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Rustication (architecture)
History
to the real unevenness often seen in the 16th-century examples. Often the Palazzo Medici Riccardi model is followed; the ground floor has heavy rustication with textured faces, while above there is smooth-faced "V" rustication. Though such horizontal zones of rustication are the most common, vertical zones can often be used as highlights, as in the illustration from Catania above, or the Cour Napoleon in the Louvre Palace. The Baroque garden front of the Pitti Palace achieves a striking effect, not often copied, by using extensive "blocking", both rounded and rectangular, on the shafts of its columns and
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Rustication (architecture)
History
pilasters. Canton Viaduct, a blind arcade cavity wall railroad viaduct built in 1834-35 in Canton, Massachusetts is an example of modest effects of rustication in industrial architecture; the effect is pleasing, and the cost was probably reduced. Massive effects of contrasting rustications typify the "Richardsonian Romanesque" style exemplified in the 1870s and 80s by the American architect H. H. Richardson. The technique is still sometimes used in architecture of a broadly Modernist character, especially in city centre streets where it helps modern buildings blend with older ones with rustication. Although essentially a technique for stone masonry, rustication can be imitated in
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Rustication (architecture)
History & Variations
brick and stucco, which began as early as Bramante's Palazzo Caprini and was common in smaller houses in Georgian architecture, and also in wood (see below), which is mainly found in British America. Variations The most common variation of rustication is the smooth-faced, where the external face of the block is smooth, as in ashlar, and differs from that only by the cutting in at the joints; this became increasingly popular, and is now the most commonly seen type. If deeply cut-back edges are worked only to the horizontal joints, with the appearance of the vertical joints being minimised,
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Rustication (architecture)
Variations
the resulting effect is known as banded rustication, mostly seen on the lowest levels of very large buildings like the Palace of Versailles or the main Foreign Office building in London. As at Versailles, the bands may be "elbowed", dipping diagonally around arches to join up with and emphasize the voussoirs. Banded rustication is mostly seen with smooth-faced stones, and has remained popular in Stripped Classicism and other contemporary versions of classical styles. In this style, the bands are sometimes several feet apart, making it apparent that stone facings are being used. When the stone is left with
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Rustication (architecture)
Variations
a rough external surface, rough shapes may be drilled or chiselled in the somewhat smoothed face in a technique called "vermiculation" (vermiculate rustication or vermicular rustication), so called from the Latin vermiculus meaning "little worm", because the shapes resemble worms, worm-casts or worm tracks in mud or wet sand. Carved vermiculation requires a good deal of careful mason's work, and is mostly used over limited areas to highlight them. Disparities between individual blocks are often seen, presumably as different carvers interpreted their patterns slightly differently, or had different levels of skill. The small Turner Mausoleum at Kirkleatham by
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Rustication (architecture)
Variations
James Gibbs (1740) has an unusually large area vermiculated, over half of the main level. When the shapes join up to form a network, the style is called "reticulated". Often, especially from the Baroque onwards, the roughly flattened central areas of stones are indented in regular, but not too regular, patterns called "pecked" or "picked-work", and various other ways of patterning them may be found. In garden architecture, where water was to flow over or near the surface, a vertically oriented pattern evoking hanging pond-weed or algae, or icicles ("frost-work") is sometimes used. Also associated with gardens is
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Rustication (architecture)
Variations
"cyclopian" rustication, where the blocks are very large and irregular, as though placed by giants, and "rock-work", where surfaces are built up of rough rocks not placed in regular courses at all. This last goes beyond rustication, and is found in fountains and follies, and later rockeries for planting. In prismatic rustication the blocks are dressed at an angle near each edge, giving a prism-like shape. Where the faces rise to a single point, this is often known by terms using "diamond", and is covered below. They may also, usually in blocks that are oblong rather than square, rise
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Rustication (architecture)
Variations & Diamond rustication
to a ridge in the centre. Both types are illustrated, with several others, by Serlio. Diamond rustication Various types of other patterns in masonry surfaces are sometimes called rustication. These include "diamond point" or "diamond rustication" where the face of each stone is a low pyramid facing out. This covered the whole facade of the Palazzo dei Diamanti in Ferrara, completed in 1503, and most of that of the Palace of Facets in the Moscow Kremlin, designed by Italians and completed in 1492, with rectangular "diamonds". These "diamond palaces" influenced other whole walls of diamonds at Casa dos
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Rustication (architecture)
Diamond rustication
Bicos in Portugal (after 1523, alternate stones only), and Crichton Castle in Scotland (c. 1585; all stones, with flat edges between pyramids). The round towers at the Castello Sforzesco in Milan almost use diamonds, but their points are smoothed over. The illustration at right, from Catania in Sicily, alternates rows of three square "diamond" blocks with two oblong blocks, where the faces rise to a ridge rather than a point, showing both the main forms of "prismatic rustication". The sharply pointed styles have really nothing to do with classical rustication, and are instead a development of styles of raised decoration of masonry
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Rustication (architecture)
Diamond rustication
that were popular in late Gothic architecture, especially the Iberian Manueline (or Portuguese late Gothic) and its equivalent in Spain, known as Isabelline Gothic. When not figurative these are known as bossage. These are probably a development of Mudéjar styles of patterning walls. In the spectacular late 15th-century gateway to the Palacio de Jabalquinto in Baeza, Andalucia, small widely spaced pyramids cover one of the many zones with fancy carved elements, projecting from a wall otherwise in ashlar. Later, in Baroque architecture, relatively small areas of diamond rustication were reintegrated into architecture in the classical tradition, and were popular
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Rustication (architecture)
Diamond rustication & Feigned rustication
as highlights, especially in Sicily and southern Italy and Eastern and Central Europe. The large Černín Palace in Prague (1660s) repeats the Kremlin formula of a broad zone of diamonds across the middle height of the facade, though like the towers in Milan these do not come to a point. Feigned rustication The appearance of rustication, creating a rough, unfinished stone-like surface, can be worked on a wooden exterior. This process became popular in 18th century New England to translate the features of Palladian architecture to the house-carpenter's idiom: in Virginia Monticello and Mount Vernon both made use
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Rustication (architecture)
Feigned rustication
of this technique. Mount Vernon in particular makes extensive use of feigned rustication and sanded paint and the original finished surfaces of several original planks still survive. Rustication of a wooden exterior consists of three basic steps. First, the wood is cut, sanded and prepared with beveled grooves that make each plank appear as if it were a series of stone blocks. Second, the wood is painted with a thick coat of paint. Third, while the paint is still wet, sand is thrown or air blasted onto the planks until no more sand will stick. After
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Rustication (architecture)
Feigned rustication
the paint dries the plank is ready for use. In Central Europe, especially the Czech Republic, feigned rustication in sgraffito (decoration by scraping away one colour of coating on an exterior to show another beneath) is a feature from the Late Renaissance onwards, continuing into the 20th century. Often "prismatic" or "diamond" rustication is imitated.
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SS Guararema
Construction
SS Guararema Construction Guararema was constructed in 1919 at the Ardrossan Dockyard & Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. shipyard in Ardrossan, United Kingdom. She was completed in 1919 and she was named War Avon first. She served for different countries and companies under different names; in 1939 until she was sold to Brazilian transport company Empreza Internacional De Transportes, who operated her as Guararema. The ship was 47.2 metres (154 ft 10 in) long, with a beam of 8 metres (26 ft 3 in) and a depth of 3.3 metres (10 ft 10 in). The ship was assessed at 548 GRT. She had a 1 x 2 cyl compound engines
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SS Guararema
Construction & Sinking
driving a single screw propeller. The engine was rated at 91 nhp. Sinking On 4 March 1949, Guararema was en route from Santos when she collided with SS Britannia and sank on the Santos bar off Ilha Des Palmas, Brazil. There were no casualties.
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Sabanetas, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
History & Name
Sabanetas, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico History When after the Treaty of Paris (1898), the U.S. conducted its first census of Puerto Rico, the population of Sabanetas barrio was 1,401. Name Sabanetas Barrio is a coastal rural and riverside barrio, which borders the municipality of Añasco to the north. It derives its name from the plains or savannas found in the northern beaches of Mayagüez, in front of the Mona Channel, and in the vicinity of the mouth of the river now called the Río Grande de Añasco. It is one of two barrios in Mayagüez whose jurisdiction extends form the
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Sabanetas, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Name & Notable landmarks
main island, because its jurisdiction includes the hilly island of Desecheo, whose name is a Taino name which means "hilly land". "Eta" in the "Sabana" noun suffix means an indicative of the extent of these savannas is limited in nature, as indeed it is, because it is located among the sea of the West Indies, the Goaorabo River, the swamp of the convent, the caño of La Boquilla and the hills of Algarrobos and Miradero. Notable landmarks Sabanetas is home the El Mani community. Inside Sabanetas barrio the El Mani Pavilion is located, where the handball events where held
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Sabanetas, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Notable landmarks
for the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games. The Boquilla Creek Wildlife Reserve (Reserva Natural del Caño de la Boquilla) is also located in Sabanetas. The Eugenio María de Hostos Airport regional airport is located inside the boundaries of the barrio.
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Saint-Papoul Cathedral
History
Saint-Papoul Cathedral History The abbey was founded in the eighth century. Its name comes from Saint Papoul, a hermit from the 5th or 6th century. He was martyred and shaken at the place called "L'Ermitage". According to legend, he bent down and picked up the top of his skull. The monk Saint Berenger lived there in the 11th century and his tomb became a place of pilgrimage. In 1317, Pope John XXII created the bishopric of Saint-Papoul, and the abbey church became the cathedral. 34 bishops succeeded one another until the Revolution occurred in year 1361, as a result, the cathedral was
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Saint-Papoul Cathedral
History
plundered by the Routiers and in 1595 by the Protestants. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the abbey underwent important restorations and the episcopal palace was rebuilt. In 1790, the cathedral maintained a small body of music for the service of worship, formed by an organist, a cantor who also played the serpent and a choirboy. During the Revolution, the bishopric was suppressed and the cathedral became a parish church.
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Saint Therese of the Little Flower Catholic Church
History
Saint Therese of the Little Flower Catholic Church Saint Thérèse of the Little Flower Catholic Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Reno. A Catholic elementary school is also located on the grounds called Little Flower School. History The parish was established in 1948 and is in its third location. Until 1978 the church itself was housed in a brick building at Wells Avenue and Vassar Street in Reno, Nevada USA; the building became a bank branch. The Church was among those visited by relics of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. This Church is one
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Saint Therese of the Little Flower Catholic Church
History
of seven in the United States to enshrine a relic of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The Little Flower School opened in 1962, and teaches grade K - 8. Notable alumni include Governor Brian Sandoval.
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Samuel Deinard
Family and education
Samuel Deinard Family and education Samuel Nathaniel Deinard was born on January 25, 1873 in Raseiniai, Lithuania to father David Menachem and mother Taube Leah. In 1882 the family moved to Palestine. By 1888 Samuel was sent to Germany on a Baron de Rothschild scholarship to prepare for ordination as a rabbi. By 1892 Samuel had graduated early and went to the United States, graduating from DePauw University in 1896 and then in 1902 obtaining a master's degree from the University of Chicago Divinity School. In 1905 he completed his studies at the University of Minnesota, obtaining a doctorate in
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Samuel Deinard
Family and education & Temple Israel
Semitic studies. Deinard became a professor of Semitic languages and literature at the University of Minnesota In 1896, Deinard married Rose, his distant cousin; they had three children: Amos, Benedict, and Miriam. Amos and Benedict would later go on to found the law firm Leonard, Street, and Deinard in 1922. Temple Israel In 1901, Rabbi Deinard was hired at Shaarai Tov (later named Temple Israel), the oldest Jewish synagogue in Minneapolis. Deinard promoted peace and partnership between the older, more established community of German Jews, and the newer, more Orthodox Jews coming from Eastern Europe. Although Deinard was a supporter of
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Samuel Deinard
Temple Israel & American Jewish World
Reform Judaism, he was welcoming to Orthodox families in the community. Under his leadership the once-struggling congregation saw a steady growth in membership, the building of a new Temple edifice, and a general growth of status and influence in both the Jewish community and the community as a whole. Deinard was also a strong supporter of Zionism, even at a time when Zionism was not generally accepted by the Reform community Deinard was active within non-Jewish communities as well, serving as the first president of the Minneapolis chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). American Jewish
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Samuel Deinard
American Jewish World & Death
World Deinard worked to get a Jewish newspaper off the ground in the Twin Cities. His first three efforts were short lived -- Jewish Progress, followed by The Judean, and then The Scribe. Each failed to secure financial support. However, in 1912, Jewish Weekly was launched; this eventually became The American Jewish World. In 1915, Deinard handed the reins over to Leonard H. Frisch to act as publisher, production, and sales manager. Today the newspaper still stands as an important news resource for the local Jewish community. Death On October 12, 1921, Temple Israel's congregation gathered for Kol Nidre Service
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Samuel Deinard
Death
on Yom Kippur eve. Deinard was not in attendance, as he died from a heart attack earlier in the day. His sudden death, coupled with his popularity and relative young age, stunned the local Jewish community. His funeral was held at Temple Israel and his burial followed at Montefiore Cemetery (now known as Temple Israel Cemetery). Deinard's successor, Rabbi Albert G. Minda, remarked about Deinard's funeral: "A multitude of people attended the services, said to be the largest and most diversified group present at any funeral ever held in Minneapolis up to that time."
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San Juan Bautista, Chile
Transportation
San Juan Bautista, Chile Transportation As of early 2010, a pair of ships operated by the Chilean Navy arrive each month from mainland Chile. The number of passengers is limited, so arrangements must be made as much as a month in advance. The navy gives preference to locals. One-way trip time is 24 – 36 hours or more depending on sea conditions. There is a short, 885 m (2,904 ft) airstrip at Robinson Crusoe Airfield in the southwestern end of the Robinson Crusoe Island, the only reasonably flat part of the island. Operations are mostly in twin-engine, seven-seat light planes, with very limited baggage
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San Juan Bautista, Chile
Transportation & 2010 tsunami
capabilities. The flight time from the mainland of Chile is about 2 hours 30 minutes, plus a 1-hour 30 minute boat ferry to the village at the opposite side of the island. 2010 tsunami On February 27, 2010, at least eight people lost their lives when a tsunami caused by the Chilean 8.8 earthquake hit the island and inundated the town. Most of the buildings in the community were destroyed. The disaster could have been worse if not for a timely warning from a 12-year-old girl named Martina Maturana which saved many of her neighbors from harm.
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Sandalspring
History
Sandalspring History Sandalspring traces its roots to 1966 when Robert Anstey formed The Scene with his brother Bruce on guitar, Soren Rasmussen on drums, Doug Hicks on bass and Jim Fisher on lead vocals. Most of their original material was written by Robert Anstey and Jim Fisher, but the group did play a number of cover songs as well. Jim Fisher was only with the group a short while, and after his departure the group continued on until the spring of 1967 when Doug Hicks was replaced by Ken Ogilvie and the band changed its named to Toad. In the spring
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Sandalspring
History
of 1968 the band took on a new direction and sound when Don Ogilvie replaced Bruce Anstey as lead guitarist. At that time Robert Anstey changed the band's name to Sandalspring to fit in more with the changing times. In January 1969 Soren Rasmussen left the band and was replaced by Sean Burne. Ken Lerner was added on saxophone and flute which gave the group's sound a distinct jazzy feel. In 1969 they met Mark Wilson who worked at Bill Lewis Music, a local music and guitar store. He liked their music and often attended their performances, and after a while
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Sandalspring
History
offered to become their manager. He found them a series of gigs which included La Place, a local teen club where they played a number of shows. During that time, the band auditioned to play at The Big Mother and played on the same stage as Papa Bear's Medicine Show; a performance which received a good review in The Province newspaper and introduced a larger audience to their music. The band continued to perform regularly at The Big Mother and it was during one of their performances there that they were approached by the owner of The Village Bistro, a well-known
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Sandalspring
History
club on Fourth Avenue. As this was one of the most popular clubs in Vancouver at that time, Sandalspring eagerly accepted this lucrative opportunity and continued to perform there frequently throughout 1969. Throughout 1969 and 1970, Sandalspring performed with a number of groups including Mock Duck, Mother Tucker's Yellow Duck, Black Snake Blues Band, Hydro-Electric Streetcar, High Flying Bird, Seeds of Time, Django, Yellow Brique Road, Tomorrow's Eyes and Gingerbox. In April 1970, Robert Anstey left the band, citing disappointment with the direction the band had taken musically, and the music industry in general. As the group's only singer and songwriter, and
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Sandalspring
History & Recordings
with no one to replace him, the group disbanded, with each member moving on with their own respective musical careers. Recordings During the summer of 1969, Sandalspring recorded a series of demos with Robin Spurgin at Vancouver Recording Studios. Although the group broke up shortly thereafter, these recordings - among others - are in the possession of Don Ogilvie, and there is speculation by some that these recordings will be released someday.
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Santiago Colombatto
Club career
Santiago Colombatto Club career Colombatto arrived to Buenos Aires at age 10 and played River Plate and Racing. In December 2015 he signed a 3½-year contract with Italian club Cagliari. He made his Serie B debut on 13 February 2016 against Latina Calcio. He started in the first eleven and was replaced after 49 minutes by Davide Di Gennaro. In July 2016 he was loaned to Pisa, but on 31 August 2016 he moved to Trapani on loan before the start of the season. On 7 August 2017 Colombatto joined Perugia on a temporary deal. On 16 August 2018, Colombatto joined on Serie B side
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Santiago Colombatto
Club career
Hellas Verona on loan with an option to buy. On 31 August 2019, Colombatto joined Belgian club Sint-Truiden.
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Seagate Technology
History & Founding as Shugart Technology
Seagate Technology History Seagate developed the first 5.25-inch hard disk drive (HDD), the 5-megabyte ST-506, in 1980. They were a major supplier in the microcomputer market during the 1980s, especially after the introduction of the IBM XT in 1983. Today Seagate, along with its competitor Western Digital, dominates the HDD market. Much of their growth has come through their acquisition of competitors. In 1989, Seagate acquired Control Data Corporation's Imprimis division, the makers of CDC's HDD products. Seagate acquired Conner Peripherals in 1996, Maxtor in 2006 and Samsung's HDD business in 2011. Founding as Shugart Technology Seagate Technology (then
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Seagate Technology
Founding as Shugart Technology & Early history and Tom Mitchell era
called Shugart Technology) was incorporated on November 1, 1978, and commenced operations with co-founders Al Shugart, Tom Mitchell, Doug Mahon, Finis Conner and Syed Iftikar in October 1979. The company came into being when Conner approached Shugart with the idea of starting a new company to develop 5.25-inch HDDs which Conner predicted would be a coming economic boom in the disk drive market. The name was changed to Seagate Technology to avoid a lawsuit from Xerox's subsidiary Shugart Associates (also founded by Shugart). Early history and Tom Mitchell era The company's first product, the 5-megabyte ST-506, was released in 1980.
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160,299
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Seagate Technology
Early history and Tom Mitchell era
It was the first hard disk to fit the 5.25-inch form factor of the Shugart "mini-floppy" drive. It used a Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) encoding and was later released in a 10-megabyte version, the ST-412. With this Seagate secured a contract as a major OEM supplier for the IBM XT, IBM's first personal computer to contain a hard disk. The large volumes of units sold to IBM fueled Seagate's early growth. In their first year, Seagate shipped $10 million of units to consumers. By 1983, the company shipped over 200,000 units for revenues of $110 million. In 1983, Al Shugart was
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160,299
Q705392
14
668
14
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Seagate Technology
Early history and Tom Mitchell era
replaced as president by then chief operating officer, Tom Mitchell, in order to move forward with corporate restructuring in the face of a changing market. Shugart continued to oversee corporate planning. By this point, the company had a 45% market share of the single-user hard drive market, with IBM purchasing 60% of the total business Seagate was doing at the time. In 1989, Seagate acquired Control Data's (CDC) Imprimis Technology, CDC's disk storage division, resulting in a combined market share of 43 percent. Seagate benefited from Imprimis' head technology and reputation while Imprimis gained access to Seagate's lower component and manufacturing
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160,299
Q705392
14
1,336
18
602
Seagate Technology
Early history and Tom Mitchell era & Second Al Shugart era (1990s)
costs. Second Al Shugart era (1990s) In September 1991, Tom Mitchell resigned as president under pressure from the board of directors, with Al Shugart reassuming presidency of the company. Shugart refocused the company on its more lucrative markets and on mainframe drives instead of external drives. He also pulled away from the practice of outsourcing the production of components overseas, which allowed Seagate to better keep up with demand as the demand for PCs increased extremely rapidly in 1993 across the market. This included a domestic partnership with Corning Inc., which began using a new glass ceramic compound to manufacture
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160,299
Q705392
18
602
18
1,259
Seagate Technology
Second Al Shugart era (1990s)
disk substrates. In 1991, Seagate also introduced the Barracuda HDD, the industry's first hard disk with a 7200-RPM spindle speed. In May 1993, Seagate became the first company to cumulatively ship 50 million HDDs over its firm's history. The following year Seagate Technology Inc moved from the Nasdaq exchange to the New York Stock Exchange, trading under the ticker symbol SEG. Upon leaving, the company was the 17th-largest company in terms of trading volume on the Nasdaq exchange. In 1996, Seagate merged with Conner Peripherals to form the world's largest independent hard-drive manufacturer. Following the merger, the company began a system
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160,299
Q705392
18
1,259
18
1,925
Seagate Technology
Second Al Shugart era (1990s)
of consolidating the components and production methods within its production chain of factories in order to streamline how products were built between plants. In May 1995, Seagate Technology acquired Frye Computer Systems, a software company based in Boston, Massachusetts. that developed LAN monitoring software kit The Frye Utilities for Networks, which won PC Magazine's "Editor's Choice" award in 1995. In 1996, Seagate introduced the industry's first hard disk with a 10,000-RPM spindle speed, the Cheetah 4LP. The product increased to a speed of 15,000-RPM by 2000 with the release of the Cheetah 15X. In May 1997, the High Court of Justice in
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160,299
Q705392
18
1,925
22
120
Seagate Technology
Second Al Shugart era (1990s) & First Steve Luczo era (1998–2004)
England awarded Amstrad PLC $93 million in a lawsuit over reportedly faulty disk drives Seagate sold to Amstrad, a British manufacturer and marketer of personal computers. That year Seagate also introduced the first Fibre Channel interface hard drive. In 1997, Seagate experienced a downturn, along with the rest of the industry. In July 1998, Shugart resigned his positions with the company. Stephen J. "Steve" Luczo became the new chief executive officer, also joining the board of directors. First Steve Luczo era (1998–2004) Luczo had joined Seagate Technology in October 1993 as Senior Vice President of Corporate Development. In March 1995, he
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160,299
Q705392
22
120
22
816
Seagate Technology
First Steve Luczo era (1998–2004)
was appointed Executive Vice President of Corporate Development and chief operating officer of Seagate Software Holdings. In 1996, Luczo led the Seagate acquisition of Conner Peripherals, creating the world's largest disk drive manufacturer and completing the company's strategy of vertical integration and ownership of key disk drive components. In September 1997, he was promoted to the position of President and chief operating officer of Seagate Technology Inc. In 1998, the board appointed Luczo as the new CEO and Seagate launched a restructuring effort. Historically, Seagate's design centers had been organized around function, with one product line manager in charge of tracking
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160,299
Q705392
22
816
22
1,510
Seagate Technology
First Steve Luczo era (1998–2004)
the progress of all programs. In 1998, Luczo and CTO Tom Porter characterized the organizational redesign of design centers into core teams organized around individual projects to meet the corporate objective of faster time to market. As the CEO, Luczo decided to increase investment in technology and to diversify into faster-growing, higher-margin businesses. He decided to implement a highly automated platform strategy for manufacturing. Between 1997 and 2004, Seagate reduced its headcount from approximately 111,000 to approximately 50,000, rationalized its factory footprint from 24 factories to 11 factories and reduced design centers form seven to three. During this period, Seagate's
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160,299
Q705392
22
1,510
22
2,209
Seagate Technology
First Steve Luczo era (1998–2004)
output increased from approximately 9 million drives per quarter to approximately 20 million drives per quarter. In 1998, the company's Seagate Research facility was also established in Pittsburgh, a $30 million investment that focused on future technologies and prototypes. Technology developed by the center would include devices like the hard drive disk for Microsoft's first Xbox. In 1999, Seagate shipped its 250 millionth hard drive. In May 1999, Seagate sold its Network & Storage Management Group (NSMG) to Veritas Software in return for 155 million shares of Veritas' stock. With this deal, Seagate became the largest shareholder in Veritas, with an ownership stake
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160,299
Q705392
22
2,209
26
373
Seagate Technology
First Steve Luczo era (1998–2004) & Becoming a private company in 2000
of more than 40%. However, the Seagate board of directors felt that the market was incredibly under pricing Seagate's stock, as was clear from a 200% increase in Veritas stock versus only a 25% increase in Seagate's stock. Becoming a private company in 2000 In 2000, Seagate became a private company again. Luczo led a management buyout of Seagate, believing that Seagate needed to make significant capital investments to achieve its goals. He decided to turn the company private, since disk drive producers had a hard time obtaining capital for long-term projects. In early November 1999, Luczo met with representatives of
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160,299
Q705392
26
373
26
1,008
Seagate Technology
Becoming a private company in 2000
Silver Lake Partners to discuss a major restructuring of Seagate. After two failed attempts to increase Seagate's stock price and unlock its value from Veritas, Seagate's board of directors authorized Luczo to seek advice from Morgan Stanley in October 1999. In early November 1999, Morgan Stanley arranged a meeting between Seagate executives and representatives of Silver Lake Partners. On November 22, 2000, Seagate management, Veritas Software and an investor group led by Silver Lake closed a complex deal taking Seagate private in what was at the time the largest buyout ever of a technology company. The total deal, worth about
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160,299
Q705392
26
1,008
26
1,601
Seagate Technology
Becoming a private company in 2000
$20 billion, included the sale of its disk-drive operations for $2 billion to an investor group led by Silver Lake Partners. The goal of the deal was to unlock the value of the 33% ownership stake Seagate had in Veritas, which had put the value of Seagate's stock at around $33 billion even though its market cap was only $15 billion. The company was incorporated in Grand Cayman and stayed private until it re-entered the public market in 2002. Both the Stanford Graduate School of Business and the Harvard Business School have written multiple case studies on the Seagate buyout and
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160,299
Q705392
26
1,601
30
487
Seagate Technology
Becoming a private company in 2000 & Re-emerging as a public company (2002–2010)
turnaround. In addition, several leading management books have cited the Seagate turnaround in the contents. Re-emerging as a public company (2002–2010) Luczo became the Chairman of the board of directors of Seagate Technology on June 19, 2002. In 2003, he accepted an invitation from the New York Stock Exchange to join its Listed Companies Advisory Committee. In 2003, Seagate re-entered the HDD market for notebook computers and provided the 1-inch disk hard drives for the new first iPods. This led to a trend of digital devices being created with progressively more and more memory, especially in cameras and music devices. The
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160,299
Q705392
30
487
30
1,089
Seagate Technology
Re-emerging as a public company (2002–2010)
following year, The New York Times called Seagate "the nation's top maker of hard drives used to store data in computers", as its revenue forecast outpaced Wall Street estimates towards the end of the year. When the company separated the roles of chairman and CEO in 2004, Luczo resigned as the Seagate CEO on July 3, 2004, but retained his position as Chairman of the board of directors. Bill Watkins became CEO. At the beginning of 2006, Forbes magazine named Seagate its Company of the Year as the best managed company in the United States. Forbes wrote that, "Seagate is riding the
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160,299
Q705392
30
1,089
34
26
Seagate Technology
Re-emerging as a public company (2002–2010) & Second Steve Luczo era (2009–2017)
world's gadget boom. Its 1-inch drives are the archives for cameras and MP3 players." It also credited Seagate as being the company that "sparked the personal computer revolution 25 years ago with the first 5.25-inch hard drive for the PC". In 2007, Seagate created the hybrid drive concept. In April 2008, Seagate was the first to ship 1 billion HDDs. According to CNet, it took 17 years to ship the first 100 million and 15 years to ship the next 900 million. In 2009, Bill Watkins was released from employment as CEO. Second Steve Luczo era (2009–2017) In January 2009, Luczo was
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160,299
Q705392
34
26
34
646
Seagate Technology
Second Steve Luczo era (2009–2017)
asked by the Seagate Board to return as CEO of the company, replacing Bill Watkins. As of the date of his hiring, Seagate was losing market share, facing rapidly declining revenues, was lagging in product delivery with high manufacturing costs, had an excessive operating expense structure and had a balance sheet that was burdened with $2 billion of debt that was due within 2 years. The company's market value was less than $1.5 billion. Luczo revamped the entire management team, and quickly reorganized the company back to a functional structure after a failed attempt to organize by business units in 2007.
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160,299
Q705392
34
646
34
1,249
Seagate Technology
Second Steve Luczo era (2009–2017)
Led by a new head of sales, Dave Mosley, a new head of operations and Development, Bob Whitmore, and a new CFO, Pat O'Malley, the team worked to address the multitude of challenges that it faced. By the end of 2009, the company had refinanced its debt and had begun to turn around its operations. In 2010, Seagate reinstated its dividend and began a stock buyback plan. In 2010, Seagate announced that it was moving its headquarters and most of its staff from Scotts Valley to Cupertino, California. In June 2010, Seagate released the world's first 3 TB hard drive. In September Seagate
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160,299
Q705392
34
1,249
34
1,937
Seagate Technology
Second Steve Luczo era (2009–2017)
released the first portable 1.5 TB hard drive. In July 2011, the company changed its country of incorporation from the Cayman Islands to Ireland. In December 2011, Seagate acquired Samsung's HDD business. In 2012, Seagate continued to raise its dividend and repurchased nearly 30% of the company's outstanding shares. In the fiscal year ended June 2012, Seagate had achieved record revenues, record gross margins, record profits and regained its position as the largest disc drive manufacturer, and its market value had increased to over $14 billion. In March Seagate demonstrated the first 1 TB/square inch density hard drive, with the possibility of scaling up
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160,299
Q705392
34
1,937
38
41
Seagate Technology
Second Steve Luczo era (2009–2017) & Dave Mosley era (2017–present)
to 60 TB by 2030. In 2013, Seagate was the first HDD company to begin shipment of shingled magnetic recording drives, announcing in September that they had already shipped over 1 million such drives. In February 2016, Seagate was hit with class action lawsuit over the defective hard drives they sold. In August 2016, Seagate demonstrated its 60 TB SSD, claimed to be "the largest SSD ever demonstrated", at the Flash Memory Summit in Santa Clara. In January 2017, Seagate announced the shutdown at Suzhou, China - one of its largest HDD assembly plants. Dave Mosley era (2017–present) On July 25, 2017, David "Dave" Mosley was
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160,299
Q705392
38
41
42
558
Seagate Technology
Dave Mosley era (2017–present) & Corporate affairs
appointed CEO, effective from October 1, 2017. Corporate affairs Seagate was traded for its early existence as a public company under the symbol "SGAT" on the NASDAQ system, then moved to the NYSE under the symbol "SEG" in the 1990s. In 2000, Seagate incorporated in the Cayman Islands in order to reduce income taxes. In 2000, the company was taken private by an investment group composed of Seagate management, Silver Lake Partners, Texas Pacific Group and others in a three-way merger-spinoff with Veritas Software; Veritas merged with Seagate, which was bought by the investment group. Veritas was then immediately spun
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160,299
Q705392
42
558
46
312
Seagate Technology
Corporate affairs & Partnerships and acquisitions
off to shareholders, gaining rights to Seagate Software Network and Storage Management Group (with products such as Backup Exec), as well as Seagate's shares in SanDisk and Dragon Systems. Seagate Software Information Management Group was renamed Crystal Decisions in May 2001. Seagate re-entered the public market in December 2002 on the NASDAQ as "STX." Partnerships and acquisitions Finis Conner left Seagate in early 1985 and founded Conner Peripherals, which originally specialized in small-form-factor drives for portable computers. Conner Peripherals also entered the tape drive business with its purchase of Archive Corporation. After ten years as an independent company, Conner Peripherals
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160,299
Q705392
46
312
46
1,001
Seagate Technology
Partnerships and acquisitions
was acquired by Seagate in a 1996 merger. In 2005, Seagate acquired Mirra Inc., a producer of personal servers for data recovery. It also acquired ActionFront Data Recovery Labs, which provides data recovery services. In 2006, Seagate acquired Maxtor in an all-stock deal worth $1.9 billion, and continued to market the separate Maxtor brand. The following year, Seagate acquired EVault and MetaLINCS, later rebranded i365. In 2014, Seagate acquired Xyratex, a storage systems company, for approximately $375 million. The same year, it acquired LSI's flash enterprise PCIe flash and SSD controller products, and its engineering capabilities, from Avago for $450
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160,299
Q705392
46
1,001
50
505
Seagate Technology
Partnerships and acquisitions & Controversies
million. In October 2015, Seagate acquired Dot Hill Systems Corp., a supplier of software and hardware storage systems, for approximately $696 million. Controversies In 2015, one of Seagate's wireless storage devices was found to have an undocumented hardcoded password. On January 21, 2014, numerous tech articles around the globe published findings from the cloud storage provider Backblaze that Seagate hard disks are least reliable among prominent hard disk manufacturers. However, the Backblaze tests have been criticized for having a flawed methodology that has inconsistent environment variables, such as ambient temperatures and vibration, and disk usage.
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160,300
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2
0
6
521
She's My Baby (Wings song)
Critical reception
She's My Baby (Wings song) Critical reception Critical reaction to "She's My Baby" has been very mixed. The Rough Guide to the Beatles author Chris Ingham calls "She's My Baby" McCartney's "sweetest, daftest love song." Chip Madiger and Mark Easter lament that on Wings at the Speed of Sound "She's My Baby" is crossfaded with the following song on the album, "Beware My Love." This limited radio play of a song they consider one of the best on the album, albeit "lightweight and jaunty." Robert Christgau claimed that "'She's My Baby' sounds like an outtake from
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160,300
Q7491833
6
521
10
44
She's My Baby (Wings song)
Critical reception & String quartet version
the 'white' double-LP by McCartney's former group, the Beatles. Other critics are less kind. Reviewing Wings at the Speed of Sound, Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that "'She's My Baby' play like the hits, only without memorable hooks." Fab Four FAQ 2.0 author Robert Rodriguez calls the song "hackneyed" and suggests that it "must earn some kind of honor for sheer awfulness." Music professor Vincent Benitez acknowledges that the song is "danceable," but also calls it "superficial" and "an inane pop song with trite lyrics and images." String quartet version In 1998, after Linda McCartney's death, Paul
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160,300
Q7491833
10
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10
408
She's My Baby (Wings song)
String quartet version
McCartney rearranged the song for string quartet to be played at memorial concerts for his late wife. The Brodsky Quartet performed the song at memorial services in London, and the Loma Mar Quartet performed the song at memorial services in New York. The Loma Mar Quartet also recorded the string quartet version of the song for the 1999 album Working Classical.
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160,301
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Shlomo Grofman
Biography
Shlomo Grofman Biography Shlomo Grofman is a central figure in many sectors of the Israeli business community and is widely acknowledged as one of the most prominent and innovative real estate entrepreneurs. Shlomo Grofman is the active chairman of Faire Fund (First American Israeli Real Estate Fund), which he established together with former Israeli Ambassador Zalman Shoval. A private equity fund with a capital of 90 million US dollars, Faire Fund is involved in locating and managing investments such as HaYarkon 96 in real estate development in Israel. Additional, Mr. Grofman is chairman of Shoval Grofman Real Estate Limited. Shlomo Grofman is
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160,301
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6
643
6
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Shlomo Grofman
Biography
currently acting also as chairman of Grofman Holdings Ltd. (a private investment company), Sarel Medical Supplies and Equipment Ltd. (Israel's largest medical supplies company), Sarel Medical Supplies and Equipment Ltd. (Israel's largest medical supplies company) and Ayalon Holdings Ltd (the mother company of Ayalon Insurance a company listed on the Stock Exchange). In July 2016 Shlomo Grofman was endorsed by the Governments of Kenya Israel to serve as the Honorary Consul of Kenya in Israel. Shlomo Grofman serves as a member of the Board of Directors of the Israel-America Chamber of Commerce; Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of the International
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160,301
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1,322
6
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Shlomo Grofman
Biography
March of the Living; and as the Ambassador of the Sheba Medical Center in the United States, and member of the Board of Directors of the Sheba Medical Center New York. From 1978 to 1996 Shlomo Grofman served as managing director and CEO of Africa Israel Investment Company Ltd. During Mr. Grofman's tenure, Africa Israel has developed into a conglomerate with substantial holdings and interests in real estate development and construction, insurance, industry, energy, hotels and tourism. While Mr. Grofman led Africa Israel, he initiated and supervised highly prosperous investments in residential development, office buildings, shopping malls, industrial parks and hotels.
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160,301
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2,005
6
2,685
Shlomo Grofman
Biography
One of the highlights in Africa Israel's diversified real estate activity was the development of new neighborhoods: Savion, Givat Savion, Savioney Aviv, Savioney Gan, Kiryat Hasvionim, Neve Savion and Savioney Yam. These neighborhoods and the brand name Savion have become a synonym for a modern, high standard, fully equipped residential environment. Shlomo Grofman has also served as the Chairman of the Board of Denya Cybus Ltd., wholly owned subsidiary of Africa Israel and one of Israel's leading construction and infrastructure companies. Shlomo Grofman established and developed two major hotel chains in Israel – Holiday Inn and Howard Johnson. As an appreciation
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160,301
Q7499583
6
2,685
6
3,292
Shlomo Grofman
Biography
for his outstanding achievements in introducing those chains to the Israeli market he was awarded several prizes. From 1992 to 1996 he served as chairman of the board of Holiday Inn Hotels EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Mediterranean & Africa), and member of the World Board of Directors of Holiday Inn International. From 1996 to 1999 he was a member of the World Board of Directors of Howard Johnson Hotels & Inns. Shlomo Grofman is closely acquainted with the banking and insurance industries. From 1986 to 1988 he was a member of the executive committee of Bank Leumi LeIsrael Ltd. (Israel's second
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160,301
Q7499583
6
3,292
6
3,968
Shlomo Grofman
Biography
largest bank) and head of the bank's non-banking and financial services division. From 1986 to 1995 he served as the chairman of the board of Migdal Insurance Group. (Israel's largest insurance group) in which the Italian insurance giant Generali held a controlling stake. Mr. Grofman was a member of the board of directors of Carmel Investment Group Ltd (public investment company) and of Ayalon Holdings Ltd. (investment, properties, holdings and insurance) and as the Chairman of MYMC Ma’aynei Hayeshua Medical Center. Shlomo Grofman has been involved in numerous voluntary and nonprofit activities. Among other things, he was governor of Rotary Israel and
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160,301
Q7499583
6
3,968
6
4,360
Shlomo Grofman
Biography
a special advisor of the World President of Rotary International. He also served as the Chairman of the Friends of the Weitzman Institute. Mr. Grofman is currently chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Interdisciplinary Center for Law, Politics and Business in Herzliya, Chairman of Yuval – the Ensemble for Jewish and Cantorial Music and Member of the Israel-America Chamber of Commerce.
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160,302
Q18573455
2
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Signe Howell
Personal life & Career
Signe Howell Personal life Howell was born in Tinn to physician Finn Oddvar Lie and Lise Thomassen. She was married to performance artist Anthony Howell from 1970 to 1977, and to Desmond James McNeill from 1986. Career Howell was a co-founder of the experimental street theatre The Theatre of Mistakes in the 1960s. She studied history at the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies and social anthropology at the Oxford University. She investigated social structures in South-East Asia, and made field studies among the Chewong people in Malaya and Lio people in Flores in Indonesia. She was
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160,302
Q18573455
10
401
10
661
Signe Howell
Career
appointed professor at the University of Oslo from 1989. Among her works are Chewong Myths and Legends from 1982, and Society and Cosmos. Chewong of Peninsular Malaysia from 1984. She co-edited Blod – tykkere enn vann? Betydninger av slektskap i Norge (2001).
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160,303
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Single-gender world
Female-only worlds
Single-gender world Female-only worlds There is a long tradition of female-only places in literature and mythology, starting with the Amazons and continuing into some examples of feminist utopias. In speculative fiction, female-only worlds have been imagined to come about, among other approaches, by the action of disease that wipes out men, along with the development of technological or mystical method that allow female parthenogenic reproduction. The resulting society is often shown to be utopian by feminist writers. Several influential feminist utopias of this sort were written in the 1970s; the most often studied examples include Joanna Russ's The Female Man,
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160,303
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631
6
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Single-gender world
Female-only worlds
Suzy McKee Charnas's Walk to the End of the World and Motherlines, and Marge Piercy's Woman on the Edge of Time. Utopias imagined by male authors have generally included equality between sexes, rather than separation. Female-only societies may be seen as an extreme type of a biased sex-ratio, another common SF theme. Such worlds have been portrayed often by lesbian or feminist authors; their use of female-only worlds allows the exploration of female independence and freedom from patriarchy. The societies may not necessarily be lesbian, or sexual at all—a famous early sexless example being Herland (1915) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Themyscira, the
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160,303
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1,303
6
1,970
Single-gender world
Female-only worlds
home island of DC Comics' Amazon superheroine Wonder Woman, was created by William Moulton Marston to allegorize the safety and security of the home where women thrived apart from the hostile, male-dominated work place. It is governed by "Aphrodite's Law", which states: "Penalty of death to any man attempting to set foot on Themyscira." British sci-fi writer Edmund Cooper explored the subject in several of his novels, including Five to Twelve (1968) and Who Needs Men (1972). Some lesbian separatist authors have used female-only societies to additionally posit that all women would be lesbians if having no possibility of sexual interaction with
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160,303
Q7523725
6
1,970
6
2,610
Single-gender world
Female-only worlds
men, as in Ammonite (1993) by Nicola Griffith. The enormously influential The Female Man (1975) and "When It Changed" (1972) by Joanna Russ portrayed a peaceful agrarian society of lesbians who resent the later intrusion of men, and a world in which women plan a genocidal war against men, implying that the utopian lesbian society is the result of this war. During the pulp era, matriarchal dystopias were relatively common, in which female-only or female-controlled societies were shown unfavourably. In John Wyndham's Consider Her Ways (1956), male rule is shown as being repressive of women, but freedom from patriarchy is only
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160,303
Q7523725
6
2,610
6
3,256
Single-gender world
Female-only worlds
possible in an authoritarian caste-based female-only society. Poul Anderson's "Virgin Planet" depicted a world where five hundred castaway women found a way of reproducing asexually—but the daughter is genetically identical to the mother—with the result that eventually the planet has a large population composed entirely of "copies" of the original women. In this female-only world, human males are considered mythical creatures—and a man who lands on the planet after centuries of isolation finds it difficult to prove that he really is one. An example of a contemporary dystopian female world is Y: The Last Man, which features one male human
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160,303
Q7523725
6
3,256
6
3,896
Single-gender world
Female-only worlds
and monkey who survive a cataclysmic event killing all other males. James Tiptree Jr., a woman writing secretly under a male pseudonym, explored the sexual impulse and gender as two of her main themes; in her award-winning "Houston, Houston, Do You Read?" (collected in Her Smoke Rose Up Forever), she presents a female-only society after the extinction of men from disease. The society lacks stereotypically "male" problems such as war and crime, but only recently resumed space exploration. The women reproduce via cloning and consider men to be comical. A Door into Ocean is a 1986 feminist science fiction novel by Joan
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160,303
Q7523725
6
3,896
6
4,565
Single-gender world
Female-only worlds
Slonczewski. The novel shows themes of ecofeminism and nonviolent revolution, combined with Slonczewski's own knowledge in the field of biology. The water moon Shora is inhabited by women living on rafts who have a culture and language based on sharing and a mastery of molecular biology that allows them to reproduce by parthenogenesis. In Elizabeth Bear's Carnival (2006), a matriarchal, primarily lesbian society called New Amazonia has risen up on a lush planet amidst abandoned alien technology that includes a seemingly inexhaustible power supply. The Amazonian women are aggressive and warlike, but also pragmatic and defensive of their freedom from the
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160,303
Q7523725
6
4,565
10
463
Single-gender world
Female-only worlds & In other media
male-dominated Earth-centric Coalition that seeks to conquer them. Distrustful of male aggression, they subjugate their men, a minority they tolerate solely for reproduction and labor. In other media The 1984 Polish film Sexmission deals with a dystopian women-only society where all men have died out. Women reproduce through parthenogenesis, living in an oppressive feminist society, where apparatchiks teach that women suffered under males until males were removed from the world. Lithia, Episode 17 of the fourth season of the 1995 remake of The Outer Limits, features a man who was cryogenically frozen and awakens in a world populated only by women.
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160,303
Q7523725
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463
12
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Single-gender world
In other media & Male-only worlds
They reproduce by artificial insemination using frozen sperm left over from the time when there were men (they died due to a war, then a subsequent virus that affected males). The 2010 German vampire film We Are the Night explores the idea of feminist separatism In the film, the female vampire committed a genocide against male vampire somewhere at the end of the 1800s after many of them already had been killed by humans. The female vampires agreed among each other never to turn another man into a vampire. In the Mass Effect universe, the Asari are a monogender-pansexual "female" species. Male-only
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160,303
Q7523725
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9
14
610
Single-gender world
Male-only worlds
worlds Men-only societies are much less common. Russ suggests this is because men do not feel oppressed, and therefore imagining a world free of women does not imply an increase in freedom and is not as attractive. Cordwainer Smith's 1964 short story "The Crime and the Glory of Commander Suzdal" portrays a society in which all of the women have died out. A. Bertram Chandler's A Spartan Planet (1969) features the men-only planet Sparta, which is dedicated to the values of militarism loosely modeled upon the ancient Greek city state of Sparta. Ethan of Athos (1986) by Lois Bujold, inspired by the
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160,303
Q7523725
14
610
14
1,251
Single-gender world
Male-only worlds
real world male-only religious society of Mount Athos, shows a world in which men have isolated their planet from the rest of civilization to avoid the "corrupting" effect of women. Children are grown in uterine replicators, using ova derived from tissue cultures; the novel's plot is driven by the declining fertility of these cultures. The titular "unlikely hero" is gay obstetrician Dr. Ethan Urquhart, whose dangerous adventure alongside the first woman he has ever met presents both a future society where homosexuality is the norm and the lingering sexism and homophobia of our own world. The gay fantasy book series Regelance
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160,303
Q7523725
14
1,251
18
321
Single-gender world
Male-only worlds & Sexless or hermaphroditic worlds
by J. L. Langley depicts a world where men are able to reproduce via replicative technology. While there are still women amongst the lower classes, who reproduce in the traditional manner, there are none among the upper classes which the series focuses on. Sexless or hermaphroditic worlds Some other fictional worlds feature societies in which everyone has more than one sex, or none, or can change sex. For example: Ursula K. Le Guin's The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) depicts a world in which individuals are neither "male" nor "female" but at different times have either female or male sexual organs
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160,303
Q7523725
18
321
18
960
Single-gender world
Sexless or hermaphroditic worlds
and reproductive abilities, making them in some senses intersex. Similar patterns exist in Greg Egan's novel Schild's Ladder and his novella Oceanic or in Storm Constantine's book series Wraeththu about an oogamous magical race that arose from mutant human beings. John Varley, who also came to prominence in the 1970s, also often writes on gender-related themes. In his "Eight Worlds" suite of stories (many collected in The John Varley Reader) and novels, for example, humanity has achieved the ability to change sex at a whim. Homophobia is shown to initially inhibit uptake of this technology, as it engenders drastic changes
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160,303
Q7523725
18
960
22
427
Single-gender world
Sexless or hermaphroditic worlds & Sex segregation
in relationships, with homosexual sex becoming an acceptable option for all. In the Culture series of novels and stories by Iain M. Banks, humans can and do relatively easily (and reversibly) change sex. Sex segregation Segregation of the sexes is another relatively common trope of speculative fiction—physical separation can result in societies that are essentially single-sex, although the majority of such works focus on the reunification of the sexes, or otherwise on links that remain between them, as with Sheri S. Tepper's The Gate to Women's Country, David Brin's Glory Season and Carol Emshwiller's Boys. Even an episode of Duckman tried
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160,303
Q7523725
22
427
22
793
Single-gender world
Sex segregation
this. Sometimes the segregation is social, and men and women interact to a limited extent. For example, when overpopulation drives the world away from heterosexuality in Charles Beaumont's short story The Crooked Man (1955), first published in Playboy, homosexuals oppress the heterosexual minority and relationships between men and women are made unlawful.
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160,304
Q7548570
2
0
4
602
Snowden Crags
Snowden Crags Snowden Crags is a prehistoric archaeological site on Askwith Moor in North Yorkshire, England. Local antiquarian Eric Cowling recorded a stone circle and a concentration of cairns at the location in a 1946 survey, but the site remained obscure due to the density of heather covering it for most of the year. It was rediscovered in 2010 by amateur archaeologist Paul Bennett, who described the stone circle in more detail and noted the presence of a robber trench of unknown date at its centre. A neighbouring area of moorland, Snowden Carr, contains a large amount of prehistoric rock carvings
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160,304
Q7548570
4
602
4
638
Snowden Crags
that were also recorded by Cowling.
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160,305
Q7558715
2
0
12
211
Solomon Newton Pettis
Early life & Public service
Solomon Newton Pettis Solomon Newton Pettis (October 10, 1827 – September 18, 1900) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Early life S. Newton Pettis was born in Lenox, Ohio. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1848 and commenced practice in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention. Public service He served as associate justice of the Territory of Colorado in 1861 and 1862. He returned to Meadville and continued the practice law. Pettis was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth Congress to fill
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160,305
Q7558715
12
211
12
588
Solomon Newton Pettis
Public service
the vacancy caused by the death of Darwin A. Finney. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1868. He resumed the practice of law in Meadville. Pettis was appointed Minister to Bolivia September 4, 1878, and served until November 1, 1879. He was again engaged in the practice of law until his death in Meadville in 1900. Interment in Greendale Cemetery.
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160,306
Q20077126
2
0
4
633
Sound recording and reproduction
Sound recording and reproduction Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording. Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a microphone diaphragm that senses changes in atmospheric pressure caused by acoustic sound waves and records them as a mechanical representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph record (in which a stylus cuts grooves on a record). In magnetic tape recording, the sound
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160,306
Q20077126
4
633
4
1,269
Sound recording and reproduction
waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying electric current, which is then converted to a varying magnetic field by an electromagnet, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of sampling. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a
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160,306
Q20077126
4
1,269
8
27
Sound recording and reproduction
Pre-history
wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of binary numbers (zeros and ones) representing samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time intervals, at a sample rate high enough to convey all sounds capable of being heard. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound. Prior to the development of sound recording, there were mechanical systems, such as wind-up music boxes and, later, player pianos, for encoding and reproducing instrumental music. Pre-history Long before sound was first
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160,306
Q20077126
8
27
8
702
Sound recording and reproduction
Pre-history
recorded, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices (e.g., wind-up music boxes, in which a mechanism turns a spindle, which plucks metal tines, thus reproducing a melody). Automatic music reproduction traces back as far as the 9th century, when the Banū Mūsā brothers invented the earliest known mechanical musical instrument, in this case, a hydropowered (water-powered) organ that played interchangeable cylinders. According to Charles B. Fowler, this "...cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century." The Banū Mūsā
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160,306
Q20077126
8
702
8
1,369
Sound recording and reproduction
Pre-history
brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine. Carvings in the Rosslyn Chapel from the 1560s may represent an early attempt to record the Chladni patterns produced by sound in stone representations, although this theory has not been conclusively proved. In the 14th century, a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder was introduced in Flanders. Similar designs appeared in barrel organs (15th century), musical clocks (1598), barrel pianos (1805), and music boxes (ca. 1800). A music box is an automatic musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins
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160,306
Q20077126
8
1,369
8
1,982
Sound recording and reproduction
Pre-history
placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth (or lamellae) of a steel comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books. The player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store a long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the piano rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual, not just a transcription of the sheet music. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904. Piano rolls were
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160,306
Q20077126
8
1,982
12
411
Sound recording and reproduction
Pre-history & Disc phonograph
in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A 1908 U.S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, there were between 70,000 and 75,000 player pianos manufactured, and between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 piano rolls produced. Disc phonograph The next major technical development was the invention of the gramophone record, generally credited to Emile Berliner and patented in 1887, though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably Alexander Graham Bell in 1881. Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being marginally louder than cylinders. Sales of the gramophone record
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160,306
Q20077126
12
411
12
1,031
Sound recording and reproduction
Disc phonograph
overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the Edison Disc Record in an attempt to regain his market. The double-sided 78 rpm shellac disc was the standard consumer music format from the early 1910s to the late 1950s. In various permutations, the audio disc format became the primary medium for consumer sound recordings until the end of the 20th century. Although there was no universally accepted speed, and various companies offered discs that played at several different