to the nearest TECHINT unit.
Communications equipment is also tagged and evacuated to the
nearest SIGINT unit.
• Identifies equipment that cannot be easily evacuated; its location is
passed through intelligence channels to the nearest unit that will be
involved in its exploitation.
FIELD-EXPEDIENT TAGGING PROCEDURES
D-22. When no standard tag forms are available, the following field-
expedient methods may be used:
• Use meals, ready-to-eat (MRE) cardboard or other type of paper.
• Write the capturing unit’s designation.
• Write data and time of capture.
• Write POC coordinates.
• Write circumstances of capture.
• Identify EPW, captured document, or equipment captured.
• Put tag, without damaging the CED, in a waterproof bag.
• Attach EPW and CEE tags so they will not come off.
MEDICAL CARE
D-23. Medical equipment and supplies to permit the administering of
emergency first aid should be available at each EPW collecting point and
EPW holding area. A qualified medical retained person, if available, may
administer first aid to other detainees. All detainees suspected of having
communicable diseases are isolated for examination by a medical officer.
Wounded detainees may be questioned by intelligence personnel once the
detainees are cleared by competent medical authority for questioning.
D-24. For evacuation purposes, detainees may be classified as walking
wounded or sick, or as non-walking wounded or sick. Walking wounded
detainees are evacuated through MP EPW evacuation channels. Non-walking
wounded are delivered to the nearest medical aid station and evacuated
through medical channels. |
2-22.3 | 295 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
Figure D-1. DD Form 2745 (Enemy Prisoner of War Capture Tag). |
2-22.3 | 297 | FM 2-22.3
Appendix E
Extracts from Allied Joint Publication (AJP)-2.5
Following are excerpts from Allied Joint Publication-2.5, Handling of Captured
Personnel, Equipment and Documents. AJP-2.5 is primarily an amalgamation of
procedures outlined in STANAG 2033, STANAG 2044, and STANAG 2084, and will be
used as the authoritative source for matters governed by those STANAGs. S2s and
HUMINT collectors should maintain a copy on hand.
THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS
E-1. Treatment of prisoners of war (PWs) and other detainees as well as the
handling of personal possessions including personal documents belonging to
them will at all times be in accordance with the 1949 Geneva Conventions
and, if ratified by the nations concerned, with the 1977 Protocols.
THE DETAINING POWER
E-2. The responsibilities of the ”Detaining Power” as set out in GC3 shall rest
with the nation or the deployed NATO command which initiated the capture
or detention of the person or persons in question.
E-3. Transfers of PWs between NATO nations must be in accordance with
GC3, Article 12, as interpreted but not superseded by national agreements.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND THE 1977
PROTOCOLS
E-4. The Geneva Conventions require the signatories in time of both peace
and war to circulate the text of the Conventions as widely as possible within
their countries. They are especially required to ensure that the provisions
and implications of the Conventions are clearly understood by the members
of their armed forces and by the civilians attached to them. In order to assist
this process, it is suggested in the Conventions that instruction in them is
included in the syllabus of appropriate military and civilian courses of
instruction.
E-5. The conventions also state that any military or other authority
assuming responsibility for dealing with PWs in time of war or armed conflict
must be in possession of the text of the Conventions and that its personnel
must be instructed in how the Conventions affect them in the execution of
their duties with PWs.
E-6. If ratified by the nations concerned, these requirements are, by
inference, also applicable to the 1977 Protocols. |
2-22.3 | 298 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
PRISONER-OF-WAR STATUS
E-7. Captured personnel (CPERS) can be divided into two categories:
Captured personnel who are PWs and other detainees.
E-8. Prisoner-of-war status is conferred on captured personnel who fall
within the categories listed in Article 4 of GC3, which is reproduced in
Annex A, or, if ratified by the nations concerned, those who meet the
expanded definition of a PW as stated in Protocol I of the 1977 Protocols.
E-9. Other detainees are personnel being held by NATO forces until their
status can be determined and their further disposition can be decided.
E-10. Furthermore, when NATO forces are engaged in Peacetime Support
Operations (PSOs), the operational plan should contain specific instructions
as to which individuals will have PW status. Directions for handling other
detainees, including those suspected of crimes against humanity and war
crimes, are also to be included in the operational plan or in the Standing
Operating Procedures used in the operation.
PERSONNEL
E-11. Conditions allowing, the following procedures should be followed by the
capturing unit:
a. CPERS should be disarmed immediately, and all documents and
effects of military or investigative interest except for necessary clothing,
identity documents and protective equipment (Geneva Convention Relative
to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GC3), Article 18) should be removed.
CPERS should then be tagged in accordance with the procedures outlined at
Annex B. A Common Capture Report should also be completed and forwarded
in accordance with the procedure set out in Annex C. It is important that the
documents, equipment, maps, etc., taken from a CPERS accompany him to
the next receiving unit. Valuable information may be lost by not having these
items available during processing and interrogation.
b. Within the confines of the tactical situation, CPERS are to be
segregated according to rank, grade, service, sex and nationality or ethnic
group/warring faction to minimize the opportunity to prepare counter-
interrogation measures. Furthermore, deserters, civilians and political
indoctrination personnel will be individually segregated from other CPERS.
Such segregation shall be undertaken in a manner which does not violate
GC3, Article 16.
c. Talking or fraternization between CPERS is to be prevented in order
not to prejudice future intelligence collection operations. CPERS will be
allowed no opportunity to exchange information between themselves, to
exchange identities or to dispose of articles of intelligence interest.
d. Interrogation operations must not be compromised by contact between
CPERS and personnel not concerned with interrogation duties.
e. CPERS will also be prevented from observing sensitive and critical
activities, equipment and procedures involving NATO, national or allied
forces. |
2-22.3 | 299 | _________________________________________________________________________________FM 2-22.3
f. CPERS are to be guarded in a manner which shall deny them the
opportunity for escape or sabotage.
g. Defectors and political refugees should also be segregated from other
CPERS wherever possible. These personnel shall be screened by the nearest
Interrogation Unit (IU), which will decide on their value to the intelligence
organization and consequent future movements. In all cases, defectors are to
be treated in accordance with the Geneva Convention Relative to the
Protection of Civilians in Time of War (GC4). National policy may provide
defectors treatment in accordance with GC3 where such treatment provides
greater protection than GC4.
h. Personnel claiming to be agents of an allied power shall also be
segregated from other CPERS. The intelligence organization (G2 or CJ2) is to
be informed of all such individuals as soon as possible and will arrange for
their screening to determine their future disposition.
i. CPERS suspected of crimes against humanity and war crimes will also
be segregated from other prisoners. Legal authorities and the intelligence
organization are to be informed of such suspects as soon as possible. They
will be taken into custody by law enforcement personnel. Intelligence
exploitation should be undertaken in cooperation with the legal authorities.
j. All CPERS are to be treated humanely.
k. Naval and Air Force personnel are to be identified and the intelligence
organization is to be notified in order that interrogation by naval/air force
personnel may take place at the earliest opportunity.
l. CPERS are to be escorted to the nearest Collecting Point or Holding Area as
quickly as possible.
m. Should any doubt arise as to whether any persons, including those
appearing to be PWs, having committed a belligerent act and having fallen
into Allied hands, belong to any of the categories of persons entitled to PW
status pursuant to Article 4 of GC3, such persons shall enjoy the protection of
GC3 until such time as their status has been determined by a competent
tribunal. If such a tribunal determines that an individual does not qualify for
PW status, then the detaining commander must determine whether the
detainee qualifies as a ”protected person” pursuant to GC4, and obtain legal
advice relative to the proper course of action for dealing with such detainees.
DOCUMENTS
E-12. Captured documents (CDOC) considered of intelligence interest will be
handled by the capturing unit in the following manner:
a. The capturing unit will conduct a preliminary screening to obtain
information of immediate technical or tactical value.
b. An intelligence report (INTREP) identifying the CDOC and its
disposition as well as giving information considered to be of immediate
tactical value will be prepared and submitted by the capturing unit. (See
STANAG 2022.) |
2-22.3 | 300 | FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________
c. The capturing unit will tag or otherwise mark the CDOC as follows:
- National identifying letters of capturing unit as prescribed in
STANAG 1059.
- Designation of capturing unit including service.
- Serial number of the CDOC. This will consist of a number allocated
sequentially by the capturing unit.
- DTG of capture.
- Location of capture (geographic coordinates or UTM grid reference
including grid zone designation and 100,000-meter square
identification).
- Captured from Unit (enemy or warring faction) (including national
identifying letters in accordance with STANAG 1059).
- Summary of circumstances under which the CDOC was obtained.
Interrogation serial number of any associated CPERS, if appropriate
or known.
- CED associated with a captured person should be marked with part
C of the Standardized EPW Capture and Personal Equipment Tag.
d. CED to be used as evidence in legal proceedings against CPERS
suspected of crimes against humanity and war crimes will be kept under
guard or in a secure area separate from other CED.
EQUIPMENT
E-13. Captured Equipment (CE) and Associated Technical Documents
(ATDs) considered of intelligence interest will be handled by the capturing
unit in the following manner:
a. A Capture Report as set out in Annex C of the OPORD will be
prepared by the capturing unit upon the discovery or capture of CE or ATD
believed to be of intelligence interest. The reporting channels are from the
capturing unit through the chain of command to the first TECHINT element.
b. The capturing unit will conduct a preliminary screening to obtain
information of immediate technical or tactical value. A Preliminary Technical
Report (PRETECHREP) as set out in Annex D of the OPORD will be
prepared and submitted through established intelligence channels.
c. Intelligence Reports (INTREP) may, as circumstances dictate, be
submitted in advance but not in lieu of the Capture Report and
PRETECHREP. (See STANAG 2022.)
d. CE and ATD will be tagged or marked by the capturing unit as follows:
- National identifying letters of capturing unit as prescribed in
STANAG 1059.
- Designation of capturing unit including service.
- DTG of capture.
- Location of capture (geographic coordinates or UTM grid reference
including grid zone designation and 100,000-meter square
identification). |
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