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{"datasets_id": 160029, "wiki_id": "Q8025069", "sp": 24, "sc": 236, "ep": 24, "ec": 804}
160,029
Q8025069
24
236
24
804
Wing-shape optimization
Post-manufacturing changes
Air Race is a straight drag from one point to another at a relatively low altitude. The goal is to improve the top speed to reach a propeller-driven record. Since the change must be glued onto the wing, this severely limits the changes possible. The problem is similar to the previous example – shock wave buildup. To accomplish this, the software was restricted to find a solution that could only distort the wing planform outwards, away from the control surfaces. Using a lift coefficient of 0.1 and a speed of Mach 0.78, the software produced a bump near the front
{"datasets_id": 160029, "wiki_id": "Q8025069", "sp": 24, "sc": 804, "ep": 28, "ec": 141}
160,029
Q8025069
24
804
28
141
Wing-shape optimization
Post-manufacturing changes & Multi-point optimization
of the top of the wing. The interruptions of air flow at that particular speed travel back the right distance to break up the shock, reducing the drag. While the aircraft’s drag was increased below Mach 0.73, that was thrown out as being less important than a top speed. If these modifications perform as expected, then this validates the use of the software tool to improve on an existing production wing without remanufacture. Multi-point optimization Still, all of these methods have a weakness – they are tuned for one particular set of conditions and speed. In 2007, Jameson introduced both
{"datasets_id": 160029, "wiki_id": "Q8025069", "sp": 28, "sc": 141, "ep": 28, "ec": 759}
160,029
Q8025069
28
141
28
759
Wing-shape optimization
Multi-point optimization
an additional step and a new method of calculations. To account for additional conditions, such as take-off, landing, climbing, and cruising, the modeler calculates all of these simultaneously, rather than only one at a time. Each gradient calculation g is assigned a weight β. Higher priority items, such as cruising drag, are given more weight. The gradient to determine an overall ‘loss’ or a ‘gain’ for the design is created by summing all the gradients times each respective weight. What this allows for is if a change drastically improves takeoff performance but results in a slight hit on cruising performance,
{"datasets_id": 160029, "wiki_id": "Q8025069", "sp": 28, "sc": 759, "ep": 28, "ec": 1393}
160,029
Q8025069
28
759
28
1,393
Wing-shape optimization
Multi-point optimization
the cruising hit can override the takeoff gain due to weighting. Setting the simulation up in this manner can significantly improve the designs produced by the software. This version of the modeler, however, adds yet another complexity to the initial conditions, and a slight error on the designer’s behalf can have a significantly larger effect on the resulting design. The calculation efficiency improvement takes advantage of the multiple variables. This time, two different points were used for the Boeing 747-200 – Mach 0.85 and 0.87. Unfortunately, optimizing for the two points resulted in less than a 3% improvement over drag
{"datasets_id": 160029, "wiki_id": "Q8025069", "sp": 28, "sc": 1393, "ep": 28, "ec": 1866}
160,029
Q8025069
28
1,393
28
1,866
Wing-shape optimization
Multi-point optimization
and almost no weight improvement on the base design. To check his work, he used the same simulation on another aircraft wing and received similar results. The problem observed is that changes that boosted one point of interest directly conflicted with the other, and the resulting compromise severely hampers the improvement gained. His current research involves a better way to resolve the differences and achieve an improvement similar to the single-point optimizations.
{"datasets_id": 160030, "wiki_id": "Q8025204", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 220}
160,030
Q8025204
2
0
8
220
Wingfield W. Watson
Early life
Wingfield W. Watson Wingfield S. Watson (April 22, 1828 – October 29, 1922) was a religious leader of the Latter Day Saint Strangites. He was an Irish immigrant to the United States. He was baptized as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) but was an advocate of the Strangite sect throughout his life. Early life Wingfield Scott Watson was born April 22, 1828, in Ireland. He was the son of Elizabeth Leviston and Thomas Wingfield. His father was an arithmetician and a book keeper. Watson recorded that his father was a good flutist
{"datasets_id": 160030, "wiki_id": "Q8025204", "sp": 8, "sc": 220, "ep": 12, "ec": 445}
160,030
Q8025204
8
220
12
445
Wingfield W. Watson
Early life & St. Louis
and that his mother was a "country girl." Watson was one of eleven children. His parents were Protestant. St. Louis Watson moved to the United States in 1848. He received money from his oldest brother, Thomas, to make the trip, and he left on February 16, 1848. He traveled from Liverpool to New Orleans, where he landed on April 21, 1848. He then traveled up to St. Louis. Watson found work chopping wood. He later worked in a brickyard. He also worked in coal pits. In St. Louis, Watson heard of the LDS Church. He read a pamphlet called "River Guide"
{"datasets_id": 160030, "wiki_id": "Q8025204", "sp": 12, "sc": 445, "ep": 12, "ec": 1011}
160,030
Q8025204
12
445
12
1,011
Wingfield W. Watson
St. Louis
that told of the assassination of Joseph Smith and the expulsion of the Latter Day Saints from Nauvoo, Illinois. He also read Parley P. Pratt's book, Voice of Warning to All Nations. Watson moved to Clifton in Grant County, Wisconsin, on June 20, 1850. There he began working in lead mines. Watson married Jane Thompson, who he met while working in the mines. At the time, Jane was widowed and had a young infant son named Robert, whom Watson adopted. He also read the Book of Mormon and decided to travel to Salt Lake City to join the Latter-day Saints. He
{"datasets_id": 160030, "wiki_id": "Q8025204", "sp": 12, "sc": 1011, "ep": 16, "ec": 126}
160,030
Q8025204
12
1,011
16
126
Wingfield W. Watson
St. Louis & Leaving Beaver Island
returned to St. Louis and was baptized by a Mormon missionary named William Gibson. While returning to Wisconsin, Watson met Samuel Shaw, who was an elder of James Strang's Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Watson accompanied Shaw to Nauvoo, Illinois. He then went with Shaw to Beaver Island, Michigan. They arrived on June 23, 1852. Instead of traveling farther to Salt Lake, Watson decided to stay in Beaver with the Strang colony. Leaving Beaver Island Watson kept records for Strang and accompanied Strang until Strang was murdered on Beaver Island on June 18, 1856. This led to
{"datasets_id": 160030, "wiki_id": "Q8025204", "sp": 16, "sc": 126, "ep": 16, "ec": 762}
160,030
Q8025204
16
126
16
762
Wingfield W. Watson
Leaving Beaver Island
fear that other Strangite leaders would be killed, so they left the island. Watson left for Chicago, Illinois, in July of that year, and the Strangite colony disintegrated. Watson then moved to Livingston, Wisconsin. After some time, however, he was approached by Lorenzo Dow Hickey, who was one of the Strangite church's apostles. Hickey convinced Watson to move to Black River Falls, Wisconsin, where several of the residents of Beaver Island were living. Six years later, Hickey convinced Watson to move again, but this time to Boyne City, Michigan. There Watson became a leader of the Strangites. He published pamphlets and
{"datasets_id": 160030, "wiki_id": "Q8025204", "sp": 16, "sc": 762, "ep": 20, "ec": 490}
160,030
Q8025204
16
762
20
490
Wingfield W. Watson
Leaving Beaver Island & Contributions to the Strangite faith
preached to the people. He wrote letters from 1862 to 1883 to affirm Strang's authority. Watson lived in Michigan until 1891. Contributions to the Strangite faith The Strangites believed that James Strang was the rightful successor to Joseph Smith. The group formed after the death of Smith and is separate from the LDS Church, which teaches that Brigham Young was Smith's successor. Watson contributed to the Strangite church for seventy-two years. He published thirteen pamphlets related to the church. They included "The Prophetic Controversy, A Letter from James J. Strang to Mrs. Corey" and "The Necessity of Baptism; and of Having
{"datasets_id": 160030, "wiki_id": "Q8025204", "sp": 20, "sc": 490, "ep": 20, "ec": 1090}
160,030
Q8025204
20
490
20
1,090
Wingfield W. Watson
Contributions to the Strangite faith
Authority from God to Preach the Gospel". He later debated with Willard Blair of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints from October 22 to October 26, 1891. This debate was published as "The Watson Blair Debate Which Took Place at East Jorday, Michigan Commencing Oct. 22 and Ending Oct. 26,1891". He converted Edward T. Couch to the Strangite faith as well. Couch later published other pamphlets defending the religion. In 1891, Watson also went to live in Wisconsin again, in Spring Prairie. On June 11, 1897, he became a Presiding High Priest of the church, which was
{"datasets_id": 160030, "wiki_id": "Q8025204", "sp": 20, "sc": 1090, "ep": 24, "ec": 213}
160,030
Q8025204
20
1,090
24
213
Wingfield W. Watson
Contributions to the Strangite faith & Later life
led by Hickey. Later life In 1907, Watson moved to Voree, Wisconsin. The Strangites believed that this area had been sanctified by God as a settling place of the Latter Day Saints. His wife, Jane, died in 1908. He died on October 29, 1922.
{"datasets_id": 160031, "wiki_id": "Q8025205", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 238}
160,031
Q8025205
2
0
4
238
Wingfield baronets
Wingfield baronets The Wingfield Baronetcy, of Goodwins in the County of Suffolk, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 17 May 1627 for Anthony Wingfield. The title became extinct on the death of the sixth Baronet some time after 1727.
{"datasets_id": 160032, "wiki_id": "Q56513299", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 10}
160,032
Q56513299
2
0
14
10
Work That Mutha Fucker
Release & Composition & Reception
Work That Mutha Fucker Release The EP was the first release on Muzique Records, a sub-label of Armando's Warehouse Records. The title track was played by DJs in Chicago "a year and a half" before the vinyl release came out, Poindexter recalled in a 2014 interview. It was re-released in 2013 on Dance Mania. Composition The title track was built on the Casio RZ-1 drum machine and features Poindexter's repeated "work that motherfucker" vocal sample. The sample was recorded onto a DOD sampling foot pedal, which was triggered by the high tom from the Casio drum machine. Reception The EP has
{"datasets_id": 160032, "wiki_id": "Q56513299", "sp": 14, "sc": 10, "ep": 14, "ec": 575}
160,032
Q56513299
14
10
14
575
Work That Mutha Fucker
Reception
been cited as a classic release of Chicago house music, and hugely influential on the ghetto house genre. In 2015, ghetto house producer DJ Deeon listed "Computer Madness" from the EP as one of his top five ghetto house tracks. Deeon described the track as "the classic foundation and inspiration for underground music from Chicago's Southside" and recalling that "it made me want to make tracks like that". "Computer Madness" was featured on Warp 10+1: Influences, a 1999 2-CD compilation of music that influenced artists on the record label Warp.
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 570}
160,033
Q34290
2
0
6
570
Wu Chinese
History
Wu Chinese History Modern Wu can be traced back to the ancient Wu and Yue centered around what is now southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang. The Japanese Go-on (呉音 goon, pinyin: Wú yīn) readings of Chinese characters (obtained from the Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period) are from the same region of China where Wu is spoken today, however the readings do not necessarily reflect the pronunciation of Wu Chinese. Wu Chinese itself has a history of more than 2,500 years, dating back to the Chinese settlement of the region in the Spring and Autumn Period, however there
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 6, "sc": 570, "ep": 10, "ec": 335}
160,033
Q34290
6
570
10
335
Wu Chinese
History & Substrate influences
are only very minor traces from these earlier periods. The language of today is wholly descendant from the Middle Chinese of the Sui–Tang era (6–8th centuries), as is true of most contemporary Chinese languages, with Min Chinese languages being notable excaptions. Substrate influences Wu is sometimes considered to be one of the first or most ancient dialects, since the region was the first one settled that was non-contiguous with the other Chinese states. Proto-Min or Old Wu–Min is also the language from which the Min dialects evolved as the populace migrated farther south, so some knowledge of this language would
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 335, "ep": 10, "ec": 972}
160,033
Q34290
10
335
10
972
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences
not only offer insight into the development of these dialects and Sino-Tibetan but also into the indigenous languages of the region, knowledge of which would also be invaluable towards establishing the phylogeny of related Asian languages and towards reconstructing them. According to traditional history, Taibo of Wu settled in the area during the Shang dynasty, bringing along a large section of the population and Chinese administrative practices to form the state of Wu. The state of Wu might have been ruled by a Chinese minority along with sinified Yue peoples, and the bulk of the population would have remained Yue until
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 972, "ep": 10, "ec": 1600}
160,033
Q34290
10
972
10
1,600
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences
later migrations and absorption into the greater Chinese populace (though many likely fled south as well). Many have wondered about what effect the Yue people's language may have had on the dialect spoken there, since, for example, names and other social practices in the state of Yue are markedly different from the rest of Chinese civilization. Bernhard Karlgren, on the other hand, noted that the Tang koine was adopted by most speakers in China (except for those in Fujian) with only slight remnants of "vulgar" speech from pre-Tang times, which he believed were preserved among the lower classes, albeit this makes
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 1600, "ep": 10, "ec": 2266}
160,033
Q34290
10
1,600
10
2,266
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences
many presumptions about Tang China's class structure and sociolinguistic situation. Most linguists today refer to these remnants as dialectal strata or substrata. In many ways, the koiné can be considered the language from which Wu varieties evolved, with the earlier language leaving behind a pre-Tang dialectal stratum which itself may have included a substratum from the Yue language(s). Western dialectologists have found a small handful of words that appear to be part of an Austroasiatic substratum in many Wu and Min languages. Indeed, Mandarin Chinese also possesses some words of Austroasiatic origin, such as the original name of the Yangtze River
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 2266, "ep": 10, "ec": 2882}
160,033
Q34290
10
2,266
10
2,882
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences
"江" (jiāng; Old Chinese *krung, compared to Old Vietnamese *krong), which has evolved into the word for river. Min languages, which were less affected by the koine, definitely appear to possess an Austroasiatic substratum, such as a Min word for shaman or spirit healer such as in Jian’ou Min toŋ³ which appears to be cognate with Vietnamese ʔdoŋ², Written Mon doŋ, and Santali dōŋ which all have meanings similar to the Min word. However, Laurent Sagart (2008) points out that the resemblance between the Min word for shaman or spirit healer and Vietnamese term is undoubtedly fortuitous. The most notable
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 2882, "ep": 10, "ec": 3433}
160,033
Q34290
10
2,882
10
3,433
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences
examples are the word for person in some Wu varieties as *nong, usually written as 儂 nóng in Chinese, and the word for wet in many Wu and Min dialects with a /t/ initial which is clearly in no way related to the Chinese word 濕 shī but cognate with Vietnamese đầm. Min languages notably retain the bilabial nasal coda for this word. However, Laurent Sagart (2008) shows that the Min words for wet, duckweed, (small) salted fish, which seem to be cognates with Vietnamese đầm, bèo, kè, are either East Asian areal words if not Chinese words in disguise
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 3433, "ep": 10, "ec": 4101}
160,033
Q34290
10
3,433
10
4,101
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences
('duckweed', 'wet'), and long shots (‘salted fish’). Jerry Norman and Tsu-Lin Mei hypothesis, which proposed an Austroasiatic homeland along the middle Yangtze, has been largely abandoned in most circles, and left unsupported by the majority of Austroasiatic specialists. The Austroasiatic predecessor of modern Vietnamese language has been proven to originate in modern-day Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province in Laos as well as parts of Nghệ An Province and Quảng Bình Province in Vietnam, rather than in the region north of the Red River delta. Li Hui (2001) identifies 126 Tai-Kadai cognates in Maqiao Wu dialect spoken in the suburbs of Shanghai
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 4101, "ep": 10, "ec": 4729}
160,033
Q34290
10
4,101
10
4,729
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences
out of more than a thousand lexical items surveyed. According to the author, these cognates are likely traces of 'old Yue language' (gu Yueyu 古越語). Analysis of the Song of the Yue Boatman, a song in the Yue language transcribed by a Chinese official in Chinese characters, clearly points to a Tai language rather than an Austroasiatic one. Chinese discussion of Wenzhounese often mentions the strong Tai affinities the dialect possesses. The Zhuang languages in Guangxi and western Guangdong, for example, are also Tai, so it would appear that Tai populated southern China before the Chinese expansion. The term Yue was
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 4729, "ep": 10, "ec": 5432}
160,033
Q34290
10
4,729
10
5,432
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences
clearly applied indiscriminately to any non-Chinese in the area that the Chinese encountered. The impact of these languages still appears to be fairly minimal overall. Though Sino-Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, and Austroasiatic are mostly considered to be unrelated to each other, Laurent Sagart has proposed some possible phylogenetic affinities. Specifically, Tai–Kadai and Sino-Tibetan could possibly both belong to the Austronesian language family (not to be confused with Austroasiatic) due to a scattering of cognates between their ancestral forms, and there is also some, albeit much more tenuous, evidence to suggest that Austroasiatic should also be included, however his views are but one among
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 10, "sc": 5432, "ep": 14, "ec": 224}
160,033
Q34290
10
5,432
14
224
Wu Chinese
Substrate influences & Migrations
competing hypotheses about the phylogeny of these languages, see the Sino-Austronesian languages article for some further detail. It does appear that Wu varieties have had non-Sinitic influences, and many contain words cognate with those of other languages in various strata. These words however are few and far between, and Wu on the whole is most strongly influenced by Tang Chinese rather than any other linguistic influence. Migrations As early as the time of Guo Pu (276–324), speakers easily perceived differences between dialects in different parts of China including the area where Wu varieties are spoken today. According to records of the Eastern
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 14, "sc": 224, "ep": 14, "ec": 853}
160,033
Q34290
14
224
14
853
Wu Chinese
Migrations
Jin, the earliest known dialect of Nanjing was an ancient Wu dialect. After the Wu Hu uprising and the Disaster of Yongjia in 311, the Jin Emperor and many northern Chinese fled south, establishing the new capital Jiankang in what is modern-day Nanjing. The lower Yantze region became heavily inundated by settlers from Northern China, mostly coming from what is now northern Jiangsu province and Shandong province, with smaller numbers of settlers coming from the Central Plains. From the 4th to the 5th century, Northern people moved into Wu areas, adding characteristics to the lexicon of Northern Wu, traces of which
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 14, "sc": 853, "ep": 14, "ec": 1487}
160,033
Q34290
14
853
14
1,487
Wu Chinese
Migrations
can still be found in Northern Wu varieties today. One prominent historical speaker of the Wu dialect was Emperor Yangdi of the Sui dynasty and his Empress Xiao. Emperor Xuan of Western Liang, a member of Emperor Wu of Liang's court, was Empress Xiao's grandfather and he most likely learned the Wu dialect at Jiankang. After the Taiping Rebellion at the end of the Qing dynasty, in which the Wu-speaking region was devastated by war, Shanghai was inundated with migrants from other parts of the Wu-speaking area. This greatly affected the variety of Shanghai, bringing, for example, influence from the Ningbo dialect
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 14, "sc": 1487, "ep": 18, "ec": 105}
160,033
Q34290
14
1,487
18
105
Wu Chinese
Migrations & Post-1949
to a dialect which, at least within the walled city of Shanghai, was almost identical to the Suzhou dialect. As a result of the population boom, in the first half of the 20th century, Shanghainese became almost a lingua franca within the region, eclipsing the status of the Suzhou variety. However, due to its pastiche of features from different languages, it is rarely used to infer historical information about the Wu group and is less representative of Wu than the Suzhou variety. Post-1949 After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the strong promotion of Mandarin in the Wu-speaking
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 18, "sc": 105, "ep": 18, "ec": 759}
160,033
Q34290
18
105
18
759
Wu Chinese
Post-1949
region yet again influenced the development of Wu Chinese. Wu was gradually excluded from most modern media and schools. Public organizations were required to use Mandarin. With the influx of a migrant non-Wu-speaking population, the near total conversion of public media and organizations to the exclusive use of Mandarin as well as radical Mandarin promotion measures, the modernization and standardization of or literacy in Wu languages became improbable and left them more prone to Mandarinization. The promotion measures, which at present mostly consist of signs like the one pictured, are primarily aimed at limiting the usage of local dialects in
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 18, "sc": 759, "ep": 18, "ec": 1397}
160,033
Q34290
18
759
18
1,397
Wu Chinese
Post-1949
conducting public or administrative affairs, although it, like the smoking ban, is commonly violated and it is not so uncommon to hear people speaking local dialects in a government office or a bank. The usage of local dialects in all other spheres is officially tolerated. Standardization of dialects, however, may be perceived as a precursor to possible regionalism, so this, too, would most likely be deterred. On the other hand, few speakers consider their dialect important enough to be written or standardized. To most speakers, dialects are in essence a wholly oral phenomenon. It is not uncommon to encounter children who
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 18, "sc": 1397, "ep": 18, "ec": 2000}
160,033
Q34290
18
1,397
18
2,000
Wu Chinese
Post-1949
grew up with a regional variant of Mandarin as their parent tongue with little or no fluency in a Wu variety at all. However, this is primarily when parents are speakers of different languages and communicate in Mandarin and more rarely due to the parents' attitudes towards using language or dialect, which most associate with the warmth of home and family life. Many people have noticed this trend and thus call for the preservation and documentation of not only Wu but all Chinese varieties. The first major attempt was the Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects, which surveyed 2,791 locations across
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 18, "sc": 2000, "ep": 18, "ec": 2627}
160,033
Q34290
18
2,000
18
2,627
Wu Chinese
Post-1949
the nation, including 121 Wu locations (a step up from the two locations in PKU's earlier surveys), and led to the formation of an elaborate database including digital recordings of all locations; however, this database is not available to the general public. The atlas's editor, Cao Zhiyun, considers many of these languages "endangered" and has introduced the term 濒危方言 (Languages in danger) or "endangered dialects" into the Chinese language to raise people's attention to the issue, while others try to draw attention to how the dialects fall under the scope of UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage and as such deserve to
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 18, "sc": 2627, "ep": 18, "ec": 3230}
160,033
Q34290
18
2,627
18
3,230
Wu Chinese
Post-1949
be preserved and respected. More TV programs are appearing in Wu varieties and nearly every city/town has at least one show in their native variety. However, they are no longer permitted to air during primetime. They are generally more playful than serious and the majority of these shows, such as Hangzhou's 阿六头说新闻 "Old Liutou tells you the news", provide local or regional news in the dialect, but most are limited to fifteen minutes of airtime. Popular video sites such as Youku and Tudou also host a variety of user-uploaded audio and visual media in many Wu languages and dialects, most of
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 18, "sc": 3230, "ep": 18, "ec": 3855}
160,033
Q34290
18
3,230
18
3,855
Wu Chinese
Post-1949
which are dialectal TV shows, although some are user-created songs and the like. A number of popular books are also appearing to teach people how to speak the Shanghainese, Suzhou dialect and Wenzhounese but they are more playful and entertaining than serious attempts at promoting literacy or standardization. Jianghuai Mandarin has replaced Wu as the language of multiple counties in Jiangsu. An example of this is Zaicheng Town in Lishui County; both Jianghuai and Wu languages were spoken in several towns in Lishui, with Wu being spoken by more people in more towns than Jianghuai. The Wu dialect is called "old
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 18, "sc": 3855, "ep": 22, "ec": 181}
160,033
Q34290
18
3,855
22
181
Wu Chinese
Post-1949 & Number of speakers
Zaicheng Speech", while the Jianghuai dialect is called "new Zaicheng speech", with Wu languages being driven rapidly to extinction. Only old people use it to talk to relatives. The Jianghuai dialect has been present there for about a century, even though all of the surrounding are Wu speaking. Jianghuai was always confined inside the town itself until the 1960s; at present, it is overtaking Wu. Number of speakers Wu Chinese was once historically dominant north of the Yangtze River and most of what is now Anhui province during the Sui dynasty. Its strength in areas north of the Yangtze vastly
{"datasets_id": 160033, "wiki_id": "Q34290", "sp": 22, "sc": 181, "ep": 26, "ec": 216}
160,033
Q34290
22
181
26
216
Wu Chinese
Number of speakers & Classification
declined from the late Tang dynasty until the late Ming dynasty, when the first characteristics of Early Modern Wu were formed. During the early Qing period, Wu speakers represented about 20% of the whole Chinese population. This percentage drastically declined after the Taiping Rebellion devastated the Wu-speaking region, and it was reduced to about 8% by 1984, when the total number of speakers was estimated to be 80 million. Classification Wu's place within the greater scope of Sinitic varieties is less easily typified than protoypically northern Chinese such as Mandarin or prototypically southern Chinese such as Cantonese. Its original classification,
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Wu Chinese
Classification
along with the other Sinitic varieties, was established in 1937 by Li Fang-Kuei, whose boundaries more or less have remained the same and were adopted by Yuan Jiahua in his influential 1961 dialect primer. The sole basis of Li's classification was the evolution of Middle Chinese voiced stops. In the original sense, a Wu variety was by definition one which retained voiced initials. This definition is problematic considering the devoicing process which has begun in many southern Wu varieties that are surrounded by dialects which retain the ancestral voicing. The loss of voicing in a dialect does not entail that its
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Wu Chinese
Classification & Phonology
other features will suddenly become dramatically different from the dialects it has had long historic ties with. It furthermore would place Old Xiang in this category. Therefore, more elaborate systems have developed, but they still mostly delineate the same regions. Regardless of the justification, the Wu region has been clearly outlined, and Li's boundary in some ways has remained the de facto standard. In Jerry Norman's usage, Wu dialects can be considered "central dialects" or dialects that are clearly in a transition zone containing features that typify both northern and southern Chinese. . Phonology The Wu dialects are notable among Chinese varieties
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Wu Chinese
Phonology
in having kept the "muddy" (voiced; whispery voiced word-initially) plosives and fricatives of Middle Chinese, such as /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /z/, /v/, etc., thus maintaining the three-way contrast of Middle Chinese stop consonants and affricates, /p pʰ b/, /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/, etc. (For example, 「凍 痛 洞」 /t tʰ d/, where other varieties have only /t tʰ/.) Because Wu dialects never lost these voiced obstruents, the tone split of Middle Chinese may still be allophonic, and most dialects have three syllabic tones (though counted as eight in traditional descriptions). In Shanghai, these are reduced to two word tones. Wu varieties and
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Wu Chinese
Phonology & Plural pronouns
Germanic languages have the largest vowel quality inventories in the world. The Jinhui dialect spoken in Shanghai's Fengxian District has 20 vowel qualities. For more details, see Shanghainese § Phonology, Suzhou dialect § Phonology, and Wenzhounese § Phonology. Plural pronouns Wu dialects vary in the way they pluralize pronouns. In the Suzhou dialect, second- and third-person pronouns are suffixed with [toʔ], while the first-person plural is a separate root, [ni], from the singular. In Shanghainese, the first-person pronoun is suffixed with 伲, and third-person with [la˦] (underlying /la˥˧/), but the second-person plural is a separate root, [nʌ˨˧]. In the Haiyan dialect,
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Wu Chinese
Plural pronouns & Classifiers & Vocabulary
first- and third-person pronouns are pluralized with [la], but the second-person plural is a separate root [na]. Classifiers All nouns could have just one classifier in Shanghainese. Vocabulary Like other varieties of Southern Chinese, Wu Chinese retains some archaic vocabulary from Classical Chinese, Middle Chinese, and Old Chinese. For instance, for "to speak" or "speaking", Wu dialects, with the exception of Hangzhou dialect, use góng (Simplified Chinese: 讲; Traditional Chinese: 講), whereas Mandarin uses shuō (Simplified Chinese: 说; Traditional Chinese: 說). Furthermore, in Guangfeng and Yushan counties of Jiangxi province, 曰 [je] or 'yuē', is generally preferred over its Mandarin
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160,033
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Wu Chinese
Vocabulary & Literature
counterpart. In Shangrao county of Jiangxi province, Simplified Chinese: 话 Traditional Chinese: 話 pinyin: Huà/[wa] is preferred over the spoke Mandarin version of the word for "to speak" or "speaking". Literature The genres of kunqu opera and tanci song, appearing in the Ming Dynasty, were the first instances of the use of Wu dialect in literature. By the turn of the 20th century it was used in several novels that had prostitution as a subject. In many of these novels, Wu is mainly used as dialog of prostitute characters. In one work, Shanghai Flowers by Han Bangqing (T: 韓邦慶, S:
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Wu Chinese
Literature
韩邦庆, P: Hán Bāngqìng), all of the dialog is in Wu. Wu originally developed in genres related to oral performance. It was used in manners related to oral performance when it proliferated in written literature and it was widely used in fiction about prostitutes, a particular genre, and not in other genres. Donald B. Snow, author of Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular, compared the development of Wu in this manner to the patterns of Baihua and Japanese vernacular writing. According to Jean Duval, author of "The Nine-Tailed Turtle: Pornography or 'fiction of exposure," at the
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160,033
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46
997
46
1,587
Wu Chinese
Literature
time The Nine-tailed Turtle by Zhang Chunfan (T: 張春帆, S: 张春帆, Pinyin: Zhāng Chūnfān) was published, it was one of the most popular novels written in the Wu dialect. Magnificent Dreams in Shanghai (T:海上繁華夢, S: 海上繁华梦, P: Hǎishàng Fánhuá Mèng) by Sun Jiazhen (T: 孫家振, S: 孙家振, P: Sūn Jiāzhèn) was another example of a prostitute novel with Wu dialog from the turn of the 20th century. Snow wrote that Wu literature "achieved a certain degree of prominence" by 1910. After 1910 there had been no novels which were as popular as The Nine-tailed Turtle or the critical acclaim garnered by
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Wu Chinese
Literature
Shanghai Flowers. In the popular fiction of the early 20th century the usage of Wu remained in use in prostitute dialog but, as asserted by Snow, "apparently" did not extend beyond that. In 1926 Hu Shih stated that of all of the Chinese dialects, within literature, Wu had the brightest future. Snow concluded that instead Wu dialect writing became "a transient phenomenon that died out not long after its growth gathered steam." Snow argued that the primary reason was the increase of prestige and importance in Baihua, and that one other contributing reason was changing market factors since Shanghai's publishing industry,
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Wu Chinese
Literature
which grew, served all of China and not just Shanghai. Duval argued that many Chinese critics had a low opinion of Wu works, mainly originating from the eroticism within them, and that contributed to the decline in Wu literature.
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Xiang Ying
Biography
Xiang Ying Biography Initially a labor organizer, he went on to serve in the Communist Party of China political and military leadership during the civil war between the Nationalists (Guomindang or Kuomintang) and the Communists. He held high office during the CCP's Jiangxi Soviet period (1931–1934). In October 1934, at the beginning of the Long March, Xiang stayed behind to fight a rearguard action that would allow the marchers to get out of the ring of surrounding Nationalist forces. The marchers, with Mao Zedong as their leader, went on to Yan'an, while Xiang remained in the Jiangxi region, coordinating guerrilla operations
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Xiang Ying
Biography
to harass Nationalist forces. When the Japanese invaded in July 1937, a united front (the Second United Front) was declared between Nationalists and Communists, and Xiang's guerrillas became the nucleus of a legitimate fighting force: the New Fourth Army. This army operated behind Japanese lines, and was subject to orders coming from both the Communist leadership in Yan'an, and the Nationalist leadership, which had moved inland from Nanjing to Chongqing. Contradictory orders from these groups led to confusion, and eventually the New Fourth Army Incident, in which Xiang was killed in an assault on the army by the Nationalist forces. He was
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Xiang Ying
Biography
killed by a member of his own staff, Liu Houzong for the gold resources of the New Fourth Army. Xiang had carried the gold on his own person in the aftermath of the incident. After Liu killed Xiang and two other officers, he absconded with the gold and surrendered to the Nationalists, who promptly accepted the gold and jailed him. He was later freed, but his fate beyond 1949 is unknown. The incident was a result of either mistrust or disobedience, or both, between the two parties that would lead to the resumption of full-scale civil war once the Japanese began
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Xiang Ying
Biography
a full retreat out of China's interior in the summer of 1945, prior to their surrender later that year. Some historians have argued that Xiang was the victim of the indecision of Mao Zedong. Mao's supporters argued that Xiang's misunderstanding of the potential threats posed by the Nationalists, along with his own ambitions, led to his demise. (See Gregor Benton's "Mountain Fires" and "New Fourth Army" for thorough accounts of all this. Halliday and Chang's new biography of Mao, "Mao: The Unknown Story," contains a very different account of the New Fourth Army Incident in which they suggest Mao engineered
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Xiang Ying
Biography
the massacre in order to eliminate Xiang, whom he perceived as a rival. This is an unlikely argument, extending Benton's argument that Mao's negligence was partially to blame for the massacre, though the authors do not cite significant sources beyond Benton's to defend their contribution.)
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Yūko Andō (news anchor)
Personal life
Yūko Andō (news anchor) Personal life Ando first married in December 1989, to an advertising agency employee, but divorced in March 1993. She remarried on 26 December 2006, to Koichi Tsutsumi (堤 康一), a Fuji TV producer with whom she had been in a relationship since 1996.
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Yakov Pliner
Biography
Yakov Pliner Biography 1965–1970 — studied at the Teachers' Institute of Daugavpils, profession – secondary school teacher of biology and chemistry. 1970–1975 — teacher, assistant director, director of the Virbi secondary school (Talsi district). 1975–1983 — worked in the Department of Education of Talsi Executive Committee. 1983–1993 — worked in the Ministry of Education of Latvia. 1993–1998 — founder and director of the "Eureka" (Эврика) private college of general education. 1997 — Pliner received his Dr. paed. degree from the University of Latvia, and was elected to the Riga City Council from National Harmony Party (NHP). 1998 — elected to the 7th Saeima (Parliament). 2002 — elected
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Yakov Pliner
Biography
to the 8th Saeima. 2003 — Pliner left NHP (which had withdrawn from For Human Rights in a United Latvia (ForHRUL) that year) and returned to the union. He became the leader of the newly founded party "Free Choice in People's Europe" (BITE), co-chairman of ForHRUL (until 2015) and chairman of its parliamentary group. One of the leaders of Russian School Defense Staff, writing several publications on the language of instruction issues. 2006 — before the parliamentary elections, ForHRUL named Pliner its candidate for Prime Minister. Elected to the 9th Saeima, remained chairman of ForHRUL parliamentary group (until 2010).
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Yoganidrasana
Etymology and origins as a mudra
Yoganidrasana Yoganidrasana, (Sanskrit: योगनिद्रासन) or Yogic Sleep Pose is a reclining forward-bending asana in modern yoga as exercise. It is sometimes called Dvi Pada Sirsasana, but that name describes the balancing form of the pose. In hatha yoga, the pose, Pasini Mudra, was a mudra, a seal to prevent the escape of prana, not an asana. Etymology and origins as a mudra The name of this pose comes from योग​ yoga meaning "uniting", निद्र nidra meaning "sleep", and आसन āsana meaning "posture" or "seat". The asana's name derives from the yogic sleep mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata: [The Ocean] becomes the
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Yoganidrasana
Etymology and origins as a mudra
bed of the lotus-naveled Vishnu when at the termination of every Yuga that deity of immeasurable power enjoys yoga nidra, the deep sleep under the spell of spiritual meditation. — Mahabharata, Book 1, section XXI Yoganidrasana is described in the 17th century Haṭha Ratnāvalī 3.70. The pose is illustrated in an 18th century painting of the 8 yoga chakras in Mysore. The pose is illustrated as "Pasini Mudra" (not an asana) in Theos Bernard's 1943 book Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience. Pasini Mudra is described in the Gheranda Samhita 3.84: "Throw the two legs on the neck towards the back, holding them
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Yoganidrasana
Etymology and origins as a mudra & Description
strongly together like a noose (Paśa). This is called Paśini Mudra; it awakens the Shakti (Kundalini)." The pose appears as an asana in the 20th century in works such as the 1966 Light on Yoga. Description In Yoganidrasana, the back is on the ground, the feet are crossed behind the head, and the arms are wrapped around the legs and body, the hands clasped behind the lower back. The effect is of a strong forward bend; B. K. S. Iyengar rates its difficulty as 18 out of 60. The practice is said to warm the body rapidly. In Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga, the
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Yoganidrasana
Description & In literature
pose is in the intermediate series. In Sivananda Yoga, as described by Vishnudevananda Saraswati, the pose is named "Dwipada Sirasan" (sic) and "head-knee pose"; other authors treat Dvi Pada Sirsasana and Janusirsasana as quite different poses. In literature The pose appears in Barbara Henning's 2005 novel You, Me and the Insects, where the protagonist travels to India to study with a meditation and hatha yoga master.
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You Can Go Home
Background
You Can Go Home Background Although the album initially gained active play, "You Can Go Home" suffered commercially from a lack of airplay in comparison to the band's earlier releases. Speaking to Billboard in August 1993, Hillman spoke of the single's performance in relation to the record company pressure the band endured with the True Love album: "We were mildly seduced by the record company to go into a direction which they felt would break us through. So we compromised on a lot of things. We got resistance at radio on the first single "You Can Go Home", and the
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You Can Go Home
Background
record company bailed." For the True Love album, Curb Records issued a press release which spoke of the song in comparison to the album. They noted that the album "balances elements of traditional country music with bold new ideas", while the songs themselves focus on "adult relationships" and "the heart of country music", adding they have "feelings that come from the heart, but the attitude is one of introspection rather than overt display". The press release stated "The first single illustrates this unique combination of elements with a thoughtful truism expressed as a traditional country hook line: "You can go home
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You Can Go Home
Background & Release & Promotion
(but you can't go back)." Release "You Can Go Home" was released by Curb Records in America and Canada only on 7" vinyl, cassette and promotional CD. The 7" vinyl featured the True Love album track "Glory and Power" as the B-side, which was written by Hillman and frequent collaborator Steve Hill. The cassette version featured both tracks on each side, while for the promotional CD single release, "You Can Go Home" was the only track, which came in a standard CD single case with an insert. It was distributed by UNL Distribution Corp. Promotion A music video was filmed
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You Can Go Home
Promotion & Critical reception
to promote the single, which was directed by Gustavo Garzón. Licensed under MCA Records, it was produced by ET/VideoLink, a division of Edwards Technology Video, California. The video was shot in mid-1991 at Nashville in Tennessee and Tennessee Railroad Museum in Chattanooga. "You Can Go Home" received medium rotation on the TNN (The Nashville Network), and heavy rotation on CMT (Country Music Television). Critical reception Upon release, The Albany Herald stated: "Hillman as lead vocalist easily leads the Desert Rose Band through easy-listening music. "You Can Go Home" could have been a poignant wish for the good, old days, but
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You Can Go Home
Critical reception
in Hillman's hands becomes the realization that maybe you shouldn't want to go back to the way it was." Cash Box listed the single as one of their "feature picks" during September 1991. They commented: "This cut is pure Desert Rose Band with its rootsy vocal harmony, country-pop melody and breezy tempo. Definitely a fine kick-off for what sounds like a top-of-the-line album." In a review of True Love, they said the song had a "traditional country sound with a modern day attitude". Billboard commented: "Set to an assertive beat, the band takes a trip back home - but finds
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You Can Go Home
Critical reception
only memories intact." Robert Santelli of Asbury Park Press described the song as "an account of what it means to meet up with an old sweetheart". In the 2007 Italian book 24.000 Dischi (24,000 discs), written by Riccardo Bertoncelli and Cris Thellung, a review of the True Love album highlighted the song, stating "Always open to collaboration with other authors, Hillman signing the opening track, You Can Go Home, with Jack Tempchin. The Desert Rose Band proceeds as a perfect device but a bit too true to itself." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic highlighted "You Can Go Home" as an album
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You Can Go Home
Critical reception
standout by labeling it an AMG Pick Track.
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Yuliya Dovhal
Career
Yuliya Dovhal Career Dovhal represented Ukraine at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed for the women's super heavyweight category (+75 kg), along with her compatriot Olha Korobka, who eventually won the silver medal. Dovhal placed seventh in this event, as she successfully lifted 118 kg in the single-motion snatch, and hoisted 140 kg in the two-part, shoulder-to-overhead clean and jerk, for a total of 258 kg.
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160,040
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Zoar Valley
Geography and geology
Zoar Valley Geography and geology Zoar Valley is located along the border of Erie County and Cattaraugus County in New York, roughly between the villages of Gowanda to the west and Springville to the east. Cattaraugus Creek flows through the valley. An additional gorge formed by the Cattaraugus Creek's South Branch stretches south toward the village of Cattaraugus. The cliffs along Zoar Valley's gorges are composed of Devonian silt stones and shale, and are part of the Canadaway Formation. The valley's gorges expose stratifications of the Onondaga Escarpment. Cliffs near the confluence of Cattaraugus Creek's South and Main branches reach heights
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Zoar Valley
Geography and geology & History
of up to 500 feet (150 m) when measured to the tops of nearby hills. History Zoar Valley was named by Ahaz Allen, an early 19th-century settler of the region. The name is of biblical origin, referring to the city of Zoar from the Book of Genesis. The extent of Zoar Valley's use by Native Americans is unclear due to subsequent disturbance by farming and settlement activities; however, findings from nearby archaeological sites suggest that indigenous peoples likely made use of the area. Evidence of early use by settlers includes records of farming as early as 1842, in addition to evidence of
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Zoar Valley
History
shale mining and the establishment of two lime kilns during the early 1800s. Sawmills, gas wells, and a cheese factory were also established in the valley during the 19th century. A Boy Scout camp was formerly located near the confluence, and a cable car was used to cross Cattaraugus Creek. Foundations of several camp buildings remain visible. The Niagara, Lockport and Ontario Power Company purchased property near the confluence in 1926, with the intention of building a hydroelectric dam in the valley. However, the brittleness of the valley's shale cliffs was found to be unsuitable for construction of the dam, and the
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Zoar Valley
History & Land management
project was abandoned. State ownership within the valley began in 1961 with the gift of 1,425 acres (5.77 km²) by Herbert F. Darling Sr., who had purchased land from the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation in 1952 with the intention of preserving the property. Additional lands were later added under the 1960 Multiple Use Bond Act. For a time in the 1960s, a hippie commune was located within the valley. By 1971, overnight use of the property was prohibited due to "irresponsible behavior on the part of some campers". Land management The state-managed Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area encompasses a 3,014-acre (12.20 km²) area
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Zoar Valley
Land management
along an eight-mile (13 km) section of the Cattaraugus Creek's Main Branch canyon and a three-mile (5 km) stretch of the smaller South Branch, centered around the confluence of the two streams. The Multiple Use Area is maintained by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. In 2007, the state established the Zoar Valley Unique Area, a 1,492-acre (6.04 km²) area which further protects and preserves the entire state-owned length of the gorge's cliffs and bottomlands, in addition to a 300-foot (91 m) buffer area along the gorge's upper rim and along several larger side creeks, where sufficient state-owned land is available. The Unique
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160,040
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Zoar Valley
Land management
Area contains the majority of the currently known or suspected old-growth forest, all of the riverside floodplain and terrace woodlands, as well as all of the slope, cliff and talus plant communities. Within the Unique Area, activities such as logging and gas drilling are prohibited. Prior to being designated as a Unique Area, the old-growth forest within the state-owned portion of Zoar Valley was at danger of being logged; the additional protection was the result of lobbying by activists and local residents. Traditional natural resource management activities, including logging, are permitted to take place outside of the Unique Area. Approximately 343
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160,040
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Zoar Valley
Land management
acres (1.39 km²) of plantation forests were established within the Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area during the 1960s and 1970s. Most are composed of non-native conifers, although several native hardwood plantations are present as well. Modern timber harvests by the state are intended to encourage native species growth and improve wildlife habitat. An American chestnut plantation is also maintained as a joint venture with the American Chestnut Foundation, with the goal of developing chestnut blight-resistant trees. Additional protected lands within Zoar Valley include The Nature Conservancy's 450-acre (1.8 km²) Deer Lick Nature Sanctuary, which preserves 80 acres (0.32 km²) of old-growth forest and was
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160,040
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Zoar Valley
Land management & Old-growth forests
designated as a National Natural Landmark in 1967. The sanctuary is located along the Cattaraugus Creek's South Branch, adjacent to the Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area. Two other privately owned conservation areas, the William P. Alexander Preserve and the Rodger Sweetland Memorial Preserve, are owned by the Nature Sanctuary Society of Western New York. Outside of these protected areas, old-growth forests in the valley are unprotected, and some have been clearcut in recent years. Old-growth forests Forests within Zoar Valley include some of the finest old-growth stands in the eastern United States. Throughout Zoar Valley, a total of 630 acres
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Old-growth forests
(2.5 km²) of old-growth forest has been recorded; of this, nearly 400 acres (1.6 km²) are found within the Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area, with an additional 80 acres (32 ha) located in the adjacent Deer Lick Nature Sanctuary. Most of the old growth is found within the Main Branch canyon, with only a few narrow corridors along steep ravines of several larger side streams. Some upland forests within the state lands are very mature in character, but these experienced timber harvesting in the 19th century and light management cutting by the state in the 1970s and 1980s. Zoar Valley's old growth is primarily
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Old-growth forests
deciduous, and varies in character and species composition depending upon location and landform characteristics. Northern hardwood stands, including eastern hemlock, sugar maple, American beech, yellow birch, northern red oak, and tulip tree, are widespread, especially on mesic north-facing slopes and on the lower reaches of south-facing slopes. Similar stands are found on the raised terraces within the canyon, where old-growth trees have been noted to achieve great size, both in terms of height and diameter (typically expressed as diameter at breast height [DBH], a standard measurement taken 4.5 feet [1.4 m] above the tree's base). On drier, south-facing slopes, old-growth trees
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Old-growth forests & Slope forests
such as chestnut oak display stunted growth despite their age. Slope forests Trees growing on the slopes are generally moderate in size; most are less than 24 inches (61 cm) DBH, although scattered trees can be much larger. Despite their moderate size, many trees are exceptionally old. An eastern hemlock of only 16 inches (41 cm) DBH has been core dated to 410 years at breast height and may be 450 to 500 years at ground level. These slope woodlands present an impressive and ancient aesthetic, but few stands can be visited directly as most slopes are too dangerous to traverse. An interesting
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Zoar Valley
Slope forests & Rivers and streams
and likewise very old forest is found on the exposed and sun-baked upper reaches of south-facing slopes, which are quite xeric despite the humid regional climate. Here are found diminutive and gnarled chestnut oak, northern red oak, and red pine that are typically less than 20 feet (6.1 m) tall and 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter. Despite their small size these trees can exceed 165 years at breast height. Rivers and streams Cattaraugus Creek is a fifth to sixth-order stream (depending upon the exact delineation of headwater tributaries), and is the largest tributary to eastern Lake Erie. Flow is highly variable,
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Rivers and streams
and can range from typical summer lows of less than 300 cu ft/s (8.5 m³/s) to floods exceeding 30,000 cu ft/s (850 m³/s). The river is safe to cross at low flows but rapidly becomes treacherous as water rises. Ecological integrity and environmental health of the Cattaraugus are generally good. The river edge and immediate riparian zone are largely intact for most of the river's length. There is only one dam on the main stream, located within Scoby Dam Park about 20 miles (32 km) upstream from the Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area. Although a barrier to fish, it does not regulate flow. Sediment load and siltation are
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Zoar Valley
Rivers and streams
Cattaraugus Creek's main environmental issues, and the stream regularly experiences elevated turbidity due to suspended sediments. Some of this sediment load is derived from silt/clay tills common along the river, but some likely stems from agricultural activities. As is the case with many streams draining agricultural lands, fecal coliform levels can be elevated at high flows. During summer storm events, especially after a prolonged dry period, bacterial levels can exceed 10,000 colony forming units (cfu); bacterial levels are low most other times. Numerous small waterfalls cascade into the Zoar Valley canyon. Most are cascades, but there are a few straight drops
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Rivers and streams & Recreation
of greater than 100 feet (30 m). Above the falls are dozens of small headwater streams that drain the surrounding uplands. These streams and the Cattaraugus Creek were extensively disturbed by an intense flash flood in August 2009. Recreation Zoar Valley is a popular regional destination for outdoor recreation. The Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area is open to the public for activities including fishing, hunting, hiking, white-water rafting, and nature study. The area is closed between sunset and sunrise, and camping is not permitted on the property. As the area is not officially a park, there are few safety barriers in place
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Zoar Valley
Recreation
to prevent falls into the gorge. The area is known for occasional deaths, injuries and rescues, often for visitors unfamiliar with the dangers of the rugged landscape. Many injuries occur on private lands adjacent to the state-owned area; as such, neighboring landowners have become increasingly intolerant of trespassers, while the state has increased patrols and arrests for trespassing and other prohibited behavior. Only one hiking trail is officially maintained within the Multiple Use Area. The two-mile (3.2 km) Holcomb Pond Trail links two separate parking areas on Vail Road, and traverses through forest and along the gorge edge in the northern section
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Zoar Valley
Recreation & Sportfishing
of the property. Unofficial and unmarked trails can be found throughout the property, including a trail to access the gorge's bottom that begins at the parking area on Valentine Flats Road. Additional parking areas are located on Button Road and Forty Road. Sportfishing Cattaraugus Creek is a noted steelhead trout stream, ranked ninth-best east of the Rocky Mountains by American Angler magazine in 2006. Native brook trout are also regularly caught. Both fish successfully spawn in the river and/or its tributaries. In 2015, Cattaraugus Creek was stocked with 30,000 steelhead and 7,840 brown trout; an additional 1,030 brown trout were
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Zoar Valley
Sportfishing & Whitewater rafting
stocked in the creek's South Branch that year as well. Additional fishing opportunities within the Multiple Use Area are available at Holcomb Pond and Ross Pond. Anglers primarily target steelhead between September and May, and brown trout between September and December, at which time these fish enter the stream to complete their annual spawning runs. Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and pink salmon may be caught during the fall as well, however these fish have not been stocked for many years and their small populations are the result of limited natural reproduction. Whitewater rafting The valley also supports whitewater rafting when water
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Whitewater rafting
levels are sufficient. The Main Branch offers class II and III rapids, while the South Branch includes class II, III and IV rapids, depending on water level. A designated put-in for the Main Branch is maintained at a state fishing access site on North Otto Road; access to the South Branch requires permission from private landowners. The take out is located downstream of the Aldrich Street bridge in Gowanda.
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1905 International Tourist Trophy
Background
1905 International Tourist Trophy Background At the start of the twentieth century motor racing was banned on English roads, and although the Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland (later renamed the Royal Automobile Club) had lobbied the British government to remove speed limits and allow provision for motor racing in England the Motor Car Act 1903 only raised the speed limit to 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) and did not repeal the ban on racing. British cars and drivers had nonetheless been successful during the 1902 Gordon Bennett Cup, and as such the Automobile Club wanted to host the
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Background
1903 Gordon Bennett Cup in Britain. After their failure to persuade the government to allow racing in England the 1903 race had been held in Ireland under the provision of the Light Locomotives (Ireland) Act, but this had been a one-off, and the Automobile Club did not manage to get the law extended for further races. As such, when the Automobile Club wanted to hold trials for the 1904 Gordon Bennett Cup to establish three vehicles to represent England at the race in Germany they approached the Manx legislature, the Tynwald, in early 1904 and proposed to hold the trials
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Background & Course
on the island. The Highway (Light Locomotives) Bill was rushed through the Tynwald in March 1904 but only allowed racing for three days during that year, specifically for the Gordon Bennett trials to take place. The following year, after further lobbying from the Automobile Club, the bill was renewed as the Highways (Motor Car) Bill, without a fixed term. The bill gave provision for six days of racing to take place; three for the Gordon Bennett trials in the spring, and three for the Tourist Trophy in the autumn. Course The course used for the race was the same as
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Course
had been used for the 1904 and 1905 Gordon Bennett trials, a 52.125-mile (83.887 km) course featuring over 420 corners which followed much of the modern day Snaefell Mountain Course, known as the Highroads Course (or Highlands). The lap began at Quarterbridge in Douglas and proceeded down the A5 road towards Castletown, then back up the A3 to Ballaugh where it then headed towards Jurby along the A10, but turned onto the A13 towards Ramsey. From Ramsey the course followed the A18, commonly known as the Mountain Road, back to Douglas. The elevation of the Isle of Man was challenging for
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Course & Cars
the cars; the course rose from being barely above sea-level at Douglas to 1,384 feet (422 m) at Brandywell. Many parts of the course were nothing more than rough tracks. In order to minimise disruption to the public two footbridges were built over the roads of the course, one at Kirkmichael and the other at Ramsey. Cars The cars were subject to a number of criteria: the chassis had to weigh between 1,300 and 1,600 pounds (590–730 kg), they were required to have a wheelbase of at least seven point five feet (2.3 m), and to carry a load of 950 pounds (430 kg),
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1905 International Tourist Trophy
Cars
including the driver, an optional passenger, and ballast. Additionally, the car had to be able to carry four people, including the driver, and the model of car had to be available for sale for at least a month after the race. Initially, it was decided that each car was only allowed to use one imperial gallon (4.5 l) of fuel per 25 miles (40 km) of the race, but due to the conditions, this was altered to one imperial gallon per 22.5 miles (36.2 km). Most of the cars opted to use Continental tyres; just the Maudslays and Napiers used Palmer, the Whites
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Cars
and Swifts used Dunlop, while the Wolseley and Darracq vehicles used Michelin. The rules were introduced in an attempt to make the cars more representative of the touring cars that members of the public could drive. In many ways they were successful; Charles Rolls' 20 horsepower Rolls-Royce was one of the more powerful of the cars to enter the Tourist Trophy, but in contrast, during the 1905 Gordon Bennett Cup he drove a 2,200-pound (1,000 kg) Wolseley which generated 112 horsepower. However, a number of manufacturers were put off from entering the contest due to the upper weight limit imposed. It was
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Cars
opined in The Graphic that this excluded the "kind of cars that were really wanted", as they suggested that the chassis of "an ordinary four-cylinder touring car, such as is sold to the public" weighed 1,792 pounds (813 kg). Although it had been originally suggested that the number of foreign entries should be limited, with no more than two foreign cars for every five British entries, no such restrictions were imposted, but it was decided to give special prizes for cars entirely British-built. While the majority of cars were British, there were also entries from France, including a Vinot-Deguingand and a
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Cars & Practice
Peugeot and the United States, including a pair of White steam cars and a Cadillac. Practice Of the 58 original entrants to the event, ten pulled out before the entry list was published, generally because they either could not reduce the weight of their car sufficiently to be within the limits, or they could not achieve the required fuel efficiency. The first of the cars to arrive on the Isle of Man was the 16 horsepower Minerva, entered by Charles Rolls, but driven by E. H. Arnott, which arrived more than two weeks before the race. During the weeks before
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Practice
the race the cars were tested around the island's roads, during which Arnott managed the fastest circuit of the course. There were also a number of accidents during the practices; Ernest de Wilton crashed his Swift into a stone wall near Castletown, causing significant damage to the car. Although it was repaired in time there was a miscommunication between de Wilton and the race organisers, and de Wilton did not present the car for inspection in time to be entered into the race. Another of the competitors, A. McCormack in a Gladiator, hit some cows after coming off the road,
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Practice
and caused such damage to the car's brakes that it could not be repaired in time for the race. On the Sunday prior to the race local residents were upset that forty of the cars were driving the course, and meetings were held where they expressed their indignation that it was a "desecration of the sanctity of the Sabbath". Three days prior to the race, the organisers began weighing the cars and filling them with the specified amount of fuel. The Mors car which was to have been driven by Dorothy Levitt never arrived on the island, and so Levitt
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Practice & Race report
was unable to take part in the race. Race report Due to the limited fuel allowance, the cars were towed to the start line by horses. The first car, a Rolls-Royce being driven by Charles Rolls, started at 9 am, and the following 41 cars were released at one minute intervals. Due to the fuel-saving nature of the event most of the drivers began the race by letting their car coast down the initial slope under its own momentum before engaging gear. Early on the first lap of the race Rolls heard a crunching noise from his gear box and the
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Race report
car stopped. He claimed that upon investigation he discovered that small nuts and screws had been dropped into the gearbox, which had smashed a gear. Rolls claimed that this "was a common trick abroad" but voiced surprise at it happening in an English race. There was further speculation of foul play when it was discovered that Arnott's Minerva had been tampered with; two spark plugs had been smashed and an air valve bent, causing his engine to overheat. Before the race Rolls and Arnott had been two of the favourites, and The Automobile magazine said that "this unfortunate incident has